bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of translation during the unfolded protein response in maize seedlings: Life without PERKs
Authors: Kanodia Pulkit , Vijayapalani Paramasivan , Srivastava Renu , Bi Ran , Liu Peng , Miller W. Allen , Howell Stephen H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) defines a condition called ER stress that induces the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR in mammalian cells attenuates protein synthesis initiation, which prevents the piling up of misfolded proteins in the ER. Mammalian cells rely on Protein Kinase RNA‐Like Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase (PERK) phosphorylation of eIF2α to arrest protein synthesis, however, plants do not have a PERK homolog, so the question is whether plants control translation in response to ER stress. We compared changes in RNA levels in the transcriptome to the RNA levels protected by ribosomes and found a decline in translation efficiency, including many UPR genes, in response to ER stress. The decline in translation efficiency is due to the fact that many mRNAs are not loaded onto polyribosomes (polysomes) in proportion to their increase in total RNA, instead some of the transcripts accumulate in stress granules (SGs). The RNAs that populate SGs are not derived from the disassembly of polysomes because protein synthesis remains steady during stress. Thus, the surge in transcription of UPR genes in response to ER stress is accompanied by the formation of SGs, and the sequestration of mRNAs in SGs may serve to temporarily relieve the translation load during ER stress.
Further examination of DSM‐5 antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy: Findings from a female correctional sample
Authors: Wygant Dustin B. , Engle John E. , Sellbom Martin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA longstanding concern regarding the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) has been its poor coverage of the construct of psychopathy. The most recent edition, the DSM‐5, has proposed an alternative model of personality disorders (AMPD) in Section III of the manual to rectify some of these concerns by offering a trait‐based model comprised of seven personality traits and a psychopathy specifier containing three additional traits. The current study sought to replicate and expand on previous findings that the AMPD operationalization of ASPD was more closely aligned with various measures of psychopathy than the traditional DSM‐5 Section II ASPD diagnosis. The current study examined 200 incarcerated female offenders, who completed a measure of the AMPD, traditional ASPD and two models of psychopathy. Analysis showed that Section III ASPD outperformed Section II ASPD in predicting scores on various measures of psychopathy. These findings are consistent with the previous findings that did not examine incarcerated female offenders and suggest that the AMPD operationalization of ASPD is more aligned with psychopathy than its Section II counterpart. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe gastritis due to pembrolizumab treatment in a lung cancer patient
Authors: Hayama Noriko , Ihara Hiroaki , Honma Yuichirou , Itoigawa Yukinari , Kaira Kyoichi , Fujii Mitsuhiro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are known to induce gastrointestinal adverse events. Colitis occurs most frequently, and gastritis is less common. A few case reports of gastritis induced by ICIs have indicated that colitis induced by cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) resembles inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and that programmed death‐1/programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐1/PD‐L1) inhibitor can also induce the same type of colitis. We herein encountered a case of gastritis arising after 25 cycles of pembrolizumab administration in which the pathological and endoscopic findings resembled those of IBD. ICIs may induce gastritis in a manner similar to the pathogenesis of IBD.
Development of Melilite‐Type Oxide Ion Conductors
Authors: Zhou Lijia , Xu Jungu , Allix Mathieu , Kuang Xiaojun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLowering the operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) requires high performance oxide ion conductor electrolytes. Recently tetrahedra‐based structures have been attracting considerable attention for oxide ion conductor development, among which the layered tetrahedral network melilite structure appears particularly interesting owing to its remarkable capability to accommodate and transport interstitial oxide ions, compared with isolated tetrahedral anion structures. Stabilization and migration mechanisms of interstitial oxide ions in melilites have been systematically investigated using local structural relaxation from both electrostatic Coulomb interaction and chemical bonding aspects based on atomic and electronic structures respectively using experimental and theoretical approaches. These reveal cationic size and chemical bonding effects on stabilization and migration mechanisms of interstitial oxide ions. Lately, full crystallization from glass, an innovative synthesis method, was employed to produce new metastable melilite oxide ion conductors which are inaccessible using classic solid state reaction owing to cationic size effect. Finally, the thermal and chemical stability at low temperature and the high oxide ion conductivity of the best melilite oxide ion conductors based on LaSrGa3O7 are likely to provide real possibilities of applications of melilite‐type electrolytes in SOFCs and other related devices.
