bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ENSO‐Like Tropical Pacific Decadal Variability on the Relative Frequency of El Niño and La Niña Events
Authors: Sun Tianyi , Okumura Yuko M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObservational and modeling studies show that the relative frequency of El Niño and La Niña varies in association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐like tropical Pacific decadal variability (TPDV), but the causality of the linkage remains unclear. This study presents evidence that ENSO‐like TPDV affects the frequency of ENSO events, particularly of El Niño, through a set of climate model experiments. During the positive phase of TPDV, tropical Pacific warming relative to the Indian and Atlantic Oceans increases the occurrence of anomalous westerly winds over the western equatorial Pacific in late boreal winter‐spring, triggering more El Niño and fewer La Niña events. The opposite happens for the negative TPDV phase. The La Niña frequency is also influenced by oceanic adjustments following El Niño, which tends to counteract the effect of wind changes. The mean state control of ENSO offers a potential opportunity for decadal predictions of climate extremes.
Climate‐Dependent Sediment Composition and Transport of Mountainous Rivers in Tectonically Stable, Subtropical East Asia
Authors: Jian Xing , Zhang Wei , Yang Shouye , Kao Shuh‐Ji 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhile mountainous rivers in subtropical East Asia deliver a disproportionately large amount of sediments to the global ocean, the controlling mechanisms for sediment supply and transport remain understudied. Here we target a mesoscale tectonically stable mountainous river, the Minjiang River, in southeast China. We present petrography, heavy minerals, and Sr‐Nd isotopic data from suspended particulate matter (SPM) and riverbed sediments to characterize sediment‐climate feedback processes. Results show Sr‐Nd isotopic compositions of the SPM vary seasonally, corresponding well with the spatiotemporal variations of precipitation. River sands display low compositional and textural maturity and represent first cycle‐dominated and fast‐transported detritus. Provenance analysis suggests prominent contributions of upstream Proterozoic‐Paleozoic rocks to downstream SPM and riverbed sediments. We propose that climate‐induced hydrological variations exert a major control on sediment supply, transport, and compositions. Our study highlights the crucial role of climate in driving physical erosion of mountains in tectonically stable, subtropical East Asia.
Upper Plate Stress Controls the Distribution of Mariana Arc Volcanoes
Authors: Andikagumi Harisma , Macpherson Colin G. , McCaffrey Ken J. W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe present a spatial analysis of volcano distribution and morphology in the young, intraoceanic Mariana Arc. Both the quality of fit to idealized models and the divergence from those ideals indicate that Mariana Arc volcanoes are arranged into five great circle segments, rather than a single small circle or multiple small circles. The alignment of magmatic centers suggests that magma transport is controlled by the stress regime in the deep crust and/or lithospheric mantle of the Philippine Sea Plate, into which the arc is emplaced, and that arc‐normal tension is the dominant process operating in the deep lithosphere along the whole arc. Volcano morphologies indicate that the stress regime in the shallow crust varies between arc‐normal tension and compression, which also implies that the stress field can vary with depth in the arc lithosphere. We show that this horizontal and vertical stress partitioning can be related to the changing dip of the subducting plate and the breadth of the zone where it is coupled with the overriding plate. The variation in stress regime is consistent with both the distribution of seismicity in the Philippine Sea Plate and with the structural fabrics of the nonvolcanic part of the plate margin to the south. Our analysis suggests that the upper plate exerts the principal control on the distribution of volcanoes in the Mariana Arc. Where tension in the deeper parts of arc lithosphere is sufficiently concentrated, then a distinct volcanic front is produced.
