bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Demise of the Overhead Myth: Administrative Capacity and Financial Sustainability in Nonprofit Nursing Homes
Authors: Park Young Joo , Matkin David S.T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the study and practice of public administration, it is often assumed that higher levels of budgetary support for non‐program expenses, such as administrator salaries, accounting, grant writing, and marketing, are evidence of inefficiency and wasteful spending. As such, grant makers and researchers often use the ratio of organizations’ administrative to total costs to measure the efficiency of public services. While this perspective has some validity, it also significantly minimizes the effect of administrative functions on sustainability, an important aspect of long‐term performance in public service organizations. We use standardized cost data from a 14‐year panel of approximately 3,000 nonprofit nursing homes and find an inverted U‐shaped relationship between administrative cost ratios and financial sustainability, which suggests a “sweet spot” in the level of administrative support that tends to promote organizational sustainability. This sweet spot occurs when administrative costs are about 40 percent of total organizational costs.
The necessity of antioxidant inclusion in caprine and ovine semen extenders: A systematic review complemented with computational insight
Authors: Moradi Mojtaba , Karimi Isaac , Ahmadi Shirin , Mohammed Layth J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe inclusion of antioxidants (AOXs) has been proposed in various protocols to conserve the normal physiology of spermatozoa during (cryo) preservation. The main aim of this review was to understand the necessity of AOXs inclusion in semen extenders of caprine and ovine semen samples and to decipher physico‐chemical space of AOXs used in semen extenders till now. A total 27 full‐text relevant articles were finally discussed here. This systematic review showed that the inclusion of AOXs may improve the success of semen cryopreservation although at least three studies could not support this finding. AOXs have been not added after assaying total antioxidant capacity of the sample of interest, and this is principal measurement bias of all papers. Furthermore, no rational dose–response curve and precise posology have been considered in comparable studies. Furthermore, new methodologies are requested to detect the oxidative status of semen specimens before AXOs fortification and new methodologies like imaging are also needed to detect various injuries of sperms during semen (cryo)preservation. Defining computational chemical and physical spaces of AOXs which used in semen (cryo)preservation would be an interdisciplinary effort to hasten deciphering epoch‐making compounds. In conclusion, more in‐depth analytical, toxicological and pharmacological methodologies should be pursued in supplementation or addition of AOXs during caprine and ovine semen (cryo)preservation after determining the oxidative status of semen samples.
Do Foreign Firms Transfer Gender Norms in the Labour Market? Evidence from Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Hoxhaj Rezart , Miti Florian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractClosing the gender gaps in economic opportunities is crucial for boosting economic growth and the empowerment of women. In this paper, we study how foreign firms contribute in reducing gender disparities in the labour market by transferring the gender norms of their country of origin to the affiliates in the host countries. We use cross sectional data on foreign firms located in 19 Sub Saharan Africa countries in 2010 by UNIDO. We find that firms coming from more gender equal countries employ more female workers in their affiliates. This effect is more relevant for the highly skilled female workers.
Outcomes after transfer from hemodialysis to peritoneal dialysis vs peritoneal dialysis as initial therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Jin , Zeng Jianhui , Liu Bin , Cai Baolan , Li Yanlin , Dong Lijuan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOutcomes of patients who are transferred to peritoneal dialysis (PD) after an initial phase of hemodialysis (HD) compared to patients initiating dialysis with PD is controversial. We performed a systematic literature to assess evidence. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS), while secondary outcomes were technique failure, mortality and peritonitis. Meta‐analysis indicated that PD initial group had significantly better OS as compared to HD to PD group. Pooled analysis demonstrated a significantly higher probability of technique failure in the HD to PD group as compared to PD initial group. Mortality rate in HD to PD group was significantly higher but there was no statistically significant difference in peritonitis rates between the two groups. On meta‐regression analysis, transfer from HD to PD due to vascular access problems was associated with significantly reduced probability of OS. Our study indicates that patients transferred from HD to PD after at least 3 months of HD therapy may have reduced OS as compared to patients initiating dialysis with PD. Our findings lend some support to PD first policy and the need for heightened vigilance among the switched patients to monitor for adverse events.
Semiparametric estimation with spatially correlated recurrent events
Authors: Adekpedjou Akim , Dabo‐Niang Sophie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article pertains to the analysis of recurrent event data in the presence of spatial correlation. Consider units located at n possibly spatially correlated geographical areas described by their longitude and latitude and monitored for the occurrence of an event that can recur. We propose a new class of semiparametric models for recurrent events that simultaneously account for risk factors and correlation among the spatial locations, and that subsumes the current methods. Since the parameters involved in the models are not directly estimable because of the high dimension of the likelihood, we use composite likelihood approach for estimation. The approach leads to estimates with population interpretation where their large sample properties are obtained under a reasonable set of regularity conditions. Simulation studies suggest that the resulting estimators have a very good finite sampling properties. The methods are illustrated using spatial data on recurrent esophageal cancer in the northern region of France and recurrent wildfire data in the province of Alberta, Canada.
