bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transformation Governance for Sustainable Development
Authors: Wedig Karin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aquaculture is instrumental for increasing global fish production, but its ecological effects can create new pressures on the fishing grounds that small-scale fisheries (SSFs) depend on. As a result, achievement of SDGs 1 (end poverty) and 2 (end hunger) in societies of the Global South is compromised, and that of SDG14 (sustainable marine resources) is complicated. Using new evidence from Lake Victoria, which harbors Africa’s largest inland SSFs and a fast-growing aquaculture industry, this chapter examines how science, technology, and innovation (STI) can support ecologically and socially sustainable governance of fisheries resources. The author argues that a sustainable expansion of aquaculture needs to protect the natural resources that small fishers depend on while maximizing their ability to benefit from fish-farming. STI-based solutions, if integrated in a transformation governance approach, can secure and expand contributions from capture fisheries and aquaculture to help achieve SDGs 1, 2, and 14. The concept of transformation governance is based on a threefold structure: to increase eco-efficiency, redistribute access to natural resources, and recognize eco-sufficiency as a guiding principle. By applying this threefold resource-governance approach, the potential for STI-based solutions to provide greater overall eco-efficiency is utilized, restrictions on total resource use prevent rebound effects, and the principle of redistribution promotes a focus on appropriate technologies for small-scale resource users.
Value Network Analysis for (Re)Organizing Business Models Toward the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Dentoni Domenico , Klerkx Laurens , Krussmann Felix 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the use of value network analysis (VNA) as a diagnostic tool for (re-)organizing business models seeking to contribute to the achievement of multiple sustainable development goals (SDGs). While VNA has already been widely applied to the study of technological innovation ecosystems, this chapter introduces its role for decision-makers in business models seeking to support sustainability transitions toward the SDGs. To demonstrate the approach, the authors apply VNA to the case of the Agricultural Commodity Exchange (ACE) in Malawi. The ACE represents a business model seeking to increase value-chain efficiency while including smallholder farmers to foster food security and reduce rural poverty and marginalization. The authors discuss how VNA can act also as a diagnostic tool for actors seeking to contribute to reduce poverty and hunger (SDGs 1 and 2); enhance economic growth and public infrastructure (SDGs 8 and 9); and foster cross-sector partnerships for sustainability (SDG17). The ACE case demonstrates that VNA provides several entry points for building strategic cross-sector partnerships that act as systemic instruments in science, technology, and innovation policy, coordinating actions to ensure that the right policy mix comes in place to tackle different SDG targets in an integrated way.
Conclusions and Future Policies for Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Adenle Ademola A. , Chertow Marian R. , Moors Ellen H.M. , Pannell David J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The final chapter reviews contributions from throughout this book, drawing out common themes, differences, and key lessons. Previous studies indicate the potential role of science, technology, and innovation (STI) in tackling global challenges, yet in many developing countries, little attention is paid to harnessing STI in addressing these problems. The global development agenda, including the millennium development goals (MDGs), often underemphasized the potential for STI contributions, resulting in impacts that fell short of their potential. The chapter and other evidence presented in this book illustrate how a failure to provide the institutions and resources needed to build STI capacity, and a failure of key actors to engage synergistically, can be serious impediments to development. To conclude, the chapter sets out recommendations based on the insights provided in the earlier chapters.
Doing Justice, Preventing Crime
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the 2020s, no informed person disagrees that punishment policies and practices in the United States are unprincipled, chaotic, and much too often unjust. The financial costs are enormous. The moral cost is greater: countless individual injustices; mass incarceration; the world’s highest imprisonment rate; extreme disparities, especially affecting members of racial and ethnic minority groups; high rates of wrongful conviction; assembly-line case processing; and a general absence of respectful consideration of offenders’ interests, circumstances, and needs. The main ideas in this book about doing justice and preventing crime are simple: Treat people charged with and convicted of crimes justly, fairly, and even-handedly, as anyone would want done for themselves or their children. Take sympathetic account of the circumstances of peoples’ lives. Punish no one more severely than he or she deserves. Those propositions are implicit in the rule of law and its requirement that the human dignity of every person be respected. Three major structural changes are needed. First, selection of judges and prosecutors, and their day-to-day work, must be insulated from political influence. Second, mandatory minimum sentence, three-strikes, life without parole, truth in sentencing, and similar laws must be repealed. Third, correctional and prosecution systems must be centralized in unified state agencies.
