bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mechanistic Review on Medicinal Mushrooms-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Potential Mycotherapy Candidates for Alleviating Neurological Disorders
Authors: Yadav Sonu Kumar , Ir Reshma , Durairajan Siva Sundara Kumar , Jeewon Rajesh , Doble Mukesh , Hyde Kevin D. , Kaliappan Ilango , Jeyaraman Ravindrian , Reddi Rambabu N. , Krishnan Jayalakshmi , Li Min 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, neurological and neurodegenerative diseases are highly debilitating and pose the greatest threats to public health. Diseases of the nervous system are caused by a particular pathological process that negatively affects the central and peripheral nervous systems. These diseases also lead to the loss of neuronal cell function, which causes alterations in the nervous system structure, resulting in the degeneration or death of nerve cells throughout the body. This causes problems with movement (ataxia) and mental dysfunction (dementia), both of which are commonly observed symptoms in Alzheimerʼs disease, Parkinsonʼs disease, Huntingtonʼs disease, and multiple sclerosis. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with nutraceutical properties and are low in calories and fat. They are also a rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, fibers, and vitamins that have been used in the treatment of many ailments. Medicinal mushrooms such as Pleurotus giganteus, Ganoderma lucidium, and Hericium erinaceus are commonly produced worldwide for use as health supplements and medicine. Medicinal mushrooms and their extracts have a large number of bioactive compounds, such as polysaccharide β-glucan, or polysaccharide-protein complexes, like lectins, lactones, terpenoids, alkaloids, antibiotics, and metal-chelating agents. This review will focus on the role of the medicinal properties of different medicinal mushrooms that contain bioactive compounds with a protective effect against neuronal dysfunction. This information will facilitate the development of drugs against neurodegenerative diseases.
Image-enhanced endoscopy for gastric preneoplastic conditions and neoplastic lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rodríguez-Carrasco Marta , Esposito Gianluca , Libânio Diogo , Pimentel-Nunes Pedro , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) improves the accuracy of endoscopic diagnosis. We aimed to assess the value of IEE for gastric preneoplastic conditions and neoplastic lesions.
Methods Medline and Embase were searched until December 2018. Studies allowing calculation of diagnostic measures were included. Risk of bias and applicability were assessed using QUADAS-2. Subgroup analysis was performed to explore heterogeneity.
Results 44 studies met the inclusion criteria. For gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM), narrow-band imaging (NBI) obtained a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.79 (95 %CI 0.72–0.85) and 0.91 (95 %CI 0.88–0.94) on per-patient basis; on per-biopsy basis, it was 0.84 (95 %CI 0.81–0.86) and 0.95 (95 %CI 0.94–0.96), respectively. Tubulovillous pattern was the most accurate marker to detect GIM and it was effectively assessed without high magnification. For dysplasia, NBI showed a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 0.87 (95 %CI 0.84–0.89) and 0.97 (95 %CI 0.97–0.98) on per-biopsy basis. The use of magnification improved the performance of NBI to characterize early gastric cancer (EGC), especially when the vessel plus surface (VS) classification was applied. Regarding other technologies, trimodal imaging also obtained a high accuracy for dysplasia (sensitivity 0.93 [95 %CI 0.85–0.98], specificity 0.98 [95 %CI 0.92–1.00]). For atrophic gastritis, no specific pattern was noted and none of the technologies reached good diagnostic yield.
Conclusion NBI is highly accurate for GIM and dysplasia. The presence of tubulovillous pattern and the VS classification seem to be useful to detect GIM and characterize EGC, respectively. These features should be used in current practice and to standardize endoscopic criteria for other technologies.
Electronically Governed ROMP: Expanding Sequence Control for Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Elacqua Elizabeth , Koehler Stephen J. , Hu Jinzhen 
Published: July 2020

