bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Polymethyloxazoline–Polyethyleneimine Copolymers: Interaction with Lipid Bilayer and Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Kozon Dominika , Mierzejewska Jolanta , Kobiela Tomasz , Grochowska Agnieszka , Dudnyk Ksenia , Głogowska Agnieszka , Sobiepanek Anna , Kuźmińska Aleksandra , Ciach Tomasz , Augustynowicz‐Kopeć Ewa , Jańczewski Dominik 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolycations, mimicking activity of antibacterial peptides, belong to an important class of molecules investigated as a support or as an alternative to antibiotics. In this work, studies of modified linear amphiphilic statistical polymethyloxazoline (PMOX) and polyethyleneimine copolymers (PMOX_PEI) series are presented. Variation of PEI content in the structure results in controllable changes of polymeric aggregates zeta potential. The structure with the highest positive charge shows the best antimicrobial activity, well visible in tests against model Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, fungi, and mycobacterium strains. The polymer toxicity is evaluated with MTT and hemolysis assay as a reference. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM‐D) is used to investigate interaction between polycations and a model lipid membrane. Polymer activity correlates well with molecular structure, showing that amphiphilic component is altering polymer behavior in contact with the lipid bilayer.
Multi‐Stimuli‐Responsive Polymeric Prodrug for Enhanced Cancer Treatment
Authors: Wang Yue , Shen Na , Sakurai Kazuo , Tang Zhaohui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccomplishing efficient delivery of a nanomedicine to the tumor site will encounter two contradictions as follows: 1) a contradiction between prolonged circulation time and endocytosis by cancer cells; 2) a dilemma between the stability of nanomedicine during blood circulation and intracellular drug release. While developing a nanomedicine which can solve the above two contradictions simultaneously is still a challenge, here, a multi‐stimuli‐responsive polymeric prodrug (PLys‐co‐(PLys‐DA)‐co‐(PLys‐SS‐PTX))‐b‐PLGLAG‐mPEG (P‐PEP‐SS‐PTX‐DA) is synthesized which is multi‐sensitive to overexpressed matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2), low pH, and high concentration of glutathione in tumors. The P‐PEP‐SS‐PTX‐DA can be dePEGylated and reversed from negative at normal physiological pH to positive charge at tumor extracellular microenvironment; in this way, it can solve the contradiction between prolonged circulation time and endocytosis by cancer cells. Owing to the high reductive conditions in cancer cells, P‐PEP‐SS‐PTX‐DA is ruptured to release paclitaxel (PTX) intracellular efficiently; therefore, it can resolve the dilemma between the stability of nanomedicine during blood circulation and intracellular drug release. These indicate that the multi‐stimuli‐responsive polymeric prodrug has potential application prospects in drug delivery and cancer therapy.
Mesoscopic Simulation of Dispersed Copolymers: Effects of Chain Length, Chemical Composition, and Block Length Distributions on Self‐Assembly
Authors: Lemos Tiago , Abreu Charlles , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolymer materials are normally constituted by chains of different sizes and compositions due to the stochastic nature of most polymerization mechanisms. For this reason, dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are carried out in the present work to investigate the effect of chain length distribution (CLD), chemical composition distribution (CCD), and block length distribution (BLD) on the process of self‐assembly of diblock copolymers. Flory and Poisson distributions are used to study CLD and BLD effects and bidispersed distributions are used for the study of CCD effects. Visual inspection and the static structure factorS(q) are used to evaluate the obtained structures. The results show that high dispersion in the CCD and different levels of dispersion in the BLDs of different components of the system increase the sizes of the segregated domains and decisively affect the structure and the purity of the formed mesophases.
Prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 is not required for preimplantation ovine conceptus development in sheep
Authors: O'Neil Eleanore V. , Brooks Kelsey , Burns Gregory W. , Ortega Martha S. , Denicol Anna C. , Aguiar Luis H. , Pedroza Gabriela H. , Benne Joshua , Spencer Thomas E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConceptus development and elongation is required for successful pregnancy establishment in ruminants and is coincident with the production of interferon τ (IFNT) and prostaglandins (PGs). In both the conceptus trophectoderm and endometrium, PGs are primarily synthesized through a prostaglandin‐endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) pathway and modify endometrial gene expression and thus histotroph composition in the uterine lumen to promote conceptus growth and survival. Chemical inhibition of PG production by both the endometrium and the conceptus prevented elongation in sheep. However, the contributions of conceptus‐derived PGs to preimplantation conceptus development remain unclear. In this study, CRISPR‐Cas9 genome editing was used to inactivate PTGS2 in ovine embryos to determine the role of PTGS2‐derived PGs in conceptus development and elongation. PTGS2 edited conceptuses produced fewer PGs, but secreted similar amounts of IFNT to their Cas9 control counterparts and elongated normally. Expression of PTGS1 was lower in PTGS2 edited conceptuses, but PPARG expression and IFNT secretion were unaffected. Content of PGs in the uterine lumen was similar as was gene expression in the endometrium of ewes who received either Cas9 control or PTGS2 edited conceptuses. These results support the idea that intrinsic PTGS2‐derived PGs are not required for preimplantation embryo or conceptus survival and development in sheep.
Roles of two cyp11 genes in sex hormone biosynthesis in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)
Authors: Meng Lihui , Yu Haiyang , Ni Feifei , Niu Jingjing , Liu Xiumei , Wang Xubo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe P450 side‐chain cleavage enzymes P450scc (Cyp11a) and 11β‐hydroxylase (Cyp11b) play important roles in sex steroid and cortisol production. Here, two duplicates of cyp11 genes were identified in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis and amino acid sequence alignment revealed that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b shared significant identity with sequences of other teleost fish species. The quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) results indicated that among the studied tissues, brain tissue showed the highest expression of Pocyp11a, followed by kidney and testis tissues, whereas Pocyp11b expression was highest in the testis. The expression patterns of these two genes showed sexual dimorphism, with both genes showing higher expression in the testis than in the ovary. In‐situ hybridization analysis demonstrated that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b mRNA were both detected in oocytes, spermatocytes, and Sertoli cells, indicating that they might be involved in hormone synthesis. The expression levels of Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b were significantly downregulated by treatment with 17α‐methyltestosterone (17α‐MT) in the testis and ovary in both in vivo and studies. In vivo studies showed that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b transcripts were suppressed by 17β‐estradiol (E2) treatment in both the testis and ovary. In addition, in vitro studies showed that the expression level of Pocyp11b was decreased by treatment with E2, whereas that of Pocyp11a was largely unaffected. Moreover, the expression levels of Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b in the testis cell line were significantly upregulated after NR0b1 and NR5a2 (p < .05) treatment. These results indicate that Pocyp11a and Pocyp11b might play important roles in sex hormone biosynthesis. Our research can assist future studies of the mechanisms of steroid biosynthesis and functional differences between cyp11a and cyp11b in Japanese flounder.
Efficiency
Authors: Gálvez Alyshia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe concept of efficiency, perhaps more than any other, provides an underlying logic to social, political, and economic formations in North America. But it is arguably the term's misuse, rather than its true definition as a ratio of effort and investment to yield, that drives the current neoliberal policy landscape under the US‐Mexico‐Canada Agreement (formerly the North American Free Trade Agreement). This essay draws on the example of corn to show how other productive arrangements reflect alternative rural and indigenous measures of worth.
Grid Country
Authors: Özden‐Schilling Canay 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhat appears today to rural Americans as the vector of their difference besides the mainstays of farming and ranching? Through what optics do we see our rural and urban senses of belonging? I argue that electric grids provide one answer. Across the contiguous United States, there are groups of rural and suburban citizens who organize against the expansion of electricity's transmission infrastructure, claiming that they are unjustly suffering the consequences of electric grids’ city‐based remote governance. Grid expansion in the countryside might mean property lost to eminent domain and subpar conditions for farming, consequences that rarely factor into projects that overwhelmingly prioritize meeting ever‐growing electricity demand in cities. The unevenness in the governance of our shared grids, and by extension our public infrastructures, prompts citizen reflection on their senses of rural, suburban, and urban belonging. Attending to infrastructures as milieus of emergent political consciousness thus provides an opportunity to understand rural and suburban politics through a wider optic than the “red versus blue” narrative by which politics in the United States is so often understood.
