bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the development of an innovation metric — from hypothesis to initial use
Authors: Radziszewski Peter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The challenge to improving innovation in an organisation is limited by the metrics used to measure it. Dimensions related to where an organisation is on an innovation spectrum, how fast is that organisation innovating and what is holding it back are key elements that could be used to adequately measure innovation. The objective of this work is to explore the development of an innovation metric based on a pipe flow analogy that has the potential to provide insights into these key elements describing innovation.

Methodology
This work follows three steps: establishing a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and applying the hypothesis. The proposed hypothesis suggests that an innovation metric, Ri, can be developed based on a pipe flow analogy. This hypothesis is tested qualitatively and quantitatively. The quantitative assessment is accomplished by populating the innovation metric, Ri, with data mainly from the World Bank, comparing the results with established innovation and competitiveness metrics and examining if the metric confirms the trends suggested by the qualitative assessment. Using an illustrative case drawn from the quantitative assessment, the resulting innovation metric is used to indicate possible avenues for innovation performance improvement. Statistical analysis is limited to describing the goodness of fit of different trend line relationships.

Results
A qualitative assessment indicates that the innovation metric (Ri) behaves as illustrated in the literature. The quantitative assessment confirms the qualitative assessment results. The illustrative case demonstrates how the innovation metric can be used to potentially orient innovation performance improvement. The paper closes with a discussion addressing issues and limitations of the metric.

Research limitations/implications
The validity of this innovation metric is limited by the variables defining it and the quality of the data input. Consequently, the variables used are limited to the analogous versions of fluid mechanics variables used to describe fluid flow in a pipe. The variables used require both hard and soft data which was obtained from the data sources cited as related to nations. On the other hand, the subsequent challenge is related to applying this model to ever smaller organisations especially with respect to gathering soft data related to trust and ease of communication.

Practical implications
Keeping in mind the limitations mentioned, the innovation metric, as it stands, can be used to describe an organisation’s innovation performance, the speed of innovation and resistance to innovation with the data available from the sites indicated. As a result, the model also can be used to see how an organisation’s innovation performance evolves over time as well as indicate possible avenues to improve innovation performance.

Originality/value
This is the first application of the fluid mechanics analogy to describe innovation performance. Its main value is related to contributing to the global conversation on innovation.
Four-strand hamstring graft is stiffer than a tripled semitendinosus graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a cadaveric study
Authors: Hagemans Frans J. A. , van Overvest Karlijn L. J. , Zijl Jacco A. C. , Meuffels Duncan E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanics of a four-strand hamstring graft with a tripled semitendinosus graft, with and without adjustable extra-cortical button fixation, in a cadaveric model.

Methods
Four groups of 10 cadaveric hamstrings were tested: In group A, a tripled semitendinosus graft fixated with two adjustable extra-cortical buttons; in Group B, a four-strand semitendinosus and gracilis graft fixated with an adjustable extra-cortical button and a clamp; in group C, a tripled semitendinosus graft fixated to a steel hook and a clamp; in group D, a four-strand semitendinosus and gracilis graft fixated to a steel hook and a clamp. Each group was submitted to a cyclic loading test (1000 cycles between 50 and 250 Newton at a frequency of 0.5 hertz) and a load-to-failure test. Primary outcomes were ultimate failure load and stiffness. Secondary outcomes were graft elongation and graft diameter.

Results
There was no difference in ultimate failure load among groups. Group B achieved a median stiffness of 171 N/mm (interquartile range [IQR] 139–204) which was significantly higher than Group A (median 103 N/mm (74–119), p < 0.01). Group B showed more cyclic elongation (4.1 mm (3.4–5.7)) compared to group D (2.3 mm (1.9–3.0)), and also lower stiffness was noted (171 N/mm (139–204) vs 265 N/mm (227–305)). There was no difference in graft diameter among groups.

