bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new isolate ofNosema fumiferanae(Microsporidia: Nosematidae) from the date mothApomyelois(Ectomyelois)ceratoniae, Zeller, 1839 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Tosun Onur 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, a microsporidian pathogen of the date moth (Apomyelois(Ectomyelois)ceratoniae, Zeller, 1839) also known as the carob moth, is described based on light microscopy, ultrastructural characteristics and comparative molecular analysis. The pathogen infects the gut and hemolymph ofA. ceratoniae. All development stages are in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm. Fresh spores with nuclei arranged in a diplokaryon are oval and measured 3.29 ± 0.23μm (4.18–3.03μm,n= 200) in length and 1.91 ± 0.23μm (2.98–1.66μm,n= 200) in width. Spores stained with Giemsa's stain measured 3.11 ± 0.31μm (3.72–2.41μm,n= 150) in length and 1.76 ± 0.23μm (2.16–1.25μm,n= 150) in width. Spores have an isofilar polar filament with 10-12 coils. An 1110 bp long alignment of the current microsporidium showed anSSU rRNAgene difference of only 0.0009, corresponding to >99.91% sequence similarity withNosema fumiferanae, whileRPB1gene sequences were 98.03% similar within an alignment of 969 bp. All morphological, ultrastructural and molecular features indicate that the microsporidian pathogen ofA. ceratoniaeis the new isolate of theN. fumiferanaeand is named here asNosema fumiferanaeTY61.
A theory limited in scope and evidence
Authors: Miu Elena , Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J. , Morgan Thomas J. H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
What promised to be a refreshing addition to cumulative cultural evolution, by moving the focus from cultural transmission to technological innovation, falls flat through a lack of thoroughness, explanatory power, and data. A comprehensive theory of cumulative cultural change must carefully integrate all existing evidence in a cohesive multi-level account. We argue that the manuscript fails to do so convincingly.
The technical reasoning hypothesis does not rule out the potential key roles of imitation and working memory for CTC
Authors: Motes-Rodrigo Alba , Reindl Eva , Bandini Elisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To support their claim for technical reasoning skills rather than imitation as the key for cumulative technological culture (CTC), Osiurak and Reynaud argue that chimpanzees can imitate mechanical actions, but do not have CTC. They also state that an increase in working memory in human evolution could not have been a key driver of CTC. We discuss why we disagree with these claims.
Implications for technological reserve development in advancing age, cognitive impairment, and dementia
Authors: Benge Jared F. , Scullin Michael K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This commentary draws connections between technological culture emergence and recent trends in using assistive technology to reduce the burden of Alzheimer's disease. By the technical-reasoning hypothesis, cognitively-impaired individuals will lack the cognitive ability to employ technologies. By the technological reserve hypothesis, social-motivational and cultural transmissibility factors can provide foundations for using technology as cognitive prosthetics even during neurodegenerative illnesses.
A cognitive transition underlying both technological and social aspects of cumulative culture
Authors: Gabora Liane , Smith Cameron M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe argument that cumulative technological culture originates in technical-reasoning skills is not the only alternative to social accounts; another possibility is that accumulation ofbothtechnical-reasoning skillsandenhanced social skills stemmed from the onset of a more basic cognitive ability such as recursive representational redescription. The paper confuses individual learning of pre-existing information with creative generation of new information.
A little too technical: The threat of intellectualising technical reasoning
Authors: Robertson Ian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Osiurak and Reynaud (O&R) claim that research into the origin of cumulative technological culture has been too focused on social cognition and has consequently neglected the importance of uniquely human reasoning capacities. This commentary raises two interrelated theoretical concerns about O&R's notion of technical-reasoning capacities, and suggests how these concerns might be met.
Threshold regressions for the resource curse
Authors: Clootens Nicolas , Kirat Djamel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes the behavior of cross-country growth rates with respect to resource abundance and dependence. We reject the linear model that is commonly used in growth regressions in favor of a multiple-regime alternative. Using a formal sample-splitting method, we find that countries exhibit different behaviors with respect to natural resources depending on their initial level of development. In high-income countries, natural resources play only a minor role in explaining the differences in national growth rates. On the contrary, in low-income countries, abundance seems to be a blessing but dependence restricts growth.
