bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The MOSDEF Survey: calibrating the relationship between H α star formation rate and radio continuum luminosity at 1.4 &lt; z &lt; 2.6
Authors: Duncan Kenneth J , Shivaei Irene , Shapley Alice E , Reddy Naveen A , Mobasher Bahram , Coil Alison L , Kriek Mariska , Siana Brian 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The observed empirical relation between the star formation rates (SFR) of low-redshift galaxies and their radio continuum luminosity offers a potential means of measuring SFR in high-redshift galaxies that is unaffected by dust obscuration. In this study, we make the first test for redshift evolution in the SFR-radio continuum relation at high redshift using dust-corrected H α SFR. Our sample consists of 178 galaxies from the MOSFIRE Deep Evolution Field (MOSDEF) Survey at 1.4 &lt; z &lt; 2.6 with rest-frame optical spectroscopy and deep 1.5 GHz radio continuum observations from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) GOODS North field. Using a stacking analysis, we compare the observed radio continuum luminosities with those predicted from the dust-corrected H α SFR assuming a range of z ∼ 0 relations. We find no evidence for a systematic evolution with redshift, when stacking the radio continuum as a function of dust-corrected H α SFR and when stacking both optical spectroscopy and radio continuum as a function of stellar mass. We conclude that locally calibrated relations between SFR and radio continuum luminosity remain valid out to z ∼ 2.
Some ASOs that bind in the coding region of mRNAs and induce RNase H1 cleavage can cause increases in the pre-mRNAs that may blunt total activity
Authors: Liang Xue-hai , Nichols Joshua G , De Hoyos Cheryl L , Crooke Stanley T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) drugs that trigger RNase H1 cleavage of target RNAs have been developed to treat various diseases. Basic pharmacological principles suggest that the development of tolerance is a common response to pharmacological interventions. In this manuscript, for the first time we report a molecular mechanism of tolerance that occurs with some ASOs. Two observations stimulated our interest: some RNA targets are difficult to reduce with RNase H1 activating ASOs and some ASOs display a shorter duration of activity than the prolonged target reduction typically observed. We found that certain ASOs targeting the coding region of some mRNAs that initially reduce target mRNAs can surprisingly increase the levels of the corresponding pre-mRNAs. The increase in pre-mRNA is delayed and due to enhanced transcription and likely also slower processing. This process requires that the ASOs bind in the coding region and reduce the target mRNA by RNase H1 while the mRNA resides in the ribosomes. The pre-mRNA increase is dependent on UPF3A and independent of the NMD pathway or the XRN1-CNOT pathway. The response is consistent in multiple cell lines and independent of the methods used to introduce ASOs into cells.
Prostate cancer heterogeneity assessment with multi-regional sampling and alignment-free methods
Authors: Murphy Ross G , Roddy Aideen C , Srivastava Shambhavi , Baena Esther , Waugh David J , M. O’Sullivan Joe , McArt Darragh G , Jain Suneil , LaBonte Melissa J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Combining alignment-free methods for phylogenetic analysis with multi-regional sampling using next-generation sequencing can provide an assessment of intra-patient tumour heterogeneity. From multi-regional sampling divergent branching, we validated two different lesions within a patient’s prostate. Where multi-regional sampling has not been used, a single sample from one of these areas could misguide as to which drugs or therapies would best benefit this patient, due to the fact these tumours appear to be genetically different. This application has the power to render, in a fraction of the time used by other approaches, intra-patient heterogeneity and decipher aberrant biomarkers. Another alignment-free method for calling single-nucleotide variants from raw next-generation sequencing samples has determined possible variants and genomic locations that may be able to characterize the differences between the two main branching patterns. Alignment-free approaches have been applied to relevant clinical multi-regional samples and may be considered as a valuable option for comparing and determining heterogeneity to help deliver personalized medicine through more robust efforts in identifying targetable pathways and therapeutic strategies. Our study highlights the application these tools could have on patient-aligned treatment indications.
Subcutaneous Suppressive Antibiotic Therapy for Bone and Joints Infections: Safety and Outcome in a Cohort of 10 Patients
Authors: Ferry Tristan , Pouderoux Cecile , Goutelle Sylvain , Lustig Sébastien , Triffault-Fillit Claire , Daoud Fatiha , Fessy Michel-Henri , Cohen Sabine , Laurent Frederic , Chidiac Christian , Valour Florent ,   Lyon BJI Study group
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Optimal surgical therapy could be sometimes non-feasible, especially in the elderly population. Therefore, a medical therapy with oral prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy (PSAT) seems to be an option to prevent recurrence and prosthesis loosening. Subcutaneous (SC) administration of injectable intravenous antibiotics as PSAT could be a convenient way when oral treatment is not available to facilitate ambulatory care, even if this practice is considered as an “off-label” practice.

