bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Profile of Modern Belted Radial Ply Tires: Its Determination and Performance Benefits
Authors: Bauer Rudolf F. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The benefits of a tire's equilibrium profile have been suggested by several authors in the published literature, and mathematical procedures were developed that represented well the behavior of bias ply tires. However, for modern belted radial ply tires, and particularly those with a lower aspect ratio, the tire constructions are much more complicated and pose new problems for a mathematical analysis. Solutions to these problems are presented in this paper, and for a modern radial touring tire the equilibrium profile was calculated together with the mold profile to produce such tires. Some construction modifications were then applied to these tires to render their profiles “nonequilibrium.” Finite element methods were used to analyze for stress concentrations and deformations within all tires that did or did not conform to equilibrium profiles. Finally, tires were built and tested to verify the predictions of these analyses. From the analysis of internal stresses and deformations on inflation and loading and from the actual tire tests, the superior durability of tires with an equilibrium profile was established, and hence it is concluded that an equilibrium profile is a beneficial property of modern belted radial ply tires.
A Sampling Moiré Method to Measure the Dynamic Shape and Strain of Rotating Tires
Authors: Hanada Ryoji , Miyazawa Masashi , Fujigaki Motoharu , Simo Kosuke , Morimoto Yoshiharu 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
There has long been a strong desire to know the deformation and surface shape of tires rotating at high speeds, both in order to verify finite element modeling analysis results and for the design of tire construction and materials. We used the sampling Moiré method to measure sidewall deformation and surface strain of rotating tires when cornering or braking. This method takes photos simultaneously with two cameras placed at a distance from a tire sidewall with a grid sheet laid over it, allowing precision 3D rendering through analysis of these images. This enables a practical and accurate chronological measurement of deformation and surface strain in tires rotating at high speeds, something that was difficult to do until now. But owing to hardware limitations, this had only previously been done in the static state. By combining the sampling Moiré method with high-speed, high-definition cameras, it is possible to measure the time-based shape and surface strain of tires rotating at high speeds, with practical accuracy. In this paper we have made continuous, time-based measurements of surface strain when a sinusoidal slip angle is applied to the tires and measurements of changes in surface strain when enveloping a cleat.
A Modular Race Tire Model Concerning Thermal and Transient Behavior using a Simple Contact Patch Description
Authors: Völkl Timo , Lukesch Robert , Mühlmeier Martin , Graf Michael , Winner Hermann 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The potential of a race tire strongly depends on its thermal condition, the load distribution in its contact patch, and the variation of wheel load. The approach described in this paper uses a modular structure consisting of elementary blocks for thermodynamics, transient excitation, and load distribution in the contact patch. The model provides conclusive tire characteristics by adopting the fundamental parameters of a simple mathematical force description. This then allows an isolated parameterization and examination of each block in order to subsequently analyze particular influences on the full model.
For the characterization of the load distribution in the contact patch depending on inflation pressure, camber, and the present force state, a mathematical description of measured pressure distribution is used. This affects the tire's grip as well as the heat input to its surface and its casing. In order to determine the thermal condition, one-dimensional partial differential equations at discrete rings over the tire width solve the balance of energy. The resulting surface and rubber temperatures are used to determine the friction coefficient and stiffness of the rubber. The tire's transient behavior is modeled by a state selective filtering, which distinguishes between the dynamics of wheel load and slip.
Simulation results for the range of occurring states at dry conditions show a sufficient correlation between the tire model's output and measured tire forces while requiring only a simplified and descriptive set of parameters.
Effects of Rotation on the Tire Dynamic Behavior: Experimental and Numerical Analyses
Authors: Kindt Peter , Diaz Cristobal Gonzalez , Vercammen Stijn , Thiry Christophe , Middelberg Jason , Kimble Bart , Leyssens Jan 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Based on the results of experimental and numerical analyses, we investigate the effects of rotation on tire dynamic behavior. Better understanding of these effects will further improve the ability to control and optimize the noise and vibrations that result from the interaction between the road surface and the rolling tire. The presented work was performed in the framework of the European industry-academia project Tire-Dyn, with partners Goodyear, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and LMS International. The effect of rotation on the tire dynamic behavior is quantified for different operating conditions of the tire, such as load and rotation speed. Through combined experimental and numerical analyses, the physical phenomena accounting for the observed rotation influences are described.
