bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio is superior to apolipoprotein B alone in the diagnosis of coronary artery calcification
Authors: Chang Tsui-Yen , Chen Jong-Dar 
Published: December 2020

Objective
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is closely associated with adverse coronary artery events and mortality. Measuring the extent of CAC can lead to the early diagnosis of coronary artery atherosclerosis. In this study, we determined the association between the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) ratio, ApoB, and CAC and compared the usefulness of the LDL-C/ApoB ratio and ApoB for diagnosing CAC.

Methods
A total of 10 357 subjects who underwent self-paid health checkups from July 2006 to May 2016 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The extension of CAC was assessed using a coronary artery calcium score with electron-beam computed tomography. Subjects who had an Agatston calcium score >0 were defined as having CAC, whereas those with a score ≥400 were defined as having severe CAC. Low LDL-C/ApoB ratios were used to represent the predominance of small, dense LDL-C.

Results
The prevalence of subjects with coronary calcification increased with the quartile values of ApoB levels and low quartile values of LDL-C/ApoB ratios. The odds ratios for CAC and severe CAC were 2.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2–3.9] and 4.4 (95% CI, 3.3–5.9) among the highest quartile of ApoB compared with the lowest quartile, and 9.5 (95% CI, 8.3–10.9) and 103.0 (95% CI, 56.9–187.8) among the lowest quartile of LDL-C/ApoB ratios compared with the highest quartile. The areas under the curve of ApoB and LDL-C/ApoB ratio for the diagnosis of CAC and severe CAC were 0.591 versus 0.679 and 0.618 versus 0.787, respectively. The LCL-C/ApoB ratio was superior to ApoB in terms of diagnosing subjects with CAC and severe CAC.

Conclusion
The LDL-C/ApoB ratio is a superior indicator to ApoB in the diagnosis of subjects with CAC, it can be conveniently used to improve the diagnostic ability of ApoB for CAC.
Prioritizing nutrition during recovery from critical illness
Authors: Nienow Morgan K. , Susterich Courtney E. , Peterson Sarah J. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) often experience a significant decline in nutritional status due to a combination of the physiologic response to critical illness and insufficient calorie intake. The majority of research related to nutrition interventions for this population focuses on nutrition support during the acute phase. Minimal attention is given to the nutritional status of ICU patients during the recovery phase. This review will describe calorie intake when ICU care ends, provide an overview of barriers that limit intake, and possible interventions to improve nutritional status.

Recent findings
Current evidence suggests patients are consuming < 60% of calorie requirements after extubation and ICU discharge. This inadequate calorie intake may exacerbate weight loss and muscle and fat wasting. Physiologic, physical, and cognitive manifestations of critical illness can lead to multiple issues that cause poor intake. Possible interventions to improve calorie intake include a patient-centered approach that utilizes oral nutrition supplements and enteral nutrition.

Summary
Consuming adequate caloric intake in the recovery phase of critical illness is essential for rehabilitation. A systematic, patient centered approach that includes close monitoring of calorie and protein and timely interventions may be the best method to improve overall intake.
Ghrelin-cell physiology and role in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Sakata Ichiro , Takemi Shota 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Ghrelin was discovered in 1999; extensive research and clinical studies on ghrelin have been published in the last 20 years. Physiological research on ghrelin ranges from its appetite-stimulating effects to its association with energy homeostasis. The physiological effects of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract and its relevance in the pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract have gradually become clearer. The purpose of the review is to provide current information on ghrelin cell biology and physiology, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract.

Recent findings
Ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach are characterized as X/A-like cells, but immunohistochemical analyses have revealed co-expression of several secreted proteins and hormones in ghrelin-producing cells such as nesfatin-1, somatostatin, and pancreastatin. Furthermore, the local physiological roles and/or mechanisms of ghrelin in gastrointestinal functions such as gastric motility and inflammation are discussed.

Summary
Ghrelin is a brain–gut hormone with a wide range of physiological actions; hence, it is important to understand its effects on the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract to elucidate the biological significance of ghrelin.
Neurological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Khan Alizay R. , Farooqui Muhammad O. , Jatoi Nadia N. , Jawaid Samreen , Mahdi Danial , Khosa Faisal 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started as an outbreak in China and soon crossed borders to affect the populations in all countries of the world. During the initial course of the disease, COVID-19 was perceived as a pneumonia-like illness. However, recent findings of COVID-19 patients suggest that the virus has the potential to disseminate to different tissues and organs, and cause significant complications.

