bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of remnant cholesterol to cardiovascular risk
Authors: Langsted A. , Madsen C. M. , Nordestgaard B. G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundRemnant cholesterol in triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins is associated observationally and genetic, causally with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in healthy individuals.ObjectivesWe tested the hypothesis that an unmet medical need exists in individuals with high nonfasting remnant cholesterol and prior atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.MethodsFrom amongst 109 574 individuals in a prospective cohort study of the Danish general population, we included 2973 individuals aged 20–80 with baseline diagnoses of myocardial infarction/ischaemic stroke ascertained from national Danish health registries.ResultsThe recurrent major cardiovascular event (MACE) incidence rates per 1000 person‐years were 39 (95% confidence interval: 30–50) for individuals with remnant cholesterol levels ≥ 1.5 mmol L−1 (≥58 mg dL−1), 31 (26–37) for 1–1.49 mmol L−1 (39–57 mg dL−1), 27 (24–31) for 0.5–0.99 mmol L−1 (19‐38 mg dL−1) and 23 (19–27) for individuals with remnant cholesterol < 0.5 mmol L−1 (<19 mg dL−1). Compared to individuals with remnant cholesterol < 0.5 mmol L−1 (<19 mg dL−1), the subhazard ratio for recurrent MACE was 1.23 (95% CI: 0.98–1.55) for individuals with remnant cholesterol levels of 0.5–0.99 mmol L−1 (19–38 mg dL−1), 1.48 (1.14–1.92) for 1–1.49 mmol L−1 (39–57 mg dL−1) and 1.79 (1.28–2.49) for ≥ 1.5 mmol L−1 (≥58 mg dL−1). The recurrent MACE incidence rates per 1000 person‐years for individuals with remnant cholesterol levels < 0.5 mmol L−1 (<19 mg dL−1) and ≥ 1.5 mmol L−1 (≥58 mg dL−1) were 10 (6.6–15) and 31 (21–47) for those below age 65 and correspondingly 25 (21–30) and 43 (32–59) for those with LDL cholesterol levels < 3 mmol L−1 (<116 mg dL−1), respectively. For a 20% recurrent MACE risk reduction in secondary prevention, an estimated remnant cholesterol lowering of 0.83 mmol L−1 (32 mg dL−1) would be needed.ConclusionsIn individuals with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction/ischaemic stroke, a lower remnant cholesterol of 0.8 mmol L−1 (32 mg dL−1) was estimated to reduce recurrent MACE by 20% in secondary prevention. Our data indicate an unmet medical need for secondary prevention in individuals with high nonfasting remnant cholesterol levels.
When Stigma Doesn’t Transfer: Stigma Deflection and Occupational Stratification in the Sharing Economy
Authors: Phung Kam , Buchanan Sean , Toubiana Madeline , Ruebottom Trish , Turchick‐Hakak Luciana 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch has suggested that when an occupation is stigmatized, new occupational members will assume the stigma of incumbents because stigma transfers. Yet, current research does not account for shifts in the modern workforce that are changing the nature of many stigmatized occupations. We argue that these changes raise questions about whether stigma will transfer to new occupational members. Drawing from a study of Uber’s entry into Toronto, Canada, we reveal the process by which stigma transfer can be avoided by new occupational members. We show how categorical ambiguity during entry enabled two sets of activities: creating categorical distinctiveness and showcasing identity discrepancies. These activities acted as mechanisms of stigma deflection by distancing Uber drivers from the taint associated with taxi drivers. However, this further entrenched the taint facing incumbents and stratified the occupation along a stigma faultline. We offer implications for research on stigma, market entry, and the sharing economy.
