bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sequence of Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs: Pathways to and Predictors of Tocilizumab Monotherapy
Authors: Solomon Daniel , Xu Chang , Collins Jamie , Kim Seoyoung C. , Losina Elena , Yau Vincent , Johansson Fredrik D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: There are numerous non-biologic and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Typical sequences of bDMARDs are not clear. Future treatment policies and trials should be informed by quantitative estimates of current treatment practice. Methods: We used data from Corrona, a large real-world RA registry, to develop a method for quantifying sequential patterns in treatment with bDMARDs. As a proof of concept, we study patients who eventually use tocilizumab monotherapy (TCZm), an IL-6 antagonist with similar benefits used as monotherapy or in combination. Patients starting a bDMARD were included and were followed using a discrete-state Markov model, observing changes in treatments every six-months and determining whether they used TCZm. A supervised machine learning algorithm was then employed to determine longitudinal patient factors associated with TCZm use.Results: 7,300 patients starting a bDMARD were followed for up to 5 years. Their median age was 58 years, 78% were female, median disease duration was 5 years, and 57% were seropositive. During follow-up, 287 (3.9%) reported use of TCZm with median time until use of 25.6 (11.5, 56.0) months. 82% of TCZm use began within three years of starting any bDMARD. 93% of TCZm users switched from TCZ combination, a TNF inhibitor, or another bDMARD. Very few patients are given TCZm as their first DMARD (0.6%). Variables associated with use of TCZm included: prior use of TCZ combination therapy, older age, longer disease duration, seronegative, higher disease activity, and no prior use of a TNF inhibitor.Conclusions: Improved understanding of treatment sequences in RA may help personalize care. These methods may help optimize treatment decisions using large-scale real-world data.
Synthesis of Silymarin-Gold Nanoparticle Conjugate and Analysis of its Liver-Protecting Activity
Authors: Staroverov Sergey , Kozlov Sergey , Fomin Alexander , Gabalov Konstantin , Volkov Alexey , Domnitsky Ivan , Dykman Lev , Guliy Olga 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The liver disease problem prompts investigators to search for new methods
of liver treatment.

Introduction:
Silymarin (Sil) protects the liver by reducing the concentration of free radicals and the
extent of damage to the cell membranes. A particularly interesting method to increase the bioavailability
of Sil is to use synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as reagents. The study considered whether it
was possible to use the silymarin-AuNP conjugate as a potential liver-protecting drug.

Methods:
AuNPs were conjugated to Sil and the liver-protecting activity of the conjugate was examined.
Experimental hepatitis and hepatocyte cytolysis after carbon tetrachloride action were used
as a model system, and the experiments were conducted with laboratory animals.

Result:
For the first time, silymarin was conjugated to colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Electron
microscopy showed that the resultant preparations were monodisperse and that the mean conjugate
diameter was 18-30 nm ± 0.5 nm (mean diameter of the native nanoparticles, 15 ± 0.5 nm). In
experimental hepatitis in mice, conjugate administration interfered with glutathione depletion in
hepatocytes in response to carbon tetrachloride. It also was conducive to an increase in energy metabolism
and stimulated the monocyte-macrophage function of the liver. The results were confirmed
by the high respiratory activity of the hepatocytes in cell culture.

Conclusion:
We conclude that the silymarin-AuNP conjugate holds promise as a liver-protecting
agent in acute liver disease caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning.
HIV-1 p24-nef DNA Vaccine Plus Protein Boost Expands T-Cell Responses in BALB/c
Authors: Larijani Mona Sadat , Sadat Seyed Mehdi , Bolhassani Azam , Khodaie Arezoo , Pouriayevali Mohammad Hassan , Ramezani Amitis 
Published: January 2021

Background:
There have been massive efforts on vaccine development against HIV-1
since its discovery. Various approaches have been taken to attention, including rational vaccine design,
optimized delivery systems and heterologous regimen to eradicate the virus. DNA vaccines
fundamentally induce host immune responses by genetically engineered plasmids encoding antigens
and expressed in vivo without the need of the specific delivery system. Therefore, long-term
endogenous antigen expression could be possible.

