bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood retention at inclined racks: Effects on flow and local bedload processes
Authors: Schalko Isabella 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLarge wood (LW) transport can increase greatly during floods, leading to accumulations at river infrastructures. To mitigate the potential flood hazard, racks are a common method to retain LW upstream of endangered settlements or infrastructures. The majority of LW retention racks consist of vertical bars and, therefore, disrupt bedload transport. It can be hypothesized that inclined racks reduce backwater rise and local scour, as wood will block the upper part of the rack, thereby increasing the open flow cross‐section below the accumulation. Flume experiments were conducted under clear water conditions to analyse backwater rise and local scour as a function of (1) rack inclination, (2) hydraulic inflow condition, (3) uniform bed material, and (4) LW volume. In addition, the first experiments were performed under live bed scour conditions to study the effect of bedload transport on local scour and backwater rise. Based on the experiments, backwater rise and local scour decrease with decreasing rack angle to the horizontal. LW predominantly accumulated at the upper part of the rack, leading to an open flow cross‐section below the accumulation. The effect of rack angle was included in existing design equations for backwater rise and local scour depth. In addition, the first experiments with bedload transport resulted in smaller backwater rise and local scour depth. This study contributes to an enhanced process understanding of wood retention and bedload transport at rack structures and an improved design of LW retention racks. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of frequency containment reserve prices with econometrics and artificial intelligence
Authors: Kraft Emil , Keles Dogan , Fichtner Wolf 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe forecasting of prices for electricity balancing reserve power can essentially improve the trading positions of market participants in competitive auctions. Having identified a lack of literature related to forecasting balancing reserve prices, we deploy approaches originating from econometrics and artificial intelligence and set up a forecasting framework based on autoregressive and exogenous factors. We use SARIMAX models as well as neural networks with different structures and forecast based on a rolling one‐step forecast with reestimation of the models. It turns out that the naive forecast performs reasonably well but is outperformed by the more advanced models. In addition, neural network approaches outperform the econometric approach in terms of forecast quality, whereas for the further use of the generated models the econometric approach has advantages in terms of explaining price drivers. For the present application, more advanced configurations of the neural networks are not able to further improve the forecasting performance.
Selective Wettability Membrane for Continuous Oil−Water Separation and In Situ Visible Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Purification of Water
Authors: Ezazi Mohammadamin , Shrestha Bishwash , Kim Sun‐I. , Jeong Bora , Gorney Jerad , Hutchison Katie , Lee Duck Hyun , Kwon Gibum 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMembrane‐based technologies are attractive for remediating oily wastewater because they are relatively energy‐efficient and are applicable to a wide range of industrial effluents. For complete treatment of oily wastewater, removing dissolved contaminants from the water phase is typically followed by adsorption onto an adsorbent, which complicates the process. Here, an in‐air superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic membrane‐based continuous separation of surfactant‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsions and in situ decontamination of water by visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic degradation of dissolved organic contaminants is reported. The membrane is fabricated by utilizing a thermally sensitized stainless steel mesh coated with visible light absorbing iron‐doped titania nanoparticles. Post annealing of the membrane can enhance the adhesion of nanoparticles to the membrane surface by formation of a bridge between them. An apparatus that enables continuous separation of surfactant‐stabilized oil‐in‐water emulsion and in situ photocatalytic degradation of dissolved organic matter in the water‐rich permeate upon irradiation of visible light on the membrane surface with greater than 99% photocatalytic degradation is developed. The membrane demonstrates the recovery of its intrinsic water‐rich permeate flux upon continuous irradiation of light after being contaminated with oil. Finally, continuous oil−water separation and in situ water decontamination is demonstrated by photocatalytically degrading model toxins in water‐rich permeate.
