bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation and Machine Induction
Authors: Liu Xiaofei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
One type of soft-line reply to manipulation arguments, which I call ‘the another-agent reply’, focuses on the existence of some controlling agent(s) and how this can undermine the actor's moral responsibility. A well-known challenge to this type of reply is the so-called ‘machine induction’ case. This paper provides an argument for why ‘machine induction’ presents no real challenge to the another-agent reply. It further argues that any soft-liner who does not leave room for the existence of some controlling agent(s) in their explanation of why manipulation undermines responsibility will face a dilemma. Thus, instead of presenting a challenge to the another-agent reply, ‘machine induction’ actually presents a reason in support of it.
STAMP: a multiplex sequencing method for simultaneous evaluation of mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmies and content
Authors: Guo Xiaoxian , Wang Yiqin , Zhang Ruoyu , Gu Zhenglong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) variations, such as mtDNA heteroplasmies (the co-existence of mutated and wild-type mtDNA), have received increasing attention in recent years for their clinical relevance to numerous diseases. But large-scale population studies of mtDNA heteroplasmies have been lagging due to the lack of a labor- and cost-effective method. Here, we present a novel human mtDNA sequencing method called STAMP (sequencing by targeted amplification of multiplex probes) for measuring mtDNA heteroplasmies and content in a streamlined workflow. We show that STAMP has high-mapping rates to mtDNA, deep coverage of unique reads and high tolerance to sequencing and polymerase chain reaction errors when applied to human samples. STAMP also has high sensitivity and low false positive rates in identifying artificial mtDNA variants at fractions as low as 0.5% in genomic DNA samples. We further extend STAMP, by including nuclear DNA-targeting probes, to enable assessment of relative mtDNA content in the same assay. The high cost-effectiveness of STAMP, along with the flexibility of using it for measuring various aspects of mtDNA variations, will accelerate the research of mtDNA heteroplasmies and content in large population cohorts, and in the context of human diseases and aging.
Microbial Translocation in the Context of Hepatitis B Infection and Hepatitis D Infection
Authors: Townsend Elizabeth C , Zhang Grace Y , Ali Rabab , Surana Pallavi , Firke Marian , Moon Mi Sun , Han Ma Ai Thanda , Gewirtz Meital , Haddad James A , Kleiner David E , Koh Christopher , Heller Theo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Increased microbial translocation (MT) into the systemic circulation is associated with liver disease progression. MT has yet to be completely defined in chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis D (HDV).

Aim
To characterize MT and associated immune response in chronic HBV and HDV at various stages of disease.

Methods
Serum from 53 HBV, 43 HDV, and 36 healthy control (HC) subjects was obtained. Subjects were categorized by aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index into mild (&lt;0.5), moderate, and severe (&gt;1.0) disease. Cytokines, microbial products, and microbial DNA levels were assessed in a single treatment-naïve time point for each patient. Next-generation sequencing identified bacterial species present within patient sera.

Results
HBV and HDV subjects display higher serum concentrations of gram-negative (G-) bacterial lipopolysaccharide and fungal beta-glucan compared to HC (all p&lt;0.01). Gram-positive (G+) bacterial peptidoglycan is higher in HBV compared to HDV and HC (both p&lt;0.0001). Within both disease cohorts, peptidoglycan correlates with IL-1b, IL-8, IL-12p70, and IL-13 (all spearman-r&gt;0.45, p&lt;0.05). Next-generation sequencing from seven subjects with detectable serum bacterial DNA revealed changes in abundance of bacterial taxa and a higher proportion of gram-positive genera in severe disease. Greater G+/G- taxa ratio is associated with higher cytokine levels and disease markers.

Conclusions
HBV and HDV patients display increased translocation of bacterial and fungal products into serum. Increased proportion of gram-positive genera is associated with disease progression. Correlations of peptidoglycan with anti-microbial cytokines suggests particular microbial classes may contribute to systemic inflammation and possibly disease progression.
Opportunities to Offer Harm Reduction to People who Inject Drugs During Infectious Disease Encounters: Narrative Review
Authors: Peckham Alyssa M , Young Erika H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Increased rates of overdose (OD) and blood-borne infections have been associated with injection drug use (IDU). This increasing overlap between IDU-related infectious diseases (ID) is a byproduct of the opioid OD crisis, especially with the transition to synthetic opioids with faster onset and shorter duration leading to potentially more frequent injections. ID specialists are uniquely positioned to positively impact the opioid OD crisis by capitalizing on opportunistic moments of engagement during clinical encounters with people who inject drugs (PWID). Harm reduction services should therefore be expanded and offered to PWID in ID settings to reduce rates of OD, infection, and hospitalization. Major target areas include (1) teaching and distribution of materials related to safer injection practice such as sterile injection supplies, fentanyl test strips, and naloxone; (2) increased screening and access to pre-exposure prophylaxis and postexposure prophylaxis; and (3) initiation of medications for opioid use disorder. Incorporating these strategies in various treatment settings can expand treatment access, improve patient outcomes, and reduce stigma associated with IDU.
Dynamics of the Antibody Response After a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine Indicate a Slower Decline Compared With a Second Dose
Authors: Kaaijk Patricia , Nicolaie M Alina , van Rooijen Debbie , van Houten Marianne A , van der Klis Fiona R , Buisman Anne-Marie , van Binnendijk Rob S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Breakthrough infections of measles and mumps have raised concerns about the duration of vaccine-induced immunity, which might be improved by a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR3).

