bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot deformation behavior and microstructural evolution of 2205 duplex stainless steel
Authors: Song Yaohui , Wang Shun , Zhao Guanghui , Li Yugui , Juan Li , Jian Zhang 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The equiaxed compression test was used to study the microstructure evolution and the dynamic recrystallization behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel during hot deformation under 850–1100 °C with strain rates of 0.01 s−1, 0.1 s−1, 1 s−1 and 10 s−1. The calculated values of thermal deformation activation energy Q and stress index n were 351.58 kJ mol−1 and 3.8543, respectively. On this basis, the Arrhenius type constitutive equation was successfully established, the microstructure of the sample was studied by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and the changes of the ferrite and austenite phase under different deformation parameters were analyzed. It was seen from the phase boundary and grain boundary diagrams that, at the same temperature, as the deformation rate increased, the austenite phase content slowly decreased, while the ferrite phase content increased. The deformation amount of the two phases under the same strain at different temperatures and strain rates were respectively obtained from the grain orientation scatter diagram and the changes of recrystallization, deformation and substructure under different deformation parameters were obtained from the recrystallization diagram.
Does spatial homogeneity ultimately prevail in nutrient taxis systems? A paradigm for structure support by rapid diffusion decay in an autonomous parabolic flow
Authors: Winkler Michael 
Published: April 2020

This work is concerned with the doubly degenerate cross-diffusion system

(*)

{

u
t

=
(
u
v

u
x

)
x

−
(

u
2

v

v
x

)
x

+
u
v
,

v
t

=

v

x
x

−
u
v
,

\begin{equation}\tag {*} \left \{ \begin {array}{l} u_t = (uvu_x)_x - (u^2 vv_x)_x + uv, \\[1mm] v_t = v_{xx}-uv, \end{array} \right . \end{equation}

that has been proposed as a model for experimentally observable quite complex pattern formation phenomena in bacterial populations.

It is shown that for any initial data satisfying adequate regularity and positivity assumptions, a no-flux initial-boundary value problem for the above in a bounded real interval possesses a global weak solution which is continuous in its first and essentially smooth in its second component.

This solution is seen to asymptotically stabilize in the sense that

(**)

u
(
⋅
,
t
)
→

u
∞

and

v
(
⋅
,
t
)
→
0

as
t
→
∞

\begin{equation}\tag {**} u(\cdot ,t) \to u_\infty \quad \text {and} \quad v(\cdot ,t)\to 0 \qquad \text {as } t\to \infty \end{equation}

with some nonnegative

u
∞

∈

C
0

(

Ω
¯

)

u_\infty \in C^0(\overline {\Omega })

which can be obtained as the evaluation of a weak solution

z
∈

C
0

(

Ω
¯

×
[
0
,
1
]
)

z\in C^0(\overline {\Omega }\times [0,1])

to a porous medium-type parabolic problem at the finite time

1
1

.

It is, moreover, revealed that for each suitably regular nonnegative function

u
⋆

u_\star

on

Ω
\Omega

, the pair

(

u
⋆

,
0
)

(u_\star ,0)

, formally constituting an equilibrium of \eqref{01}, is stable in an appropriate sense. This finally implies a sufficient criterion for the limit

u
∞

u_\infty

in \eqref{02} to be spatially heterogeneous.

The latter properties are in sharp contrast to known asymptotic features of corresponding nutrient taxis systems involving linear nondegenerate diffusion, as for which the literature appears to exclusively provide results on solutions which approach spatially constant states in the large time limit.
Relationship Between Salt Intake and Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients in Beijing
Authors: Wang Hong-yi , He Yong-jie , Li Wei , Yang Fan , Sun Ning-ling 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
To survey the relationship between salt intake and blood pressure in hypertensive patients in Beijing.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was used. Essential hypertensive patients were enrolled and divided into three groups (low, medium, and high salt intake) according to their 24 h urinary sodium excretion, which was used to access the salt intake. Blood pressure was measured through office measurement and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

Results
A total of 2,241 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 59.5 ± 13.8 years, mean blood pressure of 141.1 ± 18.5/84.6 ± 12.7 mm Hg, and urinary sodium excretion of 163.9 (95% CI 160.3–167.4) mmol [equal to salt intake 9.59 (9.38–9.79) g/d]. There were 1,544 cases from tertiary hospitals and the other 697 cases from community hospitals. Patients from community hospitals took more salt than patients from tertiary hospitals. Patients with high salt intake were younger than patients with low and medium salt intake. There were more males in high salt intake group than in the other two groups. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring showed that patients with high salt intake had higher mean blood pressure not only in daytime, but also at night. The diastolic blood pressure in patients with medium salt intake was higher than that in patients with low salt intake.