Controlling the primary sequence of synthetic polymers remains a grand challenge in chemistry. A variety of methods that exert control over monomer sequence have been realized wherein differential reactivity, pre-organization, and stimuli-response have been key factors in programming sequence. Whereas much has been established in nonconjugated systems, π-extended frameworks remain systems wherein subtle structural changes influence bulk properties. The recent introduction of electronically biased ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) extends the repertoire of feasible approaches to prescribe donor–acceptor sequences in conjugated polymers, by enabling a system to achieve both low dispersity and controlled polymer sequences. Herein, we discuss recent advances in obtaining well-defined (i.e., low dispersity) polymers featuring donor–acceptor sequence control, and present our design of an electronically ambiguous (4-methoxy-1-(2-ethylhexyloxy) and benzothiadiazole-(donor–acceptor-)based [2.2]paracyclophanediene monomer that undergoes electronically dictated ROMP. The resultant donor–acceptor polymers were well-defined (Đ = 1.2, Mn > 20 k) and exhibited lower energy excitation and emission in comparison to ‘sequence-ill-defined’ polymers. Electronically driven ROMP expands on prior synthetic methods to attain sequence control, while providing a promising platform for further interrogation of polymer sequence and resultant properties.1	Introduction to Sequence Control2	Sequence Control in Polymers3	Multistep-Synthesis-Driven Sequence Control4	Catalyst-Dictated Sequence Control5	Electronically Governed Sequence Control6	Conclusions
Duration of agriculture and distance from the steppe predict the evolution of large-scale human societies in Afro-Eurasia
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Turchin Peter , Turner Edward , Gavrilets Sergey 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding why large, complex human societies have emerged and persisted more readily in certain regions of the world than others is an issue of long-standing debate. Here, we systematically test different hypotheses involving the social and ecological factors that may ultimately promote or inhibit the formation of large, complex human societies. We employ spatially explicit statistical analyses using data on the geographical and temporal distribution of the largest human groups over a 3000-year period of history. The results support the predictions of two complementary hypotheses, indicating that large-scale societies developed more commonly in regions where (i) agriculture has been practiced for longer (thus providing more time for the norms and institutions that facilitate large-scale organisation to emerge), and (ii) warfare was more intense (as proxied by distance from the Eurasian steppe), thus creating a stronger selection pressure for societies to scale up. We found no support for the influential idea that large-scale societies were more common in those regions naturally endowed with a higher potential for productive agriculture. Our study highlights how modern cultural evolutionary theory can be used to organise and synthesise alternative hypotheses and shed light on the ways ecological and social processes have interacted to shape the complex social world we live in today.
Accelerated river avulsion frequency on lowland deltas due to sea-level rise
Authors: Chadwick Austin J. , Lamb Michael P. , Ganti Vamsi 
Published: July 2020

Significance
River deltas host large cities and ecosystems and are sinking under global sea-level rise and land subsidence from groundwater and hydrocarbon extraction. Coastal rivers naturally build land by distributing sediment through abrupt shifts in river course, known as avulsions, which also have caused some of deadliest flood disasters in human history. We show that modern rates of relative sea-level rise should cause avulsions to occur more frequently on deltas, and in extreme cases avulsion locations will shift farther inland. Our results provide a quantitative framework to predict delta response to future sea-level rise, which is valuable for planning engineered diversions to nourish deltas and prevent catastrophic hazards.
TPC1 deficiency or blockade augments systemic anaphylaxis and mast cell activity
Authors: Arlt Elisabeth , Fraticelli Marco , Tsvilovskyy Volodymyr , Nadolni Wiebke , Breit Andreas , O’Neill Thomas J. , Resenberger Stefanie , Wennemuth Gunther , Wahl-Schott Christian , Biel Martin , Grimm Christian , Freichel Marc , Gudermann Thomas , Klugbauer Norbert , Boekhoff Ingrid , Zierler Susanna 
Published: July 2020

Significance
The worldwide prevalence of allergic and anaphylactic reactions has increased massively over recent decades. Mast cells and basophils are essential drivers of these diseases, releasing inflammatory mediators such as histamine. Here, we link the endolysosomal two-pore channel TPC1 to systemic anaphylaxis in vivo and underlying mast cell function ex vivo. TPC1-deficient mice develop enhanced systemic anaphylaxis reflected by a drop in body temperature and slower recovery compared to wild-type animals. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of TPC1 enhances mast cell degranulation and histamine release due to accelerated calcium release, mainly from the endoplasmic reticulum. Accordingly, it is tempting to speculate that activation of TPC1 ameliorates mast cell degranulation, highlighting TPC1 as a potential drug target against allergic hypersensitivity.
Freedom of choice adds value to public goods
Authors: Shi Lei , Romić Ivan , Ma Yongjuan , Wang Zhen , Podobnik Boris , Stanley H. Eugene , Holme Petter , Jusup Marko 
Published: July 2020

