bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood Glucose Levels Combined with Triage Revised Trauma Score Improve the Outcome Prediction in Adults and in Elderly Patients with Trauma
Authors: Covino Marcello , Zaccaria Raffaella , Bocci Maria Grazia , Carbone Luigi , Torelli Enrico , Fuorlo Mariella , Piccioni Andrea , Santoro Michele , Sandroni Claudio , Franceschi Francesco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroduction:This study was aimed to assess if combining the evaluation of blood glucose level (BGL) and the Triage Revised Trauma Score (T-RTS) may result in a more accurate prediction of the actual clinical outcome, both in general adult population and in elderly patients with trauma.Methods:This is a retrospective cohort study, conducted in the emergency department (ED) of an urban teaching hospital, with an average ED admission rate of 75,000 patients per year. Those excluded: known diagnosis of diabetes, age <18 years old, pregnancy, and mild trauma (classified as isolate trauma of upper or lower limb, in absence of exposed fractures). A combined Revised Trauma Score Glucose (RTS-G) score was obtained adding to T-RTS: two for BGL <160mg/dL (8.9mmol/L); one for BGL ≥160mg/dL and < 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L); and zero for BGL ≥ 200mg/dL. The primary outcome was a composite of patient’s death in ED or admission to intensive care unit (ICU). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the overall performance of T-RTS and of the combined RTS-G score.Results:Among a total of 68,933 traumas, 9,436 patients (4,407 females) were enrolled, aged from 18 to 103 years; 4,288 were aged ≥65 years. A total of 577 (6.1%) met the primary endpoint: 38 patients died in ED (0.4%) and 539 patients were admitted to ICU. The T-RTS and BGL were independently associated to primary endpoint at multivariate analysis. The cumulative RTS-G score was significantly more accurate than T-RTS and reached the best accuracy in elderly patients. In general population, ROC area under curve (AUC) for T-RTS was 0.671 (95% CI, 0.661 - 0.680) compared to RTS-G ROC AUC 0.743 (95% CI, 0.734 - 0.752); P <.001. In patients ≥65 years, T-RTS ROC AUC was 0.671 (95% CI, 0.657 - 0.685) compared to RTS-G ROC AUC 0.780 (95% CI, 0.768 - 0.793); P <.001.Conclusions:Results showed RTS-G could be used effectively at ED triage for the risk stratification for death in ED and ICU admission of trauma patients, and it could reduce under-triage of approximately 20% compared to T-RTS. Comparing ROC AUCs, the combined RTS-G score performs significantly better than T-RTS and gives best results in patients ≥65 years.
The Legality of Closure on Land and Safe Passage Between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank
Authors: LONGOBARDO Marco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the legality of the land closure imposed upon the Gaza Strip by Israel. After having considered the area under occupation, the paper argues that the legality of the closure must be determined under international humanitarian law, international human rights law, the principle of self-determination of peoples, and the Israeli-Palestinian agreements. In the light of these rules, the arbitrary closure of the Gaza Strip should be considered illegal because it breaches the unity between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and because it violates the freedom of movement of the local population. Moreover, the closure breaches the relevant rules pertaining to the transit of goods in occupied territory. The paper concludes that most of the violations caused by the closure affect peremptory rules which produce obligations erga omnes, so that any state in the international community is entitled to react under the law of state responsibility.
The Unique Role of Regulatory Mode Orientations in Implicit and Explicit Self-Forgiveness
Authors: Pierro Antonio , Pica Gennaro , Dentale Francesco , Gelfand Michele , Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The present research addresses the unique role of locomotion and assessment regulatory-mode orientations on self-forgiveness, by controlling for personality traits and by excluding possible effects of variables linked to strategies that underestimate one’s culpability. In three studies (Total N = 471) we found that assessment obstructs, while locomotion promotes, self-forgiveness both at an explicit (Studies 1 and 2) and at an implicit level (Study 3), and by controlling for acceptance of responsibility (Studies 1 and 3), the Big-Five dimensions, moral disengagement strategies (Study 1), self-blame and justifications (Study 2), transgression severity, and time passed since the episode occurred (Study 3). The implications of the results are also discussed with reference to self-forgiveness.
