bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ritual Violence Envisioned
Authors: Olyan Saul M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Passages that speak of violent rites imagined in the present or future are the focus of this chapter. These texts are typically found in prophetic materials and works characterized by apocalyptic eschatology and are cast in the form of visions, dreams, or oracles. In contrast to narratives set in the past that depict acts of ritual violence or legal texts that prescribe violent rites, the writers of violent, ritualized imaginaries situated in the present or future frequently draw on metaphor to construct their compositions. Four representative texts are the focus in this chapter: Ezek 16:35–43, an oracle that imagines a series of violent rites of punishment deployed against a personified Jerusalem; Zech 5:5–11, a prophetic vision of personified Wickedness; Jer 22:18–19, Yhwh’s promise of a dishonoring, animal-like burial for King Jehoiakim of Judah; and Dan 3:31–4:34, Nebuchadnezzar’s dream of his own transformation into a domesticated animal brought about in part by violent rites.
The China Factor and U.S.-Cuban Relations
Authors: Johnson Gregg B. , Lin Zhimin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Any discussion of the thaw in U.S.-Cuban relations must address China’s key role in Cuba’s political and economic structure. Today, China is not only a longtime supporter of the regime but also Cuba’s largest trading partner. Perhaps more importantly, the thaw in Sino-U.S. relations and subsequent shift in Chinese economic policy offers a potential model to the Cuban communist regime, a “moral inspiration” that encourages openness to the international economy, while maintaining internal control. This chapter examines the ways China’s direct economic and political interactions with the Cuban government facilitate further economic opening, while maintaining state control over key political and economic sectors. The chapter also examines the limits of the Chinese model and its implications for Cuba’s future.
Success Characteristics of Market Entry in Cuban Tourism
Authors: Walsh Janet L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The importance of tourism in Cuba is clear given the expected 3.8 million visitors in 2018. Under the Barack Obama administration these rules were relaxed, permitting “self-certifying” travel to Cuba, meaning it was not necessary to be part of a regimented, organized group. As a result, Cuba saw the potential for a significant increase in U.S. tourists to the island. This chapter conducts a qualitative case study to examine market entry strategies, challenges, opportunities, and organizational actions of eighteen tourism businesses operating in Cuba. By illustrating how successful tourism industry companies entered the Cuban market and achieved sustainability, potential investors can learn from these experiences to build and/or fine-tune their own market-entry strategy. This study may narrow the gap between Cuba as a potential location for foreign direct investment and the specific actions taken by companies to establish business operations in Cuba.
U.S. Property Claims in Cuba
Authors: Kelly Michael J. , Moreno Erika , Witmer Richard C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the years since publication of the Report on the Resolution of Outstanding Property Claims between Cuba and the United States in 2007, the relationship between these two countries has undergone significant change. This chapter considers these political changes and how they impact the resolution of one of the most contentious issues in the thawing relationship between two longtime rivals, including the transition to Raul Castro and how the next political transition might impact property rights settlements. The chapter also suggests the expansion of the original model to include Cuban citizens at the time of expropriation now living in the United States, as a way to build trust in dealing with contentious property rights issues.
The East of the West
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the history of “zonal borderland aid,” a program devised to support the West German border regions. It analyzes the strategies that borderland advocates deployed to entrench this government program for good. By depicting their regions as victimized by the Iron Curtain, they inadvertently generated the perception that the borderlands were backward. Pushing beyond 1990, the chapter addresses the economic consequences of the fall of the border and the widespread hope that the erstwhile periphery would turn into the new center of Germany and Europe. The borderlands became the places where the postunification “cotransformation” was instantly felt. The toolkit of economic aid that had been employed to prop up the borderlands now moved a few miles across the former border: “zonal borderland aid” turned into Reconstruction East, the program charged with rebuilding the economic capacity of former East Germany along capitalist lines.
Getting to Adoption
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the factors that influenced couples’ decision to pursue adoption, as well as their feelings, hopes, and fears surrounding adoption. Some couples—particularly heterosexual couples—recounted years of struggling to conceive, often with the help of painful, invasive, and expensive fertility drugs and treatments. Others described genetic or medical barriers to conceiving. This chapter also addresses the kinds of circumstances, beliefs, and experiences that fostered participants’ openness to adoption as a path to parenthood. For example, having family members who were adopted enabled a basic familiarity with adoption as a family-building route, making it less “foreign” than it was to some people—and served as evidence that biogenetic ties were not prerequisites for family membership and love.
