bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interaction of Frictional Slip and Adhesion for a Stiff Sphere on a Compliant Substrate
Authors: McMeeking R. M. , Ciavarella M. , Cricrì G. , Kim K.-S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
How friction affects adhesion is addressed. The problem is considered in the context of a very stiff sphere adhering to a compliant, isotropic, linear elastic substrate and experiencing adhesion and frictional slip relative to each other. The adhesion is considered to be driven by very large attractive tractions between the sphere and the substrate that can act only at very small distances between them. As a consequence, the adhesion behavior can be represented by the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts model, and this is assumed to prevail also when frictional slip is occurring. Frictional slip is considered to be resisted by a uniform, constant shear traction at the slipping interface, a model that is considered to be valid for small asperities and for compliant elastomers in contact with stiff material. A simple model for the interaction of friction and adhesion is utilized, in which some of the work done against frictional resistance is assumed to be stored reversibly. This behavior is considered to arise from surface microstructures associated with frictional slip such as interface dislocations, where these microstructures store some elastic strain energy in a reversible manner. When it is assumed that a fixed fraction of the work done against friction is stored reversibly, we obtain good agreement with data.
Plastic Strain Threshold Determination for White Layer Formation in Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Steel Using Micro-Grid Technique and Finite Element Simulations
Authors: Nie Guang-Chao , Zhang Ke , Outeiro Jose , Caruso Serafino , Umbrello Domenico , Ding Han , Zhang Xiao-Ming 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
White layer (WL) formation in metal cutting is generally found to have negative effects on the corrosion and fatigue life of machined components. Nowadays, the mechanism of the WL formation has not been understood very well, especially about the contribution of the thermal and mechanical loadings generated by the cutting process on WL formation. The relationship between subsurface plastic strain caused by mechanical loadings and the formation of WLs is of our concern. To address this issue, WL formation in hard turning of AISI 52100 under dry and cryogenic cooling conditions is investigated by subsurface plastic strain measurement using the micro-grid technique, observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Due to the considerable low temperature, WL is mainly generated by the mechanical effect rather than the thermal one, and this hypothesis is supported by physically based finite element method (FEM) simulations. From the investigations, we discover the existing plastic strain threshold, which governs the occurrence of WL in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel under cryogenic cooling conditions.
Repair/Replacement Activities for Nuclear Power Plant Items
Authors: Swayne Richard W. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the requirements of IWA-4000 for repair/replacement (R/R) activities for nuclear power plant items. It examines the background of these R/R activities, notes some of the changes in R/R activity requirements since the original 1970 Edition, and reviews in detail the requirements in IWA-4000 in the 2015 Edition of Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The discussion of the scope and applicability of Section XI R/R activities is informative to both new and longtime users. The chapter discusses the alternative requirements for small items, which is described in IWA-4131.1 and covers the requirements for items that are rotated from stock and for those involving mechanical clamping devices. It describes the responsibilities of two organizations, identified in IWA-4000, that may perform R/R activities: the Owner and the R/R Organization. The chapter explains the content of the R/R program and the R/R plan and discusses three additional general requirements included in IWA-4000: verification of acceptability, inspection by an Authorized Inspection Agency, and documentation. The new provisions that have been added in IWA-4200, such as provisions for addition of new systems, and improved and expanded provisions for reconciliation of Construction Codes and Owner’s Requirements, are also described. The chapter includes numerous Code Interpretations and Code Cases to help clarify and implement R/R activities. It looks at the design provisions that were added in the new Subarticle IWA-4300. The chapter details the changes and addenda made to IWA-4400 in the area of welding, brazing, metal removal/defect removal, fabrication, and installation and explains the specific requirements of IWA-4400. It discusses the examination and pressure testing requirements provided by IWA-4500 as part of the R/R activity. The chapter also provides a general overview of the alternative, specialized welding methods mentioned in IWA-4600.
ASME Section III Division 4 Fusion Energy Devices Code Rules
Authors: Sowder William K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The specific application of fusion for the future is power generation since, via appropriate plant design, fusion offers the potential to be a clean alternative to nuclear fission. This chapter provides insight into the current and new approaches for fusion energy being used today. These include experimental facilities, new fusion construction projects, and the next-generation fusion facilities. Within the ASME Section III organizational structure there is a Sub-Group “Fusion Energy Devices” (FED), whose charter is to develop the rules for the construction of fusion components. The fusion code rule development is focused on two basic Fusion Device Concepts: Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) (the Tokamak) and Inertial Confinement Fusion, which is primarily laser fusion. The major systems that can make up a typical Tokamak system may include magnets (TF coils, PF coils, central solenoid coils, corrections coils, etc.), target chamber, vacuum vessel, in-vessel coil systems, in-vessel components (such as blanket, divertor, etc.), cryostat, vacuum vessel (VV) over-pressure suppression system, thermal shields, and machine support structure. In order to efficiently develop these new fusion code rules, a Division 4 Fusion Energy Device Roadmap was developed to guide in the development of these Fusion Energy Device Code Rules. This roadmap will help focus committee resources on all areas of the proposed new rules for development, as well as providing project management to this development effort. A phased approach is being used to develop the FED Codes Rules, which includes activities related to developing the direction and concepts for the new Section III, Division 4 Code Rules.
History, Philosophy, & Background of Section III, & Development of ASME Code Rules for Nuclear Vessels
Authors: Rao K. R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The rules for the construction of Section III are based on the design and construction rules in Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This chapter identifies that the ASME Section III Nuclear Code is completely compatible with Sections I and VIII. Before the Nuclear Code was published, Code Cases for Sections I and VIII were written for the first nuclear plants in the early 1950s. In 1959, the Code Case book addressed nuclear installations as follows: General Requirements for Nuclear Vessels 1270N; Safety Devices 1271N; Containment and Intermediate Containment Vessels 1272N; Nuclear Reactor Vessels and Primary Vessels 1273N; and Special Material Requirements 1274N. The explanations of these original Code Cases are given in the chapter. The chapter briefly discusses the three types of pressure vessels addressed in Section III, namely, N-131 Class A Vessels, N-132 Class B Vessels, and N-133 Class C Vessels, covering the aspects of design, materials, and inspection, among others. It presents a brief note on the changes made to Section III in the 1971 edition. The chapter also presents an appendix providing information on the five Code Cases in the form of inquiries and replies. It covers the original Commentaries for Section III and Section VIII, Division 2, which is based on Section III reactor pressure vessel rules with the same design factor 3.
Section III: Subsections NC and ND—Class 2 and 3 Components
Authors: Basavaraju Chakrapani , Lambin Jason 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses unique features of pressure vessels and atmospheric and 0–15 psi flat bottom storage tanks, as presented in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components, Division 1, Subsections NC (Class 2) and ND (Class 3) Components. Emphasis is directed at discussing the generic design issues of flat bottom tanks. Subsections NC and ND are a combination of rules and requirements taken from Section III, Subsection NB and Section VIII. In addressing the Articles of Subsections NC and ND, the chapter presents comparisons, the most probable source of origin of the Code requirements, certain insights as well as contradictions that seem to exist, and the specific source document and some of the underlying theory. The chapter begins with a discussion on the material selection and qualification requirements as defined in NC-2000 AND ND-2000. It then describes the requirements for fabrication and installation, including forming, cutting, and aligning. In addition, the chapter outlines the requirements for nondestructive examination of NC for vessels and sidewall of tanks. It also discusses the requirements for hydrostatic testing and overpressure and vacuum protection of 0–15 psi tanks and atmospheric tanks. The rules governing nameplates, stamping, and data reports are then presented. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of changes made to the various editions of this Code.

