bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibrosierte Hypersensitivitätspneumonie: Fokus auf pathologierelevante Aspekte der neuen klinischen Leitlinie der ATS/JRS/ALAT zur Diagnostik der Hypersensitivitätspneumonie bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Berezowska Sabina 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Hypersensitivitätspneumonie (Synonym: exogen-allergische Alveolitis) ist eine chronische interstitielle Pneumonie, die bei dafür anfälligen Personen als Hypersensitivitätsreaktion nach Antigenkontakt auftritt und über diese Entzündung in eine chronisch fortschreitende, letale Lungenfibrosierung münden kann. Insbesondere die fibrotische Hypersensitivitätspneumonie, die bis dato chronische Hypersensitivitätspneumonie genannt worden ist, stellt eine diagnostische Herausforderung dar. Die Abgrenzung zur idiopathischen Lungenfibrose (IPF) und kollagenoseassoziierten Lungenfibrose (CTD-ILD) kann sehr schwierig sein, wiewohl sie therapeutisch wichtig ist. Obwohl der diagnostische Goldstandard einer multidisziplinären Diskussion und damit der synoptischen Zusammenführung aller Befunde zur finalen Diagnosestellung fest etabliert ist, hat die hohe Interobservervariabilität zwischen Experten innerhalb der Kerndisziplinen (Pneumologie, Radiologie, Pathologie) als auch zwischen den multidisziplinären Teams die Notwendigkeit von Leitlinien aufgezeigt.Im aktuellen Übersichtsartikel werden die pathologierelevante Aspekte der neuen Leitlinie der ATS/JRS/ALAT zur Diagnostik sowohl der zellulären als auch der fibrotischen Hypersensitivitätspneumonie bei Erwachsenen vorgestellt.
Combined visualisation of cavitation and vortical structures in a real-size optical diesel injector
Authors: Karathanassis I. K. , Hwang J. , Koukouvinis P. , Pickett L. , Gavaises M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A high-speed flow visualisation set-up comprising of combined diffuse backlight illumination (DBI) and schlieren imaging has been developed to illustrate the highly transient, two-phase flow arising in a real-size optical fuel injector. The different illumination nature of the two techniques, diffuse and parallel light respectively, allows for the capturing of refractive-index gradients due to the presence of both interfaces and density gradients within the orifice. Hence, the onset of cavitation and secondary-flow motion within the sac and injector hole can be concurrently visualised. Experiments were conducted utilising a diesel injector fitted with a single-hole transparent tip (ECN spray D) at injection pressures of 700–900 bar and ambient pressures in the range of 1–20 bar. High-speed DBI images obtained at 100,000 fps revealed that the orifice, due to its tapered layout, is mildly cavitating with relatively constant cavity sheets arising mainly in regions of manufacturing imperfections. Nevertheless, schlieren images obtained at the same frame rate demonstrated that a multitude of vortices with short lifetimes arise at different scales in the sac and nozzle regions during the entire duration of the injection cycle but the vortices do not necessarily result in phase change. The magnitude and exact location of coherent vortical structures have a measurable influence on the dynamics of the spray emerging downstream the injector outlet, leading to distinct differences in the variation of its cone angle depending on the injection and ambient pressures examined.

Graphic abstract
Unsteady aerodynamics of a wing in a novel small-amplitude transverse gust generator
Authors: Fernandez Fidel , Cleaver David , Gursul Ismet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A novel small-amplitude high-frequency gust generator has been developed that works by oscillating a small fence on the wind tunnel wall. The gust generator produces approximately constant local angle of attack in the chordwise direction. Due to the challenges of measuring small and slightly non-uniform gust angles the gust generator was calibrated using direct lift measurements on a symmetric wing set at zero geometric angle of attack. Unsteady lift force measurements and the Theodorsen's theory were used for the dynamic calibration of the gust angle. At nonzero geometric angles of attack, if the wing’s effective angle of attack remains below the stall angle, unsteady lift closely follows the static lift curve with very small hysteresis. Beyond the stall angle, dynamic stall and larger lift hysteresis are observed. Interestingly, in this regime, if flow is separated and a separation bubble is maintained on the wing throughout the cycle then increasing frequency reduces lift hysteresis. The slope of the lift curve, averaged over the cycle, may be greater than that of attached flow. The gust response is more sensitive to maximum effective angle of attack than the reduced frequency or the reduced pitch rate. The normalized lift change is much larger for separated flows than for attached flows.