Absence and Ambivalence
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses birth fathers—but often in the context of their absence. Many adoptive parents did not appear to view birth fathers as symbolically or relationally as “important” as birth mothers. For some, this tendency persisted throughout their children’s lives. Others, though, became increasingly curious about their children’s birth fathers. Still others did enact relationships with birth fathers over time, and in some cases these were important relationships to parents and children. This chapter discusses these different patterns, with attention to how and why birth fathers are often “invisible” in adoption narratives. It also explores how adoptive parents talk about birth fathers and how this varies depending on whether parents adopted privately and domestically versus through foster care, and how it varies over time.
Revelation
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 addresses the nexus of God’s perfection to the Torah’s charge. Since prophecy is inevitably poetic, it demands hearers who are intellectually alive and can see that God’s perfection invites emulation, through a union of moral strength with intellectual depth. Jewish sages find a key to such wisdom in God’s Anokhi, the “I” that opens the Decalogue, or even in the opening aleph of that word, read as a sign for God since aleph stands for singularity. One sage read that aleph as a kind of mandala, its form suggesting a face made up of two yods, a traditional marker of God’s name, the two letters facing each other like two eyes, as if to remind us that we find God when we find ourselves—and to suggest a thought as old as Socrates and as fresh as Levinas: that we find ourselves when we discover one another.
“Some Choice of Means”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Progressive-era constitutionalists who believed that problems of industrialization required increasing governmental intervention in economic life debated the meaning of McCulloch v. Maryland against conservatives who claimed that such interventions violated a supposedly constitutional principle of laissez faire. Progressives’ pro-imperialism views morphed into advocacy of domestic social reform as thinkers like James Bradley Thayer, Theodore Roosevelt, and Albert Beveridge interpreted McCulloch to maintain that the Constitution was sufficiently expansive and adaptable to accommodate both imperialism and reform. Meanwhile, the conservative judicial activism of this period, known as the Lochner era from the Supreme Court decision in Lochner v. New York (1905), led the Supreme Court to invalidate key federal laws, like the 1916 Child Labor Act, which was struck down in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918). Notwithstanding McCulloch, the Court denied Congress the power to regulate labor and productive activities, even when necessary and proper to regulating interstate commerce.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
McCulloch v. Maryland’s nationalizing potential has not been fully realized, having been reined in by the Supreme Court for most of the years since it was written in 1819. Had McCulloch’s logic of implied powers been applied fully to the Commerce Clause, it would have been difficult to deny recognition of congressional powers to pursue internal improvements, to restrict slavery and child labor, and to regulate the areas of economic life now deemed within Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause. Despite McCulloch’s importance, the claims that it made law or built the nation can all be traced to times when participants in constitutional politics felt the need to give a historical gloss to a contemporary argument. But liberals’ canonizing of John Marshall and McCulloch is not effective to make Supreme Court justices overcome their strongly held judicial views. McCulloch is simply too ambiguous to mandate a particular result in most contested cases.
Leaving the Movement and Life in the Aftermath
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first part of Chapter 9 continues the examination of how the interviewees ultimately decided to separate themselves from the extremist movement. The authors identify the most typical routes of leaving and analyze the role of social support and disengagement programs in navigating this process. The latter part of the chapter explores the lives of the interviewees after leaving the movement, an aspect of the extremists’ journey that until now received sparse research attention. Overall, the authors’ find that upon leaving, the experience of hardships is significantly reduced. But feelings of insignificance skyrocket as former extremists cope with the challenges of cutting ties with their previous social network, search for a new purpose in life, and experience self-condemnation in light of their prior actions as an extremist. Finally, the authors explore the extent to which participating in a systematic disengagement program mitigated the interviewees’ negative experiences.
EpilogueThe neo-Nazi Experience and the Psychology of Radicalization
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 provides further comment on some of the important findings and implications of those findings. The chapter begins with a discussion of the 3N framework that guided the authors’ interpretations and informed the hypotheses tested in the earlier chapters. The authors discuss whether these insights speak to universals of the human condition or are unique to the German context and the historical experience with social nationalism. Further discussion is given to the role of emotions and music within the milieu, as well as to the hardships experienced within the extremist environment that breed disillusionment and disengagement from right-wing organizations. The chapter ends by exploring the implications of our findings for helping these individuals reintegrate into the mainstream society.
