bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Toolpath Planning for Fused Filament Fabrication
Authors: Chen Hongrui , Liu Xingchen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The slicing software process the 3D geometry into 2D slices and toolpaths for additive manufacturing processes. Most slicing software allows users to select from an array of infill patterns and to specify the overall infill volume fraction globally. However, the ability to locally control the volume fraction, and mechanical properties, is often limited. In this paper, we propose a novel toolpath enhancing algorithm to enable the local control on the volume fraction of various stock and custom infill patterns. In particular, the algorithm widens the infill pattern by directly modifying their toolpath with connected Fermat curves. By preserving the topology of the original toolpath, the connected Fermat curve not only produces predictable boosts in part performance but also minimized the printing time by eliminating extruder traversals without material deposition. The field that controls local volume fraction can be designed either manually or through optimization. The effectiveness of the proposed approach in toolpath generation is demonstrated through volume fraction fields designed by both approaches.
Multiparameter Real-World System Identification Using Iterative Residual Tuning
Authors: Allevato Adam , Pryor Mitch , Thomaz Andrea L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work we consider the problem of nonlinear system identification, using data to learn multiple and often coupled parameters that allow a simulator to more accurately model a physical system and close the so-called reality gap for more accurate robot control. Our approach uses iterative residual tuning (IRT), a recently-developed derivative-free system identification technique that utilizes neural networks and visual observation to estimate parameter differences between a proposed model and a target model. We develop several modifications to the basic IRT approach and apply it to the system identification of a 5-parameter model of a marble rolling in a robot-controlled labyrinth game mechanism. We validate our technique both in simulation — where we outperform two baselines — and on a real system, where we achieve marble tracking error of 4.02% after just 5 optimization iterations.
Design of a Novel Variable Stiffness Active Ankle Foot Orthosis Using Permanent Magnets for Drop Foot Assistance
Authors: Basu Abhinaba , Jujjavarapu Sri Sadhan , Esfahani Ehsan T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present the design of a novel variable stiffness ankle-foot orthosis for correcting the drop-foot condition. The proposed mechanism controls the position of permanent magnets to provide torque and stiffness assistance to the patients suffering from drop foot. A publicly available gait dataset of 20 healthy individuals is used to extract the stiffness and torque requirements of a gait cycle and the information is used to evaluate the foot orthosis. It is shown that the proposed foot orthosis can provide appropriate torque and stiffness assistance to the ankle joint during the swing and the stance phase respectively. Moreover, the spring-like nature of the repelling magnets reduces the impact forces on the patient’s joints.
Community Growth Model in Different Profit-Seeking Contexts: A Comparative Case Study of RepRap and Ultimaker
Authors: Li Zhuoxuan , Yang Maria , Seering Warren 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The engagement of an online user community has been reported to be critical in the success of open design projects. However, most studies don’t consider the financial organizational contexts of their samples. Grounded in comparative case studies of the two biggest 3D printer communities — one supported by volunteers, another by a commercial firm, the paper contributes to the open design and open hardware literature with a typology of user community actions. We measured the types and intensity of different user community activities over time for the two cases. Results confirm that user community activities behave differently in profit-seeking or non-profit-seeking organizational contexts. We grounded potential causes through management team interviews as well as existing research theories. We conclude that the for-profit organizational context is associated with a difference in the design maturation process and the evolution of organizational openness.
A Methodology to Design a Variable Resistance Hand Exerciser Using a Compliant Mechanism
Authors: Komatireddy Jyothi , Midha Ashok , Lodagala Vamsi , Bagivalu Prasanna Pratheek 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The design of an effective hand-exercising device is based on an existing study of the force-deflection behavior of the human hand. This paper presents a design methodology using a compliant mechanism construct, for generating the desired force-deflection profile as the output. This is made possible by the integration of a rigid cam profile segment. The compliant segments serve as the followers, and their material and geometric properties serve as design variables. The force-deflection profile utilized was developed through experimental studies conducted on the human hand, along with a mathematical model that predicts the maximum grip force as a function of the handle’s diameter. A procedure is proposed herein that would allow the use of various force-deflection profiles, to be able to change the resistance level in order to meet individual requirements. The synthesis results obtained are investigated for cam-follower non-interference using a novel pseudo-rigid-body model (PRBM) approach and verified by finite element analysis. The exercise devices generally ignore in their conceptualization and design the anatomical mechanical advantage. This methodology, owing to the nature of the experiment, duly regards the variable mechanical advantage characteristic of the hand in different positions naturally.
