bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Level Primary CD8+T-Cell Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag and Env Generated by Vaccination with Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses
Authors: Haglund Karl , Leiner Ingrid , Kerksiek Kristen , Buonocore Linda , Pamer Eric , Rose John K. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWe investigated the primary cellular immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Env and Gag proteins elicited by recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs). The primary response to Env peaked 5 to 7 days after intraperitoneal vaccination, at which time 40% of CD8+cells were Env tetramer positive and activated (CD62LLo). These freshly isolated cells actively lysed target cells pulsed with the p18-I10 peptide and secreted gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha after stimulation with the Env p18-I10 peptide. The primary response to Env elicited by rVSVs was sixfold higher than that elicited by recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVVs) at 5 days postvaccination. An intranasal route of vaccination with VSV-Env also elicited a strong primary response to Env. The primary immune response to Gag elicited by rVSV peaked 7 days after vaccination, at which time 3% of CD8+cells were Gag tetramer positive and CD62LLoand functional by intracellular cytokine staining. This response was eightfold higher than that elicited by rVV expressing Gag. VSV-GagEnv, which expresses both Gag and Env from a single recombinant, also induced strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses to both Env and Gag. Our quantitative analyses illustrate the potency of the VSV vector system in CTL induction.
Characterization and Complete Nucleotide Sequence of an Unusual Reptilian Retrovirus Recovered from the Order Crocodylia
Authors: Martin Joanne , Kabat Peter , Herniou Elisabeth , Tristem Michael 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

A novel group of retroviruses found within the order Crocodylia are described. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that they are probably the most divergent members of the
Retroviridae
described to date; even the most conserved regions of Pol show an average of only 23% amino acid identity when compared to other retroviruses.
Activity Coefficients and Gibbs Energies of Transfer of Tetraalkylammonium Dianilinetetraisothiocyanatochromates(III)
Authors: Holba Vladislav 
Published: July 2002

The solubilities of tetraalkylammonium dianilinetetraisothiocyanatochromates(III) (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, and 1-butyl) in water, water - methanol, water - tert-butyl alcohol and water - acetonitrile solutions were measured at 25 °C. The results were used to evaluate the activity coefficients and Gibbs energies of transfer of the saturating salts from water to the mixed systems. The Gibbs energies of transfer of the [Cr(C6H5NH2)2(NCS)4]- ion were obtained by means of known ionic transfer functions for the tetraalkylammonium ions based on the TATB assumption.
Synthesis of 2-Substituted-6,7-dimethoxy- and 6,7,8-Trimethoxy-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones
Authors: Hradil Pavel , Vaněček Jan , Hlaváč Jan , Ševčík Juraj 
Published: July 2002

Acetonyl and phenacyl esters of 4,5-dimethoxy- and 3,4,5-trimethoxyanthranilic acids 3 were prepared by reduction of corresponding nitro derivatives 2. Acetonyl 4,5-dimethoxyanthranilate (3a) was prepared by reaction of 4,5-dimethoxyanthranilic acid and chloroacetone. Cyclization of these acetonyl and phenacyl esters in polyphosphoric acid provided the corresponding 2-substituted-6,7-dimethoxy- and 6,7,8-trimethoxy-3-hydroxyquinolin-4(1H)-ones 4. A new method of the thermal cyclization is also described. The structure of the prepared compounds was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Accidents and resulting injuries in premobile infants: data from the ALSPAC study
Authors: Warrington S A , Wright C M , Team ALSPAC Study 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUND AND AIMSLittle is known about injuries resulting from accidents in premobile infants. We aimed to describe the pattern of minor accidents in infants and their resulting injuries.METHODSThe ALSPAC study collected data in successive postal questionnaires. At 6 months of age, parents were asked to describe any accident since birth. The type of fall, distance fallen, resulting injury, and help sought were independently coded. Burns were similarly coded.RESULTSA total of 11 466 responses were available. In 2554 children, 3357 falls were reported; 53% fell from beds or settees and 12% fell from arms or while being carried. Only 14% reported visible injury, of which 56% were bruises; 97% of injuries specified involved the head. Only 21 falls (<1%) resulted in concussion or fracture. A burn or scald occurred in 172 cases (1.5%). The main causes of scalds were hot drinks and water, with contact burns caused by radiators, cookers, and hot food.CONCLUSIONSFalls in young infants are common while burns are rare. Injuries from falls are infrequent, predominantly trivial, and almost entirely confined to the head. Falls from beds and settees did not result in skull fractures. Serious injury was the result of complex accidents.
