bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and mechanical performance for TiAlN films that are grown with a low Al composition
Authors: Huang Hua , Chen Chun-Sheng , Hu Chih-Chung , Lee Lian-Wang , Hsu Chun-Yao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An orthogonal array L9 (34) is used with the grey Taguchi design to optimize the performance of TiAlN films that are grown by direct current magnetron co-sputtering, using a low Al concentration. The structure, mechanical performance and the cutting properties of a coated TiAlN tool for which the films are deposited using various parameters are determined. For the optimal deposition conditions, the (111) diffraction peak intensity increases, which demonstrates an improvement in the crystallinity of the TiAlN films. A TiAlN film coated cutter insert is used for the dry milling of a Cr-Mo alloy steel workpiece and it is shown that the tool flank wear decreases and there are fewer surface defects proved. In the confirmation cutting tests the surface roughness is decreased by 26.08% and the flank wear is 16.15% less. The TiAlN films exhibit good mechanical performance, using grey relational analysis, the improvement rate in hardness H is 14.74%, in friction coefficient is 45.88%, in elastic modulus E is 9.56%, in H/E is 9.09% and in H3/E2 is 25.92%.
Phase assemblage and wear resistance of laser-cladding Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5Six high-entropy alloys on aluminum
Authors: Li Yanzhou , Shi Yan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Preparing a coating with excellent mechanical properties on aluminum substrates by laser cladding has always been challenging because of the low melting point and high chemical activity of Al. In this study, we designed Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5Six (x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) high-entropy alloys (HEAs) as cladding materials. The proposed study aims to exploit the unique high-entropy effect of HEAs to restrict the the formation of hard and brittle intermetallic compounds via the reaction between Al in the substrate and added powders, thereby enhancing the quality of the formed coatings and ultimately improving the surface properties of the Al alloy. Results show that with an increase in the Si content, the structure of the Al0.8CrFeCoNiCu0.5Six coating changes from FCC + BCC1 + BCC2 to BCC1 + BCC2. The hardness of the Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5Six coating first increases and then decreases with an increase in the Si content. The coatings with the highest and lowest hardness were those with compositions of Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5Si0.4 (592HV0.2) and Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5 (412HV0.2), respectively, which is approximately seven and five times greater than that of the substrate, respectively. The effect of Si content on the wear resistance of the coating is the same as its effect on the hardness. The wear rates of coatings with different Si contents range from 1.19 × 10−6 mm3 Nm−1 to 8.99 × 10−7 mm3 Nm−1 and are only 0.34% to 0.25% of the substrate. Obvious, the Al0.8FeCoNiCrCu0.5Six HEAs can be used as coating materials to improve the mechanical properties of an Al alloy surface.
Effects of oxygen content on the ablation/erosion behavior of 4D carbon/carbon composite material
Authors: Zha Bai-lin , Shi Yi-ang , Wang Jin-jin , Su Qing-dong , Jia Xu-dong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A self-designed oxygen-kerosene ablation system was employed to test the four-directional braided carbon/carbon (4D C/C)composite material for studying the ablation performance under different oxygen-rich conditions, that is, −5%, 0% and 5%. The morphology of post-test specimens was analyzed via a scanning electron microscope(SEM), and the ablation rates were calculated. The influence principle of oxygen content on the ablation behavior of carbon/carbon composite material was studied, and the mechanism of ablation was also analyzed. Experimental results showed that the oxygen content will mainly affect the thermo-chemical ablation. The maximum mass ablation rate was 0.161 g · s−1 when the oxygen content was 5%, while the minimum was 0.146 g · s−1 when the oxygen content was 0. Within the range, the interstice between the axial fiber bundle and matrix became larger with the increase of oxygen content. In the two-phase flow test, the effect of particle erosion on material damage was much stronger than the change of oxygen content; on the other hand, fiber bundles were broken particles to form fine particles attaching to fracture fibers, which increased the contact area of the oxidation reaction and indirect accelerated thermochemical ablation process, the number of small carbon particles attaching to the surface gradually decreased with the increased of oxygen content.
Skyrmion pinball and directed motion on obstacle arrays
Authors: Vizarim N P , Reichhardt C J O , Venegas P A , Reichhardt C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We examine skyrmions interacting with a square array of obstacles under ac drives applied in one or two directions. For a single direction of ac driving, we find that the Magnus force in conjunction with the obstacle interactions can create elliptical skyrmion orbits of increasing size, leading to localized phases, chaotic phases, and translating or ratcheting orbits. Under two ac drives that are out of phase by 90° and applied in two directions, the skyrmions form localized commensurate orbits that encircle an integer number of obstacles, similar to the electron pinball effect observed for electrons in antidot lattices. As a function of ac amplitude, Magnus force strength, and obstacle size, we find that chaotic scattering regimes and directed motion can emerge even in the absence of asymmetry in the substrate. The directed motion follows different symmetry axes of the periodic substrate, and we observe a variety of reversed ratchet effects. The Magnus force in the skyrmion system produces a significantly larger number of directed motion regimes than are exhibited by overdamped systems. We discuss how these results could be used to move skyrmions in a controlled way for possible applications.
Collagen–iron oxide nanoparticle based ferrogel: large reversible magnetostrains with potential for bioactuation
Authors: Jauch Philine , Weidner Andreas , Riedel Stefanie , Wilharm Nils , Dutz Silvio , Mayr Stefan G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Smart materials such as stimuli responsive polymeric hydrogels offer unique possibilities for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. As, however, most synthetic polymer systems and their degradation products lack complete biocompatibility and biodegradability, this study aims to synthesize a highly magnetic responsive hydrogel, based on the abundant natural biopolymer collagen. As the main component of vertebratal extracellular matrix, it reveals excellent biocompatibility. In combination with incorporated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, a novel smart nano-bio-ferrogel can be designed. While retaining its basic biophysical properties and interaction with living cells, this collagen-nanoparticle hydrogel can be compressed to 38% of its original size and recovers to 95% in suitable magnetic fields. Besides the phenomenology of this scenario, the underlying physical scenarios are also discussed within the framework of network models. The observed reversible peak strains as large as 150% open up possibilities for the fields of biomedical actuation, soft robotics and beyond.
Evidence for the Confluence of Cigarette Smoking, Other Substance Use, and Psychosocial and Mental Health in a Sample of Urban Sexual Minority Young Adults: The P18 Cohort Study
Authors: LoSchiavo Caleb , Acuna Nicholas , Halkitis Perry N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Sexual minority men (SMM) and transgender women (TW) are more likely to smoke cigarettes than heterosexual and cisgender peers, which may exacerbate existing disparities in mental and psychosocial health and substance use.

