bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Assessment of Two Non-Contrast MRI Sequences Used for Computational Fluid Dynamics: Investigation of Consistency Between Techniques
Authors: MacDonald C. J. , Hellmuth R. , Priba L. , Murphy E. , Gandy S. , Matthew S. , Ross R. , Houston J. G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Recent studies have noted a degree of variance between the geometries segmented by different groups from 3D medical images that are used in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of patient-specific cardiovascular systems. The aim of this study was to determine if the applied sequence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) also introduced observable variance in CFD results.

Methods
Using a series of phantoms MR images of vessels of known diameter were assessed for the time-of-flight and multi-echo data image combination sequences. Following this, patient images of arterio-venous fistulas were acquired using the same sequences. Comparisons of geometry were made using the phantom and patient images, and of wall shear stress quantities using the CFD results from the patient images.

Results
Phantom images showed deviations in diameter between 0 and 15% between the sequences, depending on vessel diameter. Patient images showed different geometrical features such as narrowings that were not present on both sequences. Distributions of wall shear stress (WSS) quantities differed from simulations between the geometries obtained from the sequences.

Conclusion
In conclusion, choosing different MRI sequences resulted in slightly different geometries of the same anatomy, which led to compounded errors in WSS quantities from CFD simulation.
Preparation and heat insulating capacity of Sm2Zr2O7-SiC composites based on photon thermal transport
Authors: Ma Zhuang , Zhang Qi , Liu Ling , Liu Yanbo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA series of Sm2Zr2O7-SiC composites doped with different volume fraction and particle size of SiC were prepared by hot pressing at 1300 °C. The phase of the composites prepared is P-Sm2Zr2O7 and C-SiC, and no other diffraction peaks exist, which indicates that Sm2Zr2O7 has great chemical compatibility with SiC. The thermal conductivity and phonon thermal conductivity of the Sm2Zr2O7-SiC composites are measured by the laser pulse method. The photon thermal conductivity of the composites is obtained by subtracting the phonon thermal conductivity from the total thermal conductivity. The results show that the photon thermal conductivity of Sm2Zr2O7-SiC composites is lower than that of pure Sm2Zr2O7. The photon thermal conductivity of Sm2Zr2O7-SiC composites decreases first and then increases with the increase of SiC particle size. Sm2Zr2O7-(5 vol%, 10 µm)SiC composite has the lowest photon thermal conductivity.
Multiple sclerosis segmentation method in magnetic resonance imaging using fuzzy connectedness, binarization, mathematical morphology, and 3D reconstruction
Authors: de Arruda André Luiz Costa , Vital Daniel Aparecido , Kitamura Felipe Campos , Abdala Nitamar , Moraes Matheus Cardoso 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most used medical modality for diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). A segmentation process is an important task to quantify lesion and its progression. However, manual segmentation of 3D images is tedious, time-consuming, and often not reproducible. The state of the art presents results with room for improvements. Consequently, a semiautomatic segmentation process is proposed and described in this study.

Methods
The method consists on a 3D segmentation semiautomatic process for MS lesions in MRI. It initiates by firstly carrying out a preprocessing stage; thus, contrast adjustment is applied to enhance sclerosis regions from other brain information. Secondly, a feature extraction block based on fuzzy connectedness is performed so as to isolate sclerosis lesions from other brain regions. Finally, 3D brain reconstruction is executed along with sclerosis to provide a useful 3D information.

Results
The robustness of this approach is demonstrated by high correlation between the results and their corresponding gold standard. The results were also obtained by computing parameters of accuracy of image segmentation, as well as overlap Dice. The proposed method reached true positive of 75.61%, false positive of 16.37%, and DICE of 78.23%.

Conclusion
The high correlation between specialist and proposed approach outcome, a better monitoring of the disease, is provided; the specialist can understand the patient’s symptoms, thereby increasing the patient’s quality of life.
La participation sociale à l’association des paralysés de France
Authors: Gazza Clément , Marcellini Anne , Roux Nathalie Le 
Published: July 2020

