bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Patriotism After the Crisis: Explaining Continuity and Change in European Securities Enforcement
Authors: Foster Chase 
Published: May 2020

Since the global financial crisis, European governments have sought to intensify the supervision of financial markets. Yet, few studies have empirically examined whether regulatory approaches have systematically shifted in the aftermath of the crisis, and how these reforms have been mediated by longstanding national strategies to promote domestic financial interests in the European single market. Examining hundreds of enforcement actions in three key European jurisdictions, I find a mixed pattern of continuity and change in the aftermath of the crisis. In the UK, aggregate monetary penalties and criminal sanctions have skyrocketed since 2009, while in France and Germany, the enforcement pattern suggests continuity, with both countries assessing penalties and prosecuting insider trading at similar rates before and after the crisis. I conclude that financial regulation is still structured by longstanding industrial strategies (Story and Walter, 1997), but where pre-existing regulatory approaches were seen as contributing to the crisis, a broader regulatory overhaul has been pursued. Thus, in the UK, where the financial crisis served as a direct rebuke to the country’s “light touch” regulation, financial supervision was overhauled, and monetary sanctions dramatically increased, to preserve London’s status as an international financial centre. By contrast, in France and Germany, where domestic regulatory systems were implicated by the financial crisis, domestic securities supervision and enforcement was less dramatically altered. While the crisis has led to the further institutionalization of European-level supervisory institutions, these changes have not yet led to convergence in national regulatory approaches.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v12i1.1233
Elites in Transition: The Case of Privatization in Veliky Novgorod, Russia
Authors: Aervitz Irina 
Published: May 2020

This paper is an attempt to develop a critical reflection on the social, political, and economic transformation that Russia experienced in the last couple of decades. I argue that the continuity of elites in Russia is one of the major features of its transition. This paper attempts to illuminate the continuity of elites as a general trend by using the case study of the privatization process in Veliky Novgord, Russia. This project looks at privatization as an avenue or means of resource allocation by elites during the transition. The data were obtained from 16 structured and unstructured interviews conducted in Veliky Novgorod in the summer 2004 among the representatives of the business and political elites. This paper deals with one group of the nomenklatura elite – top enterprise managers.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v1i1.158
Effective Competition and EU Competition Law
Authors: Baskoy Tuna 
Published: May 2020

The notion of workable or effective competition is at the centre of EU competition law and policy, as it strives to achieve and maintain it. Some scholars do not mention it at all. Those who refer to it either do not explain it in any way or explicate it very shortly. In fact, the concept is too important to be ignored totally or elucidated briefly. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the concept by focusing on the theory of workable or effective competition. It is argued that effective competition is the key for an in-depth study of the political economy (i.e. real policy goals, economic rationale behind individual competition rules, institutional requirements, and implications for distribution of wealth) of EU competition law and policy.

Full text available at:https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v1i1.161
Common Markets Measuring Price Integration in European Agricultural Markets
Authors: Viju Crina , Nolan James , Kerr William A. 
Published: May 2020

The accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union (EU) is assessed from the perspective of market integration in key agricultural sectors. An empirical investigation is conducted using monthly data for two periods: from 1975:01-1994:12 (the pre-EU period) and 1995:01-2004:12 (post-EU period). The existence of market integration both within the countries and within the EU is tested using time-series methods. A long-run equilibrium between prices for the same good in different markets does not exclude the possibility of short-run deviations in the individual data, so part of this analysis consists of estimating an econometric model (error correction) to uncover long-run effects of price deviations. Only a subset of agricultural prices moves together after EU integration.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i1.164
Citoyenneté européenne, transnationale ou globale : penser la citoyenneté au-delà de l’État. Analyse critique d’un débat
Authors: Auvachez Élise 
Published: May 2020

