Integrated Reservoir Surveillance for Solving Uncertainties of Reservoir Drive Mechanism
Authors: Hutagalung Danny Riau , Dotoku Shun , Purba Victor Stephen , Jailani Djunaedi Tugiman 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The onshore Senoro field is an Indonesian carbonate pinnacle reef gas reservoir that so far has produced around 15% of the estimated original gas in place (OGIP). Twelve wells have been drilled consisting of ten production wells, one disposal well, and one monitoring well. All production wells were equipped with a permanent downhole gauge (PDG) to obtain near-bottom hole pressure data. A p/Z plot[1] of the pressure data exhibits a non-linear trend suggestive of pressure support from the aquifer or, perhaps, an adjacent gas reservoir in restricted communication with the main reservoir. If the non-linear trend is due to aquifer support, analysis assuming a weak water drive yields a bigger estimate of OGIP, and vice versa. Analysis of reservoir pressure and production data alone can result in unacceptably-high uncertainty related to drive mechanism and OGIP. This paper describes how cased-hole saturation logging from the gas reservoir across the contact and into the aquifer was integrated with other surveillance techniques based on pressure and production data to reduce the uncertainty and improve definition of drive mechanism and estimates of OGIP.
Core data and pressure transient analysis in the Senoro field shows that the gas zone has a permeability in the range of 50 milidarcy (md) to 200 md, while the aquifer, which is mainly found in an underlying platform facies, has a much lower permeability in the range of 1 md to 40 md. The high permeability contrast between gas and water zone was expected to result in weak pressure support from the aquifer. Moreover, a tight streak is found in the middle of the aquifer which virtually eliminates bottom-drive aquifer support. Nevertheless, ongoing surveillance, including analysis of production data using flowing material balance and type curve analysis, indicates there is pressure support. Therefore, to address the uncertainty about aquifer support, it is necessary to evaluate the aquifer performance with other surveillance techniques to augment the PDG data. These other techniques included annual time-lapse saturation logging in the monitoring well, and static (wireline) bottomhole pressure (SBHP) surveys taken in select production wells and the monitoring well to estimate gas and aquifer pressure.
After four years of production, the latest saturation log shows increased water saturation above the initial depth of the gas-water contact (GWC), indicating movement of the aquifer into the bottom of the gas column at the flank of the reservoir. The SBHP survey in the aquifer also shows that aquifer pressure has dropped by 330 psi compare to the initial pressure taken with a wireline formation tester. This compares to a pressure decrease of 370 psi in the overlying gas reservoir. Analysis of the current gas reservoir pressure trend, and the current aquifer trend, shows that the current depth of the GWC is about 50 feet shallower than the initial depth, which is consistent with the depth of the increased water saturation seen in saturation logging in the flank monitoring well. This result is consistent with the match from a simulation model with a weak water drive. Conversely, if a strong water drive is assumed, the decline in aquifer pressure will be smaller than observed and the GWC will be higher than observed. Sensitivity to combination of gas expansion energy and aquifer strength has been done to narrow the range of OGIP.
The results described in this paper illustrate the benefit of integrating saturation and pressure measurements from the aquifer with other surveillance data to better measure aquifer performance, determine drive mechanism, estimate OGIP and recovery, forecast production, and anticipate problematic water production in a gas reservoir.