bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASYMPTOTIC STABILITY OF AttRTor1R((R/$Afr$n),A)
Authors: Khashyarmanesh K. , Salarian Sh. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLet $R$ be a commutative ring. Let $M$ respectively $A$ denote a Noetherian respectively Artinian $R$-module, and $\mathfrak{a}$ a finitely generated ideal of $R$. The main result of this note is that the sequence of sets $(\mathrm{Att}_R\mathrm{Tor}_1^R((R/\mathfrak{a}^{n}),A))_{n\in\mathbb{N}}$ is ultimately constant. As a consequence, whenever $R$ is Noetherian, we show that $\mathrm{Ass}_R\mathrm{Ext}_R^1((R/\mathfrak{a}^{n}),M)$ is ultimately constant for large $n$, which is an affirmative answer to the question that was posed by Melkersson and Schenzel in the case $i=1$.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 13E05; 13E10
THE FOREST FOR THE TREES: SOCIETY AND
THE HOUSEHOLD IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: HARRINGTON JOEL F. 
Published: July 2002

Gender relations in German history: power, agency,
and experience from the sixteenth to the twentieth
century. Edited by Lynn Abrams and Elizabeth Harvey. London: UCL,
1996.
Pp. x+262. ISBN 1-85728-485-2. £12.95.Adultery and divorce in Calvin's Geneva.
By Robert M. Kingdon. Cambridge, Mass., and
London: Harvard UP, 1995. Pp. ix+214. ISBN 0-674-00520-1 (hb). £18.50.Housecraft and statecraft: domestic service in Renaissance Venice,

1400–1600. By Dennis
Romano. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. xxvi+333.
ISBN
0-8018-5288-9. £37.00.The European nobility, 1400–1800. By Jonathan Dewald.

New approaches to European history,
ix. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xvii+209.

ISBN 0-521-42528-x (pb). £12.95.Garden and grove: the Italian Renaissance garden in the
English imagination, 1600–1750. By John
Dixon Hunt. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1996. Pp. xix+268.
ISBN
0-8122-1604-0 (pb). £23.50.Like an ancient woodsman or a guide through the Amazonian jungle, the
ideal historian
possesses at least two kinds of expertise: enough familiarity with the
general terrain to
plan successful expeditions and enough experience in the field to make
inevitable
adjustments to ‘the big picture’ when underway. Of course in
the real world (of both
geography and history) the tasks of exploration and cartography are often
bifurcated,
without necessarily disastrous results. The historian who is equally skilled
at both close-up description and large-scale theorizing is consequently celebrated as
a rare and
valued anomaly. Meanwhile, for most of us stumbling scouts, the world beyond
our
familiar trails remains largely one of learned lore, with connections to
our own limited
forays often vague at best. Unless, of course, we are fortunate enough
to come across
something which provides an almost magical link between the narrow and
the wide, the
micro and the macro.
DEPUTIES, VOTERS, AND FACTIONS IN
FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY POLITICAL CULTURE
Authors: WOLOCH ISSER 
Published: July 2002

Becoming a revolutionary: the deputies of the French National
Assembly
and the emergence of a revolutionary culture, 1789–1790.
By Timothy Tackett. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1996. Pp. xvi+355. ISBN 0-69-104384-1. $29.95.Elections in the French Revolution. By Malcolm Crook.
Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1996. Pp. xiii+221. ISBN 0-521-45191-4. $35.00.The notion of a revolutionary change in collective psychology has long
been present in
certain master narratives of the French Revolution. Georges Lefebvre deployed
this
concept in his analysis of the psychodynamics that propelled revolutionary
crowds. He
also introduced the notion more casually in discussing the ‘patriot’
elites who
experienced a psychological upheaval when the parlement of Paris
ruled in September
1788 that the forthcoming Estates General should be organized as in 1614,
meaning that
the third estate would be submerged under the weight of the two privileged
orders.
While William Doyle's revisionist synthesis has plausibly argued that
the parlement's
intention was less nefarious (it wished to prevent the king from using
new ground rules
to pack the Estates with pliant deputies), it does not change the fact
that public opinion
would never be the same after that consciousness-raising event. More broadly,
R. R.
Palmer, in trying to convey the uniquely revolutionary thrust of the French
experience
in 1789 – having already contextualized it in relation to other European
and American
upheavals – wrestled with that issue in a section that he called
‘The formation of a
revolutionary psychology’.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LINGUISTICS TO THE

