bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Systematic Errors in Spitzer Microlens Parallax Measurements
Authors: Koshimoto Naoki , Bennett David P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The microlensing parallax campaign with the Spitzer space telescope aims to measure masses and distances of microlensing events seen toward the Galactic bulge, with a focus on planetary microlensing events. The hope is to measure how the distribution of planets depends on position within the Galaxy. In this paper, we compare 50 microlens parallax measurements from the 2015 Spitzer campaign to three different Galactic models commonly used in microlensing analyses, and we find that ≥74% of these events have microlensing parallax values higher than the medians predicted by Galactic models. The Anderson–Darling tests indicate probabilities of p
AD < 6.6 × 10−5 for these three Galactic models, while the binomial probability of such a large fraction of large microlensing parallax values is <4.6 × 10−4. Given that many Spitzer light curves show evidence of large correlated errors, we conclude that this discrepancy is probably due to systematic errors in the Spitzer photometry. We find formally acceptable probabilities of p
AD > 0.05 for subsamples of events with bright source stars (I
S ≤ 17.75) or Spitzer coverage of the light-curve peak. This indicates that the systematic errors have a more serious influence on faint events, especially when the light-curve peak is not covered by Spitzer. We find that multiplying an error bar renormalization factor of 2.2 by the reported error bars on the Spitzer microlensing parallax measurements provides reasonable agreement with all three Galactic models. However, corrections to the uncertainties in the Spitzer photometry itself are a more effective way to address the systematic errors.
C2N2 Vertical Profile in Titan’s Stratosphere
Authors: Sylvestre M. , Teanby N. A. , Dobrijevic M. , Sharkey J. , Irwin P. G. J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present the first measurements of the vertical distribution of cyanogen (

) in Titan’s lower atmosphere at different latitudes and seasons, using Cassini’s Composite Infrared Spectrometer far-infrared data. We also study the vertical distribution of three other minor species detected in our data: methylacetylene (

), diacetylene (

), and

, in order to compare them to

, but also to get an overview of their seasonal and meridional variations in Titan’s lower stratosphere from 85 km to 225 km. We measured an average volume mixing ratio of

of

at 125 km at the equator, but poles exhibit a strong enrichment in

(up to a factor 100 compared to the equator), greater than what was measured for

or

. Measuring

profiles provides constraints on the processes controlling its distribution, such as bombardment by Galactic Cosmic Rays which seem to have a smaller influence on

than predicted by photochemical models.
Mapping the Galactic Disk with the LAMOST and Gaia Red Clump Sample. IV. The Kinematic Signature of the Galactic Warp
Authors: Li X.-Y. , Huang Y. , Chen B.-Q. , Wang H.-F. , Sun W.-X. , Guo H.-L. , Li Q.-Z. , Liu X.-W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Using a sample of nearly 140,000 red clump stars selected from the LAMOST and Gaia Galactic surveys, we have mapped mean vertical velocity

in the X–Y plane for a large volume of the Galactic disk (6 < R < 16 kpc; −20 < ϕ < 50°;

kpc). A clear signature where

increases with R is detected for the chemically thin disk. The signature for the thick disk, however, is not significant, in line with the hot nature of this disk component. For the thin disk, the warp signature shows significant variations in both the radial and azimuthal directions, in excellent agreement with the previous results of star counts. Fitting the two-dimensional distribution of

