bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treaty Reservations
Authors: Swaine Edward T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines current treaty law and practice relating to reservations. It is organized into five parts. Part I examines how reservations are made and distinguishes them from other unilateral acts. Part II examines the historical development of the legal rules surrounding reservations. Part III turns to the issues surrounding the initial legal status of reservations, including the continuing tension over whether all reservations must pass an initial threshold of permissibility to trigger the objection system envisaged by the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Part IV examines that objection system. Finally, Part V considers questions of authority, examining which actors have (or claim) authority to evaluate reservations.
The
Interpretation of Treaties over Time
Authors: Bjorge Eirik , Kolb Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers an issue that has garnered sustained attention by States and international courts and tribunals in recent years — the potential to allow (or deny) evolutionary interpretations to treaty terms. It highlights five conclusions about the interpretation of treaties over time. First, evolutionary interpretations are made based on an array of means of ordinary interpretation, as enshrined in Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties Articles 31–33 and customary international law. Second, evolutionary interpretation is an issue of fact and law arising in the circumstances of particular cases. Third, the main principle is that of ‘contemporaneous interpretation’, a term referring not to the interpreter but to the parties (i.e. contemporaneous to the time of conclusion of the treaty). Fourth, it makes no sense to apply the principle of contemporaneity in all circumstances, since there are some terms used in treaties that make legal sense only when understood to evolve over time. Finally, to keep the unity of the treaty and its terms, the new interpretation is retrospective, having effect back to the time of the treaty’s conclusion.
Specialized Rules of Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Brölmann Catherine 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
International law has generally treated questions of the legal personality and legal powers of international organizations (IOs) as a distinct subject — notably one of international institutional law. However, IOs also regularly trigger questions of treaty law and practice. Most IOs are created by treaty, and that ‘constituent instrument’ provides the necessary starting point for delimiting their functions and competences. This chapter addresses treaty interpretation in the IO context, with particular attention to the interpretation of founding or constitutive treaties of international organizations. Part I examines the interpretation of constitutive treaties and IO secondary rules. Part II looks at the role of organizations as treaty interpreters. Examples are drawn predominantly from the UN context and, to a lesser degree, the European Union.
Exceptional Circumstances and Treaty
Commitments
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the existence of ‘exceptional circumstances’ that States can invoke to avoid (or remove) their treaty obligations. The following doctrines that may serve this purpose are analysed: (i) supervening impossibility of performance; (ii) fundamental change of circumstances; and (iii) necessity. The first two grounds are codified in Articles 61 and 62 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Necessity belongs to the realm of State responsibility (namely, Article 25 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility). As with the broader relationship between the law of treaties and the law of State responsibility, the doctrine of necessity’s relationship with the law of treaties remains unclear and, despite certain case law, it is one of the most taxing areas of international law.
Specifically Protected Persons and Objects
Authors: Geiß Robin , Paulussen Christophe 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the categories of persons and objects which receive specific protection under international humanitarian law (IHL), typically because they are seen as particularly vulnerable. In addition to the legal protection granted to the wounded and sick, contemporary IHL specifically regulates religious personnel; medical units and transports; persons and objects displaying the distinctive emblem; humanitarian relief personnel and objects; personnel and objects involved in peacekeeping missions; journalists; women; children; missing persons; hospital and safety zones; cultural property; and the environment. However, current practice shows that these categories continue to be vulnerable and that respect for the implementation of IHL is often lacking, with the repugnant practices of Islamic State (IS) as the new nadir. Therefore, the enforcement of IHL, through the application of international criminal law, either at the national or international level, is of the utmost importance to show that conduct violating IHL will not be tolerated. An interesting and hopeful sign in that respect is the prosecution of Al Faqi Al Mahdi before the International Criminal Court (ICC).
The Function of Truth and the Conservativeness Argument
Authors: Fujimoto Kentaro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Truth is often considered to be a logico-linguistic tool for expressing indirect endorsements and infinite conjunctions. In this article, I will point out another logico-linguistic function of truth: to enable and validate what I call a blind argument, namely, an argument that involves indirectly endorsed statements. Admitting this function among the logico-linguistic functions of truth has some interesting consequences. In particular, it yields a new type of so-called conservativeness argument, which poses a new type of threat to deflationism about truth.
