bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GREAT MIGRATION POLITICS
Authors: Grant Keneshia N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Great Migration fundamentally reshaped Northern electorates. Millions of Black voters, who had been unable to vote in the South, became eligible to vote through their resettlement in the North. In many instances, parties and politicians believed that Black voters were the balance of power in elections. This belief led them to change their approaches and make specific appeals to Black voters in an effort to win their support. Although scholars of American politics have revised the dominant narrative about the development of the Democratic Party on issues related to race, they fail to account for the role of Black voters in contributing to the Party’s change. The goal of this work is to describe how the Great Migration influenced Democratic Party interactions with Black voters in presidential elections from 1948–1960. I argue that increasing competition between the Democratic and Republican Parties, coupled with Black migrants’ location in electorally important states, made Black voters an important target of presidential campaign strategy in the post-war era.
Generation of Turbulence in Kelvin‐Helmholtz Vortices at the Earth's Magnetopause: Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations
Authors: Hasegawa H. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Gershman D. J. , Nariyuki Y. , Viñas A. F.‐ , Giles B. L. , Lavraud B. , Russell C. T. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Ergun R. E. , Saito Y. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability (KHI) at Earth's magnetopause and associated turbulence are suggested to play a role in the transport of mass and momentum from the solar wind into Earth's magnetosphere. We investigate electromagnetic turbulence observed in Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices encountered at the dusk flank magnetopause by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions in order to reveal its generation process, mode properties, and role. A comparison with another MMS event at the dayside magnetopause with reconnection but no KHI signatures under a similar IMF condition indicates that while high‐latitude magnetopause reconnection excites a modest level of turbulence in the dayside low‐latitude boundary layer, the KHI further amplifies the turbulence, leading to magnetic energy spectra with a power law index −5/3 at magnetohydrodynamic scales even in its early nonlinear phase. The mode of the electromagnetic turbulence is analyzed with a single‐spacecraft method based on Ampère's law, developed by Bellan (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022827), for estimating wave vectors as a function of spacecraft frame frequency. The results suggest that the turbulence does not consist of propagating normal‐mode waves but is due to interlaced magnetic flux tubes advected by plasma flows in the vortices. The turbulence at sub‐ion scales in the early nonlinear phase of the KHI may not be the cause of the plasma transport across the magnetopause but rather a consequence of three‐dimensional vortex‐induced reconnection, the process that can cause an efficient transport by producing tangled reconnected field lines.
Crustal Composition and Moho Variations of the Central and Eastern United States: Improving Resolution and Geologic Interpretation of EarthScope USArray Seismic Images Using Gravity
Authors: Zhang H. L. , Ravat D. , Lowry A. R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEarthScope's USArray Transportable Array has shortcomings for the purpose of interpreting geologic features of wavelengths less than the Transportable Array station spacing, but these can be overcome by using higher spatial resolution gravity data. In this study, we exploit USArray receiver functions to reduce nonuniqueness in the interpretation of gravity anomalies. We model gravity anomalies from previously derived density variations of sedimentary basins, crustal Vp/Vs variation, Moho variation, and upper mantle density variation derived from body wave imaging informed by surface wave tomography to estimate Vp/Vs. Although average densities and density contrasts for these seismic variations can be derived, the gravity anomalies modeled from them do not explain the entire observed gravity anomaly field in the United States. We use the unmodeled gravity anomalies (residuals) to reconstruct local variations in densities of the crust associated with geologic sources. The approach uses velocity‐density relationships and differs from density computations that assume isostatic compensation. These intracrustal densities identify geologic sources not sampled by and, in some cases, aliased by the USArray station spacing. We show an example of this improvement in the vicinity of the Bloomfield Pluton, north of the bootheel of Missouri, in the central United States.
Ephemeral Ponds: Are They the Dominant Source of Depression‐Focused Groundwater Recharge?
