The 16th Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: First Release from the APOGEE-2 Southern Survey and Full Release of eBOSS Spectra
Authors: Ahumada Romina , Prieto Carlos Allende , Almeida Andrés , Anders Friedrich , Anderson Scott F. , Andrews Brett H. , Anguiano Borja , Arcodia Riccardo , Armengaud Eric , Aubert Marie , Avila Santiago , Avila-Reese Vladimir , Badenes Carles , Balland Christophe , Barger Kat , Barrera-Ballesteros Jorge K. , Basu Sarbani , Bautista Julian , Beaton Rachael L. , Beers Timothy C. , Benavides B. Izamar T. , Bender Chad F. , Bernardi Mariangela , Bershady Matthew , Beutler Florian , Bidin Christian Moni , Bird Jonathan , Bizyaev Dmitry , Blanc Guillermo A. , Blanton Michael R. , Boquien Médéric , Borissova Jura , Bovy Jo , Brandt W. N. , Brinkmann Jonathan , Brownstein Joel R. , Bundy Kevin , Bureau Martin , Burgasser Adam , Burtin Etienne , Cano-Díaz Mariana , Capasso Raffaella , Cappellari Michele , Carrera Ricardo , Chabanier Solène , Chaplin William , Chapman Michael , Cherinka Brian , Chiappini Cristina , Doohyun Choi Peter , Chojnowski S. Drew , Chung Haeun , Clerc Nicolas , Coffey Damien , Comerford Julia M. , Comparat Johan , da Costa Luiz , Cousinou Marie-Claude , Covey Kevin , Crane Jeffrey D. , Cunha Katia , Ilha Gabriele da Silva , Dai 戴 Yu Sophia 昱 , Damsted Sanna B. , Darling Jeremy , Davidson James W. , Davies Roger , Dawson Kyle , De Nikhil , de la Macorra Axel , De Lee Nathan , Queiroz Anna Bárbara de Andrade , Deconto Machado Alice , de la Torre Sylvain , Dell’Agli Flavia , du Mas des Bourboux Hélion , Diamond-Stanic Aleksandar M. , Dillon Sean , Donor John , Drory Niv , Duckworth Chris , Dwelly Tom , Ebelke Garrett , Eftekharzadeh Sarah , Davis Eigenbrot Arthur , Elsworth Yvonne P. , Eracleous Mike , Erfanianfar Ghazaleh , Escoffier Stephanie , Fan Xiaohui , Farr Emily , Fernández-Trincado José G. , Feuillet Diane , Finoguenov Alexis , Fofie Patricia , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Frinchaboy Peter M. , Fromenteau Sebastien , Fu Hai , Galbany Lluís , Garcia Rafael A. , García-Hernández D. A. , Oehmichen Luis Alberto Garma , Ge Junqiang , Maia Marcio Antonio Geimba , Geisler Doug , Gelfand Joseph , Goddy Julian , Gonzalez-Perez Violeta , Grabowski Kathleen , Green Paul , Grier Catherine J. , Guo Hong , Guy Julien , Harding Paul , Hasselquist Sten , Hawken Adam James , Hayes Christian R. , Hearty Fred , Hekker S. , Hogg David W. , Holtzman Jon A. , Horta Danny , Hou Jiamin , Hsieh Bau-Ching , Huber Daniel , Hunt Jason A. S. , Chitham J. Ider , Imig Julie , Jaber Mariana , Angel Camilo Eduardo Jimenez , Johnson Jennifer A. , Jones Amy M. , Jönsson Henrik , Jullo Eric , Kim Yerim , Kinemuchi Karen , Kirkpatrick IV Charles C. , Kite George W. , Klaene Mark , Kneib Jean-Paul , Kollmeier Juna A. , Kong Hui , Kounkel Marina , Krishnarao Dhanesh , Lacerna Ivan , Lan Ting-Wen , Lane Richard R. , Law David R. , Le Goff Jean-Marc , Leung Henry W. , Lewis Hannah , Li Cheng , Lian Jianhui , Lin 林俐 Lihwai 暉 , Long Dan , Longa-Peña Penélope , Lundgren Britt , Lyke Brad W. , Ted Mackereth J. , MacLeod Chelsea L. , Majewski Steven R. , Manchado Arturo , Maraston Claudia , Martini Paul , Masseron Thomas , Masters 何凱 Karen L. 