Multiple Convictions
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Little has been written about the sizable majority of defendants who are convicted of several offenses at the same time or have previously been convicted of others. That is not a small oversight. Efforts to address it expose fundamental conceptual problems. The biggest is the multiple offense paradox. Efforts to offer principled accounts of the sentencing of multiple offenses founder on it. In Western legal systems, individuals sentenced following multiple convictions receive a bulk discount that results in a lesser total punishment than if each conviction had resulted in the punishment normally imposed on a first offender convicted of a single offense. By contrast, sentences of people convicted of separate offenses in successive proceedings usually include recidivist premiums that result in harsher punishments, often much harsher, than first offenders receive for the same offense.
Deterrence
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is no need to choose between punishing offenders justly and preventing crime. Zero-sum games exist, but this is not one. It is in the nature of things that convictions and punishments have preventive effects. They are such miserable experiences that many offenders are mortified, decide “never again,” and stick to it. They reinforce important societal norms. Those involving confinement or restrictions on mobility incapacitate. To the extent that threats of punishment deter, they deter. To the extent that terms of imprisonment are proportionate, they deter rationally, reinforcing social norms about the relative seriousness of different crimes. There is substantial reason to be skeptical that increases in penalties, or harsher compared with milder penalties, have significant if any marginal deterrent effects. American criminal justice systems can be made much less expensive to operate, less punitive, and less characterized by unwanted collateral damage to offenders, their families, and their communities.
The New Testament (50–100)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses primarily on the New Testament, the charter document for Christian views of conversion. It examines the vocabulary of conversion and the multitudinous ways that Scripture depicts conversion. At a basic level, conversion in the New Testament is a personal response of faith to God’s saving activity in Jesus Christ: theologically, affirming certain beliefs about Jesus; ethically, conforming in behavior to Jesus; and sociologically, joining a community of followers of Jesus. Following a discussion of the vocabulary of conversion in the Old and New Testaments, the chapter discusses conversion in the Synoptic Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles (emphasizing the contrast to the pagan world and discussing household conversions), the Johannine writings, and the conversion of Paul. It concludes with comments about the relationship between baptism and conversion.
Late Antiquity and Early Medieval Europe (500–1000)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the varieties and methods of Christian conversion in early medieval Europe. Christians made repeated attempts to adjust Christian convictions to the realities of people who practiced a variety of nature religions. Two cultural worlds interacted in a reciprocal process of adding and subtracting, creating and destroying. One way to understand the perspective of missionaries and the conundrum they faced is to think in terms of a sliding scale, varying in time and place; some aspects of pre-Christian beliefs were deemed incompatible whereas other pre-Christian rituals were accepted by absorption and adoption. At the bare minimum, conversion meant a transfer of loyalty or allegiance, confirmed by baptism. If there was rudimentary instruction, conversion meant familiarity with the Apostles’ Creed and the Lord’s Prayer and the acceptance of church authority. Methods of conversion varied, from “words” (proclamation of the word) to “deeds” (conversion through miracles and profaning paganism).
Rulers, Missionaries, Popes, and Patriarchs (400–1200)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the contributions of monks, bishops, popes, and kings in spreading Christianity to the emerging kingdoms of Europe. With the exception of Ireland, the conversion of Europe was largely brought about by the mutually reinforcing interactions between missionaries and kings. In this symbiotic relationship, missionaries had something to give—the Christian message—and kings had something to get—the resources, prestige, and ideological underpinnings of the Church as they consolidated their power. The initial conversion of Europe was primarily an institutional or political, not a personal, conversion. Christian influence spread from the “top down,” that is, from rulers and kings and the upper-class and better-educated to the lower-class and less-educated people.
Conversion by Coercion
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As Christian European society expanded geographically and as the Latin Church insisted on its universal rule, the perceived contamination of Christians by “religious aliens” accelerated intolerance by church and state authorities, mobs, and vigilante groups. This chapter examines the forced conversions of Jews and pagans. In four incidents of Jewish conversion, the threat of violence or of some kind of negative consequence (e.g., economic pressure) constituted if not forced conversions then certainly pressure to convert. Jews, however, were only one group, and a relatively small one, targeted for forcible Christian conversion. Throughout the medieval period, thousands of pagans were brought into the Christian fold by forcible means—from Charlemagne’s eighth-century campaign against the Saxons to the Sword Brothers’ thirteenth-century campaigns against the Lithuanians and Estonians.
