bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sensory peripheral nervous system in the tail of a cephalochordate studied by serial blockface scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Holland Nicholas D. , Somorjai Ildiko M. L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSerial blockface scanning electron microscopy (SBSEM) is used to describe the sensory peripheral nervous system (PNS) in the tail of a cephalochordate, Asymmetron lucayanum. The reconstructed region extends from the tail tip to the origin of the most posterior peripheral nerves from the dorsal nerve cord. As peripheral nerves ramify within the dermis, all the nuclei along their course belong to glial cells. Invaginations in the glial cell cytoplasm house the neurites, an association reminiscent of the nonmyelinated Schwann cells of vertebrates. Peripheral nerves pass from the dermis to the epidermis via small fenestrae in the sub‐epidermal collagen fibril layer; most nerves exit abruptly, but a few run obliquely within the collagen fibril layer for many micrometers before exiting. Within the epidermis, each nerve begins ramifying repeatedly, but the branches are too small to be followed to their tips with SBSEM at low magnification (previous studies on other cephalochordates indicate that the branches end freely or in association with epidermal sensory cells). In Asymmetron, two morphological kinds of sensory cells are scattered in the epidermis, usually singly, but sometimes in pairs, evidently the recent progeny of a single precursor cell. The discussion considers the evolution of the sensory PNS in the phylum Chordata. In cephalochordates, Retzius bipolar neurons with intramedullary perikarya likely correspond to the Rohon‐Beard cells of vertebrates. However, extramedullary neurons originating from ventral epidermis in cephalochordates (and presumably in ancestral chordates) contrast with vertebrate sensory neurons, which arise from placodes and neural crest.
The effects of fluoxetine on oligodendrocytes in the hippocampus of chronic unpredictable stress‐induced depressed model rats
Authors: Wang Jin , Luo Yanmin , Tang Jing , Liang Xin , Huang Chunxia , Gao Yuan , Qi Yingqiang , Yang Chunmao , Chao FengLei , Zhang Yang , Tang Yong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDepression is a mental illness which is harmful seriously to the society. This study investigated the effects of fluoxetine on the CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in hippocampus of the depressed rats to explore the new target structure of antidepressants. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were used to build chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) depressed model of rats. Then, the depressed rats were divided into the CUS standard group and the CUS + fluoxetine (CUS/FLX) group. The CUS/FLX group was treated with fluoxetine at dose of 5 mg/(kg·d) from the fifth week to seventh week. After 7 weeks CUS intervention, the sucrose preference of the CUS standard group was significantly lower than that of the control group and the CUS/FLX group. The stereological results showed that the total number of the CNPase+ cells in the CA1, CA3, and DG subfield of the hippocampus in the CUS standard group were significantly decreased, when compared with the CNPase+ cells in the control group. However, the total number of the CNPase+ cells in the CA1 and CA3 subfield of the hippocampus in the CUS standard group was significantly decreased when it compared with CNPase+ cells in the CUS/FLX group. Therefore, fluoxetine might prevent the loss of CNPase+ oligodendrocytes in CA1 and CA3 subfields of hippocampus of the depressed rats. The oligodendrocytes in hippocampus may play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression. The current result might provide structural basis for the future studies that search for new antidepressant strategies.