Enhancements to the Perfect Matching Approach for Graph Enumeration-Based Engineering Challenges
Authors: Herber Daniel R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Graphs can be used to represent many engineering systems and decisions because of their ability to capture discrete compositional and relational information. In this article, improved methods for effectively representing and generating all graphs in a space defined by certain complex specifications are presented. These improvements are realized through enhancements to the original perfect matching-inspired approach utilizing a component catalog definition to capture the graphs of interest. These enhancements will come in many forms, including more efficient graph enumeration and labeled graph isomorphism checking, expansion of the definition of the component catalog, and the effective inclusion of new network structure constraints. Several examples are shown, including improvements to the original case studies (with up to 971× reduction in computational cost) as well as graph problems in common system architecture design patterns. The goal is to show that the work presented here and tools developed from it can play a role as the domain-independent architecture decision support tool for a variety of graph enumeration-based engineering design challenges.
Comparative Performance of Five Commercially Available Serologic Assays To Detect Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and Identify Individuals with High Neutralizing Titers
Authors: Patel Eshan U. , Bloch Evan M. , Clarke William , Hsieh Yu-Hsiang , Boon Denali , Eby Yolanda , Fernandez Reinaldo E. , Baker Owen R. , Keruly Morgan , Kirby Charles S. , Klock Ethan , Littlefield Kirsten , Miller Jernelle , Schmidt Haley A. , Sullivan Philip , Piwowar-Manning Estelle , Shrestha Ruchee , Redd Andrew D. , Rothman Richard E. , Sullivan David , Shoham Shmuel , Casadevall Arturo , Quinn Thomas C. , Pekosz Andrew , Tobian Aaron A. R. , Laeyendecker Oliver 
Published: November 2020

Accurate serological assays to detect antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are needed to characterize the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and identify potential candidates for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) donation. This study compared the performances of commercial enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) with respect to detection of IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). The diagnostic accuracy of five commercially available EIAs (Abbott, Euroimmun, EDI, ImmunoDiagnostics, and Roche) for detection of IgG or total antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated using cross-sectional samples from potential CCP donors who had prior molecular confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (
n
= 214) and samples from prepandemic emergency department patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection (
n
= 1,099).
MDM2 gene amplification as selection tool for innovative targeted approaches in PD-L1 positive or negative muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma
Authors: Brunelli Matteo , Tafuri Alessandro , Cima Luca , Cerruto Maria Angela , Milella Michele , Zivi Andrea , Buti Sebastiano , Bersanelli Melissa , Fornarini Giuseppe , Vellone Valerio Gaetano , Rebuzzi Sara Elena , Procopio Giuseppe , Verzoni Elena , Bracarda Sergio , Sabbatini Roberto , Baldessari Cinzia , Eccher Albino , Passalacqua Rodolfo , Perrucci Bruno , Giganti Maria Olga , Donini Maddalena , Panni Stefano , Tucci Marcello , Prati Veronica , Ortega Cinzia , Caliò Anna , Alongi Filippo , Munari Enrico , Pappagallo Giovanni , Iacovelli Roberto , Mosca Alessandra , Porta Camillo , Martignoni Guido , Antonelli Alessandro 
Published: November 2020

AimsAccording to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), around 9% of bladder carcinomas usually show abnormalities of the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene, but a few studies have been investigated them. We profiled MDM2 gene amplification in a series of urothelial carcinomas (UC) considering the molecular subtypes and expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1).Methods117 patients with muscle-invasive UC (pT2-3) without (N0) or with (N+) lymph-node metastases were revised. Only cases with availability of in toto specimens and follow-up were studied. Tissue microarray was built. p53, ER, RB1, GATA-3, CK20, CK5/6, CD44 and PD-L1 (clone sp263) immunoexpression was evaluated. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation was assessed by using the HER-2/neu, FGFR-3, CDKN2A and MDM2 probes. True (ratio 12q/CEP12 >2) MDM2 gene amplification was distinguished from polyploidy/gains (ratio <2, absolute copy number of MDM-2 >2). MDM2 and PD-L1 values were correlated to the TCGA molecular phenotypes. Statistical analysis was performed.Results6/50 (12%) cases (5 N0 and 1 N+) were amplified for MDM2 without matching to molecular phenotypes. Of 50, 14 (37%) cases expressed PD-L1 at 1% cut-off; 3/50 (9%) at >50% cut-off; of these, 2 cases on side of neoplasia among inflammatory cells. Only one out of six (17%) cases amplified for MDM2 showed expression (>50% cut-off) of PD-L1. MDM2 amplification was independent to all documented profiles (k test=0.3) and was prevalent in recurrent UC.ConclusionMDM2 amplification has been seen in both PD-L1 positive and negative muscle-invasive bladder UC independently from the TCGA molecular phenotypes. MDM2 and PD-L1 might be assessed in order to predict a better response to combo/single targeted therapies.
A Constant-factor Approximation Algorithm for the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem
Authors: Svensson Ola , Tarnawski Jakub , Végh László A. 
Published: November 2020

We give a constant-factor approximation algorithm for the asymmetric traveling salesman problem (ATSP). Our approximation guarantee is analyzed with respect to the standard LP relaxation, and thus our result confirms the conjectured constant integrality gap of that relaxation.
The main idea of our approach is a reduction to Subtour Partition Cover, an easier problem obtained by significantly relaxing the general connectivity requirements into local connectivity conditions. We first show that any algorithm for Subtour Partition Cover can be turned into an algorithm for ATSP while only losing a small constant factor in the performance guarantee. Next, we present a reduction from general ATSP instances to structured instances, on which we then solve Subtour Partition Cover, yielding our constant-factor approximation algorithm for ATSP.
Targeting Metabolic Plasticity and Flexibility Dynamics for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Fendt Sarah-Maria , Frezza Christian , Erez Ayelet 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Cancer cells continuously rewire their metabolism to fulfill their need for rapid growth and survival while subject to changes in environmental cues. Thus, a vital component of a cancer cell lies in its metabolic adaptability. The constant demand for metabolic alterations requires flexibility, that is, the ability to utilize different metabolic substrates; as well as plasticity, that is, the ability to process metabolic substrates in different ways. In this review, we discuss how dynamic changes in cancer metabolism affect tumor progression and the consequential implications for cancer therapy.

Significance:
Recognizing cancer dynamic metabolic adaptability as an entity can lead to targeted therapy that is expected to decrease drug resistance.
Converging evidence
Authors: Richie Russell , Hall Matthew L. , Cho Pyeong Whan , Coppola Marie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
New languages emerge through interactions among people, yet the role of social network structure in language emergence is not clear, despite research from experimental semiotics, observational fieldwork, and computational modeling. To better understand the effects of social network structure on the formation of conventional referring expressions, we use a silent gesture paradigm that combines the methodological control of experimental semiotics and computational simulations with the naturalistic affordances of the human body, physical environment, and interpersonal communication. We elicited gestural referring expressions from hearing participants randomly assigned to either a richly- or sparsely-connected communicative network. Results demonstrate greater conventionalization among participants in the richly-connected condition, although this effect disappears after accounting for between-condition differences in overall number of communicative interactions. These results provide the first experimental demonstration that communicative network structure causally impacts the conventionalization of referring expressions in human participants, using a communicative modality in which human language naturally arises.
