bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert Knowledge by Perception
Authors: Ransom Madeleine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDoes the scope of beliefs that people can form on the basis of perception remain fixed, or can it be amplified with learning? The answer to this question is important for our understanding of why and when we ought to trust experts, and also for assessing the plausibility of epistemic foundationalism. The empirical study of perceptual expertise suggests that experts can indeed enrich their perceptual experiences through learning. Yet this does not settle the epistemic status of their beliefs. One might hold that the background knowledge of experts is the cause of their enriched perceptual experience – what is known as cognitive permeation – and so their subsequent beliefs are only mediately justified because they are epistemically dependent on this background knowledge. I argue against this view. Perceptual expertise is not the result of cognitive permeation but is rather the result of perceptual learning, and perceptual learning does not involve cognition in a way that entails cognitive permeation. Perceptual expertise thus provides a means of widening the scope of the immediately justified beliefs that experts can form.
There is No (Sui Generis) Norm of Assertion
Authors: Greenberg Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere are norms on action and norms on assertion. That is, there are things we should and shouldn't do, and things we should and shouldn't say. How do these two kinds of norm relate? Are norms on assertion reducible to norms on action? Many philosophers think they are not. These philosophers claim there is a sui generis norm specific to assertion, a norm which is also often claimed to be constitutive of assertion. Both claims, I argue, should be rejected. The phenomenon claimed to support them – the intuitive wrongness of certain assertions – does not in fact support them. Because assertion is an action, the wrongness of assertions can be explained purely by norms on action. And the specifically epistemic wrongness an assertion norm is typically supposed to explain can be explained by an uncontroversial norm on action: one shouldn't act on epistemically faulty beliefs. No additional sui generis norm on assertion is needed.
Motivational and cognitive factors linked to community integration in homeless veterans: Study 2 – clinically diverse sample
Authors: Wynn Jonathan K. , Gabrielian Sonya , Hellemann Gerhard , Horan William P. , Kern Robert S. , Lee Junghee , Marder Stephen R. , Sugar Catherine A. , Green Michael F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn an initial study (Study 1), we found that motivation predicted community integration (i.e. functional recovery) 12 months after receiving housing in formerly homeless Veterans with a psychotic disorder. The current study examined whether the same pattern would be found in a broader, more clinically diverse, homeless Veteran sample without psychosis.MethodsWe examined four categories of variables as potential predictors of community integration in non-psychotic Veterans: perception, non-social cognition, social cognition, and motivation at baseline (after participants were engaged in a permanent supported housing program but before receiving housing) and a 12-month follow-up. A total of 82 Veterans had a baseline assessment and 41 returned for testing after 12 months.ResultsThe strongest longitudinal association was between an interview-based measure of motivation (the motivation and pleasure subscale from the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms) at baseline and measures of social integration at 12 months. In addition, cross-lagged panel analyses were consistent with a causal influence of general psychiatric symptoms at baseline driving social integration at 12 months, and reduced expressiveness at baseline driving independent living at 12 months, but there were no significant causal associations with measures of motivation.ConclusionsThe findings from this study complement and reinforce those in Veterans with psychosis. Across these two studies, our findings suggest that motivational factors are associated at baseline and at 12 months and are particularly important for understanding and improving community integration in recently-housed Veterans across psychiatric diagnoses.
