bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ethics of resisting immigration law
Authors: Hidalgo Javier 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStates heavily restrict immigration, and many people violate these restrictions. For example, unauthorized immigrants cross borders without official permission, and other actors, such as people smugglers, assist them in doing so. How should we evaluate resistance to immigration law from a moral perspective? In this article, I survey recent work on the ethics of resisting immigration law. In particular, I examine three categories of resistance to immigration law as the following: unauthorized immigration, people smuggling, and citizens' resistance to laws that prohibit them from assisting or interacting with unauthorized immigrants.
Characterization and genetic diversity of Dioscorea bacilliform viruses present in a Pacific yam germplasm collection
Authors: Sukal Amit C. , Kidanemariam Dawit B. , Dale James L. , Harding Rob M. , James Anthony P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractYam is an important food staple in many Pacific Island countries, but its production is limited by several factors including virus infection. The presence of viruses also hinders the exploitation of the crop by restricting the international dissemination of yam germplasm due to quarantine concerns. In this study, a total of 224 yam accessions present in the Pacific germplasm collection at SPC‐CePaCT, Fiji, were tested for the presence of badnaviruses using a combination of rolling circle amplification (RCA) and sequencing. Of these, 35 tested positive for either Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus (DBALV) or Dioscorea bacilliform AL virus 2 (DBALV2). DBALV was only detected in samples from Vanuatu and Tonga, while DBALV2 was restricted to Papua New Guinean samples. Ten complete genome sequences of DBALV and DBALV2 were obtained and pairwise comparison of the partial reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H (RT/RNase H)‐coding sequence revealed identities ranging from 89% to 100% and 92% to 100%, respectively. The results suggest that DBALV and DBALV2 are the prevalent badnavirus species infecting yams in the Pacific region.
“Prepared” fear or socio‐cultural learning? Fear conditioned to guns, snakes, and spiders is eliminated by instructed extinction in a within‐participant differential fear conditioning paradigm
Authors: Luck Camilla C. , Patterson Rachel R. , Lipp Ottmar V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAcross three experiments, we investigated whether electrodermal responses conditioned to ontogenetic fear‐relevant (pointed guns) and phylogenetic fear‐relevant stimuli (snakes and spiders) would resist instructed extinction in a within‐participant differential fear conditioning paradigm. Instructed extinction involves informing participants before extinction that the unconditional stimulus (US) will no longer be presented. This manipulation has been shown to abolish fear conditioned to fear‐irrelevant conditional stimuli, but is said to leave fear conditioned to images of snakes and spiders intact. The latter finding, however, has only been demonstrated when fear‐relevance is manipulated between‐groups. It is also not known whether instructed extinction affects fear conditioned to ontogenetic fear‐relevant stimuli, such as pointed guns. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that fear conditioned to images of pointed guns does not resist instructed extinction. In Experiment 2, we detected some evidence to suggest that fear conditioned to images of snakes and spiders survives instructed extinction but this evidence was not conclusive. In Experiment 3, we directly compared the effects of instructed extinction on fear conditioned to snakes and spiders and to guns and provide strong evidence that fear conditioned to both classes of stimuli is reduced after instructed extinction with no differences between ontogenetic and phylogenetic stimuli. The current results suggest that when fear relevance is manipulated within‐participants fear conditioned to both phylogenetic and ontogenetic, fear‐relevant stimuli responds to instructed extinction providing evidence in favor of a socio‐cultural explanation for “preparedness” effects.
Professional care team burden scale: cross‐cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Turkish version
Authors: Kalanlar Bilge , Kuru Alici Nilgün 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionCare teams in nursing homes have to meet the expectations of the people they care for, their relatives and the institutions. This affects the quality of the care. An increased care burden may negatively affect the quality of work, lives and the health of formal caregivers.ObjectivesThis methodological cross‐sectional study was conducted to adapt the Professional Care Team Burden (PCTB) Scale, which was developed to assess the difficulties experienced by caregivers working in long‐term care, to Turkish and test its validity and reliability.Material and methodThe study was conducted with 100 caregivers working at a nursing home and rehabilitation centre. The Caregiver Information Form and the Professional Care Team Burden Scale were used to collect data. The language and content validity, construct validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale were tested, respectively.ResultsThe factor analysis showed that the Professional Care Team Burden Scale could be used in two dimensions. When the test–retest was done, the reliability of the scale was found to be high (0.982). The construct validity of the scale showed that the three‐factor model did not acceptably fit the data, while the two‐dimensional model obtained by removing some of the variables from the model did fit the data (RMSEA = 0.106, GFI = 0.933, CFI = 0.916, IFI = 0.919, RFI = 0.778 and RMR = 0.078). The factor loadings for the construct validity of the scale demonstrated that the two‐factor model showed an acceptable fit.ConclusionsThe study found that the two‐factor Turkish version of the Professional Care Team Burden Scale met the validity and reliability criteria. The scale, which has an important place in the assessment of the formal caregivers’ burden, can be used with healthcare professionals providing care for older adults.
