bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural characteristics and porosity estimation of organic matter‐hosted pores in gas shales of Jiaoshiba Block, Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: He Chencheng , He Sheng , Zhang Tongwei , Yang Rui , Shu Zhiguo , Han Yuanjia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNanoscale organic matter‐hosted pores (OM pores) are the dominant pore type in the marine, organic‐rich shales of the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation's first member in the Jiaoshiba Block, which provide important reservoir space for shale gas accumulation. In this study, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), statistical analysis using ImageJ software, and gas adsorption tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of OM pores, including pore shape, pore size distribution, pore quantity, and organic porosity. FE‐SEM images show that the OM pore sizes range between 2 and 900 nm. The predominant shape of the OM pores in the Wufeng shale is an irregular polygon, while elliptical and subrounded OM pores were observed in the Longmaxi Formation's first member shale. Average cross‐section area ratios of the OM pores to corresponding single‐particle organic matter (ØOMP/OM) for shale samples obtained via statistical analysis of FE‐SEM images range between 10% and 30%. We propose a new combination approach for the estimation of organic porosity, which gives organic porosities for the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi Formation's first member shale of 0.56%‐4.47% and 4.06%‐4.21%, respectively. To calculate the organic porosity for the OM pores with diameters of 10‐900 nm, the formula derived from the mass‐volume‐density‐organic matter relationships and ØOMP/OM of shale was used, while the organic porosity for pores with diameters of 0.3‐10 nm was estimated using carbon dioxide and nitrogen adsorption data. In addition, the reasons for the differences in the OM pore structures in the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi Formation's first member shale were examined for the study area and found to be the result of variations in total organic carbon (TOC) content and tectonic compression of the Wufeng shale.
Protective effect of celastrol on type 2 diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in mice
Authors: Sun JuanJuan , Wang Hui‐juan , Yu Jun , Li TingTing , Han YiDi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo investigate the protective effects of celastrol on mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and to explore its underlying mechanism. The levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in serum were tested. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), GOT, and GPT in serum were also detected. The histopathological changes of liver tissues were observed by HE staining. The apoptosis cell number of liver tissues was measured by TUNEL staining. Nrf‐2 and HO‐1 protein and mRNA expression were evaluated by IHC, WB, and RT‐PCR assay. Celastrol had effects to depress TG, TC, LDL‐C, GPT, GOT, and MDA concentration and increase HDL‐C and SOD concentration (p < .05, respectively) with dose‐dependent. Compared with model group, apoptosis cell number was significantly depressed in Cel‐treated groups with dose‐dependent (p < .05, respectively). Nrf‐2 and HO‐1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly improved in Cel‐treated groups with dose‐dependent (p < .05, respectively). Celastrol can inhibit the oxidative stress reaction and liver cell apoptosis via regulation Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway in T2DM mice with NAFLD.
Ukrainian early (pre‐1850) historical weather observations
Authors: Skrynyk Oleg , Luterbacher Jürg , Allan Rob , Boichuk Dmytro , Sidenko Vladyslav , Skrynyk Olesya , Palarz Angelika , Oshurok Dmytro , Xoplaki Elena , Osadchyi Volodymyr 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the results of a climate data rescue (DARE) activity conducted at the Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (Kyiv, Ukraine) in cooperation with the Justus Liebig University Giessen (Giessen, Germany), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Met Office Hadley Centre (Exeter, United Kingdom). The focus of our work is on pre‐1850 sub‐daily meteorological observations conducted on the territory of modern Ukraine. Data from eight stations (stored in special hard copy tables/books, with handwritten records) have been digitized during the DARE process, resulting in 291,103 rescued values in total. More than half of this number (165,980, ~57%) are related to air temperature data, 124,376 data values (~42.7%) concern atmospheric pressure records and 747 values (~0.3%) are precipitation data. Simple quality control of the digitized data has been conducted, including an intercomparison between stations as well as comparison with monthly temperature data previously digitized from other paper sources. The quality control procedures revealed fairly good agreement between rescued time series on the monthly time scale as well as with the monthly data from independent sources. However, several periods for a few stations should be used with caution due to relatively large discrepancies that were found. The rescued digital database can be used for extreme value analysis for the pre‐1850 period in comparison with today's climate, regional climatological studies and will be used for future Reanalysis. In addition, for the first time, we show that subdaily temperature from Kyiv during 'the year without summer' 1816 in Western and Central Europe were not anomalous in this part of Eastern Europe.
