bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of tungsten doping on the variability of InZnO conductive-bridging random access memory
Authors: Gan Kai-Jhih , Liu Po-Tsun , Ruan Dun-Bao , Hsu Chih-Chieh , Chiu Yu-Chuan , Sze Simon M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The characteristics of conductive-bridging random access memory (CBRAM) with amorphous indium-tungsten-zinc-oxide (a-InWZnO) switching layer and copper (Cu) ion—supply layer were prepared by sputtering. It was found that the doping ratio of tungsten has a significant effect on the memory characteristics of the CBRAM, and the doping of tungsten acts as a suppressor of oxygen vacancies in the InWZnO film. The O 1s binding energy associated with the oxygen-deficient regions in the α-InWZnO thin film decreases with increasing tungsten doping ratio, which can be demonstrated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. When the tungsten doping ratio is 15%, the a-InWZnO CBRAM can achieve the excellent memory characteristics, such as high switching endurance (up to 9.7 × 103 cycling endurance), low operating voltage, and good retention capability. Moreover, the electrical uniformity and switching behavior of InWZnO device are evidently improved as the doping ratio of tungsten in the switching layer increases. These results suggest that CBRAM based on novel material InWZnO have great potential to be used in high-performance memory devices.
Development of control mechanisms for a laser wakefield accelerator-driven bremsstrahlung x-ray source for advanced radiographic imaging
Authors: Underwood C I D , Baird C D , Murphy C D , Armstrong C D , Thornton C , Finlay O J , Streeter M J V , Selwood M P , Brierley N , Cipiccia S , Gruse J-N , McKenna P , Najmudin Z , Neely D , Rusby D , Symes D R , Brenner C M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A high power laser was used to accelerate electrons in a laser-driven wakefield accelerator. The high energy electrons were then used to generate an x-ray beam by passing them through a converter target. This bremsstrahlung source was characterised and used to perform penetrative imaging of industrially relevant samples. The photon spectrum had a critical energy in excess of 100 MeV and a source size smaller than the resolution of the diagnostic (

≲

150 µm). Simulations indicate a significantly smaller source is achievable. Variations in the x-ray source characteristics were realised through changes to the plasma and converter parameters while simulations confirm the adaptability of the source. Imaging of high areal density objects with 150 µm resolution was performed, demonstrating the unique advantages of this novel source.
Machined helical springs from NiTiHf shape memory alloy
Authors: Benafan O , Gaydosh D J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Machined helical springs were fabricated from rod stock using a Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 (at. %) high-temperature shape memory alloy. Springs with three different spring rates of 35, 87.5, and 175.1 N mm−1 were designed, and the rectangular cross-section spring formulas were used to approximate the deflection and shear stresses. Springs were then subjected to isothermal testing at room temperature and constant-force thermal cycling experiments at varying loads. Actuation displacements on the order of 19 mm were obtained for starting flexures of 20 mm in length, resulting in nearly 95% total actuation extension. Thermal cycling under loads ranging from 0 to ∼500 N (stresses of 0 to ∼500 MPa) showed higher actuation displacements for springs with the lowest spring rates compared to the stiffer, higher spring rate counterpart. With increasing applied load, actuation displacements were still increasing even at stresses near 500 MPa (no maxima reached), indicating more actuation potential at higher loads. Two-way shape memory effect was assessed at 0 load and found to be very minimal (less than 3 mm) due to lack of training.
A novel energy-motion model for continuous sEMG decoding: from muscle energy to motor pattern
Authors: Liu Gang , Wang Lu , Wang Jing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
At present, sEMG-based gesture recognition requires vast amounts of training data; otherwise it is limited to a few gestures. Objective. This paper presents a novel dynamic energy model that decodes continuous hand actions by training small amounts of sEMG data. Approach. The activation of forearm muscles can set the corresponding fingers in motion or state with movement trends. The moving fingers store kinetic energy, and the fingers with movement trends store potential energy. The kinetic energy and potential energy in each finger are dynamically allocated due to the adaptive-coupling mechanism of five-fingers in actual motion. Meanwhile, the sum of the two energies remains constant at a certain muscle activation. We regarded hand movements with the same direction of acceleration for five-finger as the same in energy mode and divided hand movements into ten energy modes. Independent component analysis and machine learning methods were used to model associations between sEMG signals and energy modes and expressed gestures by energy form adaptively. This theory imitates the self-adapting mechanism in actual tasks. Thus, ten healthy subjects were recruited, and three experiments mimicking activities of daily living were designed to evaluate the interface: (1) the expression of untrained gestures, (2) the decoding of the amount of single-finger energy, and (3) real-time control. Main results. (1) Participants completed the untrained hand movements (100/100,

