bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of saponin composition and comparison of the antioxidant activity of various parts of the quinoa plant (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Lim Jeong Gyu , Park Hyun‐Mee , Yoon Ki Sun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractQuinoa plant is a valuable food crop because of its high nutritional and functional values. Total saponin content, sapogenins, polyphenol, and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed in various parts of quinoa plants, including sprout, seeds, bran, pericarp, leave, stem, and root. Quinoa seeds (QS) had significantly higher sapogenin content than quinoa stem (QT), quinoa leaves (QL), and quinoa roots (QR). Quinoa saponin was mainly composed of phytolaccagenic acid. Quinoa root (QR) had the highest amount of total saponin (13.39 g 100 g−1), followed by quinoa bran. The highest total phenolic content (30.96 mg GAE 100 g−1) and total flavonoid content (61.68 mg RE 100 g−1) were observed in quinoa root extract and 1‐month‐old sprout extract, respectively. Quinoa sprouts showed better antioxidant activity than fully grown parts of the quinoa plant. Overall, root and sprout had a higher antioxidant capacity compared to other parts of the quinoa plant, suggesting the potential use of quinoa root and sprout as a nutraceutical ingredient in the health food industry.
A Real Time Capable Quasi 3D System Level Model of PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Tavčar Gregor , Katrašnik Tomaž 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSystem level simulations, which are gaining on importance in the product concept design process and in the “Hardware‐in‐the‐Loop” (HiL) applications, require models that feature high level of accuracy, high level of prediction capability and short computational times. This paper presents an innovative mechanistic quasi 3D model capable of real time computation of steady state and transient fuel cell operation. This model relies on a hybrid 3D analytic‐numerical model (HAN) approach, which models species transport by taking 1D numerical model for pipe gas‐flow and superimposing onto it a 2D analytic solution for concentration and velocity distribution in the plane perpendicular to the gas‐flow. The main innovative contribution of this paper comprises a significant mathematical reduction of the previously published HAN approach to a computationally optimized approach featuring a minimal amount of computational points yielding a real‐time capable model (denoted HAN‐RT), which complies with 1kHz HiL constraints while retaining HAN's quasi 3D nature. Presented results confirm that the computationally optimized HAN‐RT model displays real‐time capabilities at sampling rates above 1 kHz while producing results that agree very well with spatially resolved results generated by the 3D multiphase CFD tool and with the experimental results of steady state and transient fuel cell operation.
Technology use and preferences for mental health self‐management interventions among older veterans
Authors: Gould Christine E. , Loup Julia , Kuhn Eric , Beaudreau Sherry A. , Ma Flora , Goldstein Mary K. , Wetherell Julie Loebach , Zapata Aimee Marie L. , Choe Philip , O'Hara Ruth 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesThe United States Department of Veterans Affairs offers numerous technology‐delivered interventions to self‐manage mental health problems. It is unknown, however, what barriers older military veterans face to using these technologies and how willing they would be to use technologies for mental health concerns.MethodsSeventy‐seven veterans (Mage = 69.16 years; SD = 7.10) completed interviews in a concurrent mixed methods study. Interviewers asked about technology ownership and described four modalities of delivering self‐management interventions: printed materials, DVDs, Internet, and mobile apps. Interviewers obtained feedback about each modality's benefits, barriers, and facilitators. Participants ranked their self‐management modalities preferences alone and compared with counseling. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression and qualitative analyses were conducted to investigate the reasons contributing to preferences.ResultsMost reported owning a computer (84.4%), having home Internet (80.5%), and a smartphone (70.1%). Participants preferred printed materials (35.1%) over mobile apps (28.6%), Internet (24.7%), and DVDs (13.0%). Lower computer proficiency was associated with preferring DVDs; higher proficiency was associated with Internet and mobile interventions. Residing in an urban area was associated with mobile apps. When counseling was an option, 66% identified this as their first preference. Qualitative findings showed veterans' desire for information, training, and provider support with technology.ConclusionsOlder veterans reported high technology ownership rates but varied preferences for self‐management interventions. Notably, two‐thirds preferred some form of technology, which points to the importance of ensuring that providers offer existing technology‐delivered interventions to older veterans. Veterans' strong preference for counseling emphasizes the need for human support alongside self‐management.