The Summer Heat Balance of the Oregon Inner Shelf Over Two Decades: Mean and Interannual Variability
Authors: Lemagie E. , Kirincich A. , Lentz S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSummer temperature and velocity measurements from 14 years in 15 m of water over the inner shelf off Oregon were used to investigate interannual temperature variability and the capacity of the across‐shelf heat flux to buffer net surface warming. There was no observable trend in summer mean temperatures, and the standard deviation of interannual variability (0.5°C) was less than the standard deviation in daily temperatures each summer (1.6°C, on average). Yet net surface heat flux provided a nearly constant source of heat each year, with a standard deviation less than 15
of the interannual mean. The summer mean across‐shelf upwelling circulation advected warmer water offshore near the surface, cooling the inner shelf and buffering the surface warming. In most years (11 out of 14), this two‐dimensional heat budget roughly closed with a residual less than 20
of the leading term. Even in years when the heat budget did not balance, the observed temperature change was negligible, indicating that an additional source of cooling was needed to close the budget. A comparison of the residual to the interannual variability in fields such as along‐shelf wind stress, stratification, and along‐shelf currents found no significant correlation, and further investigation into the intraseasonal dynamics is recommended to explain the results. An improved understanding of the processes that contribute to warming or cooling of the coastal ocean has the potential to improve predictions of the impact of year‐to‐year changes in local winds and circulation, such as from marine heat waves or climate change, on coastal temperatures.
Amino acids in cancer
Authors: Lieu Elizabeth L. , Nguyen Tu , Rhyne Shawn , Kim Jiyeon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOver 90 years ago, Otto Warburg’s seminal discovery of aerobic glycolysis established metabolic reprogramming as one of the first distinguishing characteristics of cancer1. The field of cancer metabolism subsequently revealed additional metabolic alterations in cancer by focusing on central carbon metabolism, including the citric acid cycle and pentose phosphate pathway. Recent reports have, however, uncovered substantial non-carbon metabolism contributions to cancer cell viability and growth. Amino acids, nutrients vital to the survival of all cell types, experience reprogrammed metabolism in cancer. This review outlines the diverse roles of amino acids within the tumor and in the tumor microenvironment. Beyond their role in biosynthesis, they serve as energy sources and help maintain redox balance. In addition, amino acid derivatives contribute to epigenetic regulation and immune responses linked to tumorigenesis and metastasis. Furthermore, in discussing the transporters and transaminases that mediate amino acid uptake and synthesis, we identify potential metabolic liabilities as targets for therapeutic intervention.
GCAP neuronal calcium sensor proteins mediate photoreceptor cell death in the rd3 mouse model of LCA12 congenital blindness by involving endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Plana-Bonamaisó Anna , López-Begines Santiago , Andilla Jordi , Fidalgo María José , Loza-Alvarez Pablo , Estanyol Josep María , Villa Pedro de la , Méndez Ana 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLoss-of-function mutations in the retinal degeneration 3 (RD3) gene cause inherited retinopathy with impaired rod and cone function and fast retinal degeneration in patients and in the natural strain of rd3 mice. The underlying physiopathology mechanisms are not well understood. We previously proposed that guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs) might be key Ca2+-sensors mediating the physiopathology of this disorder, based on the demonstrated toxicity of GCAP2 when blocked in its Ca2+-free form at photoreceptor inner segments. We here show that the retinal degeneration in rd3 mice is substantially delayed by GCAPs ablation. While the number of retinal photoreceptor cells is halved in 6 weeks in rd3 mice, it takes 8 months to halve in rd3/rd3 GCAPs−/− mice. Although this substantial morphological rescue does not correlate with recovery of visual function due to very diminished guanylate cyclase activity in rd3 mice, it is very informative of the mechanisms underlying photoreceptor cell death. By showing that GCAP2 is mostly in its Ca2+-free-phosphorylated state in rd3 mice, we infer that the [Ca2+]i at rod inner segments is permanently low. GCAPs are therefore retained at the inner segment in their Ca2+-free, guanylate cyclase activator state. We show that in this conformational state GCAPs induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, mitochondrial swelling, and cell death. ER stress and mitochondrial swelling are early hallmarks of rd3 retinas preceding photoreceptor cell death, that are substantially rescued by GCAPs ablation. By revealing the involvement of GCAPs-induced ER stress in the physiopathology of Leber’s congenital amaurosis 12 (LCA12), this work will aid to guide novel therapies to preserve retinal integrity in LCA12 patients to expand the window for gene therapy intervention to restore vision.
