bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. VIII. Quasar Luminosity Function at z ∼ 5
Authors: Kim Yongjung , Im Myungshin , Jeon Yiseul , Kim Minjin , Pak Soojong , Hyun Minhee , Taak Yoon Chan , Shin Suhyun , Lim Gu , Paek Gregory S. H. , Paek Insu , Jiang Linhua , Choi Changsu , Hong Jueun , Ji Tae-Geun , Jun Hyunsung D. , Karouzos Marios , Kim Dohyeong , Kim Duho , Kim Jae-Woo , Kim Ji Hoon , Lee Hye-In , Lee Seong-Kook , Park Won-Kee , Yoon Yongmin , Byeon Seoyeon , Hwang Sungyong , Kim Joonho , Kim Sophia , Park Woojin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Faint z ∼ 5 quasars with M
1450 ∼ −23 mag are known to be potentially important contributors to the ultraviolet ionizing background in the postreionization era. However, their number density has not been well determined, making it difficult to assess their role in the early ionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). In this work, we present the updated results of our z ∼ 5 quasar survey using the Infrared Medium-deep Survey (IMS), a near-infrared imaging survey covering an area of 85 deg2. From our spectroscopic observations with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph on the Gemini-South 8 m telescope, we discovered eight new quasars at z ∼ 5 with −26.1 ≤ M
1450 ≤ −23.3. Combining our IMS faint quasars (M
1450 > −27 mag) with the brighter Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasars (M
1450 < −27 mag), we derive the z ∼ 5 quasar luminosity function (QLF) without any fixed parameters down to the magnitude limit of M
1450 = −23 mag. We find that the faint-end slope of the QLF is very flat (

), with a characteristic luminosity of

mag. The number density of z ∼ 5 quasars from the QLF gives an ionizing emissivity at 912 Å of ϵ
912 = (3.7–7.1) × 1023 erg s−1 Hz−1 Mpc−3 and an ionizing photon density of

Mpc−3 s−1. These results imply that quasars are responsible for only 10%–20% (up to 50% even in the extreme case) of the photons required to completely ionize the IGM at z ∼ 5, disfavoring the idea that quasars alone could have ionized the IGM at z ∼ 5.
Significant Suppression of Star Formation in Radio-quiet AGN Host Galaxies with Kiloparsec-scale Radio Structures
Authors: Smith Krista Lynne , Koss Michael , Mushotzky Richard , Wong O. Ivy , Shimizu T. Taro , Ricci Claudio , Ricci Federica 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We conducted 22 GHz 1″ Jansky Very Large Array imaging of 100 radio-quiet X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the Swift–Burst Array Telescope (Swift–BAT) survey. We find AGN-driven kiloparsec-scale radio structures inconsistent with pure star formation in 11 AGN. The host galaxies of these AGN lie significantly below the star-forming main sequence, indicating suppressed star formation. While these radio structures tend to be physically small compared to the host galaxy, the global star formation rate of the host is affected. We evaluate the energetics of the radio structures interpreted first as immature radio jets, and then as consequences of an AGN-driven radiative outflow, and compare them to two criteria for successful feedback: the ability to remove the CO-derived molecular gas mass from the galaxy gravitational potential and the kinetic energy transfer to molecular clouds leading to v
cloud > σ
*. In most cases, the jet interpretation is insufficient to provide the energy necessary to cause the star formation suppression. Conversely, the wind interpretation provides ample energy in all but one case. We conclude that it is more likely that the observed suppression of star formation in the global host galaxy is due to interstellar medium interactions of a radiative outflow, rather than a small-scale radio jet.
Energy Conversion between Ions and Electrons through Ion Cyclotron Waves and Embedded Ion-scale Rotational Discontinuity in Collisionless Space Plasmas
Authors: Luo Qiaowen , He Jiansen , Cui Jun , Zhu Xingyu , Duan Die , Verscharen Daniel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wave–particle interaction is a fundamental process in collisionless plasma, which results in the redistribution of energy between plasma waves and particle species. The analysis of high-resolution Magnetospheric Multiscale plasma and magnetic field data directly reveals the energy exchange between electromagnetic energy, particle bulk kinetic energy, and thermal kinetic energy in magnetosheath turbulence. This work focuses on the energy transfer associated with ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) and embedded rotational discontinuity (RD). We find that (1) the particle kinetic energy of ions is converted into electromagnetic energy; (2) the electrons are gaining energy from electromagnetic fields, having significant electron heating in the parallel direction around the RD; (3) the ICWs and RD connect and redistribute energy between ions and electrons in the postshock downstream sheath region; and (4) the interactions between pressure tensor and strain tensor redistribute the ion and electron bulk and thermal kinetic energies, but less significantly than direct field–particle interaction by one order of magnitude in the ICW turbulence with weak compressibility, in the sense that