Impact of Dispatcher-Assisted Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Junhong , Zhang Hua , Zhao Zongxuan , Wen Kaifeng , Xu Yaoke , Wang Daidai , Ma Qingbian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:This systemic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the impact of dispatcher-assisted bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DA-BCPR) on bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) probability, survival, and neurological outcomes with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).Methods:Electronically searching of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library, along with manual retrieval, were done for clinical trials about the impact of DA-BCPR which were published from the date of inception to December 2018. The literature was screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, the baseline information, and interested outcomes were extracted. Two reviewers assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by STATA version 13.1.Results:In 13 studies, 235,550 patients were enrolled. Compared with no dispatcher instruction, DA-BCPR tended to be effective in improving BCPR rate (I2 = 98.2%; OR = 5.84; 95% CI, 4.58-7.46; P <.01), return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) before admission (I2 = 36.0%; OR = 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06-1.29; P <.01), discharge or 30-day survival rate (I2 = 47.7%; OR = 1.25; 95% CI, 1.06-1.46; P <.01), and good neurological outcome (I2 = 30.9%; OR = 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04-1.48; P = .01). However, no significant difference in hospital admission was found (I2 = 29.0%; OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91-1.30; P = .36).Conclusion:This review shows DA-BPCR plays a positive role for OHCA as a critical section in the life chain. It is effective in improving the probability of BCPR, survival, ROSC before admission, and neurological outcome.
Household food insecurity: associations with disordered eating behaviours and overweight in a population-based sample of adolescents
Authors: Hooper Laura , Telke Susan , Larson Nicole , Mason Susan M , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine how household food insecurity is related to adolescent weight status and disordered eating.Design:Cross-sectional, population-based study. Adolescents self-reported unhealthy weight control behaviours, binge eating and meal frequency; weight status was measured. Household food insecurity was assessed by asking parents to respond to the validated six-item US Household Food Security Survey Module.Setting:Adolescents surveyed within Minneapolis/St. Paul public middle and high schools completed surveys at school, and their parents/guardians were surveyed by mail during the 2009–2010 academic year.Participants:Ethnically/racially diverse, primarily low-income adolescents (mean age: 14·4 years, range: 10–22 years) and their parents/guardians (n2285 dyads).Results:More than one-third (38·9 %) of the adolescents experienced past-year household food insecurity, 43·2 % reported disordered eating and 39·6 % were overweight. Generalised regression models showed that food insecure (FI) compared with food secure (FS) adolescents had higher prevalence of overweight (FI: 42·3 %v. FS: 37·9 %,P= 0·039), lower breakfast consumption (FI: 4·1 times/weekv. FS: 4·4 times/week,P= 0·005) and greater use of unhealthy weight control behaviours (FI: 49·0 %v. FS: 39·5 %,P< 0·001) in unadjusted models. Models adjusted for parental education, ethnicity/race, sex and age found that food insecurity was associated with higher prevalence of unhealthy weight control behaviours (FI: 44·5 %v. FS: 37·8 %,P= 0·007), but not with weight status or other eating behaviours.Conclusions:These results suggest that food insecurity may be an independent risk factor for unhealthy weight control behaviours, indicating a need to approach these intersecting issues in a comprehensive manner.
Radar for projectile impact on granular media
Authors: Rech Felix , Huang Kai 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFrom the prevention of natural disasters such as landslide and avalanches, to the enhancement of energy efficiencies in chemical and civil engineering industries, understanding the collective dynamics of granular materials is a fundamental question that are closely related to our daily lives. Using a recently developed multi-static radar system operating at 10 GHz (X-band), we explore the possibility of tracking a projectile moving inside a granular medium, focusing on possible sources of uncertainties in the detection and reconstruction processes. On the one hand, particle tracking with continuous-wave radar provides an extremely high temporal resolution. On the other hand, there are still challenges in obtaining tracer trajectories accurately. We show that some of the challenges can be resolved through a correction of the IQ mismatch in the raw signals obtained. Consequently, the tracer trajectories can be obtained with sub-millimeter spatial resolution. Such an advance can not only shed light on radar particle tracking, but also on a wide range of scenarios where issues relevant to IQ mismatch arise.
