bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power to Take Statements
Authors: Heegde Annemarie ter , Rousseva Ekaterina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter details how Regulation 1/2003 equipped the European Commission with the power to take statements from natural or legal persons. It enables the Commission to interview any persons who may be in possession of useful information for an investigation, record the statements made, and use them as evidence. Giving an interview is a voluntary act. The Commission cannot compel a person to do so, nor can it fine the person for having provided incomplete or misleading information. This makes the power to take statements a much softer investigative tool than requests for information or inspections that come with the possibility to impose fines and periodic penalties. While this is a downside, the voluntary nature of giving an interview has certain advantages. It allows for a spontaneous discussion that may enable the Commission to collect valuable information that could not have been collected otherwise. Moreover, the power to take statements allows the Commission to reach out to informants who do not carry out an economic activity and thus do not qualify as undertaking in the meaning of Articles 101 and 102 TFEU. The chapter then considers the procedure for conducting an interview.
Ordinary Procedure: From Initiation of Proceedings to the Adoption of a Final Decision
Authors: Bottka Viktor , Repa Lukas , Rousseva Ekaterina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the procedural steps from formal initiation of proceedings to the adoption of a prohibition decision—with possible fines and remedies—and indicates the circumstances in which a decision to close a case will be adopted. If the European Commission decides to pursue a case, it will initiate proceedings with a formal decision. The decision for initiating proceedings is addressed to the legal entities comprising the undertakings suspected of an antitrust infringement. After the initiation of proceeding, the Commission will adopt a statement of objections (SO). The SO sets out the Commission’s preliminary view as to why the undertakings’ market behaviour may constitute an infringement of Article 101 and/or Article 102 TFEU. Once the SO is sent, the parties are given access to the file and can exercise their right to reply to the SO in writing. If the objections are maintained after the parties have replied to the SO and/or have been orally heard, the Commission will proceed by adopting a prohibition decision pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation 1/2003.
Cartel Settlements and Antitrust Cooperation
Authors: Bogdanov Aleko , Köster Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the process leading to the adoption of a prohibition decision in the specific context of cartel settlements and cooperation in antitrust cases other than cartels. The cartel settlement procedure has been designed to speed up the proceedings leading to the adoption of a prohibition decision pursuant to Article 7 of Regulation 1/2003 and the imposition of fines under Article 23 of Regulation 1/2003, after the European Commission has already collected sufficient evidence for the infringement in the course of its investigation. It aims at rewarding the acknowledgment of liability for cartel infringements by undertakings. Indeed, under the settlement procedure, undertakings can benefit from a 10% reduction of their fine. The success of the cartel settlement procedure has recently inspired the Commission to shape a similar procedure for antitrust cases other than cartels. In order to achieve administrative efficiencies, cooperation in non-cartel antitrust cases can be rewarded by reducing the fines of undertakings who acknowledge liability for antitrust infringements. The determination of the reward is based on a holistic assessment of the cooperation and can take into account, in addition to the acknowledgment of the infringement, cooperation on evidence or remedies.
An Overview of the Rights of Defence in EU Antitrust Proceedings
Authors: Scordamaglia-Tousis Andreas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the notion of the rights of defence, providing an overview of those rights and tracing their evolution through the case law of the EU Courts. The rights of defence form part of a category of procedural rights that are of particular importance in EU antitrust proceedings. It is settled case law that the rights of defence in any proceedings in which fines or penalty payments may be imposed, such as those provided for in Regulation 1/2003, are fundamental rights forming an integral part of the general principles of EU law. A violation of a right of defence on behalf of the European Commission can have significant repercussions on Commission decisions finding an infringement of EU antitrust rules, the available remedies varying from a complete annulment of the decision to partial annulments and, exceptionally, fine reductions. It is therefore of no surprise that alleged violations of the rights of defence are systematically invoked as grounds for annulment of Commission decisions before the EU Courts, particularly given that infringements of antitrust rules may lead to the imposition of fines that, due to their severity, are now widely considered to be of criminal nature.
Access to the File in Antitrust Proceedings Before the European Commission
Authors: Abbott Henry , Wils Wouter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the right of access to the file in EU antitrust proceedings. Observance of the rights of defence in antitrust cases requires, among other things, that addressees of statements of objections must be enabled to express their views effectively on the documents used by the European Commission to support its allegation of an infringement. Against this backdrop, access to the file is intended in particular to enable these parties to acquaint themselves with the evidence in the Commission’s file. The chapter then details the various aspects of access to the file in antitrust procedures, setting out relevant legal provisions and instruments of soft law. It also identifies some guiding principles before describing the scope and content of the entitlement to access to the file, as well as the practicalities involved in the preparation for and the granting of such access.
