bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Welches (ist das richtige) Target bei nichtalkoholischer Fettleber (NAFLD)
Authors: Huber Yvonne , Galle Peter R. , Schattenberg Jörn M. 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungDie nichtalkoholische Fettleber (NAFLD) ist die am stärksten zunehmende Lebererkrankung weltweit. Vielen Patienten gelingt es nicht, durch eine Änderung des Lebensstils einen positiven Einfluss auf die Erkrankung zu erzielen, und der Bedarf an einer pharmakologischen Therapie in dieser Gruppe ist hoch. In Analogie zu anderen metabolischen Erkrankungen wie z. B. dem Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 oder Fettstoffwechselstörungen wird vermutlich ein großer Teil von Patienten eine dauerhafte medikamentöse Therapie benötigten. Derzeit sind mehrere Substanzen mit verschiedenen pathophysiologischen Ansätzen in klinischer Testung. Dabei können metabolische, antiinflammatorische und antifibrotische Wirkmechanismen unterschieden werden. Mehrere Substanzen befinden sich bereits in Phase-3-Studien. Dazu zählen Elafibranor (PPAR-α/δ-Agonist), Cenicriviroc (CCR2/CCR5-Inhibitor), Obeticholsäure (FXR-Agonist), Aramchol (SCD1-Modulator) und Resmetrion (Thyroid-Hormon-Rezeptor-beta-Agonist). Weitere Studien mit pathophysiologisch vielversprechenden Wirkmechanismen, z. B. dem ASK-1-Inhibitor Selonsertib oder dem Caspase-Inhibitor Emricasan, haben bislang negative Ergebnisse gezeigt, werden jedoch z. T. in Kombinationstherapien weiter evaluiert. Die komplexe Pathophysiologie der Erkrankung, die Entzündung, Stoffwechsel und Fibrose verknüpft, hat dazu geführt, dass auch Kombinationen mehrerer Substanzen mit verschiedenen Wirkansätzen untersucht werden. Die vorliegende Übersicht fasst die Ende 2019 in klinischen Studien der Phase 3 befindlichen Substanzen für Patienten mit NASH ohne Leberzirrhose zusammen.
The use of language and religion from a sociolinguistic perspective
Authors: Alsaawi Ali 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Religion plays a pivotal role in some societies, but the interaction between language and religion as a
sociolinguistic field of study has not fully been explored. The overlap between the two has recently been considered by Omoniyi and Fishman (2006). Many studies have been conducted regarding language use
within institutional settings, such as schools, universities, workplaces and courtrooms. However, less attention has been paid to
language use outside of these settings, such as within religious contexts, although mosques are viewed as institutional in nature.
In particular, imams may switch between languages in their sermons in the mosque. To explore this phenomenon, a qualitative study
was undertaken by means of simulated recall interviews and non-participant observation with imams (n = 10) and
mosque audiences (n = 7) where the participants are of Asian pacific origins (Pakistan, India & Indonesia).
The study reveals that employing more than one language in one-way religious speech is a means of increasing historical
authenticity, exposing audiences to Arabic, overcoming a lack of easy equivalents in English, emphasizing religious authority,
assuming audiences’ knowledge of some Arabic features, or accommodating the diverse backgrounds of the audience, some member of
whom have knowledge of Arabic. This has been described as having spiritual, historical and emotional significance, invoking
religious links associated between Arabic and Islam. Stakeholders, especially audiences, claim benefits beyond the language used
in the sermons themselves. Imams, in addition, tend to see the use of both English and Arabic as socially and culturally salient,
a means of uniting people in an otherwise often fractured world, or one frequently presented as such in the media.
Lie sphere geometry in lattice cosmology
Authors: Fennen Michael , Giulini Domenico 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we propose to use Lie sphere geometry as a new tool to systematically construct time-symmetric initial data for a wide variety of generalised black-hole configurations in lattice cosmology. These configurations are iteratively constructed analytically and may have any degree of geometric irregularity. We show that for negligible amounts of dust these solutions are similar to the swiss-cheese models at the moment of maximal expansion. As Lie sphere geometry has so far not received much attention in cosmology, we will devote a large part of this paper to explain its geometric background in a language familiar to general relativists.
