bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forms of participation in an engineering maker‐based inquiry in physics
Authors: Kapon Shulamit , Schvartzer Maayan , Peer Tal 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article discusses a case study of a pair of students mentored by a physics teacher as they engaged in a long‐term (15 months) engineering maker‐based inquiry (EMBI), a mandatory part of these students' formal learning of physics at the advanced high school level. We conceptualize the students' engagement as participating in a particular figured world, which is distinct from the figured world of authentic scientific inquiry. Using fine‐grained discourse analysis of mentor–mentee interactions in authentic working sessions, complemented by interviews and other ethnographic accounts, we: (a) characterize this figured world; (b) identify central legitimate forms of participation that were enacted by the students and influenced their learning; (c) articulate how these forms of participation were socially communicated, constructed, and enforced over time in the interaction between the two students and the educational staff; and (d) examine how these forms of participation facilitated (or impaired) the learning of content and practices of the related physics. Two legitimate forms of participation, which contributed extensively to the EMBI's goal of creating a working artifact, are discussed in detail. The analysis articulates the social construction of these forms of participation and shows that (a) participating as an engineer facilitated many foundational aspects of learning of physics, (b) participating as a technician fostered a sense of agency and efficacy with regard to physics in a student who did not find ways to express himself in the regular physics classroom; however, it did not facilitate the learning of scientific content and practices. The implications for the instruction of physics in school, particularly given recent calls for integrated STEM education and Making in education, are discussed.
ECMWF Subseasonal to Seasonal Precipitation Forecast for Use as a Climate Adaptation Tool Over Nigeria
Authors: Akeh Ugbah Paul , Woolnough Steve , Olaniyan Olumide 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFarmers in most parts of Africa and Asia still practice subsistence farming which relies minly on seasonal rainfall for Agricultural production. A timely and accurate prediction of the rainfall onset, cessation, expected rainfall amount, and its intra-seasonal variability is very likely to reduce losses and risk of extreme weather as well as maximize agricultural output to ensure food security.Based on this, a study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) numerical Weather Prediction Model and its Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) precipitation forecast to ascertain its usefulness as a climate change adaptation tool over Nigeria. Observed daily and monthly CHIRPS reanalysis precipitation amount and the ECMWF subseasonal weekly precipitation forecast data for the period 1995–2015 was used. The forecast and observed precipitation were analyzed from May to September while El Nino and La Nina years were identified using the Oceanic Nino Index. Skill of the forecast was determined from standard metrics: Bias, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Anomaly Correlation Coefficient (ACC).The Bias, RMSE, and ACC scores reveal that the ECMWF model is capable of predicting precipitation over Southern Nigeria, with the best skill at one week lead time and poorest skills at lead time of 4 weeks. Results also show that the model is more reliable during El Nino years than La-Nina. However, some improvement in the model by ECMWF can give better results and make this tool a more dependable tool for disaster risk preparedness, reduction and prevention of possible damages and losses from extreme rainfall during the wet season, thus enhancing climate change adaptation.
Introduction
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Julie A. , Rosen Lisa , Strzykala Jenna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis book is based on a conference held at the University of Cologne in 2018 titled—as is this volume—“Inclusion, Education, and Translanguaging: How to Promote Social Justice in (Teacher) Education?”. The initial idea for this conference came about when we visited Ofelia García in New York in the fall of 2017 and were able to observe and experience translanguaging live—in a mathematics lesson at a bilingual primary school in Queens—during a research visit. This was a special event for us because we had by then been dealing with the concept for years and were constantly confronted with the standard question of how translanguaging can be put into practice in the context of teacher education, congresses and conferences.