Stepwise evolution of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 causing bloodstream infection in Africa
Authors: Pulford Caisey V. , Perez-Sepulveda Blanca M. , Canals Rocío , Bevington Jessica A. , Bengtsson Rebecca J. , Wenner Nicolas , Rodwell Ella V. , Kumwenda Benjamin , Zhu Xiaojun , Bennett Rebecca J. , Stenhouse George E. , Malaka De Silva P. , Webster Hermione J. , Bengoechea Jose A. , Dumigan Amy , Tran-Dien Alicia , Prakash Reenesh , Banda Happy C. , Alufandika Lovemore , Mautanga Mike P. , Bowers-Barnard Arthur , Beliavskaia Alexandra Y. , Predeus Alexander V. , Rowe Will P. M. , Darby Alistair C. , Hall Neil , Weill François-Xavier , Gordon Melita A. , Feasey Nicholas A. , Baker Kate S. , Hinton Jay C. D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBloodstream infections caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella are a major public health concern in Africa, causing ~49,600 deaths every year. The most common Salmonella enterica pathovariant associated with invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease is Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type (ST)313. It has been proposed that antimicrobial resistance and genome degradation has contributed to the success of ST313 lineages in Africa, but the evolutionary trajectory of such changes was unclear. Here, to define the evolutionary dynamics of ST313, we sub-sampled from two comprehensive collections of Salmonella isolates from African patients with bloodstream infections, spanning 1966 to 2018. The resulting 680 genome sequences led to the discovery of a pan-susceptible ST313 lineage (ST313 L3), which emerged in Malawi in 2016 and is closely related to ST313 variants that cause gastrointestinal disease in the United Kingdom and Brazil. Genomic analysis revealed degradation events in important virulence genes in ST313 L3, which had not occurred in other ST313 lineages. Despite arising only recently in the clinic, ST313 L3 is a phylogenetic intermediate between ST313 L1 and L2, with a characteristic accessory genome. Our in-depth genotypic and phenotypic characterization identifies the crucial loss-of-function genetic events that occurred during the stepwise evolution of invasive S. Typhimurium across Africa.
Effects of surgical face masks on cardiopulmonary parameters during steady state exercise
Authors: Lässing J. , Falz R. , Pökel C. , Fikenzer S. , Laufs U. , Schulze A. , Hölldobler N. , Rüdrich P. , Busse M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWearing face masks reduce the maximum physical performance. Sports and occupational activities are often associated with submaximal constant intensities. This prospective crossover study examined the effects of medical face masks during constant-load exercise. Fourteen healthy men (age 25.7 ± 3.5 years; height 183.8 ± 8.4 cm; weight 83.6 ± 8.4 kg) performed a lactate minimum test and a body plethysmography with and without masks. They were randomly assigned to two constant load tests at maximal lactate steady state with and without masks. The cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses were monitored using impedance cardiography and ergo-spirometry. The airway resistance was two-fold higher with the surgical mask (SM) than without the mask (SM 0.58 ± 0.16 kPa l−1 vs. control [Co] 0.32 ± 0.08 kPa l−1; p < 0.01). The constant load tests with masks compared with those without masks resulted in a significantly different ventilation (77.1 ± 9.3 l min−1 vs. 82.4 ± 10.7 l min−1; p < 0.01), oxygen uptake (33.1 ± 5 ml min−1 kg−1 vs. 34.5 ± 6 ml min−1 kg−1; p = 0.04), and heart rate (160.1 ± 11.2 bpm vs. 154.5 ± 11.4 bpm; p < 0.01). The mean cardiac output tended to be higher with a mask (28.6 ± 3.9 l min−1 vs. 25.9 ± 4.0 l min−1; p = 0.06). Similar blood pressure (177.2 ± 17.6 mmHg vs. 172.3 ± 15.8 mmHg; p = 0.33), delta lactate (4.7 ± 1.5 mmol l−1 vs. 4.3 ± 1.5 mmol l−1; p = 0.15), and rating of perceived exertion (6.9 ± 1.1 vs. 6.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.16) were observed with and without masks. Surgical face masks increase airway resistance and heart rate during steady state exercise in healthy volunteers. The perceived exertion and endurance performance were unchanged. These results may improve the assessment of wearing face masks during work and physical training.
