bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educational note: types of causes
Authors: Pearce Neil , Vandenbroucke Jan P 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We explore the different types of causes that are commonly investigated by epidemiologists. We first distinguish between causes which are events (including actions) and causes which are states. Second, we distinguish between modifiable and non-modifiable states. This yields three types of causes: fixed states (non-modifiable), dynamic states (modifiable) and events (including actions). Different causes may have different characteristics: the methods available to study them, the types of possible biases, and therefore the types of evidence needed to infer causality, may differ according to the specific cause-effect relationship under study. Nevertheless, there are also substantial commonalities. This paper is intended to improve understanding of the different types of causes, and the different types of causality, that underpin epidemiological practice.
Development and Validation of the Parent-Preschoolers Diabetes Adjustment Scale (PP-DAS)
Authors: Enlow Paul T , Wasserman Rachel , Aroian Karen , Lee Joyce , Wysocki Tim , Pierce Jessica 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis article extends work on a social-ecological model of caregiver adjustment and describes the: (a) development and (b) validation of the Parent-Preschoolers Diabetes Adjustment Scale (PP-DAS), a broad measure of caregiver adjustment.MethodsParticipants were caregivers (nstudy1 = 51; nstudy2 = 177) of very young children (&lt;6 years old) with Type 1 diabetes (T1D). In study 1, researchers and stakeholders collaborated to develop 92 items using the 5 domains of a social-ecological model of caregiver adjustment to the challenges of raising a very young child with T1D, and parents and researchers provided feedback on these items. In study 2, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) were used to examine the factor structure of the PP-DAS. Reliability and validity were also examined.ResultsAfter review by parents and researchers, 52 items were removed resulting in the 40-item version used in study 2. The CFA demonstrated poor fit with the five proposed domains of the social-ecological model, so an EFA was conducted and supported a different five-factor solution. Twenty items were removed due to low factor loadings or communalities, resulting in a final 20-item measure. The PP-DAS demonstrated adequate internal consistency (α’s = .73–.84), convergent validity with parent psychological functioning and self-efficacy in T1D management, and criterion validity with hemoglobin A1c and adherence.ConclusionsThe PP-DAS is a valid and reliable measure of adjustment in caregivers of very young children with T1D. The PP-DAS may help identify caregivers who are having adjustment difficulties and would benefit from additional support.
HLA Heterozygote Advantage against HIV-1 Is Driven by Quantitative and Qualitative Differences in HLA Allele-Specific Peptide Presentation
Authors: Arora Jatin , Pierini Federica , McLaren Paul J , Carrington Mary , Fellay Jacques , Lenz Tobias L 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPathogen-mediated balancing selection is regarded as a key driver of host immunogenetic diversity. A hallmark for balancing selection in humans is the heterozygote advantage at genes of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), resulting in improved HIV-1 control. However, the actual mechanism of the observed heterozygote advantage is still elusive. HLA heterozygotes may present a broader array of antigenic viral peptides to immune cells, possibly resulting in a more efficient cytotoxic T-cell response. Alternatively, heterozygosity may simply increase the chance to carry the most protective HLA alleles, as individual HLA alleles are known to differ substantially in their association with HIV-1 control. Here, we used data from 6,311 HIV-1-infected individuals to explore the relative contribution of quantitative and qualitative aspects of peptide presentation in HLA heterozygote advantage against HIV. Screening the entire HIV-1 proteome, we observed that heterozygous individuals exhibited a broader array of HIV-1 peptides presented by their HLA class I alleles. In addition, viral load was negatively correlated with the breadth of the HIV-1 peptide repertoire bound by an individual’s HLA variants, particularly at HLA-B. This suggests that heterozygote advantage at HLA-B is at least in part mediated by quantitative peptide presentation. We also observed higher HIV-1 sequence diversity among HLA-B heterozygous individuals, suggesting stronger evolutionary pressure from HLA heterozygosity. However, HLA heterozygotes were also more likely to carry certain HLA alleles, including the highly protective HLA-B*57:01 variant, indicating that HLA heterozygote advantage ultimately results from a combination of quantitative and qualitative effects in antigen presentation.
Frameless ROSA® Robot-Assisted Lead Implantation for Deep Brain Stimulation: Technique and Accuracy
Authors: Liu Lannie , Mariani Sarah Giulia , De Schlichting Emmanuel , Grand Sylvie , Lefranc Michel , Seigneuret Eric , Chabardès Stéphan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Frameless robotic-assisted surgery is an innovative technique for deep brain stimulation (DBS) that has not been assessed in a large cohort of patients.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate accuracy of DBS lead placement using the ROSA® robot (Zimmer Biomet) and a frameless registration.

