bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of Wnt signaling in male reproductive physiology and pathology
Authors: Xue Ruizhi , Lin Wenfeng , Sun Jingkai , Watanabe Masami , Xu Abai , Araki Motoo , Nasu Yasutomo , Tang Zhengyan , Huang Peng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccumulating evidence has shown that Wnt signaling is deeply involved in male reproductive physiology, and malfunction of the signal path can cause pathological changes in genital organs and sperm cells. These abnormalities are diverse in manifestation and have been constantly found in the knockout models of Wnt studies. Nevertheless, most of the research solely focused on a certain factor in the Wnt pathway, and there are few reports on the overall relation between Wnt signals and male reproductive physiology. In our review, Wnt findings relating to the reproductive system were sought and summarized in terms of Wnt ligands, Wnt receptors, Wnt intracellular signals and Wnt regulators. By sorting out and integrating relevant functions, as well as underlining the controversies among different reports, our review aims to offer an overview of Wnt signaling in male reproductive physiology and pathology for further mechanistic studies.
NOPCHAP1 is a PAQosome cofactor that helps loading NOP58 on RUVBL1/2 during box C/D snoRNP biogenesis
Authors: Abel Yoann , Paiva Ana C F , Bizarro Jonathan , Chagot Marie-Eve , Santo Paulo E , Robert Marie-Cécile , Quinternet Marc , Vandermoere Franck , Sousa Pedro M F , Fort Philippe , Charpentier Bruno , Manival Xavier , Bandeiras Tiago M , Bertrand Edouard , Verheggen Céline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The PAQosome is a large complex composed of the HSP90/R2TP chaperone and a prefoldin-like module. It promotes the biogenesis of cellular machineries but it is unclear how it discriminates closely related client proteins. Among the main PAQosome clients are C/D snoRNPs and in particular their core protein NOP58. Using NOP58 mutants and proteomic experiments, we identify different assembly intermediates and show that C12ORF45, which we rename NOPCHAP1, acts as a bridge between NOP58 and PAQosome. NOPCHAP1 makes direct physical interactions with the CC-NOP domain of NOP58 and domain II of RUVBL1/2 AAA+ ATPases. Interestingly, NOPCHAP1 interaction with RUVBL1/2 is disrupted upon ATP binding. Moreover, while it robustly binds both yeast and human NOP58, it makes little interactions with NOP56 and PRPF31, two other closely related CC-NOP proteins. Expression of NOP58, but not NOP56 or PRPF31, is decreased in NOPCHAP1 KO cells. We propose that NOPCHAP1 is a client-loading PAQosome cofactor that selects NOP58 to promote box C/D snoRNP assembly.
Analyzing genomic data using tensor-based orthogonal polynomials with application to synthetic RNAs
Authors: Nafees Saba , Rice Sean H , Wakeman Catherine A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An important goal in molecular biology is to quantify both the patterns across a genomic sequence and the relationship between phenotype and underlying sequence. We propose a multivariate tensor-based orthogonal polynomial approach to characterize nucleotides or amino acids in a given sequence and map corresponding phenotypes onto the sequence space. We have applied this method to a previously published case of small transcription activating RNAs. Covariance patterns along the sequence showcased strong correlations between nucleotides at the ends of the sequence. However, when the phenotype is projected onto the sequence space, this pattern does not emerge. When doing second order analysis and quantifying the functional relationship between the phenotype and pairs of sites along the sequence, we identified sites with high regressions spread across the sequence, indicating potential intramolecular binding. In addition to quantifying interactions between different parts of a sequence, the method quantifies sequence–phenotype interactions at first and higher order levels. We discuss the strengths and constraints of the method and compare it to computational methods such as machine learning approaches. An accompanying command line tool to compute these polynomials is provided. We show proof of concept of this approach and demonstrate its potential application to other biological systems.
