bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Perspectives of War, Conflict, and Intervention and their Transformation in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lomia Ekaterine 
Published: December 2020

Throughout the historic development, conflicts have constantly existed in all the countries of the world and every level of society. Civilization’s perpetual struggle for freedom, independence, justice, and self-determination has many times grown into a direct or indirect confrontation between the opposing sides. However, World War I and World War II were one of the major transformative events in the history of the twentieth century, which resulted in the deaths of millions of humans and numerous destructive consequences. Furthermore, the wars and their results have fundamentally changed the World Order in post-war Europe and the US. The article aims at providing a better understanding of the phenomenon of war, conflict, and intervention. It also seeks to examine their place in contemporary international relations of today. In particular, the article has aimed to analyze a historical overview of the social, political, and cultural conflicts and studies, how it has been transformed in a modern era of the twenty-first century. The paper is concluded by highlighting the major principles of the UN on war and intervention since the organization is “Based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all its members”. The norms of the Helsinki Final Act and Just War Theory are also highlighted in the context. This study has been prepared as a result of examining articles and books written by many authors who have influential opinions in the field of wars, conflicts, and interventions. The article is particularly helpful to those scholars interested in peace and conflict studies.
PRACTICE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN TRANSLATION TEACHING AT CHINESE REGIONAL UNIVERSITIES IN THE ERA OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Authors: Yan Ma , Feng Wang 
Published: December 2020

<p>With its rapid development in recent years, artificial intelligence has been widely used in all aspects of our life, including language teaching and learning. After a review of the history of artificial intelligence technology and a discussion of the development of artificial intelligent translation at home and abroad, the article summarizes the characteristics of translation teaching at Chinese regional universities in the era of artificial intelligent and puts forward pedagogical suggestions for</p><p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0695/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p><p>the reform and innovation in translation teaching.</p>
HİSBE TEŞKİLATI ÖZELİNDE İBN TEYMİYYE’NİN İKTİSADİ NAZARİYESİ: PİYASA, FİYATLAR VE ÜCRETLER.
Authors: SARI Haci 
Published: December 2020

13. yy.’ın sonu 14. yy’ın başlarında yaşayan İbn Teymiyye kelam, akaid ve fıkıh gibi alanlarda eserler verdiği gibi iktisadi alana yönelik eserler de vermiştir. Hisbe adlı eseri, İbn Teymiyye’nin iktisat düşüncesi için önemli bir kaynaktır. İbn Teymiyye, adil fiyat, adil ücret ve piyasa işleyişi gibi doğrudan iktisadi alanla ilgili olan kavramların yanında mülkiyet ve sözleşme (akit) gibi iktisat ve hukukun kesiştiği kavramları da gündemine taşımıştır. İbn Teymiyye, her ne kadar doğrudan piyasa ile ilgili konuları tartışmış olsa da onun bakış açısından asıl önemli olan nokta piyasa-ahlak ilişkisidir. İnsanı gayeli bir varlık olarak telakki eden İbn Teymiyye, insan eyleminde nihai gayeyi öncelemektedir. Bu bakış açısı ise piyasa etkinliğinin ahlak bağımlı olmasını gerektirmektedir.
İbn Teymiyye İhtiyaç, zaruret, zulüm ve adalet kavramlarıyla birlikte düşündüğü piyasa etkinliğinde devlet ya da idari erkin piyasaya müdahale edebileceğini savunur. Müdahale hem ihtiyaçların karşılanması hem de haksızlıkların ortadan kaldırılması amacıyla yapılabilir. Piyasa düzeni, hukuki düzenlemeler ve idari etkinlik bağlamında tasavvur ettiği iktisadi eylem her şeyden önce ahlaki norma uygun olmalı ve insanların hayatında kolaylık sağlamalıdır. Ayrıca piyasa aktörleri de öncelikle ahlaki birer birey olarak düşünülmüştür. İşçi, üretici ve tüketici haklarına riayet eden ahlaki bir ekonominin tesisi için, ahlak merkezli piyasa tasavvurunun temsilcisi olan İbn Teymiyye’nin görüşlerinden günümüz için de çıkarılacak dersler vardır.
Meningkatkan Pemahaman Nilai – Nilai Pancasila dengan Pembelajaran Kooperatif Metode STAD pada Siswa SMA Negeri 6 Kaur Bengkulu
Authors: Tarmizi Tarmizi 
Published: December 2020

