bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research challenges and opportunities for using big data in global change biology
Authors: Xia Jianyang , Wang Jing , Niu Shuli 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlobal change biology has been entering a big data era due to the vast increase in availability of both environmental and biological data. Big data refers to large data volume, complex data sets, and multiple data sources. The recent use of such big data is improving our understanding of interactions between biological systems and global environmental changes. In this review, we first explore how big data has been analyzed to identify the general patterns of biological responses to global changes at scales from gene to ecosystem. After that, we investigate how observational networks and space‐based big data have facilitated the discovery of emergent mechanisms and phenomena on the regional and global scales. Then, we evaluate the predictions of terrestrial biosphere under global changes by big modeling data. Finally, we introduce some methods to extract knowledge from big data, such as meta‐analysis, machine learning, traceability analysis, and data assimilation. The big data has opened new research opportunities, especially for developing new data‐driven theories for improving biological predictions in Earth system models, tracing global change impacts across different organismic levels, and constructing cyberinfrastructure tools to accelerate the pace of model‐data integrations. These efforts will uncork the bottleneck of using big data to understand biological responses and adaptations to future global changes.
The Effect of Psychiatric Comorbidities on Headache‐Related Disability in Migraine: Results From the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes (CaMEO) Study
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Seng Elizabeth K. , Chu Min Kyung , Reed Michael L. , Fanning Kristina M. , Adams Aubrey Manack , Buse Dawn C. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo examine the influences of depression and anxiety on headache‐related disability in people with episodic migraine or chronic migraine.BackgroundDepression and anxiety are common comorbidities in people with migraine, especially among those with chronic migraine.MethodsThis cross‐sectional analysis of data from the longitudinal, internet‐based Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes Study assessed sociodemographic and headache features, and headache‐related disability (Migraine Disability Assessment Scale). Four groups were defined based on scores from validated screeners for depression (9‐item Patient Health Questionnaire) and anxiety (7‐item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale): depression alone, anxiety alone, both, or neither.ResultsRespondents (N = 16,788) were predominantly women (74.4% [12,494/16,788]) and white (84.0% [14,044/16,788]); mean age was 41 years. Depression was more likely in persons with chronic migraine vs episodic migraine (56.6% [836/1476] vs 30.0% [4589/15,312]; P < .001), as were anxiety (48.4% [715/1476] vs 28.1% 4307/15,312]; P < .001) and coexisting depression and anxiety (42.0% [620/1476] vs 20.8% [3192/15,312]; P < .001). After controlling for headache frequency and other covariates, depression alone, and anxiety alone were associated with 56.0% (rate ratio [RR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46‐1.66) and 39.0% (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.30‐1.50) increased risks of moderate/severe migraine‐related disability (both P < .001), respectively; the combination had an even greater effect on risk of moderate/severe disability (79.0% increase; RR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.71‐1.87; P < .001).ConclusionsDepression alone and anxiety alone are associated with greater headache‐related disability after controlling for sociodemographic and headache features. Coexisting depression and anxiety are more strongly associated with disability than either comorbidity in isolation. Interventions targeting depression and anxiety as well as migraine itself may improve headache‐related disability in people with migraine.
Safety of Rimegepant, an Oral CGRP Receptor Antagonist, Plus CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine
Authors: Berman Gary , Croop Robert , Kudrow David , Halverson Philip , Lovegren Meghan , Thiry Alexandra C. , Conway Charles M. , Coric Vladimir , Lipton Richard B. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveEvaluate the safety and tolerability of oral rimegepant when used for acute treatment concomitantly with a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) ligand or receptor (CGRP mAb) for the preventive treatment of migraine.BackgroundThe efficacy of CGRP mAbs for the preventive treatment of migraine and the small molecule CGRP receptor antagonist rimegepant for acute treatment has been demonstrated in randomized controlled clinical trials. Over the past few years, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved 4 CGRP mAbs for the preventive treatment of migraine and 2 small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists for the acute treatment of migraine. A previous case report of 2 patients receiving concomitant treatment with rimegepant and erenumab suggested that rimegepant may be safely used as acute treatment in patients who are also receiving a preventive regimen involving CGRP mAbs. We report here 13 additional patients with migraine who simultaneously used rimegepant and either erenumab, fremanezumab, or galcanezumab and assess the rate of on‐treatment adverse events (AEs).MethodsThis was a substudy nested within a multicenter, open‐label, long‐term safety study in adults with 2‐14 monthly migraine attacks of moderate to severe pain intensity. A subgroup experiencing 2‐8 monthly attacks and taking a stable dose of a CGRP mAb also took rimegepant 75 mg as needed up to once daily for acute treatment for 12 weeks.ResultsThe 13 patients (11 women [85%]; mean age 49.9 years) enrolled in the substudy were being treated with CGRP mAbs (erenumab [n = 7], fremanezumab [n = 4], or galcanezumab [n = 2]). Mean (SD) time in the rimegepant treatment period was 9.6 (4.6) weeks. Mean (SD) 4‐week rimegepant exposure was 7.8 (5.5) doses; a total of 224 doses were taken. Five (38%) patients reported ≥1 on‐treatment AE. Of these, 2 (15%) patients had mild or moderate nasopharyngitis; no other AEs occurred in ≥2 patients. Three patients had AEs of mild or moderate severity that were considered potentially treatment‐related. No patients had serious AEs, AEs leading to discontinuation, or aminotransferase levels >3× the upper limit of normal.ConclusionRimegepant, when used as an oral acute treatment in patients receiving CGRP mAbs as preventive treatment, was well tolerated; no safety issues were identified. Studies involving larger patient populations are needed to confirm these findings.