Feasibility of single vocal cord irradiation as a treatment strategy for T1a glottic cancer
Authors: Chung Seung Yeun , Lee Chang Geol 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundGenerally, radiotherapy for patients with early glottic cancer includes treatment of the whole larynx. This study was conducted to evaluate the treatment outcomes and toxicity in patients who received single vocal cord irradiation (SVCI) for T1a classification glottic cancer.MethodsA total of 34 patients diagnosed with clinical T1aN0M0 classification squamous cell carcinoma of the glottis who received radiotherapy to the single vocal cord were included for analysis.ResultsMedian follow‐up period was 41.3 months (range, 6.4‐124.5 months). The 3‐year and 5‐year local control (LC) rates were both 96.8%. Grade 3 radiation dermatitis was observed as severe acute toxicity in two (6%) patients. No patients experienced any severe late toxicity events during follow‐up.ConclusionsSVCI showed good LC, low acute and late toxicities, and reasonable voice recovery. SVCI may be considered a feasible treatment strategy for patients with T1a glottic cancer.
Alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon exports from tropical and subtropical river catchments discharging to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Rosentreter Judith A. , Eyre Bradley D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) transport by rivers is an important control on the pH and carbonate chemistry of the coastal ocean. Here, we combine DIC and total alkalinity (TAlk) concentrations from four tropical rivers of the Great Barrier Reef region in Australia with daily river discharge to quantify annual river loads and export rates. DIC in the four rivers ranged from 284 to 2,639 μmol kg−1 and TAlk ranged from 220 to 2,612 μmol kg−1. DIC:TAlk ratios were mostly greater than one suggesting elevated exports of free [CO2*]. This was pronounced in the Johnstone and Herbert rivers of the tropical wet north. The largest annual loads were transported in the two large river catchments of the southern Great Barrier Reef region, the Fitzroy and Burdekin rivers. The carbon stable isotopic composition of DIC suggests that carbonate weathering was the dominant source of DIC in the southern rivers, and silicate weathering was likely a source of DIC in the northern Wet Tropics rivers. Annual loads and export rates were strongly driven by precipitation and discharge patterns, the occurrence of tropical cyclones, and associated flooding events, as well as distinct seasonal dry and wet periods. As such, short‐lived hydrological events and long‐term (seasonal and inter‐annual) variation of DIC and TAlk that are pronounced in rivers of the tropical and subtropical wet and dry climate zone should be accounted for when assessing inorganic carbon loads to the coastal ocean and the potential to buffer against or accelerate ocean acidification.
Seasonal macrophyte growth constrains extent, but improves quality, of cold‐water habitat in a spring‐fed river
Authors: Nichols Andrew L. , Lusardi Robert A. , Willis Ann D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRooted aquatic macrophytes affect abiotic conditions in low‐gradient rivers by altering channel hydraulics, consuming biologically available nutrients, controlling sediment transport and deposition, and shading the water surface. Due to seasonal macrophyte growth and senescence, the magnitude of these effects may vary temporally. Seasonal changes in aquatic macrophyte biomass, channel roughness and flow velocity, were quantified and trends were related to spatiotemporal patterns in water temperature in a low‐gradient, spring‐fed river downstream from high‐volume, constant‐temperature groundwater springs. Between spring and summer, a nearly threefold increase in macrophyte biomass was positively correlated with channel roughness and inversely related to flow velocity. On average, flow velocity declined by 34% during the study period, and channel roughness increased 63% (from 0.064 to 0.104). During the spring and fall period, the location of a minimum water temperature variability “node” migrated upstream more than 4 km, whereas daily maximum water temperature cooled by 2–3°C. Water temperature modelling shows that the longitudinal extent of cold‐water habitat was shortened due to increased channel roughness independent of seasonal surface water diversions. These results suggest that macrophyte growth mediates spatiotemporal patterns of water temperature, constraining available cold‐water habitat while simultaneously improving its quality. Understanding complex spatial and temporal dynamics between macrophyte growth and water temperature is critical to developing regulatory standards reflective of naturally occurring variability and has important implications for the management and conservation of cold‐water biota.