with a simple long-lived static warp model yields a line-of-node angle for this kinematic warp of about 12.°5, again consistent with the previous results.
Turbulence Sets the Length Scale for Planetesimal Formation: Local 2D Simulations of Streaming Instability and Planetesimal Formation
Authors: Klahr Hubert , Schreiber Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The trans-Neptunian object 2014 MU69, named Arrokoth, is the most recent evidence that planetesimals did not form by successive collisions of smaller objects, but by the direct gravitational collapse of a pebble cloud. But what process sets the physical scales on which this collapse may occur? Star formation has the Jeans mass, that is, when gravity is stronger than thermal pressure, helping us to understand the mass of our Sun. But what controls mass and size in the case of planetesimal formation? Both asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects show a kink in their size distribution at 100 km. Here we derive a gravitational collapse criterion for a pebble cloud to fragment to planetesimals, showing that a critical mass is needed for the clump to overcome turbulent diffusion. We successfully tested the validity of this criterion in direct numerical simulations of planetesimal formation triggered by the streaming instability. Our result can therefore explain the sizes for planetesimals found forming in streaming instability simulations in the literature, while not addressing the detailed size distribution. We find that the observed characteristic diameter of ∼100 km corresponds to the critical mass of a pebble cloud set by the strength of turbulent diffusion stemming from streaming instability for a wide region of a solar nebula model from 2 to 60 au, with a tendency to allow for smaller objects at distances beyond and at late times, when the nebula gas gets depleted.
A Modified Algorithm and Open-source Computational Package for the Determination of Infrared Optical Constants Relevant to Astrophysics
Authors: Gerakines Perry A. , Hudson Reggie L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Infrared (IR) telescopes, such as Spitzer and SOFIA, have revealed a rich variety of chemical species trapped in interstellar ices. The most fundamental parameters to be derived from observed IR spectra are the identity and abundance of each component. Several compounds have been conclusively or tentatively identified, but the band strengths and optical constants needed to derive accurate abundances for many of these are poorly constrained. We have developed a modified approach to the extraction of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index (optical constants) of a thin film from a single transmission spectrum measured in the IR spectral range. Our algorithm is similar to those implemented by previous authors, with some major changes that yield results for strong absorptions where previous approaches fail: (1) an adaptive k-correction step size, (2) the use of a root-finding algorithm to obtain a more accurate k-correction at each iteration, and (3) a k-correction step that prevents non-physical results such as negative n-values that prevent convergence in the calculation algorithm. The algorithm is presented and described, with examples to show agreement with some existing results and improvements upon others. New optical-constants calculations for CH3OH, CO2, N2O, and CH4 are presented, and potential implications for the modeling of interstellar and planetary ice data from space telescopes are discussed. With the objective of being open-source and transparent, the full source code in the free Python programming language is made available along with the compiled version and the laboratory data used to produce the results shown.
Atmospheric Dynamics on Terrestrial Planets with Eccentric Orbits
Authors: Guendelman Ilai , Kaspi Yohai 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The insolation a planet receives from its parent star is the main driver of the climate and depends on the planet’s orbital configuration. Planets with nonzero obliquity and eccentricity experience variations in seasonal insolation. As a result, the climate exhibits a seasonal cycle, with its strength depending on the orbital configuration and atmospheric characteristics. In this study, using an idealized general circulation model, we examine the climate response to changes in eccentricity for both zero and nonzero obliquity planets. In the zero obliquity case, a comparison between the seasonal response to changes in eccentricity and perpetual changes in the solar constant shows that the seasonal response strongly depends on the orbital period and radiative timescale. More specifically, using a simple energy balance model, we show the importance of the latitudinal structure of the radiative timescale in the climate response. We also show that the response strongly depends on the atmospheric moisture content. The combination of an eccentric orbit with nonzero obliquity is complex, as the insolation also depends on the perihelion position. Although the detailed response of the climate to variations in eccentricity, obliquity, and perihelion is involved, the circulation is constrained mainly by the thermal Rossby number and the maximum temperature latitude. Finally, we discuss the importance of different planetary parameters that affect the climate response to orbital configuration variations.
