bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation therapy enhanced therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD1 against gastric cancer
Authors: Hong Sen , Bi MiaoMiao , Yu HaiYao , Yan ZhenKun , Wang HeLei 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Radiation therapy is an important method in tumor treatment with distinct responses. This study aimed to investigate the immune effects of radiation therapy on the syngeneic gastric tumor model. Mouse forestomach carcinoma (MFC) cells were irradiated with different X-ray doses. Cell proliferation was determined by clonogenic assay. Gene and protein expression were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot, respectively. The tumor model was established by subcutaneously injecting tumor cells in 615-(H-2 K) mice. Levels of immune-related factors in tumor tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. 5 Gy × 3 (three subfractions with 4 h interval) treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Protein expression of stimulator of interferon genes (Sting) and gene expression of IFNB1, TNFα as well as CXCL-9 significantly increased in MFC cells after irradiation. In the MFC mouse model, no obvious tumor regression was observed after irradiation treatment. Further studies showed Sting protein expression, infiltration of dendritic cells and T cells, and significantly increased PD-1/PD-L1 expression in tumor tissues. Moreover, the irradiation treatment activated T cells and enhanced the therapeutic effects of anti-PD1 antibody against MFC tumor. Our data demonstrated that although the MFC tumor was not sensitive to radiation therapy, the tumor microenvironment could be primed after irradiation. Radiation therapy combined with immunotherapy can greatly improve anti-tumor activities in radiation therapy-insensitive tumor models.
Climate Change Litigation and the European Court of Human Rights - A Strategic Next Step?
Authors: Karlsson Niska Therese 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to analyse if bringing a case before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) could be impactful in forcing greater climate change action. Part of this analysis is built upon the review of two climate change cases brought before national courts, since they have different outcomes even though both use the fundamental human rights of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) as their legal bases. The cases are the Urgenda Foundation v. Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Union of Swiss Senior Women for Climate Protection v. Swiss Federal Council and Others. The Urgenda case establishes a link between the rights in article 2 and 8 ECHR, and climate change, which creates a positive obligation for a state to protect these rights by acting to combat climate change. The Swiss Climate Protection case, however, is dismissed. Both cases highlight some of the challenges regarding climate change in relation to the fundamental human rights of the ECHR.
Judgments by the ECtHR are final, and the formally and informally binding nature of case law from the court is argued to indicate the possibility of a powerful tool in relation to climate change action since 47 states will be affected by the court’s decisions. However, if a case brought before the ECtHR has an unfavourable outcome in relation to forcing greater governmental action in combating climate change, this may also have greater consequences than such an outcome of a domestic challenge, since it will set a minimum standard of care, or completely exclude climate change in relation to human rights. The article argues that it should be considered worth the identified risks to bring a claim before the ECtHR even though it is uncertain if the evolving nature of the charter is ready to establish obligations in relation to climate change, due to the unprecedented and severe threat that climate change constitutes.
Constraining Einstein’s equivalence principle with multiwavelength polarized astrophysical sources
Authors: Yi Shuang-Xi , Zou Yuan-Chuan , Wei Jun-Jie , Zhou Qi-Qi 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe observed time delays between photons with different circular polarizations from an astrophysical object provide a new, interesting way of testing the Einstein Equivalence Principle (EEP). In this paper, we constrain the EEP by considering both Shapiro time delay and Faraday rotation effects. We continue to search for astronomical sources that are suitable for testing the EEP accuracy, and obtain 60 extragalactic radio sources with multiwavelength polarization angles in three different radio bands (20, 8.6, and 4.8 GHz) and 29 brightest stars within our own Milky Way galaxy with multicolour linear polarimetric data in five optical bands (UBVRI). We apply the Metropolis–Hastings Markov Chain to simulate the fit parameters. The final results show that the values of the parametrized post-Newtonian parameter γ discrepancy (Δγp) are constrained to be in the range of 10−26 − 10−23 for 60 radio sources and in the range of 10−23 − 10−20 for 29 optical polarization stars. Compared to previous EEP tests that based on the single polarization measurement in the gamma-ray band, our results have profound superiority that nearly a few tens of astrophysical sources with multiwavelength polarization observations commonly in the optical and radio bands are available. It ensures that these sources can give more significantly robust bounds on the EEP. Although the presented method is straightforward, the resulting constraints on the EEP should be taken as upper limits as other more complex astrophysical effects affecting a polarization rotation are hardly considered.
Up-to-date treatment and management of myositis
Authors: Pipitone Nicolò , Salvarani Carlo 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Myositis, or idiopathic inflammatory myopathy, is an overarching concept that includes dermatomyositis, polymyositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and the antisynthetase syndrome. Glucocorticoids are still considered the mainstay of treatment of myositis but some patients require add-on immunosuppressive therapy because of insufficient response to glucocorticoids, relapses when glucocorticoids are tapered, or because they incur glucocorticoid-related side effects.

