bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimensional compatibility of balloon‐tipped bronchial blockers with the pediatric airway anatomy using different recommendations for age‐related size selection
Authors: Goetschi Markus , Kemper Michael , Dave Mital H. , Kleine‐Brueggeney Maren , Henze Georg , Weiss Markus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAge‐related recommendations for size selection of bronchial blocker devices are based on a few dated anatomical autopsy and radiological studies determining lower airway dimensions in children. These recommendations are based on anterior‐posterior internal bronchial diameters, which are smaller than the more relevant lateral internal bronchial diameters.MethodsOuter diameters of bronchial blocker balloons inflated with the maximum recommended volume of air were compared to age‐related lateral internal bronchial diameters of left and right proximal mainstem bronchi using five different recommendations for age‐related size selection of bronchial blocker equipment in children published in the literature.ResultsThe ratio of outer bronchial blocker diameters inflated with the maximal recommended volume of air to the median lateral internal diameters of the proximal mainstem bronchus ranged from 71.4% to 181.8% for the left side and from 61.7% to 162.6% for the right side. There were many settings where the blocker diameters did not reach the median lateral internal diameters of the proximal mainstem bronchus. This was more often observed for the right than for the left side (37 vs 22 settings).ConclusionThis analysis demonstrates that irrespective of the recommendation for size selection used, neither the two balloon‐tipped vascular catheters included nor the Arndt endobronchial blockers are ideal for lung isolation in children are compared with the age‐related relevant dimensions of pediatric airway anatomy. A redesign of bronchial blocker equipment with age‐related anatomically based high‐volume, low‐pressure blocker balloons made from ultrathin membranes and with smaller catheters would be desirable.
Novel variants in the BLOC1S3 gene in patients presenting a mild form of Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome
Authors: Pennamen Perrine , Tingaud‐Sequeira Angèle , Michaud Vincent , Morice‐Picard Fanny , Plaisant Claudio , Vincent‐Delorme Catherine , Giuliano Fabienne , Azarnoush Saba , Capri Yline , Marçon Carolina , Lacombe Didier , Lasseaux Eulalie , Arveiler Benoît 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHermansky–Pudlak syndrome (HPS) associates oculocutaneous albinism and systemic affections including platelet dense granules anomalies leading to bleeding diathesis and, depending on the form, pulmonary fibrosis, immunodeficiency, and/or granulomatous colitis. So far, 11 forms of autosomal recessive HPS caused by pathogenic variants in 11 different genes have been reported. We describe three HPS‐8 consanguineous families with different homozygous pathogenic variants in BLOC1S3 (NM_212550.3), one of which is novel. These comprise two deletions leading to a reading frameshift (c.385_403del, c.338_341del) and one in frame deletion (c.444_467del). All patients have moderate oculocutaneous albinism and bleeding diathesis, but other HPS symptoms are not described. One patient diagnosed with HPS‐8 suffered from lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. The mild severity of HPS‐8 is consistent with other HPS forms caused by variants in BLOC‐1 complex coding genes (HPS‐7, DTNBP1; HPS‐9, BLOC1S6, HPS‐11, BLOC1S5).
The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs and the durability of regulatory oversight in the United States
Authors: Dudley Susan E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) is responsible for reviewing executive branch agencies' draft proposed and final regulations, coordinating the federal government's regulatory agenda, approving government collections of information from the public, and developing and overseeing the implementation of government‐wide policies related to information policy, information quality, peer review, privacy, statistical policy, and international regulatory cooperation. While some of those functions are statutorily granted, others—notably those related to regulatory policy—derive from presidential executive orders. Since U.S. presidents can, and do, rescind their predecessors' executive orders with ease, it is striking that these regulatory oversight functions, and the economics‐based framework underlying them, have not changed significantly through six very different presidential transitions. This article reflects on OIRA's evolution over the almost 40 years since the Paperwork Reduction Act created it in 1980 to understand what has made it so durable. It finds that regardless of their philosophy, presidents need an entity like OIRA to address the principal‐agent problem they face in managing the disparate agencies within the executive branch. The OIRA career staff responsible for bringing coherence to regulatory policies across the government provide analytical expertise and institutional knowledge that complement the actions of political actors in the White House. The article concludes with recommendations for allowing OIRA's roles and practices to evolve while retaining the core functions that have received bipartisan support.
