bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Configuration models of random hypergraphs
Authors: Chodrow Philip S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany empirical networks are intrinsically polyadic, with interactions occurring within groups of agents of arbitrary size. There are, however, few flexible null models that can support statistical inference in polyadic networks. We define a class of null random hypergraphs that hold constant both the node degree and edge dimension sequences, thereby generalizing the classical dyadic configuration model. We provide a Markov Chain Monte Carlo scheme for sampling from these models and discuss connections and distinctions between our proposed models and previous approaches. We then illustrate the application of these models through a triplet of data-analytic vignettes. We start with two classical topics in network science—triadic clustering and degree-assortativity. In each, we emphasize the importance of randomizing over hypergraph space rather than projected graph space, showing that this choice can dramatically alter both the quantitative and qualitative outcomes of statistical inference. We then define and study the edge intersection profile of a hypergraph as a measure of higher-order correlation between edges, and derive asymptotic approximations for this profile under the stub-labeled null. We close with suggestions for multiple avenues of future work. Taken as a whole, our experiments emphasize the ability of explicit, statistically grounded polyadic modelling to significantly enhance the toolbox of network data science.
Comparing Biological Age Estimates Using Domain-Specific Measures From the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Verschoor Chris P , Belsky Daniel W , Ma Jinhui , Cohen Alan A , Griffith Lauren E , Raina Parminder 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many studies have shown that estimates of biological age (BA) can predict health-related outcomes in older adults. Often, researchers employ multiple measures belonging to a variety of biological/physiological systems, and assess the validity of BA estimates by how well they approximate chronological age (CA). However, it is not clear whether this is the best approach for judging a BA estimate, or whether certain groups of measures are more informative to this end. Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, we composed panels of biological measures based on the physiological systems/domains they belong to (blood, organ function, physical/cognitive performance), and also composed a panel of measures that optimized the association of BA with CA. We then compared BA estimates for each according to their association with CA and health-related outcomes, including frailty, multimorbidity, chronic condition domains, disability, and health care utilization. Although BA estimated using all 40 measures (r = 0.74) or our age-optimized panel (r = 0.77) most closely approximated CA, the strength of associations to health-related outcomes was comparable or weaker than that of our panel composed only of physical performance measures (CA r = 0.59). All BA estimates were significantly associated to the outcomes considered, with exception to the neurological and musculoskeletal disease domains, and only varied slightly by sex. In summary, while the approximation of CA is important to consider when estimating BA, the strength of associations to prospective outcomes may be of greater importance. Hence, the context in which BA is estimated should be influenced by an investigator’s specific research goals.
A systematic analysis of protein–carbohydrate interactions in the Protein Data Bank
Authors: Cao Yiwei , Park Sang-Jun , Im Wonpil 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Protein–carbohydrate interactions underlie essential biological processes. Elucidating the mechanism of protein–carbohydrate recognition is a prerequisite for modeling and optimizing protein–carbohydrate interactions, which will help in discovery of carbohydrate-derived therapeutics. In this work, we present a survey of a curated database consisting of 6,402 protein–carbohydrate complexes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). We performed an all-against-all comparison of a subset of nonredundant binding sites, and the result indicates that the interaction pattern similarity is not completely relevant to the binding site structural similarity. Investigation of both binding site and ligand promiscuities reveals that the geometry of chemical feature points is more important than local backbone structure in determining protein–carbohydrate interactions. A further analysis on the frequency and geometry of atomic interactions shows that carbohydrate functional groups are not equally involved in binding interactions. Finally, we discuss the usefulness of protein–carbohydrate complexes in the PDB with acknowledgement that the carbohydrates in many structures are incomplete.
‘Sheds for Life’: getting the balance right in delivering health promotion through Sheds in Ireland
Authors: Bergin Niamh , Richardson Noel 
Published: June 2020

Summary
Men with the poorest health outcomes are, paradoxically, the least likely to access health services or to engage with health promotion interventions. This has focused attention on developing gender-sensitive and strengths-based approaches to engage so-called ‘hard-to-reach’ men. Men’s Sheds (‘Sheds’) are recognized as an alternative space in which to engage older and more marginalized groups of men in health. The aim of this study was to establish key principles that could align the ethos of Sheds with a national health promotion initiative (‘Sheds for Life’; SFL) in terms of methods of engagement, programme content and models of delivery. Qualitative methods incorporating semi-structured interviews, focus groups and observations were conducted with men in Sheds (‘Shedders’; n = 38), oversight/advisory groups (n = 11) and partner organizations (n = 8). The principles of grounded theory were used to inform data collection and analysis. Findings revealed a range of mediating factors in terms of how Shedders engage with or ‘do’ health that were grounded in a recognition of the health-enhancing ‘essence’ of Sheds and in ‘making men’s health men’s business’. Key learnings arising from the process of engaging with Shedders included the importance of investing in relationships, establishing credibility and tailoring SFL programme content and delivery to individual Sheds. In terms of conceptualizing SFL, attention was drawn to the need for a coherent and formalized SFL strategy and ‘rules of engagement’, as well as a robust and sustainable system for implementation. This is the first study that informs a more systematic and formal approach to health promotion in Sheds.