Artificially engineered nanostrain in FeSexTe1-x superconductor thin films for supercurrent enhancement
Authors: Seo Sehun , Noh Heesung , Li Ning , Jiang Jianyi , Tarantini Chiara , Shi Ruochen , Jung Soon-Gil , Jun Oh Myeong , Liu Mengchao , Lee Jongmin , Gu Genda , Jo Youn Jung , Park Tuson , Hellstrom Eric E. , Gao Peng , Lee Sanghan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough nanoscale deformation, such as nanostrain in iron-chalcogenide (FeSexTe1−x, FST) thin films, has attracted attention owing to its enhancement of general superconducting properties, including critical current density (Jc) and critical transition temperature, the development of this technique has proven to be an extremely challenging and complex process thus far. Herein, we successfully fabricated an epitaxial FST thin film with uniformly distributed nanostrain by injection of a trace amount of CeO2 inside an FST matrix using sequential pulsed laser deposition. By means of transmission electron microscopy and geometric phase analysis, we verified that the injection of a trace amount of CeO2 forms nanoscale defects, with a nanostrained region of tensile strain (εzz ≅ 0.02) along the c-axis of the FST matrix. This nanostrained FST thin film achieves a remarkable Jc of 3.5 MA/cm2 under a self-field at 6 K and a highly enhanced Jc under the entire magnetic field with respect to those of a pristine FST thin film.
C60/Na4FeO3/Li3V2(PO4)3/soft carbon quaternary hybrid superstructure for high-performance battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Xu Xiaolong , Hu Yuebo , Xu Guogang , He Wen , Zhu Jiefang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo develop battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices with high energy and power densities, we propose a rational design of a quaternary hybrid superstructure by using a high-energy biotemplate. This new superstructure is composed of stable fullerene C60 nanocages, electroactive Na4FeO3, high-energy Li3V2(PO4)3 and soft carbon as well as tubular ordered mesoporous channels. This design takes advantage of the unique properties of each component, resulting in nanocomposites with synergistic effects to improve the charge transfer and energy storage. We found that this quaternary hybrid electrode has both high energy and power densities as well as a long cycling life in a Li/Na mixed-ion electrolyte, outperforming a multitude of other battery-supercapacitor hybrid devices reported thus far. The charge storage mechanisms of this hybrid superstructure are proposed for optimizing the electrode design.
Multifunctional electrochromic energy storage devices by chemical cross-linking: impact of a WO3·H2O nanoparticle-embedded chitosan thin film on amorphous WO3 films
Authors: Koo Bon-Ryul , Jo Myeong-Hun , Kim Kue-Ho , Ahn Hyo-Jin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith the advent of multifunctional devices with electrochromic (EC) behavior and electrochemical energy storage, complementary design of film structures using inorganic–organic materials has shown great potential for developing EC energy storage devices. Herein, hybrid films consisting of WO3·H2O nanoparticle (WHNP)-embedded chitosan thin films on amorphous WO3 (a-WO3) films were designed. By exploiting the hybrid effect of chitosan and WHNPs to generate unique chemical cross-linking between them, the designed films exhibited attractive EC behaviors compared to bare a-WO3 films. These included fast switching speeds (4.0 s for coloration and 0.8 s for bleaching) due to enhanced electrical conductivity and Li-ion diffusivity, high coloration efficiency (62.4 cm2/C) as a result of increased electrochemical activity, and superb long-cycling retention (91.5%) after 1000 cycles due to improved electrochemical stability. In addition, hybrid films exhibited a noticeable energy storage performance with a high specific capacitance (154.0 F/g at a current density of 2 A/g) and a stable rate capability as a result of improved electrochemical activity and fast electrical conductivity, respectively. This resulted in brighter illumination intensity for the 1.5-V white-light-emitting diode due to improved energy density compared to a bare a-WO3 film. Therefore, the results suggest a new design strategy for materials to realize the coincident application of multifunctional devices with EC energy storage performance.
