bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of calcium and boron on growth and development of callus and shoot regeneration of date palm ‘Barhee’
Authors: Al-Mayahi Ahmed Madi Waheed 
Published: December 2019

There are some major obstacles in practical applications of date palm tissue culture in the laboratory such as reduced number of shoots, vitrification of tissues, and browning of cultured tissues. The objective of the present study is to determine the effect of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) on enhancing organogenesis of buds from callus, shoot multiplication, and phytochemicals of in vitro cultures of date palm ‘Barhee’. Addition of calcium chloride and boric acid to the medium was most effective on callus for shoot regeneration and number of shoots per jar, where the best result (88.89%, 8.2 shoots per jar, respectively) was obtained by using 660 mg L−1 Ca + 9.3 mg L−1 B, compared with other treatments. It was observed that the interaction between 660 mg L−1 Ca + 9.3 mg L−1 B resulted in the highest tissue content of B [(4.75 mg L−1 dry weight (DW)]. The highest medium calcium chloride level (880 mg L−1) increased Ca content in the shoots. The combined application had the effect in reducing the vitrification. Application of Ca and B induced synthesis of proteins bands with molecular weights of 88.0, 55.6, 52.8, 43.0, 41.1, 38.3, 28.3, and 16.6 KDa in a medium supplemented with 660 mg L−1 Ca + 9.3 mg L−1 B.
A study on the microstructure and properties of Al/Cu lap joints welded by friction stir brazing with ultrahigh rotation speed
Authors: Chen Shujin , Wang Di , Pu Juan , Zhang Jiaqi , Liu Bin , Li Ruifeng 
Published: December 2019

Friction stir brazing (FSB) with ultrahigh rotation speed was applied to join 6061 aluminum to pure copper with the aid of zinc foil. The effects of different shoulder diameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al/Cu FSB joints were investigated combined with temperature and axial force. In the joint brazed by a 7 mm diameter shoulder, the filler metal layer exhibited the original zinc. Meanwhile, a layer of thick [Formula: see text] was found on the Cu interface. As the diameter of the shoulder was increased to 10 mm, the homogeneous structure of Al–Zn eutectic formed at the Al–Cu interface. Further increasing the shoulder diameter to 12 mm, however, resulted in the interlayer obtaining a microstructure of Al–Zn eutectic with refined and dispersed [Formula: see text]. When the shoulder diameter increased to 15 mm, brittle intermetallic compounds (IMCs) such as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were generated and holes appeared owing to the high-temperature and axial force. Shear tensile tests showed that the joint brazed by a 12 mm diameter shoulder achieved the highest shear tensile strength.
Results of Field Trials with a Mobile Service Robot for Older Adults in 16 Private Households
Authors: Bajones Markus , Fischinger David , Weiss Astrid , Puente Paloma De La , Wolf Daniel , Vincze Markus , Körtner Tobias , Weninger Markus , Papoutsakis Konstantinos , Michel Damien , Qammaz Ammar , Panteleris Paschalis , Foukarakis Michalis , Adami Ilia , Ioannidi Danae , Leonidis Asterios , Antona Margherita , Argyros Antonis , Mayer Peter , Panek Paul , Eftring Håkan , Frennert Susanne 
Published: December 2019

