bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of thermoregulation human model considering mist wettedness on mist spraying environment
Authors: Oh Wonseok , Ooka Ryozo , Nakano Junta , Kikumoto Hideki , Ogawa Osamu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mist spraying systems can relieve thermal discomfort in extremely hot weather. However, the thermal effect of the mist spraying system on the human body has not been investigated sufficiently. To understand a physical phenomenon between human and surrounding environment, and physiological responses of the human body in mist spraying environment, the thermal state of the human body were predicted using the 2-node model (2NM). Sixty-five subjects’ skin temperatures and four environmental factors (air temperature, mean radiation temperature, relative humidity, and airspeed) were measured simultaneously. The mist spraying system caused the surrounding temperature to fall by 3.6 ± 1.4 °C and relative humidity to rise by 15.9 ± 4.7%. In addition, when the overall skin temperature was predicted using the conventional 2NM with measured environmental factors as an input parameter, the skin temperature was increased in mist spraying environment as opposed to the subject experimental results. However, when the mist wettedness is additionally considered in the thermoregulation human model, the decreasing skin temperature in the mist spraying environment was predictable considering the heat loss of the mist particles evaporated from the body surface. The mean error between the predicted and the experimental results showed a result of 0.4 °C. In conclusion, it was found that the mist wettedness is a key factor to predict human thermal conditions in the mist spraying environment accurately.
Cost-effective MEP solutions for a Passivhaus multi-family building in Mediterranean climate
Authors: Russo P. , Colaci De Vitis G. , Faganello S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A compact integrated unit for heating, cooling and mechanical controlled ventilation as a perfect solution for a Passivhaus certified multi-family building in Southern Italy (warm climate). An individual application for each apartment helping the single customer to achieve an autonomous control of each thermal parameters, reducing cost and installation plant’s complexity. The compact system consists of a heat pump capable of recovering the extraction air flow heat to transfer it to the renewal air flow and to a domestic hot water tank. The extraction and renewal flows, pass through a recovery heat exchanger with high efficiency, in order to maximize the energy performance of the whole unit. To cover peak loads, related to the climatic conditions and user behaviour, a split system unit is used for air conditioning by recirculate the internal air. The unit allows a thermal integration function, cooling and dehumidification. The treated supplementary air, is delivered to the rooms through a specific distribution and the internal unit is located in the ceiling in a central part of the flat. A control system permits the operation of both the units comparing the measured parameters to the required comfort set point.
The impact of urban parameters on the ventilation in idealized urban model with fixed area
Authors: Yang Li , Weng Miao-cheng , liu Fang , Wang Kaixuan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With population growing rapidly, the lack of land is becoming serious. In order to make full use of land, more and more buildings are built in a limited area and the building height is higher and higher. However, the change of the building height and building density has the significant impact on the efficiency of the urban ventilation. This papers investigates canyon ventilation under neutral atmosphere condition with same building area density (λp
= 0.25) and fixe ground area (300mX300m) but various frontal building area density (λf
= 0.075∼0.425), plot ratio (λr
= 2.52∼4.00). The roof air change rate per hour (ACH
roof
) induced by turbulence and the horizontal air change rate per hour (ACHhorizontal) induced by mean flow, calculated by the CFD simulation by standard k – ε model, is adopt to quantify the vertical and horizontal air exchange, respectively. The results show that: 1) with the increase of the frontal building area density (λf
), ACH
roof
increases logarithmically and ACHhorizontal decays exponentially. With the increase of λf
, the resistance of buildings to airflow increases gradually, this is why the ACHhorizontal decreases exponentially, the remaining air flow is discharged through the roof, so ACH
roof
increases logarithmically, but the sum of ACHhorizontal and ACH
roof
is constant, equal to 10.2h
−1. 3) ACHhorizontal is negatively correlated with plot ratio, while ACH
roof
is positively correlated with plot ratio. This is because plot ratio represents the building density, drag force increases with building density. This study can be used to guide urban planning and improve urban ventilation environment.
