bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nodal conduction block: A unifying concept
Authors: Oh Shin J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA newly introduced term, “axonal conduction block,” brought a confusion in the electrodiagnostic diagnosis of Guillain‐Barrè syndrome (GBS). I am proposing the term “nodal conduction block” for “axonal conduction block.” This unifying concept of nodal conduction block will accommodate both the traditional concept of demyelination as well as the new concept of nodopathy in the “axonal form of GBS,”, making the practice of electrodiagnosis much easier.
Patient safety. Factors for and perceived consequences of nursing errors by nursing staff in home care services
Authors: Jachan Deborah Elisabeth , Müller‐Werdan Ursula , Lahmann Nils Axel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimTo identify factors for and perceived consequences of nursing errors by nursing staff in home care services in correlation with qualification, work experience, working hours and trainings.BackgroundPatient safety has increasingly been brought into focus of politics and care practices over the past few years. However, little evidence has been provided yet on nursing errors in out‐of‐hospital settings.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsRandomized sample of 107 home care services and 656 nurses and nursing assistants recruited from all 16 federal states in Germany.ResultsMissing trainings on error management within the past 2 years were identified to be an important factor for mistakes regarding hygienic measures and medication administration. However, most errors arose in documentation without any significant differences in qualification, work experience, training and working hours.ConclusionFindings indicate that insufficient hygiene and medication administration might be reduced by implementing error management trainings on a regular basis in home care services.
Stimuli‐responsive mechanical properties in polymer glasses: challenges and opportunities for defense applications
Authors: Dennis Joseph M , Savage Alice M , Mrozek Randy A , Lenhart Joseph L 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe potential utility that responsive glasses provide in the areas of aeronautics, protection and unmanned systems is reviewed in this article. The article focuses on two broad classes of stimuli, photo and thermal, to better illustrate the challenges and convey some of the potential in developing these materials for the often extreme operational environments of defense applications. Three response mechanisms are outlined to provide a range of mechanical behaviors on demand: (i) shape‐changing functionalities which locally yield or soften the material to stimulate chain mobility; (ii) bond forming (or breaking) chemistries which increase (or decrease) the stiffness of the material; and (iii) energy absorbing groups which convert the incoming stimuli into a spatially controlled heating and result in a designed softening of the material. Overall, continuing to develop responsive polymer glasses that respond rapidly and efficiently under low energy inputs will be critical for future defense applications. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
An algorithm to correct for the CASSCF active space in multiscale QM/MM calculations based on geometry ensembles
Authors: Cárdenas Gustavo , Nogueira Juan J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen the excitation energies of an ensemble of geometries, computed by the complete active space self‐consistent field (CASSCF) or other CAS‐based methods, are convoluted to obtain the absorption spectrum, it is advisable that all the considered geometries have the same molecular orbitals within the active space. In this work, we present an algorithm that evaluates the molecular orbital overlap matrix between a previously selected reference geometry, with the desired active space, and each of the sampled geometries. Based on the value of the overlap matrix elements, the algorithm determines whether one or more pairs of molecular orbitals of the sampled geometry have to be swapped for a subsequent CASSCF calculation. We have applied the developed algorithm to CASSCF and CASPT2 calculations for sets of geometries of the five canonical nucleobases in vacuum and in aqueous solvent. The algorithm shows a very good efficacy since it recovered the correct active space for 90% of the geometries which presented undesired molecular orbitals in the active space after the first CASSCF wavefunction optimization. In addition, the importance of having the same orbitals within the active space for all the geometries is discussed based on the corrected and uncorrected density of states for the nucleobases.
