bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water quality for young children in Cambodia—High contamination at collection and consumption level
Authors: Poirot Etienne , Som Somphos Vicheth , Wieringa Frank T. , Treglown Sam , Berger Jacques , Laillou Arnaud 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnsafe drinking water is a leading cause of child morbidity, especially among young children in low‐income settings. Safe water consumption requires high‐quality water available at its source and at point of use. We examined the quality of drinking water at point of collection and point of use in 796 households in three provinces, in Cambodia. Microbiological testing for coliform andEscherichia colicontamination was conducted for samples collected. Bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to examine associations between various factors and the deterioration in water quality (increase in the risk according coliform orE. coliconcentration) between point of collection and point of use. Contamination with both coliforms andE. coliwas higher at point of use than at point of collection, with contamination at point of collection to account for 76.6% (coliforms) and 46.3% (E. coli). Results suggest that child drinking water represents a considerable pathway for the ingestion of pathogens, in Cambodia. Area of residence, seasonality, type of water source, and water chlorination were associated with coliform concentration between the point of collection and point of use, whereas only seasonality was associated withE. colicontamination (OR = 1.46; 95% CI [1.05, 2.02]). Children living in rural settings were two times more likely to drink water with a deteriorating coliform concentration between the two‐time points than children living in urban settings (OR = 2.00; 95% CI [1.22, 3.30]). The increase in coliform andE. coliconcentrations between point of collection and point of use indicates that water contamination mostly occurs within the household. Strengthening national legislation on water quality standards and promoting safe water management at the household are needed.
High double burden of child stunting and maternal overweight in the Republic of the Marshall Islands
Authors: Blankenship Jessica L. , Gwavuya Stanley , Palaniappan Uma , Alfred Julia , deBrum Frederick , Erasmus Wendy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany low‐ and middle‐income countries are faced with a double burden of malnutrition characterized by a stagnating burden of undernutrition and an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity often observed both at population and household levels. We used data from the 2017 National Integrated Child Health and Nutrition Survey in the Republic of the Marshall Islands to explore the prevalence of overweight mother‐stunted child pairs (mother–child double burden, MCDB). We used bivariate analysis, multivariate logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression analysis to explore associations between child‐, maternal‐, and household‐level variables and both stunting and MCDB and other types of maternal–child pairs. Our results indicate that nearly three out of four mothers were overweight or obese and one in four households is home to an overweight mother with a stunted child. The risk of child stunting and of MCDB were largely associated with maternal characteristics of lower maternal height, maternal age at birth, years of education, and marital status and household economic status as measured by wealth index and number of household members. These findings support the growing body of evidence showing that the coexistence of high maternal overweight and child stunting (MCDB) has linked root causes to early life undernutrition that are exacerbated by the nutrition transition.
Complementary feeding practices and associated factors among Mongolian children 6–23 months of age
Authors: Janmohamed Amynah , Luvsanjamba Munkhjargal , Norov Bolormaa , Batsaikhan Enkhtungalag , Jamiyan Batjargal , Blankenship Jessica L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLittle is known about factors influencing children's dietary intake in Mongolia, a country undergoing rapid nutrition transition. Using nationally representative data from the 2017 Mongolia National Nutrition Survey, we assessed the nutritional status of children aged <2 years and examined household, maternal, and child factors associated with feeding practices among children aged 6–23 months (n = 938). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of minimum meal frequency (MMF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). The prevalence of child stunting (length/height‐for‐age Z‐score < −2 SD) was 6.3%, and the prevalence of overweight (weight‐for‐height Z‐score > +2 SD) was 16.8%. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency was 39.0% and 32.2%, respectively, and 73.5% and 85.5% of children had inadequate vitamin A and vitamin D status, respectively. Of children aged 6‐23 months, 92.1% (n = 864) had MMF, 49.6% (n = 465) had MDD, and 43.8% (n = 411) achieved MAD. Increased household wealth was positively associated with all three indicators, whereas severe food insecurity was not associated with MMF, MDD, or MAD. Older child age (odds ratio, 95% CI: 1.09 [1.06, 1.12]; p < .001) and maternal dietary diversity (odds ratio, 95% CI: 2.36 [1.67, 3.34]; p < .001) were positively associated with child MDD. Nutrition‐specific and nutrition‐sensitive efforts are needed to improve the dietary quality of infants and young children in Mongolia and reduce the high burdens of child micronutrient deficiency and overweight in the country.
