bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic variation and demographic history analysis of Pestalotiopsis, Pseudopestalotiopsis, and Neopestalotiopsis fungi associated with tea (Camellia sinensis) inferred from the internal transcribed spacer region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA
Authors: Chen Lijiao , Li Hongye , Jiao Wengweng , Tao Mei , Lv Caiyou , Zhao Ming , Wang Miao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo elucidate the demographic history within and among the genera Pseudopestalotiopsis, Neopestalotiopsis, and Pestalotiopsis and their genetic diversity, we studied internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) with no saturation effects in 172 Pestalotiopsis‐like fungal accessions isolated from Camellia sinensis planted in nine provinces in China (64 from Yunnan, 4 from Guangxi, 2 from Guizhou, 42 from Jiangxi, 3 from Sichuan, 3 from Zhejiang, 1 from Henan, 18 from Fujian, 12 from Chongqing, and 18 from other provinces) and in Japan (1), France (1), Turkey (1), and Thailand (2). Among these, 44 Pestalotiopsis‐like isolates from Yunnan in this study formed a clade in phylogenetic trees with Pestalotiopsis accessions in GenBank, despite their cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar displaying no genus specificity. Based on estimated sequence polymorphism parameters of average pairwise differences (K), haplotype diversity (Hd), nucleotide diversity (Pi), θ (per site) from η, and recombination event rate (Rm), we identified moderate genetic variation in these three genera. Molecular evolution analysis with neutrality tests and mismatch distribution demonstrated that Pseudopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis ribosomal ITS sequences evolved under a neutral model. However, the recent demographic expansion of the three genera promoted geographical isolation but showed no clear geographical structure. Pairwise genetic divergences between haplotypes and a median‐joining network revealed Yunnan or Jiangxi as a possible centre of origin, and that Pseudopestalotiopsis and Neopestalotiopsis may derive from Pestalotiopsis.
Maternal age at birth and neonatal mortality: Associations from 67 low‐income and middle‐income countries
Authors: Wu Han , Zhao Min , Liang Yajun , Liu Fangchao , Xi Bo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBoth young and advanced maternal age have been associated with higher risks of neonatal mortality, but most studies are from high‐income countries and the evidence from low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) is scarce.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between maternal age at delivery and neonatal mortality in LMICs.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study using data from 159 Demographic and Health Surveys in 67 LMICs between 2000 and 2018. Maternal age at the time of the birth was the exposure variable, and neonatal mortality was the outcome. Multivariable logistic regression model taking into consideration complex survey design was performed with adjustments for maternal education level, paternal education level, rural/urban residence, country, and survey year. Subgroup analyses were performed by time of death, sex, the country's World Bank income classification, the World Health Organization region, and survey year.ResultsA total of 1 395 746 mother‐neonate pairs were included. Overall, compared with neonates born to mothers aged 25‐29 years, those born to younger mothers aged 20‐24, 16‐19 and 12‐15 years were at an increased risk of mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17, 1.30; OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.71, 1.93; OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.96, 2.67, respectively). Neonates born to mothers aged 30‐34, 35‐39, 40‐44, and ≥45 years were also at an increased risk of mortality (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.03, 1.15; OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.21, 1.39; OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.38, 1.64; OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.54, 2.20, respectively). The results were consistent across most subgroup analyses.ConclusionsNeonates born to younger (<25 years) and older mothers (≥30 years) are at increased risk of neonatal death in LMICs.
