bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newborn Screening TSH Values Less Than 15 mIU/L Are Not Associated With Long-term Hypothyroidism or Cognitive Impairment
Authors: West Rachel , Hong Joyce , Derraik José G B , Webster Dianne , Heather Natasha L , Hofman Paul L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
It is unclear whether newborns with mild thyrotropin elevation (mTSHe) are at risk of neurocognitive impairment. We assessed whether mTSHe at birth persists during childhood and compared neurocognitive functioning to siblings.

Methods
This study encompassed children born in the Auckland region (New Zealand) with a newborn screen TSH level of 8 to 14 mIU/L blood, age 6.9 to 12.6 years at assessment, and their siblings. Thyroid function tests (serum TSH and free thyroxine) and neurocognitive assessments were performed, including IQ via the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, fourth edition.

Results
Ninety-six mTSHe individuals were studied, including 67 children recruited with 75 sibling controls. Mean mTSHe newborn TSH level was 10.1 mIU/L blood and 2.4 mIU/L at assessment (range, 0.8-7.0 mIU/L, serum). Although higher newborn TSH levels in the mTSHe group correlated with lower full-scale IQ scores (r = 0.25; P = .040), they were not associated with the magnitude of the IQ difference within sibling pairs (P = .56). Cognitive scores were similar for mTSHe and controls (full-scale IQ 107 vs 109; P = .36), with a minor isolated difference in motor coordination scores.

Conclusions
Our data do not suggest long-term negative effects of neonatal mild TSH elevation. TSH elevation below the screen threshold appears largely transient, and midchildhood neurocognitive performance of these children was similar to their siblings. We propose that associations between neonatal mild TSH elevation and IQ are due to familial confounders. We caution against the practice of reducing screening CH cutoffs to levels at which the diagnosis may not offer long-term benefit for those detected.
Molecular Basis of Primary Aldosteronism and Adrenal Cushing Syndrome
Authors: Vaduva Patricia , Bonnet Fideline , Bertherat Jérôme 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This review reports the main molecular alterations leading to development of benign cortisol- and/or aldosterone-secreting adrenal tumors. Causes of adrenal Cushing syndrome can be divided in 2 groups: multiple bilateral tumors or adenomas secreting cortisol. Bilateral causes are mainly primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease, most of the time due to PRKAR1A germline-inactivating mutations, and primary bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia that can be caused in some rare syndromic cases by germline-inactivating mutations of MEN1, APC, and FH and of ARMC5 in isolated forms. PRKACA somatic-activating mutations are the main alterations in unilateral cortisol-producing adenomas. In primary hyperaldosteronism (PA), familial forms were identified in 1% to 5% of cases: familial hyperaldosteronism type I (FH-I) due to a chimeric CYP11B1/CYP11B2 hybrid gene, FH-II due to CLCN-2 germline mutations, FH-III due to KCNJ5 germline mutations, FH-IV due to CACNA1H germline mutations and PA, and seizures and neurological abnormalities syndrome due to CACNA1D germline mutations. Several somatic mutations have been found in aldosterone-producing adenomas in KCNJ5, ATP1A1, ATP2B3, CACNA1D, and CTNNB1 genes.
In addition to these genetic alterations, genome-wide approaches identified several new alterations in transcriptome, methylome, and miRnome studies, highlighting new pathways involved in steroid dysregulation.
SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in India: epidemiological features and in silico analysis of the effect of interventions
Authors: Mazumder Archisman , Arora Mehak , Bharadiya Vishwesh , Berry Parul , Agarwal Mudit , Behera Priyamadhaba , Shewade Hemant Deepak , Lohiya Ayush , Gupta Mohak , Rao Aditi , Parameswaran Giridara Gopal 
Published: June 2020

