bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty Awareness: Development and Validation of a New Scale for Examining Attitudes regarding the Aetiology and Relational–Symbolic Aspects of Poverty
Authors: Weiss-Dagan Shlomit , Krumer-Nevo Michal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study describes the development and validation of a new Poverty Awareness Scale (PAS). Existing scales of attitudes towards poverty focus on poverty’s aetiology, leaving other notions regarding poverty underexplored. Our new scale is based on the key role that relational–symbolic aspects of poverty play in current critical poverty knowledge and adds the examination of these aspects. The scale was distributed to 127 social workers and social work students before and after six different poverty-aware courses in Israel. For psychometric validation, we calculated the internal consistency of the construction of the scale dimensions and of the relationships between them. The scale evinced high levels of internal consistency. Construct validity was established through correlational analyses between our scale and a xenophobia scale. In addition, we found a significant difference in attitudes between the pre- and post-poverty-aware courses, with participants altering their attitudes in the direction of explanations that were more structural and exhibiting increased awareness of the relational symbolic aspects of poverty. The new PAS has the potential to be useful for service training and social work education.
Ultrasound Guidance and Risk for Central Venous Catheter–Related Infections in the Intensive Care Unit: A Post Hoc Analysis of Individual Data of 3 Multicenter Randomized Trials
Authors: Buetti Niccolò , Mimoz Olivier , Mermel Leonard , Ruckly Stéphane , Mongardon Nicolas , Dupuis Claire , Mira Jean-Paul , Lucet Jean-Christophe , Mégarbane Bruno , Bailly Sébastien , Parienti Jean-Jacques , Timsit Jean-François 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Ultrasound (US) guidance is frequently used in critically ill patients for central venous catheter (CVC) insertion. The effect of US on infectious risk remains controversial, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed mainly noninfectious complications. This study assessed infectious risk associated with catheters inserted with US guidance vs use of anatomical landmarks.

Methods
We used individual data from 3 large RCTs for which a prospective, high-quality data collection was performed. Adult patients were recruited in various intensive care units (ICUs) in France as soon as they required short-term CVC insertion. We applied marginal Cox models with inverse probability weighting to estimate the effect of US-guided insertion on catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs, primary outcome) and major catheter-related infections (MCRIs, secondary outcome).We also evaluated insertion site colonization at catheter removal.

Results
Our post hoc analysis included 4636 patients and 5502 catheters inserted in 2088 jugular, 1733 femoral, and 1681 subclavian veins, in 19 ICUs. US guidance was used for 2147 catheter insertions. Among jugular and femoral CVCs and after weighting, we found an association between US and CRBSI (hazard ratio [HR], 2.21 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.17–4.16]; P = .014) and between US and MCRI (HR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.01–2.38]; P = .045). Catheter insertion site colonization at removal was more common in the US-guided group (P = .0045) among jugular and femoral CVCs in situ for ≤7 days (n = 606).

Conclusions
In prospectively collected data in which catheters were not randomized to insertion by US or anatomical landmarks, US guidance was associated with increased risk of infection.
Photoregime Affects Development, Reproduction, and Flight Performance of the Invasive Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Authors: He Limei , Ge Shishuai , Zhang Haowen , He Wei , Yan Ran , Wu Kongming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The migratory fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), has become a worldwide agricultural pest. In this study, the effects of photoregime on the development, reproduction, and flight performance of fall armyworm were assessed based on two-sex life tables, ovarian and testis anatomy, and flight mill tests. The results indicated that photoregime had a significant effect on developmental duration of fall armyworm individuals, pupal survival and emergence, and adult fecundity. Among seven photoregimes tested, the 16:8 (L:D) h photoregime was the most suitable for fall armyworm fitness with the shortest pre-oviposition period and mean generation period (T), highest mating frequency and mating rate of female moths, largest intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ), and highest net reproduction rate (R0). Population growth for seven different photoregimes in decreasing order was 16:8 (L:D) h &gt; 8:16 (L:D) h &gt; 12:12 (L:D) h &gt; 10:14 (L:D) h &gt; 14:10 (L:D) h &gt; 0:24 (L:D) h &gt; 24:0 (L:D) h. The ovarian development level, mating frequency, and testis size did not significantly differ between long (16:8 (L:D) h) and short (10:14 (L:D) h) illumination. Photoregime had a significant effect on mass loss during flight of adults, but not on flight velocity, flight duration, and flight distance. These findings can be used to refine laboratory rearing protocols, accurately predict seasonal changes in population dynamics and should help improve regional forecasts and management of the fall armyworm.
Prognostic significance of aortic valve calcium in relation to coronary artery calcification for long-term, cause-specific mortality: results from the CAC Consortium
Authors: Han Donghee , Cordoso Rhanderson , Whelton Seamus , Rozanski Alan , Budoff Matthew J , Miedema Michael D , Nasir Khurram , Shaw Leslee J , Rumberger John A , Gransar Heidi , Dardari Zeina , Blumenthal Roger S , Blaha Michael J , Berman Daniel S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
Aortic valve calcification (AVC) has been shown to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk; however, whether this is independent of traditional risk factors and coronary artery calcification (CAC) remains unclear.

