bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SALAD‐BAAR: A numerical risk score for hospital admission or emergency department presentation in ambulatory patients with cardiovascular disease
Authors: Anyanwu Emeka C. , Chua Rhys F. M. , Besser Stephanie A. , Sun Deyu , Liao James K. , Tabit Corey E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile many interventions to reduce hospital admissions and emergency department (ED) visits for patients with cardiovascular disease have been developed, identifying ambulatory cardiac patients at high risk for admission can be challenging.HypothesisA computational model based on readily accessible clinical data can identify patients at risk for admission.MethodsElectronic health record (EHR) data from a tertiary referral center were used to generate decision tree and logistic regression models. International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes, labs, admissions, medications, vital signs, and socioenvironmental variables were used to model risk for ED presentation or hospital admission within 90 days following a cardiology clinic visit. Model training and testing were performed with a 70:30 data split. The final model was then prospectively validated.ResultsA total of 9326 patients and 46 465 clinic visits were analyzed. A decision tree model using 75 patient characteristics achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.75 and a logistic regression model achieved an AUC of 0.73. A simplified 9‐feature model based on logistic regression odds ratios achieved an AUC of 0.72. A further simplified numerical score assigning 1 or 2 points to each variable achieved an AUC of 0.66, specificity of 0.75, and sensitivity of 0.58. Prospectively, this final model maintained its predictive performance (AUC 0.63–0.60).ConclusionNine patient characteristics from routine EHR data can be used to inform a highly specific model for hospital admission or ED presentation in cardiac patients. This model can be simplified to a risk score that is easily calculated and retains predictive performance.
Coinage Metal N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Recent Synthetic Strategies and Medicinal Applications
Authors: Nayak Swarnagowri , Gaonkar Santosh L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNew weapons are constantly needed in the fight against cancer. The discovery of cisplatin as an anticancer drug prompted the search for new metal complexes. The successful history of cisplatin motivated chemists to develop a plethora of metal‐based molecules. Among them, metal‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have gained significant attention because of their suitable qualities for efficient drug design. The enhanced applications of coinage metal‐NHC complexes have encouraged a gradually increasing number of studies in the fields of medicinal chemistry that benefit from the fascinating chemical properties of these complexes. This review aims to present recent developments in synthetic strategies and medicinal applications of copper, silver and gold complexes supported by NHC ligands.
The tale of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for Leucine‐Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2)
Authors: Konstantinidou Markella , Oun Asmaa , Pathak Pragya , Zhang Bidong , Wang Zefeng , ter Brake Frans , Dolga Amalia M. , Kortholt Arjan , Dömling Alexander 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHere we present the rational design and synthetic methodologies towards proteolysis‐targeting chimeras (PROTACs) for the recently‐emerged target leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). Two highly potent, selective, brain‐penetrating kinase inhibitors were selected, and their structure was appropriately modified to assemble a cereblon‐targeting PROTAC. Biological data show strong kinase inhibition and the ability of the synthesized compounds to enter the cells. However, data regarding the degradation of the target protein are inconclusive. The reasons for the inefficient degradation of the target are further discussed.
Functional, molecular and morphological heterogeneity of superficial interneurons in the larval zebrafish tectum
Authors: Barker Alison J. , Helmbrecht Thomas O. , Grob Aurélien A. , Baier Herwig 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe superficial interneurons, SINs, of the zebrafish tectum, have been implicated in a range of visual functions, including size discrimination, directional selectivity, and looming‐evoked escape. This raises the question if SIN subpopulations, despite their morphological similarities and shared anatomical position in the retinotectal processing stream, carry out diverse, task‐specific functions in visual processing, or if they have simple tuning properties in common. Here we have further characterized the SINs through functional imaging, electrophysiological recordings, and neurotransmitter typing in two transgenic lines, the widely used Gal4s1156t and the recently reported LCRRH2‐RH2‐2:GFP. We found that about a third of the SINs strongly responded to changes in whole‐field light levels, with a strong preference for OFF over ON stimuli. Interestingly, individual SINs were selectively tuned to a diverse range of narrow luminance decrements. Overall responses to whole‐field luminance steps did not vary with the position of the SIN cell body along the depth of the tectal neuropil or with the orientation of its neurites. We ruled out the possibility that intrinsic photosensitivity of Gal4s1156t+ SINs contribute to the measured visual responses. We found that, while most SINs express GABAergic markers, a substantial minority express an excitatory neuronal marker, the vesicular glutamate transporter, expanding the possible roles of SIN function in the tectal circuitry. In conclusion, SINs represent a molecularly, morphologically, and functionally heterogeneous class of interneurons, with subpopulations that detect a range of specific visual features, to which we have now added narrow luminance decrements.
