bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hidden cost of convenience: Disparate impacts of a program to reduce burden on probation officers and participants
Authors: Saunders Jessica , Midgette Greg , Taylor Jirka , Faraji Sara‐Laure 
Published: December 2020

Research SummaryCriminal justice practitioners increasingly seek out efficient means of community supervision supplanting face‐to‐face interactions with practices that are less onerous to administrators and clients. We examined the differential impact of remote supervision for low‐risk probationers by race. Remote reporting greatly reduces or eliminates in‐person meetings where race would be salient; however, it also creates conditions where an officer may rely more heavily on heuristics. We found the program drastically reduced violations, but also exacerbated the racial discrepancy in reporting high discretion violations.Policy ImplicationThe study illustrates how integrating an empirical test of racial discrepancies into program evaluation can illuminate conditions that amplify implicit bias. Our findings illustrate how a program with unequivocally positive outcomes for low‐risk probationers overall can further amplify racial disparities, particularly when the probation officer has more discretion. By creating a statistically equivalent group of clients who receive probation‐as‐usual, our evaluation strategy measures this bias by comparing consequences for which an agent has high discretion against those for which they have low or no discretion for program participants. This approach is replicable across many criminal justice practices.
Physicochemical, techno‐functional, and fat melting properties of spray‐dried camel and bovine milk powders
Authors: Zouari Ahmed , Lajnaf Roua , Lopez Christelle , Schuck Pierre , Attia Hamadi , Ayadi Mohamed Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, three skimmed and one whole‐fat spray‐dried camel milk powders were produced and their characteristics were compared to those of bovine milk powders. The physicochemical analysis of the produced powders indicated that camel milk powders (whether skimmed or not) presented higher ash and whey protein contents as compared to those of bovine milk powders. Our results indicated that the investigated camel and bovine milk powders exhibited a high solubility index (>99%) with poor dispersibility and wettability indexes due to their small particles size (d50 ≤ 12 µm) and their narrow size distribution (span ≤ 2). In addition, although camel and bovine milk powders presented the same total fat content, lower free fat content was measured for camel milk powders. Besides, the whey protein nitrogen index and the SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis underlined that camel and bovine milk proteins remained intact after drying with low denaturation extent. It is worth noticed that camel milk proteins were less denaturized due to the absence of the heat‐sensitive β‐lactoglobulin in camel milk. Moreover, the low denaturation extent participated in the enhancing of the foaming capacity and stability of camel and bovine milk powders. Finally, the calorimetric analysis showed that higher fat melting temperatures were recorded in whole‐fat camel milk powder and in their anhydrous form as compared to those of bovine milk.Practical ApplicationCamel milk powder is an emerging non‐bovine dairy product. Understanding its rehydration ability and evaluating the impact of spray drying on its protein quality are promising approaches to obtain high‐quality camel milk powder with high reconstitution ability. Findings of this study indicated that spray drying is a suitable technique to produce highly soluble camel milk powders with low denaturation extent. These results will benefit the research and development department of food industry (especially those producing camel milk powder) as well as the direct consumers.
Major Tectono‐thermal Events in the Yangtze Craton: Insights from U‐Pb‐Lu‐Hf Isotope Records in Zircons from End‐Permian Volcanic Interlayers in Southwest China
Authors: SHI Zejin , LI Wenjie , ZHANG Jin , TIAN Yaming , WANG Yong , YIN Guan , LUO Qichao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe in situ zircon U‐Pb‐Lu‐Hf isotope records from end‐Permian volcanic interlayers in southwest China, integrated with previous studies, restructure the evolutionary history of the Yangtze Craton from Precambrian to Late Paleozoic. This includes early continental crust formation before ∼3.0 Ga and massive juvenile crustal growth at 2.6–2.4 Ga; large‐scale crustal reworking at ∼2.1–1.7 Ga; Neoproterozoic crust addition at ∼1.1 to 0.7 Ga; collision and subduction along the craton margin between ∼700–541 Ma; Early Ordovician to Late Silurian magmatism; and large tectono‐thermal events in the Middle Carboniferous to end‐Permian. Some zircons withTMD2ages from 4.40 to 4.01 Ga and lower initial176Hf/177Hf values of 0.280592 to 0.280726 may imply the existence of Hadean crust relics beneath the Yangtze Craton and their provenances could be associated with Hadean crustal remelting. This study further clarifies that the Precambrian‐age zircons between the end‐Permian volcanic interlayers, the complexes in the western margin of the Yangtze Craton, and the sedimentary Kangdian Basin, may share an affinity based on similar U‐Pb age spectra and Hf isotope features. It also shows that the Neoproterozoic tectono‐thermal event may be associated with large‐scale tectono‐rifting activity, which is different from the Grenville‐age continental collision between Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in South China. The above findings support the inference of a widespread Archean basement extending to the western Yangtze Craton and a provenance in the Kangdian Basin that is derived from the weathering and erosion of Paleoproterozoic continental crust.
