bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycystic ovary syndrome and offspring risk of congenital heart defects: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Schmidt A B , Lund M , Wohlfahrt J , Melbye M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Is maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) associated with increased offspring risk of congenital heart defects?

SUMMARY ANSWER
This study does not support a strong association between PCOS and an increased risk of congenital heart defects.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
In addition to affecting reproductive health, PCOS may involve insulin resistance. Maternal pregestational diabetes is associated with an increased risk of congenital heart defects and therefore PCOS may increase the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
In this nationwide cohort study, we used data from Danish health registers collected from 1995 to 2018. The study included 1 302 648 offspring and their mothers.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
Participants were live singleton offspring born during the study period. Information on maternal PCOS and offspring congenital heart defects was obtained from the National Patient Register. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute prevalence (odds) ratio (PR) of the association between PCOS and offspring congenital heart defects.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
Among 1 302 648 live-born singletons, 11 804 had a mother with PCOS. Of these, 143 offspring had a congenital heart defect (prevalence 121 per 10 000) as compared with 12 832 among mothers without PCOS (prevalence 99 per 10 000). The adjusted PR was 1.22, 95% CI 1.03–1.44 comparing prevalence of congenital heart defects in offspring of women with PCOS with offspring of women without. After adjusting for the potentially mediating effect of pregestational diabetes, the PR was 1.16, 95% CI 0.98–1.37.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
PCOS may be underdetected in the National Patient Register. However, we expect that the mothers that we identified with PCOS truly had PCOS, thus, the estimated associations are not likely to be affected by this misclassification. The study does not provide evidence to rule out a moderate or weak association.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS
These findings provide reassurance to clinicians counselling pregnant women with PCOS that the disease does not pose a markedly increased risk of offspring congenital heart defects.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
The study was funded by the Novo Nordisk Foundation. M.L. reports personal fees from Dansk Lægemiddel Information A/S outside the submitted work. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A
Reconsidering the Oxygen–Temperature Hypothesis of Polar Gigantism: Successes, Failures, and Nuance
Authors: Woods H Arthur , Moran Amy L 
Published: June 2020

Synopsis“Polar gigantism” describes a biogeographic pattern in which many ectotherms in polar seas are larger than their warmer-water relatives. Although many mechanisms have been proposed, one idea—the oxygen–temperature hypothesis—has received significant attention because it emerges from basic biophysical principles and is appealingly straightforward and testable. Low temperatures depress metabolic demand for oxygen more than supply of oxygen from the environment to the organism. This creates a greater ratio of oxygen supply to demand, releasing polar organisms from oxygen-based constraints on body size. Here we review evidence for and against the oxygen–temperature hypothesis. Some data suggest that larger-bodied taxa live closer to an oxygen limit, or that rising temperatures can challenge oxygen delivery systems; other data provide no evidence for interactions between body size, temperature, and oxygen sufficiency. We propose that these findings can be partially reconciled by recognizing that the oxygen–temperature hypothesis focuses primarily on passive movement of oxygen, implicitly ignoring other important processes including ventilation of respiratory surfaces or internal transport of oxygen by distribution systems. Thus, the hypothesis may apply most meaningfully to organisms with poorly developed physiological systems (eggs, embryos, egg masses, juveniles, or adults without mechanisms for ventilating internal or external surfaces). Finally, most tests of the oxygen–temperature hypothesis have involved short-term experiments. Many organisms can mount effective responses to physiological challenges over short time periods; however, the energetic cost of doing so may have impacts that appear only in the longer term. We therefore advocate a renewed focus on long-term studies of oxygen–temperature interactions.