METHODS
All patients undergoing DBS surgery in our institution between 2012 and 2016 were prospectively included in an open label single-center study. Accuracy was evaluated by measuring the radial error (RE) of the first stylet implanted on each side and the RE of the final lead position at the target level. RE was measured on intraoperative telemetric X-rays (group 1), on intraoperative O-Arm® (Medtronic) computed tomography (CT) scans (group 2), and on postoperative CT scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in both groups.

RESULTS
Of 144 consecutive patients, 119 were eligible for final analysis (123 DBS; 186 stylets; 192 leads). In group 1 (76 patients), the mean RE of the stylet was 0.57 ± 0.02 mm, 0.72 ± 0.03 mm for DBS lead measured intraoperatively, and 0.88 ± 0.04 mm for DBS lead measured postoperatively on CT scans. In group 2 (43 patients), the mean RE of the stylet was 0.68 ± 0.05 mm, 0.75 ± 0.04 mm for DBS lead measured intraoperatively; 0.86 ± 0.05 mm and 1.10 ± 0.08 mm for lead measured postoperatively on CT scans and on MRI, respectively No statistical difference regarding the RE of the final lead position was found between the different intraoperative imaging modalities and postoperative CT scans in both groups.

CONCLUSION
Frameless ROSA® robot-assisted technique for DBS reached submillimeter accuracy. Intraoperative CT scans appeared to be reliable and sufficient to evaluate the final lead position.
Demotivating Reasons Impartiality
Authors: Pittard John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter critiques two arguments for a reasons impartiality constraint. Christensen’s “restaurant argument” presents a case of disagreement where it is intuitively clear that the disputants cannot legitimately rely on their contested reasoning and that they should give equal weight to their competing views. Christensen argues that to explain these verdicts, one must appeal to a demanding epistemic impartiality requirement he calls “independence.” Against this, it is argued that the intuitive verdicts in the example can be explained by weaker principles, including an internal reason constraint and an agent impartiality constraint. Schellenberg’s “doxastic minimalism argument” holds that genuine investigators will extend default trust to all and only those doxastic practices that are universal and humanly unavoidable. It is argued that Schellenberg relies on an overly restrictive conception of the aims of inquiry, and that even given this conception, his criteria of universality and unavoidability lack a principled basis.
Pre-Victorian Colonial Education
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 is a retelling of nearly two hundred years of pre-Victorian Indian colonial education, presented to aid interpretations of American missionary action in the Victorian period. The chapter shows how, despite their “universal” Christian intent, mission schools were closely allied with colonial authority and deeply racialized in their functioning. Extensive archival data (1708–1849) is used to describe the typical composition of the student body, syllabi, classroom techniques, and examination methods in mission-run schools. Missionaries used the very “heathen” curricular material and pedagogical practices they denounced. And they deliberated over the advantages of establishing schools that would further the interests of the East India Company. In the other direction, British parliamentary papers show official colonial thinking on how Western education could serve the colonial cause, and on whether a part of the teaching endeavor could be delegated to Christian missionaries. The chapter summarizes the decline of indigenous education under colonial rule as reported by Company officials just as evangelicals, chiefly, educated and ambitious middle-class people in Britain and America, began to express interest in Indian education. Between 1833 and 1854, mission schools were widely established, filling the void in indigenous education. The chapter considers the problematic of the language of education, recounting the Anglicist/Orientalist debate. It then discusses the “Woods Despatch” of 1854, the new education law, which called for a secular curriculum and for inspections to be instituted in private schools seeking government grants-in-aid. The chapter ends with a discussion of American missionary thought and practice of exploring new ways of attracting student audiences to the evangelical cause.
A Pedagogical Testament
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the efforts of American missionaries in putting together a philosophy of education for the new institution they intended to create in India. Since their views, materials, and organizational model were borrowed from the American experience, the chapter first reviews the functioning of the Sunday school in America. Between 1827 and 1838, beginning in Massachusetts, public schools came to be secularized. With the teaching of the Bible effectively proscribed in public schools, the American Sunday School Union, organized in 1824 and supported by several Protestant denominations, found that by 1838, it was obliged to work outside of the public-school system. As an institution dedicated to Christian and moral education, and, around the time of the Civil War as a public counseling center, it enjoyed broad support. By 1872, American Sunday school leaders had created a bureaucratized organization patterned after the very secular forces they had fought, as well as an elaborate seven-year curriculum, the Uniform International Lesson System. American missionaries imported these into India. They soon found, however, that their system could not be implemented in toto in the Indian context given the “heathen” home backgrounds of Indian children and the absence of suitably trained teachers. The chapter discusses missionary thinking on reaching out to the youngest children, using the latest “universal,” “scientific,” child-education and teacher-training methods, and locating all that was “modern” in the Bible itself. Creating a “philosophy of childhood,” and an institution with “form and system,” Sunday school missionaries transformed themselves into professional educators.
