bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomorphic connectivity and its application for understanding landscape complexities: a focus on the hydro‐geomorphic systems of India
Authors: Singh Manudeo , Sinha R. , Tandon S.K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGeomorphic processes operate at multiple spatio‐temporal scales and different levels of hierarchy. It is therefore necessary to understand the linkages of landscapes across various scales and levels to gain insights into their interactions and feedbacks. Connectivity is an emergent property of the hydro‐geomorphic systems, and it is gradually evolving into a unifying concept in geomorphology. The connectivity approach has the potential to be applied extensively to diverse hydro‐geomorphic systems of India to understand their complexity as well as for designing effective management practices for river systems and wetlands, optimizing water resources for agriculture, and monitoring and restoration of habitats. Studies on connectivity, particularly in geomorphic context, have been growing steadily in India, albeit at a much slower pace compared to the global trends. This article undertakes a brief overview of the global developments particularly in terms of providing some clarity among the different types of geomorphic connectivity and their inter‐relationships and feedbacks. We then take stock of the connectivity research in India in recent years as applied in different hydrogeomorphic systems across the country. We utilize a number of Indian case studies to illustrate the important developments and applications of connectivity concepts, and also present future perspective of this important field with special relevance to India. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of pralatrexate resistant T‐cell lymphoma lines reveals two patterns of acquired drug resistance that is overcome with epigenetic modifiers
Authors: Scotto Luigi , Kinahan Cristina , Casadei Beatrice , Mangone Michael , Douglass Eugene , Murty Vundavalli V. , Marchi Enrica , Ma Helen , George Changchun , Montanari Francesca , Califano Andrea , O'Connor Owen A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile pralatrexate (PDX) has been successfully developed for the treatment of T‐cell lymphoma, the mechanistic basis for its T‐cell selectivity and acquired resistance remains elusive. In an effort to potentially identify synergistic combinations that might circumnavigate or delay acquired PDX resistance, we generated resistant cells lines over a broad concentration range. PDX‐resistant cell lines H9‐12 and H9‐200 were developed, each exhibiting an IC50 of 35 and over 1000 nM, respectively. These lines were established in vitro from parental H9 cells. Expression analysis of the proteins known to be important determinants of antifolate pharmacology revealed increase expression of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) due to gene amplification, and reduced folate carrier1 downregulation, as the putative mechanisms of resistance in H9‐12 and H9‐200 cells. Cross resistance was only seen with methotrexate but not with romidepsin, azacitidine (AZA), decitabine, gemcitabine, doxorubicin, or bortezomib. Resistance to PDX was reversed by pretreatment with hypomethylating agents in a concentration‐dependent fashion. Comparison of gene expression profiles of parental and resistant cell lines confirmed markedly different patterns of gene expression, and identified the dual specificity phosphatase four (DUSP4) as one of the molecular target of PDX activity. Reduced STAT5 phosphorylation following exposure to PDX was observed in the H9 but not in the H9‐12 and H9‐200 cells. These data suggest that combination with hypomethylating agents could be potent, and that DUSP4 and STAT5 could represent putative biomarkers of PDX activity.
COVID‐19 in two infants in China
Authors: Li Anni , Zhou Xiaolin , Lu Wei , Zhou Yuanhong , Liu Qiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionSince December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread rapidly around the world and caused more than 487 000 infections and 22 000 deaths worldwide.MethodsWe report two infant cases with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in Yichang, Hubei, China. The younger of the two is only 5‐months old. We recorded their clinical manifestations, epidemiological history, laboratory examination, and treatment in detail. In addition, we provide computed tomographic images of their chest, which are the most serious imaging manifestation among the infants recorded so far.ResultsAlthough both of them eventually recovered and were discharged from the hospital, they were complicated with varying degrees of liver and myocardial injury. In addition, one of them was complicated with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection.ConclusionsPediatricians should consider the potential risks of developing severe illness of infants infected by SARS‐CoV‐2 and take them seriously.
