bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and Ecology of Silent Flight in Owls and Other Flying Vertebrates
Authors: Clark Christopher J ,  LePiane Krista , Liu Lori 
Published: January 2020

SynopsisWe raise and explore possible answers to three questions about the evolution and ecology of silent flight of owls: (1) do owls fly silently for stealth, or is it to reduce self-masking? Current evidence slightly favors the self-masking hypothesis, but this question remains unsettled. (2) Two of the derived wing features that apparently evolved to suppress flight sound are the vane fringes and dorsal velvet of owl wing feathers. Do these two features suppress aerodynamic noise (sounds generated by airflow), or do they instead reduce structural noise, such as frictional sounds of feathers rubbing during flight? The aerodynamic noise hypothesis lacks empirical support. Several lines of evidence instead support the hypothesis that the velvet and fringe reduce frictional sound, including: the anatomical location of the fringe and velvet, which is best developed in wing and tail regions prone to rubbing, rather than in areas exposed to airflow; the acoustic signature of rubbing, which is broadband and includes ultrasound, is present in the flight of other birds but not owls; and the apparent relationship between the velvet and friction barbules found on the remiges of other birds. (3) Have other animals also evolved silent flight? Wing features in nightbirds (nocturnal members of Caprimulgiformes) suggest that they may have independently evolved to fly in relative silence, as have more than one diurnal hawk (Accipitriformes). We hypothesize that bird flight is noisy because wing feathers are intrinsically predisposed to rub and make frictional noise. This hypothesis suggests a new perspective: rather than regarding owls as silent, perhaps it is bird flight that is loud. This implies that bats may be an overlooked model for silent flight. Owl flight may not be the best (and certainly, not the only) model for “bio-inspiration” of silent flight.
Oxidative and nitrosative stresses in cerebral malaria: can we target them to avoid a bad prognosis?
Authors: Pereira Domingos Magno Santos , Carvalho Júnior Alexsander Rodrigues , Lacerda Eliza Maria da Costa Brito , da Silva Luis Cláudio Nascimento , Marinho Cláudio Romero Farias , André Eunice , Fernandes Elizabeth Soares 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is currently a global effort to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality. However, malaria still results in the deaths of thousands of people every year. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium spp., parasites transmitted through the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. Treatment timing plays a decisive role in reducing mortality and sequelae associated with the severe forms of the disease such as cerebral malaria (CM). The available antimalarial therapy is considered effective but parasite resistance to these drugs has been observed in some countries. Antimalarial drugs act by increasing parasite lysis, especially through targeting oxidative stress pathways. Here we discuss the roles of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen intermediates in CM as a result of host–parasite interactions. We also present evidence of the potential contribution of oxidative and nitrosative stress-based antimalarial drugs to disease treatment and control.
Simultaneous multi-component seismic denoising and reconstruction via K-SVD
Authors: Hou Sian , Zhang Feng , Li Xiangyang , Zhao Qiang , Dai Hengchang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Data denoising and reconstruction play an increasingly significant role in seismic prospecting for their value in enhancing effective signals, dealing with surface obstacles and reducing acquisition costs. In this paper, we propose a novel method to denoise and reconstruct multicomponent seismic data simultaneously. This method lies within the framework of machine learning and the key points are defining a suitable weight function and a modified inner product operator. The purpose of these two processes are to perform missing data machine learning when the random noise deviation is unknown, and building a mathematical relationship for each component to incorporate all the information of multi-component data. Two examples, using synthetic and real multicomponent data, demonstrate that the new method is a feasible alternative for multi-component seismic data processing.