In this article, we present results obtained from field trials with the Hobbit robotic platform, an assistive, social service robot aiming at enabling prolonged independent living of older adults in their own homes. Our main contribution lies within the detailed results on perceived safety, usability, and acceptance from field trials with autonomous robots in real homes of older users. In these field trials, we studied how 16 older adults (75 plus) lived with autonomously interacting service robots over multiple weeks.
Robots have been employed for periods of months previously in home environments for older people, and some have been tested with manipulation abilities, but this is the first time a study has tested a robot in private homes that provided the combination of manipulation abilities, autonomous navigation, and non-scheduled interaction for an extended period of time. This article aims to explore how older adults interact with such a robot in their private homes. Our results show that all users interacted with Hobbit daily, rated most functions as well working, and reported that they believe that Hobbit will be part of future elderly care. We show that Hobbit’s adaptive behavior approach towards the user increasingly eased the interaction between the users and the robot. Our trials reveal the necessity to move into actual users’ homes, as only there, we encounter real-world challenges and demonstrate issues such as misinterpretation of actions during non-scripted human-robot interaction.
Mass Spectrometry Imaging Enables Discrimination of Renal Oncocytoma from Renal Cell Cancer Subtypes and Normal Kidney Tissues
Authors: Zhang Jialing , Li Shirley Q. , Lin John Q. , Yu Wendong , Eberlin Livia S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrecise diagnosis and subtyping of kidney tumors are imperative to optimize and personalize treatment decision for patients. Patients with the most common benign renal tumor, renal oncocytomas, may be overtreated with surgical resection because of limited preoperative diagnostic methods that can accurately identify the benign condition with certainty. In this study, desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) imaging was applied to study the metabolic and lipid profiles of various types of renal tissues, including normal kidney, renal oncocytoma, and renal cell carcinomas (RCC). A total of 73,992 mass spectra from 71 patient samples were obtained and used to build predictive models using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso). Overall accuracies of 99.47% per pixel and 100% per patient for prediction of the three tissue types were achieved. In particular, renal oncocytoma and chromophobe RCC, which present the most significant morphologic overlap and are sometimes indistinguishable using histology alone, were also investigated and the predictive models built yielded 100% accuracy in discriminating these tumor types. Discrimination of three subtypes of RCC was also achieved on the basis of DESI-MS imaging data. Importantly, several small metabolites and lipids species were identified as characteristic of individual tissue types and chemically characterized using tandem MS and high mass accuracy measurements. Collectively, our study shows that the metabolic data acquired by DESI-MS imaging in conjunction with statistical modeling allows discrimination of renal tumors and thus has the potential to be used in the clinical setting to improve treatment of patients with kidney tumor.Significance:Metabolic data acquired by mass spectrometry imaging in conjunction with statistical modeling allows discrimination of renal tumors and has the potential to be used in the clinic to improve treatment of patients.
R-From-T as a Common Mechanism of Arrhythmia Initiation in Long QT Syndromes
Authors: Liu Michael B. , Vandersickel Nele , Panfilov Alexander V. , Qu Zhilin 
Published: December 2019

Background:
Long QT syndromes (LQTS) arise from many genetic and nongenetic causes with certain characteristic ECG features preceding polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (PVTs). However, how the many molecular causes result in these characteristic ECG patterns and how these patterns are mechanistically linked to the spontaneous initiation of PVT remain poorly understood.

Methods:
Anatomic human ventricle and simplified tissue models were used to investigate the mechanisms of spontaneous initiation of PVT in LQTS.

Results:

Spontaneous initiation of PVT was elicited by gradually ramping up I
Ca,L
to simulate the initial phase of a sympathetic surge or by changing the heart rate, reproducing the different genotype-dependent clinical ECG features. In LQTS type 2 (LQT2) and LQTS type 3 (LQT3), T-wave alternans was observed followed by premature ventricular complexes (PVCs). Compensatory pauses occurred resulting in short-long-short sequences. As I
Ca,L
increased further, PVT episodes occurred, always preceded by a short-long-short sequence. However, in LQTS type 1 (LQT1), once a PVC occurred, it always immediately led to an episode of PVT. Arrhythmias in LQT2 and LQT3 were bradycardia dependent, whereas those in LQT1 were not. In all 3 genotypes, PVCs always originated spontaneously from the steep repolarization gradient region and manifested on ECG as R-on-T. We call this mechanism R-from-T, to distinguish it from the classic explanation of R-on-T arrhythmogenesis in which an exogenous PVC coincidentally encounters a repolarizing region. In R-from-T, the PVC and the T wave are causally related, where steep repolarization gradients combined with enhanced I
Ca,L
lead to PVCs emerging from the T wave. Since enhanced I
Ca,L
was required for R-from-T to occur, suppressing window I
Ca,L
effectively prevented arrhythmias in all 3 genotypes.

