bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NAD(P)H‐Dependent Enzymes for Reductive Amination: Active Site Description and Carbonyl‐Containing Compound Spectrum
Authors: Ducrot Laurine , Bennett Megan , Grogan Gideon , Vergne‐Vaxelaire Carine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe biocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of amines from carbonyl compounds and amine precursors presents an important advance in sustainable synthetic chemistry. Oxidoreductases (ORs) that catalyze the NAD(P)H‐dependent reductive amination of carbonyl compounds directly to amines using amine donors present advantages complementary to those of amine transaminases (ATAs) with respect to selectivity, stability and substrate scope. Indeed some ORs accept alkyl and aryl amines as reaction partners enabling access to chiral secondary amine products that are not directly accessible using ATAs. Moreover, superior atom economy can usually be achieved as no sacrificial amines are required as with ATAs. In recent years a number of ORs that apparently catalyze both imine formation and imine reduction in the reductive amination of carbonyls has been identified using structure informed protein engineering, sequence analysis from natural biodiversity and increasingly a mixture of both. In this review we summarize the development of such enzymes from the engineering of amino acid dehydrogenases (AADHs) and opine dehydrogenases (OpDHs) to become amine dehydrogenases (AmDHs), which are active toward ketones devoid of any requisite carboxylate and/or amine functions, through to the discovery of native AmDHs and reductive aminases (RedAms), and the engineering of all of these scaffolds for improved or altered activity. Structural and mechanistic studies have revealed similarities, but also differences in the determinants of substrate binding and mechanism in the enzymes. The survey reveals that a complementary approach to enzyme discovery that utilizes both natural genetic resources and engineering can be combined to deliver biocatalysts that have significant potential for the industrial synthesis of chiral amines.magnified image
Immigration Enforcement Policies and the Mental Health of US Citizens: Findings from a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Pinedo Miguel , Valdez Carmen R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe examined the differential impact of having a family member, friend, or co‐worker/community member detained or deported on the mental health of US citizens. In 2019, a sample of 3446 adult participants of White, Black, and Latinx racial/ethnic descent were recruited to complete an online questionnaire. Participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire‐4 to screen for anxiety, depression, and psychological distress. Analyses were restricted to US citizens (n = 3282). Multivariable logistic and linear regressions were conducted to examine the mental health of US citizens who reported personally knowing a migrant who has been detained or deported and by their relationship to the migrant, overall and among Latinxs only. Among US citizens, 32% reported personally knowing someone who has been detained or deported. In multivariable analyses, US citizens who personally knew a detained or deported migrant were more likely to report anxiety, depression, and greater psychological distress. Associations were more pronounced among those who reported having a family member detained or deported. US‐citizen Latinxs with social ties to migrants who have been detained or deported were especially more likely to report poor mental health than White and Latinx participants who did not personally know a migrant who has been detained or deported. It is critical that policy makers consider the potential mental health harms on migrants and its own citizens when designing policies targeting migrant communities.
Comparative evaluation of involved free light chain and monoclonal spike as markers for progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma
Authors: Gran Charlotte , Liwing Johan , Wagner Arnika Kathleen , Verhoek Andre , Gezin Ana , Alici Evren , Nahi Hareth 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMonoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a premalignant clonal plasma cell disorder, with a 1% yearly risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM). Evolution of M‐spike and serum free light chain (sFLC) during follow‐up could identify patients at high risk of progression. In this region‐wide study, including 4756 individuals, 987 patients with MGUS were identified, and baseline factors as well as evolving involved FLC (iFLC) were evaluated as potential markers for risk of progression from MGUS to MM. Furthermore, evolving iFLC and M‐spike were assessed quarterly for a median of 5 years. At baseline, patients that progressed had significantly higher iFLC compared to non‐progressors. The risk factors of M‐spike >1.5 g/dL, age >65 years and iFLC >100 mg/L were all independently associated with increased risk of MGUS to MM progression. For patients that had any two or three risk factors, the 5‐year cumulative probability of progression was significantly higher (31%) compared to no risk factors (2%). Evolving iFLC >100 mg/L during follow‐up was consistently associated with increased risk of progression. Based on our observations, we propose to include iFLC as a monitoring tool for all MGUS patients. Furthermore, we recommend a quarterly monitoring in all high‐risk patients. Finally, we suggest that the risk of MGUS progression should be stratified with age, M‐spike, and iFLC at baseline.