Objet politique pas toujours identifié, mais souvent controversé, la citoyenneté européenne, près de 15 ans après son introduction dans le Traité de Maastricht, continue de susciter le débat : quelle citoyenneté pour quelle Europe ? Quelle autonomie pour une citoyenneté européenne dont l’acquisition reste soumise à des règles nationales ? Finalement, la citoyenneté européenne est-elle possible ? La présente communication propose de lire la problématique de la citoyenneté européenne à la lumière d’un prisme élargissant l’intégrant dans un questionnement dépassant le débat spécifiquement européen, celui de la gouvernance supranationale. Les dynamiques de globalisation et de fragmentation qui caractérisent le contexte contemporain se traduisent dans la sphère politique par la multiplication des paliers de régulation. La sphère nationale n’est plus dans cette perspective le seul locus de la vie politique ; les enjeux et les rapports de force politiques se jouent à des échelles multiples. Ce constat a donné naissance à une prolifération d’analyses concernant la dimension de plus en plus européenne, post/trans/supra-nationale, voire globale, de la citoyenneté. Celles-ci constituent néanmoins un corpus théorique un corpus théorique marqué par une compréhension à la fois fractionnée et diluée de la notion de citoyenneté supranationale et caractérisé par une perspective statique conférant au débat entre les partisans d’une citoyenneté au-delà de l’État et les avocats d’une citoyenneté par essence nationale une circularité stérile. La démarche théorique proposée consiste alors moins à tenter de caractériser les changements contemporains à la lumière des critères de la citoyenneté dans une perspective dichotomique pour savoir si « la » citoyenneté est nationale ou postnationale mais plutôt à comprendre la « citoyennisation », la construction et la définition d’une citoyenneté au-delà de l’État-nation, en relation avec la constitution et la consolidation d’entités politiques supranationales.

Full text available: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i3.173
Integrating Immigrants through the Policy of Multiculturalism as a State’s New Response to the Sovereignty Challenge
Authors: Vorobyova Anna 
Published: May 2020

Today the EU and Canada experience a significant international migration inflow that requires a delicate treatment on the government side which would not contradict with these countries’ adherence to a liberal nation-state idea. The non-ratification of the EU Constitution precluded the creation of a common immigration policy that could facilitate and level the social integration of immigrants within the EU member states that currently have different historically shaped strategies towards the newcomers. Even though the legal and economic barriers for immigration and naturalization have been reasonably decreased over the past decades across the EU, the legacies of nationalizing citizenship laws are still persistent and immigrants are expected to integrate into the host cultures. These path dependent repercussions contradict the idea of a liberal nation-state and erect the second level barriers (besides legal and economic ones) for integration of immigrants into the host societies. These cultural barriers are more persistent in the social consciousness than the institutionalized ones, which is a reason for why liberalizing laws are not the most effective means for facilitating the immigrants’ integration into the host societies. This situation of intensive immigration combined with the low opportunities for social integration gives grounds to instability and dissatisfaction within certain social groups in the EU. This paper investigates how multiculturalism policy in Canada contributes to a higher level of immigrants’ integration into Canadian society as compared to the EU memberstates. Moreover, the novel information from the Centre of Excellence for the Study of Immigration at Simon Fraser University suggests that maintenance of immigrant ethnicities contributes to the overall economic success of a country, which is another reason for the introducing multiculturalism and a common EU immigration policy.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i3.175
The Limits of Consequentialism: ICTY Conditionality and (Non)Compliance in Post-Milosevic Serbia
Authors: Rajkovic Nikolas Milan 
Published: May 2020

Since 2000—the dusk of the Milosevic-era—three successive Serbian governments, the Djindjic, Zivkovic and Kostunica administrations, have amassed an inconsistent and oscillating record of (non)compliance with EU and US conditionality for full cooperation with the International Criminal Tribunal on the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY). How do we explain this changing pattern of compliance and noncompliance by Serbia? This paper contends that international rules and norms which attempt far-reaching institutional and social change, such as ICTY conditionality in Serbia, will likely elicit a historical process that is multidimensional and diachronic, more politically complex than the parsimony suggested by incentives-based, model-driven theorizing. The paper argues for a more contextual and practice-oriented approach to the study of compliance politics; focusing on how material, normative and temporal dimensions interact historically to form particular compliance processes & outcomes. The empirical section uses inductive process-tracing to make a temporal reconstruction of the process and experience of Serbian (non)compliance with ICTY conditionality during the Kostunica government; focusing on the interaction between three dimensions of compliance politics: (1) strategic calculation; (2) identity & cultural resonance; and (3) temporality.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v4i1.192
Christianity and Tolerance: A Genealogy of European Identity
Authors: Augenstein Daniel 
Published: May 2020

In the process of European constitutionalisation, the European Union continues to struggle for an identity that can generate widespread support amongst its peoples. Against this background it has been suggested by some that a European identity should embrace the Christian values that underpin Europe’s national traditions and cultures. In this paper I shall argue that, instead of relying on a communitarian vision of a ‘Christian Europe’, a European identity should build on a culture of religious tolerance. A European culture of religious tolerance draws on the enduring of difference and the acknowledgement of persisting and intractable conflict as essential experiences of Europe’s Christian past. Thus understood, tolerance lies at the roots of a European identity. At the same time, and through the conditional inclusion of religious diversity in the European Nation-States, a European culture of religious tolerance creates over time new commonalities between Europe’s religiously permeated national traditions. Thus understood, tolerance only brings about the conditions for the development of a supranational European identity that amounts to more than (the sum of) its national counterparts.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v4i2.195
Between Economic Utility and Regional Attachment: The EMU and Eastern Enlargement in the Spanish Eye
Authors: Kislenko Susanna 
Published: May 2020