From fatigued to fit: an investigation of the impact of physical exercise in the management of radiotherapy-induced fatigue in prostate cancer patients
Authors: Kelly Sarah , Shepherd Paul Henry , Flood Terri 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAim:The aim of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of physical exercise in managing fatigue during radiotherapy for prostate cancer patients. It explores the impact of various physical exercise regimes and their role in the prevention and management of fatigue to help inform best practice.Method:A literature search was conducted on OVID Medline database with a follow-up search on google scholar to include relevant references found during the initial search. Relevant systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) arising from this search were reviewed.Findings:There is evidence to support the notion that physical exercise in all its forms is an effective and safe intervention for fatigue management for prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy. Although widely studied, there is limited evidence of fatigue management strategies being clearly implemented into current radiotherapy practice for patients with prostate cancer. This information is essential to enable therapeutic radiographers to educate prostate cancer patients regarding effective exercise strategies and ensure that fatigue is managed optimally.Conclusion:Further research is required into the optimum physical exercise prescription to reduce radiation-induced fatigue, and standardised best practice guidelines should be developed nationally. A future move toward patient education into physical exercise and wellbeing should be a central component of the therapeutic radiographer role with specialist advice offered by review radiographers, empowering patients to become more physically active during treatment. Therapeutic radiographers have a unique opportunity to educate and promote physical exercise through a holistic wellbeing approach that aims to mitigate fatigue and improve quality of life.
Childhood trauma and suicidal ideation among Chinese university students: the mediating effect of Internet addiction and school bullying victimisation
Authors: Lu Li , Jian ShengYan , Dong Min , Gao Jie , Zhang TianTian , Chen XueQin , Zhang YuFang , Shen HongYi , Chen HongRu , Gai XiangYun , Liu Shou 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsThe factors associated with suicidal ideation among adolescents have been extensively characterised, but the mechanisms underlying the complexities of the relationship between experiences of childhood trauma and suicidal ideation have been less studied. This study examined the direct effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation on the one hand and whether school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction mediate the association between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation on the other hand.MethodsThis school-based mental health survey was carried out in Qinghai Province in Northwest China in December 2019. We employed standardised questionnaires to collect sociodemographic and target mental health outcomes. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression and structural equation modelling were performed for the data analyses.ResultsThis study included 5864 university students. The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation and Internet addiction were 34.7% and 21.4%, respectively. Overall, 16.4% and 11.4% of participants reported experiences of childhood trauma and school bullying victimisation, respectively. There were direct effects of childhood trauma, school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction on suicidal ideation. The total effect of childhood trauma on suicidal ideation was 0.201 (p< 0.001). School bullying victimisation and Internet addiction mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and suicidal ideation. Internet addiction played a mediating role between school bullying and suicidal ideation.ConclusionsChildhood trauma had both direct and indirect effects on suicidal ideation; these effects were mediated by school bullying victimisation and Internet addiction in Chinese university students. Elucidating these relationships will therefore be useful in developing and implementing more targeted interventions and strategies to improve the mental well-being of Chinese university students.
