bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The initial mass function in the extended ultraviolet disc of M83
Authors: Bruzzese S M , Thilker David A , Meurer G R , Bianchi Luciana , Watts A B , Ferguson A M N , Gil de Paz A , Madore B , Martin D Christopher , Rich R Michael 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Using Hubble Space Telescope ACS/WFC data we present the photometry and spatial distribution of resolved stellar populations of four fields within the extended ultraviolet disc (XUV disc) of M83. These observations show a clumpy distribution of main-sequence stars and a mostly smooth distribution of red giant branch stars. We constrain the upper end of the initial mass function (IMF) in the outer disc using the detected population of main-sequence stars and an assumed constant star formation rate (SFR) over the last 300 Myr. By comparing the observed main-sequence luminosity function to simulations, we determine the best-fitting IMF to have a power-law slope α = −2.35 ± 0.3 and an upper mass limit $M_{\rm u}=25_{-3}^{+17} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$. This IMF is consistent with the observed H $\rm \alpha$ emission, which we use to provide additional constraints on the IMF. We explore the influence of deviations from the constant SFR assumption, finding that our IMF conclusions are robust against all but strong recent variations in SFR, but these are excluded by causality arguments. These results, along with our similar studies of other nearby galaxies, indicate that some XUV discs are deficient in high-mass stars compared to a Kroupa IMF. There are over one hundred galaxies within 5 Mpc, many already observed with HST, thus allowing a more comprehensive investigation of the IMF, and how it varies, using the techniques developed here.
Turbulent transport coefficients in galactic dynamo simulations using singular value decomposition
Authors: Bendre Abhijit B , Subramanian Kandaswamy , Elstner Detlef , Gressel Oliver 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTCoherent magnetic fields in disc galaxies are thought to be generated by a large-scale (or mean-field) dynamo operating in their interstellar medium. A key driver of mean magnetic field growth is the turbulent electromotive force (EMF), which represents the influence of correlated small-scale (or fluctuating) velocity and magnetic fields on the mean field. The EMF is usually expressed as a linear expansion in the mean magnetic field and its derivatives, with the dynamo tensors as expansion coefficients. Here, we adopt the singular value decomposition (SVD) method to directly measure these turbulent transport coefficients in a simulation of the turbulent interstellar medium that realizes a large-scale dynamo. Specifically, the SVD is used to least-square fit the time series data of the EMF with that of the mean field and its derivatives, to determine these coefficients. We demonstrate that the spatial profiles of the EMF reconstructed from the SVD coefficients match well with that taken directly from the simulation. Also, as a direct test, we use the coefficients to simulate a 1D mean-field dynamo model and find an overall similarity in the evolution of the mean magnetic field between the dynamo model and the direct simulation. We also compare the results with those which arise using simple regression and the ones obtained previously using the test-field method, to find reasonable qualitative agreement. Overall, the SVD method provides an effective post-processing tool to determine turbulent transport coefficients from simulations.
Convergent Evolution of Cysteine-Rich Keratins in Hard Skin Appendages of Terrestrial Vertebrates
Authors: Ehrlich Florian , Lachner Julia , Hermann Marcela , Tschachler Erwin , Eckhart Leopold 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Terrestrial vertebrates have evolved hard skin appendages, such as scales, claws, feathers, and hair that play crucial roles in defense, predation, locomotion, and thermal insulation. The mechanical properties of these skin appendages are largely determined by cornified epithelial components. So-called “hair keratins,” cysteine-rich intermediate filament proteins that undergo covalent cross-linking via disulfide bonds, are the crucial structural proteins of hair and claws in mammals and hair keratin orthologs are also present in lizard claws, indicating an evolutionary origin in a hairless common ancestor of amniotes. Here, we show that reptiles and birds have also other cysteine-rich keratins which lack cysteine-rich orthologs in mammals. In addition to hard acidic (type I) sauropsid-specific (HAS) keratins, we identified hard basic (type II) sauropsid-specific (HBS) keratins which are conserved in lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodilians, and birds. Immunohistochemical analysis with a newly made antibody revealed expression of chicken HBS1 keratin in the cornifying epithelial cells of feathers. Molecular phylogenetics suggested that the high cysteine contents of HAS and HBS keratins evolved independently from the cysteine-rich sequences of hair keratin orthologs, thus representing products of convergent evolution. In conclusion, we propose an evolutionary model in which HAS and HBS keratins evolved as structural proteins in epithelial cornification of reptiles and at least one HBS keratin was co-opted as a component of feathers after the evolutionary divergence of birds from reptiles. Thus, cytoskeletal proteins of hair and feathers are products of convergent evolution and evolutionary co-option to similar biomechanical functions in clade-specific hard skin appendages.
