bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent cannabis and tobacco use are associated with opioid use in young adulthood—12‐year longitudinal study in an urban cohort
Authors: Thrul Johannes , Rabinowitz Jill A. , Reboussin Beth A. , Maher Brion S. , Ialongo Nicholas S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsCannabis, tobacco and alcohol use are prevalent among youth in the United States and may be risk factors for opioid use. The current study aimed at investigating associations between developmental trajectories of cannabis, tobacco and alcohol use in adolescence and opioid use in young adulthood in an urban cohort over the span of 12 years.DesignCohort study of adolescents originally recruited for a randomized prevention trial with yearly assessments into young adulthood.SettingNine urban elementary schools in Baltimore, MD in the United States.ParticipantsParticipants (n = 583, 86.8% African American, 54.7% male) were originally recruited as first grade students.MeasurementsCannabis, tobacco and alcohol use were assessed annually from ages 14–18 years and opioid use from ages 19–26. Socio‐demographics were assessed at age 6. Intervention status was also randomly assigned at age 6. Gender, race, free/reduced‐priced lunch and intervention status were included as covariates in individual and sequential growth models.FindingsThere were significant positive associations between the cannabis use intercept at age 14 and the opioid use intercept at age 19 (beta = 1.43; P = 0.028), the tobacco use intercept at age 14 and the opioid use intercept at age 19 (beta = 0.82; P = 0.042). Specifically, more frequent use of cannabis or tobacco at age 14 was associated with more frequent use of opioids at age 19.ConclusionsCannabis and tobacco use in early adolescence may be risk factors for opioid use in young adulthood among African Americans living in urban areas.
Correlation of fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota in mice with endometriosis
Authors: Ni Zhexin , Sun Shuai , Bi Yanli , Ding Jie , Cheng Wen , Yu Jin , Zhou Ling , Li Mingqing , Yu Chaoqin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProblemEndometriosis (EMS) is a chronic inflammatory disease with unclear pathogenesis. Three studies have uncovered the influence of gut microbiota on mice with EMS, but no study has investigated the characteristics of fecal metabolomics to determine some important clues on EMS. This research aims to uncover the interaction between fecal metabolomics and gut microbiota in EMS mice.Method of studyFemale C57BL/6J mice were used to construct the EMS model. Non‐target metabolomics was applied to detect the fecal metabolites of EMS mice. The 16s rRNA sequencing was used for clarifying the composition of the gut microbiota. The functional characteristics of gut microbiota were analyzed using the PICRUSt. The receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was utilized for determining the potential important differential metabolites, and the Spearman correlation coefficient was applied for expressing the correlation between the important differential metabolites and gut microbiota.ResultsA total of 156 named differential metabolites were screened. The diversity and the abundance of gut microbiota in EMS mice decreased. Eleven pathways were involved in the differential metabolites and the functional prediction of gut microbiota, among which the second bile acid biosynthesis and alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism were the significant enrichment pathways. The increased abundance of chenodeoxycholic and ursodeoxycholic acids and the decreased abundance of ALA and 12,13‐EOTrE were found in the feces of EMS mice.ConclusionThe abnormal fecal metabolites, which are influenced by dysbacteriosis, may be the characteristics of EMS mice and can be the potential important indices to distinguish the disease.
