bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metaphor and mental language in late-medieval nominalism
Authors: Roques Magali 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, I intend to examine the conception of metaphor developed by fourteenth-century nominalist
philosophers, in particular William of Ockham and John Buridan, but also the Ockhamist philosophers who were condemned by the 1340
statute of the faculty of arts of the University of Paris. According to these philosophers, metaphor is a transfer of meaning from
one word to another. This transfer is based on some similarity, and is intentionally produced by a speaker. My aim is to study
whether this view on metaphor is related to a specific view on the relation between thought, language, and communication. With
this case study, I intend to argue that the view on the nature of thought one holds does not necessarily determine what the nature
and function of metaphor are. I will show that the three philosophical doctrines under study diverge in their understanding of the
mechanisms of a metaphor, while they share the same view on the nature of thought, namely that thought is a mental language.
A single seed treatment mediated through reactive oxygen species increases germination, growth performance, and abiotic stress tolerance inArabidopsisand rice
Authors: Kamal Md Mostafa , Erazo Carlos , Tanino Karen K , Kawamura Yukio , Kasuga Jun , Laarveld Bernard , Olkowski Andrew , Uemura Matsuo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHydroxyl radical (•OH) is considered to be the most damaging among reactive oxygen species. Although afew studies have reported on its effects on growth and stress adaptation of plants, no detailed studies have been performed using •OH in germination and early seedling growth under abiotic stresses. Here we report a single seed treatment with •OH on germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis and rice under non-stressed (ambient) and various abiotic-stressed conditions (chilling, high temperature, heat, and salinity). The treatment resulted in faster seed germination and early seedling growth under non-stressed conditions, and, interestingly, these effects were more prominent under abiotic stresses. In addition, Arabidopsis seedlings from treated seeds showed faster root growth and developed more lateral roots. These results show apositive and potential practical use for •OH in model and crop plants for direct seeding in the field, as well as improvement of tolerance against emerging stresses.Abbreviations: AUC: area under curve; MGT: mean germination time; t50: time to reach 50% germination; U7525: time for uniform germination from 25% to 75%; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSI: germination speed index; SI: stress index; DI: dormancy index
Detection of 30 bp DNA fragments with a sensitive modified Southern blot analysis
Authors: Takabatake Reona , Kaneko Machiko , Yanagida Makiko , Kitta Kazumi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To evaluate crops generated by new breeding techniques, it is important to confirm the removal of recombinant DNAs (rDNAs) derived from foreign genes including unintentionally introduced short rDNA(s). We attempted to develop a sensitive detection method for such short rDNAs using Southern blot analysis and performed a model study targeting single-copy endogenous genes in plants. To increase the detection sensitivity, the general protocol for Southern blot analysis was modified. In the model study, we used endogenous-gene-targeting probes in which complementary sequences were serially replaced by dummy sequences, and detected complementary sequences as well as 30 bp. We further evaluated the sensitivity using short rDNAs derived from GM sequences as pseudoinsertions, and the results demonstrated that rDNA-insertions as small as 30 bp could be detected. The results suggested that unintentionally introduced rDNA-insertions were 30 bp or more in length could be detected by the Southern blot analysis.
