bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early detection of extremism? The local security professional on assessment of potential threats posed by youth
Authors: van de Weert Annemarie , Eijkman Quirine A.M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFrontline professionals such as social workers and civil servants play a crucial role in countering violent extremism. Because of their direct contact with society, firstliners are tasked with detecting individuals that may threaten national security and the democratic rule of law. Preliminary screening takes place during the pre-crime phase. However, without clear evidence or concrete indicators of unlawful action or physical violence, it is challenging to determine when someone poses a threat. There are no set patterns that can be used to identify cognitive radicalization processes that will result in violent extremism. Furthermore, prevention targets ideas and ideologies with no clear framework for assessing terrorism-risk. This article examines how civil servants responsible for public order, security and safety deal with their mandate to engage in early detection, and discusses the side effects that accompany this practice. Based on open-interviews with fifteen local security professionals in the Netherlands, we focus here on the risk assessments made by these professionals. To understand their performance, we used the following two research questions: First, what criteria do local security professionals use to determine whether or not someone forms a potential risk? Second, how do local security professionals substantiate their assessments of the radicalization processes that will develop into violent extremism? We conclude that such initial risk weightings rely strongly on ‘gut feelings’ or intuition. We conclude that this subjectivity may lead to prejudice and/or administrative arbitrariness in relation to preliminary risk assessment of particular youth.
Exploring the Reliability of DFT Calculations of the Infrared and Terahertz Spectra of Sodium Peroxodisulfate
Authors: Kendrick John , Burnett Andrew D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA number of DFT programs with various combinations of pseudo-potentials and van der Waals’ dispersive corrections have been used to optimize the structure of sodium peroxodisulfate, Na2(SO4)2, and to calculate the infrared, attenuated total reflectance and terahertz absorption spectra of the powdered crystal. Comparison of the results from the different methods highlights the problems of calculating the absorption spectrum reliably. In particular the low frequency phonon modes are especially sensitive to the choice of grids to represent the wavefunction or the charge distribution, k-point integration grid and the energy cutoff. A comparison is made between the Maxwell-Garnett (MG) and Bruggeman effective medium methods used to account for the effect of crystal shape on the predicted spectrum. Possible scattering of light by air inclusions in the sample and by larger particles of Na2(SO4)2 is also considered using the Mie method. The results of the calculations are compared with experimental measurements of the transmission and attenuated total reflection spectra.
Occupational Gender Segregation in Turkey: The Vertical and Horizontal Dimensions
Authors: Gedikli Cigdem 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper investigated occupational gender segregation and its vertical and horizontal dimensions in Turkey. In order to explore the extent of inequality entailed in occupational gender segregation (measured by the vertical dimension), average pay levels across occupations were used. In addition to the economic inequalities captured by pay, aiming to explore the social inequalities inherent in occupational segregation, Cambridge Social Interaction and Stratification Scale scores across occupations were used. The results showed that the extent of inequality associated with occupational gender segregation was substantial, operating to the detriment of women. Women were more likely to be employed in lower-paid jobs and in occupations that ranked lower across the overall stratification structure, while men remained at an advantaged position in terms of both the pay levels and the positions of the occupations they held in the social hierarchy.
Ultrasound guidance for femoral venous access in electrophysiology procedures—systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kupó Péter , Pap Róbert , Sághy László , Tényi Dalma , Bálint Alexandra , Debreceni Dorottya , Basu-Ray Indranill , Komócsi András 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
The most common complications of electrophysiology (EP) procedures are related to vascular access. Our study aims to conduct a meta-analysis comparing ultrasound (US)-guided vs. palpation-based technique for femoral venous access in EP procedures.