Attachment and psychological distress: The mediator role of Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies
Authors: Altan‐Atalay Ayşe , Sohtorik İlkmen Yasemin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe current study aims to examine the relation between different dimensions of attachment with psychological distress, by specifically focusing on the mediator role of Negative Mood Regulation Expectancies (NMRE), which are considered as a form of coping self‐efficacy. There is ample evidence showing the role of emotion regulation strategies predicting the relationship between attachment and psychological disorders. However, little is known about how NMRE might mediate the relationship between attachment dimensions and psychological distress.MethodFour hundred and two (318 women) individuals between ages 18 and 62 (mean = 29.65; standard deviation [SD] = 8.96) completed measures of NMRE, attachment dimensions, and psychological distress.ResultsNMRE mediated the relationship between anxious attachment dimension and all dimensions of psychological distress (e.g., anxiety, depression, stress). However, NMRE mediated the relationship of avoidant attachment only with stress.ConclusionDistinct mechanisms explain the relationship between two dimensions of attachment with NMRE and different forms of psychological distress.
Genetic health professionals' experiences returning results from diagnostic genomic sequencing to patients
Authors: Vears Danya F. , Sénécal Karine , Borry Pascal 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite widespread use of genomic sequencing (GS) in clinical care, there has been little exploration of actual experiences of genetic health professionals (GHPs) using GS in clinical practice worldwide. To address this, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 31 clinical geneticists and genetic counselors across Europe, Australia, and Canada to explore their experiences with returning results from GS to patients. GHPs remarked that patients' reactions to receiving causative results vary; some patients are relieved or appreciative at identification of a genetic cause, while others express frustration that finding an answer does not lead to a treatment. GHPs discussed the importance of managing expectations in pre‐test counseling to minimize disappointment. Although some patients experience mild distress, they generally cope well receiving unsolicited findings and appreciate being informed of their increased risk. While many GHPs felt patients understand what a variant of uncertain significance (VUS) means, a proportion found VUS quite difficult to convey and had concerns for patients' level of understanding. A proportion mentioned concerns regarding potential negative repercussions of non‐genetic clinicians misinterpreting the significance of VUS. These results provide important insights into the challenges GHPs can experience returning GS results to patients, highlighting a need for additional training for GHPs and non‐genetic clinicians.
Temporal changes in ART initiation in adults with high CD4 counts in Latin America: a cohort study
Authors: Crabtree‐Ramírez Brenda E , Caro‐Vega Yanink , Belaunzarán‐Zamudio Pablo F , Shepherd Bryan E , Rebeiro Peter F , Veloso Valdilea , Cortes Claudia P , Padgett Denis , Gotuzzo Eduardo , Sierra‐Madero Juan , McGowan Catherine C , Person Anna K ,   on behalf of the Caribbean, Central, South America Network for HIV Epidemiology (CCASAnet)
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionIn 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended initiating combination ART (cART) in all adults with HIV and CD4+ lymphocyte counts (CD4) <500 cells/mm3. In 2015, this was updated to recommend cART initiation in all patients with HIV, regardless of CD4 count. Implementation of these guidelines in real‐world settings has not been evaluated in Latin America. To assess changes in time to cART initiation during routine care, we estimated trends in time from enrolment in care to cART initiation in HIV‐positive adults with high CD4 counts in the Caribbean, Central and South America network for HIV