bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient and effective OCR engine training
Authors: Clausner Christian , Antonacopoulos Apostolos , Pletschacher Stefan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We present an efficient and effective approach to train OCR engines using the Aletheia document analysis system. All components required for training are seamlessly integrated into Aletheia: training data preparation, the OCR engine’s training processes themselves, text recognition, and quantitative evaluation of the trained engine. Such a comprehensive training and evaluation system, guided through a GUI, allows for iterative incremental training to achieve best results. The widely used Tesseract OCR engine is used as a case study to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Experimental results are presented validating the training approach with two different historical datasets, representative of recent significant digitisation projects. The impact of different training strategies and training data requirements is presented in detail.
Turbulent Combustion Modelling and Experiments: Recent Trends and Developments
Authors: Giusti A. , Mastorakos E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe development of better laser-based experimental methods and the fast rise in computer power has created an unprecedented shift in turbulent combustion research. The range of species and quantities measured and the advent of kHz-level planar diagnostics are now providing great insights in important phenomena and applications such as local and global extinction, pollutants, and spray combustion that were hitherto unavailable. In simulations, the shift to LES allows better representation of the turbulent flow in complex geometries, but despite the fact that the grid size is smaller than in RANS, the push towards realistic conditions and the need to include more detailed chemistry that includes very fast species and thin reaction zones emphasize the necessity of a sub-grid turbulent combustion model. The paper discusses examples from current research with experiments and modelling that focus on flame transients (self-excited oscillations, local extinction), sprays, soot emissions, and on practical applications. These demonstrate how current models are being validated by experimental data and the concerted efforts the community is taking to promote the modelling tools to industry. In addition, the various coordinated International Workshops on non-premixed, premixed, and spray flames, and on soot are discussed and some of their target flames are explored. These comprise flames that are relatively simple to describe from a fluid mechanics perspective but contain difficult-to-model combustion problems such as extinction, pollutants and multi-mode reaction zones. Recently, swirl spray flames, which are more representative of industrial devices, have been added to the target flames. Typically, good agreement is found with LES and some combustion models such as the progress variable - mixture fraction flamelet model, the Conditional Moment Closure, and the Transported PDF method, but predicting soot emissions and the condition of complete extinction in complex geometries is still elusive.
Mu-Suppression as an Indicator of Empathic Processes in Lesbian, Gay, and Heterosexual Adults
Authors: Lübke Katrin T. , Sachse Charlotte , Hoenen Matthias , Pause Bettina M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Self-reported empathy differs with gender and sexual orientation. The current study investigated whether mu-suppression, reflecting brain activity especially related to state empathy, also is modulated by gender and sexual orientation. Pictures of painful and non-painful actions were presented to 20 lesbians, 20 gay men, 20 heterosexual men and 20 heterosexual women, while EEG was recorded. Individual peak frequencies of mu-activity (electrodes C3, C4) were detected within the 6–11 Hz band for each participant, and mu-suppression indices were calculated. Further, verbal indicators of state empathy (pain ratings) and compassion were assessed. Only heterosexual individuals showed the typical pattern of enhanced mu-suppression in response to painful relative to non-painful pictures. Lesbian women and gay men did not show a differential mu-response. Moreover, they felt less compassion compared to heterosexual individuals. In line with this finding, the more compassion the participants reported, the stronger the mu-suppression in response to painful relative to non-painful pictures was. Pain ratings did not vary with sexual orientation. The lesser compassion reported by lesbian women and gay men is discussed as a mediator of their non-differential mu-suppression response. It is hypothesized that this pattern might relate to gay men and lesbian women tending to perceive the anonymous depicted actors as outgroup members, hence showing less compassion and reduced mu-suppression. As empathy is often related to negative feelings (empathic stress), a clear distinction between individuals to empathize with versus individuals not to emphasize with may well be an adaptive feature in same-sex oriented individuals.
The Role of Ethical Perceptions in Consumers’ Participation and Value Co-creation on Sharing Economy Platforms
Authors: Nadeem Waqar , Juntunen Mari , Hajli Nick , Tajvidi Mina 
Published: October 2019

AbstractConsumers’ participation on sharing economy platforms is crucial for the success of the products, services, and companies on those platforms. The participation of consumers enables companies to not only exist, but also to create value for consumers. The sharing economy has witnessed enormous growth in recent years and consumers’ concerns regarding the ethics surrounding these platforms have also risen considerably. The vast majority of the previous research on this topic is either conceptual and focused on organizational aspects, or only discusses privacy and security issues, thus providing a very limited scope of discussion. Therefore, drawing on the marketing and business ethics literature, the present study takes into account a multidimensional view of ethical issues surrounding consumers’ participation on sharing economy platforms. Findings reveal that privacy, security, shared value, fulfillment/reliability and service recovery are the strongest determinants of consumers’ ethical perceptions. These aspects strongly predict the consumers’ value co-creation intentions. Consumers’ participation also predicts their intention to engage in co-creating value, but this effect is stronger with the mediating role of the consumer’s ethical perceptions. The theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.