The Art of Modeling Stellar Mergers and the Case of the B[e] Supergiant R4 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Wu Samantha , Everson Rosa Wallace , Schneider Fabian R. N. , Podsiadlowski Philipp , Ramirez-Ruiz Enrico 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Most massive stars exchange mass with a companion, leading to evolution which is altered drastically from that expected of stars in isolation. Such systems result from unusual binary evolution pathways and can place stringent constraints on the physics of these interactions. We use the R4 binary system’s B[e] supergiant, which has been postulated to be the product of a stellar merger, to guide our understanding of such outcomes by comparing observations of R4 to the results of simulating a merger with the 3D hydrodynamics code FLASH. Our approach tailors the simulation initial conditions to observed properties of R4 and implements realistic stellar profiles from the 1D stellar evolution code MESA onto the 3D grid, resolving the merger inspiral to within 0.02 R
⊙. We map the merger remnant into MESA to track its evolution on the H-R diagram over a period of 104 yr. This generates a model for a B[e] supergiant with stellar properties, age, and nebula structure in qualitative agreement with those of the R4 system. Our calculations provide evidence to support the idea that R4's B[e] supergiant was originally a member of a triple system in which the inner binary merged after its most massive member evolved off the main sequence, producing a new object of similar mass but significantly more luminosity than the A supergiant companion. The code framework presented in this paper, which was constructed to model tidal encounters, can be used to generate accurate models of a wide variety of merger stellar remnants.
HST Proper Motions of NGC 147 and NGC 185: Orbital Histories and Tests of a Dynamically Coherent Andromeda Satellite Plane
Authors: Sohn Sangmo Tony , Patel Ekta , Fardal Mark A. , Besla Gurtina , van der Marel Roeland P. , Geha Marla , Guhathakurta Puragra 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present the first proper-motion (PM) measurements for the dwarf elliptical galaxies NGC 147 and NGC 185, two satellite galaxies of M31, using multiepoch Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging data with time baselines of ∼8 yr. For each galaxy, we take an error-weighted average of measurements from HST Advanced Camera for Surveys/WFC and Wide Field Camera 3/UVIS to determine the PMs. Our final results for the PMs are (μ
W, μ
N)N147 = (−0.0232, 0.0378) ± (0.0143, 0.0146) mas yr−1 for NGC 147 and (μ
W, μ
N)N185 = (−0.0242, 0.0058) ± (0.0141, 0.0147) mas yr−1 for NGC 185. The 2D direction of motion for NGC 147 about M31 is found to be aligned with its tidal tails. The 3D positions and velocities of both galaxies are transformed into a common M31-centric coordinate system to study the detailed orbital histories of the combined M31+NGC 147+NGC 185 system via numerical orbit integration. We find that NGC 147 (NGC 185) had its closest passage to M31 0.3–0.5 Gyr (≳1.6 Gyr) within the past 6 Gyr at distances of ∼70 kpc (70–260 kpc). The pericentric times of NGC 147/NGC 185 correlate qualitatively well with the presence/absence of tidal tails seen around the galaxies. Our PMs show that the orbital poles of NGC 147, as well as NGC 185, albeit to a lesser degree, agree within the uncertainties with the normal of the Great Plane of Andromeda (GPoA). These are the first measurements of the 3D angular momentum vector of any satellite identified as original GPoA members. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that the GPoA may be a dynamically coherent entity. We revisit previous claims that NGC 147 and NGC 185 are binary galaxies and conclude that it is very unlikely that the two galaxies were ever gravitationally bound to each other.
The mitochondrial genomes of 11 aquatic macroinvertebrate species from Cyprus
Authors: Macher Jan-Niklas , Drakou Katerina , Papatheodoulou Athina , Hoorn Berry van der , Vasquez Marlen 
Published: September 2020

