bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prisoner’s Dilemma: An Adequate Concept for Ethical Analysis in Healthcare? A Systematic Search and Critical Review
Authors: Rogowski Wolf , Lange Oliver 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSchools of economic ethics inspired by Buchanan propose viewing ethical conflicts as prisoners’ dilemmas (PDs) to facilitate solutions based on Pareto-improving institutional changes. Given that healthcare is determined by complex institutional arrangements, it has been claimed that this approach is also suitable for business ethics in healthcare. To scrutinize this claim, this research systematically searched for studies reporting PD structures in healthcare. PubMed, EconLit, and EconBiz were searched to find articles in German and English. Study type, characteristics of the game, and the proposed means to overcome the dilemma (if mentioned) were extracted and analyzed for aspects supporting or challenging the claim. Across 53 studies, 68 descriptions of various dilemmas in healthcare and public health were identified. Many authors successfully developed proposals for institutional change to overcome these dilemmas. However, many of these analyses exhibited limitations such as oversimplifications or inconsistencies. Also, the quality of evidence on both the characteristics of dilemmas and the effectiveness of proposed solutions was very poor. The subsamples of studies that explicitly cited the ethical approach were disjunct from those that applied empirical methods to analyze the dilemmas (frequently applying empirically richer frameworks than rational choice only). The large number of identified PDs indicates that economic ethics is relevant to healthcare. However, there is a need for further evidence to substantiate both the descriptive and prescriptive claims of this ethical theory. It should thus be seen as a complement that needs justification, rather than a substitute superior to other ethical frameworks.
Freshwater fish functional and taxonomic diversity above and below Niagara Falls
Authors: Lamothe Karl A. , Hubbard Justin A. G. , Drake D. Andrew R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Niagara River, which connects two Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario) and forms a border between Canada and the United States, has experienced decades of abiotic and biotic disturbance as well as long-term restoration efforts. Given the iconic riverscape and importance as a binational fisheries resource, a biodiversity assessment of the mainstem Niagara River fish assemblage is overdue. Here, fish assemblage and habitat data from a standardized boat electrofishing program of the Niagara River were combined with species trait data related to substrate associations, diet preferences, reproductive strategies, and body size to quantify biodiversity patterns among river sections (sites above and below Niagara Falls), seasons (spring, summer, fall), and years (2015–2017). Sixty-five species were captured representing a variety of trait combinations. Significant differences in functional dispersion and divergence (i.e., functional diversity) were observed between river sections, seasons, and (or) years. The fish community captured in the lower river in spring 2015 had both the highest average functional dispersion (2.08 ± 0.32 SD) and divergence (0.88 ± 0.04 SD) compared to the other seasonal sampling efforts, but relatively few fishes were captured (n = 686). Although non-native fishes represented a small portion of the catch over the 3 years (8.6% of catch), the seasonal presence (spring and fall) of mostly introduced large-bodied salmonids expanded functional trait space in the lower river during these periods. The importance of rare species on functional diversity metrics suggests further insight on local species detection probabilities is needed to understand if differences in functional diversity reflect ecological patterns or are driven by sampling design.
Time To Go? Head Coach Quits and Dismissals in Professional Football
Authors: Bryson Alex , Buraimo Babatunde , Farnell Alex , Simmons Rob 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThat football Head Coaches will be dismissed for poor performance and will quit when they have better outside options seems obvious. But owners may find it hard to distinguish poor performance from bad luck and may find it difficult to identify and attract talented Head Coaches from other clubs even if their current Head Coach is performing below expectations. Equally, Head Coaches may have few options to move to better clubs even when they are performing well. Using rich data on Head Coach characteristics we identify determinants of quits and dismissals across four professional football leagues over the period 2002–2015. We find that Head Coaches’ probabilities of dismissal are significantly lower when the team is performing above expectations, with the effect strongest for recent games. However, in contrast to earlier studies, we find that performing above expectations also reduces the probability of Head Coach quits. Head Coach success in the past, as well as Head Coach experience, reduce the probability of being dismissed, even when conditioning on team performance, suggesting Head Coach human capital has some ‘protective’ effect in managerial careers. Past experience has little effect on quit probabilities—with the exception of tenure at the current employer, which is associated with lower quit rates. We test the robustness of our results by confining estimates to first exits, within-season departures and by dealing with unobserved Head Coach heterogeneity.
The utility of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: diagnosis, biological classification and risk stratification
Authors: Lewis Gavin A. , Pearce Keith , Williams Simon G. , Schelbert Erik B. , Macnab Anita , Miller Christopher A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) does not exist as a singular clinical or pathological entity but as a syndrome encompassing a wide range of clinical and biological phenotypes. There is an urgent need to progress from the unsuccessful ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to more precise disease classification, in order to develop targeted therapies, personalise risk stratification and guide future research. In this regard, this review discusses the current and emerging roles of cardiovascular imaging for the diagnosis of HFpEF, for distilling HFpEF into distinct disease entities according to underlying pathobiology and for risk stratification.