Nasal and intrapulmonary haemorrhage in sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: Becroft D M O , Thompson J M D , Mitchell E A 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDFresh intrapulmonary and oronasal haemorrhages in cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) might be markers for accidental or intentional smothering inappropriately diagnosed as SIDS.AIMTo compare the incidence, epidemiological association, and inter-relation of nasal haemorrhage, intrapulmonary haemorrhage, and intrathoracic petechiae in infant deaths certified as SIDS.METHODSIn SIDS cases from a large nationwide case–control study, a wide range of variables were compared in cases with and without reported nasal haemorrhage and, in a subgroup of cases, in those with and without pathologically significant intrapulmonary haemorrhage.RESULTSNasal haemorrhage was reported in 60 of 385 cases (15%) whose parents were interviewed. Pathologically significant intra-alveolar pulmonary haemorrhage was found in 47% of 115 cases studied, but was severe in only 7%. Infants with nasal haemorrhage had more haemorrhage into alveoli and air passages than age matched cases without nasal haemorrhage. In multivariate analysis, nasal haemorrhage was associated with younger infant age, bed sharing, and the infant being placed non-prone to sleep. Intrapulmonary haemorrhage was associated with the same three factors in univariate analysis, but in multivariate analysis only younger infant age remained statistically significant. There was no significant association between nasal or intra-alveolar haemorrhages and intrathoracic petechiae.CONCLUSIONSNasal and intrapulmonary haemorrhages have common associations not shared with intrathoracic petechiae. Smothering is a possible common factor, although is unlikely to be the cause in most cases presenting as SIDS.
What do under 15 year old schoolboy rugby union players think about protective headgear?
Authors: Finch C F , McIntosh A S , McCrory P 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—When protective headgear is designed, the attitudes of the intended users needs to be taken into account, as well as safety performance criteria. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the attitudes of schoolboy rugby union players towards protective headgear.Methods—A survey of 140 rugby union players (82.4% response rate) from 10 randomly selected school teams in metropolitan Sydney was conducted at the end of the 1999 playing season. All players were aged 14–16 years. All teams had participated in a trial of headgear during the 1999 season in which six of the teams had been assigned to a headgear trial arm and four teams to a control arm. Players completed a self report questionnaire during a supervised session at school. The questionnaire collected information on recent head injuries, use of protective equipment, and attitudes towards headgear.Results—Some form of protective equipment was always worn by 76.1% of players: 93.6% reported using a mouthguard and 79.3% a helmet/headgear during the 1999 season. The two most important reasons for wearing headgear were related to safety concerns. Players with no recent head/neck injury were more likely to report that they felt safer when wearing headgear (p<0.001) and less likely to cite a previous injury as a motivating factor for wearing headgear (p<0.001) than those who had sustained a recent head/neck injury. Of the players who wore headgear during the 1999 season, 67% said that they played more confidently when they wore headgear, but 63% said that their head was hotter. Few players reported that their head was uncomfortable (15%) or that it was hard to communicate (3%) when they wore headgear. The main reasons for not wearing headgear were related to its design features: uncomfortable (61%) and it was hot (57%).Conclusions—The primary reason cited by players for wearing headgear is safety. Receiving an injury would also motivate non-wearers to wear headgear. Players report that they are more confident and able to tackle harder if they wear headgear, suggesting that a belief in its protective capabilities may influence behaviour. These attitudes need to be addressed in the design of effective headgear as well as in strategies to promote its use.
