bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nucleophilic Thiols Reductively Cleave Ether Linkages in Lignin Model Polymers and Lignin
Authors: Klinger Grace E. , Zhou Yuting , Foote Juliet A. , Wester Abby M. , Cui Yanbin , Alherech Manar , Stahl Shannon S. , Jackson James E. , Hegg Eric L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLignin may serve as a renewable feedstock for the production of chemicals and fuels if mild, scalable processes for its depolymerization can be devised. The use of small organic thiols represents a bioinspired strategy to cleave the β‐O‐4 bond, the most common linkage in lignin. In the present study, synthetic β‐O‐4 linked polymers were treated with organic thiols, yielding up to 90 % cleaved monomer products. Lignin extracted from poplar was also treated with organic thiols resulting in molecular weight reductions as high as 65 % (Mn) in oxidized lignin. Thiol‐based cleavage of other lignin linkages was also explored in small‐molecule model systems to uncover additional potential pathways by which thiols might depolymerize lignin. The success of thiol‐mediated cleavage on model dimers, polymers, and biomass‐derived lignin illustrates the potential utility of small redox‐active molecules to penetrate complex polymer matrices for depolymerization and subsequent valorization of lignin into fuels and chemicals.
A Self‐Assembled CO2 Reduction Electrocatalyst: Posy‐Bouquet‐Shaped Gold‐Polyaniline Core‐Shell Nanocomposite
Authors: Vijayakumar Amruthalakshmi , Zhao Yong , Zou Jinshuo , Wang Kezhong , Lee Chong‐Yong , MacFarlane Douglas R. , Wang Caiyun , Wallace Gordon G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHere it was demonstrated that the decoration of gold (Au) with polyaniline is an effective approach in increasing its electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO. The core‐shell‐structured gold‐polyaniline (Au−PANI) nanocomposite delivered a CO2‐to‐CO conversion efficiency of 85 % with a high current density of 11.6 mA cm−2. The polyaniline shell facilitated CO2 adsorption, and the subsequent formation of reaction intermediates on the gold core contributed to the high efficiency observed.
Controlling the Reaction Networks for Efficient Conversion of Glucose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Zhu Liangfang , Fu Xing , Hu Yexin , Hu Changwei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBiomass‐derived hexose constitutes the main component of lignocellulosic biomass for producing value‐added chemicals and biofuels. However, the reaction network of hexose is complicated, which makes the highly selective synthesis of one particular product challenging in biorefinery. This Review focuses on the selective production of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose on account of its potential significance as an important platform molecule. The complex reaction network involved in glucose‐to‐HMF transformations is briefly summarized. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing the complexities of feedstocks, intermediates, (side‐) products, catalysts, solvents, and their impacts on the reaction network. The strategies and representative examples for adjusting the reaction pathway toward HMF by developing multifunctional catalysts and promoters, taking advantage of solvent effects and process intensification, and synergizing all measures are comprehensively discussed. An outlook is provided to highlight the challenges and opportunities faced in this promising field. It is expected to provide guidance to design practical catalytic processes for advancing HMF biorefinery.
Heterogeneous Nature of Electrocatalytic CO/CO2 Reduction by Cobalt Phthalocyanines
Authors: Wu Yueshen , Hu Gongfang , Rooney Conor L. , Brudvig Gary W. , Wang Hailiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMolecular catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction have traditionally been studied in their dissolved states. However, the heterogenization of molecular catalysts has the potential to deliver much higher reaction rates and enable the reduction of CO2 by more than two electrons. In light of the recently discovered reactivity of heterogenized cobalt phthalocyanine molecules to catalyze CO2 reduction into methanol, direct comparison is needed to uncover the distinct catalytic activity and selectivity in homogeneous catalysis versus heterogeneous catalysis. Herein, soluble cobalt phthalocyanine derivatives were synthesized, and their catalytic activities in the homogeneous solutions were evaluated. The results show that the observed catalytic activities for both CO2‐to‐CO and CO‐to‐methanol conversions in aqueous solutions of the cobalt phthalocyanines are predominantly heterogeneous in nature through the adsorbed species on the electrode.
