bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant host‐ and environment‐dependent differentiation among highly sporadic fungal endophyte communities in cereal crops‐related wild grasses
Authors: Sun Xiang , Kosman Evsey , Sharon Or , Ezrati Smadar , Sharon Amir 
Published: June 2020

SummaryEndophytic fungi compose a significant part of plant microbiomes. However, while a small number of fungal taxa have proven beneficial impact, the vast majority of fungal endophytes remain uncharacterized, and the drivers of fungal endophyte community (FEC) assembly are not well understood. Here, we analysed FECs in three cereal crops‐related wild grasses – Avena sterilis, Hordeum spontaneum and Aegilops peregrina – that grow in mixed populations in natural habitats. Taxa in Ascomycota class Dothideomycetes, particularly the genera Alternaria and Cladosporium, were the most abundant and prevalent across all populations, but there was also high incidence of basidiomyceteous yeasts of the class Tremellomycetes. The fungal community was shaped to large extent by stochastic processes, as indicated by high level of variation even between individuals from local populations of the same plant species, and confirmed by the neutral community model and Raup‐Crick index. Nevertheless, we still found strong determinism in FEC assembly with both incidence and abundance data sets. Substantial differences in community composition across host species and locations were revealed. Our research demonstrated that assembly of FECs is affected by stochastic as well as deterministic processes and suggests strong effects of environment heterogeneity and plant species on community composition. In addition, a small number of taxa had high incidence and abundance in all of the 15 populations. These taxa represent an important part of the core FEC and might be of general functional importance.
MPs on the Subject of STEMM: What Can Oral History Tell Us?*
Authors: Ledgerwood Emmeline 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA growing collection of archived oral history interviews with former MPs offers historians new opportunities to study the influences that have directed MPs’ routes into elected office and their behaviour in the house of commons. This article draws on evidence in the interviews to consider the extent to which an MP's background in science, technology, engineering, maths, and medicine (so‐called STEMM subjects) has contributed to his or her activity as a parliamentarian. When concerns are raised about the House's capacity to effectively debate and scrutinise legislation concerning STEMM matters, those concerns are often accompanied by calls for more MPs with a STEMM background. Listening to these oral history interviews to hear what individual MPs say about their connections with STEMM – whether before, during, or after their time in the Commons – provides an insight into the relevance of having a STEMM background as an MP and offers explanations as to why MPs with a STEMM background are in a minority in the House. As such, this examination of historical material contributes to the ongoing debate about the role of STEMM experts in parliament while demonstrating the value of consulting archived oral history interviews when researching 20th‐century parliamentary history.
ʿArab,ʾAʿrāb, and Arabic in Ancient North Arabia: The first attestation of(ʾ)ʿrbas a group name in Safaitic
Authors: Al‐Jallad Ahmad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents two new Safaitic inscriptions containing the group nameʾʿrb. Following an edition of the texts, the article discusses the implications of these new attestations on the origin and use of group names derived from the root ʿ‐r‐b in pre‐Islamic times and concludes with a discussion on the name of the Arabic language before the 7thc. CE. The article is followed by an appendix of texts discovered at the same site and related to the ʾʿrb inscriptions.
