bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Dissecting the Mechanism of Protein Phosphatase‐1 Inhibition by Its C‐Terminal Phosphorylation
Authors: Salvi Francesca , Hoermann Bernhard , del Pino García Javier , Fontanillo Miriam , Derua Rita , Beullens Monique , Bollen Mathieu , Barabas Orsolya , Köhn Maja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPhosphoprotein phosphatase‐1 (PP1) is a key player in the regulation of phospho‐serine (pSer) and phospho‐threonine (pThr) dephosphorylation and is involved in a large fraction of cellular signaling pathways. Aberrant activity of PP1 has been linked to many diseases, including cancer and heart failure. Besides a well‐established activity control by regulatory proteins, an inhibitory function for phosphorylation (p) of a Thr residue in the C‐terminal intrinsically disordered tail of PP1 has been demonstrated. The associated phenotype of cell‐cycle arrest was repeatedly proposed to be due to autoinhibition of PP1 through either conformational changes or substrate competition. Here, we use PP1 variants created by mutations and protein semisynthesis to differentiate between these hypotheses. Our data support the hypothesis that pThr exerts its inhibitory function by mediating protein complex formation rather than by a direct mechanism of structural changes or substrate competition.
Revision of the Cyclisation Mechanism for the Diterpene Spiroviolene and Investigations of Its Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation
Authors: Xu Houchao , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe diterpene spiroviolene, its diterpene synthase from Streptomyces violens and the experimentally determined terpene cyclisation mechanism were reported in 2017. Recently, the structure of spiroviolene was revised based on a total synthesis, with consequences for the cyclisation mechanism. Herein, a reinvestigation of the terpene cyclisation to spiroviolene and the mass spectrometric fragmentation mechanism investigated by 13C‐labelling experiments are presented.
Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels–Alder Reactions of 2‐Pyrones: Bridged Lactones and Beyond
Authors: Huang Guanghao , Kouklovsky Cyrille , de la Torre Aurélien 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA) reactions of electron‐poor 2‐pyrones as electrophilic dienes have been extensively studied in the past fifty years. These reactions provide an efficient access to bridged bicyclic lactones and their derivatives, such as densely functionalized 1,3‐cyclohexadienes after CO2 extrusion and polysubstituted aromatic compounds through elimination. This reaction has been used for the synthesis of many biologically active natural products and drug candidates. In this review, the developments of these IEDDA reactions including non‐catalytic, Lewis acid‐catalyzed and organocatalytic IEDDA reactions, and their applications in total synthesis are discussed in detail.
A mathematical approach of the entropic index applied to chemical systems
Authors: Góes Paulo , Rosa David , Manzi João 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article deals with the mathematical efforts for developing an entropic performance index, taking into account both the different entropy concepts for establishing it, including Communication Theory, and its practical application. To illustrate the performance of the index developed, two different approaches were applied to a reactive system that consists of multiple generic reactions. The reactive system was optimized using the strategy of generating the minimum entropy rate and then the index was applied to check the progress of the process. The index increased from 0.2146 to 0.549, thus indicating a better result and, consequently, more favourable operating conditions. Additionally, a more refined procedure was carried out, which generated a maximum value for the index of 0.6174. To reveal the efficiency of this index, classic indicators based on trade‐offs between conversion and yield were also used to optimize the reactive system, which resulted in an index value of 0.6129. A detailed comparative analysis showed a convergence of the optimal regions, given by the classical method and that established by the entropy index. However, the optimal operating points are different, which can be explained by the interactions between the components considered by the entropic index. The conclusion to be drawn is that the results based on the entropy index describe the real system more appropriately, and therefore its performance is superior.
