bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnesium Insertion into the Chevrel Phase Mo6S8: XPS Analysis
Authors: Richard Julien , Colin Jean François , Benayad Anass , Martinet Sebastien 
Published: February 2020

Since the earlier works in 2000 by Aurbach et al
1, magnesium-ion batteries emerged as an alternative to lithium-ion batteries thanks to many advantages: magnesium is the 5th most abundant metal in the earth crust, its divalent character and its ionic radius similar to lithium ionic radius gives it a volumetric capacity higher than lithium (3833 Ah/L and 2046 Ah/L respectively). Eventually the absence of dendritic growth on metallic magnesium is a plus in term of security. Several cathode materials were proposed for Mg-ions battery, nevertheless the reference positive electrode material in Mg-Ion technology remained the Chevrel Phase with the formula Mo6S8. The Chevrel phase, synthesized by R. Chevrel et al
2 in 1974, was described as an octahedral cluster of molybdenum located in a cube of sulfur that forms a Mo6S8 pattern. Structural analysis3 (X-Ray Diffraction) showed the existence of 12 insertions sites localized inside a cube of sulfur surrounded by Mo6S8clusters as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The electrochemistry highlighted 2 types of insertion sites able to host Mg2+at different potentials.
Being considered as the reference cathode material for Mg-ion systems, it has been extensively studied, especially on the structural and electrochemical point of view. However, the precise red-ox processes taking place during Mg insertion-deinsertion remain unclear.
In this study X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to get a direct observation of the redox mecanism during charge/discharge of the material. We performed ex-situ XPS core peak analyses on Mo6S8electrodes at different states of charge to probe the molybdenum and sulfur oxydation state and the environment (polarized or metallic) of inserted magnesium ions. These results were discussed based on a step-by-step XRD and XPS study before and after cycling, and correlated with the electrochemical performance of Chevrel phase. Fig 2 illustrates Mo 3d and Mg 2p orbitals in Mg1.72Mo6S8. In one side we can see the evolution of molybdenum oxidation states during discharge and on the other side the two environments of inserted magnesium is underlined.
References :
(1) D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich & E. Levi,
Nature vol 407 (2000) 724

(2) R. Chevrel et al, Mat. Res.
BuLl. Vol. 9, pp. 1487-1498, 1974M. D. Levi, E. Lancry, H. Gizbar, Z. Lu, E.
(3) R. Chevrel, M. Sergent Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I
Volume 32 of the series Topics in Current Physics pp 25-86

Figure 1
Electro Chemical Properties of Hard Carbon Single Particles for Anode in Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Lim SeongHyeon , Yamada Yuto , Kim Sung-soo , Kanamura Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2020

Nowadays, Interest of lithium-ion batteries have been increasing for use many electronic equipment and electronic vehicles. But Lithium resources are unevenly distributed. Especially, mainly in South America, and the materials cost was steeply increased during the first decade of this century due to increasing global demand for lithium-ion accumulators.
Sodium is the second-lightest and smallest alkali metal next to lithium and their electrochemical equivalent and standard potential are very similar to lithium. So, sodium based energy storage is of great interest to realize lithium-free high energy and high voltage batteries. Hard carbon had been utilized as a negative electrode in the first commercial Li-ion battery, and the hard-carbon electrodes deliver comparable reversible capacity without a staging transition due to the structural disorder.
In this study, we were investigated the electrochemical properties of a single particle of hard carbon (10m in diameter, provided by Aekyung Co.) using a microelectrode technique. A finely manipulated Cu-coated gold micro electrode (diameter:20m) was used to maintain electrical contact with a hard carbon single particle in the 1M NaPF6 (EC:PC=1:1) electrolyte under optical microscope and the galvanostatic charge-discharge tests carried out. This single particle technique using microelectrode gives material’s intrinsic information, without mixed effect with parameters of electrode such as compositions (binder and conductive agent), density (porosity) and loading amounts on the unit area.
A Rotating Ring Disk Electrode Study of the Stability in Different Electrolytes for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Chen Jenn-Shing , Cheng Meng-Huan 
Published: February 2020