Peri‐Implant Diseases and Biologic Complications at Implant‐Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses in Partially Edentulous Patients
Authors: Tsigarida Alexandra , Chochlidakis Konstantinos , Fraser David , Lampraki Evangelia , Einarsdottir Erna R. , Barmak Abdul Basir , Papaspyridakos Panos , Ercoli Carlo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeThis is a single center, retrospective study to assess the prevalence of peri‐implant disease and biologic complications in a cohort of partially edentulous subjects in relation to selected prosthetic factors.Materials and methodsSubjects previously treated with one or more implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis (ISFDPs) were recalled for a comprehensive examination. Clinical and radiographic records were taken and questionnaires were administered. The prevalence of implant failure, peri‐implant disease and other biologic complications were correlated with selected prosthetic, clinical and patient‐related factors using chi‐square and multiple regression analyses.ResultsA convenience sample of 71 subjects with 100 prostheses supported by 222 dental implants were enrolled in the study. The mean follow‐up time after prosthesis delivery was 3.3 ± 1.5 years (range of 1‐9 years). The cumulative implant survival rate was 99.1%. Peri‐implantitis was the most frequent major biologic complication (5% of implants), while the most frequent minor biologic complication was peri‐implant mucositis (84.10% of implants). A diagnosis of peri‐implant mucositis was more likely associated with cement‐retained prostheses compared to screw‐retained prostheses (OR 6.8, 95% CI 1.1‐78.6, p = 0.045) and for short‐span prostheses (≤3 prosthetic units) (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1‐5.0, p = 0.034). Subject‐reported quality of life measures were high regardless of the existence of major and/or minor complications, but decreased with increasing number of minor and total biologic complications.ConclusionsPeri‐implant mucositis and other minor biologic complications were highly prevalent. The distribution of the observed complications differed based on the method of prosthesis retention and the number of prosthetic units replaced.
Microtomographic Analysis of Resin Composite Core Material Porosity
Authors: Roberts Howard , Fuentealba Rodrigo , Brewster John 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeTo nondestructively evaluate the porosity of ten contemporary resin composite core materials using microtomographic (microCT) analysis.Material and methodsResin composite core material samples (n = 12) including dual‐cure, visible light cure only, and a self‐cure material were fabricated using a standardized mold following manufacturer's recommendations. After storage in phosphate buffered saline for one week, specimens were analyzed using a microCT unit at 5.3‐µm resolution over a rotational range of 360°. Image 3D recombination and analysis was accomplished using microCT software. Evaluated parameters included material volume investigated, closed pore number and volume, as well as closed pore percentage. Parameter mean values were evaluated with Kruskal‐Wallis/Dunn at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05).ResultsMean percent total porosity with standard deviation identified significant differences in decreasing order as Ti‐Core: 2.2 (0.4) > Ti‐Core Auto E: 1.3 (0.3) = Ti‐Core Flow Plus: 1.1 (0.02) > Clearfil Photo Core: 0.94 (0.5) = Clearfil DC Core Plus: 0.6 (0.18) = MultiCore Flow: 0.58 (0.1) > Fluorocore 2+: 0.14 (0.2) = Build‐It FR: 0.068 (0.02) = Gradia Core: 0.03 (0.02) = Rebilda DC: 0.02 (0.01). A pilot microCT evaluation evaluating a mixing tip revealed incomplete mixture between the two resins with porosity introduced from turbulence as the materials are forced through the tip during preparation.ConclusionsA wide range of porosity was identified between the ten materials evaluated. These preliminary results warrant more investigation evaluating additional resin composite core materials, the preparation capabilities of automix tips, and porosity presence in the unmixed materials.
DIAMONDOIDS AND BASIN MODELLING REVEAL ONE OF THE WORLD'S DEEPEST PETROLEUM SYSTEMS, SOUTH CASPIAN BASIN, AZERBAIJAN
Authors: Goodwin N. R. J. , Abdullayev N. , Javadova A. , Volk H. , Riley G. 
