bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline after oral administration of multiple doses in dogs
Authors: De Lucas Jose Julio , Rodríguez Casilda , San Andrés Maria Dolores , Sainz Angel , Villaescusa Alejandra , García‐Sancho Mercedes , Rodríguez‐Franco Fernando , San Andrés Manuel I. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of doxycycline in dogs and assess the efficacy of an oral drug dosage regimen of 10 mg/kg daily for 28 days through Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target analysis based on Monte Carlo simulation, using previously published data for the zoonotic pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. After a multiple‐dosage regimen, the accumulation index was 1.88 ± 0.82. The Cmaxss and Cminss values were 5.18 ± 1.81 µg/ml and 1.91 ± 1.35 µg/ml, respectively. There were statistically significant differences for Cmax, Cmin at 24 hr, MRTt, AUCt and AUC∞ between days 1 and 28. The Cminss value was over the MIC of the principal pathogens, and Cmaxss was higher than the resistance values (>2 μg/ml). For AUC/MIC indices of 12, 25 and 40, the cumulative fraction responses (CFR) were 94.01%, 69.55% and 60.86%, respectively; for an MIC value of 2 µg/ml, the corresponding probability of target attainment (PTA) was 99.94%, 84.78% and 45.16%, respectively. Doxycycline was used against numerous localized infections in different organs and tissues. For the strains with MIC < 1 μg/mL, PTA was close to 100%, even for the most demanding ones, specifically 94.98% for an index of 40% and 99.9% for an index of 25.
Hybridization, polyploidy and clonality influence geographic patterns of diversity and salt tolerance in the model halophyte seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum)
Authors: Goad David M. , Baxter Ivan , Kellogg Elizabeth A. , Olsen Kenneth M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn plant species, variation in levels of clonality, ploidy and interspecific hybridization can interact to influence geographic patterns of genetic diversity. These factors commonly vary in plants that specialize on saline habitats (halophytes) and may play a role in how they adapt to salinity variation across their range. One such halophyte is the turfgrass and emerging genomic model system seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz). To investigate how clonal propagation, ploidy variation, and interspecific hybridization vary across ecotypes and local salinity levels in wild P. vaginatum, we employed genotyping‐by‐sequencing, cpDNA sequencing and flow cytometry in 218 accessions representing > 170 wild collections from throughout the coastal southern United States plus USDA germplasm. We found that the two morphologically distinct ecotypes of P. vaginatum differ in their adaptive strategies. The fine‐textured ecotype is diploid and appears to reproduce in the wild both sexually and by clonal propagation; in contrast, the coarse‐textured ecotype consists largely of clonally‐propagating triploid and diploid genotypes. The coarse‐textured ecotype appears to be derived from hybridization between fine‐textured P. vaginatum and an unidentified Paspalum species. These clonally propagating hybrid genotypes are more broadly distributed than clonal fine‐textured genotypes and may represent a transition to a more generalist adaptive strategy. Additionally, the triploid genotypes vary in whether they carry one or two copies of the P. vaginatum subgenome, indicating multiple evolutionary origins. This variation in subgenome composition shows associations with local ocean salinity levels across the sampled populations and may play a role in local adaptation.
