bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of trainer and trainee perceptions and experiences of clinical assessment in post‐graduate dental training
Authors: Amir Rad Fatemeh A. , Otaki Farah , AlGurg Reem , Khan Erum , Davis Dave 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe implementation of workplace‐based assessment (WBA) needs to ensure the achievement of pre‐set competences but may look different across varying contexts, such as in post‐graduate dental education. The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of residents, faculty members and alumni concerning their experience with clinical assessment, and what configurations they consider as optimal to maximise the entailed learning experience.MethodsThis study relied on a qualitative descriptive design using two data collection tools: focus group sessions, and semi‐structured, one‐to‐one interviews. Data were triangulated from three sources: residents, faculty members and alumni. The data were inductively analysed based on constructivist epistemology. This was done using the Thematic Analysis approach, facilitated by NVivo software.ResultsThe analysis revealed two mutually exclusive themes: process and people. Within process, variables related to quality, workflow and feedback surfaced. As for the people theme, the main two group of stakeholders referred to in the related analysis were the trainees and the trainers.DiscussionThere are many variables that need to be considered when developing an evidence‐driven WBA. In addition, factoring into the design of the WBA the perception of the main stakeholders will enable contextualisation which is expected to raise the reliability of the adapted tools.ConclusionThis study introduced a framework that could support post‐graduate universities in their journey towards developing context‐specific WBA.
Use of technology in endodontics by undergraduate dental students in a south‐eastern state of Brazil
Authors: da Costa Ferreira Isabella , da Costa Ferreira Gabriela , Tavares Warley Luciano Fonseca , de Souza Côrtes Maria Ilma , Braga Tiago , Amaral Rodrigo Rodrigues 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to determine the level of incorporation of current technologies for endodontic treatment in undergraduate dentistry courses in a south‐eastern state of Brazil.MethodsFor data collection, a self‐assessment‐based online questionnaire was created using the “Google Forms” platform, consisting of 12 multiple‐choice and a few open‐ended questions. The questions were related to the use of current technologies for diagnosis, imaging, use of ultrasonics in endodontics, instrumentation, use of apex locator, microscopy, photodynamic therapy and thermoplastic techniques during endodontic treatment. The questionnaire was sent to 54 dental schools in Minas Gerais.ResultsThe results show low technological incorporation during the various stages of endodontic treatment by undergraduate students in dentistry courses in Minas Gerais.ConclusionDespite the availability of several technologies to help perform different stages of endodontic treatment, it was observed that most universities do not teach the use of these technologies. Additional studies are needed to correlate how the lack of incorporation of these technologies could impact on the quality of the endodontic learning for undergraduate students.
The dentist will scan you now: The next generation of digital‐savvy graduates
Authors: Cheah Clarine , Lim Celeste , Ma Sunyoung 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionUndergraduate dental curriculum consisting of digital tools is essential in today’s era of modern dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate final‐year undergraduate dental students’ perception of using intraoral scanners and the feasibility of increasing exposure to intraoral scanners in their undergraduate programme.Materials and methodsForty students volunteered to complete one maxillary conventional and optical impression (TRIOS 3, 3Shape A/S). Questionnaires were used to assess their familiarity, perceived confidence levels, difficulties and user‐friendliness of each technique using a visual analogue scale prior to and after experiencing each impression technique.ResultsStudents felt more familiar with conventional (C) than digital (D) impressions (P = .00). Their pre‐confidence level was also higher with the conventional method (C: 80.9 ± 15.5; D: 39.6 ± 25.5); however, the post‐confidence level significantly increased for the digital impression technique (P = .00). Participants perceived conventional technique to be easier (P = .02) and faster than optical impressions (P = .03). User‐friendliness of the intraoral scanner scored moderate (67.7 ± 22.9). The difference in the mean total working time was not significant (P = .05). Forty per cent of participants indicated that they preferred using the digital impression technique.ConclusionsAlthough final‐year undergraduate students still perceived the conventional impression technique to be easier and faster than digital scanning, there was a significant increase in the level of confidence by this cohort after only one occasion of clinical optical impressions. Undergraduate dental students are ready to uptake new technology, and it should be strongly considered to incorporate more digital scanning during their training.
