bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The alarmones (p)ppGpp directly regulate translation initiation during entry into quiescence
Authors: Diez Simon , Ryu Jaewook , Caban Kelvin , Gonzalez Ruben L. , Dworkin Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

Significance
All bacteria inevitably encounter conditions that are not conducive to growth and, in response, they can enter into quiescent phenotypes. The nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate ((p)ppGpp) play a key role in this response by inhibiting DNA replication, GTP biosynthesis, and transcription. (p)ppGpp also mediates down-regulation of protein synthesis by reducing ribosome biogenesis. However, whether (p)ppGpp also regulates active translation, the most energy intensive process in the cell, during quiescence is not known. Here, we show that (p)ppGpp directly inhibits translation initiation when bacteria stop growing rapidly by binding the essential GTPase IF2. The present study identifies translation initiation as a regulatory target during quiescence in bacteria and establishes the mechanistic basis of this regulation.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of innate immune signaling via RIG-I–like receptors
Authors: Esser-Nobis Katharina , Hatfield Lauren D. , Gale Michael 
Published: June 2020

Significance
RIG-I–like receptors (RLRs) direct innate immunity as our first line of defense against RNA virus infections. Mitochondria were previously established as the platform for RLR-mediated innate immune signaling, based upon crude mitochondrial fractionation studies. By using high resolution subcellular fractionation separating mitochondria from other organelles, electron microscopy, and analysis of spatiotemporal RLR dynamics, we show that activation and regulation of innate immune signaling do not take place on mitochondria but instead occur at membranes derived from the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data argue against the classical view of the spatial organization of innate immune signaling to reveal insights into RLR signaling dynamics and regulation by LGP2.
Cell stemness is maintained upon concurrent expression of RB and the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S18-2
Authors: Mushtaq Muhammad , Kovalevska Larysa , Darekar Suhas , Abramsson Alexandra , Zetterberg Henrik , Kashuba Vladimir , Klein George , Arsenian-Henriksson Marie , Kashuba Elena 
Published: June 2020

Significance
We here describe the essential roles of RB and MRPS18-2 (S18-2) in homeostasis of cell stemness. Mouse primary cells expressing both S18-2 and RB (designated as RH18RB) exhibited a stem cell phenotype. As a proof of principle, we demonstrated decreased expression of stem-cell–related genes in human mesenchymal stem cells upon down-regulation of S18-2 and RB. Notably, loss of the S18-2 protein resulted in embryonic lethality in zebrafish. To reveal putative molecular mechanisms, we demonstrated that S18-2, in a multimeric complex with RB, enhanced the E3-ubiquitin ligase activity of RNF2 toward histone H2A. Finally, based on our observation that RH18RB cells generated tumors in severe combined immunodeficiency mice, S18-2 could be a promising target in the development of cancer therapies.
Discontinuous fibrous Bouligand architecture enabling formidable fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity
Authors: Wu Kaijin , Song Zhaoqiang , Zhang Shuaishuai , Ni Yong , Cai Shengqiang , Gong Xinglong , He Linghui , Yu Shu-Hong 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Inspired by the survival war between the “spear” of mantis shrimps with Bouligand-type microstructures and the “shield” of abalone with nacreous staggered architectures, we design an architecture, a combination of Bouligand and nacreous staggered structures, which enables excellent fracture resistance with crack orientation insensitivity. The sophisticated hybrid fracture mode due to the competition of energy dissipations between crack twisting and crack bridging arising in DFB architecture is identified as the origin of maximum fracture energy at a critical pitch angle. This finding sheds light on how nature evolves materials to exceptional fracture toughness and crack orientation insensitivity. The provided design strategies with parameters selection principle enable the fabrication of formidable fracture-resistant fibrous composite systems that adapt to loads in various orientations.
