bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing health disparities in the Food and Drug Administration’s artificial intelligence and machine learning regulatory framework
Authors: Ferryman Kadija 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The exponential growth of health data from devices, health applications, and electronic health records coupled with the development of data analysis tools such as machine learning offer opportunities to leverage these data to mitigate health disparities. However, these tools have also been shown to exacerbate inequities faced by marginalized groups. Focusing on health disparities should be part of good machine learning practice and regulatory oversight of software as medical devices. Using the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)'s proposed framework for regulating machine learning tools in medicine, I show that addressing health disparities during the premarket and postmarket stages of review can help anticipate and mitigate group harms.
Disappearing expertise in clinical automation: Barcode medication administration and nurse autonomy
Authors: Hong Jennifer Y , Ivory Catherine H , VanHouten Courtney B , Simpson Christopher L , Novak Laurie Lovett 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveUsing the case of barcode medication administration (BCMA), our objective is to describe the challenges nurses face when informatics tools are not designed to accommodate the full complexity of their work.Materials and MethodsAutonomy is associated with nurse satisfaction and quality of care. BCMA organizes patient information and verifies medication administration. However, it presents challenges to nurse autonomy. Qualitative fieldwork, including observations of everyday work and interviews, was conducted during the implementation of BCMA in a large academic medical center. Fieldnotes and interview transcripts were coded and analyzed to describe nurses’ perspectives on medication safety.ResultsNurses adopt orienting frames to structure work routines and require autonomy to ensure safe task completion. Nurses exerted agency by trusting their own judgment over system information when the system did not consider workload complexity. Our results indicate that the system’s rigidity clashed with adaptive needs embodied by nurses’ orienting frames.DiscussionDespite the fact that the concept of nurse as knowledge worker is foundational to informatics, nurses may be perceived as doers, rather than knowledge workers. In practice, nurses not only make decisions, but also engage in highly complex task-related work that is not well supported by process-oriented information technology tools.ConclusionsInformation technology developers and healthcare organization managers should engage and better understand nursing work in order to develop technological and social systems to support it.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Chronic Ulcers of Scalp Transforming Into Marjolin’s Ulcer: A Single Center Experience
Authors: Chen Baoguo , Yue Xiaotong , Zha Weiguang , Xu Minghuo , Gao Quanwen , Wang Fang , Wang Jue , Wu Jiang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Marjolin’s ulcer (MU) is a rare malignant lesion, which is characterized by primary, chronic wound initially and formation of cancer after a certain incubation period eventually. Though few reports or a small case series about MU on the scalp have been published, special risk factors are still unknown about the formation of malignancy on the scalp with chronic ulcer. The aim of the article is to explore the risk factors. Seventy-four patients with the chronic ulcer were included in the study. In between, the chronic ulcer transformed into the MU on the scalp (tumor group) in 42 cases, while the chronic ulcer did not transform into the MU on the scalp (tumor-free group) in 32 cases as controlled group. We made a comparative study between the above two groups so as to find which risk factors were critical for cancer development. In tumor group, lymph node dissection was implemented if the lymph node metastasis was found. Artificial dura was used in eight cases when the dura was removed. Seven cases died. Two patients are currently undergoing follow-up. Other cases were without tumor detection from 1 to 7 years. When the comparative study between the above two groups, there is statistical significance about the influential factor: scar adherence to the skull (F = 5.602 P = .018). Scar adherence to the skull may be the most critical risk factor for cancer development for the scalp with chronic ulcer.
