bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Design AI for Social Good: Seven Essential Factors
Authors: Floridi Luciano , Cowls Josh , King Thomas C. , Taddeo Mariarosaria 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe idea of artificial intelligence for social good (henceforth AI4SG) is gaining traction within information societies in general and the AI community in particular. It has the potential to tackle social problems through the development of AI-based solutions. Yet, to date, there is only limited understanding of what makes AI socially good in theory, what counts as AI4SG in practice, and how to reproduce its initial successes in terms of policies. This article addresses this gap by identifying seven ethical factors that are essential for future AI4SG initiatives. The analysis is supported by 27 case examples of AI4SG projects. Some of these factors are almost entirely novel to AI, while the significance of other factors is heightened by the use of AI. From each of these factors, corresponding best practices are formulated which, subject to context and balance, may serve as preliminary guidelines to ensure that well-designed AI is more likely to serve the social good.
Geological characteristics of shale in the Silurian (Sichuan) basin and chemical reaction of its reservoir under the action of fracturing fluid
Authors: Xu Jun , Huang Qianrui 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe exploitation and exploration of shale gas is of great values to solve the energy problem. Taking the shale from Silurian Longmaxi formation in Sichuan Basin as an example, its geological characteristics and reservoir chemical reaction under the action of fracturing fluid were analyzed, and moreover, a series of data determination and fracturing fluid chemical reaction experiments were carried out. The results showed that the average total organic carbon value of shale in the study area was 4.79%, the kerogen type was type I, the ratio of aliphatic structure to aromatic structure was smaller than 1, the average RO value was 2.15%, the content of clay mineral in the mineral composition was high, the average porosity was 3.16%, and the average permeability was 0.036 × 103 μm2, which was conducive to shale gas generation; under the action of fracturing fluid, the sulfate mineral in the shale dissolved, clay mineral expanded, and the pore volume and specific surface area reduced. The results verify that the research area has shale gas mining value, and this study makes some contributions to further study the optimization of fracturing fluid and improve exploitation technology.
The Utility of Choice-Enhancing Language in Emergency Preparedness Messages: An Application of Psychological Reactance Theory
Authors: Reynolds-Tylus Tobias , Martinez Gonzalez Andrea 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTObjective:This study uses psychological reactance theory as a framework for designing effective emergency preparedness messages. Psychological reactance is the motivational state that occurs when individuals perceive their freedom to be threatened. From the standpoint of persuasive message design, reactance is an undesirable outcome that should be avoided whenever possible.Methods:Participants (N = 174) were randomly assigned to view 1 of 2 emergency preparedness messages (choice-enhancing language [“the choice is yours”] vs choice-restricting language [“you must”]) in a between-subjects-posttest-only online survey experiment.Results:Structural equation modeling revealed that choice-restricting language resulted in greater freedom threat and subsequent reactance. Reactance resulted in a diminished attitude and subsequent intention to prepare an emergency kit.Conclusion:Public health practitioners would benefit from the inclusion of choice-enhancing language in their public communications, alongside the exclusion of choice-restricting language. Pretesting of messages is recommended to avoid eliciting reactance and subsequent boomerang effects.
THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL MERGERS ON LOCAL PUBLIC SPENDING: EVIDENCE FROM REMOTE-SENSING DATA
Authors: Pickering Steve , Tanaka Seiki , Yamada Kyohei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHow are resources distributed when administrative units merge? We take advantage of recent, large-scale municipal mergers in Japan to systematically study the impact of municipal mergerswithinmerged municipalities and, in particular, what politicians do when their districts and constituencies suddenly change. We argue that when rural and sparsely populated municipalities merge with more urban and densely populated municipalities, residents of the former are likely to see a reduced share of public spending because they lost political leverage through the merger. Our empirical analyses detect changes in public spending before and after the municipal mergers with remote sensing data, which allows for flexible units of analysis and enables us to proxy for spendingwithinmerged municipalities. Overall, our results show that politicians tend to reduce benefits allocated to areas where there are a small number of voters, while increasing the allocation to more populous areas. The micro-foundation of our argument is also corroborated by survey data. The finding suggests that, all things being equal, the quantity rather than quality of electorates matters for politicians immediately after political units change.
