bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Latent Factor Model for Forecasting Realized Variances
Authors: Calzolari Giorgio , Halbleib Roxana , Zagidullina Aygul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article proposes a parsimonious model to forecast large vectors of realized variances (RVar) by exploiting their common dynamics within a latent factor structure. Their long persistence is captured by aggregating latent factors with AR(1) dynamics. The model has obvious advantages over standard autoregressive models not only in terms of parametrization, but also in terms of efficiency, when increasing the dimension of the vector, as it provides more information on the commonality of the series’ dynamics. The model easily accommodates further empirical features of RVars, such as conditional heteroskedasticity. For estimation purposes, we use the maximum likelihood method based on Kalman filter and the efficient method of moments, both being easy to implement and providing accurate estimates. Our empirical illustration on real data shows that the model we propose often outperforms standard models, most of which are, for vectors of RVar series, only implementable under heavy parametric restrictions.
The Practice of Pharmaceutics and the Obligation to Expand Access to Investigational Drugs
Authors: Buckley Michael , O’neil Collin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Do pharmaceutical companies have a moral obligation to expand access to investigational drugs to patients outside the clinical trial? One reason for thinking they do not is that expanded access programs might negatively affect the clinical trial process. This potential impact creates dilemmas for practitioners who nevertheless acknowledge some moral reason for expanding access. Bioethicists have explained these reasons in terms of beneficence, compassion, or a principle of rescue, but their arguments have been limited to questions of moral permissibility, leaving for future research the question of whether expanded access is morally obligatory. We take up this further question and argue that pharmaceutical companies have a moral obligation to expand access. Our defense is not based on beneficence, compassion, or rescue, but instead on a reciprocal moral expectation resulting from existing social commitments that help ensure a robust pharmaceutical practice within the broader healthcare system. Our aim is to give this obligation, along with several others, a coherent and plausible structure within the wider clinical trial process so that one might better explain the sources of the dilemmas and their possible resolutions.
On the Mass Assembly History of the Local Group
Authors: Carlesi Edoardo , Hoffman Yehuda , Gottlöber Stefan , Libeskind Noam I , Knebe Alexander , Yepes Gustavo , Pilipenko Sergey V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this work an ensemble of simulated Local Group analogues is used to constrain the properties of the mass assembly history of the Milky Way (MW) and Andromeda (M31) galaxies. These objects have been obtained using the constrained simulation technique, which ensures that simulated LGs live within a large scale environment akin to the observed one. Our results are compared against a standard Λ Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) series of simulations which use the same cosmological parameters. This allows us to single out the effects of the constraints on the results. We find that (a) the median constrained merging histories for M31 and MW live above the standard ones at the 1-σ level, (b) the median formation time takes place ≈0.5 Gyr earlier than unconstrained values, while the latest major merger happens on average 1.5 Gyr earlier and (c) the probability for both LG haloes to have experienced their last major merger in the first half of the history of the Universe is $\approx 50\%$ higher for the constrained pairs. These results have been estimated to be significant at the $99\%$ confidence level by means of a Kolmogorov-Simirnov test. These results suggest that the particular environment in which the Milky Way and Andromeda form plays a role in shaping their properties, and favours earlier formation and last major merger time values in agreement with other observational and theoretical considerations.
Extensive cryptic diversity of giant clams (Cardiidae: Tridacninae) revealed by DNA-sequence-based species delimitation approaches with new data from Hainan Island, South China Sea
Authors: Liu Jun , Cui Dan , Wang Hui , Chen Jiawei , Liu Helu , Zhang Haibin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccurate species delimitation is important, especially for endangered species. As one of the most conspicuous bivalve taxa, giant clams are threatened throughout their geographic range. Many phylogeographic studies have revealed strong population structure among giant clams in the Indo-Pacific, suggesting cryptic diversity within these species. However, less attention has been paid to their identification and delimitation. In this study, we assembled a comprehensive dataset of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for Tridacna species, focusing on new sequences from Hainan Island in the South China Sea and previously published ones from Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, the Solomon Islands and the Red Sea. Three nominal species, Tridacna crocea, T. squamosa and T. noae, were recognized at Hainan Island on the basis of distance-based DNA barcoding, with mean interspecific K2P distances of 10.6–24.7% for seven Tridacna species (T. crocea, T. squamosa, T. noae, T. maxima, T. mbalavuana, T. derasa and T. gigas). The most abundant species, T. noae, represents the first record of this species from Hainan Island. Using a combination of phylogenetic and DNA-based species delimitation analyses (automatic barcode gap discovery, generalized mixed Yule coalescent and Bayesian Poisson tree processes), we found strong support for a total of 13 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for the seven nominal Tridacna species. These results, coupled with the fact that each OTU occupies different regions in the Indo-Pacific, strongly suggest multiple cryptic species of giant clams. Our findings point to the need for taxonomic revisionary work on giant clams throughout the Indo-Pacific; such work will have important conservation implications.
