bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Characterization of Ophthalmology Residency Program Social Media Presence and Activity
Authors: Al-khersan Hasenin , Tanenbaum Rebecca , Lazzarini Thomas A. , Patel Nimesh A. , Sridhar Jayanth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective To determine the presence and activity of ophthalmology departments associated with residency programs on social media platforms and the use of these social media platforms by residency applicants.
Design Cross-sectional online assessment of ophthalmology training program departments' presence and activity on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.
Participants A total of 120 accredited ophthalmology residency training programs and 498 ophthalmology residency applicants.
Methods Each department was evaluated by (1) searching for social media links on the department's Web site, (2) searching for the department on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, and (3) searching on Google. A simultaneous survey was conducted to assess social media platform use of 2019 to 2020 ophthalmology residency application cycle candidates.
Main Outcomes The presence of ophthalmology departments on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, as well as the total number of followers and posts during January 2020.
Results Of 120 programs evaluated, 45 programs (37.5%) had a Facebook page, 29 (24.3%) were on Twitter, and 22 (18.3%) had an Instagram page. Among top 20 Doximity-ranked ophthalmology programs, 80% had at least one social media page on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram compared with 33% among the remainder of programs (chi-square test = 15.2, p < 0.001). Top 20 programs also had more followers compared with others on Facebook (4,363 vs. 696, respectively, p < 0.0001) and Twitter (3,673 vs. 355, respectively, p = 0.007) but not on Instagram (1,156 vs. 1,687, respectively, p = 0.71). Among 498 residency applicants to Bascom Palmer Eye Institute from the 2019 to 2020 cycle, 159 (31.9%) responded to a survey regarding their use of social media during the application process. In total, 54 (34%) responded that they used social media to evaluate residency programs.
Conclusion Departments of top 20 ophthalmology residency had both a greater presence and following on social media compared with other departments. While Facebook was the most used platform by ophthalmology departments, applicants most commonly used Instagram. As applicants come to use these social media resources more frequently, ophthalmology residency programs may increasingly benefit from maintaining an active social media page.
The Need for Multidisciplinary Research within the History and Theory of Homeopathy
Authors: Schmidt Josef M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe controversial issue of homeopathy's scientificity will, in all probability, not be settled by means of clinical trials alone, as long as uncertainty or ignorance about methodological, philosophical, and socio-economical essentials prevail on both sides of the argument. Rather than uncritically adopt the standards of the currently predominant paradigm, homeopathy should not forget its roots, peculiarities, and self-conception. Contrary to conventional medicine, it is based on a teleological image of humanity, a holistic and sustainable approach towards curing sickness, and an up-to-date concept of medical theory in terms of healing arts. However, under today's frameworked conditions of industrialisation, commercialisation and commodification, the strengths of homeopathy tend to be disregarded or even attacked, and a special kind of reductionist and materialist rationality, compatible with expanding markets and profits, is preferably facilitated. To reveal and demonstrate these developments and relationships on a scientific level, there is a need for multidisciplinary research on the part of the humanities, such as history and theory of medicine, history and theory of science, history of economics, sociology of scientific knowledge, and philosophy.
The Effectiveness of Three Irrigation Systems in the Enterococcus faecalis Reduction after Instrumentation with a Reciprocating Instrument
Authors: Fernandes Karina Gonzalez Camara , Silva Bruno Barciela da , Boer Nilton César , Mandarini Danilo Rodrigues , Moreti Lucieni Cristina Trovati , Kato Augusto Shoji , Bueno Carlos Eduardo da Silveira , Limoeiro Ana Grasiela da Silva , Pinheiro Sergio Luiz , Martin Alexandre Sigrist De , Fontana Carlos Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of three irrigation systems: EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and Easy Clean in the reduction of Enterococcus faecalis, after instrumentation with the reciprocating system, through microbiological collection and culture method.