How medical school alters empathy: Student love and break up letters to empathy for patients
Authors: Laughey William F. , Brown Megan E. L. , Dueñas Angelique N. , Archer Rebecca , Whitwell Megan R. , Liu Ariel , Finn Gabrielle M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionMedical education is committed to promoting empathic communication. Despite this, much research indicates that empathy actually decreases as students progress through medical school. In qualitative terms, relatively little is known about this changing student relationship with the concept of empathy for patients and how teaching affects it. This study explores that knowledge gap.MethodsAdopting a constructivist paradigm, we utilised a research approach new to medical education: Love and Breakup Letter Methodology. A purposive sample of 20 medical students were asked to write love and break up letters to ‘empathy for patients’. The letters were prompts for the focus group discussions that followed. Forty letters and three focus group discussions were thematically analysed.ResultsThe three major themes were: art and artifice; empathic burden; and empathy as a virtue. Students were uncomfortable with the common practice of faking empathic statements, a problem exacerbated by the need to ‘tick the empathy box’ during examinations. Students evolved their own empathic style, progressing from rote empathic statements towards phrases which suited their individual communication practice. They also learned non‐verbal empathy from positive clinician role‐modelling. Students reported considerable empathic burden. Significant barriers to empathy were reported within the hidden curriculum, including negative role‐modelling that socialises students into having less compassion for difficult patients. Students strongly associated empathy with virtue.ConclusionsMedical education should address the problem of inauthentic empathy, including faking empathic s in assessments. Educators should remember the value of non‐verbal compassionate communication. The problems of empathic burden, negative role modelling and of finding empathy difficult for challenging patients may account for some of the empathy decline reported in quantitative research. Framing empathy as a virtue may help students utilise empathy more readily when faced with patients they perceive as challenging and may promote a more authentic empathic practice.
Gonadotroph tumours with a low SF‐1 labelling index are more likely to recur and are associated with enrichment of the PI3K‐AKT pathway
Authors: Hickman Richard A. , Bruce Jeffrey N. , Otten Marc , Khandji Alexander G. , Flowers Xena E. , Siegelin Markus , Lopes Beatriz , Faust Phyllis L. , Freda Pamela U. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsThe gonadotroph tumour (GT) is the most frequently resected pituitary neuroendocrine tumour. Although many symptomatic GT are successfully resected, some recur. We sought to identify histological biomarkers that may predict recurrence and explore biological mechanisms that explain this difference in behaviour.MethodsSF‐1 immunohistochemistry of 51 GT, a subset belonging to a longitudinal prospective cohort study (n = 25), was reviewed. Four groups were defined: Group 1—recently diagnosed GT (n = 20), Group 2—non‐recurrent GT with long‐term follow up (n = 11), Group 3—initial resections of GT that recur (n = 7) and Group 4—recurrent GT (n = 13). The percentage of SF‐1 immunolabelling in the lowest staining fields (SF‐1 labelling index (SLI)) was assessed and RNA sequencing was performed on 5 GT with SLI <80% and 5 GT with SLI >80%.ResultsDiffuse, strong SF‐1 immunolabelling was the most frequent pattern in Groups 1/2, whereas patchy SF‐1 staining predominated in Groups 3/4. There was a lower median SLI in Groups 3/4 than 1/2. Overall, GT with SLI <80% recurred earlier than GT with SLI >80%. Differential expression analysis identified 89 statistically significant differentially expressed genes (FDR <0.05) including over‐expression of pituitary stem cell genes (SOX2, GFRA3) and various oncogenes (e.g. BCL2, ERRB4) in patchy SF‐1 GT. Gene set enrichment analysis identified significant enrichment of genes involved in the PI3K‐AKT pathway.ConclusionsWe speculate that patchy SF‐1 labelling in GT reflects intratumoural heterogeneity and are less differentiated tumours than diffusely staining GT. SF‐1 immunolabelling patterns may have prognostic significance in GT, but confirmatory studies are needed for further validation.
Stepwise increases in FT1 expression regulate seasonal progression of flowering in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Gauley Adam , Boden Scott A. 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Flowering is regulated by genes that respond to changing daylengths and temperature, which have been well studied using controlled conditions; however, the molecular processes underpinning flowering in nature remain poorly understood.

Here, we investigate the genetic pathways that coordinate flowering and inflorescence development of wheat (Triticum aestivum) as daylengths extend naturally in the field, using lines that contain variant alleles for the key photoperiod gene, Photoperiod‐1 (Ppd‐1).