Characterization of brain‐derived extracellular vesicles reveals changes in cellular origin after stroke and enrichment of the prion protein with a potential role in cellular uptake
Authors: Brenna Santra , Altmeppen Hermann C. , Mohammadi Behnam , Rissiek Björn , Schlink Florence , Ludewig Peter , Krisp Christoph , Schlüter Hartmut , Failla Antonio Virgilio , Schneider Carola , Glatzel Markus , Puig Berta , Magnus Tim 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are important means of intercellular communication and a potent tool for regenerative therapy. In ischaemic stroke, transient blockage of a brain artery leads to a lack of glucose and oxygen in the affected brain tissue, provoking neuronal death by necrosis in the core of the ischaemic region. The fate of neurons in the surrounding penumbra region depends on the stimuli, including EVs, received during the following hours. A detailed characterization of such stimuli is crucial not only for understanding stroke pathophysiology but also for new therapeutic interventions. In the present study, we characterize the EVs in mouse brain under physiological conditions and 24 h after induction of transient ischaemia in mice. We show that, in steady‐state conditions, microglia are the main source of small EVs (sEVs), whereas after ischaemia the main sEV population originates from astrocytes. Brain sEVs presented high amounts of the prion protein (PrP), which were further increased after stroke. Moreover, EVs were enriched in a proteolytically truncated PrP fragment (PrP‐C1). Because of similarities between PrP‐C1 and certain viral surface proteins, we studied the cellular uptake of brain‐derived sEVs from mice lacking (PrP‐KO) or expressing PrP (WT). We show that PrP‐KO‐sEVs are taken up significantly faster and more efficiently than WT‐EVs by primary neurons. Furthermore, microglia and astrocytes engulf PrP‐KO‐sEVs more readily than WT‐sEVs. Our results provide novel information on the relative contribution of brain cell types to the sEV pool in murine brain and indicate that increased release of sEVs by astrocytes together with elevated levels of PrP in sEVs may play a role in intercellular communication at early stages after stroke. In addition, amounts of PrP (and probably PrP‐C1) in brain sEVs seem to contribute to regulating their cellular uptake.
Plasma extracellular vesicles detected by Single Molecule array technology as a liquid biopsy for colorectal cancer
Authors: Wei Ping , Wu Fei , Kang Bin , Sun Xiaohua , Heskia Fabienne , Pachot Alexandre , Liang Ji , Li Dawei 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTCirculating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were recognized as a promising source of diagnostic biomarker. However, there are limited studies published in this area, partly due to the limited number of detection platforms capable of detecting extracellular vesicles. In this study, extracellular vesicle immunoassays were developed using the Single Molecule array technology (SiMoa) and their clinical applications to cancer diagnosis were evaluated. Two extracellular vesicle detection assays, CD9‐CD63 and Epcam‐CD63, were designed to detect universal extracellular vesicles and tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles, respectively. Our results show that CD9‐CD63 and Epcam‐CD63 SiMoa assays specifically detect extracellular vesicles but not free proteins with high sensitivities. The Epcam‐CD63 levels detected in cancer cell culture media were consistent with levels of Epcam‐expressing EVs isolated from the same cancer cell lines and detected by Western blot. Furthermore, the assays distinguish cancerous from non‐cancerous plasma samples. The highest CD9‐CD63 and Epcam‐CD63 signals were observed in colorectal cancer patients comparing to healthy and benign controls. Both assays showed superior diagnostic performance for colorectal cancer. In addition, our results show that CD9‐CD63 detection is an independent prognosis factor for both progression free survival and overall survival, while Epcam‐CD63 detectionis an independent prognosis factor for OS.
Internalization of trophoblastic small extracellular vesicles and detection of their miRNA cargo in P‐bodies
Authors: Li Hui , Pinilla‐Macua Itziar , Ouyang Yingshi , Sadovsky Elena , Kajiwara Kazuhiro , Sorkin Alexander , Sadovsky Yoel 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTPregnancy is a unique situation, in which placenta‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) may communicate with maternal and foetal tissues. While relevant to homoeostatic and pathological functions, the mechanisms underlying sEV entry and cargo handling in target cells remain largely unknown. Using fluorescently or luminescently labelled sEVs, derived from primary human placental trophoblasts or from a placental cell line, we interrogated the endocytic pathways used by these sEVs to enter relevant target cells, including the neighbouring primary placental fibroblasts and human uterine microvascular endothelial cells. We found that trophoblastic sEVs can enter target cells, where they retain biological activity. Importantly, using a broad series of pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA‐dependent silencing approaches, we showed that trophoblastic sEVs enter target cells using macropinocytosis and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis pathways, but not caveolin‐dependent endocytosis. Tracking their intracellular course, we localized the sEVs to early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes. Finally, we used coimmunoprecipitation to demonstrate the association of the sEV microRNA (miRNA) with the P‐body proteins AGO2 and GW182. Together, our data systematically detail endocytic pathways used by placental sEVs to enter relevant fibroblastic and endothelial target cells, and provide support for “endocytic escape” of sEV miRNA to P‐bodies, a key site for cytoplasmic RNA regulation.
