bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excessive gaming behaviour in primary school children in Belgium
Authors: Van Hal G , Niemann J , Van Hiel A , Van Dongen S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The use of electronic devices (smartphones, laptops,...) has gradually become a common activity among primary school children. Especially children's excessive use of elec-tronic games has been increasingly considered an important Public Health issue. This study explored the effects of personal and social factors on gaming behaviour in primary school children.

Methods
A survey was conducted in primary school children in Flanders (Belgium), 2016. Overall 8,444 children, mainly 9 to 11 years old, were included. First, descriptive and bivariate analyses were conducted. Subsequently, a multinominal logistic regression was performed to analyse gaming behaviour.

Results
Overall, 27% (n = 2,277), 25% (n = 2,108), 29% (n = 2,453) and 19% (n = 1,606) of the participating children showed a low, moderate, frequent and very frequent level of gaming behaviour, respectively. Gender differences were statistically significant, with boys showing more moderate, frequent and very frequent gaming behaviour. Further, chances for gaming were higher among children with a more frequent consumption of high sugar content soda, chips and candies.

Conclusions
More frequent gaming in boys can already be observed in primary school. How-ever, further research is needed to explore the development of this behaviour over longer time periods. Further results might provide useful information for developing effective prevention strategies concerning excessive gaming behaviour among primary school children.

Key messages
Excessive gaming behaviour is already present in 9 to 11 years old children. It might be useful to develop effective prevention strategies regarding excessive gaming in primary school children.
Virtual and reality: risk and protective factors of cyber and offline relational victimization
Authors: Wu W C , Tsai W L , Lee M J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Cyber victimization (CV) and offline relational victimization (ORV) both impede adolescent development and might pose self-harm or suicide. The aim of this work is to examine the risk and protective factors of the two experiences across gender.

Methods
A total of 1,712 junior and senior high school students who came from 34 schools randomly sampled from northern Taiwan. The study included multi-facet supports (i.e. maternal, paternal, grandparent, peer, and teacher supports), positive and negative peer connections, smartphone addiction and family characteristics (i.e. parental marital status and self-perceived financial status) as predictors.

Results
10.3% of the participants reported CV more than once (56.8% girls) and 35.2% of them reported ORV more than once (52.4% girls) in the last three months. Results of logistic regression models showed that smartphone addiction positively related to CV (boys: OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.1-1.6; girls: OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.3-2.0) and ORV (boys: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.4; girls: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1-1.3) regardless gender. Negative peer connection related to ORV only among boys (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.7-1.7). Low-level self-perceived financial status related to having CV (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.4-5.5) and ORV (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.2-3.4) only among girls. Interestingly, paternal support is the only significant protective factor among three family supports. Paternal support negatively associated with CV (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.6-0.9) and ORV of boys (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9) as well as ORV of girls (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.6-0.9). Furthermore, teacher support negatively associated with girls' CV (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.6-0.9) and boys' ORV (OR = 0.8, 95% CI = 0.7-0.9).

Conclusions
The study identified a few gender-specific risk factors. For both gender, to prevent CV and ORV, supporting adolescents to avoid smartphone addiction is critical. Enhancing paternal support and teacher support can be effective in preventing adolescents' cyber and offline relational victimization.

Key messages
Paternal and teacher supports, rather than other sources of supports, are protective factors of cyber victimization and offline relational victimization among adolescents. Smartphone addiction, regardless of gender, not only positively associated with cyber victimization but also positively related to offline relational victimization.
Universal newborn hearing screening: the Belgian experience
Authors: Lerut E , Van Overmeire B , Scholtissen S , Guérin C , Pereira T , De Schutter I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Issue
Worldwide 466 million people suffer from hearing loss (HL), of whom 34 million children. Early detection of HL in newborns through screening and subsequent intervention significantly improve their developmental and psychosocial outcome. The WHA adopted a resolution on prevention of deafness and HL (2017), urging the member states 'to develop, implement and monitor screening programs for early identification of ear diseases'. Population based newborn hearing screening (PNHS) by automated otoacoustic emission (AOAE) and/or automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) is considered good practice.

