bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Activated Clay, Fly ash and Nylon Fiber
Authors: kumar Aravinth Senthil , Baskaran Siddartha Srinivasan , Govindaraju Sivasubramani , Mahalingam Mahalakshmi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with the effect of cement replacement by activated clay. The increased use of concrete creates an impact on the environment because of the emission of greenhouse gases. Also, the high usage of cement in concrete increase the carbon foot print level, leading to global warming. Concrete being the second largest utilized material after water and researches are aiming to reduce its consumption. This paper focuses on the reduction of the cement usage by replacing it with activated clay. Clay being abundantly available is used as an alternate to cement since it possesses pozzolanic nature. To enhance the properties of clay it was chemically activated before being used in the mix. On the other hand, the efficiency of Fiber Reinforced Concrete-FRC is far superior to the plain concrete. To improve the mechanical properties of concrete Nylons fibers are used in the mix. Nylon fibers has high strength to weight ratio and good abrasion resistance. This paper studies the effective replacement of cement with activated clay by 50% and the same was partially replaced with 2.5% and 5% of fly ash and nylon fiber. The mechanical properties such as compressive strength, spilt tensile strength and flexural strength were tested after 28 days of curing. The test results indicate that there is a significant increase in the compressive and flexural strength whereas a decline was observed in tensile strength.
Characteristic and microstructural study on an alternate material in brick manufacturing
Authors: Priya Pandiaraj Karthigai , Vanitha Sankararajan , Meyyappan Palaniappan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rapid urbanization leads to diminishing of natural resources that are used in the construction activity thus creating threat to the environment and the society. If this situation exists, it will pose a severe threat to environment in future. Therefore, some alternate measures have to be taken in order to handle this issue. This study is focused on utilizing Vermicompost as a substitute material for Red soil in the manufacturing of bricks. The characteristic test and microstructural tests are carried out for the materials constituting the brick. The physical properties are tested by specific gravity and particle size analysis. In addition to this the microstructural studies of the brick making material and Vermicompost are done by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive Infrared Spectrometer (EDAX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The results of SEM show that the particles of Vermicompost is less porous and has lesser water absorption than that of red soil. From the XRD results it is evident that the elements obtained for the peak values of Red soil and Vermicompost are nearly same and also these elements are responsible for the good quality of bricks. It has been noted that the physical and chemical properties of the Vermicompost match with that of the Red soil indicating that it can be used as a replacement for Red soil. The manufactured bricks will be cost effective as well as sustainable solution in construction sector.
Effect of partial replacement of Eco sand on high performance concrete
Authors: Gunasekaran Eniyachandramouli , Shanmugam Govindhan , Karuppusamy Ranjith Selvan , Manoharan Vijay , Vellaichamy Preetha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concrete plays a vibrant role in infrastructural developments. The major dispute of environmental degradation with sources of river sand is been substituted by M sand substantially at faster rate. The efforts to minimize the usage of Portland cement in concrete by other supplementary cementitious materials are also forging to control the environment-related problems. The study involves the behaviour of high performance concrete using partial replacement of cement by silica fume and partial replacement of M sand by Eco sand for M60 grade of concrete. Eco sand is an industrial waste product obtained from the cement industry is utilized as per the gradation analysis to evolve a better waste utilization and management system. The experimental works were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of high performance concrete containing cementitious materials of silica fume replaced by cement with 1-5%, M sand replaced by Eco-sand of 15-20%. Super plasticizer also added of about 1% to improve the workability of concrete. The results shows that the compressive strength gradually increased with 25% replacement of Eco sand and the optimal percentage of silica fume replacement identified as 5% by weight. The flexural strength at 28 days shows better for 20% replacement of eco sand than the control mix.
“Eco-Efficient” Concrete incorporating Ceramic Waste powder and Red brick dust as an effective replacement for Ordinary Portland Cement and Fine aggregate
Authors: Shanmugam Durgadevi , Chinnasamy Kavitha , kumar Kathiravan Natrajan Sampath , Elangovan Sankar , Raj Jayakumar Poun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Concrete is one of the most frequently used building material. Its usage worldwide is twice that of steel, wood, plastics and aluminum. Concrete is the mixture of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water. The cement releases carbon-di-oxide which contributes 8% of annually released carbon content around the globe. The cement and fine aggregate in concrete can be partially or fully replaced by other cementitious materials. Ceramic waste powder is dumped away which brings about lot of ecological contamination and threatening both farming and general wellbeing. The cement is replaced with ceramic waste powder and red brick dust in replacement for fine aggregate in 5%, 10% and 15% by its weight. The mechanical and durability test were studied for the design mix of M20 grade concrete. The mechanical tests include compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength for which the optimum percentage of replacement of ceramic waste powder and red brick dust is found. In a similar way, durability test includes acid test and corrosion test were taken for 5%, 10% and 15% replacements. The mechanical and durability test results were compared with conventional (without replacement) concrete. These tests were completed to access the mechanical properties for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. Results showed that, mechanical properties of concrete increases for 10% effective replacement of ceramic waste powder and red brick dust. Corrosion study shows that less probability of corrosion for 10% effective replacement. Negligible loss of weight is experimented form the acid study. Thus in clear, the test results shows that, effective replacement of ceramic waste powder and red brick dust by 10% replacement to cement and 10% to fine aggregate shows contemporary results with various extends in concrete.
