bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastic female choice to optimally balance (k)in- and out-breeding in a predatory mite
Authors: Schausberger Peter , Çekin Demet 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBoth close inbreeding and extreme outbreeding may negatively affect direct fitness. Optimal outbreeding theory suggests that females should preferentially mate with distantly related males. (K)in breeding theory suggests that, at similar direct fitness costs of close inbreeding and extreme outbreeding, females should prefer close kin to non-kin. Empirical evidence of plastic female choice for an optimal balance between close inbreeding and extreme outbreeding remains elusive. We tested the combined predictions of optimal outbreeding and (k)in breeding theories in predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis from two origins, Sicily and Greece, which suffer from both close inbreeding and extreme outbreeding depression. In three separate experiments, virgin females were presented binary choices between familiar and unfamiliar brothers, and between familiar/unfamiliar brothers and distant kin or non-kin. Females of Greece but not Sicily preferred unfamiliar to familiar brothers. Females of both origins preferred distant kin to unfamiliar and familiar brothers but preferred unfamiliar brothers to non-kin. Females of Sicily but not Greece preferred familiar brothers to non-kin. The suggested kin recognition mechanisms are phenotype matching and direct familiarity, with finer-tuned recognition abilities of Greece females. Overall, our experiments suggest that flexible mate choice by P. persimilis females allows optimally balancing inclusive fitness trade-offs.
Coking wastewater treatment plant as a sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments and ecological risk assessment
Authors: Chen Jundong , Liao Jianbo , Wei Chaohai 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe spatial and temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in sediments of Maba River, a major tributary of Beijiang River (South China). A total of 13 samples from Maba River and its tributary, Meihua River, were analyzed for 16 PAHs. The total concentration of 16 PAHs (ΣPAH) in high and low water period ranged between 47.61 to 25480.98 ng g−1, with a mean concentration of 4382.98 ng g−1, and 60.30 to 15956.62 ng g−1 with a mean concentration of 3664.32 ng g−1, respectively. Three-ring and four-ring PAHs were the dominant species. It was concluded that a pattern of pyrolytic input as a major source of PAHs in sediments through the molecular ratio method for the source identification, such as HMW/LMW PAHs, Flu/(Flu+Pyr), IcdP/(IcdP+BghiP) and BaA/(BaA+Chr). It is suggested that the pollution emission from the iron and steel plant might be the most important sources of PAHs into Maba River water system. The threat of PAHs contamination to biota of the river was assessed using effect range low (ERL) and effect range median (ERM) values, which suggested that PAHs in Maba River and its tributary had already caused ecological risks.
Long-term effects of straw return and straw-derived biochar amendment on bacterial communities in soil aggregates
Authors: Bai Naling , Zhang Hanlin , Zhou Sheng , Sun Huifeng , Zhao Yuhua , Zheng Xianqing , Li Shuangxi , Zhang Juanqin , Lv Weiguang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImproving soil structure, fertility, and production is of major concern for establishing sustainable agroecosystems. Further research is needed to evaluate whether different methods of straw returning determine the variations of soil aggregation and the microbial community in aggregates in the long term. In this study, we comparatively investigated the effects of long-term fertilization regimes performed over six years, namely, non-fertilization (CK), chemical fertilization (CF), continuous straw return (CS), and continuous straw-derived biochar amendment (CB), on soil aggregation and bacterial communities in rice-wheat rotation systems. The results showed that straw/biochar application increased soil nutrient content and soil aggregate size distribution and stability at both 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil depths, compared with those of CF and CK; CB performed better than CS. CB increased bacterial community diversity and richness in 0–20 cm soil, and evenness in 0–40 cm soil (p < 0.05); CS had no significant effect on these aspects. Variations in the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes, Nitrospirae, Gemmatimonadetes, and Latescibacteria in specific aggregates confirmed the different effects of straw/biochar on bacterial community structure. The partial least squares discrimination analysis and permutation multivariate analysis of variance revealed that fertilization, aggregate size fractions, and soil depth affected the bacterial community, although their effects differed. This study suggests that CB may reduce chemical fertilizer usage and improve the sustainability of rice-wheat cropping systems over the long term, with a better overall outcome than CS.