Description of the Problem
Flanders (FL): PNHS by AABR at the age of 2-3 weeks (pass/refer), repeated in case of 'refer'. At 2x 'refer', referral to a tertiary hearing center. French speaking community (FSC): newborns with risk factors for congenital HL are immediately referred to ENT. Others undergo AOAE at day 2-3 (pass/refer with retest in case of 'refer'). At 2x 'refer', referral to ENT for AABR. German speaking community: no data available.

Results
Coverage rate: FL (birth cohort 2014): 96-98%. FSC (birth cohort 2016): 94.9% of newborns without risk factors had a 1st test. 8.7% of newborns with risk factors didn't have any test.

Detection rate/1000 tested newborns
FL: 2.1 newborns with congenital HL. FSC: 2.33 newborns with HL (0.30 perceptive/0.36 permanently conductive/0.75 temporary conductive/0.1 conductive NOS/0.06 mixed type/0.77 NOS).

Lessons
Belgium has at least 2 quality PNHS programs. Due to program differences (different tests/age of testing/registration/financing) in depth comparative analysis on their performance, outcome and cost effectiveness is currently lacking (future perspective).

Key messages
PNHS is common in high income countries, but is not yet integrated worldwide. In the light of the 2017 WHA resolution Belgium might inspire regions and countries starting up PNHS. An in depth comparative analysis of the current Belgian PNHS programs is needed.
Unsafe abortion in Brazil: a systematic review
Authors: Domingues R , Fonseca S , Leal M , Aquino E , Menezes G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In Brazil, abortion is legally allowed in cases of risk to the woman's life, pregnancy resulting from rape and cases of fetal anencephaly. Despite the restrictive legislation, studies estimated that around 1 million abortions took place in the country in 2005. Abortions occurred regardless of womeńs socioeconomic position, race, age and religion, but unsafe practices were more common among young women, with low educational levels, single, students or domestic workers. This study sought to update knowledge on unsafe abortion in Brazil.

Methods
We carried out a systematic review with study search on Medline and LILACS, with no language restriction, from 2008 to 2018. We evaluated article quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute instruments. We evaluated 50 articles.

Results
There was a decrease in the ratio of induced abortions by 1,000 women of reproductive age reaching 16 per 1,000 in 2013. However, direct estimates do not indicate a decrease in the prevalence of induced abortion, estimated to be 13% in 2016. Higher prevalences were observed in more socially vulnerable populations. Half of all women reported using medications for terminating pregnancies and the number of hospital admissions due to complications from abortion decreased from 1992 to 2009. Maternal morbimortality from abortion had a reduced frequency but it is likely that maternal deaths from abortion are under-reported.

Conclusions
Abortion is frequently used in Brazil, especially in less-developed regions and by more socially-vulnerable women. Access to safer methods probably contributed to the reduction of complications, hospitalizations and morbimortality from abortion. However, half of all women still used other unsafe methods and the number of admissions due to complications from abortion is still high. The small scientific production and lack of methodological adequacy led to the development of a special issue on Abortion in Brazil in the jornal Reports in Public Health.

Key messages
Restrictive legislation does not prevent abortion, but limits access to safe abortion and makes it diffiult to prevent morbidity and mortaliity from abortion. Restrictive legislation and the stigma associated with abortion make studies difficult to estimate the rates, complications and factors associated with abortion.
Changes in contraception use among Brazilian women after childbirth, 2006-2013
Authors: Felisbino-Mendes M , Barrozo Siqueira B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
There are gaps in knowledge regarding the neglected and vulnerable subgroups of FP actions in Brazil, such as postpartum women and women in general, regardless of their marital status.

Objective
To assess changes in the prevalence of use and in the contraceptive pattern of Brazilian women up to two years after pregnancy, between 2006 and 2013.

Methods
Cross-sectional, descriptive and analytical study which used secondary data from national surveys. We studied Brazilian women with up to 2 years postpartum, of reproductive age, sexually active, non-pregnant and menstruating, and compared them with all the other women. We estimated the prevalence of use, contraception pattern of contraception and ranking of modern methods. Percentual change in indicators between the years was evaluated by calculating the difference between estimates.