Effects of inhaled nitric oxide in COVID‐19–induced ARDS – Is it worthwhile?
Authors: Lotz Christopher , Muellenbach Ralf M. , Meybohm Patrick , Mutlak Haitham , Lepper Philipp M. , Rolfes Caroline‐Barbara , Peivandi Asghar , Stumpner Jan , Kredel Markus , Kranke Peter , Torje Iuliu , Reyher Christian 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundChanges in pulmonary hemodynamics and ventilation/perfusion were proposed as hallmarks of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)–induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) may overcome these issues and improve arterial oxygenation.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed arterial oxygenation and pulmonary vasoreactivity in seven COVID‐19 ARDS patients receiving 20 ppm iNO for 15‐30 minutes.ResultsThe inhalation of NO significantly improved oxygenation. All patients with severe ARDS had higher partial pressures of oxygen and reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. Significant changes in pulmonary shunting were not observed.ConclusionOverall, iNO could provide immediate help and delay respiratory deterioration in COVID‐19–induced moderate to severe ARDS.
Klotho gene G395A and C1818T polymorphisms in acromegaly: Association with clinical presentation and comorbidities
Authors: Helvaci Nafiye , Kabacam Serkan , Dagdelen Selcuk , Lay Incilay , Karabulut Erdem , Mut Melike , Alikasifoglu Mehmet , Erbas Tomris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundKlotho is a new identified anti‐ageing gene with tumour suppressor activities. Current data suggest that there is a tight relationship between Klotho protein and growth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) axis.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the possible association of Klotho gene polymorphisms with acromegaly and to assess whether these polymorphisms contribute to clinical characteristics, comorbidities and biochemical variables in these patients.MethodsThe study included 52 patients with acromegaly and 52 unrelated healthy subjects. The Klotho G395A and C1818T polymorphisms were assessed by Sanger sequencing. Serum levels of sKlotho were determined by ELISA method.ResultsSubjects carrying GA genotype of Klotho G395A polymorphism had 3.27 times higher risk of developing acromegaly [odds ratio (OR), 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.37–7.81; p = .023]. The A allele of G395A was significantly associated with acromegaly risk (OR, 2.27; 95% CI: 1.1–4.72; p = .022). No association was observed between the studied polymorphisms and disease characteristics including age at acromegaly diagnosis, size of adenoma, baseline GH and IGF‐1 concentrations, and final outcome. G395A polymorphism was associated with the presence of malignancy (OR, 2.24, 95% CI: 1.63–3.08; p = .019) and colorectal polyps (OR, 1.99; 95% CI: 1.02–3.88; p = .047) in patients with acromegaly. Serum sKlotho levels were significantly higher and correlated with GH and IGF‐1 levels among acromegaly patients. There was no association between the studied polymorphisms and sKlotho levels.ConclusionsKlotho G395A polymorphism is associated with acromegaly susceptibility and increased risk of malignancy and colorectal polyps in these patients.
