bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Autism-Related Crm1 Disrupts Mitosis and Induces Apoptosis of the Cortical Neural Progenitors
Authors: Li Xue , Feng Yue , Yan Meifang , Tu Xiaomeng , Xie Bin , Ni Fangfang , Qu Chunsheng , Chen Jie-Guang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDe novo microdeletion of chromosome 2p15–16.1 presents clinically recognizable phenotypes that include mental retardation, autism, and microcephaly. Chromosomal maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a gene commonly missing in patients with 2p15–16.1 microdeletion and one of two genes found in the smallest deletion case. In this study, we investigate the role and mechanism of Crm1 in the developing mouse brain by inhibiting the protein or knocking down the gene in vivo. Inhibition of Crm1 reduces the proliferation and increases p53-dependent apoptosis of the cortical neural progenitors, thereby impeding the growth of embryonic cerebral cortex. Live imaging of mitosis in ex vivo embryonic brain slices reveals that inhibition of CRM1 arrests the cortical progenitors at metaphase. The arrested cells eventually slip into a pseudo-G1 phase without chromosome segregation. The mitotic slippage cells are marked by persistent expression of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), repressing of which rescues the cells from apoptosis. Our study reveals that activating the SAC and inducing the mitotic slippage may lead to apoptosis of the cortical neural progenitors. The resulting cell death may well contribute to microcephaly associated with microdeletion of chromosome 2p15–16.1 involving CRM1.
Syndapin I Loss-of-Function in Mice Leads to Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms
Authors: Koch Nicole , Koch Dennis , Krueger Sarah , Tröger Jessica , Sabanov Victor , Ahmed Tariq , McMillan Laura E , Wolf David , Montag Dirk , Kessels Michael M , Balschun Detlef , Qualmann Britta 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions thought to reflect imbalances in neurotransmission systems. Recent screenings suggested that lack of (functional) syndapin I (PACSIN1) may be linked to schizophrenia. We therefore studied syndapin I KO mice to address the suggested causal relationship to schizophrenia and to analyze associated molecular, cellular, and neurophysiological defects. Syndapin I knockout (KO) mice developed schizophrenia-related behaviors, such as hyperactivity, reduced anxiety, reduced response to social novelty, and an exaggerated novel object response and exhibited defects in dendritic arborization in the cortex. Neuromorphogenic deficits were also observed for a schizophrenia-associated syndapin I mutant in cultured neurons and coincided with a lack of syndapin I–mediated membrane recruitment of cytoskeletal effectors. Syndapin I KO furthermore caused glutamatergic hypofunctions. Syndapin I regulated both AMPAR and NMDAR availabilities at synapses during basal synaptic activity and during synaptic plasticity—particularly striking were a complete lack of long-term potentiation and defects in long-term depression in syndapin I KO mice. These synaptic plasticity defects coincided with alterations of postsynaptic actin dynamics, synaptic GluA1 clustering, and GluA1 mobility. Both GluA1 and GluA2 were not appropriately internalized. Summarized, syndapin I KO led to schizophrenia-like behavior, and our analyses uncovered associated molecular and cellular mechanisms.
Evaluation of three first-generation ion-selective electrode analyzers for lithium: systematic errors, frequency of random interferences, and recommendations based on comparison with flame atomic emission spectrometry
Authors: Okorodudu A O , Burnett R W , McComb R B , Bowers G N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ion-selective electrode analyzers for measuring lithium (Li/ISE) in serum became available in early 1987. We compared results for patients' samples from three of them vs results from flame atomic emission spectrometry (FAES). Within-run and day-to-day imprecision ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 mmol/L and 0.01 to 0.04 mmol/L, respectively. Comparing Li/ISE results (y) with the FAES results (x) gave the following equations: y = 1.063x - 0.035 for AMDEV's Lytening 2, y = 1.020x + 0.038 for NOVA's Model 11, and y = 1.030x - 0.027 for AVL's Model 985. Unexplained positive errors greater than 0.2 mmol/L were observed for two of the 90 patients' samples, but only a few additional excessively high values were seen in 3000 patients' samples run subsequently (Lytening 2). Causes of error in clinical Li/ISE measurements are still unclear; simply characterizing them as "matrix effects" does not correct the underlying analytical problem. An increase in pH from loss of CO2 gave low results on two of the three Li/ISE analyzers but did not change FAES results. Trimethylammonium bicarbonate used in a reconstitution solution caused extremely high Li/ISE results but did not change FAES results. Performance specifications to help reduce and correct these errors are recommended.