Multifaceted deregulation of gene expression and protein synthesis with age
Authors: Anisimova Aleksandra S. , Meerson Mark B. , Gerashchenko Maxim V. , Kulakovskiy Ivan V. , Dmitriev Sergey E. , Gladyshev Vadim N. 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Aging is associated with a myriad of changes at all levels of organization of an organism. However, how it affects protein synthesis, a major metabolic activity of the cell, is unknown. We discovered deregulation of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis machinery specifically at the translational level with age. Moreover, ribosomes were depleted in the vicinity of start codons and increased near stop codons. These findings reveal systematic, multilevel deregulation in gene expression and protein synthesis, showing how this major cellular process declines with age.
Snapping mechanics of the Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
Authors: Sachse Renate , Westermeier Anna , Mylo Max , Nadasdi Joey , Bischoff Manfred , Speck Thomas , Poppinga Simon 
Published: June 2020

SignificanceThe rapid closure of the carnivorous Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) snap-trap incorporates snap-buckling instability as a speed boost. The trap actuation principles required to overcome the involved energy barrier, as determined by the double-lobe curvature, have remained speculative until now. Here we used 3D digital image correlation for the analysis of trap deformation during closure for both the outer and the inner trap surfaces. Accompanying biomechanical and physiological experiments revealed that successful snapping relies on full trap hydration. In combination with FEM simulations elucidating the mechanical contribution of the various trap tissues to the motion, we show that the trapping mechanics incorporate an elaborate interplay between swelling/shrinking processes of the various tissue layers and the release of trap-internal prestress.
Mating in the absence of fertilization promotes a growth-reproduction versus lifespan trade-off in female mice
Authors: Garratt Michael , Try Heather , Smiley Kristina O. , Grattan David R. , Brooks Robert C. 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Pregnancy and lactation are energetically costly and can have negative effects for later-life reproduction and lifespan. To become pregnant females must mate, and these mating interactions with males could also have long-term effects on female life history. Evidence supporting this prediction has been lacking until now. Here we show that allowing female mice to mate early in life, with only sterilized males, permanently affects female life history and aging. Mated females gain and maintain body weight across life, have a greater late-life reproductive output, but suffer a shorter lifespan. These responses explain some trade-offs previously attributed to pregnancy and lactation and highlight that exposure to sexual stimuli alone can have a major effect on female life history in mammals.
Oligodendrocytes that survive acute coronavirus infection induce prolonged inflammatory responses in the CNS
Authors: Pan Ruangang , Zhang Qinran , Anthony Scott M. , Zhou Yu , Zou Xiufen , Cassell Martin , Perlman Stanley 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Both genetic and environmental factors, especially viruses, may contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. In this study, we find that oligodendrocytes (OLs) survive infection with a neurotropic coronavirus, the mouse hepatitis virus, for at least 150 d. These surviving OLs are located adjacent to demyelinating regions and express genes that contribute to a chronic inflammatory state. Notably, the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration and subsequent ability to regain normal OL morphology varied depending upon anatomic location in the central nervous system (CNS). Together, these results reveal an unexpected capacity for infected cells to survive in the CNS and also indicate that the inflammatory response and apparent ability to contribute to remyelination differs in different regions of the CNS.
Vertical angular momentum constraint on lunar formation and orbital history
Authors: Tian ZhenLiang , Wisdom Jack 
Published: June 2020

Significance
There are various scenarios for the formation of the Moon and subsequent dynamical evolution of the Earth–Moon system, all of which are subject to a constraint that has not previously been fully exploited. Using this constraint, we demonstrate that the recently proposed high-obliquity scenario is not consistent with the present Earth–Moon system. This constraint will have to be taken into account in all future investigations of the formation and evolution of the Moon.
