bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-B-40 Late-Breaking: Determination of lysine requirements of young and senior Labrador retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique
Authors: Varney Jessica L , Weil Jordan T , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In order improve the health and longevity of canines, the need to determine amino acid requirements for aging populations is particularly important. In this experiment, a total of six young (&lt; 1.5 yrs) and six old (&gt;8 yrs) Labrador retrievers were studied in order to determine the lysine (Lys) requirement through the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) technique. All dogs were supplied with constant dietary Phe in the control and test diets. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a broken-line model of best fit (JMP Pro 14.1). The [1-13C] Phe oxidation results showed that the minimal requirement of the young adult and senior dogs was 1.08 ± 0.59 and 0.83 ± 0.12 (mean ± 2SD) g/1000 kcal ME, respectively. The lower lysine requirements for the senior dogs is due to the seniors having an average of 987g less lean mass per dog than the young adults.
PSIV-B-36 Late-Breaking: Selenium content and speciation in muscle of pigs fed diets supplemented with different selenium sources and doses
Authors: Zhang Junmin , Tang Chaohua , Zhang Kai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential element for pigs with diet being the major source of intake, while the metabolic process of different sources and doses of dietary Se in pigs muscle remains unclear. In this study, a reliable HPLC-ICP-MS approach was developed for analyzing selenium speciation in the muscle of pigs, which could analyze seven selenium speciation in ten minutes. This approach was used to study the metabolism of different sources and doses of dietary selenium in pigs muscle. In total, 108 castrated male pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, 61.3 ± 3.3 kg) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups with six replicates of three pigs per replicate. These six treatments received the same basal diet (0.1 mg Se/kg) without any Se supplement (BD-0.1), or basal diet supplemented with sodium selenite (0.25 mg Se/kg, SSe-0.25), methylselenocysteine (0.25 mg Se/kg, MeSeCys-0.25), or selenomethionine (0.25, 0.50, and 2.5 mg Se/kg, SeMet-0.25, SeMet-0.5, and SeMet-2.5) for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, six pigs from each group (one pig per replicate) were slaughtered and the longissimus dorsi muscle was collected for total Se and Se speciation analysis. The results showed that the selenium sources deposition efficiency was ranked as: selenomethionine &gt; methylselenocysteine &gt; selenite, and the muscle selenium content had a dose effect with selenomethionine supplementation (Figure 1). Four species of selenium were detected in the muscles of pigs, and the distribution of these selenium species were greatly affected by the dietary selenium supplementation forms and levels (Figure 2). Selenomethionine (&gt; 70% of total selenium) and selenocystine (&gt; 11%) were the major selenium species, followed by methylselenocysteine and selenourea. These findings could be advantageous for rational use of selenium supplements, as well as for selenium-enriched pork production.
PSV-39 Fatty acids profile of the meat from Nellore young bulls supplemented with lauric acid
Authors: Araújo Sergiane A , Oliveira Ronaldo L , Barbosa Analívia M , Silva Aline R , Ribeiro Rebeca D X , Santos Neiri J A , Silva Thadeu M , Júnior Jarbas M Silva , Lima Anny G V O , Nascimento Thiago V C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lauric acid (LA) is an additive used in ruminant’s diet with the purpose of mitigating the methane effect. However, the presence of a certain amount of LA in the rumen can cause a reduction in the microbial population and ruminal metabolic processes, such as the biohydrogenation. This study aimed evaluate the effect of the LA inclusion in the diet of Nellore on the fatty acids profile of the meat. Thirty-two young Nellore bulls were used with an average age of 24-months. The animals were individually fed with a total mixed ration with 40% of roughage (Cynodon sp. hay) and 60% of concentrated mix, composed with ground corn, soybean meal, urea, mineral premix and LA in 0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5% of inclusion in the total diet dry matter basis. Those amounts constituted the treatments. At the end of the trial, the animals were slaughtered and the meat was stored at -21oC, before analyses. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and eight replications. The data were submitted to regression analysis, and significance was declared when P &lt; 0.05. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of the inclusion of LA in the sum of saturated fatty acids (∑SAF=43.45±1.55), monounsaturated fatty acids (∑MUFA=41.9±0.29), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (∑PUFA=12.25±1.40). The inclusion of LA in the diets also did not affect the sum of omega-3 fatty acids (∑ n-3=1.05±0.22), omega-6 fatty acids (∑ n-6=3.02±0.49, and the reason n-6: n-3 (2.91±0.12). The atherogenicity (0.65±0.05) and trombogenicity (1.47±0.10) indexes, important indexes to predict heart coronary diseases risk, were not affected by the inclusion of LA in the diet of the animals. The results suggest that LA can be included up to 1.5% (DM basis of total diet) in the diets of Nellore without causing any significant changes in the fatty acids profile of the meat.