Muheza approach: a sustainable mesh hernia service in a resource‐poor setting and developing a national methodology to hernia surgery in Tanzania
Authors: Hendra Louise , Kibaja John , Kibula Emanuel , Szymankiewicz Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHernias are amongst the most common general surgical problems worldwide. In 2019, an estimated 800 000 inguinal hernias remain untreated in Tanzania. Furthermore, only 5% of hernias in Africa are repaired with mesh due to costs, resulting in high recurrence rates. We describe the establishment of a safe, sustainable and affordable mesh hernia programme in Tanzania.MethodsHernia repairs were performed by a UK Consultant General Surgeon and two Tanzanian Surgical Assistant Medical Officers between November 2018 and April 2019. Tanzanian Assistant Medical Officers were taught in a modular fashion. Polyethylene ‘mosquito net’ mesh was sterilized using a steam autoclave on site. A standardized approach to intraoperative technique and perioperative care was adopted. Patients were followed up and a registry maintained.ResultsA total of 50 mesh hernia repairs were performed on all‐comers between November 2018 and April 2019. One additional hernia repair was carried out without mesh as the hernia contained perforated bowel with faecal contamination. Of the 50 patients, 47 were followed up. At 2 weeks, none were found to have recurrence, none had evidence of infection and none reported numbness. Of the 47 patients, nine reported low‐grade discomfort. On further follow‐up, the pain resolved in seven of the nine patients, and the remaining two reported persistent low‐grade discomfort (both recurrent hernias with the reported pain less than preoperatively).ConclusionProposals have been accepted for a Tanzania National Hernia Project, which aims to establish mesh repair as the gold‐standard approach to inguinal hernia surgery across Tanzania. Through education and collaboration, this project hopes to address the major outstanding health issue of untreated hernias in Tanzania.
Retrorenal fat predicts grade C pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Kopljar Mario , Čoklo Miran , Krstačić Antonija , Krstačić Goran , Jeleč Vjekoslav , Zovak Mario , Pavić Roman , Kondža Goran 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy is one of the most severe complications with mortality rates as high as 45%, and the prediction of most severe form of fistula (grade C) is crucial for successful management of patients who are to undergo cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy. It has been found that the amount of abdominal fat may predict grade C postoperative pancreatic fistula. In this study, we analysed the value of retrorenal fat thickness in the prediction of grade C pancreatic fistula.MethodsA total of 140 patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy were retrospectively analysed. Retrorenal fat thickness and intra‐abdominal fat, expressed as total fat area, visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area, were determined from computed tomography slices using the known range of attenuation values (−190 to −30). Blood loss, operating time, pancreatic texture and main pancreatic duct diameter as well as body mass index were also analysed.ResultsRetrorenal fat thickness (P = 0.0004), duct diameter (P = 0.0008), subcutaneous fat area (P = 0.023) and total fat area (P = 0.014) were found to be significant predictors of grade C pancreatic fistula.ConclusionAlthough retrorenal fat tissue thickness may seem robust, it is a simple measure that can be used to predict the most severe grade of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy.
Quantitative prediction of bone mineral density by using bone turnover markers in response to antiresorptive agents in postmenopausal osteoporosis: A model‐based meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Junyi , Wang Chen , Li Guo‐Fu , Tang En‐Tzu , Zheng Qingshan 
Published: July 2020

AimsThis study aimed to predict time course of bone mineral density (BMD) by using corresponding response of bone turnover markers (BTMs) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis under antiresorptive treatments.MethodsData were extracted from literature searches in accessible public database. Time courses of percent change from baseline in serum C‐telopeptide of type 1 collagen (sCTX) and N‐telopeptide of type 1 collagen were described by complex exponential onset models. The relationship between BTM changes and BMD changes at lumbar spine and total hip was described using a multiscale indirect response model.ResultsThe dataset included 41 eligible published trials of 5 US‐approved antiresorptive agents (alendronate, ibandronate, risedronate, zoledronic acid and denosumab), containing over 28 800 women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. The time courses of BTM changes for different drugs were differentiated by maximal effect and onset rate in developed model, while sCTX responses to zoledronic acid and denosumab were captured by another model formation. Furthermore, asynchronous relationship between BTMs and BMD was described by a bone remodelling‐based semimechanistic model, including zero‐order production and first‐order elimination induced by N‐telopeptide of type 1 collagen and sCTX, separately. After external and informative validations, the developed models were able to predict BMD increase using 1‐year data.ConclusionThis exploratory analysis built a quantitative framework linking BTMs and BMD among antiresorptive agents, as well as a modelling approach to enhance comprehension of dynamic relationship between early and later endpoints among agents in a certain mechanism of action. Moreover, the developed models can offer predictions of BMD from BTMs supporting early drug development.
