bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio in normal newborn infants: A clinical tool for defining chin position abnormalities
Authors: Mimouni Galit , Merlob Paul , Mimouni Francis B. , Bin‐Nun Alona 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRetrognathia (recessed chin) and prognathism (prominent chin) often present as signs of an underlying condition. Accurate clinical definitions are important. Yet their definitions were according to “clinical impression”, or to seldom used X‐ray criteria. We propose a statistical and anthropometric definition of retrognathia and prognathism based upon the ratio between the goniomaxillar length (distance between the gonion at the mandible angle and the subnasale and the goniomandibular length (distance between the mandible angle and the most anterior point of the bony chin). We assumed that an increase in the ratio indicates retrognathia and a decrease reflects prognathism. We conducted a prospective, observational, anthropometric study in 204 consecutive healthy term infants. Measurements took place on the second day of life, using sliding calipers. Mean ± SD of goniomandibular length (5.1 ± 0.3 cm), goniomaxillar length (5.4 ± 0.3 cm), were calculated. All measurements correlated significantly with gestational age, and with infant birthweight. The mean ± SD goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio was 1.06 ± 0.05. We defined a normal ratio as being within 2 SD of the mean, that is, between 0.96 and and 1.16. This ratio correlated with neither gestational age nor with birthweight. We conclude that the goniomaxillar length/goniomandibular length ratio can be calculated whenever retro ‐ or prognathism is suspected. A ratio outside of the 95% confidence interval should help in making this diagnosis. An increase in this ratio beyond 2 SD above the mean (1.16) could be interpreted as retrognathia and a decrease beyond 2 SD below the mean (0.96) as prognathism.
Mechanochemical Solvent‐Free Catalytic C−H Methylation
Authors: Ni Shengjun , Hribersek Matic , Baddigam Swarna K. , Ingner Fredric J. L. , Orthaber Andreas , Gates Paul J. , Pilarski Lukasz T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe mechanochemical, solvent‐free, highly regioselective, rhodium‐catalyzed C−H methylation of (hetero)arenes is reported. The reaction shows excellent functional‐group compatibility and is demonstrated to work for the late‐stage C−H methylation of biologically active compounds. The method requires no external heating and benefits from considerably shorter reaction times than previous solution‐based C−H methylation protocols. Additionally, the mechanochemical approach is shown to enable the efficient synthesis of organometallic complexes that are difficult to generate conventionally.
Activatable Mitochondria‐Targeting Organoarsenic Prodrugs for Bioenergetic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Luo Xiangjie , Gong Xuanqing , Su Liyun , Lin Hongyu , Yang Zhaoxuan , Yan Xiaomei , Gao Jinhao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDespite widespread applications for cancer treatment, chemotherapy is restricted by several limitations, including low targeting specificity, acquired drug resistance, and concomitant adverse side effects. It remains challenging to overcome these drawbacks. Herein, we report a new bioenergetic approach for treating cancer efficiently. As a proof‐of‐concept, we construct activatable mitochondria‐targeting organoarsenic prodrugs from organoarsenic compounds and traditional chemotherapeutics. These prodrugs could accomplish selective delivery and controlled release of both therapeutic agents to mitochondria, which synergistically promote mitochondrial ROS production and induce mitochondrial DNA damage, finally leading to mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis of cancer cells. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments reveal the excellent anticancer efficacy of these prodrugs, underscoring the encouraging outlook of this strategy for effective cancer therapy.