Oral Hearing
Authors: Wils Wouter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the right to an oral hearing in antitrust cases. Article 27 of Regulation 1/2003 provides for the hearing of parties, complainants, and others, but no right to an oral hearing is granted. The antitrust proceedings conducted by the European Commission are primarily written proceedings. Before adopting a decision, the Commission must address its objections in writing to the parties concerned, who may submit in writing their comments on these objections within a set time limit. In these written comments, the parties may request the opportunity ‘to develop their arguments’ at an oral hearing. The oral hearing is always ‘the oral hearing of the parties to whom a statement of objections has been addressed’. Third persons may, where appropriate, be allowed to attend the oral hearing and to express their views, but this is only secondary to the main purpose of the oral hearing. The chapter then considers a number of procedural steps that follow the oral hearing.
Cooperation Within the ECN and Strengthening of National Competition Authorities
Authors: Arsenidou Elisavet , Capiau Jeroen , Sinclair Ailsa , Stanciute Jurga 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the cooperation between the European Commission and national competition authorities (NCAs) in a decentralised system of antitrust enforcement. The recent adoption of a Directive to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers (ECN+ Directive) aims at ensuring more effective enforcement and mutual assistance among NCAs throughout the EU by putting in place minimum guarantees and powers to detect and tackle infringements. The chapter then explains the role of the European Competition Network (ECN), how it is organised and governed. The ECN was created in conjunction with the adoption of Regulation 1/2003. It consists of the NCAs and the Commission forming together a network of public authorities applying the EU competition rules in close cooperation.
Cooperation Between the Courts of the EU Member States and the Court of Justice: The Preliminary Reference Procedure
Authors: Farley Martin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the cooperation between Member States’ courts and the Court of Justice in the context of the preliminary reference procedure. There are two points to be noted concerning the nature of the preliminary reference procedure and its relationship to competition law. First, the principal aim of the preliminary ruling and advisory opinion mechanisms is to provide a means of cooperation between the Court of Justice and the Member States. As such, the principal dialogue is between the referring national court or tribunal and the Court of Justice. In the preliminary reference procedure, the Commission holds the same status as any other interested party that is entitled to take part in the proceedings. Second, the procedural rules governing the preliminary ruling procedure remains essentially the same regardless of the subject matter concerned. No special rules apply with respect to cases concerning competition law.
A search for γ-ray emission from a sample of local Universe low-frequency selected radio galaxies
Authors: Harvey Max , Rulten Cameron B , Chadwick Paula M 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Radio galaxies are uncommon γ-ray emitters, and only low-redshift radio galaxies are detected with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT). However, they offer potential insights into the emission mechanisms of active galaxies, particularly as the alignment of their jets with respect to the Earth means that, unlike blazars, their emission is not necessarily jet dominated. We use the Fermi-LAT data to perform an unbiased survey of 78 radio galaxies from the Bologna complete sample in order to search for new γ-ray-emitting radio galaxies. We observe statistically significant γ-ray emission from four of the six known Fermi-LAT-detected radio galaxies included in this sample, and find some evidence for γ-ray emission spatially coincident with four previously undetected radio galaxies. As a large parameter space is searched, we calculate a probability distribution to compute the look-elsewhere effect. We find that these four spatially coincident sub-threshold γ-ray excesses are most likely a chance association, and are unlikely to be emission from the radio galaxies. Upper limits on flux are calculated for the radio galaxies from which no γ-ray emission is observed.
The Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer Spectral Feature Finder – IV. Neutral carbon detection in the SPIRE FTS spectra
Authors: Scott Jeremy P , Spencer Locke D , Hopwood Rosalind , Valtchanov Ivan , Naylor David A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS) Spectral Feature Finder (FF), developed within the Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) FTS instrument team, is an automated spectral feature fitting routine that attempts to find significant features in SPIRE FTS spectra. The 3P1–3P0 and 3P2–3P1 neutral carbon fine structure lines are common features in carbon-rich far-infrared astrophysical sources. These features can be difficult to detect using an automated feature detection routine due to their typically low amplitude and line blending. In this paper, we describe and validate the FF subroutine designed to detect the neutral carbon emission observed in SPIRE spectral data.