The relative stress on the Achilles tendon during ambulation in an ankle immobiliser: implications for rehabilitation after Achilles tendon repair
Authors: Akizuki K H , Gartman E J , Nisonson B , Ben-Avi S , McHugh M P 
Published: July 2002

Background—After Achilles tendon repair, immediate weightbearing and immobilisation closer to neutral plantarflexion are thought to limit atrophy and stiffness, but may place deleterious stress on the repair.Objectives—To estimate the relative stress on the Achilles tendon during weightbearing with immobilisation in varying degrees of plantarflexion.Methods—Electromyographic (EMG) activity from the plantarflexors was recorded during walking in 10 subjects (six men, four women) without ankle pathology. Four walking conditions were examined: (a) normal walking; (b) immobilised (cam-walker) in neutral plantarflexion; (c) immobilised with a 0.5 inch heel lift; (d) immobilised with a 1 inch heel lift. EMG activity relative to plantarflexor torque was determined for each subject during isometric contractions at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). EMG activity during walking was calculated as a percentage of MVC based on the EMG-torque relation during graded isometric contractions.Results—During normal walking, the plantarflexor torque was estimated to be 30 (12)% (mean (SD)) of MVC, compared with 21 (15)% MVC for immobilisation in neutral (p<0.05), 17 (15)% MVC with the addition of a 0.5 inch heel lift (p<0.01), and 12 (12)% MVC with the addition of a 1 inch heel lift (p<0.01). The 1 inch heel lift resulted in less than 10° plantarflexion in all subjects.Conclusions—When the ankle is immobilised, stress on the Achilles tendon is determined by the degree of plantarflexion and the contractile activity of the plantarflexors. In the immobilised ankle, the addition of a 1 inch heel lift was sufficient to minimise plantarflexor activity during walking.
Influence of preseason training, fitness, and existing injury on subsequent rugby injury
Authors: Lee A J , Garraway W M , Arneil D W 
Published: July 2002

Objectives—To examine the influence of preseason fitness, existing injury, and preseason rugby training on subsequent injury.Methods—Players were eligible for the survey if they were a member of a Scottish Rugby Union (SRU) affiliated rugby club in the Border Reivers District of the SRU during the 1997–1998 season. A total of 803 (84%) players from 22 (88%) participating clubs provided details of rugby training, injuries sustained, and physical activity undertaken during the 16 week summer period (26 April to 16 August 1997) and their perceived fitness before the start of the season. Observers at participating clubs reported all injury episodes occurring to club players throughout the 1997–1998 season.Results—One fifth of players did not attend any rugby training during the 16 week summer period; the remainder attended a median of 14 sessions. Throughout the 1997–1998 season, 675 injury episodes occurred to 423 (53%) players during training or in matches. After adjustment for whether players held a professional contract or were amateurs, Cox regression showed a 3.9% relative increase (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9 to 5.9%) in the risk of injury over the season for each additional preseason training week attended, and a 61% relative increase (95% CI 32 to 97%) for those players who had been injured or were carrying an injury at the end of the previous season.Conclusions—Injury risk is more likely to be related to rugby training (type of activities undertaken in rugby training, or personalities and characteristics of players undertaking training more frequently) than to overall player fitness. Players who were injured at the end of the previous season were more likely to be injured in the following season. This may be because they do not allow previous injuries to heal sufficiently before returning to the game, or the intensity of their participation may increase their risk of injury.