PSIX-33 Effects of corn protein concentrate levels on egg production and egg quality parameters of commercial layers
Authors: Herrera Alfredo , Ortiz Mario , Torrealba Hector , Ponce Christian H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of corn protein concentrate (CPC) levels in the diets on laying performance, and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 180 64-wk-old laying hens (2.05 kg ± 0.19 kg of live weight) were randomly assigned to 36 cages (5 birds/cage) with separate feeders, including 6 dietary treatments. Birds were fed 1 of 6 experimental diets containing CPC at different levels (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5%) for 10 weeks. Diets were isocaloric (2850 Mcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (CP, 15.0%), having similar digestible amino acid profile. Hens were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment to determine BW change. Egg production, feed consumption and egg weight were recorded daily, while egg quality variables were evaluated every 14 days. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SAS in a complete randomized design. The cage was considered the experimental unit. Linear and quadratic effects of treatment were used for mean separation and significance was declared at P ≤ 0.05. Hens fed CPC maintained BW and gain at an increased rate (Quadraic: P &lt; 0.01). Feed intake increased as CPC increased in the diet (Lineal and quadratic: P &lt; 0.01). Egg production, mass and weight were increased as CPC increased in the diet (Quadraic: P &lt; 0.01). Feed conversion rate was improved as CPC increased in the diet (Lineal and Quadraic: P &lt; 0.02). Shell thickness and breaking strength tended to linearly increased as CPC increased in the diet (P &lt; 0.06). Albumen height and Haugh unit were not altered by dietary treatment (P &gt; 0.25). Yolk color was increased as CPC increased in the diet (P &lt; 0.01). Results from this experiment suggest addition of up to 2.5% CPC in the diet enhances egg production and some parameters of egg quality.
PSVII-25 Intra-Farm Variability: Growing pigs have different SID Lys:NE requirements depending on their BW category
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if pigs with different initial body weight within the same farm batch have different SID Lys:NE requirements. In the trial 1,170 growing crossbred pigs were distributed in 90 pens (13 pigs/pen) and split in three initial BW categories: Large, Medium and Small (32.1 ± 2.8, 27.5 ± 2.3 and 23.4 ± 2.9 kg, respectively). Each pen was randomly assigned by BW to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (3.25, 3.66, 4.07, 4.47 and 4.88 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment. All diets were isoenergetic (2460 kcal NE/kg), and CP ranged from 14.50 to 17.50 %. The dietary treatments were fed for 26 days. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE was performed using the GLM procedure of SAS with linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear models were fit with the NLIN procedure of SAS to determine the break-point to maximize ADG or minimize FCR for all categories together or independently. The ADG break-point for all pigs was determined at 3.89 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. However, when analyzed by categories, the break-point was 3.86, 4.07 and 4.76 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for large, medium and small pigs respectively. The general break-point for FCR was determined at 4.25 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. By BW categories the different break points determined were: 4.27, 4.15 and 4.59 g SID Lys/Mcal NE for large, medium and small pigs, respectively. In conclusion, the estimated requirement to maximize ADG and optimize FCR via broken-line models is higher for small pigs than large or medium. Therefore, pigs within the same farm batch should be differentially fed in relation to the SID Lys:NE ratio.
