bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing the Effects of Diabetes and Obesity on Insulin and Leptin Levels amongst Pregnant Women
Authors: Johnson Andrea W. , Snegovskikh Denis , Parikh Lisa , DeAguiar Renata B. , Han Christina S. , Hwang Janice J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective In this study, we assess the impact of obesity and diabetes on maternal brain and periphery, as well as fetal exposure to insulin and leptin, and two hormones that play an important role in regulating energy homeostasis.
Study Design Fasting maternal plasma, fetal cord vein and artery plasma, and maternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected in 37 women (12 lean, nondiabetic [prepregnancy body mass index (BMI): 22.9 ± 1.7 kg/m2]; 12 overweight/obese nondiabetic [BMI: 37.8 ± 7.3 kg/m2]; 13 gestational/type 2 diabetes mellitus [BMI: 29.8 ± 7.3 kg/m2]) with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies undergoing elective Cesarean delivery. HbA1C, insulin, glucose, and leptin levels were measured.
Results Compared with lean mothers, mothers with obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) had significantly lower CSF-to-plasma ratios of insulin. Moreover, mothers with obesity and DM had significantly lower cord arterial and cord venous to maternal plasma ratios of insulin, but not leptin, compared with lean mothers. There were no differences in CSF and cord blood insulin and leptin levels between obese and DM mothers.
Conclusion Compared with lean individuals, mothers with obesity and DM have relative deficiencies in insulin exposure. The patterns observed in mothers with obesity and diabetes were similar highlighting the importance of the maternal metabolic environment in obesity and suggesting obese patients warrant further clinical focus.
Identifying Ways to Fix Outcome Disparities among Outborns Needing Therapeutic Hypothermia
Authors: Harbert Mary Jo A. , Sey Rachelle , Arnell Kathy , Rasmussen Maynard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective This study examined patterns of care after birth in newborns treated with therapeutic hypothermia to identify remediable causes for the poorer outcomes observed in outborn infants.
Study Design This was a secondary analysis of 150 newborns (68 outborn) prospectively enrolled at our center in the Vermont Oxford Neonatal Encephalopathy Registry from January 2008 to October 2016.
Results The 5-minute Apgar's score and cord pH value did not differ, but cord blood gases were obtained far less frequently in outborns (p = 0.002). Outborns needed more chest compressions (p = 0.01) and epinephrine (p = 0.04), and had more brain injury on neuroimaging (p = 0.05). Outborns took longer to reach target hypothermia temperature (p < 0.0001).
Conclusion The lack of cord gas values and longer time to reach target temperature observed in the outborns are two observed differences in care that can be potentially remedied by providing education and resources at delivering hospitals in rapid identification of hypothermia candidates, though further research is needed to define the effects of such measures. Possible solutions are also discussed here.
Frameshifting preserves key physicochemical properties of proteins
Authors: Bartonek Lukas , Braun Daniel , Zagrovic Bojan 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Genetic information stored in DNA is transcribed to messenger RNAs, which are then translated to produce proteins. A frameshift in the reading frame at any stage of this process typically results in a significantly different protein sequence being produced. Here, we show that, nevertheless, several essential properties of many protein sequences, such as their hydrophobicity profiles, remain largely unchanged upon frameshifting. This finding suggests that frameshifting could be an effective evolutionary strategy for generating novel protein sequences, which retain the functionally relevant physicochemical properties of the sequences from which they derive.
DNA polymerase δ proofreads errors made by DNA polymerase ε
Authors: Bulock Chelsea R. , Xing Xuanxuan , Shcherbakova Polina V. 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Polδ and Polε are the two major replicative polymerases in eukaryotes, but their precise roles at the replication fork remain a subject of debate. A bulk of data supports a model where Polε and Polδ synthesize leading and lagging DNA strands, respectively. However, this model has been difficult to reconcile with the fact that mutations in Polδ have much stronger consequences for genome stability than equivalent mutations in Polε. We provide direct evidence for a long-entertained idea that Polδ can proofread errors made by Polε in addition to its own errors, thus, making a more prominent contribution to mutation avoidance. This paper provides an essential advance in the understanding of the mechanism of eukaryotic DNA replication.
Systematic identification of engineered methionines and oxaziridines for efficient, stable, and site-specific antibody bioconjugation
Authors: Elledge Susanna K. , Tran Hai L. , Christian Alec H. , Steri Veronica , Hann Byron , Toste F. Dean , Chang Christopher J. , Wells James A. 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Site-specific chemical modification of proteins remains a critical need for bioconjugation. Here we explore the key parameters needed for efficient, selective, and stable modification of methionine using recently developed oxaziridine reagents, called ReACT. We systematically tested various oxaziridine compounds, and scanned accessible and buried sites in a therapeutic antibody for breast cancer to determine the chemical and structural parameters for most stable and efficient modification. We show these adducts are highly stable over days and can support the delivery of toxic payloads to regress tumors in animals. These studies on this important chemical modification expand our capability to site-specifically modify proteins and antibodies for many applications.
Unique reproductive strategy in the swamp wallaby
Authors: Menzies Brandon R. , Hildebrandt Thomas B. , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: March 2020

