bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comfort during the bed bath—A randomised crossover trial on the effect of washing without water versus water and soap in nursing students
Authors: Groven Fabian M. V. , Zwakhalen Sandra M.G. , Odekerken‐Schröder Gaby , Tan Frans , Hamers Jan P. H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo compare the washing without water method with the water and soap method regarding comfort perceptions of the bed bath.BackgroundBathing affects nurses’ and care recipients’ comfort. Bedridden care recipients can be bathed in bed with water and soap or with washing without water products. Little is known about the differences between these two bed bath methods regarding comfort perceptions among care recipients and nurses.DesignCrossover randomised laboratory‐controlled trial, conducted from March 2018–November 2019, according to the CONSORT guidelines.MethodsNursing students were randomly allocated roles as a patient (who received both types of bed baths) or a nurse (who provided both types of bed baths). Also, the order in which the bed baths were received/provided was randomised. A total of 97 students were included in the analysis. Student patients filled out the Patient Evaluation of Emotional Comfort Experienced (PEECE) scale to measure emotional comfort and a single‐item question on physical comfort after each bed bath. Student nurses filled out the Physical Demands scale after each bed bath to measure their physical comfort perceptions.ResultsNo differences were found between the two bed bathing methods regarding student patients’ emotional or physical comfort levels. Among student nurses, the washing without water method was less physically demanding than the water and soap method.ConclusionsTaking into account time‐efficiency and physical comfort for nurses, washing without water seems to be a valuable alternative to water and soap from a care recipient comfort perspective, which should be assessed in a clinical setting in future research.Relevance to clinical practiceThe washing without water method is less physically demanding for nurses and takes less time. It does not have a detrimental effect on care recipients’ emotional and physical comfort. The trial is registered at www.trialregister.nl (ID = NL6787).
Identifying barriers and facilitators to recognition and response to patient clinical deterioration by clinicians using a behaviour change approach: A qualitative study
Authors: Walker Rachel M. , Boorman Rhonda J. , Vaux Amanda , Cooke Marie , Aitken Leanne M. , Marshall Andrea P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFailure of clinicians to recognise and respond to patient clinical deterioration is associated with increased hospital mortality. Emergency response teams are implemented throughout hospitals to support direct‐care clinicians in managing patient deterioration, but patient clinical deterioration is often not identified or acted upon by clinicians in ward settings. To date, no studies have used an integrative theoretical framework in multiple sites to examine why clinicians’ delay identification and action on patients’ clinical deterioration.AimTo identify barriers and facilitators that influence clinicians’ absent or delayed response to patient clinical deterioration using the Theoretical Domains Framework.MethodsThe Theoretical Domains Framework guided: (a) semi‐structured interviews with clinicians, health consumers and family members undertaken at two sites; (b) deductive analyses of inductive themes to identify barriers and facilitators to optimal care. This study complied with the COREQ research guidelines.FindingsSeven themes identified: (a) information transfer; (b) ownership of patient care; (c) confidence to respond; (d) knowledge and skills; (e) culture; (f) emotion; and (g) environmental context and resources.DiscussionThe Theoretical Domains Framework identified traditional social and professional hierarchies and limitations due to environmental contexts and resources as contributors to diminished interprofessional recognition and impediments to the development of effective relationships between professional groups. Communication processes were impacted by these restraints and further confounded by inadequate policy development and limited access to regular effective team‐based training. As a result, patient safety was compromised, and clinicians frustrated.ConclusionsThese results inform the development, implementation and evaluation of a behaviour change intervention and increase knowledge about barriers and facilitators to timely response to patient clinical deterioration.Relevance to clinical practiceResults contribute to understanding of why clinicians delay responding to patient clinical deterioration and suggest key recommendations to identify and challenge traditional hierarchies and practices that prevent interdisciplinary collaboration and decision‐making.