TNF deficiency dysregulates inflammatory cytokine production, leading to lung pathology and death during respiratory poxvirus infection
Authors: Tuazon Kels Ma. Junaliah , Ng Esther , Al Rumaih Zahrah , Pandey Pratikshya , Ruuls Sigrid R. , Korner Heinrich , Newsome Timothy P. , Chaudhri Geeta , Karupiah Gunasegaran 
Published: June 2020

SignificanceExcessive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production during some respiratory viral infections is associated with lung pathology and death. We show here that deficiency in TNF also causes significant pathology during respiratory poxvirus infection of mice but has no effect on viral load. TNF deficiency causes increased production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, transforming growth factor beta, and interferon gamma and overactivation of STAT3 signaling. Cytokine blockade, or STAT3 inactivation, ameliorates lung pathology in TNF-deficient mice. The membrane form of TNF alone is necessary and sufficient for regulating inflammation and the prevention of lung pathology. Targeting specific cytokines or cytokine signaling pathways to can ameliorate lung inflammation during respiratory viral infections but the timing and duration of the interventive measures are critical.
Humans navigate with stereo olfaction
Authors: Wu Yuli , Chen Kepu , Ye Yuting , Zhang Tao , Zhou Wen 
Published: June 2020

Significance
The human brain exploits subtle differences between the inputs to the paired eyes and ears to construct three-dimensional experiences and navigate the environment. Whether and how it does so for olfaction is unclear, although humans also have two separate nasal passages that simultaneously sample from nonoverlapping regions in space. Here, we demonstrate that a moderate internostril difference in odor intensity consistently biases recipients’ perceived direction of self-motion toward the higher-concentration side, despite that they cannot report which nostril smells a stronger odor. The findings indicate that humans have a stereo sense of smell that subconsciously guides navigation.
Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development
Authors: Imai Masaki , Iwatsuki-Horimoto Kiyoko , Hatta Masato , Loeber Samantha , Halfmann Peter J. , Nakajima Noriko , Watanabe Tokiko , Ujie Michiko , Takahashi Kenta , Ito Mutsumi , Yamada Shinya , Fan Shufang , Chiba Shiho , Kuroda Makoto , Guan Lizheng , Takada Kosuke , Armbrust Tammy , Balogh Aaron , Furusawa Yuri , Okuda Moe , Ueki Hiroshi , Yasuhara Atsuhiro , Sakai-Tagawa Yuko , Lopes Tiago J. S. , Kiso Maki , Yamayoshi Seiya , Kinoshita Noriko , Ohmagari Norio , Hattori Shin-ichiro , Takeda Makoto , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Krammer Florian , Suzuki Tadaki , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Since SARS-CoV-2 emerged in China, it has spread rapidly around the world. Effective vaccines and therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2−induced disease (coronavirus disease 2019;COVID-19) are urgently needed. We found that SARS-CoV-2 isolates replicate efficiently in the lungs of Syrian hamsters and cause severe pathological lesions in the lungs of these animals similar to commonly reported imaging features of COVID-19 patients with pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2−infected hamsters mounted neutralizing antibody responses and were protected against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, passive transfer of convalescent serum to naïve hamsters inhibited virus replication in their lungs. Syrian hamsters are a useful small animal model for the evaluation of vaccines, immunotherapies, and antiviral drugs.
“Today, the long Arab winter has begun to thaw”
Authors: Ullmann Stefanie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The so-called ‘Arab Spring’ represents one of the most significant socio-political crises in the Middle East and North Africa in recent years and its ramifications continue to affect not only local but global policy. This chapter investigates how the Arab revolutions have been conceptualised metaphorically in international political discourse by applying cognitive-linguistic theory (Lakoff and Johnson 2003[1980]; Fauconnier and Turner 2002) and adopting a triangulatory approach combining corpus-linguistic methods with critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black 2004). A wide range of metaphors could be identified with the most pervasive source domains ranging from season, birth-pregnancy-family and journey to contagious diseases and natural forces and disasters. Findings also show that, while using the same mappings, political representatives tend to focus on different entailments reflecting their distinct political backgrounds and attitudes.