Factors Associated With Kyphosis and Kyphosis Progression in Older Men: The MrOS Study
Authors: Woods Gina N , Huang Mei-Hua , Lee Joo-Hyun , Cawthon Peggy M , Fink Howard A , Schousboe John T , Kado Deborah M 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Hyperkyphosis (HK), or increased anterior curvature of the thoracic spine, is common in older persons. Although it is thought that vertebral fractures are the major cause of HK, only about a third of those with the worst degrees of kyphosis have underlying vertebral fractures. In older men, HK is associated with increased risk of poor physical function, injurious falls, and earlier mortality, but its causes are not well understood. We studied 1092 men from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study aged 64 to 92 years (mean age 72.8 years) who had repeated standardized radiographic measures of Cobb angle of kyphosis to identify risk factors for HK (defined as ≥50 degrees) and kyphosis progression over an interval of 4.7 years. Specifically, we examined the associations with age, body mass index (BMI), weight, weight loss, health behaviors, family history of HK, muscle strength, degenerative disc disease (DDD), bone mineral density (BMD), prevalent thoracic vertebral fractures, and incident thoracic vertebral fractures (longitudinal analyses only). Men had an average baseline kyphosis of 38.9 (standard deviation [SD] 11.4) degrees. Fifteen percent had HK (n = 161) with a mean Cobb angle of 56.7 (SD = 6.0) degrees; these men were older (p &lt; 0.01), had lower BMI (p &lt; 0.01), lower BMD (p &lt; 0.01), were more likely to have family history of HK (p = 0.01), and prevalent thoracic vertebral fracture (p &lt; 0.01) compared with the men without HK. During follow-up, men experienced an average of 1.4 degrees of kyphosis progression with DDD (p = 0.04) and lower hip BMD (p &lt; 0.01) being identified as statistically significant and incident vertebral fractures (p = 0.05) nearly significant factors associated with worse progression. These results suggest that in older men, HK results from not only low BMD and vertebral fractures but that DDD also may play a significant role in kyphosis progression. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Rhodojaponin II inhibits TNF‐α‐induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in MH7A human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast‐like synoviocytes
Authors: Kong Lingli , Wang Laifang , Zhao Qing , Di Guijuan , Wu Huiqiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRhodojaponin II (R‐II) has been shown to possess anti‐inflammatory activity. Herein, we aimed to explore the effect of R‐II on tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐induced inflammation in MH7A rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLSs). We found that R‐II treatment at high concentration suppressed the viability of MH7A cells. R‐II suppressed the levels of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, and inhibited messenger RNA expression and concentrations of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6 and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in TNF‐α‐stimulated RA‐FLSs. Additionally, R‐II repressed TNF‐α‐induced activation of the Akt, nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), and toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4)/MyD88 pathways in MH7A cells. Inhibition of the Akt, NF‐κB, and TLR4/MyD88 pathways by the corresponding inhibitors reinforced the inhibitory effect of R‐II on TNF‐α‐induced inflammatory cytokine secretion in MH7A cells. R‐II ameliorated the severity of collagen‐induced arthritis in mice by inhibiting inflammation. In conclusion, R‐II repressed TNF‐α‐induced inflammatory response in MH7A cells by inactivating the Akt, NF‐κB, and TLR4/MyD88 pathways.
Evaluation of in vitro inhibitory effects of some natural compounds on tyrosinase activity and molecular docking study: Antimelanogenesis potential
Authors: Taslimi Parham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTyrosinase enzyme is a functional oxidase that is extensively divided in nature. It is the main enzyme in melanin synthesis and is also involved in designating the color of mammalian hair and skin. Additionally, it is accountable for the unfavorable enzymatic browning that happens in plant‐derived foods, limiting the shelf‐life of new‐cut crops with the resultant economic harm. Recently, there has been a remarkable concern to study the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme and some inhibitory molecules isolated from natural sources. For tyrosinase enzyme, afzelin, narcissoside, justiciresinol, thalassiolin B, carpachromene, neobavaisoflavone, and kojic acid (as standard) as natural phenols have IC50 values in the range of 2.37‐7.90 µM. Theoretical methods, such as gaussian software program and molecular modeling, were used to compare the biological and chemical activity values of molecules. To compare the biochemical and chemical activity values of molecules, chemical activities with quantum chemical parameters, and biological activities against tyrosinase with the ID of 5M8L molecules were investigated.
