bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted temperature management in acute liver failure: A systematic review
Authors: Ribaud Juliette , McLernon Siobhan , Auzinger Georg 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundTargeted temperature management is the modern term for therapeutic hypothermia, where cooling is induced by intensive care clinicians to achieve body temperatures below 36°C. Its use in acute liver failure to improve refractory intracranial hypertension and patient outcomes is not supported by strong quality evidence.AimThis systematic review aims to determine if targeted temperature management improves patient outcome as opposed to normothermia in acute liver failure.MethodsA computerized and systematic search of six academic and medical databases was conducted using the following keywords: “acute liver failure", “fulminant hepatic injury", “targeted temperature management", “therapeutic hypothermia", and “cooling". Broad criteria were applied to include all types of primary observational studies, from case reports to randomized controlled trials. Standardized tools were used throughout to critically appraise and extract data.FindingsNine studies published between 1999 and 2016 were included. Early observational studies suggest a benefit of targeted temperature management in the treatment of refractory intracranial hypertension and in survival. More recent controlled studies do not show such a benefit in the prevention of intracranial hypertension. All studies revealed that the incidence of coagulopathy is not higher in patients treated with targeted temperature management. There remains some uncertainty regarding the increased risk of infection and dysrhythmias. Heterogeneity was found between study types, design, sample sizes, and quality.ConclusionAlthough it does not significantly improve survival, targeted temperature management is efficient in treating episodes of intracranial hypertension and stabilizing an unstable critical care patient without increasing the risk of bleeding. It does not, however, prevent intracranial hypertension. Data heterogeneity may explain the contradictory findings.Relevance to Clinical PracticeControlled studies are needed to elucidate the true clinical benefit of targeted temperature management in improving patient outcome.
Effects of transcutaneous cardiac pacing on ventricular repolarization and comparison with transvenous pacing
Authors: Zagkli Fani , Georgakopoulou Alexandra , Chiladakis John 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe electrocardiographic (ECG) effects of transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) on ventricular repolarization have not been studied in detail. This study evaluated the influence of TCP on ventricular repolarization. The results were compared with those obtained by conventional transvenous right ventricular pacing (TVP).MethodsSixty‐two patients with spontaneous bradycardia and standard indication for pacemaker or implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator implantation were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or not of structural heart disease (SHD). Surface 12‐lead ECG characteristics of ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) and repolarization (QT and JT intervals, Tpeak to Tend interval [TpTe], QT dispersion [QTd], TpTe dispersion [TpTe‐d], and TpTe/QT ratio) were recorded at baseline before device implantation (45 ± 5 beats/min) and were compared with corresponding data during short periods of TCP and TVP at a similar increased heart rate (81 ± 6 beats/min).ResultsBoth TCP and TVP compared with baseline measures significantly increased the QRS complex and the QTc/JTc intervals regardless of SHD status (P < .001), and QTc‐d and TpTe particularly in the patients without SHD (P < .05). TCP caused greater QRS prolongation than TVP in patients without SHD (P < .05), but it was associated with lower TpTe and TpTe/QT in patients without SHD as well as lower QTc‐d in patients with SHD (P < .05).ConclusionTCP produces greater lengthening of ventricular repolarization than TVP, but lesser increase of ECG markers of ventricular dispersion of repolarization.
