bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human health risk assessment of screened pesticides residues in two edible fish species of river Ganga, India
Authors: Shah Zeshan , Nengroo Zubair 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Study was carried out to determine the concentration and bioaccumulation of pesticide residues in edible fish from river Ganga, India, to assess human health risk via consumption of fish. Two commonly edible fish species bagrid catfish and common carp were collected. The n-hexane extract of the muscle tissues were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and quantified by electron capture detector for pesticide residues. Bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) in common carp of pesticides were found to be higher than those in bagrid fish. Daily exposures of pesticides for consumers via fish consumption were determined by calculating and comparing estimated daily intake (EDI) with ADI values. The EDI results in our study were insignificantly high from ADI values. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were evaluated by Target hazard quotient (THQ) and risk ratio (R), respectively. Hazard quotients (THQ) were found to be lower than the set 1.0, inferring non-carcinogenic risk by consumption of fish from the river. Regard to contaminants carcinogenic affects the total risk ratio (R) value of pesticides were found lower than threshold of tolerable risk except of heptachlor indicating carcinogenic risk via consumption of fish. The results demonstrate that due to increased pollution in the ecosystem required more attention.
A Systematic Review on The Leading Causes of Death Among Under-Five Children in Iran
Authors: Karami Badrye , Abbasi Mahya , Tajvar Maryam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Child mortality is one of the most important indicators of population health. No systematic review has explored the leading causes of death among under-five children in Iran. This study reviewed the causes of child death by different age groups on the basis of ICD-10. Methods: A systematic search in seven electronic databases and two search engines of all the studies that identified causes of child mortality in any part of Iran or in the whole country were included, without any restriction of time or language of studies. To identify the studies, a combination of hand searching, gray literatures and bibliographies was also conducted. These sources and citations yielded a total of 817 articles; nevertheless, finally 30 articles fulﬁlled the inclusion criteria, then were reviewed and analyzed. Results: Amongst the 30 studies published between 2000 and 2019 in Iran, 25 studies were cross-sectional and 19 published in Farsi language. Overall, 71244 child deaths in different age ranges were reviewed in this study. The most common causes of “neonatal mortality” were prenatal conditions (57.8%), congenital malformations, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities (17%) and disorders of length of gestation and fetal growth (5.9%). “Infant mortalities” were also mainly happened as a result of congenital malformations (22.8%), remainder of prenatal condition (21.2%) and remainder of diseases of the respiratory system (9%). In the age range of 28 days to 5 years, transport accidents (21.1%), congenital malformations (18.1%) and neoplasms (9.3%) were common leading causes of’ deaths. Overall, certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (29.3%), all other disease (26.1%) and external diseases (5.6%) were the leading cause of death in under-five children. Conclusions: This study, provided an updated summary of evidences on the causes of child death in Iran, which is highly critical for the development of interventions and reduction of the burden of under 5 mortality and morbidities.
The Prevalence of Digestive Tract Defects in China: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Song Fangfang , Chen Jie , Cai Wei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives: The prevalence of congenital digestive tract defects among Chinese people is rarely reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of digestive tract defects in mainland China and reported the clinical outcomes of these cases. Methods: This research describes a local population-based study of registered births in Jiaxing, China from January 2015 to December 2019. Prevalence estimates (per 10,000 births) of digestive tract malformations were calculated. We used the χ2 test to compare the differences between categorical variables. Results: In this study a total of 76 cases of digestive tract malformations were included. We calculated the following incidence rates per 10,000 births: 1.65 for esophageal atresia; 1.24 for congenital defects of gastric musculature; 2.33 for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; 3.72 for duodenal and intestinal atresia; 2.25 for congenital malrotation of intestine; 1.45 for Hirschsprung’s disease; 4.75 for anal atresia/stricture; and 1.40 for biliary atresia. There were 31 cases (40.8%) of low birth weight (<2500g), 28 cases (36.8%) were premature births (<37 weeks), and 25 cases (32.9%) had concomitant congenital heart disease. Conclusions: This study estimated the incidence of digestive tract malformations, and the findings may provide a foundation for future epidemiologic studies of these congenital diseases in mainland China. In addition, we found that roughly one third of our subjects with digestive tract defects also had concomitant congenital heart disease, suggesting a link between the two which may warrant further investigation. Moreover, our data will also be helpful in determining the resources needed for basic and public health research into digestive tract malformation in China.
A Nanograting Based Flexible and Stretchable Waveguide for Tactile Sensing
Authors: Peng Wang , Liao Qingxi , Song Han 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Based on the related characteristics of optical waveguide and flexible optical materials, a flexible and stretchable optical waveguide structure oriented to tactile perception is proposed. The sensing principle of optical waveguide is based on mechanical deformation caused by output light loss. It overcomes the shortcomings of traditional optical waveguide devices, which are unable to conform to irregular surface. The flexible and stretchable optical waveguide is fabricated with nanoreplica molding method, and it has been applied to the measurement of pressure and strain in the field of tactile sensing. The flexible and stretchable optical waveguide had a strain detection range of 0 to 12.5%, and the external force detection range is 0 to 23 x 10-3 N.
