bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A commercial autogenous injection vaccine protects ballan wrasse (Labrus bergylta, Ascanius) againstAeromonas salmonicida vapAtype V
Authors: Ramirez-Paredes J. Gustavo , Verner-Jeffreys D. , Papadopoulou A. , Monaghan S. J , Smith L. , Haydon D. , Wallis T. S. , Davie A. , Adams A. , Migaud H. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTAtypicalAeromonas salmonicida(aAs) andVibrionaceaerelated species are bacteria routinely recovered from diseased ballan wrasse used as cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon farming. Autogenous multivalent vaccines formulated from these microorganisms are widely used by the industry to protect farmed wrasse despite limited experimental proof that they are primary pathogens. In this study, the components of a commercial multivalent injection wrasse vaccine were tested for infectivity, pathogenicity and virulence via intra peritoneal injection at pre-deployment size (25-50g) and the efficacy of the vaccine for protection against aAsassessed. Injection with 3.5×109, 8×1091.8×109and 5×109cfu/fish ofVibrio splendidus,V. ichthyoenteri,Aliivibrio logeiiandA. salmonicida, respectively, did not cause significant mortalities, lesions or clinical signs after a period of 14 days. IP injection with both aAsandPhotobacterium indicumsuccessfully reproduced the clinical signs and internal lesions observed during natural outbreaks of the disease. Differences in virulence (LD50at day 8-post infection of 3.6×106cfu/fish and 1.6×107cfu/fish) were observed for two aAs vapAtype V isolates. In addition, the LD50forPhotobacterium indicumwas 2.2×107cfu/fish. The autogenous vaccine was highly protective against the two aAs vapAtype V isolates after 700-degree days of immunisation. The RPSFINALvalues for the first isolate were 95 and 91% at 1×106cfu/fish and 1×107cfu/fish, respectively, and 79% at 1×107cfu/fish for the second isolate tested. In addition, significantly higher anti aAsseral antibodies (IgM), were detected by ELISA in vaccinated fish in contrast with control (mock vaccinated) fish. These results suggest wrasse can be effectively immunised and protected against aAsinfection by injection with oil adjuvanted vaccines prepared with inactivated homologous isolates. Further work should assess the efficacy of vaccination against other isolates that have proven to be pathogenic such as aAstype VI andPhotobacterium indicumand explore the feasibility of immersion vaccination. In addition, a full characterisation of aAsisolates within the samevapAtypes should be performed as differences in virulence betweenvapAtype V isolates were observed and partial genome analysis indicated small but potentially important genomic differences in these isolates.
Embryonic origin and serial homology of gill arches and paired fins in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea)
Authors: Sleight Victoria A. , Gillis J. Andrew 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPaired fins are a defining feature of the jawed vertebrate body plan, but their evolutionary origin remains unresolved. Gegenbaur proposed that paired fins evolved as gill arch serial homologues, but this hypothesis is now widely discounted, owing largely to the presumed distinct embryonic origins of these structures from mesoderm and neural crest, respectively. Here, we use cell lineage tracing to test the embryonic origin of the pharyngeal and paired fin skeleton in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that while the jaw and hyoid arch skeleton derive from neural crest, and the pectoral fin skeleton from mesoderm, the gill arches are of dual origin, receiving contributions from both germ layers. We propose that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous as derivatives of a continuous, dual-origin mesenchyme with common skeletogenic competence, and that this serial homology accounts for their parallel anatomical organization and shared responses to axial patterning signals.
