bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Impact of Iridescence Strength on Animal Shape Recognition Using Computer Vision
Authors: Zhong Isabel , Flowers Kate 
Published: September 2020

Iridescence, commonly found in nature, is the quality of a material to change colors depending on its interaction with light. For example, certain species of beetles distract predators with their iridescent exoskeletons that flash different colors depending on the angle the predator looks at them. Iridescent flowers, however, attract pollinators through their noticeable changes in color. Thus, it seems that iridescence can serve two contrasting purposes: concealment and attraction. The purpose of this project is to test whether different strengths in iridescence can impact its recognizability to animals and insects.
Three different iridescent diffraction grating films were experimented with: 500 lines/mm, 532 lines/mm, and 1000 lines/mm. Matte paper was used as a control. Four circular epoxy resin disks (8 cm diameter) and four square epoxy resin disks (7 cm side length) were created. Each diffraction grating film type and the matte paper was glued onto one disk of each shape. Photos of each disk were then taken at angles of 30, 45, 60, and 90 degrees in a photo booth and processed through a computer vision algorithm, the Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm, to perform contour approximation.
The results gathered cannot conclude that the strengths of iridescence have an impact on shape recognition and detectability due to limitations and potential errors. Nonetheless, the study can suggest that the specific usage of the Ramer-Douglas-Peucker algorithm for edge and area detection through OpenCV (an open-source computer vision library) is inadequate in imitating animal and insect visual systems when analyzing iridescence.
Blood, Sweat, and Tears
Authors: White Derrick E. 
Published: September 2020

Black college football began during the nadir of African American life after the Civil War. The first game occurred in 1892, a little less than four years before the Supreme Court ruled segregation legal in Plessy v. Ferguson. In spite of Jim Crow segregation, Black colleges produced some of the best football programs in the country. They mentored young men who became teachers, preachers, lawyers, and doctors--not to mention many other professions--and transformed Black communities. But when higher education was integrated, the programs faced existential challenges as predominately white institutions steadily set about recruiting their student athletes and hiring their coaches. Blood, Sweat, and Tears explores the legacy of Black college football, with Florida A&M’s Jake Gaither as its central character, one of the most successful coaches in its history. A paradoxical figure, Gaither led one of the most respected Black college football programs, yet many questioned his loyalties during the height of the civil rights movement.
Among the first broad-based histories of Black college athletics, Derrick E. White’s sweeping story complicates the heroic narrative of integration and grapples with the complexities and contradictions of one of the most important sources of Black pride in the twentieth century.
Recruiting the Justice League
Authors: Hogan Wesley C. 
Published: September 2020

