bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Parvocellular and Magnocellular Visual Pathways in Human Retina
Authors: Masri Rania A. , Grünert Ulrike , Martin Paul R. 
Published: October 2020

Two main subcortical pathways serving conscious visual perception are the midget-parvocellular (P), and the parasol-magnocellular (M) pathways. It is generally accepted that the P pathway serves red-green color vision, but the relative contribution of P and M pathways to spatial vision is a long-standing and unresolved issue. Here, we mapped the spatial sampling properties of P and M pathways across the human retina. Data were obtained from immunolabeled vertical sections of six postmortem male and female human donor retinas and imaged using high-resolution microscopy. Cone photoreceptors, OFF-midget bipolar cells (P pathway), OFF-diffuse bipolar (DB) types DB3a and DB3b (M pathway), and ganglion cells were counted along the temporal horizontal meridian, taking foveal spatial distortions (postreceptoral displacements) into account. We found that the density of OFF-midget bipolar and OFF-midget ganglion cells can support one-to-one connections to 1.05-mm (3.6°) eccentricity. One-to-one connections of cones to OFF-midget bipolar cells are present to at least 10-mm (35°) eccentricity. The OFF-midget ganglion cell array acuity is well-matched to photopic spatial acuity measures throughout the central 35°, but the OFF-parasol array acuity is well below photopic spatial acuity, supporting the view that the P pathway underlies high-acuity spatial vision. Outside the fovea, array acuity of both OFF-midget and OFF-DB cells exceeds psychophysical measures of photopic spatial acuity. We conclude that parasol and midget pathway bipolar cells deliver high-acuity spatial signals to the inner plexiform layer, but outside the fovea, this spatial resolution is lost at the level of ganglion cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe make accurate maps of the spatial density and distribution of neurons in the human retina to aid in understanding human spatial vision, interpretation of diagnostic tests, and the implementation of therapies for retinal diseases. Here, we map neurons involved with the midget-parvocellular (P pathway) and parasol-magnocellular (M pathway) through human retina. We find that P-type bipolar cells outnumber M-type bipolar cells at all eccentricities. We show that cone photoreceptors and P-type pathway bipolar cells are tightly connected throughout the retina, but that spatial resolution is lost at the level of the ganglion cells. Overall, the results support the view that the P pathway is specialized to serve both high acuity vision and red-green color vision.
Clinical and functional predictors that cause a decrease of indicators of morning blood pressure profile in antihypertensive telmisartan-based therapy
Authors: Rasputina Lesia , Didenko Daria 
Published: October 2020

Background: Blood pressure (BP) monitoring is an important aspect in the treatment of arterial hypertension (AH), namely the morning BP increase which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular incidents as well as sudden death. The study herein revealed clinical and functional predictors which decrease the morning BP rise in the case of optimal antihypertensive therapy with telmisartan, based on results of daily blood pressure monitoring (DBPM).
Methods: A single-center open-label study in parallel groups was conducted. The study included 50 patients with AH who had previously received antihypertensive therapy but did not achieve a reduction in BP according to DBPM. Telmisartan (40 - 80 mg per day) was added to the treatment regimen of all patients. All patients underwent a general clinical examination, measurement of glucose and creatinine levels, assessment of lipid profile, ECG recording in 12 leads, echocardiography (EchoCG), and DBPM before treatment and after 12 weeks of treatment. Statistical data analyses were performed.
Results: Twelve-week antihypertensive telmisartan-based therapy led to a decrease in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 134.3 ± 5.0 to 126.2 ± 4.3 mm Hg (p = 0.008), and a decrease in mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 79.8 ± 1.5 to 73.0 ± 1.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001). There was a decrease in the index of variability of DBP from 22.4 ± 2.8 to 16 ± 2.4 mm Hg (p < 0.001), and a decrease in the daily index of SBP from 15.7 ± 4.7 to 13.1 ± 4.7 mm Hg (p = 0.014). In the study, a connection was found between the decrease of the average morning index and the following indicators: presence of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy on ECG, final diastolic size of the LV over 6.0 cm, LV ejection fraction below 52.3%, total cholesterol level over 5.5 mmol/L, LDL level greater than 3.3 mmol/L, and triglyceride level greater than 2.0 mmol/L.
Conclusion: These values could be used as predictors of a decrease in the morning index during 12-week telmisartan therapy.
Serious Diagnoses for Headaches After ED Discharge
Authors: Zhou Amy Z. , Marin Jennifer R. , Hickey Robert W. , Ramgopal Sriram 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND:
Headache is a common complaint among children presenting to the emergency department (ED) and can be due to serious neurologic and nonneurologic diagnoses (SNNDs). We sought to characterize the children discharged from the ED with headache found to have SNNDs at revisits.