The challenge of integrative taxonomy of rare, deep-water gastropods: the genus Exilia (Neogastropoda: Turbinelloidea: Ptychatractidae)
Authors: Kantor Yuri I , Puillandre Nicolas , Bouchet Philippe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccording to a recent taxonomic revision by Kantor et al. (2001), the neogastropod genus Exilia Conrad, 1860, comprises ten mostly rare species that live at depths between 200 and 2000 m. Adult Exilia measure between 30 and 90 mm in shell length, and the genus is mostly represented in museum collections by empty shells. The abundance of this genus is low in the wild, but recent expeditions organized by the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle have yielded several dozen specimens. These new collections include samples preserved for molecular studies. Here, we present the results of the first molecular systematic study of Exilia. Our aim was to investigate the species limits proposed by Kantor et al. (2001) on the basis of shell and anatomical characters. Analysis of DNA sequence data for the cytochrome c oxidase I gene suggests that Exilia hilgendorfi, previously considered to be a single, polymorphic and broadly distributed species, is a complex of at least six species (four of which we sequenced). Two of these species, Exilia cognata n. sp. and E. fedosovi n. sp., are described as new to science. Exilia gracilior, E. claydoni and E. prellei are resurrected from the synonymy of Exilia hilgendorfi; of these three, only the last was sequenced. Exilia vagrans is a well-defined taxon, but our molecular systematic data shows that it consists of two distinct species, which occur sympatrically off Taiwan and are strikingly similar in shell and radular morphology; due to the absence of DNA sequence data from the type locality of E. vagrans (Vanuatu), it is unclear to which of these two species the name would apply. Exilia karukera n. sp., which is conchologically very similar to E. vagrans, was discovered off Guadeloupe, represents the first record of the genus from the Atlantic. For E. elegans, which was previously known only from a single shell, we provide new data including new distributional records (South Africa and the Mozambique Channel), details of the radula and DNA sequence data.
Structural basis of non-canonical transcriptional regulation by the σA-bound iron-sulfur protein WhiB1 in M. tuberculosis
Authors: Wan Tao , Li Shanren , Beltran Daisy Guiza , Schacht Andrew , Zhang Lu , Becker Donald F , Zhang LiMei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhiB1 is a monomeric iron–sulfur cluster-containing transcription factor in the WhiB-like family that is widely distributed in actinobacteria including the notoriously persistent pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). WhiB1 plays multiple roles in regulating cell growth and responding to nitric oxide stress in M. tuberculosis, but its underlying mechanism is unclear. Here we report a 1.85 Å-resolution crystal structure of the [4Fe–4S] cluster-bound (holo-) WhiB1 in complex with the C-terminal domain of the σ70-family primary sigma factor σA of M. tuberculosis containing the conserved region 4 (σA4). Region 4 of the σ70-family primary sigma factors is commonly used by transcription factors for gene activation, and holo-WhiB1 has been proposed to activate gene expression via binding to σA4. The complex structure, however, unexpectedly reveals that the interaction between WhiB1 and σA4 is dominated by hydrophobic residues in the [4Fe–4S] cluster binding pocket, distinct from previously characterized canonical σ704-bound transcription activators. Furthermore, we show that holo-WhiB1 represses transcription by interaction with σA4in vitro and that WhiB1 must interact with σA4 to perform its essential role in supporting cell growth in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that holo-WhiB1 regulates gene expression by a non-canonical mechanism relative to well-characterized σA4-dependent transcription activators.
