bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Powering Gyms: A Case Study on Energy Harvesting From a Static Bicycle
Authors: Ihsan Mustafa , Viswanathan Vimal 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The increasing levels of pollution and global climate changes have spurred growing interest in harvesting green energy from all possible resources. One of the under-utilized sources is the energy that one spends during physical exercise at gymnasiums. If the energy that a person expends can be harvested, that may suffice to power the facility at least partially. This paper describes the research, development, and execution of a low-cost arrangement to harvest energy from a static bicycle at a gym. Primarily, the setup uses a generator attached to the bicycle to produce low-voltage electricity. Further, an electrical circuit is designed and implemented to amplify the voltage and send it to a 585CCA battery. The resulting arrangement is found to be sufficient to completely charge the car battery with 12–15 hours of riding of one bicycle. It is estimated that this battery can power two energy-efficient lamps for around 13 hours. In other words, a simple setup attached to various cardio equipment in series may be sufficient to power the gym partially. Further, an economic analysis is conducted to estimate the energy saving resulting from the implementation of the energy harvesting arrangement in a college gym. It is found that with the help of such an arrangement, approximately 20% of the energy cost of the gym room can be saved.
Study of Printing Orientation on Mechanical Properties in Additive Manufacturing Process
Authors: Honarmandi Peyman , Xu Hongbin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is an innovative technology that creates parts by adding small portions of materials layer by layer, which frees designers to create parts that were not possible to manufacture with subtractive manufacturing processes previously. This led to wide-spread popularity of 3D-printing technology. In this technology. fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most affordable one in the market now. Therefore, it is vital to understand how the print orientation, which can be customized very easily, affects the mechanical properties of the prints to maximize the strength of the product.
This paper aims to present the methodology and results of the experimental characterization of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) 3D-printed part. Tensile characterization of ABS was performed to analyze anisotropic nature of 3D-printed parts caused by its unique manufacturing process. Specimens were printed with six different configurations: four raster ([45/−45], [30/−60], [15/−75] and [0/90]) and three build orientations (0 or flat, 45, and 90 degrees with respect to the build plate, all printed in [45/−45] raster orientation). Dogbone tensile specimens were printed and pulled using the tensile test machine. The young’s modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, strain at failure, breaking strength were found for each configuration.
As the build orientation angle increased and the raster orientation goes from [45/−45] to [0/90], mechanical properties decreased steadily except the Young’s modulus. For build orientation, Young’s modulus decreased first then increased as angle increased, and for the raster orientation, there was no statistically significant difference as raster changed from [45/−45] to [0/90]. Overall, [45/−45] flat configuration is the strongest and the most stable configuration.
The Effect of Crosswind Velocity on the Spray Drift of Flat Fan Nozzle
Authors: Raza S. , Sallam K. A. , Post S. L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The objective of this research project is to eliminate the spray drift caused by crosswind. Spray drift is an important problem for the agricultural industry. Some herbicides (e.g. Dicamba) can cause serious damage if it drifts to nearby crops that are not genetically modified to withstand those herbicides. Our hypothesis is that the nozzle geometry and the injection angle can be actively/passively controlled to compensate for the crosswind velocity and effectively deliver the herbicides to the target area. The measurements include the breakup regime transitions, the droplet sizes, and the droplets trajectory as function of the wind speed and the injection angle. The current results show that the crosswind modifies the primary breakup mechanism from sheet breakup regime (i.e. thinning and fragmentation of the liquid sheet into ligaments) to bag breakup regime (i.e. the formation bags along the downstream side of liquid sheet) resulting in smaller drop sizes and an increased drift flux. Techniques to eliminate the bag breakup regime are presented.