Objective:
In this study, we aimed at evaluation and comparison of DNA and protein vaccine based
on two forms of full and truncated HIV-1 p24-nef antigens by in silico design in BLALB/c.

Methods:
The recombinant pcDNA3.1 harboring two sets of HIV-1 p24 and nef genes in truncated
and full forms were generated and applied to immunize BALB/c along with the corresponding proteins
via three different DNA/DNA, DNA/protein and protein/protein regimens.

Results:
The results showed that the applied regimens could elicit strong immune responses in comparison
with controls and the prim-boost DNA/protein regimen reached the highest immune induction
(p < 0.05). Moreover, prime-boost approach was assessed more successfully in a qualitatively
broad Th1 response induction. The truncated form of the antigens, p24(80-231 aa)-AAY- Nef
(120-150), was evaluated more immunogenic in agreement with the in silico investigation.

Conclusion:
The truncated form of p24-Nef was evaluated highly immunogenic specially when applied
in prim-boost DNA/Protein regimen and could be investigated in other delivery systems and
a proper animal model to achieve a therapeutic vaccine candidate against HIV-1.
A Microstructural Study of the O/W Primary Emulsion on the Formation of Oil-in-Water-in-Oil Multiple Emulsion
Authors: Zhang Qianjie , Qin Yubo , Duan Guolan , Ou Wenhua , Wang Yaping , Zhang Wanping 
Published: January 2021

Aim:
This study aimed to investigate the influence of the preparation process and composition
on the microstructure of the O/W primary emulsions and the corresponding impact on the formation
of oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) multiple emulsions.

Objectives:
Multiple emulsions were prepared by a two-step emulsification method and the microstructure
was characterized by the microscope.

Methods:
The primary emulsion was prepared by four kinds of preparation methods, which include
both high-energy and low-energy emulsification, and then the primary emulsion was re-emulsified
by stirring in the outer phase.

Result:
Through the theoretical investigation and the corresponding verification experiments of the
interfacial film, the geometric reason for O/W/O multiple emulsion which was relatively difficult
to prepare has been found. The microstructure of O/W particles was more obvious, and the particle
size became smaller with the increase of the hydrophilic emulsifier amount beneficial to the formation
and stability of O/W/O structures. However, the excess emulsifier that existed in the water
phase could interfere the stability of the W/O interface. Moreover, the viscosity of inner oil phase
had a large influence on the formation of O/W/O emulsion by affecting the particle size of the primary
emulsion and the dynamic equilibrium between the inner and outer oil phase.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded that fine multiple emulsions were formed when the particle size
of the primary emulsion was moderate since the large particles would break through the outer interface
membrane and small particles would combine with the outer oil phase due to the Ostwald
ripening.
Methylation Profile of miR-9-1 and miR-9-1/-9-3 as Potential Biomarkers of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: de Assis Caroline Severo , Silva Alexandre Sérgio , dos Santos Nunes Mayara Karla , Filho João Modesto , do Nascimento Rayner Anderson Ferreira , Gomes Cecília Neta Alves Pegado , de Queiroga Evangelista Isabella Wanderley , de Oliveira Naila Francis Paulo , Persuhn Darlene Camati 
Published: January 2021

Aims:
Analysis of the relationship between the methylation profile of miR-9-1 or miRs
-9-1 / -9-3 and diabetic retinopathy.

Background:
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a frequent complication of Diabetes mellitus and it has
a decisive impact on the quality of life, as it is one of the biggest causes of blindness in the adult
population. Levels of microRNA-9 have been shown to be related to diabetes but little is known
about its involvement with DR in humans.

Objective:
To analyze the relationship between the methylation profile of miR-9-1 or miRs
-9-1/-9-3 and DR.

Methods:
103 patients diagnosed with diabetes for 5 to 10 years were analyzed. The data were categorized
according to clinical, biochemical, lifestyle and anthropometric parameters. DNA extracted
from leukocyte samples was used to determine the methylation profile of miRs-9-1 and -9-3 using
a specific methylation PCR assay.

