bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Christian Thinking on Hope
Authors: Webber Martin I. , Kok Jacobus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent classical studies on hope have sought to correct a long-standing overemphasis on negative aspects of hope in antiquity, setting up possible correlations with early Christian and New Testament studies. These studies, however, have focused more on the contemporary relevance of hope and the particular emphases of certain texts, without taking into account classical advances. This chapter proposes a more integrative model to make up for this lack. The chapter consists of three elements: a “bottom-up” approach, comprehensive textual analysis, and consideration of possible ancient frames. The aim is to facilitate understandings and nuances of hope. This model is then applied to the letter of 1 Thessalonians, arguably the earliest preserved Christian text. The results show to what extent the letter shares other developing conceptions and contexts related to hope, and how it specifically differs from them, with concluding observations for further study.
Philosophy of Hope
Authors: Milona Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe philosophy of hope centers on two interlocking sets of questions. The first concerns the nature of hope. Specific questions here include how to analyze hope, how hope motivates us, and whether there is only one type of hope. The second set concerns the value of hope. Key questions here include whether and when it is good to hope and whether there is a virtue of hope. Philosophers of hope tend to proceed from the first set of questions to the second. This is a natural approach, for one might expect that you must develop a basic understanding of what hope is before you can determine its value. The structure of this chapter thus follows this approach. But readers should not be misled: there is in fact a good deal of feedback between the two sets of questions. A theory of hope is more plausible to the extent that it fits well with plausible ideas about the value of hope. So the movement from hope’s nature to its value is one of emphasis rather than a strict, step-wise process.
An Introduction to EQ-5D Instruments and Their Applications
Authors: Devlin Nancy , Parkin David , Janssen Bas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOur focus, throughout this book, is on the analysis of EQ-5D data. The book is designed to meet the needs of those who have, or are planning to, collect EQ-5D data. Our hope is that this book will encourage all analysts, both those new to the EQ-5D and those experienced in using EQ-5D questionnaires, to make full use of the data provided by respondents, and to maximise the insights possible from those data.
A New Approach for Landslide Modeling: Application to the Scilla 1783 Tsunamigenic Landslide, South Italy
Authors: Gallotti Glauco , Tinti Stefano 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, we present a new 2D numerical model, UBO-Inter, able to simulate the motion of a body sliding down a generic surface. Such a body is represented as a mechanical system of a finite number of point masses, where the points can be viewed as the projections on the sliding surface of the centers of mass of the elements which the system is discretized into. The masses are strictly adherent to the surface and interact with the neighbor masses through internal forces. The entire system can be seen as a 2D irregular grid where the masses occupy the nodes of the grid, and each grid side connects a pair of interacting masses. The external forces acting on the masses are gravity, which is the driving force, the reaction force of the sliding surface, the basal friction and the drag exerted by the environmental fluid (typically water, for a slide moving partially or totally underwater). The system is governed by a set of differential equations that are solved through a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme. After providing the formulation of the problem and a simple example admitting an exact solution that serves to illustrate the internal forces, we validate the model on the 1783 Scilla (Calabria region, Italy) landslide, that is a well-known catastrophic event that caused a lethal tsunami killing more than 1500 people. This case has been already widely studied and thus can be used as a benchmark for landslide models. The outputs of the model UBO-Inter in terms of time-histories of point-mass velocities, run-out and final deposit, are found to be in agreement with observations and with results published in literature and obtained through different numerical techniques.