British Press System: Press Regulation and Accountability
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow to regulate the press is arguably the foremost issue in media reform debates. Therefore, this chapter examines the history of press regulation in the UK as a way of highlighting recurrent trends in efforts at reforming press regulation and the outcomes of such attempts. To this end, this chapter discusses the history of press regulation in Britain, the British press system (introducing the three major newspaper classifications—broadsheets, mid-markets and tabloids) and relevant aspects of the Leveson Inquiry. The setting up of an inquiry to investigate press standards did not begin with the Leveson Inquiry. For approximately 70 years (at the time of writing), a number of commissions have been set up with a mandate to make the press accountable. They include the Royal Commissions on the press (RCP) 1949, 1962 and 1977 along with two Calcutt Committees. This chapter discusses the different efforts at ensuring effective press regulation in UK.
Paradigm Repair and Journalistic Metadiscourse
Authors: Ogbebor Binakuromo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractJournalists’ representation of press bad behaviour is often characterised by certain paradigm repair strategies. The notion of paradigm repair relates to efforts by the press to protect news paradigms rather than critically examining them to see if there is a need for change (Bennet et al. 1985, cited in Carlson, Metajournalistic discourse and the meanings of journalism: Definitional control, boundary work, and legitimation. Communication Theory, 26(4), 349–368, 2015, p. 4). This chapter shows how the paradigm repair strategies of “threat to the paradigm” (warnings of attacks on journalism) and “historicisation” (using history to protect journalistic paradigms) were used to argue against efforts at reforming media policy. The author takes the position that media reform efforts are weakened, to a large extent, by the way the media cover debates about their policy. She argues that understanding the strategies used by the media to protect journalistic paradigms will help the public digest the coverage of media policy intelligently and push for healthy and effective media reform.
Land Use Cover Types and Forest Management Options for Carbon in Mabira Central Forest Reserve
Authors: Jjagwe Aisha , Kakembo Vincent , Bernard Barasa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMabira Central Forest Reserve (CFR), one of the biggest forest reserves in Uganda, has increasingly undergone encroachments and deforestation. This chapter presents the implications of a range of forest management options for carbon stocks in the Mabira CFR. The effects of forest management options were reviewed by comparing above-ground biomass (AGB), carbon, and soil organic carbon (SOC) in three management zones. The chapter attempts to provide estimates of AGB and carbon stocks (t/ha) of forest (trees) and SOC using sampling techniques and allometric equations. AGB and carbon were obtained from a count of 143 trees, measuring parameters of diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter (CW), and height (H) with tree coordinates. It also makes use of the Velle (Estimation of standing stock of woody biomass in areas where little or no baseline data are available. A study based on field measurements in Uganda. Norges Landbrukshoegskole, Ås, 1995) allometric equations developed for Uganda to estimate AGB.The strict nature reserve management zone was noted to sink the highest volume of carbon of approximately 6,771,092.34 tonnes, as compared to the recreation zone (2,196,467.59 tonnes) and production zone (458,903.57 tonnes). A statistically significant relationship was identified between AGB and carbon. SOC varied with soil depth, with the soil surface of 0–10 cm depth registering the highest mean of 2.78% across all the management zones. Soil depth and land use/cover types also had a statistically significant effect on the percentage of SOC (P = 0.05). A statistically significant difference at the 95% significance level was also identified between the mean carbon stocks from one level of management zones to another. Recommendations include: demarcating forest boundaries to minimize encroachment, enforcement of forestry policy for sustainable development, promote reforestation, and increase human resources for efficient monitoring of the forest compartments.
Global anomalies in the Standard Model(s) and beyond
Authors: Davighi Joe , Gripaios Ben , Lohitsiri Nakarin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We analyse global anomalies and related constraints in the Standard Model (SM) and various Beyond the Standard Model (BSM) theories. We begin by considering four distinct, but equally valid, versions of the SM, in which the gauge group is taken to be G = GSM/Γn, with GSM = SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1) and Γn isomorphic to ℤ/n where n ∈ {1, 2, 3, 6}. In addition to deriving constraints on the hypercharges of fields transforming in arbitrary representations of the SU(3) × SU(2) factor, we study the possibility of global anomalies in theories with these gauge groups by computing the bordism groups $$ {\Omega}_5^{\mathrm{Spin}}(BG) $$

