bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Northward Shifts in the Polar Front Preceded Bølling and Holocene Warming in Southwestern Scandinavia
Authors: Cowling O. C. , Thomas E. K. , Svendsen J. I. , Mangerud J. , Vasskog K. , Haflidason H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe last deglaciation in northern Europe provides an opportunity to study the hydrologic component of abrupt climate shifts in a region with complex interactions between ice sheets and oceanic and atmospheric circulation. We use leaf wax hydrogen isotopes (δ2H) to reconstruct summer precipitation δ2H and aridity in southwestern Norway from 15.8 to 11.5 ka. We identify transitions to a more proximal moisture source before the ends of Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas, prior to local warming and increased primary productivity in both instances. We infer these changes in moisture delivery to southwestern Norway to be a response to northward shifts in the polar front caused by warm water intrusion into the North Atlantic, which preceded abrupt warming in the circum‐North Atlantic. These results suggest that moisture transport pathways shift northward as warm surface ocean water reaches higher latitudes in the North Atlantic.
Identifying Different Classes of Seismic Noise Signals Using Unsupervised Learning
Authors: Johnson Christopher W. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda , Meng Haoran , Vernon Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProper classification of nontectonic seismic signals is critical for detecting microearthquakes and developing an improved understanding of ongoing weak ground motions. We use unsupervised machine learning to label five classes of nonstationary seismic noise common in continuous waveforms. Temporal and spectral features describing the data are clustered to identify separable types of emergent and impulsive waveforms. The trained clustering model is used to classify every 1 s of continuous seismic records from a dense seismic array with 10–30 m station spacing. We show that dominate noise signals can be highly localized and vary on length scales of hundreds of meters. The methodology demonstrates the complexity of weak ground motions and improves the standard of analyzing seismic waveforms with a low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Application of this technique will improve the ability to detect genuine microseismic events in noisy environments where seismic sensors record earthquake‐like signals originating from nontectonic sources.
Two Types of ENSO Varying in Tandem Facilitated by Nonlinear Atmospheric Convection
Authors: Geng Tao , Cai Wenju , Wu Lixin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has two distinct regimes, one in the eastern Pacific (EP) featuring strong El Niño and the other in the central Pacific (CP) characterized by strong La Niña. Establishment of atmospheric convection in the climatologically cold and dry EP region provides a major source of the nonlinearity, but its role in the relationship between CP‐ and EP‐ENSO variability and their long‐term change remain unclear. By constructing a nonlinear two‐box recharge‐oscillator model, here we show that nonlinear atmospheric convection operates to boost strong EP El Niño, strong CP La Niña, and evolution in tandem of variability and skewness of CP‐ and EP‐ENSO. Further, the observed coherent long‐term increase in frequency of strong EP El Niño, strong CP La Niña, and variability of the two‐type ENSO over the past decades is facilitated by a corresponding increase in the nonlinear atmospheric convection.
Observational Evidence for a Stability Iris Effect in the Tropics
Authors: Saint‐Lu Marion , Bony Sandrine , Dufresne Jean‐Louis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAnvil clouds cover extensive areas of the tropics, and their response to global warming can affect cloud feedbacks and climate sensitivity. A growing number of models and theories suggest that when the tropical atmosphere warms, anvil clouds rise and their coverage decreases, but observational support for this behavior remains limited. Here we use 10 years of measurements from the space‐borne CALIPSO lidar to analyze the vertical distribution of clouds and isolate the behavior of anvil clouds. On the interannual time scale, we find a strong evidence for anvil rise and coverage decrease in response to tropical warming. Using meteorological reanalyses, we show that this is associated with an increase in static stability and with a reduction in clear‐sky radiatively driven mass convergence at the anvil height. These relationships hold over a large range of spatial scales. This is consistent with the stability Iris mechanism suggested by theory and modeling studies.
Synergy effect of peroxidase enzymes and Fenton reactions greatly increase the anaerobic oxidation of soil organic matter
Authors: Merino Carolina , Kuzyakov Yakov , Godoy Karina , Cornejo Pablo , Matus Francisco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn temperate rainforest soils of southern Chile (38 °S), there are high rates of soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization under oxygen (O2) limitation. We study the combined effects of Fenton reactions and the activity of two enzymes manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP), which was hypothesised potentiate SOC mineralization under anoxic conditions leading to carbon dioxide (CO2) release. Both mechanisms produce free radicals when competing for SOC oxidation in the absence of microorganisms. We quantify the CO2release by induced Fenton reactions in combination with MnP and LiP under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (20 °C, 36 h) in temperate rainforest soils. CO2levels released by Fenton reactions and enzyme activity were eight times higher than those released by Fenton reaction and peroxidase enzymes in individual treatment. Approximately 31% of the CO2released under aerobic soil incubation was found to be abiotic (sterilized), while 69% was biotic (non-sterilized soils), and respective values of 17% and 83% were recorded under anaerobic conditions. The relative fluorescence intensity clearly shows ·OH radicals production from Fenton reactions. In conclusion, levels of MnP and LiP coupled with Fenton reactions strongly increase SOC mineralization under long periods of O2limitation in temperate rainforest soils.