Authors: Bam Edward K. P. , Ireson Andrew M. , van der Kamp Garth , Hendry Jim M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDepression‐focused recharge is a concept proposed to explain groundwater recharge in the prairie regions of North America. Topographic depressions in this hummocky landscape collect blowing snow and snowmelt, and occasional runoff during rainfall events. Wetland ponds that form in these depressions lose water to evaporation and infiltration. Some of this infiltration contributes to groundwater recharge, both to shallow aquifers in the weathered near‐surface, and to underlying confined intertill aquifers. Here we focus on understanding recharge to the confined aquifers, which supply water for farms and rural communities. The isotopic composition of water in these aquifers shows little or no evaporative enrichment and is inconsistent with the average isotopic composition of the ponds. This observation appears to contradict the depression‐focused recharge model. In this field study, we examine the isotopic composition of diverse types of wetland ponds and groundwater at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, Canada. We use hydraulic head data to identify potential recharge and discharge ponds. Water in permanent recharge ponds that do not dry out every year have distinctly different isotopic signatures from the aquifers, suggesting that they cannot be the dominant source of recharge. Water in ephemeral recharge ponds, which are small and dry out quickly, have isotopic signatures identical to those of aquifers. We propose that ephemeral recharge ponds are the dominant source of depression‐focused groundwater recharge in the prairies. We discuss why permanent recharge ponds may not be the main source of groundwater recharge and summarize our findings in a revised conceptual model.
Oral dextrose reduced procedural pain without altering cellular ATP metabolism in preterm neonates: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Angeles Danilyn M. , Boskovic Danilo S. , Tan John C. , Shih Wendy , Hoch Erin , Forde Dorothy , Phillips Raylene M. , Hopper Andrew , Deming Douglas D. , Goldstein Mitchell , Truong Giang , Febre Aprille , Pegis Priscilla , Lavery Adrian , Kadri Munaf , Banerji Anamika , Mousselli Iman , Farha Vora , Fayard Elba 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objective
To examine the effects of 30% oral dextrose on biochemical markers of pain, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation, and oxidative stress in preterm neonates experiencing a clinically required heel lance.

Study design
Utilizing a prospective study design, preterm neonates that met study criteria (n = 169) were randomized to receive either (1) 30% oral dextrose, (2) facilitated tucking, or (3) 30% oral dextrose and facilitated tucking 2 min before heel lance. Plasma markers of ATP degradation (hypoxanthine, uric acid) and oxidative stress (allantoin) were measured before and after the heel lance. Pain was measured using the premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R).

Results
Oral dextrose, administered alone or with facilitated tucking, did not alter plasma markers of ATP utilization and oxidative stress.

Conclusion
A single dose of 30% oral dextrose, given before a clinically required heel lance, decreased signs of pain without increasing ATP utilization and oxidative stress in premature neonates.
Active acetylcholine receptors prevent the atrophy of skeletal muscles and favor reinnervation
Authors: Cisterna Bruno A. , Vargas Aníbal A. , Puebla Carlos , Fernández Paola , Escamilla Rosalba , Lagos Carlos F. , Matus María F. , Vilos Cristian , Cea Luis A. , Barnafi Esteban , Gaete Hugo , Escobar Daniel F. , Cardozo Christopher P. , Sáez Juan C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDenervation of skeletal muscles induces severe muscle atrophy, which is preceded by cellular alterations such as increased plasma membrane permeability, reduced resting membrane potential and accelerated protein catabolism. The factors that induce these changes remain unknown. Conversely, functional recovery following denervation depends on successful reinnervation. Here, we show that activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by quantal release of acetylcholine (ACh) from motoneurons is sufficient to prevent changes induced by denervation. Using in vitro assays, ACh and non-hydrolysable ACh analogs repressed the expression of connexin43 and connexin45 hemichannels, which promote muscle atrophy. In co-culture studies, connexin43/45 hemichannel knockout or knockdown increased innervation of muscle fibers by dorsal root ganglion neurons. Our results show that ACh released by motoneurons exerts a hitherto unknown function independent of myofiber contraction. nAChRs and connexin hemichannels are potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in a variety of pathological conditions with reduced synaptic neuromuscular transmission.
