bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
334 Pet food safety: truth in labeling
Authors: Edwards David , Conway Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the United States, substances intended for use in animal foods are generally considered to be either animal foods or animal drugs. The regulatory classification of a substance relies on its intended use. Claims for substances that are regulated as animal foods are limited to those that can be attributed to the substance’s “food” properties, which the courts in the United States have defined as being related to the provision of nutritive value, taste, or aroma or for a technical effect on the food itself. Any substance intentionally added to an animal food must be either an approved food additive as listed in part 573 in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR 573) or a substance that is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for an intended use, including those listed in 21 CFR 582 and 584. Also, in coordination with state feed control officials, CVM recognizes ingredients in the Official Publication of the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) as being acceptable for use in animal foods. Everything on a pet food label must be truthful, not misleading, and appropriate for a product regulated as food. Federal regulations (21 CFR 501) require that labels include: an appropriate product name, all ingredients in descending order of predominance by weight, a statement of net quantity of contents, and the address of manufacturer or distributor. Most states have additional labeling requirements. Studies conducted for scientific research need to be evaluated to determine if the endpoints and parameters measured are also appropriate as regulatory data. Feeding studies may address target animal safety and/or utility of the substance for its intended use as a food. CVM will provide written feedback on protocols intended to address new feed ingredients.
341 How the IACUC uses the Ag Guide to ensure the best care
Authors: Heath Kelly D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
All Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUC) are all subject to the same regulatory requirements. Membership requirements (Scientist, Nonscientist, Attending Veterinarian, Public Members, and Chairperson) are established by the regulatory agencies and appointed by the Institutional Official (IO). Today we will review the basic role of the IACUC: reviewing animal use protocols, inspecting animal facilities and procedure areas, evaluating the program of animal care, investigating allegations of non-compliance, making recommendations to the institutional official about needed changes, and utilizing the Ag Guide as a guidance document. The role of the IACUC at Land Grant Institutions is confounded often by the variety of research that is conducted. At the University of Nebraska, we have traditional food and fiber, biomedical and wildlife research, which requires a diverse set of committee members to adequately review the animal care and use. All IACUC protocols, regardless of the species or funding mechanism, are required to address several common questions. As a principal investigator, you can help yourself tremendously by providing all the required information in a transparent, logical and organized manner. If you can anticipate your audience and provide key information in multiple formats, it will help streamline the review process. Based on membership requirements, most committee members will not come from agriculture backgrounds, so it is imperative you help the committee to understand standard agriculture practices. You can best accomplish this with standard operating procedures, herd management protocols, disaster plans, and veterinary care processes and provide photographs or short video clips of your proposed activities. Additionally, if you are asked to serve on this committee, be willing to proactively educate your peers on what is considered appropriate management, housing, experimental and humane endpoints. By acting as your own advocate, you can ensure good animal care as well as achieve timely approvals.
96 Cover Crop Grazing and Backgrounding on Carcass Quality
Authors: Macaluso Cathryn N , Ehrhardt Richard A , Cassida Kim , Schweihofer Jeannine P , Recktenwald Erin , Makela Barbara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Integration of sheep into cropping systems via cover crop grazing leases has potential to benefit sheep producers with a source of inexpensive, high quality forage. We examined this potential by comparing lamb growth and carcass traits of four rearing systems: grain-finished control (GR), cover crop brassica-finished (CCB), cover crop mixture-finished (CCM), and background on brassica and finished on grain (BK-GR). Dorset x Polypay lambs (n = 60; 3 pens or pastures, 5 lambs each) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to treatment. All diets were provided to maximize voluntary dry matter intake. Lambs were harvested after 6 wks of feeding for GR and 8 wks for CCB, CCM and BK-GR (BK-GR = 4 wks brassica then 4 wks grain). Grain-fed lambs (GR and BK-GR, 442 g/d) grew faster than pasture-fed lambs (CCB and CCM, 152 g/d) prior to harvest (Table 1, P &lt; 0.01) and attained greater body mass (HCW), muscling (LEA, EMD), fatness (BF, BWF) and yield grade (all P &lt; 0.05). Growth of pasture-fed lambs declined 38% over time (247 wk 1–4 vs. 152 g/d wk5-8; P &lt; 0.05). Pasture-fed lambs were leaner than grain-fed lambs (BF, yield grade; P &lt; 0.01), yet attained a yield grade 2 average. Background lambs (BK-GR) exhibited a 107% increase in growth when fed grain (232 g/d pasture vs. 481 g/d grain, P &lt; 0.01) and were fatter (BF, P &lt; 0.05) yet had reduced eye muscle depth (P &lt; 0.01) at harvest than GR lambs. Lambs did not differ in growth or any carcass measurement according to pasture type (CCB vs. CCM). We conclude that 8 wks of cover crop finishing produced acceptable carcass weight and finish. Backgrounding on cover crops followed by 4 wks of grain finishing results in marked compensatory gain with lambs achieving the same carcass size and similar qualities to lambs fed only grain.
