bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The liabilities of foreign institutional ownership: Managing political dependence through corporate political spending
Authors: Shi Wei , Gao Cheng , Aguilera Ruth V. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryThe benefits of foreign institutional ownership (FIO) have been amply researched, but there are also potential downsides to such ownership. High FIO can subject a firm to heightened regulatory scrutiny and compliance, increasing its political dependence. Drawing on resource dependence theory, we argue that firms can manage the political dependence that arises from FIO by engaging in corporate political spending (CPS). We derive two moderating conditions from our theoretical argument, positing that the strength of the positive relationship between FIO and CPS hinges on the intensity of a firm's government contracting and on the political sensitivity of the industry. Our study advances strategic ownership research by highlighting that U.S. firms may need to manage the potential liabilities associated with FIO through nonmarket strategy.Managerial SummaryResearch suggests that firms can reap many benefits from equity investments made by foreign institutional investors. However, such investments may also have potential downsides. We posit that high levels of FIO may subject a firm to increased political and regulatory scrutiny, and that firms can manage this increased exposure to government by engaging in corporate political activities that allow them to monitor and influence the political landscape. To explore this question, we analyzed a large sample of publicly traded U.S. firms and find empirical support for our arguments. Our study highlights an unintended “liability” of FIO that firm executives should be aware of and has practical implications for how firms manage their investors and allocate resources between market and nonmarket strategies.
The oldest known bovid from China and reappraisal of the Chinese ‘Eotragus’
Authors: Li Yikun , Li Qiang , Ni Xijun , Wang Shiqi , Aiglstorfer Manuela , Deng Tao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBovid material from Xishuigou, Tabenbuluk area, Gansu Province, China, is described here. The type material of ‘Eotragus’ halamagaiensis from the Halamagai Formation, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China is reviewed as well. Both should be attributed to Turcocerus halamagaiensis comb. nov. The short and almost straight horn cores with concave anterior margins and convex posterior margins are similar to the morphology of the genus Eotragus. However, the slight homonymous torsion (visible along the course of the anterior rib) and well‐developed posterior and posterolateral grooves on the horn cores, as well as a weaker inclination than in Eotragus, indicate a closer affiliation to the genus Turcocerus. The short lower cheek teeth with a considerably shortened premolar row further suggest the assignment of the material from Xishuigou to Turcocerus. Thus, there is no reliable representative of Eotragus in China. The record of Turcocerus from Xishuigou is dated to the late Early Miocene and might be the oldest known, suggesting that the genus Turcocerus could have originated in China. The biostratigraphical position of Turcocerus also demonstrates that the dispersal events from China to Turkey and from China to Mongolia may have taken place in the late Shanwangian (Orleanian) and the late Tunggurian (Astaracian), respectively.
Pathways to Enhance Climate Change Resilience among Pastoral Households in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Ndesanjo Ronald Boniphace , Theilade Ida , Nielsen Martin Reinhardt 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the pathways to enhance resilience to increased climate variability and directional change among pastoral households in Simanjiro District in Northern Tanzania. The study used household survey and rainfall and temperature data. Results indicate increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation trends over the past four decades. Also, extreme climatic events, particularly drought, have become more frequent. Food and water insecurity are key factors causing an increased household vulnerability. Increased climate change-induced malaria prevalence poses additional health risks. Household adaptive strategies include livelihood diversification and migration. Local institutions are instrumental in enhancing climate change resilience at the local level. We conclude that livelihood diversification and migration are key pathways to enhancing households’ climate change resilience.
Radiochemotherapy with or without cetuximab for unresectable esophageal cancer: final results of a randomized phase 2 trial (LEOPARD-2)
Authors: Rades Dirk , Bartscht Tobias , Hunold Peter , Schmidberger Heinz , König Laila , Debus Jürgen , Belka Claus , Homann Nils , Spillner Patrick , Petersen Cordula , Kuhnt Thomas , Fietkau Rainer , Ridwelski Karsten , Karcher-Kilian Kerstin , Kranich Anne , Männikkö Sofia , Schild Steven E. , Maderer Annett , Moehler Markus 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the efficacy and toxicity of cetuximab when added to radiochemotherapy for unresectable esophageal cancer.

