bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Elephant’s Tail”
Authors: Pinckney Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the first of three case studies of civil resistance transitions (CRTs) and the impact of the challenges of mobilization and maximalism in CRTs. The case examined is the transition in Nepal following the 2006 Second People’s Movement that overthrew the Nepali monarchy. The case study shows that while the Nepali transition had high levels of social mobilization, its high levels of maximalism have undermined the consolidation of new democratic institutions and led to Nepal’s transitioning to a fractious semi-democracy. Nepal’s various political forces have used revolutionary goals and tactics to undermine each other’s power position and prevent the establishment of new democratic institutions. As a result, a new democratic regime has been slow to appear and is fragile to authoritarian reversal.
Enacting Integrity
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A person of integrity is someone who stands virtuously for her commitments. We receive some direct moral instruction, but the process of developing integrity gets underway in earnest when we glimpse, however dimly, the special goodness of this particular virtue and desire to instantiate it. Exemplars are studied and emulated. One’s own successes and failures in emulation are scrutinized. The role of trusting relationships and supportive communities is essential, even as insulation from critique short-circuits the development of integrity. The account developed here clarifies how it can be the case that admiration and emulation play such a key role in the acquisition of a virtue like integrity, despite the fact that integrity has to do with a willingness to stand for one’s own commitments and therefore for one’s own best judgments.
Introduction: Why Military Adaptation?
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The US military plans and thinks incessantly about wars and conflict—yet, like many organizations, it inevitably fails to foresee what comes next. That means that it must be able to successfully adapt to unforeseen circumstances in order to prevail on the battlefield. This introduction identifies the central question of this book: Is the US military adaptable enough to prevail in the wars of the 21st century? In order to answer that question, Part I of the book defines the term adaptation, identifies the three critical components of wartime adaptability, and illustrates those components through historical examples. Part II assesses US military adaptability in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, including some key failures that have not yet been widely addressed. Part III argues that the US military is not sufficiently adaptable for the future conflicts it may face, and offers many recommendations for improvement.
Technological Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of technological adaptability during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. At the tactical level, it examines how soldiers in Iraq developed “hillbilly armor” to try to protect their vulnerable vehicles from roadside bombs, and how Apache helicopters were successfully adapted to conduct close air support missions in Afghanistan. It also argues, however, that technological adaptability at the institutional level involved disastrous failures. In Iraq, virtually all senior Pentagon officials repeatedly resisted providing adequate numbers of life-saving vehicles called MRAPs to deployed soldiers facing grave threats from improvised explosive devices. And in Afghanistan, the army stubbornly supported its poorly performing intelligence analysis system, called DCGS-A, for more than a decade, despite overwhelming evidence that commercially available software from Palantir would work better and save the lives of more soldiers.
Tactical Leadership Adaptation in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of leadership adaptability at the tactical level during the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It examines how Colonel Sean MacFarland and his US Army brigade successfully adapted to conditions in Ramadi, and dramatically reduced the very high levels of violence in this critical Iraqi city in 2006. It also examines the remarkable adaptability of Captain Mark Nutsch and his 12-man team of US Army Special Forces soldiers, known as the Horse Soldiers, during the opening weeks of the war in Afghanistan in 2001. Their strikingly creative efforts helped achieve a critical strategic objective in the campaign to remove the Taliban from power.
US Military Adaptability Today
Authors: Barno David , Bensahel Nora 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the US military is not adaptable enough for the challenges of future warfare discussed in Chapter 9. In the area of doctrine, excessive amounts hinder creativity and flexibility, revision processes are too slow, and flawed training provides too little opportunity to practice adaptability. In the area of technology, few of the problems identified in Chapter 6 have been addressed, because of the structural tension between the services and the combatant commanders, and the broken acquisition system. In the area of leadership, adaptability is hindered by the generational legacy of the recent wars, problems with the system of professional military education, and a growing tendency toward risk aversion that threatens the principle of mission command.
Adapting Relevance Theory to Accommodate Visual Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
On the basis of relevance theory’s claim that the relevance principle underlies all forms of communication, Chapter 3 examines how the RT model can be applied to communication involving visuals, and what adaptations are called for to achieve this goal. After reflecting on what constitutes visual communication, and showing how static visuals often combine with written language to create multimodal meaning, all of the RT concepts discussed in Chapter 2 are reconsidered with reference to their pertinence to analyzing visuals. This reconsideration will not only benefit visual and multimodal theories but will also provide new angles on classic RT. Whereas many RT concepts function without any problem when applied to visuals, there are others that cannot straightforwardly be “translated” to the visual realm and therefore need adaptation. The problematic issues mainly result from the fact that visuals typically have a structure and depicted entities, but no grammar and vocabulary. This leads to the questions of whether visuals can nonetheless be “coded”—which in turn has consequences for their possible underlying “logical form”—and whether information in visuals is necessarily always to be inferred or is sometimes actually decoded. Several examples are discussed to clarify these issues. In the final sections, there is a brief discussions of the relation between RT and Blending Theory, and of RT’s problematic take on metaphor.
