bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning Electron Microscope of Supraependymal Neuronal Circuits in the Third Ventricle of Rhesus Monkey Brain
Authors: Srivastava A.K. , Bajpai V.K. , Singh D.R. 
Published: June 2020

The supraependymal neurons have been generally demonstrated lying over the nonciliated areas, specially CVOs, on the walls of the third cerebral ventricle of a variety of mammals. However, such neurons have till date been reported on the ciliated ependyma only inguinea pigs (Mitchell and Card, 1978). In the present study, third ventricles of nine adult monkeys of both the sexes were studied by routine scanning electron microscopy after perfusion fixation in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin, dehydration with graded series of ethanol and amylacetate, critical-point-drying with liquid carbondioxide and sputter-coating with gold.Systematic scanning of the lateral wall of the third ventricle revealed that the ependymal surface could be divided into oligo-, and profusely ciliated zones. Pleomorphic supraependymal cells were noticed over the ciliated regions of the ventricularwall particularly between the thalamus and the mammillary region dorsal and caudal to the infundibular recess (Fig. 1). These neuron-like cells typically consisted of cell somas of variable configurations together with extensive networks of interconnected neuritic processes. At higher magnifications, the neuronal bodies depicted diverse structural modifications(Fig.2). Processes of variable diameters coursed over the ciliary carpet of the lateral wall of the third ventricle(Fig.3). At times, the processes exhibiting varicosities over the supramammillaryzone(Fig.4)coursed for variabledistances over the ependymal lining. The majority of such neuritic processes appeared to penetrate the underlying ventricular wall.
Neurons in Thick Hippocampal Slices: Confocal Microscopy and Three Dimensional Computer Reconstruction
Authors: Turner James N. , Szarowski Donald H. , Smith Karen , Marko Michael , Leith Ardean , Swann John W. , Inman Richard 
Published: June 2020

The hippocampal formation of the brain is under intensive study as a site of seizure generation in a variety of disorders. Slices of hippocampus can be maintained in special chambers and individual neurons impaled with microelectrodes and electrically characterized. These cells exhibit seizure-like activity in response to bath applied stimuli. Pyramidal neurons have extensive dendritic trees with apical and basilar orientations, while interneurons have four first order dendrites - one projecting into each quadrant. After electrophysiologic study, individual neurons are filled with a fluorescent dye, and imaged by confocal laser scanned microscopy (CLSM). Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction was performed by stereo contouring and volume rendering methods. We have imaged one or more cells from 150 slices with correlative physiology on 140.Neurons in slices (500 μm thick) were injected with lucifer yellow, fixed in 10% formalin, dehydrated in graded ethanol, and observed as whole mounts with a Bio-Rad MRC-500 and an Olympus BH-2 using an analog processor.
Behavior and Cell-to-Cell Interaction of Cultured Endothelia and Smooth Muscle Cells Seeded on Nucleopore Filter
Authors: Ghoneim Shams , Fabry Zsuzsa , Keiner Judy , Hart Michael 
Published: June 2020

Vascular endothelia and smooth muscle cultures, derived from small vessels may retain some of their in vivo characteristics. It has been demonstrated by other investigators that there exists in-vivo a close relationship between endothelia cells and smooth muscle cells of most vascular beds. The myo-endothelial junction has functional implications which could explain a humoral transmition of substances between the two cell population. Rhodin demonstrated that arteriolar endothelium exhibited foot-like processes which penetrated the endothelial basement membrane and extended into smooth muscle cells of the media(1). Fawcett, believed that a pathway exists between endothelia and smooth muscle cells for the exchange of metabolites (2).The objective of this in-vitro study was to examine the possible relationship between smooth muscle and endothelia cells in culture. Nucleopore filters with both 0.4μ and 3.0μ pores were used. They were seeded for 6 days with mouse brain endothelia cells on the top side of the filter and for 7 days with smooth muscle cells on the bottom side.
Couplings, EJSR, Gap junctions, ECC, in Ratite Heart Conduction Fibers
Authors: Sommer J.R. , Junker J. , Bossen E. , Taylor I. , Scherer B. , High T. 
Published: June 2020

