bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure-Property Relation in Varieties of Millets Grown in Karnataka
Authors: Suhas M. S. , Kamath Nagendra S. , Koushik P. , Singh Vasudeva , Somashekar R. 
Published: December 2020

Aim: This study aims to establish structure-property relation of the varieties of millets grown in Karnataka.
Study Design: Seven different varieties of millets were collected from the farms in Chitradurga district from the state of Karnataka in India.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted between January and April 2020 at the Vijnana Bhavan, University with Potential for excellence, University of Mysore, Karnataka
Methodology: Magnetic property and characterization for seven out of the nine varieties of millets grown in Chitradurga, Hiriyur and Khandenahalli of Karnataka were carried out using X-ray diffraction studies (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), Raman spectroscopy, SEM and Xplore AC magnetic techniques to understand the physical properties of these samples and to find out the structure-property relation in these millets.
Results: The Foxtail millet is unique in terms of crystallites size, elemental distribution and magnetic properties. The structure-property relation of all the millets is determined.
Conclusion: It is evident from these studies that all the millets are diamagnetic in nature, crystalline like order is less and the major component in all these millets is cellulose. Also the Foxtail millet has excellent structure-property relation.
Analgesic Activity of Salacia korthalsiana Miq (Polipog)
Authors: Alvarez Ma. Lourdes C. , Lim Karina Milagros C. , Tonog Merle N. 
Published: December 2020

Pain has always been a cause of concern to humans. People often searched for remedy from plants because of the many documented side effects of commercial medicines. This study was conducted to determine the analgesic efficacy of the root decoction of Salacia korthalsiana Miq (Polipog) found in Mondragon Northern Samar. Acetic acid-induced writhing method was used to test the analgesic activity of polipog. Writhing test is a chemical method used to induce pain of peripheral origin by injection of irritant (ex. acetic acid). The manifestations of abdominal writhing in mice were described as an arching of back, extension of hind limbs and contraction of abdominal musculature. Analgesic activity of the test compound is inferred from decrease in the frequency of writhing. From the results obtained, polipog is comparable to the commercially available drugs in terms of analgesic efficacy.
The Construction of Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles from Alkynyl Imines
Authors: Shan Yingying , Su Lei , Zhao Zihan , Chen Dianpeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNitrogen‐containing heterocycles have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications in the fields of organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. This review focuses on the recent advances in the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles via the cyclization of alkynyl imines. By using this protocol, a variety of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, mainly including four‐, five‐, six‐, and seven‐membered nitrogen‐containing heterocycles, aza‐spirocycles, and fused aza‐heterocycles, could be obtained efficiently under mild conditions. Additionally, mechanistic features of these transformations are also discussed.magnified image
Characterization of glutathione S‐transferase enzyme from brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) and inhibitory effects of heavy metals
Authors: Guven Neslihan , Soydan Ercan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlutathione S‐transferase (GST) detoxifies a broad spectrum of xenobiotics, especially in chemotherapeutic drugs, endogenous molecules, and environmental pollutants. Since the enzyme metabolizes toxic compounds, it has been extensively studied in many living things including aquatic organisms. In the current study, the GST enzyme was purified from brown meagre (Sciaena umbra) muscle tissue for the first time. Then, kinetic parameters of the enzyme were determined as optimum ionic strength: 20 mM Tris/HCl, optimum pH: 7.0 (Tris/HCl), and optimum substrate concentration: 3.125 mM. Eventually, inhibitory effects of the heavy metals were evaluated. IC50 values of the tested metal ions were calculated to be 0.1112, 0.6113, 0.727, and 0.7774 mM for Cd2+, Fe3+, Ag+, and Cu2+, respectively. Our results show that these heavy metals inhibit GST at very low concentrations which could cause dangerous results for aquatic systems.