Interior Conversion
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the early Middle Ages, the monastic model of conversion represented Christianity’s highest form of spirituality. Conversion meant becoming a religious or entering a religious order; it represented withdrawal into a cloistered community where the soul’s quest for perfection in imitation of Christ could be fully realized. Conversion signified a lifelong pursuit of God, a desire for a final conversion culminating in the beatific vision. By the High Middle Ages, however, this monastic model was increasingly challenged by friars and lay movements (e.g., Beguines, tertiaries, and the Devotio Moderna movement in the Low Countries). For them, conversion meant a call to return to the primitive church in active pursuit of holiness in the world, not a retreat into the confines of the monastery.
Protestants and Continental Reformers (1517–1600)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
By the early sixteenth century, the call to conversion had moved in other and more radical directions, resulting initially in renewed personal spiritual commitment at odds with the Catholic Church and then moving to outright schism and a change of institutional commitment. Reformers such as Martin Luther and John Calvin experienced new and profound reorientations through their focus on the Bible and its teaching of salvation by faith alone, by grace alone, and through Christ alone. Anabaptists such as Menno Simons embraced these basic teachings but also placed emphasis on conversion (the “new birth”) as a life of discipleship. The reformers’ success in transmitting a thoroughgoing change of heart and mind to the populace, however, had mixed results. Political resistance, spiritual indifference, theological polemics, Catholic intransigence, and the persistence of ancient magic lore and occult practices ensured that the wholesale reformation of Europe, even in Protestant-controlled areas, would never become a reality.
Catholics in Colonial America (1500–1700)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Conversionary efforts in the New World mirrored attitudes and practices in the Old. Christendom remained as much a project in the New as in the Old, and thus religious differences remained as problematic in the Americas as they did in Europe. Images of military conflict—combat, battle, and victory—language familiar on the Continent—infused the outlook of early modern Catholic missionaries, whereas Spanish and French missionaries in the New World often had the arm of the state to protect them and, all too often, to coerce the natives. This chapter selectively examines initial missionary efforts in a variety of locations—Spanish missionary outreach in the Caribbean, Peru, and Alta California and French missions in North America. The depth of Native American conversions was as varied as the methods used to produce them. On a superficial level, conversion meant a transfer of loyalty or allegiance, often without a full knowledge of what that transfer entailed. Or, with defeat, conversion might represent a conscious acknowledgment of the more powerful Christian God over weaker traditional deities.
Protestant Entrance and Christian Expansion (1840–1950)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Beginning in the 1840s, Anglo-French gunboat diplomacy and “unequal treaties” forcibly opened China to European economic interests and, in so doing, introduced unprecedented opportunities for Christian expansion. Catholic missionaries and priests returned to nurture “Old Catholics” and plant new missions, and for the first time Protestants appeared on the scene with millennial hopes of reaching “China’s millions.” This chapter begins by giving general attention to reasons for the Chinese to reject or accept the Christian message. It then turns to specific discussions of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the China Inland Mission, “Pastor Xi” (Xi Liaozhi), and first-generation Fuzhou Protestants. It concludes with an examination of the views of American theological liberals who, beginning in the late nineteenth century, rejected the traditional Christian emphasis on the necessity of conversion.
Independent Protestant Movements (1930–Present)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines independent Protestant movements in China from the 1930 to the present. In the early decades of the twentieth century, Protestant foreign missionaries encountered occasional and sometimes violent resistance in China. At the same time, independent Chinese movements and leaders increasingly displaced foreign-controlled Protestant denominations and mission agencies. Then, with the Communist takeover, the Chinese expelled all foreign missionaries and sought to stamp out the imperialist Western religion. Under these hostile circumstances, previously formed independent churches such as the True Jesus Church, the Jesus Family, and the Little Flock, along with independent evangelical pastors such as Wang Mingdao, provided the necessary resources for survival and even growth during the repressive Cultural Revolution (1966–76). With the easing of religious restrictions in 1979, China witnessed an unprecedented explosion of Christian conversions, particularly of the evangelical/Pentecostal variety. An estimated 1 million evangelical Christians now live in the coastal city of Wenzhou, and an increasing number of Chinese urban elites are turning to Christianity.