Social‐Environmental Extremes: Rethinking Extraordinary Events as Outcomes of Interacting Biophysical and Social Systems
Authors: Balch Jennifer K. , Iglesias Virginia , Braswell Anna E. , Rossi Matthew W. , Joseph Maxwell B. , Mahood Adam L. , Shrum Trisha R. , White Caitlin T. , Scholl Victoria M. , McGuire Bryce , Karban Claire , Buckland Mollie , Travis William R. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExtreme droughts, heat waves, fires, hurricanes, floods, and landslides cause the largest losses in the United States, and globally, from natural hazards linked to weather and climate. There is evidence that the frequency of such extremes is increasing, particularly for heat waves, large fires, and intense precipitation, making better understanding of the probability and consequences of these events imperative. Further, these events are not isolated, but rather interact with each other and with other social and biophysical drivers and conditions, to amplify impacts. Less is known about the nature and strength of these interactions. Natural and social science subfields frame extreme events with different definitions and analytical approaches, often neglecting interactions and the subsequent novel extremes that can arise. Here we propose a framework for social‐environmental extremes, defined as extraordinary events that emerge from interactions among biophysical and social systems. We argue that this definition is critical because it constrains the focus to major events that are capturing societal and scientific attention because of their extreme biophysical drivers and/or the extreme social outcomes. We review how different fields approach extremes as interacting phenomena and propose a synthetic framework that allows analytical separation of the multiple drivers and responses that yield extreme events and extreme effects. We conclude with a future research agenda for understanding the extreme events that matter to society. This agenda will help to identify where, when, and why communities may have high exposure and vulnerability to social‐environmental extremes—informing future mitigation and adaptation strategies.
The Observed Seasonal Cycle of Submesoscale Processes in the Antarctic Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Biddle L. C. , Swart S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSubmesoscale flows are energetic processes in the upper ocean that occur at scales of a few kilometers. These phenomena are important to climate because they can strongly impact vertical motions of heat, carbon, and biogeochemical properties between the surface and deep ocean. Their presence and magnitude are poorly understood in the Antarctic marginal ice zone (MIZ) and under sea ice due to a lack of observations. We present tagged southern elephant seal hydrographic data from the eastern Weddell Sea, over the austral late summer to spring in 2008, to assess the magnitude and seasonality of submesoscale processes in the Antarctic MIZ. We consider the linkages between sea ice cover, ocean stress variability, and mixed layer depth and how these influence the submesoscale fluxes. We find that there is a strong seasonal cycle in the magnitude of the equivalent heat flux from submesoscale flows (240 Wm−2), with peak activity occurring in midwinter. Periods of increased variability in sea ice cover, likely associated with leads, are also linked to restratification through submesoscale fluxes in midwinter. These findings have implications for understanding the magnitude and variability of upper ocean stratification and therefore highlights the importance of developing parameterizations for submesoscale processes in the Antarctic MIZ within global climate models.
Erythemal Radiation, Column Ozone, and the North American Monsoon
Authors: Schoeberl M. R. , Pfister L. , Wang T. , Kummer J. , Dessler A. E. , Yu W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecently, Anderson et al. (2012, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1222978, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619318114) and Anderson and Clapp (2018, https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP08331A) proposed that summertime convectively injected water vapor over North America could lead to stratospheric ozone depletion through halogenic catalytic reactions. Such ozone loss would reduce the ozone column and increase erythemal daily dose (EDD). Using 10 years of observations over the North American monsoon region from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument, we find that the column ozone and EDD has a ~0.8–0.9 spatial correlation with lower stratospheric water vapor measured by the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder. We show that this correlation appears to be due to the elevation of the monsoonal tropopause and associated monsoonal convection. The increase in tropopause altitude reduces the ozone column and increases EDD. We see no apparent evidence of substantial heterogeneous chemical ozone loss in lower stratospheric ozone coincident with the stratospheric monsoonal water vapor enhancement.
Gaussian Process Regression for Estimating EM Ducting Within the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Sit Hilarie , Earls Christopher J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe show that Gaussian process regression (GPR) can be used to infer the electromagnetic (EM) duct height within the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) from sparsely sampled propagation factors within the context of bistatic radars. We use GPR to calculate the posterior predictive distribution on the labels (i.e., duct height) from both noise‐free and noise‐contaminated array of propagation factors. For duct height inference from noise‐contaminated propagation factors, we compare a naïve approach, utilizing one random sample from the input distribution (i.e., disregarding the input noise), with an inverse‐variance weighted approach, utilizing a few random samples to estimate the true predictive distribution. The resulting posterior predictive distributions from these two approaches are compared to a “ground truth” distribution, which is approximated using a large number of Monte‐Carlo samples. The ability of GPR to yield accurate and fast duct height predictions using a few training examples indicates the suitability of the proposed method for real‐time applications.