Exploring late Paleolithic and Mesolithic diet in the Eastern Alpine region of Italy through multiple proxies
Authors: Oxilia Gregorio , Bortolini Eugenio , Badino Federica , Bernardini Federico , Gazzoni Valentina , Lugli Federico , Romandini Matteo , Radini Anita , Terlato Gabriele , Marciani Giulia , Silvestrini Sara , Menghi Sartorio Jessica C. , Thun Hohenstein Ursula , Fiorenza Luca , Kullmer Ottmar , Tuniz Claudio , Moggi Cecchi Jacopo , Talamo Sahra , Fontana Federica , Peresani Marco , Benazzi Stefano , Cristiani Emanuela 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe analysis of prehistoric human dietary habits is key for understanding the effects of paleoenvironmental changes on the evolution of cultural and social human behaviors. In this study, we compare results from zooarchaeological, stable isotope and dental calculus analyses as well as lower second molar macrowear patterns to gain a broader understanding of the diet of three individuals who lived between the end of the Late Pleistocene and the Early Holocene (ca., 17–8 ky cal BP) in the Eastern Alpine region of Italy.Materials and methodsWe analyze individuals buried at the sites of Riparo Tagliente (Verona), Riparo Villabruna, and Mondeval de Sora (Belluno). The three burials provide a unique dataset for diachronically exploring the influence of climatic changes on human subsistence strategies.ResultsIsotopic results indicate that all individuals likely relied on both terrestrial and freshwater animal proteins. Even though dental calculus analysis was, in part, hindered by the amount of mineral deposit available on the teeth, tooth macrowear study suggests that the dietary habits of the individuals included plant foods. Moreover, differences in macrowear patterns of lower second molars have been documented between Neanderthals and modern humans in the present sample, due to a prevalence of Buccal wear among the former as opposed to higher values of Lingual wear in modern human teeth.DiscussionIsotopic analyses have emphasized the contribution of animal proteins in the diet of the three foragers from the Eastern Alpine region. The possible intake of carbohydrate‐rich plant foods, suggested by the retrieval of plant remains in dental calculus, is supported by the signal of macrowear analysis. Moreover, the latter method indicates that the distribution of macrowear in lower second molars (M2s) allows us to discriminate between Neanderthals and modern humans within the present reference sample. Overall, our results show these three prehistoric hunter‐gatherers were well adapted to the environment in which they lived exploiting many natural resources.
Berbers and Arabs: Tracing the genetic diversity and history of Southern Tunisia through genome wide analysis
Authors: Anagnostou Paolo , Dominici Valentina , Battaggia Cinzia , Boukhchim Nouri , Ben Nasr Jaâfar , Boussoffara Ridha , Cancellieri Emanuele , Marnaoui Marwa , Marzouki Meriem , Bel Haj Brahim Hedi , Bou Rass Mongi , di Lernia Savino , Destro Bisol Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTunisia has been a crossroads for people from Africa, Europe, and the Middle East since prehistoric times. At present, it is inhabited by two main ethnic groups, Arabs and Berbers, and several minorities. This study aims to advance knowledge regarding their genetic structure using new population samplings and a genome‐wide approach.Materials and MethodsWe investigated genomic variation, estimated ancestry components and dated admixture events in three Berber and two Arab populations from Southern Tunisia, mining a dataset including Middle Eastern, sub‐Saharan, and European populations.ResultsDifferences in the proportion of North African, Arabian, and European ancestries and the varying impact of admixture and isolation determined significant heterogeneity in the genetic structure of Southern Tunisian populations. Admixture time estimates show a multilayer pattern of admixture events, involving both ethno‐linguistic groups, which started around the mid XI century and lasted for nearly five centuries.DiscussionOur study provides evidence that the relationships between genetic and cultural diversity of old and new inhabitants of North Africa in southern Tunisia follow different patterns. The Berbers seem to have preserved a significant part of their common genomic heritage despite Islamization, Arab cultural influence, and linguistic diversity. Compared to Morocco and Algeria, southern Tunisian Arabs have retained a higher level of Arabian ancestry. This is more evident in the semi‐nomad R'Baya, who have kept their original Bedouin lifestyle, than in the population from Douz, who have undergone multiple events of stratification and admixture.
