bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stosowanie rozumowań inferencyjnych w procesie wyprowadzania przez TK zasad i norm z przepisów konstytucyjnych
Authors: Ciżyńska Angelika 
Published: March 2020

Trybunał Konstytucyjny w swoich orzeczeniach niekiedy dokonuje konkretyzacji lub rozwijania/uzupełniania zasad/norm konstytucyjnych. Te sfery działalności polskiego sądu konstytucyjnego są metodami wykładni specyficznymi dla tak znaczącej dla ustroju państwa dziedziny, jaką jest prawo konstytucyjne. Sądy powszechne konkretyzują bowiem normy generalno-abstrakcyjne w indywidualnych sprawach, natomiast TK wypełnia treścią klauzule generalne, ustanawiając częstokroć zasady prawne, które nie tylko mogą, lecz także powinny być podstawą dalszej konkretyzującej działalności organów państwowych. Celem niniejszej pracy jest ukazanie wyprowadzania norm/zasad przez TK, w wyniku rozumowań inferencyjnych, i próba oceny dopuszczalności takiego działania polskiego sądu konstytucyjnego.Use of inferential reasoning by Constitutional Tribunal in developing constitutional rules and principlesConstitutional Tribunal, through its judgments, sometimes substantiates or completes constitutional norms and principles. These spheres of Polish constitutional court’s functioning are methods of interpretation specific to constitutional law, which is a branch of law fundamental for the state’s functioning. However, common courts substantiate abstract norms in individual cases, while the Constitutional Tribunal makes general clauses more concrete, often constituting legal principles, which not only can, but also should be a base for further concretization by the state’s organs.The aim of this publication is to show the interpreting of rules and principles by the Constitutional Tribunal through applying inferential reasoning, as well as an attempt to assess the permissibility of such an act of the Polish constitutional court.
Ochrona domen internetowych a posiadanie znaków towarowych
Authors: Sikora Małgorzata 
Published: March 2020

Artykuł odnosi się do złożonej relacji między znakami towarowymi a rejestracją domen internetowych. W związku z rosnącym znaczeniem domen internetowych można zaobserwować dynamicznie rozwijający się obszar potencjalnych naruszeń znaków towarowych, takich jak pasywna rejestracja domeny internetowej, rejestracja w złej wierze lub też zjawisko cybersquattingu. Opracowanie dotyczy kwestii związanych z międzynarodowym mechanizmem rozwiązywania sporów domenowych wypracowanych przez ICANN w postaci procedury UDRP oraz odpowiednich arbitraży akredytowanych przez tę instytucję. Co więcej, prezentuje istotne decyzje arbitrażowe oraz krajowe związane ze sporami o naruszenie znaku towarowego przez działania związane z domenami internetowymi. Relation between Internet domain protection and trademarksThis article attempt to describe the complex phenomenon of domain name usage and trademarks. It is well-known that domain names become more and more important as a brand element and may clash with trademarks especially when it comes to passive registration, registration in bad faith or cybersquatting. The article addresses the issue on an international level as presented by the ICANN procedure under UDRP and adequate arbitration with some national jurisdiction insights. It also presents some relevant case law addressing domain name registration in the light of trademark infringements.
Direct-to-consumer advertisement as a factor influencing the pharmaceutical market: Legal and theoretical aspects of DTC the Polish case
Authors: Matsuieva Julia 
Published: March 2020

