bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
James Bradley, Sailing on the Thames
Authors: Spence John C. H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The story of the astronomical observations of James Bradley in the eighteenth century, whose measurements of the small movements of a star throughout the year provided an independent estimate of the speed of the Earth around the Sun relative to the speed of light. His work provided the first experimental evidence in support of Copernicus’s theory that the earth is in motion, and against the idea that it is stationary at the center of the universe. His simple telescope at home, his brilliant idea and perseverance, and his life’s work and influence. The importance of his result for the development of Einstein’s theory of relativity and for theories of the Aether in the following centuries.
Contestatory Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Contestatory publics refer to the arena of confrontational claim-making which demands responsiveness and accountability to decision-makers. They are confrontational as far as they aggressively lay blame on parties they consider to be the cause of their suffering. Beyond critique, they also offer alternative visions for reconstruction by drawing on their experiences as communities who suffered from the disaster. The repertoire used in their contestations are visceral. In protests, public displays of grief, and emotional speeches, the weight of claims are established through performances of mourning and indignation. For contestatory publics, misery has a productive political power. This chapter focuses on the case of People Surge, a network of peasants, fisherfolk, urban poor communities, students, and members of religious organizations which led protest action in exceptionally challenging circumstances.
Populist Publics
Authors: Curato Nicole 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In May 2016, the Philippines elected a self-confessed mass murderer as president of one of Asia’s oldest democracies. There are many interpretations for Rodrigo Duterte’s rise to power. This chapter offers a distinct perspective from disaster-affected communities who actively campaigned for Duterte. It argues that the emergence of ‘populist publics’ cannot be reduced to a simple case of a demagogue manipulating the sentiments of desperate citizens. Instead, the chapter argues that the relationship between Duterte and disaster survivors is negotiated and contingent, conditional and not fanatical, morally complex and not based on hasty judgment. The chapter argues that populists must also be understood not only in terms of what they say but also how they engage in affective forms of attunement, which allows them to effectively respond to hidden injuries of communities of misery.
Postlude
Authors: Vasalou Sophia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The virtue of greatness identified as a distinctive element of the ideals of character developed in the Arabic tradition—greatness of spirit—has much to tell us about the nature of these ideals and the intellectual processes that shaped them. Yet does this historical lesson exhaust the interest contemporary readers might take in this particular ideal? Is there anything in it to engage the attention of contemporary philosophers of the virtues? The Postlude seeks to answer these questions. This involves first confronting a more basic question: What kind of virtue is this? The author considers two different ways of construing its identity, one as a meta-virtue, another as a substantive virtue that has an affinity with the trait of ‘emulousness’ as theorized in recent philosophical work. It is the latter construal that enables us to pick out the distinctive commitments that constitute the virtue, above all its emphasis on open-ended moral aspiration. Philosophers of the virtues may find these commitments contentious. The Postlude outlines a number of ways in which this virtue can be defended. Yet the greatest value of engaging with this ideal may lie in the very space for debate it opens and in persuading us that this debate is worthwhile.
The Stoics on Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After Plato’s Forms, and Aristotle’s substances, the Stoics posit the fundamental reality of lekta, the meanings of sentences, distinct from the sentences themselves. It is the first time in the tradition of Western philosophy that what is signified is properly distinguished from signs and signifiers. This book explores the many implications of this distinction which gives an existential autonomy to lekta. Language can only ever express meanings, but what happens to meanings which are there, ready to be said but which are never actually expressed? The book analyses the deep shift in ontological paradigm required by the presence of lekta in reality. A unique, complex, and consistent cosmic view is revealed in which the lekta are the keystones of the structure of reality. This means that we cannot not speak or think in terms of lekta, and for this reason, they are all there is to say. The Stoic position has ignited many fiery debates in antiquity and in modern times. The Stoics were the first to be concerned with questions about language and grammar, and the first to put the relation of language to reality at the heart of the enquiry into human understanding, and the place of man in the cosmos. These questions remain central to this day in life and philosophy.
