bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spindle vibration signal extraction method based on improved all phase Fast Fourier Transform
Authors: Wang Z , Du SY , Roşca LC 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the modern processing technology, the machine tool plays an irreplaceable role as the main processing tool, and its machining accuracy directly affects the processing quality of the part. Because the spindle vibration caused by the rotor mass imbalance will seriously affect the machining accuracy of the machine tool, it is necessary to dynamically balance the spindle. The key step of dynamic balancing is to accurately extract the characteristics of the vibration signal, the phase of the vibration signal of the spindle was extracted by the all phase fast Fourier transform, the amplitude of vibration signal was extracted by cross correlation analysis, the results are applied to the influence coefficient method to realize the dynamic balance of spindle vibration The results show that the vibration signal feature extraction method combined with the results of the two extraction methods has high precision and stability.
Interaction Effect of Machining Parameters on Material Removal Rate in the Machining of AA6061–T6 Using Minimum Quantity Lubrication Conditions
Authors: Najiha M.S. , Rahman M.M. , Kadirgama K. , Ramasamy D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study are to investigate the interaction effect of machining parameters on material removal rate in end milling of aluminium alloy AA6061-T6 with conventional MQL techniques. Uncoated tungsten carbide (WC-Co 6.0%) and PVD TiAlN and TiAlN+TiN coated carbide cutting tools are considered using 23.4-54.0 ml/hr flow rate of commercial mineral oil for MQL machining with different combinations of input cutting parameters. Response surface methodology with central composite design approach is used for the design of experiments. Second-order mathematical models are developed for machining performance measures with different cooling conditions and validated statistically. The developed models show good agreement (< 5 % error) with the experimental results. The metal cutting performance of the TiAlN coated tools relative to uncoated and TiN coated inserts is better at all combinations of input cutting parameters. Hence the superior performance of TiAlN coating makes it more suitable for use with MQL. In case of material removal rate, all the tools show similar behaviour in all the measurements with the depth of cut as the most significant parameter followed by feed rate. Interaction of feed rate and depth of cut is most effective.
Strategic Approach to Develop Solutions for Shaping Complex Workpieces of Exotic Materials
Authors: Almeida Sergio , Mo John , Bil Cees , Ding Songlin , Wang Xiangzhi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Exotic materials such as hardened steel and tungsten carbide tool steel have unique resistance and properties that make them hard-to-cut. Thus, research to find better ways to process such materials requires an innovative approach and new ideas. Therefore, the present study investigates the design of a novel WDEM combined with robotic machining to overcome limitations of traditional robotic machining. Wire EDM (WEDM) stands out as a non-traditional machining process able to cut complex profiles of hard-to-cut materials, achieving high dimensional accuracy and superior surface finishing. Unfortunately, WEDM is designed in rigid bed-based CNC machines which restrict design freedom in terms of size, shape and features due to machining envelope constraint. On the other hand, traditional machining processes such as drilling and milling using six-axis industrial robots have been investigated and some applications have successfully delivered cost efficiency, improved envelope and high flexibility. However, due to the structure and strength of the robot arm, accuracy, repeatability and finishing are not comparable to CNC machining outcomes. These researches are also restricted by the power of the robot arm holding the machining tool. This paper explores, identifies and selects suitable configurations and define research actions that must be taken to achieve a highly flexible, accurate machining system for exotic materials.
Case study: Optimization of Case Depth in Induction-hardened 42CrMo Steel Shaft
Authors: Syed R , Wang J G , Jing D Y , Liu X L , Yang Y M , Panhwar M F , Wang K , Chen Q Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Low alloyed high-grade chrome-molybdenum ferritic steel transmission output shaft was investigated. The medium-carbon steel which is commonly used induction hardened transmission components and drive shafts in the automotive industry. The aim of this experiment is achieve the case depth that spline shaft design requirement. The required case depth for design the proper induction hardening coil and varying the parameter of it has been achieved. The results agree well with literatures, that optimum case depth maximizing the strength and fatigue life of spline shaft.
