bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple insecticide resistance target sites in adult field strains of An. gambiae (s.l.) from southeastern Senegal
Authors: Diouf El hadji , Niang El hadji Amadou , Samb Badara , Diagne Cheikh Tidiane , Diouf Mbaye , Konaté Abdoulaye , Dia Ibrahima , Faye Ousmane , Konaté Lassana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
High coverage of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the cornerstones of vector control strategy in Senegal where insecticide resistance by the target vectors species is a great of concern. This study explores insecticide susceptibility profile and target-site mutations mechanisms within the Anophelesgambiae complex in southeastern Senegal.

Methods
Larvae of Anopheles spp. were collected in two sites from southeastern Senegal Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi in October and November 2014, and reared until adult emergence. Wild F0 adult mosquitoes were morphologically identified to species. Susceptibility of 3–5-day-old An. gambiae (s.l.) samples to 11 insecticides belonging to the four insecticide classes was assessed using the WHO insecticide susceptibility bioassays. Tested samples were identified using molecular techniques and insecticide resistance target-site mutations (kdr, ace-1 and rdl) were determined.

Results
A total of 3742 An.gambiae (s.l.) were exposed to insecticides (2439 from Kedougou and 1303 from Wassadou-Badi). Tests with pyrethroid insecticides and DDT showed high level of resistance in both Kedougou and Wassadou/Badi. Resistance to pirimiphos-methyl and malathion was not detected while resistance to bendoicarb and fenitrothion was confirmed in Kedougou. Of the 745 specimens of An.gambiae (s.l.) genotyped, An.gambiae (s.s.) (71.6%) was the predominant species, followed by An.arabiensis (21.7%), An.coluzzii (6.3%) and hybrids (An. gambiae (s.s.)/An.coluzzii; 0.4%). All target site mutations investigated (Vgsc-1014F, Vgsc-1014S, Ace-1 and Rdl) were found at different frequencies in the species of the Anophelesgambiae complex. Vgsc-1014F mutation was more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) and An.coluzzii than An.arabiensis. Vgsc-1014S was present in An.gambiae (s.l.) populations in Wassadou but not in Kedougou. Ace-1 and rdl mutations were more frequent in An.gambiae (s.s.) in comparison to An.arabiensis and An.coluzzii.

Conclusions
Resistance to all the four insecticide classes tested was detected in southeastern Senegal as well as all target site mutations investigated were found. Data will be used by the national Malaria Control Programme.
Human toxoplasmosis in Mozambique: gaps in knowledge and research opportunities
Authors: Manuel Leonardo , Santos-Gomes Gabriela , Noormahomed Emilia V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractToxoplasmosis is a parasitic zoonotic disease caused byToxoplasma gondiithat afflicts humans worldwide and wild and domestic warm-blooded animals. In immunocompetent individuals, the acute phase of infection presents transient low or mild symptoms that remain unnoticed. In immunocompromised patients,T. gondiiis a life-threatening opportunistic infection, which can result from the reactivation of latent infection or primary infection. Moreover, congenital toxoplasmosis, which results from the transplacental passage of tachyzoites into the fetus during a pregnant primary infection, can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, or ocular and neurologic disease, and neurocognitive deficits in the newborns. Thus, the present review aims to address the current knowledge ofT. gondiiinfection and toxoplasmosis in Africa and especially in Mozambique, stressing the importance of identifying risk factors and promote awareness among the health care providers and population, assessing the gaps in knowledge and define research priorities. In Mozambique, and in general in southern African countries, clinical disease and epidemiological data have not yet been entirely addressed in addition to the implications ofT. gondiiinfection in immunocompetent individuals, in pregnant women, and its relation with neuropsychiatric disorders. The main gaps in knowledge in Mozambique include lack of awareness of the disease, lack of diagnostic methods in health facilities, lack of genetic data, and lack of control strategies.Graphical Abstract
A spatio-temporal agent-based approach for modeling the spread of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northeast Iran
Authors: Tabasi Mohammad , Alesheikh Ali Asghar , Sofizadeh Aioub , Saeidian Bahram , Pradhan Biswajeet , AlAmri Abdullah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundZoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is a neglected tropical disease worldwide, especially the Middle East. Although previous works attempt to model the ZCL spread using various environmental factors, the interactions between vectors (Phlebotomus papatasi), reservoir hosts, humans, and the environment can affect its spread. Considering all of these aspects is not a trivial task.MethodsAn agent-based model (ABM) is a relatively new approach that provides a framework for analyzing the heterogeneity of the interactions, along with biological and environmental factors in such complex systems. The objective of this research is to design and develop an ABM that uses Geospatial Information System (GIS) capabilities, biological behaviors of vectors and reservoir hosts, and an improved Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) epidemic model to explore the spread of ZCL. Various scenarios were implemented to analyze the future ZCL spreads in different parts of Maraveh Tappeh County, in the northeast region of Golestan Province in northeastern Iran, with alternative socio-ecological conditions.ResultsThe results confirmed that the spread of the disease arises principally in the desert, low altitude areas, and riverside population centers. The outcomes also showed that the restricting movement of humans reduces the severity of the transmission. Moreover, the spread of ZCL has a particular temporal pattern, since the most prevalent cases occurred in the fall. The evaluation test also showed the similarity between the results and the reported spatiotemporal trends.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the capability and efficiency of ABM to model and predict the spread of ZCL. The results of the presented approach can be considered as a guide for public health management and controlling the vector population.
An integrative knowledge graph for rare diseases, derived from the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)
Authors: Zhu Qian , Nguyen Dac-Trung , Grishagin Ivan , Southall Noel , Sid Eric , Pariser Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The Genetic and Rare Diseases (GARD) Information Center was established by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to provide freely accessible consumer health information on over 6500 genetic and rare diseases. As the cumulative scientific understanding and underlying evidence for these diseases have expanded over time, existing practices to generate knowledge from these publications and resources have not been able to keep pace. Through determining the applicability of computational approaches to enhance or replace manual curation tasks, we aim to both improve the sustainability and relevance of consumer health information, but also to develop a foundational database, from which translational science researchers may start to unravel disease characteristics that are vital to the research process.

