bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the effects of climate change on freshwater cyanobacterial blooms requires consideration of the complete cyanobacterial life cycle
Authors: Cottingham Kathryn L , Weathers Kathleen C , Ewing Holly A , Greer Meredith L , Carey Cayelan C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To date, most research on cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater lakes has focused on the pelagic life stage. However, examining the complete cyanobacterial life cycle—including benthic life stages—may be needed to accurately predict future bloom dynamics. The current expectation, derived from the pelagic life stage, is that blooms will continue to increase due to the warmer temperatures and stronger stratification associated with climate change. However, stratification and mixing have contrasting effects on different life stages: while pelagic cyanobacteria benefit from strong stratification and are adversely affected by mixing, benthic stages can benefit from increased mixing. The net effects of these potentially counteracting processes are not yet known, since most aquatic ecosystem models do not incorporate benthic stages and few empirical studies have tracked the complete life cycle over multiple years. Moreover, for many regions, climate models project both stronger stratification and increased storm-induced mixing in the coming decades; the net effects of those physical processes, even on the pelagic life stage, are not yet understood. We therefore recommend an integrated research agenda to study the dual effects of stratification and mixing on the complete cyanobacterial life cycle—both benthic and pelagic stages—using models, field observations and experiments.
Evaluation of PR3- and MPO-ANCA line and dot immunoassays in ANCA-associated vasculitis
Authors: Kempiners Nina , Mahrhold Juliane , Hellmich Bernhard , Csernok Elena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of novel line and dot immunoassays for detection of MPO and PR3 ANCA.MethodsSera from 50 patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV), including granulomatosis with polyangiitis and microscopic polyangiitis, and from 45 disease controls were tested by IIF and for the presence of PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA by four different line or dot immunoassays, as well as by a chemiluminescence immunoassay.ResultsThe area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve to discriminate AAV from controls was 0.858 (95% CI 0.785–0.931) for the IIF method. For the antigen-specific immunoassays, the area under the curve varied between 0.869 (95% CI 0.797–0.941) and 0.936 (95% 0.886–0.985).ConclusionsOur comparison of various ANCA detection methods showed a high degree of diagnostic precision for all of the PR3- and MPO-ANCA line and dot immunoassays investigated. The performance was equal to or better than the performance of IIF. These results indicate that novel line and dot immunoassays can serve as a first-line test method in patients with the suspected diagnosis of AAV.
COMPARISON OF SPECTRA AND MEAN GLANDULAR DOSE WITH TUBE VOLTAGES USED IN DIGITAL BREAST TOMOSYNTHESIS FROM SIMULATED, METROLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CASES
Authors: da Silveira Gatto Leandro Barbosa , Braz Delson , Pacifico Leonardo , Travassos Paulo , Magalhaes Luis Alexandre Goncalves 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a screening and diagnostic modality that acquires images of a breast at multiple angles during a short scan. The Selenia Dimensions (Hologic, Bedford, Mass) DBT system can perform both full-field digital mammography and DBT. The system acquires 25 projections over a 15° angular range (from −7.5° to +7.5°). X-ray spectroscopy is generally linked with a high-resolution semiconductor detector through a correction to its energy response function. The energy spectrum describes the radiation field, in which several quality parameters can be extracted, such as the effective energy, half-value layer and exposure. X-ray spectroscopy is usually performed with solid-state semiconductor detectors. Radiation dose is a concern in mammography, as the current protocols recommend that medical physicians evaluate mean glandular dose (MGD) as a part of service quality control. Studies are needed for radiation dose optimization from tomosynthesis patients. The COMET metrological X-ray tube, considered as with a constant potential and cooled, has proved to be a crucial tool in order to obtain the high energy resolution for low-energy radiographs in mammography. The Monte Carlo method, through Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNPX), was proven to be an essential tool for image formation and posterior analysis of the deposited dose from breast simulators and radiographic contrast evaluation, for several anode/filter combinations. The purpose of this work was to assess the MGD and spectra in slabs of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and breast equivalent thicknesses using four experiments with a Hologic Selenia Dimensions mammography X-ray tube with multimeter, a spectrometer (only for spectra, in this case), a metrological X-ray tube with a multimeter, and the MCNPX code. References indicate that the real conditions for a mammography X-ray tube that conducts tomosynthesis include tube voltages of 26, 29, 30 and 33 kVp. Taking into account several thicknesses of PMMA, both the MGD and spectral results were in accordance with the references. Most of the spectra were in accordance with the references, showing that the resources used in the experiments can evaluate the energy level received by a patient. The MGD values were lower than those in the references from 30 to 50 mm PMMA, and the data can be used for improvements in the detectors used in the Laboratory of Metrology in the State of Rio de Janeiro University, Brazil. Additionally, in the future, optimization of image quality can be performed for both semiconductors and mammography X-ray equipment.
Morphology and phylogeny of scalopine moles (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae: Scalopini) from the eastern Himalayas, with descriptions of a new genus and species
Authors: Chen Zhong-Zheng , He Shui-Wang , Hu Wen-Hao , Song Wen-Yu , Onditi Kenneth O , Li Xue-You , Jiang Xue-Long 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAll scalopine moles are found in North America, except the Gansu mole (Scapanulus oweni), which is endemic to central-west China. In 2019, we collected two specimens of Scalopini on Mt Namjagbarwa in the eastern Himalayas, Tibet, China. We sequenced two mitochondrial (CYT B and 12S) and three nuclear (APOB, BRCA1 and RAG2) genes to estimate the phylogenetic relationships of the two moles, and also compared their morphology with other genera and species within the Scalopini. Both morphological and molecular analyses strongly suggest that the specimens represent a new monotypic genus and species, which are formally described here as Alpiscaptulus medogensis gen. et sp. nov. The dental formula of the new mole (44 teeth) is distinct from the Chinese Scapanulus oweni (36 teeth) and its hairy and pale brown tail is unique among species of the Scalopini. The Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distances of CYT B between A. medogensis and the four recognized Scalopini genera range from 14.5% to 18.9%. A sister relationship between A. medogensis and Scapanulus oweni was strongly supported in the phylogenetic trees. The divergence between A. medogensis and Scapanulus oweni occurred in the mid-Miocene (c. 11.56 Mya), which corresponds with the rapid uplift of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau.
Potato Virus A Isolates from Three Continents: Their Biological Properties, Phylogenetics, and Prehistory
Authors: Fuentes Segundo , Gibbs Adrian J. , Adams Ian P. , Wilson Calum , Botermans Marleen , Fox Adrian , Kreuze Jan , Boonham Neil , Kehoe Monica A. , Jones Roger A. C. 
Published: November 2020