Case Studies–Political and Non-Political Cartoons
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The genre of political cartoons purports to present a wittily critical visual or visual-plus-written-verbal commentary on politicians and states of affairs in the world. The genre is thereby of high interest for critical discourse analysts, as it lays bare a community’s ideological assumptions and does so in a pithy, easily accessible form. Moreover, the genre can get away with proposing ideas that, when presented in the verbal mode, would be unacceptably offensive or crude. From an RT perspective, it is clear that since cartoons typically appear in specific newspapers and magazine, cartoonists have a fairly precise idea of the target audience to whom they want to be optimally relevant. The chapter outlines the conventions of the cartoon genre in some detail, then examines four political and two non-political cartoons in the light of their communicative and informative intentions, aspects of reference assignment, implicated premises, and explicatures and implicatures. Other aspects that are briefly addressed are cartoons’ artist-dependent style, need for stereotypical depiction and caricaturization, deployment of metaphors, and loose use of visuals.
Case Studies–Comics
Authors: Forceville Charles 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The antecedents of the genre of comics and graphic novels could be dated as far back as Christ’s Stations of the Cross in numerous churches, but the genre of “sequential art’ ” (Will Eisner 2006 [1985]) really took off in the late 19th century and was baptized the “ninth art” in the course of the 20th. It typically consists of visuals combined with written language. Comics sport a number of visual elements that are to be decoded rather than inferred by the reader-viewer, such as pictograms, balloons, and motion and emotion lines. Moreover, the audience of comics is expected to be familiar with meaning-generating mechanisms such as onomatopoeia and the “gutter,” and to understand how to navigate from panel to panel. Comics artists help their audience achieve relevance by tapping into these readers/viewers’ knowledge of narrative codes and conventions. These include the three classic mechanisms of surprise, suspense, and curiosity, and the distinction between omniscient (or external) narrators and character-narrators. The case studies include panels or sequences from work by Hergé, Shaun Tan, Peter de Wit, Lewis Trondheim, Guy Delisle, Johanna Sinisalo and Hannu Mänttäri, and Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons, as well as IKEA instructions on a do-it-yourself (DIY) package. The chapter shows how achieving relevance requires appropriate reference assignment, enrichment, broadening or narrowing assumptions, processing loose visuals, correctly adducing implicated premises, and generating explicatures and implicatures.
Linguistic Chaos
Authors: Maree Claire 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 illustrates how, as an enregistered style, queerqueen talk is co-opted into popular culture. It analyzes the Mori Mori Cooking segment of the animated series The World of GOLDEN EGGS (Plus Heads, Inc.) which is hosted by Rose and Mary—animated characters and mascot-like queen-personalities who traverse into the hyper-connected world of media-mix products. The sonic qualities of the okama (fag)-twins as embodied by twins Osugi and Peeco in the late 1970s, and the transformational powers of the queen-personality emanating from makeover genres of the early 2000s are laminated onto the voice performances of Rose and Mary. The highly stylized ventriloquism of queerqueen talk is emblematic of the chaotic language that permeates the Golden Eggs series. Within its multi-platform incarnations, the queerqueen mascot functions as a conduit of knowledge and culinary skills who looks onto the “real world live action” of cooking yet consistently flaunts the dictates of contemporary television broadcasting.
Bleeping Deluxe
Authors: Maree Claire 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the visual and sonic mapping of excess onto the queerqueen figure through layering of censorship tropes such as redaction characters (fuseji) and pixelization onto audiovisual media. Censorship tropes index complex histories of the use of language and images in the public sphere. Manipulation of censorship tropes exposes discourses of discrimination that shape language use in the media. This chapter analyzes the use of censorship beeps in the late-night television show Matsuko no heya (Matsuko’s Room; Fuji Television Network) hosted by Matsuko Deluxe, a contemporary queerqueen superstar who gained mainstream popularity in the early 2000s. The show pivots on staged (im)politeness and a pretense of low-cost production and minimal editorial effects. In Matsuko no Heya, self-censorship edited into the footage (re)creates Matsuko’s image as a sharp-tongued, honest-speaking, entertaining personality. It simultaneously (re)creates Matsuko’s linguistic performance of gender and sexuality as that which already exceeds the limits of respectability.
