bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes Mellitus Severity and a Switch From Using Lipoprotein Lipase to Adipose‐Derived Fatty Acid Results in a Cardiac Metabolic Signature That Embraces Cell Death
Authors: Puri Karanjit , Lal Nathaniel , Shang Rui , Ghosh Sanjoy , Flibotte Stephane , Dyer Roger , Hussein Bahira , Rodrigues Brian 
Published: October 2019

Background

Fatty acid (
FA
) provision to the heart is from cardiomyocyte and adipose depots, plus lipoprotein lipase action. We tested how a graded reduction in insulin impacts the source of
FA
used by cardiomyocytes and the cardiac adaptations required to process these
FA
.

Methods and Results

Rats injected with 55 (D55) or 100 (D100) mg/kg streptozotocin were terminated after 4 days. Although D55 and D100 were equally hyperglycemic, D100 showed markedly lower pancreatic and plasma insulin and loss of lipoprotein lipase, which in D55 hearts had expanded. There was minimal change in plasma
FA
in D55. However, D100 exhibited a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in various saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated
FA
in the plasma. D100 demonstrated dramatic cardiac transcriptomic changes with 1574 genes differentially expressed compared with only 49 in D55. Augmented mitochondrial and peroxisomal β‐oxidation in D100 was not matched by elevated tricarboxylic acid or oxidative phosphorylation. With increasing
FA
, although control myocytes responded by augmenting basal respiration, this was minimized in D55 and reversed in D100. Metabolomic profiling identified significant lipid accumulation in D100 hearts, which also exhibited sizeable change in genes related to apoptosis and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling–positive cells.

Conclusions

With increasing severity of diabetes mellitus, when the diabetic heart is unable to control its own
FA
supply using lipoprotein lipase, it undergoes dramatic reprogramming that is linked to handling of excess
FA
that arise from adipose tissue. This transition results in a cardiac metabolic signature that embraces mitochondrial
FA
overload, oxidative stress, triglyceride storage, and cell death.
Computed Tomography Angiography Collateral Profile Is Directly Linked to Early Edema Progression Rate in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Broocks Gabriel , Kemmling Andre , Meyer Lukas , Nawabi Jawed , Schön Gerhard , Fiehler Jens , Kniep Helge , Hanning Uta 
Published: October 2019

Background and Purpose—
Poor collateral flow is associated with poor clinical outcome in acute ischemic stroke and may indicate futile recanalization after successful thrombectomy. Pronounced early formation of cerebral ischemic edema may be the link between poor collateral status and declined functional outcome, but this relationship has not been investigated yet. We hypothesized that collateral status is associated with early lesion water uptake as quantitative marker for edema progression.

Methods—
One hundred seventy-six patients with middle cerebral artery stroke who underwent mechanical thrombectomy were analyzed. Status of cerebral collateral circulation (collaterals status [CS]) was derived using an established 5-point scoring system in admission computed tomography angiography, and good collaterals were defined as CS 3 to 4. Ischemic brain edema dynamics were quantified using early edema progression rate (EPR). EPR was derived from quantitative lesion water uptake in admission computed tomography divided by time from symptom onset to imaging. Good clinical outcome was defined as modified Rankin Scale score 0 to 2 after 90 days.

Results—

The median EPR was 1.4% per hour (interquartile range, 0.5–3.5%) in patients with good collaterals, which was lower than the median EPR in patients with poor collaterals of 5.8% per hour (interquartile range, 2.1–5.9%;
P
<0.0001). In multivariable regression analysis, lower CS was significantly and independently associated with higher EPR (1.6% EPR per 1-point CS;
P
=0.002). A higher EPR was associated with reduced likelihood of good clinical outcome: odds ratio 0.87; (95% CI, 0.76–0.99;
P
=0.03).

