bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of the Hydrogen Cyanide in Comet 46P/Wirtanen at a 3.4 mm Wavelength
Authors: Wang Zhen , Zhang Shao-Bo , Tseng Wei-Ling , Sun Ji-Xian , Liao Ying , Ip Wing-Huen , Zheng Xing-Wu , Wang Na , Lu Deng-Rong , Chen Lue , Shan Hao , Yuan Ye , Yan Jian-Guo , Ping Jin-Song 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We searched for rotational lines of H12C14N in comet 46P/Wirtanen, using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7 m radio telescope. The J = 1–0 lines of HCN (3.4 mm wavelength) were unambiguously detected in 46P during the 2018 December 14–15 period, with a beam resolution of 62.″2 and a velocity resolution of ∼0.21 km s−1 per channel. The molecular production rates were computed. The mean HCN(1–0) production rate of 46P was (6.45 ± 1.31) × 1024 molec s−1 in the above two days. We found possible indications of time variation in the outgassing activity. The average HCN abundance relative to water Q
[HCN]/

of 46P was (0.09 ± 0.01)%. The HCN line shapes gave primary information on the kinematics of the cometary atmosphere. The HCN linewidths provided a direct determination of the coma expansion velocity, which was about 0.5 ± 0.05 km s−1 at post-perihelion (1.056 au).
Tidally Distorted, Iron-enhanced Exoplanets Closely Orbiting Their Stars
Authors: Price Ellen M. , Rogers Leslie A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The transiting planet candidate KOI 1843.03 (

radius, 4.245 hr orbital period,

host star) has the shortest orbital period of any known planet. Here we show, using the first three-dimensional interior structure simulations of ultra-short-period tidally distorted rocky exoplanets, that KOI 1843.03 may be shaped like an American football, elongated along the planet-star axis with an aspect ratio of up to 1.79. Furthermore, for KOI 1843.03 to have avoided tidal disruption (wherein the planet is pulled apart by the tidal gravity of its host star) on such a close-in orbit, KOI 1843.03 must be as iron-rich as Mercury (about 66% by mass iron compared to Mercury’s 70% by mass iron). Of the ultra-short-period (P
orb ≲ 1 day) planets with physically meaningful constraints on their densities characterized to date, just under half (four out of nine) are iron-enhanced. As more are discovered, we will better understand the diversity of rocky planet compositions and the variety of processes that lead to planetary iron enhancement.
Dynamics of Laterally Propagating Flames in X-Ray Bursts. I. Burning Front Structure
Authors: Eiden Kiran , Zingale Michael , Harpole Alice , Willcox Donald , Cavecchi Yuri , Katz Max P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We investigate the structure of laterally propagating flames through the highly stratified burning layer in an X-ray burst. Two-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations of flame propagation are performed through a rotating plane-parallel atmosphere, exploring the structure of the flame. We discuss the approximations needed to capture the length and timescales at play in an X-ray burst and describe the flame acceleration observed. Our studies complement other multidimensional studies of burning in X-ray bursts.
Equation of State and Progenitor Dependence of Stellar-mass Black Hole Formation
Authors: Schneider André da Silva , O’Connor Evan , Granqvist Elvira , Betranhandy Aurore , Couch Sean M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The core collapse of a massive star results in the formation of a proto-neutron star (PNS). If enough material is accreted onto a PNS, it will become gravitationally unstable and further collapse into a black hole (BH). We perform a systematic study of failing core-collapse supernovae in spherical symmetry for a wide range of pre-supernova progenitor stars and equations of state (EOSs) of nuclear matter. We analyze how variations in progenitor structure and the EOS of dense matter above nuclear saturation density affect the PNS evolution and subsequent BH formation. Comparisons of core collapse for a given progenitor star and different EOSs show that the path traced by the PNS in mass-specific entropy phase space

is well correlated with the progenitor compactness and is almost EOS independent, apart from the final end point. Furthermore, BH formation occurs, to a very good approximation, soon after the PNS overcomes the maximum gravitational mass supported by a hot NS with constant specific entropy equal to