Yield optimization and surface image-based strength prediction of beech
Authors: Khaloian Sarnaghi A. , Rais A. , Kovryga A. , Gard W. F. , van de Kuilen J. W. G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSamples of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) were used for this study. Logs of these samples covered a scatter of mild-to-strong curvatures and the boards of these samples covered strong fiber deviations. This study consists of two separate parts: (1) log reconstruction and optimization of the cutting pattern, and (2) board reconstruction and strength prediction. Information about the internal quality of the logs is missing in this study, as laser scanning has been used for surface reconstruction of logs. Therefore, two separate steps were implemented here. (1) Influence of cutting pattern and board-dimensions on yield were analyzed. For this step, 50 logs were checked. (2) A more advanced numerical method based on the finite element (FE) analysis was developed to improve the accuracy of tensile strength predictions. This step was performed, because visual grading parameters were relatively weak predictors for tensile strength of these samples. In total, 200 beech boards were analyzed in this step. However, due to the geometrical configuration of some knots, the reconstruction and numerical strength prediction of 194 boards out of 200 boards were possible. By performing tensile tests numerically, stress concentration factors (SCFs) were derived, considering the average and maximum stresses around the imperfections. SCFs in combination with the longitudinal stress wave velocity were the numerical identifying parameters (IPs), used in the nonlinear regression model for tensile strength prediction. The influence of the combination of different numerical parameters in the developed non-linear model on improving the quality of the strength prediction was analyzed. For this reason, improvement of coefficient of determination (R2) after adding each parameter to the multiple regression analysis was checked. Performance of the developed numerical method was compared to the typical grading approaches [using knottiness and the dynamic MoE (MoEdyn)], and it was shown that the coefficient of determination is higher, when using the virtual methods for tensile strength predictions.
Analyse von europäischen Weiterbildungskonzepten zum Facharzt für Urologie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der intersektoralen Weiterbildung
Authors: Himmler M. , Westphal J. , Speck T. , Waldbillig F. , König J. , Michel M. S. 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ziele der Arbeit sind der Vergleich der deutschen Weiterbildung zum Facharzt für Urologie mit anderen europäischen Konzepten, die Analyse lokoregionaler Unterschiede, sowie der personellen Entwicklung der deutschen Urologie in den letzten 5 Jahren. Zudem sollen finanzielle Fördermöglichkeiten für Weiterbildungsassistenten im ambulanten Sektor evaluiert werden.

Material und Methoden
Nach Analyse der neuen Musterweiterbildungsordnung (MWBO) erfolgte die Untersuchung der aktuellen Weiterbildungssituation in Deutschland im europäischen Vergleich. Es wurde eine Trendanalyse der Entwicklung von Personalstrukturen in der Urologie in den letzten Jahren durchgeführt. Zudem wurde ein intersektorales Rotationskonzept entwickelt. Zuletzt wurden finanzielle Fördermöglichkeiten für urologische Weiterbildungsassistenten durch eine standardisierte Telefonbefragung evaluiert.

Ergebnisse
Im Vergleich zu anderen europäischen Weiterbildungsinhalten zeigt sich die positive Sonderstellung der deutschen Urologie mit ihrem enormen Spektrum. In einigen Bundesländern bestehen bereits finanzielle Fördermöglichkeiten für Weiterbildungsassistenten durch die regionalen Kassenärztlichen Vereinigungen.

Diskussion
Während in anderen europäischen Ländern eine einheitliche Weiterbildung auf Staatsebene üblich ist, herrscht in Deutschland durch die Länderhoheit Heterogenität. Durch die Verlagerung vieler Weiterbildungsinhalte in den ambulanten Sektor werden zukünftig Allianzen zwischen Kliniken und Praxen im Sinne der intersektoralen Weiterbildung immer wichtiger werden. Dafür ist die Nutzung bestehender Fördermittel und als Fernziel der flächendeckende Zugang zu solchen Fördermitteln wünschenswert.