Evaluation of EAR Spaced Antenna Performance Using Multiple Receiving Antennas Orientations
Authors: Aris N. A. M. , Hashiguchi H. , Yamamoto M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEquatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR) is a very high frequency (VHF) Doppler radar with an active phased array antenna system operating at 47 MHz. It had originally been equipped with a single receiving channel system since its establishment in 2001 at the equator in Kototabang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20°S, 100.32°E). Recent progress has enabled the implementation of a spaced antenna (SA) method on the EAR through the development of a multichannel receiver using Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio. However, this approach exhibits limited height observation and horizontal wind estimation accuracy. Here, we present comparison and analysis of EAR SA performance with five different orientations, taking into consideration the size of the receiving antennas and their separation distance. Experiments with the chosen configurations were carried out between April and September 2019, and the horizontal wind profiles were estimated using full correlation analysis (FCA) and compared with the EAR standard data. In addition, FCA with the least squares method is carried out for all configurations with the aim of improving the estimation accuracy. Based on the results, the configuration with the largest aperture shows a clear advantage over the other four configurations but with limited improvement in terms of maximum observable height.
The RCAN1.4-calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway is essential for hypoxic adaption of intervertebral discs
Authors: Huang Bao , He Yongqing , Li Shengwen , Wei Xiaoan , Liu Junhui , Shan Zhi , Huang Yue , Chen Jian , Zhao Fengdong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCalcipressin-1, also known as regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1), can specifically bind calcineurin at or near the calcineurin A catalytic domain and downregulate calcineurin activity. However, whether RCAN1 affects the hypoxic intervertebral disc (IVD) phenotype through the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway remains unclear. First, we confirmed the characteristics of the degenerative nucleus pulposus (NP) by H&E, safranin O/fast green and Alcian blue staining, and detected increased RCAN1 levels in the degenerative NP by immunohistochemistry. Then, we demonstrated that the protein level of RCAN1.4 was higher than that of RCAN1.1 and progressively elevated from the control group to the Pfirrmann grade V group. In vitro, both hypoxia (1% O2) and overexpression of HIF-1α reduced the protein level of RCAN1.4 in rat NP cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We further found that miRNA-124, through a nondegradative pathway (without the proteasome or lysosome), suppressed the expression of RCAN1.4. As expected, calcineurin in NP cells was activated and primarily promoted nuclear translocation of NFATc1 under hypoxia or RCAN1.4 siRNA transfection. Furthermore, SOX9, type II collagen and MMP13 were elevated under hypoxia, RCAN1.4 siRNA transfection or NFATc1 overexpression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and a luciferase reporter assay (with mutation), we clarified that NFATc1 increasingly bound the SOX9 promotor region (bp −367~−357). Interaction of HIF-1α and NFATc1 promoted MMP13 transcription. Finally, we found that FK506 reversed hypoxia-induced activation of the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway in NP cells and an ex vivo model. Together, these findings show that the RCAN1.4-calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway has a vital role in the hypoxic phenotype of NP cells. RCAN1.4 might be a therapeutic target for degenerative disc diseases.