Tropical Precipitation Evolution in a Buoyancy-Budget Framework
Authors: Adames Ángel F. , Powell Scott W. , Ahmed Fiaz , Mayta Víctor C. , Neelin J. David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObservations have shown that tropical convection is influenced by fluctuations in temperature and moisture in the lower free troposphere (LFT; 600–850 hPa), as well as moist enthalpy (ME) fluctuations beneath the 850 hPa level, referred to as the deep boundary layer (DBL; 850–1000 hPa). A framework is developed that consolidates these three quantities within the context of the buoyancy of an entraining plume. A “plume buoyancy equation” is derived based on a relaxed version of the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation. Analysis of this equation using quantities derived from the Dynamics of the Madden–Julian Oscillation (DYNAMO) sounding array data reveals that processes occurring within the DBL and the LFT contribute nearly equally to the evolution of plume buoyancy, indicating that processes that occur in both layers are critical to the evolution of tropical convection. Adiabatic motions play an important role in the evolution of buoyancy both at the daily and longer time scales and are comparable in magnitude to horizontal moisture advection and vertical moist static energy advection by convection. The plume buoyancy equation may explain convective coupling at short time scales in both temperature and moisture fluctuations and can be used to complement the commonly used moist static energy budget, which emphasizes the slower evolution of the convective envelope in tropical motion systems.
Temporal Bone Fractures Caused by Ballistic Projectiles: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth L. , Cash Elizabeth , Petrey Jessica , Lin Jerry W. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveBallistic injuries to the temporal bone are uncommon but devastating injuries that damage critical neurovascular structures. This review describes outcomes after ballistic injuries to the temporal bone and offers initiatives for standardized high‐quality future research.Data SourcesA systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane.Review MethodsStudies in the review included adults who experienced temporal bone fractures due to gunshot wounds and survived longer than 48 hours. Individual case reports were excluded. The various searches returned 139 results, of which 6 met inclusion criteria.ResultsMost of the included studies are case series with low‐level evidence that report a wide range of outcomes and follow‐up. Outcomes include demographic patient information, audiologic outcomes, vascular injuries, intracranial complications, facial nerve function, and surgical indications.ConclusionThis review is the first to characterize the nature and progression of patients who experienced gunshot wounds to the temporal bone. Although all patients share an etiology of injury, they often have vastly different hospital courses and outcomes. This review provides a basis for future studies to guide care for these injuries, as most of the existing literature includes small dated case series.
Quantification and Comparison of Droplet Formation During Endoscopic and Microscopic Ear Surgery: A Cadaveric Model
Authors: Anschuetz Lukas , Yacoub Abraam , Buetzer Tobias , Fernandez Ignacio J. , Wimmer Wilhelm , Caversaccio Marco 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesThe COVID‐19 pandemic and the disproportional spread of the disease among otorhinolaryngologists raised concerns regarding the safety of health care staff. Therefore, a quantitative risk assessment for otologic surgery would be desirable. This study aims to quantitatively compare the risk of perioperative droplet formation between microscopic and endoscopic approaches.Study DesignExperimental research.SettingTemporal bone laboratory.MethodsThe middle ear of whole head specimens was injected with fluorescein (0.2 mg/10 mL) before endoscopic and microscopic epitympanectomy and mastoidectomy. Fluorescent droplet deposition on the surgical table was recorded under ultraviolet light, quantified, and compared among the interventions. Drilling time, droplet proportion, fluorescein intensity, and droplet size were assessed for every procedure.ResultsA total of 12 procedures were performed: 4 endoscopic epitympanectomies, 4 microscopic epitympanectomies, and 4 mastoidectomies. The mean (SD) proportion of fluorescein droplets was 0.14‰ (0.10‰) for endoscopic epitympanectomy and 0.64‰ (0.31‰) for microscopic epitympanectomy. During mastoidectomy, the deposition of droplets was 8.77‰ (6.71‰). Statistical comparison based on a mixed effects model revealed a significant increase (0.50‰) in droplet deposition during microscopic epitympanectomy as compared with endoscopic epitympanectomy (95% CI, 0.16‰ to 0.84‰).ConclusionsThere is considerable droplet generation during otologic surgery, and this represents a risk for the spread of airborne infectious diseases. The endoscopic technique offers the lowest risk of droplet formation as compared with microscopic approaches, with a significant 4.5‐fold reduction of droplets between endoscopic and microscopic epitympanectomy and a 62‐fold reduction between endoscopic epitympanectomy and cortical mastoidectomy.
