bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupling NiCo Alloy and CeO2 to Enhance Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Sun Hongming , Tian Caiying , Li Yilin , Wu Jing , Wang Quanle , Yan Zhenhua , Li Cheng‐Peng , Cheng Fangyi , Du Miao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRobust and durable non‐precious metal electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are crucial to realize sustainable hydrogen production by electrocatalytic water splitting. In this work, a superhydrophilic NiCo nanoparticle array coupled with CeO2 is integrated on graphite plate (NiCo–CeO2/GP) by electrodeposition and subsequent high‐temperature selective reduction. The coupled CeO2 can accelerate dissociation of H2O and favor adsorption of hydrogen, prominently boosting the electrocatalytic HER activity of NiCo alloy. Also, the superhydrophilic self‐supported electrode can promote electron conduction, facilitate bubble release, and prevent catalyst shedding, ensuring an efficient and stable working condition. As a result, NiCo–CeO2/GP exhibits an outstanding HER catalytic activity with low overpotentials of 34 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 140 mV at 500 mA cm−2, as well as remarkable durability in alkaline media. Notably, this catalyst activation strategy by CeO2 is also applicable to other Ni‐based alloys such as NiFe and NiCu, demonstrating its versatility. An alkaline electrolyzer with NiCo–CeO2/GP as cathode and the NiCo(OH)x–CeO2/GP precursor electrode as anode delivers a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an ultralow potential (1.45 V@10 mA cm−2), surpassing that of the traditional Pt/C||RuO2 electrolyzer (1.54 V@10 mA cm−2).
Experiences of Participants During In Situ Simulation With a Learner Present
Authors: Balakumaran Janatani , Forestell Benjamin , Dowhos Krista , Nagji Alim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhile in situ simulation (ISS) provides robust value for health care teams, it is less clear how medical learners affect the experiences of other participants.MethodsThis was a single‐center qualitative analysis of a community hospital’s emergency department ISS program that included medical learners (medical students, family and emergency medicine residents). Focus groups were conducted before and after with nurses, staff physicians, and resident physicians. Phenomenologic analysis using a constructivist framework was used to examine themes.ResultsFifty‐two ISSs were held from February 2019 to March 2020. Of those simulations, 36 had learners present. Positive effects included creating an open learning environment and offering staff physicians a safe teaching space. Negative effects arose when objectives of ISS were highly team based or latent safety threat (LST) focused. All groups thought learners added value to ISS.ConclusionThought should be given to ISS objectives when considering how learners affect other participants. When including learners, review objectives, clarify expectations in prebriefing, and ensure that debriefing begins with LSTs and process objectives before diving into medical objectives. This study provides insight into the effect of medical learners on ISS.
Introduction to Health Systems Science: Experiential Learning Through Patient Interviews in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sawyer Nicolas T. , Danielson Aaron , Johl Karnjit , Williams Donna M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncreased complexity in health care delivery is now a problem of national proportions. Traditional medical education fails to sufficiently prepare students for the realities of practicing medicine in the 21st century. To address this critical problem, health systems science (HSS), which focuses on the broader system of care, has emerged as the “third pillar” of undergraduate medical education complementing the basic and clinical sciences. The authors identified a need to increase the amount and quality of HSS education in a way that would engage students and provide a platform to learn how patients interact with the health care system. UNITED (Understanding Needs in the Emergency Department) was thus designed and implemented to introduce preclinical medical students to HSS through patient interactions in the emergency department (ED). EDs serve as America's health care “safety net” and there is no lack of opportunity to learn how the current system of care does and does not work for patients. Qualitative analysis of students’ written reflections revealed the following themes of the UNITED experience: 1) medical students question their understanding of the health care system after listening to patients' stories, 2) focused patient interviews about the health care system provides a unique perspective of the patient experience not found elsewhere in the preclinical curriculum, and 3) discussing the realities of being a patient in the U.S. health care system is an emotional experience for students. Based on these data, the authors concluded that asking preclinical students to interview patients about their experience in the health care system leads to emotional activation and a subsequent stated desire to improve care delivery.
