bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Extraction and Determination of Polynuclear Hydrocarbons in Paraffin Waxes
Authors: Howard John W , Haenni Edward O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for the isolation and determination of polynuclear hydrocarbons in paraffin wax has been developed in which polynuclear compounds are extracted from the wax by diluting a melted wax solution with an aliphatic solvent and extracting the resulting solution with dimethyl sulfoxide. Paper chromatographic techniques are used to separate the compounds from the background material extracted from the wax. The hydrocarbons are rechromatographed until their ultraviolet absorption spectra are comparable to those obtained for pure compounds.
Recoveries of 19 polynuclear hydrocarbons added to 100 g samples of paraffin wax at levels of 0.1 ppm or less ranged from 62 to 96%. Recoveries of benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a, h) anthracene added to 100 g or 500 g of wax at levels as low as 0.02 ppm or 0.005 ppm, respectively, were in the range 90—100%. The variations in the recoveries are apparently caused by differences in the partition coefficients of the hydrocarbons between the aliphatic solvent and dimethyl sulfoxide and at lower levels by the tendency of some of the compounds to be oxidized. The method has been utilized for the determination of polynuclear hydrocarbons in commercial waxes.
Gamma-Emitting Nuclides in Fallout Associated with Atmospheric Testing During the Autumn of 1961
Authors: Yakabe H M , Dimitroff J M , Laug E P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Type of emission and energy of emission of fission products have been investigated to determine the radioisotopes, detectable by gamma spectroscopy, that were due to fallout from atmospheric testing during the autumn of 1961. Gamma spectra made from a sample of lawn grass collected in the Washington, D.C. area demonstrate the decay of characteristic photopeaks.
Evaluation of an Improved Sublimation Apparatus Utilizing Carbon-14 Labeled Methyl Esters of Fatty Acids
Authors: Sheppard A J , Ford L A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An improved sublimation appparatus has been designed and tested. The unit was tested with carbon-14 labeled methyl esters of fatty acids up through 22 carbon chain length. Samples of 40 mg or less of mixed fatty acid methyl esters can be sublimed routinely with recoveries of approximately 100%.
Infrared Spectra of Pesticides
Authors: Morris Walter W , Haenni Edward O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Infrared spectra (2-35 microns) of twenty-four pesticides and of the metabolites, DDE and heptachlor epoxide, are presented. Pure p,p'- and o,p'-isomers of DDT are included, as well as four technical grade samples of p,p'- DDT. Pure alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-isomers of BHC, together with five commercial preparations of the insecticide, were studied. Absorption maxima of analytical significance are noted and their structural assignments are indicated based on published spectra-structure correlations.
Sensitivity Tests for 22 Different Chlorinated Organic Pesticides by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Mitchell Lloyd C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper reports minimum quantities, in micrograms, of 22 organic chlorinated pesticides that can be detected by the silver nitrate/2-phenoxyethanol chromogenic agent, both before and after chromatographing, and after the papers have been washed with water to remove excess silver nitrate.
An Oregon Cranberry Bog Study for 3-Amino-l,2,4-triazole Residues, 1961-1962
Authors: Onley John H , Storherr R W , Culver A J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Food and Drug Administration and Agricultural Research Service cooperated in a 19-month field and laboratory study of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (amitrole) residues from two experimentally treated cranberry bogs. Samples of the cranberry vines, fruits, soil, and plant materials in the soil were collected monthly from the treated and untreated plots, and were analyzed for residues by the modified Storherr-Burke method. It was found that 3-amino- 1,2,4-triazole and/or metabolites of amitrole were present in bushes, roots, and harvested fruits 12 months after application.
