bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of Powerful Laughter, c.1100–1200
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores laughter’s changing status as a topic of intellectual debate in the 1100s. Investigating a wide range of theological, monastic, philosophical, rhetorical, satirical, and medical texts available to Henry II’s courtiers, the chapter suggests that by the end of the century laughter was becoming a sign of embodied moral power. Whereas laughter had previously carried diabolical associations, and had been forbidden to monks, condemned by preachers, and reproved by theologians, it now became a monastic virtue, a confirmation of good health, and a potential sign of God’s presence. These ideas of moral laughter were enabled, above all, by a series of shifts in attitudes towards the body. As theologians devised new repertoires of spiritual emotions and gestures, influential monks such as Bernard of Clairvaux (d.1153) were able to allocate laughter a role as an expression of the highest internal grace.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Peter J. A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Introduction discusses how, towards the end of the twelfth century, enigmatically powerful images of laughing kings and saints began to appear in texts circulating at the English royal court. At the same time, contemporaries began to celebrate the humor, wit, and laughter of King Henry II (r.1154–89), and his martyred archbishop of Canterbury, Saint Thomas Becket (d.1170). This introductory chapter briefly explores the potential intellectual, literary, social, religious, and political roots for these images, outlining the framework of the book as a whole. Along with a critical overview of existing scholarship on medieval humor, the politics and government of Henry II, and the sainthood of Thomas Becket, the chapter indicates for the reader how a study of the relationship between laughter and power may have implications for how we understand the political and religious reforms of the twelfth century more generally.
Does consciousness matter?
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 concluded that there is no fact of the matter concerning phenomenal consciousness in animals, while also arguing that this conclusion is of no importance for science. The present chapter inquires whether it is nevertheless important in other ways, specifically for our ethical treatment of animals, arguing that it is not. But a challenge remains for those who theorize about the moral status of animals: they need to prize the foundations of their theories apart from assumptions about consciousness. The chapter also considers what should be said about the phenomenally conscious status of humans who, like animals, only partially share a full global-broadcasting architecture, such as human infants and people suffering from age-related cognitive impairments.
Asia and the World Economy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Findlay Ronald 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies the political and economic evolution of trade and international relations of the counties and regions of Asia, both between themselves and the rest of the world, over the past millennium, paying particular attention to the geographic and cultural background; the underlying demographic and economic mechanism of the classical Malthus-Ricardo model; the Pax Mongolica and overland trade along the Silk Roads during the Middle Ages; the European intrusion at the turn of the fifteenth century and the impact of the discovery of the New World; the spread of European imperialism and the rise of nationalism and the achievement of independence. A final section discusses the comparative evolution of Europe and Asia and the question of why the Industrial Revolution did not first occur in Asia.
Economic Openness and Development
Authors: Kozul-Wright Richard , Poon Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While other contributions in this volume delve into the fine-grained detail and diversity of development processes in Asian countries and sub-regions, this chapter analyses the opening-up experiences of China, India, and Malaysia by triangulating between: (i) the orientation of selected policy tools in trade, technology, investment, and finance in shaping a country’s degree of economic openness; (ii) the rational co-ordination of operational controls of these policy tools; and (iii) the overall development trends observed in the Asia region. The ‘rational co-ordination of operational controls’ is interpreted with reference to the strategic use of selected policy tools in the successful cases of earlier East Asian industrialization. The chapter contends that divergence in Asian growth can be understood by variations in pragmatic policy experimentation by national policymakers in search of more effective institutional mechanisms to achieve desired development outcomes.
China
Authors: Yifu Justin Lin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Myrdal did not cover China in his Asian Drama. If he did, he would most likely have been pessimistic. However, China has achieved a miraculous growth since the transition from a planned economy to a market economy at the end 1978. Why was China trapped in poverty before 1978? Why was it possible for China to achieve an extraordinary performance during its transition? Why did most other transition economies fail to achieve a similar performance? What price did China pay for its success? Can China continue its dynamic growth in the coming decades? What lessons can we draw from China’s development experiences in view of the Asian Drama? If a developing country adopts a pragmatic approach to develop its economy along its comparative advantages and tap into the potential of latecomer advantages, the country can grow dynamically like China.