Welcome to the Machine
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the dominant-party machines of San Luis, Argentina, and the state of Mexico (Edomex), Mexico. Through this look at the political systems of two subnational units in two distinct countries separated by thousands of miles, this chapter also introduces the reader to the principal motivation guiding the subsequent analyses: How do such dominant-party enclaves affect the political attitudes and behaviors of citizens living within them? In Argentina and Mexico, like in much of the world, there are democracies that are being dragged down by subnational dominant-party enclaves. This reality has consequences for their citizens and for broader efforts to deepen democratic rule.
Conclusion
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This closing chapter summarizes the central argument in this book and the evidence supporting it. Beginning with a brief look at the merendero program initiated in 2017 by the Rodríguez-Saá machine in response to an electoral setback, this chapter offers a discussion of the findings of this book and the implications of this study for the consolidation of democracy in Argentina and Mexico. This study’s findings also have implications for the many other uneven emerging democracies around the world that confront the persistence of subnational political machines. Also addressed are the ways in which attention to subnational political processes can further the understanding of a society’s political culture and the forces that shape individuals’ attitudes toward and engagement with their political world. Finally, this chapter brings the reader’s attention to several avenues for future research that this book begins to explore.
The Mainstreaming of Racism in American Politics
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter frames the book’s analysis and provides an overview of the subsequent chapters. It explains how racism today is manifested most significantly in white “outgroup hostility” toward Latinos and Muslims as well as African Americans. It highlights the importance of race-baiting elites in exploiting a transformed media landscape to stoke white outgroup hostility and thereby mainstream racism in American politics today. The chapter introduces and defines a number of key terms, including “racialized political narratives” that operate to racialize selected groups of people to be constructed as threatening “outgroups” in opposition to whites as the “ingroup.” It emphasizes that the “political opportunity structure” for white racial extremists became more open, especially with the rise of the Tea Party movement, leading to their increased participation in conventional politics. The chapter argues that these factors had already converged prior to 2016 for Donald Trump to exploit in winning the presidency, thereby accelerating the mainstreaming of racism in American politics by putting it at the center of public policymaking in the White House.
Pathways to Extraterritorial Voting
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChapter 4 focuses on extraterritorial voting as the most formalized channel of migrant engagement in politics back home. After a brief history of voting from abroad in Turkey, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the Philippines, it introduces three competing models for explaining voter turnout: (1) a resource model based on migrant profiles; (2) an institutional model that focuses on electoral rules; and (3) a mobilization model that highlights party outreach. Combining data from the four cases with the results of large-n quantitative analysis developed elsewhere, the chapter argues that variations in turnout cannot be explained just by migrant profiles or institutional conditions but must also take into account extraterritorial mobilization by homeland parties. It concludes that the extent and nature of this mobilization are directly and integrally linked to the objectives and strategies of states engaged in diaspora-making.
Depoliticizing Diaspora in Mexico and the Philippines
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChapter 6 compares the cases of Mexico and the Philippines, both of which have below-average turnout in homeland elections by their citizens abroad. In each case, the prevalence of economic objectives has interacted with weakly transnationalized parties to encourage political leaders to depoliticize their diasporas. The chapter also identifies some critical differences between the two cases. First, diaspora-making in the Philippines has been both more proactive and less unifying than in Mexico because of the distinction between permanent settlers, mostly in the United States, and temporary workers on state-regulated contracts. Second, the administrative tentacles of the Philippine state have more thoroughly penetrated extraterritorial spaces, making it less reliant on the disciplinary function of loyalty but also more likely to become a target of migrant claims-making. These differences help explain why extraterritorial turnout in the Philippines, while still very low, is somewhat higher than in Mexico.
Introduction: The Transnational Path Toward Corporeal Fascism
Authors: Franko Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by outlining the meaning of the classical in French cultural production since the seventeenth century as a way to situate neoclassicism in ballet with modernism itself. The situation of ballet differs from other arts in that neoclassicism cannot be considered a betrayal of modernism but actually furnishes the condition for modernization. This prompts the question of the political engagements of neoclassicism in dance given that it is often considered to be politically conservative. The growth of interest in folk dance and folk arts more generally in interwar France places the historical component in popular culture in a comparative perspective with neoclassicism. Serge Lifar’s position within the interwar dance field is sketched out and differing critical discourses on the neoclassical are introduced.