Characterization of putative interneurons in the myenteric plexus of human colon
Authors: Humenick Adam , Chen Bao Nan , Wattchow David A. , Zagorodnyuk Vladimir P. , Dinning Phil G. , Spencer Nick J. , Costa Marcello , Brookes Simon J. H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe enteric nervous system contains multiple classes of neurons, distinguishable by morphology, immunohistochemical markers, and projections; however, specific combinations differ between species. Here, types of enteric neurons in human colon were characterized immunohistochemically, using retrograde tracing combined with multiple labeling immunohistochemistry, focussing on non‐motor neurons.MethodsThe fluorescent carbocyanine tracer, DiI, was applied to the myenteric plexus in ex vivo preparations, filling neurons projecting within the plexus. Limits of projection lengths of motor neurons were established, allowing them to be excluded from the analysis. Long ascending and descending interneurons were then distinguished by labeling for discriminating immunohistochemical markers: calbindin, calretinin, enkephalin, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, nitric oxide synthase, and substance P. These results were combined with a previous published study in which nitric oxide synthase and choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivities were established.Key ResultsLong ascending neurons (with projections longer than 8 mm, which excludes more than 95% motor neurons) formed four types, in descending order of abundance, defined by immunoreactivity for: (a) ChAT+/ENK+, (b) ChAT+/ENK+/SP+, (c) ChAT+/Calb+, and (d) ChAT+/ENK+/Calb+. Long descending neurons, up to 70 mm long also formed at least four types, distinguished by immunoreactivity for (a) NOS + cells (without ChAT), (b) ChAT+/NOS+, (c) ChAT+/Calret+, and (d) ChAT+/5HT + cells (with or without NOS).Conclusions and InferencesLong interneurons, which do not innervate muscularis externa, are likely to coordinate neural activity over distances of many centimeters along the colon. Characterizing their neurochemical coding provides a basis for understanding their roles, investigating their connectivity, and building a comprehensive account of human colonic enteric neurons.
Association of pericardial effusion after pulmonary vein isolation and outcomes in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Do Ungjeong , Kim Jun , Kim Minsoo , Cho Min Soo , Nam Gi‐Byoung , Choi Kee‐Joon , Kim You‐Ho 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical implications of pericardial effusion (PE) after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) are not well understood. We evaluated the association between newly developed PE after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for paroxysmal AF and arrhythmic recurrence.MethodsFrom a prospective AF ablation registry, 184 patients (mean age 59 ± 10 years, 65% male) who underwent first‐time PV isolation using a smart touch surround flow catheter (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA) were analyzed. Postablation transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was performed within 1‐3 days after ablation, and the occurrence of PE was assessed.ResultsPE developed in 91 patients (49.5%), and most were of minimal severity (minimal, 93.4%; mild, 6.6%). Patients with PE had significantly lower body mass index and underwent cavotricuspid isthmus ablation more frequently. Early arrhythmic recurrence (EAR) (within 3 months) was observed in 28.8% of patients and was not different according to the PE development (PE [+]: 29.7% vs PE [−]: 28.0%; P = .80). During a median follow‐up of 696 days, the cumulative rate of the late arrhythmic recurrence (LAR) (after 3 months) was 36.4%, and there was no difference between groups (PE [+]: 36.7% vs PE [−]: 35.1%; P = .988). The only predictor of LAR was EAR, and no echocardiographic parameters showed a significant correlation with LAR.ConclusionsMinimal or mild PE after PVI for paroxysmal AF is a frequent echocardiographic finding, and it had no significant association with AF recurrence. Routine TTE after AF ablation has no clinical implication.
Persistence of SARS‐CoV‐2 nasopharyngeal swab PCR positivity in COVID‐19 convalescent plasma donors
Authors: Ikegami Sachie , Benirschke Robert , Flanagan Tara , Tanna Nicole , Klein Tovah , Elue Rita , Debosz Patricia , Mallek Jessica , Wright Gregory , Guariglia Perry , Kang Jason , Gniadek Thomas J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundNucleic acid persists after symptom resolution and infectivity for many viral infections via delayed clearance of nucleic acid fragments, non‐infectious particles, or transmissible virus. For Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19), the relationship between nasopharyngeal (NP) swab positivity, the development of antibodies against COVID‐19, and clinical history are unclear.Study design and methodsIndividuals who recovered from COVID‐19 and volunteered to donate convalescent plasma (CP) were screened by NP swab PCR, responded to a questionnaire, and were tested for anti‐COVID‐19 antibodies.ResultsA proportion of 11.8% of individuals tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by NP swab PCR greater than 14 days after the resolution of symptoms of active disease, including one donor who had asymptomatic disease and tested positive by NP swab 41 days after her initial diagnosis. Clinical history did not show a significant correlation with persistence of NP swab positivity. Also, NP swab positivity >14 days from symptom resolution did not correlate with anti‐COVID‐19 serology results. IgG anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 spike antibody strength correlated with hospitalization for COVID‐19 using two different assays. Total anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid antibody strength correlated with time from symptom resolution to sample collection and symptom duration.ConclusionsSARS‐CoV‐2 nucleic acid is detectable long after the resolution of symptoms in a significant percentage of previously diagnosed individuals, which is important to consider when interpreting PCR swab results. Persistence of PCR positivity does not correlate with antibody strength or symptoms of COVID‐19. If anti‐spike antibody is used to assess CP potency, individuals who suffered severe COVID‐19 disease symptoms may represent better donors.
