bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of inundation duration on southeastern Louisiana oyster reefs
Authors: Marshall Danielle A. , La Peyre Megan K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the effects of predicted rising sea levels, combined with changes in precipitation and freshwater inflow on key estuarine ecosystem engineers such as the eastern oyster would provide critical information to inform restoration design and predictive models. Using oyster ladders with shell bags placed at three heights to capture a range of inundation levels, oyster growth of naturally recruited spat was monitored over the course of 6 months. Oyster numbers and shell heights were consistently highest in bottom and mid bags experiencing greater than 50% inundation (mid: 63 ± 7%; bottom: 95 ± 3%). Identifying thresholds for optimal oyster growth and survival to enhance restoration engineering would require finer scale evaluation of inundation levels.
Petrous apex pneumatisation in children: a radiological study
Authors: Hardcastle T , McKay-Davies I , Neeff M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate petrous apex pneumatisation in children, as an understanding of petrous apex pneumatisation is useful in the diagnosis and surgical management of middle-ear disease.MethodsComputed tomography head scans from 1700 patients aged 0–16 years were assessed. Petrous apex bone and air cell volumes were calculated to determine the degree of petrous apex pneumatisation. Scans were analysed for communicating tracts between the middle ear and petrous apex.ResultsPetrous apex pneumatisation was found in 21.0 per cent of patients. Positive relationships were found between age and petrous apex pneumatisation prevalence (rs = 0.990, p < 0.001), and between age and degree of petrous apex pneumatisation (rs = 0.319, p < 0.001). Petrous apex pneumatisation prevalence did not significantly differ by sex or ethnicity. Communicating tracts were identified in 84.3 per cent of patients with petrous apex pneumatisation, most commonly anterior to the otic capsule.ConclusionIn children, the prevalence and degree of petrous apex pneumatisation increases with age, but prevalence is not affected by sex or ethnicity.
Molecular identification of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in the Philippines
Authors: Aula Oyime P. , McManus Donald P. , Weerakoon Kosala G. , Olveda Remigio , Ross Allen G. , Rogers Madeleine J. , Gordon Catherine A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHookworms are some of the most widespread of the soil-transmitted helminths (STH) with an estimated 438.9 million people infected. Until relatively recently Ancylostoma ceylanicum was regarded as a rare cause of hookworm infection in humans, with little public health relevance. However, recent advances in molecular diagnostics have revealed a much higher prevalence of this zoonotic hookworm than previously thought, particularly in Asia. This study examined the prevalence of STH and A. ceylanicum in the municipalities of Palapag and Laoang in the Philippines utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool samples previously collected as part of a cross-sectional survey of schistosomiasis japonica. Prevalence of hookworm in humans was high with 52.8% (n = 228/432) individuals positive for any hookworm, 34.5% (n = 149/432) infected with Necator americanus, and 29.6% (n = 128/432) with Ancylostoma spp; of these, 34 were PCR-positive for A. ceylanicum. Considering dogs, 12 (n = 33) were PCR-positive for A. ceylanicum. This is the first study to utilize molecular diagnostics to identify A. ceylanicum in the Philippines with both humans and dogs infected. Control and elimination of this zoonotic hookworm will require a multifaceted approach including chemotherapy of humans, identification of animal reservoirs, improvements in health infrastructure, and health education to help prevent infection.
First report ofOnchocerca lupifrom Israel and confirmation of two genotypes circulating among canine, feline and human hosts
Authors: Rojas A , Salant H , Yasur-Landau D , Tsarfati H , Baneth G 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOnchocerca lupiis a parasitic filarioid and the causative agent of canine ocular onchocercosis, a zoonotic disease of domestic dogs with sporadic reports in humans. A 13-year-old dog with no travel history outside of Israel was presented to an ophthalmology veterinary clinic in Israel with severe right ocular and periocular disease. After surgical exploration, thin helminths were removed from the dorsal sclera of the eye and identified asOnchocerca lupiby polymerase chain reaction according to the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) and12SrRNA genes. Phylogenetic trees and haplotype networks of thecox1 andnad5 genes confirmed the circulation of two genotypes: genotype 1 with worms from dogs, cats and humans from both the Old and New Worlds, and genotype 2 with specimens from Portugal and Spain. The Israeli sequences clustered in genotype 1 and were identical toO. lupifrom the USA. Evidence of two genotypes separated geographically sheds light on the phylogeography and evolution of this zoonotic pathogen, and suggests a diverse pathology observed in different regions of the world.
