bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dyadic perspective on assessment in Alzheimer's dementia: Supporting both care partners across the disease continuum
Authors: Orsulic‐Jeras Silvia , Whitlatch Carol J. , Powers Sara M. , Johnson Justin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWritten from a dyadic strength‐based perspective, this article first provides a brief overview of the Education, Information, and Support section of the 2018 Alzheimer's Disease Dementia Care Practice Recommendations.1 Subsequent sections present a comprehensive overview of available valid and reliable psychosocial measures that assess a selection of important domains for dementia care planning that can be used by families from early stage until end‐of‐life. Measures selected for the purposes of this article will focus on concepts that are strength‐based and most relevant to care dyads as they navigate the difficult disease trajectory: readiness, knowledge, coping, dyadic relationship, care values and preferences. We will also highlight measures that have traditionally targeted the family care partner but can potentially be considered for use with the care partner with dementia, with adjustments, beyond the early stages. Part of this discussion will include various strategies for including persons with dementia in all aspects of their own care using a strength‐based perspective, potentially enabling them to answer questions more reliably across disease stages. Last, gaps in existing measures will be identified to provide options to better assess areas of need most meaningful to families, and in ways that positively contribute to the successful aging of those living with dementia and their care partners.
Approximating dementia prevalence in population‐based surveys of aging worldwide: An unsupervised machine learning approach
Authors: Cleret de Langavant Laurent , Bayen Eléonore , Bachoud‐Lévi Anne‐Catherine , Yaffe Kristine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionAbility to determine dementia prevalence in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) remains challenging because of frequent lack of data and large discrepancies in dementia case ascertainment.MethodsHigh likelihood of dementia was determined with hierarchical clustering after principal component analysis applied in 10 population surveys of aging: HRS (USA, 2014), SHARE (Europe and Israel, 2015), MHAS (Mexico, 2015), ELSI (Brazil, 2016), CHARLS (China, 2015), IFLS (Indonesia, 2014–2015), LASI (India, 2016), SAGE‐Ghana (2007), SAGE‐South Africa (2007), SAGE‐Russia (2007–2010). We approximated dementia prevalence using weighting methods.ResultsEstimated numbers of dementia cases were: China, 40.2 million; India, 18.0 million; Russia, 5.2 million; Europe and Israel, 5.0 million; United States, 4.4 million; Brazil, 2.2 million; Mexico, 1.6 million; Indonesia, 1.3 million; South Africa, 1.0 million; Ghana, 319,000.DiscussionOur estimations were similar to prior ones in high‐income countries but much higher in LMIC. Extrapolating these results globally, we suggest that almost 130 million people worldwide were living with dementia in 2015.
Enhancers in polymeric nonviral gene delivery systems
Authors: Yang Zhiyu , Guo Zhaopei , Tian Huayu , Chen Xuesi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGene therapy is a promising therapeutic tool for cancers and inherited diseases. For successful gene therapy, gene delivery systems must be designed reasonably to allow DNA or other nuclear acids to be taken up by the cancer cells and then transported to target location for function. In the research of gene delivery systems, polymeric nonviral carriers for genes have attracted much attention. However, polymeric gene delivery systems suffer from low transfection efficiency. Various strategies have been developed for improving efficacy of polymeric gene delivery systems. These strategies can be categorized into covalent strategies and noncovalent strategies according to the way how the functional unit is combined with the carrier. Noncovalent strategies in improving gene transfection efficiency are simply mixing additional functional components with carriers. These relatively independent functional materials are named gene delivery enhancers here. In this review, we focus on enhancers in polymeric gene delivery systems. We discuss structures and enhancement mechanisms of enhancers in the order of the stages in which they function in gene delivery process. Barriers of in vitro gene delivery are also reviewed briefly.
Effect of feeding wheat middlings and calcium lignosulfonate as pellet binders on pellet quality growth performance and lipid peroxidation in broiler chickens
Authors: Saleh Ahmed A. , Elnagar Ayman M. , Eid Yahya Z. , Ebeid Tarek A. , Amber Khairy A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBasal diets supplemented with 4 kg Ca‐LS/ton of diet. Pellet quality characteristics (per cent fines, the present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of wheat middlings (WM) and calcium lignosulfonate (Ca‐LS) as pellet binders on the pellet quality characteristics, growth performance, blood parameters, nutrients digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and muscle fatty acids profile in Egyptian broiler strain. A total of 3,120 broiler chicks at 1‐day of age were divided randomly into three experimental treatments with eight replicates (130 each). The first treatment was fed the basal pelleted diets without any additives, the second treatment was fed diets including 50 kg WM/ton of diet and the third treatment was fed per cent pellets, and pellet durability index) were significantly improved in WM and Ca‐LS treatments compared with the control. Body weight gain was significantly increased, while feed intake was significantly decreased resulting in improving of feed conversion ratio significantly in WM group in comparison with control and Ca‐LS groups (p < .05). Nutrients apparent digestibility (dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre) were significantly improved by inclusion of WM compared with control and Ca‐LS. Plasma total cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations were significantly decreased by dietary WM in comparison with control and Ca‐LS experimental groups. Furthermore, linoleic, alpha‐linolenic and arachidonic acids contents in breast muscle were significantly increased by WM and Ca‐LS, while, muscle malondialdehyde concentration was significantly decreased. It could be concluded that inclusion of WM and Ca‐LS can improve pellet quality characteristics, and WM (at a level of 50 kg/ton) had positive effects on growth performance, nutrients digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and fatty acids profile in Egyptian broiler strain.
