bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
11βHSD1 Inhibition with AZD4017 Improves Lipid Profiles and Lean Muscle Mass in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Hardy Rowan S , Botfield Hannah , Markey Keira , Mitchell James L , Alimajstorovic Zerin , Westgate Connar S J , Sagmeister Michael , Fairclough Rebecca J , Ottridge Ryan S , Yiangou Andreas , Storbeck Karl-Heinz H , Taylor Angela E , Gilligan Lorna C , Arlt Wiebke , Stewart Paul M , Tomlinson Jeremy W , Mollan Susan P , Lavery Gareth G , Sinclair Alexandra J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) determines prereceptor metabolism and activation of glucocorticoids within peripheral tissues. Its dysregulation has been implicated in a wide array of metabolic diseases, leading to the development of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. We examined the impact of the reversible competitive 11β-HSD1 inhibitor, AZD4017, on the metabolic profile in an overweight female cohort with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Methods
We conducted a UK multicenter phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 12-week treatment with AZD4017. Serum markers of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, renal and hepatic function, inflammation and androgen profiles were determined and examined in relation to changes in fat and lean mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results
Patients receiving AZD4017 showed significant improvements in lipid profiles (decreased cholesterol, increased high-density lipoprotein [HDL] and cholesterol/HDL ratio), markers of hepatic function (decreased alkaline phosphatase and gamma-glutamyl transferase), and increased lean muscle mass (1.8%, P &lt; .001). No changes in body mass index, fat mass, and markers of glucose metabolism or inflammation were observed. Patients receiving AZD4017 demonstrated increased levels of circulating androgens, positively correlated with changes in total lean muscle mass.

Conclusions
These beneficial metabolic changes represent a reduction in risk factors associated with raised intracranial pressure and represent further beneficial therapeutic outcomes of 11β-HSD1 inhibition by AZD4017 in this overweight IIH cohort. In particular, beneficial changes in lean muscle mass associated with AZD4017 may reflect new applications for this nature of inhibitor in the management of conditions such as sarcopenia.
The Living Feather: Tonalli in Nahua Featherwork Production
Authors: Caplan Allison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Previous studies suggest that late postclassic and early colonial Nahua viewers understood specific artistic creations to contain tonalli, a solar-derived animating force. This article advances understanding of the animacy of Nahua featherworks by examining attention to tonalli in the various stages of featherwork production. Analysis of a classificatory distinction used in the sixteenth-century Florentine Codex between tlazohihhuitl (beloved feathers) and macehualihhuitl (commoner feathers) suggests that this distinction registers specific types of feathers’ differential ability to contain tonalli. Ultimately, this classification posited tlazohihhuitl as living beings and macehualihhuitl as inanimate materials. The relationship between these two classes of feathers is integral to Nahuatl descriptions of the treatment of specific feather types in the production stages of bird hunting, dyeing and selling feathers, and mosaic construction. Understanding these production practices through Nahuatl descriptions suggests that care for tonalli represented a central commercial and artistic concern in featherwork production.
The Disguise of the Hummingbird: On the Natural History of Huitzilopochtli in the Florentine Codex
Authors: Montero Sobrevilla Iris 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay explores the avian nature of Huitzilopochtli (“Hummingbird on the Left”), the tutelary god of the Mexica, by centering the deity’s association with the hummingbird. Arguing that there is a “natural history of Huitzilopochtli” deployed in book 11 of the Florentine Codex, devoted to “earthly things,” this analysis re-entangles hummingbird ethology with Huitzilopochtli’s cult, a bond that was severed in the early days of colonization. A close reading of the Nahuatl, Spanish, and visual texts in this book reveals that seasonal cycles and hummingbird behavior—energy budgeting, flower nectar diet, swift flight, and long-haul migration—can be interpreted as inspiring the three main feasts of Huitzilopochtli in the Mexica ritual year. Furthermore, reading the natural history entries in book 11 as related to the avian god illuminates how central hummingbirds were as markers of the dry and rainy seasons and their effects in Nahua social and ritual life.
Modeling neurodegeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Caldwell Kim A. , Willicott Corey W. , Caldwell Guy A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The global burden of neurodegenerative diseases underscores the urgent need for innovative strategies to define new drug targets and disease-modifying factors. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has served as the experimental subject for multiple transformative discoveries that have redefined our understanding of biology for ∼60 years. More recently, the considerable attributes of C. elegans have been applied to neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. Transgenic nematodes with genes encoding normal and disease variants of proteins at the single- or multi-copy level under neuronal-specific promoters limits expression to select neuronal subtypes. The anatomical transparency of C. elegans affords the use of co-expressed fluorescent proteins to follow the progression of neurodegeneration as the animals age. Significantly, a completely defined connectome facilitates detailed understanding of the impact of neurodegeneration on organismal health and offers a unique capacity to accurately link cell death with behavioral dysfunction or phenotypic variation in vivo. Moreover, chemical treatments, as well as forward and reverse genetic screening, hasten the identification of modifiers that alter neurodegeneration. When combined, these chemical-genetic analyses establish critical threshold states to enhance or reduce cellular stress for dissecting associated pathways. Furthermore, C. elegans can rapidly reveal whether lifespan or healthspan factor into neurodegenerative processes. Here, we outline the methodologies employed to investigate neurodegeneration in C. elegans and highlight numerous studies that exemplify its utility as a pre-clinical intermediary to expedite and inform mammalian translational research.
Suunatud refleksiooni protseduuri rakendamise peamised kasutegurid ja kitsaskohad õpetajakoolituse üliõpilaste ja õpetajate hinnangul
Authors: Allas Raili , Leijen Äli , Toom Auli 
Published: October 2020

