bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying participants for inclusion in hospital-based violence intervention: An analysis of 18 years of urban firearm recidivism
Authors: Bonne Stephanie , Tufariello Ann , Coles Zachary , Hohl Bernadette , Ostermann Michael , Boxer Paul , Sloan-Power Elizabeth , Gusmano Michael , Glass Nina E. , Kunac Anastasia , Livingston David 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND
Identifying individuals at highest risk maximizes efficacy of prevention programs in decreasing recidivist gunshot wound (GSW) injury. Characteristics of GSW recidivists may identify this population. Hospital-based violence intervention programs (HVIPs) are one effective strategy; however, programs are expensive, therefore, when possible, epidemiologic data should guide inclusion criteria.

METHODS
Seventeen years of all GSW patients presenting to an urban Level I trauma center were reviewed. Countywide murders were reviewed from the same timeframe. Recidivists were any patient presenting twice, either to the hospital or once to the hospital and subsequently dying by firearm. Demographics and characteristics of future recidivists were compared with nonfuture recidivists.

RESULTS
There were 9,699 unique intentional, GSW cases reviewed and 1,426 died, leaving 8,273 at risk of recidivism. Five hundred fourteen (6.2%) became recidivists. Most recidivists were African-American men and were younger at first GSW. Median time between incidents was 2.5 years, with a range of 0 days to 16 years. Nearly half were treated and released from the emergency department at their first episode of GSW. For recidivists who died, 128 died at the second incident, 29 at later incidents. Mortality from a second incident of firearm injury is 10% higher than first injuries, second hospitalizations are US $5,000 more expensive, and loss of life has a societal cost of US $167 billion in this community alone.

CONCLUSION
The most appropriate population for inclusion in HVIPs at our hospital are young black men. The HVIP services are needed in the emergency department to address those treated and released at first GSW. Recidivists have higher mortality, and hospitalizations are significantly more expensive at the second injury. The investment in prevention is justified and may lead to a decrease in recidivism.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management level III.
Diagnostic accuracy of different clinical screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injuries compared with liberal state of the art computed tomography angiography in major trauma
Authors: Müther Michael , Sporns Peter B. , Hanning Uta , Düsing Helena , Hartensuer René , Raschke Michael , Schwake Michael , Stummer Walter , Glasgow Simon 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND
Blunt cerebrovascular injuries (BCVI) can significantly impact morbidity and mortality if undetected and, therefore, untreated. Two diagnostic concepts are standard practice in major trauma management: Application of clinical screening criteria (CSC) does or does not recommend consecutive computed tomography angiography (CTA) of head and neck. In contrast, liberal CTA usage integrates into diagnostic protocols for suspected major trauma. First, this study's objective is to assess diagnostic accuracy of different CSC for BCVI in a population of patients diagnosed with BCVI after the use of liberal CTA. Second, anatomical locations and grades of BCVI in CSC false negatives are analyzed.

METHODS
The hospital database at University Hospital Münster was retrospectively searched for BCVI diagnosed in patients with suspicion of major trauma 2008 to 2015. All patients underwent a diagnostic protocol including CTA. No BCVI risk stratification or CSC had been applied beforehand. Three sets of CSC were drawn from current BCVI practice management guidelines and retrospectively applied to the study population. Primary outcome was false-negative recommendation for CTA according to CSC. Secondary outcome measures were stroke, mortality, mechanism of injury, multivessel BCVI, location and grade of BCVI.

RESULTS
From 4,104 patients with suspicion of major trauma, 91 (2.2%) were diagnosed with 126 BCVI through liberal usage of CTA. Sensitivities of different CSC ranged from 57% to 84%. Applying the set of CSC with the highest sensitivity, false-negative BCVIs were found more often in the petrous segment of the carotid artery (p = 0.01) and more false negatives presenting with pseudoaneurysmatic injury were found in the vertebral artery (p = <0.01).

CONCLUSION
This study provides further insight into the common debate of correct assessment of BCVI in trauma patients. Despite following current practice management guidelines, a large number of patients with BCVI would have been missed without liberal CTA usage. Larger-scale observational studies are needed to confirm these results.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic study, Level III.
Empirical transfusion strategies for major hemorrhage in trauma patients: A systematic review
Authors: Ritchie Duncan T. , Philbrook Frederick G.A. , Leadbitter Stephen , Kokwe Karin N. , Meehan Ellen , McGeady Martin , Beaton Martin 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND
Major hemorrhage is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. There is currently no consensus on the best empirical transfusion strategy. The current National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines suggest a ratio of 1:1 of red blood cells and plasma. The aim of this study is to compare this to alternative strategies identified through review of the available literature with the objective of identifying the best protocol for mortality outcomes and complication rates.

METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was conducted using four databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to produce a suitable list of randomized control trials for review. Critical appraisal of each article was then performed, using a Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network–approved checklist, in duplicate and was subject to further independent scrutiny when required.

RESULTS
Evidence suggests that early administration of cryoprecipitate within the standard practiced major hemorrhage protocol is associated with a lower risk of mortality. Other strategies suggested a negative impact. Complications including incidence of thromboembolic events, multiple organ failure and sepsis as well as length of stay in hospital following activation of the different protocols and overall transfusion requirements were assessed. No clear optimal protocol was identified from our analysis.

CONCLUSION
This project demonstrates that there is no significant clarity regarding morbidity and mortality. As a preliminary recommendation, cryoprecipitate supplementation suggests more favorable mortality over the current protocol. Due to the limited sample populations, we recommend the inclusion of retrospective/prospective cohort studies to bolster the statistical power of any future reviews until randomized control trials of sufficient power are available.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Systematic review, Level III.
Universal background checks for handgun purchases can reduce homicide rates of African Americans
Authors: Kaufman Elinore J. , Morrison Christopher N. , Olson Erik J. , Humphreys David K. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Martin Niels D. , Sims Carrie A. , Hoofnagle Mark H. , Schwab C. William , Reilly Patrick M. , Seamon Mark J. 
Published: March 2020

BACKGROUND
Federal law requires background checks for firearms purchased from licensed dealers, but states can extend requirements to private sales of handguns and purchases at gun shows (universal background checks for handguns [UBC-HG]). Although firearm homicide disproportionately affects African Americans, little is known about how UBG-HG impacts African Americans. We hypothesized that implementation of UBC-HG would reduce rates of firearm homicide of African Americans.

METHODS
We collected Centers for Disease Control firearm homicide counts for African American and white populations in the 50 states, 1999 to 2017. Laws were drawn from the State Firearm Laws Database. The exposure and outcome of interest were UBC-HG adoption and firearm homicide. We included non-Hispanic African American and non-Hispanic white populations. We used Poisson regression to perform a differences-in-differences analysis. A categorical variable for state accounted for time-stable state characteristics. We controlled for year to account for trends over time unrelated to policy. We controlled for state-specific, time-variable factors, including median household income, population younger than 25 years or 65 years or older, alcohol consumption, and count of firearm laws (UBC-HG excluded). Standard errors were adjusted for clustering at the state level.

RESULTS
The firearm homicide rate among whites was 1.8 per 100,000 (interquartile range, 1.2–2.7) ranging from 1.4 in 2011 to 1.8 in 2016. The firearm homicide rate was 15.6 per 100,000 (interquartile range, 11.6–21.0) among African Americans, ranging from 14.0 in 2009 to 19.6 in 2017. While no significant difference in firearm homicides among whites (incidence rate ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.73–1.20) was appreciated, the passage of UBC-HG was associated with an 19% decrease in African Americans firearm homicides (incidence rate ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.94; p = 0.006).

