bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: McSweeney Thomas J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The culture of textual production that these justices tried to create did not survive the thirteenth century. In the second half of the century, English legal literature became more insular in its outlook. But Bracton and the plea roll collections represent an important moment in the history of the common law, when people were reflecting on what law is and how it should be practiced. Through Bracton we can catch a glimpse of people who were thinking about what it meant to administer the law of the king’s courts, in a time before the common law was the common law. In these texts, we see the justices of the royal courts turning to Roman and canon law for inspiration.
Predatory Value Extraction
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book explains how an ideology of corporate resource allocation known as “maximizing shareholder value” (MSV), that emerged in the 1980s and came to dominate strategic thinking in business schools and corporate boardrooms, undermined the social foundations of sustainable prosperity, resulting in employment instability, income inequity, and slow productivity growth. In explaining what happened to sustainable prosperity in the United States, it focuses on the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction that reached to the extent of “predatory value extraction.” Based on “The Theory of Innovative Enterprise,” the book analyzes the value extracting mechanism by “value-extracting insiders,” i.e. corporate executives, “value-extracting enablers,” i.e. institutional investors, and “value-extracting outsiders,” i.e. hedge-fund activists. It concludes with policy suggestions to rebuild the U.S. corporate-governance regime for combating predatory value extraction and restoring sustainable prosperity.
The Growing Imbalance between Value Creation and Value Extraction
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains how the US economy has transitioned from the “retain-and-invest” regime to the “downsize-and-distribute” regime, resulting in the growing imbalance between value creation and value extraction. It posits that this corporate-governance regime change was integral to the explosion of the incomes of the richest households and the erosion of middle-class employment opportunities through three major structural changes, “rationalization,” “marketization,” and “globalization.” It also highlights the academic roots of the regime change, that is, the nonsensical theory of the “unproductive firm” in neoclassical economics and the maximizing shareholder (MSV) view of the world that builds on it. The chapter then summarizes the contents of each chapter of the book.
The Value-Extracting Insiders
Authors: Lazonick William , Shin Jang-Sup 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the general transformation of senior corporate executives in the United States from industrialist leaders dedicated to value creation into financial engineers intent on value extraction. It argues that, being incentivized by stock-based pay and legitimized by MSV ideology, senior executives of major American corporations began in the 1980s to turn their backs on long-standard practices of resource allocation: Ceasing to retain profits and reinvest them for the future, many executives placed the emphasis on cost-cutting and distributing profits to shareholders in the form of not only dividends but also stock buybacks Some companies’ distributions to shareholders have exceeded 100 percent of net income for years, even decades. This chapter emphasizes the dire consequence of executives turning from value creation to value extraction.
British Thinking about Tactical Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines how British policy-makers viewed the arrival of tactical nuclear weapons, employing as a vehicle in the 1950s debate on the relative merits of the opposing strategic theories of ‘graduated deterrence’ and ‘massive retaliation’. It shows how the British government rejected any suggestion to draw distinctions in peacetime between strategic and tactical nuclear weapons because of a strong belief that such an announcement would undermine the overall deterrent effect of nuclear weapons. Gripped by a ‘deterrence habit of mind’, civilian leaders viewed tactical nuclear weapons not as meaningful military tools, but as weapons of escalation whose use would trigger a strategic nuclear exchange between the superpowers. The rejection of any kind of graduated deterrence through the use of tactical nuclear weapons set a precedent in how British policy-makers conceived the utility of tactical nuclear weapons, which would have important consequences in the following debates about NATO strategy.
Conventional Forces and Tactical Nuclear Weapons in NATO Strategy
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyses how the British deterrence habit of mind manifested in a preference for a ‘pure-deterrence’ strategy for NATO. NATO’s forums were a market for strategic ideas, and competing visions of nuclear warfare reflected the often incompatible preferences of its member states. Bargaining and compromise resulted in significant changes to defensive concepts throughout the Cold War and saw the emergence of two distinct strategies, massive retaliation and flexible response, which provided the conceptual framework for the Army’s thinking about nuclear war. The chapter explores the most important assumptions made about the character of nuclear warfare, the political and military utility of tactical nuclear weapons, and the perceived role of ground forces within NATO’s deterrent posture. It argues that the British reluctance to accept that military organizations could perform a useful function during or after a nuclear exchange set an ominous tone for the Army’s own theorizing about future war.
