bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Taking Equality Too Far”
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers two areas where The Satanic Temple has attempted to participate in institutions that nominally promote religious pluralism and tolerance: a 2014 black mass hosted through a cultural studies club at Harvard University and attempts to lead prayer invocations before city councils, following the 2014 Supreme Court decision Greece v. Galloway, which ruled that sectarian prayers may be offered provided no religion is excluded. In both cases, tremendous efforts were made to block The Satanic Temple from participating in these institutions. Several city councils passed new laws restricting prayer invocations rather than let The Satanic Temple participate. The Satanic Temple’s opponents did not frame their response as intolerance; rather, they claimed that The Satanic Temple is engaged in hate speech and must be censored. Analysis examines these responses and considers whether these institutions practice the values of tolerance and religious pluralism as they purport to.
The Biology of Agroecosystems
Authors: Randall Nicola , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. They presently cover almost 40 per cent of the terrestrial land surface and significantly shape landscapes at a global scale. The book outlines the origin and development of agriculture and summarizes the characteristics of different types of agroecosystems. The conflicts between management of land for productivity and conservation of natural resources are discussed, and some of the key biological issues (loss of biodiversity, instability, susceptibility to pests, for example) are explored. Individual chapters introduce the role of functional groups such as pollinators, nutrient cycling organisms, and pest regulators; the importance of soils and soil organisms for agriculture; and the biological impacts of water use in agroecosystems. Globalization of agriculture is explored, and includes drivers of change, such as shifting diets, and biological challenges, such as the spread of pest species. The final chapters outline different management methods for sustainable management of agroecosystems, and consider the future challenges and opportunities for agriculture and the biology of agroecosystems.
Agricultural Environments
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the origin and historical development of global agriculture. Agricultural systems around the world are extremely diverse, but all involve the management of land for the production of food and other commodities. Agroecosystems encompass a wide variety of production systems, both within and between different regions, and different classifications are used to order these. Characteristics and classifications of some major types of contemporary agricultural systems are introduced. The difference between agricultural and natural (or alternatively managed) ecosystems and farmed versus unfarmed habitats on agricultural land is explored, and examples of each are provided. Some of the impacts of agriculture on wider ecosystems are introduced.
Biotic Interactions and Ecosystem Functioning
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces different functional groups and their role in agroecosystems and in provision of ecosystem services. Examples include detritivores and other nutrient cyclers, primary producers, pollinators, herbivores, and pest regulators. The importance of plant–fungal interactions (endophytes and mycorrhiza), primary productivity, maintenance of soil fertility through nutrient cycles, biological pest control, and crop pollination are discussed and related to different management systems. The influence of agricultural practices (e.g. pesticide/fertilizer application, introduction of new/genetically modified species) on biotic interactions and ecosystem functioning of agricultural practices are also illustrated, alongside a consideration of the biological issues associated with the replacement of ecological processes with chemicals, machinery, and so on in some modern agricultural systems.
The Biological Impacts of Globalization of Agriculture
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While pre-modern agriculture tended to use local resources, modern (often intensive) agriculture uses resources from a much wider area—even global in some cases. This chapter discusses the role of agriculture as a driver of global environmental change, together with issues and opportunities associated with the globalization of agriculture. The topics explored include the introduction and spread of invasive and pest species; reductions in genetic diversity; changes in the type of commodities demanded locally and globally; and loss of traditional crops. The implications of these changes for wider ecosystems are explored. The potential for some of these global drivers to act synergistically with each other and with other drivers (e.g. climate change) to impact on biological systems is also explored.
Conservation and Sustainable Management of Agroecosystems
Authors: Randall Nicola P. , Smith Barbara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of farm management in biodiversity conservation (and the potential conflicts and synergies between them). It addresses the question of the relationship between productivity and biodiversity, and how this varies between spatial scale and agricultural system. Different methods of farm management for improved biodiversity and resource management on farmland are presented. The focus areas are reintroducing diversity, sustainable pest and nutrient management, and the role of alternative systems such as organic and biodynamic agriculture. Frameworks for regulating the biological impacts of agriculture (e.g. pesticide regulation, ecological engineering, and funding for conservation are also introduced. Other case studies may include organic farming systems, agroforestry systems, and perennial-based cropping systems, as well as the use of integrated pest management techniques.