Forty-seven potato virus A (PVA) isolates from Europe, Australia, and South America’s Andean region were subjected to high-throughput sequencing, and 46 complete genomes from Europe (n = 9), Australia (n = 2), and the Andes (n = 35) obtained. These and 17 other genomes gave alignments of 63 open reading frames 9,180 nucleotides long; 9 were recombinants. The nonrecombinants formed three tightly clustered, almost equidistant phylogroups; A comprised 14 Peruvian potato isolates; W comprised 37 from potato in Peru, Argentina, and elsewhere in the world; and T contained three from tamarillo in New Zealand. When five isolates were inoculated to a potato cultivar differential, three strain groups (= pathotypes) unrelated to phylogenetic groupings were recognized. No temporal signal was detected among the dated nonrecombinant sequences, but PVA and potato virus Y (PVY) are from related lineages and ecologically similar; therefore, “relative dating” was obtained using a single maximum-likelihood phylogeny of PVA and PVY sequences and PVY’s well-supported 157 CE “time to most common recent ancestor”. The PVA datings obtained were supported by several independent historical coincidences. The PVA and PVY populations apparently arose in the Andes approximately 18 centuries ago, and were taken to Europe during the Columbian Exchange, radiating there after the mid-19th century potato late blight pandemic. PVA’s phylogroup A population diverged more recently in the Andean region, probably after new cultivars were bred locally using newly introduced Solanum tuberosum subsp. tuberosum as a parent. Such cultivars became widely grown, and apparently generated the A × W phylogroup recombinants. Phylogroup A, and its interphylogroup recombinants, might pose a biosecurity risk.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Interactions Between Delia platura and Erwinia amylovora Associated with Insect-Mediated Transmission of Shoot Blight
Authors: Boucher Matthew , Collins Rowan , Harling Kayli , Brind’Amour Gabrielle , Cox Kerik , Loeb Greg 
Published: November 2020

