bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient computation of optimal temporal walks under waiting-time constraints
Authors: Bentert Matthias , Himmel Anne-Sophie , Nichterlein André , Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNode connectivity plays a central role in temporal network analysis. We provide a broad study of various concepts of walks in temporal graphs, that is, graphs with fixed vertex sets but arc sets changing over time. Taking into account the temporal aspect leads to a rich set of optimization criteria for “shortest” walks. Extending and broadening state-of-the-art work of Wu et al. [IEEE TKDE 2016], we provide an algorithm for computing shortest walks that is capable to deal with various optimization criteria and any linear combination of these. It runs in O(|V|+|E|log|E|) time where |V| is the number of vertices and |E| is the number of time-arcs. A central distinguishing factor to Wu et al.’s work is that our model allows to, motivated by real-world applications, respect waiting-time constraints for vertices, that is, the minimum and maximum waiting time allowed in intermediate vertices of a walk. Moreover, other than Wu et al. our algorithm also allows to search for walks that pass multiple subsequent time-arcs in one time step, and it can deal with a richer set of optimization criteria. Our experimental studies indicate that our richer modeling can be achieved without significantly worsening the running time when compared to Wu et al.’s algorithms.
Polygonogram with isobolographic synergy for three-drug combinations of phenobarbital with second-generation antiepileptic drugs in the tonic–clonic seizure model in mice
Authors: Łuszczki Jarogniew J. , Podgórska Dominika , Kozińska Justyna , Jankiewicz Marek , Plewa Zbigniew , Kominek Mateusz , Żółkowska Dorota , Florek-Łuszczki Magdalena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Combination therapy consisting of two or more antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is usually prescribed for patients with refractory epilepsy. The drug–drug interactions, which may occur among currently available AEDs, are the principal criterion taken by physicians when prescribing the AED combination to the patients. Unfortunately, the number of possible three-drug combinations tremendously increases along with the clinical approval of novel AEDs.

Aim
To isobolographically characterize three-drug interactions of phenobarbital (PB) with lamotrigine (LTG), oxcarbazepine (OXC), pregabalin (PGB) and topiramate (TPM), the maximal electroshock-induced (MES) seizure model was used in male albino Swiss mice.

Materials and method
The MES-induced seizures in mice were generated by alternating current delivered via auricular electrodes. To classify interactions for 6 various three-drug combinations of AEDs (i.e., PB + TPM + PGB, PB + OXC + TPM, PB + LTG + TPM, PB + OXC + PGB, PB + LTG + PGB and PB + LTG + OXC), the type I isobolographic analysis was used. Total brain concentrations of PB were measured by fluorescent polarization immunoassay technique.

Results
The three-drug mixtures of PB + TPM + PGB, PB + OXC + TPM, PB + LTG + TPM, PB + OXC + PGB, PB + LTG + PGB and PB + LTG + OXC protected the male albino Swiss mice from MES-induced seizures. All the observed interactions in this seizure model were supra-additive (synergistic) (p < 0.001), except for the combination of PB + LTG + OXC, which was additive. It was unable to show the impact of the studied second-generation AEDs on total brain content of PB in mice.

Conclusions
The synergistic interactions among PB and LTG, OXC, PGB and TPM in the mouse MES model are worthy of being transferred to clinical trials, especially for the patients with drug resistant epilepsy, who would benefit these treatment options.
Beyond the promise: implementing ethical AI
Authors: Eitel-Porter Ray 
Published: October 2020

AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) applications can and do have unintended negative consequences for businesses if not implemented with care. Specifically, faulty or biased AI applications risk compliance and governance breaches and damage to the corporate brand. These issues commonly arise from a number of pitfalls associated with AI development, which include rushed development, a lack of technical understanding, and improper quality assurance, among other factors. To mitigate these risks, a growing number of organisations are working on ethical AI principles and frameworks. However, ethical AI principles alone are not sufficient for ensuring responsible AI use in enterprises. Businesses also require strong, mandated governance controls including tools for managing processes and creating associated audit trails to enforce their principles. Businesses that implement strong governance frameworks, overseen by an ethics board and strengthened with appropriate training, will reduce the risks associated with AI. When applied to AI modelling, the governance will also make it easier for businesses to bring their AI deployments to scale.
Facebook isn't free: zero-price companies overcharge consumers with data
Authors: SUMMERS MATT 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe emergence of dominant companies that don't charge money to their primary consumers poses serious challenges to current antitrust law around the world. This paper suggests an approach to regulating these ‘zero-price’ companies that considers the data consumers give up to use them as the ‘price’ they pay. The ‘data as price’ model acts as a starting point to assess whether consumers are being ‘overcharged’ by Facebook in the status quo compared to how much data they would give up in a more competitive social media landscape. By surveying thousands of participants and assessing a litany of relevant behavioural considerations, this paper finds that customers are overpaying for Facebook, and that this may come at a serious welfare cost to millions of consumers. While further analysis is warranted, there is substantial cause for concern, and for critical re-evaluation of the standards generally used by antitrust regulators around the world to regulate companies such as Facebook.
Rethinking the Decentralization of Legislative Organization and its Implications for Policymaking: Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Huang Isaac Shih-hao , Sheng Shing-yuan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt can be challenging for a democratic government to effectively make policies that address crucial national problems. While a bulk of literature reports that many democracies have overcome this challenge through centralization of legislative organization, few studies have explained why legislative decentralization that allegedly impairs policymaking performance would take place. Drawing on Taiwan's experience and over 13,000 legislative bills proposed in Taiwan's parliament between 1993 and 2012, this article demonstrates that the legislative decentralization during the onset of Taiwan's democratization slightly revived the policymaking performance of a near-paralysed parliament. Like drinking poison to quench the thirst, myopic politicians may opt for legislative decentralization as an instant remedy to ease severe legislative obstruction, despite the unfavourable consequences that the resulting decentralized legislative organization may eventually bring about. These findings shed new light on the evolution of legislative organization and account for the difficulties in policymaking facing developing democracies.
D3-MODULES VERSUSD4-MODULES – APPLICATIONS TO QUIVERS
Authors: D′ESTE GABRIELLA , KESKİN TÜTÜNCÜ DERYA , TRIBAK RACHID 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA moduleMis called aD4-module if, wheneverAandBare submodules ofMwithM=A⊕Bandf:A→Bis a homomorphism with Imfa direct summand ofB, then Kerfis a direct summand ofA. The class ofD4-modules contains the class ofD3-modules, and hence the class of semi-projective modules, and so the class of Rickart modules. In this paper we prove that, over a commutative Dedekind domainR, for anR-moduleMwhich is a direct sum of cyclic submodules,Mis direct projective (equivalently, it is semi-projective) iffMisD3 iffMisD4. Also we prove that, over a prime PI-ring, for a divisibleR-moduleX,Xis direct projective (equivalently, it is Rickart) iffX⊕XisD4. We determine someD3-modules andD4-modules over a discrete valuation ring, as well. We give some relevant examples. We also provide several examples onD3-modules andD4-modules via quivers.
Relationship between jumping to conclusions and clinical outcomes in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis
Authors: Catalan Ana , Tognin Stefania , Kempton Matthew J. , Stahl Daniel , Salazar de Pablo Gonzalo , Nelson Barnaby , Pantelis Christos , Riecher-Rössler Anita , Bressan Rodrigo , Barrantes-Vidal Neus , Krebs Marie-Odile , Nordentoft Merete , Ruhrmann Stephan , Sachs Gabriele , Rutten Bart P. F. , van Os Jim , de Haan Lieuwe , van der Gaag Mark ,   EU-GEI High Risk Study, Valmaggia Lucia R. , McGuire Philip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPsychosis is associated with a reasoning bias, which manifests as a tendency to ‘jump to conclusions’. We examined this bias in people at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) and investigated its relationship with their clinical outcomes.MethodsIn total, 303 CHR subjects and 57 healthy controls (HC) were included. Both groups were assessed at baseline, and after 1 and 2 years. A ‘beads’ task was used to assess reasoning bias. Symptoms and level of functioning were assessed using the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States scale (CAARMS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), respectively. During follow up, 58 (16.1%) of the CHR group developed psychosis (CHR-T), and 245 did not (CHR-NT). Logistic regressions, multilevel mixed models, and Cox regression were used to analyse the relationship between reasoning bias and transition to psychosis and level of functioning, at each time point.ResultsThere was no association between reasoning bias at baseline and the subsequent onset of psychosis. However, when assessed after the transition to psychosis, CHR-T participants showed a greater tendency to jump to conclusions than CHR-NT and HC participants (55, 17, 17%; χ2 = 8.13, p = 0.012). There was a significant association between jumping to conclusions (JTC) at baseline and a reduced level of functioning at 2-year follow-up in the CHR group after adjusting for transition, gender, ethnicity, age, and IQ.ConclusionsIn CHR participants, JTC at baseline was associated with adverse functioning at the follow-up. Interventions designed to improve JTC could be beneficial in the CHR population.
‘Diplomacy is a feminine art’: Feminised figurations of the diplomat
Authors: Towns Ann E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of this article is to examine whether and how diplomacy may be gendered, symbolically and rhetorically, using US representations of diplomacy as a case. Prior scholarship on gender and contemporary diplomacy is sparse but has shown that the symbolic figure of ‘the diplomat’ has come to overlap tightly with ‘man’ and be associated with traits often attributed to masculinity. Inspired by queer international relations methods, relying on the concept of ‘figuration’ and focused on US news media and biographies of diplomats from the past decade, this article uncovers and examines a palette of feminised figurations also at play in US representations of diplomacy, including the diplomat as ‘the “soft” non-fighter’, ‘the relationship builder’, ‘the gossip’, ‘the cookie-pusher’, and ‘the fancy Frenchman’. These feminised figurations alternate between configuring the diplomat as a woman and – more commonly – a (feminised) man. The analysis complicates rather than displaces existing claims, highlighting the importance of attention to slippages and challenges to dominant masculinised subject positions.
Habitable worlds of merging stars
Authors: Shevchenko Ivan I. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is shown that W UMa-type and SX Phe-type stellar populations are both perfectly and uniquely suited for maintaining hyper-effective biopolymer chain reactions (BCR) on their planets once the planet is in the stellar habitable zone. W UMa-type stars are known to be contact binaries, and SX Phe-type stars are presumably post-binaries, i.e., products of stellar mergers. In case of the contact binaries, the eclipse-driven periodic heating/cooling of planetary surfaces has period-amplitude parameters that perfectly satisfy stringent conditions for maintaining BCR-like reactions. In case of the post-binaries, the stars pulsate with periods and amplitudes also perfectly suited for maintaining the reactions. Therefore, the ‘W UMa – SX Phe’ metamorphosis (from a contact binary to a post-binary, via the merger) seems to provide a potential biosystem reboot on planets in these systems.
Anxiety Gremlins: mixed methods sequential explanatory evaluation of a CBT group intervention for children
Authors: Meek Christopher , Redstone Lucy , Moghaddam Nima 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Although research evidence supports the efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for anxiety in children, it is important to examine practice-based evidence of effectiveness in typical clinical contexts. This study evaluated a CBT group intervention – ‘Anxiety Gremlins’ – for childhood anxiety. Participants were 36 children (19 boys, 17 girls) aged 8–13, referred for anxiety symptoms at a UK NHS service. The 8-session intervention included six child sessions (2 h) and two parent sessions (1 h). Self-report outcome measures of anxiety symptoms, life functioning and therapeutic relationships were used to measure change pre- and post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with group facilitators and analysed through deductive content analysis to identify barriers and facilitators to change. No substantive differences were found between aggregated scores on pre- versus post-intervention outcome measures. Reliable change in anxiety symptoms was identified in 10 children (31%), with five improvers and five deteriorators. Interviews with facilitators identified disruption in group flow, lack of facilitator time to prepare and reflect, and the complexity of clients as hindering factors. Children meeting like-minded peers to share their stories and high engagement in the therapeutic process were helpful factors. Anxiety Gremlins did not demonstrate effectiveness on outcome measures, and this contrasted with clinical opinion. Recommendations were made for the service to revisit the intervention content and the method for recruiting children to the group – as complexity/co-morbidity was linked to poorer outcomes. Future research could explore fidelity to an adapted intervention and include interviews with children and their parents.

