P1322 Role of echocardiography in the assessment of mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction: case report series
Authors: Gonzalez Garay C , Farias Vergara S K , Lopez Rincon M C , Gaxiola Cadena B A , Guzman Ayon A M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

INTRODUCTION
The incidence of the mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has noticeably decreased throughout the world after the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); nonetheless, when they present, the mortality rate continues being high, requiring for their diagnosis an adequate clinical suspicion, followed by intensive care therapy and in most cases, surgical treatment. In the current report we present 4 cases of mechanical complications using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as diagnostic tool: a ventricular septal defect, a papillary muscle rupture, a left ventricular (LV) free wall rupture and a ventricular aneurysm.
PATIENT 1: A 71-year-old male who presented with inferior AMI and no reperfusion therapy, complicated with transitory AV block, ventricular fibrillation and severe mitral regurgitation secondary to posteromedial papillary muscle rupture (Panel A). He followed surgery with biological mitral valve replacement and PCI of the right coronary artery (RCA).
PATIENT 2: A 71-year-old male who presented with anterior AMI and no reperfusion therapy, suddenly showed signs of cardiogenic shock. The TTE demonstrated pericardial effusion associated with an image of thrombus fixed to the antero-apical wall of the LV of 21 mm in dimension, apical segments akinesia and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% (Panel B). These findings concluded LV free wall rupture, that required urgent surgical repair of the apical region with sphacelated myocardium.
PATIENT 3: A68-year-old male, with history of hospitalization 2 months prior for an event of acute coronary syndrome. Admitted again for chest pain, with a TTE that demonstrated a ventricular septal defect associated with intramyocardial dissection, apical thrombus of 17x11 mm in dimension, apical dyskinesis and LVEF of 30% (Panel C). Coronary angiography documented critical obstruction of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and chronic total occlusion of the RCA. He was taken to surgical repair of the defect and coronary artery bypass (CABG).
PATIENT 4: A 77-year-old male, with a history of PCI in 2009 (unknown coronary vessel), presented with inferior AMI and no reperfusion therapy. TTE demonstrated an aneurysm in the basal inferior segment of 55x44 mm in dimension, partially thrombosed, with a neck of 23 mm, severe mitral regurgitation and LVEF of 45% (Panel D). Coronary angiography documented multivessel disease with unsuitable coronary anatomy for CABG.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of AMI mechanical complications has decreased noticeably to less than 1% in the era of primary PCI. These include free wall rupture (0.17%), papillary muscle rupture (0.26%) and LV free wall rupture (0.17%). Immediate echocardiographic assessment is needed when clinical findings suggest such complications; urgent treatment is fundamental to improve short term prognosis.
Abstract P1322 Figure. Bidimensional TTE images.