The electrolyte formula (especially, the composition of organic solvent) is well-known to influence the electrochemical performance of Li-O2 batteries. The electrolyte instability in the battery can be attributed to its reaction with the superoxide radical (O2
•
−) produced at the battery’s cathode during discharge. In this work, we have employed the rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) technique to study the stability of various organic solvents against O2
•
− by the quantification of the electrolyte decomposition rate constant (k) for the reaction between various electrolytes and O2
•
−. Moreover, RRDE transients are also applied to estimate O2 solubility and diffusion rates of O2 and O2
•
− coefficients ( and ) at different electrolytes.
ZnO Nanostructured Wires for Gas Sensing Applications
Authors: Abidov Amir , Abdukarimova Sevara , Ziyamukhamedova Umida , Babu Eadi Sunil , Jeong Soon-Wook , Kim Sungjin 
Published: February 2020

ZnO wires were fabricated using microwave evaporation method. Microstructure investigations by Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that wires consist of ZnO nanostructures which are interconnected. The crystallinity of nanostructures was characterized using X-ray diffractometry. It was found that ZnO nanostructures had mostly wurtzite structure. Uv-visible spectroscopy revealed absorbance up 380nm. Prepared samples were utilized in gas sensors. It was found that highly porous ZnO nanostructured wires have high sensitivity to natural gas. Results were discussed.
Investigation of the Hybrid Catalytic System GC/Conducting Polymer/CdS/Enzyme for the Detection of Phenolic Compounds.
Authors: Widera Justyna , Chaykina Diana , King Sophia , Osial Magdalena E , Jackowska Krystyna 
Published: February 2020

Phenol and its derivatives such as: chlorophenols, catechols are released into waterways by industries. Some of these phenolic compounds pose a serious life threat. The detection of phenolic compounds could therefore lead to mitigation of their harmful effects. [1,2] Many researchers studied conductive polymers [1,2] for this purpose. It was seen that the modification of the electrode surface with the polymer and the enzyme catalysed the oxidation reactions of catechol. [3,4]

In this project, a further modification of conducting polymer/enzyme system was made by adding a small amount of semiconducting CdS nanoparticles. The aim of this was to check if under illumination, photoactive CdS can improve the range of detection of catechol and if under illumination the enzyme still has catalytic properties.
The hybrid system consisting of disc electrode (Pt or GC) modified with conducting polymer polyindole (PIN) or polyindole 5-carboxylic acid (PIN-5-COOH), cadmium sulphide CdS nanoparticles and enzyme (Tyrosinase) were examined for detection of catechol. All individual parts as well as the overall hybrid assembly was characterized electrochemically and in the case of CdS addition photoelectrochemically to examine the role of each part of the hybrid in the redox reaction of catechol. Additionally, Pt|CdS, Pt|PIN, Pt/PIN-5-COOH, Pt|PIN|CdS and Pt|PIN-5-COOH|CdS hybrids were also imaged using SEM.
Better catalytic activity was observed for the GC/PIN 5-COOH/CdS hybrid than Pt/PIN/CdS system, so further studies were focused on the former system. Poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid) functions as a conductive polymer while also providing a functional group onto which an enzyme, such as Tyrosinase (TYR), can be attached covalently. The enzyme did not lose the catalytic activity while being illuminated with a Xenon lamp. It was found that the addition of CdS nanoparticles to the GC|PIN-5-COOH|TYR system produces under illumination slightly smaller but more stable currents, which causes the variation of the catechol quantitation limits: a) GC|PIN-5-COOH|TYR electrode (2.5μM to 0.13mM) and b) GC|PIN-5-COOH|CdS|TYR electrode (2.5μM to 0.34mM).
The enzyme kinetics parameters were calculated using Lineweaver-Burk plot for the tyrosinase immobilised on the polymer surface. As hypothesised, the presence of CdS had an effect on the overall hybrid GC|PIN-5-COOH|CdS|TYR system under illumination, reducing the value of Km by ~50% when illuminated as compared to dark, suggesting more efficient enzyme behaviour.

U. Lange, N.V. Roznyatovskaya, and V.M. Mirsky, Anal. Chim. Acta
614, 1-26 (2008).

K. Jackowska and P. Krysiński, Anal. Bioanal. Chem.
405, 3753-3771 (2013).

A.T. Biegunski, A. Michota, J. Bukowska, and K. Jackowska, Bioelectrochemistry
69, 41-48 (2006).

