bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of zebrafish RAG2 protein is required for adapting to the elevated body temperature of the higher endothermic vertebrates
Authors: Sun Ao , Xu Ke , Liu Haifeng , Li Hua , Shi Yaohuang , Zhu Xiaoyan , Liang Tao , Li Xinyue , Cao Xianxia , Ji Yanhong , Jiang Taijiao , Xu Chenqi , Liu Xiaolong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe recombination activating gene (RAG or RAG1/RAG2 complex)-mediated adaptive immune system is a hallmark of jawed vertebrates. It has been reported that RAG originated in invertebrates. However, whether RAG further evolved once it arose in jawed vertebrates remains largely unknown. Here, we found that zebrafish RAG (zRAG) had a lower activity than mouse RAG (mRAG). Intriguingly, the attenuated stability of zebrafish RAG2 (zRAG2), but not zebrafish RAG1, caused the reduced V(D)J recombination efficiency compared to mRAG at 37 °C which are the body temperature of most endotherms except birds. Importantly, the lower temperature 28 °C, which is the best temperature for zebrafish growth, made the recombination efficiency of zRAG similar to that of mRAG by improving the stability of zRAG2. Consistent with the prementioned observation, the V(D)J recombination ofRag2KI/KImice, which zRAG2 was substituted for mRAG2, was also severely impaired. Unexpectedly,Rag2KI/KImice developed cachexia syndromes accompanied by premature death. Taken together, our findings illustrate that the evolution of zebrafish RAG2 protein is required for adapting to the elevated body temperature of the higher endothermic vertebrates.
Costs of exploratory behavior: the energy trade-off hypothesis and the allocation model tested under caloric restriction
Authors: Peña-Villalobos Isaac , Casanova-Maldonado Ignacio , Lois Pablo , Palma Verónica , Sabat Pablo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn order to maintain the energy balance, animals often exhibit several physiological adjustments when subjected to a decrease in resource availability. Specifically, some rodents show increases in behavioral activity in response to food restriction; a response regarded as a paradox because it would imply an investment in locomotor activity, despite the lack of trophic resources. Here, we aim to explore the possible existence of trade-offs between metabolic variables and behavioral responses when rodents are faced to stochastic deprivation of food and caloric restriction. Adult BALB/c mice were acclimatized for four weeks to four food treatments: two caloric regimens (ad libitum and 60% restriction) and two periodicities (continuous and stochastic). In these mice, we analyzed: exploratory behavior and home-cage behavior, basal metabolic rate, citrate synthase and cytochrome oxidase c enzyme activity (in liver and skeletal muscle), body temperature and non-shivering thermogenesis. Our results support the model of allocation, which indicates commitments between metabolic rates and exploratory behavior, in a caloric restricted environment. Specifically, we identify the role of thermogenesis as a pivotal budget item, modulating the reallocation of energy between behavior and basal metabolic rate. We conclude that brown adipose tissue and liver play a key role in the development of paradoxical responses when facing decreased dietary availability.
Stellar wind models of central stars of planetary nebulae
Authors: Krtička J. , Kubát J. , Krtičková I. 
Published: March 2020

Context. Fast line-driven stellar winds play an important role in the evolution of planetary nebulae, even though they are relatively weak.
Aims. We provide global (unified) hot star wind models of central stars of planetary nebulae. The models predict wind structure including the mass-loss rates, terminal velocities, and emergent fluxes from basic stellar parameters.
Methods. We applied our wind code for parameters corresponding to evolutionary stages between the asymptotic giant branch and white dwarf phases for a star with a final mass of 0.569 M⊙. We study the influence of metallicity and wind inhomogeneities (clumping) on the wind properties.