CONCLUSION
Implementing UBC-HG was associated with decreased firearm homicides among African Americans—the population most at risk. Expanding UBC-HG may be an effective approach to reducing racial disparities in firearm homicides.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiological, level III.
Demographic science aids in understanding the spread and fatality rates of COVID-19
Authors: Dowd Jennifer Beam , Andriano Liliana , Rotondi Valentina , Brazel David M. , Block Per , Ding Xuejie , Liu Yan , Mills Melinda C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGovernments around the world must rapidly mobilize and make difficult policy decisions to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Because deaths have been concentrated at older ages, we highlight the important role of demography, particularly how the age structure of a population may help explain differences in fatality rates across countries and how transmission unfolds. We examine the role of age structure in deaths thus far in Italy and South Korea and illustrate how the pandemic could unfold in populations with similar population sizes but different age structures, showing a dramatically higher burden of mortality in countries with older versus younger populations. This powerful interaction of demography and current age-specific mortality for COVID-19 suggests that social distancing and other policies to slow transmission should consider both the age composition of local and national contexts as well as the social connectedness of older and younger generations. We also call for countries to provide case and fatality data disaggregated by age and sex to improve real-time targeted nowcasting.
Evaluation of Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein-based ELISAs for detecting antibodies against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Liu Wanbing , Liu Lei , Kou Guomei , Zheng Yaqiong , Ding Yinjuan , Ni Wenxu , Wang Qiongshu , Tan Li , Wu Wanlei , Tang Shi , Xiong Zhou , Zheng Shangen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundAt present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis.Methods214 confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People’s Liberation Army between January 18 and February 26, 2020, were recruited. Two Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated.ResultsAmong the 214 patients, 146 (68.2%) and 150 (70.1%) were successfully diagnosed with the rN-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively; 165 (77.1%) and 159 (74.3%) were successfully diagnosed with the rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively. The positive rates of the rN-based and rS-based ELISAs for antibody (IgM and/or IgG) detection were 80.4% and 82.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the rS-based ELISA for IgM detection was significantly higher than that of the rN-based ELISA. We observed an increase in the positive rate for IgM and IgG with an increasing number of days post-disease onset (d.p.o.), but the positive rate of IgM dropped after 35 d.p.o. The positive rate of rN-based and rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs was less than 60% during the early stage of the illness 0-10 d.p.o., and that of IgM and IgG was obviously increased after 10 d.p.o.ConclusionsELISA has a high sensitivity, especially for the detection of serum samples from patients after 10 d.p.o, it can be an important supplementary method for COVID-19 diagnosis.
Assessment of menstrual hygiene practice and associated factor among High school female students in Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia 2019
Authors: Alemayehu Astawus , Ahmed Abdi , Abdalla Maruf 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundMenstruation is a visible manifestation of cyclic uterine bleeding as a result of the interaction of different hormones. During menstruation, girls face gender problems. These are, early marriage, premature childbirth, higher infant mortality and potential vaginal infections resulting in infertility.ObjectiveTo assess the level of menstrual hygiene practice and associated factors among high school female students in Harari Region Eastern, Ethiopia, 2019.Study Design and MethodA cross-sectional quantitative study was employed from April 02-05/2019. A minimum sample size of 301 Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Descriptive and analytical facts were applied. Bivariate analysis and multivariate regression model were used. P-value <= 0.05 was declared as statistical significanceResultAccording to study 168(55.8%) had good practiced the rest had no. students who have no pocket money from family(AOR 0.36:95% CI,0.309,0.989) was 64% less likely poor practiced than students who have permanent pocket money, students who have no educated father(AOR 0.39:95% CI, 0.180,0.872) was 61% less likely poor practiced than who have educated father and students who had not Freely discuss with parents(AOR 0.45:95% CI,0.22,0.903) was 55% less likely poor practiced than who had Freely discuss with parents.ConclusionMajority of female students in Harar region had good knowledge about menstrual hygiene practice. good menstrual hygiene practice was more among students who live in the urban than students who live in the rural area; students who have permanent pocket money from family than students who have no permanent pocket money from family.
Bio-upcycling of polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Tiso Till , Narancic Tanja , Wei Ren , Pollet Eric , Beagan Niall , Schröder Katja , Honak Annett , Jiang Mengying , Kenny Shane T. , Wierckx Nick , Perrin Rémi , Avérous Luc , Zimmermann Wolfgang , O’Connor Kevin , Blank Lars M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOver 359 million tons of plastics were produced worldwide in 2018, with significant growth expected in the near future, resulting in the global challenge of end-of-life management. The recent identification of enzymes that degrade plastics previously considered non-biodegradable opens up opportunities to steer the plastic recycling industry into the realm of biotechnology. Here, we present the sequential conversion of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into two types of bioplastics: a medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and a novel bio-based poly(amide urethane) (bio-PU). PET films were hydrolyzed by a thermostable polyester hydrolase yielding 100% terephthalate and ethylene glycol. A terephthalate-degradingPseudomonaswas evolved to also metabolize ethylene glycol and subsequently produced PHA. The strain was further modified to secrete hydroxyalkanoyloxy-alkanoates (HAAs), which were used as monomers for the chemo-catalytic synthesis of bio-PU. In short, we present a novel value-chain for PET upcycling, adding technological flexibility to the global challenge of end-of-life management of plastics.Graphical abstract