River ecosystem conceptual models and non‐perennial rivers: A critical review
Authors: Allen Daniel C. , Datry Thibault , Boersma Kate S. , Bogan Michael T. , Boulton Andrew J. , Bruno Daniel , Busch Michelle H. , Costigan Katie H. , Dodds Walter K. , Fritz Ken M. , Godsey Sarah E. , Jones Jeremy B. , Kaletova Tatiana , Kampf Stephanie K. , Mims Meryl C. , Neeson Thomas M. , Olden Julian D. , Pastor Amandine V. , Poff N. LeRoy , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Ruhi Albert , Singer Gabriel , Vezza Paolo , Ward Adam S. , Zimmer Margaret 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConceptual models underpin river ecosystem research. However, current models focus on continuously flowing rivers and few explicitly address characteristics such as flow cessation and drying. The applicability of existing conceptual models to nonperennial rivers that cease to flow (intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams, IRES) has not been evaluated. We reviewed 18 models, finding that they collectively describe main drivers of biogeochemical and ecological patterns and processes longitudinally (upstream‐downstream), laterally (channel‐riparian‐floodplain), vertically (surface water‐groundwater), and temporally across local and landscape scales. However, perennial rivers are longitudinally continuous while IRES are longitudinally discontinuous. Whereas perennial rivers have bidirectional lateral connections between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, in IRES, this connection is unidirectional for much of the time, from terrestrial‐to‐aquatic only. Vertical connectivity between surface and subsurface water occurs bidirectionally and is temporally consistent in perennial rivers. However, in IRES, this exchange is temporally variable, and can become unidirectional during drying or rewetting phases. Finally, drying adds another dimension of flow variation to be considered across temporal and spatial scales in IRES, much as flooding is considered as a temporally and spatially dynamic process in perennial rivers. Here, we focus on ways in which existing models could be modified to accommodate drying as a fundamental process that can alter these patterns and processes across spatial and temporal dimensions in streams. This perspective is needed to support river science and management in our era of rapid global change, including increasing duration, frequency, and occurrence of drying.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Water in war: Understanding the impacts of armed conflict on water resources and their management
Authors: Schillinger Juliane , Özerol Gül , Güven‐Griemert Şermin , Heldeweg Michiel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArmed conflict has the potential to disrupt water systems that are crucial to environmental and human wellbeing. Yet there is no comprehensive overview of scientific evidence on the impact of armed conflicts on water resources and their management. This paper assesses the relevant scientific evidence through a systematic literature review. We discern conceptual, empirical, and methodological approaches adopted in the reviewed publications and synthesize the overarching research results. Common research topics across the body of literature include the role of water resources in armed conflicts, either as a casualty or as a weapon used by conflict parties, and the implications of armed conflict on water resources management, such as basic service provision and water governance. The analysis also pinpoints the research field's focus on empirical studies based on a small number of cases, and highlights a lack of conceptual engagement with the notion of armed conflict. Future research on water resources and their management in conflict settings needs to be more transparent on conceptual frameworks and assumptions to facilitate knowledge integration across different studies.This article is categorized under:
Planning Water > Engineering Water
Water Governance > Human Water
Variations in dew moisture regimes in desert ecosystems and their influencing factors
Authors: Yu Ruihong , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Lu Xixi , Chang I‐Shin , Liu Tingxi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs an important source of non‐rainfall input of land–surface liquid water, dew has considerable ecological and hydrological significance in desert ecosystems. Dew moisture regime is commonly used for characterizing available dew. It discloses not only the contributions of dew to plants, small animals, and biological crusts but also the mechanism by which desert organisms adapt to extreme climates. By reviewing the existing researches on dew moisture regimes in desert ecosystems, this study reveals the variations in the amount and duration of dew, as well as its influencing factors at site‐, catchment‐, and regional scales, based on the radiation cooling theory and the physical mechanisms of dew formation. Furthermore, it compares the differences in dew moisture between various sites and catchments, illustrates the trends in daily and annual dew moisture in various deserts, and identifies the existing problems of researches on dew moisture regimes amid climate change. The findings of this study enhance preliminary knowledge on the reasonable utilization of dew water, worldwide.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Imagination, the Brain’s Default Mode Network, and Imaginative Verbal Artifacts
