bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OFDM
‐Based Multicarrier Transmission
Authors: Chen‐Hu Kun , Céspedes Máximo M. , Armada Ana G. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the most well‐known multicarrier modulation (MCM) schemes. It has been adopted in several wideband digital communication systems and is the selected waveform for the New Radio (NR) in 5G. In this article, we provide a general overview of this MCM, describing the OFDM signal generation and the associated parameters. We provide some practical details related to channel estimation, OFM variants and its combination with MIMO, or the MU operation. Finally, we show the details of two examples of how the OFDM signal is implemented in LTE and the 5G NR.
Filtered Multicarrier Transmission
Authors: Yli‐Kaakinen Juha , Renfors Markku , Kofidis Eleftherios 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted as the waveform of choice in the existing and emerging broadband wireless communication systems for a number of advantages it can offer. Nevertheless, investigations of more advanced multicarrier transmission schemes have continued with the aim of eliminating or mitigating its essential limitations. This article discusses multicarrier schemes with enhanced spectrum localization, which manage to reduce the spectral sidelobes of plain OFDM that are problematic in various advanced communication scenarios. These include schemes for enhancing the OFDM waveform characteristics through additional signal processing as well as filter‐bank multicarrier (FBMC) waveforms utilizing frequency‐selective filter banks instead of plain (inverse) discrete Fourier transform processing for waveform generation and demodulation.
HybridARQSchemes
Authors: Mukherjee Amitav 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) is a fundamental feature of modern mobile broadband networks such as fourth‐generation Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth‐generation New Radio (NR). HARQ schemes leverage a combination of error‐correction coding, error detection, and coherent combining of time‐domain repetitions to ensure reliable and robust delivery of data packets. This article provides an overview of general HARQ principles. This is followed by a detailed analysis of the HARQ mechanisms in LTE and NR and how HARQ feedback is generated and transmitted on uplink control channels.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
Authors: Aguayo‐Torres Mari C. , Gomez‐Paredes Gerardo , Ramiro Juan , Entrambasaguas José T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAdaptive modulation and coding (AMC) denotes the ability to adapt the modulation scheme and the coding rate to the instantaneous quality of the radio link: as channel conditions worsen, a more robust modulation and coding scheme (MCS) is employed, whereas a highly efficient MCS is used if channel conditions are good. In this article, some background is given on AMC. First, AMC is described under flat fading channels; secondly, the impact of frequency selectivity and multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) techniques are addressed, including how block errors can be modeled to enable the prediction of the most appropriate MCS.In 3GPP 5G NR as well as in previous LTE technology, AMC is a key technology. A summary of how 5G NR allows link adaptation, including how channel sounding is carried out, is briefly provided. In addition, some insights are given on how current technology copes with errors at the channel state estimation. A widely used algorithm termed outer loop link adaptation (OLLA) is described and its relation to a suboptimal AMC procedure unveiled. The description of some open issues and the suggestion of using machine learning as a new approach to AMC finishes the article.
Beamforming and Precoding Techniques
Authors: Darsena Donatella , Gelli Giacinto , Verde Francesco 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBeamforming and precoding/combining are techniques aimed at processing multiantenna signals at the transmitter and/or at the receiver of a wireless communication system. While they have been routinely used to improve performance in current and previous generations of mobile communications systems, they are expected to play a more fundamental role in 5th Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) cellular systems, whose functionalities have been defined in the first phase of 3GPP 5G standardization process. Besides operating in traditional cellular sub‐6 GHz frequency band, 5G NR has been natively designed to work in the higher millimeter‐wave (MMW) band. At lower frequencies, multiantenna techniques for 5G NR are mainly refinements of those originally designed for 4G Long‐Term Evolution (LTE). On the contrary, to cope with the peculiarities of MMW scenarios, such as the larger number of antenna elements, the more directional transmission, and the higher path loss values, new dynamic, user‐specific, and computationally efficient multiantenna solutions and procedures have been incorporated in 5G NR specifications. In particular, since multiantenna techniques for 5G NR generally need detailed channel state information (CSI), a complete redesign of the set of reference signals and procedures used for CSI acquisition and reporting was carried out. 5G NR is continuously evolving and new features will be added, while the existing ones will be enhanced in the second phase of 5G standardization, with particular emphasis on beam management operations, reduction of CSI overhead, unconventional transmission methods, robustness against spatial correlation among channels, and software‐based reconfigurable antennas.