We found flowering involves a stepwise increase in the expression of FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1), which initiates under day‐neutral conditions of early spring. The incremental rise in FT1 expression is overridden in plants that contain a photoperiod‐insensitive allele of Ppd‐1, which hastens the completion of spikelet development and accelerates flowering time. The accelerated inflorescence development of photoperiod‐insensitive lines is promoted by advanced seasonal expression of floral meristem identity genes. The completion of spikelet formation is promoted by FLOWERING LOCUS T2, which regulates spikelet number and is activated by Ppd‐1.

In wheat, flowering under natural photoperiods is regulated by stepwise increases in the expression of FT1, which responds dynamically to extending daylengths to promote early inflorescence development. This research provides a strong foundation to improve yield potential by fine‐tuning the photoperiod‐dependent control of inflorescence development.
Environmental Regulations, Political Incentives and Local Economic Activities: Evidence from China*
Authors: Bo Shiyu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHow do nationwide environmental regulations produce heterogeneous effects on the economic activities of manufacturing firms located in places with differently incentivized city leaders? This paper answers this question by drawing on a set of firm‐based pollution regulations in China from 2007 to investigate the relationship between political incentives and the effects of environmental regulations. I show that when a city's Party secretary has more incentives to be promoted, the adverse impacts on production by regulated firms tend to increase, but these losses for regulated firms are compensated by gains for other unregulated firms in polluting industries. Therefore, no overall reduction is seen in the manufacturing activities of the polluting industries. The findings suggest that if multitask problems for local governments are properly addressed, environmental regulations can effectively reduce the pollution and avoid large unintended costs to economic growth.
Oral potentially malignant disorders: A consensus report from an international seminar on nomenclature and classification, convened by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer
Authors: Warnakulasuriya Saman , Kujan Omar , Aguirre‐Urizar José M. , Bagan José V. , González‐Moles Miguel Ángel , Kerr Alexander R. , Lodi Giovanni , Mello Fernanda Weber , Monteiro Luis , Ogden Graham R. , Sloan Philip , Johnson Newell W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are associated with an increased risk of occurrence of cancers of the lip or oral cavity. This paper presents an updated report on the nomenclature and the classification of OPMDs, based predominantly on their clinical features, following discussions by an expert group at a workshop held by the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Oral Cancer in the UK. The first workshop held in London in 2005 considered a wide spectrum of disorders under the term “potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa” (PMD) (now referred to as oral potentially malignant disorders: OPMD) including leukoplakia, erythroplakia, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, palatal lesions in reverse smokers, lupus erythematosus, epidermolysis bullosa, and dyskeratosis congenita. Any new evidence published in the intervening period was considered to make essential changes to the 2007 classification. In the current update, most entities were retained with minor changes to their definition. There is sufficient evidence for an increased risk of oral cancer among patients diagnosed with “oral lichenoid lesions” and among those diagnosed with oral manifestations of ‘chronic graft‐versus‐host disease’. These have now been added to the list of OPMDs. There is, to date, insufficient evidence concerning the malignant potential of chronic hyperplastic candidosis and of oral exophytic verrucous hyperplasia to consider these conditions as OPMDs. Furthermore, due to lack of clear evidence of an OPMD in epidermolysis bullosa this was moved to the category with limited evidence. We recommend the establishment of a global research consortium to further study the natural history of OPMDs based on the classification and nomenclature proposed here. This will require multi‐center longitudinal studies with uniform diagnostic criteria to improve the identification and cancer risk stratification of patients with OPMDs, link them to evidence‐based interventions, with a goal to facilitate the prevention and management of lip and oral cavity cancer.