Soft rock increases the colloid content and crop yield in sandy soil
Authors: Guo Zhen , Zhang Haiou , Wang Huanyuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDesertification is reducing the amount of land available to produce food in semi arid and arid regions worldwide. Management techniques to reduce this problem are needed. This paper investigated if the addition of soft rocks to sandy soils would improve soil resilience and productivity. The model system selected for this study was located in Mu Us, China. Soft rocks are defined as a loose rock layer. Collected soft rock and sand from the same study area were compounded in the volume ratios of 0:1 (CK), 1:5 (C1), 1:2 (C2), and 1:1 (C3). The results revealed that the average content of soil organic carbon (SOC) with increasing soil depth and was 3.11 g kg−1 in the 20 to 30 cm soil depth. The highest average content of particulate organic carbon (POC) was observed in the 10‐20 cm soil layer (2.72 g kg−1). In the 10 to 20 cm soil depth, the polysaccharide content was the highest (125.3 and 119.08 μg g−1) in the C1 and C2 treatments. However, in all soil layers the C2 treatment had the highest (0.11 g kg−1) content of calcium carbonate. Compared with the CK treatment, the addition of soft rock increased of corn yield, the C2 treatment had the largest increase (65.46%). The corn yield showed a significantly positive correlation with polysaccharides at 10–20 cm. The overall results showed that soft rock o sand ratio of 1:2 could increase the crops yield, which was of great significance to the sustainable development of agriculture in the sand area.
Habitat determinants of golden‐headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas) occupancy of cacao agroforests: Gloomy conservation prospects for management intensification
Authors: de Almeida‐Rocha Juliana M. , Peres Carlos A. , Monsalvo Julio A. B. , Oliveira Leonardo De C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOrganismal distributions in human‐modified landscapes largely depend on the capacity of any given species to adapt to changes in habitat structure and quality. The golden‐headed lion tamarin (GHLT; Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an Endangered primate from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest whose remaining populations occupy heterogeneous landscapes consisting primarily of shade cacao (Theobroma cacao) agroforestry, locally known as cabrucas. This cash crop can coexist with high densities of native tree species and holds a significant proportion of the native fauna, but its widely extolled wildlife‐friendly status is increasingly threatened by management intensification. Although this potentially threatens to reduce the distribution of GHLTs, the main determinants of tamarin's occupancy of cabrucas remain unknown, thereby limiting our ability to design and implement appropriate conservation practices. We surveyed 16 cabruca patches in southern Bahia, Brazil, and used occupancy modeling to identify the best predictors of GHLT patch occupancy. Key explanatory variables included vegetation structure, critical resources, landscape context, human disturbance, and predation pressure. We found a negative relationship between GHLT occupancy and the prevalence of jackfruit trees (Artocarpus heterophylus), which is likely associated with the low representation of other key food species for GHLTs. Conversely, cabrucas retaining large‐diameter canopy trees have a higher probability of GHLT occupancy, likely because these trees provide preferred sleeping sites. Thus, key large tree resources (food and shelter) are currently the main drivers of GHLT occupancy within cabruca agroecosystems. Since both factors can be directly affected by crop management practices, intensification of cabrucas may induce significant habitat impacts on GHLT populations over much of their remaining range‐wide distribution.