BioModels—15 years of sharing computational models in life science
Authors: Malik-Sheriff Rahuman S , Glont Mihai , Nguyen Tung V N , Tiwari Krishna , Roberts Matthew G , Xavier Ashley , Vu Manh T , Men Jinghao , Maire Matthieu , Kananathan Sarubini , Fairbanks Emma L , Meyer Johannes P , Arankalle Chinmay , Varusai Thawfeek M , Knight-Schrijver Vincent , Li Lu , Dueñas-Roca Corina , Dass Gaurhari , Keating Sarah M , Park Young M , Buso Nicola , Rodriguez Nicolas , Hucka Michael , Hermjakob Henning 
Published: November 2019

AbstractComputational modelling has become increasingly common in life science research. To provide a platform to support universal sharing, easy accessibility and model reproducibility, BioModels (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biomodels/), a repository for mathematical models, was established in 2005. The current BioModels platform allows submission of models encoded in diverse modelling formats, including SBML, CellML, PharmML, COMBINE archive, MATLAB, Mathematica, R, Python or C++. The models submitted to BioModels are curated to verify the computational representation of the biological process and the reproducibility of the simulation results in the reference publication. The curation also involves encoding models in standard formats and annotation with controlled vocabularies following MIRIAM (minimal information required in the annotation of biochemical models) guidelines. BioModels now accepts large-scale submission of auto-generated computational models. With gradual growth in content over 15 years, BioModels currently hosts about 2000 models from the published literature. With about 800 curated models, BioModels has become the world’s largest repository of curated models and emerged as the third most used data resource after PubMed and Google Scholar among the scientists who use modelling in their research. Thus, BioModels benefits modellers by providing access to reliable and semantically enriched curated models in standard formats that are easy to share, reproduce and reuse.
Comparison of Intra- and Postoperative 3-Dimensional Digital Subtraction Angiography in Evaluation of the Surgical Result After Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment
Authors: Marbacher Serge , Kienzler Jenny C , Mendelowitsch Itai , D’Alonzo Donato , Andereggen Lukas , Diepers Michael , Remonda Luca , Fandino Javier 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Postoperative three-dimensional digital subtraction angiography (3D-DSA) is the gold standard in evaluating intracranial aneurysm (IA) remnants after clipping. Should intraoperative 3D-DSA image quality be equally good as postoperative 3D-DSA, it could supplant the latter as standard of care for follow-up of clipped IA.

OBJECTIVE
To directly compare the quality of assessment of clipped IA by intraoperative and postoperative 3D-DSA.

METHODS
From a prospective cohort of 221 consecutive patients who underwent craniotomy for IA treatment in a hybrid operating room, we retrospectively studied 26 patients who had both intraoperative and postoperative 3D-DSA imaging of their clipped aneurysm. Comparison of intraoperative and postoperative 3D-DSA images (blinded for review) included parameters that affected image quality and differences between the 2 periods.

RESULTS
In the 26 patients with 32 clipped IAs, the mean interval was 11 ± 7 mo between intraoperative and postoperative imaging 3D-DSA examinations. Reconstruction with multiple clips was used in 14 (44%) cases. Of 15 remnants, 9 (60%) were small (<2 mm). In comparing intraoperative and postoperative 3D-DSA, no discordance or discrepancy in assessment of the surgical result was noted for any clipped IA, and overall imaging quality was excellent for both modalities. Factors affecting minor differences in image quality were not identified.

CONCLUSION
Compared with postoperative 3D-DSA, intraoperative 3D-DSA images achieved equally high quality and effective, immediate interpretation of the surgical clipping result. With comparable imaging quality and no discordant findings, intraoperative 3D-DSA could replace postoperative 3D-DSA to become the standard of care in IA surgery.
Decision Making Under Deep Uncertainty
Authors: Klima Kelly 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Decision making under questions of deep uncertainty can be vague or specific, open-ended or fixed, easy or hard. This chapter very briefly addresses issues and approaches to decision making on adaptation to climate change. Depending on the research question, a complicated set of multiple approaches and tools may be needed. To highlight the types of approaches, this chapter discusses a variety of decision making tools and relates them to a particular problem: a homeowner choosing whether to do nothing, buy insurance, or elevate their home. The chapter culminates in a table summarizing the pros and cons of a variety of approaches.
