bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psycho-Semantics of Perceptual Content
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A general problem faced by psychology is that of accounting for an organism’s sensitivities to non-local, non-physical, and/or non-instantiated—what I call “abstruse”—properties, such as, e.g., being a dinosaur, being a triangle, or being a noun or a sentence. I argue that only an intentionalistically understood CRT (an “II-CRT”) offers the best prospect of explaining these sensitivities, which it does by a mutually supporting combination of the BasicAsymmetry proposal of §10.3 and of the kind of probability theories routinely presupposed by theories of perception. I will then briefly discuss various sources of resistance to intentionalism and how they motivate the methodological dualism that Chomsky deplores, despite his sharing many of those motivations and the dualism himself. I will conclude the book with some comments on the “mind/body” problem(s) that, pace Chomsky’s recent writings, are as alive and interesting as ever.
Refuge and Resistance in Times of Troubles
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the military history and political allegiance of England’s islands in the age of civil wars and revolution. When English loyalties fractured in the 1640s, the islands too became divided between king and parliament. Some changed hands several times in this often-overlooked theatre of operations. The Isle of Wight and Guernsey (except its castle) were swiftly secured for parliament, but Jersey, the Isles of Scilly, Anglesey, and the Isle of Man became royalist strongholds, until they eventually fell. Defeated cavaliers found refuge in the islands, before retreating to the Continent. The presence of Prince Charles on Scilly and then on Jersey in 1646, and his return to Jersey after the regicide as king-in-exile, made those islands places of national, dynastic, and diplomatic significance.
Restoration Responsibilities
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the exercise of royal authority on England’s islands from 1660 to 1700. Like its predecessors, the Restoration regime balanced political and strategic needs against local customary rights and privileges, though mostly to its own advantage. The islands were assets in international wars with the Dutch and the French. Though Charles II assured islanders that he recognized their traditions, immunities, liberties, and customs, the balance of power generally tilted in favour of the crown. Royal governors such as Lord Christopher Hatton on Guernsey and Lord Thomas Culpeper on the Isle of Wight looked after London’s interests, and their own, while the earls of Derby maintained the stubborn independence of the Isle of Man.
Charles I on the ‘Ile of Wait’
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the remarkable year-long imprisonment of King Charles himself on the Isle of Wight, after his defeat in the English civil war. It examines the conditions of the king’s confinement in Carisbrooke Castle, his relations with his captors, and his attempts to escape from the island that a contemporary cartoonist called ‘the Ile of Wait’. The Isle of Wight became a centre of national attention during this fatal twilight of the Stuart regime. Aided by royalist intriguers, including his servant Henry Firebrace and the spy Jane Whorwood, the king sought to outwit his keeper, the parliamentary governor Robert Hammond, without success.
Islands in an Island Empire
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter returns to the problem of anomalous and competing jurisdictions in a world of quickening economy, expanding global ambition, and extended foreign wars. Looking forward through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries towards the present, it considers the survival and mutation of distinctive offshore legal arrangements, amid the changing relationships of the archipelagic periphery, the metropolitan core, and the international order. Like other parts of the expanding British world, the islands gave allegiance to English authorities while maintaining their distinctive characters. Island communities prospered with naval, military, and commercial investment, and developed as desirable places to live or visit. From London’s point of view, the islands could appear as liabilities as much as assets, resources as well as responsibilities, costs as much as benefits. Though modernized and better connected, England’s islands remain, to varying degrees, as they always were, strange, separate, and perversely independent.
Analytic Element Method across Fields of Study
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the philosophical perspective for solving problems with the Analytic Element Method, organized within three common types of problems: gradient driven flow and conduction, waves, and deformation by forces. These problems are illustrated by classic, well known solutions to problems with a single isolated element, along with their extension to complicated interactions occurring amongst collections of elements. Analytic elements are presented within fields of study to demonstrate their capacity to represent important processes and properties across a broad range of applications, and to provide a template for transcending solutions across the wide range of conditions occurring along boundaries and interfaces. While the mathematical and computational developments necessary to solve each problem are developed in later chapters, each figure documents where its solutions are presented.
Analytic Elements from Complex Functions
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe mathematical functions associated with analytic elements may be formulated using a complex function $\Omega$ of a complex variable ${\zcomplex}$. Complex formulation of analytic elements is introduced in Section 3.1 for exact solutions obtained by embedding point elements that generate divergence, circulation, or velocity within a uniform vector field. Influence functions for analytic elements with circular geometry are obtained using Taylor and Laurent series expansions in Section 3.2, and conformal mapping extends this formulation to analytic elements with the geometry of ellipses (Section 3.3). The Courant's Sewing Theorem is employed in Section 3.4 to develop solutions for interface conditions across straight line segments, and the Joukowsky transformation extends methods to circular arcs and wings (Section 3.5), which satisfy a Kutta condition of non-singular vector field at their trailing edges. Vector fields with spatially distributed divergence and curl are formulated using the complex variable ${\zcomplex}$ with its complex conjugate $\overline{\zcomplex}$ in Section 3.6, and the complex conjugate is further employed in the Kolosov formulas (Section 3.7) to solve force deformation problems for analytic elements with traction or displacement specified boundary conditions.
