bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are individual analyses of multiple short urine collections throughout the 24 hours superior to a standard 24‐hour urine collection in precipitation risk assessment of healthy subjects?
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad A. , Shaker Pouyan , Hosseini Sayyideh F. , Alavinia Mohammad , Aarabi Mehdi , Rezaee Ali J. , Halperin Mitchel L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeThe commonly used 24‐hour collection technique has been the mainstay of diagnosis for supersaturation but has some certain limitations. Hence, superiority of multiple short urine collections as a new alternative in precipitation risk assessment was assessed compared to the standard 24‐hour urine collection among healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsIndividual urine samples of 26 healthy subjects were acquired every 2 to 3 hours throughout the 24 hours. Urine samples were obtained and the time and volume of each sample were recorded. Urinary constituents involved in precipitation including, sodium‐potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, citrate, magnesium, urea, creatinine and pH were measured. A simulated 24‐hour collection was recalculated by the totalling of all shorter urine collections volume and urinary constituents excretions throughout the day.ResultsUrine pH, urine creatinine and precipitation rate had a significantly lower values in 24‐hours urine collection compared to one individual value of multiple urine collections by −0.769 (P < .0001), −7.305 (P < .0001), and − 12.838 (P < .0001), respectively. However, calcium (2.697, P < .0001), citrate (3.54, P < .0001), total phosphate (19.961, P < .0001) and total creatinine (9.579, P < .0001) had statistically significantly higher values in the 24‐hours urine collection compared to individual value of multiple urine collections.ConclusionBased on the results, individual analysis of multiple shorter urine collections throughout the day improves the ability of identifying supersaturation points, precipitation risk zones and may potentially improve risk assessment compared to the 24‐hour urine collection method.
Update on the intricate tango between tick microbiomes and tick‐borne pathogens
Authors: Bonnet Sarah Irène , Pollet Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recent development of high‐throughput NGS technologies, (ie, next‐generation sequencing) has highlighted the complexity of tick microbial communities—which include pathogens, symbionts, and commensals—and also their dynamic variability. Symbionts and commensals can confer crucial and diverse benefits to their hosts, playing nutritional roles or affecting fitness, development, nutrition, reproduction, defence against environmental stress and immunity. Nonpathogenic tick bacteria may also play a role in modifying tick‐borne pathogen colonization and transmission, as relationships between microorganisms existing together in one environment can be competitive, exclusive, facilitating or absent, with many potential implications for both human and animal health. Consequently, ticks represent a compelling yet challenging system in which to investigate the composition and both the functional and ecological implications of tick bacterial communities, and thus merits greater attention. Ultimately, deciphering the relationships between microorganisms carried by ticks as well as symbiont‑tick interactions will garner invaluable information, which may aid in some future arthropod‑pest and vector‐borne pathogen transmission control strategies. This review outlines recent research on tick microbiome composition and dynamics, highlights elements favouring the reciprocal influence of the tick microbiome and tick‐borne agents and finally discusses how ticks and tick‐borne diseases might potentially be controlled through tick microbiome manipulation in the future.
Volatile organic compounds produced by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes alleviated drought stress by modulating defense system in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Yasmin Humaira , Rashid Urooj , Hassan Muhammad Nadeem , Nosheen Asia , Naz Rabia , Ilyas Noshin , Sajjad Muhammad , Azmat Ammar , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch on plant growth‐promoting bacteria (PGPR) revealed an effective role of bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in stress alleviation. Out of 15 PGPR strains, infection with VOCs from Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes' resulted in maximum germination, growth promotion, and drought tolerance in maize plants. The VOCs of P. pseudoalcaligenes caused induced systemic tolerance in maize plants during 7 days of drought stress. The VOCs exposed plants displayed resistance to drought stress by reducing electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and increasing the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments, proline, and phytohormones contents. Maize plants revealed enhanced resistance by showing higher activities of antioxidant defense enzymes both in shoots and roots under drought stress. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were more pronounced in shoots than roots. Gas chromatography and mass spectrophotometric (GC–MS) analysis comparing VOCs produced by the most efficient P. pseudoalcaligenes strain and inefficient strains of Pseudomonas sp. grown in culture media revealed nine compounds that they had in common. However, dimethyl disulfide, 2,3‐butanediol, and 2‐pentylfuran were detected only in P. pseudoalcaligenes, indicating these compounds are potential candidates for drought stress induction. Further studies are needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of VOCs‐mediated systemic drought tolerance in plants related to each identified VOC.