Published: March 2020

The South Caspian Basin has been one of the world's most prolific petroleum provinces since the 19th Century. However, despite the large number of discovered petroleum accumulations, the source rock sequence has not been penetrated by the drill in the offshore basin and is therefore poorly defined. In this paper, geochemistry together with broad estimates of in‐place volumes of petroleum fluids, onshore outcrop data and basin modelling have been used to place constraints on the source rock description.Diamondoids, the most thermally stable group of hydrocarbons, have been measured in a suite of liquid petroleum samples from Pliocene fluvio‐deltaic sandstone reservoirs at the Shah Deniz gas‐condensate field and the Azeri‐Chirag‐Gunashli oil field, offshore Azerbaijan. Samples from both fields exhibit elevated concentrations of diamondoids and C29 steranes, indicating a mixture of thermally cracked and non‐cracked petroleum. We use diamondoid concentrations to estimate that 4.8 B brl of oil may have been cracked to 12 Tcf of gas below the Shah Deniz reservoirs. Source rock properties from the outcropping Oligocene – Miocene Maikop and Diatom Formations have been used to model source rock maturation. The results indicate that pre‐cracking volumes of petroleum could be explained reasonably by the presence of source rock intervals in the offshore that are of similar richness but increased thickness compared to measured onshore outcrops.Relatively high diamondoid concentrations in Shah Deniz condensate (up to 160 ppm 3‐ + 4‐methyldiamantanes) are in agreement with gas isotope compositions (δ13C1 – δ13C3) with respect to thermal maturity. Both parameters indicate the presence of source rock that is at a high level of thermal maturity at a vitrinite reflectance equivalent (VRE) of ca. 1.5–2.0% Ro. Given the low geothermal gradients in the South Caspian Basin (16 – 17°C/km at Shah Deniz) and the relatively high temperatures required for maturation due to rapid, relatively recent burial and heating, the source rock must be buried to depths in excess of 13 km in the Shah Deniz drainage area. In the absence of any evidence of a working Mesozoic petroleum system in the South Caspian Basin, this depth of burial highlights the significant thickness of Paleogene sediments in the offshore basin. Of prolific petroleum‐producing basins, only in the deep‐water Gulf of Mexico are actively‐generating source rocks buried to similar depths.
ORGANIC‐RICH SHALES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC ZANGXIAHE FORMATION, NORTHERN QIANGTANG DEPRESSION, NORTHERN TIBET: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION POTENTIAL
Authors: Zeng S. Q. , Wang J. , Chen W. B. , Song C. Y. , Zeng Y. H. , Feng X. L. , Wang D. 
Published: March 2020

This study reports on the organic geochemical characteristics of high‐TOC shales in the Upper Triassic Zangxiahe Formation from a study area in the north of the Northern Qiangtang Depression, northern Tibet. A total of fifty outcrop samples from the Duoseliangzi, Zangxiahe South and Zangxiahe East locations were studied to evaluate the organic matter content of the shales and their thermal maturity and depositional environment, and to assess their hydrocarbon generation potential.Zangxiahe Formation shales from the Duoseliangzi profile have moderate to good source rock potential with TOC contents of up to 3.4 wt.% (average 1.2 wt.%) and potential yield (S1+S2) of up to 1.11 mg HC/g rock. Vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Tmax values show that the organic matter is highly mature, corresponding to the condensate/wet gas generation stage. The shales contain mostly Types II and I kerogen mixed with minor Type III, and have relatively high S/C ratios, high contents of amorphous sapropelinite, low Pr/Ph ratios, high values of the C35 homohopane index (up to 3.58%), abundant gammacerane content, and a predominance of C27 steranes. These parameters indicate a saline, shallow‐marine depositional setting with an anoxic, stratified water column. The source of organic matter was mainly aquatic OM (algal/bacterial) with subordinate terrigenous OM.Zangxiahe Formation shale samples from the Zangxiahe East and Zangxiahe South locations have relatively low TOC contents (0.2 to 0.8 wt.%) with Type II kerogen, suggesting poor to medium hydrocarbon generation potential. Ro and Tmax values indicate that organic matter from these locations is overmature.The discovery of organic‐rich Upper Triassic shales with source rock potential in the north of the Northern Qiangtang Depression will be of significance for oil and gas exploration elsewhere in the Qiangtang Basin. Future exploration should focus on locations such as Bandaohu to the SE of the study area where the organic‐rich shales are well developed, and where structural traps have been recorded together with potential reservoir rocks and thick mudstones which could act as seals.