This paper uses Spain as the case study in furthering understanding of the forces that influence public opinion, specifically as they exist within the contemporary European context. To evaluate this, the focus is on two primary issues: the European Monetary Union (EMU) and the Eastern Enlargement. In order to explore the relationship between opinions towards EU membership, the Euro and support for enlargement, ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic multivariate regression methods are used to model public opinion development. The argument put forth in this paper is that the formation of public opinion is influenced by both regional dynamics and utilitarian economic considerations. Within this framework, the concept of political symbolism is explored in uncovering the influence of cognitive mobilization, group attachment and cost-benefit factors as they relate to Spanish opinion on widening and deepening of the European Union.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v5i1.203
Health Care Crisis and Grassroots Social Initiative in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Maltseva Elena 
Published: May 2020

This article analyzes the development of civil society in Russia in response to the fledging post-Soviet health care crisis. In recent years, Russian civil society has become significantly stronger and more actively engaged in public debates on social as well as political issues. This trend suggests that the process of social capital accumulation in Russia is well underway, thus instilling some hope for Russia's future. To illustrate this recent trend, I will analyze the development of two grassroots movements in St. Petersburg, which help families of children diagnosed with cancer to overcome the everyday psychological, legal and financial difficulties associated with treatment, and to lobby the government to go forward with health care reform. This paper is based on the author's personal experience as a participant in one of the grassroots initiatives, published materials in Russian journals and newspapers, and a series of interviews with volunteers. With this article, I hope to shed new light on developments in the Russian health care sector, and deepen our understanding of contemporary Russian civil society.
https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v6i1.205
Ethnic Nation No More? Making Sense of Germany’s New Stance on Dual Citizenship by Birth
Authors: Winter Elke , Diehl Annkathrin , Patzelt Anke 
Published: May 2020

While Germany does not allow dual citizenship in principle, since 23 November 2014, children born on German territory to non-German parents are no longer forced at the age of 23 to choose between German citizenship or that of their parents. Rather, they will be able to hold dual citizenship indefinitely. While this may be a far cry from more liberal dual citizenship policies in other countries, the progressive reform of Germany’s citizenship law gains its specific meaning from that country’s tormented history of ethnic nationhood and blood-based citizenship. It is also striking at a time when many countries in the Western world are moving towards more restrictive immigration and citizenship policies. In this paper, we argue that the abrogation of the Optionspflicht [the duty to choose] constitutes a step in leaving behind the country’s notorious tradition of constituting an “ethnic nation.” Our analysis confirms Christian Joppke’s claim that politics and party ideologies matter for the “de-ethnicization” and “re-ethnicization” of citizenship, simultaneous processes that are neither linear nor necessarily path-dependent.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v9i1.241
MULTIFORMITY OF FUNGAL INJURIES IN HIV INFECTION
Authors: Uliukin I. M. , Bulygin M. A. , Bulankov Y. I. , Orlova E. S. , Sechin A. A. 
Published: May 2020

The epidemic of HIV infection in the last decade has acquired new qualities — ﬁrst of all, it is an epidemic of severe and comorbid forms of the disease with various pathways of infection, where most of the identiﬁed patients need antiretroviral therapy, and most patients die from secondary and concomitant diseases. Therefore, early diagnosis and effective treatment of both the underlying and concomitant diseases are relevant.Materials and methods.Two clinical cases with fungal infections during a long course of HIV infection in the absence and against the ineffective antiretroviral therapy are presented.Results.In the cases considered, one of the main reasons for the development of severe damage was late-detected HIV infection at the clinically expressed stages of the disease, which was due to social, psychological and medical (the complexity, and in some cases the inability to perform laboratory tests) fac- tors.Conclusion.Fungal lesions during HIV infection are diverse in their etiology, forms of manifestation and severity of the clinical course. The development of optimal algorithms and approaches for medical and psychosocial support of such patients is necessary. The high mortality rate of patients with HIV infection in the ﬁrst week of hospital stay is often evidence of non-adherence to dispensary observation and treatment, all the more so because amid low adherence to speciﬁc therapy and chemoprophylaxis, treatment of opportunistic diseases without antiretroviral therapy is ineffective (although the timely appointment of this therapy is considered a universal method for the prevention of secondary diseases). The treatment-diagnostic tactics in diagnostically unclear cases are discussed.
MOLECULAR-GENETIC PECULIARITIES OF HEPATITIS С VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH HIV-INFECTION RESIDING IN THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST
Authors: Bazykina E. A. , Turkutyukov V. B. , Trotsenko O. , Kotova V. O. , Butakova L. V. , Balakhontseva L. A. 
Published: May 2020

