bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighborhood‐Level Social Disadvantage and Risk of Delirium Following Major Surgery
Authors: Arias Franchesca , Chen Fan , Fong Tamara G. , Shiff Haley , Alegria Margarita , Marcantonio Edward R. , Gou Yun , Jones Richard N. , Travison Thomas G. , Schmitt Eva M. , Kind Amy J.H. , Inouye Sharon K. 
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESDelirium is a common postoperative complication associated with prolonged length of stay, hospital readmission, and premature mortality. We explored the association between neighborhood‐level characteristics and delirium incidence and severity, and compared neighborhood‐ with individual‐level indicators of socioeconomic status in predicting delirium incidence.DESIGNA prospective observational cohort of patients enrolled between June 18, 2010, and August 8, 2013. Baseline interviews were conducted before surgery, and delirium/delirium severity was evaluated daily during hospitalization. Research staff evaluating delirium were blinded to baseline cognitive status.SETTINGTwo academic medical centers in Boston, MA.PARTICIPANTSA total of 560 older adults, aged 70 years or older, undergoing major noncardiac surgery.INTERVENTIONThe Area Deprivation Index (ADI) was used to characterize each neighborhood's socioeconomic disadvantage.MEASUREMENTSDelirium was assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) long form. Delirium severity was calculated using the highest value of CAM Severity score (CAM‐S) occurring during daily hospital assessments (CAM‐S Peak).RESULTSResiding in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods (ADI > 44) was associated with a higher risk of incident delirium (12/26; 46%), compared with the least disadvantaged neighborhoods (122/534; 23%) (risk ratio (RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) = 2.0 (1.3–3.1). The CAM‐S Peak score was significantly associated with ADI (Spearman rank correlation, ρ = 0.11; P = .009). Mean CAM‐S Peak scores generally rose from 3.7 to 5.3 across levels of increasing neighborhood disadvantage. The RR (95% CI) values associated with individual‐level markers of socioeconomic status and cultural background were: 1.2 (0.9–1.7) for education of 12 years or less; 1.3 (0.8–2.1) for non‐White race; and 1.7 (1.1–2.6) for annual household income of less than $20,000. None of these individual‐level markers exceeded the ADI in terms of effect size or significance for prediction of delirium risk.CONCLUSIONSNeighborhood‐level makers of social disadvantage are associated with delirium incidence and severity, and demonstrated an exposure‐response relationship. Future studies should consider contextual‐level metrics, such as the ADI, as risk markers of social disadvantage that can help to guide delirium treatment and prevention.
A Mixed Method Examination of Gender Differences in Perceptions of STEM among Iranian Americans
Authors: Folberg Abigail M. , Kaboli‐Nejad Sahra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMuch of the research on gender differences in STEM pursuit has been conducted on predominantly White samples in the United States and Western Europe, where women are underrepresented in STEM. Little is known about the factors that influence STEM participation in cultures where women are overrepresented in STEM, as they are in Iran (Masood, 2006). Iranian American students (N = 92) completed measures of cultural orientation, agentic and communal goal orientations and affordances, and interest in STEM and responded to open ended questions regarding their choice of major and perceptions of STEM. Stronger orientation toward Iranian culture was associated with stronger perceptions that STEM careers afforded communal goals and greater interest in STEM among women (vs. men). Qualitative responses suggested that Iranian American students perceived STEM positively and perceived STEM as providing opportunities for agentic and communal goal fulfillment. Understanding the role of culture in perceptions of STEM is necessary to understand gender and ethnic group differences in STEM pursuit.
OsPIN9, an auxin efflux carrier, is required for the regulation of rice tiller bud outgrowth by ammonium
Authors: Hou Mengmeng , Luo Feifei , Wu Daxia , Zhang Xuhong , Lou Manman , Shen Defeng , Yan Ming , Mao Chuanzao , Fan Xiaorong , Xu Guohua , Zhang Yali 
Published: August 2020

Summary

The degree of rice tillering is an important agronomic trait that can be markedly affected by nitrogen supply. However, less is known about how nitrogen‐regulated rice tillering is related to polar auxin transport.

