bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gesundheitliche Auswirkungen von Umgebungslärm im urbanen Raum
Authors: Wothge Jördis , Niemann Hildegard 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungUmgebungslärm ist eine große Belastung für die Menschen in Deutschland, insbesondere im urbanen Raum. Häufig sind mehrere Schallquellenarten für die Belastung verantwortlich. Die andauernde Belastung kann verschiedene und weitreichende gesundheitliche Auswirkungen haben wie Lärmbelästigung, Schlafstörungen, ischämische Herzerkrankungen und Depressionen. Zusätzlichen Belastungen entstehen z. B. durch Feinstaub oder Luftschadstoffe. Um den Herausforderungen im urbanen Raum zu begegnen, lassen sich verschiedene Maßnahmen und Instrumente beschreiben und diskutieren. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über wichtige gesundheitliche Folgen einer langfristigen Geräuschbelastung, thematisiert die verbundenen Herausforderungen im städtischen Raum und zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Lärmminderung auf.
Organic metamorphism as a key for reconstructing tectonic processes: a case study from the Austroalpine unit (Eastern Alps)
Authors: Rantitsch Gerd , Iglseder Christoph , Schuster Ralf , Hollinetz Marianne Sophie , Huet Benjamin , Werdenich Manuel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAt the northwestern margin of the Gurktal Alps (Eastern Alps), Eoalpine (Cretaceous) thrusting of carbonaceous material (CM) bearing metasediments formed a very low- to low-grade metamorphic nappe stack above higher-grade metamorphic basement nappes. Sedimentary burial as well as progressive metamorphism transformed the enclosed CM to anthracite, metaanthracite and semigraphite. In a kinematically well-constrained section at the northwestern frontal margin of the nappe stack, this transformation has been investigated by vitrinite reflectance measurements and Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous materials (RSCM). Automated, interactive fitting of Raman spectra estimates the metamorphic peak temperatures in a complete section through the upper part of the Upper Austroalpine unit. A RSCM trend indicates a temperature profile of ca. 250–600 °C. The top part of the gradient is reconstructed by one-dimensional thermal modeling. The certainty of ca. ± 25 °C at a confidence level of 0.9 resembles the data variability within a sample location. Due to the large calibration range, the method is able to reconstruct a thermal crustal profile in space and time. The study highlights the versatility of RSCM, which characterizes almost 250 Ma of a complex and polyphase tectonic history. RSCM data characterize the Variscan metamorphic grade in nappes now imbricated in the Eoalpine nappe stack. They additionally constrain a numerical model which emphasizes the significance of an increased thermal gradient in a continental margin towards the western Neotethyan ocean during Permo-Triassic lithospheric extension. It finally characterizes the Eoalpine metamorphic gradient during nappe stacking and a significant metamorphic jump related to exhumation and normal faulting.
Self-assembled mono- and bilayers on gold electrodes to assess antioxidants—a comparative study
Authors: Ravandeh Mehdi , Thal Dana , Kahlert Heike , Wende Kristian , Lalk Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOxidative stress is considered as an imbalance of reactive species over antioxidants, leading to diseases and cell death. Various methods have been developed to determine the antioxidant potential of natural or synthetic compounds based on the ability to scavenge free radicals. However, most of them lack biological relevance. Here, a gold-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) was compared with a gold-supported lipid bilayer as models for the mammalian cell membrane to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of different antioxidants. The oxidative damage induced by reactive species was verified by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry and measured by the increase of electrochemical peak current of a redox probe. Trolox, caffeic acid (CA), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), ascorbic acid (AA), and ferulic acid (FA) were used as model antioxidants. The change in the decrease of the electrochemical signal reflecting oxidative membrane damage confirms the expected protective role. Both model systems showed similar efficacies of each antioxidant, the achieved order of radical scavenging potential is as follows: Trolox > CA > EGCG > AA > FA. The results showed that the electrochemical assay with SAM-modified electrodes is a stable and powerful tool to estimate qualitatively the antioxidative activity of a compound with respect to cell membrane protection against biologically relevant reactive species.
Why is renal impairment associated with poorer cancer specific survival in breast cancer patients?: a comparison with patients with other comorbidities
Authors: Evans Andy , Petty Russell , Macaskill Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Our aim is to assess whether the poor breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) seen in women with breast cancer and impaired renal function can be explained by associations with other prognostic factors.

Methods
The study group was a consecutive series of patients undergoing breast ultrasound (US) who had invasive breast cancer (n = 1171). All women had their US diameter and mean stiffness (kPa) at shear wave elastography (SWE) recorded. The core biopsy grade and receptor status were noted. Core biopsy of abnormal axillary nodes and the patient referral source was also noted. Survival including cause of death was ascertained. Comorbidities at diagnosis were recorded. Patients were divided into those with a GFR<60 (“renal group”), those with other comorbidities and those with none. BCSS was assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards regression.

