bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Czy nauka wyklucza istnienie osobowego Boga i czy wiara w Niego jest kompatybilna z ewolucją?
Authors: Haught John F. 
Published: January 2021

Ten tekst przedstawia trzy różne sposoby, w jakie ludzie, którzy mieli kontakt z nauką, odpowiadają na następujące pytania: „Czy nauka jest zgodna z wiarą religijną?” oraz „Czy nauka nie wyklucza istnienia osobowego Boga?”. Pierwsza odpowiedź zakłada, że nauki przyrodnicze i wiara religijna wykluczają się wzajemnie. To jest sytuacja konfliktu. Jej przedstawiciele należą do dwóch głównych podgrup: (1) sceptyków, którzy wierzą, że nauki przyrodnicze uczyniły wszystkie twierdzenia religijne niewiarygodnymi, oraz (2) ludzi wiary, którzy odmawiają przyjęcia pewnych naukowych idei, takich jak kosmologia Wielkiego Wybuchu i ewolucja biologiczna. W obecnym tekście konflikt dotyczy tylko naukowych sceptyków, którzy twierdzą, że metody i odkrycia naukowe zdezaktualizowały wiarę religijną i teologię.
Drugi typ odpowiedzi na wymienione pytania utrzymuje, że nauka i wiara dotyczą różnych poziomów lub wymiarów rzeczywistości. Zgodnie z tym podejściem, nauka i teologia stawiają zupełnie inne rodzaje pytań, dlatego nie można ich traktować jako konkurencyjnych obszarów. W stanowisku kontrastu podkreśla się, że nie może być prawdziwego konfliktu między twierdzeniami nauk przyrodniczych a twierdzeniami wiary i teologii. Wiara i nauka nie rywalizują o jakiś wspólny cel, więc nie mogą wchodzić ze sobą w konflikt.
Trzecim stanowiskiem jest konwergencja. Można je również nazwać „współbrzmieniem”, „współpracą”, „kontaktem” lub „konwersacją”. To stanowisko zgadza się z tezą „kontrastu”, według którego wiara religijna i nauki przyrodnicze są różnymi sposobami rozumienia świata, ale argumentuje zarazem, że te dwa obszary nieuchronnie oddziałują na siebie. Konwergencja promuje tę interakcję. Celem zwolenników konwergencji jest osiągnięcie syntezy, w której zarówno nauka, jak i wiara zachowują swoją tożsamość, a jednocześnie pozostają w ścisłym związku ze sobą we wspólnym dążeniu do inteligibilności i prawdy. Konwergencja zakłada, że odkrycia naukowe mają znaczenie dla wiary, innymi słowy, odkrycia naukowe mogą znacząco wpłynąć na to, jak myślimy o Bogu i sensie naszego życia. Konwergencja zakłada, że nauka i wiara, o ile nie są ze sobą mylone, mogą razem prowadzić do bogatszego spojrzenia na rzeczywistość.
Evolutionism–Creationism: In Search for a Platform of Dialogue
Authors: Dąbek Dariusz 
Published: January 2021

Ewolucjonizm–kreacjonizm. Poszukiwanie płaszczyzny dialogu
W artykule przedstawiona została próba wskazania płaszczyzny dyskusji ewolucjonistów z kreacjonistami, która umożliwiałaby dialog zwiększający szansę wypracowania spójnego światopoglądu łączącego elementy wiedzy naukowej i wiary religijnej. W odniesieniu do różnych typów wiedzy zaproponowane zostało wyróżnienie trzech poziomów: 1) przedmiot badań, 2) wiedza o tym przedmiocie, 3) interpretacja tej wiedzy. Dialog może być prowadzony już na poziomie drugim, lecz z poszanowaniem wzajemnej autonomii i ukierunkowaniem raczej na inspirację, niż na integrację. Właściwą płaszczyzną dialogu jest poziom trzeci: interpretacja wiedzy oraz budowanie wizji świata i człowieka. Celem dialogu na tym poziomie jest integracja wszystkich elementów światopoglądu i dążenie do wyjaśnienia i zrozumienia całej rzeczywistości.
Inflamasom jako czynnik sprawczy i ochronny w patogenezie nieswoistych chorób zapalnych jelit.