Water‐soluble fraction of particulate matter <2.5 μm promoted lung epithelia cells apoptosis by regulating the expression of caveolin‐1 and Krüppel‐like factor 5
Authors: Wei Wei , Wang Yuan , Li Min , Yang Ming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAmbient fine particulate matter of <2.5 μm (PM2.5) has been linked to morbidity and mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Lung epithelial cells bear the brunt of PM2.5 exposure. In the present study, we found that exposure of A549 cells to the water‐soluble fraction of PM2.5 (WS‐PM2.5) promoted the expression and internalization of caveolin‐1. Caveolin‐1 knockdown restrained the endocytosis of WS‐PM2.5. In addition, WS‐PM2.5 accumulation in the cells induced the phosphorylation of serine/threonine protein kinase B (AKT) and nuclear factor κ‐light‐chain enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB), as well as the expression of Krüppel‐like factor 5 (KLF5). Inhibiting activation of AKT and NFκB also partly reduced WS‐PM2.5 concentration in cells, but KLF5 knockdown did not affect the intracellular accumulation of WS‐PM2.5. KLF5 knockdown suppressed cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1A1) expression and activated caspase 3. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that KLF5 positively regulated the transcription of KLF5. These results suggested that caveolin‐1 was required for the endocytosis of WS‐PM2.5. Intracellular accumulation of WS‐PM2.5 activated AKT and NFκB, which facilitated WS‐PM2.5 endocytosis. WS‐PM2.5 accumulation also induced KLF5 expression, increasing the transcriptional expression of CYP1A1, which contributed to activate caspase 3.
Advancements and future directions in the antibacterial wound dressings – A review
Authors: Bal‐Öztürk Ayça , Özkahraman Bengi , Özbaş Zehra , Yaşayan Gökçen , Tamahkar Emel , Alarçin Emine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWound repair is a complex process that has not been entirely understood. It can conclude in several irregularities. Hence, designing an appropriate wound dressing that can accelerate the healing period is critical. Infections, a major obstacle to wound repair, cause an elevated inflammatory responses and result in ultimate outcome of incomplete and prolonged wound repair. To overcome these shortcomings, there is a growing requirement for antibacterial wound dressings. Dressings with antibacterial activities and multifunctional behaviors are highly anticipated to avoid the wound infection for successful healing. The aim of this review is not only to concentrate on the importance of antibacterial dressings for wound healing applications but also to discuss recent studies and some future perspectives about antibacterial wound dressings.
Interaction of graphene with antipsychotic drugs: Is there any charge transfer process?
Authors: del Castillo Roxana M. , Ramos Estrella , Martínez Ana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAntipsychotics represent an effective therapy for schizophrenia (a chronic mental disorder). Their benefits are related to the interaction of the drugs with dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). Antipsychotics are classified as agonists or antagonists. One of the working hypotheses is that there is a charge transfer process between the drugs and the receptors, which is different for agonists and antagonists. To have more insight into the nature of the interaction of these molecules and the differences between agonists and antagonists, we analyze the interaction of graphene with three molecules: dopamine, pramipexole (an agonist of dopamine), and risperidone (an antagonist of dopamine). The idea is to use graphene as a simple model to analyze the charge transfer process of these three drugs. Optimized structures, atomic charges, and Density of States results indicate that global charges of dopamine and pramipexole are similar, while for risperidone, it is more than double. Pramipexole is an agonist, and the charge transfer process is similar to that of dopamine. Risperidone is an antagonist, and the charge transfer process is different from dopamine. The charge transfer is more significant with risperidone than with dopamine, and this could be related to the mechanism of action. This is in agreement with the working hypotheses that establish that it is possible to distinguish between agonists and antagonists since they have different capacity to transfer charge.