Playground
Authors: Sizek Julia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFor dirt‐bikers, the California desert is a playground. But other actors criticize the recreational activity's impact on public lands as they seek to save sacred landscapes, historical sites, and endangered species habitat. Tracing debates about desert land use in the United States between World War II and the present, this essay explores questions of possession, commemoration, and leisure through the life history of a pro‐riding activist.
Outlaw
Authors: Polson Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFramed around the case of cannabis cultivation in Northern California, this essay explores the social category of the rural outlaw. It argues that outlawry consists not only in those whose actions are illegalized but also in the conditions through which racial capitalism accumulates and dispossesses at its various frontiers. Cannabis, before and after its legalization, gets caught up in various dynamics through which outlawry can be assessed.
Deindustrial Chicago and the Ruralization of The Jungle
Authors: Blanchette Alex 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis brief essay proposes ways of seeing the city and the country as relational and interdependent, cued to a cultural moment at which these spaces are often scripted as occupying separate worlds with distinct issues and dilemmas. It does so by juxtaposing the present‐day struggles of Chicago's Back of the Yards, the setting of Upton Sinclair's infamous 1906 meatpacking exposé The Jungle, in relation to ascendant and highly industrialized pockets of the countryside. In developing a notion of ruralization, the essay seeks to draw attention to how specific industrial ruralities dwell within deindustrial cities, complicating well‐worn discourses that see urbanization as a unilinear teleology.
Introduction: An Anthropological Almanac of Rural Americas
Authors: Blanchette Alex , LaFlamme Marcel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCritically cued to a political moment at which “the rural” across diverse North American locales is taken to be a singular, homogeneous place, this introduction to the special issue explores the value of comparative inquiry into settings and subject positions that index the rural in markedly different ways. It does so through the conceit of an anthropological almanac: a genre of forecasting through brief, necessarily ephemeral provocations, which both register the uneven production of space and value across their contexts and illuminate social transformations that extend well beyond the rural. Like other almanacs, ours is marked by a commitment to formal and epistemological pluralism, featuring contributions from scholars across the career cycle and presenting creative narrative selections side by side with more conventionally ethnographic ones. Asserting in the face of widespread precarity that rurality has a consequential future, it looks ahead to ask what the study of rural North America might yet become.
Comprehensive analysis of Twitter activity on #Incontinence
Authors: Grabbert Markus , Khoder Wael Y. , Gratzke Christian , Paffenholz Pia , Salem Johannes , Bauer Ricarda M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is comprehensive analysis of the Twitter activity on #Incontinence.Material and MethodsThe following six functional‐urology hashtags on Twitter were analyzed from 2015 to 2018 to gain a comprehensive insight into the topic: #Incontinence, #InterstitialCystitis, #OAB, #FPMRS, #BPH, and #UroBPH. For the Twitter analysis, Symplur Signals was used, which is a health care social media analytics tool.ResultsIn total 191 383 tweets by 54 094 users in 2015 through 2018 were analyzed. A rise in the number of tweets could be identified for all six analyzed hashtags on functional urology, in summary, the numbers raised from 25 629 tweets in 2015 to 66 551 tweets in 2018. For the hashtag incontinence (#Incontinence), the number of tweets raised from 13 823 in 2015 to 19 996 in 2018 (+44.7%). Main influencers on functional urology topics identified by the Symplur algorithm were individuals from the health care sector in 44.6% of the cases and health care organizations in 36.5% of the cases, whereas for #Incontinence, only 7% of influencers were patients in 2018. The ten most common words connected to #Incontinence were Incontinence, Urinary, Women, Help, New, Bladder, Stress, Treatment, Pelvic, and Sex. Of the tweets, 66% were categorized as positive statements and 34% were categorized as negative.ConclusionSocial media is an emerging tool of communication in urology, whereas discussions on #Incontinence are underrepresented compared to the high prevalence of urinary incontinence. In addition, patients’ activity is low.