Water Oxidation at Neutral pH using a Highly Active Copper‐Based Electrocatalyst
Authors: Younus Hussein A. , Zhang Yan , Vandichel Matthias , Ahmad Nazir , Laasonen Kari , Verpoort Francis , Zhang Ce , Zhang Shiguo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode severely limit hydrogen production at the cathode in water splitting systems. Although electrocatalytic systems based on cheap and earth‐abundant copper catalysts have shown promise for water oxidation under basic conditions, only very few examples with high overpotential can be operated under acidic or neutral conditions, even though hydrogen evolution in the latter case is much easier. This work presents an efficient and robust Cu‐based molecular catalyst, which self‐assembles as a periodic film from its precursors under aqueous conditions on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. This film catalyzes the OER under neutral conditions with impressively low overpotential. In controlled potential electrolysis, a stable catalytic current of 1.0 mA cm−2 can be achieved at only 2.0 V (vs. RHE) and no significant decrease in the catalytic current is observed even after prolonged bulk electrolysis. The catalyst displays first‐order kinetics and a single site mechanism for water oxidation with a TOF (kcat) of 0.6 s−1. DFT calculations on of the periodic Cu(TCA)2 (HTCA=1‐mesityl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐carboxylic acid) film reveal that TCA defects within the film create CuI active sites that provide a low overpotential route for OER, which involves CuI, CuII−OH, CuIII=O and CuII−OOH intermediates and is enabled at a potential of 1.54 V (vs. RHE), requiring an overpotential of 0.31 V. This corresponds well with an overpotential of approximately 0.29 V obtained experimentally for the grown catalytic film after 100 CV cycles at pH 6. However, to reach a higher current density of 1 mA cm−2, an overpotential of 0.72 V is required.
Extinction and drug‐induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking following self‐administration or conditioned place preference in adolescent and adult rats
Authors: Guerin Alexandre A. , Zbukvic Isabel C. , Luikinga Sophia J. , Drummond Katherine D. , Lawrence Andrew J. , Madsen Heather B. , Kim Jee Hyun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAdolescence marks a particularly vulnerable period to developing substance use disorders, and people who start using drugs in adolescence are more likely to relapse. A limited number of studies have investigated age difference in relapse following re‐exposure to the drug after a period of abstinence. Using a cocaine self‐administration paradigm, we showed no age difference in acquisition or extinction of self‐administration. Interestingly, adolescent rats displayed impaired cocaine‐primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Using the same dose as that self‐administered in the first experiment, we then investigated age differences in acquisition and extinction of conditioned place preference, as well as locomotor sensitization. While there were no differences in locomotor activity or acquisition of preference, adolescents failed to extinguish their preference, even when the number of extinction sessions was doubled from what adults received. Taken together, these results suggest that while cocaine has similar rewarding and reinforcing effects regardless of age, adolescents may attribute stronger salience to the drug‐associated context. In addition, re‐exposure to cocaine itself may not be a strong relapse trigger in adolescence. Overall, these findings suggest that we should focus more on alleviating drug‐context salience compared to re‐exposure to substance in order to reduce relapse of drug seeking in adolescents.
