bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activated Endothelial TGFβ1 Signaling Promotes Venous Thrombus Nonresolution in Mice Via Endothelin-1
Authors: Bochenek Magdalena L. , Leidinger Christiane , Rosinus Nico S. , Gogiraju Rajinikanth , Guth Stefan , Hobohm Lukas , Jurk Kerstin , Mayer Eckhard , Münzel Thomas , Lankeit Mareike , Bosmann Markus , Konstantinides Stavros , Schäfer Katrin 
Published: November 2019

Rationale:
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is characterized by defective thrombus resolution, pulmonary artery obstruction, and vasculopathy. TGFβ (transforming growth factor-β) signaling mutations have been implicated in pulmonary arterial hypertension, whereas the role of TGFβ in the pathophysiology of CTEPH is unknown.

Objective:
To determine whether defective TGFβ signaling in endothelial cells contributes to thrombus nonresolution and fibrosis.

Methods and Results:
Venous thrombosis was induced by inferior vena cava ligation in mice with genetic deletion of TGFβ1 in platelets (Plt.TGFβ-KO) or TGFβ type II receptors in endothelial cells (End.TGFβRII-KO). Pulmonary endarterectomy specimens from CTEPH patients were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Primary human and mouse endothelial cells were studied using confocal microscopy, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Absence of TGFβ1 in platelets did not alter platelet number or function but was associated with faster venous thrombus resolution, whereas endothelial TGFβRII deletion resulted in larger, more fibrotic and higher vascularized venous thrombi. Increased circulating active TGFβ1 levels, endothelial TGFβRI/ALK1 (activin receptor-like kinase), and TGFβRI/ALK5 expression were detected in End.TGFβRII-KO mice, and activated TGFβ signaling was present in vessel-rich areas of CTEPH specimens. CTEPH-endothelial cells and murine endothelial cells lacking TGFβRII simultaneously expressed endothelial and mesenchymal markers and transcription factors regulating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, similar to TGFβ1-stimulated endothelial cells. Mechanistically, increased endothelin-1 levels were detected in TGFβRII-KO endothelial cells, murine venous thrombi, or endarterectomy specimens and plasma of CTEPH patients, and endothelin-1 overexpression was prevented by inhibition of ALK5, and to a lesser extent of ALK1. ALK5 inhibition and endothelin receptor antagonization inhibited mesenchymal lineage conversion in TGFβ1-exposed human and murine endothelial cells and improved venous thrombus resolution and pulmonary vaso-occlusions in End.TGFβRII-KO mice.

Conclusions:
Endothelial TGFβ1 signaling via type I receptors and endothelin-1 contribute to mesenchymal lineage transition and thrombofibrosis, which were prevented by blocking endothelin receptors. Our findings may have relevant implications for the prevention and management of CTEPH.
UVA and Seasonal Patterning of 56 370 Myocardial Infarctions Across Scotland, 2000–2011
Authors: Mackay Daniel F. , Clemens Tom L. , Hastie Claire E. , Cherrie Mark P.C. , Dibben Chris , Pell Jill P. 
Published: November 2019

Background
Myocardial infarction exhibits seasonal patterning, with higher amplitude at increased latitude. Epidemiological evidence suggests that sunlight is protective against cardiovascular disease, independent of ambient temperature, but ultraviolet B–mediated vitamin D production has been discounted as causal. We aimed to determine whether ultraviolet A is associated with the seasonal patterning of myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results

Routine hospitalization data were used to determine monthly incidence of myocardial infarction in Scotland between 2000 and 2011. Small‐area–level aggregated data were obtained on ambient temperature from the Meteorological Office and ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B irradiance from
NASA
satellites. Autoregressive distributed lag models were run for ultraviolet A and myocardial infarction, including adjustment for ambient temperature and ultraviolet B. Monthly incidence of myocardial infarction displayed winter peaks and summer troughs superimposed on the underlying trend, with a mean amplitude of 0.31 (95%
CI
: 0.21, 0.41) myocardial infarctions per 100 000 population per month. Ultraviolet A exposure was inversely associated with myocardial infarction independent of ambient temperature (coefficient, −0.05; 95%
CI
, −0.09, −0.01;
P
=0.015) and ultraviolet B
UVB
(coefficient, −0.05; 95% CI, −0.09, −0.02;
P
=0.004).

