bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the Electron Density From Spacecraft Potential During High‐Frequency Electric Field Fluctuations
Authors: Roberts O. W. , Nakamura R. , Torkar K. , Graham D. B. , Gershman D. J. , Holmes J. C. , Varsani A. , Escoubet C. P. , Vörös Z. , Wellenzohn S. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Ergun R. E. , Giles B. L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpacecraft potential has often been used to infer electron density with much higher time resolution than is typically possible with plasma instruments. However, recently, two studies by Torkar et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024724) and Graham, Vaivads, Khotyaintsev, Eriksson, et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025874) have shown that external electric fields can also have an effect on the spacecraft potential by enhancing photoelectron escape from the surface. Consequently, should the electron density derived from the spacecraft potential be used during an event with a large electric field, the estimation would be contaminated and the user would see the effects of the electric field rather than density perturbations. The goal of this paper is to propose a method to remove the electric field effects to allow the density derived from spacecraft potential to be used even during large‐amplitude wave events such as Langmuir waves or upper hybrid waves.
Are Sporadic Plasma Layers at 90 km in the Mars Ionosphere Produced by Solar Energetic Particle Events
Authors: Withers Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLayers of dayside ionospheric plasma have been sporadically observed on Mars at 90 km altitude. Several causes for these layers have been proposed. Here we test the hypothesis that solar energetic particle (SEP) events produce these layers. Several independent lines of evidence show that SEP events do increase plasma densities at low altitudes. We compare the occurrence of low‐altitude plasma layers to a proxy for the flux of solar energetic particles at Mars. For the ionospheric layers, we use 71 instances of low‐altitude plasma layers found in 5,600 electron density profiles acquired by Mars Global Surveyor. For the proxy for solar energetic particle flux, we use the flux recorded in the highest energy channel of the Mars Global Surveyor Electron Reflectometer. We find that these low‐altitude plasma layers are not significantly more likely to occur during SEP events.
Decoupled Spatial Distribution of PAHs Degraders Determined by Taxonomic 16S rRNA and Degrading Genes Across Chinese Forest Soils
Authors: Jiang Longfei , Song Mengke , Luo Chunling , Zhang Dayi , Sun Yingtao , Li Jun , Ostle Nicholas J. , Zhang Gan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractKnowing the structure and distribution of microbial communities and the underlying mechanisms shaping microbial geographic patterns is crucial for soil ecology and biogeochemical cycles of elements. Studies have explored the diversity, composition, and distribution of whole microbial communities based on taxonomic (16S rRNA) genes in many habitats. However, it is unclear whether the active microbes characterized by other genetic elements are driven by the same environmental variables and follow similar distribution patterns owing to technical limits on identifying the active functional genes in complex communities. Here, we employed ubiquitous phenanthrene as a model compound and applied DNA‐stable isotope probing to investigate the active phenanthrene degraders by 16S rRNA genes and phenanthrene‐degrading genes in forest soils. The effects of environmental variables and geographic distance on the diversity and composition of both genetic elements were examined. The diversity and similarity of whole microbial communities was closely linked with the total phenanthrene‐degrading genes. However, the abundance and diversity of the active phenanthrene‐degrading genes mismatched those of the active 16S rRNA genes, suggesting their distinct responses to environment variables and geographic distance. Geographic distance had a strong effect on the active phenanthrene‐degrading community identified by taxonomic genes but not the active phenanthrene‐degrading genes. Dispersal and mutation might explain the decoupled biogeographic patterns between the active taxonomic 16S rRNA and phenanthrene‐degrading genes. This study provides new insights into the different driving forces for the active functional microbes characterized by various genetic elements, implying the diverse evolutionary mechanisms between functional genetic elements and 16S rRNA genes.
