bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Late Quaternary Slip, Repeated Prehistoric Earthquake Rupture, and Widespread Landsliding Associated With the Karakudzhur Thrust, Central Kyrgyz Tien Shan
Authors: Campbell G. E. , Walker R. T. , Abdrakhmatov K. , Carolin S. , Carr A. S. , Elliott J. R. , Jackson J. , Mackenzie D. , Rizza M. , Rodes A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractField studies have shown that active faulting in the SW Tien Shan is distributed across a series of E‐W reverse faults along the range fronts and within basin interiors, with summed shortening rates that are consistent with GPS measurements. In contrast, few field studies have been undertaken to determine the distribution, and the average slip rates, of faults in the central and eastern parts of the Tien Shan. In this paper we use remote and field‐based observations to characterize the active faulting and tectonic geomorphology of the Karakudzhur Basin in the central Tien Shan of Kyrgyzstan. We use radiocarbon, luminescence, and uranium series dating to provide ages on three fluvial terraces that are vertically displaced across the basin‐bounding reverse fault and estimate fault slip rates using a 20°S dipping fault exposure. We find that the fault has a slip‐rate of ∼2.4–5.9 mm/year averaged over the Holocene, indicating that it accommodates a major part of the shortening measured by GPS. In contrast to the relatively uniform distribution of N‐S shortening in the SW Tien Shan, significant shortening may instead be concentrated at present on a few active faults in the northern part of the central Tien Shan. The fresh geomorphic expression of the Karakudzhur fault suggests that it has ruptured in recent prehistory in a large‐magnitudeMw≥ 7 earthquake. From palaeoseismic trenching we show that two significant surface rupturing earthquakes have occurred since ~2.4 ka. The most recent earthquake was potentially accompanied by widespread landsliding and faulting in the surrounding highlands.
Radiometric Stability Validation of 17 Years of AIRS Data Using Sea Surface Temperatures
Authors: Aumann Hartmut H. , Broberg Steve , Manning Evan , Pagano Tom 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe evaluate the stability of the radiometric calibration of the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) by analyzing the trend in the time series of the difference between the brightness temperatures measured in the 1,231‐cm−1 atmospheric window channel, corrected for atmospheric transmission, relative to the Real‐Time Global Sea Surface Temperature (RTGSST) for oceans between 30S and 30N. The observed bias relative to the RTGSST between 2002 and 2019 was less than 250 mK, with a 2–3‐mK/yr trend. Establishing the stability of the 1,231‐cm−1 channel at tropical ocean temperatures at the 2–3‐mK/yr level is a necessary but not sufficient condition of establishing the calibration stability of all AIRS channels over the full dynamic range at a comparable level. Our analysis indirectly establishes the stability of the RTGSST for the 2002–2017 time period and region at the 2–3‐mK/yr level, with a degradation since 2017.
The Significance of Tomographic Edge Zones for Large Earthquakes in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Z. , Kao H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSeismogenesis of large earthquakes in Taiwan are often controlled by regional tectonics. Despite decades of efforts, the detailed relationship between seismogenesis of disastrous earthquakes and the geophysical properties of the earth materials remains unclear. In this study, we conduct high‐resolution tomography inversion of seismic velocities (Vp and Vs) and the Poisson's ratio (σ), and the results are used to infer the three‐dimensional (3‐D) distributions of crack density (ε) and saturation rate (ζ). We find that more than 70% of large (moment or local magnitudes ≥6, M6+) earthquakes occurred along tomographic edge zones (TEZ) within the crust where the spatial gradient exceeds 0.1, including all three disastrous events in the past two decades: the 1999 M7.6 Chi‐Chi, 2016 M6.5 Meinung, and the 2018 M6.4 Hualien earthquakes. We attribute the preference of large crustal earthquakes along TEZ as the consequence of fluid migration from the more saturated side to the opposite, leading to the build‐up of high pore pressure along TEZ. Locations of historical M6+ earthquakes are consistent with the inference of excessive fluids from either the extensive dehydration of hydrous minerals within the subducting Philippine Sea plate or the sedimentary compaction of alluvium and clastic deposits in the foreland basin west of the orogenic belt. Positive correlation between M6+ earthquakes and TEZ is not unique to Taiwan. Several famous earthquakes in regions with different tectonic settings appear to be associated with local TEZ. Our study could provide insights to long‐term mitigation of regional seismic hazards in Taiwan and probably elsewhere.