Fine‐woven punctured felt preform advanced ceramic composite for long duration hybrid fuel firing testing
Authors: Zhu Yang , Zhang Qiang , Cui Hong , Meng Xiangli , Yan Liansheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA three‐dimensional fine‐woven punctured felt green body was used as a preform to generate an advanced ceramic. After chemical vapor infiltration and several cycles of precursor infiltration and pyrolysis, the pyrolysis carbon, as well as the silicon carbide and zirconium carbide ceramic matrix were formed. The advanced ceramic composite was tested under a hybrid fuel firing environment (hydrogen peroxide/ hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene, H2O2‐HTPB) for a relatively long time (240 seconds) as the puncture fibers head to the firing direction. After the test, beaded and bald fibers could be identified, and the sphere particles of firing residuals sizing from 10 μm to 1 mm were found. The test results show that the material is capable of withstanding a severe firing environment up to 2 MPa with an average linear erosion rate of 0.082 mm/s.
An assessment of the effects of mental accounting on overspending behaviour: An empirical study
Authors: Sui Lu , Sun Lijuan , Geyfman Victoria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver 40% of American households always feel like they are overspending and they regret their choices. However, these consumers are unaware of the type of overspending they follow. Such overspending behaviours include income overspending (a consumer spends more than his or her earned income), expected overspending (a consumer spends more than expected in a “normal” year) and credit overspending (a consumer does not pay off credit card balances). The study aims to explore how overspending behaviours are affected by the mental accounts of wealth, saving goals and expense forecasting. Using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, the study describes overspending behaviour associated with three types of mental accounts. The study reveals that expected overspending is affected by expenditure forecasts and wealth allocation while credit overspending is affected by wealth allocation only. Income overspending is influenced by wealth allocation, expenditure forecasts and savings goals. These findings have important implications for consumers and finance professionals. Furthermore, the study reveals the important influence of consumer demographic characteristics on overspending behaviours by showing that certain types of consumers have a higher propensity to overspend.
Mononuclear phagocyte regulation by the transcription factor Blimp‐1 in health and disease
Authors: Ulmert Isabel , Henriques‐Oliveira Luís , Pereira Carlos‐Filipe , Lahl Katharina 
Published: August 2020

SummaryB lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein‐1 (Blimp‐1), the transcription factor encoded by the gene Prdm1, plays a number of crucial roles in the adaptive immune system, which result in the maintenance of key effector functions of B‐ and T‐cells. Emerging clinical data, as well as mechanistic evidence from mouse studies, have additionally identified critical functions of Blimp‐1 in the maintenance of immune homeostasis by the mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) system. Blimp‐1 regulation of gene expression affects various aspects of MNP biology, including developmental programmes such as fate decisions of monocytes entering peripheral tissue, and functional programmes such as activation, antigen presentation and secretion of soluble inflammatory mediators. The highly tissue‐, subset‐ and state‐specific regulation of Blimp‐1 expression in MNPs suggests that Blimp‐1 is a dynamic regulator of immune activation, integrating environmental cues to fine‐tune the function of innate cells. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge regarding Blimp‐1 regulation and function in macrophages and dendritic cells.
Vocal imitation between mothers and their children with cochlear implants
Authors: Kondaurova Maria V. , Fagan Mary K. , Zheng Qi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo better explain variation in language acquisition in children with hearing loss, this study examined vocal (e.g., vocalization) and lexical (e.g., word) imitation in spontaneous interactions between mothers and children with 12 months of hearing experience using their cochlear implants (n = 12; mean age 27.9 months). Hearing children in two control groups were matched to children with cochlear implants, either by child chronological age (n = 12; mean age = 27.4 months) or by child hearing experience (n = 12; mean age 12 months). All three groups of mother–child dyads were audio‐recorded playing together. Mothers and children in all groups imitated their partners’ vocalization and word utterances; however, the cochlear implant and hearing experience‐matched groups produced fewer word imitations than the age‐matched group. The frequency of preceding child vocalization or word production predicted maternal imitation type (vocalization or word); however, frequency of maternal vocalization predicted child vocalization imitation only. The results showed that child hearing experience affected imitation in both communication partners.