Summary:
Neurological symptoms are of great significance as these usually present in and complicate critical cases. Many case reports and case series have documented the findings of neurological complications in COVID-19 patients. From the existing data, the most frequent symptoms in these patients were broadly classified into the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system, and skeletal muscular symptoms. CNS symptoms include meningitis, encephalitis, cerebrovascular complications, peripheral nervous system symptoms include anosmia, ageusia, and skeletal muscular symptoms include myalgias. It is postulated that the cause may be direct CNS injury through blood and neuronal pathways or indirectly because of an immune-mediated response, hypoxia caused by decreased oxygen saturation, or by the binding of subacute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 to the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors. Striking radiologic findings in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms have also emerged.

Conclusions:
As subacute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 may potentially have lethal implications on the nervous system, it is important that neurologists are better informed about the spectrum of clinical manifestations, radiologic findings, and likely mechanisms of injury. Understanding the symptoms and radiologic imaging allows clinicians to consider brain imaging in any patient with suspected COVID-19 and neurological symptoms.
Genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2 can be accelerated by mutations in the nsp14 gene
Authors: Takada Kosuke , Ueda Mahoko Takahashi , Shichinohe Shintaro , Kida Yurie , Ono Chikako , Matsuura Yoshiharu , Watanabe Tokiko , Nakagawa So 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTCoronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), encode a proofreading exonuclease, nonstructural protein 14 (nsp14), that helps ensure replication competence at a low evolutionary rate compared with other RNA viruses. In the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has accumulated diverse genomic mutations including in nsp14. Here, to clarify whether amino acid substitutions in nsp14 affect the genomic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, we searched for amino acid substitutions in nature that may interfere with nsp14 function. We found that viruses carrying a proline-to-leucine change at position 203 (P203L) have a high evolutionary rate and that a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 virus with the P203L mutation acquired more diverse genomic mutations than wild-type virus during its replication in hamsters. Our findings suggest that substitutions, such as P203L, in nsp14 may accelerate the genomic diversity of SARS-CoV-2, contributing to virus evolution during the pandemic.
Criticality Creates a Functional Platform for Network Transitions between Internal and External Processing Modes in the Human Brain
Authors: Kim Minkyung , Kim Hyoungkyu , Huang Zirui , Mashour George A. , Jordan Denis , Ilg Rüdiger , Lee UnCheol 
Published: December 2020

AbstractContinuous switching between internal and external modes in the brain is a key process of constructing inner models of the outside world. However, how the brain continuously switches between two modes remains elusive. Here, we propose that a large synchronization fluctuation of the brain network emerging only near criticality (i.e., a balanced state between order and disorder) spontaneously creates temporal windows with distinct preferences for integrating internal information of the network and external stimuli. Using a computational model and empirical data analysis during alterations of consciousness in human, we present that synchronized and incoherent networks respectively bias toward internal and external information with specific network configurations. The network preferences are the most prominent in conscious states; however, they disrupt in altered states of consciousness. We suggest that criticality produces a functional platform of the brain’s capability for continuous switching between two modes, which is crucial for the emergence of consciousness.
Asymbiotic mass production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusRhizophagus clarus
Authors: Tanaka Sachiko , Hashimoto Kayo , Kobayashi Yuuki , Yano Koji , Maeda Taro , Kameoka Hiromu , Ezawa Tatsuhiro , Saito Katsuharu , Akiyama Kohki , Kawaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutually beneficial interaction between fungi and land plants and promotes global phosphate cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. AM fungi are recognised as obligate symbionts that require root colonisation to complete a life cycle involving the production of propagules, asexual spores. Recently it has been shown thatRhizophagus irregulariscan produce infection-competent secondary spores asymbiotically by adding a fatty acid, palmitoleic acid. Further, asymbiotic growth can be supported using myristate as a carbon and energy source for their asymbiotic growth to increase fungal biomass. However, spore production and the ability of these spores to colonise host roots were still limited compared to co-culture of the fungus with plant roots. Here we show that a combination of two plant hormones, strigolactone and methyl jasmonate, induces production of a large number of infection-competent spores in asymbiotic cultures ofRhizophagus clarusHR1 in the presence of myristate and organic nitrogen. Inoculation of asymbiotically-generated spores promoted the growth of Welsh onions, as observed for spores produced by symbiotic culture system. Our findings provide a foundation for elucidation of hormonal control of the fungal life cycle and development of new inoculum production schemes.
How to avoid common mistakes in experimental research?
Authors: Mattila Anna S. , Luo Anqi , Xue Xunyue , Ye Tian 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to discuss some common pitfalls in experimental research in the field of hospitality and tourism. It aims to offer recommendations on how to avoid such problems to enhance theory development.

Findings
This paper highlights some common pitfalls in hospitality research regarding manipulations, samples and data analyses. The challenges imposed by the global pandemic are also discussed.

Research limitations/implications
Researchers in hospitality are recommended to refine their experimental designs, to recruit appropriate and sufficient samples and to avoid the abuse of “researcher degrees of freedom” in data analysis.