Temperature, rainfall and wind variables underlie environmental adaptation in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Bogaerts‐Márquez María , Guirao‐Rico Sara , Gautier Mathieu , González Josefa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhile several studies in a diverse set of species have shed light on the genes underlying adaptation, our knowledge on the selective pressures that explain the observed patterns lags behind. Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable organism to study environmental adaptation because this species originated in Southern Africa and has recently expanded worldwide, and also because it has a functionally well‐annotated genome. In this study, we aimed to decipher which environmental variables are relevant for adaptation of D. melanogaster natural populations in Europe and North America. We analysed 36 whole‐genome pool‐seq samples of D. melanogaster natural populations collected in 20 European and 11 North American locations. We used the BayPass software to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and transposable elements (TEs) showing signature of adaptive differentiation across populations, as well as significant associations with 59 environmental variables related to temperature, rainfall, evaporation, solar radiation, wind, daylight hours, and soil type. We found that in addition to temperature and rainfall, wind related variables are also relevant for D. melanogaster environmental adaptation. Interestingly, 23%–51% of the genes that showed significant associations with environmental variables were not found overly differentiated across populations. In addition to SNPs, we also identified 10 reference transposable element insertions associated with environmental variables. Our results showed that genome‐environment association analysis can identify adaptive genetic variants that are undetected by population differentiation analysis while also allowing the identification of candidate environmental drivers of adaptation.
What is anarchist internationalism?
Authors: Kinna Ruth 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article outlines a concept of anarchist internationalism as non‐domination. The discussion falls into two parts. The first outlines the general theory, building on the analysis of the anarchist critique of republicanism, describing anarchist internationalism as cosmopolitan and based on a permanent “right of secession.” The second part considers how this general conception was developed in the context of anti‐colonial struggle and nationalist resurgence. It examines Ananda Coomaraswamy and Rudolf Rocker's responses to the global spread of capitalism and the evolution of the European state. Their contrasting critiques of nationalism and images of international community expose shortcomings and biases in the application of non‐domination and tensions which test cosmopolitan ties and voluntary agreements. Yet their work also demonstrates that anarchist internationalism is not a failed dream of class solidarity and that, understood as a principle of non‐domination, it promotes emancipatory, transformative processes directed against static configurations of power.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: December 2020

Journal of Education and Training Studies (JETS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether JETS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 1 Akın Metli, Bilkent Erzurum Laboratory School (BELS), TurkeyFrancisca Serrano, University of Granada, SpainJohn Cowan, Edinburgh Napier University, UKMan-fung Lo, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong KongMichael Baron, University of Melbourne, AustraliaNiveen M. Zayed, MENA College of Management, JordanSadia Batool, Preston University Islamabad, PakistanShu-wen Lin, Sojo University, JapanVeronica Velasco Gonzalez, University of Valladolid, SpainVjacheslav Ivanovich Babich, Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, Ukraine Robert SmithEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Journal of Education and Training StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAE-mail 1: jets@redfame.comE-mail 2: jets@redfame.orgURL: http://jets.redfame.com
Using Computer Simulation to Validate and Optimize the Design of an Innovative Electronic Packaging Concept
Authors: Beyerlein Dagmar , Hornberger Lee 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Reducing integrated circuit (IC) plastic packaging production costs by improving the transfer mold and leadframe designs is a costly and time-consuming process. Rather than building mold and leadframe prototypes to perform empirical studies, this research describes how C-MOLD, a microchip encapsulation simulation software application, was used to validate and optimize an innovative mold and leadframe design that has the potential to reduce raw material waste associated with packaging by more than 59%. Estimates indicate that the proposed design will cut annual production costs by more than $600,000.
Continuous Temporal and Spatial Finite Element Boundary Condition Assignments Using a Neural Network Prediction System
Authors: Zhang Yong , Sullivan John M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Finite element analyses of multi-dimensional, partial differential equations require accurate and complete boundary condition assignments. However, continuous temporal and spatial values along physical boundaries are rarely available when solving realistic problems based on field data. To mitigate this situation a neural network system was developed and coupled with an interpolation routine. This innovative computational utility was used to provide continuous boundary condition information in time and space along physical boundaries of interest. The neural network was trained to predict the time response at discrete boundary locations based on field measurements at those locations. Once trained the neural network system was capable of providing a continuous time history for those locations. This system was then linked to an interpolation routine which handled the spatial component of the boundary condition specifications. These coupled routines facilitated rapid deployment and testing of various finite element representations. Further, the neural network system captured the transient physics of the situation more accurately than interpolation routines used previously.
