bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Printing of Micrometer‐Sized Transparent Ceramics with On‐Demand Optical‐Gain Properties
Authors: Cooperstein Ido , Indukuri S. R. K. Chaitanya , Bouketov Alisa , Levy Uriel , Magdassi Shlomo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTransparent ceramics are usually polycrystalline materials, which are wildly used in many optical applications, such as lasers. As of today, the fabrication of transparent ceramic structures is still limited to conventional fabrication methods, which do not enable the formation of complex structures. A new approach for 3D printing of micrometer‐size, transparent ceramic structures is presented. By using a solution of metal salts that can undergo a sol–gel process and photopolymerization by two‐photon printing, micrometer‐sized yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) structures doped with neodymium (Nd) are fabricated. The resulting structures are not only transparent in the visible spectrum but can also emit light at 1064 nm due to the doping with Nd. By using solution‐based precursors, without any particles, the sintering can be performed under air at ambient pressure and at a relatively low temperature, compared to conventional processes for YAG. The crystalline structure is imaged at atomic resolution by ultrahigh‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), indicating that the doped Nd atoms are located at the yttrium positions. Such miniaturized structures can be used for diverse applications, e.g., optical components in high‐intensity laser systems, which require heat resistance, or as light sources in optical circuits.
Ion Selective Transport of Alkali Ions through a Polyelectrolyte Membrane
Authors: Motta Viviana , Schäfer Martin , Hühn Jonas , Zierold Robert , Blick Robert H. , Parak Wolfgang J. , Weitzel Karl‐Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe ionic conductivity of a polyelectrolyte membrane consisting of 30 bilayers of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and p‐sulfonato‐calix[8]arene, (PAH/calix8)30, is investigated for two alkali ions, i.e., Li+ and Rb+. Two different transport pathways, a fast and a slow one, are identified for Li+ transport. By contrast, only the fast transport pathway is observed for Rb+ transport. This fast transport pathway is assigned to regular hopping through bulk material, whereas the slow transport pathway originates from retarding interaction with the calixarene rings, only operative for Li+ but not for Rb+. This observation constitutes a clear manifestation of ionic selectivity for transport in polyelectrolyte membranes.
Enhanced Light Emission by Magnetic and Electric Resonances in Dielectric Metasurfaces
Authors: Murai Shunsuke , Castellanos Gabriel W. , Raziman T. V. , Curto Alberto G. , Rivas Jaime Gómez 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn enhanced emission of high quantum yield molecules coupled to dielectric metasurfaces formed by periodic arrays of polycrystalline silicon nanoparticles is demonstrated. Radiative coupling of the nanoparticles, mediated by in‐plane diffraction, leads to the formation of collective Mie scattering resonances or Mie surface lattice resonances (M‐SLRs), with remarkable narrow line widths. These narrow line widths and the intrinsic electric and magnetic dipole moments of the individual Si nanoparticles allow resolving electric and magnetic M‐SLRs. Incidence angle‐ and polarization‐dependent extinction measurements and high‐accuracy surface integral simulations show unambiguously that magnetic M‐SLRs arise from in‐ and out‐of‐plane magnetic dipoles, while electric M‐SLRs are due to in‐plane electric dipoles. Pronounced changes in the emission spectrum of the molecules are observed, with almost a 20‐fold enhancement of the emission in defined directions of molecules coupled to electric M‐SLRs, and a fivefold enhancement of the emission of molecules coupled to magnetic M‐SLRs. These measurements demonstrate the potential of dielectric metasurfaces for emission control and enhancement, and open new opportunities to induce asymmetric scattering and emission using collective electric and magnetic resonances.
