bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Nuclear Waste Management Using Ionic Liquids: Controlled Electrodeposition of Fission Platinoids
Authors: Biddinger Elizabeth J , Shrestha Sujan 
Published: February 2020

Ionic liquids (ILs) have low flammability, wide liquidus range, metal complexing ability, moderate-to-high conductivity, and wide electrochemical window (1, 2). Utilizing these properties of ILs, processes for nuclear waste management could be developed which are safer, more tunable and more streamlined than existing processes based on extracting agents such as tri-n-butyl phosphate (TPB) and volatile organic compounds such as kerosene or dodecane (3). In such IL-based processes, electrodeposition of metals will follow their extraction from aqueous sludge of nuclear wastes (4). Hence, understanding electrodeposition behavior of metals in ILs is of critical importance to the IL-based nuclear waste management processes.
In this work electrodeposition of fission platinoids (Pd, Rh and Ru) in ILs is investigated using their non-radioactive counterparts. The recovery of fission platinoids is important not only from the nuclear waste management perspective, but also from economic viewpoint as these metals are expensive and highly utilizable (5).
First, electrochemical behaviors of Pd, Rh and Ru were studied in suitable ILs. The objective of the studies was to understand how the electrochemical behavior of Pd in candidate ILs changes in the presence of Rh and Ru. Similar studies were also done with Rh and Ru to find out how their electrochemical behavior changes in the presence of other fission platinoids. Then, electrodeposition behaviors of the metals were examined on Ni substrates. Pd was found to electrodeposit on Ni substrate in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ([Bmpyrr][DCA]) forming an uniform film as shown in Figure 1. Similarly, electrodeposition of Rh and Ru were carried out. The goal was to do selective electrodeposition of these metals guided by the knowledge gained from the electrochemical behavior studies.

References

1. S. Z. E. Abedin, M. Polleth, S. A. Meiss, J. Janek and F. Endres, Green Chemistry, 9, 549 (2007).
2. A. P. Abbott, G. Frisch and K. S. Ryder, Annual Review of Materials Research, 43, 335 (2013).
3. S. Ha, R. Menchavez and Y.-M. Koo, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 27, 1360 (2010).
4. X. Sun, H. Luo and S. Dai, Chemical Reviews, 112, 2100 (2011).
5. Z. Kolarik and E. V. Renard, Platinum Metals Review, 49, 79 (2005).

Figure 1. SEM image of Pd deposits on Ni substrate after potential hold of -0.524 V vs Fc/Fc+ for 1 h in a solution of 25 mM PdCl2 in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide ([Bmpyrr][DCA]) at room-temperature.

Figure 1
Effect of Bath Composition on the Composition and Morphology of Electrodeposited Ag-Cu Alloys
Authors: Karakaya Ishak , Ulu Fulya , Demirci Gökhan , Erdogan Metehan 
Published: February 2020

One of the common brazing alloys, CusilTM, has eutectic composition of 72 % silver and 28 % copper. The electrochemical codeposition of Ag and Cu is difficult due to the large difference between the standard reduction potentials of silver (0.799 V) and copper (0.337 V). A complex ion bath containing KAg(CN)2, CuCN, KCN and K4P2O7 was used to overcome this difficulty and bring the reduction potentials closer to each other.
The effects of KAg(CN)2, KCN and K4P2O7 concentrations on the composition and microstructure of electrodeposited Ag-Cu films was investigated in this study. The effect of K4P2O7 addition to the electrolyte was examined in a set of experiments by employing a three-level full-factorial statistical design. The concentrations of bath ingredients: KCN, KAg(CN)2 and K4P2O7 were the factors that were investigated. The levels of the design were chosen at the minimum, mean and maximum amounts of the three factors. Therefore, (33) 27 experiments were designed to investigate the effects of changes in bath concentration on composition and morphology of deposits. All the other plating parameters were fixed during the experiments.
The increase in K4P2O7 concentration caused a minor decrease in Ag content of the film where the increase in KCN and KAg(CN)2 concentrations caused major increases in Ag contents. The microstructures of deposits were found to be globular clusters when high KAg(CN)2 concentrations were used. K4P2O7 addition to the electrolyte suppressed cluster formation and produced more compact microstructures. Increasing the KCN concentration resulted in deposits having finer microstructures and higher Ag contents.
New High Conductivity Membranes for Alkaline Electrolyzers
Authors: Chen Qingmei , Liu Zengcai , Kutz Robert , Yang Hongzhou , Masel Richard I , Lewinski Krzysztof A. , Kaplun Marina , Matthews Tyler Scott 
Published: February 2020