Methods
Electronic databases were searched and systematically reviewed for studies comparing femoral vein puncture with/without US in EP procedures. The primary outcome was the rate of major vascular complications; secondary outcomes were minor vascular complications, inadvertent artery puncture, postprocedural groin pain, and puncture time. Predefined subgroup analysis was conducted separately for patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation procedure (PVI). A random-effects model was used to derive risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results
Nine studies involving 8232 patients met our inclusion criteria. Compared with the standard technique, the use of US reduced major vascular complications (from 2.01 to 0.71%, p < 0.0001). The rate of minor vascular complications (RR = 0.30, 95% CI, 0.14–0.62, p = 0.001) and inadvertent artery puncture were lower with US-guided puncture (RR = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.17–0.58, p = 0.0003). Puncture time was shorter (mean difference = − 92.1 s, 95% CI, − 142.12 – − 42.07 s, p = 0.0003) and postprocedural groin pain was less frequent (RR = 0.57, 95% CI, 0.41–0.79, p = 0.0008) in the US group. Subgroup analysis of patients undergoing PVI also showed significant reduction of major vascular complications (RR = 0.27, 95% CI, 0.12–0.64, p = 0.003) and inadvertent artery puncture (RR = 0.35, 95% CI, 0.21–0.59, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Real-time US-guidance of femoral vein puncture in EP procedures is beneficial: it reduces major and minor vascular complications, inadvertent artery puncture, postprocedural groin pain, and puncture time.
Lithium-Containing Crystals for Light Dark Matter Search Experiments
Authors:   The CRESST Collaboration, Bertoldo E. , Abdelhameed A. H. , Angloher G. , Bauer P. , Bento A. , Breier R. , Bucci C. , Canonica L. , D’Addabbo A. , Di Lorenzo S. , Erb A. , Feilitzsch F. V. , Ferreiro Iachellini N. , Fichtinger S. , Fuchs D. , Fuss A. , Gorla P. , Hauff D. , Ješkovský M. , Jochum J. , Kaizer J. , Kinast A. , Kluck H. , Kraus H. , Langenkämper A. , Mancuso M. , Mokina V. , Mondragon E. , Olmi M. , Ortmann T. , Pagliarone C. , Palušová V. , Pattavina L. , Petricca F. , Potzel W. , Povinec P. , Pröbst F. , Reindl F. , Rothe J. , Schäffner K. , Schieck J. , Schipperges V. , Schmiedmayer D. , Schönert S. , Schwertner C. , Stahlberg M. , Stodolsky L. , Strandhagen C. , Strauss R. , Usherov I. , Willers M. , Zema V. , Zeman J. , Brützam M. , Ganschow S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the current direct dark matter search landscape, the leading experiments in the sub-GeV mass region mostly rely on cryogenic techniques which employ crystalline targets. One attractive type of crystals for these experiments is those containing lithium, due to the fact that $$^7\hbox {Li}$$7Li is an ideal candidate to study spin-dependent dark matter interactions in the low mass region. Furthermore, $$^6\hbox {Li}$$6Li can absorb neutrons, a challenging background for dark matter experiments, through a distinctive signature which allows the monitoring of the neutron flux directly on site. In this work, we show the results obtained with three different detectors based on $$\hbox {LiAlO}_2$$LiAlO2, a target crystal never used before in cryogenic experiments.
Le Rabelais ressuscité (1611) de Nicolas de Horry et la tradition des mandements joyeux
Authors: Versendaal Rozanne 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article discusses the role ofmandements joyeuxor joyful writs in the novelRabelais ressuscité(1611) by the little-known French author Nicolas de Horry. The article first provides insight into the tradition and parodic nature of joyful writs. In a next step, the joyful writs in Horry’s text are identified, and the functions of these parodic passages in the narrative structure of the novel are analysed. Finally, the article demonstrates how an institutional approach to this Early Modern novel, concentrating on the identification of possible readers of the text, can contribute to a better understanding of the critical content of the joyful writs.
Striving for Consensus: How Panels Evaluate Artistic Productions
Authors: Lewandowska Kamila , Smolarska Zofia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearchers have studied how artistic judgments are made in group interactions, but much remains to be known about artistic evaluations in decision-making settings where agreements need to be reached. This paper analyzes panel evaluations of artistic productions, drawing on interviews with panelists from a Polish theater competition. The article focuses on two aspects of panel decision-making: (1) concepts of artistic value that members of expert panels apply when evaluating art productions; and (2) interpersonal rules of deliberation, that is, norms and patterns of behavior that allow panelists to attach legitimacy to the decision-making process and its outcomes. The authors find that panel evaluations are based on a combination of two different logics (content and context logic) and develop a matrix of values the conceptualizes artistic standards and their applications. Furthermore, the authors find that panelists follow three types of interpersonal rules for decision-making:substantive,procedural, andcontextual.
Gas Diffusion in Coal Powders is a Multi-rate Process
Authors: Mathias Simon A. , Dentz Marco , Liu Qingquan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGas migration in coal is strongly controlled by surface diffusion of adsorbed gas within the coal matrix. Surface diffusion coefficients are obtained by inverse modelling of transient gas desorption data from powdered coals. The diffusion coefficient is frequently considered to be dependent on time and initial pressure. In this article, it is shown that the pressure dependence can be eliminated by performing a joint inversion of both the diffusion coefficient and adsorption isotherm. A study of the log–log slope of desorbed gas production rate against time reveals that diffusion within the individual coal particles is a multi-rate process. The application of a power-law probability density function of diffusion rates enables the determination of a single gas diffusion coefficient that is constant in both time and initial pressure.
Statistical reporting of metabolomics data: experience from a high-throughput NMR platform and epidemiological applications
Authors: Mutter Stefan , Worden Carrie , Paxton Kara , Mäkinen Ville-Petteri 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Introduction
Meta-analysis is the cornerstone of robust biomedical evidence.