Fault Isolation for A Complex Decentralized Waste Water Treatment Facility
Authors: Klanderman Molly C. , Newhart Kathryn B. , Cath Tzahi Y. , Hering Amanda S. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryDecentralized waste water treatment facilities monitor many features that are complexly related. The ability to detect the onset of a fault and to identify variables accurately that have shifted because of the fault are vital to maintaining proper system operation and high quality produced water. Various multivariate methods have been proposed to perform fault detection and isolation, but the methods require data to be independent and identically distributed when the process is in control, and most require a distributional assumption. We propose a distribution-free retrospective change-point-detection method for auto-correlated and non-stationary multivariate processes. We detrend the data by using observations from an in-control time period to account for expected changes due to external or user-controlled factors. Next, we perform the fused lasso, which penalizes differences in consecutive observations, to detect faults and to identify shifted variables. To account for auto-correlation, the regularization parameter is chosen by using an estimated effective sample size in the extended Bayesian information criterion. We demonstrate the performance of our method compared with a competitor in simulation. Finally, we apply our method to waste water treatment facility data with a known fault, and the variables identified by our proposed method are consistent with the operators’ diagnosis of the fault's cause.
The Optimal Monetary and Macroprudential Policies for the South African Economy
Authors: Liu Guangling , Molise Thabang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe investigate the optimal design and effectiveness of monetary and macroprudential policies in promoting macroeconomic (price) and financial stability for the South African economy. We develop a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model featuring a housing market, a banking sector and the role of macroprudential and monetary policies. Based on the parameter estimates from the estimation, we conduct an optimal rule analysis and an efficient policy frontier analysis, and compare the dynamics of the model under different policy regimes. We find that a policy regime that combines a standard monetary policy rule and a macroprudential policy rule delivers a more stable economic system with price and financial stability. A policy regime that combines an augmented monetary policy (policy rate reacts to financial conditions) with macroprudential policy is better at attenuating the effects of financial shocks, but at a much higher cost of price instability. Our findings suggest that monetary policy should focus solely on its primary objective of price stability and let macroprudential policy facilitate financial stability on its own.
Electrohydrodynamic spray applicator for homogenous application and reduced overspray of sunscreen
Authors: Schleusener Johannes , Schanzer Sabine , Wille Charlotte , Langen Valentin , Richter Heike , Lademann Jürgen , Meinke Martina C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe recommended amount of sunscreen by hand application (2 mg/cm2) is in reality not achieved, which decreases the homogeneity and thereby the effective sun protection factor (SPF).Materials and MethodsThe homogeneity of sunscreen applied by a newly developed spray applicator using an electrostatically charged aerosol, for which a hand rubbing of the formulation is not necessary, is evaluated. In vivo experiments were performed on the volar forearms of human volunteers using the spray applicator compared to the standardized hand application according to ISO 24444.ResultsThe distribution homogeneity was assessed qualitatively using in vivo laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by absorption spectroscopy after tape stripping and by the standard deviation of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements for non‐invasive SPF determination below the minimal erythemal dose, which showed a significantly higher homogeneity by 20.9% after spray application compared to hand application.ConclusionNon‐invasive SPF determination of multiple spatially displaced reflectance measurements was proven to be a suitable method for the non‐invasive determination of the sunscreen distribution homogeneity. Electrostatically charged spray application increased the sunscreen distribution homogeneity on the skin and can reduce the amount of overspray.
Large granular lymphocytosis in a cynomolgus macaque (Macacafascicularis) with a subclinical Trypanosomacruzi infection
Authors: Henderson Sally E. , Pfeiffer Sara C. , Novak Joseph , Peace Tracy A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA 5.25‐year‐old cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was found to have a marked leukocytosis due to a lymphocytosis on routine quarantine laboratory data prior to inclusion in a preclinical research study. The majority of lymphocytes were characterized as intermediate to large with round to convoluted nuclei, coarse to clumped chromatin, rare prominent nucleoli, and moderate amounts of lightly basophilic cytoplasm that frequently contained small magenta granules and/or clear vacuoles. The animal had tested negative for several viruses and other etiologic agents found in nonhuman primates 1 week prior to shipment to the research facility. However, further evaluation of the blood smear revealed rare hemoflagellates, and later testing using real‐time PCR and ELISA was confirmatory for Trypanosoma cruzi (T cruzi). Trypanosoma cruzi is a zoonotic pathogen responsible for Chagas disease in people and can have negative consequences on study results when positive animals are inadvertently used for preclinical research. This case report describes a marked large granular lymphocytosis in an otherwise healthy macaque as the only indication of infection with T cruzi in an animal believed to be negative for the infection. Additionally, it highlights the diagnostic limitations of screening tests to rule out diseases in animals intended to be used in preclinical studies.