Advancement of a standardised enteral feeding protocol in functional single ventricle patients following stage I palliation using cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Raymond Tia T. , Valle Selena , Garza Janie , Yeramaneni Samrat , Wurtz Elena , Sample Brooke , Kozak Nicole , Stigall William , Gatlin Scott , Burton Grant 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Infants with single ventricle following stage I palliation are at risk for poor nutrition and growth failure. We hypothesise a standardised enteral feeding protocol for these infants that will result in a more rapid attainment of nutritional goals without an increased incidence of gastrointestinal co-morbidities.Materials and methods:Single-centre cardiac ICU, prospective case series with historical comparisons. Feeding cohort consisted of consecutive patients with a single ventricle admitted to cardiac ICU over 18 months following stage I palliation (n = 33). Data were compared with a control cohort and admitted to the cardiac ICU over 18 months before feeding protocol implementation (n = 30). Feeding protocol patients were randomised: (1) protocol with cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy feeding advancement criteria (n = 17) or (2) protocol without cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy feeding advancement criteria (n = 16).Results:Median time to achieve goal enteral volume was significantly higher in the control compared to feeding cohort. There were no significant differences in enteral feeds being held for feeding intolerance or necrotising enterocolitis between cohorts. Feeding cohort had significant improvements in discharge nutritional status (weight, difference admit to discharge weight, weight-for-age z score, volume, and caloric enteral nutrition) and late mortality compared to the control cohort. No infants in the feeding group with cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy developed necrotising enterocolitis versus 4/16 (25%) in the feeding cohort without cerebro-somatic near-infrared spectroscopy (p = 0.04).Conclusions:A feeding protocol is a safe and effective means of initiating and advancing enteral nutrition in infants following stage I palliation and resulted in improved nutrition delivery, weight gain, and nourishment status at discharge without increased incidence of gastrointestinal co-morbidities.
Cyanosis due to an isolated atrial septal defect: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Krasemann Thomas , van Osch-Gevers Lennie , van de Woestijne Pieter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIsolated atrial defects usually lead to left-to-right shunt and right ventricular volume load. Descriptions of cyanosis with this congenital heart defect are rare.We describe a rare case of inferior caval vein flow directed through an atrial septal defect in the fossa ovalis leading to severe cyanosis, but without any additional intracardiac anatomical abnormalities. The baby with clinical features of Marfan’s syndrome had an eventration of the right-sided diaphragm. Surgical closure of the defect resolved the cyanosis, but the child died 10 weeks later of severe valvar dysfunction, related to Marfan’s syndrome.Mechanisms of cyanosis in patients with atrial septal defects are discussed. Echocardiographic bubble studies both from the lower and upper half of the body may help to clarify the mechanism of an otherwise unexplained cyanosis.
LAW'S BOUNDARIES
Authors: Perry Adam 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe norms of a legal system are relevant in deciding on people's rights and duties within that system. Some norms that are not part of a legal system are also relevant within it: norms of foreign legal systems, games, clubs, contracts, grammar, and so on. What distinguishes the norms of a legal system from the norms merely relevant within it? Where, in other words, are law's boundaries? There are three existing answers in the literature, from Kramer, Shapiro, and Raz. None succeed. A better answer starts with a distinction between two types of legal relevance: direct and indirect. Norms of a legal system are directly relevant within it. Norms that are not part of a legal system are at most indirectly relevant within it. Thus, the two types of norms are distinguished by the directness of their relevance.