The impact of face shield use on concussions in ice hockey: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Benson B W , Rose M S , Meeuwisse W H 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To identify specific risk factors for concussion severity among ice hockey players wearing full face shields compared with half face shields (visors).Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted during one varsity hockey season (1997–1998) with 642 male ice hockey players (median age 22 years) from 22 teams participating in the Canadian Inter-University Athletics Union. Half of the teams wore full face shields, and half wore half shields (visors) for every practice and game throughout the season. Team therapists and doctors recorded on structured forms daily injury, participation, and information on face shield use for each athlete. The main outcome measure was any traumatic brain injury requiring assessment or treatment by a team therapist or doctor, categorised by time lost from subsequent participation and compared by type of face shield worn.Results: Players who wore half face shields missed significantly more practices and games per concussion (2.4 times) than players who wore full face shields (4.07 sessions (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.48 to 4.74)v1.71 sessions (95% CI 1.32 to 2.18) respectively). Significantly more playing time was lost by players wearing half shields during practices and games, and did not depend on whether the athletes were forwards or defence, rookies or veterans, or whether the concussions were new or recurrent. In addition, players who wore half face shields and no mouthguards at the time of concussion missed significantly more playing time (5.57 sessions per concussion; 95% CI 4.40 to 6.95) than players who wore half shields and mouthguards (2.76 sessions per concussion; 95% CI 2.14 to 3.55). Players who wore full face shields and mouthguards at the time of concussion lost no playing time compared with 1.80 sessions lost per concussion (95% CI 1.38 to 2.34) for players wearing full face shields and no mouthguards.Conclusions: The use of a full face shield compared with half face shield by intercollegiate ice hockey players significantly reduced the playing time lost because of concussion, suggesting that concussion severity may be reduced by the use of a full face shield.
Localisation of a gene for an autosomal recessive syndrome of macrocephaly, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, and distinctive facies to chromosome 15q26
Authors: Bayoumi Riad , Saar Kathrin , Lee Young-Ae , Nürnberg Gudrun , Reis André , Nur-E-Kamal Mohammed , Al-Gazali Lihadh I 
Published: July 2002

BACKGROUNDWe have previously described an autosomal recessive syndrome of macrocephaly, multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED), and distinctive facies in a large, extended Omani family. The MED observed seems to be part of a larger malformation syndrome, since both craniofacial and central nervous system changes were present in the family. We performed a whole genome scan in this family in order to identify the gene locus for this malformation syndrome.METHODS AND RESULTSUsing homozygosity mapping, we show linkage to the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 15. The position of both the disease gene and the principal glycoprotein, chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (aggrecan, AGC1) on chromosome 15q26, suggested that the aggrecan gene is a candidate for the disease in this family. However, three of the four affected children were heterozygous for a polymorphism at position 831 of the coding sequence ofAGC1, providing strong evidence against its involvement.CONCLUSIONWe have identified a gene locus for a recessive syndrome of macrocephaly, MED, and distinctive facies in a large Omani family. Aggrecan located on chromosome 15q26, within the critical region determined for this syndrome in this family, was excluded as a candidate gene.
Respiratory health surveillance in a toluene di-isocyanate production unit, 1967–97: clinical observations and lung function analyses
Authors: Ott M Gerald , Klees Julia E , Poche Sandy L 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo characterise irritant and allergic airway responses and assess changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) relative to exposure to toluene di-isocyanate (TDI).METHODSEmployees (n=313) ever assigned to a TDI production unit for ⩾3 months (1967–92) were identified from personnel records along with 158 frequency matched referents without known exposure to TDI. Reports made during visits to the occupational clinic of incidents related to exposure to TDI and annual periodic examination results (questionnaire, physical findings, and spirometry) were abstracted and assessed relative to industrial hygiene estimates of exposure to TDI.RESULTSMean 8 hour time weighted average estimates of TDI concentrations ranged from 9.9 ppb in jobs with potentially high exposure during the early years of plant operations to 0.5 ppb in jobs with potentially low exposure in more recent years. The corresponding rates of visits to the clinic due to incidents of exposure to TDI (including both irritant and allergic airway responses) declined from 20.5 to 1.0 visits per 100 years of employment at the unit. The annual incidence of asthma induced by TDI declined from 1.8% before 1980 to 0.7% afterwards. Neither cross sectional nor longitudinal analyses of FVC and FEV1showed significant dose-response findings relative to exposure to TDI across the total exposed population. Among cases of occupational asthma there was an apparent initial decline in FEV1within 2 years of first reporting symptoms, but not an accelerated rate of decline in follow up tests from 4–30 years after induction of asthma.CONCLUSIONSOccurrences of both asthma induced by TDI and irritant airway responses due to exposure to TDI were found in this cohort, but there was no relation between cumulative exposure to TDI and irreversible airflow obstruction as assessed by spirometry.