Thiazolothiazole‐Based Quinoidal Compounds for High‐Performance n‐Channel Organic Field‐Effect Transistors with Low‐Cost Metal Electrodes
Authors: Feng Yan , Qiao Xiaolan , Ouyang Guangcheng , Liu Guohua , Li Hongxiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThiazolothiazole‐based quinoidal molecules B1 and B2 are designed and synthesized. B1 and B2 have low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of −4.47 and −4.41 eV, respectively. In thin films, B1 forms J‐type aggregation while B2 adopts H‐type aggregation. B1 and B2 can react with copper and silver metals and form charge transfer salts. Thin‐film transistor characteristics show both compounds display n‐channel field‐effect behavior, and the Ag and Cu source–drain electrode‐based devices exhibit similar mobility as Au source–drain electrode‐based ones. B1‐based transistors with Au, Cu, and Ag electrodes exhibit electron mobilities of 0.54, 0.45, and 0.39 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. The mobility of B2 is 0.061 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Au electrode‐based devices, 0.081 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Cu electrode‐based devices, and 0.09 cm2 V−1 s−1 for Ag electrode‐based devices. The self‐doping layer formed by the reaction of electrodes (Ag, Cu) and organic semiconductors (B1 and B2), at the interface of electrode/organic semiconductor is responsible for the high performance of Ag and Cu electrode‐based devices. All these results demonstrate the introduction of self‐doping layer at electrode/organic semiconductor is a general strategy to fabricate high performance transistors with low cost metals Ag and Cu as source–drain electrodes.
Space‐Confined Growth of 2D InI Showing High Sensitivity in Photodetection
Authors: Suleiman Abdulsalam Aji , Huang Pu , Jin Bao , Jiang Jizhou , Zhang Xiuwen , Zhou Xing , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLayered InI has a great potential in optoelectronic applications due to its direct wide tunable bandgap. However, there is no single report about its 2D synthesis. Here, the growth of high‐quality and ultrathin InI flake (as thin as 8 nm) is reported via space‐confined physical vapor deposition. Impressively, an InI flake‐based photodetector exhibits an ultralow off‐state current of ≈4.2 × 10−12 A, high on/off photocurrent ratio of 104, excellent detectivity of 4.2 × 1012 Jones, a high‐speed response time of 10 ms, as well as excellent effective quantum efficiency of 1600%, suggesting its promising applications in optoelectronics.
Materials Design for High‐Safety Sodium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Yang Chao , Xin Sen , Mai Liqiang , You Ya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries, with their evident superiority in resource abundance and cost, are emerging as promising next‐generation energy storage systems for large‐scale applications, such as smart grids and low‐speed electric vehicles. Accidents related to fires and explosions for batteries are a reminder that safety is prerequisite for energy storage systems, especially when aiming for grid‐scale use. In a typical electrochemical secondary battery, the electrical power is stored and released via processes that generate thermal energy, leading to temperature increments in the battery system, which is the main cause for battery thermal abuse. The investigation of the energy generated during the chemical/electrochemical reactions is of paramount importance for battery safety, unfortunately, it has not received the attention it deserves. In this review, the fundamentals of the heat generation, accumulation, and transportation in a battery system are summarized and recent key research on materials design to improve sodium‐ion battery safety is highlighted. Several effective materials design concepts are also discussed. This review is designed to arouse the attention of researcher and scholars and inspire further improvements in battery safety.
Temperature effects on phosphorus requirements for creeping bentgrass establishment and spring growth
Authors: Øgaard Anne Falk , Aamlid Trygve S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhosphorus is an essential plant nutrient, but primary resources are limited and overfertilization may cause eutrophication of freshwater. Our objectives were to examine temperature effects on (a) optimal P rate for turfgrass establishment, and (b) increasing rates of foliar vs. granular P for early spring growth of established greens. Two trials, both on USGA root zones and replicated in April−May over 2 yr, were conducted in daylight phytotrons at 7, 12 and 17 °C. Experiment 1 compared 5 P rates from 0 to 0.48 g P m−2 wk−1 for creeping bentgrass establishment on a sand containing 13 mg P kg−1 (Mehlich‐3). Results showed no temperature effect on the optimal P rate. Bentgrass coverage and clipping yield increased up to 0.12 and 0.24 g P m−2 wk−1, corresponding to 6 and 12% of the N input, respectively. The concentration of P in clippings was higher at 7 than at 17 °C indicating that temperature was more limiting to shoot growth than to P uptake. A higher root/top ratio showed that plants invested more in roots under P deficiency. Experiment 2 was conducted using intact cores from a 4‐yr‐old creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) green with a Mehlich‐3 P level of 34 mg P kg−1. Results showed increased clipping yields up to 0.18 g P m−2 wk−1 and higher P uptake with granular than with foliar application, but there was no effect on turfgrass color and no interaction with temperature. Low temperatures did not justify higher P applications.