Goats work for food in a contrafreeloading task
Authors: Rosenberger K. , Simmler M. , Nawroth C. , Langbein J. , Keil N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractContrafreeloading (CFL) is the phenomenon when animals work for a resource although an identical resource is available for free. Possible explanations for CFL are that animals seek context for species-specific behaviours or to control their environments. We investigated whether goats show CFL and whether breeding for productivity traits has altered its occurrence. In a manipulation task, we compared two selection lines: 27 Nigerian dwarf goats, not bred for productivity traits, and 30 dairy goats, bred for high milk yield. Over 10 trials, each goat could perform one of three behaviours: not participating in the trial, feeding for free from an open door, or opening a sliding door for a feed of similar value. The results were analysed using an Item Response Tree (IRTree) generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). The fitted probabilities to participate were > 0.87 over all trials in both selection lines. For dwarf goats, the probability of choosing the closed door, and thereby demonstrating CFL, increased from 0.30 in Trial 1 to 0.53 in Trial 10. For dairy goats, this probability was constant at approximately 0.43. Unlike dwarf goats, dairy goats were faster to approach the closed compared to the open door. Overall, our results suggest that both selection lines were similarly interested in CFL.
Efficient training of mice on the 5-choice serial reaction time task in an automated rodent training system
Authors: Birtalan Eszter , Bánhidi Anita , Sanders Joshua I. , Balázsfi Diána , Hangya Balázs 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExperiments aiming to understand sensory-motor systems, cognition and behavior necessitate training animals to perform complex tasks. Traditional training protocols require lab personnel to move the animals between home cages and training chambers, to start and end training sessions, and in some cases, to hand-control each training trial. Human labor not only limits the amount of training per day, but also introduces several sources of variability and may increase animal stress. Here we present an automated training system for the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT), a classic rodent task often used to test sensory detection, sustained attention and impulsivity. We found that full automation without human intervention allowed rapid, cost-efficient training, and decreased stress as measured by corticosterone levels. Training breaks introduced only a transient drop in performance, and mice readily generalized across training systems when transferred from automated to manual protocols. We further validated our automated training system with wireless optogenetics and pharmacology experiments, expanding the breadth of experimental needs our system may fulfill. Our automated 5CSRTT system can serve as a prototype for fully automated behavioral training, with methods and principles transferrable to a range of rodent tasks.
Potential therapeutic applications of AKAP disrupting peptides
Authors: Murabito Alessandra , Cnudde Sophie , Hirsch Emilio , Ghigo Alessandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The 3′–5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/PKA pathway represents a major target for pharmacological intervention in multiple disease conditions. Although the last decade saw the concept of highly compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signaling consolidating, current means for the manipulation of this pathway still do not allow to specifically intervene on discrete cAMP/PKA microdomains. Since compartmentalization is crucial for action specificity, identifying new tools that allow local modulation of cAMP/PKA responses is an urgent need. Among key players of cAMP/PKA signaling compartmentalization, a major role is played by A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) that, by definition, anchor PKA, its substrates and its regulators within multiprotein complexes in well-confined subcellular compartments. Different tools have been conceived to interfere with AKAP-based protein–protein interactions (PPIs), and these primarily include peptides and peptidomimetics that disrupt AKAP-directed multiprotein complexes. While these molecules have been extensively used to understand the molecular mechanisms behind AKAP function in pathophysiological processes, less attention has been devoted to their potential application for therapy. In this review, we will discuss how AKAP-based PPIs can be pharmacologically targeted by synthetic peptides and peptidomimetics.
