bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection Capability of Flux Ropes during the Solar Orbiter Mission
Authors: Telloni Daniele , D’Amicis Raffaella , Bruno Roberto , Carbone Francesco , Perrone Denise , Zank Gary P. , Zhao Lingling , Nakanotani Masaru , Adhikari Laxman 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Flux ropes are interplanetary magnetic helical structures that are receiving increasing attention because of their likely role in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) processes as well as their impact on space weather science. A very promising and powerful approach to address their investigation and characterization is based on wavelet spectrograms of the invariants of the ideal MHD equations. The accuracy of this method to infer flux rope properties depends on the proper evaluation of the direction of propagation of the flux rope itself, which is often difficult to assess. We present a numerical test of the reliability of this diagnostic technique, by simulating a synthetic flux rope of fixed size and propagation direction along the Solar Orbiter orbit, that is very elongated and inclined with respect to the orbital plane. We find that when the flux rope is crossed for less than 50% of its width, the procedure becomes unreliable. Quantitative information on how to properly recover the flux-rope intrinsic properties is provided.
Lire les mots de Pierre Laborie… « parce qu’ils étaient eux-mêmes une histoire »
Authors: Loubes Olivier 
Published: August 2020

Cet article donne à lire les mots de Pierre Laborie de deux façons. D’abord en analysant leurs fonctions essentielles dans l’écriture de l’histoire propre à Laborie. Puis en proposant une sélection de définitions de mots puisée aux textes mêmes de Pierre Laborie. Pour l’historien de l’imaginaire social, les mots sont cruciaux car son objet – les phénomènes d’opinion – est résistant aux lectures simples. Plus que d’autres, il nécessite « moins de parler des mots que de les faire parler ». Si on ajoute, au regard de son histoire personnelle, qu’ils aident à « faire reculer les ensevelissements de la mort », on comprend qu’ils jouent dans son œuvre un rôle crucial d’intercesseurs d’étrangeté (Carlo Ginzburg). C’est que, pour Pierre Laborie, les mots fonctionnent comme des écrans de temporalités, c’est-à-dire qu’ils nous permettent de restituer la concordance des temps de ce qui s’est passé dans les sociétés étudiées, futurs compris. En ce sens, ils sont « eux-mêmes une histoire ».
Ahil po smrti
Authors: Ritsos Janis , Isak Kres Jelena 
Published: August 2020

Zelo je utrujen – kaj naj zdaj počne s slavo? – dovolj je bilo.
Dobro je spoznal sovražnike in prijatelje – domnevne prijatelje,
kajti za občudovanjem in ljubeznijo so se skrivale njihove lastne koristi,
njihove lastne sumljive sanje, pretkane in hkrati nedolžne.
Blues z rimskega zidu
Authors: Auden WH , Grošelj Nada 
Published: August 2020

Nad barjem je veter in moker je zrak,
uši imam v tuniki, v nosu prehlad.

Z neba štropotajo nalivi dežja,
vojak sem na zidu, ne vem sploh, zakaj.