Effect of the addition of nanoparticles of CaCO3 and different water‐to‐powder ratios on the physicochemical properties of white Portland cement
Authors: Teixeira Cleonice da Silveira , Wasielewsky Jessica Coelho , dos Santos Giovanna Slongo , Bernardi Anarela , Bortoluzzi Eduardo Antunes , Garcia Lucas da Fonseca Roberti 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe addition of calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano‐CaCO3) accelerates the hydration of Portland cement improving its mechanical properties. Conversely, nano‐CaCO3 addition leads to reduction in the water required during initial PC hydration. Therefore, the use of a correct water‐to‐powder ratio is fundamental for manipulating this hydraulic cement. This study evaluated the effect of nano‐CaCO3 addition and different water‐to‐powder ratios on the physicochemical properties of white Portland cement (WPC). WPC was associated to different concentrations of nano‐CaCO3, and the following experimental groups were created: G1a (no nano‐CaCO3); G2a (0.5% nano‐CaCO3), G3a (1% nano‐CaCO3), G4a (2% nano‐CaCO3), and G5a (5% nano‐CaCO3). The setting‐time (ST), compressive strength (CS), dimensional change (DC), solubility (S), and pH were assessed (24 hr and 30 days). Next, WPC + 5% nano‐CaCO3 was manipulated varying the water‐to‐powder ratio: G1b (WPC/0.33 ml); G2b (WPC/nano‐CaCO3/0.33 ml); G3b (WPC/0.29 ml); G4b (WPC/nano‐CaCO3/0.29 ml); G5b (WPC/0.26 ml); and G6b (WPC/nano‐CaCO3/0.26 ml). The tests were repeated. The data analysis (2‐way ANOVA and Tukey test, α = 5%) demonstrated that ST was shorter for samples containing nano‐CaCO3 (p < .05). Reduction in CS was observed for all groups at 30 days, except G5a, G2b, and G6b (p < .05). DC and S had no statistical difference among groups (p > .05) independently of nano‐CaCO3 water‐to‐powder ratio. After 30 days, there was significant reduction in pH for G3a and G6b (p < .05). The different concentrations of nano‐CaCO3 and water‐to‐powder ratios affected the physicochemical properties of WPC, especially the setting‐time and compressive strength.
Opportunistic detection of anal intraepithelial neoplasia at colonoscopy
Authors: Forbes Clara M , McCloskey Jenny , Forbes Geoffrey M 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimHuman papilloma virus‐associated anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) precedes most anal cancers and can be detected at colonoscopy. We aimed to quantify AIN detection rates in a general population undergoing colonoscopy.MethodsA retrospective review of a community‐based practice for 2 years until December 2019 was conducted.ResultsA total of 2525 patients (1051 males and 1474 females; median age 59 years) had 2608 colonoscopies. Ten patients (two males and eight females; median age 57.5 years) had incidentally detected AIN (condyloma acuminatum or AIN1, n = 4; AIN2 or 3, n = 6). AIN was detected in 1 of 261 (95% CI 1/142–1/480) colonoscopies and 1 of 163 (95% CI 1/83–1/321) colonoscopies in women over 40 years old.ConclusionsOpportunistically detecting AIN, especially in women over 40 years old, should be an important adjunct to colonoscopy‐based colorectal neoplasia detection.
Adult secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Obayo Antonina , Sharma Karishma , Mithi Caroline , Riyat Malkit , Mwirigi Anne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundHemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of excessive inflammation and tissue destruction due to abnormal immune activation. HLH carries a very high mortality, and while delays in patients’ presentation to hospital, time to suspicion of HLH, investigation, and initiation of therapy all play a part, mortality remains high even with timely diagnosis and treatment. Classical manifestations of HLH include persistent fever, cytopenias, and liver dysfunction.Case presentationWe present four cases of secondary HLH, highlighting the demographic and clinical characteristics of these patients, underlying triggers (including systemic lupus erythematosus, lymphoproliferative disorders, and leishmaniasis), together with challenges associated with the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disorder and a brief review of literature.ConclusionHLH has protean manifestations and requires a high index of suspicion as it can be a great clinical masquerader. Mortality due to multiorgan failure is often high even with early recognition and treatment.
A critical analysis of the Model Statement literature: Should this tool be used in practice?