Vietnam
Authors: Tarp Finn 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Gunnar Myrdal’s 1968 magnum opus, Asian Drama, pointed to the decisive nature of the Vietnamese people. Vietnam adopted a costly position on economic policy and management from 1976. When the approach taken did not produce the hoped-for results, an effective course correction was initiated in 1986. Since then, Vietnam has witnessed one of the world’s best performances in terms of economic growth and poverty reduction. Wide-ranging institutional reform has been introduced, including a greater reliance on market forces in the allocation of resources and the determination of prices. The shift from an economy completely dominated by the state and co-operative sectors, to one where the private sector and foreign investment both play key and dynamic roles, has been achieved without giving up strategic leadership and influence by the state.
Southeast Asia
Authors: Montes Manuel F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the development experiences of six countries, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Myanmar—collectively ‘the Six’—fifty years after Gunnar Myrdal’s Asian Drama. Myrdal took an unambiguously pessimistic view of Asian prospects for development on the basis of obstacles to raising agricultural productivity, and the low perceived level of capability of governments to intervene effectively in favour of industrial development—the latter being a handicap that included extensive corruption at all levels of government. The record of the Six mostly defied Myrdal’s prognosis, raising agricultural productivity faster than population growth and displaying sufficient state capability to direct change towards a respectable level of industrial development. By using a more socially grounded analytical approach à la Myrdal, it is possible to understand how unorthodox economic policies have been effective in overcoming developmental disadvantages. However, shortfalls in social development could make future progress difficult.
Concluding Notes
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter revisits from a synoptic perspective two of the main themes of the book. First, the critique of descriptivism based on indeterminacy cases and the proposal of mere roughly sufficient conditions for the reference fixing of demonstratives, proper names, and ordinary natural kind nouns. And second, the proposal that Arabic numerals, ordinary natural kind nouns, and adjectives for sensible qualities have, despite popular eliminativist arguments to the contrary, referents of a relatively ordinary nature appropriately determined in subtle ways by their associated reference-fixing conventions. The two themes of the book revisited in these concluding notes are related to an important part of the spirit of Kripke’s work on reference.
Africa’s Rural Youth in the Global Context
Authors: Mueller Valerie , Thurlow James , Rosenbach Gracie , Masias Ian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Governments in Sub-Saharan Africa are under enormous pressure to create more and better jobs for the region’s young and rapidly growing population. This chapter discusses how Africa’s demographic and economic transition differs than other developing regions. It then draws on Timmer’s Four Stages of Agricultural Transformation to conceptualize the unique role of youth participation in modernizing Africa’s agricultural sectors and rural economies. Thematic chapters covering trends in youth migration, national policy, and politics, as well as country case studies are included to shed light on whether the traditional model of agricultural transformation is still relevant for Africa today. Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal, and Tanzania feature as case studies due to distinctions in three key components of structural change: agricultural productivity growth, sectoral diversification, and speed of urbanization.
Troublemakers, Bystanders, and Pathbreakers
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Do youth protest more than their older counterparts and is their main motivation for protest their preoccupation with unemployment? This chapter aims to answer these questions using various data sources of micro- and macro-economic time series data. Protest trends across cohorts from all Sub-Saharan African countries are first presented. A multivariate regression approach is then used to identify the significant drivers of mobilization using public opinion data. Although there are clear life cycle effects underlying protest behaviour such that younger individuals are more likely to protest than older ones, protest activity is a form of mobilization used by all age groups. For both young and old, education, engagement in activism, and deprivation of basic goods are strong predictors of protest regardless of time period. More recently, however, young people are more likely to protest if they are unemployed and if they lack trust in political institutions.
Youth Mobility and its Role in Structural Transformation in Senegal
Authors: Estruch Elisenda , Dijck Lisa Van , Schwebel David , Randriamamonjy Josee 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses multiple data sources to illustrate the transitions made by youth over time either to the rural non-farm economy or to urban areas. Descriptives are given to the motivations and constraints youth face when engaging in the RNFE or in migrant labour. The findings suggest that there are limited rural employment opportunities for youth, leading to a slow pace of rural poverty reduction. Rural youth still work mainly in poor quality jobs in agriculture, although they increasingly try: (i) to diversify their and their family’s income by engaging in nonfarm employment, or (ii) to look for options outside rural areas by migration to urban areas or abroad. We review the main policies and programmes implemented in Senegal to examine potential for reform towards pro-transformative youth employment.