Natural rhythms of periodic temporal attention
Authors: Zalta Arnaud , Petkoski Spase , Morillon Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThat attention is a fundamentally rhythmic process has recently received abundant empirical evidence. The essence of temporal attention, however, is to flexibly focus in time. Whether this function is constrained by an underlying rhythmic neural mechanism is unknown. In six interrelated experiments, we behaviourally quantify the sampling capacities of periodic temporal attention during auditory or visual perception. We reveal the presence of limited attentional capacities, with an optimal sampling rate of ~1.4 Hz in audition and ~0.7 Hz in vision. Investigating the motor contribution to temporal attention, we show that it scales with motor rhythmic precision, maximal at ~1.7 Hz. Critically, motor modulation is beneficial to auditory but detrimental to visual temporal attention. These results are captured by a computational model of coupled oscillators, that reveals the underlying structural constraints governing the temporal alignment between motor and attention fluctuations.
The genome evolution and low-phosphorus adaptation in white lupin
Authors: Xu Weifeng , Zhang Qian , Yuan Wei , Xu Feiyun , Muhammad Aslam Mehtab , Miao Rui , Li Ying , Wang Qianwen , Li Xing , Zhang Xin , Zhang Kang , Xia Tianyu , Cheng Feng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhite lupin (Lupinus albus) is a legume crop that develops cluster roots and has high phosphorus (P)-use efficiency (PUE) in low-P soils. Here, we assemble the genome of white lupin and find that it has evolved from a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event. We then decipher its diploid ancestral genome and reconstruct the three sub-genomes. Based on the results, we further reveal the sub-genome dominance and the genic expression of the different sub-genomes varying in relation to their transposable element (TE) density. The PUE genes in white lupin have been expanded through WGT as well as tandem and dispersed duplications. Furthermore, we characterize four main pathways for high PUE, which include carbon fixation, cluster root formation, soil-P remobilization, and cellular-P reuse. Among these, auxin modulation may be important for cluster root formation through involvement of potential genes LaABCG36s and LaABCG37s. These findings provide insights into the genome evolution and low-P adaptation of white lupin.
NMT1 and NMT2 are lysine myristoyltransferases regulating the ARF6 GTPase cycle
Authors: Kosciuk Tatsiana , Price Ian R. , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhu Chengliang , Johnson Kayla N. , Zhang Shuai , Halaby Steve L. , Komaniecki Garrison P. , Yang Min , DeHart Caroline J. , Thomas Paul M. , Kelleher Neil L. , Fromme J. Christopher , Lin Hening 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLysine fatty acylation in mammalian cells was discovered nearly three decades ago, yet the enzymes catalyzing it remain unknown. Unexpectedly, we find that human N-terminal glycine myristoyltransferases (NMT) 1 and 2 can efficiently myristoylate specific lysine residues. They modify ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) on lysine 3 allowing it to remain on membranes during the GTPase cycle. We demonstrate that the NAD+-dependent deacylase SIRT2 removes the myristoyl group, and our evidence suggests that NMT prefers the GTP-bound while SIRT2 prefers the GDP-bound ARF6. This allows the lysine myrisotylation-demyristoylation cycle to couple to and promote the GTPase cycle of ARF6. Our study provides an explanation for the puzzling dissimilarity of ARF6 to other ARFs and suggests the existence of other substrates regulated by this previously unknown function of NMT. Furthermore, we identified a NMT/SIRT2-ARF6 regulatory axis, which may offer new ways to treat human diseases.
Caspase-11 promotes allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Zasłona Zbigniew , Flis Ewelina , Wilk Mieszko M. , Carroll Richard G. , Palsson-McDermott Eva M. , Hughes Mark M. , Diskin Ciana , Banahan Kathy , Ryan Dylan G. , Hooftman Alexander , Misiak Alicja , Kearney Jay , Lochnit Gunter , Bertrams Wilhelm , Greulich Timm , Schmeck Bernd , McElvaney Oliver J. , Mills Kingston H. G. , Lavelle Ed C. , Wygrecka Małgorzata , Creagh Emma M. , O’Neill Luke A. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractActivated caspase-1 and caspase-11 induce inflammatory cell death in a process termed pyroptosis. Here we show that Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibits caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis in murine and human macrophages. PGE2 suppreses caspase-11 expression in murine and human macrophages and in the airways of mice with allergic inflammation. Remarkably, caspase-11-deficient mice are strongly resistant to developing experimental allergic airway inflammation, where PGE2 is known to be protective. Expression of caspase-11 is elevated in the lung of wild type mice with allergic airway inflammation. Blocking PGE2 production with indomethacin enhances, whereas the prostaglandin E1 analog misoprostol inhibits lung caspase-11 expression. Finally, alveolar macrophages from asthma patients exhibit increased expression of caspase-4, a human homologue of caspase-11. Our findings identify PGE2 as a negative regulator of caspase-11-driven pyroptosis and implicate caspase-4/11 as a critical contributor to allergic airway inflammation, with implications for pathophysiology of asthma.
