bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FORMULATION AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF ATENOLOL GEL IN TWO DIFFERENT BASES
Authors: CHAERUNISAA ANIS YOHANA , MITA SORAYA RATNAWULAN , RAHMAT DEWI DAILAH 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of the research about atenolol gel is to formulate and evaluate its stability in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Aqupec HV-505 gel base.
Methods: Gels were formulated using Acupev HV-505 and HPMC at three different concentrations. Physicochemical evaluation and stability testing were performed including organoleptic examination, pH, viscosity, consistency, bleeding, qualitative analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitative analysis by UV-visible spectrophotometry during 56 days of storage.
Results: Physicochemical evaluation showed that the best formula was the one with 1% Aqupec HV-505 base (FA2). Further investigation was conducted by varying atenolol concentration to study the influence on gel stability. Evaluation on organoleptic performance, pH, viscosity, consistency, bleeding, microbiology, and qualitative and quantitative stability testing using TLC and UV-visible Spectrophotometry during 56 days of storage showed that the best gel formula was FA22, the one using 1% Aqupec HV-505 with 0.5% Atenolol The patch test showed that all atenolol gels were safe to be used.
Conclusions: About 1% Aqupec HV-505 provided good physical properties and physicochemical stability to be used as gel base.
BETTERMENT OF DICLOFENAC-INDUCED NEPHROTOXICITY BY PENTOXIFYLLINE THROUGH MODULATION OF INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKERS
Authors: AL-KURAISHY HAYDER M. , AL-GAREEB ALI I. , HUSSIEN NAWAR RAAD 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity is caused by oxidative stress which leads to lipid peroxidation and formation of free radicals. Pentoxifylline can ameliorates renal tissue injury by its anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antioxidant effects, so it mitigates the progression of renal diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effects of pentoxifylline on diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity in rats.
Methods: A total of 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into three groups, Group 1 (n=10): Rats treated with distilled water 5 ml/kg plus normal saline 5 ml/kg for 12 days, Group 2 (n=10): Rats treated with distilled water 5 ml/kg plus diclofenac 15 mg/kg for 12 days, and Group 3 (n=10): Rats treated with pentoxifylline 100 mg/kg plus diclofenac 15 mg/kg for 12 days. Blood urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD-1), glutathione reductase (GSH), neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecules (KIM-1) vitronectin (VTN), integrin (ITG) , interleukin-18 (IL-18) and cystatin-C were used to measure the severity of nephrotoxicity.
Results: Diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity led to significant elevation in blood urea, serum creatinine, MDA, IL-18, KIM-1, NGAL, serum ITG, and VTN with decrease of SOD-1 and GSH sera levels p<0.05. Treatment with pentoxifylline showed no significant effect on all biomarker levels compared to diclofenac group except on serum level KIM-1 and serum VTN, p<0.05.
Conclusion: Pentoxifylline produced significant nephroprotective effect on diclofenac-induced nephrotoxicity through modulation of inflammatory biomarkers.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF DAPAGLIFLOZIN AND ITS IMPURITIES IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM
Authors: GRACE A CAROLINE , T PRABHA , T SIVAKUMAR 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of the present work is the development of new, sensitive, specific, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the separation and determination of dapagliflozin and its impurities in tablet dosage form.
Methods: The chromatographic separation of drug and its impurities was achieved using Hypersil BDS C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) with mobile phase consisted of mobile phase-A (Buffer pH 6.5) and mobile phase-B (acetonitrile:water 90:10) by gradient program at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with ultraviolet detection at 245 nm.
Results: Dapagliflozin and its impurities A, B, C, D, E, and impurity-F were successfully eluted at the retention time of 16.95, 2.72, 7.82, 10.58, 21.11, 30.37, and 34.36 min, respectively, with good resolution. The method was validated according to the international conference on harmonization guidelines. The validation results showed good precision, accuracy, linearity, specificity, sensitivity, and robustness.
Conclusion: Successful separation and determination of dapagliflozin and its six impurities were achieved by the proposed method. The developed method can be applied for the routine analysis of dapagliflozin and its impurities in pharmaceutical formulations.
HYPERTHERMIA EFFECT ON HUMAN NORMAL BREAST (MCF-10A) AND CANCER (MDA-MB 231 AND MCF-7) CELLS
Authors: ELENGOE ASITA , MOHAMMED ALITHEEN NOOR JAHAN BANU , HAMDAN SALEHHUDDIN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: In this study, the hyperthermia effect on the viability of human normal breast (MCF-10A) and cancer (MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7) cells was evaluated by MTT assay.
