bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FreeSurfer‐based segmentation of hippocampal subfields: A review of methods and applications, with a novel quality control procedure for ENIGMA studies and other collaborative efforts
Authors: Sämann Philipp G. , Iglesias Juan Eugenio , Gutman Boris , Grotegerd Dominik , Leenings Ramona , Flint Claas , Dannlowski Udo , Clarke‐Rubright Emily K. , Morey Rajendra A. , van Erp Theo G.M. , Whelan Christopher D. , Han Laura K. M. , van Velzen Laura S. , Cao Bo , Augustinack Jean C. , Thompson Paul M. , Jahanshad Neda , Schmaal Lianne 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStructural hippocampal abnormalities are common in many neurological and psychiatric disorders, and variation in hippocampal measures is related to cognitive performance and other complex phenotypes such as stress sensitivity. Hippocampal subregions are increasingly studied, as automated algorithms have become available for mapping and volume quantification. In the context of the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis Consortium, several Disease Working Groups are using the FreeSurfer software to analyze hippocampal subregion (subfield) volumes in patients with neurological and psychiatric conditions along with data from matched controls. In this overview, we explain the algorithm's principles, summarize measurement reliability studies, and demonstrate two additional aspects (subfield autocorrelation and volume/reliability correlation) with illustrative data. We then explain the rationale for a standardized hippocampal subfield segmentation quality control (QC) procedure for improved pipeline harmonization. To guide researchers to make optimal use of the algorithm, we discuss how global size and age effects can be modeled, how QC steps can be incorporated and how subfields may be aggregated into composite volumes. This discussion is based on a synopsis of 162 published neuroimaging studies (01/2013–12/2019) that applied the FreeSurfer hippocampal subfield segmentation in a broad range of domains including cognition and healthy aging, brain development and neurodegeneration, affective disorders, psychosis, stress regulation, neurotoxicity, epilepsy, inflammatory disease, childhood adversity and posttraumatic stress disorder, and candidate and whole genome (epi‐)genetics. Finally, we highlight points where FreeSurfer‐based hippocampal subfield studies may be optimized.
Chronic opioid use after laryngeal cancer treatment
Authors: Starr Nicole , Oyler Douglas R. , Schadler Aric , Aouad Rony K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundSurvivors of head and neck cancer may be at increased risk for chronic opioid use and questions remain about risk factors.MethodsRetrospective study of patients with laryngeal cancer prescribed opioids utilizing the Truven Health Marketscan database. Patients had laryngeal cancer, underwent treatment, filled an opioid prescription, and were enrolled in this private insurance plan 1 year prior to and after treatment.ResultsIn this study, 7484 patients were included; 17.2% developed chronic opioid use, defined as consecutive opioid fills at least 90 days after treatment cessation. Early opioid use (OR = 3.607, 95% CI [3.125–4.163]), tobacco use (OR = 1.28, 95% CI [1.117–1.467]), median morphine milligram equivalent (MME; OR = 1.001, 95% CI [1.000–1.0001]), and radiation alone (OR = 1.435, 95% CI [1.199–1.717]) were predictive of chronic opioid use.ConclusionsNearly one in five patients prescribed opioids during treatment developed chronic use. Providers should discuss the risk of chronic opioid use, set expectations for opioid weaning, and consider adjunct pain regimens to develop effective pain management strategies.
Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid nodules
Authors: Todsen Tobias , Bennedbæk Finn Noe , Kiss Katalin , Hegedüs Laszlo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) remains crucial in the evaluation of thyroid nodules with suspicious clinical findings or ultrasound (US) features suggestive of malignancy. The use of US‐guidance for FNAB allows real‐time visualization of the needle, but is also highly operator‐dependent. Physicians from many specialties (endocrinologists, otolaryngologists/endocrine surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians, radiologists, and pathologists) are involved in the diagnostic workup of thyroid nodules and a standardized and meticulous technique for US‐FNAB is essential for lowering the yield of nondiagnostic specimens and false‐negative results. This video, therefore, demonstrates a well‐proved technique and technical tips to increase the diagnostic results from US‐FNAB.