Alcohol use in Australia during the early days of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Initial results from the COLLATE project
Authors: Neill Erica , Meyer Denny , Toh Wei Lin , van Rheenen Tamsyn Elizabeth , Phillipou Andrea , Tan Eric Josiah , Rossell Susan Lee 
Published: June 2020

AimThe effects of social isolation measures used to control the spread of COVID‐19 are negatively impacting the mental health of many. One of the consequences of exposure to disasters/pandemics is an increase in alcohol use. The current study aimed to examine what predisposing (distal) and pandemic‐related (proximal) factors were associated with increased drinking in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsOn 1 April 2020, 5158 Australians completed a survey from the COvid‐19 and you: mentaL heaLth in AusTralia now survEy (COLLATE) project, a nationwide study aimed at tracking key mental health concerns. Using logistic regression, distal (demographics and previous drinking behaviors) and proximal (employment, lifestyle factors, and mood) factors were assessed for their association with increased drinking since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic.ResultsDistal factors, including heavier drinking pre‐pandemic, middle age, and average or higher income, and proximal factors, including job loss, eating more, changes to sleep as well as stress and depression, were all associated with increased drinking in the COVID‐19 pandemic environment. Female sex and self‐reported history of mental illness became nonsignificant after proximal measures were added to the model. Living alone, exercise, anxiety, and status as an essential or health‐care worker were not associated with increased drinking.ConclusionThese results provide guidance as to who might be targeted to receive support based on predisposing demographic factors and pre‐pandemic drinking behavior. Second, they indicate what behaviors/factors accompany increased alcohol use and provide targets for psychosocial and psychoeducational supports to address these proximal factors.
Characterization of ovine monocyte activity when cultured with Haemonchus contortus larvae in vitro
Authors: Shepherd Elizabeth , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsThe objective of this study was to identify and characterize cell populations within ovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) associated with Haemonchus contortus (Hc) larval morbidity and impairment in vitro.Methods and resultsMonocytes and lymphocytes were separated from PBMC from parasite‐resistant St. Croix (STC) sheep and parasite‐susceptible Suffolk (SUF) sheep. Cells were cultured with Hc third stage larvae (L3) for 9 h. Larval morbidity was assessed using ATP concentration. Activation status was determined through gene expression analysis and enzyme inhibition. Enzymes arginase‐1 (Arg1) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were inhibited using BEC (S‐(2‐boronoethyl)‐I‐cysteine) and 1400W (N‐(3‐(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine), respectively. Larval ATP was lower when cultured with STC‐derived monocytes (0.015 μmol/L ATP) compared to SUF‐derived monocytes (0.067 μmol/L ATP) (P < .001), or lymphocytes from either breed (STC: 0.085 μmol/L, SUF: 0.112 μmol/L ATP) (P < .001). SUF‐derived monocytes displayed higher expression of M1 genes, whereas STC‐derived monocytes displayed M2 genes continuously. Inhibition of Arg1 decreased monocyte function in both breeds, whereas iNOS inhibition restored SUF‐derived monocyte function.ConclusionsTogether, these data indicate STC‐derived monocytes favour M2 phenotype when exposed to L3, where SUF‐derived monocyte function resembled M1 phenotype and described potential for improving Suffolk sheep through modulating inflammatory responses.
Deep learning for smart fish farming: applications, opportunities and challenges
Authors: Yang Xinting , Zhang Song , Liu Jintao , Gao Qinfeng , Dong Shuanglin , Zhou Chao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe rapid emergence of deep learning (DL) technology has resulted in its successful use in various fields, including aquaculture. DL creates both new opportunities and a series of challenges for information and data processing in smart fish farming. This paper focuses on applications of DL in aquaculture, including live fish identification, species classification, behavioural analysis, feeding decisions, size or biomass estimation, and water quality prediction. The technical details of DL methods applied to smart fish farming are also analysed, including data, algorithms and performance. The review results show that the most significant contribution of DL is its ability to automatically extract features. However, challenges still exist; DL is still in a weak artificial intelligence stage and requires large amounts of labelled data for training, which has become a bottleneck that restricts further DL applications in aquaculture. Nevertheless, DL still offers breakthroughs for addressing complex data in aquaculture. In brief, our purpose is to provide researchers and practitioners with a better understanding of the current state of the art of DL in aquaculture, which can provide strong support for implementing smart fish farming applications.
