bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Video‐assisted anal fistula treatment for complex anal fistula: a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Giarratano G. , Shalaby M. , Toscana C. , Sileri P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimThis prospective study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of video‐assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) in complex fistula‐in‐ano (FIA).MethodConsecutive patients presenting with complex FIA were recruited between November 2012 and November 2018. The primary outcome was healing of the fistula.ResultsSeventy‐two patients were included, 39 (54%) of whom were men, with a mean age of 46 (±11) years. The mean follow‐up was 32 (±18) months. Complete healing was achieved in 64 (89%) patients. When persistent and recurrent cases were considered together, the failure rate was 21% and the success rate 79%. When patients failed, they were offered VAAFT again, after which there was an in increase in the healing rate, which overall (primary and secondary) was 86%. There was no statistically significant deterioration in continence. Eight (11%) patients experienced postoperative complications which required no additional surgical intervention.ConclusionVAAFT represents a promising, sphincter‐saving technique for the treatment of complex FIA. It has proved efficacious, with 79% of patients achieving complete healing after its primary application. After a second use, this reached 86%. The main advantage of VAAFT compared with other sphincter‐saving techniques is working under direct vision. VAAFT has a good safety profile with 11% of patients experiencing minor complications, and there is no effect on continence.
Anatomy of brain lesions after stroke predicts effectiveness of mirror therapy
Authors: Hamzei Farsin , Erath Gabriele , Kücking Ursula , Weiller Cornelius , Rijntjes Michel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo improve clinical outcome, one longstanding goal in treating stroke patients has been an individual therapy based on functional and anatomical knowledge of the single patient. Therefore, in this study brain imaging of 36 chronic stroke patients was analyzed to identify parameters predicting clinical recovery. T1‐weighted MRI was acquired to assess the lesion; functional MRI was used to visualize existing resources; DTI for the integrity of the corticospinal tract (CST) and long association tracts. These data were related to the clinical course. All patients were treated intensively with the mirror therapy (MT) only. After the training period, we analyzed which patient's feature would predict a beneficial course. Patients as a group improved after MT, but according to the fMRI activation of primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC), they could be divided in two groups with very diverging clinical outcome: those with ipsilesional SMC activation showed a noticeable increase of clinical scores, accompanied with ipsilesional activation in the frontal projection areas of the dorsal and ventral streams during action observation in fMRI. Those with contralesional SMC activation had lesions affecting both the dorsal and ventral stream and did not benefit from MT. The outcome for this therapy was not related to affection of CST. This study demonstrates that only in patients in which dorsal and ventral streams are not affected and therefore an interaction between these streams in post‐ and prerolandic regions is possible, MT can induce clinical improvement. Consequently, knowledge of the anatomical lesion can predict the beneficial course of MT.
Colour stability and surface properties of high‐translucency restorative materials for digital dentistry after simulated oral rinsing
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hyun , Kim Sung‐Hun , Yoon Hyung‐In , Yeo In‐Sung L. , Han Jung‐Suk 
Published: February 2020

High‐translucency restorative materials are commonly used in the restoration of anterior teeth where aesthetics is a critical factor. In this in vitro study, the impact of mouthwash on the colour stability and surface characteristics of high‐translucency computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) dental restorative materials was evaluated. Two‐hundred specimens were fabricated from five high‐translucency CAD‐CAM materials: a resin nano ceramic; a polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network; a feldspathic ceramic; a lithium disilicate glass ceramic; and high‐translucency zirconia. Each group of ceramic specimens was then divided into four subgroups: conventional mouthwash (LISTERINE); whitening mouthwash (LISTERINE Healthy White); chlorhexidine gluconate; and distilled water. Oral rinsing was simulated at 100 rpm for 180 h, representing 15 yr of clinical simulation. The specimens were then evaluated for colour, translucency, gloss, roughness, and surface morphology. Two‐way ANOVA and linear mixed models were used for intergroup comparisons (α = 0.05). The polymer‐infiltrated ceramic network and feldspathic ceramic became brighter, more opaque, less glossy, and rougher after rinsing with the whitening mouthwash. The long‐term use of specific mouthwashes can cause deterioration of the optical and surface properties of high‐translucency CAD‐CAM dental restorations.