Gurye
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The term “Yŏsun Killings” refers to a prewar atrocity in which the US-allied South Korean forces killed numerous civilians who were accused of being either communists or communist sympathizers in the cities that had been occupied by rebels in the southwestern part of South Korea. As one of the sites of these atrocities, Gurye became the first town in South Korea to erect a public memorial in 2006 for the victims of the Yŏsun Killings. Gurye presents a case that demonstrates how democratized South Korea has continued to negotiate a strong legacy of anticommunism, even at its subversive memorial sites. In a land that has long muted the memories of an old atrocity, suppressed mourners in Gurye are still struggling to reclaim their fundamental yet long-deprived rights to mourn the loss of their loved ones.
Epilogue
Authors: Choi Suhi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
How would the reunification of two Koreans impact the case of memorializing the Korean War? The unified land of Korea itself will present a unique memorial site of the Korean War that is filled with cacophonous sets of objects, rituals, and bodies. Such a site will provoke us to witness many ironic puzzles of memories: one’s oppressive ideology could be another’s legitimate saga; victims at a memorial on one side could be recalled as perpetrators in a memorial on the other side; and heroes of one site could be villains of the other. Surely, the unified land of Korea will increase the chances that we will see not only the enmeshed lines among victims, heroes, and perpetrators of both war realities, but also our acts of remembering themselves. It will become a revived palimpsest that invites us to uncover complex layers of memories that conflict with one another and thus are not wrapped up merely with the narrative in hegemony. In these ways, the reunification of the two Koreas potentially will transform the Korean Peninsula from a topography of terror into a subversive platform of empathic mourning.
The Politburo’s Holy of Holies
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The military sector was the most successful part of the Soviet economy, and the most important one from the point of view of its rulers. It owed this success to its unique place in the Soviet economic and political system and its non-standard internal organization. Defense industry was not only separate from the rest of industry; it also had different management practices and was home to institutions unseen elsewhere in the economy. It was guided by the highest levels of political authority, and the rulers’ interest in the sector translated into generous allocations of inputs. USSR maintained a wartime level of military expenditures during the four decades of peace. Such a large and privileged claimant on the nation’s resources strongly influenced the performance of the civilian sectors. With all these characteristics, the military sector should have interested Sovietologists for its own sake, quite apart from Western security concerns.
The Missing Sector
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter surveys books and articles on the Soviet economy published in 1948-1991 and finds that Sovietologists afforded the military sector little attention, both relative to its importance and relative to the attention lavished on the other, lower-priority sectors. Literature on Soviet economy contains few chapters, articles, and books on the military sector, compared to other sectors. Thus, textbooks on the Soviet economy have 136 chapters on civilian sectors, and only eight on the military sector. Disproportionately many of those appeared in the final years of the USSR, and few of the military economy publications have been produced by American Sovietologists. Post mortem writings on Sovietology have not detected this gap in the scholarship. A survey of comparative systems and introductory economics textbooks shows that Sovietologists failed to persuade other economists that the military sector was merited a mention in popular treatments of the Soviet economy.
Conclusion
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The conflict identified in this book between academic incentives and the needs of national security has broad relevance. The fields of social science that are important for national security are those that study other societies. They are likely to be peripheral in their academic disciplines, where the mainstream deals with American, or at any rate Western, problematics, and sets the research agenda accordingly. Practitioners in peripheral fields may be expected to seek professional respectability by adopting topics and approaches from the mainstream of their discipline, even if ill-fitting to the task at hand. The case of Sovietology shows the professional and political incentives operating in academia to be stronger than the government’s power of the purse in determining the direction of research. This casts a doubt on the strain of “Cold War science” writing that argues that government funding of university research deformed, and perhaps corrupted, academic disciplines.
The Alternative Augustan Age
Authors: Mitchell Hannah , Morrell Kit , Osgood Josiah , Welch Kathryn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
“The Augustan Age” is a dominant term in historical, literary, and cultural scholarship, not to mention teaching. This introductory chapter highlights some of the limitations of thinking of a period of many decades and constant change in terms of a single “Augustan age.” It makes the case for looking beyond conventional “key dates” and the figure of Augustus himself to recover the alternative contemporary perspectives and processes of negotiation and compromise. Doing so (as the following chapters demonstrate) reveals the resilience of Roman (republican) culture and the extent to which individuals other than Augustus were able to shape the Augustan principate.
