bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No-fault Law on Medical Accidents in Belgium: An Evaluation after Six Years
Authors: Vansweevelt Thierry , Lierman Steven , Buelens Wannes 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAfter many years of criticism of the medical malpractice system based on negligence, Belgium introduced a law on medical accidents in March 2010. This law created a Medical Accidents Fund. Under this two-track system the victim of a medical accident has the choice to file a claim before the court or to seek compensation from the Fund. The Law on Medical Accidents has four objectives: (1) to create a Fund with a simple and fast procedure that is cost-free to access, (2) to channel and centralise all medical accident claims to the Fund, and to develop a prevention strategy, (3) to compensate more victims by introducing a personal right to compensation for medical accident victims without the need to consider liability, and finally, (4) to achieve a balanced budget. A medical accident without liability can be defined as an accident caused by healthcare which does not lead to the liability of a caregiver, does not result from the patient’s health condition and causes abnormal damage to the patient. The damage is abnormal if it was not supposed to occur given the current state of scientific knowledge, the patient’s health condition and its objectively predictable evolution. Following analysis of the new law, this study shows that it has created a single, central point of contact that is easily accessible and generally understood by medical accident victims. On average fifty new cases a month are submitted to the Fund. In a reasonable number of cases to date, liability of the caregiver has been accepted by the Fund. However, the Fund is rather strict in awarding no-fault compensation for medical accidents without liability. It remains to be seen whether this interpretation can resist the test of judicial review.
Excrescent vowels in Lamkang prefix sequences
Authors: Burke Mary , Chelliah Shobhana , Robinson Melissa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Lamkang is a Trans-Himalayan language spoken in the Chandel District of Manipur, India by under 10,000 ethnically Naga people. Due to a complex person indexation system in Lamkang clauses, multiple prefixes with the shape C- are attached to a verb stem creating lexemes with the shape CCCCVC. To make such forms pronounceable, speakers insert super-short vowel-like segments between the C- prefixes. Combining acoustic analysis with speakers’ intuitions about syllable structure, we examine the nature of these segments, arguing that an accurate phonetic description of Lamkang vowels must include these super-short vowels, as well as long and short vowels, which are phonemically distinct. We call these super-short vowels excrescent, following the terminology discussed in Hall (2011. Vowel epenthesis. In Marc van Oostendorp, Colin J. Ewen, Elizabeth V. Hume & Keren Rice (eds.), The blackwell companion to phonology, 1576–1596. Oxford: Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781444335262.wbctp0067: 1584). The excrescent vowel is a type of epenthetic vowel, sometimes also called “intrusive”, and is typified by its short duration and centralized quality distinct from lexical vowels. It is unstressed and has the phonetic effect of helping to transition between consonants. We show that the excrescent vowels in Lamkang have formant structures that barely resemble the characteristic formant profiles of the short and long vowels. While excrescent vowels are not contrastive, they are phonologically relevant because they have just enough sonority to form nuclei of CiVCii syllables where Cii is often ambisyllabic with the following syllable. The Lamkang data show that while any language-specific phonotactic constraints must reference the syllable, what constitutes a syllable must include the possibility of excrescent vowels as nuclei.
On the topology of partial metric spaces
Authors: Bugajewski Dariusz , Wang Ruidong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we give some necessary and sufficient conditions under which the topology generated by a partial metric is equivalent to the topology generated by a suitably defined metric. Next, we study some new extensions of the Generalized Banach Contraction Principle to partial metric spaces. Moreover, we draw a particular attention to the space of all sequences showing, in particular, that some well-known fixed point theorems for ultrametric spaces, can be used for operators acting in that space. We illustrate our considerations by suitable examples and counterexamples.
Quantum confinement-induced enhanced nonlinearity and carrier lifetime modulation in two-dimensional tin sulfide
Authors: Zhang Feng , Xu Ning , Zhao Jinlai , Wang Yunzheng , Jiang Xiantao , Zhang Ye , Huang Weichun , Hu Lanping , Tang Yanfeng , Xu Shixiang , Zhang Han 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional tin sulfide (SnS), as a black phosphorus-analogue binary semiconductor, has received considerable attention in photonics and optoelectronics. Herein, the third-order nonlinearity susceptibility Im χ3 is enhanced from  −(6.88 ± 0.10) × 10−14 esu to  −(15.90 ± 0.27) × 10−14 esu by the size-related quantum confinement in layered SnS nanosheets. Due to the energy level alignment, a phonon-bottleneck effect is observed, which leads to a prolonged carrier lifetime. These results provide a platform for actively tuning the linear and nonlinear optics, and pave the way for designing SnS-based tunable and anisotropic optoelectronic devices.