Practitioner review: health anxiety in children and young people in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Haig-Ferguson A. , Cooper K. , Cartwright E. , Loades M.E. , Daniels J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHealth-related fear is a normal and common response in the face of the global pandemic of COVID-19. Children and young people are frequently being exposed to messages about the threat to health, including from the media and authorities. Whilst for most, their anxiety will be proportionate to the threat, for some, existing pre-occupation with physical symptoms and illness will become more problematic. There is a growing body of evidence that health anxiety may occur in childhood, however much of the literature is taken from research using adult samples. This practitioner review aims to give an overview of the assessment and treatment of health-related worries in children and young people in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. This review is based on the limited existing evidence in this population and the more substantial evidence base for treating health anxiety in adults. We consider the adaptations needed to ensure such interventions are developmentally appropriate.
High prevalence of low dairy calcium intake and association with insomnia, anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal pain in university students from Jordan
Authors: Alkhatatbeh Mohammad J , Khwaileh Hala N , Abdul-Razzak Khalid K 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess dairy Ca intake and investigate its relationship with insomnia and other common co-morbidities including anxiety, depression and musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among university students.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:University, Irbid, Jordan.Participants:Male and female individuals (n 1000), aged 20·87 ± 2·69 years.Results:Low dairy Ca intake (<1000 mg/d) was reported by 96·5 % of participants, and moderate to severe insomnia reported by 15·6 % of participants. Abnormal anxiety and depression scores were reported by 26·2 and 18·0 % of participants, respectively. MSP was reported by 42·9 % of participants. Participants with moderate to severe insomnia had lower dairy Ca, higher anxiety and depression scores and higher measures of MSP compared to participants with no insomnia (P-values < 0·05). Dairy Ca was weakly inversely correlated with Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score, depression score and measures of MSP (P-values < 0·05). Regression analysis indicated that insomnia was predicted by low dairy Ca, anxiety, depression, MSP and smoking (P-values < 0·05). Both anxiety and depression were predicted by increased ISI score (P-values < 0·05), while depression alone was predicted by low dairy Ca (P-value < 0·01). MSP was predicted by increased ISI and anxiety scores (P-values < 0·05).Conclusions:Low dairy Ca was highly prevalent and associated with insomnia and depression among university students. Individuals should be advised to increase dietary Ca intake to achieve the recommended daily amount. Further research is required to investigate a potential causal relationship between low Ca and both insomnia and its related co-morbidities.
Comparing the hospital anxiety and depression scale to the Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale for identifying cases of major depressive disorder in advanced cancer palliative patients
Authors: Rodríguez-Mayoral Oscar , Peña-Nieves Adriana , Allende-Pérez Silvia , Lloyd-Williams Mari 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study sought to compare the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Subscale (HADS-D) and Brief Edinburgh Depression Scale (BEDS) as case-finding tools of major depressive disorder in patients with advanced cancer in a palliative care service.MethodsAn observational study was performed which included patients with advanced cancer who attended the palliative care service at the National Institute of Cancer in Mexico. Patients were asked to fill out the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and BEDS and were then assessed by a psychiatrist to evaluate major depressive disorder (MDD) as per the DSM-5 criteria. The case-finding capability of each scale was determined using receiver operating characteristic curves, assessing the area under the curve (AUC) in comparison to the clinical diagnosis.ResultsEighty-nine patients were included; median age was 57 years, and 71% were female. Among these, 19 patients were diagnosed with MDD during the interview. When comparing the self-reported scales, BEDS had a better performance compared with HADS-D (AUC 0.8541 vs. 0.7665). Limitations include a heterogeneous population and a limited sample size.Significance of resultsThe BEDS outperformed the HADS-D tool in discriminating patients with and without depression. A BEDS cutoff value of ≥5 is suggested as a case-finding score for depression in this population.
