bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors predicting physical activity and healthy nutrition habits among students in Israel
Authors: Beck H , Tesler R , Moran D , Kolobov T , Harel Fisch Y 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The World Health Organization has defined school systems as the significant framework for health promotion, because it enables accessibility to most of the child population.

Objectives
To examine the association between health promotion policies of school principals and student-level factors that predict health behaviour patterns: physical activity and proper nutrition.

Methods
This cross-sectional study is based on data from the HBSC (Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children) survey that included 7,000 students in grades 6, 8, and 10 in secular and religious public schools and in Arab schools, and about 126 principals.

Results
The findings of the study indicate: at the student level boys perform physical activity more frequently than girls (B = 0.80, p &lt; 0.01); with increasing age students from a high socio-economic background are more physically active (B=-0.34, p &lt; 0.01); and students in religious public schools perform less physical activity compared to students in secular public schools (B=-0.37, p &lt; 0.01). At the multi-level, implementation of a policy that encourages physical activity is a predictor of physical activity habits at the student level (B = 0.09, p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, findings show that school nutrition policies (OR = 0.89, p &lt; 0.05) and principals' commitment to health promotion (OR = 1.13, p &lt; 0.01) predict healthy eating habits among students. Findings also indicate that students in the Arab sector consume less healthy food compared to students in public schools (OR = 0.54, p &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The results of the current study emphasize the importance of implementing health promotion policies in schools among principals to improve students' physical activity and healthy eating habits.
Roma child participation in public health policy and practice across Europe
Authors: Larkins C , Jovanovic M , Milkova R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Roma teenagers are often excluded from participation opportunities, when they could be informing a wide range of law, policy and practice. CoE and EU recommendations make it clear that improvements in living conditions can only be achieved through active participation of Roma people. The 2018 Roma Civil Society Monitoring report reinforces that 'it is essential for Roma to be involved not only in narrowly defined 'Roma issues', but also in a wider range of topics and policies'. We address the question of what methods enable Roma children to become involved in influencing health policy and service design, focusing on the case of Bulgaria. A qualitative European survey (Feb - June 2020) in English, French, Spanish and Bulgarian identified professional perspectives on the impact of COVID-19 on children, with a focus on Roma families. Case studies of Roma children's experiences, and examples of their participation, were analysed of these case studies was conducted by the authors (combining sociological, public health and community perspectives). Accuracy of emergent findings were assessed through dialogue with survey participants. Preliminary results indicate that participatory practices that enable Roma children's participation in designing public health policy, services and responses are limited and pre-existing inequalities are deepening. However relevant isolated examples of inclusive participation were identified: information design, peer-administered questionnaires, arts-based activities, dialogue events, and campaigning in Bulgaria and beyond. Inclusive methods that enable Roma teenagers' engagement in health policy and service design are closely tied to methods used with other communities facing discrimination. However, significant structural barriers, related to economic inequalities and anti-gypsyism are additional barriers faced by some Roma children. International exchange of examples of such practices could inform future health promotion practice.
Needs-based decision-making for municipal health promotion – an analysis across 13 European countries
Authors: Quilling E , Kuchler M , Leimann J , Dieterich S , Plantz C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In contradiction to many recommendations, municipal health promotion often does not address identified needs. In order to create healthy living environments, all the 13 countries participating in Work package 6 - healthy living environments (WP6) of the EU Joint Action Health Equity Europe have been implementing feasible actions since autumn 2019 based on a country-specific needs analysis. They were supported on a theoretical level by the contents of the WP6 Implementation Template. The aim is to find out if and how the decision-making process from needs-based planning to the implementation of these measures in municipal health promotion was successful.

Methods
In order to gain an insight into the process 'from needs to action' and to obtain information about the methodological approach to implementation, guideline-based interviews were conducted with the project partners of WP6. These, as well as accompanying questionnaire-based interim reports, were evaluated comparatively in terms of content analysis according to Mayring and with regard to concrete evaluation criteria, obstacles and success factors during individual steps that can be transferred to the Public Health Action Cycle.

Results
The interim reports of the participating countries show that the step from an identified problem and related needs to a concrete, tailored action is often difficult. The relevant aspects mentioned above will be analysed more detailed during the interviews. It is to be expected that further insights can be gained from this, especially on successful implementation processes.