Reflecting Lingualities and Positionalities for a Changing Education System
Authors: Knappik Magdalena , Peschel Corinna , Hägi-Mead Sara , Ayten Aslı Can , Atanasoska Tatjana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo improve teacher education for multilingual and often minoritized classrooms, we aim to find out more about future teachers’ understandings of multilingualism. Using a biographical professionalization research approach, we investigate the interactions of students’ biographical and academic knowledge in autobiographical texts, focusing on two minoritized students. Their texts allow to reconstruct biographical knowledge of family language policies, Heritage Language Instruction and translingual lifeworlds. They also show the students’ knowledge of language ideologies that devalue multilingualism.
Singularity, Complexities and Contradictions: A Commentary about Translanguaging, Social Justice, and Education
Authors: García Ofelia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis book, edited by Panagiotopoulou, Rosen and Strzykala, reminds us of the contradictions involved in enacting translanguaging pedagogical practices in schools. On the one hand, all the chapters describe a singular vision of the potential of translanguaging to enact a more inclusive and socially just education for language minoritized students and to disrupt what Panagiotopoulou and Rosen (Language and Education 32:394–409, 2018) have called a “monoglossic hegemony”. On the other hand, all the articles also point to the complexities in actually carrying out translanguaging pedagogical practices, and its relationship to the sociopolitical context in which they are carried out. In fact, in some contexts, and without proper familiarization with translanguaging theory and a social translanguaging stance, pedagogical practices that have been associated with translanguaging can actually acerbate the silence of language minoritized communities.
Translanguaging and Early Childhood Education in the USA: Insights from the CUNY-NYSIEB Project
Authors: Seltzer Kate , Ascenzi-Moreno Laura , Aponte Gladys Y. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter offers insights into the education of young children—what is referred to in the United States as early childhood education—who come from homes where languages other than English are spoken. Drawing on recent critiques of early childhood education in the U.S., this chapter provides classroom-based examples of how teachers can leverage young children’s translanguaging and cultural knowledge in their education. Overall, the chapter demonstrates both the possibilities and challenges of adopting a translanguaging pedagogy (García et al., The Translanguaging classroom. Leveraging student bilingualism for learning, Caslon, Philadelphia, 2017) in early childhood classrooms in the United States.
Translanguaging in Multilingual Pre-Primary Classrooms in La Réunion: Reflecting on Inclusion and Social Justice in a French Postcolonial Context
Authors: Prax-Dubois Pascale , Hélot Christine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the strategies and ideologies of two teachers who, each in their own way, try to mobilize the languages of young plurilingual learners (aged 3–4 and 5–6) in a pre-school situated in a marginalized area in La Reunion, a French island in the Indian Ocean and central hub of migration for families from neighbouring islands. We argue that translanguaging crossed with subaltern studies can be a powerful approach to deconstruct othering processes. Following this analysis, we propose a model for teacher education that includes three main objectives to rethink inclusion and social justice in a French post-colonial context.
Bilingualism Versus Translanguaging in a Swiss Day-Care Center: A Space Analysis of Language Practices and Their Janus-Faced Effects on Social Inequalities and Educational Opportunities
Authors: Kuhn Melanie , Neumann Sascha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBased on an ethnographic study of institutional language policies in bilingual Swiss day-care centers (French/German), we discuss implications these policies have in terms of balancing or even intensifying educational inequalities. Referring to a space analytical approach, we investigate to what extent language practices are regulated in relation to imaginations of the social order of languages in the social space surrounding the institution. In terms of social justice, our findings raise the question whether bilingualism is more likely to push back translanguaging rather than support it.
Translanguaging, (In)Security and Social Justice Education
Authors: Charalambous Constadina , Charalambous Panayiota , Zembylas Michalinos , Theodorou Eleni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter draws on two ethnographic studies in Greek-Cypriot schools, focusing on immigrant children with Turkish as L1, a language that has been stigmatized by a history of conflict both in the Greek-Cypriot context and in many of the children’s own communities and historical trajectories. Analysing children’s silences and self-censoring of their Turkish-speakerness, it examines how language ideologies and discourses of (in)security and conflict may pose serious obstacles for enacting translanguaging as a socially just pedagogy.