Ancient drainage networks mediated a large‐scale genetic introgression in the East Asian freshwater snails
Authors: Miura Osamu , Urabe Misako , Mori Hideaki , Chiba Satoshi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBiogeography and genetic variation of freshwater organisms are influenced not only by current freshwater connections but also by past drainage networks. The Seto Inland Sea is a shallow enclosed sea in Japan, but geological evidence showed that a large freshwater drainage had intermittently appeared in this area between the late Pliocene and Pleistocene. Here, we demonstrated that this paleodrainage greatly affected the genetic variation of the East Asian freshwater snails,Semisulcospiraspp. We found that the mtDNA haplotypes originated in the Lake Biwa endemicSemisulcospiraspecies at the upstream side of the paleodrainage were frequently observed in the riverineSemisulcospiraspecies at its downstream side. The genome‐wide DNA and morphological analyses consistently showed that there was no clear evidence of nuclear introgression between the Lake Biwa endemics and riverine species. These results suggest that the large paleodrainage had facilitated mitochondrial introgression and had broadly spread the introgressed mtDNA haplotypes to its downstream region around the Seto Inland Sea. Our study highlights the role of paleodrainages in shaping the genetic variation of freshwater organisms.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on Otolaryngology trainee education
Authors: Guo Theresa , Kiong Kimberley L. , Yao Christopher M. K. L. , Windon Melina , Zebda Denna , Jozaghi Yelda , Zhao Xiao , Hessel Amy C. , Hanna Ehab Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic has reduced clinical volume with a negative impact on trainee education.MethodsSurvey study of Otolaryngology trainees in North America, during the COVID‐19 pandemic in April 2020.ResultsOf 216 respondents who accessed the survey, 175 (83%) completed the survey. Respondents reported a universal decrease in clinical activities (98.3%). Among participants who felt their program utilized technology well, there were significantly decreased concerns to receiving adequate educational knowledge (29.6% vs 65.2%, P = .003). However, 68% of trainees still expressed concern in ability to receive adequate surgical training. In addition, 54.7% of senior trainees felt that the pandemic had a negative impact on their ability to secure a job or fellowship after training.ConclusionsTrainees universally felt a negative impact due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Use of technology was able to alleviate some concerns in gaining adequate educational knowledge, but decreased surgical training remained the most prevalent concern.
Perturbation of Specific Signaling Pathways Is Involved in Initiation of Mouse Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Chen Liping , Guo Ping , Li Wenxue , Fang Fei , Zhu Wei , Fan Junling , Wang Fangping , Gao Yuanyuan , Zhao Qun , Wang Qing , Xiao Yongmei , Xing Xiumei , Li Daochuan , Shi Tieliu , Yu Dianke , Aschner Michael , Zhang Lihua , Chen Wen 
Published: July 2020

Background and Aims
To identify the regulatory role of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in the development of liver disease, we generated a mouse model with hepatocyte‐specific deletion of Ppp2r1a gene (encoding PP2A Aα subunit).

Approach and Results
Homozygote (HO) mice and matched wild‐type littermates were investigated at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of age. Pathological examination showed that PP2A Aα deficiency in hepatocytes resulted in progressive liver fibrosis phenotype from 9 months of age. No hepatocyte death was observed in HO mice. However, perturbation of pathways including epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (EGFR1), amino acid metabolism, and translation factors as well as leptin and adiponectin led to pronounced hepatic fibrosis. In vitro studies demonstrated the involvement of specific B subunit complexes in the regulation of EGFR1 signaling pathway and cross talk between defected hepatocytes and stimulation of interstitial hyperplasia. It is noteworthy that HO mice failed to develop hepatocellular carcinoma for as long as 22 months of age. We further demonstrate that PP2A Aβ–containing holoenzymes played a critical role in preventing hepatocyte apoptosis and antagonizing tumorigenesis through specific pathways on Aα loss. Furthermore, PP2A Aα and Aβ were functionally distinct, and the Aβ isoform failed to substitute for Aα in the development of inflammation and liver fibrosis.

Conclusions
These observations identify pathways that contribute to the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and provide putative therapeutic targets for its treatment.
Effect of leverage deviation on choices and outcomes of public versus non‐public acquisitions
Authors: Ahmed Yousry , Elshandidy Tamer 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper examines whether firms' deviation from target leverage may predict types and outcomes of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) deals. We find that over‐levered firms are more inclined to be involved in public acquisitions than non‐public acquisitions. Consistent with the proposition of information economics theory, our findings suggest that information asymmetry is the main motive behind over‐levered firms' preference for public targets. Specifically, we observe that over‐levered acquirers not only prefer public targets, but also pick those with less information asymmetry. We find that, in the short term, the market reacts negatively to the announcement of public acquisitions by over‐levered firms. However, in the long term these acquirers experience better operating synergies and values, measured by changes in return on assets and Tobin's q, respectively. Our results are robust after controlling for M&A deals‐, firm‐, industry‐characteristics and endogeneity concerns using both propensity score matching and Heckman two stage methods. Overall, our findings support the premises of agency theory and Uysal, Journal of Financial Economics (2011), 102, 602–620 view that over‐levered firms have a high tendency to pursue most value‐enhancing acquisition deals due to the high pressure of holding high levels of debt.