Purpose
As few existing studies have examined the confluence of these factors, we sought to examine tobacco use in a diverse sample of SMM and TW and describe its relationship with other substance use and health.

Methods
Data were drawn from a study of syndemic conditions among SMM and TW, which included measures assessing tobacco use, substance use, and mental, psychosocial, and general health.

Results
A majority of the racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse sample (n = 665) reported ever smoking a cigarette, and more than half of them were current smokers. Current smoking was associated with more frequent recent substance use and poorer mental, psychosocial, and general health. In multivariable analyses, current smoking was predicted by more frequent substance use and more severe anxiety, when adjusting for demographic, substance use, and health factors.

Conclusions
A syndemic approach to health conditions such as substance use, mental health, and psychosocial burden dictates a framework of interrelation and mutual exacerbation. In doing so, we found that current cigarette use was associated with more frequent alcohol and marijuana use and more severe anxiety, suggesting a confluence of cigarette smoking, other substance use, and mental health burden. We recommend a holistic approach to treating tobacco use in sexual and gender minority populations that addresses both substance use and the myriad psychosocial burdens that sexual and gender minority communities experience.
Person-Specific Contributions of Brain Pathologies to Progressive Parkinsonism in Older Adults
Authors: Buchman Aron S , Yu Lei , Oveisgharan Shahram , Farfel Jose M , Schneider Julie A , Bennett David A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Mixed-brain pathologies are the most common cause of progressive parkinsonism in older adults. We tested the hypothesis that the impact of individual pathologies associated with progressive parkinsonism differs among older adults.

Methods
Data were from 1089 decedents who had undergone annual clinical testing and autopsy. Parkinsonism was based on a modified United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. Linear mixed-effects models were employed, to investigate the combinations of 9 pathologies related to progressive parkinsonism. Then we estimated the person-specific contributions of each pathology for progressive parkinsonism.

Results
The average participant showed 3 pathologies. Parkinson’s disease (PD) and 4 cerebrovascular pathologies (macroinfarcts, atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy [CAA]), but not Alzheimer’s disease, TDP-43, hippocampal sclerosis, and microinfarcts, were independently associated with progressive parkinsonism. These pathologies accounted for 13% of additional variance of progressive parkinsonism. Thirty-one different combinations of these 5 pathologies were observed to be associated with progressive parkinsonism observed. On average, PD and CAA accounted, respectively, for 66% and 65% of person-specific progression of parkinsonism, while macroinfarcts, atherosclerosis, and arteriolosclerosis accounted for 41%–48%.