Using smart technologies to identify occupancy and plug-in appliance interaction patterns in an office environment
Authors: Tekler Z D , Low R , Blessing L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There has been a widely documented phenomenon identifying an energy performance gap between the building’s design and operational phases. This result has been attributed to the stochastic behaviours exhibited by the occupants, who are assumed to follow deterministic and routine schedules. With the recent advancements in smart monitoring technologies, the increasing affordability of wireless sensors has allowed researchers to collect detailed information on the occupants’ dynamic behaviours. However, past applications of such technologies have been highly intrusive and limit the validity of the data collected due to the Hawthorne effect. Therefore, this paper proposes a non-intrusive data collection methodology using a comprehensive range of wireless smart meters, Bluetooth beacons, and questionnaires to capture the occupants’ movement and appliance interaction patterns. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated during a two-week data collection effort in a university office. By combining the occupants’ presence with appliance energy consumption data, the authors were able to identify the occupants’ appliance interaction patterns. An extension of this work includes the use of the data collected to identify different occupancy and appliance interaction profiles, which contributes to the development of an appliance interaction model that addresses the energy performance gap caused by occupants’ appliance interaction.
Reduction of HVAC system runtime due to occupancy-controlled smart thermostats in contemporary multi-unit residential building suites
Authors: Stopps H , Touchie M F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Previous studies in single family homes have demonstrated a reduction in space conditioning energy demand through the use of occupancy-controlled smart thermostats. This technology has the potential to reduce space conditioning demand in multi-unit residential buildings (MURBs) as well, however no previous studies have tested the performance of smart thermostats in this building type. Field data were collected from 56 thermostats installed in two condominium buildings located in Toronto, Canada. Thermostats installed in each suite were operated using through three different control scenarios during the monitoring period: 1) a baseline scenario, where the thermostat is operated as a standard programmable thermostat, 2) an occupancy-based control scenario, and 3) a load-shifting control scenario. Baseline runtime data collected while the thermostats were operated as a standard programmable thermostat was used in combination with weather data and a supervised learning regression algorithm (Random Forest) to estimate the baseline runtime for each suite on days that the occupancy-based control strategy was running. When the estimated baseline runtime derived from the regression model was compared with the actual system runtime while the occupancy-based control strategy is running, an average reduction in suite HVAC system runtime of 17% was found.
Microstructure and blowing agent concentration analysis in accelerated aged polyurethane & polyisocyanurate insulation
Authors: Jelena Madzarevic , Umberto Berardi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some closed cell foam insulation products show an increase in thermal conductivity at low temperatures. This reduction in thermal performance has been attributed to the diffusion of air and blowing agent through the foam and to the condensation of the blowing agent. Aging processes and polymer degradation further increase the thermal conductivity of foams. The initial cell structure plays a role in dictating the thermal performance and changes with foam aging which is rarely investigated. To understand the loss of thermal performance in closed cell foams, a microstructure and chemical characterization of pristine and aged samples was performed in this study. The aging behaviour was analyzed by SEM imaging and by measuring the blowing agent concentration in the foam. Changes in the polymer physical attributes were identified. This study also used gas chromatography and quantified changes in pentane concentration in aged polyisocyanurate foams. Results show that aged foams undergo change in their polymer appearance and cellular elongation. Gas chromatography quantified a decrease in blowing agent in the range of 11-85% for polyisocyanurate foams after aging.
Smart heat storage building material development with Loess and SSPCM for building energy saving
Authors: Yang Sungwoong , Park Ji Hun , Wi Seunghwan , Lee Jongki , Yun Beom Yeol , Kim Sumin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This experiment aimed at the development of energy efficient and sustainable building materials. The specimens were made using loess, styrene butadiene latex (SBL), shape stable phase change material (SSPCM) made from x-GnP and n-octadecane for mechanical and thermal performance improvement. Compressive strength test, FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and dynamic thermal transfer experiment were performed. From the result of the compressive strength test, it was found that the addition of SBL increases the compressive strength and the addition of SSPCM reduces the compressive strength. FT-IR analysis revealed no chemical reaction between PCM and x-GnP, indicating only physical binding. As a result of the dynamic heat transfer analysis, peak temperature reduction was observed. According to energy analysis, storage capacity energy was improved and PCM 7.5 was the most energy efficient.
Development and performance evaluation of natural building materials with pyrolyzed agricultural by-products for carbon reduction and energy saving
Authors: Yang Sungwoong , Park Ji Hun , Wi Seunghwan , Lee Jongki , Yun Beom Yeol , Kim Sumin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hwangtoh (Korean red clay) and Biochar were used to develop building materials for sustainable and energy-efficient buildings and propose environmentally and thermally superior materials. Rice husk, coconut shell, and bamboo were made of biochar through pyrolysis with complete oxygen limitation. The compressive strength test was carried out to analyze the thermal performance and the mechanical performance, and the thermal conductivity measurement was conducted in order to derive the physical property information for the thermal performance of the material. The microporous structure affecting the thermal conductivity and mechanical performance. Through the dynamic heat transfer experiment, the temperature changes of the biochar mixed specimens in the same heating environment were analyzed. Comprehensive considerations have shown that bamboo biochar is replaced by 10% by weight.