METHODS:
We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study using data from 45 pediatric hospitals from October 1, 2015, to March 31, 2019. We included pediatric patients (≤18 years) discharged from the ED with a principal diagnosis of headache, excluding patients with concurrent or previous SNNDs or neurosurgeries. We identified rates and types of SNNDs diagnosed within 30 days of initial visit and compared these rates with those of control groups defined as patients with discharge diagnoses of cough, chest pain, abdominal pain, and soft tissue complaints.

RESULTS:
Of 121 621 included patients (57% female, median age 12.4 years, interquartile range: 8.8–15.4), 608 (0.5%, 95% confidence interval: 0.5%–0.5%) were diagnosed with SNNDs within 30 days. Most were diagnosed at the first revisit (80.8%); 37.5% were diagnosed within 7 days. The most common SNNDs were benign intracranial hypertension, cerebral edema and compression, and seizures. A greater proportion of patients with SNNDs underwent neuroimaging, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid testing compared with those without SNNDs (P &lt; .001 for each). The proportion of SNNDs among patients diagnosed with headache (0.5%) was higher than for control cohorts (0.0%–0.1%) (P &lt; .001 for each).

CONCLUSIONS:
A total 0.5% of pediatric patients discharged from the ED with headache were diagnosed with an SNND within 30 days. Further efforts to identify at-risk patients remain a challenge.
O efeito mediador das proxies de controle gerencial na relação características do empreendedor e desempenho organizacional.
Authors: De Fátima Martins de Souza Fonseca Rosilei , Maria dos Santos Bortolocci Espejo Márcia , Felipe Queiroz André 
Published: October 2020

Objetivo: A fim de compreender as influências das características do empreendedor sobre o desempenho organizacional financeiro e não financeiro, busca-se, neste estudo, avaliar o efeito mediador das proxies de controle gerencial nessa relação.
Método: A amostra foi composta por piscicultores atendidos por um programa brasileiro de assistência técnica. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário aplicado entre outubro e novembro de 2018 e analisados por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM), com auxílio do software SmartPLS®.
Resultados: Os resultados apontaram que o efeito mediador de proxies de controle gerencial, na relação estabelecida, ocorre de forma parcial e concorrente. Houve necessidade de re-especificação do modelo inicial, conforme apontamento das análises. O modelo final indicou que características do empreendedor influenciam diretamente, de forma negativa, o desempenho organizacional em 36,4%, enquanto que, por meio das proxies de controle gerencial, o efeito foi positivo em 41,3%.
Contribuições: O estudo demonstra que a presença de características empreendedoras isoladamente não geram efeitos positivos esperados no desempenho organizacional. Aponta também que proxies de controle gerencial contribuem significativamente para o desempenho de pisciculturas. A pesquisa supri ainda a demanda por estudos de contabilidade gerencial em pequenas empresas e de pesquisas em contabilidade que façam uso do PLS-SEM.
VAN İLİNDE KARAYOLU ULAŞIMININ GELİŞİMİNİ ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİN İNCELENMESİ
Authors: Baytar İrfan 
Published: October 2020

Türkiye’de karayolu
ulaşımının tarihi gelişimine baktığımızda, ilk olarak bu yolların Hititler
zamanında yapıldığı görülmektedir. Yolların yapımı ile birlikte Anadolu’nun
önemi artmaya başlamıştır. Pers (Kral
Yolu), Roma ve Osmanlı dönemlerinde yapılan çalışmalarla Anadolu’daki ulaşım
ağı daha da gelişmiştir. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihinin ilk dönemlerinde kaynak
yetersizliğinden dolayı, Osmanlıdan kalan ulaşım hatlarına ilave olarak, önemli
bir çalışma yapılamamıştır. 1950’li yıllardan sonra karayolu ulaşımına ağırlık
verilmeye başlandığı görülmektedir. Zaman içerisinde Van’daki ulaşım sistemleri
arasında en fazla gelişen karayolları olmuştur.
XVI. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLETİNDE KARABORSACILIK VE KAÇAKÇILIK
Authors: Yılmaz Savaş 
Published: October 2020

