bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicide Adsorption and Release Properties of Five Oxadiazon-Coated Fertilizers
Authors: Keel Kevin R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Grey Tim L. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes Donald J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the release of oxadiazon coated on control-release fertilizers. Five fertilizers and glass beads (nonabsorbent control) were coated with 14C-oxadiazon + formulated oxadiazon at a herbicide-to-fertilizer concentration of 0.3 mg ai/g. Coated fertilizers were subjected to 14 consecutive daily water leaching events. For the control-release fertilizers, Nutricote, Meister and Osmocote, 70%–80% of the coated oxadiazon was released in the first 3 leaching events; each leaching event after the 7th leaching event contained less than 1% of total applied oxadiazon. In contrast, 56% of the total applied oxadiazon was leached from Polyon 24N–1.7P–10K (24–4–12) in the first 3 leachings and similar percentages of oxadiazon were leached over each of the last 11 leaching events. Coating the five fertilizers with isoxaben produced similar results. A second experiment evaluated the effects of the addition of Prime Oil, Complex (sticker), Plex (sticker), and Intac (sticker) on release rates of oxadiazon-coated Osmocote 17N–3.1P–10K (17–7–12). Oxadiazon-coated Osmocote alone and oxadiazon-coated Polyon alone were also evaluated. Eighty-five percent of the total applied oxadiazon was leached from oxadiazon-coated Osmocote alone during the first leaching event and less than 1% was recovered with each consecutive leaching after the third leaching. Oxadiazon-coated Osmocote treated with Plex responded similarly to oxadiazon-coated Osmocote. Oxadiazon-coated Osmocote treated with Complex, Intac, or Prime Oil and oxadiazon-coated Polyon lost 21%, 20%, 16%, and 24%, respectively, of the applied herbicide after the first leaching event. Thereafter, nearly equal amounts of oxadiazon (5%) were leached from Complex, Prime Oil, Intac and Polyon alone from the 6th through the 11th leaching events.
Cold Hardiness of Weigela Cultivars
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Laboratory freezing tests of stem hardiness were conducted to develop cold hardiness profiles for 18 weigela (Weigela sp.) cultivars during the fall and winter of 1994–95. Tests were performed on containerized plants held in a temperature-controlled greenhouse to prevent exposure to potentially lethal temperatures. No cultivar survived below −6C (21F) in the October 3 test. Subsequent differences in rates of acclimation resulted in cultivars differing in hardiness by as much as 13C (23F) on November 14. Taxa also differed greatly in their maximum midwinter low temperature tolerance with ‘Centennial’ and ‘Eva Supreme’ hardy to −44C (−47F) and −28C (−18F) in mid-January, respectively. None of the cultivars deacclimated substantially in response to a week of artificially-imposed diurnal freeze/thaw cycles in early February. Taxa with the greatest midwinter hardiness also maintained the greatest hardiness in early March. Overall, ‘Centennial’, ‘Java Red’, and ‘Samba’ were the most cold hardy cultivars tested, while ‘Boskoop Glory’, ‘Bristol Snowflake’, and ‘Variegata’ were the least hardy. Cold injury of susceptible weigela cultivars appears to be a consequence of late hardening and/or insufficient midwinter hardiness rather than rapid deacclimation in response to periods of warm temperatures in mid-to late-winter.
Secondary Seed Dormancy of Rhododendron catawbiense and Rhododendron maximum
Authors: Glenn Christopher T. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. (Catawba rhododendron) and Rhododendron maximum L. (rosebay rhododendron) were germinated at 25C (77F) or an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 25/15C (77/59F) with constant light after imbibed seeds were maintained in total darkness for 0, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54 or 63 days at the same temperatures. Maintenance of imbibed seeds of R. catawbiense in darkness at 25C (77F) for up to 63 days caused no induction of secondary dormancy while induction occurred for seeds in darkness at 25/15C (77/59F). When imbibed seeds of R. catawbiense were subjected immediately to light following imbibition, 30-day germination at 25C (77F) was 98% compared to 95% for imbibed seeds maintained in darkness for 63 days and then exposed to light. If germinated at 25/15C (77/59F), immediate light exposure resulted in 99% germination which decreased significantly to 76% after 63 days of dark treatment. Seeds of R. maximum maintained in darkness developed secondary dormancy at both temperatures. Thirty day germination of seeds subjected immediately to light following imbibition at 25C (77F) was 82% which decreased to 29% after dark treatment for 9 days. Further reductions in germination continued as the length of dark treatment increased with &lt; 10% germination after maintenance in darkness for 27 days. At 25/15C (77/59F) induction of secondary dormancy was not as dramatic as that at 25C (77F). Without dark treatment, 30-day germination at 25/15C (77/59F) was 99% which decreased significantly to 88% after dark treatment for 18 days. Reductions in germination continued up to 63 days with 67% germination. Partial removal of secondary dormancy in seeds of R. maximum was achieved by subjecting seeds to moist-chilling.
