bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized double‐blind vehicle controlled study of the effects of topical acetyl zingerone on photoaging
Authors: Dhaliwal Simran , Rybak Iryna , Pourang Aunna , Burney Waqas , Haas Kelly , Sandhu Simran , Crawford Robert , K Sivamani Raja 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveAcetyl zingerone (AZ), a derivative of the phytochemical zingerone from Zingiber officinale (ginger), is a novel compound that is purported to have antiaging properties. The objective of this clinical study was to assess the role of acetyl zingerone in its ability to improve the appearance of facial skin wrinkles, redness, pigmentation, and photoaging was assessed.MethodsThirty‐one healthy participants (age 44 ± 7 years) were randomized in blinded fashion to apply either 1% AZ or placebo, consisting of the vehicle base cream, to the full face twice daily for 8 weeks with a total of 3 visits. Signs of photoaging, including wrinkles, dyspigmentation, and redness were assessed with facial image analysis photography and software.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in average wrinkle severity (P = .019; Mean=−25.7% change), total wrinkle volume (P = .003; Mean=−30.1% change), pigment intensity (P = .021; Mean=−25.6% change), and redness intensity (P = .035; Mean=−20.7% change) in the AZ group by 8 weeks compared with the placebo. No significant itching, burning, or stinging was noted by study participants. There was also no significant difference between both groups in the clinical assessment of scaling, erythema, hypopigmentation, or hyperpigmentation.Conclusions and RelevanceTopical AZ improves photodamage and decreases the appearance of wrinkles, dyspigmentation, and redness intensity when compared to placebo (vehicle) formulation. Acetyl zingerone is well tolerated with daily use.
Ethnic differences in adiposity and diabetes risk – insights from genetic studies
Authors: Yaghootkar H. , Whitcher B. , Bell J. D. , Thomas E. L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractType 2 diabetes is more common in non‐Europeans and starts at a younger age and at lower BMI cut‐offs. This review discusses the insights from genetic studies about pathophysiological mechanisms which determine risk of disease with a focus on the role of adiposity and body fat distribution in ethnic disparity in risk of type 2 diabetes. During the past decade, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 400 genetic variants associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes. The Eurocentric nature of these genetic studies has made them less effective in identifying mechanisms that make non‐Europeans more susceptible to higher risk of disease. One possible mechanism suggested by epidemiological studies is the role of ethnic difference in body fat distribution. Using genetic variants associated with an ability to store extra fat in a safe place, which is subcutaneous adipose tissue, we discuss how different ethnic groups could be genetically less susceptible to type 2 diabetes by developing a more favourable fat distribution.
Development of a lexicon to describe the sensory characteristics of a wide variety of potato cultivars
Authors: Sharma Chetan , Chambers Edgar , Jayanty Sastry S. , Sathuvalli Rajakalyan Vidyasagar , Holm David G. , Talavera Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPotatoes have been a commodity of interest for some time due to nutritional and sensory reasons. Appearance, aroma, flavor and texture quality traits are gaining importance in breeding and processing programs, creating the need to develop a standard lexicon to provide common terminology to improve communication between breeders, producers, marketers, and researchers. A highly trained descriptive panel identified, defined, and referenced a lexicon with 64 attributes using a consensus based descriptive analysis method with 55 cultivars of potatoes. Samples were served mashed and air fried. Full lexicon includes 5 appearance, 17 aroma, 21 flavor, 13 texture, 5 mouthfeel, and 3 aftertaste attributes. The 55 cultivars used for lexicon development were also successfully profiled for the developed attributes. Cooked, potato, cardboard, umami, starchy, salty, metallic, bitter, and astringent attributes were mostly common among all samples. Attributes such as vegetable complex, beany, nutty, toasted, sweet potato, eggy, and cauliflower were unique to certain cultivars.Practical applicationsDevelopment of a technical vocabulary will help the potato industry and research establishments to improve communication among stakeholders, irrespective of cross‐cultural differences. It is anticipated that this work will help fill knowledge gaps in potato research from sensory and consumer point of view.