STUDY OF HISTORY IN AFRICA
Authors: NURSE DEREK 
Published: July 2002

The work of historical and comparative linguists has long interested
African

historians. By classifying languages into families, linguists provide models
of

their historical development that may point to historical events and processes

that occurred among peoples speaking those languages. Once classified,

linguists can then reconstruct earlier forms of present languages, thus

providing direct evidence of words, their meanings and historical influences

in the past. Finally, linguists seek to explain innovations that are revealed
in

their reconstructions by pointing to a combination of internal linguistic

developments and different forms of contact that occurred among speakers

of different languages.Simple classification, based largely on counting cognate words in related

languages (a technique known as lexicostatistics), is still a very common

activity, however, and thus the one most historians rely on, but lexicostatistics gives only a very limited, and often deceptive, view of language

history. Historians should thus be aware of its limitations as well as
the

potential of a number of important techniques now employed by linguists,

including the Comparative Method, reconstruction of ancestral languages,

and contact models.
The ability of wheat cultivars to withstand drought in UK conditions: formation of grain yield
Authors: FOULKES M. J. , SCOTT R. K. , SYLVESTER-BRADLEY R. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments in three dry years, 1993/94, 1994/95 and 1995/96, on a medium sand at ADAS Gleadthorpe, England, tested responses of six winter wheat cultivars to irrigation of dry-matter growth, partitioning of dry matter to leaf, stem and ear throughout the season, and to grain at final harvest. Cultivars (Haven, Maris Huntsman, Mercia, Rialto, Riband and Soissons) were selected for contrasts in flowering date and stem soluble carbohydrate. Maximum soil moisture deficit (SMD) exceeded 140 mm in all years, with large deficits (>75 mm) from early June in 1994 and from May in 1995 and 1996. The main effects of drought on partitioning of biomass were for a decrease in the proportion of the crop as lamina in the pre-flowering period, and then earlier retranslocation of stem reserves to grains during the first half of grain filling. Restricted water availability decreased grain yield by 1·83 t/ha in 1994 (P<0·05), and with more prolonged droughts, by 3·06 t/ha in 1995 (P<0·001) and by 4·55 t/ha in 1996 (P<0·001). Averaged over the three years, grain yield responses of the six cultivars differed significantly (P<0·05). Rialto and Mercia lost only 2·8 t/ha compared with Riband and Haven which lost 3·5 t/ha. Losses for Soissons and Maris Huntsman were intermediate. In the two years with prolonged drought, the biomass depression was on average greater for Haven (6·0 t/ha) than for Maris Huntsman (4·2 t/ha) (P<0·05). Thus, the grain yield sensitivity of Haven to drought derived, in part, from a sensitivity of biomass growth to drought. Harvest index (HI; ratio of grain to above-ground dry matter at harvest) responses of the six cultivars to irrigation also differed (P<0·05) and contributed to the yield responses. The smallest decrease in HI of the six cultivars with restricted water availability was shown by Rialto (−0·033); this partially explained the drought resistance for this cultivar. The largest decrease was for Maris Huntsman (−0·072). The cultivars differed in flowering dates by up to 9 days but these were poorly correlated with grain yield responses to irrigation. Stem soluble carbohydrate at flowering varied amongst cultivars from 220 to 300 g/m2 in the unirrigated crop; greater accumulation appeared to be associated with better maintenance of HI under drought. It is concluded that high stem-soluble carbohydrate reserves could be used to improve drought resistance in the UK's temperate climate, but that early flowering seems less likely to be useful.
The relationship between plasma testosterone
concentrations and the seasonal variation in voluntary
feed intake in fallow bucks (Dama dama)
Authors: NEWMAN R. E. , McCONNELL S. J. , WESTON R. H. , REEVES M. , BERNASCONI C. , BAKER P. J. , WYNN P. C. 
Published: July 2002