Results. Line-driven winds appear very early after the star leaves the asymptotic giant branch (at the latest for Teff ≈ 10 kK) and fade away at the white dwarf cooling track (below Teff = 105 kK). Their mass-loss rate mostly scales with the stellar luminosity and, consequently, the mass-loss rate only varies slightly during the transition from the red to the blue part of the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. There are the following two exceptions to the monotonic behavior: a bistability jump at around 20 kK, where the mass-loss rate decreases by a factor of a few (during evolution) due to a change in iron ionization, and an additional maximum at about Teff = 40−50 kK. On the other hand, the terminal velocity increases from about a few hundreds of km s−1 to a few thousands of km s−1 during the transition as a result of stellar radius decrease. The wind terminal velocity also significantly increases at the bistability jump. Derived wind parameters reasonably agree with observations. The effect of clumping is stronger at the hot side of the bistability jump than at the cool side.
Conclusions. Derived fits to wind parameters can be used in evolutionary models and in studies of planetary nebula formation. A predicted bistability jump in mass-loss rates can cause the appearance of an additional shell of planetary nebula.
Ex vivo konfokale Laserscanmikroskopie – die neue Bedside-Histologie
Authors: Hartmann D. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungEx vivo konfokale Laserscanmikroskopie (ex vivo KLM) bietet eine schnelle histopathologische Untersuchung des frisch exzidierten Gewebes mit der Möglichkeit, eine schnittrandkontrollierte Chirurgie (Mohs-Chirurgie) direkt intraoperativ durchzuführen. Die aktuelle Literatur zeigt vielversprechende Ergebnisse insbesondere bei der Beurteilung von Basalzellkarzinomen. Überdies hinaus gibt es zahlreiche Hinweise, dass man diese innovative diagnostische Maßnahme auch bei der Untersuchung anderer nicht melanozytärer und melanozytärer Hautneoplasien sowie für entzündliche und infektiöse Dermatosen einsetzen kann. Dieser Beitrag fasst bisherige Erkenntnisse und Erfahrungen zur ex vivo KLM zusammen und bietet eine Übersicht der aktuellen Literatur zu diesem Thema.
Neurofibrome an der kindlichen Hand – Fallbericht und Literaturrecherche
Authors: Biehl C. , Schäfer C. , Heiss C. , Brobeil A. , Dreyer T. , Gattenlöhner S. , Szalay G. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungNeurofibrome treten im Kindesalter selten vor dem 7. Lebensjahr auf. An der Hand sind sie eine Rarität, insbesondere wenn diese mit Sensibilitätsstörungen und Beeinträchtigung der Greiffunktion einhergehen. Wir berichten über ein bei der Erstvorstellung 9-jähriges Mädchen mit symptomatischem Neurofibrom des dritten und vierten Strahls der rechten Hohlhand.
Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Keratoconus with Coexisting Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: How Important is the Method of Measurement?
Authors: Zabek Olga , Panos Georgios D. , Sagri Despoina , Gugleta Konstantin , Scholl Hendrik P. N. , Gatzioufas Zisis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective In this report, we investigated the association between the intraocular pressure (IOP) values by two different measurement methods and the corneal biomechanical properties in a patient with keratoconus and secondary glaucoma due to pseudoexfoliation syndrome who developed a marked elevation of intraocular pressure in the right eye.
Methods IOP was measured over a period of 3 days with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometry (Pascal tonometry, DCT). Corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) were estimated with the aid of an ocular response analyzer (ORA).
Results CH and CRF were significantly reduced in the right eye compared to the left eye throughout the period of observation (paired t-test, p < 0.001). The difference between both methods of IOP measurement in the right eye was statistically significant for IOP < 30 mmHg by GAT (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.004). For IOP values > 30 mmHg by GAT, there was no statistically significant difference between DCT and GAT (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.0625).
Conclusions This observation supports the clinical hypothesis that a significant decrease in CH translates to a decreased correlation of CH and IOP recordings by GAT and, furthermore, suggests that after a critical point of CH reduction, the impact of CH on GAT may be comparable to that on DCT.
Outcomes of the treatment of trigger digits by extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT)
Authors: Zyluk Andrzej , Mosiejczuk Hanna 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Currently, extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) has been widely used in tendinopathies, including trigger fingers.
Purpose The objective of this study was evaluation of effectiveness of ESWT for trigger digits in a short and mid-term follow-up.