Pembrolizumab for refractory primary mediastinal B‐cell lymphoma with central nervous system involvement
Authors: de‐la‐Fuente Cristina , Nuñez Fidel , Cortés‐Romera Montserrat , Franch‐Sarto Mireia , Ribera Josep‐Maria , Sancho Juan‐Manuel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrimary mediastinal large B‐cell lymphoma (PMBCL) is a rare aggressive B‐cell lymphoma characterized by the frequent presence of amplification and translocation events at 9p24.1, resulting in the expression of the programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) ligands PD‐L1 and PD‐L2. Pembrolizumab, a humanized anti‐PD‐1 monoclonal antibody, binds PD‐1 and blocks this interaction, enhancing the activity of the immune system against tumor cells, and has shown activity in PMBCL and in some cases of primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. We report the case of a 40‐year‐old woman diagnosed with relapsed PMBCL and secondary CNS involvement who responded to pembrolizumab monotherapy, allowing for a later allogeneic stem cell transplant.
A two‐component modeling for free stream velocity in magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow with radiation and chemical reaction over a stretching cylinder
Authors: Vinita  , Poply Vikas , Devi Renu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis analysis explores the influence of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow over a stretching cylinder with radiation effect in presence of chemically reactive species. The thermal radiation phenomenon is incorporated in the temperature equation. The mathematical modeling of the physical problem produces nonlinear set of partial differential equations corresponding to the momentum and energy equations that can be transformed into simultaneous system of ordinary differential equations with appropriate boundary conditions by applying similarity transformations. Shooting technique is used to solve the molded equations after adoption of Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg approach and ODE45 solver in MATLAB. A parametric analysis has been carried out to investigate the impacts of physical parameters that are considered in the current study. The attractive pattern studied the consequence of Brownian motion along with thermophoresis parameter. The outcomes of prominent fluid parameters, especially heat radiation, Lewis number, free stream velocity, chemical reaction, thermophoresis, and Brownian motion on the concentration, temperature, as well as velocity have been examined and are displayed through graphs and tables. The present study reveals that the temperature phenomenon enhances with an increase in radiation parameter, while nanoparticle concentration phenomenon reduces with an increase in chemical reaction parameter.
Tea bioactive components prevent carcinogenesis via anti‐pathogen, anti‐inflammation, and cell survival pathways
Authors: Fan Xiangqi , Xiao Xiangjun , Mao Xiangbing , Chen Daiwen , Yu Bing , Wang Jianping , Yan Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCancer seriously impairs human health and survival. Many perturbations, such as increased oxidative stress, pathogen infection, and inflammation, promote the accumulation of DNA mutations, and ultimately lead to carcinogenesis. Tea is one of the most highly consumed beverages worldwide and has been linked to improvements in human health. Tea contains many active components, including tea polyphenols, tea polysaccharides, L‐theanine, tea pigments, and caffeine among other common components. Several studies have identified components in tea that can directly or indirectly reduce carcinogenesis with some being used in a clinical setting. Many previous studies, in vitro and in vivo, have focused on the mechanisms that functional components of tea utilized to protect against cancer. One particular mechanism that has been well described is an improvement in antioxidant capacity seen with tea consumption. However, other mechanisms, including anti‐pathogen, anti‐inflammation and alterations in cell survival pathways, are also involved. The current review focuses on these anti‐cancer mechanisms. This will be beneficial for clinical utilization of tea components in preventing and treating cancer in the future.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of benzofuran‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole containing 1,2,3‐triazole‐acetamides as potential α‐glucosidase inhibitors
Authors: Abedinifar Fahimeh , Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani Maryam , Asemanipoor Nafise , Mojtabavi Somayeh , Faramarzi Mohammad A. , Mahdavi Mohammad , Biglar Mahmood , Larijani Bagher , Hamedifar Haleh , Hajimiri Mir H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA series of new benzofuran‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole containing 1,2,3‐triazole‐acetamides 12a‐n as potential anti‐α‐glucosidase agents were designed and synthesized. α‐Glucosidase inhibition assay demonstrated that all the synthesized compounds 12a‐n (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] values in the range of 40.7 ± 0.3–173.6 ± 1.9 μM) were more potent than standard inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 ± 12.5 µM). Among them, the most potent compound was compound 12c, with inhibitory activity around 19‐fold higher than acarbose. Since the most potent compound inhibited α‐glucosidase in a competitive mode, a docking study of this compound was also performed into the active site of α‐glucosidase. In vitro and in silico toxicity assays of the title compounds were also performed.
