bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of EPI phase correction with low flip‐angle excitation to reduce the required minimum TE: Application to whole‐brain, submillimeter‐resolution fMRI at 3 T
Authors: Yun Seong Dae , Shah N. Jon 
Published: February 2020

PurposeEcho planar imaging is used widely for its imaging speed. However, its applications often suffer from ghost artifacts. In the community, an approach using three navigator echoes is used commonly for the artifact correction. Although this scheme is effective, as the matrix size increases for high‐resolution imaging, the navigator echoes can contribute significantly to increasing the “required minimum TE.” To overcome this issue, this work proposes the use of an alternative navigator echo scheme called the “TR‐external” scheme.MethodsThe TR‐external scheme reduces the required minimum TE by allocating an additional excitation loop for the navigator echoes before every main excitation loop. In this work, a detailed analysis on the TR‐external scheme was performed to assess its performance in comparison to the standard scheme. Visual fMRI was performed to check the feasibility of using the TR‐external scheme for detecting functional signals.ResultsThe performance of the TR‐external scheme was comparable with that of the standard scheme in terms of the SNR, elimination of ghost artifacts, and the BOLD detection. For a given matrix size (288 × 288), the TR‐external scheme allowed a substantially shorter TE (5.94 ms) compared with the standard scheme, which resulted in a higher SNR. Furthermore, this feature enabled the submillimeter‐resolution (0.73 × 0.73 mm2) fMRI measurement with a favorable TE (35 ms) at 3 T. The fMRI results revealed that activated voxels are well localized along the cortical ribbon.ConclusionA TR‐external scheme for EPI phase correction was implemented at 3 T. Its feasibility for submillimeter‐resolution fMRI was successfully demonstrated.
Gait biomechanics in joint hypermobility syndrome: a spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic analysis
Authors: Alsiri Najla , Cramp Mary , Barnett Sue , Palmer Shea 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionJoint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) symptoms of widespread joint hypermobility and pain, muscle weakness and reduced muscle‐tendon stiffness suggest that there may be an impact on gait parameters. Identification of gait abnormalities may inform assessment and management. The objective in the present study was to use a cross‐sectional designed study to explore the impact of JHS on gait parameters.MethodsA JHS group of 29 participants (mean age 37.57 (S.D. 13.77) years) was compared to a healthy control group of 30 participants (mean 39.27 (S.D. 12.59) years). Spatiotemporal parameters, joint kinematics and joint kinetics were captured using the Qualisys motion capture system synchronized with a Kistler force platform.ResultsStatistically significant reductions in walking speed, stride length and step length were found in the JHS group, while stance and double support durations were significantly increased (p < 0.01). During the swing phase, the JHS group showed significantly less knee flexion (p < 0.01). Reductions in hip extensor moment, and knee power generation and absorption were identified in the JHS group (p < 0.01). No other gait parameters were significantly altered.ConclusionThe JHS group walked more slowly with a kinematic ‘stiffening’ pattern. Hypermobility was not evident during gait. The observed stiffening pattern could be a strategy to avoid pain and improve balance. Impairments in moment and power generation could be related to several symptomatic and etiological factors in JHS. Clinicians should carefully consider gait in the assessment and management of people with JHS targeting the impairments identified by the current study.
Measures of Adipose Tissue Redistribution and Atherosclerotic Coronary Plaque in HIV
Authors: Bogorodskaya Milana , Fitch Kathleen V. , Lu Michael , Torriani Martin , Zanni Markella V. , Looby Sara E. , Iyengar Sanjna , Triant Virginia A. , Grinspoon Steven K. , Srinivasa Suman , Lo Janet 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivePeople with HIV (PWH) who are well treated on antiretroviral therapy remain at increased risk for body composition changes, including increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and reduced subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), as well as increased cardiovascular disease (CVD). The relationship between adipose compartments and coronary disease is not well understood among PWH.MethodsA total of 148 PWH and 68 uninfected individuals without CVD were well phenotyped for VAT and SAT via single‐section abdominal computed tomography (CT) at L4. Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score was assessed by noncontrast cardiac CT and coronary plaque composition by coronary CT angiography.ResultsIncreased VAT was significantly related to increased presence of plaque (OR, 1.55 per 100 cm2; P = 0.008) and CAC > 0 (OR, 1.56 per 100 cm2; P = 0.006) in the HIV group. In contrast, increased SAT was related to reduced presence of plaque (OR, 0.79 per 100 cm2; P = 0.057) and reduced CAC > 0 (OR, 0.69 per 100 cm2, P = 0.007) among PWH. The VAT to SAT ratio showed a strong relationship to overall presence of calcified plaque (OR, 3.30; P = 0.03) and CAC > 0 (OR, 3.57; P < 0.001) in the HIV group. VAT and waist to hip ratio, but not SAT, were strong predictors of plaque in the uninfected group. BMI did not relate in either group.ConclusionsFat redistribution phenotyping by simultaneous quantification of VAT and SAT as independent measures could help identify those PWH at higher risk for CVD.
