bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of I
Authors: Masvie Andreas E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Among the ancients, there was no proper conception of the I. Yet an I emerges in ancient Israel. I therefore inquire into the philosophical anthropology of ancient Israel. How did the I emerge? By interpreting the Song of Songs as political myth, from which a philosophical anthropology can be unearthed and reconstructed, I theorize that not only an I, but also a different kind of we emerged through gift-dynamics. Then I demonstrate that these gift-dynamics are compatible with the ancient Israelites’ religious-political institutions and manifest itself in their collective psyche.
Per una descrizione del kalām al-ʿarab. Fonti, problemi e metodi
Authors: Grande Francesco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an up-to-date review of studies on the attestations of Arabic defined as the kalām al ʿarab by Arabic lexicographers, which date back to the ninth century CE and, in some cases, pre-Islamic times. It also sketches out a methodology for gathering a corpus of these attestations that is designed to solve the major philological problems they raise, including the problem of authenticity. In particular, in order to test the authenticity of the attestations, the paper proposes a comparison between the kalām al-ʿarab and Ancient Arabian inscriptions.
Considerazioni teoriche e critiche sull’imitazione parodica (al-Muʿāraḍa al-hazliyya) in epoca mamelucca
Authors: Ismail Nasser 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Classical and modern studies of Arabic literature have paid only modest attention to the parodic imitations of poems (al-muʿāraḍa al-hazliyya). These were often ascribed to the rhetorical technique of taḍmīn without taking into due consideration, as was the case for “serious” reproductions, the semantic, historical and dialectical interaction between the two texts, their authors and readers. The present article will attempt to trace the theoretical and critical notions of this literary practice in the Arab tradition, particularly focusing our interest on the Mamlūk one which tended to acknowledge and confer upon it the dignity of a literary genre.
Work scheduling and work location control in precarious and ‘permanent’ employment
Authors: Devereux Helen , Wadsworth Emma 
Published: December 2020

This article explores the relationship between precarious employment and seafarers’ control over the scheduling and location of their work, and considers the implications of this relationship for their occupational health and safety. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 20 permanently and 17 precariously employed seafarers. In contrast with those on permanent contracts, seafarers employed by crewing agencies on temporary contracts were deployed at short notice and commenced work on vessels irrespective of whether they had experienced an adequate rest period at home. Such precariously employed seafarers were also deployed across the various sectors of the industry on unfamiliar vessels. Seafarers felt strongly that scheduling and location uncertainties were closely linked with increased risks to their safety and well-being, and it was clear that these areas of uncertainty were frequently experienced in combination, in particular, by those with precarious employment arrangements. The article, therefore, suggests that the widespread disorganisation of the employment relationship increases the occupational health and safety risks faced by those working in an already dangerous industry. It concludes that this lack of commitment by shipping companies to their workforce means that, for many seafarers, protection against these additional risks is effectively at the discretion of the captain on board. JEL Code: J81
Does Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Have a Long-Term Effect on Nasal and Upper Airway Dimensions?
Authors: Banari Ashwina S. , Datana Sanjeev , Agarwal Shiv Shankar , Bhandari Sujit Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Objectives: To compare nasal and upper airway dimensions in patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP) who underwent nasoalveolar molding (NAM) with those without NAM during infancy using acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry. Materials and Methods: Eccovision acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry (Sleep Group Solutions) was used for assessment of mean area and volume of nasal and upper airway in patients with complete unilateral CLP (age range 16-21 years) treated with NAM (group 1, n = 19) versus without NAM (group 2, n = 22). Results: The mean nasal cross-sectional areas and volume were higher in group 1 compared to group 2 on both cleft ( P value <.001) and noncleft side ( P value >.05). The mean area and volume of upper airway were also significantly higher in group 1 compared to group 2 ( P value <.05). Conclusions: Nasoalveolar molding being one of the first interventions in chronology of treatment of patients with CLP, its long-term outcome on nasal and upper airway patency needs to be ascertained. The results of the present study show that the patients with CLP who have undergone NAM during infancy have better improvement in nasal and upper airway patency compared with those who had not undergone NAM procedure. The basic advantages of being noninvasive, nonionizing and providing dynamic assessment of nasal and upper airway patency make acoustic pharyngometry and rhinometry a diagnostic tool of choice to be used in patients with CLP.
Is There a Safe Zone for Lateral Border Fixation of Mandibular Angle Fractures?
Authors: Press Steven G. , Miller Andrew J. , Luschen Michelle Campbell 
Published: December 2020