Significance
We have shown that female swamp wallabies ovulate, mate, and form a new embryo prepartum thereby continuously supporting conceptuses and young at different development stages before and after birth. This system is unique compared to the normal staged system of reproduction in mammals so that swamp wallabies are normally pregnant and lactating throughout their reproductive life.
Sampling linguistic diversity to understand language development
Authors: Stoll Sabine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Humans have an innate capacity to learn language. This is an undisputed fact. However, what this capacity actually consists of has yet to be worked out in full detail. The main reason for this is that language is an abstract capacity which manifests in thousands of languages that vary widely in every possible domain, and which change continuously over time. Furthermore, empirical research shows that linguistic features of individual languages can influence the learning process and so bias any generalizations about the human capacity for language learning. Thus, any understanding of language or its development must be considered in a cross-linguistic perspective. However, current research in the field has focused on only a small subset of the world’s languages; we have only scratched the surface of what children must learn and how they do it. In this chapter, I offer a solution to this sampling bias. The solution is a maximal diversity approach, which samples from languages that are as structurally diverse as possible. This allows us to simulate the linguistic variability that children must be able deal with in being able to learn any language. Maximum diversity sampling promises insights into the general mechanisms which underlie language development and how distributions of linguistic features in the input work hand in hand with these mechanisms.
Change of exposure time mid-test in high temperature DIC measurement
Authors: Thai Thinh Q , Smith Adam J , Rowley Robert J , Gradl Paul R , Berke Ryan B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Performing digital image correlation (DIC) at extreme temperatures has been greatly challenging due to the radiation which saturates the camera sensor. At such high temperatures, the light intensity emitted from an object is occasionally so powerful that the acquired images are overwhelmingly saturated. This induces data loss, potentially ruining the test, thus requiring the user to restart the test. For this reason, selection of an appropriate camera sensitivity plays a crucial role prior to beginning the test. Exposure time is a factor contributing to camera sensitivity and it is the easiest setting to manipulate during the test since it introduces minimal errors when comparing to other factors, especially in quasi-static tests. This paper examines the influence of changing exposure time mid-test on DIC measurement uncertainty. The investigation was conducted by rigid body motion experiments at room temperature and 1600 °C, respectively. Thereby, some recommendations are given to help DIC users assess their images at room temperature to extrapolate the exposure at extreme temperatures along with accompanying solutions to salvage data at high temperature.
Tracer diffusion on a crowded random Manhattan lattice
Authors: Mejía-Monasterio Carlos , Nechaev Sergei , Oshanin Gleb , Vasilyev Oleg 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We study, by extensive numerical simulations, the dynamics of a hard-core tracer particle (TP) in presence of two competing types of disorder—frozen convection flows on a square random Manhattan lattice and a crowded dynamical environment formed by a lattice gas of mobile hard-core particles. The latter perform lattice random walks, constrained by a single-occupancy condition of each lattice site, and are either insensitive to random flows (model A) or choose the jump directions as dictated by the local directionality of bonds of the random Manhattan lattice (model B). We focus on the TP disorder-averaged mean-squared displacement, (which shows a super-diffusive behaviour ∼t
4/3, t being time, in all the cases studied here), on higher moments of the TP displacement, and on the probability distribution of the TP position X along the x-axis, for which we unveil a previously unknown behaviour. Indeed, our analysis evidences that in absence of the lattice gas particles the latter probability distribution has a Gaussian central part