An Agricultural Wealth Index for Multidimensional Wealth Assessments
Authors: Hackman Joseph , Hruschka Daniel , Vizireanu Mariya 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSocial scientists have increasingly used asset‐based wealth scores, like the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) wealth index, to assess economic disparities. However, current indices primarily capture wealth in globalized market economies, thus ignoring other forms of prosperity, such as success in agricultural activities. Using a simple extension to the standard estimation of the DHS wealth index, we describe procedures for estimating an agricultural wealth index (AWI) that complements market‐based wealth indices by capturing household success in agricultural activities. We apply this procedure to household data from 129 DHS surveys from over 40 countries with sufficient land and livestock data to estimate a reliable and consistent AWI. We assess the construct validity of the AWI using benchmarks of growth in both adults and children. This alternative measure of wealth provides new opportunities for understanding the causes and consequences of wealth inequality, and how success along different dimensions of wealth creates different social opportunities and constraints for health and well‐being.
The impact of BRAF mutation status on clinical outcomes with anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy versus combination ipilimumab/nivolumab in treatment‐naïve advanced stage melanoma
Authors: Ma Vincent T. , Daignault‐Newton Stephanie , Waninger Jessica J. , Journey Sara , Chopra Zoey , Tezel Alangoya , Redman Bruce G. , Fecher Leslie A. , Green Michael D. , Alva Ajjai S. , Lao Christopher D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNearly half of all metastatic melanoma patients possess the BRAF V600 mutation. Several therapies are approved for advanced stage melanoma, but it is unclear if there is a differential outcome to various immunotherapy regimens based on BRAF mutation status. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of metastatic or unresectable melanoma patients who were treated with combination ipilimumab/nivolumab (ipi/nivo) or anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy, nivolumab, or pembrolizumab, as first‐line treatment. 235 previously untreated patients were identified in our study. Our univariate analysis showed no statistical difference in progression‐free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS) with ipi/nivo versus anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy in the BRAF V600 mutant cohort, but there was improved PFS [HR: 0.48, 95% CI, 0.28–0.80] and OS [HR: 0.50, 95% CI, 0.26–0.96] with ipi/nivo compared to anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy in the BRAF WT group. After adjusting for known prognostic variables in our multivariable analysis, the BRAF WT cohort continued to show PFS and OS benefit with ipi/nivo compared to anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy. Our single‐institution analysis suggests ipi/nivo should be considered over anti‐PD‐1 monotherapy as the initial immunotherapy regimen for metastatic melanoma patients regardless of BRAF mutation status, but possibly with greater benefit in BRAF WT.
A survey of hypercalciuria during chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Hori Daiki , Kobayashi Ryoji , Suzuki Daisuke , Kodama Koya , Yanagi Masato , Matsushima Satoru , Kobayashi Kunihiko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundUrolithiasis is an extremely rare complication in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and some reports have implicated corticosteroids during chemotherapy as a risk factor for it. However, only a few reports have analyzed urinary electrolytes in this context.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 55 patients with ALL who underwent chemotherapy between October 2007 and January 2019. Their median age was 9.3 years (range, 0.3–24.0 years) with 30 males and 25 females. Lineages were B‐cell precursor ALL (BCP‐ALL) in 42 patients, T‐cell in nine and others in four patients. All patients received chemotherapy based on the Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster regimen.ResultsForty‐nine out of the 55 ALL patients exhibited hypercalciuria at least once during chemotherapy. Moreover, 36 patients with BCP‐ALL, who were receiving identical Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Münster‐based regimens, exhibited significantly high urinary calcium excretion immediately following high‐dose glucocorticoid administration. Among the 55 ALL patients, urolithiasis was observed in one patient, a 6‐year‐old boy with BCP‐ALL who developed urolithiasis at reinduction chemotherapy just after cessation of high‐dose dexamethasone administration.ConclusionsNearly 90% of the ALL patients studied developed hypercalciuria during chemotherapy in strong association with corticosteroid administration.
Photoinactivation of the Coronavirus Surrogate phi6 by Visible Light
Authors: Vatter Petra , Hoenes Katharina , Hessling Martin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo stop the coronavirus spread, new inactivation approaches are being sought that can also be applied in the presence of humans or even on humans. Here, we investigate the effect of visible violet light with a wavelength of 405 nm on the coronavirus surrogate phi6 in two aqueous solutions that are free of photosensitizers. A dose of 1300 J cm−2 of 405 nm irradiation reduces the phi6 plaque‐forming unit concentration by three log‐levels. The next step should be similar visible light photoinactivation investigations on coronaviruses, which cannot be performed in our lab.
