bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Devine Weekes and Its Readers
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Josuah Sylvester’s translation Devine Weekes and Workes (1605) marks the meridian point of Du Bartas’ English and Scottish reception, and is a decisive work for seventeenth-century devotional verse. Its publication made the most of the earlier associations with James VI and I and also of the Semaines’ value as poems of commonplaces. The addition of annotations and readers’ notes illustrate the edition’s many uses. The chapter also discusses Robert Nicolson, a friend of Sylvester, who shows how annotational practices could be the first step to composing new works on the same templates.
Urbanization and Rural Development in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Chen Zhao , Lu Ming , Ni Pengtu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter studies how urbanization enhances economic growth. Through agglomeration effects, employment opportunities and income levels can largely increase. In addition, the mechanism of sharing, matching, and learning are greatly strengthened in cities, especially large cities, which can further bring exchange of information, knowledge spillover and human capital externalities. However, when taking a close look at the urbanization level, speed, and regional variations, we see that the PRC’s urbanization level lags behind that of many developing countries at a similar developing stage. Problems of urbanization, including below average urbanization level and urbanization lagging behind industrialization, need to be solved by institutional reforms for sustainable development.
Costs and Benefits of Urbanization
Authors: Sridhar Kala S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.
Land Policy and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Zhang Li , Xu Xianxiang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Land leasing provides financial support for the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) urbanization. This chapter explores the relationship between land policies and urbanization in the PRC. In particular, it explores the relationship between urbanization and land leasing. It finds that the urbanization rate and the land-leasing revenue are positively related. Land leasing provides financial support for PRC’s urbanization, but damages the interests of landless peasants. Especially in the west, population urbanization lags behind land urbanization, resulting in much higher land and house prices in the east than those in inland PRC. Current land and household registration policies hinder the mobility of production factors, including construction land and the labour force, and distort the process of urbanization and industrialization. The land policy should be revised such that the market determines the allocation of land resources, which will create a unified, competitive urban–rural land market.
Regional and Urban Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in India
Authors: Mathur Om Prakash 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) has, in the post-1991 period, acquired considerable importance in India. This chapter analyses the regional distribution of FDI flows and explores the role of urbanization in determining FDI location choices. Three points emerge from the chapter. First, the regional distribution of FDI in India is grossly uneven. Most FDI flows are directed to regions which are more urbanized and have metropolitan dominance. Second, urbanization and its associated factors such as market size, population density, and infrastructure such as road density and teledensity are important determinants of FDI. Third, relative to India’s share in global population and global GDP, India’s share in global FDI is small. The chapter points out that for India to be able to reap the potential benefits of FDI, it will need to make heavy investments in urban infrastructure and services and eliminate land market distortions and other market-related inefficiencies.
Infrastructure and Urbanization in India Issues and Challenges
Authors: Sarkar Sandip , Mehta Balwant Singh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the last three decades India has experienced high growth without a significant rise in urbanization. However, this chapter finds that infrastructure primarily affects urbanization through promoting faster economic growth. Certain infrastructural facilities like roadways, electricity generation, and teledensity improved substantially but railways and waterways showed marginal improvement. Compared to the People’s Republic of China, India does not lag behind in terms of passenger traffic but substantially lags behind in terms of goods transport by rail, road, and air, and in electricity consumption. The low manufacturing base of India seems to be primarily responsible for it. This chapter shows that urbanization in India created demand for infrastructure investment but is not financed sufficiently, resulting in gaps in provision of infrastructure. The primary requirement of financing urban infrastructure is to strengthen the financial base of ULBs so that they can generate a predictable quantum of funds over a certain specified period. This would create a sufficient base on the basis of which external financing requirements can be planned and executed.
Air Pollution and Traffic Congestion in Urban India
Authors: Kumar Surender 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview of urban air pollution and traffic congestion in India. It discusses temporal and spatial variations in the level of urban air pollution and traffic congestion in the country and challenges posed by them. India loses about 2 per cent of its GDP because of urban air pollution. Urbanization of small-scale industries and increasing demand for private vehicles are major determinants of urban air pollution and traffic congestion. Legitimacy in enforcement of polices is a strong predictor of success of a policy. Growing demand for green cities coupled with transparency in governance will reduce frictions arising from pollution and congestion.
