bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree of Pearls
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The woman known as “Tree of Pearls” ruled Egypt in the summer of 1250. A rare case of a woman sultan, her reign marked the shift from the Ayyubid to the Mamluk dynasty, and her architectural patronage of two building complexes had a lasting impact on Cairo and on Islamic architecture. Rising to power from slave origins, Tree of Pearls—her name in Arabic is Shajar al-Durr—used her wealth and power to add a tomb to the urban madrasa (college) that had been built by her husband, Sultan Salih, and with this innovation, madrasas and many other charitably endowed architectural complexes became commemorative monuments, a practice that remains widespread today. This was the first occasion in Cairo in which a secular patron’s relationship to his architectural foundation was reified through the actual presence of his body. The tomb thus profoundly transformed the relationship between architecture and its patron, emphasizing and emblematizing his historical presence. Indeed, the characteristic domed skyline of Cairo that we see today is shaped by such domes that have kept the memory of their named patrons visible to the public eye. This dramatic transformation, in which architecture came to embody human identity, was made possible by the sultan-queen Shajar al-Durr, a woman who began her career as a mere slave-concubine. Her path-breaking patronage contradicts the prevailing assumption among historians of Islam that there was no distinctive female voice in art and architecture.
Sex in an Old Regime City
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Based on extensive archival research, the extraordinary stories of ordinary people’s lives in this book explore many facets of young people’s intimacy from meeting to courtship to the many occasions when untimely pregnancies necessitated a range of strategies. These might include marriage but could also be efforts to induce abortions, arrangements for out-of-wedlock delivery, charging the father with custody, leaving the baby with a foundling hospital, or infanticide. Clergy, lawyers, social welfare officials, employers, midwives, wet-nurses, neighbors, family, and friends supported young women and held young men responsible for the reproductive consequences of their sexual activity. These practices of intimacy reframe our understanding of multiple aspects of the Old Regime. Young people’s intimate experiences challenge the belief that disciplining female sexuality was a critical early modern goal of state formation and religious reformation. They suggest rethinking the history of a sexual double standard in local and long contexts, the history of marriage, and the role of law in the politics of communities and institutions. The lives of young people also reshape many more specific debates, for instance, about the history of emotions, infanticide, attitudes to illegitimacy, pre-modern workplaces, and the body. The book reveals the important role of the young people’s working communities, where the norm was local management of intimacy with a heavy emphasis on pastoral care and pragmatic acceptance of the inevitability of out-of-wedlock pregnancy.
The Insidious Momentum of American Mass Incarceration
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The phenomenal growth of penal confinement in the United States in the last quarter of the twentieth century is still a public policy mystery. Why did it happen when it happened? What explains the unprecedented magnitude of prison and jail expansion? Why are the current levels of penal confinement so very close to the all-time peak rate reached in 2007? What is the likely course of levels of penal confinement in the next generation of American life? Are there changes in government or policy that can avoid the prospect of mass incarceration as a chronic element of governance in the United States? This study is organized around four major concerns: What happened in the 33 years after 1973? Why did these extraordinary changes happen in that single generation? What is likely to happen to levels of penal confinement in the next three decades? What changes in law or practice might reduce this likely penal future?
Haṭhayoga’s Early History
Authors: Mallinson James 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In India physical methods have been used for religious ends since at least 1000 bce. For two millennia these methods were simple techniques of privation in which the body was mortified, usually by holding a particular posture for long periods, in order to acquire tapas, ascetic power. The details of their performance were not transmitted in texts but, we must assume, passed on orally within lineages of renouncer ascetics. In the early part of the second millennium ce, a somatic soteriology whose physical methods are body-affirming appears in textual sources; some of its practices are depicted soon after in the material record. In certain Sanskrit texts these methods of yoga were classified as haṭha, which means “force”; haṭhayoga means “yoga by means of force”. In this chapter I shall analyse the history of the codification of haṭhayoga techniques up to the composition of the c. 1400 ce Haṭhapradīpikā, which became haṭhayoga’s locus classicus.