Since the mid-1990s, the Ella Baker Center of Oakland has been creating a society based on restorative justice and law enforcement accountability, not the punishment economy. It does what Ella Baker called “spadework”: building youth community organizers who know that a fundamental element of democracy is to spend time and energy developing people at the base as their own leaders—one person at a time, as members of the body politic. Leadership models of Van Jones, Nona Perry, Darris Young and Lanise Frazier are examined.
Histogram via entropy reduction (HER): an information-theoretic alternative for geostatistics
Authors: Thiesen Stephanie , Vieira Diego M. , Mälicke Mirko , Loritz Ralf , Wellmann J. Florian , Ehret Uwe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Interpolation of spatial data has been regarded in many different forms, varying from deterministic to stochastic, parametric to nonparametric, and purely data-driven to geostatistical methods. In this study, we propose a nonparametric interpolator, which combines information theory with probability aggregation methods in a geostatistical framework for the stochastic estimation of unsampled points. Histogram via entropy reduction (HER) predicts conditional distributions based on empirical
probabilities, relaxing parameterizations and, therefore, avoiding the risk of adding information not present in data. By construction, it provides a proper framework for uncertainty estimation since it accounts for both
spatial configuration and data values, while allowing one to introduce or infer properties of the field through the aggregation method. We investigate the framework using synthetically generated data sets and demonstrate its efficacy in ascertaining the underlying field with varying sample densities and data properties. HER shows a comparable performance to popular benchmark models, with the additional advantage of higher generality. The novel method brings a new perspective of spatial interpolation and uncertainty analysis to geostatistics and statistical learning, using the lens of information theory.
A protocol for calculating basal melt rates in the ISMIP6 Antarctic ice sheet projections
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Asay-Davis Xylar , Hattermann Tore , Straneo Fiammetta , Seroussi Hélène , Little Christopher M. , Nowicki Sophie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Climate model projections have previously been used to compute ice shelf basal melt rates in ice sheet models, but the strategies employed – e.g., ocean input, parameterization, calibration technique, and corrections – have varied widely and are often ad hoc. Here, a methodology is proposed for the calculation of circum-Antarctic basal melt rates for floating ice, based on climate models, that is suitable for ISMIP6, the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The past and future evolution of ocean temperature and salinity is derived from a climate model by estimating anomalies with respect to the modern day, which are added to a present-day climatology constructed from existing observational datasets. Temperature and salinity are extrapolated to any position potentially occupied by a simulated ice shelf. A simple formulation is proposed for a basal melt parameterization in ISMIP6, constrained by the observed temperature climatology, with a quadratic dependency on either the nonlocal or local thermal forcing. Two calibration methods are proposed: (1) based on the mean Antarctic melt rate (MeanAnt) and (2) based on melt rates near Pine Island's deep grounding line (PIGL). Future Antarctic mean melt rates are an order of magnitude greater in PIGL than in MeanAnt. The PIGL calibration and the local parameterization result in more realistic melt rates near grounding lines. PIGL is also more consistent with observations of interannual melt rate variability underneath Pine Island and Dotson ice shelves. This work stresses the need for more physics and less calibration in the parameterizations and for more observations of hydrographic properties and melt rates at interannual and decadal timescales.
Propuesta de sendero interpretativo ecoturístico – educativo en el área protegida Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente, Carazo, Nicaragua
Authors: Alemán Jirón Yuri Lisseth , Tapia Lorío Emelina , Alguera Oviedo Karla 
Published: September 2020

El ecoturismo es una modalidad turística ambientalmente responsable que promueve la conservación de los recursos naturales en diversas áreas que cuentan con espacios y destinos con recursos naturales diversos. En este sentido, se puede encontrar este tipo de turismo en espacios naturales como las áreas protegidas en Nicaragua. Este estudio se realizó en el Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente, ubicado entre el municipio de Santa Teresa, departamento de Carazo y Municipio de Tola, departamento de Rivas, con el objetivo de realizar una propuesta de senderos interpretativos ecoturístico-educativo en esta área protegida. Se contemplaron tres fases metodológicas: (1) organización, revisión de la información, coordinación con las entidades del Ministerio de Recursos Naturales y del Ambiente y planificación de las visitas de reconocimiento; (2) toma de datos de campo, recorridos, observaciones in situ, geo referenciacion de puntos y senderos e identificación de especies de flora arborescente, avifauna silvestre y de potenciales naturales; y (3), análisis y descripción de la información para la elaboración de la propuesta de estaciones (paradas temáticas), del mapa temático, de diseño de rótulos interpretativos y edición del material didáctico (cartilla). Como resultados se elaboró el mapa de dos sendero interpretativo ecoturístico-educativo lineal-circular con nueve estaciones (cinco para el sendero Lagarto Cola Chata y cuatro para el sendero Tamarindo), la propuesta de diseños de cinco rótulos interpretativos; y de una cartilla como material educativo llamada “Haciendo Educación Ambiental”, que es dirigida a turista, comunitarios, investigadores y estudiantes, y contiene información importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad del Refugio de Vida Silvestre Río Escalante – Chacocente y la promoción del turismo sostenible en esta zona de importancia ecológica para el país.
Clevidipine as an antihypertensive drug in three pheochromocytoma surgeries: Case series
Authors: Luis-García Carol , Arbonés-Aran Elisa , Moreno-Martínez Carlos Eduardo , Trillo-Urrutia Lourdes 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Laparoscopic adrenalectomy is the treatment of choice of pheochromocytoma. During the first surgical phase (pneumoperitoneum insufflation, tumor and veins handling), there is a risk of hypertensive crisis due to catecholamine release. After tumor excision, patients can suffer relative vasodilation and the residual effect of antihypertensive drugs, which results in arterial hypotension. For that reason, antihypertensive drugs used in the first phase should have a rapid onset of action, short half-life and no residual effect.
Methods: We report a series of three cases of patients with pheochromocytoma who were treated with laparoscopic adrenalectomy. They all received clevidipine infusion from the beginning of the surgery, before they had presented hypertension, to treat and try to minimize hypertensive peaks.
Results: In all patients, hypertensive peaks were controlled in a few minutes. After tumor resection, clevidipine infusion was stopped in all cases, and any patient required infusion of vasopressors.
Discussion: Clevidipine could be a first choice antihypertensive drug in pheochromocytoma surgery. Starting the infusion of clevidipine before the hypertensive peaks could help to make them less pronounced.
Out of Range?
Authors: Haddow Scott D. , Sadvari Joshua W. , Knüsel Christopher J. , Moore Sophie V. , Nugent Selin E. , Larsen Clark Spencer 
Published: September 2020

