bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving clinical undergraduate experience in otolaryngology: an audit of practice
Authors: Mayer A W , Carrie S 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundOtolaryngology is under-represented in UK medical schools. This presents challenges in terms of exposing students to the diversity of otolaryngology, as well as ‘showcasing’ the specialty as a career option. This study aimed to audit the impact of a change in the delivery of final year tuition on student satisfaction.MethodParticipants were final year medical students completing a 2-day otolaryngology placement. A novel teaching programme was developed in response to feedback from students who completed a baseline teaching programme. The novel programme was evaluated over a 10-week period using questionnaires.ResultsFifty-eight participants completed the novel programme questionnaire. Overall, there was a positive impact on student satisfaction. Students completing the novel programme expressed a desire for increased otolaryngology placement.ConclusionThis approach is an effective means of teaching otolaryngology to undergraduates. A mutual desire for greater exposure to otolaryngology in the undergraduate curriculum is held by medical students and otolaryngologists.
Is the atonement necessary or fitting?
Authors: JEFFREY ANNE 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn her impressive Atonement, Eleonore Stump claims that her novel Marian theory of the atonement meets a desideratum for a successful theory that Aquinas's theory does not, namely, showing that Christ's passion and death are essential to the solution to the problem of human sin. Here I suggest reasons to side with Aquinas, who says that Christ's suffering and death are not necessary, but merely a fitting way of solving the problem. If the fittingness of Christ's passion and death is a good enough justification for it, we lose a motivation for adopting the Marian theory over the Thomistic one.
Atonement: an overview
Authors: STUMP ELEONORE 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe doctrine of the atonement is the distinctive doctrine of Christianity. Over the course of many centuries of reflection, highly diverse interpretations of the doctrine have been proposed. In the context of this history of interpretation, Eleonore Stump considers the doctrine afresh with philosophical care in her book Atonement. This article is an overview of the book.
Bringing Women on Board: The Social Policy Implications of Gender Diversity in Top Jobs
Authors: KOWALEWSKA HELEN 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper argues that analyses of the gendered character of welfare states should be broadened to include women’s share of board and executive roles, as well as the affirmative-action policies (e.g. gender boardroom quotas) that help to overcome the gender stereotypes (e.g. women are ‘nice’, men are ‘assertive’) and opaque selection procedures at the root of this. Such indicators may seem beyond the remit of social policy analysis, which is concerned foremost with the analysis of ‘social risk’. However, drawing on evidence from across multiple disciplines, this paper argues that achieving a ‘critical mass’ of women in board and executive positions can bring women’s issues onto companies’ agendas and lead to the adoption of female-friendly practices, policies, and cultures at the firm level. Crucially, these practices, policies, and cultures can help to reduce the incidence of gendered social risks (employment/care conflicts, economic dependence on a partner) and sexual harassment among women at lower levels of the labour market. Thus, the paper highlights another dimension to the social-regulatory function of welfare states which has to date been overlooked, namely legislative requirements on companies to achieve gender diversity in their leadership structures.
How Men Valued Women's Work: Labour In and Outside the Home in Post-War Britain
Authors: King Laura 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article examines men's valuing of women's work in the post-1945 period. It considers men's perspectives on female labour in and outside the home in the context of women's wartime work, the increase in married women working and the greater involvement of men in family life. I argue that men saw their wives’ and partners’ work as of lesser value than their own, in various ways, even if the money women's paid work brought in could significantly improve living standards. This was true even in the most caring, loving relationships. The article employs a broad definition of value, considering the social and cultural value of work alongside its economic outcomes. It places subjective accounts from interviews within a wider cultural and political context and contributes a new perspective to post-war British historiography by focusing on both paid labour and domestic work, and the negotiation of value between men and women.
Charity, Activism and Social Justice: Revisiting Christian Aid's Role in Public Campaigns for Fair Trade, 1968–1973
Authors: Anderson Matthew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe 1960s was the moment when NGOs established their role within the professional world of international development. There were new networks emerging and new approaches to development – but there were also longer-term trends and challenges that resurfaced about the role of charity, activism and social justice. Previous research has shown how Christian networks were instrumental in establishing local fair trade campaigns. This article investigates the extent to which Christian Aid contributed to fair trade campaigns by providing a moral social force in public debates about social justice, international development and global trade.
