bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
W. E. B. Du Bois’s “Conservation of Races”
Authors: Harris Kimberly Ann 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNothing was more important for W. E. B. Du Bois than to promote the upward mobility of African Americans. This essay revisits his “Conversation of Races” to demonstrate its general philosophical importance. Ultimately, Du Bois’s three motivations for giving the address reveal his view of the nature of philosophical inquiry: to critique earlier phenotypic conceptions of race, to show the essentiality of history, and to promote a reflexive practice. Commentators have been unduly invested in the hermeneutic readings and as a result have misunderstood its philosophical dimensions. Du Bois did more than introduce the concept of race into the purview of philosophy, he provided a method for philosophical inquiry into a concept that is notoriously difficult to approach with precision. The goal here is to show why no introduction to philosophy and no discussion about the nature of philosophical inquiry is complete without consideration of “Conservation.” Certainly, it is a text about race, but it is also an important philosophical text in general.
Glandular trichomes: micro‐organs with model status?
Authors: Schuurink Robert , Tissier Alain 
Published: October 2019

SummaryGlandular trichomes are epidermal outgrowths that are the site of biosynthesis and storage of large quantities of specialized metabolites. Besides their role in the protection of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses, they have attracted interest owing to the importance of the compounds they produce for human use; for example, as pharmaceuticals, flavor and fragrance ingredients, or pesticides. Here, we review what novel concepts investigations on glandular trichomes have brought to the field of specialized metabolism, particularly with respect to chemical and enzymatic diversity. Furthermore, the next challenges in the field are understanding the metabolic network underlying the high productivity of glandular trichomes and the transport and storage of metabolites. Another emerging area is the development of glandular trichomes. Studies in some model species, essentially tomato, tobacco, and Artemisia, are now providing the first molecular clues, but many open questions remain: How is the distribution and density of different trichome types on the leaf surface controlled? When is the decision for an epidermal cell to differentiate into one type of trichome or another taken? Recent advances in gene editing make it now possible to address these questions and promise exciting discoveries in the near future.
Identification of quantitative trait loci underlying resistance of soybean to Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zhang Chanjuan , Han Yingpeng , Qu Yingfan , Teng Weili , Zhao Xue 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFusarium graminearum could cause serious yield loss of soybean. Host resistance could offer an economical and effective way to control F. graminearum. The aims of this study were to identify and confirm quantitative trait loci (QTLs) underlying resistance to F. graminearum, and to analyse the genetic effects of pyramid resistance QTL on resistance level. A total of 140 F2:14 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were constructed via the cross between 'Hefeng 25' (moderate resistance to F. graminearum) and 'Conrad' (resistance to F. graminearum). The molecular genetic linkage map was constructed based on 164 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of seven QTLs underlying F. graminearum resistance, located on six chromosomes, were identified. Among these seven identified QTLs, beneficial allele of qFG‐1, qFG‐2 and qFG‐3 derived from 'Hefeng 25' and beneficial allele of qFG‐4, qFG‐5, qFG‐6, qFG‐7 derived from 'Conrad'. Of these seven identified QTLs, qFG‐1, qFG‐3, qFG‐4 and qFG‐5 were novel for F. graminearum resistance. Four pairs of QTLs with significant epistatic effects were found. The accumulation of resistance QTL was positively correlated with decreases in disease severity index, which was valuable for improving efficiency of marker‐assistant breeding in F. graminearum resistance.
Double dose efficiency of the yellow rust resistance gene Yr17 in bread wheat lines
Authors: Coriton Olivier , Jahier Joseph , Leconte Marc , Huteau Virginie , Trotoux Gwenn , Dedryver Françoise , de‐Vallavieille‐Pope Claude 
Published: October 2019

AbstractYellow rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most severe wheat disease worldwide. Crop losses have ranged from 10% to 70% and up to 100% in extreme conditions. Eighty‐two resistance genes, designated Yr, have been identified. Among them, Yr17 derived from Aegilops ventricosa and located on chromosome 2A has been widely used in wheat breeding. However, it had been overcome already. Through recombination of the Ae. ventricosa Yr17‐carrying 6Nv chromosome with 2D of wheat, we introduced Yr17 onto chromosome 2D. Then, lines carrying Yr17 on both 2A and 2D were generated. Seedlings of the latter, as well as those carrying a single dose of Yr17 either on 2A or on 2D, were inoculated with virulent or avirulent strains on wheat seedlings. The different genotypes were fully susceptible for the two pathotypes that are virulent on Yr17. In the case of avirulent pathotypes, the Yr17 double dose lines were fully resistant, while those with the Yr17 gene only on either 2A or 2D had intermediate resistance reactions towards one or the other or both pathotypes.