Conclusion
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7, the Conclusion, draws out the principal empirical findings of the study and argues that the instrumental reasoning missionaries adopted in the making of the Sunday school redefined the very values they sought to institutionalize. Missionaries bemoaned the secularization of schools, but readily copied the organizational forms of secular institutions; they deplored racism, but institutionalized racism in their own evangelical practice; they preached of the spiritual life, but displayed money-mindedness of an acute sort; they denounced “idolatry” and “heathenism,” but incorporated these very “defilements” as part of their schools’ functioning; and finally, they saw for themselves the disasters that British colonial rule brought upon an agrarian society, but justified its oppressions in the interests of Christianity. These were the workings of the “missionary calculus.” For “upper-caste” Indians, the organizational form that Sunday school missionaries brought to India offered them a new perspective on “modern,” systematic ways of representing belief and culture; and for “lower-caste” Indians, the Sunday school provided them with a social liberatory experience, an institution that was their very own, and for which they had legitimation from the most powerful forces in the land. In the absence of shared objectives, the Sunday school merely offered every group a platform for quid pro quo transactions. But in the making of their various compromises, participants, both Christian and non-Christian, showed that implicit in their actions were certain universal moral and educational values that transcended the doctrinal boundaries that Christian missionaries had prescribed for the Sunday school.
Introduction
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents to the reader the initial and rudimentary facts about Kṛṣṇa’s son Pradyumna, and offers a hypothesis on why this figure of Hindu mythology has been so poorly studied. This requires a review of the relationship between the monograph’s two most important sources—the Sanskrit Mahābhārata and its appendix, the Harivaṃśa. Brief synopses of the seven individual body chapters are provided, followed by an articulation of the two dominant thematic patterns discovered by the study: (a) an evolving cooperation in the mythology of Pradyumna between three aspects of his character—as an erotic figure (lover), master of illusory subterfuges (magician), and double of his father Kṛṣṇa (scion of the avatāra); and (b) the social and gender commitments that conspired to produce a masculine ideal of a mutually implicating sexual and violent power, each embodied as a mode of the other in the persona of Pradyumna.
Pradyumna, the Vṛṣṇis, and the Bhāgavatas
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 establishes the earliest evidence of Pradyumna’s presence and importance in the South Asian landscape, largely on the basis of physical materials from the period of circa 300 bce–300 ce. These materials reveal a cult of devotion to certain heroes of the Vṛṣṇi clan—that is, the larger family group of Vāsudeva Kṛṣṇa associated with the Mathurā area in North-Central India. Those who venerated the Vṛṣṇi heroes referred to themselves as the Bhāgavatas, and the objects of their devotion included Vāsudeva (Kṛṣṇa), his brother Saṃkarṣaṇa, Vāsudeva's son Pradyumna, as well as other Vṛṣṇi figures. While a later sectarian development would fix upon a set of four particular Vṛṣṇi names, it is noted here that a number of figures appear in various configurations in the earliest phase of Bhāgavata devotion.
Pradyumna in the Mahābhārata
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the earliest extant textual materials concerning Pradyumna in the Mahābhārata, and examines first the Saubhavadhaparvan of Book 3 and the club battle of the Vṛṣṇis in Book 16. In both of these episodes, Pradyumna doubles or stands in for his father in ways that prefigure later developments of the Pradyumna mythology. Second, the chapter pursues the connection between the physical evidence of the preceding chapter and the emerging Pāñcarātra movement as attested by the Mahābhārata’s Nārāyaṇīyaparvan. Finally and more broadly, certain patterns in the Mahābhārata’s discourses on sex and gender are introduced, which remain key reference points in all subsequent chapters. Most important here are a set of conflicting essentializations regarding the nature of women, and the ideological premises of the Mahābhārata’s universe that conduce to the association of sex with violence.
The Jain Pradyumnacarita
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the Jain rendering of the Pradyumna abduction narrative as it is developed in the Pradyumnacarita, a substantial cycle of tales that formed part of the Jain tradition’s larger recasting of the Kṛṣṇa biography. Central to this rewriting is Pradyumna’s absolute rejection of the mother figure’s sexual advances, as well as a number of sub-episodes entirely without parallel in Brahminical literature. The analysis of these materials identifies certain premises about the nature of women which are in fact shared by Brahmins and Jains. It is argued that Pradyumna models, for Jain as much as for Brahminical authors, a total control over women and the powers they embody, only in two very different ways: in the Jain context this means a total resistance to woman and all that she embodies, and in the Brahminical, a total sexual appropriation bespeaking virility and masculine sexual power.
