bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term costs of post-restorations: 7-year practice-based results from Germany
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Kramer Enno J. , Krois Joachim , Meyer-Lueckel Hendrik , Wierichs Richard Johannes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
We evaluated the initial and follow-up treatment costs of different post-restorations in a practice-based German healthcare setting.

Methods
A total of 139 incisors, canines, or premolars received post-restorations placed by eight general dental practitioners in Germany, and were followed over a mean ± SD 7.1 ± 4.5 years. Preformed metal (MP, n = 68), glass-fiber (GF, n = 28), or cast post-and-core buildups (MC, n = 23) had been used to retain crowns or bridge anchors. Preformed metal and glass-fiber had also been used to retain directly built up post-retained composite restorations (PC, n = 20). Material and treatment costs for the initial post-restorations as well as restorative, endodontic, or surgical re-treatments were estimated from a public-payer-perspective in Germany. Associations between total and annualized total costs and covariates were assessed using generalized linear modeling. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00012938).

Results
MC showed highest initial treatment costs (557.23 Euro), but the least re-treatments (6/23, 26%), while PC showed lowest initial costs (203.52 Euro) but the most re-treatments (11/20, 55%). Costs for MP/GF post-crowns were initially similarly costly (496.47/496.87 Euro), and both also showed similar re-treatments (35%/36%). The overall annual failure rate was 5.2% (MC: 3.5%, MP: 4.6%, GF: 5.3%, PC: 10.3%). Including costs for the resulting re-treatments, mean total costs were 591.66 Euro (MC), 548.31 Euro (MP), 526.37 Euro (GF), and 361.81 Euro (PC). Annualized total costs were 171.36 Euro (MC), 141.75 Euro (MP), 146.12 Euro (GF), and 135.65 Euro (PC). Total and annualized total costs were highest for MC, with PC being the significantly less costly option (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
Within German healthcare, both initial and follow-up costs for post-restorations were considerable. Saving costs initially may, at least partially, be offset by more complications long-term.

Clinical relevance
Dentists need to be aware that the placement of posts is not only initially costly but also comes with significant long-term costs for treating occurring complications. This should be communicated with patients and considered during treatment planning.
Selective vs stepwise removal of deep carious lesions in primary molars: 24 months follow-up from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Elhennawy Karim , Finke Christian , Paris Sebastian , Reda Seif , Jost-Brinkmann Paul-Georg , Schwendicke Falk 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
For well-defined deep (> 2/3 dentin extension) carious lesions, selective (SE) or stepwise (SW) carious tissue removals have been recommended, while there is limited comparative evidence for both. We compared SE and SW over 24 months in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods
A two-arm superiority trial was conducted comparing SW/SE in primary molars without pulpal symptoms but well-defined deep lesions. Seventy-four children (1 molar/child) aged 3–9 years were recruited. In a first step, peripheral carious tissue was removed until hard dentin remained, while in proximity to the pulp, leathery dentin was left. An adhesive compomer restoration was placed and restorations re-examined after 6 months. In SW, re-entry and removal to firm dentin was conducted pulpo-proximally, followed by re-restoration. Molars were re-evaluated for a total of 24 months. Our primary outcome was success (absence of restorative/endodontic complications or pulp exposures). Secondary outcomes included total treatment and opportunity costs and restoration quality, assessed using modified USPHS criteria.

Results
After 24 months, 63 molars (31 SE, 32 SW) were re-assessed. Four failures occurred (2 exposures in SW; 2 pulpal complications in SE, 1 of them leading to extraction, p > 0.05). Restoration integrity was satisfying in both groups (USPHS A/B/C in 21/8/0 SE and 23/7/0 SW, p > 0.05). Treatment and opportunity costs were significantly higher in SW than SE (mean 171 ± 51 vs. 106 ± 90; p < 0.001).

Conclusions
After 2 years, SE and SW showed similar efficacy for managing deep carious lesions in primary molars. The higher costs for SW should be considered during decision-making.