p

< 0.0001). (2) The interface performed better than chance in the experiment where participants pricked balloons with a needle tip (779/1000,

p

< 0.0001). (3) In the experiment where participants punched a hole in the plasticine on the balloon, the success rate was over 95% (97.67 ± 5.04%,

p

< 0.01). Significance. The model can achieve continuous hand actions with speed or force information by training small amounts of sEMG data, which reduces learning task complexity.
Associations of Occupational Exposures to Electric Shocks and Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields With Motor Neurone Disease
Authors: Chen Grace X , Mannetje Andrea ’t , Douwes Jeroen , van den Berg Leonard H , Pearce Neil , Kromhout Hans , Glass Bill , Brewer Naomi , McLean Dave J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In a New Zealand population-based case-control study we assessed associations with occupational exposure to electric shocks, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF) and motor neurone disease using job-exposure matrices to assess exposure. Participants were recruited between 2013 and 2016. Associations with ever/never, duration, and cumulative exposure were assessed using logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, sports, head or spine injury, and solvents, and was mutually adjusted for the other exposure. All analyses were repeated stratified by sex. An elevated risk was observed for having ever worked in a job with potential for electric shocks (odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.98, 1.86), with the strongest association for the highest level of exposure (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.31, 3.09). Analysis by duration suggested a nonlinear association: Risk was increased for both short duration (&lt;3 years; OR = 4.69, 95% CI: 2.25, 9.77) and long duration (&gt;24 years; OR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.36) in a job with high level of electric shock exposure, with less pronounced associations for intermediate durations. No association with ELF-MF was found. Our findings provide support for an association between occupational exposure to electric shocks and motor neurone disease but did not show associations with exposure to work-related ELF-MF.
Trends in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Incidence in the United States by Race/Ethnicity From 2000 to 2016
Authors: Feng Qianxi , de Smith Adam J , Vergara-Lluri Maria , Muskens Ivo S , McKean-Cowdin Roberta , Kogan Scott , Brynes Russell , Wiemels Joseph L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Incidence trends in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) demonstrate disparities by race and ethnicity. We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry to evaluate patterns in ALL incidence from 2000 to 2016, including the association between percentage of people born in a foreign country at the county level and ALL incidence. Among 23,829 persons of all ages diagnosed with ALL, 8,297 (34.8%) were Latinos, 11,714 (49.2%) were non-Latino (NL) Whites, and 1,639 (6.9%) were NL Blacks. Latinos had the largest increase in the age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR) of ALL during this period compared with other races/ethnicities for both children and adults: The AAIR was 1.6 times higher for Latinos (AAIR = 2.43, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.37, 2.49) than for NL Whites (AAIR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.53, 1.59) (P &lt; 0.01). The AAIR for all subjects increased approximately 1% per year from 2000 to 2016 (annual percent change = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.67, 1.27), with the highest increase being observed in Latinos (annual percent change = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.60). In multivariable models evaluating the contribution of percentage of county residents who were foreign-born to ALL risk, a positive association was found for percentage foreign-born for NL Whites (P for trend &lt; 0.01) and NL Blacks (P for trend &lt; 0.01), but the reverse was found for Latinos (P for trend &lt; 0.01); this is consistent with tenets of the “Hispanic paradox,” in which better health outcomes exist for foreign-born Latinos.
Do annual and perennial populations of an insect-pollinated plant species differ in mating system?