A pilot feasibility study of non‐cultured autologous skin cell suspension for healing diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Rashid S. Tawqeer , Cavale Naveen , Bowling Frank L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA prospective, single arm feasibility study was conducted to evaluate healing outcomes of DFUs treated with autologous skin cell suspension (ASCS) in combination with standard therapy. Wounds up to 100 cm2 in size that failed to heal with conventional therapy were included and wound healing, pain, exudate scores, Quality of Life, satisfaction scores, and safety outcomes were evaluated over a period of 26 weeks. Sixteen subjects were enrolled having a mean DFU duration of 60.4 weeks. All ulcers in this study had a positive healing trajectory, with a mean reepithelialization of 84.9% and 12.2 cm2 reduction in ulcer area. For ulcers that did not acquire a soft tissue infection post‐treatment, all either healed or achieved ≥95% reepithelialization including some with exposed tendon. Improvements were observed in all aspects of the health‐related Quality of Life questionnaire and subjects and clinicians were highly satisfied across all postoperative visits. This preliminary study suggests ASCS is a well‐tolerated and promising therapy for the treatment of DFUs as all ulcers evaluated experienced positive healing results regardless of size, depth, and wound duration. Future studies are warranted to investigate ASCS compared to standard of care for all diabetic foot ulcers, inclusive of the evaluation of treatment algorithms and combination products.
Laminar Convection in Circular Tubes With Developing Flow
Authors: Bennett T. D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The combined entry problem for the simultaneous development of heat and momentum transfer in a circular tube has been resolved over an extended range of inverse Graetz number ZH≥10−6 and for a wide range of Prandtl numbers 0.1≤Pr≤500. For the historical range of ZH≥5×10−4 and 0.7≤Pr≤50, earlier studies are within 5% of the current benchmark calculations, but for the new extended range of conditions, the best authoritative sources were in error by as much as 33%. Four new correlations are proposed for the local and average Nusselt numbers, and for the constant temperature and constant heat flux wall condition, which are accurate to 2.2% for all values of inverse Graetz number and Pr≥0.5. In contrast, legacy correlations typically had a 10–20% error range when compared to the results of this work, with many exhibiting larger errors and only few achieving errors as low as 5–10%.
Local Heat Transfer Distributions Within a Rotating Pin-Finned Brake Disk
Authors: Atkins Michael D. , Kienhöfer Frank W. , Lu Tian Jian , Kim Tongbeum 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study presents local temperature and heat transfer coefficient distributions obtained experimentally on the internal surfaces of a rotating pin-finned brake rotor at realistic rotation speeds for braking (i.e., N = 100–300 rpm). To this end, the thermochromic liquid crystal technique in a rotating reference frame was employed. The results demonstrate that the bulk airflow within the ventilated channel of a rotating disk follows a predominantly backward sweeping inline-like path between the pin fins. Internal local heat transfer is distributed nonuniformly on both inboard and outboard surfaces, with twice higher average cooling from the outboard surface than the inboard surface: this possibly exacerbates the thermal stresses, which leads to thermal distortion of the rotor (i.e., coning).
Design-Based Doctoral Education in Bioengineering
Authors: Burke Alyssa K. R. , Wilson Sara E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In order to meet the needs of industry, graduate schools should consider adding design-based programs to their curriculum. A majority of Ph.D. students in bio-engineering and biomedical engineering (BME) seek employment outside of academia, implying that these students will need to be able to leverage their dissertation research for other types of positions. Here, curriculum elements are examined from several graduate programs across the United States and a strategy is proposed that combines bio-engineering design-based research and education at the doctoral level. Ideally, a design-based Ph.D. includes: traditional engineering and scientific coursework, coursework focused on the design and commercialization process, industry and clinical experiences, and design-centric research. A design-based dissertation leverages the design process into specific aims that build on each other to complete a body of work. These aims can occur at different points in the design process and should include evaluation of the technology against user needs. It is possible to orient the in-depth research of a doctoral dissertation to the design of an innovative medical product that can be of a benefit to patients.