TCF12 haploinsufficiency causes autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome and reveals network-level interactions between causal loci
Authors: Davis Erica E , Balasubramanian Ravikumar , Kupchinsky Zachary A , Keefe David L , Plummer Lacey , Khan Kamal , Meczekalski Blazej , Heath Karen E , Lopez-Gonzalez Vanesa , Ballesta-Martinez Mary J , Margabanthu Gomathi , Price Susan , Greening James , Brauner Raja , Valenzuela Irene , Cusco Ivon , Fernandez-Alvarez Paula , Wierman Margaret E , Li Taibo , Lage Kasper , Barroso Priscila Sales , Chan Yee-Ming , Crowley William F , Katsanis Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDysfunction of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) axis causes a range of reproductive phenotypes resulting from defects in the specification, migration and/or function of GnRH neurons. To identify additional molecular components of this system, we initiated a systematic genetic interrogation of families with isolated GnRH deficiency (IGD). Here, we report 13 families (12 autosomal dominant and one autosomal recessive) with an anosmic form of IGD (Kallmann syndrome) with loss-of-function mutations in TCF12, a locus also known to cause syndromic and non-syndromic craniosynostosis. We show that loss of tcf12 in zebrafish larvae perturbs GnRH neuronal patterning with concomitant attenuation of the orthologous expression of tcf3a/b, encoding a binding partner of TCF12, and stub1, a gene that is both mutated in other syndromic forms of IGD and maps to a TCF12 affinity network. Finally, we report that restored STUB1 mRNA rescues loss of tcf12 in vivo. Our data extend the mutational landscape of IGD, highlight the genetic links between craniofacial patterning and GnRH dysfunction and begin to assemble the functional network that regulates the development of the GnRH axis.
Freeness over the diagonal and outliers detection in deformed random matrices with a variance profile
Authors: Bigot Jérémie , Male Camille 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We study the eigenvalue distribution of a Gaussian unitary ensemble (GUE) matrix with a variance profile that is perturbed by an additive random matrix that may possess spikes. Our approach is guided by Voiculescu’s notion of freeness with amalgamation over the diagonal and by the notion of deterministic equivalent. This allows to derive a fixed point equation to approximate the spectral distribution of certain deformed GUE matrices with a variance profile and to characterize the location of potential outliers in such models in a non-asymptotic setting. We also consider the singular values distribution of a rectangular Gaussian random matrix with a variance profile in a similar setting of additive perturbation. We discuss the application of this approach to the study of low-rank matrix denoising models in the presence of heteroscedastic noise, that is when the amount of variance in the observed data matrix may change from entry to entry. Numerical experiments are used to illustrate our results. Deformed random matrix, Variance profile, Outlier detection, Free probability, Freeness with amalgamation, Operator-valued Stieltjes transform, Gaussian spiked model, Low-rank model. 2000 Math Subject Classification: 62G05, 62H12.
All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Among Breast Cancer Survivors in CLUE II, a Long-Standing Community-Based Cohort
Authors: Ramin Cody , Schaeffer Marcy L , Zheng Zihe , Connor Avonne E , Hoffman-Bolton Judith , Lau Bryan , Visvanathan Kala 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
There is growing evidence that breast cancer survivors have higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality relative to the general population. Information on temporal patterns for all-cause and CVD mortality among breast cancer survivors relative to cancer-free women is limited.

Methods
All-cause and CVD-related mortality were compared in 628 women with breast cancer and 3140 age-matched cancer-free women within CLUE II, a prospective cohort. We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards regression for all-cause mortality, and Fine and Gray models for CVD-related mortality to account for competing risks.