Employment Outcomes Among Cancer Survivors in the United States: Implications for Cancer Care Delivery
Authors: de Moor Janet S , Kent Erin E , McNeel Timothy S , Virgo Katherine S , Swanberg Jennifer , Tracy J Kathleen , Banegas Matthew P , Han Xuesong , Qin Jin , Yabroff K Robin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The national prevalence of employment changes after a cancer diagnosis has not been fully documented. Cancer survivors who worked for pay at or since diagnosis (n = 1490) were identified from the 2011, 2016, and 2017 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and Experiences with Cancer supplement. Analyses characterized employment changes due to cancer and identified correlates of those employment changes. Employment changes were made by 41.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 38.0% to 44.6%) of cancer survivors, representing more than 3.5 million adults in the United States. Of these, 75.4% (95% CI = 71.3% to 79.2%) took extended paid time off and 46.1% (95% CI = 41.6% to 50.7%) made other changes, including switching to part-time or to a less demanding job. Cancer survivors who were younger, female, non-White, or multiple races and ethnicities, and younger than age 20 years since last cancer treatment were more likely to make employment changes. Findings highlight the need for patient-provider communication about the effects of cancer and its treatment on employment.
The Carryover Effects of Preceding Interviewer–Respondent Interaction on Responses in Audio Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (ACASI)
Authors: Sun Hanyu , Conrad Frederick G , Kreuter Frauke 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) has been widely used to collect sensitive information from respondents in face-to-face interviews. Interviewers ask questions that are not sensitive or only moderately sensitive and then allow respondents to self-administer more sensitive questions, listening to audio recordings of the questions and typically entering their responses directly into the same device that the interviewer has used. According to the conventional thinking, ACASI is taken as independent of the face-to-face interaction that almost always precedes it. Presumably as a result of this presumed independence, the respondents’ prior interaction with the interviewer is rarely considered when assessing the quality of ACASI responses. There is no body of existing research that has experimentally investigated how the preceding interviewer–respondent interaction may create sufficient social presence to affect responses in the subsequent ACASI module. The study reported here, a laboratory experiment with eight professional interviewers and 125 respondents, explores the carryover effects of preceding interactions between interviewer and respondent on responses in the subsequent ACASI. We evaluated the impact of the similarity of the live and recorded interviewer’s voice for each respondent as well as respondents’ rapport with interviewers in the preceding interview. We did not find significant main effects of vocal similarity on disclosure in ACASI. However, we found significant interaction effects between vocal similarity and respondents’ rapport ratings in the preceding interview on disclosure in ACASI. When the ACASI voice was similar to the interviewer’s voice in the preceding interaction, respondent-rated rapport led to more disclosure but, when the ACASI voice is clearly different from the interviewer’s voice, respondent-rated rapport in the prior interaction did not affect disclosure.
Intense Light Pretreatment Improves Hemodynamics, Barrier Function and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock Lung
Authors: Oyama Yoshimasa , Shuff Sydney , Maddry Joseph K , Schauer Steven G , Bebarta Vikhyat S , Eckle Tobias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionHemorrhagic shock is a primary injury amongst combat casualties. Hemorrhagic shock can lead to acute lung injury, which has a high mortality rate. Based on studies showing the role of intense light for organ-protection, we sought to evaluate if intense light pretreatment would be protective in a murine model of hemorrhagic shock lung.Materials and MethodsAfter exposure to standard room light or to intense light (10 000 LUX), mice were hemorrhaged for 90 minutes to maintain a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 30–35 mmHg. Mice were then resuscitated with their blood and a NaCl infusion at a rate of 0.2 ml/h over a 3-hour period. During resuscitation, blood pressure was recorded. At the end of resuscitation, bronchoalveolar lavage was analyzed for alveolar epithelial barrier function and inflammation. To get insight into the relevance of intense light for humans, we performed a proteomics screen for lung injury biomarkers in plasma from healthy volunteers following intense light therapy.ResultsWe found that intense light pretreated mice had improved hemodynamics and significantly lower albumin, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in their bronchoalveolar lavage than controls. We further discovered that intense light therapy in humans significantly downregulated proinflammatory plasma proteins that are known to cause acute lung injury.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that mice exposed to intense light before hemorrhagic shock lung have less lung inflammation and improved alveolar epithelial barrier function. We further show that intense light therapy downregulates lung injury promoting proteins in human plasma. Together, these data suggest intense light as a possible strategy to ameliorate the consequences of a hemorrhagic shock on lung injury.
