bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges to implementing the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control guidelines on tobacco cessation treatment: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Shelley Donna R. , Kyriakos Christina , McNeill Ann , Murray Rachael , Nilan Kapka , Sherman Scott E. , Raw Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo identify barriers to implementing the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 14 guidelines on tobacco dependence treatment (TDT).DesignCross‐sectional survey conducted from December 2014 to July 2015 to assess implementation of Article 14 recommendations.Setting and participantsSurvey respondents (n = 127 countries) who completed an open‐ended question on the 26‐item survey.MeasurementsThe open‐ended question asked the following: ‘In your opinion, what are the main barriers or challenges to developing further tobacco dependence treatment in your country?’. We conducted thematic analysis of the responses.FindingsThe most frequently reported barriers included a lack of health‐care system infrastructure (n = 86) (e.g. treatment not integrated into primary care, lack of health‐care worker training), low political priority (n = 66) and lack of funding (n = 51). The absence of strategic plans and national guidelines for Article 14 implementation emerged as subthemes of political priority. Also described as barriers were negative provider attitudes towards offering offer TDT (n = 11), policymakers’ lack of awareness about the effectiveness and affordability of TDT (n = 5), public norms supporting tobacco use (n = 11), a lack of health‐care leadership and expertise in the area of TDT (n = 6) and a lack of grassroots and multi‐sector networks supporting policy implementation (n = 8). The analysis captured patterns of co‐occurring themes that linked, for example, low levels of political support with a lack of funding necessary to develop health‐care infrastructure and capacity to implement Article 14.ConclusionImportant barriers to implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 14 guidelines include lack of a health‐care system infrastructure, low political priority and lack of funding.
Microbial interactions in the atopic march
Authors: Nibbering B , Ubags N D J 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe human body is populated by a large number of microorganisms and exist in symbiosis with these immensely diverse communities, which are suggested to influence health and disease. The microbiota plays an essential role in the maturation and function of the immune system. The prevalence of atopic diseases has increased drastically over the past decades, and the co-occurrence of multiple allergic diseases and allergic sensitization starting in early life has gained a great deal of attention. Immune responses in different organs affected by allergic diseases (e.g. skin, intestine and lung) may be linked to microbial changes in peripheral tissues. In the current review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of microbial interactions in allergic diseases and their potential role in the atopic march.
Integrating functional connectivity and fire management for better conservation outcomes
Authors: Sitters Holly , Di Stefano Julian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlobally, the mean abundance of terrestrial animals has fallen by 50% since 1970, and populations face ongoing threats associated with habitat loss, fragmentation, climate change, and disturbance. Climate change can influence the quality of remaining habitat directly and indirectly by precipitating increases in the extent, frequency, and severity of natural disturbances, such as fire. Species face the combined threats of habitat clearance, changing climates, and altered disturbance regimes, each of which may interact and have cascading impacts on animal populations. Typically, conservation agencies are limited in their capacity to mitigate rates of habitat clearance, habitat fragmentation, or climate change, yet fire management is increasingly used worldwide to reduce wildfire risk and achieve conservation outcomes. A popular approach to ecological fire management involves the creation of fire mosaics to promote animal diversity. However, this strategy has 2 fundamental limitations: the effect of fire on animal movement within or among habitat patches is not considered and the implications of the current fire regime for long‐term population persistence are overlooked. Spatial and temporal patterns in fire history can influence animal movement, which is essential to the survival of individual animals, maintenance of genetic diversity, and persistence of populations, species, and ecosystems. We argue that there is rich potential for fire managers to manipulate animal movement patterns; enhance functional connectivity, gene flow, and genetic diversity; and increase the capacity of populations to persist under shifting environmental conditions. Recent methodological advances, such as spatiotemporal connectivity modeling, spatially explicit individual‐based simulation, and fire‐regime modeling can be integrated to achieve better outcomes for biodiversity in human‐modified, fire‐prone landscapes.Article impact statement: Land managers may conserve populations by using fire to sustain or enhance functional connectivity.
