bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmentally triggered variability in the genetic variance–covariance of herbivory resistance of an exotic plantSolidago altissima
Authors: Sakata Yuzu , Utsumi Shunsuke , Craig Timothy P. , Itami Joanne K. , Ikemoto Mito , Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe variability in the genetic variance–covariance (G‐matrix) in plant resistance and its role in the evolution of invasive plants have been long overlooked. We conducted an additional analysis of the data of a reciprocal transplant experiment with tall goldenrod,Solidago altissima, in multiple garden sites within its native range (USA) and introduced range (Japan). We explored the differences in G‐matrix of resistance to two types of foliar herbivores: (a) a lace bug that is native to the USA and recently introduced to Japan, (b) and other herbivorous insects in response to plant origins and environments. A negative genetic covariance was found between plant resistances to lace bugs and other herbivorous insects, in all combinations of garden locations and plant origins except for US plants planted in US gardens. The G‐matrix of the resistance indices did not differ between US and Japanese plants either in US or Japanese gardens, while it differed between US and Japanese gardens in both US and Japanese plants. Our results suggested that the G‐matrix of the plant resistance may have changed in response to novel environmental differences including herbivore communities and/or other biotic and abiotic factors in the introduced range. This may have revealed a hidden trade‐off between resistances, masked by the environmental factors in the origin range. These results suggest that the stability of the genetic covariance during invasion, and the environmentally triggered variability in the G‐matrices of plant resistance may help to protect the plant against multiple herbivore species without changing its genetic architecture and that this may lead to a rapid adaptation of resistance in exotic plants. Local environments of the plant also have a critical effect on plant resistance and should be considered in order to understand trait evolution in exotic plants.
The Transition Metal Chemistry of PGeP and PSnP Pincer Heavier Tetrylenes
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Laglera‐Gándara Carlos J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group led by Javier A. Cabeza and Pablo García‐Álvarez, in collaboration with Carlos J. Laglera‐Gándara, from the University of Oviedo, Spain. In this Minireview, they survey the current state‐of‐the‐art of the synthesis and coordination chemistry of heavier tetrylenes having a PEP pincer topology (E = heavier tetrel element). The cover image shows the remarkable structures of two PGeP pincer metal complexes and the Faculty of Chemistry, where these complexes were prepared.
Modulatory Effects of Pb2+ on Virally Challenged Chicken Macrophage (HD-11) and B-Lymphocyte (DT40) Cell Lines In Vitro
Authors: Han Biyao , García-Mendoza Diego , van den Berg Hans , van den Brink Nico W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Elevated levels of lead have been found in waterfowl, due to human activities. Lead may cause immunomodulatory effects, but the mechanisms are largely unknown, especially after viral challenges. To characterize avian immunomodulatory hazards of lead (Pb)2+, we used chicken macrophage (HD-11) and B-lymphocyte (DT40) cell lines, as in vitro models for the innate and adaptive immune systems, respectively. The cells were activated via toll-like receptor-3 by polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid sodium salt (poly I:C), mimicking viral infections. Our results indicate that Pb2+ is cytotoxic to both cell lines, macrophages being more sensitive. De novo synthesis of glutathione plays an important role in protecting macrophages from Pb2+ intoxication, which might also be closely involved in the induction of nitric oxide after Pb2+ exposure. Stimulatory effects on cell proliferation were noticed at noncytotoxic Pb2+ concentrations as well. Exposure to Pb2+ could also affect the inflammatory status by inhibiting the pro-inflammatory interferon (IFN)-γ while promoting the production of anti-inflammatory type I IFNs in both macrophages and B-cells, and increasing intracellular IgM levels in B-cells. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of Pb2+ in birds are probably closely associated with disruption of immune cell proliferation and cytokine production, potentially causing disorders of the avian immune system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1060–1070. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Production of low‐calorie apricot nectar sweetened with stevia: Impact on qualitative, sensory, and nutritional profiles
Authors: Reale Anna , Di Renzo Tiziana , Russo Antonio , Niro Serena , Ottombrino Antonio , Pellicano Mario Paolo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a low‐calorie apricot nectar by replacing sucrose with different amount of Stevia rebaudiana bertoni (Rebaudioside A, 98%). Stevia has become very popular as sweetener for the production of low‐calorie products but its addition could be a challenge for industry, since it could modify sensory features of the product and consumers' acceptance. To this end, apricot nectars without sugar, with sucrose 10%, and with different amounts of stevia were produced and evaluated for microbiological quality using the pour‐plate technique, and physicochemical (pH, TTA, and aw) and nutritional (moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates, and ash) characteristics. Furthermore, a sensory analysis of the samples was performed by a panel of trained judges using quantitative descriptive analysis. The effect of stevia addiction on the consumers' acceptance was investigated by 102 consumers of fruit juices that evaluated the overall acceptability of the samples using a structured 9‐point hedonic scale. Levels of microbial groups in nectars were under the detection limit confirming a good hygienic practice within the production. Nectars produced with stevia resulted in significant reduction in caloric value from 86 kcal (nectar with 10% sucrose) to 49 kcal (nectars with stevia), without altering its typicality. Different sensory profiles among samples were pointed out; all the products are liked, but with a different level of pleasantness. The study highlighted that the apricot nectars with 0.07% stevia are characterized for sweet and liquorice aroma notes and received the same level of consumer acceptability of nectars produced with 10% sucrose.