Progressive cardiorespiratory dysfunction in Kv1.1 knockout mice may provide temporal biomarkers of pending sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): The contribution of orexin
Authors: Iyer Shruthi H. , Aggarwal Ankita , Warren Ted J. , Hallgren Jodi , Abel Peter W. , Simeone Timothy A. , Simeone Kristina A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveImmediately preceding sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), patients experienced a final generalized tonic‐clonic seizure (GTCS), rapid ventilation, apnea, bradycardia, terminal apnea, and asystole. Whether a progressive pathophysiology develops and increases risk of SUDEP remains unknown. Here, we determined (a) heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) in low‐risk and high‐risk knockout (KO) mice; and (b) whether blocking receptors for orexin, a cardiorespiratory neuromodulator, influences cardiorespiratory function mice or longevity in high‐risk KO mice.MethodsHeart rate and SaO2 were determined noninvasively with ECGenie and pulse oximetry. Respiration was determined with noninvasive airway mechanics technology. The role of orexin was determined within subject following acute treatment with a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA, 100 mg/kg). The number of orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus was determined with immunohistochemistry.ResultsIntermittent bradycardia was more prevalent in high‐risk KO mice, an effect that may be the result of increased parasympathetic drive. High‐risk KO mice had more orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. Blocking of orexin receptors differentially influenced heart rate in KO, but not wild‐type (WT) mice. When DORA administration increased heart rate, it also decreased heart rate variability, breathing frequency, and/or hypopnea‐apnea. Blocking orexin receptors prevented the methacholine (MCh)–induced increase in breathing frequency in KO mice and reduced MCh‐induced seizures, via a direct or indirect mechanism. DORA improved oxygen saturation in KO mice with intermittent hypoxia. Daily administration of DORA to high‐risk KO mice increased longevity.SignificanceHigh‐risk KO mice have a unique cardiorespiratory phenotype that is characterized by progressive changes in five interdependent endpoints. Blocking of orexin receptors attenuates some of these endpoints and increases longevity, supporting the notion that windows of opportunity for intervention exist in this preclinical SUDEP model.
V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of immunoglobulins: mechanism and regulation
Authors: Chi Xiying , Li Yue , Qiu Xiaoyan 
Published: February 2020

SummaryImmunoglobulins emerging from B lymphocytes and capable of recognizing almost all kinds of antigens owing to the extreme diversity of their antigen‐binding portions, known as variable (V) regions, play an important role in immune responses. The exons encoding the V regions are known as V (variable), D (diversity), or J (joining) genes. V, D, J segments exist as multiple copy arrays on the chromosome. The recombination of the V(D)J gene is the key mechanism to produce antibody diversity. The recombinational process, including randomly choosing a pair of V, D, J segments, introducing double‐strand breaks adjacent to each segment, deleting (or inverting in some cases) the intervening DNA and ligating the segments together, is defined as V(D)J recombination, which contributes to surprising immunoglobulin diversity in vertebrate immune systems. To enhance both the ability of immunoglobulins to recognize and bind to foreign antigens and the effector capacities of the expressed antibodies, naive B cells will undergo class switching recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). However, the genetics mechanisms of V(D)J recombination, CSR and SHM are not clear. In this review, we summarize the major progress in mechanism studies of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene recombination and CSR as well as SHM, and their regulatory mechanisms.