Petrophysical and geochemical characterization of sediments filling V‐shaped ditches of Roman camps in Moravia, Czech Republic: Filling processes and the role of pedogenesis
Authors: Lenďáková Zuzana , Bábek Ondřej , Komoróczy Balázs , Vlach Marek , Hüssen Claus‐Michael , Rajtár Ján 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe infilling of defense structures (ditches) of the Roman temporary camps in South Moravia (Czech Republic) were studied quantitatively to characterize the ditch‐filling processes, role of pedogenesis, and the effect of geological setting. Samples of soil and sediment were taken from ditch profiles at three sites in South Moravia, Czech Republic (Pasohlávky, Přibice, and Charvátská Nová Ves) and three shallow control cores located in close vicinity to the ditches. Physical and chemical parameters (grain size analysis, magnetic susceptibility, element geochemistry, and sediment color analysis) were measured in combination with lithological descriptions. The primary infilling processes were colluviation and pedogenesis, largely controlled by the nature of the geologic substrate in which the ditches are excavated. The dependence of the magnetic susceptibility to iron ratio on grain size are highlighted as a useful proxy of detecting depositional processes within the ditches. High values of the Fe‐normalized magnetic susceptibility together with the frequency‐dependent magnetic susceptibility indicate a strong magnetic enhancement of the upper parts of the ditch filling, particularly in the top soil. This study demonstrates the potential for specific chemical and physical proxies to characterize the depositional history of Roman ditches when limited to coring.
There is no routine head and neck exam during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Chan Jason Y. K. , Tsang Raymond K. Y. , Yeung K. W. , Abdullah Victor , Ku Peter , Wong Eddy W. Y. , Mehta Nishchay , Orosco Ryan K. , Holsinger F. Christopher 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHead and neck examinations are commonly performed by all physicians. In the era of the COVID‐19 pandemic caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, which has a high viral load in the upper airways, these examinations and procedures of the upper aerodigestive tract must be approached with caution. Based on experience and evidence from SARS‐CoV‐1 and early experience with SARS‐CoV‐2, we provide our perspective and guidance on mitigating transmission risk during head and neck examination, upper airway endoscopy, and head and neck mucosal surgery including tracheostomy.
Management of the difficult airway in the COVID‐19 pandemic: Illustrative complex head and neck cancer scenario
Authors: Rassekh Christopher H. , Jenks Carolyn M. , Ochroch E. Andrew , Douglas Jennifer E. , O'Malley Bert W. , Weinstein Gregory S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis case highlights challenges in the assessment and management of the “difficult airway” patient in the SARS‐CoV‐2 (COVID‐19) pandemic era.MethodsA 60‐year‐old male with history of recent transoral robotic surgery resection, free flap reconstruction, and tracheostomy for p16+ squamous cell carcinoma presented with stridor and dyspnea 1 month after decannulation. Careful planning by a multidisciplinary team allowed for appropriate staffing and personal protective equipment, preparations for emergency airway management, evaluation via nasopharyngolaryngoscopy, and COVID testing. The patient was found to be COVID negative and underwent imaging which revealed new pulmonary nodules and a tracheal lesion.ResultsThe patient was safely transorally intubated in the operating room. The tracheal lesion was removed endoscopically and tracheostomy was avoided.ConclusionsThis case highlights the importance of careful and collaborative decision making for the management of head and neck cancer and other “difficult airway” patients during the COVID‐19 epidemic.