Results
One thousand, one hundred and forty-one patients constituted the study group. 107 (9%) patients had impaired renal function, 182 (16%) had other comorbidities while 852 (75%) had no comorbidities. Mean follow-up was 5.8 years. 109 breast cancer and 122 non-breast cancer deaths occurred. BCSS in the renal group was significantly worse than the other groups. Women with renal comorbidity were older, more likely to present symptomatically, have a pre-operative diagnosis of axillary metastases, and have larger and stiffer cancers. Cox proportional hazards regression showed that renal impairment maintained independent significance.

Conclusion
The poor BCSS in women with impaired renal function is partially explained by advanced tumour stage at presentation. However, impaired renal function maintains an independent prognostic effect.
Recent advances in the biosynthesis of RiPPs from multicore-containing precursor peptides
Authors: Rubin Garret M , Ding Yousong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) compose a large structurally and functionally diverse family of natural products. The biosynthesis system of RiPPs typically involves a precursor peptide comprising of a leader and core motif and nearby processing enzymes that recognize the leader and act on the core for producing modified peptides. Interest in RiPPs has increased substantially in recent years as improvements in genome mining techniques have dramatically improved access to these peptides and biochemical and engineering studies have supported their applications. A less understood, intriguing feature in the RiPPs biosynthesis is the precursor peptides of multiple RiPPs families produced by bacteria, fungi and plants carrying multiple core motifs, which we term “multicore”. Herein, we present the prevalence of the multicore systems, their biosynthesis and engineering for applications.
Sustainable Peeling of Kapok Tree (Ceiba pentandra) Bark by the Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) of Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast
Authors: Lapuente Juan , Arandjelovic Mimi , Kühl Hjalmar , Dieguez Paula , Boesch Christophe , Linsenmair K. Eduard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrimates often consume either bark or cambium (inner bark) as a fallback food to complete their diet during periods of food scarcity. Wild chimpanzees exhibit great behavioral diversity across Africa, as studies of new populations frequently reveal. Since 2014, we have been using a combination of camera traps and indirect signs to study the ecology and behavior of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Comoé National Park, Ivory Coast, to document and understand the behavioral adaptations that help them to survive in a savanna–forest mosaic landscape. We found that Comoé chimpanzees peel the bark of the buttresses of kapok tree (Ceiba pentandra) trees to eat the cambium underneath. Individuals of all sex/age classes across at least six neighboring communities peeled the bark, but only during the late rainy season and beginning of the dry season, when cambium may represent an important fallback food. Baboons (Papio anubis) also target the same trees but mainly eat the bark itself. Most of the bark-peeling wounds onCeibatrees healed completely within 2 years, seemingly without any permanent damage. We recorded chimpanzees visiting trees in early stages of wound recovery but leaving them unpeeled. Only 6% of peeled trees (N= 53) were reexploited after a year, suggesting that chimpanzees waited for the rest of the trees to regrow the bark fully before peeling them again, thus using them sustainably. Many human groups of hunter-gatherers and herders exploited cambium sustainably in the past. The observation that similar sustainable bark-peeling behavior evolved in both chimpanzees and humans suggests that it has an important adaptive value in harsh environments when other food sources become seasonally scarce, by avoiding the depletion of the resource and keeping it available for periods of scarcity.
Classifying Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) Landscapes Across Large-Scale Environmental Gradients in Africa
Authors: van Leeuwen Kelly L. , Hill Ross A. , Korstjens Amanda H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrimates are sometimes categorized in terms of their habitat. Although such categorization can be oversimplistic, there are scientific benefits from the clarity and consistency that habitat categorization can bring. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) inhabit various environments, but researchers often refer to “forest” or “savanna” chimpanzees. Despite the wide use of this forest–savanna distinction, clear definitions of these landscapes for chimpanzees, based on environmental variables at study sites or determined in relation to existing bioclimatic classifications, are lacking. The robustness of the forest–savanna distinction thus remains to be assessed. We review 43 chimpanzee study sites to assess how the landscape classifications of researchers fit with the environmental characteristics of study sites and with three bioclimatic classifications. We use scatterplots and principal components analysis to assess the distribution of chimpanzee field sites along gradients of environmental variables (temperature, rainfall, precipitation seasonality, forest cover, and satellite-derived Hansen tree cover). This revealed an environmental continuum of chimpanzee study sites from savanna to dense forest, with a rarely acknowledged forest mosaic category in between, but with no natural separation into these three classes and inconsistencies with the bioclimatic classifications assessed. The current forest–savanna dichotomy therefore masks a progression of environmental adaptation for chimpanzees, and we propose that recognizing an additional, intermediate “forest mosaic” category is more meaningful than focusing on the ends of this environmental gradient only. Future studies should acknowledge this habitat continuum, place their study sites on the forest–savanna gradient, and include detailed environmental data to support further attempts at quantification.