Power and pitfalls of computational methods for inferring clone phylogenies and mutation orders from bulk sequencing data
Authors: Miura Sayaka , Vu Tracy , Deng Jiamin , Buturla Tiffany , Oladeinde Olumide , Choi Jiyeong , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTumors harbor extensive genetic heterogeneity in the form of distinct clone genotypes that arise over time and across different tissues and regions in cancer. Many computational methods produce clone phylogenies from population bulk sequencing data collected from multiple tumor samples from a patient. These clone phylogenies are used to infer mutation order and clone origins during tumor progression, rendering the selection of the appropriate clonal deconvolution method critical. Surprisingly, absolute and relative accuracies of these methods in correctly inferring clone phylogenies are yet to consistently assessed. Therefore, we evaluated the performance of seven computational methods. The accuracy of the reconstructed mutation order and inferred clone groupings varied extensively among methods. All the tested methods showed limited ability to identify ancestral clone sequences present in tumor samples correctly. The presence of copy number alterations, the occurrence of multiple seeding events among tumor sites during metastatic tumor evolution, and extensive intermixture of cancer cells among tumors hindered the detection of clones and the inference of clone phylogenies for all methods tested. Overall, CloneFinder, MACHINA, and LICHeE showed the highest overall accuracy, but none of the methods performed well for all simulated datasets. So, we present guidelines for selecting methods for data analysis.
PSEN1 variants in Korean patients with clinically suspicious early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kim Young-Eun , Cho Hanna , Kim Hee Jin , Na Duk L. , Seo Sang Won , Ki Chang-Seok 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene are known to be the most common cause of early-onset Alzheimer’s disease but there are few data on the frequency and spectrum of PSEN1 variants in Korea. In this study, we investigated PSEN1 variants in a consecutive series of clinically suspicious early-onset familial AD (EOFAD) Korean patients and their clinical characteristics and imaging findings. From January 2007 to December 2013, EOFAD patients with very early onset AD (<50 yr), early onset AD (<60 yr) with two or more relatives with AD, and early onset AD (<60 yr) with one or more first-degree relatives with very early onset AD (<50 yr) were enrolled in this study. Sequence analysis of the PSEN1 gene was performed by Sanger sequencing. Neuroimaging data and conventional brain MRIs and FDG-PET and/or [11C] PiB-PET scans were analyzed in patients with PSEN1 variants. Among the 28 patients with EOFAD, six (21.4%, 6/28) patients had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the PSEN1 gene. Two pathogenic variants were p.Glu120Lys and p.Ser170Phe and four likely pathogenic variants were p.Thr119Ile, p.Tyr159Cys, p.Leu282Pro, and p.Ala285Ser. Two patients had variants of unknown significance, p.Tyr389His and p.Tyr389Ser. EOFAD patients with PSEN1 variants showed early AD onset, frequent visuospatial dysfunction, movement disorders, and rapid disease progression. Brain MRIs revealed diffuse cortical atrophy, including parietal lobe atrophy, and/or hippocampal atrophy. FDG-PET scans also revealed significant hypometabolism in the bilateral temporo-parietal regions. Our findings provide insight to better understand the genetic background of Korean EOFAD patients.