Bumetanide Oral Liquid Formulation for the Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Design of Two Phase III Studies (SIGN Trials)
Authors: Crutel Véronique , Lambert Estelle , Penelaud Pierre-François , Albarrán Severo Cristina , Fuentes Joaquin , Rosier Antoine , Hervás Amaia , Marret Stéphane , Oliveira Guiomar , Parellada Mara , Kyaga Simon , Gouttefangeas Sylvie , Bertrand Marianne , Ravel Denis , Falissard Bruno 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere are currently no approved pharmacological treatments to improve social reciprocity and limit repetitive and rigid behaviors in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We describe the design of two Phase III studies evaluating the efficacy/safety of bumetanide oral liquid formulation in ASD. These are international, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in children and adolescents with ASD aged 7 to 17 years (n = 200; study 1), or younger children with ASD aged 2 to 6 years (n = 200; study 2). The primary endpoint of each is change in Childhood Autism Rating Scale 2 total raw score after 6 months. These studies could contribute to the first pharmacological treatment to improve social reciprocity and limit repetitive and rigid behaviors in children and adolescents with ASD.
School testing culture and teacher satisfaction
Authors: Smith William C. , Holloway Jessica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTeachers, as frontline providers of education, are increasingly targets of accountability reforms. Such reforms often narrowly define ‘teacher quality’ around performative terms. Past research suggests holding teachers to account for student performance measures (i.e. test scores) damages their job satisfaction, including increasing stress and burnout. This article examines whether the relationship between test-based accountability and teacher satisfaction can be, in part, explained by the emphasis of student test scores in teacher appraisals. Although historically used for formative purposes, recent research demonstrates that across a large range of countries, nearly all teachers work in a system where their appraisal is based, in part, on students’ test scores. Using data from the 2013 Teaching and Learning International Survey, we pool data from 33 countries to evaluate the direct and indirect effect of school testing culture on teacher satisfaction. Results suggest that there is a direct relationship between the intensity of the testing culture and the satisfaction of teachers, as well as an indirect relationship with test score emphasis in teacher appraisals suppressing potential positive effects of appraisals on teacher satisfaction.
Solar Wind Plasma Particles Organized by the Flow Speed
Authors: Pierrard Viviane , Lazar Marian , Štverák Stepan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent reports of the first data from Parker Solar Probe (PSP) have pointed to a series of links, correlations or anti-correlations between the solar wind bulk speed ($V_{\mathrm{SW}}$

V
SW

) and physical properties of plasma particles from less than 0.25 AU in the corona. In the present paper, we describe corresponding and additional links of solar wind properties, at 0.4 AU and 1.0 AU, in an attempt to complement the PSP data and understand their evolution. A detailed analysis is carried out for the main electron populations, comparing the low-energy (thermal) core and the collisionless suprathermal halo. We show that the anti-correlation observed at 0.4 AU between $V_{\mathrm{SW}}$

V
SW

and the number density (average value) is maintained also at 1 AU for both the core and halo electrons. On the contrary, only the core electrons manifest a clear anti-correlation of the temperature with $V_{\mathrm{SW}}$

V
SW

, while the halo temperature does not vary much. We also describe the ions, protons and helium, which have a more reduced mobility and their properties exhibit different variations with the solar wind speed. The results are used to shed more light on the mechanisms leading to a differential acceleration of these species and the origin of slow and fast wind modulation.
Rechtsstaatlichkeit in der EU als Schlüsselfaktor für eine resiliente Außenpolitik gegenüber Autokraten
Authors: Stüwe Robert 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungRechtsstaatsfeindliche Regierungsparteien in der EU buhlen um die Gunst autokratischer Großmächte wie China oder Russland und machen die Union so anfälliger für deren Einflussnahme. Das Zusammenwirken undemokratischer Kräfte von innen und außen untergräbt dabei nicht nur den Rechtsstaat, sondern legt auch zentrale außenpolitische Machthebel der EU gegenüber Drittstaaten – die Erweiterungs- und Außenhandelspolitik – lahm. Zudem verfestigen sich staatskapitalistische Strukturen, welche die Funktionsfähigkeit der gemeinsamen Energiepolitik einschränken. Der Beitrag analysiert diese Entwicklungen und erörtert, was die EU der Autokratisierung entgegensetzen kann.
