bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nusinersen in type 0 spinal muscular atrophy: should we treat?
Authors: Tiberi Eloisa , Costa Simonetta , Pane Marika , Priolo Francesca , de Sanctis Roberto , Romeo Domenico , Tiziano Francesco D. , Conti Giorgio , Vento Giovanni , Mercuri Eugenio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA male infant affected by type 0 SMA with one copy of SMN2 received early treatment with Nusinersen at the age of 13 days. He showed mild motor improvement 2 months after treatment started but despite also showing some minimal respiratory improvement, required tracheostomy at the age of 4 months and had increasing cardiac and autonomic dysfunction leading to exitus at 5 months. Our findings, expanding the results available on Nusinersen, confirm its relative efficacy in the most severely affected infants and provide clinical evidence to be used at the time requests for treating severe infants are discussed.
Lightweight Self‐Forming Super‐Elastic Mechanical Metamaterials with Adaptive Stiffness
Authors: Wu Rui , Roberts Peter C. E. , Lyu Shida , Zheng Fei , Soutis Constantinos , Diver Carl , Zhou Dekai , Li Longqiu , Deng Zongquan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractScarcity of stiff, yet compliant, materials is a major obstacle toward biological‐like mechanical systems that perform precise manipulations while being resilient under excessive load. A macroscopic cellular structure comprising two pre‐stressed elastic “phases” is introduced, which displays a load‐sensitive stiffness that drops by 30 times upon a “pseudoductile transformation” and accommodates a fully recoverable compression of over 60%. This provides an exceptional 20 times more deformability beyond the linear‐elastic regime, doubling the capability of previously reported super‐elastic materials. In virtue of the pre‐stressing process based on thermal‐shrinkage, it simultaneously enables a heat‐activated self‐formation that transforms a flat laminate into the metamaterial with 50 times volumetric growth. The metamaterial is thereby inherently lightweight with a bulk density in the order of 0.01 g cm−3, which is one order of magnitude lower than existing super‐elastic materials. Besides the highly programmable geometrical and mechanical characteristics, this paper is the first to present a method that generates single‐crystal or poly‐crystal‐like 3D lattices with anisotropic or isotropic super‐elasticity. This pre‐stress‐induced adaptive stiffness with high deformability could be a step toward in situ deployed ultra‐lightweight mechanical systems with a diverse range of applications that benefit from being stiff and compliant.
Biomimetic Nanomaterial Strategies for Virus Targeting: Antiviral Therapies and Vaccines
Authors: Jackman Joshua A. , Yoon Bo Kyeong , Ouyang Lei , Wang Nan , Ferhan Abdul Rahim , Kim Jaeyun , Majima Tetsuro , Cho Nam‐Joon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic highlights the importance of developing effective virus targeting strategies to treat and prevent viral infections. Since virus particles are nanoscale entities, nanomaterial design strategies are ideally suited to create advanced materials that can interact with and mimic virus particles. In this progress report, the latest advances in biomimetic nanomaterials are critically discussed for combating viral infections, including in the areas of nanomaterial‐enhanced viral replication inhibitors, biomimetic virus particle capture schemes, and nanoparticle vaccines. Particular focus is placed on nanomaterial design concepts and material innovations that can be readily developed to thwart future viral threats. Pertinent nanomaterial examples from the COVID‐19 situation are also covered along with discussion of human clinical trial efforts underway that might lead to next‐generation antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Monocrystalline Antimonene Nanosheets via Physical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kuriakose Sruthi , Jain Shubhendra Kumar , Tawfik Sherif A. , Spencer Michelle J. S. , Murdoch Billy J. , Singh Mandeep , Rahman Fahmida , Mayes Edwin L. H. , Taha Mohammad Yousef , Ako Rajour Tanyi , Bansal Vipul , Ahmed Taimur , Sriram Sharath , Bhaskaran Madhu , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Walia Sumeet 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAmong the family of elemental 2D materials, antimonene is predicted to have a desirable combination of bandgap tunability and exceptional physical properties. However, there is a lack of a facile synthesis technique to prepare high‐quality antimonene with large aspect ratios on standard SiO2 substrates, hindering wide scale exploration of this material. Here, a physical vapor deposition process to controllably achieve millimeter‐scale, β‐phase, monocrystalline antimonene nanosheets on a SiO2 dielectric substrate is reported. The temperature gradient across the deposition tube is exploited to realize either large‐area nanosheets or single antimonene crystals on‐demand. The composition and quality of the nanosheets and crystals is assessed using spectroscopy, diffraction, and microscopy techniques which suggest the formation of the β‐phase allotrope. The band structure of as‐synthesized nanosheets which matches the theoretically calculated values is experimentally extracted. Finally, contrary to earlier reports, the oxidation of antimonene under ambient conditions over a period of time indicating the need for further experimental studies of the material's stability is revealed. The reported controllable growth of antimonene nanosheets and single crystals on conventional dielectric substrates opens a spectrum of possible applications of this material in electronics and optoelectronics devices.