More severe disturbance regimes drive the shift of a kelp forest to a sea urchin barren in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Carnell Paul E. , Keough Michael J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClimate change is influencing the frequency and severity of extreme events. This means that systems are experiencing novel or altered disturbance regimes, making it difficult to predict and manage for this impact on ecosystems. While there is established theory regarding how the frequency of disturbance influences ecosystems, how this interacts with severity of disturbance is difficult to tease apart, as these two are inherently linked. Here we investigated a subtidal kelp (Ecklonia radiata) dominated community in southern Australia to assess how different disturbance regimes might drive changes to a different ecosystem state: sea urchin barrens. Specifically, we compared how the frequency of disturbance (single or triple disturbance events over a three month period) influenced recruitment and community dynamics, when the net severity of disturbance was the same (single disturbance compared to triple disturbances each one-third as severe). We crossed this design with two different net severities of disturbance (50% or 100%, kelp canopy removal). The frequency of disturbance effect depended on the severity of disturbance. When 50% of the canopy was removed, the highest kelp recruitment and recovery of the benthic community occurred with the triple disturbance events. When disturbance was a single event or the most severe (100% removal), kelp recruitment was low and the kelp canopy failed to recover over 18 months. The latter case led to shifts in the community composition from a kelp bed to a sea-urchin barren. This suggests that if ecosystems experience novel or more severe disturbance scenarios, this can lead to a decline in ecosystem condition or collapse.
Flexible use of allocentric and egocentric spatial memories activates differential neural networks in mice
Authors: Rinaldi Arianna , De Leonibus Elvira , Cifra Alessandra , Torromino Giulia , Minicocci Elisa , De Sanctis Elisa , López-Pedrajas Rosa María , Oliverio Alberto , Mele Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGoal-directed navigation can be based on world-centered (allocentric) or body-centered (egocentric) representations of the environment, mediated by a wide network of interconnected brain regions, including hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex. The relative contribution of these regions to navigation from novel or familiar routes, that demand a different degree of flexibility in the use of the stored spatial representations, has not been completely explored. To address this issue, we trained mice to find a reward relying on allocentric or egocentric information, in a modified version of the cross-maze task. Then we used Zif268 expression to map brain activation when well-trained mice were required to find the goal from a novel or familiar location. Successful navigation was correlated with the activation of CA1, posterior-dorsomedial striatum, nucleus accumbens core and infralimbic cortex when allocentric-trained mice needed to use a novel route. Allocentric navigation from a familiar route activated dorsomedial striatum, nucleus accumbens, prelimbic and infralimbic cortex. None of the structures analyzed was significantly activated in egocentric-trained mice, irrespective of the starting position. These data suggest that a flexible use of stored allocentric information, that allows goal finding even from a location never explored during training, induces a shift from fronto-striatal to hippocampal circuits.
Combining stochastic models of air temperature and vapour pressure for the analysis of the bioclimatic comfort through the Humidex
Authors: Sirangelo Beniamino , Caloiero Tommaso , Coscarelli Roberto , Ferrari Ennio , Fusto Francesco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeveral studies evidenced the importance of the knowledge of the bioclimatic comfort for improving people’s quality of life. Temperature and relative humidity are the main variables related to climatic comfort/discomfort, influencing the environmental stress in the human body. In this study, a stochastic approach is proposed for characterizing the bioclimatic conditions through the Humidex values in six sites of Calabria (southern Italy), a region often hit by heat waves in summer months. The stochastic approach is essential, because the available time series of temperature and relative humidity are not long enough and present several missing values. The model allowed the characterization of sequences of extreme values of the Humidex. Results showed different behaviours between inner and coastal stations. For example, a sequence of 20 consecutive days with maximum daily Humidex values greater than 35 has a return period ranging from 10 to 20 years for the inner stations, while it exceeds 100 years for the coastal ones. The maximum yearly Humidex values for the inner stations have a larger range (40–50) than the coastal ones (38–45), reaching higher occurrence probabilities of serious danger conditions. Besides, the different influence of temperature and relative humidity on the Humidex behaviour has been evidenced.