Authors: Porter Cody Normitta , Taylor Rachel , Salvanelli Giacomo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInvestigators need to elicit detailed statements from interviewees to find potential leads, whilst simultaneously judging if a statement is genuine or fabricated. Researchers have proposed that the Model Statement (MS) can both (a) increase information elicitation from interviewees and (b) amplify the verbal differences between liars and truth tellers, thereby enhancing lie‐detection accuracy. Based upon a critical analysis of the MS literature, we argue that this tool is not currently ready for practical usage, as its utility has not been fully established. We highlight a diverse range of existing MS scripts, and a greater diversity in the dependent measures examined in conjunction with this tool. More robust replications of these procedures are needed. We also highlight why some measures of verbal content may not be suitable as outcome measures and suggest that new research could use the well‐established reality monitoring criteria to allow for standardisation across studies.
Challenges in the selection of atmospheric circulation patterns for the wind energy sector
Authors: Torralba Verónica , Gonzalez‐Reviriego Nube , Cortesi Nicola , Manrique‐Suñén Andrea , Lledó Llorenç , Marcos Raül , Soret Albert , Doblas‐Reyes Francisco J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAtmospheric circulation patterns that prevail for several consecutive days over a specific region can have consequences for the wind energy sector as they may lead to a reduction of the wind power generation, impacting market prices or repayments of investments. The main goal of this study is to develop a user‐oriented classification of atmospheric circulation patterns in the Euro‐Atlantic region that helps to mitigate the impact of the atmospheric variability on the wind industry at seasonal timescales. Particularly, the seasonal forecasts of these frequencies of occurrence can be also beneficial to reduce the risk of the climate variability in wind energy activities. K‐means clustering has been applied on the sea level pressure from the ERA5 reanalysis to produce a classification with three, four, five and six clusters per season. The spatial similarity between the different ERA5 classifications has revealed that four clusters are a good option for all the seasons except for summer when the atmospheric circulation can be described with only three clusters. However, the use of these classifications to reconstruct wind speed and temperature, key climate variables for the wind energy sector, has shown that four clusters per season are a good choice. The skill of five seasonal forecast systems in simulating the year‐to‐year variations in the frequency of occurrence of the atmospheric patterns is more dependent on the inherent skill of the sea level pressure than on the number of clusters employed. This result suggests that more work is needed to improve the performance of the seasonal forecast systems in the Euro‐Atlantic domain to extract skilful forecast information from the circulation classification. Finally, this analysis illustrates that from a user perspective it is essential to consider the application when selecting a classification and to take into account different forecast systems.
A respiratory/Hirschsprung phenotype in a three‐generation family associated with a novel pathogenic PHOX2B splice donor mutation
Authors: Pace Nikolai Paul , Pace Bardon Michael , Borg Isabella 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundMutations in the PHOX2B gene cause congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), a rare autonomic nervous system dysfunction disorder characterized by a decreased ventilatory response to hypercapnia. Affected subjects develop alveolar hypoventilation requiring ventilatory support particularly during the non‐REM phase of sleep. In more severe cases, hypoventilation may extend into wakefulness. CCHS is associated with disorders characterized by the defective migration/differentiation of neural crest derivatives, including aganglionic megacolon or milder gastrointestinal phenotypes, such as constipation. Most cases of CCHS are de novo, caused by heterozygosity for polyalanine repeat expansion mutations (PARMs) in exon 3. About 10% of cases are due to heterozygous non‐PARM missense, nonsense or frameshift mutations.MethodsWe describe a three‐generation Maltese‐Caucasian family with a variable respiratory/Hirschsprung phenotype, characterized by chronic constipation, three siblings with Hirschsprung disease necessitating surgery, chronic hypoxia, and alveolar hypoventilation requiring non‐invasive ventilation.ResultsThe sequencing of PHOX2B revealed a novel heterozygous c.241+2delT splice variant in exon 1 that segregates with the CCHS/Hirschsprung phenotype in the family. The mutation generates a non‐functional splice site with a deleterious effect on protein structure and is pathogenic according to ACMG P VS1, PM2, and PP1 criteria.ConclusionThis report is significant as no PHOX2B splice‐site mutations have been reported. Additionally, it highlights the variability in clinical expression and disease severity of non‐PARM mutations.
