bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body Fat Distribution, Overweight, and Cardiac Structures in School‐Age Children: A Population‐Based Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Toemen Liza , Santos Susana , Roest Arno A. , Jelic Gavro , van der Lugt Aad , Felix Janine F. , Helbing Willem A. , Gaillard Romy , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. 
Published: June 2020

Background
Adiposity is associated with larger left ventricular mass in children and adults. The role of body fat distribution in these associations is not clear. We examined the associations of body fat distribution and overweight with cardiac measures obtained by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in school‐age children.

Methods and Results

In a population‐based cohort study including 2836 children, 10 years of age, we used anthropometric measures, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry, and magnetic resonance imaging to collect information on body mass index, lean mass index, fat mass index, and abdominal visceral adipose tissue index. Indexes were standardized by height. Cardiac measures included right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, left ventricular mass, and mass‐to‐volume ratio as a marker for concentricity. All body fat measures were positively associated with right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volumes and left ventricular mass, with the strongest associations for lean mass index (all
P
<0.05). Obese children had a 1.12 standard deviation score (95%
CI
, 0.94–1.30) larger left ventricular mass and a 0.35 standard deviation score (95%
CI
, 0.14–0.57) higher left ventricular mass‐to‐volume ratio than normal weight children. Conditional on body mass index, higher lean mass index was associated with higher right and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume and left ventricular mass, whereas higher fat mass measures were inversely associated with these cardiac measures (all
P
<0.05).

Conclusions
Higher childhood body mass index is associated with a larger right and left ventricular size. This association is influenced by higher lean mass. In childhood, lean mass may be a stronger determinant of heart growth than fat mass. Fat mass may influence cardiac structures at older ages.
Recombinant Extracellular Domain (p75ECD) of the Neurotrophin Receptor p75 Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting the p‐JNK/Caspase‐3 Signaling Pathway in Rat Microvascular Pericytes
Authors: Fang Jun , Wei ZhiXiong , Zheng DeDong , Ying Teng , Hong HuaShan , Hu DanQing , Lin YunLing , Jiang XiaoLiang , Wu LingZhen , Lan TingXiang , Yang ZhiWei , Zhou XinFu , Chen LiangLong 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPro‐NTs (precursor of neurotrophins) and their receptor p75 are potential targets for preventing microvascular dysfunction induced by myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). p75ECD (ectodomain of neurotrophin receptor p75) may physiologically produce neurocytoprotective effects by scavenging pro‐NTs. We therefore hypothesized that p75ECDmay have a cardioprotective effect onIRIthrough microvascular mechanisms.Methods and ResultsMyocardialIRIwas induced in Sprague‐Dawley rats by occluding the left main coronary arteries for 45 minutes before a subsequent relaxation. Compared with the ischemia–reperfusion group, an intravenous injection of p75ECD(3 mg/kg) 5 minutes before reperfusion reduced the myocardial infarct area at 24 hours after reperfusion (by triphenyltetrazolium chloride, 44.9±3.9% versus 34.6±5.7%,P<0.05); improved the left ventricular ejection fraction (by echocardiography), with less myocardial fibrosis (by Masson's staining), and prevented microvascular dysfunction (by immunofluorescence) at 28 days after reperfusion; and reduced myocardial pro‐NTs expression at 24 hours and 28 days after reperfusion (by Western blotting). A simulativeIRImodel using rat microvascular pericytes was established in vitro by hypoxia–reoxygenation (2/6 hours) combined with pro‐NTs treatment (3 nmol/L) at R. p75ECD(3 μg/mL) given at R improved pericyte survival (by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay) and attenuated apoptosis (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick‐end labeling). In the reperfused hearts and hypoxia–reoxygenation +pro‐NTs‐injured pericytes, p75ECDinhibited the expression of p‐JNK (phospho of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase)/caspase‐3 (by Western blotting).SP600125, an inhibitor ofJNK, did not enhance the p75ECD‐induced infarct‐sparing effects and pericyte protection.Conclusionsp75ECDmay attenuate myocardialIRIvia pro‐NTs reduction‐induced inhibition of p‐JNK/caspase‐3 pathway of microvascular pericytes in rats.
Acute and Chronic Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin on Renal Oxygenation and Blood Pressure Control in Nondiabetic Normotensive Subjects: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Zanchi Anne , Burnier Michel , Muller Marie‐Eve , Ghajarzadeh‐Wurzner Arlène , Maillard Marc , Loncle Nicolas , Milani Bastien , Dufour Nathalie , Bonny Olivier , Pruijm Menno 
Published: June 2020

Background
The sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin has cardiorenal protective properties through mechanisms beyond glucose control. In this study we assessed whether empagliflozin modifies renal oxygenation as a possible mechanism of renal protection, and determined the metabolic, renal, and hemodynamic effects of empagliflozin in nondiabetic subjects.