Materials and Methods A total of 60 extracted human lower premolars were used and standardized at 16 mm in length. The teeth were accessed, contaminated with E. faecalis, and incubated for 21 days at 37°C. Initial collections (S1) were made with an absorbent paper cone to confirm the contamination; subsequently, instrumentation was performed with WaveOne Primary. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the final irrigation protocol (n = 15): group 1. EndoActivator; group 2, PUI; group 3, Easy Clean; and group 4, control group irrigated with saline solution sterile and without agitation. In the final irrigation, the agitation of the 17% ethylene amine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solutions was used, then 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); in both for this, three cycles of 20 seconds each. After the chemical–mechanical preparation and agitation of the irrigating solutions, the final collections (S2) for counting the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) occurred.
Results The Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that all the agitation systems reduced by 100% and the control group by 65.7%.
Conclusion The control group presented a significantly higher amount of CFU/mL after the chemical–mechanical preparation than the other groups, which were similar to each other (p > 0.05).
Publication Performance in German Academic Heart Surgery
Authors: Debus Eike Sebastian , Dolg Maximilian , Reichenspurner Hermann , Grundmann Reinhart T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background This study was designed to evaluate the publication performance of management teams consisting of chief and senior physicians in German university cardiac surgery units over a 10-year period and to facilitate benchmarking.
Methods The cutoff date for consideration of staffing from the unit Web site and publications was July 1, 2017. The literature search was based on an evaluation of the PubMed database. The 5-year impact factor (IF) from 2016 was assigned to each journal.
Results Two thousand five hundred thirty-five publications (average IF 3.02) were registered, published in 323 journals. Of a total of 341 management team members, 235 (68.9%) published as first or last author over the 10-year period. The number of publications from the units divided into quintiles varied considerably with the first six units contributing 39.0% of all publications and the last nine units 9.4%. With a cumulative IF total of 3265, the publications of the first six units accounted for 42.7% of the cumulative IF, the last unit quintile amounted to 621 (8.1%) of the cumulative IF. When considering publications per managing member, the first quintile averaged 11.9 publications (29.6 IF) per managing member, the last quintile 3.3 publications (8.0 IF) per member.
Conclusions The six units of the first quintile published on average 3.6 times more per managing member than the nine units in the last quintile and the average cumulative IF per member in the first quintile was almost five times higher. Further investigation must show whether this considerable difference in publication activity between the university units is also observed in other operative fields.
Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-induced Osterix, Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2, and Tartrate-resistant Acid Phosphatase Expression in Osteoporotic Mandibular Bone
Authors: Hendrijantini Nike , Hartono Cindy Karina , Daniati Reni Puspa , Hong Guang , Sitalaksmi Ratri Maya , Kuntjoro Mefina , Ari Muhammad Dimas Aditya 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to prove that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) therapy conducted according to the mandibular osteoporotic model will increase Osterix (Osx) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) expression, while reducing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) expression. PKH26 labeling proves that mandibular bone regeneration is produced by hUCMSCs induction.
Materials and Methods This study incorporated a true posttest only control group design. Twenty-five female Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consisting of the sham surgery (N) group, osteoporotic groups injected with gelatin for 4 weeks (G4) and 8 weeks (G8), and osteoporotic groups injected with hUCMSC-gelatin for 4weeks (SC4) and 8 weeks (SC8). All subjects were provided for BMP-2, Osx, and TRAP on immunohistochemistry examination and PKH-26 labeling.
Statistical Analysis All data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests with p < 0.05 being considered as statistically significant.
Results Compared with other groups, the highest level of BMP-2 and Osx occurred in the sham surgery (N) and osteoporotic groups injected with hUCMSCs-gelatin (SC), while the lowest level of TRAP was found in SC4. During 4- and 8-week observation periods, the PKH 26 appeared green (fluorescent).
Conclusions hUCMSC demonstrates high-osteogenic activity and increased osteoporotic mandibular bone regeneration, as shown by increased expression of Osx and BMP-2 and decreased TRAP expression. From the labeling, PKH-26 proved that viable hUCMSCs in gelatin solvent can be present in the mandibular bone and be capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation and increasing mineralization and bone formation in the osteoporotic mandibular bone.