In two experiments conducted at Badgery's Creek, NSW (Latitude
34°S)
the roles of testosterone and
the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine
(T4) as possible initiators of the change in
voluntary feed intake (VFI) associated with the seasonal reproductive
behaviour (rut) in male fallow deer were investigated.In Expt 1, the association between changes in these hormones with
the onset of the rut was assessed
in deer in which the timing of this event was manipulated by changing the
photoperiod, or by
melatonin administration. Groups were maintained under either natural
photoperiod (n=6; control), a constant long daylength
(16 h light[ratio ]8 h dark; n=9; LD group) or a constant long
daylength and implanted with melatonin capsules (n=5; LD+M group)
for 7 months from
December until the following July. Blood samples were obtained weekly and
VFI recorded.Feed intake decreased by 94% from the last week of March for 3 weeks
in the control group.
Changes of a similar magnitude were measured in the LD and LD+M groups
but these changes
were advanced by 1 and 9 weeks respectively in these groups. In
all groups, circulating testosterone
concentrations increased markedly at a time corresponding with the decrease
in VFI. The
concentrations returned to basal levels with the resumption in VFI. A distinct
decrease in
plasma concentrations of T3 and T4 in all three
groups was associated with the decrease in VFI,
however, the relationship with T3 was less apparent.In Expt 2, the role of testosterone in the regulation of the decline

in VFI was investigated. Fallow
bucks were treated with testosterone enanthate every 4 or 5 days for
28 days up to 6 weeks prior to
the expected onset of the rut. Plasma testosterone concentrations,
which were increased 13-fold,
resulted in a decline in VFI which was comparable to that observed in
the subsequent rut. Plasma free
fatty acid concentrations were correlated negatively with the decline in
VFI.Thus, the seasonal increase in circulating testosterone concentrations

plays an important role in
initiating the fall in VFI associated with the rut. As the rut was still

apparent in animals maintained
under an extended photoperiod, it is possible that factors other than
decreasing daylength act as the cue for the timing of the rut.
Effects of bacterial inoculation of unwilted and wilted
grass silages. 1. Rumen microbial activity,
silage nutrient degradability and digestibility
Authors: YAN T. , PATTERSON D. C. , GORDON F. J. , KILPATRICK D. J. 
Published: July 2002

A set of four silages, comprising unwilted and wilted silages,

both with and without bacterial
inoculation, was prepared from perennial ryegrass swards on each of eight
harvesting occasions
during the 1994 growing season. The four silages, within a single
harvest, were offered as the total diet
at the maintenance level of feeding to 16 wether sheep in an 8-period change-over
study with
experimental periods of 3 weeks duration, in order to determine
whole tract digestibility and urinary
excretion of purine derivatives (PD). Silage dry matter (DM) and
nitrogen (N) degradabilities were
also examined in the rumen of four rumen-fistulated steers offered a medium
quality silage and a
concentrate supplement at a ratio of 60[ratio ]40 (silage[ratio ]concentrate)

on a DM basis. The data presented
are the mean results obtained across the eight harvests.There were no significant effects of inoculation on silage pH and
ammonia-N/total-N across the
unwilted and wilted materials. Inoculation of either the unwilted
or wilted silages had no significant
effect on microbial activity in the rumen of sheep, as indicated
from excretion of urinary PD, or on
silage DM or N degradability assessed with rumen-fistulated steers.
However, inoculation significantly
increased the digestibility of organic matter (1·7%, P<0·01),

N (4·6%, P<0·001), energy (2·3%,
P<0·01), neutral detergent fibre (1·5%, P<0·05)

and acid detergent fibre (2·8%, P<0·001) in the

silage. These increases in digestibility following inoculation, in
general derived equally from both the
unwilted and wilted silages. The results indicate that the increase
in silage nutrient digestibility
following inoculation probably reflects a more extensive digestion
in the abomasum and intestine, rather than in the rumen.Wilting of grass prior to ensiling resulted in silages with significantly

lower pH (5·4%, P<0·05)
and ammonia-N/total-N (42·7%, P<0·001) across

the untreated and inoculant-treated materials.
Wilting also significantly increased (P<0·05) urinary

PD-N output of sheep by 6·9% and silage DM
degradability by steers by 1·6–2·4% across
the untreated and inoculant-treated silages. However,
there were no significant effects of wilting on silage N degradability
and
silage nutrient digestibility.
Volume, surface area and cellular composition of
chewed particles of plant parts of eight forage species
and estimated degradation of cell wall
Authors: WILMAN D. , REZVANI MOGHADDAM P. 
Published: July 2002

In order to understand more about the nature of forage particles

before they enter the rumen and
about the degradation of cell walls in the rumen, particles of
different plant parts produced by sheep
when eating each of eight plant species were described in terms of
volume and exposed surface area
and in terms of numbers of cells and volume and surface area of cell
wall. Estimates were made of
the extent to which the walls would be degraded in the rumen. The eight

species were: Trifolium repens
L., Medicago sativa L., Desmodium intortum (Mill.) Urb.,