Dans la lignée des politiques publiques, l’Association des paralysés de France (APF) vise un objectif de participation des personnes ayant des incapacités. Celle-ci peut être entendue comme une participation aux activités ou encore comme une participation aux décisions. Cette catégorisation questionne la compatibilité entre différentes logiques d’accompagnement et les objectifs qui leur correspondent. Issu d’un travail de thèse, le présent article s’appuie sur une recherche documentaire, 11 monographies de structures de l’APF ainsi que 49 entretiens non directifs auprès de salariés, bénévoles, adhérents et usagers de l’association. Les résultats mettent en évidence une concurrence, du point de vue des accompagnants, entre participation aux activités et participation aux décisions. La nécessité d’obtenir rapidement des résultats incite ces accompagnants à construire eux-mêmes une offre d’activités et de services, solution leur semblant la plus rapide et la plus efficace pour viser la “participation.” Cependant, cette voie les inscrit dans une position complexe voire inextricable lorsqu’il s’agit d’intégrer l’objectif de “participation aux décisions” des usagers.
Defining the True Hunter: Big Game Hunting, Moral Distinction, and Virtuosity in French Colonial Indochina
Authors: Malarney Shaun Kingsley 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article examines the concept of the “true hunter” (vrai chasseur) among big game hunters in French colonial Indochina. Drawing primarily on French language texts published by highly experienced European hunters between 1910 and 1950, it first examines in detail the true hunter ethic, which required hunters to hunt and kill their prey in a “sporting” (sportif) manner. This ethic involved adherence to an expansive and complicated set of rules related to stalking, marksmanship, knowledge possession, restraint, prey selection, choice of firearms and ammunition, and others. True hunting was regarded as by definition difficult and, as is argued, the practical realization of the true hunter ideal entailed not simply engaging in hunting as an activity, but instead successfully performing a very difficult but specific type of killing. The article's second purpose is to engage a paradox associated with the texts, their authors, and the ethic. While critical of other hunters for “unnecessary slaughter,” many killed staggering numbers of animals. This paradox is accounted for by placing the true hunters in the broader social context of colonial Indochina. Both their type of sport hunting and the virtuosity of their killing distinguished them from the indigenous populations that served their hunts and other European hunters. This virtuosity also legitimized the scale of their killing and placed these hunters into a distinctive social and moral community.
Searching for Gambles: Gambling Sentiment and Stock Market Outcomes
Authors: Chen Yao , Kumar Alok , Zhang Chendi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing Internet search volume for lottery to capture gambling sentiment shifts, we show that when the overall gambling sentiment is strong, investor demand for lottery stocks increases, these stocks earn positive short-run abnormal returns, managers are more likely to split stocks to cater to the increased demand for low-priced lottery stocks, and initial public offerings (IPOs) earn higher first day returns. Further, the sentiment-return relation is stronger among low institutional ownership firms, headquartered in regions where gambling is more acceptable and local bias is stronger. These results suggest that gambling sentiment has a spillover effect on the stock market.
Remote psychophysical evaluation of olfactory and gustatory functions in early-stage coronavirus disease 2019 patients: the Bologna experience of 300 cases
Authors: Petrocelli M , Ruggiero F , Baietti A M , Pandolfi P , Salzano G , Salzano F A , Lechien J R , Saussez S , De Riu G , Vaira L A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAn objective evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 in the first days of infection is almost impossible, as affected individuals are generally in home quarantine, and there is limited accessibility for the operator who should perform the test. To overcome this limitation, a recently validated psychophysical self-administered test was used, which can be performed remotely in the assessment of early-stage coronavirus disease 2019 patients.MethodsOlfactory and gustatory functions were objectively assessed in 300 patients in the first 7 days from coronavirus disease 2019 symptom onset.ResultsSeventy per cent of the patients presented olfactory and/or gustatory disorders. The dysfunctions detected were mainly complete anosmia (47 per cent) or ageusia (38 per cent). A significant correlation was found between taste dysfunction and female gender (odds ratio = 1.936, p = 0.014) and fever (odds ratio = 2.132, p = 0.003).ConclusionThe psychophysical evaluation protocol proposed is an effective tool for the fast and objective evaluation of patients in the early stages of coronavirus disease 2019. Chemosensitive disorders have been confirmed to be frequent and early symptoms of the coronavirus infection, and, in a significant number of cases, they are the first or only manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019.
Perceptions and experiences of live-in carers: why acknowledging versus neglecting personal identity matters for job satisfaction and wellbeing
Authors: Vandrevala Tushna , O'Dwyer Emma 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFor some older people and their families, live-in care offers a way of continuing to live independently at home in their local community. While research in the care industry has consistently highlighted the effects of caring on workers, little research has specifically explored the experiences of live-in carers. The current study examines the ways in which live-in carers construct their role, the different challenges they face and the strategies they use to mitigate them. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 21 live-in carers in the United Kingdom and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that carers perceive their role as complex and characterised by a heavy workload and tiredness. Participants emphasised the variability which was introduced to the role as a function of the quality of agency support, the character and condition of the client, and the carer's relationships with the client's family. Participants’ accounts reflected an acknowledgement of the need to orient and respond constantly to the needs and routine of the client. While this orientation was recognised as necessary for effectively fulfilling the demands of the role, it was also linked to feelings of dislocation and loss of identity. Drawing on understandings of personal and social identity, the implications of these findings for the psychological wellbeing of live-in carers and organisational support are discussed.
