bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of the Service Trip Audit Tool to assess the quality of short-term medical missions
Authors: Dainton Christopher , Gorman Christina , Cherniak William , Lopez Lorena , Chu Charlene H 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to assess the adherence of short-term medical missions (STMMs) operating in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) to key best practices using the Service Trip Audit Tool (STAT) and to calculate the inter-rater reliability of the data points. This tool was based on a previously published inventory of 18 STMM best practices.MethodsProgramme administrators and recent volunteers from 335 North American organizations offering STMMs in LAC were invited to complete the STAT anonymously online. Adherence to each of 18 best practices was reported as either ‘yes’, ‘no’ or ‘not sure’. Fleiss’ κ was used to assess inter-rater agreement of the responses.ResultsA total of 194 individuals from 102 organizations completed the STAT (response rate 30.4%; 102/335 organizations) between 12 July and 7 August 2017. Reported adherence was &gt;80% for 9 of 18 best practices. For 37 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) with multiple raters, inter-rater agreement was moderate to substantial (κ&gt;0.4) for 12 of 18 best practices.ConclusionsThis is the first study to evaluate adherence to STMM best practices. Such an objective evaluation will be valuable to governments, volunteers and NGO donors who have an interest in identifying high-quality partners. Assessment and monitoring of STMMs through self-audit may be foundational steps towards quality improvement.
Toxicological and Demographic Profiles of Phencyclidine-Impaired Driving Cases in Houston
Authors: Lee Dayong , Stout Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) was first synthesized in 1926 and originally developed in 1950s as a general anesthetic agent. Abuse of PCP declined at the national level since its first illicit use in 1960s, but it continues in certain areas including Houston. This research evaluates PCP-positive cases of driving while intoxicated (DWI) in 2013–2018. The blood samples were collected from drivers, submitted by the Houston Police Department and analyzed for alcohol and drugs. Toxicological findings and demographic information were evaluated for the impaired driving cases tested positive for PCP in blood. Additionally, the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) findings were examined for 12 cases in 2018. A total of 615 DWI cases positive for PCP in blood were identified in which the traffic offense occurred between August 2013 and December 2018. The mean (median, range) PCP concentration was 47 (43, 7–180) ng/mL. A total of 23% of those cases were females, and 77% were males; 85% were blacks, 10% were whites and 5% were other races/ethnicities as identified by the arresting officer. The mean age was 37 years. No significant differences in median and distribution of PCP concentrations (P’s &gt; 0.05) were observed across the offense years and among demographic cohorts. A total of 43% of the cases were positive for PCP only. Among the remaining 57%, cannabinoids are the most common concurrently detected analytes (35%), followed by cocaine/metabolite (14%) and ethanol (13%). The proportion of black male PCP-positive drivers decreased in younger age groups. Common indications observed by DRE officers included slurred speech, chemical breath odor, watery and/or bloodshot eyes, vertical/horizontal gaze nystagmus and impaired coordination/balance. This study provides valuable regional information to better understand the demographic patterns of PCP-impaired drivers in Houston, TX over 6 years. The findings may aid in designing and implementing regulations and prevention programs to reduce PCP-impaired driving.
Law’s boundaries: Connections in contemporary legal professionalism
Authors: Francis Andrew 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLegal service markets and their professions are transforming through market liberalization, regulatory disruption, and a broader set of societal shifts. This article argues that the nature and scale of these changes require a re-evaluation of the role that rigid jurisdictional boundaries play within the system of the legal professions. Legal Professionalism developed on the basis of strong control over its professional boundaries. Recent discussion of the contemporary legal services market has focused on the competitive threat that new entrants bring to these established boundaries. This article argues that such a focus underplays the nature of the disruption across boundaries of expert knowledge. It focuses on legal services as an exemplar site of regulatory disruption to professional boundaries and draws on the analysis of two key sites (Alternative Business Structures and Wealth Management) to ask what is the nature of connected claims of expertise and what drivers for connectivity do they indicate? Through this analysis of connected professional claims within legal services, this article focuses attention on a new approach to professional work that is becoming more important. In doing so, it advances the research agenda on professions and organizations, not just within legal services in England and Wales, but for other professional sectors and other jurisdictions.
