bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental and economic assessment of proposed on-site wastewater management system in multi-storey residential building
Authors: Dewalkar Snehal V. , Shastri Sameer S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the present study, the concept of ‘environmental floors’ in the multi-storeyed building is proposed, where separate treatment of greywater by gravity-governed stabilization tank and blackwater by underground Malaprabha digester of the DOSIWAM (Decentralized On-Site Integrated WAste Management) system is carried out. The study evaluates the feasibility of the non-mechanised DOSIWAM system by comparing it with the mechanised activated sludge process (ASP) with the life cycle and cost assessment (LCA and LCCA) method. The LCA was carried out with the SimaPro software using the impact 2002+ method. Both systems served a multi-storeyed (G + 30) building with 890 population equivalent. The LCA results reveal that the non-mechanised DOSIWAM system has three to six times reduced environmental impacts than the ASP system in almost all impact categories. Although DOSIWAMS' weaker removal efficiency dominates in the results of aquatic eutrophication and acidification impact, the latter comparative economical assessment showed to be the most cost-effective alternative due to reduced land use cost, O&M cost, and benefits achieved with energy recovery in the form of biogas. The electricity and chemical consumption in the operation phase caused the highest environmental impact for the ASP system, whereas the production of clinker and steel are responsible for a detrimental impact in the construction phase of the DOSIWAM system.
A state-of-the-art-review on grey water management: a survey from 2000 to 2020s
Authors: Elhegazy Hosam , Eid Mohamed M. M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Water reuse can contribute to reducing pressures on water resources, as an important approach and practice, reducing the demand for potable water for purposes not requiring high quality water. With water resources being depleted and the demand for water increased, grey water reuse becomes more popular in order to preserve water worldwide. This paper presents a comprehensive review of all significant research and reviews existing case studies to review the present knowledge with respect to the characteristics of grey water. The main summary table covers 63 works that focus on the application of these methods to different fields of sustainable building design. Key fields are reviewed in detail: grey water, including water reuse; grey water recycling; water sustainability; building design optimization; and wastewater of several areas simultaneously, with particular focus on buildings. This research aims to introduce the review of the research that covered the grey water management. Various engineering databases, international journals, and conference proceedings were searched. International journals were searched for relevant research papers. This paper provides perspectives on grey water context in order to frame the breadth and multiple dimensions it encompasses, to summarize recent activities on selected relevant topics, and to highlight possible future directions in research and implementations.
Biochemical Study of Fibrinolytic Protease from Euphausia superba Possessing Multifunctional Serine Protease Activity
Authors: Qian Guo-Ying , Lim Gyutae , Yin Shang-Jun , Yang Jun-Mo , Lee Jinhyuk , Park Yong-Doo 
Published: November 2020

Background:Fibrinolytic protease from Euphausia superba (EFP) was isolated.Objective:Biochemical distinctions, regulation of the catalytic function, and the key residues of EFP were investigated.Methods:The serial inhibition kinetic evaluations coupled with measurements of fluorescence spectra in the presence of 4-(2-aminoethyl) benzene sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) was conducted. The computational molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were also applied for a comparative study.Results:The enzyme behaved as a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of about 28.6 kD with KmBApNA= 0.629 ± 0.02 mM and kcat/KmBApNA= 7.08 s-1/mM. The real-time interval measurements revealed that the inactivation was a first-order reaction, with the kinetic processes shifting from a monophase to a biphase. Measurements of fluorescence spectra showed that serine residue modification by AEBSF directly caused conspicuous changes of the tertiary structures and exposed hydrophobic surfaces. Some osmolytes were applied to find protective roles. These results confirmed that the active region of EFP is more flexible than the overall enzyme molecule and serine, as the key residue, is associated with the regional unfolding of EFP in addition to its catalytic role. The MD simulations were supportive to the kinetics data.Conclusion:Our study indicated that EFP has an essential serine residue for its catalyst function and associated folding behaviors. Also, the functional role of osmolytes such as proline and glycine that may play a role in defense mechanisms from environmental adaptation in a krill’s body was suggested.
Heparanase Inhibitors in Cancer Progression: Recent Advances
Authors: Kaur Rajwinder , Deb Pran Kishore , Diwan Vishal , Saini Balraj 
Published: November 2020

Background:
An endo-β-glucuronidase enzyme, Heparanase (HPSE), degrades the side chains of
polymeric heparan sulfate (HS), a glycosaminoglycan formed by alternate repetitive units of D-glucosamine
and D-glucuronic acid/L-iduronic acid. HS is a major component of the extracellular matrix and basement
membranes and has been implicated in processes of the tissue’s integrity and functional state. The degradation
of HS by HPSE enzyme leads to conditions like inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. An elevated HPSE
expression with a poor prognosis and its multiple roles in tumor growth and metastasis has attracted significant
interest for its inhibition as a potential anti-neoplastic target.