New in situ method for the determination of the crystallization kinetics of glass‐ceramics
Authors: Sander Malte , Jacobs Philipp , Roos Christian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn in situ method for the characterization of the crystallization behavior of glass‐ceramics has been developed, which is based on an acoustic, nondestructive Young's modulus measurement technique according to ASTM E1876. The progression of the crystallization can be measured due to an increasing Young's modulus during the heat treatment, which is a result of the formation of solid precipitations in a viscous melt. The crystalline content can be deduced from the data using a superposition principle for elastic properties. The developed method was evaluated using bar‐shaped bulk glass samples from a lithium‐alumosilicate glass‐ceramic system. The sample geometry, with its low surface‐to‐volume ratio, allowed a detailed analysis of the volume crystallization, due to a reduced influence of the surface crystallization on the measured signal. The development of the crystalline content was confirmed, and variations in the surface and bulk crystallization were examined using a reference method based on X‐ray diffraction.
Isotope‐specific analysis of neutron‐irradiated lithium aluminate ceramics by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Cho Herman , Burgeson Ingrid E. , Adami Susan R. , Sinkov Sergey I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effects of neutron irradiation on lithium aluminate ceramics and the transport and incorporation of tritium into surrounding components are primary concerns in the development of materials for use in tritium production. The high specific activity and volatility of the tritium in activated samples greatly increase the challenges of experimental analysis. This paper reports the determination of structural forms and concentrations of 3H and 6Li in irradiated and nonirradiated LiAlO2 by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The experiments find tritium uniformly distributed in hydroxyl groups bridging aluminum centers and lithium in four‐ and six‐coordinated sites. These results demonstrate that measurements can be performed in a nondestructive, safe manner to obtain isotope‐selective, quantitative information even on highly hazardous materials.
Development of gypsum‐based composites with tensile strain‐hardening characteristics
Authors: Wang Yichao , Jian Xiangru , Yu Jiangtao , Ye Junhong , Dong Fangyuan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBrittle nature of gypsum restrains its wide application in construction industry. For improvement, a novel type of composite material, gypsum‐based engineered cementitious composites (GS‐ECC), was developed using specially chosen polyethylene (PE) fibers. This study investigated the rheological and mechanical properties of GS‐ECC, that is, workability, uniaxial tensile and compressive behavior, flexural strength, etc The investigation showed that GS‐ECC possessed excellent tensile strain‐hardening behavior and saturated cracking characteristics with the average tensile strain capacity more than 5%. To explore the underlying mechanism, the microstructure of interface transition zone (ITZ) between gypsum crystals and PE fibers were investigated through the use of SEM. Single fiber pull‐out test, bending‐fracture test, and single crack tension test were conducted to investigate the mesoscopic properties from fiber/matrix interface to matrix toughness and fiber bridging capacity. This study demonstrates the feasibility of achieving strain‐hardening gypsum‐based composites by adding the PE fibers.
Composition‐dependent microstructure and electrical property of (1−x)SBN‐xBNBT solid solutions
Authors: He Xiao‐Juan , Xie Zhong‐Shuai , Yuan Xin , Li Ling , Huang Da‐Fang , Tao Chun‐Wei , Wang Rui‐Xue , Hao Jigong , Yuan Guoliang , Zhang Shan‐Tao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, (1−x)Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6‐x[0.94Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3‐0.06BaTiO3] solid solution ceramics were prepared and investigated. The length‐diameter ratio of pillar‐like grain increased with increase in x, reaching maximum value of 10.5 at average length of 1.36 μm and diameter of 0.13 μm for x = 0.20. The maximum dielectric constant, temperature corresponding to the maximum dielectric constant, and saturated polarization decreased, respectively, from 507, 36°C, and 3.2 μC/cm2 for x = 0 to 365, −61°C, and 2.0 μC/cm2 fort x = 0.10, and then increased to 1167, 43°C, and 5.5 μC/cm2 for x = 0.20. These results indicate the competitive effects of B‐site Ti4+ and A‐site Ba2+ on ferroelectricity.
