bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHAT IS ISLAMIC HISTORY?
Authors: THUM RIAN 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTEfforts to define the concepts “Islam” and “history” have separately engendered rich debates with long intellectual genealogies. Both debates serve as a foundation for this essay's attempt to delimit the subject of “Islamic history.” However, the essay also argues that a close examination of the interaction between the two categories offers its own insights. Chief among these is the argument that a reliance on subjects’ self‐ascription as “Muslims” for definitions of “Muslim” and “Islamic” is far more than the empty or “nominal” approach that some critics have described. Rather, Islamic self‐ascription is historically entangled, both an artifact of historical processes and an evocation of them, even an integral element of the phenomenon it seeks to define.The essay begins with an evaluation of the “islams not Islam” approach to defining the Islamic, rooting the argument not only in self‐ascription—a common social‐science tool for category definition and boundary making—but also in Islamic historical traditions themselves. It then demonstrates this historical rootedness through an unusually difficult test case: Chinese‐language Islams that eschewed the words “Islam” and “Muslim.” After proposing a definition of “Islamic history,” one that is particularly open and expansive, the article outlines some common characteristics of Islamic history across its many forms, asking what makes it distinct and where it can contribute to a global comparative historiography. Finally, it argues that when we generalize about these traditions, describing the features most widely shared among them, we find an Islamic history that reflects and substantiates the centrality of self‐ascription in delineating the scope of Islam.
FLUID TEMPORALITIES: SAIYID AHMAD KHAN AND THE CONCEPT OF MODERNITY
Authors: PERNAU MARGRIT 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThis article investigates the language the great Indian Muslim reformer of the nineteenth century, Saiyid Ahmad Khan, uses to conceive of temporalities. The attention is directed toward the way he imagined the relationship between the present and the past, on the one hand, and the future, on the other hand, and toward the changes these configurations underwent in the course of his lifetime. The article will follow up these questions in three sections, focusing on three phases of Saiyid Ahmad Khan's life: first, his early years as a colonial officer and scholar (1840s–1860s); second, the period when the comparative gaze became crucial, leading to the establishment of a scientific society and to a voyage to London (1860–1871); and finally, the time when the Aligarh College occupied the center stage of his life (1871–1898).On one level this can be read as a straightforward history of concepts and temporalities. At another level, the article contributes to the ongoing debate about the past, which is simultaneously absent and hauntingly present. It follows Reinhart Koselleck to India where he never went and listens to the conversations between him and Saiyid Ahmad Khan, who died before Koselleck was born, thus blurring the lines not only between the past and the present, but also between the emic and the etic, and between historians and those they study. Like any meaningful encounter, it transforms its participants and the concepts with which they entered the dialogue.
The Impact of Jury Service on Scottish Jurors’ Health and Well‐Being
Authors: WELSH EMMA , ROBERTSON NOELLE , IRELAND LANA , DAVIES GRAHAM 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch by Robertson, Davies and Nettleingham (2009) suggested a minority of jurors in English and Welsh courts experience significant short‐ and longer‐term distress from undertaking jury service. This study extended the research to jurors in Scottish trials, with their distinct conventions and procedures. Jurors completed web‐based questionnaires measuring juror distress, trauma symptoms, and personal resilience. Results replicated those from England and Wales, showing that some Scottish jurors also experience deterioration in physical and psychological well‐being, with female jurors, those sitting in longer trials, and dealing with crimes against the person, being most affected. Trait resilience did not mitigate such effects.
Levels of the endosymbiont Rickettsia in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci are influenced by the expression of vitellogenin
Authors: Brumin M. , Lebedev G. , Kontsedalov S. , Ghanim M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBacterial endosymbionts play essential roles in the biology of their arthropod hosts by interacting with internal factors in the host. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a worldwide agricultural pest and a supervector for more than 100 plant viruses. Like many other arthropods, Be. tabaci harbours a primary endosymbiont, Porteira aleyrodidarum, and an array of secondary endosymbionts that coexist with Portiera inside bacteriocyte cells. Unlike all of the other secondary symbionts that infect Be. tabaci, Rickettsia has been shown to be an exception by infecting insect organs and not colocalizing with Portiera, and has been shown to significantly impact the insect biology and its interactions with the environment. Little is known about the molecular interactions that underlie insect–symbiont interactions in general, and particularly Be. tabaci–Rickettsia interactions. Here we performed transcriptomic analysis and identified vitellogenin as an important protein that influences the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci. Vitellogenin expression levels were lower in whole insects, but higher in midguts of Rickettsia‐infected insects. Immunocapture‐PCR assay showed interaction between vitellogenin and Rickettsia, whereas silencing of vitellogenin resulted in nearly complete disappearance of Rickettsia from midguts. Altogether, these results suggest that vitellogenin plays an important role in influencing the levels of Rickettsia in Be. tabaci.
