bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Saints of Santa Ana
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To examine the intersection of religion and ethnicity among Mexican immigrants, this volume takes readers into the vibrant neighborhoods of central Santa Ana, California, a Mexican-majority metropolis with high rates of religious participation. Ethnic Mexicans have traditionally been characterized by their religiosity, and have historically been marked as ethno-racially distinct from the white majority. On the one hand, this volume investigates whether Mexican ethnicity is indeed a cohesive organizing principle that continues to mark Mexicans as distinct. On the other hand, the volume examines the mechanisms of religion that sustain or alter in-group understandings of ethnicity. To highlight the mechanisms that shape ethnic identity, the volume takes a comparative approach, juxtaposing the experiences of Catholic and evangelical Mexican immigrants, the two largest religious groupings in the city. Through five years of participant observation within formal and informal Catholic and evangelical spaces in Santa Ana, and based on in-depth interviews of fifty parishioners, this book argues that religious affiliations set Catholics and evangelicals along diverging trajectories of ethnic identity construction. In particular, the author argues that while Mexican Catholics ritualize a sense of their ethnic past, Mexican evangelicals posit a rupture with the past rooted in conversion. Catholics and evangelicals’ diverging understandings of ethnic community and of ethnic identity manifest as distinct practices of ethnic space.
Social Life and Religion
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 serves as another break from the main narrative with a discussion of social life and religion. The chapter discusses everyday life, or as much as we know of it; family life; and in particular, the changing roles of women from the Classical through the Hellenistic eras to the Roman era in Athens and Greece. Then there is a discussion on religion and religious life in Athens in these periods, along with the Athenian attitude toward religion. Topics include the major festivals and how they changed, foreign cults such as that of Sarapis from Egypt, and especially the Roman imperial cult.
Hadrian’s Arch
Authors: Worthington Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The final chapter completes the narrative with an examination of Hadrian’s dealings with Athens, thanks to whom the city was again made prominent in the Greek world. After discussing Hadrian’s economic and constitutional arrangements for Athens, the chapter turns to the religious and intellectual life in the city and how these appealed to a polymath like Hadrian. Most importantly there is a focus on Hadrian’s Panhellenion, a league of cities of the East created by the emperor that made Athens its center. As a result, Athens’ reputation and prestige skyrocketed once again, and it became in effect the second city of the Roman Empire after Rome. The Panhellenion also spawned a burst of building activity under Hadrian not seen since the days of Augustus. The completion of the monumental Temple to Olympian Zeus was meant to be the focal point of the Panhellenion. A section on Hadrian’s Arch is also discussed, as the monument was commissioned by the Athenians and shows the extent of Hadrian’s power over the city, Greece, and the east. As a postscript, there is a broad brushstroke description of Athens after Hadrian, including the activity of Herodes Atticus and up to the Herulian sack.
Trust in a Polarized Age
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Americans today don’t trust each other and their institutions as much as they used to. The collapse of social and political trust arguably has fueled our increasingly ferocious ideological conflicts and hardened partisanship. But is the decline in trust inevitable? Are we caught in a downward spiral that must end in war-like politics, institutional decay, and possibly even civil war? This book argues that American political and economic institutions are capable of creating and maintaining trust, even through polarized times. Combining philosophical arguments and empirical data, the author shows that liberal democracy, markets, and social welfare programs all play a vital role in producing social and political trust. Even more, these institutions can promote trust justly, by recognizing and respecting our basic human rights.
Civil Society and Freedom of Association
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A right to freedom of association can both be justified to a diverse public, and exercises of that right help create and sustain social and political trust in the real world. Freedom of association can be justified to multiple points of view, both liberal and illiberal, to protect the pursuit of diverse forms of life. It creates real trust by putting people in contact with other members and with nonmembers. It creates trust for the right reasons because the recognition, protection, and exercise of the right of association serve as public evidence of the trustworthiness of association members and governments that recognize and respect and protect the rights of associations members. Since freedom of association creates trust for the right reasons, it can help arrest falling trust and increasing polarization.
Back to the Future
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies the historical roots of union decline in a period of unparalleled labor strength—the 1950s. Like their contemporary counterparts, unions in the 1950s often struggled to secure influential political allies, to forge coalitions with groups outside of the labor movement, to push back against powerful business interests, and to make a compelling case for labor rights. These weaknesses came to a head at the end of the decade in conflicts over right-to-work laws and public-sector collective bargaining rights in the industrial Midwest. Social movement theory is presented to account for labor’s mixed showing across the heavily unionized states of the Midwest in the 1950s and to identify the political, organizational, and strategic factors critical to labor success then and now. The principal case studies and research design are introduced.