Crystal structure of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, C20H24N4O6
Authors: Li Peizhe , Liu Lei , Lou Benyong , Zhan Hongbing 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
C20H24N4O6, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 8.2441(5) Å, b = 11.6409(6) Å, c = 12.0107(9) Å, α = 64.328(6)°, β = 70.778(6)°, γ = 86.678(4)°, V = 976.09(12) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0671, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1702, T = 100 K.
Vibration Equation of Fractional Order Describing Viscoelasticity and Viscous Inertia
Authors: Duan Jun-Sheng , Xu Yun-Yun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The steady state response of a fractional order vibration system subject to harmonic excitation was studied by using the fractional derivative operator

−
∞

D
t
β

,

${}_{-\infty} D_t^\beta,$

where the order β is a real number satisfying 0 ≤ β ≤ 2. We derived that the fractional derivative contributes to the viscoelasticity if 0 < β < 1, while it contributes to the viscous inertia if 1 < β < 2. Thus the fractional derivative can represent the “spring-pot” element and also the “inerterpot” element proposed in the present article. The viscosity contribution coefficient, elasticity contribution coefficient, inertia contribution coefficient, amplitude-frequency relation, phase-frequency relation, and influence of the order are discussed in detail. The results show that fractional derivatives are applicable for characterizing the viscoelasticity and viscous inertia of materials.
The Errors Recognition and Compensation for the Numerical Control Machine Tools Based on Laser Testing Technology
Authors: Gao Qian , Zhang Pingchuan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To improve the accuracy of numerical control machine tools error, this paper studies the application of laser testing technology in numerical control machine tool, and put forward a laser interferometer automatic aiming system which can conduct space error measurement. The system, in the process of the NC machine tool operating, can measure the machine tool space curve through changing the direction of the laser. The principle of laser interferometer and matlab analysis are adopted, through the experiment of laser interference technology in the numerical control machine tool, the law curve of error in NC machine tools is obtained, getting the method of error of NC machine tools. When conducting laser testing error experiment in NC machine tool, the results show that the laser testing can measure aggregated error and thermal error of NC machine tool better, with small control of environment and high accuracy of measurement.
Evaluation and Decision Making of Organization Quality Specific Immunity Based on MGDM-IPLAO Method
Authors: Liu Qiang , Hu Hui-Ya , Guo Yu , Yang Fei-Xue 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As the starting point, the immunity theory is introduced into the organization quality management, combined with the organization quality specific immunity system, the evaluation index system of organization quality specific immunity is designed. And the evaluation and multi-attribute group decision making model of organization quality specific immunity based on the immunity perspective is constructed by the method of multi-attribute group decision making of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators, empirical analysis is carried out by the research objects of relevant experts, representative and typical manufacturing enterprises, the empirical analysis results indicate that multi-attribute group decision making method of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators can choose and determine the optimization evaluation solution and the best decision making of partners, confirm the highest value over all partners for organization quality specific immunity system, the method of multi-attribute group decision making of intuitive pure linguistic aggregation operators has validity, feasibility and operability in evaluation and decision making of organization quality specific immunity. Empirical analysis results and conclusion have certain practical value, which provide new ideas to solve the problem of multi-attribute decision making of intuitive information mixed with pure linguistic information, and provides the basis for the effective selection of the best partners for manufacturing enterprises of the supply chain from the perspective of quality management.
Die Schuldenbremse – eine falsche Fiskalregel am falschen Platz
Authors: Hüther Michael , Südekum Jens 
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung
In der aktuellen makroökonomischen Situation gibt es keine überzeugenden Gründe für ein fast komplettes Neuverschuldungsverbot, wie es momentan im Grundgesetz verankert ist. Auch politökonomische Argumente ändern nichts daran, dass die Schuldenbremse keine überzeugende Fiskalregel für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (mehr) darstellt.
CoFe–OH Double Hydroxide Films Electrodeposited on Ni-Foam as Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Sliozberg Kirill , Aniskevich Yauhen , Kayran Ugur , Masa Justus , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Cobalt-iron double hydroxide (CoFe–OH) films were electrochemically deposited on 3D Ni foam electrodes for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The dependence of the OER activity on film composition and thickness was evaluated, which revealed an optimal Fe:Co ratio of about 1:2.33. The composition of the catalyst film was observed to vary with film thickness. The electrodeposition parameters were carefully controlled to yield microstructured Ni-foam decorated with CoFe–OH films of controlled thickness and composition. The most active electrode exhibited an overpotential as low as 360 mV OER at an industrial scale current density of 400 mA cm−2 that remained stable for at least 320 h. This work contributes towards the fabrication of practical electrodes with the focus on the development of stable electrodes for electrocatalytic oxygen evolution at high current densities.
