bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase endogenous immune function in a specialist herbivore
Authors: Decker Leslie E. , Jeffrey Christopher S. , Ochsenrider Kaitlin M. , Potts Abigail S. , de Roode Jacobus C. , Smilanich Angela M. , Hunter Mark D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Animals rely on a balance of endogenous and exogenous sources of immunity to mitigate parasite attack. Understanding how environmental context affects that balance is increasingly urgent under rapid environmental change. In herbivores, immunity is determined, in part, by phytochemistry which is plastic in response to environmental conditions. Monarch butterflies Danaus plexippus, consistently experience infection by a virulent parasite Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, and some medicinal milkweed (Asclepias) species, with high concentrations of toxic steroids (cardenolides), provide a potent source of exogenous immunity.

We investigated plant‐mediated influences of elevated CO2 (eCO2) on endogenous immune responses of monarch larvae to infection by O. elektroscirrha. Recently, transcriptomics have revealed that infection by O. elektroscirrha does not alter monarch immune gene regulation in larvae, corroborating that monarchs rely more on exogenous than endogenous immunity. However, monarchs feeding on medicinal milkweed grown under eCO2 lose tolerance to the parasite, associated with changes in phytochemistry. Whether changes in milkweed phytochemistry induced by eCO2 alter the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity remains unknown.

We fed monarchs two species of milkweed; A. curassavica (medicinal) and A. incarnata (non‐medicinal) grown under ambient CO2 (aCO2) or eCO2. We then measured endogenous immune responses (phenoloxidase activity, haemocyte concentration and melanization strength), along with foliar chemistry, to assess mechanisms of monarch immunity under future atmospheric conditions.

The melanization response of late‐instar larvae was reduced on medicinal milkweed in comparison to non‐medicinal milkweed. Moreover, the endogenous immune responses of early‐instar larvae to infection by O. elektroscirrha were generally lower in larvae reared on foliage from aCO2 plants and higher in larvae reared on foliage from eCO2 plants. When grown under eCO2, milkweed plants exhibited lower cardenolide concentrations, lower phytochemical diversity and lower nutritional quality (higher C:N ratios). Together, these results suggest that the loss of exogenous immunity from foliage under eCO2 results in increased endogenous immune function.

Animal populations face multiple threats induced by anthropogenic environmental change. Our results suggest that shifts in the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity to parasite attack may represent an underappreciated consequence of environmental change.
Salmon on the lam: Drivers of escaped farmed fish abundance in rivers
Authors: Mahlum Shad , Vollset Knut Wiik , Barlaup Bjørn T. , Skoglund Helge , Velle Gaute 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The production of Atlantic salmon in aquaculture has grown substantially over the last 40 years. The unintentional release of domesticated salmon poses a significant risk to the long‐term persistence of wild Atlantic salmon populations through ecological interactions and genetic introgression. Our ability to link aquaculture production to farmed escaped salmon in rivers is still limited and hinders identifying the appropriate production capacity of salmon aquaculture to reduce unwanted interactions between wild and escaped Atlantic salmon.

Here we use a 14‐year dataset of farmed escapee abundance in rivers to model how the a priori selected covariables of wild salmon abundance, aquaculture intensity, river discharge, hydropower and fjord placement of the river affects escapee abundance across 54 rivers in western Norway. Then, we evaluate the predictive strength of the model to provide context for its use to minimize escapees.

We found that the abundance of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in rivers is correlated to aquaculture intensity. Furthermore, the abundance of wild Atlantic salmon, mean yearly discharge, and the interaction between fjord placement and wild salmon abundance were important predictors of escapee abundance in rivers.

The model was 40% accurate when predicting the abundance of farmed escaped salmon in rivers. However, the accuracy improved to 75% when using risk categories derived from modelled intrusion rates that induced long‐term genetic changes to the wild population (low < 4%, medium 4%–10%, and high > 10% escaped farmed salmon).