Introduction
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChapter 1 argues for the necessity of studying how recent changes in the political systems of Western representative democracies affect the conditions under which elected politicians perform political leadership. It highlights the need for a consideration of what political leadership in the age of governance entails, and points to the need for developing a concept of interactive political leadership and a theoretical framework for research in emerging forms of political leadership, and the challenges and dilemmas politicians face in that respect. The chapter spells out the main components of such a framework and presents the overall structure of the book.
Interactive Political Leadership as a Driver of Policy Innovation
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, enhancing the public sector’s innovation capacity has been high on the agenda of many Western governments. Fiscal constraints and mounting policy problems related to public health, crime prevention, elderly care, immigration, and global warming have intensified the search for new innovative policy strategies and governance methods. Leadership is often mentioned as a key driver of and condition for promoting public innovation but most attention has been paid to the role of public managers as drivers of policy innovation, and the approach to innovation has been managerial rather than political. The main argument made in Chapter 6 is that the public sector’s policy innovation capacity ultimately hinges on the extent to which politicians step into the role of policy entrepreneurs and perform leadership of collective policy innovation processes, rather than leaving this task to public managers. Although there are barriers and dilemmas to overcome, interactive political leadership offers an opportunity for politicians to step into the role of policy entrepreneurs and, by doing so, strengthen the output legitimacy of representative democracy.
Revisionary Analysis without Meaning Change (Or, Could Women Be Analytically Oppressed?)
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops a conception of philosophical analysis which makes sense of the idea that a correct analysis can be revisionary (in that it departs from ordinary or expert belief and linguistic usage). The view is superior to the alternatives defended by most proponents of ‘conceptual ethics’ and ‘conceptual engineering’ (according to which revisionary theorizing involves replacing words or concepts) because it better explains the arguments we advance when we engage with proposed revisionary analyses. A key idea is that analytic claims can emerge in the course of debate without change of meaning, so that our acceptance (perhaps late in the debate) of some analyticity can fix the meaning of a word as we used it all along. The discussion focuses on Haslanger’s revisionary analysis of gender.
Never Say ‘Never Say “Never’’ ’?
Authors: Burgess Alexis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Is there anything wrong with using a concept C in the course of arguing against the use of C? You might think not, so long as the argumentation is framed as a kind of reductio; or climbing a ladder to be kicked away. On the other hand, you might find such “hypocritical” arguments self-undermining: if they’re sound, then we shouldn’t accept any of their premises that make use of C. Understanding the status of hypocrisy is an urgent question for conceptual ethics (and therefore engineering), insofar as concepts of philosophical interest tend to be central to our conceptual schemes, in the sense that they tend to turn up in the analyses of lots of other concepts. Developing these points (of view), the present chapter exposes a worrisome feature of the anti-hypocrisy argument just sketched: it seems to be indeterminate whether or not the argument is itself hypocritical.
Conceptual Ethics and the Methodology of Normative Inquiry
Authors: McPherson Tristram , Plunkett David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores two central questions in the conceptual ethics of normative inquiry. The first is whether to orient one’s normative inquiry around folk normative concepts (like knowledge or immoral) or around theoretical normative concepts (like adequate epistemic justification or pro tanto practical reason). The second is whether to orient one’s normative inquiry around concepts whose normative authority is especially accessible to us (such as ought all things considered), or around concepts whose extension is especially accessible to us (such as betrayal). The chapter aims to make vivid and plausible a range of possible answers to these questions, and important forms of argument that can be used to favor certain answers over others.
Talk and Thought
Authors: Sawyer Sarah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an externalist account of talk and thought that clearly distinguishes the two. It is argued that linguistic meanings and concepts track different phenomena and have different explanatory roles. The distinction, understood along the lines proposed, brings theoretical gains in a cluster of related areas. It provides an account of meaning change which accommodates the phenomenon of contested meanings and the possibility of substantive disagreement across theoretical divides, and it explains the nature and value of conceptual engineering in a way that addresses recent prominent concerns.