On Multiple Inhomogeneities in Plane Elasticity
Authors: Honein Elie , Honein Tony , Najjar Michel , Rai Habib 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we present some new analytical techniques which have been recently developed to solve for problems of circular elastic inhomogeneities in anti-plane and plane elasticity. The inhomogeneities may be composed of different materials and have different radii. The matrix may be subjected to arbitrary loadings or singularities. The solution to this heterogeneous problem is sought as a transformation performed on the solution of the corresponding homogeneous problem, i.e., the problem when all the inhomogeneities are removed and the homogeneous matrix is subjected to the same loading/singularities, a procedure which has been dubbed ‘heterogenization’. In previous works, a single inhomogeneity or hole has been considered and the transformation has been shown to be purely algebraic in the antiplane case and involves differentiation of the Kolosov-Mushkelishvili complex potentials in the plane case. Universal formulas, i.e., formulas which are independent of the loading/singularities, that express the stresses at the inter-face of the inhomogeneity in terms of the stresses that would have existed at the same interface had the inhomogeneity been absent, have been be derived. The solution for a single inhomogeneity bonded to a matrix which is subjected to arbitrary loading/singularities can then in principle be used systematically in a Schwarz alternating method to obtain the solution for multiple inhomogeneities to any degree of accuracy. However alternative and innovative methods have been sought which lead to a much faster convergence and in some cases to exact expressions in terms of infinite series. The aim of this paper is to present some of the progress that has been made in this direction.
Prediction of Transversal Flow in Non-Circular Tubes With a Higher Order Constitutive Equation
Authors: Letelier Mario F. , Siginer Dennis A. , Merino Paola , Stockle Juan S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we explore the potential of an explicit constitutive equation in predicting secondary flows in straight, non–circular tubes in steady and fully developed flow. We show that secondary flows appear at first order in k a constitutive parameter in the new constitutive structure when solving the field through an asymptotic approach. The structure of the transversal stream–function predicted by the new structure is the same as that obtained at third order in Weissenberg number with the Modified Phan–Thien–Tanner constitutive equation aside from constitutive constants. We present predictions of the velocity field and a comparison with the corresponding predictions of the MPTT model. These results are obtained using the analytical algorithm based on the shape factor concept coupled with asymptotic expansions developed and used previously by the authors to solve related problems.
Energy Absorption Characteristics of a Nested Curved Column Reinforced Elastomer Composite
Authors: Van Valkenburgh Owen F. , Ekstrom Thomas C. , Goodman Erica M. , Leborte Cameryn C. , Haaland Kevin M. , Yasuda Nathan K. , Shih Frank J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Advances in 3D printing technology and their increasing availability have allowed for design of novel structures. For designing material systems and structures that crumple to absorb energy from low-velocity impact events, the wide variability in material selection and geometry presents an attractive opportunity to optimize their performance. In the present study, 3D printed structures using high stiffness polymer were produced with a UV stereolithographic process. The structures utilized curved cylindrical columns of varying diameters, whose axial geometries were prescribed with a normal distribution equation, allowing for adjustments in the load absorption profile. The columns were arranged in a circular pattern, with four layers of reinforcements with a slight differential in heights to create cascading failure events. A polyurethane matrix keeps the structures together during impact. The systems, with varying rod geometry, rod curvature, and rod diameters were tested with both quasi-static compression testing and dynamic impact testing. The preliminary results are presented. Force-displacement curves were measured were to determine the optimal design which yields the best failure characteristics. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was used to model the failure characteristics and inform the design of the physical system.
A Passive Hybrid Model to Estimate the Elastic Performance of Left Ventricular Cardiac Fibres
Authors: Córdova Aquino Jacobo , Medellín-Castillo Hugo I. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The development of mathematical and numerical models of the human heart has become a matter of high relevance in the scientific community because of the difficulty of measuring the properties and performance of the cardiac tissue in vivo, and carrying out experimental tests under different healthy and pathological conditions. Several heart models have been proposed in the literature, but the results still differ from each other.
