bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restorative and regenerative: Exploring the concepts in the circular economy
Authors: Morseletto Piero 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe most recognized definition of the circular economy is that it is a restorative and regenerative economy. Despite the wide use and importance attributed to the concepts of “restoration” and “regeneration,” they are rarely defined or explained in the circular economy literature. In this context, this study critically examines the two terms, while providing guidance on their future utilization and development. Specifically, the study investigates the origin of the concepts, their adoption in frameworks that anticipated the idea of the circular economy, and their connotations in the circular economy literature. The examination supports the need for clear and distinct definitions, combined with precision in usage. From a review of the literature, restoration is a better‐defined concept than regeneration, although it needs conceptual re‐enforcement relative to the biological/ecological aspects of the circular economy. This study suggests looking in the direction of restoration ecology, a well‐established branch of ecological research. Conversely, regeneration is a symbolic/evocative term with little practical application in the context of circular systems except in the case of certain agricultural practices. Until new conceptual developments intervene, regeneration does not seem to be applicable to the economy as a whole and because of this, might be abandoned as a guiding principle of the circular economy. Unlike regeneration, restoration can be considered a core principle because it has widespread application and can be a point of reference for circular applications. This does not preclude the possibility that other concepts may be needed to augment restoration.
Nicotinic α7 receptor‐induced adenosine release from perisynaptic Schwann cells controls acetylcholine spillover from motor endplates
Authors: Noronha‐Matos José B. , Oliveira Laura , Peixoto Ana R. , Almeida Liliana , Castellão‐Santana Lilian Martins , Ambiel Célia R. , Alves‐do Prado Wilson , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAcetylcholine (ACh) spillover from motor endplates occurs after neuronal firing bursts being potentiated by cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., neostigmine). Nicotinic α7 receptors (α7nAChR) on perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs) can control ACh spillover by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesized that adenosine might be the gliotransmitter underlying PSCs‐nerve terminal communication. Rat isolated hemidiaphragm preparations were used to measure (1) the outflow of [3H]ACh, (2) real‐time transmitter exocytosis by video‐microscopy with the FM4‐64 fluorescent dye, and (3) skeletal muscle contractions during high‐frequency (50 Hz) nerve stimulation bursts in the presence of a selective α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, or upon inhibition of cholinesterase activity with neostigmine. To confirm our prediction that α7nAChR‐mediated effects require direct activation of PSCs, we used fluorescence video‐microscopy in the real‐time mode to measure PNU 282987‐induced [Ca2+]i transients from Fluo‐4 NW loaded PSCs in non‐stimulated preparations. The α7nAChR agonist, PNU 282987, decreased nerve‐evoked diaphragm tetanic contractions. PNU 282987‐induced inhibition was mimicked by neostigmine and results from the reduction of ACh exocytosis measured as decreases in [3H]ACh release and FM4‐64 fluorescent dye unloading. Methyllycaconitine blockage of α7nAChR and the fluoroacetate gliotoxin both prevented inhibition of nerve‐evoked ACh release and PSCs [Ca2+]i transients triggered by PNU 282987 and neostigmine. Adenosine deamination, inhibition of the ENT1 nucleoside outflow, and blockage of A1 receptors prevented PNU 282987‐induced inhibition of transmitter release. Data suggest that α7nAChR controls tetanic‐induced ACh spillover from the neuromuscular synapse by promoting adenosine outflow from PSCs via ENT1 transporters and retrograde activation of presynaptic A1 inhibitory receptors.
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Intense focused ultrasound for neck and lower face skin tightening a prospective study
Authors: Friedman Or , Isman Gila , Koren Amir , Shoshany Hadas , Sprecher Eli , Artzi Ofir 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntense focused ultrasound (IFUS) is a Nonablative skin tightening technology with good safety profile, but limited efficacy. Most clinical studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of the Ulthera IFUS (Ulthera, Mesa, AZ) in treating redundant skin.ObjectiveTo report our experience with Doublo IFUS (Doublo™, HIRONIC Co.) for treating neck and lower face laxity.MethodsThis is a prospective study of 43 patients with neck and lower facial laxity treated using IFUS. Response was assessed by two independent dermatologists and graded on a scale of 0 (exacerbation) to 5 (75%‐100% improvement). Patient's level of “sagging” and “volume loss”, satisfaction and tolerance were documented.ResultsNine subjects (52.9%) mentioned some improvement. Erythema and edema were acute and transient responses.ConclusionUltrasound appears to be a safe modality for facial skin tightening in selected patients with minor skin sagging and no volume discrepancy.