Recent Advances in Radical-Involved Alkynylation of Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds by Hydrogen Atom Abstraction
Authors: Zhang Zheng-Hua , Wei He , Li Zhong-Liang , Liu Xin-Yuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe direct C(sp3)–H functionalization is one of the major research topics in synthetic chemistry since C(sp3)–H bonds are ubiquitous in every aspect of chemistry. Despite impressive advances in transition-metal-catalyzed C(sp3)–H activation, the radical-initiated process via hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) of C(sp3)–H bonds represents a more appealing strategy owing to the mild reaction conditions and good regioselectivity. Given the importance of alkynes as versatile synthons in organic synthesis and key structural motifs in drug discovery, great efforts have been made toward their synthesis via the combination of HAA and alkynylation process in recent years. This review summarizes the recent progress in radical-initiated C(sp3)–H alkynylation reactions with emphasis on the alkynylating reagents and mechanistic discussion.1	Introduction2	Alkynylation of C(sp3)–H via Intermolecular Hydrogen Atom Abstraction3	Alkynylation of C(sp3)–H via Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Abstraction4	Conclusion
Preeclampsia as an Inaugural Manifestation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report
Authors: Dias Leite Sara , Ormonde Carolina Câmara , Ormonde Mariana Câmara , Raposo Joana Teresa Botelho Vasconcelos , Sampaio Joana Isabel Nunes , Melo Bruna Carina da Silva 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrimary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by hypercalcemia and elevated or inappropriately normal levels of parathyroid hormone. The diagnosis is based on a biochemical evaluation, and a neck ultrasound is the first choice during pregnancy to access the parathyroid glands. Manifestations during pregnancy are rare and can be present with life-threatening complications, so the diagnosis is challenging. The conservative treatment is limited, and there is not enough data about its safety and efficacy during pregnancy. Surgery is the only curative treatment, and a parathyroidectomy performed during the second or third trimesters is considered safe. Recently, some authors suggested an association between primary hyperparathyroidism and preeclampsia. We describe a case of preeclampsia with severe features at 27 weeks of gestational age. The severity of the preeclampsia motivated an early termination of the pregnancy by cesarean section. During the postpartum period, the patient presented life-threatening complications, such as severe hypercalcemia and acute pancreatitis. An ultrasound exam found two parathyroid nodules, suggestive of parathyroid adenomas. The patient recovered after the pharmacological correction of the calcemia levels.
Nicotiana plumbaginifolia (Tex-Mex tobacco).
Authors: Vélez-Gavilán Jeanine 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The Solanaceae family includes some genera of medicinal and agronomical importance. The genus Nicotiana is named after Jean Nicot, who brought tobacco seeds to France in the sixteenth century (Knapp et al., 2004). Species from the genus Nicotiana are primarily native to the Neotropics and Australia (Chase et al., 2003). N. plumbaginifolia belongs to the section Alatae, which is considered a monophyletic group (Kaczorowski et al., 2005). The species epithet 'plumbaginifolia' comes from the way in which the leaves resemble those of species in the genus Plumbago (Encyclopedia of Life, 2017). According to The Plant List (2013), N. cavanillesii and N. pusilla are no longer accepted synonyms of N. plumbaginifolia.
Corchorus hirtus (Orinoco jute).
Authors: Dube Shruti 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

C. hirtus is a herb or subshrub found to be infesting wetlands in Minas Gerias, Brazil due to its high frequency and density (Mascarenhas et al., 1995). In Brazil, it is widely distributed and grows either as a ruderal or as an invading weed infesting pastures. It was listed as a weed in a checklist of invasive plants in forestry plantations in the Lower Amazon (Pires, 1992), but the paper states that the term 'invasive' is equated with 'weed' defined as any plant growing where it is not wanted, so its status as a true invasive is dubious. It is listed as a weed in several countries by Sinha et al. (2011). It often grows as a weed in grain fields in Central America (Standley and Steyermark, 1949).