History
John Hechmer was the original author of this chapter that was authored by Greg L. Hollinger for the second edition and David P. Jones for the third edition. The fourth edition is authored by David P. Jones and Chakrapani Basavaraju.
Chakrapani Basavaraju edited the fifth and sixth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Chakrapani Basavaraju and Jason Lambin.
Early life exposure to coal mine fire and tobacco smoke affect subclinical vascular function
Authors: Zhao Bing , Johnston Fay H , O’Sullivan Tierney , Williamson Grant J , Melody Shannon , Dalton Marita , Venn Alison , Negishi Kazuaki 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether vascular health in young children was associated with exposure to a 6-week episode of coal mine fire smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in a retrospective cohort study.MethodsThree years after a coal mine fire in Victoria, Australia, we investigated the vascular health of children either in utero (n=75) or aged <2 years (postnatal exposure, n=96) at the time of the fire. The outcomes were the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV). The mean and peak daily particulate matter <2.5 µm in diameter (PM2.5) exposures were estimated based on their daily locations throughout the fire period. Multivariable linear regression models were used to test for associations between the fire-related PM2.5 and outcomes adjusted for relevant covariates including ETS.ResultsIn the postnatal-exposure group, each 10 µg/m³ increase in mean PM2.5 level was independently positively associated with PWV (β=0.116, p=0.028). When these two groups were combined, there was an association between mean PM2.5 and increased PWV in those children who had ETS exposure (β=0.148, p=0.033) or whose mothers smoked (β=0.151, p=0.011), but not in those not exposed to ETS or maternal smoking.ConclusionsThree years after a coal mine fire, infants aged up to 2 years at the time of exposure have increases in vascular stiffness. Although no adverse effects were observed in the in uterus exposure group, further follow-up study is needed to elucidate the long-term effects of coal mine fire smoke exposure.
Something hazy drifting in the air…
Authors: McCreary David , McArdle Jane , Minks David , Horridge Karen 
Published: December 2019