Authors: Ma Yue , Barrett Spencer C H , Wang Fang-Yuan , Deng Jun-Chen , Bai Wei-Ning 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsTheory predicts that outcrossing should be more prevalent among perennials than annuals, a pattern confirmed by comparative evidence from diverse angiosperm families. However, intraspecific comparisons between annual and perennial populations are few because such variation is uncommon among flowering plants. Here, we test the hypothesis that perennial populations outcross more than annual populations by investigating Incarvillea sinensis, a wide-ranging insect-pollinated herb native to China. The occurrence of both allopatric and sympatric populations allows us to examine the stability of mating system differences between life histories under varying ecological conditions.MethodsWe estimated outcrossing rates and biparental inbreeding in 16 allopatric and five sympatric populations in which both life histories coexisted using 20 microsatellite loci. In each population we measured height, branch number, corolla size, tube length and herkogamy for ~30 individuals. In a sympatric population, we recorded daily flower number, pollinator visitation and the fruit and seed set of annual and perennial plants.Key ResultsAs predicted, outcrossing rates (t) were considerably higher in perennial (mean = 0.76) than annual (mean = 0.09) populations. This difference in mating system was also maintained at sympatric sites where plants grew intermixed. In both allopatric and sympatric populations the degree of herkogamy was consistently larger in outcrossing than selfing plants. Perennials were more branched, with more and larger flowers than in annuals. In a sympatric population, annuals had a significantly higher fruit and seed set than perennials.ConclusionsGenetically based differences in herkogamy between annuals and perennials appear to play a key role in governing outcrossing rates in populations, regardless of variation in local ecological conditions. The maintenance of mating system and life history trait differentiation between perennial and annual populations of I. sinensis probably results from correlated evolution in response to local environmental conditions.
Adjustment Disorder Amongst Welfare Social Service Clients: The Role of Period of Service Receipt and Social Worker’s Alternation
Authors: Mahat-Shamir Michal , Zychlinski Ester , Lavenda Osnat , Kagan Maya 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdjustment disorder is a maladaptive reaction to common life events. Levels of adjustment disorder can serve as one of the indicators of the effectiveness of social services interventions. Yet, the role of service receipt period and of social worker alternation in explaining levels of adjustment disorder remains unclear. In order to explore this issue, structured questionnaires were distributed to a random sample of 190 clients of a social services department in Israel. Whilst no significant differences were found between service receipt periods with regard to clients’ adjustment disorder, clients treated by a single social worker reported lower levels of adjustment disorder than those treated by alternating social workers. Furthermore, new and long-standing clients, treated by alternating social workers displayed higher levels of adjustment disorder than those treated by a single social worker. The importance of therapeutic alliance is discussed in light of the present findings.
Sustainable waste management for zero waste cities in China: potential, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Lee Roh Pin , Meyer Bernd , Huang Qiuliang , Voss Raoul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Waste is a valuable secondary carbon resource. In the linear economy, it is predominantly landfilled or incinerated. These disposal routes not only lead to diverse climate, environmental and societal problems; they also represent a loss of carbon resources. In a circular carbon economy, waste is used as a secondary carbon feedstock to replace fossil resources for production. This contributes to environmental protection and resource conservation. It furthermore increases a nation’s independence from imported fossil energy sources. China is at the start of its transition from a linear to circular carbon economy. It can thus draw on waste management experiences of other economies and assess the opportunities for transference to support its development of ‘zero waste cities’. This paper has three main focuses. First is an assessment of drivers for China’s zero waste cities initiative and the approaches that have been implemented to combat its growing waste crisis. Second is a sharing of Germany’s experience—a forerunner in the implementation of the waste hierarchy (reduce–reuse–recycle–recover–landfill) with extensive experience in circular carbon technologies—in sustainable waste management. Last is an identification of transference opportunities for China’s zero waste cities. Specific transference opportunities identified range from measures to promote waste prevention, waste separation and waste reduction, generating additional value via mechanical recycling, implementing chemical recycling as a recycling option before energy recovery to extending energy recovery opportunities.
