bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a Continuous Process for Isosorbide Production from Renewable Sources
Authors: Caiti Massimiliano , Tarantino Giulia , Hammond Ceri 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIncreasing demand for isosorbide has led to the search for sustainable and efficient methods for its production from sorbitol, a biomass‐derived platform molecule. However, sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide is currently performed with mineral acids, resulting in safety and toxicity issues. Although some progress has been made towards replacement of liquid acids with heterogeneous catalysts, continuous systems with good stability, selectivity and productivity remain scarce. Herein, sorbitol dehydration to isosorbide is efficiently performed in a continuous, liquid‐phase plug flow reactor, utilising an acidic zeolite (H‐β (38)) as solid catalyst. H‐β (38) is shown to catalyse the reaction without loss of activity for 55 hours on stream, achieving an isosorbide productivity of 9670 gisosorbide/kgcatalyst. This value is 4 times greater than any other continuous process reported in literature to date, even though the reaction was terminated prior to any loss of activity being detected. Diagnostic kinetic studies reveal improved operational conditions, and characterisation of the post‐reaction catalyst is provided.
Lumped Kinetic Modeling Method for Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Authors: Zhao Xiaojing , Sun Shiyuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) lumped kinetic modeling method was put forward to improve the prediction accuracy of the FCC kinetic model. This model divided the feedstock into three lumps and the products into six lumps. The parameters of the kinetic model were obtained by combining the fourth‐order Runge‐Kutta integral method and the two‐swarm cooperative particle swarm optimization algorithm. Compared with dividing the feedstock according to the group composition and the distillation range, the average relative error between the experimental data and the calculated values proves the higher fitting accuracy of the new lumped method. The kinetic model established by the method exhibits better adaptability to different feedstock and fewer requirements for feedstock analysis data.
“This is some mess right here”: Exploring interactions between Black sexual minority women and health care providers for breast cancer screening and care
Authors: Greene Naomi , Malone Jowanna , Adams Mary Anne , Dean Lorraine T. , Poteat Tonia 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundFew studies have explored how the intersection of race and sexual identity contribute to breast cancer disparities for Black sexual minority women (SMW). Issues within patient‐provider relationships, including bias, contribute to health disparities for minority groups. The authors used constructs from self‐determination theory (SDT) to explore the nature of health care provider interactions in breast cancer screening and care among Black SMW.MethodsParticipants were sampled nationally through social media, targeted emails, and referrals. Qualitative, in‐depth interviews were conducted with 15 Black cisgender SMW, ages 38 to 64 years, who had a breast cancer diagnosis or recent abnormal mammogram. Interviews were conducted face‐to‐face or online, audio‐recorded, and transcribed verbatim. Two analysts coded the interviews. Codes were analyzed across interviews to identify themes salient to SDT.ResultsThemes aligned with the SDT constructs of relatedness and autonomy. Some participants discussed feeling most understood by Black and/or female providers who shared at least 1 of their identities. Feeling understood through shared identity contributed to participants feeling seen and heard by their providers. Participants who discussed negative experiences with providers believed that the provider made negative assumptions about them based on their race and/or sexual orientation.ConclusionsWhen interacting with health care providers for breast cancer screening and care, Black SMW face specific challenges related to their multiply marginalized social position. Reducing health care provider bias toward Black SMW may improve patients' desires to continue in care. Providing equitable care while acknowledging and respecting women with multiply marginalized identities may improve the nature of these interactions.
Mitigating message dissemination issues in safety applications for vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Farias Paulo V. G. , Lima Tulio A. , Bordim Jacir L. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryIn a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) each node is required to transmit periodic and event‐driven messages. The periodic messages are also known as beacons and consist of the basic vehicle status, such as position, speed, direction, and any additional information required by a safety application. One of the main concerns faced with this technology is channel congestion, which often happens in scenarios with a high vehicular density like traffic jams. When the channel is congested, there are no guarantees for a reliable message delivery. For this purpose, several protocols have been proposed to resolve this issue. In this work we propose neighbor congestion avoidance protocol (NCAP) as a novel solution employing a proactive strategy with vehicle position prediction using Kalman filter and an efficient event‐driven message delivery scheme. When compared with other strategies in congested scenarios, NCAP was able to significantly decrease the number of beacons by 49%, while also reducing the number of event‐driven message retransmissions by approximately 81%. NCAP also presented better performance in regard to the number of collisions between messages and channel busy ratio.