Synthesis and applications. This study links aquaculture production, at relevant spatiotemporal scales (75 km from rivers), to the abundance of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon in rivers, and provides governmental agencies with a tool to help regulate domesticated salmon production based on the carrying capacity of the system to buffer against introgression between conspecifics. Furthermore, understanding this relationship will be beneficial when establishing new aquaculture sites in pristine ecosystems where they would overlap with wild Atlantic salmon. Finally, future mitigation efforts should continue to focus on new technologies (e.g. triploid females) that can eliminate the risk of introgression without limiting aquaculture production.
Hometown identity of financial officials, financial development and promotion of officials in China
Authors: Yin Haiyuan , Chen Baifan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBy collecting the hometown information of financial officials, and the data of provincial governors and secretaries of the provincial Communist Party of China (CPC) in China from 2001 to 2017, we have proved the causality relationship among financial officials' hometown identity, financial development and the promotion of local officials. Empirical results show that financial officials' hometown identity significantly increases the promotion probability of provincial governors and secretaries of the provincial CPC committee. We also confirmed the positive relationship between financial officials' hometown identity and financial development. This may be because financial officials prefer their hometown when allocating financial resources. It is further found that financial development plays an intermediary role between the financial officials' hometown identity and local officials' promotion.
Investigating the validity of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale in a Nepali student sample
Authors: Sochos Antigonos , Prasad Regmi Murari , Basnet Dess Mardan 
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the cross‐cultural validity of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale. Two samples of university students were recruited: 504 from a Nepali university and 260 from a UK university. In relation to culture, structural equation modelling analyses provided support for the scale's configural invariance and the configural, metric, and scalar invariance of two if its subscales. Evidence for measurement invariance was also found in relation to gender in both samples. Tentative analyses suggested that the correlation between self and other emotion appraisal was stronger among UK participants and that UK participants scored higher on the Other Emotion Appraisal subscale. No gender differences on emotional intelligence were found in the Nepali sample, while among UK students, males scored higher on Regulation of Emotion and lower on Other Emotion Appraisal than females. In the Nepali sample, science students scored lower on various aspects of emotional intelligence than humanities students.
Riociguat: Clinical research and evolving role in therapy
Authors: Klinger James R. , Chakinala Murali M. , Langleben David , Rosenkranz Stephan , Sitbon Olivier 
Published: November 2020