From Hospital to the Community: Redesigning the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Clinical Service Model to Respond to an Outbreak of HIV Among People Who Inject Drugs
Authors: Metcalfe Rebecca , Ragonnet-Cronin Manon , Bradley-Stewart Amanda , McAuley Andrew , Stubbs Harrison , Ritchie Trina , O’Hara Regina , Trayner Kirsten , Glover Claire , Laverty Lynn , Sills Laura , Brown Kathryn , Gunson Rory , Campbell John , Milsoevic Catriona , Anderson Patricia , Peters S Erica 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
An outbreak of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among people who inject drugs in Glasgow, Scotland started in 2014. We describe 156 cases over 5 years and evaluate the impact of clinical interventions using virological and phylogenetic analysis. We established (1) HIV services within homeless health facilities, including outreach nurses, and (2) antiretroviral therapy (ART) via community pharmacies. Implementation of the new model reduced time to ART initiation from 264 to 23 days and increased community viral load suppression rates to 86%. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that 2019 diagnoses were concentrated within a single network. Traditional HIV care models require adaptation for this highly complex population.
Between ‘Coercive League’ and ‘Consultative League’: a reappraisal of debates surrounding the ‘Reform’ of the League of Nations
Authors: Obiya Shunsuke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article addresses debates surrounding the reform of the League of Nations from the viewpoint of Britain and China. They focused on the pros and cons of collective security because the failure of the League to stop Japanese invasion of Manchuria and Italian invasion of Abyssinia threatened the collapse of the League. There were two contrasting visions in debates, the ‘Coercive League’ and the ‘Consultative League’. The ‘Coercive League’ was the course to reinforce collective security to prevent further aggression. Conversely, the ‘Consultative League’ argument was to weaken collective security and induce Germany, Italy, and Japan to cooperate with the League. Deliberations took place in both the Council, in which great powers exerted a strong presence, and the Assembly, in which small powers made their voices heard. Therefore, this article deals with Britain as an example of a great power and China as one of a small power.
Systems Approach to Evaluate Tarnished Plant Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) Management Practices in Virginia and North Carolina Cotton
Authors: Dorman Seth J , Reisig Dominic D , Malone Sean , Taylor Sally V 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEconomically damaging infestations of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), tarnished plant bug, were sporadic in Virginia and North Carolina cotton before 2010. Given the sudden rise of L. lineolaris as an economic pest in these states, regionally specific management practices (i.e., chemical and cultural control) are needed to help producers protect yield potential while minimizing input costs. Field experiments were conducted in Virginia and North Carolina in 2018 and 2019 to 1) determine the effects of various management practices on L. lineolaris density, plant injury (i.e., square retention, internal boll injury), and lint yield, 2) calculate the economic trade-offs between integrated pest management (IPM) systems approach and current management practices for L. lineolaris in these states, and 3) evaluate economic benefits associated with various sampling thresholds. Lygus lineolaris populations peaked mid-season (i.e., August) during cotton flowering in both states. Weekly scouting and applying foliar insecticides when the current University Extension recommended economic threshold was reached was the most critical management treatment in maximizing economic returns. Additional costs among various IPM practices did not translate into significant yield protection and economic gains. Moreover, there were additional economic benefits associated with protecting glabrous and longer maturing varieties in Virginia. Lygus lineolaris density varied significantly between states; therefore, management recommendations should be modified based on the growing region. Results from this study will be used to create an IPM strategy to help cotton producers effectively manage this insect pest in the Southeast.
Insecticidal Activity of a Cry1Ca toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Firmicutes: Bacillaceae) and Its Synergism with the Cyt1Aa Toxin Against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: González-Villarreal Sebastian E , García-Montelongo Mónica , Ibarra Jorge E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Cry1C protein family of Bacillus thuringiensis form bipyramidal crystals, which are commonly associated with toxic activity against lepidopteran species; however, some members of this family may also be toxic to dipterans. In the present work, the Cry1Ca16 protein, synthesized by the B. thuringiensis LBIT-1217 strain, was analyzed. The gene coding for this protein was amplified, sequenced, and cloned into the pSTAB vector, which was electro-transferred into the acrystalliferous B. thuringiensis 4Q7 strain. The recombinant strain showed the expected bipyramidal crystal morphology, identical to the original LBIT-1217 strain and exhibited toxicity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera). Pure crystals from the recombinant strain were used in bioassays against Ae. aegypti larvae, estimating an LC50 of 4.61 μg/ml. Further studies on Cry1Ca16 mosquitocidal potential included joint-action tests with the Cyt1Aa protein crystals from B. thuringiensis israelensis. An LC50 using pure Cyt1Aa crystals was estimated at 0.73 μg/ml, whereas an LC50 of 0.61 μg/ml was estimated when both toxins were tested together. Data from these bioassays was analyzed using joint-action tests such as the Tammes-Bakuniak graphical method and the formula proposed by Tabashnik (1992). Both tests clearly showed a synergistic effect between these two toxins.
