bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Response Surface Methodology in the Process of extracting essential oil from the Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) Peels
Authors: Ngo T C Q , Dao T P , Tran T H , Le T H N , Pham M Q , Nguyen N H , Tran Q T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa) essential oil is applied in different fields, including medicine, food, and cosmetic. This study aimed to determine theextraction yield of essential oil from Calamondin peels and optimize the extraction process using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A three-level three-factors Box Behnken design with three variables including extraction temperature (103-137°C), time (95-145 min), and water to the material ratio (1.32-4.68 mL/g) was adopted. The aforementioned factors are identified to exert significant influence on the essential oil efficiency. Adopting a central composite design, optimal processing conditions were determined. The maximum yield of essential oil was 3.2%, achieved at conditions of the ratio of water and raw materials (3.20:1 mL/g), the temperature of 120.84°C and time of 21.27 min. The results showed good fits with the proposed model for the essential oil extraction (R2 = 99.71%).
Development of an aromatic wax product containing natural Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) essential oil
Authors: Tran T K N , Tran T H , Le T H N , Xuan T L , Phan N Q A , Cam T I , Long G B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Lemongrass oil contains many useful aromatic compounds, some of which have strong deodorizing and antibacterial properties (citral and geraniol). The ingredient with the highest content in citronella oil is Citral (accounting for more than 80% of citronella oil content), which plays a key role in functionalities of disinfectants, biocides, odorants and insecticides. This study aims to incorporate lemongrass essential oil into a wax product to extend the application of the oil. The effect of factors that affects the process of creating aromatic wax was investigated. The yield of essential oils obtained by steam distillation was 0.29%. The effect of factors that affects the process of creating aromatic wax was investigated. The formula of aromatic wax contains 4.5% Stearic acid, 2.7% NaOH, 88.6% Alcohol 20°, 2.4% PEG-40, 2% Lemongrass Essential oil. The results indicate that the lemongrass essential oil causes no significant detriment to the beneficial properties of the obtained aromatic wax.
Biogasoline synthesis via fluid catalytic cracking of waste cooking oil using treated eggshell
Authors: Hassan S N , Nurdin S , Yaakob Z , Mahmud M S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper reports on preparation and characterization of eggshell for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) to produce biogasoline. Hydrocarbon from condensate of gas emitted from a spherical flask reactor was agitated at 350, 400 and 450 resolution per minute (rpm) under 350, 400 and 450 °C reaction temperature by the one-factor- at-a-time (OFAT) approach was analyzed by using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Acid compounds were also recorded. Earlier, the eggshell was ground, calcined at 900 °C for three hours and sieved into 250 – 425 μm range of particle size before being analyzed using Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) for calcium oxide content. About 30 wt% of biogasoline ranged from C4 to C12 of alkanes and alkenes was obtained from the 350-°C hydrocarbon condensate after 30, 45 and 60 min of which aromatic compounds increased with the reaction temperature. However, the biogasoline compounds decreased with the reaction temperature. More than 20 wt% was esters and free fatty acids of carbon number greater than 20 were also formed, respectively. Stirring speeds generally increased condensate yield but the increment does not have pattern due to various volatility of the content. The highest biogasoline yield through the FCC reaction was 4.5 wt% at 350 0C at 400 rpm stirring speed, and the product was found comparable with previous research and commercial gasoline.
Estimation of solute transport parameter and mass transfer coefficient in nanofiltration for solvent-diluted palm oil
Authors: Lim K M , Ghazali N F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Membrane technology has been gradually used as an alternative to the conventional purification method in various industries. In the advancement of membrane technology, important elements such as volumetric flux, rejections, mass transfer and interaction parameters have been frequently considered, particularly in the prediction of membrane performance. In this study, an estimation of mass transfer and solute transport parameters in organic solvent was conducted by using the Levenberg-Marquardt least squares method. Combined film theory/solution-diffusion model was selected and was correlated with experimental data to estimate the parameters. The mass transfer and solute transport parameters for the nanofiltration of acetone-diluted palm oil in SolSep 030306 membrane were successfully estimated. The correlation of mass transfer coefficient with feed concentration and stirrer speed were additionally described.