Results
We developed a meta-ontology based integrative knowledge graph for rare diseases in Neo4j. This integrative knowledge graph includes a total of 3,819,623 nodes and 84,223,681 relations from 34 different biomedical data resources, including curated drug and rare disease associations. Semi-automatic mappings were generated for 2154 unique FDA orphan designations to 776 unique GARD diseases, and 3322 unique FDA designated drugs to UNII, as well as 180,363 associations between drug and indication from Inxight Drugs, which were integrated into the knowledge graph. We conducted four case studies to demonstrate the capabilities of this integrative knowledge graph in accelerating the curation of scientific understanding on rare diseases through the generation of disease mappings/profiles and pathogenesis associations.

Conclusions
By integrating well-established database resources, we developed an integrative knowledge graph containing a large volume of biomedical and research data. Demonstration of several immediate use cases and limitations of this process reveal both the potential feasibility and barriers of utilizing graph-based resources and approaches to support their use by providers of consumer health information, such as GARD, that may struggle with the needs of maintaining knowledge reliant on an evolving and growing evidence-base. Finally, the successful integration of these datasets into a freely accessible knowledge graph highlights an opportunity to take a translational science view on the field of rare diseases by enabling researchers to identify disease characteristics, which may play a role in the translation of discover across different research domains.
Palladium-catalyzed Decarbonylative Cyanation of Acyl Fluorides and Chlorides
Authors: Sakurai Shun , Tobisu Mamoru 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Decarbonylative cyanation of acyl fluorides can be catalyzed by a Pd/Xantphos system. This protocol is also applicable to the conversion of acyl chlorides.
Global prevalence and pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mutiawati Endang , Syahrul Syahrul , Fahriani Marhami , Fajar Jonny Karunia , Mamada Sukamto S. , Maliga Helnida Anggun , Samsu Nur , Ilmawan Muhammad , Purnamasari Yeni , Asmiragani Annisa Ayu , Ichsan Ichsan , Emran Talha Bin , Rabaan Ali A. , Masyeni Sri , Nainu Firzan , Harapan Harapan 
Published: November 2020