Po sivem kaménju se plazi megla,
dekle imam v Tungriji, jaz pa spim sam.
Variations in Ncn and Nccn over marginal seas in China related to marine traffic emissions, new particle formation and aerosol aging
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhang Deqiang , Wang Juntao , Gao Huiwang , Yao Xiaohong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. In this study, a cruise campaign was conducted over marginal seas in China
to measure the concentrations of condensation nuclei (Ncn), cloud
condensation nuclei (Nccn) and other pollutants from day of year (DOY)
110 to DOY 135 of 2018. The ship self-emission signals were exhaustively
excluded, and the mean values of Nccn during the cruise campaign were
found to slightly increase from 3.2±1.1×103 cm−3
(mean ± standard deviation) at supersaturation (SS) of 0.2 % to 3.9±1.4×103 cm−3 at SS of 1.0 %, and the mean value for
Ncn was 8.1±4.4×103 cm−3. Data analysis
showed that marine traffic emissions apparently largely contributed to the
increase in Ncn in the daytime, especially in the marine atmospheres
over heavily traveled sea zones; however, the fresh sources made no clear
contribution to the increase in Nccn. This finding was supported by the
quantitative relations between Ncn and Nccn at SS = 0.2 %–1.0 %
against the mixing ratios of SO2 in the ship self-emission plumes –
i.e., a 1 ppb increase in SO2 corresponded to a 1.4×104 cm−3 increase in Ncn but only a 30–170 cm−3 increase in
Nccn, possibly because of abundant organics in the aerosols. Smooth
growth can be observed in the marine-traffic-derived particles, reflecting
aerosol aging. The estimated hygroscopicity parameter (κ) values
were generally as high as 0.46–0.55 under the dominant onshore winds,
suggesting that inorganic ammonium aerosols likely acted as the major
contributor to Nccn largely through aerosol aging processes of
decomposing organics. Moreover, the influences of the new transported
particles from the continent on the Ncn and Nccn in the marine
atmosphere were investigated.
Quantifying the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties to the parameterizations of physico-chemical processes during the 2010 Russian wildfires and heatwave
Authors: Palacios-Peña Laura , Stier Philip , Lorente-Plazas Raquel , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The impact of aerosol–radiation and aerosol–cloud interactions on the radiative forcing is subject to large uncertainties. This is caused by the limited understanding of aerosol optical properties and the role of aerosols as cloud condensation/ice nuclei (CCN/IN). On the other hand, aerosol optical properties and vertical distribution are highly related, and their uncertainties come from different processes. This work attempts to quantify the sensitivity of aerosol optical properties (i.e. aerosol optical depth; AOD) and their vertical distribution (using the extinction coefficient, backscatter coefficient, and concentrations' species profiles) to key processes. In order to achieve this objective, sensitivity tests have been carried out, using the WRF-Chem regional fully coupled model by modifying the dry deposition, sub-grid convective transport, relative humidity, and wet scavenging. The 2010 Russian heatwave–wildfires episode has been selected as case study. Results indicate that AOD is sensitive to these key processes in the following order of importance: (1) modification of relative humidity, causing AOD differences of up to 0.6; (2) modification of vertical convection transport with AOD differences around −0.4; and (3) the dry deposition with AOD absolute differences of up to −0.35 and 0.3. Moreover, these AOD changes exhibit a nonlinear response. Both an increase and a decrease in the RH result in higher AOD values. On the other hand, both the increase and offset of the sub-grid convective transport lead to a reduction in the AOD over the fire area. In addition, a similar nonlinear response is found when reducing the dry deposition velocity; in particular, for the accumulation mode where the concentration of several species increases (while a decrease might be expected). These nonlinear responses are highly dependent on the equilibrium of the thermodynamics system sulfate–nitrate–SOA (secondary organic aerosol). In this sense, small changes in the concentration of one species can strongly affect others, finally affecting aerosol optical properties. Changes in this equilibrium could come from modifications in relative humidity, dry deposition, or vertical convective transport. By itself, dry deposition also presents a high uncertainty influencing the AOD representation.
In-orbit Earth reflectance validation of TROPOMI on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite
Authors: Tilstra Lieuwe G. , de Graaf Martin , Wang Ping , Stammes Piet 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The goal of the study described in this paper is to determine the
accuracy of the radiometric calibration of the TROPOMI instrument
in flight, using its Earth radiance and solar irradiance measurements,
from which the Earth reflectance is determined. The Earth reflectances
are compared to radiative transfer calculations. We restrict ourselves
to clear-sky observations as these are less difficult to model than
observations containing clouds and/or aerosols. The limiting factor in
the radiative transfer calculations is then the knowledge of the surface
reflectance. We use OMI and SCIAMACHY surface Lambertian-equivalent
reflectivity (LER) information to model the reflectivity of the Earth's
surface. This Lambertian, nondirectional description of the surface
reflection contribution results in a relatively large source of
uncertainty in the calculations. These errors can be reduced
significantly by filtering out geometries for which we know that surface
LER is a poor approximation of the real surface reflectivity. This
filtering is done by comparing the OMI/SCIAMACHY surface LER information
to MODIS surface BRDF information. We report calibration accuracies and errors for 21 selected wavelength
bands between 328 and 2314 nm, located in TROPOMI spectral bands
3–7. All wavelength bands show good linear response to the intensity of
the radiation and negligible offset problems. Reflectances in spectral
bands 5 and 6 (wavelength bands 670 to 772 nm) have good
absolute agreement with the simulations, showing calibration errors on
the order of 0.01 or 0 %–3 %. Trends over the mission lifetime, due to
instrument degradation, are studied and found to be negligible at these
wavelengths. Reflectances in bands 3 and 4 (wavelength bands 328 to
494 nm), on the other hand, are found to be affected by serious
calibration errors, on the order of 0.004–0.02 and ranging between 6 %
and 10 %, depending on the wavelength. The TROPOMI requirements (of 2 %
maximal deviation) are not met in this case. Trends due to instrument
degradation are also found, being strongest for the 328 nm wavelength
band and almost absent for the 494 nm wavelength band. The validation results obtained for TROPOMI spectral band 7 show
behaviour that we cannot fully explain. As a result, these results call
for more research and different methods to study the calibration of the
reflectance. It seems plausible, though, that the reflectance for this
particular band is underestimated by about 6 %. A table is provided
containing the final results for all 21 selected wavelength bands.
Spreken is zilver, zwijgen is fout
Authors: Kahn Ph.S. 
Published: August 2020