A synthesized semi‐aromatic copolyamaide through synergy of three different kinds of monomers: Toward high transparency, excellent heat resistance and melt flowing property
Authors: Guo Jiabao , Li Haijie , Xue Bingfeng , Zhu Donghui , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhao Haitao , Qiao Xiaoguang , Cui Zhe , Fu Peng , Zhao Qingxiang , Pang Xinchang , Liu Minying 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo fabricate the low‐cost transparent polyamide with high heat resistance and good melt flowing property simultaneously is a huge challenge in many high‐end fields due to the contradiction between these two properties. In order to balance this contradiction, in this paper, by using isophthalic acid (IPA, aromatic monomer), 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (PACM, alicyclic monomer) as rigid stereoscopic monomers, 1,6‐hexanediamine (HMD, aliphatic monomer) as the flexible monomer, a series of transparent poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide/poly(m‐benzoyl4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylamine)) (PA6I/PACMI) with rigid and stereoscopic structure (corresponding to the large distance between adjacent molecular chains) were successfully synthesized. The results indicated that the newly synthesized PA6I/PACMI copolymer has an intrinsically amorphous structure and high optical transparency, which could reach as high as 90%. Furthermore, the highest glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer is over 153.9°C, at the same time, the copolymer also possesses excellent melt flowing property, which can be melt processed easily. Therefore, the newly synthesized copolymer has great advantages in many fields, and it can also shed light on the design and fabrication of high‐performance materials.
American College of Rheumatology Clinical Guidance for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children Associated With SARS–CoV‐2 and Hyperinflammation in Pediatric COVID‐19: Version 1
Authors: Henderson Lauren A. , Canna Scott W. , Friedman Kevin G. , Gorelik Mark , Lapidus Sivia K. , Bassiri Hamid , Behrens Edward M. , Ferris Anne , Kernan Kate F. , Schulert Grant S. , Seo Philip , F. Son Mary Beth , Tremoulet Adriana H. , Yeung Rae S. M. , Mudano Amy S. , Turner Amy S. , Karp David R. , Mehta Jay J. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo provide guidance on the management of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C), a condition characterized by fever, inflammation, and multiorgan dysfunction that manifests late in the course of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV‐2) infection, and to provide recommendations for children with hyperinflammation during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), the acute, infectious phase of SARS–CoV‐2 infection.MethodsA multidisciplinary task force was convened by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) to provide guidance on the management of MIS‐C associated with SARS–CoV‐2 and hyperinflammation in COVID‐19. The task force was composed of 9 pediatric rheumatologists, 2 adult rheumatologists, 2 pediatric cardiologists, 2 pediatric infectious disease specialists, and 1 pediatric critical care physician. Preliminary statements addressing clinical questions related to MIS‐C and hyperinflammation in COVID‐19 were developed based on evidence reports. Consensus was built through a modified Delphi process that involved 2 rounds of anonymous voting and 2 webinars. A 9‐point scale was used to determine the appropriateness of each statement (median scores of 1–3 for inappropriate, 4–6 for uncertain, and 7–9 for appropriate), and consensus was rated as low, moderate, or high based on dispersion of the votes along the numeric scale. Approved guidance statements were those that were classified as appropriate with moderate or high levels of consensus, as prespecified prior to voting.ResultsThe ACR task force approved a total of 128 guidance statements addressing the management of MIS‐C and hyperinflammation in pediatric COVID‐19. These statements were refined into 40 final clinical guidance statements, accompanied by a flow diagram depicting the diagnostic pathway for MIS‐C.ConclusionOur understanding of SARS–CoV‐2–related syndromes in the pediatric population continues to evolve. The guidance provided in this “living document” reflects currently available evidence, coupled with expert opinion, and will be revised as further evidence becomes available.
Nonlinear disturbance observer based adaptive super twisting sliding mode load frequency control for nonlinear interconnected power network
Authors: Dev Ark , Anand Sumant , Sarkar Mrinal Kanti 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article revisits the study of load frequency control (LFC) problem in an interconnected nonlinear power network under mismatched disturbance. Unlike previous works, a more realistic interconnected power network with nonlinear coupling between control areas and also including nonlinearities like generation rate constraint (GRC) and governor dead band (GDB) is under study. An adaptive super twisting sliding mode controller (ST‐SMC) is designed based on system states and estimated disturbance. The nonlinear disturbance observer (NDO) estimates the mismatch between the electrical and mechanical power and then the estimated value is employed in the controller design to compensate the disturbance. The proposed control scheme ensures faster frequency and tie‐line power stabilization compared with techniques existing in the literature. The robustness of the proposed design is validated under random varying step load disturbance and with two area four machine Kundur's test system. The closed loop system stability is theoretically proved using the Lyapunov function. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed design in a two‐area interconnected power network.