Fragmentation effects on woodlark habitat selection depend on habitat amount and spatial scale
Authors: Bosco L. , Cushman S. A. , Wan H. Y. , Zeller K. A. , Arlettaz R. , Jacot A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation are key drivers of biodiversity loss. However, they are usually confounded, making it difficult to separate fragmentation effects from those of habitat loss. In addition, it has been shown that often fragmentation negatively affects biodiversity only below a certain threshold of habitat amount. We investigated the separate and interactive effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on habitat selection of the woodlark at 10 spatial scales. In southern Switzerland this passerine mainly breeds in ground‐vegetated vineyards, which therefore represent the focal habitat type in this study. Additionally, we investigated land cover, topographic and climatic variables at the same 10 scales to obtain a holistic picture of species‐habitat associations. Habitat selection was analyzed at two hierarchical levels: home range selection within the study area and habitat use within home ranges. Home range selection was strongly driven by an interactive effect of habitat amount and fragmentation: woodlarks avoided fragmented areas if habitat amount was below 20% but exhibited a preference for fragmented areas if habitat amount exceeded this threshold. Both habitat amount and fragmentation most strongly affected habitat use at the 100 m scale. We did not find such interactive effects for habitat use within home ranges. At this level, habitat amount at a 50 m scale influenced woodlark presence positively with no significant effects of fragmentation. Furthermore, woodlarks preferred evenly sloped landscape mosaics interspersed with steppes and groves. Two main insights emerge from our study. First, these results highlight the necessity of studying scale explicit and interactive effects of habitat amount and fragmentation when addressing ecological questions, such as habitat selection in birds. Second, we provide management recommendations for farmers: more vineyards should be vegetated and arranged as disjunct patches where their surface covers more than 20% of the landscape but be aggregated where vegetated area is lower.
Virtual reality program to develop dementia‐friendly communities in Japan
Authors: Sari Dianis Wulan , Igarashi Ayumi , Takaoka Manami , Yamahana Reiko , Noguchi‐Watanabe Maiko , Teramoto Chie , Yamamoto‐Mitani Noriko 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesDementia‐friendly communities promote community coherence and reduce the risk of ageism in the community. This study examined the effects of a Virtual Reality (VR) educational program on participants' attitudes towards dementia and their sense of community related to supporting community‐dwelling older adults.MethodsWe delivered an educational program using a virtual reality platform that provided a first‐person perspective of people with dementia in the courtyards of two convenience stores in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area, Japan. We investigated attitudes towards dementia and participants' sense of community before and after the educational program.ResultsThere were 42 study participants (average age = 48 years). The total scores of attitudes towards dementia and sense of community changed positively from pre‐ to postintervention (P = .004 and <.001, respectively).ConclusionThis educational program for understanding dementia could enhance people's support of community members living with dementia.
CD25+FOXP3+ and CD4+CD25+ cells distribution in decidual departments of women with severe and mild pre‐eclampsia: Comparison with healthy pregnancies
Authors: Orlovic Vlaho Martina , Tomic Vajdana , Vukojevic Katarina , Vasilj Anja , Pejic Renato , Lesko Josip , Soljic Violeta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProblemThe aim of this study was to quantify and compare the distribution of regulatory CD25+FOXP3+ and activated CD4+CD25+ T cells in decidua basalis and parietalis of severe and mild pre‐eclampsia (PE) to normal healthy pregnancies.Method of studyDecidual tissue (decidua basalis and parietalis) of 13 women with mild PE, 15 women with severe PE, and 19 women with healthy term pregnancies were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence.ResultsThe total number of CD25+FOXP3+ cells/mm2 in decidua basalis was decreased in the severe and mild PE versus normal pregnancy group. The total number of CD4+CD25+ cells/mm2 in decidua basalis was decreased in the severe PE versus normal pregnancy group. The number of CD25+FOXP3+ and CD4+CD25+ cells in decidua parietalis was decreased in both PE groups.ConclusionOur data suggest that immunological changes of PE reflect on decidua basalis and parietalis and emphasize the importance of characterizing T cells in both decidual departments.