Graphic abstract
Atmospheric tropical modes are important drivers of Sahelian springtime heatwaves
Authors: Guigma Kiswendsida H. , Guichard Françoise , Todd Martin , Peyrille Philippe , Wang Yi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHeatwaves pose a serious threat to human health worldwide but remain poorly documented over Africa. This study uses mainly the ERA5 dataset to investigate their large-scale drivers over the Sahel region during boreal spring, with a focus on the role of tropical modes of variability including the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the equatorial Rossby and Kelvin waves. Heatwaves were defined from daily minimum and maximum temperatures using a methodology that retains only intraseasonal scale events of large spatial extent. The results show that tropical modes have a large influence on the occurrence of Sahelian heatwaves, and, to a lesser extent, on their intensity. Depending on their convective phase, they can either increase or inhibit heatwave occurrence, with the MJO being the most important of the investigated drivers. A certain sensitivity to the geographic location and the diurnal cycle is observed, with nighttime heatwaves more impacted by the modes over the eastern Sahel and daytime heatwaves more affected over the western Sahel. The examination of the physical mechanisms shows that the modulation is made possible through the perturbation of regional circulation. Tropical modes thus exert a control on moisture and the subsequent longwave radiation, as well as on the advection of hot air. A detailed case study of a major event, which took place in April 2003, further supports these findings. Given the potential predictability offered by tropical modes at the intraseasonal scale, this study has key implications for heatwave risk management in the Sahel.
Antithrombotic therapy with or without clopidogrel after transcatheter aortic valve replacement. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Pellegrini Costanza , Xhepa Erion , Ndrepepa Gjin , Alvarez-Covarrubias Hector , Kufner Sebastian , Lahmann Anna Lena , Rheude Tobias , Rai Himanshu , Mayr N. Patrick , Schunkert Heribert , Kastrati Adnan , Joner Michael , Cassese Salvatore 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aims
To investigate the clinical outcomes associated with an antithrombotic therapy with or without clopidogrel after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

Methods and results
This is a study-level meta-analysis including all randomized trials investigating antithrombotic regimens after TAVR. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020191036). We searched electronic scientific databases for eligible studies. The primary outcome was all-cause death. Main secondary outcome was major bleeding. Other outcomes were life-threatening (or disabling) bleeding, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Six eligible trials randomly allocated 3056 TAVR patients to aspirin or oral anticoagulation (OAC) with clopidogrel (n = 1525) versus aspirin and/or OAC without clopidogrel (n = 1531). In the overall estimates, an antithrombotic therapy with clopidogrel versus without displayed a comparable risk of all-cause death [Risk Ratio—RR = 0.83, 95% Confidence intervals—CI (0.57–1.20); P = 0.25] and major bleeding [RR = 1.33, 95% CI (0.61–2.92); P = 0.39]. However, the combination of aspirin or OAC with clopidogrel doubled the risk of major bleeding as compared to aspirin or OAC without clopidogrel [RR = 2.08, 95% CI (1.27–3.42); P = 0.015, P for interaction = 0.021]. Treatment strategies did not differ with respect to the risk of life-threatening bleeding, MI and stroke.

Conclusions
In patients receiving TAVR, a therapeutic strategy of aspirin or OAC with clopidogrel significantly increases the risk of major bleeding without impact on mortality and ischemic outcomes compared to aspirin or OAC without clopidogrel. The performance of different antithrombotic regimens in terms of long-term clinical outcomes and bioprosthesis valve function requires further investigation.

Graphic abstract
Forest plots from pairwise and network meta-analyses associated with an antithrombotic therapy with or without clopidogrel Risk ratio for all outcomes of interest calculated with the pairwise meta-analysis (left side) and for main outcomes calculated with the network meta-analysis (right side) in patients allocated to an antithrombotic therapy with clopidogrel or without. The diamonds indicate the point estimate and the left and the right ends of the lines the [95% CI]. CI: Confidence intervals; OAC; oral anticoagulation.
