bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Powers and the Heterogeneity of Terror in Democratic States
Authors: Rooney Bryan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Terrorist violence has recently led several states to grant extraordinary powers to the executive. Yet scholars have only recently begun to examine whether the provision of such emergency powers influences the probability of future terrorist attacks. I argue that when democratic states grant emergency powers to the executive, domestic incentives can push leaders to take overly aggressive actions that are counterproductive for reducing future terrorist violence. However, these domestic incentives vary depending on the in-group or out-group nature of the terrorist group. I test this hypothesis using data on emergency power strength, states of emergency, and the frequency of terrorist violence. In a global sample of democratic states, I find that while emergency powers increase future attacks from out-group terror arising from separatist groups, they have no effect on terror from groups that reflect extreme positions within the political order. These results express the conditional nature of executive freedom in combatting terrorism.
Individuals’ privacy concerns and adoption of contact tracing mobile applications in a pandemic: A situational privacy calculus perspective
Authors: Hassandoust Farkhondeh , Akhlaghpour Saeed , Johnston Allen C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
The study sought to develop and empirically validate an integrative situational privacy calculus model for explaining potential users’ privacy concerns and intention to install a contact tracing mobile application (CTMA).

Materials and Methods
A survey instrument was developed based on the extant literature in 2 research streams of technology adoption and privacy calculus. Survey participants (N = 853) were recruited from all 50 U.S. states. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was used to validate and test the model.

Results
Individuals’ intention to install a CTMA is influenced by their risk beliefs, perceived individual and societal benefits to public health, privacy concerns, privacy protection initiatives (legal and technical protection), and technology features (anonymity and use of less sensitive data). We found only indirect relationships between trust in public health authorities and intention to install CTMA. Sex, education, media exposure, and past invasion of privacy did not have a significant relationship either, but interestingly, older people were slightly more inclined than younger people to install a CTMA.

Discussion
Our survey results confirm the initial concerns about the potentially low adoption rates of CTMA. Our model provides public health agencies with a validated list of factors influencing individuals’ privacy concerns and beliefs, enabling them to systematically take actions to address these identified issues, and increase CTMA adoption.