Perception of Community Pharmacists in Malaysia About Mental Healthcare and Barriers to Providing Pharmaceutical Care Services to Patients with Mental Disorders
Authors: Wong Yin Xuan , Khan Tahir Mehmood , Wong Zhi Jean , Ab Rahman Ab Fatah , Jacob Sabrina Anne 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess community pharmacists’ (CPs) perceptions toward mental healthcare, and the barriers faced in providing pharmaceutical care (PC) services to these patients. A 40-item survey was posted to CPs. Ninety-six pharmacists participated. The majority (84.2%) agreed there is a role for CPs to play in mental health care, while approximately 60% agreed it is their responsibility to provide PC to these patients. The biggest barrier to providing this service is the lack of knowledge, cited by close to 50% of respondents. This corresponds with the revelation that close to 60% believe that they have a poor or fair understanding of mental disorders. About 30% of respondents said they do not stock psychotropic drugs at all, mainly due to medico-legal reasons, and low prescription requests. Our findings highlight the need for more training of CPs in managing patients with mental disorders.
Genotype by environment interaction for seeds yield in pea (Pisum sativum L.) using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model
Authors: Bocianowski Jan , Księżak Jerzy , Nowosad Kamila 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the genotype by environment interaction using the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model for seeds yield of pea cultivars grown in Poland. Twelve pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars: Bohun, Boruta, Cysterski, Ezop, Kavalir, Lasso, Medal, Santana, Tarchalska, Terno, Wenus and Zekon were evaluated in 20 environments (ten locations in 2 years). The experiment was laid out as randomized complete block design with three replicates. Seeds yield ranged from 26.10 dt ha−1 (for Wenus in Radostowo 2011) to 79.73 dt ha−1 (for Lasso in Słupia 2010), with an average of 50.70 dt ha−1. AMMI analyses revealed significant genotype and environmental effects as well as genotype-by-environment interaction with respect to seeds yield. In the analysis of variance, 89.19% of the total seeds yield variation was explained by environment, 1.65% by differences between genotypes, and 8.33% by GE interaction. The cultivar Terno is the highest stability. The cultivar Tarchalska is recommended for further inclusion in the breeding program because its stability and the highest averages of seeds yield.
Epistemic Diversity and the Question of Lingua Franca in Science and Philosophy
Authors: Gobbo Federico , Russo Federica 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEpistemic diversity is the ability or possibility of producing diverse and rich epistemic apparati to make sense of the world around us. In this paper we discuss whether, and to what extent, different conceptions of knowledge—notably as ‘justified true belief’ and as ‘distributed and embodied cognition’—hinder or foster epistemic diversity. We then link this discussion to the widespread move in science and philosophy towards monolingual disciplinary environments. We argue that English, despite all appearance, is no Lingua Franca, and we give reasons why epistemic diversity is also deeply hindered is monolingual contexts. Finally, we sketch a proposal for multilingual academia where epistemic diversity is thereby fostered.
Nudging Immunity: The Case for Vaccinating Children in School and Day Care by Default
Authors: Giubilini Alberto , Caviola Lucius , Maslen Hannah , Douglas Thomas , Nussberger Anne-Marie , Faber Nadira , Vanderslott Samantha , Loving Sarah , Harrison Mark , Savulescu Julian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMany parents are hesitant about, or face motivational barriers to, vaccinating their children. In this paper, we propose a type of vaccination policy that could be implemented either in addition to coercive vaccination or as an alternative to it in order to increase paediatric vaccination uptake in a non-coercive way. We propose the use of vaccination nudges that exploit the very same decision biases that often undermine vaccination uptake. In particular, we propose a policy under which children would be vaccinated at school or day-care by default, without requiring parental authorization, but with parents retaining the right to opt their children out of vaccination. We show that such a policy is (1) likely to be effective, at least in cases in which non-vaccination is due to practical obstacles, rather than to strong beliefs about vaccines, (2) ethically acceptable and less controversial than some alternatives because it is not coercive and affects individual autonomy only in a morally unproblematic way, and (3) likely to receive support from the UK public, on the basis of original empirical research we have conducted on the lay public.
What Does Social Realism Have to Offer for Research on Teacher Identity in Mathematics Education?