Authors: Carroll Joseph 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to explain how imaginative verbal artifacts are produced by the imagination and in turn influence the imagination. Assimilating recent neuroscientific research on the evolution of modern brain shape and on the brain’s default mode network, we can now say with confidence that the imagination is a neurological reality, that it is lodged in specific parts of the brain, that it consists of an identifiable set of components and processes, that these components and processes have adaptive functions, and that in fulfilling its functions imagination has been a major causal factor in making Homo sapiens the dominant species on earth. The first section of the chapter defines the main terms in this argument. The second section describes the evolution of modern brain shape and suggests the role imagination has played in producing the complex of behaviors that characterize neurologically modern Homo sapiens. The third section describes the current neuroscientific understanding of the brain’s default mode network—the neurological locus of imagination. The fourth section describes three core processes of imagination used in constructing imaginative verbal artifacts: simulation, mental time travel, and perspective taking (also known as “Theory of Mind” and “mentalizing”). The three processes are illustrated with reference to a modern American novel, Wallace Stegner’s Angle of Repose. The fifth section describes four specialized forms of imagination that deploy the core processes: dreaming, mind-wandering, autobiographical narratives, and counterfactual thinking. That section explains how these forms are involved in writing or reading literature and identifies a few literary works that illustrate them. The final section sums up the argument for the adaptive functions of literature.
The Role of Aesthetic Style in Alleviating Anxiety About the Future
Authors: Carney James 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThough few would dispute that aesthetic style is a vehicle for cognitive effects, there is little systematic work that views style from anything other than a historical perspective. This chapter will outline how style, broadly conceived, can be understood as an attempt to avoid anxiety by gaining predictive traction on the future. The central claim will be that style evolved as complexity reduction device, to the extent that it is a predictive scheme that balances explanatory simplicity against model accuracy. I shall show that every given style achieves this by saturating the perceptual environment with evidence for a particular model of the world. This account of style explains several features of its target phenomenon, including its normative character, its polemical nature, and its transitory duration. It also allows for style to be seen as continuous with other complexity reduction strategies on the part of biological agents more generally. The discussion will be supported by a historical appreciation of how style has been theorized in the past, but my overall framework will be provided by information theory.
Engineering Academisation: The Transition of Lower Level Engineering Education from Upper Secondary School Level to Higher Education
Authors: Fagrell Per , Geschwind Lars 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Sweden, engineering education at the upper secondary school level was transformed in the early 1990s into a 2-year programme at the higher education level. This development could be seen as an opportunity for higher education institutions to expand the volume of engineering programmes, but also as a sign of external pressure for changes in organisational structure and identity. The main aim of this chapter is to analyse and understand how technical universities acted upon and responded to the proposals to change the system of engineering education in Sweden. The study underlying this chapter is a historical documentary research study, complemented by a select number of semi-structured elite interviews. The results show that while the university colleges embraced the idea of transformation, the leading technical universities were less supportive. In fact, three of the four leading technical universities/faculties structured their new engineering programmes as a dual system within the framework of a seemingly unified system. One reason was to protect the core of the organisations’ identities as strongly anchored in their research and master’s programmes. In reality, they used the change process as a way to preserve or even strengthen their existing identity, without adding or removing anything.
Double Degree Programmes in Engineering and Education: Two Cases from Swedish Technical Universities
Authors: Cronhjort Mikael , Geschwind Lars 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSome technical universities offer programmes where students receive two degrees: one in engineering and one in education. This is a rather novel phenomenon that occurs in, for example, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Greece, and Israel. Degree programmes in education challenge the boundaries of what technical universities have regarded as their sphere of interest. We investigated two such programmes in Sweden, at KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Chalmers University, to study the reasons for offering these programmes and how competence has been built in this field. We also explored whether the programmes are given in cooperation with other partners and where in the organisation they belong. We investigated these questions by analysing documents and interviewing people who were involved as initiators or programme directors. Key motivations for introducing the programmes were found to be ambitions related to long-term student recruitment, by focusing on teachers and the teaching profession. One ambition that we identified was to improve mobility between engineering and teaching, in both directions. Other ambitions included increasing future teachers’ subject knowledge, and improving integration of different parts within teacher education to make it more holistic. The significance of the engineering context and the self-image of the technical university are discussed.
Are Some Technical Universities Better Than Others?