An Implicit Ring Tire Model for Multibody Simulation with Energy Dissipation
Authors: Gagnon Louis , Richard Marc J. , Masarati Pierangelo , Morandini Marco , Doré Guy 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
A rigid ring tire model was developed as the c++ module of a free multibody dynamics software. It takes as input the longitudinal profile of the road and is attached to the wheel element of a multibody simulation. It is intended to evaluate the transient behavior of the tire rolling on a deteriorated road profile. It is tailored for, but not restricted to, applications at low camber angles, limited steering and velocity changes, and continuous contact with the road. It is expected to be accurate under excitation frequencies up to 100 Hz and road deformation up to 10 cm. It takes 45 tire parameters and 20 algorithm parameters and is integrated implicitly except for the road profile. The model has been calibrated and validated against a trusted finite element analysis of Michelin XZA-3 tires mounted on a wheel and axle assembly going over rectangular cleats. The resulting curves showed good agreement with the finite element data. The Nelder-Mead optimization process used on the manually determined parameters was able to increase the average coefficient of determination of the 12 test curves from −0.4 to 0.6. Above 20 km/h, that coefficient was better than 0.8 for every test of the vertical force response to cleats. As for the longitudinal forces, only one curve had a coefficient below 0.5. A variable time-step algorithm was also included in the module and found to reduce the simulation time of the test cases by roughly 85%.
Wear and Related Topology of Rubber Surface
Authors: Wagner Paul , Schmerwitz Frank , Lind Hagen , Wies Burkhard 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The wear mechanism of rubber is complex, and the direct experimental observations of wear are limited. The understanding of the wear mechanism and its prevention are important aims and fields of investigation in the tire industry. The most straightforward way to quantify wear is a measurement of the mass loss after wear experiments. The different mass loss of different rubber materials is used to classify the wear performance of the materials. An additional way to obtain information about the different wear behavior of different compounds and the mechanism is to take a look of the worn surface of the wheels. After wear experiments with real tires on the street or small rubber wheels in laboratory, microstructures normal to the slip direction occur, the so called Schallamach waves. The kinematic analysis of these structures can lead to a deeper understanding of the wear mechanism. The surfaces of four compounds with a different wear performance are investigated in this paper with the aim of distinguishing them not just through the measured mass losses but also through an analysis of the surface and the extraction of a characteristic.
This characteristic is recognized as the lateral displacement of the surface structures. It is quantified using a new evaluation technique based on the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method. The lateral displacement is compound specific and is observed parallel to the lowering of the altitude due to mass loss. In addition, the observed microstructures are used to add a new aspect of local plasticization to the well-established wear mechanism theory.
Rubber Friction and Tire Dynamics: A Comparison of Theory with Experimental Data
Authors: Selig Michael , Lorenz Boris , Henrichmöller Dirk , Schmidt Karsten , Ball Andrew , Persson Bo 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, a simple rubber friction law is presented. The model can be used for tire and vehicle dynamics calculations [19]. The friction law is tested by comparing numerical results to the full rubber friction theory [6] and to experimental data.A two-dimensional tire model is introduced. The model combines the rubber friction law with a simple mass-spring description of the tire body. The tire model is very flexible and can be applied to different maneuvers. It can be used for calculating μ-slip curves, the self-aligning torque, braking and cornering, or combined motion (e.g., braking during cornering). The theory predictions are compared to measured data from indoor tire testing on sandpaper substrate. Simulations of antilock braking systems (ABS) using two different control algorithms are also presented.
Determination of Combined and Second Order Factor Effects for Simultaneous Optimization of Physical and Mechanical Properties of NR/BR Blend System
Authors: Aiyengar Rajarajan , Divecha Jyoti 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The blends of natural rubber (NR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), and other forms of rubbers are widely used for enhancing the mechanical and physical properties of rubber compounds. Lots of work has been done in conditioning and mixing of NR/BR blends to improve the properties of its rubber compounds and end products such as tire tread. This article employs response surface methodology designed experiments in five factors; high abrasion furnace carbon black (N 330), aromatic oil, NR/BR ratio, sulfur, and N-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide for determination of combined and second order effects of the significant factors leading to simultaneous optimization of the NR/BR blend system. One of the overall optimum of eight properties existed at carbon 44 phr, oil 6.1 phr, NR/BR 78/22 phr with the following values of properties: tensile strength (22 MPa), elongation at break (528%), tear resistance (30 kg/mm), rebound resilience (67%), moderate hardness (68 International rubber hardness degrees) with low heat buildup (17 °C), permanent set (12%), and abrasion loss (57 mm3). More optimum combinations can easily be determined from the NR/BR blend system models contour plots.
Experimental Study of Tire-Wheel-Suspension Dynamics in Rolling over Cleat and Abrupt Braking Conditions
Authors: Zhou Yaoqun , Gauterin Frank , Unrau Hans-Joachim , Frey Michael 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The braking performance of recent vehicles is controlled by the interaction between the antilock braking system (ABS) and the transmitted force between road and tire. Because of tire and suspension elasticity, an abrupt braking or the ABS regulation initiates tire belt and wheel axle oscillations, which lead to a closed loop of acceleration and force transmission in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly in both translational and rotational directions. As a result, the oscillation of wheel slip and wheel load can influence the force transmission potential in the contact patch and thus the braking distance as well. The objective of the presented study is to investigate the influence of the tire-wheel-suspension dynamics on the force transmission potential between tire and road.