Frontal alpha asymmetry and emotional processing in youth with psychopathic traits
Authors: Batky Blair D. , Salekin Randall T. , Houser Rick A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEmotional processing deficits are often considered central to psychopathy. There is evidence that those high in psychopathy pay less attention to emotional stimuli, and it is possible that these individuals experience diminished withdrawal motivation or heightened approach motivation in response to emotional stimuli. Studying emotional processing abnormalities, especially among youth, may be essential for better understanding psychopathy's development and for informing interventions. However, few studies on psychopathy have experimentally manipulated emotional processing, and despite the growing literature on neuroscience and psychopathy, there are aspects of neural activity that have yet to be investigated. The current study used a sample of 52 justice‐involved youth to examine how psychopathy, as measured by the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder scale, relates to frontal alpha asymmetry (FAA), a neural correlate of approach and withdrawal motivation. Alpha asymmetry was first measured at rest and then while youth were asked to process emotional stimuli spontaneously as well as to increase and decrease their responses to emotional stimuli. Results indicated that total psychopathy was not related to FAA at rest or during task performance. However, youth higher in callous‐unemotional traits demonstrated similar patterns of neural activity to youth lower in callous‐unemotional traits when instructed to increase their response to emotional stimuli. These findings were not evident for grandiose‐manipulative or daring‐impulsive traits. These findings may indicate that youth high in callous‐unemotional traits are capable of modulating their emotional responding, which could in turn have treatment implications for youth high in psychopathic traits.
Storms, Fires, and Bombs: Analyzing the Impact of Warning Message and Receiver Characteristics on Risk Perception in Different Hazards
Authors: Rahn Maxi , Tomczyk Samuel , Schmidt Silke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn crisis communication, warning messages are key to prevent or mitigate damage by informing the public about impending risks and hazards. The present study explored the influence of hazard type, trait anxiety, and warning message on different components of risk perception. A survey examined 614 German participants (18–96 years, M = 31.64, 63.0% female) using a pre–post comparison. Participants were randomly allocated to one of five hazards (severe weather, act of violence, breakdown of emergency number, discovery of a World War II bomb, or major fire) for which they received a warning message. Four components of risk perception (perceived severity, anticipatory worry, anticipated emotions, and perceived likelihood) were measured before and after the receipt. Also, trait anxiety was assessed. Analyses of covariance of risk perception were calculated, examining the effect of warning message, trait anxiety, and hazard type while controlling for age, gender, and previous hazard experience. Results showed main effects of hazard type and trait anxiety on every component of risk perception, except for perceived likelihood. The receipt of a warning message led to a significant decrease in anticipated negative emotions. However, changes across components of risk perception, as well as hazards, were inconsistent, as perceived severity decreased while perceived likelihood and anticipatory worry increased. In addition, three interactional effects were found (perceived severity × hazard type, perceived severity × trait anxiety, and anticipated emotions × hazard type). The findings point toward differences in the processing of warning messages yet underline the importance of hazard type, as well as characteristics of the recipient.
Expressions of Resilience: Social Media Responses to a Flooding Event
Authors: Anderson Ashley A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConcerns over the resilience of individuals within communities impacted by extreme weather events have heightened in recent years due to the increasing frequency and intensity of these events. Individuals’ participation in communicative activities is an integral part of how they prepare for and respond to natural disasters. This study focuses on how individuals express resilience in social media posts from Twitter before, during, and after a regional flooding event in Colorado in 2013 (N = 210,303). Findings show that both negative and positive emotional responses spike at the start of the event, with positive emotions remaining high in the weeks following the event. Uses of language related to social connections, as well as references to home and work, increased during and after the event. Tweets used pronouns focused on the self during the event but shifted to pronouns focused on the collective after the event. This study points the importance of language for understanding the lasting impact extreme weather events can have on individuals, as well as when and how to reach individuals with information about recovery. The increased focus on collective language after the event provides an opportunity for calls to action in collecting and distributing shared resources.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): An overview of the immunopathology, serological diagnosis and management
Authors: Anka Abubakar Umar , Tahir Mohammed Ibrahim , Abubakar Sharafudeen Dahiru , Alsabbagh Mohamed , Zian Zeineb , Hamedifar Haleh , Sabzevari Araz , Azizi Gholamreza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSARS‐CoV‐2 is a novel human coronavirus responsible for the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome are the major complications of COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection can activate innate and adaptive immune responses and result in massive inflammatory responses later in the disease. These uncontrolled inflammatory responses may lead to local and systemic tissue damage. In patients with severe COVID‐19, eosinopenia and lymphopenia with a severe reduction in the frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells are a common feature. COVID‐19 severity hinges on the development of cytokine storm characterized by elevated serum levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, IgG‐, IgM‐ and IgA‐specific antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 can be detected in most patients, along with the viral RNA, forming the basis for assays that aid in patient diagnosis. Elucidating the immunopathological outcomes due to COVID‐19 could provide potential targets for immunotherapy and are important for choosing the best clinical management by consultants. Currently, along with standard supportive care, therapeutic approaches to COVID‐19 treatment involve the use of antiviral agents that interfere with the SARS‐CoV‐2 lifecycle to prevent further viral replication and utilizing immunomodulators to dampen the immune system in order to prevent cytokine storm and tissue damage. While current therapeutic options vary in efficacy, there are several molecules that were either shown to be effective against other viruses such as HIV or show promise in vitro that could be added to the growing arsenal of agents used to control COVID‐19 severity and spread.