Results:
miR-9-1 methylation was related to diabetic retinopathy, indicating that methylation of
this miR increases the chances of presenting retinopathy up to 5 times. In our analyses, diabetics
with lower levels of creatinine and CRP showed significant reductions (99% and 97%) in presenting
DR. Methylation of both miRs-9-1 and 9-3 methylated increases the chances of presenting DR
by 8 times; in addition, a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk for the same complication by up
to 6 times.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that both methylation of miR-9-1 and e miRs-9-1 / 9-3 favors DR
in patients with diabetes in a period of 5 to 10 years of diagnosis.
Diabetes Mellitus and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Implications in Management
Authors: Vallianou Natalia G. , Evangelopoulos Angelos , Kounatidis Dimitris , Stratigou Theodora , Christodoulatos Gerasimos Socrates , Karampela Irene , Dalamaga Maria 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Currently, diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are
major public health issues worldwide.

Background:
It has been suggested that patients with DM are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection
and suffer from more severe forms of the disease.

Methods:
A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Google search engines.

Results:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is the major receptor of SARS-CoV-2 in the
human host. The differential expression of ACE2 in the lungs of patients with DM makes them
more susceptible to COVID-19. Additionally, acute or chronic hyperglycemia renders individuals
in an immune-suppressive state, with impaired innate and adaptive immunity function, also contributing
to the severity of COVID-19 infection among patients with DM. Other factors contributing
to a more severe course of COVID-19 include the coexistence of obesity in T2DM, the endothelial
inflammation induced by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, which aggravates the endothelial dysfunction
observed in both T1DM and T2DM, and the hypercoagulability presented in COVID-19 infection
that increases the thrombotic tendency in DM.

Conclusion:
This review summarizes the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying the coexistence
of both pandemics as well as the current recommendations and future perspectives regarding
the optimal treatment of inpatients and outpatients with DM in the era of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Notably, the currently recommended drugs for the treatment of severe COVID-19, dexamethasone
and remdesivir, may cause hyperglycemia, an adverse effect that physicians should bear in mind
when caring for patients with DM and COVID-19.
Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell and Corrosion Inhibition: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: S. Malini , Anantharaju K.S. 
Published: January 2021

:
A transforming society towards sustainable industrial practices and products chooses to
implement “Green Nanomaterial”, with high energy efficiency, minimizing the damage to the environment
and exploitation of non-renewable energy resources. A combined overview of recent developments
in green nanostructured fuel cells with enhanced durability and activity is presented in this
review along with the advancements of green nano materials in the area of corrosion inhibition.

:
Fuel cells being the next generation ecofriendly energy source, the modification to the solid oxide,
microbial and alkaline fuel cell through green nanomaterial are discussed with an emphasis on electrodes,
electrolyte, electrode catalysts and membrane components. In addition, the role of green nanomaterial
in the form of nano metal oxides, hydroxides, grains, dendrimers, gels, composites, functionalized
graphene, halloysite nanotubes and ionic liquids in greening the phenomenon of corrosion
inhibition, investigated by various researchers is briefly addressed.

:
As no single engineered green nanomaterial is emerging as unparalleled and most viable, they are
evaluated according to their economic impact, diverse properties, durability and stability. Eventually,
these materials with improvement in biocompatibility, solubility, fabrication and handling techniques
are predicted to change the environmental and occupational scenario, with some of them already
have been found to impact upon the altering global energy needs.
Hidden Hunger of Vitamin E among Healthy College Students: A Cross- Sectional Study
Authors: Wan Zhongqi , Wang Li , Xu Yinyang , Wang Yuanyuan , Zhang Tianyou , Mao Xinlan , Li Qiao , Zhu Yangzhi , Zhou Ming , Li Zhong 
Published: January 2021

Background:
College students may have a risk of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies due
to unhealthy dietary habits, especially for vitamin A and E. They are important members of the human
antioxidant network; deficiencies of these vitamins may increase the risk of many critical diseases.

Objective:
The current study was undertaken to determine the status of vitamin A and E in college
students.

Methods:
Healthy college students were recruited, and fasting blood samples of them were collected
and used for determining serum levels of retinol and α-tocopherol by the HPLC method.