Nerve poetry and fiber art: Biosemiosis and plasticity in Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Goldstein Amanda Jo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis essay explores the philosophy and poetry of the nervous system in Erasmus Darwin's late 18th‐century science of life, arguing that Darwin's theory of animation constitutes an unrecognized chapter in the history of what is now called “biosemiotics.” I show how Darwin's earlier modern approach to epigenesis and plasticity—concepts resurgent not only in present day developmental biology and neuroscience, but also in continental theory and philosophy—challenges these present discourses to grasp mimesis, poiesis, and rhetoric as intrinsic to the logic of life and to any possible science of the biological sign. Uncovering this possibility means displacing Catherine Malabou's influential neo‐Kantian approach to plasticity, which, like that of Kant himself, works to suppress the natural histories of meaning that epigenesis opened in the late 18th, as well as the late 20th, centuries. From the alternative, materialist perspective opened in Erasmus Darwin's work, rhetoric and poetics are implicated in the historical and actual conceptualization of epigenetic plasticity and biosemiosis not because biology is a fictive discourse, but because neural formation and communication actually comprise processes of transposition, association, double‐meaning, part‐for‐whole substitution, and species‐specific distortion for which metaphor, metonymy, allegory, synecdoche, and (anthropo‐)morphism are technically correct and illuminating names. From this perspective, the most baffling and notorious feature of Erasmus Darwin's own use of words can also be conceived anew. His commitment to presenting science in, or better as, poetry constitutes a neurologically informed pedagogical strategy: a means of setting readers' sensoria into semiotic motion, premised on the fundamental rhetorical educability of bodies that can live.
Acute on chronic liver failure from novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)
Authors: Qiu He , Wander Praneet , Bernstein David , Satapathy Sanjaya K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a highly infectious viral disease that predominantly causes respiratory symptoms. Elevated liver enzymes have been reported during the course of disease and appear to be common. We present a 56‐year‐old woman with a history of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis who presented with abdominal pain, fever and diarrhoea and was found to have acute on chronic liver failure secondary to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The patient was treated with empiric antibiotic and supportive care with subsequent improvement.
Petrology and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions in primitive CO3.0‐3.1 chondrites
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Bonato Enrica , King Ashley J. , Russell Sara S. , Tang Guoqiang , Lin Yangting 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe petrologic and oxygen isotopic characteristics of calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) in CO chondrites were further constrained by studying CAIs from six primitive CO3.0‐3.1 chondrites, including two Antarctic meteorites (DOM 08006 and MIL 090010), three hot desert meteorites (NWA 10493, NWA 10498, and NWA 7892), and the Colony meteorite. The CAIs can be divided into hibonite‐bearing inclusions (spinel‐hibonite spherules, monomineralic grains, hibonite‐pyroxene microspherules, and irregular/nodular objects), grossite‐bearing inclusions (monomineralic grains, grossite‐melilite microspherules, and irregular/nodular objects), melilite‐rich inclusions (fluffy Type A, compact type A, monomineralic grains, and igneous fragments), spinel‐pyroxene inclusions (fluffy objects resembling fine‐grained spinel‐rich inclusions in CV chondrites and nodular/banded objects resembling those in CM chondrites), and pyroxene‐anorthite inclusions. They are typically small (98.4 ± 54.4 µm, 1SD) and comprise 1.54 ± 0.43 (1SD) area% of the host chondrites. Melilite in the hot desert and Colony meteorites was extensively replaced by a hydrated Ca‐Al‐silicate during terrestrial weathering and converted melilite‐rich inclusions into spinel‐pyroxene inclusions. The CAI populations of the weathered COs are very similar to those in CM chondrites, suggesting that complete replacement of melilite by terrestrial weathering, and possibly parent body aqueous alteration, would make the CO CAIs CM‐like, supporting the hypothesis that CO and CM chondrites derive from similar nebular materials. Within the CO3.0‐3.1 chondrites, asteroidal alteration significantly resets oxygen isotopic compositions of CAIs in CO3.1 chondrites (∆17O: −25 to −2‰) but left those in CO3.0‐3.05 chondrites mostly unchanged (∆17O: −25 to −20‰), further supporting the model whereby thermal metamorphism became evident in CO chondrites of petrologic type ≥3.1. The resistance of CAI minerals to oxygen isotope exchange during thermal metamorphism follows in the order: melilite + grossite < hibonite + anorthite < spinel + diopside + forsterite. Meanwhile, terrestrial weathering destroys melilite without changing the chemical and isotopic compositions of melilite and other CAI minerals.
Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction: Characterization of a new entity? Clinical, manometric, and neuroimmunological description
Authors: Furuzawa‐Carballeda Janette , Coss‐Adame Enrique , Romero‐Hernández Fernanda , Zúñiga Joaquín , Uribe‐Uribe Norma , Aguilar‐León Diana , Valdovinos Miguel A. , Núñez‐Álvarez Carlos A. , Hernández‐Ramírez Diego F. , Olivares‐Martínez Elizabeth , Cruz‐Lagunas Alfredo , López‐Verdugo Fidel , Priego‐Ranero Ángel , Azamar‐Llamas Daniel , Rodríguez‐Garcés Angélica , Chávez‐Fernández Raúl , Torres‐Villalobos Gonzalo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the differences between clinical, manometric, and neuroimmunological profile of esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) and achalasia patients.MethodsSeven EGJOO and 27 achalasia patients were enrolled in a blind cross‐sectional study. Peripheral blood (PB) of 10 healthy donors and 10 lower esophageal sphincter (LES) muscle biopsies from organ transplant donors were included as controls. The presence of ganglion cells, cells of Cajal, Th22/Th7/Th2/Th1/Tregs/Bregs/pDCregs in tissue, and PB was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Serum concentration of IL‐22/IL‐17A/IL‐17F/IL‐4/IFN‐γ/IL‐1β/IL‐6/IL‐23/IL‐33/TNF‐α/IL‐10 was determined using bioplex plates. ANAs and antineuronal antibodies were evaluated by immunofluorescence and Western blot.Key ResultsEGJOO and achalasia patients had lower ganglion cells and cells of Cajal percentage vs. controls, while fibrosis was present only in achalasia patients. EGJOO and controls had lower cell percentage of Th22/Th17/Th2 vs. achalasia. EGJOO tissue had lower Th1/Treg cell number vs. achalasia, but higher levels vs. control group. Bregs and pDCregs percentage was higher in EGJOO vs. control group. Percentage of PB subpopulations in EGJOO was not significantly different from control group. Serum cytokine levels were higher for IL‐1β/IL‐6/TNF‐α, while IL‐17A levels were lower in EGJOO vs. achalasia and control group. EGJOO group was negative for ANAs, while in achalasia group, 54% were positive. GAD65 and PNMa/Ta2 antibodies were present in achalasia, whereas Yo and recoverin were positive in EGJOO group.Conclusions and InferencesAlthough EGJOO shares some clinical characteristics with achalasia, the neuroimmunological profile is completely different, suggesting that EGJOO might be a different entity.
Measuring Smile Curves in Global Value Chains
Authors: Meng Bo , Ye Ming , Wei Shang‐Jin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe logic of the ‘smile curve’ in the context of global value chains (GVCs) has been widely used in case studies of individual firms, but rarely identified at the country‐industry level by using real data. This paper puts forward a proposal, based on an inter‐country input–output model, to consistently measure both the gain of value added and the position of countries and industries when they join GVCs. This allows for better identification and mapping of economy‐wide smile curves in a given conceptual value chain. Using the World Input‐Output Tables, we identify the Information and Communications Technology exports‐related smile curves for China and the United States (US), which provide an intuitive and visual representation of who gains value added and jobs through joining GVCs, and to what extent. Further insight into the distributional implications of GVC expansion, based on our analysis of labour markets for China and the US, provides a strong support for the so‐called ‘Paradoxical Pair of Concerns’ between developed and developing countries. Our empirical results show that gains through joining GVCs may vary greatly across different skill levels of labour domestically, a fact that has, at least in part, been a driver of the backlash against globalization and the rise of trade protectionism.