Conclusions
The mix of reports and interviews with participants from different European countries offers a broad view of the decision-making process in local health promotion and makes obstacles and success factors transparent for other actors in this field.
How can corporate HIA help shape regulatory environments for Trans-National Corporations?
Authors: Baum F , Anaf J , Fisher M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) exercise considerable sway over population health. They now comprise 157 of the 200 largest economies in the world and shape our food choices and degree of exploitation of our natural environment. This paper will analyse data from two corporate health impact assessments exercise (food and extractive industries) to determine what government and international agency regulatory actions are required to minimize the health harm causes by the actions of TNCs.

Methods
We used a Corporate Health Impact Assessment (CHIA) framework, data sourced through document and media analyses, and semi-structured interviews to examine the practices of McDonalds in Australia and Rio Tinto in Australia and South Africa. Data were mapped against the CHIA framework's three sections which are: i) the impact of regulatory environments ii) How TNC practices and products impact on health and equity ii) the direct impact of TNCs practices on daily living conditions.

Results
The CHIA exercise indicated an absence of effective international regulation on the actions of TNCs and that national regulatory regimes can encourage more responsible behavior from TNCs, for example in occupational health and safety. We identified the need for a much higher level of global and national regulation to: i) prevent the many conflicts of interest we found ii) reduce the extent to which TNC products are unhealthy iii) enforce healthy employment practices iv) prevent externalization of the costs of TNCs v) prevent taxation minimization.

Conclusions
The study highlighted the ways in which TNCs can use their power and size to maintain a de-regulated environment. Concerted global and national action is required to regulate in favour of human health and safety and that of the environment. Our findings support the need for an enforceable international treaty.

Key messages
Transnational corporations have a massive impact on population health. A health impact assessment can identify the pathways of impact and be used to inform regulatory action to promote health.
Health as an asset: Enhancing personal, social and economic life
Authors: Downward P , Rasciute S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Health policy in the UK increasingly advocates health as an asset (Baker, 2014; NHS England, 2019) focussing on the holistic capacity of health to support the wider flourishing of individuals (Hanlon et al., 2011). This research illuminates the cross-cutting impacts of public health investment for the personal social and economic life of individuals.

Methods
An observational longitudinal study based on data from the British Household Panel and Understanding Society Surveys covering 25 years from 1991 is undertaken. Satisfaction with partners, subjective financial situation and levels of structural social capital are regressed on measures of general subjective health and the GHQ12 score of mental health and confounders. A fixed effects instrumental variable panel data estimation identifies causal effects.

Results
With a significance level of at least p &lt; 0.05, mental illness reduces satisfaction with personal relationships for males (n = 115,273). For males and females, both greater general subjective health and mental health improve feelings of coping financially (n = 329,282) and social capital (n = 150,298).

Conclusions
Changes in sets of health conditions, acting through general and mental health, produce cross-cutting impacts on personal, social and economic outcomes. These findings support the proposition that health is an asset and that both further analysis and prioritisation of greater coordinated deployment of health care assets in communities is needed.
References
Baker, D. (2014). Developing and implementing a robust asset-based approach to public health. Perspectives in Public Health, 134(3), 129-130.
Hanlon, P., Carlisle, S., Hannah, M., Reilly, D., & Lyon, A. (2011). Making the case for a “fifth wave” in public Health. Public Health, 125(1), 30-36.
NHS England. (2019). The NHS Long Term Plan - a summary, 2.

Key messages
Health can be viewed as an asset comprising of a range of conditions that can have causal impacts on the personal, social and economic lives of individuals and their wider flourishing. Harnessing health as an asset requires the development of greater integrated health care, social and individual support to capitalise on the cross-cutting impacts of health.
Conceptualization of Othering in public health
Authors: Akbulut N , Zick A , Razum O 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Othering refers to various constructed notions of belonging and creates boundaries between Us and Them, which is embedded in power relations. Othering, thus, provides an essential contribution to understanding the link between minority status and health inequalities. So far, Othering is not considered in explanatory models on health inequalities; one reason for this is that Othering for this field of research has not yet been sufficiently investigated either theoretically or empirically. Also, there is no systematic concept that provides well-founded knowledge of the mechanisms of Othering.

Methods
A theoretical-analytical investigation was carried out to establish Othering as an analytical concept in public health research. The use of the term Othering varies among research areas. A theoretical framework was developed by drawing insights from a socio-psychological, postcolonial, and intersectional theory. After fundamental differences and similarities of the different theoretical approaches have been worked out, Othering was conceptualized as a multidimensional construct.

