bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of Ground Pressure on Tunnel Lining in Genetic Algorithm Application for Structural Monitoring
Authors: Cortese Giuseppe , Bertagnoli Gabriele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents the evolution of an algorithm that can be applied to a diagnostic systems for tunnels developed by the same authors. The aim of this work is the analysis of typical ground trust shape functions to be introduced in the library of a genetic algorithm in order to calculate the forces acting on tunnel lining starting only from the quantities measured by a set of clinometers and pressure sensors placed inside the lining itself, without any other knowledge of geotechnical or geological parameters. The knowledge of proper trust shapes, derived from geotechnical simulations, increases the performance of the algorithm in terms of convergence and correctness of the result. Some benchmarks of the genetic algorithm applied on geotechnical f.e.m. results is also given.
Architectural Design and Methods Inspired by Children’s Culture and Creativity [Global Culture and Spatial Individualization]
Authors: Małgorzata Balcer-Zgraja 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The topic of children and adolescents in architecture was particularly explored in the modern era. This phenomenon was, among others, a result of contemporary social and demographic conditions as well as the development of social sciences and psychology. The 20th century, called a Century of the Child, was a period of specific ‘childhood worship’. It was a time of tremendous hopes placed in the young generation and its potential to rebuild the world. The result was that the ubiquitous theme of the child and childhood also appeared in architectural theory and practice. The purpose of the research is to answer a question How the topic of ‘child in architecture’ may inspire in the times of aging societies? Principal results of the research are to distinguish three aspects of the phenomenon of ‘child in architecture’. 1. A child was discovered as a user - special places were prepared for children – a zone of special characteristics at home and in the city, with design solutions inspired by the child’s developmental needs. 2. Children’s culture and creativity have become an inspiration for spatial solutions of the environment [designed for children and adults] and urban regeneration of the public space. 3. A child was asked to be a co-creator in the process of the participatory design, becoming an active user communicating needs, a partner inspiring future project activities. The subject of the child in architecture, discovered and explored in the last century, generated a new typology of solutions [directed to children or inspired by the culture of childhood]. Over time, patterns from the world of adults and children began to intertwine, creating a new type of multi-generational solutions in the public space. The child’s zone has been embedded in the architecture of the city in the concept of mixed use [which is a distinguishing feature of contemporary solutions]. Major conclusions of the paper: The homogenization, or the unification, of the culture is one of the effects of globalization. The individualization of design solutions [for example adaptation to the requirements of specific age groups of users] can be a way to resist unfavourable space unification processes. The paper is based on comparative studies of public utility buildings [serving in particular the purpose of out-of-school education] as well as observations and comparison of the work of practicing architects, students and children participating in workshop classes implemented at the Silesian University of Technology.
Informatics Knowledge for Setting Requirements on IFC Data and Its Suitability in Education for Chemical Engineers
Authors: Kaiser Jiří 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
IFC becomes popular for the exchange of building information model data among participants in construction projects. To get the desired data, it is necessary to specify requirements on these data. The paper identifies fields of informatics knowledge required to understand the IFC data schema mostly to get the ability to define requirements on the desired IFC file content. There were identified mostly topics connected with the EXPRESS data specification language but also with the STEP data format and computer graphics. There were also mentioned fields of informatics knowledge related to processes that use or produce the data. It is generally assumed that building information model data collected and stored during design and construction processes are valuable also during the operation of the modeled facility. Sometimes the biggest value is expected during the operation of the modeled facility. Then the requirements on data for facility operation may differ based on the purpose and use of the facility. Specific knowledge related to the purpose of the built environment may need to be taken into account during the setting requirements on building information model data – including IFC data. This sets the question about the importance of informatics knowledge for setting requirements on building information model data (also IFC data) also for other professions than those from information technology and civil engineering domain. A brief review of the discussion about using building information modeling principles and building information model data for plant engineering is included in the paper. The focus is on the use of the IFC data. It was found that the building information modeling principles and informatics knowledge connected with an understanding of the IFC data schema may have an important role also in education for chemical engineers especially with the connection to the development of the implementation of building information modeling principles in plant engineering.
