bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
408 Effect of monensin intake during a stocker phase and subsequent finishing phase on rumen bacterial diversity of beef steers
Authors: Weiss Caleb P , Beck Paul A , Richeson John T , Tomczak Dexter J , Chai Jianmin , Hess Tom , Hubbell Don , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Three monensin levels during a stocker phase (0, 800, 1600 g/ton fed in a free choice mineral) and two levels during finishing [0 (U) or 37.5 mg/kg diet DM (M)] were used to determine the effects of monensin supplementation during a stocker and subsequent finishing phase on rumen bacterial communities of beef steers. Thirty calves were fed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) hay with soybean hull and corn gluten feed supplement (0.5% BW daily, AF basis) or grazed fall wheat pasture (Triticum aestivum) during a stocker phase and then transported 1,067 km to Canyon, TX, for finishing. Rumen fluid was collected on d 0, 28, and the end of the stocker phase (d 85). Samples were also obtained at feedlot d 0, 14, 28, 56, and immediately prior to a diet change to include a beta-adrenergic agonist and before shipping for harvest. Rumen microbiota were characterized by next generation sequencing the 16S v4 hypervariable region with the Illumina MiSeq platform. During the stocker phase, Prevotella and Bacteroidetes were the most dominant genus regardless of diet or treatment. Monensin decreased (P ≤ 0.01) alpha diversity (Shannon Index) for cattle consuming hay on d 28 of the stocker phase. In the feedlot, Prevotella, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant genus. Steers that were previously on the 0 and 1600 treatments during the stocker phase and were fed monensin at the feedlot had decreased alpha diversity (P = 0.04) on feedlot d 14 compared to those that did not. Monensin at the feedlot tended to increase alpha diversity on d 28 for cattle previously on the 1600 treatment (P = 0.06), and on d 56 for cattle previously on the 0 treatment (P = 0.06). This experiment provides a better understanding of the effect of monensin on rumen bacterial communities throughout production.
413 Effect of chitosan inclusion and dietary crude protein level on rumen fermentation in beef heifers fed a total mixed ration
Authors: Kirwan Stuart , Boland Tommy , Serra Eleonora , Rajauria Gaurav , Pierce Karina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chitosan (N-acetyl-D-glucosamine polymer) is a natural biopolymer, which is the second most abundant organic compound on earth, found in lower plants and some arthropods and crustaceans. Studies with ruminants have shown that supplementing with chitosan can alter ruminal fermentation, including higher propionate concentration and lower acetate to propionate ratio, improving the energy efficiency within the rumen though data on nitrogen metabolism is lacking. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan with different dietary crude protein (CP) inclusion on rumen fermentation in beef heifers. Eight ruminally cannulated Belgian Blue x Holstein Friesian heifers (752 ± 52Kg BW) were allocated one of four dietary treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial Latin Square design (n = 8). Diets were offered as total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of grass silage plus concentrate. Diets were offered once daily ad libitum. Dietary treatments were as follows: high CP (16%) +/- chitosan (10g kg-1 DMI) supplementation (HP+) or (HP-) and low CP (12%) +/- chitosan supplementation (LP+) or (LP-). Experimental periods were 25d in duration (14 d dietary adaptation and 10 d sampling). Rumen fluid was collected via cannula every 2 h post feeding for analysis of ruminal pH, ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) over a 48-hour period. Data was analysed using Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. Significant differences were considered when P &lt; 0.05. Dietary treatment had no effect on ruminal pH (P &gt; 0.05). Chitosan supplementation had no effect on ruminal NH3 and VFA concentrations (P &gt; 0.05), whereas, animals offered 16% CP had higher concentrations of ruminal NH3 (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, supplementing a TMR diet fed to beef heifers with chitosan had no effect on rumen fermentation. However, reducing dietary CP concentration fed to beef animals resulted in lower rumen NH3 concentrations.