Selective generation of excited species in ns pulse/RF hybrid plasmas for plasma chemistry applications
Authors: Gulko I , Jans E R , Richards C , Raskar S , Yang X , van den Bekerom D C M , Adamovich I V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hybrid plasmas, sustained by a repetitive ns pulse discharge and a sub-breakdown RF waveform in N2 and its mixtures with H2, CO, and CO2, are studied using laser diagnostics and kinetic modeling. Plasma emission images show that adding the RF waveform to the ns pulse train does not result in a discharge instability development, since the RF field does not produce additional ionization. Unlike a ns pulse/DC discharge, the ns pulse/RF plasma is sustained using a single pair of electrodes external to the discharge cell. Measurements of electronically excited molecules, N2(A3Σu
+), and vibrationally excited molecules in the ground electronic state, N2(X1Σg
+, v), demonstrate that these species are generated selectively. N2(A3Σu
+) molecules are produced predominantly by the ns pulse discharge waveform, while vibrational excitation of the ground electronic state N2 is mainly due to the RF waveform. Strong vibrational nonequilibrium is maintained at a low translational–rotational temperature. The ns pulse/RF discharge data demonstrate that the quenching of N2(A3Σu
+) is not affected by N2 vibrational excitation. Kinetic modeling shows that the rate of N2(A3Σu
+) quenching in a ns pulse discharge in nitrogen is underpredicted, and the modeling predictions agree with the data only if the rate of N atom generation by electron impact dissociation of N2 is increased by approximately an order of magnitude. This suggests a significant effect of excited electronic states on the net dissociation rate. Infrared emission spectra of ns pulse/RF hybrid plasmas in CO–N2 and CO2–N2 mixtures show that the present approach also generates strong vibrational excitation of CO and CO2, with the CO yield in the CO2–N2 mixture approximately a factor of two higher compared to that in a ns pulse discharge alone. This indicates a significant contribution of the vibrationally enhanced CO2 dissociation in the hybrid plasma. The present results demonstrate that sustaining the hybrid plasma in reacting molecular gas mixtures may isolate the plasma chemical reaction pathways dominated by vibrationally excited molecules from those of electronically excited molecules and atomic species.
Bending vibration control of a MR fluid embedded smart beam exposed by the conjunction of wind-induced galloping effects
Authors: Bolat Fevzi Cakmak , Sivrioglu Selim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study examined the control performance of a multi-layer smart beam structure in which the middle layer was partially filled with magnetorheological (MR) fluid. A galloping profile was connected to the endpoint to obtain vibration from this smart beam element in a regular regime. Flow-induced continuous vibration was created on the beam element by giving wind load from a certain distance to this galloping profile. The natural frequency values of the smart beam element were obtained analytically using the lumped parameter mathematical model, and their accuracy was compared with numerical methods. An electromagnet was placed opposite to MR fluid region to suppress vibrations by creating an actuator relationship with the smart beam. A norm-based H∞ robust control design was realized by taking the natural frequencies of the beam element into account. The control design was applied to the experimental system and the effectiveness of the controller was tested under various conditions. It was observed that the proposed MR fluid embedded active control structure has good properties to suppress the wind-induced vibrations in practice.