Acting “Republican” under Augustus
Authors: Goldman-Petri Megan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A long-standing republican institution, the mint at Rome, had been inactive for two decades before Augustus revived it. The precious metal coinage it produced from 19 bce has been understood as a symbol of the tension between the ambition of individual Roman aristocrats and the ideological program of the Augustan principate. C. Antistius Vetus and C. Antistius Reginus are regarded as the last moneyers to pursue traditional strategies of gentilician promotion. Through an examination of their coin types, this chapter challenges scholarly views of the relationship between “republican” and “Augustan” image making. Rather than treating these modes as a binary, it considers the ways in which images of Augustus could serve “republican” ends and how aristocratic self-interest could give rise to “Augustan” images.
Gauls on Top
Authors: Herbert-Brown Geraldine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Of the select scenes encapsulating Roman history on Vergil’s shield of Aeneas (Aen. 8.652–62), it is the Gallic siege of the Capitol which presents the greatest difficulty for Vergilians wishing to accommodate it to any detailed scheme. As a result, it has become scholarly commonplace to consult the history of Livy as an aid to interpreting Vergil, and to reach a conclusion based upon it. This chapter aims to show that interpreting Vergil through Livy is a flawed approach. It analyzes Vergil’s Gallic siege independently of Livy, considers the ramifications for interpreting the shield as a whole, and offers an alternative vantage point from which to contemplate the Aeneid and the early Augustan period which produced it.
Introduction
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the basic concepts of international criminal law. To understand the international legal order in the field of criminal law, one needs to ask three elementary questions. What is international law? What is criminal law? And what happens to these two fields when they are joined together? International law is about the legal obligations that arise between and among states. Meanwhile, the concepts of crime and criminal law are more complex than meets the eye. The chapter then considers the Dogmatik of international criminal law and the relevance of the law of war. The most significant contribution of the Dogmatik for criminal law was the invention of the tripartite system, namely the three levels of analysis that determine the structure of every criminal offense.
Substance and Procedure
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the procedure for prosecuting international crime. Being guilty of an international crime is one thing; being prosecuted and convicted is quite another. Being guilty in principle requires the following: first, an identification of a norm under which the suspect would be guilty if the norm applied to them; second, the application of the norm to the offender to conclude that the particular person is guilty. Initially, this two-stage procedure might take place in the minds of observers, and then, in the minds of people capable of bringing to bear the procedures of the International Criminal Court (ICC) or other international-national tribunals in order to effectuate a conviction. In either case, the notion of liability or guilt requires reasoning in a syllogism. The major premise is the substantive law, and the minor premise consists of the facts that appear to be provable at trial.
Offenses and Defenses
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the distinction between offenses and defenses in criminal cases. The Rome Statute draws a clear line between the four crimes subject to the jurisdiction of the Court and the grounds for excluding criminal responsibility in Article 31. The significance of the distinction between these offenses and defenses should not be underestimated. For example, the principle of nullum crimen sine lege, which applies to the former but not the latter, as evidenced by Article 31(3) permits the recognition of new defenses at trial. The four classic defenses of insanity, intoxication, self-defense, and duress spelled out in Article 31 are subject to controversy. Among the major legal systems of the world, there is considerable divergence in approaching these issues. Meanwhile, there are two reasons for the nullum crimen principle. One is to warn defendants of their possible liability. The other is to control the discretion of judges.
Intention vs. Negligence
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of mental state in criminal cases, considering the concept of negligence. Lawyers trained in the common law tradition are familiar with the concept of mens rea and the maxim actus non facit reus nisi mens sit rea. Literally this means that there is no criminal (or guilty) act without a criminal (or guilty) mind. The problem is that there are both descriptive and normative interpretations of mens rea and of the maxim. The normative or moral interpretation of mens rea holds that the term equivalent to a guilty mind, for example, a basis for blaming the actor for their conduct, is something not possible in the face of the defenses considered in the last chapter. Meanwhile, negligence is based, as in the classic definition from the law of torts, on the conduct of “a reasonable person under the circumstances.” The important point is that negligence is based on the fault of not knowing.