Synchrony matters more than species richness in plant community stability at a global scale
Authors: Valencia Enrique , de Bello Francesco , Galland Thomas , Adler Peter B. , Lepš Jan , E-Vojtkó Anna , van Klink Roel , Carmona Carlos P. , Danihelka Jiří , Dengler Jürgen , Eldridge David J. , Estiarte Marc , García-González Ricardo , Garnier Eric , Gómez‐García Daniel , Harrison Susan P. , Herben Tomáš , Ibáñez Ricardo , Jentsch Anke , Juergens Norbert , Kertész Miklós , Klumpp Katja , Louault Frédérique , Marrs Rob H. , Ogaya Romà , Ónodi Gábor , Pakeman Robin J. , Pardo Iker , Pärtel Meelis , Peco Begoña , Peñuelas Josep , Pywell Richard F. , Rueda Marta , Schmidt Wolfgang , Schmiedel Ute , Schuetz Martin , Skálová Hana , Šmilauer Petr , Šmilauerová Marie , Smit Christian , Song MingHua , Stock Martin , Val James , Vandvik Vigdis , Ward David , Wesche Karsten , Wiser Susan K. , Woodcock Ben A. , Young Truman P. , Yu Fei-Hai , Zobel Martin , Götzenberger Lars 
Published: September 2020

Significance
The stability of ecological communities under ongoing climate and land-use change is fundamental to the sustainable management of natural resources through its effect on critical ecosystem services. Biodiversity is hypothesized to enhance stability through compensatory effects (decreased synchrony between species). However, the relative importance and interplay between different biotic and abiotic drivers of stability remain controversial. By analyzing long-term data from natural and seminatural ecosystems across the globe, we found that the degree of synchrony among dominant species was the main driver of stability, rather than species richness per se. These biotic effects overrode environmental drivers, which influenced the stability of communities by modulating the effects of richness and synchrony.
Spatiotemporal dissociation of fMRI activity in the caudate nucleus underlies human de novo motor skill learning
Authors: Choi Yera , Shin Emily Yunha , Kim Sungshin 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceNumerous real-world motor skills require learning arbitrary relationships between actions and their consequences from scratch. However, little is understood about the neural signatures of de novo motor learning and associated individual variability. In a longitudinal fMRI experiment, where participants learned to control a cursor by moving fingers, we found a gradual transition of performance-related activity from the head to tail of the caudate nucleus. This finding reflects the flexible and stable reward representations in the head and tail, respectively. Additionally, intrinsic cortico-caudate connectivity predicted better learners with weaker head–prefrontal and stronger tail–sensorimotor interactions. The present study provides unprecedented insight into de novo motor learning, which may contribute to the understanding of motor-related disorders, and infant learning.
Short Vi-polysaccharide abrogates T-independent immune response and hyporesponsiveness elicited by long Vi-CRM197conjugate vaccine
Authors: Micoli Francesca , Bjarnarson Stefania P. , Arcuri Melissa , Aradottir Pind Audur Anna , Magnusdottir Gudbjorg J. , Necchi Francesca , Di Benedetto Roberta , Carducci Martina , Schiavo Fabiola , Giannelli Carlo , Pisoni Ivan , Martin Laura B. , Del Giudice Giuseppe , MacLennan Calman A. , Rappuoli Rino , Jonsdottir Ingileif , Saul Allan 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceOur results suggest a rational way of designing and developing an improved typhoid conjugate vaccine and, by extension, to conjugate vaccines in general: first, modify a T-independent polysaccharide so that it no longer induces a T-independent response, then conjugate the polysaccharide to a suitable carrier protein restoring immunogenicity, thus creating a pure T-dependent antigen that induces a strongly boostable and long-lived response at an early age.
Concanamycin A counteracts HIV-1 Nef to enhance immune clearance of infected primary cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
Authors: Painter Mark M. , Zimmerman Gretchen E. , Merlino Madeline S. , Robertson Andrew W. , Terry Valeri H. , Ren Xuefeng , McLeod Megan R. , Gomez-Rodriguez Lyanne , Garcia Kirsten A. , Leonard Jolie A. , Leopold Kay E. , Neevel Andrew J. , Lubow Jay , Olson Eli , Piechocka-Trocha Alicja , Collins David R. , Tripathi Ashootosh , Raghavan Malini , Walker Bruce D. , Hurley James H. , Sherman David H. , Collins Kathleen L. 