Trust towards nurses who care for haemodialysis patients: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ahmadpour Behnaz , Ghafourifard Mansour , Ghahramanian Akram 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundTrust is widely acknowledged as the main component of relationships between patients and nurses.AimsConsidering the importance of building trust in the patient–nurse relationship especially in vulnerable patients such as patients undergoing haemodialysis, this study was carried out to assess the trust of these patients towards nurses in the haemodialysis unit and to explore its relationship with some characteristics of the patients.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, a total of 180 patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis were selected using random sampling method. Data were collected by trust in nurses (TNS) scale. The collected data were analysed by SPSS (ver.21) software using anova, independent t‐test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.ResultsThe mean score of patients' trust in nurses was 23.82, showing a high level of trust towards nurses. The lowest score (with a mean score of 4.17) was related to the providing of accurate information by nurses about the disease. Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated a positive significant relationship between the age and patient's trust (r = 0.17, p > 0.05), and there was a negative relationship between the mean score of trust and the mean of interdialytic weight gain (r = 0.57, p > 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the patient trust towards nurses was high in this study, there were some deficiencies in certain items especially in the provision of information and education to the patients. Education of specialised courses for nurses and empowering them to provide a high quality care to the patients on dialysis could help to increase the patents' trust.
Mechanistic and methodological perspectives on the impact of intense interval training on post‐exercise metabolism
Authors: Moniz Sara C. , Islam Hashim , Hazell Tom J. 
Published: December 2019

The post‐exercise recovery period is associated with an elevated metabolism known as excess post‐exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). The relationship between exercise duration and EPOC magnitude is thought to be linear whereas the relationship between EPOC magnitude and exercise intensity is thought to be exponential. Accordingly, near‐maximal and supramaximal protocols such as high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT) protocols have been hypothesized to produce greater EPOC magnitudes than submaximal moderate‐intensity continuous training (MICT). This review updates previous reviews by focusing on the impact of HIIT and SIT on EPOC. Research to date suggests small differences in EPOC post‐HIIT compared to MICT in the immediate (<1 hour) recovery period, but greater EPOC values post‐HIIT when examined over 24 hours. Conversely, differences in EPOC post‐SIT are more pronounced, as SIT tends to produce a larger EPOC vs MICT at all time points. We discuss potential mechanisms that may drive the EPOC response to interval training (eg, glycogen resynthesis, mitochondrial uncoupling, and protein turnover among others) and also consider the role of EPOC as one of the potential contributors to fat loss following HIIT/SIT interventions. Lastly, we highlight a number of methodological shortcomings related to the measurement of EPOC following HIIT and SIT.
Formation and metamorphism of sedimentary rocks beneath the Dingxi Basin: Record of the evolution from subduction to collision in the North Qilian Orogen
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Wei‐(RZ) , Tian Zuoling , Wei Chunjing , Zhao Yue 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe North Qilian Orogen (NQO) in northwest China underwent oceanic subduction and subsequent continental collision. Metasedimentary rocks from a deep borehole in the Dingxi Basin, NQO, contain garnet, biotite, plagioclase, quartz and minor cummingtonite and chlorite in the matrix, with inclusions of kyanite and staurolite in garnet. The mineral textures and compositions define clockwise pressure–temperature evolution with peak conditions of ~10.5 kbar and ~670°C, followed by isothermal decompression down to ~6.5 kbar. Age and Hf isotope data of detrital zircon support the formation of the sedimentary protolith in an arc setting at ~460 Ma, and the age and rare earth element characteristics of metamorphic monazite reflect exhumation at ~425 Ma. These results indicate a complete cycle of deposition–burial–exhumation for the sedimentary rocks, and directly constrain the continental collision process in NQO to yield a geotherm of ~21°C/km and to culminate before 425 Ma.
West Nile virus activity in United States blood donors and optimizing detection strategies: 2014‐2018
Authors: Groves Jamel A. , Foster Gregory A. , Dodd Roger Y. , Stramer Susan L. 