Energy consumption, thermal comfort and load match: study of a monitored nearly Zero Energy Building in Mediterranean climate
Authors: Erba Silvia , Pagliano Lorenzo , Charani Shandiz Saeid , Pietrobon Marco 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Several definitions of Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB) exist in literature and different implementations of the term can be found in National laws/regulations. The differences among the Member States in nomenclature and definition of the main indicators often lead to incomparable results and difficulties in transfer and diffusion of technologies across the EU. The paper aims to investigate the topic of ZEB by clarifying the meaning of nearly ZEB and Net ZEB through the application of the definitions in a case study of a high-performance building (certified Passivhaus) located in Sicily, Italy. The house fulfils the requirements of nearly ZEB, according to Italian legislation, and satisfies the Net ZEB’s yearly balance between imported and exported energy. However, the use of shorter calculation time periods highlights the presence of a relatively large mismatch between the time of use and of renewable generation. Finally, the results of the thermal comfort analysis show the achievement of adaptive thermal comfort in summer thanks to the passive features of the building (mass, external thermal insulation, solar protections) and passive techniques for heat removal (night ventilation and ground exchange).
Green roof for zero energy buildings: a pilot project
Authors: Asdrubali Francesco , Evangelisti Luca , Guattari Claudia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Zero Energy Buildings (ZEBs) and nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEBs) can be designed from scratch or they can be obtained after deep refurbishments of existing constructions. Both passive and active strategies are fundamental to achieve the ZEB or nZEB target. According to this, among passive systems, green roofs can be a viable solution because they allow to achieve energy savings, also reducing the urban heat island phenomenon. In this research, an innovative roof-lawn system was preliminary analyzed by installing several measurement instruments for obtaining information about thermal heat exchanges. Heat-flow meters, surface temperature and air temperature probes were installed, comparing the performance of the roof-lawn system with a nearby simple old roof, in order to quantify the two different behaviors from a thermal point of view.
The roof-lawn system revealed its advantages, showing a higher thermal inertia with no overheating and a lower thermal transmittance, as well as better indoor conditions for the occupants of the building. The study is the first step of a path which aims to design a more complex and complete system, also considering the structural part of the roof.
Assessment of technical-financial analysis of a zero energy building for Brazilian hot and temperate tropical climate
Authors: Domingos R M A , Gabriel E , Guarda E L A , Pereira F O R 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The growing concern about energy consumption and environmental resources has led to research on sustainable approaches in construction. Efficient buildings have been built not only to attract new investments but also to take environmental considerations into account. Zero Energy Buildings; use a variety of passive strategies for energy efficiency and to decrease the use of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. These techniques impact directly on cost benefit and energy performance. The objective of this research is to identify efficient approaches for housing, considering the influence of climate, the energy generation, for two Brazilian cities. The cities climates area classified as Af (tropical climate) and Cfb (hot and temperate). The methodological procedures were divided into three stages: simulation to determine energy consumption in the efficient building; estimation of the balance between electric demand and generation by means of a building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV); assessment of the life cycle cost of the net present value of BIPV. The results show that for the tropical climate the payback is 6.75 years and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 15.06% and for the temperate, payback is 10.25 years and IRR of 8.49%. These outcomes demonstrate that in hot climate payback happens in less time, due to the high incidence of solar radiation in the year.
Performance comparison between building insulating materials made of straw bales and EPS for timber walls
Authors: Evola Gianpiero , Cascone Stefano , Sciuto Gaetano , Parisi Chiara Baroetto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper studies the thermal and acoustic performance of straw bale walls used in timber-frame semi-detached houses recently built in Sicily (Southern Italy), and compares them to similar walls where expanded polystyrene (EPS) is adopted in place of the straw bales. In-situ measurements were carried out to analyse the acoustic performance of both wall typologies. The weighted Apparent Sound Reduction Index for the partition wall between two houses, as well as the weighted Standardized Level Difference for the façades were assessed based on the ISO Standards 16283. Moreover, the two insulating solutions were compared in relation to their steady and dynamic thermal performance. The results underline that the acoustic performance of the straw bale walls is far better than the walls adopting traditional EPS insulation. However, slight improvements are suggested to further increase the sound insulation properties of straw bales. On the other hand, EPS is a more effective thermal insulation even if straw bale walls comply with Italian standards. Finally, the dynamic performance of straw bales should be improved by increasing their density. Overall, the proposed straw bales used can be conveniently used in low-energy and n-ZEB buildings in warm and mild countries.