In this paper, a new passive heart model to estimate the elastic behaviour of the left ventricular (LV) cardiac fibres is presented. The model is based on a hybrid approach that combines a theoretical approach to determine the equivalent material properties of each layer of the LV tissue, which represents an advantage with respect to other more elaborated or complex models, and an inverse finite element method (FEM) to determine the volume of the LV internal cavity under loading conditions. The proposed model uses the LV pressure and volume measurements along a real cardiac cycle as loading and target conditions, respectively. The results are analysed in terms of the elastic properties of the cardiac fibres and compared with the results obtained from other more complex and elaborated models reported in the literature. From this analysis it is observed that the new proposed model is reliable and able to estimate the elastic behaviour of the cardiac tissue.
Controlling Out-of-Plane Shear Wave Propagation With Broadband Cloaking
Authors: Liu Mao , Zhu W. D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A major challenge in designing a perfect invisibility cloak for elastic waves is that density and elasticity tensors need to be independent functions of its radius with a linear transformation medium. The traditional cloak for out-of-plane shear waves in membranes exhibits material properties with inhomogeneous and anisotropic shear moduli and densities, which yields a poor or even negative cloaking efficiency. This paper presents design of a cylindrical cloak for shear waves based on a nonlinear transformation. This excellent broadband nonlinear cloak only requires variation of its shear modulus, while the density in the cloak region remains unchanged. The nonlinear ray trajectory equation for out-of-plane shear waves is derived and a parameter to adjust the efficiency of the cylindrical cloak is introduced. Qualities of the nonlinear invisibility cloak are discussed by comparison with those of a cloak with the linear transformation. Numerical examples show that the nonlinear cloak is more effective for shielding out-of-plane shear waves from outside the cloak than the linear cloak and illustrate that the nonlinear cloak for shear waves remains highly efficient in a broad frequency range. The proposed nonlinear transformation in conjunction with ray trajectory equations can also be used to design nonlinear cloaks for other elastic waves.
Machine Learning Classification of Head Impact Sensor Data
Authors: Rooks Tyler F. , Dargie Andrea S. , Chancey Valeta Carol 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A shortcoming of using environmental sensors for the surveillance of potentially concussive events is substantial uncertainty regarding whether the event was caused by head acceleration (“head impacts”) or sensor motion (with no head acceleration). The goal of the present study is to develop a machine learning model to classify environmental sensor data obtained in the field and evaluate the performance of the model against the performance of the proprietary classification algorithm used by the environmental sensor. Data were collected from Soldiers attending sparring sessions conducted under a U.S. Army Combatives School course. Data from one sparring session were used to train a decision tree classification algorithm to identify good and bad signals. Data from the remaining sparring sessions were kept as an external validation set. The performance of the proprietary algorithm used by the sensor was also compared to the trained algorithm performance. The trained decision tree was able to correctly classify 95% of events for internal cross-validation and 88% of events for the external validation set. Comparatively, the proprietary algorithm was only able to correctly classify 61% of the events. In general, the trained algorithm was better able to predict when a signal was good or bad compared to the proprietary algorithm. The present study shows it is possible to train a decision tree algorithm using environmental sensor data collected in the field.
Brain White Matter Model of Orthotropic Viscoelastic Properties in Frequency Domain
Authors: Wu Xuehai , Georgiadis John G. , Pelegri Assimina A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Finite element analysis is used to study brain axonal injury and develop Brain White Matter (BWM) models while accounting for both the strain magnitude and the strain rate. These models are becoming more sophisticated and complicated due to the complex nature of the BMW composite structure with different material properties for each constituent phase. State-of-the-art studies, focus on employing techniques that combine information about the local axonal directionality in different areas of the brain with diagnostic tools such as Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Diffusion-MRI). The diffusion-MRI data offers localization and orientation information of axonal tracks which are analyzed in finite element models to simulate virtual loading scenarios.
