bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desperate identities
Authors: Langman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Research SummaryIn this article, I provide a qualitative analysis of ten perpetrators of mass violence, including five school shooters and five attackers in nonschool settings (a random public shooting, a familicide, and three attacks by White supremacist homegrown violent extremists). The killers are discussed in terms of body‐related issues, three psychological categories (psychopathic, psychotic, and traumatized), and social failures. I describe how the attackers sought to overcome their perceived inadequacy, framed as damaged masculinity, through acts of violence. I also demonstrate the many factors that contribute to acts of mass violence.Policy ImplicationsViolence prevention can be supported by policy initiatives in multiple domains, including mandating the use of threat assessment in educational settings, government support for expanding the use of threat assessment across the nation, training professionals engaged in threat assessment in the broad factors that contribute to mass violence, educating the public about mental health issues, destigmatizing the use of mental health services, increasing access to mental health treatment, and improving child protective services.
Potential to prevent mass shootings through domestic violence firearm restrictions
Authors: Zeoli April M. , Paruk Jennifer K. 
Published: December 2019

Research SummaryWe investigated the extent to which the 89 mass shooters who committed their acts from 2014 through 2017 were known or suspected to commit domestic violence prior to the shooting, whether they had been engaged in the justice system in a way that could have led to domestic violence firearm restrictions, and why they were either not legally or not successfully restricted from firearm access. A total of 28 mass shooters were suspected of domestic violence, 61% of whom had been involved with the justice system for domestic violence. At least 6 shooters had potential domestic violence firearm restrictions.Policy ImplicationsImplementation of domestic violence firearm restrictions may prevent access to firearms for some potential mass shooters. For this to happen, domestic violence cases need to become known to and move through the justice system to conviction or granting a domestic violence restraining order and the firearm restrictions need to be effectively implemented.
Influence of Ethanol on Emulsions Stabilized by Low Molecular Weight Surfactants
Authors: Ferreira Ana C. , Sullo Antonio , Winston Scott , Norton Ian T. , Norton‐Welch Abigail B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe effect of ethanol on oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized with low molecular weight surfactants was investigated. Oil‐in‐water emulsions were prepared containing varying percentages of ethanol and sunflower oil, and stabilized with different emulsifiers (Tween 20, Tween 80, and Lecithin). Droplet size, viscosity, density, and interfacial tension measurements were carried out. The droplet size of emulsions stabilized by each of the surfactants studied decreased with the addition of ethanol to the aqueous phase showing a minimum at a concentration of ethanol around 40%. The trend in droplet size is accompanied by a decrease in the interfacial tension between water and oil as the ethanol concentration increases. Viscosity measurements show that the change in viscosity of the final emulsion is the result of the change in viscosity of the continuous phase, as well as the change in solubility of the surfactants due to the addition of ethanol. The density of the continuous phase decreases with the addition of ethanol and it is possible to match the densities of the two phases in order to reduce the effect of creaming/sedimentation and improve stability. This study provides scientific evidence for the formulation of stable emulsions containing a range of ethanol form 0 to 40%.Practical ApplicationFormation and stability of food‐grade emulsions in the presence of ethanol.
The influence of leaf traits and deficit irrigation on insect communities in mature green tomato production
Authors: Milkereit Janina , Stoddard C. Scott , Dito Danica F. , Hodson Amanda K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Drought affects many agriculturally important areas, hampering the cultivation of water intensive crops such as tomatoes.
Unlike processing tomatoes, deficit irrigation of fresh market tomatoes is not currently practiced. Deficit irrigation could have negative trade‐offs for yield and pest populations by changing plant nutritional values and the microenvironment.
The present study compared crop response and insect populations at two field locations: an on‐farm trial with 0%, 15% and 30% water deficit treatments, and a research station trial with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% water deficit treatments.
At the on‐farm trial, water deficits of 30% affected fruit yield, leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf δ13C, whereas, in the research station trial, water deficits only affected leaf RWC. Treatments did not change the abundance of any insect groups.