Elastic, electronic and optical properties of new 2D and 3D boron nitrides
Authors: Mei Huayue , Zhong Yuhan , He Dafang , Du Xue , Li Chunmei , Cheng Nanpu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe current work investigates a novel three-dimensional boron nitride called bulk B4N4 and its corresponding two-dimensional monolayer B4N4 based on the first-principles of density functional theory. The phonon spectra prove that bulk B4N4 and monolayer B4N4 are dynamically stable. The molecular dynamics simulations verify that bulk B4N4 and monolayer B4N4 have excellent thermal stability of withstanding temperature up to 1000 K. The calculated elastic constants state that bulk B4N4 and monolayer B4N4 are mechanically stable, and bulk B4N4 has strong anisotropy. The theoretically obtained electronic structures reveal that bulk B4N4 is an indirect band-gap semiconductor with a band gap of 5.4 eV, while monolayer B4N4 has a direct band gap of 6.1 eV. The valence band maximum is mainly contributed from B-2p and N-2p orbits, and the conduction band minimum mainly derives from B-2p orbits. The electron transitions from occupied N-2p states to empty B-2p states play important roles in the dielectric functions of bulk B4N4 and monolayer B4N4. The newly proposed monolayer B4N4 is a potential candidate for designing optoelectronic devices such as transparent electrodes due to its high transmissivity.
Tuning transport across MoS2/graphene interfaces via as-grown lateral heterostructures
Authors: Subramanian Shruti , Xu Ke , Wang Yuanxi , Moser Simon , Simonson Nicholas A. , Deng Donna , Crespi Vincent H. , Fullerton-Shirey Susan K. , Robinson Joshua A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn unexploited property of graphene-based heterojunctions is the tunable doping of the junction via electrostatic gating. This unique property may be key in advancing electronic transport across interfaces with semiconductors. Here, we engineer transport in semiconducting TMDs by constructing a lateral heterostructure with epitaxial graphene and tuning its intrinsic doping to form a p–n junction between the graphene and the semiconducting TMDs. Graphene grown on SiC (epitaxial graphene) is intrinsically doped via substrate polarization without the introduction of an external dopant, thus enabling a platform for pristine heterostructures with a target band alignment. We demonstrate an electrostatically tunable graphene/MoS2p–n junction with >20× reduction and >10× increased tunability in contact resistance (Rc) compared with metal/TMD junctions, attributed to band alignment engineering and the tunable density of states in graphene. This unique concept provides improved control over transport across 2D p–n junctions.
A digital health industry cohort across the health continuum
Authors: Cohen Adam B. , Dorsey E. Ray , Mathews Simon C. , Bates David W. , Safavi Kyan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe digital health industry has grown rapidly in the past decade. There will be few future aspects of healthcare untouched by digital health. Thus, the current status of the industry, the implications of companies’ directions and clinical focus, and their external funding are increasingly relevant to healthcare policy, regulation, research, and all healthcare stakeholders. Yet, little is known about the degree to which the digital health industry has focused on the key domains in the health continuum, including prevention, detection, and management. We performed a cross-sectional study of a US digital health industry cohort that received publicly disclosed funding from 2011–2018. We assessed the number of companies; respective funding within each part of the health continuum; and products and services by technology type, clinical indication, purchasers, and end users. In this emerging industry, most companies focused on management of disease and the minority on prevention or detection. This asymmetry, which is similar to the traditional healthcare system, represents an opportunity to focus on earlier parts of the health continuum. Patients were a common purchaser of all products, but especially prevention-focused digital health products, implying a large unmet need not yet served by the traditional healthcare system.
Probing the initial conditions of high-mass star formation
Authors: Zhang Chuan-Peng , Li Guang-Xing , Pillai Thushara , Csengeri Timea , Wyrowski Friedrich , Menten Karl M. , Pestalozzi Michele R. 
Published: May 2020

Context. The initial stage of star formation is a complex area of study because of the high densities (nH2 > 106 cm−3) and low temperatures (Tdust < 18 K) involved. Under such conditions, many molecules become depleted from the gas phase by freezing out onto dust grains. However, the deuterated species could remain gaseous under these extreme conditions, which would indicate that they may serve as ideal tracers.