Palliative versus hospice care in patients with cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Frasca Matthieu , Galvin Angeline , Raherison Chantal , Soubeyran Pierre , Burucoa Benoît , Bellera Carine , Mathoulin-Pelissier Simone 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundGuidelines recommend an early access to specialised palliative medicine services for patients with cancer, but studies have reported a continued underuse. Palliative care facilities deliver early care, alongside antineoplastic treatments, whereas hospice care structures intervene lately, when cancer-modifying treatments stop.AimThis review identified factors associated with early and late interventions of specialised services, by considering the type of structures studied (palliative vs hospice care).DesignWe performed a systematic review, prospectively registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018110063).Data sourcesWe searched Medline and Scopus databases for population-based studies. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the study quality using Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklists.ResultsThe 51 included articles performed 67 analyses. Most were based on retrospective cohorts and US populations. The median quality scores were 19/22 for cohorts and 15/16 for cross-sectional studies. Most analyses focused on hospice care (n=37). Older patients, men, people with haematological cancer or treated in small centres had less specialised interventions. Palliative and hospice facilities addressed different populations. Older patients received less palliative care but more hospice care. Patients with high-stage tumours had more palliative care while women and patients with a low comorbidity burden received more hospice care.ConclusionMain disparities concerned older patients, men and people with haematological cancer. We highlighted the challenges of early interventions for older patients and of late deliveries for men and highly comorbid patients. Additional data on non-American populations, outpatients and factors related to quality of life and socioeconomic status are needed.
Image-based consensus molecular subtype (imCMS) classification of colorectal cancer
using deep learning
Authors: Sirinukunwattana Korsuk , Domingo Enric , Richman Susan D , Redmond Keara L , Blake Andrew , Verrill Clare , Leedham Simon J , Chatzipli Aikaterini , Hardy Claire , Whalley Celina M , Wu Chieh-hsi , Beggs Andrew D , McDermott Ultan , Dunne Philip D , Meade Angela , Walker Steven M , Murray Graeme I , Samuel Leslie , Seymour Matthew , Tomlinson Ian , Quirke Phil , Maughan Timothy , Rittscher Jens , Koelzer Viktor H 
Published: July 2020

Objective
Complex phenotypes captured on histological slides represent the biological
processes at play in individual cancers, but the link to underlying molecular
classification has not been clarified or systematised. In colorectal cancer (CRC),
histological grading is a poor predictor of disease progression, and consensus
molecular subtypes (CMSs) cannot be distinguished without gene expression profiling.
We hypothesise that image analysis is a cost-effective tool to associate complex
features of tissue organisation with molecular and outcome data and to resolve
unclassifiable or heterogeneous cases. In this study, we present an image-based
approach to predict CRC CMS from standard H&E sections using deep
learning.

Design
Training and evaluation of a neural network were performed using a total of
n=1206 tissue sections with comprehensive multi-omic data from three independent
datasets (training on FOCUS trial, n=278 patients; test on rectal cancer biopsies,
GRAMPIAN cohort, n=144 patients; and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), n=430 patients).
Ground truth CMS calls were ascertained by matching random forest and single sample
predictions from CMS classifier.

Results
Image-based CMS (imCMS) accurately classified slides in unseen datasets from
TCGA (n=431 slides, AUC)=0.84) and rectal cancer biopsies (n=265 slides, AUC=0.85).
imCMS spatially resolved intratumoural heterogeneity and provided secondary calls
correlating with bioinformatic prediction from molecular data. imCMS classified
samples previously unclassifiable by RNA expression profiling, reproduced the expected
correlations with genomic and epigenetic alterations and showed similar prognostic
associations as transcriptomic CMS.

Conclusion
This study shows that a prediction of RNA expression classifiers can be made
from H&E images, opening the door to simple, cheap and reliable biological
stratification within routine workflows.
13 Using vision to understand dementia in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Weil Rimona 
Published: July 2020

Dr Rimona Weil is a Consultant Neurologist at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery and a Clinician Scientist. She runs clinics that manage patients with Parkinson’s dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. She studied medicine at Downing College, Cambridge and at UCL, and undertook a PhD in neuroscience at the Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL. She was awarded a post-doctoral UCL Excellence Fellowship in 2014 to study visual changes in Parkinson’s disease. Currently, she runs a Wellcome-funded longitudinal study on predictors of dementia in Parkinson’s disease, using neuroimaging, retinal and cognitive markers.Dementia affects around half of all people with Parkinson’s disease by 10 years after diagnosis, but the timing and severity varies between individuals. Currently we lack methods to predict which patients with Parkinson’s disease will develop dementia, and we lack understanding of the anatomical structures that cause dementia in Parkinson’s disease.We tested visual function in people with Parkinson’s disease, and found that poorer vision related to higher risk of dementia. We then used advanced neuroimaging techniques including measures of brain iron, and structural connectivity to reveal brain regions most vulnerable to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease. I will present recent visual and neuroimaging data that show that brain iron relates to degeneration in Parkinson’s disease and that the longest brain connections are most affected in patients at highest risk of Parkinson’s dementia.