Laryngeal Thermal Injury Model
Authors: Dion Gregory R , Pingree Christian S , Rico Pedro J , Christensen Christine L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A lack of reliable laryngeal thermal injury models precludes laryngeal burn wound healing studies and investigation of novel therapeutics. We hypothesize that a swine laryngeal burn model can allow for laryngeal burn evaluation over time. Twelve Yorkshire crossbreed swine underwent tracheostomy and endoscopically directed laryngeal burns using heated air (150–160°C). Swine larynges were evaluated and sectioned/stained at 12 hours, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days. A board-certified veterinary pathologist assessed anatomic regions (left and right: epiglottis, true/false vocal folds, and subglottis) using a nine criteria histological injury scoring scale. Six swine were euthanized at scheduled endpoints, three prematurely (airway concerns), and three succumbed to airway complications after 16 to 36 hours. Endoscopic and gross examination from scheduled endpoints revealed massive supraglottic edema and tissue damage, particularly around the arytenoids, extending transglottically. Swine from premature endpoints had comparatively increased edema throughout. Microscopic evaluation documented an inverse relationship between injury severity score and time from injury. Inflammation severity decreased over time, nearly resolving by 14 days. Neutrophils predominated early with histiocytes appearing at 3 days. Granulation tissue appeared at 3 days, and early epiglottic and/or subglottic fibrosis appeared by 7 days and matured by 14 days. Edema, abundant initially, decreased by day 3 and resolved by day 7. This approach is the first to provide longitudinal analysis of laryngeal thermal injuries, reflecting some of the first temporal wound healing characteristic data in laryngeal thermal injuries and providing a platform for future therapeutic studies.
Esophageal Stricture as a Complication After Scald Injury in Children
Authors: Boscarelli Alessandro , Fiorenza Venusia , Chiaro Andrea , Incerti Filippo , Mattioli Girolamo , Gandullia Paolo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Burn injuries are distressful and shocking events, which can lead to noteworthy sequelae on metabolic markers and organs. Such traumatic accidents do occur every so often in both adult and pediatric populations, requiring prompt and adequate treatments. Notably, scald injuries occur due to direct contact with hot liquids and these are the most common cause of burns in early childhood. Herein, we report on an 18-month-old boy admitted to our pediatric surgery unit for an extensive scald injury, who has experienced an unusual esophageal stricture following the traumatic event.
A mass threshold for galactic gas discs by spin flips
Authors: Dekel Avishai , Ginzburg Omri , Jiang Fangzhou , Freundlich Jonathan , Lapiner Sharon , Ceverino Daniel , Primack Joel 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We predict, analytically and by simulations, that gas discs tend to survive only in haloes above a threshold mass ∼2 × 1011 M⊙ (stellar mass ∼109 M⊙), with only a weak redshift dependence. At lower masses, the disc spins typically flip in less than an orbital time due to mergers associated with a change in the pattern of the feeding cosmic-web streams. This threshold arises from the halo merger rate when accounting for the mass dependence of the ratio of galactic baryons and halo mass. Above the threshold, wet compactions lead to massive central nuggets that allow the longevity of extended clumpy gas rings. Supernova feedback has a major role in disrupting discs below the critical mass, by driving the stellar-to-halo mass ratio that affects the merger rate, by stirring up turbulence and suppressing high-angular-momentum gas supply, and by confining major compactions to the critical mass. Our predictions seem consistent with current observed fractions of gas discs, to be explored by future observations that will resolve galaxies below 109 M⊙ at high redshifts, e.g. by JWST.
Readthrough Errors Purge Deleterious Cryptic Sequences, Facilitating the Birth of Coding Sequences
Authors: Kosinski Luke J , Masel Joanna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDe novo protein-coding innovations sometimes emerge from ancestrally noncoding DNA, despite the expectation that translating random sequences is overwhelmingly likely to be deleterious. The “preadapting selection” hypothesis claims that emergence is facilitated by prior, low-level translation of noncoding sequences via molecular errors. It predicts that selection on polypeptides translated only in error is strong enough to matter and is strongest when erroneous expression is high. To test this hypothesis, we examined noncoding sequences located downstream of stop codons (i.e., those potentially translated by readthrough errors) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes. We identified a class of “fragile” proteins under strong selection to reduce readthrough, which are unlikely substrates for co-option. Among the remainder, sequences showing evidence of readthrough translation, as assessed by ribosome profiling, encoded C-terminal extensions with higher intrinsic structural disorder, supporting the preadapting selection hypothesis. The cryptic sequences beyond the stop codon, rather than spillover effects from the regular C-termini, are primarily responsible for the higher disorder. Results are robust to controlling for the fact that stronger selection also reduces the length of C-terminal extensions. These findings indicate that selection acts on 3′ UTRs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to purge potentially deleterious variants of cryptic polypeptides, acting more strongly in genes that experience more readthrough errors.