Prioritizing threat management across terrestrial and freshwater realms for species conservation and recovery
Authors: Camaclang Abbey E. , Currie Jessica , Giles Emily , Forbes Graham J. , Edge Christopher B. , Monk Wendy A. , Nocera Joseph J. , Stewart‐Robertson Graeme , Browne Constance , O'Malley Zoe G. , Snider James , Martin Tara G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe need to manage threats to biodiversity, and to do so cost‐effectively, is urgent. Cross‐realm conservation management is recognized as a cost‐effective approach, but it requires collaboration between agencies and jurisdictions, and local knowledge of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. With its emphasis on stakeholder engagement and use of structured expert elicitation, Priority Threat Management (PTM) facilitates rapid, cross‐realm planning at the regional scale. We used PTM to identify cost‐effective management strategies with the aim of securing nine ecological groups, comprised of 45 species and one ecological community of conservation concern, across terrestrial and freshwater realms within the Wolastoq|Saint John River watershed in Canada. Under business‐as‐usual, four of nine groups are expected to have >50% probability of persistence over the next 25 years. Investment of $141 million over 25 years in three management strategies could secure seven groups across both realms with >50% probability of persistence. Achieving higher levels of persistence comes at a cost—securing six groups with >60% probability of persistence requires investing $218 million over 25 years in seven strategies. Through a structured, iterative process, whereby stakeholders cooperate to clarify objectives, devise management strategies, and collate data, PTM can support timely and cost‐effective management across multiple realms.
Air pollution and neurological development in children
Authors: Ha Sandie 
Published: December 2020

Pregnancy and early childhood are periods with high plasticity in neurological development. Environmental perturbations during these sensitive windows can have lifelong developmental consequences. This review summarizes key findings relevant to the effects of air pollution on neurological development. Mounting evidence suggests that exposure to air pollution, both during pregnancy and childhood, is associated with childhood developmental outcomes ranging from changes in brain structures to subclinical deficits in developmental test scores, and, ultimately, developmental disorders such as attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorders or autism spectrum disorders. Although the biological mechanisms of effects remain to be elucidated, multiple pathways are probably involved and include oxidative stress, inflammation, and/or endocrine disruption. Given the alarming global increase in developmental disorders in recent years, and increased human exposures to pollution, it is critical to reduce personal and community‐level exposures through tight collaboration of interdisciplinary and multi‐level bodies including community partners, physicians, industry partners, policy makers, public health practitioners, and researchers.What this paper adds

Exposure to air pollution is associated with a range of childhood developmental complications.

Biological mechanisms may include oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption.
Cardiac pseudomass due to enlarged epicardial adipose tissue: Comparison of echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Adachi Hidenori , Ihara Madoka , Nojima Yuhei , Kurimoto Tetsuya , Nanto Shinsuke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 75‐year‐old woman underwent preoperative echocardiography, which revealed a mass in the left atrium; however, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed no mass. Echocardiography revealed an enlargement of the epicardial adipose tissue in the left atrioventricular groove, therefore a pseudomass. Causes of cardiac pseudomass on echocardiography have been reported. Suspected pseudomasses should be reliably differentiated from a tumor or thrombus, and if new forms are found, the images must be shared for the benefit of clinicians.
Endogenous fibrinolysis—Relevance to clinical thrombosis risk assessment
Authors: Kanji Rahim , Kubica Jacek , Navarese Eliano P. , Gorog Diana A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of an obstructive luminal thrombus is pathological and considered a failure of endogenous fibrinolysis. The consequences may be fatal, or result in lasting downstream organ damage. Therefore, assessment of endogenous fibrinolytic status in an individual may identify those at risk of occlusive thrombus formation and provide prognostic information. Arterial thrombi are more platelet rich and more resistant to fibrinolysis than venous thrombi. Several recent studies using global tests of fibrinolysis in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have shown that despite dual antiplatelet therapy, patients with impaired fibrinolytic status have an increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events, compared with those with effective fibrinolytic function. Such data add significantly to the predictive value of established cardiovascular risk factors and conventional biomarkers. Most data reported have been obtained with the Global Thrombosis Test and the turbidimetric plasma clot lysis assay. A few small studies in patients with ischaemic stroke suggest a similar predictive role of fibrinolytic status assessment in these patients. Studies reporting an association between impaired fibrinolysis and future venous thrombotic events are limited, and in the form of case‐control studies. Viscoelastic assays may have a role in the prediction of venous thromboembolic risk. Assays of fibrinolytic function should be used to obtain a more accurate risk of future thrombotic events, particularly in the setting of ACS. The availability of point‐of‐care tests helps facilitate this and should encourage future studies to assess personalised antithrombotic treatment combinations to optimise fibrinolytic status and reduce thrombosis risk.