Plasma membrane receptors of tissue macrophages: functions and role in pathology
Authors: Gordon Siamon , Plüddemann Annette , Mukhopadhyay Subhankar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) constitute a dispersed organ, which is distributed throughout the body. Macrophages in different tissues display distinctive mosaic phenotypes as resident and recruited cells of embryonic and bone marrow origin, respectively. They help to maintain homeostasis during development and throughout adult life, yet contribute to the pathogenesis of many disease processes, including inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Heterogeneous tissue macrophage populations display a wide variety of surface molecules to recognise and respond to host, microbial, and exogenous ligands in their environment; their receptors mediate the uptake and destruction of effete and dying host cells and pathogens, as well as contribute trophic and secretory functions within every organ in the body. Apart from local cellular interactions, macrophage surface molecules and products serve to mobilise and coordinate systemic humoral and cellular responses. Their use as antigen markers in pathogenesis and as potential drug targets has lagged in clinical pathology and human immunotherapy. In this review, we summarise the properties of selected surface molecules expressed on macrophages in different tissues and disease processes, to provide a functional basis for diagnosis, further research, and treatment. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid‐sensitive reactive oxygen species triggered dual‐drug delivery systems for chemo‐photodynamic therapy to overcome multidrug resistance
Authors: Yin Liping , Bao Yanli , Liu Lin , Wang Jinze , Chen Li 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn clinical treatment, multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major obstacles resulting in the failure of chemotherapy. It is still a challenge to overcome MDR. Herein, we fabricated intelligent dextran‐based dual‐drug delivery systems histidine modified dextran conjugated doxorubicin/zinc porphyrin/paclitaxel (DHTD/Zn‐TPP/PTX) via supramolecular metallo‐coordination for synergistic chemo‐photodynamic therapy to overcome cancer drug resistance. In this designed DHTD/Zn‐TPP/PTX, one anticancer drug (doxorubicin, DOX) was conjugated on the dextran backbone through a reactive oxygen species sensitive linker and the other drug PTX was encapsulated into the acid responsive supramolecular micelles formed by the photosensitizer Zn‐TPP and histidine grafted on dextran. DHTD/Zn‐TPP/PTX with excellent stability could be effectively internalized by tumour cells. In the acidic tumour environment, the loaded PTX and Zn‐TPP as photosensitizer could be released; moreover, when irradiated with light the conjugated DOX could be specifically released because the linker broke. As the obtained data indicate, DHTD/Zn‐TPP/PTX exhibited not only an enhanced anticancer therapeutic effect but also significant growth inhibition for drug‐resistant MCF‐7/ADR cells to reverse MDR, having great potential for synergistic treatments of cancer to overcome MDR. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Wide angle antireflection in metal nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric matrix for plasmonic solar cells
Authors: Singh Bhaskar , Shabat Mohammed M. , Schaadt Daniel M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe photon density in solar cells is usually optimized through tailored antireflection coatings (ARCs). We develop an analytical model to describe metal hybrid nanoparticles (NPs)‐based ARC, where metal NPs are embedded in a standard ARC on a Si‐substrate. A point dipole approach is implemented to calculate diffuse reflectance by NPs, while transfer matrix method is used for specular reflectance from front surface. We found that embedding metal NPs in SiN ARC enhances the antireflection property of the former at non‐normal angles of incidence (AOI) of light. Electric field distribution patterns of radiation in the substrate by NPs are calculated for various AOI, which support the improvements in the antireflection property. Weighted solar power transmittances from ARCs are calculated, which show that Ag‐NPs (radius = 35 nm) embedded in SiN (thickness = 70 nm) performs better than SiN for AOI over 74°, whereas Al‐NPs (radius = 35 nm) embedded in SiN (thickness = 70 nm) performs better for AOI over 78°.
Registration of soybean germplasm R11‐7999 with high seed protein content and high yield
Authors: Florez‐Palacios L. , Mozzoni L. , Orazaly M. , Manjarrez‐Sandoval P. , Wu C. , Dombek D. , Chen P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe conventional (non‐genetically modified) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line R11‐7999 (Reg. no. GP‐436, PI 691646) was released by the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station in 2018 because of its high seed protein content and high yield potential. R11‐7999 is an F4 selection from the cross between the Tennessee cultivar ‘5002T’ and the Arkansas advanced breeding line R00‐2097. Trial testing results of over 30 environments in Arkansas and other southern states shows that R11‐7999 is well adapted and exhibits high yield performance. R11‐7999 has a relative maturity of 5.7, determinate growth habit, purple flowers, tawny pubescence, and a tan pod wall at maturity. Seed of R11‐7999 has yellow cotyledons with dull yellow seed coat and brown and black hilum. It is resistant to stem canker and moderately resistant to frogeye leaf spot. R11‐7999 has a seed protein content of 439 g kg−1 (dry weight), which combined with the seed oil (202 g kg−1) content produces 50.7% protein in the meal fraction. The high yield and high protein content of R11‐7999 will make it a valuable cultivar for animal feed and protein isolate.