Reflexive institutional reform and the politics of the regulatory state of the south
Authors: Desai Deval 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhat will the regulatory state of the South (RSoS) look like in the coming decade? This paper takes stock of contemporary practices of institutional reform in development, and their historical trajectory, to chart a possible pathway. Empirically, I identify a practical shift in development since the early‐2000s. On one side are Washington Consensus practices that assume a “non‐reflexive” relationship between people and institutions, meaning that people, in general, do not or should not reflect on their values and political position. On the other side are practices that assume a “reflexive” relationship between people and institutions, meaning that people reflect on their values and political position, and contest and shape the institutions that govern them. Analytically, I identify the emergence of an infrastructure that has enabled development actors to put this shift into practice. Proceeding inductively, I argue that it is composed of three specific technologies – massive data‐gathering of people's political and social values; adaptive institutional design processes; and large multistakeholder platforms. Theoretically, I explore the political structures embedded in these technologies and sketch some of their consequences, particularly in light of the centrality of institutional reform to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals over the next decade.
Development and validation of a risk assessment tool for BKPyV Replication in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Abudayyeh Ala , Lin Heather , Abdelrahim Maen , Rondon Gabriela , Andersson Borje S. , Martinez Charles S. , Page Valda D. , Tarrand Jeffrey J. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Marin David , Oran Betul , Olson Amanda , Jones Roy , Popat Uday , Champlin Richard E. , Chemaly Roy F. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Rezvani Katayoun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundBK polymavirus (BKPyV), a member of the family Polyomaviridae, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients.MethodsIn our previous retrospective study of 2477 stem cell transplant patients, BKPyV replication independently predicted chronic kidney disease and poor survival. In this study, using the same cohort, we derived and validated a risk grading system to identify patients at risk of BKPyV replication after transplantation in a user‐friendly modality. We used 3 baseline variables (conditioning regimen, HLA match status, and underlying cancer diagnosis) that significantly predicted BKPyV replication in our initial study in a subdistribution hazard model with death as a competing risk. We also developed a nomogram of the hazard model as a visual aid. The AUC of the ROC of the risk‐score‐only model was 0.65. We further stratified the patients on the basis of risk score into low‐, moderate‐, and high‐risk groups.ResultsThe total risk score was significantly associated with BKPyV replication (P < .0001). At 30 days after transplantation, the low‐risk (score ≤ 0) patients had a 9% chance of developing symptomatic BKPyV replication, while the high‐risk (score ≥ 8) of the population had 56% of developing BKPyV replication. We validated the risk score using a separate cohort of 1478 patients. The AUC of the ROC of the risk‐score‐only model was 0.59. Both the total risk score and 3‐level risk variable were significantly associated with BKPyV replication in this cohort (P < .0001).ConclusionsThis grading system for the risk of symptomatic BKPyV replication may help in early monitoring and intervention to prevent BKPyV‐associated morbidity, mortality, and kidney function decline.
Coinfection rates and clinical outcome data for cytomegalovirus and Epstein‐Barr virus in post‐transplant patients: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Anderson‐Smits Colin , Baker Erin R. , Hirji Ishan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn transplant recipients, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection increases morbidity and mortality; furthermore, coinfection with other human herpesviruses like the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) may complicate their management. This systematic literature review aimed to summarize rates of CMV‐EBV coinfection and associated clinical outcomes among solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients.MethodsAn electronic literature search was performed using pre‐specified search strategies (January 1, 2010‐October 31, 2018) and following established/best practice methodology. Of 316 publications identified, 294 did not report CMV‐EBV coinfection and were excluded. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were further analyzed. Due to limited reporting/heterogeneity, data were not meta‐analyzable.ResultsNine studies (six SOT; three HSCT) reported CMV‐EBV coinfection; rates of coinfection post transplantation varied between 2.6% and 32.7%. Two studies indicated CMV reactivation to be an independent variable associated with EBV reactivation. Among SOT studies, higher rates of graft dysfunction (47.4% vs 22.9%), rejection episodes (20.0% vs 8.9%), or acute rejection (50.0% vs 31.0%) were reported for patients with coinfection than without. In HSCT studies, patients with graft‐vs‐host disease were not reported separately for coinfection. Two studies described cases of post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in patients with CMV‐EBV coinfection and reported rates of PTLD of 92% and 100%.ConclusionThe CMV‐EBV coinfection rate in HSCT and SOT recipients varied and was associated with increased graft rejection and PTLD compared with patients without coinfection. Further research may improve understanding of the burden of CMV‐EBV coinfection among transplant recipients.