Conclusions:

Despite the complex molecular causes, these results suggest that R-from-T is likely a common mechanism for PVT initiation in LQTS. Targeting I
Ca,L
properties, such as suppressing window I
Ca,L
or preventing excessive I
Ca,L
increase, could be an effective unified therapy for arrhythmia prevention in LQTS.
PLF‐1 (Proliferin‐1) Modulates Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Development of Experimental Intimal Hyperplasia
Authors: Hu Lina , Huang Zhe , Ishii Hideki , Wu Hongxian , Suzuki Susumu , Inoue Aiko , Kim Weon , Jiang Haiying , Li Xiang , Zhu Enbo , Piao Limei , Zhao Guangxian , Lei Yanna , Okumura Kenji , Shi Guo‐Ping , Murohara Toyoaki , Kuzuya Masafumi , Cheng Xian Wu 
Published: December 2019

Background
Although apoptosis and cell proliferation have been extensively investigated in atherosclerosis and restenosis postinjury, the communication between these 2 cellular events has not been evaluated. Here, we report an inextricable communicative link between apoptosis and smooth muscle cell proliferation in the promotion of vascular remodeling postinjury.

Methods and Results

Cathepsin K–mediated caspase‐8 maturation is a key initial step for oxidative stress–induced smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Apoptotic cells generate a potential growth‐stimulating signal to facilitate cellular mass changes in response to injury. One downstream mediator that cathepsin K regulates is PLF‐1 (proliferin‐1), which can potently stimulate growth of surviving neighboring smooth muscle cells through activation of PI3K/Akt/p38MAPK (phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase B/p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase)‐dependent and ‐independent mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling cascades. We observed that cathepsin K deficiency substantially mitigated neointimal hyperplasia by reduction of Toll‐like receptor‐2/caspase‐8–mediated
PLF
‐1 expression. Interestingly,
PLF
‐1 blocking, with its neutralizing antibody, suppressed neointima formation and remodeling in response to injury in wild‐type mice. Contrarily, administration of recombinant mouse
PLF
‐1 accelerated injury‐induced vascular actions.

Conclusions

This is the first study detailing
PLF
‐1 as a communicator between apoptosis and proliferation during injury‐related vascular remodeling and neointimal hyperplasia. These data suggested that apoptosis‐driven expression of
PLF
‐1 is thus a novel target for treatment of apoptosis‐based hyperproliferative disorders.
Echocardiography in Low‐Risk Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Mancusi Costantino , Angeli Fabio , Verdecchia Paolo , Poltronieri Cristina , de Simone Giovanni , Reboldi Gianpaolo 
Published: December 2019

Background

It is debated whether echocardiography should be part of the diagnostic workup in all hypertensive patients. We identified some factors potentially associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (
LVH
) at echocardiography in untreated hypertensive patients.

Methods and Results

We studied 2150 patients without
LVH
at
ECG
. All patients underwent standard 12‐lead
ECG
and echocardiography. Mean age was 48.7 years, and mean office blood pressure was 154/97 mm Hg. Prevalence of echocardiographic
LVH
(
LV
mass >47.0 g/m
2.7
in women and >50.0 g/m
2.7
in men) was 37.1%. We developed a nomogram based on 7 items (age, smoking, body mass index, office systolic and diastolic blood pressure, Cornell voltage, and chronic kidney disease) on the basis of a multivariable logistic regression analysis. We internally validated the model by bootstrap recalibration and obtained a calibration curve to assess agreement in the validation data set. Probability of
LVH
at echocardiography ranged from <10% (score, ≤100 points) to >90% (score, ≥180 points). Proportion of patients with
LVH
progressively increased with the total score (χ
2
=444.8;
P
<0.001). Prevalence of
LVH
was <2% and 90% at the lower 5th and upper 95th percentile of its distribution, respectively.

Conclusions

We developed and validated a novel score to assess the probability of
LVH
at echocardiography in hypertensive patients without
LVH
at
ECG
. The score may guide the appropriateness of echocardiographic study in low‐risk hypertensive patients. Echocardiography appears most appropriate for score values >136 in men and >124 in women.
Heart Rate Variability for Risk Assessment of Myocardial Ischemia in Patients Without Known Coronary Artery Disease: The HRV‐DETECT (Heart Rate Variability for the Detection of Myocardial Ischemia) Study
Authors: Goldenberg Ilan , Goldkorn Ronen , Shlomo Nir , Einhorn Michal , Levitan Jacob , Kuperstein Raphael , Klempfner Robert , Johnson Bruce 
Published: December 2019

Background
Detecting significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in the general population is complex and relies on combined assessment of traditional CAD risk factors and noninvasive testing. We hypothesized that a CAD‐specific heart rate variability (HRV) algorithm can be used to improve detection of subclinical or early ischemia in patients without known CAD.