Ligand‐Protected Ultrasmall Pd Nanoclusters Supported on Metal Oxide Surfaces for CO Oxidation: Does the Ligand Activate or Passivate the Pd Nanocatalyst?
Authors: Farrag Mostafa , Das Mrinmoy K. , Moody Michael , Samy El‐Shall M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHerein, we report on the synthesis of ultrasmall Pd nanoclusters (∼2 nm) protected by L‐cysteine [HOCOCH(NH2)CH2SH] ligands (Pdn(L‐Cys)m) and supported on the surfaces of CeO2, TiO2, Fe3O4, and ZnO nanoparticles for CO catalytic oxidation. The Pdn(L‐Cys)m nanoclusters supported on the reducible metal oxides CeO2, TiO2 and Fe3O4 exhibit a remarkable catalytic activity towards CO oxidation, significantly higher than the reported Pd nanoparticle catalysts. The high catalytic activity of the ligand‐protected clusters Pdn(L‐Cys)m is observed on the three reducible oxides where 100 % CO conversion occurs at 93–110 °C. The high activity is attributed to the ligand‐protected Pd nanoclusters where the L‐cysteine ligands aid in achieving monodispersity of the Pd clusters by limiting the cluster size to the active sub‐2‐nm region and decreasing the tendency of the clusters for agglomeration. In the case of the ceria support, a complete removal of the L‐cysteine ligands results in connected agglomerated Pd clusters which are less reactive than the ligand‐protected clusters. However, for the TiO2 and Fe3O4 supports, complete removal of the ligands from the Pdn(L‐Cys)m clusters leads to a slight decrease in activity where the T100% CO conversion occurs at 99 °C and 107 °C, respectively. The high porosity of the TiO2 and Fe3O4 supports appears to aid in efficient encapsulation of the bare Pdn nanoclusters within the mesoporous pores of the support.
Long‐Chain Ionic Liquids Based on Monoquaternary DABCO Cations and TFSI Anions: Towards Stable Electrolytes for Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Turguła Anna , Graś Małgorzata , Gabryelczyk Agnieszka , Lota Grzegorz , Pernak Juliusz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe desirable properties of ionic liquids (ILs) enable their use in various branches of chemistry, through a wide range of applications, e. g. as organic electrolytes. In the present study, an efficient two‐step method was developed for the synthesis of long‐chain ionic liquids with alkyl derivatives of DABCO as cations and bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide as anions. ILs obtained with high yields (≥91 %) were solids with melting points that increased with the rise in the number of carbon atoms of the alkyl substituent in the bicyclic cation. The structure of the compounds was confirmed by spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. All compounds were soluble in the main solvents except water and hexane. The solubility in organic solvents such as acetonitrile allowed the use of synthesized ILs in electrochemical capacitors. Electrochemical tests revealed that the ILs enhanced the conductivity of organic electrolytes. This phenomenon improved the cyclability and reduced the internal resistance of the electrochemical capacitors.