Knowledge of dental trauma among dental students. Lecture intervention protocol and follow‐up over four academic courses
Authors: Valdepeñas Javier , Adanero Alberto , Martínez Eva María , Planells Paloma 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsA study was made to evaluate knowledge of dental trauma among first‐year dental students at the start of the career; assess the knowledge gained immediately after a lecture intervention; and evaluate persisting knowledge on an annual basis until the fourth year of the career.Material and MethodsThe study involved 29 volunteers from the first year of dentistry (School of Dentistry, Madrid Complutense University, Madrid, Spain). All the participants completed a previously validated questionnaire including questions referred to the management of dental trauma at the site of the accident, and other related aspects. This was followed by a brief lecture on the subject, and then the same questionnaire was administered again. Completion of the original questionnaire was subsequently repeated on an annual basis up until the fourth year of the career. Repeated measures analysis was used to assess the evolution of student knowledge.ResultsKnowledge of the subject was seen to be lacking at the start of the career, but increased significantly as a result of the lecture intervention (P < .001). Over the subsequent courses, although the notions referred to dental trauma were seen to decrease with respect to the first evaluation, they remained high. All of the participants agreed on the need for informative campaigns referred to dental trauma targeted to students in the first courses of the health sciences.ConclusionsIt is necessary to impart knowledge on the prevention and immediate management of dental traumatisms in order to improve their prognosis. This learning is especially relevant to students in the first courses of the health sciences.
Efficacy of proteasome inhibitor‐based maintenance following autologous transplantation in multiple myeloma: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Parrondo Ricardo D. , Reljic Tea , Iqbal Madiha , Ayala Ernesto , Kharfan‐Dabaja Mohamed A. , Kumar Ambuj , Murthy Hemant S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionLenalidomide maintenance, commonly prescribed in the postautologous transplantation (AHCT) setting for multiple myeloma (MM), is associated with development of secondary primary malignancies (SPM). Proteasome inhibitor maintenance (PIM) has also been evaluated in MM. We conduct a systematic review/meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy of PIM in MM.MethodsPerforming a comprehensive search of the medical literature using PubMed/Medline and EMBASE on September 11, 2019, we extracted data on clinical outcomes related to benefits (OS, PFS, and depth of hematologic response [DOHR]) and harms (SPM and adverse events). 2144 references were identified; three studies were eligible for inclusion.ResultsA total of 1760 patients were included in the analysis; 507 patients received bortezomib and 395 received ixazomib maintenance. Control arms were either placebo (n = 261) or thalidomide (n = 358). PIM did not improve OS (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.73‐1.05, P = .15) but improved PFS (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69‐0.86, P ≤ .00001) and DOHR (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79‐0.98, P = .02) compared with control. There were no significant differences between PIM and control regarding SPM (p = NS) and ≥grade 3 peripheral neuropathy (PN) (p = NS).ConclusionsPIM following AHCT in MM improves PFS and DOHR without an increase in development of SPM or severe PN compared with placebo/thalidomide.
Evaluation of cognitive effort in rats is not critically dependent on ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Silveira Mason M. , Wittekindt Sebastian N. , Ebsary Sophie , Winstanley Catharine A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrganisms must frequently evaluate the amount of effort to invest in pursuing future rewards. Despite explicit awareness of the potential benefits of cognitive work, individuals vary in their willingness to attempt cognitively demanding tasks, regardless of intellectual ability. Such differences may suggest that the degree to which cognitive effort degrades perceived outcome value is a subjective, rather than objective, process, similar to risk and delay discounting. Although numerous studies suggest the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is important for allowing subjective value estimates to be updated and/or used in cost/benefit decision‐making, the causal role of the OFC in valuations of mental effort has received scant investigation. We therefore trained 24 female Long‐Evans rats on the rodent cognitive effort task (rCET) and assessed performance following temporary bilateral inactivation of the ventrolateral OFC (vlOFC). In the rCET, rats decide at trial outset whether to perform an easy or hard attentional challenge, namely to localize a brief visual stimulus to one of five possible locations. The difficulty of the challenge is determined by the stimulus duration (1.0 vs. 0.2s for easy vs. hard trials respectively), and success on hard trials results in double the sugar pellet rewards. Somewhat surprisingly, inactivations of the vlOFC did not affect rats’ willingness or ability to exert cognitive effort for larger rewards, despite increasing omissions and motor impulsivity on‐task. When considered with previous work, it appears the vlOFC plays a minimal role in cognitive effort allocation specifically, and in valuations of effort more generally.
Thinking through illusion
Authors: Alford‐Duguid Dominic 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPerception of a property (e.g., a colour, a shape, and a size) can enable thought about the property, while at the same time misleading the subject as to what the property is like. This long‐overlooked claim parallels a more familiar observation concerning perception‐based thought about objects, namely that perception can enable a subject to think about an object while at the same time misleading her as to what the object is like. I defend the overlooked claim, and then use it to generate a challenge for a standard way of thinking about the relationship between visual experience and rational belief formation. Put informally, that view holds that just as we can mislead others by saying something false, illusory experience misleads by misrepresenting how things stand in the world. I argue that we ought to abandon this view in favour of some radical alternative account of the relationship between visual experience and rational belief formation.