Asymptomatic cecal perforation and ileocecal fistula after intrauterine device migration: a case report
Authors: Almarhabi Yahya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractImplantation of an intrauterine device (IUD) is a common method for long-term contraception. However, IUDs can cause colon perforation and fistula formation. We report a case of cecal perforation and ileocecal fistula secondary to IUD migration. The present study investigated incidental identification of a missing IUD after 9 years of deployment in a 35-year-old female with a three-year history of infertility. Abdominal imaging revealed a missing IUD. Intracecal perforation and ileocecal fistula consequent of IUD migration were identified during surgical exploration. Limited ileocecal resection was performed as an appropriate and safe surgical option. IUD migration can present with serious complications. Patients considering IUDs should be educated about the importance of regular check-ups to monitor the position of the IUD. Thorough examination should be carried out if a missing IUD string is reported.
French Slave Trade on Madagascar: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Thiébaut Rafaël 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article provides a better understanding of the volume of the French slave trade on Madagascar. Indeed, while research on the European slave trade in the Atlantic has benefitted much from statistical data, the slave trade in the Indian Ocean still lags behind, despite new scholarship. Based on detailed archival research, this article systematically analyzes different aspects of this commerce, including the organization of the trade, the age-sex ratio of the enslaved, and their mortality during the middle passage. Taking the number of French expeditions as a basis, we are able to determine the number of slaves traded with greater accuracy than was previously possible. Through this calculation, this article will shed new light on the patterns of slave trade in the Indian Ocean.
Retos en construcción de traductores automáticos para lenguas indígenas de México
Authors: Mager Manuel , Meza Ivan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
La traducción automática es una herramienta que aún con sus limitaciones permite el acceso a ideas e información entre lenguas. Su adopción para las lenguas indígenas de México podría revalorizarlas ante los hablantes que se enfrentan a la situación de qué sistemas digitales no las usan en sus interfaces. En este trabajo presentamos resultados de los primeros traductores de cinco lenguas indígenas: mexicanero, náhuatl, purépecha, wixarika y yorem nokki, con el español; pero más importante presentamos una reflexión sobre las lecciones aprendidas durante este esfuerzos y los retos para poder hacer sistemas de traducción automática funcionales para las lenguas indígenas de México.
Collisional formation of massive exomoons of superterrestrial exoplanets
Authors: Malamud Uri , Perets Hagai B , Schäfer Christoph , Burger Christoph 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Exomoons orbiting terrestrial or superterrestrial exoplanets have not yet been discovered; their possible existence and properties are therefore still an unresolved question. Here, we explore the collisional formation of exomoons through giant planetary impacts. We make use of smooth particle hydrodynamical collision simulations and survey a large phase space of terrestrial/superterrestrial planetary collisions. We characterize the properties of such collisions, finding one rare case in which an exomoon forms through a graze and capture scenario, in addition to a few graze and merge or hit and run scenarios. Typically however, our collisions form massive circumplanetary discs, for which we use follow-up N-body simulations in order to derive lower limit mass estimates for the ensuing exomoons. We investigate the mass, long-term tidal-stability, composition and origin of material in both the discs and the exomoons. Our giant impact models often generate relatively iron-rich moons that form beyond the synchronous radius of the planet, and would thus tidally evolve outward with stable orbits, rather than be destroyed. Our results suggest that it is extremely difficult to collisionally form currently-detectable exomoons orbiting superterrestrial planets, through single giant impacts. It might be possible to form massive, detectable exomoons through several mergers of smaller exomoons, formed by multiple impacts, however more studies are required in order to reach a conclusion. Given the current observational initiatives, the search should focus primarily on more massive planet categories. However, about a quarter of the exomoons predicted by our models are approximately Mercury-mass or more, and are much more likely to be detectable given a factor 2 improvement in the detection capability of future instruments, providing further motivation for their development.
XMP gas-rich dwarfs in nearby voids: results of SALT spectroscopy
Authors: Pustilnik S A , Kniazev A Y , Perepelitsyna Y A , Egorova E S 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
In the framework of an ongoing project aimed at searching for and studying eXtremely Metal-Poor (XMP) very gas-rich blue dwarfs in nearby voids, we conducted spectroscopy with the 11-m Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) of 26 candidates, preselected in the first paper of this series (PEPK19). For 23 of them, we detected oxygen lines, allowing us to estimate the gas O/H ratio. For 10 of them, the oxygen abundance is found to be very low, in the range of 12 + log (O/H) = 6.95–7.30 dex. Of those, four void dwarfs have 12 + log (O/H) &lt; 7.19, or Z &lt; Z⊙/30. For the majority of observed galaxies, the faint line [O iii] λ4363 Å used to estimate O/H with the direct Te method appeared either too noisy or was not detected. We therefore use the semi-empirical method of Izotov & Thuan for these spectra, or, when applicable, the new ‘Strong line’ method of Izotov et al. We present and discuss the results for all void dwarfs observed in this work. We also compare their O/H values with O/H values of ∼140 void galaxies available from our recent papers. We address the properties of the newly found unusual void XMP dwarfs and compare them with those for 10 known prototype void XMP objects. The latter small group is outstanding based on their very small mass fraction of stars (only 0.01–0.02 of the baryonic mass), the blue colours of stars in the outer body indicating a non-cosmological age for the main star-forming episode), and the low gas metallicity (several times lower than expected for their luminosity).