Effect of preoperative chemoradiotherapy on the immunological status of rectal cancer patients
Authors: Yasui Kazuaki , Kondou Ryota , Iizuka Akira , Miyata Haruo , Tanaka Emiko , Ashizawa Tadashi , Nagashima Takeshi , Ohshima Keiichi , Urakami Kenichi , Kusuhara Masatoshi , Muramatsu Koji , Sugino Takashi , Yamguchi Ken , Mori Keita , Harada Hideyuki , Nishimura Tetsuo , Kagawa Hiroyasu , Yamakawa Yushi , Hino Hitoshi , Shiomi Akio , Akiyama Yasuto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chemo-radiation on the genetic and immunological status of rectal cancer patients who were treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). The expression of immune response-associated genes was compared between rectal cancer patients treated (n = 9) and not-treated (n = 10) with preoperative CRT using volcano plot analysis. Apoptosis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker genes were analysed by quantitative PCR (qPCR). Other markers associated with the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and immune checkpoint molecules, were investigated using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The clinical responses of preoperative CRT for 9 rectal cancer patients were all rated as stable disease, while the pathological tumor regression score (TRG) revealed 6 cases of grade2 and 3 cases of grade1. According to the genetic signature of colon cancers, treated tumors belonged to consensus molecular subtype (CMS)4, while not-treated tumors had signatures of CMS2 or 3. CRT-treated tumors showed significant upregulation of EMT-associated genes, such as CDH2, TGF-beta and FGF, and cancer stem cell-associated genes. Additionally, qPCR and IHC demonstrated a suppressive immunological status derived from the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-beta) and immune checkpoint genes (B7-H3 and B7-H5) and from M2-type macrophage accumulation in the tumor. The induction of EMT and immune-suppressive status in the tumor after strong CRT treatment urges the development of a novel combined therapy that restores immune-suppression and inhibits EMT, ultimately leading to distant metastasis control.
An attempt to improve the therapeutic effect of boron neutron capture therapy using commonly employed 10B-carriers based on analytical studies on the correlation among quiescent tumor cell characteristics, tumor heterogeneity and cancer stemness
Authors: Masunaga Shin-ichiro , Sanada Yu , Tano Keizo , Sakurai Yoshinori , Tanaka Hiroki , Takata Takushi , Suzuki Minoru , Ono Koji 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Based on our previously published reports concerning the response of quiescent (Q) tumor cell populations to boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), the heterogeneous microdistribution of 10B in tumors, which is influenced by the tumor microenvironment and the characteristics of the 10B delivery carriers, has been shown to limit the therapeutic effect of BNCT on local tumors. It was also clarified that the characteristics of 10B-carriers for BNCT and the type of combined treatment in BNCT can also affect the potential for distant lung metastases from treated local tumors. We reviewed the findings concerning the response of Q tumor cell populations to BNCT, mainly focusing on reports we have published so far, and we identified the mode of BNCT that currently offers the best therapeutic gain from the viewpoint of both controlling local tumor and suppressing the potential for distant lung metastasis. In addition, based on the finding that oxygenated Q tumor cells showed a large capacity to recover from DNA damage after cancer therapy, the interrelationship among the characteristics in Q tumor cell populations, tumor heterogeneity and cancer stemness was also discussed.