Conclusions—
Patients with poor CS had significantly higher EPR, which was associated with worse clinical outcome. These patients might benefit from adjuvant antiedematous treatment.
Mathematical Generality, Letter-Labels, and All That
Authors: Acerbi F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article focusses on the generality of the entities involved in a geometric proof of the kind found in ancient Greek treatises: it shows that the standard modern translation of Greek mathematical propositions falsifies crucial syntactical elements, and employs an incorrect conception of the denotative letters in a Greek geometric proof; epigraphic evidence is adduced to show that these denotative letters are ‘letter-labels’. On this basis, the article explores the consequences of seeing that a Greek mathematical proposition is fully general, and the ontological commitments underlying the stylistic practice.
What Are the Wages of Justice? Rethinking the Republic’s Division of Goods
Authors: Anderson Merrick 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A growing number of scholars have seen that the Republic’s division of goods includes goods which possess value δι᾽ αὑτό in virtue of some of their causal effects. Building on this, I argue that goods, including justice, which are valuable διὰ τὰ γιγνόµενα ἀπ’ αὐτοῦ (and whose effects can contribute to the value a good has δι᾽ αὑτό) are so in virtue of a limited class of beneficial effects: those that depend on the recognition of other agents. This way of dividing goods explains why Socrates legitimately invokes some effects of justice in his demonstration that justice is valuable δι᾽ αὑτό.
A new species of Basilaphelenchus Pedram, Kanzaki, Giblin-Davis & Pourjam, 2018 (Aphelenchoidea: Tylaphelenchinae), from natural forests of Golestan province, Iran
Authors: Aliramaji Farzad , Mirzaie Fouladvand Zeinab , Pourjam Ebrahim , Mortazavi Parnaz , Jahanshahi Afshar Farahnaz , Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Pedram Majid 
Published: October 2019

Summary
Two populations of an aphelenchoidid nematode were recovered from natural forests in Golestan province, Iran. Both populations resembled each other morphologically. The females of the first population, from rotten wood of Fagus orientalis in Golestan National Park, measured 294-338 μm long, and females of the second population, from forests of Ramian county, measured 365-464 μm long. A reverse taxonomic approach, based upon SSU and LSU phylogenies using a maximal number of Aphelenchoididae genera, revealed the two isolates to be conspecific and representatives of a new species of Basilaphelenchus. Basilaphelenchus magnabulbus n. sp. is described and illustrated herein and is mainly characterised by the unique form of the metacorpus, this being elongate and filling the corresponding body region similar to the common form in other aphelenchoidids (vs smaller with well posteriorly located small valve in previously described species of the genus). The new species has an elevated lip region, fine stylet with three elongate posteriorly directed knobs, female tail elongate conoid and ventrally bent, and male tail short conical with three pairs of caudal papillae. It was morphologically compared with four previously known species of the genus, viz., B. persicus, B. brevicaudatus, B. gorganensis and B. grosmannae, and three species of Aphelenchoides having a broadly similar morphology.
Addressing Domestic Regulation Affecting Trade in Services in CETA, CPTPP, and USMCA: Revolution or Timid Steps?
Authors: Ortino Federico , Lydgate Emily 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The number of international agreements purporting to liberalise trade, mainly focused on reducing protectionist measures through the imposition of general principles, has increased greatly over the last 25 years. More recently, the United States and the European Union (EU) concluded comprehensive agreements covering trade in goods, trade in services, and foreign investment. This article inquires whether, and the extent to which, such agreements represent a departure from previous practice. It focuses on (a) the instruments employed to address domestic regulation affecting trade in services and (b) three specific agreements concluded between 2016 and 2018: the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. While these recent Preferential Trade Agreements put forward novel approaches to regulatory diversity affecting trade in services, it is too early to ascertain whether these will have any ground-breaking impact in terms of services trade liberalisation.
The Labour Rights Agenda in Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Harrison James 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article explores the implications of the proliferation of labour provisions in free trade agreements (FTAs) in recent years. It reviews a relatively new form of empirical scholarship on the effectiveness of US and EU labour provisions. In doing so, it helps to identify a large gap between, on the one hand, the rhetoric of policymakers on the importance of such provisions and, on the other, the reality of what they achieve in practice. Reform efforts on both sides of the Atlantic are then examined to find that these also contain major deficiencies. The article therefore asks whether the ineffectiveness of the labour rights agenda in FTAs should be seen as part of a burgeoning class critique of trade policy. In the current political climate, it also suggests that the deficiencies identified, and how they should be resolved, require far greater engagement from both mainstream academia and trade policy communities.
Dynamic Determinants of Access to Weapons: Global Evidence
Authors: Asongu Simplice A. , Nnanna Joseph 
Published: October 2019