This talk will describe the properties of a new DX series of high conductivity membranes for alkaline electrolyzers. These membranes were originally developed for use in alkaline carbon dioxide electrolyzers and have recently been tested in alkaline water electrolyzers. Table 1 compares the membrane conductivity of these membranes to others. Notice that the conductivity is higher than many of the other membranes that have been used in alkaline electrolyzers.
Table 1 A comparison of the conductivity of the new membranes to a selection of previously published membranes
Membrane Conductivity
Tokuyama A201 0.04 S/cm at 24 °C1

Selemion AMV 0.005 S/cm at 24 °C2

qPVB/Cl 0.016 S/cm at 25 °C3

QA-ETFE 0.03 S/cm at 24 °C4

DX4-13 0.07 S/cm at 24 °C
We have tested the membranes in both alkaline CO2 and alkaline H2O elecctrolyzers. Results are shown in Tables 2 and 3. Notice that the performance is quite good.
Table 2 Performance of a variety of membranes in an alkaline CO2 electrolyzer at room temperature. All of the results were measured with a ruthenium oxide anode catalyst and a silver cathode catalyst under identical conditions.
Membrane CO current
Nafion 0 ma/cm2
Neosepta 8 mA/cm2
AMI-7001 (qPVB/Cl) 3.5 mA/cm2
DX4-13 110 mA/cm2
DX5-13 270 mA/cm2
Table 3 Performance of a variety of membranes in an alkaline water electrolyzer near room temperature
Selemion AMV 90 mA/cm2 at 2V at 30 °C2

qPVB/Cl 50 mA/cm2 at 2V at 25 °C3

QA-ETFE 120 mA/cm2 at 2V at 25 °C4

DX4-13 400 mA/cm2 at 23 °C
These and other results will be discussed.
References
1. Duan, Q., S. Ge, and C.-Y. Wang, Water Uptake, Ionic Conductivity and Swelling Properties of Anion-Exchange Membrane. Journal of Power Sources, 2013. 243(0): p. 773-778.
2. Seetharaman, S., R. Balaji, K. Ramya, K.S. Dhathathreyan, and M. Velan, Graphene Oxide Modified Non-Noble Metal Electrode for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzers. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2013. 38(35): p. 14934-14942.
3. Cao, Y.-C., X. Wu, and K. Scott, A Quaternary Ammonium Grafted Poly Vinyl Benzyl Chloride Membrane for Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers with No-Noble-Metal Catalysts. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012. 37(12): p. 9524-9528.
4. Wu, X. and K. Scott, A Polymethacrylate-Based Quaternary Ammonium Oh− Ionomer Binder for Non-Precious Metal Alkaline Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers. Journal of Power Sources, 2012. 214(0): p. 124-129.
(Invited) Development of Tailor Made Donor-Acceptor Pairs for Fullerene-Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Welch Gregory Charles 
Published: February 2020

Organic solar cells (OCS) are now an established clean energy technology.1 These photovoltaic devices can be printed at low temperatures onto large area, flexible substrates, and can be made semi-transparent, making them a low-cost alternative to traditional inorganic devices, and can be utilized in many niche applications. Current state-of-the art relies on a polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction active layer, with power conversion efficiencies reaching 10%.2 While promising, certain limitations have prevented large scale commercialization. In an effort to advance OCS, the development of low-cost and sustainable active layer materials that can be mass-produced and yield high performance devices is essential. One area of our research at Dalhouise University centers on the development of small molecue based organic p-conjugated materials to replace the common fullerene acceptors.3 This talk will highlight our materials design strategy and discuss key thin-film characterization data and solar cell performance.
(1) Su, Y.-W.; Lan, S.-C.; Wei, K.-H. Mater. Today
2012, 15, 554.
(2) Li, G.; Zhu, R.; Yang, Y. Nat. Photonics
2012, 6, 153.
(3) Eftaiha, A. F.; Hill, I. G.; Sun, J.-P.; Welch, G. C. J. Mater. Chem. A
2014, 2, 1201.
(Invited) Conducting Polymer Transistors Making Use of Activated Carbon Gate Electrodes
Authors: Tang Hao , Kumar Prajwal , Zhang Shiming , Santato Clara , Soavi Francesca , Cicoira Fabio 
Published: February 2020