Methods and Results

Between 2014 and 2018 we prospectively enrolled 1043 patients with low to intermediate pretest probability for CAD who were screened for myocardial ischemia in tertiary medical centers in the United States and Israel. Patients underwent 1‐hour Holter testing, with immediate HRV analysis using the HeartTrends DyDx algorithm, followed by exercise stress echocardiography (n=612) or exercise myocardial perfusion imaging (n=431). The threshold for low HRV was identified using receiver operating characteristic analysis based on sensitivity and specificity. The primary end point was the presence of myocardial ischemia detected by exercise stress echocardiography or exercise myocardial perfusion imaging. The mean age of patients was 61 years and 38% were women. Myocardial ischemia was detected in 66 (6.3%) patients. After adjustment for CAD risk factors and exercise stress testing results, low HRV was independently associated with a significant 2‐fold increased likelihood for myocardial ischemia (odds ratio, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.41–2.89 [
P
=0.01]). Adding HRV to traditional CAD risk factors significantly improved the pretest probability for myocardial ischemia.

Conclusions
Our data from a large prospective international clinical study show that short‐term HRV testing can be used as a novel digital‐health modality for enhanced risk assessment in low‐ to intermediate‐risk individuals without known CAD.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT01657006, NCT02201017).
MENA ÜLKELERİNDE SEKTÖREL KADIN İSTİHDAMI VE KALKINMA ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN AMPİRİK ANALİZİ
Authors: EREN Mehmet Vahit 
Published: December 2019

