bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of paw edema and liver oxidative stress in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation by Lobaria pulmonaria and Parmelia caperata, lichen species, in mice
Authors: Salem Samira , Leghouchi Essaid , Soulimani Rachid , Bouayed Jaouad 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Paw edema volume reduction is a useful marker in determining the anti-inflammatory effect of drugs and plant extracts in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of Lobaria pulmonaria (LP) and Parmelia caperata (PC), two lichen species, was examined in carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema test. Compared to the controls in carrageenan-induced inflammation (n = 5/group), our results showed that pretreatment by single oral doses with PC extract (50–500 mg/kg) gives better results than LP extract (50–500 mg/kg) in terms of anti-edematous activity, as after 4 h of carrageenan subplantar injection, paw edema formation was inhibited at 82–99% by PC while at 35–49% by LP. The higher anti-inflammatory effect of PC, at all doses, was also observed on the time-course of carrageenan-induced paw edema, displaying profile closely similar to that obtained with diclofenac (25 mg/kg), an anti-inflammatory drug reference (all p < 0.001). Both LP and PC, at all doses, significantly ameliorated liver catalase (CAT) activity (all p < 0.05). However, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and glutathione (GSH) levels were found increased in liver of PC- compared to LP-carrageenan-injected mice. Our findings demonstrated on one hand higher preventive effects of PC compared to LP in a mouse carrageenan-induced inflammatory model and suggested, on the other hand, that anti-inflammatory effects elicited by the two lichens were closely associated with the amelioration in the endogenous antioxidant status of liver.
Diurnal and Semidiurnal P‐ and S‐Wave Velocity Changes Measured Using an Airgun Source
Authors: Wang Baoshan , Yang Wei , Wang Weitao , Yang Jun , Li Xiaobin , Ye Beng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMonitoring the subtle seismic velocity changes provides a promising tool to study the Earth's dynamic processes. However, the precise monitoring of seismic velocity with high temporal resolution is still challenging especially at large distances. Here, we continuously monitor P‐wave and S‐wave velocities with a precision of up to 10−5 using an airgun source. During a 1‐week experiment conducted in the Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, unambiguous diurnal and semidiurnal velocity changes with amplitudes of ~10−4–10−3 were observed for both P‐ and S‐waves at distances up to 21 km. The amplitudes of P‐wave velocity (Vp) change are 1.2 to 3.8 times the amplitudes of S‐wave velocity (Vs) changes. The velocity variation decreases with the increase in distance and is larger in the basin region than that in the mountainous region. Seismic velocity change shows less correlation with volumetric tide strain but strong correlation with changes of air temperature and air pressure. We propose that the thermal strains from air temperature changes are the primary cause of the observed diurnal and semidiurnal seismic velocity changes. The stronger Vp than Vs change is explained by the higher Vp sensitivity to the saturation rate. The velocity changes in mountainous area are ascribed mainly to the crack density changes, while both crack density change and saturation change are required to account for the velocity changes in the basin.
Arctic Clouds Simulated by a Multiscale Modeling Framework and Comparisons With Observations and Conventional GCMs
Authors: Li Zhujun , Xu Kuan‐Man 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClouds are an important component of the Arctic climate system through their regulation of the surface energy budget; however, Arctic clouds are poorly simulated in global climate models (GCMs). In this study, we evaluate the Arctic clouds simulated by a multiscale modeling framework (MMF). The results are compared against a merged CloudSat‐CALIPSO radar‐lidar cloud product and contrasted with an atmospheric reanalysis and conventional GCMs. The comparisons focus on the annual cycle of cloud covers, vertical structures of cloud fraction, and condensate mixing ratio, as well as the relationships between low‐cloud cover and atmospheric static stability. The MMF is found to represent Arctic boundary layer clouds slightly more realistically than the reanalysis and GCMs in both the annual cycle and vertical distribution except that middle‐ and high‐cloud covers are underestimated and the amplitude of annual cycle of total cloud cover is larger. The relationship between low‐cloud cover and near‐surface atmospheric stability produced by MMF is remarkably similar to the satellite observation during autumn, winter, and early spring, as low‐cloud cover decreases with colder surface and stronger stability. Such relationships over the annual cycle are not reproduced by other modeling approaches. Lastly, MMF yields a positive correlation between low‐cloud cover and atmospheric stability over the Arctic ocean from May to August, opposite to the satellite observation, implying stronger control of horizontal advection on low‐cloud formation. This modeled relationship is contributed by cloud fraction near the surface, which is known to be underestimated due to radar's surface clutter.