Targeted migration of pherophorin‐S indicates extensive extracellular matrix dynamics in Volvox carteri
Authors: von der Heyde Benjamin , Hallmann Armin 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYHydroxyproline‐rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) constitute a major group of proteins of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The multicellular green alga Volvox carteri is a suitable model organism in which to study the evolutionary transition to multicellularity, including the basic principles and characteristics of an ECM. In Volvox, the ECM is dominated by a single HRGP family: the pherophorins. Our inventory amounts to 117 pherophorin‐related genes in V. carteri. We focused on a pherophorin with an unexpected characteristic: pherophorin‐S is a soluble, non‐cross‐linked ECM protein. Using transformants expressing a YFP‐tagged pherophorin‐S we observed the synthesis and secretion of pherophorin‐S by somatic cells in vivo, and we then traced the protein during its conspicuous migration to the ECM around prehatching juveniles and its localized concentration there. Our results provide insights into how an ECM zone surrounding the progeny is remotely affected by distantly located parental somatic cells. In view of the properties and migration of pherophorin‐S, we conclude that pherophorin‐S is likely to act as an ECM plasticizer to allow for dynamic ECM remodeling.
The bounded height conjecture for semiabelian varieties
Authors: Kühne Lars 
Published: June 2020

The bounded height conjecture of Bombieri, Masser, and Zannier states that for any sufficiently generic algebraic subvariety of a semiabelian$\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$-variety$G$there is an upper bound on the Weil height of the points contained in its intersection with the union of all algebraic subgroups having (at most) complementary dimension in $G$. This conjecture has been shown by Habegger in the case where$G$is either a multiplicative torus or an abelian variety. However, there are new obstructions to his approach if$G$is a general semiabelian variety. In particular, the lack of Poincaré reducibility means that quotients of a given semiabelian variety are intricate to describe. To overcome this, we study directly certain families of line bundles on $G$. This allows us to demonstrate the conjecture for general semiabelian varieties.
Integrative crosstalk between hypoxia and the cold: Old data and new opportunities
Authors: Mugele Hendrik , Oliver Samuel J. , Gagnon Daniel , Lawley Justin S. 
Published: June 2020

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
The aim was to examine the influence of hypoxia on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular control in the cold.

What advances does it highlight?
Exposure to hypoxia seems to alter both thermoregulatory and cardiovascular control, but these conclusions are based on limited data, and this review highlights the need for future research in this area.

AbstractCold stress and hypoxia have been the subject of research for decades; however, humans often encounter these stressors together, such as in the alpine environment. Therefore, this review summarizes previous data with respect to the influence of hypoxia on thermoregulatory and cardiovascular control in the cold and presents new ideas for the future. Altogether, little to no evidence is available on the integrative and adaptive mechanisms by which the human body regulates heat conservation, oxygen delivery and maintenance of blood pressure.
Tailoring Surface Roughness Using Additive Manufacturing to Improve Internal Cooling
Authors: Snyder Jacob C. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Surface roughness present on internal cooling channels produced with additive manufacturing has been previously shown to augment heat transfer and pressure loss to levels similar to traditionally cast turbulators. Given the ability of the surface roughness to improve the cooling performance of small cooling channels, the question arises on whether there is an optimal combination of random roughness features to maximize internal cooling performance. To investigate this question, test coupons with different surface roughness morphologies and magnitudes were manufactured by manipulating the parameters in the laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process. The coupons were tested to characterize the friction factor and Nusselt number of the cooling channels over a range of Reynolds numbers. Results showed that certain roughness combinations outperformed others, increasing the internal cooling performance of the channels. Additionally, manipulation of the performance using the process parameters allowed for reductions in build time, which could be useful for controlling component cost.