Development of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Waste Foundry Sand
Authors: Mariyappan Ranjitham , Sivalingam Bharani Devi , Ramesh Buvana , Ramkumar Deepak 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper exhibits the utilization of waste foundry sand as an incomplete substitution of fine total. Foundry sand is a side-effect of ferrous and non-ferrous metal projecting industry which contains high silica content with explicit physical properties. This examination presents the data about the structural designing utilizations of foundry sand, which is actually solid and is earth safe. This exploration is done to create an eco-accommodating and low lost cement. A test study has been done on concrete with squander foundry sand about supplanting level of 15%. In the current examination, impact of foundry sand as fine total substitution on the compressive quality of cement having blend extents of M 20 evaluation was researched. The came about material was tried and contrasted and the traditional cement as far as its quality and usefulness. The tests were done with standard 3D shape of measurements 150*150*150*mm and chamber 150*300* mm and for crystal 500*100*100* mm for 3 days to decide its quality. Through the exploratory outcome we presume that compressive quality increments with increment in fractional substitution of waste foundry sand. The point of the examination is to think about the mechanical properties of the solid by expansion of waste foundry sand in various extent and furthermore its quality.
A Comparative Study on Strength of Concrete Using Wood Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement
Authors: Hamid Zubaid , Rafiq Suhail 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study here presents the conduct of wood ash as partial replacement by weight of cement in concrete. Portland cement as a binder in concrete is one of the fundamental development materials generally utilized particularly in creating nations. The expanding demand for cement can be met by partial replacement of cement. And also involves use of a waste product to create eco-friendly alternative supplement to binding in concrete. Two wood ashes from two different sources of woods were picked for the examination. The concrete mixes were blended with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% from two sources of wood ash as a partial replacement by weight of cement and tested for compressive strength respectively. M25 grade of concrete was prepared for the examination. Concrete cubes were casted and cured for 7 and 28 days respectively, for test results. Shear slump was seen with the incorporation of wood ash in concrete which indicates the harshness of the mix because of less use of cement. Test outcome indicated that the wood ash is marginally pozzolanic, water demand increments as the wood ash increments in concrete mix consequently admixture was required to increase the workability of concrete mix. Just one type of wood ash indicated positive outcomes when compared with standard mix limits. Therefore 10% WA1 partial replacement showed highest value of strength however, our examination recommended wood ash as low potential to partial replacement of cement and composition of different types of wood ash may wary thus influencing the properties of concrete.
Utilization of Industrial Wastes in Manufacture of Self Compacting Concrete and Examining Its Flexural Behaviour
Authors: Subramaniyan Yuvaraj , Baskaran Jeyanth , Krishnaswami Nirmal Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that marble processing industries and limestone quarries produce tons of waste in the form of powder which is found as a major concern for disposal. Considering significant high degree of fineness of these filler materials in contrast to cement, they may be employed for manufacture of Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). For the study, Self-Compacting Concrete is achieved by partially replacing Cement (70%) with filler materials like Limestone Powder (LP) and Marble Powder (MP) at different percentages by mass of cement and M-sand is used as fine aggregate as a complete replacement for river sand. The study focuses on determination of macro properties of concrete mixes and flexural behaviour of Self Compacting Concrete beams using the above materials. A total of 4 mixes were taken for the study namely Conventional mix, 15% lime powder(LP), 15% marble powder(MP) and 30%LPMP (15% LP and 15% MP). As per EFNARC conditions, following tests like Slump flow, V-funnel, L-Box tests were conducted to qualify the achieved concrete mix as SCC. At the age of 7 and 28 days respectively, strength aspects such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength tests of different proportioned mixes were determined. Flexural behaviour of casted SCC beams with and without filler materials was also examined and studied. Results proved that mix incorporated with lime powder and marble powder (30LPMP) reported the higher strength values than other mixes and exhibited better flexural behaviour.