Oral appliance therapy versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure in obstructive sleep apnea: A randomized, placebo‐controlled trial on temporomandibular side‐effects
Authors: Nikolopoulou Maria , Aarab Ghizlane , Ahlberg Jari , Hamburger Hans L. , de Lange Jan , Lobbezoo Frank 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess the differences in the frequency of clinical signs of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain and mandibular function impairment between mandibular advancement device (MAD) and nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) therapies in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients at baseline and after 6 month of treatment.MethodsThis study concerns a secondary analysis of a randomized placebo‐controlled trial in which different treatment effects of an objectively titrated MAD were compared with those of nCPAP and an intra‐oral placebo appliance in a parallel design. Sixty‐four mild to severe OSA patients (52.0 ± 9.6 years) were randomly assigned to these three groups. All patients underwent a shortened functional examination of their masticatory system at baseline and after 6 months to establish the presence of clinical signs of TMD pain. Mandibular function impairment was assessed with a questionnaire.ResultsClinical signs of TMD pain were only rarely present at baseline and therapy evaluation. No significant differences were found between the three groups in the (low) frequency of clinical signs of TMD pain at both time points (p = .401–.176). In addition, the (low) scores of mandibular function impairment did not differ between the three groups either, neither at baseline (p = .744) nor after 6 months (p = .359).ConclusionsA low frequency of clinical signs of TMD pain in mild to severe OSA patients was found after 6 months, regardless of treatment with MAD or nCPAP. In addition, no difference in mandibular function impairment was observed between the different treatment modalities.
Applying metabolomics to detect growth hormone administration in athletes: Proof of concept
Authors: Narduzzi Luca , Dervilly Gaud , Marchand Alexandre , Audran Michel , Le Bizec Bruno , Buisson Corinne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGrowth hormone (GH), an endogenous peptide regulating anabolism and lipolysis in humans, is known to be abused by athletes to improve their performance. Despite the development of two distinct screening methods, few positive cases have been reported by the antidoping authorities, probably due to the quick turnover of GH and the masking effects of age, ethnicity, and sex. Apart from growth regulation, GH is known to affect several metabolic pathways in humans including ketosis, amino‐acid uptake, and protein breakdown. It is reasonable to imagine observing its markers of effects through the leading tool on metabolism study, metabolomics. In this proof‐of‐concept study, a cohort of well‐trained volunteers was split in two equal groups and administered with micro‐doses of EPO or EPO + GH every second day for 2 weeks. Urine and plasma samples were collected before, during, and after treatment and analyzed using metabolomics and lipidomics approaches. The results show that, by applying a direct discriminant analysis on the treated groups, it is possible to distinguish the treatments, and to use this difference to classify them correctly. High intragroup variability is observed, due to the subject‐specific effect of the hormones. Through time 0 centering the data, a longitudinally tracking of the group was performed and a higher difference was observed between the groups, including a perfect classification of the samples before and after the treatments.
The shape of things to come: Topological data analysis and biology, from molecules to organisms
Authors: Amézquita Erik J. , Quigley Michelle Y. , Ophelders Tim , Munch Elizabeth , Chitwood Daniel H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractShape is data and data is shape. Biologists are accustomed to thinking about how the shape of biomolecules, cells, tissues, and organisms arise from the effects of genetics, development, and the environment. Less often do we consider that data itself has shape and structure, or that it is possible to measure the shape of data and analyze it. Here, we review applications of topological data analysis (TDA) to biology in a way accessible to biologists and applied mathematicians alike. TDA uses principles from algebraic topology to comprehensively measure shape in data sets. Using a function that relates the similarity of data points to each other, we can monitor the evolution of topological features—connected components, loops, and voids. This evolution, a topological signature, concisely summarizes large, complex data sets. We first provide a TDA primer for biologists before exploring the use of TDA across biological sub‐disciplines, spanning structural biology, molecular biology, evolution, and development. We end by comparing and contrasting different TDA approaches and the potential for their use in biology. The vision of TDA, that data are shape and shape is data, will be relevant as biology transitions into a data‐driven era where the meaningful interpretation of large data sets is a limiting factor.