Gender Identity and Transgender Rights in Global Perspective
Authors: Edelman Elijah Adiv 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how gender identity and transgender rights have been defined in an LGBT rights framework, what international and regional organizations and social actors have defined as fundamental trans rights, and, finally, the limitations of applying a homogenizing “trans rights” framework to a vastly disparate array of gender liminal subjectivities and practices. First, the chapter defines the scope and reach of a “trans rights” framework as housed within “LGBT” legal and organizational practices. Next, it outlines the key issues that international and regional trans rights activists, advocates, and academics have outlined as central to addressing their own communities’ needs. Importantly, while the popularity of collapsing sexual and gender minorities into an “LGBT” framework would suggest a coherence of shared identities and practices across cultural and regional experience, this framework may, instead, function to elide profound differences in the formation and application of primarily North Atlantic and Anglophone understandings of “rights” and “needs.” Rather, as discussed in internationally and regionally focused reports, activist needs assessments, and academic work, trans and gender liminal rights have been, regionally, best addressed and met by organizations and groups that are not housed within an “LGBT” framework or organization. Finally, the chapter discusses how approaching “trans rights” through a lens of gender self-determination, rather than as a category of mutually understood and identifiable subjectivities and experiences across different communities of practice, may function to bolster shared rights claims while also, simultaneously, delimiting or delegitimizing overly formulaic understandings of gender experience and expression.
The Babylonian Empire in the Bible
Authors: Gossai Hemchand 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Babylonian Empire appears in multiple manifestations in the Bible. In Revelation 17–18, Babylon is characterized as the “whore of Babylon.” In Genesis 11 the Tower of Babel episode extends the complexity and multifaceted representations of Babylon, while Daniel 3–4 recounts particular episodes of the encounter between Daniel and the Babylonian king. However, the most prominent feature of the Babylonian Empire in the Bible is that of the Babylonian exile. This article approaches the topic of the Babylonian Empire in the Bible broadly regarding themes and and explores several representative texts.
A Brief Moral History of Psychotherapy
Authors: Tjeltveit Alan C. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To grasp its moral history, psychotherapy’s profoundly and pervasively moral dimensions, its inextricable sociocultural connections, critics’ challenges to moral claims, the historical origins of moral ideas and practices, and some key historical trajectories of psychotherapy are addressed. Connections among professions, professional ethics, and morality (construed broadly); moral understandings of psychological problems and goals; and moral considerations concerning therapy techniques and relationship styles are emphasized. Finally, some changing interrelationships among psychotherapy, the self, society, and morality are reviewed.
Ethical Considerations in Emotion-Focused Therapy
Authors: Kramer Ueli , Elliott Robert 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses ethical principles underlying Emotion-Focused Therapy (EFT). It shows that the six intervention principles of EFT—empathic attunement, therapeutic bond, task collaboration, differential emotional processing, emotional deepening through work on therapeutic tasks, and self-development—are grounded in the more basic ethical requirements of psychotherapy and counseling, in particular beneficence and non-maleficence. There is an overall tension in EFT between providing a productive therapeutic relationship and task facilitation. As examples, this chapter discusses three specific key ethical dilemmas of EFT: (a) necessary emotion arousal versus risks on the path to core pain, (b) transient emotional dysregulation versus protection of the self, and (c) freedom to choose versus process-guiding or control. It illustrates with clinical examples, and discusses research implications.
Relationship between Religion, Spirituality, and Psychotherapy: An Ethical Perspective
Authors: Plante Thomas G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Spirituality and religion are typically a critically important element of most people’s lives. They offer an overarching framework for making sense of the world and a strategy to cope with life’s stressors. They provide a community and a way to wrestle with life’s biggest questions regarding meaning, purpose, and suffering. Mental health professionals are mandated to behave in an ethical manner defined by their codes of ethics. These codes typically understand religion and spirituality a multiculturalism issue. Professionals need to be respectful and responsible and pay close attention to potential implicit bias, boundary crossings, and destructive beliefs and practices. Working with religious professional as helpful collaborative partners also achieves ethically minded best practices. Numerous resources are now available to help professionals develop and maintain their skills in ethically minded clinical practice with spiritual and religious clients. This chapter highlights these issues and offers suggested guidelines toward high quality professional practice.