Legal Yoga
Authors: Kale Sunila S. , Novetzke Christian Lee 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
India is well known as the point of historical origin for the worldwide practices of yoga. In Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s first speech at the UN in September 2014, he described yoga as ‘an invaluable gift’ of India’s ‘ancient tradition’. Yoga thrives in India today across a broad social spectrum, from dreadlocked, naked yogis meditating deep in the Himalayan mountains, to hot yoga studios scattered throughout India’s many vibrant urban centres. In the US alone, 36 million people practise yoga regularly and fuel an industry in America that is currently worth $16 billion annually. Yoga today is a phenomenon produced in a complex transnational relationship between the US and India. This global interconnection of histories, practices, cultures, and economies linking two liberal secular democratic superpowers is a difficult weave to unravel. This chapter selects one strand that joins both the US and India and reflects their engagements with yoga in the context of their political structures as secular democratic states. It focuses on moments when yoga has entered into the legal systems of these two countries, with particular attention to the one question that has risen in prominence in both contexts: what is the place of yoga in public education?
Gurus in Contemporary Hindu Practice
Authors: Gold Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Gurus as authoritative teachers have long played important roles in Hindu traditions, but in an increasingly globalized world these roles have taken some new turns. Modern transport and communications have let some gurus gain very large followings in India and abroad, which necessarily affects their relationships with individual disciples. Even while adapting to new situations, however, most still draw on specific religious traditions, which give them distinct identities and differentiate the teachings and practices they offer. Although they all tend to use a language of truth and knowledge to refer to spiritual reality, the quality of the reality to which each points seems to vary, coloured by different experiences of divine love and power. The guru’s often powerful presence, moreover, may be given different roles in any practical techniques they offer. This chapter examines three contemporary traditions of practice that highlight the figure of the guru in different ways.
To Do, To Die, To Reason Why
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo Do, To Die, To Reason Why is concerned with a wide range of issues about the ethics of war and the legal regulation of war. It is especially concerned with the conduct of individuals, including whether they are required to follow orders to go to war, what moral constraints there are on killing in war, what makes people liable to be killed in war, and the extent to which the laws of war ought to reflect the morality of war. It defends a largely anti-authority view about the morality of war, and defends familiar moral constraints on killing in war, such as the Doctrine of Doing and Allowing and a version of the Doctrine of Double Effect. However, it argues that a much wider range of people are liable to be harmed or killed in war than is normally thought to be the case, on grounds of both causal involvement and fairness, and it argues that the laws of war should converge much more closely with the morality of war than is currently the case.
Accountability for Wrongdoing in War
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter is about the institutional mechanisms for holding people accountable for wrongdoing in war. The main form of accountability that many people have in mind when they consider responsibility for serious wrongdoing in war is akin to the criminal model. But, it is argued, there is a much more limited role for criminal punishment, even though a great deal of wrongdoing in war is serious enough to warrant the criminal response. Other responses, which aim at capturing the range and scope of wrongdoing in war as a whole, provide at least as important a mechanism for ensuring that wrongdoing is responded to in an appropriate way.
Introduction
Authors: Robbins Joel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that the time is right for an interdisciplinary dialogue between anthropology and theology that does not merely aid each discipline in achieving its traditional goals, but that seeks to transform their approaches to key issues around the nature of human experience and social life. The time is right because a rapid recent growth in interest in Christianity on the anthropological side has coincided with a burgeoning interest in world Christianity from the theological side. The chapter traces the development of these trends. It then shows that recent anthropological arguments in favour of ‘ethnographic theory’—the practice of using concepts drawn from the social life of others to create general theories—offers a foundation from which anthropologists can make productive theoretical use of theological concepts. It concludes by laying out the prospects for a transformative engagement between anthropology and theology that sets out from this starting point.
A Living Calf at Sinai?
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter re-evaluates major aspects of the Golden Calf story in the Qur’an, proposing a reading of the narrative that breaks with those of both traditional Muslim and Western scholarship and seeks to restore it to its proper historical, religious, and literary context in Late Antiquity. The qur’anic references to the image worshipped by the Israelites provided Muslim exegetes with a pretext for depicting the Calf as alive or at least possessing some semblance of life. However, the qur’anic Calf is better understood not as ? lowing image of a calf but rather an image of a lowing calf, a distinction of enormous significance for the exegesis of the story. In the absence of a conception of the Golden Calf as actually or seemingly animate, the Qur’an’s allusions to the creation of this entity must be reinterpreted as well. This chapter thus proposes alternative explanations of the major elements of the traditional portrayal of the narrative, especially the depiction of the “Samaritan” as an outside interloper who created and animated the Calf through supernatural means, with Moses subsequently imposing a sentence of exile on both him and his descendants, the Samaritan community, for all time. Instead, the major elements of the key passage in the Qur’an can be interpreted as allusions to various biblical subtexts; the qur’anic story originally posited, like its Jewish and Christian precursors, that it was Aaron—called by the unique epithet al-sāmirī here—who had made the Calf and led the Israelites into sin.