Flipping the Script in Ohio
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how unions effectively flipped the script on right-to-work. Emboldened by the right-to-work victory in highly unionized Indiana in 1957 and the sensational allegations of union corruption emerging from the McClellan Committee in 1958, business leaders pushed ahead on right-to-work even when their more cautious political allies warned against it. Six states put right-to-work on the ballot, right-to-work organizations formed across the Midwest, and the Ohio campaign was the center of it all. Labor succeeded in Ohio due to solid organization and an unusually broad coalition, a development aided by the more active role of the national labor movement in the conflict. The coalition allowed unions to move away from a purely defensive approach to right-to-work and to keep union leaders from becoming the focus as they had in prior campaigns. By contrast, the Ohio Chamber of Commerce struggled to mobilize some of their closest allies.
The Insider Route in Wisconsin
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of the first statewide public-sector collective bargaining legislation in Wisconsin in 1959 and the campaign waged by municipal employees there. The case for public-sector rights lacked the fanfare of the campaigns in Indiana and Ohio, though it was clearly shaped by the political winds surrounding these efforts. Well before the upsurge of civil rights–inspired public-sector organizing in the 1960s and 1970s, bargaining rights in Wisconsin were rooted in the 1950s fights over labor rights. The success of the public-sector union campaign in Wisconsin is mostly a story of political opportunity. It was after more than a decade of public-sector advocates organizing and introducing bills in the legislature, and after the overreach of business activists on right-to-work in the region, that dissension within the Republican Party and between party leaders and business circles provided the opening that activists needed.
A Holding Pattern in the Midwest
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes up right-to-work and public-sector collective bargaining legislation at the end of the 1950s and shows how they caught on in the Midwest and elsewhere over the next two decades. The chapter then considers the experience of the other two large industrial states in the region, Michigan and Illinois. While there are some notable differences within the region, such as the impressive labor–liberal coalition in Michigan, it is marked mostly by the disorganization of labor and its allies. Armed with this information, the key findings from chapters 3–5 are put in comparative perspective. While there was no magic bullet for union influence, unions succeeded when they cultivated a broad coalition or influential political allies and, importantly, when their opposition crumbled. This required the presence of unusually resourceful local activists or a push from far-sighted national organizations to overcome otherwise weak statewide organization.
Externalising and Internalising Liberty via Discipline
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The role of the fundamental right to liberty in the making of the modern individual, or individualisation, is at the heart of this chapter. It tracks the place of the body in Thomas Hobbes’s and John Locke’s texts on liberty respectively, arguing that, whereas Hobbes externalised political liberty by rooting it solely in the body, Locke instead re-internalised it by bringing into focus the mind and the body. At the heart of Lockean liberty stands a Calvinist conscience, which Locke durably established as a pillar of political modernity. The centrality of the conscience to Locke’s liberty establishes him as the first theoretician of modern discipline. Locke brought back together two distinct functions of the conscience, the moral and the epistemological, which were initially folded together in the theological notion, but had been separated out by Hobbes and Descartes schematically. Key to this recovery of the conscience was another concept that Locke coined for modernity: ‘consciousness’. Together with ‘the mind’, it enabled Locke to negotiate a complicated relationship with the old faculty of ‘reason’. The chapter then analyses how Locke’s epistemological distinctions play out in his political thought, by tracing successively the roles of discipline in his pedagogical treatises, and that of punishment in his legal projects. I argue that Locke conceived the modern state in terms of an exclusive membership of reasonable consenters, to which some innately belonged while others did not (and never would). The chapter’s last part considers the central role of the figure of the criminal in constituting the Lockean polity as an exclusive and exclusionary space, against a historical backdrop where traditional modes of living were being fast criminalised to enable the take-off of capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Can risk assessment be made fair? The conclusion of Calculating Race returns to actuarial science’s foundations in probability. The roots of probability rest in a pair of problems posed to Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in the summer of 1654: “the Dice Problem” and “the Division Problem.” From their very foundation, the mathematics of probability offered the potential not only to be used to gain an advantage (as in the case of the Dice Problem), but also to divide material fairly (as in the case of the Division Problem). As the United States and the world enter an age driven by Big Data, algorithms, artificial intelligence, and machine learning and characterized by an actuarialization of everything, we must remember that risk assessment need not be put to use for individual, corporate, or government advantage but, rather, that it has always been capable of guiding how to distribute risk equitably instead.