Methods
Here we compared (IgG) antibody levels against measles, mumps, and rubella in blood samples of 9-year-old children and young adults (18–25 years) following MMR2 and MMR3, respectively.

Results
We found that, in addition to antibody boosting for all 3 vaccine components, MMR3 resulted in lower antibody decay rates than MMR2; the declines were most prominent for mumps and rubella.

Conclusions
This study suggests that MMR3 provides long-lasting seroprotection against measles, mumps, and rubella.
Bringing the Law Back In: The Law-Government Nexus in an Era of Network Governance
Authors: Zouridis Stavros , Leijtens Vera 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Recently, scholars have claimed that public management theory has too much ignored law. Consequently, the under-legalized conception of public management has produced a flawed understanding of public management theory as well as public management practices, threatening public institutions’ legitimacy. In this article, we argue that law never left public management theory. Rather, the link between government and law has been redefined twice. We refer to the assumptions that constitute this link as the law-government nexus. This nexus changed from lawfulness in a public administration paradigm, to legal instrumentalism in a (new) public management paradigm, and to a networked concept in the public governance (PG) paradigm. In order to prevent a faulty over-legalized conception of public management, bringing the law back in should be built on lessons from the past. This article elaborates on three strategies to reconnect law and public management. We map the strengths and weaknesses of each law-government nexus and illustrate these with the case of the Dutch tax agency. In our strategies that aim to reconceptualize the current law-government nexus, we incorporate the benefits of each paradigm for public management theory. The revised law-governance nexus enables the PG paradigm to correspond to contemporary issues without encountering old pathologies.
ASSESSING THE COMPLIANCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATED BY BASE STATIONS AND WIFI ACCESS POINTS WITH INTERNATIONAL GUIDELINES ON UNIVERSITY CAMPUS
Authors: Keshmiri Sajedeh , Gholampour Neda , Mohtashami Vahid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a series of electromagnetic field measurements performed on the campus of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in order to assess the compliance of radiation levels of cellular base stations and WiFi access points with international guidelines. A calibrated, broadband and isotropic probe is used and recommendations of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are followed up throughout measurements. More than 300 outdoor and indoor locations have been systematically chosen for measurements. The recorded data are post-processed and compared with the guideline of International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). Measured power densities of WiFi access points are low and do not exceed 1% of the level allowed by ICNIRP. For cellular base stations, measured power density is usually low outdoors, but reaches up to 16% of the allowed radiation level in publicly accessible indoor locations. Comprehensive exposure assessment, as recommended by ITU, has been performed to estimate the maximum possible radiation of one indoor base station. It is concluded that precautionary actions have to be taken by university authorities to limit the presence of students in close proximity to specific indoor antennas. Moreover, comprehensive exposure assessment is more likely necessary for indoor base stations whereas such assessment is not usually required outdoors.
Spatial analysis of malaria in Kotabaru, South Kalimantan, Indonesia: an evaluation to guide elimination strategies
Authors: Juhairiyah Juhairiyah , Andiarsa Dicky , Indriyati Liestiana , Ridha Muhammad Rasyid , Prasodjo Rachmalina Soerachman , Dhewantara Pandji Wibawa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Malaria remains a significant public health concern in Indonesia. Knowledge about spatial patterns of the residual malaria hotspots is critical to help design elimination strategies in Kotabaru district, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.

Methods
Laboratory-confirmed malaria cases from 2012 to 2016 were analysed to examine the trend in malaria cases. Decomposition analysis was performed to assess seasonality. Annual spatial clustering of the incidence and hotspots were identified by Moran's I and the local indicator for spatial association, respectively.

Results
The annual parasite incidence of malaria was significantly reduced by 87% from 2012 to 2016. Plasmodium vivax infections were significantly much more prevalent over time, followed by Plasmodium falciparum infections (p&lt;0.001). The monthly seasonality of P. vivax and P. falciparum was distinct. High incidence was spatially clustered identified in the north, west and parts of south Kotabaru. Two persistent and four re-emerging high-risk clusters were identified during the period. Despite the significant reduction in the incidence of malaria, the residual high-risk villages remained clustered in the northern part of Kotabaru.