Çatalhöyük is most well known for its Neolithic settlement, but the site also served as a cemetery during the Bronze Age, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic periods. During the Neolithic, Çatalhöyük is distinctive as a place for both the living and the dead, but thereafter the site becomes more closely associated with the dead. This chapter discusses four examples of non-normative burials from different time periods at the site, including two Neolithic burials: one of a mature male buried with a sheep and another of a young male with a congenital deformity; a Roman period double burial with an atypical grave orientation; and an isolated twentieth-century burial of a woman from the local village, which represents the last known burial on the mound. Osteobiographical information and sociocultural context are used to assess the significance of each burial. We also question how normative and non-normative burials are typically defined in the archaeological record.
First insights into past biodiversity of giraffes based on mitochondrial sequences from museum specimens – Corrigendum
Authors: Petzold Alice , Magnant Anne-Sophie , Edderai David , Chardonnet Bertrand , Rigoulet Jacques , Saint-Jalme Michel , Hassanin Alexandre 
Published: September 2020

The present corrigendum corrects errors that occurred in: Petzold A., Magnant A.-S., Edderai D., Chardonnet B., Rigoulet J., Saint-Jalme M. & Hassanin A. 2020. First insights into past biodiversity of giraffes based on mitochondrial sequences from museum specimens. European Journal of Taxonomy 703: 1–33. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2020.703
Association between serum and dietary antioxidant micronutrients and advanced liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an observational study
Authors: Coelho Juliana Moraes , Cansanção Katia , Perez Renata de Mello , Leite Nathalie Carvalho , Padilha Patrícia , Ramalho Andrea , Peres Wilza 
Published: September 2020

Background
Despite clinical trials with antioxidant supplementation, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the nutritional status of antioxidant vitamins and minerals, and none have reported on the status of these serum antioxidants associated with the dietary intake of antioxidants by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients.

Objective
To evaluate association between serum and dietetics antioxidants with liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.

Methods
Across-section analysis with out with 72 patients diagnosed with NAFLD. Hepatic fibrosis was measured by FibroScan®, and liver stiffness ≥7.9 kPa was considered to indicate advanced fibrosis. Retinol, alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, beta-carotene, serum zinc, and selenium were evaluated, as was the dietary intake of these micronutrients in the previous 24 h (using 24-h dietary recall). The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the fibrosis groups and, a linear regression analysis was performed to determine associated risk factors between age, sex, BMI, hepatic fibrosis, and serum antioxidants.

Results
A high proportion of inadequate serum retinol (20.8%), vitamin C (27%), and selenium (73.6%) was observed in the patients with NAFLD, in addition to a significant inadequacy of vitamin A (98.3%) and vitamin E (100%) intake. Patients with advanced liver fibrosis had reduced levels of serum retinol (P = 0.002), with liver fibrosis being the independent risk factor associated with serum retinol lower.