Photonic Bound States in the Continuum: From Basics to Applications
Authors: Azzam Shaimaa I. , Kildishev Alexander V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe introduction of bound states in the continuum (BICs) to photonics has revolutionized the way cavity design and light–matter interactions are thought about in general. BICs can have very high quality factors, even in open structures where access to radiation is permissible. Now, BICs found applications in a large class of areas, including nonlinear enhancement, coherent light generation, sensors, filters, integrated circuits, and many others. In this review, the different types of BICs in photonic systems, as well as their physics and formation mechanisms are briefly overviewed. The rest of the review focuses on the current and emerging applications of photonic BICs and their role in shaping the interaction of light and matter.
Regioselective and Chemodivergent Synthesis of Azulenolactones and Azulenolactams from Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Reactions of Azulenecarboxamides with Sulfoxonium Ylides
Authors: Lee Seung Cheol , Son Jeong‐Yu , Kim Jin Young , Eom Hyeonsik , Jang Seong Bin , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA regioselective and chemodivergent synthetic approach for azulenolactones and azulenolactams as a new scaffold was demonstrated through Rh(III)‐catalyzed reaction of N‐methoxyazulene‐1‐carboxamides with sulfoxonium ylides. Sulfoxonium ylides that act as a precursor of secondary carbene was described, leading to the selective formation of azulenolactones and azulenolactams bearing two substituents on a newly introduced double bond. This method demonstrated functionalization of less reactive 2‐position of azulene to overcome the natural reactivity.magnified image
Injectable Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Erlotinib‐Loaded Hollow Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a Localized Drug Delivery System for NSCLC Therapy
Authors: Zhou Xiaohan , He Xinlong , Shi Kun , Yuan Liping , Yang Yun , Liu Qingya , Ming Yang , Yi Cheng , Qian Zhiyong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractErlotinib (ERT), oral administration agents, is one of the most pivotal targeted drugs in the treatment of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, its poor solubility, low oral bioavailability, and capricious toxicity limit broader clinical applications. In this paper, a novel injectable matrix is prepared based on hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) and thermosensitive poly(d,l‐lactide)‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(d,l‐lactide) (PDLLA‐PEG‐PDLLA, PLEL) hydrogel to encapsulate and localize the sustained release of ERT for improved efficacy against NSCLC. The test‐tube‐inversion method shows that this ERT‐loaded hydrogel composite (ERT@HMSNs/gel) presents as an injectable flowing solution under room temperature and transfers into a physically crosslinked non‐flowing gel structure at physiological temperature.The ERT@HMSNs/gel composite shows a much longer intratumoral and peritumoral drug retention by in vivo imaging study. Notably, this injectable drug delivery system (DDS) provides an impressive balance between antitumor efficacy and systemic safety in a mice xenograft model. The novel ERT loaded HMSNs/gel system may be a promising candidate for the in situ treatment of NSCLC. Moreover, this study provides a prospective platform for the design and fabrication of a nano‐scaled delivery system for localized anticancer therapies.