Isocyanate exposure and occupational asthma: a case-referent study
Authors: Meredith S K , Bugler J , Clark R L 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo examine the quantitative relation between exposure to isocyanates and occupational asthma, and to explore the role of atopy and smoking in occurrence of the disease.METHODA case-referent study was undertaken of cases from two manufacturing companies (A and B) from which referents without disease could be selected and reliable exposure measurements were available. In company A, 27 cases mainly attributed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) were matched to 51 referents on work area, start and duration of employment, sex, and age. Exposures were estimated from existing measurements by job category. In company B there were seven cases attributed to 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) in two areas of the plant; 12 non-cases from the same areas were used as referents. Personal exposure measurements were available for all cases and 11 referents.RESULTSNo difference in peak exposures between cases and referents was found in either plant; but in both, time weighted average (TWA) exposures at the time of onset of asthma were higher for cases. In A, the mean TWA exposure for cases was 1.5 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2 to 1.8) ppb compared with 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4) ppb for referents. From a matched analysis, the odds ratio (OR) associated with 8 hour TWA exposure to isocyanates greater than 1.125 ppb (the median concentration for the referent group) was 3.2 (95% CI 0.96 to 10.6; p=0.06). Occupational asthma was associated with a pre-employment history of atopic illness (OR 3.5, p=0.04) and, less strongly, with smoking (OR 2.1, p=0.14). In B, small numbers limited analysis, but three of seven cases had at least one TWA exposure measurement greater than 5 ppb compared with one of 11 referents (OR 7.5, p=0.09).CONCLUSIONAsthma can occur at low concentrations of isocyanates, but even at low concentrations, the higher the exposure the greater the risk. By contrast with other studies, smoking and atopy seemed to increase the odds of occupational asthma due to isocyanates, but did not affect the estimate of risk associated with exposure.
Requirements for occupational medicine training in Europe: a Delphi study
Authors: Macdonald E B , Ritchie K A , Murray K J , Gilmour W H 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo identify the common core competencies required for occupational physicians in Europe.METHODA modified Delphi survey was conducted among members of the European Association of Schools of Occupational Medicine (EASOM), the Occupational Medicine Section of the Union of European Medical Specialities (UEMS), and of the European Network of Societies of Occupational Physicians (ENSOP). An initial questionnaire based on the training syllabus of the United Kingdom Faculty of Occupational Medicine was circulated and respondents were asked to rate the importance of each item. The results were discussed at a conference on the subject of competencies. A further questionnaire was developed and circulated which asked respondents to rank items within each section.RESULTSThere was a 74% response in the first round and an 80% response in the second. Respondents' ratings from most important to least important were; occupational hazards to health, research methods, health promotion, occupational health law and ethics, communications, assessment of disability, environmental medicine, and management. In the second round, among those topics ranked most highly were; hazards to health and the illnesses which they cause, control of risks, and diagnoses of work related ill health. Topics such as principles of occupational safety and selection of personal protection equipment were of least importance. Although the assessment of fitness was regarded as important, monitoring and advising on sickness absence were not highly rated. Management competency was regarded as of low importance.CONCLUSIONThis survey identified that respondents had traditional disease focused views of the competencies required of occupational physicians and that competencies were lagging behind the evolving definition of occupational health.