Conclusion
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, final reflections on the study are offered, which seek to articulate in comprehensive form the meaning and significance of the person of Pradyumna in Sanskrit literature. Kṛṣṇa’s son can first of all be understood as a figure produced by the cooperation and mutual shaping of three character dimensions: he is Kāmadeva, the handsome God of Love reborn; he is a controller of māyā, or magical illusions and subterfuges; and he is a double of his father Kṛṣṇa, a kind of avatāra of the avatāra. Second and more broadly, it is argued that, more than any other character of South Asian religious and literary culture, Pradyumna conspicuously actualizes a persisting male fantasy of a double and mutually implicating virility, announced through the erotic or kāmic conquest of the auspicious feminine and the resulting violent dharmic conquest of the demonic masculine.
From Skokie to Charlottesville
Authors: Baer Ulrich 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the events in Charlottesville, Virginia, in summer 2017, present a watershed moment when the general public realized that free speech can become weaponized to undercut discourse and destroy the social order. At a widely publicized event in 1977, a small group of neo-Nazis won the right, in a court decision, to march in a small town in Illinois. That legal decision set the cultural and legal precedent for the mainstream attitude toward hate speech for several decades. Critically, that legal decision was matched by public condemnations of anti-Semitism and racism by political figures all the way up to the US president. When a group of white supremacists and neo-Nazis marched in Charlottesville in the summer of 2017 and murdered or come to demonstrate a, the US president failed to unequivocally condemn these events. The chapter examines the assumption that tolerating hate speech does not mean condoning it in light of these two events.
Free Speech Is Rooted in Equality
Authors: Baer Ulrich 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter places Frederick Douglass in the pantheon of America’s Founding Fathers because the orator, statesman, and former slave exercised his natural right to free speech without waiting for the courts or legislator to grant this right to him. Douglass argues that disputing the humanity of an interlocutor does not qualify as speech as intended by the First Amendment. The chapter shifts the focus from free speech as American democracy’s bedrock principle to the equally critical and inalienable principle of equality. The discussion includes the concept that free speech must be rooted in equality, poses the question of whether free speech depends on one’s legal status, and reaffirms that inherent humanity is not up for debate.
An Unholy Alliance
Authors: Baer Ulrich 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Why do conservatives and progressives often join forces to defend an absolute notion of free speech, when they fundamentally disagree on many other points? This chapter traces the political concept of free speech back to its origins in philosophy, political science, and commonsensical self-understanding. It shows that conservatives mean something quite different when they talk about free speech from the concept used by progressives, and that the surface agreement can lead to political alliances that do not last. The discussion includes the relativism at the heart of free speech absolutism, the risks of suppressing hate, the concept of self-governance as a limit to bad ideas, and the progressive case for unrestricted speech.
Boom Bap Diplomacy: Connecting Cultures, Transforming Conflict
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the cross-cultural artistic collaboration that takes places in hip hop diplomacy encounters. It reveals that hip hop can foster mutual understanding and conflict transformation across cultures through nonverbal communication and kinesthetic empathy. One case study examines the interactions between US rappers and a Moroccan gnawa ensemble, demonstrating both the risks and rewards of cross-cultural artistic collaboration. Another case study explores how conflict arose and was transformed in a dance workshop in Bandung, Indonesia in 2016 in which hypermasculine b-boys (breakdancers) and queer dancers (voguers) performed together. The chapter concludes that hip hop can serve as a model for productive people-to-people diplomacy.
Build and Destroy: Hip Hop, US Diplomacy, and Islam
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the State Department has deployed hip hop as a means to engage with global Muslim youth since 9/11. This engagement is revealed to reflect a broad US perspective on Islam, characterized by a mix of anxiety, curiosity, fetishism, and ignorance. The chapter explores how different Muslim hip hop artists view the relationship between their faith and their religion. The chapter concludes that hip hop diplomacy initiatives that focus on engaging Islam risk alienating Muslim participants and can generate resentment rather than good will. It is recommended that these programs focused on shared interests and not overemphasize religion.
Public Health Approaches to Preventing Substance Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Butler Jay C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the 2017 Association of State and Territorial Health Officials President’s Challenge as a paradigm for understanding the core aspects of a public health approach to preventing substance misuse and addiction. The framework describes primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention efforts and practical examples that public health professionals can use to implement them. Previously published as a journal article, this chapter includes an introduction by the author to update prior work and provide additional information and current data not included in the original piece.