A single-cell map for the transcriptomic signatures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in end-stage renal disease
Authors: Luo Ting , Zheng Fengping , Wang Kang , Xu Yong , Xu Huixuan , Shen Wenxi , Zhu Chengxin , Zhang Xinzhou , Sui Weiguo , Tang Donge , Yin Lianghong , Dai Yong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Immune aberrations in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are characterized by systemic inflammation and immune deficiency. The mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon remains limited.

Methods
We generated 12 981 and 9578 single-cell transcriptomes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that were pooled from 10 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with ESRD by single-cell RNA sequencing. Unsupervised clustering and annotation analyses were performed to cluster and identify cell types. The analysis of hallmark pathway and regulon activity was performed in the main cell types.

Results
We identified 14 leukocytic clusters that corresponded to six known PBMC types. The comparison of cells from ESRD patients and healthy individuals revealed multiple changes in biological processes. We noticed an ESRD-related increase in inflammation response, complement cascade and cellular metabolism, as well as a strong decrease in activity related to cell cycle progression in relevant cell types in ESRD. Furthermore, a list of cell type-specific candidate transcription factors (TFs) driving the ESRD-associated transcriptome changes was identified.

Conclusions
We generated a distinctive, high-resolution map of ESRD-derived PBMCs. These results revealed cell type-specific ESRD-associated pathways and TFs. Notably, the pooled sample analysis limits the generalization of our results. The generation of larger single-cell datasets will complement the current map and drive advances in therapies that manipulate immune cell function in ESRD.
Seizure outcomes and survival in adult low-grade glioma over 11 years: living longer and better
Authors: Solomons Matthew R , Jaunmuktane Zane , Weil Rimona S , El-Hassan Tedani , Brandner Sebastian , Rees Jeremy H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
There has been a trend toward earlier and more aggressive resection for low-grade gliomas (LGGs). This study set out to compare seizure control and survival of adults with LGG seen in the same neuro-oncology clinic over 11 years and to determine whether a change in surgical philosophy has led to a corresponding improvement in outcomes.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis using case-note review of 153 adults with histologically verified or radiologically suspected LGG, collecting data on patient, tumor, and seizure characteristics between 2006 and 2017.

Results
We studied 79 patients in 2006 and 74 patients in 2017. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in age at presentation, tumor location, or integrated pathological diagnosis. The numbers of complete or partial resections increased from 21.5% in 2006 to 60.8% in 2017 (P &lt; .05). Five- and 10-year overall survival increased from 81.8% and 51.7% in 2006 to 100% and 95.8% in 2017 (P &lt; .001); similarly, 5- and 10-year progression-free survival increased from 47.0% and 30.7% in 2006 to 93.1% and 68.7% in 2017. The proportion of patients with intractable epilepsy declined from 72.2% in 2006 to 43.2% in 2017 (P &lt; .05). The neurosurgical morbidity rate was identical in both groups (11.8% in 2006 vs 11.1% in 2017).

Conclusion
Management of LGG over the last 11 years has led to substantial improvements in survival and seizure control. This is most likely thanks to a change in surgical philosophy, with early resection now favored over watchful waiting where possible.
International Law, Islamic Law, and Islamic Law States
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains concepts fundamental to this book: international law, Islamic law, Islamic international law, sharia, and the category of Islamic law states (ILS). The ILS category offers an efficient and clear-cut conceptual vehicle for mapping out the balance between religious law and secular law, and how this balance translates into ILS’ preferences with respect to international conflict management venues. The chapter explains how the ILS category differs from other seemingly parallel concepts or definitions present in the scholarship, such as “Islamic states,” or “Muslim states.” It discusses the characteristics and internal variation within the ILS category across different countries and different schools of Islamic jurisprudence. This chapter also presents an analysis of ILS’ domestic legal systems, elaborating on Islamic constitutionalism, and the relationship between religious norms and secular norms in constitutions and sub-constitutional legal systems. Some features analyzed include holy oath, supremacy clause, and sharia education.