Neo-Aristotelian Supererogation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the following neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation: An action is supererogatory iff it is overall virtuous and either (1) the omission of an overall virtuous action in that situation would not be overall vicious, or (2) there is some overall virtuous action that is less virtuous than it and whose performance in its place would not be overall vicious. This account is non-ad-hoc insofar as it is based on virtue ethical accounts of right and wrong action that are motivated from within the tradition, and thus fully deserving of the label “neo-Aristotelian.” And it is intuitively defensible: it correctly identifies both heroic and saintly actions as supererogatory and gives a plausible explanation of their status as supererogatory. It also correctly identifies those instances of more mundane supererogation as supererogation and explains their status as supererogatory.
War-Worn Subjects
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how humility and autonomy come into play for “wounded warriors” seeking post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) treatment and for the medical professionals treating them within the particular constraints of the military-medical complex. Analyzing military PTSD illustrates how deeply entangled disease construction, diagnosis, and “cure” are with the complex discourse of “choice and control,” or with medicalization under the pressures of neoliberal rationality. Like with birth and death, but perhaps even more so, veteran PTSD as taken up within the Veterans Health Administration is a site of subjection and potential contestation from which we can learn much about the production of citizen-subjectivity in moments of distinct corporeal and psychic vulnerability. This chapter examines how militarism and masculinity conspire with inadequate conceptions of patient (and doctor) humility and autonomy, to produce an assumption of and fatalism about whether “wounded warriors” can be “fixed.”
Ethical Sources of Political Strength
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the complex relationship between vulnerability and autonomy, in dialogue with two strains of contemporary democratic theory. Engaging Bonnie Honig and Steven White on the debate over whether mortalist humanism displaces from political action, and with theorists of exit and voice about the effects of various kinds of withdrawals from institutional power, the chapter explores when having our vulnerability laid bare functions to orient us toward others and toward generative action aimed at something better, and when it gets stuck at private suffering, or inspires resentment. How might exiting itself become a site of political awakening, where a new citizen-subjectivity takes hold as we say “No” to being interpellated as certain kinds of patients, health citizens, or subjects?
Gratitude in the Later Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the three main philosophers associated with Scottish Enlightenment sentimentalism and explores what each of them has to say about the role gratitude plays in their theories about human nature and the sources of motivation for human ethical behavior. The text discusses Hutcheson’s idea of moral sense to show how fundamentally the concept of gratitude is inscribed in it, and then how gratitude plays an important role in Hume’s idea of sympathy, and assumes a foundational role in Adam Smith’s theory of the moral sentiments.
Grateful Sentiment
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the first form that gratitude can take—that is, as an emotion, as something we feel in response to a gift or kindness from another. It examines different theories of what emotions are, from late-nineteenth- to early-twenty-first-century thinkers, and then offers a theory in which gratitude can be considered as a sentiment, that is, a feeling that has intention and direction similar to an emotion, but also duration and intensity somewhat resembling a mood.
Grateful Action
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines philosophers who have written about gratitude as either a kind of duty or a kind of debt, or both. After one feels grateful, one does something to express or demonstrate that feeling. What can be said about that action? What is the relationship between someone’s feeling grateful and someone’s acting out her gratitude? This chapter examines how philosophers through the course of the twentieth century have drawn on Kant, sometimes misunderstanding just what he said, in their efforts to avoid making it a duty to feel a particular emotion. It also discusses in what ways the idea of gratitude as “debt” can be recast in light of what Kant wrote about it.
Ingratitude
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines three forms that ingratitude can take: base ingratitude, indignant ingratitude, and righteous ingratitude. The chapter first of all discerns how philosophers, particularly in the later eighteenth century began to develop and denounce base ingratitude as an inhuman response to the world. The text then discusses Rousseau as an example of what is called here “indignant ingratitude,” in which someone is ungrateful from a heightened sense of independence. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what is termed “righteous ingratitude,” which is developed from what Claudia Card and Cheshire Calhoun have argued is “misplaced gratitude.”