Temporal stability vs. community matrix measures of stability and the role of weak interactions
Authors: Downing Amy L. , Jackson Craig , Plunkett Claire , Ackerman Lockhart Jayne , Schlater Shannon M. , Leibold Mathew A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRelationships between different measures of stability are not well understood in part because empiricists and theoreticians tend to measure different aspects and most studies only explore a single form of stability. Using time‐series data from experimental plankton communities, we compared temporal stability typically measured by empiricists (coefficient of variation in biomass) to stability measures typically measured by theoreticians derived from the community matrix (asymptotic resilience, initial resilience and intrinsic stochastic invariability) using first‐order multivariate autoregressive models (MAR). Community matrices were also used to derive estimates of interaction strengths between plankton groups. We found no relationship between temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix. Weaker interaction strengths were generally associated with higher stability for community matrix measures of stability, but were not consistently associated with higher temporal stability. Temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix stability appear to represent different aspects of stability reflecting the multi‐dimensionality of stability.
Bee phenology is predicted by climatic variation and functional traits
Authors: Stemkovski Michael , Pearse William D. , Griffin Sean R. , Pardee Gabriella L. , Gibbs Jason , Griswold Terry , Neff John L. , Oram Ryan , Rightmyer Molly G. , Sheffield Cory S. , Wright Karen , Inouye Brian D. , Inouye David W. , Irwin Rebecca E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClimate change is shifting the environmental cues that determine the phenology of interacting species. Plant–pollinator systems may be susceptible to temporal mismatch if bees and flowering plants differ in their phenological responses to warming temperatures. While the cues that trigger flowering are well‐understood, little is known about what determines bee phenology. Using generalised additive models, we analyzed time‐series data representing 67 bee species collected over 9 years in the Colorado Rocky Mountains to perform the first community‐wide quantification of the drivers of bee phenology. Bee emergence was sensitive to climatic variation, advancing with earlier snowmelt timing, whereas later phenophases were best explained by functional traits including overwintering stage and nest location. Comparison of these findings to a long‐term flower study showed that bee phenology is less sensitive than flower phenology to climatic variation, indicating potential for reduced synchrony of flowers and pollinators under climate change.
Adaptation and coordinated evolution of plant hydraulic traits
Authors: Sanchez‐Martinez Pablo , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Dexter Kyle G. , Segovia Ricardo A. , Mencuccini Maurizio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHydraulic properties control plant responses to climate and are likely to be under strong selective pressure, but their macro‐evolutionary history remains poorly characterised. To fill this gap, we compiled a global dataset of hydraulic traits describing xylem conductivity (Ks), xylem resistance to embolism (P50), sapwood allocation relative to leaf area (Hv) and drought exposure (ψmin), and matched it with global seed plant phylogenies. Individually, these traits present medium to high levels of phylogenetic signal, partly related to environmental selective pressures shaping lineage evolution. Most of these traits evolved independently of each other, being co‐selected by the same environmental pressures. However, the evolutionary correlations between P50 and ψmin and between Ks and Hv show signs of deeper evolutionary integration because of functional, developmental or genetic constraints, conforming to evolutionary modules. We do not detect evolutionary integration between conductivity and resistance to embolism, rejecting a hardwired trade‐off for this pair of traits.
Evolutionary stability of plant–pollinator networks: efficient communities and a pollination dilemma
Authors: Metelmann Soeren , Sakai Shoko , Kondoh Michio , Telschow Arndt 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMutualistic interactions between species are ubiquitous in nature and essential for ecosystem functioning. Often dozens or even hundreds of species with different degrees of specialisation form complex networks. How this complexity evolves is a fundamental question in ecology. Here, we present a new game theoretical approach to model complex coevolutionary processes and apply it to pollination networks. A theoretical analysis reveals multiple evolutionary stable network structures that depend on the availability of pollination service. In particular, we find efficient communities, in which a high percentage of pollen are transported conspecifically, to evolve only when plant and pollinator abundances are well balanced. Both pollinator shortage and oversupply select for more inefficient network structures. The results suggest that availability of pollination services is a key factor structuring pollination networks and may offer a new explanation for geographical differences in pollination communities that have long been recognised by ecologists.