Fine‐Tuning Plasmon‐Molecule Interactions in Gold‐BODIPY Nanocomposites: The Role of Chemical Structure and Noncovalent Interactions
Authors: Kumar P. P. Praveen , Rahman Atikur , Goswami Tanmay , Ghosh Hirendra N. , Neelakandan Prakash P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStrong coupling between localized surface plasmons and molecular absorptions leads to remarkable changes in the photophysical properties of dye‐loaded metal nanoparticles. Here, we report supramolecular nanocomposites consisting of BODIPY, tryptophan, and gold nanoparticles, and investigate the effect of structural variations on their photophysical properties. Our results indicate that the photostability and photosensitization properties of the nanocomposites depend on the chemical composition of the BODIPY molecules. The singlet oxygen quantum yield of the nanocomposites NC1 (BODIPY, B1 bearing a single methyl group) and NC3 (BODIPY, B3 with 5 methyl and 2 iodo groups) were 0.46 and 0.42, respectively, which were significantly higher compared to their individual components. Ultrafast spectroscopy studies revealed that the migration of photoexcited BODIPY electrons to the plasmonic photoexcitation allowed electron transfer into the singlet oxygen states, thereby leading to efficient generation of singlet oxygen.
Ethylene Tetramerisation: A Structure‐Selectivity Correlation
Authors: Makume Boitumelo F. , Holzapfel Cedric W. , Maumela Munaka C. , Willemse J. Alexander , van den Berg Jan A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe effect of ethylene tetramerisation ligand structures on 1‐octene selectivity is well studied. However, by‐product formation is less understood. In this work, a range of PNP ligand structures are correlated with the full product selectivity and with catalyst activity. As steric bulk on the N‐substituent increases, the product selectivity shifts from >10 % to < 3% of both C6 cyclics and C16+ by‐products. 1‐Octene peaks at ca. 70%. Thereafter, only 1‐hexene increases. Similar selectivity changes were observed for ortho‐Ph‐substituted PNP ligands. The C10‐14 selectivity was less affected by the ligand structure. The ligand effect on the changes in selectivity is explained mechanistically. Lastly, an increase in ligand steric bulk was found to improve catalyst activity and reduce polymer formation by an order of magnitude. It is proposed that steric bulk promotes formation of cationic catalytic species which are responsible for selective ethylene oligomerisation.
In Vitro Permeation Test (IVPT) for Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Topical Dermatological Formulations
Authors: Santos Leandro L. , Swofford Nathaniel J. , Santiago Brandon G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn vitro assessment of topical (dermal) pharmacokinetics is a critical aspect of the drug development process for semi‐solid products (e.g., solutions, foams, sprays, creams, gels, lotions, ointments), allowing for informed selection of new chemical entities, optimization of prototype formulations during the nonclinical stage, and determination of bioequivalence of generics. It can also serve as a tool to further understand the impact of different excipients on drug delivery, product quality, and formulation microstructure when used in parallel with other techniques, such as analyses of rheology, viscosity, microscopic characteristics, release rate, particle size, and oil droplet size distribution. The in vitro permeation test (IVPT), also known as in vitro skin penetration/permeation test, typically uses ex vivo human skin in conjunction with diffusion cells, such as Franz (or vertical) or Bronaugh (or flow‐through) diffusion cells, and is the technique of choice for dermal pharmacokinetics assessment. Successful execution of the IVPT also involves the development and use of fit‐for‐purpose bioanalytical methods and procedures. The protocols described herein provide detailed steps for execution of the IVPT utilizing flow‐through diffusion cells and for key aspects of the development of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method intended for analysis of the generated samples (epidermis, dermis, and receptor solution). © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: In vitro permeation testSupport Protocol: Dermatoming of ex vivo human skinBasic Protocol 2: Bioanalytical methodology in the context of the in vitro permeation test
Lignocellulose, Cellulose and Lignin as Renewable Alternative Fuels for Direct Biomass Fuel Cells
Authors: Antolini Ermete 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn recent years the use of renewable sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass (LCB), as the fuel for various types of fuel cells received growing interest. Different types of fuel cells, that is, operated at low temperatures (T<100 °C; microbial fuel cells (MFC), alkaline (AFCs) and flow fuel cells (FFCs)), intermediate temperatures (T in the range 150–300 °C, proton‐conducting inorganic‐organic composite membrane fuel cells), and high temperatures (T≥500 °C, direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs)), have been used for the conversion of the chemical energy in LCB to electrical energy. The economic advantage of the direct use of LCB consists of avoiding the acid hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose for low‐temperature fuel cells and the pretreatment at high temperatures necessary to convert biomass to biochar (pyrolysis) in the case of high‐temperature fuel cells. In this Review, the characteristics of direct biomass fuel cells are presented and their performance is compared with that of indirect biomass fuel cells fed with glucose (low‐temperature fuel cells) and biochar (high‐temperature fuel cells).