Conclusions
Developing CTMAs and increasing their adoption is an ongoing challenge for public health systems and policymakers. This research provides an evidence-based and situation-specific model for a better understanding of this theoretically and pragmatically important phenomenon.
Rapid Cognitive Decline Secondary to CSF Venous Fistula With Postoperative Rebound Intracranial Hypertension and a Hyperintense Paraspinal Vein Sign Seen Retrospectively
Authors: Tatum Peter S , Anderson Emily , Kravtsova Alina , Alnasser Osamah , Hedges Thomas , Green-Laroche Deborah M , Madan Neel 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
A 56-year-old female with 2 prior Chiari decompressions presented with rapidly progressive cognitive decline. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography myelogram, and prone digital subtraction myelography revealed signs of brain sag and left T9 perineural cysts but no cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Symptoms improved after multilevel blood patches but recurred. Lateral decubitus digital subtraction myelography revealed a spinal cerebrospinal fluid venous fistula (SCVF), which resolved after neurosurgeons ligated the nerve root. Rebound headaches with papilledema occurred on postoperative day 9 and then resolved 2 months after acetazolamide was started. A hyperintense paraspinal vein was seen retrospectively on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with Dixon fat suppression sequencing. This case is unique in the acuity of cognitive decline secondary to SCVF. Acetazolamide at the time of treatment may potentially be used as prophylaxis for rebound intracranial hypertension. The hyperintense paraspinal vein may have utility in future diagnosis of SCVF.
The baryon content of groups and clusters of galaxies in the FABLE simulations
Authors: Henden Nicholas A , Puchwein Ewald , Sijacki Debora 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the gas and stellar mass content of galaxy groups and clusters in the fable suite of cosmological hydrodynamical simulations, including the evolution of their central brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), satellite galaxies, and intracluster light (ICL). The total gas and stellar mass of fable clusters are in good agreement with observations and show negligible redshift evolution at fixed halo mass for $M_{500} \gtrsim 3 \times 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ at z ≲ 1, in line with recent findings from Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ)-selected cluster samples. Importantly, the simulations predict significant redshift evolution in these quantities in the low-mass ($M_{500} \sim 10^{14} \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) regime, which will be testable with upcoming SZ surveys such as SPT-3G. Whilst the stellar masses of fable BCGs are in reasonable agreement with observations, the total stellar mass in satellite galaxies is lower than observed and the total mass in ICL is somewhat higher. This may be caused by enhanced tidal stripping of satellite galaxies due to their large sizes. BCGs are characterized by moderate stellar mass growth at z &lt; 1 coincident with a late-time development of the ICL. The level of BCG mass growth is in good agreement with recent observations; however, we caution that the inferred growth depends sensitively on the mass definition. We further show that in situ star formation contributes more than half the mass of a BCG over its lifetime, the bulk of which is gained at z &gt; 1 where star formation rates are highest. The stellar mass profiles of the BCG+ICL component are similar to observed profiles out to ∼100 kpc at z ≈ 0 and follow a close to power law shape out to several hundred kpc. We further demonstrate that the inferred size growth of BCGs can be severely biased by the choice of parametric model and the outer radius of the fit.
Source of circular polarization in radio pulsars
Authors: Jones P B 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
It is known that the concept of limiting polarization introduced 70 yr ago by K. G. Budden has the capacity to explain the magnitude of circular polarization seen in normal pulsars with light-cylinder radii of the order of 109–10 cm under the assumption of a high-multiplicity electron–positron plasma. However, a review of limiting polarization under the same assumption in millisecond pulsars indicates that it is inapplicable there because the region of limiting polarization lies far outside the light cylinder. This paper, using the ion–proton model, evaluates circular polarization both generally and specifically for J2144−3933, and gives a fairly detailed understanding of the observations in normal pulsars including the change of sign as a function of frequency seen in J0908−4913. But it also fails to explain circular polarization in millisecond pulsars owing to the smaller particle number densities and birefringence of the magnetosphere in these objects. However, the review of limiting polarization finds that, within the ion–proton model, this distinct process can describe their circular polarization. It is argued that certain features of millisecond pulsar Stokes profiles are clearly consistent with limiting polarization.