Framework for prioritizing head and neck surgery during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Topf Michael C. , Shenson Jared A. , Holsinger F. Christopher , Wald Samuel H. , Cianfichi Lisa J. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Sunwoo John B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has placed an extraordinary demand on the United States health care system. Many institutions have canceled elective and non‐urgent procedures to conserve resources and limit exposure. While operational definitions of elective and urgent categories exist, there is a degree of surgeon judgment in designation. In the present commentary, we provide a framework for prioritizing head and neck surgery during the pandemic. Unique considerations for the head and neck patient are examined including risk to the oncology patient, outcomes following delay in head and neck cancer therapy, and risk of transmission during otolaryngologic surgery. Our case prioritization criteria consist of four categories: urgent—proceed with surgery, less urgent—consider postpone > 30 days, less urgent—consider postpone 30 to 90 days, and case‐by‐case basis. Finally, we discuss our preoperative clinical pathway for transmission mitigation including defining low‐risk and high‐risk surgery for transmission and role of preoperative COVID‐19 testing.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Antibiotic Ceftaroline at the Allosteric Site of Penicillin‐Binding Protein 2a (PBP2a)
Authors: Chiang Ying‐Chih , Wong Mabel T. Y. , Essex Jonathan W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) tolerates β‐lactam antibiotics by carrying out cell wall synthesis with the transpeptidase Penicillin‐binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which cannot be inhibited by β‐lactams. It has been proposed that PBP2a's active site is protected by two loops to reduce the probability of it binding with β‐lactams. Previous crystallographic studies suggested that this protected active site opens for reaction once a native substrate binds at an allosteric domain of PBP2a. This opening was proposed for the new β‐lactam ceftaroline's mechanism in successfully treating MRSA infections, i. e. by it binding to the allosteric site, thereby opening the active site to inhibition. In this work, we investigate the binding of ceftaroline at this proposed allosteric site using molecular dynamics simulations. Unstable binding was observed using the major force fields CHARMM36 and Amber ff14SB, and free energy calculations were unable to confirm a strong allosteric effect. Our study suggests that the allosteric effect induced by ceftaroline is weak at best.
Trends and Geographical Variability in Osteoporosis Treatment After Hip Fracture: A Multilevel Analysis of 30,965 Patients in the Region of Valencia, Spain
Authors: Hurtado Isabel , García-Sempere Aníbal , Peiró Salvador , Rodríguez-Bernal Clara , Sanfélix-Genovés José , Sanfélix-Gimeno Gabriel 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Despite improvements in the therapeutic arsenal and the recommendations of guidelines, low rates of prescribing osteoporosis medications are being reported worldwide for patients surviving a hip fracture, and important geographical variation remain. We aimed to describe trends in the proportion of patients that receive osteoporosis medication after hip fracture and to analyze the geographical variation in the prescription of drug therapy and its associated factors in the region of Valencia, Spain. We studied a population-based retrospective cohort of 30,965 patients aged 65 years and older, discharged from hospital after a hip fracture from January 2008 to December 2015, who were followed up for 3 months after discharge to identify the presence of any prescription of osteoporosis medication. We conducted a multilevel multiple logistic regression analysis with two levels (individuals and health departments [HD]) to determine which individual covariates were associated with receiving a prescription of osteoporosis medication in the 3 months after discharge, as well as the importance of the HD of hospitalization. The percentage of patients treated in the region decreased from a maximum of 28.9% in 2009 to 16.4% in 2015. By sex, the proportion of women treated reached a maximum of 33.4% in 2009 and declined to 19% in 2015, while the proportion of men reached a maximum of 14% in 2011 and reduced to 8.1% in 2015. By health department, there was a noticeable variability in the rate of patients treated, ranging from 40.9% to 11.1% in the whole period (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 7.54%; median odds ratio [MOR] = 1.64). Proportion of treated patients decreased in 20 of the 24 HDs. Variability could be also observed with regard to choice of medication by HD. This situation pressingly demands action (both at the organizational and professional levels) focused on populations at a higher risk (such as hip fracture patients) that particularly address underutilization and unwarranted variation.
Severity of Topiramate‐Related Working Memory Impairment Is Modulated by Plasma Concentration and Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Callisto Samuel P. , Illamola Sílvia M. , Birnbaum Angela K. , Barkley Christopher M. , Bathena Sai Praneeth R. , Leppik Ilo E. , Marino Susan E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrug side effects that impair cognition can lead to diminished quality of life and discontinuation of therapy. Topiramate is an antiepileptic drug that elicits cognitive deficits more frequently than other antiepileptic drugs, impairing multiple cognitive domains including language, attention, and memory. Although up to 40% of individuals taking topiramate may experience cognitive deficits, we are currently unable to predict which individuals will be most severely affected before administration. The objective of this study was to show the contributions of plasma concentration and working memory capacity in determining the severity of an individual's topiramate‐related cognitive impairment. Subjects were enrolled in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study during which they received a single dose of either 100, 150, or 200 mg topiramate. Working memory function was assessed using a modified Sternberg working memory task with 3 memory loads administered 4 hours after dosing. After adjustment for differences in working memory capacity, each 1 μg/mL of topiramate plasma concentration was associated with a 3.6% decrease in accuracy for all memory loads. Placebo effects occurred as a function of working memory capacity, with individuals with high working memory capacity experiencing less severe placebo‐related impairment compared with those with low working memory capacity. Our results demonstrate that severity of topiramate‐related cognitive deficits occurs as a function of both drug exposure and baseline cognitive function. By identifying patient‐ and exposure‐related characteristics that modulate the severity of cognitive side effects, topiramate dosing strategies may be individually tailored in the future to prevent unwanted cognitive impairment.