Objectives
We investigated whether statistical reporting practices facilitate metabolomics meta-analyses.

Methods
A literature review of 44 studies that used a comparable platform.

Results
Non-numeric formats were used in 31 studies. In half of the studies, less than a third of all measures were reported. Unadjusted P-values were missing from 12 studies and exact P-values from 9 studies.

Conclusion
Reporting practices can be improved. We recommend (i) publishing all results as numbers, (ii) reporting effect sizes of all measured metabolites and (iii) always reporting unadjusted exact P-values.
Pure Altruistic Gift and the Ethics of Transplant Medicine
Authors: Łuków Paweł 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe article argues that altruistic giving based on anonymity, which is expected to promote social solidarity and block trade in human body parts, is conceptually defective and practically unproductive. It needs to be replaced by a more adequate notion which responds to the human practices of giving and receiving. The argument starts with identification of the main characteristics of the anonymous altruistic donation: social separation of the organ donor (or donor family) from the recipient, their mutual replaceability, non-obligatoriness of donation, and non-obligatoriness of reciprocation on the recipient’s part. Since these characteristics are also central to typical market relations, anonymous altruistic donation not only cannot promote solidarity but may encourage proposals for (regulated) markets of transplantable organs. Thus, transplant ethics needs to be reframed. It needs to be rooted in, rather than promote, the practices of giving and receiving known to human societies. As the basis for such reframing, the idea of sharing in another’s misfortune is proposed. It relies on the human practices of giving and receiving and, with appropriate regulatory safeguards, can provide a better conceptual basis for blocking commercial exchanges of human body parts.
The epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in China: disease burden and distribution of genotypes
Authors: Zhou Honglu , Wang Songmei , von Seidlein Lorenz , Wang Xuanyi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith the improvements of sanitation and nationwide safe water supply the occurrence of bacterial diarrhea declined remarkably, while viruses became the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). Of these viruses, noroviruses (NoVs) are responsible for a considerable burden of gastroenteritis, especially in children < 2 years and elderly ⩾ 65 years. NoVs circulating in the Chinese population are antigenically highly diverse with the genotype GII.4 being the dominant strain followed by GII.3. Given the widespread contamination in environmental sources, and highly infectious nature of NoVs, vaccination would be the desirable strategy for the control of NoV infections. However, a better understanding of acquired immunity after infection, and a reliable immunological surrogate marker are urgently needed, since two vaccine candidates based on virus-like particles (VLPs) are currently moving into clinical evaluations in China.
Precocious maturation in male tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes: genetics and endocrinology
Authors: Yoshikawa Sota , Chuda Hisashi , Hamasaki Masaomi , Kadomura Kazushi , Yamada Toshiyuki , Kikuchi Kiyoshi , Hosoya Sho 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTestes of the tiger pufferfish Takifugu rubripes are a delicacy in Japan, and selective breeding for a male precocious phenotype, i.e., with early initiation of testes development, is desirable. However, it is unknown if precocious gonad development in this species is under genetic control. Here, we investigated genetic involvement in precociousness by using progeny tests with sires from two cultured populations, including a family line anecdotally known for its precociousness, and a wild population. Progeny derived from the “precocious” line consistently had greater testes weight than that from the other lines, even after accounting for effects of body weight, which indicates that precociousness is truly heritable. We also compared chronological changes in plasma steroid hormones between progenies sired by males from the precocious line and a wild population, and found that the precocious family line had higher levels of plasma estradiol-17β (E2) prior to the initiation of testicular development. Our findings suggest that selective breeding for testes precociousness in the tiger pufferfish is feasible, and that plasma E2 may be an indicator of this phenotype, which would allow for phenotype evaluation without the need to sacrifice specimens.
Assessing virulence of Varroa destructor mites from different honey bee management regimes