Methods
This randomized phase 2 trial (clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT01787006) compared radiochemotherapy plus cetuximab (arm A) to radiochemotherapy (arm B) for unresectable esophageal cancer. Primary objective was 2‑year overall survival (OS). Arm A was considered insufficiently active if 2‑year OS was ≤40% (null hypothesis = H0), and promising if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval was >45%. If that lower limit was >40%, H0 was rejected. Secondary objectives included progression-free survival (PFS), locoregional control (LC), metastases-free survival (MFS), response, and toxicity. The study was terminated early after 74 patients; 68 patients were evaluable.

Results
Two-year OS was 71% in arm A (95% CI: 55–87%) vs. 53% in arm B (95% CI: 36–71%); H0 was rejected. Median OS was 49.1 vs. 24.1 months (p = 0.147). Hazard ratio (HR) for death was 0.60 (95% CI: 0.30–1.21). At 2 years, PFS was 56% vs. 44%, LC 84% vs. 72%, and MFS 74% vs. 54%. HRs were 0.51 (0.25–1.04) for progression, 0.43 (0.13–1.40) for locoregional failure, and 0.43 (0.17–1.05) for distant metastasis. Overall response was 81% vs. 69% (p = 0.262). Twenty-six and 27 patients, respectively, experienced at least one toxicity grade ≥3 (p = 0.573). A significant difference was found for grade ≥3 allergic reactions (12.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.044).

Conclusion
Given the limitations of this trial, radiochemotherapy plus cetuximab was feasible. There was a trend towards improved PFS and MFS. Larger studies are required to better define the role of cetuximab for unresectable esophageal cancer.
Evidence-based diagnostic use of VEMPs
Authors: Dlugaiczyk J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are increasingly being used for testing otolith organ function.

Objective
This article provides an overview of the anatomical, biomechanical and neurophysiological principles underlying the evidence-based clinical application of ocular and cervical VEMPs (oVEMPs and cVEMPs).

Material and methods
Systematic literature search in PubMed until April 2019.

Results
Sound and vibration at a frequency of 500 Hz represent selective vestibular stimuli for the otolith organs. The predominant specificity of oVEMPs for contralateral utricular function and of cVEMPs for ipsilateral saccular function is defined by the different central projections of utricular and saccular afferents. VEMPs are particularly useful in the diagnosis of superior canal dehiscence and otolith organ specific vestibular dysfunction and as an alternative diagnostic approach in situations when video oculography is not possible or useful.