Mevalonic aciduria: Does stem cell transplant fully cure disease?
Authors: Szymanski Ann Marie , Dávila Saldaña Blachy , Ferreira Carlos R. , Loechelt Brett , Jung Lawrence 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMA is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by episodes of inflammation and periodic fevers. In its most severe form, it can result in facial dysmorphism, growth inhibition, ataxia, liver dysfunction, intellectual disability, and at times can be fatal. A number of case reports exist stating that SCT is curative in these patients. We present the case of a patient diagnosed with MA at birth, who underwent SCT at the age of 14 months with intent to cure. She achieved complete engraftment and urine mevalonate became undetectable. However, 18 months following transplant, she developed frequent episodes of fevers, rashes, arthritis, and a rising urinary mevalonate. She was subsequently diagnosed with relapse. She now requires treatment with steroids and canakinumab to manage her disease. This case is the first report of disease relapse following transplant for MA. It runs contrary to prior reports that SCT is fully curative of MA and suggests that transplant may instead provide a means of decreasing disease severity without entirely eradicating the condition.
Survival and early complications of preterm infants with birthweight less than 500 grams during a 10‐year period in Hungary
Authors: Varga Péter , Berecz Botond , Magyar Zsófia , Pete Barbara , Romicsné Görbe Éva , Dombi Zsófia Anna , Sassi Lilla , Fanczal Eszter , Ács Nándor , Kornya László , Joó József Gábor , Valek Andrea , Harmath Ágnes , Gasparics Ákos 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere are limited data available on the survival and early complications of preterm infants with less than 500 g birthweight. To estimate the outcomes for these infants, it is important for caregivers to be aware of perinatal factors that may affect survival.ObjectivesWe assessed the mortality and certain early complications of preterm infants born with less than 500 g in Hungary between 2006 and 2015.MethodsWe reviewed data of 486 infants from the database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and in parallel of 407 infants from the “NICU database.” The study period was divided into two epochs: 2006‐2010 and 2011‐2015.ResultsThe survival was 27.1% in the first epoch and 39.1% in the second epoch, and the incidence of early complications was slightly higher in the second epoch. In the surviving group (first and second epoch combined), gestational age (25.1 vs 23.7 weeks), birthweight (458 vs 447 g) antenatal steroid treatment (66.3% vs 52.3%), surfactant therapy (95.1% vs 84.3%), median Apgar scores (6 vs 3 and 8 vs 5 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively) and proportion of caesarean delivery (89.3% versus 68.5%) were higher than in the non‐surviving group (first and second epoch combined). The proportion of multiple births was lower in the surviving group (15.7% vs 33.4%).ConclusionsSurvival of infants with less than 500 g improved between 2006‐2010 and 2011‐2015 in Hungary. The slightly higher occurrence of early complications might be associated with improving survival.
Expression frequency ofc‐kitisoforms and its prognostic potential in canine mammary tumours
Authors: Chen Yi‐Chen , Liao Jiunn‐Wang , Chang Shih‐Chieh , Hsu Wei‐Li 
Published: October 2019

AbstractKIT is a tyrosine kinase receptor involved in carcinogenesis. Two alternatively spliced transcripts, differed from presence of four amino acids (GNSK) at exon 9 ofc‐kit, were identified in various human tumours and canine hemangiosarcoma (HSA). The biological function and clinical implications of these isoforms have not yet been elucidated in canine tumours. The current study aimed to validate the expression profile and ultimately to evaluate the correlation ofc‐kitisoform levels with clinicopathological factors of canine mammary tumours (CMTs). In total, the expression profiles ofc‐kitisoforms in 196 samples obtained from normal mammary glands (NMGs) of healthy controls and dogs with CMTs, benign and malignant CMTs, and HSAs were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantified via real‐time PCR. Overall, the expression levels of the two isoforms were equivalent in NMGs, whereas the GNSK−/GNSK+ratio sharply increased to 7.44‐ and 8.33‐fold, indicating abundant GNSK−isoforms in benign and malignant CMTs, respectively. However, a significant decrease in GNSK−expression was detected in dogs with high‐grade malignant CMTs (mCMTs) and with metastatic CMTs compared with expression in those with a lower grade and non‐metastatic CMTs. In addition, the median survival time was shorter in mCMT canines with a lower GNSK−/GNSK+ratio than that in mCMT canines with a higher ratio (899 days vs 1534 days). In conclusion, twoc‐kitisoforms are ubiquitously expressed with great variability in HSAs and CMTs with both benign and malignant status. The GNSK−/GNSK+ratio could serve as a prognostic indicator for dogs with mCMTs.