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound for sentinel lymph node mapping in the routine staging of canine mast cell tumours: A feasibility study
Authors: Fournier Quentin , Thierry Florence , Longo Maurizio , Malbon Alexandra , Cazzini Paola , Bisson Jocelyn , Woods Samantha , Liuti Tiziana , Bavcar Spela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCanine mast cell tumours (MCTs) typically spread to lymph nodes (LNs) before reaching distant sites, and LN assessment is an important part of MCT staging. Sentinel LN (SLN) mapping techniques to identify draining LNs are being developed and could improve the accuracy of MCT staging. The primary objective of this feasibility study was to determine the safety and effectiveness of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to identify SLNs. Secondary objectives were to determine if the SLNs identified by CEUS coincided with the regional LN predicted by the anatomical lymphosomes, if previous MCT excision altered CEUS SLN findings, and if CEUS could identify MCT nodal metastases. Between June 2017 and March 2019, 59 dogs with 62 MCTs were enrolled. No adverse events related to CEUS were reported. CEUS detected at least 1 SLN in 59/62 MCTs (95.2%, 95% CI: 86.5‐99.0%). In only 32/59 (54.2%) MCTs, clinicians would have correctly predicted the SLN(s) identified by CEUS. Among the 35 MCTs that had histological examination of the SLN(s), the prevalence of metastasis was 60% (95% CI: 42.1‐76.1%). Additional staging procedures did not reveal any metastases in dogs with histologically non‐metastatic SLNs. Integration of CEUS SLN mapping into the routine staging of MCTs is promising, but future studies are required to refine this procedure and to investigate if it would translate into a clinical benefit.
Nonlinear Dynamic Modeling of a Robotic Endoscopy Platform on Synthetic Tissue Substrates
Authors: Formosa Gregory A. , Micah Prendergast J. , Sean Humbert J. , Rentschler Mark E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A scaled robotic endoscopy platform (REP) was previously developed to efficiently test new control schemes in a simulated colon environment. This article presents the derivation and tuning of a nonlinear model of the REP operating on various substrates. The modeling technique and novel empirical friction profiling demonstrated here are useful for a wide variety of devices interacting with unconventional substrates. The model is first derived from the REP drivetrain inertial characteristics, and then the interaction with synthetic tissue is quantified by an automated traction measurement system for multiple substrates. The resulting model is then used with ground-truth VICON and sensor data to optimize uncertain parameters by minimizing pose error over a variety of tests and substrates. The results show an average error reduction of 67% over all tests and substrates, with a worst-case 10% open-loop final position error. The success of these results proves a robust dynamic model of the REP and its tissue interactions without the need to model complex and computationally expensive viscoelastic material properties or discrete/nonlinear events such as stalling. The resulting model will be used to develop model-based feedback control for estimation, disturbance rejection, and autonomy for the REP in an actuated colon simulator.
Long Term Dynamic Simulation of a Stem Cell Nucleus
Authors: Rabiei Manoochehr , McColloch Andrew , Rabbani Parisa , Cho Michael , Bowling Alan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiomolecular simulations are computationally expensive. Simulating time histories larger than seconds remain elusive even with the help of supercomputers. Biological phenomena are multiscale in nature. The dynamics range from atomistic to microscale. Herein a recently developed scaling approach, based on the method of multiple scales (MMS), is used to accomplish a long term simulation of a subcellular system. The first key advantage of this approach is the drastic reduction in computational time. This approach is illustrated using a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) as it undergoes adipogenic differentiation, a process that takes 15 days, which was simulated in less than 1.5 h on a typical desktop computer. The second key advantage of the high-speed simulation is that it facilitates the study of mechanical properties, such as nucleus membrane stiffness, that are difficult to measure experimentally with certainty.
Condition Monitoring of Motor-Gear System Dynamics With Rotor and Gear Faults
Authors: Bai Wenyu , Bao Guanjun , Qin Datong , Wang Yawen , Lim Teik C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An electromechanical system consisting of an electric motor and planetary gear set is modeled and analyzed in this paper. The model integrates various internal excitations including time-varying gear mesh stiffness, nonlinear spatial effect and, saturation effect, and component flaws. The simulation results predict the effects of rotor and gear faults including broken rotor bar, rotor static and dynamic eccentricity, and tooth root crack of the gear on the electromechanical system behavior. It is verified as the results obtained are in accordance with the features derived within previous researches. Furthermore, new sidebands merged on the dynamic response spectra such as slip frequency harmonics, rotor rotational frequency harmonics, and fault-related rotational frequency harmonics can be applied to detect electrical and mechanical faults in the motor-gear system. This paper lays the foundation for the comprehensive further study of working condition monitoring for the motor-gear system.