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are often identified, based on morphology, but molecular approaches like DNA barcoding, metabarcoding and metagenomics are increasingly used for species identification. These approaches require the availability of DNA references deposited in public databases. Here we report the mitochondrial genomes of 11 aquatic macroinvertebrate species from Cyprus, a European Union island country in the Mediterranean. Only three species could be provisionally assigned to a binomial species name, highlighting the current lack of molecular references for aquatic macroinvertebrates from Cyprus.Graphical Abstract
MORPHOLOGICAL, MECHANICAL, THERMAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS: RECYCLED LDPE COMPOSITES FILLED BY BLAST FURNACE DUST
Authors: Tuna Kayili Merve , Çelebi Gülser , Guldas Abdulmecit 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This study focused on developing a sustainable composite material using metallic wastes of the iron-steel industry and plastic wastes of the plastic industry in order to reduce resultant waste from the production processes of various industrial products and to sustain waste management of these industries. In this study, different amounts of blast furnace dust (BFD), which is the major iron-steel industry waste and is used as filler for recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE), was mixed with LDPE to produce the composite material. The morphology, mechanical, vicat softening temperature thermal conductivity, hardness and wear resistance properties of BFD filled LDPE composites were assessed. The increasing of BFD in recycled LDPE improved the heat resistance, increased thermal conductivity and wear resistance of composite materials. In addition, it was found that the composite materials had sufficient mechanical properties, when mechanical tests were evaluated. These results showed that the produced composite material could be used in buildings as a floor coating material and thereby saving raw materials and resources, as well as potentially reducing environmental problems.
BAMBOO CANOPY: TOWARDS A LIGHT CONSTRUCTION OF BAMBOO
Authors: Wang Yifan , Chun Qing 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Despite the abundance of highly sustainable bamboo, people tend to overlook its structural performance for construction purposes. This paper therefore explores the potential of bamboo architecture to develop light-weight building systems and also to create an effect of lightness. Developed by a team at the School of Architecture of Southeast University, Bamboo Canopy is an outdoor stage canopy in Anji, China, that pushes the boundaries of bamboo as a material for building woven gridshell structure. The work is designed as a long-lifespan bamboo structure, with the design team and locals participating in its construction. Positioned on a public stage, Bamboo Canopy experiments with the combination of sustainable construction and local craftsmanship to produce a highly engaging architectural intervention that activates the existing place. With its wing-like form, it invites visitors to join the performance scene—as they approach the shell, the structure reveals itself—with a 12.4-metre span and 6-metre roof overhang, the canopy covers more than 150 square metres with only 1.2 square metres touching the ground. Through analysing the form, structure and details of this experimental project, this paper clarifies not only the potentiality but also the feasibilities in using bamboo for light construction.
CONSUMPTION-BASED AND EMBODIED CARBON IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR APEC’S LOW-CARBON MODEL TOWN PROJECT
Authors: Ness David A. , Xing Ke 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIn accordance with international protocols and directions, the APEC Energy Working Group has concentrated on constraining operational energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in cities across the Asia Pacific, especially from the widespread consumption of fossil fuels. In addition to economy level policies and recognising the different characteristics within the region, APEC has sought to take action at the town/city level via the Low-Carbon Model Town (LCMT) project, including the development of self-assessment tools and indicator systems. However, the “low carbon” landscape is changing. There is increasing recognition of embodied carbon, accompanied by the emergence of methods for its measurement, while the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group has recently highlighted the significance of consumption-based carbon. Similarly, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol for Cities (GPC) is likely to extend its ambit from Scope 1 GHG emissions, derived from energy use within a city boundaries, and Scope 2 emissions from grid-supplied electricity, heating and / or cooling, to Scope 3 emissions derived from materials and goods produced outside the boundaries of a city but associated with construction within that city. After describing these emerging approaches and the current landscape, the paper examines the significance and implications of these changes for APEC approaches, especially in relation to the LCMT project, its indicators and the varying characteristics of towns and cities within the Asia-Pacific region. Special attention is given to the built environment, which is known to be a major contributor to operational and embodied emissions. Consistent with the theme of the Asia-Pacific Energy Sustainable Development Forum covering “sustainable development of energy and the city,” a case is put forward for the current APEC approach to be extended to encompass both embodied and consumption-based emissions.
Extracellular miR-146a-5p Induces Cardiac Innate Immune Response and Cardiomyocyte Dysfunction
Authors: Shimada Briana K , Yang Yang , Zhu Jing , Wang Sheng , Suen Andrew , Kronstadt Stephanie M , Jeyaram Anjana , Jay Steven M , Zou Lin , Chao Wei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that transient myocardial ischemia leads to release of cellular nucleic acids such as RNA. Extracellular RNA reportedly plays a pivotal role in myocardial inflammation and ischemic injury in animals. RNA profiling has identified that numerous microRNA (miRNAs), such as ss–miR-146a-5p, are upregulated in plasma following myocardial ischemia, and certain uridine-rich miRNAs exhibit strong proinflammatory effects in immune cells via ssRNA-sensing mechanism. However, the effect of extracellular miRNAs on myocardial inflammation and cardiac cell function remains unknown. In this study, we treated adult mouse cardiomyocytes with miR-146a-5p loaded in extracellular vesicles and observed a dose- and TLR7-dependent production of CXCL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. In vivo, a single dose of myocardial injection of miR-146a-5p induced both cytokine expression (CXCL2, IL-6, and TNF-α) and innate immune cell activation (CD45+ leukocytes, Ly6Cmid+ monocytes, Ly6G+ neutrophils), which was significantly attenuated in the hearts of TLR7 KO mice. We discovered that conditioned media from miR-146a–treated macrophages stimulated proinflammatory cytokine production in adult cardiomyocytes and significantly inhibited their sarcomere shortening. Finally, using an electric cell impedance–sensing assay, we found that the conditioned media from miR-146a–treated cardiac fibroblasts or cardiomyocytes impaired the barrier function of coronary artery endothelial cells. Taken together, these data demonstrate that extracellular miR-146a-5p activates multiple cardiac cells and induces myocardial inflammation and cardiomyocyte dysfunction via intercellular interaction and innate immune TLR7 nucleic acid sensing.
Hepcidin Is Essential for Alveolar Macrophage Function and Is Disrupted by Smoke in a Murine Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model
Authors: Perez Elizabeth , Baker Jonathan R. , Di Giandomenico Silvana , Kermani Pouneh , Parker Jacqueline , Kim Kihwan , Yang Jianjun , Barnes Peter J. , Vaulont Sophie , Scandura Joseph M. , Donnelly Louise E. , Stout-Delgado Heather , Cloonan Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating lung disease associated with cigarette smoking. Alterations in local lung and systemic iron regulation are associated with disease progression and pathogenesis. Hepcidin, an iron regulatory peptide hormone, is altered in subjects with COPD; however, the molecular role of hepcidin in COPD pathogenesis remains to be determined. In this study, using a murine model of smoke-induced COPD, we demonstrate that lung and circulating hepcidin levels are inhibited by cigarette smoke. We show that cigarette smoke exposure increases erythropoietin and bone marrow–derived erythroferrone and leads to expanded but inefficient erythropoiesis in murine bone marrow and an increase in ferroportin on alveolar macrophages (AMs). AMs from smokers and subjects with COPD display increased expression of ferroportin as well as hepcidin. Notably, murine AMs exposed to smoke fail to increase hepcidin in response to Gram-negative or Gram-positive infection. Loss of hepcidin in vivo results in blunted functional responses of AMs and exaggerated responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection.
Границы и люди в Польше с XII по XVI столетия: пример Мазовии
Authors: Myśliwski Grzegorz 
Published: September 2020