Conclusion
Hepatic fibrosis was associated with a reduction in serum retinol and was reduced in advanced fibrosis. NAFLD patients showed an important serum deficiency and insufficient dietary intake of the evaluated micronutrients.
Wild meat hunting and use by sedentarised Baka Pygmies in southeastern Cameroon
Authors: Avila Martin Eva , Ros Brull Guillermo , Funk Stephan M. , Luiselli Luca , Okale Robert , Fa Julia E. 
Published: September 2020

As a result of sedentarisation many Baka Pygmies have changed their mobility patterns away from nomadic lifestyles to living in roadside villages. These settled groups are increasingly dependent on cultivated foods but still rely on forest resources. The level of dependence on hunting of wild animals for food and cash, as well as the hunting profiles of sedentarised Pygmy groups is little known. In this study we describe the use of wild meat in 10 Baka villages along the Djoum-Mintom road in southeastern Cameroon. From data collected from 1,946 hunting trips by 121 hunters, we show that most trips are of around 13 hours and a median of eight hours. A mean ± SD of 1.15 ± 1.11 animal carcasses are taken in a single trip; there was a positive correlation between duration of trips and carcasses. A total of 2,245 carcasses of 49 species of 24 animal families were taken in the study; species diversity was similar in all villages except one. Most hunted animals were mammals, with ungulates contributing the highest proportion. By species, just over half of the animal biomass extracted by all hunters in the studied villages was provided by four mammal species. Most animals were trapped (65.77% ± 16.63), followed by shot with guns (22.56% ± 17.72), other methods (8.69% ± 6.96) and with dogs (2.96% ± 4.49). A mean of 7,569.7 ± 6,103.4 kg yr−1 (2,080.8–19,351.4) were extracted per village, giving 75,697 kg yr−1 in total, which is equivalent to 123 UK dairy cattle. In all villages, 48.07% ± 17.58 of animals hunted were consumed by the hunter and his family, around 32.73% ± 12.55, were sold, followed by a lower percentage of carcasses partially sold and consumed (19.21% ± 17.02). Between 60% and 80% of carcasses belonged to the “least concern” category, followed by “near threatened”, “vulnerable” and, rarely “endangered”. The only endangered species hunted was the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). We suggest that hunting is a critical activity that provides a vital source of food for our study communities. Measured wild meat extraction levels are likely to be sustainable if hunter densities do not increase.
Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) Studied by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Martinez Michelle M. , Khanal Grishma , Pappas Dimitri 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Several analytical methods have been developed to study apoptosis (programmed cell death), many of which rely on fluorescence processes. Apoptosis is a highly regulated biological event and is a vital process that helps regulate tissue growth, normal cell turnover, immune response, and tissue development. However, diseases such as cancer and heart disease are associated with malfunctions in the apoptosis machinery. There is, therefore, a need to elucidate the processes of apoptosis induction and inhibition. Fluorescence assays continue to play a major role in apoptosis assays, and probe and method development are ongoing. There are several standard techniques such as flow cytometry and confocal microscopy for apoptosis study in cells. In addition, new techniques such as super‐resolution microscopy, multiphoton excitation, and single cell‐single molecule spectroscopy are quickly emerging. This updated article will explore several fluorescence approaches used in apoptosis studies as well as describe the mechanisms and hallmarks of the apoptosis cascade. Since apoptosis plays such an important role in both healthy and diseased organism function, the need to develop and apply sensitive analytical methods continues to be of the utmost importance.