Tänapäeva maailm eeldab, et kõik professionaalid pööravad järjepidevalt tähelepanu oma teadmiste ja oskuste arendamisele. Hariduse valdkonnas rõhutatakse, et õpetaja pidev professionaalne areng on ühtlasi ka jätkusuutliku ja nüüdisaegse haridussüsteemi alus. Samas ei ole piisavalt uurimusi, et seletada, millised meetodid on õpetajate toetamiseks kõige sobivamad. Siinses artiklis uuritakse, kuidas tajuvad õpetajad professionaalse arengu eri etappidel suunatud refleksiooni protseduuri kasutegureid ja kitsaskohti. Uurimuses osales 21 õpetajakoolituse üliõpilast ja 80 õpetajat. Uurimuses keskenduti osalejate hinnangutele, mille kohta koguti andmeid grupiarutelude ja -intervjuudega ning mida analüüsiti temaatilist analüüsi kasutades. Kokkuvõttena tuuakse välja, kuidas rakendada suunatud refleksiooni protseduuri õpetajate toetamiseks professionaalse arengu eri etappidel.
Summary
Erialane hübriididentiteet praktikute-õppejõudude arusaamades
Authors: Reva Elina , Remmik Marvi 
Published: October 2020

Kõrgkoolide erialaõppes on kvaliteetse hariduse pakkumisel oluline, et õppetöösse oleksid kaasatud ka erialal töötavad spetsialistid. Mitmes rollis töötamine nõuab praktikutelt-õppejõududelt mitmekesiseid teadmisi ja oskusi, mistõttu kasutatakse kahe eriala – õpitud eriala ning õpetaja – teadmisi ja oskusi. Uuringu eesmärk on analüüsida praktikute-õppejõudude erialast hübriididentiteeti ja sellega seonduvaid tegureid. Uuringus intervjueeriti 18 praktikut-õppejõudu. Andmeid analüüsiti kvalitatiivse sisuanalüüsi meetodil. Tulemused osutasid, et praktikute-õppejõudude arusaamades väljenduv erialane hübriididentiteet on kaldu nn õpitud eriala identiteedi poole, samas õppejõu identiteet on pigem tagaplaanil. Tugev erialasesse kogukonda kuuluvuse tunne ja vähene õppejõudude kogukonda kuuluvus on praktikute-õppejõudude hübriididentiteedi kujunemisel määrava tähtsusega.
Summary
Õpetajate küberkiusamine ja võimalikud sekkumised koolis: õpilastepoolset küberkiusamist kogenud õpetajate vaade
Authors: Jürisaar Kätlyn , Siibak Andra 
Published: October 2020