Frictional Detachment Between Slender Whisker and Round Obstacle
Authors: Wang T. J. , Nie J. F. , Peng Q. , Liu X. , Wei Y. G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In nature, hair-like whiskers are used to detect surrounding information, such as surface texture and air flow field. The detection requires a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between whisker deformation and the contact force. With a whisker being modeled as a slender beam, the contact problem cannot be solved by small deformation beam theory and thus requires a new mechanical model to build up the relationship between whisker deformation and the contact force. In this work, the contact problem between a whisker and a round obstacle is solved, considering three factors: large deformation of the whisker, size of the obstacle, and frictional effect of the interface. Force and energy histories during the contact are analyzed under two motion modes: translation and rotation. Results show that the rotational mode is preferred in nature, because rotation of a whisker over an obstacle requires less energy for frictional dissipation. In addition, there are two types of detachment during the slip between the whisker and the obstacle. The detachment types are dependent on the whisker’s length and can be explained by the buckling theory of a slender beam.
The Effect of Step Misalignment on Purge Flow Cooling of Nozzle Guide Vane at Transonic Conditions
Authors: Luehr Luke , Sibold Ridge , Mao Shuo , Ng Wing F. , Li Zhigang , Xu Hongzhou , Fox Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study describes a detailed investigation on the effects that upstream step misalignment and upstream purge film cooling have on the endwall heat transfer for first stage nozzle guide vanes (NGVs) in a gas turbine at transonic conditions. Endwall Nusselt number and adiabatic film-cooling effectiveness distributions were experimentally measured and compared with flow visualization. Tests were conducted in a transonic linear cascade blowdown facility at an inlet freestream turbulence intensity of 16%, an exit Mach number of 0.85, and an exit Re = 1.5 × 106 based on axial chord. Varied upstream purge blowing ratios (BRs) and a no-blowing case were tested for three different upstream step geometries, the baseline (no misalignment), a span-wise upstream step of +4.86% span, and a step of −4.86% span. Experimentation shows that compared with no-blowing case, the addition of upstream purge film cooling increases the Nusselt number at injection upward of 50% but lowers it in the passage throat by approximately 20%. The backward facing step induces more turbulent mixing between the coolant and mainstream flows, thus reducing film effectiveness coverage and increasing Nusselt number by nearly 40% in the passage throat. In contrast, the presence of a forward step creates a more stable boundary layer for the coolant flow aiding to help keep the film attached to the endwall. Increasing the blowing ratio increases film-cooling effectiveness and endwall coverage up to a certain point, beyond which, the high momentum of the coolant results in poor cooling performance due to jet liftoff.
Critical Points for Variable Length Elastica With a Fixed Point Constraint Under Displacement Control
Authors: Wang Qiang , Zou Hai-Lin , Deng Zi-Chen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper studies a variable length elastica with a fixed point constraint by an assembly method that regards the whole elastica as an assembly of two components, i.e., pinned-clamped elasticas. The pinned-clamped elastica is obtained based on the post-buckled deformed shape with one internal inflection point. Thus, multiple coexisting solutions can be located accurately, which reveals three distinct equilibrium paths for the complete load–displacement curves. Under displacement control, two critical points on two equilibrium paths are found at saddle-node bifurcations. Interestingly, a new critical point is located at the boundary point of one equilibrium path, where the shapes of two pinned-clamped elasticas are two different post-buckled deformed shapes. Changing the location of the fixed point constraint allows the position of the boundary point to be easily manipulated, and the associated snap-through phenomenon can occur on different equilibrium paths. This flexible generation of the snap-through phenomenon is useful for designing engineering systems that require controllable snap-through.