The ultrastructure of avian hearts has provided seminal information regarding striated muscle function. Extended junctional SR (EJSR) in avian hearts suggests that excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is accomplished through a diffusible transmitter substance, but raises questions regarding the function of “couplings” in general. Other information gleaned from small avian hearts has elucidated adaptations of the individual and appositional geometry of the conduction fibers (CF) to functional demands imposed by different heart sizes and rates, as well as the relationship between the size of gap junctions (GJ), cell input resistance and coupling resistance between cells. The hearts of ratites (ostrich, emu, rhea) are very large (> 1 kg) and beat at about 50/min. Their working myocytes are almost identical to those found in chickens.We investigated the following questions: 1. Do ratite CF contain “couplings”, EJSR and corbular SR? 2. Are there differences in geometry between the CF of small, fast beating, and large, slow beating hearts as is the case in mammals?
Ultrastructure Research of the Gastritis from Returning Bile
Authors: Hu Shaopeng , Wang Jianhua , Li Zhen , Chen Huei , Cu Fei , Li Nan , Mao Derhua 
Published: June 2020

Gastritis from returning bile is a common disease, but the reason for the disease is not clear. As the pathologic ultrastructure research progresses, it has drawn attention to the ultrastructural change of cells in gastric mucosa by clinical workers. We observed gastric mucosa tissues of 15 patients suffering from gastritis with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is the first report in China that fungus exists in the lamina propria of gastric mucosa tissue. The result is as follows.The gastric mucosa tissues of 15 patients suffering from gastritis were acquired by stomachoscopy. Both TEM and SEM specimens were prepared by the usual methods. Under the TEM, the epithelial surface became higher and larger. Mitochondria of the cells were swollen and cristae were disrupted. There were vacuoles in the cells. The nucleus showed disorder, heterochromatin became darker, and nucleolae could be observed.
Calcification of Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices (IUDs)
Authors: Khan Saeed R. 
Published: June 2020

Use of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) is an effective method of reproduction control. But prolonged exposure to the uterine fluid generally results in the depositon of various organic and inorganic substances on their surfaces. This crust can harbor bacteria which may be responsible for IUD associated infectious diseases. We examined used IUDs by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and analyzed their crust by x-ray microanalysis and x-ray diffraction to better understand the process of IUD encrustation.Plastic IUD’s of Lippes loop type extracted after uterine exposure of various lengths of time, with obvious surface encrustations were fixed and processed for electron microscopy. A brand new Lippes loop and a used one after crust removal were exposed to vapors of 1% osmium tetroxide for 2 hours and examined by naked eye as well as analyzed by x-ray microanalysis.IUD surfaces were unevenly encrusted, areas of heavy encrustation alternated with areas of no obvious encrustation at all.
Significance of Nonspecific Structures Present in Diagnostic Muscle Biopsies in Electron Microscopy: A Study of 168 Cases
Authors: Kalyan-Raman U.P. , Caughey R.C. 
Published: June 2020

On a routine examination of 168 muscle biopsies by transmission electron microscopy, we observed various structures, like filamentous bodies in 49 cases (29%), tubular aggregates in 22 (13%), paracrystalline inclusions in 15 (9%), honeycomb arrays in 11 (6.5%), concentric laminated bodies in 10 (6%), fingerprint bodies in 6 (3.8%), and fibrous nuclear inclusions in 3 (1.8%), for a total of 116/168 or a 70% occurrence. In order to evaluate the significance and occurrence of these structures in muscle biopsies, we correlated the clinical features, light microscopic and histochemical findings on these patients.168 muscle biopsies were studied. The muscle biopsy was obtained by using the conventional muscle clamp in all the cases. After obtaining the muscle biopsy in each case, about 1/3 of the length was frozen in liquid nitrogen at -170 degrees F to be used for histochemistry. The second 1/3 was fixed in formalin for paraffin section, and the remaining 1/3 was minced in small pieces and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy study.
Vascular ultrastructure of head and neck tumors
Authors: Satyanarayana U. 
Published: June 2020

The Immune System protects the body against cancer either by killing the tumor cells directly or indirectly by causing damage to the tumor vasculature. Correlative Light Microscopy (LM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) have been done to evaluate the extent of degenerative changes in tumor vasculature.Seven different types of premalignant and malignant lesions including leukoplakia. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of Tongue, Soft palate, Tonsil, Nasopharynx, Pyriform fossa and Verrucous carcinoma of lower lip have been processed for LM, SEM and TEM by conventional procedures.In most of the cases the following pathologic vascular changes were noted:a) Fine gap defects (figures 1,2).b) Coarse gap defects (figures 3,4,10-16).c) Endothelial hypertrophy (figures 5-7).d) widening of interendothelial spaces (figure8).e) Sub-adventitial edema (figure 9).Neither these pathologic changes in tumor vasculature nor the mechanism of their causation have been reported previously.
Defective terminal differentiation in squamous cell carcinomas and a hypothesis for oral cancer
Authors: Ahluwalia Karvita B. 
Published: June 2020