Voting in a Pandemic: Explaining Variation in Support for Absentee Ballots for All
Authors: Dominguez Melanie Sayuri , Vargas Edward D. , Sanchez Gabriel R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed all aspects of American life, including, for many, how we vote. We explore the question of who supports unrestricted absentee ballots during a pandemic. We argue that women are more likely to support absentee ballots because they allow for greater flexibility and minimize the potential for exposure. We test this theory using the National Panel Study of COVID-19 (n = 1,892), which asked respondents about their preferences for absentee ballots, their worry about the coronavirus, and their household composition. Using multinomial logistic regressions, we find that women are more likely to support allowing absentee ballots compared with more restrictive voting options and are more likely to say they support absentee ballots for all if they know someone who has contracted COVID-19. The policy implications for these findings are discussed along with other sociodemographic indicators in our analysis.
Seasonality of suicide: a multi-country multi-community observational study
Authors: Yu J. , Yang D. , Kim Y. , Hashizume M. , Gasparrini A. , Armstrong B. , Honda Y. , Tobias A. , Sera F. , Vicedo-Cabrera A. M. , Kim H. , Íñiguez C. , Lavigne E. , Ragettli M. S. , Scovronick N. , Acquaotta F. , Chen B. , Guo Y. L. , de Sousa Zanotti Stagliori Coelho M. , Saldiva P. , Zanobetti A. , Schwartz J. , Bell M. L. , Diaz M. , De la Cruz Valencia C. , Holobâcă I. , Fratianni S. , Chung Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
We aimed to investigate the heterogeneity of seasonal suicide patterns among multiple geographically, demographically and socioeconomically diverse populations.

Methods
Weekly time-series data of suicide counts for 354 communities in 12 countries during 1986–2016 were analysed. Two-stage analysis was performed. In the first stage, a generalised linear model, including cyclic splines, was used to estimate seasonal patterns of suicide for each community. In the second stage, the community-specific seasonal patterns were combined for each country using meta-regression. In addition, the community-specific seasonal patterns were regressed onto community-level socioeconomic, demographic and environmental indicators using meta-regression.

Results
We observed seasonal patterns in suicide, with the counts peaking in spring and declining to a trough in winter in most of the countries. However, the shape of seasonal patterns varied among countries from bimodal to unimodal seasonality. The amplitude of seasonal patterns (i.e. the peak/trough relative risk) also varied from 1.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–1.62) to 1.05 (95% CI: 1.01–1.1) among 12 countries. The subgroup difference in the seasonal pattern also varied over countries. In some countries, larger amplitude was shown for females and for the elderly population (≥65 years of age) than for males and for younger people, respectively. The subperiod difference also varied; some countries showed increasing seasonality while others showed a decrease or little change. Finally, the amplitude was larger for communities with colder climates, higher proportions of elderly people and lower unemployment rates (p-values < 0.05).

Conclusions
Despite the common features of a spring peak and a winter trough, seasonal suicide patterns were largely heterogeneous in shape, amplitude, subgroup differences and temporal changes among different populations, as influenced by climate, demographic and socioeconomic conditions. Our findings may help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of seasonal suicide patterns and aid in improving the design of population-specific suicide prevention programmes based on these patterns.