Hydrodynamic simulations of an isolated star-forming gas cloud in the Virgo cluster
Authors: Calura Francesco , Bellazzini Michele , D’Ercole Annibale 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a suite of three-dimensional, high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations that follow the evolution of a massive (107 M⊙) pressure-confined, star-forming neutral gas cloud moving through a hot intracluster medium (ICM). The main goal of the analysis is to get theoretical insight into the lifetimes and evolution of stellar systems like the recently discovered star-forming cloud SECCO 1 in the Virgo cluster of galaxies, but it may be of general interest for the study of the star-forming gas clumps that are observed in the tails of ram pressure stripped galaxies. Building up on a previous, simple simulation, we explored the effect of different relative velocity of the cloud and larger temperature of the ICM, as well as the effect of the cloud self-gravity. Moreover, we performed a simulation including star formation and stellar feedback, allowing for a first time a direct comparison with the observed properties of the stars in the system. The survivability of the cold gas in the simulated clouds is granted on time-scales of the order of 1 Gyr, with final cold gas fractions generally &gt;0.75. In all cases, the simulated systems end up, after 1 Gyr of evolution, as symmetric clouds in pressure equilibrium with the external hot gas. We also confirm that gravity played a negligible role at the largest scales on the evolution of the clouds. In our simulation with star formation, star formation begins immediately, it peaks at the earliest times, and decreases monotonically with time. Inhomogeneous supernova explosions are the cause of an asymmetric shape of the gas cloud, facilitating the development of instabilities and the decrease of the cold gas fraction.
Searching for cross-correlation between stochastic gravitational-wave background and galaxy number counts
Authors: Yang Kate Z , Mandic Vuk , Scarlata Claudia , Banagiri Sharan 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) and Advanced Virgo have recently published the upper limit measurement of persistent directional stochastic gravitational-wave background (SGWB) based on data from their first and second observing runs. In this paper, we investigate whether a correlation exists between this maximal likelihood SGWB map and the electromagnetic (EM) tracers of matter structure in the Universe, such as galaxy number counts. The method we develop will improve the sensitivity of future searches for anisotropy in the SGWB and expand the use of SGWB anisotropy to probe the formation of structure in the Universe. In order to compute the cross-correlation, we used the spherical harmonic decomposition of SGWB in multiple frequency bands and converted them into pixel-based sky maps in healpix basis. For the EM part, we use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey alaxy catalogue and form healpix sky maps of galaxy number counts at the same angular resolution as the SGWB maps. We compute the pixel-based coherence between these SGWB and galaxy count maps. After evaluating our results in different SGWB frequency bands and in different galaxy redshift bins, we conclude that the coherence between the SGWB and galaxy number count maps is dominated by the null measurement noise in the SGWB maps, and therefore not statistically significant. We expect the results of this analysis to be significantly improved by using the more sensitive upcoming SGWB measurements based on the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo.
The Universe at z &gt; 10: predictions for JWST from the universemachine DR1
Authors: Behroozi Peter , Conroy Charlie , Wechsler Risa H , Hearin Andrew , Williams Christina C , Moster Benjamin P , Yung L Y Aaron , Somerville Rachel S , Gottlöber Stefan , Yepes Gustavo , Endsley Ryan 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to observe galaxies at z &gt; 10 that are presently inaccessible. Here, we use a self-consistent empirical model, the universemachine, to generate mock galaxy catalogues and light-cones over the redshift range z = 0−15. These data include realistic galaxy properties (stellar masses, star formation rates, and UV luminosities), galaxy–halo relationships, and galaxy–galaxy clustering. Mock observables are also provided for different model parameters spanning observational uncertainties at z &lt; 10. We predict that Cycle 1 JWST surveys will very likely detect galaxies with M* &gt; 107 M⊙ and/or M1500 &lt; −17 out to at least z ∼ 13.5. Number density uncertainties at z &gt; 12 expand dramatically, so efforts to detect z &gt; 12 galaxies will provide the most valuable constraints on galaxy formation models. The faint-end slopes of the stellar mass/luminosity functions at a given mass/luminosity threshold steepen as redshift increases. This is because observable galaxies are hosted by haloes in the exponentially falling regime of the halo mass function at high redshifts. Hence, these faint-end slopes are robustly predicted to become shallower below current observable limits (M* &lt; 107 M⊙ or M1500 &gt; −17). For reionization models, extrapolating luminosity functions with a constant faint-end slope from M1500 = −17 down to M1500 = −12 gives the most reasonable upper limit for the total UV luminosity and cosmic star formation rate up to z ∼ 12. We compare to three other empirical models and one semi-analytic model, showing that the range of predicted observables from our approach encompasses predictions from other techniques. Public catalogues and light-cones for common fields are available online.