Random Access Protocols
Authors: Garrido‐Martin Aaron , Pérez‐Leal Raquel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRandom Access protocols deal with the access to the transmission medium in communication networks, as part of the medium access control layer. In most current networks, the number of nodes is quite higher than the available network resources, so when some terminals want to access to the network resources at the same time, they will interfere each other generating a collision. If a collision occurs, the nodes have to retransmit their information, so collisions are translated to poor network performance in terms of connection delays, network resources wasting, and energy wasting. This problem becomes especially critical when the transmissions coming from the nodes are not scheduled following a random behavior, and when the nodes generate the bursty traffic. The two main Random Access protocol families are ALOHA and Carrier Sense Multiple Access protocols (CSMA). Despite these protocols appeared more than 40 years ago and several improvements have been done since its appearance, they have kept as the core of the Random Access protocols for most of the wireless networks. This article explains both ALOHA and CSMA protocols, introducing the problems related to the Random Access in wireless networks, and the proposed solutions to mitigate its effects. After reading this article, the reader will be able to understand the importance of the Random Access, the key concepts behind it, and why there is not a unique Random Access solution that optimizes the performance of all the networks.
Smart Antenna Designs
Authors: Tian Shuncheng , Li Long , Luo Zhangjie , Cheng Qiang , Jun Cui Tie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Smart antenna technologies are vital candidates to advance fifth generation (5G) wireless communication system owing to their merits of large capacity, big signal range, strong anti‐interference ability, flexible beam‐scanning control, and easy accessibility of point‐to‐point communications. By adopting smart signal processing algorithms, smart antennas are advantageous over others with electronically alterable radiation patterns and convenient beam‐scanning as required. Generally speaking, a smart antenna system consists of three components: the antenna, the beamforming network, and the signal processing unit with related beamforming algorithms. The purpose of this article is to review and summarize the existing works in these three parts. In the first part, the basic principles, the types, and the advantages of smart antennas are introduced. The recent development of smart antenna systems and related intelligent algorithms are presented in the second part. The third part includes the application of artificial intelligence in the design of smart antennas, the metamaterial‐based smart antennas, and the future of smart antennas. Judging from the current level in this field, it is believed that smart antennas will play a crucial role in driving the realization of the smart home and city, promoting the future communication systems, the Internet of things, the autonomous vehicles, etc.
Major Changes in
5G
Architecture and Related Expectations
Authors: Trossen Dirk 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
5G has brought about major changes to the radio interface, which are directly experienced by end‐users through increased speed and lower latency. But 5G also brings about dramatic changes to the underlying system and network architecture, aiming at the many promises for 5G, most notably flexibility in addressing the many vertical industries seen entering the 5G space and efficiency in accommodating those new use cases and industries at sustainable costs. In this article, we outline the main trends and concepts that drive those changes in 5G architecture and how we see them coming together to fulfill the expectations in 5G deployments foreseen in the next years.
Autonomous Unmanned Techniques for Enhancing Network Serviceability in the5GEra
Authors: Mohamed Boucadair 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDrone technology has been around for quite some time. Initially used by the military, it has now become a mass‐market technology that can be used for many applications: from aerial picturing to site monitoring, drone technology has many attractive, multipurpose and now cost‐effective features. There is now a growing interest from the telecom operator community to use these unmanned flying machines for specific, sometimes rudimentary purposes such as site monitoring. This article aims to detail how drone technology can be further extended with automated and autonomous behaviors to improve the network serviceability, especially whenever network failures or attacks occur that may affect the service quality, if not disrupt the whole services. The usage of unmanned techniques for communication services is likely to be fostered by the introduction of 5G infrastructures and the necessary update of existing regulations.