Introduction
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the book’s thesis, its central themes, and its plan of attack. First, it describes the unisensory paradigms for investigating perception that until recently prevailed in science and in philosophy. Next, it introduces the critical respects in which perception is multisensory and explains why this is a problem for unisensory theorizing. Finally, it introduces the central questions any multisensory philosophy of perception must face, and it outlines the answers and arguments in the chapters that follow. The thesis to be defended is that coordination among the senses enhances the coherence and the reliability of human sense perception, extends its reach, and makes possible novel varieties of perceptual consciousness.
The senses
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“The senses” is the introductory chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes early studies in the anatomy of sense organs and physiology of the senses. It introduces methods in physiology and molecular biology, which were critical tools used to unlock the secrets of sensation, including intracellular and extracellular recording, patch-clamp recording, gene cloning and expression, and structural studies such as cryo-EM. It concludes by describing in detail the discovery of the piezo proteins, which are the stretch-sensitive channels now known to be responsible for much of mammalian touch and proprioception.
Mechanisms of sensation
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Mechanisms of sensation” is the second chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes general features of sensory cells, including types of sensory membrane, the specialized organization of membrane and protein within sensory cells, membrane renewal, external specializations of sense cells, mechanisms of stimulus detection, primary and secondary receptor cells, and receptor sensitivity and noise. These general features of sensory cells are illustrated by specific examples taken from a wide variety of organisms, from scallop and crayfish to Drosophila and vertebrates including mammals. The chapter concludes with a description of sex pheromone detection in the male moth, which achieves the physical limit of sensitivity of the receptor to a single molecule of attractant.
Channels and electrical signals
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Channels and electrical signals” is the third chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and reviews the structure and function of ion channels, the structure of channel pores, and mechanisms of gating. It introduces ionotropic receptor molecules, which are proteins that function as sensory receptors but are also ion channels, whose gating can produce changes in membrane conductance directly. It then uses the hair cell of the inner ear as an example to introduce the concepts of membrane potentials, the Nernst equation, ion homeostasis, the Goldman voltage equation, and driving force. A description of the technique of voltage clamping follows, together with the application of this technique to the hair cell to explain the method of measuring changes in channel gating and the ion selectivity of channel pores.
Taste
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Taste” is the eighth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and begins with gustation in insects, describing receptor proteins in insect taste organs and mechanisms of signal production. It proceeds to the anatomy of taste buds and the tongue in mammals and describes the two basic forms of taste transduction: metabotropic and ionotropic. For metabotropic mechanisms, a thorough review is given of the receptor proteins and signal production for bitter, sweet, and umami, concluding with common pathways of transduction for these modalities. The separate ionotropic mechanisms of salty and sour are then reviewed, and the chapter concludes with discussion of our understanding of the neural code for taste.
Extra sensory receptors
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Extra sensory receptors” is the tenth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and reviews mechanisms of sensory transduction in three additional sensory modalities: thermoreception, electroreception, and magnetoreception. It describes the physiology and molecular biology of warm and cold receptors in the mammalian skin, including the channels thought to be responsible and mechanisms of channel gating. There follows an extensive description of thermoreceptors in the pit organs of snakes which permit these animals literally to see in the dark. The section on electroreception reviews in detail the mechanism responsible for the astonishing sensitivity of the ampullary receptors of skates, as well as the structure and function of tuberous receptors, electrocytes, and electrolocation. The final section on magnetoreception describes magnetotactic bacteria as well as the evidence for magnetoreception in migrating birds, together with theories—as yet unproved—for the mechanism of animal sensitivity to magnetic fields.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the effect of the unexecuted decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. If the United Kingdom were to withdraw on the terms approved by Parliament, the resulting legal framework would, in principle, be that put in place by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. That is to say, on ‘Exit Day’, the European Communities Act 1972 will be repealed. This will, at a stroke, remove the legal basis upon which a substantial body of private international law takes effect in the legal order of the United Kingdom. The chapter then sets out the book’s focus, which is the conflict of laws, followed by discussions of the common law’s conception of private international law and legislation establishing private international law as European law.