∼
exp
(
−

u

2

)

, where u = X/t
2/3, and exhibits slower-than-Gaussian tails

∼
exp
(
−
∣
u

∣

4

/

3

)

for sufficiently large t and u. Numerical data convincingly demonstrate that in presence of a crowded environment the central Gaussian part and non-Gaussian tails of the distribution persist for both models.
From yards to cities: a simple and generalizable probabilistic framework for upscaling outdoor water conservation behavior
Authors: Grant Stanley B , Duong Kimberly , Rippy Megan A , Pierce Gregory , Feldman David , Zanetti Enrique , McNulty Amy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Outdoor watering of lawns accounts for about half of single-family residential potable water demand in the arid southwest United States. Consequently, many water utilities in the region offer customers cash rebates to replace lawns with drought tolerant landscaping. Here we present a parcel-scale analysis of water savings achieved by a ‘cash-for-grass’ program offered to 60 000 homes in Southern California. The probability a resident will participate in the program, and the lawn area they replace with drought tolerant landscaping, both increase with a home’s outdoor area. The participation probability is also higher if a home is occupied by its owner. From these results we derive and test a simple and generalizable probabilistic framework for upscaling water conservation behavior at the parcel-scale to overall water savings at the city- or water provider-scale, accounting for the probability distribution of parcel outdoor areas across a utility’s service area, climate, cultural drivers of landscape choices, conservation behavior, equity concerns, and financial incentives.
Pathological Continuum From the Rise in Pulse Pressure to Impaired Neurovascular Coupling and Cognitive Decline
Authors: de Montgolfier Olivia , Thorin-Trescases Nathalie , Thorin Eric 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The “biomechanical hypothesis” stipulates that with aging, the cumulative mechanical damages to the cerebral microvasculature, magnified by risk factors for vascular diseases, contribute to a breach in cerebral homeostasis producing neuronal losses. In other words, vascular dysfunction affects brain structure and function, and leads to cognitive failure. This is gathered under the term Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia (VCID). One of the main culprits in the occurrence of cognitive decline could be the inevitable rise in arterial pulse pressure due to the age-dependent stiffening of large conductance arteries like the carotids, which in turn, could accentuate the penetration of the pulse pressure wave deeper into the fragile microvasculature of the brain and damage it. In this review, we will discuss how and why the vascular and brain cells communicate and are interdependent, describe the deleterious impact of a vascular dysfunction on brain function in various neurodegenerative diseases and even of psychiatric disorders, and the potential chronic deleterious effects of the pulsatile blood pressure on the cerebral microcirculation. We will also briefly review data from antihypertensive clinical trial aiming at improving or delaying dementia. Finally, we will debate how the aging process, starting early in life, could determine our sensitivity to risk factors for vascular diseases, including cerebral diseases, and the trajectory to VCID.
Diagnosis and Management of First Case of COVID-19 in Canada: Lessons Applied From SARS-CoV-1
Authors: Marchand-Senécal Xavier , Kozak Rob , Mubareka Samira , Salt Natasha , Gubbay Jonathan B , Eshaghi Alireza , Allen Vanessa , Li Yan , Bastien Natalie , Gilmour Matthew , Ozaldin Omar , Leis Jerome A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report diagnosis and management of the first laboratory-confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized in Toronto, Canada. No healthcare-associated transmission occurred. In the face of a potential pandemic of COVID-19, we suggest sustainable and scalable control measures developed based on lessons learned from severe acute respiratory syndrome.
ctcRbase: the gene expression database of circulating tumor cells and microemboli
Authors: Zhao Lei , Wu Xiaohong , Li Tong , Luo Jian , Dong Dong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Circulating tumor cells/microemboli (CTCs/CTMs) are malignant cells that depart from cancerous lesions and shed into the bloodstream. Analysis of CTCs can allow the investigation of tumor cell biomarker expression from a non-invasive liquid biopsy. To date, high-throughput technologies have become a powerful tool to provide a genome-wide view of transcriptomic changes associated with CTCs/CTMs. These data provided us much information to understand the tumor heterogeneity, and the underlying molecular mechanism of tumor metastases. Unfortunately, these data have been deposited into various repositories, and a uniform resource for the cancer metastasis is still unavailable. To this end, we integrated previously published transcriptome datasets of CTCs/CTMs and constructed a web-accessible database. The first release of ctcRbase contains 526 CTCs/CTM samples across seven cancer types. The expression of 14 631 mRNAs and 3642 long non-coding RNAs of CTCs/CTMs were included. Experimental validations from the published literature are also included. Since CTCs/CTMs are considered to be precursors of metastases, ctcRbase also collected the expression data of primary tumors and metastases, which allows user to discover a unique ‘circulating tumor cell gene signature’ that is distinct from primary tumor and metastases. An easy-to-use database was constructed to query and browse CTCs/CTMs genes. ctcRbase can be freely accessible at http://www.origin-gene.cn/database/ctcRbase/.