Pancasila values ​​among students are increasingly degraded by globalization. It need an effective learning model to overcome it’s problem. Through this article the author gives test Student Teams-Achievement Division (STAD) Method Cooperative Learning to improve students' understanding of Pancasila values. The researcher used a two-cycle class action research approach to solve the problem of poor understanding of Pancasila values. Each cycle consists of planning, implementation, observation and evaluation, as well as analysis and reflection. There were 25 students as research sample from Senior High School (SMA) 6 Kaur Bengkulu. The data collection is the result of observations and questionnaires. The data analyzed by using quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques. The results showed that there was an increase in understanding of Pancasila values. In cycle 1, from an initial score of 81.52 to 96.2, it was seen that students gave responses by asking questions. In cycle 2, from a score of 96.2 to 110.6, here students begin to be able to analyze and respond positively to the learning methods used.
Keywords: Pancasila Value, STAD Method, Cooperative Learning
Applying Dictologloss Technique on Students’ Narrative Text: A Quasi Experimental Study
Authors: Kholid Mohammad Ridho , Abimanto Dhanan , Pratiwi Wiwied 
Published: December 2020

This article was to find out about the effectiveness of applying dictogloss technique on students’ narrative text. A Quasi-Experimental design was used in this method, with using pre-test and post test design. Subject of this research was at the eleventh grade at state senior high 10 Bandar Lampung. The result of this study showed that the value of to (tobservation ) was 5.2. The value of t table with degree of freedom 38 in significance degree 5 % was 2.02 and in significance degree 1% was 2.71. It indicated that to was higher than or 2.02 < 5.26 > 2.71. for those analysis, the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected and t alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted. Hence, it was inferred that there were significant difference between students’ narrative writing score who were taught by dictoglos technique.
Keywords: Dictogloss Technique, Experimental Design, Narrative Text
Hubungan Antara Motivasi Kerja dan Kualitas Kekaryaan dengan Kinerja Guru SMA Swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajane dan Kepulauan
Authors: Salam Abdul 
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) gambaran motivasi kerja, kualitas kekaryaan, dan kinerja guru SMA swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan; (2) ada tidaknya hubungan positif dan signifikan antara motivasi kerja dengan kualitas kekaryaan dengan kinerja guru secara sendiri-sendiri, maupun secara-bersama-sama dengan kinerja guru SMA swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan. Penelitian ini tergolong penelitian Survei yang bersifat asosiatif. Jumlah anggota sampel sebanyak 82 orang guru SMA swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan yang dipilih secara cluster sampling yang di lanjutkan dengan proporsional random sampling dari 103 populasi diperoleh 82 sampel dengan menggunakan rumus Slavin. Sedangkan data motivasi kerja, kualitas kekaryaan, dan kinerja guru diperoleh dengan menggunakan kuesioner berbentuk skala likert. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa motivasi kerja guru berada pada kategori tinggi, sedangkan kualitas kekaryaan dan kinerja guru masing-masing pada kategori sedang. Hasil analisis infrensial penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang berarti antara motivasi kerja dengan kinerja guru SMA swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan. Sedangkan hasil analisis infrensial menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang berarti antara kualitas kekaryaan dengan kinerja guru, demikian juga terdapat hubungan yang berarti antara motivasi kerja dan kualitas kekaryaan secara bersama-sama dengan kinerja guru SMA swasta di Kabupaten Pangkajene dan kepulauan.
Kata Kunci: Motivasi Kerja, Kualitas Kekaryaan, Kinerja Guru Swasta
Pemberian Insentif dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Karyawan PT MNC Skyvision
Authors: Sahidah Ahmad , Anwar Ahmad Kasiful 
Published: December 2020