In the following paper a brief review of the current government regulations on the Polish pharmaceutical market will be provided. The Polish pharmaceutical market has its own features and peculiarities. This is the only market in the European Union where advertising of pharmacies is prohibited. Since January 1, 2012, by Article 94a of the Pharmaceutical Law Act issued May 12, 2011, it is forbidden to advertise pharmacies, pharmacy points, and their activities in Poland. In such a situation the role of direct-to-consumer advertising increases. The purpose of this study is to describe the existing situation in the Polish pharmaceutical market, to indicate the gaps and to highlight its controversial nature. A theoretical framework of direct-to-consumer advertisement and its benefits has been outlined in the paper to determine the impact of direct-to-consumer advertising. The methodological framework of the study is comprised of a legal practice and statutory regulations overview, as well as analytic reports from statistics databases. Reklama skierowana bezpośrednio do konsumenta jako czynnik wpływający na rynek farmaceutyczny. Aspekty prawne i teoretyczne reklamy bezpośredniej przykład PolskiW niniejszym artykule został przedstawiony krótki przegląd aktualnych przepisów prawnych dotyczących polskiego rynku farmaceutycznego. Polski rynek farmaceutyczny jest bowiem szczególny — to jedyny rynek w Unii Europejskiej, na którym reklama aptek jest zabroniona.Od 1 stycznia 2012 roku — zgodnie z art. 94a ustawy z dnia 12 maja 2011 roku o refundacji leków, środków spożywczych specjalnego przeznaczenia żywieniowego oraz wyrobów medycznych — obowiązuje zakaz reklamowania aptek, punktów aptecznych i ich działalności w Polsce. W takiej sytuacji zwiększa się rola reklamy skierowanej bezpośrednio do konsumenta. Celem tego badania jest opisanie aktualnej sytuacji na polskim rynku farmaceutycznym, podkreślenie jego kontrowersyjnego charakteru oraz wskazanie występujących luk w przepisach prawnych. Aby określić wpływ reklamy skierowanej bezpośrednio do konsumenta, w artykule przedstawiono teoretyczne aspekty reklamy skierowanej do konsumenta i jej korzyści. Zakres badań obejmuje praktykę prawną i przegląd przepisów ustawowych oraz raporty analityczne ze statystycznych baz danych.
Ponowna instytucjonalizacja public relations a błędy popełniane przez strażników „ducha informacjonizmu”
Authors: Madryas Weronika 
Published: March 2020

Another institutionalisation of public relations and the mistakes made by the guardians of the “spirit of informationism”The article focuses on a new, hypertextual model of public relations created by the author, who confronts it with the practice of information management in contemporary organisations. The theoretical foundation of the concept of public relations proposed by the author can be found in the division which was introduced by the classics J. Grunig and T. Hunt and which has been expanded to include the virtual new media layer of communication as well as an analysis of its impact on corporate dialogue.Despite the fact that the author’s model of information management helps with putting into practice the model of symmetrical bilateral communication — sometimes seen as utopian in the literature on the subject — and turning PR into a function of strategic management, this does not protect organisations from mistakes made by PR specialists. In such a perspective the main aim of the article is to demonstrate the significance of the right choice of PR personnel to an organisation’s communication success.
Girl power! Femvertising jako nowy trend w komunikacji marketingowej. Analiza zjawiska na podstawie wybranych kampanii
Authors: Paszek Joanna 
Published: March 2020

Girl power! Femvertising as a new trend in marketing communications. Analysis based on selected campaignsBrands are a litmus paper of cultural and social changes that happen all around us. Not only must they follow the trends, they have to create them and adapt their personality and identity accordingly. One of vital questions are growing ambitions of women — and with them a frustration that has arisen from facing a reality full of limiting stereotypes. Third-wave feminism grows stronger and marketing, inherent in the social reality, forecasts new tendencies and proposes a new type of message. That’s how the femvertising was born — marketing communication aimed at women, which presents them as separate from stereotyped social roles. It focuses on real problems women face when trying to pursue self-development. The article presents the results of semiotic analysis of marketing messages of brands: Dove and Always, based on a model which allows to analyze the message on the several interconnected levels of meaning. The purpose of this text is to verify what image of the world and the feminity results from the femvertising type of communication, and what challenges the femvertising faces as a fairly new type of communication.
Leopold Tyrmand. Dziennik pisarza: autokreacja i powieść
Authors: Jaxa-Rożen Hanna 
Published: March 2020