To obtain acceleration and force dynamics in the tire-wheel-suspension assembly without inducing the influence from other vehicle components, a McPherson suspension was isolated from a real car and adapted to the inner drum test bench at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Vehicle System Technology. After mounting different tires, measurements were carried out under various driving conditions. First, tire measurements with a measuring hub were done on the test bench to obtain both quasistatic characteristics and dynamic response in rolling over cleat. Second, different tire-wheel-suspension assemblies were driven on the test bench while the wheel brake was initiated by a hydraulic braking system based on a modified ESP control unit. This modified unit allows generation of abrupt braking pressure slopes by a direct control of the valves. The accelerations of different wheel-suspension components and forces in the links were measured.
In this article, the experimental study of the dynamics of a run-flat and a standard tire and their respective coupled assembly with the suspension excited by rolling over cleat and abrupt braking is presented. After a description of the experimental setup, the results of tire-wheel-suspension dynamics of two different tires will be analyzed, interpreted, and compared. Furthermore, a simulation model of the tire-wheel-suspension assembly with the FTire model and dynamic models of suspension components will be built up.
Holistic Analysis of the Coupled Vehicle-Tire-Pavement System for the Design of Durable Pavements
Authors: Kaliske Michael , Wollny Ines , Behnke Ronny , Zopf Christoph 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Pavements—an important part of worldwide infrastructure—are exposed to increasing traffic loads, new tire and vehicle concepts, and climate change. The future design of durable pavement structures requires a deep knowledge of the interactions in the coupled system of vehicle, tire, and pavement and the structural behavior of each subsystem. This paper includes recent research results in the field of tire and pavement modeling and their interaction. Furthermore, the concept for a holistic analysis of the coupled vehicle-tire-pavement system for the design of durable pavements is presented.
For a realistic and numerical efficient computation of tire-pavement interaction that considers rolling contact, both subsystems are modeled using the finite element (FE) method based on an arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation that includes inelastic material descriptions. Additionally, thermo-mechanical effects are considered for the tire computation. The base of the structural FE-ALE pavement model is the realistic numerical description of the elastic, viscous, and plastic behavior of asphalt mixes.
Although initial results in the field of tire-pavement interaction were reached, much research has to be carried out to gain deeper knowledge of the coupled vehicle-tire-pavement system that includes detailed models of the subsystems and their interaction, as well as experimental investigations. The research group FOR 2089 will deal with this topic and will take the different length and timescales in particular into account.
Interaction of a Slip-Based Antilock Braking System with Tire Torsional Dynamics
Authors: Anderson Jeffery R. , Adcox John , Ayalew Beshah , Knauff Mike , Rhyne Tim , Cron Steve 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper presents simulation and experimental results that outline the interaction between a tire's torsional dynamic properties and antilock braking system (ABS) during a hard braking event. Previous work has shown the importance of the coupled dynamics of the tire's belt, sidewall, and wheel/hub assembly on braking performance for a wheel acceleration-based ABS controller. This work presents findings based on a proprietary slip-based ABS controller. A comprehensive system model including tire torsional dynamics, dynamics of the tread–ground friction (LuGre friction model), and dominant brake system hydraulic dynamics was developed for simulation studies on this slip-based controller. Results from key sensitivity studies of tire torsional parameters are presented along with experimental results obtained on a quarter car braking test rig. In this work, it was found that within a reasonable tire design space (with respect to tire torsional properties), the ABS algorithm tested was extremely robust to changing these parameters. The main conclusion of this result is that when a consumer replaces his or her tires with different (than original equipment) tires, there should be little effect on braking performance.