Planetary architectures in interacting stellar environments
Authors: Wang Yi-Han , Perna Rosalba , Leigh Nathan W C 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The discovery of exoplanetary systems has challenged some of the theories of planet formation, which assume unperturbed evolution of the host star and its planets. However, in star clusters the interactions with fly-by stars and binaries may be relatively common during the lifetime of a planetary system. Here, via high-resolution N-body simulations of star–planet systems perturbed by interlopers (stars and binaries), we explore the reconfiguration to the planetary system due to the encounters. In particular, via an exploration focused on the strong scattering regime, we derive the fraction of encounters that result in planet ejections, planet transfers, and collisions by the interloper star/binary, as a function of the characteristics of the environment (density, velocity dispersion), and for different masses of the fly-by star/binary. We find that binary interlopers can significantly increase the cross-section of planet ejections and collisions, while they only slightly change the cross-section for planet transfers. Therefore, in environments with high binary fractions, floating planets are expected to be relatively common, while in environments with low binary fractions, where the cross-sections of planet ejection and transfer are comparable, the rate of planet exchanges between two stars will be comparable to the rate of production of free-floating planets.
Activity of (6478) Gault during 2019 January 13–March 28
Authors: Ivanova Oleksandra , Skorov Yuri , Luk'yanyk Igor , Tomko Dušan , Husárik Marek , Blum Jürgen , Egorov Oleg , Voziakova Olga 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results of photometric observations of active asteroid (6478) Gault performed at heliocentric distances from 2.46 to 2.30 au and geocentric distances from 1.79 to 1.42 au between 2019 January 15 and March 28. Observations were carried out at the 2.5-m telescope of SAI MSU (Caucasian Mountain Observatory) on 2019 January 15 and at the 1.3 and 0.61-m telescopes (SPb) on 2019 February 6 and March 28, respectively. The direct images of the asteroid were obtained with the broad-band B, V, and R filters. Comet-like structures were detected at all observation dates. Colour maps were built and colour variations along the tail for the observation made on 2019 January 15 were analysed. The Afρ was calculated for the R filter, and the evaluated value varies from 47 to 32 cm for the period from 2019 January to the end of March. The rotational period of the body is estimated from the light curve by different methods and is about 1.79 h. Possible mechanisms of triggering Gault's activity are discussed.
Analysis of the orbital stability close to the binary asteroid (90) Antiope
Authors: Aljbaae S , Prado A F B A , Sanchez D M , Hussmann H 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We provide a generalized discussion on the dynamics of a spacecraft around the equal-mass binary asteroid (90) Antiope, under the influence of solar radiation pressure at the perihelion and aphelion distances of the asteroid from the Sun. The polyhedral shape of the components of this asteroid is used to accurately model the gravitational field. Five unstable equilibrium points are determined and classified into two cases that allow classifying of the motion associated with the target as always unstable. The dynamical effects of the mass ratio of our binary system are investigated. We tested massless particles initially located at the periapsis distance on the equatorial plane of the primary of our binary asteroid. Bounded orbits around our system are not found for the longitudes λ ∈ {60, 90, 120, 240, 270, 300}. We also discuss the orbital dynamics in the full potential field of (90) Antiope. The tested motions are mainly dominated by the binary’s gravitational field; no significant effects of the SRP are detected. For λ = 180°, less perturbed orbits are identified between 420 and 700 km from the centre of the system, that corresponds to orbits with Δa &lt; 30 km and Δe &lt; 0.15. All the orbits with initial periapsis distance smaller than 350 km either collide with components of our asteroid or escape from the system.
METTL15 interacts with the assembly intermediate of murine mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit to form m4C840 12S rRNA residue
Authors: Laptev Ivan , Shvetsova Ekaterina , Levitskii Sergey , Serebryakova Marina , Rubtsova Maria , Zgoda Victor , Bogdanov Alexey , Kamenski Piotr , Sergiev Petr , Dontsova Olga 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMammalian mitochondrial ribosomes contain a set of modified nucleotides, which is distinct from that of the cytosolic ribosomes. Nucleotide m4C840 of the murine mitochondrial 12S rRNA is equivalent to the dimethylated m4Cm1402 residue of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA. Here we demonstrate that mouse METTL15 protein is responsible for the formation of m4C residue of the 12S rRNA. Inactivation of Mettl15 gene in murine cell line perturbs the composition of mitochondrial protein biosynthesis machinery. Identification of METTL15 interaction partners revealed that the likely substrate for this RNA methyltransferase is an assembly intermediate of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit containing an assembly factor RBFA.