Physical and Energetic Demand of Soccer: A Brief Review
Authors: Dolci Filippo , Hart Nicolas H. , Kilding Andrew E. , Chivers Paola , Piggott Ben , Spiteri Tania 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Soccer is a complex and exhaustive team-sport requiring a high level of tactical, technical, and physical ability to succeed. During a competitive match, a random combination of explosive and powerful activities, together with technical and tactical gestures, is performed in an intermittent manner over a 90-minute game. This review presents a detailed analysis and up-to-date synthesis of the literature describing activities and energy system contribution during soccer to provide to strength and conditioning coaches a clear understanding of soccer players' physical needs during competition.
A Rapid Method of Determination of Swell Potential and Swell Pressure of Expansive Soils Using Constant Rate of Strain Apparatus
Authors: Kumar T. Ashok , Raheena M. , Robinson R. G. , Thyagaraj T. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Swell potential and pressure of expansive soils are conventionally determined using an oedometer apparatus. The specimens are commonly saturated by submerging in water under a seating pressure. Generally, the test takes a long time, as the saturation process is slow. This article presents an improved saturation method by back pressure application in a constant rate of strain (CRS) loading apparatus. Controlled strain loading (CSL) was adopted to bring back the swollen specimens to their initial thickness instead of conventional incremental loading. It is observed that the time taken to complete the test is 7 to 13 times faster compared to the conventional method. When compared to the conventional method, the swell potential and pressure values obtained with the back pressure saturation were found to be higher by about 19 % to 34 % and 6 % to 28 %, respectively. The reason for these higher values is attributed to the attainment of greater saturation using the back pressure saturation technique.
Field Rebound and Recompression Curve of Soft Clay
Authors: Li Zhuofeng , Chen Yunmin , Zhou Yanguo , Bian Xuecheng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
During sampling and sample preparation, the soil specimen is disturbed, which is accompanied by a decrease in void ratio, and the stresses within it release from in situ status to a residual one, usually associated with an expansion to some extent. As a result, the in situ void ratio and field recompression index, i.e., ev0 and CFR, change to e0 and CLR, respectively, which have not been properly accounted for in the traditional method. A rebound-recompression method (RRM) is proposed in this article for the derivation of a field compression curve from laboratory compression test results, with techniques being developed to modify these two parameters from laboratory measurements to field ones. This method has the clear advantage that the rebound and recompression behavior prior to the yield stress can be satisfactorily captured. Moreover, criterion to assess the sampling and preparation quality of soil samples is also proposed. This new method is validated against three consolidation tests with differing stress paths. In addition, measurements from an excavation in the field suggest that the RRM yields reliable results and highlight the nonconservativeness of the traditional method in deep excavation engineering.
Experimental Study of the Mechanism of TBM Disk Cutter Penetration in Mixed-Faced Grounds under Confining Pressure
Authors: Zhou X. P. , Zhai S. F. , Gong Q. M. , Berto F. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this article, the effects of tunnel boring machine (TBM) disk cutter penetrations on rock fragmentation are experimentally investigated. In these tests, the tested sample is composed of Beishan granite and Chongqing sandstone. The effects of five sets of TBM disk cutter penetrations are investigated under confining pressure of 10 MPa, and 3-D forces acting on the rolling cutter and the forming rock chips are analyzed. It is found from the experimental results that in the mixed-faced ground, for granite, the boreability of the TBM disk cutter increases slowly with increasing penetration, while for sandstone, the boreability of the TBM disk cutter almost linearly decreases. At the same penetration, the average normal force and rolling force in granite are larger than those in sandstone, and cutter vibration becomes obvious when the disk cutter rolls through the interface of the composite rocks. Moreover, the optimizing penetration, which is equal to 2 mm in the mixed-faced ground composed of granite and sandstone under confining stress of 10 MPa, is provided to guide the TBM operation and to predict rock fragmentation in TBM tunneling.
Morphology, Composition, and Ontogenesis of Platinum-Group Minerals in Chromitites of Zoned Clinopyroxenite–Dunite Massifs of the Middle Urals
Authors: Stepanov S.Yu. , Palamarchuk R.S. , Antonov A.V. , Kozlov A.V. , Varlamov D.A. , Khanin D.A. , Zolotarev A.A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
—We present results of analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of platinum-group minerals from chromite– platinum orebodies of zoned clinopyroxenite–dunite massifs in the Middle Urals (Nizhnii Tagil, Svetlyi Bor, Veresovyi Bor, and Kamenushenskii). Study of more than 500 grains has given an insight into the sequence of formation of platinum-group minerals in chromitites of the studied massifs. Three assemblages of platinum-group minerals have been revealed: magmatic (Os–Ir–Ru intermetallic compounds, isoferroplatinum, ferroplatinum, sulfides of the isomorphous series erlichmanite–laurite and kashinite–bowieite, and thiospinels of the series cuproiridsite–cuprorhodsite–malanite); postmagmatic (with a predominance of tulameenite, tetraferroplatinum, and ferronickelplatinum, resulted from serpentinization of dunites); and latest secondary (minerals with a predominance of PGE sulfides, arsenides, sulfoantimonides, sulfoarsenides, plumbides, and amalgams).