Background: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of headache in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and to assess its association as a predictor for COVID-19. This study also aimed to discuss the possible pathogenesis of headache in COVID-19. Methods: Available articles from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched as of September 2nd, 2020. Data on characteristics of the study, headache and COVID-19 were extracted following the PRISMA guidelines. Biases were assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The cumulative prevalence of headache was calculated for the general population (i.e. adults and children). The pooled odd ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) was calculated using the Z test to assess the association between headache and the presence of COVID-19 cases. Results: We included 104,751 COVID-19 cases from 78 eligible studies to calculate the global prevalence of headache in COVID-19 and 17 studies were included to calculate the association of headache and COVID-19. The cumulative prevalence of headache in COVID-19 was 25.2% (26,464 out of 104,751 cases). Headache was found to be more prevalent, approximately by two-fold, in COVID-19 patients than in non-COVID-19 patients with symptoms of other respiratory viral infections, OR: 1.73; 95% CI: 1.94, 2.5 with p=0.04. Conclusion: Headache is common among COVID-19 patients and seems to be more common in COVID-19 patients compared to those with the non-COVID-19 viral infection. No definitive mechanisms on how headache emerges in COVID-19 patients but several possible hypotheses have been proposed. However, extensive studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020210332 (28/09/2020)
Histological and clinical evaluation of wound healing in pressure ulcers: a novel animal model
Authors: Sami Diana G , Abdellatif Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Objective:Pressure ulcers (PUs) are a major healthcare problem, commonly associated with older people, patients who are bedbound and patients with diabetes. The impact of PUs can decrease patients' quality of life, and lead to high morbidity and mortality rates. In this study, we aimed to describe a novel PU model that simulates pressure ulcers in humans to provide a research tool for new drug testing.Method:Diabetes was induced using streptozocin in 75 adult Sprague Dawley rats. To create the PU, skin was sandwiched between two magnets, one of them implanted below the panniculus carnosus muscle and the other above the skin. The model was tested on nondiabetic rats and diabetic rats, each with pressure ulcers, compared to nondiabetic rats with excisional wounds.Results:Results showed that the PU model in diabetic (p-value<0.000001) and non-diabetic rats (p-value<0.05) exhibited significantly delayed healing (no healing over 21 days) compared with the excisional wound that was completely healed by day 21.Conclusion:Diabetic rats showed significant changes in intact skin compared with non-diabetic rats, as well as a significant delay in the healing process compared with the non-diabetic group. By effectively impairing the skin contraction otherwise seen in the rats, and thereby delaying healing and making it similar to that seen in hard-to-heal PUs in humans, this model provides an effective tool for wound healing research.
Hyperspectral two-photon excitation microscopy using visible wavelength
Authors: Kubo Toshiki , Temma Kenta , Smith Nicholas I. , Lu Kai , Matsuda Tomoki , Nagai Takeharu , Fujita Katsumasa 
Published: November 2020

We demonstrate hyperspectral imaging by visible-wavelength two-photon excitation microscopy using line illumination and slit-confocal detection. A femtosecond pulsed laser light at 530 nm was used for the simultaneous excitation of fluorescent proteins with different emission wavelengths. The use of line illumination enabled efficient detection of hyperspectral images and achieved simultaneous detection of three fluorescence spectra in the observation of living HeLa cells with an exposure time of 1 ms per line, which is equivalent to about 2 µs per pixel in point scanning, with 160 data points per spectrum. On combining linear spectral unmixing techniques, localization of fluorescent probes in the cells was achieved. A theoretical investigation of the imaging property revealed high-depth discrimination property attained through the combination of nonlinear excitation and slit detection.
Bone mineral density in Palestinian patients with end-stage renal disease and the related clinical and biochemical factors: Cross-sectional study
Authors: Nazzal Zaher , Khader Shahd , Zawyani Hiba , Abdallah Mazen , Sawalmeh Osama , Hamdan Zakaria 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is the ultimate result of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In Palestine, the prevalence of ESRD was 240.3 PMP which is comparable with the nearby countries. Accelerated bone loss among ESRD patients is attributed to abnormal bone turn over that leads to osteoporosis and osteopenia. The risk of fractures is increased four-fold in men and women on hemodialysis, which explains the importance of assessing the bone mineral density among these population. The goals of this study were to find the prevalence of osteoporosis in ESRD patients as determined by bone mineral density (BMD) at different sites and to determine whether BMD correlates with many other clinical parameters.

Methods
A cross-sectional study of 194 ESRD patients were recruited from the dialysis unit in An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine. The patients were on regular hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. BMD was measured at the lumbar spine and the hip using the dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and the value is expressed as T-score. The data were analyzed using SPSS, version 26. The relationship between BMD and the clinical and biochemical parameters among the ESRD patients was assessed.

Results
We found that 42.8% of ESRD patient had osteoporosis and 40.2% had osteopenia. There were significantly higher proportions of osteoporosis and osteopenia among patients >60 years of age (p<0.005). Patients with osteoporosis and osteopenia had significantly higher serum levels of PTH (792.9 and 469.7) (p<0.05). BMD decreases as the duration of dialysis (39.0 months Vs. 56.8 months), (p<0.05). We found no significant difference between patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.

Conclusion
This study showed that Palestinian patients with ESRD have low BMD at the hip and spine. The observed high serum level of PTH was associated with low BMD. Those patients should be closely monitored especially those with more than one risk factor. Moreover, more attention should be paid for these category of patients to decrease the incidence of falling down and the resulting fractures that might lead to mortality and morbidity.
Access to information and use of adolescent sexual reproductive health services: Qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators in Kisumu and Kakamega, Kenya
Authors: Mutea Lilian , Ontiri Susan , Kadiri Francis , Michielesen Kristien , Gichangi Peter 
Published: November 2020

Background
Kenya has a high prevalence of adolescent pregnancy and low access to and use of adolescent sexual reproductive health services. Despite the enactment of evidence-based policies to address this problem, adolescents continue to face health problems and barriers to adolescent sexual reproductive health information and services.