Compared with nitrate, ammonium induced tiller development and was paralleled with increased 3H‐indole‐acetic acid (IAA) transport and greater auxin into the junctions. OsPIN9, an auxin efflux carrier, was selected as the candidate gene involved in ammonium‐regulated tillering based on GeneChip data.

Compared with wild‐type plants, ospin9 mutants had fewer tillers, and OsPIN9 overexpression increased the tiller number. Additionally, OsPIN9 was mainly expressed in vascular tissue of the junction and tiller buds, and encoded a membrane‐localised protein. Heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and yeast demonstrated that OsPIN9 is a functional auxin efflux transporter. More importantly, its RNA and protein levels were induced by ammonium but not by nitrate, and tiller numbers in mutants did not respond to nitrogen forms. Further advantages, including increased tiller number and grain yield, were observed in overexpression lines grown in the paddy field at a low‐nitrogen rate compared with at a high‐nitrogen rate.

Our data revealed that ammonium supply and an auxin efflux transporter co‐ordinately control tiller bud elongation in rice.
Evaluating the effect of biochar on salt leaching and nutrient retention of Yellow River Delta soil
Authors: Xiao Liang , Meng Fande 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiochar has the potential to decrease salinity and nutrient loss of saline soil. We investigated the effects of biochar amendment (0–10 g kg−1) on salinity of saline soil (2.8‰ salt) in NaCl leaching and nutrient retention by conducting column leaching experiments. The biochar was produced in situ from Salix fragilis L. via a fire‐water coupled process. The soil columns irrigated with 15 cm of water showed that biochar amendment (4 g kg−1) decreased the concentration Na+ by 25.55% in the first irrigation and to 60.30% for the second irrigation in sandy loam layer over the corresponding control (CK). Meanwhile, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of soil after the first and second irrigation was 1.62 and 0.54, respectively, which were 15.2% and 49.5% lower than CK. The marked increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) from 0.15 × 10–5 cm s−1 for CK to 0.39 × 10–5 cm s−1, following 4 g kg−1 of biochar addition, was conducive to salt leaching. Besides, biochar use (4 g kg−1) increased NH4+‐N and Olsen‐P by 63.63% and 62.50% over the CK, but accelerated NO3–‐N leaching. Since 15 cm hydrostatic pressure would result in salt accumulation of root zone, we would recommend using 4 g kg−1 of biochar, 30 cm of water to ease the problem of salt leaching from the surface horizon to the subsoil. This study would provide a guidance to remediate the saline soil in the Yellow River Delta by judicious application of biochar and irrigation.
Genetic evidence for an inhibitory role of tomosyn in insulin‐stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis
Authors: Wang Shifeng , Liu Yinghui , Crisman Lauren , Wan Chun , Miller Jessica , Yu Haijia , Shen Jingshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExocytosis is a vesicle fusion process driven by soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). A classic exocytic pathway is insulin‐stimulated translocation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in adipocytes and skeletal muscles. The GLUT4 exocytic pathway plays a central role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis and is compromised in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. A candidate regulator of GLUT4 exocytosis is tomosyn, a soluble protein expressed in adipocytes. Tomosyn directly binds to GLUT4 exocytic SNAREs in vitro but its role in GLUT4 exocytosis was unknown. In this work, we used CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing to delete the two tomosyn‐encoding genes in adipocytes. We observed that both basal and insulin‐stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis was markedly elevated in the double knockout (DKO) cells. By contrast, adipocyte differentiation and insulin signaling remained intact in the DKO adipocytes. In a reconstituted liposome fusion assay, tomosyn inhibited all the SNARE complexes underlying GLUT4 exocytosis. The inhibitory activity of tomosyn was relieved by NSF and α‐SNAP, which act in concert to remove tomosyn from GLUT4 exocytic SNAREs. Together, these studies revealed an inhibitory role for tomosyn in insulin‐stimulated GLUT4 exocytosis in adipocytes. We suggest that tomosyn‐arrested SNAREs represent a reservoir of fusion capacity that could be harnessed to treat patients with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Improved biodegradation of pharmaceuticals after mild photocatalytic pretreatment