First‐time characterization of viable but non‐culturable Proteus mirabilis: Induction and resuscitation
Authors: Wasfi Reham , Abdellatif Ghada Refaat , Elshishtawy Hisham Mohamed , Ashour Hossam M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPathogenic bacteria can enter into a viable but non‐culturable (VBNC) state under unfavourable conditions. Proteus mirabilis is responsible for dire clinical consequences including septicaemia, urinary tract infections and pneumonia, but is not a species previously known to enter VBNC state. We suggested that stress‐induced P. mirabilis can enter a VBNC state in which it retains virulence. P. mirabilis isolates were incubated in extreme osmotic pressure, starvation, low temperature and low pH to induce a VBNC state. Resuscitation was induced by temperature upshift and inoculation in tryptone soy broth with Tween 20 and brain heart infusion broth. Cellular ultrastructure and gene expression were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. High osmotic pressure and low acidity caused rapid entry into VBNC state. Temperature upshift caused the highest percentage of resuscitation (93%) under different induction conditions. In the VBNC state, cells showed aberrant and dwarf morphology, virulence genes and stress response genes (envZ and rpoS) were expressed (levels varied depending on strain and inducing factors). This is the first‐time characterization of VBNC P. mirabilis. The ability of P. mirabilis pathogenic strains to enter a stress‐induced VBNC state can be a serious public health threat.
Vagococcus salmoninarum I—A chronic coldwater streptococcosis in broodstock brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Standish Isaac , Erickson Sara , Leis Eric , Baumgartner Wes , Loch Thomas , Knupp Christopher , McCann Rebekah , Puzach Corey , Katona Ryan , Lark Ellen , Bailey Jennifer , Buening Jorge , Edwards Carey , Phillips Kenneth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn 2018, Vagococcus salmoninarum was isolated from two lots of broodstock “coaster” brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) containing ~1,500 fish at the Iron River National Fish Hatchery, at which time it was identified as the causative agent of a chronic coldwater streptococcosis epizootic. Clinical signs included exophthalmia, lethargy, erratic swimming and loss of equilibrium. Female fish experienced disproportionately higher morbidity and mortality than male co‐inhabitants, and routinely retained eggs following spawning. The most consistent gross clinical sign was heart pallor and turbid pericardial effusion. An attempted treatment using florfenicol was ineffective at halting the epizootic, which spanned more than a year and resulted in >50% mortality before remaining fish were culled. As there is no previous documentation of V. salmoninarum at this hatchery or in this species, it is still unclear what circumstances led to this epizootic. The inability to treat this chronic disease led to the loss of valuable broodstock, hampering ongoing fishery conservation efforts in the Great Lakes Basin.
Efficacy of microneedling combined with tacrolimus versus either one alone for vitiligo treatment
Authors: Ebrahim Howyda M. , Albalate Waleed 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundCombination therapies have reported to augment the repigmentation in vitiligo. Microneedling (Mn) facilitates drug delivery across the skin barrier.ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of Mn combined with tacrolimus vs Mn alone or tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for treatment of localized and stable vitiligo.Patients and MethodNinety patients with vitiligo were randomized into three groups: group I received microneedling with tacrolimus, group II microneedling only both at 2 weeks interval for twelve sessions, and group III applied tacrolimus ointment 0.1% twice daily for 6 months. Skin biopsies were taken at baseline and after treatment.ResultsThe overall improvement (76.6%) was significantly higher in the combined group compared with other groups. Repigmentation was excellent in 66.6 of group I vs 33.3% in the other two groups (P .03). A highly significant improvement of the extremities was observed in the combined group than in the other groups (P < .001). A fewer number of sessions have reported in the combined group (I) than in the microneedling group (II; P < .001). Immunohistochemical results showed a significantly higher expression of HMB‐45 in group I than in other two groups (P .04). Side effects were mild and tolerable in all groups.ConclusionThe combination group has shown promising results over the other two groups.
Third‐Party Intervention in Peer Victimization: Self‐Evaluative Emotions and Appraisals of a Diverse Adolescent Sample
Authors: Frey Karin S. , Strong Zoe Higheagle , Onyewuenyi Adaurennaya C. , Pearson Cynthia R. , Eagan Brendan R. 