Ω
5
Spin

BG

using the Atiyah-Hirzebruch spectral sequence. In two cases we show that there are no global anomalies beyond the Witten anomaly, while in the other cases we show that there are no global anomalies at all, illustrating the subtle interplay between local and global anomalies. While freedom from global anomalies has been previously shown for the specific fermion content of the SM by embedding the SM in an anomaly-free SU(5) GUT, our results here remain true when the SM fermion content is extended arbitrarily. Going beyond the SM gauge groups, we show that there are no new global anomalies in extensions of the (usual) SM gauge group by U(1)m for any integer m, which correspond to phenomenologically well-motivated BSM theories featuring multiple Z′ bosons. Nor do we find any new global anomalies in various grand unified theories, including Pati-Salam and trinification models. We also consider global anomalies in a family of theories with gauge group SU(N ) × Sp(M ) × U(1), which share the phase structure of the SM for certain (N, M ). Lastly, we discuss a BSM theory in which the SM fermions are defined using a spinc structure, for example by gauging B − L. Such a theory may be extended to all orientable four-manifolds, and we find no global anomalies.
Improving the quantitative classification of Erlenmeyer flask deformities
Authors: Adusumilli Gautam , Kaggie Joshua D. , D’Amore Simona , Cox Timothy M. , Deegan Patrick , MacKay James W. , McDonald Scott ,   The GAUCHERITE Consortium
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Erlenmeyer flask deformity is a common skeletal modeling deformity, but current classification systems are binary and may restrict its utility as a predictor of associated skeletal conditions. A quantifiable 3-point system of severity classification could improve its predictive potential in disease. Ratios were derived from volumes of regions of interests drawn in 50 Gaucher’s disease patients. ROIs were drawn from the distal physis to 2 cm proximal, 2 cm to 4 cm, and 4 cm to 6 cm. Width was also measured at each of these boundaries. Two readers rated these 100 femurs using a 3-point scale of severity classification. Weighted kappa indicated reliability and one-way analysis of variance characterized ratio differences across the severity scale. Accuracy analyses allowed determination of clinical cutoffs for each ratio. Pearson’s correlations assessed the associations of volume and width with a shape-based concavity metric of the femur. The volume ratio incorporating the metaphyseal region from 0 to 2 cm and the diametaphyseal region at 4–6 cm was most accurate at distinguishing femurs on the 3-point scale. Receiver operating characteristic curves for this ratio indicated areas of 0.95 to distinguish normal and mild femurs and 0.93 to distinguish mild and severe femurs. Volume was moderately associated with the degree of femur concavity. The proposed volume ratio method is an objective, proficient method at distinguishing severities of the Erlenmeyer flask deformity with the potential for automation. This may have application across diseases associated with the deformity and deficient osteoclast-mediated modeling of growing bone.
Transfusion‐Related Hypocalcemia After Trauma
Authors: Byerly Saskya , Inaba Kenji , Biswas Subarna , Wang Eugene , Wong Monica D. , Shulman Ira , Benjamin Elizabeth , Lam Lydia , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypocalcemia is cited as a complication of massive transfusion. However, this is not well studied as a primary outcome in trauma patients. Our primary outcome was to determine if transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBC) was an independent predictor of severe hypocalcemia (ionized calcium ≤ 3.6 mg/dL).MethodsRetrospective, single‐center study (01/2004–12/2014) including all trauma patients ≥ 18 yo presenting to the ED with an ionized calcium (iCa) level drawn. Variables extracted included demographics, interventions, outcomes, and iCa. Regression models identified independent risk factors for severe hypocalcemia (SH).
ResultsSeven thousand four hundred and thirty‐one included subjects, 716 (9.8%) developed SH within 48 h of admission. Median age: 39 (Range: 18–102), systolic blood pressure: 131 (IQR: 114–150), median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS): 15 (IQR: 10–15), Injury Severity Score (ISS): 14 (IQR: 9–24). SH patients were more likely to have depressed GCS (13 vs 15, p < 0.0001), hypotension (23.2% vs 5.1%, p < 0.0001) and tachycardia (57.0% vs 41.9%, p < 0.0001) compared to non‐SH patients. They also had higher emergency operative rate (71.8% vs 29%, p < 0.0001) and higher blood administration prior to minimum iCa [pRBC: (8 vs 0, p < 0.0001), FFP: (4 vs 0, p < 0.0001), platelet: (1 vs 0, p < 0.0001)]. Multivariable analysis revealed penetrating mechanism (AOR: 1.706), increased ISS (AOR: 1.029), and higher pRBC (AOR: 1.343) or FFP administered (AOR: 1.097) were independent predictors of SH. SH was an independent predictor of mortality (AOR: 2.658). Regression analysis identified a significantly higher risk of SH at pRBC + FFP administration of 4 units (AOR: 18.706, AUC:. 897 (0.884–0.909).ConclusionTransfusion of pRBC is an independent predictor of SH and is associated with increased mortality. The predicted probability of SH increases as pRBC + FFP administration increases.
Feasibility and relevance of urine culture during stone fragmentation in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde intrarenal surgery: a prospective study
Authors: De Lorenzis E. , Boeri L. , Gallioli A. , Fontana M. , Zanetti S. P. , Longo F. , Colombo R. , Arghittu M. , Piconi S. , Albo G. , Trinchieri A. , Montanari E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We evaluated if, during lithotripsy, bacteria may be detected in the irrigation fluid of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). The concordance between urine culture from stone fragmentation (SFUC), bladder (BUC), renal pelvic (RPUC) and stone (SC) was analyzed. We also assessed the correlation between variables and cultures and their association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and of a positive SC.