Exploring the role of extracellular matrix proteins to develop biomarkers of plaque vulnerability and outcome
Authors: Holm Nielsen S. , Jonasson L. , Kalogeropoulos K. , Karsdal M. A. , Reese‐Petersen A. L. , auf dem Keller U. , Genovese F. , Nilsson J. , Goncalves I. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of death in industrialized countries. One underlying cause is atherosclerosis, which is a systemic disease characterized by plaques of retained lipids, inflammatory cells, apoptotic cells, calcium and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the arterial wall. The biologic composition of an atherosclerotic plaque determines whether the plaque is more or less vulnerable, that is prone to rupture or erosion. Here, the ECM and tissue repair play an important role in plaque stability, vulnerability and progression. This review will focus on ECM remodelling in atherosclerotic plaques, with focus on how ECM biomarkers might predict plaque vulnerability and outcome.
Quetiapine dose optimisation during gestation: a pharmacokinetic modelling study
Authors: Badhan Raj K S , Macfarlane Hannah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The second-generation antipsychotic quetiapine has been demonstrated to undergo gestation-related changes in pharmacokinetics. This study applied pharmacokinetic modelling principles to investigate the mechanism of these changes and to propose new dosing strategies to counteract these changes.

Methods
A pharmacokinetic modelling approach was implemented using virtual population groups. Changes in quetiapine trough plasma concentration during gestation were quantified across all trimesters, and dose adjustment strategies were applied to counteract these changes by targeting a therapeutic range of 50–500 ng/ml throughout gestation.

Key findings
The application of the model during gestation predicted a decrease in trough concentration. A maximum decrease of 58% was predicted during trimester 2, and being associated with a statistically significant decrease in oral clearance at gestation week 25, 204 l/h ± 100.8 l/h compared with non-pregnant subjects, 121.9 l/h ± 51.8 l/h. A dosing optimisation strategy identified that dose increases to 500–700 mg twice daily would result in 32–55% of subjects possessing trough concentration in excess of 50 ng/ml.

Conclusions
Quetiapine doses in pregnancy should be increased to 500–700 mg twice daily to counteract a concomitant increase in metabolic clearance, increase in volume of distribution and decrease in plasma protein binding.
The Politics of Religious Nones
Authors: Schwadel Philip 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAmericans with no religious affiliation (aka religious “Nones”) are not a politically homogeneous community. Just as there are political differences between groups of Christians, there are political differences between groups of religious Nones. I use nationally representative survey data to examine the political activities and perspectives of atheists, agnostics, and those who are “nothing in particular.” Results show that Americans who report that their religion is nothing in particular are relatively uninterested in politics and unlikely to be politically active; atheists are relatively liberal and likely to experience political conflict and follow political news; and agnostics are particularly likely to vote and feel politically isolated from their families. In many ways, the “softer” secularism of those who are nothing in particular is politically more similar to religious affiliates than the “harder” secularism of agnostics and especially atheists. These results have important implications for the future of American politics as Nones now have the potential to rival evangelical Protestants as a politically relevant constituency.