The Peculiarities of Formation of Architecture and Design of the Farmstead in Modern Conditions on the Example of the Western Region of Ukraine
Authors: Diachok Oksana , Kolodrubska Oleksandra , Kysil Svitlana , Semyroz Nina , Kuziv Mykhaylo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the scientific work is to determine the peculiarities of the formation of farmstead architecture and design in modern conditions of formation of united territorial communities on the example of the Western region of Ukraine. To achieve this goal, empirical theoretical methods of research and generalization are used. Rural population surveys, benchmarking, classification and generalizations were used. Studies of the modern farmstead conducted in the villages of the Western region of Ukraine have shown a great variety of farmstead development, which reflects the natural and climatic conditions, peculiarities of the life of the population, folk, religious customs and traditions. The region’s peculiar architectural forms of farmstead development are significantly influenced by the location of the territory and the frequent migration of the population abroad. Researchers have shown that residents of farmsteads are changing the way of life, living conditions and activate non-agricultural activities, for which houses and buildings for entrepreneurial and production activity are erected next to a dwelling house. Accordingly, new functional zones are allocated in the structure of the estate: sports, health, technical, sacral, entrepreneurial, production and guest. Based on the labor activity of the inhabitants of rural settlements, the typology of farmsteads was expanded: entrepreneurial, representative and bi-functional types (economic-entrepreneurial, economic-production, production-entrepreneurial and guest subtypes). It is proved that proper organization of the estate development will contribute to creating of comfortable, safe and accessible living space, preservation and multiplication of traditions and regional peculiarities in the formation of the rural environment. The topic of the study remains relevant as changes in spatial planning and integrated territorial development take place in the context of decentralization reform and the formation of united territorial communities. They are to provide the villagers with a modern level of competitive, comfortable, accessible, object-space environment of the new generation, which would meet their needs, opportunities, cultural achievements through the development of new types of farmsteads and residential homes. In order to implement the new standards, it is necessary to review the existing State Building Standards and bring them into line with EU standards.
The Set of Contemporary Aquatic Architecture
Authors: Bujniewicz Zbyszko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The presented investigations prove that there exists a set of architecture connected with water. The investigations, which started about 10 years ago, state that it is possible to indicate the contemporary objects which have some common features creating the set of aquatic architecture. The relation between architecture and water has different aspects. The first is placing the object in the water as the environment, the second is when the water is the purpose of constructing the building (ex. swimming pools), the next is to use the water as the decoration material or medium for energy flowing in the building and the last one is to find any intangible associations between water and architecture. It is described as the simple method to include the object to the set contemporary aquatic architecture basing on the determination of the function of water in the building. The utility water function is excluded from the set because it is part of another discipline as for example water treatment or sewage technology. On the base of several case study investigations, it is proved that the aquatic architecture is a significant part of the architecture. The approx. 12% of raised buildings can be attached to the set. The passed study confirmed that the architecture paying attention to the water is realised not only at the border of the land and water or in the water, it can also be found in the middle of dry land, in which case, it follows the intangible associations. The immaterial relation is based on personal experience and connotation to the cultural environment of human.
Children as conscious recipients of space. The role of architectural education in the process of teaching
Authors: Sulima Magdalena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, when we are often witnessing to chaos, the lack of aesthetics and respect for historical buildings both in cities and rural settings, the social awareness of the space in which we live is extremely important for the preservation of its quality. The discussions in scientific circles from around the world: among architects, urban planners and cultural anthropologists, which have been going on for years, postulate that education from an early age is one of the most important ways of protecting the cultural landscape and maintaining sustainable development. This issue is very broad and includes various aspects, aesthetic, cultural, creative, but also civil – a shared responsibility and a critical attitude towards the environment. The aim of this article is to bring attention to the need for architectural education for children. Based on examples from different countries, where the topic of integrating architectural educational programs into the core curriculum from kindergarten to high school is very popular, the author highlights the situation in Poland, where in recent years, more is happening to raise architectural awareness among the youngest.