Methods
All patients receiving SC PSAT since 2010 were prospectively enrolled in a cohort study evaluating treatment modalities, efficacy, and safety. Success was defined by the absence of clinical signs of infection at the time of last follow-up.

Results
We included 10 patients (median age of 79 years): seven had PJI and three chronic osteomyelitis. Six had plurimicrobial infections and four had infections due to multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Suboptimal surgery was performed in seven patients, and three received only antibiotics. All patients received an induction-phase therapy with conventional antibiotic treatment before SC PSAT. For nine patients, SC injections were delivered by a 50 mlml 30 minute gravity infusion of the antibiotic, using butterfly disposable needle. One patient received direct flash SC administration. The most frequent drug used was ertapenem (n = 7; 1–2 g/day), followed by ceftriaxone (n = 2; 1 g/day), and ceftazidime (n = 1; 2 g/day). The dose was adjusted depending on the results of trough residual blood concentration. Median duration of treatment was 6 months (from 1 to 58 months), corresponding to a total of about 5,000 SC injections. SC PSAT had to be discontinued for side effects in only two patients, including skin necrosis in the patient receiving direct SC infusion (lost to follow-up after treatment discontinuation) and epilepsy under ertapenem therapy (with relapse of the BJI after the treatment discontinuation). One other patient experienced a relapse despite the SC PSAT. Finally, SC PSAT was still ongoing in seven patients with a favorable outcome at the last follow-up.

Conclusion
SC PSAT appears to be a safe and effective alternative therapy when optimal surgical strategy is not feasible and when oral treatment is not available.

Disclosures
T. Ferry, HERAEUS: Consultant, Speaker honorarium. S. Lustig, Heraeus: Consultant, Consulting fee
Pressure Ulcer-Related Pelvic Osteomyelitis: Evaluation of a Two-Stage Surgical Strategy (Debridement, Negative Pressure Therapy and Flap Coverage) with Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Ferry Tristan , Boucher Fabien , Chateau Joseph , Shipkov Hristo , Daoud Fatiha , Braun Evelyne , Triffault-Fillit Claire , Perpoint Thomas , Laurent Frederic , Mojallal Alain-Ali , Chidiac Christian , Valour Florent , Andrianasolo Johan ,   Lyon BJI Study group
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
A two-stage surgical strategy (debridement-negative pressure therapy (NPT) and flap coverage) with prolonged antimicrobial therapy is usually proposed in pressure ulcer-related pelvic osteomyelitis but has not been widely evaluated.

Methods
Adult patients with pressure ulcer-related pelvic osteomyelitis treated by a two-stage surgical strategy were included in a retrospective cohort study. Determinants of superinfection (i.e.,, additional microbiological findings at reconstruction) and treatment failure were assessed using binary logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier curve analysis.

Results
Sixty-four pressure ulcer-related pelvic osteomyelitis in 61 patients (age, 47 [IQR 36–63]) were included. Osteomyelitis was mostly plurimicrobial (73%), with a predominance of S. aureus (47%), Enterobacteriaceae (44%), and anaerobes (44%). Flap coverage was performed after 7 (IQR 5–10) weeks of NPT, with 43 (68%) positive bone samples among which 39 (91%) were superinfections, associated with a high ASA score (OR, 5.8; P = 0.022). An increased prevalence of coagulase negative Staphylococci (P = 0.017) and Candida (P = 0.003) was observed at time of flap coverage. An ESBL Enterobacteriaceae was found in one (12%) patients, associated with fluoroquinolone consumption (OR, 32.4; P = 0.005). Treatment duration was as 20 (IQR 14–27) weeks, including 11 (IQR 8–15) after reconstruction. After a follow-up of 54 (IQR 27–102) weeks, 15 (23%) failures were observed, associated with previous pressure ulcer (OR, 5.7; P = 0.025) and Actinomyces infection (OR, 9.5; P = 0.027).