A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of primate pancreatic islet aging
Authors: Li Jingyi , Zheng Yuxuan , Yan Pengze , Song Moshi , Wang Si , Sun Liang , Liu Zunpeng , Ma Shuai , Izpisua Belmonte Juan Carlos , Chan Piu , Zhou Qi , Zhang Weiqi , Liu Guang-Hui , Tang Fuchou , Qu Jing 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aging-related degeneration of pancreatic islet cells contributes to impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Endocrine cells age heterogeneously, complicating the efforts to unravel the molecular drivers underlying endocrine aging. To overcome these obstacles, we undertook single-cell RNA sequencing of pancreatic islet cells obtained from young and aged non-diabetic cynomolgus monkeys. Despite sex differences and increased transcriptional variations, aged β-cells showed increased unfolded protein response (UPR) along with the accumulation of protein aggregates. We observed transcriptomic dysregulation of UPR components linked to canonical ATF6 and IRE1 signaling pathways, comprising adaptive UPR during pancreatic aging. Notably, we found aging-related β-cell-specific upregulation of HSP90B1, an endoplasmic reticulum-located chaperone, impeded high glucose-induced insulin secretion. Our work decodes aging-associated transcriptomic changes that underlie pancreatic islet functional decay at single-cell resolution and indicates that targeting UPR components may prevent loss of proteostasis, suggesting an avenue to delaying β-cell aging and preventing aging-related diabetes.
Introduction to Access to Healthcare
Authors: den Exter André , Hall Mark A. , Hoffman Allison K. , Syrett Keith 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the comparison between Europe and the United States reveals two very different approaches to dealing with the fundamental question of access to healthcare. Here, ‘access to care’ consists of both availability and affordability. Affordability is determined by how a country helps people to pay for care, including by means of healthcare coverage that entitles or enables a patient to access affordable care. Coverage is commonly provided by some type of insurance that pays for the costs of treatment. But care can be arranged and paid for more directly, without insurance, through a program that simply operates facilities or clinics serving an eligible population, as in the United Kingdom. Typically, these direct-access programs are run by government, but they may also be privately operated, as for instance the free clinics and ‘safety net’ hospitals that serve the uninsured in the United States.
Introduction to the Right to Procreate and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Jackson Emily 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the right to procreate and related technological assistance. The right to procreate is one of the most important personal rights, and it has received widespread recognition under the law. Yet its protections can be tenuous for many people, particularly those who are poor and those who need assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) to have children. This chapter highlights the complications arising from the right to procreate with technological assistance. Of all the areas of health law and bioethics, this may be the one with the largest disagreements across countries. On whether (and under what conditions) to permit surrogacy, anonymous gamete donation, pre-embryo disposition agreements, and posthumous reproduction, to name but a few examples, there are sharp divergences among, and even within, countries (in the United States, much of this is committed to state not federal law).
Humanism and Its Critics
Authors: Jakelić Slavica 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The most significant contemporary challenges to humanism do not come from critics who relegate it to anti-religiousness or exclusively immanent concerns, but from those who critique humanitarianism and human rights as the most powerful humanist discourses of our time. These critics bring two important insights: they identify humanism as both religious and secular in character, and they point to it as an enacted rather than merely an intellectual disposition. The critics in question, however, sustain a narrow, Western centric understanding of what humanism is. This chapter seeks to destabilize that view but also to move beyond the mere “critique of critics” (Rita Felski, The Limits of Critique) to gesture toward the particularity and plurality of humanist traditions as platforms for ethical and political practices—humanitarianism and human rights included.
Political Violence and the Liberation Movements: 1960–1990
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the history of the armed struggles waged by South Africa’s liberation movements between 1960 and 1990. Among the organisations considered are the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), the National Committee of Liberation/Armed Resistance Movement (NCL/ARM), the Yu Chi Chan Club, and the Black Consciousness Movement, along with their military offshoots Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), Poqo, the Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA), the Azanian National Liberation Army (AZANLA) and others. The respective insurgencies are considered individually and comparatively, focusing on the tactical and strategic approaches adopted by the movements. The military methods employed by the organisations included sabotage, insurrection, guerrilla warfare and conventional conflict. The choices that they made regarding strategies and tactics were influenced by demographic, geographic, political and socio-economic considerations. But in addition to these South African factors, geopolitics also influenced the scope and intensity of armed resistance. This was because for the greater part of the period considered in the chapter, the organisations were movements-in-exile. Accordingly, their access to training, weapons, camps and infiltration routes was dependent on external goodwill. Operations within South Africa had to take cognisance of this external feature. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the process of the integration of the guerrilla armies into South Africa’s new national defence force after 1990.