. These results show a path to constraining the temperature dependence of the EOS through the detection of neutrinos from a failed galactic supernova.
On the Cooling Flow Problem in the Gaseous Halo of the Milky Way
Authors: Fang Xiang-Er , Guo Fulai , Yuan Ye-Fei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Theoretical and observational arguments suggest that there is a large amount of hot (∼106 K) diffuse gas residing in the Milky Way (MW) halo, but its total mass and spatial distribution are still unclear. In this work, we present a general model for the gas density distribution in the Galactic halo, and investigate the gas evolution under radiative cooling with a series of 2D hydrodynamic simulations. We find that the mass inflow rate in the developed cooling flow increases with gas metallicity and the total gas mass in the halo. For a fixed halo gas mass, the spatial gas distribution affects the onset time of the cooling catastrophe, which starts earlier when the gas distribution is more centrally peaked, but does not substantially affect the final mass inflow rate. The gravity from the Galactic bulge and disk affects gas properties in the inner regions, but has little effect on the final inflow rate either. We confirm our results by investigating cooling flows in several density models adopted from the literature, including the Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) model, the cored-NFW model, the Maller & Bullock model, and the β model. Typical mass inflow rates in our simulations range from ∼5 M
⊙ yr−1 to ∼60 M
⊙ yr−1, and are much higher than the observed star formation rate in our Galaxy, suggesting that stellar and active galactic nucleus feedback processes may play important roles in the evolution of the MW and MW-type galaxies.
Near-infrared Methanol Bands Probe Energetic Processing of Icy Outer Solar System Objects
Authors: Urso Riccardo Giovanni , Baklouti Donia , Djouadi Zahia , Pinilla-Alonso Noemí , Brunetto Rosario 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Frozen methanol was detected in the outer solar system on the surfaces of the Centaur 5145 Pholus, the Trans-Neptunian Object (55638) 2002 VE95, and more recently on (486958) Arrokoth. The icy surfaces of these objects are subjected to solar and cosmic ions that modify the physico-chemical properties of their surface. To study the effects of ion bombardment on methanol-rich surfaces, we performed experiments of ion irradiation of H2O:CH3OH mixtures and we monitored the evolution of the methanol near-infrared bands. We observed significant variations of the 2.34/2.27 μm methanol band ratios as a function of the irradiation dose. We then used the Arrokoth and Pholus spectra to test the 2.34/2.27 μm band ratio as a probe of irradiation of methanol-rich surfaces, and we estimated the timescales of processing by solar and cosmic ions. Our results indicate that solar energetic particles are the main drivers of changes in the near-infrared spectra of frozen surfaces in the outer solar system.
Gouverner par les incitations. La diffusion d’une logique incitative dans le droit du travail
Authors: Leclerc Olivier , Sachs Tatiana 
Published: April 2020

Certaines normes, plus que d’autres, méritent d’être qualifiées d’« incitatives » : telle est l’hypothèse qui constitue le point de départ de cet article. À rebours d’une tentation communément partagée par les juristes et les économistes à considérer que toutes les règles juridiques constituent des incitations, l’article isole les attributs des dispositifs incitatifs, afin de mieux cerner ce que la prolifération de ce type d’instruments juridiques produit dans l’ordonnancement du droit du travail. La figure de l’employeur, mais aussi l’articulation de l’individuel et du collectif s’en trouvent affectées.
Les recompositions des normes d’emploi public
Authors: Peyrin Aurélie 
Published: April 2020

Cet article décrit la genèse d’un système dual d’emploi public articulant, en France, deux modes de régulation distincts : un premier régime d’emploi, statutaire, organise les recrutements et carrières des fonctionnaires titulaires ; un deuxième régime d’emploi, contractuel, concerne les agents recrutés hors statut, par le biais de contrats de droit public (CDD ou CDI). Si les emplois précaires ne sont pas une nouveauté dans la fonction publique, la récente et rapide normalisation de l’usage du contrat au sein de l’État contribue à remettre en cause la norme d’emploi statutaire.
Crucifix kongo (Les)
Authors: Volper Julien 
Published: April 2020