SignificancePublic goods, from tangible properties to intangible services, benefit all. They are produced or maintained through widespread participation in public goods provision. Low participation rates are therefore a looming threat that has motivated countless searches for ways to elicit participation. Recent theory suggests that social networks, as woven by personal relationships, are instrumental. We organized a social dilemma game experiment to investigate whether player participation in public goods provision depends on the global characteristics of social networks or the ability to freely choose among local public goods within a player’s network neighborhood. Our results demonstrate the importance of the latter factor, thus favoring bottom-up public goods provision that gives individuals a say in decision-making.
Spatial proximity moderates genotype uncertainty in genetic tagging studies
Authors: Augustine Ben C. , Royle J. Andrew , Linden Daniel W. , Fuller Angela K. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
We present a statistical framework for the estimation of animal demographic parameters, such as abundance, density, and growth rate, from noninvasive genetic samples (e.g., hair, scat). By integrating a genetic classification model with a spatial population model, we show that accounting for spatial proximity of samples reduces genotype uncertainty and improves parameter estimation. Our method provides a fundamentally different approach to genetic capture–recapture by sharing information between the normally disjunct steps of assigning individual identities to genetic samples and modeling spatial population processes. Our approach may also be used in other ecological classification problems such bioacoustics, remote camera images, and environmental DNA, where current approaches make assignments disconnected from the ecological and spatial context of the population under study.
Transcriptome profiling reveals signaling conditions dictating human spermatogonia fate in vitro
Authors: Tan Kun , Song Hye-Won , Thompson Merlin , Munyoki Sarah , Sukhwani Meena , Hsieh Tung-Chin , Orwig Kyle E. , Wilkinson Miles F. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceThe ability to culture human spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) in vitro is critical to develop SSC therapeutic approaches to treat male infertility. To achieve this goal, it is important to define molecular pathways in human SSCs. Toward this end, we developed an approach to purify human primitive undifferentiated spermatogonia (uSPG) highly enriched in SSCs. Comparative RNA-sequencing analysis of these primitive uSPG versus differentiating SPG identified differentially expressed genes encoding key components in several signaling pathways. Leveraging this information, coupled with single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis, we studied the effects of modulating signaling pathways on human SPG fate in vitro. Inhibition of AKT signaling favored primitive uSPG fate, which can be applied to culture SSCs for therapeutic applications.
Analogy between periodic patterns in thin smectic liquid crystal films and the intermediate state of superconductors
Authors: Zappone Bruno , Mamuk Atilla Eren , Gryn Iryna , Arima Valentina , Zizzari Alessandra , Bartolino Roberto , Lacaze Emmanuelle , Petschek Rolfe 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceMicroscopic patterns of molecular alignment are easily obtained in smectic LCs subject to conflicting alignment conditions and provide a promising route to the rapid bottom-up fabrication of ordered materials, notably for the organization and manipulation of nanoparticles. A convenient but puzzling feature is that the pattern type can be switched between 1d and 2d by varying the film thickness or applying an electric field. We devised a simple experiment to show that 1d patterns are due to frustration of the smectic phase under a strong distortion of the molecular director field, leading to a mixed nematic–smectic phase. Our finding confirms the long-standing prediction of an “intermediate” LC state based on an analogy with superconductors.
Nixalone is sufficient to convert femaleAedes aegyptiinto fertile males andmyo-sexis needed for male flight
Authors: Aryan Azadeh , Anderson Michelle A. E. , Biedler James K. , Qi Yumin , Overcash Justin M. , Naumenko Anastasia N. , Sharakhova Maria V. , Mao Chunhong , Adelman Zach N. , Tu Zhijian 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceThe presence of a dominant male-determining locus (M-locus) in one of a pair of autosomes establishes the male sex in the dengue fever mosquitoAedes aegypti. TheAe. aegyptiM-locus contains 30 genes, includingNix, a previously reported male-determining factor. Here we show that theNixtransgene alone was sufficient to convert females into fertile males, which continued to produce sex-converted progeny. We also show that a second M-locus gene namedmyo-sexwas needed for male flight.Nix-mediated sex conversion was 100% penetrant, heritable, and stable, indicating great potential for developing mosquito-control strategies to reduce vector populations by female-to-male conversion. This work also sheds lights into the molecular basis of the function of the M-locus.
Quantifying and explaining variation in life expectancy at census tract, county, and state levels in the United States
Authors: Boing Antonio Fernando , Boing Alexandra Crispim , Cordes Jack , Kim Rockli , Subramanian S. V. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Current knowledge on which geographic scale matters the most for inequalities in longevity in the United States is largely confined to counties, which have been the smallest unit at which national data on life expectancy were available. Making the inference that “counties make a difference” simply because “counties differ” is potentially problematic. In this systematic investigation of ascertaining the relative importance of three geographic scales: states, counties, and census tracts (CTs), we find that more than three-fourths of the total variation in life expectancy is attributable to CTs. This indicates that population inequalities in longevity are primarily a local phenomenon, and there is a need for greater precision and targeting of local geographies in public policy discourse.
An artificial aquatic polyp that wirelessly attracts, grasps, and releases objects
Authors: Pilz da Cunha Marina , Kandail Harkamaljot S. , den Toonder Jaap M. J. , Schenning Albert P. H. J. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Wirelessly controlled, multitasking soft devices active in aqueous environments are highly required for applications in microfluidics and organ-on-a-chip and as medical devices. Inspired by marine organisms, we present an approach to achieve such devices by utilizing stimuli-responsive material assemblies capable of untethered object manipulation in an enclosed aqueous environment. Our soft robot assembly integrates a magnetically controlled stem with a light-responsive gripper with unmatched speed, insensitivity to contaminants, and high control of actuation underwater at low light intensities. The independent device segments can be orthogonally controlled to realize different tasks such as attracting, capturing, and releasing targets in an aqueous environment, demonstrating the significance of actuator assemblies in the fabrication of multifunctional soft devices operating underwater.
Phase imaging of transition from classical to quantum plasmonic couplings between a metal nanoparticle and a metal surface
Authors: Wang Hui , Yu Hui , Wang Yan , Shan Xiaonan , Chen Hong-Yuan , Tao Nongjian 
Published: July 2020