PSVII-2 Influence of source and concentration of phosphorus on apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus in growing pigs
Authors: Aderibigbe Ayodeji , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A study was conducted to examine the influence of source and concentration of phosphorus (P) on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P in growing pigs. Six diets were formulated in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with soybean meal (SBM) or corn distillers’ dried grain with solubles (DDGS) as sole sources of dietary P, and concentration of P at 2.0, 2.5 or 3.0 g/kg. Eighteen cannulated pigs (initial BW = 40 ± 5 kg) were allotted to triplicate 6 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 6 diets and 3 periods, which consisted of 5 d adaption, 2 d fecal collection, and 2 d ileal digesta collection. The results indicated that AID of P was not different from ATTD of P in all diets (P = 0.45). The digestibility of P was affected by source of P (P &lt; 0.01), with mean of 33.7% in SBM and 50.3% in DDGS. The AID of P in SBM increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing P concentrations; however, there was no effect of increasing P concentrations on AID and ATTD of P in DDGS. Determined by regression analysis, true ileal digestibility of P was 58.3% or 57.6%, and true total tract digestibility of P was 56.0% or 62.6%, for SBM or DDGS respectively. The estimated ileal endogenous P loss was 0.61 or 0.13 g//kg DMI, and total tract endogenous P loss was 0.53 or 0.35 g/kg DMI, for SBM or DDGS respectively. In summary, source and concentration of dietary P affect the digestibility of P in growing pigs but there was no difference between AID and ATTD of P.
PSXIII-35 Relationship between early gestation maternal plasma progesterone concentrations and within-litter birth weight variation from Yorkshire sired litters
Authors: Miles Jeremy , Rempel Lea A , Cushman Robert , Lents Clay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if maternal plasma progesterone (P4) during early gestation influences within-litter birth weight variation in pigs. White crossbred females (n = 589) of mixed parity (1–4) were bred at standing estrus designated as day 0 of pregnancy and again 24 h later using single-sire semen from commercial Yorkshire genetics. At day 7 of pregnancy, a single blood sample from each female was collected, processed for plasma and P4 was analyzed using a validated RIA for swine. Dams were allowed to farrow under normal management procedures and standard litter statistics (e.g., number born alive, piglet birth weight, etc.) were recorded. Within-litter birth weight variation (BWV) was determined for each litter using the coefficient of variation of birth weight. Pearson correlation analysis illustrated there was a low (r = 0.0967) but significant (P = 0.0191) positive correlation between P4 and BWV. Linear regression demonstrated that for every ng/ml increase in P4 during early gestation, BWV increased 0.11 ± 0.04%. For this population, the mean BWV was 19.4% with a SD of 7.8%. When analyzing P4 concentrations from extreme groups of females with high or low BWV [i.e. females with 1 SD above, high group (&gt;27.2%; n = 100); or below, low group (&lt; 11.6%; n = 106) the mean BWV] by GLM procedures, high BWV group females had increased (P = 0.0473) concentrations of P4 during early gestation compared to low BWV group (13.9 ± 1.4 vs. 9.0 ± 1.7 ng/ml, respectively). These data demonstrate a positive relationship for early gestation plasma P4 concentrations with greater BWV; thereby, illustrating that high concentrations of P4 during early gestation influence within-litter birth weight variation in pigs. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSIX-2 Potential role of rumen microbiota in altering average daily gain and feed efficiency in meat goats fed simple and mixed pastures using bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Gurung Nar , Shange Raymond , solaiman sandra 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Our objective was to examine whether the comparative abundance of the Bacteroidetes (B) and Firmicutes (F) bacterial phyla in meat goats fed simple and mixed forages influenced average daily gain (ADG), rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial diversity changes using a tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP). Thirty-six Kiko-cross growing meat goats (BW = 27.7 ± 2.83) at approximate age of 7 mo were used in this study. Animals were randomly allocated to three pasture treatment groups (n = 12) as follows: (1) bermudagrass (BG; Cynodon dactylon), (2) sun hemp (SH; Crotalaria juncea) forage, and (3) BG + SH forage combinations for 45-d. Results indicated that there were no differences in initial BW among treatments, but final BW and ADG were higher (P &lt; 0.01) for SH and BG + SH combinations than for BG alone. We investigated the alterations between the different forage diets and found that ADG and rumen fermentation (A/P ratio), were highly correlated with the abundance of various bacterial populations within the rumen microbiome. There were linear decreases in percentage of Bacteroidetes (R2 = -0.84; P &lt; 0.05) associated with decreasing ADG. In contrast, increased ADG was linearly associated with higher percentages of Firmicutes (R2 = 0.79; P &lt; 0.05), F/B ratio (R2 = 0.88; P = 0.07), total VFA (R2 = 0.45; P &lt; 0.05), and lower A/P ratio (R2 = -0.72; P &lt; 0.01). This suggest that the substrate and bacterial community have the role in adapting host biological parameters in meat goats. The abundance examination of both Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes will be useful for exploring the structure of gut microbiota as an estimate of animal performance.