Methods and results
From the multicentre CAC Consortium database, 10 007 patients (mean 55.8±11.7 years, 64% male) with concomitant CAC and AVC scoring were included in the current analysis. AVC score was quantified using the Agatston score method and categorized as 0, 1–99, and ≥100. The endpoints were all-cause, CVD, and coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths. AVC (AVC&gt;0) was observed in 1397 (14%) patients. During a median 7.8 (interquartile range: 4.7–10.6) years of study follow-up, 511 (5.1%) deaths occurred; 179 (35%) were CVD deaths, and 101 (19.8%) were CHD deaths. A significant interaction between CAC and AVC for mortality was observed (P&lt;0.001). The incidence of mortality events increased with higher AVC; however, AVC ≥100 was not independently associated with all-cause, CVD, and CHD deaths after adjusting for CVD risk factors and CAC (P=0.192, 0.063, and 0.206, respectively). When further stratified by CAC&lt;100 or ≥100, AVC ≥100 was an independent predictor of all-cause and CVD deaths only in patients with CAC &lt;100, after adjusting for CVD risk factors and CAC [hazard ratio (HR): 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14–3.27; P=0.013 and HR: 2.71, 95% CI: 1.15–6.34; P=0.022, respectively].

Conclusion
Although the overall prognostic significance of AVC was attenuated after accounting for CAC, high AVC was independently associated with all-cause and CVD deaths in patients with low coronary atherosclerosis burden.
Toxic Metals in Liquid and Aerosol from Pod-Type Electronic Cigarettes
Authors: Gray Naudia , Halstead Mary , Valentin-Blasini Liza , Watson Clifford , Pappas R Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High-quality, accurate data on liquid contents and aerosol emissions from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS, e.g., e-cigarettes) are crucial to address potential health concerns as these devices evolve and mature. Metals are an important class of ENDS constituents that merit attention as they have various health implications. Proper sampling, handling and aerosol trapping materials are essential to generate accurate quantitative metal data and to reduce the likelihood of inaccurate results originating from inappropriate collection vessels and materials that contribute to high background levels. Published methods that meet these criteria were applied to the analyses of chromium, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, tin and lead in liquid and aerosol from mint/menthol and tobacco flavors of currently popular pod-based devices from three manufacturers. Metal concentrations from pods that had not been used for generating aerosol ranged from below our lowest reportable level to 0.164 µg/g for Cr, 61.3 µg/g for Ni, 927 µg/g for Cu, 14.9 µg/g for Zn, 58.2 µg/g for Sn and 2.56 µg/g for Pb. Cadmium was included in our analyte panel and was not present above detection limits in liquid or aerosol. Aerosol metal concentrations (using a 55-mL puff) ranged from below our lowest reportable level to 29.9 ng/10 puffs for Cr, 373 ng/10 puffs for Ni, 209 ng/10 puffs for Cu, 4,580 ng/10 puffs for Zn, 127 ng/10 puffs for Sn and 463 ng/10 puffs for Pb. Our results showed some metal delivery from all the products examined and highly variable metal levels between manufacturer, brand and package.
Diapause Termination and Postdiapause in Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Brent Colin S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight, overwinters as a diapausing adult in response to short day lengths. Once environmental conditions are favorable, the bugs revert to an active reproductive state. To determine the impact on life-history traits of diverting resources toward diapause rather than oogenesis during early adulthood, diapausing and nondiapausing L. hesperus females were reared from the same cohorts. Body mass, ovarian maturation, ovipositional activity, and survivorship were monitored starting either at the time of release from diapause-inducing conditions or at adult eclosion for diapausers and nondiapausers, respectively. Females that had gone through 2 wk of diapause