Unique challenges for glioblastoma immunotherapy—discussions across neuro-oncology and non-neuro-oncology experts in cancer immunology. Meeting Report from the 2019 SNO Immuno-Oncology Think Tank
Authors: Chuntova Pavlina , Chow Frances , Watchmaker Payal B , Galvez Mildred , Heimberger Amy B , Newell Evan W , Diaz Aaron , DePinho Ronald A , Li Ming O , Wherry E John , Mitchell Duane , Terabe Masaki , Wainwright Derek A , Berzofsky Jay A , Herold-Mende Christel , Heath James R , Lim Michael , Margolin Kim A , Chiocca E Antonio , Kasahara Noriyuki , Ellingson Benjamin M , Brown Christine E , Chen Yvonne , Fecci Peter E , Reardon David A , Dunn Gavin P , Liau Linda M , Costello Joseph F , Wick Wolfgang , Cloughesy Timothy , Timmer William C , Wen Patrick Y , Prins Robert M , Platten Michael , Okada Hideho 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has made remarkable advances with over 50 separate Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals as first- or second-line indications since 2015. These include immune checkpoint blocking antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor-transduced T cells, and bispecific T-cell–engaging antibodies. While multiple cancer types now benefit from these immunotherapies, notable exceptions thus far include brain tumors, such as glioblastoma. As such, it seems critical to gain a better understanding of unique mechanistic challenges underlying the resistance of malignant gliomas to immunotherapy, as well as to acquire insights into the development of future strategies. An Immuno-Oncology Think Tank Meeting was held during the 2019 Annual Society for Neuro-Oncology Scientific Conference. Discussants in the fields of neuro-oncology, neurosurgery, neuro-imaging, medical oncology, and cancer immunology participated in the meeting. Sessions focused on topics such as the tumor microenvironment, myeloid cells, T-cell dysfunction, cellular engineering, and translational aspects that are critical and unique challenges inherent with primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the discussions and the key messages from the meeting, which may potentially serve as a basis for advancing the field of immune neuro-oncology in a collaborative manner.
Direct observation and manipulation of hot electrons at room temperature
Authors: Wang Hailu , Wang Fang , Xia Hui , Wang Peng , Li Tianxin , Li Juzhu , Wang Zhen , Sun Jiamin , Wu Peisong , Ye Jiafu , Zhuang Qiandong , Yang Zaixing , Fu Lan , Hu Weida , Chen Xiaoshuang , Lu Wei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In modern electronics and optoelectronics, hot electron behaviors are highly concerned, as they determine the performance limit of a device or system, like the associated thermal or power constraint of chips and the Shockley-Queisser limit for solar cell efficiency. To date, however, the manipulation of hot electrons has been mostly based on conceptual interpretations rather than a direct observation. The problem arises from a fundamental fact that energy-differential electrons are mixed up in real-space, making it hard to distinguish them from each other by standard measurements. Here we demonstrate a distinct approach to artificially (spatially) separate hot electrons from cold ones in semiconductor nanowire transistors, which thus offers a unique opportunity to observe and modulate electron occupied state, energy, mobility and even path. Such a process is accomplished through the scanning-photocurrent-microscopy measurements by activating the intervalley-scattering events and 1D charge-neutrality rule. Findings here may provide a new degree of freedom in manipulating non-equilibrium electrons for both electronic and optoelectronic applications.
Young Adults’ Vaping, Readiness to Quit, and Recent Quit Attempts: The Role of Co-use With Cigarettes and Marijuana
Authors: Berg Carla J , Duan Xuejing , Romm Katelyn , Pulvers Kim , Le Daisy , Ma Yan , Krishnan Nandita , Abroms Lorien C , Getachew Betelihem , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction
E-cigarette cessation intervention research is limited. Young adult e-cigarette use and cessation is particularly nuanced, given various user profiles (ie, polytobacco use, co-use with marijuana) warranting different intervention approaches.