Lekta
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on the sense of ‘saying’ that grounds the notion of a lekton. A first point of reference is identified in Plato’s Sophist and the distinction made there between naming and saying. The Stoics take this first distinction further by distinguishing saying from uttering, relying on the initial distinction they make between signifiers and things signified. The result is that the lekton, as that which is said, is shown to be removed from linguistic concerns. Whether it is ever uttered or not, the lekton is that which can be said, and as such is there to be said. Saying has thus more to do with ontology than with language. But language in the rational cosmos is by its very nature a reflection of ontological structure, and so all that language has to express is what constitutes that structure, namely lekta. The Stoics thus risk falling into a circularity which could trivialize their view. The critiques, ancient and modern, are assessed, from the talking parrot to the question of whether we can think without language, and the question of the unity of the lekton threatened by the plurality of words used to express it. The discussion straddles topics from the philosophy of mind, language, and metaphysics, laying out the foundations for a Stoic philosophy of language and grammar.
Lekta and the Foundations of a Theory of Language
Authors: Bronowski Ada 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the katēgorēma. It examines its relational nature as that which is always attributed to something else, showing that the katēgorēma is at the heart of a nuclear relation cementing the unity of every state-of-affairs in reality. Everything in reality is part of at least one relation of attribution, and therefore holds true of it, and of many which are false. The further claim is put forward that all katēgorēmata are already embedded within an axiōma in such a way that there are no incomplete lekta in reality. Incompleteness is put down to a question of language and different degrees of success in expressing what there is in reality to say. The infinitival and conjugated forms of the verbs are thus expressive only insofar as a complete lekton in reality is thereby, however partially, picked out. This introduces the question of the limits of a given language and whether translation is possible because the flexibility of one language is not paralleled in another. Three things are ‘yoked together’: the expression, the lekton, and the tunchanon, the last being an odd term for an even odder item: half and half between the case-ptōsis and the external object. This hybrid status, it is argued, results from the overlap between the ontological status of a lekton as subsisting or obtaining, and its subsequently being true or false.
‘Let history judge who was to blame’, 1990–1998
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Individuals within the Church, rather than the institution as a whole, became the main negotiators for peace after the revelations of clerical child abuse in the early 1990s. Priests like Fathers Alec Reid, Gerry Reynolds, and Denis Faul worked privately to convince paramilitary groups to lay down their weapons. The Church hierarchy was forced into a defensive position in order to protect its reputation as a moral arbiter after the child abuse revelations. The institutional Catholic Church was no longer able to play a role in the peace process by this point. However, individual priests who fostered relationships with their Protestant counterparts continued to act as negotiators for an end to the conflict. The signing of the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement marked one step in the peace process but after this point the Catholic Church had no influence on these policies.
Introduction
Authors: Scull Margaret M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction positions this book within the context of the existing historiography and provides a succinct survey of the various approaches previously employed to present and explain the behaviour of priests, women religious, and bishops during the conflict. It offers a brief overview of the relationship between Irish Catholicism and nationalism. Through an analysis of St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, the introduction traces the evolving nature of the Catholic Church in twentieth century Ireland. The introduction sets out a case for examining not just the Irish Catholic Church’s response to the conflict but that of the English and Welsh Catholic Church, arguing for an ‘entangled history’ approach. It explains the archival, oral, memoir, and newspaper sources examined for the monograph.
The ‘Social Warfare State’
Authors: Compton Mallory E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Serviceman’s Readjustment Act of 1944, also called the GI Bill or the ‘New Deal for Veterans’, constituted one of the most expansive social policies in US history. In one deft move, a bi-partisan coalition passed a surprisingly and under-appreciatedly progressive social agenda providing training vouchers, family allowances, up to a year’s worth of transitional unemployment payments, and low-interest, federally guaranteed loans for homes, farms, and businesses to nearly 8 million citizens. Every Second World War military service member was made eligible, regardless of race or ethnicity. The bill extended access to higher education, social support, and homeownership to 75 per cent of the young male cohort in post-Second World War America. As a consequence, higher educational attainment grew by 20 per cent. More generally, the bill boosted social mobility, creating the ‘civic generation’. The policy was so successful and popular that it has been routinely expanded and renewed for veterans in the seventy years since. It endures as a core component of compensation for service members today.