The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol and detomidine dosed in combination compared with individual dose administrations to exercised horses
Authors: Paine Stuart W. , Bright Jane , Scarth James P. , Hincks Pamela R. , Pearce Clive M. , Hannan Colette , Machnik Marc , Hillyer Lynn 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn equine and racing practice, detomidine and butorphanol are commonly used in combination for their sedative properties. The aim of the study was to produce detection times to better inform European veterinary surgeons, so that both drugs can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Three independent groups of 7, 8 and 6 horses, respectively, were given either a single intravenous administration of butorphanol (100 µg/kg), a single intravenous administration of detomidine (10 µg/kg) or a combination of both at 25 (butorphanol) and 10 (detomidine) µg/kg. Plasma and urine concentrations of butorphanol, detomidine and 3‐hydroxydetomidine at predetermined time points were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The intravenous pharmacokinetics of butorphanol dosed individually compared with co‐administration with detomidine had approximately a twofold larger clearance (646 ± 137 vs. 380 ± 86 ml hr−1 kg−1) but similar terminal half‐life (5.21 ± 1.56 vs. 5.43 ± 0.44 hr). Pseudo‐steady‐state urine to plasma butorphanol concentration ratios were 730 and 560, respectively. The intravenous pharmacokinetics of detomidine dosed as a single administration compared with co‐administration with butorphanol had similar clearance (3,278 ± 1,412 vs. 2,519 ± 630 ml hr−1 kg−1) but a slightly shorter terminal half‐life (0.57 ± 0.06 vs. 0.70 ± 0.11 hr). Pseudo‐steady‐state urine to plasma detomidine concentration ratios are 4 and 8, respectively. The 3‐hydroxy metabolite of detomidine was detected for at least 35 hr in urine from both the single and co‐administrations. Detection times of 72 and 48 hr are recommended for the control of butorphanol and detomidine, respectively, in horseracing and equestrian competitions.
Effect of Firms’ Age on Their Use of Highly Skilled Workers
Authors: Børing Pål 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe aim to contribute to the literature on entrepreneurship by examining the relationship between firms’ age and their use of highly skilled workers, measured by employees with higher education. A panel data set of Norwegian firms is used. Based on population‐averaged panel data regression, we find that newly established firms have a higher proportion of highly skilled workers than incumbent firms. A sensitivity analysis shows that this result holds for different correlation structures in the panel data, different calculations of employees’ age, and whether the explanatory variables are lagged in order to reduce the potential endogeneity of these variables. The result can be explained by the fact that the capital intensity is higher in newly founded firms than in incumbent firms and that the proportion of highly skilled workers is positively correlated with the capital intensity in firms.
Spatial variation of abundant picoeukaryotes in the subtropical Kuroshio Current in winter
Authors: Chan Ya‐Fan , Chung Chih‐Ching , Gong Gwo‐Ching , Hsu Ching‐Wei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo understand the importance of picoeukaryotes in the biogeochemical cycle in the subtropical Kuroshio Current, a year‐round survey of the hydrography and the distribution of picoeukaryotes were conducted in four oceanographic cruises from October 2012 to July 2013. In comparison with other seasons, the highest abundancy of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes, with concentrations >104 cells/ml, was observed around the eastern boundary of the Kuroshio in the winter. Accordingly, the composition of picoeukaryotes in this cold season was further studied by a metabarcoding analysis of the 18S rRNA gene. The majority of picoeukaryotes comprised Alveolata, followed by Haptophyta and Stramenopiles. Their composition was diverse in the waters affected by the Kuroshio and in the offshore province. For Haptophyta, in contrast to clade A prevailing in the Kuroshio waters, clade B1, which was considered the host of uncultivated diazotrophic cyanobacterium group A (UCYN‐A), appeared only in the offshore area. Similarly, in Stramenopiles, Pseudo‐nitzschia spp. and MAST‐1D, respectively, dominated in the Kuroshio‐influenced and offshore areas. While Alveolata was the most abundant group, the distributions of all lineages were similar. The association between picoeukaryote succession and hydrographic change is yet to be fully understood. Our results will assist future studies on the community composition of picoplankton and their relationship with marine ecology in the region.
