bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Strategies of subsidiaries of multinational Enterprises
Authors: De Villa Maria A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the political strategies of subsidiaries of multinational enterprises (MNEs). In doing so, I review the literature at the crossroads of corporate political strategy and international business (IB) strategy and identify four relevant themes. First, the types of political strategies deployed by subsidiaries dichotomize into engaged and non-engaged; and into legal and illegal. Second, the responses of subsidiaries to host political contexts, involve exercising voice, exit, or loyalty through different types of political strategies. Third, the determinants that explain the choice, approach (transactional or relational), level of participation (individual or collective), intensity, or dissimilarity of the political strategies of subsidiaries, can be clustered into five levels of analysis: home country, host country, multinational, subsidiary, and managerial. Fourth, the main outcomes of subsidiary political strategies are legitimacy in the host country and performance. The chapter concludes with promising opportunities for future research on political strategies from a subsidiary perspective, a growing area of study in IB strategy.
Foreign Market Re-Entry Strategies
Authors: Surdu Irina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExit is not an irreversible, “win or lose” event in the lifecycle of a multinational enterprise (MNE). Some firms decide to re-enter exited markets. Yet, our knowledge of MNEs’ re-entry strategies remains limited, and where re-entry is discussed, perspectives based predominantly on the rational exploitation of resources and experiential learning prove insufficient. This chapter proposes a behavioral lens for understanding complex decisions such as re-entry. Decisions such as re-entry depend on the manner in which the past experience (in this case, the exit) is framed and perceived by decision makers. Given the time-out period between exit and re-entry, re-entry choices may be influenced by the subjective and often outdated experiences of managers. International business (IB) strategy theory has largely ignored the influence of managerial own biases and memory in shaping managers’ perceptions of events. The chapter emphasizes the importance of different types of cognitive biases as theoretical concepts that complement rationality-based assumptions about the dynamic IB strategies of MNEs.
International Business History and the strategy of multinational enterprises
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Lopes Teresa da Silva 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the evolution of international business (IB) over time as well as the predominant strategies used by multinational enterprises (MNEs). It highlights how international strategizing becomes more complex over time with MNEs moving from being coordinators of resources and managers of geographical distance to orchestrators of global value creating centers, a role that is changing again as value chains are restricted in response to the growth of political nationalism. The chapter highlights the recent dialog between IB history and IB strategy, and the opportunities for further interdisciplinary collaboration between the two disciplines in the production of research that is of both academic and practical relevance. The chapter challenges the idea that many unexpected IB challenges require strategies by MNEs that are labeled as “new.” Overall, it demonstrates how history can refine theory and provide learning opportunities for IB strategy researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.
Capability-Based Theories of Multinational Enterprise Growth
Authors: Teece David J. , Petricevic Olga 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we argue that traditional approaches to modeling the growth of the multinational enterprise (MNE) that focus on costs and efficiencies are too narrow to adequately and comprehensively address the foundations of MNE growth trajectories. Today’s global realities and the changing view of the MNE require a more focused and explicit capability-based perspective. In particular, we posit that contemporary theories of the MNE require frameworks and explanations that should simultaneously account for the uncertainties that firms face in their external environment and the complexities of often competing internal, organizational alternatives. To develop our reasoning in support of capability-based thinking, we discuss the changing nature on the international business (IB) landscape, the evolving views on the nature of the MNE, and present the core building blocks of capability-based thinking in managing MNE growth. We conclude the chapter by offering some thoughts on how capability-based thinking could be applied in future scholarly efforts.
Internationalization Process Perspective
Authors: Santangelo Grazia D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo manage the increasing competition in their home markets, firms need to go international and seek new markets, improve their efficiency, acquire natural resources, and (or) gain access to strategic assets. Irrespective of the motivations driving the decision to cross national boundaries, firms face the challenge to plan their internationalization process (IP) effectively. This chapter offers an overview of the IP perspective starting from the original formulation of the IP—or Uppsala— model (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977) to its latest revision (Vahlne & Johanson, 2017) and the open-ended debate that this revision continues to stimulate. It then discusses how firms acquire market knowledge for the first-time versus subsequent internationalization, and why they may change their market commitment after the initial foreign market entry.
Epistemologies
