bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief guide to the nomenclature of organic chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hellwich Karl-Heinz , Hartshorn Richard M. , Yerin Andrey , Damhus Ture , Hutton Alan T. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This IUPAC Technical Report is one of a series that seeks to distil the essentials of IUPAC nomenclature recommendations. The present report provides a succinct summary of material presented in the publication Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013. The content of this report will be republished and disseminated as a four-sided lift-out document (see supplementary information) which will be available for inclusion in textbooks and similar publications.
Membrane materials for energy production and storage
Authors: Yaroslavtsev A. B. , Stenina I. A. , Golubenko D. V. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIon exchange membranes are widely used in chemical power sources, including fuel cells, redox batteries, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries. The general requirements for them are high ionic conductivity and selectivity of transport processes. Heterogeneous membranes are much cheaper but less selective due to the secondary porosity with large pore size. The composition of grafted membranes is almost identical to heterogeneous ones. But they are more selective due to the lack of secondary porosity. The conductivity of ion exchange membranes can be improved by their modification via nanoparticle incorporation. Hybrid membranes exhibit suppressed transport of co-ions and fuel gases. Highly selective composite membranes can be synthesized by incorporating nanoparticles with modified surface. Furthermore, the increase in the conductivity of hybrid membranes at low humidity is a significant advantage for fuel cell application. Proton-conducting membranes in the lithium form intercalated with aprotic solvents can be used in lithium-ion batteries and make them more safe. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis, and modification and transport properties of ion exchange membranes, their transport properties, methods of preparation and modification. Their application in fuel cells, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries is also reviewed.
Natural Disasters and Political Disorder: Why Urban Flooding Turns Violent. Applying a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Plänitz Erik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUnder what circumstances does a flood contribute to political disorder in Sub-Saharan Africa? Why has Accra experienced post-flood disorder and Abidjan not? This paper sheds light on the question: Why do some cities in Sub-Saharan Africa experience post-flood disorder while others do not? Given the expected urban population growth across Africa, its implications for the local infrastructure and climate-related changes in precipitation, this paper assumes that patterns of urban political disorder respond to those conditions in times of disasters. This contribution makes the argument that it is the socio-economic and political context that matters in the development of post-flood-related disorder. A conceptual framework is introduced that includes the role of contextual factors on the pathway from disasters to post-flood disorder. Drawing on that model, a Qualitative Comparative Analysis of 26 cases in Sub-Saharan Africa is used to test three scenarios. It suggests that a prompt post-flood response does not prevent the onset of disorder, but indeed proves to be a condition linked to the development of hostilities. The analysis found evidence that disorder occurred in cases that were marked by rapid political response to the flood. The study also unveiled the significant role of the areas that were flooded. If the flood predominantly hit marginalized neighborhoods, the likelihood of disorder increased. In contrast, the mere existence of a youth bulge or rapid urbanization per se seems to have a negligible impact on the development of unrest.
Selective Cs-removal from highly acidic spent nuclear fuel solutions
Authors: Lin Mu , Kajan Ivan , Schumann Dorothea , Türler Andreas , Fankhauser Adelheid 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thirty liters of highly acidic spent nuclear fuel solutions need to be disposed at the “Hot Laboratory (hotlab)” facility in Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Switzerland. In order to significantly reduce the γ dose rate before proper disposal treatment, 137Cs must be removed. In the here presented sub-project, the ion-exchange method was evaluated. Two promising sorbents, CLEVASOL® and AMP (ammonium molybdophosphate), and two derived products AMP_PAN (AMP immobilized in polyacrylonitrile) and AMP/SiO2 (AMP immobilized on silica gel) were tested by the batch method using model solutions of important high-yield fission products (Cs, Eu, Zr, Ru, Pd and Ag), as well as U and Pu. The results showed that AMP, AMP/SiO2 and AMP_PAN have higher selectivity for Cs than CLEVASOL® in 0.1–8 M (mol/L) HNO3 solutions. 4 M HNO3 solution was identified as the most suitable condition for Cs-removal with AMP, AMP_PAN and AMP/SiO2 due to the still sufficiently high separation factor of Cs from other metal ions and an acceptable volume increase factor after dilution. The follow-up kinetic studies on AMP, AMP_PAN and AMP/SiO2 indicated that although Cs exchange on AMP and AMP/SiO2 is faster than on AMP_PAN in the first 5 min, they all nearly reach equilibrium after 30 min of contacting time. The isotherm curves of Cs adsorption on AMP, AMP_PAN and AMP/SiO2 in 4 M HNO3 showed that the maximum sorption capacity of Cs is reached asymptotically. The results from Langmuir isotherm modeling agree with results from other publications.
Analysis of the essential oil composition of three cultivated Nepeta species from Iran
Authors: Amirmohammadi Fatemeh Zahra , Azizi Majid , Nemati Seyyed Hossein , Iriti Marcello , Vitalini Sara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) of three Iranian cultivated Nepeta species were investigated. The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of air-dried plant materials at full flowering stage and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). In total, 89 compounds were detected. In over 2 years, a number of constituents were identified in the EO of Nepeta binaloudensis first and second years (26 and 37, respectively), Nepeta cataria (25 and 32, respectively), and Nepeta assurgens (45 and 50, respectively). In the oils of N. binaloudensis, 4a-α,7-α,7a-α-nepetalactone (NL) 59.7% and 1,8-cineole (19.6%) during the first and second years, respectively, were the main constituents. The main components of N. cataria were 4a-α,7-α,7a-β-NL (72.8%) and 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-NL (73.9%) during the first and second years, respectively, and 4a–α,7-α,7a-α-NL (55.5%) and 1,8-cineole (24.1%) during the first and second years, respectively, were the main constituents of N. assurgens. The results showed that NLs isomers and 1,8-cineole were the main components of the oils of three cultivated Nepeta species.
Effects of Sensorineural Hearing Loss on Cortical Synchronization to Competing Speech during Selective Attention
Authors: Fuglsang Søren A. , Märcher-Rørsted Jonatan , Dau Torsten , Hjortkjær Jens 
Published: February 2020