­
A 7-year-old boy with a background of autism presented to the
paediatric emergency department with his left arm ‘feeling strange’
then became difficult to rouse. On examination, he was found to have
left arm weakness and a left-sided facial droop without forehead
muscle involvement. Three hours later, his symptoms had completely
resolved and he was suspected to have had a first seizure. He was
admitted for observation and an electroencephalography which showed
slower rhythms in the right posterior quadrant, which was reported
as within normal appearances for his age. He was discharged home the
following day. Three days later he became lethargic and vomited. His
parents reported dysphasia with use of single-word phrases only, he
also appeared confused. He re-presented to the paediatric emergency
department, where he was found to have increased tone in the left
arm, ankle clonus and an upgoing plantar reflex on the left hand
side.

Questions

What are the differential diagnoses and what investigations
should be considered?

What type of imaging modality has been used for figures 1
and 2 and what do they show?

What type of imaging is used in figures 3 and 4 and what do
they show?

What is the difference between moyamoya disease and moyamoya
syndrome?

Histologically in what way does MMD affect the cerebral
vasculature?

What are the different types of MMD?

What are the management strategies used in MMD?

Figure 1

MRI angiogram (MRA) showing the internal carotid arteries
(ICA). The left ICA is extremely stenotic at the skull base. The
right ICA is occluded at the skull base. The basilar artery is
occluded.

Figure 2

MRI angiogram demonstrating extensive reconstitution of the
intracranial internal carotid arteries via collateralisation
from recurrent facial, orbital and skull base branches of the
eonline xternal carotid arteries. Supply to the posterior
circulation is via the posterior communicating arteries, and
also via multiple small collaterals arising from the distal
vertebral arteries, the posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
(PICA) and deep cervical branches.

Figure 3

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI image
demonstrating multifocal bilateral acute infarcts of varying
sizes, the largest of which affects the posterior right
hemisphere. Many of the infarcts are watershed in
distribution.

Figure 4

T2 MRI image demonstrating multifocal bilateral acute
infarcts of varying sizes, the largest of which affects the
posterior right hemisphere.