Property
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses English private international law in terms of property. The private international law of property covers immovable and movable property, tangible and intangible property, as well as intellectual and family property. In the United Kingdom, most of the conflicts rules are established by the common law. Although the EU intervened to harmonize private international law in the fields of succession to property and matrimonial property, those Regulations did not extend to the United Kingdom. Where the conflicts rules are found in the common law, a court may be entitled to apply the law selected in its renvoi sense: that is to say, to apply the law (including any conflicts rules) as it would be applied by a judge sitting in the foreign country and hearing the case himself.
Persons
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the law of persons. Prior to Exit Day, the private international law of matrimonial causes, parental responsibility, and maintenance was covered in part by two European Regulations: the Brussels II Regulation, Regulation (EC) 2201/2003, and the Maintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) 4/2009. According to the Jurisdiction and Judgments (Family) (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 519, regulations 3 and 4, these two European Regulations will be revoked. Until Exit Day they are in full force and effect, but unless further legislative arrangements are made they will not apply to proceedings commenced before a English (or, where recognition is concerned, other Member State) court on or after Exit Day. SI 2019 No 519 makes consequential alterations to English law, which will come into effect on Exit Day.
Cartesian Générosité and Its Antecedents
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter contains an exposition of Descartes’s ethics, the keystone of which is the concept of générosité. This incorporates both a cognitive state (the knowledge that nothing belongs to us but the use of our free will, and that nothing but the good or bad use of our free will is worthy of praise or blame) and a disposition of will, a determination always to act in accordance with our judgement of what is best. The concept is discussed in relation both to Aristotle’s conception of magnanimity and to the Stoic ethics of Epictetus, but also in relation to the use of the term in literary texts of the time, the plays of Pierre Corneille, and the stories of Jean-Pierre Camus.
Introduction
Authors: Branham R. Bracht 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Who was Petronius Arbiter? The twentieth century’s most famous ancient novelist is one good answer. Of all the works of ancient prose fiction—by Apuleius, Xenophon, Chariton, Achilles Tatius, Longus, Heliodorus—only Petronius’s Satyrica resonated with the twentieth century, providing Eliot with the epigraph for The Waste Land and Fitzgerald with the ur-text for Gatsby—originally entitled “Trimalchio at West Egg”—and Fellini with his film. The fascination of the arbiter elegantiae—as Nero’s court called Petronius—on twentieth-century avant-gardists is quite puzzling. What sets this fragmented text apart from kindred others? Is the answer precisely that it is one of a kind? Why did Petronius’s scabrous text become modern experimentalists’ favorite ancient analogue? That Auerbach’s Mimesis identified Petronius as one of three authors who exemplify classical representation could also be adduced as evidence of Petronius’s newfound status in the modernist century.
Inventing the Novel
Authors: Branham R. Bracht 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief account of how Bakhtin conceived of the ancient novel in the 1930s, asking whether his work provides a proper theoretical underpinning for any historical approach to the genre and, given such an approach, how narrative evolved in antiquity. Although written some fifty years earlier, Bakhtin’s essays on ancient literary history were unavailable in English until collected and translated in The Dialogic Imagination (1981). Although not literally new, these essays are novel both to many students of fiction precisely because Bakhtin focuses his discussion on antiquity—the significance of which for the novel, he argues, has been “greatly underestimated”—and to classicists besides because these scholars are unlikely to know the studies of Dostoevsky and Rabelais for which Bakhtin first became known in the West.
Introduction to an Extended Era
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In addition to outlining the chapters that follow, this introduction distinguishes three relevant meanings attached to the notion of “Kantian subjects.” The first meaning concerns the fact that a number of subjects, in the sense of a wide range of topics, are worthy of contemporary study on account of Kant’s Critical philosophy in general. The second meaning concerns the more specific point that Kant’s Critical philosophy has a specific conception of being a subject, one which deserves close examination and defense. The third meaning concerns that fact that in the wake of the development of post-Kantian philosophy there has developed a general cultural notion of what it is to be a subject in the era after Kant’s, that is, the late modern period. A new conception of philosophical methodology and historical self-consciousness arises in this context.