A card agglutination test for dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA 1) blood typing in donor dogs: Determining an appropriate cutoff to detect positivity using a receiver operating characteristic curve
Authors: Proverbio Daniela , Perego Roberta , Baggiani Luciana , Spada Eva 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe appropriate cutoff to define a positive point‐of‐care card agglutination (CA) test for dog erythrocyte antigen 1 (DEA 1) blood typing depends on whether the test can be used in the donor or recipient.ObjectivesBy screening for CA test positivity, we aimed to evaluate the best cutoff value for DEA 1 blood typing in canine blood donors using a receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.MethodsEthylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood samples from 100 canine blood donors were blood‐typed in parallel for DEA 1 using both immunochromatographic (IC) and CA tests. The effect of temperature, storage time, and anticoagulant solutions for both methods was evaluated. Unweighted and weighted Cohen's Kappa (K) statistic was calculated to evaluate the agreement between the two testing methods. The overall performance of the CA test was evaluated by generating a ROC curve using the IC test as the reference method.ResultsConcordant results were obtained for 86% of the samples. Unweighted and weighted K statistics demonstrated good and moderate agreement, respectively. For the CA test, the ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.910, with the highest sensitivity cutoff values at ≥1+ agglutination. CA‐ and IC‐typed EDTA blood samples stored at room temperature for up to 1 week and refrigerated for up to 1 month were concordant as were the citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 (CPDA‐1) anticoagulated blood samples stored for up to 1 week at 4 ± 2°C.ConclusionsThe overall reliability of the CA method seemed to be lower than that of the IC method. When CA is used as a screening test for canine blood donors, the correct cut off is ≥1+ agglutination is recommended to maximize sensitivity.
Bio-Inspired Laminates of Different Material Systems
Authors: Liu J. L. , Lee H. P. , Lai K. S. , Tan V. B. C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Helicoidal laminates mimicking the laminar structure of the exoskeleton of crustaceans have been reported to resist higher out-of-plane loads than the common cross-ply and quasi-isotropic fiber-reinforced laminates. Some have reported that smaller inter-ply angle improves strength of helicoidal laminates but others have reported the opposite. A few important material parameters that dictate the failure mechanism of helicoidal laminates have recently been proposed based on proof-of-concept carbon fiber-reinforced laminates, which is not the best material system to benefit from a helicoidal configuration. This study investigates the out-of-plane loading performance of helicoidal laminates with various inter-ply angles, ply thicknesses, and materials. Result shows that the failure mechanism is dictated by the competition between spiraling matrix split and delamination followed by fiber breakage regardless of the laminate material system. Spiraling matrix split resistance decreases as pitch (ratio of inter-ply angle to ply thickness) and matrix toughness decreases. This study provides guidelines for the optimization of helicoidal laminates. Coexistence of spiraling matrix split and fiber damage is often seen on the failed laminate with the highest peak load. The optimal inter-ply angle provides the optimal spiraling matrix split resistance; so, neither spiraling matrix split nor fiber/delamination damage becomes dominant. Since resistance to spiraling matrix split decreases as pitch or matrix toughness decreases, the optimal inter-ply angle will increase for laminates with weaker matrix or thicker plies and vice versa.
A Theoretical and Experimental Study on Extreme Stress Concentration-Free Designs of Circumferentially Notched Thin Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Shi Yunfeng , Wang Bo , Wu Hao , Wang Bin , Liu Changzhi , Li Rui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo ensure both adequate axial load-bearing capacity and radial vulnerability of a circumferentially notched thin cylindrical shell is one of the major challenges in designing some crucial aerospace structures such as the pyrotechnic separation devices. The most favorable design for such a shell is to optimize the notch geometry such that zero stress at the notch root is realized, which enhances the axial strength without impacting the notch failure during separation. However, few studies have focused on such extreme stress concentration-free designs of a single-side notch on a shell because the asymmetrical structure under common eccentric loading brings much difficulty for theoretical analysis, while numerical approaches can hardly meet the requirements of highly efficient rapid optimal designs. In this paper, a theoretical and experimental study toward extreme stress concentration-free designs of single-side-notched thin cylindrical shells is presented. The general stress concentration factors (SCFs) for single-side notches with arbitrary depths are obtained based on the theory of notch stresses, which are well validated by the refined finite element modeling. An important finding reveals that, for a common notched shell in aerospace vehicles, the stress at the notch root approaches zero when a specific ratio of load eccentricity to minimum section width is attained. Comprehensive experiments for specially designed notched specimens confirm the theoretical finding. The present study provides an effective approach to analyzing single-side-notched structures and yields an explicit quantitative guideline for the optimal design of circumferentially notched thin cylindrical shells.