95 Multi-Specie cover crop bale grazing effect after annual forage grazing on yearling steer grazing and feedlot performance, muscling, carcass measurements and carcass value
Authors: Senturklu Songul , Landblom Douglas , Paisley Steve 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Yearling crossbred steers (n = 144) were randomly assigned to native range (NR) or annual forage (ANN&gt;: native range plus field pea-barley, corn, 13-species cover crop) to evaluate grazing season extension by feeding (“Grazing”) cover crop bales (field pea, forage barley, clover, sorghum sudan 12.8% CP, 54.4% NDF, 31.4% ADF, 59.0% TDN) before feedlot entry to measure the effect on steer grazing and subsequent feedlot performance and economics. Grazing was extended 43.6 days (177.9 to 221.5 days). ANN plus bale grazing ADG was 0.95 kg/day; NR was 0.77 kg/day (P = 0.01). Ending ANN grazing gain was 43.0 kg heavier (P = 0.001). Grazing muscling was measured using ultrasound. The ratio for REA:45.4 kg live weight did not differ (P = 0.53). End grazing ANN steer REA (P = 0.002) and percent intramuscular fat (IMF) were greater (P = 0.05) than NR steers. End grazing marbling score did not differ (489.0 vs. 470.0). In the feedlot, steers were fed 95.7 days. The ANN steer feedlot arrival weight was heavier (P = 0.04), but ending weight did not differ between ANN and NR treatments (717.6 vs. 684.0 kg; P = 0.19). ANN steer hot carcass weight (HCW) was 25.6 kg heavier (P = 0.03). The NR steer dressing percent was greater (P = 0.01) and muscling (REA:HCW) was greater for the NR steers (P = 0.007), resulting in improved USDA yield grade (P = 0.01). Quality grade did not differ (98.6% Choice or better; P = 1.00). ANN steer HCW resulted in $92.26 more per carcass (P = 0.031) than NR. Grazing medium forage quality cover crop bales is an effective method for increasing gain and live animal muscle and intramuscular fat quality before feedlot entry, and ANN steer weight advantage entering the feedlot carried over to greater ending HCW and subsequently, greater carcass value.
97 Effects of alkalization treatment on chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of anaerobically stored rice stover
Authors: Ma Yulin , Chen Xu , Xiao Jianxin , Liu Shuai , Wang Jingjun , Cao Zhijun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of urea and calcium hydroxide on the chemical composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice stover. Rice stover was stored in polyethylene bags (35 × 25 cm, 350g per bag) with: (i) no additive (CON); (ii) 4% calcium hydroxide (CA, dry matter (DM) basis); (iii) 2.5% urea and 4% calcium hydroxide (UCA, DM basis); and (iv) 9% corn steep liquor and 2.5% urea and 4% calcium hydroxide (CUCA, DM basis). Dry matter were kept at the same level at 55% for all treatments. Totally, 36 bags (4 treatments × 3 store periods × 3 repeats) were prepared and stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 3 °C). The chemical composition was measured at day 7, 10 and 15 after storage. And the in vitro ruminal fermentation was tested in vitro at d 15. Date was subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the fixed effects of treatments, times and treatments × times by using SPSS 24.0. All alkali treatments reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (P &lt; 0.05), and increased the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) of the rice stover compared with the CON. The in vitro NDF degradability (IVNDFD) and ADF degradability (IVADFD) were increased in UCA and CUCA rice stover (P &lt; 0.05) compared to others. The highest acetic acid (AA), propionic acid (PA), butyric acid (BA), total volatile acids (TVFA) concentrations and 48-h cumulative gas production were observed in CUCA rice stover (P &lt; 0.05). With the delay of storage time, dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were decreased in CA and CUCA groups (P &lt; 0.05). Results in this study suggested that 9% corn steep liquor and 2.5% urea and 4% calcium hydroxide might be an effective treatment combination.