Conclusions
Further research is required to explore whether an ultraviolet‐mediated mechanism different to vitamin D, such as nitric oxide–mediated vasodilatation, may play a causal role in the seasonal and geographical patterning of myocardial infarction.
Remote Ischemic Conditioning After Stroke Trial 2: A Phase IIb Randomized Controlled Trial in Hyperacute Stroke
Authors: England Timothy J. , Hedstrom Amanda , O'Sullivan Saoirse E. , Woodhouse Lisa , Jackson Ben , Sprigg Nikola , Bath Philip M. 
Published: November 2019

Background

Repeated episodes of limb ischemia and reperfusion (remote ischemic conditioning [
RIC
]) may protect the brain from ischemic reperfusion injury.

Methods and Results

We performed a phase
II
b blinded dose‐escalation sham‐controlled trial in patients with hyperacute stroke, randomized 1:1 to receive
RIC
(four 5‐minute cycles) or sham to the nonparetic upper limb, in 3 blocks of increasing dose, starting within 6 hours of ictus. The primary outcome was trial feasibility (recruitment, attrition). Secondary outcomes included adherence, tolerability, safety (serious adverse events), plasma biomarkers at days 1 and 4 (S100‐ß protein, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, and neuron‐specific enolase), and functional outcome. Sixty participants were recruited from 2 centers (3 per month) with no loss to follow‐up: time to randomization 4 hours 5 minutes (SD 72 minutes), age 72 years (12), men 60%, blood pressure 154/80 mm Hg (25/12), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 8.4 (6.9), and 55% thrombolyzed.
RIC
was well tolerated with adherence not differing between
RIC
and sham, falling in both groups on day 3 (
P
=0.001, repeated measures
ANOVA
) because of discharge or transfer. S100ß increased in the sham group (mean rise 111 pg/mL [302],
P
=0.041, repeated measures
ANCOVA
) but not the RIC group. There were no differences in matrix metalloproteinase‐9, neuron‐specific enolase, number with serious adverse events (
RIC
10 versus sham 10,
P
=0.81), deaths (2 versus 4,
P
=0.36), or modified Rankin Scale score (2 [interquartile range 1–4], 2 [interquartile range, 1–3];
P
=0.85).

Conclusions

RIC
in hyperacute stroke is feasible when given twice daily for 2 days and appears safe in a small population with hyperacute stroke. A larger phase
III
trial is warranted.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02779712.
Effect of Sex and Underlying Disease on the Genetic Association of QT Interval and Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca N. , Ashar Foram N. , Jarvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Froguel Philippe , Sotoodehnia Nona , Brody Jennifer A. , Sebert Sylvain , Huikuri Heikki , Rioux John , Goyette Philippe , Newcomb Charles E. , Junttila M. Juhani , Arking Dan E. 
Published: November 2019

Background

Sudden cardiac death (
SCD
) accounts for ≈300 000 deaths annually in the United States. Men have a higher risk of
SCD
and are more likely to have underlying coronary artery disease, while women are more likely to have arrhythmic events in the setting of inherited or acquired
QT
prolongation. Moreover, there is evidence of sex differences in the genetics of
QT
interval duration. Using sex‐ and coronary artery disease–stratified analyses, we assess differences in genetic association between longer
QT
interval and
SCD
risk.

Methods and Results

We examined 2282
SCD
subjects and 3561 Finnish controls. The
SCD
subjects were stratified by underlying disease (ischemic versus nonischemic) and by sex. We used logistic regression to test for association between the top
QT
interval–associated single‐nucleotide polymorphism, rs12143842 (in the

NOS
1
AP

locus), and
SCD
risk. We also performed Mendelian randomization to test for causal association of
QT
interval in the various subgroups. No statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes for associations with rs12143842, despite the odds ratio being higher in females across all subgroup analyses. Consistent with our hypothesis, female non‐ischemics had the highest odds ratio point estimate for association between rs12143842 and
SCD
risk and male ischemics the lowest odds ratio point estimate (
P
=0.036 for difference). Similar trends were observed for the Mendelian randomization analysis.

Conclusions

While individual subgroup comparisons did not achieve traditional criteria for statistical significance, this study is consistent with the hypothesis that the causal association of longer
QT
interval on
SCD
risk is stronger in women and nonischemic individuals.
Economic Growth, Wealth and Wealth Inequality in Asia before, during and after the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Chesters Jenny 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Although economic growth is regarded as an indicator of the success of an economy and, therefore, an indicator of rising living standards, there is no guarantee that living standards will improve for all members of society unless the benefits derived from economic growth are shared equally. If the wealth generated by economic growth accrues to those at the top of the wealth distribution, levels of inequality will increase. In this paper, I use publicly available data from the World Bank, Credit Suisse, and Forbes Magazine for 11 countries in East Asia/ South East Asia: Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam, to examine whether increases in GDP/capita were accompanied by increases in wealth/adult and levels of wealth inequality between 2000 and 2016. In China, Hong Kong, and Vietnam, wealth inequality increased substantially despite, or perhaps due to, the rapid expansion of their economies. In other words, it would appear that the rising tide lifted some boats but swamped others.
Of Archers and Lions: The Capital of the Islamic Rider in the Cloister of Girona Cathedral
Authors: Monteira Inés 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the south gallery of the cloister of the Cathedral of Santa María, Girona, we find one capital that is differentiated from the rest because of its formal as well as its iconographic characteristics. The four faces of capital no. 4 contain two repeated and two alternating motifs: the archer on horseback and the lion attacking a bull. Both the dress of these horsemen and their physical traits identify them as Muslim horsemen. This identification creates an interpretive context for the capital as a whole that also conditions the reading of the conquering lion. Both images will be examined within their constructive context in the light of events and legends that surrounded the cathedral of Girona in the twelfth century. Moreover, we will trace the origin of these motifs that have their parallels in ivories of the art of the caliphal and taifa periods as well as in Catalan Romanesque and Sicilian-Norman art. This overview will enable us to interpret the meaning and significance of the capital in its historical-artistic context and enrich our knowledge of the artistic transfers between Andalusian and Romanesque art.
Task-Irrelevant Sound Corrects Leftward Spatial Bias in Blindfolded Haptic Placement Task
Authors: Cacciamani Laura , Sheparovich Larisa , Gibbons Molly , Crowley Brooke , Carpenter Kalynn E. , Wack Carson 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We often rely on our sense of vision for understanding the spatial location of objects around us. If vision cannot be used, one must rely on other senses, such as hearing and touch, in order to build spatial representations. Previous work has found evidence of a leftward spatial bias in visual and tactile tasks. In this study, we sought evidence of this leftward bias in a non-visual haptic object location memory task and assessed the influence of a task-irrelevant sound. In Experiment 1, blindfolded right-handed sighted participants used their non-dominant hand to haptically locate an object on the table, then used their dominant hand to place the object back in its original location. During placement, participants either heard nothing (no-sound condition) or a task-irrelevant repeating tone to the left, right, or front of the room. The results showed that participants exhibited a leftward placement bias on no-sound trials. On sound trials, this leftward bias was corrected; placements were faster and more accurate (regardless of the direction of the sound). One explanation for the leftward bias could be that participants were overcompensating their reach with the right hand during placement. Experiment 2 tested this explanation by switching the hands used for exploration and placement, but found similar results as Experiment 1. A third Experiment found evidence supporting the explanation that sound corrects the leftward bias by heightening attention. Together, these findings show that sound, even if task-irrelevant and semantically unrelated, can correct one’s tendency to place objects too far to the left.
Wood cell wall ultrastructure The key to understanding wood properties and behaviour
Authors: Donaldson Lloyd A. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
In the last 100 years, major advances have been made in understanding wood cell wall ultrastructure in tracheids, fibres, vessels and parenchyma and its relationship with xylem function and wood properties. This review will focus on how the development of imaging techniques and their application to wood cell walls has led to an understanding of cell wall organisation and the relationship between micro and macro scale properties in wood and wood-based materials. Topics such as wood formation, wood chemistry and reaction wood have recently been reviewed elsewhere and are considered only briefly in this review. Two features of wood cell walls have dominated the literature; orientation and layering of cellulose which determines the longitudinal stiffness of wood, and the distribution (topochemistry) of lignin which determines compression strength and pulping properties.
Observed Tracer Fields Structuration by Middepth Zonal Jets in the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Delpech Audrey , Cravatte Sophie , Marin Frédéric , Morel Yves , Gronchi Enzo , Kestenare Elodie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe middepth ocean circulation in the tropical Pacific is dominated by sets of alternating eastward and westward jets. The origin and transport properties of these flow features remain in many ways an open question, all the more crucial since their usual underestimation in ocean global circulation models has been identified as a potential bias for the misrepresentation of the oxygen minimum zones. In this study, we analyze the water mass properties associated with these systems of jets using velocity and hydrographic sections. Data acquired during a dedicated cruise carried out in the western part of the basin and supplemented by cross-equatorial sections from historical cruises in the central and eastern parts are analyzed. While it is confirmed that the near-equatorial jets carry oxygen anomalies, contributing to the ventilation of the eastern tropical Pacific, the data also revealed unexpected features. Tracer distributions (oxygen, salinity, and potential vorticity) show the presence of fronts extending from 500 to 3000 m and flanked by homogeneous regions. These structures define meridional staircase profiles that coincide with the alternating velocity profiles. Historical data confirm their presence in the off-equatorial deep tropical ocean with a zonal and temporal coherence throughout the basin. These observations support existing theoretical studies involving homogenization by isopycnic turbulent mixing in the formation of staircase profiles and maintenance of zonal jets. The effect of other processes on the equilibration of tracer structures is also discussed.
Observational Study of the Thermodynamics and Morphological Characteristics of a Midlatitude Continental Cold Pool Event
Authors: Borque Paloma , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Trapp Robert J. , Lasher-Trapp Sonia , Oue Mariko 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Convectively generated cold pools are important to the Earth system as they exert strong controls on deep convective-storm initiation, intensity, and life cycle. Despite their importance, efforts to introduce such cold pool controls into weather and climate models lack guidance and/or physical constraints from cold pool observations. This work presents a detailed, purely observational analysis of a cold pool event that took place on 23–24 May 2011 in north-central Oklahoma. The characteristics of the cold pool, and the spatiotemporal evolution of the hydrometeors and dynamics in the proximity of the cold pool, are studied with high-resolution observations. The unprecedented dataset used in this work to study cold pool characteristics includes an enhanced network of surface weather stations, a high-temporal-frequency sounding array, and the NEXRAD and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains radar networks. The potential use of NEXRAD surveillance scans to estimate height and propagation speed of the leading edge of the cold pool (LECP) is presented in this work. Manual identification and tracking of the LECP from NEXRAD imagery shows a spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the LECP properties. Surprisingly, over its detected life cycle, the LECP speed remains almost constant, even though the strength of the cold pool diminishes in time and its height varies. Radar analysis shows that pulses of graupel and hail within downdrafts in the convective system generating the cold pool appeared to be related to temporary increases in the LECP height.
Optimal Network Design Applied to Monitoring and Forecasting Surface Temperature in Antarctica
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. , Bumbaco Karin A. , Tardif Robert , Powers Jordan G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As harsh weather conditions in Antarctica make it difficult to support a dense weather observing network there, it is critical to place new weather stations in locations that are optimal for a given monitoring goal. Here we demonstrate a network design algorithm that uses ensemble sensitivity to identify optimal locations for new automatic weather stations in Antarctica. We define the optimal location as one that maximizes the reduction in total variance of a given spatial field. Using WRF Model forecast output from the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), we identify the best locations for observations across the continent by considering two spatial fields: (i) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m temperature analysis field and (ii) the daily 0000 UTC 2-m air temperature 24-h forecast field. We explore the impact of spatial localization on the results, finding that a covariance length scale of 3000 km is appropriate for these metrics. We find optimal locations assuming that no stations exist on the continent (blank slate) and conditional on existing stations (CD90). In the “blank slate” scenario, the Megadunes region emerges as the most important location to both monitor temperature and reduce temperature forecast errors, with the Ronne Coast and the Siple Coast following. Results for the monitoring and forecasting metrics are similar for the CD90 subset as well, indicating that additional stations could benefit multiple performance goals. Considering the CD90 subset, Wilkes Land–Adelie Coast, Ellsworth Land, and Queen Maud Land–Interior are identified as regions to consider installing new stations for optimizing network performance.
Establishment of a mouse model for injury-induced scar formation and the accompanying chronic pain: Comprehensive microarray analysis of molecular expressions in fibrosis and hyperalgesia
Authors: Li Yuqiang , Iida Hiroki , Kimata Koji , Zhuo Lisheng , Ota Akinobu , Kimura Shinya , Yin Xiaojian , Deie Masataka , Ushida Takahiro 
Published: November 2019

Background Surgery is often accompanied by scar formation, which results in a pathological state called fibrosis. Fibrosis is characterized by the excess deposition of extracellular matrix molecules in the connective tissue, leading to tissue contracture and chronic pain. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes and their causative relationships, we performed comprehensive analyses of gene expression changes in the hind paw tissue of a mouse model established by generating a scar in the sole. Results Subcutaneous tissue was extensively stripped from the sole of the operation group mice, while a needle was inserted in the sole of the sham group mice. Pain threshold, as evaluated by mechanical stimulation with von Frey fiber, decreased rapidly in the operated (ipsilateral) paw and a day later in the nonoperated (contralateral) paw. The reductions were maintained for more than three weeks, suggesting that chronic pain spread to the other tissues via the central nervous system. RNA from the paw and the dorsal root ganglion (L3–L5) tissues were subjected to microarray analyses one and two weeks following the operation. The expressions of a number of genes, especially those coding for extracellular matrix molecules and peripheral perceptive nerve receptors, were altered in the operation group mice paw tissues. The expression of few genes was altered in the dorsal root ganglion tissues; distinct upregulation of some nociceptive genes such as cholecystokinin B receptor was observed. Results of real-time polymerase chain reaction and immune and histochemical staining of some of the gene products confirmed the results of the microarray analysis. Conclusion Analyses using a novel mouse model revealed the extensive involvement of extracellular matrix-related genes and peripheral perceptive nerve receptor genes resulting in scar formation with chronic pain. Future bioinformatics analyses will explore the association between these relationships.
Responding to depression-related Imgur posts: A content analysis of social support and non-bona fide features in user-generated comments
Authors: Hale Brent J 
Published: November 2019

Objectives A growing body of health communication scholarship has explored the utility of social media platforms for eliciting social support, although much of this scholarship has focused on Facebook and Twitter. This study contributes to this body of research by identifying support in comments submitted to depression-related Imgur posts. Furthermore, the use of non-bona fide linguistic features (e.g. humor, sarcasm, and irony) is documented for comparison with supportive elements. Methods A content analysis was performed of 1530 comments submitted in response to 20 popular Imgur posts about depression, including the emergence of four social support types outlined by the Multi-Dimensional Support Scale—reassuring, empathic, informational, and tangible support—as well as non-bona fide features. Results Findings suggest a supportive discourse, with nearly 60% of comments containing some supportive element. Reassuring and informational support emerged most prominently (26.3% and 26.2% of comments, respectively), followed by empathic (22.9%) and tangible (0.3%) support types. Non-bona fide features manifested in 28.8% of comments. Results indicate significant covariation between non-bona fide features and support, as these infrequently co-occurred. Conclusions This study’s findings suggest that depression-related messages frequently receive support from Imgur commenters, especially reassuring and informational support. Additionally, this study provides a conceptual framework for future analyses of online social support by integrating non-bona fide communication with established support types. The results of this study could have implications for health professionals and scholars interested in the use of social media platforms such as Imgur, which serves a predominantly young male demographic, for support provision.