Authors: Świerczyński Mikołaj , Fichna Jakub 
Published: January 2021

Nieswoiste choroby zapalne jelit (NChZJ) stanowią grupę chorób przewlekłych o globalnym zasięgu, znacznie obniżających jakość życia pacjentów. Do głównych przedstawicieli NChZJ zalicza się chorobę Leśniowskiego-Crohna (ChLC) oraz wrzodziejące zapalenie jelita grubego (WZJG). Chociaż etiologia NChZJ nadal pozostaje nie w pełni poznana, inflamasom NLRP3 jest jednym z najbardziej obiecujących kierunków badań w jej zakresie. NLRP3 jest aktywowanym przez molekularne wzorce związane z uszkodzeniem komórki i patogenami funkcjonalnym kompleksem odpowiedzialnym za produkcję cytokin prozapalnych – interleukiny-1b (IL-1b) oraz -18 (IL-18), przez co uczestniczy w procesie zapalnym leżącym u podłoża NChZJ. W ostatnich latach coraz częściej zwraca się jednak uwagę na aktywność NLRP3 obejmującą utrzymywanie homeostazy błony śluzowej jelit oraz kontroli składu mikrobiomu jelitowego, dzięki której może on stanowić ważny czynnik ochronny przed NChZJ. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiamy wyniki badań przemawiające za każdą z przedstawionych teorii na temat NLRP3 w patogenzie NChZJ – zarówno jako czynnika sprawczego, jak i ochronnego.
The Controversy on the Role of ACE2 Receptor in COVID-19 Infection: The Protective Shift toward the ACE2 Axis
Authors: Ahmed Sarah I Y 
Published: January 2021

Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is recognized as the main cellular receptor for the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, that facilitates its entry into the host target cell, leading to the fatal viral infection, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thus, it is considered as a main therapeutic target in the SARS-CoV-2 infection. The dual role of ACE2 as a gate for SARS-CoV-2 virus and as a part of lung and multi-organ protection has built a scientific debate that affects the choice of treatments used against COVID-19 patient. ACE2 inhibitors like anti-ACE2 antibodies were first introduced as therapeutic solutions that, theoretically, would decrease the availability of target molecules for SARS-CoV-2 by downregulating ACE2 expression. However, animal studies showed that ACE2 upregulation acts as a counterbalance to the hypertensive pro-inflammatory angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and results in a protective role against acute lung injury – a fatal consequence of the disease. The current study tests the effect of ACE2-activating treatments against the outcome of genetic variations in the population that have ACE2-upregulatory effects.
Conclusion Despite its role as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 virus, experimental studies and the genetic polymorphisms in populations that have ACE2 upregulation revealed a protective role against COVID-19 infection.

Key words: ACE2 ACE COVID-19 treatments genetic variations
Comparison of Tenofovir with Telbivudine in Preventing Hepatitis B Transmission in Mothers with High Viral Load: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Ming , Zhu Yunxia , Pang Qiumei , Li Ran , Zhang Hua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Little data exist regarding comparison of efficacy and safety between tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and Telbivudine (LdT) in late pregnancy to prevent hepatitis B mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in real-world settings.Methods: We retrospectively included HB-s antigen (HBsAg) positive mothers with HBV DNA ≥2*105IU/mL to receive TDF or LdT after gestational weeks 24～32 weeks. All infants received standard immunoprophylaxis. Primary outcomes were MTCT rates at infants’ age of 52 weeks and safety of TDF or LdT use. Secondary outcomes were the decline of HBV-DNA levels at delivery and rates of on-treatment and off-treatment alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation>2 upper limits of normal (ULN) during the study.Results: Of 1407 women, 209 received TDF and 1198 received LdT treatment. There were no differences between mean duration of TDF and LdT treatment (TDF vs. LdT: 11.76±2.20 weeks vs 11.64±2.79 weeks, p=0.47). At birth, 213 (9.8%) infants in the TDF-group were HBsAg positive, lower than 1180 (20.8%) in the LdT-group (p<0.001). Among 1405 infants (TDF/LdT=213/1192) of the 1385 (TDF/LdT=205/1180) women completed the 52-weeks study, intention‐to‐treat analysis indicated one infant (0.5 %) was lost to follow-up in TDF treated mothers and three (0.3 %) in LDT treated mothers (p=0.48). On-treatment analysis indicated no HBsAg positive infants in the two groups. Levels of HBV-DNA decline in TDF-treated mothers were observed comparable to LdT-treated mothers (4.05±0.93 log10IU/mlvs.3.99±1.30 log10IU/ml, p=0.50). TDF-treated mothers had complained more symptoms of the digestive system and less arthralgia than LdT-treated mothers. All adverse events in the two groups were grade I-II. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation(>2ULN) in TDF-treated mothers were lower than in LdT-treated mothers (7.3% vs.15.7%, p<0.05).Conclusions: TDF and LdT use in late pregnancy for highly viremic mothers was equally effective in reducing MTCT. However, TDF has fewer ALT abnormalities than LdT during treatment and is the preferred choice.