417 Citrus aurantium flavonoid extract modifies the gene expression in the rumen of genes related to inflammation and behavior in Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Paniagua Montserrat , Crespo Javier F , Aris Anna , Devant Maria 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
One hundred forty-four bulls (164.8 ± 5.91 kg BW and 135 ± 7.2 d of age) were randomly allocated to one of 8 pens and assigned to control (C) or Citrus aurantium (BF, 0.4 kg of Bioflavex® CA per ton of concentrate). Each pen had one drinker, one separate straw feeder, and one three-space feeder where mash concentrate rich in corn, barley, DDG and wheat was offered. Concentrate intake was recorded daily, and BW and animal behavior by visual scan fortnightly. Animals were slaughtered after 168 d of study (12 periods of 14 d), HCW and carcass quality were recorded. Rumen wall samples were collected from 18 animals per treatment to analyze the expression of 15 genes associated with inflammation and behavior. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. In the rumen, the expression of free fatty acid receptor 2 (stimulates PPY and serotonin secretion), pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1 (acts asNPY and PYY receptor), cholecystokinin receptor 4 (is a CCK and gastrin receptor), Toll-like receptor-4 (pattern recognition receptor), IL-25 (proinflammatory cytokine) and β-defensin1 (antimicrobial peptide) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in C compared with BF bulls (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the expression of all bitter taste receptors (TAS2R, member 7, 16, 38 and 39) which are related with eating modulation and immune function were lesser (P &lt; 0.05) expressed in BF compared with C bulls (P &lt; 0.05). The supplementation with citrus flavonoids in these bulls fed high-concentrate diets tended (P &lt; 0.10) to improve concentrate efficiency, reduced oral non-nutritive behaviors, agonistic interactions and sexual behaviors. The reduction on TAS2R expression is indicative of an inhibition of bitter taste receptor function by BF and the expression increase in the other genes could explain the changes observed on animal behavior within the gut-brain axis paradigm.
412 Supplementation of high-grain diet with brewers’ spent grain protein hydrolysates reduced protein degradability and methane production in Rusitec
Authors: Ran Tao , Abeynayake Ranithri , Saleem Atef , Zhang Xiuming , Shen YiZhao , Chen Lingyun , Yang Wenzhu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objectives were to investigate the effect of supplementing brewers’ spent grain (BSG) protein hydrolysates on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, gas production and microbial protein synthesis in Rusitec. The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments assigned to sixteen fermenters in two Rusitec apparatuses. Protein hydrolysates from BSG were prepared using two proteases (Alclase and Flavourzyme) at 1% protease of BSG protein under optimum pH and temperature conditions. The treatments were control diet consisting of 10% barley silage and 90% barley concentrate (DM basis), control diet supplemented with alcalase hydrolysates (AlcH) or flavourzyme hydrolysates (FlaH) at 10 g/kg of diet DM, or antibiotics (Ant; 33 mg monensin + 11 mg tylosin/kg diet DM). The study consisted of 8 d for adaptation and 7 d for sampling. It was highest (P &lt; 0.01) with control and AlcH, intermediate with FlaH and lowest with Ant for digestibility of DM (76.5, 76.1, 75.3, 72.7%), CP (75.1, 75.4, 73.4, 69.7%) and starch (90.7, 90.8, 89.5, 87.8%). Digestibility of NDF did not differ among control, AlcH and FlaH (average 39.3%), but higher (P &lt; 0.01) than Ant (31.8%). Production of NH3-N (mmol/d) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in the order of AlcH and FlaH (average 4.1) &gt; control (3.7) &gt; Ant (2.6). The VFA production (average 54.3 mmol/d) and acetate/propionate ratio (average 0.79) were not different among control, AlcH and FlaH, but greater (P &lt; 0.01) than Ant (48.9 mmol/d, and 0.69). Total gas production were not affected by treatments, but CH4 production (mg/g digested DM) was lower (P &lt; 0.01) for FlaH (3.5) and Ant (2.2) than control (3.8). Microbial protein production (mg/d) was lesser (P &lt; 0.05) for FlaH (476) and Ant (459) than control (502). These results indicate that adding FlaH in high-grain diet effectively reduced rumen CH4 production and CP degradability without affecting fibre digestion.