Patients and methods Thirty-two patients, 28 women and 4 men, in a mean age of 60 years, with a total of 50 affected digits underwent local extracorporal shock wave treatment. Each patient received 3 applications in a weekly interval. Results were assessed at 1 week and 3 months follow-up, using numeric rank scale for pain and Froimson scale for clinical severity.
Results One-week post-treatment, pain and triggering ceased completely or reduced significantly in 30 patients (94%). At 3 month follow-up, in 30 patients (94%) the symptoms resolved completely and they were considered recovered. Two patients (6%) failed to improve and in these cases the treatment was considered ineffective.
Conclusion ESWT is an effective therapy for trigger digits in II° i III° severity grade and may be an alternative for other, noninvasive measures such as physiotherapy or steroid injection.
Clinical Study of the Lateral Supramalleolar Flap in the Soft Tissue Reconstruction around the Ankle Region
Authors: Nambi G. I. , Varanambigai T. K. Arudra 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study is to present the efficiency of the lateral supramalleolar flap which is a very useful and yet underutilized in the soft tissue reconstruction of the regions extending from the distal leg, ankle, and foot.
Methods Over a period of 3 years, 20 flaps were used in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects in the region extending from the distal leg, ankle, and foot. The location of the defects, the etiology, possible alternative flaps, outcome, and the complications were studied and presented.
Results The follow-up period of the cases was from 1 month to 18 months after surgery. Seventeen flaps survived and three were lost. All the three lost flaps were those used over the tendocalcaneal region. The lost flaps were later replaced with split skin graft after the wound was debrided and was later covered with granulation tissue.
Conclusion The lateral supramalleolar flap is a very useful flap in the regional soft tissue reconstruction around the ankle except in the tendocalcaneal region.
Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Blood Test Parameters in Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Boqiu , Huang Youcheng , Yang Rongrong , Yang Liu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective The present meta-analysis was conducted to identify the diagnostic and prognostic significance of routine blood test parameters in patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in particular for white blood cell (WBC) count, platelet level, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-8 (IL-8) level, fasting blood glucose level, plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels, etc.
Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library were searched to identify relevant articles. The potential risk factors were analyzed when patients were divided into groups using different standards.The meta-analyses were performed using the RevMan software. After screening, data from the 26 papers were used for meta-analysis.
Results Some factors with potential diagnostic and prognostic value, and others with no value, were identified. Specifically, WBC counts had an association with later survival; CRP and platelet levels had limited indicative roles; higher plasma glucose levels were associated with more serious complications and poorer survival; fatal progression was correlated with increased IL-8 and NT-proBNP levels. There was great heterogenicity between studies.
Conclusion Blood factors, especially WBC counts, plasma glucose level, IL-8, and NTproBNP levels are associated with the severity and outcome of HFMD.
The Extent of Periodontal Awareness and Treatment Modalities among Patients from North Malabar Region
Authors: Chandran Anu , Bhandary Rahul , Shenoy Nina , Ramesh Amitha , Thomas Biju 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore and understand the patient’s views on their periodontal condition, their attitudes to oral health, awareness of different periodontal treatment modalities as well as oral-systemic disease link with the help of a questionnaire survey. A total of 370 patients comprising of 201 males and 169 females were included in the study. The patients were interviewed on a questionnaire basis. A questionnaire contained 22 questions relating to oral hygiene measures, knowledge and awareness regarding periodontal condition, its various treatment modalities, and the relation between oral and systemic disease. The completed questionnaires were then analyzed statistically to obtain percentage data. The results showed an extreme lack of awareness of the periodontal condition and oral hygiene measures as well as limited knowledge regarding different periodontal treatment modalities. Only 5.6% of the study population were aware of the relationship between oral and systemic disease. Since the level of awareness in this regard is at a bare minimum, there is an urgent need to educate and raise awareness of different treatment modalities available to improve periodontal health among general population groups.