Factorial experimental design for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. isolated from Malaysia landfill soil
Authors: Rosli S N A , Che Man R , Masngut N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Two-level full factorial design was applied to screen the important parameters for production of xylanase by newly isolated Bacillus sp. from landfill soil. Five production parameters were considered: initial pH media (pH 5–9), inoculum size (5%–10% v/v), incubation period (18–30 h), temperature (30-50 °C) and agitation speed (0-200 rpm). Xylanase activity was estimated using dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) based on the xylose released under specified assay conditions. Based on the factorial analysis, it was observed that the significant parameters in the xylanase production were temperature, agitation speed and initial pH of media. Meanwhile, the interaction between temperature and initial pH of media gave the highest influenced to the xylanase production. The model revealed that the highest xylanase activity can be achieved at 123.34 U/mL with initial pH media of 7.0, 30 h incubation period, 5% (v/v) inoculum size, agitation speed of 100 rpm at 40 °C. Confirmation run produced the highest experimental xylanase activity by Bacillus sp. at 123.10 U/mL with 0.17% of error than the predicted one. Hence, the model was reliably predicting the xylanase production.
Stability Study on Acetaminophen Removal from Aqueous Solution using TOA via Emulsion Liquid Membrane
Authors: Zaulkiflee Nur Dina , Ahmad Abdul Latif , Sugumaran Jayasree 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop a stable emulsion liquid membrane for acetaminophen removal through membrane breakage. In this work, Trioctylamine (TOA), Span 80 and kerosene were used as carrier, surfactant and diluent, respectively in membrane phase while ammonia solution was used as a stripping agent in the internal phase. Research was conducted on various parameters such as stripping agent concentration, agitation speed, extraction time and treat ratio. The stripping agent concentration was varied from 0.05 M to 0.2 M while agitation speed was investigated at 200 rpm to 500 rpm. The best condition achieved for acetaminophen removal from aqueous solution via emulsion liquid membrane were at 0.1M of stripping agent using 300 rpm agitation speed for 3 minutes of extraction time with a treat ratio of 3:1. Investigation on membrane breakage revealed the lowest membrane breakage achieved was 0.17%.
Performance studies on co-gasification between coal/sawdust and coal/wood pellet using RSM
Authors: Mansur F Z , Faizal C K M , Monir M U , Samad N A F A , Atnaw S M , Sulaiman S A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This work presents the comparative study between raw biomass and pre-treated biomass co-gasified with coal with the aimed to investigate the reliability of the pre-treated biomass to enhance the gasification performance. Sawdust and wood pellet (the pelletization form of sawdust) and blends of these two feedstocks with sub-bituminous coal, were gasified in an air atmosphere using an external heated fixed-bed downdraft gasifier system. Response surface methodology (RSM) incorporating with the central composite design (CCD) was applied to assist the comparison of all operating variables. The independent variables were investigated within the specific range of coal ratio from 25 to 75%, gasification temperature from 650 to 850 °C and equivalence ratio from 0.20 to 0.30. Meanwhile, the dependent variables were evaluated on the H2/CO ratio in the syngas, higher heating value of the syngas (HHVsyngas) and gas yield (GY). The results revealed the H2/CO ratio in the syngas, HHVsyngas and GY of more than 1.585, 6.072 MJ/Nm3 and 2.464 Nm3/kg were achieved, respectively for both co-gasification. From the results, the H2/CO ratio in the syngas and GY from co-gasification of coal/wood pellet shows a higher value than that of the coal/sawdust. However, for the HHVsyngas, co-gasification of the coal/sawdust possess higher value with merely 1% difference from the coal/wood pellet. Therefore, co-gasified coal with wood pellet has the potential to be substitute with the sawdust.
Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Hybrid N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone - Monoethanolamine Solutions for Carbon Dioxide Absorption Unit Application
Authors: Tan P Y , Tan L S , Yeap S P , Kow K W , Shariff A M , Wong M K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Corrosion is defined as degradation or deterioration of material and its properties interact with environment by electrochemical and chemical reaction. It not only causes monetary loss but also potential issues for human health. This study investigates the corrosion rate of carbon steel when immersed in hybrid n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) - monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions in comparison with immersion in the conventional aqueous MEA solution. ASTM G31 was adopted in research design methodology and the corrosion rate was evaluated via mass loss measurement. The corrosion rate of carbon steel at 35 days was lowered by approximately 14% when NMP partially replaced the water in the MEA solution. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate was lowered by approximately 20% when NMP fully replaced the water in the MEA solution. Therefore, the corrosion of carbon steel in MEA solution was found to be reduced when NMP partially or fully replaced the composition of water.
Ultrasound- assisted extraction propolis and its kinetic study
Authors: Yusof N , Abdul Munaim M. S , Veloo Kutty R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In current times, there has been a growing attention in the consumption of functional food such as propolis due to the abundant of available bioactive compounds such as polyphenols. There are several health properties of propolis reported on having a huge spectrum of biological properties including anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antimicrobial. Maceration is known for its longer extraction time issue. Ultrasonic- assisted extraction is seen as an alternative to solve this problem. This study focused on indicating the factors influencing solid liquid ultrasonic- assisted extraction of total polyphenols content (TPC) from propolis using ethanol as solvent. The effects of three main factors; temperature (25°C, 35°C, 45°C, 55°C, 65°C), reaction time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 minutes) and concentration of ethanol (50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10) (v/v) were studied to achieve maximum total phenolic content. The optimum conditions for ultrasonic- assisted extraction of phenolic content from propolis are with 70% ethanol, at 65°C for 25 mins. From the experimental data of kinetics study, the ultrasonic extraction of phenolic compounds from propolis is the second- order kinetic model and the extraction constant (k2) was 2.8998 g mg−1 min−1.
Extraction of Pure Silicon from Tiger River
Sediments in Iraq by using Pure Aluminum As Reducing Agent
Authors: Al-Rubaiey Sami. I. J. , Al-Qaisi Bariq. A. H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Year after year, the sediments of the Tigris River in Iraq are increasing,
causing the river clogs, which requires the removal of these sediments from time
to time. Unfortunately, they do not benefit from these deposits, although they
contain high levels of silica, which concentrations were between 59 - 66%. Pure
aluminum powder mixed with sediments at different ratio (1:1, 1.5:1 and 2:1)
sediments/aluminum. The reducing temperatures were 900, 950 and 1000 °C.
leaching process was used to purified the silica. This process was carried out
by using different concentrations (3,4 and 5)M of sulfuric acid to obtain
silicon element. The purity of produced silicon reached to 98. 9%. with of
extraction efficiency more than (88%).
Study the synergistic Effect between Nanoparticles and Spiramycin on Immunological Response Against Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Hamad Hanaa Kamil , Ramadan Nadia Farid , Mohamed Shadia Hassan , Aly Ibrahim , Zalat Rabab 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis investigation was carried out to estimate the antiparasitic potential of silver and Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with spiramycin against toxoplasmosis infected. After mice injected intraperitoneal in a dose 103viable tachyzoites for acute infection; then treated with spiramycin, chitosan nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles as a single or combined therapy given for seven days. Peritoneal fluid examination revealed a significant decrease in the number ofT. gondiitachyzoites in all treated infected mice compared with infected non-treated. The combined therapy presented better results than the single one. The best effect was observed in a group of mice treated with the combined chitosan nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles loaded with spiramycin. Also, immunological parameters IgM antibody, INF-γ and TNF-α cytokines responses againstT. gondiiantigens were assessed in serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits after treatment. The current work is the first time of using Ag NPs and CS NPs loaded with spiramycin as therapeutic agents against experimental toxoplasmosis. It was shown that the highest degree of effectiveness attained by the synergistic action of chitosan and Ag NPs as was indicated by lower parasite count and IFN-γ, TNF-α concentration.