The attentive focus on T cell‐mediated autoimmune pathogenesis of psoriasis, lichen planus and vitiligo
Authors: Aghamajidi Azin , Raoufi Ehsan , Parsamanesh Gilda , Jalili Ahmad , Salehi‐Shadkami Mohammad , Mehrali Marjan , Mohsenzadegan Monireh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractT cell‐mediated autoimmune skin diseases develop as a result of the aberrant immune response to the skin cells with T cells playing a central role. These chronic inflammatory skin diseases encompass various types including psoriasis, lichen planus and vitiligo. These diseases show similarities in their immune‐pathophysiology. In the last decade, immunomodulating agents have been very successful in the management of these diseases thanks to a better understanding of the pathophysiology. In this review, we will discuss the immunopathogenic mechanisms and highlight the role of T lymphocytes in psoriasis, lichen planus and vitiligo. This study could provide new insights into a better understanding of targeted therapeutic pathways and biological therapies.
Effects of biochar on bacterial genetic diversity in soil contaminated with cadmium
Authors: Qiu Zhang , Yinghua Zhang , Xiu Zhang , Jing Shi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBiochar has various ecological effects on heavy metal‐contaminated soils. Biochar can be used to passivate the activity of heavy metals and improve environmental conditions for microbial growth. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to explore the diversity of microbes in red soil under cadmium (Cd) stress following the application of wheat straw biochar. The contaminant Cd was prepared at 2.5 mg kg‒1 with deionized water to simulate the heavy metal pollution of red soil under natural conditions, and the proportions of wheat straw biochar used were 2.5% and 10%. The complete genetic diversity of red soil bacteria in this study was evaluated using high‐throughput sequencing. The results showed that the bacterial genetic diversity of Cd‐contaminated red soils was restored with biochar treatment, and recovery with 2.5% biochar was significant. Biochar significantly affected the richness of soil bacteria by 6.79%–21.04%. Forty‐three phyla of bacteria, including Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, constituted the bacterial community in the red soils. Further principal component analysis showed that Cd pollution and biochar application collectively affected the bacterial genetic diversity. Hydrogenophaga, Rubrivivax, Haliscomenobacter, Citrobacter, Methylibium and Azospirillum were indicator strains for Cd‐contaminated red soils, while Steroidobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Anaerolinea, Chloronema Dubinina and Gorlenko were key strains for the biochar remediation of Cd contamination. In conclusion, for soil polluted with 2.5 mg kg Cd‒1, the application of 2.5% wheat straw biochar significantly increases soil microbial abundance and genetic diversity and plays an active role in improving the soil micro‐ecosystem.