Association of rare variants in neurodegenerative genes with familial Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhang Weiwei , Jiao Bin , Xiao Tingting , Liu Xixi , Liao Xinxin , Xiao Xuewen , Guo Lina , Yuan Zhenhua , Yan Xinxiang , Tang Beisha , Shen Lu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the impact of rare variants underlying neurodegenerative‐related genes to familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD).MethodsWe performed targeted sequencing of 277 neurodegenerative‐related genes on probands from 75 Chinese AD families non‐carrying causative mutation of dementia genes. Rare coding variants segregated in families were tested for association in an independent cohort of 506 patients with sporadic AD and 498 cognitively normal controls. East Asians data from the Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) were used as a reference control.ResultsA novel rare variant, P410S of PLD3 was found in an early‐onset AD family. LRRK2 I2012T, a causative mutation of Parkinson’s disease, was identified in another early‐onset AD family. Missense variants in ABCA7 (P143S and A1507T) and CR1(T239M) were significantly associated with familial AD (P = 0.005437, 0.001383, 0.000549), a missense variant in TREM2(S183C) was significantly associated with AD (P = 0.000396) when compared with the East Asian controls in ExAC database. A non‐frameshift variant in FUS (G223del) was frequent in AD cases and significantly associated with familial AD (P = 0.008).InterpretationMultiple rare coding variants of causal and risk neurodegenerative genes were presented in clinically diagnosed AD families that may confer risk of AD. Our data supported that the clinical, pathological, and genetic architectures of AD, PD, and FTD/ALS may overlapping. We propose that targeted sequencing on neurodegenerative‐related genes is necessary for genetically unclear AD families.
Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching of Silicon in Oxidizing HF Solutions: Origin, Mechanism, Development, and Black Silicon Solar Cell Application
Authors: Huo Chenliang , Wang Jiang , Fu Haoxin , Li Xianlun , Yang Yi , Wang Hui , Mateen Abdul , Farid Ghulam , Peng Kui‐Qing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetal‐assisted chemical etching (MacEtch) of silicon in oxidizing hydrofluoric acid (HF) solutions has emerged as a prominent top‐down micro/nanofabrication approach for a wide variety of silicon micro/nanostructures. The popularity of the process is due to its simplicity, rapidity, versatility, and scalability. In recent years, there has been a surge of interest in developing MacEtch silicon micro/nanostructures for advanced energy conversion and storage applications, such as photovoltaic devices, thermoelectric devices, lithium‐ion rechargeable batteries, and supercapacitors. Particularly, MacEtch has emerged as a powerful surface micro/nanostructuring method for low‐cost and scalable production of commercial black silicon (b‐Si) with excellent light trapping properties. This review on MacEtch processing of silicon in oxidizing HF solutions provides a critical description of its history and origin including how it evolved into what it is today, the understanding of its mechanism and important technical advances in the field. As regards MacEtch‐fabricated b‐Si, its initial discovery and further improvements to its large‐scale deployment in silicon photovoltaic industry are traced. Some fundamental challenges and perspectives in this exciting field are also discussed.
Ferritin Nanocage‐Based Methyltransferase SETD6 for COVID‐19 Therapy
Authors: Kim Hong Nam , Park Hee Ho , Lim Wonhee , Hong Kyung Soo , Ahn June Hong , Na Dong Hee , Kim In‐San , Jang Jong Geol , Bae Jong‐Sup , Lee Wonhwa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling is a mediator of viral infection‐mediated inflammation and SET‐domain containing 6 (SETD6) is known as a methyltransferase that suppresses the activity of NF‐κB signaling. However, the downside of the SETD6 is that it cannot be directly utilized as an inflammatory regulator due to the short half‐life and poor intracellular delivery. Here, a ferritin nanocage‐based delivery system is presented that can maintain the activity of SETD6 in vivo. According to the analysis of severe COVID‐19 patients’ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), the SETD6 expression is downregulated while that of NF‐κB is upregulated. By engineering the structure of ferritin, a protein scaffold is fabricated in which short ferritin is decorated with cell‐penetrating peptide and nuclear‐localizing TAT‐NBD peptide together with SETD6, termed TFS. The TFS enhances the SETD6 level and reduces the NF‐κB signaling in PBMCs of severe COVID‐19 patients and subsequently suppresses the cytokine storm. When the TFS is intravenously administered in the cytokine storm mouse model, the survival rate is rescued and the lung tissue damage and cytokine expression are also inhibited. These results indicate that the ferritin nanocage‐based peptide delivery system allows stable in vivo delivery and efficient suppression of NF‐κB signaling‐mediated inflammation.