Male social rank and food competition in a primate multi‐level society
Authors: Guo Song‐Tao , He Shu‐Jun , Zhang He , Bai Rui‐Feng , Zhang Si‐Meng , Hou Rong , Grueter Cyril C. , Chapman Colin A. , Dunn Derek W. , Li Bao‐Guo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesSocial animals often have dominance hierarchies, with high rank conferring preferential access to resources. In primates, competition among males is often assumed to occur predominantly over reproductive opportunities. However, competition for food may occur during food shortages, such as in temperate species during winter. Higher‐ranked males may thus gain preferential access to high‐profitability food, which would enable them to spend longer engaged in activities other than feeding.Materials and methodsWe performed a field experiment with a breeding band of golden snub‐nosed monkeys, a species that lives in a multi‐level society in high‐altitude forests in central China. We provisioned monkey's high‐profitability food during winter when natural foods are limited, and then recorded the times individual adult males spent engaged in different behaviors.ResultsHigher‐ranking males spent less time feeding overall and fed on provisioned foods at a higher rate than lower‐ranking males. Higher‐ranking males therefore had more time to spend on alternative behaviors. We found no significant difference according to rank in times spent moving or resting. However, high‐ranking males spend significantly longer on affiliative behaviors with other members of their social sub‐units, especially grooming and being groomed, behaviors known to promote social cohesion in primates.DiscussionWe show that preferential access to high‐profitability foods likely relaxes time‐budget constraints to higher‐ranking males. High‐ranking males thus spend more time on non‐feeding activities, especially grooming, which may enhance social cohesion within their social sub‐unit. We discuss the potential direct and indirect benefits to high‐ranking males associated with preferential access to high‐value food during winter.
Clinical Variability in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type III
Authors: Coratti Giorgia , Messina Sonia , Lucibello Simona , Pera Maria Carmela , Montes Jacqueline , Pasternak Amy , Bovis Francesca , Exposito Escudero Jessica , Mazzone Elena Stacy , Mayhew Anna , Glanzman Allan M. , Young Sally Dunaway , Salazar Rachel , Duong Tina , Muni Lofra Robert , De Sanctis Roberto , Carnicella Sara , Milev Evelin , Civitello Matthew , Pane Marika , Scoto Mariacristina , Bettolo Chiara Marini , Antonaci Laura , Frongia Annalia , Sframeli Maria , Vita Gian Luca , D'Amico Adele , Van Den Hauwe Marleen , Albamonte Emilio , Goemans Nathalie , Darras Basil T. , Bertini Enrico , Sansone Valeria , Day John , Nascimento Osorio Andres , Bruno Claudio , Muntoni Francesco , De Vivo Darryl C. , Finkel Richard S. , Mercuri Eugenio 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveWe report natural history data in a large cohort of 199 patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type III assessed using the Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale Expanded (HFMSE). The aim of the study was to establish the annual rate and possible patterns of progression according to a number of variables, such as age of onset, age at assessment, SMN2 copy number, and functional status.MethodsHFMSE longitudinal changes were assessed using piecewise linear mixed‐effects models. The dependency in the data due to repeated measures was accounted for by a random intercept per individual and an unstructured covariance R matrix was used as correlation structure. An additional descriptive analysis was performed for 123 patients, for a total of 375 12‐month assessments.ResultsA break point at age 7 years was set for the whole cohort and for SMA IIIA and IIIB. Age, SMA type, and ambulatory status were significantly associated with changes in mean HFMSE score, whereas gender and SMN2 copy number were not. The increase in response before the break point of age 7 years is significant only for SMA IIIA (β = 1.79, p < 0.0001). After the break point, the change in the rate of HFMSE score significantly decrease for both SMA IIIA (β = −1.15, p < 0.0001) and IIIB (β = −0.69, p = 0.002).InterpretationOur findings contribute to the understanding of the natural history of SMA type III and will be helpful in the interpretation of the real‐world data of patients treated with commercially available drugs. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1109–1117