Leopold Tyrmand. Writer’s notebook: self-creation and the novelThe paper “Leopold Tyrmand. Writer’s notebook: self-creation and the novel” presents a color­ful character in the landscape of post-war, communist Poland. The analysis focuses on “Diary 1954” and is conveyed using both current research and the critics’ reviews of the author’s contemporar­ies. The literary features exposed in this paper consist of self-creation, using members of the art­istic community of that time as characters as well as the motif of an erotic relationship. Leopold Tyrmand consciously creates his own story; his diary becomes a novel, while his life story of his life is gaining literary shape.
Asfiksjofilia i kontrola. Nienormatywna praktyka w społeczno-kulturowej perspektywie
Authors: Florkowski Robert 
Published: March 2020

Asphyxiophilia and control. Nonnormative practice in the socio-cultural perspectiveAsphyxiaphilia means predilection for sexual practices, which include asphyxia as key compon­ent. There are many ways to restrict the oxygen intake of living human, the most typical is choking or hanging by the neck. Paradoxically, physiological disturbance, associated usually with it undesir­able symptoms caused by oxygen deficit are used by asphyxiaphilics as intense, highly gratifying sexual stimuli. These types of behavior are risky, transgressive and usually stigmatized. This are some of the reasons why they are perceived as dangerous not only physically, but socially to and why they can easily trigger variety of controlling interventions. It is interesting that on the one hand asphyxiaphilic activity often turn to be precisely planned and controlled rituals, and the loss of control can result literary in death. On the other hand, disclosure or accidental release, leak of infor­mation into communal, public environment may lead to “social death”. Sociologists researching this domain encounter puzzling challenges and intriguing questions about boundaries between social and public, normative and non-normative, destructive and gratifying, compulsive and voluntary, transgressive and existential.
Niedobory konsumpcji w gospodarstwach domowych z dziećmi z niepełnosprawnością
Authors: Janoś-Kresło Mirosława 
Published: March 2020

Consumption Deficiency in Households with Children with DisabilitiesNot every household can afford, mainly due to limited financial resources, to meet their needs in a satisfactory manner. The aim of the article is to present selected findings of empirical research qualitative study — FGI, IDI and quantitative study — CAPI and CAWI, requested by the respondent carried out for the needs of the project Entrepreneurial and Consumer Behaviour of Families Caring for Children and Youth with Disabilities. The article presents the financial situation of households with achild/children with disabilities, the financial obligations and purposes of consumer credits and loans, the most acute shortages in the household, the allocation of additional income and the ways of coping with difficulties.
Aplikacje mobilne typu fit — planowanie posiłków i dieta pod kontrolą technologii
Authors: Dejnaka Agnieszka 
Published: March 2020

Fitness mobile applications: Meal planning and diet under technological controlMore and more people in Poland begin to check in detail what products they buy and what they con­sume every day. Some of these people are on adiet that reduces weight or try to match/plan meals to meet the needs of their body e.g. a sports training plan. Mobile applications come to their aid, as they facilitate the above processes related to meal planning and diet. The aim of the article is to present the results of qualitative research and critical analysis of mobile applications available on the market in the field of meal planning, introducing areduction diet and maintaining it. The article also attempts to answer the following questions: What is the assessment and expectations for fitness mobile applications by users? Are meal planning and diets under the control of technology a trend or a necessity?
Uwagi na temat charakteru prawnego dyrektywy wymiaru kary za ciąg przestępstw. Część II
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt 
Published: March 2020

The remarks on the legal character of the directive of the punishment for the series of crimes The article considers the problem of punishment for the series of crimes. It raises the legal character of the rule of tightening the criminal responsibility as a consequence of committing crimes remaining in a confl uence of events connected with the buckle of continuity. The main doubt accompanying such evaluation is connected with the answer to the question if the legal eff ects within the scope of punishment resulting from the art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code express ordinary or extraordinary punishment. The dispute about the legal nature of the consequences resulting from that regulation has not only the theoretical-legal dimension. Accepting one of those options causes far-reaching legal consequences within the sphere of the law practice application. It decides about the scope of the legal responsibility and determines the relations with other statutory premises that modify its limits. In this context there are also the remarks considering the conditions of accepting the set of principles, resulting from art. 57 of the Penal Code, reforming those limits with the rule of punishment for the series of crimes. The analysis takes up the problem of the punishment for the continuous act defi ned in art. 12 of the Penal Code. We have to take into consideration that this institution derives from the same as the series of crimes structure of the continuous act of crime that was in the Penal Code from 1969, which is the basis of the extraordinary tightening the punishment. Thus there comes the question — whether resigning from modifying the principles of legal responsibility for the continuous act of crime can lead to impression of the dissymmetry of penalty of both structures, and is that the reasonable and rational solution.
Lost in Transitions: Childhood and Child Characters in Post-Yugoslav Playwriting
Authors: Abrasowicz Gabriela 
Published: March 2020