Aims. We investigate the gas dynamics and NH2D chemistry in eight massive precluster and protocluster clumps (G18.17, G18.21, G23.97N, G23.98, G23.44, G23.97S, G25.38, and G25.71).
Methods. We present NH2D 111–101 (at 85.926 GHz), NH3 (1, 1), and (2, 2) observations in the eight clumps using the PdBI and the VLA, respectively. We used 3D GAUSSCLUMPS to extract NH2D cores and provide a statistical view of their deuterium chemistry. We used NH3 (1, 1) and (2, 2) data to investigate the temperature and dynamics of dense and cold objects.
Results. We find that the distribution between deuterium fractionation and kinetic temperature shows a number density peak at around Tkin = 16.1 K and the NH2D cores are mainly located at a temperature range of 13.0 to 22.0 K. The 3.5 mm continuum cores have a kinetic temperature with a median width of 22.1 ± 4.3 K, which is obviously higher than the temperature in NH2D cores. We detected seven instances of extremely high deuterium fractionation of 1.0 ≤ Dfrac ≤ 1.41. We find that the NH2D emission does not appear to coincide exactly with either dust continuum or NH3 peak positions, but it often surrounds the star-formation active regions. This suggests that the NH2D has been destroyed by the central young stellar object (YSO) due to heating. The detected NH2D lines are very narrow with a median width of 0.98 ± 0.02 km s−1, which is dominated by non-thermal broadening. The extracted NH2D cores are gravitationally bound (αvir < 1), they are likely to be prestellar or starless, and can potentially form intermediate-mass or high-mass stars in future. Using NH3 (1, 1) as a dynamical tracer, we find evidence of very complicated dynamical movement in all the eight clumps, which can be explained by a combined process with outflow, rotation, convergent flow, collision, large velocity gradient, and rotating toroids.
Conclusions. High deuterium fractionation strongly depends on the temperature condition. Tracing NH2D is a poor evolutionary indicator of high-mass star formation in evolved stages, but it is a useful tracer in starless and prestellar cores.
CHANG-ES
Authors: Krause Marita , Irwin Judith , Schmidt Philip , Stein Yelena , Miskolczi Arpad , Carolina Mora-Partiarroyo Silvia , Wiegert Theresa , Beck Rainer , Stil Jeroen M. , Heald George , Li Jiang-Tao , Damas-Segovia Ancor , Vargas Carlos J. , Rand Richard J. , West Jennifer , Walterbos Rene A. M. , Dettmar Ralf-Jürgen , English Jayanne , Woodfinden Alex 
Published: May 2020

Context. The magnetic field in spiral galaxies is known to have a large-scale spiral structure along the galactic disk and is observed as X-shaped in the halo of some galaxies. While the disk field can be well explained by dynamo action, the three-dimensional structure of the halo field and its physical nature are still unclear.
Aims. As first steps towards understanding the halo fields, we want to clarify whether or not the observed X-shaped field is a wide-spread pattern in the halos of spiral galaxies. We also aim to investigate whether these halo fields are simply turbulent fields ordered by compression or shear (anisotropic turbulent fields), or have a large-scale regular structure.
Methods. Analysis of the Faraday rotation in the halo is used as a tool to distinguish anisotropic turbulent fields from large-scale magnetic fields. However, this has been challenging until recently because of the faint halo emission in linear polarization. Our sensitive VLA broadband observations in C-band and L-band of 35 spiral galaxies seen edge-on (called CHANG-ES) allowed us to perform rotation measure synthesis (RM synthesis) in their halos and to analyze the results. We further accomplished a stacking of the observed polarization maps of 28 CHANG-ES galaxies in C-band.
Results. Though the stacked edge-on galaxies were of different Hubble type, and had differing star formation activity and interaction activity, the stacked image clearly reveals an X-shaped structure of the apparent magnetic field. We detected a large-scale (coherent) halo field in all 16 galaxies that have extended polarized emission in their halos. We detected large-scale field reversals in all of their halos. In six galaxies, these are along lines that are approximately perpendicular to the galactic midplane (vertical RMTL) with about 2 kpc separation. Only in NGC 3044 and possibly in NGC 3448 did we observe vertical giant magnetic ropes (GMR) similar to those detected recently in NGC 4631.