A Survey on Cell wall Proteins of C. Sinensis Leaf by Combining Cell Wall Proteomic and N-Glycoproteomic Strategy
Authors: liu yanli , Ma Linlong , Cao Dan , Gong Ziming , Fan Jing , Hu Hongju , Jin Xiaofang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Camellia sinensis is an important economic crop with fluoride over-accumulation in the leaves, which pose a serious threaten to human health due to its leave being used for making tea. Recently, our study found that cell wall proteins (CWPs) probably play a vital role in fluoride accumulation/detoxification in C. sinensis. However, CWPs identification and characterization were lacking up to now in C. sinensis. Herein, we aimed at characterizing cell wall proteome of C. sinensis leaves, to develop more CWPs related to stress response. A strategy of combined cell wall proteome and N-glycoproteome were employed to investigate CWPs. CWPs were extracted by sequential salt buffers, while N-glycoproteins were enriched by hydrophilic interaction chromatography method using C. sinensis leaves as a material, afterwards all proteins were subjected to qualitative analysis via UPLC-MS/MS.Results: 501 and 195 CWPs were identified by cell wall proteomic and N-glycoproteomics profiling, respectively, with 118 CWPs being in common. Notably, N-glycoproteome is a feasible method for CWPs identification and consequently enhance CWP coverage. Among identified CWPs, proteins acting on cell wall polysaccharides constitute the largest functional group with most of them possibly being involved in the remodeling of cell wall structure. The second abundant group encompass mainly various proteases, being considered to be related to CWPs turnover and maturation. Oxidoreductases represent the third abundance with most of them especially Class III peroxidases being known to be implicated in defense response. As expected, identified CWPs emphasized on plant cell wall formation and defense response.Conclusion: This was the first large scale survey of CWPs by cell wall proteome and N-glycoproteome in C. sinensis. The results not only provides a database that will aid deep research on CWPs, but also improve the understanding underlying cell wall formation and defense response in this important economic specie.
Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: the Case of Ethiopian Public Health Institute Staff Members
Authors: Geto Zeleke Demissie , Challa Feyissa , Lejisa Tadesse , Getahun Tigist , Sileshi Meron , Negassa Bikila , Tolcha Yosef , Daniel Yeabkal , Getnet Misrak , Molla Meseret Derbew , Degef Maria , Bekele Abebe , Seifu Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are increasingly becoming the global cause of premature death encompassing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, respiratory diseases and diabetes mellitus. However, early identification of cardiometabolic risk factors in the general population, especially among the high-risk groups has rarely been assessed in Ethiopia.Purpose: The study aimed to assess the magnitude and associated risk factors of cardiometabolic diseases among Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) staff members.Methodology: An institutional-based cross-section study was conducted from March to June 2018 among EPHI staff members. A total of 450 study participants were involved in the study, and the World Health Organization NCD STEPS survey instrument version 3.1 was used for the assessment. The biochemical parameters were analyzed by using COBAS 6000 analyzer. Statistical package for the social science (SPSS) version 20 was used for data analysis. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify associated risk factors. P-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: Based on IDF criteria, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 27.6%. Central obesity, low HDL and hypertension had a prevalence of 80.2%, 41.3%, and 23.6%, respectively. Increasing age and larger body mass index were significantly associated with metabolic syndromes Conclusion: The magnitude of metabolic syndrome was relatively high in the study participants. Preventive intervention measure should be designed on the modification of lifestyle, nutrition and physical activities, and early screening for early identification of cardiometabolic risks factors should be practised to reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases.
A novel molecular classification of diffuse large B cell lymphoma based on Metabolism-related genes
Authors: duan ying , Luo Yanzhen , cen hong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose

About 30–40% of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) relapse or fail to respond to first-line treatment. The molecular heterogeneity is considered to be the main factor affecting the therapeutic response of DLBCL. The existing classification methods can not fully explain these heterogeneity, so we try to explain DLBCL heterogeneity by defining DLBCL subtypes from the perspective of metabolism.
Methods

In this study, we integrated five DLBCL data sets (GSE10846, GSE11318, GSE53786, GSE87371 and GSE23501) (n = 742) from geo database, screened 106 metabolic related genes (MAD > 0.5, Cox P < 0.001), and identified dlbcl2 subclasses (nmftype1, nmftype2) by non-negative matrix factorization clustering (NMF).