Conclusion
There is much greater heterogeneity in the comorbidity and relative impact of individual brain pathologies affecting progressive parkinsonism than previously recognized and this may account in part for its phenotypic heterogeneity in older adults.
Thundercloud Project: Exploring high-energy phenomena in thundercloud and lightning
Authors: Yuasa Takayuki , Wada Yuuki , Enoto Teruaki , Furuta Yoshihiro , Tsuchiya Harufumi , Hisadomi Shohei , Tsuji Yuna , Okuda Kazufumi , Matsumoto Takahiro , Nakazawa Kazuhiro , Makishima Kazuo , Miyake Shoko , Ikkatai Yuko 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe have designed, developed, and deployed a distributed sensor network to observe high-energy ionizing radiation, primarily gamma rays, from winter thunderclouds and lightning in coastal areas of Japan. Starting in 2015, we have installed a total of more than 15 ground-based detector systems in Ishikawa Prefecture and Niigata Prefecture, and accumulated 551 days of observation time in four winter seasons from late 2015 to early 2019. In this period, our system recorded 51 gamma-ray radiation events from thundercloud and lightning. Highlights of the science results obtained from this unprecedented amount of data include the discovery of photonuclear reaction in lightning which produces neutrons and positrons along with gamma rays, and deeper insights into the life cycle of a particle-acceleration and gamma-ray-emitting region in a thundercloud. The present paper reviews the objective, methodology, and results of our experiment, with an emphasis on its instrumentation.
Trends in the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in the United States, 1996–2014
Authors: Hale Jo Mhairi , Schneider Daniel C. , Gampe Jutta , Mehta Neil K. , Myrskylä Mikko 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Accumulating evidence suggests risk of cognitive impairment is declining in high-income countries. Much of this research uses longitudinal surveys in which learning over repeated tests may bias results. We analyze trends in cognitive impairment in the United States, accounting for prior test experience and selective mortality.

Methods:
We use the Health and Retirement Study, a population-based, nationally representative panel dataset and include individuals ages 50 years and older in 1996–2014 (n = 32,784). We measure cognitive impairment and dementia using standard cutpoints of the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. We estimate logistic regression models for any impairment and dementia over time, adjusting for age, sex, and race/ethnicity, comparing models with and without adjustment for practice effects and education. We examine heterogeneity in trends by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and education.

Results:
Models not controlling for test experience suggest that risk of cognitive impairment and dementia decreased over the study period. Controlling for test experience reverses the trend. In our primary models, prevalence of any cognitive impairment increased for women from 18.7% to 21.2% (annual change 0.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1%, 1.3%) and for men from 17.6% to 21.0% (annual change 1.0%, CI, 0.5%, 1.4%). For dementia, women’s annual increase was 1.7% (CI, 0.8%, 2.6%) and men’s 2.0% (CI, 1.0%, 2.9%). If not for education, the increase would have been stronger. Increased risk was particularly rapid for Latinas, the least educated, and older ages.

Conclusions:
Risk of cognitive impairment increased from 1996 to 2014. Uncovering determinants of increasing cognitive impairment risk should become a research priority. See video abstract: http://links.lww.com/EDE/B702.
Effect of Corneal Transplantation on Patient-Reported Outcomes and Potential Predictors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vreijsen Eline , Elsman Ellen B. M. , van Nispen Ruth M. A. , Nuijts Rudy M. M. A. , van Rens Ger H. M. B. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose:
To investigate the effect and potential predictors of corneal transplantation on patient-reported outcomes such as quality of life, visual functioning, and mental health by systematically reviewing the literature.

Methods:
Studies with 1 preoperative and at least 1 postoperative measurement were searched for in relevant literature databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, and effect sizes were calculated.

Results:
Of 1445 unique publications, 14 studies, including 15 study designs, were described in 16 publications. Four randomized controlled trials, 1 controlled clinical trial, 1 cohort study, and 1 before–after study (BA) were of good quality; 6 BAs were of moderate quality; and 2 BAs were of weak quality. Patients generally improved 12 months after transplantation on health-related quality of life (effect size between 0.08 and −3.06), vision-related quality of life (−0.67 and −6.65), visual functioning (−0.55 and −0.63), and subjective visual symptoms (−0.31 and −0.86). Patient satisfaction was high (−0.95). Patients improved on depression (−0.31) but remained stable on anxiety (−0.05) 4 months after transplantation. Predictors of positive outcomes were lower preoperative visual acuity and visual functioning, better postoperative visual factors, younger age, and male sex.