A systematic review of psychodynamic theories in community psychology: Discovering the unconscious in community work
Authors: Caputo Andrea , Tomai Manuela 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe aim of this systematic review is to provide a narrative synthesis of the peer‐reviewed literature regarding the role of psychodynamics in community psychology. The authors screened 301 records on the topic, found in major citation databases (Scopus and Web of Science) without time or language restrictions. Ten articles addressing the review question were identified, showing the contributions of interpersonal psychoanalysis, Adlerian psychology, the Tavistock psychodynamic model, and Lacanian psychoanalysis. Several points of synergy between community psychology and psychodynamics were outlined mainly concerning empowerment theory, preventative and ecological perspective, power, and social order. Besides, the view on the community life, the role of emotion, and the conceptualization of the unconscious domain are discussed. Implications for community interventions are highlighted, regarding clients' demands, the role of community practitioners, and the use of transference/countertransference in consultative work. Limitations and future directions are also considered.
Evaluation of total phenol and flavonoid content and antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Trollius chinensis Bunge extracts on Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Jiang Min , Yan Li , Li Ke‐ao , Ji Zhi‐hong , Tian Shu‐ge 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDental caries is a chronic disease with multiple bacterial infections, Streptococcus mutans is the main cariogenic bacteria. Trollius chinensis Bunge is a common folk medicine in the Xinjiang area of China. In this study, we investigated the total flavonoid content and total phenol content in four types of T. chinensis Bunge extracts and the inhibitory effects of these extracts on S. mutans. Agar diffusion method was used to measure the inhibition zone diameters, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by the twofold dilution method. Water extracts from T. chinensis Bunge and ethanol (30, 60, and 90%) extracts at different concentrations could significantly inhibit the growth of S. mutans. Among them, 30% ethanol extract exhibited the best antibacterial and antibiofilms effect. Biofilm research (crystal violet staining and CLSM) showed that 30% ethanol extract of T. chinensis Bunge plays an important role in inhibiting S. mutans growth and the number of biofilms. The results indicate that T. chinensis Bunge extract has good antibacterial and anti‐biofilm activity on S. mutans. It has the potential to be developed for the treatment of caries in clinical application.
Arc‐transitive maps with underlying Rose Window graphs
Authors: Hubard Isabel , Ramos‐Rivera Alejandra , Šparl Primož 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the late 1990s, Graver and Watkins initiated the study of all edge‐transitive maps. Recently, Gareth Jones revisited the study of such maps and suggested classifying the maps in terms of either their automorphism groups or their underlying graphs. A natural step towards classifying edge‐transitive maps is to study the arc‐transitive ones. In this paper, we investigate the connection of a class of arc‐transitive maps to consistent cycles of the underlying graph, with special emphasis on maps of smallest possible valence, namely 4. We give a complete classification of arc‐transitive maps whose underlying graphs are arc‐transitive Rose Window graphs.
Development of homogeneous polyamine organocatalyst for the synthesis of 2‐aryl‐substituted benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives
Authors: Kottayil Hiba , Machingal Shaibuna , Parackal B. Sherly mole , Alungal M. Shebitha , Theresa Letcy V. , Govindan Avudaiappan , Krishnapillai Sreekumar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA new polyamine was prepared by the ring opening polymerization of epichlorohydrin and properly characterized. The catalytic property of the prepared polymer was assessed by synthesizing 2‐aryl‐substituted benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives by the conjugation of o‐phenylenediamine/o‐aminophenol with various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. Significant attributes of the present synthesis include short reaction time, good to excellent yield, high purity, easy reusability, and room temperature reaction. The reaction was carried out in the absence of any metal catalyst and other cooxidants.