Vertical Structures of Typical Meiyu Precipitation Events Retrieved From GPM‐DPR
Authors: Sun Yuting , Dong Xiquan , Cui Wenjun , Zhou Zhimin , Fu Zhikang , Zhou Lingli , Deng Yi , Cui Chunguang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis work for the first time analyzed the vertical structures of the different stages of Meiyu precipitation systems over the Yangtze‐Huai River Valley in central China using measurements and retrievals from the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission Dual‐Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM‐DPR) and Feng Yun satellites. GPM‐DPR‐retrieved near‐surface rain and drop size distributions were first validated against the surface disdrometer measurements and showed good agreement. Then we analyzed three cases from the Integrative Monsoon Frontal Rainfall Experiment to demonstrate the different characteristics of convective precipitation and stratiform precipitation (SP) in the developing, mature, and dissipating stages of the Meiyu precipitation systems, respectively. For statistical analysis, all Meiyu cases during the period 2016–2018 detected by GPM‐DPR were collected and classified into different types and stages. In the stratiform regions of Meiyu precipitation systems, coalescence slightly overwhelms breakup and/or evaporation processes, but it was dominant in the convective regions when raindrops fall. There were large numbers of large ice particles during the developing stage due to strong updrafts and abundant moisture, whereas there were both large ice and liquid particles in the mature stage. The vertical structures of the SP examined in this study were similar to those over the ocean regions due to high relative humidity but different to the mountainous west regions of the USA. The findings of the stage‐dependent SP vertical structures provide better understanding of the evolution of monsoon frontal precipitation, as well as the associated microphysical properties, and provide insights to improve microphysical parameterization in future models.
Socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among women aged 20–49 in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Reyes Matos Ursula , Mesenburg Marilia Arndt , Victora Cesar G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective
To analyze socioeconomic inequalities in the prevalence of underweight and overweight or obesity in women from low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Methods
Using the last available Demographic Health Survey between 2010 and 2016 from 49 LMICs, we estimated the prevalence of underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) and overweight or obesity combined (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) for women aged 20–49 years. We used linear regression to explore the associations between the two outcomes and gross national income (GNI). We assess within-country socioeconomic inequalities using wealth deciles. The slope index of inequality (SII) and the inequality pattern index (IPI) were calculated for each outcome. Negative values of the latter express bottom inequality (when inequality is driven by the poorest deciles) while positive values express top inequality (driven by the richest deciles).

Results
In total, 931,145 women were studied. The median prevalence of underweight, overweight or obesity combined, and obesity were 7.3% (range 0.2–20.5%), 31.5% (8.8–85.3%), and 10.2% (1.9–48.8%), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients with log GNI were −0.33 (p = 0.006) for underweight, 0.72 (p < 0.001) for overweight or obesity, and 0.66 (p < 0.001) for obesity. For underweight, the SII was significantly negative in 38 of the 49 countries indicating a higher burden among poor women. There was no evidence of top or bottom inequality. Overweight or obesity increased significantly with wealth in 44 of the 49 countries. Top inequality was observed in low-prevalence countries, and bottom inequality in high-prevalence countries.

Conclusion
Underweight remains a problem among the poorest women in poor countries, but overweight and obesity are the prevailing problem as national income increases. In low-prevalence countries, overweight or obesity levels are driven by the higher prevalence among the richest women; as national prevalence increases, only the poorest women are relatively preserved from the epidemic.
