bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-Digestion of Bagasse and Waterhyacinth for Biogas Production with Variation of C/N and Activated Sludge
Authors: Hadiyarto A , Soetrisnanto D , Rosyidin I , Fitriana A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
One of the factors that influence biogas production is the C/N ratio of the substrates. In this study the bagasse as a carbon-rich substrate (C/N=58) is combined with nitrogen-rich substrate namely is water hyacinth (C/N=19) so that the C/N ratio is in the range of 20-30. The research was carried out by preparing a filtered substrate with a 200 mesh sieve. Microbes needed to decompose the substrate are cow rumen, activated sludge from rotten bagasse and rotten water hyacinth. At the stationary phase, the ratio F/M of 0.5 and C/N ratio of 20, 25, 30, the each of biogas yield produced (liter/kg COD removed) are 381, 351 and 339.
Morphological and Optical Properties of Polylactic Acid Bionanocomposite Film Reinforced with Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Nanocrystalline Cellulose
Authors: Indarti E , Marwan  , Wan Rosli W D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) by soda pulping and followed by 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxy (TEMPO) oxidation reaction method. The NCC was used as reinforcing agent in Polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymer film matrix with 0 to 20% loadings. Bionanocomposite film was prepared by dilution in Chloroform and casted on the flat glass with 0.03-0.05 mm casting thickness. TEM shows that the nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) has a rod like shape of 2-6 nm width and 200-500 nm length. SEM micrograph shows that the surface of PLA-NCC bionanocomposites has a relative good dispersion at low NCC loading (1, 3 and 5 wt.%), and a rougher surface at higher NCC loadings. The PLA bionanocomposites film as obviously seen exhibits decrease in transparency as the NCC content increased. The transparency of neat PLA film has higher transmission value compare to other PLA-NCC and tend to reduce the transmission percentage as the NCC loading increase, especially for 10 and 20%.
Nano-ZnO impregnated – cellulose acetate hybrid membrane for increasing eugenol content in clove oil
Authors: Kusworo T D , Widayat  , Budiyono  , Siahaan A A , Iskandar G K , Utomo D P 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Clove oil is an essential oil that is obtained from cloves leaf. Indonesia is one of the largest producer of clove oil in the world. However, the quality of clove oil which is directly obtained from cloves leaf has low quality. This is due to the low concentration of eugenol in crude clove oil that is 60-80%. The purpose of this research is to increase the quality of clove oil by increasing the concentration of eugenol. In this research, clove oil is being purified by using Cellulose Acetate (CA)-ZnO nanofiltration membrane. The membranes were fabricated by dry-wet phase inversion method from dope polymer solution in acetone. The SEM results revealed the formation of nano-particles framework among the polymer matrix. The additions of 0.5 wt-% of nano-ZnO slightly increase the content of eugenol in permeate from 69% to 72%. However, the further addition of nano-ZnO decreases the content of eugenol drastically to 69% (no separation occurs) with the addition of 1.0 and 1.5 wt-%. The addition of high concentration of nano-ZnO (more than 0.5 wt-%) will produce large nano-particle cluster with macro-voids around the cluster which decreases the membrane selectivity.
Effect of Storage towards Oxidation Stability and Physical Properties of Biodiesel from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD)
Authors: Widarti S , Budiastuti H , Prasetyani T , Adhiawardana S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel for diesel machines, forming from vegetable oil, animal fat, and cooking oil. The use of biodiesel increases with the enactment of Indonesian Ministerial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Resources No. 12/2015, which requires the use of biodiesel (B100) by 20% in motorized vehicles, starting from January 2016. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by-product of the vegetable oil industry, that can be converted into biodiesel. PFAD used in this research was obtained from the Palm Oil Plantation Research Center of North Sumatra, with free fatty acid content of 95.2 %mol. PFAD, which was converted to biodiesel through an esterification reaction is 99.6%, with molar ratio of PFAD:Methanol of 1: 9 and addition of sulfuric acid catalyst of 0.6% v/v methanol. Analysis of oxidative stability in biodiesel was carried out using Rancimat method. Biodiesel stored for approximately one month has an Induction Period (IP) of 5.25 hours, decreases from 6.15 hours without storage. Storage time for biodiesel can be extended by the addition of antioxidant X. In terms of economy, the optimum antioxidant X concentration added to biodiesel is 0.06 ppm. Biodiesel stored for approximately one month with addition of 0.06 ppm antioxidant X, has an Induction Period (IP) of 6.34 hours. Reaction rate constant of antioxidant X in biodiesel at temperature of 110°C is 0.0042 m−1 and the critical concentration of antioxidant X at 110°C is 7.618 × 10−6 M.