Conclusions
Higher salt intake was associated with higher ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive patients. More effort should be made to lower salt intake to improve blood pressure control rate.
Compatibility of treprostinil sodium and dopamine hydrochloride during simulated Y-site administration
Authors: Bustin Anna , Ramsey E Zachary , Hanna Brian D , Kaushal Gagan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To evaluate the physical and chemical compatibilities of treprostinil sodium and dopamine hydrochloride.

Methods
Treprostinil sodium (4,000, 76,000, and 500,000 ng/mL) were mixed with dopamine hydrochloride (0.6, 3.2, 6, and 40 mg/mL). Samples were obtained at hours 0, 1, 2, and 4 for physical compatibility and chemical stability testing. Physical compatibility was assessed by visual examination and measurements of turbidity and pH. Drug concentrations were assessed using stability-indicating liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry (LCMS) for treprostinil sodium and stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for dopamine hydrochloride.

Results
Treprostinil sodium 4,000 and 76,000 ng/mL, when mixed with dopamine hydrochloride 0.6, 3.2, 6, and 40 mg/mL, were stable for 4 hours. Treprostinil sodium 500,000 ng/mL was stable when mixed with dopamine hydrochloride 0.6 mg/mL for 4 hours, but when mixed with dopamine hydrochloride 3.2, 6, and 40 mg/mL, significant precipitation was seen.

Conclusion
Treprostinil sodium 4,000 and 76,000 ng/mL were stable for 4 hours during simulated Y-site coadministration with dopamine hydrochloride 0.6, 3.2, 6, and 40 mg/mL. Treprostinil sodium 500,000 ng/mL is stable when mixed with dopamine hydrochloride 0.6 mg/mL.
Consistency of safety monitoring using routine national databases: results using a quality of care interpretative model
Authors: Labella Barbara , Giannantoni Patrizia , De Blasi Roberta , Caracci Giovanni , Carinci Fabrizio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
In the framework of targeted action for continuous safety monitoring, we aimed to evaluate the consistency of indicators derived from available databases for regular reporting.

Methods
We used a quality of care interpretative model to select characteristics from five national databases, aggregated and linked by homogeneous groups of providers. The target population included all subjects admitted to public hospitals for acute care in four regions of Italy between 2011 and 2013. The association between structures, processes and safety-related outcomes was investigated using odds ratios from generalized estimating equations logistic regression. Outcome measures included claims of malpractice and five patient safety indicators calculated from discharge abstracts using standardized algorithms.

Results
Over 3 years, claims of malpractice and sepsis increased, whereas deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism decreased. Hospitals with high vs. low volume of discharges were associated with −16% lower rates of claims, but +12% increased risk of sepsis. Compared with research institutes, university clinics had −17% lower rates of claims and −41% cases of dehiscence, with a +32% increased risk of deep vein thrombosis. Local health care authorities recorded −49% deep vein thrombosis, −26% pulmonary embolism, −40% sepsis and +37% risk of claims. Hospitals submitting cases of safe practices and implementing safety recommendations showed significantly higher rates for most outcome measures.

Conclusions
Indicators from regular databases can be conveniently used to develop a national safety monitoring system for hospital care. Although deeper analysis is needed, institutions with a higher propensity to implement safe practices and recommendations consistently showed higher rates of adverse events.
Overlooked and Underestimated: Experiences of Ageism in Young, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults
Authors: Chasteen Alison L , Horhota Michelle , Crumley-Branyon Jessica J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Although the prevalence of ageism against older people has been well-established, less is known about the characteristics of those experiences or the experiences of young and middle-aged adults. The present study addressed these gaps by examining young, middle-aged, and older adults’ self-reports of an ageist action they experienced.

Methods
Participants’ descriptions were coded for the domain in which the ageist experience occurred, the perpetrator of the ageist experience, and the type of ageist experience.

Results
Young adults most commonly reported experiencing ageism in the workplace with coworkers as perpetrators. Middle-aged and older adults also reported ageism in the workplace; however, they also frequently reported experiencing ageism while seeking goods and services. Perpetrators of ageism varied more widely for middle-aged and older adults. Regardless of one’s age, ageism was commonly experienced in the form of a lack of respect or incorrect assumptions.

Discussion
The findings enhance our understanding of ageism across adulthood by considering the domains, perpetrators, and types of ageist expressions that adults of all ages encounter. They also suggest that interventions to reduce age bias will require multifaceted approaches that take into account the different forms that individuals experience across the life span.
Amikacin initial dosage in patients with hypoalbuminaemia: an interactive tool based on a population pharmacokinetic approach
Authors: Pérez-Blanco Jonás Samuel , Sáez Fernández Eva María , Calvo M Victoria , Lanao José M , Martín-Suárez Ana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To characterize amikacin population pharmacokinetics in patients with hypoalbuminaemia and to develop a model-based interactive application for amikacin initial dosage.