Conclusions
The results of this study indicate that higher stiffness can be achieved using four-strand hamstring tendon grafts compared to tripled semitendinosus grafts when using femoral extra-cortical buttons, despite comparable graft diameters. Thereby, the use of adjustable extra-cortical fixation devices may result in more cyclic elongation and lower stiffness of the graft.
High precision control model of large-sized gantry-type linear motor slider
Authors: Ojiro Tetsuya , Tachibana Toshiyuki , Honda Hideki , Watanabe So , Hamamatsu Hiroshi , Tsuruta Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLarge-sized gantry-type linear motor sliders are widely used in industry (e.g. in liquid crystal panel production equipment). An appropriate control model is important for deriving control methods to improve control performance. Although various control models of large-sized gantry-type linear motor sliders have been developed in previous studies, no results are yet reported regarding control models which precisely reproduce characteristics of a large-sized gantry-type linear motor slider. In general, a method to derive a transfer function by using frequency responses can be employed to obtain an accurate control model, however, large sized gantry-type linear motor sliders have unique characteristics, namely “distortion” and “coupling”, thus the transfer function derived using only the frequency response cannot reproduce the experimental results with high accuracy. In this paper we report on a method to obtain a highly precise control model of a large sized gantry-type linear motor slider.
Understanding the Anemic Global Response to COVID-19
Authors: Busby Joshua W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak is the most serious test of the international system since the 2008 global financial crisis. Rather than cooperate to contain and respond to a common threat, the world's leading powers—the United States and China—have increasingly blamed each other through wildly speculative theories about the origins of the virus. The World Health Organization sought to coordinate a global response, but it has been hamstrung and has come under attack. Given past cooperation between major powers to mobilize and eradicate smallpox and previous US leadership to fight HIV/AIDS and the 2014 West African Ebola crisis, the limited cooperation and lack of leadership are puzzling. What explains the anemic global response to date? This article draws from structural international relations theory to suggest a partial but somewhat dissatisfying answer. International organizations are inherently weak and now face opposition by major powers. The international system simultaneously incentivizes states to cooperate and address common threats, but it also encourages countries to take care of themselves, potentially at the expense of others. Which of these motives dominates cannot be explained by structural theory, thus requiring us to look to other factors such as the attributes of states and leaders themselves.
Levels of Employment and Community Engagement among Low-Income Adults: Implications for Medicaid Work Requirements
Authors: Soni Aparna , Gian Cong , Simon Kosali , Sommers Benjamin D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Context: Twenty states are pursuing community engagement requirements (“work requirements”) in Medicaid, though legal challenges are ongoing. While most nondisabled low-income individuals work, it is less clear how many engage in the required number of hours of qualifying community engagement activities and what heterogeneity may exist by race/ethnicity, age, and gender. The authors' objective was to estimate current levels of employment and other community engagement activities among potential Medicaid beneficiaries.
Methods: The authors analyzed the US Census Bureau's national time-use survey data for the years 2015 through 2018. Their main sample consisted of nondisabled adults between 19 and 64 years with family incomes less than 138% of the federal poverty level (N = 2,551).
Findings: Nationally, low-income adults who might become subject to Medicaid work requirements already spent an average of 30 hours per week on community engagement activities. However, 22% of the low-income population—particularly women, older adults, and those with less education—would not currently satisfy a 20-hour-per-week requirement.
Conclusions: Although the majority of potential Medicaid beneficiaries already meet community engagement requirements or are exempt, 22% would not currently satisfy a 20-hour-per-week requirement and therefore could be at risk for losing coverage.
An investigation into dose optimisation for imaging root canal anatomy using cone beam CT
Authors: McGuigan Margarete B , Theodorakou Christie , Duncan Henry F , Davies Jonathan , Sengupta Anita , Horner Keith 
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To identify a dose as low as diagnostically acceptable and a threshold level of image quality for cone beam CT (CBCT) imaging root canals, using maxillary first molar (M1M) second mesiobuccal (MB2) canals of varying complexity for two CBCT scanners. Methods: Dose–area product (DAP) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were measured for two scanners at a range of exposure parameters. Subjective-image-quality assessment at the same exposures was performed for three M1Ms of varying MB2 complexity, positioned in an anthropomorphic phantom. Nine raters (three endodontists, three dental radiologists and three junior staff) assessed canal visibility, using a 5-point confidence scale rating. Results: Identification of simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity was achieved at a range of protocols, with DAP values of ≥209.3 and ≥203.2 mGy cm² and CNRs of 3 and 7.6 for Promax®3D and Accuitomo-F170® respectively. For complex canal anatomy, target subjective image quality was not achieved, even at the highest DAP values for both scanners. Junior staff classified significantly more images as undiagnostic compared with senior staff (p = 0.043). Conclusions: In this first study to address optimisation of CBCT imaging of root canal anatomy, a similar threshold dose for both scanners was identified for M1Ms with simple-moderate MB2 canal complexity. Increasing dose to enhance visualisation of more complex canal anatomy was ineffective. Selection of standard protocols (while avoiding lower kV/mA protocols) instead of high-resolution scans was a practical means of reducing patient dose. CNR is not a transferable measure of image quality.
Typing and classification of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates
Authors: Clarke Thomas , Brinkac Lauren , Manoranjan Joanna , García-Basteiro Alberto , Grewal Harleen , Kiyimba Anthony , Lopez Elisa , Macaden Ragini , Respeito Durval , Ssengooba Willy , Tameris Michele , Sutton Granger 
Published: May 2020