Authors: de Wilt Arnoud , Arlos Maricor J. , Servos Mark R. , Rijnaarts Huub H. M. , Langenhoff Alette A. M. , Parker Wayne J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe combination of photocatalysis and biodegradation was investigated for the removal of nine selected pharmaceuticals as a means to reduce loadings into the environment. The combined process, consisting of a resource‐efficient mild photocatalysis and a subsequent biological treatment, was compared to single processes of intensive photocatalysis and biological treatment. The UV‐TiO2 based photocatalysis effectively removed atorvastatin, atenolol and fluoxetine (>80%). Biological treatment after mild photocatalytic pretreatment removed diclofenac effectively (>99%), while it persisted during the single biological treatment (<50%). Moreover, the biodegradation of atorvastatin, caffeine, gemfibrozil and ibuprofen was enhanced after mild photocatalytic pretreatment compared to biological treatment alone. The enhanced biodegradation of these pharmaceuticals appeared to be triggered by the biodegradation of photocatalytic products. Mild photocatalysis followed by biological treatment is an effective and resource‐efficient combination for pharmaceutical removal that could substantially reduce the loading of pharmaceuticals into the environment.
Hypothalamic–vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry modulates gastric emptying and motility following stress
Authors: Jiang Yanyan , Travagli R. Alberto 
Published: August 2020

Key points
Stress triggers and exacerbates the symptoms of functional gastrointestinal disorders, such as delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility.
Understanding the mechanisms by which the neural circuits, impaired by stress, are restored may help to identify potential targets for more effective therapeutic interventions.
Oxytocin administration or release ameliorates the stress‐induced delayed gastric emptying and motility. However, is it unclear whether the effects are mediated via the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis or the oxytocinergic projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus to brainstem neurones of the dorsal vagal complex.
We used Cre‐inducible designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs to demonstrate the fundamental role of the oxytocinergic hypothalamic–vagal projections in the gastric adaptation to stress.
AbstractStress triggers and exacerbates the symptoms of functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, such as delayed gastric emptying and impaired gastric motility. The prototypical anti‐stress hormone, oxytocin (OXT), plays a major role in the modulation of gastric emptying and motility following stress. It is not clear, however, whether the amelioration of dysregulated GI functions by OXT is mediated via an effect on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis or the oxytocinergic projections from the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) to neurones of the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the activity of hypothalamic–vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuits plays a major role in the gastric adaptation to stress. Cre‐inducible designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) were injected into the DVC of rats and retrogradely transported to allow selective expression in OXT neurones in the PVN. Following acute stress and either chronic heterotypic (CHe) or chronic homotypic (CHo) stress, gastric emptying was assessed via the [13C]‐octanoic acid breath test, and gastric tone and motility were assessed via strain gauges sewn on the surface of the stomach. Activation of the hypothalamic–vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry, by DREADD agonist clozapine‐N‐oxide (CNO), prevented the delayed gastric emptying observed following acute or CHe stress, and 4th ventricular administration of CNO increased gastric tone and motility. Conversely, CNO‐mediated inhibition of the hypothalamic–vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuitry prevented the CHo‐induced adaptation in gastric emptying, and an increase in gastric tone and motility. Taken together, the data support the hypothesis that hypothalamic–vagal oxytocinergic neurocircuits play a major role in the modulation of gastric emptying and motility following stress.