Influence of the polarity of the matrix on the breakage mechanisms of lignocellulosic fibers during twin‐screw extrusion
Authors: Berzin Françoise , Lemkhanter Loubna , Marcuello Carlos , Chabbert Brigitte , Aguié‐Béghin Véronique , Molinari Michael , Castellani Romain , Vergnes Bruno 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn a series of previous papers, models describing the breakage of lignocellulose fibers during melt mixing process were established and applied to predict fiber size changes when compounding composites in a twin‐screw extruder. Different types of fibers were studied (flax, hemp, sisal, etc), but always with the same matrix, namely polypropylene (PP) compatibilized with PP grafted with maleic anhydride (PP‐g‐MA). In the present study, the influence of the matrix was characterized, by comparing the results obtained with nonpolar PP and polar poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) of similar viscosity. For flax and hemp fibers, morphology changes (in length and diameter) were characterized along the screws under various processing conditions (screw speed and feed rate). Whatever the conditions, breakage was more important with the PBS matrix. Moreover, the rheological properties of the composites were also different, indicating specific interactions between fibers and matrices. Atomic force microscopy was used to measure the adhesion between the different matrices and AFM levers functionalized with nanocrystalline cellulose. The results confirmed a better interaction between the nanocrystalline cellulose and the PBS matrix compared to the PP one.
Descriptive Analysis of an Interdisciplinary Musculoskeletal Program
Authors: Santa Barbara Matthew T. , Cortazzo Megan , Emerick Trent , Furnier Jessica , Duff Jesse , Shapiro Steve , Zigler Christine K. , Badway Andrea , Sowa Gwendolyn 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundInterdisciplinary musculoskeletal programs address comorbidities confounding musculoskeletal conditions and serve as an alternative to the single provider model.ObjectiveDescriptive analysis of an interdisciplinary musculoskeletal program.DesignRetrospective descriptive analysis of patients enrolled in an interdisciplinary musculoskeletal program. Retrospective subanalysis: cohort of patients enrolled in interdisciplinary program with low back pain compared to historical cohort of patients in a single provider clinic.SettingAcademic interdisciplinary musculoskeletal health program.PatientsPatients referred to program with at least one follow‐up visit over a 2‐year period.InterventionsInterdisciplinary musculoskeletal program involving physiatry, pain anesthesia, nutrition, psychology, rheumatology, sleep medicine, nursing, and physical therapy.Main Outcome MeasurementsPatient Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), Oswestry Low Back Disability Index (ODI), number of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, computed tomography (CT) scans, opioid prescriptions; Press Ganey scores.ResultsOne hundred and seventy‐three patients were enrolled and had at least one follow‐up visit. Twenty‐four percent of patients with any musculoskeletal complaint demonstrated clinically significant improvements in total PSFS. Mean improvement in PSFS was + 0.864 (SD 1.94), which was a statistically significant improvement (P = .0005), but not clinically significant. Magnetic resonance imaging was ordered for 5% of patients, and no computed tomography scans were ordered. Six percent of patients received opioid prescriptions. Press Ganey scores: 96% responded favorably in regard to physician communication quality, 86% of patients responded favorably for access to care, and 78% responded favorably for care coordination. 27.8% of patients with low back pain in the interdisciplinary program achieved a significant decrease in their ODI, compared to 26.6% in the single provider clinic (P = .87).ConclusionsInterdisciplinary musculoskeletal programs are a promising model to improve the functioning of patients with musculoskeletal pain and decrease downstream utilization. These programs may be more appropriate for patients at higher risk of developing chronic pain.