Refeeding-Syndrom
Authors: Nguyen P. , Schlögl H. , Selig L. , Baerwald C. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungRheumatische Krankheiten können über verschiedene Mechanismen zu einer Mangelernährung, also einer nicht ausreichenden Deckung des Bedarfs an Energie, Proteinen, Elektrolyten oder anderen Nährstoffen, führen. Bei Wiederbeginn mit vollwertiger Ernährung nach einer Phase einer solchen katabolen Stoffwechsellage kommt es zu metabolischen Veränderungen, die in einen akuten Mangel an verfügbaren Elektrolyten und anderen Mikronährstoffen führen und dann lebensbedrohliche Komplikationen auslösen können. Das Auftreten solcher Komplikationen nach Wiederbeginn der Ernährung wird als Refeeding-Syndrom bezeichnet. Mit Wissen um diese Komplikationen, dem adäquaten Wiederbeginn der Ernährung und ggf. einer Überwachung der relevanten Parameter sowie gezielter Supplementierung kann das Refeeding-Syndrom vermieden werden. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die Pathomechanismen des Refeeding-Syndroms erklärt, die Risikofaktoren für das Auftreten des Refeeding-Syndroms – insbesondere unter Betrachtung von rheumatologischen Patienten – identifiziert und die nötige Therapie zur Vermeidung eines Refeeding-Syndroms bei Wiederbeginn der Ernährung dargestellt.
The (in)dependency of blood and sweat sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose concentrations during submaximal exercise
Authors: Klous L. , de Ruiter C. J. , Scherrer S. , Gerrett N. , Daanen H. A. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeTo reduce the need for invasive and expensive measures of human biomarkers, sweat is becoming increasingly popular in use as an alternative to blood. Therefore, the (in)dependency of blood and sweat composition has to be explored.MethodsIn an environmental chamber (33 °C, 65% relative humidity; RH), 12 participants completed three subsequent 20-min cycling stages to elicit three different local sweat rates (LSR) while aiming to limit changes in blood composition: at 60% of their maximum heart rate (HRmax), 70% HRmaxand 80% HRmax, with 5 min of seated-rest in between. Sweat was collected from the arm and back during each stage and post-exercise. Blood was drawn from a superficial antecubital vein in the middle of each stage. Concentrations of sodium, chloride, potassium, ammonia, lactate and glucose were determined in blood plasma and sweat.ResultsWith increasing exercise intensity, LSR, sweat sodium, chloride and glucose concentrations increased (P ≤ 0.026), while simultaneously limited changes in blood composition were elicited for these components (P ≥ 0.093). Sweat potassium, lactate and ammonia concentrations decreased (P ≤ 0.006), while blood potassium decreased (P = 0.003), and blood ammonia and lactate concentrations increased with higher exercise intensities (P = 0.005;P = 0.007, respectively). The vast majority of correlations between blood and sweat parameters were non-significant (P > 0.05), with few exceptions.ConclusionThe data suggest that sweat composition is at least partly independent of blood composition. This has important consequences when targeting sweat as non-invasive alternative for blood measurements.