Results
85% of Brazilian women used CM, remaining stable in 2006 and 2013, with a high prevalence of modern methods use. An increase in the use of CM was observed among those with up to six months postpartum (71.0% to 89.0%). Pills and condoms accounted for about 60% of modern methods used in the postpartum period in both surveys. There was an increase in dual protection (2.9% to 10.1%) and contraceptive insecurity (1.6% to 5.7%) and a reduction in sterilization (16.2% to 13.4%) and traditional methods (2.1% to 1.4%).

Conclusions
Even with the maintenance of a high prevalence of use of CM and with the increase in contraception among women with up to six months postpartum, regional inequalities in access to CM and low prevalence of the use of other methods made available by the Unified Health System (SUS) persist, pointing out the maintenance of the insufficient care, failures in the means to regulate fertility and that public policies still hinder to guarantee the sexual and reproductive rights of the most vulnerable population.

Key messages
Regional inequalities in access to contraceptive methods and low prevalence of other methods made available by the Unified Health System (SUS) persist. There was an increase in contraception use among women with up to six months postpartum in Brazil.
Facility readiness for basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care at PHC centres in Nigeria
Authors: Ibadin S H , Ogboghodo E O , Obarisiagbon O E , Okojie O H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Functionality of essential delivery services at primary health care (PHC) centres is crucial to achieving targeted improvements in maternal and neonatal outcomes in Nigeria. However, evidence suggests that PHC centres are often unable to adequately render basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care (BEmONC) services. This study assessed BEmONC availability and facility readiness at PHC centres in Edo State, Nigeria.

Methods
This facility-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Edo State, Nigeria among 36 public primary health care centres selected by multistage sampling. The WHO service availability and readiness assessment tool was adapted to obtain data from PHC centres. BEmONC availability index was derived using 6 indicators (intravenous oxytotics, intravenous anticonvulsants, intravenous antibiotics, assisted deliveries, removal of retained products of conception and neonatal resuscitation). A composite readiness index was developed based on 26 indicators across five domains (trained staff, basic amenities, basic equipment, diagnostic tests and essential medicines). Indices were summarized as mean percentages and 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Among 36 facilities assessed, the mean BEmONC availability index score was 48.6% (CI = 41.7 - 55.5%) while the mean composite readiness index score was 58.9% (CI = 54.5 - 63.2%). Domain specific readiness indices showed marked variations with low mean scores for basic amenities (45.8%, CI = 38.4 - 55.3%) and trained staff (43.5%, CI = 33.1 - 53.9%), moderate score for basic equipment (53.5%, CI = 48.6 - 58.5%) and high scores for diagnostic tests (71.2%, CI = 60.5 - 82.1%) and essential medicines (80.1%, CI = 72.4 - 87.8%).

Conclusions
BEmONC availability and readiness at PHC centres in Edo State was suboptimal. Current efforts to improve services at PHC centres should strategically target availability of emergency obstetric functions, enhancing staff capacity and upgrading basic amenities.