High-resolution distributed vertical strain and velocity from repeat borehole logging by optical televiewer: Derwael Ice Rise, Antarctica
Authors: Hubbard Bryn , Philippe Morgane , Pattyn Frank , Drews Reinhard , Young Tun Jan , Bruyninx Carine , Bergeot Nicolas , Fjøsne Karen , Tison Jean-Louis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDirect measurements of spatially distributed vertical strain within ice masses are scientifically valuable but challenging to acquire. We use manual marker tracking and automatic cross correlation between two repeat optical televiewer (OPTV) images of an ~100 m-long borehole at Derwael Ice Rise (DIR), Antarctica, to reconstruct discretised, vertical strain rate and velocity at millimetre resolution. The resulting profiles decay with depth, from −0.07 a−1at the surface to ~−0.002 a−1towards the base in strain and from −1.3 m a−1at the surface to ~−0.5 m a−1towards the base in velocity. Both profiles also show substantial local variability. Three coffee-can markers installed at different depths into adjacent boreholes record consistent strain rates and velocities, although averaged over longer depth ranges and subject to greater uncertainty. Measured strain-rate profiles generally compare closely with output from a 2-D ice-flow model, while the former additionally reveal substantial high-resolution variability. We conclude that repeat OPTV borehole logging represents an effective means of measuring distributed vertical strain at millimetre scale, revealing high-resolution variability along the uppermost ~100 m of DIR, Antarctica.
Isolation of male and female gametes, zygotes and proembryos of leek (Allium tuberosum Roxb)
Authors: Lin Yi Hua , Lin Mei Zhen , Chen Yu Qing , Tian Hui Qiao 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe isolation of male and female gametes is an effective method to study the fertilization mechanisms of higher plants. An osmotic shock method was used to rupture pollen grains of Allium tuberosum Roxb and release the pollen contents, including generative cells, which were mass collected. The pollinated styles were cut following 3 h of in vivo growth, and cultured in medium for 6–8 h, during which time pollen tubes grew out of the cut end of the style. After pollen tubes were transferred into a solution containing 6% mannitol, tubes burst and released pairs of sperm cells. Ovules of A. tuberosum were incubated in an enzyme solution for 30 min, and then dissected to remove the integuments. Following transfer to a dissecting solution free of enzymes, each nucellus was cut in the middle, and squeezed gently on the micropylar end, resulting in the liberation of the egg, zygote and proembryo from ovules at selected stages. These cells can be used to explore fertilization and embryonic development using molecular biological methods for each cell type and development stage.
Faecal calprotectin concentrations in neonates with CHD: pilot study
Authors: O’Connor Graeme , Brown Katherine L. , Taylor Andrew M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNeonates with CHD are at increased risk of developing necrotising enterocolitis due to mesenteric hypoperfusion. Necrotising enterocolitis results in repeated feed interruptions contributing to poor growth during the early post-operative phase. Poor weight gain and longer hospital stay are risk factors for death in neonates with CHD. Abdominal radiography is used as a diagnostic tool for necrotising enterocolitis; however, its utility is limited in the early stages of necrotising enterocolitis when pneumatosis intestinalis is absent. Calprotectin is a neutrophil activation biomarker, and elevated levels are evident in inflammatory diseases such as necrotising enterocolitis. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a correlation between faecal calprotectin concentration and gut inflammation in neonates with CHD. This prospective single-centre study recruited newly diagnosed term patients with duct-dependent CHD between March 2018 and March 2019. Faecal calprotectin concentrations were measured in post-surgical patients using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods. A total of 30 patients were included in the analysis. Calprotectin concentration for patients who developed necrotising enterocolitis was 3528 µg/g compared with 390 µg/g without, compared with 1339 µg/g in patients with suspected necrotising enterocolitis (p = 0.0001). Patients with suspected necrotising enterocolitis had a significantly longer length of hospital stay, on average 18 days longer compared to patients without necrotising enterocolitis (p = 0.03). Faecal calprotectin concentrations may reflect severity of gut inflammation in neonates with CHD. Suspected necrotising enterocolitis contributes to longer days nil by mouth and an increase in length of hospital stay.