Lolium perenne L., Festuca arundinacea
Schreb., Chloris gayana Kunth, Cenchrus ciliaris L. and

Zea mays L. In each case early harvesting
was compared with later harvesting in each of two years. The plants were
grown in a heated
glasshouse.The plant parts which were chewed to the smallest particle size
during eating, and which produced
particles with the largest proportion of total cell wall area exposed
on the outside of the particle
(6–10%), were the legume leaflets and the grass leaf blades and
sheaths. The proportion of total cell
wall area exposed on the outside of chewed particles derived from stems
was
only 3–4%. The number of thick-walled cells per mm3
of chewed particle was greatest in particles derived from the leaf blades

and stems of C. ciliaris, the leaf blades and leaf sheaths of

L. perenne and the stems of C. gayana. The
average number of thick-walled cells per particle was 860000
in particles derived from the stems of
C. gayana and C. ciliaris and 260000 in particles
derived from L. perenne leaf blades and sheaths. The
volume and surface area of walls of thin-walled cells per mm3

were greatest in particles derived from
legume leaflets. The total surface area of walls of epidermal cells per
mm3
was greatest in particles
derived from leaflets and leaf blades and least in those derived from
stems. The estimated percentage
of wall thickness of thick-walled cells which would be degraded in
the rumen was relatively high in
the case of leaf blades, sheaths and stems of C. ciliaris,
leaf blades of Z. mays, leaf sheaths of L.
perenne and F. arundinacea and stems of C. gayana,

relatively low in the case of petioles of T. repens
and stems of D. intortum and M. sativa and close to
zero in legume leaflets. The estimated percentage
of wall thickness which would be degraded did not seem to be related
to the concentration of lignin in the walls, either in grasses or in legumes.
Population fluctuations in three contrasting white
clover cultivars under cutting, with particular reference
to overwintering properties
Authors: FRANKOW-LINDBERG B. E. , von FIRCKS H. A. 
Published: July 2002

Three white clover cultivars of differing geographical origin,

namely AberHerald, Grasslands Huia
and Sandra, were grown in binary mixtures with perennial ryegrass
(cv. Preference) for a period of
3 years at Uppsala (59° 49′ N, 17° 39′ E)
where the length of the main growing season is c. 200 days.
Changes in growing point numbers, stolon length and stolon
weight from autumn until late spring
were followed by four to six destructive harvests each season.
Changes in carbohydrate content
(starch and water-soluble carbohydrates) were also determined
on six or seven occasions during the
same time. Cold hardening and dehardening were followed by
artificial freezing tests on stolons
removed from the plots on seven occasions during the last study
season. The rate of node production
was followed in the last spring. Temperatures in the stolon environment

were recorded during the last two study seasons.All cultivars suffered a loss of stolon length during the winters,
with Huia being most affected. The
extent of recovery during spring varied between years. Late
spring frosts checked the growth of both
AberHerald and Huia more than that of Sandra. The accumulation
of starch appeared to depend on
autumn temperatures and there was a decline in starch content
during the winter. Sandra maintained
a higher content of water-soluble carbohydrates during the
winter and the spring than the other
cultivars. Sandra also achieved a higher degree of freezing
tolerance and dehardened later than both
AberHerald and Huia. However, temperatures in the stolon
environment always exceeded the degree
of freezing tolerance attained irrespective of cultivar.It is concluded that the accumulation and utilization of
non-structural carbohydrates are important
in determining the extent to which a white clover cultivar survives
the winter and spring in a harsh
climate. Freezing tolerance per se does not seem to be the most

limiting trait, but in a climate where
frequent spring frosts occur, a late dehardening seems to be valuable.
Growth analysis of dry matter accumulation and N
uptake of forage maize cultivars affected by N supply
Authors: GREEF J. M. , OTT H. , WULFES R. , TAUBE F. 
Published: July 2002

