bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shaping of the nephron – a complex, vulnerable, and poorly explored backdrop for noxae impairing nephrogenesis in the fetal human kidney
Authors: Minuth Will W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe impairment of nephrogenesis is caused by noxae, all of which are significantly different in molecular composition. These can cause an early termination of nephron development in preterm and low birth weight babies resulting in oligonephropathy. For the fetal human kidney, there was no negative effect reported on the early stages of nephron anlage such as the niche, pretubular aggregate, renal vesicle, or comma-shaped body. In contrast, pathological alterations were identified on subsequently developing S-shaped bodies and glomeruli. While the atypical glomeruli were closely analyzed, the S-shaped bodies and the pre-stages received little attention even though passing the process of nephron shaping. Since micrographs and an explanation about this substantial developmental period were missing, the shaping of the nephron in the fetal human kidney during the phase of late gestation was recorded from a microanatomical point of view.ResultsThe nephron shaping starts with the primitive renal vesicle, which is still part of the pretubular aggregate at this point. Then, during extension of the renal vesicle, a complex separation is observed. The medial part of its distal pole is fixed on the collecting duct ampulla, while the lateral part remains connected with the pretubular aggregate via a progenitor cell strand. A final separation occurs, when the extended renal vesicle develops into the comma-shaped body. Henceforth, internal epithelial folding generates the tubule and glomerulus anlagen. Arising clefts at the medial and lateral aspect indicate an asymmetrical expansion of the S-shaped body. This leads to development of the glomerulus at the proximal pole, whereas in the center and at the distal pole, it results in elongation of the tubule segments.ConclusionsThe present investigation deals with the shaping of the nephron in the fetal human kidney. In this important developmental phase, the positioning, orientation, and folding of the nephron occur. The demonstration of previously unknown morphological details supports the search for traces left by the impairment of nephrogenesis, enables to refine the assessment in molecular pathology, and provides input for the design of therapeutic concepts prolonging nephrogenesis.
Intravoxel incoherent motion and ADC measurements for differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules: utilizing the most repeatable region of interest delineation at 3.0 T
Authors: Song Minghui , Yue Yunlong , Jin Yanfang , Guo Jinsong , Zuo Lili , Peng Hong , Chan Queenie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
There is a growing need for a reproducible and effective imaging method for the quantitative differentiation of benign from malignant thyroid nodules. This study aimed to investigate the performances of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in differentiating malignant from benign thyroid nodules derived from the most repeatable region of interest (ROI) delineation.

Methods
Forty-three patients with 46 pathologically confirmed thyroid nodules underwent diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with 8 b values. Two observers measured the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters (D, f and D*) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), ADC600 and ADC990 values using whole-lesion (W-L) ROI and IVIM parameters using single-section (S-S) ROI delineation. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots were used to evaluate the intra- and interobserver variability. The diagnostic performance of these parameters was evaluated by generating receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results
The ICC values of all IVIM with W-L ROI delineation were higher than those with S-S ROI delineation, and excellent intra- and interobserver reproducibility was obtained. According to the Bland-Altman plots, the 95% limits of agreement of the IVIM parameters determined by the W-L ROIs revealed smaller absolute intra- and interobserver variability than those determined by S-S ROIs. The D and ADC600 values obtained from the W-L ROIs were the most powerful parameters in differentiating benign from the malignant nodules [area under the ROC curve = 0.962 and 0.970, P = 0.771].

Conclusions
The W-L ROI of the thyroid was considered an effective method for obtaining IVIM measurements with excellent reproducibility for differentiating benign from malignant nodules.
Airway emergency during general anesthesia in a child with plastic bronchitis following Fontan surgery: a case report
Authors: Nakamoto Hirofumi , Kayama Satoru , Harada Mae , Honjo Takahiro , Kubota Kinuko , Sawamura Shigehito 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Plastic bronchitis (PB) is a complication of Fontan surgery, results in the formation of mucus plug in the tracheobronchial tree, causing potentially fatal airway obstruction. We report critical airway emergency during general anesthesia in a child with plastic bronchitis.