Quantitative simulation of the particle size distribution of eroded sediment on grass slopes with intact plants and root slopes with the aboveground parts removed
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Fan Dengxing , Jia Guodong , Yu Xinxiao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo quantitatively simulate the particle size distribution (PSD) of eroded sediment on grass and root slopes, simulated rainfall experiments were implemented on grass slopes with intact plants and root slopes with the aboveground parts removed. There were four coverage degrees (Cr) (0, 20, 40, and 60%), two rainfall intensities (R) (60 and 90 mm h–1) and two slope gradients (J) (15° and 25°). The content of sand‐sized particles was greatest in the eroded sediment from the grass slope, whereas the content of fine silt‐sized particles was greatest in the eroded sediment from the root slope. The PSD of eroded sediment was influenced by Cr, R, J, and hydrodynamic characteristics [flow velocity (u), flow depth (h), Reynolds number (Re), Froude number (Fr), resistance coefficient (f), runoff shear force (t), runoff power (w), unit runoff power (P)]. Through grey relational analysis, the relational degree (γ) of these impact factors to the PSD of eroded sediment was ranked γR > γRe > γJ > γh > γw > γu > γt > γP > γFr > γCr > γf on the grass slope and γR > γRe > γJ > γh > γt > γw > γu > γFr > γp > γf > γCr > on the root slope. The radial basis function neural network performed well at simulating the PSD of eroded sediment on both the grass and root slopes. These results lay the foundation for the establishment of a physics‐ based soil erosion model and a chemical transport model.
Advancements in Therapeutics via 3D Printed Multifunctional Architectures from Dispersed 2D Nanomaterial Inks
Authors: Chakraborty Pritam K. , Azadmanjiri Jalal , Pavithra Chokkakula L. P. , Wang Xiaojian , Masood Syed H. , Dey Suhash Ranjan , Wang James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract2D nanomaterials (2DNMs) possess fascinating properties and are found in multifarious devices and applications including energy storage devices, new generation of battery technologies, sensor devices, and more recently in biomedical applications. Their use in biomedical applications such as tissue engineering, photothermal therapy, neural regeneration, and drug delivery has opened new horizons in treatment of age‐old ailments. It is also a rapidly developing area of advanced research. A new approach of integrating 3D printing (3DP), a layer‐by‐layer deposition technique for building structures, along with 2DNM multifunctional inks, has gained considerable attention in recent times, especially in biomedical applications. With the ever‐growing demand in healthcare industry for novel, efficient, and rapid technologies for therapeutic treatment methods, 3DP structures of 2DNMs provide vast scope for evolution of a new generation of biomedical devices. Recent advances in 3DP structures of dispersed 2DNM inks with established high‐performance biomedical properties are focused on. The advantages of their 3D structures, the sustainable formulation methods of such inks, and their feasible printing methods are also covered. Subsequently, it deals with the therapeutic applications of some already researched 3DP structures of 2DNMs and concludes with highlighting the challenges as well as the future directions of research in this area.
By Way of Summary: Substantive Contributions and Public Policies for Dealing with Social Inequalities
Authors: Fachelli Sandra , López-Roldán Pedro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe final chapter aims to summarize the main substantive contributions of each of the preceding ones and the public policies that could be applied to deal with social inequalities. It also presents a general proposal for a future research programme in comparative analysis of social inequalities between Europe and Latin America.
Comparing Inequalities in the Labour Market from a Segmentation Perspective
Authors: López-Roldán Pedro , Semenza Renata , Salvia Agustín 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to carry out a comparative analysis of labour markets in Europe and Latin America from the perspective of segmentation in order to explain the processes of social inequality that arise in the workplace, in light of recent trends in global socio-economic changes. The chapter proposes two main objectives. The first is to perform a comparative descriptive analysis of the main features of labour markets among 60 European and Latin American countries. The second objective is to propose a model of comparative analysis of labour inequality from the theoretical perspective of the segmentation of the labour market and structural heterogeneity. We will focus our analysis by selecting two countries, Spain and Argentina, which both underwent a late development of capitalism. The following general hypothesis is formulated: Spain and Argentina, having clearly differentiated features in economic structure, level of development, institutional frameworks and socio-historical processes, show common dynamics in the structuring of the capitalist labour market between a primary and secondary segment. Using equivalent databases on the workforce a typology of segmentation of employment is constructed that show, in addition to the specificities of each country, the similarities in the structuring of the labour market.