Originality/value
This is the first study to review common mistakes in experimental research in hospitality research and to recommend some remedies. The findings of this study can contribute to stronger theory development.
Parameters determining the quality of corrosion damage, induced by impressed current density technique, on steel reinforcement
Authors: Apostolopoulos Charis , Drakakaki Argyro , Katsaounis Alexandros , Bardi Maria , Koulouris Konstantinos Faidon 
Published: December 2020

PurposeIn the present study, an effort has been made to estimate the effect of significant parameters on the vulnerability of steel reinforcement to corrosion, using both impressed current density technique and Tafel extrapolation method.Design/methodology/approachFive sets of tests were performed. Corrosion vulnerability of various diameters, temperature and pH effect on the corrosion process, potential corrosion tendency after a precorrosion period and declination from the theoretical damage prediction model are some of the parameters examinedFindingsThe results of the tests provide useful information on the main parameters, determining the quality of the corrosion damage.Originality/valueThe originality of the present study is the fact that an effort has been made to estimate the effect of significant parameters on the vulnerability of steel reinforcement to corrosion, using both impressed current density technique and Tafel extrapolation method. Interesting conclusions emerged.
Emerging managerial risks from the application of building information modelling
Authors: Almarri Khalid , Aljarman Moshabab , Boussabaine Halim 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
Building information modelling (BIM) technology adoption is growing rapidly because of its perceived benefits. The purpose of this paper is to assess the perceptions of the users of BIM regarding the likelihood of managerial risks emergence that might influence the successful application of BIM, to facilitate the successful implementation of BIM in the construction industry.

Design/methodology/approach
Emerging managerial BIM risks were extracted from the literature. The primary data were collected via a questionnaire survey. The analysis of the results was driven by univariate and inferential statistics (analysis of variance ) to assess the emergence of managerial risks.

Findings
The study confirmed the nine most likely managerial risks that might emerge from BIM adoption, which are lack of understanding of the expectations from BIM modelling, lack of experienced and skilled personnel, lack of clarity on integration of BIM with the current business practice, conflict because of dissimilar expectations from BIM, lack of collaborative work processes and standards, lack of understanding of BIM processes, lack of understanding modelling behaviours, lack of expertise within the project team, lack of expertise within the organizations and lack of criteria for BIM project implementation.

Research limitations/implications
The results will intensify the discussion about BIM risks, risk allocation and other aspects that are related to BIM methodology. The compiled list of managerial risks will help stakeholders in assessing financial implications that may result from BIM application. The list of risks could be used in pricing consultancy and construction services. More importantly, the list might be useful in developing an international standard for BIM risk management. The results showed that BIM success depends on the close collaboration, at the outset of the project, with contractors, consultants, designers and client.

Originality/value
Important managerial risks have been identified in the adoption of BIM. It renders a new understanding of the risks that might influence the successful application of BIM.
Challenges in disaster relief operations: evidence from the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake
Authors: Maghsoudi Amin , Moshtari Mohammad 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThis paper identifies the challenges during a recent disaster relief operation in a developing country where the humanitarian response is dominated by national actors, with international actors having a minor role.Design/methodology/approachA case study design is used; the main data sources are semi-structured interviews with 43 informants involved in the 2017 Kermanshah earthquake relief operation.FindingsThe findings suggest that humanitarian practitioners deal with multiple challenges during disaster relief operations. One group of challenges relates to humanitarian logistics (HL) like needs assessment, procurement, warehousing, transportation and distribution, all widely discussed in the literature. Another involves the growing use of social media, legitimacy regulations and the engagement of new humanitarian actors (HAs) like social media activists and celebrities. These factors have not been extensively studied in the literature; given their growing influence, they require more scholarly attention.Practical implicationsThe findings will help humanitarian practitioners and policymakers better understand the challenges involved in disaster relief operations conducted by multiple actors and thus help them improve their practices, including the creation of proper regulations, policies and logistics strategies.Originality/valueThe study uses primary data on a recent disaster to assess and extend the findings of previous studies regarding HL challenges. It also elaborates on the critical non-logistical challenges that influence aid delivery in emergency responses, including the growth of social media, regulations and the engagement of new HAs. The results may motivate future empirical and modelling studies to investigate the identified challenges and identify practices to mitigate them.
Enhancement of luminous flux of InGaAlP-based low-power SMD LEDs using substrates with different thermal resistances
Authors: Raypah Muna Ezzi , Mahmud Shahrom , Devarajan Mutharasu , AlShammari Anoud 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
Optimization of light-emitting diodes’ (LEDs’) design together with long-term reliability is directly correlated with their photometric, electric and thermal characteristics. For a given thermal layout of the LED system, the maximum luminous flux occurs at an optimal electrical input power and can be determined using a photo-electro-thermal (PET) theory. The purpose of this study is to extend the application of the luminous flux equation in PET theory for low-power (LP) LEDs.