Methods
We included 107 patients who underwent PCNL (n = 53) and RIRS (n = 54) from January 2017 to May 2018. Samples for RPUC were obtained by renal catheterization. Stone fragments and irrigation fluid sample were sent for culture.

Results
SFUC was positive in 17 (15.9%), BUC in 22 (20.6%), RPUC in 26 (24.3%) and SC in 30 patients (28%). The concordance between SFUC and SC was the highest among all cultures: 94.1%. SFUC and SC grew identical microorganisms in 15/17 (88.2%) patients. Out of 17 (15.9%) patients with SIRS, 8 (7.5%) had sepsis. SFUC had the highest PPV and specificity to detect positive SC and SIRS. Previous urinary tract infection, a preoperative nephrostomy, stone diameter and composition, staghorn calculi, PCNL, positive BUC, RPUC and SFUC were predictors of infected stone. Variables that indicate complex stones, complex PCNL and an infection of the upper tract were associated with SIRS.

Conclusion
SFUC is technically feasible, easy to retrieve and to analyze. The spectrum of SFUC potential application in clinical practice is when is not possible to perform a SC, e.g. complete dusting or during micro-PCNL.
Clinical features, microbiology, and management of pediatric brainstem abscess
Authors: Antkowiak Łukasz , Putz Monika , Mandera Marek 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Brainstem abscess is a rare condition accounting for merely 1% of brain abscesses incidence in the pediatric population. This study aimed to present a single patient with a pontine abscess and review the literature to highlight clinical features, diagnosis, and management of brainstem abscess.

Methods
The PubMed database was screened for English-language articles concerning pediatric brainstem abscess. We, therefore, identified 22 publications, which concisely depict 23 cases. Our study reports on the 24th pediatric patient diagnosed with that entity. All included reports were analyzed in terms of clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of described patients.