LncRNA PART1 promotes cell proliferation and progression in non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells via sponging miR‐17‐5p
Authors: Chen Yeye , Zhou Xiaoyun , Huang Cheng , Li Li , Qin Yingzhi , Tian Zhenhuan , He Jia , Liu Hongsheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt has been demonstrated in previous studies that lncPART1 is dysregulated in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the function of lncPART1 in NSCLC is unclear. Therefore, this experimental design was based on LncPART1 to explore the pathogenesis of NSCLC. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of lncPART1 and miR‐17‐5p in NSCLC. Cell Counting Kit ‐8, colony formation, and transwell assays were used to examine the effects of lncPART1 and miR‐17‐5p on NSCLC cell proliferation and migration invasiveness. Target gene prediction, luciferase reporter assays were used to validate downstream target genes for lncPART1 and miR‐17‐5p. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of TGFBETAR2. LncPART1 was highly expressed in NSCLC. LncPART1 significantly promoted cell proliferation of NSCLC cells. miR‐17‐5p was down‐expressed in NSCLC. miR‐17‐5p overexpression inhibited cell proliferation and migration invasion in NSCLC cells. LncPART1 was able to inhibit miR‐17‐5p expression and upregulate the expression level of TGFBETAR2. The results of in vivo animal models confirmed that lncPART1 promoted NSCLC progression by miR‐17‐5p/TGFBETAR2 axis. LncPART1 promoted the progression of NSCLC by miR‐17‐5p/TGFBETAR2 axis.
Atypical structure and function of integrin αVβ8
Authors: Song Guannan , Luo Bing‐Hao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntegrins are heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that play important roles in various biological processes. Most integrins serve as adhesion molecules and transmit bidirectional signaling across the cell membrane through global conformational changes from the bent closed to the extended open conformation. However, integrin β8 is distinctive in structure and function. Its cytoplasmic domain lacks the conserved protein‐binding sequence, which is important in transmitting inside‐out signals, suggesting that integrin β8 may have a different activation mechanism or lack such signaling. In addition, the ligand‐binding or activating metal ion Mn2+ does not induce a global conformational change in integrin β8. It may have only one conformation, that is, an extended, closed conformation, but with high affinity for ligands under physiological conditions, and is, therefore, considered an atypical integrin member. The extended structure and high ligand‐binding affinity of integrin αvβ8 make it ideal for encountering and binding ligands expressed on an opposing cell or in the extracellular matrix. In this review, we summarize the progress in integrin β8 research with a focus on its distinctive function and structure among integrin members.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Tezepelumab to Guide Phase 3 Dose Selection for Patients With Severe Asthma
Authors: Ly Neang , Zheng Yanan , Griffiths Janet M. , van der Merwe Rene , Agoram Balaji , Parnes Jane R. , Roskos Lorin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTezepelumab is a human monoclonal antibody that blocks thymic stromal lymphopoietin, an epithelial cytokine involved in asthma pathogenesis. In the phase 2b PATHWAY study (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02054130), tezepelumab significantly reduced exacerbations in adults with severe, uncontrolled asthma. We used pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) modeling to guide tezepelumab dose selection for phase 3 trials in patients with severe asthma. PK data from 7 clinical studies were used to develop a population PK model. Population PK‐PD models were developed to characterize the relationship between tezepelumab PK and asthma exacerbation rate (AER) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels (using phase 2b PD data only). Tezepelumab PK were well described by a 2‐compartment model with first‐order absorption; PK parameter estimates were consistent with those of other immunoglobulin G2 antibodies. PK‐PD models predicted that subcutaneous dosing at 210 mg every 4 weeks was associated with ≈90% of the maximum drug effect of tezepelumab on AER and FeNO; further dose increases were not expected to result in additional, clinically meaningful treatment benefit. No clinically significant covariates of treatment effects on AER and FeNO were identified. Population PK simulations, exposure‐response relationships and safety profiles of tezepelumab at doses up to 280 mg every 2 weeks suggested that no dose adjustment based on body weight or for adolescents was required. These results support the selection of 210 mg every 4 weeks subcutaneously as the dose for phase 3 studies of tezepelumab in adults and adolescents with severe asthma.