Case presentation
A 5-year-old boy was scheduled for intrapulmonary lymphatic embolization through percutaneous catheterization under general anesthesia. He underwent Fontan surgery at the age of 2 and frequently developed respiratory failure due to plastic bronchitis. After induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation became difficult even with an inspiratory pressure ≥ 50 mmHg due to airway obstruction. He expectorated a large mucus plug through the tracheal tube after administration of sugammadex, naloxone, and flumazenil, and respiratory condition was stabilized thereafter.

Conclusion
General anesthesia for a patient with plastic bronchitis should be planned with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation or cardiopulmonary bypass stand by.
Automatic consultation system for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices undergoing magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Han Donghoon , Lee Ji Hyun , Oh Il-Young , Chae In-ho , Lee Ho-Young , Cho Youngjin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Safety evaluation for patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning is often overlooked. We developed an automatic consultation system (ACS) to improve the screening rate in these patients.

Methods
ACS was developed by the Hospital Information System Development Department of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. It was designed to automatically request pre-MRI cardiac evaluation in patients with CIED when MRI orders are issued. The proportion of the patients without pre-MRI cardiologic evaluation was evaluated before and after the ACS application.

Results
From January 2016 to June 2018, a total of 157 patients with CIEDs [pacemaker 136 (86.6%), ICD or CRT-D 21 (13.4%), MR-conditional 117 (74.5%)] visited the MRI facility. Before the ACS application, 23 out of 84 patients (27.4%) did not have adequate pre-MRI cardiologic evaluation. Despite urgent request for pre-MRI cardiac evaluation, MRI examination was postponed or cancelled in 14 (60.8%) cases. After the ACS application, all 73 patients underwent proper cardiologic evaluation before their MRI examinations (P < 0.001). The proportion of immediate request for pre-MRI evaluation at the moment of MRI order also improved with the ACS application (before ACS 57.1%, after ACS 100%, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The newly developed ACS helped the patients with CIED receive MRI scan safely on the schedule, improving the quality of care in this population.
Genetic pattern of SMN1, SMN2, and NAIP genes in prognosis of SMA patients
Authors: Hassan Heba Amin , Zaki Maha Saad , Issa Mahmoud Yousry , El-Bagoury Nagham Maher , Essawi Mona Lotfi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in humans after cystic fibrosis. It is classified into five clinical grades based on age of onset and severity of the disease. Although SMN1 was identified as the SMA disease-determining gene, modifier genes mapped to 5q13 were affirmed to play a crucial role in determination of disease severity and used as a target for SMA therapy. In this study, we determined SMN2 copy number and NAIP deletion status in SMA Egyptian patients with different clinical phenotypes and had homozygous deletion of SMN1. We aimed at finding a prognostic genetic pattern including SMN1, SMN2, and NAIP gene genotypes to determine the clinical SMA type of the patient to help in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.

Results
Copy number variations (CNVs) of exon 7 of SMN2 gene were significantly decreased with the increase in disease severity. Homozygous deletion of exon 5 of NAIP was detected in 60% (12/20) of type I SMA and in 73% (8/11) of type III SMA cases. Combining the data of the SMN2 and NAIP genes showed 8 genotypes. Patients with D2 genotype (0 copies of NAIP and 2 copies of SMN2) were likely to have type I SMA. Type II SMA patients mostly had no homozygous deletion of NAIP and 2 copies of SMN2. However, patients with N3 genotype (> 1 copy of NAIP and 3 copies of SMN2) and patients with D3 genotype (0 copies of NAIP and > 3 copies of SMN2) had type III SMA.