Impaired neuronal sodium channels cause intranodal conduction failure and reentrant arrhythmias in human sinoatrial node
Authors: Li Ning , Kalyanasundaram Anuradha , Hansen Brian J. , Artiga Esthela J. , Sharma Roshan , Abudulwahed Suhaib H. , Helfrich Katelynn M. , Rozenberg Galina , Wu Pei-Jung , Zakharkin Stanislav , Gyorke Sandor , Janssen Paul ML. , Whitson Bryan A. , Mokadam Nahush A. , Biesiadecki Brandon J. , Accornero Federica , Hummel John D. , Mohler Peter J. , Dobrzynski Halina , Zhao Jichao , Fedorov Vadim V. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMechanisms for human sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction are poorly understood and whether human SAN excitability requires voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) remains controversial. Here, we report that neuronal (n)Nav blockade and selective nNav1.6 blockade during high-resolution optical mapping in explanted human hearts depress intranodal SAN conduction, which worsens during autonomic stimulation and overdrive suppression to conduction failure. Partial cardiac (c)Nav blockade further impairs automaticity and intranodal conduction, leading to beat-to-beat variability and reentry. Multiple nNav transcripts are higher in SAN vs atria; heterogeneous alterations of several isoforms, specifically nNav1.6, are associated with heart failure and chronic alcohol consumption. In silico simulations of Nav distributions suggest that INa is essential for SAN conduction, especially in fibrotic failing hearts. Our results reveal that not only cNav but nNav are also integral for preventing disease-induced failure in human SAN intranodal conduction. Disease-impaired nNav may underlie patient-specific SAN dysfunctions and should be considered to treat arrhythmias.
CD73 on cancer-associated fibroblasts enhanced by the A2B-mediated feedforward circuit enforces an immune checkpoint
Authors: Yu Miao , Guo Gang , Huang Lei , Deng Libin , Chang Chang-Sheng , Achyut Bhagelu R. , Canning Madison , Xu Ningchun , Arbab Ali S. , Bollag Roni J. , Rodriguez Paulo C. , Mellor Andrew L. , Shi Huidong , Munn David H. , Cui Yan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCD73, an ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E), serves as an immune checkpoint by generating adenosine (ADO), which suppresses immune activation through the A2A receptor. Elevated CD73 levels in tumor tissues correlate with poor clinical outcomes. However, the crucial source of CD73 activity within the tumor microenvironment remains unspecified. Here, we demonstrate that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) constitute the prominent CD73hi population in human colorectal cancers (CRCs) and two CD73− murine tumor models, including a modified CRC. Clinically, high CAF abundancy in CRC tissues correlates strongly with elevated CD73 activity and poor prognosis. Mechanistically, CAF-CD73 expression is enhanced via an ADO-A2B receptor-mediated feedforward circuit triggered by tumor cell death, which enforces the CD73-checkpoint. Simultaneous inhibition of A2A and A2B pathways with CD73-neutralization synergistically enhances antitumor immunity in CAF-rich tumors. Therefore, the strategic and effective targeting of both the A2B-mediated ADO-CAF-CD73 feedforward circuit and A2A-mediated immune suppression is crucial for improving therapeutic outcomes.
Uncovering and quantifying the subduction zone sulfur cycle from the slab perspective
Authors: Li Ji-Lei , Schwarzenbach Esther M. , John Timm , Ague Jay J. , Huang Fang , Gao Jun , Klemd Reiner , Whitehouse Martin J. , Wang Xin-Shui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSulfur belongs among H2O, CO2, and Cl as one of the key volatiles in Earth’s chemical cycles. High oxygen fugacity, sulfur concentration, and δ34S values in volcanic arc rocks have been attributed to significant sulfate addition by slab fluids. However, sulfur speciation, flux, and isotope composition in slab-dehydrated fluids remain unclear. Here, we use high-pressure rocks and enclosed veins to provide direct constraints on subduction zone sulfur recycling for a typical oceanic lithosphere. Textural and thermodynamic evidence indicates the predominance of reduced sulfur species in slab fluids; those derived from metasediments, altered oceanic crust, and serpentinite have δ34S values of approximately −8‰, −1‰, and +8‰, respectively. Mass-balance calculations demonstrate that 6.4% (up to 20% maximum) of total subducted sulfur is released between 30–230 km depth, and the predominant sulfur loss takes place at 70–100 km with a net δ34S composition of −2.5 ± 3‰. We conclude that modest slab-to-wedge sulfur transport occurs, but that slab-derived fluids provide negligible sulfate to oxidize the sub-arc mantle and cannot deliver34S-enriched sulfur to produce the positive δ34S signature in arc settings. Most sulfur has negative δ34S and is subducted into the deep mantle, which could cause a long-term increase in the δ34S of Earth surface reservoirs.