Molecular and genetic bases of heat stress responses in crop plants and breeding for increased resilience and productivity
Authors: Janni Michela , Gullì Mariolina , Maestri Elena , Marmiroli Marta , Valliyodan Babu , Nguyen Henry T , Marmiroli Nelson 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo ensure the food security of future generations and to address the challenge of the ‘no hunger zone’ proposed by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), crop production must be doubled by 2050, but environmental stresses are counteracting this goal. Heat stress in particular is affecting agricultural crops more frequently and more severely. Since the discovery of the physiological, molecular, and genetic bases of heat stress responses, cultivated plants have become the subject of intense research on how they may avoid or tolerate heat stress by either using natural genetic variation or creating new variation with DNA technologies, mutational breeding, or genome editing. This review reports current understanding of the genetic and molecular bases of heat stress in crops together with recent approaches to creating heat-tolerant varieties. Research is close to a breakthrough of global relevance, breeding plants fitter to face the biggest challenge of our time.
Floral organ development goes live
Authors: Rambaud-Lavigne Léa , Hay Angela 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chance to watch floral organs develop live is not to be missed! Here, we outline reasons why quantitative, live-cell imaging is an important approach to study floral morphogenesis, and provide a basic workflow of how to get started. We highlight key advances in morphodynamics of lateral organ development, and discuss recent work that uses live confocal imaging to address the regulation of floral organ number, its robustness, and patterning mechanisms that exploit stochasticity.
T-Cell Molecular Modulation Responses in Atherosclerosis Anergy
Authors: Pakzad Bahram , Rajae Elham , Shahrabi Saeid , Mansournezhad Somayeh , Davari Nader , Azizidoost Shirin , Saki Najmaldin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAtherosclerosis continues to be a major cause of death in patients with cardiovascular diseases. The cooperative role of immunity has been recently considered in atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, especially adaptive immune response by T cells. In this review, we examine the possible role of T cells in atherosclerosis-mediated inflammation and conceivable therapeutic strategies that can ameliorate complications of atherosclerosis. The cytokines secreted by T-lymphocyte subsets, different pathophysiological profiles of microRNAs (miRs), and the growth factor/receptor axis have diverse effects on the inflammatory cycle of atherosclerosis. Manipulation of miRNA expression and prominent growth factor receptors involved in inflammatory cytokine secretion in atherosclerosis can be considered diagnostic biomarkers in the induction of anergy and blockade of atherosclerotic development. This manuscript reviews immunomodulation of T cells responses in atherosclerosis anergy.
Weighing the stellar constituents of the galactic halo with APOGEE red giant stars
Authors: Mackereth J Ted , Bovy Jo 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The stellar mass in the halo of the Milky Way is notoriously difficult to determine, owing to the paucity of its stars in the solar neighbourhood. With tentative evidence from Gaia that the nearby stellar halo is dominated by a massive accretion event – referred to as Gaia-Enceladus or Sausage – these constraints are now increasingly urgent. We measure the mass in kinematically selected mono-abundance populations (MAPs) of the stellar halo between −3 &lt; [Fe/H] &lt; −1 and 0.0 &lt; [Mg/Fe] &lt; 0.4 using red giant star counts from APOGEE DR14. We find that MAPs are well fit by single power laws on triaxial ellipsoidal surfaces, and we show that that the power-law slope α changes such that high [Mg/Fe] populations have α ∼ 4, whereas low [Mg/Fe] MAPs are more extended with shallow slopes, α ∼ 2. We estimate the total stellar mass to be $M_{*,\mathrm{tot}} = 1.3^{+0.3}_{-0.2}\times 10^{9}\ \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$, of which we estimate ${\sim}0.9^{+0.2}_{-0.1} \times 