Results

nmftype1 showed low metabolic activity ,while nmftype2 showed high metabolic activity. Compared with the two subtypes of immune infiltration, it was found that nmftype1 was mainly infiltrated by B cells, and nmftype2 was mainly infiltrated by T cells and macrophages, and the high expression of nmftype2 was more in immune checkpoint. The difference of metabolic subtype OS was statistically significant, and the overall survival (OS) of nfmtype1 was worse than that of nmftype2. The combination of metabolic subtypes and ABCGCB subtypes can predict the prognosis of DLBCL patients better than the existing ABCGCB subtypes. Finally, 34 gene classifiers were identified. The consistency results were verified by GSE31312 (n = 470), and a new classification of DLBCL based on metabolic gene expression profile was established.
Conclusions

We have obtained a new DLBCL typing method, which has prognostic significance. It has a certain correlation with immune escape and can guide individualization application of immunotherapy and metabolic therapy.
Twelve-month Outcomes of a Cluster-randomized Trial of Home-based Postpartum Contraceptive Delivery in Southwest Trifinio, Guatemala
Authors: Harrison Margo , Bunge-Montes Saskia , Rivera Claudia , Jimenez-Zambrano Andrea , Heinrichs Gretchen , Bolanos Antonio , Asturias Edwin , Berman Steven , Sheeder Jeanelle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Design: We executed a cluster-randomized parallel arm pragmatic trial to observe the association of home-based postpartum contraceptive provision, including the contraceptive implant, with three and 12-month contraceptive utilization, satisfaction, and pregnancy rates.Methods: Eight clusters were randomized to receive either the home-based contraceptive delivery (condoms, pills, injection, implant) during the routine 40-day postpartum visit in addition to routine care, or routine care alone, which included comprehensive contraceptive counseling throughout antepartum care. Results: 208 women were enrolled in the study, 108 in the intervention clusters and 100 in control clusters. 94 (87.0%) women in the intervention group and 91 (91%) of women in control clusters were evaluated 12 months post-enrollment. Likelihood of using contraception at that time was borderline increased in intervention clusters (RR 1.1 [1.0,1.3], p = 0.05) with an increased likelihood of long-acting contraceptive use (the implant; RR 1.6 [1.3,1.9], p < 0.001). Pregnancy rates were also borderline reduced in the intervention clusters (RR 1.0 [1.0,1.1], p = 0.07). There was no difference in satisfaction of women with contraceptive use between arms with about 95% of women very satisfied or a little satisfied in each arm. Continuation rates at twelve months of contraceptives in the intervention group were 0.0% for condom users, 80.0% for contraceptive pill users, 57% for injectable users, and 83% for implant users. Most women who discontinued their initial method chose a more long-term or permanent method. There was a trend toward a significant association with reduced short interval pregnancy.Conclusion: Our study had a borderline increase in overall use of contraception by 12 months, did have an increased likelihood of long-acting contraceptive use of the implant by 12 months, and resulted in a trend toward reduced short interval pregnancy in the intervention clusters as compared to control clusters. Registration: clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04005391; Retrospectively Registered 7/2/2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04005391Protocol: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-019-3735-3
Dynamics of Schistosoma Mansoni Development in The Intermediate Host, Biomphalaria Glabrata, A Freshwater Snail
Authors: Ouji Yukiteru , Misu Masayasu , Kitamura Tomotaka , Hamasaki Megumi , Hamano Shinjiro , Yoshikawa Masahide 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Schistosomiasis is one of the most significant and prevalent waterborne parasitic diseases. Even though many studies have been reported about schistosomiasis, the dynamics of schistosome in intermediate host snails is little known. In the present study, the dynamics of Schistosoma larvae in infected snails was histologically investigated. Methods To examine the localization of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) parasites in the snails, Biomphalaria glabrata snails infected with miracidia were harvested and examined by stereoscopic observation. Then, frozen sections were prepared and stained with H&E. Furthermore, immunohistochemical detection of parasites was performed using anti-S. mansoni antibody, and their localization in the snails was analyzed. Results Snails infected with S. mansoni miracidia were harvested at 10 and 56 days post-infection (DPI) and analyzed. In the stereoscopic observations, white spots were observed at 56 DPI, while no spots were observed at 10 DPI. However, histological investigations visualized the larvae specifically in the head-foot area of the snail at 10 DPI. Further, it was observed that the larvae relocated to the hepatopancreas and ovotestis areas at 56 DPI. Conclusions The present study revealed the dynamics of Schistosoma larvae in intermediate snails, shown as the differential localization of S. mansoni larvae at early and late infection stages.