African-centric TP53 variant increases iron accumulation and bacterial pathogenesis but improves response to malaria toxin
Authors: Singh Kumar Sachin , Leu Julia I-Ju , Barnoud Thibaut , Vonteddu Prashanthi , Gnanapradeepan Keerthana , Lin Cindy , Liu Qin , Barton James C. , Kossenkov Andrew V. , George Donna L. , Murphy Maureen E. , Dotiwala Farokh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA variant at amino acid 47 in human TP53 exists predominantly in individuals of African descent. P47S human and mouse cells show increased cancer risk due to defective ferroptosis. Here, we show that this ferroptotic defect causes iron accumulation in P47S macrophages. This high iron content alters macrophage cytokine profiles, leads to higher arginase level and activity, and decreased nitric oxide synthase activity. This leads to more productive intracellular bacterial infections but is protective against malarial toxin hemozoin. Proteomics of macrophages reveal decreased liver X receptor (LXR) activation, inflammation and antibacterial defense in P47S macrophages. Both iron chelators and LXR agonists improve the response of P47S mice to bacterial infection. African Americans with elevated saturated transferrin and serum ferritin show higher prevalence of the P47S variant (OR = 1.68 (95%CI 1.07–2.65) p = 0.023), suggestive of its role in iron accumulation in humans. This altered macrophage phenotype may confer an advantage in malaria-endemic sub-Saharan Africa.
Increased intestinal permeability exacerbates sepsis through reduced hepatic SCD-1 activity and dysregulated iron recycling
Authors: Kumar Manish , Leon Coria Aralia , Cornick Steve , Petri Björn , Mayengbam Shyamchand , Jijon Humberto B. , Moreau France , Shearer Jane , Chadee Kris 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInflammatory bowel disease is associated with changes in the mucosal barrier, increased intestinal permeability, and increased risk of infections and sepsis, but the underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we show how continuous translocation of gut microbial components affects iron homeostasis and facilitates susceptibility to inflammation-associated sepsis. A sub-lethal dose of lipopolysaccharide results in higher mortality in Mucin 2 deficient (Muc2−/−) mice, and is associated with elevated circulatory iron load and increased bacterial translocation. Translocation of gut microbial components attenuates hepatic stearoyl CoA desaturase-1 activity, a key enzyme in hepatic de novo lipogenesis. The resulting reduction of hepatic saturated and unsaturated fatty acid levels compromises plasma membrane fluidity of red blood cells, thereby significantly reducing their life span. Inflammation in Muc2−/− mice alters erythrophagocytosis efficiency of splenic macrophages, resulting in an iron-rich milieu that promotes bacterial growth. Our study thus shows that increased intestinal permeability triggers a cascade of events resulting in increased bacterial growth and risk of sepsis.
Single-cell analysis reveals new evolutionary complexity in uveal melanoma
Authors: Durante Michael A. , Rodriguez Daniel A. , Kurtenbach Stefan , Kuznetsov Jeffim N. , Sanchez Margaret I. , Decatur Christina L. , Snyder Helen , Feun Lynn G. , Livingstone Alan S. , Harbour J. William 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUveal melanoma (UM) is a highly metastatic cancer that, in contrast to cutaneous melanoma, is largely unresponsive to checkpoint immunotherapy. Here, we interrogate the tumor microenvironment at single-cell resolution using scRNA-seq of 59,915 tumor and non-neoplastic cells from 8 primary and 3 metastatic samples. Tumor cells reveal novel subclonal genomic complexity and transcriptional states. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells comprise a previously unrecognized diversity of cell types, including CD8+ T cells predominantly expressing the checkpoint marker LAG3, rather than PD1 or CTLA4. V(D)J analysis shows clonally expanded T cells, indicating that they are capable of mounting an immune response. An indolent liver metastasis from a class 1B UM is infiltrated with clonally expanded plasma cells, indicative of antibody-mediated immunity. This complex ecosystem of tumor and immune cells provides new insights into UM biology, and LAG3 is identified as a potential candidate for immune checkpoint blockade in patients with high risk UM.