Temperature as a modulator of sexual selection
Authors: García‐Roa Roberto , Garcia‐Gonzalez Francisco , Noble Daniel W.A. , Carazo Pau 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTA central question in ecology and evolution is to understand why sexual selection varies so much in strength across taxa; it has long been known that ecological factors are crucial to this. Temperature is a particularly salient abiotic ecological factor that modulates a wide range of physiological, morphological and behavioural traits, impacting individuals and populations at a global taxonomic scale. Furthermore, temperature exhibits substantial temporal variation (e.g. daily, seasonally and inter‐seasonally), and hence for most species in the wild sexual selection will regularly unfold in a dynamic thermal environment. Unfortunately, studies have so far almost completely neglected the role of temperature as a modulator of sexual selection. Here, we outline the main pathways through which temperature can affect the intensity and form (i.e. mechanisms) of sexual selection, via: (i) direct effects on secondary sexual traits and preferences (i.e. trait variance, opportunity for selection and trait–fitness covariance), and (ii) indirect effects on key mating parameters, sex‐specific reproductive costs/benefits, trade‐offs, demography and correlated abiotic factors. Building upon this framework, we show that, by focusing exclusively on the first‐order effects that environmental temperature has on traits linked with individual fitness and population viability, current global warming studies may be ignoring eco‐evolutionary feedbacks mediated by sexual selection. Finally, we tested the general prediction that temperature modulates sexual selection by conducting a meta‐analysis of available studies experimentally manipulating temperature and reporting effects on the variance of male/female reproductive success and/or traits under sexual selection. Our results show a clear association between temperature and sexual selection measures in both sexes. In short, we suggest that studying the feedback between temperature and sexual selection processes may be vital to developing a better understanding of variation in the strength of sexual selection in nature, and its consequences for population viability in response to environmental change (e.g. global warming).
Questions Can Answer Questions About Mechanisms of Preschoolers’ Selective Word Learning
Authors: Luchkina Elena , Morgan James L. , Williams Deijah J. , Sobel David M. 
Published: July 2020

This study examined how inferences about epistemic competence and generalized labeling errors influence children’s selective word learning. Three‐ to 4‐year‐olds (N = 128) learned words from informants who asked questions about objects, mentioning either correct or incorrect labels. Such questions do not convey stark differences in informants’ epistemic competence. Inaccurate labels, however, generate error signals that can lead to weaker encoding of novel information. Preschoolers retained novel labels from both informants but were slower to respond in the Inaccurate Labeler condition. When the test procedure was not sensitive to the strength of information encoding, children performed above chance in both conditions and their response times did not differ. These results suggest that epistemic‐level inferences and error generalizations influence preschoolers’ selective word learning concurrently.
MASP2 levels are elevated in thrombotic microangiopathies: association with microvascular endothelial cell injury and suppression by anti-MASP2 antibody narsoplimab
Authors: Elhadad S , Chapin J , Copertino D , Van Besien K , Ahamed J , Laurence J 
Published: July 2020

Summary
Involvement of the alternative complement pathway (AP) in microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) injury characteristic of a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is well documented. However, the role of the lectin pathway (LP) of complement has not been explored. We examined mannose-binding lectin associated serine protease (MASP2), the effector enzyme of the LP, in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and post-allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) TMAs. Plasma MASP2 and terminal complement component sC5b-9 levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Human MVEC were exposed to patient plasmas, and the effect of the anti-MASP2 human monoclonal antibody narsoplimab on plasma-induced MVEC activation was assessed by caspase 8 activity. MASP2 levels were highly elevated in all TMA patients versus controls. The relatively lower MASP2 levels in alloHSCT patients with TMAs compared to levels in alloHSCT patients who did not develop a TMA, and a significant decrease in variance of MASP2 levels in the former, may reflect MASP2 consumption at sites of disease activity. Plasmas from 14 of the 22 TMA patients tested (64%) induced significant MVEC caspase 8 activation. This was suppressed by clinically relevant levels of narsoplimab (1·2 μg/ml) for all 14 patients, with a mean 65·7% inhibition (36.8–99.4%; P &lt; 0·0001). In conclusion, the LP of complement is activated in TMAs of diverse etiology. Inhibition of MASP2 reduces TMA plasma-mediated MVEC injury in vitro. LP inhibition therefore may be of therapeutic benefit in these disorders.