A new pleosporalean fungus isolated from superficial to deep human clinical specimens
Authors: Valenzuela-Lopez Nicomedes , Martin-Gomez M Teresa , Los-Arcos Ibai , Stchigel Alberto M , Guarro Josep , Cano-Lira José F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Human infections by pleosporalean fungi (class Dothideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota) are rarely reported. Because their identification is challenging using morphological characterization, several phylogenetic markers must be sequenced for an accurate identification and taxonomical placement of the isolates. Three isolates of clinical origin were phenotypically characterized, but due to the absence of relevant morphological traits, D1-D2 domains of the 28S nrRNA gene (LSU), the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the nrRNA, and fragments of the RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (rpb2) and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) genes were sequenced to allow a phylogenetic analysis that would solve their phylogenetic placement. That analysis revealed that these isolates did not match any previously known pleosporalean genera, and they are proposed here as the new fungal genus, Gambiomyces. Unfortunately, the isolates remained sterile, which, consequently, made the morphological description of the reproductive structures impossible. Future studies should try to understand the behaviour of this fungus in nature as well as its characteristics as an opportunistic fungal pathogen. Molecular identification is becoming an essential tool for proper identification of Dothideomycetes of clinical origin.

Lay Abstract
We describe a new pleosporalen pathogenic fungus, Gambiomyces profunda, found in superficial to deep samples from a human patient. Because all strains remained sterile, the fungus was finally identified following a phylogenetic analysis by using four different molecular markers.
WD1032 + 011, an inflated brown dwarf in an old eclipsing binary with a white dwarf
Authors: Casewell S L , Belardi C , Parsons S G , Littlefair S P , Braker I P , Hermes J J , Debes J , Vanderbosch Z , Burleigh M R , Gänsicke B T , Dhillon V S , Marsh T R , Winget D E , Winget K I 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the discovery of only the third brown dwarf known to eclipse a non-accreting white dwarf. Gaia parallax information and multicolour photometry confirm that the white dwarf is cool (9950 ± 150 K) and has a low mass (0.45 ± 0.05 M⊙), and spectra and light curves suggest the brown dwarf has a mass of 0.067 ± 0.006 M⊙ (70MJup) and a spectral type of L5 ± 1. The kinematics of the system show that the binary is likely to be a member of the thick disc and therefore at least 5-Gyr old. The high-cadence light curves show that the brown dwarf is inflated, making it the first brown dwarf in an eclipsing white dwarf-brown dwarf binary to be so.
Confirmation of water emission in the dayside spectrum of the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b
Authors: Mikal-Evans Thomas , Sing David K , Kataria Tiffany , Wakeford Hannah R , Mayne Nathan J , Lewis Nikole K , Barstow Joanna K , Spake Jessica J 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present four new secondary eclipse observations for the ultrahot Jupiter WASP-121b acquired using the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3. The eclipse depth is measured to a median precision of 60 ppm across 28 spectroscopic channels spanning the 1.12–$1.64\, \mu {\rm m}$ wavelength range. This is a considerable improvement to the 90 ppm precision we achieved previously for a single eclipse observation using the same observing set-up. Combining these data with those reported at other wavelengths, a blackbody spectrum for WASP-121b is ruled out at &gt;6σ confidence and we confirm the interpretation of previous retrieval analyses that found the data are best explained by a dayside thermal inversion. The updated spectrum clearly resolves the water emission band at 1.3–$1.6\, \mu {\rm m}$, with higher signal-to-noise than before. It also fails to reproduce a bump in the spectrum at $1.25\, \mu {\rm m}$ derived from the first eclipse observation, which had tentatively been attributed to VO emission. We conclude that the latter was either a statistical fluctuation or a systematic artefact specific to the first eclipse data set.
The final fate of supermassive M ∼ 5 × 104 M⊙ Pop III stars: explosion or collapse?