Salamander‐Eci: An optical clearing protocol for the three‐dimensional exploration of regeneration
Authors: Subiran Adrados Cristina , Yu Qinghao , Bolaños Castro Lizbeth Airais , Rodriguez Cabrera Luis Alberto , Yun Maximina Hee 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundSalamander limb regeneration is a complex biological process that entails the orchestration of multiple cellular and molecular mechanisms in a three‐dimensional space. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of this process requires whole‐structure level explorations. Recent advances in imaging and optical clearing methods have transformed the study of regenerative phenomena, allowing the three‐dimensional visualization of structures and entire organisms.ResultsHere we introduce Salamander‐Eci, a rapid and robust optical clearing protocol optimized for the widely used axolotl model, which allows simultaneous immunohistochemistry and Click‐chemistry detection with minimal volume disruption. We provide examples of its application, from whole larva to adult limbs and organs, and complement it with an image analysis pipeline for volumetric cell quantification. Further, we offer a detailed 3D quantitation of cell proliferation throughout axolotl limb regeneration.ConclusionsSalamander‐Eci enables the comprehensive volumetric analysis of regenerative phenomena at both local and systemic levels.
Glycaemic control and outcomes in children with type 2 diabetes diagnosed at or before 10 years of age
Authors: Greenup Erin , Sunil Bhuvana , Barr Mary Margaret , Ashraf Ambika P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children is considered rare before puberty.ObjectiveDescribe the characteristics and outcomes of children with T2DM diagnosed at or before 10 years of age.MethodsRetrospective electronic medical record review of children diagnosed with T2DM at a University Children's Hospital over 12 years was conducted. Patient characteristics at diagnosis, 2‐3‐year follow‐up, and 4‐5‐year follow‐up were analysed as a whole and by age groups, 5‐8 and 9‐10 years.ResultsThere were 42 children ≤ 10 years with T2DM (5‐8‐year age group, n = 8 and 9‐10‐year age group, n = 34). There were 88.1% African American, 11.9% Caucasian, and 88.1% females. Body mass index (BMI) was ≥95th percentile in 95.2%. Average BMI z score was 2.5 ± 0.4 and higher in the 5‐8‐year age group (2.7 ± 0.5 vs 2.4 ± 0.4, P = .02). Average haemoglobin A1C at diagnosis was 10.5 ± 2.4%, and improvement was seen at 2‐3 years, but subsequent worsening was noted at 4‐5 years in both age groups. At 4‐5 years after diagnosis, 93.9% required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia, 21.2% had hypertension requiring treatment, 28.6% had low‐density lipoprotein ≥130 mg/dL, and 28.6% had high‐density lipoprotein <40 mg/dL.ConclusionsT2DM at or below 10 years of age disproportionately affected females and ethnic minorities and was associated with morbid obesity. The majority of these children did not achieve glycaemic control and required insulin for management of their hyperglycaemia after 4‐5 years, indicating the need for increased awareness of T2DM and intensive treatment in this special group.
Pulmonary artery pressures and outcomes after MitraClip
Authors: Rashi Yonatan , Haberman Dan , Tonchev Ivaylo , Peretz Alona , Medvedovsky Anna Turyan , Gotsman Israel , Minha Saar , Poles Lion , Shimoni Sara , Goland Sorel , Perlman Gidon Y. , Danenberg Haim D. , Beeri Ronen , Shuvy Mony 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsWe evaluated the impact of MitraClip on systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) and the effects of baseline sPAP on outcomes.Methods and resultsIn a cohort of patients who underwent MitraClip implantation, three groups were defined according to pre‐procedure sPAP levels. Clinical and echocardiographic data were compared. The study included 177 patients: 59 had severe pulmonary hypertension (PHT), 96 had mild to moderate PHT, and 22 had no PHT. In patients with pre‐existing severe PHT, sPAP was reduced from 70.8 ± 9.2 to 56.8 ± 13.7 mmHg (P < 0.001), sPAP remained unchanged in patients with mild to moderate PHT but was significantly increased from 30.8 ± 4.3 to 38.6 ± 8.3 mmHg in the no‐PHT group (P < 0.001). Improvement of sPAP was observed in 77% of severe PHT group, while worsening of sPAP was more common among patients with no‐PHT [57% compared with 33% among the mild to moderate PHT and 7% in the severe PHT group, respectively, (P < 0.001)]. One year survival was similar among the study groups.ConclusionsMitraClip decreases PHT among patients with severe PHT. A concerning finding is that most patients with no‐PHT increase their sPAP.