Feasibility of Construction Demolition waste in Concrete as a Coarse Aggregate
Authors: Baskaran Jeyanth , Veerasamy Prabhakaran , Manibharathi Vijay 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Concrete is an efficient and versatile material for construction. The rapid urbanization results in huge increase in new construction activities which ends with exploitation of natural resources, whereas demolition of structure ends up in the generation of Construction & Demolition wastes (CDW) in a huge amount that causes solid waste disposal issues. This research reveals utilization of CDW effectively in Concrete, to attain the property of natural aggregates as well as to reduce the solid waste disposal issues. Initially, the debris from the building waste is collected, crushed, and separated as C-Coarse and C-Sand. The M40 concrete specimens is done by using the cultivated aggregates in 25, 50, 75 and 100 % replacement with that of the natural aggregates. From the test result the 50% replacement of cultivated aggregate is optimum and M3 mix is a suitable mix. The effective depth of beam is also almost similar with M3 mix makes the use of CDW as a feasible one. Use of CDW will save about 12.075 m3 of fine aggregate and 21.625 m3 of coarse aggregate for every 100 m3 of concreting work makes it as a suitable alternative for the conventional aggregates. Thus, the 50% replacement of CDW for aggregates is feasible in terms of strength characteristics of concrete that makes it as best material for natural aggregates and may decrease its requirement. Further, the rise in the use of CDW will reduce the volume of solid waste generated and corresponding environmental pollution which leads to achieving the sustainability of natural resources.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Using Plastics as Fiber (PP) and Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate (PET)
Authors: Ambika Devarajan , Sabitha Marimuthu , Pravinraj Sureshram 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Worldwide research has been conducted concerning the use of Fiber and PET (Poly Ethylene Teraphthalate) in the area of strengthening of the reinforced concrete members. The PET bottles are the remaining from the storage of cold beverages or drinks or even water. On the other side ultra-high strength with high performance becomes the need of the hour in order to make the structure durable, sensitive to the environment and even economical sometimes. Composite material has been developing these days to satisfy the construction industry by producing concrete which are more flexible and durable. Disposing plastics in any form is the big challenge to the producers and users of plastic. Producing eco-friendly plastics have not reached its height in today’s scenario. Here is an attempt to dispose the same effectively by incorporating it in to the concrete as effective component. Crushed PET bottles have found its way in concrete when replaced for fine and coarse aggregates by its improvised strength. PET bottles ad fine aggregate and polypropylene fiber to enhance the tensile property of concrete has been made a try with M35 grade concrete in order to make it effective light weight and efficient concrete. The mechanical properties have been assessed and the performance of the concrete has been evaluated in this study.
Strength aspects of High Performance Concrete by using Waste Material as replacement of Fine Aggregate in various percentages
Authors: Moorthy Gnanasundar Valarmathi , Thangaraj Palanisamy , Shanmugam Thirugnanam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High Performance Concrete (HPC) is becoming extremely popular now a day in applications, which require substantial improvements in structural capacity and resistance to aggressive environments. Several researchers have tried different mineral admixtures like Fly Ash (FA), Silica Fume (SF) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) in producing HPC. These admixtures are generally by-products of other industries and hence their properties are not identical and it is very difficult to assure the quality. This paper proposes a relatively new mineral admixture called High-Reactivity Metakaolin (HRM) with potential utility in the production of High Performance Concrete. In recent years Metakaolin is identified as a new pozzolanic admixture which is cost effective, cheaper and can also be considered as best alternative to micro silica. To achieve the economy, Metakaolin which is derived from purified kaolin clay is adding with ordinary Portland cement as partial replacement. In additional strength add with Glass fiber to use for ordinary Portland cement. The Fiber used in this investigation is E – Glass fiber made from glass material of size 6mm and 12mm diameter respectively. Except for control concrete, quarry waste fine aggregate was used in all concretes as a partial replacement of natural sand. The effects of quarry waste fine aggregate on several fresh and hardened properties of the concretes were investigated. It was found that quarry waste fine aggregate and waste recycling coarse aggregate enhanced the slump and slump flow of the fresh concretes. But the unit weight and air content of the concretes were not affected. The overall test results revealed that quarry waste fine aggregate can be utilized in concrete mixtures as a good substitute of natural sand. The experimental work comprises of Compressive Strength test, Split Tensile strength test and Flexure test was conducted. In this experimental investigation, M30 grade were obtained by replacing 0 to 15% replacement of quarry dust instead of Fine aggregate, 0 to 10% of Metakaolin added as supplementary in cement. It shows better result in the mix of 7.5% of Metakaoiln, 0.5% of fiber and 10% of quarry dust in concrete.