Answers can be found on page 2.
The supervisory relationships of community health workers in primary health care: social network analysis of ward-based outreach teams in Ngaka Modiri Molema District, South Africa
Authors: Assegaai Tumelo , Schneider Helen 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionSupportive supervision remains a key challenge to the sustainability of community health worker (CHW) programmes globally. The aim of the study was to identify critical actors and patterns of relationships in the supervision of ward-based outreach teams (WBOT) in a rural South African district.MethodsA cross-sectional study of social and professional relationships of WBOTs with other primary health care (PHC) system actors was conducted using a social network analysis (SNA) approach. A structured questionnaire was distributed to CHWs (37), WBOT team leaders (3), PHC facility managers (5) and PHC local area managers (2) (total n=47) assessing interaction patterns of supportive supervision, namely management, development and support.ResultsThe supportive supervision system pivoted around team leaders, who were nurse cadres and who ensured internal cohesion and support among WBOT members. The network patterns also showed the extent of peer support between CHWs in WBOTs. PHC facility staff and middle managers in the subdistrict did not appear to play active roles in the supervision of CHWs and their team leaders. However, there were exceptions, with WBOTs drawing on sympathetic cadres identified among the PHC facility staff for support.ConclusionSupportive supervision of CHWs can be thought of as a system of horizontal and vertical relationships that go beyond just one supervisor–supervisee interaction. In this study, supervisory relationships within teams functioned better than those between teams and the rest of the PHC system. Understanding these relationships is key to designing effective supportive supervision in CHW programmes. SNA can be a valuable approach in identifying the relationships to be strengthened.
Sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for paediatric typical haemolytic uraemic syndrome: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Adams Natalie , Byrne Lisa , Rose Tanith , Adak Bob , Jenkins Claire , Charlett Andre , Violato Mara , O'Brien Sarah , Whitehead Margaret , Barr Benjamin , Taylor-Robinson David , Hawker Jeremy 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesHaemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) following Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli(STEC) infection is the the most common cause of acute renal failure among children in the UK. This study explored differential progression from STEC to HUS by social, demographic and clinical risk factors.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective cohort study linking two datasets. We extracted data on paediatric STEC and HUS cases identified in the Public Health England National Enhanced Surveillance System for STEC and British Paediatric Surveillance Unit HUS surveillance from 1 October 2011 to 31 October 2014. Using logistic regression, we estimated the odds of HUS progression by risk factors.Results1059 paediatric STEC cases were included in the study, of which 207 (19.55%, 95% CI 17% to 22%) developed HUS. In the fully adjusted model, the odds of progression to HUS were highest in those aged 1–4 years (OR 4.93, 95% CI 2.30 to 10.56, compared with 10–15 years), were infected with an Shiga toxin (stx)2-only strain (OR 5.92, 95% CI 2.49 to 14.10), were prescribed antibiotics (OR 8.46, 95% CI 4.71 to 15.18) and had bloody diarrhoea (OR 3.56, 95% CI 2.04 to 6.24) or vomiting (OR 4.47, 95% CI 2.62 to 7.63), but there was no association with progression to HUS by socioeconomic circumstances or rurality.ConclusionCombining data from an active clinical surveillance system for HUS with the national enhanced STEC surveillance system suggests that 20% of diagnosed paediatric STEC infections in England resulted in HUS. No relationship was found with socioeconomic status or rurality of cases, but differences were demonstrated by age,stxtype and presenting symptoms.
Logarithmic Communication for Distributed Optimization in Multi-Agent Systems
Authors: London Palma , Vardi Shai , Wierman Adam 
Published: December 2019