Methods and Results
In this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study, 45 healthy volunteers underwent blood and urine sampling, renal ultrasound, and blood‐oxygenation‐level–dependent magnetic resonance imaging before and 180 minutes after administration of 10 mg empagliflozin (n=30) or placebo (n=15). These examinations were repeated after 1 month of daily intake. Cortical and medullary renal oxygenation were not affected by the acute or chronic administration of empagliflozin, as determined by 148 renal blood‐oxygenation‐level–dependent magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Empagliflozin increased glucosuria (24‐hour glucosuria at 1 month: +50.1±16.3 g). The acute decrease in proximal sodium reabsorption, as determined by endogenous fractional excretion of lithium (−34.6% versus placebo), was compensated at 1 month by a rise in plasma renin activity (+28.6%) and aldosterone (+55.7%). The 24‐hour systolic and diastolic ambulatory blood pressures decreased significantly after 1 month of empagliflozin administration (−5.1 and −2.0 mm Hg, respectively). Serum uric acid levels decreased (−28.4%), hemoglobin increased (+1.7%), and erythropoietin remained the same.

Conclusions
Empagliflozin has a rapid and significant effect on tubular function, with sustained glucosuria and transient natriuresis in nondiabetic normotensive subjects. These effects favor blood pressure reduction. No acute or sustained changes were found in renal cortical or medullary tissue oxygenation. It remains to be determined whether this is the case in nondiabetic or diabetic patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease.