Authors: Dynes Travis L. , Berry Jennifer A. , Delaplane Keith S. , de Roode Jacobus C. , Brosi Berry J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe mite Varroa destructor is an important honey bee parasite that causes substantial losses of honey bee colonies worldwide. Evolutionary theory suggests that the high densities at which honey bees are managed in large-scale beekeeping settings will likely select for mites with greater growth and virulence, thereby potentially explaining the major damage done by these mites. We tested this hypothesis by collecting mites from feral bee colonies, “lightly” managed colonies (those from small-scale sedentary operations), and “heavily” managed colonies (those from large-scale operations that move thousands of colonies across the US on a yearly basis). We established 8 apiaries, each consisting of 11 colonies from a standardized lightly managed bee background that were cleared of mites, and artificially infested each apiary with controlled numbers of mites from feral, lightly managed, or heavily managed bees or left uninoculated as negative control. We monitored the colonies for more than 2 years for mite levels, colony strength (adult bee population, brood coverage, and honey storage), and survival. As predicted by evolutionary theory, we found that colonies inoculated with mites from managed backgrounds had increased V. destructor mite levels relative to those with mites from feral colonies or negative controls. However, we did not see a difference between heavily and lightly managed colonies, and these higher mite burdens did not translate into greater virulence, as measured by reductions in colony strength and survival. Our results suggest that human management of honey bee colonies may favor the increased population growth rate of V. destructor, but that a range of potential confounders (including viral infections and genotype-by-genotype interactions) likely contribute to the relationship between mite reproduction and virulence.
Varroa destructor reproduction and cell re-capping in mite-resistant Apis mellifera populations
Authors: Martin Stephen J. , Hawkins George P. , Brettell Laura E. , Reece Natasha , Correia-Oliveira Maria E. , Allsopp Michael H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGlobalization has facilitated the spread of emerging pests such as the Varroa destructor mite, resulting in the near global distribution of the pest. In South African and Brazilian honey bees, mite-resistant colonies appeared within a decade; in Europe, mite-resistant colonies are rare, but several of these exhibited high levels of “re-capping” behavior. We studied re-capping in Varroa-naïve (UK/Australia) and Varroa-resistant (South Africa and Brazil) populations and found very low and very high levels, respectively, with the resistant populations targeting mite-infested cells. Furthermore, 54% of artificially infested A. m. capensis worker cells were removed after 10 days and 83% of the remaining infested cells were re-capped. Such targeted re-capping of drone cells did not occur. We propose that cell opening is a fundamental trait in mite-resistant populations and that re-capping is an accurate proxy for this behavior.
Legume-based rotations have clear economic advantages over cereal monocropping in dry areas
Authors: Yigezu Yigezu A. , El-Shater Tamer , Boughlala Mohamed , Bishaw Zewdie , Niane Abdul Aziz , Maalouf Fouad , Degu Wuletaw Tadesse , Wery Jacques , Boutfiras Mohamed , Aw-Hassan Aden 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCurrent land use trends show an increasing preference for monocropping – mostly a consequence of policies and incentives aimed at enhancing the intensification of cereals. This shift has caused some to question whether legume–cereal rotations can remain economically viable options for farmers, particularly in the dry areas. In this paper, we present the results of an endogenous switching regression model which suggests, for the first time, that legume–cereal rotations have clear economic advantages over cereal monocropping. Rotations provide higher yields, gross margins, and consumption of wheat and faba beans. Most past economic analyses on rotation used data from experimental stations or small-sized farmer surveys covering only one season and variety. This study makes an important improvement by employing two-year data from a large sample of 1230 farm households and their 2643 fields cultivated with different varieties of wheat and faba beans in the wheat-based production system of Morocco. Assuming a biennial rotation – the fastest cycle possible in a rainfed dryland system, this paper is also the first to demonstrate that joint adoption of rotations and improved faba bean varieties leads to a two-year average gross margin that is US$537/ha (48%) higher than wheat monocropping. This is the highest economic benefit of all available cropping options. A striking result of the study is that, contrary to common expectations, adopters of rotation did not use lesser amounts of nitrogen fertilizer than those monocropping wheat, thereby undermining the ecological benefits of faba bean–wheat rotations. Given that current average applications are below marginal product-maximizing levels, higher marginal yields of nitrogen fertilizers after rotation help explain farmers’ current behavior. Our results suggest that: 1) promoting improved legume varieties may enhance adoption of rotation; and 2) an economic rationale should be used as the main driver of the rotation agenda in the dry areas.
Contributions of bark and tension wood and role of the G-layer lignification in the gravitropic movements of 21 tropical tree species
Authors: Ghislain Barbara , Alméras Tancrède , Prunier Jonathan , Clair Bruno 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Key message