Infrastructure Partnership Success in Southern California
Authors: Callahan Richard F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Alameda Corridor rail project became a tale of two cities: Los Angeles and Long Beach, California. It started as a story including each of the six cities in between. The Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority transformed a tangled web of rail lines, each owned and operated by three competing railroads, into one line. The new corridor created public value in eliminating grade rail crossing that backed up truck and car traffic in six mid-corridor cities, and through the reduction of air pollution emissions and groundwater contamination. The line moved the harbours from reliance on nineteenth-century rail technology to a twenty-first-century system aligned with the technology needed to compete in a globalized goods movement world. Public expense was significantly reduced as the line was built primarily with private sector debt financing, which was paid off by fees on private sector container cargo. The move to governance by only the cities of Long Beach and Los Angeles contained costs and kept the project on time to reduce the financial uncertainty that would have adversely affected the costs of borrowing. This efficient decision-making structure based on those with a financial stake in cost containment came at the expense of participation in decision-making by mid-corridor cities.
The Bank Culture Debate
Authors: Macartney Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Following the global financial crisis and repeated scandals, US and UK state managers made substantial efforts to reform the culture of their banking sectors. This book argues though that they focused on an extremely narrow definition of bank culture. They did so for two reasons: firstly, because the structural pressures of financialization—which are a far more important driver of the problematic features of bank culture in Anglo-America—are harder to remedy; but secondly, state managers also used their bank culture response to tackle a legitimacy crisis facing their institutions of government. In so doing they abdicated responsibility for the real problems—of inequality and instability—associated with their respective financial systems. Drawing on interviews with over 150 bankers this book explains the strategies employed by state managers before then examining what has and has not changed in the culture of banking in the US and UK.
What Has Changed
Authors: Macartney Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows the impact that the narrower bank culture debate has had on life in the banks of Anglo-America. Using interview material and a range of official reports the chapter shows changes to risk-taking, performance-monitoring, compliance, and pay. It shows that culture and values certainly became central features in the rhetoric of the banks. But tangible, conduct-related improvements were also evident. Risk-taking was moderated, even though this may have just been a temporary change. New compliance monitoring measures certainly made the work environment more challenging for employees, and promoted a more cautious culture.
What Has Not Changed
Authors: Macartney Huw 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining that financialization since the financial crisis has continued. The chapter then shows how the real culture of banking has not changed as a result. It examines the business models of the largest Anglo-American banks and the impact of Quantitative Easing to show the disconnect between the banks and their respective economies. It then examines rising household indebtedness, and the lending practices of the banks that exploit the heavily indebted. Finally it explores pay in the financial sector, showing that fixed and variable remuneration remain out of proportion to the value-added of the banking sector, and disproportionately high compared to pay in most other sectors. The conclusion we should draw is that bank culture has actually changed very little.
Acting and Thinking
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter has two main objectives. First, to defend the existence of a broad sense of action, which does not involve that anything is done intentionally, for instance, a reflex action. Such actions are simply causing something to happen. Secondly, to argue that, as opposed to thinking whether something is the case, occurrently thinking that something is the case, which is an actualization of the disposition of believing that it is the case, is not an action. Since these two claims are true, the broad sense of action and of thinking that something is the case can be employed in an account of acting intentionally for a reason which is reductionist in the sense of not using any concepts that are distinctive of action theory.
Reasoning about Means
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An advantage of using conditionals as the standard formula for reasons for action is that the conditional form can also be used to bring out the structure of reasons for belief—thus making possible a close comparison between these kinds of reasons and reasoning. It then becomes apparent that the direction of derivation is the reverse in the practical case when we reason our way to desiring sufficient means to an end from desiring the end to the theoretical case when we derive beliefs from sufficient conditions for their truth. This reversal reflects the opposite direction of fit of beliefs and desires. The implications of this account of reasoning with desires for the moral doctrine of the double effect and for reasoning with respect to emotions are briefly considered.
Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact
Authors: Benin Samuel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines trends in public agricultural spending between 1961 and 2012 and disaggregates that spending into the cocoa and noncocoa sectors. The majority of total spending has gone into the cocoa subsector, while the noncocoa subsector, which includes all the country’s food staples, has been neglected. The government’s public spending on agriculture has fallen short of 10 percent of its total expenditure in most years since 1961, and in recent times the share has averaged only 2 to 3 percent, which is low even by African standards. The government has also spent relatively little on complementary investments in rural roads and other essential rural infrastructure. Econometric analyses then estimate the impact of public spending on agricultural productivity growth, insights into the marginal returns to public investments in the cocoa and noncocoa subsectors, and by type of public investment. This is followed by a discussion of some of the government’s recent attempts to promote noncocoa agricultural growth through several new subsidy and investment programs.