Homologous recombination DNA repair deficiency and PARP inhibition activity in primary triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Chopra Neha , Tovey Holly , Pearson Alex , Cutts Ros , Toms Christy , Proszek Paula , Hubank Michael , Dowsett Mitch , Dodson Andrew , Daley Frances , Kriplani Divya , Gevensleben Heidi , Davies Helen Ruth , Degasperi Andrea , Roylance Rebecca , Chan Stephen , Tutt Andrew , Skene Anthony , Evans Abigail , Bliss Judith M. , Nik-Zainal Serena , Turner Nicholas C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) encompasses molecularly different subgroups, with a subgroup harboring evidence of defective homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. Here, within a phase 2 window clinical trial, RIO trial (EudraCT 2014-003319-12), we investigate the activity of PARP inhibitors in 43 patients with untreated TNBC. The primary end point, decreased Ki67, occured in 12% of TNBC. In secondary end point analyses, HR deficiency was identified in 69% of TNBC with the mutational-signature-based HRDetect assay. Cancers with HRDetect mutational signatures of HR deficiency had a functional defect in HR, assessed by impaired RAD51 foci formation on end of treatment biopsy. Following rucaparib treatment there was no association of Ki67 change with HR deficiency. In contrast, early circulating tumor DNA dynamics identified activity of rucaparib, with end of treatment ctDNA levels suppressed by rucaparib in mutation-signature HR-deficient cancers. In ad hoc analysis, rucaparib induced expression of interferon response genes in HR-deficient cancers. The majority of TNBCs have a defect in DNA repair, identifiable by mutational signature analysis, that may be targetable with PARP inhibitors.
A genome-scale map of DNA methylation turnover identifies site-specific dependencies of DNMT and TET activity
Authors: Ginno Paul Adrian , Gaidatzis Dimos , Feldmann Angelika , Hoerner Leslie , Imanci Dilek , Burger Lukas , Zilbermann Frederic , Peters Antoine H. F. M. , Edenhofer Frank , Smallwood Sébastien A. , Krebs Arnaud R. , Schübeler Dirk 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDNA methylation is considered a stable epigenetic mark, yet methylation patterns can vary during differentiation and in diseases such as cancer. Local levels of DNA methylation result from opposing enzymatic activities, the rates of which remain largely unknown. Here we developed a theoretical and experimental framework enabling us to infer methylation and demethylation rates at 860,404 CpGs in mouse embryonic stem cells. We find that enzymatic rates can vary as much as two orders of magnitude between CpGs with identical steady-state DNA methylation. Unexpectedly, de novo and maintenance methylation activity is reduced at transcription factor binding sites, while methylation turnover is elevated in transcribed gene bodies. Furthermore, we show that TET activity contributes substantially more than passive demethylation to establishing low methylation levels at distal enhancers. Taken together, our work unveils a genome-scale map of methylation kinetics, revealing highly variable and context-specific activity for the DNA methylation machinery.
Human ESCRT-III polymers assemble on positively curved membranes and induce helical membrane tube formation
Authors: Bertin Aurélie , de Franceschi Nicola , de la Mora Eugenio , Maity Sourav , Alqabandi Maryam , Miguet Nolwen , di Cicco Aurélie , Roos Wouter H. , Mangenot Stéphanie , Weissenhorn Winfried , Bassereau Patricia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEndosomal sorting complexes for transport-III (ESCRT-III) assemble in vivo onto membranes with negative Gaussian curvature. How membrane shape influences ESCRT-III polymerization and how ESCRT-III shapes membranes is yet unclear. Human core ESCRT-III proteins, CHMP4B, CHMP2A, CHMP2B and CHMP3 are used to address this issue in vitro by combining membrane nanotube pulling experiments, cryo-electron tomography and AFM. We show that CHMP4B filaments preferentially bind to flat membranes or to tubes with positive mean curvature. Both CHMP2B and CHMP2A/CHMP3 assemble on positively curved membrane tubes. Combinations of CHMP4B/CHMP2B and CHMP4B/CHMP2A/CHMP3 are recruited to the neck of pulled membrane tubes and reshape vesicles into helical “corkscrew-like” membrane tubes. Sub-tomogram averaging reveals that the ESCRT-III filaments assemble parallel and locally perpendicular to the tube axis, highlighting the mechanical stresses imposed by ESCRT-III. Our results underline the versatile membrane remodeling activity of ESCRT-III that may be a general feature required for cellular membrane remodeling processes.