Compositional Heterogeneity of Impact Melt Rocks at the Haughton Impact Structure, Canada: Implications for Planetary Processes and Remote Sensing
Authors: Greenberger Rebecca N. , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Osinski Gordon R. , Tornabene Livio L. , Green Robert O. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConnecting the surface expression of impact crater‐related lithologies to planetary or regional subsurface compositions requires an understanding of material transport during crater formation. Here, we use imaging spectroscopy of six clast‐rich impact melt rock outcrops within the well‐preserved 23.5‐Ma, 23‐km diameter Haughton impact structure, Canada, to determine melt rock composition and spatial heterogeneity. We compare results from outcrop to outcrop, using clasts, groundmass, and integrated clast‐groundmass compositions as tracers of transport during crater‐fill melt rock formation and cooling. Supporting laboratory imaging spectroscopy analyses of 91 melt‐bearing breccia and clast samples and microscopic X‐ray fluorescence elemental mapping of cut samples paired with spectroscopy of identical surfaces validate outcrop‐scale lithological determinations. Results show different clast‐rich impact melt rock compositions at three sites kilometers apart and an inverse correlation between silica‐rich (sandstone, gneiss, and phyllosilicate‐rich shales) and gypsum‐rich rocks that suggests differences in source depth with location. In the target stratigraphy, gypsum is primarily sourced from ~1‐km depth, while gneiss is from >1.8‐km depth, sandstone from >1.3 km, and shales from ~1.6–1.7 km. Observed heterogeneities likely result from different excavation depths coupled with rapid quenching of the melt due to high content of cool clasts. Results provide quantitative constraints for numerical models of impact structure formation and give new details on melt rock heterogeneity important in interpreting mission data and planning sample return of impactites, particularly for bodies with impacts into sedimentary and volatile‐bearing targets, e.g., Mars and Ceres.
Coupling Mars Ground and Orbital Views: Generate Viewsheds of Mastcam Images From the Curiosity Rover, Using ArcGIS® and Public Datasets
Authors: Nachon M. , Borges S. , Ewing R. C. , Rivera‐Hernández F. , Stein N. , Van Beek J. K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Mastcam (Mast Camera) instrument onboard the NASA Curiosity rover provides an exclusive view of Mars: High‐resolution color images from Mastcam allow users to study Gale crater's geologic terrains along Curiosity's path. These ground observations complement the spatially broader views of Gale crater provided by spacecrafts from orbit. However, for a given Mastcam image, it can be challenging to locate the corresponding terrains on the orbital view. No method for locating Mastcam images onto orbital images had been made publicly available. The procedure presented here allows users to generate Mastcam image viewsheds, using ArcGIS® software, its built‐in Viewshed tool®, and public Mars datasets. This procedure locates onto Mars orbital view the terrains that are observed in a given Mastcam image. Because this procedure uses public datasets, it is applicable to available Mastcam images and to the future ones that will be acquired along the Curiosity rover's path. This procedure can be used by the public to assess scientific questions regarding Martian surface processes and geologic history. In addition, this procedure can be utilized as pedagogic GIS material by the Geosciences or Planetary Sciences communities, for enhancing students' skillsets in GIS and provide students with experience working with datasets from both orbiter and rover Mars missions.
Effects of Low‐Velocity Fault Damage Zones on Long‐Term Earthquake Behaviors on Mature Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Thakur Prithvi , Huang Yihe , Kaneko Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMature strike‐slip faults are usually surrounded by a narrow zone of damaged rocks characterized by low seismic wave velocities. Observations of earthquakes along such faults indicate that seismicity is highly concentrated within this fault damage zone. However, the long‐term influence of the fault damage zone on complete earthquake cycles, that is, years to centuries, is not well understood. We simulate aseismic slip and dynamic earthquake rupture on a vertical strike‐slip fault surrounded by a fault damage zone for a thousand‐year timescale using fault zone material properties and geometries motivated by observations along major strike‐slip faults. The fault damage zone is approximated asan elastic layer with lower shear wave velocity than the surrounding rock. We find that dynamic wave reflections, whose characteristics are strongly dependent on the width and the rigidity contrast of the fault damage zone, have a prominent effect on the stressing history of the fault. The presence of elastic damage can partially explain the variability in the earthquake sizes and hypocenter locations along a single fault, which vary with fault damage zone depth, width and rigidity contrast from the host rock. The depth extent of the fault damage zone has a pronounced effect on the earthquake hypocenter locations, and shallower fault damage zones favor shallower hypocenters with a bimodal distribution of seismicity along depth. Our findings also suggest significant effects on the hypocenter distribution when the fault damage zone penetrates to the nucleation sites of earthquakes, likely being influenced by both lithological (material) and rheological (frictional) boundaries.