Study Design: Cross-sectional study design. Objective: There are multiple accepted treatment options for internal fixation of mandibular angle fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a safe zone for lateral border fixation of mandibular angle fractures. Methods: One hundred coronal images of facial computed tomography (CT) scans were reviewed on patients between the ages of 18 to 48. Measurements were taken in the area of the second and third molar region related to the inferior border to the superior extent of the inferior alveolar canal and apex of the second molar root, along with buccal cortical measurements to the inferior alveolar canal and apical third of the second molar root. Results: The average measurement of the inferior border in the second molar area to the inferior alveolar canal and apex of the root was 1.12 cm (0.70-1.77) and 1.39 cm (0.91-2.30), respectively. The average measurement of the inferior border of the third molar to the inferior alveolar canal was 1.26 cm (0.78-1.83). The average measurement of the buccal cortex of the second molar to the inferior alveolar canal and apical one-third of the root was 0.64 cm (0.34-1.25) and 0.59 cm (0.33-0.98), respectively. The average measurement of the third molar buccal cortex to the inferior alveolar canal was 0.45 cm (0.18-0.98). Conclusion: In the area of the second molar region, there is no ubiquitous safe zone for screw placement, cortical bone thickness is more critical than vertical placement of the fixation plate and screws. In the third molar region, cortical bone thickness and vertical orientation may provide a safe zone for screw placement.
Overt and occult hepatitis B among immigrants and native blood donors in Madrid, Spain
Authors: González Rocío , Barea Luisa , Arruga Ana , Richart Alberto , Soriano Vicente 
Published: December 2020

Background: The risk of transfusion-transmitted viral infections is very low in developed countries. Recent massive migration flows from highly hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or HIV endemic regions to Europe may have changed this scenario. Methods: During 2017 and 2018, a total of 491,753 blood donations (291,762 donors) were evaluated at the Madrid Regional Transfusion Center. All were tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV and anti-HIV, as well as for HBV-DNA, HCV-RNA and HIV-RNA. Results: Overall, 35 donors were positive for HIV-RNA and 26 for HCV-RNA. HBV markers were found in 111 (0.022%) donors, split out into three categories: HBsAg+ ( n = 93; 0.019%), occult B infection (OBI) ( n = 17; 0.003%), and acute HBV window period ( n = 1; 0.0002%). All 17 OBI donors were positive for anti-HBc and confirmed as viremic in repeated testing. Viral load amounts were uniformly below 100 IU/mL. Ten OBI donors were repeated donors and look-back studies could be completed for eight of them. Fortunately, none of all prior recipients experienced transfusion transmitted hepatitis B. Compared with HBsAg+ donors, OBI donors were more frequently native Spaniards (76% versus 40%) and older (median age 52 versus 42 years old). Conclusion: Active HBV infection is currently found in 0.022% of blood donations (0.038% of donors) in Madrid. This rate is 3-fold greater than for HIV and/or HCV. On the other hand, HBsAg+ donors are 3-fold more frequent than OBI donors and more often immigrants than native Spaniards. No transfusion-transmitted HBV infections were identified during the study period, including retrospective checking of former recipients of OBI donors.
Effect of Osteoporosis on Proximal Humerus Fractures
Authors: Taskesen Anil , Göçer Ali , Uzel Kadir , Yaradılmış Yüksel Uğur 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Proximal humerus fractures (PHF) constitute the majority of the most common osteoporotic fractures. Bone density measurements can affect treatment methods and outcomes. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of osteoporosis values, measured from direct radiographs, on fracture type, surgical outcomes. Methods: 248 patients over 50 years of age who presented to Mersin City Hospital between 2017 and 2020 with proximal humeral fractures were retrospectively evaluated. The age and gender of the patients and the fracture types were evaluated according to the AO classification system from the direct radiographs obtained at the time of admission were recorded. The Tingart cortical thickness and deltoid tuberosity index (DTI) measurements were used to assess osteoporosis status in all patients. Postoperative and follow-up radiographs of 45 patients, treated with fixed-angle proximal humeral locking plate, were evaluated for radiographic results and their correlations with osteoporosis measurements were examined. Results: According to the demographic characteristics of the patients, 171 patients were female and 77 patients were male (F/M: 3/1), and mean age was 69.2 ± 11.66 (50-95). Considering the bone quality parameters in all patients, the mean Tingart value was 5.8 ± 1.6 mm and the mean DTI was 1.43 ± 0.17, where there was a correlation between the Tingart value and DTI (r = 0.810 and p < 0.001). Although there was a statistically significant relationship between the osteoporosis parameters and age and gender (p < 0.001 and p = 0.023, respectively), main AO fracture types were not related to osteoporosis (p < 0.05). In the operated group (n = 48, 19%), 19 patients (42%) showed poor outcomes, which were not associated with age and osteoporosis parameters. Conclusion: This study was concluded that osteoporosis parameters differ between genders and age groups in patients with PHF, however osteoporosis is not the main factor affecting the fracture type and surgical outcomes.
Reduced growth velocity from the mid-trimester is associated with placental insufficiency in fetuses born at a normal birthweight
Authors: Kennedy Lucy M. , Tong Stephen , Robinson Alice J. , Hiscock Richard J. , Hui Lisa , Dane Kirsten M. , Middleton Anna L. , Walker Susan P. , MacDonald Teresa M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) due to placental insufficiency is a major risk factor for stillbirth. While small-for-gestational-age (SGA; weight < 10th centile) is a commonly used proxy for FGR, detection of FGR among appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA; weight ≥ 10th centile) fetuses remains an unmet need in clinical care. We aimed to determine whether reduced antenatal growth velocity from the time of routine mid-trimester ultrasound is associated with antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal indicators of placental insufficiency among term AGA infants.