Episodes of Warm‐Air Advection Causing Cloud‐Surface Decoupling During the MARCUS
Authors: Zheng Youtong , Li Zhanqing 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt has been known for decades that advection of a cloud‐topped marine boundary layer (CTBL) over warmer sea surface causes the stratification (or decoupling) of the CTBL via the entrainment feedback, a mechanism commonly known as “deepening‐warming” decoupling that is typical in subtropics. This study focuses on the opposite direction of advection, that is, low‐level warm air advection (LLWAA), and its impacts on the decoupling degree of a CTBL. Our hypothesis is that LLWAA stabilizes a CTBL, causing a decoupling of the CTBL. It is tested for three LLWAA episodes observed during the Measurements of Aerosols, Radiation, and CloUds over the Southern Ocean (MARCUS) field campaign between the Hobart (43°S, 147°E), Australia, and several Antarctic coast stations. By synthesizing the shipborne measurements of CTBL structure, Himawari‐8 satellite imagery of cloud fields, and reanalysis of meteorological field, four common characteristics of CTBLs under the LLWAA are found: (1) CTBLs are highly stratified to the extent that penetrations of cumulus into main temperature inversions, which are common for subtropical decoupled CTBLs, do not exist; (2) sea surface temperature is 1–2 K lower than the near‐surface air temperature; (3) clouds manifest stratiform with lifetime as long as several tens of hours; and (4) they locate in warm sectors of middle‐latitude cyclones. Possible mechanisms for the maintenance of decoupled clouds under LLWAA are discussed in terms of dynamic and thermodynamic factors. Lapse rates of the decoupled CTBLs are markedly lower than those commonly used for passive satellite estimation of cloud top heights.
The Latitudinal Variability of Oceanic Rainfall Properties and Its Implication for Satellite Retrievals: 1. Drop Size Distribution Properties
Authors: Protat Alain , Klepp Christian , Louf Valentin , Petersen Walter A. , Alexander Simon P. , Barros Ana , Leinonen Jussi , Mace Gerald G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this study, we analyze an in situ shipboard global ocean drop size distribution (DSD) 8‐year database to understand the underpinning microphysical reasons for discrepancies between satellite oceanic rainfall products at high latitudes reported in the literature. The natural, latitudinal, and convective‐stratiform variability of the DSD is found to be large, with a substantially lower drop concentration with diameter smaller than 3 mm in the Southern hemisphere high latitude (S‐highlat, south of 45°S) and Northern Hemisphere polar latitude (N‐polar, north of 67.5°S) bands, which is where satellite rainfall products most disagree. In contrast, the latitudinal variability of the normalized oceanic DSD is small, implying that the functional form of the normalized DSD can be assumed constant and accurately parameterized using proposed fits. The S‐highlat and N‐polar latitude bands stand out as regions with oceanic rainfall properties different from other latitudes, highlighting fundamental differences in rainfall processes at different latitudes and associated specific challenges for satellite rainfall retrieval techniques. The most salient differences in DSD properties between these two regions and the other latitude bands are: (1) a systematically higher (lower) frequency of occurrence of rainfall rates below (above) 1 mm h‐1, (2) much lower drop concentrations, (3) very different values of the DSD shape parameter (μ0) from what is currently assumed in satellite radar rainfall algorithms, and (4) very different DSD properties in both the convective and stratiform rainfall regimes. Overall, this study provides insights into how DSD assumptions in satellite radar rainfall retrieval techniques could be refined.
Mapping and Characterization of Martian Intercrater Bedrock Plains: Insights Into Resurfacing Processes in the Martian Cratered Highlands
Authors: Cowart J. C. , Rogers A. D. , Edwards C. S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe have produced a map of the Martian highlands that identifies and delineates flat, areally expansive regions of lithified material (bedrock plains) using orbit‐based thermal measurements. We performed morphological and spectral analyses to infer their mechanical properties and determine compositional differences from the surrounding unlithified materials. We tested a previously noted relationship between bedrock plains and olivine spectral detections with quantitative olivine abundance modeling. Finally, we created a catalogue of process‐related landforms (e.g., layering, sinuous ridges, and raised lobate surfaces) associated with bedrock plains. These investigations were used to interpret potential bedrock plain origins. We found that bedrock plains commonly contain multiple morphologically and spectrally distinct subunits. Many bedrock plain surfaces are moderately to heavily degraded, with an apparent susceptibility to aeolian erosion. These properties are consistent with friable clastic materials. Bedrock plains are generally basaltic in composition. They are compositionally distinct from their surroundings, in nearly all cases due to variations in mafic mineralogy. Olivine enrichments associated with bedrock plains are common but not ubiquitous. Olivine enrichments within plain subunits were typically less than 10% above the surrounding, unlithified surface materials. These enrichments could have arisen from mineral fractionation processes during the bulk transport and erosional deflation of clastic materials. Some bedrock plains show strong evidence for fluvial deposition, especially in the Terra Sabaea region. Finally, in addition to clastic bedrock plains, a cluster of bedrock plains in central Terra Cimmeria contain subunits that show evidence for emplacement via effusive volcanism.