Conclusion
The use of VEMPs is a simple, safe, reliable and selective test of dynamic function of otolith organs.
Analysis of the influence of the effective angles on the tool wear in gear hobbing
Authors: Kühn Felix , Löpenhaus Christoph , Brimmers Jens , Klocke Fritz , Bergs Thomas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGear hobbing is one of the most productive manufacturing processes for cylindrical spur gears. The macro geometry of the cutting edge of a hob depends on the tool angles. The tool angles consist of rake angle, wedge angle, and clearance angle. Due to the relative motion between workpiece and tool, the tool angles change to the effective angles during the process. The tool angles have a significant influence on the abrasive flank wear and the heat transfer through the tool. The use of indexable insert hobs compared to conventional hobs offers geometric design freedom. In contrast to full profile tools, the tool clearance angle can be designed freely along the profile by using indexable insert hobs. By dividing the reference profile into at least one left and one right indexable insert, the rake angles of both flanks can be set independently. As a result, the use of indexable insert hobs offers a significantly increased variability in tool design. In order to predict tool wear, the influences of tool angle and cutting edge geometry on tool wear in gear hobbing with indexable insert must be investigated in more detail. Therefore, the objective of the investigation presented in this paper is to improve the cutting conditions by modifying the effective angles in indexable insert hobbing. In analogy tests, the influence of the effective angle on tool wear was investigated by a variation of the rake and clearance angles. Based on the outcomes of the theoretical and empirical investigation, a wear model was developed for the main wear mechanism of abrasive wear. The wear model was trained by analyzing the tool life through an analogy test and was validated in an industrial hobbing process with indexable inserts.
Artenschutz im Fokus der höchstrichterlichen Rechtsprechung
Authors: Kment Martin 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Bedeutung des Artenschutzrechts nimmt rasant zu. Industrieanlagen, Infrastrukturprojekte oder
sonstige größere Bauvorhaben lassen sich kaum mehr ohne eine genauere Studie des Artenschutzrechts
in Angriff nehmen, will man nicht unerwünschte Überraschungen in der Realisierungsphase erleben.
Dabei reicht es häufig nicht aus, nur die gesetzlichen Vorgaben zu studieren. Auch die einschlägige
Rechtsprechung bedarf einer eingehenden Betrachtung. Dieser letztgenannten Aufgabe nimmt sich der vorliegende
Beitrag an. Er analysiert die höchstgerichtliche Rechtsprechung zum Artenschutzrecht, destilliert
deren Kernaussagen und ordnet die Judikate systematisch den Grundstrukturen des Artenschutzrechts zu. Betrachtungszeitraum
sind die Jahre 2014 bis einschließlich 2019.
Das Klimaschutzgesetz des Bundes – Hintergrund, Regelungsstruktur und wesentliche Inhalte
Authors: Albrecht Juliane 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungDas im Dezember 2019 in Kraft getretene Bundes-Klimaschutzgesetz (KSG) setzt in Deutschland erstmals
einen dauerhaft verbindlichen Rahmen für den Klimaschutz und knüpft insofern an völker- und
europarechtlichen Verpflichtungen an. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt den rechtlichen Hintergrund, die Regelungsstruktur
und wesentliche Inhalte des Gesetzes. Dabei werden die einzelnen Vorschriften des KSG erläutert und
mit den internationalen Vorgaben (Pariser Abkommen) sowie den aktuellen Instrumenten der EU-Klimaschutzpolitik
(Emissionshandels-RL, Klimaschutz-Verordnung, LULUCF-Verordnung und Governance-Verordnung) in Beziehung
gesetzt sowie einer zusammenfassenden Bewertung unterzogen.
Shaping Social and Psychological Competencies or Intervening in a Crisis? Sociotherapists’ Experiences of Helping Adolescents in Poland
Authors: Soroko Emilia , Jankowiak Barbara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSociotherapists’ experiences of helping adolescents within the framework of sociotherapy were examined. There were 12 participants involved (three males), who were active sociotherapists from big cities in Poland. They were aged 30–60 years, with at least 4 years’ experience in the profession. We applied a qualitative approach to obtain in-depth, socio-contextual descriptions of the sociotherapists’ experiences. Interviews activated by a narrative stimulus were conducted. Both inductive (inspired by thematic analysis and a categorical-content perspective in narrative analysis) and deductive (based on theory of basic narrative forms) content analytic approaches were used to identify key helping factors. Two general themes revealed different paths of arranging help for adolescents in sociotherapeutic groups: (1) shaping of psychological competencies; (2) intervening in crises, encompassing dramatic actions going beyond process-based group work. Sociotherapy providers should have appropriate specialisms and procedures to implement the necessary interventions, as they go beyond the scope of the group-work aspect of sociotherapy.
Cytosolic DNA sensing through cGAS and STING is inactivated by gene mutations in pangolins
Authors: Fischer Heinz , Tschachler Erwin , Eckhart Leopold 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe release of DNA into the cytoplasm upon damage to the nucleus or during viral infection triggers an interferon-mediated defense response, inflammation and cell death. In human cells cytoplasmic DNA is sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase (cGAS) and Absent In Melanoma 2 (AIM2). Here, we report the identification of a “natural knockout” model of cGAS. Comparative genomics of phylogenetically diverse mammalian species showed that cGAS and its interaction partner Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) have been inactivated by mutations in the Malayan pangolin whereas other mammals retained intact copies of these genes. The coding sequences of CGAS and STING1 are also disrupted by premature stop codons and frame-shift mutations in Chinese and tree pangolins, suggesting that expression of these genes was lost in a common ancestor of all pangolins that lived more than 20 million years ago. AIM2 is retained in a functional form in pangolins whereas it is inactivated by mutations in carnivorans, the phylogenetic sister group of pangolins. The deficiency of cGAS and STING points to the existence of alternative mechanisms of controlling cytoplasmic DNA-associated cell damage and viral infections in pangolins.
