bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Inhabited Solitudes’
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Resisting a standard reading of William Gilpin as ‘appropriating’ Scottish landscape from a privileged metropolitan perspective, I discover a more radical and environmentally sensitive potential in Gilpin’s texts on the picturesque, developed in the writings of John Stoddart, and empowering for women tourists like Sarah Murray and Dorothy Wordsworth. As the literary masterpiece of all the texts studied here, Dorothy Wordsworth’s Recollections of a Tour in Scotland made a decisive break with the Pennantian tour as a ‘knowledge genre’ by developing a gendered version of her brother’s poetics of ‘emotion recollected in tranquility’. Her gift for natural description is linked to the picturesque tradition, and briefly compared with Coleridge’s extraordinary Highland Tour notebooks. Read in tandem with her less ambitious second Highland tour of 1822, Recollections also presents a lively and sympathetic account of a plebeian Gaelic world in a moment of historical crisis.
The German Diaspora in the Empire
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
By 1914 German-speakers had settled in all parts of the Empire. They are conceptualized as a constituent element of the developing ‘Angloworld’. In the absence of a substantial German Empire, they were attracted by the British Empire’s global trading opportunities, developing industry, expansive land resources, and employment opportunities in both urban and rural settings. Many were skilled and, in combination with their ‘whiteness’, predominantly Protestant beliefs, and existing Anglo-German dynastic connections, they were received positively. In the immediate pre-war years, however, Anglo-German political and economic rivalries had a detrimental effect on host–minority relationships. German-speakers were increasingly perceived as competitors. The diasporic nationalism of German ethnic spokesmen aggravated tensions. The ground was prepared for tensions to erupt worldwide after 1914.
Global Germanophobia during Wartime
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the immediate global background to the internment of Germans in the British Empire during the Great War by explaining how this process formed part of a wider attack upon this minority not just within the Empire, but also in states either at war or about to enter war with Germany. The chapter argues that incarceration formed part of a wider policy of persecuting German minorities driven by a hostile public opinion which led to legislation to control the activities of this minority, whether through preventing German language use or by closing down German clubs. At the same time, property confiscation, born from pre-war economic animosity, became a key policy against German minorities. At the end of the war the solution to the presence of Germans within the Empire consisted of deportation, a process that had begun in the earlier stages of the conflict.
South Africa
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In South Africa, inhumane camp conditions during the Boer War (1899–1902) had been detrimental to Britain’s standing in the world. The chapter argues that the relatively humane conditions in First World War camps were the result of a learning process. The chapter outlines public marginalization and rioting against German-owned premises in urban centres across South Africa. The internment process was first conducted through a number of temporary holding stations and, from the end of 1914, concentration and consolidation in the permanent camp, Fort Napier in Pietermaritzburg. Between September 1914 and summer 1915 the camp also held a number of deported men, women, and children from Lüderitzbucht, German Southwest Africa. Generally, women and children were not interned but suffered in equal terms because of public Germanophobia and precarious circumstances after the internment of the breadwinner. The chapter argues for a gendered perspective on internment which looks beyond the barbed wire.
Knockaloe
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the lynchpin in the entire imperial incarceration system in the form of Knockaloe on the Isle of Man, which became by far the largest camp in the whole Empire as well as the longest lasting, surviving from November 1914 until November 1919. Its administration involved a series of Whitehall departments and the government of the island while immediate responsibility fell to the camp commandant. At its height Knockaloe held over 20,000 prisoners. While the majority lived in Britain before 1914, a significant number came from overseas, especially those captured in British ports and in West Africa. The prisoners faced various problems including separation from families and a lack of proper employment, which could lead to barbed-wire disease. But Knockaloe became a true prison camp society with some of the richest social activities anywhere in the Empire because of the sheer number of people interned here.