The various companies, organizations, and institutions certainly want to get good employee performance in each of their respective fields. In the maintenance and management of human resources, they must receive more attention. A person's performance was influenced by the level of employee education, motivation and work experience. The aim of this artilce was to describe the assessment and measurement of employee performance, the benefits of employee performance appraisal, and the factors that influence the performance of employees of PT MNC Skyvision (INDOVISION). This research was a descriptive analysis, which was done through collecting data, compiling or it’s grouping, and then interpreting the data. The results showed that the provision of incentives had a contribution to change employee attitudes and behavior towards better performance. Employee performance was a very important role and its meaning in the decision making process in the future such as identification of all organizational program needs, program introduction, training, selection, recruitment, placement, reward systems,and promotions.
Keywords: Incentives of Employee, Improving of Employee Performance
A Study on the Knowledge Level and Extent of Adoption of Plant Protection Measures against Blast Disease of Rice by the Farmers of Indian Sundarbans
Authors: Nath Sabita , Mondal Bholanath , Mondal Palash 
Published: December 2020

The study was conducted to know the knowledge and adoption level of plant protection measures against blast disease among 80 respondent paddy growers in the blocks of North and South 24 Parganas of Sundarbans. About 48.75% of the respondents had medium knowledge. Majority of the respondents (75%) knew about blast disease of rice and its key identifying symptom. The 67.5% farmers were having the knowledge about the fungicides used against the disease (Tricyclazole 75 WP, Carbendazim 50 WP, Hexaconazole 5EC), and 22.5% of the farmers knowing about the recommended dose of fungicide application. The 28.75% of the respondents also knew that the fungicide should be applied at the first appearance of the disease. Further, it has been found that the adoption level of plant protection measures against blast disease of rice was medium (47.5%). Nearly 53.75% of the respondents practicing rice cultivation were in the middle age group of 31-50 years. Most of the respondent had either 0.13-0.27ha (22.5%) or 0.40-0.67ha (37.5%) landholding wherein they were practicing rice cultivation. Almost all the respondents (100%) possessed Knapsack or hand sprayer for fungicide application. Climatic vagaries, lack of knowledge about to the number of sprays and concerning technology application, non-availability of fungicide on time, lack of facility at the nearby place were the major constraints as expressed by 95, 83.75, 85, 90, and 95 per cent of respondents, respectively. The high cost of chemicals and expensiveness and non-availability of labour during peak cropping period were also the major constraints as expressed by 60 and 83.75 per cent of the respondents, respectively. There was a significant relationship between age, education, landholding, social, mass media and participation in extension activities with knowledge and adoption levels of the farmers of the Indian Sundarbans.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated With Rot of Watermelon Fruit in Sokoto Metropolitan, Sokoto State, Nigeria
Authors: Alhaji Y. I. , Lema S. Y. , Ibrahim J. , Umar A. , Garba M. 
Published: December 2020