Host evolutionary relationships explain tree mortality caused by a generalist pest–pathogen complex
Authors: Lynch Shannon Colleen , Eskalen Akif , Gilbert Gregory S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe phylogenetic signal of transmissibility (competence) and attack severity among hosts of generalist pests is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the phylogenetic effects on hosts differentially affected by an emergent generalist beetle–pathogen complex in California and South Africa. Host types (non‐competent, competent and killed‐competent) are based on nested types of outcomes of interactions between host plants, the beetles and the fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic dispersion analysis of each host type revealed that the phylogenetic preferences of beetle attack and fungal growth were a nonrandom subset of all available tree and shrub species. Competent hosts were phylogenetically narrower by 62 Myr than the set of all potential hosts, and those with devastating impacts were the most constrained by 107 Myr. Our results show a strong phylogenetic signal in the relative effects of a generalist pest–pathogen complex on host species, demonstrating that the strength of multi‐host pest impacts in plants can be predicted by host evolutionary relationships. This study presents a unifying theoretical approach to identifying likely disease outcomes across multiple host‐pest combinations.
Medical management of Rhodococcus equi infections: A clinical epidemiology perspective
Authors: Huber L. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryRhodococcus equi infections cause severe pulmonary disease in foals, affecting animal welfare and increasing production costs in horse‐breeding farms. Extra‐pulmonary disorders (EPD) are relatively common and can occur independently of pulmonary disease; foals with EPD have a more guarded prognosis. The accompanying paper by Shaw et al. (2021) reports the successful diagnosis and medical treatment of a large abdominal abscess caused by R. equi infection. The authors report on the benefits of using gallium maltolate, a semimetal compound with antimicrobial activity, in combination with traditional R. equi infection antimicrobial treatment (combination of a macrolide and rifampicin). Experimental studies are needed to understand further the benefits of this combined therapy, to evaluate the synergistic effects and if it improves the concentration of antimicrobial drugs into infected tissues. The publication of this case report in Equine Veterinary Education is of clinical importance to equine practitioners when diagnosing and treating R. equi infected foals with or without EPD.
Abundance of an invasive bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, is negatively related to growth of freshwater mussels in the wild
Authors: Haag Wendell R. , Culp Jacob , Drayer Andrea N. , McGregor Monte A. , White Drew E. J. , Price Steven J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Causes of worldwide freshwater mussel declines are poorly understood, and the potential role of the invasive Asian Clam, Corbicula fluminea, has received little attention.

We measured survival and growth of captively‐reared juveniles of four native mussel species during 84‐day in situ exposures at 17 sites in the Rockcastle River system, Kentucky, U.S.A., where mussel declines are attributed to coal mining. We measured water temperature, a comprehensive array of water chemistry variables, and Corbicula abundance at each site during mussel exposures.

Mussel survival was high (mean = 85.4%), did not differ among species, and was not related to any measured factor. In contrast, growth varied among sites by an order of magnitude, but growth responses were nearly identical for all four species. We found little evidence of water pollution from coal mining or other sources, and pollution did not explain variation in mussel growth. Growth was best explained by a model including only temperature (positive effect) and Corbicula abundance (negative effect) without interaction.

Our model predicts 46% lower mass gain over 84 days for every 10‐fold increase in Corbicula abundance regardless of temperature, but growth may be reduced to unsustainably low levels in cooler streams. Previous ideas about water pollution as a cause of low growth and mussel declines were not supported by our data. Instead, the predicted strong effects of Corbicula, combined with similar responses of four mussel species, suggest that Corbicula may be an important, but overlooked, factor in widespread mussel declines.