Low Frequency Vibration Isolation Performance of the Plate with Periodic Cylindrical Oscillators
Authors: Zhou Peng , Wan Shui 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the vibration reduction and isolation performance of a periodic structure with cylindrical vibrators. A plate with periodic oscillators was investigated using finite element technic. In the finite element analysis, test specimens were modelled with finite element software. With appropriate geometric and material parameters, the structure can obtain elastic wave band gaps, where vibrations are prohibited. So, the structure can be regarded as a kind of vibration isolation material. The dispersion curve and transmission spectrum of the structure were calculated to find the range of the band gaps. Both the longitudinal vibration and flexural vibration of the plate are studied. The results show that the designed plate with proper parameters has a low frequency range of band gaps. It has a wide application prospect in the field of low frequency vibration isolation.
Experimental Investigation of Heterogeneous Strain Fields Created in Metallic Materials
Authors: Shariat Bashir S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study reports experimental evaluation of inhomogeneous strain fields created in NiTi structures during stress-induced martensitic transformation. A superelastic NiTi thin plate was used to create samples with uniform and non-uniform geometries. Digital image correlation technique was employed to measure the local strain variation in the NiTi samples under mechanical loading. Clear Lüders band formation and propagation were observed during experiments. The local strain contours revealed that the deformation was localised and spatially inhomogeneous in all samples. In the geometrically non-uniform sample, the transformation initiation and propagation were controlled by geometrical gradient. Also, the global deformation behaviour exhibited stress-gradient during forward and reverse transformations because of geometrical non-uniformity.
A Numerical Investigation into the Impact of Icing on the Aerodynamic Performance of Aerofoils
Authors: Bhatia Dinesh , Wahaibi Al Yaqadan Shaaban al 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Aircraft wings and wind turbine blades are often subjected to harsh and cold climatic conditions. Icing is often observed on wing and blade surfaces in these cold climatic conditions. Wind turbine blades, in particular, are severely impacted by ice accretion which greatly hampers their performance and energy generation efficiency. Ice-accretion patterns are observed to vary with changes in temperature. As the temperature changes, the thickness of the ice accretion, the shape and location of ice-accretion vary greatly. In this paper, three different ice accretion patterns and their impact on the aerofoil efficiency have been investigated using the SST k – ω model in ANSYS CFD. An analysis of the impact of ice-accretion through a comparison of lift and drag coefficients for all three ice accretion patterns indicate that the accretion of ice on an aerofoil can reduce lift generation by 75.3% and increase drag by 280% thereby severely impacting the performance of the aerofoil. The loss in aerodynamic performance is greatly dependent on the ridge height, the extent of ice accretion and the thickness of this ice. The loss in aerodynamic performance has no fixed correlation to the drop in temperature.
Effect of Magnetic Field on Double Diffusive Natural Convection Inside a Square Cavity with Isothermal Hollow Insert
Authors: Mojumder Satyajit , Saha Sourav , Saha Sumon , Rahman Rezwana , Saha Suvash C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A numerical study is carried out to analyze both heat and mass transfer phenomena in the presence of an external magnetic field inside a square cavity with an isothermal hollow circular insert located at the centre of the cavity. In the present work, the effects of Hartmann number, Lewis number and buoyancy ratio at constant Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers are investigated simultaneously to understand the importance of these parameters on the characteristics of double diffusive natural convection. Galerkin finite element method is employed for the numerical simulations. Grid sensitivity test and code validation are performed prior to confirm the numerical accuracy of the solution. Quantitative comparison is presented by showing the influence of Hartmann and Lewis numbers for different buoyancy ratios on average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. It is found that increment of Hartmann number results in lower heat and mass transfer rates. Higher value of Lewis number produces elevated mass transfer rate. However, Lewis number has negative impact on heat transfer rate. Moreover, buoyancy ratio has significant effect on heat and mass transfer inside the cavity.
Automated Driving System Disengagement Analysis and Testing Recommendations