Establishment of a hemiparasite Rhinanthus alectorolophus and its density‐dependent suppressing effect on a grass: A case study from golf roughs
Authors: Hejduk Stanislav , Bitomský Martin , Pornaro Cristina , Macolino Stefano 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSuppression effect of hemiparasites on grasses is a phenomenon, that can be utilized to increase biodiversity of various grassland systems. Host suitability, environmental effects, and hemiparasite abundance most likely influence the impact of parasitism on host height and biomass. However, the role of these factors is unclear in field conditions. We studied host suitability, establishment rates, and effects of a hemiparasitic plant Greater yellow rattle [ Rhinanthus alectorolophus (Scop.)] (RA) on canopy height and biomass of a grass tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in five trials with manipulated fertilization conducted in golf roughs. Particularly, we examined how grass height and biomass changed with increasing hemiparasite abundance. On average, grasses (nine in total) were better hosts than legumes (four in total). Tall fescue belonged to the group of better hosts. The average establishment rate of Rhinanthus plants ranged from 4.4 to 24.8% regardless of fertilization treatments. In fertilization trials, Rhinanthus did not affect grass height but weakly suppressed grass biomass in non‐fertilized plots. The relationship between grass height/biomass and Rhinanthus abundance was best described by a logarithmic decay model. The suppressive effect tended to saturate (negative density dependence) in plots where the Rhinanthus abundance was very high. However, such high densities were quite rare and low Rhinanthus abundances were usually insufficient to substantially suppress grass growth. Our results indicate that we should aim for at least 50 Rhinanthus plants per 1 m2 to achieve desirable effects on biodiversity and that Rhinanthus performance will be better when nutrients are rather limiting.
Effects of mulching and maize cultivars on grain yield and photosynthetic characteristics in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Wang Xiukang , Li Meitian , Niu Xiaoli , Jiang Wenting , Qin Wei , Lei Xin , Xing Yingying 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMillions of small farmers rely on maize (Zea mays L.) produced in the Loess Plateau of China. The purpose of this study was to find a fine maize variety in the Check Dam and to reveal the reasons for the effects of white plastic film mulch and maize varieties on crop yield and photosynthetic characteristics. Three maize cultivars (Dafeng 26 [DF], Xianyu 335 [XY], and Tianci 19 [TC]) were grown with and without plastic mulch in 2016 and 2017 in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province, China. Results showed that mulch increased grain yield by 10.5% in 2016 and 11.3% in 2017 across all cultivars. Among all cultivars, XY had the highest grain yield under both mulch and no mulch. Grain yield was significantly correlated with soil water content in the 0‐20 cm layer. Soil temperature under mulch decreased with increasing soil depth. On average, mulch increased soil temperature from 0.2 to 1.9 °C over the entire growing season. Photosynthetic characteristics were directly determined for all tested maize cultivars. Grain yield was more closely related to photosynthetic rate in July (r = .828, P = .001; n = 12) than in August (r = .617, P = .032; n = 12). Moreover, grain yield was correlated with stomatal conductance and transpiration rate in July and August (r = .913–.928, P < .001; n = 12). Our findings suggest that photosynthetic characteristics were an important index affecting maize grain yield for small farmers using check dams in the Loess Plateau.
Cooperative Ni/Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargylic Alkylation of Aldimine Esters
Authors: Peng Lingzi , He Zhuozhuo , Xu Xianghong , Guo Chang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA novel Ni/Cu dual catalysis gives rise to fundamentally new cooperative reactivity and enables the regio‐ and enantioselective propargylic alkylation reaction. A diverse set of α‐quaternary propargylated amino ester derivatives were synthesized in good yields with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). This work highlights the power of cooperative catalysis, which can be expected to have broad implications in homogeneous catalysis beyond the highly valuable synthetic intermediates.