Intellectual changes after radiation for children with brain tumors: which brain structures are most important?
Authors: Tsang Derek S , Kim Laurence , Liu Zhihui Amy , Janzen Laura , Khandwala Mohammad , Bouffet Eric , Laperriere Normand , Dama Hitesh , Keilty Dana , Craig Tim , Ramaswamy Vijay , Hodgson David C , Mabbott Donald 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of radiation dose to different intracranial structures on changes in intellectual function for children with brain tumors.MethodsWe evaluated children with brain tumors treated in 2005–2017 who had longitudinal neuropsychological assessments and available photon dosimetric data (if radiation therapy [RT] given). Full Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) and index scores were evaluated (perceptual reasoning index [PRI], processing speed index [PSI], verbal comprehension index [VCI], and working memory index [WMI]). Multivariable linear mixed effects models were used to model endpoints, with age at RT and dose to different brain regions as fixed effects and patient-specific random intercepts. P-values (P*) were adjusted for multiple comparisons.ResultsSixty-nine patients were included, 56 of whom received RT. Median neuropsychological follow-up was 3.2 years. Right temporal lobe mean dose was strongly associated with decline in FSIQ (P* = 0.005); with each gray increase in mean dose, there was a decrease of 0.052 FSIQ points per year. Dose to 50% (D50) of the supratentorial brain was associated with decline in PSI (P* = 0.006) and WMI (P* = 0.001). Right and left hippocampus D50 were individually strongly associated with declines in VCI (P* = 0.009 for each). Presence of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt decreased FSIQ by 10 points.ConclusionsWe reported associations between dosimetry to specific brain regions and intellectual outcomes, with suggested avoidance structures during RT planning. These models can help clinicians anticipate changes in neurocognition post-RT and guide selection of an optimal RT plan.
Patterns of E-cigarette Use and Subsequent Cigarette Smoking Cessation Over 2 Years (2013/2014–2015/2016) in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study
Authors: Glasser Allison M , Vojjala Mahathi , Cantrell Jennifer , Levy David T , Giovenco Daniel P , Abrams David , Niaura Raymond 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionUnderstanding the population impact of e-cigarettes requires determining their effect on cigarette smoking cessation.MethodsUsing the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health cohort, we examined smoking cessation among adult current cigarette smokers at Wave 1 with follow-up data at Waves 2 and 3 (n = 9724).ResultsBy Wave 3 (2015/2016), 17.3% of smokers had quit smoking. Smokers using e-cigarettes daily or who increased to daily use over the three waves were two to four times more likely to have quit in the short term (&lt;1 year) and long term (1+ years) compared with never e-cigarette users (p &lt; .001). E-cigarette use in the last quit attempt was associated with a higher likelihood of short-term (&lt;1 year) quitting at Wave 3 (adjusted relative risk ratio: 1.33; 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.71) compared with smokers who did not use an e-cigarette in their last quit attempt. Noncurrent (no use in any wave) e-cigarette users and users who were unstable in use frequency were 33% and 47% less likely to quit in the short-term, respectively (p &lt; .001). Flavored (vs nonflavored) and using a rechargeable (vs disposable) e-cigarette device was associated with an increased likelihood of both short- and long-term quitting.ConclusionSmoking cessation was more likely among frequent e-cigarette users, users of e-cigarettes in last quit attempt, and users of flavored and rechargeable devices. Less frequent, unstable, past, or never e-cigarette users were less likely to quit smoking. Monitoring the relationship between patterns of e-cigarette and cigarette use is complex but critical for gauging the potential of e-cigarettes as a harm reduction tool.ImplicationsThis study suggests that consistent and frequent e-cigarette use over time is associated with cigarette smoking cessation among adults in the United States. In addition, findings suggest that flavored e-cigarette use and use of rechargeable e-cigarette devices can facilitate smoking cessation. These results underscore the importance of carefully defining and characterizing e-cigarette exposure patterns, potential confounders, and use of e-cigarettes to quit smoking, as well as variations in length of the smoking cessation.
The role of cultural beliefs on eating patterns and food practices among pregnant women: a systematic review
Authors: de Diego-Cordero Rocío , Rivilla-Garcia Estefanía , Diaz-Jimenez Desireé , Lucchetti Giancarlo , Badanta Bárbara 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Context
Despite the importance of cultural beliefs in clinical practice, few systematic reviews have investigated how these beliefs influence food practices in pregnant women.