Authors: Nagele Chris , Umeda Hideyuki , Takahashi Koh , Yoshida Takashi , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the possibility of a supernova in supermassive (5 × 104 M⊙) population III stars induced by a general relativistic instability occurring in the helium burning phase. This explosion could occur via rapid helium burning during an early contraction of the isentropic core. Such an explosion would be visible to future telescopes and could disrupt the proposed direct collapse formation channel for early Universe supermassive black holes. We simulate first the stellar evolution from hydrogen burning using a 1D stellar evolution code with a post-Newtonian approximation; at the point of dynamical collapse, we switch to a 1D (general relativistic) hydrodynamic code with the Misner-Sharpe metric. In opposition to a previous study, we do not find an explosion in the non-rotating case, although our model is close to exploding for a similar mass to the explosion in the previous study. When we include slow rotation, we find one exploding model, and we conclude that there likely exist additional exploding models, though they may be rare.
The tensile strength of dust aggregates consisting of small elastic grains: constraints on the size of condensates in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Wada Koji , Yoshida Fumi , Hong Peng K , Senshu Hiroki , Arai Tomoko , Hirai Takayuki , Kobayashi Masanori , Ishibashi Ko , Yamada Manabu 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
A consensus view on the formation of planetesimals is now exposed to a threat, since recent numerical studies on the mechanical properties of dust aggregates tend to dispute the conceptual picture that submicrometer-sized grains conglomerate into planetesimals in protoplanetary discs. With the advent of precise laboratory experiments and extensive computer simulations on the interaction between elastic spheres comprising dust aggregates, we revisit a model for the tensile strength of dust aggregates consisting of small elastic grains. In the framework of contact mechanics and fracture mechanics, we examine outcomes of computer simulations and laboratory experiments on the tensile strength of dust aggregates. We provide a novel analytical formula that explicitly incorporates the volume effect on the tensile strength, namely, the dependence of tensile strength on the volume of dust aggregates. We find that our model for the tensile strength of dust aggregates well reproduces results of computer simulations and laboratory experiments, if appropriate values are adopted for the elastic parameters used in the model. Moreover, the model with dust aggregates of submicrometer-sized grains is in good harmony with the tensile strength of cometary dust and meteoroids derived from astronomical observations. Therefore, we reaffirm the commonly believed idea that the formation of planetesimals begins with conglomeration of submicrometer-sized grains condensed in protoplanetary discs.
Inferring the population properties of binary black holes from unresolved gravitational waves
Authors: Smith Rory J E , Talbot Colm , Hernandez Vivanco Francisco , Thrane Eric 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The vast majority of compact binary mergers in the Universe produce gravitational waves that are too weak to yield unambiguous detections; they are unresolved. We present a method to infer the population properties of compact binaries – such as their merger rates, mass spectrum, and spin distribution – using both resolved and unresolved gravitational waves. By eliminating entirely the distinction between resolved and unresolved signals, we eliminate bias from selection effects. To demonstrate this method, we carry out a Monte Carlo study using an astrophysically motivated population of binary black holes. We show that some population properties of compact binaries are well constrained by unresolved signals after about one week of observation with Advanced LIGO at design sensitivity.
Italian Political Parties and Their Organisation beyond National Borders
Authors: Piccio Daniela R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
According to the most recent statistics, 8.8% of the Italian population is registered as living abroad. This figure has increased considerably following the 2007 global economic crisis, with the number of Italians abroad rising from 3.1 million in 2006 to over 5 million in 2018 (+70% in only 12 years). Additionally, legislation on voting from abroad was amended to allow for postal voting and established 18 reserved seats for Italians abroad. These conditions seem to offer strong incentives for political parties to engage with potential supporters abroad in a structured and stable way. Yet, the analysis revealed significant variation among parties. By undertaking a close analysis of the organisational rules for the Italian party abroad as contained in party Statutes, the article suggests that variation among parties can be explained by their individual history of diaspora representation and by the organisational model established at the national level.