Background: After SARS-CoV-2 set foot in India, the Government took a number of steps to limit the spread of the virus in the country. This included restricted testing, isolation, contact tracing and quarantine, and enforcement of a nation-wide lockdown starting 25 March 2020. The objectives of this study were to i) describe the age, gender distribution, and mortality among COVID-19 patients identified till 14 April 2020 and predict the range of contact rate; and ii) predict the number of COVID-19 infections after 40 days of lockdown. Methods: We used a cross-sectional descriptive design for the first objective and a susceptible-infected-removed model for in silico predictions. We collected data from government-controlled and crowdsourced websites. Results: Studying age and gender parameters of 1161 Indian COVID-19 patients, the median age was 38 years (IQR, 27-52) with 20-39 year-old males being the most affected group. The number of affected patients were 854 (73.6%) men and 307 (26.4%) women. If the current contact rate continues (0.25-27), India may have 110460 to 220575 infected persons at the end of 40 days lockdown. Conclusion: The disease is majorly affecting a younger age group in India. Interventions have been helpful in preventing the worst-case scenario in India but will be unable to prevent the spike in the number of cases.
Strengthening the core health research capacity of national health systems helps build country resilience to epidemics: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Zachariah Rony , Maher Dermot , Aseffa Abraham , Vahedi Mahnaz , Launois Pascal , Khogali Mohammed , Aslanyan Garry , Reeder John C. 
Published: June 2020

Background: TDR, The Special Programme for Research and Training hosted at the World Health Organization, has long supported Low- and Middle-Income Countries in strengthening research capacity through three training programmes: the Postgraduate Training Scheme (PGTS), the Clinical Research and Development Fellowship (CRDF), and the Structured Operational Research Training InitiaTive (SORT IT). In the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, we assessed whether those trained through these programmes were involved in the COVID-19 response and if so, in which area(s) of the emergency response they were applying their skills. Methods: From the records for each training programme, we identified the individuals who had completed training during the relevant timespan of each programme: 1999-2018 for the CRDF scheme, 2015-2020 for PGTS, and 2009-2019 for SORT-IT. Between March and April 2020, we sent trainees an online questionnaire by e-mail. Results: Out of 1254 trained, 1143 could be contacted and 699 responded to the survey. Of the latter, 411 were involved with the COVID-19 response, of whom 315 (77%) were applying their acquired skills in 85 countries. With some overlap between programmes, 84% of those trained through CRDF were applying their skills in 27 countries, 91% of those trained through PGTS were applying their skills in 19 countries, and through SORT IT, this was 73% in 62 countries. Skills were being applied in various areas of the emergency response, including: emergency preparedness, situation analysis/surveillance, infection control and clinical management, data generation, mitigating the effect of COVID on the health system, and research. Depending on the type of training programme, 26-74% were involved in implementation, operational or clinical research. Conclusion: Research training programmes build research capacity and equip health workers with transferable core competencies and skillsets prior to epidemics. This becomes invaluable in building health system resilience at a time of pandemics.
Hepatitis B virus resistance to tenofovir: fact or fiction? A systematic literature review and structural analysis of drug resistance mechanisms
Authors: Mokaya Jolynne , McNaughton Anna L. , Bester Phillip A , Goedhals Dominique , Barnes Eleanor , Marsden Brian D , Matthews Philippa C. 
Published: June 2020