Approximations for Safety Optimization of Large Systems
Authors: Yang R. J. , Gu L. , Liaw L. , Gearhart C. , Tho C. H. , Liu X. , Wang B. P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents four approximation methods for the construction of safety related functions. These methods are: Enhanced Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Stepwise Regression, Artificial Neural Network, and the Moving Least Square. The optimal Latin Hypercube Sampling method is used to distribute the sampling points uniformly over the entire design space. Four benchmark problems used in crash and occupant simulation are employed to investigate the accuracy of the approximate or surrogate models. An occupant safety optimization problem is solved using these four response surfaces. Based on numerical results, a best, applicable approximation strategy for safety optimization is proposed in the end.
The Tolerance Optimization Problem Using a Near-to-Global Optimum
Authors: Gadallah Mohamed H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, an algorithm is developed to deal with the discrete optimization problem. The algorithm approximates any design continuous domain with finite number of discrete points and employs single and multi-level search to reach near-to-global optimum. In single level search, one orthogonal array is used to model any given search domain. In multi-level search, two or more orthogonal arrays are coupled in series and used to model the search domain. The number of design levels are increased with the number of arrays via different coefficients. The tolerance synthesis problem with optimum process combination is revisited to compare our method with well-established algorithms such as Simulated Annealing (SA) and Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP). The effect of algorithm parameters: different structure combinations, reducing move factors, weighing factors and column assignments on optimum for single and multi-level search are investigated. Results indicate the capability of the approach to reach near-to-global optimum in about 5.20%–19.5% of time taken by other methods. A survey of available algorithms is given and the method is validated with few test cases.
Structural Optimization Under Variable Loading Conditions
Authors: Teng Chin-Pun , Angeles Jorge 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The problem of structural optimization under variable loading conditions is discussed here. We assume a linearly-elastic structure subject to one single load of constant magnitude but of arbitrary orientation. Moreover, we assume that the structure is discretized by finite elements. The result of this study is an optimality criterion: the eigenvalues of the stiffness matrix of the optimum structure observe a minimum variance. In other words, the optimum structure under variable load must have a stiffness matrix that is as close as possible to isotropy. Furthermore, in order to implement the foregoing criterion, we introduce a novel method of automatic mesh generation, that is based on the concept of penalty functions of nonlinear programming. Finally, we illustrate these concepts by means of the optimization of a triangular lamina of given side lengths, with an elliptical hole centered at its centroid, of a prescribed area, the design parameters being the semiaxes of the ellipse and the orientation of these axes with respect to the edges of the lamina.
Design of Robust Interfaces in Modular Products
Authors: Blackenfelt Michael , Sellgren Ulf 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The design of module interfaces is very important when developing so-called modular products. The interfaces should not only be designed for the module variety but should also be specified early to allow parallel activities. This paper outlines an approach where the interfaces, in the beginning of the process, are defined within some bounds. Later when more information about the modules and their variety is available the interface is conceptualised by topological optimisation and detailed by shape optimisation. The shape optimisation is however complemented with Robust Design technique in order to increase the interface commonality for the variety range.
“Intelligent” Optimal Design
Authors: Zarka Joseph 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The engineers have to face very important problems in the design, the test, the survey and the maintenance of their structures. These problems did not yet get full answer even from the best people in the world. Usually in these problems (such as no satisfactory constitutive modeling of materials, no real control of the accuracy of the numerical simulations, no real definition of the initial state and/or the effective loading of the structure), there is no solution and the experts do not understand the problem in its whole. Moreover, the available data may be not statistically representative (i.e. are in limited number), fuzzy, qualitative and missing in part.
We propose a practical solution the «Intelligent Optimal Design of Materials and Structures» where the actual best knowledges of the researchers/experts are intelligently mixed to the results of experiments or real returns.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Hydraulic Actuation Systems
Authors: Andersson Johan , Krus Petter , Wallace David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Many real world engineering problems are characterized by the presence of several conflicting design objectives. In this paper, a new multi-objective genetic algorithm is employed to optimize two different concepts of hydraulic actuation systems. The different concepts have been modeled in a simulation environment to which the optimization strategy has been coupled.