Reliability of glycosylated hemoglobin in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rayis Duria A. , Ahmed Abdel B. A. , Sharif Manal E. , ElSouli Amir , Adam Ishag 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) performed at 24‐28 weeks gestation is the current recommended method to the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Many recent studies investigating HbA1c in detecting GDM yield different results. There are no published data on HbA1c in the diagnosis of GDM in Sub‐Saharan countries including Sudan.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out at the antenatal care of Saad Abuelela Maternity Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan during the period from February to November 2018 to assess the reliability of HbA1c in the diagnosis of GDM. GDM was diagnosed according to the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups using a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test.ResultsThree hundred and forty‐eight women were enrolled. The mean (SD) of the age, gravidity, and gestational age of the enrolled women were 27.8 (5.6) years, 2.36 (2.2) and 26.26 (2.43) weeks, respectively. Sixty‐eight women (19.5%) had GDM. A poor productively for HbA1c in diagnosis GDM was shown (AUC = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.55‐0.69). At HbA1c level of 4.150%, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis for GDM were 76.51% and 37.85%, respectively. At HbA1c level of 5.850%, the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis for GDM were 13.24% and 91.43%, respectively. While there was no significant (Spearman) correlation between fasting blood glucose and HbA1c, there were significant correlations between HbA1c and OGTT 1 and 2 hours of OGTT.ConclusionIn this study, HbA1c has a poor reliability, insufficient sensitivity or specificity for use to diagnose GDM.
Social functioning in schizotypy: How affect influences social behavior in daily life
Authors: Minor Kyle S. , Hardin Kathryn L. , Beaudette Danielle M. , Waters Lesley C. , White Anna L. , Gonzenbach Virgilio , Robbins Megan L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveSocial deficits are already exhibited by people at risk for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. Technological advances have made passive detection of social deficits possible at granular levels.MethodIn this real‐world study, we tested if schizotypy status (high/low) predicted two types of social behavior: (1) being around other people; and (2) actively socializing with others. We also examined if schizotypy influences relationships between social behavior and affect using subjective and objective instruments.ResultsOur findings revealed that socializing with others was significantly decreased in the high schizotypy group. Positive affect increased in social situations and predicted later social behavior in those low, but not high, in schizotypy.ConclusionDecreased social behavior in schizotypy may be explained, in part, by these individuals being less incentivized than their peers to pursue social situations. Future studies should test this explanation in larger samples exhibiting elevated positive, negative, and disorganized schizotypy traits.
Use of daratumumab in high risk multiple myeloma: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Premkumar Vikram , Pan Samuel , Lentzsch Suzanne , Bhutani Divaya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDaratumumab is approved for use in newly diagnosed and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM), however the patients most likely to benefit from its addition to standard anti‐myeloma therapy is unclear. This meta‐analysis included 2340 newly diagnosed MM patients (1982 with standard risk and 358 with high risk cytogenetics) and 673 patients with relapsed/refractory MM (513 with standard risk and 160 with high risk cytogenetics) to assess which cytogenetic subgroups derived PFS benefit from Daratumumab. Studies included were the CASSIOPEIA, MAIA and ALCYONE (for newly diagnosed MM) and the CASTOR and POLLUX trials (for relapsed/refractory MM). Daratumumab's addition led to a clear benefit in standard risk newly diagnosed MM (HR 0.43; 95% CI, 0.35‐0.53; P < .05) and both high and standard risk relapsed/refractory disease (HR 0.28; 95% CI, 0.21‐0.36; P < .05 and HR 0.48; 95% CI, 0.30‐0.76; P < .05, respectively). No clear benefit was seen in newly diagnosed high risk MM. These findings fail to demonstrate PFS benefit from Daratumumab's addition in high risk newly diagnosed MM. Data forthcoming from the GRIFFIN and MASTER trials may increase the power of the study and provide a definitive answer. Daratumumab remains important in standard risk upfront and relapsed/refractory MM and high risk relapsed/refractory MM.