When selectively attending to a speech stream in multi-talker scenarios, low-frequency cortical activity is known to synchronize selectively to fluctuations in the attended speech signal. Older listeners with age-related sensorineural hearing loss (presbycusis) often struggle to understand speech in such situations, even when wearing a hearing aid. Yet, it is unclear whether a peripheral hearing loss degrades the attentional modulation of cortical speech tracking. Here, we used psychoacoustics and electroencephalography (EEG) in male and female human listeners to examine potential effects of hearing loss on EEG correlates of speech envelope synchronization in cortex. Behaviorally, older hearing-impaired (HI) listeners showed degraded speech-in-noise recognition and reduced temporal acuity compared with age-matched normal-hearing (NH) controls. During EEG recordings, we used a selective attention task with two spatially separated simultaneous speech streams where NH and HI listeners both showed high speech recognition performance. Low-frequency (<10 Hz) envelope-entrained EEG responses were enhanced in the HI listeners, both for the attended speech, but also for tone sequences modulated at slow rates (4 Hz) during passive listening. Compared with the attended speech, responses to the ignored stream were found to be reduced in both HI and NH listeners, allowing for the attended target to be classified from single-trial EEG data with similar high accuracy in the two groups. However, despite robust attention-modulated speech entrainment, the HI listeners rated the competing speech task to be more difficult. These results suggest that speech-in-noise problems experienced by older HI listeners are not necessarily associated with degraded attentional selection.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeople with age-related sensorineural hearing loss often struggle to follow speech in the presence of competing talkers. It is currently unclear whether hearing impairment may impair the ability to use selective attention to suppress distracting speech in situations when the distractor is well segregated from the target. Here, we report amplified envelope-entrained cortical EEG responses to attended speech and to simple tones modulated at speech rates (4 Hz) in listeners with age-related hearing loss. Critically, despite increased self-reported listening difficulties, cortical synchronization to speech mixtures was robustly modulated by selective attention in listeners with hearing loss. This allowed the attended talker to be classified from single-trial EEG responses with high accuracy in both older hearing-impaired listeners and age-matched normal-hearing controls.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FOAM-MAT DRIED EGG WHITE POWDER
Authors: ÇALIŞKAN KOÇ Gülşah , ÇABUK Burcu 
Published: February 2020