LiDFOB Initiated In Situ Polymerization of Novel Eutectic Solution Enables Room‐Temperature Solid Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Wu Han , Tang Ben , Du Xiaofan , Zhang Jianjun , Yu Xinrun , Wang Yantao , Ma Jun , Zhou Qian , Zhao Jingwen , Dong Shanmu , Xu Gaojie , Zhang Jinning , Xu Hai , Cui Guanglei , Chen Liquan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIt is demonstrated that a novel eutectic solution including 1,3,5‐trioxane (TXE) and succinonitrile (SN) can be converted into solid‐state polymer electrolyte (SPE) via in situ polymerization triggered by lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB). It is worth noting that all the precursors (LiDFOB, TXE, and SN) of this novel SPE are totally solid and nonvolatile at room temperature, where, LiDFOB works as a lithium salt and an initiator simultaneously to avoid the introduction of impurity. It is noted that such SPE presents a considerable ionic conductivity of 1.14 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a sufficiently wide electrochemical window of 4.5 V, which is significant for supporting the high‐energy lithium batteries. In addition, this dedicatedly designed in situ polymerization is powerful to build kinetically favorable polymer‐based protective layers on LiCoO2 cathode and Li metal anode simultaneously, guaranteeing outstanding cycling stability (capacity retention of 88% after 200 cycles) of 4.3 V LiCoO2/lithium metal batteries at room temperature. More intriguingly, soft packed LiCoO2/SPE/Li metal batteries can still light a blue light emitting diode (LED) under the harsh conditions of being bent, cut, and stroked by a hammer, demonstrating excellent safety characteristics.
Prey exclusion combined with simulated fire increases subsequent prey‐capture potential in the pale pitcher plant, Sarracenia alata
Authors: Abbott Matthew J. , Brewer J. Stephen 
Published: November 2020

PremiseThe association of carnivory (an adaptation to nutrient‐poor soils) with fire has been described as a paradox, given increases in nutrient availability that often accompany fire. The nutrients that increase in availability following fire, however, may not be the same as those provided by prey and may not reduce nutrient limitation if accompanied by even greater increases in light.MethodsUsing a factorial experiment in the field, we examined how simulated fire (clipping plus nitrogen‐free fertilizer addition) and prey‐derived nutrient availability (prey exclusion) interacted to influence carnivorous potential in Sarracenia alata and belowground competition with its neighbors (manipulated via trenching). We hypothesized that simulated fire combined with prey exclusion would (1) increase the potential for prey capture relative to shade avoidance, hereafter, relative prey‐capture potential (RPCP), and/or (2) increase belowground competition with neighboring plants.ResultsSarracenia alata increased RPCP in response to the combination of simulated fire and prey exclusion, despite increases in phosphorus and other nutrients associated with the simulated fire treatment, suggesting that prey capture potential increases in response to increased nitrogen limitation resulting from increases in light and/or phosphorus after fire. We found no evidence of belowground competition.ConclusionsThe potential importance of carnivory in Sarracenia alata increases following fire. This result helps to explain the paradoxical association of carnivorous plants with fire by demonstrating the potential for prey‐derived nutrient limitation to increase rather than decrease in response to increases in light and nutrients other than nitrogen following fire.
Preparation of treelike and rodlike carboxymethylated nanocellulose and their effect on carboxymethyl cellulose films
Authors: Wei Jie , Jia Shuai , Zhang Lu , Zhou Yi , Lv Yanyan , Zhang Xinfang , Shao Ziqiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with low substitution degree, followed by different posttreatments, was applied to prepare treelike CMC nanofibrils (CMCNFs) and rodlike CMC nanocrystals (CMCNCs), and their performance in CMC composite film was evaluated simultaneously. From transmission electron microscopy results, it was found that the treelike CMCNCFs exhibited a lager aspect ratio compared to the rodlike CMCNCs. As for reinforcing CMC film, 4 wt% was the best adding amount, at this time, the tensile strength of CMC/CMCNFs and CMC/CMCNCs composite films was increased by 72.1% and 47.3%, respectively. Moreover, adding these nanofillers to CMC also could enhance the thermal stability of composite films slightly, while the transmittance of composite films was reduced at the same time. In addition, CMC/CMCNFs film was designed as a packaging box to determine its performance. Therefore, this study could reveal the differences of properties for composites with different types of nanocellulose and provide a foundation for further application of nanocellulose.