Background:Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. There is a high genetic barrier to the selection of TFV resistance-associated mutations (RAMs), but the distribution and clinical significance of TFV RAMs are not well understood. We here present assimilated evidence for putative TFV RAMs with the aims of cataloguing and characterising mutations that have been reported, and starting to develop insights into mechanisms of resistance.Methods:We carried out a systematic literature search in PubMed and Scopus to identify clinical,in vitroandin silicoevidence of TFV resistance. We included peer-reviewed studies presenting original data regarding virological TFV breakthrough, using published methods to assess the quality of each study. We generated a list of RAMs that have been reported in association with TFV resistance, developing a ‘long-list’ (all reported RAMs) and a ‘short-list’ (a refined list supported by the most robust evidence). We assessed the potential functional and structural consequences by mapping onto the crystal structure for HIV reverse transcriptase (RT), as the structure of HBV RT has not been solved.Results:We identified a ‘long-list’ of 37 putative TFV RAMs in HBV RT, occurring within and outside sites of enzyme activity, some of which can be mapped onto a homologous HIV RT structure. A ‘short-list’ of nine sites are supported by the most robust evidence. If clinically significant resistance arises, it is most likely to be in the context of suites of multiple RAMs. Other factors including adherence, viral load, HBeAg status, HIV coinfection and NA dosage may also influence viraemic suppression.Conclusion:There is emerging evidence for polymorphisms that may reduce susceptibility to TVF. However, good correlation between viral sequence and treatment outcomes is currently lacking; further studies are essential to optimise individual treatment and public health approaches.
UM OLHAR NA AVALIAÇÃO DE CONHECIMENTOS QUÍMICOS PARA CANDIDATOS COM DEFICIÊNCIA VISUAL NO ENEM
Authors: Ogeia Jaqueline Tachji , Cintra Elaine Pavini 
Published: June 2020

O deficiente visual quando realiza sua inscrição para o Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio deve informar ao Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP), órgão responsável pela avaliação, o tipo de prova que deseja realizar, tendo como opção as provas em Braille, as provas ampliadas ou as provas com adaptação Ledor (nesse caso, contando com a ajuda de ledores para realização da mesma). Esta pesquisa tem como finalidade verificar por meio de referenciais teóricos, os quesitos essenciais para as adaptações a serem realizadas na prova Ledor, assegurando equivalência entre as informações presentes nas provas dos candidatos videntes e aquelas presentes nas provas dos candidatos com deficiência visual. Nesse trabalho serão apresentados alguns exemplos de adaptações das provas do Caderno de Questões Branco, aplicada para os candidatos videntes, para as provas ledor do ENEM anos de 2014 e 2015, envolvendo questões relacionadas à disciplina de Química.
Understanding SARS CoV-2 biology to win COVID-19 battle
Authors: Koga-Ito Cristiane Yumi , Koga-Ito Henrique Toshiaki , Sampaio Aline Da Graça , Vegian Mariana Raquel da Cruz 
Published: June 2020

This review highlights the main findings on the biology of SARS CoV-2 and the strategies to combat COVID 19 pandemic. Since the initial outbreak in China on December 2019, the international scientific community joined efforts in an unprecedent public health battle. In late May 2020, 5 204 508 cases and 337 687 deaths have been reported by World Health Organization, with higher number of cases in Europe and Americas. SARS-CoV-2 was described as a novel variant from the coronavirus family and its genome was sequenced within a few months while COVID 19 quickly spread worldwide. The main cell receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) was identified as involved in the invasion of host cells. As a result of the findings from cell biology, immunology and clinical studies, the pathogenesis of the virus started to be understood but it has been not fully elucidated so far. While a massive effort for the development of a vaccine is on course, preventive protocols for infection control have been proposed. Many studies on the discovering of effective therapeutic protocols have been developed, particularly on the redirection of already approved substances, but no gold standard treatment was established until now. An overview on the envisioned socioeconomic and politic impacts suggest that our society will be transformed after COVID 19 pandemia. As a result, deep changes in science, politics, socioeconomic and healthcare priorities shall appear in post-pandemia agenda.KEYWORDSCovid-19; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2; Coronavirus. Key-words: COVID 19, pandemia, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus.
Critical Study on The Concept of al-Ṣaḥāba Kullahum ‘Udulun in ‘Ilm al-Ḥadīth
Authors: Mukri Barmawi 
Published: June 2020