Published: September 2020

SignificanceThis study describes the discovery of a class of drug that can help the immune system eliminate hard-to-kill cells infected with HIV. HIV establishes a persistent infection for which there is no cure, necessitating the development of new approaches to enhance the clearance of HIV-infected cells. HIV encodes Nef, which down-regulates MHC-I expression in infected cells to impair immune-mediated clearance by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We identified the plecomacrolide family of natural products as potent inhibitors of Nef, and concanamycin A restored MHC-I and enhanced the clearance of HIV-infected primary cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Concanamycin A counteracted Nef from diverse clades of HIV targeting multiple allotypes of MHC-I, indicating the potential for broad therapeutic utility.
Synaptic secretion from human natural killer cells is diverse and includes supramolecular attack particles
Authors: Ambrose Ashley R. , Hazime Khodor S. , Worboys Jonathan D. , Niembro-Vivanco Olatz , Davis Daniel M. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Cytotoxic immune cells kill cancer and virally infected cells through secretion of perforin and granzymes at immune synapses. It has recently been shown that cytotoxic T cells secrete membraneless protein structures, termed SMAPs, comprising perforin and granzyme within a shell of the glycoprotein TSP-1. Here, using a novel imaging technique termed "shadow imaging," we quantitatively assessed synaptic secretion from individual human NK cells. Upon ligation of activating receptors, NK cells secreted vesicles as well as membraneless SMAPs containing TSP-1, perforin, and granzyme B. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that NK cell SMAPs were larger than those secreted by T cells. Heterogeneity in NK cell synaptic secretion is likely important for the different effector functions of NK cell subtypes.
Structure of the dimeric ATP synthase from bovine mitochondria
Authors: Spikes Tobias E. , Montgomery Martin G. , Walker John E. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fuel of life, is produced in inner membranes of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells by an embedded molecular machine with a rotary action, called ATP synthase. Single ATP synthases associate into dimers and form long rows, influencing the formation of characteristic cristae which change shape constantly. Our structure of bovine dimers has a wedge made of small proteins and specific lipids in the membrane domain of each monomer that imposes a range of acute angles on the central axes of the monomers, and a pivot between the wedges accommodates rocking motions of the machine accompanying catalysis and other movements that happen independently. It also throws light on how the membrane rotor is made to turn.
Indium segregation mechanism and V-defect formation at the [0001] InAlN surface: an ab-initio investigation
Authors: Mohamad Ranim , Ruterana Pierre 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
First-principle calculations were performed to investigate adsorption and diffusion of indium and aluminum atoms on (0001) and (0001) In (18%) AlN surfaces. First, it was shown that these surfaces are most stable when they contain complex defects. The presence of vacancies causes the In to be strongly bound to the surface with the adsorption energy increasing by 0.11 eV for metal-polar and by 0.78 eV N-polar. In contrast, the adsorption strength of Al to the surface with defects decreases; the corresponding energy goes from 3.96 eV–2.29 eV (metal-polar) and from 8.30 eV–5.05 eV (N-polar). Simultaneously, the diffusion of In is enhanced; its energy barrier decreases by 0.74 eV (0.06 eV) for the N-polar (metal-polar) InAlN surface, whereas that of the Al adatom increases by 0.32 eV for metal-polar (0.08 eV for N-polar), which should limit its diffusion on the surface. Therefore, the indium atoms will tend to migrate towards the complex defects. Eventually, during epitaxial growth, this aggregation of indium atoms around the defects and the low mobility of Al atoms could be the origin of the observed V defects, the phase separation and the crystallographic degradation of the InAlN epitaxial layers with increasing thickness.
Multisection step-impedance modeling and analysis of broadband microwave honeycomb absorbing structures
Authors: He Fan , Zhao Yong , Si Kaixuan , Zha Dace , Li Rui , Dong Jianxiong , Bie Shaowei , Jiang Jianjun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A multisection step-impedance honeycomb absorbing structure is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Excellent intrinsic impedance matching and low reflection are realized by providing a step-impedance transition between air and metal in the microwave band. The wideband absorption mechanism of the honeycomb absorbing structure is analyzed using a step-impedance model, and the particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to obtain the optimal step impedance. Two absorbing structures were simulated: The double-layer structure had an absorption frequency band of 3.9–12.4 GHz and a thickness of 9 mm, and the triple-layer structure had an absorption frequency band of 2.2–12.4 GHz and a thickness of 15 mm. The measured reflectivity values were consistent with the calculated results, thereby confirming the validity of our designs for the absorbing structure.