Privacy in the5GWorld: TheGDPRin a Datafied Society
Authors: Teatini Sebastiao , Matinmikko‐Blue Marja 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe datafication of society is likely to increase in the upcoming 5G world and legal safeguards are necessary to ensure our privacy rights are protected. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze some of the unique characteristics of 5G and how the EU General Data Privacy Regulation (GDPR) stands as the last legal guardian against unwanted personal data violations. With the increase of data transfer speed and reliability comes the risk of privacy deterioration as 5G interlaces with ubiquitous computing creating a socio‐technical all‐encompassing global web of personal digital data extraction, storage, and transfer that will directly impact the way society organizes itself. The focus of this article is on identifying and understanding the possible threats to privacy protection that may be encountered in the deployment of 5G. Due to its low latency, reliability, high capacity, energy efficiency, and speedy data transmissions, 5G will directly impact the way we interact, communicate, work, and participate in society. For this breakthrough to take place a new generation of communication infrastructure is being designed, created, and implemented in many urban areas in Europe, North East Asia, North America, and other regions of the world. In addition, more intangible elements, such as software, protocols, and standards are being put in place. Not only the volume, velocity, and variety of digital data will increase in the 5G world, but also the value. However, in the fast approaching datafied world, privacy is rapidly becoming a cherished commodity rather than an inherited human right.
Heterogeneous Network Architecture and Device‐to‐Device Communications in5GCellular Networks
Authors: Kaliski Rafael D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDevice‐to‐device (D2D) and heterogeneous networks are key to the success of 5G networks. Heterogeneous networks are comprised of fixed location base stations/small cells, each of which may have a different range and connection type to the mobile network operator (MNO). D2D networks, on the other hand, are mobile ad hoc networks and can act as relays to heterogeneous networks. Together they form a fundamental part of the 5G ecosystem.In this article, we first present the basic types of wireless networks, how resource allocation differs between them, and transmission modes. Then we proceed to discuss 5G New Radio (NR), 4G/LTE core networks, radio access networks, small cell and D2D architectures, D2D User Equipment (UE) protocols, and 5G heterogeneous networks. We then present several current issues and ongoing research topics involving heterogeneous networks and D2D.
Millimeter‐Wave Meets D2D: A Survey
Authors: Arribas Edgar , Mancuso Vincenzo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDevice‐to‐device (D2D) and millimeter‐wave (mmW) communications play an important role in the design of future wireless communication systems since they are mature and resource‐efficient technologies. Integrating both technologies while retaining the benefit they offer in isolation is challenging. In this article, we review the literature on mmW‐based D2D proposals to enable network applications and service extensions that span from network‐controlled use cases to opportunistic solutions for direct data exchange, caching, and relay. The survey unveils that, although a large effort has been devoted to the study of D2D with mmW, we are still far from a full analytical and experimental characterization of the system. More effort is needed in view of 5G and beyond, to consider the integration of network computing elements and to protect mmW‐based D2D against security threats
5G
User Plane Advances
Authors: Rommer Stefan , Bolle Aldo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The explosive increase in the use of data in mobile networks has driven the introduction of a network architecture separating the Control Plane (CP) functions, handling the signaling between control functions in the network, and the User Plane (UP) functions, handling the user data packets. This journey started in 4G/EPS and has continued in 5G, fueled by a large variety of targeted use cases beyond traditional mobile broadband (MBB), such as IoT and vertical industry scenarios. Addressing these scenarios has resulted in advances of the 3GPP 5G System in respect to flexible Session Management and to mechanisms providing efficient UP paths such as differentiated session continuity modes, traffic breakout options, and enablers for Edge Computing. In addition, the 5G Quality of Service (QoS) model has been improved compared to previous generations of 3GPP systems to provide increased flexibility and reduced CP signaling. These User Plane advances, as well as enhancements and optimizations for small and infrequent data for massive IoT and for ultra‐reliable and low‐latency services, are presented in this article.