Successes
Authors: Duncan Anthony , Janssen Michel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The set of principles formulated in 1915-1918, and now collectively called the old quantum theory, were successfully applied to a number of problems in atomic and X-ray spectroscopy. The three most notable successes are all associated with the Munich school headed by Arnold Sommerfeld. First, there was the derivation of a relativistic fine-structure formula which predicted splittings of stationary state energies for orbits of varying eccentricity at a given principal quantum number. These splittings were empirically verified by Paschen for ionized helium, and constituted the first quantitative confirmation of the special relativistic mechanics introduced by Einstein a decade earlier. The relativistic fine-structure formula was also applied successfully to the splitting of lines in the X-ray spectra of atoms of widely varying atomic number. Finally, the principles of the old quantum theory (in particular, the use of Schwarzschild quantization in combination with Hamilton-Jacobi methods of classical mechanics) were successfully applied to explain the first order splitting spectral lines in the presence of an external electric field (Stark effect).
The Big Spenddown: Digital Investment Advice and Decumulation
Authors: Polansky Steven , Chandler Peter , Mottola Gary R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Digital investment advice providers have traditionally focused on the process of assets accumulation. But as Baby Boomers and Gen Xers age, they will need to shift from accumulation to decumulation, and there is less agreement about how to manage payouts during retirement. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the development of digital investment advice services, followed by a review of the challenges of asset decumulation in retirement, many of which apply to both traditional and robo-advisors. Yet because robos operate primarily in a realm of electronic communications, they face a number of unique demands. The chapter briefly discusses the issues with which digital advice providers wrestle as they try to provide decumulation services for their clients and it ends by discussing implications for the robo marketplace.
Laurence Sterne in the Romantic Anthology
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the fictional forms by which Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy and A Sentimental Journey present confrontations between characters separated by differences of ethnicity, race, and species, particularly in episodes that were frequently republished in popular anthologies. Around the turn of the nineteenth century, readers encountered a version of Sterne’s sentimental fiction that is incompatible with a critical consensus about his novels. While Sterne has been understood to base subject-formation on the appropriation of another’s sentiments through the experience of sympathy, popular anthologized forms of his works, by contrast, emphasize emotional disturbance and preclude the return to a stable, narrating self. Anthologized versions of Sterne mobilize aspects of his original works—the structure of the frame tale, an interest in giving voice to figures of radical difference (including animals and former slaves), and the experience of shared affect and narrative—and specify Romantic-era fiction’s revision of sympathy.
Novelistic Sympathy in Frankenstein
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, a pivotal scene shows the monster weeping together with the Arabian Safie over the fate of Native Americans. The monster embodies an unrecognizable difference that Shelley’s novelistic model of sympathy seeks to accommodate through acts of vicarious narration, and his telling and transcription of Safie’s story are not only the structural center of the novel’s narrative levels but also the conceptual pivot of Shelley’s reformulation of sympathy. Frankenstein explicitly puts forth the genre of the novel as compensation for the impossibility of sympathetic experience. Throughout this novel, moments of narration, transcription, and transmission consistently intersect with experiences of sympathy, which produce the impetus for narrative to be both told and recorded. The shifts in perspective around which Smith centers his definition become, in Shelley’s novelistic sympathy, acts of narrative framing and novel-writing that attempt to overcome difference that defies classification.
Coda
Authors: Britton Jeanne M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The coda explores the relationship between the framed narratives discussed in previous chapters and free indirect discourse. Fiction’s redefinition of sympathy arises from the attempt to represent, in the first person, the experience of being another person. Through grammars and structures of vicarious narrative, one character tells another’s story after a shift in perspective. Similar modifications of perspective characterize free indirect discourse, which often follows the cognitive patterns that Smith identifies in the workings of sympathetic response. The similarities between vicarious narratives and free indirect discourse betray a fundamental aspect of the novel—a pervasive interest in witnessing the attempt to uncover and inhabit another person’s present emotional state and past lived experience. Shifts in narrative levels that are indexed by strained experiences of sympathy, however, show how novelistic structures, and fiction itself, can stand in for human sympathies in their absence.