Nuclear Instruction at the Staff College
Authors: Moody Simon J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines how the design and implementation of the curriculum at the Army Staff College, Camberley exposed organizational views about nuclear warfare. The chapter critically evaluates how the Army institutionalized learning on a subject about which very little was known, that was politically sensitive, and that relied ultimately on abstract concepts untested in the crucible of war. It argues that the Staff College proved remarkably absorbent to new ideas and habitually incorporated the most fashionable thinking and latest doctrinal constructs into its syllabus. In this context, the development of the Staff College curriculum reflected the ebb and flow of NATO’s changing strategic concepts, the maturation of BAOR’s nuclear doctrine, and the Army’s perceptions of its own place within national defence policy.
Body Talk
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses Félix Arnaudin’s notes towards a dictionary of the Gascon dialect of the Landes de Gascogne to explore everyday speech about the body. The dialect notes that Arnaudin carefully recorded in quotidian situations draw attention to a body focused on the legs and buttocks, discussed in terms of constant concern about stooping and bending. The language of the body was often violent and obscene, but could also be delicate and specific. Rich metaphors for body parts drew parallels between human exploitation and forestation. This was not a static folk language of the body, swept away by ‘modern’ ideas of the body, but an evolving way of talking about bodily experiences.
Monstrous Bodies
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the example of werewolf stories, with a particular focus on one storyteller, named Marie Bouzats. It situates Marie’s werewolf stories in a wider shared French culture of shapeshifters and monsters. The chapter argues that werewolf stories were rarely as violent or as extreme as the later popular cultural representations of werewolves in films and literature would be. Instead, stories of shapeshifters express subtle anxieties about boundaries and interpersonal relationships in face-to-face communities. Werewolf stories explore issues of religion, gender, and family, and in the case of the moorlands of Gascony, of changing landscapes.
Exploited Bodies
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses a tale about an unfortunate fox told by a man named Henri Vidal. While Henri’s tale is similar to other stories of not-so-cunning foxes collected by folklorists across France, it is also a profoundly local story. It makes sense as a kind of fictionalized autobiography of Henri himself, a critique of the system of sharecropping that predominated in the moorlands, and the violence and exploitation that this system encouraged. Through comparison to other tales told by other storytellers, the chapter suggests ways that ordinary workers like Henri used stories to narrate their experiences, and negotiate better lives.
Conclusion
Authors: Pooley William G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion draws together ideas from the book, suggesting a few key points. First, it draws attention to the cultural agency of ‘exemplars’, or what folklorists have sometimes called ‘star performers’. Singers and storytellers like Henri Vidal, Marie Bouzats, or Catherine Gentes are not just important because they were typical, but because they played leading roles in local cultures. The conclusion argues that such exemplars allow historians to perceive changing cultures of the body which cannot be reduced to the simple advent of a ‘modern’ body. The example of the moorlands of Gascony suggests broader patterns in the history of the body during the period of modernization.
Passions and Reason in the Short Treatise
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the Short Treatise, Spinoza upholds the epistemological claims advanced in the Treatise on the Emendation, but also provides further developments concerning his theory of error and his account of how passions and knowledge relate to each other. Section 2.2 introduces Spinoza’s account of the passions as inadequate ideas caused by other inadequate ideas. Section 2.3 explains how his rejection of the Cartesian distinction between intellect and will further supports this account. Section 2.4 presents his epistemic remedy for the passions, which consists in the emendation of the inadequate ideas that underpin them. Section 2.5 examines the correspondence between Spinoza and Willem van Blijenbergh and shows how, in this context, Spinoza is forced to confront some crucial worries that emerge from his early ethical position. Section 2.6 argues that Spinoza’s early ethics does not have the conceptual resources required to offer a fully satisfying solution to these worries.
A Passionate Path Towards the Supreme Good in the Theological-Political Treatise
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Theological-Political Treatise investigates whether the moral teachings contained in the Bible can lead to the Supreme Good. Spinoza seems to introduce the possibility of attaining the Supreme Good (phrased in terms of ‘salvation’) without relying on the innate adequate idea of God but rather on obedience. Section 3.2 investigates how passions can be used to support obedience. Section 3.3 discusses the differences between intellectual salvation and salvation through obedience. Section 3.4 argues that Spinoza defends an instrumentalist account of obedience, according to which someone can be truly virtuous insofar as his practice creates the conditions for the development of the mind’s power of thinking. Section 3.5 implements this instrumentalist reading to explain the sense in which the practice of life taught by Biblical prophets can be considered a genuine means of progressing towards the Supreme Good. Section 3.6 explains why this instrumentalist reading is preferable to various alternative readings.