Pseudotumor cerebri syndrome with different types of hormonal contraceptives in women of child‐bearing age
Authors: Etminan M. , Khosrow‐Khavar F. , Sodhi M. , Carleton B. , Magee L. A. , Tremlett H. , Kezouh A. , Sheldon C. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeThere is a lack of comparative safety data on the risk of pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTCS) associated with different hormonal contraceptives. We sought to quantify the risk of PTCS associated with eight different types of hormonal contraceptives compared with oral levonorgestrel.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study, with a case–control analysis of 4 871 504 women aged 15–45 years in the period 2008–2015, using IQVIA Ambulatory Electronic Medical Records data in the USA. Patients who used nine different contraceptive agents including intrauterine levonorgestrel, medroxyprogesterone injection, etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring and combination oral contraceptives (COCs) that contained ethinyl estradiol and the progestins levonorgestrel, norgestimate, desogestrel, norethindrone and drospirenone, were included. Diagnosis of PTCS was defined using the first International Classification of Diseases, 9th or 10th revision, code for intracranial hypertension in patients who had also received an imaging code in the 30 days prior to the index date.ResultsA total of 3323 PTCS cases and 13 292 matched controls were identified. No increase in risk was found when analysing intrauterine levonorgestrel or COCs containing desogestrel, norethindrone, drospirenone, norgestimate or norgestrel versus COC levonorgestrel. The adjusted incidence rate ratio for etonogestrel/etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring and medroxyprogesterone suspension compared with levonorgestrel COC was 4.45 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.98–9.96] and 2.20 (95% CI 1.33–3.64), respectively.ConclusionsThis study found an elevated risk for PTCS among users of etonogestrel vaginal ring and medroxyprogesterone suspension when compared with oral levonorgestrel. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Acute retinal arterial ischaemia: silent brain infarcts prevalence and short‐term recurrence
Authors: Ayrignac X. , Zagroun C. , Coget A. , Azakri S. , Menjot de Champfleur N. , Montcriol A. L. , Labauge P. , Mourand I. , Ducros A. , Daïen V. , Arquizan C. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeThe purpose was to evaluate, in a consecutive series of patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia, the proportion of patients with acute silent brain infarcts (SBIs) on diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and to assess risk of recurrence within 3 months.MethodsIn all, 103 consecutive patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia (central retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion or transient monocular vision loss) were included between January 2015 and December 2016. They all had cerebral magnetic resonance imaging including DWI as well as a standardized aetiological workup and 3 months of follow‐up. The presence of DWI‐positive cerebral lesions was recorded. Main clinical and radiological characteristics between DWI‐positive and DWI‐negative patients were compared.ResultsOf the 103 patients (including 42 transient monocular vision loss), 20 (19.5%) had SBIs on DWI, which were ipsilateral to the acute retinal ischaemia in 30% and involved different and/or multiple vascular territories in 70% of cases. Ipsilateral carotid stenosis and occlusion were respectively identified in 17 and eight patients whereas cardioaortic embolism was found in 19 patients. Overall, patients with and without acute SBIs were comparable. The topography of SBIs was related to the aetiology of the acute retinal ischaemia. At 3 months of follow‐up, one patient suffered from ischaemic stroke and five had recurrent retinal ischaemia.ConclusionsIrrespective of the baseline characteristics of the patients, SBIs are present in about 20% of patients with isolated acute retinal ischaemia and may be of interest in the aetiological workup. Overall risk of recurrence is low, favoured by rapid aetiological workup and appropriate treatment.
Cytokine release syndrome‐associated encephalopathy in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Perrin P. , Collongues N. , Baloglu S. , Bedo D. , Bassand X. , Lavaux T. , Gautier‐Vargas G. , Keller N. , Kremer S. , Fafi‐Kremer S. , Moulin B. , Benotmane I. , Caillard S. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeNeurological manifestations in coronavirus disease (COVID)‐2019 may adversely affect clinical outcomes. Severe COVID‐19 and uremia are risk factors for neurological complications. However, the lack of insight into their pathogenesis, particularly with respect to the role of the cytokine release syndrome (CRS), is currently hampering effective therapeutic interventions. The aims of this study were to describe the neurological manifestations of patients with COVID‐19 and to gain pathophysiological insights with respect to CRS.MethodsIn this longitudinal study, we performed extensive clinical, laboratory and imaging phenotyping in five patients admitted to our renal unit.ResultsNeurological presentation included confusion, tremor, cerebellar ataxia, behavioral alterations, aphasia, pyramidal syndrome, coma, cranial nerve palsy, dysautonomia, and central hypothyroidism. Notably, neurological disturbances were accompanied by laboratory evidence of CRS. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Hyperalbuminorrachia and increased levels of the astroglial protein S100B were suggestive of blood−brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Brain magnetic resonance imaging findings comprised evidence of acute leukoencephalitis (n = 3, one of whom had a hemorrhagic form), cytotoxic edema mimicking ischaemic stroke (n = 1), or normal results (n = 2). Treatment with corticosteroids and/or intravenous immunoglobulins was attempted, resulting in rapid recovery from neurological disturbances in two cases. SARS‐CoV2 was undetectable in 88 of the 90 patients with COVID‐19 who underwent Reverse Transcription‐PCR testing of CSF.ConclusionsPatients with COVID‐19 can develop neurological manifestations that share clinical, laboratory and imaging similarities with those of chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell‐related encephalopathy. The pathophysiological underpinnings appear to involve CRS, endothelial activation, BBB dysfunction, and immune‐mediated mechanisms.