Banking
Authors: Berger Allen N. , Molyneux Philip , Wilson John O. S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA lot has happened in the ten years since the global financial crisis. This chapter starts with a summary of key regulatory and operational issues that have impacted banks in Europe, the US and elsewhere. Banks are much more heavily regulated than pre-crisis, their performance in the US and Europe has been subdued although there are signs that those in the former have turned the corner. There continues also to be ongoing discussion as well as regulatory efforts to improve banking system stability with new rules on capital, liquidity, bailouts, and bail-ins to be fully completed. These issues are covered in the first part of the chapter. We then move on to discuss emerging research themes covering areas including: banks and their impact on the real economy; capital, liquidity, and tax regulation; systemic risk; unconventional monetary policy; FinTech; bank governance and culture; financial consumer protection and financial literacy; and finally financial inclusion. The final part of the chapter provides summaries of all the chapters in the Handbook.
Payments
Authors: Humphrey David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Payments, paper-based or electronic, are essential for efficient economic exchange. For retail payments, debit and credit cards have been replacing cash and checks for point of sale transactions. Cards and automated clearing house (US) and giro networks (Europe and elsewhere) have replaced cash and checks for bill payments and employee disbursements. Daily retail payments have relatively small average values but number in hundreds of millions of transactions. Daily wholesale wire transfer transactions are in the thousands but their value is in the trillions. They are used to make large-value business, government, and financial market transactions, along with settling payments made over other networks. To be widely adopted, a retail payment instrument has to have lower cost and greater convenience. Cost is also emphasized for wholesale payments but this has generated risk. Reducing risk has raised costs. The issues associated with retail and wholesale payments are quite different; they are discussed separately in this chapter.
Securitization
Authors: Casu Barbara , Sarkisyan Anna 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSecuritization, a structured process involving the transformation of illiquid assets into marketable securities, experienced an exponential growth in the 1990s and early 2000s. After a prolonged period of rapid expansion, securitization markets froze in 2008, as investors lost confidence in structured products. This chapter charts the rise and fall of securitization and attempts to map the future of the market by identifying the key issues that need to be addressed: (i) alignment of incentives; (ii) reduction of complexity; (iii) increase in transparency; and (iv) improvements in the use of credit ratings. Despite its controversial role during the financial crisis, the economic importance of securitization is undeniable. Several policy interventions at the national and international levels have recently been enacted to accelerate the recovery of the market by promoting simple, transparent, and comparable (STC) securitization, as there is an emerging consensus that the benefits of high quality securitization outweigh the costs and that this technique can play a key role in fostering economic recovery and growth.
Modern Central Banking
Authors: Mishkin Frederic S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines how central banking has evolved in recent decades by looking at two main areas of central bank activities: monetary policy and financial stability policy. It starts by describing a set of nine basic scientific principles derived from theory and empirical evidence that now guide thinking at almost all central banks, which is referred to as the science of central banking. Then the essay discusses how the science of monetary policy provides a framework for understanding central bank governance and how modern central banks conduct monetary and financial stability policies. Central banking has entered a brave new world in which challenges have become greater and the conduct of policy has become more complex.
Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Parigi Bruno M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The global financial crisis and the sovereign debt crisis in Europe have redefined the functions of the lender of last resort (LOLR). First, they have placed the LOLR at the intersection of monetary policy, fiscal policy, supervision, and regulation of the banking industry. Second, they have given regulatory authorities the additional responsibility of monitoring the interbank market. Third, they have extended the LOLR role to cover the possible bailout of non-bank institutions, including sovereign countries. This chapter explores the link between the theoretical models of the banking industry and the unprecedented policies displayed in the aftermath of the crisis. We begin by examining the justification of LOLR in a simplified framework where only liquidity shocks arise, to move to a setting where liquidity shocks cannot be disentangled from solvency ones. We then study contagion in the interbank market and systemic risk, two pathologies due to the imperfections of the financial markets, and we discuss the issues raised by the implementation of the LOLR policy within the safety net.
Bank Capital Requirements after the Financial Crisis
Authors: Van Der Weide Mark E. , Zhang Jeffrey Y. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Regulators responded with an array of strategies to shore up weaknesses exposed by the 2008 financial crisis. This chapter focuses on reforms to bank capital regulation. We first discuss the ways in which the post-crisis Basel III reforms recalibrated the existing framework by improving the quality of capital, increasing the quantity of capital, and improving the calculation of risk weights. We then shift to the major structural changes in the regulatory capital framework—capital buffers on top of the minimum requirements; a leverage ratio that explicitly accounts for off-balance-sheet exposures; risk-based and leverage capital surcharges on the largest banks; bail-in debt to facilitate orderly resolution; and forward-looking stress tests. We conclude with a quantitative assessment of the evolution of capital in the global banking system and in the US banking sector.