Examination of Novice Coaches’ Previous Experience as Athletes: Examples of Autonomy Support and Controlling Behaviors as Influences on Future Coaching Practice
Authors: Benish Diane , Langdon Jody , Culp Brian 
Published: August 2020

As part of a coach’s informal learning process, previous athletic experience is a foundational element of an athlete’s future coaching career, determining the perspectives, beliefs, and behaviors the coach will use in their interactions with athletes. Although it is investigated more generally, previous athletic experience is rarely considered in understanding specific coaching behaviors related to supporting athletes’ needs and motivation. This study investigated 15 novice coaches’ personal athletic and coaching experiences to determine how these experiences influenced their own coaching practice with regard to the engagement in autonomy-supportive and/or controlling behaviors. The interview data revealed that novice coaches used their past experiences to inform their practice in the following three ways: (a) experienced controlling behaviors as an athlete, which transferred to a desire to be more autonomy supportive in coaching; (b) experienced controlling behaviors as an athlete, which transferred to a desire to be more controlling in coaching; and (c) experienced autonomy-supportive behaviors as an athlete, which transferred to a desire to be more autonomy supportive in coaching. These results suggest the importance of considering previous athletic experience as an antecedent to coaches’ engagement in autonomy-supportive behaviors.
Gulf of Nuna: Astrochronologic correlation of a Mesoproterozoic oceanic euxinic event
Authors: Mitchell Ross N. , Kirscher Uwe , Kunzmann Marcus , Liu Yebo , Cox Grant M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ca. 1.4 Ga Velkerri and Xiamaling Formations, in Australia and the north China craton, respectively, are both carbonaceous shale deposits that record a prominent euxinic interval and were intruded by ca. 1.3 Ga dolerite sills. These similarities raise the possibility that these two units correlate, which would suggest the occurrence of widespread euxinia, organic carbon burial, and source rock deposition. Paleomagnetic data are consistent with Australia and the north China craton being neighbors in the supercontinent Nuna and thus permit deposition in a single large basin, and the putative stratigraphic correlation. However, lack of geochronological data has precluded definitive testing. The Xiamaling Formation has been shown to exhibit depositional control by orbital cycles. Here, we tested the putative correlation with the Velkerri Formation by cyclostratigraphic analysis. The Velkerri Formation exhibits sedimentological cycles that can be interpreted to represent the entire hierarchy of orbital cycles, according to a sedimentation rate that is consistent with Re-Os ages. Comparison of the inferred durations of the euxinic intervals preserved in both the Xiamaling and Velkerri Formations reveals a nearly identical ∼10-m.y.-long oceanic euxinic event. This permits the interpretation that the two hydrocarbon-rich units were deposited and matured in the same basin of Nuna, similar to the Gulf of Mexico during the breakup of Pangea.
Proximate and socio-economic determinants of under-five mortality in Benin, 2017/2018
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Darteh Eugene Kofuor Maafo , Adjei Nicholas Kofi 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundGlobally, under-five mortality has declined significantly, but still remains a critical public health problem in sub-Saharan African countries such as Benin. Yet, there is no empirical information in the country using a nationally representative data to explain this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to examine how proximate and socio-economic factors are associated with mortality in under-five children in Benin.MethodsWe analysed data of 5977 under-five children using the 2017 to 2018 Benin Demographic and Health Surveys. Multivariable hierarchical logistic regression modelling technique was applied to investigate the factors associated with under-five mortality. The fit of the models were assessed using variance inflation factor and Pseudo R2. Results were reported as adjusted odds ratios (aORs). All comparisons were considered to be statistically significant at p<0.05.ResultsThe study revealed an under-five mortality rate of 96 deaths per 1000 live births in Benin. Regarding the socio-economic determinants, the risk of death was found to be higher in children born in the Plateau region (aOR=3.05; 95% CI: 1.29 to 7.64), in rural areas (aOR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.98) and children with ≥4 birth rank and >2 years of birth interval (aOR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.17). Among the proximate determinants, we found the probability of death to be higher in children whose mothers had no postnatal check-up (PNC) visits after delivery (aOR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.63), but there was no significant association between individual-level/household-level factors and under-five mortality.ConclusionThis study has established that socio-economic and proximate factors are important determinants of under-five mortality in Benin. Our findings have shown the need to implement both socio-economic and proximate interventions, particularly those related to PNC visits when planning on under-five mortality. To achieve this, a comprehensive, long-term public health interventions, which consider the disparity in the access and utilisation of healthcare services in Benin are key.