Lost in Transitions: Childhood and Child Characters in Post-Yugoslav Playwriting. The history of Yugoslavia’s fall cannot be told without paying attention to transitions to democracy and its reflection in art. Playwrights from the emerging countries, including Serbia Biljana Srbljanović and Milan Marković, Bosnia and Herzegovina Tanja Šljivar, Montenegro Maja Todorović and Kosovo Jeton Neziraj, use political, economic, and national transitions as a biographical category, comprising various phenomena connected with “interruptions” and “passages” in human life, as well as identified with difficult, extreme, or critical situations. The authors focus on micro-social children’s stories, making these young protagonists repositories of anti-knowledge situated on the margins of society. The members of the young generation presented in these dramatic texts go through various transitions marked by new roles and responsibilities. Such descriptions and interpretations of transformations of the surrounding reality can be seen as a new way to illustrate the traumatic predicaments of people living in post-transitional societies.Потерянные во время перехода — детство и детские персонажи в пост-югославской драматур­гии. Трансформация действительности приводит к изменениям ее описания и интерпретации, что отражается в искусстве, в частности в современной пост-югославской драме. В произведе­ниях драматургов из стран с формирующимся рынком — Сербии Биляна Србьянович и Милан Маркович, Боснии и Герцеговины Таня Шливар, Черногория Майя Тодорович и Косово Етон Незирай — переход функционирует как определенная биографическая категория, включающая в себя различные явления, связанные с «перерывами» и «переходами» в человеческой жизни, отождествляемая со сложными, экстремальными или критическими ситуациями. Некоторые драматурги не остаются равнодушными к изменениям, происходящим в более широком контек­сте, но они сосредоточены на микросоциальных историях детей. Эти художественные решения представляют молодых протагонистов как хранилище антизнаний, расположенных на периферии общества. Это новая перспектива для выявления травматических переживаний и трудных усло­вий жизни и развития людей в постпереходном обществе.
Institution and inclination in the post-socialist space: Genocide as “memory intervention”
Authors: Dolghin Dana 
Published: March 2020