Infrared neuromodulation:a neuroengineering perspective
Authors: Fekete Z , Horváth Á C , Zátonyi A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is a branch of photobiomodulation that offers direct or indirect control of cellular activity through elevation of temperature in a spatially confined region of the target tissue. Research on INM started about 15 ago and is gradually attracting the attention of the neuroscience community, as numerous experimental studies have provided firm evidence on the safe and reproducible excitation and inhibition of neuronal firing in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. However, its biophysical mechanism is not fully understood and several engineered interfaces have been created to investigate infrared stimulation in both the peripheral and central nervous system. In this review, recent applications and present knowledge on the effects of INM on cellular activity are summarized, and an overview of the technical approaches to deliver infrared light to cells and to interrogate the optically evoked response is provided. The micro- and nanoengineered interfaces used to investigate the influence of INM are described in detail.
Estimation of submicron aerosols influence on the electrical conductivity of the atmosphere surface layer
Authors: Petrova G G , Panchishkina I N , Petrov A I , Chkhetiani O G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The analysis of the results of complex expeditionary measurements in the surface atmosphere, some of which has recently been published, is continued. Measurements of the Geophysical research laboratory of Southern Federal University, Faculty of Physics during the joint expeditions with Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP RAS) at scientific stations IAP RAS: in 2017- on the territory of the Tsimlyansk Scientific Station in the steppe zone, and in 2018 and 2019 – on the Kislovodsk High-Mountain Scientific Station, located on the alpine plateau Shadzhatmaz, 2100 m above the sea level. Quantitative relationships between the polar conductivities of the surface atmosphere and the concentration of submicron aerosols for various physical and geographical conditions are obtained. The observed decrease in polar conductivities reversely proportional to aerosol concentration is due to a decrease in the concentration of small atmospheric ions caused by their adsorption by aerosol particles. The empirical regression series are approximated by a logarithmic function with a high accuracy of the approximation. The presence of a causal relationship between the investigated values is confirmed by the dispersion analysis. The observed differences in the regression equations parameters are explained by different conditions during periods of observation.
Modeling of the atmospheric electric field local variations in the turbulent surface layer
Authors: Timoshenko D V , Kupovykh G V , Klovo A G , Kudrinskaya T V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An electrodynamic model of the surface layer is constructed in the approximation of the turbulent electrode effect in the atmosphere. The variation of the electric field that occurs due to changes in the degree of turbulent mixing during the day is calculated. The dependence of the spatial and temporal electric field characteristics on the values of the turbulent diffusion coefficient in the surface layer is studied. It is shown that the local changes in the degree of turbulent mixing lead to disturbances of the electric field comparable to the global unitary variation.
Geophysical and astrophysical processes in Earth’s electric field
Authors: Grunskaya L V , Isakevich V V , Isakevich D V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The work on detection of geophysical (lunar tides) and astrophysical (gravitation-wave relativistic binary star systems) impact on Earth’s lower atmosphere electric field is lead in Vladimir state university since 1999. The electric and geomagnetic fields are monitored at the Vladimir state university experimental physical base in infralow frequency scale in which the gravitation-wave frequencies of relativistic binary star systems are suited. Experimental research are lead in order to detect the fact of anomalous behavior of components in vertical Earth’s electric field spectrally localized at the lunar tides frequencies and double of relativistic binary star systems rotation frequencies and to estimate amplitudes of the such components.
Reduction coefficient and electric field near plane electrode with geometric heterogeneity
Authors: Kudrinskaya T V , Klovo A G , Kupovykh G V , Timoshenko D V 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Based on experimental studies and the theory of the electrode effect, the dependences of the reduction coefficient used in the processing of atmospheric-electric observation data on the geometry of the sensors and the size of the measured electric field are studied. In the approximation of the classical electrode effect, analytical expressions are obtained for the potential and electric field distributions near a flat electrode with a spherical inhomogeneity.