,

.
La sécurité juridique – Le point de vue de l’avocat
Authors: Valdelièvre Guillaume 
Published: November 2020

Réfléchir à l’intérêt que présente la notion de sécurité juridique pour un avocat, c’est constater que cette notion est un objectif qui ne peut jamais être véritablement atteint et qui ne doit finalement pas l’être, au risque de figer l’état du droit. Plus qu’un idéal, la sécurité juridique apparaît comme la manifestation d’intérêts aussi antagonistes qu’également légitimes : la préservation des situations de droit acquises, la nécessaire évolution de situations de droit insatisfaisantes. Selon la cause qu’il aura à défendre, l’avocat insistera sur l’un ou l’autre de ces intérêts. Il aura pour cela recours aux différentes notions qui composent la sécurité juridique ou à celles qui justifient qu’il y soit dérogé.
Les relations franco-portugaises
Authors: Derou Jean 
Published: November 2020

Cette étude, justifiée par l’insuffisance et le caractère parcellaire des travaux sur l’histoire des relations franco-portugaises, propose, par un renversement de tendance, un examen de l’Europe par un chercheur africain. Elle s’attache à la reconstitution de l’histoire des relations franco-portugaises de 1910 à 1926 et procède selon une approche globale, embrassant les rapports économiques, politiques et diplomatiques entre la France et le Portugal, analysant à la fois les liens entre les deux Etats et gouvernements et ceux qui ont existé entre les forces sociales et politiques des deux pays.

L’ouvrage s’inscrit néanmoins dans le cadre chronologique délimité par la proclamation et la chute de la première république parlementaire portugaise et s’articule autour de la période centrale de la guerre de 1914-1918, par la raison que le contexte international qui a précédé celle-ci et lui a donné naissance, tout comme celui qui l’a suivie a fortement influencé les relations entre les deux pays.
L’émigration française
Authors: Fouché Nicole 
Published: November 2020

Les Français émigrent-ils ? Où vont-ils ? Quels sont les Français qui émigrent ? Paysans ? Artisans ? Citadins ? Ruraux ?

Autant de questions que l’on peut se poser auxquelles la présente étude lente d’apporter quelques éléments de réponse.

Étant donné Faire sur laquelle opère le C.R.H.N.A., priorité a été accordée aux Etats-Unis et au Canada, auxquels sont consacrés la plupart des articles. Il a pourtant semblé intéressant de dépasser ce cadre géographique du côté de l’Algérie, afin de faciliter une approche comparative. Restreindre l’étude aux seuls États-Unis aurait limité le phénomène migratoire au risque de le déformer, voire de le trahir.