XVI. YÜZYILDA OSMANLI DEVLETİNDE KARABORSACILIK ve KAÇAKÇILIK
Savaş Yılmaz	*
ORCID: 0000-0002-6979-6495
Öz
Osmanlı Devleti’nde karaborsacılık ile kaçakçılık suçları XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında fazla görülmemişken, bu suçların, bu yüzyılın ikinci yarısında etkili olmasında; Osmanlı-Avusturya Macaristan ve Osmanlı-İran savaşları, Kanûn-ı kadimin bozulması ile Celali isyanlarına bağlı olarak üretim ile tüketim arasındaki dengenin kırsaldan şehir merkezlerine yapılan göçlerle bozulması gibi sebepler gösterilebilir. Ayrıca malî buhranların yaşanması ile tebaanın yanı sıra ehl-i örf ile ehl-i şer’den bazılarının görevlerini suiistimal ederek karaborsacı ve kaçakçılarla işbirliği yapmaları, karaborsacılık ile kaçakçılık olaylarının artmasına yol açmıştı.
Merkezî yönetim, artan karaborsacılık olaylarına karşı bazı önlemler almıştı. Kıtlık zamanlarında karaborsacıların, haksız kazanç sağlamalarını önlemek için narh sistemini devreye sokmuştu. Narh sistemi sayesinde pazar ekonomisi belirlenerek tebaaya zahire, meyve, et gibi temel gıda maddelerinin fahiş fiyatlarla satılmasına mani olunmak istenmişti. Böylece pazar ekonomisi kontrol edilerek tebaanın, temel gıda maddelerini temini yoluna gidilmişti. Ancak gerek beşerî gerek ise doğal sebeplere bağlı olarak zahire, meyve, et vs. temin edilmesinde karaborsacılar bazı sorunlar çıkarmışlardı.
Kaçakçılık olaylarında ise devlet ekonomisi doğrudan zarar görmüş aynı zamanda zor temin edilen ürünler aşırı kâr marjıyla küffara satıldığı için tebaa da mağdur olmuştu. Küffara satılması yasak olan stratejik önemdeki emtianın satılması, devlet politikasına da zarar vermişti. Bu bağlamda merkezî yönetim hem karaborsacılara hem de kaçakçılara ağır cezalar vererek mücadele etmişti. Ancak ehl-i örf ile ehl-i şer’den bazılarının karaborsacı ile kaçakçılardan rüşvet alıp kendilerine yeni gelir kapısı oluşturmaları, merkezî yönetimin karaborsacı ve kaçakçılarla mücadelesini sekteye uğratmıştı. Ayrıca karaborsacı ile kaçakçıların elde ettikleri gelirin fazla olması, denizlerin kontrolünün sağlanmasında karşılaşılan zorluklar karaborsacı ile kaçakçılık olaylarının önlenememesinde oldukça etkili olmuştu.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde XVI. yüzyılında karaborsacılık ve kaçakçılık suçları üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların oldukça sınırlı olması, mühimme defterlerine dayanarak böyle bir çalışmanın yapılmasını gerekli kılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: XVI. Yüzyıl, Merkezî Yönetim, Karaborsacılık, Kaçakçılık, Kıtlık, Cezalar.
A Communication Protocol Design aimed at a Multi-Agent System Framework for Miniaturized Satellite Systems
Authors: Iteriano-Valverde Samantha , Scazzoli David , Chan-Zheng Carmen , Carvajal-Godinez Johan , Magarini Mauricio 
Published: October 2020

In recent years space-science and exploration have become more accessible due to the popularization of the concept of CubeSats. CubeSats are being used as a result of their convenient size and weight requirements, allowing for target missions to be designed, developed, and launched with a significant reduction of costs compared to traditional space missions. Furthermore, the development of target missions has become more intricate, forcing a shift in the traditional notion of using a centralized control architecture to a distributed architecture. A distributed architecture tackles the problem of a possible functionality loss over the control unit. This paper describes the extension of capabilities of the Multi-Agent Systems Framework for Embedded Systems (MAES). This extension provides MAES framework with the ability to perform inter-platform communication, so now the control unit architecture can be broadened allowing agents from different platforms to interact and perform cooperatively different routines designed by the developer, so it is not limited to the capabilities of just one platform. Moreover, this paper shows the results of the experimental setup showing the precision of inter-platform message exchange and the relationship between the delay of the exchange of inter-platform messages and the number of agents that are simultaneously running on each platform.
Analisis Kesesuaian Syariah Pada Sistem Operasi Bisnis Multi Level Marketing (MLM) KK Indonesia dengan Fatwa DSN MUI NO: 75/DSN MUI/VII/2009
Authors: Dwyanita Ajeng , Zaki Irham 
Published: October 2020