Insincere Discourse Strategies
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out a framework for analyzing insincere discourse strategies. Though not equivalent, there is sufficient overlap between insincerity and deception to begin by considering typologies of deception based on Grice’s Cooperative Principle and the speaker’s communicative intentions and goals. However, the chapter argues for an approach to insincere discourse based on a number of communicative variables relating to pursuit of inquiry. Accordingly, the underlying insincere discourse strategy is considered to be withholding (failing to disclose what you believe you should disclose), while misleading involves linguistically leading the interlocutor astray with regard to that concealed knowledge either by suggestion (misleading without lying) or explicit assertion (lying). The insincere discourse strategies may be realized through sub-strategies (e.g., omitting, evading, and blocking) or more general pragmatic tactics (e.g., equivocating and falsely implicating). Insincere discourse becomes unethical or wrong when it is willful (i.e., it breaches trust and is not justifiably suspended).
What Can Science, Technology, and Innovation Offer in the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals?
Authors: Adenle Ademola A. , Chertow Marian R. , Moors Ellen H.M. , Pannell David J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the many ways that science, technology, and innovation (STI) can bolster the global agenda of the United Nations (UN) toward meeting the sustainable development goals (SDGs). It shows how STI applications can make multiple contributions to the achievement of SDGs. It is particularly important for developing countries to harness STI, while managing resulting trade-offs, to deliver sustainable development effectively. The SDGs simultaneously touch upon environmental, social and economic aspects of development but integrating these aspects into the implementation of the SDGs is challenging for both policymakers and researchers. To meet its SDG targets, the global community must mobilize STI across multiple sectors, support new investments in innovation, and contribute to policy design that addresses a range of barriers.
The Role of Development-Focused Health Technology Assessment in Optimizing Science, Technology, and Innovation to Achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3
Authors: Bouttell Janet , Grieve Eleanor , Hawkins Neil 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Sustainable development goal 3 (SDG3) seeks to ensure health and well-being for all at every stage of life. It aims to bring about the end of some of the world’s major epidemics, enable access to essential health services and technologies, and calls for more research and development (R&D) on new medicines, diagnostics, and vaccines. This chapter outlines how science, technology, and innovation (STI) can contribute to the achievement of SDG3. The authors then explain what health technology assessment (HTA) is and show how it contributed to the achievement of health-related millenium development goals. Development-focused HTA is introduced, and the authors show how it can be used to improve decision-making regarding how and whether specific new technologies should be developed. The authors show how HTA analysis can potentially improve the return on investment in new technologies by improving the efficency of the research prioritization and development processes while ensuring the needs of vulnerable populations are met. This will ultimately increase the accessibility of affordable and effective health technologies. The chapter first examines the role STI may play in achieving SDG3, then defines HTA and distinguishes development-focused HTA from the more familiar use-focused form. The authors then look at analytic tools of development-focused HTA and how these may be applied in assessing technologies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Finally, a case study illustrates how some of these methods may be used to assess a proposed low-cost point-of-care diagnostic currently in development.
Making Scale Work for Sustainable Development
Authors: Wigboldus Seerp , Klerkx Laurens , Leeuwis Cees 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Scaling generalizable solutions delivered through science, technology, and innovation has become a dominant paradigm for achieving the sustainable development goals. In many cases, organizations articulate theories of change that are intended to support the strategic design and guidance of agricultural research and innovation to contribute to impact at scale. How scaling beyond the immediate research and innovation context is expected to happen, however, is often poorly elaborated in theories of change. The question of how scaling could happen—that is, a theory of scaling—tends to remain a black box of unarticulated assumptions. Similarly, policymakers often lack a governance sense-making framework to consider the appropriateness of a multitude of scaling initiatives in light of societal goals. Recent studies have drawn attention to the fact that scaling processes involve greater complexity than is generally taken into account. This chapter addresses this situation by unpacking what is in that black box and translating this into a guidance framework along the lines of a theory of scaling as a dedicated component of a wider theory of change. The objective is to support researchers, management decision-makers, and policymakers in engaging more effectively and responsibly with scaling initiatives.