Authors: Cross Ian , Tolbert Elizabeth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Understanding how we might understand music confronts us with a number of challenges, not least the question of what we mean by the term “music.” Do we mean “music” as it manifests itself in our discourse, or the musical communication that we experience in making it and listening to it? While the normative frameworks provided by classical epistemology seem most consonant with the theories that we derive from and apply to music as historical practice, those theories are usually heuristic, local in scope, and difficult to reconcile with any systematic epistemology. The diversity of music’s manifestations across cultures further complicates matters; is there something that can legitimately be universally described as “music” across cultures or is music primarily—or even entirely—culture-specific? What music is and does in different cultures seems so widely variable that we are forced to situate our epistemologies in something like an emic, implicit understanding of cultural contexts, severely compromising their generalizability. This realization may force us towards a naturalistic, scientific epistemology, but here, we need to be aware of the fact that such an epistemology is most likely to reveal itself as a bundle of epistemologies rather than a unitary form of explanation. In the end, it seems that the means that we can use to understand music are necessarily plural. The task of the musical epistemologist is not so much to proclaim musical truths but rather to make clear just how their epistemology of choice relates to other possible ways of knowing music.
Hermeneutics
Authors: Kramer Lawrence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Musical hermeneutics, the interpretation of the meaning of musical works, genres, or performances, has traditionally been limited by the assumption that any meaning music might have must derive from the intrinsically musical dimension of form, technique, or structure. This assumption is a mistake. Understanding why it goes wrong may lead to a more robust and revealing understanding of music. A more genuinely musical hermeneutics is possible in light of two modern philosophical concepts—care (from Heidegger) and aspect-change (from Husserl and Wittgenstein)—combined with two new ones: hermeneutic delay as an essential feature in the generation of meaning and paraphrase as a fundamental condition of language in particular and communications media, including music, in general. The interpretive practice thus made possible, illustrated with examples from Haydn and Debussy, extends humanistic knowledge and is consistent (but not compliant) with advances in neuroscience and digital technology that have broadened the concept of cognition beyond conscious thinking.
Performance
Authors: Thom Paul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A musical improvisation, as well as the performance of a musical work, can be understood recursively as a sequence of choices and the successful or unsuccessful implementation of those choices in the light of the implementation of previous choices in the sequence. These sequences take on a different character, depending on whether the music is being improvised or performed in accordance with a pre-existing musical work. In both cases there is potential for artistic creation, and potential for showmanship and charlatanry. The paper advocates a philosophical approach to writing about music that is tempered by an acquaintance with musicology, music criticism, empirical research and music history, and that acknowledges the imperfections in the real world of music-making.
Vocal Music
Authors: Jarman Freya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Focusing on the popular Christmas carol “Once in Royal David’s City” and its annual performance at the King’s College, Cambridge Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols, this chapter looks to recent developments in the theorization of subjectivity to open up new questions about the nature of vocal music in a communal context. The chapter starts by situating the carol in its various cultural-historical contexts (notably nineteenth-century church music, congregational singing, and Anglicanism), with a view to understanding the nested relationships between tradition and national identity. In so doing, it pays particular attention to the carol’s composition, to its arrangement for the festival in 1919, and to the festival’s continued annual broadcast on BBC radio. The chapter ultimately argues that congregational singing as developed in the nineteenth century mobilises what Anahid Kassabian has called “distributed subjectivity,” so extending that concept beyond the recording technologies that form the focus of Kassabian’s own work.
Expression
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Expression is a term that has been applied to music in an extraordinarily wide range of senses; philosophers and musicologists alike remain sharply divided on what musical expression is and how it works. This essay gives a historical account of the ways in which music in and of itself—that is, music independent of words—has been regarded as expressive over the past three hundred years by surveying influences spanning Enlightenment theories of rhetoric and the imitation of emotions, Romantic aesthetics of subjectivity and self-expression, and more contemporary versions of contour, arousal, persona, and intransitive theories of expression. This review reveals the lack of a single satisfactory explanatory framework for musical expression, even while confirming musical expression’s enduring importance as “the soul of music.”
Ethnomusicology and Philosophy
Authors: Koskoff Ellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ethnomusicology is the study of music in human social and cultural life. Closely related today to the discipline of anthropology, its basic method is ethnographic fieldwork. This chapter begins by presenting a history of the field of ethnomusicology, from its earliest beginnings (as comparative musicology) in late nineteenth-century Europe to its present standing as a major music discipline worldwide. The chapter proceeds by providing a critical analysis of current debates, theoretical directions, new practices, and challenges, before concluding with an examination of some important issues affecting the future of ethnomusicology. These include the effects of postmodernism (such as the development of new paradigms foregrounding fragmentation and multiple subjectivities) on the study of music; the rise of various technologies as harbingers of a new formulation of music as simply one category of sound; the effects of globalism on diasporic studies, conceptions of “musical flow,” and the ethics of fieldwork; and, finally, the roles of sameness and difference as organizing principles of ethnomusicological analysis and practice