„Webcam child sexual abuse“
Authors: de Tribolet-Hardy Fanny , Hill Andreas , Habermeyer Elmar 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDie forensische Psychiatrie sieht sich mit einem neuen Phänomen der Internetsexualdelinquenz konfrontiert, dem „webcam child sexual abuse“ (WCSA), der mittels des Internets erfolgenden Anstiftung zur sexuellen Ausbeutung von Minderjährigen. Der Begriff umfasst jegliche Form sexueller Ausbeutung von Minderjährigen per Internet-Livestream, wobei das Spektrum der übertragenen Handlungen vom Posieren bis hin zu sexuell-sadistischen Übergriffen reicht. Während Schätzungen des Kinderhilfswerkes Terre des Hommes seit 2009 auf eine hohe Prävalenz solcher Handlungen verweisen, stieg die Zahl der Verurteilungen wegen WCSA erst in den letzten Jahren an. Die Anonymität des Internets und das weitgehende Fehlen von Datenspuren erschweren nicht nur die Überführung der Täter, sondern bergen auch Herausforderungen für die forensisch-psychiatrische Begutachtung. Anhand von WCSA-Fällen in der hiesigen Gutachtenstelle erfolgen Überlegungen zur kriminologischen Einordnung der Tathandlungen sowie zu Herausforderungen im Rahmen des Begutachtungsprozesses. Mithilfe einer idealtypischen Kasuistik werden Hypothesen zur Fallkonzeption gebildet und daraus Empfehlungen für die diagnostische Einordnung, Beurteilung der Einsichts- und Steuerungsfähigkeit, Prognose und Behandlung abgeleitet.
Phase boundary engineering of metal-organic-framework-derived carbonaceous nickel selenides for sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Lu Shiyao , Wu Hu , Hou Jingwei , Liu Limin , Li Jiao , Harris Chris J. , Lao Cheng-Yen , Guo Yuzheng , Xi Kai , Ding Shujiang , Gao Guoxin , Cheetham Anthony K. , Kumar R. Vasant 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are promising power sources due to the low cost and abundance of battery-grade sodium resources, while practical SIBs suffer from intrinsically sluggish diffusion kinetics and severe volume changes of electrode materials. Metal-organic framework (MOFs) derived carbonaceous metal compound offer promising applications in electrode materials due to their tailorable composition, nanostructure, chemical and physical properties. Here, we fabricated hierarchical MOF-derived carbonaceous nickel selenides with bi-phase composition for enhanced sodium storage capability. As MOF formation time increases, the pyrolyzed and selenized products gradually transform from a single-phase Ni3Se4 into bi-phase NiSex then single-phase NiSe2, with concomitant morphological evolution from solid spheres into hierarchical urchin-like yolk-shell structures. As SIBs anodes, bi-phase NiSex@C/CNT-10h (10 h of hydrothermal synthesis time) exhibits a high specific capacity of 387.1 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, long cycling stability of 306.3 mAh/g at a moderately high current density of 1 A/g after 2,000 cycles. Computational simulation further proves the lattice mismatch at the phase boundary facilitates more interstitial space for sodium storage. Our understanding of the phase boundary engineering of transformed MOFs and their morphological evolution is conducive to fabricate novel composites/hybrids for applications in batteries, catalysis, sensors, and environmental remediation.
Tunable colors and conductivity by electroless growth of Cu/Cu2O particles on sol-gel modified cellulose
Authors: Landsiedel Justus , Root Waleri , Schramm Christian , Menzel Alexander , Witzleben Steffen , Bechtold Thomas , Pham Tung 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDevelopment of colored surfaces by formation of nano-structured aggregates is a widely used strategy in nature to color lightweight structures (e.g. butterflies) without the use of dye pigments. The deposition of nanoscale particles mimics nature in it’s approach coloring surfaces. This work presents sol-gel modification of cellulose surfaces used to form a template for growth of Cu/Cu2O core-shell particles with defined size-distributions. Besides improving the adhesion of the deposited particulate material, the sol-gel matrix serves as a template for the control of particle sizes of the Cu/Cu2O structures, and as a consequence of particle size variation the surface color is tunable. As an example, red color was achieved with an average particle size of 35 nm, and shifts gradually to blue appearance when particles have grown to 80 nm on the sol-gel modified fabric. The copper concentration on representative fabrics is kept low to avoid modifying the textile characteristics and were all in the range of 150–170 mg per g of cellulose material. As a result of copper deposition on the surface of the material, the cellulose fabric also became electrically conductive. Remarkably, the electrical conductivity was found to be dependent on the average particle sizes of the deposits and thus related to the change in observed color. The generation of color by growth of nano-sized particles on sol-gel templates provides a highly promising approach to stain surfaces by physical effects without use of synthetic colorants, which opens a new strategy to improve environmental profile of coloration.