Watermelon fruit contain high vitamins and minerals. Watermelon is susceptible to many pathogenic microorganisms that results to unpleasant odours and cause foodborne diseases. This study was conducted to isolate and identify fungi that are associated with rot of watermelon fruit in Sokoto metropolitan. The presence of fungal organisms was examined in five different locations within Sokoto metropolitan. Isolated fungus was identified morphologically, microscopically and using molecular standard procedures. Results showed that (3- Aspergillus is one gemus) 4 fungal genera were isolated and Identified. The isolated fungi were Asperqillus flavus, Aspergillus niger. Rhizopus stolonifer and Mucor spp. Fungi isolated from this study are of economical and public health importance. This study was carried out to examine the fungi associated with the rot of watermelon fruit in Sokoto metropolitan. Careful handling of watermelon fruit are recommended to ensure longer shelf-life, prevent spread of rot pathogens and keep fruit in the highest quality before consumption.
A Report of Unprovoked Bilateral Epistaxis in Patient with Covid-19: Our Experience
Authors: Ehimen Ferguson Ayemere , Akpan Iboro Samuel , Abidoye Oluwafemi Emmanuel , Betiku Omobamidele Benson , Olanrewaju Kayode 
Published: December 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease that was first reported in China in 2019. Since it was reported, it has resulted to close to nine hundred thousand deaths globally. The symptoms and signs of COVID-19 continue to evolve on a daily basis, therefore a knowledge of the common symptoms and other new symptoms is key to early diagnosis and control of this disease. In this report, we present a 30 year-old COVID-19 female patient, who presented with acute unprovoked epistaxis, a week after onset of symptoms (cough, malaise, fatigue) of COVID-19. Considering the evolving symptoms of COVID-19, health care personnel are advised to consider the possibility of COVID-19 in patients presenting with atypical symptoms like sudden unprovoked epistaxis especially during the pandemic period.
This report further strengthens the need for more large inter-country studies to be done to completely highlight and harmonize the varying and evolving symptoms of COVID-19.
Transient expression of S‐100 by melanotropes of the rat pituitary intermediate lobe during development
Authors: Sands Scott A. , Gary Keith A. , Chronwall Bibie M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractS‐100, an acidic calcium‐binding protein, is co‐localized with vimentin in glial‐like cells in the adult rat pituitary intermediate lobe. S‐100 and melanotrope markers were not co‐localized in the adult. During development, S‐100 and vimentin were not co‐localized but appeared in cells with different morphological characteristics. S‐100 was co‐localized with POMC mRNA and β‐endorphin during prenatal time and the first three postnatal weeks. This was demonstrated by double‐label immunohistochemistry, using combinations of antisera against S‐100, vimentin and β‐endorphin, and in situ hybridization histochemistry for POMC mRNA combined with immunohistochemistry for S‐100. In the second and third weeks of postnatal development, S‐100 was observed in fewer melanotropes and more frequently in stellate cells, which also expressed vimentin. Thus, S‐100 appeared to be transiently expressed in melanotropes during prenatal and early postnatal development. S‐100 serves as a neurotrophic and glial maturation factor in the CNS. Since S‐100 expression in melanotropes coincides with the onset of dopaminergic innervation and morphological changes in glial‐like cells of the lobe, it could have similar functions in the rat pituitary intermediate lobe.
Configurations of low‐contact services
Authors: Verma Rohit , Young Scott T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study uses a cluster analysis procedure to develop a classification model of low‐contact services based on seven operations objectives. The effectiveness of the classification scheme is tested by demonstrating the link between the objectives, competitive priorities, and performance. This study also identifies eight underlying factors of competitive priorities in low‐contact services. Furthermore, discriminant analysis on competitive priority dimensions shows that low‐contact services consist of multiple groups and therefore should not be lumped into one group in any analysis scheme.
Type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the early phase of ligament healing in rabbits: an in situ hybridization study
Authors: Sakai Hiroya , Koibuchi Noriyuki , Ohtake Hideki , Tamai Kazuya , Fukui Naoshi , Oda Hiromi , Saotome Koichi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to observe type I and type III procollagen gene expressions in the healing ligament using in situ hybridization histochemistry. The rabbit medial collateral ligaments were incised and harvested at 3, 7, 14, and 28 days postoperatively. The healing ligament showed increased expression of both procollagen genes through this period compared with the unoperated ligament. The peak expression level was observed at 7 or 14 days for type I and at 7 days for type III, respectively. The strongest expression of both genes was detected in the scar tissue created between the ends of the old ligament. Although type III procollagen gene expression was observed almost only in the newly created scar tissue, type I procollagen gene was expressed not only in the scar tissue, but also at the ends of the previously normal ligament. These results suggest that type I collagen synthesis begins shortly after ligament injury and occurs at the ends of the injured ligament as well as in the scar tissue, and that type III collagen is largely synthesized in the scar tissue around one week after injury but continues being synthesized for at least four weeks after injury. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Fatigue of cortical bone under combined axial‐torsional loading