Detecting outliers in astronomical images with deep generative networks
Authors: Margalef-Bentabol Berta , Huertas-Company Marc , Charnock Tom , Margalef-Bentabol Carla , Bernardi Mariangela , Dubois Yohan , Storey-Fisher Kate , Zanisi Lorenzo 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
With the advent of future big-data surveys, automated tools for unsupervised discovery are becoming ever more necessary. In this work, we explore the ability of deep generative networks for detecting outliers in astronomical imaging data sets. The main advantage of such generative models is that they are able to learn complex representations directly from the pixel space. Therefore, these methods enable us to look for subtle morphological deviations which are typically missed by more traditional moment-based approaches. We use a generative model to learn a representation of expected data defined by the training set and then look for deviations from the learned representation by looking for the best reconstruction of a given object. In this first proof-of-concept work, we apply our method to two different test cases. We first show that from a set of simulated galaxies, we are able to detect ${\sim}90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of merging galaxies if we train our network only with a sample of isolated ones. We then explore how the presented approach can be used to compare observations and hydrodynamic simulations by identifying observed galaxies not well represented in the models. The code used in this is available at https://github.com/carlamb/astronomical-outliers-WGAN.
Shape analysis of H ii regions – II. Synthetic observations
Authors: Campbell-White Justyn , Ali Ahmad A , Froebrich Dirk , Kume Alfred 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The statistical shape analysis method developed for probing the link between physical parameters and morphologies of Galactic H ii regions is applied here to a set of synthetic observations (SOs) of a numerically modelled H ii region. The systematic extraction of H ii region shape, presented in the first paper of this series, allows for a quantifiable confirmation of the accuracy of the numerical simulation, with respect to the real observational counterparts of the resulting SOs. A further aim of this investigation is to determine whether such SOs can be used for direct interpretation of the observational data, in a future supervised classification scheme based upon H ii region shape. The numerical H ii region data were the result of photoionization and radiation pressure feedback of a 34  M⊙ star, in a 1000  M⊙ cloud. The SOs analysed herein comprised four evolutionary snapshots (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 Myr), and multiple viewing projection angles. The shape analysis results provided conclusive evidence of the efficacy of the numerical simulations. When comparing the shapes of the synthetic regions to their observational counterparts, the SOs were grouped in amongst the Galactic H ii regions by the hierarchical clustering procedure. There was also an association between the evolutionary distribution of regions and the respective groups. This suggested that the shape analysis method could be further developed for morphological classification of H ii regions by using a synthetic data training set, with differing initial conditions of well-defined parameters.
Non-parametric triaxial deprojection of elliptical galaxies
Authors: de Nicola Stefano , Saglia Roberto P , Thomas Jens , Dehnen Walter , Bender Ralf 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a grid-based non-parametric approach to obtain a triaxial 3D luminosity density from its surface brightness distribution. Triaxial deprojection is highly degenerate and our approach illustrates the resulting difficulties. Fortunately, for massive elliptical galaxies, many deprojections for a particular line of sight (LOS) can be discarded, because their projection along other LOSs does not resemble elliptical galaxies. The near-elliptical isophotes of these objects imply near ellipsoidal intrinsic shapes. In fact, deprojection is unique for densities distributed on ellipsoidal shells. The constrained non-parametric deprojection method we present here relaxes this constraint and assumes that the contours of the luminosity density are boxy/discy ellipsoids with radially varying axis ratios. With this approach, we are able to reconstruct the intrinsic triaxial densities of our test models, including one drawn from an N-body simulation. The method also allows to compare the relative likelihood of deprojections at different viewing angles. We show that the viewing orientations of individual galaxies with nearly ellipsoidal isophotal shapes can be constrained from photometric data alone.