European Catholicism (1500–1700)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The long Catholic Reformation, which lasted from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, is one of the most active, intense, and expansive in the history of Christian conversion. This chapter begins with an examination of the conversions of two profoundly influential Catholics from the Iberian Peninsula (Ignatius of Loyola and Teresa of Ávila) and then considers efforts by the religious orders to re-Catholicize Europe. With the Jesuits leading the way, the Church evangelized the masses, drawing them into a personal relationship with God by encouraging the very things Protestants condemned: cults of intercession, pilgrimages, concern with purgatory, feast days, adoration of Christ in the Eucharist, and devotion to the saints. The chapter then moves to a discussion of conversion in the context of religiously mixed communities (Catholics and Protestants) in the Low Countries and France and ends with a discussion of Pierre Bayle’s defense of free conscience as the basis of true conversion.
The Rise of Evangelicalism (1675–1750)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers expressions and views of conversion in two major evangelical movements in two locales—Pietism in Germany and Methodism in England. Pietism, whose spirituality informed nearly all aspects of British and American evangelicalism, emerged in the seventeenth century as one of the most important Protestant renewal movements after the Reformation. Pietists stressed that assent to formal doctrine fell far short of true Christianity. Critical of “nominal” religion and dissatisfied with the way that Lutheran pastors preached and carried out their pastoral duties, Pietists located true religion in the heart. Their language of “rebirth,” “regeneration,” and the “new man” stressed the experiential, emotional, even mystical side of the faith. In England, the conversions of John and Charles Wesley were indebted to the influence of Pietist Moravians. John’s itinerating preaching, and organizing skills and Charles’s hymn-writing would profoundly shape England’s Evangelical Revival.
Puritans and the Great Awakening in America (1630–1790)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the necessity and nature of conversion from the earliest Puritan communities in New England through the colonies-wide Great Awakening. It begins with the conversionary views of Thomas Shepard, examines briefly the phenomenon of the Great Awakening, and ends with an extended discussion of the centrality of conversion in the life and writings of Jonathan Edwards. Despite the awakening’s many variations, the unifying theme that transcended denominational boundaries was its attention to “heart-centered,” conversion-oriented religion. Indeed, the legacy of the awakening—what makes it truly “great”—was the formation of a distinctively American evangelical culture whose touchstone was the conversion experience and whose influence has stretched into our own time and expanded around the world.
The Church of the East and the First Catholic Missions (635–1840)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens with a broad survey of Christianity’s initial appearance in West Asia and the several papal-sponsored sending missions of a handful of friars that followed. It then moves to a more extended treatment of the first organized and subsidized effort by the Church to penetrate China with the gospel—the first Jesuit mission of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Particular attention is given to the conversionary efforts of Matteo Ricci, the conversion of Xu Guangqi, and European missionary attempts to convert rural people and villagers. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of the homegrown variety of Christianity that survived during the period when Christianity was officially outlawed in China as a heterodox and “perverse sect.”
Upper-Caste Conversions (1500–1900)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After tracing the early Christian presence in India and discussing the nature of the caste system, this chapter profiles individuals—well-known upper-caste nineteenth-century converts from Hinduism. As in China, the missionary presence in India was a necessary but not sufficient factor in Christianity’s spread. Missionaries initiated the first conversions, but within a generation or two, Indian Christians became the primary instruments for the spread of the gospel. Communication never flowed in one direction, from missionary to Indians. Increasingly, Indians converted on their own terms and adapted Christianity to meet their own particular concerns and to indigenize their faith by separating Christ from the trappings of Western, colonial Christianity. Converts discussed include Krishna Mohan Banerjea, Baba Padmanjee, Krishna Pillai, Narayan Vaman Tilak, Pandita Ramabai, and Brahmabandhab Upadhyay.
Lower-Caste Conversions (1530–Present)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Beginning in the 1860s and 1870s, in separate regions of India, Protestants witnessed explosive growth through group conversions among the “depressed classes.” Forced to revise their understanding of conversion as an individual commitment made by one person at a time, Christians discovered that their future success lay in the conversion of the outcastes and tribal groups. By 1933, an estimated one-half of the Roman Catholics in India were descendants of mass-movement converts and at least 80 percent of the Protestant converts had also come via this route. This chapter considers group conversions or mass movements, primarily among nineteenth- and twentieth-century depressed classes and tribal peoples, who currently represent over 50 percent and 15 to 20 percent, respectively, of Christians in India. Groups discussed include the Shanars of Tirunelveli, the Chuhras of Punjab, and the Mizos of northeast India. The chapter concludes with an examination of recent conversion controversies.