Denoising and Multiple Tissue Compartment Visualization of Multi‐b‐Valued Breast Diffusion MRI
Authors: Tan Ek T. , Wilmes Lisa J. , Joe Bonnie N. , Onishi Natsuko , Arasu Vignesh A. , Hylton Nola M. , Marinelli Luca , Newitt David C. 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundMulti‐b‐valued/multi‐shell diffusion provides potentially valuable metrics in breast MRI but suffers from low signal‐to‐noise ratio and has potentially long scan times.PurposeTo investigate the effects of model‐based denoising with no loss of spatial resolution on multi‐shell breast diffusion MRI; to determine the effects of downsampling on multi‐shell diffusion; and to quantify these effects in multi‐b‐valued (three directions per b‐value) acquisitions.Study TypeProspective (“fully‐sampled” multi‐shell) and retrospective longitudinal (multi‐b).SubjectsOne normal subject (multi‐shell) and 10 breast cancer subjects imaging at four timepoints (multi‐b).Field Strength/Sequence3T multi‐shell acquisition and 1.5T multi‐b acquisition.AssessmentThe “fully‐sampled” multi‐shell acquisition was retrospectively downsampled to determine the bias and error from downsampling. Mean, axial/parallel, radial diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (FA) were analyzed. Denoising was applied retrospectively to the multi‐b‐valued breast cancer subject dataset and assessed subjectively for image noise level and tumor conspicuity.Statistical TestsParametric paired t‐test (P < 0.05 considered statistically significant) on mean and coefficient of variation of each metric—the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from all b‐values, fast ADC, slow ADC, and perfusion fraction. Paired and two‐sample t‐tests for each metric comparing normal and tumor tissue.ResultsIn the multi‐shell data, denoising effectively suppressed FA (–45% to –78%), with small biases in mean diffusivity (–5% in normal, +23% in tumor, and –4% in vascular compartments). In the multi‐b data, denoising resulted in small biases to the ADC metrics in tumor and normal contralateral tissue (by –3% to +11%), but greatly reduced the coefficient of variation for every metric (by –1% to –24%). Denoising improved differentiation of tumor and normal tissue regions in most metrics and timepoints; subjectively, image noise level and tumor conspicuity were improved in the fast ADC maps.Data ConclusionModel‐based denoising effectively suppressed erroneously high FA and improved the accuracy of diffusivity metrics.Evidence Level3Technical Efficacy Stage1
Absence of prostate oedema obviates the need for delay between fiducial marker insertion and radiotherapy simulation
Authors: Patel Deepti , Tan Alex , Brown Amy , Pain Tilley 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionFiducial markers (FMs) are commonly inserted into the prostate for image guided radiation therapy. This study aimed to quantify prostate oedema immediately following FM insertion compared to prostate volumes measured a week later, at the time of simulation for radiation therapy.MethodsThirty patients underwent a verification computed tomography (VCT) scan in treatment position immediately after the fiducial insertion and their planning computed tomography scan (PCT) one week after. Patient data sets were retrospectively evaluated, comparing prostate volumes and planning target volumes (PTV). Volumes were delineated by a single radiation oncologist, blinded to whether the scan was VCT or PCT. Distances between the FMs were measured on both scans. Descriptive statistics described the data, DICE similarity co‐efficient (DSC) calculated, and paired t‐tests were used to compare paired data.ResultsThe median prostate volume was 35.09 cc and 36.31 cc for VCT and PCT data sets, respectively, and median PTV was 118.56 cc and 127.04 cc for VCT and PCT, respectively. There was no significant difference in prostate volumes (P = 0.3037) or PTV (P = 0.1279), with a DSC of 0.87 (range 0.76–0.91) and 0.91 (range 0.85 to 0.95), respectively. Similarly, there was no significant difference in distance between fiducial markers (P > 0.05).ConclusionThis study demonstrates no statistically significant difference in prostate or PTV volumes (P > 0.05) between the CT acquired at fiducial marker insertion compared with the CT acquired a week later. Therefore, oedema is not significant enough to justify a delay between FM insertion and simulation.