Moral Failure and the Law
Authors: Eekelaar John 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe recent “Windrush” scandal in the United Kingdom involved the application of law by Home Office officials in a manner that demonstrated gross lack of concern and humanity for its impact on many individuals. In an endeavour to reach some understanding of how ordinary individuals could have inflicted such hardships on others, this article considers the possible effect that acting within a legal environment might have on the actors’ response to moral norms. The inquiry leads to reconsideration of established theories on the relationship between law and morality, concluding that the main theories ignore important aspects of that relationship.
Polarized cells display asymmetric release of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Colombo Federico , Casella Giacomo , Podini Paola , Finardi Annamaria , Racchetti Gabriella , Norton Erienne Grace , Cocucci Emanuele , Furlan Roberto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs), a broad term for the lipid microparticles known as microvesicles and exosomes, are discharged by cells into their surrounding space. Microvesicles are discharged upon outward plasma membrane budding, while exosomes are secreted after multivesicular body (MVB) fusion with the plasma membrane. The majority of information regarding EV biology comes from studies performed in non‐polarized cells. Here we characterize EV release in polarized cells. We found a substantial asymmetry in the number and composition of EVs produced and released from the apical membrane of epithelial cells as compared to the basolateral membrane. We showed that the quantitative difference is related to the polarized distribution of two phosphoinositide species between the two cell surfaces and that the peculiar biochemical composition of resultant EVs reflects their site of origin. In particular, apical and basolateral exosomes may derive from distinct classes of MVBs originating from and fusing with the same plasma membrane. We identify VAMP8/Endobrevin as a regulator of the basolateral release of exosomes, whereas the mechanism responsible for apical EV release requires further study.
Trends in blood donations, blood donors’ knowledge, practices and expectations during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Cameroon
Authors: Tagny Claude T. , Lendem Isabelle , Ngo Sack Françoise , Ngo Balogog Pauline , Ninmou Catherine , Dongmo Ariane , Ndoumba Annick , Tante Estel , Ateba Noel , Ndemanou Mathias , Tapko Jean Baptiste , Mbanya Dora 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic, caused by a novel coronavirus, has already affected over 99 062 people in 53 African countries and killed 3082. The pandemic threatens blood supply but we do not yet know its impact on blood donations or on the perceptions and expectations of donors.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study in four hospital‐based blood services in Cameroon, using a survey design and focusing on the subjective and cultural aspects of donors. Using a semi‐structured questionnaire, we collected the participants’ responses as to their understanding of COVID‐19 and of current protection measures, and their expectations. Data on trends of blood donations were collected retrospectively for the period from 1st January to 30th April 2019 and the same period in 2020.ResultsOf 494 donors included, 432 (87·4%) were enrolled from fixed blood collection sites and 62 (12·6%) were contacted by phone. A total of 464 (93·9%) participants believed that the COVID‐19 is a lung disease, but some declared it to be imaginary (7·7%), a foreign disease (8·3%) or a blood‐borne disease (3·2%). The participants reported that the distribution of face masks and hydroalcoholic solutions (92·5%), social distancing and hygiene (6·3%) are the most important measures that need to be in place for safe donation. The number of blood donations dropped by 21·5% between 2019 and 2020.ConclusionMost of the donors know COVID‐19, its transmission routes and manifestations. In the absence of barrier measures, they perceive blood donation as a threat to their health. Distribution of masks and hydroalcoholic solution might motivate more donors and improve the blood supply.