Sap‐feeding insects such as silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) increased with plant traits indicating hydration such as canopy temperature depression (CTD) and RWC. Furthermore, CTD influenced the composition of insect communities.
Sap‐feeding insect abundance may vary with traits indicating hydration because of turgor pressure required for feeding, as well as a more suitable microenvironment.
Mixed lichenoid and psoriasiform drug eruption induced by rifampicin
Authors: Feng Xia , Ye Xin , Xu Jixiang , Li Changqiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRifampicin is an essential first line anti‐tuberculosis drug. However, several cases of adverse reactions associated with this drug have been reported, the most common of which are cutaneous drug reactions. We report a case of mixed lichenoid and psoriasiform drug eruption induced by rifampicin.
“I feel I am at the stage now of really learning something”: Esma Banner, Post‐Second World War Migration Worker and Photographer
Authors: Tomsic Mary 
Published: December 2019

Australian woman Esma Banner (1910–2001) was a keen amateur photographer who worked for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and the International Refugee Organisation (IRO) between 1945 and 1951. While posted in Germany, Banner kept a diary, wrote over 100 letters to her family, kept official reports, took photographs and collected art and craft by Displaced Persons (DP). In particular, photography and family were important to her. She said in a letter home: “You are all always in my thoughts – every picture I take is for you”.This article primarily focuses on visual materials in Esma Banner's personal papers. Banner's collection substantially documents her professional relief work with UNRRA and the IRO, and through this, her interactions with other relief workers as well as displaced children and adults can be seen. Here Banner's photographs and albums are read alongside published materials, letters and diaries to reveal a range of political, personal and gendered understandings of post‐Second World War reconstruction work. The material also provides some insights into the experiences of forcibly displaced children and adults. Banner's photographs are used to reflect upon the place of visual and personal sources in writing histories of post‐Second World War reconstruction.
Comparison of administrative data and the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data in a New South Wales Hospital
Authors: Richardson Arthur , Pang Tony , Hitos Kerry , Toh James Wei Tatt , Johnston Emma , Morgan Gary , Zeng Mingjuan , Mazevska Deniza , McElduff Patrick 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) is widely used in North America for benchmarking. In 2015, NSQIP was introduced to four New South Wales public hospitals. The aim of this study is to investigate the agreement between NSQIP and administrative data in the Australian setting; to compare the performance of models derived from each data set to predict 30‐day outcomes.MethodsThe NSQIP and administrative data variables were mapped to select variables available in both data sets where coding may be influenced by interpretation of the clinical information. These were compared for agreement. Logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the probability of adverse outcomes within 30 days. Models derived from NSQIP and administrative data were compared by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsA total of 2240 procedures over 21 months had matching records. Functional status demonstrated poor agreement (kappa 0.02): administrative data recorded only one (1%) patient with partial‐ or total‐dependence as recorded by NSQIP data. The American Society of Anesthesiologists class demonstrated excellent agreement (kappa 0.91). Other perioperative variables demonstrated poor to fair agreement (kappa 0.12–0.61). Predictive model based on NSQIP data was excellent at predicting mortality but was less accurate for complications and readmissions. The NSQIP model was better in predicting mortality and complications (receiver operating characteristic curve 0.93 versus 0.87; P = 0.029 and 0.71 versus 0.64; P = 0.027).ConclusionsThere is poor agreement between NSQIP data and administrative data. Predictive models associated with NSQIP data were more accurate at predicting surgical outcomes than those from administrative data. To drive quality improvement in surgery, high‐quality clinical data are required and we believe that NSQIP fulfils this function.
Understanding the drug exposure–response relationship of bedaquiline to predict efficacy for novel dosing regimens in the treatment of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Tanneau Lénaïg , Karlsson Mats O. , Svensson Elin M. 
