bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of venous thromboembolism in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a UK matched cohort study
Authors: Galloway James , Barrett Kevin , Irving Peter , Khavandi Kaivan , Nijher Monica , Nicholson Ruth , de Lusignan Simon , Buch Maya H 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), and risk factors for VTE, in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID) (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease (CD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA)), compared with a matched control population.MethodsA total of 53 378 people with an IMID were identified over 1999–2019 in the UK Royal College of General Practitioners (RCGP) Research and Surveillance Centre (RSC) primary care database and were matched to 213 512 people without an IMID. The association between the presence of any IMID, and each IMID separately, and risk of VTE was estimated using unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. The prevalence of VTE risk factors, and associations between VTE risk factors and risk of VTE, were estimated in people with and without an IMID.ResultsPeople with an IMID were at increased risk of VTE (adjusted HR [aHR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.36,1.56), compared with matched controls. When assessing individual diseases, risk was increased for CD (aHR 1.74, 95% CI 1.45 to 2.08), ulcerative colitis (aHR 1.27, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.45) and RA (aHR 1.54, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.70) but there was no evidence of an association for PsA (aHR 1.21, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.52). In people with an IMID, independent risk factors for VTE included male sex, overweight/obese body mass index, current smoking, history of fracture, and, across study follow-up, abnormal platelet count.ConclusionsVTE risk is increased in people with IMIDs. Routinely available clinical information may be helpful to identify individuals with an IMID at increased future risk of VTE.Observational study registration numberClinicaltrials.gov (NCT03835780).
Cigarette smoking patterns preceding primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Mofors Johannes , Björk Albin , Richardsdotter Andersson Elina , Kvarnström Marika , Forsblad d’Elia Helena , Magnusson-Bucher Sara , Padyukov Leonid , Kockum Ingrid , Hillert Jan , Eriksson Per , Mandl Thomas , Nordmark Gunnel , Alfredsson Lars , Wahren-Herlenius Marie 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for several autoimmune diseases, but its role in primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the association between cigarette smoking and subsequent development of pSS.MethodsInformation on smoking habits was collected from lifestyle habit questionnaires of patients with pSS (n=815) and a matched control group (n=4425) for a case–control study. Differences in smoking exposure were analysed by conditional logistic regression. Potential interactions between smoking and risk-associated human leucocyte antigens (HLA) were assessed by multivariate regression.ResultsThe fraction of patients with pSS having ever smoked prior to diagnosis was lower than in controls (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.81). Current smoking at diagnosis was also less prevalent in cases (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.53). However, period prevalence of smoking during early adulthood was not statistically different from controls (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.22) but markedly decreased over time. This was partly due to patients being more prone to stop smoking, starting already 30 years prior to diagnosis (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.22 to 3.30). Smoking patterns were also stratified by autoantibody status, yielding similar estimates. No interaction effects between HLA-DRB1 haplotypes and smoking were observed.ConclusionThe observed smoking patterns indicate that individuals who develop pSS smoke equally much as the general population during early life but are then more prone to stop. The data can be interpreted as smoking conferring protective effects, or reflecting early symptoms of pSS that affect smoking habits, emphasising the slow, progressive development of the disease.
The quality of physical activity guidelines, but not the specificity of their recommendations, has improved over time: a systematic review and critical appraisal
Authors: Siedler Madelin R. , Lamadrid Priscila , Humphries Megan N. , Mustafa Reem A. , Falck-Ytter Yngve , Dahm Philipp , Sultan Shahnaz , Murad M. Hassan , Morgan Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2020

While numerous guidelines for the prescription of physical activity are released each year, the quality and practicability of these guidelines is unknown. We assessed the quality of 95 guidance documents published since 2000 that included recommendations about physical activity for the promotion of general health and prevention of cardiometabolic disease. We used 3 tools: Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II), the National Academy of Medicine’s (NAM) Standards for Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines, and the Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type (FITT) score. Average AGREE II domain scores ranged from 38%−84%, and the portion of criteria fulfilled per NAM domain ranged from 7%–39%. The average FITT score for all recommendations was 2.48 out of 4. While guidelines improved according to both AGREE II and the NAM standards over time, their practicability as assessed by FITT score did not improve. Guidelines produced by governmental agencies or other nonprofit organizations, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, or fulfilling a higher number of NAM criteria tended to be of higher quality. Organizations producing physical activity guidelines can improve their quality by establishing and reporting processes for public representation, external review, and conflict of interest (COI) management. Future recommendations about physical activity should be more specific and include strategies to improve implementation. Registration no.: PROSPERO CRD42019126364. Novelty: Most physical activity recommendations are not sufficiently specific to be practically implemented. The overall quality of guidelines has improved over time, but the specificity of recommendations has not. Improved public representation, external review, and COI disclosure and management processes would improve guideline quality.
Environmental variables associated with littoral macroinvertebrate community composition in Arctic lakes
Authors: Cohen Rachel S. , Gray Derek K. , Vucic Jasmina M. , Murdoch Alyssa D. , Sharma Sapna 
Published: September 2020