Minerals play key roles in driving prokaryotic and fungal communities in the surface sediments of the Qinghai-Tibetan lakes
Authors: Yang Jian , Jiang Hongchen , Sun Xiaoxi , Chen Junsong , Xie Zhanling , Dong Hailiang 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThere is limited knowledge of the relative influences of deterministic and stochastic processes on prokaryotic and fungal communities in lake sediments. In this study, we surveyed the prokaryotic and fungal community compositions and their influencing factors in 23 surface sediments from six lakes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) with the use of Illumina sequencing. The results showed the distribution of prokaryotic and fungal communities in the studied QTP lake sediments was shaped by different assembly processes, with prokaryotes primarily governed by variable selection and homogenizing dispersal (accounting for 57.9% and 37.3% of the observed variations) and fungi being mainly regulated by variable selection, non-dominant processes and homogenizing dispersal (38.3%, 43.7% and 13.7%, respectively). Regarding the variable selection, mineralogical variables played key roles in shaping prokaryotic and fungal community structures. Collectively, these findings expand current knowledge concerning the influences of deterministic (e.g. variable selection) and stochastic processes (e.g. homogenizing dispersal and non-dominant processes) on the prokaryotic and fungal distribution in the QTP lakes.
Quantitative analysis of serum-based IgG agalactosylation for tuberculosis auxiliary diagnosis
Authors: Liu Peng , Ren Shifang , Xie Yan , Liu Chuangang , Qin Wenjun , Zhou Yuanyuan , Zhang Mingxia , Yang Qianting , Chen Xin-chun , Liu Ting , Yao Qili , Xiao Zhen , Gu Jianxin , Zhang Xiao-Lian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious cause of mortality worldwide, especially in developing countries. However, effective means for TB diagnosis, especially for bacillus-negative (Bn) TB laboratory diagnosis, are urgently needed. In the present study, serum IgG from each tuberculosis patients and healthy controls was purified using affinity chromatography. The samples were then analyzed using mass spectrometry (MS) and ultraperformance liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods. We quantitatively assessed the changes of serum IgG galactosylation in 567 human serum samples including 377 pulmonary TB patients and 190 healthy donors (HDs). We found significantly more agalactosylated (G0) vs monogalactosylated (G1) and digalactosylated (G2) N-glycans of IgG in TB patients, including smear-negative TB patients, than in HDs. The detection rate of TB diagnostic performance by MS for IgG–Gal ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) is 90.48% for bacillus-positive (Bp) and 73.16% for Bn TB patients. Further, combination of MS method with other routine laboratory TB diagnostic methods significantly increased the detection rate to 91.01%–98.39%. Similar results were observed in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection mouse models. The decrease in galactosylation of IgG in TB patients was also qualitatively confirmed using specific lectin blot assay. Using the above techniques, we can discriminate the content of IgG G0 with terminal N-acetylglucosamine and IgG–Gal ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) between TB patients and HDs. Our data suggest that quantitative analysis of serum-based IgG–Gal ratio G0/(G1 + G2 × 2) could be used for TB auxiliary diagnosis with high effectiveness and feasibility and its combination with other routine laboratory TB diagnostic methods could remarkably improve the detection rate.
Vaccination With Moderate Coverage Eradicates Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses If a Gender-Neutral Strategy Is Applied
Authors: Vänskä Simopekka , Luostarinen Tapio , Baussano Iacopo , Apter Dan , Eriksson Tiina , Natunen Kari , Nieminen Pekka , Paavonen Jorma , Pimenoff Ville N , Pukkala Eero , Söderlund-Strand Anna , Dubin Gary , Garnett Geoff , Dillner Joakim , Lehtinen Matti 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination of girls with very high (&gt;90%) coverage has the potential to eradicate oncogenic HPVs, but such high coverage is hard to achieve. However, the herd effect (HE) depends both on the HPV type and the vaccination strategy.