A newly devised flow cytometric antibody binding assay helps evaluation of dithiothreitol treatment for the inactivation of CD38 on red blood cells
Authors: Furumaki Hiroaki , Takeshita Akihiro , Ohto Hitoshi , Yamada Chiaki , Fujihara Harumi , Ishizuka Keiko , Shibata Hiroki , Shinba Takahito , Nemoto Naoki , Ino Kaede , Ozawa Akari , Watanabe Hiroko , Kawabata Kinuyo , Obata Yukako 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesAnti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies, including daratumumab and isatuximab, often interfere with pretransfusion testing. Dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment of red blood cells (RBCs) negates this interference. However, the optimum DTT concentration and treatment time have not been well defined. Here, we quantified CD38 on RBCs before and after DTT treatment using a flow cytometric antibody binding assay (FABA) to specify the optimum conditions for CD38 inactivation.Materials and methodsFor FABA, untreated or DTT‐treated RBCs were incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labelled anti‐CD38 antibody, in the presence or absence of 100‐fold or more excess of unlabelled anti‐CD38 antibody, and then analysed by flow cytometry (FCM). Dissociation of CD38‐positive and control histograms was determined from the D‐value using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The results from FABA were compared with those from conventional FCM, indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) and Western blotting.ResultsThe results from FABA were more consistent than those from conventional FCM. The D‐value was found to be reliable in the analysis of difference between CD38 before and after DTT treatment. Our data showed that 0·0075 mol/l DTT for 30 min is sufficient to inactivate CD38 on RBCs. These results were stable and consistent with the findings from IAT.ConclusionFlow cytometric antibody binding assay is an objective way of evaluating the efficacy of DTT treatment for CD38 on RBCs. This approach allows the detection of a small number of cell surface antigens and will be useful for assessing the various chemical treatments to denature RBC antigens.
Computational Evaluation of Thermal Response of Open-Cell Foam With Circular Pore
Authors: Irick Kevin W. , Fathi Nima 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The evaluation of effective material properties in heterogeneous materials (e.g., composites or multicomponent structures) is critically relevant to a wide spectrum of applications, including nuclear power, electronic packaging, flame retardants, hypersonics, and gas turbine power. The work described in this paper is centered around the numerical assessment of the thermal behavior of porous materials obtained from finite element thermal modeling and simulation. Two-dimensional, steady-state analyses were performed on unit cells with centered, circular pores using a second-order accurate Galerkin finite element method (FEM). The effective thermal conductivities of the porous systems were examined, encompassing a range of porosities from 4.9% to 60.1%. The geometries of the models were generated based on ordered circular pores for each modeled porosity level. The system response quantity (SRQ) under investigation was the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity across the unit cell. The dimensionless effective thermal conductivity was compared across all simulated cases, producing a trend between porosity and effective thermal conductivity. In the presented investigation, the method of manufactured solutions (MMS) was used to perform code verification, and the grid convergence index (GCI) was employed to estimate discretization uncertainty as solution verification. Code verification concluded an approximately second order accurate Galerkin FEM solver. It was found that the introduction of porosity to the unit cell material structure reduces effective thermal conductivity, as anticipated. Numerical results obtained in this study are compared to an analytical solution and to a sample of empirical data. This approach can be readily generalized to study a wide variety of porous solids from ranging from structures at the nanoscale—such as nanocarbon tubes—to structures at macrolevel scales—such as geological features.