Soluble pattern recognition molecules: Guardians and regulators of homeostasis at airway mucosal surfaces
Authors: Smole Ursula , Kratzer Bernhard , Pickl Winfried F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMaintenance of homeostasis at body barriers that are constantly challenged by microbes, toxins and potentially bioactive (macro)molecules requires complex, highly orchestrated mechanisms of protection. Recent discoveries in respiratory research have shed light on the unprecedented role of airway epithelial cells (AEC), which, besides immune cells homing to the lung, also significantly contribute to host defence by expressing membrane‐bound and soluble pattern recognition receptors (sPRR). Recent evidence suggests that distinct, evolutionary ancient, sPRR secreted by AEC might become activated by usually innocuous proteins, commonly referred to as allergens. We here provide a systematic overview on sPRR detectable in the mucus lining of AEC. Some of them become actively produced and secreted by AECs (like the pentraxins C‐reactive protein and pentraxin 3; the collectins mannose binding protein and surfactant proteins A and D; H‐ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Others are elaborated by innate and adaptive immune cells such as monocytes/macrophages and T cells (like the pentraxins C‐reactive protein and pentraxin 3; L‐ficolin; serum amyloid A; and the complement components C3 and C5). Herein we discuss how sPRRs may contribute to homeostasis but sometimes also to overt disease (e.g. airway hyperreactivity and asthma) at the alveolar–air interface.
The utility of DSM‐5 indicators of loss of control eating for the bariatric surgery population
Authors: Conceição Eva M. , de Lourdes Marta , Peixoto Ana P. , Pinto‐Bastos Ana , Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Vaz Ana R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated the utility of DSM‐5 indicators of loss of control (LOC) eating in adult bariatric surgery patients who presented with binge‐eating episodes.MethodsParticipants (all women) were 40 preoperative and 28 postoperative bariatric surgery patients reporting objective binge eating (OBE), 46 preoperative and 52 postoperative with subjective binge‐eating (SBE), 53 bulimia nervosa (BN) controls, and 34 binge‐eating disorder (BED) controls. Face‐to‐face Eating Disorder Examination interviews and questionnaires were administered. ANOVA, T‐test,
χ
2, and regressions compared the groups in terms of LOC indicators endorsed and to explain disordered eating psychopathology.ResultsThe indicator most commonly reported by bariatric patients with OBE was “feeling disgusted” (90% and 75% of pre‐ and postoperative groups), and the least endorsed was “eating alone” (40 and 28.6%). These indicators were reported by >84.9% of the BN and BED. Bariatric patients (pre‐ or post‐surgery) with OBE only reported a higher number of indicators than patients with SBE only (t(150) = 2.34, p = .021). A higher number of indicators reported were associated with increased eating‐related psychopathology (F(1,134) = 31.06, p < .001), but only for the post‐surgery patients.ConclusionsThe LOC indicators proposed by DSM‐5 need to be refined or revised for the bariatric population.Highlights
Bariatric patients endorse fewer LOC indicators than BN or BED during a binge‐eating episode.
Some of the DSM‐5 LOC indicators may not be suited to assess episodes of loss of control eating among bariatric patients.
The Higher the number of LOC indicators reported, the higher the eating‐related psychopathology.
Influence of ammonium acetate and betaine supplements on the anaerobic digestion under high salinity conditions
Authors: Liu Xuepeng , Liu Hongyun , Peng Liyu , Su Haijia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHigh salinity frequently causes inhibition and even failure in anaerobic digestion. To explore the impact of increasing NaCl concentrations on biogas production and reveal the role of repair factors in response to high salinity stress, the present research examined the effect of ammonium acetate and betaine as exogenous repair factors on the activity of microorganisms under high‐salt conditions. High salinity wastewater with and without repair additives were compared. The cumulative methane production significantly increased and the methane concentration increased by approximately 30%. The results showed that the repair factors were efficient to relieve the effect of a high‐salt environment on the anaerobic microbial flora, thus considerably reducing the salt‐induced inhibition of anaerobic digestion.
Predictive modeling of consumer color preference: Using retail data and merchandise images
Authors: Li Songtao , Chen Ruoran , Yang Lijian , Huang Dinglong , Huang Simin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe popularity of a fashion item depends on its color, shape, texture, and price. For different items (with all attributes identical except color) of a specific product, fashion retailers need to learn consumer color preference and decide their order quantities accordingly to match their products to consumer demand. This study aims to predict consumer color preference using the knowledge learned from merchandise images, historical retail data, and fashion trends. In our work, merchandise images are analyzed to extract color features, and the retail data of a sportswear retailer are used to reveal consumer choices among items with various colors. Choice behavior is described by a multinomial logit model, whose utility function captures the relationship between color features and popularity. Both linear functions and neural networks are applied to represent the utility function, and their out‐of‐sample prediction performances are compared. According to the out‐of‐sample performance test, our model shows reasonable predictive power and can outperform order decisions made by fashion buyers.