Optimized production and safety evaluation of hispidin‐enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang mycelia
Authors: Li I‐Chen , Chen Chang Cheng , Sheu Sen‐Je , Huang I‐Hsuan , Chen Chin‐Chu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years. Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow‐brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20‐ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption.
Radioprotective effects of montelukast, a selective leukotriene CysLT1 receptor antagonist, against nephrotoxicity induced by gamma radiation in mice
Authors: Hormati Ahmad , Ahmadpour Sajjad , Afkhami Ardekani Mahdieh , Khodadust Fatemeh , Refahi Soheila 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeIn this study, we evaluated the renal protective effects of montelukast (MLK) against ionizing radiation (IR) induced nephrotoxicity in mice.Materials and MethodsRadioprotective effects of MLK were assessed by biochemical analysis including measurements of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and serum creatinine and urea levels. Besides, for further evaluation of protective effects of MLK on renal system, 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) has been applied. The total antioxidant capacity of MLK was measured by using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl radical reagents and compared with butylated hydroxyl toluene standard antioxidant.ResultsThe biochemical evaluation revealed that better results have been achieved for the groups administered with MLK than the only radiation group. Besides only IR‐treated mice group, those treated with MLK demonstrated a significant decrease in urea and creatinine levels. Statistically, significant differences of MDA and SHG levels (P < .05) were found between the radiation group and MLK plus IR‐treated group. Also, 99mTc‐DMSA kidney uptake value (%ID/g) was observed lower for MLK plus IR‐treated mice group than only radiation‐treated mice group.ConclusionsAccording to our findings, MLK has a potential role to be used as a renal protective agent against gamma radiation in radiotherapy.
Conventional detection and quantification real‐time PCR of the pks‐1 gene of Chaetomium globosum
Authors: Gherbawy Youssuf A. , El‐Dawy Eman G. A. E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChaetomium globosum is known as a potential biocontrol indicator against various soil and seedborne pathogens. Precise data are necessary for population monitoring of C. globosum for its effective use in agriculture. A sequence‐characterized amplified region marker has been applied for the detection of this biocontrol agent, which will help to detect C. globosum at the site of its application. Out of 17 isolates of C. globosum, only 8 isolates of C. globosum amplified a monomorphic band of 1,900 bp. C. globosum is known for producing chaetoglobosin A. The pks‐1 gene is unique in C. globosum in that it is involved in chaetoglobosin A production, melanin formation, and sporulation. Real‐time PCR of pks‐1 was used to compare the expressions of the pks‐1 gene and chaetoglobosin A biosynthesis and sporulation. It was found that the sporulation of C. globosum was associated with the levels of pks‐1 gene expression; Cg2 isolate showed high expression of the pks‐1 gene, 41.21%, and also produced a great number of spores and perithecia. The association between the pks‐1 gene expression and chaetoglobosin A production was estimated. The Pks‐1 gene was expressed by all C. globosum isolates except one isolate, C1, which is another species of Chaetomium. In addition, all C. globosum isolates produced chaetoglobosin A with different concentrations and did not express the same levels of pks‐1. This finding may be a result of the solvent type used in the extraction.