Objective
To explore the role of cultural beliefs in eating patterns and food practices among pregnant women, highlighting food recommendations, food taboos and restrictions, and their association with health.

Data Sources
A systematic review was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science from May 2014 to May 2019.

Data Extraction
Articles were included if the studies included pregnant women, analyzed how cultural beliefs may influence eating patterns, were peer-reviewed articles with original data, published in the last 5 years, and in English or Spanish language. Quality assessment was also performed.

Data Analysis
A total of 544 articles were identified in the search and 24 were included in the final analysis (17 using qualitative design, 6 using quantitative design, and 1 with a mixed-design). These studies were predominantly from the African continent (n = 15). Our findings showed that culture is a key factor related to “taboos” and food restrictions, which are transmitted by the family or members of community, having a strong religious or spiritual influence. All these restrictions are related to the fear of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes such as the risk of abortion, dystocia, and congenital macrosomia, or are used to avoid child problems such as cutaneous and respiratory disorders.

Conclusions
Findings from this study indicate cultural beliefs are strongly associated with food patterns and eating habits in pregnant women. Administrators and health professionals should be aware of these beliefs to minimize problems in the perinatal period.
Public Management’s Problems are Legal Problems: How Law Contributes to Inequity in Contemporary Governance
Authors: Merriman Ben 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOver the latter half of the twentieth century, legal changes obliged public organizations in the United States to alter and standardize their procedures to provide due process and promote equal protection. Integration of administration into the constitutional order produced two remarkable changes. First, the everyday work of administration uses forms and vocabularies resembling those of law and the court system. Second, adoption of legally mandated due process protections catalyzed a broader values reorientation, yielding practices that promote social equity and public participation. However, as administrative practice became more law-like, partisans and organized interests made new use of legal tactics to bend administrative decision-making toward their own ends. Common patterns of unequal outcomes in the American legal system thus arise, in similar forms, in administrative settings. Law’s problems have thereby become governance problems. This article elucidates these past and current patterns by reading law and society literature alongside that of public administration and public management. In doing so, it shows that these two fields have long developed in parallel and have much to contribute to each other. This article underscores the importance of mutual learning and understanding between the fields of law and society and public administration and management.
COVID-19-related mobility reduction: heterogenous effects on sleep and physical activity rhythms
Authors: Ong Ju Lynn , Lau TeYang , Massar Stijn A A , Chong Zhi Ting , Ng Ben K L , Koek Daphne , Zhao Wanting , Yeo B T Thomas , Cheong Karen , Chee Michael W L 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudy ObjectivesMobility restrictions imposed to suppress transmission of COVID-19 can alter physical activity (PA) and sleep patterns that are important for health and well-being. Characterization of response heterogeneity and their underlying associations may assist in stratifying the health impact of the pandemic.MethodsWe obtained wearable data covering baseline, incremental mobility restriction, and lockdown periods from 1,824 city-dwelling, working adults aged 21–40 years, incorporating 206,381 nights of sleep and 334,038 days of PA. Distinct rest-activity rhythm (RAR) profiles were identified using k-means clustering, indicating participants’ temporal distribution of step counts over the day. Hierarchical clustering of the proportion of days spent in each of these RAR profiles revealed four groups who expressed different mixtures of RAR profiles before and during the lockdown.ResultsTime in bed increased by 20 min during the lockdown without loss of sleep efficiency, while social jetlag measures decreased by 15 min. Resting heart rate declined by ~2 bpm. PA dropped an average of 42%. Four groups with different compositions of RAR profiles were found. Three were better able to maintain PA and weekday/weekend differentiation during lockdown. The least active group comprising ~51% of the sample, were younger and predominantly singles. Habitually less active already, this group showed the greatest reduction in PA during lockdown with little weekday/weekend differences.ConclusionIn the early aftermath of COVID-19 mobility restriction, PA appears to be more severely affected than sleep. RAR evaluation uncovered heterogeneity of responses to lockdown that could associate with different outcomes should the resolution of COVID-19 be protracted.
Multidimensional sleep health domains in older men and women: an actigraphy factor analysis
Authors: Wallace Meredith L , Yu Lan , Buysse Daniel J , Stone Katie L , Redline Susan , Smagula Stephen F , Stefanick Marcia L , Kritz-Silverstein Donna , Hall Martica H 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The multidimensional sleep health framework emphasizes that sleep can be characterized across several domains, with implications for developing novel sleep treatments and improved prediction and health screening. However, empirical evidence regarding the domains and representative measures that exist in actigraphy-assessed sleep is lacking. We aimed to establish these domains and representative measures in older adults by examining the factor structure of 28 actigraphy-derived sleep measures from 2,841 older men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study and, separately, from 2,719 older women from the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Measures included means and standard deviations of actigraphy summary measures and estimates from extended cosine models of the raw actigraphy data. Exploratory factor analyses revealed the same five factors in both sexes: Timing (e.g. mean midpoint from sleep onset to wake-up), Efficiency (e.g. mean sleep efficiency), Duration (e.g. mean minutes from sleep onset to wake-up), Sleepiness/Wakefulness (e.g. mean minutes napping and amplitude of rhythm), and Regularity (e.g. standard deviation of the midpoint). Within each sex, confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the one-factor structure of each factor and the entire five-factor structure (Comparative Fit Index and Tucker–Lewis Index ≥ 0.95; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation 0.08–0.38). Correlation magnitudes among factors ranged from 0.01 to 0.34. These findings demonstrate the validity of conceptualizing actigraphy sleep as multidimensional, provide a framework for selecting sleep health domains and representative measures, and suggest targets for behavioral interventions. Similar analyses should be performed with additional measures of rhythmicity, other age ranges, and more racially/ethnically diverse samples.
Associations between sleep and cognitive performance in a racially/ethnically diverse cohort: the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation
Authors: Swanson Leslie M , Hood Michelle M , Hall Martica H , Kravitz Howard M , Matthews Karen A , Joffe Hadine , Thurston Rebecca C , Butters Meryl A , Ruppert Kristine , Harlow Siobán D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
To determine whether actigraphy-assessed indices of sleep are associated with cognitive performance in women, and explore whether these associations vary by race/ethnicity.

Methods
Participants were 1,126 postmenopausal community-dwelling females (mean age 65 years) from the observational Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN); 25% were black, 46% white, 13% Chinese, 11% Japanese, and 5% Hispanic. Actigraphy-assessed sleep measures included total sleep time, wake after sleep onset (WASO), and fragmentation. Cognitive measures included immediate and delayed verbal memory, working memory, and information processing speed. All measures were assessed in conjunction with SWAN annual visit 15.

Results
Across the sample, after covariate adjustment, greater WASO and fragmentation were concurrently associated with slower information processing speed. Black participants had significantly worse sleep relative to other race/ethnic groups. Significant race/sleep interactions were observed; in black, but not white, participants, greater fragmentation was concurrently associated with worse verbal memory and slower information processing speed, and greater WASO was concurrently associated with slower information processing speed. Sleep-cognitive performance associations were not different in Chinese and Japanese participants relative to white participants.

Conclusions
Greater wakefulness and fragmentation during sleep are concurrently associated with slower information processing. Sleep continuity impacted concurrent cognitive performance in black, but not white, women. This effect may not have been detected in white women because their sleep was largely within the normal range. Future longitudinal studies in diverse samples are critical to further understand whether race/ethnicity moderates the influence of sleep on cognitive performance.