Standardization of serum fructosamine assays
Authors: Schleicher E D , Vogt B W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have calibrated a secondary serum protein standard by use (as primary standards) of samples of albumin and polylysine glycated with [14C]glucose in vitro, the glycation of which was assessed by radioactivity measurements and by elementary analysis for C and N. Using this standard for calibration in our improved fructosamine assay, one obtains an average fructosamine value of 247 mumol/L for nondiabetic individuals (or, in terms of total serum protein, 3.2 mumol/g)--about a tenth the value we obtained when we used the fructosamine assay of Johnson et al. (Clin Chim Acta 1983;127:87-95), standardized with desoxymorpholinofructose. In contrast, results corresponded well with the value for mean glycation of serum proteins, 3 mumol/g, determined by a furosine/HPLC method. Evidently the proposed procedure, in which a standard sharing the binding characteristics of endogenous glycated proteins is used together with our modified new fructosamine assay, leads to more realistic values for the concentrations of glycated serum proteins.
A monoclonal antibody to human protein S used as the capture antibody for measuring total protein S by enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Krachmalnicoff A , Tombesi S , Valsecchi C , Albertini A , Mannucci P M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Measurement of Protein S in human plasma is clinically important because of deficiency of this protein, which functions as a cofactor of the naturally occurring anticoagulant activated Protein C, is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. We describe a two-site, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for measuring Protein S in which a monoclonal IgG directed against the calcium-independent conformation of Protein S is the capture antibody. The range of detection for the assay was 10 to 160 ng of Protein S per milliliter. The coefficients of variation were 4.6%-7.3% within-assay and 7.7%-10.1% between-assay. We compared this assay with an ELISA involving a polyclonal anti-Protein S rabbit IgG as capture antibody (I) and with Laurell's electroimmunoassay (II) to measure Protein S in plasma from 32 normal subjects and 121 patients or individuals expected to have low concentrations of total Protein S (full-term newborns, pregnant women after the 18th week of gestation, patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation or liver cirrhosis, patients receiving therapy with warfarin, and patients with congenital Protein S deficiency). In general, the results obtained with the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA correlated well with those from I (r = 0.94), less well with those from II (r = 0.86).
Time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of human prostate-specific antigen
Authors: Vihko P , Kurkela R , Ramberg J , Pelkonen I , Vihko R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Assay of human serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is gaining importance in diagnosis and follow-up of prostatic cancer. In this time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of PSA, strip-wells were coated with a polyclonal antibody against PSA. To prepare the label, a monoclonal antibody displaying high affinity towards PSA was purified and derivatized with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid. With use of this derivative, seven to eight Eu atoms could be combined with one antibody molecule with no decrease in immunoreactivity. The minimum detectable concentration of PSA was 0.12 microgram/L. In 60 of 63 women studied, the PSA concentration in serum was less than 0.2 microgram/L. The increase in PSA in serum of asymptomatic men 51 years old or older, as compared with that for younger subjects, was possibly a result of "occult" prostatic hyperplasia. Most of the patients with prostatic hyperplasia or prostatic cancer had higher PSA concentrations than did subjects of ages less than 50 years or asymptomatic age-matched healthy subjects. Results compared favorably with those by an established technique relying on the use of radioactive label. Our method for measuring PSA in human serum is convenient, inexpensive, and well compatible with present clinical practice.
Enzyme immunoassay of human placental and germ-cell alkaline phosphatase in serum
Authors: Hendrix P G , Hoylaerts M F , Nouwen E J , De Broe M E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Placental alkaline phosphatase (placental ALP, PLAP) and germ-cell ALP (GCAP, also known as placental-like ALP), expressed in gonadal cancer tissues, are potential tumor markers. Four monoclonal antibodies, raised against PLAP and recognizing different epitopes, were selected to study the influence of the following variables on the accuracy of PLAP and GCAP measurement: phenotype, molecular form, and glycation pattern of PLAP and GCAP; incubation temperature; and interferences by serum during immunobinding. Nine GCAP phenotypes were identified, interacting with each antibody at a lower affinity than was seen for the more common PLAP phenotypes. Antibody affinity is higher for the free hydrophilic dimeric forms of PLAP and GCAP, and is not influenced by the degree of glycation. In serum or tissue extracts, measurement of PLAP or GCAP is most nearly accurate when immunoincubations are performed at 37 degrees C, with use of antibodies 327 and 7E8, respectively. In addition, correct measurements are achieved only when, during immunobinding, serum is incubated with an equal volume of deoxycholate (9 g/L final concentration).