172 Effects of net energy levels on feed intake pattern and growth performance of growing-finishing gilts monitored using a computerized feed intake recording system
Authors: Zeng Zhikai , Huang YaKuan , Zhu Liqiang , Chen Zhiyuan , Yuan Z J , Zeng H , Sun D F , Wang Z , Yan Z C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of dietary net energy concentrations on feeding behavior and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs monitored using a feed intake recording equipment (FIRE). Two hundred and sixteen (48.8 ± 5.6 kg) gilts were blocked by bodyweight and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, which included low (2,350 kcal/kg), medium (2,450 kcal/kg), and high (2,550 kcal/kg) dietary NE levels. Pigs were housed in 18 pens for 68 d in four phases with 12 pigs and one FIRE station per pen. Bodyweight, feed consumption, and the amount of time and visit at the station of individual pigs were monitored every day by using FIRE. Pigs fed low NE diet spent more time (min) at the station during the first two weeks and visited the station more times with fewer amounts of time (min) per visit after two weeks compared with pigs fed medium and high levels of NE diets (P &lt; 0.05). The speed (g/min) and amount (g/visit) of feed intake were lower (P &lt; 0.05) during phase 3 and the overall period in low NE diet compared with pigs fed medium NE diet. Pigs fed medium NE diet tended to have a greater (P = 0.066) average daily feed intake at phase 4 than pigs fed low NE diet. Increasing NE levels linearly improved (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain, feed conversion ratio, and final BW during phase 3 and the overall period. However, the overall energy efficiency (Mcal NE/ kg gain) was linearly decreased with increasing NE levels. In conclusion, decreasing dietary NE to 2350 Mcal/kg resulted in more visits to feeders with slow ingestion speed compared with pigs fed diets with 2450 or 2550 Mcal/kg NE. Increasing dietary NE levels linearly improved daily gain and feed conversion ratio, but linearly decreased energy efficiency.
419 Academic performance and views toward community service from students engaged in service learning through a beef production course
Authors: Smith William B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Experiential learning is a feature common to post-secondary agricultural education. Similar to experiential learning opportunities, incorporation of service learning into post-secondary coursework is being encouraged more often. Our objective was to determine how community engagement and introduction of real-world problems in a species-specific production course would affect student performance and outlooks on community service. This experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design within the beef cattle production class during the spring 2019 semester at Tarleton State University. Thirty-eight students were enrolled in the course across two laboratory sections. Students in the first laboratory section were used as a control group. In the control, students were asked to draw from a selection of possibilities a description of herd size, sire and dam breed type, and county. Groups were asked to develop a management plan for a commercial cow-calf operation. Students in the second laboratory section were asked to brainstorm the most prevalent barriers to implementation of best management practices in cow-calf production. Groups were randomly assigned to each topic and were tasked with developing a tri-fold brochure addressing the barrier. They were instructed that this was being done as a service to the greater beef community and would be evaluated by industry representatives. Students in CON had more (P &lt; 0.05) students that reported performing community service weekly or monthly prior to the study than TRT. Groups were similar (P ≥ 0.41) in their assessment of community needs and the role of college students in community service. Likewise, CON and TRT had similar (P ≥ 0.41) responses in having less time available for coursework and their service contributing to the betterment of the overall community. Results are interpreted to mean that incorporation of service learning opportunities does not influence student views on community service.