Background: There are a large and growing number of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) species that have been isolated, identified, and described in the literature, yet there are many clinical isolates which are not assignable to known species even when the genome has been sequenced. Additionally, a recent manuscript has proposed the reclassification of the Mycobacterium genus into five distinct genera. Methods: We describe using a community standard fast average nucleotide identity (ANI) approximation method, MASH, for classifying NTM genomes by comparison to a resource of type strain genomes and proxy genomes. We evaluate the genus reclassification proposal in light of our ANI, MLST, and pan-genome work. Results: We describe here a sequencing study of hundreds of clinical NTM isolates. To aid in characterizing these isolates we defined a multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) schema for NTMs which can differentiate strains at the species and subspecies level using eight ribosomal protein genes. We determined and deposited the allele profiles for 2,802 NTM and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains in PubMLST. Conclusions: The MLST schema and our pan-genome analysis of Mycobacteria can help inform the design of marker-gene diagnostics. The ANI comparisons likewise can assist in the classification of unknown genomes, even from previously unknown species.
Limitations to current methods to estimate cause of death: a validation study of a verbal autopsy model
Authors: Menéndez Clara , Quintó Llorenç , Castillo Paola , Carrilho Carla , Ismail Mamudo R. , Lorenzoni Cesaltina , Fernandes Fabiola , Hurtado Juan Carlos , Rakislova Natalia , Munguambe Khátia , Maixenchs Maria , Macete Eusebio , Mandomando Inacio , Martínez Miguel J , Bassat Quique , Alonso Pedro L , Ordi Jaume 
Published: May 2020

Background: Accurate information on causes of death (CoD) is essential to estimate burden of disease, track global progress, prioritize cost-effective interventions, and inform policies to reduce mortality. In low-income settings, where a significant proportion of deaths take place at home or in poorly-resourced peripheral health facilities, data on CoD often relies on verbal autopsies (VAs). Validations of VAs have been performed against clinical diagnosis, but never before against an acceptable gold standard: the complete diagnostic autopsy (CDA). Methods: We have validated a computer-coded verbal autopsy method –the InterVA- using individual and population metrics to determine CoD against the CDA, in 316 deceased patients of different age groups who died in a tertiary-level hospital in Maputo, Mozambique between 2013 and 2015. Results: We found a low agreement of the model across all age groups at the individual (kappa statistic ranging from -0.030 to 0.232, lowest in stillbirths and highest in adults) and population levels (chance-corrected cause-specific mortality fraction accuracy ranging from -1.00 to 0.62, lowest in stillbirths, highest in children). The sensitivity in identifying infectious diseases was low (0% for tuberculosis, diarrhea, and disseminated infections, 32% for HIV-related infections, 33% for malaria and 36% for pneumonia). Of maternal deaths, 26 were assigned to eclampsia but only four patients actually died of eclampsia. Conclusions: These findings do not lead to building confidence in current estimates of CoD. They also call to the need to implement autopsy methods where they may be feasible, and to improve the quality and performance of current VA techniques.
FORMATION OF A SYMBIOTIC APPARATUS OF ALFALFA DEPENDING ON THE NITROGEN NUTRITION TYPE
Authors: Kozyreva Marina , Basieva Larisa 
Published: May 2020