Iatrogene Nervenläsionen in der Hüft- und Knieendoprothetik
Authors: Weynandt Claude Léonie , Kowski Alexander , Perka Carsten , Rakow Anastasia 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungIatrogene Verletzungen motorischer Nerven gehören zu den Majorkomplikationen der Hüft- und Knieendoprothetik. Entsprechende Risikofaktoren und das Vorgehen bei solchen Schädigungen sollten den behandelnden Ärzten vertraut sein.
How does the self-sufficiency rate affect international price volatility transmissions in the wheat sector? Evidence from wheat-exporting countries
Authors: Tanaka Tetsuji , Guo Jin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch on international food prices or volatility transmission have concentrated on importing countries and have largely underestimated the importance of food insecurity or food poverty issues in food-exporting countries. This article identifies the causality between global and regional wheat pric in exporting countries and explores the determinants of price volatility pass-throughs using a Glosten, Jagannathan and Runkle generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GJR-GARCH) model with dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) specifications. Findings indicate that causal relationships between world and local prices are bi-directional and that self-sufficiency plays an important role in reducing international price volatility spillovers. Moreover, the consumption of substitute goods such as maize or rice functions as a shock absorber, alleviating volatility transmissions from the international market. Due to the COVID-19 crisis, food prices are more destabilised in many countries, along with various factors such as Russia’s and Kazakhstan’s export restrictions on grain commodites and international transport and supply chain disruptions. Based on the findings of our analysis, high self-sufficiency or autarky policies could help resilience to the shocks from these unexpected events against local retail markets in exporting countries such as the United States.
Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 PCR Cycle Threshold Values Provide Practical Insight Into Overall and Target-Specific Sensitivity Among Symptomatic Patients
Authors: Buchan Blake W , Hoff Jessica S , Gmehlin Cameron G , Perez Adriana , Faron Matthew L , Munoz-Price L Silvia , Ledeboer Nathan A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We examined the distribution of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) cycle threshold (CT) values obtained from symptomatic patients being evaluated for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to determine the proportion of specimens containing a viral load near the assay limit of detection (LoD) to gain practical insight to the risk of false-negative results. We also examined the relationship between CT value and patient age to determine any age-dependent difference in viral load or test sensitivity.

Methods
We collected CT values obtained from the cobas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) assay corresponding to 1,213 combined nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal specimens obtained from symptomatic individuals that were reported as positive or presumptive positive for SARS-CoV-2. CT values were stratified by SARS-CoV target and patient age group.

Results
In total, 93.3% to 98.4% of specimens demonstrated CT values greater than 3× the assay LoD, at which point false-negative results would not be expected. The mean of CT values between age groups was statistically equivalent with the exception of patients in age group 80 to 89 years, which demonstrated slightly lower CTs.

Conclusions
Based on the distribution of observed CT values, including the small proportion of specimens with values near the assay LoD, there is a low risk of false-negative RT-PCR results in combined nasopharyngeal-oropharyngeal specimens obtained from symptomatic individuals.
Sodium activates human monocytes via the NADPH oxidase and isolevuglandin formation
Authors: Ruggeri Barbaro Natalia , Van Beusecum Justin , Xiao Liang , do Carmo Luciana , Pitzer Ashley , Loperena Roxana , Foss Jason D , Elijovich Fernando , Laffer Cheryl L , Montaniel Kim R , Galindo Cristi L , Chen Wei , Ao Mingfang , Mernaugh Raymond L , Alsouqi Aseel , Ikizler Talat A , Fogo Agnes B , Moreno Heitor , Zhao Shilin , Davies Sean S , Harrison David G , Kirabo Annet 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsPrior studies have focused on the role of the kidney and vasculature in salt-induced modulation of blood pressure; however, recent data indicate that sodium accumulates in tissues and can activate immune cells. We sought to examine mechanisms by which salt causes activation of human monocytes both in vivo and in vitro.Methods and resultsTo study the effect of salt in human monocytes, monocytes were isolated from volunteers to perform several in vitro experiments. Exposure of human monocytes to elevated Na+ex vivo caused a co-ordinated response involving isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-adduct formation, acquisition of a dendritic cell (DC)-like morphology, expression of activation markers CD83 and CD16, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. High salt also caused a marked change in monocyte gene expression as detected by RNA sequencing and enhanced monocyte migration to the chemokine CC motif chemokine ligand 5. NADPH-oxidase inhibition attenuated monocyte activation and IsoLG-adduct formation. The increase in IsoLG-adducts correlated with risk factors including body mass index, pulse pressure. Monocytes exposed to high salt stimulated IL-17A production from autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, to evaluate the effect of salt in vivo, monocytes and T cells isolated from humans were adoptively transferred to immunodeficient NSG mice. Salt feeding of humanized mice caused monocyte-dependent activation of human T cells reflected by proliferation and accumulation of T cells in the bone marrow. Moreover, we performed a cross-sectional study in 70 prehypertensive subjects. Blood was collected for flow cytometric analysis and 23Na magnetic resonance imaging was performed for tissue sodium measurements. Monocytes from humans with high skin Na+ exhibited increased IsoLG-adduct accumulation and CD83 expression.ConclusionHuman monocytes exhibit co-ordinated increases in parameters of activation, conversion to a DC-like phenotype and ability to activate T cells upon both in vitro and in vivo sodium exposure. The ability of monocytes to be activated by sodium is related to in vivo cardiovascular disease risk factors. We therefore propose that in addition to the kidney and vasculature, immune cells like monocytes convey salt-induced cardiovascular risk in humans.