The Physics of Vision in Kepler, Descartes, and Milton
Authors: Webster Erin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a new intellectual context for John Milton’s treatment of light and vision in Paradise Lost (1667) by locating Milton’s poem within the framework of seventeenth-century optical theory. It does so by examining the parallels and distinctions between the role played by light in Milton’s model of vision and models proposed by Johannes Kepler and René Descartes. The main argument of the chapter is that Milton adopts Kepler’s theory of the retinal image, which posits that the human eye operates according to the mechanical principles of a camera obscura. But where Kepler and Descartes use the analogy of the camera obscura to explain the properties of light as it relates to vision, Milton uses it to express the fragility of vision within this new model. Speaking from a position of blindness, Milton’s narrator explores the theological and epistemological implications of having light at ‘one entrance quite shut out’, thereby being ‘presented with a Universal blanc’ (PL 3.48–50) in the place of the retinal projection screen.
Explaining the Criminalization of Atrocities
Authors: Berlin Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory explaining why states criminalize atrocity offenses in national law. It identifies and theorizes two different pathways to criminalization: targeted legislation and wholesale criminal code reform. These two pathways result from the efforts of different actors with different motivations, and thus represent distinct behavioral logics. Drawing on research on commitment to human rights norms, this chapter argues that criminalization through targeted legislation reflects policymakers’ preferences over the use of violent abuse. Following Simmons, this explanation is referred to as the “rational expression thesis.” In contrast, criminalization though criminal code reform reflects the views of technocratic criminal code drafters over what features they deem to be important for a “modern” code. The book refers to this as the “technocratic legal borrowing thesis,” and it is the main focus of this chapter. The chapter draws on comparative law scholarship and research on professional communities in policymaking to argue that large-scale legal reform processes are a unique and potent opportunity for international legal norms to be incorporated into domestic institutions. It theorizes how these processes empower technocratic legal experts and motivate them to seek out emblematically “modern” norms. This pursuit leads experts to borrow legal ideas from their regional peers and leading transnational professional associations, and in the post-World War II era, such sources have often favored atrocity criminalization. In turn, the depoliticizing context of technocratic modernization helps paint atrocity provisions as merely technical features of a “modern” code, thus reducing government scrutiny of them and facilitating their ultimate approval.
Pathways and Determinants of Atrocity Criminalization
Authors: Berlin Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a new, comprehensive dataset on the global spread of atrocity laws. It uses time-series statistical analyses to systematically test the book’s theory of atrocity criminalization against alternative explanations on global patterns of cases. The results provide strong support for four expectations that follow from the book’s main arguments. First, more democratic governments are more likely than autocratic ones to criminalize atrocities through targeted legislation. Second, on its own, the adoption of a new criminal code in a given state of any regime type greatly increases the likelihood that the state criminalizes atrocity offenses. Third, when governments do adopt new criminal codes, they are more likely to include atrocity offenses if the types of sources from which drafters are likely to borrow favor atrocity criminalization. Specifically, higher rates of atrocity law diffusion among regional legal peers and greater levels of embeddedness in networks influenced by the International Association of Penal Law are associated with greater likelihoods of including atrocity offenses in new criminal codes. Finally, the determinants of criminalization through criminal code reform are different than those of criminalization through targeted legislation, supporting the claim that these two pathways are the products of distinct behavioral dynamics.
When Criminal Code Reform Does Not Lead to Atrocity Criminalization
Authors: Berlin Mark S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines three negative cases—cases in which new criminal codes did not include atrocity offenses—to explore why the legal borrowing thesis does not hold in some otherwise favorable cases. The first two cases—Colombia in 1980 and Poland in 1969—shared with Guatemala much that made them prime candidates for the legal borrowing thesis. These included diffusion of atrocity criminalization among regional legal peers and strong ties between criminal code drafters and professional networks linked to the continental European criminal law tradition. This chapter shows that atrocity laws in Colombia and Poland’s draft codes were discarded at the last minute because they became politicized, though for different reasons. The third case—the Maldives in 2014—did not possess characteristics that made it favorable for the legal borrowing thesis. Nevertheless, it was a strong candidate for alternative explanations connecting criminal code reform to atrocity criminalization. This case is revealing, because it illustrates why these otherwise favorable conditions were insufficient for atrocity criminalization. The chapter shows that the drafters of the Maldivian code never considered including atrocity offenses, because their particular professional orientation and the sources they used for guidance did not favor them. Taken together, these three cases underscore the importance of professional-level mechanisms for understanding variation in the inclusion of international norms in new domestic institutions. They also illustrate conditions under which some of the mechanisms in the legal borrowing thesis may fail to obtain.