Metaphors for protest
Authors: Kotzur Gerrit 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Heated debates can inspire people to make use of creative linguistic means such as metaphor to express their point of view. In this chapter, I investigate the emotional appeal and persuasive power of metaphors on demonstration posters used by opponents of the railway modernization project Stuttgart 21 in Germany. In this context, metaphors are used both to construct and fuel the crisis. Protesters often draw on quite drastic conceptual mappings to aggravate existing tensions, demonize their ‘enemies,’ and express strong negative emotions like anger or fear. An examination of resistant discourses cannot only shed light on people’s attitudes towards elites, but also enhance our understanding of political protest in general.
“All which I offer with my own experience”
Authors: Domínguez Rodríguez M. Victoria , Rodríguez-Álvarez Rodríguez Alicia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In 17th-century England, a growing popular interest in medical literature brought with it a significant editorial boom in the field. This meant that the number of midwifery treatises published gradually increased, resulting in strong competition for a place in the sales market. Authors, editors and other agents deployed different advertising strategies in the front matter of the books, which served as publicity blurbs specifically designed to convince the potential reader to buy the work. Such strategies were supported by a series of arguments and assertions both to attract the readers’ attention and to help increase sales of the product. In this paper we identify and analyse the persuasive marketing strategies used to construct the prefatory discourse in a selection of 17th-century English midwifery treatises. Taking into account some studies on current advertising strategies, Genette’s (1997) theory on paratext and Aristotle’s classical rhetorical model, we have classified marketing strategies into those which are (1) focused on who produces the text, that is, how the authors establish authority and use their professional experience and moral integrity to convince the potential user to buy their book over another (ethos); (2) intended to highlight the relevant role of midwives in taking care of women and newborns and securing their welfare (pathos); and (3) related to the quality and utility of the work (logos).
Book producers’ comments on text-organisation in early 16th-century English printed paratexts
Authors: Varila Mari-Liisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on book producers’ metadiscourse related to text-organisation in 16th-century English printed paratexts. Paratexts offered authors, translators, and printers a convenient space for instructing the reader in navigating the contents of the book at hand. Choices related to text-organisation were occasionally highlighted on the title-page and described in more detail in prefaces or letters to the reader. In this chapter, I examine title-pages and prefaces to find out how book producers justified and clarified their methods of structuring text and information and whether text-organisation was used as a selling point in the early period of print in England.
Paratext, information studies, and Middle English manuscripts
Authors: Moore Colette 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Investigations of paratextual elements can be approached methodologically from the vantage of information science. Information structure (the organization of information on the clausal and sentence level) is connected to the discipline of linguistics, and information design (the ways that a text presents material in its layout or appearance) derives from website construction and digital humanities. Although they stem from different disciplinary conversations and contexts, information structure and design collectively provide tools for examining aspects of text on the manuscript page, and drawing upon these analytic rubrics rather than the more traditional rubrics of manuscript studies serves to highlight new features and put manuscript work in closer conversation with present-day visual and textual analysis. This investigation draws upon illustrative examples from the Middle English Brut Chronicle to examine how the structural and graphical choices of the late Middle English manuscript page work together to organize and structure information, and examines the terminological and interpretative distinctions between different analytical frameworks.
Modal marking in conditionals. Grammar, usage and discourse
Authors: Narrog Heiko 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates modal marking in conditionals with
respect to two research questions: (1) How tightly integrated are conditional
sentences, both relative to similar adverbial clause constructions, and with respect
to different variants of conditional constructions. (2) What are the pragmatic
biases and discursive patterns, if any, that motivate conditional constructions with
modal marking. These issues are investigated with the help of a large corpus of
Modern Japanese. The data suggest that (1) conditional sentences are relatively
tightly integrated compared to causal, and probably also concessive constructions,
but there are considerable differences between different types of conditional
constructions, and (2) modally marked conditional sentences are overwhelmingly
associated with deontic speech acts. A number of discursive patterns associated with
spoken language can be identified, some of which are probably cross-linguistically
replicable.