Micronutrient Fertilization of Woody Seedlings Essential Regardless of Pine Bark pH
Authors: Wright Amy N. , Niemiera Alex X. , Harris J. Roger , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of micronutrient amendments to pine bark on seedling growth over a wide pine bark pH range. Koelreuteria paniculata (Laxm.) was container-grown from seed in pine bark amended (preplant) with 0, 1.2, 2.4 or 3.6 kg/m3 (0, 2, 4, 6 lb/yd3) dolomitic limestone and 0 or 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lb/yd3) Micromax™ (micronutrient fertilizer). Initial pine bark pH for each lime rate was 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5, respectively. Final pH (week 10) ranged from 4.7 to 6.4. Seedlings were harvested 10 weeks after planting and shoot dry mass and height determined. Pine bark solution was extracted using the pour-through method at 3, 7, and 10 weeks after planting. Solution pH was measured, and solutions were analyzed for Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn. Shoot dry mass and height were greater in Micromax™ amended bark than in bark without Micromax™. Lime had no effect on shoot dry mass or height. In general, adding Micromax™ increased pine bark solution Ca, Mg, and micronutrient concentrations. Adding lime increased pine bark solution pH and Mg concentration and either had no effect on or decreased solution Ca and micronutrient concentrations. Regardless of pine bark pH, Micromax™ additions resulted in better growth, and adding lime was not necessary.
Assessment of New Fungicides for the Control of Southern Blight on Aucuba
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Olive J. W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Drenches of Lynx 3.6F, ProStar 50W, Fluazinam 500F, Terraguard 50W, and Curalan DF were compared with Terraclor 75W for the control of southern blight on container-grown aucuba (Aucuba japonica) ‘Variegata’. Over the three-year test period, ProStar 50W and Fluazinam 500F across a range of rates completely protected aucuba from attack by the causal fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii. Also, both fungicides gave better disease control in two of three years than the current industry standard Terraclor 75W. Lynx 3.6F at the 0.54 g a.i./liter rate proved as effective in controlling southern blight as ProStar 50W and Fluazinam 500F. Terraclor 75W, which was applied at over twice the labeled drench rate, gave inconsistent disease control. Terraguard 50W and Curalan DF failed to provide effective control of southern blight on aucuba. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were observed.
Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Pot-in-Pot Red and Sugar Maple
Authors: Harris J. Roger , Fanelli Jody 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Red maple (Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh. ‘Green Mountain’) trees were grown in a 56 liter (15 gal) pot-in-pot system for two years. During the second year of production, root growth was observed through observation plates fitted into the container sidewalls, and shoot extension was periodically measured. Root growth began in early March, approximately one month before budbreak for both species. Root growth dramatically slowed down at the onset of budbreak, but quickly resumed and was concurrent with shoot elongation. Root growth slowed dramatically in the fall when substrate temperatures dropped to 5–7C (40–45F). Root growth stopped during the winter for red maple, but some nominal root growth continued throughout the winter for sugar maple. Red maples had over 5 times more total root length against observation plates at the end of the experiment than sugar maples.
Seedling Growth of Atlantic White-Cedar as Influenced by Photoperiod and Day/Night Temperature
Authors: Jull Laura G. , Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seedlings of Atlantic white-cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B. S. P.] were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 12 weeks under short-or long-day conditions with 9-hr days at 18, 22, 26 or 30C (64, 72, 79 or 86F) in factorial combination with 15-hr nights at 14, 18, 22 or 26C (57, 64, 72 or 79F). Dry matter production was influenced by photoperiod and day/night temperature. For all day temperature × photoperiod interactions, except root:shoot ratio, growth was highest under long days. Day × night temperature interactions occurred for all growth measurements except root dry weight. Root dry weight was highest at 30/22C (86/72F); top (shoot) dry weight at 26/22C (79/72F). Nights of 14C (57F) resulted in the lowest top dry weight. Total plant dry weight was highest at nights of 22C (72F) for all day temperatures. At days of 30C (86F), total plant dry weight was highest with nights ≤ 22C (72F); however, data for 30/22C (86/72F) and 26/22C (79/72F) were similar. The highest root: shoot ratio occurred at nights of 14C (57F) with days ≤ 26C (79F). Mean relative growth rate was highest at nights of 22C (72F) with days of 26C (79F) or 30C (86F). Maximum stem caliper occurred at days of 22C (72F) with nights ≥ 18C (64F). Height and crown width were highest at 26/22C (79/72F). A day/night cycle of 30/22C (86/72F) with long days was optimal for seedling growth.