An Attempt to Formulate Non‐Carbonate Electrolytes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Mogensen Ronnie , Colbin Simon , Younesi Reza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNon‐aqueous carbonate solvents have been the main choice for the development of lithium‐ion batteries, and similarly most research on sodium‐ion batteries have been performed using carbonate‐based solvents. However, the differences between sodium and lithium batteries – in term chemistry/electrochemistry properties as well as electrode materials used – open up opportunities to have a new look at solvents that have attracted little attention as electrolyte solvent. This work investigates properties of a wide range of different solvent classes in the context of sodium‐ion battery electrolytes and compares them to the performance of propylene carbonate. The thirteen solvents studied here include one or several members of glymes, carbonates, lactones, esters, pyrrolidones, sulfones, and alkyl phosphates. Out of those, five outperforming solvents of γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), γ‐valerolactone (GVL), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), propylene carbonate (PC), and trimethyl phosphate (TMP) were further investigated using additives of ethylene sulfite (ES), vinylene carbonate (VC), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), prop‐1‐ene‐1,3‐sultone (PES), sulfolane (TMS), tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TTSPI), and sodium bis(oxalato)borate (NaBOB). The solvents TMS and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME) were tested in 1 : 1 mixtures by volume with the co‐solvents; NMP, dimethoxyethane (DME), and TMP. All electrolytes used NaPF6 as the salt. Primary evaluation relied on electrochemical cycling of full‐cell sodium‐ion batteries consisting of Prussian white cathodes and hard‐carbon anodes. Galvanostatic cycling was performed using both two‐ and three‐electrode cells, in addition, cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry was used to further evaluate the electrolyte formulations. Moreover, the resistance was measured on the anode and cathode, using Intermittent current interruption (ICI) technique.
Moving from residual lignocellulosic biomass into high‐value products: Outcomes from a long‐term international cooperation
Authors: Ximenes Eduardo , Farinas Cristiane S. , Badino Alberto C. , Ladisch Michael R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMajor progress in the bioprocessing of lignocellulose to fuels and value‐added chemicals has created the possibility of a low carbon‐footprint economy. However, the current complexity and associated costs of lignocellulose conversion result in a higher price for ethanol than for fossil fuels. The cost of cellulosic ethanol production will be lowered by further progress in development of biorefinery technology that produces both ethanol and high‐value chemicals with bio‐based products that are beginning to penetrate consumer markets in the USA, Brazil, and worldwide. The cost‐effectiveness of low carbon‐footprint bioproducts will benefit from advances in supplying large amounts of biomass solids to the biorefinery. We describe here outcomes from a successful long‐term international cooperation between the Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering (LORRE) at Purdue University in the United States and Brazil's Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) and Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), which has contributed practical pathways to enhance the biorefinery concept. This paper gives an overview of developments that address fundamental knowledge of lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment hydrolysis under optimized operational conditions and bioreactor configurations, and the science and engineering that contributes to the effective production of fuel and ethanol and value‐added products from biomass. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A Photoionization Study on the Detection of 1‐Sila Glycolaldehyde (HSiOCH2OH), 2‐Sila Acetic Acid (H3SiCOOH), and 1,2‐Disila Acetaldehyde (HSiOSiH3)
Authors: Chandra Sankhabrata , Eckhardt André K. , Turner Andrew M. , Tarczay György , Kaiser Ralf I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe identification of silicon‐substituted, complex organics carrying multiple functional groups by classical infrared spectroscopy is challenging because the group frequencies of functional groups often overlap. Photoionization (PI) reflectron time‐of‐fight mass spectrometry (ReTOF‐MS) in combination with temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) holds certain advantages because molecules are identified after sublimation from the matrix into in the gas phase based on distinct ionization energies and sublimation temperatures. In this study, we reveal the detection of 1‐silaglycolaldehyde (HSiOCH2OH), 2‐sila‐acetic acid (H3SiCOOH), and 1,2‐disila‐acetaldehyde (H3SiSiHO)—the silicon analogues of the well‐known glycolaldehyde (HCOCH2OH), acetic acid (H3CCOOH), and acetaldehyde (H3CCHO), in the gas phase after preparation in silane (SiH4)–carbon dioxide ices exposed to energetic electrons and subliming the neutral reaction products formed within the ices into the gas phase.