The 10-year trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Germany
Authors: Grimmsmann Thomas , Himmel Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to analyse whether the global trend in drug prescriptions for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), as observed during the last years and often criticized as medicalization, have remained stable or shifted.

Methods
This observational study was based on a secondary analysis of data from a large German database including patients with an ADHD diagnosis between 2008 and 2018. Prescription data comprised all important ADHD drugs.

Results
A total of 620 practices delivered data from a total of 77,504 patients (31% of them females) with a diagnosis of AHDH. Nearly 38% (29,396/77,504) of all patients received, at least, one prescription for an ADHS medicine between 2008 and 2018. The number of patients receiving a drug steadily increased annually until 2012 and then slowly fell, but unevenly distributed across the age groups. While the number of younger patients ( ≤ 16 years) receiving a prescription fell by 24% and the defined daily doses (DDDs) remained stable, the number of patients between 17 and 24 years receiving a prescription increased by 113% and the DDDs by 150%. Respectively, the number of older adults (≥ 25 years) with a prescription increased by 355% and the DDDs by 515%. Nearly one-third of older adults received an ADHD medicine only once.

Conclusion
The ever-increasing prescription of ADHD medicines stopped some years ago for children. ADHS and its pharmacological management are increasingly observed among older adolescents and adults, with a different pattern of drug persistence compared with children.
Future evolution of the Sahel precipitation zonal contrast in CESM1
Authors: Monerie Paul-Arthur , Sanchez-Gomez Emilia , Gaetani Marco , Mohino Elsa , Dong Buwen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe main focus of this study is the zonal contrast of the Sahel precipitation shown in the CMIP5 climate projections: precipitation decreases over the western Sahel (i.e., Senegal and western Mali) and increases over the central Sahel (i.e., eastern Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger). This zonal contrast in future precipitation change is a robust model response to climate change but suffers from a lack of an explanation. To this aim, we study the impact of current and future climate change on Sahel precipitation by using the Large Ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1). In CESM1, global warming leads to a strengthening of the zonal contrast, as shown by the difference between the 2060–2099 period (under a high emission scenario) and the 1960–1999 period (under the historical forcing). The zonal contrast is associated with dynamic shifts in the atmospheric circulation. We show that, in absence of a forced response, that is, when only accounting for internal climate variability, the zonal contrast is associated with the Pacific and the tropical Atlantic oceans variability. However, future patterns in sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are not necessary to explaining the projected strengthening of the zonal contrast. The mechanisms underlying the simulated changes are elucidated by analysing a set of CMIP5 idealised simulations. We show the increase in precipitation over the central Sahel to be mostly associated with the surface warming over northern Africa, which favour the displacement of the monsoon cell northwards. Over the western Sahel, the decrease in Sahel precipitation is associated with a southward shift of the monsoon circulation, and is mostly due to the warming of the SST. These two mechanisms allow explaining the zonal contrast in precipitation change.