Miscanthus Anderss. Produces Viable Seed in Four USDA Hardiness Zones
Authors: Meyer Mary Hockenberry , Tchida Courtney L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Forty-one taxa of Miscanthus grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 4, 5, 6, and 7 were examined in 1996 and 1997 for seed set and viability. Although laboratory results varied widely between years, climatic zones, and cultivars, many plants set viable seed. Eleven types had &lt;18% viable seed, including ‘Morning Light’, ‘Variegatus’ and ‘Zebrinus’, and appear to represent the least risk for becoming invasive plants, especially in northern climates. Other characteristics of Miscanthus are discussed in terms of invasive potential in the United States.
Growth Periodicity for Container-Grown Red and Freeman Maple Cultivars in AHS Heat-Zone 8
Authors: Sibley Jeff L. , Ruter John M. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth patterns of seven red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and three Freeman maple (Acer x freemanii E. Murray) cultivars grown in containers in Alabama were evaluated using monthly destructive harvests. The effectiveness of a growth modeling technique not previously described is demonstrated using the data presented for both the Freeman maple (red maple xsilver maple interspecific cross) and red maple categories. Freeman maple cultivars ‘Armstrong’, ‘Celzam’ (Celebration™), and ‘Jeffersred’ (Autumn Blaze™); and red maple cultivars ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Landsburg’ (Firedance™), ‘Franksred’ (Red Sunset™), ‘Olson’ (Northfire™), ‘Northwood’, and ‘October Glory®’ were studied. Uniform liners of each cultivar were planted in 9.1-liter (#3) containers in March 1996. More than 75% of seasonal height and diameter growth was complete for most cultivars before mid-August, while only 25% of root growth had occurred by the end of August. The remaining 75% of root growth occurred from August through November. The greatest overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase) was for ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘October Glory®’, both red maple cultivars; and Freeman maple cultivars ‘Celzam’ and ‘Jeffersred’. The least overall growth (based on height, diameter, and root growth increase), was for red maple cultivars ‘Northwood’ and ‘Landsburg’.
Comparison of Perlite and Peat:perlite Rooting Media for Rooting Softwood Stem Cuttings in a Subirrigation System with Minimal Mist
Authors: Giroux Gregory J. , Maynard Brian K. , Johnson William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perlite and mixtures of milled sphagnum peat and perlite (1:16, 1:8, and 1:4 by vol) were compared as rooting media in a propagation system utilizing subirrigation with minimal mist for rooting softwood stem cuttings of nine woody plant species. The influence of rooting medium on percentage rooting, number of roots per rooted cutting, and length of the longest roots on each cutting varied with species. Composition of the media had no effect on percentage of cuttings that rooted, number of roots per rooted cutting, or length of the longest root of ‘Late Blue’ highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Late Blue’). Cuttings of Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) and ‘Ruby Spice’ sweet pepper bush (Clethra alnifolia L. ‘Ruby Spice’) produced the longest root in 1:4 peat:perlite, and cuttings of ‘Ruby Spice’ sweet pepper bush produced the greatest number of roots in 1:8 peat: perlite. Cuttings of redvein enkianthus [Enkianthus campanulatus (Miq.) Nichols] produced more roots in 1:8 peat:perlite than in perlite, and longer roots in 1:16 and 1:8 peat: perlite than in perlite. The number of roots per cutting of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) was greatest in 1:16 peat: perlite. Cuttings of Carolina silverbell (Halesia carolina L.) rooted in the greatest percentage in perlite, and cuttings of panicle hydrangea (Hydrangea paniculata Sieb.) rooted in the greatest percentages in perlite and 1:8 peat: perlite. The number of roots per cutting of ‘Kwanzan’ cherry and ‘Shasta’ doublefile viburnum [Viburnum plicatum Thunb.var. tomentosum (Thunb.) Rehd. ‘Shasta’] was greatest in 1:16 and 1:8 peat: perlite. Root length per cutting of ‘Kwanzan’ cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. ‘Kwanzan’) increased with an increase in the amount of peat in the medium. Rooting medium pH decreased and moisture content increased as the amount of peat in the media increased from 1:16 to 1:8 to 1:4 (peat:perlite, by vol).
Mulches and Subirrigation Control Weeds in Container Production
Authors: Wilen Cheryl A. , Schuch Ursula K. , Elmore Clyde L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Weed control efficacy of organic mulches as well as a copper hydroxide-coated geotextile (fabric) disk was examined using Rhaphiolepis indica L. or Callistemon citrinus [(Curtis) Stapf] growing in containers. Rout (oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin) and corn gluten meal were included as herbicide treatments. In a second experiment, the effect of subirrigation versus surface irrigation and different depths of pine bark mulch on weed control was studied. In the mulch/herbicide studies, all of the mulch treatments, including the geotextile disk, provided broadleaf weed control, but not annual bluegrass control, similar to that of Rout. Broadleaf weeds were not controlled by corn gluten meal. Although though the number of grass seedlings was reduced 49% from that of the control, Rout reduced the number by 89%. In the mulch depth/irrigation study, mulching reduced weed weight by 92% over that of the control (no mulch and surface irrigated) 8 weeks after transplanting. Subirrigation reduced the number of weeds by at least 95% over that of the control.
Seed Germination of Rhododendron chapmanii: Influence of Light and Temperature
Authors: Arocha Luis O. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Thetford Mack , Berry James B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of Rhododendron chapmanii A. Gray (Chapman's rhododendron) were germinated at 25C (77F) or 8/16 hr thermoperiods of 25/15C (77/59F) or 30/20C (86/68F) with daily photoperiods of 0 (total darkness), ¼, ½, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 or 24 hr. For all temperatures, no germination occurred during a 30-day period for seeds not subjected to light. At 25C (77F) germination was a function of photoperiod. The longer the photoperiod the greater the germination with 30-day germination ≥90% for photoperiods ≥8 hr. Alternating temperatures, particularly 25/15C (77/59F), enhanced germination when light was limiting. The highest germination (80%) by day 30 for seeds at 30/20C (86/68F) was realized with a 24-hr photoperiod, whereas 30-day germination ≥ 90% occurred at 25/15C (77/59F) and 25C (77F) for photoperiods of 8 and 12 hr and 8, 12, and 24 hr, respectively.
Germination of Japanese Stewartia Seeds: The Effects of Warm and Cold Stratification
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Oleksak Brian A. , Kawahara Takayuki , Kanazashi Ayako 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Japanese Stewartia (Stewartia pseudocamellia (Maxim.)) is a species with outstanding landscape qualities, but is not widely available because reliable propagation protocols have not been developed, including procedures for overcoming seed dormancy. Three experiments were conducted to determine the warm and cold stratification requirements of Japanese Stewartia seeds. In the first experiment, seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak in 1 mM GA3, followed by 3 months warm moist stratification at 25C (77F) had greater germination 173 to 297 days after initiation of cold (7C, 45F) stratification than seeds given a 3-day aerated water soak and similar warm and cold stratification treatments. Final germination was 70%, but germination was not synchronous, it occurred over 172 days. In the second experiment, germination was low (less than 1%) for seeds given either 9 months cold moist stratification or 3 months warm moist stratification at 20C (68F) before 6 months cold moist stratification. Seeds given a 3-month warm moist stratification at an alternating 12 hr 20/12C (68/54F) cycles and 10 months cold moist stratification germinated from 30 to 93%, depending on mother tree. Germination was asynchronous, beginning after 150 days cold stratification and continuing for the next 165 days. In the third experiment, germination was not enhanced by a 3-day aerated water soak in either 1 mM GA3 or water, compared with seeds given no aerated water soak prior to cold moist stratification. Germination was greatest, 35%, for seeds given a 3-month warm moist stratification at 15C (59F) followed by at least 4 months cold moist stratification. However, germination was asynchronous. The results begin to identify the warm and cold stratification treatments that result in high germination.
Flood Irrigation of Container-grown Euonymus and Thuja as Affected by Fertilizer Rate and Substrate
Authors: Lumis Glen , Purvis Peter , Taurins Ligita 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Euonymus fortunei [(Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz.] ‘Emerald Gaiety’ and Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Little Giant’ were grown outdoors in #1 (3 liter) containers for one season on waterproof, crushed stone beds flooded and drained from below the stone. Plants were grown in a bark substrate (2/3 pine bark:1/3 sphagnum peat) or a peat substrate (1/3 pine bark:2/3 sphagnum peat) with either a high or medium rate of incorporated, controlled release fertilizer [17N–2.6P–10K (Sierra 17–6–12)] [6.0 or 4.0 kg/m3 (l0.0 or 6.7 lbs/yd3)]. For both species, the high fertilizer rate resulted in less top dry weight, and higher substrate electrical conductivity (EC) and NO3-N. Foliar N levels were also higher with the higher fertilizer rate. Compared with bark, the peat substrate resulted in less top dry weight of Thuja (not Euonymus) and higher substrate EC, NO3-N and water retention, and foliar N levels. Substrate EC levels in the upper one-third [5 cm (2 in)] of the container were nearly twice those in the lower two-thirds [10 cm (4 in)], reaching 7.1 dS/m with the high fertilizer rate in peat. In comparison to plants under overhead irrigation (high fertilizer rate only), flooded plants grew as much as (Euonymus) or more (Thuja) in the bark substrate but both species grew less in the peat. Substrate EC and NO3-N with flood were either similar or lower in bark, but similar or higher in peat compared to overhead. The amount of roots and their distribution appeared similar for both types of irrigation.
Ornamental Grass Growth Response to Three Shade Intensities
Authors: Cole James T. , Cole Janet C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of perennial quaking grass (Briza media L.), ‘Red Baron’ Japanese bloodgrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. ‘Red Baron’), river oats (Chasmanthium latifolium (Michx.) Yates), ‘Hameln’ dwarf fountain grass (Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. ‘Hameln’), and ‘Big Blue’ monkeygrass (Lirope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bail. ‘Big Blue’) in 0%, 30%, or 60% shade was evaluated in container and in-ground experiments conducted over two growing seasons. Shade intensity did not affect plant height of any species grown in containers in 1997 or those grown in the ground that were planted and harvested in 1998. In 1997, width of containerized perennial quaking grass increased and width of containerized dwarf fountain grass decreased with increasing shade. In 1998, width of containerized Japanese bloodgrass increased and width of containerized dwarf fountain grass decreased with increased shade. Container-grown river oats shoot and root dry weight increased with shade intensity in 1998. Root to shoot (R/S) ratio decreased linearly with shade intensity for containerized river oats in 1997. Height of in-ground Japanese bloodgrass was not affected by shade intensity at any harvest time; however, height of perennial quaking grass increased and height of river oats and monkeygrass decreased as shade intensity increased regardless of harvest time. Few differences in plant width among shade treatments occurred for in-ground plants. Shoot dry weights for in-ground plants generally decreased with increasing shade intensity. Climatic differences may account for the variability in plant growth between the two years of the study.
Evaluation of Bedding Plant Varieties for Resistance to Phytophthora
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Stefani Marcia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seedlings of several annual and perennial bedding plant species were inoculated with an isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae (synonym = P. parasitica) and planted into field beds in a simulated landscape situation. Throughout the growing season, growth measurements and disease ratings of the inoculated plants were compared with those of non-inoculated control plants of the same species in identical beds. Phytophthora-inoculated plants that continued to thrive through most of the growing season included Ageratum houstonianum, Celosia ‘Apricot Brandy’, and ‘New Look’; Dahlia ‘Harlequin’; Eustoma grandiflorum (prairie gentian); Lobularia ‘Carpet of Snow’; Nicotiana ‘Alta Dwarf White’, ‘Domino Salmon’, and ‘Nicki Red’; Pelargonium (geranium) ‘Multibloom Scarlet Eye’; Petunia ‘Polo Salmon’, and ‘Sugar Daddy’; Portulaca ‘Sundial Peppermint’; Rudbeckia ‘Rustic Dwarf’; Salvia ‘Lady in Red’, and ‘Victoria Blue’; Tagetes (marigold) ‘Disco Mix’, ‘Inca Orange’, ‘Inca Yellow’, ‘Janie Harmony Improved’, and ‘Gold Fireworks’; and Zinnia angustifolia. Plants that performed poorly following inoculation with Phytophthora include Antirrhinum (snapdragon) ‘Liberty White’, and ‘Liberty Mix’; Catharanthus (vinca) ‘Little Bright Eye’, and ‘Tropicana Rose’; Hibiscus ‘Disco Belle Mix’; Impatiens ‘Accent Bright Eye’; Leucanthemum x ‘Alaska’; Melampodium ‘Medallion’; Salvia ‘Turkestanica’; Torenia ‘Clown Mix’; Verbena ‘Imagination’; and Viola (pansy) ‘Fama See Me’. This study identifies bedding plant taxa which will provide an acceptable display in landscape beds infested with Phytopthora nicotianae (synonym = P. parasitica).