Here, a BMW biphasic material model comprised of axons and neuroglia is considered. The model’s architectural anisotropy represented by a multitude of axonal orientations, that depend on specific brain regions, adds to its complexity. During this effort, we develop a finite element method to merge micro-scale Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) with orthotropic frequency domain viscoelasticity to an integrated macro-scale BWM finite element model, which incorporates local axonal orientation. Previous studies of this group focused on building RVEs that combined different volume fractions of axons and neuroglia and simulating their anisotropic viscoelastic properties. Via the proposed model, we can assign material properties and local architecture on each element based on the information from the orientation of the axonal traces. Consecutively, a BWM finite element model is derived with fully defined both material properties and material orientation. The frequency-domain dynamic response of the BMW model is analyzed to simulate larger scale diagnostic modalities such as MRI and MRE.
Influence of Corner Radius on Flow Past Square Cylinder With Tandem Arrangements
Authors: Miran Sajjad , Ahmad Furqan , Arif Waseem , Nazir Kamran 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Flow Past square cylinder with tandem arrangement is numerically analyzed using Commercial Finite volume code. The fixed Reynolds number (Re.) 100 is selected for the present study. However, corner radius to diameter ratio, R/D = 0 to 0.5 and L/D = 1.5 to 7.5 spacing between two cylinders is used as a varying parameter. The flow visualization parameters, the drag and lift coefficients are comprehensively presented and compared for different cases in order to reveal the effect of corner radius and gap spacing on the behavior of the flow. The obtained results have shown that flow aerodynamic characteristics are strongly influenced by cylinders rounded corners and spacing. It was also found that the total drag force can be reduced for the downstream cylinder when cylinders are placed within L/D ≤ 4.5.
Design Optimization of a Beam Structure of Machine Tools
Authors: Kaya Necmettin , Genç M. Onur 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to improve the dynamic behavior and cutting accuracy of an industrial laser cutting machine tool, a new beam structure was designed using topology optimization technique. Beams hold the cutting head and laser beam mirrors of laser cutting machine tools. Weight, static and dynamic stiffness of the beam affect the dynamic performance of the machine tool. High weight and low dynamic stiffness in high acceleration and deceleration will result in the vibration of the machine body. In this paper, a new beam is designed using topology optimization to reduce the weight of the beam structure. Static stiffness and natural frequencies were obtained by finite element analyses. The mass reduction obtained was 18%, the maximum displacement is reduced by 13% and the first natural frequency of beam is increased by 29 % in comparison to the original beam. Also the use of aluminum instead of steel was examined and the results are compared.
Factors associated with extended remission in neovascular age-related macular degeneration on pro re nata treatment protocol
Authors: Lin Tiezhu , Dans Kunny C , Muftuoglu Ilkay Kilic , Meshi Amit , Amador-Patarroyo Manuel J , Cheng Lingyun , Freeman William R 
Published: January 2020

AimTo show the characteristics and outcomes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who had extended remission (ER) while on a pro re nata (PRN) treatment protocol.MethodsThis was a retrospective case–control study of a consecutive series of patients with nAMD treated with a PRN antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) drug regimen. ER was defined as the absence of haemorrhage, intraretinal/subretinal fluid on optical coherence tomography and leakage on fluorescein angiography for 52 weeks after cessation of anti-VEGF therapy. Matching patients with nAMD who did not achieve ER were included as control group. Cox regression analysis was fitted to identify predictors of time to achieve ER and time to recurrence. A logistic regression analysis of baseline characteristics was used to identify predictors of achieving ER.ResultsOf 830 eyes treated with anti-VEGF monotherapy, 77 (9.2%) eyes achieved ER during a median follow-up of 236 weeks (range 70–525 weeks). Cox regression analysis showed that ER was achieved earlier in eyes with isolated intraretinal fluid (HR, 2.05; 95% CI 1.929 to 4.520; p=0.045) at presentation. Logistic regression analysis showed that type 3 choroidal neovascularisation (OR, 0.090; 95% CI 0.021 to 0.382; p=0.001), thinner choroid (OR, 0.993; 95% CI 0.988 to 0.998; p=0.004) and absence of macular atrophy (OR, 0.233; 95% CI 0.065 to 0.839; p=0.026) at baseline increased the likelihood of achieving ER.ConclusionER is achievable in 9.2% of patients under PRN therapy for nAMD. At presentation with nAMD, anatomical features on retinal imaging may predict the likelihood of achieving ER and a shorter time to achieve ER.