Results
There was slight women predominance (15:9), with a mean age of occurrence 6.4 years, ranging from 7 months to 16 years. Pons was the most common location of brainstem abscess, occurring in 75% of patients. Clinically, they mostly presented with cranial nerves palsy (79.2%), hemiparesis (66.7%), and pyramidal signs (45.8%). The classic triad of symptoms, including fever, headache, and the focal neurologic deficit was present in 20.8% of patients. Positive pus cultures were obtained in 61.1%. Streptococci and Staphylococci were the most frequently identified pus microorganisms. Outcomes were satisfactory, with a 79.2% rate of general improvement.

Conclusions
Neurosurgical aspiration is a safe and beneficial therapeutic method. It should always be considered and should promptly be performed when the conservative treatment is not successful and clinical deterioration occurs. Prognosis in pediatric brainstem abscess is generally favorable. Most patients recover with minor neurologic deficits or improve completely.
The seasonal footprinting mechanism in large ensemble simulations of the second generation Canadian earth system model: uncertainty due to internal climate variability
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Yu Bin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrevious studies indicated that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) could exert marked impacts on the following winter El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) via the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). Here, we examine this winter NPO-ENSO relationship in a 50-member ensemble of historical simulations conducted with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modeling and Analysis second generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2) over the period of 1950–2005. The observed NPO pattern, featured by a meridional dipole atmospheric anomaly over the North Pacific, can be well reproduced by all of the 50 ensemble members. The multi-member ensemble (MME) mean can well simulate the observed NPO-ENSO relationship, as well as the SFM process. However, there exists a large spread of the results among the 50 members due to internal climate variability. Internal climate variability influences the winter NPO-ENSO relationship through modulating the subtropical center of the NPO. Specifically, the ensemble members with high NPO-ENSO correlations tend to have strong atmospheric anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific in winter. The atmospheric circulation anomaly brings strong sea surface temperature and precipitation anomalies in the tropical central Pacific and westerly wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific in the following spring. These anomalies sustain in the following seasons and eventually lead to ENSO events in the following winter.
Functional outcome and complications after treatment of comminuted tibial fractures or deformities using Ilizarov bone transport: a single-center study at 15- to 30-year follow-up
Authors: Biz Carlo , Crimì Alberto , Fantoni Ilaria , Vigo Marco , Iacobellis Claudio , Ruggieri Pietro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate long-term outcomes and complications of a single-center and single-surgeon patient series of isolated and comminuted tibial fractures with bone defects or tibial deformities treated by Ilizarov bone transport.

Materials and methods
Data from a consecutive series of patients with isolated comminuted tibial fractures (Fracture Group: FG) or deformities (Deformity Group: DG) treated between 1987 and 2002 were included. For clinical assessment, the Lower Extremities Functional Scale was used; complications were recorded according to the Dindo classification and statistical analysis was performed.

Results
Overall, 72 patients were enrolled with a mean follow-up of 21.6 years (range 15–30) a mean LEFS of 36.4 (range 0–100). In the FG, the mean LEFS was 21.3 (range 0–98.75), and the external fixation time (EFT) lasted 7.6 months (range 3–18 months) months. In the DG, the mean LEFS was 76.7 (range 55–100), and the EFT was 10.6 months (range 3–20 months). Between the two groups, the clinical evaluation was significantly different, while the EFT was not (p = 0.14). In the FG, the worst results were obtained in the cases of open fractures with a higher percentage of complications and the need for further surgical procedures. The cumulative rate of complications was 55.6% during the first 36 months and 66.7% at the minimum follow-up of 180 months.

Conclusions
Ilizarov bone transport, even at a long follow-up period, proved to be an effective technique for both definitive treatment of comminuted tibial fractures with bone defects or tibial deformities. Although our functional outcomes were lower in patients with exposed fractures, they were in line with the literature, but not influenced by the EFT when properly managed. Most complications occurred during the first 3 years; however, they could also arise much later, even until almost 30 years.