Authors: Liu Siyuan , Capretz Luiz Fernando 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Automated Driving System refers to a vehicle system where hardware and software are collectively capable of on-road operational and tactical functions. Therefore, appropriate verification and validation procedures should be followed to mitigate unreliability and hazardousness. Autonomous Vehicle Disengagement Reports and Autonomous Vehicle Collision Reports from the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV), California, USA are collectively used for the purpose of this research. Influencing factors are generated and consolidated from the mentioned reports and are proposed in addition to a Society of Automotive Engineers International (SAE International) standard. Stakeholders will benefit from the presented rationales and should consider the suggestive parameters throughout their developing and testing activities. This paper further recommends testing management, especially test driver management and test routes planning, for automated driving systems in accordance with the analytical results and feedback from KPMG’s Global Automotive Executive Surveys.
Using Small Displacement Torsor to Simulate the Machining Processes for 3D Tolerance Transfer
Authors: Peng Heping , Peng Zhuoqun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a method for 3D tolerance transfer by using small displacement torsor (SDT) to simulate the machining processes. In this method, the machining process of a mechanical part is regarded as a mechanism mainly composed of machine tool, part-holders, machined part, and cutting tools. And the small displacement torsors are employed to describe all defects in the machining process including the variation deviations of the machined surfaces of a part with regards to their nominal positions, the gap deviations associated to each joint between two contact surfaces, etc. Then, the 3D manufacturing tolerancing chains based on the functional tolerances can be established to realize 3D tolerance transfer. The proposed method is applied to a machining part to demonstrate its effectiveness.
FEM-based Methodology for Crash Severity Estimation in Frontal Crash Scenarios
Authors: Sequeira Gerald Joy , Patel Akshay , Afraj Shahabaz , Lugner Robert , Brandmeier Thomas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With the technological development of forward-looking sensors, researchers are exploring their use not only for advanced driver assistance systems but also to gain important pre-crash information. Based on this pre-crash information, if the occupant motion inside the vehicle structure can be predicted for the oncoming crash scenario, then an optimal restraint strategy can be planned before the crash. This paper introduces a two-step FEM simulation based methodology for predicting the occupant severity in head-on crash scenarios. In the first step, we simulate the vehicle level model with different impact positions and relative approach angles. The results of these simulations, linear velocities in the longitudinal and lateral direction and angular velocities (roll, pitch, and yaw) during in-crash phase are the loading conditions for next simulation step (occupant level). This step simulates the motion of the driver in different crash scenarios. In this paper, we investigate the head, neck, and chest injury risks from vehicle-to-vehicle crash both traveling at 50 kilometers per hour. Prediction of the head injury criterion, identifying the cases where additional deployment of side-airbags and discussion of injury criteria with contour plots are the main outcome of this paper.
Damage state model for fatigue of CFRP
Authors: Siddiqui Amir , Tewari Asim , Guha Anirban 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Fatigue is the major failure mode for any structure under cyclic loading. In particular, composite materials exhibit highly complex damage mechanisms and are often overdesigned due to lack of understanding under cyclic loading. Many papers have been written on the modelling of fatigue in fiber reinforced composites. All such models they assumed some internal damage parameter which themselves defined by the mechanical property. However, the growth of these damage parameters are themselves defined by the mechanical property degradation. Hence these fatigue models do not give actual stiffness degradation. In this study, actual 3D microstructural damage in CFRP under cyclic loading was quantitatively measured. Damage micromechanisms viz., fiber breakage, matrix microcracking, debonding, and fiber pull-out were estimated and a model to predict the property degradation with these damage mechanisms (parameters) was developed. Thus, the property degradation in CFRP under cyclic loading was modelled with independently measured damage parameters.
Mono-Unit Alar Rim Graft Technique for Tip-Alar Margin Support
Authors: Kim Shin Ae , Jang Yong Ju 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The appropriate treatment of alar rim deformities, such as alar pinching or concavity, and soft triangle notching is essential for perfecting nasal aesthetics.