Conclusion
Pressure ulcer-related pelvic osteomyelitis is a difficult-to-treat clinical condition, generating an important consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Carbapenem should be reserved for ESBL at-risk patients only, including those with previous fluoroquinolone use. The uncorrelation between outcome and the debridement-to-reconstruction interval argue for a short sequence to limit the total duration of treatment.

Disclosures
T. Ferry, HERAEUS: Consultant, Speaker honorarium
Effect of Rectal Hygiene on Sexually Transmitted Infections Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM)
Authors: Hassan Adiba , Blumenthal Jill , Dube Michael , Ellorin Eric , Corado Katya , Moore David , Morris Sheldon ,   California Collaborative Treatment Group (CCTG) 595 Team
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Rectal gonorrhea (NG) and chlamydia (Connecticut) infections are common among men who have sex with men (MSM). Rectal douching/enema (RDE) is a common practice among MSM that can affect the rectal microbiome. It is unclear if this practice is associated with acquiring rectal infections (RI) with either NG or CT.

Methods
From 2013–2015, 398 adult HIV-negative MSM and transwomen were enrolled in a randomized controlled study on text messaging for adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Participants were surveyed on sexual behavior, frequency of RDE, drug use, and nutritional habits in conjunction with routine sexually transmitted infection testing. Pearson’s χ 2 and two sample t-tests were used to measure significance of RDE and other risk factors with RI. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to control for confounding and assess the association of RDE with RIs. Confounders (i.e., age, number anal receptive sex, number sex partners) were selected a priori for inclusion in the final model based on a causal model and statistical significance.

Results
Of 397 participants, 262 (67%) performed RDE and 132 (33%) had at least one NG or CT rectal infection over 48 weeks. Number of condomless anal receptive sex acts (mean = 19, P &lt; 0.001), condom use for anal receptive sex (P = 0.017), number of male sex partners in past 3 months (mean = 14, P = 0.001), and the use of poppers (P &lt; 0.001) were associated with RI. There was no significant association between nutritional habits, probiotic foods or supplements and RI, with the exception of energy bars (P = 0.029). Controlling for confounders, RI was associated with RDE less than weekly with OR = 1.02 (95% CI 0.52–1.99) while RDE weekly or more had OR = 2.08 (95% CI 1.03–4.17). Stratified by number of partners, MSMs with more than the median (&gt;6) number of partners had OR = 4.96 (95% CI 1.29–19.03) if performing RDE less than weekly, and OR = 6.03 (95% CI 1.55–23.49) if weekly or more.

Conclusion
Rectal hygiene with douching/enemas is a common practice among MSMs on PrEP, which increases the odds of acquiring rectal NG and/or CT. This finding is suggestive for the use of rectal hygiene products/practices as potential targets for sexually transmitted infection prevention.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
C. difficile Screening for Colonization among Surgical Ward Admissions Is Feasible and Useful
Authors: Linsenmeyer Katherine , Brecher Stephen , Strymish Judith , O’Brien William , Rochman Alexandra , Itani Kamal , Gupta Kalpana ,   VA Boston Healthcare System Infection Prevention Nurses
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Identification of patients colonized with C. difficile (CDcol) upon admission and initiation of precautions has been shown to decrease hospital-acquired C. difficileinfection (HA-CDI) in a recent study. We implemented a quality improvement program screening new admissions to a surgical service and evaluated risk factors and outcomes associated with CDcol.