Sahabat adalah orang-orang muslim yang hidup sezaman dengan Nabi Muhammad saw dan pernah bergaul dengan beliau secara langsung dan ketika mati mereka itu masih tetap sebagai orang yang beiman. Mereka ini merupakan generasi awal yang beriman kepada ajaran Nabi Muhammad dan yang menerima ajaran Islam (hadis-hadis Nabi) secara langsung dari beliau. Mereka ini sangat taat kepada Nabi sehingga tidak mungkin mereka itu berani berkhianat dan berbohong dengan sengaja dalam meriwayatkan hadis Nabi. Mereka pada umumnya bersifat ‘adil, ṣiqah dan .dābiṭ. Akan tetapi karena sahabat Nabi itu adalah sebagai manusia biasa maka kemudian jika ditemukan sekelompok kecil dari mereka yang tidak ‘adil, ṣiqah dan .dābiṭ karena menurut data historis mereka ini terbukti termasuk golongan orang munafik atau fasik, maka periwayatan hadisnya harus ditolak. Hal ini dimaksudkan tidak lain untuk menjaga kemurnian ajaran Islam yang berasal dari Nabi. Jadi dengan demikian kaidah al-Ṣaḥāba Kullahum ‘Udulun tidak berlaku secara umum.
AGAMA DAN FILANTROPI: PENGARUH PROMOSI TERHADAP MINAT MASYARAKAT MENJADI FILANTROPIS ZAKAT (MUZAKKI) PADA LEMBAGA AMIL ZAKAT DI KOTA AMBON
Authors: Kurnia Rosna , Relubun Dety Aryani , Kurnia Wahyu Ismail , Ismail Roni 
Published: June 2020

Each religion obliges its followers to do philanthropy deed. Zakat is one of philanthropy tenets in Islam. In Islam, zakat is believed to be one of the vital instruments in an effort to eradicate poverty, decrease unemployment rate, and improve the life quality of society. As Muslim majority country, Indonesia rightly need to optimize the zakat philanthropy program through stimulating people's inclination to become loyal zakat philanthropist or Muzakki in one of the Zakat collection agencies in Indonesia. This research, therefore, is aiming at analyzing the influence of promotion on forming people's interest in becoming Muzakki in one of the Zakat agencies in Ambon, Maluku province. The quest was particularly conducted in YAKESMA Zakat Agency in Ambon. The data collection processes were literary study, interview, and questionnaire allotment regarding the research. As for the data analyzing, the simple linear regression analysis was used with variables consisting of promotion scale and people's proclivity of 25 out of 154 respondents. The outcome of the research indicated that the promotion scale has a significant improvement of people's proclivity to become Muzakki or zakat philanthropist in YAKESMA Zakat agency in Ambon. The promotion effort contributed 78.9 percent in forming Ambonese’s proclivity to become loyal zakat philanthropist (Muzakki) in YAKESMA Zakat agency in Ambon.
La utilidad y la justicia según Joaquín Costa, una visión anticipada del análisis económico del derecho (AED)
Authors: Bernad Mainar Rafael 
Published: June 2020

Una mente tan privilegiada como la del polígrafo aragonés Joaquín Costa que, lo mismo transitaba por la historia, la literatura, la geografía, la pedagogía, la antropología, la agricultura, la economía, la política o el derecho, pudo entrever la interrelación entre las distintas disciplinas del saber. Costa, adelantándose una vez más a su tiempo, conecta el derecho y la economía para alertar del posible conflicto entre la justicia y la utilidad.
En nuestros días, gracias a la presencia del análisis económico del derecho (AED), ese conflicto sigue vivo bajo los términos del binomio eficiencia-equidad, y se erige en una de las claves para explicar y diseñar el derecho a través de una perspectiva económica, ante el reto de satisfacer un amplio abanico de necesidades en el marco de unos recursos limitados, que hay que administrar y dosificar adecuadamente.
El mérito de Costa en este tema radica, por un lado, en haber detectado este punto de fricción como base de los problemas padecidos en la España de la época; y, por otro, en acertar al plantear la regeneración del equilibrio perdido por medio de la justicia, en una sociedad frecuentemente guiada por un mal entendido principio de utilidad.
The morality of abusing a robot
Authors: Bartneck Christoph , Keijsers Merel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is not uncommon for humans to exhibit abusive behaviour towards robots. This study compares how abusive behaviour towards a human is perceived differently in comparison with identical behaviour towards a robot. We showed participants 16 video clips of unparalleled quality that depicted different levels of violence and abuse. For each video, we asked participants to rate the moral acceptability of the action, the violence depicted, the intention to harm, and how abusive the action was. The results indicate no significant difference in the perceived morality of the actions shown in the videos across the two victim agents. When the agents started to fight back, their reactive aggressive behaviour was rated differently. Humans fighting back were seen as less immoral compared with robots fighting back. A mediation analysis showed that this was predominately due to participants perceiving the robot’s response as more abusive than the human’s response.
Object of Misappropriation in an Authorship Crime and its Meaning for Qualification
Authors: Steponavičiūtė Ramunė 
Published: June 2020