The Aim: to evaluate abundance and molecular-genetic characteristics of hepatitis С virus (HCV) among HIV-positive patients residing in the constituent entities of the Far Eastern Federal district.Materials and methods. Detection of HCV serological markers (HCVsum) was performed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay among HIV-positive individuals (n=350) and apparently healthy people (ﬁrst control group; n=368). In order to conduct comparative evaluation of age-sex composition and HBV-infection markers abundance a second control group of patients with diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis (n=88) was selected. RNA-positive samples were subjected to molecular-genetic analysis: NS5B HCV genome part (241 bp and 350 bp) was examined.Results and discussion.The odds ratio of being infected with HCV was over 47 times higher in HIV-population in comparison to apparently health people. HIV-HCV positive patient occurred to be younger rather than patient with diagnosis of chronic viral hepatitis C. It was revealed that in the HIV-HCV co-infected group male patients were prevalent compared to controls. The most prevalent HCV subgenotype was 3a. High prevalence of 3a HCV subgenotype among HIV-infected individuals was probably related to high abundance of intravenous drug use in the studied group. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree showed considerable clusterization of isolated part of gene sequences. This fact can be due to plural infection sources that presumably have no epidemiological connection.
ESTIMATES OF RECENT HIV INFECTION IN THE POPULATION BY FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE P24 ANTIGEN AND IN THE KIT DISTINGUISH RECENT FROM LONGSTANDING INFECTION
Authors: Neshumaev D. A. , Meirmanova E. M. , Kuntsevich O. N. , Skudarnov S. E. , Stasenko V. L. 
Published: May 2020

Aim:to compare the incidence of recent cases of HIV infection in the population, recorded by the presence of p24 antigen and in thekit distinguish recent from longstanding infection.Materials and methods. Evaluation of recent HIV infection was carried out through studies of two cohorts of patients: 1) persons with negative / undetermined result of an immune blot and p24 antigen; 2) individuals with positive immune blot who were additionally studied using a test system to determine the duration of infection. Randomly in 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2015, 22%, 17%, 44% and 6% of all newly identified patients with a positive immune blot, respectively, were examined. Statistical processing, correlation coefficient and confidence intervals were calculated using Student’s t-test.Results.There is a close correlation between the detection rate of the p24 antigen of HIV and the frequency of occurrence of recent cases of infection registered among newly identified individuals with positive immune blot (the period of probable infection is less than 9 months). Correlation coefficient =0,91, p<0,05.Conclusion. The established dependence allows one to estimate the recent cases of infection in the population by a calculated method using only the frequency of occurrence of the p24 antigen included in the standard diagnostic algorithm of HIV infection. A formula is proposed in accordance with which it is necessary to add 0,6±0,2 to the frequency of occurrence of the p24 antigen expressed per 1000 individuals covered by screening. With a probability of 95%, the true value of the frequency of occurrence of recent cases of infections in a population will be in the calculated confidence interval.
Políticas públicas para el fomento del empleo en España
Authors: Illanes Segura Rocio 
Published: May 2020

Desde la Estrategia Europea 2020, se apuesta por la flexiseguridad en materia laboral. Con este nuevo contexto laboral, resulta imprescindible incorporar la formación en competencias técnicas, personales y sociales en todos los niveles educativos. Sin embargo, analizando las políticas de empleo de la última década en España, las principales líneas de actuación han ido dirigidas hacia la reducción del número de parados/as, sin tener en cuenta el acceso al empleo de calidad o la mejora de las condiciones laborales para los/as empleados/as, optando más por la flexibilidad para el empresariado que por la seguridad para el/la empleado/a. En este artículo presentamos una comparativa entre los países europeos y España, así como las diferencias en el propio territorio español, evidenciando que las políticas más eficientes son aquellas que apuestan por la formación, el reciclaje profesional y la mejora de las condiciones laborales