An intelligent ensemble of long‐short‐term memory with genetic algorithm for network anomaly identification
Authors: Thaseen I. Sumaiya , Chitturi Arun Krishna , Al‐Turjman Fadi , Shankar Achyut , Ghalib Muhammad Rukunuddin , Abhishek Kumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCyberattacks are increasing rapidly with rapid Internet advancement and, the cybersecurity situation is not optimistic. Anomaly detection is one of the challenging sectors of network security, which shows a significant role in any organization. Many anomaly detection systems identify malicious activities by deploying machine learning and deep learning techniques. The major contribution of this research is to develop an anomaly detection model for networks using a homogenous ensemble of Long‐Short‐Term‐Memory integrated with Genetic Algorithm (GA) utilized for feature extraction. An extensive literature on anomaly detection, which utilizes deep learning algorithms, is studied. NSL‐KDD and UNSW‐NB datasets are deployed for evaluating the proposed network anomaly model. The experimental analysis shows that the proposed ensemble is superior to other ensembles with a maximum accuracy of 99.9% and a minimum false alarm rate of 1.56% on NSL‐KDD dataset and a maximum accuracy of 99.3% is obtained on UNSW‐NB15 dataset with false alarm rate of 1.7%. Hence, the proposed model performs fair on both the datasets.
The effect of density‐driven flow on the transport of high‐concentration solutes in the hyporheic zone
Authors: Jin Guangqiu , Hao Yongfei , Wei Jie , Yang Yihang , Shen Xiaoxiao , Tang Hongwu , Li Ling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the effect of density‐driven flow on the transport of high‐concentration pollutants in the hyporheic zone. The results show that the density gradient can change the flow of pore water and the strong density‐driven flow can lead to an unstable flow, which increases the effect of preferential flow and thus causes the appearance of solute fingers in the hyporheic zone. Notably, these solute fingers become more obvious with the increase of depth. The appearance of solute fingers depends on the relative strength of the pumping exchange and density gradient, which are represented by the dimensionless number M* and N* respectively. Finger flows appear near the interface when M* is less than 0.5 N*. This study may contribute to better understanding the transport and destination of solutes and thus may provide some insights into the assessment on pollution incidents.
Current account and financial reforms: Evidence from sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Onwuka Kelvin , Chukwu Anayochukwu Basil , Agbanike Tobechi Faith 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the relationship between financial deregulation and current account imbalances in a panel of 14 Sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 1990–2015. While there are plethora of studies linking financial (de)regulation and economic crisis, the relationship between financial deregulation and current account imbalances has received little attention to date in the growth literature. Relying on the Classical‐Keynesian theoretic perspective, the study adopted the fixed‐effects panel least square estimation technique to determine the effects of financial reforms on current account balance. Our results are robust, suggesting a significant but negative relationship between financial reforms and current account balance. The results further suggest that factors that positively affect current account balance include terms of trade, inflation rate, gross domestic savings, per capita income, and net foreign assets. A policy shift towards improving terms of trade, and gross domestic savings, through expansion in aggregate output and devaluation of the domestic currency will increase internal market competitiveness within the region.
The correlation between undergraduate student diversity and the representation of women of color faculty in engineering
Authors: Main Joyce B. , Tan Li , Cox Monica F. , McGee Ebony O. , Katz Andrew 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite the critical role of faculty diversity in the persistence and academic experiences of undergraduate students as well as in the development of engineering innovations, women of color (WoC) faculty are still underrepresented in engineering programs across the United States.Purpose/HypothesisThis study identifies whether the demographic composition of undergraduate engineering students is correlated with the representation of WoC faculty. It also highlights the institutional‐ and departmental‐level factors that contribute to the race–gender diversification of the engineering professoriate.Design/MethodInformed by organizational demography as the theoretical framework, the methods include linear and logit regression analyses. Data come from the American Society for Engineering Education, the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, and the American Community Survey, and include engineering departmental‐level observations across 345 institutions over 12 years.ResultsEngineering departments that award more bachelor's degrees to women African American/Black undergraduate students are more likely to employ relatively more African American/Black women faculty. This positive relationship is also found among Asian Americans and Hispanics/Latinas.ConclusionsResearch findings demonstrate the relationship between engineering undergraduate composition, as well as other departmental‐ and institutional‐level factors, and the prevalence of WoC faculty. The findings highlight important areas for stakeholders and academic administrators to consider when developing strategies and programs to diversify the composition of engineering faculty.