Altered litter inputs modify carbon and nitrogen storage in soil organic matter in a lowland tropical forest
Authors: Sayer Emma J. , Baxendale Catherine , Birkett Ali J. , Bréchet Laëtitia M. , Castro Biancolini , Kerdraon-Byrne Deirdre , Lopez-Sangil Luis , Rodtassana Chadtip 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSoil organic matter (SOM) in tropical forests is an important store of carbon (C) and nutrients. Although SOM storage could be affected by global changes via altered plant productivity, we know relatively little about SOM stabilisation and turnover in tropical forests compared to temperate systems. Here, we investigated changes in soil C and N within particle size fractions representing particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) after 13 years of experimental litter removal (L−) and litter addition (L+) treatments in a lowland tropical forest. We hypothesized that reduced nitrogen (N) availability in L− plots would result in N-mining of MAOM, whereas long-term litter addition would increase POM, without altering the C:N ratio of SOM fractions. Overall, SOM-N declined more than SOM-C with litter removal, providing evidence of N-mining in the L− plots, which increased the soil C:N ratio. However, contrary to expectations, the C:N ratio increased most in the largest POM fraction, whereas the C:N ratio of MAOM remained unchanged. We did not observe the expected increases in POM with litter addition, which we attribute to rapid turnover of unprotected SOM. Measurements of ion exchange rates to assess changes in N availability and soil chemistry revealed that litter removal increased the mobility of ammonium-N and aluminium, whereas litter addition increased the mobility of nitrate-N and iron, which could indicate SOM priming in both treatments. Our study suggests that altered litter inputs affect multiple processes contributing to SOM storage and we propose potential mechanisms to inform future work.
Responsibility for Funding Refractive Correction in Publicly Funded Health Care Systems: An Ethical Analysis
Authors: Färdow Joakim , Broström Linus , Johansson Mats 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAllocating on the basis of need is a distinguishing principle in publicly funded health care systems. Resources ought to be directed to patients, or the health program, where the need is considered greatest. In Sweden support of this principle can be found in health care legislation. Today however some domains of what appear to be health care needs are excluded from the responsibilities of the publicly funded health care system. Corrections of eye disorders known as refractive errors is one such domain. In this article the moral legitimacy of this exception is explored. Individuals with refractive errors need spectacles, contact lenses or refractive surgery to do all kinds of thing, including participating in everyday activities, managing certain jobs, and accomplishing various goals in life. The relief of correctable visual impairments fits well into the category of what we typically consider a health care need. The study of refractive errors does belong to the field of medical science, interventions to correct such errors can be performed by medical means, and the skills of registered health care professionals are required when it comes to correcting refractive error. As visual impairments caused by other conditions than refractive errors are treated and funded within the public health care system in Sweden this is an inconsistency that needs to be addressed.
Numerical position optimization of an over-the-wing mounted engine installation
Authors: Lange F. , Rudnik R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Collaborative Research Center 880 is investigating different technologies and configurative variants for the purpose of short take-off and landing (STOL) capabilities, ranging from high-lift systems with Coandӑ flaps to unusual but potentially more efficient engine arrangements. The present study focuses on the reference configuration 3 (REF3). This configuration is characterized by an UHBR over-the-wing nacelle (OWN) located above the wing trailing edge. Starting from the wing/body configuration the installation effects of the OWN were investigated. A fully automatized surrogate based optimization was used to evaluate the impact of an engine position variation in vertical and horizontal direction to observe fundamental aerodynamic interactions between wing and OWN in cruise flight conditions. Due to the presence of OWN and pylon, a distinct disturbance on the wing upper surface could be observed leading to significant interference effects. Nevertheless, the overall cruise drag of REF3 could be improved by 37 drag counts or nearly 11% due to the position optimization.
Roughness-induced vehicle energy dissipation from crowdsourced smartphone measurements through random vibration theory
Authors: Botshekan Meshkat , Roxon Jacob , Wanichkul Athikom , Chirananthavat Theemathas , Chamoun Joy , Ziq Malik , Anini Bader , Daher Naseem , Awad Abdalkarim , Ghanem Wasel , Tootkaboni Mazdak , Louhghalam Arghavan , Ulm Franz-Josef 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We propose, calibrate, and validate a crowdsourced approach for estimating power spectral density (PSD) of road roughness based on an inverse analysis of vertical acceleration measured by a smartphone mounted in an unknown position in a vehicle. Built upon random vibration analysis of a half-car mechanistic model of roughness-induced pavement–vehicle interaction, the inverse analysis employs an L2 norm regularization to estimate ride quality metrics, such as the widely used International Roughness Index, from the acceleration PSD. Evoking the fluctuation–dissipation theorem of statistical physics, the inverse framework estimates the half-car dynamic vehicle properties and related excess fuel consumption. The method is validated against (a) laser-measured road roughness data for both inner city and highway road conditions and (b) road roughness data for the state of California. We also show that the phone position in the vehicle only marginally affects road roughness predictions, an important condition for crowdsourced capabilities of the proposed approach.