A Population Pharmacokinetic Model of (R)‐ and (S‐) Oxybutynin and Its Active Metabolites After Oral and Intravesical Administration to Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Kretschmar Melanie , Suleiman Ahmed Abbas , Krause Petra , Albrecht Uwe , Stein Raimund , Rubenwolf Peter , Fuhr Uwe , Taubert Max 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOxybutynin is a racemic anticholinergic drug used for the symptomatic treatment of detrusor overactivity. The formation of active metabolites related to tolerability problems depends on the route of administration. The objective of this evaluation was to develop a pharmacokinetic model for oral/intravesical administration as the basis for simulations with different dosages. Data from a published changeover clinical study with 18 healthy adults receiving a single oral dose of 5 mg immediate‐release oxybutynin and single and multiple intravesical doses of 10 mg oxybutynin solution was evaluated. Enantioselective plasma concentrations of oxybutynin and N‐desethyloxybutynin (NDO) were used to establish a population pharmacokinetic model using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling with NONMEM 7.4.1. For both enantiomers, the data were described well by a 2‐compartment model for oxybutynin with an additional compartment for NDO. Oxybutynin absorption was modeled by transit compartments for oral and first‐order absorption for intravesical application. Bioavailability of the more active (R)‐enantiomer was 7% for oral and 10%‐22% for intravesical administration. In simulations, intravesical doses of 5 to 15 mg (R)‐oxybutynin administered 2 to 3 times daily decreased peak‐trough fluctuations of NDO to 8% compared with 24% after oral administration. The NDO/oxybutynin ratio was reduced from 17 after oral administration to unity. Chronic intravesical versus oral administration of (R)‐oxybutynin generates distinctly lower and less variable concentrations of (R)‐NDO. Pharmacokinetic simulations suggest that exposure for 12.5 mg (R)‐oxybutynin administered twice daily might not compromise efficacy and tolerability compared with exposure for standard thrice‐daily administrations. This assumption needs to be assessed in clinical studies.
Increased serum amylase and/or lipase in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients: Is it really pancreatic injury?
Authors: Pribadi Rabbinu R , Simadibrata Marcellus 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a novel disorder caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Although it mainly affects the respiratory system, the pancreas could also become the virus' target. The issue regarding pancreatic involvement in COVID‐19 has been raised by several researchers. They found increased serum amylase and/or lipase in COVID‐19 patients, which suggested pancreatic injury. We aimed to critically review the evidence to provide insights and to answer the very question of the possibility of pancreatic injury. Current evidence shows that increased amylase and/or lipase is not necessarily a pancreatic injury in COVID‐19 patients. Those increased enzymes might also be found in other clinical conditions.