Visualization Technology and Tool Selection Methods for Solving Adaptive Training Complex Structural-Parametric Synthesis Problems
Authors: Krasnyanskiy Mikhail N. , Dedov Denis L. , Obukhov Artem D. , Alekseev Sergey Yu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOur previous work in the field of formalization, modeling, and design of adaptive training complexes (ATCs) revealed the low accuracy of the traditional expert approach to selecting ATC components. The study addresses the practical scientific problem of classifying and selecting visualization tools and technologies for designing ATC. Currently, this is done using highly subjective expert evaluation. Therefore, we develop a methodology for the selection of visualization tools and technologies to reduce the influence of the human factor by applying a set of main criteria for visualization component evaluation. Classification is based on the facet approach. We create an original technique that allows users to formalize the main objects of a technical system needing a training complex. It allows users to correlate these aspects to the visualization components and to group, evaluate, and rank them. Integration time, use-cost and component visualization quality, training quality, and time are important variables in the methodology. The use of lexicographic optimization methods or linear convolution of criteria is proposed to obtain an optimal solution from the final Pareto-set. The proposed component selection method has several advantages, compared with the classical approach: greater objectivity of the obtained estimates, better development, and further software implementation automation. Thus, this method addressed the problem of choosing the components of ATC visualization. The significance of the study is in the development of the original algorithmic and mathematical software for the method of selecting ATC visualization components.
Data-Driven Predictive Modeling of Tensile Behavior of Parts Fabricated by Cooperative 3D Printing
Authors: Zhang Ziyang , Poudel Laxmi , Sha Zhenghui , Zhou Wenchao , Wu Dazhong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract3D printing has been extensively used for rapid prototyping as well as low-volume production in aerospace, automotive, and medical industries. However, conventional manufacturing processes (i.e., injection molding and CNC machining) are more economical than 3D printing for high-volume mass production. In addition, current 3D printing techniques are not capable of fabricating large components due to the limited build size of commercially available 3D printers. To increase 3D printing throughput and build volume, a novel cooperative 3D printing technique has been recently introduced. Cooperative 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process where individual mobile 3D printers collaborate on printing a part simultaneously, thereby increasing printing speed and build volume. While cooperative 3D printing has the potential to fabricate larger components more efficiently, the mechanical properties of the components fabricated by cooperative 3D printing have not been systematically characterized. This paper aims to develop a data-driven predictive model that predicts the tensile strength of the components fabricated by cooperative 3D printing. Experimental results have shown that the predictive model is capable of predicting tensile strength as well as identifying the significant factors that affect the tensile strength.
A Coarse-Grained Regularization Method of Convolutional Kernel for Molten Pool Defect Identification
Authors: Liu Tianyuan , Bao Jinsong , Wang Junliang , Zhang Yiming 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Machine vision has a wide range of applications in the field of welding. The rise of convolutional neural network (CNN) provides a new way to extract visual features of welding. Due to the limitation of the small size of our molten pool dataset, the regularization of the CNN model is necessary to prevent overfitting. We propose a coarse-grained regularization method for convolution kernels (CGRCKs), which is designed to maximize the difference between convolution kernels in the same layer. The algorithm performance was tested on our self-made dataset and other public datasets. The results show that the CGRCK method can extract multi-faceted features. Compared with L1 or L2 regularization, the proposed method works great on CNNs and introduces little overhead cost to the training.
Design, Fabrication, and Testing of a Novel 3-DOF Energy Harvester With Single Piezoelectric Stack
Authors: Wu Zehao , Xu Qingsong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel single stack-based piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) for harvesting energy from three-degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) force excitation. One uniqueness lies in that the 3-DOF energy harvesting is implemented by using one piezoelectric stack. To scavenge energy from the 3-DOF input force, the proposed PEH is constructed with several force transmission mechanisms and slider mechanisms. The direction of the input force is first changed by the force transmission mechanisms, and the redundant force components are eliminated by the slider mechanisms. The transmitted force is then amplified by a two-stage force amplifier mechanism to improve the electric power output. The key parameters were found by establishing an analytical model of the proposed PEH. The best output performance of the PEH is achieved by selecting and optimally designing the key parameters. A prototype harvester was fabricated, and several experimental studies were conducted to verify the device performance. Results show the effectiveness of the developed 3-DOF PEH under the input force applied in x-axis, y-axis or z-axis. Furthermore, the issues that affect the practical application are discussed.