Elucidation of leak-resistance DNA hybridization chain reaction with universality and extensibility
Authors: Li Shaofei , Li Pan , Ge Meihong , Wang Hongzhi , Cheng Yizhuang , Li Gan , Huang Qiang , He Huan , Cao Chentai , Lin Dongyue , Yang Liangbao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHybridization chain reaction (HCR) was a significant discovery for the development of nanoscale materials and devices. One key challenge for HCR is the vulnerability to background leakage in the absence of the initiator. Here, we systematically analyze the sources of leakage and refine leak-resistant rule by using molecular thermodynamics and dynamics, biochemical and biophysical methods. Transient melting of DNA hairpin is revealed to be the underlying cause of leakage and that this can be mitigated through careful consideration of the sequence thermodynamics. The transition threshold of the energy barrier is proposed as a testing benchmark of leak-resistance DNA hairpins. The universal design of DNA hairpins is illustrated by the analysis of hsa-miR-21-5p as biomarker when used in conjunction with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We further extend the strategy for specific signal amplification of miRNA homologs. Significantly, it possibly provides a practical route to improve the accuracy of DNA self-assembly for signal amplification, and that could facilitate the development of sensors for the sensitive detection of interest molecules in biotechnology and clinical medicine.
What Went Wrong with the American Dream?
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers a number of indicators relating to the well-being of American children and adults in order to examine the extent to which the American Dream is fulfilling its promise. For children, it considers levels of happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. For adults, it considers happiness, mental health, and life expectancy (including the rise of “deaths of despair”). All these indicators show that the United States is failing radically with respect to both children’s and adults’ well-being. These results are not surprising, the last section of the chapter shows, when we take into account the health of the nation’s families. Neither adults nor children can thrive without sound family ties. Yet indicators show that American families are in bad shape, and in considerably worse shape than families in other countries.
The First Four Elections
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By the time the Jeffersonians redesigned the Electoral College in 1803, they had the experience of four elections, the equivalent of experiencing the elections of 2004 through 2016. During these four elections, the states experimented with different methods for appointing electors. Most common was direct legislative appointment of electors. Some states used district-based systems in which the voters in a district chose an elector. Only a few states held statewide elections to choose all of a state’s electors. By 1796 two-party competition had developed between Federalists and Jeffersonians, and states used methods of appointing electors that would favor the majority party in each state. Massachusetts and New Hampshire explicitly required that an elector receive a majority of votes to be appointed; otherwise, a runoff was necessary for appointment. New Hampshire experimented with both popular and legislative runoffs, while Massachusetts only used legislative runoffs.
The Electoral College of 1803
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The congressional debates in 1803 that led to the adoption of the redesigned Electoral College in the Twelfth Amendment were far more extensive than the debates on the Electoral College in the Constitutional Convention of 1787. The 1803 debates were also deeply philosophical, rethinking the appropriate nature of republicanism and federalism in America after a dozen years of experience, including the development of intense two-party electoral competition. The debates unambiguously show that the Jeffersonians, who controlled both chambers of Congress with over two-thirds supermajorities, wanted the redesigned Electoral College to be premised on majority rule. The version of majority rule reflected in the redesigned Electoral College is a compound majority-of-majorities, the idea being that presidents would win a majority of Electoral College votes based on support from majorities within the states providing those electoral votes. Leading Jeffersonians participating in these debates included Senator John Taylor of Virginia.
The Jeffersonian Electoral College in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For most of the twentieth century, including the 80-year period between 1912 and 1992, the existence of third-party or independent candidates did not prevent the Electoral College from producing majoritarian results consistent with the expectations of its Jeffersonian architects for how two-party competition was supposed to work. 1912 was anomalous for its three-way split among two Republican presidents, one incumbent and one former, running against the Democratic nominee; but its outcome was not clearly different from what the Jeffersonian system, operating properly, would have produced. 1992 involved another three-way split—among Bush, Clinton, and Perot—with a result that is uncertain from a Jeffersonian perspective, since it is debatable what the outcome would have been if there had been runoffs in the states to see which candidate was preferred by a majority. The century ended with an election, 2000, in which the system clearly malfunctioned; Nader’s presence masked Gore’s majority.