Digital Revolution and Sociocultural Change
Authors: Miguélez Fausto , Planas Jordi , Benítez Paulina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe title of this chapter refers to how current developments in technology are not just one further innovation of the industrial era, but will lead to decisive changes in production methods, markets, labour, consumption and, to a considerable extent, personal and social relationships. But these changes will be happening within the economic and political framework of the period prior to digitalisation and will persist in the globalisation of the economy. These pages will focus on what we believe to be key issues: changes to business and work, changes to the education and training of people in general and the active population in particular, and certain activities that will have a profound effect on the way we communicate and relate to each other.No technological innovation, not even this one, exists and acts in isolation from the socio-political framework. Therefore, it is also important to analyse the policies and strategies that might lead the digital economy in one direction or another, towards an increase in inequality or in welfare. Going further, what our analysis does not cover is how the digital revolution could be of great help to curb the climate crisis, with changes in energy production, mobility, construction and protection of the environment, provided there is political will and consequent action.
Changes in Economic Inequality in Europe and Latin America in the First Decades of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Salvia Agustín 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter contains a comparative analysis of the changes in the inequality of family income distribution in the last two decades in Latin America and Europe. The study examines the degree to which the economic-productive factors—associated with the primary income distribution—or, on the contrary, the social policies—linked to the secondary distribution—reveal structural differences in economic inequality between regions in the 2000–2017 period. Based on a wide sample of countries, the evolution of inequality is compared within and between regions. The dissimilarity of these behaviours is examined as well as how valid certain economic-institutional factors are to give an account of the changes that occurred within each region.The chapter shows that, in the last two decades of the twenty-first century, Western Europe and Latin America have reduced their economic inequality gap, although following different paths: while inequality decreased in the majority of Latin American countries, an inverse process, although moderate, has been taking place in the majority of Europe. While both trends had national exceptions, the evidence presented helps us to deduce that it was simultaneously due to productive changes and to changes in the growth style, and to transformations in the redistributive efficiency of expenditure on social policies.
Digital Intrapreneurship: The Corporate Solution to a Rapid Digitalisation
Authors: Pinchot Gifford , Soltanifar Mariusz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFor decades, intrapreneurship has been, and is still, promoted to employees as a way to capture the creativity and excitement of entrepreneurship, albeit with more resources and less risk. Intrapreneurship creates opportunities for individuals to be innovative and entrepreneurial within and for the organisation that employs them. The ways in which intrapreneurs act have not changed, unlike the business context surrounding them. Digitalisation has opened the path for new intrapreneurial opportunities; however, the amount of attention paid to the role of digital intrapreneurs within existing organisations is limited. We present our own definition of digital intrapreneurship and position our definition in the digital landscape where modern companies operate. This chapter outlines numerous ways to foster digital intrapreneurship, including a set of practical methods for managers to identify, and empower digital intrapreneurs. The chapter presents three case studies and discusses their practical implications for entrepreneurs and their teams.
Business Model Development and Validation in Digital Entrepreneurship
Authors: Göcke Lutz , Weninger Robin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvery venture is developed under high uncertainty and causal ambiguity. A large majority of digital startups leverage the lean startup approach to validate the attractiveness of their venture, to reduce avoidable investments of scarce resources, and to structure the venturing process. Digital entrepreneurs highlight that prioritization and the definition of MVPs are two challenges that entrepreneurs face when applying the lean startup approach. We provide support on these particular challenges through a structured approach—the venture pyramid—to (in)validate digital business models in the face of high uncertainty. Furthermore, we map different types of digital business models with patterns of minimum viable products to inspire digital entrepreneurs and scientists alike. To illustrate our thoughts, we have developed two case studies of German startups that applied a process of rigorous iteration and learning to their venturing processes.