Riociguat is a first‐in‐class soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, approved for the treatment of adults with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), or persistent or recurrent CTEPH after pulmonary endarterectomy. Approval was based on the results of the phase III PATENT‐1 (PAH) and CHEST‐1 (CTEPH) studies, with significant improvements in the primary endpoint of 6‐minute walk distance vs placebo of +36 m and +46 m, respectively, as well as improvements in secondary endpoints such as pulmonary vascular resistance and World Health Organization functional class. Riociguat acts as a stimulator of cyclic guanosine monophosphate synthesis rather than as an inhibitor of cGMP metabolism. As with other approved therapies for PAH, riociguat has antifibrotic, antiproliferative and anti‐inflammatory effects, in addition to vasodilatory properties. This has led to further clinical studies in patients who do not achieve a satisfactory clinical response with phosphodiesterase type‐5 inhibitors. Riociguat has also been evaluated in patients with World Health Organization group 2 and 3 pulmonary hypertension, and other conditions including diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, Raynaud's phenomenon and cystic fibrosis. This review evaluates the results of the original clinical trials of riociguat for the treatment of PAH and CTEPH, and summarises the body of work that has examined the safety and efficacy of riociguat for the treatment of other types of pulmonary hypertension.
Prognostic significance of combined BAALC and MN1 gene expression level in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype
Authors: Marjanovic Irena , Karan‐Djurasevic Teodora , Kostic Tatjana , Virijevic Marijana , Vukovic Nada Suvajdzic , Pavlovic Sonja , Tosic Natasa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionAcute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype (AML‐NK) is the largest group of AML patients with very heterogeneous disease outcome. In order to ensure more precise risk stratification new molecular markers have been introduced, like expression level for BAALC (Brain and Acute Leukemia, Cytoplasmic) and MN1 (Meningioma 1) genes.MethodsIn this study, we investigated expression level of both genes in 111 adult AML‐NK at diagnosis and examined their prognostic potential.ResultsBAALC and MN1 expression were detected in about one third of the patients, and positive correlation between these two genes was found. The BAALC+/or MN1+ status was not associated with the presence of FLT3‐ITD mutations, but exhibited strong correlation with NPM1wt status (P < .001). Therefore, among BAALC+/or MN1+ patients the most frequent ones were FLT3‐ITD‐/NPM1‐ double negative patients with intermediate prognosis. When BAALC+/or MN1+ patients were divided into BAALChigh/BAALClow (21/21) and MN1high/MN1low (21/22) groups, we detected that BAALChigh/or MN1high patients had a tendency toward lower complete remission rate. Also, survival analysis showed that BAALChigh/or MN1high patients had shorter disease‐free survival and overall survival (OS). The most pronounced influence on prognosis was detected in FLT3‐ITD‐/NPM1‐ group of patients that are lacking reliable prognostic markers, where OS in BAALChigh/or MN1high was only 5 months vs 25 months in BAALClow/or MN1low.ConclusionThese findings indicate that BAALC and MN1 expression level could be used for more precise risk stratification of AML‐NK patients and especially FLT3‐ITD‐/NPM1‐ patients, transforming this intermediate‐risk group, into a group with an adverse prognosis.
Ambulatory blood pressure and risk of new‐onset atrial fibrillation in treated hypertensive patients
Authors: Coccina Francesca , Pierdomenico Anna M. , Ianni Umberto , De Rosa Matteo , De Luca Andrea , Pirro Davide , Pizzicannella Jacopo , Trubiani Oriana , Cipollone Francesco , Renda Giulia , Pierdomenico Sante D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinic and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) on the occurrence of new‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in treated hypertensive patients. We studied 2135 sequential treated hypertensive patients aged >40 years. During the follow‐up (mean 9.7 years, range 0.4–20 years), 116 events (new‐onset AF) occurred. In univariate analysis, clinic, daytime, nighttime, and 24‐h systolic BP were all significantly associated with increased risk of new‐onset AF, that is, hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per 10 mm Hg increment 1.22 (1.11–1.35), 1.36 (1.21–1.53), 1.42 (1.29–1.57), and 1.42 (1.26–1.60), respectively. After adjustment for various covariates in multivariate analysis, clinic systolic BP was no longer associated with increased risk of new‐onset AF, whereas daytime, nighttime, and 24‐h systolic BP remained significantly associated with outcome, that is, hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per 10 mm Hg increment 1.09 (0.97–1.23), 1.23 (1.10–1.39), 1.16 (1.03–1.31), and 1.22 (1.06–1.40), respectively. Daytime, nighttime, and 24‐h systolic BP are superior to clinic systolic BP in predicting new‐onset AF in treated hypertensive patients. Future studies are needed to evaluate whether a better control of ambulatory BP might be helpful in reducing the occurrence of new‐onset AF.