Sustainable water management in slaughterhouses by cleaner production methods—a review
Authors: Bailone Ricardo , Roça Roberto , Fukushima Hirla , de Aguiar Luis Kluwe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe demand for water is high in the food industry, particularly during the processing of animal product origin. A more sustainable approach to the use of the water resource is needed to reduce its waste. A systematic literature review was carried out from publications identified according to relevance and timeliness. The aim was to find alternative food processing production methods that considered both recycling and reuse of water in different slaughtering of animals such as cattle, swine, poultry, goat, sheep and fish. Articles which addressed cleaner production methods were selected because of special relevance in water resource management, Poultry processing was considered a special case regarding the recycling and reuse of water. That was due to the volume of water used as well as the level of likely contamination it might pose if reused. Wastewater can be largely reduced by adopting changes in practices, such as plant layout; materials used; drainage systems using dedicated separation of effluents and shaded area at reception with ventilation and sprinkles.
Recovery of fen peatland microbiomes and predicted functional profiles after rewetting
Authors: Emsens Willem-Jan , van Diggelen Rudy , Aggenbach Camiel J S , Cajthaml Tomáš , Frouz Jan , Klimkowska Agata , Kotowski Wiktor , Kozub Lukasz , Liczner Yvonne , Seeber Elke , Silvennoinen Hanna , Tanneberger Franziska , Vicena Jakub , Wilk Mateusz , Verbruggen Erik 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Many of the world’s peatlands have been affected by water table drawdown and subsequent loss of organic matter. Rewetting has been proposed as a measure to restore peatland functioning and to halt carbon loss, but its effectiveness is subject to debate. An important prerequisite for peatland recovery is a return of typical microbial communities, which drive key processes. To evaluate the effect of rewetting, we investigated 13 fen peatland areas across a wide (&gt;1500 km) longitudinal gradient in Europe, in which we compared microbial communities between drained, undrained, and rewetted sites. There was a clear difference in microbial communities between drained and undrained fens, regardless of location. Community recovery upon rewetting was substantial in the majority of sites, and predictive functional profiling suggested a concomitant recovery of biogeochemical peatland functioning. However, communities in rewetted sites were only similar to those of undrained sites when soil organic matter quality (as expressed by cellulose fractions) and quantity were still sufficiently high. We estimate that a minimum organic matter content of ca. 70% is required to enable microbial recovery. We conclude that peatland recovery after rewetting is conditional on the level of drainage-induced degradation: severely altered physicochemical peat properties may preclude complete recovery for decades.
Correction: Bacterial vitamin B12 production enhances nematode predatory behavior
Authors: Akduman Nermin , Lightfoot James W , Röseler Waltraud , Witte Hanh , Lo Wen-Sui , Rödelsperger Christian , Sommer Ralf J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Synthetic mycobacterial molecular patterns partially complete Freund’s adjuvant
Authors: Dubé Jean-Yves , McIntosh Fiona , Zarruk Juan G. , David Samuel , Nigou Jérôme , Behr Marcel A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractComplete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) has historically been one of the most useful tools of immunologists. Essentially comprised of dead mycobacteria and mineral oil, we asked ourselves what is special about the mycobacterial part of this adjuvant, and could it be recapitulated synthetically? Here, we demonstrate the essentiality of N-glycolylated peptidoglycan plus trehalose dimycolate (both unique in mycobacteria) for the complete adjuvant effect using knockouts and chemical complementation. A combination of synthetic N-glycolyl muramyl dipeptide and minimal trehalose dimycolate motif GlcC14C18 was able to upregulate dendritic cell effectors, plus induce experimental autoimmunity qualitatively similar but quantitatively milder compared to CFA. This research outlines how to substitute CFA with a consistent, molecularly-defined adjuvant which may inform the design of immunotherapeutic agents and vaccines benefitting from cell-mediated immunity. We also anticipate using synthetic microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) to study mycobacterial immunity and immunopathogenesis.