Deep Pluralist Conceptions of Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes deep pluralist conceptions of democracy. Advocates of this approach contend that political disagreement runs so deep that it cannot be reasonably overcome. In light of this predicament, they recommend majoritarian procedures as a “shortcut” for solving the problem of deep disagreement while at the same time preserving political equality. Against this view, the chapter shows that majoritarianism leaves minorities with no other option than to blindly defer to the decisional majority. To the extent that this is so, deep pluralists cannot explain how all citizens can identify with the laws and policies to which they are subject and endorse them as their own, as the democratic ideal of self-government requires. Deep pluralists are right to defend political equality and insist on the need to respond to the challenge of pervasive disagreement. However, we can only make good on these insights if we abandon the temptation to take the “procedural shortcut” and embrace the long road of participatory deliberative democracy.
Lottocratic Institutions from a Participatory Perspective
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how we might institutionalize deliberative minipublics in order to serve genuinely democratic goals. In contrast to empowered uses of minipublics that would bypass the citizenry’s political deliberation, citizens could use minipublics for contestatory, vigilant, and anticipatory purposes. These uses of minipublics would improve the quality of deliberation in the public sphere and would also force the political system to take the high road of properly involving the citizenry in the political process. The chapter illustrates these potential forms of “deliberative activism” with the help of examples of actual deliberative polls that James Fishkin has conducted over several decades. This analysis shows how deliberative minipublics can help improve the democratic quality of political deliberation in the public sphere while strengthening citizens’ democratic control over political decisions.
Acquired Rights and State Succession
Authors: Brunner Anna 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the early 1960s at the height of decolonization, the idea of post-colonialism and an initial form of post-colonial discourse developed in the branches of human rights, international trade, and state succession. The latter was of crucial importance to international lawyers in the new States as a means to jettison the established (post-)colonial system and advance their ‘global-solidarity project’ of a New International Economic Order (NIEO). They argued that the new states should have the power to ‘pick and choose’ which rules of the established international system corresponded to their needs and were accordingly acceptable to them, while other rules were not. In contrast, traditional Western scholars favoured the theory of continuity in the law of state succession. Along these front lines, the International Law Commission (ILC) was occupied by post-colonial discourse of state succession for years and became a central site of the battle for international law.
The International Court of Justice During the Battle for International Law (1955–1975)
Authors: Venzke Ingo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) during the battle for international law circa the years of 1955–1975. It first draws attention to newly independent states that saw the Court in its role of reinforcing international law’s colonial imprints. The chapter then focuses on the Court’s captivating highpoint during the battle for international law: its 1962 and 1966 Judgments in South West Africa, and the jarring 1966 decision which, in the eyes of many states, presented the ICJ as a ‘white man’s court’ in a white man’s world. The chapter then shows the effects of the 1966 decision in judicial elections and the quest to change the composition of the bench. Finally, the chapter argues that the present inquiry serves as a vivid reminder that international law and its institutions are the product of a veritable struggle, then as now.
The World Bank in the Battles of the ‘Decolonization Era’
Authors: Dann Philipp 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The story of the World Bank and the discussions over redistribution and financial support for the ‘newly independent states’ in the 1950s and 1960s is ambivalent and seems almost paradigmatic for a larger strategy of Northern governments in those years. This chapter analyses three layers of the story. It first recounts the political battle to institutionalize development financing, placing the creation of the International Development Association (IDA) as a new branch of the Bank in 1960 and main turning point in the broader context of the larger battle between North and South. It then looks at a distinct discursive turn that the Bank took in the 1960s and that seem to have served as rhetorical recognition but also mere placation of the South. Finally, the chapter investigates the legal dimension of the battle, observing that institutional law played an important role in deflecting Southern demands and shielding the Bank against further expectations. In analysing political, rhetorical and legal layers, the chapter argues that one can discern a certain strategy of the Bank and its dominant Northern governments that is reminiscent of classic hegemonic moves. Southern demands were not simply rejected or blocked, but rather redirected, diverted, and ultimately subverted—almost like in the far-Eastern fighting technique of Aikido, where the energy and dynamic of an attack is not absorbed but returned and redirected against the attacker.