Auxiliary Rapid Identification of Pathogenic and Antagonistic Microorganisms for Coptis Chinensis Root Rot by High-throughput Sequencing
Authors: Liao Hailang , Huang Ling , Li Na , Ke Wenjia , Xiang Yiqing , Ma Yuntong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Root rot reduced the yield and medical quality of C. Chinensis. Previous studies of Coptis root rot focused on the identification of pathogens and the rhizosphere microbial community composition. In order to provide more evidence for preventing this disease, the present study was to identify the pathogenic and antagonistic microorganisms based on a high-throughput sequencing technique. The healthy and diseased C. chinensis in the endosphere and rhizosphere from the same field were collected to investigating the differences in microbiome composition and function. The results showed that the composition and function of microbes were different. The animal pathogen, soil saprotroph, plant saprotroph, and wood saprotroph in the endosphere of the diseased C. chinensis were higher than the healthy endosphere, which was dominated by Phaeosphaeriaceae, Cladorrhinum, Fusarium, Exophiala, and Melanommataceae. Fusarium, Volutella, Cladorhinum, Cylindrocarpon, and Exophiala were significantly enriched in the endosphere of diseased plants. Co-occurrence network analysis showed that Bacillus were negatively correlated with Fusarium, Volutella, and Cylindrocarpon, indicating that they may be antagonistic microorganisms. To verify the sequencing results, F. solani and F. avenaceum have been isolated and verified as pathogens, and 14 Bacillus bacteria have been isolated, which displayed an apparent suppression effect against the two pathogens on PDA medium and detached root. The strategy of high-throughput sequencing has the potential for the comprehensive identification of pathogenic and antagonistic microorganisms for plant disease. These results lay the foundation for future studies on mitigating or preventing root rot damage to C. chinensis.
Global Burden of Non-communicable Diseases Attributable to Dietary Risks in 1990-2019
Authors: Qiao Jie , Lin Xiling , Wu Yiwen , Huang Xin , Pan Xiaowen , Xu Jingya , Wu JunYun , Ren Yuezhong , Shan Peng-Fei 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Dietary risks raised attention around worldwide during the past decades. The aims of this burden-of-disease study were to evaluate the global dietary risks for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) from 1990 to 2019 and quantify their impact on mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Method: Data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study on deaths and DALYs from NCDs attributable to worldwide dietary risks were obtained and underwent deep analysis by year, age, gender, location, leading risks, and leading causes, and their associations were examined. The Socio-demographic Index (SDI) was used as an indicator of national socioeconomic status, and the relationships between age-standardized rates of deaths or DALYs and socioeconomic status. Results: In 2019, 7.9 million deaths and 187.7 million DALYs were attributable to dietary risk factors. High intake of sodium and low intake of whole grains and fruits were leading dietary risks for deaths and DALYs worldwide. However, both indexes showed a decreasing trend by year, an increase by age, and a higher disease burden in males. The main distribution of dietary-related NCDs was located in highly populated countries. A negative association between the SDI and disease burden, and a positive association between the SDI and male preponderance were found. Conclusions: Dietary risk factors for NCDs increased significantly and varied across regions during 1990-2019. Therefore, greater efforts are needed to raise public awareness of interventions and improve dietary practices to reduce the disease burden caused by suboptimal dietary intake, especially in developing countries and among males.