Enantioselective Protonation: Hydrophosphinylation of 1,1‐Vinyl Azaheterocycle N‐Oxides Catalyzed by Chiral Bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane Organosuperbase
Authors: Das Saikat , Hu Qiupeng , Kondoh Azusa , Terada Masahiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEnantioselective protonation by hydrophosphinylation of diarylphosphine oxides with 2‐vinyl azaheterocycle N‐oxide derivatives was demonstrated using chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane as the higher‐order organosuperbase catalyst. It was confirmed by several control experiments that a chiral weak conjugate acid of the chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane, instead of achiral diarylphosphine oxides, directly functioned as the proton source to afford the corresponding product in a highly enantioselective manner in most cases. Enantioselective protonation by a weak conjugate acid generated from the higher‐order organosuperbase would broaden the scope of enantioselective reaction systems because of utilization of a range of less acidic pronucleophiles. This method is highlighted by the valuable synthesis of a series of chiral P,N‐ligands for chiral metal complexes through the reduction of phosphine oxide and N‐oxide units of the corresponding product without loss of enantiomeric purity.
Studies regarding simulation process to static loading of the structures obtained from polylactic acid, 3D printed
Authors: Catana Dorin , Pop Mihai‐Alin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBeing a relatively new process, additive manufacturing needs many studies to be able to produce parts with the required properties. The aim of the paper is to establish whether, based on the physical and mechanical properties determined by tensile testing and by applying finite element analysis (FEA), viable results can be obtained regarding the behavior of the 3D printed structures at the different, static loading. The application of FEA for the tensile testing of 3D specimens led to the results close to those obtained by the tests. The values of the results obtained by simulation are higher by up to 7.2% compared with those recorded by tests. The simulation was applied both for the printed specimens from a single material and from two materials (multi‐material). Regardless of the materials used in printing and the simulation method, the results of applying FEA are close to those recorded by testing.
Design and characterization of pH stimuli‐responsive nanofiber drug delivery system: The promising targeted carriers for tumor therapy
Authors: Ozcan Fatih , Cagil Esra Maltas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNew carrier platforms have been designed for an electrospun pyridinium calixarene nanofiber for controlled drug delivery. First, 5,11,17,23‐tetra‐tert‐butyl‐25,27‐bis(3‐aminomethyl‐pyridineamido)‐26,28‐dihydroxycalix[4]arene (3‐AMP) scaffold was produced by electrospinning. AMP scaffold was modified by human serum albumin (HSA), folic acid (FA), and glutathione (GSH). Doxorubicin (DOX) was loaded to surfaces of the AMP, AMP‐HSA, AMP‐HSA‐FA, and AMP‐HSA‐GSH nanofibers by using DOX solution in different buffers with, 2.2, 4.0, 6.0, and 7.4 pH. The release studies DOX from four different nanofibers was also done in a various amount microenviroments by changing pH values. The loading and release amount of DOX was estimated from the calibration curve drawn at 480 and 560 nm of excitation and emission wavelengths by using a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The loading studies were confirmed by Fourier transforms infrared, atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscope, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis.
Catch and trade bans for seahorses can be negated by non‐selective fisheries
Authors: Vaidyanathan Tanvi , Zhang Xiong , Balakrishnan Ramkumar , Vincent Amanda 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

All seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) are listed under Schedule I of India's Wild Life Protection Act, making all capture and trade of seahorses illegal. In the more than 15 years since the ban, little work has been done to assess its effects on seahorse conservation.
Between 2015 and 2017, fisheries and trade surveys were conducted along the south‐east coast of India, in the state of Tamil Nadu, historically known to be a hub for seahorse catches and trade.
Seahorses were primarily landed as bycatch, although in greater quantities by traditional drag nets than as trawl bycatch. Total annual catches were estimated between 4.98 million and 13.64 million seahorses, 87% of which were caught by active non‐selective gear.
Generalized additive models revealed that seahorse catch per unit effort had non‐linear relations with depth and latitude, and were higher in biogenic habitats, with active, bottom‐used, and non‐selective gears (e.g. trawls).
The illegal nature of the trade in seahorses hampered an understanding of trade routes and trade volumes. Catch estimates indicated that 11.21–30.31 tonnes of seahorses probably entered trade, yet interviews with traders only documented trade of about 1.6 tonnes.