Methods
The current study is an analysis of baseline survey data (collected September–December 2018) among 1133 young adult (aged 18–34) e-cigarette users in a 2-year longitudinal study. We examined (1) e-cigarette user profiles (ie, e-cigarette only; e-cigarette/other tobacco; e-cigarette/marijuana; e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana) and (2) correlates of readiness to quit e-cigarette use in the next 6 months and past-year e-cigarette quit attempts.

Results
In this sample (Mage = 23.91, 47.3% male, 35.5% sexual minority, 75.2% White, 13.7% Hispanic), e-cigarette user profiles were as follows: 16.8% e-cigarettes-only, 23.4% e-cigarette/other tobacco, 18.0% e-cigarette/marijuana, and 41.8% e-cigarette/other tobacco/marijuana. Multinomial logistic regression (referent: e-cigarette-only use) indicated that all polyuse groups were more likely to use high-nicotine e-liquids (containing ≥9 mg of nicotine). Other predictors included e-cigarettes/other tobacco users being older and male; e-cigarettes/marijuana users using closed systems; and e-cigarettes/other tobacco/marijuana users being sexual minority (p’s &lt; .01). Readiness to quit e-cigarettes and past-year quit attempts were reported by 20.8% and 32.3%, respectively. Per multilevel regression, readiness to quit and quit attempts correlated with using fewer days, high-nicotine e-liquids, and closed systems, but not marijuana, as well as being heterosexual and Black (vs White); readiness to quit also correlated with being single; past-year quit attempts correlated with other tobacco use and being Hispanic.

Conclusions
Young adult e-cigarette users demonstrate distinct user profiles and cessation-related experiences that should be considered in developing cessation interventions.

Implications
The vast majority of young adult e-cigarette users use other tobacco products and marijuana. Unfortunately, few reported readiness to quit or attempting quit. Moreover, certain subgroups (eg, sexual/racial/ethnic minorities) are more likely to be ready or attempt to quit, but may not be successful. Vaping cessation interventions must attend to these nuances.
Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomical Study of Transtemporal-Transchoroidal Fissure Approaches to the Ambient Cistern
Authors: Egemen Emrah , Celtikci Pinar , Dogruel Yücel , Yakar Fatih , Sahinoglu Defne , Farouk Mohamed , Adiguzel Esat , Ugur Hasan Caglar , Coskun Erdal , Güngör Abuzer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Approaching ambient cistern lesions is still a challenge because of deep location and related white matter tracts (WMTs) and neural structures.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the white matter anatomy in the course of 3 types of transtemporal-transchoroidal fissure approaches (TTcFA) to ambient cistern by using fiber dissection technique with translumination and magnetic resonance imaging fiber tractography.

METHODS
Eight formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres were dissected on surgical corridor from the temporal cortex to the ambient cistern by using Klingler's method. The trans-middle temporal gyrus, trans-inferior temporal sulcus (TITS), and trans-inferior temporal gyrus (TITG) approaches were evaluated. WMTs that were identified during dissection were then reconstructed on the Human Connectome Project 1021 individual template for validation.

RESULTS
The trans-middle gyrus approach interrupted the U fibers, arcuate fasciculus (AF), the ventral segment of inferior frontoocipital fasciculus (IFOF), the temporal extensions of the anterior commissure (AC) posterior crura, the tapetum (Tp) fibers, and the anterior loop of the optic radiation (OR). The TITS approach interrupted U fibers, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), IFOF, and OR. The TITG approach interrupted the U fibers, ILF, and OR. The middle longitudinal fasciculus, ILF, and uncinate fasciculus (UF) were not interrupted in the trans-middle gyrus approach and the AF, UF, AC, and Tp fibers were not interrupted in the TITS/gyrus approaches.

CONCLUSION
Surgical planning of the ambient cistern lesions requires detailed knowledge about WMTs. Fiber dissection and tractography techniques improve the orientation during surgery and may help decrease surgical complications.
Temporary Clipping of the Intracavernous Internal Carotid Artery: A Novel Technique for Proximal Control
Authors: Basma Jaafar , Krisht Khaled M , Lee Paul , Cai Li , Krisht Ali F 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Securing proximal control in complex paraclinoid aneurysm surgery through traditional techniques may be challenging and risky in certain situations. Advancements of anatomical knowledge of the cavernous sinus (CS) and hemostasis have made it more accessible as a surgical option.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the technique of temporary clipping of the horizontal segment of the intracavernous internal carotid artery (IC-ICA) in preparation for permanent clipping of complex paraclinoid aneurysms.