Les crucifix nkangi kiditu étaient encore possédés aux xixe et xxe siècles par certains chefs de RDC et d’Angola. La notice évoque quelques‑uns des différents groupes kongo ayant connu cet attribut de pouvoir, traite des fonctions de celui‑ci, expose son origine européenne et son lien avec la première évangélisation (xve‑xviiie siècle). Quelques modèles spécifiques de nkangi kiditu sont également présentés.
Stèles et textes épigraphiques en Chine (Les)
Authors: Bujard Marianne 
Published: April 2020

L’épigraphie appartient en Chine à un domaine plus vaste, la « gravure sur pierre », qui inclut notamment les décors funéraires et la sculpture en ronde bosse et en relief. Restreinte à l’écriture sur pierre, elle comprend des centaines de milliers d’inscriptions sur des pierres mobiles ou sur des parois rocheuses. Celles‑ci ont généralement été envisagées sous l’angle de la calligraphie, tandis que leur contenu était tenu pour une source auxiliaire de l’histoire événementielle. La richesse de l’épigraphie religieuse et funéraire permet pourtant de traiter les inscriptions comme une source majeure de l’histoire sociale. Qu’elles figurent sur des stèles en surface ou sur des pierres enterrées dans la tombe, les inscriptions offrent des informations précieuses sur la vie des individus et leurs lignages, leurs carrières administratives ou militaires, ainsi que sur les collectivités religieuses, que ce soit celles des moines ou celles des fidèles, des plus humbles jusqu’aux empereurs, sans parler des dieux.
Distinct Features of Human Myeloid Cell Cytokine Response Profiles Identify Neutrophil Activation by Cytokines as a Prognostic Feature during Tuberculosis and Cancer
Authors: Devlin Joseph C. , Zwack Erin E. , Tang Mei San , Li Zhi , Fenyo David , Torres Victor J. , Ruggles Kelly V. , Loke P’ng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Myeloid cells are a vital component of innate immunity and comprise monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. How myeloid cell lineage affects activation states in response to cytokines remains poorly understood. The cytokine environment and cellular infiltrate during an inflammatory response may contain prognostic features that predict disease outcome. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional responses of human monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils in response to stimulation by IFN-γ, IFN-β, IFN-λ, IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 cytokines to better understand the heterogeneity of activation states in inflammatory conditions. This generated a myeloid cell–cytokine-specific response matrix that can infer representation of myeloid cells and the cytokine environment they encounter during infection, in tumors and in whole blood. Neutrophils were highly responsive to type 1 and type 2 cytokine stimulation but did not respond to IL-10. We identified transcripts specific to IFN-β stimulation, whereas other IFN signature genes were upregulated by both IFN-γ and IFN-β. When we used our matrix to deconvolute blood profiles from tuberculosis patients, the IFN-β–specific neutrophil signature was reduced in tuberculosis patients with active disease, whereas the shared response to IFN-γ and IFN-β in neutrophils was increased. When applied to glioma patients, transcripts of neutrophils exposed to IL-4/IL-13 and monocyte responses to IFN-γ or IFN-β emerged as opposing predictors of patient survival. Hence, by dissecting how different myeloid cells respond to cytokine activation, we can delineate biological roles for myeloid cells in different cytokine environments during disease processes, especially during infection and tumor progression.