Early-successional saproxylic beetles inhabiting a common host-tree type can be sensitive to the spatiotemporal continuity of their substrate
Authors: Laaksonen Mervi , Punttila Pekka , Siitonen Juha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntensive forest management has drastically reduced the amount and diversity of dead wood resulting in population decline of saproxylic species. Forestry practices can also disrupt spatiotemporal continuity of dead wood habitats. We studied the effects of stand- and landscape-level densities of host trees on the incidence (proportion of occupied trees) of saproxylic beetles inhabiting recently dead standing Scots pines, a common host-tree type both in natural and managed boreal forests. We compared the occurrence patterns of eight rare specialist and eight common generalist species. Saproxylic beetles were collected from a total of 315 trees in 67 forest stands, including both managed and natural forests, located in three regions which form a gradient in forest-use intensity. Species richness of the entire community at tree and stand level did not respond to the stand- and landscape-level host-tree density. The incidence of six common generalist species did not depend on the stand-level host-tree density, whereas the incidences of four rare specialist species increased with increasing host-tree density. Five out of eight rare specialist species were either significantly less common or absent from the region with the lowest landscape-level density of host trees. We conclude that rare specialist species living in recently dead pines are susceptible to changes in spatiotemporal dynamics of their host trees. To conserve rare early-successional species, it is necessary to ensure continuous input of dying trees by prolonging rotation times in mature forests, regenerating stands using seed-tree cutting and leaving as many permanent retention trees as possible.
The importance of artificial drains for macroinvertebrate biodiversity in reclaimed agricultural landscapes
Authors: Gething Kieran J. , Little Sally 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArtificial drainage networks, ubiquitous within lowland agricultural landscapes in Europe and North America, exhibit a range of physical and chemical conditions, and may provide important habitat for aquatic organisms. Drains share hydromorphological characteristics with both lotic rivers and lentic ditches, potentially providing opportunities for a diverse range of taxa. However, little is known about the communities they support. A 23-year benthic macroinvertebrate dataset from four English catchments was used to determine the contributions of drains to biodiversity in a reclaimed agricultural landscape through a comparison of catchments, drain and river channels. A lack of significant differences in gamma diversity and high compositional overlap between rivers and drains showed that drains were not depauperate, and consistently contributed a richness comparable to that of rivers. High-compositional overlap suggested that drains from different catchments contributed comparably to aquatic biodiversity at the landscape scale. Significant differences in environmental conditions (inferred from biotic indices) between catchments may have marginally increased landscape gamma diversity through turnover. Despite similarities in community composition, non-native species were less abundant in drains. This study demonstrates the importance of drains for habitat provision in intensively farmed catchments, and highlights the need for focused research into their management and conservation potential.
Local structure in amorphous Sm$$_x$$Co$$_{1-x}$$: a combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: George Sebastian , Kádas Krisztina , Jönsson Petra E. , Muscas Giuseppe , Magnus Fridrik , Eriksson Olle , Delin Anna , Andersson Gabriella 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUsing a combination of extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements, stochastic quenching (SQ) calculations and Voronoi tessellation analysis, the local atomic environments in thin films of amorphous Sm$$_{x}$$xCo$$_{1-x}$$1-x ($$x =$$x= 0.10, 0.22 and 0.35) are investigated and also compared with crystalline stoichiometric Sm–Co alloys of similar compositions. It is found that the variations in local environment around Co atoms in the amorphous films increase with increasing x and that none of the films exhibit any pronounced short-range order around the Sm atoms. There are, however, signs of clustering of Sm atoms in the SQ-generated simulated amorphous materials.
Furthermore, good agreement is observed between experimentally obtained parameters, e.g., interatomic distances and coordination numbers, and those extracted from the simulated alloys. This is a strong indication that SQ provides a powerful route to reliable local structure information for amorphous rare earth–transition metal alloys and that it could be used for designing materials with properties that meet the demands of specific applications.
ParticleMDI: particle Monte Carlo methods for the cluster analysis of multiple datasets with applications to cancer subtype identification
Authors: Cunningham Nathan , Griffin Jim E. , Wild David L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe present a novel nonparametric Bayesian approach for performing cluster analysis in a context where observational units have data arising from multiple sources. Our approach uses a particle Gibbs sampler for inference in which cluster allocations are jointly updated using a conditional particle filter within a Gibbs sampler, improving the mixing of the MCMC chain. We develop several approaches to improving the computational performance of our algorithm. These methods can achieve greater than an order-of-magnitude improvement in performance at no cost to accuracy and can be applied more broadly to Bayesian inference for mixture models with a single dataset. We apply our algorithm to the discovery of risk cohorts amongst 243 patients presenting with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, using samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas, for which there are gene expression, copy number variation, DNA methylation, protein expression and microRNA data. We identify 4 distinct consensus subtypes and show they are prognostic for survival rate ($$p < 0.0001$$