The Magellan/PFS Exoplanet Search: a 55-d period dense Neptune transiting the bright (V = 8.6) star HD 95338
Authors: Díaz Matías R , Jenkins James S , Feng Fabo , Butler R Paul , Tuomi Mikko , Shectman Stephen A , Thorngren Daniel , Soto Maritza G , Vines José I , Teske Johanna K , Dragomir Diana , Villanueva Steven , Kane Stephen R , Berdiñas Zaira M , Crane Jeffrey D , Wang Sharon X , Arriagada Pamela 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of a transiting, dense Neptune planet candidate orbiting the bright (V = 8.6) K0.5V star HD 95338. Detection of the 55-d periodic signal comes from the analysis of precision radial velocities from the Planet Finder Spectrograph on the Magellan II Telescope. Follow-up observations with HARPS also confirm the presence of the periodic signal in the combined data. HD 95338 was also observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) where we identify a clear single transit in the photometry. A Markov chain Monte Carlo period search on the velocities allows strong constraints on the expected transit time, matching well the epoch calculated from TESS data, confirming both signals describe the same companion. A joint fit model yields an absolute mass of 42.44$^{+2.22}_{-2.08}\,{\rm M}_{\oplus }$ and a radius of 3.89$^{+0.19}_{-0.20}$R⊕, which translates into a density of 3.98$^{+0.62}_{-0.64}$ g cm−3 for the planet. Given the planet mass and radius, structure models suggest it is composed of a mixture of ammonia, water, and methane. HD 95338 b is one of the most dense Neptune planets yet detected, indicating a heavy element enrichment of ∼90 per cent ($\sim 38\, {\rm M}_{\oplus }$). This system presents a unique opportunity for future follow-up observations that can further constrain structure models of cool gas giant planets.
Polarization of disintegrating Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)
Authors: Zubko Evgenij , Zheltobryukhov Maxim , Chornaya Ekaterina , Kochergin Anton , Videen Gorden , Kornienko Gennady , Kim Sungsoo S 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTWe observe Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) before and after its disintegration while making polarimetric measurements over a wide range of phase angles. The disintegration event was marked with a dramatic growth of the positive polarization branch that is consistent with a large relative abundance of absorbing material of up to (96.5 ± 3.4) per cent. This polarization spike relaxed as the carbonaceous particles are preferentially swept from the coma due to solar-radiation pressure. The observations suggest that the primordial material stored within comets is extremely rich in carbonaceous material. The pristine cometary material is processed by subsequent solar interactions, forming a refractory crust on the nucleus surface. Polarimetry provides a means of measuring the volume ratio of carbonaceous material, and hence the weathering that has occurred on the comet due to these interactions. The polarimetric response of Comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) appears similar to that of Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), except on few epochs that are similar to that of Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake).
2D-FFTLog: efficient computation of real-space covariance matrices for galaxy clustering and weak lensing
Authors: Fang (方啸) Xiao , Eifler Tim , Krause Elisabeth 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Accurate covariance matrices for two-point functions are critical for inferring cosmological parameters in likelihood analyses of large-scale structure surveys. Among various approaches to obtaining the covariance, analytic computation is much faster and less noisy than estimation from data or simulations. However, the transform of covariances from Fourier space to real space involves integrals with two Bessel integrals, which are numerically slow and easily affected by numerical uncertainties. Inaccurate covariances may lead to significant errors in the inference of the cosmological parameters. In this paper, we introduce a 2D-FFTLog algorithm for efficient, accurate, and numerically stable computation of non-Gaussian real-space covariances for both 3D and projected statistics. The 2D-FFTLog algorithm is easily extended to perform real-space bin-averaging. We apply the algorithm to the covariances for galaxy clustering and weak lensing for a Dark Energy Survey Year 3-like and a Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time Year 1-like survey, and demonstrate that for both surveys, our algorithm can produce numerically stable angular bin-averaged covariances with the flat sky approximation, which are sufficiently accurate for inferring cosmological parameters. The code CosmoCov for computing the real-space covariances with or without the flat-sky approximation is released along with this paper.