Schemes for nondestructive quantum gas microscopy of single atoms in an optical lattice
Authors: Okuno Daichi , Amano Yoshiki , Enomoto Katsunari , Takei Nobuyuki , Takahashi Yoshiro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We propose a quantum gas microscope for ultracold atoms that enables nondestructive atom detection, thus evading higher-band excitation and change of the internal degrees of freedom. We show that photon absorption of a probe beam cannot be ignored even in dispersive detection to obtain a signal-to-noise ratio greater than unity because of the shot noise of the probe beam under a standard measurement condition. The first scheme we consider for the nondestructive detection, applicable to an atom that has an electronic ground state without spin degrees of freedom, is to utilize a magic-wavelength condition of the optical lattice for the transition for probing. The second is based on the dispersive Faraday effect and squeezed quantum noise and is applicable to an atom with spins in the ground state. In this second scheme, a scanning microscope is adopted to exploit the squeezed state and reduce the effective losses. Application to ultracold ytterbium atoms is discussed.
Boron-doped III–V semiconductors for Si-based optoelectronic devices
Authors: Zhao Chao , Xu Bo , Wang Zhijie , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Optoelectronic devices on silicon substrates are essential not only to the optoelectronic integrated circuit but also to low-cost lasers, large-area detectors, and so forth. Although heterogeneous integration of III–V semiconductors on Si has been well-developed, the thermal dissipation issue and the complicated fabrication process still hinders the development of these devices. The monolithic growth of III–V materials on Si has also been demonstrated by applying complicated buffer layers or interlayers. On the other hand, the growth of lattice-matched B-doped group-III–V materials is an attractive area of research. However, due to the difficulty in growth, the development is still relatively slow. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the recent achievements in this field. We summarize and discuss the conditions and mechanisms involved in growing B-doped group-III–V materials. The unique surface morphology, crystallinity, and optical properties of the epitaxy correlating with their growth conditions are discussed, along with their respective optoelectronic applications. Finally, we detail the obstacles and challenges to exploit the potential for such practical applications fully.
The application of perovskite materials in solar water splitting
Authors: Huang Yanbin , Liu Jun , Deng Yanchun , Qian Yuanyuan , Jia Xiaohao , Ma Mengmeng , Yang Cheng , Liu Kong , Wang Zhijie , Qu Shengchun , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Solar water splitting is a promising strategy for sustainable production of renewable hydrogen, and solving the crisis of energy and environment in the world. However, large-scale application of this method is hampered by the efficiency and the expense of the solar water splitting systems. Searching for non-toxic, low-cost, efficient and stable photocatalysts is an important way for solar water splitting. Due to the simplicity of structure and the flexibility of composition, perovskite based photocatalysts have recently attracted widespread attention for application in solar water splitting. In this review, the recent developments of perovskite based photocatalysts for water splitting are summarized. An introduction including the structures and properties of perovskite materials, and the fundamentals of solar water splitting is first provided. Then, it specifically focuses on the strategies for designing and modulating perovskite materials to improve their photocatalytic performance for solar water splitting. The current challenges and perspectives of perovskite materials in solar water splitting are also reviewed. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings and developments of perovskite based photocatalysts and provide some useful guidance for the future research on the design and development of highly efficient perovskite based photocatalysts and the relevant systems for water splitting.
Quantum cascade superluminescent light emitters with high power and compact structure
Authors: Sun Jialin , Hou Chuncai , Chen Hongmei , Zhang Jinchuan , Zhuo Ning , Ning Jiqiang , Zheng Changcheng , Wang Zhanguo , Liu Fengqi , Zhang Ziyang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Quantum cascade (QC) superluminescent light emitters (SLEs) have emerged as desirable broadband mid-infrared (MIR) light sources for growing number of applications in areas like medical imaging, gas sensing and national defense. However, it is challenging to obtain a practical high-power device due to the very low efficiency of spontaneous emission in the intersubband transitions in QC structures. Herein a design of ~5 μm SLEs is demonstrated with a two-phonon resonance-based QC active structure coupled with a compact combinatorial waveguide structure which comprises a short straight part adjacent to a tilted stripe and to a J-shaped waveguide. The as-fabricated SLEs achieve a high output power of 1.8 mW, exhibiting the potential to be integrated into array devices without taking up too much chip space. These results may facilitate the realization of SLE arrays to attain larger output power and pave the pathway towards the practical applications of broadband MIR light sources.