Erwinia amylovora is a bacterial pathogen of rosaceous plants that can be devastating to commercial apple and pear production worldwide. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production is essential for pathogenicity, aiding in biofilm production, and plant defense protection. EPS also plays an epidemiological role in the form of bacterial ooze, which is generated when E. amylovora builds to such high levels within the parenchyma that it ruptures the plant epidermis and a mixture of bacteria encased in EPS exudes from the injury. Insects such as Delia platura feed on the ooze and become potential vectors in the process. The goal of this study was to investigate interactions between D. platura and E. amylovora to better understand how insects facilitate shoot blight. We demonstrate for the first time that D. platura can successfully transmit pathogen cells that initiate new infections in mechanically damaged apple shoots and that EPS aids in adherence of E. amylovora to the insect surface. We show that flies can carry the bacteria externally for at least 5 days and that they shed a constant daily rate. We also show that E. amylovora strains differing in virulence do not behave differently when associated with D. platura and that consumption of E. amylovora has no effect on insect survival. Our data demonstrate that flies can be efficient facilitators of new shoot blight infections, but the field conditions that make this type of transmission possible require further investigation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Learner Handover: Who Is It Really For?
Authors: Humphrey-Murto Susan , Lingard Lorelei , Varpio Lara , Watling Christopher John , Ginsburg Shiphra , Rauscher Scott , LaDonna Kori 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Learner handover is the sharing of information about learners between faculty supervisors. Learner handover can support longitudinal assessment in rotation-based systems, but there are concerns that the practice could bias future assessments or stigmatize struggling learners. Because successful implementation relies on an understanding of existing practices and beliefs, the purpose of this study was to explore how faculty perceive and enact learner handover in the workplace.

Method
Using constructivist grounded theory, 23 semistructured interviews were conducted with faculty from 2 Canadian universities between August and December 2018. Participants were asked to describe their learner handover practices, including learner handover delivered or received about resident and student trainees either within or between clinical rotations. The authors probed to understand why faculty used learner handover and their perceptions of its benefits and risks.

Results
Learner handover occurs both formally and informally and serves multiple purposes for learners and faculty. While participants reported that learner handover was motivated by both learner benefit and patient safety, they primarily described motivations focused on their own needs. Learner handover was used to improve faculty efficiency by focusing teaching and feedback and was perceived as a “self-defense mechanism” when faculty were uncertain about a learner’s competence and trustworthiness. Informal learner handover also served social or therapeutic purposes when faculty used these conversations to gossip, vent, or manage insecurities about their assessment of learner performance. Because of its multiple, sometimes unsanctioned purposes, participants recommended being reflective about motivations behind learner handover conversations.

Conclusions
Learners are not the only potential beneficiaries of learner handover; faculty use learner handover to lessen insecurities surrounding entrustment and assessment of learners and to openly share their frustrations. The latter created tensions for faculty needing to share stresses but wanting to act professionally. Formal education policies regarding learner handover should consider faculty perspectives.
Influences on and Characteristics of the Professional Identity Formation of Clinician Educators: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Triemstra Justin D. , Iyer Maya S. , Hurtubise Larry , Poeppelman Rachel Stork , Turner Teri Lee , Dewey Charlene , Karani Reena , Fromme H. Barrett 
Published: November 2020

PurposeProfessional identity formation is the process of internalizing the ideals, values, and beliefs of a profession. In recent years, research on clinician–educator (CE) identity formation has expanded, yet gaps exist in understanding initial influences on an educator identity, sustainment throughout a career, and development of successful pathways for early CEs. This study explored the initial influences on and characteristics of the professional identity formation of CEs in an age-diverse, multispecialty population in the United States.MethodThis was a cross-sectional qualitative study of a purposive sample of medical educators at 6 institutions across the United States between 2018 and 2019. Focus groups were conducted to obtain participants’ perspectives on their career choice and subsequent formation of their professional identity as CEs. The authors used a thematic analysis of focus group data to identify themes and domains through an iterative process.ResultsTwelve focus groups were conducted with a total of 93 participants. Responses were categorized into 5 domains: community supportive of medical education, culture of institution and training, personal characteristics, facilitators, and professionalization of medical education. Themes highlighted the importance of role models and mentors, an affinity and aptitude for teaching and education, specific facilitators for entry into a career in medical education, the evolution from a layperson, importance of formalized training programs, and a supportive academic community.ConclusionsClinicians experienced a variety of factors that influenced their initial career choice in medical education and subsequent professional identity formation as a CE. This study confirms and expands the current understanding of this process in an age-diverse, multispecialty population of CEs. Educators and administrators designing career development programs across the continuum of medical education should consider these aspects as they mentor and support their learners and faculty.
Participants’ Treatment Perspectives on a Clinical Trial on the Use of Extended-Release Naltrexone for Substance Use Disorders: Considerations for Future Clinical Research
Authors: Bardwell Geoff , Jaffe Kaitlyn , Korthuis P. Todd , Richardson Lindsey 
Published: November 2020

Objectives:
We undertook this study to understand participants’ perceptions of their assigned treatment in a randomized control trial examining the use of extended-release naltrexone versus treatment as usual for substance use disorders.

Methods:
Semi-structured qualitative interviews among 22 prospective and actual participants in a larger clinical trial examining the feasibility of extended-release naltrexone for both opioid and alcohol use disorders among people living with HIV. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically.