Nanomechanical study of polycarbonate/boehmite nanoparticles/epoxy ternary composite and their interphases
Authors: Cano Murillo Natalia , Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani Media , Silbernagl Dorothee , Hahn Marc Benjamin , Hodoroaba Vasile‐Dan , Sturm Heinz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThermoplastic modified thermosets are of great interest especially due to their improved fracture toughness. Comparable enhancements have been achieved by adding different nanofillers including inorganic particles such as nanosized boehmite. Here, we present a nanomechanical study of two composite systems, the first comprising a polycarbonate (PC) layer in contact with epoxy resin (EP) and the second consisting of a PC layer containing boehmite nanoparticles (BNP) which is also in contact with an EP layer. The interaction between PC and EP monomer is tested by in situ Fourier transformed infrared (FT‐IR) analysis, from which a reaction induced phase separation of the PC phase is inferred. Both systems are explored by atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. AFM force‐distance curves (FDC) show no alteration of the mechanical properties of EP at the interface to PC. However, when a PC phase loaded with BNP is put in contact with an epoxy system during curing, a considerable mechanical improvement exceeding the rule of mixture was detected. The trend of BNP to agglomerate preferentially around EP dominated regions and the stiffening effect of BNP on EP shown by spatial resolved measurements of Young's modulus, suggest the effective presence of BNP within the EP phase.
Curing of epoxidized linseed oil: Investigation of the curing reaction with different hardener types
Authors: Todorovic Andrea , Resch‐Fauster Katharina , Mahendran Arunjunai Raj , Oreski Gernot , Kern Wolfgang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe effect of the hardener type and amount on the curing reaction and the resulting thermal and mechanical performance characteristics of epoxidized linseed oil are studied in detail. The analysis of the curing mechanism reveals that due to steric hindrance, side reactions and/or fast gelation, the optimal mixing ratio of bio‐based epoxy resins and hardeners has to be determined experimentally and cannot be calculated. The investigated thermosets exhibit a glass transition temperature of 12, 54, and 145°C after curing. The overall mechanical performance of the resulting resin ranges from soft and flexible to stiff and rigid, depending on the hardener type applied, which can be utilized in the formation of epoxy composites and coatings.
An investigation on wear behavior of UHMWPE/carbide composites at elevated temperatures
Authors: Gürgen Selim , Sert Abdullah , Kuşhan Melih Cemal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUltra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) is extensively used in frictional applications due to its advanced wear resistance. This advanced polymer is reinforced with hard particulate fillers for further developments against wear conditions. Since elevated temperatures prevail in the service conditions, wear behavior of UHMWPE composites is an important issue for the engineering applications. In the present work, UHMWPE‐based composites including silicon carbide (SiC) fillers were fabricated in a compression molding chamber. In the specimen preparation stage, molding pressure, filler amount, and filler particle size were varied to investigate the influence of these variables. Upon deciding the optimum parameters from the wear tests conducted at room temperature, the wear experiments were repeated for the optimum specimen at elevated temperatures, such as 40 and 60°C. According to the results, the wear behavior of the SiC/UHMWPE composites is heavily changed by the effect of elevated temperature. Adhesive effect is pronounced at elevated temperatures while the wear characteristics possess the abrasive effect in the sliding path. In addition, the composites exhibit an accelerated material loss as temperature increases during the frictional system.
Analysis of carbon fiber structure based on dynamic laser Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Sun Zhulin , Lu Yonggen , Wang Ruiqi , Yang Changling 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe in‐plane modulus and inter layer shear modulus are the intrinsic properties determining the carbon fiber's characterization, but could not be gotten for a single sample. With the addition of dynamic Raman spectra, the parameters are obtained from five carbon fibers individually, which interpret perfectly that the Young's modulus and conductivities are not consistent according to the normal views. The mesophase pitch‐based graphitized carbon fiber has thermal conductivity of 635 Wm−1 K−1, much higher than 78 Wm−1 K−1 of the polyacrylonitrile graphitized carbon fiber, even the modulus of the latter is higher than the former. The Young's modulus of polyacrylonitrile carbon fiber and rayon‐based graphitized carbon fiber are 260 and 140 GPa; however, their thermal conductivities are lower than 1.0 Wm−1 K−1. With these two intrinsic properties, the structure of a carbon fiber can be understood clearly, so that the properties can be enhanced accordingly.