Methods
Prospective cohort of all patients admitted to the surgical wards including ICU over a 6 month period 10/16–4/17. Upon admission, a perirectal swab was sent for C diff PCR. Patients with positive screens were placed on contact precautions. CDcol patients were not treated. Testing for CDI was done as usual practice only in patients with diarrhea. Main outcome was prevalence of CDcol and relationship to HA-CDI.

Results
Of 708 surgical admissions, 585 (82.6%) patients were screened, 543 were eligible based on first admission; 19 (3.5%) were colonized. Recent surgical hospitalization (OR 13.2, 95% CI 3.4;52.1) and prior CDI (OR 19.5, 95% CI 2.9;127.7) were independent risk factors for CDcol. Antibiotic and PPI use were not associated. Of those with CDcol, 7 developed CDI (36.8%) compared with 5/524 (0.9%) screen negative patients (adj OR 60, 95% CI 12.6;286). CDcol combined with a prior h/o CDI allowed for detection of 8/12 (75%) cases of HA-CDI compared with 3/12 (25%) if only prior history was available. HA-CDI rates on surgical wards after one month post-implementation were 9.3/10,000 bed days of care compared with 12.2 in 2016 and 12.8 in 2015. No delays in bed flow were identified.

Conclusion
Admission CDcol prevalence was low in our surgical VA population but was strongly associated with development of HA-CDI. Prior CDI was the strongest risk factor for CDcol and HA-CDI. Knowledge of prior CDI and CDcol status identified 75% of patients who developed CDI, 3 times more than knowledge of prior CDI alone. In certain settings, CDcol screening could improve detection and early isolation of potential CDiff spreaders. Implementation required significant support from administration, nursing and the laboratory, and was successful based on screening percentage without impact on bed flow. Impact on facility CDI rates remains to be fully demonstrated.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
The Best of the Chinese and of the Western
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces the conflicts arising in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries between the Qing dynasty and Western powers over Chinese law and justice that contributed to the Opium Wars and the resultant unequal treaties. It explains how, compelled by Western pressure and modeled after Western systems, the Qing dynasty, not foreseeing its own demise in ten years, began a far-reaching legal-judicial reform to modernize law codes and judicial institutions and practices. Guided by the principles of the rule of law, judicial independence, and due process, the reformers set out ambitious reform goals that would result in some concrete changes in laws and institutions, and more importantly, the goals would outlive the Qing dynasty to be pursued and implemented in the Republican era (1912–1949).
“Contradictions between the People and the Enemy”
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 presents the Maoist theory of class struggle and its manifestation in dealing with common crimes and political offenses by legal (and extralegal) and judicial (and extrajudicial) means. Such practices originated in the pre-1949 revolutionary experiences and culminated in the disastrous Cultural Revolution (1966–1976). The chapter explains the reasons why the CCP did not find it necessary to have a criminal code and a criminal procedural law, and how the mechanisms of social engineering that the CCP designed and developed helped social control and crime prevention. It traces the rationales and practices of “reform through labor” and “reeducation through labor” during the Mao era and after. It describes the political campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s that reached the point of lawlessness in the Cultural Revolution.
“Naked Officials” and “Heavenly Net”
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 continues the survey of criminal justice in 1997–2018. It notes important changes in the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedural Law, including the abolition of class struggle as the guide to criminal justice and “counterrevolutionary” as a criminal category, and the introduction of “harming national security” as a criminal category in the 1997 Criminal Code. Other changes include a series of amendments in recent years to the 1997 Criminal Code and the 1996 Criminal Procedural Law, providing more safeguards of the rights of the accused and reducing the number of capital offenses, and the abolition of the “reeducation through labor” (laojiao) system in 2013. Another area of legal responses to societal changes in the period is prosecution of corrupt party-state officials at high levels. A law-enforcement program called Heavenly Net was launched in early 2015 to capture corrupt officials and white-collar criminals who fled to other countries.
The Future of Christian Marriage
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The foundational vision of marriage as a load-bearing structure has receded, but the core and key expectations of marriage have not changed. As a result, marriage rates have declined. Fewer Christians will marry in the future, but given their elevated commitment to matrimony, they will comprise an increasing share of the world’s marriages over time. The recession in marriage highlights the collapse of familism and the rise of atomism. The data supports one particular theory about how religion influences marital behavior—the moral communities thesis, which concludes that Christian marriage is tightly linked to wider trends, suggesting marriage is a public matter. Religious efforts to “get the government out of the marriage business” are shortsighted. How central is marriage to Christian faith and practice? Very. Given its public nature, cohabitation threatens Christianity more than does premarital sex. The book concludes with five predictions for what to expect next.