J. Maciejewska, K. Pisarek, I. Bartosiewicz, P. Krysiński, K. Jackowska, and A.T. Biegunski Electrochim. Acta.
56, 3700-3706 (2011).
Streptavidin-Functionalized Nitrogen Doped Graphene Platform for Sensitive Electrochemical Immunoassay of Tumor Marker
Authors: Yang Zhanjun , Lan Qingchun 
Published: February 2020

Tumor markers are biomacromolecules existing in blood or tissue, which are associated with cancer and whose measurement is useful in clinical diagnosis. The electrochemical immunoassay has attracted extensive attention due to its specific advantages such as high sensitivity, low cost, and easy handling. Here, a novel and highly efficient streptavidin-functionalized nitrogen doped graphene platform was proposed for sensitive electrochemical immunoassay of tumor marker. The biofunctionalized-nitrogen doped graphene platform shows large reactive surface area and excellent biocompatibility. The capture antibody can be efficiently immobilized on the biosensing platform surface based on the highly selective recognition of streptavidin to biotinylated antibody. Using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as model analyte, the highly efficient electrochemical immunosensing shows a linear range from 0.02 to 12 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9980. The limit of detection was calculated to be 0.01 ng/mL (S/N=3). This biofunctionalized-nitrogen doped graphene platform shows much better performance compared with the platform without nitrogen doped graphene (shown in Fig. 1). This work provides a promising application in the determination of various tumor markers.
References:
[1] N. Zamcheck, E. W. Martin, Cancer
2006, 47, 1620.
[2] Y. Wan, Y. Su, X. Zhu, G. Liu, C. Fan, Biosens.
Bioelectron.
2013, 47, 1.
[3] L. H. Tang, Y. Wang, Y. M. Li, H. B. Feng, J. Lu, J. H. Li, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2782.
[4] J. Wang, G. Liu, M. H. Engelhard, Y. Lin, Anal.
Chem.
2006, 78, 6974.
[5] G. Lai, J. Wu, C. Leng, H. Ju, F. Yan, Biosens.
Bioelectron. 2011, 26, 3782.
[6] C. Ou, R. Yuan, Y. Chai, M. Tang, R. Chai, X. He, Anal.
Chim. Acta
2007, 603, 205.

Figure 1
Development of Novel Immunosenser System for Sex Determination of Fish
Authors: Sakurai Taro , Wu Haiyun , Yoshizaki Goro , Ohnuki Hitoshi , Endo Hideaki 
Published: February 2020

Aquaculture development of some important farmed fish, which have great economic and cultural importance, is key due to the decline of wild populations. While in captivity, fry production relies on the spontaneous formation of male and female pairs. Sex determination of these types of fish is not possible based on morphologic criteria, however, and it is very difficult to optimize reproduction conditions and fry production in each pond, which seriously hampers the culture of this species. Therefore, we developed sexing methodologies based on the determination of 11-ketotestosterone (11-kt) levels as an important androgenic sex hormone in immature juveniles. Detection methods such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, are too time consuming and complex for their practical application in the aquaculture setting. Thus, a simple and rapid method of detecting 11-kt for early determination of fish sex is desired. Here we describe a label-free immunosensor system that detects 11-kt levels in fish with high sensitivity.
Detection of 11-kt using cyclic voltammetry is achieved by immobilizing both anti-rabbit IgG antibody (high efficiency and recovery rate binding anti-11-kt antibody) and anti-11-kt antibody (selective detection of 11-kt) on an Au electrode (diameter: 3 mm) with a self-assembled monolayer. The principle of the system is based on the maximum oxidation peak current change induced by the generation of a nonconductive antigen-antibody complex, which depends on the levels of 11-kt in the sample. The effects of temperature and pH on the CV oxidation peak current change were tested. We found that the highest current reduction (optimal immune response conditions) occurred at pH 7.5 and 25℃. The immunosensor showed a response to 11-kt levels, and the oxidation peak current linearly decreased in the range of 0.125 - 0.750 ng ml-1 (R=0.9871) as shown in Figure. A good correlation between the 11-kt concentration and sensor current change was found and it only takes about 10 min for electrochemical measurement of one sample. The specificity of the label-free immunosensor system was investigated using other steroid hormones, such as testosterone. The specific detection of 11-kt was suggested by a minimal change from -1.1 to 0.8 % in the anodic peak value of the other steroid hormones. These findings suggest that the proposed label-free immunosensor could be useful for rapid and convenient analysis of 11-kt levels in fish.