Clinical significance
In primary molars with well-defined deep carious lesions SE was less costly and similarly efficacious like SW. From a cost and applicability perspective, SW may need to be indicated restrictively, e.g., for very deep (> 3/4 dentin extension) lesions only.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02232828
Discrete element modelling of two-layered ballast in a box test
Authors: Li Huiqi , McDowell Glenn 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt has been recently reported that ballast comprising differently graded layers helps to reduce track settlement. The main goal of this paper is to provide micro mechanical insight about how the differently layered ballasts reduce the settlement by employing DEM and thus propose an optimum design for two-layered ballast. The DEM simulations provide sufficient evidence that the two-layered ballast works by preventing particles from moving laterally through interlocking of the particles at the interface of the different layers in a similar way to geogrid. By plotting the lateral force acting on the side boundary as a function of the distance to the base, it is found that the walls in the region of 60–180 mm above the base always support the largest lateral forces and therefore this region might be the best location for an interface layer. However, considering the weak improvement in performance by increasing the thickness of the layer of scaled (small) ballast from 100 to 200 mm, it is suggested that it is best to use the sample comprising 100 mm scaled ballast on top of 200 mm standard ballast as the most cost effective solution.
Clinical performance of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography in pre-surgical evaluation of breast malignant lesions in dense breasts: a single center study
Authors: Bozzini Anna , Nicosia Luca , Pruneri Giancarlo , Maisonneuve Patrick , Meneghetti Lorenza , Renne Giuseppe , Vingiani Andrea , Cassano Enrico , Mastropasqua Mauro Giuseppe 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To compare the efficacy of contrast-enhanced spectral mammography, with ultrasound, full field digital mammography and magnetic resonance imaging in detection and size estimation of histologically proven breast tumors.

Methods
This open-label, single center, prospective study, included 160 dense breast women with at least one suspicious mammary lesion evaluated by ultrasound, full field digital mammography and magnetic resonance imaging in whom a mammary tumor was histologically proven after surgery performed at the European Institute of Oncology between January 2013 and December 2015. Following the complete diagnostic procedure, the patients were further investigated by contrast-enhanced spectral mammography prior to surgery.

Results
Overall, the detection rate of malignant breast lesions (in situ and invasive) was 93.8% (165/176) for contrast-enhanced spectral mammography, 94.4% (168/178) for ultrasound, 85.5 (147/172) for full field digital mammography and 97.7% (173/177) for magnetic resonance imaging. Radiological measurements were concordant with the post-surgical pathological measurements of the invasive tumor (i.e., within 5 mm) in: 64.6% for contrast-enhanced spectral mammography, 62.0% for ultrasound, 45.2% for full field digital mammography (p < 0.0001) and 69.9% for magnetic resonance imaging (p = 0.28); underestimated in: 17.4% for contrast-enhanced spectral mammography, 19.6% for ultrasound, 24.2% for full field digital mammography (p = 0.03) and 6.7% for magnetic resonance imaging (p = 0.0005); and overestimated in: 16.2% for contrast-enhanced spectral mammography, 16.6% for ultrasound, 16.6% for full field digital mammography and 22.7% for magnetic resonance imaging (p = 0.02).