Modelling flow in a fishway using LABSWE™
Authors: Sabri F N , Shafiai S H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fishways are designed to provide a canal for fishes to migrate upstream and downstream when there is a presence of natural or man-made obstructions. In designing the fishway, correct prediction and simulation of the flows play a crucial role. A well designed and constructed fishway will provide a path that allow fish to continue migrating past the obstructions. This paper presents numerical modelling of flows in fishway using Lattice Boltzmann Method for Shallow Water Equations (LABSWE™) in order to demonstrate its simple applicability and accuracy in solving complex flow problems. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) is an alternative numerical method in solving complex fluid flows problems. LBM was found to be efficient and accurate after series complex shallow water problems have been solved. The flow is simulated by using Bhatnagar-Gross-Kook (BGK) collision term. Lattice Boltzmann equation was derived based on shallow water equations. A D2Q9 model was implemented for a more accurate result. The BGK-LBM equations was coded up in MATLAB and the numerical results yield from LBM were then compared with the numerical results solved using Finite Volume Method (FVM). The result comparison was done on velocity vectors, velocity contour and depth contour. From the result comparison, there is good agreement between LBM and FVM which shows that LBM can mimic the flow perfectly. In fact, LBM yield a more detailed and accurate results.
Reduction of Organics in Dairy Wastewater by Adsorption on a Prepared Charcoal from Iraqi Sugarcane
Authors: Barno Suondos K. A. , Abbas Ammar S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe prepared charcoal from Iraqi sugarcane was used to reduce the high organic content in dairy wastewater. The Iraqi sugarcane was washed and cut to the size of 1 to 1.5 cm length, then placed in a stainless-steel reactor in an electrical furnace. After 2 hours at 400°C the produced charcoal was collected and weight. The prepared charcoal with particle size less than 500 μm has 213.52 m2/g surface area and 1.2824 mL/g pore volume. The performance of organics adsorption on the surface of the prepared charcoal was studied. The amount of organic reduction, expressed as dropping in chemical oxygen demand (COD), was measured initially (6948 mg/L) and at equilibrium to identify the adsorption isotherm. Adsorption isotherms of organics was consistent with Freundlich adsorption isotherm. The kinetics results of the adsorption show the process follow the pseudo-second order kinetic in different operating temperatures (15, 25, 35, and 45°C). The obtained thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) were valuable to prove the spontaneity of the adsorption process.
Optimization of fractional freezing process for bioethanol purification
Authors: Amran Nurul Aini , Mohd Khir Low Siti Nur Amira , Samsuri Shafirah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A new bioethanol purification method namely fractional freezing (FF) has been introduced to replace the conventional distillation and adsorption methods which require a higher energy and cost demand. The FF process was conducted in a cylindrical crystallizer equipped with a digital stirrer. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process, and to investigate the effect of coolant temperature and freezing time towards the efficiency of the process which is represented by effective partition constant (K) and purification efficiency (Peff
). Subsequently, a validation experiment was conducted to validate the predicted optimum conditions given by RSM. From the result, the optimum and comparative value of K (0.28) and Peff
(31.74) were found at coolant temperature of -17°C and 65 min freezing time, with error for both responses less than 10% from prediction.
Charcoal characterization and application is solar evaporator for seawater desalination
Authors: Roslan J , Kan W Eh , Abdul Rahman A K , Suliman M , Isha R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Solar desalination is the most attractive and simple technique for desalination process but suffers low thermal efficiency. The objective of this research is to study the effect of charcoal in seawater desalination for clean water production. The experiment was conducted in a basin type solar evaporator by using seawater with charcoal to seawater mass ratio variation of 1:50 to 1:500. The investigation was carried out for eight hours in sunny daylight. The water qualities including pH, conductivity, total dissolve solid (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity of the seawater and amount of evaporated water were determined. The spent and fresh charcoals were also characterized by using Nitrogen Adsorption (BET), X Ray Detector (XRD) and Scanning Electromagnetic Microscope (SEM). It is found that the addition of charcoal in the water leads to20 % increment of water temperature. Charcoal’s exposed area to the energy source significantly affects the temperature raise. The best charcoal to water mass ratio was achieved at 1:100 to produce 16.8% evaporated water. Charcoal was stable in seawater because minimum changes of pore size and pore volume were observed. In conclusion, charcoal is a potential salt adsorbent and medium for solar thermal energy storage for seawater solar desalination process.