Classification of Lake Michigan snow days for estimation of the lake‐effect contribution to the downward trend in November snowfall
Authors: Clark Craig A. , Goebbert Kevin H. , Ganesh‐Babu Bharath , Young Allison M. , Heinlein Kaitlyn N. , Casas Eleanor G. , VanDe Guchte Andrew P. , Krull Alexander J. , Sefcovic Zachary P. , Connelly Ryan J. , Caruthers Alexandra L. , Haynes Matthew , Zigner Katelyn M. , Fingerle Sarah L. , Cade Evan P. , DeRolf Timothy M. , Schletz Samantha M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe substantial impact of Lake‐effect snow in the Laurentian Great Lakes has led to interest in the impact of climate change on snowfall in the region. A recent assessment of Lake Michigan snowfall revealed a marked decrease in November snowfall since the 1950s, associated with a warming‐induced reduction in the fraction of precipitation days occurring as snowfall. Herein, in order to identify the trend contribution from Lake‐effect snowfall, snow days from the November 1950–2012 study period are classified as primarily System or Lake‐effect, with additional options of Insignificant, Both, Remnant, and Unclear. The classification is based on the snowfall distribution and visual map inspection for synoptic‐scale forcing, and results are compared with an objective classification based on clustering of daily snowfall. The regional snowfall patterns of Lake‐effect and System snow days are markedly different, with Lake‐effect snow days exhibiting a clear Lake‐effect signature downwind of Lake Michigan. The larger‐scale environments also differ, with much colder conditions in the Great Lakes and higher sea‐level pressure in the Great Plains on Lake‐effect days. With snowfall projected onto the classifications, the decrease of snowfall east of the lake is attributable to both reductions in Lake‐effect and System snowfall, while System snowfall changes are dominant west of the lake. The trends are consistent with the sensitivity to regional temperature, as well as an increasing prevalence of rain reports (within other sub‐regions) during snow days. Results based on the objective classification are largely congruent.
Multiscale mechanics of tissue‐engineered cartilage grown from human chondrocytes and human‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Middendorf Jill M. , Diamantides Nicole , Shortkroff Sonya , Dugopolski Caroline , Kennedy Stephen , Cohen Itai , Bonassar Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTissue‐engineered cartilage has shown promising results in the repair of focal cartilage defects. However, current clinical techniques rely on an extra surgical procedure to biopsy healthy cartilage to obtain human chondrocytes. Alternatively, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and produce cartilaginous matrix without the need to biopsy healthy cartilage. However, the mechanical properties of tissue‐engineered cartilage with iPSCs are unknown and might be critical to long‐term tissue function and health. This study used confined compression, cartilage on glass tribology, and shear testing on a confocal microscope to assess the macroscale and microscale mechanical properties of two constructs seeded with either chondrocyte‐derived iPSCs (Ch‐iPSCs) or native human chondrocytes. Macroscale properties of Ch‐iPSC constructs provided similar or better mechanical properties than chondrocyte constructs. Under compression, Ch‐iPSC constructs had an aggregate modulus that was two times larger than chondrocyte constructs and was closer to native tissue. No differences in the shear modulus and friction coefficients were observed between Ch‐iPSC and chondrocyte constructs. On the microscale, Ch‐iPSC and chondrocyte constructs had different depth‐dependent mechanical properties, neither of which matches native tissue. These observed depth‐dependent differences may be important to the function of the implant. Overall, this comparison of multiple mechanical properties of Ch‐iPSC and chondrocyte constructs shows that using Ch‐iPSCs can produce equivalent or better global mechanical properties to chondrocytes. Therefore, iPSC‐seeded cartilage constructs could be a promising solution to repair focal cartilage defects. The chondrocyte constructs used in this study have been implanted into humans for clinical trials. Therefore, Ch‐iPSC constructs could also be used clinically in place of the current chondrocyte construct.
Pressure dependence of micro‐Raman mass spectrometry for carbon isotopic composition of carbon dioxide fluid
Authors: Yokokura Lena , Hagiwara Yuuki , Yamamoto Junji 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMicro‐Raman spectroscopy can find the carbon isotopic ratio of CO2 fluid from the ratio of intensity or area of a 13CO2 peak to that of a 12CO2 peak. We examined the precisions of carbon isotopic ratios (δ13C) of CO2 at constant room temperature and pressure of 10–150 MPa. Measurement of the intensity ratio has precision of 2.8–8.7‰, which is better than that of the area ratio of 4.5–14.7‰. We also investigated the pressure dependence of the Raman intensity ratios and area ratio by changing fluid pressure. When changing fluid pressure from 10 to 150 MPa, the ratios of intensity and area both show negative correlation with fluid pressure (CO2 density). Pressures of two types affect the Raman spectrum of CO2 peaks, affecting the peak position and peak shape. To evaluate effects on the peak position, we repeatedly measured the intensity ratio at constant CO2 pressure (10 MPa) with movement of the grating center position, which is defined as the center value of the analyzed wave number range. Although we moved the grating center position from 1,248.5 to 1,251.5 cm−1, no significant correlation was observed for either ratio of intensity or area. The pressure effect on the ratios can be corrected by ascertaining the CO2 pressure. Combination with the Raman spectroscopic barometry for CO2 enables analyses of δ13C of CO2 respectively using the intensity ratio and the area ratio of CO2 Raman peaks within 8.7 and 14.7‰.