Epidemiology (CCASAnet) during 2003 to 2017.MethodsAll cART‐naive individuals ≥18 years of age from 2003 to 2017 with CD4 ≥350 cells/mm3 and without AIDS at enrolment at five CCASAnet sites (Brazil, Chile, Honduras, Mexico and Peru) were included. Patients without information regarding AIDS‐defining events were excluded. We estimated unadjusted median time from enrolment to cART initiation by calendar year using Kaplan‐Meier methods and calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for trends in cART initiation using Cox models and restricted cubic splines for continuous variables, accounting for age, sex, CD4 at enrolment, route of HIV transmission and clinic site.ResultsOf the 3171 patients included, 1,650 (52%) had CD4 ≥500 cells/mm3 at enrolment. Median time to cART initiation after 2013 was 6.21 weeks (interquartile range (IQR): 1.89, 23.21), and 4.71 weeks (IQR: 1.43, 9.57) after 2015. Among 763 (24%) patients who never initiated cART, 33 (4.3%) were reported as deceased, 481 (63%) were lost to follow‐up, and 249 (33%) were administratively censored before initiation. Adjusted probability of cART initiation greatly increased in recent years, in particular after 2013 and 2015 (2013 vs. 2003: HR = 7.14; 95% CI: 5.84 to 8.73, and 2015 vs. 2003: HR = 12.60; 95% CI: 10.37 to 15.32).ConclusionsTime to cART initiation decreased substantially, roughly following changes in WHO guidelines in this real‐world setting in Latin America. However, a very high proportion of patients never started cART, compromising retention in care and survival, as shown by their higher proportion of LTFU and death, which reinforce the notion that earlier treatment implementation strategies are needed.
Pepfar 3.0’s HIV testing policy in Côte d'Ivoire (2014 to 2018): fragmentation, acceleration and disconnection
Authors: Bekelynck Anne , Larmarange Joseph ,   for the ANRS 12323 DOD‐CI Study Group
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionHIV Testing and Counselling (HTC) remains a key challenge in achieving control of the HIV epidemic by 2030. In the early 2010s, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (Pepfar) adopted targeted HTC strategies for populations and geographical areas most affected by HIV. We examine how Pepfar defined targeted HTC in Côte d'Ivoire, a country with a mixed HIV epidemic, after a decade of expanding HTC services.MethodsWe explored the evolution of HTC strategies through the Country Operational Plans (COP) of Pepfar during its phase 3.0, from COP 14 to COP 17 (October 2014 to September 2018) in Côte d'Ivoire. We conducted an analysis of the grey literature over the period 2014 to 2018 (Budget & Target Report, Strategic Direction Summary, Sustainability Index and Dashboard Summary, https://data.pepfar.gov). We also conducted a qualitative study in Côte d'Ivoire (2015 to 2018) using in‐depth interviews with stakeholders in the AIDS public response: CDC/Pepfar (3), Ministry of Health (3), intermediary NGOs (7); and public meeting observations (14).ResultsSince the COP 14, Pepfar's HIV testing strategies have been characterized by significant variations in terms of numerical, geographical and population targets. While the aim of COP 14 and COP 15 seemed to be the improvement of testing efficacy in general and testing yield in particular, COP 16 and COP 17 prioritized accelerating progress towards the “first 90” (i.e. reducing the proportion of people living with HIV who are unaware of their HIV). A shift was observed in the definition of testing targets, with less focus on the inclusion of programmatic data and feedback from field actors, and greater emphasis on the use of models to estimate and disaggregate the targets by geographical units and sub‐populations (even if the availability of data by this disaggregation was limited or uncertain); increasingly leading to gaps between targets and results.ConclusionsThese trials and tribulations question the real and long‐term effectiveness of annually‐revised, fragmented strategies, which widen an increasing disparity between the realities of the actors on the ground and the objectives set in Washington.