„Uni auf den Acker!“ – eine weltzugewandte ökonomische Bildung auf Exkursion
Authors: Hopp Johanna , Steffestun Theresa 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Zeiten multipler sozialer, ökologischer und ökonomischer Krisen sieht sich die Ökonomie, insbesondere aber die ökonomische Bildung durch die studentische Kritik an ihrer Weltfremdheit, Abstraktheit und ethischen Unschärfe zur Verantwortung gerufen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag berichten die Autorinnen von ihren Erfahrungen bei der Umsetzung einer dezidiert weltzugewandten ökonomischen Bildung. Diese rückt den Kontext wirtschaftlichen Denkens und Handelns auf der einen und das erkennende und sich bildende Subjekt auf der anderen Seite in den Mittelpunkt des Bildungsgeschehens. Am Beispiel der einwöchigen Exkursion von Ökonomiestudierenden der Cusanus Hochschule für Gesellschaftsgestaltung in das landwirtschaftliche Ensemble von Rothenklempenow legen die Autorinnen die didaktische Umsetzung dieses Bildungsanliegens dar.
Gedeih-Räume sozioökonomischer Hochschullehre. Zur Innenarchitektur einer lebendigen Wirtschaftsdidaktik
Authors: Casper Marc 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag ist als Zusammenschau gedacht und widmet sich übergeordneten Fragen dieses Bandes: Welche Menschen und Institutionen betrifft sozioökonomische Hochschullehre? Welche Merkmale und Spannungsfelder kennzeichnen hochschulisches Lernen im Allgemeinen und sozioökonomische Lehre im Besonderen? Aus den vorliegenden Beiträgen wird außerdem das gemeinsame Anliegen lebendigen Lernens identifiziert und nach drei Bestimmungen ausdifferenziert: Nach biographischen, lebensweltlichen Bezügen; nach der sinnlich-ästhetischen Qualität von Lernprozessen und nach der Interaktionsmoral von Lerngruppen. Abschließend werden institutionelle und persönliche Entwicklungslinien einer sozioökonomischen Hochschulbildung aufgezeigt.
Ergebnisse: Vor dem Studium
Authors: Krannich Sascha , Hunger Uwe 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungEin Ziel des KAAD ist es, möglichst viele Studierende aus finanziell benachteiligten Familien zu fördern, um ihnen einen sozialen Aufstieg durch Bildung zu ermöglichen und damit zu einer Bekämpfung der Armut in den Herkunftsländern beizutragen. In unserer Onlineumfrage gab fast die Hälfte der Alumni an, dass sie aus einer Familie der unteren Mittelschicht stammen (49,7 %), ein weiteres Viertel aus der oberen Mittelschicht (24,9 %), ca. 12 Prozent ordneten ihre Familie der Unterschicht und 2 Prozent der Oberschicht in ihren Herkunftsländern zu. In Ghana stammen besonders viele Alumni aus finanzschwachen Familien, die traditionsgemäß ihr Einkommen in der Landwirtschaft erzielen.
Diskussion und Schlussfolgerungen
Authors: Krannich Sascha , Hunger Uwe 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungInsgesamt hat die Studie ein großes Potenzial der internationalen Studierendenmigration und der Arbeit des KAAD in der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit zu Tage gefördert. Im Rahmen ihres entwicklungsbezogenen Wirkens können internationale Studierende vielfältige Funktionen ausüben. Der Wissens- und Ideentransfer ist dabei sicher eine Hauptform, in der (ehemalige) internationale Studierende zur Entwicklung in ihren Herkunftsländern beitragen.