EQT: Private Equity with a Purpose
Authors: Eccles Robert G. , Lennehag Therése , Nornholm Nina 
Published: August 2020

The primary factors driving the remarkable growth of private equity have been the industry's attractive and stable returns in combination with its active ownership model. Nevertheless, critics have been questioning whether the PE industry can maintain its historic returns, and challenging its fee and incentive structures as well as its notable lack of transparency and diversity. And the alleged systemic effects of the industry on social problems like income inequality and climate change have become large enough to create a perceived threat to PE's long‐term “license to operate.”In this article, the authors discuss the commitment of EQT, the publicly listed and Stockholm‐headquartered private markets firm (and eighth largest PE fundraiser in the world), to the “future‐proofing” of both its portfolio companies and the company itself. The company envisions itself as undertaking a “journey” toward sustainability and positive impact and, in so doing, furnishing a model that other PE firms might find useful in helping “future‐proof” the entire industry. As part of that commitment, EQT recently published a “Statement of Purpose” signed by its the board of directors that focuses a societal impact lens on its entire portfolio of companies and assets, reinforces its public commitments to diversity and other “clean and conscious” practices, and aims to leverage digital technologies to enhance financial returns and real‐world outcomes. Transparency and a mindset focused on achieving positive impact are the keys to PE's earning high and stable returns and to securing its long‐term license to operate.
What Public Companies Can Learn from Private Equity Pay Plans
Authors: O'Byrne Stephen F. 
Published: August 2020

Studies of private equity pay, including one by current SEC commissioner Robert Jackson, have pointed to restrictions on equity sales as a key difference between private equity and public company pay. In this article, the author argues that there is another very important difference: equity compensation in PE pay plans is typically front loaded, with top executives of portfolio companies often required to buy shares, and receiving upfront option grants on three times the number of shares they purchase.Such front‐loaded equity compensation allows PE pay plans to avoid the unintended effects of the “competitive pay policy” that have been embraced by public companies for the past 50 years. Competitive pay—targeted, for example, to provide 50th percentile total compensation regardless of past performance—has the effect of creating a systematic “performance penalty,” rewarding poor performance with more shares and penalizing superior performance with fewer shares. The author's research shows that, for public companies during the past decade or so, the number of shares granted has fallen by 7% for each 10% increase in share prices—and that, primarily for this reason, the front loaded option grants used by PE firms have provided five times more incentive (“pay leverage”) than the average public company's annual series of equity grants.What's more, to the extent that PE pay has been guided by partnership and fixed‐sharing concepts rather than competitive pay, it is the spiritual heir to the value‐sharing concepts that guided public company pay in the first half of the 20th century. For 60 years, General Motors used value sharing in “economic profit”—10% of GM's profit above a 7% return on capital was the formula for the bonus pool for many years—as the basis for all incentive compensation. The author uses the GM history to highlight four ways to improve public company incentives and corporate governance.
Climate controls plant life‐form patterns on a high‐elevation oceanic island
Authors: Irl Severin D. H. , Obermeier Alexander , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Steinbauer Manuel J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimPlant life‐forms characterize key morphological strategies that enable large‐scale comparisons of plant communities. This study applies Raunkiær's plant life‐form concept that was developed for temperate climate to a subtropical island flora, in parts, dominated by summer aridity. We quantify how plant life‐form patterns as well as patterns of important plant functional traits (PFTs) relate to important climate and topographic characteristics.LocationLa Palma, Canary Islands.TaxonFlora of La Palma.MethodsWe assigned each native plant species a plant life‐form, that is, phanerophyte, chamaephyte, hemicryptophyte, geophyte and therophyte, as well as PFTs (succulence and N‐fixer). We used stacked species distribution models to assess occurrence probability for each species using the Atlantis database (500 m × 500 m grid). We related richness and percentage values for each plant life‐form and PFT to climate and topography.ResultsPlant life‐forms and PFTs showed a clear pattern within geographic but also climate space, while topography had a minor effect. Phanerophytes mainly contributed to the flora in humid areas. Chamaephytes and hemicryptophytes most strongly contributed to the summit scrub flora and, to some degree, also to the arid coastal regions. Geophytes and therophytes were mainly found in dry coastal regions. N‐fixers contributed mainly to warm‐arid and cool‐arid regions, while succulent species were mainly found in arid coastal regions.Main conclusionsRaunkiær's plant life‐form concept can be comprehensively transferred to a subtropical island flora by adapting to local unfavourable growing conditions, that is, aridity. Using the strong environmental gradients offered by our study island, we identify substantial climate‐driven variation in patterns of plant life‐forms and PFTs that might be used for large‐scale comparisons in macroecological studies. The growth strategies reflected in Raunkiær's plant life‐forms suggest differences in species establishment and coexistence dynamics within different parts of the island's climate space.