Variations of TEC Over Iberian Peninsula in 2015 Due to Geomagnetic Storms and Solar Flares
Authors: Morozova A. L. , Barlyaeva T. V. , Barata T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe total electron content (TEC) over the Iberian Peninsula was studied using data from two locations obtained both by Global Navigation Satellite System receivers and an ionosonde. The principal component analysis applied to the TEC data allowed us to extract two main modes. Each mode is characterized by a daily TEC variation of a certain type (principal component [PC]) and its amplitude for each of the studied days (given by the empirical orthogonal functions [EOFs]). The variations of these modes as well as the original TEC data were studied in relation to four strongest geomagnetic storms of 2015 and three geomagnetic disturbances of lower amplitude observed during the same months. EOFs were found to correlate well with space weather parameters characterizing solar UV and XR fluxes, number of the solar flares, parameters of the solar wind, and geomagnetic indices. Multiple regression models were constructed to fit EOFs using combinations of the space weather parameters with a lag from 0 to 2 days. Combining the regression models of EOFs with the corresponding PCs, we reconstructed TEC variations as a function of space weather parameters observed in previous days. The possibility to use such reconstructions for the TEC forecasting was also studied.
Protracted Shearing at Midcrustal Conditions During Large‐Scale Thrusting in the Scandinavian Caledonides
Authors: Giuntoli Francesco , Menegon Luca , Warren Clare J. , Darling James , Anderson Mark W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDuring continental collision, large tracts of crust are mobilized along major shear zones. The metamorphic conditions at which these zones operate, the duration of thrusting, and the deformation processes that facilitated hundreds of km of tectonic transport are still unclear. In the Scandinavian Caledonides, the Lower Seve Nappe displays a main mylonitic foliation with thickness of ~1 km. This foliation is overprinted by a brittle‐to‐ductile deformation pattern localized in C‐ and C′‐type shear bands proximal to the tectonic contact with the underlying Särv Nappe. Thermobarometry of amphibolites and micaschists suggests a first high‐pressure stage at 400–500°C and 1–1.3 GPa recorded in mineral relics. The main mylonitic foliation developed under epidote amphibolite facies conditions along the retrograde path from 600°C and 1 GPa to 500°C and 0.5 GPa. Age dating of synkinematic titanite grains in the amphibolites indicates that this mylonitic fabric formed at around 417 ± 9 Ma but older ages spanning 460–430 Ma could represent earlier stages of mylonitization. The shear bands developed at lower metamorphic conditions of 300–400°C and ~0.3 GPa. In the micaschists, the recrystallized grain size of quartz decreases toward the shear bands. Monomineralic quartz layers are eventually dismembered to form polyphase aggregates deforming by dominant grain size sensitive creep accompanied by slip in muscovite and chlorite. Plagioclase zoning truncations suggest that the shear bands originated by fracturing followed by ductile deformation. The results suggest protracted and long‐lasting shearing under amphibolite to greenschist facies conditions during the juxtaposition, stacking, and exhumation of the Lower Seve Nappe.
Broccoli extract increases drug-mediated cytotoxicity towards cancer stem cells of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Elkashty Osama A. , Tran Simon D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are malignant neoplasms with poor prognosis. Treatment-resistant cancer stem cell (CSC) is one reason for treatment failure. Considerable attention has been focused on sulforaphane (SF), a phytochemical from broccoli possessing anticancer properties. We investigated whether SF could enhance the chemotherapeutic effects of cisplatin (CIS) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against HNSCC–CSCs, and its mechanisms of action.MethodsCD44+/CD271+FACS-isolated CSCs from SCC12 and SCC38 human cell lines were treated with SF alone or combined with CIS or 5-FU. Cell viability, colony- and sphere-forming ability, apoptosis, CSC-related gene and protein expression and in vivo tumour growth were assessed. Safety of SF was tested on non-cancerous stem cells and in vivo.ResultsSF reduced HNSCC–CSC viability in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Combining SF increased the cytotoxicity of CIS twofold and 5-FU tenfold, with no effects on non-cancerous stem cell viability and functions. SF-combined treatments inhibited CSC colony and sphere formation, and tumour progression in vivo. Potential mechanisms of action included the stimulation of caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, inhibition of SHH pathway and decreased expression of SOX2 and OCT4.ConclusionsCombining SF allowed lower doses of CIS or 5-FU while enhancing these drug cytotoxicities against HNSCC–CSCs, with minimal effects on healthy cells.