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Cavity Growth of Spherical Fragment Penetrating Liquid-Filled Container
Authors: Chen Anran , Li Xiangdong , Zhou Lanwei , Ji Yangziyi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
When high-velocity penetrator impacts and penetrates a liquid-filled container such as an aircraft fuel tank, the hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) event occurs. This process could be roughly divided into four phases, each of which could cause different degrees of damage to the liquid-filled container or the surrounding equipment. Spherical fragment impacting tests of different velocities were performed on two sizes of liquid-filled containers to investigate the effect of boundary constraints on cavity growth. The velocity range in the experiment was from 600 m/s to 1400 m/s. Through theoretical analysis and experimental results, it is found that the radial disturbance range of the cavity is not constant in different containers and under different impact velocities. An improved method is presented to modeling the cavity growth in the drag-cavity phases of HRAM events. The approach quantitatively describes the radial disturbance range of the cavity and is appropriate for the calculation of the cavity growth in HRAM. Moreover, the effect of liquid type on cavity growth is studied theoretically. When the fragment velocity is less than Mach 0.5, the length and radius of the cavity are mainly affected by the density of the liquid. When the fragment velocity exceeds Mach 0.5, the characteristics of cavity shape are mainly affected by the acoustic velocity in the liquid.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Ratcheting Behavior of SS 316 L Thin-Walled Pipes Subjected to Cyclic Internal Pressure
Authors: Karimi R. , Shariati M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates ratcheting behavior of SS316 L thin-walled steel pipes subjected to cyclic internal pressure experimentally and numerically. Numerical simulations were performed using abaqus software, and nonlinear isotropic/kinematic hardening model. According to experimentations, it was found that the ratcheting strain is only significant in the hoop direction of a pipe subjected to cyclic internal pressure. The effects of pressure amplitude and mean pressure on ratcheting behavior of thin walled pipe in hoop direction were studied experimentally and numerically, and it was observed that increasing the pressure amplitude and mean pressure increased the percentage of ratcheting strain. Another important point about the results was the dominance of pressure amplitude on mean pressure. The results showed that at higher mean pressures the effect of pressure amplitude on increasing the percentage of ratcheting strain was greater. Finally, the experimental and numerical results were in good agreement.
Assessment on Stress Estimation Method for Creep Evaluation of Components at Elevated Temperature Within Elastic Analysis Routine
Authors: Gong Cheng , Gao Fu-Hai , Gong Jian-Guo , Xuan Fu-Zhen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
An accurate stress estimation for creep evaluation is essential for the long-term safe operation of components at elevated temperature. In general, the section-dependent parameter Kt is defined in elastic analysis routine to account for the reduction in extreme fiber bending stress due to the effect of creep action. A constant value is provided for each cross section in ASME III-5 code, but this may induce underestimation or overestimation of the representative stress of the component due to the relevance of parameter Kt to many factors. Therefore, it is essential to re-examine the validity of the parameter Kt in ASME III-5 code for an adequate creep evaluation. In this work, numerical analyses on beam models with a rectangular section are conducted to calculate parameter Kt, and effects of related factors to the parameter Kt are included. The results reveal that the parameter Kt is closely related to the design life, loading level, operation temperature, and loading combinations. It can be higher than that for the pure bending moment (or tensile loading) with the introduction of the tensile loading (or the bending moment). Meanwhile, the parameter Kt may be higher than the value (i.e., 1.25) in ASME III-5 code for a longer design life, a higher loading level, and a higher operation temperature, inducing an overestimation of the representative stress. On the contrary, a smaller value than 1.25 can be found, inducing an underestimation of the representative stress for creep evaluations.