Methods
Three hundred and five women had biometry measurements recorded from their routine mid-trimester (20-week) ultrasound, at 28 and 36 weeks’ gestation, and delivered an AGA infant. Mid-trimester, 28- and 36-week estimated fetal weight (EFW) and abdominal circumference (AC) centiles were calculated. The EFW and AC growth velocities between 20 and 28 weeks, and 20–36 weeks, were examined as predictors of four clinical indicators of placental insufficiency: (i) low 36-week cerebroplacental ratio (CPR; CPR < 5th centile reflects cerebral redistribution—a fetal adaptation to hypoxia), (ii) neonatal acidosis (umbilical artery pH < 7.15) after the hypoxic challenge of labour, (iii) low neonatal body fat percentage (BF%) reflecting reduced nutritional reserve and (iv) placental weight < 10th centile.

Results
Declining 20–36-week fetal growth velocity was associated with all indicators of placental insufficiency. Each one centile reduction in EFW between 20 and 36 weeks increased the odds of cerebral redistribution by 2.5% (odds ratio (OR) = 1.025, P = 0.001), the odds of neonatal acidosis by 2.7% (OR = 1.027, P = 0.002) and the odds of a < 10th centile placenta by 3.0% (OR = 1.030, P < 0.0001). Each one centile reduction in AC between 20 and 36 weeks increased the odds of neonatal acidosis by 3.1% (OR = 1.031, P = 0.0005), the odds of low neonatal BF% by 2.8% (OR = 1.028, P = 0.04) and the odds of placenta < 10th centile by 2.1% (OR = 1.021, P = 0.0004). Falls in EFW or AC of > 30 centiles between 20 and 36 weeks were associated with two–threefold increased relative risks of these indicators of placental insufficiency, while low 20–28-week growth velocities were not.

Conclusions
Reduced growth velocity between 20 and 36 weeks among AGA fetuses is associated with antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal indicators of placental insufficiency. These fetuses potentially represent an important, under-recognised cohort at increased risk of stillbirth. Encouragingly, this novel fetal assessment would require only one additional ultrasound to current routine care, and adds to the potential benefits of routine 36-week ultrasound.
Indirect cholinergic activation slows down pancreatic cancer growth and tumor-associated inflammation
Authors: Pfitzinger Paulo L. , Fangmann Laura , Wang Kun , Demir Elke , Gürlevik Engin , Fleischmann-Mundt Bettina , Brooks Jennifer , D’Haese Jan G. , Teller Steffen , Hecker Andreas , Jesinghaus Moritz , Jäger Carsten , Ren Lei , Istvanffy Rouzanna , Kühnel Florian , Friess Helmut , Ceyhan Güralp Onur , Demir Ihsan Ekin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Nerve-cancer interactions are increasingly recognized to be of paramount importance for the emergence and progression of pancreatic cancer (PCa). Here, we investigated the role of indirect cholinergic activation on PCa progression through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) via clinically available AChE-inhibitors, i.e. physostigmine and pyridostigmine.

Methods
We applied immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, MTT-viability, invasion, flow-cytometric-cell-cycle-assays, phospho-kinase arrays, multiplex ELISA and xenografted mice to assess the impact of AChE inhibition on PCa cell growth and invasiveness, and tumor-associated inflammation. Survival analyses were performed in a novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable mouse model of PCa under adjuvant treatment with gemcitabine+/−physostigmine/pyridostigmine (n = 30 mice). Human PCa specimens (n = 39) were analyzed for the impact of cancer AChE expression on tumor stage and survival.

Results
We discovered a strong expression of AChE in cancer cells of human PCa specimens. Inhibition of this cancer-cell-intrinsic AChE via pyridostigmine and physostigmine, or administration of acetylcholine (ACh), diminished PCa cell viability and invasion in vitro and in vivo via suppression of pERK signaling, and reduced tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) infiltration and serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. In the novel genetically-induced, surgically-resectable PCa mouse model, adjuvant co-therapy with AChE blockers had no impact on survival. Accordingly, survival of resected PCa patients did not differ based on tumor AChE expression levels. Patients with higher-stage PCa also exhibited loss of the ACh-synthesizing enzyme, choline-acetyltransferase (ChAT), in their nerves.