The alternative complement pathway in ANCA-associated vasculitis: further evidence and a meta-analysis
Authors: Moiseev S , Lee J M , Zykova A , Bulanov N , Novikov P , Gitel E , Bulanova M , Safonova E , Shin J I , Kronbichler A , Jayne D R W 
Published: July 2020

Summary
We compared the common pathway components C3a, C5a and membrane attack complex (MAC), also known as C5b-9, and the alternative pathway components factor B and properdin in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) and healthy controls, and conducted a meta-analysis of the available clinical evidence for the role of complement activation in the pathogenesis of AAV. Complement components were evaluated in 59 patients with newly diagnosed or relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis and 36 healthy volunteers. In 28 patients, testing was repeated in remission. Next, we performed a meta-analysis by searching databases to identify studies comparing complement levels in AAV patients and controls. A random-effects model was used for statistical analyses. The median concentrations of MAC, C5a, C3a and factor B were higher in active AAV patients (P &lt; 0·001). Achievement of remission was associated with reductions in C3a (P = 0·005), C5a (P = 0·035) and factor B levels (P = 0·045), whereas MAC and properdin levels did not change. In active AAV, there were no effects of ANCA specificity, disease phenotype, previous immunosuppression or disease severity on complement levels. A total of 1122 articles were screened, and five studies, including this report, were entered into the meta-analysis. Plasma MAC, C5a and factor B in patients with active AAV were increased compared to patients in remission (excluding factor B) and controls. Changes in C3a were of borderline significance. Our findings and the results of the meta-analysis support activation of the complement system predominantly via the alternative pathway in AAV patients.
Spectrum of genes for inherited hearing loss in the Israeli Jewish population, including the novel human deafness gene ATOH1
Authors: Brownstein Zippora , Gulsuner Suleyman , Walsh Tom , Martins Fábio T.A. , Taiber Shahar , Isakov Ofer , Lee Ming K. , Bordeynik‐Cohen Mor , Birkan Maria , Chang Weise , Casadei Silvia , Danial‐Farran Nada , Abu‐Rayyan Amal , Carlson Ryan , Kamal Lara , Arnthórsson Asgeir Ö. , Sokolov Meirav , Gilony Dror , Lipschitz Noga , Frydman Moshe , Davidov Bella , Macarov Michal , Sagi Michal , Vinkler Chana , Poran Hana , Sharony Reuven , Samra Nadra , Zvi Na'ama , Baris‐Feldman Hagit , Singer Amihood , Handzel Ophir , Hertzano Ronna , Ali‐Naffaa Doaa , Ruhrman‐Shahar Noa , Madgar Ory , Sofrin‐Drucker Efrat , Peleg Amir , Khayat Morad , Shohat Mordechai , Basel‐Salmon Lina , Pras Elon , Lev Dorit , Wolf Michael , Steingrimsson Eirikur , Shomron Noam , Kelley Matthew W. , Kanaan Moien N. , Allon‐Shalev Stavit , King Mary‐Claire , Avraham Karen B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMutations in more than 150 genes are responsible for inherited hearing loss, with thousands of different, severe causal alleles that vary among populations. The Israeli Jewish population includes communities of diverse geographic origins, revealing a wide range of deafness‐associated variants and enabling clinical characterization of the associated phenotypes. Our goal was to identify the genetic causes of inherited hearing loss in this population, and to determine relationships among genotype, phenotype, and ethnicity. Genomic DNA samples from informative relatives of 88 multiplex families, all of self‐identified Jewish ancestry, with either non‐syndromic or syndromic hearing loss, were sequenced for known and candidate deafness genes using the HEar‐Seq gene panel. The genetic causes of hearing loss were identified for 60% of the families. One gene was encountered for the first time in human hearing loss: ATOH1 (Atonal), a basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor responsible for autosomal dominant progressive hearing loss in a five‐generation family. Our results show that genomic sequencing with a gene panel dedicated to hearing loss is effective for genetic diagnoses in a diverse population. Comprehensive sequencing enables well‐informed genetic counseling and clinical management by medical geneticists, otolaryngologists, audiologists, and speech therapists and can be integrated into newborn screening for deafness.