Effects of prophylactic and therapeutic antimicrobial uses in small-scale chicken flocks
Authors: Van Cuong Nguyen , Kiet Bach Tuan , Phu Doan Hoang , Bich Van Nguyen Thi , Hien Vo Be , Thwaites Guy , Carrique-Mas Juan , Choisy Marc 
Published: July 2020

SynopsisBackgroundAntimicrobials are extensively used both prophylactically and therapeutically in poultry production. Despite this, there are little data on the effect of antimicrobial use (AMU) on disease incidence and mortality rate.ObjectiveWe investigated the relationships between AMU and disease and between AMU and mortality using data from a large (n=322 flocks) cohort of small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, that were followed longitudinally from day-old to slaughter (5,566 observation weeks).MethodsWe developed a parameterized algorithm to categorize the observation weeks into ‘non-AMU’, ‘prophylactic AMU’ and ‘therapeutic AMU’. To evaluate the prophylactic AMU effect, we compared the frequencies of clinical signs in ‘non-AMU’ and ‘prophylactic AMU’ periods. To analyse therapeutic AMU, we compared mortality rates between the weeks of disease episodes before and after AMU. Analyses were stratified by clinical signs (4) and antimicrobial classes (13).ResultsProphylactic AMU never reduced the probability of disease, some antimicrobial classes such as lincosamides, amphenicols and penicillins increased the risk. The risk of diarrhoea consistently increased with prophylactic AMU. Therapeutic AMU often had an effect on mortality but the pattern was inconsistent across the combinations of antimicrobial classes and clinical signs with 14/29 decreasing and 11/29 increasing the mortality rate. Lincosamides, methenamines and cephalosporins were the only three antimicrobial classes that always decreased the mortality rate when used therapeutically. Results were robust respective to the parameters values of the weeks categorization algorithm.ConclusionThis information should help support policy efforts and interventions aiming at reducing AMU in animal production.
Increasing network stability towards large food webs
Authors: Veres Robert , László Zoltán 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStability is a key attribute of complex food webs that has been for a long time in the focus of studies. It remained an intriguing question how large and complex food webs are persisting if smaller and simple ones tend to be more stable at least from a mathematic perspective. Presuming that with the increasing size of food webs their stability also grows, we analyzed the relationship between number of nodes in food webs and their stability based on 450 food webs ranging from a few to 200 nodes. Our results show that stability increases non-linearly with food web size based both on return times after disturbance and on robustness calculated from secondary extinction rates of higher trophic levels. As a methodologic novelty we accounted for food web generation time in the return time calculation process. Our results contribute to the explanation of large and complex food web persistence: in spite of the fact that with increasing species number the stability of food webs decreases at small node numbers, there is a constant stability increase over a large interval of increasing food web size. Therefore, in food web stability studies, we stress the use of food web generation times.
Antimicrobial peptides signal need for sleep from peripheral wounds to the nervous system
Authors: Sinner Marina , Masurat Florentin , Ewbank Jonathan , Pujol Nathalie , Bringmann Henrik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWounding triggers a protective innate immune response that includes the production of antimicrobial peptides and increased sleep. Little is known, however, about how peripheral wounds signal need for sleep to the nervous system. We found that duringC. eleganslarval molting, a tolloid/BMP-1-like protein promotes sleep through an epidermal innate immune pathway and the expression of more than a dozen antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes. In the adult, epidermal injury activates innate immunity and turns up AMP production to trigger sleep. We show for one AMP, NLP-29, that it acts through the neuropeptide receptor NPR-12 in neurons that depolarize the sleep-active RIS neuron to induce sleep. Sleep in turn increases the chance of surviving injury. Thus, we found a novel mechanism by which peripheral wounds signal to the nervous system to increase protective sleep. Such a long-range somnogen signaling function of AMPs might also boost sleep in other animals including humans.Highlights- Gain-of-function mutation in the tolloid/BMP-1-like NAS-38 protein increases sleep- NAS-38 activates innate immunity pathways to ramp up STAT-dependent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression- Wounding increases sleep through the innate immune response and AMPs- Antimicrobial peptides are long-range somnogens that act through neuronal neuropeptide receptors to depolarize a sleep-active neuron- Sleep increases the chance to survive injuryGraphical Abstract
How to account for the uncertainty from standard toxicity tests in species sensitivity distributions: an example in non-target plants
Authors: Charles Sandrine , Wu Dan , Ducrot Virginie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis research aims to account for the uncertainty on 50% effective rates (ER50) in species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analyses and to study how including this uncertainty may influence the 5% Hazard Rate (HR5) estimation. We explored various endpoints (survival, emergence, shoot dry weight) for non-target plants from seven standard greenhouse studies that used different experimental approaches (vegetative vigour vs. seedling emergence) and applied seven herbicides at different growth stages. Firstly for each endpoint of each study, a three-parameter log-logistic model was fitted to experimental toxicity test data for each species under a Bayesian framework to get a posterior probability distribution for ER50. Then in order to account for the uncertainty on the ER50, we explored two censoring criteria to censor ER50taking the ER50distribution and the range of tested rates into account. Based on dose-response fitting results and censoring criteria, we considered input ER50values SSD analyses in three ways (only point estimates chosen as ER50medians, interval-censored ER50based on their 95% credible interval and censored ER50according to one of the two criteria), by fitting a log-normal distribution under a frequentist framework to get the three corresponding HR5estimates. We observed that SSD fitted reasonably well when there were at least six distinct ER50values. By comparing the three SSD curves and the three HR5estimates, we found that propagating the uncertainty from ER50and including censored data into the SSD analysis often leads to smaller point estimates of HR5, which is more conservative in a risk assessment context. In addition, we recommend not to focus solely on the point estimate of the HR5, but also to look at the precision of this estimate as depicted by the 95% confidence interval.