Bioclimatic design and low energy cooling systems at IER-UNAM
Authors: Rojas J , Huelsz G , Barrios G , Tovar R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article presents some strategies of bioclimatic design for hot-subhumid climate and of low energy cooling systems and how they have been implemented at the IER-UNAM buildings since 1985. Some of the experimental and numerical simulation projects carried out by the Energy in Buildings Group (GEE) are commented. Finally, the project for a new building for undergraduate students is presented, where passive and low energy strategies as night ventilation, evaporative cooling, radiative cooling and earth tube cooling are been evaluated.
Design of a “Test Cell” to be located at 4500 masl in a high Andean region of Peru and dynamic simulation of the thermal performance of housing wall materials
Authors: Molina J O , Horn M J , Gómez M M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objective of the present study is to select appropriate wall materials for houses in high Andean regions based on the measurements of the thermal behavior of construction materials using a “Test Cell” under real environmental conditions. It will be the first “Test Cell” to be installed in Peru, in Imata-Arequipa, at 4500 masl. The design and thermal analysis of the “Test Cell” are presented using dynamic simulations with the EnergyPlus program. Initially, the thermal performance of adobe, a traditional construction material in rural regions of Peru, is simulated using real meteorological data recorded in Imata between August 18 and 24, 2018, a period with low temperatures (-12.6 °C).
Thermal characterization of materials used in rural housing constructions in Ayacucho, Peru
Authors: Janampa K , Cerón O , Morales O , Oré J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The thermal conductivity of construction materials used in rural areas of Ayacucho has been measured. For this purpose, a thermal conductivity meter for material sample plates of a size of 12 cm x 12 cm has been designed and built, based on “ASTM C177 - Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux”. The effect of the thickness of the samples and of the heating power of the central plate on the measurement results was evaluated, resulting that best results were obtained with samples less than 2 cm thick and heating powers of less than 3 W. The thermal conductivities obtained vary between 0.148± 0.005 W.m-1.K-1 for “tornillo” wood, and 0.663 ± 0.010 W.m-1.K-1 for red clay from Quinua.
A low-cost measurement device for recording perceptions of thermal comfort
Authors: Molina J R , Nakama V L , Lefebvre G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this article, we describe the implementation of a low-cost device that registers perceptions of thermal comfort. The parameters of relative humidity (RH), temperature, thermal sensation (cold, cool, neutral, warn, hot) and clothing worn by people are collected. The design and validation of the device in an indoor environment are explained, and the calibration curves of the temperature and relative humidity sensors are obtained. The measurement results for the device from 10 people are shown. The study was carried out in the village of Imata (high Andean zone), at 4700 masl in the south of Peru.
Capacitance voltage curve simulations for different passivation parameters of dielectric layers on silicon
Authors: Sevillano-Bendezú M A , Dulanto J A , Conde L A , Grieseler R , Guerra J A , Töfflinger J A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Surface passivation is a widely used technique to reduce the recombination losses at the semiconductor surface. The passivating layer performance can be mainly characterized by two parameters: The fixed charge density (Q
ox) and the interface trap density (D
it) which can be extracted from Capacitance-Voltage measurements (CV). In this paper, simulations of High-Frequency Capacitance-Voltage (HF-CV) curves were developed using simulated passivation parameters in order to examine the reliability of measured results. The D
it was modelled by two different sets of functions: First, the sum of Gaussian functions representing different dangling bond types and exponential tails for strained bonds. Second, a simpler U-shape model represented by the sum of exponential tails and a constant value function was employed. These simulations were validated using experimental measurements of a reference sample based on silicon dioxide on crystalline silicon (SiO2/c-Si). Additionally, a fitting process of HF-CV curves was proposed using the simple U-shape D
it model. A relative error of less than 0.4% was found comparing the average values between the approximated and the experimentally extracted D
it’s. The constant function of the approximated D
it represents an average of the experimentally extracted D
it for values around the midgap energy where the recombination efficiency is highest.