The persimmon (Diospyros oleifera Cheng) genome provides new insights into the inheritance of astringency and ancestral evolution
Authors: Zhu Qing-gang , Xu Yang , Yang Yong , Guan Chang-fei , Zhang Qiu-yun , Huang Jing-wen , Grierson Don , Chen Kun-song , Gong Bang-chu , Yin Xue-ren 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPersimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an oriental perennial woody fruit tree whose popular fruit is produced and consumed worldwide. The persimmon fruit is unique because of the hyperaccumulation of proanthocyanidins during fruit development, causing the mature fruit of most cultivars to have an astringent taste. In this study, we obtained a chromosome-scale genome assembly for ‘Youshi’ (Diospyros oleifera, 2n = 2x = 30), the diploid species of persimmon, by integrating Illumina sequencing, single-molecule real-time sequencing, and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture techniques. The assembledD. oleiferagenome consisted of 849.53 Mb, 94.14% (799.71 Mb) of which was assigned to 15 pseudochromosomes, and is the first assembled genome for any member of the Ebenaceae. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that theD. oleiferagenome underwent an ancient γ whole-genome duplication event. We studied the potential genetic basis for astringency development (proanthocyanidin biosynthesis) and removal (proanthocyanidin insolublization). Proanthocyanidin biosynthesis genes were mainly distributed on chromosome 1, and the clustering of these genes is responsible for the genetic stability of astringency heredity. Genome-based RNA-seq identified deastringency genes, and promoter analysis showed that most of their promoters contained large numbers of low oxygen-responsive motifs, which is consistent with the efficient industrial application of high CO2treatment to remove astringency. Using theD. oleiferagenome as the reference, SLAF-seq indicated that ‘Youshi’ is one of the ancestors of the cultivated persimmon (2n = 6x = 90). Our study provides significant insights into the genetic basis of persimmon evolution and the development and removal astringency, and it will facilitate the improvement of the breeding of persimmon fruit.
Genetic correlations of psychiatric traits with body composition and glycemic traits are sex- and age-dependent
Authors: Hübel Christopher , Gaspar Héléna A. , Coleman Jonathan R. I. , Hanscombe Ken B. , Purves Kirstin , Prokopenko Inga , Graff Mariaelisa , Ngwa Julius S. , Workalemahu Tsegaselassie ,   ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Meta-Analyses of Glucose and Insulin-related traits consortium (MAGIC),   Autism Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Bipolar Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Eating Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Major Depressive Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   OCD & Tourette Syndrome Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   PTSD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Sex Differences Cross Disorder Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   Substance Use Disorders Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium,   German Borderline Genomics Consortium,   International Headache Genetics Consortium, O’Reilly Paul F. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Breen Gerome 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBody composition is often altered in psychiatric disorders. Using genome-wide common genetic variation data, we calculate sex-specific genetic correlations amongst body fat %, fat mass, fat-free mass, physical activity, glycemic traits and 17 psychiatric traits (up to N = 217,568). Two patterns emerge: (1) anorexia nervosa, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and education years are negatively genetically correlated with body fat % and fat-free mass, whereas (2) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), alcohol dependence, insomnia, and heavy smoking are positively correlated. Anorexia nervosa shows a stronger genetic correlation with body fat % in females, whereas education years is more strongly correlated with fat mass in males. Education years and ADHD show genetic overlap with childhood obesity. Mendelian randomization identifies schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, and higher education as causal for decreased fat mass, with higher body fat % possibly being a causal risk factor for ADHD and heavy smoking. These results suggest new possibilities for targeted preventive strategies.