Effect of Extraction Time on Tannin Antioxidant Level and Flavonoid on Pandan Wangi Leaf (Pandanusamary llifolius Roxb) Using Hydrothermal Extractor
Authors: Dewi A L , Siregar V D , Kusumayanti H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pandanus leaf (Pandanus Amaryllifolius) is one of the plants that have chemical content in the form of tannins, saponins, polyphenols (phenolics), alkaloids and flavonoids that can be used as antioxidants.The research that is done is total tannin and alkaloid test on pandan leaves. The purpose of this reseach was to determine the effect of extraction time on the amount of tannin and alkaloids in pandan leaves. In the tannin and alkaloids test, the extraction of pandan leaves was first used hydrothermal extract with 60°C temperature in 60 minutes using aquadest solvent with variation of extraction time 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Tannin content of 0.2%; 0.8%; 2.5%; 6.2%; 7.1% and flavonoid levels of 2.05%; 2.36%; 4.44%; 0.78%; 0.34%. From the results of reseach showed that the longer the extraction time, the more tannin content produced. While flavonoids have optimum time at 40 minute extraction time. Optimal tannin content obtained by using aquades solvent is the time of extraction for 60 minutes, while the optimum flavonoid content at the time of extraction 40 minutes.
Effect of ozone exposure time and ozonated water replacement to control the quality of chicken meat
Authors: Karamah E F , Adi S Z , Wajdi N 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional in 2015 stated that Indonesia ranks as the third country with the largest consumption of chicken meat per year (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2015). Ozone is able to effectively disinfect micropolutant (Loeb, et al., 2012) and Escherichia coli (Driedger, et al., 2001) in drinking water. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the performance of the ozone exposure time and water replacement in controlling the quality of chicken meat. Ozone generator used has production and number of solubility in water around 523,67mg/hr and 0,21mg/L. The variations evaluated in this study are ozone exposure time (40, 80, and 120 minutes) and the replacement of ozonated water (twice, thrice and no replacement). The evaluated parameters were Escherichia coli, total mesophyll hyll aerobic (TBMA), protein content, pH, and water content. On the seventh day storage at 120 minutes of ozone exposure time, it was able to disinfect Escherichia coli and TBMA as much as 1.700 and 9,4×108 CFU/g, while on the replacement water every 40 minutes 1,700 and 1,1×109 CFU/g more than blank. While the levels of protein, moisture content, and pH on the variation of exposure time and replacement of water respectively of 17,45%; 79,85%; 4,95 and 15,70%; 80,61%; 4,91.
The Potential of Oil Palm Leaf Fibre in Paper-making Industry
Authors: Soloi S , Hou E K Z 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Utilization of agro-based fibre for paper making has been the subject of interest in order to expand the usage of renewable resources as well as reduced the dependence on wood pulp. As one of the major countries in palm oil production, some of the waste from the oil palm plantation like the oil palm fronds, empty fruit bunches, and its leaf is a potential source of non-wood industry which can be used as raw material in the paper industry manufacture. This study was done to examine the potential of palm leaves to be used as a raw material of non-wood resources in the papermaking industry. In this study, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pulping and process was employed to investigate the effectiveness of lignin removal for good fibre production. The concentration of the pulping agent was fixed at 7% at treatment of 1-7 hours to investigate the best condition for defibrillation of the cellulose fibre. Based on this study, it was found that the soda pulping produces fibre that can be molded into paper sheet without any binding agent. The morphology of the fibre observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that, soda pulping fiber consist of individual micro fibrils that are well separated. Both tensile strength and tear index gives highest value at 1.93 kg/cm2 and 37 Nm2/kg respectively at 7 hours treatment time. his reflects that lignin removal effectively occurred in soda pulping. Tensile strength found to increases with treatment time and both tensile strength and tear index of the paper falls within the value comparable to commerical non-wood paper. The paper produced has rough surface and has the potential to be develop for craft paper.