Legal Schools and Regions
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines whether geographic location and Islamic schools of jurisprudence matter in how the Islamic milieu views international conflict management methods. The scholarly literature has been treading behind in pondering whether the regional particularities of the Middle East, Asia/Oceania, and Africa or the doctrines of specific Islamic schools of jurisprudence contribute to how the Islamic milieu perceives international conflict management. The empirical analyses (1945–2012) demonstrate that while subscribing to a specific school of Islamic jurisprudence has no bearing on ILS’ preferences with respect to international conflict management, regional differences seem to matter considerably in this regard. While the rise of nation-states has substantially weakened the position of Islamic legal schools on the axis of authority, regional customs and long-standing traditions continue to play a key role in these societies. The Middle Eastern states are more likely than other ILS to attempt mediation and conciliation in territorial disputes.
The Eloquent Blood
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The study analyzes constructions of femininity and feminine sexuality in interpretations of the goddess Babalon, a central deity in the British occultist Aleister Crowley’s (1875–1947) religion Thelema. Babalon is based on Crowley’s positive reinterpretation of the biblical Whore of Babylon and symbolizes liberated female sexuality and the spiritual modality of passionate union with existence. Analyzing historical and contemporary written sources, qualitative interviews, and ethnographic fieldwork in the Anglo-American esoteric milieu, the study traces interpretations of Babalon from the works of Crowley and some of his key disciples—including the rocket scientist John Whiteside “Jack” Parsons and the enigmatic British occultist Kenneth Grant—from the fin-de-siècle to the present. From the 1990s onward, female and LGBTQ esotericists have challenged historical interpretations of Babalon, drawing on feminist and queer thought and conceptualizing femininity in new ways. Femininity has held a problematic position in feminist theory, often being associated with lack, artifice, and restriction. However, the present study—which assumes that femininities are neither exclusively heterosexual nor limited to women—indicates how interpretations of Babalon have both built on and challenged dominant gender logics. As the first academic monograph to analyze Crowley’s and his followers’ ideas from the perspective of gender, this book contributes to the underexplored study of gender in Western esotericism. By analyzing the development of a misogynistic biblical symbol into an image of feminine sexual freedom, the study also sheds light on interactions between Western esotericism and broader cultural and sociopolitical trends.
Kundalini, Kalas, and Qadeshim
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how Babalon was articulated in the writings of the British occultist Kenneth Grant, who was briefly Crowley’s secretary. Influenced by Indian Tantra and Advaita Vedanta, Grant challenged Crowley’s understanding of sexual magic, and emphasized the magical primacy of the female sexual secretions (or kalas). Grant uses the terms “Babalon” and “Scarlet Woman” synonymously to denote the trained sexual priestess who exudes the kalas and transmits the tremendous power of the divine feminine. Grant’s interpretation of Babalon is, in some sense, biologistic, with female embodiment and genital morphology being central to his conceptualization of femininity in magic. However, Grant also presents one of the earliest critiques of androcentrism in Crowley’s magical system. His articulation of Babalon—and femininity—can be interpreted as an attempt to conceptualize femininity as something in itself, rather than being defined in relation to masculinity.