Results:
Participants described their study experience as mostly positive, but also concurrently held or developed study medication apprehensions and misperceptions. First, some participants described apprehension, lack of control, and uneasiness regarding their assigned treatment. Second, some participants perceived their treatment as “placebos” and/or were convinced that their treatment was ineffective, shaping perceptions of impact on their substance use. Third, some participants perceived study treatments as cure-alls for substance use disorders.

Conclusions:
Participant perceptions of trial interventions may frame their experience and participation in clinical studies. These findings demonstrate the need for researchers and clinicians to consider how apprehension and a lack of medication receptivity may impact enrollment and participant autonomy. They also identify opportunities for greater community engagement in trial design and implementation in order to improve participant education about the nature of interventions and the potential of ongoing consent processes integrated throughout studies to promote participant understandings of study purposes and objectives.
Substance-Related Found-Down Compartment Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mortensen Sharri J. , Smith Richard D. J. , von Keudell Gottfried R. , Smith Malcolm R. , Weaver Michael J. , Nazarian Ara , von Keudell Arvind G. 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To characterize the patient population with substance-related found-down extremity compartment syndrome (FDECS) and report on their treatment and outcome.

Data Source:
This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Articles in English language were identified by searching 3 online databases, EMBASE, PubMed Publisher, and Cochrane Central, in September 2019.

Study Selection:
Studies involving substance-related FDECS were included. Exclusion criteria were as follows: patient age <18 years, not original studies, no full text available, technical reports, traumatic acute extremity compartment syndrome, chronic exertional compartment syndrome, and vascular acute extremity compartment syndrome.

Data Extraction:
There were 61 studies included with 166 cases of FDECS. Two investigators screened and extracted data independently according to a standardized template. Disagreements were addressed by an attempt to reach a consensus, and involvement of a third reviewer. Studies were quality assessed with “Quality Assessment tool for Case Series Studies.”

Data Synthesis:
Descriptive statistics were reported using Excel.

Conclusion:
Substance-related FDECS is often occurring in young adults. Data from this review found that most of the patients were already diagnosed with substance use disorders and/or psychiatric disorders. There should be a high index of suspicion of FDECS in patients presenting after prolonged immobilization.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Morbidity of Nerve Transfers for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hinchcliff Katharine M. , Pulos Nicholas , Shin Alexander Y. , Stutz Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Background:
The purpose of this article is to systematically review the peer-reviewed literature on the morbidity of nerve transfers performed in patients with brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI). Nerve transfers for restoration of function in patients with BPBI that fail nonoperative management are increasing in popularity. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the morbidity of these transfers in the growing patient. The authors systematically review the current literature regarding donor site morbidity following nerve transfer for BPBI.

Methods:
A systematic review of the Medline and EMBASE databases was conducted through February 2020. Primary research articles written in English and reporting donor site morbidity after nerve transfer for BPBI were included for review.

Results:
Thirty-six articles met inclusion criteria, all of which were retrospective reviews or case reports. There was great heterogeneity in outcomes assessed. With 5 year or less follow-up, all transfers were relatively well tolerated with the exception of the hypoglossal nerve transfer.

Conclusion:
Nerve transfers are a well-recognized treatment strategy for patients with BPBI and have an acceptable risk profile in the short term. Full hypoglossal nerve transfers for BPBI are of historical interest. Donor site morbidity is grossly underreported. This review highlights the need for more objective and systematic reporting of donor site outcomes, and the need for longer term follow-up in these patients.

Level of Evidence:
Systematic review. Level III—therapeutic.
Targeting neuropilin-1 interactions is a promising anti-tumor strategy
Authors: Liu Shao-Dan , Zhong Li-Ping , He Jian , Zhao Yong-Xiang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Neuropilins (NRP1 and NRP2) are multifunctional receptor proteins that are involved in nerve, blood vessel, and tumor development. NRP1 was first found to be expressed in neurons, but subsequent studies have demonstrated its surface expression in cells from the endothelium and lymph nodes. NRP1 has been demonstrated to be involved in the occurrence and development of a variety of cancers. NRP1 interacts with various cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor family and its receptor and transforming growth factor β1 and its receptor, to affect tumor angiogenesis, tumor proliferation, and migration. In addition, NRP1+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an inhibitory role in tumor immunity. High numbers of NRP1+ Tregs were associated with cancer prognosis. Targeting NRP1 has shown promise, and antagonists against NRP1 have had therapeutic efficacy in preliminary clinical studies. NRP1 treatment modalities using nanomaterials, targeted drugs, oncolytic viruses, and radio-chemotherapy have gradually been developed. Hence, we reviewed the use of NRP1 in the context of tumorigenesis, progression, and treatment.