Present-day English constructions with chance(s) in Talmy’s
greater modal system and beyond
Authors: Van linden An , Brems Lieselotte 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Based on qualitative and quantitative corpus research,
this chapter argues that constructions with chance(s) in
Present-day English enrich Talmy’s
(1988) greater modal system in various ways. Firstly, in their modal uses
they are equivalent to core modal auxiliaries and encode especially dynamic and
epistemic meanings. We maintain that the partial decategorialization of
chance allows for more fine-grained expression of modal meanings
by bringing in constructional templates that incorporate slots for potential
premodification, as in have a good chance of
V-ing. Secondly, they can express caused-modal meanings, in which
case a causative operator is added to a basic modal meaning. Finally, structures
with chance(s) also exceed Talmy’s (1988) greater modal system, as they can still be used lexically,
which core modals no longer can.
The noun phrase as an emergent unit in Finnish
Authors: Helasvuo Marja-Liisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The article focuses on the use of noun phrases in Finnish conversation as arguments, contrasting these uses with the use of free NPs. I show that several grammatical processes characteristic of Finnish contribute to making the internal structure of NPs relatively stable. Agreement in case and number, together with the relatively fixed ordering of elements within the NP, help the co-participants to project the future course of the turn. In the construction of NPs as referring expressions, recipient design is an important preference. A close examination of the use of argument NPs and free NPs in interaction reveals different clusterings of features characteristic of NPs as units. Based on these findings, the NP emerges as a robust unit in Finnish.
Nouns and noun phrases in other-initiated repair in English atypical interaction
Authors: Mayes Patricia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the interaction of one American English-speaking individual who uses an Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) device, equipped with speech-generation software to talk with able-bodied participants. Other-initiated repair is common in this context, and a few studies have hinted at the importance of nouns and noun phrases, leading to questions about what role these forms play in repair sequences. The analysis shows that when a trouble source occurs inside a noun phrase, the trajectory of the repair sequence depends critically on already produced forms that help the recipient project the grammatical role of the trouble source. The analysis also supports recent research suggesting that resolving trouble in understanding (intersubjectivity) takes priority over progressivity in interaction.
What can Japanese conversation tell us about ‘NP’?
Authors: Ono Tsuyoshi , Thompson Sandra A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Our examination of Japanese everyday conversation reveals that a majority of candidate NPs cannot be established as NPs based on traditional criteria, i.e., marking by particles and modification, since they are generally unmarked and unmodified. We examine these cases to reveal the difficulty of determining what to consider an ‘NP’ when analyzing everyday interaction. Our findings question the assumption of NP as a universal category, and in particular cast doubt on the theoretical importance given to the category NP for Japanese in the literature. We recognize instead the quantitatively most frequent cases as the norm, with the minority, more ‘ornamented’, instances as requiring an account. Our study advocates routinely challenging assumed categories arising from our inherited written-language, English-dominated, imagined-data linguistic tradition, and instead shifting our descriptive and theoretical focus to understanding and accounting for the majority instances, in our case the role of unmarked nominals in a grammar of conversation.
Robust argument phrases (DPs) but unruly NPs in Maa
Authors: Payne Doris L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Maa (sometimes referred to as Maasai) discourse and syntax largely require determined phrases. NP is not a robust construction in Maa, partly because ‘noun’ is not highly distinguished morphosyntactically from ‘adjective.’ Either can be a syntactic argument just if preceded by a determiner; ‘ablity to serve as an argument’ does not correspond to a lexical N or NP category. The paper proposes a definition of ‘determiner’, which includes Maa demonstratives and gender+number proclitics. The latter do not signal identifiability, givenness, or referentiality. Gender is not lexical feature of most noun/adjective stems, but is specified by whatever determiner is used. The determiners appear to help hearers cognitively establish a referent based on attributed gender (sometimes at the moment of speech), and make a phrase able to serve as an argument.