Results:
We found that there was no vitamin A deficiency in college students. However, vitamin E
deficiency existed in 34.5% of college students, especially in males. All the students had no vitamin
E adequacy. In addition, our findings showed that BMI was inversely associated with serum α--
tocopherol, but not serum retinol.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that vitamin E deficiency in college students should be given
more attention, and it is necessary to consider using vitamin E supplements.
Research on Flexibility Evaluation of Microgrid System with Energy Storage
Authors: Shi Tao , Si Xuezheng , Li Zhaohui 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Microgrid is an effective integration mode of distributed generation (DG).
It can eliminate the negative effect caused by the intermittent DG and consume the energy locally.

Methods:
For a public distribution network, a microgrid performs as a controllable and flexible unit.
However, when the public distribution network has the demand of flexible regulation, there is no
reasonable quantitative indexes to evaluate the flexibility of microgrid for dispatching decision. For
this problem, the operational flexibility indexes of a microgrid are defined in this paper.

Results:
The indexes are quantified according to the maximum energy and active power regulation margin of each
flexible equipment in the microgrid. The operational flexibility of microgrid is closely related to the scheduling strategy.
Therefore the corresponding dispatching model of a microgrid is also provided in this paper.

Conclusion:
A case study shows how to calculate and use these flexibility indexes in an operation
cycle of a microgrid system with energy storage (ES) facility and demonstrates the availability and
practicability of the evaluation indexes and the method.
A Rough Set Based Approach to Compute The Impact of Non-Academic Parameters on Academic Performance
Authors: Chatterjee Ahan , Sinha Shruti , Roy Swagatam , Mandal Aniruddha 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Our academic performance can differ due various to non academic factors namely, self
motivation and mind stability where peace of mind plays a pivotal role; self confidence after any kind of set back,
environment and financial pressure, family support, and capability of an individual to make a combat. These nonacademic factors may lead to stress affecting our academic performance.

Objective:
Inthispaper,weaimtoassess the academicfactorsaffect our academic performance.

Methods:
The paper is modeled on survey performed on college students and depending upon their responses related to
these non-academicfactors. We have carried out the work through statistical analysis and machine learning algorithms.
Density bases Clustering algorithm is being used to cluster similar kind of performance and analyze how the factors differ
from each other. Moreover we also presented a comparative study between academic parameters such as attendance,
interest in subject and travelling time in comparison to such non academic performances. A rough set is also being created
comprising the parameterswhichgivesthebestresultamongthestudents.

Results:
Proposed algorithm based on RST outplayed the accuracy of current models which is existing, there is a sharp
drop in RMSE value for the parameters chosen in reduct dataset rather than whole dataset.

Conclusion:
Our proposed model’s accuracy overshadows the current analyzing model.
HASTANE PNÖMATİK SİSTEMLERİNİN BULANIK MANTIKLA MODELLENMESİ
Authors: TAKGİL Büşra , KARA Resul 
Published: January 2021

Otomasyon, robotik ve hastaneler gibi oldukça geniş kullanım alanı olan; Pnömatik sistemlerle ilgili hassas kontrol uygulamalarına yönelik çalışmalar giderek artmaktadır. Ancak sistemin lineer olmayan ve karmaşık bir yapıya sahip olması, sistemin kontrol edilmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Sistemin davranışını belirlemek ve verilen girişlere göre çıkışların ifade edilmesi için matematiksel modeller kullanılmaktadır. Amaç sistemin davranışının öngörülmesi ve kontrolüdür.
Doğrusal sistemler için birçok kontrol teorisi varken, doğrusal olmayan sistemlerde kontrol teorileri kısıtlıdır. Doğrusal olarak modellenemeyen sistemler bulanık olarak modellenebilir. Böylece lineer olmayan sistemlerin kontrolleri daha kolay bir şekilde sağlanmaktadır. Hastanelerde kullanılan pnömatik sistemler sayesinde numune alınan odalar ile laboratuvar arasında zaman ve enerji açısından büyük bir tasarruf sağlar. Hastane pnömatik sistemleri de lineer olmayan bir yapıya sahiptir ve bulanık mantıkla modellenerek sistemin en verimli şekilde kontrolü amaçlanmaktadır. Bu sayede hastane pnömatik sistemleri, daha etkili bir şekilde kullanılabilecek, karşılaşılan problemlere daha kolay bir şekilde çözüm bulunabilecek ve sistem verimliliği en üst seviyeye ulaşabilecektir. 4 giriş ve 1 çıkış parametresi kullanılarak bulanık mantıkla modellenen sistemin başarısı yaklaşık olarak %90 (%91,6) dır.
The Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty and Working Alliance in the Outcome of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder Delivered by Videoconference: Mediation Analysis
Authors: Marcotte-Beaumier Gabrielle , Bouchard Stéphane , Gosselin Patrick , Langlois Frédéric , Belleville Geneviève , Marchand André , Dugas Michel J 
Published: January 2021