Methane and Primary Productivity in Lakes: Divergence of Temporal and Spatial Relationships
Authors: Bertolet B. L. , Olson C. R. , Szydlowski D. K. , Solomon C. T. , Jones S. E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn lakes, the production and emission of methane (CH4) have been linked to lake trophic status. However, few studies have quantified the temporal response of lake CH4 dynamics to primary productivity at the ecosystem scale or considered how the response may vary across lakes. Here, we investigate relationships between lake CH4 dynamics and ecosystem primary productivity across both space and time using data from five lakes in northern Wisconsin, USA. From 2014 to 2019, we estimated hypolimnetic CH4 storage rates for each lake using timeseries of hypolimnetic CH4 concentration through the summer season. Across all lakes and years, hypolimnetic CH4 storage ranged from <0.001 to 7.6 mmol CH4 m−2 d−1 and was positively related to the mean summer rate of gross primary productivity (GPP). However, within‐lake temporal responses to GPP diverged from the spatial relationship, and GPP was not a significant predictor of interannual variability in CH4 storage at the lake scale. Using these data, we consider how and why temporal responses may differ from spatial patterns and demonstrate how extrapolating cross‐lake relationships for prediction at the lake scale may substantially overestimate the rate of change of CH4 dynamics in response to lake primary productivity. We conclude that future predictions of lake‐mediated climate feedbacks in response to a shifting distribution of trophic status should incorporate both varying lake responses and the temporal scale of change.
EEG microstates as biomarker for psychosis in ultra-high-risk patients
Authors: de Bock Renate , Mackintosh Amatya J. , Maier Franziska , Borgwardt Stefan , Riecher-Rössler Anita , Andreou Christina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResting-state EEG microstates are brief (50–100 ms) periods, in which the spatial configuration of scalp global field power remains quasi-stable before rapidly shifting to another configuration. Changes in microstate parameters have been described in patients with psychotic disorders. These changes have also been observed in individuals with a clinical or genetic high risk, suggesting potential usefulness of EEG microstates as a biomarker for psychotic disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of EEG microstates as biomarkers for psychotic disorders and future transition to psychosis in patients at ultra-high-risk (UHR). We used 19-channel clinical EEG recordings and orthogonal contrasts to compare temporal parameters of four normative microstate classes (A–D) between patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP; n = 29), UHR patients with (UHR-T; n = 20) and without (UHR-NT; n = 34) later transition to psychosis, and healthy controls (HC; n = 25). Microstate A was increased in patients (FEP & UHR-T & UHR-NT) compared to HC, suggesting an unspecific state biomarker of general psychopathology. Microstate B displayed a decrease in FEP compared to both UHR patient groups, and thus may represent a state biomarker specific to psychotic illness progression. Microstate D was significantly decreased in UHR-T compared to UHR-NT, suggesting its potential as a selective biomarker of future transition in UHR patients.
Germline HOXB13 G84E mutation carriers and risk to twenty common types of cancer: results from the UK Biobank
Authors: Wei Jun , Shi Zhuqing , Na Rong , Wang Chi-Hsiung , Resurreccion W. Kyle , Zheng S. Lilly , Hulick Peter J. , Cooney Kathleen A. , Helfand Brian T. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGermline HOXB13 G84E mutation has been consistently associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk, but its association with other cancers is controversial. We systematically tested its association with the 20 most common cancer types in subjects from the UK Biobank. The G84E mutation was found in 1,545 (0.34%) of 460,224 participants of European ancestry. While mutation status did not associate with cancer risk in females, it was significantly associated with increased risk in males; odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) for overall cancer diagnosis was 2.19 (1.89–2.52), P = 2.5E-19. The association remained after excluding PCa; OR = 1.4 (1.16–1.68), P = 0.003, suggesting association with other cancers. Indeed, suggestive novel associations were found for two other cancer types; rectosigmoid cancer, OR = 2.25 (1.05–4.15), P = 0.05 and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC), OR = 1.40 (1.12–1.74), P = 0.01. For NMSC, the association was found only in basal cell carcinoma, OR = 1.37 (1.07–1.74), P = 0.03. These findings have potential clinical utility for genetic counselling regarding HOXB13.