The rise of business Multi Level Marketing (MLM) which is growing rapidly in Indonesia made many people interest to join. However, it is still debated by scholars regarding the business operations of Multi Level Marketing (MLM). In addition, MUI has publish DSN MUI Fatwa Number: 75/DSN MUI/VII/2009 about Direct Selling Based On Islamic Law.This study aims to determine whether the business operations of the Multi Level Marketing (MLM) KK Indonesia is in conformity with the Shariah rules to follow 12 of the MUI fatwa or not .This study used a qualitative analysis using interview guide. The data used in this study is that the data derived from primary data obtained from fieldwork and secondary data derived from the literature and the MUI Fatwa DSN. In this study using data derived from the management of Multi Level Marketing (MLM) PT . KK Indonesian branch of Surabaya, East Java and Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) East Java .The results of the study were operating Multi Level Marketing (MLM) KK Indonesia's procedures are in line with the Indonesian Ulama Council fatwa DSN Number: 75/DSN MUI/VII/2009.
Pengaruh Tingkat Marjin Murabahah Terhadap Financing To Deposit Ratio dan Non Performing Financing Pada Bank Syariah di Indonesia Periode 2010-2012
Authors: Saputro Nareswari , Mawardi Imron 
Published: October 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of the murabahah margin rate to Financing to Deposit Ratio and Non Performing Financing on Indonesian Sharia Banks in the period 2010-2012. This study uses quantitative approach by using path analysis with three kinds of variables, which are murabahah margin rate as an exogenous variable, Financing to Deposit Ratio as an intervening endogenous variables and Non Performing Financing as an endogenous variable. The Sharia Banking industry is used as sample in this study, which consist of Sharia Comercial Banks (BUS) and Sharia Business Unit of a Conventional Bank (UUS). Furthermore, this study uses secondary data which conducted by collecting monthly financial statements for three years.The results showed that murabahah margin rate has significantly negative effect to Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) of Sharia Banking in Indonesia. Meanwhile, murabahah margin rate has significantly positive effect to Non Performing Financing (NPF). It also happens to the effects of Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR) to Non Performing Financing (NPF) of Sharia Banks in Indonesia period 2010-2012.
Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Return Saham (Studi Pada Emiten Saham Syariah Sektor Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar di Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia Tahun 2011-2012)
Authors: Roslianti Rizkary , Herlambang Leo 
Published: October 2020

Islamic stocks is one of the most preffered investment type by Muslim investors. In the decision making process, the investors have to considered the financial reports and stock analysis. This study aims to investigate the effect of fundamental factors that represented by Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio and Total Assets Turnover toward stock return.This study used a quantitative approach using secondary data, they are financial statements and stock return companies listed on Indeks Saham Syariah Indonesia years 2011-2012. This study used a significance level of 5%.Based on the regression analysis results, it indicates that Return on Assets variable has a very significant effect on the stock return. On the other hand, Debt to Equity Ratio variable and Total Assets Turnover variable do not have significant effect to the stock return. Simultaneously, Return on Assets, Debt to Equity Ratio and Total Assets Turnover have significant effect to stock return.
Pengaruh Etos Kerja Islam Terhadap Komitmen Kerja Karyawan Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Surabaya
Authors: Pratama Novandi Arif , Prasetyo Ari 
Published: October 2020

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of Islamic work ethics to the organizational commitment on Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah in Surabaya. This study used questionnaires in primary data collection and quantitative approaches. Experiments were done using simple linear regression, where the dependent variable (Y) is the organizational commitment and the independent variable (X) is Islamic work ethics. The research sample were taken by nonprobability sampling with purposive sampling method. The research sample was 58 employees work in Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Surabaya.Based on the findings, it obtained simple linear regression equation : Y = 5,908+0,452X. The magnitude of the influence of Islamic work ethics to the organizational commitment on Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Surabaya. According to the final summaries of description data analysis from Islamic work ethic variable, that is have a resolute stand and got no effect (X1.3) has the lowest mean value, Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah be expected to capable of keeping and increasing the human resources, in shaping employees resolute and not easily influenced, so as toimprove the islamic work ethic. For the next research can be done with distinguish the permanent employees and not-permanent employees which later result from the study willbe compared to find out the influence of Islamic work ethic to deeper Organizational Commitment.
Lie Symmetry and Lie Bracket in Solving Differential Equation Models of Functional Materials: A Survey
Authors: Kurniadi Edi , Supriatna Asep 
Published: October 2020