Perceived Cultural Distance in Healthcare in Immigrant Intercultural Medical Encounters
Authors: Alizadeh Somayeh , Chavan Meena 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article responds to the paucity of empirical research on the impact of patient‐provider ethno‐cultural distance and providers' cultural competence on the quality of healthcare service in migrant intercultural medical encounters in Australia. A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 447 patients, consisting of 195 Caucasian and 252 non‐Caucasian patients from six outpatient clinics in New South Wales, Australia. Structural equation modelling was used for data analysis. The findings demonstrated that cultural distance is an influential factor in perceived quality of outpatient care. Caucasian and non‐Caucasian patients' perception of cultural distance between their physicians and themselves affected their service quality ratings of their physicians' professionalism, empathy and expertise. This is the first study on healthcare service quality in outpatient clinics in Australia for Caucasian and non‐Caucasian patients. Policy implications suggest intervention strategies and the need for cultural competence education in medical and health curricula in medical schools and clinical practices.
Habitat associations and competition in Mastomys‐Saccostomus‐Aetlwmys assemblages on coastal dune forests
Authors: Ferreira S. M. , van Aarde R. J. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe northern coastal dune forests of KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, are inhabited by several rodent species. Three of these (Mastomys natalensis, Saccostomus campestris and Aethomys chrysophilus) occur commonly. The hypothesis was investigated that habitat characteristics, and not species interactions, explain most of the variation in species‐specific densities of these three species. Existing data were collated and the relationships between species‐specific densities determined. In addition, a trapping programme was established between July 1993 and February 1995, during which species‐specific densities were estimated and 16 habitat variables measured. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship (i.e. not causation) between species‐specific densities and a suite of habitat variables. No additional explanation of variation in species‐specific densities by densities of other species were evident when habitat variables have been accounted for. It is concluded that most of the variation in species‐specific densities of a Mastomys‐Saccostomus‐Aethomys assemblage can be explained by habitat variables rather than species interactions.
Intra‐individual variability in sleep is related to glycaemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhu Bingqian , Kapella Mary C. , Zhao Xiangxiang , Fritschi Cynthia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsTo examine whether there were significant differences in sleep during weekdays/weekends and whether the intra‐individual variability in sleep was related to glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes.DesignCorrelational, longitudinal design.MethodsData were collected between February 2017–January 2018. In all, 56 adults with type 2 diabetes were included (60.7 years, 55.4% female). Sleep was measured using the Consensus Sleep Diary over 8 days. Intra‐individual variability of sleep was calculated as the standard deviation of sleep variables. Standard deviations of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep quality, and mid‐sleep time were obtained. Glycaemic control was measured by haemoglobin A1C. Paired t test and multiple regression analysis were used.ResultsOverall, there were no differences in sleep parameters between weekdays and weekends. Participants slept 20 min more over the weekends than during weekdays. The mid‐sleep time during weekends was about 35 min later than during weekdays. Intra‐individual variability of sleep duration and mid‐sleep ranged from 27.6–167.4 min and 13–137 min, respectively. Controlling for covariates (e.g., distress, symptoms, and self‐care), larger variability in sleep duration, and mid‐sleep were significantly related to higher A1C levels.ConclusionDiabetes educators are recommended to include the assessment of intra‐individual variability in sleep. Maintaining a regular sleep habit (e.g., sleep duration and sleep timing) should be highlighted during patient education.ImpactIntra‐individual variability in sleep is an alternative dimension for sleep assessment. This study examined whether intra‐individual variability in sleep was related to glycaemic control in an older sample of type 2 diabetes patients using a sleep diary across 8 days. This sample had a similar sleep pattern during weekdays and weekends. Larger intra‐individual variabilities in sleep duration and mid‐sleep time were independently related to worse glycaemic control. Diabetes patients are recommended to maintain a regular sleep routine.
Effects of online teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge construction
Authors: Wang Yang , Liu Qingtang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study analysed the instructors' teaching presence of three courses conducted by an instructor to explore the effects of the instructors' online teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge constructions. Content analysis, social network analysis, and lag sequential analysis were used to explore the mechanism of teaching presence on students' interactions and collaborative knowledge construction. Results demonstrate that the design and organization, as well as facilitating discourse, can facilitate students' interaction, reduce the number of peripheral students, and facilitate students' collaborative knowledge construction, especially in the knowledge sharing, discovery, discussion, and application, whereas direct instruction has positive effects on teachers' centrality and negative effects on knowledge negotiation and testing. The result can give the instructors some guidance on online teaching practices.