Behaviorismus und erneuerbare Energien – Anlagenbetreiber als Schlüssel für eine konfliktarme und inklusive Energiewende
Authors: Schwarz Lucas , Bosch Stephan 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Energiewende stellt eine grundlegende Transformation in der Erzeugungs- und Verteilstruktur des deutschen Energiesystems dar. Durch verschiedene Fördermechanismen wie das EEG konnten neue, semiprofessionelle Anlagenbetreiber in den Energiemarkt eintreten. Standortentscheidungen wurden entprofessionalisiert und die Bedeutung von behavioristischen Standortfaktoren, wie z. B. das soziale Umfeld, die Sicherung der eigenen Lebensgrundlage oder die persönliche Konstitution gewannen an Bedeutung. Dieser Wandel stellt das Voranschreiten der Energiewende vor neue Herausforderungen. Da bisher wenig Kenntnis über das Handeln und die Faktoren, die zu einer Standortentscheidung bei neuen Anlagenbetreibern führen, besteht, ist es das Ziel dieser Studie, Anlagenbetreiber von erneuerbaren Energien nach deren Standortverhalten zu klassifizieren. Dazu wurden mithilfe eines standardisierten Fragebogens Anlagenbetreiber in den Planungsregionen Augsburg (Bayern) und Lausitz-Spreewald (Brandenburg) befragt. In der nachfolgenden Clusteranalyse wurden 4 raumrelevante Betreibergruppen klassifiziert: Überregionale, Regionale, Kommunale und Kleinbäuerliche Betreiber. Diese Gruppen unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihres raumrelevanten Standort- und Betriebsverhaltens und weisen daher unterschiedliche Eignungen für Räume mit unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften auf. Um diese Eignung räumlich sichtbar zu machen, wurde abschließend eine GIS-Analyse durchgeführt, um am Beispiel der Planungsregion Augsburg aufzuzeigen, welche Betreibergruppe an welchem Standort am geeignetsten ist. In Augsburg können somit die Kommunalen Betreiber aufgrund ihrer hohen Ortskenntnis und starken lokalen Eingebundenheit an vielen Standorten raumverträglich Energieanlagen errichten. Der vorliegende Ansatz bietet somit das Potenzial, den Ausbau der Energiewende raum- und sozialverträglich zu gestalten.
From Exploratory Tunnel to Base Tunnel: Hard Rock TBM Performance Prediction by Means of a Stochastic Approach
Authors: Rispoli Andrea , Ferrero Anna Maria , Cardu Marilena 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTunnel boring machine (TBM) performance prediction is often a critical issue in the early stage of a tunnelling project, mainly due to the unpredictable nature of some important factors affecting the machine performance. In this regard, deterministic approaches are normally employed, providing results in terms of average values expected for the TBM performance. Stochastic approaches would offer improvement over deterministic methods, taking into account the parameter variability; however, their use is limited, since the level of information required is often not available. In this study, the data provided by the excavation of the Maddalena exploratory tunnel were used to predict the net and overall TBM performance for a 2.96 km section of the Mont Cenis base tunnel by using a stochastic approach. The preliminary design of the TBM cutterhead was carried out. A prediction model based on field penetration index, machine operating level and utilization factor was adopted. The variability of the parameters involved was analysed. A procedure to take into account the correlation between the input variables was described. The probability of occurrence of the outcomes was evaluated, and the total excavation time expected for the tunnel section analysed was calculated.
Short-term decisions in lake restoration have long-term consequences for water quality
Authors: Martin Romina , Radosavljevic Sonja , Schlüter Maja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEcological regime shifts from clear to turbid water states in shallow temperate lakes are quite well-investigated phenomena but critical time lags from human interaction with the lake and restoration activities are much less understood. This is a complex challenge for institutions who manage lakes but are usually less familiar with non-linear dynamics, slow and fast influences on water quality and how to manage those from a social-ecological perspective. We extend a well-known minimal model of shallow lake regime shifts to enable simulations over time with short- and long-term management measures (nutrient reduction, trawling, planting of aquatic vegetation). While we explore the mathematical conditions for ecological bistability, we also identify the necessary and sufficient extent of measures to restore the clear water state. Restoration scenarios evaluated by trajectories in the state space demonstrate the increased effectiveness from combined measures even when considering countereffective activities such as pike fishing. But, single measures alone may delay or even miss the overall restoration target. Our analysis demonstrates the importance of understanding transient dynamics where stable state analyses alone remain elusive about alternative ways to interact with bistability. We conclude that successful management of bistable systems, and particularly shallow temperate lakes, needs careful balancing between short-term improvements and long-term influence on the systems state.