Conclusion
For future clinical trials of PCa, direct cholinergic stimulation of the muscarinic signaling, rather than indirect activation via AChE blockade, may be a more effective strategy.
Retinal organoids: a window into human retinal development
Authors: O'Hara-Wright Michelle , Gonzalez-Cordero Anai 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Retinal development and maturation are orchestrated by a series of interacting signalling networks that drive the morphogenetic transformation of the anterior developing brain. Studies in model organisms continue to elucidate these complex series of events. However, the human retina shows many differences from that of other organisms and the investigation of human eye development now benefits from stem cell-derived organoids. Retinal differentiation methods have progressed from simple 2D adherent cultures to self-organising micro-physiological systems. As models of development, these have collectively offered new insights into the previously unexplored early development of the human retina and informed our knowledge of the key cell fate decisions that govern the specification of light-sensitive photoreceptors. Although the developmental trajectories of other retinal cell types remain more elusive, the collation of omics datasets, combined with advanced culture methodology, will enable modelling of the intricate process of human retinogenesis and retinal disease in vitro.
Cyclophilin A is a mitochondrial factor that forms complexes with p23 – correlative evidence for an anti-apoptotic action
Authors: Daneri-Becerra Cristina , Valeiras Brenda , Gallo Luciana I. , Lagadari Mariana , Galigniana Mario D. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Cyclophilin A (CyPA, also known as PPIA) is an abundant and ubiquitously expressed protein belonging to the immunophilin family, which has intrinsic peptidyl-prolyl-(cis/trans)-isomerase enzymatic activity. CyPA mediates immunosuppressive action of the cyclic undecapeptide cyclosporine A and is also involved in multiple cellular processes, such as protein folding, intracellular trafficking, signal transduction and transcriptional regulation. CyPA is abundantly expressed in cancer cells, and, owing to its chaperone nature, its expression is induced upon the onset of stress. In this study, we demonstrated that a significant pool of this immunophilin is primarily an intramitochondrial factor that migrates to the nucleus when cells are stimulated with stressors. CyPA shows anti-apoptotic action per se and the capability of forming ternary complexes with cytochrome c and the small acidic co-chaperone p23, the latter interaction being independent of the usual association of p23 with the heat-shock protein of 90 kDa, Hsp90. These CyPA•p23 complexes enhance the anti-apoptotic response of the cell, suggesting that both proteins form a functional unit, the high level of expression of which plays a significant role in cell survival.
Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Systems for Biosensors
Authors: Podder Arup , Lee Ha Jung , Kim Byeang Hyean 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Modified nucleic acids have a wide range of applications in many areas of biochemistry. In particular, fluorescence-based nucleic acid systems have been studied extensively for their implementation in molecular biology as platforms for disease diagnosis. In this Account, we summarize the past two decades of our research efforts associated with fluorescent nucleic acid systems for bio-sensing. We discuss single-nucleotide polymorphism–based molecular systems and their fluorescence behaviors in duplex DNA; the effects of fluorophore labeling on the fluorescence signals of modified oligonucleotides; pH-responsive nucleic acid–modified fluorescence biosensors; the use of double-stranded DNA and three-way junction–based molecular beacons (MBs) for the detection of biologically important mRNA and miRNA; quencher-free MBs and their applications in vivo; biologically significant G-quadruplex structures and i-motif–based fluorescent biosensors; the detection of trinucleotide repeats; and, finally, some other applications of modified nucleosides with unique properties.
First Observation of Superconductivity in Molybdenum–Ruthenium–Carbon Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Okazoe Shinya , Kusada Kohei , Yoshida Yukihiro , Maesato Mitsuhiko , Yamamoto Tomokazu , Toriyama Takaaki , Matsumura Syo , Kawaguchi Shogo , Kubota Yoshiki , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We report the synthesis of molybdenum–ruthenium–carbon alloy nanoparticles with molybdenum-rich composition by an annealing treatment following a thermal decomposition. We first found its superconductivity with a transition temperature at around 5 K through the observation of zero resistivity and Meisner effect.
Recent Advances in Mechanochromic Luminescence of Organic Crystalline Compounds
Authors: Ito Suguru 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Mechanochromic luminescence (MCL) refers to a reversible color change of the solid-state emission induced by mechanical stimulus such as grinding, shearing, and compressing. A growing number of MCL materials has recently been reported owing to the wealth of their potential applications in advanced optoelectronic technologies. This review highlights recent progress on the development of organic crystalline compounds that exhibit various MCL behaviors, which include self-recovery of the original color, bathochromically and hypsochromically shifted emission from the same luminophore, two-step emission-color switching, and multi-stimuli-responsive emission. In addition, the creation of polymorphic and pseudopolymorphic crystals and the construction of two-component systems as promising strategies to control and improve MCL properties of organic crystals are discussed.