Environmental plasticity and colonisation history in the Atlantic salmon microbiome: A translocation experiment
Authors: Uren Webster Tamsyn M. , Rodriguez‐Barreto Deiene , Castaldo Giovanni , Gough Peter , Consuegra Sofia , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMicrobial communities associated with the gut and the skin are strongly influenced by environmental factors, and can rapidly adapt to change. Historical processes may also affect the microbiome. In particular, variation in microbial colonisation in early life has the potential to induce lasting effects on microbial assemblages. However, little is known about the relative extent of microbiome plasticity or the importance of historical colonisation effects following environmental change, especially for nonmammalian species. To investigate this we performed a reciprocal translocation of Atlantic salmon between artificial and semi‐natural conditions. Wild and hatchery‐reared fry were transferred to three common garden experimental environments for 6 weeks: standard hatchery conditions, hatchery conditions with an enriched diet, and simulated wild conditions. We characterized the faecal and skin microbiome of individual fish before and after the environmental translocation, using a BACI (before‐after‐control‐impact) design. We found evidence of extensive microbiome plasticity for both the gut and skin, with the greatest changes in alpha and beta diversity associated with the largest changes in environment and diet. Microbiome richness and diversity were entirely determined by environment, with no detectable effects of fish origin, and there was also a near‐complete turnover in microbiome structure. However, we also identified, for the first time in fish, evidence of historical colonisation effects reflecting early‐life experience, including ASVs characteristic of captive rearing. These results have important implications for host adaptation to local selective pressures, and highlight how conditions experienced during early life can have a long‐term influence on the microbiome and, potentially, host health.
Putting soil invertebrate diversity on the map
Authors: Phillips Helen R.P. , Heintz‐Buschart Anna , Eisenhauer Nico 
Published: February 2020

Ecologists have had a very good foundational knowledge of the global distribution of plants and aboveground animals for many decades. But despite the immense diversity of soil organisms, our knowledge of the global distribution, drivers and threats to soil biodiversity is very limited. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bastida et al. (2020) produce the first global maps of soil invertebrate diversity that have been sampled at 83 locations, across six continents, using standardised methods and DNA sequencing. Using data from nematodes, arachnids and rotifers, and structural equation models, they find that diversity of these taxa is primarily driven by vegetation and climate. Given the anthropogenic changes that are occurring, and are projected to continue, this study provides important baseline information for future soil biodiversity and function monitoring, as well as exciting working hypotheses for targeted experiments.
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis treatment duration in haematology patients in Europe: An EFISG, IDWP‐EBMT, EORTC‐IDG and SEIFEM survey
Authors: Lanternier Fanny , Seidel Danila , Pagano Livio , Styczynski Jan , Mikulska Malgorzata , Pulcini Celine , Maertens Johan , Munoz Patricia , Garcia‐Vidal Carol , Rijnders Bart , Arendrup Maiken Cavling , Sabino Raquel , Verissimo Cristina , Gaustad Peter , Klimko Nikolay , Arikan‐Akdagli Sevtap , Arsic Valentina , Barac Aleksandra , Skiada Anna , Klingspor Lena , Herbrecht Raoul , Donnelly Peter , Cornely Oliver A. , Lass‐Flörl Cornelia , Lortholary Olivier 
Published: February 2020

SummaryInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) optimal duration of antifungal treatment is not known. In a joint effort, four international scientific societies/groups performed a survey to capture current practices in European haematology centres regarding management of IPA. We conducted a cross‐sectional internet‐based questionnaire survey in 2017 to assess practices in sixteen European countries concerning IPA management in haematology patients including tools to evaluate treatment response, duration and discontinuation. The following four groups/societies were involved in the project: European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG), Infectious Diseases Working Party‐European Society for Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (IDWP‐EBMT), European Organisation for Research and Treatment‐Infectious Disease group (EORTC‐IDG) and Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni nelle Emopatie (SEIFEM). A total of 112 physicians from 14/16 countries answered the survey. Galactomannan antigen was available in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage in most centres (106/112 [95%] and 97/112 [87%], respectively), quantitative Aspergillus PCR in 27/112 (24%) centres, β‐D‐glucan in 24/112 (21%) and positron emission tomography in 50/112 (45%). Treatment duration differed between haematological malignancies, with a median duration of 6 weeks [IQR 3‐12] for patients with AML, 11 [4‐12] for patients with allogenic stem cell transplantation and GvHD and 6 [3‐12] for patients with lymphoproliferative disease. Treatment duration significantly differed according to country. Essential IPA biomarkers are not available in all European countries, and treatment duration is highly variable according to country. It will be important to provide guidelines to help with IPA treatment cessation with algorithms according to biomarker availability.