Conclusion
Authors: Sangiacomo Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book has defended two main claims. First, Spinoza’s moral philosophy underwent a significant evolution from his early writing (TIE and KV) to the later works (TTP, Ethics, and TP). The outcome of this evolution is that he downplayed his early commitment to the epistemic self-sufficiency of the mind by developing a new account of the relationship between reason and passions. Second, Spinoza’s later account of reason is built on the notion of agreement in nature, which leads to considering rationality the mental expression of the extent to which individuals cooperate with others and agree in nature with the other parts of the causal network in which they operate. This general conclusion stresses the two main consequences of this reading: first concerning the internal reasons that led Spinoza to revise his early views, and second concerning the philosophical achievements that came with this transformation.
Seeing Emotions while Healing the Body and the World as a Whole
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By analyzing the case of Dr. Auguste Rollier’s sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis in the Swiss village of Leysin, this chapter demonstrates the centrality of images in interwar internationalist practices. Following the blueprint set out by the League of Nations in this period, internationalists advocated for a holistic approach to healing: they linked physical cures with social, and political health; and they associated their attainment with specific visible emotional expressions. Most notably, internationalists created educational and work establishments with the explicit goal of instilling feelings such as “joy,” and they produced, reproduced, and distributed photographs to serve as evidence of their success. The aesthetics and assumptions they inaugurated proved long-lasting and influence international environments to this day.
A University for Feeling the Emotions of Internationalism
Authors: Scaglia Ilaria 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the case of the University Sanatorium of Leysin as a means to explore how internationalists constructed and used spaces to elicit and manage people’s emotions. It devotes particular attention to efforts at creating atmospheres conducive to international cooperation, emphasizing how administrators, doctors, patients, and visitors all contributed to shaping the notion that these could be effective. As demonstrated by the case of a proposed new International University Sanatorium, the ideas and the practices it inaugurated continue to influence a broad range of state and non-state actors in the subsequent decades, and still affect international education to this day.
A Malleable Cityscape
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the pattern of boom and bust in the property market and connects this to Delhi’s economy as a whole. With a depression of property construction in the 1920s and a boom in the mid-1930s, the Delhi property market was turbulent during this period. Carefully tracking the locations and timing of this pattern of rise and fall reveals the extent to which it was private property development rather than state-directed plans for urban expansion that generated Delhi’s cityscape. Over this period of bust and boom, however, the property market was constituted by new connections between industry, finance, and real estate. Using a database of permission to build created from the the Building Sub-Committee of the Delhi Municipal Committee, this chapter lays out a periodization of the property market. In turn, this had implications for urban space, from the individual house to the neighbourhood and indeed the city as a whole.
Lineages of the Housing Question
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 studies politics over housing provision which linked the issues of commodification, urban housing, and demography. The issue of housing was raised in a large variety of forms. This chapter tracks these ‘lineages’ of the housing question, from above (directed by various state agencies) and from below (taken up by various agitations). Delhi’s symbolic centrality as capital city and sanitation discourses were two approaches to housing that were rooted in the authoritarian impulses of the colonial state. More broad-based articulations of the housing question can be seen in the struggles of government clerks, the nationalist movement, organizations taking up the caste question, and in battles over rent control. From this formidably diverse set of forces only a fractured politics of housing provision could emerge in Delhi.
Grave Investments
Authors: Vanaik Anish 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 studies the connection between modes of community formation, the general commodification of urban space, and the specific effects of this on religious places. In a city where profit and loss from urban space was moulding the urban fabric, religious structures were no exception. Effective management of temples and mosques came to require that wealth be generated and accounts be maintained. At the same time, sacral sites were also seen in precisely the opposite manner, as outside of the process of commodification. Indeed, there were numerous efforts, especially at the local level, to prevent illegitimate commodification of religious structures by local managers or owners. Through the 1930s, a resolution was offered by religious collectives that defined themselves against local managers and claimed to operate in the interests of the community as a whole. Abstract space, then, called forth more abstract conceptions of community.