Artikli eesmärk on analüüsida õpilastepoolset küberkiusamist kogenud Eesti üldhariduskooli õpetajate (N = 14) arvamusi ja kogemusi ning uurida, milliseid koolipoolseid sekkumisvõimalusi õpetajad selliste küberkiusamise juhtumite lahendamiseks näevad. Poolstruktureeritud individuaalintervjuu meetodil otsiti vastuseid järgmistele uurimisküsimustele: 1) milliste õpilastepoolsete küberkiusamise liikidega on õpetajad kokku puutunud; 2) kuidas võiks kool õpetajate küberkiusamisjuhtumitesse sekkuda. Intervjueeritud õpetajad olid peamiselt kokku puutunud viie küberkiusamise liigiga: 1) töödeldud fotod; 2) kirjad ja sõnumid; 3) laim ja valeinfo jagamine; 4) jälitamine ja ahistamine veebis; 5) kellegi teise nime all esinemine. Küberkiusamist kogenud õpetaja turvatunde loomise ja juhtumi efektiivse lahendamise eesmärgil peeti oluliseks õpetajate küberkiusamist taunivate meetmete sätestamist kooli regulatsioonides, toetavate juhendmaterjalide loomist, koolipere harimist küberkiusamise vallas ning psühholoogilise ja tehnilise nõustamise tagamist.
Summary
Indian Vernacular History-writing and Its Ideological Engagement
Authors: Borek Piotr 
Published: October 2020

Indian Vernacular History-writing and Its Ideological Engagement: A Contemporary Account on Shivaji’s Visit to Agra (1666) in Brajbhāṣā Verse
The visit of Shivaji Bhosle at Aurangzeb’s court in 1666 is a famous subject of modern historical and popular accounts. A contemporary relation of this event is to be found in vernacular poetry, which according to the Western understanding of traditional history should not be considered factually reliable. Academic research of at least the last two decades has seen many attempts to oppose this view and to theorize Indian vernacular literatures as legitimate ways of recording the past. This article offers an analysis of a few 17th-century Braj stanzas by Bhushan against the background of modern professional historical accounts, all of them devoted to the 1666 event, in order to demonstrate intersection points between two separately molded ways of intentional history-writing and to support the credibility of recording the past by the early modern poet.
Extracorporeal shock wave therapy: an update
Authors: Auersperg Vinzenz , Trieb Klemens 
Published: October 2020

Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe therapy and there are only a few side effects known (such as pain during ESWT and minor haematomata), but no severe complications are to be expected if it is performed as recommended. Contraindications are severe coagulopathy for high-energy ESWT, and ESWT with focus on the foetus or embryo and focus on severe infection. The effect mechanism of ESWT is still a component of diverse studies, but as far as we can summarize today, it is a similar process to a cascade triggered by mechano-transduction: mechanical energy causes changes in the cellular skeleton, which provokes a reaction of the cell core (for example release of mRNA) to influence diverse cell structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular vesicles, etc., so the enzymatic response leads to the improvement of the healing process. The usage of ESWT should be taught, to improve the outcome. Courses should be organized by national societies, since the legal framework conditions are different from one country to another. In this update the musculoskeletal indications are addressed (mainly bone and tendons): pseudoarthrosis, delayed fracture healing, bone marrow oedema and osteonecrosis in its early stages, insertional tendinopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendon fasciitis, calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, and wound healing problems.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:584-592. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067
Advanced techniques in amputation surgery and prosthetic technology in the lower extremity
Authors: Hobusch Gerhard M. , Döring Kevin , Brånemark Rickard , Windhager Reinhard 
Published: October 2020