Translational read-through promotes aggregation and shapes stop codon identity
Authors: Kramarski Lior , Arbely Eyal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFaithful translation of genetic information depends on the ability of the translational machinery to decode stop codons as termination signals. Although termination of protein synthesis is highly efficient, errors in decoding of stop codons may lead to the synthesis of C-terminally extended proteins. It was found that in eukaryotes such elongated proteins do not accumulate in cells. However, the mechanism for sequestration of C-terminally extended proteins is still unknown. Here we show that 3′-UTR-encoded polypeptides promote aggregation of the C-terminally extended proteins, and targeting to lysosomes. We demonstrate that 3′-UTR-encoded polypeptides can promote different levels of protein aggregation, similar to random sequences. We also show that aggregation of endogenous proteins can be induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics that promote stop codon read-through, by UAG suppressor tRNA, or by knokcdown of release factor 1. Furthermore, we find correlation between the fidelity of termination signals, and the predicted propensity of downstream 3′-UTR-encoded polypeptides to form intrinsically disordered regions. Our data highlight a new quality control mechanism for elimination of C-terminally elongated proteins.
The CREB-binding protein inhibitor ICG-001: a promising therapeutic strategy in sporadic meningioma with NF2 mutations
Authors: Deng Jiaojiao , Hua Lingyang , Han Tao , Tian Mi , Wang Daijun , Tang Hailiang , Sun Shuchen , Chen Hong , Cheng Haixia , Zhang Tao , Xie Qing , Wan Lixin , Zhu Hongda , Gong Ye 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Meningiomas with Neurofibromin 2 gene mutations (NF2-mutant meningiomas) account for ~40% of the sporadic meningiomas. However, there is still no effective drug treatment for the disease.

Methods
Expression profile of Merlin protein was explored through immunohistochemistry in a meningioma patient cohort (n = 346). A 20-agent library covering a wide range of meningioma relevant targets was tested using meningioma cell lines IOMM-Lee (NF2 wildtype) and CH157-MN (NF2 deficient). Therapeutic effects and biological mechanisms of the identified compound, ICG-001, in NF2-mutant meningiomas were further characterized in vitro and in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models.

Results
Low Merlin expression was associated with meningioma proliferation and poor clinical outcomes in a large patient series. ICG-001, a cAMP-responsive element binding (CREB)-binding protein (CBP) inhibitor, selectively suppressed tumor growth of cells with low Merlin expression. Besides, ICG-001 mediated CH157-MN and IOMM-Lee growth inhibition primarily through robust induction of the G1 cell-cycle arrest. Treatment with ICG-001 alone significantly reduced the growth of NF2-mutant xenografts in mice, as well. We also provide further evidence that ICG-001 inhibits proliferation of NF2-mutant meningioma cells at least partly through attenuating the FOXM1-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of ligand-mediated Wnt/β-catenin signaling as well as its drugable potency in NF2-mutant meningioma.
The importance of cuticular permeance in assessing plant water–use strategies
Authors: Lanning Matthew , Wang Lixin , Novick Kimberly A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Accurate understanding of plant responses to water stress is increasingly important for quantification of ecosystem carbon and water cycling under future climates. Plant water-use strategies can be characterized across a spectrum of water stress responses, from tight stomatal control (isohydric) to distinctly less stomatal control (anisohydric). A recent and popular classification method of plant water-use strategies utilizes the regression slope of predawn and midday leaf water potentials, σ, to reflect the coupling of soil water availability (predawn leaf water potential) and stomatal dynamics (daily decline in leaf water potential). This type of classification is important in predicting ecosystem drought response and resiliency. However, it fails to explain the relative stomatal responses to drought of Acer sacharrum and Quercus alba, improperly ranking them on the spectrum of isohydricity. We argue this inconsistency may be in part due to the cuticular conductance of different species. We used empirical and modeling evidence to show that plants with more permeable cuticles are more often classified as anisohydric; the σ values of those species were very well correlated with measured cuticular permeance. Furthermore, we found that midday leaf water potential in species with more permeable cuticles would continue to decrease as soils become drier, but not in those with less permeable cuticles. We devised a diagnostic parameter, Γ, to identify circumstances where the impact of cuticular conductance could cause species misclassification. The results suggest that cuticular conductance needs to be considered to better understand plant water-use strategies and to accurately predict forest responses to water stress under future climate scenarios.