were larger and able to mobilize the resources necessary for oogenesis faster than nondiapausers, initiating oogenesis and ovipositing sooner and at a faster initial rate. However, lifetime egg production and average daily rates were similar for both groups. Postdiapausers lived longer than nondiapausers by an average of 19 d, which is five more than the 2-wk period when they were reproductively senescent. Overall, the results indicate that short-term diapause does not have a negative impact on life history. Furthermore, the extra endogenous resources stored during diapause may be able to enhance the alacrity with which the female can take advantage of improved environmental conditions and may prolong life by shielding the females against environmental stressors such as temperature extremes, oxidative agents, or food deficits.
The Axiom of Choice in computability theory and Reverse Mathematics with a cameo for the Continuum Hypothesis
Authors: Normann Dag , Sanders Sam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Axiom of Choice (${\textsf{AC}}$ for short) is the most (in)famous axiom of the usual foundations of mathematics, ${\textsf{ZFC}}$ set theory. The (non-)essential use of ${\textsf{AC}}$ in mathematics has been well-studied and thoroughly classified. Now, fragments of countable ${\textsf{AC}}$ not provable in ${\textsf{ZF}}$ have recently been used in Kohlenbach’s higher-order Reverse Mathematics to obtain equivalences between closely related compactness and local–global principles. We continue this study and show that ${\textsf{NCC}}$, a weak choice principle provable in ${\textsf{ZF}}$ and much weaker systems, suffices for many of these results. In light of the intimate connection between Reverse Mathematics and computability theory, we also study realisers for ${\textsf{NCC}}$, i.e. functionals that produce the choice functions claimed to exist by the latter, from the other data. Our hubris of undertaking the hitherto underdeveloped study of the computational properties of (choice functions from) ${\textsf{AC}}$ leads to interesting results. For instance, using Kleene’s S1-S9 computation schemes, we show that various total realisers for ${\textsf{NCC}}$ compute Kleene’s $\exists ^{3}$, a functional that gives rise to full second-order arithmetic, and vice versa. By contrast, partial realisers for ${\textsf{NCC}}$ should be much weaker, but establishing this conjecture remains elusive. By way of catharsis, we show that the Continuum Hypothesis (${\textsf{CH}}$ for short) is equivalent to the existence of a countably based partial realiser for ${\textsf{NCC}}$. The latter kind of realiser does not compute Kleene’s $\exists ^{3}$ and is therefore strictly weaker than a total one.
The mean square radius of the neutron distribution and the skin thickness derived from electron scattering
Authors: Kurasawa Haruki , Suda Toshimi , Suzuki Toshio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The second-order moment of the nuclear charge density ($R^2_c$) is dominated by the mean square radius (msr) of the point proton distribution ($R_p^2$), while the fourth-order moment($Q^4_c$) depends on the msr of the point neutron one ($R_n^2$) also. Moreover, $R^2_n$ is strongly correlated to $R^2_c$ in nuclear models. According to these facts, the linear relationship between various moments in the nuclear mean field models are investigated with the use of the least-squares method for $^{40}$Ca, $^{48}$Ca and $^{208}$Pb. From the intersection of the obtained straight line and the line of the experimental value for $R^2_c $ or $Q^4_c$ determined through electron scattering, the values of $R_p$ and $R_n$ are estimated. Since relativistic and non-relativistic models provide different lines, the obtained values of $R_n$ and the skin thickness ($R_n-R_p$) differ from each other in the two frameworks.
Neural Correlates of Self-other Distinction in Patients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Agency and Hand Identity