Discordance of COVID‐19 guidelines for patients with cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Garg Pankaj Kumar , Kaul Pallvi , Choudhary Deepti , Turaga Kiran Kalyan , Singh Mahendra Pal , Tiwari Ajeet Ramamani , Arora Vipin , Agrawal Nishant , Rau Beat , Yendamuri Sai 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis review was aimed to systematically evaluate the available literature on the impact of COVID‐19 on cancer care and to critically analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic strategies suggested by various healthcare providers, societies, and institutions. Majority guidelines for various types of cancers favored a delay in treatment or a nonsurgical approach wherever feasible. These guidelines are based on a low level of evidence and have significant discordance for the role and timing of surgery, especially in early tumors.
Submental flap for vascularized lymph node transfer; a CTA‐based study on lymph node distribution
Authors: Paulus Vera A. A. , Winters Harm , Hummelink Stefan , Schulten Sascha , Ulrich Dietmar J. O. , Vasilic Dalibor 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAmongst various options of vascularized lymph node transfers, the submental flap has the lowest risk for iatrogenic lymphedema. The aim of this study was to gain insight into distribution, number, and size of lymph nodes along the mandible using computed tomography angiography (CTA).MethodsA total of 52 CTA scans of head/neck region were evaluated retrospectively. Lymph nodes in the submental and submandibular region, related to the origin of the submental artery, were recorded using a three‐dimensional coordinate system, and standardized using an iterative closest point algorithm. Results were analyzed for gender, location, size, and number.ResultsThe mean number and size of lymph nodes were 5.30 ± 2.00 and 5.28 ± 1.29 mm, respectively. The mean distance of the lymph nodes to the origin of the submental artery was 25.53 ± 15.27 mm. There was no significant difference between both sides when comparing size (left: 5.39 ± 1.28; right: 5.17 ± 1.34; P = .19), number (left: 5.46 ± 2.10; right: 5.17 ± 1.96; P = .49), and distance (left: 24.78 ± 12.23; right: 26.32 ± 14.73; P = .19). No significance was found between males and females concerning number (P = .60), size (P = .50), and distance (P = .06).ConclusionThe variance of lymph node distribution along the mandible may warrant conducting a CTA scan to maximize the number of transferred lymph nodes and aid in flap design.
Completion lymph node dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node positive cutaneous head and neck melanoma
Authors: Huang Kai , Misra Subhasis , Lemini Riccardo , Chen Yong , Speicher Leigh L. , Dawson Nancy L. , Tolaymat Leila M. , Bagaria Sanjay P. , Gabriel Emmanuel M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundRelatively few cutaneous head and neck melanoma (CHNM) patients with were included in the multicenter selective lymphadenectomy trial II (MSLT‐II). Our objective was to investigate whether immediate completion lymph node dissection completion of lymph node dissection (CLND) was associated with survival benefit for sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive CHNM using the National Cancer Database.MethodsSLN positive patients with CHNM from 2012 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent SLN biopsy (SLNB) only versus those who underwent SLNB followed by CLND (SLNB + CLND). The primary outcome was 5‐year overall survival (OS).ResultsAmong 530 SLNB + patients, 342 patients underwent SLNB followed by CLND (SLNB + CLND). The SLNB only group had fewer positive SLN, less advanced pathologic stage, and a lower rate of adjuvant immunotherapy. There was no significant difference in 5‐year OS between the two groups (51.0% vs 67%; P = .56). After adjusting for pathologic stage, there remained no difference in 5‐year OS among patients with stage IIIA (63.0% vs. 73.6%, P = 0.22) or IIIB/IIIC disease (39.1% vs 57.8%; P = .52).ConclusionsUsing a large nationwide database, CLND was not shown to be associated with improved OS for patients with SLNB positive CHNM, validating the results of MSLT‐II.