Reversing the null limit of the Szekeres metric
Authors: Hellaby Charles , Svítek Otakar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The null limits of the Lemaître–Tolman and Szekeres spacetimes are known to be the Vaidya and news-free Robinson–Trautman metrics. We generalise this result to the case of non-zero Λ, and then ask whether the reverse process is possible—is there a systematic procedure to retrieve the timelike-dust metric from the null-dust case? We present such an algorithm for re-constructing both the metric and matter tensor components of the timelike-dust manifold. This undertaking has elucidated the null limit process, highlighted which quantities approach unity or zero, and necessitated a careful discussion of how the functional dependencies are managed by the transformations and substitutions used.
Goos–Hänchen shift of a mid-infrared femtosecond filament visualized by the laser coloration method
Authors: Kompanets Victor , Melnikov Alexey , Chekalin Sergey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present the results of investigation of total internal reflection of a femtosecond light filament in a LiF crystal in the regime of anomalous group velocity dispersion. We measure the Goos–Hänchen shift of the filament in the vicinity of the critical angle for a single femtosecond pulse using the laser coloration method. The obtained experimental values are compared to several existing theoretical models.
Dynamics of stochastic gradient descent for two-layer neural networks in the teacher–student setup*
Authors: Goldt Sebastian , Advani Madhu S , Saxe Andrew M , Krzakala Florent , Zdeborová Lenka 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Deep neural networks achieve stellar generalisation even when they have enough parameters to easily fit all their training data. We study this phenomenon by analysing the dynamics and the performance of over-parameterised two-layer neural networks in the teacher–student setup, where one network, the student, is trained on data generated by another network, called the teacher. We show how the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is captured by a set of differential equations and prove that this description is asymptotically exact in the limit of large inputs. Using this framework, we calculate the final generalisation error of student networks that have more parameters than their teachers. We find that the final generalisation error of the student increases with network size when training only the first layer, but stays constant or even decreases with size when training both layers. We show that these different behaviours have their root in the different solutions SGD finds for different activation functions. Our results indicate that achieving good generalisation in neural networks goes beyond the properties of SGD alone and depends on the interplay of at least the algorithm, the model architecture, and the data set.
Generalized approximate survey propagation for high-dimensional estimation
*
Authors: Saglietti Luca , Lu Yue M , Lucibello Carlo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In generalized linear estimation (GLE) problems, we seek to estimate a signal that is observed through a linear transform followed by a component-wise, possibly nonlinear and noisy, channel. In the Bayesian optimal setting, generalized approximate message passing (GAMP) is known to achieve optimal performance for GLE. However, its performance can significantly degrade whenever there is a mismatch between the assumed and the true generative model, a situation frequently encountered in practice. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm, named generalized approximate survey propagation (GASP), for solving GLE in the presence of prior or model mis-specifications. As a prototypical example, we consider the phase retrieval problem, where we show that GASP outperforms the corresponding GAMP, reducing the reconstruction threshold and, for certain choices of its parameters, approaching Bayesian optimal performance. Furthermore, we present a set of state evolution equations that exactly characterize the dynamics of GASP in the high-dimensional limit.
Belief propagation: accurate marginals or accurate partition function—where is the difference?
Authors: Knoll Christian , Pernkopf Franz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We analyze belief propagation on patch potential models—attractive models with varying local potentials—obtain all of the potentially many fixed points, and gather novel insights into belief propagation properties. In particular, we observe and theoretically explain several regions in the parameter space that behave fundamentally differently. We specify and elaborate on one specific region that, despite the existence of multiple fixed points, is relatively well behaved and provides insights into the relationship between the accuracy of the marginals and the partition function. We demonstrate the inexistence of a principal relationship between both quantities and provide sufficient conditions for a fixed point to be optimal with respect to approximating both the marginals and the partition function.
A geometric interpretation of the multiplication of complex numbers
Authors: Ferro L A , Triana J G , Mendoza S M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In complex analysis courses, it is common to use physical interpretations as a didactic tool for teaching complex numbers. In the case of operations between complex numbers, the geometric interpretation of addition and subtraction is well known; however, many authors avoid the interpretation of the multiplication of complex numbers. In this paper, using the physical concepts of rotation and scaling, we will explain the multiplication of complex numbers through visualization in the Argand plane. In addition, we use visual representations in order to obtain proofs without words for some identities.