Background
Previous meta-analyses have shown a significant relationship between working alliance and treatment outcome in general. Some studies have examined the relationship between working alliance and treatment outcome during telepsychotherapy, but to the best of our knowledge, no study has examined the mediating role of individual components of the working alliance.

Objective
As part of a clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) delivered by videoconference (VC), the aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty on the relationship between the components of the working alliance and treatment outcome.

Methods
A sample of 46 adults with primary GAD received 15 sessions of CBT for GAD delivered over VC. Participants completed the measure of working alliance immediately after the fifth therapy session. The degree of change in intolerance of uncertainty (a key psychological process) was assessed from pre- to posttreatment. Treatment outcome was assessed via changes in GAD symptoms from pretreatment to the 6-month follow-up.

Results
The results revealed that the therapeutic bond did not predict treatment outcome (r=−0.23; P=.12). However, agreement on therapeutic goals and tasks did predict treatment outcome (r=−0.42; P=.004 and r=−0.37; P=.01, respectively). In addition, the relationship between consensus on therapeutic tasks and treatment outcome was completely mediated by changes in intolerance of uncertainty (unstandardized β=−0.03; r2=0.12), whereas consensus relative to treatment goals had a direct impact on treatment outcome.

Conclusions
These results provide a better understanding of the differential role of the components of the working alliance in telepsychotherapy as a facilitative factor for changes in key cognitive processes, leading to therapeutic change.

Trial Registration
International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN): 12662027; http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN12662027.
Editorial Note
Authors: Editorial Board  
Published: January 2021

The introduction to the final issue of IAPSS Politikon in 2020 highlights that while the COVID-19 pandemic may be the first reference point for a ‘contemporary challenge’, climate change has anything but disappeared in this extraordinary year. The present issue addresses this phenomenon via a special section on 'Paths to Climate Justice', that is introduced in the Note by Alix Gabaude (Panels Coordinator for the IAPSS Europe Regional Conference 2019). The special section is accompanied by a research note discussing consociational institutions in Northern Ireland and Lebanon.
Idiomatics of the Russian Avant-Garde from the Perspective of Lexicography
Authors: Zykova Irina 
Published: January 2021

The article describes the practices of lexicographical analysis of idiomatic units related to the Russian avant-garde and experience in developing principles to present such units in the deve­loped dictionary – “Idiomatics of the Russian Avant-garde: Cubo-Futurism”. The author demonstrates the relevance of lexicographical studies of literary and artistic works of representatives of the avant-garde movement. The definition of the Russian avant-garde idiomatics is formula­ted on the basis of its distinctive features identified. The article outlines that the unique nature of avant-garde idiomatics, involving the integration of verbal and non-verbal idioms, supposes creating a specific methodology for its vocabulary definition.
Special focus is made on the elaborated approach to compile the glossary of the developed Dictionary, to create its macro- and microstructure. As a result of studies, new scientific concepts have been formulated and the need to integrate new zones into the structure of dictionary entries has been demonstrated. The author makes a conclusion on the proposed use of the developed Dictionary and notes the possibility to develop a new interdisciplinary field – “Avant-Garde Idiomatics”, based on the interrelation of Philology and Art History.