Grouped circular data in biology: advice for effectively implementing statistical procedures
Authors: Landler Lukas , Ruxton Graeme D. , Malkemper E. Pascal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe most common statistical procedure with a sample of circular data is to test the null hypothesis that points are spread uniformly around the circle without a preferred direction. An array of tests for this has been developed. However, these tests were designed for continuously distributed data, whereas often (e.g. due to limited precision of measurement techniques) collected data is aggregated into a set of discrete values (e.g. rounded to the nearest degree). This disparity can cause an uncontrolled increase in type I error rate, an effect that is particularly problematic for tests that are based on the distribution of arc lengths between adjacent points (such as the Rao spacing test). Here, we demonstrate that an easy-to-apply modification can correct this problem, and we recommend this modification when using any test, other than the Rayleigh test, of circular uniformity on aggregated data. We provideRfunctions for this modification for several commonly used tests. In addition, we tested the power of a recently proposed test, the Gini test. However, we concluded that it lacks sufficient increase in power to replace any of the tests already in common use. In conclusion, using any of the standard circular tests (except the Rayleigh test) without modifications on rounded/aggregated data, especially with larger sample sizes, will increase the proportion of false-positive results—but we demonstrate that a simple and general modification avoids this problem.Significance statementCircular data are widespread across biological disciplines, e.g. in orientation studies or circadian rhythms. Often these data are rounded to the nearest 1–10 degrees. We have shown previously that this leads to an inflation of false-positive results when testing whether the data is significantly different from a random distribution using the Rao test. Here we present a modification that avoids this increase in false-positives for rounded data while retaining statistical power for a variety of tests. In sum, we provide comprehensive guidance on how best to test for departure from uniformity in non-continuous data.
Phosphorrückgewinnung aus Klärschlammaschen mit dem RecoPhos-Prozess
Authors: Windisch Stefan , Ponak Christoph , Mally Valentin , Raupenstrauch Harald 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Um Klärschlämme auch zukünftig in aktuell angewendeten Mitverbrennungsprozessen (z. B. Müllverbrennungsanlagen, Zementwerke) energetisch und stofflich verwerten zu können, muss eine Möglichkeit zur Rückgewinnung des enthaltenen Phosphors geschaffen werden. Am Lehrstuhl für Thermoprozesstechnik der Montanuniversität Leoben wurde vor einigen Jahren ein Reaktor gebaut – genannt InduRed –, welcher als Herzstück des RecoPhos-Prozesses zur Reduktion von Phosphatverbindungen in Klärschlammaschen dient. Durch das herausfordernde Reaktionsverhalten des Phosphors in Gegenwart von Eisen werden an einen solchen Prozess viele Anforderungen gestellt. Beim RecoPhos-Prozess werden aus Klärschlammasche mittels carbo-thermischer Reduktion in einer induktiv erwärmten Grafitschüttung mit anschließender Nachverbrennung und Gaswäsche Phosphorsäure, eine phosphorarme Metallphase und eine mineralische Restfraktion erzeugt. Das ambitionierte Ziel der Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der Phosphorrückgewinnung ist es, eine mehr als 75 %ige Rückgewinnungsrate zu erzielen und darüber hinaus eine für die stoffliche Verwertung geeignete mineralische Fraktion zu gewinnen. Dies soll durch die Wahl geeigneter Additive und schnelle Abkühlung der Restschlacke nach der Reduktion (z. B. durch Trockenschlackengranulation) passieren. In durchgeführten Versuchskampagnen konnten bereits einige Erfolge erzielt werden. So gelang es beispielsweise in einem kontinuierlichen Versuch in der RecoPhos-Anlage des Lehrstuhls für Thermoprozesstechnik an der Montanuniversität Leoben, den Phosphor-Restgehalt in der Schlacke nahezu zu beseitigen bzw. die Anreicherung von Phosphor in der Metallphase zu reduzieren.