Tau and Amyloid Relationships with Resting-state Functional Connectivity in Atypical Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Sintini Irene , Graff-Radford Jonathan , Jones David T , Botha Hugo , Martin Peter R , Machulda Mary M , Schwarz Christopher G , Senjem Matthew L , Gunter Jeffrey L , Jack Clifford R , Lowe Val J , Josephs Keith A , Whitwell Jennifer L 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms through which tau and amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients may differ but both are related to neuronal networks. We examined such mechanisms on neuroimaging in 58 participants with atypical Alzheimer’s disease (posterior cortical atrophy or logopenic progressive aphasia). Participants underwent Aβ-PET, longitudinal tau-PET, structural MRI and resting-state functional MRI, which was analyzed with graph theory. Regions with high levels of Aβ were more likely to be functional hubs, with a high number of functional connections important for resilience to cascading network failures. Regions with high levels of tau were more likely to have low clustering coefficients and degrees, suggesting a lack of trophic support or vulnerability to local network failures. Regions strongly functionally connected to the disease epicenters were more likely to have higher levels of tau and, less strongly, of Aβ. The regional rate of tau accumulation was associated with tau levels in functionally connected regions, in support of tau accumulation in a functional network. This study elucidates the relations of tau and Aβ to functional connectivity metrics in atypical Alzheimer’s disease, strengthening the hypothesis that the spread of the 2 proteins is driven by different biological mechanisms related to functional networks.
Ethnic Insults in YouTube Comments: Social Contagion and Selection Effects During the German “Refugee Crisis”
Authors: Spörlein Christoph , Schlueter Elmar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the extent to which ethnic insults propagate through comment networks in YouTube videos from four German political talk shows with the largest audience reach. We argue that comments using ethnic insults signal social norms and embolden others to emulate offensive behaviour, therefore potentially contributing the contagiousness of insulting commenting. Moreover, periods of highly salient intergroup conflict (i.e. sexual assaults and terrorist attacks), may further reduce inhibitions to publicly post insulting content further multiplying the spread of this behaviour. To evaluate our claims, we construct a repeated cross-sectional dataset from the comment networks in YouTube videos as well as a pseudo-panel of highly active users which is used to gauge the impact of social selection. Results indicate that the use of ethnic insults in online comment sections appears socially contagious. Specifically, we find that a larger presence of ethnic insults in preceding comments increases the prevalence of insulting comments by 2 percentage points which increases to 7 percentage points in the aftermath of violent incidents. However, findings based on the pseudo-user panel do show that using ethnic insults is socially contagious thus suggesting that the patterns found for the full sample are largely a function of social selection processes.
Durchfall, Auschwitz’s Unwritten Story: Filth and Excremental Violence in Tadeusz Borowski’s Postwar Fiction
Authors: Tietjen Jeanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As an author central to postwar literature on the concentration and death camp experience, Tadeusz Borowski chose to depict the relatively taboo subject of excremental violence. Borowski’s documentary fiction depicted an aspect of history that was, especially in 1946 after his own incarceration and survival, both raw and controversial. Writing in Polish as part of a collective work, Borowski was intent on speaking in his native language to a shattered Polish nation. This article analyzes how Borowski drew attention to human rights violations by writing about excremental violence. It further examines how Borowski eschewed oversimplified postwar categories of perpetrators, victims, and resisters. Instead, drawing upon his own experiences in Auschwitz, Dautmergen, and Dachau, his works articulate the powerlessness of those in the camps and the dehumanizing conditions they faced, thus challenging any misleading narratives regarding heroic agency.
Midterm outcomes of endovascular treatment with bare metal stents for Leriche syndrome patients
Authors: Zhang Bihui , Niu Guochen , Yan Ziguang , Zou Yinghua , Tong Xiaoqiang , Yang Min 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study was undertaken to evaluate the acute and midterm results of endovascular treatment with bare metal stents (BMS) for Leriche syndrome patients.