Ekonomik özgürlüğe sahip olma isteği
insanlar için en temel haklardan biridir. Emek piyasasında kadınların istihdam
konusunda ayrımcılıkla karşı karşıya kalması, toplum refahını olumsuz etkileyen
bir unsurdur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, MENA (Orta Doğu ve Kuzey Afrika) ülkelerine ait veriler yardımıyla sektörel
kadın istihdamı ile kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın
ampirik analizi için 1991-2017 arası veriler ve panel veri analizi yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular, sanayi sektöründeki kadın
istihdamı ile kalkınma arasında çift yönlü ve hizmet sektöründeki kadın
istihdamından kalkınmaya doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu
göstermektedir. Bu sonuca göre, MENA
ülkelerinin kalkınma sürecinde sanayi ve hizmet sektöründe istihdam edilen
kadınların rolü önem arz etmektedir.
Is Your Lawyer a Lemon? Incentives and Selection in the Public Provision of Criminal Defense
Authors: Agan Amanda , Freedman Matthew , Owens Emily 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Governments in the United States must offer free legal services to low-income people accused of crimes. To provide these services, many jurisdictions rely on assigned counsel systems, where private attorneys represent indigent defendants on a contract basis. These defendants are more likely to be convicted and incarcerated than defendants with privately retained attorneys. Using detailed court records, we investigate the mechanisms behind this disparity and consider their policy implications. We find that adverse selection among lawyers is not the primary contributor to the assigned counsel penalty. We conclude that reform efforts should address moral hazard in assigned counsel systems.
Zhuhong’s Communal Rules for the Late Ming Nunnery Filiality and Righteousness Unobstructed
Authors: Eichman Jennifer 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article presents a single detailed case study of communal life at a small private Buddhist nunnery governed by strict rules and inhabited by religiously active nuns. The first half of this article focuses on why the nunnery was constructed, how it was funded, where it was built, its architectural design, and its residents. The second half examines the daily ritual activities of the nuns, their education, disciplinary procedures, fundraising, and community relations. In bringing to life how the culture of monastic discipline shaped the daily rhythms of these nuns’ lives, this article further sheds light not only on monastic culture in Hangzhou at the end of the Ming, but also demonstrates the contrast between that culture and other Buddhist and contemporary religious competitors in the surrounding religious landscape. In so doing, this article shifts our attention from the study of hagiography to the broader context of female monastic culture exhibited in the genres of communal rules (guiyue) and vinaya texts.
Approaching Insect Death: Understandings and Practices of the UK’s Edible Insect Farmers
Authors: Bear Christopher 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhile insects are eaten by around two billion people globally, they are a relatively new addition to the UK’s culinary landscape. A domestic production sector has begun to emerge to supply this new appetite for insects. Social scientists have been quick to explore consumer attitudes to “edible insects” but insect farmers have thus far been largely ignored. This paper addresses this gap by drawing on interviews with the UK’s current and recent edible insect farmers to explore their understandings of, and approaches to, insect death, something about which all participants expressed concern. The paper examines: 1) reasons for farmers’ concerns around how they kill their insects, ranging from anxieties around insect pain to perceived consumer attitudes; and 2) farmers’ ideas about what constitutes a “good” death for insects, and how they incorporate this in their practices.
Contributions of Atmospheric Stochastic Forcing and Intrinsic Ocean Modes to North Atlantic Ocean Interdecadal Variability
Authors: Arzel Olivier , Huck Thierry 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAtmospheric stochastic forcing associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and intrinsic ocean modes associated with the large-scale baroclinic instability of the North Atlantic Current (NAC) are recognized as two strong paradigms for the existence of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). The degree to which each of these factors contribute to the low-frequency variability of the North Atlantic is the central question in this paper. This issue is addressed here using an ocean general circulation model run under a wide range of background conditions extending from a supercritical regime where the oceanic variability spontaneously develops in the absence of any atmospheric noise forcing to a damped regime where the variability requires some noise to appear. The answer to the question is captured by a single dimensionless number Γ measuring the ratio between the oceanic and atmospheric contributions, as inferred from the buoyancy variance budget of the western subpolar region. Using this diagnostic, about two-thirds of the sea surface temperature (SST) variance in the damped regime is shown to originate from atmospheric stochastic forcing whereas heat content is dominated by internal ocean dynamics. Stochastic wind stress forcing is shown to substantially increase the role played by damped ocean modes in the variability. The thermal structure of the variability is shown to differ fundamentally between the supercritical and damped regimes, with abrupt modifications around the transition between the two regimes. Ocean circulation changes are further shown to be unimportant for setting the pattern of SST variability in the damped regime but are fundamental for a preferred time scale to emerge.
Exploring the Assimilation of GLM-Derived Water Vapor Mass in a Cycled 3DVAR Framework for the Short-Term Forecasts of High-Impact Convective Events
Authors: Hu Junjun , Fierro Alexandre O. , Wang Yunheng , Gao Jidong , Mansell Edward R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe recent successful deployment of the Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) on board the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R series (GOES-16/17) provides nearly uniform spatiotemporal measurements of total lightning (intracloud plus cloud to ground) over the Americas and adjacent vast oceanic regions. This study evaluates the potential value of assimilating GLM-derived water vapor mixing ratio on short-term (≤6 h), cloud-scale (dx = 1.5 km) forecasts of five severe weather events over the Great Plains of the United States using a three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation (DA) system. Toward a more systematic assimilation of real GLM data, this study conducted sensitivity tests aimed at evaluating the impact of the horizontal decorrelation length scale, DA cycling frequency, and the time window size for accumulating GLM lightning observations prior to the DA. Forecast statistics aggregated over all five cases suggested that an optimal forecast performance is obtained when lightning measurements are accumulated over a 10-min interval and GLM-derived water vapor mixing ratio values are assimilated every 15 min with a horizontal decorrelation length scale of 3 km. This suggested configuration for the GLM DA together with companion experiments (i) not assimilating any data, (ii) assimilating radar data only, and (iii) assimilating both GLM and radar data were evaluated for the same five cases. Overall, GLM data have shown potential to help improve the short-term (&lt;3 h) forecast skill of composite reflectivity fields and individual storm tracks. While this result also held for accumulated rainfall, longer-term (≥3 h) forecasts were generally characterized by noteworthy wet biases.