В статье рассматривается возникновение и распространение искусственных локальных границ в регионе Мазовецкое воеводство, территория, расположенная в бассейне средней реки Вислы.Бедные почвы этого лесного региона задержали здесь сельскую и городскую колонизацию по сравнению с другими польскими землями. Несмотря на то, что первые упоминания о таких границах в Мазовии относительно ранние (датируются 1185 годом), периодические набеги прусских и ядовинских племен, а также литовцев в XIII и XIV веках остановили развитие колонизации. Соответственно, размежевание началось на рубеже тринадцатого и четырнадцатого веков, усилилось примерно с 1360 года и достигло апогея в XV веке. Эта практика была обусловлена созданием множества деревень и городов в соответствии с немецким законодательством, распадом семейных владений и демографическим ростом. В дополнение к естественным особенностям ландшафта (реки, ручьи, болота, холмы), а также к искусственным ориентирам, предназначенным для использования в качестве пограничных пунктов (дороги, мосты, церкви, часовни, колодцы, мельницы, языческие гробницы), широкое применение получили искусственные пограничные знаки (обычно насыпи из песка или камня, одиночные камни и Х-образные знаки). Пограничные знаки также играли роль носителей коллективной, местной памяти, благодаря своим конкретным именам или форме вырезанных / выгравированных знаков (кресты, гербы).
История появления и распространения искусственных пограничных знаков и определения границ в Мазовии является частью истории преобразования, организации и обретения контроля над пространством средневековыми обществами