Cadmium telluride quantum dot-exposed human bronchial epithelial cells: a further study of the cellular response by proteomics
Authors: Xu Yan-Ming , Tan Heng Wee , Zheng Wei , Liang Zhan-Ling , Yu Fei-Yuan , Wu Dan-Dan , Yao Yue , Zhong Qiu-Hua , Yan Rui , Lau Andy T. Y. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantum dots (QDs) are luminescent nanoparticles with superior versatility. In this regard, cadmium telluride (CdTe) QDs have been widely used for various bioimaging applications. Although these nano-Cd containing particles can be capped with shells to reduce their cytotoxicity, these shells would be gradually disintegrated after a certain period of time, thereby inevitably exerting nanotoxicity. Previously, we showed that treatment of human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells with uncapped CdTe QDs (520Q, 580Q and 730Q with emission maximum at 520, 580 and 730 nm, respectively) elicited dose-dependent cytotoxicity for 520Q and 580Q (&lt;5 nm), while 730Q (&gt;5 nm) elicited negligible cytotoxicity. In order to gain a more global perspective on the action mechanism of these nano-Cd particles, here, we further characterized the proteome response of BEAS-2B when challenged with the above QDs. Interestingly, among the three nano-Cd particles, we observed that 520Q and 580Q treatment altered the BEAS-2B proteome significantly in a very similar magnitude while 730Q has no obvious impact at all, as compared with the untreated control. Notably, the treatment of BEAS-2B with glutathione before nano-Cd particles abrogated the induction/repression of differentially expressed proteins and prevented cell death. Taken together, our findings show that uncapped CdTe nanoparticles (520Q and 580Q) induce oxidative stress in human bronchial epithelial cells, and the similarly altered protein signatures also suggest potential mitotoxicity and common cellular and detoxification responses upon exposure of lung cells to these two QDs. On the other hand, 730Q may exert a more noticeable effect after long-term exposure, but not upon transient exposure.
Development and validation of nomogram combining serum biomarker for predicting survival in patients with resected rectal cancer
Authors: Fan Shaonan , Li Ting , Zhou Ping , Peng Qiliang , Zhu Yaqun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Purpose: Nomogram is a widely used tool that precisely predicts individualized cancer prognoses. We aimed to develop and validate a reliable nomogram including serum tumor biomarkers to predict individual overall survival (OS) for patients with resected rectal cancer (RC) and compare the predictive value with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stages.
Patients and methods: We analyzed 520 patients who were diagnosed with non-metastatic rectal cancer as training cohort. External validation was performed in a cohort of 11851 patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Independent prognostic factors were identified and integrated to build a nomogram using the Cox proportional hazard regression model. The nomogram was evaluated by Harrell’s concordance index (C-index) and calibration plots in both training and validation cohort.
Results: The calibration curves for probability of 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS in both cohorts showed favorable accordance between the nomogram prediction and the actual observation. The C-indices of the nomograms to predict OS were 0.71 in training cohort and 0.69 in the SEER cohort, which were higher than that of the seventh edition American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system for predicting OS (training cohort, 0.71 vs. 0.58, respectively; P-value &lt; 0.001; validation cohort, 0.69 vs. 0.57, respectively; P-value &lt; 0.001).
Conclusion: We developed and validated a novel nomogram based on CEA and other factors for predicting OS in patients with resected RC, which could assist clinical decision making and improvement of prognosis prediction for individual RC patients after surgery.
Electrical characteristics of amorphous indium‐tin‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide TFTs under positive gate bias stress
Authors: Kim D. , Cho K. , Woo S. , Kim S. 