Flow cytometry‐based analysis of tumor‐leukocyte ratios in peritoneal fluid from patients with advanced gastric cancer
Authors: Takahashi Kazuya , Kurashina Kentaro , Saito Shin , Kanamaru Rihito , Ohzawa Hideyuki , Yamaguchi Hironori , Miyato Hideyo , Hosoya Yoshinori , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Sata Naohiro , Kitayama Joji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe frequency of tumor cell dissemination in the peritoneal cavity is critically related to the progression of peritoneal metastases (PM). Recently, flow cytometry (FCM) has been successfully used to detect tumor cells in malignant effusions.MethodsA total of 143 single cell suspensions derived from ascites or peritoneal lavages from patients with advanced gastric cancer (GC) were stained with monoclonal antibodies to CD45 and to CD326 as well as 4,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) and FVS780. Using FCM, tumor‐leukocyte ratio (TLR) were calculated from CD45(−)CD326(+) tumor cell counts/ CD45(+)CD326(+) leukocyte counts in DAPI (+) FVS780(−) gated area. In 54 patients, the ratios of CD11b(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells in CD45(+) leukocytes were evaluated in parallel.ResultsTLR of 69 patients with PM were significantly higher than those of 74 without PM (p < .001) and log(TLR) showed strong correlation with peritoneal cancer index scores in 51 PM (+) patients (r = 0.439). TLR in PM (+) patients also correlated with the ratio of CD11b (+) myeloid cells (r = 0.547), and correlated inversely with those of CD4(+) (r = −0.490) and CD8(+) T cells (r = −0.648). In PM (−) patients who underwent gastrectomy, TLR never exceeded 0.1% in patients with primary GC without serosal involvement (<T4). However, TLR in patients with T4 GC were significantly higher (p < .05) and peritoneal recurrence occurred in 6/8 patients whose TLR exceeded 0.1%.ConclusionTLR in peritoneal fluid reflects tumor burden and the immune environment in peritoneal cavity. Multicolor FCM may provide additional information which can be used for the treatment of the patients with PM.
Morphological changes in the central sulcus of children with isolated growth hormone deficiency versus idiopathic short stature
Authors: Zhang Zhonghe , Wang Yu , Gao Yue , Li Zhuoran , Zhang Shuhan , Lin Xiangtao , Hou Zhongyu , Yu Qiaowen , Wang Ximing , Liu Shuwei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, the morphological changes in the central sulcus between children with isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) and those with idiopathic short stature (ISS) were analyzed. Thirty children with IGHD (peak growth hormone < 5 µg/L) and 30 children with ISS (peak growth hormone > 10.0 µg/L) were included. Morphological measurements of the central sulcus were obtained from T1‐weighted MRIs using BrainVISA, including the average sulcal width, maximum depth, average depth, top length, bottom length, and depth position‐based profiles (DPPs). The bilateral average width of the central sulci was significantly wider, while the left maximum depth and right average depth of the central sulcus were significantly smaller, in children with IGHD than in children with ISS. There were no significant differences in the right maximum depth, left average depth, or bilateral top length and bottom length of the central sulcus between groups. The DPPs of the middle part of both central sulci (corresponding to the hand motor activation area) and the inferior part of the right central sulcus (corresponding to the oral movement area) near the Sylvian fissure were significantly smaller in children with IGHD than in controls before false discovery rate (FDR) correction. However, all the above significant DPP sites disappeared after FDR correction. There were significant morphological changes in the three‐dimensional structure of the central sulcus in children with IGHD, which were the outcome of other more essential cortical or subcortical changes, resulting in their relatively slower development in motor, cognitive, and linguistic functional performance.
Risk factors for Graves' Orbitopathy in surgical patients—Results of a 10‐year retrospective study with review of the literature
Authors: Tabriz Navid , Gruben Arved , Uslar Verena , Weyhe Dirk 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe investigated known (eg age, smoking, thyrotropin receptor autoantibody (TRAb)) and new risk factors (eg thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPO‐Ab), thyroid size, or BMI) for Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' orbitopathy (GO), especially in combination with each other, to determine which factors play the most important role in the development of GO.MethodsFrom 2008 to 2018,n = 500 patients with GD were included in this retrospective single‐centre case‐control study.N = 231 (46%) had a GO andn = 269 (54%) showed no GO. Differences in risk factors were determined by Mann‐Whitney U and chi‐square test. Combined influences of factors were examined by multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAge at first diagnosis of GD (OR = 1.043,p < .006), smoking status (OR = 2.64,p < .026) and TRAb (OR = 1.046,p < .01) had a significant impact on GO. The factors gender, TPO‐Ab titre, BMI, TSH titre, T3 and T4 were not significant.ConclusionAs it has been shown in univariate analyses, smoking, age and TRAb levels have a negative impact on the onset and course of GD and GO. Via multivariable regression, we could additionally show that smoking is the most important factor out of those analysed. TRAb might be a helpful surrogate parameter in the assessment of the progress of GO and therefore might be one factor in the decision‐making process for potential early operative surgery. With regard to the hitherto unclear role of BMI, thyroid size and TPO‐Ab in the course of GO, this study could not find any clinically relevant influence.