Dynamic changes of histone acetylation and methylation in bovine oocytes, zygotes, and preimplantation embryos
Authors: Wu Xia , Hu Shuxiang , Wang Lingling , Li Yan , Yu Haiquan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHistone modifications play important roles in regulating chromatin dynamic changes. In this study, acetylated histone H3 lysine 9 and 18 (H3K9ac and H3K18ac), acetylated histone H4 lysine 5 and 8 (H4K5ac and H4K8ac), tri‐methylation histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3), di‐methylation histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) are investigated in bovine oocytes, zygote, and preimplantation. During meiosis, H3K9ac and H3K18ac are erased after germinal vesicle breakdown, H4K8ac is erased after metaphase I (MI). Although H4K5ac is erased at MI, it is redetectable after this stage. However, histone methylations have no significant change during meiosis. During fertilization, intensive H4K5ac and H4K8ac are resumed on male and female chromatins at postfertilization 4 and 8 hr, respectively. H3K9ac and H3K18ac are resumed on both male and female chromatins at postfertilization 8 and 12 hr, respectively. H3K4me3 and H3K9me2 gradually increased on male chromatin after postfertilization 8 hr, while these two signals on female chromatin are detectable from postfertilization 2–18 hr. During embryo cleavage, H3K9ac, H3K18ac, and H3K4me3 are reduced at 8‐cell stage, and then start to increase. H4K5ac, H4K8ac, and H3K9me2 increase after the 4‐cell stage. At interphase, H4K5ac and H4K8ac are more intensive in nuclear periphery from 2‐ to 8‐cell stages. During mitosis, the signal of H4K8ac is intensive at chromosome periphery. In summary, during both oocyte meiosis and fertilization, the dynamic changes of both histone acetylations and methylations happen in a process of lysine residue‐specific and species‐specific. During preimplantation development, the dynamic patterns of both H3K9ac and H3K18ac are similar to that of H3K4me3, while the dynamic pattern of H4K5ac is similar to that of H4K8ac. These results will be helpful for understanding the effect of histone posttranslational modifications on bovine reproduction and development.
A qualitative study of Latinx parents' experiences of clinical exome sequencing
Authors: Luksic Daniel , Sukhu Radha , Koval Carrie , Cho Megan T. , Espinal Aileen , Rufino Katiana , Loarte Tania Vasquez , Chung Wendy K. , Wynn Julia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClinical exome sequencing (CES) is an established method for genetic diagnosis and is used widely in clinical practice. Studies of the parental experience of CES, which inform guidelines for best practices for genetic counseling, have been predominately comprised of White, non‐Latinx participants. The aim of this study was to explore the parental experiences of CES in a Latinx community and to understand how their experiences are influenced by culture and language. We conducted semi‐structured interviews in English and Spanish with 38 Latinx parents of children who had CES. Some of the themes that emerged were common to those previously identified, including a sense of obligation to pursue testing and a mixed emotional response to their child's results. Parents who had lower education level and/or received care from a provider who did not share their language had more confusion about their child's CES results and greater dissatisfaction with care compared with parents who had higher education level and/or received care from a provider who spoke their language. We also found evidence of hampered shared decision making and/or disempowered patient decision making regarding CES testing. Our data suggest unique needs for Latinx families having CES, particularly those who are non‐English speaking when an interpreter is used. Our data support the value in continuing to take steps to improve culturally competent care by improving interpretation services and recruiting and training a genetic workforce that is ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse.