345 Digital Technologies Ease the Burden of Pasture Intake Measurements: A New Hope
Authors: Kallenbach Robert , Hamilton Stacey , Lock Thomas Ryan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A short while ago, in fields not so far away, graziers guessed forage mass and intake of grazing livestock in pastures. Then a period ensued where only laborious, expensive methods existed to measure the same. Faced with such a galactic dilemma, researchers made one of two practical choices: 1) collect minimal amounts of pasture growth information and give up precision, or 2) ignore pasture growth and forage measures altogether. Neither approach provides the data needed to describe forage intake of grazing animals. Smart devices — now carrying 120 million times more computing power than navigation systems onboard Apollo 11 — bring a new hope to pasture researchers, managers and farmers. This paper evaluates technological advances that enable the next generation of pasture measurements (including animal intake) using sensors. The list of sensors-based tools includes platemeters, digital rules, sonic waves, stereo photography, dual-tuned ultrasound, surround sound, lasers, light bars, and satellite images. These tools — coupled with artificial intelligence systems — give creative thinkers new ways to measure, monitor and manage forage intake in pastures. It’s the future.
101 Evaluation of Growth Curve Functions for predicted weight in small holder crossbred dairy cattle in Tanzania
Authors: Ekine Chinyere , Mrode Raphael , Oyieng Edwin , Komwihangilo Daniel , Msuta Gilbert , Eliamoni Lyatuu , Ojango Julie , Mwai Okeyo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Modelling the growth curve of animals provides information on growth characteristics and is important for optimizing management in different livestock systems. This study evaluated the growth curves of crossbred calves from birth to 30 months of age in small holder dairy farms in Tanzania using a two parameter (exponential), four different three parameters (Logistic, von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz), and three polynomial functions. Predicted weights based on heart girth measurements of 623 male and 846 female calves born between 2016 and 2019 used in this study were from the African Dairy Genetic Gains (ADGG) project in selected milk sheds in Tanzania, namely Tanga, Kilimanjaro, Arusha, Iringa, Njomba and Mbeya. Each function was fitted separately to weight measurement of males and females adjusted for the effect of ward and season of birth using the nonlinear least squares (nls) functions in R statistical software. The Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) were used for model comparison. Based on these criteria, all three polynomial and four parameter functions performed better and did not differ enough from each other in both males and females compared to the two-parameter exponential model. Predicted weight varied among the models and differed between males and females. The highest estimated weight was observed in the Brody model for both males (278.09 kg) and females (264.10 kg). Lowest estimated weight was observed in the exponential model. Estimated growth rate varied among models. For males, it ranged from 0.04 kg-0.08 kg and for females, from 0.05 kg-0.09 kg in the Brody model and logistic model respectively. Predictive ability across all fitted curves was low, ranging from 25% to approximately 29%. This could be due to the huge range of breed compositions in the evaluated crossbred calves which characterizes small holder dairy farms in this system and different levels of farm management.
107 Skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters correlate with sales price in weanling racing-bred Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Guy Chloey P , Latham Christine M , Owen Randi N , Fowler Ashley L , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Thoroughbred horse sales prices rely heavily on animal conformation and ancestral race performance, as well as the current economic landscape. However, little information exists on the relationship between physiological parameters and sales price. We aimed to test the hypothesis that weanling sales price would positively correlate with skeletal muscle mitochondrial parameters in racing-bred Thoroughbreds. Gluteus medius muscle samples were collected from racing-bred Thoroughbred weanlings (n = 19; mean ± SD; 5.7 ± 0.3 mo) and evaluated for mitochondrial volume density (citrate synthase activity; CS) and function (cytochrome c oxidase activity; COX) by colorimetry, and oxidative and electron transport system capacities by high resolution respirometry. Horses were sold at the 2018 and 2019 Keeneland November Breeding Stock Sales at 8.5 ± 0.7 mo of age. Data were analyzed using Pearson Correlation Statistics in SAS (v9.4). Weanling sales price was positively correlated with intrinsic mitochondrial function (COX activity per unit CS; r = 0.6269, P = 0.004) and coupling efficiency with substrates for complex I+II (r = 0.4424, P = 0.05). A trend for a negative correlation was observed between weanling sales price and CS activity (r = -0.4179, P = 0.07), while a trend for a positive correlation between sales price and intrinsic oxidative phosphorylation capacity with complex I substrates (r = 0.3974, P = 0.09) was observed. In this cohort of weanling Thoroughbreds, mitochondrial parameters measured at 6 mo of age correlated with sales price at 8 mo of age. Implications of these relationships as they relate to race performance should be further investigated.
106 The effects of Total Equine™ grain with Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract and chelated minerals on forage intake and cecal digestibility in mature Quarter horse mares under performance conditions
Authors: Boyd Jamie A , Smith Kaylee A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted in fall 2019 at Sul Ross State University to evaluate the effects of Total Equine™ containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed and chelated minerals on intake and cecal digestibility in comparison to a product without Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed or chelated minerals. Six quarter horse mares (avg 9 yrs) were used in a complete randomized block study. Horses were offered an ad libitum Bermuda hay for a 2wk standardization period and then blocked into pairs based on weight, age, and fitness level. Horses were assigned randomly within block to the Ctrl or Trt diets for an 8wk study with ad libitum access to water. Hay was offered 2xd in port-a-grazer tubs to control for waste. Grain was offered at a rate of 0.5% BW (manufacturer suggestions) and divided into 2 equal feedings. Horses were weighed weekly and grain amounts were adjusted weekly. Hay orts were collected 2x daily and hay offered was adjusted daily for a 3% refusal rate. Horses were exercised 6 d/wk on a hot-walker for 2 hrs. Horses were conditioned prior to the study and speed and duration were increased throughout the study. Horses worked 30 min at a walk and 1.5 hrs at a trot broken into periods. Feed samples were collected 2xwk and dried for DM and ground for analysis for NDF, ADF, CP, EE, and Ash. Blood samples were collected for 3x (1 wk, 4 wk, 8 wk) pre/post exercise to be tested for cortisol levels. A significant difference in total DMI was observed at 13.1 ± 0.14 kg Ctrl versus 12.02 ± 0.11 kg Trt (P = 0.0001). When looking at forage intake only 10.07 ± 0.13 kg Ctrl versus 9.04 ± 0.11 kg Trt (P = 0.0001). Overall, it appears that the inclusion of the grain product with Ascophyllum nodosum and chelated minerals reduced forage intake and overall DMI without affecting weight or animal performance.