Automated acquisition of explainable knowledge from unannotated histopathology images
Authors: Yamamoto Yoichiro , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Akatsuka Jun , Ueki Masao , Morikawa Hiromu , Numata Yasushi , Takahara Taishi , Tsuyuki Takuji , Tsutsumi Kotaro , Nakazawa Ryuto , Shimizu Akira , Maeda Ichiro , Tsuchiya Shinichi , Kanno Hiroyuki , Kondo Yukihiro , Fukumoto Manabu , Tamiya Gen , Ueda Naonori , Kimura Go 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDeep learning algorithms have been successfully used in medical image classification. In the next stage, the technology of acquiring explainable knowledge from medical images is highly desired. Here we show that deep learning algorithm enables automated acquisition of explainable features from diagnostic annotation-free histopathology images. We compare the prediction accuracy of prostate cancer recurrence using our algorithm-generated features with that of diagnosis by expert pathologists using established criteria on 13,188 whole-mount pathology images consisting of over 86 billion image patches. Our method not only reveals findings established by humans but also features that have not been recognized, showing higher accuracy than human in prognostic prediction. Combining both our algorithm-generated features and human-established criteria predicts the recurrence more accurately than using either method alone. We confirm robustness of our method using external validation datasets including 2276 pathology images. This study opens up fields of machine learning analysis for discovering uncharted knowledge.
SKP2 attenuates autophagy through Beclin1-ubiquitination and its inhibition reduces MERS-Coronavirus infection
Authors: Gassen Nils C. , Niemeyer Daniela , Muth Doreen , Corman Victor M. , Martinelli Silvia , Gassen Alwine , Hafner Kathrin , Papies Jan , Mösbauer Kirstin , Zellner Andreas , Zannas Anthony S. , Herrmann Alexander , Holsboer Florian , Brack-Werner Ruth , Boshart Michael , Müller-Myhsok Bertram , Drosten Christian , Müller Marcel A. , Rein Theo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAutophagy is an essential cellular process affecting virus infections and other diseases and Beclin1 (BECN1) is one of its key regulators. Here, we identified S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) as E3 ligase that executes lysine-48-linked poly-ubiquitination of BECN1, thus promoting its proteasomal degradation. SKP2 activity is regulated by phosphorylation in a hetero-complex involving FKBP51, PHLPP, AKT1, and BECN1. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of SKP2 decreases BECN1 ubiquitination, decreases BECN1 degradation and enhances autophagic flux. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) multiplication results in reduced BECN1 levels and blocks the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. Inhibitors of SKP2 not only enhance autophagy but also reduce the replication of MERS-CoV up to 28,000-fold. The SKP2-BECN1 link constitutes a promising target for host-directed antiviral drugs and possibly other autophagy-sensitive conditions.
Enhancement of and interference among higher order multipole transitions in molecules near a plasmonic nanoantenna
Authors: Rusak Evgenia , Straubel Jakob , Gładysz Piotr , Göddel Mirko , Kędziorski Andrzej , Kühn Michael , Weigend Florian , Rockstuhl Carsten , Słowik Karolina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpontaneous emission of quantum emitters can be modified by their optical environment, such as a resonant nanoantenna. This impact is usually evaluated under assumption that each molecular transition is dominated only by one multipolar channel, commonly the electric dipole. In this article, we go beyond the electric dipole approximation and take light-matter coupling through higher-order multipoles into account. We investigate a strong enhancement of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole emission channels of a molecule adjacent to a plasmonic nanoantenna. Additionally, we introduce a framework to study interference effects between various transition channels in molecules by rigorous quantum-chemical calculations of their multipolar moments and a consecutive investigation of the transition rate upon coupling to a nanoantenna. We predict interference effects between these transition channels, which allow in principle for a full suppression of radiation by exploiting destructive interference, waiving limitations imposed on the emitter’s coherence time by spontaneous emission.