Sustainability from Theory to Practice: An Architectural Analysis of Some Principles of Sustainability in Buildings
Authors: Dabija Ana-Maria 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
According to the Brundtland Report, a sustainable approach should be resource efficient (“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”). How is this definition applied to architecture? And when did it occur? Strange as it may seem, the preoccupations for a sustainable environment did not appear in the past decades. It is as old as the building process itself: vernacular architecture can be interpreted as a process of building, taking into account the impact of the rules of nature on the environment; religious, monumental, civil or industrial architecture might have components that provide sustainability, if they meet some specific conditions. The paper aims to present some considerations of the architectural evolution of the concept of “sustainability”.
Thermal performance of hybrid vacuum glazing installed in the wood-aluminium frame
Authors: Chmúrny Ivan , Szabó Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The current development in building energy efficiency towards nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) represents a number of new challenges to design and construction. One of these major challenges is lowering the need for heating by means of highly insulated glazing units, unique glazing technologies, such as vacuum glazing (VG) or hybrid vacuum glazing (HVG). Hybrid vacuum glazing combines vacuum glazing with double glazing technology by adding one low-emissivity glass to the vacuum glazing using a thermally-improved spacer profile to eliminate the thermal bridge at the edge of the vacuum glazing. The gap between the vacuum glazing and the low-emission glass is filled with the inert gas Argon. The thermal performance of a hybrid vacuum glazing was tested using the guarded hot box method developed in accordance with the requirements of ISO 8990. Hybrid vacuum glazing has thermal transmittance about 0.43 W.m−-2.K−1.
A Study on the Public Service Areas in Ankara Gultepe Neighborhood
Authors: Koca Guler , Avcı Mine 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The industrialization in the 1950s has led to the rapid population increase in the Turkish cities. Unhealthy and illegal constructions have mushroomed to meet the growing demands of the population triggered by rapid urbanization, which has caused infrastructure problems, inadequacy of the spaces necessary for the development of the individual and society, and a decline in the quality of life. To eliminate such problems, urban transformation projects have been implemented in Turkey with the basic aim of creating an urban environment offering a healthy and high quality life for residents by reducing disaster risk in the cities. Public service areas are needed for the development of the individual and society in urban areas. There are legally-defined standards in Turkey for the adequate and accessible level in cities to serve as educational facilities, health facilities, religious facilities, cultural and sports facilities, green areas and play gardens. The first settlement in Gultepe Neighbourhood, located on Altındag Hill, started in the 1930s. Since it has a sloping land structure, the settlement is reserved as a green area in the urban plans. However, its close proximity to the Ulus trade center has caused low-income people from the rural areas to prefer this place for their unplanned and illegal settlement. The area, which had become a complete slum over time, was included in the urban transformation project that began in the 2000s. Through a survey, the people living in Ankara Gultepe Neighborhood where this urban transformation was in progress, were asked about the adequacy and accessibility of public service areas and the results were discussed.
Nanomodified Rapid Hardening Concretes
Authors: Sobczak-Piąstka Justyna , Marushchak Uliana , Mazurak Oksana , Mazurak Andriy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the priority areas of modern construction production is the introduction of high-performance high-speed concrete with improved technological and construction-technical properties for the design, erection and repair of engineering structures. Modern studies have made it possible to view concrete from the nanoscale point of view as a material characterized by a complex hetero-scale structure of hydrated cement phases and mineral additives. The properties of concrete are determined by the type, size and nature of the interaction of the components of each structural level, which creates the possibility of nanotechnological regulation of the processes of structure formation and control of operational characteristics. The main task of nanomodification is to provide managed structure with more nanoscale hydration products. Typical nanowires in Portland cement systems are micro- and nanosilica SiO2, nanoglosses, TiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaCO3, carbon nanomaterials (carbon nanotubes and nanofibers). The introduction of C-S-H nanoparticles is the most effective way of accelerating the hydration of cement compared to other nanowires, by ensuring the growth of hydration products without an energy barrier in the pore space between the cement grains. The presented studies are devoted to the study of the nanomodification efficiency of concrete with a complex additive containing a polycarboxylate superplasticizer and synthesized nanoscale C-S-H particles. Based on the analysis of the results of early and design strength of nanomodified concrete, it is established that it is characterized by rapid strength gain and high durability after 28 days. The construction and technical properties of nanomodified concretes were investigated after 1 and 28 days of curing.