This study investigates the determinants of and persistence in access to weapons using a global sample of 163 countries for the period 2010–2015. The empirical evidence is based on the generalized method of moments. Hysteresis in access to weapons is consistently more apparent in countries with below-median levels in access to weapons compared to their counterparts with above-median levels in access to weapons. The hysteresis hypothesis within this context is the propensity of past values of access to weapons to influence future values of access to weapons. Factors that consistently drive access to weapons are: perceptions of crime, criminality, conflict intensity, political instability, military expenditure, violent demonstrations and terrorism. The effects of these drivers are contingent on initial levels of access to weapons. Policy recommendations for managing access to weapons are discussed. JEL: H56, L64, K42, P50
Public administration sustainability and its organizational basis
Authors: Trondal Jarle 
Published: October 2019

Benefiting from a novel data set spanning nearly half a century, this study probes the sustainability of public governance. Theoretically, it examines how sustainable public governance rests on its organizational fabric. The study illuminates how organizational factors systematically influence decision-making behaviour and thus public governance sustainability. Moreover, the study argues that since organizational structure is amendable to deliberate manipulative change, it may thus be an important design instrument of the context of choice in public governance. Accordingly, the article offers an avenue to build bridges between the academic and practitioner worlds of public administration. Empirically and methodologically, the study offers: a novel large- N (13,173) and longitudinal data set that spans five observation points in 1976, 1986, 1996, 2006 and 2016; nine surveys at ministry and agency levels; and several generations of government officials. Taken together, the data set demonstrates that both administrative sustainability in public administration and sustainable public governance rest on its organizational fabric. Points for practitioners A sustainable public administration is a necessary condition for public service delivery. Based on observations that span 40 years (1976 to 2016), this study offers an opportunity to systematically trace public governance processes over half a century. Second, this study examines how sustainable public governance rests on its organizational fabric. Organizational factors systematically influence decision-making behaviour and arguably influence administrative governance. Moreover, organizational structure is amendable to deliberate manipulative change and may thus be an important design instrument of the context of choice in public governance. As such, the article offers an avenue to build bridges between the academic and practitioner worlds of public administration.
Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Deficiency
Authors: Shelkowitz Emily , Ficicioglu Can , Stence Nicholas , Van Hove Johan , Larson Austin 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: To report 2 additional cases of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency with reversible deep gray matter lesions following initiation of ketogenic diet and to perform a literature review of serial imaging in patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. Methods: Clinical data on 3 previously unpublished cases of patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency and with serial magnetic resonance imagings (MRIs) before and after institution of ketogenic diet were reported. A systematic literature review was performed to search for published cases of patients with confirmed pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency who underwent serial MRIs. Results: The 3 subjects in this series demonstrated clinical improvement on ketogenic diet. Two subjects showed reversal of some brain lesions on repeat MRI following initiation of ketogenic diet. Of the 21 published cases with serial MRIs, 13 patients underwent some form of treatment, and of this smaller subset 4 patients had repeat MRIs that showed definitive improvement. In both our described cases and those published in the literature, improvement occurred in lesions in the basal ganglia. Conclusions: In patients with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency, basal ganglia lesions on MRI are reversible with treatment in some cases and could serve as a biomarker for measuring response to treatment.
Socioeconomic Differences in Access to Neighborhood and Network Social Capital and Associations With Body Mass Index Among Black Americans
Authors: Child Stephanie T. , Kaczynski Andrew T. , Walsemann Katrina M. , Fleischer Nancy , McLain Alexander , Moore Spencer 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To examine associations between socioeconomic status and two forms of social capital, namely, neighborhood and network measures, and how these distinct forms of capital are associated with body mass index (BMI) among Black residents of low-income communities. Design: Respondent-driven sampling was used to engage residents in a household survey to collect data on the respondents’ personal network, perceptions about their neighborhood environment, and health. Setting: Eight special emphasis neighborhoods in Greenville, South Carolina. Participants: N = 337 black/African American older adults, nearly half of whom have a household income of less than $15 000 and a high school education, were included. Measures: Neighborhood capital was assessed via three scales on social cohesion, collective efficacy, and social support from neighbors. Network capital was calculated via a position generator, common in egocentric network surveys. Body mass index was calculated with self-reported height and weight. Analysis: Multilevel linear regression models were used to examine the association between neighborhood and network capital and obesity among respondents within sampling chains. Results: Higher household income was associated with greater neighborhood capital, whereas higher educational attainment was associated with greater network capital. Social cohesion was negatively associated with BMI ( b = −1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −2.39 to −0.11); network diversity was positively associated with BMI ( b = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.55). Conclusion: The findings shed light on how social capital may be patterned by socioeconomic status and, further, how distinct forms of capital may be differentially associated with health among black Americans.
End-of-Life Communication Between Providers and Family Caregivers of Home Hospice Patients in a Rural US-Mexico Border Community: Caregivers’ Retrospective Perspectives
Authors: Ko Eunjeong , Fuentes Dahlia 
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Family caregiver–provider communication is essential to making an effective hospice care transition for patients. Despite the importance of this topic, there is little information about how caregivers in rural US-Mexico border regions navigate hospice care transition and their needs. This study explores the family caregivers’ experience relating to their end-of-life (EOL) communication and needs for hospice care transition. Methods: In-depth interviews using qualitative methods were conducted with 28 informal caregivers of patients who are enrolled in home hospice care in a rural US-Mexico border region. Thematic analysis was applied to analyze the data. Results: Qualitative themes that emerged include (1) lack of/insufficient EOL communication and (2) informational needs, including (a) signs of symptom changes, (b) EOL treatment options and goals of care, and (c) hospice care and its benefits. Limited caregiver–provider EOL communication was observed, in which the majority of the caregivers (n = 22, 78.6%) were informed of the patient’s terminal condition, but only half (n = 15, 53.6%) had a discussion with the providers about hospice care. Conclusion: Timely EOL communication between caregivers and the providers is key to the patient’s optimal transition to hospice care. Providers need to be aware of the caregivers’ informational needs relating to patient symptoms and health condition as well as hospice care. It is important to be aware of the impact of cultural values on hospice care placement. A clear explanation about the purpose and functions of hospice care and its benefit can better guide the family caregivers in making hospice care decisions.
The Role of Biofilms and Material Surface Characteristics in Microbial Adhesion to Maxillary Obturator Materials: A Literature Review
Authors: Lyons Karl M. , Cannon Richard D. , Beumer John , Bakr Mahmoud M. , Love Robert M. 
Published: October 2019