Nuclear peripheral chromatin-lamin B1 interaction is required for global integrity of chromatin architecture and dynamics in human cells
Authors: Chang Lei , Li Mengfan , Shao Shipeng , Li Chen , Ai Shanshan , Xue Boxin , Hou Yingping , Zhang Yiwen , Li Ruifeng , Fan Xiaoying , He Aibin , Li Cheng , Sun Yujie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe eukaryotic genome is folded into higher-order conformation accompanied with constrained dynamics for coordinated genome functions. However, the molecular machinery underlying these hierarchically organized three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architecture and dynamics remains poorly understood. Here by combining imaging and sequencing, we studied the role of lamin B1 in chromatin architecture and dynamics. We found that lamin B1 depletion leads to detachment of lamina-associated domains (LADs) from the nuclear periphery accompanied with global chromatin redistribution and decompaction. Consequently, the inter-chromosomal as well as inter-compartment interactions are increased, but the structure of topologically associating domains (TADs) is not affected. Using live-cell genomic loci tracking, we further proved that depletion of lamin B1 leads to increased chromatin dynamics, owing to chromatin decompaction and redistribution toward nucleoplasm. Taken together, our data suggest that lamin B1 and chromatin interactions at the nuclear periphery promote LAD maintenance, chromatin compaction, genomic compartmentalization into chromosome territories and A/B compartments and confine chromatin dynamics, supporting their crucial roles in chromatin higher-order structure and chromatin dynamics.
Orbit insertion strategy of Hayabusa2’s rover with large release uncertainty around the asteroid Ryugu
Authors: Oki Yusuke , Yoshikawa Kent , Takeuchi Hiroshi , Kikuchi Shota , Ikeda Hitosi , Scheeres Daniel J. , McMahon Jay W. , Kawaguchi Junichiro , Takei Yuto , Mimasu Yuya , Ogawa Naoko , Ono Go , Terui Fuyuto , Yamada Manabu , Kouyama Toru , Kameda Shingo , Yoshida Kazuya , Nagaoka Kenji , Yoshimitsu Tetsuo , Saiki Takanao , Tsuda Yuichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper describes the orbit design of the deployable payload Rover 2 of MINERVA-II, installed on the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. Because Rover 2 did not have surface exploration capabilities, the operation team decided to experiment with a new strategy for its deployment to the surface. The rover was ejected at a high altitude and made a semi-hard landing on the surface of the asteroid Ryugu after several orbits. Based on the orbital analysis around Ryugu, the expected collision speed was tolerable for the rover to function post-impact. Because the rover could not control its position, its motion was entirely governed by the initial conditions. Thus, the largest challenge was to insert the rover into a stable orbit (despite its large release uncertainty), and avoid its escape from Ryugu due to an environment strongly perturbed by solar radiation pressure and gravitational irregularities. This study investigates the solution space of the orbit around Ryugu and evaluates the orbit’s robustness by utilizing Monte Carlo simulations to determine the orbit insertion policy. Upon analyzing the flight data of the rover operation, we verified that the rover orbited Ryugu for more than one period and established the possibility of a novel method for estimating the gravity of an asteroid.
Hospital Preparedness Challenges in Biological Disasters: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Aminizadeh Mohsen , Farrokhi Mehrdad , Ebadi Abbas , Masoumi Gholamreza , Kolivand Pirhossein , Khankeh Hamidreza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:Identification of hospital preparedness challenges against biological events such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is essential to improve dynamics, quality, and business continuity confidence in the health system. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is to evaluate the challenges of hospital preparedness in biological events.Methods:This study used a qualitative method using content analysis in which 20 health-care managers and experts who are experienced in biological events were selected through purposeful sampling. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews, which continued until data saturation. The data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis as well as the Landman and Graneheim Approach.Results:Six main concepts (training and practice, resource management, safety and health, patient management, risk communication, and laboratory and surveillance) and 14 subconcepts were extracted on hospital preparedness challenges in biological events through analyzing interviews.Conclusions:The present study indicated that the health system of the country faces many challenges in response to biological events and threats. Moreover, study participants indicated that Iranian hospitals were not prepared for biological events. It is recommended to design preparedness plans of hospitals based on preparedness standards for biological events. In addition, comprehensive measures are required to enhance their capacity to respond to biological emergencies.
Association of PPE Availability, Training, and Practices with COVID-19 Sero-Prevalence in Nurses and Paramedics in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Junaid , Anwar Saeed , Latif Abdul , Haq Najib U. , Sharif Muhammad , Nauman Ahmed A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:Nurses and paramedics by being the frontline workers of the health-care profession need to be equipped with the relevant knowledge, skills, and protective gears against different forms of infection, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although the governments and concerned stakeholders have provided personal protective equipment (PPE), training and information to protect the health-care professionals; however, until now the scientific literature has virtually not reported the impact of PPE availability, training, and practices on the COVID-19 sero-prevalence among the nurses and paramedics. This study aimed to assess the impact of PPE availability, training, and practices on COVID-19 sero-prevalence among nurses and paramedics in teaching hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a total of 133 nurses and paramedics as subjects of the study.Results:A univariate analysis was done for 4 variables. The findings indicate that the health-care professionals (nurses and paramedics) who have received PPE on time at the start of COVID-19 emergence have fewer chances of contracting the COVID-19 infection (odds ratio = 0.96); while the odds for PPE supplies was 0.73, and the odds of hand hygiene training was 0.95.Conclusions:The study concluded that the availability of the PPE, COVID-19–related training, and compliance with World Health Organization recommended practices against COVID-19 were instrumental in protection against the infection and its spread.