Analytic Elements from Separation of Variables
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeparation of variables provides influence functions for analytic elements, which extend the solutions available with complex functions to problems involving the Helmholtz and modified Helmholtz equations. Methods are introduced for one-dimensional problems that provide the background vector field for many problems, and these solutions are extended to finite domains with interconnected rectangle elements in Section 4.3. Circular elements are developed in Section 4.4 using series of Bessel and Fourier functions to model wave propagation around and through collections of elements, and vadose zone solutions are extended to solve the nonlinear interface conditions occurring along circles. Methods are extended to three-dimensional problems for spheres (Section 4.5), and prolate and oblate spheroids in Section 4.6.
Māyā in Relation to the Human Condition
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses māyā’s role as the deluding power that covers the memory of souls that desire to live in forgetfulness of God and causes them to identify as products of matter, living in the temporal realm. As with most Indic literatures, the Bhāgavata employs metaphors to explain its philosophical doctrines, and the dream experience is the primary metaphor used to describe māyā’s deluding power. The Bhāgavata considers the human condition to be a condition of dreaming, with the word svapna (dream) appearing well over sixty times throughout its pages. This chapter also explores the Bhāgavata’s largest and most complex allegory—that of Purañjana and the City of Nine Gates. The questions to be addressed by means of this allegory are of paramount concern to the Bhāgavata, and they are central to its account of māyā and the human condition: What is the self? Why does the eternally transcendent self misidentify with temporary matter? How does it come to do so?
The Bhāgavata Speaks of Woman
Authors: Gupta Gopal K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Indic texts have played a crucial role in constructing, and greatly influencing, gender roles and social norms in Indian society. Scholarship on these texts has identified problems of identity and hegemony that are thoroughly discussed in such fields as subaltern studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and the like. Because of cultural practices such as satῑ and religious laws for widows, Hinduism and some of its associated texts tend to have a reputation for patriarchal misogyny. In her Encyclopedia of Feminism, Lisa Tuttle advises scholars to ask “new questions of old texts;” following her lead, this chapter intends to examine the gender discourse contained in the Bhāgavata Purāṇa, focusing on the text’s characterization of women as māyā, which we have here defined as God’s deluding or covering potency. The analysis should make it plain that while the Bhāgavata does support patriarchal institutions and practices, on a deeper level it portrays women in a far more positive light, holding them in a more esteemed position than one may assume.
Romantic Re-embodiment and Beyond
Authors: Stewart Dustin D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This final chapter has two distinct objectives. The first half approaches William Wordsworth as an exemplary poet of the moderate Enlightenment, offsetting his early desire to fly from physicality with a mortalist return to the material world that (like Milton before him) Wordsworth sees as proof of his own theological maturity. Yet neither in religious devotion nor in poetic practice would the spiritualist outlook simply fade into the past. The second half of the chapter identifies two strands of Romanticism that, in contrast to the Wordsworthian sort, keep open the possibility of a further disembodiment (a re-disembodiment) still to come. The authors who furnish brief case studies in the latter part are Phillis Wheatley, William Blake, and Emily Dickinson, who shared a common source in Edward Young. For all three visionary poets, to imagine looking beyond a modest materialism meant looking back, yet again, to Night Thoughts.
‘A very Moloch of a baby’
Authors: Wagner Tamara S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dickens’s portrayal of babyhood comprises comical creations as well as complex symbols and infants as victims of social injustice, yet, especially his funny babies are often overlooked. The first chapter explores how Dickens satirizes the growing commodification of babyhood in Victorian Britain and, in playing with readers’ expectations, produces comical scenes that strengthen rather than undercut his social criticism. His exposure of failed middle-class projects of child rescue urges his readers to reconsider prevailing ideas of charitable intervention, while he uses comically exaggerated infant behaviour to render working-class practices of child care mundane and familiar without sentimentalizing them. His representation of working-class baby-minding, a practice that Victorian philanthropists notoriously misunderstood, exemplifies how Dickens could combine comedy and social criticism to draw attention to topical issues, upend clichés, and at the same time create individualized infant characters. His Christmas book for 1848, The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Bargain, produces a grotesquely comical image of a baby, minded by a small boy, as ‘Moloch’, a deity demanding child sacrifice. While Baby Moloch becomes central to a reassessment of emotional attachment, the narrative complicates middle-class rescue work. The simultaneity of the comical baby and infants as symbols of suffering is then further developed in Bleak House (1853), whereas in Our Mutual Friend (1865), the failed rescue of an orphaned toddler dramatizes pressing issues involving paid child-minding and unregulated adoption. The analysis of Dickens’s fictional infants simultaneously reveals the different narrative roles of the comical baby in Victorian literature.