Public health interventions to improve maternal nutrition during pregnancy: a nationally representative study of iron and folic acid consumption and food supplements in India
Authors: Singh Prashant Kumar , Dubey Ritam , Singh Lucky , Kumar Chandan , Rai Rajesh Kumar , Singh Shalini 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:Despite a reduction in maternal mortality in recent years, a high rate of anaemia and other nutrient inadequacies during pregnancy pose a serious threat to mothers and their children in the Global South. Using the framework of the WHO–Commission on Social Determinants of Health, this study examines the socioeconomic, programmatic and contextual factors associated with the consumption of iron and folic acid (IFA) tablets/syrup for at least 100 d (IFA100) and receiving supplementary food (SF) by pregnant women in India.Design:We analysed a nationally representative cross-sectional survey of over 190 898 ever-married women aged 15–49 years who were interviewed as part of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 2015–16, who had at least one live birth preceding 5 years of the survey.Setting:All twenty-nine states and seven union territories of India.Participants:Ever-married women aged 15–49 years.Results:Less than one-third of women were found to be consuming IFA100, and a little over half received SF during their last pregnancy. The consumption of IFA100 was likely to improve with women’s education, household wealth, early and more prenatal visits, and in a community with high pregnancy registration. Higher parity, early and more prenatal visits, contact with community health workers during pregnancy, belonging to a poor household and living in an aggregated poor community and rural area positively determine whether a woman might receive SF during pregnancy.Conclusions:Continuous monitoring and evaluation of provisioning IFA and SF in targeted groups and communities is a key to expanding the coverage and reducing the burden of undernutrition during pregnancy.
Cross-cultural validation of the Cancer Stigma Scale in the general Japanese population
Authors: Takeuchi Emi , Fujisawa Daisuke , Miyawaki Rina , Yako-Suketomo Hiroko , Oka Koichiro , Mimura Masaru , Takahashi Miyako 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe stigma associated with cancer has negative impacts on cancer patients as well as the general public, who have a potential risk of cancer. To the best of our knowledge, a validated measure to assess cancer stigma among the general Japanese population does not exist.MethodWe translated the Cancer Stigma Scale (CASS) — a 25-item self-administered scale to evaluate stigma related to cancer — into Japanese and examined its psychometric properties. The Japanese version of CASS (J-CASS) was validated among a sample of the general Japanese population through an online survey to validate its test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity.ResultsA total of 319 responses were included in the analysis. An exploratory factor analysis eliminated two original items but showed a six-factor model (Awkwardness, Severity, Avoidance, Policy Opposition, Personal Responsibility, and Financial Discrimination), which was similar to the original scale. Cronbach's alpha for each factor was satisfactory, ranging from 0.81 to 0.91. The internal correlation coefficients were above 0.70, except for Policy Opposition. The total and subtotal scores of each factor of the J-CASS were significantly associated with respondents’ age, gender, familiarity with cancer patients, and social desirability, demonstrating the scales’ good concurrent validity. A substantial proportion of the participants selected “unsure” for some items of the scale, suggesting a further need for refining the scale.Significance of resultsThis study demonstrated that J-CASS is a reliable and valid measure for evaluating misconceptions and stigma toward cancer in the general Japanese population.
Reliability and Validity of a Questionnaire for Assessing Self-Perceived Health-Related Fitness in Spanish Children
Authors: Ayán Carlos , Fernández-Villa Tania , Duro Antía , Molina de la Torre Antonio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is a need for developing tools aimed at assessing fitness in children, due to its relationship with health. This study is aimed at testing the reliability and the validity of a questionnaire designed for assessing self-perceived health-related fitness in Spanish children. The questionnaire was created based on the model of physical self-concept developed by Fox and Corbin (1989) who conceived four sub-domains: Sport competence, attractive body, strength and physical condition. A total of 283 children (mean age: 10.80 ± 0.69 years; 45.6% girls) answered the questionnaire twice, in order to determine its test-retest reliability. The results obtained in the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) and on a fitness battery were used to determine its validity evidence based on relations to other variables. Exploratory and factorial analyses were performed to check its validity evidence based on internal structure. The obtained results indicated that the questionnaire showed an accurate validity evidence based on internal structure and a very good test-retest reliability, Intraclass correlation coefficient: .88; 95% CI [.84, .90]. The questionnaire established moderate correlations with the IFIS questionnaire (ρ = –.51 to –.68) and the fitness level showed by the children (ρ = –.53). These findings indicate that the questionnaire can be a useful research tool for assessing self-perceived health-related fitness in children.
Discourses of climate delay
Authors: Lamb William F. , Mattioli Giulio , Levi Sebastian , Roberts J. Timmons , Capstick Stuart , Creutzig Felix , Minx Jan C. , Müller-Hansen Finn , Culhane Trevor , Steinberger Julia K. 
Published: July 2020