Authors: Benner Mats 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTechnical universities is an omnibus concept, which may conceal variations. This is the fundamental assumption of this chapter, which deals with three technical universities in three European countries: KTH in Sweden, DTU in Denmark, and EPFL in Switzerland. Based on an analysis of scientific impact profiles and their alignment with government steering, funding and internal organisation and leadership, it is concluded that there are marked variations between the three technical universities. It cannot be said that one technical university is better than others; only that they configure tasks and roles differently.
The Position of Technical Universities Within Changing Frameworks of Institutional Organisation and Steering: The Case of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Authors: Vabø Agnete , Langfeldt Liv 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Norway, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) is regarded as the preeminent technological university. Within the framework of the massification of higher education, the institution’s status and autonomy have been challenged by changing state governance and social conditions. The period from 1980 onwards has also been characterised by high demand in subjects other than the technological. This chapter establishes a sociological-historical perspective and concepts to highlight dimensions that are important for NTNU to reproduce its status under changing governance regimes – for example, in the form of closure mechanisms and close links to specific groups in the social class structure. NTNU is understood as part of an academic field (Bourdieu P, Homo Academicus. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988) with unequal strengths and distribution of power between subjects and actors – which has an impact on how state governance and other external issues are interpreted and translated into the NTNU organisation. It is argued that NTNU’s choice of management model, principal and external chair of the university board symbolises dominant positions in the field as well as legitimises institutional strategies both internally and in relation to the significant external relationships.
Integrating the Academic and Professional Values in Engineering Education – Ideals and Tensions
Authors: Edström Kristina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigher engineering education is simultaneously academic, emphasising theory in a range of subjects, and professional, preparing students for engineering practice. While technical universities hold this “dual nature” as an ideal, it is also a source of tensions. The pursuit of the ideal in curriculum reform is here represented by the CDIO Initiative. It was founded in the year 2000 by MIT, Chalmers University of Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Linköping University, and presently engages some 150 institutions worldwide. The CDIO community challenges zero-sum interpretations of the academic-professional tension, and advocates an integrated curriculum with theoretical and professional aspects in a meaningful relationship. The approach is illustrated here by the case of the Mechanical Engineering programme at Chalmers. Then, taking a critical view, the organisational conditions for the integrated curriculum are analysed with an institutional logics perspective. It is proposed that engineering education is influenced by the logics of two professions: one is the engineering profession that we educate for, and the other is the academic profession of the educators. Tensions are located both in the curriculum and in the technical university organisation. Finally, the CDIO Initiative is described as a driver of institutional innovation in the organisational field.
Einleitung
Authors: Seibert Simon P. , Auerswald Karl 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungSteigende Hochwasserschäden durch Klimaänderungen und Landnutzungsänderungen erfordern, den Wasser- und Stoffrückhalt in der Landschaft zu verbessern. Dazu muss man die Wasserflüsse in der Landschaft und die vielfältigen Einflüsse des Menschen kennen, und vor allem muss man sie quantitativ beschreiben können. Erstes Ziel dieses Handbuchs besteht daher darin, Methoden zur Quantifizierung von Wasserflüssen für die Flur- und Landschaftsgestaltung und die Beratung der Landnutzer aufzubereiten. Zweites Ziel ist die Beschreibung und Quantifizierung von Maßnahmen, die den Abflussscheitel dämpfen. Dies schließt die Lücke zwischen den klassischen, in der Wasserwirtschaft etablierten Bemessungsansätzen und den Maßnahmen des dezentralen Wasserrückhalts, die in der bestehenden Literatur fast ausschließlich qualitativ beschrieben werden, damit in der Wirkung ungewiss erscheinen und sich einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse entziehen. Das Handbuch richtet sich an Planer und Ingenieure und weitere in der Flur tätigen Akteure wie Wasser- und Anbauberater, Pflege- und Zweckverbände, Hochschulangehörige, Fachinstitute und Entscheidungsträger an Behörden.
Grundlagen der Abflussentstehung, Sturzfluten und dezentralen Hochwasserschutzmaßnahmen
Authors: Seibert Simon P. , Auerswald Karl 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDieses Kapitel beschreibt den Landschaftswasserhaushalt und wesentliche Begriffe, Komponenten und Prozesse, die beim Niederschlag-Abfluss-Prozess von Bedeutung sind. Dabei werden insbesondere die drei wesentlichen Vorgänge erläutert, nämlich i) die Abflussbildung auf der Fläche (Entstehung von Oberflächenabfluss), ii) die Bündelung des Abflusses in der Fläche (Abflusskonzentration) und iii) der Fließprozess in Gerinnen und Gewässern (Wellenablauf). Darüber hinaus werden Einzugsgebiete charakterisiert, da sie die wesentliche räumliche Bezugsgröße zur Bilanzierung von Wasserflüssen darstellen. Eine Übersicht wichtiger Begriffe und Definitionen ist glossarartig zusammengestellt.