Authors: Uhlmann Lukas , Pazen Mareike , van Kemenade Bianca M , Kircher Tilo , Straube Benjamin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) are characterized by disturbed self-other distinction. While previous studies associate abnormalities in the sense of agency (ie, the feeling that an action and the resulting sensory consequences are produced by oneself) with disturbed processing in the angular gyrus, passive movement conditions to isolate contributions of motor predictions are lacking. Furthermore, the role of body identity (ie, visual features determining whether a seen body part belongs to oneself) in self-other distinction is unclear. In the current study, fMRI was used to assess the roles of agency and hand identity in self-other distinction. Patients with SSD and healthy controls (HC) performed active and passive hand movements (agency manipulation) while seeing their own or someone else’s hand moving in accordance with their action (hand identity manipulation). Variable delays (0–417 ms) between movement and feedback had to be detected. Our results showed overall lower delay detection performances during active than passive conditions; however, these differences were reduced in patients when the own hand was displayed. On a neural level, we found that in HC, activation in the right angular gyrus was modulated by agency and hand identity. In contrast, agency and hand identity revealed no overlapping activation in patients, due to reduced effects of agency. Importantly, HC and SSD patients shared similar effects of hand identity in the angular gyrus. Our results suggest that disturbances of self-other distinction in SSD are particularly driven by agency, while self-other distinction based on hand identity might be spared.
Urinary miRNA Biomarkers of Drug-Induced Kidney Injury and Their Site Specificity Within the Nephron
Authors: Chorley Brian N , Ellinger-Ziegelbauer Heidrun , Tackett Michael , Simutis Frank J , Harrill Alison H , McDuffie James , Atabakhsh Elnaz , Nassirpour Rounak , Whiteley Laurence O , Léonard Jean-François , Carswell Gleta K , Harpur Ernie , Chen Connie L , Gautier Jean-Charles 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is a major concern in both drug development and clinical practice. There is an unmet need for biomarkers of glomerular damage and more distal renal injury in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct (CD). A cross-laboratory program to identify and characterize urinary microRNA (miRNA) patterns reflecting tissue- or pathology-specific DIKI was conducted. The overall goal was to propose miRNA biomarker candidates for DIKI that could supplement information provided by protein kidney biomarkers in urine. Rats were treated with nephrotoxicants causing injury to distinct nephron segments: the glomerulus, proximal tubule, thick ascending limb (TAL) of the loop of Henle and CD. Meta-analysis identified miR-192-5p as a potential proximal tubule-specific urinary miRNA candidate. This result was supported by data obtained in laser capture microdissection nephron segments showing that miR-192-5p expression was enriched in the proximal tubule. Discriminative miRNAs including miR-221-3p and -222-3p were increased in urine from rats treated with TAL versus proximal tubule toxicants in accordance with their expression localization in the kidney. Urinary miR-210-3p increased up to 40-fold upon treatment with TAL toxicants and was also enriched in laser capture microdissection samples containing TAL and/or CD versus proximal tubule. miR-23a-3p was enriched in the glomerulus and was increased in urine from rats treated with doxorubicin, a glomerular toxicant, but not with toxicants affecting other nephron segments. Taken together these results suggest that urinary miRNA panels sourced from specific nephron regions may be useful to discriminate the pathology of toxicant-induced lesions in the kidney, thereby contributing to DIKI biomarker development needs for industry, clinical, and regulatory use.
Genome Resource of Podosphaera xanthii, the Host-Specific Fungal Pathogen That Causes Cucurbit Powdery Mildew
Authors: Kim Seunghwan , Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy , Jung Myunghee , Oh Eun-A , Kim Tae Ho , Kim Jeong-Gu 
Published: December 2020