Comparison of design, metallurgy, mechanical performance and shaping ability of replica‐like and counterfeit instruments of the ProTaper Next system
Authors: Martins J. N. R. , Silva E. J. N. L. , Marques D. , Belladonna F. , Simões‐Carvalho M. , Camacho E. , Braz Fernandes F. M. , Versiani M. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo compare the ProTaper Next (PTN) system with a replica‐like and a counterfeit system regarding design, metallurgy, mechanical performance and shaping ability.MethodologyReplica‐like (X‐File) and counterfeit (PTN‐CF) instruments were compared to the PTN system regarding design (microscopy), phase transformation temperatures (differential scanning calorimetry), nickel‐titanium ratio (energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy), cyclic fatigue, torsional resistance, bending strength, and untouched canal areas in extracted mandibular molars (micro‐CT). anova, post hoc Tukey’s and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used according to normality assessment (Shapiro–Wilk test) with the significance level set at 5%.ResultsOverall similarities in design and nickel‐titanium (Ni/Ti) ratio were observed amongst instruments with the X‐File having a smoother surface finish. PTN and PTN‐CF had mixed austenite plus R‐phase (R‐phase start approximately at 45 ºC and near 30 ºC, respectively), whilst X‐File instruments were austenitic (R‐phase started at approximately at 17 ºC) at room temperature (20 ºC). PTN‐CF had the greatest inconsistency in the phase transformation temperatures. Time to fracture of PTN‐CF X2 and X3 was significantly shorter than PTN and X‐File instruments (P < 0.05), whilst no difference was noted in maximum torque to fracture amongst the tested systems (P > 0.05). X‐Files and PTN‐CF had a stress‐induced phase change during bending load. Mean unprepared surface areas of root canals were 25.8% (PTN), 31.1% (X‐File) and 32.5% (PTN‐CF) with no significant difference amongst groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionSimilarities amongst the systems were noted in the Ni/Ti ratio and maximum torque to fracture, whilst differences were observed in the design, phase transformation temperatures and mechanical behaviour. The ProTaper Next counterfeit instruments could be considered as the less secure system considering its low‐cyclic fatigue resistance. Apart from these differences, the unprepared canal surface areas, obtained with the tested systems, were similar.
Effect of Fe3+ substitution on the structural modification and band structure modulated UV absorption of hydroxyapatite
Authors: Hadagalli Komalakrushna , Shenoy Sulakshana , Shakya Kaushal R. , G Manjunath , Tarafder Kartick , Mandal Saumen , Basu Bikramjit 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe effect of Fe3+ ionic substitution in hydroxyapatite (Ca10‐xFex(PO4)6(OH)2) was studied using structural modifications, resulting in an improvement in UV absorption through a tailored optical band structure. Ca2+ of HA being larger compared to Fe3+ contributes to the shrinkage of the lattice. Undoped HA has a peak at 1085 cm−1 (ʋ3 PO43−) which is shifted to 1033 cm−1 for Fe‐HA, because of the perturbation in HA structure. An improvement of UV absorption in the entire UVA and UVB range with an increase in Fe content because of a decrease in bandgap from 5.9 eV to 2.1 eV with undoped and doped HA. Theoretically obtained band gap and optical behaviour of the systems are well correlated with the experimental findings. Moreover, the use of marine biowaste from cuttlefish bone, as the source of HA; low cost and promising UV absorption can have a potential application as UV protective sunscreen filters.
Clinical efficacy of popular oral hair growth supplement ingredients
Authors: Adelman Madeline J. , Bedford Lisa M. , Potts Geoff A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHair supplements are a vast and growing industry. Patients often turn to oral supplements to address hair concerns as they are easily accessible. There are numerous products on the market, many with thousands of reviews (both positive and negative). Nutritional supplements are regulated by the FDA as foods instead of drugs, meaning they do not have to prove their efficacy and safety before becoming available to consumers. While some oral supplements have strong evidence supporting their use for hair growth, many ingredients have not been tested in clinical trials, have only in vitro evidence for hair growth, or have only been tested in animals. Given these industry characteristics, it is important for dermatologists to be aware of the safety and utility of these ingredients to provide appropriate counseling to their patients. The goal of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of popular hair growth oral supplement ingredients and formulations. This review does not address the topical formulations of these ingredients and their effects on hair growth.