Pattern of local recurrence after curative resection in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma according to the initial location of the tumor
Authors: Kim Jae Ri , Kim Hongbeom , Kwon Wooil , Jang Jin‐Young , Kim Sun‐Whe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground/PurposeThe aim of the present study was to identify the types of recurrence in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and discover the frequent location of the local recurrence.MethodsThis study included 361 patients with PDAC who underwent curative‐intent surgery between 2007‐2014.ResultsAmong 361 patients, 75.1% (n = 271) developed recurrence during the follow‐up period. The 5‐year overall survival rate of recurred patients was 8.3%. The patterns of recurrence were classified as local (17.7%), systemic (62.0%), and loco‐systemic (20.3%). According to the preoperative tumor locations, patients with uncinate and head cancer showed higher rates of local recurrence than those with body and tail cancer (47.8% vs 17.2%, P < .001). When comparing uncinate and head cancer only, patients with uncinate cancer had much more frequent local recurrence around the superior mesenteric artery/vein (M zone) than around the hepatoduodenal ligament/common hepatic artery (H zone). Patients with head cancer had a higher rate of local recurrence in the H zone (H zone vs M zone; 53.5% vs 81.4% in uncinate cancer, P = .001; 66.7% vs 44.4% in head cancer, P = .056).ConclusionDiscovering the patterns of recurrence and frequent locations of recurrence may assist in local control as well as in the development of a customized individual approach for each patient.
Clinical Impact of Prescribed Doses of Nutrients for Patients Exclusively Receiving Parenteral Nutrition in Japanese Hospitals: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sasabuchi Yusuke , Ono Sachiko , Kamoshita Satoru , Tsuda Tomoe , Kuroda Akiyoshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), the association between nutrition achievement in accordance with nutrition guidelines and outcomes remains unclear. Our purpose was to assess the association between nutrition achievement and clinical outcomes, including in‐hospital mortality, activity of daily living (ADL), and readmission.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, data were extracted from an inpatient medical‐claims database at 380 acute care hospitals. This study included patients who underwent central venous catheter insertion between January 2009 and December 2018. Patients were classified into 3 groups: (1) target‐not‐achieved; (2) target‐partially‐achieved; and (3) target‐achieved. The target doses of energy, amino acids, and lipid were defined as ≥20 kcal/kg/day, ≥1.0 g/kg/day, and ≥2.5 g/day, respectively. To examine the effect of nutrition achievement on outcomes, a multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed.ResultsA total of 54,687 patients were included; of these, 21,383 patients were in the target‐not‐achieved group, 29,610 patients were in the target‐partially‐achieved group, and 3694 patients were in the target‐achieved group. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) for in‐hospital mortality was 0.69 (0.66–0.72) in the target‐partially‐achieved group and 0.47 (0.43–0.52) in the target‐achieved group with reference to the target‐not‐achieved group. The adjusted ORs for deteriorated ADL was 0.93 (0.85–1.01) in the target‐partially‐achieved group and 0.77 (0.65–0.92) in the target‐achieved group with reference to the target‐not‐achieved group. Readmission was not associated with nutrition achievement.ConclusionIn‐hospital mortality was lower and deteriorated ADL was suppressed in patients whose PN management was in accordance with the nutrition guidelines.