Knowledge‐Assisted Comparative Assessment of Breast Cancer using Dynamic Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Nie K. , Baltzer P. , Preim B. , Mistelbauer G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBreast perfusion data are dynamic medical image data that depict perfusion characteristics of the investigated tissue. These data consist of a series of static datasets that are acquired at different time points and aggregated into time intensity curves (TICs) for each voxel. The characteristics of these TICs provide important information about a lesion's composition, but their analysis is time‐consuming due to their large number. Subsequently, these TICs are used to classify a lesion as benign or malignant. This lesion scoring is commonly done manually by physicians and may therefore be subject to bias. We propose an approach that addresses both of these problems by combining an automated lesion classification with a visual confirmatory analysis, especially for uncertain cases. Firstly, we cluster the TICs of a lesion using ordering points to identify the clustering structure (OPTICS) and then visualize these clusters. Together with their relative size, they are added to a library. We then model fuzzy inference rules by using the lesion's TIC clusters as antecedents and its score as consequent. Using a fuzzy scoring system, we can suggest a score for a new lesion. Secondly, to allow physicians to confirm the suggestion in uncertain cases, we display the TIC clusters together with their spatial distribution and allow them to compare two lesions side by side. With our knowledge‐assisted comparative visual analysis, physicians can explore and classify breast lesions. The true positive prediction accuracy of our scoring system achieved 71.4 % in one‐fold cross‐validation using 14 lesions.
Hairy Slices II: Depth Cues for Visualizing 3D Streamlines Through Cutting Planes
Authors: Stevens Andrew H. , Ware Colin , Butkiewicz Thomas , Rogers David , Abram Greg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVisualizing 3D vector fields is challenging because of occlusion problems and the difficulty of providing depth cues that adequately support the perception of direction of flow lines in 3D space. One of the depth cues that has proven most valuable for the perception of other kinds of 3D data, notably 3D networks and 3D point clouds, is structure‐from‐motion (also called the Kinetic Depth Effect); another powerful depth cue is stereoscopic viewing. We carried out an experiment of the perception of direction for short streamlines passing through a cutting plane. The conditions included viewing with and without structure‐from‐motion and with and without stereoscopic depth. Conditions also include comparing streamtubes to lines. The results show that for this particular task, stereo provided an effective depth cue, but structure‐from‐motion did not. Ringed streamtubes and streamcones provided good 3D direction information, even without stereoscopic viewing. We conclude with guidelines for viewing slices through vector fields.
MotionGlyphs: Visual Abstraction of Spatio‐Temporal Networks in Collective Animal Behavior
Authors: Cakmak E. , Schäfer H. , Buchmüller J. , Fuchs J. , Schreck T. , Jordan A. , Keim D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDomain experts for collective animal behavior analyze relationships between single animal movers and groups of animals over time and space to detect emergent group properties. A common way to interpret this type of data is to visualize it as a spatio‐temporal network. Collective behavior data sets are often large, and may hence result in dense and highly connected node‐link diagrams, resulting in issues of node‐overlap and edge clutter. In this design study, in an iterative design process, we developed glyphs as a design for seamlessly encoding relationships and movement characteristics of a single mover or clusters of movers. Based on these glyph designs, we developed a visual exploration prototype, MotionGlyphs, that supports domain experts in interactively filtering, clustering, and animating spatio‐temporal networks for collective animal behavior analysis. By means of an expert evaluation, we show how MotionGlyphs supports important tasks and analysis goals of our domain experts, and we give evidence of the usefulness for analyzing spatio‐temporal networks of collective animal behavior.