The Unsynchable William Faulkner
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The early years of the “talkies,” which correspond with Faulkner’s surge into a fully realized literary modernism, brought technical problems that the cinema was slow to work out, especially the challenge of synchronizing the film soundtrack with its image stream to achieve verisimilitude. This technical crisis pointed to new creative opportunities for artists imaginative enough to seize the possibilities and extend montage effects across the visual and auditory realms. As sound film struggled through its growing pains, Faulkner experimented with new stylistic techniques of punctuation that introduced new discontinuities between speech and speaker, voice and subject, sound and source, into literary narration and onto the printed page, making his own unique contribution to his era’s aesthetic repertoire. This transmedial embrace of asynchrony went hand in hand with a new appreciation for the affective and thematic potential of silence, another aesthetic development that leaves its mark on Faulkner’s contemporaneous fictions.
Faulkner’s Biopolitical Fable of Modernity
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A Fable returns to the Great War to reframe it as the scene of a different modernity than the one diagnosed in Faulkner’s early fiction. A Fable concerns itself less with the modernization of death than with the modernization of life, the management of biological being by emergent biopolitical state formations that the Great War presented with a crucial opportunity to tighten their grip on living populations. Thus the defining conflict of A Fable is not between war and peace, nor between death and life, but between life and life, the struggle of autonomous life to rise above life regulated and instrumentalized, life surveilled, administered, and subordinated to the interests of industry, army, media, state: the global consortium that puts all organic life forms at risk. In A Fable, the conceit of world war finds its resonance in this opposition between global cabal and planetary, interspecies collectivity.
Changing Climate and Weather
Authors: AchutaRao Krishna , Otto Friederike 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Attribution of observed changes in long-term climate to anthropogenic and other external forcings has been a mainstay of many global assessments. Evidence of the role of anthropogenic forcings in the changing climate over the Indian region has been growing in recent years. Recent developments in event attribution techniques now make it possible to link global warming to individual weather and climate-related events. While a large number of event-attribution studies of extreme events from around the globe exist, very few have been carried out over India. In this chapter, a review of available event-attribution studies as well as studies that address attribution of long-term climate change over India is presented.
Reaching Agreement in Paris
Authors: Lavasa Ashok 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The months leading to the Paris Agreement in 2015 were marked by a shift in the tone and substance of India’s approach to climate negotiations. A new government, elected in 2014, embarked on a series of steps that recast the country as a progressive element in negotiations, attempting to move it from obdurate negotiator to part of the solution. This chapter describes these steps and the government’s approach at the Paris negotiations from the perspective of India’s lead negotiator. India’s actions included the declaration of ambitious mitigation targets and successful public diplomacy measures. At the same time, India and other like-minded developing countries negotiated to preserve their room for development and underscore the differentiation in responsibilities based on historical emissions. The Agreement, as a result, reflects the delicate balance of positions between developing and developed nations.
Understanding the 2015 Paris Agreement
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The international climate change regime comprises the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement, and numerous decisions under these instruments. These instruments, in particular the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, represent fundamentally different approaches to the three central issues that the international climate change regime has been struggling with since the inception of multilateral negotiations. These issues are: the architecture of climate instruments; the legal form of climate instruments and the legal character of provisions in them; and differentiation among countries, in particular, between developed and developing countries. This chapter explores each of these central issues in turn, with a focus on how the Paris Agreement resolves these issues, and represents a step change in the international community’s efforts to address climate change.
Climate Change, Civil Society, and Social Movement in India
Authors: Swarnakar Pradip 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In India, climate change-related activities are primarily managed by the government, but civil society organizations (CSOs) are an integral part of policy formulation and implementation. This chapter aims to illustrate the operations of Indian CSOs that primarily focus on climate change. The chapter has four primary objectives. First, it elucidates what Indian CSOs have achieved from discursive possibilities and openings created by the global climate change debate. Second, it interprets the climate sustainability and justice frameworks to evaluate the work of Indian CSOs. Third, it expands the concept of climate justice framework into two directions based on its geographical scale of focus. Finally, it discusses the international collaboration of Indian CSOs either as members of international coalitions or in joint deliberations in international climate meetings.