Spontaneous decay of oxidized ascorbic acid (dehydro-L-ascorbic acid) evaluated by high-pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Bode A M , Cunningham L , Rose R C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We applied high-pressure liquid chromatography to assess the decomposition of the oxidized form of vitamin C, dehydro-L-ascorbic acid. We selected experimental conditions that might represent a wide variety of clinical and research procedures. Decay of dehydro-L-ascorbic acid proceeded much more rapidly at high pH (7-8) than at low pH (3-5) and was more rapid at 37 or 45 degrees C than at 0 or 23 degrees C. When evaluated at pH 6.6, the percent decay was somewhat more rapid from an initial concentration of 1000 mumol/L than at 5-10 mumol/L. The analytical procedure (HPLC) provided useful information about the rate of decay under various conditions. This may facilitate future biological and clinical studies that require a distinction between the oxidized and reduced forms of vitamin C.
Enzyme immunoassay for measuring antibodies against skeletal muscle in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Hara H , Ohta K , Nishitani H , Takegami T , Okamoto S , Hayashi K , Ohta M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We developed a highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for measuring IgG and IgM antibodies against human skeletal muscle (SM) component and tested sera from 100 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), 59 with thymoma and 41 without thymoma. We found that the frequency of anti-SM IgG antibodies was significantly higher in MG patients with (81%) than without (37%) thymoma. The titers of the anti-SM IgG antibodies measured by EIA correlated well with those measured by RIA (r = 0.81, P less than 0.01). We also found that 12% of the myasthenic patients with thymoma and 15% without it had anti-SM IgM antibodies. There was no correlation between the titers of the IgG and IgM antibodies. Our EIA provides a measure of anti-SM antibodies that is of comparable sensitivity to that of RIA.
Abbott TDx monoclonal antibody assay evaluated for measuring cyclosporine in whole blood
Authors: Yatscoff R W , Copeland K R , Faraci C J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report here the evaluation of the Abbott TDx assay with a monoclonal antibody for selectively quantifying cyclosporine (CsA) in whole blood. Over the clinically relevant concentration ranges, results with this assay demonstrated within- and between-run CVs of less than 2.5% and 5%, respectively; sensitivity of 25 micrograms/L; good analytical recovery (100.3%); and linearity with whole-blood specimens. The percentage cross-reactivity of the major CsA metabolites varied from 15.3% for AM9 (M-1), 8.2% for AM1 (M-17), and 3.7% for AM4N (M-21), to less than 3% for the other metabolites tested. Results with the TDx assay (y) correlated well with those by the Sandimmune selective RIA (x; Sandoz) with blood specimens from 44 renal-transplant recipients (n = 44, x= 187.3, y = 198.9, y = 5.49 + 1.03x, r = 0.987). The TDx values were on average 24% higher than those by HPLC (x') with the same patients' specimens (n = 44, x' = 159.9, y = 198.9, y = 15.9 + 1.14x', r = 0.967). We conclude that the Abbott TDx monoclonal antibody assay provides a rapid, precise, and accurate means for quantifying CsA in whole blood.