Design and in vitro antibiofilm activity of propolis diffusion‐controlled biopolymers
Authors: Ceylan Ozgur , Karakus Hatice , Cicek Huseyin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, a novel pH‐sensitive hydrogel beads that is based on gelatin/sodium alginate/chitosan (GEL/SA/CS) loaded with propolis ethanolic extracts (PE) were synthesized. The swelling behavior of GEL/SA/CS hydrogel beads was studied in different pH solutions and compared with unloaded CS (GEL/SA) hydrogel beads. The in vitro release studies have been revealed using four different pH (1.3, 5.0, 6.0, and 6.8), a saliva environment (pH 6.8), a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) (pH 1.3), and a simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) (pH 6.8) to simulate the physiological conditions in gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Propolis‐loaded hydrogel beads were found to be stable at pH 1.3, 5.0, 6.0, simulated saliva, SGF, and SIF mediums, whereas the beads lose their stability at pH 6.8 buffer solution. Tested microorganisms displayed greater sensitivity to PE‐loaded hydrogel beads compared with pure propolis. Contrary to antimicrobial activity results, antibiofilm activity results of PE‐loaded GEL/SA and GEL/SA/CS hydrogel beads were found at low levels. According to the obtained results, the propolis‐loaded GEL/SA/CS hydrogel beads synthesized within this study can be used in the treatment of GI tract diseases such as oral mucositis, gastric ulcer, ulcerative colitis, and GI cancer, as controlled releasing carriers of propolis.
Surgical training rotation design: effects of hospital type, rotation theme and duration
Authors: Robinson D B T , Hopkins L , James O P , Brown C , Powell A G M T , Hemington-Gorse S , Abdelrahman T , Lewis W G , Egan R J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Entrants into UK surgical specialty training undertake a 2-year programme of core surgical training, rotating through specialties for varying lengths of time, at different hospitals, to gain breadth of experience. This study aimed to assess whether these variables influenced core surgical trainee (CST) work productivity.

Methods
Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Programme portfolios of consecutive CSTs between 2016 and 2019 were examined. Primary outcome measures were workplace-based assessment (WBA) completion, operative experience and academic outputs (presentations to learned societies, publications and audits).

Results
A total of 344 rotations by 111 CSTs were included. Incremental increases in attainment were observed related to the duration of core surgical training rotation. The median number of consultant-validated WBAs completed during core surgical training were 48 (range 0–189), 54 (10–120) and 75 (6–94) during rotations consisting of 4-, 6- and 12-month posts respectively (P &lt; 0·001). Corresponding median operative caseloads (as primary surgeon) were 84 (range 3–357), 110 (44–394) and 134 (56–366) (P &lt; 0·001) and presentations to learned societies 0 (0–12), 0 (0–14) and 1 (0–5) (P = 0·012) respectively. Hospital type and specialty training theme were unrelated to workplace productivity. Multivariable analysis identified length of hospital rotation as the only factor independently associated with total WBA count (P = 0·001), completion of audit (P = 0·015) and delivery of presentation (P = 0·001) targets.

Conclusion
Longer rotations with a single educational supervisor, in one training centre, are associated with better workplace productivity. Consideration should be given to this when reconfiguring training programmes within the arena of workforce planning.