Review of graphene modulators from the low to the high figure of merits
Authors: Liu Jiamin , Khan Zia Ullah , Wang Cong , Zhang Han , Sarjoghian Siamak 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the basic physics of modulator are discussed and traditional silicon modulator in the early years is involved as a comparison. Fifty-seven research articles about graphene modulators are reviewed in detail. All the figure of merits including modulation depth, modulation speed, footprint, modulation bandwidth, operation bandwidth, and insertion loss of these modulators are well studied. The challenges and problems for graphene modulators are addressed by analyzing the first twenty-five references while the last thirty-five references of graphene modulators are reviewed to address the higher figure of merits that are still developing. Physics of other 2D materials are also mentioned as a comparison, especially a modulator by black phosphorus. We believe this review will give a good roadmap to develop better graphene modulators that solves the challenges and problems in this field.
Tantalum oxide thin films for electrochemical pH sensor
Authors: Sharma Nancy , Kumar Mukesh , Kumari Neelam , Deep Akash , Goswamy J K , Sharma Amit L 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Present work demonstrates the fabrication and utilization of tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) thin films as prominent pH sensing electrode material. Ta2O5 film of 1 μm thickness was deposited on glass substrates using physical vapor deposition technique. Structural and morphological studies were performed on these thin films. Electrochemical studies were carried out on these films using amperometry, linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry techniques. These Ta2O5 coated substrates were found to be sensitive to various assorted pH solutions and hence were used as pH sensing electrode. The performance of the electrode was studied in terms of stability, reusability and selectivity. Results reveal that the films were found to be suitable pH sensing material in 1.0–12.0 pH range. The sensing electrodes were found to be reliable and reusable with less than 5 s response time.
Gold nanoparticle modified silicon nanowire array based sensor for low-cost, high sensitivity and selectivity detection of mercury ions
Authors: Huang Zonglin , Chen Shixing , Wang Yuelin , Li Tie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Heavy metals are the main factor of water pollution which seriously threaten residents and aquatic life. Here, we demonstrated a mercury ion (Hg2+) sensing device based on gold nanoparticles modified silicon nanowire array for highly sensitive, selective and stable detection of mercury ion. Decorated with gold nanoparticles to increase the number of the thiol groups serving as Hg2+ sensitive probe and improve performance, the silicon nanowire array based sensor had a large response electric signal in detecting low concentration mercury ion. Importantly, the devices exhibits excellent mercury ion sensing attributes in the range of 1 ng/l-10 μg l−1 with a fairly low detection limit of 0.06 pM. With similar accuracy to ICP-MS, we detected a know sample (1 μg l−1) and unknown sample in less than 1 min. Additionally, the low-cost fabricated process and label free analysis in river water sample make it a potential method in inspecting mercury in water quality.
Multicenter validation of a novel medication-regimen complexity scoring tool
Authors: Newsome Andrea Sikora , Smith Susan E , Olney William J , Jones Timothy W 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe MRC-ICU, a novel regimen complexity scoring tool, provides an objective measure of medication regimen complexity in critically ill patients. The MRC-ICU may have the ability to evaluate the impact of critical care pharmacists on patient outcomes but requires further validation. The objective of this study was to confirm the external validity of the MRC-ICU scoring tool at multiple institutions and intensive care unit (ICU) settings.MethodsThis was a multicenter, prospective, observational study. The electronic medical record was reviewed to collect patient demographics and patient outcomes, and the medication administration record was reviewed to collect MRC-ICU scores at 24 hours, 48 hours, and ICU discharge. Validation was performed by assessing convergent and divergent validity of the score. Spearman rank-order correlation was used to determine correlation.ResultsA total of 230 patients were evaluated across both centers in both medical ICUs and surgical ICUs. Differences between the original center and the new site included that total number of orders (29 vs 126; P &lt; 0.001) and total number of medication orders (17 vs 36; P &lt; 0.001) were higher at the new site, whereas the original site had higher overall MRC-ICU scores (14 vs 11; P = 0.004). The MRC-ICU showed appropriate convergent validity with number of orders and medication orders (all P &lt; 0.001) and appropriate divergent validity with no significant correlation found between age, weight, or gender (all P &gt; 0.05).ConclusionsExternal validity of the MRC-ICU has been confirmed through evaluation at an external site and in the surgical ICU population. The MRC-ICU scoring tool requires prospective evaluation to provide objective data regarding optimal pharmacist use.