The productivity of eight forage maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) in response to N was investigated in
a 3-year field experiment located in Northern Germany. Nitrogen fertilizer applications were zero, 50
and 150 kg N/ha given each year shortly after sowing. Each cultivar was grown on the same plot,
beginning in 1993, following the ploughing up of a 2-year old grass sward, to which slurry had been
added. Plants were sampled regularly for dry matter (DM) production and N uptake. A non-linear
regression equation was used to compare the data. Growth analysis and N uptake characteristics
(maximum crop growth rate, duration of maximum crop growth rate, period until maximum crop
growth rate, maximum N uptake rate, duration of maximum N uptake rate, period until maximum
N uptake rate) which derived from the function were used to compare the cultivars.The cultivars DM yield and N uptake were highest in 1993 and declined in the next two years partly
due to a decrease in soil N mineralization following the ploughing of the grass sward and partly due
to the drier weather conditions during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Duration of the maximum crop
growth rate was greater during the cool year of 1993. In contrast, maximum crop growth rate was
at its highest in the dry vegetation period of 1995. A significant N×cultivar interaction for growth
analysis characteristics (P<0·05) was found in 1995. Cultivars with a high maximum crop growth
rate (above the average value of the eight cultivars tested) and a short duration of maximum crop
growth rate (below the average) accumulated more DM than those genotypes which showed an
inverse relationship.Increasing N yield was determined by increased maximum N uptake rather than by a greater
duration of maximum N uptake. A significant N×genotype interaction for N uptake parameters
(P<0·05) was found in 1994 and 1995. With some exceptions, cultivars with a high maximum N
uptake rate (above average) accumulated more N per unit area compared to those genotypes which
had low uptake rates. The exceptions had a longer duration of uptake, which could not, however,
compensate for the lower rate. Maximum N uptake rate occurred earlier and duration of maximum
N uptake rate increased compared to the start and duration of maximum crop growth rate. Especially
in 1995, the amount of N taken up before the day of maximum crop growth rate accounted for 71%
of total N uptake. The N uptake rate and the amount of accumulated N until the day of maximum
crop growth rate were highly correlated with DM yield.This result indicates the availability of genotypic variability in crop growth and N uptake rate to
assist the improvement of DM yield by selection.
The Differential of Appearance: Asian American
Cultural Studies
Authors: SHIMA ALAN 
Published: July 2002

Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts (Durham: Duke University Press,
1996, $16.95).
Pp. 252. ISBN 0 8223 1864 4.Paul R. Spickard, Japanese Americans: The Formation and Transformation
of an
Ethnic Group (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1996, $28.95). Pp. 225.

ISBN 0 8057 7841 1.Gordon Chang, Morning Glory, Evening Shadow: Yamato Ichihashi and
his
Internment Writings, 1942–1945 (Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 1997,
£35.00). Pp. 552. ISBN 0 8047 2733 3.Appearances can be deceiving, sometimes they are fatal. In 1982, Vincent
Chin,
a Chinese-American, entered a Detroit bar with some friends. Ronald Ebens,
a
foreman at a Chrysler automobile plant, and his stepson Michael Nitz, a
laid-off
Chrysler assembly-line worker, also came into the same bar. It is uncertain
what
exactly prompted Ebens to derisively call Chin a “Jap”
and scoff: “It's because
of you motherfuckers that we're out of work!” What is indisputable,
however,
is the sequence of events which took place after the insult. In the wake
of the
abusive remark, a fist-fight erupted between Ebens and Chin. The brawlers
were
evicted from the bar. Ebens and Nitz went to their car and grabbed a baseball
bat.
Observing that Ebens was in possession of a bat, Chin and his companions
fled
from the bar's parking lot. Unwilling to be thwarted by this escape,
Ebens and
Nitz stalked Chin. After a twenty minute pursuit, Ebens and Nitz cornered
Chin.
Nitz held Chin while Ebens beat him on the head with the baseball bat.
Four days
after this attack, Chin died from his head wounds.What makes the murder of Vincent Chin particularly hideous is the perverse

element of mistaken identity that led to his death. Ronald Ebens took Chin
for
a “Jap.” At one level of interpretation, this visual blunder
comments on the
blind spots of racist thinking, where categorical forms of reasoning isolate
us
between our prejudices and our self-serving interests. Ebens saw an Asian
face
and automatically made it the target of his frustration. At another level
of
interpretation, Eben's racial slur, although inaccurate in ethnically
identifying
Chin, strangely articulates the conceptual incongruities and cultural displacements

that occur in representations of ethnicity and race. Chin's physical
appearance
made him vulnerable to ethnic mistranslation and an eventual victim of
racist
misrepresentation. In short, there is (much like pronouncing two people
husband
and wife) a performative aspect to Ebens's misrecognition of Chin's
identity. To
put it grimly, Chin's figurative transformation literally concluded
in his execution.