Spreken is zilver, zwijgen is fout. Over het wetsvoorstel Zwijgcontracten in de zorg
Na een lange discussie in de Kamer heeft de minister de knoop doorgehakt door een wetsvoorstel in consultatie te brengen waarmee zwijgcontracten in de zorg nietig worden verklaard. Civielrechtelijk en bestuursrechtelijk bestaan al mogelijkheden om zulke bedingen aan te vechten. In dit artikel worden deze besproken. Na een aantal incidenten heerst breed de opvatting dat dergelijke bedingen maatschappelijk onaanvaardbaar zijn en in strijd met (de bedoeling van) wet- en regelgeving. Door het wetsvoorstel wordt iedere twijfel hierover weggenomen en worden contractuele bedingen over het zwijgen over incidenten in de zorg verboden. Het veld zit niet te wachten op een wettelijk verbod. Hier lijkt vooral sprake van symboolwetgeving.
Naar een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg?
Authors: Gevers J.K.M. 
Published: August 2020

Naar een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg? Kanttekeningen bij een advies van de RVS
In het advies van de Raad voor Volksgezondheid en Samenleving wordt aanbevolen de Wet BIG om te vormen tot een Wet op de bekwaamheden in de zorg. De minister wil mede op basis van het advies een bredere verkenning organiseren naar de toekomst van de wet. In deze bijdrage wordt het advies kritisch besproken. Het heeft sterke kanten, maar ook zwakkere. Geconcludeerd wordt dat meer nodig is om tot een heldere toekomstvisie te komen.
‘No peace without justice.’ Een reactie op Christopher Marshall
Authors: Geeraets Vincent , Veraart Wouter 
Published: August 2020

No peace without justice – A reply to Christopher Marshall
This article outlines two points of criticism related to Christopher Marshall’s discussion of a relational justice of care. First, addressing the needs of the parties involved in a criminal justice case finds its appropriate place in the post-trial stage. In the pre-trial and trial stages, protecting the legal rights and equal treatment of suspects should take priority over caring for suspects. Secondly, if the outcome of the restorative encounter in the pre-trial stages has a bearing on the verdict of the judge, the encounter may risk to lose its authenticity. The offender may have reason to believe that a socially appropriate performance will be rewarded with less punishment.
Herstelrecht en gedeelde betrokkenheid
Authors: Pattyn Bart 
Published: August 2020

Restorative justice and mutual involvement
Christopher Marshalls is convinced that restorative justice has to do with care for relational involvement. That view is intuitively convincing but not particularly clear. Recent psychological and philosophical research has recently devoted much attention to notions such as ‘collective intentionality’ (Searle, Tomasello) and ‘joint commitment’ (Gilbert). This kind of research is situated and discussed in this paper. We indicate how the restoration of mutual involvement can be reinterpreted from the perspective of this research. This exercise shows that caring for relationships should not be interpreted in a sentimental way. In law and in restorative justice, it does not have to be the intention to enter into more personal relationships with each other. Rather, it is the intention to make it possible once again to develop mutual understanding, respect and compassion from our common universal human commitment.
Results of quantitative and qualitative analyses of traditional prescription “Lonlunsemberu-13”
Authors: Tsagaanbaatar Nyamdemberel , Chimedtseren Chimedragchaa 
Published: August 2020