Methods: Cells were exposed to heat at 38ºC, 39ºC, 40ºC, 41ºC, 42ºC, 43ºC, and 44ºC for five different durations of heat exposure (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h). Breakpoint temperatures of MCF-10A, MDA-MB 231, and MCF-7 were determined using cumulative equivalent 43°C (CEM43) model. This model was first time used to calculate thermal isoeffect dose (TID) for MCF-10A, MDA-MB 231, and MCF-7.
Results: MCF-10A started to die at 42°C for 3 h while MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 need a temperature of 38°C for 0.5 h; thus, they were identified as the threshold temperatures in CEM43 model. Furthermore, the effect of “43°C incubator 2 h” had similar total thermal dose as “44°C incubator 0.5 h” for MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7. In addition, “43°C incubator 3 h” effect had also almost the same thermal dose as “44°C incubator 1 h” for MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7.
Conclusion: A better understanding of the significant correlations between CEM43 and response parameters in clinical trials could be useful to treat breast cancer patients.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEMONGRASS (CYMBOPOGON CITRATUS), CLOVE (SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM), AND TULSI (OCIMUM) ESSENTIAL OILS AGAINST FOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Authors: MONIKA YADAV  , ROOPAL DHAR  , SOHINI SINGH  , TANU ALLEN  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present work aims to compare the essential oils (EOs) of Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), Clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and Tulsi (Ocimum sp.) having antimicrobial activity and to find the most effective EO against different types of foodborne microorganisms.
Methods: The EOs were investigated for its antimicrobial activity against different types of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus and fungal strains such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, Chaetomium globosum, and Penicillium funiculosum by agar well diffusion method. The antimicrobial actions of these EOs were evaluated by calculating the zone of inhibition.
Results: Of the three EOs used in the study, the effect of clove oil was found greater against all the microorganisms followed by lemongrass and tulsi EOs. All the microorganisms used in the study were found sensitive to clove EO, wherein the highest zone of inhibition was observed in A. niger (41.56±5.05 mm) and P. funiculosum (40.34±4.83 mm), and C. globosum (39.53±1.69 mm) and smallest in S. aureus (9.77±0.93) and E. coli 1(11.07±0.52). Moreover, it was also found that EOs exhibit more sensitivity toward Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria.
Conclusion: The successful effectiveness of EO can play an important role in resolving the major problem of human health arising due to the use of chemical preservative. It was found that EO of clove oil was the most effective against fungal and bacterial strains than lemongrass and tulsi EOs. Furthermore, clove oil is less costly than lemongrass and tulsi oil; it can be more economic and promising to be used as a food preservative against foodborne pathogens.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF KNEMA ATTENUATA (HOOK. F. AND THOMSON) WARB ETHANOLIC STEM BARK EXTRACT IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: SUPRIYA RAJA H  
Published: October 2019

Objective: Knema attenuata (Myristicaceae), popularly known as “wild nutmeg,” is an endemic tree species from Western Ghats, which has been used in folk medicine. Conventionally, the stem bark of K. attenuata is used for treating inflammatory conditions without any scientific information available for the same. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic stem bark extract (ESBE) of K. attenuata using in vivo and in vitro screening models.
Methods: The ethanolic extract of stem bark was prepared by soxhlation, and its cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 cell line was assessed using MTT assay method. In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of extract was estimated in rats using carrageenan-induced paw edema model and cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of the extract was evaluated by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition assay, estimation of myeloperoxidase activity, and determination of cellular nitrite levels in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.
Results: Toxic symptoms were not observed for the ESBE. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in both in vivo and in vitro models. The anti-inflammatory action exhibited by the extract was a result of the inhibition of leukocyte migration and nitric oxide pathway and partially by inhibition of mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
Conclusion: Findings from the study provide the evidence for the popular use of stem bark extract of K. attenuata as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.
FEBUXOSTAT MODULATES OXIDATIVE AND APOPTOTIC PATHWAYS IN ACUTE DOXORUBICIN‑INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODEL STUDY
Authors: HAYDER M AL-KURAISHY  , ALI I AL-GAREEB  , HANY AKEEL NAJI  
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Doxorubicin is one of the most important and powerful anticancer drugs, the most pronounced limitation for its use is toxicity on normal cells. Mechanism of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) is multifactorial and complex, including direct DNA damage, formation of free radicals, interference with DNA repair, and activation of immune reactions. Febuxostat is a non-purine-selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor decrease the production of uric acid. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of febuxostat on doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in rats regarding oxidative stress and antiapoptotic effects.
Methods: A total of 30 Sprague Dawley male rats were used which subdivided into three groups: Group I (negative control group) received normal saline for 10 days, Group II (positive control group) received normal saline plus single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, IP), and Group III (treated group) received febuxostat (10 mg/kg, po), for 10 successive days plus single dose of doxorubicin (15 mg/kg, I.P.). Serum brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), cardiac troponin I (cTn-I), caspase-3, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), lipid peroxidase (LPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and tumor necrosis factor alpha were estimated by ELISA kit method.