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUNDRare transfusion‐transmitted West Nile virus (WNV) cases usually occur due to gaps in testing involving converting to more sensitive nucleic acid testing (NAT) formats (referred to as triggering). Using data from 2014 to 2018, we investigated a strategy used to increase detection early in the triggering period and reviewed its yield as the individual donation (ID)‐NAT geographic area was decreased.METHODSMini‐pool–NAT transitioned to ID‐NAT following triggering based on one WNV NAT–reactive donation (having an elevated signal, repeat reactive, or in an area with WNV ongoing activity). ID‐NAT–triggered geographic areas included an entire state (2014‐2017) or collections within a 50‐mile radius of the triggering donor's residential zip code (2018). During the MP‐ to ID‐NAT transition, donation samples were retrieved and tested by ID‐NAT for those with results not yet released (referred to as in‐process testing). Reactive sample confirmation was performed by repeat NAT of an independent sample or antibody testing.RESULTSID‐NAT included 3.2 million donations of more than 25 million tested year‐round, resulting in 684 confirmed positives; all confirmed‐positive donations occurred from June to December (0.64/10,000). Overall, 52% (358/684) required ID‐NAT for detection, including 68 (19%) antibody negatives. Ten of 19 (53%) identified in‐process were ID‐NAT–only detectable, including four antibody negatives, or approximately 1 per year (2.8% of ID‐NAT–only detectable). With reduced triggering geography, 12 of 19 (63%) were not identified (including 6/10 ID‐NAT–only detectable, and 2/4 ID‐NAT–only detectable/antibody negative).CONCLUSIONWNV NAT's utility is between June–December; however, abandoning testing outside of this time may increase risk. While in‐process testing identified approximately one ID‐NAT–only detectable (antibody‐negative) donation per year, reducing the geographic triggered area decreased its effectiveness.
Mechanical comparison of two small interlocking nails in torsion using a feline bone surrogate
Authors: Marturello Danielle M. , von Pfeil Dirsko J. F. , Déjardin Loïc M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the torsional behavior of two small angle‐stable interlocking nails (I‐Loc and Targon) with that of locking compression plates (LCP). To evaluate the effect of implant removal on the torsional strength of feline bone surrogates.Study designExperimental.Sample populationFracture gap constructs and intact explanted bone surrogates.MethodsFracture gap constructs were stabilized with one of six implants (I‐Loc 3 and 4, Targon 2.5 and 3.0, LCP 2.0 and 2.4) and then cyclically tested in torsion (n = 4/group). To simulate implant removal, intact surrogates with implant‐specific pilot holes were then twisted to failure (n = 4/group). Torsional compliance (TC; °/Nm), angular deformation (AD; °), and failure torque (FT; Nm) were statistically compared (P < .05).ResultsThe I‐Loc 4 had the smallest TC and AD of all constructs (P < .05). The largest TC (P < .05) was seen with the LCP 2.0. The Targon 2.5 had the largest AD (P < .05) secondary to locking interface slippage. Targon surrogates FT were the lowest of all groups (P < .05). Conversely, there was no difference between the FT of the I‐Loc, LCP, and intact surrogates (P > .05).ConclusionWe showed that I‐Loc nails provided greater torsional stability than size‐matched Targon nails and LCPs. Conversely, Targon 2.5 locking interface slippage may jeopardize that construct's stability. Furthermore, the significantly reduced bone surrogate torsional strength provided evidence that the large Targon bolt holes increased the risk of postexplantation iatrogenic fracture.Clinical significanceOur results provide evidence to conclude that the small I‐Loc nails may be valid alternatives to other osteosynthesis options for feline fracture repair.
Zoonoses and potential zoonoses of bears
Authors: Di Salvo Andrew R. , Chomel Bruno B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCaptive and free‐ranging wild bears can carry and transmit several zoonotic pathogens. A review of nearly 90 years of scientific publications concerning confirmed and potential zoonotic diseases that can be present in any of the eight species of bears in the world was conducted. The findings were organized amongst the following disease sections: bacterial, viral, protozoal, mycotic, helminth and arthropod‐borne. The most commonly reported pathogens of concern were of parasitic (Trichinella, Toxoplasma) and bacterial (Francisella, Brucella) origin.
Analysis of Clumped-Pebble Shape on Thermal Radiation and Conduction in Nuclear Beds by Subcell Radiation Model
Authors: Wu Hao , Gui Nan , Yang Xingtuan , Tu Jiyuan , Jiang Shengyao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The core of high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is a dense pebble bed of random packing filled with monosized fuel spheres. Subcell radiation model (SCM) is a generic analytical approach to calculate effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of thermal radiation. For the packed bed of monosized spheres operated in various conditions, it is proven that the SCM is still applicable in the particle size ranges of 1.2–60 mm and temperature ranges of 0–1200 °C. Based on the SCM, radiation-to-conduction ratio ξ is presented and radiation becomes an essential part at ξ&gt;0.1 for the accurate evaluation. For the beds of nonoverlapping clumped-sphere particles, the model combining with discrete element method (DEM) and SCM is presented to study the heat transfer behaviors, including effects of particle shape, emissivity distribution and pebble flow with transient heat transfer. For the experimental nuclear pebble beds, the results of SCM are in good agreement with the empirical correlation and accord well with the experimental data under high temperature range.