Psychometric evaluation of instruments measuring the work environment of healthcare professionals in hospitals: a systematic literature review
Authors: Maassen Susanne M , Weggelaar Jansen Anne Marie J W , Brekelmans Gerard , Vermeulen Hester , van Oostveen Catharina J 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeResearch shows that the professional healthcare working environment influences the quality of care, safety climate, productivity, and motivation, happiness, and health of staff. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess instruments that provide valid, reliable and succinct measures of health care professionals’ work environment (WE) in hospitals.Data sourcesEmbase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL EBSCOhost and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception through December 2018.Study selectionPre-defined eligibility criteria (written in English, original work-environment instrument for healthcare professionals and not a translation, describing psychometric properties as construct validity and reliability) were used to detect studies describing instruments developed to measure the working environment.Data extractionAfter screening 6397 titles and abstracts, we included 37 papers. Two reviewers independently assessed the 37 instruments on content and psychometric quality following the COSMIN guideline.Results of data synthesisOur paper analysis revealed a diversity of items measured. The items were mapped into 48 elements on aspects of the healthcare professional’s WE. Quality assessment also revealed a wide range of methodological flaws in all studies.ConclusionsWe found a large variety of instruments that measure the professional healthcare environment. Analysis uncovered content diversity and diverse methodological flaws in available instruments. Two succinct, interprofessional instruments scored best on psychometrical quality and are promising for the measurement of the working environment in hospitals. However, further psychometric validation and an evaluation of their content is recommended.
The Creative Process of Composing for Video Games: From Pitching to Gold Master and Beyond
Authors: Baysted Stephen , Summers Tim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the composer’s experience of writing music for video games. It does so by following the musical creative process through the cycle of video game development. It begins with the pitching process, examines the factors at play in establishing the musical approach to the game, considers the compositional challenges of the video game medium, outlines approaches to recording the music, and finishes by explaining the role of music in the game’s marketing. While characterizing the creative processes of game music in general, the chapter uses two contrasting racing games as case studies. At each stage, the chapter emphasizes the variety of factors and agents involved in the musical decisions. Ultimately, the chapter suggests that the creative process of game music sits in tension between the financial realities of the marketplace, the practicalities of technology, and the creative ambitions of the producers.
Theory in the Field
Authors: Barrett John , Hamilton Sue 
Published: July 2020

AbstractArchaeological fieldwork is normally treated as a matter of applying techniques that are designed to recover particular data sets, which have been identified either on the basis of research priorities or by the concerns of cultural resource management. The data are treated as objectively secure, whilst their interpretation might be open to question. The role of theory is widely assigned to the process of interpretation, and therefore often treated as an optional aspect of the analysis that is excluded from the process of data recovery. We counter this characterization by treating theory as one of the essential tools required by the fieldworker to enable the critical evaluation of the procedures by which archaeological knowledge is constructed. Such a theorized perspective pre-eminently requires that the procedures of fieldwork help fieldworkers to develop an interpretive archaeology of people in an informed way at the moment of fieldwork.
Nabataean
Authors: Graf David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLocated on the eastern periphery of the Roman Empire, the Nabataean client-kingdom played an important role in regional politics and international trade, but it is primarily known from Greek and Latin writers, of whom Josephus is of primary importance. What can be postulated about any native literature has to be culled from a variety of sources, including treatises on Arabika that survive only in fragments, a rather large corpus of Nabataean Aramaic inscriptions, and papyri. They provide glimpses at least of possible ethnographical, mythological, legal, and religious works. In particular, inscriptions and papyri refer to archives, and are saturated with Arabic loanwords implying this was the private or native Nabataean language. Nabataean religious festivals and activities were organized around a lunar calendar, preserved in a few zodiac representations, with well-regulated pilgrimages and related activities, suggesting records and texts were preserved in temple archives.