Conclusions
A spatially explicit decision support system is needed to support surveillance and control programs in the identified high-risk areas to succeed in the elimination goal of 2030.
Functional Outcomes of Patella Fractures Treated With Anterior Plate Osteosynthesis at One Year
Authors: Shymon Stephen J. , Jansson Hayley , Schneiderman Brian A. , Nazareth Alexander , Hoshino Christopher Max , Zinar Daniel M. , Gold Stuart M. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
To evaluate the functional outcomes of patients with displaced patellar fractures treated with anterior plate constructs.

Design:
Prospective cohort and retrospective clinical and radiographic assessment.

Setting:
Level I Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:
Between 2014 and 2018, 18 patients who underwent operative intervention for an isolated, displaced patella fracture (OTA/AO 34C1-3) with a minimum of 1-year follow-up agreed to participate in the study. The mean follow-up was 19.5 ± 6.0 months.

Intervention:
Patients were treated with 2.4 or 2.7-mm plates and supplemental screws or cerclage wires.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Patients were evaluated with the Short Form-36 Survey and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores and asked about symptomatic implants. The range of motion was assessed by goniometer.

Results:
The cohort had no wound complications, infections, nonunion, loss of reduction, or implant failure. Active knee flexion was 131 ± 7 degrees. Five patients (28%) endorsed implant irritation. Only one patient (5.5%) underwent implant removal, which consisted of transverse screw removal alone. Twelve of the 14 patients (86%), who were previously employed, returned to work at 10 ± 7 weeks. All Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores subscale scores and the Short Form-36 Survey scores for physical functioning, limitations due to physical health, limitations due to mental health, and social functioning were significantly lower than reference population norms (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Anterior plating provides reliable fixation for displaced patellar fractures and results in a low incidence of implant irritation. However, patients who had anterior fixation for displaced patella fractures continue to exhibit functional deficits at 1-year postoperatively.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Radiographic Quantification of Safe Zones for Screw Placement in the Femoral Neck: A Computed Tomography–Based Analysis
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Kumar Mukesh , Arora Rajesh , Passey Jigyasa , Das Saubhik , Chauhan Shishir 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The purpose of this study is to design a radiographic map of the femoral neck showing proportion-based locations of the safe zones for screw placement with widest bony extents in anteroposterior and lateral radiographs using normal computed tomography–based data.

Methods:
We analyzed computed tomography–based studies of 50 intact normal proximal femora equally from male and female subjects. Using software-developed radiographs, the proportionate locations of the maximal anteroposterior and cephalocaudal extents in both constricted zones were measured. The width of the femoral neck in the measurement zone was taken as the reference for calculation of proportions.

Results:
For anteroposterior radiographs, the anteroposterior safe zones in the femoral neck are located at the gradients of 34.21% and 34.33% from the superior border in midcervical and basicervical regions, respectively. In lateral radiographs, they correlate with the visible anterior extent of femoral neck and lie at a gradient of 7.16% and 11.79% from the visible posterior border in midcervical and basicervical regions, respectively. In lateral radiographs, the calcar-based cephalocaudal safe zone was located at the gradients of 43.49% and 39.53% from the visible posterior border in midcervical and basicervical regions, respectively. In anteroposterior radiographs, cephalic limit of the calcar-based safe zone is located at the gradients of 9.63% and 17.82% from the superior border in midcervical and basicervical regions, respectively.

Conclusions:
Radiographic margins cannot be reliably trusted for screw fixation of femoral neck fractures. The proportionate locations of the anteroposterior and calcar-based cephalocaudal safe zones with widest bone stock in anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopic projections can help in the safe placement of screws for fixation of femoral neck fractures.
Unnecessary Preoperative Cardiology Evaluation and Transthoracic Echocardiogram Delays Time to Surgery for Geriatric Hip Fractures
Authors: Hoehmann Christopher L. , Thompson Jeffrey , Long Mitchell , DiVella Michael , Munnangi Swapna , Ruotolo Charles , Galos David K. 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
Delays to surgery for patients with geriatric hip fracture are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) were created to standardize preoperative cardiology consultation and transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). This study's purpose is to determine if these practices are over used and delay time to surgery at a safety net hospital.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center and safety net hospital.

Patients:
Charts were reviewed for indications of preoperative cardiology consultation or TTE per AHA and ACC CPG in 412 patients admitted with geriatric hip fracture.

Intervention:
Criteria meeting the AHA/ACC guidelines for preoperative TTE and cardiac consultations.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Time to surgical intervention.