PSXI-19 Levels of a blend of clove, castor and cashew oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin) against some ruminal Prevotella
Authors: Matos Aylle Medeiros , Carvalho Venício M , Avila Vicente A Diaz , Ornaghi Mariana Garcia , Bonin Edineia , Castilho Ricardo Araújo , Prado Rodolpho Martin Do , Prado Ivanor Nunes do 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a blend of vegetable oils and active ingredients (Ruminatus® - safeeds@safeeds.com.br) on ruminal population density of Prevotella albensis, Prevotella bryantii and Prevotella ruminicola. The blend contained clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), castor (Ricinus communis) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin). The experiments were designed using each bacteria exposed to doses of 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 mg/ml of the product and having six replicates. Bacteria were cultivated on Hobson’s M2 medium in Hungate tubes. Cultures cultivated without the addition of any oils were considered as control. Bacteria were cultivated overnight and freshly inoculated into new tubes containing medium. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a Spectrophotometer Evolution 201 UV-visible (Thermo Scientific) at 600 nm. Readings were performed at 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation. Data were analyzed using the linear mixed models and the NLME Procedure in R software. The use of the blend reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the population density of P. albensis and P. bryantii in comparison to the control treatment. P. ruminicola population only decreased (P &lt; 0.05) when 3.0 mg/ml of the blend was used. Growth impairment of Prevotellaceae prevent excessive degradation of dietary protein, increasing protein digestibility. In addition, there is a reduction on ammonia synthesis, the end product of proteolysis, which is excreted in animal waste. Therefore, the combined action of clove, castor and castor essential oils and microencapsulated active ingredients influences the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and can be used as a rumen modulator.
PSXII-10 Voluntary water intake of calves and fattening Holstein bulls fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Devant Maria , Verdú Marçal , Medinya Carles , Riera Joan , Marti Sonia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to obtain voluntary water intake equations of calves and fattening bulls raised under Mediterranean conditions. Two data sets were created. Calves data set had a total of 283 records (from 25 to 80 d of age and 54 to 102 kg of BW) summarized weekly from 20 studies (108 calves in each study). Mean records were: milk water intake (2.8 ± 1.00 L), drinker water intake (4.3 ± 3.49 L), concentrate intake (1.5 ± 0.86 kg), straw intake (0.1 ± 0.04 kg). Mean climatic records were: mean, maximum and minimum temperature were 15.6 ± 7.75 ºC, 22.1 ± 9.30 ºC, and 9.9 ± 6.56 ºC, respectively, and mean humidity and THI were 62.4 ± 15.72% and 58.9 ± 11.11%, respectively. Fattening bulls data set had a total of 304 records (from 120 to 330 d of age and 150 to 475 kg of BW) summarized daily from 4 studies (145 bulls in each study). Mean records were: drinker water intake (20.4 ± 6.99 L), concentrate intake (7.6 ± 1.32 kg), and straw intake (1.1 ± 0.04 kg). Mean climatic records were: mean, maximum and minimum temperature were 11.6 ± 7.59 ºC, 18.8 ± 8.53 ºC, and 4.5 ± 6.27 ºC, respectively, and mean humidity and THI were 73.5 ± 11.81% and 52.9 ± 11.72%, respectively. A meta-analyses was conducted and following water intake equations were obtained: calves (R2= 0.76, P &lt; 0,01), water intake (L/day) = -5,32 + 2,99 x concentrate intake (kg as fed/d) + 0,23 x maximum daily temperature (º C), and in fattening bulls (R2= 0.54, P &lt; 0,01) water intake (L/day) = -8,98 + 0,06 x BW (kg) + 0.41 x maximum daily temperature (º C) + 0.01 (maximum daily temperature (º C)2.