Labour, Gender and Deindustrialisation: Women Workers at Fiat (Italy, 1970s–1980s)
Authors: Bracke Maud Anne 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe article presents an in-depth analysis of the struggle for gender equality in hiring, as well as campaigns for parental leave and demands for improved work conditions, by female workers in manufacturing industry in 1970s–80s Italy. The case study is focused on Fiat in Turin, a highly significant site given its economic role in Italy and Europe, and its history of social conflict and radical workforce. Against the backdrop of dramatic changes in gender relations since the 1960s, ongoing industrial unrest since 1968 and the introduction of new gender-equality legislation, fatefully coinciding with the onset of deindustrialisation and the rise of unemployment in manufacturing, trade union feminism presented an original and, viewed in hindsight, highly significant agenda. The events in Fiat demonstrate the extent to which new demands and ideas regarding the value of women's work became acceptable in the workers’ movement and in society at large, but also reveal the obstacles which the feminist politics of work encountered, and the persistence of gender-based prejudice in understandings of the value of work in all its forms. The analysis is based on archive material, press and original interviews.
Research Note: Reflections on Methods from an Interdisciplinary Research Project in Global Environmental Law
Authors: Parks Louisa , Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis research note reflects on the methods (as distinct from methodology) used in a five-year interdisciplinary and multi-site research project in global environmental law, and their links to questions of research ethics. We highlight the iterative processes that proved necessary to compare five case studies on local communities engaged in varied discussions on fair and equitable benefit sharing in different regions of the world and their implications for international environmental law. The note recommends explicit reflection on research methods and ethics to acknowledge and address power relationships in global environmental law research.
The Atlantic Subtropical Cells Inferred from Observations
Authors: Tuchen Franz Philip , Lübbecke Joke F. , Schmidtko Sunke , Hummels Rebecca , Böning Claus W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Atlantic Subtropical Cells (STCs) are shallow wind‐driven overturning circulations connecting the tropical upwelling areas to the subtropical subduction regions. In both hemispheres, they are characterized by equatorward transport at thermocline level, upwelling at the equator, and poleward Ekman transport in the surface layer. This study uses recent data from Argo floats complemented by ship sections at the western boundary as well as reanalysis products to estimate the meridional water mass transports and to investigate the vertical and horizontal structure of the STCs from an observational perspective. The seasonally varying depth of meridional velocity reversal is used as the interface between the surface poleward flow and the thermocline equatorward flow. The latter is bounded by the 26.0 kg m−3 isopycnal at depth. We find that the thermocline layer convergence is dominated by the southern hemisphere water mass transport (9.0 ± 1.1 Sv from the southern hemisphere compared to 2.9 ± 1.3 Sv from the northern hemisphere) and that this transport is mostly confined to the western boundary. Compared to the asymmetric convergence at thermocline level, the wind‐driven Ekman divergence in the surface layer is more symmetric, being 20.4 ± 3.1 Sv between 10°N and 10°S. The net poleward transports (Ekman minus geostrophy) in the surface layer concur with values derived from reanalysis data (5.5 ± 0.8 Sv at 10°S and 6.4 ± 1.4 Sv at 10°N). A diapycnal transport of about 3 Sv across the 26.0 kg m−3 isopycnal is required in order to maintain the mass balance of the STC circulation.