Muscle ultrasound: Present state and future opportunities
Authors: Wijntjes Juerd , van Alfen Nens 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMuscle ultrasound is a valuable addition to the neuromuscular toolkit in both the clinic and research settings, with proven value and reliability. However, it is currently not fulfilling its full potential in the diagnostic care of patients with neuromuscular disease. This review highlights the possibilities and pitfalls of muscle ultrasound as a diagnostic tool and biomarker, and discusses challenges to its widespread implementation. We expect that limitations in visual image interpretation, posed by user inexperience, could be overcome with simpler scoring systems and the help of deep‐learning algorithms. In addition, more information should be collected on the relation between specific neuromuscular disorders, disease stages, and expected ultrasound abnormalities, as this will enhance specificity of the technique and enable the use of muscle ultrasound as a biomarker. Quantified muscle ultrasound gives the most sensitive results but is hampered by the need for device‐specific reference values. Efforts in creating dedicated muscle ultrasound systems and artificial intelligence to help with image interpretation are expected to improve usability. Finally, the standard inclusion of muscle and nerve ultrasound in neuromuscular teaching curricula and guidelines will facilitate further implementation in practice. Our hope is that this review will help in unleashing muscle ultrasound's full potential.
A key agreement protocol based on group actions
Authors: Çağman Abdullah , Polat Kadirhan , Taş Sait 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe key agreement scheme is an important part of the cryptography theory. The first study in this field belongs to Diffie–Hellman and Merkle. We present a new key agreement scheme using a group action of special orthogonal group of 2 × 2 matrices with real entries on the complex projective line.
Isotopic evidence of possible long‐distance freshwater fish trade in the 13th to 14th century Chełm, modern Poland
Authors: Fetner Rafał A. , Iwaszczuk Urszula 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Middle Ages in the Polish Plain saw an increase in fish consumption as it substituted meat during Lent and other meatless days, approximately one third of the year, due to religious restrictions. Demand for fish stimulated the market. Fish trade and distribution can be easily reconstructed regarding marine species; however, freshwater taxa evade such reconstructions. Modern analytical tools, such as stable isotope analysis, can distinguish freshwater fish inhabiting brackish water typical of estuaries from individuals occupying inland water reservoirs. In this study, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis was conducted for fish remains excavated from mid‐13th to 14th century residential complex from Wysoka Górka at Chełm, modern Poland. Samples of 16 individuals representing nine taxa met the collagen quality criteria. Half of the individuals expressed δ13C values typical of marine environment: four sturgeons (Acipenser oxyrinchus), two catfishes (Silurus glanis), a pike (Esox lucius) and a bream (Abramis brama). Such values are expected for sturgeon, an anadromous fish, but not typical for freshwater taxa from the sites deep inland, like Chełm. The results are discussed whether freshwater fish are of local origin, migrated in the area of Chełm, or were item of trade, probably from the Baltic coast (approximately 450 km); however, the presence of carp (Cyprinus carpio) may indicate the basin of the Black Sea.
Kinetics of D,L–Lactide Polymerization Initiated with Zirconium Acetylacetonate
Authors: Kalinin Kirill T. , Sedush Nikita G. , Dmitryakov Petr V. , Chvalun Sergei N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe kinetic of D,L‐lactide polymerization in presence of biocompatible zirconium acetylacetonate initiator was studied by differential scanning calorimetry in isothermal mode at various temperatures and initiator concentrations. The enthalpy of D,L‐lactide polymerization measured directly in DSC cell was found to be ΔH=−17.8±1.4 kJ mol−1. Kinetic curves of D,L‐lactide polymerization and propagation rate constants were determined for polymerization with zirconium acetylacetonate at concentrations of 250–1000 ppm and temperature of 160–220 °C. Using model or reversible polymerization the following kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated: activation energy Ea=44.51±5.35 kJ mol−1, preexponential constant lnA=15.47±1.38, entropy of polymerization ΔS=−25.14 J mol−1 K−1. The effect of reaction conditions on the molecular weight of poly(D,L‐lactide) was shown.