Results
Over 25 years of follow-up, 916 deaths occurred (249 CVD related). Breast cancer survivors had an overall higher risk of dying compared with cancer-free women (HR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.53 to 2.09) irrespective of time since diagnosis, tumor stage, estrogen receptor status, and older age at diagnosis (≥70 years). Risk of death was greatest among older survivors at more than 15 years after diagnosis (HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.59 to 4.55). CVD (69.1% ischemic heart disease) was the leading cause of death among cancer-free women and the second among survivors. Survivors had an increase in CVD-related deaths compared with cancer-free women beginning at 8 years after diagnosis (HR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.00 to 2.73), with the highest risk among older survivors (HR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.29 to 3.88) and after estrogen receptor-positive disease (HR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.20).

Conclusions
Breast cancer survivors continue to have an elevated mortality compared with the general population for many years after diagnosis. Preventing cardiac deaths, particularly among older breast cancer patients, could lead to reductions in mortality.
Large-Scale Communication is More Complex and Unpredictable with Automated Bots
Authors: Hilbert Martin , Darmon David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Automated communication bots follow deterministic local rules that either respond to programmed instructions or learned patterns. On the microlevel, their automated and reactive behavior makes certain parts of the communication dynamic more predictable. Studying communicative turns in the editing history of Wikipedia, we find that on the macrolevel, the overall emergent communication process becomes both more complex and less predictable. The increased presence of bots is the main explanatory variable for these seemingly contradictory tendencies. In short, individuals introduce bots to make communication more simple and predictable but end up with a large-scale dynamic that is more complex and more uncertain. We explain our results with the information processing nature of complex systems. The article also serves as a showcase for the use of information-theoretic measures from dynamical systems theory to assess changes in communication dynamics provoked by algorithms.
Papillary meningioma: a rare cause of massive supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Hamilton Preci , Lawrence Peyton , Eisenring Christian Valentin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Papillary meningioma (PM) represents a very rare histological subtype, which may present with massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Gross total tumor resection results in a lower recurrence rate and mortality. A 69-year-old man had been experiencing headache for 6 months. After exacerbating right frontal headache, he was brought to the emergency room. His Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11/15 and he had a left-sided hemiparesis. A computed tomography brain scan revealed a massive right frontal intracerebral hematoma with transtentorial herniation. During right frontal craniotomy and blood clot evacuation, a fleshy, pigmented tissue was encountered. Histopathological findings were consistent with PM World Health Organization Grade III. Complete tumor resection, Simpson II was achieved with a second operation. The hemiparesis and GCS normalized subsequently. The diagnosis of PM relies largely on histopathology and is not commonly encountered preoperatively in emergency cases. Staged surgery in this case resulted in a good outcome.
Unraveling the puzzle of phloem parenchyma transfer cell wall ingrowth
Authors: McCubbin Tyler J , Braun David M 
Published: June 2020

This article comments on:Wei X, Nguyen ST, Collings DA, McCurdy DW. 2020. Sucrose regulates wall ingrowth deposition in phloem parenchyma transfer cells in Arabidopsis via affecting phloem loading activity. Journal of Experimental Botany 71, 4690–4702.
Economic Growth and Economic Development
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses economic growth and economic development. The relationship between growth and development seems to be highly interrelated and share significant overlap. On the one hand, it has been said that economic growth is a necessary condition for development. Growth is essential to poverty reduction. If development is understood as poverty reduction, or at least poverty reduction is taken to be a key component of development, then by extension, growth is a prerequisite for development. On the other hand, it has been argued that growth also depends on development. This is premised on the understanding of development as structural transformation. The argument is that for there to be continuous growth, the economy and society must undergo transformation to become more productive. The chapter then considers how the concepts of economic growth and economic development may relate to competition law enforcement.
Economic Characteristics of Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the economic characteristics of developing countries. The economy of a developing country may possess characteristics that distinguish it from an industrialized economy, and markets often function differently in developing countries. These characteristics include small, fragmented, and less competitive domestic markets; widespread poverty, which further exacerbates the small size of the domestic market; significant variations in firm productivity; barriers to entrepreneurship; missing institutions and prevalence of market failure; poorly developed financial markets; heavy state presence; prevalence of the informal sector; domination of large business groups; and widespread corruption and state capture. Approaches to competition law enforcement formulated in industrialized economies are based on the economic environment of these countries and do not reflect the circumstances of a developing country economy. The chapter then discusses each economic characteristic one by one, proposing necessary adjustments to competition law doctrines and enforcement approaches.