Socio‐behavioural characteristics and HIV: findings from a graphical modelling analysis of 29 sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Baranczuk Zofia , Estill Janne , Blough Sara , Meier Sonja , Merzouki Aziza , Maathuis Marloes H , Keiser Olivia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionSocio‐behavioural factors may contribute to the wide variance in HIV prevalence between and within sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. We studied the associations between socio‐behavioural variables potentially related to the risk of acquiring HIV.MethodsWe used Bayesian network models to study associations between socio‐behavioural variables that may be related to HIV. A Bayesian network consists of nodes representing variables, and edges representing the conditional dependencies between variables. We analysed data from Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 29 SSA countries between 2010 and 2016. We predefined and dichotomized 12 variables, including factors related to age, literacy, HIV knowledge, HIV testing, domestic violence, sexual activity and women's empowerment. We analysed data on men and women for each country separately and then summarized the results across the countries. We conducted a second analysis including also the individual HIV status in a subset of 23 countries where this information was available. We presented summary graphs showing associations that were present in at least six countries (five in the analysis with HIV status).ResultsWe analysed data from 190,273 men (range across countries 2295 to 17,359) and 420,198 women (6621 to 38,948). The two variables with the highest total number of edges in the summary graphs were literacy and rural/urban location. Literacy was negatively associated with false beliefs about AIDS and, for women, early sexual initiation, in most countries. Literacy was also positively associated with ever being tested for HIV and the belief that women have the right to ask their husband to use condoms if he has a sexually transmitted infection. Rural location was positively associated with false beliefs about HIV and the belief that beating one's wife is justified, and negatively associated with having been tested for HIV. In the analysis including HIV status, being HIV positive was associated with female‐headed household, older age and rural location among women, and with no variables among men.ConclusionsLiteracy and urbanity were strongly associated with several factors that are important for HIV acquisition. Since literacy is one of the few variables that can be improved by interventions, this makes it a promising intervention target.
Impact of environmental biofilms: Industrial components and its remediation
Authors: Vishwakarma Vinita 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe growth of technology and requirements globally for various commodities has brought about new challenges. Biofilms are aggregations of microbial cells, which contaminate and spoil industrial components and environments. These microbial cells with extracellular polymeric substances colonize living and nonliving surfaces and pose a serious problem for all industries, affecting their processes, leading to a reduction of product quality and economic loss. Industries, such as medical, food, water, dairy, wine, marine, power plants are exposed to biofilm formation. Pipe blockages, waterlogging and reduction of the heat‐transfer efficiency, hamper the operating system of plants. Many industries do not set up remedial measures to control biofilm formation as they are not aware of this threat. Various conventional methods to control these biofilms are adopted by industries in their regular workflow, but these are temporary solutions. This calls for further research into remediation of the biofilm and its control for industrial components. This review article addresses the problems of biofilms and proposes solutions for various industrial components. Nanotechnology promises several options, and bring about a new aspect into the industrial economy, by solving the problems of environmental biofilms.
Sub‐seasonal prediction of rainfall over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas during spring–summer transitional season
Authors: Li Qingquan , Wang Juanhuai , Yang Song , Wang Fang , Wu Jie , Hu Yamin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe sub‐seasonal characteristics and prediction of rainfall over the South China Sea and surrounding areas during spring–summer transitional season (April–May–June) are investigated using a full set of hindcasts generated by the Dynamic Extended Range Forecast operational system version 2.0 (DERF2.0) of Beijing Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration. The onset and development of Asian summer monsoon and the seasonal migration of rain belt over East Asia can be well depicted by the model hindcasts at various leads. However, there exist considerable differences between model results and observations, and model biases depend not only on the lead time, but also on the stage of monsoon evolution. In general, forecast skill drops with increasing lead time but rises again after lead time becomes longer than 30 days, possibly associated with the effect of slowly‐varying forcing or atmospheric variability. An abrupt turning point of bias development appears around mid‐May when bias growths of wind and precipitation exhibit significant changes over the northwestern Pacific and South Asia, especially over the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. This abrupt bias change is reasonably captured by the first two modes of multivariate empirical orthogonal function analysis, which reveals several important features associated with the bias change. This analysis may provide useful information for further improving model performance in sub‐seasonal rainfall prediction.