Society
Authors: Gallope Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the emergence of European aesthetics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, music’s relationship to society has only occasionally been a privileged topic of philosophical discussion. This chapter surveys and compares the work of five key figures in Western philosophy who thought carefully about the relationship between music and society: Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Du Bois, and Adorno. Guiding the discussion are two key motifs: imitation, in which music is taken to manifestly resemble various elements or processes in society; and codes, where, at a deeper and more latent level, music is taken to reflect or reveal some kind of obscure social meaning. In the final section, the chapter submits both categories to critique, contending that, while these philosophers’ writings remain highly instructive points of departure, they are of limited use in accounting for the many complex linkages between music and society within the globalized movements of twentieth-century popular music.
Introduction
Authors: McAuley Tomás , Nielsen Nanette , Levinson Jerrold 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This Introduction shares the rationale behind the decision to produce this Oxford Handbook of Western Music and Philosophy. It pauses to dwell on the field of “music and philosophy” as a more inclusive, interdisciplinary space than the vital but narrower field of the “philosophy of music,” taking the latter as but one part of the former. It also interrogates issues arising from the volume’s focus on “Western” music and philosophy, considering prominent arguments that there is no such thing as Western culture, and asking whether it would have been more appropriate to speak of a Global North. The Introduction also gives an overview of the contents of the volume’s six parts: Mapping the Field, History, Philosophical Traditions and Practices, Musical Traditions and Practices, Key Concepts, and Collisions and Collaborations. It notes both the diversity of the essays within these parts and the gaps in coverage that remain.
Response to Susan McClary: Subjectivities
Authors: Bicknell Jeanette 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This response to Susan McClary’s essay on music and subjectivities considers two possible understandings of “subjectivities.” In the first section, the response reviews musical subjectivities as personal and individual responses to music. Addressing arguments made by Peter Kivy and Nelson Goodman, it asks how is it possible that similar listeners hear literally different things in the same music? The second section turns to focus on shared and communal responses to music. What different factors are at play when many different listeners respond in the similar ways to the same performance? The main example in this section is Aretha Franklin’s performance at Barack Obama’s presidential inauguration in 2009.
Ancient Greece
Authors: D’Angour Armand 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the evidence for musical history in ancient Greece, connecting it to philosophical approaches represented by Plato and others, as well as to recently elucidated documents with Ancient Greek musical notation. Ideas of ethos and mimesis are related to what may be known about the sounds of ancient Greek music as elicited from descriptions, surviving scores, and replicas of instruments such as the aulos (double pipe). The chapter seeks to elucidate the notion of mousikē (‘music’, as derived from the name of Greek divinities Mousai, the Muses) in its cultural context, and to connect elements of ancient musical traditions such as metre and harmonics to contemporary aural and musical realities.
TheDi2/petVariant in thePETALOSAGene Underlies a Major Heat Requirement-Related QTL for Blooming Date in Peach [Prunus persica(L.) Batsch]
Authors: Cirilli Marco , Gattolin Stefano , Chiozzotto Remo , Baccichet Irina , Pascal Thierry , Quilot-Turion B�n�dicte , Rossini Laura , Bassi Daniele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEnvironmental adaptation of deciduous fruit trees largely depends on their ability to synchronize growth and development with seasonal climate change. Winter dormancy of flower buds is a key process to prevent frost damage and ensure reproductive success. Temperature is a crucial environmental stimulus largely influencing the timing of flowering, only occurring after fulfillment of certain temperature requirements. Nevertheless, genetic variation affecting chilling or heat-dependent dormancy release still remains largely unknown. In this study, a major QTL able to delay blooming date in peach by increasing heat requirement was finely mapped in three segregating progenies, revealing a strict association with a genetic variant (petDEL) in a PETALOSA gene, previously shown to also affect flower morphology. Analysis of segregating genome-edited tobacco plants provided further evidence of the potential ability of PET variations to delay flowering time. Potential applications of the petDEL variant for improving phenological traits in peach are discussed.
Minimal Clinically Important Differences for Measures of Pain, Lung Function, Fatigue, and Functionality in Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Sobreira Margarida , Almeida Miguel P , Gomes Ana , Lucas Marlene , Oliveira Ana , Marques Alda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to determine the minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), peak cough flow (PCF), peak expiratory flow (PEF), fatigue severity scale (FSS), and London chest activities of daily living scale (LCADL) in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) after rehabilitation.