Authors: Vashishth D. , Tanner K. E. , Bonfield W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe influence of torsional loading on the fatigue life of cortical bone was investigated by conducting in vitro testing. Fatigue tests were conducted on cylindrical dumbbell bovine cortical bone specimens in an environmental chamber under axial loading, torsional loading and various combinations of axial‐torsional loading where the phase relationship and relative magnitudes of axial and torsional loadings were systematically varied. It was found that the superposition of torque on axial loading reduced the fatigue life of cortical bone. The reduction in fatigue life was significant when the maximum shear stress was greater than 59% of the maximum normal stress. The magnitude of reduction in the fatigue life of bone at low as well as high levels of axial loading depended on the magnitude of torsional loading, but was independent of the phase angle by which the torsional loading lagged the axial loading. Furthermore, oblique fracture profiles, characteristic of torsion‐induced failure, were observed for combined axial‐torsional load cases. Based on these results, it is suggested that torsional loading plays a significant role in determining the fatigue life of cortical bone. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of aging on distraction osteogenesis in the rat
Authors: Aronson J. , Gao G. G. , Shen X. C. , McLaren S. G. , Skinner R. A. , Badger T. M. , Lumpkin C. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effect of age on bone formation in the limb lengthening model of distraction osteogenesis (DO) was investigated in two studies using Sprague—Dawley (SD) rats from two colonies at various ages (CAMM: 9 vs 24 months, Harlan: 4 vs 24 months). External fixators were placed on the right tibiae of 30 male SD rats (20 CAMM, 10 Harlan) and mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies were performed. Distraction was performed at 0.2 mm bid for 20 days (CAMM) or 14 days (Harlan). The experimental (DO) and control (contra‐lateral) tibiae were removed for high‐resolution radiography and decalcified histology. Videomicroscopy was used to quantitate radiodensity, histology (matrix type) and relative areas of cell proliferation, which was identified by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunochemistry. Both studies demonstrated an age‐related decrease in the percent mineralized bone (radiodensity) in the distraction gap (CAMM 9 vs 24 months: 68% vs 51%, P < 0.003; Harlan 4 vs 24 months: 95% vs 36%, P < 0.001) and no significant colony or distraction time‐specific difference was seen between the two colonies of 24‐month‐old rats. Histology was performed on the Harlan rats. The DO gaps in the 24‐month‐old rats demonstrated less endosteal new bone compared to the 4‐month‐old rats (P < 0.01), but equivalent periosteal new bone. In 4‐month‐old rats, PCNA‐immunostained cells were organized along the primary matrix front (where the first deposition of osteoid occurs) extending across both periosteal and endosteal surfaces. In 24‐month‐old rats, PCNA + cells were organized in zones along the periosteal new bone fronts only and irregularly scattered throughout the endosteal gap within a fibrovascular non‐ossifying matrix. These results indicate that 24‐month‐old rats have a relative deficit in endosteal bone formation which may not be related to cell proliferation but rather to cell organization. This model reflects the clinical situation where radiographic findings in older patients demonstrate significant delays in mineralization during DO. We believe this model of DO in aged rats presents unique in vivo opportunities to test hypotheses concerning (1) the effects of aging on bone repair, (2) the effects of pharmacological agents on bone repair in a geriatric setting, and (3) to study the mechanisms underlying DO. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Addiction and its reward process through polymorphisms of the D2dopamine receptor gene: a review
Authors: Noble E.P. 
Published: July 2002

SummarySince 1990, association studies have amassed strong evidence implicating the D2dopamine receptor (DRD2) gene in alcoholism. Specifically, theTaql A minor (A1) allele of the DRD2 gene has been associated with alcoholism. The DRD2 gene has also been found to be involved in other substance use disorders including cocaine, nicotine and opioid dependence, and obesity. Beyond association studies, pharmacologic studies have shown reduced brain D2dopamine receptor numbers in A1+allele carriers (A1A1 and A1A2 genotypes) compared to A1–allele carriers (A2A2 genotype). Through a number of other approaches, different phenotypes have also been identified in subjects with the A1+and A1–alleles. These include metabolic, neurophysiological, neuropsychological, personality, stress and treatment studies. It is hypothesized that in an effort to compensate for deficiencies in the dopaminergic system, substance abusers may seek to stimulate the mesocorticolimbic circuits of the brain, long thought to be important in behavioral reward and reinforcement. In effect, one form of the DRD2 gene, the A1 allele, renders the dopaminergic system inefficient and rewards substance abuse that increases brain dopamine levels.