bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying in vitro metabolism of the first and second generation of antisense oligonucleotides with the use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Kilanowska Anna , Nuckowski Łukasz , Studzińska Sylwia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present investigation was the analysis and identification of antisense oligonucleotide metabolism products after incubation with human liver microsomes regarding four different oligonucleotide modifications. Separation and detection methods based on the use of liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry were developed for this purpose. Firstly, the optimization of mass spectrometer parameters was done to select those which ensure the highest possible sensitivity of oligonucleotide analysis. This step was conducted for two chromatographic modes—ion pair chromatography and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography—due to their common application in oligonucleotide analysis. Based on sensitivity results, ion pair chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was selected for the separation of model oligonucleotide mixtures in order to verify its selectivity for N-deleted metabolite separation. Next, the developed method was applied in the examination of oligonucleotides in vitro metabolism. First, wide optimization of incubation parameters was conducted including the concentration of the reaction buffer components. Obtained results indicated that both 3′-exonucleases and 5′-exonucleases contributed to the biotransformation of oligonucleotides. Moreover, it may be concluded that the number of metabolites depends on oligonucleotide modification and consequently its resistance to enzymatic attack. Thus, the number of the oligonucleotide metabolites decreased with the decrease of the resultant polarity of oligonucleotide caused by chemical modification.
Concepts in immuno-oncology: tackling B cell malignancies with CD19-directed bispecific T cell engager therapies
Authors: Viardot Andreas , Locatelli Franco , Stieglmaier Julia , Zaman Faraz , Jabbour Elias 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe B cell surface antigen CD19 is a target for treating B cell malignancies, such as B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The BiTE® immuno-oncology platform includes blinatumomab, which is approved for relapsed/refractory B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia and B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with minimal residual disease. Blinatumomab is also being evaluated in combination with other agents (tyrosine kinase inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, and chemotherapy) in various treatment settings, including frontline protocols. An extended half-life BiTE molecule is also under investigation. Patients receiving blinatumomab may experience cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity; however, these events may be less frequent and severe than in patients receiving other CD19-targeted immunotherapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. We review BiTE technology for treating malignancies that express CD19, analyzing the benefits and limitations of this bispecific T cell engager platform from clinical experience with blinatumomab.
Structural colors with angle-insensitive optical properties generated by Morpho-inspired 2PP structures
Authors: Zyla Gordon , Kovalev Alexander , Gurevich Evgeny L. , Esen Cemal , Liu Ying , Lu Yongfeng , Gorb Stanislav , Ostendorf Andreas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper describes how two-photon polymerization was used to generate biomimetic nanostructures with angle-insensitive coloration inspired by the blue butterflies of Morpho. Less angle dependence was achieved by engineering the structures with a certain degree of disorder, which delimited them from classical photonic crystals. Variations in the processing parameters enabled the color hue to be controlled. In this context, blue, green, yellow, and brown structures were demonstrated. Reflection spectra of the structures were simulated and studied experimentally in a broad range of incident angles. Additionally, a molding technique was performed as a potential scale-up strategy. The application of such biomimetic structures is discussed.
More than a reposition tool: additional wire cerclage leads to increased load to failure in plate osteosynthesis for supracondylar femoral shaft fractures
Authors: Bliemel Christopher , Anrich Dan , Knauf Tom , Oberkircher Ludwig , Eschbach Daphne , Klasan Antonio , Debus Florian , Ruchholtz Steffen , Bäumlein Martin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionSurgical treatment of supracondylar femoral fractures can be challenging. An additional wire cerclage is a suggested way to facilitate fracture reduction prior to plate osteosynthesis. Denudation to the periosteum remains a problematic disadvantage of this procedure.This study analyzed the effect of an additional wire cerclage on the load to failure in plate osteosynthesis of oblique supracondylar femoral shaft fractures.Materials and methodsOn eight pairs of non-osteoporotic human femora (mean age 74 years; range 57–95 years), an unstable AO/OTA 32-A2.3 fracture was established. All specimens were treated with a polyaxially locking plate. One femur of each pair was randomly selected to receive an additional fracture fixation with a wire cerclage. A servohydraulic testing machine was used to perform an incremental cyclic axial load with a load to the failure mode.ResultsSpecimens stabilized with solely plate osteosynthesis failed at a mean load of 2450 N (95% CI: 1996–2904 N). In the group with an additional wire cerclage, load to failure was at a mean of 3100 N (95% CI: 2662–3538 N) (p = 0.018).Compression deformation with shearing of the condyle region through cutting of screws out of the condylar bone was the most common reason for failure in both groups of specimens. Whereas axial stiffness was comparable between both groups (p = 0.208), plastic deformation of the osteosynthesis constructs differed significantly (p = 0.035).ConclusionsAn additional wire cerclage significantly increased the load to failure. Therefore, an additional cerclage represents more than just a repositioning aid. With appropriate fracture morphology, a cerclage can significantly improve the strength of the osteosynthesis.
Incidence and severity of electric scooter related injuries after introduction of an urban rental programme in Vienna: a retrospective multicentre study
Authors: Moftakhar Timon , Wanzel Michael , Vojcsik Alexander , Kralinger Franz , Mousavi Mehdi , Hajdu Stefan , Aldrian Silke , Starlinger Julia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Electric scooters (e-scooters) are an emerging way of mobility in cities around the world. Despite quickly rising numbers of e-scooters, limited studies report on incidence and severity of e-scooter-associated injuries. The aim of our study was to report on these injuries and identify potential protective measures to ultimately decrease e-scooter-associated morbidity.