Authors: Westaway Lise , Kaiser Gabriele , Graven Mellony 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Research that focuses on teacher identity is gaining traction as researchers argue that teachers mediate more than mathematical knowledge and skills in the classroom. This research tends to be underpinned by a social constructionist orientation, which foregrounds epistemology over ontology. This orientation is limiting for research that wishes to understand the base conditions that enable or constrain the expression (i.e. both communication and action) of teacher identity in teaching primary mathematics. The paper suggests that this requires research that explores the interaction between structure, culture and agency in the expression of teacher identity in teaching mathematics in primary school. The study argues that a social realist orientation is of value to research on teacher identity. From this perspective, teacher identity is defined as the manner in which teachers express their roles as teachers. As the paper is primarily theoretical, the exemplification is limited to two primary school teachers’ expression of only one role namely effective communicator of mathematics. It demonstrates what social realism enables, that is, not illuminated in research underpinned by a social constructionist orientation. The argument made in this paper elucidates how social realism supports a deep analysis of the structural and agential conditions that enable and constrain teacher identities.
Application of MnO2Resin and Dowex 1X8 manganese dioxide impregnated resin for the separation of chromium from biological samples
Authors: Zuba Iga , Polkowska-Motrenko Halina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
MnO2Resin and Dowex 1X8 manganese dioxide impregnated resin was used for chromium separation from biological samples. We examined sorption of chromium from acid solutions: hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric in concentration range from 0.01 to 2 mol/dm3. The sorption process was evaluated by batch and column experiments. We also examined sorption of other elements in the developed systems, to check the selectivity of the process. Determination of chromium by radiochemical neutron activation analysis after separation with MnO2Resin was described.
Thermometric analysis of blood metabolites in ICU patients
Authors: Adlerberth Josefin , Meng Qinglai , Mecklenburg Michael , Tian Zengmin , Zhou Yikai , Bülow Leif , Xie Bin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Real-time monitoring of patient’s blood metabolites, such as glucose and lactate, could potentially improve surgery and recovery outcomes for patients in surgical and intensive care units. Our enzyme thermometric biosensor which is based on flow injected calorimetric determination of immobilized enzyme reaction is capable of performing continuous, fast, and quantitative analysis of metabolites using whole blood. A key technical advantage the assay affords is the ability to use unpretreated whole blood. In this article, the enzyme thermometric biosensor was used, for the first time, to determine glucose and lactate concentrations in the blood of ICU patients. The linear detection range for glucose was 0.5–30 mM and 0.25–12 mM for lactate, using a 20 μL sample volume. A maximum sampling rate of 15 measurements per hour was achieved using venous blood samples, which corresponds to a 4-min measurement interval. In order to validate the accuracy of the results, a comparative analysis between the thermometric biosensor and the clinically applied instrument (LifeScan’s OneTouch®) which is based on disposable dry chemical reaction was performed using samples from 33 patients. The results showed a good correlation between the two methods for both glucose (r = 0.843, p < 0.0001) and lactate (r = 0.78, p = 0.0105). The ability to monitor metabolite levels and trends on a clinically relevant timescale of 5 min is critical for intensive monitoring of ICP and operative patients.
Ethics of AI and Cybersecurity When Sovereignty is at Stake
Authors: Timmers Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sovereignty and strategic autonomy are felt to be at risk today, being threatened by the forces of rising international tensions, disruptive digital transformations and explosive growth of cybersecurity incidents. The combination of AI and cybersecurity is at the sharp edge of this development and raises many ethical questions and dilemmas. In this commentary, I analyse how we can understand the ethics of AI and cybersecurity in relation to sovereignty and strategic autonomy. The analysis is followed by policy recommendations, some of which may appear to be controversial, such as the strategic use of ethics. I conclude with a reflection on underlying concepts as an invitation for further research. The goal is to inspire policy-makers, academics and business strategists in their work, and to be an input for public debate.
A debunking explanation for moral progress
Authors: Cofnas Nathan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAccording to “debunking arguments,” our moral beliefs are explained by evolutionary and cultural processes that do not track objective, mind-independent moral truth. Therefore (the debunkers say) we ought to be skeptics about moral realism. Huemer counters that “moral progress”—the cross-cultural convergence on liberalism—cannot be explained by debunking arguments. According to him, the best explanation for this phenomenon is that people have come to recognize the objective correctness of liberalism. Although Huemer may be the first philosopher to make this explicit empirical argument for moral realism, the idea that societies will eventually converge on the same moral beliefs is a notable theme in realist thinking. Antirealists, on the other hand, often point to seemingly intractable cross-cultural moral disagreement as evidence against realism (the “argument from disagreement”). This paper argues that the trend toward liberalism is susceptible to a debunking explanation, being driven by two related non-truth-tracking processes. First, large numbers of people gravitate to liberal values for reasons of self-interest. Second, as societies become more prosperous and advanced, they become more effective at suppressing violence, and they create conditions where people are more likely to empathize with others, which encourages liberalism. The latter process is not truth tracking (or so this paper argues) because empathy-based moral beliefs are themselves susceptible to an evolutionary debunking argument. Cross-cultural convergence on liberalism per se does not support either realism or antirealism.