Recent findings
The goal of this article was to review (PubMed search from January 2019 through June 2020) the efficacy and safety of standard and novel agents used in adult dermatomyositis, polymyositis, immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy and the antisynthetase syndrome.

Summary
Established therapies beyond glucocorticoids continue to have a major role in managing patients with myositis. In addition, novel agents are being tried for refractory manifestations of myositis.
Risk Factors Predicting C- Versus S-shaped Sagittal Spine Profiles in Natural, Relaxed Sitting
Authors: Hey Hwee Weng Dennis , Ramos Miguel Rafael David , Lau Eugene Tze-Chun , Tan Jiong Hao Jonathan , Tay Hui Wen , Liu Gabriel , Wong Hee-Kit 
Published: September 2020

Study Design.
A cross-sectional study on a randomly selected prospective cohort of patients presenting to a single tertiary spine center.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and radiographic parameters of patients with S- and C-shaped thoracolumbar sagittal spinal profiles, and to identify predictors of these profiles in a natural, relaxed sitting posture.

Summary of Background Data.
Sagittal realignment in adult spinal deformity surgery has to consider the sitting profile to minimize the risks of junctional failure. Persistence of an S-shaped sagittal profile in the natural, relaxed sitting posture may reflect a lesser need to accommodate for this posture during surgical realignment.

Methods.
Consecutive patients with low back pain underwent whole body anteroposterior and lateral radiographs in both standing and sitting. Baseline clinical data of patients and radiographic parameters of both standing and sitting sagittal profiles were compared using χ
2, unpaired t tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Subsequently, using stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, predictors of S-shaped curves were identified while adjusting for confounders.

Results.
Of the 120 patients included, 54.2% had S-shaped curves when sitting. The most common diagnoses were lumbar spondylosis (26.7%) and degenerative spondylolisthesis (26.7%). When comparing between patients with S- and C-shaped spines in the sitting posture, only diagnoses of degenerative spondylolisthesis (odds ratio [OR], 5.44; P = 0.01) and degenerative scoliosis (OR, 2.00; P = 0.039), and pelvic incidence (PI) >52.5° (OR, 5.48; P = 0.008), were predictive of an S-shaped sitting sagittal spinal alignment on multivariate analysis.

Conclusion.
Stiffer lumbar curves (eg, patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis and degenerative scoliosis) or those who have a predilection for an S-shaped standing sagittal profile when sitting (eg, high PI) may be more amenable to fusion in accordance with previously studied sagittal realignment targets. In contrast, more flexible curves may benefit from less aggressive lordotic realignment to prevent potential junctional failures.

Level of Evidence: 3
Embryonal tumors of the central nervous system
Authors: Pagès Mélanie , Masliah-Planchon Julien , Bourdeaut Franck 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
This review aims to give an update on histopathological, molecular and clinical features of central nervous system (CNS) ‘embryonal’ tumors.

Recent findings
The taxonomy of previously called ‘CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor’ (CNS PNET) has been deeply modified since the discovery of specific molecular profiles for each various sub-entity of these rare, mainly pediatric, tumors. The term ‘embryonal tumors’ now refers to medulloblastomas, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) and other rare entities, defined by their specific histopathological features together with expression-based or methylation-based profiling; specific gene mutations or fusions characterize some tumor types. In addition, the compilation of large series of molecular data has allowed to dissecting several of these tumor types in molecular subgroups, increasing the number of tumor entities, and leading to an amazingly complex nosology of rare-to-extremely rare malignancies. This rarity precludes from having strong evidence-based therapeutic recommendations, although international efforts are conducted to define the best treatment strategies.

Summary
Embryonal tumors now correspond to molecularly well defined entities, which deserve further international collaborations to specify their biology and the appropriate burden of treatment, in order to minimize the long-term side-effects of treatment of these overall rare and severe diseases of childhood.
Fertility Awareness-Based Methods for Family Planning
Authors: Jensen Ashley , Wrede Jane 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT:
A review of 23 research articles to examine fertility awareness-based methods revealed biologic indicators and tracking methods to identify the fertile window in reproductive-aged women. This literature review indicated that a woman's cycle regularity is a major determinant of which method is best. Additionally, the woman's desire to achieve a pregnancy and her preference regarding the intensity of training are factors in method choice. Some evidence suggests that use of at least two biologic indicators is most effective for determining the fertility window. Recommended web and mobile applications also are discussed.
Renovating an Overbusy Lifestyle
Authors: Haddock Katelyn 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT:
Nurses often juggle multiple roles and responsibilities that can result in an overfull life. An overwhelmed schedule can lead to unintentionally becoming distanced from Jesus. The author suggests that true self-care includes proper balance of one's spiritual life with God. Three interventions can rebalance an overwhelmed life: seeking regular quiet time with God, prayer discernment about schedule decisions, and recognizing contemplative moments each day.
CULTURE-POSITIVE ACUTE POSTVITRECTOMY ENDOPHTHALMITIS IN A SILICONE OIL–FILLED EYE
Authors: Al Taisan Abdulaziz A. , Semidey Valmore A. 
Published: September 2020

Background/Purpose:
The aim of this report was to present the details of a case of culture-positive endophthalmitis in a silicone oil–filled eye.

Methods:
This report includes the description of the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative findings of the case.

Patient:
A 73-year-old male patient presented to our emergency department with complaints and symptoms indicative of acute postvitrectomy endophthalmitis.

Results:
Aqueous, silicone oil, and vitreous washout samples tested positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae after a culture test.

Conclusion:
Culture-positive endophthalmitis in a silicone oil–filled eye has rarely been described in literature. The reported cases were culture-negative cases, possibly because they were cases of acute inflammatory reactions to silicone oil. In the present case, an otherwise healthy patient developed acute endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy plus silicone oil tamponade. The case was successfully managed with conventional silicone oil removal, antibiotic injection, and silicone oil reinjection.
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: techniques, interpretation and implications
Authors: Stanley Jeffrey J. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
The purpose of this article is to highlight recent advances in the burgeoning field of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).

Recent findings
One of the first studies to investigate the correlation of DISE findings and natural sleep endoscopy found good agreement in clinically significant obstruction. Previous studies have shown good agreement of DISE findings with the use of different sedative agents implying that the choice of sedative may not be crucial. However, recent studies show variable patterns of collapse, especially at the tongue base, with the use of different sedative agents. A universally accepted classification scheme for drug-induced sleep endoscopy is lacking. A new DISE classification system, termed Palate, Tonsils, Lateral pharyngeal wall, Tongue base, Epiglottis, was introduced this year with the noted advantage of being able to better differentiate between clinically relevant tonsillar and lateral pharyngeal wall collapse. Despite recent advances in the field, there remains no general consensus that DISE findings predict surgical success but may aid in the identification of patients who will respond well to oral appliance therapy.

Summary
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy is a structure-based evaluation of the upper airway that more closely resembles the natural sleep state compared with awake evaluation.
Endotypes and phenotypes in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Malhotra Atul , Mesarwi Omar , Pepin Jean-Louis , Owens Robert L. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to describe the variability of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), both from a standpoint of underlying mechanisms and in terms of clinical manifestations.

Recent findings
Recent data suggest that not all patients with sleep apnea get their disease for the same reason. As such, no one variable is effective at defining which patients do or do not have sleep apnea. Identifying the mechanism(s) underlying OSA for an individual is helpful as it can help to determine whether personalized therapy could be developed based on an individual's characteristics. In addition, these underlying mechanisms may be helpful in predicting response to therapy and prognosticating regarding future complications.

Summary
OSA is a heterogeneous disease with highly varying underlying mechanisms. OSA has variable clinical manifestations with definable subsets having risk of particular complications. Future studies will be helpful to identify mechanisms underlying OSA using clinically accessible tools and then using these data to focus individualized treatment approaches.
Common Pathways for Pain and Depression-Implications for Practice
Authors: Mihailescu-Marin Maria-Mirabela , Mosoiu Daniela Viorica , Burtea Victoria , Sechel Gabriela , Rogozea Liliana Marcela , Ciurescu Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Pain and depression have a high impact on caring for the people who need palliative care, but both of these are neglected compared with the approach for other symptoms encountered by these patients.

Areas of Uncertainty:
There are few studies in humans that support the existence of common neural circuits between depression and pain that also explore the use of drugs with effects in both conditions. More knowledge is needed about the relationship of these clinical entities that will lead to the optimization of the treatment and improvement of quality of life.

Data Sources:
We conducted a search in PubMed to identify relevant articles and reviews that have been published in the last 5 years, concerning the topic of common pathways between depression and pain (2014–April 2019).

Therapeutic Advances:
The connections between the 2 clinical entities start at the level of the cortical regions. The hippocampus is the main site of neural changes, modification of the immune system, neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and signaling pathways implicated in both conditions. Increased levels of peripheral proinflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammatory changes are related to the physiopathology of these entities. Inflammation links depression and pain by altering neural circuits and changes in their common cortical regions. Antidepressants are used to treat depression and chronic, pain but more experimental studies are needed to determine which antidepressant drugs are the most effective in treating the 2 entities.

Conclusions:
Pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions targeting cortical changes in pain and depression are promising, but more clinical studies are needed to validate their usefulness.
Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients With Acute Kidney Injury Have Reduced Renal Blood Flow and Perfusion Despite Preserved Cardiac Function: A Case-Control Study Using Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound
Authors: Watchorn James , Huang Dean Y. , Joslin Jennifer , Bramham Kate , Hutchings Sam D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of COVID-19 critical illness but the pathophysiology is uncertain. Some evidence has indicated that a vascular aetiology may be implicated. We used contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and echocardiography to study renal perfusion and global blood flow and compared our findings with measurements taken in a group of septic shock patients and healthy volunteers.

Methods:
Prospective case-control study. Renal perfusion variables were assessed with CEUS; macrovascular blood flow was assessed using Doppler analysis of large renal vessels; echocardiography was used to assess right and left heart function and cardiac output.

Results:
CEUS-derived parameters were reduced in COVID-19 associated AKI compared with healthy controls (perfusion index 3,415 vs. 548 a.u., P = 0·001; renal blood volume 7,794 vs. 3,338 a.u., P = 0·04). Renal arterial flow quantified using time averaged peak velocity was also reduced compared with healthy controls (36·6 cm/s vs. 20·9 cm/s, P = 0.004) despite cardiac index being similar between groups (2.8 L/min/m2 vs. 3.7 L/min/m2, P = 0.07). There were no differences in CEUS-derived or cardiac parameters between COVID-19 and septic shock patients but patients with septic shock had more heterogeneous perfusion variables.

Conclusion:
Both large and small vessel blood flow is reduced in patients with COVID-19 associated AKI compared with healthy controls, which does not appear to be a consequence of right or left heart dysfunction. A reno-vascular pathogenesis of COVID-19 AKI seems likely.
Improving Simulation Accessibility in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Trawber Rory A. H. , Sweetman Greg M. , Proctor Leah R. 
Published: September 2020

Summary Statement
This article documents the creation and implementation of a unique approach to translational simulation in a large, tertiary hospital setting. By creating a simulation consultation service, the ethos of translational simulation can be made more accessible to all areas of the hospital. Through the referral-consultation process, simulation exercises can be specifically designed, in conjunction with the referring individual/team, to directly address specific objectives. The service provides a wide range of multiprofession, multidiscipline simulation expertise and ensures simulation facilitation in a consistent, safe, and objective specific manner accessible to all areas of a large, hospital setting.
The discovery of gene mutations making SARS-CoV-2 well adapted for humans: host-genome similarity analysis of 2594 genomes from China, the USA and Europe
Authors: Sun Weitao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a positive-sense single-stranded virus approximately 30 kb in length, causes the ongoing novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Studies confirmed significant genome differences between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, suggesting that the distinctions in pathogenicity might be related to genomic diversity. However, the relationship between genomic differences and SARS-CoV-2 fitness has not been fully explained, especially for open reading frame (ORF)-encoded accessory proteins. RNA viruses have a high mutation rate, but how SARS-CoV-2 mutations accelerate adaptation is not clear. This study shows that the host-genome similarity (HGS) of SARS-CoV-2 is significantly higher than that of SARS-CoV, especially in the ORF6 and ORF8 genes encoding proteins antagonizing innate immunityin vivo. A power law relationship was discovered between the HGS of ORF3b, ORF6, and N and the expression of interferon (IFN)-sensitive response element (ISRE)-containing promoters. This finding implies that high HGS of SARS-CoV-2 genome may further inhibit IFN I synthesis and cause delayed host innate immunity. An ORF1ab mutation, 10818G>T, which occurred in virus populations with high HGS but rarely in low-HGS populations, was identified in 2594 genomes with geolocations of China, the USA and Europe. The 10818G>T caused the amino acid mutation M37F in the transmembrane protein nsp6. The results suggest that the ORF6 and ORF8 genes and the mutation M37F may play important roles in causing COVID-19. The findings demonstrate that HGS analysis is a promising way to identify important genes and mutations in adaptive strains, which may help in searching potential targets for pharmaceutical agents.