Results: Febuxostat administration before doxorubicin led to significant decrease on cardiac troponin, caspase-3, and elevation in GSH-Px levels significantly p<0.05. While the effects of febuxostat on BNP, LPO, MDA, tumor necrosis-alpha were insignificant p>0.05 compare to doxorubicin.
Conclusion: Febuxostat attenuates DIC through modulation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic biomarkers.
IDENTIFICATION OF ETHNOMEDICINAL COMPOUNDS AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF SALVADORA PERSICA L. (SALVADORACEAE)
Authors: PRABHAKARAN K  , JOHN BRITTO S  , PREETHI J  
Published: October 2019

Objective: Salvadora persica L. is a dense foliaceous evergreen shrub or small tree with diversified medicinal properties. The objective of this work was to do a comparative study on phytochemical composition between different plant parts of S. persica collected from the southern region of India.
Methods: The phytochemical analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of ethanolic extracts from leaves, tender stems and tree bark of S. persica was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Also, the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of extracts was analyzed in vitro by Disc-diffusion method.
Results: GC-MS/MS analysis of S. persica showed 29 phytocompounds. Among them, except for eugenol, caryophyllene, benzyl isothiocyanate, oleic acid, and fatty acid, the remaining 24 phytocompounds were newly reported in the present study. For the first time, a maximum amount of benzyl isothiocyanate (73.5%) was identified from tree bark extract of S. persica and this extract showed higher in vitro antimicrobial activity against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and fungi than leaves and tender stems.
Conclusion: The study demonstrated that benzyl isothiocyanate could be the major antimicrobial component in S. persica.
IN VIVO HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF CAFFEIC ACID ON MERCURIC CHLORIDE-INDUCED BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN ALBINO WISTAR RATS
Authors: MANOGARAN MANJU  , GANESAN JAGASEESAN  
Published: October 2019

Objective: Mercury (Hg) is a highly dangerous and also one of the harmful heavy metals which induces oxidative stress in the animal body. The present study is planned to examine the possible defensive result of caffeic acid (CA) against mercury chloride (HgCl2)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats, Rattus norvegicus.
Methods: Sublethal dose of HgCl2 (1.29 mg/kg body weight) was administrated in rats for 15 days through oral dose and the CA was administrated for another 15 days on mercuric-intoxicated rats. After completing the scheduled exposure time, the rats were sacrificed and the whole liver organ was removed immediately from the animal, and it was used to carry out for biochemical and bioenzymological studies to observe.
Results: The level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) content reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver tissue. CA is an energetic component in the phenolic propolis extract and also in a wide variety of plants, and a strong antioxidant helps to prevent oxidative damage and to reduce oxidative stress. The antioxidants such as GPx, CAT, and SOD and non-antioxidant GSH were significantly decreased, and also, the LPO level was increased in mercury toxicity rats. The treatment of CA (5 mg/kg body weight) in the liver tissue shows considerable declining in the level of oxidant content and along with an increase in the level of antioxidant properties by the way of improvement in liver tissues. Antioxidant and non-antioxidant enzyme (LOP, GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT) activities were also significantly decreased to near untreated control level when compared to Hg-treated group. The CA acid alone treatment showed the enhanced antioxidant levels and not any alteration in the levels of biochemical parameters when compared with control.
Conclusion: These observations of the present experimental study clearly explained the detoxify effects and protective effect of CA against HgCl2 toxicity in liver tissue.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION, QSAR AND MOLECULAR MODELING STUDIES OF 2,4-DICHLOROBENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
Authors: SAMRIDHI THAKRAL  , VIKRAMJEET SINGH  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid derivatives as antimicrobial agents through in vitro, QSAR and molecular docking studies.
Methods: The compounds were subjected to in vitro antimicrobial screening by test tube dilution method and the structural characteristics governing the antimicrobial potential were studied using QSAR methodology. These compounds were also screened for docking simulation to find out binding confirmation of reported compounds with PDB 1aj0 and 5fsa using AutoDock tools and discovery studio.
Results: The antimicrobial evaluation data indicated that compounds 13 and 18 were found to be the most effective against all the bacterial strains and Aspergillus niger while compounds 1 and 14 exhibited more antifungal potential against Candida albicans. QSAR studies confirmed the role of molar refractivity and Balaban index (J) as controlling parameters for antimicrobial potential. Molecular modeling study revealed that compounds interact with the active site of PDB by hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and Van der Wall interactions.