10^{9}\ \mathrm{M_{\odot}}$ to be accreted. We estimate that the mass of accreted stars with e &gt; 0.7 is M*,accreted, e &gt; 0.7 = 3 ± 1 (stat.) ± 1 (syst.) × 108 M⊙, or ${\sim}30{-}50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the accreted halo mass. If the majority of these stars are the progeny of a massive accreted dwarf, this places an upper limit on its stellar mass, and implies a halo mass for the progenitor of ∼1010.2 ± 0.2 M⊙. This constraint not only shows that the Gaia-Enceladus/Sausage progenitor may not be as massive as originally suggested, but that the majority of the Milky Way stellar halo was accreted. These measurements are an important step towards fully reconstructing the assembly history of the Milky Way.
A radio parallax to the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070
Authors: Atri P , Miller-Jones J C A , Bahramian A , Plotkin R M , Deller A T , Jonker P G , Maccarone T J , Sivakoff G R , Soria R , Altamirano D , Belloni T , Fender R , Koerding E , Maitra D , Markoff S , Migliari S , Russell D , Russell T , Sarazin C L , Tetarenko A J , Tudose V 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the Very Long Baseline Array and the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, we have made a precise measurement of the radio parallax of the black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070, providing a model-independent distance to the source. Our parallax measurement of (0.348 ± 0.033) mas for MAXI J1820+070 translates to a distance of (2.96 ± 0.33) kpc. This distance implies that the source reached (15 ± 3) per cent of the Eddington luminosity at the peak of its outburst. Further, we use this distance to refine previous estimates of the jet inclination angle, jet velocity, and the mass of the black hole in MAXI J1820+070 to be (63 ± 3)°, (0.89 ± 0.09) c, and (9.2 ± 1.3) M⊙, respectively.
The full-length structure of Thermus scotoductus OLD defines the ATP hydrolysis properties and catalytic mechanism of Class 1 OLD family nucleases
Authors: Schiltz Carl J , Adams Myfanwy C , Chappie Joshua S 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOLD family nucleases contain an N-terminal ATPase domain and a C-terminal Toprim domain. Homologs segregate into two classes based on primary sequence length and the presence/absence of a unique UvrD/PcrA/Rep-like helicase gene immediately downstream in the genome. Although we previously defined the catalytic machinery controlling Class 2 nuclease cleavage, degenerate conservation of the C-termini between classes precludes pinpointing the analogous residues in Class 1 enzymes by sequence alignment alone. Our Class 2 structures also provide no information on ATPase domain architecture and ATP hydrolysis. Here we present the full-length structure of the Class 1 OLD nuclease from Thermus scotoductus (Ts) at 2.20 Å resolution, which reveals a dimerization domain inserted into an N-terminal ABC ATPase fold and a C-terminal Toprim domain. Structural homology with genome maintenance proteins identifies conserved residues responsible for Ts OLD ATPase activity. Ts OLD lacks the C-terminal helical domain present in Class 2 OLD homologs yet preserves the spatial organization of the nuclease active site, arguing that OLD proteins use a conserved catalytic mechanism for DNA cleavage. We also demonstrate that mutants perturbing ATP hydrolysis or DNA cleavage in vitro impair P2 OLD-mediated killing of recBC−Escherichia coli hosts, indicating that both the ATPase and nuclease activities are required for OLD function in vivo.
Bevacizumab for pediatric radiation necrosis
Authors: Baroni Lorena V , Alderete Daniel , Solano-Paez Palma , Rugilo Carlos , Freytes Candela , Laughlin Suzanne , Fonseca Adriana , Bartels Ute , Tabori Uri , Bouffet Eric , Huang Annie , Laperriere Normand , Tsang Derek S , Sumerauer David , Kyncl Martin , Ondrová Barbora , Malalasekera Vajiranee S , Hansford Jordan R , Zápotocký Michal , Ramaswamy Vijay 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Radiation necrosis is a frequent complication occurring after the treatment of pediatric brain tumors; however, treatment options remain a challenge. Bevacizumab is an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody that has been shown in small adult cohorts to confer a benefit, specifically a reduction in steroid usage, but its use in children has not been well described.