Fishers reported a decreasing availability of seahorses. Since most seahorses come from bycatch in persistent fisheries that are not directly affected by the ban on seahorse capture, this decline is likely to represent a population decline.
A fishery and trade ban for incidentally caught species, particularly in a poorly regulated fishery, appears to add little conservation value. There needs to be a shift in the management approach, moving from a ban towards spatial and temporal restrictions, and toward enforcing existing fishery regulations.
Dammed river: Short‐ and long‐term consequences for fish species inhabiting a river in a Mediterranean climate in central Chile
Authors: Vega‐Retter Caren , Muñoz‐Rojas Pablo , Rojas‐Hernández Noemi , Copaja Sylvia , Flores‐Prado Luis , Véliz David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe presence of a dam disturbs river flow, which in turn directly affects the communities and evolutionary potential of riverine species. To detect the ecological effects of a dam on genetic diversity, genetic structure, and their progress in time, two riverine fishes living upstream and downstream of an irrigation reservoir were studied at two periods after its construction in 2004 in central Chile.Samples of the Neotropical silversideBasilichthys microlepidotusand the pencil catfishTrichomycterus areolatuswere obtained 2 and 7 years after the Corrales Dam was built. The microsatellite DNA variability of both species upstream and downstream of the dam was analysed.Fish analysed 2 years after dam construction did not show genetic differences between upstream and downstream populations; however, fish obtained 7 years after dam construction showed differences between populations above and below the dam and differences from individuals collected 5 years earlier.The current effective population sizes of both species were smaller in samples obtained upstream than in samples obtained downstream. Simulations showed a migration equal to zero as most probable after reservoir construction, suggesting that the dam is an impermeable barrier to the movement of individuals of these species. These results showed that population fragmentation in time could be related to the barrier imposed by the dam.In a scenario of no new contact between populations located upstream and downstream of the dam, the simulation predicts a reduction of genetic diversity ranging from 3.98 to 8.09% over the next 60 years.Analyses suggest that the Corrales Reservoir may be affecting the evolutionary potential of the populations upstream and downstream from the dam.
Making up the bed: Gravel cleaning as a contribution to nase (Chondrostoma nasus L.) spawning and recruitment success
Authors: Nagel Christoffer , Mueller Melanie , Pander Joachim , Geist Juergen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Spawning substrate quality is a major factor influencing the early ontogeny of European nase (Chondrostoma nasus), a target species of conservation.
Analogous to findings from salmonids, restoration of spawning grounds was hypothesized to enhance spawning, development and thus recruitment success of nase, by improving the substrate quality, and subsequently spawning site use, egg infiltration and protection of larvae in the interstitial zones before emergence. These assumptions were tested using a comparative approach by cleaning 50% of the area of each spawning ground in two Bavarian rivers.
Substrate cleaning resulted in an immediate reduction of ~70% fine sediment content with improvements still detectable 2 months later. Spawning nase used the restored areas of spawning grounds preferentially, which was evident in the number of spawning fish and the significantly higher number of eggs laid.
Infiltration of eggs into the interstitial zone was distinctly more successful in the opened interstices of the cleaned spawning substrate, where they were found down to a depth of 20 cm. The same was true for larvae, which could be found down to 30 cm and up to 13 days after hatching. Moreover, higher peaks in the drift density of emerging larvae from the restored spawning substrate were detected (2.5 compared with 1.7 larvae m−3 discharge for the River Mangfall and 0.3 compared with 0.03 larvae m−3 for the River Sims).
These results clearly indicate that gravel cleaning is a successful short‐term restoration tool for nase spawning grounds. It is a quick, cheap and effective method for the conservation management of nase, which may also be applicable to other riverine species with a similiar ecology and incubation time, such as Barbus barbus, Squalius cephalus, Leuciscus leuciscus and Phoxinus phoxinus. This especially holds true if streams lack internal dynamics and suffer from high loads of fine sediment and colmation.