Results
Othering affects health in different ways as it occurs in multiple dimensions and forms that vary according to marginalized groups and institutional as well as social contexts. Othering takes place as a semantic differentiation between Us and Them and constitutes a material hierarchy within a dominant order of belonging. On this basis, Othering has an inclusive effect by treating Others as a particularly vulnerable group and then offering support to them. Othering also creates social exclusion and reinforces disparity in material resources of othered groups. Exclusions of the Other affect access to material resources such as health, for example, by legitimizing restrictions and access barriers in health care.

Conclusions
The developed conceptual framework provides an analytical lens through which the relationship between Othering and public health can be further explored.

Key messages
Othering refers to various constructed notions of belonging and difference that engender marginality and structural inequality. Othering can be considered as an essential social determinant of health.
Sustainable Development Goal 3.4: Regional disparities in cancer premature mortality in Brazil
Authors: De Camargo Cancela M , Borges Lopes de Souza L , Leite Martins L F , Correa Schilithz A , Bezerra de Souza D L , Hanly P , Barchuk A , Soerjomataram I , Sharp L , Pearce A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 has a target of 1/3 reduction in premature mortality (30-69 years) from chronic noncommunicable diseases. Although cancer is a chronic disease, it comprises more than 100 different conditions, with different risk factors and prognosis. This study aimed to calculate current and predicted premature mortality by 2030 for Brazil and regions, compare with SDG 3.4 target and identify regional progress and future needs.

Methods
Mortality data were extracted from the National Mortality Information System of Brazil (SIM) and subsequently corrected for ill-defined causes. Crude and age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants were calculated. NordPred package by software R was used to calculate predictions up to 2030 and compared with the goal of 1/3 reduction of premature deaths.

Results
Comparison of observed (2011-2015) and predicted (2016-2030) mortality rates show a 12.0% reduction in the likelihood of death among men and 4.6% among women nationally. Although predicted rates for 2026-2030 are lower than those observed in 2011-2015 predicted number of deaths increases by 75,341 for men and 90,513 for women. Lung cancer mortality rates are predicted to decrease more among men than women, while colorectal cancer mortality will increase for both sexes, in all regions (except in the Southeast).

Conclusions
The profile of premature cancer mortality is diverse in Brazil. Nationally, only male lung cancer will be close to reaching SDG 3.4 target, endorsing government's long-term efforts to reduce tobacco consumption. The increase in colorectal cancer mortality reflects the epidemiological transition. Despite progress in cervical cancer control, it will continue to be a major challenge. Our results provide a baseline for public policies for both prevention and access to treatment to reduce premature mortality in Brazil. Differences in mortality patterns highlight the need to adapt cancer prevention policies regionally.

Key messages
Cancer premature mortality decrease in Brazil is expected to occur, but far from the SDG 3.4 target – including preventable cancers as cervical cancer. An increase is expected to occur in colorectal premature cancer mortality rates and strategies to face it need to be developed regionally.
Are we on track reaching SDG3 in 2030? Gap analyses for African & European countries including Russia
Authors: Laaser U , Bjegovic-Mikanovic V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
To reach the targets of SDG3 not more than a decade is left. How do the Low and Middle-Income Countries in Northern Africa - in the immediate neighborhood to Europe - compare to the 15 members of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and well-developed European countries around the Baltic Sea (the “Northern Dimension”) incl. Russia?

Methods
We used quantifiable mortality indicators and targeted reductions until 2030, as published for SDG3.1/2/3 by the United Nations in 2015. To estimate progress or delay we used the methodology of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) based on the target year 2030, a year of observation, and a year at baseline. For the comparison between Northern Africa/Northern Europe we calculated for indicator 3.3 the Premature Years of Life Lost (PYLL) and for the comparison of Northern/Western Africa the more sensitive indicators 3.1 and 2, the Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR), the Neonatal Mortality Rate NMR, and the under-five Mortality Rate (&lt;5MR).

Results
In Northern Africa, only Algerian and Morocco will achieve the 2030 target 3.4 in time i.e., 2.5 and 7 years in advance, whereas Egypt, Libya and Tunisia are in delay Mauretania even by 14.5 years. The countries around the Baltic Sea likely will achieve the targeted reduction before 2030, Estonia on top already 2025, followed by Latvia and Finland in 2026, and the Russian Federation in 2027. Among the 15 West African states, Capo Verde has reached the targets 3.1 and 2 already, followed by Senegal (e.g., 4.0 years in advance for &lt;5MR) and Ghana, whereas Guinea Bissau is positioned at the end with a delay of 4,2 years for MMR. The countries of Northern Africa are on track except for Algeria, with 6.2 years in delay for MMR and Mauretania for all indicators.