Changes in the Ta/Nb Ratio in Successively Formed Differentiates of Granite Melt (Calculations Based on Experimental Data)
Authors: Alferyeva Ya.O. , Gramenitskii E.N. , Shchekina T.I. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
—Based on experimental data (T = 650–800 °C, P = 1–2 kbar) on the solubility of columbite and tantalite in silicate melt and on the distribution of Ta and Nb among coexisting silicate melt, aqueous fluid, and aluminum fluoride melt, we calculated a possible change in the Ta/Nb indicator ratio in residual deeply differentiated granite melts. The Clarke values of these metals in acid rocks of the Earth’s crust were taken as their initial contents. The calculations were made by the mass balance method. It is shown that the separation of fluid in the closed magmatic system rock-forming minerals–silicate melt–water can lead to an approximately twice increase in Ta/Nb in the residual melt as compared with the initial Clarke value. In the system rock-forming minerals–silicate melt–aluminum fluoride melt with the initial content of fluorine close to that in biotite granites, the Ta/Nb ratio in the residual melt can increase to ~1. Successive crystallization of minerals of the isomorphic columbite–tantalite series can lead to Ta/Nb &gt; 2 in the residual melt. Crystallization of biotite causes a significant increase in Ta/Nb and prevents the accumulation of these metals in the residual silicate melt.
Spatio-Temporal Patterns of the Development of Strong Seismic Activations (1999–2007) in the Northern Baikal Area
Authors: Melnikova V.I. , Seredkina A.I. , Gileva N.A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
—The development of strong seismic activations in the northern Baikal area in 1999–2007 is considered. Based on maps of earthquake epicenter density, it has been shown that each activation is a separate group of seismic shocks (a cluster), whose scale and spatio-temporal pattern depend strongly on the stress-strain state of the crust. Estimates of seismic-moment tensors for strong earthquakes within the clusters demonstrate that the most numerous groups of shocks form in the rift stress field. With moving away to the southeast from the conventional axis of the Baikal rift, this field changes under amplification of the compressional stresses in Transbaikalia. Simultaneously, we observe a decrease in the number of seismic events and in their energy level. Totally, the considered seismic activations prove the small-scale block structure of the crust in the northern Baikal area and reflect the main features of the modern geotectonic development of this area related to the adjacent morphostructural zone, where most of fragments are involved in rifting and the other are affected by the activation of positive-sign block movements. The obtained results should be taken into account in the assessment of the seismic hazard of the studied territory.
Three-Dimensional Inversion of Magnetotelluric Data in Study of Focal Zones of Earthquakes in the South of the Altai–Sayan Region
Authors: Belyavsky V.V. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
—The potentialities of the 3D inversion program WSINV3DMT were estimated on the model [Zm] and observed [Zob] components of the impedance tensor and its invariants during the construction of geoelectrical models for the southern part of the Altai–Sayan region characterized by a three-dimensional distribution of electrical conductivity. These components were obtained for a 3D model constructed by the method of interactive selection of the 3D model induction curves for the experimental ones. Testing of the WSINV3DMT program on the model magnetotelluric data showed the possibility of not only isolation of blocks of high electrical conductivity but also of the appearance of conductivity anomalies different from the model ones. The paper presents a 3D geoelectrical model for the southern focal zones of the region, constructed with the use of the WSINV3DMT program and the proposed method of interpretation. The isolated blocks of low electrical resistivity are correlated with the location of earthquake foci, deep faults, and regions of high absorption of earthquake exchange waves.
The Transformation of the Soviet Agriculture
Authors: Leonavičius Vylius , Ozolinčiūtė Eglė 
Published: January 2020

The Soviet past is crucial in understanding the processes of transformation of the Lithuanian kolkhoz system into the farming practices of free-market economy. The violent and forced incorporation of the nation-states into the Soviet Union radically transformed societies. In our analysis of kolkhoz system and its transformations, we use two different concepts – Soviet modernity and modernity of the Soviet period. These concepts let us to approach the agricultural project of the Soviet collective farming as an alternative system of social institutions for implementation of industrial farming of modern society. The concept of entangled modernity refers to interaction of two trends of modernization and defines the kolkhoz as a hybrid or a result of intertwining of two models of modernity – the universal and the Soviet one. By applying the concept of entangled modernity and hybrids to the interpretation of the kolkhoz’s post-Soviet transformation, the article explores the experiences of social actors and the inevitable human and material losses of the hybrid’s transformation. In our theoretical interpretation, we use data from interviews with former agents of the kolkhoz system and legislative documents.