Cochleatina: an enigmatic Ediacaran–Cambrian survivor among small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs)
Authors: Slater Ben J. , Harvey Thomas H. P. , Bekker Andrey , Butterfield Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConspicuously few body‐fossil taxa are known to span the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary, a pattern usually taken to signal either a terminal Proterozoic mass extinction, or taphonomic failure. We draw attention to the emerging record of small carbonaceous fossils (SCFs), which exhibit continuous preservation spanning this critical interval. Here we focus on the enigmatic SCF Cochleatina, a morphologically complex coil‐shaped problematicum that ranges across the Ediacaran–Cambrian divide, and is potentially among the oldest fossil occurrences of metazoans. We report new material of Cochleatina canilovica from the Ediacaran of Estonia and Ukraine, which offers new characters for assessing its palaeobiology. Significantly, new specimens include sets of three‐alike triplets of Cochleatina adhering to organic sheets, suggesting a clustering habit, or grouping of elements within an individual during life; an important step in constraining the morphology and ecology of this Ediacaran–Cambrian problematicum. We present revised systematic descriptions for Cochleatina and C. canilovica, and critically evaluate previous biological interpretations, drawing comparisons with metazoan, algal and protistan analogues. We reject hypotheses supporting Cochleatina as a metazoan mouthpart, and suggest new grounds for viewing Cochleatina as a potential multicomponent predator that trapped protists among microbial mats. Most occurrences are from Baltica, but we synthesize sporadic reports of Cochleatina from other palaeocontinents, pointing to its global distribution during the latest ˜10 myr of the Ediacaran and majority of the earliest Cambrian Fortunian Stage. As a rare example of an ‘Ediacaran survivor’, Cochleatina highlights the broader significance of SCFs as a novel means of tracking evolutionary patterns through the Proterozoic–Phanerozoic transition.
Evaluation of transgenic Leishmania infantum expressing mLLO‐BAX‐SMAC in the apoptosis of the infected macrophages in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Aghaei Maryam , Khanahmad Hossein , Aghaei Shahrzad , Hosseini Sayed Mohsen , Farahmand Mahin , Hejazi Seyed Hossein 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundLeishmaniasis is an important infectious disease that develops because of escaping parasite from the host immune system or preventing host macrophages apoptosis. Recently, the development of transgenic methods and the manipulation of the parasite genome has provided many advantages. So, in this study, the effect of the transgenic Leishmania infantum expressing mLLO‐BAX‐SMAC proteins was examined in accelerating host cell apoptosis.MethodThe entire coding sequence of designed codon‐optimized mLLO‐Bax‐Smac was cloned in the pLexyNeo2 vector and integrated downstream of the 18srRNA locus of L infantum genome by homologous recombination. Next, the expression of mLLO‐BAX‐SMAC fusion protein was evaluated by the Western blotting technique and the pathogenesis of transgenic parasite was surveyed in vitro and in vivo.ResultsThe results of PCR and Western blot confirmed proper integration and expression of mLLO‐Bax‐Smac sequence into the 18srRNA locus of L infantum. Flow cytometry showed accelerating apoptosis of transgenic Leishmania‐infected macrophages compared to wild‐type parasite. Also, transgenic parasites were less virulent as a fewer parasitic burden was found in the spleen and liver of transgenic‐infected mice compared to the control.ConclusionThe data suggested that the transgenic L infantum expressing BAX‐SMAC can be used as an experimental model for developing vaccination against leishmaniasis.