The impact of hydrostatic pressure on the result of physiological measurements in various coronary segments
Authors: Üveges Áron , Tar Balázs , Jenei Csaba , Czuriga Dániel , Papp Zoltán , Csanádi Zoltán , Kőszegi Zsolt 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effect of hydrostatic pressure on physiological intracoronary measurements is usually ignored in the daily clinical practice. Our aim was to investigate this effect on Pd/Pa (distal/aortic pressure) and FFR (fractional flow reserve). 41 FFR measurements between 0.7 and 0.9 were selected. The difference in the height of the orifice and that of the sensor was defined in mm on the basis of 3D coronary reconstruction. Resting Pd/Pa and FFR were adjusted by subtracting the hydrostatic pressure gradient from the distal pressure. Height measurements were also performed from 2D lateral projections for each coronary segment (n = 305). In case of the LAD, each segment was located higher (proximal: − 13.69 ± 5.4; mid: − 46.13 ± 6.1; distal: − 56.80 ± 7.7 mm), whereas for the CX, each segment was lower (proximal: 14.98 ± 8.3; distal: 28.04 ± 6.3 mm) compared to the orifice. In case of the RCA, the distances from the orifice were much less (proximal: − 6.39 ± 2.9; mid: − 6.86 ± 7.0; distal: 17.95 ± 6.6 mm). The effect of these distances on pressure ratios at 100 Hgmm aortic pressure was between − 0.044 and 0.023. The correction for height differences changed the interpretation of the measurement (negative/positive result) in 5 (12%) and 11 (27%) cases for the FFR (cut-off value at 0.80) and the resting Pd/Pa (cut-off value at 0.92), respectively. The clinical implementation of hydrostatic pressure calculation should be considered during intracoronary pressure measurements. A correction for this parameter may become crucial in case of a borderline significant coronary artery stenosis, especially in distal coronary artery segments.
Moral Suasion and the Private Provision of Public Goods: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bos Björn , Drupp Moritz A. , Meya Jasper N. , Quaas Martin F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe study how moral suasion that appeals to two major ethical theories, Consequentialism and Deontology, affects individual intentions to contribute to a public good. We use the COVID-19 pandemic as an exemplary case where there is a large gap between private and social costs and where moral suasion has been widely used as a policy instrument. Based on a survey experiment with a representative sample of around 3500 Germans at the beginning of the pandemic, we study how moral appeals affect contributions with low and high opportunity costs, hand washing and social distancing, to reduce the infection externality as well as the support for governmental regulation. We find that Deontological moral suasion, appealing to individual moral duty, is effective in increasing planned social distancing and hand-washing, while a Consequentialist appeal only increases planned hand-washing. Both appeals increase support for governmental regulation. Exploring heterogeneous treatment effects reveals that younger respondents are more susceptible to Deontological appeals. Our results highlight the potential of moral appeals to induce intended private contributions to a public good or the reduction of externalities, which can help to overcome collective action problems for a range of environmental issues.
The Relations and Role of Social Competencies and Belonging with Math and Science Interest and Efficacy for Adolescents in Informal STEM Programs
Authors: Hoffman Adam J. , McGuire Luke , Rutland Adam , Hartstone-Rose Adam , Irvin Matthew J. , Winterbottom Mark , Balkwill Frances , Fields Grace E. , Mulvey Kelly Lynn 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAdolescence represents a developmental period of waning academic motivation, particularly in STEM domains. To combat this, better understanding the factors that might foster STEM motivation and interest is of importance. Social factors like social competencies and feelings of belonging become increasingly important in adolescence. The current study investigated structural relations between social competencies, feelings of belonging to an informal STEM learning program, math and science efficacy and interest in a sample of 268 adolescents (Mage = 15.25; 66.8% girls; 42.5% White British or European American, 25.7% South Asian British or Asian American, 15.7% Afro-Caribbean Black British or African American 5.6% Bi-racial, and 3.0% other). Adolescents were recruited from six different informal learning sites (e.g., science museums, zoos, or aquariums) in the United States (n = 147) and the United Kingdom (n = 121). The results revealed positive relations between social competencies and belonging, and between belonging and math and science efficacy and interest. Further, the results also indicated a positive indirect effect of social competencies on efficacy and interest, via belonging. These findings have implications for guiding informal STEM programming in ways that can enhance STEM motivation and interest.