Shear Bands in Materials Processing: Understanding the Mechanics of Flow Localization From Zener's Time to the Present
Authors: Viswanathan Koushik , Yadav Shwetabh , Sagapuram Dinakar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractShear banding is a material instability in large strain plastic deformation of solids, where otherwise homogeneous flow becomes localized in narrow micrometer-scale bands. Shear bands have broad implications for materials processing and failure under dynamic loading in a wide variety of material systems ranging from metals to rocks. This year marks 75 years since the publication of Zener and Hollomon's pioneering work on shear bands (Zener and Hollomon, J Appl. Phys., 15, 22–32, 1944), which is widely credited with drawing the attention of the mechanics community to shear bands and related localization phenomena. Since this landmark publication, there has been significant experimental and theoretical investigation into the onset of shear banding. Yet, given the extremely small length and time scales associated with band development, several challenges persist in studying the evolution of single bands, postinitiation. For instance, spatiotemporal development of strain fields in the vicinity of a band, crucial to understanding the transition from localized flow to fracture, has remained largely unexplored. Recent full-field displacement measurements, coupled with numerical modeling, have only begun to ameliorate this problem. This article summarizes our present understanding of plastic flow dynamics around single shear bands and the subsequent transition to fracture, with special emphasis on the postinstability stage. These topics are covered specifically from a materials processing perspective. We begin with a semihistorical look at some of Zener's early ideas on shear bands and discuss recent advances in experimental methods for mapping localized flow during band formation, including direct in situ imaging as well as ex situ/postmortem analyses. Classical theories and analytical frameworks are revisited in the light of recently published experimental data. We show that shear bands exhibit a wealth of complex flow characteristics that bear striking resemblance to viscous fluid flows and related boundary layer phenomena. Finally, new material systems and strategies for reproducing shear band formation at low speeds are discussed. It is hoped that these will help further our understanding of shear band dynamics, the subsequent transition to fracture, and lead to practical “control” strategies for suppressing shear band-driven failures in processing applications.
Isoamylene Oligomerization over Zeolite Catalysts
Authors: Grigor’eva N. G. , Serebrennikov D. V. , Bubennov S. V. , Kutepov B. I. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The study of isoamylene oligomerization over a number of microporous zeolites
such as H–Y, H–MOR, H–Beta, H–ZSM-12, and H–ZSM-5 revealed that the isoamylene
conversion rate decreases in the following order: H–MOR > H–Y > H–Beta-40
>> H–ZSM-12 > H–ZSM-5. The maximum yields of isoamylene oligomers were
achieved by using H–MOR (85.0%), H–Y (80.1%), and H–Beta-40 (79.8%). The
predominant isoamylene oligomers are dimers regardless of the zeolite catalyst
used. The trimer yield reaches its highest when wide-pore zeolites like H–MOR,
H–Y, or H–Beta-40 are employed. An increase in the number of acid sites enhances
monomer conversion rate, oligomer yield, and oligomer molecular weight.
Conditions for producing isopentene dimers and trimers with the maximum possible
yield were determined.
Effectiveness of solar disinfection water treatment method for reducing childhood diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Soboksa Negasa Eshete , Gari Sirak Robele , Hailu Abebe Beyene , Donacho Dereje Oljira , Alemu Bezatu Mengistie 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThis study aimed to pool out the available evidence on the effectiveness of the solar disinfection water treatment method for reducing childhood diarrhoea.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingGlobal.MethodsSearches were conducted in Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library databases and references to other studies. The review included all children living anywhere in the world regardless of sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status published in English until December 2019. Studies that compared the diarrhoea incidence between the intervention group who were exposed to solar disinfection water treatment and the control group who were not exposed to such water treatment were included. The outcome of interest was the change in observed diarrhoea incidence and the risk from baseline to postintervention. Two independent reviewers critically appraised the selected studies. Effect sizes were expressed as risk ratios, and their 95% CIs were calculated for analysis.ResultsWe identified 10 eligible studies conducted in Africa, Latin America and Asia that included 5795 children aged from 1 to 15 years. In all identified