Point-of-care ultrasound-guided conservative fluid therapy improved the outcome of critically ill patients: a before-and-after study
Authors: He Hui , Zeng Mingqiang , Chen Jing , Deng Lei , chen youdai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe danger of volume overload was not yet well understood and appreciated. Point-of-care ultrasound assessment of blood volume was not widely practiced.MethodsCritically ill patients managed with point-of-care ultrasound were compared with those managed without, in an intensive care unit (ICU) for medical and surgical cases. Distended internal jugular veins and inferior vena cava with reduced collapsibility were taken as signs of hypervolemia and negative fluid balance became a goal.ResultsCompared with critically ill patients admitted before application of point-of-care ultrasound assessment (from March, 2019 through October, 2019; 291 cases), cases admitted after (from November, 2019 through June, 2020; 285 cases) had significantly lower in-ICU mortality (34.7% vs 26.7%, p=0.038; Fisher’s exact test), together with a dramatic change from overall positive fluid balance to negative one. Multiple logistic regression showed that cumulative fluid balance during ICU stay, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores on admission were independent risk factors for in-ICU mortality (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p=0.043 respectively). After controlling for APACHE II and SOFA scores on admission, Cox hazard ratio of cases with a negative cumulative fluid balance during ICU stay was 0.683 (95% confidence interval 0.475-0.981; p=0039).ConclusionsPoint-of-care ultrasound examination of internal jugular veins and inferior vena cava directed fluid therapy to conservative strategy, and negative cumulative fluid balance during ICU stay was associated with a reduced in-ICU mortality.
Strategically estimated CapEx: wave energy converter costs breakdown and parameterisation
Authors: Choupin Ophélie , Henriksen Michael , Etemad-Shahidi Amir , Tomlinson Rodger 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In wave renewable energy, the Capital Expenditure (CapEx) is often a fixed number or depends on a single variable (e.g. power or converter characteristic mass). Hence, it poorly highlights the CapEx dependency on the Wave Energy Converter (WEC) and Wave Energy Farm (WEF) design, which in turn depend on the site characteristics. As, most of CapEx components are accessible by wave companies nowadays, this article introduces the new generic CapEx method. This method is divided into three steps: (1) distinguishing WEC’s elements from the WEF’s; (2) defining the parameters characterising the WECs, WEFs, and site locations; and (3) estimating elements that affect WEC and WEF elements’ cost and translate them into factors using the parameters defined in step (2). The case study is based on Wavepiston because of its advanced stage and the availability of its WEC information and costs. The focus of this study is on the detailed application of step (1) and (2) to Wavepiston, to estimate the Wavepiston WEC cost using step (3). This study also illustrates how to handle complex and limited datasets of WEC configuration and site characteristics. Moreover, the results from the CapEx method were validated by manual estimations from Wavepiston. It was found for Wavepiston WEC, the site characteristics were the least affecting parameters in comparison to the WEC configuration parameters. This study also applies another parameterised cost calculation method based on the Froude law similitude as a simpler but more rigid alternative, for the CapEx method. It was shown that with appropriate scaling parameter, the Similitude method provided similar, although higher, estimations than the CapEx method’s within low ranges of WEC up-scaling. In high ranges of up-scaling, the Similitude method overestimated Wavepiston WEC cost.
Navigating the U.S. Health Insurance Landscape for Children with Rare Diseases: A Qualitative Study of Parents’ Experiences.
Authors: Pasquini Tai LS , Goff Sarah L , Whitehill Jennifer M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Parents of children with rare diseases often face uncertainty about diagnosis, treatment, and costs associated with healthcare for their child. Health insurance status impacts each of these areas, but no U.S. study has explored parents’ perceptions of the health insurance impacts on their child’s care. This study aimed to qualitatively explore how these parents navigate the complex health insurance system for their children and their experiences in doing so.Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parents of children with metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), chosen for specific disease characteristics and orphan drug status. Participants were recruited via e-mail through patient advocacy organizations between September and December 2018. Interviews were conducted via Skype, were recorded, and professionally transcribed. Grounded theory was utilized as a methodology to analyze transcripts in an iterative process to determine themes and sub-themes based on participant described experiences.Results: Major themes and subthemes that emerged across the 15 interviews included: 1) difficulties obtaining secondary insurance based on state eligibility criteria; 2) difficulty accessing needed healthcare services; and 3) need for repeated interactions with insurance representatives. The absence of clearly documented or widely recognized clinical guidelines exacerbated the difficulty accessing care identified as necessary by their healthcare team, such as therapy and equipment. An explanatory model for parent’s experiences was developed from the themes and subthemes. The model includes the cyclical nature of interacting with insurance for redundant reauthorizations and the outside support and financial assistance that is often necessary to address their child’s healthcare needs.Conclusions: With complex health conditions, small setbacks can become costly and disruptive to the health of the child and the life of the family. This study suggests that patients with rare diseases may benefit from time limits for processing coverage decisions, increasing transparency in the claims and preauthorization processes, and more expansive authorizations for on-going needs. Additional studies are needed to understand the full scope of barriers and to inform policies that can facilitate better access for families living with rare diseases.