Functional pangenome analysis suggests inhibition of the protein E as a readily available therapy for COVID-2019
Authors: alam Intikhab , Kamau Allan , Kulmanov Maxat , Arold Stefan T. , Pain Arnab , Gojobori Takashi , Duarte Carlos M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has triggered a global emergency, that demands urgent solutions for detection and therapy to prevent escalating health, social and economic impacts. The spike protein (S) of this virus enables binding to the human receptor ACE2, and hence presents a prime target for vaccines preventing viral entry into host cells1. The S proteins from SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 are similar2, but structural differences in the receptor binding domain (RBD) preclude the use of SARS-CoV-1–specific neutralizing antibodies to inhibit SARS-CoV-23. Here we used comparative pangenomic analysis of all sequencedBetacoronavirusesto reveal that, among all core gene clusters present in these viruses, the envelope protein E shows a variant shared by SARS and SARS-Cov2 with two completely-conserved key functional features, an ion-channel and a PDZ-binding Motif (PBM). These features trigger a cytokine storm that activates the inflammasome, leading to increased edema in lungs causing the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)4-6, the leading cause of death in SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection7,8. However, three drugs approved for human use may inhibit SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 Protein E, either acting upon the ion channel (Amantadine and Hexamethylene amiloride9,10) or the PBM (SB2035805), thereby potentially increasing the survival of the host, as already demonstrated for SARS-CoV-1in animal models. Hence, blocking the SARS protein E inhibits development of ARDSin vivo. Given that our results demonstrate that the protein E subcluster for the SARS clade isquasi-identical for the key functional regions of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, we conclude that use of approved drugs shown to act as SARS E protein inhibitors can help prevent further casualties from COVID-2019 while vaccines and other preventive measures are being developed.
Changing pollinator communities along a disturbance gradient in the Sundarbans mangrove forest: a case study onAcanthus ilicifoliusandAvicennia officinalis
Authors: Akter Asma , Biella Paolo , Batáry Péter , Klečka Jan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Sundarbans, the largest mangrove forest in the world and a UNESCO world heritage site has been facing an increasing pressure of habitat destruction. Yet, no study has been conducted to test how human disturbances are affecting plant-pollinator interactions in this unique ecosystem. Hence, we aimed to provide the first insight of the impact of habitat loss and human disturbances on the pollinator communities in the Sundarbans. We selected 12 sites in the North-Western region of the Sundarbans, along a gradient of decreasing habitat loss and human activities from forest fragments near human settlements to continuous pristine forest, where we studied insect pollinators of two mangrove plant species,Acanthus ilicifoliusandAvicennia officinalis. Our results show that different pollinator groups responded to the disturbance gradient differently. For example, the abundance ofApis dorsata, one of the three local species of honey bees, increased gradually from the village area towards the deep pristine forest. On the other hand,A. ceranaandA. floreawere found in the village sites and completely absent in the deep forest. Although pollinator community composition changed along the disturbance gradient, their efficacy in pollination did not seem to be significantly affected. However, lower plant diversity and low understory plant cover in the forest patches nearby the village indicated that human disturbances not only affected pollinator community composition but also played a major negative role in the regeneration of the forest. Our study provides first insights into plant-pollinator interactions in the Sundarbans and demonstrates that more research is needed to inform conservation of this unique habitat.