Some Persistent Presumptions of Hegelian Anti-Subjectivism
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter responds primarily to a recent criticism of Kant by Stephen Houlgate. Like many other recent Hegelian accounts, Houlgate’s severe critique of Kant’s theoretical philosophy contends that, in contrast to Hegel, Kant’s Critical system, especially because of its doctrine of transcendental idealism, presupposes a subjectivist and therefore inadequate position. On the basis of a moderate interpretation of Kant’s idealism and his general Critical procedure, the chapter defends Kant from the charge of subjectivism, and also gives an account of how subjectivist interpretations in general can arise from a series of understandable misunderstandings of difficult passages in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason.
Beyond the Living and the Dead
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter is about the philosophical use of history, especially as practiced in post-Kantian philosophy. It expands on the author’s earlier books, which have argued that philosophy has become most valuable recently when it has made an historical turn. It has focused on its own history through critical appropriation, which is forward looking and contrasts with either sticking with the “mere living” or just turning back to, or simply forgetting, the “dead.” The chapter argues that while some Hegelian approaches, such as Robert Brandom’s recent work, practice something like this approach, they also suffer from a lack of appreciation for other strands in post-Kantian thought, especially Early German Romanticism, and they offer a Hegelian approach to history that is not sufficiently radical in its understanding of change and autonomy. It contrasts systematic Idealist with Romantic approaches to history, and defends the latter while noting similarities between Bernard Williams’s work and the Romantics.
The Exponential Paradox
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Technology is advancing at an accelerating rate. Yet the rate of economic productivity growth is slowing down. This is the Exponential Paradox. It is not enough for technology to advance; in order to deliver economic and social value, technology most also be broadly disseminated, and then absorbed. Further insight can be achieved if we look back farther in time. Why was productivity growth so high during the 1940s to the 1970s? Part of the answer lies in the substantial investments made in infrastructure that fostered more rapid technical advance, and equally, wider technology dissemination and absorption. A renewed investment in innovation infrastructure is needed, in order to resolve the Exponential Paradox. Companies can start by emphasizing Shared Value approaches to developing and deploying their technologies.
From Open Science to Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Open science is a powerful way to discover and disseminate new knowledge. But the very norms that animate open science can sometimes inhibit its subsequent commercialization. There exists a Valley of Death between the culmination of a scientific project, and the later commercial use of that science. While a fundamental knowledge of how a technology works may have been achieved, there is far too little known for businesses to invest in developing that knowledge further. And the best use of a new discovery often is unknown to those who first discover it. This is where open science must start to give way to Open Innovation. IMEC and CERN’s ATTRACT project provide two examples wherein a strong culture of open science co-exists with a thriving Open Innovation culture as well to traverse the Valley of Death
The Back End of Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
There is a Valley of Death inside many organizations, between the innovation managers and the business units of the company. This internal valley results from human, organizational, and structural bottlenecks that impede the flow of knowledge from the laboratory to the market. A powerful example of these bottlenecks surfaced in recent research at NASA. Four companies’ practices for managing these bottlenecks are discussed: SAP, Intel, EMC, and Royal Bank of Scotland. Companies must approach these bottlenecks with care, and examine their compensation systems, their funding processes, and talent management practices, to connect the back end of the innovation process to the front end of that process.
Engaging with Startups to Enhance Corporate Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Startups can be a powerful, effective ingredient in achieving a corporate innovation strategy. But startups worry that corporates are going to steal their ideas, and are too slow in their decision-making. Startups welcome corporate capital, but often their real needs are access to a corporation’s latest tools, technologies, channels, and customers. Large companies have multiple resources with which to engage startups. It isn’t just about money. Traditionally, large companies have deployed equity-based models of engagement, such as corporate venture capital. CVC has a role to play, but takes significant time and effort to manage. Equity-based models provide control, but don’t scale. Newer models of engagement with startups use a logic of influence, so that large companies can move faster and work with many more startups at the same time. These models relinquish control, but are built to scale.