PSXII-4 Beef quality from animals in long term feeding with DDG’s in the diet
Authors: Lage Josiane , Hoffmann Alvair , Ferrari Adriana , Delevatti Lutti Maneck , Reis Ricardo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dried distiller grains with solubles (DDG’s) represent an alternative to replace protein sources. The trial included 2 seasons: growing in pasture (Brachiaria brizantha, Marandu grass) for 5 months (wet), and finishing in the dry season (100 d). Two different feeding approaches were applied in the dry season: Express Feedlot® (EF) - high concentrate in pasture (1.5% of BW), or conventional feedlot (CF) - 70% concentrate. The pastures were divided into 9 paddocks totaling 9.9 ha (wet season). Sixty-nine Nellore bulls (12 mo; 249.03 ± 36.84 kg), were divided in 3 treatments: conventional supplement (CON) with cottonseed meal as a protein source; DDG’s replacing 50% of protein source (DDG50) or 100% of protein source (DDG100). In the dry season, the animals maintained the same protein source treatment (CON, DDG50 and DDG100) applied either on EF or CF. EF bulls (n = 33; 392 ± 33.18 kg BW) were finished on Marandu grass in 9 paddocks (3 by treatment). CF bulls (n = 36; 391 ± 35.2 kg BW) were confined in 9 collective pens (3 by treatment). Animals were slaughtered with the same age and the carcasses were refrigerated (0°C - 48 h). Samples were collected from the longissimus to determine pH, L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness), CKL (cooking losses) and WBSF (Warner-Bratzler shear force). The pH, L*, a*, b* and WBSF were not influenced by finishing system (P &gt; 0.05). However, CKL was greater (P = 0.002) in beef from animals finished in EF. The use of DDGS in long-term feeding replacing the protein sources in the diets did not influence the beef quality traits (P &gt; 0.05). Animals in EF produces beef with the same quality from animals finished in CF. The use of DDG’s replacing protein source in long term feeding can be used without promotes negative impact on beef quality.
PSXII-38 Effect of crude protein sources on feedlot performance and carcass traits of Nellore young bulls
Authors: Fernandes Juliano José R , Bomfim Lorena E L M , Teixeira Daniel Augusto A , Couto Victor R M , Lopes Ana Laura A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this trial, 120 Nellore young bulls of ± 386kg kg initial weight were used to evaluate the effect of different sources of crude protein on the feedlot performance (finishing phase) and carcass characteristics. Animals were maintained in fifteen pens for 105 days. Animals were individually weighed and blocked by initial body weight. Pens within a block were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: (D14) Control diet including 14% of crude protein (CP) on dry matter; (D12) Inclusion of 12.5% CP/dry matter and (D11), inclusion of 11% of CP/dry matter. Feed offered was monitored daily as well as feed refusals were collected and weighed to determine the DMI and feed efficiency (F:G). Animals were weighed every 28 d after 16 h feed withdrawal for calculating ADG. The D14 and D12 treatments increased the final weight (P = 0.008) when compared to D11 (564.13; 550.96 and 529.73 kg, respectively). The D14 treatment increased the ADG (1.69 kg; P = 0.002) when compared to D12 (1.54 kg) and D11 animals (1.35 kg). The same was observed for DMI (P = 0.001) (10.40kg, 9.77kg e 8.68kg, respectively) and % BW (P = 0.001), when D14 had the greatest value (2.2%), and D11 the worst (1.90%). There were no effect of the treatments for F:G (P = 0.202). Hot carcass weight was increased by the D14 treatment (P = 0.006) (311.97kg; 300.55 and 289.30kg, respectively). However, the cooling losses were not affected (P = 0.0843), as well as were observed for dressing (P = 0.089). Nevertheless, the carcass daily gain was improved by the D14 (P = 0.02), with animals increasing 1.13 kg/d; D12 with 1.01kg/d and D11, 0.91 kg. In conclusion, the sources of crude protein can affect the feedlot cattle performance, in agreement with the Brazilian Nellore requirement program (Br-Corte). However, in this trial, diets with 14% of CP improved the animal’s performance.