Metal–Organic Layers Leading to Atomically Thin Bismuthene for Efficient Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction to Liquid Fuel
Authors: Cao Changsheng , Ma Dong‐Dong , Gu Jia‐Fang , Xie Xiuyuan , Zeng Guang , Li Xiaofang , Han Shu‐Guo , Zhu Qi‐Long , Wu Xin‐Tao , Xu Qiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of CO2 to valuable fuels is appealing for CO2 fixation and energy storage. However, the development of electrocatalysts with high activity and selectivity in a wide potential window is challenging. Herein, atomically thin bismuthene (Bi‐ene) is pioneeringly obtained by an in situ electrochemical transformation from ultrathin bismuth‐based metal–organic layers. The few‐layer Bi‐ene, which possesses a great mass of exposed active sites with high intrinsic activity, has a high selectivity (ca. 100 %), large partial current density, and quite good stability in a potential window exceeding 0.35 V toward formate production. It even deliver current densities that exceed 300.0 mA cm−2 without compromising selectivity in a flow‐cell reactor. Using in situ ATR‐IR spectra and DFT analysis, a reaction mechanism involving HCO3− for formate generation was unveiled, which brings new fundamental understanding of CO2 reduction.
A Physical Model for Understanding the Activation of MoS2 Basal‐Plane Sulfur Atoms for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Mingjie , Hybertsen Mark S. , Wu Qin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWeak binding of hydrogen atoms to the 2H‐MoS2 basal plane renders MoS2 inert as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction. Transition‐metal doping can activate neighboring sulfur atoms in the MoS2 basal plane to bind hydrogen more strongly. Our theoretical studies show strong variation in the degree of activation by dopants across the 3d transition‐metal series. To understand the trends in activation, we propose a model based on the electronic promotion energy required to partially open the full valence shell of a local S atom and therefore enable it to bond with a H atom. In general, the promotion is achieved through an electron transfer from the S to neighboring metal‐atom sites. Furthermore, we demonstrate a specific, electronic‐structure‐based descriptor for the hydrogen‐binding strength: Δdp, the local interband energy separation between the lowest empty d‐states on the dopant metal atoms and occupied p‐states on S. This model can be used to provide guidelines for chalcogen activation in future catalyst design based on doped transition‐metal dichalcogenides.
A Self‐Supporting Strategy for Gas‐Phase and Slurry‐Phase Ethylene Polymerization using Late‐Transition‐Metal Catalysts
Authors: Dai Shengyu , Chen Changle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe polyolefin industry is dominated by gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization using heterogeneous catalysts. In contrast, academic research is focused on homogeneous systems, especially for late‐transition‐metal catalysts. The heterogenization of homogeneous catalysts is a general strategy to provide catalyst solutions for existing industrial polyolefin synthesis. Herein, we report an alternative, potentially general strategy for using homogeneous late‐transition‐metal catalysts in gas‐phase and slurry‐phase polymerization. In this self‐supporting strategy, catalysts with moderate chain‐walking capabilities produced porous polymer supports during gas‐phase ethylene polymerization. Chain walking, in which the metal center can move up and down the polymer chain during polymerization, ensures that the metal center can travel along the polymer chain to find suitable sites for ethylene enchainment. This strategy enables simple heterogenization of catalysts on solid supports for slurry‐phase polymerization. Most importantly, various branched ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylenes can be prepared under various polymerization conditions with proper catalyst selection.