Conclusion
SMN2 and NAIP are the most important modifier genes whose copy numbers can affect the severity of SMA. We concluded that the combination of modifier genes to provide prognostic genetic pattern for phenotype determination is preferable than using CNVs of exon 7 of SMN2 gene only. CNVs of exon 7 of SMN2 are of high importance to predict patients’ response to genetic therapy. On the other hand, deletion of exon5 of NAIP gene alone is not a sufficient predictor of SMA severity.
Type-2 fuzzy self-tuning of modified fractional-order PID based on Takagi–Sugeno method
Authors: Ghany M. A. Abdel , Bahgat M. E. , Refaey W. M. , Sharaf Soliman 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper, Takagi–Sugeno (TS) fuzzy technique is combined with interval type-2 fuzzy sets (IT2-FSs) to design a new adaptive self-tuning fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller. TS fuzzy technique is used to construct a modified FOPID controller (TSMFOPID). IT2-FSs are used as a tuner for TSMFOPID to update their gains under parameter uncertainty change and to compensate the controlled system undesired effects of the sudden disturbances. Three types of IT2-FSs tuning methods are used for TSMFOPID. The first one is to tune the proportional–integral–derivative gains of the TSMFOPID. The second one deals with tuning the fractional orders of integral and derivative effects. The last one tunes the five parameters of the TSMFOPID. The responses of the fractional orders of the integral and derivative actions on the controlled system driven by TSMFOPID are given and discussed. The three tuning methods via IT2FST for TSMFOPID controller are applied to load frequency control as a case study of a power system comprising a single area. Comparative studies of the tuning type-1 fuzzy sets (T1FSTs) and IT2FST methods for controlled system using TSMFOPID are carried out and the results are discussed. The results prove that the proposed IT2FST for TSMFOPID controller is very useful for considered application over disturbance changes and parameter uncertainties.
Identifying schizophrenia patients who carry pathogenic genetic copy number variants using standard clinical assessment: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Foley Claire , Heron Elizabeth A. , Harold Denise , Walters James , Owen Michael , O'Donovan Michael , Sebat Jonathan , Kelleher Eric , Mooney Christina , Durand Amy , Pinto Carlos , Cormican Paul , Morris Derek , Donohoe Gary , Gill Michael , Gallagher Louise , Corvin Aiden 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundCopy number variants (CNVs) play a significant role in disease pathogenesis in a small subset of individuals with schizophrenia (~2.5%). Chromosomal microarray testing is a first-tier genetic test for many neurodevelopmental disorders. Similar testing could be useful in schizophrenia.AimsTo determine whether clinically identifiable phenotypic features could be used to successfully model schizophrenia-associated (SCZ-associated) CNV carrier status in a large schizophrenia cohort.MethodLogistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves tested the accuracy of readily identifiable phenotypic features in modelling SCZ-associated CNV status in a discovery data-set of 1215 individuals with psychosis. A replication analysis was undertaken in a second psychosis data-set (n = 479).ResultsIn the discovery cohort, specific learning disorder (OR = 8.12; 95% CI 1.16–34.88, P = 0.012), developmental delay (OR = 5.19; 95% CI 1.58–14.76, P = 0.003) and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorder (OR = 5.87; 95% CI 1.28–19.69, P = 0.009) were significant independent variables in modelling positive carrier status for a SCZ-associated CNV, with an area under the ROC (AUROC) of 74.2% (95% CI 61.9–86.4%). A model constructed from the discovery cohort including developmental delay and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorder variables resulted in an AUROC of 83% (95% CI 52.0–100.0%) for the replication cohort.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that careful clinical history taking to document specific neurodevelopmental features may be informative in screening for individuals with schizophrenia who are at higher risk of carrying known SCZ-associated CNVs. Identification of genomic disorders in these individuals is likely to have clinical benefits similar to those demonstrated for other neurodevelopmental disorders.
In vivo analysis of formin dynamics in the moss P. patens reveals functional class diversification
Authors: van Gisbergen Peter , Wu Shu-Zon , Cheng Xiaohang , Pattavina Kelli A. , Bezanilla Magdalena 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Formins are actin regulators critical for diverse processes across eukaryotes. With many formins in plants and animals, it has been challenging to determine formin function in vivo. We found that the phylogenetically distinct class I integral membrane formins (denoted For1) from the moss P. patens enrich at sites of membrane turnover, with For1D more tightly associated with the plasma membrane than For1A. To probe formin function, we generated formin-null lines with greatly reduced formin complexity. We found that For1A and For1D help to anchor actin near the cell apex, with For1A contributing to formation of cytosolic actin, while For1D contributes to plasma membrane-associated actin. At the cortex, For1A and For1D localized to motile puncta and differentially impacted actin dynamics. We found that class I cortical formin mobility depended on microtubules and only moderately on actin, whereas class II formin (denoted For2) mobility solely depended on actin. Moreover, cortical For2A tightly correlated with the puncta labeled by the endocytic membrane dye FM4-64, and null mutants in class I formins did not affect uptake of a similar dye, FM1-43, suggesting that class I and II formins are involved in distinct membrane trafficking pathways.
Using the “Uniform Scale” to facilitate meta-analysis where exposure variables are qualitative and vary between studies – methodology, examples and software
Authors: Lee Peter N , Hamling Jan , Fry John S , Vandyke Sonja , Weitkunat Rolf 
Published: January 2020