The underestimated posterior lymphatic drainage of the prostate: An historical overview and preliminary anatomical study on cadaver
Authors: Boscolo‐Berto Rafael , Siracusano Salvatore , Porzionato Andrea , Polguj Michał , Porcaro Antonio Benito , Stecco Carla , Macchi Veronica , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe evidence of pelvic lymph node metastases after radical prostatectomy (RP) with pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is one of the strongest prognostic factors for poor oncologic outcome. The extent of PLND, although representing a crucial step in RP, is still controversial. Currently, there is a critical drawback in clinical practice due to the lack of congruence between the known lymphatic drainage and cancer dissemination despite defined management by a surgical approach. We hypothesized the existence of alternative pathways for the lymphatic drainage of the prostate currently not considered in clinical daily practice.MethodsWe carried out a literature review of the anatomic description of nodal drainage of prostate reported by online databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, Ovid, and Scopus) and the original texts since the 18th century, with an additional anatomical dissection on a human cadaver to confirm theoretical data.ResultsThe anatomical dissection study converged with the historical anatomical treatises in describing three groups of lymphatics devoted to carrying out prostatic nodal drainage. Apart from the ascending ducts from the cranial gland leading to the external iliac nodes; the lateral ducts leading to the hypogastric nodes; small lymphatic vessels from the posterior surface of the prostate, directed to the pararectal lymphatic plexus, in the direction of the lateral sacral lymph nodes and those at the sacral promontory (ie, pararectal and presacral lymph nodes) were observed.ConclusionsOur preliminary findings demonstrate that lymphatic drainage of the prostate extends beyond standard nodal templates actually considered in surgical daily practice, despite the knowledge reported by historical anatomical treatises. Further anatomical and experimental evidence are needed to investigate anatomical variability in humans, as well as to add more topographical details.
The effects of extremes and temporal scale on multifractal properties of river flow time series
Authors: Hekmatzadeh Ali Akbar , Torabi Haghighi Ali , Hosseini Guyomi Kianoosh , Amiri Seyed Mehrab , Kløve Bjørn 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFor accurate forecasting of extreme events in rivers, streamflow time series with sub‐daily temporal resolution (1–6 hour) are preferable, but discharge time series for long rivers are usually available at daily or monthly resolution. In this study, the scaling properties of hourly and daily streamflow time series were measured. As an innovation, the effects of extreme values on the multifractal behavior of these series were evaluated. Interestingly, both hourly and daily discharge records led to nearly identical scaling trends and identical crossover times. Daily and hourly discharge time series appeared to be non‐stationary when the timescale ranged from 75 to 366 days. Otherwise, the signals may be considered stationary time series. In addition, the results indicated that the extreme values strongly contribute to the multifractality of the series. The width of singularity spectra decreased considerably when the extreme events were removed from both hourly and daily discharge records.
Recent Advances in Glucose‐Oxidase‐Based Nanocomposites for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Wang Man , Wang Dongmei , Chen Qing , Li Chunxia , Li Zhengquan , Lin Jun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlucose oxidase (GOx) can react with intracellular glucose and oxygen (O2) to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and gluconic acid, which can cut off the nutrition source of cancer cells and consequently inhibit their proliferation. Therefore, GOx is recognised as an ideal endogenous oxido‐reductase for cancer starvation therapy. This process can further regulate the tumor microenvironment by increasing the hypoxia and the acidity. Thus, GOx offers new possibilities for the elaborate design of multifunctional nanocomposites for tumor therapy. However, natural GOx is expensive to prepare and purify and exhibits immunogenicity, short in vivo half‐life, and systemic toxicity. Furthermore, GOx is highly prone to degrade after exposure to biological conditions. These intrinsic shortcomings will undoubtedly limit its biomedical applications. Accordingly, some nanocarriers can be used to protect GOx from the surrounding environment, thus controlling or preserving the activity. A variety of nanocarriers including hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles, metal–organic frameworks, organic polymers, and magnetic nanoparticles are summarized for the construction of GOx‐based nanocomposites for multimodal synergistic cancer therapy. In addition, current challenges and promising developments in this area are highlighted.