Economic evaluation of implementing a decentralised Hepatitis B virus diagnostic intervention under National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme in Tamil Nadu, South India
Authors: Muniyandi Malaisamy , Tyagi Kirti , Singh Malkeet , Prakash Venkatesan , Karikalan Nagarajan , Senthilkumar S. , Karthikeyan Sananthya , Krishnan Rajendran , Rajsekar Kavitha , Shanmugam Vivekanandan , Selvavinayagam T. S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the cost‐effectiveness of decentralised diagnostic programme for hepatitis B virus (HBV) implemented in Tamil Nadu, South India with specific focus on a selected key population at increased risk of HBV.MethodsA combination of decision tree and Markov model was developed to compare cost‐effectiveness of the new and standard strategy. Cost and health outcomes were calculated based on the proportion of cohort in each respective health state. Total costs, quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of the intervention and comparator strategies were calculated. The model parameter uncertainties were evaluated by sensitivity analysis.ResultsConsidering decentralised HBV diagnosis followed by early treatment and vaccination for negatives for a cohort of 1000 population resulted in 505 QALYs gained and incremental cost‐saving of 180749 ($2620). The decentralised diagnostic strategy could avert 294 deaths, gain 293 life years and reduce out‐of‐pocket expenditure of 3274 ($47) per person for HBV management.ConclusionDecentralised HBV diagnosis followed by early treatment and vaccination for negatives in Tamil Nadu can save lives and reduce out‐of‐pocket expenditures compared to standard strategy.
Antimicrobial use in wean to market pigs in the United States assessed via voluntary sharing of proprietary data
Authors: Davies Peter R. , Singer Randall S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractData on antimicrobial use were collected for the 2016 and 2017 calendar years from swine producers in the United States. Nine large systems, collectively producing over 20 million market pigs annually, voluntarily provided data to advance understanding of antimicrobial use in the industry and to support antimicrobial stewardship initiatives. The scope of the study was limited to growing pigs, and the granularity of data varied across the systems. Data were summarized both qualitatively and quantitatively by antimicrobial class, active ingredient and route of administration (injection, water and feed). Data on the purpose of administration, doses and durations of administration were not available, but some information was provided by the responsible veterinarians. Aggregate data were similar both qualitatively and quantitatively in 2016 and 2017, although marked changes between years were evident within systems for some antimicrobials. Antimicrobial use (by weight) was dominated by the tetracycline class (approximately 60% of total use). Antimicrobials in classes categorized as critically important constituted 4.5% and 5.3% of total use in 2016 and 2017, respectively. In both years, fluoroquinolone (0.23%, 0.46%) and 3rd generation cephalosporin (0.15%, 0.11%) use collectively accounted for <1% of total use. Administration was predominantly oral in feed and water, and injection comprised approximately 2% of use overall, but around 12% for critically important antimicrobials. There was considerable variability among systems in patterns of antimicrobial use. This pilot project demonstrates the feasibility of acquiring antimicrobial use data via voluntary sharing. It is currently being expanded among larger swine production systems, and further efforts to enable confidential data sharing and benchmarking for smaller producers are being pursued by the swine industry. Recognized biases in the data caution against over‐interpretation of these data as an index of national use.