Features of the Galactic Cosmic Ray Anisotropy in Solar Cycle 24 and Solar Minima 23/24 and 24/25
Authors: Modzelewska R. , Iskra K. , Wozniak W. , Siluszyk M. , Alania M. V. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We study the role of the drift effect in the temporal changes of the anisotropy of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and the influence of the sector structure of the heliospheric magnetic field on it. We analyze the GCR anisotropy in Solar Cycle 24 and solar minimum 23/24 with negative polarity ($qA<0$qA<0) for the period of 2007 – 2009 and near minimum 24/25 with positive polarity ($qA>0$qA>0) in 2017 – 2018 using data of the global network of Neutron Monitors. We use the harmonic analysis method to calculate the radial and tangential components of the anisotropy of GCRs for different sectors (‘+’ corresponds to the positive and ‘−’ to the negative directions) of the heliospheric magnetic field. We compare the analysis of GCR anisotropy using different evaluations of the mean GCRs rigidity related to Neutron Monitor observations. Then the radial and tangential components are used for characterizing the GCR modulation in the heliosphere. We show that in the solar minimum 23/24 in 2007 – 2009 when $qA<0$qA<0, the drift effect is not visibly evident in the changes of the radial component, i.e. the drift effect is found to produce $\approx 4$≈4% change in the radial component of the GCR anisotropy for 2007 – 2009. Hence the diffusion dominated model of GCR transport is more acceptable in 2007 – 2009. In turn, near the solar minimum 24/25 in 2017 – 2018 when $qA>0$qA>0, the drift effect is evidently visible and produces ≈40% change in the radial component of the GCR anisotropy for 2017 – 2018. So in the period of 2017 – 2018 a diffusion model with noticeably manifested drift is acceptable. The results of this work are in good agreement with the drift theory of GCR modulation, according to which, during negative (positive) polarity cycles, a drift stream of GCRs is directed toward (away from) the Sun, thus giving rise to a 22-year cycle variation of the radial GCR anisotropy.
Optimal Monte Carlo integration on closed manifolds
Authors: Ehler Martin , Gräf Manuel , Oates Chris. J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The worst case integration error in reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of standard Monte Carlo methods with n random points decays as $$n^{-1/2}$$n-1/2. However, the re-weighting of random points, as exemplified in the Bayesian Monte Carlo method, can sometimes be used to improve the convergence order. This paper contributes general theoretical results for Sobolev spaces on closed Riemannian manifolds, where we verify that such re-weighting yields optimal approximation rates up to a logarithmic factor. We also provide numerical experiments matching the theoretical results for some Sobolev spaces on the sphere $${\mathbb {S}}^2$$S2 and on the Grassmannian manifold $${\mathcal {G}}_{2,4}$$G2,4. Our theoretical findings also cover function spaces on more general sets such as the unit ball, the cube, and the simplex.
Science identity as a landscape of becoming: rethinking recognition and emotions through an intersectionality lens
Authors: Avraamidou Lucy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this conceptual paper, I put forward an argument about the conceptualization of science identity as a landscape of becoming by placing emphasis on recognition and emotions, as core features of identity, through an intersectionality lens. These constructs intertwined, I argue, can give meaning to the process of becoming a science person or forming a science identity, and at the same time shed light on issues related to power, inequality, racism, and exclusion. In the context of these bigger issues, I argue that forming a science identity is not only personal, but also political. The need for intersectionality as a conceptual framework for studying science identity is underscored by the dearth of theory and empirical evidence that addresses classroom inequalities, as well as the multiple and interlocking influence of systems of privilege and oppression in science, such as racism and sexism. Recognition, which refers to how individuals are recognized by others as certain kinds of people, is an ineradicable part of our social world; it is bound within sociopolitical contexts and tied to specific cultural norms, values, beliefs, and stereotypes. Hence, recognition becomes of paramount importance in science identity research. However, critical questions still remain unanswered, such as who is allowed in the world of science and who is recognized as a science person in specific contexts? Directly linked to recognition, I argue, are different types of emotions which can offer a valuable lens for studying inequalities within the process of forming a science identity. What this means for science identity research is how important it is to explore the emotionality of science identity given that emotions are not just dialectically related but inextricably bound with (mis)recognition as well as with various systems of oppression.