Methods
A population pharmacokinetic model was developed using a non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach (NONMEM) with amikacin concentration–time data collected from clinical practice (75% hypoalbuminaemic patients). Goodness-of-fit plots, minimum objective function value, prediction-corrected visual predictive check, bootstrapping, precision and bias of parameter estimates were used for model evaluation. An interactive model-based simulation tool was developed in R (Shiny and R Markdown). Cmax/MIC ratio, time above MIC and AUC/MIC were used for optimizing amikacin initial dose recommendation. Probabilities of reaching targets were calculated for the dosage proposed.

Results
A one-compartment model with first-order linear elimination best described the 873 amikacin plasma concentrations available from 294 subjects (model development and external validation groups). Estimated amikacin population pharmacokinetic parameters were CL (L/h) = 0.525 + 4.78 × (CKD-EPI/98) × (0.77 × vancomycin) and V (L) = 26.3 × (albumin/2.9)−0.51 × [1 + 0.006 × (weight − 70)], where CKD-EPI is calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. AMKdose is a useful interactive model-based application for a priori optimization of amikacin dosage, using individual patient and microbiological information together with predefined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) targets.

Conclusions
Serum albumin, total bodyweight, estimated glomerular filtration rate (using the CKD-EPI equation) and co-medication with vancomycin showed a significant impact on amikacin pharmacokinetics. A powerful interactive initial dose-finding tool has been developed and is freely available online. AMKdose could be useful for guiding initial amikacin dose selection before any individual pharmacokinetic information is available.
Dependent Plurality and the Theory of Scalar Implicatures: Remarks on Zweig 2009
Authors: Ivlieva Natalia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFollowing a recent discussion in Fox & Spector 2018, this paper provides an argument for a particular view of the theory of scalar implicatures and exhaustification where exhaustification is only allowed if it alters the overall sentence meaning without weakening it.I show that this idea is helpful to make sense of the so-called dependent plural interpretations, addressed within the theory of scalar implicatures in Zweig 2009 (see also Zweig 2008). Even though Zweig’s account is based on insightful and plausible assumptions (most crucially, the idea that the multiplicity component of the meaning of plurals is a scalar implicature), it ultimately fails to derive dependent plural readings. The main reason for this is the use of the Strongest Candidate Principle of Chierchia 2006 that happens to filter out the needed interpretation. Replacing the Strongest Candidate Principle with a weaker constraint on exhaustification along the lines of Fox & Spector 2018 resolves the issue, while keeping most of Zweig’s insights intact.
Interventional Study of Dextromethorphan Abuse Within the U.S. Military Community in Okinawa, Japan
Authors: Armstrong Cody , Kapolowicz Michelle R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Dextromethorphan, a common over-the-counter cough suppressant, has potential for abuse. In the present commentary, we summarize findings to suggest extensive dextromethorphan overuse/abuse within the U.S. military community residing in Okinawa, Japan. We first compared sales of dextromethorphan-containing medications within the U.S. military community of Okinawa, Japan with sales within the U.S military community from the other nearby locations in the Pacific region. Our report revealed that dextromethorphan use is far more prevalent within the military community in Okinawa. To further substantiate the claim that dextromethorphan abuse is widespread in Okinawa’s U.S. military community, a survey of medical records showed high rates of treatment provided for dextromethorphan intoxication. These findings motivated interventions established throughout the military community in Okinawa to combat dextromethorphan overuse. These stricter policy changes resulted in decreases in sales of dextromethorphan-containing medications as well as a substantial drop in hospital visits from dextromethorphan intoxication, suggesting that the interventions were largely effective and should be maintained.
Paradoxical Contralateral Herniation Detected by Pupillometry in Acute Syndrome of the Trephined
Authors: Fischer Victoria E , Boulter Jason H , Bell Randy S , Ikeda Daniel S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Severe traumatic brain injury has historically been a non-survivable injury. Recent advances in neurosurgical care, however, have demonstrated that these patients not only can survive, but they also can recover functionally when they undergo appropriate cerebral decompression within hours of injury. At the present, general surgeons are deployed further forward than neurosurgeons (Role 2 compared to Role 3) and have been provided with guidelines that stipulate conditions where they may have to perform decompressive craniectomies. Unfortunately, Role 2 medical facilities do not have access to computed tomography imaging or intracranial pressure monitoring capabilities rendering the decision to proceed with craniectomy based solely on exam findings. Utilizing a case transferred from downrange to our institution, we demonstrate the utility of a small, highly portable quantitative pupillometer to obtain reliable and reproducible data about a patient’s intracranial pressures. Following the case presentation, the literature supporting quantitative pupillometry for surgical decision-making is reviewed.
Determination of miscalibrated polarization angles from observed cosmic microwave background and foreground EB power spectra: Application to partial-sky observation
Authors: Minami Yuto 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We study a strategy to determine miscalibrated polarization angles of cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments using the observed $EB$ polarization power spectra of CMB and Galactic foreground emission. We apply the methodology of Y. Minami et al. (Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2019, 083E02, 2019), developed for full-sky observations to ground-based experiments such as Simons Observatory. We take into account the $E$-to-$B$ leakage and $\ell$-to-$\ell$ covariance due to partial sky coverage using the public code NaMaster. We show that our method yields an unbiased estimate of miscalibrated angles. Our method also enables simultaneous determination of miscalibrated angles and the intrinsic $EB$ power spectrum of polarized dust emission when the latter is proportional to $\sqrt{C_\ell^{EE}C_\ell^{BB}}$ and $C_\ell^{BB}$ is proportional to $C_\ell^{EE}$.
Effects of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Pain, Stiffness, Physical Function, and Quality of Life in Patients With Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trials
Authors: Yang Xiaotian , He Hongchen , Ye Wenwen , Perry Thomas A , He Chengqi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy is a potentially useful treatment for osteoarthritis (OA), but its effectiveness is still controversial. This study aimed to examine the effects of PEMF therapy and PEMF parameters on symptoms and quality of life (QOL) in patients with OA.