Conclusions
Our data suggest that contrast-enhanced spectral mammography improves on full field digital mammography and is comparable to ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in terms of detection sensitivity and size estimation of malignant lesions in dense breasts.
Earth Observation for Crustal Tectonics and Earthquake Hazards
Authors: Elliott J. R. , de Michele M. , Gupta H. K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we illustrate some of the current methods for the exploitation of data from Earth Observing satellites to measure and understand earthquakes and shallow crustal tectonics. The aim of applying such methods to Earth Observation data is to improve our knowledge of the active fault sources that generate earthquake shaking hazards. We provide examples of the use of Earth Observation, including the measurement and modelling of earthquake deformation processes and the earthquake cycle using both radar and optical imagery. We also highlight the importance of combining these orbiting satellite datasets with airborne, in situ and ground-based geophysical measurements to fully characterise the spatial and timescale of temporal scales of the triggering of earthquakes from an example of surface water loading. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the anticipated shift from the more established method of observing earthquakes to the systematic measurement of the longer-term accumulation of crustal strain.
The Well-Worn Book and the reading child: cultural and cognitive aspects of materiality in German children’s literature
Authors: Hombrecher Hartmut , Wassiltschenko Judith 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChildren’s books often feature complex material aspects. Despite that fact, little research has been done on questions of materiality in children’s and youth books. The article aims at outlining the field of the materiality of historical German-language children’s books. By analyzing historical author’s pedagogical statements as well as the design of historical children’s and youth fiction, the article summarizes different approaches concerning the materiality of children’s books. Based on the historical development and the generic study on how children modify the materiality of their books, the article further investigates the book-as-object and emphasizes the child’s point of view by scrutinizing the adult-culture book-toy distinction. It will become apparent that the specific forms of children’s book reception emerge since the materiality of the book and its exploration present a new embodied experience. The specific reception forms can be embedded into a semiotic model of the text-reader interaction in reference to Roland Barthes’ concept of écriture and scription.
Information needs and patient perceptions of the quality of medication information available in hospitals: a mixed method study
Authors: Bekker Charlotte L. , Mohsenian Naghani Shaghayegh , Natsch Stephanie , Wartenberg Naomi S. , van den Bemt Bart J. F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground Providing appropriate medication information to patients is of utmost importance for optimal pharmacotherapy. (Un)intentional miscommunication and information gaps resulting in unmet needs could negatively affect patient’s ability to use their medication properly. Objective To identify the information needs and patient perceptions of the quality of medication information available in hospitals in the Netherlands. Setting Cardiology, oncology, or rheumatology department of five hospitals. Methods Adult cardiology, oncology, and rheumatology patients participated in this mixed-method study. Focus groups and individual interviews were held to identify patients’ views on the medication information and their information needs. Outcomes were used to construct a questionnaire that was used in a survey among patients to compare existing medication information with patients’ needs, and to judge the quality of the provided information. Main outcome measure Patients needs with medication information. Results Four themes derived from interviews with 44 patients: (1) Content; almost all patients acknowledged to receive insufficient information not meeting their personal needs. (2) Moment of delivery; patients were dissatisfied with the timing. (3) Method of delivery; patients highly preferred verbal and written information. (4) Contextual quality prerequisites that should be met according to patients; medication information should be accessible, comprehensive, reliable and understandable. A total of 352 patients completed the questionnaire. Almost all patients reported all items as important, whereas up to 74.6% patients were not informed. Up to half of the patients perceived verbal information from healthcare providers, written information of leaflets and folders of insufficient quality. Conclusion Patients attending Dutch hospitals have needs for extensive medication information, which should be tailored to their individual needs. According to patients the quality of medication information available in hospitals can be improved.
Board busyness and new insights into alternative bank dividends models