A Somewhat Dour Introduction
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This introduction offers an overview of the basic themes of the book, highlighting the author’s sense of gloom and doom, his view of life as a series of failures in a game of humiliation as the score gets evermore lopsided as one ages. It also provides some autobiography. The chapter’s centerpiece is an account of an embarrassing incident at All Souls College where the author, as in Thor’s visit to Útgarðaloki, found his wine glass connected to the sea. He made a drunken fool of himself before portraits of some of his heroes that graced the walls of the room where the event occurred.
The Paradoxes of Huntingtonian Professionalism
Authors: Brooks Risa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Samuel Huntington’s objective control model of civil-military relations has had profound effects on contemporary norms of military professionalism. Huntington anticipated that objective control, premised on a clearly defined division of responsibility between the military and civilians, would create an apolitical ethos among officers. The military’s apolitical character then would ensure its deference to civilian authority and reinforce its professional character. The approach would also enable the military to cultivate expertise in the “management of violence” and guarantee its effectiveness in armed conflict. Those norms, however, are more complex than is sometimes appreciated. They exhibit four paradoxes, producing the very behaviors and outcomes they aim to prevent: they can promote actions and mindsets within the officer corps that work to facilitate political behavior, subvert civilian control of military activity, compromise strategic effectiveness, and even undermine some aspects of military professionalism itself.
US Civil-Military Relations in the Gray Zone
Authors: Sewall Sarah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the changing character of conflict demands rethinking U S civil-military relations. The United States has long relied on a nuclear deterrent and conventional military superiority to defend itself, but its adversaries have changed the rules of the game to exploit civilian vulnerabilities in the U S homeland using non kinetic tools. To ensure continued civilian control of the military use of force and effective management of competition below the threshold of war, civilian leaders must assume greater responsibility for the political and operational management of hostilities in the Gray Zone. Because civilian leaders are underprepared for this new global competition, they will be tempted to default to conventional military solutions. Traditional civil-military frameworks did not envision permanent conflict or the centrality of civilian terrain, capabilities, and operational responsibilities. The United States needs civilian-led tools and approaches to effectively avoid the dual extremes of national immobilization in the face of non kinetic threats and inadvertent escalation of conflict without civilian authorization or intent. Civilian adaptation could also diminish the traditional role of the armed forces in defending the nation. The United States must rewire the relationship of the military and civilians through its decisions about how to manage Gray Zone competition.
On the Continuous and Concurrent Application of Ad Bellum and In Bello Proportionality
Authors: Lieblich Eliav 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The principle of proportionality in international law operates both in the law on the resort to force—or jus ad bellum—and the law that governs how wars are fought, or jus in bello. On both levels, it seeks to constrain force in relation to a certain lawful objective. Yet, beyond this understanding, few other aspects concerning the interaction between ad bellum and in bello proportionality are clear. This chapter addresses two distinct yet interrelated aspects of this interaction. The first concerns the question whether ad bellum proportionality applies throughout an armed conflict, alongside proportionality under jus in bello. The second addresses the manner in which both levels of proportionality interact, assuming that they indeed apply concurrently. Concerning the first question, this chapter revisits the debate between the “static approach,” which argues that at least in some cases, ad bellum proportionality ceases to apply after the initial judgment on the resort to force, and the “continuous approach,” which holds that ad bellum proportionality applies continuously throughout the conflict. By uncovering and contesting the normative and theoretical assumptions that underlie the static approach, this chapter offers a defense of the continuous approach. Regarding the second question, this chapter explores the specific difficulties of concurrent application, as these arise under different conceptions of ad bellum proportionality. It concludes that although both levels of proportionality apply concurrently, and albeit they share some moral and conceptual similarities, we should not conflate between them. Rather, owing to the difficulties this chapter discusses, a functional separation between the spheres of proportionality should be maintained.
The Proportionality Rule and Mental Harm in War
Authors: Knuckey Sarah , Moorehead Alex , McCalley Audrey , Brown Adam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The foundational international humanitarian law rule of proportionality—that parties to an armed conflict may not attack where civilian harm would be excessive in relation to the anticipated military advantage—is normally interpreted to encompass civilian physical injuries only. Attacks may cause significant mental harms also, yet current interpretations of the law lag behind science in understanding and recognizing these kinds of harms. This article analyzes legal, public health, psychology, and neuroscience research to assess the extent to which mental health harms should and could be taken into account in proportionality assessments.