The characteristics of the gate electrode have significant effects on the behaviour of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which are intensively investigated for applications in the booming field of organic bioelectronics. In this work, high specific surface area activated carbon (AC) was used as gate electrode material in OECTs based on the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS).1 We found that the high specific capacitance of the AC gate electrodes leads to high drain-source current modulation in OECTs.
Cyclic voltammetry studies, where PEDOT:PSS is used as the working electrode (WE) and AC is used as the reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE), show that high double-layer capacitance and absence of Faradaic processes permit the development of stable OECTs where the channel potential is uniquely determined by the applied gate bias. The intrinsic quasi-reference characteristics of AC electrodes make unnecessary the presence of an additional reference electrode to monitor the OECT channel potential.
The ease of process of AC electrodes for in plane, flexible device architectures constitutes a step forward in the search of new electrode materials for OECTs to be used in iontronics, printed electronics, bio analytical sensing, and other organic bioelectronic devices.
(Invited) Innovations in Organic Printed Optoelectronics
Authors: Kippelen Bernard 
Published: February 2020

Printed organic electronics, a technology based on organic semiconductors that can be processed into thin films using vacuum processing or conventional printing and coating techniques, has been the subject of active research and development over the past decades. A range of solid-state devices, including organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), photodiodes, sensors, and solar cells, have been demonstrated with this new class of materials. However, despite a steady progress in performance, many challenges remain and further scientific and technological advances are required before this emerging technology can unleash its full potential.
In this talk, we will review recent advances in materials, devices, and processing for organic printed optoelectronics. In a first part, we will review the electronic properties of organic semiconductors with an emphasis on their differences with conventional inorganic semiconductors and oxides. We will discuss progress in various device platforms, including organic light-emitting diodes, organic solar cells, photodetectors, sensors, and organic field-effect transistors. New materials, unconventional device architectures and new processing techniques illustrate the versatility of organic photonics and electronics, and the potential of this field to lead to disruptive innovations. We will show that recent progress in device performance, stability, and packaging are likely to accelerate the deployment of these technologies. Strategies to reduce the overall environmental impact of the new products enabled by this emerging technology during their life-cycle will also be presented. Finally, we will discuss how organic semiconductors can be used to design devices with a performance level that exceeds that of inorganic device platforms.
The talk is intended for scientists and engineers who want to learn the state-of-the-art in organic semiconductors for optoelectronics and energy. It is also intended for innovators, investors and industry analysts who want to understand the evolutionary trends of the emerging markets associated with organic printed optoelectronics.
(Invited) Measurement of the Energy-Band Relations of Stabilized Si Photoanodes Using Operando Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Richter Matthias Hermann , Lichterman Michael Frankston , Hu Shu , Crumlin Ethan J , Mayer Thomas , Axnanda S , Favaro Marco , Drisdell Walter , Hussain Z , Brunschwig Bruce , Lewis Nathan S. , Liu Z , Lewerenz Hans Joachim 
Published: February 2020

Amorphous TiO2 coatings can stabilize semiconductor photoanodes such as Si, GaAs, and GaP that are otherwise unstable in aqueous media 1-3. We employ Ambient Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy 4,5 and standard X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy to analyze light-absorber/protection-layer/catalyst stacks. The photoelectrochemistry coupled with AP-PES investigations have been performed at the Advanced Light Source, Berkeley at Beamline 9.3.1.
We show that the holographic information contained in the shape and width of core level peaks allows for determination of the electrostatic potential of semiconductor junctions by X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results for transition metal oxide protected light absorbers for photoelectrochemical energy conversion are shown. Energy band alignments at the light absorber/protection layer interface and for light-absorber/protection-layer/catalyst stacks with and without contact with aqueous electrolytes are investigated; evaluations with respect to semiconductor band bending and interfacial dipole shifts are presented.
1. S. Hu et al., Science, 344, 1005–1009 (2014).
2. M. F. Lichterman et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 3334–3337 (2014).
3. H. J. Lewerenz, in Photoelectrochemical Materials and Energy Conversion Processes, R. C. Alkire, D. M. Kolb, J. Lipkowski, and P. N. Ross, Editors, vol. 12, p. 61–181, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany (2010).
4. S. Axnanda et al., Meet. Abstr., MA2013-02, 921–921 (2013).
5. S. Axnanda et al., (2014), submitted.
Molecular Structure and Ion Transport Near Graphite-Electrolyte Interfaces in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Lordi Vincenzo , Ong Mitchell T. , Draeger Erik W. , Pask John E. , Verners Osvalds , van Duin Adri 
Published: February 2020