The scope of this study is to determine the effect of different drying air temperatures on the drying behavior, effective moisture diffusivity, physical, powder, and functional properties of foam mat dried egg white powder. For this purpose, the egg white foam was obtained by using kitchen blender (1000W, 30s) and dried at convective hot air oven at three different drying air temperatures (60, 70, and 80°C, %20 ventilation rate). Drying took place in a falling rate period for all drying temperatures. The effective moisture diffusivity values increased depending on the drying air temperature and the activation energy was calculated as 13.81kJ/mol. The moisture content has a proportional relationship with ash content, b*, Chroma, yellowness and browning indexes, flowability, cohesiveness, emulsification stability, water holding capacity, and foam holding capacity values, whereas it has an inverse proportional relationship with L*, a*, hygroscopicity, emulsification activity, oil holding capacity, and foam holding stability values. ﻿
GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE FINDINGS OF STOVE TILES OF KYIV-PECHERSK LAVRA
Authors: Finadorina Dariya 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the collection of stove tiles, originated from archaeological objects on the territory of Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra National Preserve.The collection includes stove units of XV–XIX centuries, which illustrate important aspects of history Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery and partly a history of Ukrainian tiles’ industry. The material is structured according to the chronological periodization of tiles’ evolution. The earliest findings are pot-like tiles (XV–XVI centuries) and tiles with a half-sphere external bend in the centre of the base.Chronologically next group is the series of findings of early tablet tiles ХVІ–XVII centuries. They are decorated with the sacral or myth stories, anthropomorphic or teratological figures, and element of Ancient Rus’ symbols.The biggest group is tiles of XVIІ–XVIII centuries includes a wide range of products of different types and styles. The tile of the specified period is characterized by the most complete representation both in terms of typological varieties and in terms of stylistic variants of decoration of products.
The ending of Ukrainian tiles industry is illustrated by XIX century tiles.
In this article, we worked on the brightest examples of stove tiles from the territory of Kyiv-Pechersk monastery. We also compared them with the synchronic examples from Pechersk. This data deserves further examining and may include different aspects.One of them is to try to make more clearly chronological differentiation of the collection, linking them to the particular periods of monastery’s history or to the particular household objects of monastery structure.It should be mentioned, that the findings need conservation and restoration. As far as it will be done, the findings could be full museum collection.
Weather extremums in Siberia in 2019 and their connection with circulation of the atmosphere
Authors: Kononova N. K. 
Published: February 2020

According to the circulation seasons [Dzerdzeevsky et al., 1946], according to the website Weather News, extreme events in the Asian territory of Russia for first half of 2019 were considered: daily maximums and minimums of air temperature; maximum daily amplitudes of air temperature, daily maximums and monthly lows of atmospheric precipitation; daily maximums wind speeds, maximum and minimum of snow depths and dangerous natural processes. Their connection with the atmospheric circulation of the Northern Hemisphere has been shown [Atmospheric Circulation fluctuations site 18992018].
In recent years, extreme situations are increasingly becoming apparent in the Asian part of Russia. This attracts the close attention of researchers [Latysheva et al., 2010; Zolina, Bulygina, 2016]. They try to identify the causes of what is happening [Vasilyev et al., 2018; Kononova, 2018; Kochugova, 2018; Tarabukina et al., 2018] and predict the future nature of extrema [Shkolnik et al., 2012]. It seemed interesting to analyze the extremes of the current year (more precisely, the first half of it), to show the real situation today.
The majority of extremes, surpassed in the first half of 2019, refers to the 21st century. This means that extremity has been growing rapidly in recent years. The consequence of this is an increase in the frequency of occurrence of dangerous natural processes.
The main source of information on daily meteorological extremes was Weather News [Meteonovosti.ru]. It briefly informed about fires and floods. More detailed information was taken from local sites [Amur.Info, Taiga.Info, Ulpress.ru, Social media news]. The character of atmospheric circulation was analyzed by classification [Dzerdzeevsky et al., 1946] using data from the site of the Atmospheric Circulation fluctuations.. for 1899 2018
The most disastrous flood was June 24 - 29 in the Irkutsk region. It destroyed more than 10,000 residential homes in 98 settlements, 43 schools, kindergartens and hospitals. According to information on July 11, 25 people died.
The strongest were fires in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region in the third decade of July. Smoke from them reached the Ulyanovsk region.
The conducted research allows to draw the following conclusions. The number of extremes of both air temperature and precipitation in the XXI century continues to grow. Negative extremes of precipitation in combination with positive extremes of air temperature lead to natural fires, positive extremes of precipitation - to catastrophic floods. The increasing frequency of atmospheric circulation contributes to an increase in the frequency of occurrence of those and others: an increase in the frequency of occurrence of blocking processes (arctic invasions resulting in the formation of a vast stationary anticyclone) and exits of southern cyclones.
A comparative study of the accuracy of the spot Protein-Creatinine Ratio (PCR) vs 24 hours urine collection for detection of proteinuria in pre- eclamptic patients and its effect maternal and fetal outcomes
Authors: S Madkar C , Deshpade Hemant , Kaur Gurkiran , Gupta Swarna 
Published: February 2020

Proteinuria is a major component of preeclampsia. Urine protein measurement after 24-hour urine collection is the traditional standard method for the detection of proteinuria. It is time-consuming. As an alternative, spot sampling for a urine protein to creatinine ratio (PCR) ratio has been investigated. To determine the accuracy of the spot protein- creatinine ratio in comparison with 24 hours urine collection for detection of proteinuria in pre- eclamptic patients. A hospital based prospective study was conducted with 120 patients to assess the quantification of proteinuria in preeclamptic patient and comparing the two methods i.e. 24-hr urine protein levels and random protein creatinine ratio conducted at tertiary care centre. There was a good positive statistical correlation between 24-hour total urinary protein level and spot protein: creatinine ratio with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.769.Conclusion: Random and spot urine protein creatinine ratio can predict with high accuracy the amount of 24- hour urine protein excretion. The urine PCR is reliable, relatively faster and accurate for proteinuria and can correlate well with 24-hour urinary protein excretion which is gold standard.
Study the prevalence of pre eclampsia in vitamin D supplemented non supplemented primigravida women
Authors: Vishwakarma Shubhi , Khari Sonia , Verma Pooja 
Published: February 2020