Cet ouvrage présente plusieurs méthodes d’investigation du phénomène « émigration française » : essai statistique sur la série des passeports de Bordeaux, histoire orale et interview des Basques de Baïgorri, analyses de sources variées et jusqu’à ce jour peu ou pas utilisées telles que les archives militaires (arrondissement de Sarrebourg en Lorraine), archives de la police parisienne en 1848, celles de la préfecture de la Seine. Les auteurs ont aussi utilisé des sources plus classiques, celles du mini stère des Affaires Étrangères, les séries M des Archives départementales, et des sources imprimées (récits et commentaires de voyageurs français aux États-Unis) pour en tirer des informations nouvelles sur l’émigration française. La variété des sources et les différentes méthodes d’approche font l’originalité du présent volume. Elles contribuent à donner une image concrète de l’émigration et montrent bien les différentes voies d’accès à la connaissance du sujet.
IL-37 Expression Is Downregulated in Lesional Psoriasis Skin
Authors: Rønholt Kirsten , Nielsen Ane Langkilde-Lauesen , Johansen Claus , Vestergaard Christian , Fauerbye Astrid , López-Vales Rubèn , Dinarello Charles A , Iversen Lars 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
IL-37 broadly suppresses inflammation in various disease models. However, studies of the regulation and role of IL-37 in psoriasis are limited and contradictive. Using transcriptome analysis, PCR, protein determination, and immunofluorescence, we demonstrated marked downregulation of IL-37 in biopsies from human lesional psoriasis skin compared with paired samples of nonlesional skin. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that IL-37 was localized to stratum granulosum of the epidermis. TNF-α stimulation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes led to increased IL37 expression through a p38 MAPK-mediated mechanism, whereas IL-17A, IL-17C, IL-17F, and IL-22 acted suppressively. Intradermal injection with recombinant human IL-37 into imiquimod-induced psoriasis skin of C57BL/6J mice demonstrated a trend toward a protective effect, however NS. Altogether, these results demonstrate that IL-37 is downregulated in human lesional psoriasis skin. This may be a consequence of the loss of stratum granulosum, but key cytokines in the development of psoriasis also seem to contribute to this downregulation.
Il consenso di chi non può consentire in sperimentazione clinica: etica e GCP a confronto
Authors: Bignamini Bignamini 
Published: November 2020

In sperimentazione, il consenso di chi non può consentire costituisce l’incrocio di quattro condizioni alternativamente su base reale o formale: a) posizione etica o legalmente corretta; b) informazione e consenso, o documentazione del consenso; c) impossibilità fisica o tecnica; d) atti che non implicano o implicano utilità diretta per il paziente.
Le incapacità previste dalla GCP sono: 1. non sa (o non può) leggere e scrivere; 2. minore o legalmente incapace ma con capacità reale; 3. minore o legalmente incapace senza capacità reale, o incosciente, con rappresentate legalmente accettabile; 4. minore o legalmente incapace senza capacità reale, o incosciente, senza rappresentante legalmente accettabile. Per queste condizioni la GCP prevede procedure precise che però possono porsi in contrasto con l’accettabilità etica e produrre conflitti con i comitati di etica, anche perché la GCP considera equivalenti il soggetto e il suo rappresentante, posizione accettabile in studi terapeutici ma non accettabile per studi non terapeutici.
Quando l’incapacità al consenso è formale non c’è sostanzialmente contrasto fra GCP ed etica, purché l’informazione sia data in maniera completa e vi sia la possibilità reale di consentire liberamente. Su questi aspetti si concentrerà il comitato di etica.
Quando l’impossibilità a consentire è reale, il comitato di etica ed il medico sperimentatore, vincolati ad operare sotto le condizioni specifiche degli interventi medici straordinari in emergenza, aventi come condizione irrinunciabile il presumibile beneficio per il soggetto stesso, potrebbero respingere su base vincolante etica e deontologica, anche protocolli formalmente conformi alla GCP.
Bioetica clinica – Considerazioni bioetiche su un caso clinico: P. P. di anni 35
Authors: Porteri Corinna 
Published: November 2020

Si propone l’analisi etica di un caso clinico di ambito psichiatrico, giunto all’attenzione del Comitato etico delle Istituzioni Ospedaliere Cattoliche di Brescia.
Per una proposta di soluzione a questa storia clinica, insieme al riferimento alla documentazione internazionale relativa ai diritti dell’uomo in generale e ai diritti del malato di mente in particolare, l’Autore indica la necessità di assumerne la prospettiva etica secondo cui il bene della persona più debole, il benessere di questo malato, è “bene per me”.
L’analisi del caso proposto evidenzia in particolare il dovere della medicina di accostarsi alla persona malata nella sua interezza, attraverso l’attenta considerazione della sua storia e degli aspetti fisico, mentale e sociale che la costituiscono.
Il caso pone inoltre la questione di una specifica discussione bioetica del disturbo mentale, tema che non sempre entra nelle trattazioni classiche della bioetica.
Exploring the Pain in Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Examining Signs of Central Sensitization
Authors: Sigmund Kemery J. , Bement Marie K. Hoeger , Earl-Boehm Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2020

Background
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) has high recurrence rates and minimal long-term treatment success. Central sensitization refers to dysfunctional pain modulation that occurs when nociceptive neurons become hyperresponsive. Researchers in this area of PFP have been increasingly productive in the past decade.