Conclusion
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter, the conclusion to the book, summarizes its major findings, particularly the necessity for the qur’anic Golden Calf narrative in the Qur’an—and other narratives like it—to be carefully re-evaluated in the light of late antique approaches to biblical stories, particularly as they reflect the apologetic and polemical dynamics informing Jewish and Christian scriptural interpretation in that era. At the same time, scholars must consider the continuing engagements of various communities—Jews, Christians, and now Muslims as well—over questions of chosenness and covenant as they are reflected in the interpretation of both Bible and Qur’an in the centuries after the rise of Islam. Although the Qur’an must be understood as a product of its time and not viewed solely through the lens of later Muslim commentary, Muslim approaches to the narratives of the Bible reinterpreted in the Qur’an must be considered integral to the later development of the larger biblical tradition alongside the Qur’an itself.
Are Human Rights Universal?
Authors: Biggar Nigel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBroadly speaking, a human right is the same as a natural right, insofar as it is the property of anyone participating in human nature. However, ‘human rights’ usually refers to those bodies of rights that have attracted international recognition by states since 1945. Rights subscribed to by states possess a special authority that derives from national recognition, is confirmed by some international consensus, and is reinforced by international courts. This legal authority endows a natural, moral claim with the characteristic force of ‘a right’. From the early 1970s, international human rights have provoked the complaint from non-Western societies that they embody ‘neo-imperialist’ assumptions about the intellectual and moral superiority of Western culture. This chapter examines that complaint. It concludes that the human goods that rights seek to protect are universal, and it is therefore unlikely that any society has ever existed without establishing customary or legal rights that enjoy some security. Moreover, there is empirical evidence that some non-Western societies have in fact established rights, many of them familiar to Westerners. There are, however, different ways in which a good can be protected by a legal right, and the way chosen by a particular society will be shaped by its historical, cultural, and other circumstances. Therefore, while the good to be protected is universal, and while the means of protecting it by establishing a right is very probably universal, the specific form of the protective right will not be universal.
Linear piezoelectricity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the elements of linear piezoelectricity including mechanical and electrostatic balance laws and coupled mechanical electrical constitutive relations. The thermodynamically consistent constitutive relations are determined from a coupled electromechanical energy balance argument and expressions are given alternately considering the electric field and the electric displacement as independent fields. Appropriate electrical boundary conditions are also discussed. The theory is also specialized to poled piezoceramics. A chapter appendix provides a brief discussion of Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetics and energy transport in the quasi-static limit. A second chapter appendix discusses the properties of third order tensors.
Rigid-perfectly-plastic materials. Two extremal principles
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the notion of rigid-perfect plasticity, and provides proofs of the extremum principles of applied loads and velocities. The variational principles are applied to generate the upper- and lower-bound theorems for collapse loads in rigid-perfect plasticity models. The method of sliding rigid blocks is presented for the solution of practical problems in forming operations and structural collapse. To facilitate such modelling the hodograph graphical device is also discussed.