Conclusions. The observed X-shaped structure of the halo field seems to be an underlying feature of spiral galaxies. It can be regarded as the two-dimensional projection of the regular magnetic field which we found to have scales of typically 1 kpc or larger observed over several kiloparsecs. The ordered magnetic field extends far out in the halo and beyond. We detected large-scale magnetic field reversals in the halo that may indicate that GMR are more or less tightly wound. With these discoveries, we hope to stimulate model simulations for the halo magnetic field that should also explain the determined asymmetry of the polarized intensity (PI).
Thermal evolution of protoplanetary disks: from β-cooling to decoupled gas and dust temperatures
Authors: Vorobyov Eduard I. , Matsukoba Ryoki , Omukai Kazuyuki , Guedel Manuel 
Published: May 2020

Aims. We explore the long-term evolution of young protoplanetary disks with different approaches to computing the thermal structure determined by various cooling and heating processes in the disk and its surroundings.
Methods. Numerical hydrodynamics simulations in the thin-disk limit were complemented with three thermal evolution schemes: a simplified β-cooling approach with and without irradiation, where the rate of disk cooling is proportional to the local dynamical time; a fiducial model with equal dust and gas temperatures calculated taking viscous heating, irradiation, and radiative cooling into account; and a more sophisticated approach allowing decoupled dust and gas temperatures.
Results. We found that the gas temperature may significantly exceed that of dust in the outer regions of young disks thanks to additional compressional heating caused by the infalling envelope material in the early stages of disk evolution and slow collisional exchange of energy between gas and dust in low-density disk regions. However, the outer envelope shows an inverse trend, with the gas temperatures dropping below that of dust. The global disk evolution is only weakly sensitive to temperature decoupling. Nevertheless, separate dust and gas temperatures may affect the chemical composition, dust evolution, and disk mass estimates. Constant-β models without stellar and background irradiation fail to reproduce the disk evolution with more sophisticated thermal schemes because of the intrinsically variable nature of the β-parameter. Constant-β models with irradiation more closely match the dynamical and thermal evolution, but the agreement is still incomplete.
Conclusions. Models allowing separate dust and gas temperatures are needed when emphasis is placed on the chemical or dust evolution in protoplanetary disks, particularly in subsolar metallicity environments.
Understanding the contribution of groove resonance to tire-road noise on different surfaces under various operating conditions
Authors: Pinay Julien , Saito Yoshinori , Mignot Christian , Gauterin Frank 
Published: May 2020

Reducing tire-road noise is now becoming more and more important during the tire development process. Tread profile randomization is used to avoid tonal components and reduce groove resonance noise. To better understand the groove resonance contribution to tire-road noise, we performed acoustic measurements on a test bench with two serial tires. We filled the grooves with acoustic foam to highlight the groove resonance’s contribution. We then varied the road surface, the tire load and the driving speed. In the end, we used a multiple linear regression to quantify the interaction between the varying parameters and the groove resonance noise. We show that groove resonance contributes an average of 1.7 dBA to the tire rolling noise of passenger car tires. Groove resonance noise also increases with the driving speed. While the tread pattern and the tire load are responsible for the spectral content of the groove resonance noise, the orientation of the road surface’s texture mainly influences the noise level of the groove resonance. The tire manufacturers should carefully consider these findings when developing noise-optimized patterns. This is especially true for tire approval tests, which take place on tracks and usually have a relatively low texture level that is oriented negatively.