Influence of Two External Excitations for Brake Stick-Slip Behavior Using New Numerical Calculation Method
Authors: Liu Fuhao , Li Hongguang , Jiang Hanjun , Jiang Suyu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a dynamic brake model has been constructed by incorporating the brake rotor's speed and the brake normal force as excitation sources. By introducing two permissible errors (ε1,2), a novel computation algorithm is proposed to reduce the ill-conditioning, arising from the nonlinear friction. Its validation illustrates that the proposed method, using double-changed time-steps and smarter adaptive time-step reduced method, is more reliable than other integral equation solvers with a higher accuracy as well as less computation time. Moreover, the influences of external excitations on the dynamic characteristic of the brake system are also analyzed, and an estimation for the occurrence of unstable vibration is investigated. The results demonstrate the different contributions of the two external excitations on the dynamic characteristic. The brake system has more unstable vibration at a higher brake normal force and a lower brake rotor's speed with small fluctuation. Furthermore, the higher brake rotor's speed could generate more positive damping effect, which could reduce and suppress the occurrence of the sick-slip vibrations. In practice, these instabilities can be minimized by appropriate selection of the two external, which can be adjusted according to the advanced working requirements.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ultra-Fast Phase Transition in Water Nanofilms
Authors: Porterfield Malcolm , Borca-Tasciuc Diana-Andra 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are used to explore explosive boiling of thin water films on a gold substrate. In particular, water films of 0.7, 1.6, and 2.5 nanometer thickness were examined. Three different surface wettabilities with contact angles of 11 deg, 47 deg, and 110 deg were simulated along with substrate temperatures of 400 K, 600 K, 800 K, and 1000 K. The 11 and 47 deg contact angles were obtained using a Morse interaction potential between the water film and gold substrate while the 47 and 110 deg contact angles were obtained via a Lennard-Jones potential. Evaporation was the first mode of phase change observed in all cases and explosive boiling did not occur until the substrate reached a temperature of 800 K. When explosive boiling was present for all three contact angles, it was consistently shown to occur first for the surface with a 47 deg contact angle and Lennard-Jones potential. These results suggest that explosive boiling onset is strongly dependent on the particularities of the interaction potential. For instance, the Morse potential is smoother when compared to the Lennard-Jones potential, but has more interaction sites per molecule—two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom versus one oxygen atom. Thus, even when the water film reaches a higher temperature with the Morse potential, explosive boiling onset is delayed as more interaction sites have to be disrupted. These results suggest that contact angle alone is insufficient and both the interaction strength and the number of atoms interacting at the interface must be considered when investigating trends of explosive boiling with surface wettability.
Geometrical Optimization of a Smooth Solar Air Heater Duct
Authors: Chhaparwal G. K. , Dayal Ram , Goyal Rahul , Srivastava Ankur 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study presents the geometrical optimization of a solar air heater. A reasonable working range of geometrical parameters: length 1–3 m, width 0.1–0.5 m, and height 0.005–0.05 m (or aspect ratio 1–20), is investigated as per general applications and installation constraints. The effect of these geometrical parameters on thermal (heat flux and outlet air temperature) and hydraulic (air velocity, mass flowrate, pressure loss and pumping power, and Bejan number) parameters are theoretically studied. Later, a numerical investigation is carried out with an optimum geometry of SAH-duct (length 2.44 mm and width 0.3 m), for aspect ratio 4–18 and Re 3000–15,000. An experimental study is also done to validate numerical results. The heat transfer and frictional loss do not show a significant change in the values for the aspect ratio 8–12.
Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus alters placental structure, efficiency, and plasticity
Authors: Nteeba Jackson , Varberg Kaela M , Scott Regan L , Simon Mikaela E , Iqbal Khursheed , Soares Michael J 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionThe hemochorial placenta provides a critical barrier at the maternal–fetal interface to modulate maternal immune tolerance and enable gas and nutrient exchange between mother and conceptus. Pregnancy outcomes are adversely affected by diabetes mellitus; however, the effects of poorly controlled diabetes on placental formation, and subsequently fetal development, are not fully understood.Research design and methodsStreptozotocin was used to induce hyperglycemia in pregnant rats for the purpose of investigating the impact of poorly controlled diabetes on placental formation and fetal development. The experimental paradigm of hypoxia exposure in the pregnant rat was also used to assess properties of placental plasticity. Euglycemic and hyperglycemic rats were exposed to ambient conditions (~21% oxygen) or hypoxia (10.5% oxygen) beginning on gestation day (gd) 6.5 and sacrificed on gd 13.5. To determine whether the interaction of hyperglycemia and hypoxia was directly altering trophoblast lineage development, rat trophoblast stem (TS) cells were cultured in high glucose (25 mM) and/or exposed to low oxygen (0.5% to 1.5%).ResultsDiabetes caused placentomegaly and placental malformation, decreasing placental efficiency and fetal size. Elevated glucose disrupted rat TS cell differentiation in vitro. Evidence of altered trophoblast differentiation was also observed in vivo, as hyperglycemia affected the junctional zone transcriptome and interfered with intrauterine trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodeling. When exposed to hypoxia, hyperglycemic rats showed decreased proliferation and ectoplacental cone development on gd 9.5 and complete pregnancy loss by gd 13.5. Furthermore, elevated glucose concentrations inhibited TS cell responses to hypoxia in vitro.ConclusionsOverall, these results indicate that alterations in placental development, efficiency, and plasticity could contribute to the suboptimal fetal outcomes in offspring from pregnancies complicated by poorly controlled diabetes.