Main objective
This study describes barriers to and facilitators of access to adolescent sexual and reproductive health services in Kisumu and Kakamega counties, Kenya.

Methodology
We used a qualitative design. Through 61 data collection sessions, 113 participants were engaged in key informant interviews, in-depth interviews, and/or focus group discussions. Trained Research Assistants (RAs) engaged adolescents, health care workers, teachers, county leaders, and community representatives. Data were captured using audio recorders and field notes. Socio-demographic data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, while audio recordings were transcribed, translated, and coded. Thematic analysis was done with NVivo.

Results
Findings show that the barriers of access to sexual reproductive health services and information were negative health workers’ attitudes, distance to the health facility, unaffordable cost of services, negative social cultural influences, lack of privacy and confidentiality. Facilitators to adolescent sexual reproductive health services were few and included getting priority for school going adolescents and enabling environment for partnerships on adolescent health issues.

Conclusions
Adolescents in Kakamega and Kisumu face a myriad of barriers when seeking sexual reproductive health information and/or health services. We recommend that counties sensitize all stakeholders on adolescent sexual reproductive health problems, and support development of multi-sectoral, sustainable solutions to adolescent health needs.
Accelerometer output and its association with energy expenditure in persons with mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Jeng Brenda , Cederberg Katie L. J. , Lai Byron , Sasaki Jeffer E. , Bamman Marcas M. , Motl Robert W. 
Published: November 2020

Objective
This study examined the association between ActiGraph accelerometer output and energy expenditure across different speeds of walking in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and further generated cut-points that represent a metric for quantifying time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) among persons with PD.

Methods
The sample included 30 persons with mild-to-moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr stages 2–3) and 30 adults without PD matched by sex and age. All participants completed 5 minutes of quiet, seated rest and then underwent three, 6-minute bouts of walking on a treadmill at three different speeds relative to the individual’s self-selected pace. Activity counts were measured using an ActiGraph accelerometer worn at the waist level on the least affected side for persons with PD and the dominant side for controls. The rate of oxygen consumption, or energy expenditure, was measured using a portable, open-circuit spirometry system.

Results
Our results indicated a strong association between activity counts and energy expenditure for persons with PD (R2 = 0.87) and controls (R2 = 0.89). However, the significant difference in slopes resulted in a lower cut-point of 1,354 counts·min-1 for persons with PD than the cut-point of 2,010 counts·min-1 for controls.

Conclusion
Our results support the application of the disease-specific cut-point for quantifying the amount of time spent in MVPA using ActiGraph accelerometers among persons with mild-to-moderate PD. Such an application may provide accurate estimates of MVPA in this population, and better inform future research examining the possible determinants and consequences of physical activity as well as testing of interventions for changing MVPA in PD.
Roma, Vienna e l’Oriente
Authors: Petrolini Chiara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
They never met. But the ‚friendship by correspondence‘ (1628–1634) between the traveller Pietro Della Valle and the desk-bound librarian of the imperial library in Vienna, Sebastian Tengnagel, was built on a solid foundation: their shared passion for the Christian and Muslim East, its languages and its books was an „iron bond“ that gave rise to a close and immediate understanding between two men, despite their huge differences of temperament and experience. However, these letters (kept at the Vatican Archives and the Austrian National Library) do not just bear witness to the growing knowledge of the East in the first half of the 17th century. They also show that early Catholic Orientalism had its roots in a highly stratified terrain, in which military conflict, irenic tensions, missionary propaganda, philological investigation, religious disputes, a rejection of book censorship, and theories on sovereignty were layered and interwoven. But how, and why, would anyone choose to become an orientalist, and what did it entail? Rome and Vienna, the cities from which the letters were written, were both normative centres with universalist ambitions; both were engaged in a profound rethinking and redefinition of secular and religious power. The pages written by Tengnagel and Della Valle reflect the writers’ love of and interest in books. But reading carefully between the lines you can also hear the ‚noises off‘ of the cities in which they were penned.
Das „Foltersystem historischer Kritik“
Authors: Lütteken Laurenz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The disciplinary tradition of musicology has been divided, from the outset, between historical and systematic aspects, prolonging the ancient conflict between the physical and sensorial aspects of music. In an ongoing process of diversification (synonymous with destabilisation in a minor discipline like musicology), history lost the central position claimed for it in the founding era. Yet this tradition is itself inconsistent given the permanent conflict between aspects connected to history and those connected to the fine arts. Ultimately, this article considers the productive impulse that might be provided by a new and fundamental rapprochement between musicology and history. This productivity and potential is discussed using several potential examples.