Published: February 2020

African American, European American, Mexican American, and Native American adolescents (N = 270) described how they felt and appraised their own actions in response to a peer's victimization. Analyses compared times they had calmed victim emotions, amplified anger, avenged, and resolved conflicts peacefully. Adolescents felt prouder, more helpful, more like a good friend, and expected more peer approval after calming and resolving than after amplifying anger or avenging peers. They also felt less guilt and shame after calming and resolving. Avenging elicited more positive self‐evaluation than amplifying. Epistemic network analyses explored links between self‐evaluative and other emotions. Pride was linked to relief after efforts to calm or resolve. Third‐party revenge reflected its antisocial and prosocial nature with connections between pride, relief, anger, and guilt.
Accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation and a Bayesian latent class model for diagnosis of spinal cord dysfunction in horses
Authors: Rijckaert Joke , Raes Els , Buczinski Sebastien , Dumoulin Michèle , Deprez Piet , Van Ham Luc , van Loon Gunther , Pardon Bart 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundSpinal cord dysfunction/compression and ataxia are common in horses. Presumptive diagnosis is most commonly based on neurological examination and cervical radiography, but the interest into the diagnostic value of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with recording of magnetic motor evoked potentials has increased. The problem for the evaluation of diagnostic tests for spinal cord dysfunction is the absence of a gold standard in the living animal.ObjectivesTo compare diagnostic accuracy of TMS, cervical radiography, and neurological examination.AnimalsOne hundred seventy‐four horses admitted at the clinic for neurological examination.MethodsRetrospective comparison of neurological examination, cervical radiography, and different TMS criteria, using Bayesian latent class modeling to account for the absence of a gold standard.ResultsThe Bayesian estimate of the prevalence (95% CI) of spinal cord dysfunction was 58.1 (48.3%‐68.3%). Sensitivity and specificity of neurological examination were 97.6 (91.4%‐99.9%) and 74.7 (61.0%‐96.3%), for radiography they were 43.0 (32.3%‐54.6%) and 77.3 (67.1%‐86.1%), respectively. Transcranial magnetic stimulation reached a sensitivity and specificity of 87.5 (68.2%‐99.2%) and 97.4 (90.4%‐99.9%). For TMS, the highest accuracy was obtained using the minimum latency time for the pelvic limbs (Youden's index = 0.85). In all evaluated models, cervical radiography performed poorest.Clinical RelevanceTranscranial magnetic stimulation‐magnetic motor evoked potential (TMS‐MMEP) was the best test to diagnose spinal cord disease, the neurological examination was the second best, but the accuracy of cervical radiography was low. Selecting animals based on neurological examination (highest sensitivity) and confirming disease by TMS‐MMEP (highest specificity) would currently be the optimal diagnostic strategy.
Perceptions and attitudes of Small Animal Internal Medicine specialists toward the publication requirement for board certification
Authors: Birkenheuer Adam J. , Royal Kenneth D. , Cerreta Anthony , Hemstreet Daniel , Lunn Katharine F. , Gookin Jody L. , McGarvey Stephanie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe publication requirement for board certification in Small Animal Internal Medicine (SAIM) by the ACVIM is controversial.ObjectivesDirectly and indirectly evaluate the perceptions SAIM Diplomates have on the publication requirement. A secondary objective was to compare the frequency with which publications submitted for credentialing purposes (CredPubs) were cited compared to control articles.SubjectsOne thousand two hundred forty‐one SAIM Diplomates were sent an electronic survey.MethodsA electronic survey was sent to all SAIM Diplomates. Practice websites were evaluated for reference to publication or research. An electronic database was searched to identify the number of times a subset of CredPubs were cited was compared to control articles.ResultsFive hundred six individuals responded. The majority of respondents (n = 428, 85.25%) stated the requirement should be retained either with no changes (n = 186, 37.05%) or with clarifications or modifications (n = 242, 48.21%). A minority of respondents (n = 74, 14.7%) felt it should be eliminated. “Understanding the scientific process” was the most commonly selected reason (n = 467, 92.48%) for the publication requirement. All websites that mentioned research or publication did so using a positive sentiment. With regard to relative citation rates; 17% of CredPubs were in the lower quartile, 59.1% of CredPubs were in the interquartile range, and 23.5% were in the upper quartile compared to control articles.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA majority of SAIM Diplomates favored the retention of the publication requirement in some form. CredPubs were cited at rates similar to control articles.