Spermine Regulates Water Balance Associated with Ca2+-Dependent Aquaporin (TrTIP2-1, TrTIP2-2 and TrPIP2-7) Expression in Plants under Water Stress
Authors: Li Zhou , Hou Jieru , Zhang Yan , Zeng Weihang , Cheng Bizhen , Hassan Muhammad Jawad , Zhang Youzhi , Pu Qi , Peng Yan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Spermine (Spm) regulates water balance involved in water channel proteins, aquaporins (AQPs), in plants. An increase in endogenous Spm content via exogenous Spm application significantly improved cell membrane stability, photosynthesis, osmotic adjustment (OA) and water use efficiency (WUE) contributing to enhanced tolerance to water stress in white clover. Spm upregulated TrTIP2-1, TrTIP2-2 and TrPIP2-7 expressions and also increased the abundance of TIP2 and PIP2-7 proteins in white clover under water stress. Spm quickly activated intracellular Ca2+ signaling and Spm-induced TrTIP2-2 and TrPIP2-7 expressions could be blocked by Ca2+ channel blockers and the inhibitor of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase in leaves of white clover. TrSAMS in relation to Spm biosynthesis was first cloned from white clover and the TrSAMS was located in the nucleus. Transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing the TrSAMS had significantly higher endogenous Spm content and improved cell membrane stability, photosynthesis, OA, WUE and transcript levels of AtSIP1-1, AtSIP1-2, AtTIP2-1, AtTIP2-2, AtPIP1-2, AtPIP2-1 and AtNIP2-1 than wild type in response to water stress. Current findings indicate that Spm regulates water balance via an enhancement in OA, WUE and water transport related to Ca2+-dependent AQP expression in plants under water stress.
How to Teach Medical Students About Pain and Dementia: E-Learning, Experiential Learning, or Both?
Authors: Moehl Keelin , Wright Rollin M , Shega Joseph , Malec Monica , Kelley Fitzgerald G , Robbins-Welty Gregg , Zoberi Kimberly , Tait Raymond , Perera Subashan , Deverts Denise , Horvath Zsuzsa , Weiner Debra K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pain management in persons with mild to moderate dementia poses unique challenges because of altered pain modulation and the tendency of some individuals to perseverate. We aimed to test the impact of an e-learning module about pain in communicative people with dementia on third-year medical students who had or had not completed an experiential geriatrics course.

Design
Analysis of pre- to postlearning changes and comparison of the same across the student group.

Setting
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Saint Louis University School of Medicine.

Subjects
One hundred four University of Pittsburgh and 57 Saint Louis University medical students.

Methods
University of Pittsburgh students were randomized to view either the pain and dementia module or a control module on pain during a five-day geriatrics course. Saint Louis University students were asked to complete either of the two modules without the context of a geriatrics course. A 10-item multiple choice knowledge test and three-item attitudes and confidence questionnaires were administered before viewing the module and up to seven days later.

Results
Knowledge increase was significantly greater among students who viewed the dementia module while participating in the geriatrics course than among students who viewed the module without engaging in the course (P &lt; 0.001). The modules did not improve attitudes in any group, while student confidence improved in all groups.

Conclusions
Medical students exposed to e-learning or experiential learning demonstrated improved confidence in evaluating and managing pain in patients with dementia. Those exposed to both educational methods also significantly improved their knowledge.
THE USE OF LOW-DOSE CT WITH ADAPTIVE STATISTICAL ITERATIVE RECONSTRUCTION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF URINARY CALCULI
Authors: Xie Yingdi , Tao Jingshan , Liu Hailing , Zang Xiaojin , Zhang Zhengming , Guo Guangjie , Liu Bin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to explore the diagnosis of urinary calculi through utilisation of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR). Data from 140 patients that had undergone pathological or operative diagnosis with urinary calculi were analysed. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether they received conventional-dose computed tomography (CDCT) or LDCT, respectively, followed by filtered back projection or ASIR. Average CDCT radiation doses were roughly 4-fold higher than LDCT doses. Despite this difference, there were no significant differences between groups with respect to stone size or location, image quality (P = 0.261), image noise (P = 0.153) and diagnostic efficacy (P = 0.371). LDCT is an effective approach to urinary calculi diagnosis, performing to ASIR while decreasing the effective radiation dose, improving the safety of this procedure.