METHODS
Through an extradural pretemporal approach, the lateral wall of the CS is exposed. The dura between the trochlear nerve and V1 is opened, and access is made to the horizontal segment of the IC-ICA. After circumferential dissection, the temporary clip can be introduced to the artery, and the extradural clinoidectomy can be continued under secured proximal control.

RESULTS
Seven patients with complex paraclinoid aneurysms were treated between May 2013 and May 2016 by the senior author. Temporary clipping of the IC-ICA was performed in all cases. Average time to achieve proximal control was 22.6 min (22.6 ± 13.8). One patient developed transient oculomotor palsy postoperatively. There were no other complications.

CONCLUSION
When the exposed clinoidal segment of the internal carotid artery does not offer sufficient proximal space for temporary clipping, the extradural approach can be extended to the horizontal portion of the IC-ICA. In our experience, this technique is a quick, reliable, and safe alternative to the classical modalities of temporary occlusion.
Sodium Fluorescein-Guided Gross Total Resection of Pediatric Exophytic Brainstem Glioma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Markosian Christopher , Mazzola Catherine A , Tomycz Luke D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Brainstem gliomas comprise 10% to 20% of pediatric intracranial tumors.
1
Gross total resection is associated with the greatest long-term survival.
1
However, due to the eloquence of surrounding brain tissue, an aggressive resection is not always achievable and can be associated with significant risk.
2
Sodium fluorescein can be used to help differentiate between tumor and normal tissue.
3,4
In this operative video, we demonstrate the step-by-step technique to utilize fluorescence in surgically resecting an exophytic glioma arising from the midbrain in a 16-yr-old male. Technical nuances are highlighted in this operative video, including the use of the YELLOW 560 (Zeiss) filter to differentiate fluorescent tumor from normal tissue as well as strategic splitting of the tentorium to expose the supratentorial component of the tumor. A decrease in motor potentials of the right leg during the case did not translate into neurological worsening postoperatively; at 3-mo follow-up, the patient attests to better strength and coordination on his affected side. In summary, sodium fluorescein can be used as a critical adjunctive tool for successful surgery in the case of a brainstem tumor. Alternatives to this procedure included gross total resection with 5-aminolevulinic acid, subtotal resection with chemotherapy, and active monitoring, but were not chosen due to their limitations in this clinical case.
5-7

Appropriate patient consent was obtained to perform this procedure and present this clinical case and surgical video for academic purposes.
Integrated Psychosocial Group Treatment: A Randomized Pilot Trial of a Harm Reduction and Preventive Approach for Patients with Chronic Pain at Risk of Opioid Misuse
Authors: Hruschak Valerie , Rosen Daniel , Tierney Megan , Eack Shaun M , Wasan Ajay D , Cochran Gerald 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
To examine the benefits of an integrated psychosocial group treatment (IPGT) model for patients with chronic pain at risk of opioid misuse.

Design
This study was a small-scale, single-blinded, two-group randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Outpatient.

Subjects
Adults with chronic pain of &gt;3 months’ duration who were currently prescribed opioid medication and were at risk of opioid misuse.

Methods
Patients with chronic pain who were at risk of opioid misuse (n = 30) were randomly assigned to IPGT or treatment as usual. IPGT consists of six group sessions of psychoeducation, motivational interviewing, cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and peer support. Participants were assessed at baseline, first follow-up at 6 weeks, and a posttreatment follow-up at 9 weeks. Outcomes included feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy. Data were analyzed with descriptive and multivariate analyses.

Results
All intervention components were delivered to 87% of the participants, and IPGT recipients reported a high level of satisfaction. Results of the multivariate analyses demonstrated nonsignificant improvements in pain severity (β = 0.22, 95% CI: –0.24 to 0.66, P = 0.35). However, we observed significant treatment × time interactions on pain interference (β = 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01 to 6.65, P = 0.05) and pain catastrophizing (β = 2.74, 95% CI: 0.49 to 4.99, P = 0.02). Lastly, we detected no significant differences in opioid misuse (adjusted odds ratio = 0.69, 95% CI: –0.26 to 1.64, P = 0.16).