Topology‐Matching Design of an Influenza‐Neutralizing Spiky Nanoparticle‐Based Inhibitor with a Dual Mode of Action
Authors: Nie Chuanxiong , Parshad Badri , Bhatia Sumati , Cheng Chong , Stadtmüller Marlena , Oehrl Alexander , Kerkhoff Yannic , Wolff Thorsten , Haag Rainer 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, we demonstrate the concept of “topology‐matching design” for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nanoparticle‐based inhibitor (nano‐inhibitor) that has a matched nanotopology to IAV virions and shows heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano‐inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano‐inhibitors. Even when used 24 hours after the infection, more than 99.999 % inhibition is still achieved, which indicates such a nano‐inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
Iodine Catalysis for C(sp3)–H Fluorination with a Nucleophilic Fluorine Source
Authors: Bafaluy Daniel , Georgieva Zoritsa , Muñiz Kilian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIodine catalysis was developed for aliphatic fluorination through light‐promoted homolytic C−H bond cleavage. The intermediary formation of amidyl radicals enables selective C−H functionalization via carbon‐centered radicals. For the subsequent C−F bond formation, previous methods have typically been limited by a requirement for electrophilic fluorine reagents. We here demonstrate that the intermediary instalment of a carbon–iodine bond sets the stage for an umpolung, thereby establishing an unprecedented nucleophilic fluorination pathway.
Novel indole hydrazide derivatives: Synthesis and their antiproliferative activities through inducing apoptosis and DNA damage
Authors: Kilic‐Kurt Zühal , Acar Cemre , Ergul Mustafa , Bakar‐Ates Filiz , Altuntas Tunca G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of novel indole hydrazide derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activities. Compound 12 exhibited the highest antiproliferative activity against the MCF‐7 cell line, with an IC50 value of 3.01 µM. Treatment of MCF‐7 cells with compound 12 led to cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and also displayed a significant annexin V binding pattern, indicating that compound 12 is effective in apoptotic cell death. The Western blot analysis showed that compound 12 increased the expression of proapoptotic Bax and decreased the levels of the antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 protein. It was also observed that MCF‐7 cells treated with compound 12 showed reduced levels of procaspase‐3 and ‐9 proteins. Moreover, compound 12 treatment induced a significant DNA damage in MCF‐7 cells by increasing H2AX and ATM phosphorylation.
Efficacy and Safety of PF‐06651600 (Ritlecitinib), a Novel JAK3/TEC Inhibitor, in Patients With Moderate‐to‐Severe Rheumatoid Arthritis and an Inadequate Response to Methotrexate
Authors: Robinson Michael F. , Damjanov Nemanja , Stamenkovic Bojana , Radunovic Goran , Kivitz Alan , Cox Lori , Manukyan Zorayr , Banfield Christopher , Saunders Michael , Chandra Deepa , Vincent Michael S. , Mancuso Jessica , Peeva Elena , Beebe Jean S. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of PF‐06651600 (ritlecitinib), an irreversible inhibitor of JAK3 and the tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (TEC) kinase family, in comparison with placebo in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsAn 8‐week, phase II, double‐blind, parallel‐group study was conducted. Seventy patients who were seropositive for anti–citrullinated protein antibodies and/or rheumatoid factor were randomized 3:2 to receive oral PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) or placebo for 8 weeks. Eligible patients had an inadequate response to methotrexate, and the study design allowed up to 50% of patients to have previously received 1 tumor necrosis factor inhibitor that was inadequately effective and/or not tolerated. The primary end point was change from baseline in the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) score at week 8, assessed by Bayesian analysis using an informative prior distribution for placebo response.ResultsMean change from baseline in the SDAI score at week 8 was greater in the PF‐06651600 group (−26.1 [95% credible interval −29.7, −22.4]) than in the placebo group (−16.8 [95% credible interval −20.9, −12.7]; P < 0.001). Most adverse events (AEs) were mild in severity, and no treatment‐related serious AEs, severe AEs, or deaths were reported. The most common classes of AE were infections and infestations as well as skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders; there was 1 mild case of herpes simplex in the PF‐06651600 group that was considered to be treatment related, which resolved within 3 days without study treatment discontinuation or antiviral therapy.ConclusionTreatment with the oral JAK3/TEC inhibitor PF‐06651600 (200 mg once daily) was associated with significant improvements in RA disease activity and was generally well‐tolerated in this small 8‐week study.