Antisense oligonucleotides targeting lncRNA AC104041.1 induces antitumor activity through Wnt2B/β-catenin pathway in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Li Mengwei , Ding Xu , Zhang Yinan , Li Xin , Zhou Haoze , Yang Li , Li Yilin , Yang Peiwei , Zhang Xiaomin , Hu Jialiang , Nice Edouard , Wu Heming , Xu Hanmei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to the initiation and progression of various tumors, including head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC), which is a common malignancy with high morbidity and low survival rate. However, the mechanism of lncRNAs in HNSCC tumorigenesis remains largely unexplored. In this work, we identified a novel lncRNA AC104041.1 which is highly upregulated and correlated with poor survival in HNSCC patients. Moreover, AC104041.1 overexpression significantly promoted tumor growth and metastasis of HNSCC in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, AC104041.1 mainly located in the cytoplasm and could function as ceRNA (competing endogenous RNA) for miR-6817-3p, thereby stabilized Wnt2B, and consequently inducing β-catenin nuclear translocation and activation. Moreover, we demonstrate that salinomycin, which as a highly effective antibiotic in the elimination of cancer stem cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling, could enhance the inhibition of tumor growth by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting AC104041.1 in HNSCC cells and PDXs (patient-derived xenograft) model. Thus, our data provide preclinical evidence to support a novel strategy of ASOs targeting AC104041.1 in combination with salinomycin and may as a beneficial treatment approach for HNSCC.
Propofol-induced MiR-20b expression initiates endogenous cellular signal changes mitigating hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced endothelial autophagy in vitro
Authors: Lu Yue , Wang Sijie , Cai Shuyun , Gu Xiaoxia , Wang Jingjing , Yang Yue , Hu Zhe , Zhang Xihe , Ye Yongcai , Shen Siman , Joshi Kiran , Ma Daqing , Zhang Liangqing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCertain miRNAs can attenuate hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced autophagic cell death reported in our previous studies, but how these miRNAs regulate the autophagy-related cellular signaling pathway in preventing cell death is largely unknown. In the current study, the autophagy-related miRNAs of hsa-miR-20b were investigated in an in vitro model of hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced endothelial autophagic cell death. Of these, miR-20b was found to be the most important miRNA which targeted on the key autophagy kinase ULK1 and inhibited hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury-induced autophagy by decreasing both autophagosomes and LC3I to II transition rate and P62 degradation. These processes were reversed by the transfection of an miR-20b inhibitor. Re-expression of ULK1 restores miR-20b-inhibited autophagy. Propofol, a commonly used anesthetic, promoted miR-20b and METTL3 expression and attenuated endothelial autophagic cell death. The inhibited endogenous expression of miR-20b or silenced METTL3 diminished the protective effect of propofol and accentuated autophagy. Additionally, METTL3 knockdown significantly inhibited miR-20b expression but up-regulated pri-miR-20b expression. Together, our data shows that propofol protects against endothelial autophagic cell death induced by hypoxia/re-oxygenation injury, associated with activation of METTL3/miR-20b/ULK1 cellular signaling.
LncRNA SNAI3-AS1 promotes PEG10-mediated proliferation and metastasis via decoying of miR-27a-3p and miR-34a-5p in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Yarui , Guo Dan , Lu Guifang , Mohiuddin Chowdhury Abu Taiub Mohammed , Zhang Dan , Ren Mudan , Chen Yifei , Wang Ruhua , He Shuixiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDuring recent years, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received focal attention due to their important function in cancer regulation. Though the relation between lncRNA SNAI3-AS1 and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been described in our previous study, the role and the exact mechanism of SNAI3-AS1 are still unclear. In this study, qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of SNAI3-AS1 was elevated and was correlated with the levels of PEG10 in HCC tissues. Through functional experiments, we determined that knockdown of SNAI3-AS1 and PEG10 inhibited the proliferation and metastasis, whereas overexpression of SNAI3-AS1 and PEG10 promoted the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. In addition, rescue experiments confirmed that upregulation of PEG10 partially restored cell function inhibition induced by SNAI3-AS1 knockdown. Therefore, we hypothesized that PEG10 may be regulated by SNAI3-AS1, which in turn mediates the malignant biological processes of HCC cells regulated by PEG10. Further bioinformatics analysis and mechanistic experiments showed that SNAI3-AS1 functions as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to activate PEG10 by acting as a sponge for miR-27-3p and miR-34a-5p. In summary, our study revealed that SNAI3-AS1 is a tumor regulator of PEG10 in the progression of HCC, and may contribute to the improvement of HCC diagnosis and therapy.