Approximately 33 types of commonly consumed fruits and vegetables are members of the family Cucurbitaceae, making it an important crop family worldwide. However, pathogen resistance to pesticides and fungicides has become a growing problem in cultivation practices. The identification of the effector proteins in each unique fungus–host pair would help toward the development of strategies for preventing the infection of important crops. In this study, we characterized the genome of Podosphaera xanthii, the fungal pathogen that causes powdery mildew disease in cucurbitaceous plants. A first-draft genome of 209.08 MB was assembled and compared with those of 25 other fungal pathogens, particularly for identifying candidate secreted effector proteins. This draft genome can serve as a valuable resource for future genomic and proteomic studies of P. xanthii and its host-specific pathogenesis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Atypical Case of Bilateral Chandler Syndrome With Recurrent Band Keratopathy
Authors: Agarwal Mamta , Dhiman Richa , Subramanian Krishnakumar 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To report a unique case of bilateral Chandler syndrome with recurrent band keratopathy.

Methods:
This is a retrospective observational case report.

Results:
A 39-year-old Asian man presented with progressive painless diminution of vision in both eyes for 6 years. Examination revealed diffuse corneal edema, hammered silver appearance of endothelium with guttae-like lesions, and corectopia in the right eye and mild corneal edema, central band keratopathy, and guttae-like lesions on the endothelium and peripheral anterior synechiae in the left eye. Routine specular microscopy, confocal microscopy, and pachymetry were performed. A clinical diagnosis of bilateral Chandler syndrome with band keratopathy was made. Superficial epithelial keratectomy with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelation was performed in the left eye first, followed by Descemet-stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty in the right eye. Histopathological examination of the surgically excised Descemet membrane in the right eye showed multilayered endothelium with adhered epithelial cells consistent with Chandler syndrome. At 9-month follow-up, the right eye showed a clear cornea with an attached graft and the left eye revealed recurrence of central band keratopathy for which repeat EDTA chelation was successfully performed.

Conclusions:
Recurrent band keratopathy coincident with endothelial dysfunction in iridocorneal endothelial syndrome can be repeatedly treated with EDTA chelation, whereas endothelial keratoplasty might be delayed until the time point of corneal decompensation.
Mortality in Perinatally HIV-infected Adolescents After Transition to Adult Care in Spain
Authors: Berzosa Sánchez Arantxa , Jiménez De Ory Santiago , Frick M. Antoinette , Menasalvas Ruiz Ana Isabel , Couceiro José Antonio , Mellado Mª José , Bisbal Otilia , Albendin Iglesias Helena , Montero Marta , Roca Cristina , Samperiz Gloria , Cervero Miguel , Miralles Celia , Fortuny Guash Clàudia , Carrasco Itziar , Navarro María Luisa , Ramos Amador José Tomás 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
After the introduction of combination antiretroviral treatment, (ART) mortality in HIV-infected patients has dramatically decreased. However, it is still high in patients at risk, as adolescents transitioning to adult care (AC) without virologic control. The aim of this study was to characterize mortality and comorbidities of perinatally infected HIV (PHIV) patients after transition to AC.

Methods:
A multicenter retrospective study from patients included in the CoRISpe-FARO Spanish cohort was conducted. PHIV patients who died after transition to AC between 2009 and 2019 were included. Clinical, immunovirologic characteristics, treatments received, comorbidities and causes of death were described.

Results:
Among 401 PHIV patients, 14 died (3.5%). All were Spanish, 11/14 (78.6%) women. The median age at diagnosis was 1.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.5–3.9), at transfer to AC was 18 years [16.1–19.9] and at death was 25.8 years [23.6–27.1]. In pediatric units [pediatric care (PC)], CD4+ nadir was 85 cells/μL [IQR 9.7–248.5] and 6/14 patients were classified as C-clinical stage. During AC, all patients were on C-clinical stage and CD4+ nadir dropped to 11.5 cells/μL [4.5–43.3]. cART adherence was extremely poor: in PC, 8/14 patients registered voluntary treatment interruptions; only one had undetectable VL at transition. In AC, 12/14 patients stopped treatment 2 or more periods of time. All deaths were related to advanced HIV disease. Mental health disorders were observed in 7/14 (50%). Main complications described: recurrent bacterial infections (57.1%), wasting syndrome (42.9%), esophageal candidiasis (28.6%) and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (28.6%). Four women had 11 pregnancies; 5 children were born (none infected).

Conclusions:
Young adults PHIV infected who transition to AC without virologic suppression or proven ability to adhere to ART are at high risk of mortality. Mortality was noted as a consequence of advanced HIV disease, frequent mental health problems and poor adherence to ART.