An Articulated Closed Kinematic Chain Planar Robotic Leg for High-Speed Locomotion
Authors: Liu Yujiong , Ben-Tzvi Pinhas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the design, dynamic modeling, and integration of a single degree of freedom (DOF) robotic leg mechanism intended for tailed quadruped locomotion. The design employs a lightweight six-bar linkage that couples the hip and knee flexion/extension joints mechanically, requiring only a single degree of actuation. By utilizing a parametric optimization, a unique topological arrangement is achieved that results in a foot trajectory that is well suited for dynamic gaits including trot-running, bounding, and galloping. Furthermore, a singular perturbation is introduced to the hybrid dynamic framework to address the lack of robust methods that provide a solution for the differential algebraic equations (DAEs) that characterize closed kinematic chain (CKC) structures as well as the hybrid nature of legged locomotion. By approximating the system dynamics as ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and asymptotically driving the constraint error to zero, CKCs can adopt existing real-time model-based/model-predictive/hybrid-control frameworks. The dynamic model is verified through simulations and the foot trajectory was experimentally validated. Preliminary open-loop planar running demonstrated speeds up to 3.2 m/s. These advantages, accompanied by low-integration costs, warrant this leg as a robust, effective platform for future tailed quadruped research.
A Novel Method to Simultaneously Identify Temperature-Dependent Thermal Properties and Verification
Authors: Pan Weizhen , Yi Fajun , Zhuo Lijun , Meng Songhe 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A novel method for the identification of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity simultaneously by solving inverse heat transfer problems (IHTPs) is proposed. The present method uses a new iterative format of the Levenberg–Marquardt method (LMM) and guarantees global convergence by implementing the subsection identification method. Both simulation and real experiments are conducted to prove the validity and practicability of the proposed method. The thermal properties in simulation and real experiments are identified, respectively, by the proposed method. In the simulation experiments, random errors are added into temperature data to survey the effect of measurement errors on the identification; and the deviations of the results are also compared to that in a published literature to show the superiority of the proposed method. The numerical results illustrate that the identification is accurate and stable. And the identification results of the real experiment are compared with measured ones, proving the practicability of the method.
Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Enhancement of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using SnO2-Water and Ag-Water Nanofluids
Authors: Sridhar S. V. , Karuppasamy R. , Sivakumar G. D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this investigation, the performance of the shell and tube heat exchanger operated with tin nanoparticles-water (SnO2-W) and silver nanoparticles-water (Ag-W) nanofluids was experimentally analyzed. SnO2-W and Ag-W nanofluids were prepared without any surface medication of nanoparticles. The effects of volume concentrations of nanoparticles on thermal conductivity, viscosity, heat transfer coefficient, fiction factor, Nusselt number, and pressure drop were analyzed. The results showed that thermal conductivity of nanofluids increased by 29% and 39% while adding 0.1 wt% of SnO2 and Ag nanoparticles, respectively, due to the unique intrinsic property of the nanoparticles. Further, the convective heat transfer coefficient was enhanced because of improvement of thermal conductivity of the two phase mixture and friction factor increased due to the increases of viscosity and density of nanofluids. Moreover, Ag nanofluid showed superior pressure drop compared to SnO2 nanofluid owing to the improvement of thermophysical properties of nanofluid.
Nature of Cretaceous dolerite dikes with two distinct trends in the Damodar Valley, eastern India: Constraints on their linkage to mantle plumes and large igneous provinces from 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and geochemistry
Authors: Srivastava Rajesh K. , Wang Fei , Shi Wenbei , Sinha Anup K. , Buchan Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTwo distinct sets of Cretaceous dolerite dikes intrude the Chhotanagpur gneissic complex of eastern India, mostly within the Damodar Valley Gondwanan sedimentary basins. One dike set trends NNE to ENE, whereas the other set, which includes the prominent Salma dike, trends NW to NNW. One dike from each set in the Raniganj Basin was dated using the 40Ar/39Ar method in order to resolve a controversy concerning the emplacement age of the Salma dike. The NE-trending dike yielded a plateau age of 70.5 ± 0.9 Ma, whereas the NNW-trending Salma dike is much older, with a plateau age of 116.0 ± 1.4 Ma. These results demonstrate that the Salma dike was emplaced at ca. 116 Ma and not at ca. 65 Ma, as suggested in an earlier study. Geochemical characteristics of the two dikes are also distinct and indicate that they belong to previously identified high-Ti and low-Ti dolerite groups, respectively. The observed geochemical characteristics of both dike sets are comparable with the geochemistry of basalts of the Kerguelen Plateau, Bunbury Island, and Rajmahal Group I and suggest a connection to mantle plumes. The new age data presented herein indicate that these two magmatic episodes in the eastern Indian Shield were related to the ca. 120–100 Ma Kerguelen mantle plume and its associated Greater Kerguelen large igneous province and the ca. 70–65 Ma Réunion plume and its associated Deccan large igneous province, respectively.