Published: December 2019

AimsTo externally validate an earlier characterized relationship between bedaquiline exposure and decline in bacterial load in a more difficult‐to‐treat patient population, and to explore the performances of alternative dosing regimens through simulations.MethodsThe bedaquiline exposure–response relationship was validated using time‐to‐positivity data from 233 newly diagnosed or treatment‐experienced patients with drug‐resistant tuberculosis from the C209 open‐label study. The significance of the exposure–response relationship on the bacterial clearance was compared to a constant drug effect model. Tuberculosis resistance type and the presence and duration of antituberculosis pre‐treatment were evaluated as additional covariates. Alternative dosing regimens were simulated for tuberculosis patients with different types of drug resistance.ResultsHigh bedaquiline concentrations were confirmed to be associated with faster bacterial load decline in patients, given that the exposure–effect relationship provided a significantly better fit than the constant drug effect (relative likelihood = 0.0003). The half‐life of bacterial clearance was identified to be 22% longer in patients with pre‐extensively drug‐resistant (pre‐XDR) tuberculosis (TB) and 86% longer in patients with extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) TB, compared to patients with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) TB. Achievement of the same treatment response for (pre‐)XDR TB patients as for MDR TB patients would be possible by adjusting the dose and dosing frequency. Furthermore, daily bedaquiline administration as in the ZeNix regimen, was predicted to be as effective as the approved regimen.ConclusionThe confirmed bedaquiline exposure–response relationship offers the possibility to predict efficacy under alternative dosing regimens, and provides a useful tool for potential treatment optimization.
Correlates of indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use in people prescribed opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain
Authors: Santo Thomas , Larance Briony , Bruno Raimondo , Gisev Natasa , Nielsen Suzanne , Degenhardt Louisa , Campbell Gabrielle 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThe opioid‐related behaviours in treatment (ORBIT) scale are a measure of recent indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use. Indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use are divergent practices among people prescribed opioids that may place them at risk of harm. This study aimed to examine the correlates of indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use in people prescribed opioids for chronic non‐cancer pain (CNCP).Design and MethodsThe Pain and Opioids IN Treatment (POINT) study is a prospective cohort study of people prescribed opioids for CNCP in Australia. People prescribed opioids solely for opioid dependence were excluded. This cross‐sectional study utilised logistic regression to determine the characteristics associated with reporting any indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use.ResultsOf the 1505 participants, 38% reported at least one indicator of potential extra‐medical opioid use, most commonly asking for an increase in prescribed opioid dose (21%) and early prescription renewal (12%). Indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use were associated with younger age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.92, 0.99), male sex (AOR = 1.53; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.04), lifetime pharmaceutical opioid use disorder (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI = 1.31, 2.66) and lifetime illicit drug use disorder (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.18, 2.52).Discussion and ConclusionsOver one‐third of the POINT cohort reported one or more indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use. Lifetime substance use disorders were associated these divergent practices, highlighting the importance of clinical monitoring and patient education for this patient group. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether indicators of potential extra‐medical opioid use predict opioid use disorders in this population.
Facilitation between invasive herbivores: hemlock woolly adelgid increases gypsy moth preference for and performance on eastern hemlock
Authors: Kinahan Ian G. , Baranowski Alex K. , Whitney Elizabeth R. , Savage Suzanne K. , Rigsby Chad M. , Shoemaker Emma E. , Orians Colin M. , Preisser Evan L. 