Cutting Edge: ST8Sia6-Generated α-2,8-Disialic Acids Mitigate Hyperglycemia in Multiple Low-Dose Streptozotocin–Induced Diabetes
Authors: Belmonte Paul J. , Shapiro Michael J. , Rajcula Matthew J. , McCue Shaylene A. , Shapiro Virginia Smith 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The immune system contains a series of checks and balances that maintain tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. Sialic acid-binding Ig-type lectins (Siglecs) are cell surface receptors found on immune cells and inhibit inflammation by recruiting protein tyrosine phosphatases to ITIMs. Islet-resident macrophages express Siglec-E, and Siglec-E expression decreases on islet-resident macrophages as insulitis progresses in the NOD mouse. The sialyltransferase ST8Sia6 generates α-2,8-disialic acids that are ligands for Siglec-E in vivo. We hypothesized that engaging Siglec-E through ST8Sia6-generated ligands may inhibit the development of immune-mediated diabetes. Constitutive overexpression of ST8Sia6 in pancreatic β cells mitigated hyperglycemia in the multiple low-dose streptozotocin model of diabetes, demonstrating that engagement of this immune receptor facilitates tolerance in the setting of inflammation and autoimmune disease.
Immunopeptidome Analysis of HLA-DPB1 Allelic Variants Reveals New Functional Hierarchies
Authors: van Balen Peter , Kester Michel G. D. , de Klerk Wendy , Crivello Pietro , Arrieta-Bolaños Esteban , de Ru Arnoud H. , Jedema Inge , Mohammed Yassene , Heemskerk Mirjam H. M. , Fleischhauer Katharina , van Veelen Peter A. , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
HLA-DP alleles can be classified into functional T cell epitope (TCE) groups. TCE-1 and TCE-2 are clearly defined, but TCE-3 still represents an heterogeneous group. Because polymorphisms in HLA-DP influence the presented peptidome, we investigated whether the composition of peptides binding in HLA-DP may be used to refine the HLA-DP group classification. Peptidomes of human HLA-DP–typed B cell lines were analyzed with mass spectrometry after immunoaffinity chromatography and peptide elution. Gibbs clustering was performed to identify motifs of binding peptides. HLA-DP peptide-binding motifs showed a clear association with the HLA-DP allele-specific sequences of the binding groove. Hierarchical clustering of HLA-DP immunopeptidomes was performed to investigate the similarities and differences in peptidomes of different HLA-DP molecules, and this clustering resulted in the categorization of HLA-DP alleles into 3-DP peptidome clusters (DPC). The peptidomes of HLA-DPB1*09:01, -10:01, and -17:01 (TCE-1 alleles) and HLA-DPB1*04:01, -04:02, and -02:01 (TCE-3 alleles) were separated in two maximal distinct clusters, DPC-1 and DPC-3, respectively, reflecting their previous TCE classification. HLA-DP alleles categorized in DPC-2 shared certain similar peptide-binding motifs with DPC-1 or DPC-3 alleles, but significant differences were observed for other positions. Within DPC-2, divergence between the alleles was observed based on the preference for different peptide residues at position 9. In summary, immunopeptidome analysis was used to unravel functional hierarchies among HLA-DP alleles, providing new molecular insights into HLA-DP classification.
Quadriceps Inhibition After Naturally Occurring Patellar Tendon Damage and Pain
Authors: Davi Steven M. , Lepley Adam S. , Denegar Craig R. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , Edgar Corey M. , Lepley Lindsey K. 
Published: April 2020