5G AI
‐Enabled Automation
Authors: Soldani David , Illingworth Sally A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been investigated for more than 60 years. With the development of computing power, innovative algorithms, and gathering of massive data, AI will be rejuvenated in the next decade and become one of the most important enabling technologies for 5G automation. How to use the powerful analysis, judgment, and prediction capabilities provided by the AI algorithms to enable 5G equipment, networks and service systems, and combine them with the planning, construction, maintenance, operation, and optimization of carriers' networks become an important topic in the ICT industry. Based on deep understanding, accumulated experience in telecom field, and long‐term investment in AI strategies, many organizations have been introducing AI technology to telecom networks and contributing to development of standards essential for improving the quality and security of AI products and services, ensuring user safety and creating a fair and open industry ecosystem. 5G networks can be automatically deployed (automatic service deployment and automatic running) with the introduction of AI based on application scenarios. AI algorithms can also be used for self‐healing (automatic fault recovery), self‐optimization (network self‐optimization) and creating autonomous 5G systems (self‐evolving networks), which continuously improve network efficiency and reduce OPEX.
This article aims at presenting the most relevant use cases, prominent research outcomes, latest standard developments and related standardization gaps, examples of AI strategy interpretation, AI solutions – including communication intelligent platform, AI model service, and deployment solution – and typical application scenarios. As a part of this framework, this article introduces the most important aspects of AI security, in terms of protecting the integrity and confidentiality of AI models and data, and thus preventing attackers from changing the inference results or stealing data.
Abolishing spontaneous epileptiform activity in human brain tissue through AMPA receptor inhibition
Authors: Wright Sukhvir K. , Wilson Max A. , Walsh Richard , Lo William B. , Mundil Nilesh , Agrawal Shakti , Philip Sunny , Seri Stefano , Greenhill Stuart D. , Woodhall Gavin L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) is increasingly recognized as a therapeutic target in drug‐refractory pediatric epilepsy. Perampanel (PER) is a non‐competitive AMPAR antagonist, and pre‐clinical studies have shown the AMPAR‐mediated anticonvulsant effects of decanoic acid (DEC), a major medium‐chain fatty acid provided in the medium‐chain triglyceride ketogenic diet.MethodsUsing brain tissue resected from children with intractable epilepsy, we recorded the effects of PER and DEC in vitro.ResultsWe found resected pediatric epilepsy tissue exhibits spontaneous epileptic activity in vitro, and showed that DEC and PER inhibit this epileptiform activity in local field potential recordings as well as excitatory synaptic transmission.InterpretationThis study confirms AMPAR antagonists inhibit epileptiform discharges in brain tissue resected in a wide range of pediatric epilepsies.
Miniaturization of Artificial Lungs toward Portability
Authors: Dabaghi Mohammadhossein , Rochow Niels , Saraei Neda , Mahendran Rupesh Kumar , Fusch Gerhard , Chan Anthony K. C. , Brash John L. , Fusch Christoph , Selvaganapathy Ponnambalam Ravi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractArtificial lungs support patients undergoing open‐heart surgery, organ transplantation, and in serious lung injury by providing oxygenation support through an extracorporeal circuit. Some patients require partial support for durations of a few weeks or months even after the surgery. Therefore, a portable or wearable lung assist device which can be operated for several weeks with minimum maintenance would be ideal. Miniaturization of blood oxygenators, using microfluidic technology, is a promising avenue for the realization of such portable artificial lungs. The microfluidic blood oxygenators (MBOs) are also suitable for neonates with respiratory failure due to their low priming volume and pressure drop. Herein, the history of microfluidic oxygenator development and recent progress in miniaturized artificial lungs are discussed. The MBOs have made significant advances in 1) reducing device size, 2) providing biomimetic blood flow paths, 3) enabling operation in room air, and 4) operating without the need of an external pump. Recent work has demonstrated throughput of up to 150 mL min‐1 of blood and oxygen transfer rate of 60 mL O2 per L of blood. The challenges faced by this technology in practical applications as well as future improvements to meet the requirements for older neonates and even adults are also presented.