A CO2 emissions assessment of the green economy in Iran
Authors: Solaymani Saeed 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study aims to provide an assessment of total and sectoral CO2 emissions of Iran using a macroeconomic climate analysis. It uses two quantitative approaches (i.e., energy–economy–environment indicators and econometric analysis) that complement each other. According to the latest accessible data (1971–2016), evidence shows that, first, the change in Iran's total primary energy supply can significantly explain the variation of CO2 emissions in Iran, while energy intensity and CO2 intensity cannot significantly explain its variability. Second, CO2 emissions in Iran are increasing rapidly and the country is not moving toward the green economy situations. Third, the increase in energy intensity is mostly related to significant increases in energy consumption rather than increases in economic activity. This evidence shows that Iran's CO2 intensity highly depends on the consumption of fossil fuels. Fourth, the econometric estimates suggest that CO2 emissions, in comparison with other examined variables, change significantly in response to changes in per capita GDP, energy intensity, and carbon intensity. Fifth, the main contributors to industrial CO2 emissions are industrial per capita GDP and energy and carbon intensities, while in the transport sectors, the main contributors are the number of vehicles, transport energy intensity, and carbon intensity. Sixth, further decomposition analysis shows the positive impact of per capita GDP and the negative impacts of energy structure and energy efficiency on total CO2 emissions in Iran. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circulating Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Sphingolipid Cargo for the Diagnosis and Dynamic Risk Profiling of Alcoholic Hepatitis
Authors: Sehrawat Tejasav S. , Arab Juan P. , Liu Mengfei , Amrollahi Pouya , Wan Meihua , Fan Jia , Nakao Yasuhiko , Pose Elisa , Navarro‐Corcuera Amaia , Dasgupta Debanjali , Liao Chieh‐Yu , He Li , Mauer Amy S. , Avitabile Emma , Ventura‐Cots Meritxell , Bataller Ramon A. , Sanyal Arun J. , Chalasani Naga P. , Heimbach Julie K. , Watt Kymberly D. , Gores Gregory J. , Gines Pere , Kamath Patrick S. , Simonetto Douglas A. , Hu Tony Y. , Shah Vijay H. , Malhi Harmeet 
Published: April 2020

Background and Aims
Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is diagnosed by clinical criteria, although several objective scores facilitate risk stratification. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as biomarkers for many diseases and are also implicated in the pathogenesis of AH. Therefore, we investigated whether plasma EV concentration and sphingolipid cargo could serve as diagnostic biomarkers for AH and inform prognosis to permit dynamic risk profiling of AH subjects.

Approach and Results
EVs were isolated and quantified from plasma samples from healthy controls, heavy drinkers, and subjects with end‐stage liver disease (ESLD) attributed to cholestatic liver diseases and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, decompensated alcohol‐associated cirrhosis (AC), and AH. Sphingolipids were quantified by tandem mass spectroscopy. The median plasma EV concentration was significantly higher in AH subjects (5.38 × 1011/mL) compared to healthy controls (4.38 × 1010/mL; P < 0.0001), heavy drinkers (1.28 × 1011/mL; P < 0.0001), ESLD (5.35 × 1010/mL; P < 0.0001), and decompensated AC (9.2 × 1010/mL; P < 0.0001) disease controls. Among AH subjects, EV concentration correlated with Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score. When EV counts were dichotomized at the median, survival probability for AH subjects at 90 days was 63.0% in the high‐EV group and 90.0% in the low‐EV group (log‐rank P value = 0.015). Interestingly, EV sphingolipid cargo was significantly enriched in AH when compared to healthy controls, heavy drinkers, ESLD, and decompensated AC (P = 0.0001). Multiple sphingolipids demonstrated good diagnostic and prognostic performance as biomarkers for AH.