Key learning aims
After reading this paper the reader should be able to:

(1)
Understand how instances of CBT practice can be robustly evaluated using a mixed-methods approach, including analyses of change at both group and individual levels.

(2)
Understand critical considerations when adapting ‘evidence-based’ CBT interventions for routine practice.

(3)
Appreciate that aggregative group-level analyses can mask clinically important differences in individual CBT outcomes.
Ecological resource availability: a method to estimate resource budgets for a sustainable economy
Authors: Desing Harald , Braun Gregor , Hischier Roland 
Published: October 2020

Non-technical summary
Resources are the basis of our economy and their provision causes major shares of the global environmental burdens, many of which are beyond safe limits today. In order to be sustainable, our economy needs to be able to operate within those boundaries. As resources are the physical ‘currency’ of our economy, we present a method that allows translating Earth system boundaries into resource budgets. This ecological resource availability determines the global annual production of a resource that can be considered absolutely sustainable. The budgets can be managed like financial budgets, bringing absolute environmental limits one step closer to decision-makers.
A Bayesian Logistic Regression for Probabilistic Forecasts of the Minimum September Arctic Sea Ice Cover
Authors: Horvath Sean , Stroeve Julienne , Rajagopalan Balaji , Kleiber William 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study introduces a Bayesian logistic regression framework that is capable of providing skillful probabilistic forecasts of Arctic sea ice cover, along with quantifying the attendant uncertainties. The presence or absence of ice (absence defined as ice concentration below 15%) is modeled using a categorical regression model, with atmospheric, oceanic, and sea ice covariates at 1‐ to 7‐month lead times. The model parameters are estimated in a Bayesian framework, thus enabling the posterior predictive probabilities of the minimum sea ice cover and parametric uncertainty quantification. The model is fitted and validated to September minimum sea ice cover data from 1980 through 2018. Results show overall skillful forecasts of the minimum sea ice cover at all lead times, with higher skills at shorter lead times, along with a direct measure of forecast uncertainty to aide in assessing the reliability.
Acidobacteria are active and abundant members of diverse atmospheric H2-oxidizing communities detected in temperate soils
Authors: Giguere Andrew T , Eichorst Stephanie A , Meier Dimitri V , Herbold Craig W , Richter Andreas , Greening Chris , Woebken Dagmar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Significant rates of atmospheric dihydrogen (H2) consumption have been observed in temperate soils due to the activity of high-affinity enzymes, such as the group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenase. We designed broadly inclusive primers targeting the large subunit gene (hhyL) of group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenases for long-read sequencing to explore its taxonomic distribution across soils. This approach revealed a diverse collection of microorganisms harboring hhyL, including previously unknown groups and taxonomically not assignable sequences. Acidobacterial group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenase genes were abundant and expressed in temperate soils. To support the participation of acidobacteria in H2 consumption, we studied two representative mesophilic soil acidobacteria, which expressed group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenases and consumed atmospheric H2 during carbon starvation. This is the first time mesophilic acidobacteria, which are abundant in ubiquitous temperate soils, have been shown to oxidize H2 down to below atmospheric concentrations. As this physiology allows bacteria to survive periods of carbon starvation, it could explain the success of soil acidobacteria. With our long-read sequencing approach of group 1h [NiFe]-hydrogenase genes, we show that the ability to oxidize atmospheric levels of H2 is more widely distributed among soil bacteria than previously recognized and could represent a common mechanism enabling bacteria to persist during periods of carbon deprivation.
Rapid evolution destabilizes species interactions in a fluctuating environment
Authors: Rodríguez-Verdugo Alejandra , Ackermann Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Positive species interactions underlie the functioning of ecosystems. Given their importance, it is crucial to understand the stability of positive interactions over evolutionary timescales, in both constant and fluctuating environments; e.g., environments interrupted with periods of competition. We addressed this question using a two-species microbial system in which we modulated interactions according to the nutrient provided. We evolved in parallel four experimental replicates of species growing in isolation or together in consortia for 200 generations in both a constant and fluctuating environment with daily changes between commensalism and competition. We sequenced full genomes of single clones isolated at different time points during the experiment. We found that the two species coexisted over 200 generations in the constant commensal environment. In contrast, in the fluctuating environment, coexistence broke down when one of the species went extinct in two out of four cases. We showed that extinction was highly deterministic: when we replayed the evolution experiment from an intermediate time point we repeatably reproduced species extinction. We further show that these dynamics were driven by adaptive mutations in a small set of genes. In conclusion, in a fluctuating environment, rapid evolution destabilizes the long-term stability of positive pairwise interactions.
Searching for causal relationships of glioma: a phenome-wide Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Saunders Charlie N. , Cornish Alex J. , Kinnersley Ben , Law Philip J. , Houlston Richard S. ,   Collaborators, Claus Elizabeth B. , Il’yasova Dora , Schildkraut Joellen , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Olson Sara H. , Bernstein Jonine L. , Lai Rose K. , Chanock Stephen , Rajaraman Preetha , Johansen Christoffer , Jenkins Robert B. , Melin Beatrice S. , Wrensch Margaret R. , Sanson Marc , Bondy Melissa L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
The aetiology of glioma is poorly understood. Summary data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) can be used in a Mendelian randomisation (MR) phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) to search for glioma risk factors.

Methods
We performed an MR-PheWAS analysing 316 phenotypes, proxied by 8387 genetic variants, and summary genetic data from a GWAS of 12,488 glioma cases and 18,169 controls. Causal effects were estimated under a random-effects inverse-variance-weighted (IVW-RE) model, with robust adjusted profile score (MR-RAPS), weighted median and mode-based estimates computed to assess the robustness of findings. Odds ratios per one standard deviation increase in each phenotype were calculated for all glioma, glioblastoma (GBM) and non-GBM tumours.

Results
No significant associations (P < 1.58 × 10−4) were observed between phenotypes and glioma under the IVW-RE model. Suggestive associations (1.58 × 10−4 < P < 0.05) were observed between leukocyte telomere length (LTL) with all glioma (ORSD = 3.91, P = 9.24 × 10−3) and GBM (ORSD = 4.86, P = 3.23 × 10−2), but the association was primarily driven by the TERT variant rs2736100. Serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and plasma HbA1C showed suggestive associations with glioma (ORSD = 1.11, P = 1.39 × 10−2 and ORSD = 1.28, P = 1.73 × 10−2, respectively), both associations being reliant on single genetic variants.

Conclusions
Our study provides further insight into the aetiological basis of glioma for which published data have been mixed.
Prophage exotoxins enhance colonization fitness in epidemic scarlet fever-causing Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Brouwer Stephan , Barnett Timothy C. , Ly Diane , Kasper Katherine J. , De Oliveira David M. P. , Rivera-Hernandez Tania , Cork Amanda J. , McIntyre Liam , Jespersen Magnus G. , Richter Johanna , Schulz Benjamin L. , Dougan Gordon , Nizet Victor , Yuen Kwok-Yung , You Yuanhai , McCormick John K. , Sanderson-Smith Martina L. , Davies Mark R. , Walker Mark J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe re-emergence of scarlet fever poses a new global public health threat. The capacity of North-East Asian serotype M12 (emm12)Streptococcus pyogenes(group AStreptococcus, GAS) to cause scarlet fever has been linked epidemiologically to the presence of novel prophages, including prophage ΦHKU.vir encoding the secreted superantigens SSA and SpeC and the DNase Spd1. Here, we report the molecular characterization of ΦHKU.vir-encoded exotoxins. We demonstrate that streptolysin O (SLO)-induced glutathione efflux from host cellular stores is a previously unappreciated GAS virulence mechanism that promotes SSA release and activity, representing the first description of a thiol-activated bacterial superantigen. Spd1 is required for resistance to neutrophil killing. Investigating single, double and triple isogenic knockout mutants of the ΦHKU.vir-encoded exotoxins, we find that SpeC and Spd1 act synergistically to facilitate nasopharyngeal colonization in a mouse model. These results offer insight into the pathogenesis of scarlet fever-causing GAS mediated by prophage ΦHKU.vir exotoxins.