Authors: Trinh Vu Quang , Elnahass Marwa , Salama Aly 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examines the possible opposing effects of the board function of busyness (i.e. the presence of busy independent non-executive directors serving on multiple boards) on bank dividend payout patterns between two alternative payouts models (i.e. conventional and Islamic). Using an international sample for listed banks during the periods of 2006–2018, we show that the busyness of boards of directors can explain differential dividend payouts behaviour between two banking systems. For conventional banking dividend model, a busy board has a significantly positive impact on the bank’s dividend payout level. However, during the financial crisis of 2007/2009, the positive impact of board busyness on dividends payouts is tempered for these banks. In contrast, Islamic banks operating under a more constrained dividend model, report significantly lower levels of payouts and lower likelihood when they have busy directors on board. We find insignificant evidence for the effect of the financial crisis in Islamic banks. These results highlight a potential challenge for the unique agency conflicts arising from the complex payout model of Islamic banks (in terms of profit distribution principles, motives, mechanics and techniques, and flexibility of payouts), which is subject to the demand for greater monitoring and additional rulings when compared to the conventional.
Design and flight test of a linear parameter varying flight controller
Authors: Weiser Christian , Ossmann Daniel , Looye Gertjan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFuture aircraft generations require improved performance and efficiency to enable a reduced environmental footprint. To acquire this goal, for example new material and wing concepts are perused at the moment by the aircraft industry. These developments, which include aspects such as over-actuation and lowly damped flexible modes, give rise to more complex, multi-objective control problems. One candidate method, which delivers a solution to these problems for the whole flight envelope, is linear parameter varying (LPV) control. It naturally incorporates the controller scheduling in the synthesis process, guarantees stability and robustness over the entire parameter envelope, and enables intuitive multi-objective, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) controller designs. This paper proves the concept of LPV control in practice: The paper presents and discusses the LPV controller design process, simulation results, motion simulator test and finally, the in-flight validation of the control system on a Cessna Citation II aircraft. The developed inner loop controller structures are inspired by classical flight controllers used on state-of-the-art fly-by-wire airliners. The longitudinal aircraft motion is augmented with load-factor command and the lateral motion controller features a roll rate command with attitude hold behavior. The control laws are validated in flight by automated and actual pilot inputs with respect to functionality, flying and handling qualities. Test results are encouraging with the provided key findings and lessons learned aiming to provide a simplification for future LPV flight controller development and testing campaigns.
Sustained-Release Nanocapsules Enable Long-Lasting Stabilization of Li Anode for Practical Li-Metal Batteries
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Xu Yifei , Wang Jianghao , Zhao Bo , Li Zijian , Wu Hao Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA robust solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) enabled by electrolyte additive is a promising approach to stabilize Li anode and improve Li cycling efficiency. However, the self-sacrificial nature of SEI forming additives limits their capability to stabilize Li anode for long-term cycling. Herein, we demonstrate nanocapsules made from metal–organic frameworks for sustained release of LiNO3 as surface passivation additive in commercial carbonate-based electrolyte. The nanocapsules can offer over 10 times more LiNO3 than the solubility of LiNO3. Continuous supply of LiNO3 by nanocapsules forms a nitride-rich SEI layer on Li anode and persistently remedies SEI during prolonged cycling. As a result, lifespan of thin Li anode in 50 μm, which experiences drastic volume change and repeated SEI formation during cycling, has been notably improved. By pairing with an industry-level thick LiCoO2 cathode, practical Li-metal full cell demonstrates a remarkable capacity retention of 90% after 240 cycles, in contrast to fast capacity drop after 60 cycles in LiNO3 saturated electrolyte.
Multi-megabar Dynamic Strength Measurements of Ta, Au, Pt, and Ir
Authors: Brown J. L. , Davis J.-P. , Seagle C. T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMagnetic loading was used to shocklessly compress four different metals to extreme pressures. Velocimetry monitored the behavior of the material as it was loaded to a desired peak state and then decompressed back down to lower pressures. Two distinct analysis methods, including a wave profile analysis and a novel Bayesian calibration approach, were employed to estimate quantitative strength metrics associated with the loading reversal. Specifically, we report for the first time on strength estimates for tantalum, gold, platinum, and iridium under shockless compression at strain rates of $$\sim 5 \times 10^5$$