Methods
We describe our experience with bevacizumab use for symptomatic radiation necrosis at 5 institutions including patients treated after both initial irradiation and reirradiation.

Results
We identified 26 patients treated with bevacizumab for symptomatic radiation necrosis, with a wide range of underlying diagnoses. The average age at diagnosis of radiation necrosis was 10.7 years, with a median time between the last dose of radiation and the presentation of radiation necrosis of 3.8 months (range, 0.6-110 months). Overall, we observed that 13 of 26 patients (50%) had an objective clinical improvement, with only 1 patient suffering from significant hypertension. Radiological improvement, defined as reduced T2/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal and mass effect, was observed in 50% of patients; however, this did not completely overlap with clinical response. Both early and late radiation necrosis responded equally well to bevacizumab therapy. Overall, bevacizumab was very well tolerated, permitting a reduction of corticosteroid dose and/or duration in the majority of patients.

Conclusions
Bevacizumab appears to be effective and well-tolerated in children as treatment for symptomatic radiation necrosis and warrants more robust study in the context of controlled clinical trials.
Atomic origin of spin-valve magnetoresistance at the SrRuO3 grain boundary
Authors: Li Xujing , Yin Li , Lai Zhengxun , Wu Mei , Sheng Yu , Zhang Lei , Sun Yuanwei , Chen Shulin , Li Xiaomei , Zhang Jingmin , Li Yuehui , Liu Kaihui , Wang Kaiyou , Yu Dapeng , Bai Xuedong , Mi Wenbo , Gao Peng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Defects exist ubiquitously in crystal materials, and usually exhibit a very different nature from the bulk matrix. Hence, their presence can have significant impacts on the properties of devices. Although it is well accepted that the properties of defects are determined by their unique atomic environments, the precise knowledge of such relationships is far from clear for most oxides because of the complexity of defects and difficulties in characterization. Here, we fabricate a 36.8° SrRuO3 grain boundary of which the transport measurements show a spin-valve magnetoresistance. We identify its atomic arrangement, including oxygen, using scanning transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy. Based on the as-obtained atomic structure, the density functional theory calculations suggest that the spin-valve magnetoresistance occurs because of dramatically reduced magnetic moments at the boundary. The ability to manipulate magnetic properties at the nanometer scale via defect control allows new strategies to design magnetic/electronic devices with low-dimensional magnetic order.
Fulminant Acanthamoeba castellanii Encephalitis in an Ibrutinib-Treated Patient
Authors: Crothers Jessica W , Hsu Liangge , Marty Francisco M 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe report a case of fulminant Acanthamoeba castellanii encephalitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with ibrutinib. The unusually rapid neurologic decline and fatal outcome observed are probably related to alterations in immunologic function associated with inhibition of Bruton tyrosine kinase.
Mathematical processing is affected by daily but not cumulative glucocorticoid dose in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Teo Rachel , Dhanasekaran Preeti , Tay Sen Hee , Mak Anselm 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The impact of glucocorticoids on neurocognitive performance in patients with SLE is not fully addressed. We aimed to study the effect of daily and cumulative glucocorticoid dose on neurocognitive performance in SLE patients.

Methods
Consecutive SLE patients and gender- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent the computer-based Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Matric (ANAM), which evaluates eight neurocognitive domains including learning, recall, visual perception, mental rotation, short-term memory, attention, sustained attention and working memory. The total and individual-domain throughput scores (TPSs) and the presence of cognitive dysfunction (total TPS &lt;1.5 s.d. below the mean TPS of HCs) were compared between SLE patients and HCs. Within the SLE group, univariate and independent associations between prednisolone dose (daily and cumulative) and individual-domain TPS were studied by univariate and multivariable linear regression, respectively.

Results
A total of 96 SLE patients and 96 HCs were studied. SLE patients scored significantly worse across all the neurocognitive domains and had a significantly lower mean total TPS (P &lt; 0.001) and a higher prevalence of cognitive dysfunction compared with HCs (25.0 vs 7.3%, P = 0.001). In SLE patients, daily prednisolone dose was significantly and negatively correlated with mathematical-processing TPS, which probes working memory (P = 0.018). No significant correlation between cumulative prednisolone dose and any of the individual-domain TPSs was found. In multivariable regression, higher daily prednisolone dose and doses &gt;9 mg daily remained independently associated with lower mathematical-processing TPSs (P = 0.031).

Conclusion
Daily prednisolone dose ≥9 mg, but not cumulative glucocorticoid dose, had an independent negative impact on mathematical processing in SLE patients.
Attainment of treat-to-target endpoints in SLE patients with high disease activity in the atacicept phase 2b ADDRESS II study
Authors: Morand Eric F , Isenberg David A , Wallace Daniel J , Kao Amy H , Vazquez-Mateo Cristina , Chang Peter , Pudota Kishore , Aranow Cynthia , Merrill Joan T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
Low disease activity (LDA) and remission are emerging treat-to-target (T2T) endpoints in SLE. However, the rates at which these endpoints are met in patients with high disease activity (HDA) are unknown. Atacicept, which targets B lymphocyte stimulator and a proliferation-inducing ligand, improved disease outcomes in SLE patients with HDA (SLEDAI-2K ≥10) at baseline in the phase 2b ADDRESS II study. This is a post hoc analysis of T2T endpoints in these patients.