論 , Mathur Savita , McDermid Richard M. , Merloni Andrea , Merrifield Michael , Mészáros Szabolcs , Miglio Andrea , Minniti Dante , Minsley Rebecca , Miyaji Takamitsu , Mohammad Faizan Gohar , Mosser Benoit , Mueller Eva-Maria , Muna Demitri , Muñoz-Gutiérrez Andrea , Myers Adam D. , Nadathur Seshadri , Nair Preethi , Nandra Kirpal , do Nascimento Janaina Correa , Nevin Rebecca Jean , Newman Jeffrey A. , Nidever David L. , Nitschelm Christian , Noterdaeme Pasquier , O’Connell Julia E. , Olmstead Matthew D. , Oravetz Daniel , Oravetz Audrey , Osorio Yeisson , Pace Zachary J. , Padilla Nelson , Palanque-Delabrouille Nathalie , Palicio Pedro A. , Pan Hsi-An , Pan Kaike , Parker James , Paviot Romain , Peirani Sebastien , Ramŕez Karla Peña , Penny Samantha , Percival Will J. , Perez-Fournon Ismael , Pérez-Ràfols Ignasi , Petitjean Patrick , Pieri Matthew M. , Pinsonneault Marc , Poovelil Vijith Jacob , Povick Joshua Tyler , Prakash Abhishek , Price-Whelan Adrian M. , Raddick M. Jordan , Raichoor Anand , Ray Amy , Rembold Sandro Barboza , Rezaie Mehdi , Riffel Rogemar A. , Riffel Rogério , Rix Hans-Walter , Robin Annie C. , Roman-Lopes A. , Román-Zúñiga Carlos , Rose Benjamin , Ross Ashley J. , Rossi Graziano , Rowlands Kate , Rubin Kate H. R. , Salvato Mara , Sánchez Ariel G. , Sánchez-Menguiano Laura , Sánchez-Gallego José R. , Sayres Conor , Schaefer Adam , Schiavon Ricardo P. , Schimoia Jaderson S. , Schlafly Edward , Schlegel David , Schneider Donald P. , Schultheis Mathias , Schwope Axel , Seo Hee-Jong , Serenelli Aldo , Shafieloo Arman , Shamsi Shoaib Jamal , Shao Zhengyi , Shen Shiyin , Shetrone Matthew , Shirley Raphael , Aguirre Víctor Silva , Simon Joshua D. , Skrutskie M. F. , Slosar Anže , Smethurst Rebecca , Sobeck Jennifer , Sodi Bernardo Cervantes , Souto Diogo , Stark David V. , Stassun Keivan G. , Steinmetz Matthias , Stello Dennis , Stermer Julianna , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , Streblyanska Alina , Stringfellow Guy S. , Stutz Amelia , Suárez Genaro , Sun Jing , Taghizadeh-Popp Manuchehr , Talbot Michael S. , Tayar Jamie , Thakar Aniruddha R. , Theriault Riley , Thomas Daniel , Thomas Zak C. , Tinker Jeremy , Tojeiro Rita , Toledo Hector Hernandez , Tremonti Christy A. , Troup Nicholas W. , Tuttle Sarah , Unda-Sanzana Eduardo , Valentini Marica , Vargas-González Jaime , Vargas-Magaña Mariana , Vázquez-Mata Jose Antonio , Vivek M. , Wake David , Wang Yuting , Weaver Benjamin Alan , Weijmans Anne-Marie , Wild Vivienne , Wilson John C. , Wilson Robert F. , Wolthuis Nathan , Wood-Vasey W. M. , Yan Renbin , Yang Meng , Yèche Christophe , Zamora Olga , Zarrouk Pauline , Zasowski Gail , Zhang Kai , Zhao Cheng , Zhao Gongbo , Zheng Zheng , Zheng Zheng , Zhu Guangtun , Zou Hu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper documents the 16th data release (DR16) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys (SDSS), the fourth and penultimate from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). This is the first release of data from the Southern Hemisphere survey of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2); new data from APOGEE-2 North are also included. DR16 is also notable as the final data release for the main cosmological program of the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), and all raw and reduced spectra from that project are released here. DR16 also includes all the data from the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey and new data from the SPectroscopic IDentification of ERosita Survey programs, both of which were co-observed on eBOSS plates. DR16 has no new data from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey (or the MaNGA Stellar Library “MaStar”). We also preview future SDSS-V operations (due to start in 2020), and summarize plans for the final SDSS-IV data release (DR17).