On the origin of X-ray oxygen emission lines in obscured AGN
Authors: Reynaldi V , Guainazzi M , Bianchi S , Andruchow I , García F , Salerno N , López I E 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the Catalogue of High Resolution Spectra of Obscured Sources (CHRESOS) from the XMM–Newton Science Archive. It comprises the emission-line luminosities of H- and He-like transitions from C to Si, and the Fe 3C and Fe 3G L-shell ones. Here, we concentrate on the soft X-ray O vii (f) and O viii Lyα emission lines to shed light on to the physical processes with which their formation can be related to active galactic nucleus (AGN) versus star-forming regions. We compare their luminosity with that of two other important oxygen key lines [O iii] λ5007 Å, in the optical, and [O iv] 25.89 μm, in the infrared (IR). We also test O vii (f) and O viii Lyα luminosities against that of continuum bands in the IR and hard X-rays, which point to different ionization processes. We probe into those processes by analysing photoionization and collisional ionization model predictions upon our lines. We show that both scenarios can explain the formation and observed intensities of O vii (f) and O viii Lyα. By analysing the relationships between O vii (f) and O viii Lyα, and all other observables: [O iii] λ5007 Å, [O iv] 25.89 μm emission lines, and mid-infrared (MIR) 12 μm, far-infrared (FIR) 60 and 100 μm, 2–10 and 14–195 keV continuum bands, we conclude that the AGN radiation field is mainly responsible of the soft X-ray oxygen excitation.
Individual optical variability of active galactic nuclei from the MEXSAS2 sample
Authors: Laurenti M , Vagnetti F , Middei R , Paolillo M 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
At present, most of the variability studies of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are based on ensemble analyses. Nevertheless, it is interesting to provide estimates of the individual variability properties of each AGN, in order to relate them with intrinsic physical quantities. A useful data set is provided by the Catalina Surveys Data Release 2 (CSDR2), which encompasses almost a decade of photometric measurements of ∼500 million objects repeatedly observed hundreds of times. We aim to investigate the individual optical variability properties of 795 AGNs originally included in the Multi-Epoch XMM Serendipitous AGN Sample 2 (MEXSAS2). Our goals consist of (i) searching for correlations between variability and AGN physical quantities and (ii) extending our knowledge of the variability features of MEXSAS2 from the X-ray to the optical. We use the structure function (SF) to analyse AGN flux variations. We model the SF as a power law, $\text{SF}(\tau)=A\, (\tau /\tau _0)^\gamma$, and we compute its variability parameters. We introduce the V-correction as a simple tool to correctly quantify the amount of variability in the rest frame of each source. We find a significant decrease of variability amplitude with increasing bolometric, optical and X-ray luminosity. We obtain the indication of an intrinsically weak positive correlation between variability amplitude and redshift, z. Variability amplitude also appears to be positively correlated with αox. The slope of the power-law SF, γ, is weakly correlated with the bolometric luminosity Lbol and/or with the black hole mass MBH. When comparing optical to X-ray variability properties, we find that X-ray variability amplitude is approximately the same for those AGNs with larger or smaller variability amplitude in the optical. On the contrary, AGNs with steeper SF in the optical do present steeper SF in the X-ray, and vice versa.
Interaction of a cold cloud with a hot wind: the regimes of cloud growth and destruction and the impact of magnetic fields
Authors: Sparre Martin , Pfrommer Christoph , Ehlert Kristian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Multiphase galaxy winds, the accretion of cold gas through galaxy haloes, and gas stripping from jellyfish galaxies are examples of interactions between cold and hot gaseous phases. There are two important regimes in such systems. A sufficiently small cold cloud is destroyed by the hot wind as a result of Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities, which shatter the cloud into small pieces that eventually mix and dissolve in the hot wind. In contrast, stripped cold gas from a large cloud mixes with the hot wind to intermediate temperatures, and then becomes thermally unstable and cools, causing a net accretion of hot gas to the cold tail. Using the magneto-hydrodynamical code arepo, we perform cloud crushing simulations and test analytical criteria for the transition between the growth and destruction regimes to clarify a current debate in the literature. We find that the hot-wind cooling time sets the transition radius and not the cooling time of the mixed phase. Magnetic fields modify the wind–cloud interaction. Draping of wind magnetic field enhances the field upstream of the cloud, and fluid instabilities are suppressed by a turbulently magnetized wind beyond what is seen for a wind with a uniform magnetic field. We furthermore predict jellyfish galaxies to have ordered magnetic fields aligned with their tails. We finally discuss how the results of idealized simulations can be used to provide input to subgrid models in cosmological (magneto-)hydrodynamical simulations, which cannot resolve the detailed small-scale structure of cold gas clouds in the circumgalactic medium.