Cartels and Restrictive Agreements
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how developing countries should approach restrictive agreements under the framework proposed in the previous chapter. Certain things are the same regardless of whether it is an industrialized economy or a developing country. Cartels are generally considered to be the cardinal sin in competition law and should be prohibited in any country. What may need to be adjusted in developing countries, however, is the proof required to establish an agreement from circumstantial evidence. One may even question whether the insistence on an agreement serves any useful purpose for developing countries. As for non-cartel horizontal agreements, it has been suggested that horizontal cooperation agreements may make valuable contributions to productivity growth. Given that productivity growth is one of the main engines of economic growth, developing country authorities may need to adopt a more permissive attitude toward horizontal cooperation agreements. At the same time, further linkages between competitors in already highly concentrated markets may render collusion or price coordination even more likely. Therefore, a compromise will need to be reached between these two conflicting considerations. The chapter also considers vertical agreements.
The 2015 Reform of Arbitration
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the 2015 Arbitral Reform. The arbitral reform, which started in 2011, culminated in two sets of laws adopted by Parliament and signed by the president on 25 December 2015. The package comprised the Law on Arbitration of the Russian Federation and the Law on the amendments to the Laws in relation to the adoption of the above law. The latter included amendments to the Law on Commercial Court Procedure and the Law on International Commercial Arbitration. On 27 December 2018, the Law on Arbitration was further amended. The power to grant license to perform functions of permanent arbitral institutions was shifted to the Ministry of Justice. One of the fundamental issues which were contested in the process of the reform was whether the existing regime of segregation of international and domestic arbitration should be abandoned altogether or should be maintained. With the strong opposition from experts of international commercial arbitration supported by the Codification Commission and the President’s Administration, the system of two separate laws, that is, the Law on Arbitration and the Law on International Commercial Arbitration, was maintained. However, organisational/institutional aspects of arbitration, including international arbitration, are now regulated by the Law on Arbitration.
Arbitrability of Disputes
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of arbitrability. Arbitrability is about whether a certain category of dispute is eligible for settlement by arbitration or should be reserved for state courts. The 1993 Law on International Commercial Arbitration provided that ‘disputes arising from contractual and other civil law relationships and other types of international economic relations, insofar as one of the parties is outside the country’, fall within the scope of this Law. Meanwhile, the 2002 Law on (domestic) Arbitration provided that any dispute arising from civil law relations could be handled by arbitration, unless otherwise provided by Federal law. Despite such provisions, Russian courts narrowly interpreted the scope of arbitrability. For example, disputes on real property were not arbitrable until the decision of the Constitutional Court in 2011. Since this decision, the focus was on the arbitrability of corporate disputes. The 2015 Reform acknowledged the arbitrability of corporate disputes with some exceptions and requirements. Some judges found a basis for non-arbitrability of certain disputes in the Code of Commercial Court Procedure (APK).
Detriment
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with B’s detriment; as this requirement is common to, and treated the same way in, each of the strands, a unified approach is taken. It shows that a proprietary estoppel claim, whether based on A’s acquiescence, representation, or promise, will fail if B cannot show that, were A free to act as A wishes, B would suffer a detriment. Some confusion has, however, been caused by the interaction between proprietary estoppel and other principles that, whilst related to proprietary estoppel, do not contain such a detriment requirement. It is therefore important to distinguish such principles from proprietary estoppel. In addition to this, the chapter also discusses the legal test for detriment.
Unconscionability
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers whether B separately needs to show unconscionable conduct by A in order to establish a proprietary estoppel. It focuses in particular on A’s conscience. Here, the chapter notes that there is no such independent requirement, but that the concept of unconscionability, in each of two different senses, nonetheless has some role to play in the current law of proprietary estoppel. That role varies between each of the three strands and so they will again be considered separately. In addition, a clear analysis depends on making two important distinctions: first, between two different senses of unconscionability; and secondly, between each of the three different strands of proprietary estoppel set out in the first chapter.
The Extent of the Equity
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of B’s claim on A: in relation to each of the acquiescence- and promise-based strands, the nature and extent of A’s liability to B is assessed; the effect of the representation-based strand is simply that A is precluded from denying the existence of a particular state of affairs. Therefore, in analysing the law in this area, it is helpful to keep in mind the distinction between the extent of B’s equity on the one hand and the means of giving effect to that equity on the other. Nonetheless, even when that remedial question is separated out, the law as to the extent of B’s equity is far from clear. Indeed, there are cases in which a court has justified its chosen response to a promise-based proprietary estoppel on the basis that it was the least unsatisfactory of the possible outcomes. The lack of clarity is most noticeable, and most problematic, in the most important of the three forms of proprietary estoppel: the promise-based strand.