Non-technical summary‘Discourses of climate delay’ pervade current debates on climate action. These discourses accept the existence of climate change, but justify inaction or inadequate efforts. In contemporary discussions on what actions should be taken, by whom and how fast, proponents of climate delay would argue for minimal action or action taken by others. They focus attention on the negative social effects of climate policies and raise doubt that mitigation is possible. Here, we outline the common features of climate delay discourses and provide a guide to identifying them.
Global Warming Threshold and Mechanisms for Accelerated Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Mass Loss
Authors: Sellevold Raymond , Vizcaíno Miren 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Community Earth System Model version 2.1 (CESM2.1) is used to investigate the evolution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) surface mass balance (SMB) under an idealized CO2 forcing scenario of 1% increase until stabilization at 4× pre‐industrial at model year 140. In this simulation, the SMB calculation is coupled with the atmospheric model, using a physically based surface energy balance scheme for melt, explicit calculation of snow albedo, and a realistic treatment of polar snow and firn compaction. By the end of the simulation (years 131–150), the SMB decreases with 994 Gt yr−1 with respect to the pre‐industrial SMB, which represents a sea‐level rise contribution of 2.8 mm yr−1. For a threshold of 2.7‐K global temperature increase with respect to pre‐industrial, the rate of expansion of the ablation area increases, the mass loss accelerates due to loss of refreezing capacity and accelerated melt, and the SMB becomes negative 6 years later. Before acceleration, longwave radiation is the most important contributor to increasing energy for melt. After acceleration, the large expansion of the ablation area strongly reduces surface albedo. This and much increased turbulent heat fluxes as the GrIS‐integrated summer surface temperature approaches melt point become the major sources of energy for melt.
Dynamics of the Cross‐Layer Exchange for the Layered Circulation in the South China Sea
Authors: Cai Zhongya , Gan Jianping 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe cyclonic‐anticyclonic‐cyclonic (CAC) circulation in the upper (<750 m)‐middle (750–1,500 m)‐deep (>1,500 m) layers of South China Sea (SCS) is mainly driven by the extrinsic lateral vorticity flux due to inflow‐outflow‐inflow through the Luzon Strait (LS) and the associated intrinsic vertical exchange (VE) in the basin. The contribution of spatiotemporal structure of the VE through vortex stretching and squeezing to CAC circulation, which was unknown, mainly occurs in the semi‐closed middle and deep layers and has a strong seasonality. During summer, the vorticity flux induced by net upward VEs crossing the upper (750 m) and lower (1,500 m) interfaces of CAC circulation is equivalent to ~40% of the lateral vorticity flux for strengthening the anticyclonic and cyclonic circulation in the middle and deep layers, respectively. During winter, the net downward VE crossing the upper interface squeezes the middle layer and strengthens its anticyclonic circulation, while the net VE crossing the lower interface is too small to affect the circulation. The VE and its seasonality in the basin are largely governed by the cross‐isobath geostrophic transport (CGTb) due to interaction between along‐isobath circular currents and rugged slope topography. The CGTb is formed by the along‐isobath bottom pressure gradient associated with surface wind stress curl, nonlinear advection, and beta effect over the meandering slope topography. Our study revealed how important VE between the layers is to the CAC circulation itself, and our work advanced the understanding of the intrinsic‐extrinsic dynamic coupling that forms, develops, and sustains the CAC circulation in the SCS.
Maximum Carboxylation Rate Estimation With Chlorophyll Content as a Proxy of Rubisco Content
Authors: Lu Xuehe , Ju Weimin , Li Jing , Croft Holly , Chen Jing M. , Luo Yiqi , Yu Hua , Hu Haijing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) is a key parameter in determining the plant photosynthesis rate per unit leaf area. However, most terrestrial biosphere models currently treat Vcmax as constants changing only with plant functional types, leading to large uncertainties in modeled carbon fluxes. Vcmax is tightly linked with Ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). Here we investigated the relationship between leaf chlorophyll and Rubisco (Chl‐Rub) contents within a winter wheat paddock. With chlorophyll as a proxy of Rubisco, a semimechanistic model was developed to model Vcmax25 (Vcmax normalized to 25°C). The Chl‐Rub relationship was validated using measurements in a temperate mixed deciduous forest in Canada. The results showed that Rubisco was strongly correlated with chlorophyll (R2 = 0.96, p < 0.001) for winter wheat since the absorption of light energy by chlorophyll and the amount of CO2 catalyzed by Rubisco are tightly coupled. Incorporating the Chl‐Rub relationship into the semimechanistic model, the root mean square error of modeled Vcmax25 was the lowest among all estimation models. The slopes of Chl‐Rub relations were almost consistent in the winter wheat and temperate forest, demonstrating the potential for using leaf chlorophyll content as a proxy of leaf Rubisco in modeling Vcmax25 at large spatial scales. We anticipate that improving Vcmax25 estimates over time and space will reduce uncertainties in global carbon budgets simulated by terrestrial biosphere models.