Objective
To determine whether evidence supports manifestations of central sensitization in individuals with PFP.

Data Sources
We searched MeSH terms for quantitative sensory testing (QST) pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), conditioned pain modulation (CPM), temporal summation, sensitization, hyperalgesia, and anterior knee pain or PFP in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Academic Search Complete, and EBSCOhost.

Study Selection
Peer-reviewed studies that were written in English and published between 2005 and 2020 and investigated QST or pain mapping in a sample with PFP were included in this review.

Data Extraction
The initial search yielded 140 articles. After duplicates were removed, 78 abstracts were reviewed. The full text of 21 studies was examined, and we included 15 studies in our evaluation: 6 in the meta-analysis, 4 in the systematic review, and 5 in both the meta-analysis and systematic review.

Data Synthesis
A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted for 4 QST variables (local PPTs, remote PPTs, CPM, temporal summation). Strong evidence supported lower local and remote PPTs, impaired CPM, and facilitated temporal summation in individuals with PFP compared with pain-free individuals. Evidence for heat and cold pain thresholds was conflicting. Pain mapping demonstrated expanding pain patterns associated with long duration of PFP symptoms.

Conclusions
Signs of central sensitization were present in individuals with PFP, indicating altered pain modulation. The etiologic and treatment models of PFP should reflect the current body of evidence regarding central sensitization. Signs of central sensitization should be monitored clinically, and treatments with central effects should be considered as part of a multimodal plan of care.
Preseason Baseline Neurocognitive Performances and Symptom Reporting on Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing: A Comparison of Adolescent Student-Athletes Tested in Spanish and English
Authors: Karr Justin E. , Garcia-Barrera Mauricio A. , Marsh Jacqueline M. , Maxwell Bruce A. , Berkner Paul D. , Iverson Grant L. 
Published: November 2020

Context
Student-athletes are commonly administered the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) battery at preseason baseline and postconcussion. The ImPACT is available in many languages, but few researchers have examined differences in cognitive performances and symptom ratings based on the language of administration.

Objective
To examine differences in ImPACT neurocognitive composites and symptom reporting at preseason baseline testing between student-athletes who completed ImPACT in Spanish versus English.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Preseason baseline testing for a high school concussion-management program in Maine.

Patients or Other Participants
Adolescent student-athletes who completed testing in Spanish (n = 169) and English (n = 169) were matched on age, gender, and health and academic history. Language groups were compared on each outcome for the full sample and for gender-stratified subsamples.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Neurocognitive composite scores and individual and total symptom severity ratings from the ImPACT battery.

Results
Athletes tested in Spanish displayed lower levels of neurocognitive performance on 2 of 5 composite scores (visual motor speed: P &lt; .001, d = 0.51; reaction time: P = .004, d = 0.33) and reported greater symptom severity (P &lt; .001, r = 0.21). When the analyses were stratified by gender, similar visual motor speed differences were observed between language groups among boys (P = .001, d = 0.49) and girls (P = .001, d = 0.49), whereas reaction time showed a larger group difference for boys (P = .012, d = 0.42) than for girls (P = .128, d = 0.21). Language-group differences in symptom reporting were similar for boys (P = .003, r = 0.22) and girls (P = .008, r = 0.21), with more frequent endorsement of physical and affective symptoms by athletes tested in Spanish.

Conclusions
Language-group differences in total symptom severity were small (r = 0.21) and in neurocognitive performances were small to medium (d = 0.05–0.51). Versus previous authors who compared athletes tested in Spanish and English with ImPACT, we observed smaller effects, which may be attributable to close matching on variables related to neurocognitive performances and symptom reporting.
Trends in the characteristics of skin melanoma in accordance with time intervals
Authors: Tas Faruk , Erturk Kayhan 
Published: November 2020

Aim:
The incidence of skin melanoma has increased dramatically in recent years. The aim of this study was to analyze the trends in the features of Turkish cutaneous melanoma patients in a 25-year period

Materials and Methods:
A total of 1258 adult melanoma patients who had been managed and followed up at a tertiary referral center between 1993 and 2017 were included in the study.