Published: October 2019

In this Letter, the authors investigate the electrical characteristics of amorphous indium‐tin‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐ITGZO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) under positive gate bias stress (PBS). An as‐prepared a‐ITGZO TFT exhibits a mobility of 26.05 cm2/V⋅s, subthreshold swing of 183 mV, threshold voltage of −0.33 V, and on/off ratio of 1.34 × 108. These electrical characteristics deteriorate upon the application of PBS. The proposed experiments and simulations reveal that this deterioration can be attributed to the increase in the density of acceptor‐like conduction band‐tail states and donor‐like Gaussian states within the bandgap of the a‐ITGZO channel material.
DC–DC SIDO converter with low‐voltage stress on switches: analysis of operating modes and design considerations
Authors: Alizadeh Pahlavani Mohammad Reza , Shokati Asl Elias 
Published: October 2019

In this study, a new DC–DC single‐input–dual‐output (SIDO) converter is proposed which is able to step up and share the input voltage between the output terminals with constant duty cycle for whole ranges of duty cycles. Due to the fact that the voltage stresses on the semiconductors of the proposed converter are considerably low, the proposed converter can be applied in both low‐ and high‐power applications. This topology can be used instead of two boost converters, which have very improved conversion ratios in comparison with the recently presented step‐up converters. The proposed configuration can be used in many applications such as renewable energy sources and diode‐clamped inverter in the grid‐tied systems. In this paper, steady‐state and small‐signal analyses of the SIDO converter are presented and the simulation and experimental results are extracted and compared. In practical applications that SIDO is needed, using single‐input–single‐output can be a solution, resulting high cost. To reduce the costs, this study proposes a novel topology, which has reduced components and can step up the input voltage into two separate ports. Finally, a prototype circuit with 42 V input and 510 V/372 W and 730 V/381 W outputs are built to validate the theoretical analysis.
Evaluation of high power density achievement of optimum 4‐level capacitor‐clamped DC–DC boost converter with passive lossless snubber circuit by using Pareto‐Front method
Authors: Kasiran Mohd Amirul Naim , Ponniran Asmarashid , Yatim Mohd Hafizie , Itoh Jun‐ichi 
Published: October 2019

This study presents the evaluation of the proposed optimum 4‐level capacitor‐clamped DC–DC boost converter (CCBC) for high power density achievement by using Pareto‐Front method. The 4‐level CCBC with considering high switching frequency can greatly reduce the inductor size and volume. High switching frequency caused the switching devices to suffer high semiconductor losses. Consequently, the cooling device volume is increased as well. Thus, this study presents soft‐switching technique in the 4‐level CCBC for semiconductor losses reduction. The combination of optimum design of inductor, improvement of circuit structure and soft‐switching technique may lead to the highest power density of the converter. A 400 W of the 4‐level CCBC converter is designed and experimentally verified. The results show that the inductance and inductor volume required in the 4‐level CCBC is reduced by 88.89 and 80.75%, respectively. Besides, Pareto‐Front curve shows the highest power density of soft‐switching technique with the proposed 4‐level CCBC is 6.51 kW/dm3 at 800 kHz of switching frequency with efficiency of 97.20%.
Facets based on cycles and cliques for the acyclic coloring polytope
Authors: Braga Mónica , Marenco Javier 
Published: October 2019

A coloring of a graph is an assignment of colors to its vertices such that any two vertices receive distinct colors whenever they are adjacent. An acyclic coloring is a coloring such that no cycle receives exactly two colors, and the acyclic chromatic number χA(G) of a graph G is the minimum number of colors in any such coloring of G. Given a graph G and an integer k, determining whether χA(G) ≤ k or not is NP-complete even for k = 3. The acyclic coloring problem arises in the context of efficient computations of sparse and symmetric Hessian matrices via substitution methods. In a previous work we presented facet-inducing families of valid inequalities based on induced even cycles for the polytope associated to an integer programming formulation of the acyclic coloring problem. In this work we continue with this study by introducing new families of facet-inducing inequalities based on combinations of even cycles and cliques.
Einleitung des nicht nüchternen Patienten: Welche Medikamente sind zu verwenden?
Authors: Stäuble Christiane G. , Blobner Manfred 
Published: October 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Rapid Sequence Induction beschreibt ein nicht evidenzbasiertes Anästhesieverfahren zur Narkoseeinleitung bei nicht nüchternen Patienten. Ziel dieser Einleitungstechnik ist es, den anästhesierten Patienten ohne Zwischenbeatmung zügig endotracheal zu intubieren, um das Risiko für eine Aspiration zu minimieren. Der Beitrag gibt Empfehlungen für das anästhesiologische Management nicht nüchterner Patienten und verweist insbesondere auf die für die RSI benötigten Medikamente.