Analysis of genetic signatures of tumor microenvironment yields insight into mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Ben , Liu Mengmeng , Ran Zhujie , Li Xin , Li Jie , Ou Yunsheng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic intervention targeting immune cells have led to remarkable improvements in clinical outcomes of tumor patients. However, responses are not universal. The inflamed tumor microenvironment has been reported to correlate with response in tumor patients. However, due to the lack of appropriate experimental methods, the reason why the immunotherapeutic resistance still existed on the inflamed tumor microenvironment remains unclear.Materials and methodsHere, based on integrated single-cell RNA sequencing technology, we classified tumor microenvironment into inflamed immunotherapeutic responsive and inflamed non-responsive. Then, phenotype-specific genes were identified to show mechanistic differences between distant TME phenotypes. Finally, we screened for some potential favorable TME phenotypes transformation drugs to aid current immunotherapy.ResultsMultiple signaling pathways were phenotypes-specific dysregulated. For example, Interleukin signaling pathways including IL-4 and IL-13 were activated in inflamed TME across multiple tumor types. PPAR signaling pathways and multiple epigenetic pathways were respectively inhibited and activated in inflamed immunotherapeutic non-responsive TME, suggesting a potential mechanism of immunotherapeutic resistance and target for therapy. We also identified some genetic markers of inflamed non-responsive or responsive TME, some of which have shown its potentials to enhance the efficacy of current immunotherapy.ConclusionThese results may contribute to the mechanistic understanding of immunotherapeutic resistance and guide rational therapeutic combinations of distant targeted chemotherapy agents with immunotherapy.
Histone Acetyltransferase 1 is Required for DNA Replication Fork Function and Stability
Authors: Agudelo Garcia Paula A. , Lovejoy Callie , Nagarajan Prabakaran , Park Dongju , Popova Liudmila , Freitas Michael A. , Parthun Mark R. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe replisome functions in a dynamic environment that is at the intersection of parental and nascent chromatin. Parental nucleosomes are disrupted in front of the replication fork. The daughter duplexes are packaged with an equal amount of parental and newly synthesized histones in the wake of the replication fork through the action of the replication-coupled chromatin assembly pathway. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (Hat1) is responsible for the cytosolic diacetylation of newly synthesized histone H4 on lysines 5 and 12 that accompanies replication-coupled chromatin assembly. Analysis of the role of Hat1 in replication-coupled chromatin assembly demonstrates that Hat1 also physically associates with chromatin near sites of DNA replication. The association of Hat1 with newly replicated DNA is transient but can be stabilized by replication fork stalling. The association of Hat1 with nascent chromatin may be functionally relevant as loss of Hat1 results in a decrease in replication fork progression and an increase in replication fork stalling. In addition, in the absence of Hat1, stalled replication forks are unstable and newly synthesized DNA becomes susceptible to Mre11-dependent degradation. These results suggest that Hat1 links replication fork function to the proper processing and assembly of newly synthesized histones.
Preliminary evidence that higher temperatures are associated with lower incidence of COVID-19, for cases reported globally up to 29th February 2020
Authors: Bannister-Tyrrell Melanie , Meyer Anne , Faverjon Céline , Cameron Angus 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeasonal variation in COVID-19 incidence could impact the trajectory of the pandemic. Using global line-list data on COVID-19 cases reported until 29th February 2020 and global gridded temperature data, and after adjusting for surveillance capacity and time since first imported case, higher average temperature was strongly associated with lower COVID-19 incidence for temperatures of 1°C and higher. However, temperature explained a relatively modest amount of the total variation in COVID-19 incidence. These preliminary findings support stringent containment efforts in Europe and elsewhere.
Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients: the perspective application of serological tests in clinical practice
Authors: Long Quan-xin , Deng Hai-jun , Chen Juan , Hu Jie-li , Liu Bei-zhong , Liao Pu , Lin Yong , Yu Li-hua , Mo Zhan , Xu Yin-yin , Gong Fang , Wu Gui-cheng , Zhang Xian-xiang , Chen Yao-kai , Li Zhi-jie , Wang Kun , Zhang Xiao-li , Tian Wen-guang , Niu Chang-chun , Yang Qing-jun , Xiang Jiang-lin , Du Hong-xin , Liu Hua-wen , Lang Chun-hui , Luo Xiao-He , Wu Shao-bo , Cui Xiao-ping , Zhou Zheng , Wang Jing , Xue Cheng-jun , Li Xiao-feng , Wang Li , Tang Xiao-jun , Zhang Yong , Qiu Jing-fu , Liu Xia-mao , Li Jin-jing , Zhang De-chun , Zhang Fan , Cai Xue-fei , Wang De-qiang , Hu Yuan , Ren Ji-hua , Tang Ni , Liu Ping , Li Qin , Huang Ai-long 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe aim to investigate the profile of acute antibody response in COVID-19 patients, and provide proposals for the usage of antibody test in clinical practice.MethodsA multi-center cross-section study (285 patients) and a single-center follow-up study (63 patients) were performed to investigate the feature of acute antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. A cohort of 52 COVID-19 suspects and 64 close contacts were enrolled to evaluate the potentiality of the antibody test.ResultsThe positive rate for IgG reached 100% around 20 days after symptoms onset. The median day of seroconversion for both lgG and IgM was 13 days after symptoms onset. Seroconversion of IgM occurred at the same time, or earlier, or later than that of IgG. IgG levels in 100% patients (19/19) entered a platform within 6 days after seroconversion. The criteria of ‘IgG seroconversion’ and ‘> 4-fold increase in the IgG titers in sequential samples’ together diagnosed 82.9% (34/41) of the patients. Antibody test aided to confirm 4 patients with COVID-19 from 52 suspects who failed to be confirmed by RT-PCR and 7 patients from 148 close contacts with negative RT-PCR.ConclusionIgM and IgG should be detected simultaneously at the early phase of infection. The serological diagnosis criterion of seroconversion or the ‘>; 4-fold increase in the IgG titer’ is suitable for a majority of COVID-19 patients. Serologic test is helpful for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in suspects and close contacts.