PAX6, modified by SUMOylation, plays a protective role in corneal endothelial injury
Authors: Yu Fei , Zhang Weijie , Yan Chenxi , Yan Dan , Zhou Meng , Chen Junzhao , Zhao Xiangteng , Zhu Aoxue , Zhou Jie , Liu Huiqing , Sun Hao , Fu Yao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTreating corneal endothelial diseases tends to be challenging as human corneal endothelial cells (CECs) do not proliferate in vivo. The pathogenesis or mechanisms underlying injured CECs need further studies. The abnormal expression of PAX6, which is an essential transcription factor for corneal homeostasis, exhibits corneal endothelial defects. However, the effects of PAX6 protein involved in corneal endothelial wound process are still unknown. Here, we found the upregulated protein levels of PAX6 in human corneal endothelial monolayer after injury; the expression of PAX6 also increased in murine and rat corneal endothelium injury models. Enforced PAX6 expression could alleviate the damages to CECs via regulating permeability by prompting cellular tight junction. In addition, SUMOylation mainly happened on both K53 and K89 residues of 48-kD PAX6 (the longest and main isoform expressed in cornea), and de-SUMOylation promoted the stability of PAX6 protein in vitro. In CECs of SENP1+/−mice, increased SUMOylation levels leading to instability and low expression of PAX6, delayed the repair of CECs after injury. Furthermore, overexpression of PAX6 accelerated the rate of corneal endothelial repair of SENP1+/−mice. Our findings indicate that SENP1-mediated de-SUMOylation improving the stability of PAX6, amplifies the protective effects of PAX6 on corneal endothelial injuries, highlighting potentials of PAX6 and/or SUMOylation to be used as a treatment target for corneal endothelial disorders.
Integrated genomic analysis reveals mutated ELF3 as a potential gallbladder cancer vaccine candidate
Authors: Pandey Akhilesh , Stawiski Eric W. , Durinck Steffen , Gowda Harsha , Goldstein Leonard D. , Barbhuiya Mustafa A. , Schröder Markus S. , Sreenivasamurthy Sreelakshmi K. , Kim Sun-Whe , Phalke Sameer , Suryamohan Kushal , Lee Kayla , Chakraborty Papia , Kode Vasumathi , Shi Xiaoshan , Chatterjee Aditi , Datta Keshava , Khan Aafaque A. , Subbannayya Tejaswini , Wang Jing , Chaudhuri Subhra , Gupta Sanjiv , Shrivastav Braj Raj , Jaiswal Bijay S. , Poojary Satish S. , Bhunia Shushruta , Garcia Patricia , Bizama Carolina , Rosa Lorena , Kwon Wooil , Kim Hongbeom , Han Youngmin , Yadav Thakur Deen , Ramprasad Vedam L. , Chaudhuri Amitabha , Modrusan Zora , Roa Juan Carlos , Tiwari Pramod Kumar , Jang Jin-Young , Seshagiri Somasekar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive gastrointestinal malignancy with no approved targeted therapy. Here, we analyze exomes (n = 160), transcriptomes (n = 115), and low pass whole genomes (n = 146) from 167 gallbladder cancers (GBCs) from patients in Korea, India and Chile. In addition, we also sequence samples from 39 GBC high-risk patients and detect evidence of early cancer-related genomic lesions. Among the several significantly mutated genes not previously linked to GBC are ETS domain genes ELF3 and EHF, CTNNB1, APC, NSD1, KAT8, STK11 and NFE2L2. A majority of ELF3 alterations are frame-shift mutations that result in several cancer-specific neoantigens that activate T-cells indicating that they are cancer vaccine candidates. In addition, we identify recurrent alterations in KEAP1/NFE2L2 and WNT pathway in GBC. Taken together, these define multiple targetable therapeutic interventions opportunities for GBC treatment and management.