Experimental and Numerical Quantification of the Aerodynamic Damping of a Turbine Blisk
Authors: Meinzer Christopher E. , Seume Joerg R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAerodynamic damping is the key parameter to determine the stability of vibrating blade rows in turbomachinery design. Both, the assessments of flutter and forced response vibrations need an accurate estimate of the aerodynamic damping to reduce the risk of high cycle fatigue that may result in blade loss. However, only very few attempts have been made to measure the aerodynamic damping of rotating blade rows experimentally under realistic operating conditions, but always with friction damping being present. This study closes the gap by providing an experiment in which a turbine blisk is used to eliminate friction damping at the blade roots and thereby isolate aerodynamic damping. The blades are excited acoustically and the resulting nodal diameter modes are measured using an optical tip-timing system in order to realize a fully non-intrusive setup. The measured vibration data are fitted to a single degree-of-freedom model (SDOF) to determine the aerodynamic damping. The results are in good accordance with the time-linearized CFD simulation. It is observed, however, that not only the sweep rate of the acoustic excitation but also the variation of the rotational frequency during the sweep excitation, and the excitation frequency influence the apparent damping.
Inextensibility and Its Effect on the Number of Equilibria of Shallow Buckled Beams
Authors: Harvey Philip S. , Wiebe Richard , Cain Thomas M. N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A buckled beam with shallow rise under lateral constraint is considered. The initial rise results from a prescribed end displacement. The beam is modeled as inextensible, and analytical solutions of the equilibria are obtained from a constrained energy minimization problem. For simplicity, the results are derived for the archetypal beam with pinned ends. It is found that there are an infinite number of zero lateral-load equilibria, each corresponding to an Euler buckling mode. A numerical model is used to verify the accuracy of the model and also to explore the effects of extensibility.
Energy Absorption of All-Metallic Corrugated Sandwich Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial Compression
Authors: Su Pengbo , Han Bin , Yang Mao , Zhao Zhongnan , Li Feihao , Zhang Qi , Zhang Qiancheng , Lu Tian Jian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The energy adsorption properties of all-metallic corrugated sandwich cylindrical shells (CSCSs) subjected to axial compression loading were investigated by the method combining experiments, finite element (FE) simulations, and theoretical analysis. CSCS specimens manufactured using two different methods, i.e., high-speed wire-cut electric discharge machining (HSWEDM) and extrusion, were tested under axial compression. While specimens fabricated separately by HSWEDM and extrusion both exhibited a stable crushing behavior, the extruded ones were much more applicable as lightweight energy absorbers because of their good energy absorption capacity, repeatability, and low cost. The numerically simulated force–displacement curve and the corresponding deformation morphologies of the CSCS compared well with those obtained from experiments. The specific folding deformation mode was revealed from both experiments and simulations. Subsequently, based upon the mode of folding deformation, a theoretical model was established to predict the mean crushing force of the CSCS construction. It was demonstrated that CSCSs with more corrugated units, smaller value of tc/tf and W/Ro could dissipate more impact energy. Such sandwich cylindrical shells exhibited better energy absorption than monolithic cylindrical shells, with an increase of at least 30%. Ultimately, the dynamic effect under the impact load was further evaluated. The dynamic amplification coefficient of CSCS decreased with the increase of the wall thickness.
Fast and Accurate Analysis of Steam Condensing Flows Using Ideal Gas Equation
Authors: Kim Changhyun , Park JaeHyeon , Baek Jehyun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhen the steam is used in fluid machinery, the phase-transition can occur and it affects not only the flow fields but also the machine performance. Therefore, to achieve accurate prediction on steam condensing flow using computational fluid dynamics, the phase-transition phenomena should be considered and the proper model which can reflect the non-equilibrium characterisic is required. In the previous study of us, a non-equilibrium condensation model was implemented in T-flow, and several cases on nozzles and cascades were under the consideration. The model showed quite good predictions on the pressure variations including condensation shock. However, the pressure discrepancies in downstream regions were found in all nozzle cases, and the use of ideal gas law as equation of state seemed to be responsible for them. Therefore, IAPWS-95 or IF97 are usually adopted for wet-steam codes, but it entails highly increased computational costs. In this study, the wet-steam model is modified to ensure the accuracy of pressure in nozzle’s downstream region while maintaining the usage of ideal gas equation, which has a benefit to solve the problem quickly. The numerical results of the nozzles are compared with those of the previous wet-steam model, and the results of equilibrium condensation model are also appended. As a result, the accurate predictions are feasible by using the modified non-equilibrium condensation model. In addition, the corrections on liquid surface tension and droplet growth rate are carried out for underestimated droplet sizes and enthalpy, entropy changes throughout the nozzles are investigated.
A Novel Two-Stage Constant Force Compliant Microgripper
Authors: Ye Tingting , Ling Jie , Kang Xi , Feng Zhao , Xiao Xiaohui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The manipulating objects of the micron scale are easily damaged, hence the microgrippers, the key components in micro manipulating systems, demand precise force control, plus miniaturized size. Consequently, the constant force microgrippers, generally lack the ability to fit different sizes. To avoid the overload damage, apply multi-size microparts and simplify the control method, a novel two-stage compliant constant force microgripper is proposed in this paper. Based on the negative stiffness effect, this gripper is connected in parallel with a two-stage negative stiffness module and a positive stiffness module. Then, the elliptic integral method and the pseudo-rigid-body method are both employed to derive the kinetostatic and dynamic performances. Finally, the analytical results are validated. It is observed that two-stage constant forces of 1.33 N in 305.6 μm and 1.11 N in 330.8 μm are acquired.
Assessing Lifecycle Value Using Object-Based Modeling by Incorporating Excess and Changeability
Authors: Long Daniel , Ferguson Scott 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Prior research suggests that excess (purposeful inclusion of margin beyond what is required for known system uncertainties) can limit change propagation and reduce system modifications. Reducing change costs increases system flexibility, permitting adaptions that satisfy uncertain future requirements. The benefits of excess, however, must be traded against higher costs of the initial system and likely performance decreases. Assessing the benefits and costs of excess requires evaluating what forms, locations, and magnitudes of excess inclusion are optimal. This paper improves the state-of-the-art in two ways. First, prior research has generally assessed excess in system-level properties (aggregating component properties into a single metric). The approach presented in this paper extends excess assessment to the component level so that the effects of excess on change propagation may be explicitly captured. Second, this approach holistically assesses the value of excess by evaluating both its costs and benefits. The approach borrows from Decision-Based Design and Model Based System Engineering (MBSE) in creating a generic modeling method capable of excess valuation. A desktop computer example is used for demonstrating how excess is valued in a system and the potential gains associated with excess inclusion when mining cryptocurrency. A single component optimization of the power supply capacity for the desktop is assessed to be 750 W, which balances the initial cost against the future flexibility. A system-level optimization then demonstrates the identification of critical change propagation pathways and illuminates both where and how excess may be included to inhibit change propagation. This key component was identified as the motherboard-central processing unit (CPU) slot in the tested systems.
Integrating Sequence Learning and Game Theory to Predict Design Decisions Under Competition
Authors: Bayrak Alparslan Emrah , Sha Zhenghui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Design can be viewed as a sequential and iterative search process. Fundamental understanding and computational modeling of human sequential design decisions are essential for developing new methods in design automation and human–AI collaboration. This paper presents an approach for predicting designers’ future search behaviors in a sequential design process under an unknown objective function by combining sequence learning with game theory. While the majority of existing studies focus on analyzing sequential design decisions from the descriptive and prescriptive point of view, this study is motivated to develop a predictive framework. We use data containing designers’ actual sequential search decisions under competition collected from a black-box function optimization game developed previously. We integrate the long short-term memory networks with the Delta method to predict the next sampling point with a distribution, and combine this model with a non-cooperative game to predict whether a designer will stop searching the design space or not based on their belief of the opponent’s best design. In the function optimization game, the proposed model accurately predicts 82% of the next design variable values and 92% of the next function values in the test data with an upper and lower bound, suggesting that a long short-term memory network can effectively predict the next design decisions based on their past decisions. Further, the game-theoretic model predicts that 60.8% of the participants stop searching for designs sooner than they actually do while accurately predicting when the remaining 39.2% of the participants stop. These results suggest that a majority of the designers show a strong tendency to overestimate their opponents’ performance, leading them to spend more on searching for better designs than they would have, had they known their opponents’ actual performance.