427 Creating experiential learning through roundtable discussion and debate exercises in an animals and society course
Authors: Mulvaney Donald R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An Animals and Society (AS) course has been in place departmentally for over 20 years. Similar courses and resource materials across academia are found in liberal arts arenas and may have titles of Anthrozoology, Human Animal Studies or Human Animal Interactions, among others. An examination of texts and learning resources for these classes reveal substantial depth and breadth and pervasiveness of the biases toward animal activism and anti-animal agriculture sentiments. Collectively, these indicators support the need for pedagogy to deeply investigate and deliberate ethical aspects of topics within AS courses. In our present course design, students participate in an in-class discussion activity, designed to simulate a well-informed town hall meeting where discussion and active participation are expected. Roundtable Discussion Panel exercises (RTDPs) and debates around a pre-determined topic were evaluated on exchange of ideas, information, cooperativity and solutioning using rubrics. A 20 question survey was administered to ascertain students’ perceived value and impact of the Debate vs RTDP exercises for dimensions of experiential learning. Participants built basic discussion skills, developed keen understanding of important animal issues and explored how groups can pool knowledge to reach consensus and solve problems. Participants were more engaged productive thinkers rather than emotional persuaders and assisted the larger group in creating ways to implement solutions discussed and highlighted organizational involvement in those actions/steps. Sixty-four percent preferred debate and 68% found it most challenging yet learned most from the RTDP. For debates, students saw themselves as cooperators but in panels, a majority viewed themselves as leaders. Well-designed RTDP’s and debates are a valuable pedagogy for animals and society courses.
452 The importance of animals to food security and agricultural sustainability
Authors: Reynolds Lawrence 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Worldwide nearly a billion people are estimated to be malnourished, including 140 million children under age 5, leading to permanent impairment of their physical and cognitive development (WHO; http://www.unscn.org/layout/modules/resources/files/rwns5.pdf). In addition, 1 in 9 humans worldwide do not have regular access to clean, healthy drinking water, and 1 in 4 use a drinking water source contaminated with feces [WHO (World Health Organization); https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water]. Providing adequate food and water will become an even bigger challenge during the remainder of this century given the projected nearly 50% increase in the world’s population [from its current 7.6 to 11.2 billion by 2100; Garland, Science 346:234–7, 2014 and World Population Prospects, UN, 2015 (the U.S. is projected to experience a similar increase in population; https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2014/demo/popproj/2014-summary-tables.html)]. These problems are why the top 2 of the United Nation’s 17 current “Sustainable Development Goals” are to “End poverty in all its forms everywhere” (Goal 1) and to “End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture” (Goal 2). Because most arable land worldwide is already in use, and water and energy also are limiting, increased production of food will require a substantial increase in efficiency (Reynolds et al., Journal of Nutrition 145:1377–9, 2015). This talk will discuss how animal-sourced foods, when consumed in appropriate amounts as part of a balanced diet, provide essential nutrients for humans and are important to a healthy diet. In addition, we will discuss how animals are critical to continuation of the “Green Revolution,” which will be key to the sustainability of agricultural systems. In addition, addressing various potential problems associated with production of food animals, including water availability and quality, greenhouse gas emissions, animal welfare, overgrazing, food waste, and complexity of the food system(s), will require highly motivated and well-trained animal scientists.
180 How dual-purpose chickens can help African smallholder farmers
Authors: Duijvesteijn Naomi , Perrault Louis 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Poultry constitutes an important economic activity for the rural poor in many African countries. Additionally in many rural families, poultry provides the family with a low cost, highly efficient and nutritious protein. Unfortunately, the smallholder farmers in rural areas often do not have access to these improved genetics. The access to an improved low-input and dual-purpose chicken to supplement the local indigenous breeds could transform the rural poultry enterprise. In some countries, investments are made to support the African Poultry Multiplication Initiative (APMI) or other comparable structures. The APMI generally operates through capable local private companies to establish a parent stock (PS) and hatchery operation for the supply of improved dual purpose chicken breeds to farmers in their communities. The day-old-chicks from the PS farm are transported to so called “Brooder Units” who will specialize in the brooding, feeding, and proper vaccination process for the first 30–40 days of the chicks life. Through this system, local smallholder farmers have access to improved genetics and the chickens have a high chance to survive due to their good start. Recently Hendrix Genetics received a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to further enhance the use of improved poultry genetics in rural Africa. The program named “Sustainable Access to Poultry Parent Stock for Africa (SAPPSA)” aims to 1) secure access of poultry parent stock, 2) grow the APMI-like initiatives within and across countries and 3) improve the dual purpose better breeds for African smallholder farmers. By securing access to high quality PS and improving the breeding program of dual-purpose breeds under African conditions, the APMI can be better implemented in African countries. It will result in 1) increase poultry production and productivity, 2) increase rural household income 3) improved household nutrition and 4) empowerment of women.