Gamma-ray flares from relativistic magnetic reconnection in the jet of the quasar 3C 279
Authors: Shukla A. , Mannheim K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpinning black holes in the centres of galaxies can release powerful magnetised jets. When the jets are observed at angles of less than a few degrees to the line-of-sight, they are called blazars, showing variable non-thermal emission across the electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays. It is commonly believed that shock waves are responsible for this dissipation of jet energy. Here we show that gamma-ray observations of the blazar 3C 279 with the space-borne telescope Fermi-LAT reveal a characteristic peak-in-peak variability pattern on time scales of minutes expected if the particle acceleration is instead due to relativistic magnetic reconnection. The absence of gamma-ray pair attenuation shows that particle acceleration takes place at a distance of ten thousand gravitational radii from the black hole where the fluid dynamical kink instability drives plasma turbulence.
Unique universal scaling in nanoindentation pop-ins
Authors: Sato Yuji , Shinzato Shuhei , Ohmura Takahito , Hatano Takahiro , Ogata Shigenobu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPower laws are omnipresent and actively studied in many scientific fields, including plasticity of materials. Here, we report the power-law statistics in the second and subsequent pop-in magnitudes during load-controlled nanoindentation testing, whereas the first pop-in is characterized by Gaussian-like statistics with a well-defined average value. The transition from Gaussian-like to power-law is due to the change in the deformation mechanism from dislocation nucleation to dislocation network evolution in the sharp-indenter induced abruptly decaying stress and dislocation density fields. Based on nanoindentation testing on the (100) and (111) surfaces of body-centered cubic (BCC) iron and the (100) surface of face-centered cubic (FCC) copper, the scaling exponents of the power laws were determined to be 5.6, 3.9, and 6.4, respectively. These power-law exponents are much higher than those typically observed in micro-pillar plasticity (1.0–1.8), suggesting that the nanoindentation plasticity belongs to a different universality class than the micro-pillar plasticity.
End of Green Sahara amplified mid- to late Holocene megadroughts in mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Griffiths Michael L. , Johnson Kathleen R. , Pausata Francesco S. R. , White Joyce C. , Henderson Gideon M. , Wood Christopher T. , Yang Hongying , Ersek Vasile , Conrad Cyler , Sekhon Natasha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBetween 5 and 4 thousand years ago, crippling megadroughts led to the disruption of ancient civilizations across parts of Africa and Asia, yet the extent of these climate extremes in mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) has never been defined. This is despite archeological evidence showing a shift in human settlement patterns across the region during this period. We report evidence from stalagmite climate records indicating a major decrease of monsoon rainfall in MSEA during the mid- to late Holocene, coincident with African monsoon failure during the end of the Green Sahara. Through a set of modeling experiments, we show that reduced vegetation and increased dust loads during the Green Sahara termination shifted the Walker circulation eastward and cooled the Indian Ocean, causing a reduction in monsoon rainfall in MSEA. Our results indicate that vegetation-dust climate feedbacks from Sahara drying may have been the catalyst for societal shifts in MSEA via ocean-atmospheric teleconnections.
Single cell RNA sequencing identifies early diversity of sensory neurons forming via bi-potential intermediates
Authors: Faure Louis , Wang Yiqiao , Kastriti Maria Eleni , Fontanet Paula , Cheung Kylie K. Y. , Petitpré Charles , Wu Haohao , Sun Lynn Linyu , Runge Karen , Croci Laura , Landy Mark A. , Lai Helen C. , Consalez Gian Giacomo , de Chevigny Antoine , Lallemend François , Adameyko Igor , Hadjab Saida 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSomatic sensation is defined by the existence of a diversity of primary sensory neurons with unique biological features and response profiles to external and internal stimuli. However, there is no coherent picture about how this diversity of cell states is transcriptionally generated. Here, we use deep single cell analysis to resolve fate splits and molecular biasing processes during sensory neurogenesis in mice. Our results identify a complex series of successive and specific transcriptional changes in post-mitotic neurons that delineate hierarchical regulatory states leading to the generation of the main sensory neuron classes. In addition, our analysis identifies previously undetected early gene modules expressed long before fate determination although being clearly associated with defined sensory subtypes. Overall, the early diversity of sensory neurons is generated through successive bi-potential intermediates in which synchronization of relevant gene modules and concurrent repression of competing fate programs precede cell fate stabilization and final commitment.