Context
After knee-joint injury, pain, effusion, and mechanoreceptor damage alter afferent signaling, which can result in quadriceps inhibition and subsequent weakness. The individual contributions of each factor to inhibition remain unclear due to confounding knee-joint injuries and indirect experimental models.

Objective
To characterize the influence of naturally occurring knee damage and pain on quadriceps neuromuscular function in individuals with patellar tendinopathy.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
Twenty participants who self-reported patellar tendinopathy (PT) and 10 healthy control individuals underwent ultrasonic tendon assessment. Injured participants were dichotomized by an orthopaedic surgeon into groups with (1) pain and structural tendon abnormality and (2) regional pain alone.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Quadriceps inhibition was assessed with the Hoffman reflex and the central activation ratio via the superimposed-burst technique. Normally distributed measures were analyzed using a 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc independent t tests. Kruskal-Wallis tests with post hoc Mann-Whitney U tests were used to analyze nonnormally distributed data. An a priori α level of P ≤ .05 was set.

Results
Control participants presented with more spinal-reflex excitability (0.37 ± 0.23) than the PT (0.10 ± 0.06; P = .03) and regional-pain (0.18 ± 0.05; P = .02) groups. Knee-extension strength was greater in the control (3.37 ± 0.59 Nm/kg) than in the PT (2.41 ± 0.67 Nm/kg; P = .01) group but not the regional-pain group (3.05 ± 0.66 Nm/kg; P = .24). Control individuals presented with more quadriceps activation (97.93% ± 3.12) than the PT (84.44% ± 16.98; P &lt; .01) and regional-pain (91.17% ± 10.56; P = .01) groups. No differences were present for any measures between the PT and regional-pain groups (P values &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Deficits in spinal-reflex excitability, quadriceps activation, and strength were present in both the PT and regional-pain groups. A combination of pain and structural damage appeared to have the greatest negative effect on quadriceps function, as only the PT group presented with neuromuscular outcomes that failed to meet clinical thresholds.
La reforma de la legislación audiovisual y de la cobertura electoral en España
Authors: Campos-Freire Francisco , Rodríguez-Castro Marta , Gesto-Louro Alejandro 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: The purpose of this article is to propose the reform of the regulation in force in Spain on the coverage and treatment of information in the audiovisual media during electoral campaigns, in relation to the mandatory transposition into Spanish legislation, before the end of 2020, of Directive 1808/2018 of audiovisual communication. Methodology: For this, a review of the most relevant legislation in the field is carried out, including the Organic Law of Electoral Regime (LOREG by its acronym in Spanish) of 1985, the different laws of creation of public and private media, General 7/2010 Law of Audiovisual (LGA by its acronym in Spanish), the European Audiovisual Services Directive approved in 2018 and the regulation in other European countries on the organization of electoral debates and disinformation campaigns. Results: Although the 35 years of validity of the LOREG and its jurisprudence condition the legal framework of the audiovisual coverage of the electoral campaigns, it is possible to include in the transposition and reform of the LGA 7/2010 the regulation of the debates and new measures on the protection of pluralism, independence, and verification against fake news, issues that a group of Spanish academics raised during the public consultation of the Secretary of State for Digital Advancement (SEAD by its acronym in Spanish) of the Ministry of Economy and Business (MEE by its acronym in Spanish) on the transposition of Directive 1808/2018.
Meeting Standards through Integrated Curriculum: Point of View by Sussan M. Drake and Rebecca C. Bruns
Authors: Taseman  , Wilujeng Asih Purwani  , Safaruddin  , Nasrul Fuad Erfansyah  , Ratna Pangastuti  , Abdul Malik Dachlan  , Nukh Khozain  
Published: April 2020

Through an integrated curriculum, it is expected that the fulfillment of a maximum standard of learning for students' problems while learning, the integrated curriculum will determine the content, processes, materials, and learning materials that teachers do to students in the classroom. Students who have problems are expected to be able to overcome the problem both those who lack achievement and are left behind, the evaluation carried out is also expected to be able to measure the ability of students to improve learning that has been done, besides it can be compared between one school to another with an evaluation. So we need a standard-based approach and an integrated curriculum, the second offers several strategies in developing an integrated curriculum that has been proven in its implementation, thirdly to validate an integrated curriculum by offering examples of integrated curricula that have proven to be successful.
Unemployment and Output Growth: Evidence from Upper-Middle-Income Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Abraham Ihensekhien Orobosa , Nosa Aisien Leonard 
Published: April 2020

Several studies have found a negative relationship between unemployment rate and output growth rate. But such has not been ascertained concerning upper middle-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Hence this paper examined this relationship using Panel Least Squares and Ordinary Least Squares estimation techniques based on annual series data from 1991 to 2017. The paper observed that the average output growth rate for upper middle-income countries in SSA in the period of the study was 6.36% while that of the unemployment average rate was 15.87%. The results of the panel Least Squares estimation reveals the existence of negative relationships between unemployment rate and output growth rate. In the country specific study, results from Botswana, Gabon, Mauritius and South Africa shows a positive relationship between unemployment and output growth rates revealing a case of non-inclusive growth. However, Equatorial Guinea and Namibia data on unemployment and output growth had negative relationships. The counter factual analyses conducted on the unemployment variable in term of some percentage reduction indicated that as more persons are employed there will be an increase in output growth. The findings, therefore suggests that the government should create more jobs based on labour intensive industries in upper middle-income countries in SSA, that the ratio of output growth needed to maintain stable level of unemployment rate could be sustained when there are boost in economic activities. Countries in upper middle-income in SSA that exhibited positive relationship between unemployment rate and output growth rate should concentrate more on how to increase the level of output growth rate through the boost in economic activities. Governments of these upper middle-income countries should have good policy mix focused on the reduction of unemployment at all levels.