Figure 1
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Semi-Perfluoroalkyl Compounds in a Li-Ion Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Shimada Daiki , Ando Yuuki , Morita Yuki , Okamoto Hiroaki 
Published: February 2020

Introduction
Organogels formed by a low moleculr weight organic gelators (LMOG) are of great attentions for their application to organic gel electrolytes of lithium ion battery, dye-sensitized solar cells and so on [1]. Several studies on organogel electrolytes based on LMOGs show that the conductivity is practically identical in the gel and in the corresponding solution [2].
In our previous papers, LMOG having perfluoroalkyl groups in the molecules can gelate aprotic polar solvents such as PC, GBL and so on [3].
Here we report preparation and electrochemical properties of semi-perfluoroalkylated compounds 1 and 2.
Experimental
Cyclic voltammmetry was carried out in a potential range of 0-3 V at a rate of 1.0 mV s–1, where natural spheroidal graphite purchased from Hosen Co. Ltd. was used as a carbon anode, and lithium metal was used as a counter and reference electrode. The oxidation potential measurements using linear sweep voltammmetry was carried out in a potential range of 3-7 V at a rate of 1.0 mV s–1, where a platinum was used as a working electrode. The electrolyte solution was a 1M LiPF6/ethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate (EC:EMC=1:2).
Results and discussion
For compound 1, in the first sweep of the untreated carbonaceous thin-film electrode, irreversible cathodic currents were observed at ca. 0.5 V. The peak significantly reduced after the second cycle and therefore should be attributed to irreversible reactions such as electrolyte decomposition followed by formation of a surface film [4]. The CVs results indicate that the presence of compound 1 in the electrolyte solution is similar to the solution on cycling behavior.
The oxidation potential of compound 1 is in accordance with that of the EC-EMC electrolyte without additive, expressing high resistance properties against oxidative decomposition.
In this presentation, the electrochemical properties of the other compounds having a semi-perfluoroalkyl unit in the molecules will be discussed in terms of the molecular structeres.
Reference
[1] M. Miura et al ., ECS Transactions, 50, 89-94 (2013). L. Tao, et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 2344-2352 (2015).
[2] A. Iuchi, et al., ECS Transactions, 16(24), 65-70 (2009). T. Yoshida, et al., ECS Transactions, 50, 95-102 (2013).
[3] t. yoshida, et al., Chem. Lett., 44 (4), 512-514 (2015), T. Yoshida, et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn, 88, 1447-1452 (2015).
[4] T. Doi, et al., J. Phys. Chem., 116, 12422 (2012)

Figure 1
CVD Grown Mwcnts and Graphene for Pemfcs Application
Authors: Ion-Ebrasu Daniela , Enache Stanica , Bubulinca Constantin , Carcadea Elena , Varlam Mihai , Stefanescu Ioan , Wittstock Gunther 
Published: February 2020

In this paper we report the development of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) and graphene via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for PEM Fuel Cells applications. MWCNTs growth are achieved by the flow of ethylene and hydrogen gasses over iron beased catalytic substrates at different temperatures and gas flow. Graphene growth is carried out by the flow of methane and hydrogen gasses over various thickness cupper substrates cleaned by different methods (electropolishing, acetone and acetic acid) at low (500 mTorr) and atmospheric pressure. Characterization is performed with XRD, optical microscopy (SEM/EDS) and Raman/AFM spectroscopy. Results show noticeable differences in Raman signals and optical color contrast regarding the preferential growth of MWCNTs, and between the number and quality of layers of graphene and graphite, as well as distinctions between single-to-few- and multi-layer graphene, respectively. The electrochemical behavior of CVD grown MWCNTs and graphene are studied by cycling voltammetry on rotating disk electrode (RDE) to determine the activity of toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is used to shows the localized electrochemical behavior difference between the MWCNTs and graphenes.
Surface Analysis of 4-Methyl-2-Phenyl-Imidazole on the Cu Surface
Authors: Finsgar Matjaz 
Published: February 2020