Conclusions
Circulating EV concentration and sphingolipid cargo signature can be used in the diagnosis and differentiation of AH from heavy drinkers, decompensated AC, and other etiologies of ESLD and predict 90‐day survival permitting dynamic risk profiling.
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) versus Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test (VDRL) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR) for screening of syphilis in pregnant women
Authors: Solaimalai Dhanalakshmi , Rathore Swati , Beck Manisha M. , Regi Annie , Yesudhason Binesh L. , Veeraraghavan Balaji , Prakash John A.J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a treponemal enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as an alternative screening test for syphilis in pregnant women.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of diagnostic test accuracy was carried out in a large volume laboratory from a tertiary care center. A total of 416 serum samples, including 102 archived syphilis Treponema pallidum hemagglutination (TPHA)‐positive samples and 314 samples from pregnant women, were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of ELISA. All the samples were subjected to Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), rapid plasma reagin (RPR), ELISA, and TPHA tests. Performance characteristics of VDRL, RPR, and ELISA were calculated with TPHA as a reference standard test.ResultsVDRL and RPR exhibited higher false positivity of 10.5% and 9.6%, respectively, compared to 2.5% by ELISA. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA were 98% and 97.5%, of VDRL were 71.6% and 89.5%, and of RPR were 73.5% and 90.5%, respectively. Moreover, ELISA had an excellent agreement (kappa=0.9) with TPHA compared to VDRL/RPR which had a moderate agreement (kappa=0.6) only.ConclusionELISA has the potential to replace VDRL/RPR as a screening test for syphilis in centers that can perform ELISA, especially for antenatal screening.
Pharmacy education and practice in Syria: Past, present, and future
Authors: Bahnassi Anas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSyria, a country with a strong rooted pharmacy history is still following a traditional pharmacy curriculum in its public and private institutions. The rising number of pharmacy graduates is putting pressure on an already weakened pharmacy job market with the majority of graduates still pursuing careers in retail pharmacy. This report sheds light on the development of pharmacy education and practice in this country. It provides a review of the curriculum content, the level of experiential training, and the current available practice venues. Existing graduate diploma available in public universities can be restructured to provide a Pharm D program. Existing residencies need to be revisited to include more clinical competencies that cover different pharmacy specialties. Pharmacists need to prove they are competent for the local authorities and other health care professionals to recognize the need for their clinical services and create new career venues and role recognitions. A clear legal framework to redefine the role of pharmacists as health care providers and their scope of practice need to be advocated by pharmacists associations and adopted by the Syrian authorities.
Restructuring the inpatient advanced pharmacy practice experience to reduce the risk of contracting coronavirus disease 2019: Lessons from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Badreldin Hisham A. , Alshaya Omar , Saleh Khalid Bin , Alshaya Abdulrahman I. , Alaqeel Yousef 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionOn March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization announced the rapidly spreading epidemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Almost all countries started to take proactive precautionary measures to reduce the risk of contracting the virus. The education sector, including pharmacy education, has been drastically impacted by this pandemic. During the outbreak, many hospitals instructed the health profession's schools to restrict or prevent the presence of their students and interns in their hospitals in an effort to limit the spread of the virus.ObjectivesConstraining the presence of interns in the affiliated hospital has impacted the integrity of delivering the learning outcomes of each clinical rotation. In this paper, we present the experience of four faculty preceptors in restructuring the advanced pharmacy practice experience in different clinical settings, including critical care, infectious diseases, cardiology, and internal medicine, in order to reduce the risk of contracting COVID‐19 at a large academic medical institution in Saudi Arabia.ConclusionWe believe that this experience could provide guidance and insights for other pharmacy schools dealing with this issue during this global pandemic.