Vitamin D is an essential factor in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus balance. It is synthesized in the skin but is also present in the diet. To study the prevalence of pre eclampsia in vitamin D supplemented non supplemented primigravida women. Group I included 100 pregnant women who received vitamin D supplementation in the form of oral cholecalciferol sachet 60,000IU weekly till 10 weeks along with routine iron, folic acid and calcium supplementation. Group II comprised of 100 pregnant women who received only routine iron, folic acid and calcium supplementation. Out of 200 patients, 22(11%) patients developed pre-eclampsia out of which 19 patients were not supplemented with vitamin D. The p-value was 0.0004 making this correlation statistically significant. Out of 200 patients, 19(9.50%) patients were managed with oral medication and 3(1.5%) required intravenous labetalol. The p-value was 0.001 making this correlation statistically significant. there is significant role of vitamin D supplementation in pregnant women in prevention of pre eclampsia.
Prevalance and patterns of congenital anomalies in a tertiary care centre in Pondicherry
Authors: Kumar Samal Sunil , Rathod Setu 
Published: February 2020

Advances in ultrasound have helped in better detection of congential anomalies and termination of lethal anomalies at earlier gestational ages These anomalies contribute to major maternal and neonatal morbidity. The prevalence of conge nital anomalies varies with geographical location & ethnicity. In many cases environmental and other maternal risk factors can be identified.The present study is a retrospective cohort study which was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry over a 3 year period from September 2016 to September 2019. Antenatal women diagnosed with congenital anomalies by imaging who delivered in our hospital were included in this study. Different types of anomalies were classified and risk factors leading to them were assessed.During the study period out of 6134 deliveries, 140 babies had congenital anomalies leading to a prevalence of 2.28%. 80 of these babies did not have lethal anomalies and survived but medical termination of pregnancy was required in 60 cases. 55% of anomalous babies were males. 60.71% cases were seen in multigravida and 44.3% did not take folic acid in the antenatal period. 25% of cases had history of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and were on treatment with insulin. Consanguinity was a cause in 27.8% of cases. 72.14% had normal vaginal delivery whereas 27.86% of cases required Caesarean section. Majority of congenital anomalies affected the Central Nervous system accounting for 28.5% of cases followed by gastrointestinal system (20.71%) & musculoskeletal system (20%). Inspite of good health care facilities in and around Pondicherry, the prevalence of congenital anomalies remains high. Increased awareness and need of proper counselling may help in reducing these anomalies.
Comparative study of oral nifedipine versus intravenous labetalol in severe hypertension in pregnancy: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Lal Shyam , Sahai Rekha , Nidhi Anupam , Ranjan Rita 
Published: February 2020

To compare the efficacy of oral nifedipine with intravenous labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension in pregnancy.It was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study conducted in pregnant women with blood pressure ≥160/110 mm Hg. Total 60 patients were enrolled from October 2016 to September 2017. Patients were randomized to receive nifedipine (10 mg tablet orally up to five doses) and intravenous placebo saline injection or intravenous labetalol injection in doses of 20, 40, 80, 80, and 80 mg and a placebo tablet every 20 minutes until the target blood pressure of ≤ 150/100 mmHg was achieved. The primary outcome of the study was time necessary to achieve target blood pressure. Secondary outcome were number of doses required, onset of labour, mode of delivery, adverse maternal and neonatal effects, side effect, and perinatal outcome. The time to achieve the blood pressure goal was significantly shorter with nifedipine (mean ± SD, 34.67 ± 20.297 minutes) than with labetalol (52.00 ± 29.054minutes; P &#60;.017). Nifedipine group required significantly lower doses (mean ± SD, 1.73±1.015) as compared to labetalol (2.60±1.453, p&#60;0.017). Urine output was significantly increased in nifedipine group (mean ± SD, 2296 ± 210.483 ml) compared with labetalol group (1374 ± 155.798 ml, P &#60; .0001) and remained significantly increased 24 hours after initial administration. No patients required crossover therapy. The a dverse effects were infrequent. There were no significant differences in maternal age, gestational age, and blood pressures between the groups. Oral nifedipine and intravenous labetalol both are effective in the management of severe hypertension of pregnancy; however, nifedipine controls hypertension more rapidly with less number of dos es and was associated with a significant increase in urinary output.