A One‐Health Quantitative Model to Assess the Risk of Antibiotic Resistance Acquisition in Asian Populations: Impact of Exposure Through Food, Water, Livestock and Humans
Authors: Opatowski Lulla , Opatowski Marion , Vong Sirenda , Temime Laura 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a major threat worldwide, especially in countries with inadequate sanitation and low antibiotic regulation. However, adequately prioritizing AMR interventions in such settings requires a quantification of the relative impacts of environmental, animal, and human sources in a One‐Health perspective. Here, we propose a stochastic quantitative risk assessment model for the different components at interplay in AMR selection and spread. The model computes the incidence of AMR colonization in humans from five different sources: water or food consumption, contacts with livestock, and interhuman contacts in hospitals or the community, and combines these incidences into a per‐year acquisition risk. Using data from the literature and Monte‐Carlo simulations, we apply the model to hypothetical Asian‐like settings, focusing on resistant bacteria that may cause infections in humans. In both scenarios A, illustrative of low‐income countries, and B, illustrative of high‐income countries, the overall individual risk of becoming colonized with resistant bacteria at least once per year is high. However, the average predicted incidence of colonization was lower in scenario B at 0.82 (CrI [0.13, 5.1]) acquisitions/person/year, versus 1.69 (CrI [0.66, 11.13]) acquisitions/person/year for scenario A. A high percentage of population with no access to improved water on premises and a high percentage of population involved in husbandry are shown to strongly increase the AMR acquisition risk. The One‐Health AMR risk assessment framework we developed may prove useful to policymakers throughout Asia, as it can easily be parameterized to realistically reproduce conditions in a given country, provided data are available.
Speech and mastication difficulties following treatment by a “street dentist”: A case of oral lipoma
Authors: Kamil Wan Nurhazirah Wan Ahmad , Zainal Mukarramah , Omar Aminda Faizura , Jamaluddin Tengku Intan Baizura Tengku , Ahmad Mas Suryalis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this report, we present the case of a 68‐year‐old male patient with a complaint of mastication and speech limitations one year after the prescription of a fixed bridge and the construction of “connected” crowns by a “street dentist.” A thorough oral examination revealed a multilobulated swelling in the right buccal mucosa that extended to the buccal sulcus. The lesion, which was first noticed as a small, asymptomatic swelling by the patient one year prior, seemed to have undergone enlargement since the prostheses were prescribed. The lesion was completely removed via surgical excision under general anesthesia. Histopathological examination of the excisional mass revealed mature adipocytes and features consistent with conventional or classic lipoma. This case highlights the importance of receiving dental treatment from a qualified professional, whose responsibilities include performing a thorough examination of the oral cavity during treatment planning and delivery, review appointments, and regular dental visits. Such investigation is important to allow for early disease detection and control, especially for patients with complex treatment needs as well as those who may present with asymptomatic and slow‐growing lesions such as lipomas.
Strategies for effective patient care: Integrating quality communication with the patient‐centered approach
Authors: Tran Brandon Q. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdvancements in medicine and health technology have transformed the roles and dynamics of patient–provider interactions and communication in healthcare. To date, the health communication literature contains two distinct approaches to modern healthcare delivery, with earlier empirical works emphasizing features of effective communication and more recent studies endorsing patient‐centered care. Despite substantial overlap in both aims and methods, no work to date has considered these two approaches in tandem as complementary strategies for improving healthcare delivery. Thus, this study offers a novel framework, the person‐centered communication model of care, in an effort to integrate these two approaches to offer a unified and concise structure for future studies and development of innovative interventions to improve healthcare quality.