Analysis and comparison of olive cooking oil and palm cooking oil properties as biodiesel feedstock
Authors: Sarjadi M S , Ling T C , Khan M S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Biodiesel was utilized as an alternative source of renewable energy to counter the shortcomings of fossil fuels. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of olive cooking oils and palm cooking oil were analysed as biodiesel feedstock based on density, specific gravity, acid value, free fatty acid content (FFA), saponification value and peroxide value. The analysis results were compared according to ASTM and EN standards. Olive cooking oil A, olive cooking oil B and palm cooking oil have densities of 895 kg/m3, 897 kg/m3 and 904 kg/m3, respectively. The specific gravities of olive cooking oil A, olive cooking oil B and palm cooking oil were 0.88, 0.88 and 0.89 respectively. Olive cooking oil A, olive cooking oil B and palm cooking oil have acid value of 0.45 mg KOH/g ± 0.02 mg KOH/g with 0.23 % ± 0.01 % FFA, 0.41 mg KOH/g ± 0.02 mg KOH/g with 0.21 % ± 0.01 % FFA and 1.08 mg KOH/g ± 0.07 mg KOH/g with 0.54 % ± 0.04 % FFA, respectively. Palm cooking oil has high acid value exceeded the standard limit; thus, it requires FFA reduction before transesterification. The saponification values of olive cooking oil A, olive cooking oil B and palm cooking oil were 187.93 mg KOH/g ± 1.40 mg KOH/g, 188.40 mg KOH/g ± 0.81 mg KOH/g and 198.22 mg KOH/g ± 0.81 mg KOH/g respectively. The peroxide values obtained for olive cooking oil A, olive cooking oil B and palm cooking oil were 8.00 meq/kg ± 2.00 meq/kg, 8.00 meq/kg ± 2.00 meq/kg and 6.00 meq/kg ± 2.00 meq/kg, respectively. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was done and the functional groups present in all oil samples were analysed.
Macrofouling Development on Artificial Structure at Karambunai Bay, Sabah Malaysia
Authors: Affandy M A M , Madin J , Jakobsen K P , Auluck M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study investigates macrofouling development on PVC panels deployed in Karambunai, Sabah. The experimental setup includes two sets of connected PVC pipes, framed in a triangular shape, attached to concrete blocks deployed on the seafloor and kept afloat vertically underwater. The first set (upper) of frame positioned 2 m below the surface whereas the second set (bottom) attached 8 m below it. A total of 36 PVC plates measuring 20 cm x 27 cm were tied on each three sides of the two sets of frames. To investigate monthly macrofouling development, three panels were taken from each side of the two frames. This experiment lasted 180 days, starting from end of April to October 2017. As a result, a total of ten different species were identified growing on the front side and the back side of the plates at 2 m and 8 m. The total biomass of macrofouling assemblages at 2 m and 8 m had a significant (P<0.05) positive correlation (0.89), suggesting that there was no significant difference of total biomass between two different depths. For macrofouling community, diversity indices showed similar values for both sides of the plates at 2 m and 8 m, indicating that depth and plate orientation had no influence on the distribution pattern of macrofouling growth.