Evaluating the relationship between tooth color and enamel thickness, using twin flash photography, cross‐polarization photography, and spectrophotometer
Authors: He Wei‐Hung , Park Cheryl J. , Byun Sangho , Tan Daniel , Lin Chih Y. , Chee Winston 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo understand (a) the effects of labial enamel on tooth color (b) relationship of color data taken by nonpolarized (NP), cross‐polarization photography (CP), and spectrophotometry (SP).Materials and methodsFifty extracted human maxillary incisors were coated with resin on their palatal surfaces. Their color was measured with NP, CP, and SP and their dimensions were scanned by an intraoral scanner. The labial enamel was removed using a modified selective enamel demineralization technique. Tooth dimensions and color were recorded again. The differences in the labial enamel thickness (ΔT) and color (∆E*00 and ∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*) were statistically analyzed with the Pearson correlation coefficient and simple linear regression.ResultsIn CP and SP methods, ΔT and ∆E*00 were weakly to moderately positively correlated (r = .38 and .27). In NP, CP, and SP methods, ∆T and ∆b* are weakly positively correlated (r = .27, .27 and .29). The color data of three measuring methods were highly positively correlated (r > .8). A linear relationship between ∆E*00 and ∆T were found (CP and SP groups).Conclusions(a) Thicker labial enamel has a greater impact on tooth color. (b) Reducing labial enamel thickness shifts the tooth color toward yellow. (c) Tooth color measured from the three methods were highly correlated.Clinical SignificanceKnowing the relationship between enamel thickness and tooth color, a clinician can better predict the stump shade before tooth preparation. Due to the highly correlated measuring outcomes, it is reasonable to combine these three methods during shade matching.
BRUVS reveal locally extinct shark and the way for shark monitoring in Brazilian oceanic islands
Authors: Pimentel Caio R. , Andrades Ryan , Ferreira Carlos E. L. , Gadig Otto B. F. , Harvey Euan S. , Joyeux Jean‐Christophe , Giarrizzo Tommaso 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTHere we present records of sharks obtained using baited remote underwater stereo‐video systems (stereo‐BRUVS) at two Brazilian oceanic islands. Fourteen of the 60 deployments recorded 19 sharks in Trindade Island. In Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago (SPSPA), two pelagic and two demersal deployments recorded two and one shark, respectively, including the locally extinct Galapagos shark Carcharhinus galapagensis. Stereo‐BRUVS should be considered as adjuncts to other non‐invasive methods to monitor shark populations.
Design, development, and evaluation of a motorized rice grader
Authors: Ojediran John O. , Okonkwo Clinton E. , Alake Samuel A. , Alhassan Elijah A. , Olayanju Adeniyi T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe design and construction of a motorized rice grader were undertaken to classify rice grains into the head rice and broken rice. Three (3) screens of decreasing diameters were used inclined at angles ranging from 6, 8, and 160 and driven by a 5 hp motor to cause agitation and a pneumatic mechanism for blowing light chaff material. The performance efficiency of the developed machine was evaluated with milled rice at 15% moisture content (wet basis) at different feed gate levels (FGL) (5 to 20 mm). The result indicated decreased grading efficiency (GE) and product purity (PP) with increased FGL, increased throughput capacity (TPC) and tray loss (TL) with increased FGL. The highest GE and PP were 91.67 and 90.97% at 5 mm FGO, while the highest TPC and TL were achieved at 20 mm FGL as 0.08 kg/s and 1.06%, respectively. The feed gate levels (5 to 20 mm) had a significant effect on the performance efficiencies investigated.Practical applicationsAfter rice milling, there are usually broken rice grains in mixture with head rice. The developed motorized rice grader is useful in separating broken rice grains from the milled rice. This machine would help increase the quality of rice produced by the local or commercial processors. In addition, the time and drudgery associated with manual sorting are reduced.
Mathematical modeling of the technological processes of catering products production
Authors: Dayong Nie , Mikhaylov Alexey , Bratanovsky Sergey , Shaikh Zaffar Ahmed , Stepanova Diana 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTechnological processes of catering products manufacture need energy optimization. This article proposes the improvement of mathematical modeling apparatus at the stage of technological processes design and reconstruction. The authors used data from large restaurant‐type catering enterprises typical for million‐plus cities, some of which prepare fast‐food dishes. The possibilities of calorie generation during photosynthesis and the generation of electricity by photocells were examined to understand the energy benefits for catering enterprises. Emphasis is placed on minimizing energy consumption for heating and cooling in food production cycles using cogeneration, regeneration, and generation from local renewable energy sources. Cooking and storage chambers can be differentiated by thermal potentials. The modeling algorithm is deepened by the introduction of links between power consumption and generation equipment. A set of organizational measures of reconstruction is proposed in the design of production systems, which allows one to save up to 33–80% of the total energy costs of a real network of catering outlets.Practical ApplicationsThe use of modern energy technologies in the production processes of public catering enterprises will reduce total costs by up to 80% and improve the overall environmental friendliness of the food industry. While planning reconstruction of basic energy equipment, buildings, and mechanisms, the following must be taken into account. These include concepts of a healthy diet, local renewable energy resources, cultivating local natural food ingredients, and utilizing heat and calorie emissions. Up to 50% of the existing equipment requires such a reconstruction in public catering in developing countries. The principles recommended by the authors for the reconstruction of the production processes of public catering enterprises require the use of advanced algorithms for the mathematical optimization of energy flows and balances.