studies, solar disinfection reduced the risk of diarrhoea in children, and the effect was statistically significant in eight of the studies. The estimated pooled risk ratio of childhood diarrhoea among participants that used the solar disinfection water treatment method was 0.62 (95% CI 0.53 to 0.72). The overall pooled results indicated that the intervention of solar disinfection water treatment had reduced the risk of childhood diarrhoea by 38%.ConclusionsThe intervention of solar disinfection water treatment significantly reduced the risk of childhood diarrhoea. However, the risk of bias and marked heterogeneity of the included studies precluded definitive conclusions. Further high-quality studies are needed to determine whether solar disinfection water treatment is an important method to reduce childhood diarrhoea.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020159243
Prevalence and determinants of overweight/obesity among school-aged adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study of private and public schools
Authors: Baniissa Wegdan , Radwan Hadia , Rossiter Rachel , Fakhry Randa , Al-Yateem Nabeel , Al-Shujairi Arwa , Hasan Sanah , Macridis Soultana , Farghaly Abeer A , Naing Lin , Awad Manal A 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence and predictors of obesity among adolescents in the United Arab Emirates.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingPrivate and public secondary schools.ParticipantsAdolescents aged 13–19 years; 434 (46.6%) from private schools and 498 (53.4%) from public schools.MeasuresSelf-report questionnaires were used to assess adolescents’ sociodemographic factors, fruit/vegetable (F/V) intake and physical activity. Participants’ weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference and body fat percentage (%BF) were measured, and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. Overweight/obesity was determined by BMI ≥85th percentile for age, abdominal obesity (AO) (WC, WHtR and WHR) and %BF.ResultsA total of 34.7% of participants were overweight/obese (BMI ≥85th percentile) and 378 (40.6%) had high %BF. AO was noted in 47.3%, 22.7% and 27.1% of participants, based on WC, WHR and WHtR, respectively. Significantly more participants from public schools were overweight/obese (37.8% vs 31.1%) and had greater AO (based on WC, WHR, WHtR) compared with those from private schools. Predictors of obesity based on BMI were: consuming less than five servings of F/V (adjusted OR (AOR) 2.41, 95% CI: 1.73 to 3.36), being physically inactive (AOR 2.09, CI: 1.36 to 3.22) and being men (AOR 3.35, 95% CI: 2.20 to 5.10). Predictors of AO were being men (WC: AOR 1.42, 95% CI: 1.01 to 2.00; WHtR: AOR 2.72, 95% CI: 1.81 to 4.08); studying at public school (WHR: AOR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.66); being Emirati (WHR: AOR 0.62, 95% CI: 0.43 to 0.90); consuming less than five servings of F/V (WC: AOR 1.71, 95% CI: 1.27 to 2.30; WHtR: AOR 1.46, 95% CI: 1.05 to 2.03), and being physically inactive (WC: AOR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.35).ConclusionsFocused interventions are needed to combat obesity while considering AO indicators and BMI to diagnose obesity in adolescents.
Incidence and trend of preterm birth in China, 1990–2016: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jing Shiwen , Chen Chang , Gan Yuexin , Vogel Joshua , Zhang Jun 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo update the WHO estimate of preterm birth rate in China in 1990–2016 and to further explore variations by geographic regions and years of occurrence.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Sinomed databases were searched from 1990 to 2018.Eligibility criteriaStudies were included if they provided preterm birth data with at least 500 total births. Reviews, case–control studies, intervention studies and studies with insufficient information or published before 1990 were excluded. We estimated pooled incidence of preterm birth by a random effects model, and preterm birth rate in different year, region and by livebirths or all births in subgroup analyses.ResultsOur search identified 3945 records. After the removal of duplicates and screening of titles and abstracts, we reviewed 254 studies in full text and excluded 182, leaving 72 new studies. They were combined with the 82 studies included in the WHO report (154 studies, 187 data sets in total for the meta-analysis), including 24 039 084 births from 1990 to 2016. The pooled incidence of preterm birth in China was 6.09% (95% CI 5.86% to 6.31%) but has been steadily increasing from 5.36% (95% CI 4.89% to 5.84%) in 1990–1994 to 7.04% (95% CI 6.09% to 7.99%) in 2015–2016. The annual rate of increase was about 1.05% (95% CI 0.85% to 1.21%). Northwest China appeared to have the highest preterm birth rate (7.3%, 95% CI 4.92% to 9.68% from 1990 to 2016).ConclusionsThe incidence of preterm birth in China has been rising gradually in the past three decades. It was 7% in 2016. Preterm birth rate varied by region with the West having the highest occurrence.