Genetic structuring among colonies of a pantropical seabird: Implication for subspecies validation and conservation
Authors: Humeau Laurence , Le Corre Matthieu , Reynolds S. James , Wearn Colin , Hennicke Janos C. , Russell James C. , Gomard Yann , Magalon Hélène , Pinet Patrick , Gélin Pauline , Couzi François‐Xavier , Bemanaja Etienne , Tatayah Vikash , Ousseni Bacar , Rocamora Gérard , Talbot Patrick , Shah Nirmal , Bugoni Leandro , Da Silva Denis , Jaeger Audrey 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInvestigations of the genetic structure of populations over the entire range of a species yield valuable information about connectivity among populations. Seabirds are an intriguing taxon in this regard because they move extensively when not breeding, facilitating intermixing of populations, but breed consistently on the same isolated islands, restricting gene flow among populations. The degree of genetic structuring of populations varies extensively among seabird species but they have been understudied in their tropical ranges. Here, we address this across a broad spatial scale by using microsatellite and mitochondrial data to explore the population connectivity of 13 breeding populations representing the six subspecies of the white‐tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus) in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Our primary aim was to identify appropriate conservation units for this little known species. Three morphometric characters were also examined in the subspecies. We found a clear pattern of population structuring with four genetic groups. The most ancient and the most isolated group was in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The South Atlantic populations and South Mozambique Channel population on Europa were genetically isolated and may have had a common ancestor. Birds from the Indo‐Pacific region showed unclear and weak genetic differentiation. This structuring was most well defined from nuclear and mtDNA markers but was less well resolved by morphological data. The validity of classifying white‐tailed tropicbirds into six distinct subspecies is discussed in light of our new findings. From a conservation standpoint our results highlight that the three most threatened conservation units for this species are the two subspecies of the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans and that of Europa Island in the Indian Ocean.
Interstory drift ratio associated with performance objectives for shallow‐buried multistory and span subway stations in inhomogeneous soil profiles
Authors: Du Xiuli , Jiang Jiawei , El Naggar M. Hesham , Xu Chengshun , Xu Zigang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe interstory drift ratios (IDRs) associated with the performance objectives for the underground structure are not well defined. In this paper, four levels of performance objectives are defined for shallow‐buried subway station structure: operational, immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. In order to develop IDRs corresponding to these performance objectives, 18 subway station structures were selected for this study. Pushover analyses were conducted using three‐dimensional finite‐element models considering two conditions of seismic loading: vertical and horizontal ground motions; and horizontal ground motion only. Shear‐displacement capacity curves of the 18 subway station structures were obtained, and IDR limits were defined for each structure based on the relationship between the capacity curves and performance objective. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the IDR limits considering the vertical ground motion (characterized by the same frequency with horizontal component) are smaller than that without consideration of the vertical ground motion. Based on these results, the IDR limit of 0.05%, 0.21%, 0.46%, and 0.72% is assigned for the four performance levels, respectively, for rectangular frame underground structures. The performance evaluation applied to Daikai station based on the proposed limits is found to be consistent with the actual postearthquake damage observations. The proposed limits of IDR could provide some guidance to the seismic design of underground structures, and could form the basis for developing appropriate performance limits for seismic provisions in design codes relevant to underground structures.
Krylov methods for inverse problems: Surveying classical, and introducing new, algorithmic approaches
Authors: Gazzola Silvia , Sabaté Landman Malena 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale linear systems coming from suitable discretizations of linear inverse problems are challenging to solve. Indeed, since they are inherently ill‐posed, appropriate regularization should be applied; since they are large‐scale, well‐established direct regularization methods (such as Tikhonov regularization) cannot often be straightforwardly employed, and iterative linear solvers should be exploited. Moreover, every regularization method crucially depends on the choice of one or more regularization parameters, which should be suitably tuned. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) survey some well‐established regularizing projection methods based on Krylov subspace methods (with a particular emphasis on methods based on the Golub‐Kahan bidiagonalization algorithm), and the so‐called hybrid approaches (which combine Tikhonov regularization and projection onto Krylov subspaces of increasing dimension); (b) introduce a new principled and adaptive algorithmic approach for regularization similar to specific instances of hybrid methods. In particular, the new strategy provides reliable parameter choice rules by leveraging the framework of bilevel optimization, and the links between Gauss quadrature and Golub‐Kahan bidiagonalization. Numerical tests modeling inverse problems in imaging illustrate the performance of existing regularizing Krylov methods, and validate the new algorithms.