Published: December 2019

1. Interactions between invertebrate herbivores with different feeding modes are common on long‐lived woody plants. In cases where one herbivore facilitates the success of another, the consequences for their shared host plant may be severe. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a canopy‐dominant conifer native to the eastern U.S., is currently threatened with extirpation by the invasive stylet‐feeding hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). The effect of adelgid on invasive hemlock‐feeding folivores remains unknown.2. This study evaluated the impact of feeding by hemlock woolly adelgid on gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval preference for, and performance on, eastern hemlock. To assess preference, 245 field‐grown hemlocks were surveyed for gypsy moth herbivory damage and laboratory paired‐choice bioassays were conducted. To assess performance, gypsy moth larvae were reared to pupation on adelgid‐infested or uninfested hemlock foliage, and pupal weight, proportional weight gain, and larval period were analysed.3. Adelgid‐infested hemlocks experienced more gypsy moth herbivory than did uninfested control trees, and laboratory tests confirmed that gypsy moth larvae preferentially feed on adelgid‐infested hemlock foliage. Gypsy moth larvae reared to pupation on adelgid‐infested foliage gained more weight than larvae reared on uninfested control foliage.4. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of adelgid and gypsy moth poses an additional threat to eastern hemlock that may increase extirpation risk and ecological impact throughout most of its range.
Assessment of text coherence using an ontology‐based relatedness measurement method
Authors: Giray Görkem , Ünalır Murat Osman 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel method for assessing text coherence. Central to this approach is an ontology‐based representation of text, which captures the level of relatedness between consecutive sentences via ontologies. Our method encompasses annotating text using ontological concepts and assessing text coherence based on relatedness measurement among these concepts. The ontology‐based relatedness measurement method used in this study considers various types of relationships in ontologies and derived relationships via an inference engine for computing relatedness. We hypothesized that rich variety of relationships and inferred facts in ontologies would improve the success of text coherence assessment. Our results demonstrate that the use of ontologies yields to coherence values that have a higher correlation with human ratings.
Identifying potentially invasive non‐native marine and brackish water species for the Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman
Authors: Clarke Stacey A. , Vilizzi Lorenzo , Lee Laura , Wood Louisa E. , Cowie Winston J. , Burt John A. , Mamiit Rusyan J. E. , Ali Hassina , Davison Phil I. , Fenwick Gemma V. , Harmer Rogan , Skóra Michał E. , Kozic Sebastian , Aislabie Luke R. , Kennerley Adam , Le Quesne Will J. F. , Copp Gordon H. , Stebbing Paul D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInvasive non‐native species (NNS) are internationally recognized as posing a serious threat to global biodiversity, economies and human health. The identification of invasive NNS is already established, those that may arrive in the future, their vectors and pathways of introduction and spread, and hotspots of invasion are important for a targeted approach to managing introductions and impacts at local, regional and global scales. The aim of this study was to identify which marine and brackish NNS are already present in marine systems of the northeastern Arabia area (Arabian Gulf and Sea of Oman) and of these which ones are potentially invasive, and which species have a high likelihood of being introduced in the future and negatively affect biodiversity. Overall, 136 NNS were identified, of which 56 are already present in the region and a further 80 were identified as likely to arrive in the future, including fish, tunicates, invertebrates, plants and protists. The Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS‐ISK) was used to identify the risk of NNS being (or becoming) invasive within the region. Based on the AS‐ISK basic risk assessment (BRA) thresholds, 36 extant and 37 horizon species (53.7% of all species) were identified as high risk. When the impact of climate change on the overall assessment was considered, the combined risk score (BRA+CCA) increased for 38.2% of all species, suggesting higher risk under warmer conditions, including the highest‐risk horizon NNS the green crab Carcinus maenas, and the extant macro‐alga Hypnea musciformis. This is the first horizon‐scanning exercise for NNS in the region, thus providing a vital baseline for future management. The outcome of this study is the prioritization of NNS to inform decision‐making for the targeted monitoring and management in the region to prevent new bio‐invasions and to control existing species, including their potential for spread.