358 Understanding the role of the fecal bacterial microbiota in equine colic
Authors: Pitta Dipti , Indugu Nagaraju , Hennessy Meagan , Vecchiarelli Bonnie , Stewart Holly , Willette Jackie , Dobbie Tamara , Engiles Julie , Southwood Louise 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The horse is uniquely adapted for hindgut fermentation, and the microbiota within the hindgut contribute to immune system stimulation, protection against harmful pathogens and toxins, and regulation of gene expression within the host. Many factors, such as dietary changes, antimicrobials, pathogens, and changes in management, can perturb the microbial communities leading to gastrointestinal complications such as colitis and colic in horses. With advances in genomic tools to characterize microbiota, efforts to expand the body of knowledge on the community structure and function of equine gut microbiota in health and disease are increasing within the equine research community. Colic is an important equine disease. While epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for colic, and intestinal inflammation may play a role in some horses with recurrent colic, there are very few studies investigating the role of the intestinal microbiota in colic. We compared the microbial communities of horses admitted to the hospital for colic to those of horses admitted for an elective procedure. We found a significant difference at the community level (alpha and beta diversity) and also between individual bacterial populations. Furthermore, we also found that location of lesions in the GI tract, duration of colic (acute vs. chronic), and other factors altered the microbial ecology of the equine gut microbiota. Notably, we also investigated whether the changes in microbiota induced by colic were confounded by withholding feed. We found that withholding feed from horses for 24 h induced a significant shift in the microbiota, which reverted to normal within 12 h after the horses gained access to feed. From our experiments, it is becoming increasingly clear that colic in horses induces changes in specific bacterial populations along with generalized changes that are confounded with many other factors. Further research is needed particularly in horses with recurrent colic to determine the association between the intestinal microbiota, diet and management factors, and inflammation.
359 Awardee Talk: Equine Science: A community that grew
Authors: Coleman Robert J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Research, teaching, and extension related to horse production and management was once a part of land grant universities. Extension publications from the 1900s noted equine research and how to use that research in the feeding and management of horses used primarily for agricultural purposes. As the use of the horse in agriculture declined, so did the activities related to horses at those institutions. Times changed, and as horses regained in popularity for sport and recreation, so did the need for research, teaching, and extension. In the late 1960s, a group of researchers who were doing nutrition research on horses gathered to discuss the possibility of providing a forum for promoting equine research, facilitating effective communications between those who could use the information and develop a symposium. From this conversation came the Equine Nutrition and Physiology Society. The first meeting was held in 1968 in Lexington, Kentucky; with over 20 participants, the society started to meet its goals. The original materials presented were related to nutrition and digestive physiology, but the focus has expanded to include reproductive physiology, exercise physiology, genetics, biosciences and production and management. In addition to the research topics, there are also sections for those involved with Extension and Teaching to discuss how to use the new information. The support of graduate students has grown since they were first invited in 1977 to current participation across the spectrum of research topics and the addition of a strong undergraduate research section as well. The society started with 20 plus in attendance and grew to a membership of over 300 from around the world who come together every two years to discuss topics related to the horse.
362 Utilizing Chicken Breast with Wooden Breast and White Striping in Processed Meat Products
Authors: Stelzleni Alexander M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wooden breast (WB) and white striping (WS) are two myopathies impacting the broiler market. Wooden breast and WS may occur individually or in concert with each other. Wooden breast is characterized by increased rigidity and firmness in the pectoralis major and has been associated with breast meat from larger, faster growing broilers. It begins in the ventral-cranial region and increases in severity, moving toward the deeper and more caudal portions of the muscle. Although the etiology is not fully understood, compositional characteristics of WB include increased collagen and lipid deposition and decreased water holding capacity. Breast fillets exhibiting WS are characterized by the size and amount of striping that occurs on the surface of the pectoralis major. These breasts express similar compositional characteristics to those with WB. Both WB and WS have been associated with decreased organoleptic and rheological properties, causing industry losses estimated in excess of $200 million annually through value downgrades, trim loss, and diversion to rendering. Although WB and WS meat have decreased rheological properties, some lost value may be recaptured through further processing. Recent studies have shown that both blade tenderization and marination improved the textural properties of afflicted breast meat, but neither were able to overcome the differences between afflicted and normal breast meat. Research investigating comminuted and emulsified products containing WB or WS meat have shown similar results due to the lower extraction of salt-soluble proteins and subsequent low bind and gelation properties. When WB/WS meat was included as a portion of the meat block with normal breast meat, textural and rheological differences were ameliorated. Using WB or WS meat in further processed products may give processors an alternative use for afflicted breast meat. Additional research should continue to explore how WB and WS meat can be incorporated into further processed and value-added products.