Introduction
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces this study about Chinese social welfare development. It presents the puzzling features of Chinese social health insurance in the first decade of the 2000s: expansion and stratification. Then it explains Chinese social health insurance as seen from the political interests of authoritarian leaders in benefit distribution; that is, authoritarian leaders must strike a balance in benefit distribution between elites and masses in order to maintain regime survival and stability. After discussing the alternative explanations of social welfare expansion and variation, this chapter introduces the main argument and research design of the book and provides a preview of the book chapters.
The Center’s Distributive Strategy and Fund Allocation
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on Chinese central leaders (the Center) and their distributive strategy and behaviors in providing social welfare. The deliberations and calculations reflected in the central leaders’ speeches between 1998 and 2011 show that the stratified expansion of social welfare was the Center’s most preferred model for social welfare provision in this period. Various internal speeches and communication revealed the hidden concern and measures taken to maintain the elites’ welfare privileges and benefits during the welfare expansion. Careful reading of the primary materials also suggests that the Center’s fiscal transfers to local governments were an important means for maintaining the welfare privileges of elite groups (e.g., civil servants, public-sector and SOE formal employees). This chapter later analyzes the central-to-local fiscal transfers from 1999 to 2010 and finds that the larger the elite groups in a province, the greater were the fiscal transfers the province received from the central government.
Local Motivation and Distributive Choices
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on local leaders’ distributive motivations and policy choices in social welfare provision. The combination of political centralization and fiscal decentralization compels Chinese local leaders to specify major policies in local circumstances while balancing the Center’s mandates and directives with local resources and constraints. Drawing from qualitative evidence collected during fieldwork in China between 2009 and 2012, this chapter not only demonstrates the regional variation in local policy responses to the Center’s directive of stratified expansion of social health insurance but also provides examples of local calculations and policy choices in implementing the health insurance expansion. The reasons for the regional differences in local policy choices for social health insurance expansion are not only the disparities of local socioeconomic conditions and resources but also the contradiction embedded in the Chinese authoritarian regime’s distributive strategy: expanding basic benefits to the masses while maintaining the welfare privilege for the elites.
Overview
Authors: Luo Chuliang , Sicular Terry , Li Shi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents national estimates of incomes and inequality for 2007 and 2013. It begins with discussion of the CHIP datasets and measurement issues. It then reports core estimates of income and inequality, which indicate a modest decline in inequality during this period. Estimates are reported separately for formal urban residents, rural residents, and rural-to-urban migrants, with discussion of the effects of migration on inequality. Incomes and inequality are decomposed among the different sources of income; the urban/rural and regional income gaps are investigated. Alternative estimates of national inequality—using different income definitions, inequality indexes, and prices—are reported, as well as estimates that adjust for the underrepresentation of incomes in the top tail of the income distribution. The estimated decline in national inequality survives some but not all of these alternative calculations and thus raises questions about the magnitude and long-term sustainability of the inequality decline.
The Increasing Inequality of Wealth in China
Authors: Knight John , Li Shi , Wan Haiyuan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The inequality of wealth in China has increased rapidly in recent years. Prior to 1978 all Chinese households possessed negligible wealth. China therefore presents a fascinating case study of how inequality of household wealth increases with economic reforms, marketization, and capital accumulation. Wealth inequality and its growth are measured and decomposed by using data from the CHIP 2002 and 2013 survey datasets. Techniques for estimating the top tail of the income distribution by using a Pareto approximation are applied to measure the sensitivity of wealth inequality to plausible assumptions about the underrepresentation of the wealthy and underreporting by the wealthy. The rising wealth inequality is explained in terms of the relationships between income and wealth, house price inflation, and differential savings.