Comparison of Steroidogenic Exposure Following the Administration of Repository Corticotropin Injection With a Synthetic ACTH1‐24 Depot and Methylprednisolone in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Wang Xiaofeng , Pham Loan , Poola Nagaraju , Brooks Leah R. , Due Bryan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of clinically relevant doses of repository corticotropin injection (Acthar Gel) and synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot have not been fully characterized. We compared the steroidogenic exposure of repository corticotropin injection and synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot in healthy adults at therapeutic doses using data from 2 separate phase 1 studies. Subjects were randomly assigned to repository corticotropin injection 40 or 80 IU subcutaneously twice weekly or 80 IU subcutaneously 3 times weekly for 15 days or to daily synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot doses of 0.5 mg subcutaneously, 0.75 mg subcutaneously, 1 mg subcutaneously, or 1 mg intramuscularly for 5 days. A population PK/PD model was developed to simulate the free cortisol exposure of a clinically relevant dose of synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot (1 mg subcutaneously twice weekly). Study drug doses were converted to methylprednisolone‐equivalent doses using the steroidogenic exposure of methylprednisolone 16 mg daily as a conversion factor. Doses were also converted to prednisone equivalents using a coefficient of 1.25. These analyses revealed that the steroidogenic exposure of repository corticotropin injection at clinically relevant doses was substantially lower than that for synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot. The 3 repository corticotropin injection regimens were equivalent to approximately 5, 8, and 16 mg of daily prednisone, respectively. On the basis of simulated free cortisol exposure, synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot 1 mg subcutaneously twice weekly was comparable to 57 mg of daily prednisone. These results suggest that repository corticotropin injection has pharmacological effects that cannot be considered identical to synthetic ACTH1‐24 depot.
The prehospital patient pathway and experience of care with acute heart failure: a comparison of two health care systems
Authors: McCambridge Joseph , Keane Ciara , Walshe Myra , Campbell Patricia , Heyes James , Kalra Paul R. , Cowie Martin R. , Riley Jillian P. , O'Hanlon Rory , Ledwidge Mark , Gallagher Joseph , McDonald Kenneth 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsThis study aimed to analyse community management of patients during the symptomatic period prior to admission with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).Methods and resultsWe conducted a prospective, two‐centre, two‐country observational study evaluating care pathways and patient experience in patients admitted to hospital with ADHF. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered from patients, carers, and general practitioners (GPs). From the Irish centre, 114 patients enrolled, and from the English centre, 50 patients. Symptom duration longer than 72 h prior to hospitalization was noted among 70.4% (76) Irish and 80% (40) English patients, with no significant difference between those with a new diagnosis of HF [de novo HF (dnHF)] and those with known HF [established HF (eHF)] in either cohort. For the majority, dyspnoea was the dominant symptom; however, 63.3% (31) of these Irish patients and 47.2% (17) of these English patients did not recognize this as an HF symptom, with no significant difference between dnHF and eHF patients. Of the 46.5% (53) of Irish and 38% (19) of English patients reviewed exclusively by GPs before hospitalization, numbers prescribed diuretics were low (11.3%, six; and 15.8%, three, respectively); eHF patients were no more likely to receive diuretics than dnHF patients. Barriers to care highlighted by GPs included inadequate access to basic diagnostics, specialist support and up‐to‐date patient information, and lack of GP comfort in managing HF.ConclusionThe aforementioned findings, consistent across both health care jurisdictions, show a clear potential to intervene earlier and more effectively in ADHF or to prevent the need for hospitalization.
Chemistry for the Identification of Therapeutic Targets: Recent Advances and Future Directions
Authors: Khiar‐Fernández Nora , Macicior Jon , Marcos‐Ramiro Beatriz , Ortega‐Gutiérrez Silvia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe increasing availability of chemical probes for specific applications in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry is extensively facilitating our knowledge of biological systems. This understanding has fundamental implications in the development of new efficacious therapeutic strategies. Nowadays, successful drug discovery programs consider identification, engagement, and endogenous levels of the intended therapeutic target from the earliest preclinical stages. All these aspects are addressed with the use of chemical probes, compounds that rely on the use of a particular chemical reaction to give an answer to a specific biological question. In this review we will describe the underlying chemistry and the most recent advances experienced in the field together with their most important biomedical applications.