Water Distribution System Modeling: Past & Present
Authors:   AWWA Engineering Modeling Applications Committee
Published: November 2020

Key TakeawaysModeling water distribution networks involves equations that are difficult to compute by hand, so early systems relied on simplifications and rules of thumb.Early computers were limiting but opened the door to quicker and less expensive calculations; modern computing has allowed more complex simulations.The future of water distribution system modeling may involve cloud‐based applications and integration of supervisory control and data acquisition, geographic information systems, and artificial intelligence.
Research Sheds Light on Age‐Old Problem of Meter and Service Line Sizing
Authors: Mayer Peter W. , Buchberger Steven G. , Davis Steve , Douglas Christopher J. 
Published: November 2020

Key TakeawaysA study by The Water Research Foundation (WRF) measured high‐resolution water demands in US buildings to reexamine and offer guidance on meter sizing approaches and building plumbing.Incorrectly sized meters have significant implications for water quality and resource management in a time of reduced water demand resulting from long‐standing water efficiency programs.The WRF study's actual measured peak flows indicate that all design curves currently used in practice, including those in AWWA Manual M22, predict flows that are likely to be higher than actual peak water demands.
Prognose von Messdaten beim Bauwerksmonitoring mithilfe von Machine Learning
Authors: Wedel Frederik , Marx Steffen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn diesem Aufsatz wird der nichtlineare bzw. instationäre Zusammenhang zwischen Luft‐ und Bauwerkstemperatur über ein Machine‐Learning‐Modell abgebildet. Anhand dieser Problemstellung werden verschiedene Anwendungsfälle für Methoden des maschinellen Lernens (Regression) auf Monitoringdaten dargestellt, die aus in der Praxis aufgetretenen Fragestellungen resultieren. Dazu wird auf neuronale Netze als Methode des Machine Learnings spezifisch eingegangen, die im Kontext von Langzeitmonitoringdaten an Talbrücken der VDE 8 angewandt werden. Es wird bspw. gezeigt, dass mithilfe dieser Methoden Messfehler erkannt und kompensiert werden können oder das Bauwerksverhalten vorhergesagt werden kann. Im Ergebnis wird festgehalten, dass diese Methoden ein großes Potenzial für die automatisierte Auswertung großer Datenmengen aufweisen, da keine komplexen physikalischen Modelle benötigt werden. Der Aufsatz legt dabei den Fokus stärker auf die Anwendung von KI‐Methoden als auf den mathematischen bzw. theoretischen Hintergrund der Methoden.
High‐Performing Li‐Ion Battery with “Two Cathodes in One” of Sulfur and LiFePO4 by Strategies of Mitigation of Polysulfide Shuttling
Authors: Garay‐Marín Juan David , Quiroga‐González Enrique , Garza‐Tovar Lorena Leticia , Reuter Florian , Kensy Christian , Althues Holger , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work reports on further development of the concept “two cathodes in one” for lithium‐ion batteries. The cathodes are composed of LiFePO4 (high power) and sulfur (high gravimetric capacity), allowing high discharging rates as well as high gravimetric capacities, which are especially attractive for numerous existing applications. In this study, different strategies have been tested to reduce polysulfide shuttling in batteries with these cathodes, greatly improving their performance. Batteries which were assembled with electrolyte mixtures of tetramethylsulfone and 1,1,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl‐2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl ether (TMS/TTE) show significantly better performance than with the typical electrolyte composition used for Li−S batteries. Moreover, various carbons with different pore size distributions in the C/S composite were mixed with LiFePO4 in an electrode reaching high discharge capacities (72 % of the theorical composite capacity) and stable Coulombic efficiency of 99 %. As a result, an improved active material utilization is observed, confirming its possible application as a commercial battery cathode.