The Monitoring of Harmful Algae Blooms in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Jipanin S J , Shaleh S R Muhamad , Lim P T , Leaw C P , Mustapha S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The first record of harmful algae bloom (HAB) in Sabah was in 1976 where 202 victims were reported to be suffering from Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) and 7 deaths. The causative organism was Pyrodinium bahamense, a dinoflagellate which produces saxitoxin. Since then, Department of Fisheries Sabah has been doing monitoring to safeguard seafood safety, especially shellfish harvested for food consumption. Cochlodinium polykrikoides bloom for the first time in Sabah in year 2005 where Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran experienced fish kill. Since then, other HAB species such as Gymnodinium catenatum, Gonyaulax polygramma and Noctiluca scintillans were identified in waters of Sabah. Sabah is the only state in Malaysia in which the monitoring program is done consistently throughout the year since 1976. Samples were collected once or twice a month, according to high and low risks areas which have been identified, most of which are in the west coast. The collection frequency may be increased depending on the situation such as whether there is an outbreak of red tide or PSP in the area. Due to this effort, PSP cases involving the public have declined during the last 40 years without duly affecting the income of fishermen and the fisheries industry. After successfully implementing toxin monitoring between 1984 to 2013, it recurred back in 2013 when 3 deaths were reported. The purpose of this paper is to review all HABs incidences that occured in Sabah over the last few years from January 2000 – December 2017.
Modification in Structural Properties of Erbium-doped Zinc – Sodium Tellurite Glass: Effect of Bimetallic Cu/Ti Nanoparticles
Authors: Kamarudin K , Awang A , Dayou J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The effect of bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) on the structural and optical properties of tellurite glass doped with Cu/Ti NPs are reported. A series of glass with composition of (70–x–y) TeO2–20ZnO–9Na2O–1Er2O3–(x)CuO–(y)TiO2 (where x = 0.0, 0.1 and 0.04 mol%, y = 0.0, 0.1 and 0.04 mol%) are synthesized by using melt-quenching method. The structure and optical properties of tellurite glass containing Cu/Ti NPs are identified by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) technique and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). XRD spectra show the nature of glass and the grain size. The SEM images shows the surface morphology and EDX spectra show the traces of C, O, Te, Na, Zn, Au, Er, Ti and Cu elements. FTIR spectra show the chemical bonding of constituent atom in glass matrix primarily the Zn2+ vibration, Cu (II)–O bonding, Te–O bending in term of TeO3 and TeO4 units, Cu–H stretching and O–H vibration of water group.
AGE Iterative Method with First-Order Quadrature Scheme for Fuzzy Fredholm Integral Equations of Second Kind
Authors: Ali Labiyana Hanif , Sulaiman Jumat , Hashim Siti Rahayu Mohd 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this study, we propose Alternating Group Explicit (AGE) iterative method to solve the problem of linear fuzzy Fredholm integral equations of the second kind (FFIE-2) based on Trapezoidal quadrature rule. First, we generate a system of linear equations by using approximation equations. Next, we use AGE iterative method to solve the generated linear system of FFIE-2. Then, we illustrate the applicability of AGE iterative method on some numerical examples. Finally, we do the comparison to test the efficiency of AGE with Jacobi and Gauss-Seidel (GS) iterative method based on three parameters: number of iterations, execution time and Hausdorff distance. From our findings, we found that AGE is a better iterative method compared with Jacobi and GS to solve FFIE-2.
Using the Geographical Information System (GIS) Methods in Determination of Landuse Changes at Batu Sapi, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Isnain Z , Said S J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study area is in the southwestern part of the Sandakan city center bounded by latitude 05° 48’ until 05° 52’ N and longitude 117° 58’ until 118° 03’ E and covers the area of 100km2. The study area comprises the Sandakan Formation which is overlain by the Quaternary Alluvium. The landuse changes is done through the Geographical Information System (GIS) method by using the ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) software. There are four main stages involved in the GIS method to produce the thematic maps. Landuse map of the year 1980 and 2010 have been used to study the changes at the study area. The results show the percentage of urban area coverage have increased, while the village area have the highest percentage of land diminution. So, with the model of the evolution of landuse, it calls for landuse planning in the study area is more sustainable in the future.