Results:
Males were predominant which did not vary between time intervals. There was an increase in the percentage of older patients over the years, whereas no change was observed in the percentage of younger patients. As the percentage of lower extremity melanoma dropped, the percentage of truncal melanomas rose. Both the incidences of thick (T3–T4) and thin melanomas (T1) were found to increase over time by 13.4% and 3.8%, respectively. There was no significant change in the percentage of the metastatic disease; however, Stage III disease was found to multiply by 10.1% and local disease was found to fall by 8.5% over the period. The percentages of patients with nodular histopathology and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were found to plummet, and there was a slight decline in the percentages of patients with high mitotic rate and lymphovascular invasion.

Conclusions:
Most likely because of the delayed diagnosis, cutaneous melanoma was found to be associated with less favorable prognostic features as the time lapsed. We suggest that effective campaigns for public awareness of melanoma be implemented so the screening and early diagnosis of the disease can be promoted.
Pemeriksaan Status Kesehatan Hewan Kurban Dalam Situasi Wabah Covid-19 di Kabupaten Manokwari
Authors: Sambodo Priyo , Widayati Isti , Nurhayati Dwi , Baaka Alnita , Arizona Rizki 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The activity was carried out to determine the health status of qurban animals and the worthiness of the qurban meat during eid al-Adha in Manokwari Regency through antemortem and postmortem examinations along with the application of health protocols during the Covid-19 pandemic. Six hundred fifty-six beef cattle were examined. The antemortem examination includes the observation of the general condition, eye mucosa, anus, and fecal matter. The liver and rumen were examined through direct observation (inspection) of the presence of worm parasites. Covid-19 health protocol observations were carried out on butchers, meat officers, and the facilities around the activity. The data were analyzed descriptively and presented in percentages and figures. The average Body Condition Score (BCS) of the cattle was 3 to 4. The locomotion and skin turgor was normal. In general, the examined meat was fit for consumption. The eye mucosa color in the examined cows was pink. The anus condition of all the cows examined is clean and the stool consistency is soft. A total of 106 livers (16.16%) had fasciolosis and 89 rumens (13.57%) were positively infested with Paramphistomum sp. Most of the slaughter places have implemented health protocols with body temperature checks, washing their hands when entering the slaughtering area and most of the workers have to wear a mask.
Keywords: Qurban Animals; Heartworms; Covid-19

ABSTRAK
Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status kesehatan hewan kurban dan kelayakan daging kurban di Kabupaten Manokwari melalui pemeriksaan antemortem dan postmortem dan penerapan protokol kesehatan selama wabah covid-19. Hewan yang diperiksa adalah sapi dengan jumlah sebanyak 656 ekor. Pemeriksaan terdiri atas ante-mortem meliputi pemeriksaan keadaan umum, mukosa mata, anus dan feses dengan cara inspeksi dan pemeriksaan post-mortem, meliputi: hati dan rumen yang dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung (inspeksi) keberadaan parasit cacing dalam organ periksa. Pengamatan protokol kesehatan covid-19 dilakukan pada: petugas jagal, petugas daging, petugas jeroan dan fasilitas disekitar kegiatan berlangsung. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam persen dan gambar. Rerata Body Condition Score (BCS) sapi yang disembelih adalah 3 sampai 4. Lokomosi 100% dan turgor kulit normal. Secara umum daging yang diperiksa layak dikonsumsi. Rerata warna mukosa mata pada sapi yang diperiksa adalah merah muda. Keadaan anus dari seluruh sapi yang diperiksa adalah bersih dan konsistensi fesesnya lunak. Sebanyak 106 organ hati sapi (16,16%) yang diperiksa mengalami fasciolosis dan sebanyak 89 rumen (13,57%) positif terinfestasi Paramphistomum sp. Sebagian besar tempat penyembelihan telah melakukan protokol kesehatan berupa pemeriksaan suhu tubuh, wajib cuci tangan saat memasuki area penyembelihan dan sebagian besar petugas jagal, petugas daging dan petugas jeroan telah mengenakan masker.
Kata Kunci: Hewan Kurban; Cacing Hati; Covid-19