The performance of lithium-ion secondary batteries is strongly tied to ionic transport through electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Ion solvation structures near the interface as well as the chemistry of the electrode surface, in particular the edge termination of graphite electrodes, can impact Li ion transport into and out of the electrode. Understanding these effects is critical to optimizing battery performance. We have performed molecular dynamics simulations of organic liquid electrolytes in contact with graphite electrodes, with and without electric field, to understand the relationship between ion solvation structure and transport near the interface. Prototypical electrolytes consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC) or ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) organic solvent containing dissolved LiPF6 salt were studied, in contact with armchair-edge oriented graphite electrodes. Various surface terminations of the graphite, including H and OH, were compared. We find that Li+ maintains a well-structured solvation shell even when an electric field is present. The bulkier PF6
– anion does not present a strong solvation structure and exhibits much higher mobility in an electric field. We further observe an energy barrier for Li+ insertion into graphite, particularly when the surface is hydroxyl terminated. Lithium extraction, however, is facile even against an applied electric field. The energetics of Li+ insertion and extraction were analyzed using density functional theory to sample the free energy surfaces.
This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Support for this work was provided through Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program funded by U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research and Basic Energy Sciences.
Graphene-Coated Separators As Effective Polysulfide Traps in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: G Kannan Aravindaraj , Shin Won-Kyung , Kim Dong-Won 
Published: February 2020

The increasing demand for rechargeable lithium batteries with higher energy densities for applications such as electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems has led to the intensive search for advanced energy storage systems beyond the current lithium-ion battery technology. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have become the preferable choice among the next-generation energy storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity (1675 mAh g-1), high specific energy density (2600 Wh kg-1) and abundant availability in the earth’s crust. In addition, the elemental sulfur is non-toxic and cheap. However, the inherent disadvantages of Li-S batteries such as the highly insulating (both ionically and electronically) nature of sulfur that requires a large of amount of inactive conductive additives, dissolution of lithium polysulfides into the electrolyte solution and the migration of lithium polysulfides to the anode side, need to be overcome to realize their practical applications. These problems result in low utilization of sulfur and rapid capacity fading during cycling. Various strategies such as encapsulating sulfur using conductive matrices (carbon, conducting polymers and metal oxides), using polysulfide traps on the cathode side and covering the anode with a protective layer have been adopted to mitigate these problems. In our study, graphene-coated separators have been prepared and investigated as effective lithium polysulfide traps to prevent the migration of polysulfides to the anode side. Detailed characterization of the graphene-coated separator and its performance as a polysulfide trap in Li-S cells will be presented. Also, the effect of coating thickness and the surface functional groups on the Li-S cell performance will be discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of Li2FeSiO4 As Candidate High-Capacity Li-Ion Battery Cathode Material
Authors: Wei Huijing , Lu Xia , Chiu Hsien-Chieh , Arthur Zachary , Chen Ning , Zhou Jigang , Gauvin Raynald , Reid Joel , Jiang De-Tong , Hovington Pierre , Guerfi Abdelbast , Zaghib Karim , Demopoulos George P. 
Published: February 2020

Due to the emerging needs of electrical and hybrid electrical vehicle applications, more research effort has been directed towards the next generation Li-ion storage materials, especially on high-capacity cathode materials. In this context, lithium transition metal silicates Li2