p
<
0.0001

).
Facilitating the Child–Robot Interaction by Endowing the Robot with the Capability of Understanding the Child Engagement: The Case of Mio Amico Robot
Authors: Filippini Chiara , Spadolini Edoardo , Cardone Daniela , Bianchi Domenico , Preziuso Maurizio , Sciarretta Christian , del Cimmuto Valentina , Lisciani Davide , Merla Arcangelo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSocial Robots (SRs) are substantially becoming part of modern society, given their frequent use in many areas of application including education, communication, assistance, and entertainment. The main challenge in human–robot interaction is in achieving human-like and affective interaction between the two groups. This study is aimed at endowing SRs with the capability of assessing the emotional state of the interlocutor, by analyzing his/her psychophysiological signals. The methodology is focused on remote evaluations of the subject’s peripheral neuro-vegetative activity by means of thermal infrared imaging. The approach was developed and tested for a particularly challenging use case: the interaction between children and a commercial educational robot, Mio Amico Robot, produced by LiscianiGiochi©. The emotional state classified from the thermal signal analysis was compared to the emotional state recognized by a facial action coding system. The proposed approach was reliable and accurate and favored a personalized and improved interaction of children with SRs.
Relational and Fine-Grained Argument Mining
Authors: Trautmann Dietrich , Fromm Michael , Tresp Volker , Seidl Thomas , Schütze Hinrich 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn our project ReMLAV, funded within the DFG Priority Program RATIO (http://www.spp-ratio.de/), we focus on relational and fine-grained argument mining. In this article, we first introduce the problems we address and then summarize related work. The main part of the article describes our research on argument mining, both coarse-grained and fine-grained methods, and on same-side stance classification, a relational approach to the problem of stance classification. We conclude with an outlook.
Choosing the Optimal Brain Target for Neuromodulation Therapies as Alcohol Addiction Progresses—Insights From Pre-Clinical Studies
Authors: Edemann-Callesen Henriette , Barak Segev , Hadar Ravit , Winter Christine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of the Review
Development of addiction involves a transition from reward-driven to habitual behavior, mediated by neuroplastic changes. Based on preclinical findings, this article article reviews the current knowledge on the use of neuromodulation therapies to target alcohol addiction and essentially reduce relapse.

Recent Findings
To date, only a limited number of preclinical studies have investigated the use of neuromodulation in alcohol addiction, with the focus being on targeting the brain reward system. However, as addiction develops, additional circuits are recruited. Therefore, a differential setup may be required when seeking to alter the chronic alcohol-dependent brain, as opposed to treating earlier phases of alcohol addiction.

Summary
To promote enduring relapse prevention, the choice of brain target should match the stage of the disorder. Further studies are needed to investigate which brain areas should be targeted by neuromodulating strategies, in order to sufficiently alter the behavior and pathophysiology as alcohol addiction progresses.