Methods:
We reviewed the literature from journal publication websites and electronic databases such as Bentham,
Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, USFDA, etc., about HPSE, its structure, functions, and role in cancer.

Results:
The present review is focused on Heparanase inhibitors (HPIns) that have been isolated from natural
resources or chemically synthesized as new therapeutics for metastatic tumors and chronic inflammatory diseases
in recent years. The recent developments made in the HPSE structure and function are also discussed,
which can lead to the future design of HPIns with more potency and specificity for the target.

Conclusion:
HPIns can be a better target to be explored against various cancers.
Comparison between Phenolic Content, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Activity of Algerian and Turkish Propolis
Authors: Segueni Narimane , Keskin Şaban , Kadour Benlabed , Kolaylı Sevgi , Salah Akkal 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Propolis is a natural resinous material produced by honeybees. The
biological activity and phenolic profile of propolis were largely studied all over the world.
However, only a few investigations have been carried out on Algerian and Turkish propolis. The
aim of the present study was to compare the phenolic content, antioxidant, and antibacterial
activity of propolis samples collected from different localities of Algeria and Turkey.

Methods:
Propolis extracts were performed using maceration in ethanol 80%. Total phenolic and
flavonoid contents were determined. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities were evaluated using
FRAP assay and the MIC was determined against four bacterial strains (S. aureus ATCC 25923, E.
coli ATCC 25922, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and K. pneumonia).

Results:
TP varied from 19.51 ± 0.86 to 219.66 ± 1.23 mg GAE/g. Whereas, TF varied from 5.27±
0.07 to 74.57 ± 1.03 QE/g. All samples showed good ferric reducing antioxidant power ranging
from 267.30 ± 4.77 to 2387.30 ± 44.15 μmol Trolox eq./g. All Algerian propolis samples displayed
a more pronounced activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 with MIC values ranging from 0,04 ±
0.00 mg/mL to 0.30±0.06 mg/Ml, with an activity 30 times more powerful than Anatolian propolis.
While, Anatolian propolis samples were most active against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 with MIC
values ranging from 0.20±0.00 mg/mL to 0.60±0.00 mg/Ml, with an activity 5 to 10 times more
powerful than Algerian propolis.

Conclusion:
Algerian and Anatolian propolis possessed considerable phenolic and flavonoids
contents. In addition, they exhibited interesting antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Our
findings suggest that both propolis could be useful in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Concomitant Drug Treatment and Elimination in the RCC-affected Kidneys: Can We Kill Two Birds with One Stone?
Authors: Ahmed Muhammad Bilal , Salman Ul Islam  , Lee Young Sup 
Published: November 2020

Background:The kidneys are vital organs acting as the body’s filters that eliminate drugs and other waste products from the body. For effective cancer therapy, a delicate balance is required in the drug treatment and its elimination, which is critical for drug accumulation, toxicity, and kidney malfunction. However, how renal cell carcinoma (RCC) affects the kidneys in safely eliminating the byproducts of drug treatments in patients with severely dysregulated kidney functions had remained elusive. Recent advancements in dose adjustment have added to our understanding regarding how drug treatments could be effectively regulated in aberrant kidney cells, driving safe elimination and reducing drug accumulation and toxicity at the right time and space. Dose adjustment is the only standard systemic way applicable; however, it presents certain limitations. There is significant room for developing new strategies and alternatives to improve it.Objectives:Our analysis of the available treatments in literature discusses the treatment and their safe eliminations. In this study, we give an overview of the measures that could be taken to maintain the elimination gradient of anti-cancer drugs and restore normal kidney function in RCC. Differential therapeutics of RCC/mRCC in various clinical phase trials and the interaction of targeted therapeutics in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were also discussed.Conclusion:Such information might suggest a new direction in controlling treatment with safe elimination through dose adjustment and its associated alternatives in a judicious manner. A strategy to systematically focus on the safe elimination of anti-cancer drugs in RCC strongly needs advocating.
Pharmacokinetic Research Progress of Anti-tumor Drugs Targeting for Pulmonary Administration
Authors: Zhao Mengfan , Jing Ziwei , Zhou Lin , Zhao Hongyu , Du Qiuzheng , Sun Zhi 
Published: November 2020

Background::
Cancer is a major problem that threatens human survival and has a high mortality rate.
The traditional chemotherapy methods are mainly intravenous injection and oral administration, but have obvious
toxic and side effects. Anti-tumor drugs for pulmonary administration can enhance drug targeting, increase
local drug concentration, and reduce the damage to systemic organs, especially for the treatment of lung cancer.