Methods
Inpatients with SCI from 2 rehabilitation centers participating in a daily rehabilitation program were recruited. The NPRS, PCF, PEF, FSS, and LCADL were collected at baseline and discharge. The global rating of change scale was performed at discharge. MCIDs were calculated using anchor (linear regression, mean change, and receiver operating characteristic curves) and distribution-based methods (0.5 times the baseline SD, standard error of measurement, 1.96 times standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change) and pooled using arithmetic weighted mean.

Results
Sixty inpatients with SCI (36 males; 54.5 [15.9] years) participated. On average their rehabilitation program lasted 7.3 (1.7) weeks. Pooled MCID estimates were 1.6 points for the NPRS, 69.8 L/min for the PCF, 77.4 L/min for the PEF, 1.1 points for the FSS, and 1.4 points for the LCADL.

Conclusion
Established MCIDs for NPRS, PCF, PEF, FSS, and LCADL will help health professionals to interpret results and guide rehabilitation interventions in patients with SCI.

Impact
Health professionals and researchers may now use -1.6 points for the NPRS, 69.8 L/min for the PCF, 77.4 L/min for the PEF, 1.1 points for the FSS, and 1.4 points for the LCADL to interpret if changes in pain, cough intensity, expiratory flow, fatigue and activities of daily living after rehabilitation of patients with SCI have been clinically relevant.
Comparing Treatment Outcomes between Confirmed and Non-Confirmed Childhood TB Cases: Study from a Major Tertiary Center in Thailand
Authors: Khantee Puttichart , Laoprasopwattana Kamolwish 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging to diagnose due to its non-specific symptoms and difficulties in obtaining confirmatory laboratory results. This study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of confirmed and non-confirmed TB in children.

Methods
The medical records of children aged ≤ 15 years diagnosed with TB at Songklanagarind Hospital from January 2007 to December 2018 were examined. The TB cases were classified into three groups, confirmed cases (positive culture and/or polymerase chain reaction), probable cases (positive histopathological and/or acid-fast bacilli results) and presumptive cases (clinical manifestations and imaging findings compatible with TB and good response to anti-TB drugs but without microbiological confirmation).

Results
Of 177 children, 66 (37.3%) had a confirmed diagnosis, 57 (32.2%) a probable diagnosis, and 54 (30.5%) a presumptive diagnosis. The successful treatment rates of the confirmed, probable and presumptive TB groups were 80.3%, 87.7% and 92.6%, respectively (p = 0.21). Of the 54 presumptive cases, a history of household contact with TB led to a diagnosis of asymptomatic pulmonary TB in 10 (18.5%) cases. Patients with a presumptive diagnosis were less likely to have disseminated and/or miliary TB (1.9% vs. 7.0% of probable vs. 22.7% of confirmed, p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
Only one-third of the study patients had a confirmed TB diagnosis. The successful treatment and mortality rates did not significantly differ among the three groups. To increase the detection rate of early diagnosis of childhood TB, physicians should perform active TB contact investigations in household members of the index case.
The Effect of Distance Learning on Knowledge Acquisition in Undergraduate Second-Degree Nursing Students: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sinacori Barbara , Williams-Gregory Mona 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

AIM
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of distance learning on knowledge acquisition in undergraduate second-degree nursing students, a growing population of nursing students.

BACKGROUND
Distance learning is a convenient way of attaining professional training.

METHOD
The study was conducted by critical appraisal and data extraction using Joanna Briggs Institute tools for quasi-experimental, qualitative systematic reviews and research synthesis and randomized control research. Risk for bias was determined using the Cochrane collaboration tool.

RESULTS
Eleven studies from five countries are included in the review: four quantitative, two qualitative, one mixed-method, and four integrative review. Dates range from 2015 to 2018.

CONCLUSION
The evidence suggests that knowledge acquisition is not impacted by educational setting alone. Flipped classroom and mixed-method instruction were found to positively impact knowledge acquisition. Distance learning, coupled with traditional face-to-face instruction, has a greater impact on knowledge acquisition than either method alone. Online methodologies improve clinical skill acquisition more than face-to-face instruction.
Using the Four Pillars of FLIP to Implement Flipped Learning in an Undergraduate Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Course
Authors: Sailsman Sonique 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nurse faculty teaching undergraduate nursing research and evidence-based practice are challenged to find creative and engaging instructional strategies that have positive learning outcomes. Utilizing the Flipped Learning Network’s Four Pillars of FLIP, an undergraduate nursing research and evidence-based practice course for an accelerated nursing program was transformed from a traditional classroom to a flipped learning model. This article describes active learning strategies used, along with lessons learned for future implementation.