Comparisons of Ocean Radiative Transfer Models With SMAP and AMSR2 Observations
Authors: Kilic Lise , Prigent Catherine , Boutin Jacqueline , Meissner Thomas , English Stephen , Yueh Simon 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe sea surface temperature (SST), ocean wind speed (OWS), and sea surface salinity (SSS) are fundamental variables for understanding, monitoring, and predicting the state of the ocean and atmosphere. The analysis of these ocean parameters from passive microwave satellite measurements requires a Radiative Transfer Model (RTM). In this study, we compare three ocean RTMs from 1.4 to 89 GHz. A data set of satellite observations from Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer‐2 (AMSR2) collocated with surface and atmospheric parameters from ECMWF ERA‐Interim and Mercator reanalysis has been developed. The selected ocean RTMs are as follows: LOCEAN a physical model with parameters adjusted to L band measurements, FASTEM (FAST microwave Emissivity Model) a fast parameterized model, and RSS (Remote Sensing Systems) an empirical model fitting satellite observations. Global systematic errors between simulations and observations tend to increase with frequency and are generally higher at horizontal than at vertical polarizations. Then, the analysis focuses on the accuracy of the RTMs as a function of the key ocean variables, SST, SSS, and OWS. Major discrepancies are found at frequencies above 1.4 GHz, for OWS higher than 7 m/s, with the LOCEAN and the FASTEM models, with differences strongly increasing with increasing OWS. Cold SSTs are identified as a source of disagreement between the simulations and the observations, regardless of the model. This is a critical issue, especially at 6 GHz, which is the key channel for the SST analysis from satellite. The present study is the first step toward the development of a new physically based community model.
Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions
Authors: Ma Qian , Bai Guo Dong , Jing Hong Bo , Yang Cheng , Li Lianlin , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntelligence at either the material or metamaterial level is a goal that researchers have been pursuing. From passive to active, metasurfaces have been developed to be programmable to dynamically and arbitrarily manipulate electromagnetic (EM) wavefields. However, the programmable metasurfaces require manual control to switch among different functionalities. Here, we put forth a smart metasurface that has self-adaptively reprogrammable functionalities without human participation. The smart metasurface is capable of sensing ambient environments by integrating an additional sensor(s) and can adaptively adjust its EM operational functionality through an unmanned sensing feedback system. As an illustrative example, we experimentally develop a motion-sensitive smart metasurface integrated with a three-axis gyroscope, which can adjust self-adaptively the EM radiation beams via different rotations of the metasurface. We develop an online feedback algorithm as the control software to make the smart metasurface achieve single-beam and multibeam steering and other dynamic reactions adaptively. The proposed metasurface is extendable to other physical sensors to detect the humidity, temperature, illuminating light, and so on. Our strategy will open up a new avenue for future unmanned devices that are consistent with the ambient environment.
Jagged1-mediated myeloid Notch1 signaling activates HSF1/Snail and controls NLRP3 inflammasome activation in liver inflammatory injury
Authors: Jin Yuting , Li Changyong , Xu Dongwei , Zhu Jianjun , Wei Song , Zhong Andrew , Sheng Mingwei , Duarte Sergio , Coito Ana J. , Busuttil Ronald W. , Xia Qiang , Kupiec-Weglinski Jerzy W. , Ke Bibo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNotch signaling plays important roles in the regulation of immune cell functioning during the inflammatory response. Activation of the innate immune signaling receptor NLRP3 promotes inflammation in injured tissue. However, it remains unknown whether Jagged1 (JAG1)-mediated myeloid Notch1 signaling regulates NLRP3 function in acute liver injury. Here, we report that myeloid Notch1 signaling regulates the NLRP3-driven inflammatory response in ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced liver injury. In a mouse model of liver IR injury, Notch1-proficient (Notch1FL/FL) mice receiving recombinant JAG1 showed a reduction in IR-induced liver injury and increased Notch intracellular domain (NICD) and heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) expression, whereas myeloid-specific Notch1 knockout (Notch1M-KO) aggravated hepatocellular damage even with concomitant JAG1 treatment. Compared to JAG1-treated Notch1FL/FL controls, Notch1M-KO mice showed diminished HSF1 and Snail activity but augmented NLRP3/caspase-1 activity in ischemic liver. The disruption of HSF1 reduced Snail activation and enhanced NLRP3 activation, while the adoptive transfer of HSF1-expressing macrophages to Notch1M-KO mice augmented Snail activation and mitigated IR-triggered liver inflammation. Moreover, the knockdown of Snail in JAG1-treated Notch1FL/FL livers worsened hepatocellular functioning, reduced TRX1 expression and increased TXNIP/NLRP3 expression. Ablation of myeloid Notch1 or Snail increased ASK1 activation and hepatocellular apoptosis, whereas the activation of Snail increased TRX1 expression and reduced TXNIP, NLRP3/caspase-1, and ROS production. Our findings demonstrated that JAG1-mediated myeloid Notch1 signaling promotes HSF1 and Snail activation, which in turn inhibits NLRP3 function and hepatocellular apoptosis leading to the alleviation of IR-induced liver injury. Hence, the Notch1/HSF1/Snail signaling axis represents a novel regulator of and a potential therapeutic target for liver inflammatory injury.