The outcome from the proposed optimization strategy is a set of Pareto optimal solutions elucidating the tradeoffs between competing objectives. By comparing Pareto frontiers for competing concepts, valuable insights about the properties of the different concepts can be gained. Depending on how the decision-maker values the different objectives, different design solutions are more appropriate. This is exemplified in the hydraulic actuation systems, where the acceptance of a larger control error results in a design with low energy consumption.
Formulation of the Equations of Motion of RRPR Robot Manipulator
Authors: Attia Hazem Ali , El-Mistikawy Tarek M. A. , Megahed Adel A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper the dynamic analysis of RRPR robot manipulator is presented. The equations of motion are formulated using a two-step transformation. Initially, a dynamically equivalent system of particles that replaces the rigid bodies is constructed and then Newton’s second law is applied to derive their equations of motion. The equations of motion are then transformed to the relative joint variables. Use of both Cartesian and joint variables produces an efficient set of equations without loss of generality. For open chains, this process automatically eliminates all of the non-working constraint forces and leads to an efficient solution and integration of the equations of motion. The results of the simulation indicate the simplicity and generality of the dynamic formulation.
An Introduction to the Designers’ Sandpit
Authors: Tate Susan J. , Jared Graham E. M. , Brown Nathaniel J. , Swift Kenneth G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper introduces the notion of the Designers’ Sandpit. It presents the proposed user interface, a preliminary view of a Proactive DFA methodology and the geometric reasoning functionality required to support it.
In previous work1 a prototype assembly-oriented design environment incorporating DFA and assembly planning has been developed, integrated with CAD and supported by geometric reasoning algorithms. However, another opportunity to enhance the capabilities of the Sandpit is through the incorporation of functional representations. Functional modelling aims to bridge the gap between conceptual and detailed design and when addressed in a general context is a challenging research subject. Here, a functional modelling approach is proposed in the context of assembly-oriented CAD to facilitate the evaluation of product design in terms of manufacture, assembly and cost, before the geometry is defined.
Design for Variety: A Methodology for Developing Product Platform Architectures
Authors: Martin Mark V. , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Developing a robust, product platform architecture brings an important competitive advantage to a company. The major benefit is reduced design effort and time-to-market for future generations of the product. This paper describes a step-by-step method that aids companies in developing such a product platform architecture. Using the concept of specification “flows” within a product development project, the design for variety (DFV) method develops two indices to measure a product’s architecture. The first index is the Generational Variety Index (GVI), a measure for the amount of redesign effort required for future designs of the product. The second index is the Coupling Index (CI), a measure of the coupling among the product components. The design team uses these two indices to develop a decoupled architecture that requires less design effort for follow-on products.
A Model for Information Flow in Design
Authors: Shooter Steven B. , Keirouz Walid T. , Szykman Simon , Fenves Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The complexity of modern products and design tools has complicated the exchange of design information. It is widely recognized that the capture, storage, and retrieval of design information is one of the major challenges for the next generation of computer aided design tools. This paper presents a model for the flow of design information that supports a semantics-based approach for developing information exchange standards. The model classifies design information into various types, organizes these types into information states and levels of abstraction, and identifies the various transformations that operate between the information states. The model is then applied to an example of a transmission for a cordless drill.
Towards the Synthesis of Aesthetic Product Form
Authors: Smyth Stephen N. , Wallace David R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A method for the synthesis of aesthetic product form is proposed. The approach attempts to bring computation to bear on the notion of brand DNA, a term which is used in industry loosely to refer to the aesthetic form elements that contribute to brand identity. The designer defines the origin of an evolutionary process by interactively describing the archetype, or skeleton, of the desired form based on existing product geometry. The system uses the skeleton to generate a variety of forms, or surface skins. The designer selects appealing surfaces for further evolution in form space. It is envisaged that this synthesis process will be applied within an integrated industrial design cycle that supports the rapid alternation between physical and digital representations of product geometry.
Quantitative Measures for Design by Analogy
Authors: McAdams Daniel A. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper a quantitative measure for design-by-analogy is developed. This measure is based on the functional similarity of products. By using this product similarity measure, designers are able to formalize and quantify design-by-analogy techniques during concept and layout design. The similarity measure and its application is clarified and validated through a case study. The case study is the original design of a pickup winder.