Meta-analyses often combine covariate-adjusted effect estimates (odds ratios or relative risks) and confidence intervals relating a specified endpoint to a given exposure. Standard techniques are available to do this where the exposure is a simple presence/absence variable, or can be expressed in defined units. However, where the definition of exposure is qualitative and may vary between studies, meta-analysis is less straightforward. We introduce a new “Uniform Scale” approach allowing expression of effect estimates in a consistent manner, comparing individuals with the most and least possible exposure. In 2008, we presented methodology and made available software to obtain estimates for specific pairwise comparisons of exposure, such as any versus none, where the source paper provides estimates for multiple exposure categories, expressed relative to a common reference group. This methodology takes account of the correlation between the effect estimates for the different levels. We have now extended our software, available in Excel, SAS and R, to obtain effect estimates per unit of exposure, whether the exposure is defined or is to be expressed in the “Uniform Scale”. Examples of its use are presented.
How Big-4 Firms Improve Audit Quality
Authors: Che Limei , Hope Ole-Kristian , Langli John Christian 
Published: January 2020

This paper studies whether and how Big-4 firms provide higher-quality audits than non-Big-4 firms. Specifically, we first examine a Big-4 effect and then explore three sources of the Big-4 effect. To test the Big-4 effect, we use a unique data set of individual audit partners for a large sample of private companies and a novel research design exploiting the fact that auditees may follow the auditor who switches affiliation from a non-Big-4 firm to a Big-4 firm. Thus, we compare audit quality and audit fees of the same partner–auditee pairs before and after the switch. The results show that the Big-4 effect exists in the private-firm segment. More important, we find evidence for three sources of the Big-4 effect. First, Big-4 firms are able to recruit non-Big-4 partners who deliver higher audit quality than other non-Big-4 partners in the preswitch period. Second, enhanced learning has taken place after the switch. Third, the increased audit quality can also be attributed to stronger incentives/monitoring. These are new findings to the literature. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.
Removable Dentures and the Worn Dentition
Authors: Ali Rahat , Cowan Callum , Leven A Johanna 
Published: January 2020

For patients presenting with more severe forms of tooth wear, removable dentures offer an alternative means of prosthodontic rehabilitation. The use of overdentures, onlay dentures or overlay dentures to restore severely worn teeth can achieve excellent aesthetic and functional results. This article looks at the indications for treatment planning and provision of these prostheses. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The use of these prostheses may prove a useful treatment option for the dental clinician managing the moderate to severely worn dentition.
Space Maintenance in the Mixed Dentition – a Necessary Intervention or a Step Too Far?
Authors: Manas Dave , Carly Dixon , Jones Paddy , Stephen Chadwick , Siobhan Barry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract: Primary teeth provide aesthetics and function whilst maintaining arch length and also space for their permanent successors. Unplanned, early loss of primary teeth can result in unwanted migration of permanent teeth, causing loss of arch length, crowding, displacement of teeth and therefore malocclusion. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different types of fixed and removable space maintainers available in the mixed dentition and their clinical indications.CPD/Clinical Relevance: This manuscript should inform readers of the different types of space maintainers available for young children, their clinical indications and also their limitations.
Achieving correction of a posterior scissorbite with a mini-screw
Authors: Matharu Jason , Macey-Dare Lucy , Dickson James , Farrier Jerry 
Published: January 2020

Scissorbite correction of posterior teeth can often be challenging. For adolescent patients, they may occur due to late eruption of the second permanent molar teeth after appliances are removed, or due to operator preference not to include them on the appliance. This case report describes a 17-year-old patient who had previously been treated with fixed appliances but did not originally have second permanent molars bonded. Complete correction of the scissorbite on the UR7 was effectively achieved in 14 weeks using a minimal system comprising only a palatal mini-screw, molar band and elastomeric chain.CPD/Clinical Relevance: Mini-screws placed in a palatal position can provide an effective way to correct posterior scissorbites.
“E indo a Carvalho, de la veyo boa”: os exorcismos numa paróquia portuguesa durante o século XVIII
Authors: Sartin Philippe Delfino 
Published: January 2020