Key messages
There are crucial gaps in the provision of BEmONC at primary health care level in Edo State, Nigeria that may negatively impact the quality of maternal and neonatal care. This study highlights the need for stakeholders to intensify PHC strengthening initiatives geared towards better pregnancy outcomes.
New insights into North Sea deep crustal structure and extension from transdimensional ambient noise tomography
Authors: Crowder E , Rawlinson N , Cornwell D G , Sammarco C , Galetti E , Curtis A 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARY
The deep crustal structure beneath the North Sea is poorly understood since it is constrained by only a few seismic reflection and refraction profiles. However, it is widely acknowledged that the mid to lower crust plays important roles in rift initiation and evolution, particularly when large-scale sutures and/or terrane boundaries are present, since these inherited features can focus strain or act as inhibitors to extensional deformation. Ancient tectonic features are known to exist beneath the iconic failed rift system of the North Sea, making it an ideal location to investigate the complex interplay between pre-existing regional heterogeneity and rifting. To this end, we produce a 3-D shear wave velocity model from transdimensional ambient seismic noise tomography to constrain crustal properties to ∼30 km depth beneath the North Sea and its surrounding landmasses. Major North Sea sedimentary basins appear as low shear wave velocity zones that are a good match to published sediment thickness maps. We constrain relatively thin crust (13–18 km) beneath the Central Graben depocentres that contrasts with crust elsewhere at least 25–30 km thick. Significant variations in crustal structure and rift symmetry are identified along the failed rift system that appears to be related to the locations of Laurentia–Avalonia–Baltica palaeoplate boundaries. We constrain first-order differences in structure between palaeoplates; with strong lateral gradients in crustal velocity related to Laurentia–Avalonia–Baltica plate juxtaposition and reduced lower crustal velocities in the vicinity of the Thor suture, possibly representing the remnants of a Caledonian accretionary complex. Our results provide fresh insight into the pivotal roles that ancient terranes can play in the formation and failure of continental rifts and may help explain the characteristics of other similar continental rifts globally.
Early earthquake detection capabilities of different types of future-generation gravity gradiometers
Authors: Shimoda Tomofumi , Juhel Kévin , Ampuero Jean-Paul , Montagner Jean-Paul , Barsuglia Matteo 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARY
Since gravity changes propagate at the speed of light, gravity perturbations induced by earthquake deformation have the potential to enable faster alerts than the current earthquake early warning systems based on seismic waves. Additionally, for large earthquakes (Mw &gt; 8), gravity signals may allow for a more reliable magnitude estimation than seismic-based methods. Prompt elastogravity signals induced by earthquakes of magnitude larger than 7.9 have been previously detected with seismic arrays and superconducting gravimeters. For smaller earthquakes, down to Mw ≃ 7, it has been proposed that detection should be based on measurements of the gradient of the gravitational field, in order to mitigate seismic vibration noise and to avoid the cancelling effect of the ground motions induced by gravity signals. Here we simulate the five independent components of the gravity gradient signals induced by earthquakes of different focal mechanisms. We study their spatial amplitude distribution to determine what kind of detectors is preferred (which components of the gravity gradient are more informative), how detectors should be arranged and how earthquake source parameters can be estimated. The results show that early earthquake detections, within 10 s of the rupture onset, using only the horizontal gravity strain components are achievable up to about 140 km distance from the epicentre. Depending on the earthquake focal mechanism and on the detector location, additional measurement of the vertical gravity strain components can enhance the detectable range by 10–20 km. These results are essential for the design of gravity-based earthquake early warning systems.
A network analysis of patient referrals in two district health systems in Tanzania
Authors: Francetic Igor , Tediosi Fabrizio , Kuwawenaruwa August 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Patient referral systems are fragile and overlooked components of the health system in Tanzania. Our study aims at exploring patient referral networks in two rural districts in Tanzania, Kilolo and Msalala. Firstly, we ask whether secondary-level facilities act as gatekeepers, mediating referrals from primary- to tertiary-level facilities. Secondly, we explore the facility and network-level determinants of patient referrals focusing on treatment of childhood illnesses and non-communicable diseases. We use data collected across all public health facilities in the districts in 2018. To study gatekeeping, we employ descriptive network analysis tools. To explore the determinants of referrals, we use exponential random graph models. In Kilolo, we find a disproportionate share of patients referred directly to the largest hospital due to geographical proximity. In Msalala, small and specialized secondary-level facilities seem to attract more patients. Overall, the results call for policies to increase referrals to secondary facilities avoiding expensive referrals to hospitals, improving timeliness of care and reducing travel-related financial burden for households.