Plastidial (p)ppGpp Synthesis by the Ca2+-Dependent RelA–SpoT Homolog Regulates the Adaptation of Chloroplast Gene Expression to Darkness in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ono Sumire , Suzuki Sae , Ito Doshun , Tagawa Shota , Shiina Takashi , Masuda Shinji 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In bacteria, the hyper-phosphorylated nucleotide, guanosine 3′,5′-bis(pyrophosphate) (ppGpp), functions as a secondary messenger under stringent conditions. ppGpp levels are controlled by two distinct enzymes, namely RelA and SpoT, in Escherichia coli. RelA–SpoT homologs (RSHs) are also conserved in plants where they function in the plastids. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana contains four RSHs: RSH1, RSH2, RSH3 and Ca2+-dependent RSH (CRSH). Genetic characterizations of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 were undertaken, which showed that the ppGpp-dependent plastidial stringent response significantly influences plant growth and stress acclimation. However, the physiological significance of CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis remains unclear, as no crsh-null mutant has been available. Here, to investigate the function of CRSH, a crsh-knockout mutant of Arabidopsis was constructed using a site-specific gene-editing technique, and its phenotype was characterized. A transient increase in ppGpp was observed for 30 min in the wild type (WT) after the light-to-dark transition, but this increase was not observed in the crsh mutant. Similar analyses were performed with the rsh2-rsh3 double and rsh1-rsh2-rsh3 triple mutants and showed that the transient increments of ppGpp in the mutants were higher than those in the WT. The increase in ppGpp in the WT and rsh2 rsh3 accompanied decrements in the mRNA levels of some plastidial genes transcribed by the plastid-encoded plastid RNA polymerase. These results indicate that the transient increase in ppGpp at night is due to CRSH-dependent ppGpp synthesis and that the ppGpp level is maintained by the hydrolytic activities of RSH1, RSH2 and RSH3 to accustom plastidial gene expression to darkness.
Improving Veteran Access to Integrated Management of Back Pain (AIM-Back): Protocol for an Embedded Pragmatic Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: George Steven Z , Coffman Cynthia J , Allen Kelli D , Lentz Trevor A , Choate Ashley , Goode Adam P , Simon Corey B , Grubber Janet M , King Heather , Cook Chad E , Keefe Francis J , Ballengee Lindsay A , Naylor Jennifer , Brothers Joseph Leo , Stanwyck Catherine , Alkon Aviel , Hastings Susan N 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Coordinated efforts between the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Defense, and the Department of Veterans Affairs have built the capacity for large-scale clinical research investigating the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic pain treatments. This is an encouraging development; however, what constitutes best practice for nonpharmacologic management of low back pain (LBP) is largely unknown.

Design
The Improving Veteran Access to Integrated Management of Back Pain (AIM-Back) trial is an embedded pragmatic cluster-randomized trial that will examine the effectiveness of two different care pathways for LBP. Sixteen primary care clinics will be randomized 1:1 to receive training in delivery of 1) an integrated sequenced-care pathway or 2) a coordinated pain navigator pathway. Primary outcomes are pain interference and physical function (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Short Form [PROMIS-SF]) collected in the electronic health record at 3 months (n=1,680). A subset of veteran participants (n=848) have consented to complete additional surveys at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months for supplementary pain and other measures.

Summary
AIM-Back care pathways will be tested for effectiveness, and treatment heterogeneity will be investigated to identify which veterans may respond best to a given pathway. Health care utilization patterns (including opioid use) will also be compared between care pathways. Therefore, the AIM-Back trial will provide important information that can inform the future delivery of nonpharmacologic treatment of LBP.
“A Necessary Investment in Future Health”: Perceptions of Physical Activity Maintenance Among People With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Swärdh Emma , Nordgren Birgitta , Opava Christina H , Demmelmaier Ingrid 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
A few studies with a qualitative design have addressed physical activity (PA) maintenance in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but none of them focused specifically on maintenance of PA according to public health recommendations. The purpose of this study was to describe perceptions of PA maintenance during the second year of an outsourced 2-year support program among people with RA.

Methods
For this descriptive design with a qualitative inductive approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 participants with RA (3 men and 15 women). Variation in age, disease duration, activity limitation, pain, levels of PA, and PA maintenance was targeted through strategic sampling. Qualitative content analysis was used, and a pattern of theme, subthemes, and categories was constructed based on the participants’ perceptions of PA maintenance.

Results
A main overarching theme, “A necessary investment in future health”—with 3 subthemes of dedication, awareness, and affinity—was identified as participants’ perceptions of PA maintenance. Eight categories further described are a changed mindset, habits, commitments, monitoring, insights in PA, health gains, social support, and PA context.

Conclusions
PA according to public health recommendations was perceived as a true investment in future health and wellness requiring dedication, awareness, and affinity. To promote PA maintenance, physical therapists working with people with chronic conditions should consider strengthening these prerequisites by targeting patients’ negative attitudes to PA, supporting their creation of PA habits to incorporate in daily routines, introducing monitoring of PA intensity, supporting development of PA self-regulation skills, and providing suitable gym facilities with the possibility of peer support.