Confronting the Present: Archaeology in 2019
Authors: Rosenzweig Melissa S. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTPostmodernity has a distinctly pre‐apocalyptic feel to it, and this feeling has seeped into archaeology. A review of the scholarship from 2019 attests that archaeologists are having to reckon with present‐day conditions and phenomena as they structure their research, delineate the material world, and affirm archaeology's relevance. Furthermore, these concerns have moved from the realm of the rarely spoken and come to constitute a critical conversation in the field. In a number of respects, the contours of archaeology now hinge upon the discipline's responses to developments in real time, including: How can archaeological knowledge production escape the logistical and epistemological bounds of late capitalism and its failures? Can archaeology contribute to future‐building, and what would that look like? Does archaeology have to be scholar‐activism to achieve the goal of making the past matter (to whom) (for what)? [archaeology, contemporary archaeology, future archaeology, current issues]
Reducing the morbidity of parotidectomy for benign pathology
Authors: Petrides George A. , Subramaniam Narayana , Pham My , Clark Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundConservative surgical approaches, reconstructive techniques and technology are increasingly used in parotid surgery. The aim of this study was to determine the surgeon‐modifiable factors which impact the rates of post‐operative complications following parotidectomy for benign pathology.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing parotidectomy for benign pathology by or under the supervision of the senior author between 2006 and 2019 was performed. Clinicopathological variables, operative techniques and post‐operative complications were recorded using standardized templates. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) whilst adjusting for the effect of other clinically relevant covariates.ResultsIn total, 357 parotidectomies were performed. Independent factors associated with post‐operative facial paresis were re‐operative surgery (OR 3.51, 95% CI 1.19–10.33, P = 0.023), nerve integrity monitoring (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.26–0.99, P = 0.046) and operation type, with focused tumour dissection (FTD) having the lowest rate of paresis (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.040–0.92, P = 0.038) compared to limited parotidectomy. Factors associated with reduced wound complications on adjusted analysis were dermofat grafting (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01–0.72, P = 0.023), lesion size (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50–0.92, P = 0.01) and FTD (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.05–0.59, P = 0.005) compared to limited parotidectomy.ConclusionFTD, nerve integrity monitoring and dermofat grafting are surgeon‐modifiable variables associated with lower rates of post‐operative complications following parotidectomy for benign pathology. However, the benefit of these operative techniques relies on their appropriate utilization by performing surgeons.
Using the prone position could help to combat the development of fast hypoxia in some patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Lindahl Sten G. E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe world is facing an explosive COVID‐19 pandemic. Some cases rapidly develop deteriorating lung function, which causes deep hypoxaemia and requires urgent treatment. Many centres have started treating patients in the prone position, and oxygenation has improved considerably in some cases. Questions have been raised regarding the mechanisms behind this. The mini review provides some insights into the role of supine and prone body positions and summarises the latest understanding of the responsible mechanisms. The scope for discussion is outside the neonatal period and entirely based on experimental and clinical experiences related to adults. The human respiratory system is a complex interplay of many different variables. Therefore, this mini review has prioritised previous and ongoing research to find explanations based on three scientific areas: gravity, lung structure and fractal geometry and vascular regulation. It concludes that gravity is one of the variables responsible for ventilation/perfusion matching but in concert with lung structure and fractal geometry, ventilation and regulation of lung vascular tone. Since ventilation distribution does not change between supine and prone positions, the higher expression of nitric oxide in dorsal lung vessels than in ventral vessels is likely to be the most important mechanism behind enhanced oxygenation in the prone position.
Effects of whey protein hydrolysate on growth promotion and immunomodulation in mouse pups in artificial rearing system
Authors: Takeda Shiro , Harauma Akiko , Okamoto Mariko , Enomoto Hirofumi , Kudo Toshiji , Suzuki Takehito , Mizunoya Wataru , Moriguchi Toru 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) on the growth and immunity of mouse pups in artificial rearing (AR) system. Mouse pups were reared in the AR system with artificial milk including 5% WPH (AR with WPH) or not (AR without WPH), and the remaining pups were reared by their mother (dam) for 14 days after birth. The body weight change and body weight gain rates in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those observed in the AR without WPH group and similar to those in the dam group. Moreover the feed and protein efficiencies in the AR with WPH group were significantly higher than those of the AR without WPH group. In addition, the supplement of WPH in the AR system was shown to significantly elevate the number of CD3+CD8+, B220+CD19+, IA/IE+CD11c+, and CD11b+ in the thymocyte and/or splenocyte, and the thymus weight. Furthermore, MALDI‐TOF/MS analysis identified the amino acid sequences corresponding to some peptides, and indicated that VRTPEVDDE had the highest relative intensity among the peptides from tested WPH. Therefore, WPH would be required to not only promote growth, but also exert immunomodulatory activities in mouse pups in AR system.