Conclusions:
Corneal transplantation showed overall beneficial effects on patient-reported outcomes. Knowledge of these effects and predictors might result in better treatment, more patient-centered care, and more realistic expectations on the part of patients and ophthalmologists. Future studies should focus on not only health- and vision-related quality of life but also mental health and labor participation using longitudinal study designs.
Venous thromboembolism in the hormonal milieu
Authors: Connell Nathan T. , Connors Jean M. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
Hormonal therapy is administered for multiple indications including contraception, alleviation of menopausal symptoms, hypogonadism, and more recently, gender-affirming care. Data suggest varying degrees of increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Recent findings
While oral progestin only methods do not appear to increase the risk of VTE, an association was seen with injection progestin contraception. Combined oral contraception with low-dose ethinyl estradiol and most types of progestin increased the risk of VTE compared with levonorgestrel-containing oral therapies. While transdermal hormonal contraception has been previously associated with increased VTE, a recently approved levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol transdermal patch reported low rates (<0.2%) in a large single-arm open-label study. Women receiving postmenopausal HRT experienced an increased risk of VTE in a dose-dependent manner when using oral hormonal therapy while nonoral methods, such as topical estrogen, did not appear to increase the risk of VTE. Some studies suggest no increased risk of VTE with testosterone therapy, however, a recent case-crossover study suggested higher VTE risk in men on testosterone, particularly men less than age 65 without hypogonadism. Route of administration had no effect on VTE rates. The estimated incidence rate of VTE risk in transgender women receiving estrogen therapy is 2.3 per 1000 person years, but may be imprecise due to heterogeneity in studies included in published meta-analyses. Surgical risk estimates are primarily indirect data drawn from cisgender patients receiving hormone therapy in the perioperative setting.

Summary
Hormonal therapy affects VTE risk to varying degrees dependent on specific type of hormone, formulation, and occasionally route of delivery.
Ankle fractures in patients over age 55 years
Authors: Simske Natasha M. , Benedick Alex , Audet Megan A. , Vallier Heather A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
To identify predictors of functional outcomes following treatment of ankle fracture in patients 55 years or older.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients/participants:
Four hundred twenty-nine patients with torsional ankle fractures (44A-C): 233 patients (54%) were ages 55 to 64, 25% were between the ages 65 and 74; 21% were 75 years or older.

Intervention:
Operative or nonoperative management of ankle fracture.

Main outcome measure:
Early complications were assessed for all patients after minimum of 6 months, and functional outcome scores as assessed by the Foot Function Index (FFI; n = 166, 39%) and Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA; n = 168, 39%) after median 57 months follow-up.

Results:
Surgical management was elected in 67% of patients. Nonoperative management became more common with advancing age and was associated with fewer unplanned operations (12% vs 3%, P < .01) and complications (21% vs 13%, P = .07). African American race was associated with worse pain on the FFI (P = .002) and BMI was associated with worse (higher) scores on all categories of the FFI and SMFA (all P < .05). Diabetes, neuropathy, and mental illness were also predictive of worse scores on various categories of both surveys. Assistive device use or nonambulatory status at the time of injury was associated with worse disability/dysfunction, activity, and mobility scores on both the FFI and SMFA (all P > 15, P < .05). Sex, Hispanic ethnicity, tobacco use, open fracture, dislocation, fracture pattern, and operative management were not independent predictors in this regression model.

Conclusions:
Baseline health and ambulatory capacity at injury were more predictive of outcomes following ankle fracture than were fracture characteristics or type of treatment.
Predicting poor postoperative acute pain outcome in adults: an international, multicentre database analysis of risk factors in 50,005 patients
Authors: Schnabel Alexander , Yahiaoui-Doktor Maryam , Meissner Winfried , Zahn Peter Konrad , Pogatzki-Zahn Esther Miriam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background:
The aim of this study was to determine simple risk factors for severe pain intensity (≥7 points on a numeric rating scale [NRS]), to analyse their relation to other patient-reported outcome measures and to develop a simple prediction model.

Methods:
We used data from 50,005 patients from the PAIN-OUT project. Within a first data set (n = 33,667), relevant risk factors were identified by logistic binary regression analysis, assessed for additional patient-reported outcome measures beyond pain intensity and summed up for developing a simple risk score. Finally, sum of factors was plotted against postoperative pain outcomes within a validation data set (n = 16,338).

Results:
Odds ratios (OR) for the following risk factors were identified: younger age (<54 years, OR: 1.277), preoperative chronic pain at the site of surgery (OR: 1.195), female sex (OR: 1.433), duration of surgery (>90 minutes, OR: 1.308), preoperative opioid intake (OR: 1.250), feeling anxious (OR: 1.239) and feeling helpless due to pain (OR: 1.198), and the country of the recruiting centre (OR: 1.919). Patients with ≥3 risk factors had more severe pain intensity scores, spent a longer time in severe pain, and wished to have received more pain treatment (P < 0.001). A simple risk score was created with 4 risk factors showing a moderate prediction level.

Conclusions:
Patients with ≥3 risk factors are at higher risk for poor postoperative acute pain outcome after surgery. Future studies using this score might show that preventive strategies might decrease pain intensity, pain-related postoperative dysfunction, and the development of chronic pain.