M
SiO4 (
M
= Fe, Mn, Co, etc.) 1-5 are drawing increasingly more attention thanks to their high theoretical capacity due to the two lithium-ion extraction per formula unit. However lack of phase purity control during synthesis and phase transition reactions during delithiation/lithiation have imposed obstacles to their study and further development. Hereby, we investigate a novel dual step organic-assisted hydrothermal-annealing approach to obtain different lithium iron silicate polymorphs (monoclinic, orthorhombic, and mixed) for subsequent electrochemical evaluation and probing of their phase transition behavior. During the hydrothermal synthesis step, organic additives are used to control nanocrystal growth, which upon annealing lead to in-situ coating with nitrogen-doped carbon. The silicates are characterized by various techniques including XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and XANES and demonstrate different structures and morphologies with various synthesis conditions, including annealing temperature, pH etc., which critically impact on their electrochemical properties.
References
1. Nyten, A., Abouimrane, A., Armand, M., Gustafsson, T. & Thomas, J. O. Electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 as a new Li-battery cathode material. Electrochem Commun
7, 156-160, (2005).
2. Nishimura, S. I. et al. Structure of Li2FeSiO4. J Am Chem Soc
130, 13212-13213, (2008).
3.Boulineau, A. et al. Polymorphism and structural defects in Li2FeSiO4. Dalton Trans
39, 6310-6316, (2010).
4. Eames, C., Armstrong, A. R., Bruce, P. G. & Islam, M. S. Insights into Changes in Voltage and Structure of Li2FeSiO4 Polymorphs for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Chem Mater
24, 2155-2161, (2012)
5. R.J. Gummow, Y. He / Journal of Power Sources 253 (2014) 315-331, Recent progress in the development of Li2MnSiO4 cathode materials
Enhanced Electrochemical Characteristics of the Pani-Coated Sulfur Cathode
Authors: Hyun Jung Eun , Um Jaeeun , Lee Suk-Hyun , Jung Myung-Jo , Ishihara Tatsumi 
Published: February 2020

The dissolution of polysulfides from the cathode remains a key roadblock in the advancement of Li-S batteries. To prevent polysulfide dissolution and improve the performance of Li-S battery, PANi-coated sulfur cathode is prepared using 2L reaction vessel. Using the different sulfur ratio, the performance test is conducted, which results that 33 wt% sulfur PANi composite shows best performance.
The PANi-coated sulfur composite cathode was composed of 70 wt% of the PANi-coated sulfur composite, 20 wt% of vapor grown carbon fiber, and 10 wt% of binder (kynar 761). The bare sulfur cathode also had a similar composition (70 wt% of sulfur, 20 wt% of vapor-grown carbon fiber, and 10 wt% of binder (kynar 761)). The sulfur loading of the electrodes was about 4.5 mg cm-2. The electrode slurry was coated on an aluminum sheet (15 µm).
Designing High Voltage Electrolytes Based on Boron Clusters for Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Tutusaus Oscar , Mohtadi Rana , Arthur Timothy S. , Mizuno Fuminori 
Published: February 2020

Multivalent battery systems such as rechargeable magnesium (Mg) batteries have been proposed as candidates for post-lithium battery systems. In particular, Mg anode allows for a higher volumetric capacity (3833 mAh cm-3 vs 2046 mAh cm-3 for Li metal), while providing safer energy storage due to the formation of a protective film on the metal surface upon exposure to air or moisture. The feasibility of Mg battery technology was demonstrated in 2000, with the report of the one and only prototype to date.[1] Despite the progress achieved to date, the main challenge in Mg battery development is the identification of a suitable electrolyte. The electrolyte should offer a large electrochemical window, and be compatible with battery components, such as Mg metal, high voltage cathodes and non-noble current collectors. While the vast majority of the available electrolytes contain halides in their structure, rendering them corrosive to non-noble metals,[2] our group recently introduced magnesium borohydride as an alternative chloride-free electrolyte system.[3] We are currently focusing on increasing the oxidative stability of borohydride anion by exploring larger boron hydride species such as polyhedral boron clusters.[4] To that regard, we recently reported a magnesium carborane Grignard complex as the first proof-of-concept of a highly stable magnesium electrolyte of the B-H based family.[5] This presentation will provide our latest results on the use of boron clusters in the design of magnesium electrolytes stable in contact with Mg metal, display an electrochemical window limited solely by solvent decomposition, and are compatible with non-noble metal electrodes.
References:
[1] D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich, E. Levi, Nature
2000, 407, 724-727.
[2] J. Muldoon, C. B. Bucur, A. G. Oliver, J. Zajicek, G. D. Allred, W. C. Boggess, Energy Environ. Sci.
2013, 6, 482-487.
[3] R. Mohtadi, M. Matsui, T. S. Arthur, S.-J. Hwang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2012, 51, 9780 –9783.
[4] O. Tutusaus, R. Mohtadi, ChemElectrochem 2014, DOI:10.1002/celc.201402207
[5] T. J. Carter, R. Mohtadi, T. S. Arthur, F. Mizuno, R. Zhang, S. Shirai, J. W. Kampf, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2014, 53, 3173 –3177.