Curbing the Cough: Multimodal Treatments for Neurogenic Cough: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Wamkpah Nneoma S. , Peterson Andrew M. , Lee Jake J. , Jia Lena , Hardi Angela , Stoll Carolyn , Huston Molly 
Published: October 2020

Objectives/HypothesisNeurogenic cough affects 11% of Americans and causes significant detriment to quality of life. With the advent of novel therapies, the objective of this review is to determine how procedural therapies (e.g., superior laryngeal nerve block) compare to other established pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic treatments for neurogenic cough.MethodsWith the assistance of a medical librarian, a systematic review was performed using PICOS (patients, interventions, comparator, outcome, study design) format: adults with neurogenic cough receiving any pharmacologic or non‐pharmacologic treatment for neurogenic cough compared to adults with neurogenic cough receiving any other relevant interventions, or treated as single cohorts, assessed with cough‐specific quality of life outcomes, in all study designs and case series with ≥ 10 cases. Case reports, review articles, non‐human studies, non‐English language articles, and unavailable full‐text articles were excluded.ResultsThere were 2408 patients with neurogenic cough in this review, treated with medical therapy (77%), speech therapy (19%), both medical and speech therapy (1%), and procedural therapy (3%). The included studies ranged from low to intermediate quality. Overall, most interventions demonstrated successful improvement in cough. However, the heterogeneity of included study designs precluded direct comparisons between intervention types.ConclusionThis meta‐analysis compared various treatments for neurogenic cough. Procedural therapy should be considered in the armamentarium of neurogenic cough treatments, particularly in patients refractory to, or intolerant of, the side effects of medical therapy. Lastly, this review illuminates key areas for improving neurogenic cough diagnosis, such as strict adherence to diagnostic and treatment guidelines, sophisticated reflux testing, and standardized, consistent outcome reporting. Laryngoscope, 132:107–123, 2022
Microbial enzymatic assays in environmental water samples: Impact of inner filter effect and substrate concentrations
Authors: Urvoy Marion , Labry Claire , Delmas Daniel , Creac'h Layla , L'Helguen Stéphane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs microbial enzymatic activities initiate the mineralization of organic matter through the microbial loop, it is important to correctly measure those activities and be able to perform inter‐study comparisons. Enzymatic activity assays are typically carried out using fluorogenic substrate analogs, such as 4‐methylumbelliferone and 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin linked to sugar monomers, phosphate group, or amino acids. However, methodological divergences can be found in aquatic science literature, potentially leading to misestimated activities. To highlight some of those methodological key points, we first addressed the potential occurrence of an inner filter effect (IFE), a fluorometric artifact that affects the relationship between fluorophore concentration and fluorescence intensity, due to absorption of exciting or emitted light. It has never been considered in the context of environmental water studies before, despite significantly affecting measured activities. IFE occurred with two out of three tested spectrofluorometers when assaying proteases, although no IFE was detected for phosphatase assays. We also evaluated how substrate concentration ranges might affect kinetic parameters estimation, revealing that a many existing studies might use insufficient maximum substrate concentration. Finally, for single substrate concentration assays, we argued for the use of saturating substrate concentration, as naturally occurring substrates might compete with the fluorogenic analog at trace level. The amendment of a molecule mimicking natural substrates generated a significant inhibition of natural seawater phosphatases and proteases assayed with trace concentrations of fluorogenic substrate, while almost no inhibition occurred at higher concentrations. Those key points need to be addressed in order to assess enzymatic rates and allow inter‐study comparison.
Indication of CsPbBr3 inclusions in zero dimensional Cs4PbBr6 perovskite single crystals by alkylammonium post‐treatment
Authors: Aharon Sigalit , Etgar Lioz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe zero‐dimensional Cs4PbBr6 perovskites are highly emissive materials that demonstrated an effective potential in light emitting applications. There is an on‐going debate regarding the origin of its strong and green photoluminescence, which is not in line with the expectedly wide band‐gap energy of the strongly confined material. Herein, using mortar and pestle, we react Cs4PbBr6 single crystals with methanol solutions of ammonium barrier molecules, and affect their optical and compositional properties. The ammonium barrier molecules react with the 0D Cs4PbBr6 crystals, and lead to a structural transformation of the CsPbBr3 inclusions into two‐dimensional perovskite within the 0D phase of the Cs4PbBr6. In addition, the photoluminescence quantum yield was increased as a result of the post treatment. This can explain the origin of the strong, green photoluminescence from these crystals. This novel post‐treatment affects the properties of the CsPbBr3 inclusions in Cs4PbBr6 crystals by a straightforward process, which can be utilized to another 0D perovskite.