Conclusion
This study provides support for the IPGT intervention being acceptable and feasible for delivery in patients with chronic pain at risk of opioid misuse. Efficacy was achieved in pain interference and pain catastrophizing.
Can the ARAT Be Used to Measure Arm Function in People With Cerebellar Ataxia?
Authors: Reoli Rachel , Cherry-Allen Kendra , Therrien Amanda , Keller Jennifer , Leech Kristan , Whitt Abigail Leddy , Bastian Amy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
For people with ataxia, there are validated outcome measures to address body function and structure (BFS) impairments and participation; however, no outcome measure exists for upper extremity (UE) activity level in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the action research arm test (ARAT), a measure of UE activity validated for other neurological conditions, might be a useful outcome measure for capturing UE activity limitations in ataxia.

Methods
A total of 22 participants with ataxia were evaluated to assess construct validity of the ARAT; 19 of the participants were included in the interrater reliability assessment. Participants received a neurologic examination and completed a battery of outcome measures, including the ARAT. ARAT performance was video recorded and scored by 4 additional raters.

Results
For construct validity, Spearman rho showed a significant moderate relationship between the ARAT and BSF outcome measures. A small, nonsignificant relationship was noted for the ARAT and the participation measure. For interrater reliability, Spearman rho showed a large, significant relationship among all raters for the ARAT (range = .87–.94). High reliability was demonstrated using the intraclass correlation coefficient ([2,1] = .97).

Conclusion
The ARAT is moderately correlated with ataxia BFS outcome measures, but not with participation scores. The ARAT is a measure of UE activity, which is different from BFS and participation outcome measures. The ARAT was identified to have strong interrater reliability among raters with varying amounts of experience administering the ARAT. Thus, for the ataxic population, the ARAT may be useful for assessing UE activity limitations.

Impact
Ataxia can negatively affect reaching tasks; therefore, it is important to assess UE activity level in people with ataxia. Until this study, no outcome measure had been identified for this purpose.

Lay Summary
People with ataxia may have difficulty with daily tasks that require reaching. The ARAT is an outcome measure that clinicians can use to assess UE activity limitations to help design a treatment program.
Managing Expectations: Instruments Versus Targets
Authors: Angeletos George-Marios , Sastry Karthik A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractShould policy communications aim at anchoring expectations of the policy instrument (“keep interest rates at zero until date τ”) or of the targeted outcome (“do whatever it takes to bring unemployment down to $y\%$”)? We study how the optimal approach depends on a departure from rational expectations. People have limited depth of knowledge and rationality, or form otherwise distorted beliefs about the behavior of others and the general equilibrium (GE) effects of policy. The bite of this distortion on implementability and welfare is minimized by target-based guidance if and only if GE feedback is strong enough. This offers a rationale for why central banks should shine the spotlight on unemployment when faced with a prolonged liquidity trap, a steep Keynesian cross, or a large financial accelerator.
Who Gets a Second Chance? Effectiveness and Equity in Supervision of Criminal Offenders
Authors: Rose Evan K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Most convicted offenders serve their sentences under “community supervision” at home instead of in prison. Under supervision, however, a technical rule violation, such as not paying fees, can result in incarceration. Rule violations account for 25% of prison admissions nationally and are significantly more common among black offenders. I test whether technical rules are effective tools for identifying likely reoffenders and deterring crime and examine their disparate racial impacts using administrative data from North Carolina. Analysis of a 2011 reform reducing prison punishments for technical violations on probation reveals that 40% of rule breakers would go on to commit crimes if spared harsh punishment. The same reform also closed a 33% black-white gap in incarceration rates without substantially increasing the black-white reoffending gap. These effects combined imply that technical rules target riskier probationers overall but disproportionately affect low-risk black offenders. To justify black probationers’ higher violation rate on efficiency grounds, their crimes must be roughly twice as socially costly as that of white probationers. Exploiting the repeat spell nature of the North Carolina data, I estimate a semiparametric competing risks model that allows me to distinguish the effects of particular types of technical rules from unobserved probationer heterogeneity. Rules related to the payment of fees and fines, which are common in many states, are ineffective in tagging likely reoffenders and drive differential effects by race. These findings illustrate the potentially large influence of ostensibly race-neutral policies on racial disparities in the justice system.