Deep Learning for Classification of Pediatric Otitis Media
Authors: Wu Zebin , Lin Zheqi , Li Lan , Pan Hongguang , Chen Guowei , Fu Yuqing , Qiu Qianhui 
Published: December 2020

Objectives/HypothesisTo create a new strategy for monitoring pediatric otitis media (OM), we developed a brief, reliable, and objective method for automated classification using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) with images from otoscope.Study DesignProspective study.MethodsAn otoscopic image classifier for pediatric OM was built upon the idea of deep learning and transfer learning using the two most widely used CNN architectures named Xception and MobileNet‐V2. Otoscopic images, including acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), and normal ears were obtained from our institution. Among qualified otoendoscopic images, 10,703 images were used for training, and 1,500 images were used for testing. In addition, 102 images captured by smartphone with WI‐FI connected otoscope were used as a prospective test set to evaluate the model for home screening and monitoring.ResultsFor all diagnoses combined in the test set, the Xception model and the MobileNet‐V2 model had similar overall accuracies of 97.45% (95% CI 96.81%–97.94%) and 95.72% (95% CI 95.12%–96.16%). The overall accuracies of two models with smartphone images were 90.66% (95% CI 90.21%–90.98%) and 88.56% (95% CI 87.86%–90.05%). The class activation map results showed that the extracted features of smartphone images were the same as those of otoendoscopic images.ConclusionsWe have developed deep learning algorithms for the successfully automated classification of pediatric AOM and OME with otoscopic images. With a smartphone‐enabled wireless otoscope, artificial intelligence may assist parents in early detection and continuous monitoring at home to decrease the visit frequencies.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 131:E2344–E2351, 2021
Taming Ultrafast Laser Filaments for Optimized Semiconductor–Metal Welding
Authors: Chambonneau Maxime , Li Qingfeng , Fedorov Vladimir Yu. , Blothe Markus , Schaarschmidt Kay , Lorenz Martin , Tzortzakis Stelios , Nolte Stefan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUltrafast laser welding is a fast, clean, and contactless technique for joining a broad range of materials. Nevertheless, this technique cannot be applied for bonding semiconductors and metals. By investigating the nonlinear propagation of picosecond laser pulses in silicon, it is elucidated how the evolution of filaments during propagation prevents the energy deposition at the semiconductor–metal interface. While the restrictions imposed by nonlinear propagation effects in semiconductors usually inhibit countless applications, the possibility to perform semiconductor–metal ultrafast laser welding is demonstrated. This technique relies on the determination and the precompensation of the nonlinear focal shift for relocating filaments and thus optimizing the energy deposition at the interface between the materials. The resulting welds show remarkable shear joining strengths (up to 2.2 MPa) compatible with applications in microelectronics. Material analyses shed light on the physical mechanisms involved during the interaction.
Polymer‐silica additive as a modifier of tribological properties of ecological grease, improvement of fatigue resistance
Authors: Drabik Jolanta , Trzos Magdalena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe influence of polymer additive (polytetrafluoroethylene) in grease based on paraffin oil on the resistance to fatigue wear (pitting) was investigated of rolling contact. The research results revealed that grease containing a polymer caused an increase in resistance to fatigue. It was examined whether the additive affects the properties of the grease, including rheological (investigated with the use of rheometer operated in the cone/plate configuration) and thermal (determined using the Differential Scanning Calorimetry) to check their relationship with a resistance to fatigue. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer was used to determine if a polymer was present on wear trace. Then the sources of chemical elements were analysed with the use of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy to explain the improvement of resistance to fatigue. The relation between rheological properties and resistance to fatigue was shown, and the presence of polymer in friction contact was observed.
Preparation of Iron Filler‐Based Photocomposites and Application in 3D Printing
Authors: Xu Yangyang , Ding Zhaofu , Zhu Haibin , Zhang Yijun , Knopf Stephan , Xiao Pu , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe introduction of metallic fillers to polymers via the photopolymerization approach can endow the composite materials with some unique properties, but the relevant research is still scarce due to the issue of light penetration and inner filter effect. Herein, for the first time the fabrication of photocomposites based on fine iron powder (i.e., a typical kind of metallic filler) is reported in this work. The free radical polymerization of two different acrylate monomers, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, is performed in the presence of iron filler under mild conditions (i.e., light emitting diode (LED)@405 nm irradiation at room temperature under air). And the real‐time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals remarkable photopolymerization kinetics of acrylates with high final conversions and fast polymerization rates despite the increasing contents of iron filler in the composites. Interestingly, the 3D printing technique is applied to the iron filler‐based composites to produce tridimensional patterns with excellent spatial resolution. This work not only paves the way for the investigation of photocomposites based on metallic fillers through photochemical methods, but also broadens the potential application prospects.