Gravitational positivity bounds
Authors: Tokuda Junsei , Aoki Katsuki , Hirano Shin’ichi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe study the validity of positivity bounds in the presence of a massless graviton, assuming the Regge behavior of the amplitude. Under this assumption, the problematict-channel pole is canceled with the UV integral of the imaginary part of the amplitude in the dispersion relation, which gives rise to finite corrections to the positivity bounds. We find that low-energy effective field theories (EFT) with “wrong” sign are generically allowed. The allowed amount of the positivity violation is determined by the Regge behavior. This violation is suppressed by$$ {M}_{\mathrm{pl}}^{-2}\alpha^{\prime } $$Mpl−2α′whereα′ is the scale of Reggeization. This implies that the positivity bounds can be applied only when the cutoff scale of EFT is much lower than the scale of Reggeization. We then obtain the positivity bounds on scalar-tensor EFT at one-loop level. Implications of our results on the degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor (DHOST) theory are also discussed.
Ultra-stable charging of fast-scrambling SYK quantum batteries
Authors: Rosa Dario , Rossini Davide , Andolina Gian Marcello , Polini Marco , Carrega Matteo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCollective behavior strongly influences the charging dynamics of quantum batteries (QBs). Here, we study the impact of nonlocal correlations on the energy stored in a system ofNQBs. A unitary charging protocol based on a Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) quench Hamiltonian is thus introduced and analyzed. SYK models describe strongly interacting systems with nonlocal correlations and fast thermalization properties. Here, we demonstrate that, once charged, the average energy stored in the QB is very stable, realizing an ultraprecise charging protocol. By studying fluctuations of the average energy stored, we show that temporal fluctuations are strongly suppressed by the presence of nonlocal correlations at all time scales. A comparison with other paradigmatic examples of many-body QBs shows that this is linked to the collective dynamics of the SYK model and its high level of entanglement. We argue that such feature relies on the fast scrambling property of the SYK Hamiltonian, and on its fast thermalization properties, promoting this as an ideal model for the ultimate temporal stability of a generic QB. Finally, we show that the temporal evolution of the ergotropy, a quantity that characterizes the amount of extractable work from a QB, can be a useful probe to infer the thermalization properties of a many-body quantum system.
Exponential growth of out-of-time-order correlator without chaos: inverted harmonic oscillator
Authors: Hashimoto Koji , Huh Kyoung-Bum , Kim Keun-Young , Watanabe Ryota 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe provide a detailed examination of a thermal out-of-time-order correlator (OTOC) growing exponentially in time in systems without chaos. The system is a one-dimensional quantum mechanics with a potential whose part is an inverted harmonic oscillator. We numerically observe the exponential growth of the OTOC when the temperature is higher than a certain threshold. The Lyapunov exponent is found to be of the order of the classical Lyapunov exponent generated at the hilltop, and it remains non-vanishing even at high temperature. We adopt various shape of the potential and find these features universal. The study confirms that the exponential growth of the thermal OTOC does not necessarily mean chaos when the potential includes a local maximum. We also provide a bound for the Lyapunov exponent of the thermal OTOC in generic quantum mechanics in one dimension, which is of the same form as the chaos bound obtained by Maldacena, Shenker and Stanford.
Partial Reactions of the Na,K-ATPase: Determination of Activation Energies and an Approach to Mechanism
Authors: Apell Hans-Jürgen , Roudna Milena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKinetic experiments were performed with preparations of kidney Na,K-ATPase in isolated membrane fragments or reconstituted in vesicles to obtain information of the activation energies under turnover conditions and for selected partial reactions of the Post-Albers pump cycle. The ion transport activities were detected with potential or conformation sensitive fluorescent dyes in steady-state or time-resolved experiments. The activation energies were derived from Arrhenius plots of measurements in the temperature range between 5 °C and 37 °C. The results were used to elaborate indications of the respective underlying rate-limiting reaction steps and allowed conclusions to be drawn about possible molecular reaction mechanisms. The observed consequent alteration between ligand-induced reaction and conformational relaxation steps when the Na,K-ATPase performs the pump cycle, together with constraints set by thermodynamic principles, provided restrictions which have to be met when mechanistic models are proposed. A model meeting such requirements is presented for discussion.Graphic Abstract