Differentiation in malignant tumors is inversely related to progression, invasion and metastasis and is assessed on the basis of a marker, usually a secreted protein such as keratin. Recently, several ultrastructurally recognizable markers of differentiation were scored in breast tumors and the inadequacy in evaluating differentiation on the basis of a single marker was pointed out. The present investigations on squamous cell carcinomas of the tongue, buccal mucosa and nasopharynx (total of 15 samles), erythroplakia (one) and leukoplakia (3) have revealed a structural pathway underlying defective terminal differentiation in malignant cells.There are two types of protein synthesis in cells. One, on free cytoplasmic polysomes where enzymes for metabolic reactions and cytoskeletal proteins are thought to be synthesised. The second concerns biosynthesis of secretory proteins, membranes and lysosomal enzymes and takes place in the endomembrane system (EMS). The EMS is constituted by the nuclear envelope, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles and lysosomes.
Ultrastructure of a Paratesticular Rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Siew Shirley , Katlein Stanley M. 
Published: June 2020

Rhabdomyosarcoma, a malignant tumor of striated muscle, was described first in 1849 by Rokitansky. Since that time, another 150 cases have been documented. In recent years, it has been recognized that the paratesticular location of rhabdomyosarcoma is an important single site, particularly in adolescents. As a combination of surgery and chemotherapy can affect a cure, a definitive diagnosis should be established as early as possible.We report the case of an 18 year old boy, who presented with a scrotal mass, which was removed surgically, with the clinical impression of a hydrocele. On gross examination, the mass measured 4cm. He showed the presence of cystic change,foci of hemorrhage and solid white neoplastic tissue. Sheets of large polygonal cells were noted on histologic examination and there was infiltration of the epididymis.Microscopic examination of Epon embedded material cut at micron and stained with to luidine blue confirmed the presence of a diffuse infiltrate of large polygonal cells. The cells were arranged in sheets, which were separated by irregular fibrous bands.
Ultrastructural effects of lipid peroxidation on the cardiac sarcolemma of the isolated rat heart
Authors: Oguro T. , Onodera T. , Ashraf M. 
Published: June 2020

Previously we reported that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is primarily cytotoxic to the cardiac cell membranes presumably through lipid peroxidation (LP). However, the effect of LP on the altered cell membrane permeability remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the ultrastructural effects of LP on the sarcolemma of the isolated rat heart using H2O2and N,N’-diphenyl-p-phenylene diamine (DPPD), an antilipid peroxidative agent.The hearts were perfused with 300 μM H2O2for 15 minutes. In the other experiment the hearts were perfused with 2.5 μM DPPD for 20 minutes prior to perfusion with H2O2for 15 minutes. Coronary effluent was collected at the end of the equilibration period and during H2O2treatment for malondialdehyde (MDA) determination. Two minutes prior to the termination of the experiment, horseradish peroxidase (HRP: 220 U/mg × 55 mg) was perfused to assess the enhanced permeability of the cell membranes. The tissue slices were incubated in Graham-Karnovsky medium for one hour followed by postfixation with buffered 1% OsO4.
Ineffective Thrombopoiesis
Authors: Radley JM , Ellis SL 
Published: June 2020

In effective thrombopoies is has been inferred to occur in several disease sates from considerations of megakaryocyte mass and platelet kinetics. Microscopic examination has demonstrated increased numbers of megakaryocytes, with a typical forms particularly pronounced, in primary myelofibrosis. It has not been documented if megakaryocyte ever fail to reach maturity in non-pathological situations. A major difficulty of establishing this is that the number of megakaryocytes normally present in the marrow is extremely low. A large transient increase in megakaryocytopoiesis can how ever be induced in mice by an injection of 5-fluorouracil. We have utilised this treatment and report here evidence for in effective thrombopoies is in healthy mice.Adult mice were perfused (2% glutaraldehyde in 0.08M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4) 8 days following an injection of 5-fluorouracil (150mg/kg). Femurs were subsequently decalcified in 10% neutral E.D.T.A. and embedded in Spurrs resin. Transverse sections of marrow revealed many megakaryocytes at various stages of maturity. Occasional megakaryocytes (less than 1%) were found to be under going degeneration prior to achieving full maturation and releasing cytoplasm as platelets. These cells were characterized by a peripheral rim of dense cytoplasm which enveloped a mass of organelles and vacuoles (Fig. 1). Numerous microtubules were foundaround and with in the organelle-rich zone (Fig 2).
Ultrastructural study of the effect of POLYCTFE on primate liver
Authors: Mattie D.R. , Maslanka J.J. , Chase M.R. 
Published: June 2020