Methods
We randomized 33 Finnish communities into gender-neutral HPV16/18 vaccination, girls-only HPV16/18 vaccination, and hepatitis B virus vaccination arms. In 2007–2010, 11 662 of 20 513 of 40 852 of 39 420 resident boys/girls from 1992 to 1995 birth cohorts consented. In 2010–2014, cervicovaginal samples from vaccinated and unvaccinated girls at age 18.5 years were typed for HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68. Vaccine efficacy for vaccinated girls, HE for unvaccinated girls, and the protective effectiveness (PE) for all girls were estimated. We extended the community-randomized trial results about vaccination strategy with mathematical modeling to assess HPV eradication.

Results
The HE and PE estimates in the 1995 birth cohort for HPV18/31/33 were significant in the gender-neutral arm and 150% and 40% stronger than in the girls-only arm. Concordantly, HPV18/31/33 eradication was already predicted in adolescents/young adults in 20 years with 75% coverage of gender-neutral vaccination. With the 75% coverage, eventual HPV16 eradication was also predicted, but only with the gender-neutral strategy.

Conclusions
Gender-neutral vaccination is superior for eradication of oncogenic HPVs.
Theory on the Ground: Ethnography, Religio-Racial Study, and the Spiritual Work of Building Otherwise
Authors: McTighe Laura 
Published: March 2020

Abstract“We should be able to live and thrive, not just survive.” With these words, the Black feminist leaders of Women With A Vision (WWAV) in New Orleans refuse the religious and racist terror of post-Hurricane Katrina recovery—and theorize beyond the lethal logics that set their organizing home ablaze in a still-uninvestigated arson attack. This article approaches WWAV’s gauntlet as “theory on the ground”: theory developed in the midst of lived struggle, which carries forward the enduring resistant visions of generations past, and grows them in and through the geographies of the present, towards new and more livable futures. Drawing inspiration from Judith Weisenfeld’s study of religio-racial movements in New World A-Coming, this ethnography moves on the ground and in step with my comrades at WWAV to show how the spiritual work of building otherwise can transform both what we write (the content and theory of our scholarship) and how we write it (the methods and ethics of its undertaking). Centering WWAV’s world-building theory, learning from it, moving with it: this is essential decolonial academic praxis, which comes from and flows through a commitment to ending white supremacy and being an accomplice to Black liberation. In offering “theory on the ground” as both a model and an intervention, this article shows how ethnographers of religion, as well as those who use our tools and our texts, might study differently to build our field and our world otherwise.