GWAS for systemic sclerosis identifies multiple risk loci and highlights fibrotic and vasculopathy pathways
Authors: López-Isac Elena , Acosta-Herrera Marialbert , Kerick Martin , Assassi Shervin , Satpathy Ansuman T. , Granja Jeffrey , Mumbach Maxwell R. , Beretta Lorenzo , Simeón Carmen P. , Carreira Patricia , Ortego-Centeno Norberto , Castellvi Ivan , Bossini-Castillo Lara , Carmona F. David , Orozco Gisela , Hunzelmann Nicolas , Distler Jörg H. W. , Franke Andre , Lunardi Claudio , Moroncini Gianluca , Gabrielli Armando , de Vries-Bouwstra Jeska , Wijmenga Cisca , Koeleman Bobby P. C. , Nordin Annika , Padyukov Leonid , Hoffmann-Vold Anna-Maria , Lie Benedicte ,   European Scleroderma Group†, Ríos R. , Callejas J. L. , Vargas-Hitos J. A. , García-Portales R. , Camps M. T. , Fernández-Nebro A. , González-Escribano M. F. , García-Hernández F. J. , Castillo M. J. , Aguirre M. A. , Gómez-Gracia I. , Fernández-Gutiérrez B. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez L. , García de la Peña P. , Vicente E. , Andreu J. L. , Fernández de Castro M , López-Longo F. J. , Martínez L. , Fonollosa  , Guillén A. , Espinosa G. , Tolosa C. , Pros A. , Rodríguez-Carballeira M. , Narváez F. J. , Rubio-Rivas M. , Ortiz-Santamaría  , Madroñero A. B. , González-Gay M. A. , Díaz B. , Trapiella L. , Sousa A. , Egurbide M. V. , Fanlo-Mateo P. , Sáez-Comet L. , Díaz F. , Hernández  , Beltrán E. , Román-Ivorra J. A. , Grau E. , Alegre-Sancho J. J. , Freire M. , Blanco-García F. J. , Oreiro N. , Witte T. , Kreuter A. , Riemekasten G. , Airó P. , Magro C. , Voskuyl A. E. , Vonk M. C. , Hesselstrand R. , Proudman Susanna , Stevens Wendy , Nikpour Mandana ,   Australian Scleroderma Interest Group (ASIG), Zochling J. , Sahhar J. , Roddy J. , Nash P. , Tymms K. , Rischmueller M. , Lester S. , Vyse Timothy , Herrick Ariane L. , Worthington Jane , Denton Christopher P. , Allanore Yannick , Brown Matthew A. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Fonseca Carmen , Chang Howard Y. , Mayes Maureen D. , Martin Javier 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease that shows one of the highest mortality rates among rheumatic diseases. We perform a large genome-wide association study (GWAS), and meta-analysis with previous GWASs, in 26,679 individuals and identify 27 independent genome-wide associated signals, including 13 new risk loci. The novel associations nearly double the number of genome-wide hits reported for SSc thus far. We define 95% credible sets of less than 5 likely causal variants in 12 loci. Additionally, we identify specific SSc subtype-associated signals. Functional analysis of high-priority variants shows the potential function of SSc signals, with the identification of 43 robust target genes through HiChIP. Our results point towards molecular pathways potentially involved in vasculopathy and fibrosis, two main hallmarks in SSc, and highlight the spectrum of critical cell types for the disease. This work supports a better understanding of the genetic basis of SSc and provides directions for future functional experiments.