Evaluation of the PG-Numeric assay for semi-automated analysis for phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid
Authors: Chapman J F , Phillips J C , Rosenthal M A , Herbert W N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the performance of the PG-Numeric (PGN; Isolab, Inc.) enzymatic assay for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) adapted for semi-automated analysis on the Cobas-Bio (Roche) centrifugal analyzer. We evaluated precision, linearity, and potential interference from endogenous glycerol. In addition, we compared the results of the PGN assay with those for two other PG assays. Amniostat-FLM (AFLM; Hana Biologics) and phosphatidylglycerol/sphingomyelin ratio (PG/S), on amniotic fluid samples from 51 patients. Within-run and total CVs for the PGN test (n = 80) were respectively 8.6% and 11.4% for PG at 2.6 mumol/L, and 4.5% and 6.2% at 7.3 mumol/L. The PGN test exhibited no significant deviation from linearity between PG concentrations of 0.4 and 15 mumol/L. Endogenous glycerol up to 500 mumol/L did not affect PGN results significantly. Results of the PGN assay compared favorably with those of the other PG assays for tests of fetal lung maturation. The Cobas-Bio adaptation of the PGN test performed well analytically and clinically, and allowed the determination of PG in less than 1 h.
Atypical enolase isoenzyme in serum: a macroenolase formed from the alpha gamma-hybrid form
Authors: Viallard J L , Caillaud D , Kantelip B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report an abnormal pattern for enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) isoenzymes in the serum of a patient with squamous cell lung carcinoma. The alpha alpha-isoenzyme was present but the alpha gamma form was not detected, and near the point of application on the electrophoretogram was an abnormal band. We determined that the abnormal fraction corresponded to a macroenolase, composed of the alpha gamma-isoenzyme complexed with IgG. From a practical point of view, the presence of such a macroenolase, containing gamma-subunits, results in falsely increased results for neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in procedures that determine only the NSE concentration without consideration of the enolase isoenzymes.
Increased circulating concentrations of interleukin 2 receptor during rejection episodes in heart- or kidney-transplant recipients
Authors: Zucchelli G C , Clerico A , De Maria R , Carmellini M , Di Stefano R , Masini S , Pilo A , Donato L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Concentrations of interleukin 2 receptor (sIL-2R) have been suggested as a marker of rejection episodes after organ transplantation. To evaluate the analytical performance of a "sandwich-type" enzyme immunoassay method for sIL-2R and to verify whether increased concentrations of sIL-2R might be a useful marker of allograft rejection, we quantified sIL-2R in serum samples from heart- or kidney-transplant patients. The mean (+/- SD) pre-transplant value of sIL-2R (592 +/- 209 kilo-units/L) in heart-transplant patients was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) than that observed in controls (350 +/- 101 kilo-units/L). After heart transplantation, the concentrations of sIL-2R slowly decreased to baseline in successfully treated patients but increased significantly (1129 +/- 215 kilo-units/L; P less than 0.01) during acute rejection crisis. However, severe infections were also associated with a significant increase of sIL-2R, so the sIL-2R test is not specific for allograft rejection. The mean pre-transplant concentration of sIL-2R was also increased (1943 +/- 878 kilo-units/L) in 26 renal-transplant patients; after transplantation, this value returned to normal, as did that for creatinine, but persisted steadily high in five patients who experienced acute tubular necrosis. In this group of patients, the sIL-2R concentration increased by 1.5- to fourfold, both during acute rejection episodes and in clinically evident infection; thus measurement of creatinine and sIL-2R concentrations can help to distinguish between rejection, infection, and cyclosporine toxicity. In two episodes of mild cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity, we observed slight increases in serum creatinine (which returned to baseline when the cyclosporine dose was decreased) not associated with an increase in sIL-2R. We conclude that systematic monitoring of sIL-2R together with other biochemical and clinical markers may be useful in the management of kidney-transplant patients.
Biochemical markers as prognostic indices in breast cancer
Authors: Duffy M J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Traditional prognostic markers in breast cancer include histological variables such as tumor size, grade, and axillary node status. In recent years some new potential prognostic markers of a biochemical nature have been described: estradiol receptors, progesterone receptors, epidermal growth factor receptors, erbB-2 proto-oncogene, and certain proteolytic enzymes. None of these new markers excels axillary node status as a prognostic marker. Biochemical markers can, however, be evaluated with use of minimal surgery and may help distinguish the minority of aggressive axillary-node-negative breast cancers.