Effect of a non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet on four different yeasts
Authors: Siadati Seyedehneda , Pet’ková Mária , Kenari Ali Jamaati , Kyzek Stanislav , Gálová Eliška , Zahoranová Anna 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasmas are known to be an effective method for the inactivation of microorganisms. However, yeasts have proved to be more resistant to provided treatments. We investigated the influence of an Argon plasma jet on the inactivation of four different yeasts; Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Candida parapsilosis and Magnusiomyces magnusii. Results from direct plasma treatment on the yeasts in distilled water, as the most effective technique we found, are presented here. The surviving yeasts after 5, 7, and 10 min plasma exposures were evaluated visually and quantitatively. Quantitative results showed strong reductions in the survival rates after the plasma treatment. The longest plasma exposure time yielded the least survival. Moreover, how long the inactivations lasted was evaluated by assessing the treated samples after 1 h and again after 2 h. The survival rates were further decreased within these storage times. In the 10 min treated-2 h stored samples, the rates dropped to 5% or even below, depending on the yeast species. High concentrations of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the plasma-air-water interacting system were detected by optical emission spectroscopy of the plasma jet and also by measuring concentrations of H2O2, NO2
− and NO3
− in plasma activated water (as the surrounding liquid for the yeasts). The conductivity and pH of the treated water was measured as well. The level of the conductivity increased along with the decrease in pH. Synergistic effects of these chemical reactive species in acidified water resulted in the yeast inactivation.
An atomic-layer NiO-BaTiO3 nanocomposite for use in electrochemical sensing of serotonin
Authors: Ran Gu , Xia Ying , Zhang Hengchang , Kuang Wei , Fu Chuan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The NiO films were deposited on the surface of BaTiO3 (BTO) by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The thickness of NiO film was controlled by the number of ALD cycles, which the optimum number of ALD cycles were 400 cycles. The morphology of NiO-BTO nanocomposite was observed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. The sensor based on NiO-BTO nanocomposite displays good electrocatalytic activity and high sensitivity for serotonin (at 0.36 V vs. Ag/AgCl). In the range of 0.05–5 μM, the concentrations of serotonin are linearly related to current intensity and the detection limit is 0.03 μM (S/N = 3). The NiO-BTO/GCE was successfully applied in serum samples. It shows that the NiO-BTO nanocomposite prepared by ALD can serve as electrochemical sensor devices and applications in the fields of biosensors.
Selective growth and upconversion photoluminescence of Y-based fluorides: from NaYF4: Yb/Er to YF3: Yb/Er crystals
Authors: Xie Juan , Hu Wenbo , Tian Dan , Wei Yang , Zheng Guangchao , Huang Ling , Liang Erjun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Y-based fluorides have been recognized as most efficient host materials for upconversion photoluminescence (UC-PL). Herein, we have produced a series of Yb/Er doped Y-based fluorides with specific crystal structures, shapes and sizes. The selective growth process is governed by our pre-designed surfactant 4, 4′-((2,5-bi’s (2-(diethylamino) ethoxy) −1,4-phenylene) bis (ethyne-2,1-diyl)) dibenzoic acid (DBA) and selective solvents. It is shown that highly pure hexagonal microprisms and cubic microspheres of NaYF4: Yb/Er could be selectively grown in water at low and high content of DBA, respectively, while only orthorhombic nanowires and microflowers of YF3: Yb/Er could be obtained in ethanol. Finally, all these materials obtained exhibit strong UC-PL signal while the UC emission intensity of the NaYF4: Yb/Er hexagonal microprisms is much higher than those of the cubic microspheres and orthorhombic YF3 nanowires and microflowers. This work provides a novel method for selective crystal growth of Y-based fluorides with specific shape, size, crystal phase and highly UC-PL efficiency by breaking the intrinsic limitation of crystal growth habit, which could be possibly extended to the controlled synthesis of other related materials.