P1034EVALUATION OF RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY AMONG NEWLY DIAGNOSED TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS
Authors: Rahim Muhammad Abdur , Zaman Shahana , Habib Samira Humaira , Afsana Faria , Haque Wasim Md Mohosin Ul , Iqbal Sarwar , Hossain Md Jakir 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease in developed as well as in developing countries, principally resulting from the increasing prevalence of type 2 DM (T2DM). Patients with T2DM pass through pre-diabetic stages and half of the T2DM patients remain undiagnosed. During diagnosis, one-third to half of the T2DM patients may have different macro- and micro-vascular complications including diabetic nephropathy. This study was designed to evaluate risk factors for diabetic nephropathy among newly detected T2DM subjects.

Method
A case-control study was done at out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh from October 2016 to June 2017. Newly detected (&lt;3 months) adult (≥18 years) T2DM patients of either sex, who underwent test for urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) at least twice, at least 6 weeks apart, within a 6-month period, were included in this study. Patients with diagnosed kidney diseases, features of glomerulonephritis, systemic diseases like systemic lupus erythematosus and vasculitis, history of recent fever and exercise, urinary tract infection and pregnancy were excluded. Patients with UACR ≥30 mg/g in at least two (of three, if done) samples were cases and those with UACR &lt;30 mg/g were controls.

Results
Total patients were 100, including 35 cases [moderately increased proteinuria (previously, microalbuminuria) (UACR 30-299 mg/g) = 33 and severely increased proteinuria (previously, overt proteinuria) (UACR ≥300 mg/g) = 2] and 65 controls. Mean age was 46.6±12.3 years and there was female predominance (male:female ratio was 1:2). Twenty four percent patients were smokers, 50% were hypertensive and 46% had dyslipidaemia. Seventy five percent of the study participants had positive family history of DM and 39% had family history of diabetic nephropathy. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.3±2.9 kg/m2. Mean fasting blood glucose (mmol/L), 2-h post glucose value (mmol/L) and mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) were 9.2±2.9, 14.5±4.1 and 7.9±1.3 respectively. Eighty percent of the patients were asymptomatic regarding DM. Besides nephropathy, other chronic complications of DM were diabetic retinopathy (17%), neuropathy (11%), coronary artery disease (11%) and cerebrovascular disease (4%). Regarding risk factors for diabetic nephropathy, family history of DM (OR 1.62, p 0.0001) and diabetic nephropathy (OR 25.13, p 0.003), presence of hypertension (OR 4.93, p 0.001) and coexisting diabetic retinopathy (OR 14.18, p 0.046) were significant. On multivariate logistic regression, family history of DM (OR 1.77, p 0.001) and diabetic nephropathy (OR 24.31, p 0.001), higher BMI (&gt;25 kg/m2) (OR 2.11, p 0.013), hypertension (OR 4.31, p 0.003) and diabetic retinopathy (OR 14.09, p 0.021) were significant.

Conclusion
One-third of the newly detected type 2 diabetic subjects had diabetic nephropathy in this study. Family history of DM and diabetic nephropathy, higher BMI, presence of hypertension and diabetic retinopathy were significant risk factors for diabetic nephropathy.