Estimates of on‐farm antimicrobial usage in turkey production in the United States, 2013–2017
Authors: Singer Randall S. , Porter Leah J. , Schrag Nora F. D. , Davies Peter R. , Apley Michael D. , Bjork Kathe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith increasing concern about the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria, there is an increasing motivation to optimize antimicrobial use administrations in animal agriculture. A key component of antimicrobial stewardship is the ability to collect antimicrobial use data and ultimately use this information to assess that administrations are necessary and effective. The objective of this study was to develop a system for collecting on‐farm antimicrobial use data from the US turkey industry and to have it be representative of the largest commercial turkey producers in the United States that comprise the vast majority of national turkey production. Participation was voluntary. Data were collected for the period 2013 through 2017 and are reported on a calendar year basis. Using statistics from USDA:NASS as a denominator, the data supplied by participating companies represented approximately 67.3% of turkey production in the United States in 2013 and increased to approximately 69.8% in 2017. The data that were submitted for 2017 are based on approximately 187,016,604 poults placed, 164,081,335 turkeys slaughtered, and 5,178,431,422 pounds liveweight produced. The estimated percentage of turkey poults placed that received hatchery antimicrobials decreased from 96% in 2013 to 41% in 2017. Medically important in‐feed antimicrobial use decreased substantially. For example, in‐feed tetracycline use decreased approximately 67% between 2013 and 2017. Medically important water‐soluble antimicrobial use decreased substantially for most antimicrobials. Between 2013 and 2017, water‐soluble penicillin use decreased approximately 42%, water‐soluble tetracycline use decreased approximately 28%, and water‐soluble lincomycin use decreased approximately 46%. Reducing the total amounts of antimicrobials used might be a crude indicator for mitigating the selection of antimicrobial resistance. Reducing the need for such use and verifying that treatment regimens deliver beneficial outcomes to animal health are more meaningful objectives.
Antimicrobial use in 22 U.S. beef feedyards: 2016–2017
Authors: Hope Katie J. , Apley Michael D. , Schrag Nora F. D. , Lubbers Brian V. , Singer Randall S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study describes antimicrobial use in 22 U.S. beef feedyards by use of two metrics: milligrams of antimicrobial per kilogram of liveweight sold (mg/kg‐LW) and antimicrobial regimens per animal year (Reg/AY). The primary objectives were to determine the feasibility of collecting antimicrobial use data at the level of the production system and to identify factors unique to feedyard systems which may confound interpretation of summarized antimicrobial use measures. Records were accessed directly from feedyards or through a data intermediary and then subjected to a process of standardization and quality assurance. Use is reported at the study level with all individual cattle lots from all feedyards combined, as well as at the feedyard level where values were first calculated for each feedyard and then expressed as means, standard deviations and median values. Use at the study level is first reported by antimicrobial class and then by antimicrobial class within the use categories of in‐feed, control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and individual animal treatment. Due to wide variations of antimicrobial class within use category, feedyard level antimicrobial use is reported only by antimicrobial class. Use values for medically important and not medically important antimicrobial classes are reported separately. Regimens are described for each antimicrobial class within use category by milligrams per regimen and by timeframe from first to last administration. The authors’ selection of measures reported here was driven by a desire to minimize necessary assumptions, resulting in transparent reporting of values which can be directly related back to the factors within feedyard systems which may have influenced calculations. Reporting the number of regimens stratified by antimicrobial class within use category and then describing the characteristics of the reported regimens (milligrams per regimen and timeframe) optimize these objectives for reporting.
Subjective Scaling Elimination Test for Index-based Inherent Safety Assessment Methods
Authors: Ahmad Syaza I. , Hassim Mimi H. , Hashim Haslenda , Rashid Roslina 
Published: November 2020

The index-based inherent safety assessment method is preferable in comparing alternative chemical process routes due to its ability to be used in the early process design stage with limited details availability of the route assessed. However, the current index-based inherent safety assessment methods available have the shortcoming of subjective scaling. The Numerical Descriptive Inherent Safety Technique (NuDIST) is an inherent safety assessment method for the research and development design stage that overcomes the shortcoming of subjective scaling by incorporating logistic functions in its scoring assignment. The aim of this paper is to verify the NuDIST method in comparison with the Prototype Index for Inherent Safety (PIIS) and Inherent Safety Index (ISI) in terms of subjective scaling elimination. The inter-boundary case subjective scaling is considered solved if the scores difference between sub-edge boundaries is small while the intra-boundary case subjective scaling is considered solved if every value in a range has different scores. The results of the subjective scaling elimination test agree that NuDIST eliminates the shortcomings of subjective scaling with positive results for both inter-boundary and intra-boundary.