New insights on evolutionary aspects of Pythium insidiosum and other peronosporaleans
Authors: Weiblen Carla , Robe Lizandra Jaqueline , de Azevedo Maria Isabel , Ianiski Lara Baccarin , Stibbe Paula Cristina , Ribeiro Tatiana Correa , Zanette Régis Adriel , Pereira Daniela Isabel Brayer , Santurio Janio Morais , Botton Sônia de Avila 
Published: February 2020

SummaryBackgroundThe evolution of pathogenic mechanisms is a major challenge, which requires a thorough comprehension of the phylogenetic relationships of pathogens. Peronosporaleans encompasses a heterogeneous group of oomycetes that includes some animal/human pathogens, like Pythium insidiosum.ObjectiveWe analysed here the phylogenetic positioning and other evolutionary aspects related to this species and other peronosporaleans, using a multi‐locus approach with one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes.MethodologyPhylogenetic patterns of 55 oomycetes were inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis, and a relaxed molecular clock method was applied to infer the divergence time of some peronosporaleans branches.ResultsPythium insidiosum was monophyletic with a major and polytomous clade of American isolates; however, Pythium spp. was found to be paraphyletic with Phytopythium sp. and Phytophthora spp. In general, peronosporaleans subdivided into four lineages, one of which evidenced a close relationship of P insidiosum, P aphanidermatum and P arrhenomanes. This lineage diverged about 63 million years ago (Mya), whereas P insidiosum diversified at approximately 24 Mya. The divergence of American and Thai isolates seems to have occurred at approximately 17 Mya, with further American diversification at 2.4 Mya.ConclusionOverall, this study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of P insidiosum regarding other peronosporaleans in a multi‐locus perspective, despite previous claims that phylogenomic analyses are needed to accurately infer the patterns and processes related to the evolution of different lineages in this group. Additionally, this is the first time that a molecular clock was applied to study the evolution of P insidiosum.
Supplying Theology's Missing Link
Authors: Brown David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis essay argues that there is a serious deficiency in all sub-disciplines of theology, in their failure to ask the further question of how any of them might then seriously engage the believer in their conclusions. Philosophy of religion, biblical studies and systematic theology are surveyed in turn, to explore further the nature of this missing link, in imaginative engagement. While visual art is used to illustrate how this could be provided, it is not claimed that this is the only way that this could be achieved, only that it is a largely ignored dimension in much contemporary discussion of the arts.
Grammar of Dissent? Theology and the Language of Religious Education
Authors: Towey Anthony 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe prosperity of theology at Universities in this country is, for better or worse, linked to the prosperity or otherwise of Religious Education in the nation's schools where pupils first learn the grammar and vocabulary of belief. Yet despite one of the aspirations of recent reforms of the subject being to harmonize student transition from secondary to tertiary level, other voices have been raised which question the validity of that project. This article considers why religious education is currently such a contested pedagogical space, what kind of alternatives are being proposed and why Newman's Idea of a University and an ‘inclusive’ understanding of Theology might inform a coherent Catholic response.
Increased capture threshold in permanent His‐bundle pacing associated with flecainide
Authors: Jiang Michael , Wasserlauf Jeremiah , Knight Bradley P , Verma Nishant 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA 64‐year‐old man underwent implantation of a permanent His‐bundle pacemaker. A marked rise in the selective His‐bundle capture threshold was noted 1 month after the patient started flecainide acetate for rhythm control of recurrent, symptomatic atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. The capture threshold subsequently normalized 4 days after discontinuing flecainide and switching to dofetilide. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a rise in selective His‐bundle capture threshold associated with flecainide acetate. Further studies are needed to characterize this association which could result in higher capture thresholds, decreased battery longevity, and mimic His‐bundle lead failure.