Yeast population dynamics on air exposure in total mixed ration silage with sweet potato residue
Authors: Jiang Di , Niu Dongze , Zuo Sasa , Tian Pengjiao , Zheng Mingli , Xu Chuncheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo investigate the yeast population dynamics during air exposure in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing sweet potato residue. TMR were ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg) with or without two lactic acid bacteria strains, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), and Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA). Fermentation characteristics were measured and yeast population was investigated by ITS1 region gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. All treatments were well ensiled, and L. amylovorus improved aerobic stability. During aerobic exposure, Pichia kudriavzevii was detected with increased relative abundance in all treatments and more relative abundant in LP. Pichia fermentans was more relative abundant in control. Higher relative abundance of Pichia anomala was detected in deteriorating LP. The relative abundance of Pichia ohmeri increased during later aerobic exposure in the control and LA, with a significant increase in the count of yeast population. Despite Cryptococcus was detected more relative abundant during early stage of aerobic exposure, the yeast population was below the detection limit. Aerobic deterioration was characterized by an increase in operational taxonomic units of Pichia. High relative abundance of P. anomala and P. kudriavzevii made aerobic deterioration easier. Inhibition of P. fermentans might be an effective strategy for improving the aerobic stability to some instance.
Silencing of spontaneous activity at α4β1/3δ GABAA receptors in hippocampal granule cells reveals different ligand pharmacology
Authors: Dalby Nils Ole , Falk‐Petersen Christina Birkedahl , Leurs Ulrike , Scholze Petra , Krall Jacob , Frølund Bente , Wellendorph Petrine 
Published: June 2020

Background and PurposeThe δ‐subunit‐containing GABAA receptors, α4β1δ and α4β3δ, in dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) are known to exhibit both spontaneous channel openings (i.e. constitutive activity) and agonist‐induced current. The functional implications of spontaneous gating are unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that constitutively active α4β1/3δ receptors limit agonist efficacy.Experimental ApproachWhole‐cell electrophysiological recordings of adult male rat and mouse hippocampal DGGCs were used to characterize known agonists and antagonists at δ‐subunit‐containing GABAA receptors. To separate constitutive and agonist‐induced currents, different recording conditions were employed.Key ResultsRecordings at either 24°C or 34°C, including the PKC autoinhibitory peptide (19–36) intracellularly, removed spontaneous gating by GABAA receptors. In the absence of spontaneous gating, DGGCs responded to the α4β1/3δ orthosteric agonist Thio‐THIP with a four‐fold increased efficacy relative to recording conditions favouring constitutive activity. Surprisingly, the neutral antagonist gabazine was unable to antagonize the current by Thio‐THIP. Furthermore, a current was elicited by gabazine alone only when the constitutive current was silenced (EC50 2.1 μM). The gabazine‐induced current was inhibited by picrotoxin, potentiated by DS2, completely absent in δ−/− mice and reduced in β1−/− mice, but could not be replicated in human α4β1/3δ receptors expressed heterologously in HEK cells.Conclusion and ImplicationsKinase activity infers spontaneous gating in α4β1/3δ receptors in DGGCs. This significantly limits the efficacy of GABAA agonists and has implications in pathologies involving aberrant excitability caused by phosphorylation (e.g. addiction and epilepsy). In such cases, the efficacy of δ‐preferring GABAA ligands may be reduced.