Bone-anchored implants give patients with unmanageable stump problems hope for drastic improvements in function and quality of life and are therefore increasingly considered a viable solution for lower-limb amputees and their orthopaedic surgeons, despite high infection rates. Regarding diversity and increasing numbers of implants worldwide, efforts are to be supported to arrange an international bone-anchored implant register to transparently overview pros and cons. Due to few, but high-quality, articles about the beneficial effects of targeted muscle innervation (TMR) and regenerative peripheral nerve interface (RPNI), these surgical techniques ought to be directly transferred into clinical protocols, observations and routines. Bionics of the lower extremity is an emerging cutting-edge technology. The main goal lies in the reduction of recognition and classification errors in changes of ambulant modes. Agonist–antagonist myoneuronal interfaces may be a most promising start in controlling of actively powered ankle joints. As advanced amputation surgical techniques are becoming part of clinical routine, the development of financing strategies besides medical strategies ought to be boosted, leading to cutting-edge technology at an affordable price. Microprocessor-controlled components are broadly available, and amputees do see benefits. Devices from different manufacturers differ in gait kinematics with huge inter-individual varieties between amputees that cannot be explained by age. Active microprocessor-controlled knees/ankles (A-MPK/As) might succeed in uneven ground-walking. Patients ought to be supported to receive appropriate prosthetic components to reach their everyday goals in a desirable way. Increased funding of research in the field of prosthetic technology could enhance more high-quality research in order to generate a high level of evidence and to identify individuals who can profit most from microprocessor-controlled prosthetic components. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:724-741. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190070
Aseptic (avascular) bone necrosis in the foot and ankle
Authors: Martin Oliva Xavier , Viladot Voegeli Antonio 
Published: October 2020

Aseptic necrosis may be defined as a group of diseases that have bone necrosis as a common denominator. They usually appear in the epiphyses and in the carpal and tarsal bones. They generally appear during a growth period and principally at those skeletal points subjected to particular stress. In Müller–Weiss disease in the advanced stages, talonavicular-cuneiform arthrodesis, with or without back foot correction, is the best surgical option. In Freiberg–Kohler disease, treatment can be conservative and we can maintain the head of the metatarsal by performing a joint debridement of the metatarsophalangeal joint with removal of loose bodies. The lateral upper and lower faces of the distal extremity of the metatarsal are resected, preserving the joint cartilage that in its centre portion is always healthy. The osteophyte border that may be present in the phalanx is resected. Most frequently, avascular necrosis (AVN) of the talus is a sequel to talar fractures, with the possibility that the AVN increases with the severity of the trauma and the damage associated with the already precarious blood supply of the talus. The surgical treatment used for sesamoid AVN is partial excision of the affected bone. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:684-690. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200007
Sub-50  nm focusing of a 405  nm laser by hemispherical silicon
nanolens
Authors: Wang Zhong , Zhang Weihua 
Published: October 2020

In this work, we study the light focusing behaviors of a sub-micrometer
Si hemispherical nanolens in theory. Results show that the width and
depth of the focus spot light at 405 nm can reach 42 nm (approximately

λ

/

10

) and 20 nm (

λ

/

20

), respectively. Theoretical analysis
indicates that this nanofocusing phenomenon comes from two reasons,
the high refractive index of Si and the sub-micrometer size of the
lens, which considerably decrease the influence of material losses.
The focusing capability of the Si nanolens is comparable with the
current extreme ultraviolet technique but with a low cost, providing
an alternative approach towards super-resolution photolithography and
optical microscopy.
Computational nanosensing from defocus in single particle interferometric reflectance microscopy
Authors: Yurdakul Celalettin , Ünlü M. Selim 
Published: October 2020