On a new block method for an MHD nanofluid flow with an exponentially decaying internal heat generation
Authors: Oyelakin Ibukun S. , Adeyeye Oluwaseun , Sibanda Precious , Omar Zurni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study is an investigation of an exponentially decaying internal heat generation rate and free nanoparticle movement on the boundary layer. The equations describing the hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer in a viscous nanofluid moving over an isothermal stretching sheet are solved using a novel numerical approach. A comparison of flow and heat transfer characteristics between an actively controlled (AC) and a passively controlled (PC) nanoparticle concentration boundary is considered. The boundary value partial differential equations are transformed into a system of ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. The system of ODEs is solved using a new block method without having to reduce the equivalent system to first‐order equations. The solutions are verified using the spectral local linearization method and further validation of the results is confirmed by comparing the current results, for some limiting cases, with those in existing literature. The solutions obtained using the block method are in good agreement with the solution obtained using the spectral local linearization method. The results are in good agreement with existing findings in previous studies. The solutions obtained using the AC and PC nanoparticle concentration boundary conditions are analyzed.
Kif3a deletion prevents primary cilia assembly on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, reduces oligodendrogenesis and impairs fine motor function
Authors: Cullen Carlie L. , O'Rourke Megan , Beasley Shannon J. , Auderset Loic , Zhen Yilan , Pepper Renee E. , Gasperini Robert , Young Kaylene M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrimary cilia are small microtubule‐based organelles capable of transducing signals from growth factor receptors embedded in the cilia membrane. Developmentally, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) express genes associated with primary cilia assembly, disassembly, and signaling, however, the importance of primary cilia for adult myelination has not been explored. We show that OPCs are ciliated in vitro and in vivo, and that they disassemble their primary cilia as they progress through the cell cycle. OPC primary cilia are also disassembled as OPCs differentiate into oligodendrocytes. When kinesin family member 3a (Kif3a), a gene critical for primary cilium assembly, was conditionally deleted from adult OPCs in vivo (Pdgfrα‐CreER™:: Kif3a fl/fl transgenic mice), OPCs failed to assemble primary cilia. Kif3a‐deletion was also associated with reduced OPC proliferation and oligodendrogenesis in the corpus callosum and motor cortex and a progressive impairment of fine motor coordination.
Estimating (quality‐adjusted) life‐year losses associated with deaths: With application to COVID‐19
Authors: Briggs Andrew H. , Goldstein Daniel A. , Kirwin Erin , Meacock Rachel , Pandya Ankur , Vanness David J. , Wisløff Torbjørn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMany epidemiological models of the COVID‐19 pandemic have focused on preventing deaths. Questions have been raised as to the frailty of those succumbing to the COVID‐19 infection. In this paper we employ standard life table methods to illustrate how the potential quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) losses associated with COVID‐19 fatalities could be estimated, while adjusting for comorbidities in terms of impact on both mortality and quality of life. Contrary to some suggestions in the media, we find that even relatively elderly patients with high levels of comorbidity can still lose substantial life years and QALYs. The simplicity of the method facilitates straightforward international comparisons as the pandemic evolves. In particular, we compare five different countries and show that differences in the average QALY losses for each COVID‐19 fatality is driven mainly by differing age distributions for those dying of the disease.