Features of electronic polarizability and approach to unique properties in tellurite glasses
Authors: Komatsu Takayuki , Dimitrov Vesselin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTellurite glasses showing unique properties such as low phonon energy and high linear and nonlinear optical properties have been considered as promising materials for photonic device applications. The present article reviews the current status of the electronic polarizability in binary and ternary tellurite glasses and approaches their unique properties. Tellurite glasses consisting of basic modifier oxides (eg, Na2O, ZnO) and basic conditional glass forming oxide (TeO2) exhibit the features of high electronic polarizability and weak chemical bond strength, that is, refractive index‐based large oxide ion polarizability αO2‐(no), large optical basicity ∧(no), small interionic interaction parameter A(no), and small single bond strength BM‐O. The values of αO2‐(no), ∧(no), and A(no) in several tellurite glasses containing WO3, Nb2O5, and Bi2O3 were estimated in this article, and a good correlation was confirmed between ∧(no) and A(no). Unique properties of low glass transition temperature, fragile structural relaxation behavior, poor mechanical properties, high third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibilities in tellurite glasses were discussed from the point of electronic polarizability.
How I investigate basophilia in daily practice
Authors: Feriel Joffrey , Depasse François , Geneviève Franck 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBasophilia is a rare disorder of the complete blood count (CBC) and its management in daily practice remains unclear. Two main factors explain this situation. On the one hand, the reliability of the basophil count is insufficient, whether it is performed by a microscopic slide examination or by a hematology analyser. On the other hand, our knowledge of conditions associated with basophilia is largely based on few case reports and on reviews that refer to older reviews. The association between basophilia and myeloid neoplasm, especially chronic myeloid neoplasm, is well established. Conversely, there are conflicting data on some benign medical conditions and it remains unclear where basophilia may be present. In this review, we have investigated the medical literature to define which medical conditions can lead to basophilia and which cannot, and we propose a practical approach to manage basophilia divided into 3 steps. First, we have to check the real existence of the basophilia by getting rid of spurious basophilia. Then, we have to look for symptoms that suggest reactive basophilia and for clue of a neoplastic cause. Finally, in case of suspicion of a myeloid neoplasm or persistence of the basophilia in the absence of a reactive cause, we have to decide which examinations need to be prescribed to confirm a neoplastic basophilia.
Prevalence of hyperglycaemia without previously recognised diabetes mellitus in the emergency department and subsequent management: a retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Seneviratne Epa Dilan , Ng Elisabeth , Schneider Hans‐Gerhard , Nagalingam Vathy , Bach Leon A. , Sztal‐Mazer Shoshana 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAustralian hospital data on hyperglycaemia without previously known diabetes are lacking.AimsTo determine the prevalence of hyperglycaemia without previously recognised diabetes among all patients screened in the emergency department (ED). Secondary aims are to describe the extent of haemoglobin A1c testing for evaluation of new diabetes, adequate glucose monitoring, treatment of significant hyperglycaemia and documented follow‐up plans.MethodsPatients presenting to ED at the Alfred (tertiary hospital in Melbourne) have undergone screening random plasma glucose (RPG) with their first plasma biochemistry since 2015. Of the 16 268 adults screened from July to December 2015, a retrospective, cross‐sectional study was undertaken evaluating those with hyperglycaemia (RPG >7.8 mmol/L) but without previously recognised diabetes as determined from coding data. After patient records were reviewed to correct for coding errors, a nested cohort of 200 such patients were further evaluated. Glucose monitoring was deemed adequate if undertaken for ≥48 h. Significant hyperglycaemia (RPG >11 mmol/L) was considered appropriately treated if insulin/hypoglycaemic agents were prescribed. Documented follow‐up plans were acceptable if found in the discharge summary.ResultsAmong all patients screened, 1178 had hyperglycaemia without coded diabetes. After adjusting for coding errors, the prevalence was 5.2%. Within the nested cohort, only 7.5% had a follow‐up haemoglobin A1c ordered, 9.5% underwent adequate glucose monitoring, 6.5% had appropriate treatment of significant hyperglycaemia and 2% had documentation of a follow‐up plan.ConclusionsHyperglycaemia without previously recognised diabetes is commonly seen and justifies ED screening. However, management of newly detected hyperglycaemia in these patients is suboptimal and requires improvement.