Methods::
The articles on the pharmacokinetics of anti-tumor drugs targeting pulmonary administration were retrieved
from the Pub Med database. This article mainly took lung cancer as an example and summarized the
pharmacokinetic characteristics of anti-tumor drugs targeting for pulmonary administration contained in nanoparticles,
dendrimers, liposomes and micelles.

Results::
The review shows that the pharmacokinetics process of pulmonary administration is associated with a
drug carrier by increasing the deposition and release of drugs in the lung, and retarding the lung clearance rate.
Among them, the surface of dendrimers could be readily modified, and polymer micelles have favorable loading
efficiency. In the case of inhalation administration, liposomes exhibit more excellent lung retention properties
compared to other non-lipid carriers. Therefore, the appropriate drug carrier is instrumental to increase the
curative effect of anti-tumor drugs and reduce the toxic effect on surrounding healthy tissues or organs.

Conclusion::
In the process of pulmonary administration, the carrier-embedded antitumor drugs have the characteristics
of targeted and sustained release compared with non-packaging drugs, which provides a theoretical basis
for the clinical rational formulation of chemotherapy regimens. However, there is currently a lack of comparative
research between drug packaging materials, and more importantly, the development of safe and effective
anti-tumor drugs targeting for pulmonary administration requires more data.
The Involvement of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin, Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1b and Dipeptidase 4 Signaling Pathways in Cancer and Diabetes: A Narrative Review
Authors: Zhang Jiajia , Wu Ning , Shi Dayong 
Published: November 2020

Background:
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein tyrosine phosphatase
1b (PTP1B) and dipeptidase 4 (DPP4) signaling pathways regulate eukaryotic cell proliferation and
metabolism. Previous researches described different transduction mechanisms in the progression of
cancer and diabetes.

Methodology:
We reviewed recent advances in the signal transduction pathways of mTOR, PTP1B
and DPP4 regulation and determined the crosstalk and common pathway in diabetes and cancer.

Results:
We showed that according to numerous past studies, the proteins participate in the signaling
networks for both diseases.

Conclusion:
There are common pathways and specific proteins involved in diabetes and cancer. This
article demonstrates and explains the potential mechanisms of association and future prospects for
targeting these proteins in pharmacological studies.
Interleukin-10 in Oral Lichen Planus – Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Agha-Hosseini Farzaneh , Rezaei Nima , Moosavi Mahdieh-Sadat 
Published: November 2020

Background:Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a powerful anti-inflammatory cytokine capable of preventing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an autoimmune, chronic, inflammatory disease with relapsing nature involving oral mucous membranes. It was prevsiouly assumed that like other autoimmune diseases, IL-10 may have a role in OLP pathogenesis, and many studies focused on that. But there are obvious controversies among IL-10 levels in OLP patients.Objective:In this review with Meta-Analysis, we attempt to assess IL-10 expression in OLP patients.Methods:The search was conducted via Pubmed, Ovid, and Google Scholar, to identify articles published up to Jun 2020. A meta-Analysis by Revman 5.3 was conducted based on serum levels of IL-10 in 313 OLPs and 203 controls.Results:With Meta-Analysis in 313 OLPs and 203 controls, the Mean difference between IL-10 in OLPs and controls was obtained as 0.26 (95% CI: -0.51-1.03), demonstrating no statistically significant difference.Conclusion:IL-10, in concert with its receptors, has a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including inflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases. Both over-expression, as well as IL-10 deficiency, have been described in oral lichen planus. With Meta-Analysis on serum IL-10 levels, it is speculated that no significant relationship exists between IL-10 and OLP pathogenesis. With respect to the importance of cytokines in the autoimmunity process, performing additional studies is of necessity to understand the association of other cytokines with OLP predisposition and its underlying pathological processes.
Predictors of Cardiovascular Affection in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ibrahem Eman M. , El-gendi Salwa S. , Mahmoud Amal A. , Abdel-Aal Sherif M. , El Nouby Fatma H. , El-Deen Mohammed Hanan Sharaf 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
This is a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial that aimed to assess
subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by measuring carotid
artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and correlating it with disease activity and inflammatory
markers (including levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9
(MMP-9)) and to detect the effectiveness of agents that inhibit matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
as doxycycline in RA therapy.

Methods:
One hundred and sixty RA patients were assigned in a randomized clinical trial (clinicaltrial.
gov NCT03194204). Disease activity score 28(DAS28), laboratory markers, including erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), MMP-3, and MMP-9 were evaluated and
mean CIMT was measured. Subjects were allocated randomly into one of two treatment arms, either
methotrexate (MTX) alone or MTX with doxycycline 200mg per day orally. Follow up ESR,
CRP, DAS28, MMP-3, and MMP-9 levels were re-evaluated after 3 months.