PENGARUH PENERAPAN SISTEM INFORMASI AKUTANSI TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN BRI CABANG BANDA ACEH
Authors: Wiranto Dico , Muslim Muslim 
Published: November 2020

The problem in this study is whether How Accounting Information Systems affect Employee Performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the effect of Accounting Information Systems on Employee Performance. The location of the study is at PT Bank BRI Banda Aceh, the number of respondents is 105 customers, while the sampling technique uses Non Probability Sampling where researchers accidentally meet with the Employee, the technique of collecting data is a questionnaire, data analysis is calculated with the help of SPSS 19.0 with qualitative analysis tools and quantitatively and using a simple regression analysis hypothesis test. From the results of the research and discussion of the analysis of the results that have been carried out in this study, it can be concluded that the Accounting Information System has a positive effect on Employee Performance at the BRI Branch and the Banda Aceh Region. It can be said that accounting information systems are very helpful for a number of employee jobs, and SIA at Bank BRI is currently quite good at measuring performance. It has been proven in this study that AIS assesses that employee performance can be assessed from a program
A Study to Assess the Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation of Trunk In Improving Trunk Balance of Patients with Stroke
Authors: Manjula S  
Published: November 2020

Stroke is a complex pathology with many clinical presentations with unique impairments and activity limitations. Physiotherapy has a massive impact on quality of life of a stroke survivor. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a rehabilitation technique used to stimulate the neuromuscular system in an effort to excite proprioceptors (sensory organs in muscles, tendons, bones, and joints) in order to produce a desired movement. It has a greater impact on trunk control. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk in improving balance of trunk in stroke patients. Twenty stroke patients within the age between 60 to 70 years, were recruited for study. All patients were assigned proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks. Pre and post test scores were analysed. Inclusion criteria are patients with 60-70 years of age of both the genders with stroke duration of at least 6 months. Exclusion criteria are recurrent stroke with severe spasticity, perceptual disorders and uncorrected vision problems, any symptomatic cardiac failure, patients with other neurological disorders or musculoskeletal problems, impaired cognitive function. Both pre-test and post-test measures were analysed statistically using the data analysis computed with SPSS. The outcome measures used is TIS. Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in trunk balance after the treatment of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks in stroke patients. Result showed significant improvement in the PNF treatment in trunk balance after the treatment of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk. The study concluded that the trunk balance can be improved in stroke patients after performing the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation of trunk for 4 weeks.
In Vivo Antitumor Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Lepidagathis Pungens Nees Whole Plant
Authors: Manoharan Dhanalakshmi  , Subramaniam AnandaThangadurai  , Swaminathan Gomathi  
Published: November 2020

Cancer is the most dreadful of all the diseases and is the major contributors to the mortality in the world. Out of all the population, almost 1.2 million patients die due to cancer and related problems. The rate and spread of cancer are wide and even in both women and men. It is presently as high as 3.5 million people who have cancer in India alone. There are many ways of treatment of cancer like the surgery, radiation therapy, cryosurgery and chemotherapy. A part of chemotherapy is the usage of a lot of chemicals and synthetic drugs. Due to the side effects of chemotherapy, patients often get symptoms due to the usage of drugs, and so the cancer treatment often is toxic. Because of this, herbal drugs are seemed to have no side effects, and non-toxic effects, and so this project deals with identifying the plant sources of the drugs that treat cancers effectively. The present study focusses on the extraction of the chemical constituents from Lepidagathis pungens whole plant and using the same to estimate the anti-tumour potential in EAC induced tumour induction method. The activity was tested in two doses 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract. They showed a dose-dependent activity when estimated for the tumour parameters and other haematological measures like RBC, WBC counts. They showed similar activity when estimated for the antioxidant enzymes like SGOT, SGPT, Catalases, LPO and ALP levels.
An effectiveness of training program on COVID-19 among healthcare students: A cross section study
Authors: Kurvatteppa Halemani  , Merlin Cheema  , Shabana Khatun  , Yadidya  , Bhumika Singh  , Vinod Kumar Gupta  , Auchitya Sharma  
Published: November 2020

The pandemic COVID-19 is a highly infected disease caused by a novel coronavirus or SARS-Cov-2. The virus was reported for the first time December 2019 in, China's Wuhan province. Later the virus has broken down into the world and claimed millions of lives. In India, the disease was reported for the first time in Kerala on 30th January 2020. a cross-section one group pre-test & post-test research design was used among the 40 final year BSc nursing students, College of Nursing SGPGIMS, Lucknow India. Samples were selected based on purposive sampling technique and sample criteria. An instrument, the first tool included demographic characteristics Similarly, second instrument used for knowledge assessment. After pre-test assessment, a teaching session was held at the seminar room, college of nursing SGPGIMS Lucknow, India. Subsequently post assessment was held after intervention. A total of 40 participants responded to the study. Demographic variables like 30(75%) participants had less than 22 years of age, 22(55%) were girls, 14(35%) families income found INR 10000-15000, and the majority of participants obtained COVID-19 related knowledge from news paper16(40%). A gender was found significant with pretest knowledge, and other variables weren't found significant (P=0.05). Knowledge mean & standard deviation in pre & post-intervention, 11.90±2.16 vs15.82±1.39. The mean difference was found in a pre-test & post-test-1 &post-test-2, 3.9, 5.02, & 1.1, respectively. The effectiveness of the training program was checked by paired t-test -10.20 & -13.93, P=0.00. The study revealed that the teaching session was efficient in the COVID-19 program among BSc nursing students.