Traditional prescription Lonlunsemberu-13 has been widely used in traditional Mongolian medicine to treat gastro intestinal dyspepsia. The purpose of this study was to determine biologically active substances in the Traditional prescription Lonlunsemberu-13 as a primary research. We screened for phenolic compounds, flavonoids, coumarins and alkaloids using a TLC method, and then we have determined those biologically active substances content by the UV/Vis spectrophotometric method. We identified the gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, apigenin, luteolin, isofraxidin and piperine in the traditional prescription. The result revealed that “Lonlunsemberu-13” consisted 4.38% ±1.9 of total phenolic compounds, 0.63% ±0.17 flavonoids, 2.45% ±0.28 of coumarins and 0.83% ±0.064 alkaloids.
Analysis of Large Mega Millions Rollovers
Authors: Lee Sukhun , Han Ki C , Suk David Y , Sung Hyunmo 
Published: August 2020

From May 17, 2002 to December 30, 2014, there were 1,318 Mega Millions drawings and 153 were winning drawings. In 148 out of 153 winning drawings, there was no winner(s) in the first drawing and the jackpot prize was rolled over and added to the next drawing. Since the Mega Millions does not have a rollover limit, this process continues until there is an eventual winning ticket. If there are no winners over a month, the jackpot prize will approach $100 million. As the jackpot prize approaches $100 million, significantly larger additional cash flows into the lottery. Based on the analysis of 29 large Mega Millions winning drawings (jackpot prize ≥ $100 million), we report the following findings. First, significantly larger additional money flows into the lottery as the jackpot prize gets larger, and over 90% of the additional cash inflow is spent on Mega Millions tickets. Second, for the entire sample there does not appear to be reallocating of funds taking place within lottery games. However, when total sales declines or changes in Mega Millions sales is greater than changes in total lottery sales, a small amount of money (less than $0.20 per capita) being transferred from Instant Games to Mega Millions appears to take place. Third, zip-codes with a higher average family income or residents with more years of schooling experience a significantly higher demand for Mega Millions tickets. In addition, as the percentage of white or Asian-Americans in an area increase, the demand for Mega Millions increases by a significant amount. Lastly, as the jackpot prize gets larger, lottery players from all income levels spend more money on Mega Millions, but over 80% of the additional money comes from consumers belonging to the upper-middle or higher income brackets.
The Luck of the Texan: An Empirical Analysis of Texas Lottery Games
Authors: Depken II Craig A , Dorasil Paul R. 
Published: August 2020

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the relationships between three popular lottery games in the state of Texas: Lotto Texas, Texas Two Step, and the multi-state Mega Millions game. The analysis suggests complementarity between the Lotto Texas and Mega Millions; habitual players tend to play relatively safer games; the 2006 Lotto Texas rule change decreased revenue substantially; and that only at low effective ticket prices do players purchase more tickets for high stakes/low odds games. We simulate the effective prices at which two games would sell the same number of tickets in the state of Texas. The results suggest that Mega Millions and Lotto Texas are expected to sell more tickets than Texas Two Step, and that Lotto Texas is expected to sell more tickets than Mega Millions at all feasible price levels.
Informed Choice and Gambling: Principles for Consumer Protection
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex , Ladouceur Robert , Nower Lia , Shaffer Howard 
Published: August 2020