Anaerobic and Agility Parameters of Salonists in Laboratory and Field
Tests
Authors: da Cruz João Pedro , Messias Leonardo Henrique Dalcheco , Cetein Rafael Lucas , Rasteiro Felipe Marroni , Gobatto Claudio Alexandre , Manchado-Gobatto Fúlvia Barros 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between mechanical parameters
from the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST2×17.5),
agility performance from the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) and all-out 30-second
tethered running (AO30) in college futsal athletes. It also investigates whether
these protocols are capable of identifying differences between sexes. Twenty
subjects were evaluated. The IAT was applied on a specific course and
performance was considered as the total time (T.T). The
RAST2×17.5 consisted of six maximum efforts in a shuttle
exercise of 2x17.5 m per bout. The AO30 was conducted under maximal effort on a
non-motorized treadmill. Maximum, mean and minimum power were determined for
RAST2×17.5 and AO30. Mean power from
RAST2×17.5 was inversely and significantly correlated to
T.T regardless of sex (male: r=–0.76; p=0.010; female:
r=–0.89; p=0.010). A similar association was noticed for
maximum power for females (r=–0.94; p=0.001). The AO30
maximum and mean power were significantly correlated with T.T (male:
r=–0.67; p=0.031 and r=–0.66;
p=0.035, respectively; female: r=–0.64; p=0.046
and r=0.66; p=0.035, respectively). Maximum power from
RAST2×17.5 and AO30 were significantly correlated (male:
r=0.68; p=0.030; female: r=0.72; p=0.019). Our
results reinforce the adoption of field-based tests like
RAST2×17.5 and IAT for futsal, since significant
relationships among these parameters and AO30 results were obtained. Moreover,
these protocols differentiated male and female athletes by mechanical and
agility parameters, proving their application under specific field
evaluation.
Antebrachial Angular Deformities Using Computer-Assisted Hexapod External Fixator Systems in Dogs
Authors: Şengöz Şirin Özlem , Peirone Bruno , Piras Lisa Adele , Bilgili Hasan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of computer-assisted hexapod fixators in dogs and to consider the advantages and disadvantages during implementation.
Materials and Methods This was a prospective study. The study material consisted of 11 deformed extremities of 6 dogs. The correction plans were defined according to multiple extremity radiographs of the dog and the clinical evaluation of deformities. All measurements were uploaded to Click2Correct software program. Latent, correction and consolidation periods of each dog were recorded. The hexapod external fixators were removed after completion of the correction.
Results Data were adapted to the radiographic navigation software to be used during operation and postoperative period. The latent period ranged from 3 to 20 days, the correction period ranged from 7 to 20 days and the consolidation period ranged from 39 to 81 days. It was concluded that special fixators can be used in dogs with complex antebrachial deformities.
Clinical significance The ability to perform six axes correction at the same time has a considerable advantage, especially in dogs with complex antebrachial deformities. It is practical to use this fixation system in dogs with antebrachial deformities.
Knowledge and Attitude of Dentists and Patients Toward Use and Health Safety of Dental Amalgam in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Nahedh Hend N. , El-hejazi Ahmed A , Habib Syed Rashid 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess: (1) the perceptions of dentists in Saudi Arabia concerning the amalgam controversy, (2) their attitude toward the ethical responsibility of patient information, and (3) patients’ knowledge and attitude toward the use of dental amalgam.
Materials and Methods A total of 1,139 dentists were sampled on convenience by electronic survey. The questionnaire contained questions about the safety of dental amalgam, use of amalgam, case selection, alternate materials, and informing their patients about risks of amalgam. Also, 425 patients were sampled on convenience and information collected on their knowledge about amalgam and its acceptance in their oral cavities.
Results A total of 201 dentists and 425 patients participated in the study. A total of 60% of dentists and specialists declared it safe. A total of 32.4% (31) of general dental practitioners and 41% (43) specialists considered it a moral obligation to inform patients about the potential health risks associated with amalgam. Mercury toxicity was identified as the most common health hazard. About 57.3% dentists and 36.2% specialists opted for superior longevity as the principle advantage. Majority of patients (52.2%) in Saudi Arabia had no knowledge about dental amalgam. While 23.1% (98) had concern about poor color, 8.7% (30) knew it contained silver while only 7.8% (27) patients were aware of its mercury content.
Conclusion Majority of dentists in Saudi Arabia found it safe to use amalgam while the patients had little knowledge about the possible issues with amalgam. It is recommended to improve public awareness about impact of mercury containing products on the environment.