Breast cancer patient‐derived scaffolds as a tool to monitor chemotherapy responses in human tumor microenvironments
Authors: Leiva Maria Carmen , Garre Elena , Gustafsson Anna , Svanström Andreas , Bogestål Yalda , Håkansson Joakim , Ståhlberg Anders , Landberg Göran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBreast cancer is a heterogeneous disease where the tumor microenvironment, including extracellular components, plays a crucial role in tumor progression, potentially modulating treatment response. Different approaches have been used to develop three‐dimensional models able to recapitulate the complexity of the extracellular matrix. Here, we use cell‐free patient‐derived scaffolds (PDSs) generated from breast cancer samples that were recellularized with cancer cell lines as an in vivo‐like culture system for drug testing. We show that PDS cultured MCF7 cancer cells increased their resistance against the front‐line chemotherapy drugs 5‐fluorouracil, doxorubicin and paclitaxel in comparison to traditional two‐dimensional cell cultures. The gene expression of the environmentally adapted cancer cells was modulated in different ways depending on the drug and the concentration used. High doses of doxorubicin reduced cancer stem cell features, whereas 5‐fluorouracil increased stemness and decreased the proliferative phenotype. By using PDSs repopulated with other breast cancer cell lines, T‐47D and MDA‐MB‐231, we observed both general and cell line specific drug responses. In summary, PDSs can be used to examine the extracellular matrix influence on cancer drug responses and for testing novel compounds in in vivo‐like microenvironments.
Hair cell uptake of gentamicin in the developing mouse utricle
Authors: Qian Xiaoqing , He Ziyu , Wang Yanmei , Chen Binjun , Hetrick Alisa , Dai Chunfu , Chi Fanglu , Li Hongzhe , Ren Dongdong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntratympanic injection of gentamicin has proven to be an effective therapy for intractable vestibular dysfunction. However, most studies to date have focused on the cochlea, so little is known about the distribution and uptake of gentamicin by the counterpart of the auditory system, specifically vestibular hair cells (HCs). Here, with a combination of in vivo and in vitro approaches, we used a gentamicin‐Texas Red (GTTR) conjugate to investigate the mechanisms of gentamicin vestibulotoxicity in the developing mammalian utricular HCs. In vivo, GTTR fluorescence was concentrated in the apical cytoplasm and the cellular membrane of neonatal utricular HCs, but scarce in the nucleus of HCs and supporting cells. Quantitative analysis showed the GTTR uptake by striolar HCs was significantly higher than that in the extrastriola. In addition, the GTTR fluorescence intensity in the striola was increased gradually from 1 to 8 days, peaking at 8–9 days postnatally. In vitro, utricle explants were incubated with GTTR and candidate uptake conduits, including mechanotransduction (MET) channels and endocytosis in the HC, were inhibited separately. GTTR uptake by HCs could be inhibited by quinine, a blocker of MET channels, under both normal and stressed conditions. Meanwhile, endocytic inhibition only reduced GTTR uptake in the CoCl2 hypoxia model. In sum, the maturation of MET channels mediated uptake of GTTR into vestibular HCs. Under stressed conditions, MET channels play a pronounced role, manifested by channel‐dependent stress enhanced GTTR permeation, while endocytosis participates in GTTR entry in a more selective manner.
LDL cholesterol promotes the proliferation of prostate and pancreatic cancer cells by activating the STAT3 pathway
Authors: Jung Young Yun , Ko Jeong‐Hyeon , Um Jae‐Young , Chinnathambi Arunachalam , Alharbi Sulaiman Ali , Sethi Gautam , Ahn Kwang Seok 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHypercholesterolemia has been found to be closely linked with a significant increase in both cancer incidence and mortality. However, the exact correlation between serum cholesterol levels and cancer has not been completely deciphered. Here we analyzed the effect of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol on prostate and pancreatic cancer cells. We noted that LDL induced a substantial STAT3 activation and JAK1, JAK2, Src activation in diverse prostate and pancreatic tumor cells. Moreover, LDL promoted cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion as well as upregulated the expression of diverse oncogenic gene products. However, deletion of LDL‐activated STAT3 in LNCaP and PANC‐1 cells and reduced LDL‐induced cell viability. Simvastatin (SV) treatment also alleviated LDL‐induced cell viability and migration ability in both the prostate and pancreatic tumor cells. These results demonstrate that LDL‐induced STAT3 activation may exert a profound effect on the proliferation and survival of tumor cells.