Relative importance of surface air temperature and density to interannual variations in monthly surface atmospheric pressure
Authors: Lu Er , Tu Juqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe spatial inhomogeneity of air pressure drives the atmospheric circulation. The interannual variation of the pressure can be affected by both air temperature and density. The goal of this study is to identify, for the near‐surface air, whether the variation of the density or temperature is more important in the interannual variation of the pressure. The physical relation of the pressure (P) with density (D) and temperature (T), denoted as P = D ⋅ T for simplicity, is nonlinear. To be convenient for estimating the relative importance, a normalized linear regression is used to fit the relation, which is finally written as P = AD + BT. Tests show that the linear fitting is robust; it is perfect everywhere in the globe. Because of the normalizations, the D and T are in magnitude of 1, but can be positive or negative. Derivations and calculations indicate that the coefficients A and B are both positive. What they reflect are the partial correlations of the pressure with the D and T, which are both equal to 1 across the entire field. For the normalized fitting, the A and B can be used to estimate the contributions of the D and T to the variation of the pressure. The linear fitting method can provide quantitative results for the dominance. The original nonlinear relation, due to the special form for the issue, can be used to qualitatively deduce the dominance. Comparisons suggest that the results obtained from the linear fitting are consistent with those qualitatively reached from the nonlinear physical relation. The consistency is true, no matter what the relation is between the two influencing factors. Corresponding to the negative relation between the density and temperature, there are two patterns. One is that the pressure increases with density but decreases with temperature. In this case, density dominates the variation of pressure. The second is that the pressure increases with temperature but decreases with density, and thus temperature dominates the variation of pressure. The third pattern is for the positive relation between density and temperature. In this case, density and temperature both have positive contributions to the variation of pressure, and which of them is more important can further be assessed with the linear fitting method.
Comparative study on the novel umami‐active peptides of the whole soybeans and the defatted soybeans fermented soy sauce
Authors: Zhu Xiping , Sun‐Waterhouse Dongxiao , Chen Jiahui , Cui Chun , Wang Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDTwo kinds of soy sauce produced via fermentation of the whole soybeans and the defatted soybeans (soy sauce termed ‘SSS’ and ‘SSD’, respectively) were subjected to the treatment using aqueous ethanol solutions with high concentrations. Then tasty peptides were separated from SSS and SSD by sensory guided fractionation, using macroporous resin and reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC), and identified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS).ResultsThe result showed that umami‐active fractions and ≤ 3 kDa peptides were mainly concentrated in the supernatants resulted from the treatment with 60% ethanol and the precipitates resulted from the treatment with 80% ethanol. The contents of ammonia nitrogen, non‐salt solids, bitter amino acids, amino acids in peptides and the proportion of ≤ 3 kDa peptides in SSS were higher than those in SSD. Sixteen and fourteen tasty peptides were separated from SSS and SSD, among them five dipeptides (γ‐Glu‐Glu, Glu‐Glu, γ‐Glu‐Cys, γ‐Glu‐Leu, Glu‐Leu and Ile‐Glu) with a glutamic acid residue were identified both in SSS and SSD, which have been reported as umami/kokumi‐active peptides in soy sauce. Several peptides identified from SSS (Thr‐Gly‐Cys, Gly‐Leu‐Glu, Val‐Glu‐Ala‐Leu and Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Glu) and SSD (Asp‐Arg, Asp‐Ala‐Glu, Glu‐Val‐Cys and Gly‐Gly‐Gly‐Glu) are tasty and/or umami‐active peptides but have not been reported as tasty peptides in the past.ConclusionMost of the peptides separated from SSD and SSS could impart an umami‐enhancing effect on soy sauce, and the marginally more kokumi and bitterness hydrophobic peptides were found in SSS than SSD. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry