bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perturbation Gadgets: Arbitrary Energy Scales from a Single Strong Interaction
Authors: Bausch Johannes 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFundamentally, it is believed that interactions between physical objects are two-body. Perturbative gadgets are one way to break up an effective many-body coupling into pairwise interactions: a Hamiltonian with high interaction strength introduces a low-energy space in which the effective theory appearsk-body and approximates a target Hamiltonian to within precision$$\epsilon $$ϵ. One caveat of existing constructions is that the interaction strength generally scales exponentially in the locality of the terms to be approximated. In this work we propose a many-body Hamiltonian construction which introduces only a single separate energy scale of order$$\Theta (1/N^{2+\delta })$$Θ(1/N2+δ), for a small parameter$$\delta >0$$δ>0, and forNterms in the target Hamiltonian$$\mathbf H_\mathrm {t}=\sum _{i=1}^N \mathbf h_i$$Ht=∑i=1Nhito be simulated: in its low-energy subspace, our constructed system can approximate any such target Hamiltonian$$\mathbf H_t$$Htwith norm ratios$$r=\max _{i,j\in \{1,\ldots ,N\}}\Vert \mathbf h_i\Vert / \Vert \mathbf h_j \Vert ={{\,\mathrm{O}\,}}(\exp (\exp ({{\,\mathrm{poly}\,}}N)))$$r=maxi,j∈{1,…,N}‖hi‖/‖hj‖=O(exp(exp(polyN)))to withinrelativeprecision$${{\,\mathrm{O}\,}}(N^{-\delta })$$O(N-δ). This comes at the expense of increasing the locality by at most one, and adding an at most poly-sized ancillary system for each coupling; interactions on the ancillary system are geometrically local, and can be translationally invariant. In order to prove this claim, we borrow a technique from high energy physics—where matter fields obtain effective properties (such as mass) from interactions with an exchange particle—and employ a tiling Hamiltonian to discard all cross-terms at higher expansion orders of a Feynman–Dyson series expansion. As an application, we discuss implications for QMA-hardness of theLocal Hamiltonianproblem, and argue that “almost” translational invariance—defined as arbitrarily small relative variations of the strength of the local terms—is as good as non-translational invariance in many of the constructions used throughout Hamiltonian complexity theory. We furthermore show that the choice of geared limit of many-body systems, where e.g. width and height of a lattice are taken to infinity in a specific relation, can have different complexity-theoretic implications: even for translationally invariant models, changing the geared limit can vary the hardness of finding the ground state energy with respect to a given promise gap from computationally trivial, to QMAEXP-, or even BQEXPSPACE-complete.
Water-Soluble Ionic Characteristics of Aerosols in the Marine Boundary Layer over the Yellow Sea during the KORUS-AQ Campaign
Authors: Cha Joo Wan , Shin Beomchel , Ko Hee-Jung , Lim Yun Kyu , Ryoo Sang-Boom 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMajor compositions of water-soluble ionic species in particulate matter less than 10 and 2.5 μm in diameter (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) over the Yellow Sea were collected during the Korea–United States Air Quality (KORUS-AQ) campaign in 2016 onboard the research vessel Gisang 1. The secondary ionic species (NH4+, nss-SO42−, and NO3−) in PM10 and PM2.5 accounted for 84% and 89% of the total analyzed species. NH4+ was strongly correlated with non-sea salt (nss) SO42− (nss-SO42−) in PM10 and PM2.5; NO3− was closely correlated with Na+, Mg2+, and nss-Ca2+ in PM10 and NH4+ in PM2.5. High mass concentrations of methane sulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3−), the main source of natural sulfates over the Yellow Sea, were observed. The concentrations of MSA were found to show an increasing trend over the Yellow Sea in recent years. Biogenic sulfur contributions to the total nss-SO42− (MSA/nss-SO42− ratio) over the Yellow Sea ranged from 1.4% to 9.2% in PM10 and from 0.68% to 9.5% in PM2.5 during the cruise. Thus, biogenic nss-SO42− must be included, especially in the spring and early summer seasons, when biological activities are elevated in Northeast Asia. We classified the high aerosol mass concentration cases such as Asian dust and haze cases. In Asian dust cases, the ratio of NO3− to nss-SO42− in the aerosols showed that mobile (stationary) sources mainly affected PM10 (PM2.5). The major chemical species for Asian dust cases over the Yellow sea were CaCO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Na(NO3)2, and sea salt. In haze cases over the Yellow sea, the contributions from stationary sources are high and the major species were (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 in PM10 and PM2.5, respectively.
Platonic Laws of Nature
Authors: Hildebrand Tyler 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDavid Armstrong accepted the following three theses: universals are immanent, laws are relations between universals, and laws govern. Taken together, they form an attractive position, for they promise to explain regularities in nature—one of the most important desiderata for a theory of laws and properties—while remaining compatible with naturalism. However, I argue that the three theses are incompatible. The basic idea is that each thesis makes an explanatory claim, but the three claims can be shown to run in a problematic circle. I then consider which thesis we ought to reject (hint: see the title) and suggest some general lessons for the metaphysics of laws.
Qualitative Posttreatment Diffusion-Weighted Imaging as a Predictor of 90-day Outcome in Stroke Intervention
Authors: Dmytriw Adam A , Alrashed Abdullah , Enriquez-Marulanda Alejandro , Daghighi Shadi , Waggas Ghouth , Rezaie Aria , Heyn Chinthaka , Yu Amy , Aviv Richard I , Da Costa Leodante , Yang Victor XD 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT:Purpose:The aim was to assess the ability of post-treatment diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to predict 90-day functional outcome in patients with endovascular therapy (EVT) for large vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke (AIS).Methods:We examined a retrospective cohort from March 2016 to January 2018, of consecutive patients with AIS who received EVT. Planimetric DWI was obtained and infarct volume calculated. Four blinded readers were asked to predict modified Rankin Score (mRS) at 90 days post-thrombectomy.Results:Fifty-one patients received endovascular treatment (mean age 65.1 years, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) 18). Mean infarct volume was 43.7 mL. The baseline NIHSS, 24-hour NIHSS, and the DWI volume were lower for the mRS 0–2 group. Also, the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) 2b/3 rate was higher in the mRS 0–2 group. No differences were found in terms of the occlusion level, reperfusion technique, or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator use. There was a significant association noted between average infarct volume and mRS at 90 days. On multivariable analysis, higher infarct volume was significantly associated with 90-day mRS 3–5 when adjusted to TICI scores and occlusion location (OR 1.01; CI 95% 1.001–1.03; p = 0.008). Area under curve analysis showed poor performance of DWI volume reader ability to qualitatively predict 90-day mRS.Conclusion:The subjective impression of DWI as a predictor of clinical outcome is poorly correlated when controlling for premorbid status and other confounders. Qualitative DWI by experienced readers both overestimated the severity of stroke for patients who achieved good recovery and underestimated the mRS for poor outcome patients. Infarct core quantitation was reliable.
Antibiotic assessment at hospital discharge—Room for stewardship intervention
Authors: Barnett Susanne Gapen , Lata Paul , Kavalier Meredith , Crnich Christopher , Balasubramanian Prakash 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Our stewardship team evaluated 19 months of discharge antibiotic prescriptions to determine prescribing appropriateness and to characterize the interventions made. Intervention occurred in 9.7% of patients, with a 58% acceptance rate. Most interventions were educational (antibiotic course was complete at time of intervention). Discharge antibiotic review is a potential stewardship tool.
Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal
Authors: Tabuce Rodolphe , Sarr Raphaël , Adnet Sylvain , Lebrun Renaud , Lihoreau Fabrice , Martin Jeremy E. , Sambou Bernard , Thiam Mustapha , Hautier Lionel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA long hiatus encompassing most of the Eocene (end of the Ypresian to the early Priabonian) breaks up the proboscidean evolutionary history, which is otherwise documented by a rich fossil record. Only two post-Ypresian localities from West Africa (Mali and Senegal) have yielded scarceMoeritherium-like dental remains. Here, we study one of these remains from Senegal and name a new genus and species,Saloumia gorodiskii. This taxon, confidently mid-Lutetian in age, evokesMoeritheriumand elephantiforms with its wrinkled enamel, lack of centrocrista, and strong lingual cingulum. However, due to its pronounced bunodonty, which departs from the bunolophodonty of bothMoeritheriumand elephantiforms, we cannot exclude the possibility thatSaloumiadocuments an early experiment in dental diversity among Paleocene–Eocene proboscideans, without direct relationships with later proboscideans.UUID:http://www.zoobank.org/0b6b83f8-817d-498c-a672-8ffa8f81a978
Learning to Labour: “Native” Orphans in Colonial India, 1840s–1920s
Authors: Soni  
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo this day, the history of indigenous orphans in colonial India remains surprisingly understudied. Unlike the orphans of Britain or European and Eurasian orphans in the colony, who have been widely documented, Indian orphans are largely absent in the existing historiography. This article argues that a study of “native” orphans in India helps us transcend the binary of state power and poor children that has hitherto structured the limited extant research on child “rescue” in colonial India. The essay further argues that by shifting the gaze away from the state, we can vividly see how non-state actors juxtaposed labour and education. I assert that the deployment of child labour by these actors, in their endeavour to educate and make orphans self-sufficient, did not always follow the profitable trajectory of the state-led formal labour regime (seen in the Indian indenture system or early nineteenth-century prison labour). It was often couched in terms of charity and philanthropy and exhibited a convergence of moral and economic concerns.
AUTHOR OF HIS OWN FATE? THE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY WRITINGS OF AYUBA SULAYMAN DIALLO
Authors: NAYLOR PAUL , WALLACE MARION 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe life of Ayuba Sulayman Diallo (also known as Job ben Solomon) receives a fresh examination in this article, based primarily on his own writings. The son of an Imam from Bundu in Senegambia, Diallo was enslaved in 1731 and transported to America. He survived to gain his freedom, make his mark in London society, and return to Africa in 1734. This article offers an analysis of documents from the British Library, including items that have not been previously analysed and are here translated into English for the first time. In addition, they bring together what is known of his archive, including the letters he wrote before, during, and after his time in London, the Qur'ans he scribed there, and the scraps and snippets created as he discussed the Arabic language with friends.A close analysis of Diallo's writings reveals new information about his life history; his relationships with the elites in both Bundu and London; his scholarly abilities; and the history of Bundu itself. Diallo used the technology of writing to direct the course of his own life and career, converting a disastrous course of events into favourable opportunities for himself.
Protecting nests of the Critically Endangered South Pacific loggerhead turtleCaretta carettafrom goannaVaranusspp. predation
Authors: Madden Hof Christine A. , Shuster Gabriela , McLachlan Nev , McLachlan Bev , Giudice Saranne , Limpus Colin , Eguchi Tomoharu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe South Pacific subpopulation of the loggerhead turtleCaretta carettais categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List because of significant population declines. Five Queensland beaches support high-density nesting of this subpopulation, but egg and hatchling survival are low at some beaches because of feral and native terrestrial predators. We quantified predation of loggerhead turtle eggs by two species of goanna,Varanus panoptesandVaranus varius, at Wreck Rock beach, one of the turtle's major nesting beaches. In addition, we conducted an experiment to determine the efficacy of a nest protection device. Predation rates at Wreck Rock beach were 15.2% for treatment and 45.8% for non-treatment clutches during the 2013–2014 nesting season. A higher probability of predation (64%) was predicted for the northern beach. Although nests were only partially predated (16.4% of the total number of eggs), nest loss to predators and beach erosion (caused by a cyclone) was 91.7%. If left unmanaged, the cumulative impact of predation and other threats, including those exacerbated by climate change, can cause unsustainable loss of loggerhead turtle nests. This study provides one of the first quantitative data sets on rates of loggerhead turtle clutch predation in the South Pacific. It enhances our understanding of goanna predation impacts and identifies an efficient predator exclusion device for mitigating the effects of terrestrial predators at Wreck Rock beach, and for protecting marine turtle nests across northern Australia and globally.
Overlooking the transition elephant in the ultra-high-risk room: are we missing functional equivalents of transition to psychosis?
Authors: Raballo Andrea , Poletti Michele 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the wake of the almost quarter of a century since the conceptualization of ultra-high-risk (UHR) states for psychosis, empirical evidences in the field are constantly scrutinized and re-assessed through meta-analytic lens. Briefly, such scrutiny converges on three major evidences: pretest risk enrichment, risk hierarchy within UHR states, and declining transition rates. While the former two are intuitive, the dilution effect remains elusive and might be rather symptomatic of unsolved issues in the field. Those include the heterogeneously reported antipsychotic (AP) exposure in UHR samples and the almost univocal focus on purely psychometric transition to psychosis. Both issues lead to the neglect of functional equivalents of transition, i.e. that of a mental state at immediate need for AP medication, and might have a cascading confounding effect on the predictive value of contemporary risk calculators centered on criterial transition as a unique outcome.
Beyond Freedom's Reach: An Imperfect Centering of Women and Children Caught within Cuba's Long Emancipation and the Afterlife of Slavery
Authors: Cespedes Karina L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article examines Cuba's long process of gradual emancipation (from 1868–1886) and the continual states of bondage that categorize the afterlife of Cuban slavery. The article addresses deferred freedom, re-enslavement, and maintenance of legal states of bondage in the midst of “freedom.” It contends with the legacy of thecastasystem, the contradictions within the Moret Law of 1870, which “half-freed” children but not their mothers, and it analyzes the struggle for full emancipation after US occupation, with the thwarted attempt of forming the Partido Independiente de Color to enfranchise populations of color. The article argues that the desire to control the labor of racialized populations, and in particular the labor of black and indigenous women and children, unified Cuban and US slaveholders determined to detain emancipation; and provides an analysis of the re-enslavement of US free people of color at the end of the nineteenth century, kidnapped and brought to the Cuba as a method of bolstering slavery. The article draws on the scholarship of Saidiya Hartman and Shona Jackson to provide an assessment of the afterlife of Cuban slavery, the invisibility of indigenous labor, the hypervisibility of African labor in the Caribbean deployed to maintain white supremacy, and it critiques the humanizing narrative of labor as a means for freedom in order to address the ways in which, for racialized populations in Cuba, wage labor would emerge as a tool of oppression. The article raises an inquiry into the historiography on Cuban slavery to provide a critique of the invisibility of indigenous and African women and children. It also considers the role and place of sexual exchanges/prostitution utilized to obtain freedom and to finance self-manumission, alongside the powerful narratives of the social and sexual deviancy of black women that circulated within nineteenth-century Cuba.
The Security Council in practice: Haiti, cholera, and the elected members of the United Nations Security Council
Authors: Freedman Rosa , Lemay-Hébert Nicolas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhile the cholera outbreak in Haiti still claims victims every month, it is also the backdrop of one of the biggest legal battles the UN has been engaged in – one for the recognition of harm caused and for reparations for victims of cholera. Having used its immunity to disengage from the issue, the UN finally changed its stance in December 2016 and apologized for the organization’s role in the cholera outbreak. This article analyses the role of the elected members of the Security Council – alongside other key stakeholders – in contributing to the UN’s change of policy. Based on privileged access to a number of actors in this politico-legal fight, this article argues that elected members of the Security Council have played a crucial role in pushing the UN to ‘do the right thing’. This article, along with other contributions to this special issue, sheds a different light on the practices inside the Security Council, demonstrating that elected members are far from being powerless, as most of the literature on the subject tends to assume. They can successfully play a significant role inside the organization when the right conditions permit them to play this role.
Dynamic Processes of CO2Storage in the Field: 1. Multiscale and Multipath Channeling of CO2Flow in the Hierarchical Fluvial Reservoir at Cranfield, Mississippi
Authors: Zhou Quanlin , Yang Xianjin , Zhang Rui , Hosseini Seyyed A. , Ajo‐Franklin Jonathan B. , Freifeld Barry M. , Daley Thomas M. , Hovorka Susan D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA consistent picture of dynamic channeling, invasion, spreading, and breakthrough (CISB) of supercritical CO2in the hierarchical fluvial reservoir at Cranfield, Mississippi is presented after 10 years of integration and analysis of complementary field monitoring and characterization data. The dynamic CISB withsmall‐scale CO2‐flow channelsin the F1‐F2‐F3 cross section (F1, F2, and F3 are one injection and two monitoring wells) was imaged by daily electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and time‐lapse crosswell seismic surveys. One, three, and four CO2flow channels logged at F1, F2, and F3, respectively, were dynamically connected with strong temporal variations in CO2saturation during 221 days of drainage with injection rate doubling twice and 81 days of imbibition. Threeintermediate‐scale CO2flow channels(with highest CO2saturation) normal to the cross section were ERT‐imaged during late‐time drainage. Alarge‐scale, sinuous fluvial CO2flow channelwas imaged by repeat surface seismic survey at the end of the imbibition. The fluvial sandstone channel sinuously bypasses the F1‐F2‐F3 cross section in a point bar, but the channel is connected to the cross section through an intermediate‐scale sandstone channel, forming a complicated flow channel network. The multiscale flow channel network (in the fluvial channel‐point bar system) revealed from the observed CISB enables us to consistently interpret the hydrological monitoring data of three tracer tests, each conducted during an injection rate step, and preinjection hydraulic‐thermal‐tracer tests. This interpretation of the CISB and flow channel network can guide future modeling and data inversion to best understand the effects of natural heterogeneity on CO2storage efficiency and residual trapping.
Architecture of high-strength aluminum–matrix composites processed by a novel microcasting technique
Authors: Shao Chenwei , Zhao Shuo , Wang Xuegang , Zhu Yankun , Zhang Zhefeng , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs important lightweight structural materials, cast aluminum alloys have been largely used in the transportation and aerospace industries. In general, Al–Si-based alloys comprise more than 90% of all castings due to their excellent castability and corrosion resistance. However, even though various reinforcements have been introduced, the strength of these alloys is not that high, which severely limits their use for certain high-performance applications. Here, we report on a new strategy and technology to reinforce Al–Si alloys to increase their yield strength into the ~400–660 MPa range, a level that is 29–113% higher than that of all current cast Al–Si alloys, laboratory or commercial, and comparable to that of many high-strength steels but with ~40% lower density. By introducing continuous Ti–6Al–4V reinforcements into the Al–Si matrix through a novel microcasting process, the yield strength of the resulting alloy can be enhanced to between 4 and 6 times higher than that of the pure Al–Si alloy. The extraordinary reinforcing effect originates from the occurrence of multiscale strengthening mechanisms, including macroscale compound strengthening (the rule of mixtures amended by crack arrest mechanism), mesoscale strain-gradient strengthening, and microscale interface-affected-zone and nanoparticle strengthening. The core principle of our material design is to make all components of the composite fully participate in plastic (compatible) deformation, and thus, continuous reinforcements, instead of discrete reinforced structures (e.g., particles, whiskers, and short fibers), were introduced into the Al–Si alloy. Combined with 3-D printing technology, the present microcasting process can realize strengthening at the designed position by architecting specific reinforcements in the matrix.
Members of the public in the USA, UK, Canada and Australia expressing genetic exceptionalism say they are more willing to donate genomic data
Authors:   on behalf of the Participant Values Work Stream of the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health, Middleton Anna , Milne Richard , Howard Heidi , Niemiec Emilia , Robarts Lauren , Critchley Christine , Nicol Dianne , Prainsack Barbara , Atutornu Jerome , Vears Danya F. , Smith James , Steed Claire , Bevan Paul , Scott Erick R. , Bobe Jason , Goodhand Peter , Kleiderman Erika , Thorogood Adrian , Morley Katherine I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPublic acceptance is critical for sharing of genomic data at scale. This paper examines how acceptance of data sharing pertains to the perceived similarities and differences between DNA and other forms of personal data. It explores the perceptions of representative publics from the USA, Canada, the UK and Australia (n = 8967) towards the donation of DNA and health data. Fifty-two percent of this public held ‘exceptionalist’ views about genetics (i.e., believed DNA is different or ‘special’ compared to other types of medical information). This group was more likely to be familiar with or have had personal experience with genomics and to perceive DNA information as having personal as well as clinical and scientific value. Those with personal experience with genetics and genetic exceptionalist views were nearly six times more likely to be willing to donate their anonymous DNA and medical information for research than other respondents. Perceived harms from re-identification did not appear to dissuade publics from being willing to participate in research. The interplay between exceptionalist views about genetics and the personal, scientific and clinical value attributed to data would be a valuable focus for future research.