Histopathological growth patterns as biomarker for adjuvant systemic chemotherapy in patients with resected colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Buisman Florian E. , van der Stok Eric P. , Galjart Boris , Vermeulen Peter B. , Balachandran Vinod P. , Coebergh van den Braak Robert R. J. , Creasy John M. , Höppener Diederik J. , Jarnagin William R. , Kingham T. Peter , Nierop Pieter M. H. , Sadot Eran , Shia Jinru , Groot Koerkamp Bas , Grünhagen Dirk J. , D’Angelica Michael , Verhoef Cornelis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAdjuvant systemic chemotherapy (CTx) is widely administered in patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Histopathological growth patterns (HGPs) are an independent prognostic factor for survival after complete resection. This study evaluates whether HGPs can predict the effectiveness of adjuvant CTx in patients with resected CRLM. Two main types of HGPs can be distinguished; the desmoplastic type and the non-desmoplastic type. Uni- and multivariable analyses for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were performed, in both patients treated with and without preoperative chemotherapy. A total of 1236 patients from two tertiary centers (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA; Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands) were included (period 2000–2016). A total of 656 patients (53.1%) patients received preoperative chemotherapy. Adjuvant CTx was only associated with a superior OS in non-desmoplastic patients that had not been pretreated (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37–0.73, p < 0.001), and not in desmoplastic patients (adjusted HR 1.78, 95% CI 0.75–4.21, p = 0.19). In pretreated patients no significant effect of adjuvant CTx was observed, neither in the desmoplastic group (adjusted HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.49–1.42, p = 0.50) nor in the non-desmoplastic group (adjusted HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.71–1.29, p = 0.79). Similar results were found for DFS, with a superior DFS in non-desmoplastic patients treated with adjuvant CTx (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.55–0.93, p < 0.001) that were not pretreated. Adjuvant CTx seems to improve OS and DFS after resection of non-desmoplastic CRLM. However, this effect was only observed in patients that were not treated with chemotherapy.
Global Inequality in a more educated world
Authors: Ahmed Amer , Bussolo Maurizio , Cruz Marcio , Go Delfin S. , Osorio-Rodarte Israel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBetter-educated and younger cohorts from developing countries are entering the global labor market. This education wave is altering the skill and geographic composition of the global labor market, and impacting income distribution, at the national and global levels. This paper analyzes how this education wave reshapes global inequality over the long run using a general-equilibrium macro-micro simulation framework that covers harmonized household surveys for almost 90% of the world population. The findings suggest that global income inequality will likely decrease by 2030. The expanding supply of better educated workers from developing countries will be a key factor, especially in supporting the reduction of income disparities between countries. The education wave will also minimize, mainly for developing countries, increases of within-country inequality linked to technological progress and its widening of wage premia.
Discriminant Analysis for Compositional Data Incorporating Cell-Wise Uncertainties
Authors: Pospiech Solveig , Tolosana-Delgado Raimon , van den Boogaart K. Gerald 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the geosciences it is still uncommon to include measurement uncertainties into statistical methods such as discriminant analysis, but, especially for trace elements, measurement uncertainties are frequently of relevant size. Uncertainties can be reported by each measured variable, by each observation or by individual cells (i.e., each observation has an individual uncertainty for each variable). Most methods incorporating uncertainties use the uncertainties as weights for the variables or observations of the data set. The method proposed in this contribution uses variance additivity properties and generalised least squares to calculate better estimates of group variances and group means, which then influence the decision rules of linear and quadratic discrimination algorithms. This methodological framework allows incorporation of cell-wise uncertainties, and would be largely valid if the information about co-dependency between variable errors within each observation were reported. The method is also appropriate for incorporating uncertainties into compositional data sets—for example, those formed by concentrations, proportions, percentages or any other form of information about the relative abundance of a set of components forming a whole—even if such uncertainties are nearly never reported considering this compositional nature. The methods are illustrated by means of case studies with simulated data.Graphical abstract
The effect of message framing and the presentation of health vs. social consequences on health risk perception
Authors: Unger F. , Steul-Fischer M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith health prevention campaigns health insurance providers can increase the perception of health risks among customers in order to promote healthy behaviour. The presentation format of health information has a significant influence on the health-related behaviour of customers. We investigate in our experimental study the impact of positive vs. negative presentation (message framing) as well as the presentation of health vs. social consequences in health prevention campaigns on health risk perception. The results reveal that loss- (vs. gain-) framed messages and the presentation of health (vs. social) consequences increase health risk perception more strongly. This effect is mediated by a stronger perceived severity of health (vs. social) consequences. Women perceive health (vs. social) consequences more likely and closer in time than men. Our findings show the importance of increasing health risk perception in order to promote healthy behaviour intentions.