Isolable Silicon‐Based Polycations with Lewis Superacidity
Authors: Hermannsdorfer André , Driess Matthias 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMolecular silicon polycations of the types R2Si2+ and RSi3+ (R=H, organic groups) are elusive Lewis superacids and currently unknown in the condensed phase. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of isolable terpyridine‐stabilized R2Si2+ and RSi3+ complexes, [R2Si(terpy)]2+ (R=Ph 12+; R2=C12H8 22+, (CH2)3 32+) and [RSi(terpy)]3+ (R=Ph 43+, cyclohexyl 53+, m‐xylyl 63+), in form of their triflate salts. The stabilization of the latter is achieved through higher coordination and to the expense of reduced fluoride‐ion affinities, but a significant level of Lewis superacidity is nonetheless retained as verified by theory and experiment. The complexes activate C(sp3)−F bonds, as showcased by stoichiometric fluoride abstraction from 1‐fluoroadamantane (AdF) and the catalytic hydrodefluorination of AdF. The formation of the crystalline adducts [2(F)]+ and [5(H)]2+ documents in particular the high reactivity towards fluoride and hydride donors.
Epoxy/benzoxazinyl POSS nanocomposite resin with low dielectric constant and excellent thermal stability
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Feng Jiacheng , Zhang Shuai , Tang Ying , Hu Xinyu , Liu Xiaoping , Liu Xiaoqing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBenzoxazinyl modified polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (BZPOSS) is successfully synthesized and used to prepare nanocomposites with bisphenol A type epoxy resin (E51). The differential scanning calorimetry results showed the curing peak temperature of E51/BZPOSS blend decrease to 242°C, suggesting the high catalytic activity of BZPOSS to the polymerization of E51. The scanning electron microscope micrographs of poly(E51/BZPOSS)s and silicon element distribution maps given by EDS both demonstrated homogeneous dispersion of BZPOSS. Dielectric properties tests confirmed the dielectric constant can be reduced by the introduction of BZPOSS, which is attributed to the nano‐pores from the cage structure of POSS. When 20 wt% BZPOSS was added, the dielectric constant decreased to 2.28 at 1 MHz. Meanwhile, DMA and TGA results indicated the thermal stability and heat resistance of poly(E51/BZPOSS)s at high temperature increased with the increase of BZPOSS, which is due to the increase of the crosslinking density and the change of crosslinking structure of copolymer.
Progress, opportunities and challenges for marine conservation in the Pacific Islands
Authors: Friedlander Alan M. , Gaymer Carlos F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

The people of the Pacific have long relied on the ocean for sustenance, commerce and cultural identity, which resulted in a sophisticated understanding of the marine environment and its conservation.
The global declines in ocean health require new and innovative approaches to conserving marine ecosystems. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been shown to be a highly effective means of conserving biodiversity and managing fisheries, while also restoring and preserving overall ecosystem function.
Traditional ecological knowledge held by many island peoples in the Pacific is critical to the development, design and implementation of contemporary MPAs.
Chile's offshore islands are among the few oceanic archipelagos along the west coast of South America. These islands have cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific, yet our scientific understanding of them is extremely limited.