Ediacaran diversity and paleoecology from central Iran
Authors: Vaziri Seyed Hamid , Majidifard Mahmoud Reza , Darroch Simon A.F. , Laflamme Marc 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe late Ediacaran (Nama) Fossil Assemblage from the Kushk Series in the Kushk and Chahmir areas of Central Iran highlights a diverse community of globally distributed, soft-bodied (non-skeletonized) Ediacara biota coexisting with skeletonized tubular forms of likely metazoan affinities. Several biostratigraphically and biogeographically important taxa are reported (i.e., erniettomorphs, rangeomorphs, cloudinomorphs, kimberellomorphs, Chuaria, Corumbella), including Convolutubus dargazinensis new genus new species, a new organic-walled tubular organism, allowing for paleoecological studies to be performed. This study highlights the need for continued investigations into the late Ediacaran of Iran, and suggests a biosphere in transition, with a shift in diversity and abundance from large Ediacara biota to organic-walled and skeletonized tubular organisms at the dawn of the Cambrian Explosion.UUID: http://zoobank.org/350bb98c-5322-488d-a9a5-22c911ab7e53
Substance use in psychiatric crisis: relationship to violence
Authors: Kalk Nicola J. , Robins John E. , Ross Kezia R. , Pritchard Megan , Lynskey Michael T. , Curtis Vivienne A. , Morley Katherine I. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubstance use and psychiatric illness, particularly psychotic disorders, contribute to violence in emergency healthcare settings. However, there is limited research regarding the relationship between specific substances, psychotic symptoms and violent behaviour in such settings. We investigated the interaction between recent cannabinoid and stimulant use, and acute psychotic symptoms, in relation to violent behaviour in a British emergency healthcare setting.MethodsWe used electronic medical records from detentions of 1089 individuals under Section 136 of the UK Mental Health Act (1983 amended 2007), an emergency police power used to detain people for 24–36 h for psychiatric assessment. The relationship between recent cannabinoids and/or stimulant use, psychotic symptoms, and violent behaviour, was estimated using logistic regression.FindingsThere was evidence of recent alcohol or drug use in 64.5% of detentions. Violent incidents occurred in 12.6% of detentions. Psychotic symptoms increased the odds of violence by 4.0 [95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.2–7.4; p < 0.0001]. Cannabinoid use combined with psychotic symptoms increased the odds of violence further [odds ratios (OR) 7.1, 95% CI 3.7–13.6; p < 0.0001]. Recent use of cannabinoids with stimulants but without psychotic symptoms was also associated with increased odds of violence (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.4–7.9; p < 0.0001).InterpretationIn the emergency setting, patients who have recently used cannabinoids and exhibit psychotic symptoms are at higher risk of violent behaviour. Those who have used both stimulants and cannabinoids without psychotic symptoms may also be at increased risk. De-escalation protocols in emergency healthcare settings should account explicitly for substance use.
Single-molecule studies of amyloid proteins: from biophysical properties to diagnostic perspectives
Authors: Wu Jinming , Cao Chan , Loch Rolf Antonie , Tiiman Ann , Luo Jinghui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn neurodegenerative diseases, a wide range of amyloid proteins or peptides such as amyloid-beta and α-synuclein fail to keep native functional conformations, followed by misfolding and self-assembling into a diverse array of aggregates. The aggregates further exert toxicity leading to the dysfunction, degeneration and loss of cells in the affected organs. Due to the disordered structure of the amyloid proteins, endogenous molecules, such as lipids, are prone to interact with amyloid proteins at a low concentration and influence amyloid cytotoxicity. The heterogeneity of amyloid proteinscomplicates the understanding of the amyloid cytotoxicity when relying only on conventional bulk and ensemble techniques. As complementary tools, single-molecule techniques (SMTs) provide novel insights into the different subpopulations of a heterogeneous amyloid mixture as well as the cytotoxicity, in particular as involved in lipid membranes. This review focuses on the recent advances of a series of SMTs, including single-molecule fluorescence imaging, single-molecule force spectroscopy and single-nanopore electrical recording, for the understanding of the amyloid molecular mechanism. The working principles, benefits and limitations of each technique are discussed and compared in amyloid protein related studies.. We also discuss why SMTs show great potential and are worthy of further investigation with feasibility studies as diagnostic tools of neurodegenerative diseases and which limitations are to be addressed.