It is well-established that problem gambling results, in part, from erroneous perceptions about the probability of winning. While individuals retain the ultimate responsibility over gambling choices and level of participation, optimal decision-making depends, among other factors, on the availability of reliable, comprehensive information. From a public health perspective, the gaming industry, in collaboration with government and the community, must ensure that individuals receive sufficient information to enable them to make responsible gambling choices. This paper reviews key decision-making models and posits four primary goals that will lead to optimal choices in gambling: (a) the provision of relevant and objective information; (b) elucidation of the benefits of responsible gambling as well as potential social and personal costs of excessive gambling; (c) additional materials targeted to specific gambling subgroups; and (d) the use of a variety of communication mediums to disseminate materials. Implications for further research and public information campaigns are discussed.
Individual Risk Propensity and Risk Background
Authors: Moore Winston , Bernard April , Iyare Osaretin 
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the role that socio-psychological and socio-cultural factors play in individual decisions to take risk. The study employs four main measures of risk propensity: the mean probability of engaging in an investment, insurance or everyday gamble and the amount that would be invested in a hypothetical lottery. The study finds that gender had a significant influence on the probability of engaging in investment and everyday risk decisions, but a relatively insignificant impact on insurance decisions. The most important risk background variables were experience in making gambling decisions and confidence in making investment decisions. Similar results are obtained when the lottery-type measure of risk was employed.
INTERNET SPORTS BOOKS OPERATING IN AN INEFFICIENT MARKETPLACE
Authors: Diemer George 
Published: August 2020

This research challenges widely accepted theories regarding sports gambling and the bookmaking industry. Specifically, the assertions by Strumpf (2003) and Levitt (2004) that risk-seeking bookmakers maximize profit rather than minimize exposure is tested. To do so, this research focuses on an area that few scholars have explored: internet sports books. A unique data set to analyze the dynamics of competition in NFL gambling industry is used along with a different estimation technique than other scholars have used: cluster analysis. The results of cluster analysis offer insight into the data structure. An alternate hypothesis regarding the workings of the industry are tested to better understand this data structure.
NEW EVIDENCE ON THE LINK BETWEEN GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES AND WAGERING
Authors: De Gennaro Ramon 
Published: August 2020

The total volume of wagering on horse racing is important because it affects both racetrack and state revenues. This paper uses both daily data and data from individual races to explore the influence of a particular government subsidy, the sire stakes, on the racing industry. Previous work using daily data has found that this subsidy has no statistically reliable influence on the volume of wagering and that it amounts to a direct transfer from taxpayers to the breeding industry. My much larger sample of daily data produces the same result, but using new data from individual races, the results differ: I find a small but statistically significant increase in wagering on subsidized races. The increase is probably just too small to be detected in daily data. My results suggest, though, that the economic significance of the increase is almost surely too little to recoup the government’s investment fully. For subsidized races to be a good use of taxpayers’ money, then either taxpayers must derive other benefits or else the state must generate additional revenue because of the subsidy. I list several possible avenues to make that argument. I also suggest public goods that the industry might produce.
LOTTERY AS A RETAIL PRODUCT
Authors: Han Ki C , Lee Sukhun , Suk David Y 
Published: August 2020

In this study we examine whether the volume of lottery sales is positively related to the volume of other retail product sales. We find that retail sales are more significantly related to lottery sales than to any other macroeconomic variables. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the lottery is similar to any other retail good. Among the retail products we include in our data, lottery sales are most correlated with the sales of food and beverage products. The results show that there is a unique aspect that distinguishes the lottery from other retail products. The most intriguing result is that lottery sales are inversely related to the level of income, meaning that people with lower income tend to participate in more lotteries, which can be interpreted as the lottery’s income supplementary function. We also find that lottery sales are mainly determined by the residents earning between $10,000 and $50,000 a year, implying that the lottery does not appeal equally to all income groups. Finally, lottery sales are negatively related to the number of African-American residents, positively related to the number of Hispanic residents, and negatively related to the number of White residents. These results suggest that the lottery appeals differently to people of different ethnicities.
DOES INTERNATIONAL SIMULCAST WAGERING REDUCE LIVE HANDLE AT CANADIAN RACETRACKS?
Authors: Humphreys Brad , Soebbing Brian P 
Published: August 2020

Consumer interest in horse racing has declined significantly in North America. In an attempt to reverse this decline, additional gambling opportunities, including simulcast betting, have been added at race tracks. This paper investigates the impact of simulcast betting on live racing handle at Canadian horse racetracks. Using data from the 18 largest Canadian racetracks over the period 1999 through 2006, IV results indicate that increases in remote wagering opportunities in Canada lead to small positive increases in live handle. Simulcast betting opportunities do not cannibalize live wagering, rather they increase live wagering.