REGISTRATION
: URL:
https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov
; Unique identifier:
NCT03093103
.
Evidence of Neighborhood Effects from Moving to Opportunity: LATEs of Neighborhood Quality
Authors: Aliprantis Dionissi , Richter Francisca G.-C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper estimates neighborhood effects on adult labor market outcomes using the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) housing mobility experiment. We propose and implement a new strategy for identifying transition-specific effects that exploits identification of the unobserved component of a neighborhood choice model. Estimated local average treatment effects (LATEs) are large, result from moves between the first and second deciles of the national distribution of neighborhood quality, and pertain to a subpopulation of nine percent of program participants.
The Dynamic Electoral Returns of a Large Antipoverty Program
Authors: Zimmermann Laura 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Governments around the world use short-term reelection strategies. This is problematic if governments can maximize their reelection chances by prioritizing short-term spending before an election over long-term reforms. This paper tests whether longer program exposure has a causal effect on election outcomes in the context of a large antipoverty program in India. Using a regression-discontinuity framework, the results show that length of program exposure lowers electoral support for the government. The paper discusses a couple of potential explanations, finding that the most plausible mechanism is that voters hold the government accountable for the program's implementation quality.
Self-Control and Demand for Preventive Health: Evidence from Hypertension in India
Authors: Bai Liang , Handel Benjamin , Miguel Edward , Rao Gautam 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Self-control problems constitute a potential explanation for the underinvestment in preventive health in low-income countries. Behavioral economics offers a tool to solve such problems: commitment devices. We conduct a field experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of theoretically motivated commitment contracts in increasing preventive doctor visits by hypertensive patients in rural India. Despite achieving high take-up of such contracts in some treatment arms, we find no effects on actual doctor visits or individual health outcomes. A substantial number of individuals pay for commitment but fail to follow through on the doctor visit, losing money without experiencing health benefits. We develop and structurally estimate a prespecified model of consumer behavior under present bias with varying levels of naiveté. The results are consistent with a large share of individuals being partially naive about their own self-control problems: sophisticated enough to demand some commitment but overly optimistic about whether a given level of commitment is sufficiently strong to be effective. The results suggest that commitment devices may in practice be welfare diminishing, at least in some contexts, and serve as a cautionary tale about their role in health care.
The Impact of Contract Enforcement Costs on Value Chains and Aggregate Productivity
Authors: Boehm Johannes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
I study how supplier contracting frictions shape the patterns of intermediate input use and quantify the impact of these distortions on aggregate productivity. Using the frequency of litigation between US firms as a novel measure to capture the need for formal enforcement, I find a robust relationship between countries' input-output structure and their quality of legal institutions. In countries with high enforcement costs, firms have lower expenditure shares on intermediate inputs in sector pairs where US firms litigate frequently for breach of contract. A quantitative model shows that improvement of contract enforcement institutions would lead to sizable welfare gains.
Patent-Based News Shocks
Authors: Cascaldi-Garcia Danilo , Vukotić Marija 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhat do patents tell us about the economic effects of future technological improvements? We identify aggregate and industry-level patent-based news shocks by exploiting changes in stock market valuations of firms that obtain patent grants. Our shocks resemble diffusion news: they do not affect total factor productivity in the short run but induce a strong permanent effect after five years. We find that patent-based news shocks produce positive co-movement between consumption, output, investment, and hours. They also generate positive responses in inflation and in the federal funds rate, consistent with standard New Keynesian models.
Coronavirus Perceptions and Economic Anxiety
Authors: Fetzer Thiemo , Hensel Lukas , Hermle Johannes , Roth Christopher 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We provide one of the first systematic assessments of the development and determinants of economic anxiety at the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. Using a global data set on internet searches and two representative surveys from the United States, we document a substantial increase in economic anxiety during and after the arrival of the coronavirus. We also document a large dispersion in beliefs about the pandemic risk factors of the coronavirus and demonstrate that these beliefs causally affect individuals' economic anxieties. Finally, we show that individuals' mental models of infectious disease spread understate nonlinear growth and shape the extent of economic anxiety.
Never Truly Hers: Ereškigal’s Dowry and the Rulership of the Netherworld
Authors: Gadotti Alhena 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper considers the mythological tale Nergal and Ereškigal in an attempt to investigate the nature of Ereškigal’s dominion over the Mesopotamian Realm of the Dead. By using other Mesopotamian literary composition as well as Near Eastern law, the paper demonstrates that Ereškigal never relinquished her power over the Netherworld to Nergal because such a power was never hers to lose.
Sexual dimorphism and variability in the skull of Martes foina
Authors: Özen Ahmet Selçuk 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Morphometry can help to understand morphology and clarify taxonomy of species. The morphometric variability of the skull and sexual dimorphism of stone martens (Martes foina), obtained from various geographical regions of Turkey, were investigated. Measurements were made regarding 14 characters on skulls of the samples. Adults have significantly bigger skulls compared to juveniles. Regarding their sexual dimorphism, descriptive statistics revealed variability in the size of the skull between sexes, with mean values of males being higher than those of females. The most significant sexual dimorphisms (the highest variabilities) were observed in palatal width and especially frontal width. The strongest positive correlations were found between the basilar length and condylobasal length in males and between the mandibular length and total skull length in females. Furthermore, principal component analysis confirmed strong correlations between some characters of the skull in both sexes. By comparing characters with those of European populations this study contributes to a general model of the skull of Martes foina.
Infections by the trematode Microphallus nicolli and the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani in relation to the reproductive condition of their intermediate host, the Pacific mole crab Emerita analoga
Authors: Bhaduri Ritindra N. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Parasites can dramatically influence fecundity of their hosts, so for any host species it is important to establish whether parasite infections affect host reproduction. The Pacific mole crab, Emerita analoga, commonly harbors metacercarial cysts of the trematode Microphallus nicolli and cystacanths of the acanthocephalan Profilicollis altmani. Although these helminths are known to infect primarily larger female mole crabs, they may do so disproportionately when tied to their host’s reproductive condition. This study was undertaken to examine differences in parasite prevalence and abundance between non-ovigerous and ovigerous hosts. Crabs from Del Monte Beach, Monterey, California were collected, carapace length measured, sexed, examined for parasites, and had their reproductive state noted. The vast majority of the crabs sampled were infected with at least one parasite, and over half of the crabs had both M. nicolli and P. altmani. Ovigerous females were significantly larger than non-ovigerous crabs. Prevalence of both trematode metacercarial cysts and acanthocephalan cystacanths was significantly higher in ovigerous females than in non-ovigerous ones. Egg-bearing females were also more heavily infected by both parasites than non-egg-bearing individuals. These results suggest that larger ovigerous crabs may provide greater resources and thus are able to support higher levels of infections. This study shows that neither parasite prevalence nor abundance seemed to affect egg production in E. analoga.
Evolution of vertebrate brain size is associated with sexual traits
Authors: Zhong Mao Jun , Jin Long , Yu Jian Ping , Liao Wen Bo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The expensive tissue hypothesis predicts a trade-off between investments in the brain and other energetically costly organs due to the costs associated with their growth and maintenance within the finite energy resources available. However, few studies address the strength of relationships between brain size and investments in precopulatory (ornaments and armaments) and postcopulatory (testes and ejaculates) sexual traits. Here, in a broad comparative study, we tested the prediction that the relationship between brain size and investment in sexual traits differs among taxa relative to the importance of sperm competition within them. We found that brain size was negatively correlated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in anurans and primates, and it tended to decrease with SSD in ungulates and cetaceans. However, brain size did not covary significantly with armaments (e.g., canine length, horn, antler, and muscle mass). Brain size was not correlated with postcopulatory sexual traits (testes and ejaculates). The intensity of covariance between brain size and precopulatory sexual traits decreased with increasing relative testis size.
From Nativism to the Inclusion of Immigrants: Settlement and Poor Relief in Eighteenth-Century Bruges
Authors: Schepers Marjolein 
Published: June 2020