Competitive Infant Care in Domestic Fiction
Authors: Wagner Tamara S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the critical representation of changing baby care methods in Charlotte Yonge’s fiction to parse the growing awareness of competitive parenting advice in Victorian culture. As a religious novelist dedicated to producing realist accounts of family life, Yonge creates unidealized infant protagonists who exhibit realistically described, age-appropriate behaviour. While they demonstrate the effects of different childrearing methods, Yonge avoids producing model children or parents. Instead, she depicts baby care as demanding domestic work that is rendered more difficult by the growing onslaught of contrasting opinions. Whereas her early marriage novel Heartsease (1854) describes maternal involvement in the day-to-day care of the young heroine’s first-born with unprecedented detail, both The Daisy Chain (1856) and Nuttie’s Father (1885) highlight the difficulties of a ‘mother-sister.’ In asserting the superiority of domestic realism over sensationalism, moreover, Yonge rewrites popular infant impostor plots while drawing on child abduction cases in the press and, in her late novel That Stick (1892), critically tackles the notorious vilification of workhouse nurseries. This still seldom discussed domestic writer thus negotiates shifting attitudes to and representations of babies and baby care. Her comments on changing practices alert us to the competitive parenting prevalent in Victorian Britain, how such a sense of competition was fostered by divergent childrearing advice, how damaging this could be, and how it already began to attract critical remarks at the time.
Foundation Deposits from Third-Century bc Egypt
Authors: Thompson Dorothy J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter discusses inscribed bilingual dedicatory plaques made of metal, glass, and clay which were deposited as part of the foundation ritual of temples in Alexandria and elsewhere. It offers analysis of the traditions from which they came, the nature of the plaques themselves—their number, the materials of which they were formed, the writing and scripts that they bore—and the more general historical significance of the dedicatory practice in which they were involved. Plaques so far discovered are from a limited period in the second half of the third century bc; the dedications they record are royal dedications of temples, shrines, and other related structures, made to a variety of local gods; although the majority of examples are from Alexandria and immediately neighbouring areas, it is notable that this was not a phenomenon confined to the capital (examples survive from elsewhere in Egypt—from Taposiris Magna, along the coast to the west of Alexandria, and from Koussai in Middle Egypt).
Hellenistic Sacred Dedications
Authors: Baralay Supratik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDedications of physical objects placed in a sanctuary or some other space sacred to the gods were very common in all places and at all times in the Graeco-Roman world. While a number of these dedications were not inscribed, many dedicators chose to make a written record of their act of dedication, usually upon the object itself. This chapter sets out the typical formats employed in Greek sacred dedicatory inscriptions during the Hellenistic period. It then discusses in detail a pair of documents: an inscribed marble plaque from Alexandria dated to the mid-third century bc and an inscribed limestone stele from Krokodilopolis (Arsinoe) in the Fayum, dated to the mid-second to mid-first century bc It shows that although both inscriptions are part of a wider Hellenistic epigraphic koine, they exhibit features that are peculiar to the sacred dedications of Hellenistic Egypt and arose due to particular social processes at work there.
Soldiers in the Epigraphy of Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Fischer-Bovet Christelle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoldiers are heavily represented within the corpus of Greek inscriptions from Egypt, sometimes acting individually—especially officers—and sometimes as a group. The most common types of documents are dedications, along with signatures and proskynemata (acts of adoration)—generally simply graffiti. Smaller in number are the funerary inscriptions (mostly from Alexandria), and finally a few honorific decrees and petitions involving soldiers. The aim of this chapter is more generally to explain why there were so many inscriptions concerning soldiers and why their number increased over time, through the analysis of their content, form, and functions. Dedicatory inscriptions offer the clearest evidence for investigating this increase and therefore are the focus of the chapter, though some of the new habits are also reflected in other types of inscriptions. A number of inscriptions set up by members of the military were also preserved in hieroglyphs and Demotic Egyptian on statues and stelai and sometimes concern individuals who are also known from the Greek documentation.
Inscriptions and Papyri
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter analyses naming practices and onomastic patterns in inscriptions and papyri from the Ptolemaic and the Roman periods in Egypt from a quantitative and comparative perspective. A number of examples of individuals who appear in both types of document are discussed. The primary difference between the two types of document are that papyri are directed to a limited audience (whether a single person in letters or contracts or groups of people in administrative documents) for a limited period of time (ranging from an invitation to dinner on a specific day to documents addressed to several generations for the sale of a house), whereas inscriptions are meant to be public and enduring. With the exception of graffiti, inscriptions, often erected on ceremonial or festive occasions when leading persons were present. also tend to show us the upper classes and an official version of the relevant events.