Reasons for Possession
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the reasons given for falling prey to demons; how certain behaviour, acts, and places were dangerous in this respect. The rather down-to-earth and concrete explanations given by the laity are contrasted and compared with the examples given in didactic material. In the lay depositions questions of guilt did not stand out and often no causes for possession were offered; an accidentally swallowed demon may have been a method to exculpate oneself and alleviate the deviance caused by the disturbing symptoms. A generally accepted pattern of causality did not exist since local traditions and cultural and environmental differences played a role in explaining the reasons for demonic presence. Comparative analysis shows, for example, that the spiritual dangers of the wilderness and urban spaces were more emphasized as background reasons in the densely populated urban areas of Northern and Central Italy than in the rural North.
The Need for Control
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Demons concretely penetrated the body of the victim and occasionally possession cases had sexual connotations. In the didactic material, demonic presence was linked to women’s promiscuity, but ultimately the question was not one of women’s carnality or immorality, but of hierarchy—who was to define the proper religious practice. This chapter argues that disobedience towards clerical authorities was demonized; demonic sex and feminine lust served to propagate proper order, proper ritual practice, the position of the clergy, and the sanctity of a saint. For the victims, demons were a rhetorical resource revealing inner conflict, and turning one’s experiences into the language of the demonic may have been the only way to act out tribulations in a comprehensible manner. On a cultural level, cases with sexual undertones reveal the fears the ultimate uncontrollability of inner spirituality caused and show that chastity was a cultural sore point.
Conclusions
Authors: Katajala-Peltomaa Sari 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how demonic possession was conceptualized as a lived experience of religion and argues that the diabolical had many functions within the miraculous. Lived religion as a methodological tool, a way to read the depositions of canonization processes, displays the way lay people used demons (not vice versa) in singling out and dealing with uncertainties in their lives. Religion-as-lived was built upon corporeal experiences; the performative space religion created was made real for the individual and the community by embodied signs and practices. As a fluid rhetorical resource, demons also facilitated a contribution to the construction of society and culture. The differences between lay and clerical spheres were visible when demonic possession involved female sexuality or the position of the clergy. Geographical differences demonstrate the limits of the Church’s universalizing discourse and challenge strict categorizations concerning gender, the demonic, and even medieval Europe as a single, coherent unity.
Introduction
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book’s main arguments and ideas, and situates the morality of defensive force in the wider literature. The chapter contains a discussion of the book’s scope and method. The chapter also sets out one of the main themes of the book; that we cannot understand the morality of defensive force until we ask and answer deeper questions about how the use of defensive force fits with a more general account of justice and moral rights. By closely studying the morality of defensive force, the chapter concludes, we also reach a deeper understanding of the way moral rights work, and their role in securing just relations between persons.
The Vietnam SME Data, 2005–15
Authors: Berkel Hanna , Rand John , Tarp Finn , Trifkovic Neda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Since the initiation of the Doi Moi reforms in 1986, it is widely believed that Vietnam’s small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have critical characteristics that contribute to the country’s impressive economic and social development over recent decades. Specifically, SMEs represent a source of economic growth, savings, job creation, and increased competition. Despite their vast potential, general knowledge on their characteristics as well as the opportunities and constraints they were facing was lacking, thus making it difficult for evidence-based government policy recommendations to be formulated. This chapter sheds light on the Vietnam SME database covering surveys over 2005–15, and represents the basis for the analytical work in books chapters. The authors outline the purpose behind the data collection—including sample design, firm and owner characteristics, attrition—comparing the data with the characteristics of Vietnam’s overall enterprise population.
Families and the Emergence of Literary History
Authors: Kenny Neil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
At the same time as composing, editing, translating works and getting them published, producers of family literature commented on how the works inflected, and were inflected by, the social status of the families from which they emanated. In other words, the process of producing family literature included social commentary on that process. Some of these commentators went a step further. Attempting to take an overview of the field of literary and learned production in France, they highlighted the role within it of families; and they viewed that role through the lens of social hierarchy. The two writers who did this more than any others were François Grudé de la Croix du Maine and Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, to whom Chapters 13 and 14 are devoted, respectively.
Assembling the Times in the Metamorphoses, Filocolo, and Franklin’s Tale
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter tracks the legacy of a depiction of temporal magic in Ovid’s Metamorphoses: Medea’s creation of extra years for her aged father-in-law Aeson. In the Filocolo, Boccaccio adapts the Medea episode to depict a different kind of temporal magic: the generation of a May Garden in January. This section of the Filocolo was, in turn, the source for Chaucer’s Franklin’s Tale. And although Chaucer does not appear to have gone back to Ovid directly, I propose that the tale nevertheless bears the mediated traces of Ovidian poetics. For Ovid associates Medea’s magic with dynamic processes of digression and collection that avoid settling into a single, overarching pattern. This kind of action, where formation unfolds improvisationally in time, resisting stopping points or interpretive codas, has analogues in both Dorigen’s lament and in the Canterbury Tales as a whole.
How Much Is Enough in the Monk’s Tale?
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter unpacks a problem in writing the lives of powerful men: how can individual people be extracted from the kinds of physical dependency that characterize life within time? In Petrarch’s De viris illustribus, great men are shown to consume both matter and people around them. Boccaccio’s De casibus virorum illustrium explores the implications of such dependency, depicting powerful men who try, and fail, to police the boundaries of their bodies and lives. Chaucer picks up this dynamic as he models the Monk’s Tale on the De casibus, and he explores other kinds of dependency as well. Indeed, in the Monk’s Tale, texts emerge as dependent upon their readers’ time and attention to help bring their form into being.
Afterword
Authors: Gaston Kara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The afterward briefly summarizes the key arguments of this book: that formation does not end at any one privileged moment, but, rather, that readers help bring form into being; and that the history of form and that of readers is thus intertwined. It then brings this argument to bear upon the House of Fame. It suggests that, drawing upon the afterlife as it is depicted in Dante’s Commedia, Fame’s domain depicts a synchronic realm of reception located outside of any one reader’s temporal experience. Yet this world soon dissolves back into diachronic time and the history of lived acts of reading.
Why some places are left behind: urban adjustment to trade and policy shocks
Authors: Venables Anthony J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Economic adjustment to trade and policy shocks is hampered by the fact that some sectors tend to cluster, so are hard to initiate in new places. This can give rise to persistent spatial disparities between cities within a country. The paper sets out a two-sector model in which cities divide into those producing tradable goods or services subject to agglomeration economies, and those only producing non-tradables for the national market. If import competition destroys some established tradable sectors, then affected cities fail to attract new tradable activities and switch to just produce non-tradables. Full employment is maintained (we assume perfect markets and price flexibility) but disparities between the two types of cities are increased. All non-tradable cities experience real income loss, while remaining tradable cities boom. The main beneficiaries are land-owners in remaining tradable cities, but there may be aggregate loss as the country ends up with too many cities producing non-tradables, and too few with internationally competitive activities. Fiscal policy has opposite effects in the two types of cities, with fiscal contraction causing decline in cities producing non-tradables, increasing activity in cities producing tradable goods, widening spatial disparities, and in the process increasing the share of rent in the economy.
17Performance, Theater, Drama
Authors: Kastleman Rebecca 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This year saw the continued expansion of four vibrant conversations within the field of theater and performance studies. The first section of this review, ‘World Stages and Their Borders’, features scholarship that explores how theaters represent worlds beyond the nation’s territorial and symbolic boundaries. The second section, ‘Performing Critical Temporalities’, considers studies of minoritarian performance that engage with the lived experience of time. In the third section, ‘Theater After Liveness’, I discuss scholarship on modern drama that is in dialogue with theories of performance as a live event. A fourth section considers new works on the nineteenth-century theater, showing how ‘Celebrity, Publicity, and Amateurism’ are entwined. Finally, a brief concluding note outlines significant biographies and reference works released within the past year.