Methods
We performed a retrospective multicentre study including all patients, who were admitted to three major trauma departments in Vienna from May 2018 to September 2019. We analysed patients’ data, including demographics, injury pattern, types of injury and subsequent treatment.

Results
A total number of 175 patients (115 males, 60 females) sustained e-scooter-associated injuries. Patients’ mean age was 34.4 years [4–74]. While the mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 3.4, 11 patients presented with an ISS ≥ 9 and 2 patients with an ISS ≥ 16. ISS increased with age. Older patients (≥ 40 years) presented a significantly higher ISS than younger patients (< 40 years) (P = 0.011). Seventy-one patients (40.6%) sustained major injuries affecting head (35.2%) and upper extremities (36.6%). Twenty-three patients (13.1%) required surgery leading to hospitalization of 11 days on average [1–115]. E-scooter-associated injuries increased during late afternoon plateauing at 8.00 pm. However, the largest share of patients (39.2%) sustained their injuries during early night (8.00 pm to 1.59 am) with especially young adults (19–39 years) being at risk.

Conclusion
The popularity of rideshare e-scooters across cities worldwide seems to be on the rise, so are e-scooter-associated injuries. These injuries should be considered high-energy trauma affecting primarily head and upper extremity; indeed, 17.7% sustained major head injuries. Therefore, the mandatory use of a helmet seems to be adequate to decrease head injury-associated morbidity. Ultimately, given the remarkably high rates of nighttime injuries, an e-scooter ban during night could further cut injury numbers in half.
Comparative efficacy of first-line therapeutic interventions for achalasia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Facciorusso Antonio , Singh Siddharth , Abbas Fehmi Syed M. , Annese Vito , Lipham John , Yadlapati Rena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Several interventions with variable efficacy are available as first-line therapy for patients with achalasia. We assessed the comparative efficacy of different strategies for management of achalasia, through a network meta-analysis combining direct and indirect treatment comparisons.

Methods
We identified six randomized controlled trials in adults with achalasia that compared the efficacy of pneumatic dilation (PD; n = 260), laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM; n = 309), and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM; n = 176). Primary efficacy outcome was 1-year treatment success (patient-reported improvement in symptoms based on validated scores); secondary efficacy outcomes were 2-year treatment success and physiologic improvement; safety outcomes were risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), severe erosive esophagitis, and procedure-related serious adverse events. We performed pairwise and network meta-analysis for all treatments, and used GRADE criteria to appraise quality of evidence.

Results
Low-quality evidence, based primarily on direct evidence, supports the use of POEM (RR [risk ratio], 1.29; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 0.99–1.69), and LHM (RR, 1.18 [0.96–1.44]) over PD for treatment success at 1 year; no significant difference was observed between LHM and POEM (RR 1.09 [0.86–1.39]). The incidence of severe esophagitis after POEM, LHM, and PD was 5.3%, 3.7%, and 1.5%, respectively. Procedure-related serious adverse event rate after POEM, LHM, and PD was 1.4%, 6.7%, and 4.2%, respectively.