The Corpus of Ptolemaic Inscriptions
Authors: Hornblower Simon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter discusses the content and significance of approximately fifty inscribed metrical texts, most of them funerary epigrams, which come from dispersed sites in the Delta and the Nile Valley. Most are in elegiac couplets or other mixtures of hexameters and pentameters; two are in iambics. They are a mix of dedications and epitaphs; epitaphs preponderate. There are also four long hymns to Isis from the Fayum. The Paneion or sanctuary to Pan in the Thebaid (modern Resedieh) provides some dedicatory thank-offerings, mostly short, but one long and elaborate. Of the thirty-six epitaphs, a depressing total of five are for young women who died in childbirth, a common theme in epitaphs and a common event in life. The second half of the chapter consists of a discussion of three of the longer poems, comprising four epigrams, chosen for their historical and/or literary interest.
Letters of Advice
Authors: Dutsch Dorota M. 
Published: November 2020

S III 160, 162; T 115–16; Hercher 607

Μέλισσα Κλεαρέτα‎ [χαίρειν‎].

1. Αὐτομάτως ἐμὶν φαίνῃ πλέονα τῶν καλῶν ἔχεν‎· τὸ γὰρ‎

ἐσπουδασμένως ἐθέλεν τὺ ἀκοῦσαι περὶ γυναικὸς εὐκοσμί‎-

ας καλὰν ἐλπίδα διδοῖ ὅτι μέλλεις πολιοῦσθαι κατ‎’ ἀρε‎-...
Lucien Paye’s commune Reform
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
After the Allied liberation of Algeria in late 1942, de Gaulle’s provisional government sought, as did Britain, to cling onto empire through a developmental policy. A 1943 reform commission focused in particular on the problem of a peasant ‘Malthusian’ crisis in which demographic growth outran basic food supplies, an agenda that became even more pressing after the 1945 famine and bloody revolt in the Sétif region. A young technocrat, Lucien Paye, appointed Director of Reform, formed plans to tackle the peasant problem through a programme, the Plan d’action communale (PACs), of economic modernization, closely tied to a communal reform. A case study of the PACs in the Chelif shows how the initiative was hamstrung by lack of investment, but conservative politicians brought the programme to an abrupt halt in February 1948, and unleashed a phase of mass electoral fraud. This gave a further lease of life to the moribund caid-CM system, and strengthened the nationalist currents that favoured preparation of an armed revolt.
Peasant Organization in the Urban Centres
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Communist mobilization of the peasantry in the Chelif after 1943 was centred less on direct propaganda work in the mountains, a dangerous and difficult task when rural populations were widely dispersed in isolated farm houses. Rather, as in metropolitan France, it proved much easier to target peasants as they came into the urban centres to attend markets and to socialize in Arab cafés, hair-dressers, and Turkish baths. The process is examined through the activities of Ahmed Keddar, a public scribe, in the small town of Duperré. Keddar and the Duperré militants organized peasants through public meetings, street demonstrations, and petitions delivered to the administrators of the sub-prefecture, townhalls, and commune mixte. An examination of the petitions, often composed for the djemâas by the public scribes, reveals the growing opposition to corrupt caids, as well as the deepening sense of peasant entitlement to welfare rights and investment in the rural economy. The failure of the colonial government to address the issue of weak and corrupt caids revealed the extent to which the entire system of indirect rule was discredited and failing, leaving a vacuum of power in the interior that eventually favoured the implantation of communist cells and a guerrilla base.
The Battle for the douars and the djemâa Elections of 1947
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The nationalist mobilization of peasants in the Chelif market centres (Chapter 8) went in parallel with the first steps to extend anti-colonial organization directly into the mountainous interior and to form peasant-led cells. Contestation centred, in particular, on the election of the djemâas which allowed delegates to be elected on party lists, a political counter-weight to the caids and commune mixte apparatus. A number of case-studies of such direct penetration into the interior are investigated for the douars north and south of Duperré, to the east of Ténès, and near Cherchell, to track the process of radicalization, and the preparation of rural networks that later became the basis of the early guerrilla movement. The 1947 election marked an important watershed since the unexpected success of the communist and Messalist advance among the peasantry met with a ferocious response from the new governor Naegelin in early 1948, and a wave of police repression, arrests, electoral fraud, and annulling of electoral gains. This ensured the continuation of the moribund commune mixte system, with fatal long-term consequences for the intelligence state, while both communists and nationalists abandoned a peaceful route to independence by preparing for armed insurrection.