Utilization of waste for building materials – a review
Authors: Priya Pandiaraj Karthigai , Vanitha Sankararajan , Meyyappan Palaniappan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since ancient times naturally available materials are being used for the purpose of construction. Due to overutilization of these resources leads to its unavailability or depletion of these materials. On the other hand, lots of industrial wastes, municipal solid wastes are generated which are sent to landfill. The produced industrial and municipal wastes are not disposed properly. If they are not disposed safely or properly it will pose threats to the human community and also to the environment. These wastes need to be managed properly for safe disposal or alternate ways need to be identified for its utilization. This paper reviews the various types of waste that are used in construction and their usage as building material, its various application and the extent they can be used in building materials are discussed. Sugarcane bagasse ash, municipal solid waste incinerator ash, paper pulp, ground granulated blast furnace slag, copper slag are the wastes reviewed in this study. Many past researches have been identified for utilizing these industrial wastes sustainably in construction sector for manufacturing of bricks, concrete, special concrete etc. The general conclusion from the studies were that GGBS is a good alternative pozzolanic material for cement while the copper slag can be used in many forms as a replacement material in concrete. The MSWI ash is most suitable for use in cement and clay bricks whereas the sugarcane bagasse ash can be ideally used both in cement and clay bricks.
Strength Analysis on Concrete with Full Replacement of River Sand
Authors: Vellingiri Jayanthi , Murthy Balraj Narayana , Kumar Kathiravan Sampath , Samy Arun Prabhakaran Rathana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our nation is enhanced with many natural resources. Because of industrial development, natural resources are being looted. One of the natural resources is sand used in the construction of buildings and road pavements which is quarried from the river bed causes depletion of bed, lowering the water table, and bed coarsening. So, the emerging need is to find an alternative material equivalence to sand and confirming an economical and environmental indebted solution. Simultaneously, squander from ventures makes hurt nature. To manage both the issues, the waste is prescribed to supplant the fine total really taking shape of cement. From the past studies, it is confirmed that the replacement of river sand with other fine materials increases the compressive strength of concrete. This project manages the supplanting of waterway sand with other waste, which is gathered from the business and dump yard which are liberated from harmful materials. The inclusion of this waste in the concrete showed better performance in terms of compressive strength. Among all the waste, the iron slag gives more strength compares to the others. In this way, in the development field, the iron slag will be proposed as a brilliant material regarding cost-effectiveness, accessibility, the productivity of the material, and so on.
Performance Study on Utilisation of Dry Precipitate as Fine Aggregate in Concrete
Authors: Suresh Vigneshkannan , Arumugam Rangaraj , Settu Kanchidurai , Neelamegam Prakhash , Thatheyus Anto Joseph 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the research work is to produce a concrete with the use of dry precipitate as replacement of fine aggregate with optimum dosage of mineral admixture that enhances the mechanical properties of concrete thereby eliminating the early shrinkage occurring in hardened concrete. A dry precipitate encourage is viewed as the build-up delivered by the STP, amid which fluids and solids are being isolated. Thus, the solid can be further dried into a coarse powdered form. This powdered form of similar property satisfies the fine aggregate. To Study the strength, conduct of fine aggregate by supplanting of 0, 5%, 15% and 20.0% in M35 grade of concrete then determination of fine aggregate to examination this proposition on impact of fine aggregate at different laboratory tests as for compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test at various phases of restoring 7th and 28th days will be breaking down. When the added dry precipitate as fine aggregate which is a sewage treatment plant disposal waste is used in concrete and our nation to become saved from land pollution and also good produces an Ever “greener concrete: to Civil field”.
Utilization of plastic waste and polystyrene in making light weight red soil fly ash bricks
Authors: Thatheyus Anto Joseph , Kandasamy Mohan , Sivarethinamohan Sujatha , Ramakrishan Devananth , Suresh Vigneshkannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The plastic industry is the important sector in India which is more valuable and playing vital role in economy of our country. Even though it is an important industry, it produces few environmental brunt causing land and water impairment with some ill effects. The methods following for dumping, leads to ground water contamination and thereby cause other adverse effects. Many investigations have been organized in this area and found that the contamination level is greater in ground water and having problem mainly in dumping area premises. In the current study, an experiment had been made to reuse the plastic waste chips in manufacturing of building materials. The objective of this project is to identify the possibilities of using the waste plastic obtained from plastic product manufacturing industry as a brick material. The various test had been carried out such as compressive strength test, crushing strength test, water absorption test, efflorescence test, hardness test, soundness test and fire test for proving the modified bricks with conventional brick. The final outcome the test results shows that the lightest brick samples among the all tested four various samples produced the strength of 68.8% greater than the third class brick and its weight is around 33% of the conventional bricks. Light weight bricks are making by using lime, fly ash, red soil, polystyrene layer, decreased the self weight of the building which improved stability in earthquake situations.