“It All Goes in the Cup”
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a central theme—the idea of Babalon, and femininity, as magically receptive (sometimes in relation to notions of active masculinity)—as found in my contemporary source material, including present-day texts, ethnographic fieldwork, and interviews in the Thelemic and esoteric milieus. In the contemporary Babalon discourse, this notion occupies a position of tension, with several practitioners questioning notions of feminine receptivity. I show that the increasing influence of feminist and queer critiques of gender “essentialism” in esotericism has prompted attempts to renegotiate historical concepts of gender polarity in magic. Thus, some contemporary practitioners renegotiate the idea of feminine receptivity, discard it completely, or deemphasize its connection to biological womanhood. I also argue that the emphasis on receptivity in the Babalon discourse, while building on hegemonic notions of femininity as permeable and vulnerable, indicates forms of agency that transcend binaries of activity and passivity.
Inhabiting the Uninhibited
Authors: Hedenborg White Manon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how feminine sexuality is articulated in the contemporary Babalon discourse. The idea that female sexuality has been repressed, and that women are in need of sexual liberation, is a recurring trope in the source material. Babalon is frequently conceptualized as a sexually liberated woman. She is also associated with sexual modalities outside of the sexual norm (e.g., sex work, BDSM, and nonmonogamy). My interviewees critique expectations of female sexual availability resulting from notions of Babalon as a “sex goddess,” and they emphasize the right to decline unwanted sexual advances. I argue that understandings of feminine sexuality in the contemporary Babalon discourse show influence from (sex positive) feminism and broader discourses on sacred sexuality, with concepts of “sacred whoredom” recurring. I also contend that notions of universally repressed female sexuality, prevalent in the Babalon discourse, obscure racialized and classed inequalities between groups of women and femininities.
The Regensburg Article 5 on Justification
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In 1541 at the Regensburg Colloquy, three leading Protestant theologians (Melanchthon, Bucer, and Pistorius) and three leading Catholic theologians (Eck, Gropper, and Pflug) debated with the aim of producing a commonly agreed statement of belief. The colloquy eventually failed, but it had begun with a statement on justification by faith agreed by all the parties, “Article 5,” leading to an initial burst of optimism. But from the beginning, there were two contrasting reactions to Article 5. Some, like Calvin, maintained that it contained the substance of true doctrine; others, like Luther, called it an inconsistent patchwork. Both rival assessments have continued over the centuries. The aim of this book is to decide between them. It does so primarily by viewing the article in the light of the publications of the colloquy’s key participants and observers, and by comparing it with the Tridentine Decree on Justification. It also views it in the light of the four known earlier drafts of the article, all of which are included in an Appendix, together with translations of three of them. The book concludes that Article 5 is indeed consistent with a Protestant understanding of justification, though it does not always follow Protestant terminology. Agreement was possible because Gropper and Pflug, together with Cardinal Contarini, the papal legate, largely accepted the Protestant account of justification.
Reactions to Article 5
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the reactions to Article 5. It starts with contemporary Protestant reactions, focusing especially on Luther, Calvin, and Melanchthon. This section includes an account of all the Protestant objections, which are considered in the remainder of the book. Catholic reactions include Contarini, Eck, Gropper, Pflug, and Pighius, as well as reactions from Rome. The views of Sadolet and (especially) Pole are also considered. The chapter concludes with an account of modern assessments of the article, especially by Protestants. There is a stark contrast between the more positive assessment of Peter Matheson, for example, and the very negative approach of much German scholarship, as with Athena Lexutt.
After Regensburg
Authors: Lane Anthony N. S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter sets out the ongoing debates over justification in the aftermath of Article 5. From 1541 to 1543 Bucer engaged in a literary controversy over the article with Eck and Pighius. There followed the controversy surrounding the attempted Cologne Reformation, in which Bucer (and to a lesser extent Melanchthon) engaged in a literary exchange with Gropper especially. This involved disputes about the events surrounding Article 5, as well as the theological issues arising from it, such as twofold righteousness and imputed righteousness. Gropper also had to respond to criticisms from the Leuven theology faculty. Gropper continued to hold the ideas he had embraced at Regensburg in the final months of his life. There was a second colloquy of Regensburg, in 1546, also involving Bucer, which involved discussion of Article 5. Finally, the Tridentine Decree on Justification rejected the ideas of twofold righteousness and imputed righteousness.