The experiments were carried out in 2017–2019 in the foothill zone of North Ossetia-Alania (540 m above sea level) on leached chernozem. The effect of the mineral and symbiotrophic types of nitrogen nutrition on the formation of the alfalfa symbiotic apparatus was compared to optimize the cultivation agricultural technique. The experimental design included the following options: control - natural soil fertility; In-1800 - seed treatment with the inoculum of nitrogen-fixing bacteria strains selected in high mountain conditions (1800 m above sea level); Strain 425a - seed inoculation with an industrial strain of rhizotorphin (strain 425a); N30 - starting dose of nitrogen; N30+In - combined use of high-mountain strains of bacteria and starting doses of nitrogen. Seeds were treated with the studied strains before sowing. The formation of nodules on the roots of alfalfa during inoculation of seeds with rhizobia strains occurred 1 ... 2 days earlier than in the control, which indicates their greater activity compared to the local microflora. The duration of the general symbiosis in the second year of life in the variants with inoculation with industrial and alpine strains reached 215 ... 216 days, which is 4 ... 7 days more than in the control and variant N30. The greatest number of nodules in all years was noted during seed treatment with the inoculum of alpine rhizobia strains, both in pure form (96 ... 248 units/plant.), and against the background of the use of starting doses of nitrogen (80 ... 243 units/plant.). The smallest mass of nodules in the experiment (40 ... 255 kg/ha) was recorded in the control and variant N30. The highest mass of nodules was formed by the second crop of the second year of sowing life and exceeded 300 kg/ha in all variants with pre-sowing seed inoculation with active rhizobia strains. The superiority of the In-1800 variant over control was 28.3%, and the differences with N30+In turned out to be insignificant.
.
Digital holographic interferometry investigation of liquid hydrocarbon vapor cloud above a circular well
Authors: Shukla Digvijay , Panigarhi Pradipta K. 
Published: May 2020

The current study investigates evaporation of liquid hydrocarbons from a circular well cavity of small depth. Gravimetric analysis is performed to measure the evaporation rate and digital holographic interferometry is used for the measurement of normalized mole fraction profile inside the vapor cloud above the well. Phase unwrapping has been implemented to obtain continuous phase distribution in the image plane. The Fourier–Hankel tomographic inversion algorithm is implemented to obtain the refractive index change distribution inside the object plane, i.e., vapor cloud. Four liquid hydrocarbons, i.e., pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, and heptane, are studied. The radius of circular well cavities is varied in the range of 1.5 to 12.5 mm. Results using a quasi-steady, diffusion-controlled model are compared with the experimental evaporation rate. Measured evaporation rates are higher than the diffusion-limited model calculation for all working fluids and well sizes. This difference is attributed to natural convection occurring inside the vapor cloud due to the density difference between the gas–vapor mixture and the surrounding air. Holographic analysis confirms the presence of natural convection by revealing the formation of a flat disk-shaped vapor cloud above the well surface. Experimentally obtained vapor cloud shape is different from the hemispherical vapor cloud obtained using the pure diffusion-limited evaporation model. The gradient of vapor mole fraction at the liquid–vapor interface is higher compared to that of the diffusion-limited model because of the additional transport mechanism due to natural convection. Transient analysis of the vapor cloud reveals time invariant overall shape of the vapor cloud with a reduction in average magnitude of vapor concentration inside the vapor cloud during evaporation. The existing correlation for sessile droplet cannot successfully predict the evaporation rate from a liquid well. A new correlation is proposed for evaporation rate prediction, which can predict the evaporation rate within a root mean square error of 5.6% for a broad size range of well cavity.
Near-infrared saturable and reverse saturable absorption of ion beam synthesized VO2 nanocrystals
Authors: Mundry Jan , Krenner Hubert J. , Karl Helmut , Betz Markus 
Published: May 2020