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in treated chronic hepatitis C patients–Relationship to smoking and alcohol
Authors: Matsuura Tomoka , Ohfuji Satoko , Enomoto Masaru , Tamori Akihiro , Kubo Shoji , Kioka Kiyohide , Kawada Norifumi , Fukushima Wakaba 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe purpose of this study was to identify lifestyle risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, in relation to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among chronic hepatitis C patients who have achieved a sustained virologic response (SVR).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2017 using self‐administered questionnaires and medical information at two tertiary hospitals in Osaka, Japan. Study subjects were chronic hepatitis C patients who had achieved SVR without HCC following antiviral treatment that was completed more than 1 year earlier. A logistic regression model was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of post‐SVR HCC for each factor.ResultsOf 202 participants, 18 patients were diagnosed with post‐SVR HCC. After considering potential confounders, former drinkers at the time of SVR (OR, 9.51; 95% CI, 1.08–83.90) and patients with a history of gastric or duodenal ulcer (OR, 4.14; 95% CI, 1.37–12.46) were significantly associated with HCC. In addition, among patients with severe fibrosis, current smokers at the time of SVR had an increased OR for HCC compared with never smokers, with marginal significance (OR, 5.61; 95% CI, 0.97–32.63).ConclusionsIn chronic hepatitis C patients with severe fibrosis, continuing smoking after achieving SVR could be a risk factor for post‐SVR HCC. The relationship between gastric or duodenal ulcer history and post‐SVR HCC should be investigated further.
Weight gain among treatment‐naïve persons with HIV starting integrase inhibitors compared to non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors in a large observational cohort in the United States and Canada
Authors: Bourgi Kassem , Jenkins Cathy A , Rebeiro Peter F , Shepherd Bryan E. , Palella Frank , Moore Richard D , Althoff Keri N , Gill John , Rabkin Charles S , Gange Stephen J , Horberg Michael A , Margolick Joseph , Li Jun , Wong Cherise , Willig Amanda , Lima Viviane D , Crane Heidi , Thorne Jennifer , Silverberg Michael , Kirk Gregory , Mathews William C , Sterling Timothy R , Lake Jordan , Koethe John R ,   for the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD)
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionWeight gain following antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is common, potentially predisposing some persons with HIV (PWH) to cardio‐metabolic disease. We assessed relationships between ART drug class and weight change among treatment‐naïve PWH initiating ART in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA‐ACCORD).MethodsAdult, treatment‐naïve PWH in NA‐ACCORD initiating integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI), protease inhibitor (PI) or non‐nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based ART on/after 1 January 2007 were followed through 31 December 2016. Multivariate linear mixed effects models estimated weight up to five years after ART initiation, adjusting for age, sex, race, cohort site, HIV acquisition mode, treatment year, and baseline weight, plasma HIV‐1 RNA level and CD4+ cell count. Due to shorter follow‐up for PWH receiving newer INSTI drugs, weights for specific INSTIs were estimated at two years. Secondary analyses using logistic regression and all covariates from primary analyses assessed factors associated with >10% weight gain at two and five years.ResultsAmong 22,972 participants, 87% were male, and 41% were white. 49% started NNRTI‐, 31% started PI‐ and 20% started INSTI‐based regimens (1624 raltegravir (RAL), 2085 elvitegravir (EVG) and 929 dolutegravir (DTG)). PWH starting INSTI‐based regimens had mean estimated five‐year weight change of +5.9kg, compared to +3.7kg for NNRTI and +5.5kg for PI. Among PWH starting INSTI drugs, mean estimated two‐year weight change was +7.2kg for DTG, +5.8kg for RAL and +4.1kg for EVG. Women, persons with lower baseline CD4+ cell counts, and those initiating INSTI‐based regimens had higher odds of >10% body weight increase at two years (adjusted odds ratio = 1.37, 95% confidence interval: 1.20 to 1.56 vs. NNRTI).ConclusionsPWH initiating INSTI‐based regimens gained, on average, more weight compared to NNRTI‐based regimens. This phenomenon may reflect heterogeneous effects of ART agents on body weight regulation that require further exploration.