Concurrent validity of the alcohol purchase task in relation to alcohol involvement: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: González-Roz Alba , Martínez-Loredo Víctor , Secades-Villa Roberto , Amlung Michael , MacKillop James 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionAlcohol demand, as measured by an alcohol purchase task (APT), provides a multidimensional assessment of the relative reinforcing efficacy of alcohol. The objective of this meta-analysis is to critically appraise the existing literature on the concurrent validity of the APT by meta-analysing the cross-sectional relationships between indices of the APT (ie, breakpoint, Omax, Pmax, elasticity and intensity) and alcohol-related measures. It also aims to examine methodological procedures used to obtain APT indices and individual variables as potential moderators on the assessed estimations.Methods and analysisA comprehensive literature search conducted from inception to April 2020 will be conducted in the PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Two authors will independently screen and extract data from articles using a predefined protocol search and extraction forms. Disagreements will be resolved through discussion with two additional reviewers. All results will be tabulated, and a random-effect meta-analysis will be conducted. Participants’ sex, number of prices and APT methodological procedures will be examined as potential moderators on the observed effect sizes.Ethics and disseminationResults of this meta-analysis will characterise the concurrent validity of the APT in the existing literature. Further, the results are anticipated to provide evidence on which index (or indices) is most robustly associated with alcohol use and severity. Ethics approval was not required for this study and the results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019137512
Investigating the relationship between changes in social security benefits and mental health: a protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Simpson Julija , Brown Heather , Bell Zoe , Albani Viviana , Bambra Clare 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionPoor mental health is one of the greatest causes of disability in the world. Evidence increasingly shows that population mental health may be influenced by national social security policies. This systematic review aims to establish the relationship between social security and mental health in order to help inform recommendations for policy-makers, practitioners and future research.Methods and analysisA systematic review of quantitative observational studies investigating mental health outcomes related to changes in social security policies will be conducted. Six major databases, including Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Applied Social Sciences Index Abstracts and Scopus, as well as Research Papers in Economics will be searched from January 1979 to April 2020. The electronic database searches will be supplemented by reference and citation searches as well as hand-searching of key journals. The outcomes of interest are objective or subjective mental health outcomes, including stress, anxiety, depression, self-reported mental health scores, subjective well-being and suicide. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the quality of the studies will be assessed by the validity assessment framework designed for appraising econometric studies. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. If data permit, study findings will be synthesised by conducting a meta-analysis.Ethics and disseminationAs it will be a systematic review, without primary data collection, there will be no requirement for ethical approval. Findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and in various media, for example, conferences or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019154733.
Economic evaluation alongside the Probiotics to Prevent Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial (E-PROSPECT): study protocol
Authors: Lau Vincent Issac , Cook Deborah J , Fowler Robert , Rochwerg Bram , Johnstone Jennie , Lauzier François , Marshall John C , Basmaji John , Heels-Ansdell Diane , Thabane Lehana , Xie Feng 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionVentilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common healthcare-associated infection in the intensive care unit (ICU). Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that may confer health benefits when ingested. Prior randomised trials suggest that probiotics may prevent infections such as VAP andClostridioides difficile–associated diarrhoea (CDAD). PROSPECT (Probiotics to Prevent Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial) is a multicentre, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of the probioticLactobacillus rhamnosusGG with usual care versus usual care without probiotics in preventing VAP and other clinically important outcomes in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU.Methods and analysisThe objective of E-PROSPECT is to determine the incremental cost-effectiveness ofL. rhamnosusGG plus usual care versus usual care without probiotics in critically ill patients. E-PROSPECT will be performed from the public healthcare payer’s perspective over a time horizon from ICU admission to hospital discharge.We will determine probabilities of in-ICU and in-hospital events from all patients alongside PROSPECT. We will retrieve unit costs for each resource use item using jurisdiction-specific public databases, supplemented by individual site unit costs if such databases are unavailable. Direct costs will include medications, personnel costs, radiology/laboratory testing, operative/non-operative procedures and per-day hospital ‘hoteling’ costs not otherwise encompassed. The primary outcome is the incremental cost per VAP prevented between the two treatment groups. Other clinical events such as CDAD, antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and in-hospital mortality will be included as secondary outcomes. We will perform pre-specified subgroup analyses (medical/surgical/trauma; age; frailty status; antibiotic use; prevalent vs no prevalent pneumonia) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses for VAP, then generate confidence intervals using the non-parametric bootstrapping approach.Ethics and disseminationStudy approval for E-PROSPECT was granted by the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board of McMaster University on 29 July 2019. Informed consent was obtained from the patient or substitute decision-maker in PROSPECT. The findings of this study will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT01782755; Pre-results.