Background:Maxillofacial prosthetics includes restoration of maxillary defects resulting from resection of palate and nasosinus neoplasms with obturator prostheses which may be colonized by microorganisms and function as a reservoir of infection. Patients with neoplasms commonly also require radiotherapy that can result in changes in saliva quality and quantity and changes in the oral microbial flora. The altered flora, in individuals immunocompromised from cancer therapy, increases their risk of prosthesis-related infections.Objectives:In this review article, we explore microbial biofilms, their main components, mechanisms of microbial adhesion, and stages of biofilm development. We also discuss the different materials that are used for manufacturing maxillary obturators, their characteristic features, and how these can affect microbial adhesion. Furthermore, we shed some light on the factors that affect microbial adhesion to the surface of maxillary obturators including tissue proteins, protein adsorption, and the acquired enamel pellicle.Conclusions:The conclusions drawn from this literature review are that it is imperative to minimize the risk of local and systemic infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer having maxillary defects. It is also important to determine the role of saliva in microbial adhesion to obturator materials as well as develop materials that have a longer life span with surface characteristics that promote less microbial adhesion than current materials.
Provision of Care for Families Affected by Craniofacial Conditions: The Views of Nonspecialist Health Professionals
Authors: Stock Nicola Marie , Costa Bruna ,   The VTCT Foundation Research Team at the Centre for Appearance Research
Published: October 2019

Objective: A diagnosis of a congenital craniofacial condition can have a significant impact on the psychological well-being of the affected family. As the first health professionals likely to come into contact with families, nonspecialists, such as diagnostic sonographers, midwives, and health visitors play a crucial role in facilitating familial adjustment. Yet, previous research has demonstrated parental dissatisfaction with the care delivered by nonspecialists. The aim of this study was to investigate the provision of care for families affected by craniofacial conditions from the perspective of nonspecialist health professionals, with a view to informing the development of educational materials. Design: Individual semistructured telephone interviews (n = 14) were conducted with 3 diagnostic sonographers, 2 fetal medicine consultants, 3 midwives, 4 health visitors, and 2 children’s nurses. Results: Participants identified a range of barriers to the delivery of optimal care, including dealing with parental reactions, time pressure, hospital protocols and resources, a lack of contact with specialist craniofacial teams, and the emotional impact of delivering a diagnosis. Most participants had received no prior training in the area of congenital craniofacial conditions, while those who had felt current training materials were insufficient. All participants expressed a desire for further training and provided guidance regarding preferred content and format. Conclusions: This study provides insight into the challenges faced by nonspecialists, as well as a range of information and training needs that could improve their knowledge and confidence. Suggestions for the development of educational materials for nonspecialist health professionals are made.