AEG‐1 promotes angiogenesis and may be a novel treatment target for tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Shan , Chen Lei‐Hui , Niu Yan‐Hong , Geng Ning‐Bo , Feng Chong‐Jin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe study explored the potential function of astrocyte elevated gene‐1 (AEG‐1) on angiogenesis in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) in TSCC cell lines.MethodsThe different degrees of angiogenesis were detected in TSCC cell lines expressing different levels of AEG‐1 by chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) experimental model. Next, we established xenografts of different TSCC cell lines with different expression levels of AEG‐1 in nude mice and conducted immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of the angiogenesis‐associated factor, that is, vascular endothelial growth receptor factor 2 (VEGFR‐2) and microvessel density (MVD). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was detected by ELISA.ResultsCAM assay showed that the number of vessels was significantly reduced in AEG‐1‐down um1 cell line (p < .05), whereas the number was significantly increased in AEG‐1‐over um2 cell line (p < .05). Moreover, up‐regulated AEG‐1 expression level was associated with higher tumor angiogenesis, which was reflected by augmented expression levels of VEGF (p < .01), VEGFR‐2 (p < .05), and MVD counting (p < .01).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that AEG‐1 can promote tumor angiogenesis in TSCC and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by repressing the expression of AEG‐1 may be a novel potential treatment approach for TSCC.
Effect of blood‐flow restricted vs heavy‐load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grønfeldt Birk Mygind , Lindberg Nielsen Jakob , Mieritz Rune Mygind , Lund Hans , Aagaard Per 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionHeavy‐load strength training (HLT) is generally considered the Gold Standard exercise modality for inducing gains in skeletal muscle strength. However, use of heavy external exercise loads may be contraindicative in frail individuals. Low‐load resistance exercise combined with partial blood‐flow restriction (LL‐BFR exercise) may offer an effective alternative for increasing mechanical muscle strength and size. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of LL‐BFR training to HLT on maximal muscle strength gains. Prospero registration‐id (CRD42014013382).Materials and methodsA systematic search in six healthcare science databases and reference lists was conducted. Data selected for primary analysis consisted of post‐intervention changes in maximal muscle strength. A random‐effects meta‐analysis with standardized mean differences (SMD) was used.ResultsOf 1413 papers identified through systematic search routines, sixteen papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria, totalling 153 participants completing HLT and 157 completing LL‐BFR training. The magnitude of training‐induced gains in maximal muscle strength did not differ between LL‐BFR training and HLT (SMD of −0.17 (95% CI: −0.40; 0.05)). Low between‐study heterogeneity was noted (I2 = 0.0%, Chi2P = 9.65).ConclusionLow‐load blood‐flow‐restricted training appears equally effective of producing gains in maximal voluntary muscle strength compared to HLT in 20‐ to 80‐year‐old healthy and habitually active adults.
A Numerical Study of Turbulent Upward Flow of Super Critical Water in a 2 × 2 Rod Bundle With Nonuniform Heating
Authors: Liu Bo , He Shuisheng , Moulinec Charles , Uribe Juan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This work is part of a benchmarking exercise organized by an IAEA in supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) thermal-hydraulics aimed at improving the understanding and prediction accuracy of the thermal-hydraulic phenomena relevant to SCWRs. An experiment carried out using a 2 × 2 SCWR bundle at University of Wisconsin-Madison was modeled using an open-source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code—Code_Saturne. The k–ω shear stress transport (SST) model was used to account for the buoyancy-aided turbulent flow in the fuel channel. Significant heat transfer deterioration (HTD) was observed in the boundary layer, which is commonly expected to occur in buoyancy-aided flows. For comparison, simulations were also conducted using ansysfluent with similar model setups.