An Empirical Evaluation on the Financial Performance of the Companies in Malaysia with Z Score Model
Authors: Subramaniam Kavitha , Siew Lam Weng , Hoe Lam Weng , Wai Chen Jia 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Most companies wish to achieve financial stable condition and good financial performance. The companies with unstable financial condition will face bankruptcy. Financial ratios analysis is very important for evaluation on the financial performance of the companies. The Z score model has been introduced to evaluate the financial performance of the companies based on the financial ratios analysis. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the financial performance of the companies in Malaysia with Z score model. Besides that, the significant financial ratios that will be affecting the Z score are identified in this study with regression model. The data of this study consists of the financial ratio of some financial variables for 18 financial sector companies that listed in Malaysian stock market. The results of this study show that the financial condition of the companies is identified whether the companies are in safe zone, grey zone or financially distressed based on the Z score. The companies with Z score below 1.81 indicate the companies are financially distressed whereas the Z score above 2.99 indicates the companies are in safe zone. The companies with Z score between 1.81 and 2.99 indicate the companies are in grey zone and need to be observed. This study is significant because it will predict the solvency of the companies and further promote economic growth in Malaysia.
Optimal medicinal cupping points selection for asthma disease via graph colouring: a preliminary study
Authors: Yusof Yuhani binti , Mohamad Mohd Shambin , Adzhar Noraziah , Hanafi Nurfatihah Mohamad , Elizabeth Marta , Abu Bakar Muhamad Faiz , Ibrahim Mohd Adhha 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMedicinal cupping is a traditional therapy which used by applying a cup on acu-points or cupping points and the pressure inside the cup is reduced so that the skin and superficial muscle layer is drawn into and held in the cup. Since all diseases and pains have their specific area to be cupped, most cupping practitioners usually recognize the cupping points based upon the disease and the patient’s complaints. Hence, they will randomly choose the points upon request due to the money constraint. However, there is no mathematical approach on guaranteeing the handy method is optimized. Thus, in this paper, a graph model is proposed on finding the optimal number of cupping points for asthma disease via graph colouring approach. This mathematical model will further benefit to the biomathematics and medical fields, especially to the industrial cupping practitioners.
The application of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) approach to solve multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems
Authors: Mahad N F , Yusof NMohamed , Ismail N F 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper focuses on the application of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) approach to solve multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) problems. MCDM is a process which involves a decision maker or a group of decision makers to evaluate and to choose the best alternatives based on the criteria decided by the decision maker(s). A real-life empirical example about supplier selection is used to implement the FAHP method. The objectives of the study are: (1) to implement FAHP approach with different linguistic scales to solve MCDM problems; and (2) to compare the relative weights of each alternative with respect to the criterion that was computed using different linguistic scales. There are three sets of scales denoted as S1, S2 and S3 used in this paper. Four criteria which are delivery, price, service and payment terms and three alternatives which are Supplier A, Supplier B and Supplier C has been considered in this study. The first objective is achieved since FAHP can be used to solve the MCDM problems. Meanwhile, for second objective, the Coefficient of Variations (CV) has been used to do the comparison. The findings revealed that scale S2 is the most preferable linguistic scale for this case study.
Analysis of unqualified factors and evaluation methods of Thickness of reinforcement cover
Authors: Yang Yan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Thickness of reinforcement cover is an important index to measure the durability of structure. It is difficult to measure the thickness of steel bar protective layer and to control the quality of steel bar protective layer. From design, construction and testing evaluation,this paper puts forward the deviation of the definition of the thickness of steel bar protective layer, and analyzes the factors affecting the fabrication,installation and testing standards.The design optimization, construction control and quality evaluation criteria based on mathematical statistics method are put forward. Through a series ofmeasurementsto improve the thickness index of bridge reinforcement protection layer, a scientific and complete evaluation system is established, and the quality acceptance criteria and detection methods are unified.It has a certain guiding role in construction selfinspection and project acceptance.
Optimized Design of Operating Mechanism for Planetary Steering Machine of Tracked Vehicle
Authors: Guo-qiang LI , Xing-ye Wang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Due to the limitation of the structure and working principle of the steering device of the secondary planetary steering machine, it is impossible to adjust the braking force of the small brake and the steering radius on the basis of the first position. It is difficult to correct the direction accurately when driving at high speed, which affects the performance of the vehicle. The steering device of a tracked vehicle is analyzed. In order to solve the problems, a hydraulic control device was designed, and the tracked vehicle was reformed. The improved prototype was tested and the steering radius could be adjusted steplessly in a large radius range.