Conclusions
POEM and LHM have comparable efficacy, and may increase treatment success as compared to PD with low confidence in estimates. POEM may have lower rate of serious adverse events compared to LHM and PD, but higher rate of GERD.
Paradoxical home temperatures during cold weather: a proof-of-concept study
Authors: Ryti Niilo R. I. , Korpelainen Anton , Seppänen Olli , Jaakkola Jouni J. K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is substantial epidemiological evidence on the associations between cold weather and adverse health effects. Meteorological alarm systems are being developed globally, and generalized protective advice is given to the public based on outdoor exposure parameters. It is not clear how these shared outdoor exposure parameters relate to the individual-level thermal exposure indoors, where the majority of time is spent. We hypothesized a priori that there are opposite correlations between indoor and outdoor temperatures in residential apartments. Apartments were classified into 3 categories according to their response to declining outdoor temperature: under-controlled apartments cool down, controlled apartments maintain constant indoor temperature level, and over-controlled apartments warm up. Outdoor and indoor temperatures were measured in 30-min intervals in 417 residential apartments in 14 buildings in Kotka, Finland, between February and April 2018 with outdoor temperatures ranging from − 20.4 °C to + 14.0 °C. Different apartment types were present in all buildings. Floor and orientation did not explain the divergence. Indoor temperatures below the limit value + 20 °C by building code occurred in 26.2%, 7.9%, and 23.6% of the under-controlled, controlled, and over-controlled apartments, some in conjunction with increasing outdoor temperatures. Indoor temperatures above the limit + 25 °C occurred but were more rare. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that while the home environment may be a source of thermal stress during cold weather, generalized advice for adjusting the heating may lead to paradoxical exposures in some cases. More elaborate conceptualizations of everyday thermal exposures are needed to safely reduce weather-related health risks using shared meteorological alarm systems.
Oral health-related impact profile of patients treated with fixed, removable, and telescopic dental prostheses in student courses—a prospective bicenter clinical trial
Authors: Liebermann Anja , Erdelt K. , Lente I. , Edelhoff D. , Schmitter M. , Winter A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To analyze the oral health-related impact profile in patients treated with three different types of dental prosthesis in student courses.

Materials and Methods
This prospective bicenter clinical trial was conducted with 151 patients being treated with fixed (n = 70), removable (n = 61), or telescopic dental prostheses (n = 20) in clinical student courses of two German universities from October 2018 to October 2019. All patients completed three standardized German versions of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-G49/53) before prosthetic treatment (T0), at control after 1 week (T1), and after 3 months (T2), divided into five dimensions: (a) appearance, (b) oral function, (c) psychosocial impact, (d) linguistic limitations, and (e) orofacial pain. Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Wilcoxon signed-rank, Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney, and Cronbach’s alpha tests.

Results
Within T0–T1 and T0–T2, greater improvements were determined for removable compared with fixed dental prostheses for the dimensions’ oral function (p ≤ 0.014), linguistic limitations (p ≤ 0.016), and appearance (p ≤ 0.003). No significant differences were found between fixed and telescopic dental prostheses (p ≥ 0.104) or between removable (partial dental prosthesis with clasps and complete dental prosthesis) and telescopic dental prostheses (p ≥ 0.100). Within T1–T2, a significant improvement in orofacial pain could be determined (p = 0.007).

Conclusions
Restorations presented an improvement in oral health-related quality of life. Removable dental prostheses showed better improvement than fixed ones in various dimensions.