Conclusion: These test compounds were identified as potent candidates for the control of microbial strains tested, and structural relationship with activity may provide valuable information for further design and synthesis of compounds with antimicrobial potential.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC ANTIOXIDANTS AND ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BACOPA MONNIERI AGAINST LEAD TOXICITY INDUCED METABOLIC DYSFUNCTIONS IN MICE BRAIN AND LIVER HOMOGENATES: AN IN VITRO APPROACH
Authors: FLORA C SHAH  , NAYAN K JAIN  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative potential of synthetic antioxidants mixture comprising N-acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid, tocopheryl acetate, and thiamine as micronutrient combinational therapy and ethanolic extract of Bacopa monnieri as herbal antioxidant therapy approach against lead toxicity-induced metabolic dysfunctions in vitro.
Methods: Experimental study involved in vitro exposure of mice brain and liver homogenates to different doses (100 μM, 250 μM, and 500 μM) of lead acetate. The study also involved coadministration of high-dose lead acetate (500 μM) and specific dosage of synthetic antioxidants or ethanolic extract of B. monnieri separately to homogenate cultures. Alterations in metabolic parameters of protein levels and lipid peroxidation were analyzed for evaluating the protective effect of synthetic antioxidants and B. monnieri against lead intoxication.
Results: Results revealed dose-dependent statistically significant (p<0.001) reduction in protein levels and elevation in lipid peroxidation in lead acetate exposed mice brain and liver homogenates as compared to their respective control groups. Coadministration of lead acetate and synthetic antioxidants mixture or B. monnieri in the brain and liver homogenates conferred protection and manifested maintenance of studied biochemical parameters nearest to control groups. Ameliorative efficacy of B. monnieri against lead-induced neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity was found to be more pronounced than that of a mixture of synthetic antioxidants.
Conclusion: Synthetic antioxidants mixture (N-acetyl cysteine, ascorbic acid, tocopheryl acetate, and thiamine) and B. monnieri exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy against lead toxicity-induced metabolic dysfunctions in mice brain and liver homogenates by virtue of their antioxidant, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective abilities.
PRODUCTION OF BETALAINS FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURE OF BETA VULGARIS AND ITS USE IN PARACETAMOL SYRUP AS A NATURAL COLOURANT
Authors: ASHOKA BABU VL  , MADHAVAN V  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was aimed to extract betalains from hairy root culture of Beta vulgaris and its use in pharmaceutical formulations as a colorant.
Methods: Hairy roots were initiated using different strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes such as A.2/83, A.20/83, A.4, and LMG 150; LMG 150 was found to initiate a large number of hairy roots, and betalain content was estimated. Paracetamol syrup was prepared using extracted betalains as a colorant at different concentrations of 10 and 30 mg/150 ml. Stability studies were carried out at a different temperatures such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C) and light (dark, 1000 and 2000 lux) for 45 days.
Results: In case of a concentration of 10 mg/150 ml syrup, the effects of temperature such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C and dark condition on the degradation of betalains were found to be 48%, 88%, and 100% in 45 days, respectively. The effects of temperature such as 25°C, 30°C, and 40°C at light 1000 lux on degradations of betalains were found to be 81% and 98% at 25°C and 30°C in 45 days, respectively, and 100% at 40°C in 30 days and at 2000 lux were found to be 100% at 25°C and 30°C in 30 days and 100% at 40°C in 10 days. The similar levels of degradation rate were observed with a concentration of 30 mg/150 ml.
Conclusion: Experimental data demonstrated that formulation with betalains exhibited better stability at the dark condition and lower temperature.
Characterization and Prevalence of Clindamycin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus from Clinical samples of National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Nepal
Authors: AMRULLAH SHIDIKI  , BIJAY RAJ PANDIT  , ASHISH VYAS  
Published: October 2019

Objective: Clindamycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of severe form of skin, soft tissue, and blood infections caused by resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the form of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and erythromycin-resistant S. aureus. In this research, we determine the susceptibility pattern of isolated S. aureus strains against antibiotics and the prevalence of resistant S. aureus in the form of MRSA, inducible clindamycin-resistant S. aureus (inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B [iMLSB]) and constitutive clindamycin-resistant S. aureus (cMLSB).
Methods: A total of 310 isolated S. aureus among 2000 different clinical samples were subjected to oxacillin (1 μg) as per the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method for MRSA. Clindamycin-resistant either in the form of iMLSB or cMLSB was determined through double disk diffusion method or D-test by use erythromycin (2 μg) and clindamycin (15 μg) as per the CLSI guidelines.
Results: Out of total S. aureus, MRSA and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were 78.06% and 20.64%, respectively. This study showed that iMLSB and cMLSB were 34.19% and 23.22%. Both iMLSB and cMLSB were found more among MRSA than MSSA (43.80%, 26.85% and 40.62%, 10.93%), respectively.
Conclusion: This study helps for the characterization of different resistant strains of S. aureus along with the determination of the prevalence rate of these mutant forms causing nosocomial infections.