The relationship between littoral macroinvertebrate communities and environmental gradients in Arctic lakes is poorly understood, making it difficult to predict whether these important components of lake ecosystems will be affected by emerging stressors such as permafrost thaw and road development. To better understand how littoral macroinvertebrates are related to environmental gradients, we characterized macroinvertebrate communities and environmental variables for 32 Arctic lakes across the boreal–tundra transition in the Northwest Territories. Our analysis showed that a small selection of variables had strong relationships with community structure: calcium, conductivity, latitude, surface area, catchment area, percent fine sediment, chlorophyll a, and whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis or Coregonus nasus) presence. Many of these variables, including calcium, conductivity, and chlorophyll a levels, are affected by permafrost thaw and road dust contamination. Based on the direction and magnitude of these relationships, we hypothesize that macroinvertebrate abundance might decline in response to permafrost thaw and road dust contamination, while taxon diversity may rise. While correlative in nature, our results and hypotheses may be valuable as future studies evaluate ongoing changes in Canada’s Arctic lakes.
Review of Theorems of the 21st Century
Authors: Gasarch William 
Published: September 2020

In the movie Oh God! Book II, God (played by George Burns) says: Mathematics, that was a mistake. I should have made the whole thing a little easier.
While I am not one to argue with God, George Burns, or George Burns playing God, I do not think Mathematics was a mistake. But I do wish it was easier. Or perhaps it's easy enough to make so much progress in that it becomes hard.
In the 21st century there are many theorems whose statements cannot be explained to a good undergraduate math major. Or even a professor of mathematics who is not in that area. But all is not bleak. There are also theorems whose statements can be explained to a good undergraduate math major, though you might need to supply some context.
The book under review is about those theorems. Every chapter gives definitions and context for a theorem proven in the 21st century, in 4-6 pages. No proofs are given. The chapters are organized by year. There are 106 chapters total.
In this review I will summarize five of the chapters. I intentionally do not summarize any of the chapters that involve (1) theoretical computer science, or (2) you've probably already heard of (e.g., there are arbitrarily long arithmetic sequences of primes) since the biggest benefit of this book is to broaden your horizons. After the summaries I will have a section that lists all of the chapters in this book that involve TCS. I will then render an opinion. Spoiler Alert: this book is awesome.
Effect of Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest Versus Moderate Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Aortic Arch Surgery on Postoperative Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cao Liang , Guo Xiaoxiao , Jia Yuan , Yang Lijing , Wang Hongbai , Yuan Su 
Published: September 2020

Background
Moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (MHCA) has been widely used in aortic arch surgery. However, the renal function after MHCA remains controversial. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis direct comparison of the postoperative renal function of MHCA versus deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) in aortic arch surgery.

Methods and Results

We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for postoperative renal function after aortic arch surgery with using MHCA and DHCA, published from inception to January 31, 2020. The primary outcome was renal failure. Secondary outcomes were the need for renal therapy and other major postoperative outcomes. The random‐effects model was used for all comparisons to pool the estimates. A total of 14 observational studies with 4142 patients were included. Compared with DHCA, MHCA significantly reduced the incidence of renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61–0.94;
P
=0.011; I
2
=0.0%) and the need of renal replacement (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.97;
P
=0.034; I
2
=0.0%). Subgroup analysis showed that when the hypothermic circulatory arrest time was <30 minutes, the incidence of renal failure in MHCA group was significantly lower than that in DHCA group (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54–0.99;
P
=0.040; I
2
=1.1%), whereas an insignificant difference between 2 groups when hypothermic circulatory arrest time was >30 minutes (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.51–1.13;
P
=0.169; I
2
=17.3%).

Conclusions
MHCA compared with DHCA reduces the incidence of renal failure and the need for renal replacement.