More than just a ticket canceller: The mitochondrial processing peptidase matures complex precursor proteins at internal cleavage sites
Authors: Friedl Jana , Knopp Michael R. , Groh Carina , Paz Eyal , Gould Sven B. , Boos Felix , Herrmann Johannes M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol as precursors that carry N-terminal presequences. After import into mitochondria, these targeting signals are cleaved off by the mitochondrial processing peptidase MPP, giving rise to shorter mature proteins. Using the mitochondrial tandem protein Arg5,6 as a model substrate, we demonstrate that MPP has an additional role in preprotein maturation, beyond the removal of presequences. Arg5,6 is synthesized as a polyprotein precursor that is imported into the mitochondrial matrix and subsequently separated into two distinct enzymes that function in arginine biogenesis. This internal processing is performed by MPP, which cleaves the Arg5,6 precursor both at its N-terminus and at an internal site between the Arg5 and Arg6 parts. The peculiar organization and biogenesis of Arg5,6 is conserved across fungi and might preserve the mode of co-translational subunit association of the arginine biosynthesis complex of the polycistronic arginine operon in prokaryotic mitochondrial ancestors. Putative MPP cleavage sites are also present at the junctions in other mitochondrial fusion proteins from fungi, plants and animals. Our data suggest that, in addition to its role as “ticket canceller” for the removal of presequences, MPP exhibits a second, widely conserved activity as internal processing peptidase for complex mitochondrial precursor proteins.
Interleukin-3 is a predictive marker for severity and outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Bénard Alan , Jacobsen Anne , Brunner Maximilian , Krautz Christian , Klösch Bettina , Swierzy Izabela , Naschberger Elisabeth , Birkholz Torsten , Castellanos Ixchel , Trufa Denis , Sirbu Horia , Vetter Marcel , Kremer Andreas E. , Hildner Kai , Hecker Andreas , Edinger Fabian , Tenbusch Matthias , Richter Enrico , Streeck Hendrik , Berger Marc M. , Brenner Thorsten , Weigand Markus A. , Swirski Filip K. , Schett Georg , Grützmann Robert , Weber Georg F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide health threat. Here, we report that low plasma interleukin-3 (IL-3) levels were associated with increased severity and mortality during SARS-CoV-2 infections. IL-3 promoted the recruitment of antiviral circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) into the airways by stimulating CXCL12 secretion from pulmonary CD123+epithelial cells. This study identifies IL-3 as a predictive disease marker and potential therapeutic target for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Preparatory Suppression and Facilitation of Voluntary and Involuntary Responses to Loud Acoustic Stimuli in an Anticipatory Timing Task
Authors: Nguyen An T. , Tresilian James R. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Jacobs Le-Anne , Marinovic Welber 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, we sought to characterise the effects of intense sensory stimulation at different stages of preparation for an anticipated action on voluntary and involuntary behaviours. In our experiment, we presented unexpected loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) at four critical times during movement preparation to probe the state of the nervous system (Baseline, −1192 ms, −392 ms, and 0 ms relative to expected movement onset), and measured their effect on voluntary and involuntary motor actions (finger-press and eye-blink startle reflex, respectively).Voluntary responses were largely facilitated by the LAS, leading to earlier and more forceful responses compared to Control and Baseline conditions. Notably, voluntary responses were significantly facilitated on trials where the LAS was presented early during preparation (−1192 ms). Eye-blink reflexes elicited by the LAS at −392 ms were significantly reduced and delayed compared to other time-points, indicating suppression of sub-cortical excitability. Despite being in a suppressive state, voluntary responses on these trials were still facilitated by the LAS.The results provide insight into the mechanisms involved in preparing anticipatory actions. Induced activation can persist in the nervous system and can modulate subsequent actions for a longer time period than previously thought, highlighting that movement preparation is a continuously evolving process that is susceptible to external influence throughout the preparation period. Suppression of sub-cortical excitability shortly before movement onset is consistent with previous work showing corticospinal suppression which may be a necessary step before the execution of any voluntary response.