Spatiotemporal Change in the Stress State Around the Hypocentral Area of the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Mitsuoka Ayaho , Shito Azusa , Matsumoto Satoshi , Yamashita Yusuke , Nakamoto Manami , Sakai Shin‐ichi , Iio Yoshihisa , Shimizu Hiroshi , Goto Kazuhiko , Okada Tomomi , Ohzono Mako , Yamanaka Yoshiko , Kosuga Masahiro , Yoshimi Masayuki , Asano Youichi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFor understanding the physical condition of earthquake generation, we estimated the deviatoric stress fields and fault planes of the large earthquakes in the hypocentral area of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, central Kyushu, Japan. We analyzed precise hypocenters and their focal mechanism tensors from 1993 to 2017 and found the complex fault planes of the largest foreshock and the mainshock during the sequence. The faults of large earthquakes could not be detected from the preceding high seismic activity in the area to the mainshock. The analyses of the deviatoric stress tensors obtained from pre‐ and post‐sequence seismic moment tensor data revealed the temporal change in the deviatoric stress field at the vicinity of the hypocenters of the largest foreshock and the mainshock. Because of this temporal change, we found that the stress level of the deviatoric stress field in this region is the same level as the co‐seismic stress change caused by the two large earthquakes. We attempted to estimate the differential stress at the region using a new method, which can be applied to the heterogeneous stress fields. The average value of the estimated differential stresses in the region was 15.4 ± 10 MPa. The rotation of the principal stress axes and the low differential stress are important information to understand the physical processes of the earthquake generation and the state of the crustal stress.
Large Silicic Eruptions, Episodic Recharge, and the Transcrustal Magmatic System
Authors: Liu Boda , Lee Cin‐Ty 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLarge silicic eruptions result from rapid evacuation of large, upper crustal reservoirs of silicic magmas. These silicic magmas are thought to be replenished by melt extracted from underlying crystal‐rich source mushes, but the timescales and mechanisms of such melt extraction are unclear. Geochemical observations suggest that the replenishing melt is often more primitive than the eruptives and must thus cool and crystallize to generate the highly silicic magmas that eventually lead to large eruptions. Motivated by these observations, we use thermal models to explore the replenishment conditions capable of building an eruptible silicic reservoir to generate a large eruption. Results show that the minimum melt replenishment rate required for a silicic reservoir to start growing increases with the effective thermal diffusivity of the overlying crust and decreases with the depth of the reservoir. For an eruptible reservoir at 6 km depth to grow, the initial replenishment rate needs to be greater than 2 × 10−9 m/s. High replenishment rates are required to provide enough advected heat to counterbalance rapid heat loss and consequent freezing that would prevent the eruptible reservoir from growing. However, these high initial replenishment rates must then subside over time for the eruptible reservoir to cool, crystallize, and evolve to highly silicic melts. Thermal histories of some natural systems suggest assembly of large eruptible reservoirs in <20 kyr. The rapid replenishment followed by its decay suggests that replenishment was triggered by a pronounced but ephemeral increase in the porosity and permeability of the underlying crystal‐rich source mush, allowing for rapid melt expulsion. We speculate that this perturbation may be driven by the sudden incursion of deep‐seated, hotter magmas into the base of the crystal‐rich source mush.
The Impact of Eruption Source Parameter Uncertainties on Ash Dispersion Forecasts During Explosive Volcanic Eruptions
Authors: Dioguardi Fabio , Beckett Frances , Dürig Tobias , Stevenson John A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractVolcanic ash in the atmosphere is a hazard to aviation. To predict which areas of airspace are most likely to be affected by the presence of ash, Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) use observations and atmospheric dispersion models. These models are initialized with, among other parameters, a mass eruption rate (MER), which quantifies the emission rate into the atmosphere at the source. This influences the predicted spatial–temporal evolution and concentration of the ash cloud. Different models are available to estimate MER from the volcanic plume height and some models also include the weather conditions (e.g., wind speed). The REFIR software tool uses time‐series of plume height estimated from observations and weather data to provide estimates of MER through time. Here we present an updated version of REFIR that can now be used also to calculate MER for past eruptions and produce output parameters in a format suitable for use with the NAME dispersion model (UK Met Office—London VAAC). We also investigate how uncertainty in input parameters is propagated through to dispersion model output. Our results show that a +/−1 km uncertainty on a 6 km high plume can result in the affected area ranging by a factor of three between the minimum and maximum estimates. Additionally, we show that using wind‐affected plume models results in affected areas that are five times larger than using no‐wind‐affected models. This demonstrates the sensitivity of MER to the type of plume model chosen (no‐wind‐ vs. wind‐affected).