Tuberculosis case fatality in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Huddart Sophie , Svadzian Anita , Nafade Vaidehi , Satyanarayana Srinath , Pai Madhukar 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionThe WHO End TB Strategy calls for a global reduction in the case fatality ratio (CFR) below 5%. India accounts for a third of global tuberculosis (TB) deaths. This systematic review estimated CFRs among Indian patients with TB both during and after treatment.MethodsWe systematically searched Medline, Embase and Global Health for eligible studies published between 1 January 2006 and 8 January 2019, including both cohort studies and intervention study control arms that followed Indian patients with TB for fatality either during treatment or post-treatment. From relevant studies we extracted CFRs in addition to study demographics. Study quality was assessed using modified Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network cohort criteria. Sufficiently homogenous studies were pooled using a random effect generalised linear mixed model. A meta-regression was performed to associate study characteristics with resulting CFRs.Results218 relevant studies were identified, of which 211 provided treatment phase CFRs. Most patients (92.4%) were treated in the public sector. Quality concerns were identified in 74% of papers. We estimated a pooled treatment phase CFR of 5.16% (95% CI 4.20% to 6.34%) which fell to 3.78% (2.77% to 5.16%) when restricted to 52 high-quality studies. Treatment phase CFRs were higher for paediatric (n=27, 6.50% (2.65% to 10.36%)), drug-resistant (n=43, 14.06% (10.15% to 19.49%)) and HIV-infected (n=35, 10.91% (7.68% to 15.50%)) patients. Nineteen post-treatment CFR studies were too heterogeneous to pool except when restricting to three high-quality studies (2.69% (–0.79% to 6.18%)). Poor study quality (OR=2.27 (2.01 to 2.57)) and tertiary centres patients (OR=1.15 (1.03 to 1.28)) were significantly associated with increased treatment phase case fatality.ConclusionsCase fatality is a critical measure of the quality of TB care. While India’s treatment CFRs are in line with WHO targets, several key patient groups remain understudied and most studies suffer from methodological issues. Increased high-quality reporting on patient outcomes will help improve the evidence base on this topic.
Secondary care consultant clinicians’ experiences of conducting emergency care and treatment planning conversations in England: an interview-based analysis
Authors: Eli Karin , Ochieng Cynthia , Hawkes Claire , Perkins Gavin D , Couper Keith , Griffiths Frances , Slowther Anne-Marie 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo examine secondary care consultant clinicians’ experiences of conducting conversations about treatment escalation with patients and their relatives, using the Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment (ReSPECT) process.DesignSemi-structured interviews following ward round observations.SettingTwo National Health Service hospitals in England.ParticipantsFifteen medical and surgical consultants from 10 specialties, observed in 14 wards.AnalysisInterview transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThree themes were developed: (1) determining when and with whom to conduct a ReSPECT conversation; (2) framing the ReSPECT conversation to manage emotions and relationships and (3) reaching ReSPECT decisions. The results showed that when timing ReSPECT conversations, consultant clinicians rely on their predictions of a patient’s short-term prognosis; when framing ReSPECT conversations, consultant clinicians seek to minimise distress and maximise rapport and when involving a patient or a patient’s relatives in decision-making discussions, consultant clinicians are guided by their level of certainty about the patient’s illness trajectory.ConclusionsThe management of uncertainty about prognoses and about patients’ emotional reactions is central to secondary care consultant clinicians’ experiences of timing and conducting ReSPECT conversations.