A Recommitment to Majority Rule
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
States should adopt a majority-rule requirement for participating in the Electoral College, meaning specifically that no state should award all its Electoral College votes to any candidate who fails to receive a majority of the state’s popular vote. There are a variety of ways that states can satisfy this majority-rule requirement. One option is to hold a runoff after the November election if no candidate receives a majority of the popular vote. Another option is to hold a preliminary vote in advance of the November election, perhaps on or around Labor Day, so that only two candidates appear on the November ballot. A third option would be to adopt instant runoff voting, which is a species of ranked-choice balloting that permits a runoff to be conducted simultaneously with the initial vote. A proportional system, which divided a state’s electoral votes among candidates, would also comply with the majority-rule requirement.
A Feasible Reform
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Each state already has the constitutional power to require that candidates win a majority of the popular vote to receive all of the state’s electoral votes. Each state could adopt the kind of runoff that New Hampshire used in the past, or instant runoff voting. There is no need for a multistate compact. If only two or three states had used runoffs, or instant runoff voting, in 2016—for example, Florida and Michigan, or the three Rust Belt states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania—and if Clinton had won those runoffs, then she would have been president. In the future, it might be a Republican candidate who prevails in runoffs in pivotal states but would lose using plurality winner-take-all. States with ballot initiatives can use them to require majority rule for appointing electors as long as they leave the specific details to legislation.
Hume's Epistemological Evolution
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Here is a central issue in Hume scholarship: What is the relationship between Hume’s early Treatise of Human Nature and his later Enquiry concerning Human Understanding? Is the Enquiry a mere simplified restatement of the contents of the Treatise, or do the two substantially differ? Here is another critical issue in Hume scholarship: What is the relationship between Hume’s scepticism and his naturalism? How can we reconcile Hume’s extreme brand of scepticism with his positive ambitions of providing an account of human nature? Hume’s Epistemological Evolution argues that these two issues are intimately related. In particular, this book argues that Hume’s Enquiry indeed differs from the Treatise, precisely because he changes his response to scepticism between the two works. Because the Treatise has as its primary focus the psychological naturalistic project, its treatment of epistemological issues arises unsystematically from the psychological investigation. Consequently, Hume finds himself forced into an unsatisfactory response to scepticism founded on the Title Principle . This response is, however, deeply problematic, as Hume himself seems to recognise. In contrast to the Treatise, the Enquiry emphasises the epistemological aspects of Hume’s project, and offers a radically different and more sophisticated epistemology. This framework addresses the weaknesses of the earlier one, and also constitutes a ‘compleat answer’ to two of his most prominent critics, Thomas Reid and James Beattie. Hume’s epistemology thus undergoes an evolution between these two works.
The Title Principle and THN 1.4.7
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Hume’s considered treatment of scepticism in the Treatise of Human Nature in THN1.4.7. It finds the Title Principle (THN 1.4.7.11) to be pivotal in resolving the dangerous dilemma (THN 1.4.7.6). In response to the question of when ought we to assent to reason, Hume’s answer is that we should do so when it is lively and mixes with some propensity. The chapter explores a number of interpretive alternatives and offers some preliminary reasons for resisting them. It ends by addressing a few objections to interpretations that are founded on the Title Principle, arguing that we have dialectical reason to read the Title Principle as crucial to Hume’s resolution to scepticism in THN 1.4.7, despite the position being philosophically problematic.
A Flawed Framework
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Title Principle (THN 1.4.7.11) that is pivotal to Hume’s response to scepticism in the Treatise of Human Nature is deeply flawed in a number of respects. First, Hume lacks any grounds for endorsing it; second, it is unable to dismiss superstition, forcing Hume to appeal to unsatisfactory grounds of dangerousness in order to reject such religious enquiries; finally, in founding epistemic justification on the passions, which are not sensitive to truth, Hume’s resulting epistemology seems somewhat divorced from truth. Thus, it is little surprise that Hume would have looked to offer a new epistemological framework in the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding that could rectify these problems.
Critical Self-Reflection
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding expresses Hume’s own dissatisfaction with the treatment of scepticism found in the Treatise of Human Nature. EHU 1.12 argues that curiosity, so crucial in THN 1.4.7, can in fact lead one to false metaphysics. EHU 5.1 is striking insofar as it states that Hume’s preferred Academical philosophy does not mingle with the passions. This is antithetical to the Title Principle (THN 1.4.7.11), which recommends assenting to reason when it mixes with the passions. Thus, the Enquiry seems to distinctly reject the anti-sceptical framework of the Treatise, paving the way for a new epistemology in the later work.