Dynamic simulation of cross-ventilated buildings with night-flush cooling in neighbourhood environment using integrated CFD-CFD-BES strategy
Authors: Zhang Ruijun , Mirzaei Parham A , Jones Benjamin M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Night flush cooling is an effective passive strategy to condition spaces and provide larger capacity to store heat. A common technique to quantify the benefit from this cooling strategy is using building energy simulation (BES) modelling, which, however, is weak in capturing the airflow patterns and convective heat transfer under the complex urban contexts. Therefore, dynamic coupling techniques of BES to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are often used to improve the simulation performance of the night flush cooling strategies.
Nonetheless, dynamic coupling techniques always encounter a high computational cost to achieve accurate CFD calculations for naturally ventilated scenarios, as high-resolution grids are required to be prepared. Therefore, a framework of integration of a fine-resolution CFD grid (CFDf), a coarse-resolution CFD grid (CFDc) and BES is proposed in this work to study night-flush cooling. In this framework, the CFDf domain performs as the off-line module that generates the boundary conditions for the CFDc domain at its openings before the start of the iterative calculations. CFDc and BES domains are then performing a fully dynamic external coupling to achieve a convergence for the energy simulation using the updated convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) profiles at the exterior surfaces. A case study is investigated for a simple urban morphology in Los Angeles on a typical hot day. The results highlight an improvement in representation of the neighbourhood effect in energy calculations obtained in a feasible calculation run-time.
Occupant behaviour: a major issue for building energy performance
Authors: Laaroussi Y , Bahrar M , Elmankibi M , Draoui A , Si-Larbi A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe building sector in the world is responsible for nearly 36% of the final energy consumption and nearly 40% of total direct and indirect CO2 emissions. One of the most efficient strategies to reduce the energy consumption in buildings is the estimation and optimization of building energy performance. According to the International Energy Agency IEA-EBC[1], several factors influence the energy performance of buildings; one of the significant factors is the occupant behavior. Recently, there has been growing interest in this field. In this context, different methods have been proposed and developed especially when the traditional methods such as interview and survey are not efficient and sufficient to analyze and to predict the occupant behavior with better accuracy. The main objective of this study is to provide a clear definition of the occupant behavior, a review of current approaches to analyze the occupant behavior and presentation of our research that proposes the possibility of including the occupants as a part of the problem and a solution to the problem. This research is a part of a European project H2020 “Holistic Energy and Architectural Retrofit Toolkit (HEART)”.
Solar Strategies for net-zero energy housing in Canadian North
Authors: Ma L , Ge H , Thirunavukarasu A , Athienitis A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The North imports most of its energy for fuel and cost of fuel is much higher than the national average, consequently, cost for space heating relying on fuel is very high. The North has an abundance of solar energy available. With the growing concerns on climate change, the region desires to be less dependent on fossil fuels. Significant energy savings for little added cost in housing could be achieved by building high performing envelope systems and integrating solar design strategies. The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of integrating solar design strategies in improving energy efficiency of housing suitable for the Canadian Northern climates through modelling by optimizing passive solar design and optimal use of thermal and electrical energy from Building Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal system (BIPV/T) to achieve net-zero energy housing. A reference home with typical construction built in Northern region is modelled using EnergyPlus. The key solar design strategies and building envelope parameters are optimized to minimize energy consumption and maximize the energy production for the reference home. The parameters investigated include thermal resistance of building envelope components, window-wall ratios, thermal mass, night window shutters, shading schedules, and ventilation rates. The optimal use of thermal energy produced by BIPV/T system by integration with Heat Recovery Ventilation (HRV) and air-source Heat Pump (ASHP) is evaluated. Modelling results show that 43% energy saving can be achieved by optimizing the passive solar design and overheating can be eliminated by proper solar shading and natural ventilation. The integration of BIVP/T with HRV can reduce the frost cycle by 10.4%. These preliminary findings demonstrate the potential of integrating solar design strategies to reduce energy consumption and develop net-zero energy housing for the Canadian North.