DNA methylation is a key mechanism for maintaining monoallelic expression on autosomes
Authors: Gupta Saumya , Lafontaine Denis L. , Vigneau Sebastien , Vinogradova Svetlana , Mendelevich Asia , Igarashi Kyomi J. , Bortvin Andrew , Alves-Pereira Clara F. , Clement Kendell , Pinello Luca , Gnirke Andreas , Long Henry , Gusev Alexander , Nag Anwesha , Gimelbrant Alexander A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn diploid cells, maternal and paternal copies of genes usually have similar transcriptional activity. Mammalian allele-specific epigenetic mechanisms such as X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) and imprinting were historically viewed as rare exceptions to this rule. The discovery of mitotically stable monoallelic autosomal expression (MAE) a decade ago revealed an additional allele-specific mode regulating thousands of mammalian genes. However, despite its prevalence, the mechanistic basis of MAE remains unknown. To uncover the mechanism of MAE maintenance, we devised a small-molecule screen for reactivation of silenced alleles across multiple loci using targeted RNA sequencing. Contrary to previous reports, we identified DNA methylation as a key mechanism of MAE mitotic maintenance. In contrast with the binary choice of the active allele in XCI, stringent transcriptome-wide analysis revealed MAE as a regulatory mode with tunable control of allele-specific expression, dependent on the extent of DNA methylation. In a subset of MAE genes, allelic imbalance was insensitive to changes in DNA methylation, implicating additional mechanisms in MAE maintenance in these loci. Our findings identify a key mechanism of MAE maintenance, reveal tunability of this mode of gene regulation, and provide the essential platform for probing the biological role of MAE in development and disease.
Identification of H3N2 NA and PB1-F2 genetic variants and their association with disease symptoms during the 2014-15 influenza season
Authors: Blumenkrantz Deena R. , Mehoke Thomas , Shaw-Saliba Kathryn , Powell Harrison , Wohlgemuth Nicholas , Liu Hsuan , Macias Elizabeth , Evans Jared , Lewis Mitra , Medina Rebecca , Hardick Justin , Sauer Lauren M. , Dugas Andrea , DuVal Anna , Lane Andrew P , Gaydos Charlotte , Rothman Richard , Thielen Peter , Pekosz Andrew 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe 2014-15 influenza season saw the emergence of an H3N2 antigenic drift variant that formed the 3C.2a HA clade. Whole viral genomes were sequenced from nasopharyngeal swabs of 94 patients with confirmed influenza A virus infection and primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures used to efficiently isolate H3N2 viruses. The isolates were classified by HA clade and the presence of a new set of co-selected mutations in NA (a glycosylation site, NAg+) and PB1-F2 (H75P). The NA and PB1-F2 mutations were present in a subset of clade 3C.2a viruses (NAg+F2P) which dominated during the subsequent influenza seasons. In human nasal epithelial cell cultures, a virus with the novel NAg+F2P genotype replicated less well compared to a virus with the parental genotype. Retrospective analyses of clinical data showed that NAg+F2P genotype viruses were associated with increased cough and shortness of breath in infected patients.
MULTIMAP: Multilingual picture naming test for mapping eloquent areas during awake surgeries
Authors: Gisbert-Muñoz Sandra , Quiñones Ileana , Amoruso Lucia , Timofeeva Polina , Geng Shuang , Boudelaa Sami , Pomposo Iñigo , Gil-Robles Santiago , Carreiras Manuel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPicture naming tasks are currently the gold standard for identifying and preserving language-related areas during awake brain surgery. With multilingual populations increasing worldwide, patients frequently need to be tested in more than one language. There is still no reliable testing instrument, as the available batteries have been developed for specific languages. Heterogeneity in the selection criteria for stimuli leads to differences, for example, in the size, color, image quality, and even names associated with pictures, making direct cross-linguistic comparisons difficult. Here we present MULTIMAP, a new multilingual picture naming test for mapping eloquent areas during awake brain surgery. Recognizing that the distinction between nouns and verbs is necessary for detailed and precise language mapping, MULTIMAP consists of a database of 218 standardized color pictures representing both objects and actions. These images have been tested for name agreement with speakers of Spanish, Basque, Catalan, Italian, French, English, Mandarin Chinese, and Arabic, and have been controlled for relevant linguistic features in cross-language combinations. The MULTIMAP test for objects and verbs represents an alternative to the DO 80 monolingual pictorial set currently used in language mapping, providing an open-source, standardized set of up-to-date pictures, where relevant linguistic variables across several languages have been taken into account in picture creation and selection.