This article addresses the shift in the eighteenth-century region of Bruges from nativism to including immigrants in welfare. Settlement law designated the place in which an individual could apply for poor relief. Focusing on the negotiations between authorities for changes in settlement legislation, this article provides new insights on rural-urban relations in migration governance. In addition to the economic and cost-benefit considerations driving settlement policies that are often put forward in the literature, authorities in the wider Bruges region were driven by motives of fostering reciprocity in interdependent relations within migration systems and reforming social policy for monitoring and controlling possible relief dependants. The changes regarding the inclusion of immigrants occurred because of an increased awareness of migration patterns and because the authorities deemed it more efficient to have a set, resident collection of parishioners who could be monitored and centrally administered.
Will Weather Dampen Self-Driving Vehicles?
Authors: Walker Curtis L. , Boyce Brenda , Albrecht Christopher P. , Siems-Anderson Amanda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Innovative technologies that support implementation of automated vehicles continue to develop at a rapid pace. These advances strive to increase efficiency and safety throughout the global transportation network. One important challenge to these emergent technologies that remains underappreciated is how the vehicles will perform in adverse weather. Each year, weather-related vehicular crashes account for approximately 21% of all highway crashes in the United States. These crashes result in over 5,300 fatalities, injure over 418,000 people, and cost billions of dollars in insurance claims, liability, emergency services, congestion delays, rehabilitation, and environmental damage annually. Automated vehicles have the potential to significantly mitigate these statistics; however, public, private, and academic partnerships between the meteorological and transportation communities must be established to develop solutions to weather impacts now. To date, such interactions have been sparse and largely contribute to a lack of awareness in how these two communities may collaborate together. The purpose of this manuscript is to call the meteorological community to action and proactive engagement with the transportation community. A secondary goal is to make the transportation community aware of the advantages of teaming with the weather enterprise. Automated vehicles will not only increase travel safety, but also have benefits to the meteorological community through increasing availability of high-resolution surface data observations. The future challenges of these emergent technologies in the context of road weather implications focus on vehicle situational awareness and technological sensing capability in all weather conditions, and transforming how drivers and vehicles are informed of weather threats beyond sensing capabilities.
The EUSTACE Project: Delivering Global, Daily Information on Surface Air Temperature
Authors: Rayner Nick A. , Auchmann Renate , Bessembinder Janette , Brönnimann Stefan , Brugnara Yuri , Capponi Francesco , Carrea Laura , Dodd Emma M. A. , Ghent Darren , Good Elizabeth , Høyer Jacob L. , Kennedy John J. , Kent Elizabeth C. , Killick Rachel E. , van der Linden Paul , Lindgren Finn , Madsen Kristine S. , Merchant Christopher J. , Mitchelson Joel R. , Morice Colin P. , Nielsen-Englyst Pia , Ortiz Patricio F. , Remedios John J. , van der Schrier Gerard , Squintu Antonello A. , Stephens Ag , Thorne Peter W. , Tonboe Rasmus T. , Trent Tim , Veal Karen L. , Waterfall Alison M. , Winfield Kate , Winn Jonathan , Woolway R. Iestyn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Day-to-day variations in surface air temperature affect society in many ways, but daily surface air temperature measurements are not available everywhere. Therefore, a global daily picture cannot be achieved with measurements made in situ alone and needs to incorporate estimates from satellite retrievals. This article presents the science developed in the EU Horizon 2020–funded EUSTACE project (2015–19, www.eustaceproject.org) to produce global and European multidecadal ensembles of daily analyses of surface air temperature complementary to those from dynamical reanalyses, integrating different ground-based and satellite-borne data types. Relationships between surface air temperature measurements and satellite-based estimates of surface skin temperature over all surfaces of Earth (land, ocean, ice, and lakes) are quantified. Information contained in the satellite retrievals then helps to estimate air temperature and create global fields in the past, using statistical models of how surface air temperature varies in a connected way from place to place; this needs efficient statistical analysis methods to cope with the considerable data volumes. Daily fields are presented as ensembles to enable propagation of uncertainties through applications. Estimated temperatures and their uncertainties are evaluated against independent measurements and other surface temperature datasets. Achievements in the EUSTACE project have also included fundamental preparatory work useful to others, for example, gathering user requirements, identifying inhomogeneities in daily surface air temperature measurement series from weather stations, carefully quantifying uncertainties in satellite skin and air temperature estimates, exploring the interaction between air temperature and lakes, developing statistical models relevant to non-Gaussian variables, and methods for efficient computation.