METHODS
Patients with Leriche syndrome treated with BMS from August 2008 to May 2017 were included in the study and followed up. The primary endpoints were primary restenosis-free survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years. The secondary endpoints were secondary restenosis-free and freedom from target lesion revascularization survival rates at 1, 2 and 3 years; technical success rate; complication rate; procedure-related mortality rate; and clinical status improvement at follow-up.

RESULTS
Twenty patients were included and the follow-up duration was 34.7 ± 18.7 months (0–86 months). The 1-, 2- and 3-year primary restenosis-free survival rates were 94.4%, 88.1% and 73.5% and the secondary patency rates were 94.4%, 94.4% and 86.6%, respectively. The freedom from target lesion revascularization survival rates of patients at 1, 2 and 3 years were 94.4%, 88.1% and 79.3%, respectively. The aortoiliac lesions were successfully treated with BMS bilaterally in 17 patients (85.0%) and unilaterally in another 3 patients (15.0%). The complication rate was 10.0% and the procedure-related mortality rate was 0%. Mean ankle-brachial index increased significantly from 0.43 ± 0.20 before the procedure to 0.95 ± 0.21 after the procedure (P &lt; 0.001), and to 1.00 ± 0.19 at the end of the follow-up (P &lt; 0.001). Improvement in symptoms occurred in most patients soon after the endovascular procedure (95.0%) and at follow-up (88.2%).

CONCLUSIONS
Endovascular treatment with BMS is effective and safe for patients with Leriche syndrome according to 3-year follow-up results.
Effect of conventional and rapid-deployment aortic valve replacement on the distance from the aortic annulus to coronary arteries
Authors: Coti Iuliana , Maierhofer Udo , Rath Claus , Werner Paul , Loewe Christian , Kocher Alfred , Laufer Guenther , Andreas Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to compare the effect of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) on coronary height in patients undergoing SAVR with rapid-deployment or SAVR with several standard sutured bioprostheses. This study may identify patients at higher risk of coronary obstruction during valve-in-valve procedures.

METHODS
We analysed 112 patients [mean age 71 (9 SD) years] who underwent SAVR with either a rapid-deployment aortic bioprosthesis (EDWARDS INTUITY Elite Valve) or other standard sutured biological valves. The coronary heights were assessed by computed tomography scan with the Philips 3D HeartNavigator system.

RESULTS
Two groups of patients were analysed: 51 (45.5%) patients implanted with an RD-AVR, which is a supra-annular valve that requires 3 anchoring sutures without the use of pledgets, and 61 (54.5%) patients implanted with a conventional supra-annular sutured bioprosthesis. The mean right and left coronary artery-to-annulus (RCAA and LCAA) heights at baseline were 16.9 (4.6 SD) and 14.2 (4.0 SD) mm in the standard sutured group and 16.3 (3.5 SD) and 12.8 (2.9 SD) mm in the RD-AVR group, respectively; a significantly shorter distance was observed for the left coronary artery in the rapid-deployment group (P = 0.420 for RCAA height and P = 0.044 for LCAA). Postoperatively, the mean RCAA and LCAA heights were significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline. A mean of 11.5 (4.8 SD) mm for the RCAA and 7.9 (4.3 SD) mm for the LCAA in the standard sutured group as well as 14.4 (3.9 SD) mm for the RCAA and 9.0 (3.1 SD) mm for the LCAA in the RD-AVR group were observed (P &lt; 0.001 for RCAA and LCAA in both the sutured and rapid-deployment groups). Despite the significant difference in the mean distance from the left coronary artery to annulus between the groups at baseline, the postoperative mean distance of the LCAA to the sewing ring was still higher in the RD-AVR group.

CONCLUSIONS
A significantly shorter coronary artery-to-aortic annulus distance for both the right and left main coronary arteries was observed after AVR with different conventional sutured supra-annular bioprostheses compared to AVR with rapid-deployment valves. These findings might be relevant for bioprosthesis selection, especially for young patients.