Heart failure in the last year: progress and perspective
Authors: Tomasoni Daniela , Adamo Marianna , Anker Markus S. , von Haehling Stephan , Coats Andrew J. S. , Metra Marco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch about heart failure (HF) has made major progress in the last years. We give here an update on the most recent findings. Landmark trials have established new treatments for HF with reduced ejection fraction. Sacubitril/valsartan was superior to enalapril in PARADIGM‐HF trial, and its initiation during hospitalization for acute HF or early after discharge can now be considered. More recently, new therapeutic pathways have been developed. In the DAPA‐HF and EMPEROR‐Reduced trials, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite endpoint, compared with placebo [hazard ratio (HR) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65–0.85; P < 0.001 and HR 0.75; 95% CI 0.65–0.86; P < 0.001, respectively]. Second, vericiguat, an oral soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, reduced the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization vs. placebo (HR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82–0.98; P = 0.02). On the other hand, both the diagnosis and treatment of HF with preserved ejection fraction, as well as management of advanced HF and acute HF, remain challenging. A better phenotyping of patients with HF would be helpful for prognostic stratification and treatment selection. Further aspects, such as the use of devices, treatment of arrhythmias, and percutaneous treatment of valvular heart disease in patients with HF, are also discussed and reviewed in this article.
Evidence for long memory in focal seizure duration
Authors: Fan Joline M. , Chiang Sharon , Rao Vikram R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveA major source of disability for people with epilepsy involves uncertainty surrounding seizure timing and severity. Although patients often report that long seizure‐free intervals are followed by more severe seizures, there is little experimental evidence supporting this observation. Optimal characterization of seizure severity is debated; however, seizure duration is associated with seizure type and can be quantified in electrographic recordings as a limited proxy of clinical seizure severity. Here, using chronic intracranial electroencephalography (cEEG), we investigate the relationship between interseizure interval (ISI) and duration of the subsequent seizure.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 14 subjects implanted with a responsive neurostimulation device (RNS System) that provides cEEG, including timestamps of electrographic seizures. We determined seizure durations for isolated seizures and for representative seizures from clusters determined through unsupervised methods. For each subject, the median ISI preceding long‐duration seizures, defined as the top quintile of seizure durations, was compared with the median ISI preceding seizures with durations in the residual quintiles. In a group analysis, the mean seizure duration and the proportion of long‐duration seizures were compared across ISI categories representing different lengths.ResultsFor 5 out of 14 subjects (36%), the median ISI preceding long‐duration seizures was significantly greater than the median ISI preceding shorter‐duration seizures. In the group analysis, when ISI was categorized by length, the proportion of long‐duration seizures within the high ISI category was significantly higher than that of the low ISI category (P < 0.001).SignificanceBy leveraging cEEG and accounting for seizure clusters, we found that the likelihood of long‐duration seizures positively correlates with ISI length, in a subset of individuals. These findings corroborate anecdotal clinical observations and support the existence of capacitor‐like long memory processes governing the dynamics of focal seizures.