High thresholds encouraging the evolution of cooperation in threshold public-good games
Authors: De Jaegher Kris 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFor a well-mixed population, we consider a threshold public good game where group members only obtain benefits from a public good if a sufficiently large number of them cooperates. We investigate the effect of an increase in the threshold on the level of cooperation that evolves. It is shown that for sufficiently large participation costs, the level of cooperation is higher for low and for high thresholds, than it is for intermediate thresholds – where in the latter case cooperation may not evolve at all. The counterintuitive effect where an increase in the threshold from an intermediate to a high one decreases the probability of cooperation, is related to the so-called common-enemy hypothesis of the evolution of cooperation. We further apply our analysis to assess the relative weight of different game types across the parameter space, and show that game types where either a small, or a large fraction of the population evolves as cooperators, receive more weight compared to game types where an intermediate fraction of cooperators evolves.
Exploratory study on classification of lung cancer subtypes through a combined K-nearest neighbor classifier in breathomics
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Long Yijing , Li Wenwen , Dai Wei , Xie Shaohua , Liu Yuanling , Zhang Yinchenxi , Liu Mingxin , Tian Yonghui , Li Qiang , Duan Yixiang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAccurate classification of adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in lung cancer is critical to physicians’ clinical decision-making. Exhaled breath analysis provides a tremendous potential approach in non-invasive diagnosis of lung cancer but was rarely reported for lung cancer subtypes classification. In this paper, we firstly proposed a combined method, integrating K-nearest neighbor classifier (KNN), borderline2-synthetic minority over-sampling technique (borderlin2-SMOTE), and feature reduction methods, to investigate the ability of exhaled breath to distinguish AC from SCC patients. The classification performance of the proposed method was compared with the results of four classification algorithms under different combinations of borderline2-SMOTE and feature reduction methods. The result indicated that the KNN classifier combining borderline2-SMOTE and feature reduction methods was the most promising method to discriminate AC from SCC patients and obtained the highest mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.63) and mean geometric mean (58.50) when compared to others classifiers. The result revealed that the combined algorithm could improve the classification performance of lung cancer subtypes in breathomics and suggested that combining non-invasive exhaled breath analysis with multivariate analysis is a promising screening method for informing treatment options and facilitating individualized treatment of lung cancer subtypes patients.
Early growth phase and caffeine content response to recent and projected increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide in coffee (Coffea arabica and C. canephora)
Authors: Vega Fernando E. , Ziska Lewis H. , Simpkins Ann , Infante Francisco , Davis Aaron P. , Rivera Joseph A. , Barnaby Jinyoung Y. , Wolf Julie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhile [CO2] effects on growth and secondary chemistry are well characterized for annual plant species, little is known about perennials. Among perennials, production of Coffea arabica and C. canephora (robusta) have enormous economic importance worldwide. Three Arabica cultivars (Bourbon, Catimor, Typica) and robusta coffee were grown from germination to ca. 12 months at four CO2 concentrations: 300, 400, 500 or 600 ppm. There were significant increases in all leaf area and biomass markers in response to [CO2] with significant [CO2] by taxa differences beginning at 122–124 days after sowing (DAS). At 366–368 DAS, CO2 by cultivar variation in growth and biomass response among Arabica cultivars was not significant; however, significant trends in leaf area, branch number and total above-ground biomass were observed between Arabica and robusta. For caffeine concentration, there were significant differences in [CO2] response between Arabica and robusta. A reduction in caffeine in coffee leaves and seeds might result in decreased ability against deterrence, and consequently, an increase in pest pressure. We suggest that the interspecific differences observed (robusta vs. Arabica) may be due to differences in ploidy level (2n = 22 vs. 2n = 4x = 44). Differential quantitative and qualitative responses during early growth and development of Arabica and robusta may have already occurred with recent [CO2] increases, and such differences may be exacerbated, with production and quality consequences, as [CO2] continues to increase.