The By-Products of Prickly Pear Processing in Broiler Feed: Case of Dehydrated Husks and Cake
Authors: Cherif Imene , Arbouche Rafik , Arbouche yasmine , Mennani Achour , Arbouche Fodil 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: The utilization of agro-industrial by-products is a potential substitution of imported raw materials in broiler feed formulas for developing countries. This study aims to determine the effects of substituting prickly pear husks for maize and prickly pear seed cake for soybean meal on the production performance, slaughter characteristics, and chemical composition of broiler meat.Materials and methods: Two hundred day-old chicks of equal sex ratio (1:1) of Big Fast strain, weighing on average 37±2g, were randomly divided into 4 homogeneous groups of 50 subjects each. Each group was subdivided into 10 packs of 05 animals, banded and numbered. The rations distributed with a substitution rate of 0, 10%, 20%, and 30% of maize and soybean meal by dehydrated husks and prickly pear cake were randomly distributed through the different groups.Results: Average daily gains and body weights at 48 days were improved (p<0.05) for the 10% and 20% groups and the 30% group performed identically to the control. Cold carcass yield was optimal for 10% and 20% groups. The liver weight of the experimental groups decreased significantly (p<0.05) while that of the gizzards increased significantly (+24 points). The meat protein rate evolved proportionally to the substitution rate, in contrast to the fat rate, which was depreciated by up to -1.08 points for the 30% group compared to the control.Conclusion: The incorporation of prickly pear processing by-products into broiler feed at rates of 10% and 20% improves zootechnical performance, carcass yields, and the chemical composition of the meat.
Total Knee Arthroplasty Improves Locomotive Syndrome in Patients with Knee Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study Focused on Total Clinical Decision Limits Stage 3
Authors: Miyazaki Shigeaki , Yoshinaga Saori , Tsuruta Kurumi , Hombu Amy , Fujii Yoshinori , Arakawa Hideki , Chosa Etsuo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background:In 2020, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association added a new clinical decision limit (CDL), stage 3, to evaluate the stages of locomotive syndrome (LS). However, so far there has been no study of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to examine the efficacy of LS treatment and there are no motor function indicators to predict LS improvement, focusing on stage 3. The purpose of this study is to investigate the treatment efficacy of TKA on LS focusing on total CDL stage 3 leading to revealing the motor function indicators that can predict LS improvement in patients who had received TKA.Methods:This prospective cohort study was conducted with 59 patients among 70 patients who underwent TKA, with total CDL stage 3 before TKA evaluation. LS was evaluated using stand-up test, two-step test, and 25-Question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale. In addition, the motor function indicators which could predict the LS improvement were examined. All assessments were conducted before TKA and three months after TKA.Results:Of the 59 subjects who were evaluated to be in total CDL stage 3 before TKA, 17 patients (28.8%) were determined to show improvements in total CDL. From the result of the decision tree analysis, when the CDL of the two-step test before TKA was 1 or less, the improvement rate was 77.8%. Even if the CDL of the two-step test before TKA was higher than 2 and if the 3m-Timed Up & Go test (3m-TUG) before TKA was 9.15 or less, the improvement rate was 60%.Conclusions:As of three months after surgery, TKA can improve LS in about 30% of patients. A two-step test before TKA and 3m-TUG before TKA can be used as motor function indicators to predict LS improvement. This study provides useful information for setting the goal for rehabilitation prior to surgery.
Women's Expectations of Health Care Providers' Communication and Behavior in the Delivery Room: a Cross-sectional Study in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Ahmed Hamdia Mirkhan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Having a positive childbirth experience is highlighted as being important by the World Health Organization (WHO). One way of achieving this goal is to fulfill the expectations of women. This study aimed to find out women’s expectations in the delivery room and to determine the association between their overall level of expectation and sociodemographic and obstetrical characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1196 women who agreed to participate and who met the inclusion criteria through convenient sampling. Data were collected through direct interviews after receiving informed consent. Sociodemographic and obstetric data, along with expectations items, were summarized by frequency and percentage. A chi-square test was used to find the association between overall expectation and sociodemographic and obstetric variables, general satisfaction with birth care, and communication of health care providers. Results: A majority of the study sample expected the following from health care providers in the delivery room: presence (78.6%), positive and calming verbal (76.3%) and nonverbal expressions (72.3%), environmental control (74.6%), encouragement of different positions and mobilization (75.9%), hygiene (77.5%), promotion of urinary elimination (75.8%), and instruction on breathing and relaxation (71.9%). The overall expectation level was divided into “high expectations” (68.6), “slight expectation” (29.9), and “no expectation” (1.4). Conclusion: Knowing the women’s expectations in the delivery room and how to effectuate them helps to inform plans of care and may also increase women’s satisfaction level, providing them with a more positive birth experience.