Low-cost data logging device to measure irradiance based on a Peltier cell and artificial neural networks
Authors: Palo-Tejada E , Campos-Falcon V , Merma M , Huanca E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The measurement of solar irradiance is one of the most important variables for ensuring working conditions at maximum power (MPPT) in a photovoltaic system (PV). In this work, a pyranometer is constructed to measure solar irradiance using a Peltier cell as a thermoelectric generator (TEG), an absolute temperature sensor and a feedforward neural network. The instrument is a low-cost data logger that runs on 3 AAA batteries, has an autonomy of up to 1 year and can record up to 65 000 irradiation data points at programmable time intervals.
Carbon-based perovskite solar cells by screen printing with preheating
Authors: Martinez V C , Xie H , Mingorance A , Pereyra C , Narymany A , Gómez M M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Carbon-based perovskite solar cells were manufactured by the screen-printing method using a triple mesoscopic layer of TiO2, ZrO2 and carbon. The perovskite solution was infiltrated at the TiO2/ZrO2 porous interface through the printed carbon layer on top of the ZrO2. Using a simple preheating of the substrates and the perovskite solution, a film deposited in air can be obtained. Using this method, an air-processed CPSC made under a humid atmosphere with 55% RH achieved a PCE of 10.35%.
The CuO/ZnO and CuO/ZnO/biochar materials for water treatment
Authors: Lang J , G J F , Cruz  , Solis J L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The research of new materials and methods for water treatment is necessary. Two sets of materials were prepared. The one set is composed from CuO/ZnO oxides with variable content of CuO and the second set consists of its biochar impregnated counterparts. The structure and phase composition was determined using X-ray diffraction method and morphology of the materials was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The photodegradation activity and adsorption properties were tested on model pollutant – Methylene blue (MB) dye solution. The experimental kinetic of the data was analyzed using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models and the equilibrium data was evaluated using Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkievic models. It was found that optimal material for photodegradation of MB is 1% CuO/ZnO oxide and for the adsorption of MB is the best material raw corn cob biochar.
Efficacy of copper-silver ionization for the disinfection of drinking water in Tumbes, Peru
Authors: Solis-Castro R L , Silva L , Costa A , Gebhardt K , Cruz G J F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
High quality is recommended for drinking water to prevent the transportation of pathogenic bacteria. To ensure its quality, different technologies are applied, and copper-silver ionization is used to maintain the microbiological quality. However, considering that the characteristics of this source vary in different scenarios, it was proposed to evaluate the efficacy of copper-silver ionization for the disinfection of drinking water in Tumbes, Peru. For this evaluation, the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of drinking water were tested at different lengths of copper-silver ionization treatment (10, 20 and 30 minutes). Water samples were collected from 20 houses located in urban areas of Tumbes city where Cu-Ag ionizers (Necon GmbH) were installed. The application of Cu-Ag ionization reduced the microbiological load in the water samples, keeping them below the Peruvian permissible limits (mesophilic bacteria < 500 CFU/100 mL and coliforms < 0 CFU/100 mL). However, in samples with a high microbial load and high electrical conductivity, the microbial load was not completely diminished. Cu-Ag ionization considerably improved the microbiological quality of the water, but some physical parameters, such as pH and electrical conductivity, must be taken into account to further improve the results.