Registration

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero
; Unique identifier: CRD42020169348.
Standard/Classical Greek Constructions in the Gospel according to Mark and Their Importance for Interpretation
Authors: Voelz James W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although most interpreters believe the Greek of the Gospel according to Mark to be either basic or inelegant, close study shows it to be quite sophisticated and in line with standard/classical Greek exemplars. This is true not only in vocabulary, but also and especially in features of morphology and syntax. The language of the Second Gospel exhibits affinities with that of Plato and Xenophon especially, and thus reflects Greco-Roman linguistic and literary sensibilities.
Herdsmen and Stargazers: the Science of Philosophy in Plato’s Statesman
Authors: Pettersson Olof 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Together with the Sophist, Plato’s Statesman is often taken to introduce and develop a new scientific form of theoretical inquiry, represented by the Eleatic visitor. This paper draws on recent scholarship on the Sophist and evaluates the reliability of this scientific approach when applied to political matters in the Statesman. It analyzes how the Eleatic visitor identifies and tries to mend two central mistakes in his own initial definition of the statesman and argues that the visitor’s treatment of three related topics – eugenics, tyranny and law – makes his line of reasoning inconsistent. Relying on Plato’s dramatic use of similar forms of argumentation elsewhere, it suggests that the Statesman is not designed to defend the political significance of the visitor’s new form of scientific philosophy, but that its purpose instead is to test and to critically examine the consequences of this line of inquiry.
Differentiating Philosopher from Statesman According to Work and Worth
Authors: Larsen Jens Kristian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Plato’s Sophist and Statesman stand out from many other Platonic dialogues by at least two features. First, they do not raise a ti esti question about a single virtue or feature of something, but raise the questions what sophist, statesman, and philosopher are, how they differ from each other, and what worth each should be accorded. Second, a visitor from Elea, rather than Socrates, seeks to address these questions and does so by employing what is commonly referred to as the method of collection and division. Some scholars have argued that this so-called method is value neutral and therefore unable to address the question how philosophy differs from sophistry and statesmanship according to worth. This article contends that the procedures of collection and division does not preclude the visitor from taking considerations of worth into account, but rather helps establish an objective basis for settling the main questions of the dialogue.
The Offices of Magnesia
Authors: Reid Jeremy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this article, I attempt to provide a complete and exhaustive list of all of the offices and major political roles proposed within the constitution of Magnesia, detailing the title of the office, number of offices, method of appointment, age or gender restrictions, length of term, and explicit responsibilities assigned to that office. This tabulation is intended to be useful for new readers of the Laws and to scholars of various methodological approaches interested in the political arrangements of Magnesia.
<p><strong>Two new species of<em> Impatiens</em> (Balsaminaceae) from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India</strong></p>
Authors: RAJU RAMASUBBU , SURENDRAN ANJANA , AYYATHURAI CHANDRA PRABHA 
Published: September 2020