Significance of Cytoplasmic Expression of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Liver Resection
Authors: Nishi Yusuke , Aoki Taku , Shimizu Takayuki , Sato Shun , Matsumoto Takatsugu , Shiraki Takayuki , Sakuraoka Yuhki , Mori Shozo , Iso Yukihiro , Ishizuka Mitsuru , Kubota Keiichi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is reportedly expressed in various types of cancer. However, the significance of TERT expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been fully evaluated. Herein, we evaluated TERT expression in resected HCC tumor tissues using immunohistochemistry. TERT expression was assessed in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of HCC cells. The relationships between TERT expression and clinical characteristics were investigated. Among the 135 HCCs, TERT expression was positive only in the cytoplasm in 86 tumors (63.7%), was positive only in the nucleus in 3 tumors (2.2%), was positive in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in 5 tumors (3.7%) and was negative in 41 tumors (30.4%). Cytoplasmic TERT expression was significantly associated with HBs antigen, poor tumor differentiation, and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic unit (DNA-PKcs) expression. However, TERT expression in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus was not significantly correlated with the overall or the recurrence-free survival periods. In conclusion, TERT was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of HCC tissues. Cytoplasmic TERT expression is closely associated with HBV-related HCC and DNA-PKcs expression. The overexpression of TERT and DNA-PKcs arise from cccDNA and may be related to liver carcinogenesis in the presence of HBV infection.
Choroidal Thickening in Patients with Coronavirus Disease – 2019
Authors: Abrishami Mojtaba , Emamverdian Zahra , Daneshvar Ramin , Saeedian Neda , Tohidinezhad Fariba , Seddigh-Shamsi Mohsen , Mazloumi Mehdi , Eslami Saeid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate choroidal thickness in the macular region of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: Patients recovered from COVID-19 were included in this cross-sectional study. Macular imaging with an SD-OCT device was performed at least 2 weeks after recovery from systemic COVID-19 and choroidal thickness was measured as the main outcome measure.Results: Thirty-four subjects were included in this study. One patient was monocular and high-quality SD-OCT images were available for the remaining 67 eyes. Dilated choroidal vessels were observed in 55 eyes (82%) and retinal pigment epitheliopathy was noticeable in 4 eyes (6%); these findings resemble those of the pachychoroid spectrum. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in our patients was 380.3±12.40 µm, which was significantly thicker than the previously reported SFCT in the normal population (310.7 ± 57.5 µm) (p<0.001).Conclusion: Patients with COVID-19 demonstrate remarkable changes in the choroid of the macular region.
IMRT Treatment for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) Is Superior for Relieving Xerostomia, Improving Quality of Life and Protecting the Parotid Glands
Authors: Hu Linjun , Li Xianfeng , Wu Zhenzhen , Wang Xiongwei , Meng Ruijuan , Zhang Yanlan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: We investigated the effects of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on xerostomia, quality of life (QoL) and protection of the parotid glands in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) compared to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT).Methods: Eighty patients with NPC were enrolled in a prospective randomized clinical study and received IMRT or 3D-CRT. A xerostomia questionnaire (XQ), QoL questionnaire and parotid gland function assessment were completed at baseline and 6 months after radiotherapy.Results: Xerostomia occurred in both groups after RT, although the XQ scores of the IMRT group were lower and, as a consequence, the QoL scores were higher than in the 3D-CRT group. A correlation analysis showed that there was some correlation between the XQ and QoL scores. After 6 months of RT, the uptake index (UI) and excretion index (EI) decreased by 34.41% and 22.66% in the IMRT group, while in the 3D-CRT group the UI and EI decreased by 54.4% and 41.9%, respectively, and the function of the parotid glands declined. Conclusions: IMRT better relieved xerostomia and improved the QoL of NPC patients by sparing the parotid glands, without compromising treatment of the target site.