Crystallisation parameters effect on the particle size distribution (PSD) of carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) co-crystals in batch cooling crystallisation
Authors: Engku Mat Nasir E N , Rahman F Ab , Abd Rahim S , Edros R Z , Anuar N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The crystallisation parameters effect on the particle size distribution (PSD) of carbamazepine-saccharin (CBZ-SAC) co-crystals in batch cooling crystallisation is presented. The particle size distribution study of CBZ-SAC co-crystals revealed that the multimodal with broad PSD was found for CBZ concentration of 19.14 mg/ml. Meanwhile, the unimodal with broad PSD were observed at CBZ concentration of 17.01 mg/ml and 17.96 mg/Crystal characterisation using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and optical microscopy confirm the solid formed is CBZ-SAC co-crystal Form I with plate-like crystal morphology.
Sensitivity analysis of xylose production process using aspen plus
Authors: Ibrahim N H , Ibrahim W H W , Mimi Sakinah A M , Harun N , Othman M R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Xylose production has become one of the most studied process over the year due to the significant application as a raw material for the production of a variety of specialty chemicals, mainly xylitol. The most promising raw material is lignocellulosic biomass because of its widely available and cheap. There are several type of pretreatment process has been studied to depolymerized the lignocellulosic compounds into fermentable sugars. Among all, dilute acid hydrolysis is the most promising process to produce high xylose. However, disadvantage of this pretreatment process is production of byproduct that can slowdown the fermentation step. Understanding the effect of pretreatment processing parameters on lignocellulosic depolymerization could possibly result in minimization of degradation compounds. Therefore, the aim of this work is to carry out the sensitivity analysis of the acid hydrolysis process used for the production of fermentable sugars with the aid of Aspen Plus by considering the concentration of xylose, glucose, furfural and acetic acid obtained at the outlet of reactor as the output variable. Sensitivity analysis were apply at temperature (160 °C, 170 °C and 180 °C) and residence time (0-160 min). The results indicate that the developed process model is possible to improve lignocellulosic conversion efficiency while minimizing degradation product generation with the highest xylose produce is 18.26 g/L at 180 °C during 20 min reaction time.
Peat swamp groundwater treatment: efficiency of mixed citrus peel and kernel activated carbon layer
Authors: Muhammad Haziq J , Farah Amalina I , Abdul Syukor A R , Siddique Md Nurul Islam , Sui Fung L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
One of the natural water resources is groundwater. Groundwater is another alternative to meet the increasing water demand in Malaysia. Then, the decrease in supplying raw groundwater which may due to depletion of groundwater and hence it is important to maintain the availability of water supply locally and even establish new water source such as from peat swamp to overcome future water crisis. Activated carbon is famous for its characteristic in eliminating various organic contaminants. In this investigation, low cost mixed activated carbon of food waste (citrus peel) and agricultural waste (palm kernel shell) are used as adsorbents in biological sand filter to treat peat swamp groundwater whereby the overall aim of study to evaluate the performance of mixed activated carbon layer of citrus peel and kernel in biological sand filter for peat swamp groundwater treatment. The mixed activated carbon with 1:1 ratio is filled into the biological sand filter. The efficiency of the mixed activated carbon layered biological sand water treatment system is evaluated using parameters pH, Turbidity, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and E. coli and removal of heavy metal ions of peat swamp groundwater. All these parameters follow the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater 2005. The implementation of investigation improved the water quality of the peat swamp groundwater, the water treatment technology using combination of activated carbon and biosand filter, human living standards by providing safe and clean water supply.