Classically, the design of multi-agent systems is approached using techniques from distributed optimization such as dual descent and consensus algorithms. Such algorithms depend on convergence to global consensus before any individual agent can determine its local action. This leads to challenges with respect to communication overhead and robustness, and improving algorithms with respect to these measures has been a focus of the community for decades.
This paper presents a new approach for multi-agent system design based on ideas from the emerging field of local computation algorithms. The framework we develop, LOcal Convex Optimization (LOCO), is the first local computation algorithm for convex optimization problems and can be applied in a wide-variety of settings. We demonstrate the generality of the framework via applications to Network Utility Maximization (NUM) and the distributed training of Support Vector Machines (SVMs), providing numerical results illustrating the improvement compared to classical distributed optimization approaches in each case.
Seminaïve evaluation for a higher-order functional language
Authors: Arntzenius Michael , Krishnaswami Neel 
Published: December 2019

One of the workhorse techniques for implementing bottom-up Datalog engines is seminaïve evaluation. This optimization improves the performance of Datalog's most distinctive feature: recursively defined predicates. These are computed iteratively, and under a naïve evaluation strategy, each iteration recomputes all previous values. Seminaïve evaluation computes a safe approximation of the difference between iterations. This can asymptotically improve the performance of Datalog queries.
Seminaïve evaluation is defined partly as a program transformation and partly as a modified iteration strategy, and takes advantage of the first-order nature of Datalog code. This paper extends the seminaïve transformation to higher-order programs written in the Datafun language, which extends Datalog with features like first-class relations, higher-order functions, and datatypes like sum types.
Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Proliferation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia via the Glycolytic Regulator PFKFB3
Authors: Robinson Andrew J. , Hopkins Goitseone L. , Rastogi Namrata , Hodges Marie , Doyle Michelle , Davies Sara , Hole Paul S. , Omidvar Nader , Darley Richard L. , Tonks Alex 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous clonal disorder with a poor clinical outcome. Previously, we showed that overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), arising from constitutive activation of NOX2 oxidase, occurs in &gt;60% of patients with AML and that ROS production promotes proliferation of AML cells. We show here that the process most significantly affected by ROS overproduction is glycolysis. Whole metabolome analysis of 20 human primary AML showed that blasts generating high levels of ROS have increased glucose uptake and correspondingly increased glucose metabolism. In support of this, exogenous ROS increased glucose consumption while inhibition of NOX2 oxidase decreased glucose consumption. Mechanistically, ROS promoted uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) protein expression and phosphorylation of AMPK, upregulating the expression of a key regulatory glycolytic enzyme, 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (PFKFB3). Overexpression of PFKFB3 promoted glucose uptake and cell proliferation, whereas downregulation of PFKFB3 strongly suppressed leukemia growth both in vitro and in vivo in the NSG model. These experiments provide direct evidence that oxidase-derived ROS promotes the growth of leukemia cells via the glycolytic regulator PFKFB3. Targeting PFKFB3 may therefore present a new mode of therapy for this disease with a poor outcome.

Significance:
These findings show that ROS generated by NOX2 in AML cells promotes glycolysis by activating PFKFB3 and suggest PFKFB3 as a novel therapeutic target in AML.
Sustained Coevolution in a Stochastic Model of Cancer–Immune Interaction
Authors: George Jason T. , Levine Herbert 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe dynamic interactions between an evolving malignancy and the adaptive immune system generate diverse evolutionary trajectories that ultimately result in tumor clearance or immune escape. Here, we create a simple mathematical model coupling T-cell recognition with an evolving cancer population that may randomly produce evasive subclones, imparting transient protection against the effector T cells. T-cell turnover declines and evasion rates together explained differences in early incidence data across almost all cancer types. Fitting the model to TRACERx evolutionary data argued in favor of substantial and sustained immune pressure exerted upon a developing tumor, suggesting that clinically observed incidence is a small proportion of all cancer initiation events. This dynamical model promises to increase our quantitative understanding of many immune escape contexts, including cancer progression and intracellular pathogenic infections.Significance:The early cancer–immune interaction sculpts intratumor heterogeneity through the selection of immune-evasive clones. This study provides a mathematical framework for investigating the coevolution between an immune-evasive cancer population and the adaptive immune system.