Analysis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium rich in internal membrane systems via gradient profiling by sequencing (Grad-seq)
Authors: Riediger Matthias , Spät Philipp , Bilger Raphael , Voigt Karsten , Maček Boris , Hess Wolfgang R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRegulatory sRNAs in photosynthetic cyanobacteria have been reported, but the lack of plausible RNA chaperones involved in this regulation appears enigmatic. Here, we analyzed the full ensemble of cellular RNAs and proteins using gradient profiling by sequencing (Grad-seq) inSynechocystis6803. Complexes with overlapping subunits such as the CpcG1-type versus the CpcL-type phycobilisomes or the PsaK1 versus PsaK2 photosystem I pre(complexes) could be distinguished supporting a high quality of the approach. Clustering of the in-gradient distribution profiles followed by several additional criteria yielded a short list of potential RNA chaperones that include a YlxR homolog and a cyanobacterial homolog of the KhpA/B complex. The data suggest previously undetected complexes between accessory proteins and CRISPR-Cas systems, such as a Csx1-Csm6 ribonucleolytic defense complex. Moreover, the exclusive association of either RpoZ or 6S RNA with the core RNA polymerase complex and the existence of a reservoir of inactive sigma-antisigma complexes is suggested. TheSynechocystisGrad-seq resource is available online athttps://sunshine.biologie.uni-freiburg.de/GradSeqExplorer/, providing a comprehensive resource for the functional assignment of RNA-protein complexes and multisubunit protein complexes in a photosynthetic organism.One-sentence summaryWe provide the first global analysis of a cyanobacterium using Grad-seq, providing a comprehensive resource for the in-depth analysis of the complexome in a photosynthetic organism.
Effects of practice on a mechanical horse with an online feedback on performing a sitting postural coordination
Authors: Baillet Héloïse , Leroy David , Vérin Eric , Delpouve Claire , Boulanger Jérémie , Benguigui Nicolas , Komar John , Thouvarecq Régis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present research aims at quantifying the impact of practicing a new coordination pattern with an online visual feedback on the postural coordination performed on a mechanical horse. Forty-four voluntary participants were recruited in this study. They were randomly assigned to four practice groups based on i) with or without feedback (i.e., group 1, control, did not receive the feedback; group 2, 3 and 4 received an online feedback during practice) and ii) the specific trunk/horse coordination to target during practice (group 1, target coordination = 180° (without feedback); group 2, target coordination = 0°; group 3, target coordination = 90°; group 4, target coordination = 180°). All participants performed pre-, practice, post- and retention sessions. The pre-, post- and retention sessions consisted of four trials, with one trial corresponding to one specific target coordination to maintain between their own oscillations and the horse oscillations (spontaneous, 0°, 90°, and 180°). The practice phase was composed of three different sessions during which participants received an online feedback about the coordination between their own oscillations and the horse oscillations.Results showed a significant change with practice in the trunk/horse coordination patterns which persisted even after one month (retention-test). However, all the groups did not show the same nature of change, evidenced by a high postural variability during post-test for 0° and 90° target coordination groups, in opposition to the 180° and spontaneous groups who showed a decrease in coordination variability for the 180° group. The coordination in anti-phase was characterized as spontaneously adopted by participants on the mechanical horse, explaining the ease of performing this coordination (compared to the 0° and 90° target coordination). The effect of online visual feedback appeared not only on the coordination pattern itself, but most importantly on its variability during practice, including concerning initially stable coordination patterns.