Polychlorotrifluoroethylene (POLYCTFE) existing as oligomers of 3 and 4 units, is a candidate base stock for a nonflammable hydraulic fluid for advanced aircraft. POLYCTFE caused significant changes in the livers of rats after repeated inhalation exposure. Ultrastructural studies of the livers from rats exposed to vapors of POLYCTFE oligomers for 90-days revealed an increase in the number of peroxisomes, dose-dependent mitochondrial swelling and a dose-dependent increase in smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The objective of this study was to ultrastructurally examine hepatocytes from the livers of primates exposed to POLYCTFE and compare the exposed primate hepatocytes to those from rat livers, in order to determine the relevance of the effect of POLYCTFE on rat livers to human livers.Male rhesus monkeys weighing 8 to 10 kg were dosed by gavage daily for 15 days with 0.725.g/kg POLYCTFE. Four animals received POLYCTFE and 3 received a comparable amount of water.
Relationship between electron microscopic changes in alveolar septa and extravascular lung water volume
Authors: Oda Hiroshi , Arakawa Michio , Kambara Kenjiro , Nakahara Koji , Segawa Takashi , Ando Fumio , Kawada Tomoo , Hirakawa Senri , Emura Shoichi , Shoumura Shizuko , Isono Hideo 
Published: June 2020

Lung water accumulates partly in the alveolar septa. However, morphological changes in alveolar septa have never been analyzed quantitatively nor correlated with lung water volume changes. We aimed to delineate these unsolved questions.Twenty-four mongrel dogs were studied under general anesthesia and spontaneous breathing. Extravascular lung thermal volume was measured with double indicator dilution technique using heat and Indocyanine green. Experimental groups were as follows: Group C; 6 control dogs, Group D-30; 100 ml/kg of dextran-70 over 30 min in 6 dogs, Group D-90; 100 ml/kg of dextran-70 over 30 min and waiting for another 60 min in 6 dogs, Group A; 100 mg/kg of alloxan. After final measurement of extravascular lung thermal volume, we immediately killed the dogs with the lungs inflated and we removed the lungs for lung water measurement with direct destructive method. Samples for electron microscopic examination were obtained by excising tissues from the surface of right lower lobe where edema appeared severe. Twenty electron micrographs were prepared from each dog without prior knowledge of the experimental intervention.
Autotransplantation of adrenal cortex: An autoradiographic study
Authors: Magalhães Maria C. , Vendeira Pedro , Magalhães Manuel 
Published: June 2020

In previous experiments we demonstrated that 4, 12 and 24 weeks after rat adrenal cortex autotransplantation, the animals survived and the autotransplant was easily reproducible. It was observed that 4 weeks after transplantation the plasma corticosterone concentration (0.20 μg/ml) was already comparable to that in controls and that the light and electron microscopy features of the cells of the glomerulosa and fasciculata zones were similar to those of adrenal cells in control animals.In order to clarify the origin of glandular cells in the autotransplanted animals, autoradiographic experiments were made. Four male rats with body weights ranging from 180to195 gm underwent bilateral adrenalectomy via two dorsal incisions made along the lateral border of the dorsal muscle mass. Pieces of adrenals were autotransplanted immediately under the skin of the dorsal region. Four animals were “sham-operated” without removal of adrenals and served as controls. The animals were fed “ad libitum” and with saline solution, and were sacrificed at 2,3,7 and 15 days. 3H-Thymidine (1 μCi/gm body weight) was administrated intraperitoneally to each animal two hours before the sacrifice. Necropsy was carried out in all animals in order to search for accessory adrenals. The autotransplanted pieces were removed, fixed and processed for LM and EM morphologic and autoradiographic studies. For LM autoradiographic studies Ilford K5 nuclear emulsion was used, and the sections exposed for 33 days; for EM autoradiographic studies Ilford L4 nuclear emulsion was used, the sections exposed for 90 days, and the radio autographs developed with Kodak D 19b.
Ultrastructural evidence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) multiplication in cultured endothelial cells (EC) of the human hepatic sinusoid
Authors: Gendrault Jean-Louis , Steffan Anne-Marie , Schweitzer Christine , Schmitt Marie-Paule , Royer Cathy , Jaeck Daniel , Kirn André , Aubertin Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2020

Although hepatic sinusoidal alterations have often been observed in AIDS patients, the infection of the EC of the liver with HIV has never been accounted for. The present study aims at demonstrating that EC isolated from the hepatic sinusoid may be permissive for HIV-1.EC were isolated from surgical biopsies obtained from HIV-seronegative patients suffering from liver cancer. The cells were prepared by collagenase dissociation of the tissue and centrifugal elutriation. The cells were cultured in 24-well culture plates in the medium previously described for 5-6 days before being infected with 2.104 syncytia-forming units of HIV-1 (isolate HTLV-III B) per well. They were fixed after 7, 14 and 19 days of infection and routinely prepared for TEM and SEM. The presence in the EC of the von Willebrand factor was tested by immunofluorescence (FVIII.rAg, Behring).Typical syncytia resulting from the infection were observed (Figs. 1, 2), their endothelial origin being demonstrated by the presence of the von Willebrand factor (Fig. 1). This origin could be further assessed by observing characteristic fenestrae (Figs. 3, 4) and Weibel-Palade bodies (Fig. 5).
Immunolocalization of human alveolar macrophage prostaglandin H synthase using lnm gold probe and silver enhancement techniques
Authors: Yi Hong , Pueringer Robert J. , Moore Kenneth C. , Hunninghake Gary W. 
Published: June 2020

Human alveolar macrophages (HAMs) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produce large amounts of prostaglandin E2(PGE2), a potent anti-inflammatory mediator, for prolonged periods of time. We have previously demonstrated that this prolonged PGE2production is delayed until 6 hours after LPS stimulation and is in part dependent on new synthesis of the first committed enzyme, prostaglandin H (PGH) synthase. To determine if the new synthesis of PGH synthase is compartmentalized to a specific cellular structure, we immunolocalized PGH synthase with light and electron microscopy at 24 hours after stimulating HAMs.In order to ensure the antigenicity of the enzyme for antibody recognition and better penetration of the antibody conjugates, pre-embedding labelling with 1 nm gold probe and silver enhancement techniques were employed. HAMs were isolated from normal volunteers by bronchoalveolar lavage and were stimulated with LPS (10 ug/ml) for 24 hours. PGE2was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Both unstimulated and stimulated cells were fixed with PLP (paraformaldehyde-lysine-periodate) fixative and gently permeabilized with 0.01% Triton X-100. We used 1 nm gold conjugated goat antirabbit IgG (Janssen) at a final dilution of 1:100 to bind to the antibodies specific for PGH synthase from rabbit antisera. The cells were then post-fixed and silver-enhanced using the Inten SEM kit (Janssen) for light microscopy and Danscher’s method for electron microcopy.
A pre-embedding double staining procedure used to observe the effect of fixation on the activity of intercellular adhesion molecule on T and B cells
Authors: Ramberg Jane E. , Tohma Shigeto , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: June 2020

Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) appears to be a ligand for LFA-1 dependent adhesion in T cell mediated cytotoxcity. It is found on cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin. While observing the activity of ICAM-1 on the surfaces of interacting T and B cells, we found that we could successfully carry out a pre-embedding double staining procedure utilizing both colloidal gold and peroxidase conjugated reagents.On 24-well microtiter plates, mitomycin-treated T4 cells were stimulated with 64.1 (anti-CD3) for one hour before the addition, in some instances, of B cells. Following a 12-48 hour incubation at 38°C, the cells were washed and then immunostained with a colloidal gold conjugated RFB-4 (anti-CD22); biotinylated R6.5 (anti-ICAM-1); followed by streptavidin/peroxidase. This method allowed us to observe two different antigens without concern about possible cross-reaction of reagents. Because we suspected ICAM-1 and R6.5 were sensitive to fixation, we tried varying concentrations of fresh paraformaldehyde before R6.5, after R6.5 and after streptavidin/peroxidase. All immunostaining and washing was done on ice with ice cold reagents.