Rethinking Party Reform
Authors: Wolkenstein Fabio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe functioning of representative democracy crucially depends on political parties that mediate between citizens and the state. It is widely doubted, however, that contemporary parties can still perform this connective role. Taking seriously the ensuing challenges for representative democracy, this book advances a normative account of party reform, drawing on both democratic theory and political science scholarship on parties. Moving beyond purely descriptive or causal-analytical perspectives on party reform, the book clarifies on theoretical grounds why party reform is centrally important for the sustainability of established democracies, and what effective party reforms could look like in an age where most citizens look to parties with scepticism and distrust. In doing so, the book underlines in distinctive fashion why scholars and citizens should care about re-inventing and transforming political parties, resisting widespread tendencies of either declaring parties unreformable or theorizing them out of the picture.
Dissemination
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the early dissemination of the nouveau roman in Britain, beginning around 1957. First, the nouveau roman’s main British publisher, Calder & Boyars, is introduced, with consideration of that publisher’s broader activities and ideals; particular attention is paid to its transnational contexts. There is mention too of the nouveau roman’s other British publishers, including Faber and Jonathan Cape. Then the different publishing formats used by Calder & Boyars for the nouveau roman are discussed, with analysis of visual presentation. The chapter then turns to the ways in which Calder & Boyars mediated the nouveau roman in promotional copy and in the search for new audiences; reference here is made to modernism, Existentialism, the notion of the literary ‘classic’, detective fiction, pulp fiction, cinema, theatre, television, and radio. The chapter concludes with two case studies that typify the nouveau roman’s complex status for British readers, first looking at Samuel Beckett’s relation to the nouveau roman, and then narrating Calder & Boyars’s ‘French Week’, in which the publisher organized a British speaking tour for Marguerite Duras, Alain Robbe-Grillet, and Nathalie Sarraute.
Translation and transition
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the translation of the nouveau roman into English. The modernist precedent in the field of translation is considered. Then the nouveau roman’s various English translators are discussed. The chapter’s main focus is the work of Nathalie Sarraute, which was translated into English by Maria Jolas. Jolas’s central role in the modernist little magazine, transition, is introduced, and her postwar activities are also presented. In particular, the chapter looks at Jolas’s translations of two novels of what is named Sarraute’s ‘aesthetic turn’, Entre la vie et la mort (1968), and Vous les entendez? (1972). Jolas’s translations are shown to emphasize both inter- and intralingualism, as well as a deeper untranslatability that undergirds all translation. The chapter ends by contrasting Jolas’s translations from French with those of Barbara Wright and Samuel Beckett.
New Realism and ‘the times at hand’
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter opens by considering the contested definitions of realism that often characterize discussions of the novel in the postwar British literary field. The Snow Circle—C. P. Snow, Pamela Hansford Johnson, and William Cooper—is then introduced. Hansford Johnson’s and Cooper’s attacks on the nouveau roman are shown to rehearse the Snovian critique of modernism, as well as to replicate its elisions regarding its own valuation of an opposing realism. Then novels by Rayner Heppenstall (The Connecting Door, and The Woodshed (both 1962)) and Muriel Spark (The Mandelbaum Gate (1965)) are contrasted. Both writers explicitly engage with the nouveau roman in their novels, and value it positively as a form of realism. However, Heppenstall is shown to remain within the frame of reference set down by European high modernism, while Spark sees the nouveau roman as exemplifying something new. The chapter concludes by showing how Spark’s understanding of the nouveau roman’s realism is echoed in the critical statements of a number of other writers, most revealingly B. S. Johnson.
Conclusion
Authors: Guy Adam 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion opens by giving two final, but contrasting examples of novelists of the 1960s–70s who register the impact of the nouveau roman: Gabriel Josipovici and Ann Quin. The power of the nouveau roman as an idea rather than a set of writers or texts is stressed. Then the influence of the nouveau roman in the 2000s is briefly surveyed, with an emphasis on Alain Robbe-Grillet’s importance in the visual arts. Accounts of the nouveau roman are then considered from a number of contemporary novelists, namely Deborah Levy, Tom McCarthy, Ian McEwan, Zadie Smith, and Lars Iyer. The book ends by looking at the nouveau roman’s persisting claims to newness.
Practice-Focused Strategic Ethnography
Authors: Trowler Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the ways in which teaching and learning regimes in higher education can be investigated. The ethnographic approach, rooted in classical anthropology, is outlined and different flavours of it explored through critical engagement with examples of their application. The limits of ethnography are discussed, and a case is made for a practice-focused, multi-method research methodology to inform change initiatives.