Methods
Patients received weekly atacicept (75 or 150 mg s.c.) or placebo for 24 weeks (1:1:1 randomization). Attainment of three T2T endpoints, LDA (SLEDAI-2K ≤ 2), Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) and remission (clinical SLEDAI-2K = 0, prednisone-equivalent ≤5mg/day and Physician’s Global Assessment &lt;0.5), was assessed and compared with SLE Responder Index (SRI)-4 and SRI-6 response.

Results
Of 306 randomized patients, 158 (51.6%) had baseline HDA. At week 24, 37 (23.4%) HDA patients attained LDA, 25 (15.8%) LLDAS and 17 (10.8%) remission. Each of these endpoints was more stringent than SRI-4 (n = 87; 55.1%) and SRI-6 (n = 67; 42.4%). Compared with placebo (n = 52), at week 24, patients treated with atacicept 150 mg (n = 51) were more likely to attain LDA [odds ratio (OR) 3.82 (95% CI: 1.44, 10.15), P = 0.007], LLDAS [OR 5.03 (95% CI: 1.32, 19.06), P = 0.018] or remission [OR 3.98 (95% CI: 0.78, 20.15), P = 0.095].

Conclusion
At week 24, LDA, LLDAS and remission were more stringent than SRI-4 and SRI-6 response, were attainable in the HDA population and discriminated between treatment with atacicept 150 mg and placebo. These results suggest that T2T endpoints are robust outcome measures in SLE clinical trials and support further evaluation of atacicept in SLE.

Trail registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01972568.
A comparative capitalism perspective on the privatization of governance: Business power, nonbusiness resistance and state enforcement in Germany, 2000–2010
Authors: Kaplan Rami , Lohmeyer Nora 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The privatization of governance including the institution of nonbinding corporate social responsibility (CSR) frameworks to govern the social and economic conduct of large corporations is a controversial global process, which unfolds between and within nations. Studies of transnational private governance suggest that CSR frameworks reflect bargains between business and nonbusiness actors, reached on the background of the unfeasibility of intergovernmental binding regulation. But what explains the rise of such multi-stakeholder initiatives on the national level—and particularly in European coordinated market economies—where public forms of governance are historically well-institutionalized and more feasible? Based on our power resource theory (PRT)-informed study of Germany’s adoption of a national CSR framework, we argue that such settings motivate nonbusiness actors to resist, rather than engage in, business-driven processes of the privatization of governance. The struggle is decided by the state, which in Germany used its public power to enforce multi-stakeholder consensus around privatized forms. Our findings thus extend scholarly recognition of the role played by public authority in the privatization of governance. More generally, we promote a comparative capitalism perspective for the study of the politics of private governance.
A novel NAC transcription factor, MdNAC42, regulates anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed apple by interacting with MdMYB10
Authors: Zhang Shuangyi , Chen Yixi , Zhao Lingling , Li Chenqi , Yu Jingyun , Li Tongtong , Yang Weiyao , Zhang Shengnan , Su Hongyan , Wang Lei 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Anthocyanin pigmentation is an important consumption trait of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). In this study, we focused on the identification of NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC2) proteins involved in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in apple flesh. A group of MdNACs was selected for comparison of expression patterns between the white-fleshed cultivar ‘Granny Smith’ and red-fleshed ‘Redlove’. Among them, MdNAC42 was screened, which exhibited a higher expression level in red-fleshed than in white-fleshed fruit, and has a positive correlation with anthocyanin content as fruits ripened. Moreover, overexpression of MdNAC42 in apple calli resulted in the up-regulation of flavonoid pathway genes, including MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3H, MdDFR, MdANS and MdUFGT, thereby increasing the accumulation of anthocyanins, which confirmed the roles of MdNAC42 in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Notably, MdNAC42 was demonstrated to have an obvious interaction with MdMYB10 either in vitro or in vivo by yeast two-hybrid combined with bimolecular fluorescence complementation, further suggesting that MdNAC42 is an important part of the regulatory network controlling the anthocyanin pigmentation of red-fleshed apples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report identifying the MdNAC gene as related to anthocyanin accumulation in red-fleshed apples. This study provides valuable information for improving the regulatory model of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit.