bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cell and nucleus refractive‐index mapping by interferometric phase microscopy and rapid confocal fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Cohen‐Maslaton Shir , Barnea Itay , Taieb Almog , Shaked Natan T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe present a multimodal technique for measuring the integral refractive index and the thickness of biological cells and their organelles by integrating interferometric phase microscopy (IPM) and rapid confocal fluorescence microscopy. First, the actual thickness maps of the cellular compartments are reconstructed using the confocal fluorescent sections, and then the optical path difference (OPD) map of the same cell is reconstructed using IPM. Based on the co‐registered data, the integral refractive index maps of the cell and its organelles are calculated. This technique enables rapidly measuring refractive index of live, dynamic cells, where IPM provides quantitative imaging capabilities and confocal fluorescence microscopy provides molecular specificity of the cell organelles. We acquire human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and show that the integral refractive index values are similar for the whole cell, the cytoplasm and the nucleus on the population level, but significantly different on the single cell level.
Human cytomegalovirus infection is correlated with atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in carotid artery
Authors: Li Dan , Li Bo , Yang Ling , Wang Jiawei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have suggested that human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is closely related to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to investigate the association between human CMV infection and carotid atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability in a Chinese population.MethodsIn total, 42 patients with carotid atherosclerosis (observation group) and 30 healthy volunteers (control group) were recruited in our study from October 2016 to January 2018. Statistical analysis was carried out to calculate the infection rate of CMV in subjects. Spearman's rank analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between CMV infection and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability.ResultsThe positive rate of CMV was significantly higher in the observation group compared to the control group, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and lectin‐like oxidized low density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (LOX‐1) expression levels were also elevated in the observation group compared to those in the control group. In carotid atherosclerotic patients, the detection rate of unstable plaques and the Crouse scores in vulnerable plaque were significantly higher in the CMV‐positive group compared to those in the CMV‐negative group. As revealed by correlation analysis, CMV infection was significantly positively correlated with plaque vulnerability and expression levels of MMP‐9, TNF‐α and LOX‐1 in carotid atherosclerotic patients.ConclusionsHuman CMV infection might be a potential risk factor for increased plaque vulnerability in patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
Longitudinal Structural MRI in Neurologically Healthy Adults
Authors: Gregory Sarah , Lohse Keith R. , Johnson Eileanoir B. , Leavitt Blair R. , Durr Alexandra , Roos Raymund A.C. , Rees Geraint , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Scahill Rachael I. , Orth Michael 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundStructural brain MRI measures are frequently examined in both healthy and clinical groups, so an understanding of how these measures vary over time is desirable.PurposeTo test the stability of structural brain MRI measures over time.PopulationIn all, 112 healthy volunteers across four sites.Study TypeRetrospective analysis of prospectively acquired data.Field Strength/Sequence3 T, magnetization prepared – rapid gradient echo, and single‐shell diffusion sequence.AssessmentDiffusion, cortical thickness, and volume data from the sensorimotor network were assessed for stability over time across 3 years. Two sites used a Siemens MRI scanner, two sites a Philips scanner.Statistical TestsThe stability of structural measures across timepoints was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for absolute agreement, cutoff ≥0.80, indicating high reliability. Mixed‐factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine between‐site and between‐scanner type differences in individuals over time.ResultsAll cortical thickness and gray matter volume measures in the sensorimotor network, plus all diffusivity measures (fractional anisotropy plus mean, axial and radial diffusivities) for primary and premotor cortices, primary somatosensory thalamic connections, and the cortico‐spinal tract met ICC. The majority of measures differed significantly between scanners, with a trend for sites using Siemens scanners to produce larger values for connectivity, cortical thickness, and volume measures than sites using Philips scanners.Data ConclusionLevels of reliability over time for all tested structural MRI measures were generally high, indicating that any differences between measurements over time likely reflect underlying biological differences rather than inherent methodological variability.Level of Evidence4.Technical Efficacy Stage1.
Characteristics of inflammatory factors and lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe COVID‐19
Authors: Ni Ming , Tian Fang‐Bing , Xiang Dan‐Dan , Yu Bing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo investigate the inflammatory factors and lymphocyte subsets which play an important role in the course of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). A total of 27 patients with severe COVID‐19 who were admitted to Tongji Hospital in Wuhan from 1 to 21 February 2020 were recruited to the study. The characteristics of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐2 receptor (IL‐2R), IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF)‐α, C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin and procalcitonin (PCT), and lymphocyte subsets of these patients were retrospectively compared before and after treatment. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in most inflammatory factors (IL‐1β, IL‐2R, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, CRP, and serum ferritin) between male and female patients. Levels of IL‐2R, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and CRP decreased significantly after treatment, followed by IL‐8, IL‐10, and PCT. Serum ferritin was increased in all patients before treatment but did not decrease significantly after treatment. IL‐1β was normal in most patients before treatment. Lymphopenia was common among these patients with severe COVID‐19. Analysis of lymphocyte subsets showed that CD4+ and particularly CD8+ T lymphocytes increased significantly after treatment. However, B lymphocytes and natural killer cells showed no significant changes after treatment. A pro‐inflammatory response and decreased level of T lymphocytes were associated with severe COVID‐19.
Correlation between the variables collected at admission and progression to severe cases during hospitalization among patients with COVID‐19 in Chongqing
Authors: Duan Jun , Wang Xiaohui , Chi Jing , Chen Hong , Bai Linfu , Hu Qianfang , Han Xiaoli , Hu Wenhui , Zhu Linxiao , Wang Xue , Li You , Zhou Chenmei , Mou Huaming , Yan Xiaofeng , Guo Shuliang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMortality is high among severe patients with 2019 novel coronavirus‐infected disease (COVID‐19). Early prediction of progression to severe cases is needed. We retrospectively collected patients with COVID‐19 in two hospital of Chongqing from 1st January to 29th February 2020. At admission, we collected the demographics and laboratory tests to predict whether the patient would progress to severe cases in hospitalization. Severe case was confirmed when one of the following criteria occurred: (a) dyspnea, respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min, (b) blood oxygen saturation ≤93%, and (c) PaO2/FiO2 ≤ 300 mm Hg. At admission, 348 mild cases were enrolled in this study. Of them, 20 (5.7%) patients progressed to severe cases after median 4.0 days (interquartile range: 2.3‐6.0). Pulmonary inflammation index, platelet counts, sodium, C‐reactive protein, prealbumin, and PaCO2 showed good distinguishing power to predict progression to severe cases (each area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics [AUC] ≥ 0.8). Age, heart rate, chlorine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, procalcitonin, creatine kinase, pH, CD3 counts, and CD4 counts showed moderate distinguishing power (each AUC between 0.7‐0.8). And potassium, creatinine, temperature, and D‐dimer showed mild distinguishing power (each AUC between 0.6‐0.7). In addition, higher C‐reactive protein was associated with shorter time to progress to severe cases (r = −0.62). Several easily obtained variables at admission are associated with progression to severe cases during hospitalization. These variables provide a reference for the medical staffs when they manage the patients with COVID‐19.
Association of gene polymorphisms of CD55 with susceptibility to and severity of hand, foot, and mouth disease caused by enterovirus 71 in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Li Mei , Li Ya‐Ping , Deng Hui‐Ling , Wang Mu‐Qi , Wang Wen‐Jun , Wang Jun , Wu Feng‐Ping , Dang Shuang‐Suo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) can lead to high morbidity and mortality, and genetic background plays an important role during the disease process. We investigated the association between the single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2564978 of the CD55 gene and susceptibility to and severity of HFMD using the SNPs can multiple SNP typing methods. Soluble CD55 (sCD55) expression was significantly lower in the EV71 HFMD group than in the control group and lower in severe cases than in mild cases (P < .001). Moreover, CD55 rs2564978 (C vs T OR = 1.300, 95% CI, 1.120‐1.509) was associated with the risk of EV71 infection, and genotype TC was related to the severity of the infection (TC vs TT OR = 4.523, 95% CI, 2.033‐10.066). Our results suggest that sCD55 expression and the CD55 polymorphism rs2564978 may influence the susceptibility to and severity of EV71 infection.
Terahertz Emission on the Surface of a van der Waals Magnet CrSiTe3
Authors: Suo Peng , Xia Wei , Zhang Wenjie , Zhu Xiaoqing , Fu Jibo , Lin Xian , Jin Zuanming , Liu Weimin , Guo Yanfeng , Ma Guohong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe van der Waals magnet CrSiTe3 (CST) has captured immense interest because it is capable of retaining the long‐range ferromagnetic order even in its monolayer form, thus offering potential use in spintronic devices. Bulk CST crystal has inversion symmetry that is broken on the crystal surface. Here, by employing ultrafast terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy and time resolved THz spectroscopy, the THz emission of the CST crystal is investigated, which shows a strong THz emission from the crystal surface under femtosecond (fs) pulse excitation at 800 nm. Theoretical analysis based on space symmetry of CST suggests the dominant role of shift current occurring on the surface with a thickness of a few quintuple layers in producing the THz emission, consistent with the experimental observation that the emitted THz amplitude strongly depends on the azimuthal and pumping polarization angles. This study offers a new efficient THz emitter as well as a better understanding of the nonlinear optical response of CST. It hopefully will open a window toward the investigation on the nonlinear optical response in the mono/few‐layer van der Waals crystals with low‐dimensional magnetism.
Effects of environmental factors on corrosion behavior of aluminum
Authors: Jung Jungin , Oh Sekwon , Kwon Hyuksang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAluminum, used as a material for heat exchangers in air conditioners, often has problems of leakage of refrigerant on the Al surface due to corrosion. The problems originate from pitting corrosion of the Al in an external environment. To understand corrosion problems, it is necessary to study the corrosion behavior of Al in various environments. In this study, the effects of environmental factors on the corrosion behavior of Al were studied by the surface analysis and electrochemical testing in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions, with changes of dissolved oxygen, temperature, and concentration of Cl− and S ions. Among the external environmental factors, the presence of oxygen and the increase of Cl− ion concentration do not significantly affect the corrosion potential of Al, leading to an increase of only 1.1 and 6 times, respectively. There was a significant decrease in the corrosion resistance of Al, approximately 40 and 800 times, respectively, with the increase of concentration of S and temperature.
Contribution of mean and eddy momentum processes to tropical cyclone intensification
Authors: Montgomery Michael T. , Kilroy Gerard , Smith Roger K. , Črnivec Nina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn idealized, three‐dimensional, 1 km horizontal grid spacing numerical simulation of a rapidly intensifying tropical cyclone is used to extend basic knowledge on the role of mean and eddy momentum transfer on the dynamics of the intensification process. Examination of terms in the tangential and radial velocity tendency equations provides an improved quantitative understanding of the dynamics of the spin‐up process within the inner‐core boundary layer and eyewall regions of the system‐scale vortex. Unbalanced and non‐axisymmetric processes are prominent features of the rapid spin‐up process. In particular, the wind asymmetries, associated in part with the asymmetric deep convection, make a substantive contribution (∼30%) to the maximum wind speed inside the radius of this maximum. The analysis provides a novel explanation for inflow jets sandwiching the upper‐tropospheric outflow layer which are frequently found in numerical model simulations. In addition, it provides an opportunity to assess the applicability of generalized Ekman balance during rapid vortex spin‐up. The maximum tangential wind occurs within and near the top of the frictional inflow layer and as much as 10 km inside the maximum gradient wind. Spin‐up in the friction layer is accompanied by supergradient winds that exceed the gradient wind by up to 20%. Overall, the results affirm prior work pointing to significant limitations of a purely axisymmetric balance description, for example, gradient balance/Ekman balance, when applied to a rapidly intensifying tropical cyclone.
Learning features from georeferenced seafloor imagery with location guided autoencoders
Authors: Yamada Takaki , Prügel‐Bennett Adam , Thornton Blair 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough modern machine learning has the potential to greatly speed up the interpretation of imagery, the varied nature of the seabed and limited availability of expert annotations form barriers to its widespread use in seafloor mapping applications. This motivates research into unsupervised methods that function without large databases of human annotations. This paper develops an unsupervised feature learning method for georeferenced seafloor visual imagery that considers patterns both within the footprint of a single image frame and broader scale spatial characteristics. Features within images are learnt using an autoencoder developed based on the AlexNet deep convolutional neural network. Features larger than each image frame are learnt using a novel loss function that regularises autoencoder training using the Kullback–Leibler divergence function to loosely assume that images captured within a close distance of each other look more similar than those that are far away. The method is used to semantically interpret images taken by an autonomous underwater vehicle at the Southern Hydrates Ridge, an active gas hydrate field and site of a seafloor cabled observatory at a depth of 780 m. The method's performance when applied to clustering and content‐based image retrieval is assessed against a ground truth consisting of more than 18,000 human annotations. The study shows that the location based loss function increases the rate of information retrieval by a factor of two for seafloor mapping applications. The effects of physics‐based colour correction and image rescaling are also investigated, showing that the improved consistency of spatial information achieved by rescaling is beneficial for recognising artificial objects such as cables and infrastructures, but is less effective for natural objects that have greater dimensional variability.
Polymer–Lipid Hybrid Vesicles and Their Interaction with HepG2 Cells
Authors: Brodszkij Edit , Westensee Isabella N. , Bertelsen Mathias , Gal Noga , Boesen Thomas , Städler Brigitte 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPolymer–lipid hybrid vesicles are an emerging type of nano‐assemblies that show potential as artificial organelles among others. Phospholipids and poly(cholesteryl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(methionine methacryloyloxyethyl ester (METMA)—random–2‐carboxyethyl acrylate (CEA)) labeled with a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) reporter pair are used for the assembly of small and giant hybrid vesicles with homogenous distribution of both building blocks in the membrane as confirmed by the FRET effect. These hybrid vesicles have no inherent cytotoxicity when incubated with HepG2 cells up to 1.1 × 1011 hybrid vesicles per mL, and they are internalized by the cells. In contrast to the fluorescent signal originating from the block copolymer, the fluorescent signal coming from the lipids is barely detectable in cells incubated with hybrid vesicles for 6 h followed by 24 h in cell media, suggesting that the two building blocks have a different intracellular fate. These findings provide important insight into the design criteria of artificial organelles with potential structural integrity.
Joint State Composition Theorems for Public-Key Encryption and Digital Signature Functionalities with Local Computation
Authors: Küsters Ralf , Tuengerthal Max , Rausch Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn frameworks for universal composability, complex protocols can be built from sub-protocols in a modular way using composition theorems. However, as first pointed out and studied by Canetti and Rabin, this modular approach often leads to impractical implementations. For example, when using a functionality for digital signatures within a more complex protocol, parties have to generate new verification and signing keys for every session of the protocol. This motivates to generalize composition theorems to so-called joint state (composition) theorems, where different copies of a functionality may share some state, e.g., the same verification and signing keys. In this paper, we present a joint state theorem which is more general than the original theorem of Canetti and Rabin, for which several problems and limitations are pointed out. We apply our theorem to obtain joint state realizations for three functionalities: public-key encryption, replayable public-key encryption, and digital signatures. Unlike most other formulations, our functionalities model that ciphertexts and signatures are computed locally, rather than being provided by the adversary. To obtain the joint state realizations, the functionalities have to be designed carefully. Other formulations proposed in the literature are shown to be unsuitable. Our work is based on the IITM model. Our definitions and results demonstrate the expressivity and simplicity of this model. For example, unlike Canetti’s UC model, in the IITM model no explicit joint state operator needs to be defined and the joint state theorem follows immediately from the composition theorem in the IITM model.
Plasma oxalate: comparison of methodologies
Authors: Stokes Felicity , Acquaviva-Bourdain Cecile , Hoppe Bernd , Lieske John C. , Lindner Elisabeth , Toulson Greg , Vaz Frédéric M. , Rumsby Gill 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMeasurement of oxalate in the blood is essential for monitoring primary hyperoxaluria patients with progressive renal impairment and on dialysis prior to transplantation. As no external quality assurance scheme is available for this analyte, we conducted a sample exchange scheme between six laboratories specifically involved with the investigation of primary hyperoxaluria to compare results. The methodologies compared were gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS), ion chromatography with mass spectrometry (ICMS), and enzymatic methods using oxalate oxidase and spectrophotometry. Although individual laboratories performed well in terms of reproducibility and linearity, there was poor agreement (absolute values) between centres as illustrated by a longer-term comparison of patient results from two of the participating laboratories. This situation was only partly related to differences in calibration and mainly reflected the lower recoveries seen with the ultrafiltration of samples. These findings lead us to conclude that longitudinal monitoring of primary hyperoxaluria patients with deteriorating kidney function should be performed by a single consistent laboratory and the methodology used should always be defined. In addition, plasma oxalate concentrations reported in registry studies and those associated with the risk of systemic oxalosis in published studies need to be interpreted in light of the methodology used. A reference method and external quality assurance scheme for plasma oxalate analysis would be beneficial.
Effect of information on prostate biopsy history on biopsy outcomes in the era of MRI-targeted biopsies
Authors: Lantz Anna , Haug Erik Skaaheim , Picker Wolfgang , Crippa Alessio , Jäderling Fredrik , Mortezavi Ashkan , Nordström Tobias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To describe the predictive value of information on previous benign biopsy for the outcome of MRI-targeted biopsies.

Methods
An exploratory analysis was conducted using data from a prospective, multicenter, paired diagnostic study of 532 men undergoing diagnostics for prostate cancer during 2016–2017. All men underwent 1.5 T MRI; systematic prostate biopsies; and MRI-targeted biopsies to MRI lesions with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System version 2, PI-RADS ≥ 3. The main outcome was numbers of detected prostate cancer characterized by grade group (GG) where GG ≥ 2 defined clinically significant cancer (csPCa).

Results
Men with previous biopsies had significantly more often negative MRI (26% vs. 17%, p < 0.05) compared to men without previous biopsies. Men with previous biopsies showed higher rates of benign biopsies (41% vs. 26%, p < 0.05) and lower rates of GG2 (17% vs. 30%, p < 0.05) and GG ≥ 3 (5% vs. 10%, p < 0.05) cancer. Biopsy-naïve men had higher proportions of highly suspicious MRI lesions (PIRADS 5; p < 0.05) and a higher proportion of significant cancer in those lesions (p = 0.05). In multivariate regression analysis, a previous benign prostate biopsy was associated with less than half the odds of csPCa (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.20–0.71).

Conclusion
In this large prospective multicenter trial, we showed that men with a previous prostate biopsy had higher proportions of MRIs without lesions and lower proportion of highly suspicious lesions than biopsy-naïve men. Further, biopsy-naïve men showed higher detection of clinically significant cancer when using MRI-targeted biopsies. Also, in the era of MRI-targeted biopsy strategies, biopsy history should be carefully considered in biopsy decisions.

Trial registration
NCT02788825 (ClinicalTrials.gov). Date of registration June 2, 2016.