Transcriptome sequencing supports a conservation of macrophage polarization in fish
Authors: Wentzel Annelieke S. , Petit Jules , van Veen Wouter G. , Fink Inge Rosenbek , Scheer Marleen H. , Piazzon M. Carla , Forlenza Maria , Spaink Herman P. , Wiegertjes Geert F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMammalian macrophages can adopt polarization states that, depending on the exact stimuli present in their extracellular environment, can lead to very different functions. Although these different polarization states have been shown primarily for macrophages of humans and mice, it is likely that polarized macrophages with corresponding phenotypes exist across mammals. Evidence of functional conservation in macrophages from teleost fish suggests that the same, or at least comparable polarization states should also be present in teleosts. However, corresponding transcriptional profiles of marker genes have not been reported thus far. In this study we confirm that macrophages from common carp can polarize into M1- and M2 phenotypes with conserved functions and corresponding transcriptional profiles compared to mammalian macrophages. Carp M1 macrophages show increased production of nitric oxide and a transcriptional profile with increased pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, includingil6, il12andsaa. Carp M2 macrophages show increased arginase activity and a transcriptional profile with increased anti-inflammatory mediators, includingcyr61,timp2bandtgm2b. Our RNA sequencing approach allowed us to list, in an unbiased manner, markers discriminating between M1 and M2 macrophages of teleost fish. We discuss the importance of our findings for the evaluation of immunostimulants for aquaculture and for the identification of gene targets to generate transgenic zebrafish for detailed studies on M1 and M2 macrophages. Above all, we discuss the striking degree of evolutionary conservation of macrophage polarization in a lower vertebrate.
The transcription factor USF1 promotes glioma cell invasion and migration by activating lncRNA HAS2-AS1
Authors: Wang Juntong , Gu Jingshun , You Aiwu , Li Jun , Zhang Yuyan , Rao Guomin , Ge Xuehua , Zhang Kun , Li Jianfeng , Liu Xiaohui , Wang Qianchao , Lin Ting , Cheng Ling , Zhu Mengjiao , Wu Xiaotang , Wang Dongchun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective: The role of lncRNAs in tumor has been widely concerned. The present study took HAS2-AS1 (the antisense RNA 1 of HAS2) as a starting point to explore its expression in glioma and its role in the process of migration and invasion, providing a strong theoretical basis for mining potential therapeutic targets of glioma.
Methods: Clinical data of glioma were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and differentially expressed lncRNAs were analyzed by edgeR. The hTFtarget database was used to predict the upstream transcription factors of HAS2-AS1 and the JASPAR website was used to predict the binding sites of human upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) and HAS2-AS1. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of HAS2-AS1 and USF1 in glioma tissues and cell lines. The effects of silencing HAS2-AS1 on the migration and invasion of cancer cells were verified by wound healing and Transwell invasion assays. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual luciferase reporter assays were applied to demonstrate the binding of USF1 and HAS2-AS1 promoter region. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins.
Results: HAS2-AS1 was highly expressed in glioma tissues and cells, and was significantly associated with poor prognosis. Silencing HAS2-AS1 expression inhibited glioma cell migration, invasion and EMT. USF1 was highly expressed in glioma and positively correlated with HAS2-AS1. The transcription of HAS2-AS1 was activated by USF1 via binding to HAS2-AS1 promoter region, consequently potentiating the invasion and migration abilities of glioma cells.
Conclusion: These results suggested that the transcription factor USF1 induced up-regulation of lncRNA HAS2-AS1 and promoted glioma cell invasion and migration.