Expansion of off-site percutaneous coronary intervention centres significantly reduces ambulance driving time to primary PCI in the Netherlands
Authors: Hoedemaker N. P. G. , de Winter R. J. , Kommer G. J. , Giesbers H. , Adams R. , van den Bosch S. E. , Damman P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-mediated reperfusion is preferred over pharmacoinvasive reperfusion with fibrinolysis if transfer to a PCI centre can be ensured in ≤120 min. We evaluated the ambulance driving time to primary PCI centres in the Netherlands and assessed to what extent ambulance driving times were impacted by the expansion of off-site PCI centres.

Methods and results
We calculated the driving routes from every Dutch postal code to the nearest PCI centre with (on-site) or without (off-site) surgical back-up. We used data from ambulance records to estimate the ambulance driving time on each route. There were 16 on-site and 14 off-site PCI centres. The median (interquartile range) time to on-site PCI centres was 18.8 min (12.2–26.3) compared with 14.9 min (8.9–20.9) to any PCI centre (p < 0.001). In postal code areas that were impacted by the initiation of off-site PCI, the median driving time decreased from 25.4 (18.2–33.1) to 14.7 min (8.9–20.9) (p < 0.001). Ambulance driving times of >120 min were only seen in non-mainland areas.

Conclusion
Based on a computational model, timely ambulance transfer to a PCI centre within 120 min is available to almost all STEMI patients in the Netherlands. Expansion of off-site PCI has significantly reduced the driving time to PCI centres.
Early evidence of trepanation along the Yellow River Basin in Neolithic China
Authors: Zhou Yawei , Lin Shuang , Gu Wanfa , He Letian , Zhang Qun , Yeh Hui-Yuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTrepanation is a long-lasting ancient practice found around the world with diverse motivations. However, the distribution and motivation of intentional trepanation in China remain unclear. This study presents one of the earliest trepanations on a male adult individual who is unearthed from the Shuanghuaishu site in Gongyi, Henan, dating back to the late Yangshao cultural period (3500–2900 BC). The macroscopic and microscopic observation, alongside with micro-CT scan, are conducted to further evaluate the conditions on the edges of the perforation and intracranial situation. The oval perforation is located on the occipital bone, and neither fracture nor apparent healing signs are observed on the margins. Archeological evidences and simulated experiment indicate that the trepanation could be conducted by drilling the tables of the skull with a V-bladed stone tool. In view of the location of the perforation and the limited details on the edges, the motivation behind the trepanation could be due to the medical treatment of trauma on the occipital bone or a postmortem ritual. The analysis of the early trepanation along the Yellow River Basin provides further evidence on the ancient human behavior and enriches our understanding of the origin and distribution of trepanation in Neolithic China.
Defect Probability Estimation for Hardness-Optimised Parts by Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Galetto Maurizio , Genta Gianfranco , Maculotti Giacomo , Verna Elisa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe development of reliable additive manufacturing (AM) technologies to process metallic materials, e.g. selective laser melting (SLM), has allowed their adoption for manufacturing final components. To date, ensuring part quality and process control for low-volume AM productions is still critical because traditional statistical techniques are often not suitable. To this aim, extensive research has been carried out on the optimisation of material properties of SLM parts to prevent defects and guarantee part quality. Amongst all material properties, defects in surface hardness are of particular concern as they may result in an inadequate tribological and wear resistance behaviour. Despite this general interest, a major void still concerns the quantification of their extent in terms of probability of defects occurring during the process, although it is optimised. Considering these issues, this paper proposes a novel approach to quantify the probability of occurrence of defects in hardness-optimised parts by SLM. First, three process variables, i.e. laser power, scan speed and hatching distance, are studied considering their effect on hardness. Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology are exploited to achieve hardness optimisation by controlling process variables. Then, hardness defect probability is estimated by composing the uncertainty affecting both process variables and their relationship with the hardness. The overall procedure is applied to AlSi10Mg alloy, which is relevant for both aerospace and automotive applications. The approach this study proposes may be of assistance to inspection designers to effectively and efficiently set up quality inspections in early design phases of inspection planning.