Towards Understanding and Arguing with Classifiers: Recent Progress
Authors: Shao Xiaoting , Rienstra Tjitze , Thimm Matthias , Kersting Kristian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMachine learning and argumentation can potentially greatly benefit from each other. Combining deep classifiers with knowledge expressed in the form of rules and constraints allows one to leverage different forms of abstractions within argumentation mining. Argumentation for machine learning can yield argumentation-based learning methods where the machine and the user argue about the learned model with the common goal of providing results of maximum utility to the user. Unfortunately, both directions are currently rather challenging. For instance, combining deep neural models with logic typically only yields deterministic results, while combining probabilistic models with logic often results in intractable inference. Therefore, we review a novel deep but tractable model for conditional probability distributions that can harness the expressive power of universal function approximators such as neural networks while still maintaining a wide range of tractable inference routines. While this new model has shown appealing performance in classification tasks, humans cannot easily understand the reasons for its decision. Therefore, we also review our recent efforts on how to “argue” with deep models. On synthetic and real data we illustrate how “arguing” with a deep model about its explanations can actually help to revise the model, if it is right for the wrong reasons.
Distillation of Best Practices from Refactoring FLASH for Exascale
Authors: Dubey Anshu , O’Neal Jared , Weide Klaus , Chawdhary Saurabh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFLASH is a multiphysics software package that was created in 1998 by combining three preexisting packages and has undergone three major revisions. Software design and engineering practices were integrated early in the development and maintenance processes of FLASH, and these processes have evolved strongly at each of the revisions. As high-performance computing enters the age of exascale, challenges along the orthogonal axes of node-level hardware and solver heterogeneity force developers of complex multiphysics software to consider a software architecture overhaul. Because of the nature and scope of necessary changes, an effort to refactor and grow the architecture of the FLASH code has been launched as a separate software project. For this project to succeed, its development team must evaluate, improve, and modernize software processes and policies to meet the unique challenges posed by the exascale era. We describe here our experiences, lessons we have learned, and the methods that we have developed as part of this ongoing project. Within the context of the challenges posed by exascale, we review the FLASH design approach as well as some of the main software engineering processes and tools that have been implemented or updated throughout the lifetime of FLASH. Modernization applied to these processes and tools is also detailed. Reviewing and reevaluating the FLASH experience of establishing and updating software design and engineering practices have been helpful in understanding the needs of the project as it transitions to exascale and in planning the transition. We find that our historical design methodology is still important and relevant. We also believe that using a mixture of plan-based and agile methods is still the best for our project and is in accord with the guidance found in the literature. We present a section on inferences and lessons learned related to software design and engineering practices.
Use of the Certificate for Pharmaceutical Products (CPP) in 18 Maturing Pharmaceutical Markets: Comparing Agency Guidelines with Company Practice
Authors: Rodier Céline , Bujar Magda , McAuslane Neil , Patel Prisha , Liberti Lawrence 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe certificate of pharmaceutical product (CPP) was implemented to accelerate the availability of new drugs in developing countries by providing evidence of the quality of products and reducing the time to market through reliance on a prior trusted analysis. However, the CPP format, issuing process and use have not been revised since 1997 and there are significant differences among countries in regard to requirements for CPP timing, terminology, and format. We sought to determine current CPP practices versus national regulatory guidelines and to inform recommendations for the efficient use of the CPP based on the needs of the modern regulatory environment.MethodsWe conducted a comparative analysis of company practice versus agency guidelines across 18 maturing pharmaceutical markets using data from the Cortellis for Regulatory Intelligence® (CRI) and the Centre for Innovation in Regulatory Science (CIRS) Emerging Markets Regulatory Review Times (EMaRReT) databases and regulatory authorities’ websites.ResultsOf the studied 18 countries, 16 require the CPP for submission of new registrations; many accept alternative documentation but most still require legalization of the CPP and many are not compliant with the complex CPP format. Additional complicating factors include language requirements and varying local guidelines for CPP submission timing and validity dates.ConclusionsWith the implementation of a number of suggested improvements, the CPP can continue to serve an important role in streamlining regulatory efficiency and provide confidence in new medicines, ensuring a more efficient and effective approval process and expediting patient access to safe and effective medicines worldwide.