To dine in or not to dine in: A comparison of food selection and preparation behaviours in those with and without food security
Authors: Butcher Lucy M. , O’Sullivan Therese A. , Ryan Maria M. , Lo Johnny , Nyanjom Julie , Wilkins Hugh C. , Devine Amanda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIssue addressedVulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by food insecurity, resulting in heightened risk of suboptimal dietary intake. Food insecure people appear to implement several coping strategies and dietary compromises to avoid hunger. Less explored in the literature is how these strategies impact consumption of food inside and outside of the home.MethodsAn online survey was completed by adults (n = 1292) residing in one of five Australian states. The questionnaire comprised of the six‐item US Household Food Security Survey Module, 12 socio‐demographic variables and 32 questions related to elements of food literacy.ResultsFood insecure respondents were more likely to frequent fast food vs (P = .002), takeaway (P < .001) and food courts (P < .001) than their food secure counterparts. Food secure respondents reported greater use of raw (P = .043) and fresh, pre‐prepared produce (P = .002) when cooking, whereas food insecure respondents were more likely to prepare food using only frozen, pre‐packaged products (P < .001). No significant differences were found between food security status and the enjoyment and social bonding derived from cooking.ConclusionsFood insecure respondents appeared to be accessing a poorer quality of food through greater consumption of takeaway and fast food. These dietary compromises are most likely related to perceived financial, time or cooking facility constraints and to a lesser extent food literacy skills.So what?This study highlights some of the health and social inequities apparent within food insecure populations. Food insecure households should be supported to access healthy fresh food and in‐home cooking practices. While a multi strategy approach is required, healthy food environment policy, particularly in disadvantaged areas, should be considered to guarantee that all Australians have dignified access to nutritious food.
Association of Chinese drifting elderly's intergenerational support satisfaction with expectation: A mixed method study in Shanghai
Authors: Ruan Yuhui , Zhu Demi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn China's drifting elderly explosive growth context, in spite the importance of intergenerational support for drifting elderly is well recognised, but the association of related satisfaction with expectation is neglected. So current study was designed to explore this.MethodsA mixed study with two‐stage survey was undertaken involving 136 drifting elderly in Shanghai from June to September in 2019, among which 17 patriciates were involved in the in‐depth interviews in stage 2. The intergenerational support in two directions, which were support drifting elderly provided and received, and in three dimensions, which were material, service and emotional, were analysed.ResultsThe intergenerational support relationship of drifting elderly and their adult children were strengthened by the unsatisfied social support context. A stronger satisfaction with service support and material support was associated with weaker related expectation, and weaker satisfaction with emotional support was associated with a stronger related expectation.ConclusionA stronger satisfaction of drifting elderly with intergenerational material and service support can result in a weaker related expectation. While a weaker satisfaction intergenerational emotional support can result in a stronger related expectation. Thus, strengthen drifting elderly's emotional support as they expected is necessary for satisfying their old‐ageing pension in urban.
Are peatlands cool humid islands in a landscape?
Authors: Worrall Fred , Boothroyd Ian M. , Howden Nicholas J. K. , Burt Tim P. , Kohler Tim , Gregg Ruth 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study proposed that due to their high standing water tables that peatlands would be cold humid islands within their landscape, and especially so relative to farmland on mineral soils. To test this hypothesis, we measured air temperature and humidity at 17 locations along a 7.8 km transect across the UK's largest lowland raised bog from February 2018 to January 2019. Air temperature and humidity were measured hourly for 1 year and supported with spot albedo measurements. The study represented a factorial experiment with respect to sites of measurement, the type of land use (peat vs. arable land) and time of sampling over both the seasonal and diurnal cycles. We show that: (a) That although mean annual temperature was not significantly different between arable and peatlands, the arable land showed a decreased amplitude to its seasonal cycle – this is the reverse of the expected pattern. (b) The albedo of the peatland was significantly lower than that of arable land showing that vegetated peatland still absorbed more solar radiation. (c) The specific humidity was lower on the peatland than on the surrounding arable land. The study showed that while shrubby vegetation exists over a peatland then energy budgets are more likely to be dominated by the lower aerodynamic resistance and lower albedo of the vegetated peatland relative to arable land. Thus, shrub‐dominated peatlands will not be a cold humid island in their landscape.