The Renegotiation on PPP Contracts and Subsidy Efficiency
Authors: Zhu Wenwen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since 2014, PPP has been developing rapidly in China and widely used in infrastructure construction such as transport, energy, sewage. The characteristics of long time, large investment and high complexity of PPP projects lead to the high incidence of renegotiation. However, experience at home and abroad indicates that most renegotiations are caused by the speculation of firms, in order to obtain subsidies to avoid taking risks and thus bring social welfare losses. Therefore, how to set reasonable renegotiation subsidy to improve project efficiency is an urgent problem in practice. This paper examines the impact of renegotiation subsidies on moral hazard and project efficiency. The problem of moral hazard refers to the fact that firms choose to make low level of efforts in advance (before risks occur) aiming at private profits. The paper firstly analyzes the intrinsic influence mechanism of renegotiation subsidy on the efficiency of PPP project by building a game model based on the incomplete contract theory and game theory, and then discusses the key factors affecting project efficiency, and finally puts forward corresponding policy recommendations. The research results show that: Moral hazard makes risk events more likely to occur, but enterprises can avoid bearing all the losses with the support of renegotiation subsidies, thereby increasing the incidence of moral hazard. Therefore, over subsidy will reduce the ex-ante efficiency, even if the ex-post efficiency still can be achieved. Controlling the renegotiation subsidy to a certain extent can avoid the occurrence of moral hazard, and achieve ex-post efficacy and financial efficiency at the same time. Optimizing policy variables such as private profit B, opportunity cost of re-tendering τ and legitimate profit of firms R-I can lower the requirement of government’s negotiating power, making it easier to control the subsidy to the above scope. The research results can provide government with reference about renegotiation in decision making and provide theoretical support for the practice of PPP renegotiation.
The Use of Stainless Steel in Structures: Columns under Compression
Authors: Puklický Libor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The analysis of the limit states of load-bearing stainless steel structural members requires the inclusion of material non-linearity in the calculations of resistance and deformation. The analysis of slender columns under compression requires the inclusion of both material and geometric non-linearity, which increases demands on the numerical analysis and scientific computing. This paper focuses on some aspects of the numerical analysis of the compressive force of columns with initial imperfections, which may have a significant influence on the results of the analysis of the safety and usability of load-bearing structures with slender members. The increased accuracy of results of experimental research on the material characteristics of stainless steel is discussed in connection with the properties of carbon steel and the application of numerical analysis in stochastic computational models.
Developments in Technology-Based Courses Contents of Interior Architecture Departments in Turkey
Authors: Aykac Gokce Nur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The introduction of information technologies in space design disciplines begins with the use of the Computer Aided Design concept in those disciplines. Since the first example of CAD tool which was launched in 1963, the ability to design using computers has been a method adopted by architecture and space design disciplines and transferred to the educational context. There were changes and transformations in this method due to the needs created by the developing building technologies. The CAD technology, has been adopted to the space design education in order to support the courses. The CAD which was created for challenging the difficulties in the practicing area and speeding up the process, also takes place among the traditional methods of space design in the Interior Architecture discipline. The possibilities provided by those digitally created spatial mediums, have led to a rotational improvement in both education and practice. In addition, the reflections of technological developments in the social context in last decade on many areas of life have led to the necessity of reorganizing the educational contents. Academic studies conducted in recent years, are designed to include the last technological developments in today’s educational contents and to reflect students’ interests and commitment to these technologies in direct proportion. Bearing this in mind, the objective of this study is to read out the reflection of the developments mentioned above on the Interior Architecture discipline in Turkey by monitoring the developments in the context of the need of updating the educational contents. In order to meet the social developments and today’s skills, space design education must follow the technological context in parallel. Based on these considerations, the studies of Turkey which were examined in this research have been conducted before could be explained as inadequate. In this context, to examine the curriculum of the Interior Architecture departments of Turkey and to monitor the updates mentioned before constitute the main focus of the study. CAD-based courses in the curriculum of the Interior Architecture departments were determined and the contents were examined. These analyses were achieved in the context of the methods, techniques and tools used in the courses, and after, the situation of the information-based courses were determined. It was concluded that these courses were transformed in direct proportion in line with the increasing needs in the educational context with the developing technology and updates should continue in the context of meeting today’s skills.