Feminine Power in Proclus's Commentary on Plato's Timaeus
Authors: Layne Danielle A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNotorious for advancing a strict dichotomy between the masculine “demiurgic father” and the feminine “nurse/receptacle of becoming” as the “natural” origin of the cosmos, Plato's Timaeus has become a site for feminist interrogation. Most critics easily deem the text a masculine fantasy that projects feminine impotence and obligatory heterosexuality, reinforcing patriarchal power structures that are blindly reproduced in their historical reception. Consequently, this article analyzes the Neoplatonic replication of this framework, but with special attention given to Proclus's challenges to this gendered and sexual context. In this late, sometimes forgotten figure, we find, rather surprisingly, a Platonist who neither sequesters the feminine to the domain of the passive receptacle nor charges her simply with being a bastard image of the masculine. Rather, for Proclus, the feminine becomes the site of lived, erotic power that produces and sustains the value of authentic otherness. Furthermore, Proclus offers a challenge to the naturalness of the sex binary, suggesting a radical queerness as the basis of all identity. Overall, we shall see how classical patriarchal thinkers may, despite themselves, offer subversive models that might present readers with possibilities for troubling the sexual prejudices of ancient metaphysical schemas.
Movement, Embrace: Adriana Cavarero with Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger (and the Death Drive)
Authors: Voela Angie , Esin Cigdem 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn experience of helplessness during the production of a collective autobiographical narrative offers an opportunity to explore points of convergence between Adriana Cavarero's postural philosophy and Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger's matrixial borderlinking. The narrative is treated as a live scene that enfolds the movement of the drive conceptualized in such a way as to avoid the prioritization of death over life. Five successive moves, inspired by Ettinger's rotation of the phallic prism, illuminate affinities between the two thinkers. The first rotation explores the matrixial and relational qualities that compose the scene. The second rotation approaches death from a notional beginning, prioritizing the presence of the mother and her assymmetrical relationship to the infant. The third rotation emphasizes the transformational character of Ettinger's matrixial movement and border-crossing, especially when examined in conjunction with Cavarero's maternal inclination. In the fourth rotation we show how inclination (clinamen) in Lacanian psychoanalysis is linked to the disappearance of the mother from the scene. The (re)introduction of the mother disrupts the Lacanian logic with the possibility of a beginning just as immanent as desire and lack. Movement, qua embrace and unity-disunity (fifth rotation), becomes an indispensable component of feminist ontology that captures the immanence of sharing in the matrixial-maternal plane.
The Concept of “Educational Transformation” and its Relationship to Civilizing Missions in Early China
Authors: Brindley Erica Fox 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article examines the early history and evolution of the concept ofjiaohua(教化 “educational transformation”) as a reference to civilizing missions in China. It explores Ru (Confucian) concepts advocating the widespread education of the masses, showing how such concepts were linked to notions of ethnicity and moral attainment. Then it contextualizes the first uses of educational transformation in writings concerning statecraft. Xunzi emerges as a pivotal figure who helped adapt the statecraft rhetoric on educational transformation to the largely Ru goal of spreading a morally superior Huaxia culture among the masses and to peoples of other cultures. I then move beyond this conceptual history to examine a few civilizing missions in the Han era. My purpose is to link large-scale, civilizing missions in Chinese history with the early philosophical rhetoric and show how history was shaped by these underlying conceptual orientations.
Minds, materials and metaphors
Authors: Toon Adam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhat is the relationship between mental states and items of material culture, like notebooks, maps or lists? The extended mind thesis (ExM) offers an influential and controversial answer to this question. According to ExM, items of material culture can form part of the material basis for our mental states. Although ExM offers a radical view of thelocationof mental states, it fits comfortably with a traditional, representationalist account of thenatureof those states. I argue that proponents of ExM would do better to adopt afictionalistapproach to mental states. In so doing, I suggest, they could retain the important insights underlying the extended mind thesis, while avoiding its more problematic consequences.