Gravitropic movements in angiosperm woody stems are achieved through the action of bark and/or wood motor, depending on the bark and wood fibre anatomy (with trellis structure or not; with G-layers or not). Bark motor is as efficient as wood motor to recover from tilting in young trees of 21 tropical species.

Context

Angiosperm trees produce tension wood to control their orientation through changes in stem curvature. Tension wood is classified into 3 anatomical groups: with unlignified G-layer, with lignified G-layer and without G-layer.

Aims

This study aimed at assessing whether this anatomical diversity reflects a diversity in efficiency of gravitropic movement.

Methods

The study was conducted on tropical seedling from the three anatomical groups. Seedlings were staked and grown tilted. At the end of the experiment, changes in curvature when releasing the stem from the stake and when removing bark were measured. Three parameters were computed to compare the global efficiency of gravitropism (stem gravitropic efficiency) and the specific efficiency of motor mechanism based on wood (maturation strain of tension wood) and bark (standardized debarking curvature).

Results

The maturation strain of tension wood was similar between species with unlignified and lignified G-layer. Species without G-layer exhibited low maturation strain and large debarking curvature, showing they rely on bark for gravitropism. Bark and wood achieved similar motor efficiency.

Conclusion

Lignin does not affect the generation of tensile stress in the G-layer. Bark can be as efficient as wood as a motor of gravitropic movements.