Genome‐wide association study identifies 7q11.22 and 7q36.3 associated with noise‐induced hearing loss among Chinese population
Authors: Niu Yuguang , Xie Chengyong , Du Zhenhua , Zeng Jifeng , Chen Hongxia , Jin Liang , Zhang Qing , Yu Huiying , Wang Yahui , Ping Jie , Yang Chenning , Liu Xinyi , Li Yuanfeng , Zhou Gangqiao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNoise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) seriously affects the life quality of humans and causes huge economic losses to society. To identify novel genetic loci involved in NIHL, we conducted a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) for this symptom in Chinese populations. GWAS scan was performed in 89 NIHL subjects (cases) and 209 subjects with normal hearing who have been exposed to a similar noise environment (controls), followed by a replication study consisting of 53 cases and 360 controls. We identified that four candidate pathways were nominally significantly associated with NIHL, including the Erbb, Wnt, hedgehog and intraflagellar transport pathways. In addition, two novel index single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, rs35075890 in the intron of AUTS2 gene at 7q11.22 (combined P = 1.3 × 10−6) and rs10081191 in the intron of PTPRN2 gene at 7q36.3 (combined P = 2.1 × 10−6), were significantly associated with NIHL. Furthermore, the expression quantitative trait loci analyses revealed that in brain tissues, the genotypes of rs35075890 are significantly associated with the expression levels of AUTS2, and the genotypes of rs10081191 are significantly associated with the expressions of PTPRN2 and WDR60. In conclusion, our findings highlight two novel loci at 7q11.22 and 7q36.3 conferring susceptibility to NIHL.
Acacetin exerts antioxidant potential against atherosclerosis through Nrf2 pathway in apoE−/− Mice
Authors: Wu Yao , Song Fei , Li Yunda , Li Jingzhou , Cui Yukai , Hong Yixiang , Han Weimin , Wu Weiyin , Lakhani Ishan , Li Gang , Wang Yan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOxidative stress has a considerable influence on endothelial cell dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Acacetin, an anti‐inflammatory and antiarrhythmic, is frequently used in the treatment of myocarditis, albeit its role in managing atherosclerosis is currently unclear. Thus, we evaluated the regulatory effects of acacetin in maintaining endothelial cell function and further investigated whether the flavonoid could attenuate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E deficiency (apoE−/−) mice. Different concentrations of acacetin were tested on EA.hy926 cells, either induced or non‐induced by human oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL), to clarify its influence on cell viability, cellular reactive oxidative stress (ROS) level, apoptotic ratios and other regulatory effects. In vivo, apoE−/− mice were fed either a Western diet or a chow diet. Acacetin pro‐drug (15 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously two times a day for 12 weeks. The effects of acacetin on the atherosclerotic process, plasma inflammatory factors and lipid metabolism were also investigated. Acacetin significantly increased EA.hy926 cell viability by reducing the ratios of apoptotic and necrotic cells at 3 μmol/L. Moreover, 3 μmol/L acacetin clearly decreased ROS levels and enhanced reductase protein expression through MsrA and Nrf2 pathway through phosphorylation of Nrf2 and degradation of Keap1. In vivo, acacetin treatment remarkably attenuated atherosclerosis by increasing reductase levels in circulation and aortic roots, decreasing plasma inflammatory factor levels as well as accelerating lipid metabolism in Western diet‐fed apoE−/− mice. Our findings demonstrate the anti‐oxidative and anti‐atherosclerotic effects of acacetin, in turn suggesting its potential therapeutic value in atherosclerotic‐related cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
Depression from preschool to adolescence – five faces of stability
Authors: Morken Ida Sund , Viddal Kristine Rensvik , Ranum Bror , Wichstrøm Lars 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe term ‘stability’ has different meanings, and its implications for the etiology, prevention, and treatment of depression vary accordingly. Here, we identify five types of stability in childhood depression, many undetermined due to a lack of research or inconsistent findings.MethodsChildren and parents (n = 1,042) drawn from two birth cohorts in Trondheim, Norway, were followed biennially from ages 4–14 years. Symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and dysthymia were assessed with the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (only parents) and the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (age 8 onwards).Results(a) Stability of form: Most symptoms increased in frequency. The symptoms’ importance (according to factor loadings) was