Fast and efficient immunoaffinity column cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of aflatoxins in baby food and feeds
Authors: AlFaris Nora Abdullah , Wabaidur Saikh Mohammad , Alothman Zeid Abdullah , Altamimi Jozaa Zaidan , Aldayel Tahany Saleh 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn ultra high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometric method has been developed for the highly sensitive and selective determination of regulated aflatoxins. The extraction of aflatoxins from baby food matrices were performed using liquid–liquid extraction procedure followed by immunoaffinity column cleanup. The higher sensitivity for the determination of target aflatoxins was fulfilled by applying a preconcentration step with immunoaffinity columns after acetonitrile–water extraction. The enhanced selectivity was attained with the triple quadrupole mass analyzer operated in electrospray positive ionization mode. Method validation was tested in five different baby food matrices by recovery experiments. Satisfactory recoveries, between 92 and 103%, with relative standard deviations lower than 8% were achieved in all the tested matrices. The proposed method was found to be specific as no interference peaks were observed for blank samples. The limit of detection of the method was found to be in the range of 0.003–0.008 ng/mL. The validated method was fruitfully applied to the screening of aflatoxins in baby foods and feeds sample retailed in local markets of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The obtained levels of all analyzed aflatoxins were below the regulation limits set by European Agency.
Phase Control Behavior of Lateral Polymer Photodetectors Using Strong Aggregation Bulk Heterojunction Film
Authors: Han Tao , Liu Qiao , Guo Yanxi , Jin Gui , Ding Shufang , Yao Min , Jiang Chunzhi , Wang Huanyou , Huang Xiaoyi , Chang Fa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aggregation behavior of polymers can ultimately have a significant impact on the performance of polymer photodetectors depends mainly on the main solvent, solvent additive, thermal annealing treatment, and so on. In this work, a phase control behavior of lateral polymer photodetectors (L‐PPDs) is realized by changing the acceptor concentration or introducing 1,8‐diiodooctane (DIO) in strong aggregation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films, which can effectively regulate the minority carriers trapping under high PC61BM ratio. Additionally the responsivity (R), gain (G) and specific detectivity (D*) value of the L‐PPDs can reach 94.4 A W−1, 289.7, and 1.33 × 1014 Jones under 0.0031 mW cm−2 @405 nm, respectively. The structure of the L‐PPDs is optimized as quartz/ PMMA (30 nm)/ PffBT4T‐2OD:PC61BM (D/A ratio = 1:1.2)/ Ag–Ag electrodes. Furthermore, the phase separation of the thin films is promoted by introducing 3% DIO, resulting in a clear increase of response speed (fall time is about tenfold faster than that of the control device), and an improved switching performance about 60‐fold higher under strong light (10.42 mW cm−2). This research represents an important step forward in the fabrication of high‐performance polymer photodetectors, which show promising application potential.
An investigation of the regional correlation gradients between Euro‐Atlantic atmospheric teleconnections and winter solar short wave radiation in northwest Europe
Authors: Correia João M. , McDermott Frank , Sweeney Conor , Doddy Eadaoin , Griffin Seánie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIncreased use of solar photovoltaic electricity requires a better understanding of the impact of large‐scale atmospheric teleconnections on incident short wave (SW) solar radiation. Our focus is on the relationship between winter (December to February) SW radiation in northwest Europe and the dominant Euro‐Atlantic atmospheric teleconnection patterns using multiple multi‐decadal observational and gridded reanalysis datasets, with a focus on the islands of Ireland and Britain. Our study reveals that the previously reported west–east seesaw in the correlation pattern between the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index and winter SW radiation across the United Kingdom is complex, involving several zonal changes in the sign of the NAO–SW correlations (multiple seesaws). By comparison with the NAO, the east Atlantic pattern exerts only a weak control on winter SW radiation across the United Kingdom and Ireland, although in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula and adjacent Atlantic Ocean significant positive correlations occur. High values of the Scandinavian pattern index result in higher than average winter SW radiation in much of northern Europe, although it is evident that some regions (e.g. northeast England, east Scotland and the adjacent North Sea area) exhibit the opposite behaviour. Inter‐seasonal variations in the dominant atmospheric flow and moisture transport directions, steered by large‐scale atmospheric pressure patterns, combined with orographic uplift and rainout effects on the windward side of hills and mountains are interpreted to be the physical drivers of the observed zonal variations and correlation sign reversals between winter SW anomalies and the NAO index.