∼
5
×

10
5

/s in the pressure range of $$\sim $$
∼
100–400 GPa. The magnitude of the shear stresses supported by the different metals under these extreme conditions are surprisingly similar, representing a dramatic departure from ambient conditions.
Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen unter Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor-Therapie
Authors: Theiler-Schwetz Verena , Trummer Christian , Richtig Erika , Richtig Georg , Pilz Stefan 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungSchilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen gehören zu den häufigsten endokrinen Nebenwirkungen, die unter einer Immuncheckpoint-Inhibitor-Therapie auftreten können. Sie sind unter Anti-PD-1- („Anti-programmed cell death 1“) häufiger als unter Anti-CTLA-4-Antikörpern („Anti-Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4“), und die Inzidenz steigt mit einer Kombinationstherapie an. Pathophysiologisch scheint eine destruktive Thyreoiditis ähnlich einer Postpartum-Thyreoiditis vorzuliegen, im Rahmen derer es meistens zu einer kurzen Hyperthyreosephase kommt, gefolgt von einer Hypo- oder Euthyreose. Auch die Entwicklung einer alleinigen Hypothyreose ist möglich.Therapeutisch steht Observanz der Hyperthyreose im Vordergrund mit Einsatz einer Betablocker-Therapie, wenn eine symptomatische Therapie erforderlich ist. Der Einsatz von Glukokortikoiden oder Thyreostatika ist nicht sinnvoll. Bei Entwicklung einer symptomatischen Hypothyreose mit einem TSH (Thyroidea-stimulierendes Hormon) von 5–10 μU/ml oder einem TSH > 10 μU/ml sollte unabhängig von der Symptomatik eine Levothyroxin-Therapie eingeleitet werden.Aufgrund der häufig oligo- oder asymptomatischen klinischen Präsentation sollte ein regelmäßiges Screening auf Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen und Hypophysitis, beginnend vor Immuntherapieeinleitung und hiernach monatlich in den ersten 6 Monaten, durchgeführt werden inkl. TSH, freiem Trijodthyronin (fT3), freiem Thyroxin (fT4), Cortisol und adrenokortikotropem Hormon (ACTH). Nach den ersten 6 Monaten können die Kontrollintervalle ausgeweitet werden. Die Entwicklung von Schilddrüsenfunktionsstörungen sollte in der Regel nicht zu einer Unterbrechung der Immuntherapie führen, da diese häufig transient, mild und einfach behandelbar sind.
Role of Personal Protective Measures in Prevention of COVID-19 Spread Among Physicians in Bangladesh: a Multicenter Cross-Sectional Comparative Study
Authors: Khalil Md. Musab , Alam Md Mashiul , Arefin Mostafa Kamal , Chowdhury Mamunur Rashid , Huq Muhammad Rezeul , Chowdhury Joybaer Anam , Khan Ahad Mahmud 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study aims to determine the role of personal protective measures in the prevention of COVID-19 spread among the physicians working at different health facilities in Bangladesh. This hospital-based cross-sectional comparative study was conducted from May to June 2020. A total of 98 COVID-19 positive physicians and 92 COVID-19 negative physicians (physicians with no symptoms of COVID-19 or who tested negative) were enrolled. The questionnaire was adapted from a tool developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for risk assessment and management of exposure of healthcare workers in the context of COVID-19. Data were collected from the respondents online using Google forms. There was no significant difference in baseline information between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative physicians. The physicians, who were unaware of direct participation in COVID-19 patient care, had higher odds of being COVID-19 positive (OR = 4.018; CI: 1.532–10.535). Additionally, the physicians, who were unaware of the COVID-19 status while performing the aerosol-generated procedure (AGP), had a higher chance of being COVID-19 positive (OR = 2.522; CI: 1.020–6.233). Using face shields/goggles (OR = 0.437; CI:0.228–0.837) and regular decontamination of the patient’s surroundings (OR = 0.392; CI:0.176–0.873) while usual take care of patients and use of N95 masks while performing AGP (OR = 0.372; CI:0.159–0.873) had protective roles against COVID-19 among the physicians. The physicians who had reused the medical gown had two times more chances of being tested positive for COVID-19 than those who had not reused it (OR = 2.3; CI:1.251–4.259). The use of face shields/goggles and N95 masks and decontamination of the patient’s surroundings may give protection against COVID-19. Additionally, reusing medical gowns should be avoided as much as possible.