FireProtDB: database of manually curated protein stability data
Authors: Stourac Jan , Dubrava Juraj , Musil Milos , Horackova Jana , Damborsky Jiri , Mazurenko Stanislav , Bednar David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The majority of naturally occurring proteins have evolved to function under mild conditions inside the living organisms. One of the critical obstacles for the use of proteins in biotechnological applications is their insufficient stability at elevated temperatures or in the presence of salts. Since experimental screening for stabilizing mutations is typically laborious and expensive, in silico predictors are often used for narrowing down the mutational landscape. The recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence further facilitate the development of such computational tools. However, the accuracy of these predictors strongly depends on the quality and amount of data used for training and testing, which have often been reported as the current bottleneck of the approach. To address this problem, we present a novel database of experimental thermostability data for single-point mutants FireProtDB. The database combines the published datasets, data extracted manually from the recent literature, and the data collected in our laboratory. Its user interface is designed to facilitate both types of the expected use: (i) the interactive explorations of individual entries on the level of a protein or mutation and (ii) the construction of highly customized and machine learning-friendly datasets using advanced searching and filtering. The database is freely available at https://loschmidt.chemi.muni.cz/fireprotdb.
Associations of meningioma molecular subgroup and tumor recurrence
Authors: Youngblood Mark W , Miyagishima Danielle F , Jin Lan , Gupte Trisha , Li Chang , Duran Daniel , Montejo Julio D , Zhao Amy , Sheth Amar , Tyrtova Evgeniya , Özduman Koray , Iacoangeli Francesco , Peyre Matthieu , Boetto Julien , Pease Matthew , Avşar Timuçin , Huttner Anita , Bilguvar Kaya , Kilic Türker , Pamir M Necmettin , Amankulor Nduka , Kalamarides Michel , Erson-Omay E Zeynep , Günel Murat , Moliterno Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
We and others have identified mutually exclusive molecular subgroups of meningiomas; however, the implications of this classification for clinical prognostication remain unclear. Integrated genomic and epigenomic analyses implicate unique oncogenic processes associated with each subgroup, suggesting the potential for divergent clinical courses. The aim of this study was to understand the associated clinical outcomes of each subgroup, as this could optimize treatment for patients.

Methods
We analyzed outcome data for 469 meningiomas of known molecular subgroup, including extent of resection, postoperative radiation, surveillance imaging, and time to recurrence, when applicable. Statistical relationships between outcome variables and subgroup were assessed. Features previously associated with recurrence were further investigated after stratification by subgroup. We used Kaplan–Meier analyses to compare progression-free survival, and identified factors significantly associated with recurrence using Cox proportional hazards modeling.

Results
Meningioma molecular subgroups exhibited divergent clinical courses at 2 years of follow-up, with several aggressive subgroups (NF2, PI3K, HH, tumor necrosis factor receptor–associated factor 7 [TRAF7]) recurring at an average rate of 22 times higher than others (KLF4, POLR2A, SMARCB1). PI3K-activated tumors recurred earlier than other subgroups but had intermediate long-term outcome. Among low-grade tumors, HH and TRAF7 meningiomas exhibited elevated recurrence compared with other subgroups. Recurrence of NF2 tumors was associated with male sex, high grade, and elevated Ki-67. Multivariate analysis identified molecular subgroup as an independent predictor of recurrence, along with grade and previous recurrence.

Conclusion
We describe distinct clinical outcomes and recurrence rates associated with meningioma molecular subgroups. Our findings emphasize the importance of genomic characterization to guide postoperative management decisions for meningiomas.
Fetoscopic Multilayer, Dural Patch Closure Technique for Intrauterine Myelomeningocele Repair: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Patel Smruti K , Habli Mounira A , McKinney David N , Tabbah Sammy M , Lim Foong-Yen , Peiro Jose L , Stevenson Charles B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Myelomeningocele (MMC) is the most common open neural tube defect associated with long-term survival. In 2011, The Management of Myelomeningocele Study (MOMS) trial demonstrated that fetal repair for MMC reduced the rate of shunted hydrocephalus and improved developmental, motor, and ambulation outcomes at 30 mo compared to postnatal intervention.
1
Recent studies have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of fetoscopic MMC repair as well as reduction in preterm birth, lower risk of uterine dehiscence, and the option of vaginal delivery with this approach compared to open fetal repair.
2-4
The patient is a 25-yr-old female, G4 P2, who presented at 20 wk's gestation with ultrasound findings concerning for MMC and Chiari II malformation. These findings were further corroborated with fetal magnetic resonance imaging. After extensive prenatal counseling in a multidisciplinary fashion and discussion regarding risks and benefits of prenatal closure of the MMC, the patient chose to undergo prenatal repair and surgical consent was obtained. At 25 wk's gestation, the patient underwent a fetoscopic multilayer closure with dural patch repair using a standardized, 3-port, carbon dioxide insufflation technique for the intrauterine treatment of MMC without any postoperative complications. The duration of the entire procedure was 275 min. At 36 wk's and 1 d's gestational age, the patient had a spontaneous vaginal delivery, resulting in a healthy male newborn. The surgical site was well healed without complications, and follow-up radiographic imaging was reassuring. This edited, 2-dimensional operative video highlights the key steps of the fetoscopic closure with follow-up postnatal clinical and radiographic outcomes.