Conclusions
Whereas the European countries are well in advance of the SDG targets, Northern Africa shows a mixed picture and the countries of Western Africa with a few exceptions are in delay.

Key messages
European countries around the Baltic Sea and Russia are well on track for SDG3, reducing their premature mortality by one third until 2030. Whereas the European countries are well in advance of the SDG targets, Northern Africa shows a mixed picture and the countries of Western Africa with a few exceptions are in delay.
Does the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme prevent diabetes? A population-based matched cohort study
Authors: Nguyen V , Aldridge R , Blackburn R , Hayward A , Greaves F , Flowers J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
To reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in England, the National Health Service piloted the Diabetes Prevention Programme (DPP). The DPP aims to prevent T2DM by providing high-risk adults with access to 13 face-to-face sessions over nine months that focus on diet and weight management. The DPP has been shown to improve intermediate outcomes for T2DM prevention (weight loss and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction). However, there is a lack of evidence examining incident T2DM as the outcome.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study using linked electronic health records from primary (Clinical Practice Research Datalink) and secondary (Hospital Episode Statistics) care for June 2016 to January 2019. We compared rates of new T2DM diagnoses among eligible adults who were referred to the DPP with rates for propensity score-matched (ratio of 1:4) controls who were eligible for the DPP but were not invited. DPP eligibility was defined as having HbA1c levels of 42-47 mmol/mol or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels of 5.5-6.9 mmol/L. Adults with pre-existing T2DM were excluded. Time to the first record of T2DM was modelled using Cox regression with age, alcohol intake, body mass index, ethnicity, sex, HbA1c, index of multiple deprivation and smoking status included as covariates.

Results
We identified 2205 individuals who participated in the DPP and 8820 matched controls with a similar breakdown in age, sex, HbA1c and FPG. During the 2.5-year study period, 4.13% of DPP individuals developed T2DM vs 6.42% of controls. Our results indicate that DPP referrals were associated with a 59% reduction T2DM incidence rates [adjusted hazard ratio=0.41;95%CI=0.38-0.44].

Conclusions
This is the first study to investigate the impact of the DPP on T2DM, relative to usual care. Our results provide support for the effectiveness of DPP in preventing T2DM onset and are compatible with findings for similar interventions in other settings.

Key messages
The evidence suggests that providing consistent face-to-face sessions which concentrate on diet and weight management can reduce short-term T2DM incidences in high-risk adults. With a 59% reduction in T2DM rates in DPP referees relative to eligible adults who were not referred, the DPP is effective in reducing short-term T2DM incidences in high-risk adults.
Healthy lifestyles survey in schoolchildren 'Conta Peso e Medida'
Authors: Ferreira J D , Sá A R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
A healthy lifestyle should be followed since childhood. To do so a healthy diet and to be physically active are mandatory. To measure and improve that the School Health Project “Com Peso e Medida” was applied throughout schools from the ARS Centro region.

Methods
In the context of School Health questionnaires were given out to school children. The questions pertained to health habit. Questions about socioeconomic characteristics were also included. 464 responses were collected. The responses were collected in a database in MS Excel. The database was then run in SPSS to provide a statistical analysis.

Results
All the students were attending the 5th grade. Median age was 10 years old. There was a similar sex distribution with 50.6% males. Mother education was higher than fathers with 24.7% and 15.7% college education respectively. There was a significative association between the parents' education degree (p &lt; 0.01). In terms of meal frequency, the students had a median of 5 meals a day. 93.3% of them had breakfast every day, 66.4% had a morning snack, 83.4% had an afternoon snack and 30.2% had a late-night snack. Considering the ingredients consumed daily only 41.7% ate the recommended amount of daily vegetables and 30.4% the daily amount of fruit. On a different note 28.6% ate candies more than once a week, and 41.5% drank soft drinks more than once a week.
Questions about the physical activity habits revealed that 50.8% watched more than one hour of television every day and 29.1% played videogames more than one hour. 39.2% had no sport activity outside school. There was a positive association between the mother education level and sports practice (p &lt; 0.01) and fruit consumption (p = 0.19).

Conclusions
A healthy diet and regular physical activity are cornerstones in a Health promoting lifestyle. With this study was possible to ascertain the lifestyle of young schoolchildren. With those results it's possible to set futures measures to best improve health.

Key messages
Healthy habits should be developed since early on to give way to a healthy life. To better prepare the future we need to know what health choices the children are taking today.