An analysis of employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants in a Rustbelt city: A study of Buffalo‐Niagara Falls
Authors: Bagchi‐Sen Sharmistha , Schunder Torsten , Tai Xiaonan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study evaluates employment patterns of domestic migrants and immigrants and also explores the role of ethnic niching for Asian and African American recent arrivals in the context of local structural transformation (e.g., the shift from manufacturing to services). Employment patterns are examined for industry‐occupation groups using the 5% Public Use Micro Sample of the 2000 U.S. Decennial Census and the 2006–2010 of the American Community Survey. The study area is a Rustbelt city that has suffered from population loss: the Buffalo‐Niagara Falls MSA. Location quotients and shift‐share analysis are used to classify employment shifts into four industry‐occupation groups: growing, transforming, declining, and emerging. Logistic regressions are estimated to identify the role of various demographic factors and ethnic niches on the employment of recent arrivals in the above four industry‐occupation groups. The results show that the employment of recent arrivals vary by migration status and ethnicity. The role of ethnic niches is especially important in declining industry‐occupation groups. The analytical framework can be used to understand where and how migrants, both domestic and immigrants, find work. Future studies can focus on the pros and cons of ethnic niching (e.g., barriers to suitable jobs, ethnic entrepreneurship through niche experience) as structural transformation continues across U.S. regions, especially with new technologies.
Transcriptomic immune profiles of human flavivirus‐specific T‐cell responses
Authors: Grifoni Alba , Tian Yuan , Sette Alessandro , Weiskopf Daniela 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe Flavivirus genus of viruses includes dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV), yellow fever (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), and West Nile (WNV) viruses. Infections with these species combined are prevalent in tropical and sub‐tropical areas, affecting millions of people and ranging from asymptomatic to severe forms of the disease. They therefore pose a serious threat to global public health. Several studies imply a role for T cells in the protection but also pathogenesis against the different flavivirus species. Identifying flavivirus‐specific T‐cell immune profiles and determining how pre‐exposure of one species might affect the immune response against subsequent infections from other species is important to further define the role of T cells in the immune response against infection. Understanding the immune profiles of the flavivirus‐specific T‐cell response in natural infection is important to understand the T‐cell response in the context of vaccination. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on human immune profiles of flavivirus‐specific T‐cell reactivity, comparing natural infection with the acute form of the disease and vaccination in different flavivirus infections.
Sustained and self‐terminating atrial fibrillation induced immediately after pulmonary vein isolation exhibit differences in coronary sinus electrical activity from onset
Authors: Johner Nicolas , Namdar Mehdi , Shah Dipen C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionLittle data exists on the electrophysiological differences between sustained atrial fibrillation (sAF; >5 minutes) vs self‐terminating nonsustained AF (nsAF; <5 minutes). We sought to investigate the electrophysiological characteristics of coronary sinus (CS) activity during postpulmonary vein isolation (PVI) sAF vs nsAF.Methods and ResultsWe studied 142 patients post‐PVI for paroxysmal AF (PAF). In a 50‐patient subset, CS electrograms in the first 30 seconds of induced AF were analyzed manually. A custom‐made algorithm for automated electrogram annotation was derived for validation on the whole patient set. In patients with sAF post‐PVI, CS fractionated potentials were ablated.Manual analysis showed that patients with sAF exhibited higher activation pattern variability (2.1 vs 0.5 changes/sec; P < .001); fewer proximal‐to‐distal wavefronts (25 vs 61%; P < .001); fewer unidirectional wavefronts (60 vs 86%; P < .001); more pivot locations (4.3 vs 2.1; P < .001); shorter cycle lengths (190 vs 220 ms; P < .001); and shorter cumulative isoelectric segments (35 vs 44%; P = .045) compared to nsAF. These observations were confirmed on the whole study population by automated electrogram annotation and sample entropy computation (SampEn: 0.29 ± 0.15 in sAF vs 0.15 ± 0.05 in nsAF; P < .0001). The derived model predicted sAF with 78% sensitivity, 88% specificity; agreement with manual model: 88% (Cohen's kappa= 0.76). CS defragmentation resulted in AF termination or noninducibility in 49% of sAF.ConclusionIn PAF patients post‐PVI, induced sAF shows greater activation sequence variability, shorter cycle length, and higher SampEn in the CS compared to nsAF. Automated electrogram annotation confirmed these results and accurately distinguished self‐terminating nsAF episodes from sAF based on 30‐second recordings at AF onset.