Novel de novo TRIP12 mutation reveals variable phenotypic presentation while emphasizing core features of TRIP12 variations
Authors: Donoghue Tess , Garrity Lauren , Ziolkowski Andrew , McPhillips Mary , Buckman Melissa , Goel Himanshu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntellectual disability (ID) is a complicated and multifactorial condition often with an unclear cause. Advancements in diagnostic techniques have identified genetic causes in a significant proportion. Pathogenic variants in TRIP12, encoding for an E3 ligand in the ubiquitin‐protease pathway, have previously been identified as a cause of ID with autistic behavior and dysmorphic features. We report two unrelated patients with de novo mutations in TRIP12 and diagnoses of global developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder and dysmorphic features, as well as a range of other characteristics. Exome sequencing was utilized as part of an extensive genetic workup for both individuals. The genotypic and phenotypic data for both patients has been collated with previously reported data. Epilepsy was noted in about 20% published cases. One of our patents had epilepsy. These cases highlight the variable phenotypic presentations of TRIP12 variations while emphasizing the core features of ID and speech delay, with or without autistic features and epilepsy.
In Vivo Imaging of the Tumor‐Associated Enzyme NCEH1 with a Covalent PET Probe
Authors: Chang Jae Won , Bhuiyan Mohammed , Tsai Hsiu‐Ming , Zhang Hannah J. , Li Gang , Fathi Shaghayegh , McCutcheon David C. , Leoni Lara , Freifelder Richard , Chen Chin‐Tu , Moellering Raymond E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHerein, we report the development of an 18F‐labeled, activity‐based small‐molecule probe targeting the cancer‐associated serine hydrolase NCEH1. We undertook a focused medicinal chemistry campaign to simultaneously preserve potent and specific NCEH1 labeling in live cells and animals, while permitting facile 18F radionuclide incorporation required for PET imaging. The resulting molecule, [18F]JW199, labels active NCEH1 in live cells at nanomolar concentrations and greater than 1000‐fold selectivity relative to other serine hydrolases. [18F]JW199 displays rapid, NCEH1‐dependent accumulation in mouse tissues. Finally, we demonstrate that [18F]JW199 labels aggressive cancer tumor cells in vivo, which uncovered localized NCEH1 activity at the leading edge of triple‐negative breast cancer tumors, suggesting roles for NCEH1 in tumor aggressiveness and metastasis.
Direct Catalytic Conversion of Ethanol to C5+ Ketones: Role of Pd–Zn Alloy on Catalytic Activity and Stability
Authors: Subramaniam Senthil , Guo Mond F. , Bathena Tanmayi , Gray Michel , Zhang Xiao , Martinez Abraham , Kovarik Libor , Goulas Konstantinos A. , Ramasamy Karthikeyan K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEthanol can be used as a platform molecule for synthesizing valuable chemicals and fuel precursors. Direct synthesis of C5+ ketones, building blocks for lubricants and hydrocarbon fuels, from ethanol was achieved over a stable Pd‐promoted ZnO‐ZrO2 catalyst. The sequence of reaction steps involved in the C5+ ketone formation from ethanol was determined. The key reaction steps were found to be the in situ generation of the acetone intermediate and the cross‐aldol condensation between the reaction intermediates acetaldehyde and acetone. The formation of a Pd–Zn alloy in situ was identified to be the critical factor in maintaining high yield to the C5+ ketones and the stability of the catalyst. A yield of >70 % to C5+ ketones was achieved over a 0.1 % Pd‐ZnO‐ZrO2 mixed oxide catalyst, and the catalyst was demonstrated to be stable beyond 2000 hours on stream without any catalyst deactivation.