stable across childhood but increased from ages 12–14, indicating that MDD became more coherent. (b) Stability at the group level: The number of symptoms of dysthymia increased slightly until age 12, and the number of symptoms of MDD and dysthymia increased sharply between ages 12–14. (c) Stability relative to the group (i.e., ‘rank‐order’) was modest to moderate and increased from ages 12–14. (d) Stability relative to oneself (i.e., intraclass correlations) was stronger than stability relative to the group and increased from age 12–14. (e) Stability of within‐person changes: At all ages, decreases or increases in the number of symptoms forecasted similar changes two years later, but more strongly so between ages 12–14.ConclusionsAcross childhood, while most symptoms of MDD and dysthymia become more frequent, they are equally important. The transition to adolescence is a particularly vulnerable period: The depression construct becomes more coherent, stability increases, the level of depression increases, and such an increase predicts further escalation. Even so, intervention at any time during childhood may have lasting effects on reducing child and adolescent depression.
Heterogeneous distribution of Fusobacterium nucleatum in the progression of colorectal cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Shumpei , Kinugasa Hideaki , Hirai Mami , Terasawa Hiroyuki , Yasutomi Eriko , Oka Shohei , Ohmori Masayasu , Yamasaki Yasushi , Inokuchi Toshihiro , Harada Keita , Hiraoka Sakiko , Nouso Kazuhiro , Tanaka Takehiro , Teraishi Fuminori , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Okada Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimFusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) is involved in colorectal cancer (CRC) growth and is a biomarker for patient prognosis and management. However, the ecology of Fn in CRC and the distribution of intratumoral Fn are unknown.MethodsWe evaluated Fn and the status of KRAS and BRAF in 200 colorectal neoplasms (118 adenomas and 82 cancers) and 149 matched adjacent normal mucosas. The differentiation status between “surface” and “deep” areas of cancer tissue and matched normal mucosa were analyzed in 46 surgical samples; the Ki‐67 index was also evaluated in these samples.ResultsFusobacterium nucleatum presence in the tumor increased according to pathological stage (5.9% [adenoma] to 81.8% [stage III/IV]), while Fn presence in normal mucosa also increased (7.6% [adenoma] to 40.9% [stage III/IV]). The detection rates of Fn on the tumor surface and in deep areas were 45.7% and 32.6%, while that of normal mucosa were 26.1% and 23.9%, respectively. Stage III/IV tumors showed high Fn surface area expression (66.7%). Fn intratumoral heterogeneity (34.8%) was higher than that of KRAS (4.3%; P < 0.001) and BRAF (2.2%; P < 0.001). The Ki‐67 index in Fn‐positive cases was higher than that in negative cases (93.9% vs 89.0%; P = 0.01).ConclusionsFusobacterium nucleatum was strongly present in CRC superficial areas at stage III/IV. The presence of Fn in the deep areas of adjacent normal mucosa also increased. The intratumoral heterogeneity of Fn is important in the use of Fn as a biomarker, as Fn is associated with CRC proliferative capacity.
Family Structure and Inequalities in Parents' Financial Investments in Children
Authors: Hastings Orestes P. , Schneider Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines family structure differences in parents' financial investments in children.BackgroundFamily structure in the United States is undergoing important change and continued stratification with increases in single parenting and cohabiting unions. These transformations in family demography have important implications for social mobility as theory and empirical research suggest family structure plays an important role in shaping children's life chances, in part through the differential financial investments that parents make for their children's development.MethodDrawing from the 2003–2018 Consumer Expenditure Surveys, this study examined differences by family structure in parental financial investments in children's childcare, schooling, and enrichment activities using data on 44,930 households in 123,862 household‐quarters. The study compared differences between married, cohabiting, and single parents, and it tested the extent to which disparities in economic resources account for associations between family structure and financial investments in children.ResultsSingle and cohabiting parents made smaller financial investments in children than married parents. Income explained the entire difference for single parents but about 60% of the gap for cohabiting parents. These gaps in expenditures by family structure were smallest among Hispanic households and largest among highly educated households.ConclusionThis study shows that family structure is a source of familial inequalities in parental investments in children. Explanations for the lower levels of investment (compared with married parents) are different between single and cohabiting parents, which has implications for how to reduce these inequalities.