Identification of The Canidae Iron Regulatory Hormone Hepcidin
Authors: Mead Martin K. , Claus Melissa , Litton Edward , Smart Lisa , Raisis Anthea , Rossi Gabriele , Trengove Robert D. , Gummer Joel P. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHepcidins are an evolutionarily conserved class of liver-expressed peptide, from which the twenty-five amino acid hormone, hepcidin-25 (herein hepcidin), has gained significant notoriety as the master regulator of iron homeostasis in mammals. Hepcidin maintains iron homeostasis by controlling the dietary absorption of iron and the mechanisms of recycling cellular iron stores. With the physiological significance of this hormone well established, it has emerged as an informative biomarker. In a comparison of the genome, transcriptome and peptidome of Canis lupis familiaris, we reveal the size of the hepcidin peptide in the canine, previous reports of which were contradictory to the evolutionary conservation predicted by genome annotation. Here, measurement of the peptide by mass spectrometry, following isolation from greyhound blood serum, revealed an amino acid sequence and peptide mass, differing from all accounts to date, yet demonstrating perfect sequence identity to that of the greater Canidae lineage of the Carnivora. Importantly, in the greyhound, the measured hepcidin peptide showed a similar temporal pattern to total serum iron, consistent with our understanding of hepcidin regulating iron homeostasis, in agreement with human diagnostics, and providing added translational evidence of the measured peptide being the iron regulatory hormone of the Canidae.
Testing for consistency in the impacts of a burrowing ecosystem engineer on soil and vegetation characteristics across biomes
Authors: Louw M. A. , Haussmann N. S. , le Roux P. C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe impacts of ecosystem engineers may be expected to vary along environmental gradients. Due to some resources being more limited in arid than in mesic environments, disturbances created by burrowing mammals are expected to have a greater ameliorating effect in arid environments, with larger differences in microhabitat conditions expected between burrows and undisturbed areas. The aim of this study was to test if the impacts of a medium-sized burrowing mammal, the aardvark, on soil properties (soil temperature, moisture and compaction) and vegetation characteristics (plant cover, species richness and species composition) are consistent across three biomes that differ strongly in annual rainfall. Burrowing affected soil and vegetation attributes, but the direction and magnitude of these biogeomorphological impacts were not consistent across the different biomes. For example, plant species composition was altered by burrowing in the arid scrubland and in the mesic grassland, but not in the semi-arid savannah. Contrary to expectations, the difference in the impacts of burrowing between biomes were not related to rainfall, with burrowing having strong, albeit different, impacts in both the arid scrubland and the mesic grassland, but weaker effects in the semi-arid savannah. It appears, therefore, that the impacts of these biogeomorphic agents may be site-specific and that it may be difficult to predict variation in their biotic and abiotic effects across environmental gradients. As a result, forecasting the impacts of ecosystem engineers under different conditions remains a challenge to management, restoration and conservation strategies related to these types of species.
Task-irrelevant odours affect both response inhibition and response readiness in fast-paced Go/No-Go task: the case of valence
Authors: Albayay Javier , Castiello Umberto , Parma Valentina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhether emotional stimuli influence both response readiness and inhibition is highly controversial. Visual emotional stimuli appear to interfere with both under certain conditions (e.g., task relevance). Whether the effect is generalisable to salient yet task-irrelevant stimuli, such as odours, remains elusive. We tested the effect of orthonasally-presented pleasant (orange) and unpleasant odours (trimethyloxazole and hexenol) and clean air as a control on response inhibition. In emotional Go/No-Go paradigms, we manipulated the intertrial interval and ratios of Go/No-Go trials to account for motor (Experiment 1, N = 31) and cognitive (Experiment 2, N = 29) response inhibition processes. In Experiment 1, participants had greater difficulty in withholding and produced more accurate and faster Go responses under the pleasant vs. the control condition. Faster Go responses were also evident in the unpleasant vs. the control condition. In Experiment 2, neither pleasant nor unpleasant odours modulated action withholding, but both elicited more accurate and faster Go responses as compared to the control condition. Pleasant odours significantly impair action withholding (as compared to the control condition), indicating that more inhibitory resources are required to elicit successful inhibition in the presence of positive emotional information. This modulation was revealed for the motor aspect of response inhibition (fast-paced design with lower Go/No-Go trial ratio) rather than for attentional interference processes. Response readiness is critically impacted by the emotional nature of the odour (but not by its valence). Our findings highlight that the valence of task-irrelevant odour stimuli is a factor significantly influencing response inhibition.