Single particle interferometric reflectance (SPIR) microscopy has been studied as a powerful imaging platform for label-free and highly sensitive biological nanoparticle detection and characterization. SPIR’s interferometric nature yields a unique 3D defocus intensity profile of the nanoparticles over a large field of view. Here, we utilize this defocus information to recover high signal-to-noise ratio nanoparticle images with a computationally and memory efficient reconstruction framework. Our direct inversion approach recovers this image from a 3D defocus intensity stack using the vectorial-optics-based forward model developed for sub-diffraction-limited dielectric nanoparticles captured on a layered substrate. We demonstrate proof-of-concept experiments on silica beads with a 50 nm nominal diameter.
Highly efficient double plasma mirror producing ultrahigh-contrast multi-petawatt laser pulses
Authors: Choi Il Woo , Jeon Cheonha , Lee Seong Geun , Kim Seung Yeon , Kim Tae Yun , Kim I Jong , Lee Hwang Woon , Woo Yoon Jin , Sung Jae Hee , Lee Seong Ku , Nam Chang Hee 
Published: October 2020

We present a highly efficient double plasma mirror (DPM) that provides ultrahigh-contrast multi-petawatt (PW) laser pulses with a temporal contrast ratio reaching

1

0

17

up to 160 ps and

1

0

12

up to 2 ps before the main pulse. The high reflectivity of 70%, along with the high-contrast enhancement factor of 700,000, was achieved from the DPM installed after the final stage of a 4 PW Ti:sapphire laser. The 4 PW laser was equipped with cross-polarized wave generation and optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification stages for initial high-contrast operation. The DPM operation was undertaken with conditions that did not modify the spatiotemporal profiles of incident multi-PW laser pulses. This highly efficient DPM with the high-contrast enhancement promises the utilization of multiple PMs as a practical rear end for upcoming tens of petawatt lasers to achieve ultrahigh temporal contrast.
Self-adaptive amplified spontaneous emission suppression with a photorefractive two-beam coupling filter
Authors: Pettine Jacob , Zhu Miao , Anderson Dana Z. 
Published: October 2020

Optical bandpass filters can be utilized to suppress parasitic broadband spectral power prior to laser amplification but are typically designed around specific frequencies or require manual adjustment, thus limiting their compatibility with highly tunable or integrated laser systems. In this Letter, we introduce a self-adaptive volume holographic filter using the dynamic two-beam coupling interaction in photorefractive

B
a
T
i
O

3

, demonstrating

−

10

d
B

suppression of amplified spontaneous emission noise surrounding a tunable 780 nm diode laser peak, with

<

2

n
m

filter bandwidth and 50% power throughput. The spectral filtering is automatically centered on the lasing mode, with an estimated auto-tuning rate of 100 GHz/s under typical conditions. Furthermore, the filter suppression and bandwidth can be optimized via the two-beam coupling intensity ratio and angle, respectively, for versatile control over the self-adaptive filter characteristics.
Biologics During Pregnancy in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Risk of Infantile Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gubatan John , Nielsen Ole Haagen , Levitte Steven , Juhl Carsten Bogh , Maxwell Cynthia , Streett Sarah E. , Habtezion Aida 
Published: October 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Biologics, such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, anti-integrins and anticytokines, are therapies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may increase the risk of infection. Most biologics undergo placental transfer during pregnancy and persist at detectable concentrations in exposed infants. Whether this is associated with an increased risk of infantile infections is controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the risk of infantile infections after in utero exposure to biologics used to treat IBD.

METHODS:
We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL from inception to June 2020 to evaluate the association of biologic therapy during pregnancy in women with IBD and risk of infantile infections. Odds ratios of outcomes were pooled and analyzed using a random effects model.

RESULTS:
Nine studies met the inclusion criteria comprising 8,013 women with IBD (5,212 Crohn's disease, 2,801 ulcerative colitis) who gave birth to 8,490 infants. Biologic use during pregnancy was not associated with an increased risk of all infantile infections (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–1.14, I
2 = 30%). In a subgroup analysis for the type of infection, biologic use was associated with increased infantile upper respiratory infections (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.02–2.40, I
2 = 4%). Biologic use during pregnancy was not associated with infantile antibiotic use (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73–1.14, I
2 = 30%) or infection-related hospitalizations (OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.95–1.86, I
2 = 26%).

DISCUSSION:
Biologics use during pregnancy in women with IBD is not associated with the overall risk of infantile infections or serious infections requiring antibiotics or hospitalizations but is associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory infections.