Interacting Capacities: The Indirect National Contribution to Subnational Service Provision
Authors: Bello‐Gomez Ricardo A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDifferent levels of government often interact on the ground, providing closely related services. While multilevel governance arrangements have been studied broadly, scarce literature has explored the contribution of national governments to achieving subnational policy goals. By reconceptualizing administrative decentralization as coexisting devolution (to subnational governments) and deconcentration (through field units), this research explores the indirect national contribution to subnational performance by delivering associated services. This article tests the following hypotheses: (1) there is a positive effect of national deconcentrated capacity on subnational policy outputs, and (2) under policy overlap, this contribution diminishes with increasing levels of subnational capacity. While Colombian schooling is decentralized, the national government indirectly contributes to education through a national agency that administers child protection services. Analyzing data for Colombian subnational governments over a decade reveals that national capacity boosts education provision while the least endowed regions benefit the most, thus providing evidence supporting both hypotheses.
Pragmatic Municipalism: U.S. Local Government Responses to Fiscal Stress
Authors: Warner Mildred E. , Aldag Austin M. , Kim Yunji 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article updates cutback management theory and challenges austerity urbanism theory by showing that local governments practice pragmatic municipalism—protecting services with a balanced response to fiscal stress. Using a 2017 national survey of 2,341 U.S. municipalities and counties, the authors identify four responses—no specific action, cuts, revenue supplements, and deferrals. Structural equation models show that cuts are higher in places with older infrastructure and more unemployment but not in places with more poverty. Supplemental responses are higher in places with professional management and higher education. Deferrals are higher in places with more debt but lower in places with older infrastructure. Localities with less fiscal stress take no specific action. Most governments combine cuts, supplements, and deferrals; this balanced response is associated with more fiscal stress, more citizen engagement, and higher levels of unionization. These results show that local governments practice pragmatic municipalism, not austerity urbanism, when responding to fiscal stress.
Exploring Factors Influencing the Risky Cycling Behaviors of Young Cyclists Aged 15–24 Years: A Questionnaire‐Based Study in China
Authors: Wang Cheng , Zhang Weihua , Feng Zhongxiang , Wang Kun , Gao Yuhua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRoad traffic crashes are the leading cause of death for young people, among whom cyclists account for a higher percentage of injuries and deaths than any other road users. This study aimed to examine the factor structure of the Young Cyclist Behavior Questionnaire (YCBQ) and investigate the relationships among demographic characteristics, cycling use‐related variables, perceived risk, perceived cycling skills, and risky cycling behaviors among young people. A sample of 448 cyclists (mean age of 20.37 years) completed the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were utilized. The YCBQ had a clear factorial structure, items with high factor loadings, and good internal consistency. The five‐factor structure included traffic violations, impulsive behaviors, ordinary violations, distractions, and errors. Risky cycling behaviors could be explained by gender, age, perceived risk, and perceived cycling skills, with the model explaining 37% of the variance. Gender had the greatest impact on risky cycling behaviors; male individuals were more likely to engage in risky behaviors. Young cyclists with higher levels of perceived risk had lower probabilities of engaging in risky cycling behaviors. Cyclists with lower scores on perceived cycling skills were more likely to report engaging in risky cycling behaviors. Age significantly explained risky behaviors; the younger the cyclist was, the higher his or her risky behaviors score. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the prevention of risky behaviors among young cyclists. Regarding intervention design, attention to the identified gender differences, the need to strengthen the ability to perceive risk, and the importance of road safety education for young cyclists may promote safer cycling.
Public policy, footloose capital, and union influence
Authors: Palokangas Tapio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis document sets up a unionized general oligopolistic equilibrium model of countries, where capital is footloose and governments maximize utilitarian welfare. When capital owners have weak influence on public policy, there is unemployment and the governments compete for jobs, causing a distortion with suboptimal wages. Then globalization—as characterized by a decrease in impediments to international investment—increases the wage elasticity of capital flight, decreasing wages and increasing employment. This benefits the capital owners and the unemployed workers getting a job, but harms the other workers. International coordination of public policy alleviates these consequences of globalization.