Objectives
The authors introduced the “mono-unit alar rim graft” technique as a treatment option for these abnormalities.

Methods
A case series of 29 rhinoplasties conducted by the senior author between May 2017 and June 2019 utilizing the mono-unit alar rim graft technique was retrospectively reviewed. The surgical technique involved an open approach with costal cartilage harvesting. The cortical portion of the harvested costal cartilage was sectioned into a 1-mm-thick strip and soaked with saline for about 15 minutes to let the natural warping occur. The curved cartilage graft was then trimmed, and the midportion was sutured to the tip in an onlay fashion. Both ends of the graft were housed in the vestibular pocket. Patient demographic data and pre- and postoperative facial photos were reviewed.

Results
Among the 29 cases analyzed, 14 (48.3%) were men and 15 (51.7%) were women. Ten (34.5%) patients had a preoperative parenthesis deformity, but a near-complete correction was achieved in 8 (80.0%) cases. An alar concavity from the basal view was found in 16 patients, 15 (93.8%) of whom had a partial or near-complete correction. Eleven patients had soft triangle notching, 9 (81.8%) of whom had a partial or near-complete correction. There were no technique-related complications in this patient series.

Conclusions
The mono-unit alar rim graft technique is a viable option for treating various alar rim deformities.

Level of Evidence: 4
Three-Dimensional Description of the Angular Artery in the Nasolabial Fold
Authors: Gelezhe Pavel , Gombolevskiy Victor , Morozov Sergey , Melnikov Dmitry V , Korb Tatiana Aleksandrovna , Aleshina Olga Olegovna , Frank Konstantin , Gotkin Robert H , Green Jeremy B , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Due to its arterial vasculature, the nasolabial sulcus is one of the most challenging facial regions to treat when trying to ameliorate the signs of facial aging.

Objectives
The aim of the present study was to provide data on the 3-dimensional course of the angular artery within the nasolabial sulcus in relation to age, gender, and body mass index to increase safety during minimally invasive treatments.

Methods
Thee hundred nasolabial sulci from 75 males and 75 females of Russian Caucasian ethnic background (mean [standard deviation] age, 45.7 [18.7] years; mean body mass index, 25.14 [4.9] kg/m2) were analyzed. Bilateral multiplanar measurements were based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography cranial scans.

Results
Up to 3 arteries could be identified within the nasolabial sulcus: ~90% contained 1 arterial trunk, ~9% had 2 trunks, and ~1% had 3 trunks; females had more arteries than men. The artery is located at mean depths of 21.6 mm at the oral commissure and 8.9 mm at the nasal ala. The angular artery was lateral to the nasolabial sulcus in 100% of cases; the smallest distance between the artery and the nasolabial sulcus was at the oral commissure (11.91 [7.9] mm) and the greatest was at the nasal ala (13.73 [3.9] mm).

Conclusions
In contrast to current concepts, the angular artery is not located strictly subdermal to the nasolabial sulcus but at a variable depth, and in 100% of the investigated cases lateral to the nasolabial sulcus. With increasing age, the depth and lateral distance between arteries and sulci reduces significantly, underscoring the need for special caution when injecting this site.
A Safe Doppler Ultrasound–Guided Method for Nasolabial Fold Correction With Hyaluronic Acid Filler
Authors: Lee Won , Kim Ji-Soo , Moon Hyoung-Jin , Yang Eun-Jung 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Injection of hyaluronic acid filler, a common procedure for nasolabial fold correction, poses a risk of vascular compromise, which can result in skin necrosis and blindness.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the facial arterial pathway in real time by Doppler ultrasound to avoid arterial complications during filler injections.