Dialkylthienosilole and N‐alkyldithienopyrrole‐based copolymers: Synthesis, characterization, and photophysical study
Authors: El‐Shehawy Ashraf A. , Abdo Nabiha I. , El‐Hendawy Morad M. , Abdallah Abdul‐Rahman I.A. , Lee Jae‐Suk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe synthesized and characterized a set of D‐π‐A conjugated copolymers containing thiophene π‐bridge. While benzothiadiazole serves as an acceptor (A) unit, the 4,4‐dialkyldithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole (DTSi) or N‐alkyldithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP) act as a donor (D) unit. The copolymers were synthesized via the commonly Stille cross‐coupling reaction and exhibited molecular weights of 18.6 to 31.3 kg/mol. The main structural differences among the copolymers are the type of donor moiety (DTSi or DTP) and the position of hexyl side chains on the thiophene π‐bridge units between the D and A moieties. The ultimate goal of this work is to explore the effect of three structural factors that could control the photophysical properties of polymers in order to help in the rational design of polymers having specific properties used in optoelectronic devices. The physical properties include thermal stability, photophysical, and electrochemical properties. The structural factors are (a) the power of donor moiety, (b) the position of alkyl side chain on the thiophene π‐bridge, and (c) the nature of the alkyl side chain. Also, we utilized the density functional theory calculations to calculate the geometric and electronic structures. A good agreement was remarked between the experimental and theoretical findings.
Combining electronic properties and virtual screening for the development of new antioxidants: Trolox‐like compounds as application example
Authors: de Oliveira Só Yuri A. , de Abreu Silva Mônica , Carvalho Fernando M. , Kiametis Alessandra S. , Gargano Ricardo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOxidative stress is an imbalance between the production of free radicals and the antioxidant defenses of the organism. Heart diseases, anemia, inflammation, and neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with this biological condition. Trolox is a notable antioxidant drug similar to vitamin E, and it is used to decrease the oxidative stress or repair the damage caused by it. In this work, the virtual screening technique is applied to identify compounds with antioxidant activities similar to Trolox. The antioxidant activity of these compounds was assessments by the mechanisms of hydrogen atom transfer and single electron transfer. Properties such as bond dissociation enthalpy, adiabatic ionization potential, Gibbs free reaction energy, spin density, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), and GAP (HOMO‐LUMO) energies, obtained from the DFT approach, point out to the predominance of the HAT mechanism for the antioxidant action of these compounds. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and physical properties responsible for antioxidant activity and the design of new antioxidant agents.
Selective hydrogen production at Pt(111) investigated by Quantum Monte Carlo methods for metal catalysis
Authors: Sharma Rajesh O. , Rantala Tapio T. , Hoggan Philip E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis rapid communication gives the salient points and results of the theoretical investigation of a chemical reaction for efficient selective hydrogen production. The clean fuel produced is a sustainable energy source. Accurate methods based on quantum theory are used because the changing electronic structure is a probe that monitors reactions. The reaction between water and carbon monoxide is used industrially with metal catalysts, usually platinum. There is a considerable economic and environmental challenge underpinning this fundamental investigation where bond dissociation plays an essential role. A bond dissociation process is often the limiting step of reaction rates for industrial catalysis. Most mainstream quantum approaches fail to a greater or lesser degree in the description of this process. The present work advocates a promising alternative: the initial analysis of statistical data generated by the Quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) method demonstrated very stringent statistical accuracy for essential information on hydrogen production via the water‐gas shift reaction with platinum catalyst. The transition state structure is obtained from QMC force constants and illustrated here. It corresponds to water OH‐stretch concerted with Pt‐H bond formation, whilst the OH oxygen atom begins to interact with the CO carbon. The present QMC evaluation of the corresponding activation barrier is low: 17.0 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. It is close to the experimental apparent activation energy of 17.05 kcal/mol. This method is applicable to a wide range of similar systems.