Particle dynamics in a magnetic field: symplectic reduction and classification of singular trajectories
Authors: Boldyreva M N , Magazev A A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The paper studies the dynamics of a classical non-relativistic charged particle moving in a superposition of force-free and constant magnetic fields. Using the first integrals of the problem, a symplectic reduction of the corresponding Newton-Lorentz equations to an auxiliary two-dimensional Hamiltonian system is performed. By the linearisation method, the types of singular points of the reduced Hamiltonian system are classified. The results obtained are applied to the problem of studying the trajectories of the original Hamiltonian system that are close to singular trajectories.
Influence of ION-plasma spraying regimes on the formation and properties of multi-element coatings
Authors: Eremin E N , Yurov V M , Laurynas V Ch 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The technological parameters of deposition of high-entropy ion-plasma coatings based on 12Kh18N10T alloyed steel by zirconium, copper and aluminum were studied. It has been established that with increasing evaporator arc current, the surface energy of the coating decreases, which is explained by a rapid increase in its thickness, leading to an increase in the dislocation density in the coating being formed. The optimal value of the arc current is 90-110 A. Coatings obtained at a nitrogen pressure of P=10−3 mm Hg. and the substrate temperature of 400 °C, have the most evenly distributed fine dense structure, the minimum content of the droplet phase, pores, influx, detachments, the highest values of surface energy and an increase in microhardness by 30%.
Semiconductor heterosystem InAs-ZnS. Physical and chemical properties
Authors: Kirovskaya I A , Mironova E V , Umanskiy I Yu , Ekkert A O , Ekkert R V , Kopylova E N , Blesman A I , Polonyankin D A , Goncharov V B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
According to the developed methodology based on isothermal diffusion of the initial binary compounds (InAs, ZnS) in the light of their known bulk properties, the InAs-ZnS system solid solutions have been obtained. Pursuant to the results of the X-ray investigation, they have been certified as substitutional solid solutions with the cubic sphalerite structure.
The surface (acid-base) properties of the InAs-ZnS system components corresponding to the weak acidic area have been studied.
Consistent patterns in changes with the composition of the studied properties have been established, which are both statistical (smooth) and extreme. Correlations between the consistent patterns and, respectively, the link between surface and bulk properties, which allow predicting the desired materials for the semiconductor gas analysis have been found.
Peculiarities of wear of nanostructured topocomposites on the hard-alloy basis
Authors: Korotaev D N , Poleschenko K N , Orlov P V , Eremin E N , Tarasov E E , Ivanova E V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The article considers the wear resistance and wear peculiarities of nanostructured topocomposites with the clustered gradient architecture. The authors regard the specificity of the impact of the cluster morphology on the contact interaction under microcutting conditions. They study the causes of persistence of the high wear resistance for the given class of nanostructured topocomposites. The mechanisms of energy dissipation from the tribocontact zone due to their nanogeometry and the structural-phase structure are analyzed. The contribution of triboactivated diffusion and deformation processes to providing the increased wear resistance of topocomposites on the hard-alloy basis is differentiated. Their approbation in the conditions of edge cutting processing of heat-resistant titanium alloy is carried out.
The structure of composite coatings based on titanium nitride, formed using condensation with ion bombardment
Authors: Korusenko P M , Nesov S N , Povoroznyuk S N , Poleshenko K N , Orlov P V , Korotaev D N , Suleymenova D A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The main aim of this work was to study the morphology, elemental and quantitative composition, as well as the chemical state of titanium nitride coatings obtained by condensation with ion bombardment on substrates of sintered hard alloy (VK8: WC – 92%, Co – 8%) and Hadfield steel (110G13L: Mn – 11-14.5%, C – 0.9-1.3%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to analyze the structure and composition of the coatings. It was established that the composition of coatings formed on different substrates at the same deposition time is almost identical and consists of TiN, TiNO, and TiC. This indicates that coating formation conditions are reproducible. At the same time, it was shown that in the coating formed on 110G13L steel, an increase in the amount of titanium oxy nitrides is observed, associated with the peculiarity of the occurrence of nonequilibrium processes in the preparation of coatings. It was shown that the application of the approach based on the use of XPS and EDX data obtained from various depths makes it possible to correctly study the composition of coatings based on titanium nitride and future control their composition by changing the parameters of coating formation.