Krill vs salps: dominance shift from krill to salps is associated with higher dissolved N:P ratios
Authors: Plum Christoph , Hillebrand Helmut , Moorthi Stefanie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPronounced atmospheric and oceanic warming along the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) has resulted in abundance shifts in populations of Antarctic krill andSalpa thompsonidetermined by changes in the timing of sea-ice advance, the duration of sea-ice cover and food availability. Krill and salps represent the most important macrozooplankton grazers at the WAP, but differ profoundly in their feeding biology, population dynamics and stoichiometry of excretion products with potential consequences for the relative availability of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Alternation of the dissolved nutrient pool due to shifts in krill and salp densities have been hypothesized but never explicitly tested by using observational data. We therefore used the Palmer LTER dataset in order to investigate whether the dominance of either grazer is related with the observed dissolved nitrogen:phosphorus (N:P) ratios at the WAP. Across the whole sampling grid, the dominance of salps over krill was significantly correlated to higher concentrations of both N and P as well as a higher N:P ratios. Using actual long-term data, our study shows for the first time that changes in key grazer dominance may have consequences for the dynamics of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus at the WAP.
Free-energy landscapes of membrane co-translocational protein unfolding
Authors: Rosen Christian Bech , Bayley Hagan , Rodriguez-Larrea David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProtein post-translational translocation is found at the plasma membrane of prokaryotes and protein import into organellae. Translocon structures are becoming available, however the dynamics of proteins during membrane translocation remain largely obscure. Here we study, at the single-molecule level, the folding landscape of a model protein while forced to translocate a transmembrane pore. We use a DNA tag to drive the protein into the α-hemolysin pore under a quantifiable force produced by an applied electric potential. Using a voltage-quench approach we find that the protein fluctuates between the native state and an intermediate in the translocation process at estimated forces as low as 1.9 pN. The fluctuation kinetics provide the free energy landscape as a function of force. We show that our stable, ≈15 kBT, substrate can be unfolded and translocated with physiological membrane potentials and that selective divalent cation binding may have a profound effect on the translocation kinetics.
Miro2 tethers the ER to mitochondria to promote mitochondrial fusion in tobacco leaf epidermal cells
Authors: White Rhiannon R. , Lin Congping , Leaves Ian , Castro Inês G. , Metz Jeremy , Bateman Benji C. , Botchway Stanley W. , Ward Andrew D. , Ashwin Peter , Sparkes Imogen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMitochondria are highly pleomorphic, undergoing rounds of fission and fusion. Mitochondria are essential for energy conversion, with fusion favouring higher energy demand. Unlike fission, the molecular components involved in mitochondrial fusion in plants are unknown. Here, we show a role for the GTPase Miro2 in mitochondria interaction with the ER and its impacts on mitochondria fusion and motility. Mutations in AtMiro2’s GTPase domain indicate that the active variant results in larger, fewer mitochondria which are attached more readily to the ER when compared with the inactive variant. These results are contrary to those in metazoans where Miro predominantly controls mitochondrial motility, with additional GTPases affecting fusion. Synthetically controlling mitochondrial fusion rates could fundamentally change plant physiology by altering the energy status of the cell. Furthermore, altering tethering to the ER could have profound effects on subcellular communication through altering the exchange required for pathogen defence.