Institution and Inclination in the Post-Socialist Space: Genocide as “Memory Intervention”This article investigates memory discourses around communism in Ukraine and Romania and the manner in which account­ability for the past has been mobilized to shape authoritative trauma based memorializations, public appropriations, and increasingly standardized manners of indexing the past. In the last decade, both countries have gone through successive attempts — through memory legislation, historical commis­sions and historiography — to include these negative historical narratives into an ideational redress in the postsocialist period. Alongside national connotations, I argue that trauma based political projects around memory have become an important site where the narrative of a “European” state is produced. In both national contexts, representations have appropriated and benefitted from more liberal-cen­ter representations of memory, which now match the pan-European paradigm of “totalitarianism” introduced by the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism passed by European Council. This article focuses however on one of the consequences of this transnational dynamics of for representing a renewed, European political space, namely the usage of and appeal to legal notions of memory, such as “genocide”, in both public discourse and historiography.Учреждение и склонность в постсоциалистическом пространстве: геноцид как «вмешательство в память»В этой статье исследуются дискурсы памяти, сформированные вокруг коммунизма в Украине и Румы­нии и способы мобилизации ответственности за прошлое для формирования авторитетных мемориализаций на основе травм, государственных ассигнований и все более стандартизи­рованных способов индексирования прошлого. В последнее десятилетие обе страны прошли через последовательные попытки мемориальные законы, исторические комиссии и истори истори­ографию включить эти негативные исторические повествования в идейные преобразования в постсоциалистический период. Я утверждаю, что наряду с национальными коннотациями, именно основанные на травме и сформированные вокруг памяти политические проекты стали важным местом, где создается повествование о «европейском» государстве. В обоих националь­ных контекстах представления были усвоены и подданы влиянию более либеральных представ­лений о памяти, которые теперь соответствуют панъевропейской парадигме «тоталитаризма», введенной Пражской декларацией о европейской совести и коммунизме, принятой Европей­ским советом. В этой статье, тем не менее, основное внимание уделяется одному из послед­ствий этой транснациональной динамики для формирования представления возобновленного европейского политического пространства, а именно: использование и обращение к правовым понятиям памяти, таким как «геноцид», как в публичном дискурсе, так и в историографии.
System aksjologiczny muzułmanów — wyzwanie czy element wspólnej kultury Europy?
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Rafał 
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł stara się w miarę możliwości odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy sys­tem aksjologiczny reprezentowany przez wyznawców islamu stanowi wyzwanie dla kultury europejskiej, czy też może jest jej integralną częścią składową. Na drodze do rozwikłania tego złożonego zagadnienia artykuł prezentuje w pierwszej kolejności, obok pewnych uwag wstępnych i metodolo­gicznych, pewien zasób informacji historycznych stanowiących niezbędne tło do dalszych rozważań. W głównej części praca skupia się na ukazaniu interferencji europejskiej i muzułmańskiej kultury oraz prawa. Wskazuje na pewne elementy wspólne, styczne oraz rozłączne. Artykuł usiłuje zdefi­niować pewne — kluczowe dla zadanego pytania — pojęcia, sygnalizując trudności interpretacyjne i będącą konsekwencją tych nieścisłości niemożność jednoznacznej odpowiedzi na postawione w temacie artykułu pytanie. Axiological system of Muslims — achallenge or an element of the common culture of Europe? This paper attempts to answer the question whether the axiological system, repre­sented by Muslim believers, is a challenge for European culture, or is it an integral part of this culture. At first, the article presents some introductory and methodological thoughts as well as provides a ne­cessary historical background for further analysis. In its main part, the paper focuses on the interfer­ence of European and Muslim culture as well as legal systems. Some common, tangent and disjoint elements are pointed out. The article attempts to define some terms, essential to a given question. It highlights the difficulties of interpretation and, as a consequence, inability to give an unequivocal answer to the question raised in the subject of this article.
Etyka zawodowa żołnierzy Wojska Polskiego
Authors: Wach Malwina 
Published: March 2020

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przybliżenie problematyki etyki zawodowej żołnierzy zawodowych Wojska Polskiego. Autorka bada również zasadność wprowadzenia etyki zawodowej do zawodów mundurowych. Odwołując się do obecnie obowiązującego Kodeksu Honorowego, podjęto próbę charakterystyki żołnierza zawodowego w kontekście jego etycznych powinności. Zwieńczeniem artykułu jest próba scharakteryzowania żołnierza na podstawie owych regulacji. Professional ethics of Polish soldiersThe aim of this article is to consider the nature of professional ethics of the members of the regular Polish army. The author also examines the legitimacy of introducing professional ethics for uniformed professions. According to the currently binding Code of Honour, the author tries to characterize a professional soldier in the context of his ethical duties. An attempt to characterize a soldier based on these regulations is the culminating point of this article.
Kieślowski’s „Dekalog” doorheen tijd en ruimte: Poolse realia in Nederlandse ondertitels
Authors: Bossens Joke 
Published: March 2020

One of the challenges every translator has to deal with is the translation of culture-specific elements. The present study approaches the topic from the subtitler’s point of view and examines the strat-egies used in the translation of culture-bound elements in the Dutch subtitles of the ten-part Polish series Dekalog made by Krzysztof Kieślowski. 74 culture-bound elements were found in the original script and compared with their Dutch translation. The applied methods for rendering these culture-specific wordsinto Dutch were categorized into source language oriented and target language oriented strategies following the taxonomy introduced by Pedersen 2005. Finally, theirfrequency was analysed in order to determine to what extent the foreign character of the Polish culture-specific elements in Dekalog has been preserved while rendering them into Dutch.