O artigo apresenta os resultados da pesquisa realizada no Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra (AUC) acerca da prática de exorcismos no território do bispado, durante o século XVIII. Busca caracterizar o registro documental, redefinir alguns conceitos e elucidar a presença de um destacado exorcista, responsável por muitas curas e, igualmente, muitos testemunhos por parte da população.
Palavras-chave: Visitas pastorais; exorcismos; feitiços; poder eclesiástico.
ANALISIS HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS (HOTS) PADA SOAL UJIAN AKHIR SISWA KELAS 6 KMI DALAM KELOMPOK MATA PELAJARAN DIROSAH ISLAMIYAH DI PONDOK MODERN TAZAKKA BATANG
Authors: Ahmad Iqbal Faza , Sukiman Sukiman 
Published: January 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui komposisi soal ujian akhir siswa kelas 6 Kulliyatul Muallimin al-Islamiyah (KMI) kelompok mata pelajaran Dirasah Islamiyah di pondok modern Tazakka Batang dilihat dari tingkat kemampuan berpikir menurut taksonomi Bloom dan mengetahui karakteristik Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) yang terdapat pada soal ujian akhir kelompok mata pelajaran Dirasah Islamiyah tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif analitik. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan wawancara dan dokumentasi. Keabsahan data diuji menggunakan teknik triangulasi yang meliputi triangulasi sumber dan teknik, dan analisis data dilakukan melalui transcript, coding, dan verification. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: 1) Komposisi soal ujian akhir siswa kelas 6 KMI kelompok mata pelajaran Dirasah Islamiyah (Tauhid, Fiqih dan Tarikh Islam) dilihat dari tingkat kemampuan berpikir menurut taksonomi Bloom yang dominan adalah soal yang termasuk dalam kategori tingkat berpikir mengingat dan memahami. (C1 dan C2). Ada sebagian kecil soal yang memuat kemampuan berpikir mengaplikasikan, menganalisis dan mengevaluasi (C3, C4 dan C5) dan tidak ada butir soal yang memuat kemampuan berpikir mencipta (C6). 2) Soal ujian mata pelajaran Tauhid, Fiqih dan Tarikh Islam dalam Ujian Akhir siswa kelas 6 KMI di Pondok Modern Tazakka disusun tidak berdasarkan kepada pertimbangan karakteristik soal Higher Order Thinking Skill (HOTS). Namun, setelah penulis analisis, ada sebagian soal kelompok mata pelajaran Dirasah Islamiyah tersebut yang memiliki beberapa karakteristik HOTS. Soal yang paling banyak memenuhi karaketeristik HOTS adalah soal ujian mata pelajaran Fiqih, disusul Tauhid dan Sejarah Islam.
NILAI DASAR DAN MORALITAS KEPEMIMPINAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM
Authors: Rusnadi Rusnadi , Hafidhah Hafidhah 
Published: January 2020

Tulisan ini dibuat untuk menjelaskan tentang hakikat kepemimpinan pendidikan Islam. Didalam lembaga pendidikan Islam dibutuhkan pemimpin yang mempunyai nilai dasar, moralitas serta karakteristik yang ideal demi kemajuan lembaga pendidikan Islam. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode library research dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Setelah diketahui bahwa nilai dasar yang harus dimiliki seorang pemimpin adalah mempunyai niat tulus dan ikhlas untuk berbuat baik dengan rasa tanggung jawab dan komitmen penuh, serta mampu meleburkan diri dengan semua komponen yang ada dalam lembaga tersebut dengan berdasarkan Iman, Ilmu dan akhlak. Selain itu moral dari seorang pemimpin juga harus berpegang teguh kepada aqidah dan syariah dengan menanamkan nilai-nilai keislaman dalam kehidupan karena itu merupakan kunci utama dalam kemajuan pendidikan Islam. Jika pemimpin sudah mempunyai nilai dasar dan moral tersebut maka ia akan mampu menjelma menjadi pemimpin yang ideal dan berkarakteristik sebagaimana yang dicontohkan oleh Rasulullah SAW dengan mempunyai sifat adil, amanah, fathonah, tabligh, siasah, siddiq dan sabar.