The Things They Carry: Diphyllobothriasis at Sea, a Case Report
Authors: Reilly David F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Diphyllobothrium, also known as the “Broad Tapeworm” or “Fish Tapeworm,” is a genus of Cestoda acquired through the consumption of undercooked fish. Although infection by a Diphyllobothrium spp. in the United States is rare, it remains an important global zoonosis, with an estimated burden of approximately 20 million people worldwide. A seldom on the Primary Care Physician’s differential diagnosis in the United States, Diphyllobothrium spp. should be considered more readily when treating operational service members as they are exposed to endemic regions more frequently than the civilian population. This case presents one such service member diagnosed with Diphyllobothrium while aboard a U.S. naval vessel at sea, illustrating the importance of military medical providers considering Tapeworm infection even when risk factors seem remote. Diagnostic considerations, practical limitations of the Ova and Parasite (O&P) exam, particulars of specimen collection and handling, and recommendations for empiric treatment in the operational setting will be reviewed.
MR-guided focused ultrasound increases antibody delivery to nonenhancing high-grade glioma
Authors: Brighi Caterina , Reid Lee , White Alison L , Genovesi Laura A , Kojic Marija , Millar Amanda , Bruce Zara , Day Bryan W , Rose Stephen , Whittaker Andrew K , Puttick Simon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
High-grade glioma (HGG) remains a recalcitrant clinical problem despite many decades of research. A major challenge in improving prognosis is the inability of current therapeutic strategies to address a clinically significant burden of infiltrating tumor cells that extend beyond the margins of the primary tumor mass. Such cells cannot be surgically excised nor efficiently targeted by radiation therapy. Therapeutic targeting of this tumor cell population is significantly hampered by the presence of an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we performed a preclinical investigation of the efficiency of MR-guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) to temporarily disrupt the BBB to allow selective delivery of a tumor-targeting antibody to infiltrating tumor.

Methods
Structural MRI, dynamic-contrast enhancement MRI, and histology were used to fully characterize the MR-enhancing properties of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) orthotopic mouse model of HGG and to develop a reproducible, robust model of nonenhancing HGG. PET–CT imaging techniques were then used to evaluate the efficacy of FUS to increase 89Zr-radiolabeled antibody concentration in nonenhancing HGG regions and adjacent non-targeted tumor tissue.

Results
The PDX mouse model of HGG has a significant tumor burden lying behind an intact BBB. Increased antibody uptake in nonenhancing tumor regions is directly proportional to the FUS-targeted volume. FUS locally increased antibody uptake in FUS-targeted regions of the tumor with an intact BBB, while leaving untargeted regions unaffected.

Conclusions
FUS exposure successfully allowed temporary BBB disruption, localized to specifically targeted, nonenhancing, infiltrating tumor regions and delivery of a systemically administered antibody was significantly increased.
Word Classes
Authors: Hollmann Willem B. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis overview of (theoretical approaches to) English word classes is built around widely accepted criticisms of ‘traditionalist’ definitions of word classes, which have been characterized—mainly by structuralists, going back to Bloomfield (1933)—as purely notional and overly simplistic. Bloomfield and his followers argue that these definitions must be replaced by distributional ones. Following careful analysis of the arguments of both traditional grammarians and structuralist linguists, the chapter presents a more nuanced picture. Traditional grammarians did not rely only on notional criteria, and where they used them, they sometimes did so in a seemingly rather sophisticated manner. Furthermore, structuralists rely less on pure distributionalism than they claim they do. Finally, there are other current theoretical approaches beyond structuralism, including generative, cognitive, functional-typological, and psycholinguistic accounts. The chapter argues that there are strengths and weaknesses in each, and points to some recent work in which insights from different approaches are beginning to come together.