Seismic fragility assessment of masonry building aggregates: A case study in the old city Centre of Seixal, Portugal
Authors: Battaglia Lidia , Ferreira Tiago Miguel , Lourenço Paulo B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAggregates made of old masonry structures represent a very common structural typology in many cities of the world. The structural units along the aggregates are characterized frequently by structural and geometrical heterogeneities. But urban growth led to the formation of many historic centres with similar structural typologies. The present study aims to assess the seismic fragility of masonry building aggregates using the old city centre of Seixal as a case study. The analysis involved the assessment of the most prevalent structural typology in the study area, considering the variability of a set of structural and geometrical parameters. The variation of such parameters has allowed the definition of 36 different structural configurations, whose seismic performance behaviours were studied employing non‐linear static analyses. Based on the analyses, the peak ground accelerations (PGAC) corresponding to the attainment of the life safety limit state were obtained and the fragility curves were plotted. Furthermore, the behaviour of the structural configurations, analysed as isolated structural units, is also compared with their aggregate structural performance. Significant differences in the vulnerability of the buildings when isolated or in the aggregate are obtained, demonstrating that the seismic interactions between adjacent buildings should not be neglected. It was further possible to observe that the variation of the considered parameters significantly affects the seismic response of the building, particularly when the characteristics of the internal slabs are changed.
Mathematical modeling of weight loss and crust temperature of toast bread containing guar gum during baking process
Authors: Mohammadi Golchin Farnaz , Movahhed Sara , Eshaghi Mohammadreza , Ahmadi Chenarbon Hossein 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBaking is a combined process in which several interconnected chemical, biochemical, and physical phenomena such as starch gelatinization and formation of porous structures occur. These changes affect the ultimate quality of the product such as taste. In this study, effects of guar gum (at 1% level) and baking temperature (at 190, 200, 210, 220, and 230°C) on crust temperature and weight loss of toast bread samples during 40 min exposure were investigated. According to the results, raising the oven's temperature from 190°C to 230°C will rise the crust's temperature of toast bread samples both in the control group (from 128.5°C to 190.2°C) and test group (from 120.18°C to 164.8°C), as well as the percentage of weight loss in toast bread samples both in the control group (from 35.11% to 47.23%) and test group (from 20.37% to 29.57%). We also worked with polynomial functions, exponential functions, fractional functions, Gaussian functions, and MATLAB to model the percentage of weight loss and an increase in the crust temperature of toast bread samples during the baking process. And ultimately, the correlation coefficients of the models were calculated and compared to analyze the results of predictor functions.
Bidirectional astrocytic GLUT1 activation by elevated extracellular K+
Authors: Fernández‐Moncada Ignacio , Robles‐Maldonado Daniel , Castro Pablo , Alegría Karin , Epp Robert , Ruminot Iván , Barros Luis Felipe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe acute rise in interstitial K+ that accompanies neural activity couples the energy demand of neurons to the metabolism of astrocytes. The effects of elevated K+ on astrocytes include activation of aerobic glycolysis, inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and the release of lactate. Using a genetically encoded FRET glucose sensor and a novel protocol based on 3‐O‐methylglucose trans‐acceleration and numerical simulation of glucose dynamics, we report that extracellular K+ is also a potent and reversible modulator of the astrocytic glucose transporter GLUT1. In cultured mouse astrocytes, the stimulatory effect developed within seconds, engaged both the influx and efflux modes of the transporter, and was detected even at 1 mM incremental K+. The modulation of GLUT1 explains how astrocytes are able to maintain their glucose pool in the face of strong glycolysis stimulation. We propose that the stimulation of GLUT1 by K+ supports the production of lactate by astrocytes and the timely delivery of glucose to active neurons.
Climate change and other trends in streamflow observations in Australian forested catchments since 1970
Authors: Vervoort R. Willem , Dolk Michaela M. , van Ogtrop Floris F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe effect of climate change on water resources has been an area of continued research, especially in Australia. Previous studies have suggested significant trends in rainfall, and these are amplified causing larger changes in streamflow. However, most of the previous analysis was based on annual time scales or modelled data and did not account for changes in land cover, which could interact with changes in climate. Climate data and streamflow data between 1970 and 2010 from 13 mostly forested small catchments (<250 km2) in Australia were analysed for trends. Non‐parametric Mann‐Kendall trend analysis, generalized additive mixed modelling and rainfall‐runoff modelling were combined for the analysis. This indicates consistent increases in maximum temperature and varied decreases in rainfall. The streamflow in the studied catchments indicated small decreases in streamflow, which amplified observed trends in the rainfall. In general, overall decreases are much smaller than suggested in earlier research.