High Level Phosphatase Activity Revealed in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells That Use Mutated Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Region Genes and Lack High-Level Expression of the Zeta-Associated Protein 70 (ZAP-70).
Authors: Fantl Wendy J. , Yafawi Rolla L. , Putta Santosh K. , Huang Ying-Wen , Francis-Lang Helen L. , Laura Rassenti Z. , Cohen Aileen Cleary , Kipps Thomas J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Signals propagated through the B cell receptor (BCR) guide the maturation and survival of B cells and might factor in the pathogenesis and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). BCR signaling in CLL cells was investigated at the single-cell level using multiparametric flow cytometry. Concurrent analysis was performed using fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies specific for B-cell surface antigens and a panel of antibodies recognizing specific phospho-peptide epitopes within a selected group of intracellular signaling proteins. CLL samples from patients (N=6) showed weak or minimal signaling activity at p72SYK/p70ZAP, Erk1/2, B-Cell linker protein (BLNK) and phospholipase-Cγ-2, (PLCγ2) when stimulated only at the BCR with anti-μ crosslinking, whereas a robust signal was observed in a control Ramos B cell line. The low-level signaling in CLL cells could be accounted for by either a defect in activation of a key protein required for signaling, or by enhanced inhibition mediated by phosphatases such as SHIP-1, SHIP-2, SHP-1, or SHP-2. To determine whether phosphatases were preventing or dampening BCR activation in CLL samples, CLL cells were treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a physiologic phosphatase inhibitor generated during BCR signaling that has been used previously to reveal dysregulated BCR signaling in follicular lymphoma (Sing et al., Cell 2005, Reth., Nat. Immunol. 2002, Irish et al., Blood 2006). H2O2 treatment of CLL cells that had molecular features associated with indolent disease (e.g. use of mutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region genes (IgVH) and a low level expression of ZAP70) induced high-levels of phosphorylated p72SYK/p70ZAP, ERK1/2, BLNK, and PLCγ2, independent of surface F(ab)2anti-μ ligation. In contrast, CLL-B cells that had molecular features associated with more aggressive disease (expression of unmutated IgVH and high-level expression of ZAP-70) were significantly less responsive to this treatment, even in the presence of F(ab)2anti-μ. Exposure of blood B cells from healthy donors to H2O2 failed to elicit a substantial increase in phosphorylation of these same intracellular signaling proteins. These studies reveal a previously unrecognized, constitutive high-level phosphatase activity in CLL cells that express mutated IgVH and low levels of ZAP-70, possibly contributing to the attenuated signaling observed in these cells following surface IgM ligation. Because this high level of constitutive phosphatase activity was not observed in CLL cells that express unmutated IgVH with high-level expression of ZAP70, flow cytometric measurement of the increased phosphorylation triggered by H2O2 could provide for a useful means with which to distinguish leukemia cells from patients with indolent versus aggressive CLL. Evaluation of additional samples is ongoing to test this hypothesis.