Einleitung des nicht nüchternen Patienten: Welche Techniken sind zu verwenden?
Authors: Knoth Selena , Weber Benedict , Croll Marlene , Lotz Hartmut , Eberhart Leopold 
Published: October 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Rapid Sequence Induction and Intubation (RSII) ist das Anästhesieverfahren der Wahl bei aspirationsgefährdeten Patienten, die sich einem operativen Eingriff in Allgemeinanästhesie unterziehen müssen. Die klassische RSII beschränkt sich auf wenige Behandlungsempfehlungen. Diesen liegen selten evidenzbasierte Erkenntnisse zugrunde. Neue Techniken (z. B. Videolaryngoskopie) sowie neue Diagnostika (z. B. Sonografie) erfordern eine Reevaluation der traditionell praktizierten Techniken. In diesem Artikel werden nichtpharmakologische Behandlungsstrategien der RSII behandelt und alte sowie neue Methoden zur Minimierung des Aspirationsrisikos kritisch diskutiert. Zu diesen gehören neben der Magensonde und der Magensonografie die Abläufe rund um die Narkoseeinleitung, wie Lagerung, Zwischenbeatmung, Relaxometrie sowie der Krikoid- bzw. linksparatracheale Druck. Innerklinisch müssen allen Teammitgliedern Behandlungsstandards für die RSII bekannt und die Abläufe etabliert und eingeübt sein. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, Systematiken darzustellen, die eine Entscheidungsgrundlage für lokale Handlungsanweisungen bilden können.
Einleitung von nicht nüchternen Patienten am Beispiel von Schwangeren und Kindern
Authors: Becke Karin , Jöhr Martin , Girard Thierry 
Published: October 2019

ZusammenfassungDie klassische Technik der Rapid Sequence Induction (RSI) ist eine fundamentale Form der Anästhesieeinleitung bei nicht nüchternen Patienten zur Verhinderung der Aspiration von Mageninhalt. Schwangere und Kinder sind aufgrund ihrer Hypoxiegefährdung eine besondere Herausforderung; das klassische RSI-Konzept „Induktion – Apnoe – (Krikoiddruck –) Intubation“ muss bei ihnen zugunsten einer kontrollierten Technik mit Erhalt der Oxygenierung modifiziert werden.
Does endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle biopsy using a Franseen needle really offer high diagnostic accuracy? A propensity-matched analysis
Authors: Fujita Akashi , Ryozawa Shomei , Mizuide Masafumi , Araki Ryuichiro , Nagata Koji , Tanisaka Yuki , Harada Maiko , Ogawa Tomoya , Tashima Tomoaki , Nonaka Kouichi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Background and study aims This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy and utility of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) performed using a Franseen needle on solid pancreatic lesions.
Patients and methods This study included 132 consecutive lesions sampled by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) using a 22-G conventional needle and 95 consecutive lesions evaluated by EUS-FNB using a 22-G Franseen needle to evaluate solid pancreatic lesions at our medical center between July 2013 and November 2018. We used propensity-matched analysis with adjustment for confounders. Patient data were analyzed retrospectively.
Results Diagnostic accuracy was higher in the Franseen needle group (Group F; 91.6 %, 87 /95) than in the conventional needle group (Group C; 86.3 %, 82 /95), showing no significant difference (P = 0.36). In Group F, diagnostic accuracies for pancreatic head lesions and lesions sampled by transduodenal puncture were 98.0 % (48/49) and 97.9 % (46/47), respectively. These values were significantly higher than values in Group C (P = 0.013, 0.01). Group F displayed a significantly lower number of punctures. In terms of differentiating benign from malignant lesions, Group C showed 85.1 % sensitivity (74/87), 100 % specificity (8/8), 100 % positive predictive value (74/74), and 38.1 % negative predictive value (8/21), compared to values of 90.1 % (73/81), 100 % (14/14), 100 % (73/73), and 63.6 % (14/22), respectively, in Group F. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were better in Group F.
Conclusions Franseen needles for EUS-FNB of solid pancreatic lesions offer similar puncture performance at different lesion sites while requiring fewer punctures than conventional needles.