This article analyses one element of corpus delicti of misappropriation of authorship, criminalised in Lithuanian Criminal Code Article 191 – the object (or the protected good) of a crime. The quality of Lithuanian national regulation and the scope of object of misappropriation of authorship, which affects the qualification of the crime, is evaluated by comparing it with other European Union countries’ criminal legal regulation of intellectual property.
Efficiency of one-on-one play situations of Polish football players and their opponents during European Championships in relation to the playing area, current result and match
Authors: Szwarc Andrzej , Kromke Christoph , Stuła Aleksander , Dolański Bartosz , Sitek Mateusz 
Published: June 2020

Background and Study Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of players of the Polish national football team and their opponents in one-on-one situations (1-on-1) in 9 matches of the group stage of the three subsequent finals of the European Championships in the years 2008, 2012 and 2016.
Material and methods. Audiovisual recordings of matches were analysed and game data were collected using the authors' original observation sheet. Activity, effectiveness and reliability of individual offensive and defensive actions were evaluated in terms of current match result, time elapsed and player position on the pitch. Efficiency of one-on-one play situations of 40 Polish players competing in group stages of Euro 2008-2012 was studied. The 20 of Polish National Team players taking part in this study were at the student’s age (19-24 y) during championships and 6 of them were currently students or got a scientific degree.
Results. The study reveals that, on average, players engage in 245 1-on-1 duels in a single match and that the best teams demonstrate almost 60% effectiveness in individual defensive actions. While the efficiency of 1-on-1 situations is the highest in the middle stage of both parts of the game and in the defensive zone, it decreases with the lapse of time and in relation with the shift of action towards the opponent's goal.
Conlusions. Efficiency in 1-on-1 play determines success in competition and high reliability of individual defensive actions at the level close to 60% is the key differentiator of the winners' style of play.
Methodology for Development of Event-driven Software Systems using CIAO Specification Language
Authors: Afanasieva Irina , Novikov Fedor , Fedorchenko Ludmila 
Published: June 2020

Event-driven software systems, belonging to the class of systems with complex behavior in the scientific literature, are reactive systems, which react to the same input effect in different ways depending on their state and background.
It is convenient to describe such systems using state-transition models utilizing special language tools, both graphical and textual. Methodology for automated development of systems with complex behavior using the designed CIAO language (Cooperative Interaction of Automata Objects), which allows formally specifying the required behavior based on an informal description of the reacting system, is presented.
An informal description of a reacting system can be provided verbally in a natural language or in another way adopted in a specific domain. Further, according to this specification in the CIAO language, a software system for interacting automata in the C++ programming language is generated with a special system.
The generated program implements a behavior guaranteed to correspond to a given specification and original informal description. CIAO provides both graphical and textual notation. Graphic notation is based on an extended notation of state machine diagrams and component diagrams of the unified modeling language UML, which are well established in describing the behavior of event-driven systems.
The text syntax of the CIAO language is described by context-free grammar in regular form. Automatically generated C++ code allows using of both library and any external functions written manually.
At the same time, the evident correspondence of the formal specification and the generated code is preserved on conditions that the external functions conform to their specifications.
As an example, an original solution to D. Knut's problem of a responsive elevator control system is proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated, since the automaton-converter generating the C++ code is presented as a responsive system, is specified in the CIAO language and implemented by the bootstrapping. The proposed methodology is compared with other well-known formal methods for describing systems with complex behavior.