Multispectral imaging for quality control of laboratory‐reared Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae
Authors: Mastrangelo Thiago , da Silva Fabiano França , Mascarin Gabriel Moura , da Silva Clíssia Barboza 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) has been widely used to suppress several fruit fly species. In southern Brazil, millions of sterile flies of the South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus Wiedemann (Dipetra: Tephritidae), will be produced in a mass‐rearing facility called MOSCASUL to suppress wild populations from commercial apple orchards. In spite of standard rearing conditions, the quality of pupal batches can be inconsistent due to various factors. The quantification of poor quality material (e.g. empty pupae, dead pupae or larvae) is necessary to track down rearing issues, and pupal samples must be taken randomly and evaluated individually. To speed up the inspection of pupal samples by replacing the manual testing with the mechanized one, this study assessed a multispectral imaging (MSI) system to distinguish the variations in quality of A. fraterculus pupae and to quantify the variations based on reflectance patterns. Image acquisition and analyses were performed by the VideometerLab4 system on 7‐d‐old pupae by using 19 wavelengths ranging from 375 to 970 nm. The image representing the near infrared wavelength of 880 nm clearly distinguished among high‐quality pupae and the other four classes (i.e. low‐quality pupae, empty pupae, dead pupae and larvae). The blind validation test indicated that the MSI system can classify the fruit fly pupae with high accuracy. Therefore, MSI‐based classification of A. fraterculus pupae can be used for future pupal quality assessments of fruit flies in mass‐rearing facilities.
Genetic variability and demographic history ofAnguilla mossambica(Peters, 1852) from continental Africa and Madagascar
Authors: Frankowski Jens , Lübke Kay , Coke Mike , Weyl Olaf L.F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this study, population genetic and demographic parameters were inferred using sequence data from 151 individuals ofAnguilla mossambicaoriginating from continental south and south‐east Africa and Madagascar. The analyses were based on a 532 bp segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. The absence of genetic structuring was observed thereby supporting the hypothesis of panmixia for the endemicA. mossambica. The overall nucleotide diversityπ= 0.002 and the haplotype diversity reachedh= 0.691. Significant negative values from several tests of neutrality and mismatch analysis pointed to fluctuating historical population sizes. Bayesian averaging resulted in higher support for population growth modelsvs. a constant population‐size model. Population decline and subsequent growth most likely predated the last glacial and were probably related to extended periods of extreme drought followed by wetter and more stable hydroclimate between 150 and 75,000 years before present (kBP). According to this scenario the female effective population size has increased since 110 kBP byc. two orders of magnitude to a recent level of about 650,000 (219,317–2,292,000).
Isolation, characterization, and application of biogenic amines‐degrading strains from fermented food
Authors: Cheng Shumin , Xu Ying , Lan Xiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to screen a type of microorganism for degradation of bioamines in fermented food, investigate their characteristics in growth and degrading bioamines, and also assess the effects of inoculating strain starter cultures on biogenic amines (BAs) accumulation in soy sauces. The screening for no‐BAs‐producing strains was carried out using a double color method and an oxidase test. The degradation rates were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC‐FLD). In this study, strains (J2 and J3) with high ability were isolated from some naturally fermented food samples. They were identified as Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Millerozyma farinosa, respectively, by partial amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The strains exhibited high multiple BAs degradation activity over a range of pH values (5–8), temperatures (28–35°C), salt (NaCl) concentrations (0–10%), and ethanol concentrations (0–10%). One of the isolated strains, W. anomalus, has the highest biodegradability for putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, and tyramine with degradation rates of 61, 66, 67, and 59% in an experimental model, and 39.3, 33.6, 39.9, and 43.1% in fermented soy sauce containing 10% of NaCl, respectively. Additionally, the study of mechanism demonstrated that the removal ability of BAs was mainly due to biodegradation.
High confidence, yet poor knowledge of infant feeding recommendations among adults in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Chan Kathleen , Whitfield Kyly C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn Canada, adherence to the national ‘Nutrition for Healthy Term Infants' recommendations of infant and young child feeding (IYCF; 0‐24 months) is suboptimal. While maternal knowledge of IYCF is commonly assessed, that of the general public has rarely been explored. Our objective was to assess the knowledge of, and confidence in answers to, Canadian IYCF recommendations among a diverse sample of adults in Nova Scotia, Canada. Between March and May 2018, a self‐administered questionnaire examining IYCF knowledge, self‐rated confidence, and sociodemographic information was conducted among Nova Scotians (≥19 years) in public locations. We surveyed 229 adults; 60% (n=134) were women. Mean (95% CI) age was 44 (41,46) years, 73% self‐identified as white, 77% were born in Canada, and 69% were parents. Knowledge deficits were: age to terminate breastfeeding (18.3 (16.7,19.9) months; recommendation: ≥24 months), age to introduce solids (9.2 (8.2,10.2) months; recommendation: 6 months), vitamin D supplementation (10% correct), and optimal complementary foods (only 37% indicated iron‐rich foods). Correct IYCF knowledge was lower among men, non‐parents, young adults (19‐29 years) and low‐income adults (<$50,000/year). Mean self‐rated confidence (out of 10) was high (7.2 (6.9,7.5)), and not different (p>0.05) between correct and incorrect responses for: best food for a newborn, age to terminate any breastfeeding, and age to start family meal foods. We found low knowledge of IYCF guidelines, yet high confidence in responses regardless of accuracy, among adults in Nova Scotia. General public knowledge deficits may contribute to an unsupportive culture around IYCF practices and low adherence to current recommendations.