3 versus 7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging for parcellations of subcortical brain structures
Authors: Isaacs Bethany R , Mulder Martijn J , Groot Josephine M , van Berendonk Nikita , Lute Nicky , Bazin Pierre-Louis , Forstmann Birte U , Alkemade Anneke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract7 Tesla (7T) magnetic resonance imaging holds great promise for improved visualization of the human brain for clinical purposes. To assess whether 7T is superior regarding localization procedures of small brain structures, we compared manual parcellations of the red nucleus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, globus pallidus interna and externa, created on a commonly used clinical anisotropic clinical 3T with an optimized isotropic (o)3T and standard 7T scan. While the clinical 3T MRI scan did not allow delineation of an anatomical plausible structure due to its limited spatial resolution, optimized 3T and 7T parcellations could be directly compared. We found that 7T outperformed theo3T MRI as reflected by higher Dice scores, which were used as a measurement of interrater agreement for manual parcellations on quantitative susceptibility maps. This increase in agreement was associated with higher contrast to noise ratios for smaller structures, but not for the larger globus pallidus segments. Additionally, control-analyses were performed to account for potential biases in manual parcellations by assessing semi-automatic parcellations. These results did not confirm increased Dice scores for 7T, although they revealed a higher consistency for structure volumes for 7T compared to optimized 3T, potentially indicative of more agreement with increased field strength. Together these results indicate the importance of the use of isotropic voxels with both 3T and 7T, and the potential for clinical applications.
Moistube™ Irrigation (MTI) Discharge Under Variable Evaporative Demand
Authors: Dirwai Tinashe Lindel , Senzanje Aidan. , Mabhaudhi Tafadzwanashe. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe investigated the conceptual capability of Moistube irrigation to discharge under zero applied positive pressure under varied climatic conditions by inducing an artificial evaporative demand (Ed) or negative pressure around moistube tubing. This was premised on the null hypothesis that an artificially inducedEdor negative pressure does not impact moistube discharge. Moistube tubing was enclosed in a 1 m long PVC conduit. A 20 l water reservoir placed on an electronic balance provided a continuous supply of water whilst a three-speed hot air blower facilitated the radiative factor and advection process. The procedure was conducted under varied climatic conditions of air velocities (ua) 1.2 m.s−1, 2.5 m.s−1, and 3.0 m.s−1and the experiment run times were 159 h, 134 h and 10 h, respectively. The average temperature (Tave) and relative humidity (RH) data forua= 1.2 m.s−1were 53°C and 7.31%, whilst forua= 2.5 m.s−1,Tavewas 56°C and RH = 7.19%, and forua= 3.0 m.s−1,Tavewas 63°C and RH = 6.16%. The experimental data was input into the four variable Penman-Monteith method to compute the evaporative demand (Ed). For each of the air velocities, the respectiveEdvalues obtained were 0.16, 0.31 and 0.36 mm.d−1. The Bowen ratios (r) were well below 1 (r< 1), which suggested a sufficient supply of moisture to evaporate. ForEd= 0.16 mm.d−1the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was 113.08 mbars, whilst forEd= 0.31 mm.d−1and forEd= 0.36 mm.d−1the VPD were 129.93 mbars and 150.14 mbars, respectively. The recorded discharges (q) att= 10 hrs forEd= 0.16 mm.d−1was 7.67*10−3l.hr−1.m−1, whilst forEd= 0.31 mm.d−1q= 14.5*10−3l.hr−1.m−1, and forEd= 0.36 mm.d−1q= 20.8*10−3l.hr−1.m−1. The imposed negative pressure causes an exponential increase in moistube discharge, thus disproving the null hypothesis. The higher the evaporative demand the higher the discharge. This phenomenon allows moistube irrigation to be used for deficit irrigation purposes and allows irrigators to capitalize on realistic soil matric potential irrigation scheduling approach.