Impact of miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass circuits on ultrafiltration during congenital heart surgery
Authors: Wu Keye , Meng Baoying , Wang Yuanxiang , Zhou Xing , Zhang Sheshe , Ding Yiqun 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To investigate whether the miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) system decreased the usage of ultrafiltration (UF), and to explore whether the non-UF with miniaturized CPB strategy could get good clinical results during congenital heart surgery. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients undergoing congenital heart surgery with CPB at Shenzhen Children’s Hospital from 1 May 2015 to 30 September 2019. We classified patients to UF with miniaturized CPB group, non-UF with miniaturized CPB group, UF with conventional CPB group and non-UF with conventional CPB group. Results: Of the 2145 patients, 721 (33.6%) were in the conventional CPB group, and 1424 (66.4%) were in the miniaturized CPB group. The UF rate was significantly lower in the miniaturized CPB group compared with that in the conventional CPB group (12.5% vs. 76.8%, p < 0.001). Compared with patients in the other groups, patients in the non-UF with miniaturized CPB group had a shorter postoperative MV time (p < 0.05), and a shorter length of stay in the ICU (p < 0.001) and hospital (p < 0.001). The age of children in the UF with miniaturized CPB group was relatively younger (median: 1.5 months, IQR: 0.3-4.6 months), and the preoperative weight was relatively lower (median: 3.9 kg, IQR: 3.2-5.4 kg). Moreover, this group of children had a relatively longer postoperative MV time and length of stay in the ICU and hospital. Conclusion: The miniaturized CPB system could decrease the usage of UF. Good results were achieved in children who did not use UF based on the miniaturized CPB circuit system during congenital heart surgery.
Distal Metatarsal Segmental Shortening for the Treatment of Chronic Metatarsophalangeal Dislocation of Lesser Toes
Authors: Yang Tzu-Cheng , Tzeng Yun-Hsuan , Wang Chien-Shun , Chang Ming-Chau , Chiang Chao-Ching 
Published: November 2020

Background: This retrospective study aimed to describe the techniques and results of distal metatarsal segmental shortening (DMSS) for the treatment of chronic irreducible metatarsophalangeal (MTP) dislocation of lesser toes. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent DMSS for chronic dislocation of MTP joints of lesser toes between January 2010 and December 2017 with follow-up of at least 24 months. Demographic data, radiographic measurements, functional outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Furthermore, the results of patients with short segment of shortening (group I, <10 mm) were compared to those with long segment of shortening (group II, ≥10 mm). A total of 43 MTP joints of 30 patients with an average age of 70.4 years were included. Results: Union was observed in 42 metatarsals (97.7%). Mean American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society scale scores improved significantly from 42.2 (range, 15-65) preoperatively to 79.1 (range, 52-90) ( P < .001). Mean visual analog scale pain score improved significantly from 5.0 (range, 1-9) preoperatively to 1.8 (range, 0-6) ( P < .001). Complications included 1 nonunion, 1 osteonecrosis, 3 metatarsal angulation, 4 recurrent instability, 4 symptomatic osteoarthritis, 3 transfer metatarsalgia, and 1 floating toe. Group I included 23 MTP joints and group II included 20 MTP joints. There was no significant difference in clinical outcomes and complications between the 2 groups. Conclusion: DMSS was a reliable procedure for the treatment of chronic irreducible dislocated MTP joint of lesser toes. It provided satisfactory surgical outcomes and a low rate of postoperative complications, regardless of length of metatarsal shortening. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.