Corrosion problems represent a large portion of the total costs in diverse industrial fields for companies every year worldwide. Moreover, appropriate corrosion control can help avoid many potential disasters that can cause serious issues including loss of life, negative social impacts, and water resource and environmental pollution. It is almost impossible to prevent corrosion, however it is possible to control it. Commonly, organic compounds are used as corrosion inhibitors.
The studied compound herein, MePhI, is presented for the first time to protect any metallic material against corrosion. This compound effectively protects copper from corrosion in a highly corrosive chloride solution even after 0.5 year of immersion. To study this system X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed.
Using the Tougaard method a surface layer thickness of the MePhI was determined to be 0.3-0.5 nm by analyzing the background of the XPS survey spectrum. Moreover, orientation and the manner of bonding of MePhI on the Cu surface is explained especially by examining the XPS-excited Auger Cu L3M4,5M4,5 spectra, which is a “fingerprint” of a Cu(I)-MePhI connection. Angle-resolved XPS measurements suggest that both the C and N atoms of the MePhI molecule are involved in the inhibitor surface bonding. Finally, it is also suggested that MePhI molecules are lying flat on the surface.
Formation of Nanotubular Oxide Layers on Ti Alloys Containing Noble Metal
Authors: Otani Yuki , Tsuchiya Hiroaki , Fujimoto Shinji 
Published: February 2020

Self-organized porous oxides have attracted attentions as functional materials for photocatalyst, water splitting, photo anode of dye-sensitized solar cells and storage capacitors due to their properties and unique structures. Formation of highly ordered porous oxide layers on various valve metals (Al, Ti, Ta, Hf, Zr, Nb or W) and their alloys by electrochemical anodization have been reported. Especially, TiO2 nanotubes have been studied as functional electrodes and the formation of TiO2 nanotubes has been widely investigated in fluoride containing electrolytes. However, TiO2 has low conductivity and relatively large band gap. TiO2 nanotubes are decorated with other elements to enhance their photocatalytic properties by sputter deposition, photodeposition and annealing under doping gas. In order to improve the properties further, the optimization of process is required. Recently, it has been reported that anodization of a Ti alloy results in the formation of nanotubular oxide layer decorated with the alloying element which exhibits better properties compared to bare TiO2 nanotubular layers.
The purpose of present work is to examine the formation of nanotubular oxide layer on Ti alloys containing noble metal by electrochemical anodization and to study the effect of alloy compositions and electrochemical conditions on the structures and properties.
The Intriguing Question of Anionic Redox in High-Energy Density Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Saubanère Matthieu , McCalla Eric , Tarascon Jean Marie , Doublet Marie-Liesse 
Published: February 2020

The energy density delivered by a Li-ion battery is a key parameter that needs to be significantly increased to address the global question of energy storage for the next 40 years. This quantity is difficult to improve when materials exhibit a classical cationic redox activity.
Recently, a cumulative cationic (M4+/M5+) and anionic (2O2-/(O2)n-) redox activity has been demonstrated in the Li-rich Li2MO3 family of compounds, therefore enabling doubling the energy density with respect to high-potential cathodes such as transition metal phosphates and sulfates.
This paper aims at clarifying the origin of this extra capacity by addressing some fundamental questions regarding reversible anionic redox in high-potential electrodes for Li-ion batteries. First, the ability of the system to stabilize the oxygen holes generated by Li-removal and to achieve a reversible oxo- to peroxo-like (2O2-/(O2)n-) transformation is elucidated by means of a metal-driven reductive coupling mechanism. The penchant of the system for undergoing this reversible anionic redox or releasing O2 gas is then discussed in regards to experimental results for 3d- and 4d-based Li2MO3 phases.
Robust indicators are built as tools to predict which materials in the Li-rich TM-oxides family will undergo efficient and reversible anionic redox. The present finding provides insights into new directions to be explored for the development of high-energy density materials for Li-ion batteries.
Challenges to All-Solid State Battery for Sustainable Mobility
Authors: Kotani Yukinari 
Published: February 2020

For a practical electric vehicle to be widely accepted in the market, development of next generation batteries with high energy density is critical. So far, Toyota is promoting battery R&D from both the engineering and scientific point of view, and we believe All-Solid State battery using an inorganic solid electrolyte has great potential as a candidate for beyond Li-Ion battery technology. There are several benefits such as no potential for leakage, a wide electrochemical window, and high thermal stability and these properties enable the design of a series, multi-layer cell, which would result in a high voltage and robust energy device even in harsh environments. In my presentation, I will introduce the current challenges and update some results of Toyota’s All-Solid State battery program.