Next‐generation sequencing through multigene panel testing for the diagnosis of hereditary epidermolysis bullosa in Chinese population
Authors: Chen Fuying , Huang Linting , Li Changcan , Zhang Jia , Yang Weiqin , Zhang Beibei , Li Huaguo , Deng Dan , Liang Jianying , Shen Jinwen , Yao Zhirong , Li Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEpidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heritable blistering disorder. We performed a next‐generation sequencing‐based multigene panel test and successfully predicted 100% of the EB types, including, 36 EB simplex (EBS), 13 junctional EB (JEB), 86 dystrophic EB (DEB), and 3 Kindler EB. Chinese JEB and recessive DEB (RDEB) patients have relatively mild phenotypes; for severe type separately accounts for 45.5% and 23.8%, respectively. We identified 96 novel and 49 recurrent pathogenic variants in 11 genes, although we failed to detect the second mutation in one JEB and five RDEB patients. We identified one novel p.E475K mosaic mutation in the clinically normal mother of one out of 13 EBS patients with KRT5 mutations, one recurrent p.G2034R mosaic mutation, and one novel p.G2043R mosaic mutation in the clinically normal relatives of two out of 19 dominant DEB patients. This study shows that next‐generation technology could be an effective tool in diagnosing EB.
Scarring alopecia in chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus with neutrophils: A new scenario with therapeutic connotations
Authors: Fernandez‐Flores Angel , Hermosa‐Gelbard Angela , Pérez Alberto , Bello José Antonio , Cabo Fernando 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe relationship between autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions has been demonstrated in recent decades. Several autoimmune conditions exhibit an autoinflammatory component, which can manifest in various ways. Neutrophilic dermatosis in the context of lupus erythematosus (LE) is one example. Otherwise, neutrophils are rare in LE, except for the bullous variant and nonbullous neutrophilic LE. In this paper, we describe a case of scarring alopecia due to LE that stopped responding to a treatment that had been effective for years. The biopsy specimen demonstrated the presence of neutrophils in the inflammatory infiltrate. A treatment with dapsone was prescribed and yielded rapid improvement. This first case of scarring alopecia in the context of nonbullous neutrophilic LE emphasizes the importance of the infiltrate in determining the optimal therapeutic choice.
The effect of diet‐induced obesity and pasture on blood pressure and serum cortisol in Standardbred mares
Authors: Nostell Katarina , Lindåse Sanna , Winqvist Ellen , Bröjer Johan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundObesity is associated with insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction and altered cortisol metabolism both in humans and in horses.ObjectivesEvaluate the effect of weight gain induced by a haylage diet low in nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) on insulin sensitivity, blood pressure and serum cortisol concentrations.Study designIn vivo experiment.MethodsNine adult Standardbred mares fed a fat supplemented haylage diet at 250% of the horses’ daily metabolisable energy requirements for 22 weeks. Horses were then turned out on pasture for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity (SICLAMP) was measured before and after weight gain and after 4 weeks of pasture using the euglycemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) method. Body condition score (BCS), blood pressure and serum cortisol were monitored throughout the study. All data were analysed using the linear mixed model procedure. Values of P < 0.05 were considered as statistically different.ResultsAll horses became obese during the weight gain period (BCS> 7). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) increased during the weight gain period and was significantly higher than initial values at the end of the weight gain period (78 ± 3 mm Hg vs 92 ± 3 mmHg). MAP remained increased on pasture (93 ± 3 mmHg). SICLAMP was unaffected by weight gain 0.9 ± 0.1 vs 1.0 ± 0.1 ([mg/kg/min × 103]/[µIU/mL × mmol/L])) but improved after pasture (1.6 ± 0.1 ([mg/kg/min × 103]/ [mU/L]). Serum cortisol concentrations increased during the weight gain period (80 ± 9 nmol/L vs 112 ± 9 nmol/L) and remained increased during pasture.Main limitationsLimited number of horses and no control group.ConclusionsObesity was associated with a linear increase in blood pressure and an increase in serum cortisol that was not associated with insulin sensitivity.