Laboratory evaluation of an immunochemiluminometric assay of triiodothyronine in serum
Authors: Austin D , Toivola B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We evaluated an immunochemiluminometric assay for total triiodothyronine (T3) in serum. Acridinium ester is used as chemiluminescent label, with magnetic particle separation. Intra-run precision was demonstrated by CVs of 8.6%, 8.1%, and 4.4% at T3 concentrations of 1.3, 2.2, and 4.3 nmol/L, respectively. Between-run CVs were 19.1%, 8.8%, and 6.9% at respective T3 concentrations of 0.9, 2.4, and 6.2 nmol/L. We tested the validity of a two-point calibration system by comparing it with a set of 10 calibrators; use of the latter only minimally improved assay precision. The central 95% reference range, determined by data from 109 healthy blood donors, was 1.5-3.2 nmol/L. Comparison with a standard radioimmunoassay method revealed constant error, attributed to bias or matrix effects between the different calibrators used in the two assay systems. Assay time for 60 samples was 2.5 h. We conclude that this assay is rapid and precise, and offers safety and time advantages over conventional RIA techniques.
Changes in laboratory results for cancer patients treated with interleukin-2
Authors: Huang C M , Elin R J , Ruddel M , Sliva C , Lotze M T , Rosenberg S A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The systemic administration of interleukin-2 (IL-2) can lead to significant antitumor responses in some patients with metastatic cancer in whom standard therapy has failed. A limitation of this immunotherapy is the toxicity associated with IL-2 infusion. To assess toxicity, we determined aspartate aminotransferase (AST; EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; EC 2.6.1.2), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT; EC 2.3.2.2), lactate dehydrogenase (LD; EC 1.1.1.27), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1), creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2), total bilirubin (TBI), direct bilirubin (DBI), creatinine, urea nitrogen, and C-reactive protein in serum from 21 patients before and during five consecutive days of IL-2 treatment. Ten patients were followed for an additional five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. The IL-2 infusion caused liver toxicity and prerenal azotemia, as evidenced by significant increases (P less than 0.05) of all analytes except CK by day 1. There was a progressive increase in the results (except CK) for these tests until IL-2 treatment was stopped. Seven tests related to liver function (AST, ALT, GGT, LD, ALP, DBI, and TBI) showed increases, but the test results indicated significant improvement and moved toward the baseline value five days after the end of IL-2 therapy. Concentrations of creatinine and urea nitrogen in serum were normal three days after the cessation of IL-2 therapy.
Rapid, simple enzymatic assay of free L-fucose in serum and urine, and its use as a marker for cancer, cirrhosis, and gastric ulcers
Authors: Sakai T , Yamamoto K , Yokota H , Hakozaki-Usui K , Hino F , Kato I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We devised a kit for use with automated analyzers, for assay of urinary free L-fucose by means of a newly isolated L-fucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.122), and we measured L-fucose in healthy subjects, cancer patients, and patients with other diseases. It takes 10 min to complete one assay. Absorbance and L-fucose concentration were linearly related up to at least 3.0 mmol/L, analytical recovery was 90-104%, and intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were less than 4.2% and 7.8%, respectively. The concentrations of L-fucose, corrected for creatinine, were significantly higher than those in healthy subjects in nine of 18 patients with gastric ulcers, 19 of 21 patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and 206 of 366 patients with some type of cancer, reflecting a changed L-fucose metabolism. Because urine specimens are analyzed and the test is rapid and inexpensive, this method may be suitable for mass screening for some kinds of cancer, cirrhosis, and gastric ulcers.
Distribution of trace elements in the lipid and nonlipid matter of hair
Authors: Attar K M , Abdel-Aal M A , Debayle P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We studied the effect of lipid removal on the concentrations of 13 trace elements measured in human hair. We used a pooled specimen of hair from a barber shop, initially washed with de-ionized water, with ultrasonic cleaning, then analyzed for Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Si, Sr, and Zn with use of an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. The lipid was removed by Soxhlet extraction with ethanol, and the hair was re-analyzed. We found several elements present in a relatively large proportion (greater than 20%) in the lipid fraction, mainly Na, K, Ca, Mg, Ni, and Sr. We suggest that removal of part or all of the lipids from hair by using detergents or other lipid-removing solvents for washing may account for the variability in data on elements in hair reported by different laboratories, and that those elements largely present in the lipid fraction are the result of environmental exposure, whereas those retained in the hair fiber after lipid removal can be attributed to nutritional and clinical aspects. We believe that such determination of the distribution of elements may help validate the use of hair in assessing trace elements in the body.