Methods
The facial artery pathway of 40 patients (80 nasolabial folds; 2 men and 38 women; mean age, 46.5 years; range, 28-72 years) was examined by Doppler ultrasound before hyaluronic acid filler injection. On the basis of this ultrasound evaluation, the filler injection targeted the subdermal, subcutaneous, and deep to submuscular layers by bypassing the facial artery. The efficacy of the filler injection was evaluated for each patient.

Results
The facial artery was detected lateral to the nasolabial fold in 31% of patients; it was detected beneath the nasolabial fold in the other patients as follows: subdermal layer, 13%; subcutaneous layer, 29%; muscular layer, 24%; and submuscular layer, 4%. The mean [standard deviation] Wrinkle Severity Rating Scale score was 3.68 [0.76] before injection and 2.28 [0.78] at 3 months after injection. Two patients experienced unilateral bruising of the nasolabial fold, which resolved after 2 weeks without treatment.

Conclusions
Doppler ultrasound can be considered as pretreatment tool for the prevention of vascular complications during filler injections to correct nasolabial folds.

Level of Evidence: 4
Florivory defence: are phenolic compounds distributed non-randomly within perianths?
Authors: Nakano Saya , Oguro Michio , Itagaki Tomoyuki , Sakai Satoki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPlants might allocate chemical defences unequally within attractive units of flowers including petals, sepals, and bracts because of variations in the probability of florivory. Based on optimal defence theory, which predicts that plants allocate higher chemical defences to tissues with higher probabilities of herbivore attack, we predicted that distal parts and sepals would have higher chemical defence allocations than proximal parts and petals. To test this prediction, we compared total phenolics and condensed tannins concentrations as well as presence of florivory within attractive units of ten angiosperm species. In agreement with the prediction, the overall results showed that the distal parts had higher total phenolics and condensed tannins than the proximal parts. On the other hand, contrary to the prediction, petals and sepals showed no tissue-specific variations. Florivory was more severe on the distal parts than the proximal parts, although statistical support for the variation was slightly weak, while the variations in presence of florivory between petals and sepals differed between the distal and proximal parts. These results may support the prediction of the optimal defence theory because distal parts of attractive units had higher presence of florivory and concentration of chemical defences.
MicroRNA-204-5p regulates apoptosis by targeting Bcl2 in rat ovarian granulosa cells exposed to cadmium†
Authors: Zhong Ping , Liu Jin , Li Hong , Lin Senbin , Zeng Lingfeng , Luo Lingfeng , Wu Minxia , Zhang Wenchang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether cadmium (Cd) cytotoxicity in rat ovarian granulosa cells (OGCs) is mediated through apoptosis or autophagy and to determine the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in Cd cytotoxicity. To test this hypothesis, rat OGCs were exposed to 0, 10, and 20 μM CdCl2 in vitro. As the Cd concentration increased, OGC apoptosis increased. In addition, Cd promoted apoptosis by decreasing the mRNA and protein expression levels of inhibition of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2). However, under our experimental conditions, no autophagic changes in rat OGCs were observed, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of the autophagic markers microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha (Map1lc3b) and Beclin1 (Becn1) were not changed. Microarray chip analysis, miRNA screening, and bioinformatics approaches were used to further explore the roles of apoptosis regulation-related miRNAs. In total, 19 miRNAs putatively related to Cd-induced apoptosis in rat OGCs were identified. Notably, miR-204-5p, which may target Bcl2, was identified. Then, rat OGCs were cultured in vitro and used to construct the miR-204-5p-knockdown cell line LV2-short hairpin RNA (shRNA). LV2-shRNA cells were exposed to 20 μM Cd for 12 h, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl2 were increased. Our findings suggest that Cd is cytotoxic to rat OGCs, and mitochondrial apoptosis rather than autophagy mediates Cd-induced damage to OGCs. Cd also affects apoptosis-related miRNAs, and the underlying apoptotic mechanism may involve the Bcl2 gene.