Valence‐dependent brain potentials of processing augmented feedback in learning a complex arm movement sequence
Authors: Krause Daniel , Koers Timo , Maurer Lisa Katharina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractERPs in the EEG were scrutinized in learning a complex arm movement sequence with the aim to examine valence effects on processing augmented feedback during practice. Twenty‐four healthy subjects practiced one session with 192 feedback trials according to an adaptive bandwidth feedback approach with a high informational level of feedback information (i.e., amplitude and direction of errors). The bandwidth for successful performance (increase of a score for a monetary competition) was manipulated to yield a success rate (positive feedback frequency) of approximately 50% adaptive to the current performance level. This allowed a variation of feedback valence unconfounded by success rate. In line with our hypotheses, the EEG data showed a valence‐dependent feedback‐related negativity (FRN) and a later fronto‐central component at the FCz electrode as well as a P300 component at the Pz electrode. Moreover, the P300 and amplitudes in the FRN time window reduced in the second half of practice but were still dependent on feedback valence. Behavioral adjustments were larger after feedback with negative valence and were predicted by the late fronto‐central component. The data support the assumption of feedback valence‐dependent modulation of attentional cognitive involvement in motor control and learning.
Skin blood flow response to topically applied methyl nicotinate: Possible mechanisms
Authors: Elawa Sherif , Mirdell Robin , Farnebo Simon , Tesselaar Erik 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundMethyl nicotinate (MN) induces a local cutaneous erythema in the skin and may be valuable as a local provocation in the assessment of microcirculation and skin viability. The mechanisms through which MN mediates its vascular effect are not fully known. The aim of this study was to characterize the vasodilatory effects of topically applied MN and to study the involvement of nitric oxide (NO), local sensory nerves, and prostaglandin‐mediated pathways.MethodsMN was applied on the skin of healthy subjects in which NO‐mediated (L‐NMMA), nerve‐mediated (lidocaine/prilocaine), and cyclooxygenase‐mediated (NSAID) pathways were selectively inhibited. Microvascular responses in the skin were measured using laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI).ResultsNSAID reduced the MN‐induced perfusion increase with 82% (P < .01), whereas lidocaine/prilocaine reduced it with 32% (P < .01). L‐NMMA did not affect the microvascular response to MN.ConclusionThe prostaglandin pathway and local sensory nerves are involved in the vasodilatory actions of MN in the skin.
Intra‐abdominal infections among adult intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients in the 2‐year post‐operative period
Authors: Spence Amanda Blair , Natarajan Madhuri , Fogleman Sarah , Biswas Roshni , Girlanda Raffaele , Timpone Joseph 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal and multivisceral transplantations are treatment options for patients with intestinal failure. Transplantation is often complicated by abdominal and/or bloodstream infections in the post‐operative period.MethodsA retrospective chart review of all adults who underwent intestinal or multivisceral transplantation at our institution from 2003 to 2015 was performed. Data were collected for 2 years post transplant.ResultsA total of 106 intestinal or multivisceral transplants were performed in 103 patients. The median age at the time of transplant was 44 (IQR: 34‐52) with 55% (n = 58) male and 45% (n = 48) female. There were 46 (43%) intra‐abdominal infections post transplant among the 103 patients, and six transplant recipients (13%) developed concurrent bloodstream infections. The median time to first intra‐abdominal infection was 23 days (IQR: 10‐48). For those with organisms isolated in culture, forty‐seven percent of the isolates were gram negative, 39% gram positive, 7% anaerobes, and 7% yeast. The most common isolates were enterococci at 28%, E. coli at 14%, and Klebsiella spp at 13%. Sixty‐three percent of the enterococci were vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE), and 22% of the gram‐negative isolates were extended spectrum beta‐lactamases (ESBLs). Patients with intra‐abdominal infections had longer hospital post‐transplant length of stays at a median of 35 days (IQR: 25‐48) vs 23 days (IQR: 17‐33) for those without infections, P = .0012. There was no difference in all‐cause mortality in patients with or without intra‐abdominal infections, P = .654.ConclusionsIntra‐abdominal infections are common in intestinal or multivisceral transplant recipients, but despite this complication, we found no increased risk of mortality. These transplant recipients are also at risk for infection with drug‐resistant organisms.