Management of Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Preterm Infants In Wales: A Full Audit Cycle of a Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Course Christopher , Chakraborty Mallinath 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRespiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) is the commonest diagnosis after premature birth. We aimed to audit clinical practices before and after introduction of a national guideline in Wales on RDS management. Anonymised, prospective data on all infants born at <34 weeks of gestation and cared for at one of the participating neonatal units in Wales were collected in two six-month time periods in 2015 and 2018. A national guideline was introduced in 2016 by the Wales Neonatal Network. Data collection included areas of antenatal management, delivery room stabilisation, invasive and non-invasive respiratory support, surfactant treatment and elements of supportive care. Univariate and multivariate methods were used to compare data between the two epochs. Comparing care before and after introduction of the national guideline, areas of significant improvement include use of targeted tidal volume ventilation, use of caffeine therapy, oxygen therapy post-surfactant and increasing early use of parenteral nutrition. Areas of poorer management included levels of positive end expiratory pressures and timing of introduction of enteral feeds. Little variation was seen between level two and three units, although gestational age was a significant independent variable for several practices, including delayed cord clamping, stabilisation with intubation, early enteral feeding and caffeine administration. A national guideline for management of RDS in Wales has significantly improved practice in several areas. However, despite a large volume of high-quality evidence and robust guidance, there remains a significant variation in some elements of best practice for RDS management. Further work should focus on education and training, especially for elements requiring cross-departmental work.
Sodium Ion Conductivity in Superionic IL-Impregnated Metal-Organic Frameworks: Enhancing Stability Through Structural Disorder
Authors: Nozari Vahid , Calahoo Courtney , Tuffnell Joshua M. , Adelhelm Philipp , Wondraczek Katrin , Dutton Siân E. , Bennett Thomas D. , Wondraczek Lothar 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are intriguing host materials in composite electrolytes due to their ability for tailoring host-guest interactions by chemical tuning of the MOF backbone. Here, we introduce particularly high sodium ion conductivity into the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 by impregnation with the sodium-salt-containing ionic liquid (IL) (Na0.1EMIM0.9)TFSI. We demonstrate an ionic conductivity exceeding 2 × 10−4 S · cm−1 at room temperature, with an activation energy as low as 0.26 eV, i.e., the highest reported performance for room temperature Na+-related ion conduction in MOF-based composite electrolytes to date. Partial amorphization of the ZIF-backbone by ball-milling results in significant enhancement of the composite stability towards exposure to ambient conditions, up to 20 days. While the introduction of network disorder decelerates IL exudation and interactions with ambient contaminants, the ion conductivity is only marginally affected, decreasing with decreasing crystallinity but still maintaining superionic behavior. This highlights the general importance of 3D networks of interconnected pores for efficient ion conduction in MOF/IL blends, whereas pore symmetry is a less stringent condition.
Input of terrestrial organic matter linked to deglaciation increased mercury transport to the Svalbard fjords
Authors: Kim Haryun , Kwon Sae Yun , Lee Kitack , Lim Dhongil , Han Seunghee , Kim Tae-Wook , Joo Young Ji , Lim Jaesoo , Kang Moo-Hee , Nam Seung-Il 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeglaciation has accelerated the transport of minerals as well as modern and ancient organic matter from land to fjord sediments in Spitsbergen, Svalbard, in the European Arctic Ocean. Consequently, such sediments may contain significant levels of total mercury (THg) bound to terrestrial organic matter. The present study compared THg contents in surface sediments from three fjord settings in Spitsbergen: Hornsund in the southern Spitsbergen, which has high annual volume of loss glacier and receives sediment from multiple tidewater glaciers, Dicksonfjorden in the central Spitsbergen, which receives sediment from glacifluvial rivers, and Wijdefjorden in the northern Spitsbergen, which receive sediments from a mixture of tidewater glaciers and glacifluvial rivers. Our results showed that the THg (52 ± 15 ng g−1) bound to organic matter (OM) was the highest in the Hornsund surface sediments, where the glacier loss (0.44 km3 yr−1) and organic carbon accumulation rates (9.3 ~ 49.4 g m−2 yr−1) were elevated compared to other fjords. Furthermore, the δ13C (–27 ~ –24‰) and δ34S values (–10 ~ 15‰) of OM indicated that most of OM were originated from terrestrial sources. Thus, the temperature-driven glacial melting could release more OM originating from the meltwater or terrestrial materials, which are available for THg binding in the European Arctic fjord ecosystems.