Pathogenesis‐related genes of entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Shin Tae Young , Lee Mi Rong , Park So Eun , Lee Se Jin , Kim Woo Jin , Kim Jae Su 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAll living things on Earth experience various diseases such as those caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Insects are no exception to this rule, and fungi that cause disease in insects are called entomopathogenic fungi. These fungi have been developed as microbial insecticides and are used to control various pests. Generally, the mode of action of entomopathogenic fungi is divided into the attachment of conidia, germination, penetration, growth, and generation of secondary infectious conidia. In each of these steps, that entomopathogenic fungi use genes in a complex manner (specific or diverse) has been shown by gene knock‐out and RNA‐sequencing analysis. In this review, the information mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi was divided into six steps: (1) attachment of conidia to host, (2) germination and appressorium, (3) penetration, (4) fungal growth in hemolymph, (5) conidia production on host, and (6) transmission and dispersal. The strategy used by the fungi in each step was described at the genetic level. In addition, an approach for studying the mode of action of the fungi is presented.
Sustained Remission of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis After Discontinuation of Glucocorticoids and Immunosuppressant Therapy: Data From the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry
Authors: Puéchal Xavier , Iudici Michele , Pagnoux Christian , Karras Alexandre , Cohen Pascal , Maurier François , Quéméneur Thomas , Lifermann François , Hamidou Mohamed , Mouthon Luc , Terrier Benjamin , Guillevin Loïc ,   for the French Vasculitis Study Group
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveData on sustained remission of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) after discontinuation of therapy (referred to as GPA with sustained remission off‐therapy [SROT]) are scarce. In the present study, SROT among GPA patients from the French Vasculitis Study Group Registry was evaluated to identify factors associated with its occurrence and durability.MethodsFor inclusion of patients in the study, the diagnosis of GPA had to meet the GPA classification criteria defined by the American College of Rheumatology and/or the revised Chapel Hill Consensus Conference nomenclature for vasculitis. SROT was defined as achievement of remission (a Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score of 0) that was sustained for ≥6 consecutive months after having discontinued glucocorticoid (GC) and immunosuppressant treatments. The characteristics of the patients at baseline and treatments received were compared at 3, 5, and 10 years postdiagnosis according to whether or not SROT had been reached and maintained.ResultsAmong 795 patients with GPA, 92 GPA patients with SROT at 3 years postdiagnosis were compared to 342 control subjects who had experienced disease relapse and/or were still receiving GCs or immunosuppressants. No baseline differences were found, but patients with SROT at 3 years postdiagnosis had more frequently received intravenous cyclophosphamide as induction therapy compared to control subjects (P = 0.01), with a higher median number of infusions (P = 0.05). At 5 years postdiagnosis, no baseline differences were observed between groups, but patients with SROT at 5 years postdiagnosis had received more cyclophosphamide infusions compared to control subjects (P = 0.03). More patients with SROT had received rituximab as maintenance therapy than control subjects at 3 years and 5 years postdiagnosis (P = 0.09 and P < 0.001, respectively). Of the 74 patients enrolled in the GPA Registry with 10‐year follow‐up data after having received conventional maintenance therapy, 15 (20%) had reached SROT at 3 years, and 5 (7%) maintained SROT at 10 years postdiagnosis.ConclusionAfter conventional therapies, 7% of GPA patients had reached SROT at 10 years postdiagnosis. No baseline vasculitis characteristics distinguished patients who achieved/maintained SROT from those who experienced disease relapse and/or those who continued to receive GCs or immunosuppressant therapy, but patients with SROT had received more intensive induction therapy and rituximab as maintenance therapy more frequently.