We investigate the nonlinear optical response of a thin film of ion-implanted VO2 nanocrystals with open aperture z-scans involving femtosecond near-infrared pulses. Beyond the established nonlinearity related to the insulator-metal phase transition of VO2, the metallic state features a pronounced saturable absorption for 100 fs pulses from a modelocked Yb:fiber source at λ = 1036 nm. In contrast, we find a pronounced reverse saturable absorption for 90 fs pulses in the telecom window at λ = 1550 nm. We attribute these nonlinearities to a transient red-shift of the plasmonic resonance of the nanocrystals, in line with the temperature dependence of the linear absorption and the theoretical expectation for electronic heating. Details of the transmissivity characteristics can be tailored by the lattice temperature and/or the size of the nanocrystals. The results hold promise for the use of VO2 nanocrystals as a saturable absorber, e.g., to mode-locked near-infrared lasers.
Weak and stationary solutions to a Cahn–Hilliard–Brinkman model with singular potentials and source terms
Authors: Ebenbeck Matthias , Lam Kei Fong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We study a phase field model proposed recently in the context of tumour growth. The model couples a Cahn–Hilliard–Brinkman (CHB) system with an elliptic reaction-diffusion equation for a nutrient. The fluid velocity, governed by the Brinkman law, is not solenoidal, as its divergence is a function of the nutrient and the phase field variable, i.e., solution-dependent, and frictionless boundary conditions are prescribed for the velocity to avoid imposing unrealistic constraints on the divergence relation. In this paper we give a first result on the existence of weak and stationary solutions to the CHB model for tumour growth with singular potentials, specifically the double obstacle potential and the logarithmic potential, which ensures that the phase field variable stays in the physically relevant interval. New difficulties arise from the interplay between the singular potentials and the solution-dependent source terms, but can be overcome with several key estimates for the approximations of the singular potentials, which maybe of independent interest. As a consequence, included in our analysis is an existence result for a Darcy variant, and our work serves to generalise recent results on weak and stationary solutions to the Cahn–Hilliard inpainting model with singular potentials.
On isolated singularities of Kirchhoff equations
Authors: Chen Huyuan , Fall Mouhamed Moustapha , Zhang Binling 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this note, we study isolated singular positive solutions of Kirchhoff equation

M
θ

(
u
)
(
−

Δ

)
u
=

u
p

i
n

Ω

∖
{
0
}
,

u
=
0

o
n

∂

Ω

,

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
M_\theta(u)(-{\it\Delta}) u =u^p \quad{\rm in}\quad {\it\Omega}\setminus \{0\},\qquad u=0\quad {\rm on}\quad \partial {\it\Omega},
\end{array}$$

where p > 1, θ ∈ ℝ, Mθ
(u) = θ + ∫
Ω
|∇ u| dx, Ω is a bounded smooth domain containing the origin in ℝ
N
with N ≥ 2.
In the subcritical case: 1 < p <

N

N
−
2

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\frac{N}{N-2}
\end{array}$

if N ≥ 3, 1 < p < + ∞ if N = 2, we employee the Schauder fixed point theorem to derive a sequence of positive isolated singular solutions for the above equation such that Mθ
(u) > 0. To estimate Mθ
(u), we make use of the rearrangement argument. Furthermore, we obtain a sequence of isolated singular solutions such that Mθ
(u) < 0, by analyzing relationship between the parameter λ and the unique solution uλ
of

−

Δ

u
+
λ

u
p

=
k

δ
0

i
n

B
1

(
0
)
,

u
=
0

o
n

∂

B
1

(
0
)
.

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
-{\it\Delta} u+\lambda u^p=k\delta_0\quad{\rm in}\quad B_1(0),\qquad u=0\quad {\rm on}\quad \partial B_1(0).
\end{array}$$

In the supercritical case:

N

N
−
2

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\frac{N}{N-2}
\end{array}$

≤ p <

N
+
2

N
−
2

$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\frac{N+2}{N-2}
\end{array}$

with N ≥ 3, we obtain two isolated singular solutions ui
with i = 1, 2 such that Mθ
(ui
) > 0 under other assumptions.