Results:
There were positive significant correlations between CIMT and disease duration
(r = 0.461, p = 0.001), age (r=0.459, p= 0.001), DAS28 score (r= 0.547, p = 0.001), ESR (r =0.413,
p = 0.001), CRP (r = 0.281, p = 0.001), MMP-3 (r = 0.476, p = 0.001), and MMP-9 (r = 0.593,
p =0.001). Patients treated with MTX and doxycycline showed lower levels of DAS28, ESR, CRP,
MMP-3, and MMP-9 and this was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
CIMT seems to be the ultimate method to screen for subclinical atherosclerosis in RA
patients. MMP-3 and 9 play a key role in both RA synovitis and cardiovascular changes, making
them important therapeutic targets, especially with safe and cost-effective agents like doxycycline.
This clinical trial was carried out in Assiut University Hospital (AUH), Assiut, Egypt (Clinical
Trial Registration No. clinicaltrial.gov NCT03194204).
Recent Applications of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography in Modern Analysis: Updates from 2017 to 2020
Authors: Soni Pankaj , Pabla Gagandeep , Verma Kritika , Ganti Subrahmanya S. , Bhatia Rohit 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is one of the powerful analytical techniques of the
modern time. Recently, extensive analytical work has been reported and is in progress by utilizing the advanced features
of SFC. Low solvent consumption, high sensitivity and solvent recovery make it advantageous over the traditional liquid
chromatographic techniques. It utilizes supercritical fluids having properties of both liquid and gases making the
applicability of this technique to wider range of analytes.

Methods:
Various research reports were collected from search engines like Sciencedirect, Pubmed, Researchgate and
Google Scholar. Further upon through study of these reports, significant findings/data was collected and compiled under
suitable headings. Important parameters/conditions utilized in methodologies were depicted with the help of tables.

Results:
It was found in various reports that SFC and its hyphenation with mass spectroscopy (MS), ultra violet
spectroscopy (UV), high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), photo diode array detector (PDA), nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR), charged aerosol detector (CAD) etc. have made possible to quantify analytes even in ultra small
concentrations in complex matrices. These techniques have been successfully employed for the quantification of a wide
variety of analytes with excellent accuracy, selectivity and sensitivity.

Conclusion:
The present review highlights the recent applications of SFC techniques in various analytical fields such as
pesticide analysis, vitamin analysis, enantioseparation, lipid analysis, drug metabolite estimation, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and steroid analysis. Reports from 2017 to 2020 have been included in this compilation.
Conventional Plastics' Harmful Effects and Biological and Molecular Strategies for Biodegradable Plastics' Production
Authors: Edaes Felipe S. , de Souza Cleide B. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Plastic materials are ubiquitous and, despite the great benefits and advantages
that the materials provide to human beings and society, their harmful effects are remarkable.
Plastics’ ingestion is harmful and can occur through microplastics and their by-products (BPA and
DEHP). It can trigger health problems. Also, the material decomposition time is significant and
consequently, plastic waste accumulates in the environment, posing a major problem to fauna and
flora.

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to develop a review of conventional plastics’ negative aspect in
human and environmental life, as well as to study the existing biological and molecular strategies
for the production of biodegradable plastics, making a comparison of their advantages over conventional
plastics, in favor of socio-environmental welfare.

Methods:
In this review, articles published in the last 20 years related to different aspects of conventional
plastics and biodegradable plastics were accurately analyzed and reviewed. The subjects
addressed ranged from conventional plastics and the problems related to their large-scale production,
as well as biodegradable plastics, their advantages and the most recent advances in the development
of production methods and improvement of these biopolymers were extensively reviewed
and discussed concisely.

Results:
The present study demonstrated that, among the biopolymers discussed, thermoplastic
starch (TPS) is the most promising one due to its low cost, being one of the best materials to provide
a viable alternative in the search for biodegradable plastics. Polylactic acid (PLA) presents the
greatest potential for future medical applications due to its unique physicochemical properties and
the possibility of being used in 3D printing techniques.Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) have the
greatest commercial potential in replacing fossil fuel-based plastics because of their similar properties
to conventional plastics and because they are synthesized by microorganisms from renewable
carbon sources.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated the various harmful effects that the large-scale use and improper
disposal of conventional plastic materials generated to the environment and human health,
and proposed an alternative to this problem, the biodegradable plastics. Although this study presented
three promising biodegradable plastics (TPS, PLA and PHAs), as well as described their production
methods, there are currently no viable biodegradable plastic polymers that can be used for the
total replacement of conventional plastics, especially from an economic perspective. However, in
the future, modifications in the production methods and chemical structures of these polymers will
allow the replacement of conventional plastics by biodegradable plastics, as well as a more extensive
application of these biopolymers.