Separation in genetic pathogenesis of mutations in FBN1‐TB5 region between autosomal dominant acromelic dysplasia and Marfan syndrome
Authors: Sun Chengjun , Xu Dandan , Pei Zhou , Yang Lin , Qiao Zhongwei , Lu Wei , Luo Feihong , Qiu Zhengqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMutations in the transforming growth factor β‐binding protein‐like domain 5 (TB5) region of FBN1 can lead to autosomal acromelic dysplasia and Marfan syndrome, which are two diseases with apparently opposite phenotypes. We identified six patients with acromelic dysplasia carrying either the previously reported mutations c.5284G > A (p.Gly1762Ser) and c.5096A > G (p.Tyr1699Cys) or the novel mutation c.5260G > A (p.Gly1754Ser). A systematic review of patients with mutations in the FBN1‐TB5 region showed that acromelic dysplasia is caused only by in‐frame amino acid substitutions. In contrast, truncating mutations in the FBN1‐TB5 have been reported only in Marfan syndrome. Acromelic dysplasia subtypes that share symptoms with Marfan syndrome are associated with FBN1‐TB5 disulfide disruptions, which are also commonly found in Marfan syndrome. These results suggest that the type and location of mutations in the FBN1‐TB5 region determine the clinical spectrum of fibrillinopathy.
Domesticating a food spoilage yeast into an organic acid‐tolerant metabolic engineering host: Lactic acid production by engineered Zygosaccharomyces bailii
Authors: Kuanyshev Nurzhan , Rao Christopher V. , Dien Bruce , Jin Yong‐Su 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLactic acid represents an important class of commodity chemicals, which can be produced by microbial cell factories. However, due to the toxicity of lactic acid at lower pH, microbial production requires the usage of neutralizing agents to maintain neutral pH. Zygosaccharomyces bailii, a food spoilage yeast, can grow under the presence of organic acids used as food preservatives. This unique trait of the yeast might be useful for producing lactic acid. With the goal of domesticating the organic acid‐tolerant yeast as a metabolic engineering host, seven Z. bailii strains were screened in a minimal medium with 10 g/L of acetic, or 60 g/L of lactic acid at pH 3. The Z. bailii NRRL Y7239 strain was selected as the most robust strain to be engineered for lactic acid production. By applying a PAN‐ARS‐based CRISPR‐Cas9 system consisting of a transfer RNA promoter and NAT selection, we demonstrated the targeted deletion of ADE2 and site‐specific integration of Rhizopus oryzae ldhA coding for lactate dehydrogenase into the PDC1 locus. The resulting pdc1::ldhA strain produced 35 g/L of lactic acid without ethanol production. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the CRISPR‐Cas9 system in Z. bailii, which can be applied for a fundamental study of the species.
Unpacking teachers’ concerns about CT‐based pedagogy: The case of software education in Korea
Authors: Kim Dongsim , So Hyo‐Jeong , Ryoo DaHyeon 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe adopt the concerns‐based adoption model as an analytical lens to explore how Korean teachers perceive the mandated changes brought about by the policy to teach software (SW) education. The research questions are (a) How can teachers be grouped according to their perceived SW knowledge/skills and pedagogical beliefs? (b) What are the overall trends in teachers' stages of concern about SW education? and (c) How are the stages of concern about SW education distributed according to the different teacher types? The participants were 207 teachers who completed the online survey. Data were collected about their perceived SW knowledge/skills, pedagogical beliefs, and the seven stages of concern related to SW education. First, K‐means clustering was performed to categorize teachers into four types based on their SW knowledge/skills and pedagogical beliefs. Overall, our findings indicate that 40% of the participants belonged to Type I, who have high SW knowledge/skills and pedagogical beliefs. Second, the concerns profile in Type I showed an M pattern in which they hold both self and impact concerns. Types II–IV showed a similar trend, such that the trends peak at Stage 0 (Awareness) and the intense concerns at the self‐level (Stage 1, Informational and Stage 2, Personal). All types demonstrated a tailing up phenomenon at Stage 6 (Refocusing). This study has implications for the design of concern‐based interventions and makes suggestions to enable teachers to move toward more advanced levels to adopt computational thinking‐based pedagogy in SW education.