Clinical relevance
Knowledge about the influence of oral health-related quality of life on the three different types of prosthesis used in student courses can be of decisive help in dental consultations.
Developmental Course and Risk Factors of Physical Aggression in Late Adolescence
Authors: Henriksen Marit , Skrove Marit , Hoftun Gry Børmark , Sund Erik R. , Lydersen Stian , Tseng Wan-Ling , Sukhodolsky Denis G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examined risk factors of physical aggression during transition from early to late adolescence using a two-wave longitudinal study. Specifically, we examined if risk factors in early adolescence predict physically aggressive behavior starting in late adolescence and why some adolescents desist physical aggressive behavior while others do not. The study sample consisted of 2289 Norwegian adolescents (1235 girls) who participated in the Young-HUNT1 study (mean age 14.5) and the follow-up study 4 years later, Young-HUNT2 study (mean age 18.4). One in six young adolescents reported engaging in physical fights. Moreover, physical aggression in early adolescence was significantly associated with male gender, attention problems, academic problems, being bullied, drinking alcohol, and smoking. Male gender and heavy drinking during early adolescence increased the risk for newly emerging aggressive behavior in late adolescence, whereas heavy drinking during early adolescence was a predictor for persistent versus desisting aggressive behavior in late adolescence.
A statistical analysis of time trends in atmospheric ethane
Authors: Friedrich Marina , Beutner Eric , Reuvers Hanno , Smeekes Stephan , Urbain Jean-Pierre , Bader Whitney , Franco Bruno , Lejeune Bernard , Mahieu Emmanuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEthane is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon in the Earth’s atmosphere and an important precursor of tropospheric ozone through various chemical pathways. Ethane is also an indirect greenhouse gas (global warming potential), influencing the atmospheric lifetime of methane through the consumption of the hydroxyl radical (OH). Understanding the development of trends and identifying trend reversals in atmospheric ethane is therefore crucial. Our dataset consists of four series of daily ethane columns. As with many other decadal time series, our data are characterized by autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity, and seasonal effects. Additionally, missing observations due to instrument failure or unfavorable measurement conditions are common in such series. The goal of this paper is therefore to analyze trends in atmospheric ethane with statistical tools that correctly address these data features. We present selected methods designed for the analysis of time trends and trend reversals. We consider bootstrap inference on broken linear trends and smoothly varying nonlinear trends. In particular, for the broken trend model, we propose a bootstrap method for inference on the break location and the corresponding changes in slope. For the smooth trend model, we construct simultaneous confidence bands around the nonparametrically estimated trend. Our autoregressive wild bootstrap approach, combined with a seasonal filter, is able to handle all issues mentioned above (we provide R code for all proposed methods on https://www.stephansmeekes.nl/code.).
The Victim as Policy Agent? Exploring a Single Case from Denmark
Authors: Asmussen Ida Helene , Adrian Lin , Holmberg Lars , Johansen Louise Victoria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCriminal policy processes often appear abstract and illusive, but sometimes a single criminal incident causes traceable policy impact. This article is about such an incident. A victim of a grave, violent assault published an opinion piece in a national newspaper, which sparked considerable public debate and policy actions. Some policy actions were new, and others had previously been proposed but repeatedly discarded. Based on an empirical study of the victim’s opinion piece, the ensuing media debate, and subsequent policy actions, we explore why and how certain victim’s stories capture their audience and strike a responsive chord in the public and in politicians. In the article, we analyze how the victim presents the incident as a narrative, and we identify the central features of the media debate and trace its visible impact on victim policies and legislation. We explore how some elements of the story are silenced in the political aftermath and how other elements serve as capital for politicians in pursuing their own agendas. A closer look at the policy changes in the wake of this opinion piece reveals that the story legitimizes certain political decisions and ignores victims’ desire for structural changes. Our study adds to research of “political agenda setting” by investigating the narrative power of an individual case on policy-making and by exhibiting the complex interplay between an individual story, media attention, and policy-making.
Data extraction for epidemiological research (DExtER): a novel tool for automated clinical epidemiology studies
Authors: Gokhale Krishna Margadhamane , Chandan Joht Singh , Toulis Konstantinos , Gkoutos Georgios , Tino Peter , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe use of primary care electronic health records for research is abundant. The benefits gained from utilising such records lies in their size, longitudinal data collection and data quality. However, the use of such data to undertake high quality epidemiological studies, can lead to significant challenges particularly in dealing with misclassification, variation in coding and the significant effort required to pre-process the data in a meaningful format for statistical analysis. In this paper, we describe a methodology to aid with the extraction and processing of such databases, delivered by a novel software programme; the “Data extraction for epidemiological research” (DExtER). The basis of DExtER relies on principles of extract, transform and load processes. The tool initially provides the ability for the healthcare dataset to be extracted, then transformed in a format whereby data is normalised, converted and reformatted. DExtER has a user interface designed to obtain data extracts specific to each research question and observational study design. There are facilities to input the requirements for; eligible study period, definition of exposed and unexposed groups, outcome measures and important baseline covariates. To date the tool has been utilised and validated in a multitude of settings. There have been over 35 peer-reviewed publications using the tool, and DExtER has been implemented as a validated public health surveillance tool for obtaining accurate statistics on epidemiology of key morbidities. Future direction of this work will be the application of the framework to linked as well as international datasets and the development of standardised methods for conducting electronic pre-processing and extraction from datasets for research purposes.
Soziale Arbeit in Neuland
Authors: Weber Sascha 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag skizziert anhand der Beispiele Aufmerksamkeitsökonomie und Proprietarität, dass die Digitalisierung in ihren gesellschaftlichen Auswirkungen mit der Industrialisierung vergleichbar sein könnte. Daraus folgen soziale und politische Herausforderungen an die Soziale Arbeit und die Frage nach ihrem Mandat im virtuellen Raum.
AERODROM security climate: development and validation of the aerodrome security climate questionnaire (ADSECQ)
Authors: Pousette Anders , Matuszczyk Josefa Vega , Björk Kenneth , Törner Marianne 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLarge numbers of passengers and large amounts of goods are transported by air every year. This attracts the interest of terrorists, which poses high demands on aerodrome security. Technological solutions, and rules and regulations, have been widely implemented to detect security threats, but there is also a need for leading security indicators. Safety culture and climate have been identified as such leading indicators. The aim of this study was to develop and test a questionnaire instrument to measure aerodrome security climate. The development contained an expert focus group, expert panel, two pilot tests at four and five airports, respectively, and one full-scale study at nine Swedish commercial airports. The final instrument comprised 12 dimensions grounded in previous safety culture and climate research, and targeting three organizational levels. It had good psychometric properties and was validated against compliant as well as participative security behavior. We believe ADSECQ is suitable to evaluate the aerodrome security climate standard, pinpoint security climate areas for improvement, and evaluate the effect of interventions.