Design/methodology/approach
LP surface-mounted device LEDs were mounted on substrates of different thermal resistances. Three LEDs were attached to substrates which were flame-retardant fiberglass epoxy (FR4) and two aluminum-based metal core printed circuit boards (MCPCBs) with thermal conductivities of about 1.0 W/m.K, 2.0 W/m.K and 5.0 W/m.K, respectively. The conjunction of thermal transient tester and thermal and radiometric characterization of LEDs system was used to measure the thermal and optical parameters of the LEDs at a certain range of input current and temperature.

Findings
The validation of the extended application of the luminous flux equation was confirmed via a good agreement between the practical and theoretical results. The outcomes show that the optimum luminous flux is 25.51, 31.91 and 37.01 lm for the LEDs on the FR4 and the two MCPCBs, respectively. Accordingly, the stipulated maximum electrical input power in the LED datasheet (0.185 W) is shifted to 0.6284, 0.6963 and 0.8838 W between the three substrates.

Originality/value
Using a large number of LP LEDs is preferred than high-power (HP) LEDs for the same system power to augment the heat transfer and provide a higher luminous flux. The PET theory equations have been applied to HP LEDs using heatsinks with various thermal resistances. In this work, the PET theory luminous flux equation was extended to be used for Indium Gallium Aluminum Phosphide LP LEDs attached to the substrates with dissimilar thermal resistances.
Useful lifetime estimation of solder joints in power semiconductors employed in current source and voltage source inverters
Authors: Zou Hao , Xie Fang , Du Bo , Kavithaa G. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to find the optimum inverter type as the solder joint reliability point of view.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, finite element model(ing) simulations supported with power cycling aging experiments were used to demonstrate the best inverter type as the solder joint reliability point of view.

Findings
It was found that inverter types highly affect the solder joint health during its nominal operating.

Originality/value
The authors confirm the originality of this paper.
Overstorey composition shapes across‐trophic level community relationships in deciduous forest regardless of fragmentation context
Authors: Perring Michael P. , Hertzog Lionel R. , De Groote Stefanie R. E. , Dekeukeleire Daan , Dekoninck Wouter , De Smedt Pallieter , Proesmans Willem , Sercu Bram K. , Sleeuwaert Thiebe , Van Keer Johan , van Schrojenstein Lantman Irene M. , Vantieghem Pieter , Baeten Lander , Bonte Dries , Martel An , Verheyen Kris , Lens Luc 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Communities across trophic levels, and the functional roles they play, are vital for the sustained provision of ecosystem services. In forest systems, diversification of overstorey composition has been shown to be a key driver of biodiversity, but its influence on across‐trophic level relationships remains scarcely known. Species across trophic levels in varied overstorey compositions are also differentially susceptible to fragmentation context. We hypothesise that fragmentation will disrupt community relationships associated with particular overstorey compositions.

We test this hypothesis using a tree diversity research platform across 53 deciduous woodland plots in central Belgium. We estimate species’ abundances within nine, generally taxonomic, community groups across trophic levels: understorey vegetation; leaf miners and gall formers; woodlice, millipedes; carabid beetles, harvestmen, spiders, birds, bats. We use multiple co‐inertia analyses to examine how taxonomic and trophic role community matrices covary across gradients of overstorey composition, via three different tree species diversification pathways, and fragmentation.

For all trophic role groups, across all plots, there was at least one significant pairwise comparison. Apart from comparisons involving bats, there was at least one significant pairwise correlation between taxonomic groups too. These results indicate correlated community matrices across trophic levels. Overstorey composition related to community tightness, that is, the level of co‐ordinated change among taxonomic and/or trophic role groups as revealed by multiple co‐inertia analyses. Notably, diversifying woodlands of beech Fagus sylvatica or red oak Quercus rubra with pedunculate oak Quercus robur correlated with increased taxonomic community tightness. Diversifying pedunculate oak forest stands with other overstorey species related to unchanged community tightness. Evidence was lacking for fragmentation affecting community tightness, singly or by interacting with overstorey composition.

Synthesis. Overall, changing tree species composition and fragmentation level affected across‐trophic level community relationships differently. Yet, we demonstrated a clear signal that diversifying monoculture stands with particular species correlated with greater community tightness, and co‐ordinated change among sets of community groups, across trophic levels and regardless of fragmentation context. We postulate that having tighter community relationships suggests that measures to improve biodiversity at one trophic level (i.e. trees) could affect other groups, and their associated roles, in a co‐ordinated manner.