The influence of camera trap flash type on the behavioural reactions and trapping rates of red deer and roe deer
Authors: Henrich Maik , Niederlechner Sandra , Kröschel Max , Thoma Stefanie , Dormann Carsten F. , Hartig Florian , Heurich Marco 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCamera traps have become an important tool in wildlife monitoring. However, an issue in interpreting their data in statistical analyses of population densities, demography or behaviour is that the probability of detecting the target animals and their behaviours may vary depending on environmental and methodological factors. A specific problem is the type of flash used in the camera trap, as animals may react differently to different flash types and change their avoidance or habituation behaviour accordingly over time. Here, we provide the first systematic test of the impact of flash type in studies of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), based on an analysis of behavioural responses to white, standard infrared and black flashes during 900 camera trap deployments in the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Northern Black Forest. The results revealed that both deer species were more likely to react to standard infrared than to black flash, but trigger delays prevented comparisons to white flash. Red deer reacted more frequently to camera traps than did roe deer, and responses were more common in the Northern Black Forest than in the Bavarian Forest National Park, where hunting is severely restricted. Contrary to our expectations, camera trapping rates of free‐ranging deer did not significantly decline over time for any flash type or species. Despite the lack of evidence for avoidance behaviour, we recommend the use of black flash for behavioural studies of deer populations to minimize the risk of introducing a source of disturbance whereas infrared and white flash are equally suitable for determinations of demographic parameters.
Cellulose as the in situ reference for organic XPS. Why? Because it works
Authors: Johansson Leena‐Sisko , Campbell Joseph M. , Rojas Orlando J. 
Published: February 2020

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become popular for polymeric and biological surface analysis. However, several experimental factors may bias XPS data interpretation. Ex situ contamination, outgassing, reactions due to ultra‐high vacuum or X‐ray exposure, and charging problems are not uncommon. They are reflected in the high variability of data quality of recent reports. In order to enhance the reliability and reproducibility of XPS data, especially for organics and polymers, a suitable in situ reference material would be of a great help.At Aalto's CHEM XPS laboratory, we use 100% cellulosic filter paper as a reference for all XPS experiments. Nature derived macrofibrillar cellulose is not an obvious candidate for an in situ reference material in XPS; however, it is not only the most abundant biopolymer on the biosphere but it also qualifies surprisingly well as a generic in situ XPS reference.
The impact of diversification on task performance: Evidence from kidney transplant centers
Authors: Parker‐Lue Sara , Lieberman Marvin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryEven when diversification is beneficial, entry into a new business can negatively affect the performance of the firm's existing business(es). We examine transplant centers that diversified from kidney transplants into liver transplants, focusing on how patient age can affect the costs associated with diversification. We find that diversification into liver transplants resulted in worsened quality performance in kidney transplants for younger patients, whose cases were less likely to be unexpectedly complex. For older patients, whose cases were more likely to have complications, the negative effect of diversification was offset. Our findings suggest that in health care the costs of diversification can be sensitive to patient characteristics, making focused organizations desirable when task complexity is low, while favoring diversified organizations for more complex tasks.Managerial SummaryWhen firms diversify into new activities, the increased coordination may worsen performance in their original, prediversification activities. We show how this change in performance depends on the characteristics of the work itself. We examine kidney transplant centers that diversified into liver transplants. Young patients, who are typically less complex to treat, had worse outcomes when centers diversified. However, for the oldest patients—generally the most complex to treat, with the greatest chance of complications—diversification was associated with slightly improved performance. This suggests that while coordination is difficult, organizations that diversify may be able to acquire coordination skills that can be applied to more complex tasks. Simpler tasks are unlikely to benefit from these skills, and thus we find worsened performance in these tasks after diversification.
Effort estimation of open source Android projects via transaction analysis
Authors: Qi Kan , Boehm Barry 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTransactions have been used in many software sizing methods to measure software functional size and provide a basis for effort estimation. To further investigate the effects that transactions have on software functional size and more accurately estimate project effort using the transactional information, in this paper, we propose a method to identify transactions, as well as their complexity attributes that are influential to software functional size, directly from the source code of Android projects using static and dynamic analyses.The identified transactions are classified into different complexity levels and applied with different weights based on their evaluated complexity levels to distinguish their effects on software functional size. A size metric called sum of weighted transactions (SWT) is proposed to measure software functional size. We calibrate an effort estimation model using SWT based on a data set of 34 open source Android projects, and show the effectiveness of using SWT as a software functional size measure to estimate project effort.
Extensive review of cloud resource management techniques in industry 4.0: Issue and challenges
Authors: Dewangan Bhupesh Kumar , Agarwal Amit , Choudhury Tanupriya , Pasricha Ashutosh , Chandra Satapathy Suresh 
Published: February 2020

SummaryResource provisioning in the cloud is the most popular business model for any service provider due to profit that is based on how resources are distributed among users in Industry 4.0. Moreover, much research carried out to provide a better resource provisioning system to service providers; however, efficient resource provisioning may save the environments too. This study presents an extensive analysis of different resource provisioning systems based on concert parameters. More than 250 relative research articles have been considered for this study, out of these 125 articles has been processed for comparative analysis on the basis of different performance metrics. This study highlights the classifications of resource management techniques, objective functions, and open research challenges and issues while analyzing resource management techniques. It also provides the depth knowledge of uses of performance metrics utilization based on its classifications.