Functional materials are becoming an increasingly important part of our daily life, e.g. they used for sensing, actuation, computing, energy conversion. These materials often have unique physical, chemical, and structural characteristic involving very complex phase. Many mathematical model have been devised to study the complex behavior of functional materials. Some of the models have been proven powerful in predicting the behavior of new materials built upon the composites of existing materials. One of mathematical methods used to model the behavior of the materials is the differential equation. Very often the resulting differential equations are very complicated so that most methods failed in obtaining the exact solutions of the problems. Fortunately, a relatively new approach via Lie symmetry gives a new hope in obtaining or at least understanding the behavior of the solutions, which is needed to understand the behavior of the materials being modeled. In this paper we present a survey on the use of Lie symmetry and related concepts (such as Lie algebra, Lie group, etc) in modeling the behavior of functional materials and discuss some fundamental results of the Lie symmetry theory which often used in solving differential equations. The survey shows that the use of Lie symmetry and alike have been accepted in many field and gives an alternative approach in studying the complex behavior of functional materials.
Melt trends portend widespread declines in snow water resources
Authors: Musselman Keith , Addor Nans , Vano Julie , Molotch Noah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In many mountainous regions, winter precipitation accumulates as snow that melts in spring and summer providing water to one billion people globally. As the climate warms and snowmelt occurs earlier, this natural water storage is compromised. While snowpack trend analyses commonly focus on snow water equivalent (SWE), we propose that trends in accumulation season snowmelt serve as a critical indicator of hydrologic change. We compare long-term changes in snowmelt and SWE from snow monitoring stations in western North America. Nearly four-times more stations have increasing winter snowmelt trends than SWE declines; significant (p<0.05) at 42% vs. 12% of stations, respectively. Snowmelt trends are highly sensitive to temperature and an underlying warming signal, while SWE trends are more sensitive to precipitation variability. Thus, continental-scale snow-water resources are in steeper decline than is inferred from widely reported SWE trends alone. More winter snowmelt will complicate future water resources planning and management efforts.
High-Brightness Self-seeded X-ray Free Electron Laser to Precisely Map Macromolecular Structure
Authors: Kang Heung-Sik , Min Chang-Ki , Nam Inhyuk , Oh Bonggi , Kim Gyujin , Na Donghyun , Suh Young Jin , Yang Haeryong , Cho Myung-Hoon , Kim Changbum , Kim Min Jae , Shim Chihyun , Ko Jun Ho , Heo Hoon , Park Jaehyun , Kim Jangwoo , Park Sehan , Park Gisu , Kim Seonghan , Chun Sae Hwan , Hyun HyoJung , Lee Jae Hyuk , Kim Kyung Sook , Eom Intae , Rah Seungyu , Shu Deming , Kim Kwang-Je , Terentyev Sergey , Blank Vladimir , Shvydko Yuri , Lee Sang Jae 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We demonstrate a hard-X-ray self-seeded (HXRSS) free-electron laser (FEL) at Pohang Accelerator Laboratory with an unprecedented peak brightness (3.2 × 1035 photons/(s·mm2·mrad2·0.1%BW)). The self-seeded FEL generates hard X-ray pulses with improved spectral purity; the average pulse energy was 0.85 mJ at 9.7 keV, almost as high as in SASE mode; the bandwidth (0.19 eV) is about 1/70 as wide, the peak spectral brightness is 40 times higher than in self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode, and the stability is excellent with > 94% of shots exceeding the average SASE intensity. Using this self-seeded XFEL, we conducted serial femtosecond crystallography (SFX) experiments to map the structure of lysozyme protein; data-quality metrics such as Rsplit, multiplicity, and signal-to-noise ratio for the SFX were substantially increased. We precisely map out the structure of lysozyme protein with substantially better statistics for the diffraction data and significantly sharper electron density maps compared to maps obtained using SASE mode.