A Pragmatic Method for Normative Conceptual Work
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
How ought we to do work in conceptual ethics? Some have thought that conceptual choice should itself be guided by (heavyweight) metaphysics—for we should be sure that our concepts pick out things that exist or should aim to choose concepts that really ‘carve the world at its joints’. An alternative is to take a pragmatic approach to conceptual ethics. But pragmatic approaches are often criticized as unable to account for intuitions that some conceptual choices are objectively better than others, and intuitions that the world is structured. As a result, the fear is that a pragmatic approach leaves conceptual choices arbitrary and insusceptible to critique. This chapter confronts such worries and develops a pragmatic method for conceptual ethics that clearly avoids these problems. As a result, we need not rely on heavyweight metaphysics and become entangled in its epistemological mysteries to do conceptual ethics.
Evolutionary Medicine and Women’s Reproductive Health
Authors: Trevathan Wenda R. , Rosenberg Karen R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Women’s reproductive health is often appropriately the focus of medical attention and intervention in developed countries today. We argue, however, that clinical treatment can benefit from a greater understanding of the conditions under which female reproductive biology evolved. Reproductive factors such as timing of menarche and first reproduction, ovulatory cycles, levels of reproductive hormones, and fertility are shaped by local conditions, lived experiences of each woman, and evolutionary forces that have operated for many millennia on ancestral women. Aspects of our reproductive biology that we take for granted and think of as “natural” are actually products of our recent and current lifestyles—this includes monthly menstrual periods for much of women’s reproductive years for a total of as many as 450 cycles in their lifetimes. More typical of the human experience relevant to evolution is less frequent menstrual periods interrupted by pregnancy and several years of lactation for a total of fewer than 100.
Optimizing Maternal-Infant Health
Authors: Stuebe Alison M. , Tully Kristin P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we use an evolutionary lens to deepen understanding of maternal and family needs in the early postpartum period so that health care can be more aligned with confronted realities. The discussion is centered around the concept of the 4th trimester, which is the period between birth and the first 3 months postpartum. This framework encourages a holistic understanding of perinatal health by drawing attention to evolved maternal-infant needs. By addressing these ultimate-level contributors to health issues, we can facilitate more effective clinical support, comprehensive research, and a fuller “village” to enable new families to thrive. Core to this approach is the concept of trade-offs between parents and offspring, exemplified by lactation as a prime example of the complexities of dyadic needs and gap between the current culture of health and optimal support.
Evolutionary Medicine Viewed Through the Lens of Pregnancy and the Obesity Epidemic
Authors: Zera Chloe , Wilkins-Haug Louise 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The rapid rise of the global obesity epidemic is one of the most significant microevolutions of the past century. Identification, evaluation and weight-altering interventions are sustainable only with an understanding that evolution occurs both at a macro level over centuries as well as on a micro level across a decade. Among the genes related to metabolism, on a global level, variation at the DNA coding level is to be expected. The unique distribution of these variants is shaped through hundreds of years of macroevolution to mature a population for survival of the fittest based on reproductive success. Over shorter time periods, these varied gene pools are further influenced by proximate response mechanisms within microevolution and co-inheritance. Microevolution prompts individuals’ responses to internal and external environmental pressures by changing gene activation and silencing.
Tinbergean Approach to Clinical Medicine
Authors: Natterson-Horowitz B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Among the most enduring and influential contributions of Nobel Laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen was the introduction of a four-part framework for understanding biological causation. Beyond traditional proximate-mechanistic explanations, Tinbergen asserted, a consideration of both phylogenetic and functional-adaptive perspectives was essential. The application of a framework derived from this Tinbergean structure to human medicine offers a novel approach to the development of theories of causation for high-impact somatic and bio-behavioral disorders. This perspective offers physicians and physicians-in-training an expanded understanding of the nature and origin of human vulnerability to disease. The phylogenetic perspective expands awareness of non-human animals who spontaneously develop the disorder and the functional-adaptive perspective considers what components of vulnerability to disease might have adaptive benefit. Both facilitate the development of novel testable hypotheses.