The genomic prehistory of peoples speaking Khoisan languages
Authors: Pakendorf Brigitte , Stoneking Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Peoples speaking so-called Khoisan languages—that is, indigenous languages of southern Africa that do not belong to the Bantu family—are culturally and linguistically diverse. They comprise herders, hunter-gatherers as well as groups of mixed modes of subsistence, and their languages are classified into three distinct language families. This cultural and linguistic variation is mirrored by extensive genetic diversity. We here review the recent genomics literature and discuss the genetic evidence for a formerly wider geographic spread of peoples with Khoisan-related ancestry, for the deep divergence among populations speaking Khoisan languages overlaid by more recent gene flow among these groups and for the impact of admixture with immigrant food-producers in their prehistory.
Shifted Poisson Structures on Differentiable Stacks
Authors: Bonechi Francesco , Ciccoli Nicola , Laurent-Gengoux Camille , Xu Ping 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate $(+1)$-shifted Poisson structures in the context of differential geometry. The relevant notion is that of $(+1)$-shifted Poisson structures on differentiable stacks. More precisely, we develop the notion of the Morita equivalence of quasi-Poisson groupoids. Thus, isomorphism classes of $(+1)$-shifted Poisson stacks correspond to Morita equivalence classes of quasi-Poisson groupoids. In the process, we carry out the following program, which is of independent interest: (1) We introduce a ${\mathbb{Z}}$-graded Lie 2-algebra of polyvector fields on a given Lie groupoid and prove that its homotopy equivalence class is invariant under the Morita equivalence of Lie groupoids, and thus they can be considered to be polyvector fields on the corresponding differentiable stack ${\mathfrak{X}}$. It turns out that $(+1)$-shifted Poisson structures on ${\mathfrak{X}}$ correspond exactly to elements of the Maurer–Cartan moduli set of the corresponding dgla. (2) We introduce the notion of the tangent complex $T_{\mathfrak{X}}$ and the cotangent complex $L_{\mathfrak{X}}$ of a differentiable stack ${\mathfrak{X}}$ in terms of any Lie groupoid $\Gamma{\rightrightarrows } M$ representing ${\mathfrak{X}}$. They correspond to a homotopy class of 2-term homotopy $\Gamma$-modules $A[1]\rightarrow TM$ and $T^{\vee } M\rightarrow A^{\vee }[-1]$, respectively. Relying on the tools of theory of VB-groupoids including homotopy and Morita equivalence of VB-groupoids, we prove that a $(+1)$-shifted Poisson structure on a differentiable stack ${\mathfrak{X}}$ defines a morphism ${L_{\mathfrak{X}}}[1]\to{T_{\mathfrak{X}}}$.
KZ equations and Bethe subalgebras in generalized Yangians related to compatible $R$-matrices
Authors: Gurevich Dimitri , Saponov Pavel , Talalaev Dmitry 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The notion of compatible braidings was introduced in Isaev et al. (1999, J. Phys. A, 32, L115–L121). On the base of this notion, the authors of Isaev et al. (1999, J. Phys. A, 32, L115–L121) defined certain quantum matrix algebras generalizing the RTT algebras and Reflection Equation ones. They also defined analogues of some symmetric polynomials in these algebras and showed that these polynomials generate commutative subalgebras, called Bethe. By using a similar approach, we introduce certain new algebras called generalized Yangians and define analogues of some symmetric polynomials in these algebras. We claim that they commute with each other and thus generate a commutative Bethe subalgebra in each generalized Yangian. Besides, we define some analogues (also arising from couples of compatible braidings) of the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equation—classical and quantum.
Communicated by: Alexander Veselov
Sunshine or Curse? Foreign Direct Investment, the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, and Individual Corruption Experiences in Africa
Authors: Brazys Samuel , Kotsadam Andreas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt remains unclear if foreign direct investment (FDI) benefits local citizens in host countries. Combining geo-referenced FDI data and household level surveys, this paper uses spatial-temporal techniques to assess how FDI impacts individual corruption experiences. We investigate if this relationship is conditional on the corruption levels, or engagement with the OECD's anti-bribery convention (ABC), of the FDI's source country. We find evidence that FDI flows reduce individual bribery experiences, but only when existing levels of corruption are high. We find it is FDI from comparatively more corrupt, and non-ABC engaging, countries that locates to areas of high corruption. Further, FDI appears to improve both the employment prospects and financial positions of local households. Collectively, we argue that these results suggest that individual empowerment via a wealth effect, rather than spillovers from firm professionalization or regulatory pressure mechanisms, is what stems individual corruption experiences.