Significance
When a metallic nanoparticle is brought within the electron tunneling distance from a metal surface, quantum coupling between the nanoparticle and the surface is anticipated. We show that the quantum effect can be directly observed by imaging the nanoparticle with a high-resolution plasmonic microscope. Direct measurement of the transition in terms of a phase shift induced by the quantum coupling between a metal nanoparticle and a metal surface opens prospective for a biosensing principle with surface plasmon resonance imaging.
Pencil–paper on-skin electronics
Authors: Xu Yadong , Zhao Ganggang , Zhu Liang , Fei Qihui , Zhang Zhe , Chen Zanyu , An Fufei , Chen Yangyang , Ling Yun , Guo Peijun , Ding Shinghua , Huang Guoliang , Chen Pai-Yen , Cao Qing , Yan Zheng 
Published: July 2020

Significance
On-skin electronics are usually fabricated by patterning conventional inorganic materials, novel organic materials, or emerging nanomaterials on flexible polymer substrates. Consequently, the state-of-the-art on-skin electronics usually suffer from expensive precursor materials, costly fabrication facilities, complex fabrication processes, and limited disposability. By using widely accessible pencils and papers as tools, we have developed a variety of cost-effective and disposable on-skin electronic devices, ranging from biophysical sensors and sweat biochemical sensors to thermal stimulators, humidity energy harvesters, and transdermal drug-delivery systems. Also, pencil–paper-based antennas, two-dimensional and three-dimensional circuits, and reconfigurable structures are demonstrated. The enabled devices can find wide applications particularly in low-resource environments and home-centered personal healthcare owing to their low-cost resources, handy operation, time-saving fabrication, and abundant potential designs.
Behavioral tagging underlies memory reconsolidation
Authors: Rabinovich Orlandi Iván , Fullio Camila L. , Schroeder Matías Nicolás , Giurfa Martin , Ballarini Fabricio , Moncada Diego 
Published: July 2020

Significance
We studied how novel events contiguous to memory retrieval affect the process of memory updating termed reconsolidation. We show that memory retrieval sets a neuronal tag to which proteins provided by the novel events can bind, restabilizing thereby memory via a behavioral-tagging mechanism. Our results thus indicate that the different phases of memory stabilization (consolidation, extinction, and now reconsolidation) are mediated by behavioral tagging, which emerges as a general mechanism of long-term memory formation. They provide, in addition, a tool for designing noninvasive strategies to attenuate (pathological/traumatic) or improve (education-related) existing memories via their reactivation with novel experiences.
Projecting thyroid cancer risk to the general public from radiation exposure following hypothetical severe nuclear accidents in Canada
Authors: JJ Burtt , Rickard M , McAllister A , Bergman L , LB Zablotska 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A robust emergency management framework can limit radiation exposures and effectively minimise the potentially devastating consequences of a nuclear emergency. We projected thyroid cancer risk resulting from two hypothetical severe nuclear accidents occurring at the Darlington nuclear power plant (NPP) located in Ontario, Canada. Single- and multi-unit accidents were considered. A dose assessment was previously performed using the MELCOR Accident Consequences Code System. The generic criteria used to select the appropriate protective actions are described in the Ontario Provincial Nuclear Emergency Response Plan (PNERP). We hypothesised protection actions only within the 10 kilometre (km) radius of the NPP given the time sensitivity of iodine thyroid blocking. The excess risk of developing thyroid cancer was projected using the US National Cancer Institute’s radiation risk assessment tool RadRAT. We projected zero dose, and subsequently zero risk of developing thyroid cancer for people living within 10 km of the NPP, due to effective implementation of selected protective actions. Based on centreline doses, at the 12 km radius, excess childhood thyroid cancer risks for a one-year-old female as the most critical receptor were projected to be approximately 600% and 130% compared to the baseline were projected for the single- and multi-unit scenarios, respectively. The risk of developing thyroid cancer was projected to be low for adults for both scenarios. The results of this modelling study provide insights into the effectiveness of protective actions in reducing radiation-related thyroid cancer risk when considering hypothetical severe nuclear accidents. Implementation of select protective actions protects the population living near the Darlington NPP. The projected increase of developing thyroid cancer for children living beyond 10 km could potentially be eliminated with additional mitigation measures specified in the PNERP.