In‐milk inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by the environmental lytic bacteriophage ECPS‐6
Authors: Grygorcewicz Bartłomiej , Chajęcka‐Wierzchowska Wioleta , Augustyniak Adrian , Wasak Agata , Stachurska Xymena , Nawrotek Paweł , Dołęgowska Barbara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractShiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli is a common foodborne pathogen which transmission includes dairy products. In the search for novel biocontrol methods, bacteriophages have become important candidates for the eradication of foodborne pathogens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bacteriophage‐mediated reduction of E. coli O157:H7 in raw and filtered milk. Laboratory‐scale tests showed that the bacteriophage ECPS‐6 efficiently adsorbed to E. coli O157: H7 cells. Furthermore, ECPS‐6 remained stable when heated at 70°C for 20 min and in a wide pH range from 3.0 to 11.0. The trials on contaminated milk were performed using filtered and unfiltered raw milk contaminated with 1 × 105 CFU × ml−1 of E. coli O157: H7. Bacteriophage was added at multiplicity of infection (MOI) 5 and 50. The ECPS‐6 reached the highest lytic activity at MOI = 5 (25°C) which resulted in 4.74 Log10 CFU × ml−1 and 7.3 Log10 CFU × ml−1 reduction after 10 days for both tested strains, respectively. Under refrigerated conditions (4°C) the quantity of E. coli decreased to 1.5 Log10 CFU × ml−1 and 3.04 Log10 CFU × ml−1 for these strains, respectively. Usage of MOI = 50 for the treatment unfiltered milk led to the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 A‐2 below the detection limit after 6 hr.
A Vulnerability Risk Index of Self‐Neglect in a Community‐Dwelling Older Population
Authors: Wang Bei , Hoover Donald R. , Beck Todd , Dong XinQi 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUNDThe only way to systematically screen for self‐neglect among older adults is through in‐home observations, which are often difficult and unfeasible for healthcare providers. To fill this gap, we need a robust and efficient prognostication tool to better treat and prevent self‐neglect among older adults.OBJECTIVESTo develop a predictive index that can be used to assess risk prognostication of the onset of self‐neglect among community‐dwelling older populations.DESIGNTwo waves of longitudinal data from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP), collected during 2008 to 2012 with approximately 3‐year follow‐up intervals.SETTINGNon‐Hispanic black or non‐Hispanic white community‐dwelling older adults in three adjacent neighborhoods in Chicago, IL.PARTICIPANTSA total of 2885 individuals who were participants of the CHAP study.MEASUREMENTSThe main outcomes are incident self‐neglect cases. A total of 86 potential predictors were considered in the domains of sociodemographic and socioeconomic, general well‐being, health behavior, medical health, medicine/healthcare, cognitive function, physical well‐being, social well‐being, and psychological well‐being.RESULTSThe 3‐year self‐neglect incidence rate is 241 (8.4%). A 10‐item predictive model (with a c‐statistic of 0.76) was developed using stepwise selection in multivariable logistical regression models. After corrections of overfitting by validating in 100 bootstrapping samples, the predictive accuracy of the model dropped to 0.71, suggesting at least moderate overfitting. A point‐based risk index was developed based on parameter estimates of each predictive factor in the final logistic model. The index has an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.76.CONCLUSIONThe study developed an efficient index with good predictive ability of self‐neglect. Further external validation and impact studies are necessary before practitioners can apply this index to determine risk of self‐neglect among other community aging populations. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:809–816, 2020
Edward Zigler's legacy in the study of persons with intellectual disability: the developmental approach and the advent of a more rigorous and compassionate science
Authors: Burack J. A. , Evans D. W. , Lai J. , Russo N. , Landry O. , Kovshoff H. , Goldman K. J. , Iarocci G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEdward Zigler transformed the science and humanity of the work with persons with intellectual disability. The developmental approach is Ed's great contribution to the field of intellectual disability as it both led to more conceptually compelling and methodologically rigorous science and provided an alternative to the Zeitgeist of segregation, defect, and pathology that had prevailed for decades. In an entirely unique way, the developmental approach allowed a seamless integration of increasingly precise science with concern for the “whole child” and their family. Thus, Ed's legacy led to a discipline in which scholarship and compassion prevail hand in hand as the integrity of science and of the person are mutually informative and interdependent.