Methods
Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro, clinical trial registers, and reference lists were searched until April 2019. This study examined randomized, placebo-controlled trials, patients with OA, symptom and/or QOL related outcomes, and articles published in English. Two authors extracted data and completed quality assessment.

Results
Sixteen studies were included in our systematic review, while 15 studies with complete data were included in the meta-analysis. Our primary outcome was the standardized mean difference, which was equal to the treatment effect in the PEMF group minus the treatment effect in the placebo group divided by the pooled standard deviation. For pain, the standardized mean difference was 1.06 (95% CI = 0.61 to 1.51), for stiffness 0.37 (95% CI = 0.07 to 0.67), for function 0.46 (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.78), and for QOL 1.49 (95% CI = −0.06 to 3.04). PEMF parameters did not influence symptoms.

Conclusions
Compared with placebo, there was a beneficial effect of PEMF therapy on pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with OA. Duration of treatment may not be a critical factor in pain management. Further studies are required to confirm the effects of PEMF therapy on QOL.

Impact
Our study suggests that PEMF therapy has clinically significant effects on pain in patients with OA. The current evidence was limited to the short-term effects of PEMF therapy.
Effect of Eccentric Strength Training on Elbow Flexor Spasticity and Muscle Weakness in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Proof-of-Concept Single-System Case Series
Authors: Manca Andrea , Martinez Gianluca , Aiello Elena , Ventura Lucia , Deriu Franca 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
To date, no attention has been devoted to the employment of eccentric contractions to manage spasticity in multiple sclerosis. This single-system case series aimed to explore the effects of eccentric training on spasticity-related resistance to passive motion in people with multiple sclerosis with elbow flexor spasticity.

Methods
Six people with multiple sclerosis (median Expanded Disability Status Scale score = 4.8, range = 2.0–5.5; Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS] score ≤ 3) underwent a 6-week eccentric strength training of the spastic muscles. Before and after the intervention, the following outcomes were assessed: resistive peak torque (RPT), isometric strength, resting limb position, passive range of motion and active range of motion, severity of hypertonia by MAS, and numerical rating scale. At baseline, the primary outcome (RPT) was tested over 3 time points to ensure a stable measurement. The 2-SD method was used to test pre-post training effects at individual level. Group-level analyses were also performed.

Results
Following the intervention RPT decreased by at least 2 SDs in all participants but 1, with a significant reduction at group level of 41.6 (29.6)%. Four people with multiple sclerosis reported a reduction in perceived spasticity severity. No changes in MAS score were detected. Group-level analyses revealed that maximal strength increased significantly in the trained elbow flexors (+30.9 [9.1]%). Elbow flexion at rest was found to be significantly reduced (−35.5 [12.4]%), whereas passive range of motion (+4.6%) and active range of motion (+11.8%) significantly increased.

Conclusion
Eccentric training is feasible and safe to manage spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Preliminary data showed that this protocol can reduce resistance to passive motion, also improving strength, spasticity-free range of motion, and limb positioning.

Impact
Patients with multiple sclerosis–related spasticity and moderate-to-severe disability can benefit from adding slow submaximal eccentric contractions to the conventional management of spasticity.
Blindness: behaviour in an epidemic†
Authors: Zatta Marta , Braut Beatrice 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In ‘Blindness’ José Saramago transports us into a society in which an unexpected epidemic of blindness spreads quickly, disseminating chaos between citizens and institutions. This new reality acts as a magnifying glass highlighting the weaknesses and (few) forces of individuals and community. From this masterpiece we can learn many insights useful to understand the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.