Chile has created several large‐scale MPAs around their offshore archipelagos. By protecting these unique ecosystems, Chile has established itself as a global leader in marine conservation.
Effective management and a better understanding of social–ecological interactions are currently the biggest challenges facing MPAs in the Pacific Islands.
Hantzsch Ester‐Mediated Synthesis of Phenanthridines under Visible‐Light Irradiation
Authors: Nagode Savita B. , Kant Ruchir , Rastogi Namrata 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn efficient photocatalytic synthesis of phenanthridines mediated by an organo‐photoredox initiator Hantzsch ester has been developed via denitrogenative intramolecular annulation of benzotriazolyl chalcones. The highly reducing photoactivated Hantzsch ester facilitates the transformation of benzotriazolyl chalcones into phenanthridinyl chalcones through photoinduced electron transfer (PET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes. The mild reaction conditions utilizing inexpensive Hantzsch ester as photosensitizer, wide reaction scope and excellent functional group tolerance are notable attributes of the methodology.
Association Between Sleep Deficiencies with Behavioral Problems in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Subtle Sex Differences
Authors: Saré Rachel Michelle , Smith Carolyn Beebe 
Published: September 2020

Sleep problems are prevalent in people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Several studies have shown an association between sleep problems and severity of ASD‐related behaviors. Most of these studies have not addressed potential sex differences either in the prevalence of the sleep problems or in their association with the manifestation of other behavioral issues in ASD. Given the strong prevalence of ASD in males, we thought it important to address whether sex differences exist in this realm. We examined the association of sleep problems with the severity of ASD‐behavioral measures in a large data set collected from an online phenotyping project: Simons Foundation Powering Autism Research for Knowledge. We confirmed a high prevalence of sleep problems in ASD and a strong association between sleep problems and severity of other ASD‐related behaviors. Furthermore, we were able to detect sex differences in these associations. In children with ASD, there was a slightly stronger association between repetitive behaviors and diagnosed sleep problems in females compared to males. In children without diagnosed ASD (undiagnosed siblings), there was a stronger association between sleep problems and impairments in social communication in males compared to females. These data highlight potential sex differences in the association of sleep problems and behavioral problems in ASD.Lay SummaryWe tested for sex differences in the association between sleep deficiencies and behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In children with ASD, we found the association between sleep problems and repetitive behaviors was slightly stronger in females. In siblings without diagnosed ASD, the association between sleep problems and social communication scores was stronger in males. These data suggest that sex might play a role in an association between sleep deficiencies and behavioral impairments. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1802–1810. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC
Antisense Oligonucleotide (AS‐ODN) Technology: Principle, Mechanism and Challenges
Authors: Gheibi‐Hayat Seyed Mohammad , Jamialahmadi Khadijeh 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecently, there is a hopefully tremendous interest in antisense therapeutics for clinical purposes. Single‐stranded synthetic antisense oligonucleotides (As‐ODNs) with monomers of chemically modified 18–21 deoxynucleotides complement the mRNA sequence in target gene. The target gene expression can be blocked because of created cleavage or disability of the mRNA by binding the As‐ODNs to cognate mRNA sequences via sequence‐specific hybridization. The idea of antisense therapy has become particular concerning that any sequence longer than a minimal number of nucleotides (17 for DNA and 13 for RNA) can be observed only once within the human genome. The mRNA is omnipresent more probably to manipulate compared to DNA, which results in multiple in vitro and in vivo applications for As‐ODNs in the field of regulatory mechanisms of biological processes, cancer, viral infections and hereditary impairments. Although, there are uncertain clinical outcomes on the ability of this approach in treatment procedures despite achieving promising findings based on previous investigations. Accordingly, the efficacy, off‐target effects, delivery are issues that should be investigated to obtain satisfactory results. In this review, we will explain the mechanism of action of As‐ODNs and various types of modifications and their therapeutic purposes.