Linking the storm cells position and high values of instability indices – a case study in the southeast of Western Siberia
Authors: Nechepurenko O E , Gorbatenko V P , Konstantinova D A , Pustovalov K N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Improving the identification accuracy of spatial distribution of hazardous convective phenomena has relevant meaning for territories are not covered by lightning detection systems. We perform comparison on set of instances of registered lightning discharges by a Boltek single-point lightning detector with spatial instability fields. To determine the areas of atmospheric instability over the southeast of Western Siberia, Total Totals and K-index have been used. Values for the indices were calculated from balloon sounding data and ERA5 reanalysis. The results demonstrate an acceptable spatial agreement between the fields with high instability indices according to ERA5 reanalysis data and actual positions of thunderstorm cells. A validation of ERA5 indices values with upper-air data showed that a smaller consistency error correspond to Total Totals index. Therefore, to predict the spatial position of convective clouds producing thunderstorms over the southeast of Western Siberia, it is promising to use Total Totals index, which is calculated using either aerological measurements or satellite remote sensing data.
Radar reflectivity of thunderstorm clouds
Authors: Sozaeva L T , Sherieva M A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The contribution of various types of hydrometeors to the total radar reflectivity was estimated based on numerical modeling of thunderstorm clouds. Isolines, time course and change of reflectivity with the height at two wavelengths due to the contribution of drops and hailstones are constructed. It is shown that when solving inverse problems of the scattering theory at a wavelength of 3.0 cm, it is necessary to take into account the contribution of raindrops to reflectivity, and at a wavelength of 10 cm, it can be ignored. The contribution of cloud droplets and crystals at both wavelengths can be ignored.
Three–dimensional mathematical model of a convective cloud with detailed account for the thermodynamic, microphysical and electric processes
Authors: Shapovalov V A , Shapovalov A V , Sherieva M A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A three–dimensional numerical model of a convective cloud developed by the authors, taking into account thermodynamic, microphysical and electrical processes, is presented. The model is characterized by the use of detailed microphysics with a large number of particle size gradations. There are taken into account: the accumulation of charges in the cloud, the electric field, the electric coagulation of cloud particles. The technique of formation of three–dimensional initial data at initialization of model is developed. On the basis of the developed model with a detailed description of the processes for the first time is studied the formation of macro– and micro structural and electrical parameters. The dynamics of changes in the characteristics of thunderstorm clouds at the stage of growth and maximum development are determined. Electrical characteristics of thunderstorm clouds at different times and their relationship with micro structural parameters are investigated. The spatial structure of voluminous electric charges in a cloud, three–dimensional distribution of electric field intensity are determined. A quantitative assessment of the effect of electric coagulation on the rate of precipitation in powerful clouds is obtained.
Views of an Octogenarian on a Path to a Nonagenarian: The Field of General Symmetries and its Applications
Authors: Doebner H-D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
I am on the path from my eightieth to my ninetieth birthday, or from an octogenarian to a nonagenarian. It is certainly encouraging to have opportunities on this path to talk about personal recollections and my views on my work and activities towards the development of the field—our field—of understanding and applying models in physical and related sciences based on the infinite set of mathematical notions of symmetries in their most general sense and with all their facets. I plan to talk today about the first part of my path in my native city Berlin, followed by the University of Marburg and jointly at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste.
Flavor neutrinos as unstable particles
Authors: Blasone M , Jizba P , Smaldone L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper we review flavor-energy uncertainty relations for neutrino oscillations in quantum field theory, putting in evidence the analogy with the case of unstable particles. Our study reveals that flavor neutrinos are intrinsically characterized by an energy distribution with a non-vanishing width. In the ultrarelativistic limit, the energy width is bounded from below by the inverse of the oscillation length, which plays the same role as the half-life for unstable particles.
The method of virtual copies and contractions of simple Lie algebras
Authors: Campoamor-Stursberg Rutwig 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Contractions of simple Lie algebras onto semidirect sums are analyzed in the context of the method of virtual copies, and various existence conditions are obtained in terms of the branching rules of representations and the properties of the characteristic representation associated to an embedding of semisimple algebras. Contractions of the Lie algebra

s
p
(
2
N
,
ℝ
)

with respect to nonmaximal symplectic subalgebras are studied in some detail. In particular, a realization of the subalgebra in terms of cubic polynomial operators is constructed.