Evolution, Genomics, and the New Genetic Technologies
Authors: Haug Louise Wilkins 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
“Genomics” encompasses gene variations, gene-gene interactions, control of DNA sequence activation and the expanding understanding of the process from gene to protein to individual. This critical pathway from gene, to protein, to individual is complex but remarkably unaltered across species. New genomic technologies can interrogate innumerable sites for possible alteration or targeting for interventions. In addition, central to integrating the current and future genomics into medical care is an interweaving of evolution, especially evolutionary medicine. The core principle of evolution is survival of the fittest—survival to reproduction and transference of genes. Continued education around the concepts of mechanistic (proximate) cause and ultimate cause (the evolutionary nature) will inform medical care. Understanding genomics and evolution is central to thoughtful ‘precision medicine’ with the crafting of medical care to individual gene alterations. An inclusive approach is needed among medical education.
Introduction
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The introduction surveys theories about a change in the perception of time over the early modern centuries. These could be summed up as a shift from older static to ‘modern’ models which were far more dynamic and developmental. It also surveys the case for interpreting the revolution of 1688–9 in England as a deliberate step into ‘modernity’. It then relates these two historiographic trends, asking if there is evidence that a new chronological awareness helped witnesses to 1688–9 conceive it as a turning point, and step into a new modern era. It advertises the argument of the book: that there is only partial evidence for the suggested chronological shift, and that we may therefore have to reconceive what was happening after 1688–9
The Experience of Time During William’s Invasion
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter one examines reactions to the fast-moving events of the autumn of 1688, when James II’s regime collapsed in the face of an invasion by William III. It demonstrates that some features of the reaction illustrate a ‘modern’ sense of time with an unstable present shaping a fluid future (especially the acceleration of time produced by fast-flowing events, and faster flowing news); but it also shows that interruptions in communication technology disrupted this modernity, leading to a fragmented sense of time’s passage, which encouraged the sort of simplistic scripting and produced the sort of bewilderment that may be characteristic of the postmodern condition.
The Revolution in Reformation Time
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter three considers the chronological effects of placing the 1688–9 revolution in ‘Reformation’ time: that is interpreting it as a salvation for a Protestant movement that had started in the early sixteenth century. The chapter shows that Protestant readings of time produced some chronological dynamism—seeing major turning points in history that divided the past into periods, reading spiritual truth as revealed through evolving narrative and perhaps promising an imminent apocalyptic denouement. However it also shows Protestant understanding of 1688–9 was affected by the inherently static nature of Christian time: the typological structure of scripture encouraging a view of time that was frozen, symmetrical (it could be read as easily backwards as forwards), and fractal (the content of time looked the same whatever period or length of period was examined).
Progressive Williamite Time
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter five examines ways in which supporters of the revolution began to develop more dynamic perceptions of time after their initial defence of its constitutional legitimacy. Partly this was in reaction to the Jacobite and opposition rhetorics of the 1690s: William’s supporters were forced to consider developmental chronologies as they answered a case that was based on them. There was also, however, a specifically pro-revolution account of the Stuart age, which saw it as a developmental process of degeneration from the golden age of Elizabeth I. Despite these more ‘modern’ features of Williamite time however, it retained many static qualities: it continued to defend 1688–9 as a restoration of an ancient constitution and of godly religion, while its conception of Stuart history was cyclical rather than linear.
Conclusion
Authors: Claydon Tony 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the qualifications that the book has made on the modernity of the 1688–9 revolution and of chronological perception in the late Stuart period. It also attempts to resolve the paradox that people with a largely static view of time supported and implemented a large number of profound changes during the revolution and its aftermath. It suggests that static chronology could, in some circumstances, demand radical action, and ends with the suggestion that we need a far more subtle account of changes in chronological awareness and their impact on human responses.
Taking the Lead: Bank Recovery and Resolution Rules
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As in the case of bank capital, elected officials were quick to respond to voter concerns by substantially expanding regulators’ powers over bank recovery and resolution. In response, regulators developed stringent new rules on loss-absorbing capacity (LAC) and ‘living wills’ for banks. However, the financial industry on the whole did not seek to resist the changes. Nonetheless, UK regulators sought to act as pace-setters in this area at the international and EU levels to manage the cross-border externalities generated by bank failures. They were therefore able to exert significant influence in the formulation of new international standards on resolution and LAC, and over the EU’s new Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive. This was achieved by leveraging their substantial regulatory expertise, alliance-building (with the US), and ‘first-mover advantage’.