Reversing the charge transfer between platinum and sulfur-doped carbon support for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Yan Qiang-Qiang , Wu Dao-Xiong , Chu Sheng-Qi , Chen Zhi-Qin , Lin Yue , Chen Ming-Xi , Zhang Jing , Wu Xiao-Jun , Liang Hai-Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetal–support interaction is of great significance for catalysis as it can induce charge transfer between metal and support, tame electronic structure of supported metals, impact adsorption energy of reaction intermediates, and eventually change the catalytic performance. Here, we report the metal size-dependent charge transfer reversal, that is, electrons transfer from platinum single atoms to sulfur-doped carbons and the carbon supports conversely donate electrons to Pt when their size is expanded to ~1.5 nm cluster. The electron-enriched Pt nanoclusters are far more active than electron-deficient Pt single atoms for catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction, exhibiting only 11 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 and a high mass activity of 26.1 A mg−1 at 20 mV, which is 38 times greater than that of commercial Pt/C. Our work manifests that the manipulation of metal size-dependent charge transfer between metal and support opens new avenues for developing high-active catalysts.
Molecular architecture of softwood revealed by solid-state NMR
Authors: Terrett Oliver M. , Lyczakowski Jan J. , Yu Li , Iuga Dinu , Franks W. Trent , Brown Steven P. , Dupree Ray , Dupree Paul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEconomically important softwood from conifers is mainly composed of the polysaccharides cellulose, galactoglucomannan and xylan, and the phenolic polymer, lignin. The interactions between these polymers lead to wood mechanical strength and must be overcome in biorefining. Here, we use13C multidimensional solid-state NMR to analyse the polymer interactions in never-dried cell walls of the softwood, spruce. In contrast to some earlier softwood cell wall models, most of the xylan binds to cellulose in the two-fold screw conformation. Moreover, galactoglucomannan alters its conformation by intimately binding to the surface of cellulose microfibrils in a semi-crystalline fashion. Some galactoglucomannan and xylan bind to the same cellulose microfibrils, and lignin is associated with both of these cellulose-bound polysaccharides. We propose a model of softwood molecular architecture which explains the origin of the different cellulose environments observed in the NMR experiments. Our model will assist strategies for improving wood usage in a sustainable bioeconomy.
Co-expression of synaptic genes in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica uncovers ancient neural submodules
Authors: Wong Eunice , Mölter Jan , Anggono Victor , Degnan Sandie M. , Degnan Bernard M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe synapse is a complex cellular module crucial to the functioning of neurons. It evolved largely through the exaptation of pre-existing smaller submodules, each of which are comprised of ancient sets of proteins that are conserved in modern animals and other eukaryotes. Although these ancient submodules themselves have non-neural roles, it has been hypothesized that they may mediate environmental sensing behaviors in aneural animals, such as sponges. Here we identify orthologues in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica of genes encoding synaptic submodules in neural animals, and analyse their cell-type specific and developmental expression to determine their potential to be co-regulated. We find that genes comprising certain synaptic submodules, including those involved in vesicle trafficking, calcium-regulation and scaffolding of postsynaptic receptor clusters, are co-expressed in adult choanocytes and during metamorphosis. Although these submodules may contribute to sensory roles in this cell type and this life cycle stage, total synaptic gene co-expression profiles do not support the existence of a functional synapse in A. queenslandica. The lack of evidence for the co-regulation of genes necessary for pre- and post-synaptic functioning in A. queenslandica suggests that sponges, and perhaps the last common ancestor of sponges and other extant animals, had the ability to promulgate sensory inputs without complete synapse-like functionalities. The differential co-expression of multiple synaptic submodule genes in sponge choanocytes, which have sensory and feeding roles, however, is consistent with the metazoan ancestor minimally being able to undergo exo- and endocytosis in a controlled and localized manner.