PSXI-41 Investigating the relationship between life history factors, live animal auction price, and carcass quality of cull dairy cows
Authors: Moreira Ligia da Cunha , Passafaro Tiago L , Rosa Guilherme J M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
High production efficiency is crucial for the competitiveness and sustainability of the dairy industry. To maintain high production, maximize profitability, and allow an accelerated genetic improvement, it is recommended that between 25–30% of dairy herds be renewed each year. Cull dairy cows contribute for approximately 10% of the total beef produced in the United States, being significantly important as a beef source for the meat industry. Furthermore, cull cows provide an important additional income to dairy farmers. However, culling decisions should be carefully made, taking into consideration herd replacement rate, cow performance, milk and beef prices, and the potential price that each cow might be paid for. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between life history factors, live animal auction price, and carcass quality of cull dairy cows. Data from three Wisconsin herds were collected using DairyComp software, from January 2018 to January 2019. Hundredweight (cwt) prices paid for each cow (n = 84) were obtained from a marketing auction, and their carcass traits were provided by a commercial meat packing plant. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were used to investigate the dependencies between variables. Results indicate that lactation number and days in milk significantly affect cow live weight and that these three variables together with season of the year and farm provide a good predictor of cwt price (adj R2 = 71.7%). Moreover, there were also significant and moderately strong correlations between cwt price and some carcass quality indicators such as dressing (r = 0.57, P &lt; 0.001), trimming losses (r = -0.25, P &lt; 0.05), and grade (r = -0.58, P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, cull cow cwt price and carcass quality can be improved by taking into account cows life history factors when making culling decisions.
PSIII-11 Effect of dietary lactic acid bacteria level on reproductive performance and plasma indices in lactating sows
Authors: yang can , tang xiaowu , li fengna , huang Ruilin , Yin Yulong , liu jian , su wenxuan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to research the effects of different dietary levels of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) in sows’ diet during lactation on piglet growth performance, serum biochemical indices and amino acid of sows. 40 late gestation (110 d) sows with parity 3 or 4 were randomly divided into 5 groups with 8 sows per group. 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 mL Lactobacillus liquid (live LAB concentration was ≥1 *109 CFU/mL) was fed per sow per day for experimental groups L0, L50, L100, L200, L300, respectively. The durations of the test were 35 days. Results showed that, litter weight at weaning from group C grew slower than piglets from groups of L100, L200, L300 (P &lt; 0. 05). Average piglet weight gain from day 1 to 21 of lactation was higher in L200 compared with groups C and L50 (P &lt; 0. 05). Number of weaned pigs increased linearly with dietary LAB level (P = 0.037, r2 = 0.146, y=8.335 + 0.005x). Total litter weight gain from day 0 to 21 increased linearly with the dietary LAB level (P = 0.005, r2 = 0.288, y=15.797 + 0.040x). Serum GLU concentration was smaller in group L50 compared with other groups (P &lt; 0.05). Serum TC concentration was higher in group L100 and lower in groups L200 and L300 (P &lt; 0.05).The values of those amino acids such as leucine, lysine, valine, arginine, cysteine, ornithine were all higher in the sows fed 50 mL LAB than other groups (P &lt; 0.05).In summary, our results have revealed the ability of addition of LAB in sows’ diet during lactation significantly modify piglet growth. Addition of 200 mL LAB liquid seems to be more effective in elevating weight of weaning piglets.