Results:
Despite 17.7% of patients meeting criteria, 44.4% of patients received cardiology consultation. Of those patients, 33.8% met criteria for receiving preoperative TTE but 89.4% received one. Time to surgery was greater for patients receiving cardiology consultation (25.42 ± 14.54 hours, P-value <0.001) versus those who did not (19.27 ± 13.76, P-value <0.001) and for those receiving preoperative TTE (26.00 ± 15.33 hours, P-value <0.001) versus those who did not (18.94 ± 12.92, P-value <0.001).

Conclusions:
Cardiology consultation and TTE are frequently used against AHA/ACC CPG. These measures are expensive and delay surgery, which can increase morbidity and mortality. These findings persisted despite limited resources available in a safety net hospital. Hospitals should improve adherence to CPG, or modify protocols.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Novel Simultaneous Decompression Through Single-stage Mini-thoracotomy for Concurrent Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament and Ossification of the Ligamentum Flavum at the Same Thoracic Level
Authors: Yoon Jongwon , Bae Junseok , Shin Sang-Ha , Bae Youngsik , Lee Sang-Ho 
Published: October 2020

Study Design.
Technical case report.

Objective.
To describe a novel technique of decompression through single-stage mini-thoracotomy for removing concurrent ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) at the same thoracic level simultaneously.

Summary of Background Data.
Concurrent OPLL and OLF at the same thoracic level is not common. Because these conditions lead to severe thoracic myelopathy, however, they require surgical decompression.
To date, several cases with concurrent OPLL and OLF at the same thoracic level and surgical methods to treat these conditions have been described. However, no consensus on the surgical methods for the treatment these conditions has been established and these surgical methods have been also reported to be linked with the incidence of complication like neurological deterioration and the requirement of bone grafting and instrumentation.

Methods.
Three consecutive patients who presented with thoracic myelopathy caused by concurrent OPLL and OLF at the same thoracic level were treated by our novel surgical technique of decompression through single-stage mini-thoracotomy.

Results.
Simultaneous complete removal of OPLL and OLF through single-stage mini-thoracotomy was performed successfully in the three patients. All patients’ preoperative symptoms gradually improved during the follow-up period, and no additional complications were associated with removal of OLF through thoracotomy. And there was no kyphotic change or instability in the thoracic spine after more than a year of follow-up although both bone grafting and instrumentation were not performed.

Conclusion.
This novel surgical technique is considered to be able to be a safe and effective alternative to the conventional treatment of selective cases of thoracic myelopathy caused by concurrent OPLL and OLF at the same thoracic level.

Level of Evidence: 4
Use of Higher-strength Opioids has a Dose-Dependent Association With Reoperations After Lumbar Decompression and Interbody Fusion Surgery
Authors: Samuel Andre M. , Lovecchio Francis C. , Premkumar Ajay , Louie Philip K. , Vaishnav Avani S. , Iyer Sravisht , McAnany Steven J. , Albert Todd J. , Gang Catherine Himo , Qureshi Sheeraz A. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design.
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to identify an association between preoperative opioid use and reoperations rates.

Summary of Background Data.
Chronic opioid use is a public health crisis in the United States and has been linked to worse outcomes after lumbar spine surgery. However, no studies have identified an association between preoperative opioid use and reoperations rates.

Methods.
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using patients from one private insurance database who underwent primary lumbar decompression/discectomy (LDD) or posterior/transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF/TLIF). Preoperative use of five specific opioid medications (tramadol, hydromorphone, oxycodone, hydromorphone, and extended-release oxycodone) was categorized as acute (within 3 months), subacute (acute use and use between 3 and 6 months), or chronic (subacute use and use before 6 months). Multivariate regression, controlling for multilevel surgery, age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, was used to determine the association of each medication on reoperations within 5 years.

Results.
A total of 11,551 patients undergoing LDD and 3291 patients undergoing PLIF/TLIF without previous lumbar spine surgery were identified. In the LDD group, opioid-naïve patients had a 5-year reoperation rate of 2.8%, compared with 25.0% and 8.0 with chronic preoperative use of hydromorphone and oxycodone, respectively. In multivariate analysis, any preoperative use of oxycodone was associated with increased reoperations (odds ratios [OR] = 1.4, 2.0, and 2.3, for acute, subacute, and chronic use; P < 0.01). Chronic use of hydromorphone was also associated with increased reoperations (OR = 7.5, P < 0.01).
In the PLIF/TLIF group, opioid-naïve patients had a 5-year reoperation rate of 11.3%, compared with 66.7% and 16.8% with chronic preoperative use of hydromorphone and oxycodone, respectively. In multivariate analysis, any preoperative use of hydromorphone was associated with increased reoperations (OR = 2.9, 4.0, and 14.0, for acute, subacute, and chronic use; P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
Preoperative use of the higher-potency opioid medications is associated with increased reoperations after LDD and PLIF/TLIF in a dose-dependent manner. Surgeons should use this data for preoperative opioid cessation counseling and individualized risk stratification.

Level of Evidence: 3