Impatiens palniensis and I.tamilnadense are two new species described and illustrated from the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Impatiens palniensis collected from Palni hills (Kodaikkanal Wildlife Sanctuary) whereas I. tamilnadense from Megamalai Wildlife Sanctuary. The detailed description of both taxa along with diagnostic characters between closely allied species, conservation status, pollen morphology and colour photographs are provided.
Mechanisms Associated with Daytime and Nighttime Heat Waves over the Contiguous United States
Authors: Thomas Natalie P. , Bosilovich Michael G. , Marquardt Collow Allison B. , Koster Randal D. , Schubert Siegfried D. , Dezfuli Amin , Mahanama Sarith P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHeat waves are extreme climate events that have the potential to cause immense stress on human health, agriculture, and energy systems, so understanding the processes leading to their onset is crucial. There is no single accepted definition for heat waves, but they are generally described as a sustained amount of time over which temperature exceeds a local threshold. Multiple different temperature variables are potentially relevant, because high values of both daily maximum and minimum temperatures can be detrimental to human health. In this study, we focus explicitly on the different mechanisms associated with summertime heat waves manifested during daytime hours versus nighttime hours over the contiguous United States. Heat waves are examined using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Over 1980–2018, the increase in the number of heat-wave days per summer was generally stronger for nighttime heat-wave days than for daytime heat-wave days, with localized regions of significant positive trends. Processes linked with daytime and nighttime heat waves are identified through composite analysis of precipitation, soil moisture, clouds, humidity, and fluxes of heat and moisture. Daytime heat waves are associated with dry conditions, reduced cloud cover, and increased sensible heating. Mechanisms leading to nighttime heat waves differ regionally across the United States, but they are typically associated with increased clouds, humidity, and/or low-level temperature advection. In the midwestern United States, enhanced moisture is transported from the Gulf of Mexico during nighttime heat waves.
Variations in Precipitation across the Southern Ocean
Authors: Manton M. J. , Huang Y. , Siems S. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Southern Ocean lies beneath a unique region of the global atmosphere with minimal effects of landmasses on the zonal flow. The absence of landmasses also means that in situ observations of precipitation are limited to a few ocean islands. Two reanalyses and two satellite-based gridded datasets are analyzed to estimate the character of the distribution of precipitation across the region. The latitudinal variation is computed across three longitudinal sectors, representing the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The most recent ECMWF reanalysis (ERA5) is found to produce the most accurate estimate of the mean profile and seasonal cycle of precipitation. However, there is little consistency in the estimates of trends in monthly anomalies of precipitation. A more consistent description of precipitation trends is found by using linear regression of the precipitation anomaly with the local mean sea level pressure anomaly, the southern annular mode, and the Southern Oscillation index. In broad terms, precipitation is found to be decreasing at lower latitudes and increasing at higher latitudes, which is consistent with earlier climate model simulations on the impacts of anthropogenic climate change.
Technical Overview of the Kansas Mesonet
Authors: Patrignani Andres , Knapp Mary , Redmond Christopher , Santos Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Kansas Mesonet is a multipurpose network consisting of 62 automated environmental monitoring stations (as of 2019) covering the state of Kansas. Each station is equipped with research-grade instrumentation and measures precipitation, air temperature, air relative humidity, barometric pressure, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, soil temperature, and soil moisture. Observations are transferred to dedicated computer servers every 5 min via cellular modems. Data are archived and subjected to periodic quality control tests and are disseminated in near–real time through a dedicated web portal. The observations collected by the Kansas Mesonet are widely used for irrigation water management, crop modeling, pest management, wildland fire management, drought monitoring, wind energy production, environmental research, and animal management. This paper provides a technical overview of the Kansas Mesonet and includes a complete description of the instrumentation, siting criteria, instrument verification procedures, and value-added products.
Systematic Evaluation of the Impact of Assimilating a Network of Ground-Based Remote Sensing Profilers for Forecasts of Nocturnal Convection Initiation during PECAN
Authors: Degelia Samuel K. , Wang Xuguang , Stensrud David J. , Turner David D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNocturnal convection is often initiated by mechanisms that cannot be easily observed within the large gaps between rawinsondes or by conventional surface networks. To improve forecasts of such events, we evaluate the systematic impact of assimilating a collocated network of high-frequency, ground-based thermodynamic and kinematic profilers collected as part of the 2015 Plains Elevated Convection At Night (PECAN) experiment. For 13 nocturnal convection initiation (CI) events, we find small but consistent improvements when assimilating thermodynamic observations collected by Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometers (AERIs). Through midlevel cooling and moistening, assimilating the AERIs increases the fractions skill score (FSS) for both nocturnal CI and precipitation forecasts. The AERIs also improve various contingency metrics for CI forecasts. Assimilating composite kinematic datasets collected by Doppler lidars and radar wind profilers (RWPs) results in slight degradations to the forecast quality, including decreases in the FSS and traditional contingency metrics. The impacts from assimilating thermodynamic and kinematic profilers often counteract each other, such that we find little impact on the detection of CI when both are assimilated. However, assimilating both datasets improves various properties of the CI events that are successfully detected (timing, distance, shape, etc.). We also find large variability in the impact of assimilating these remote sensing profilers, likely due to the number of observing sites and the strength of the synoptic forcing for each case. We hypothesize that the lack of flow-dependent methods to diagnose observation errors likely contributes to degradations in forecast skill for many cases, especially when assimilating kinematic profilers.
Prevalence of Tinnitus in an Aging Population and Its Relation to Age and Hearing Loss
Authors: Oosterloo Berthe C. , Croll Pauline H. , Baatenburg de Jong Robert J. , Ikram M. Kamran , Goedegebure André 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTinnitus is a common hearing‐related disorder, which may have a large impact on daily life. With aging populations worldwide, it is important to gain insight in the occurrence of tinnitus at older ages and to understand its relationship with age‐related hearing loss. We investigated the prevalence of tinnitus among a general aging population, across age strata and hearing status.Study DesignCross‐sectional.SettingThe population‐based Rotterdam Study.MethodsA total of 6098 participants underwent tinnitus assessment, and 4805 had additional hearing assessment. We determined tinnitus prevalence per 5‐year age groups. Hearing impairment was defined as ≥25–dB HL worse ear pure tone average (0.5, 1, 2, 4 kHz). We investigated with multivariable logistic regression the association between hearing impairment and tinnitus. Tinnitus handicap was assessed in 663 participants with daily tinnitus via the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory–screening version (THI‐s).ResultsTinnitus was prevalent in 21.4% (n = 1304). Prevalent tinnitus was evenly distributed over 5‐year age groups. Participants with hearing impairment were more likely to have tinnitus (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.92‐2.69) as compared with those without hearing impairment. The median THI‐s score was 4 (interquartile range, 0‐10), indicating a slight handicap, and 14.6% of the participants reported a moderate or severe handicap (THI‐s ≥16).ConclusionsIn a general elderly population, 1 in 5 persons has tinnitus. Of those with tinnitus, for 1 per 10 persons, the presence of tinnitus interfered with daily life. Participants with hearing impairment were twice as likely to have tinnitus. Despite the age‐dependent occurrence of hearing impairment, no such age dependency was found for tinnitus.