Determination of cannabinoids in plasma using salting‐out‐assisted liquid–liquid extraction followed by LC–MS/MS analysis
Authors: da Silva Cristiane Pires , Dalpiaz Luiz Paulo Pugen , Gerbase Fernando Engel , Muller Victoria Vendramini , Cezimbra da Silva Anne , Lizot Lilian Feltraco , Hahn Roberta Zilles , da Costa José Luiz , Antunes Marina Venzon , Linden Rafael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe detection of the markers of Cannabis consumption in biological specimens is an important task for drug testing laboratories in varous contexts. A simple assay combining salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction sample preparation and LC–MS/MS analysis was applied to the measurement of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐COOH), 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol concentrations in 100 μl plasma specimens. The assay had linearity of 1–100 ng ml−1 for THC‐COOH and 0.5–50 ng ml−1 for the other tested cannabinoids. Assay validation criteria were fulfilled. Extraction yields (88.7–97.3%) and internal‐standard correct matrix effects (−9.6 to +5.4%) were acceptable. The assay was applied to 238 clinical specimens from trauma patients, with 19 samples presenting quantifiable concentrations of at least one of the target compounds. The developed assay is a simple and efficient strategy for simultaneous measurement of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, THC‐COOH, 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol and cannabidiol concentrations in plasma specimens.
Micellar liquid chromatographic green enantioseparation of racemic amino alcohols and determination of elution order
Authors: Alwera Vijay , Sehlangia Suman , Alwera Shiv 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed for the green enantioseparation of racemic amino alcohols using an aqueous solution of the mixed surfactants as an alternative for organic solvents. In this study, the derivatives of the amino alcohols were synthesized using highly reactive chiral esters of (S)‐levofloxacin (Lfx) under microwave conditions, and an aqueous solution of the surfactants (Brij‐35 and SDS) was used for the enantioseparation of the synthesized diastereomeric derivatives (DDs) of amino alcohols using reversed‐phase HPLC. The activated ester of Lfx was synthesized by reacting with N‐hydroxybenzotriazole and characterized using UV, IR, 1H NMR, high‐resolution mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The DDs of racemic amino alcohols were separated on a C18 column using micellar LC. Chromatographic conditions were optimized by varying the concentration of the surfactants in aqueous solution and by varying the concentration and pH of the buffer. The green assessment score was calculated for the developed method (score: 82, an excellent green method). In addition, the density functional theory calculations were performed to develop the lowest energy‐optimized structures of DDs. The method was validated according to the International Conference of Harmonization guidelines, and the retention factor (k), selectivity factor (α), resolution factor (RS), limit of detection (0.198 ng mL−1 or 0.291 pM mL−1), and limit of quantification (0.594 ng mL−1 or 0.873 pM mL−1) were calculated.
Extracellular matrix proteins are time‐dependent and regional‐specific markers in experimental diffuse brain injury
Authors: Griffiths Daniel R. , Jenkins Taylor M. , Addington Caroline P. , Stabenfeldt Sarah E. , Lifshitz Jonathan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural support for neuronal, glial, and vascular components of the brain, and regulates intercellular signaling required for cellular morphogenesis, differentiation and homeostasis. We hypothesize that the pathophysiology of diffuse brain injury impacts the ECM in a multi‐dimensional way across brain regions and over time, which could facilitate damage and repair processes.MethodsExperimental diffuse TBI was induced in male Sprague‐Dawley rats (325–375 g) by midline fluid percussion injury (FPI); uninjured sham rats serve as controls. Tissue from the cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus was collected at 15 min, 1, 2, 6, and 18 hr postinjury as well as 1, 3, 7, and 14 days postinjury. All samples were quantified by Western blot for glycoproteins: fibronectin, laminin, reelin, and tenascin‐C. Band intensities were normalized to sham and relative to β‐actin.ResultsIn the cortex, fibronectin decreased significantly at 15 min, 1 hr, and 2 hr postinjury, while tenascin‐C decreased significantly at 7 and 14 days postinjury. In the thalamus, reelin decreased significantly at 2 hr, 3 and 14 days postinjury. In the hippocampus, tenascin‐C increased significantly at 15 min and 7 days postinjury.ConclusionAcute changes in the levels of these glycoproteins suggest involvement in circuit dismantling, whereas postacute levels may indicate a restorative or regenerative response associated with recovery from TBI.