Seedling and adult stage resistance to net form of net blotch (NFNB) in spring barley and stability of adult stage resistance to NFNB in Morocco
Authors: Gyawali Sanjaya , Amezrou Reda , Verma Ramesh Pal Singh , Brueggeman Robert , Rehman Sajid , Belqadi Loubna , Arbaoui Mustapha , Tamang Prabin , Singh Murari 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study was conducted to identify stable resistance to net form of net blotch (NFNB) in spring barley in Moroccan environments. Seedling resistance to NFNB was evaluated by inoculating 336 barley genotypes with two NFNB isolates LDNH04Ptt‐19 and TD‐10 in the greenhouse. These genotypes were evaluated for adult plant resistance to NFNB under seven environments in Morocco in 2015 and 2016. The disease severity was estimated at GS 77–87 on barley leaves using a double‐digit scale. To investigate stability of resistance, 149 barley genotypes were subjected to AMMI analysis. At the seedling stage, differential responses of barley genotypes to different NFNB isolates were identified, whereas genotypes had variable stability to NFNB resistance at the adult stages. Five genotypes, AM‐68, AM‐95, AM‐250, AM‐267 and AM‐322, were resistant to both NFNB isolates at the seedling stage. There were significant (p < .001) effects of genotype (G) and G × E interaction on NFNB severity for barley genotypes at the adult stage. The principal components, IPCA1 and IPCA2, accounted for 48.4% and 18.7% variation for NFNB severity, respectively. The AMMI stability values (ASVs) ranged from 0.01 to 15.5, and fifty‐nine barley genotypes had stable responses (ASV ≤ 0.05) across all seven environments. Specifically, two stable genotypes, AM‐187 and AM‐244, had lower mean NFNB severities across all environments, suggesting a quantitative resistance in these genotypes. Divergent environmental responses of NFNB severity were measured in Sidi El Ayedi 2015 and Sidi Allal Tazi 2016, suggesting that these environments may be suitable to capture resistance to diverse pathotypes. These stable genotypes are valuable resources for introgression of both qualitative resistance and quantitative resistance to NFNB in future.
Movement barriers, habitat heterogeneity or both? Testing hypothesized effects of landscape features on home range sizes in eastern indigo snakes
Authors: Bauder J. M. , Breininger D. R. , Bolt M. R. , Legare M. L. , Jenkins C. L. , Rothermel B. B. , McGarigal K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnimal home ranges are influenced by diverse intrinsic and extrinsic factors. For example, habitat heterogeneity may affect the spatial distribution of resources leading to larger home ranges where resources are spatially dispersed or, conversely, smaller home ranges where resources are concentrated or abundant. Other landscape features may lead to smaller home ranges by constraining or restricting animal movements. Understanding the relative importance of these two processes is increasingly important given the prevalence of anthropogenic features across contemporary landscapes. We test the relative importance of habitat heterogeneity and movement restriction on the home range size of a wide‐ranging, habitat and dietary generalist, the federally threatened eastern indigo snake (Drymarchon couperi). We used data from 83 radio‐tracked individuals in a multi‐scale analysis of home range size as a function of multiple landscape features representing land cover and habitat heterogeneity. We found that home range size was negatively correlated to habitat heterogeneity (i.e., the standard deviation of normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) and urban intensity. Smaller home ranges in areas with high habitat heterogeneity and low urban intensity likely reflected reduced resource dispersion through the concentration of diverse foraging habitats. Home ranges were smallest in urban landscapes which, combined with previously documented avoidance of urban habitats by eastern indigo snakes, suggests that urban land cover restricts home range size. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering both the influence of resource dispersion and movement barriers in understanding animal space use. Moreover, we highlight the need to consider the potential role of anthropogenically subsidized resources (e.g., prey, shelter sites) to understand variation in eastern indigo snake home range sizes within urban areas.
Cognition and hospitalizations are linked with salivary and faecal microbiota in cirrhosis cohorts from the USA and Mexico
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Torre Aldo , Rojas Mayra L. , Fagan Andrew , Nandez Ivvone E. , Gavis Edith A. , De Leon Osorio Omar , White Melanie B. , Fuchs Michael , Sikaroodi Masoumeh , Gillevet Patrick M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsGut microbiota are affected by diet and ethnicity, which impacts cognition and hospitalizations in cirrhosis. Aim: Study interactions of diet with microbiota and impact on hospitalizations and cognition in American and Mexican cohorts.MethodsControls and age‐balanced patients with compensated/decompensated cirrhosis were included and followed for 90‐day hospitalizations. A subset underwent minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) testing. Parameters such as dietary, salivary and faecal microbiota (diversity, taxa analysis, cirrhosis dysbiosis ratio CDR:high = good) between/within countries were analysed. Regression analyses for hospitalizations and MHE were performed.ResultsIn all, 275 age‐balanced subjects (133 US [40 Control, 50 Compensated, 43 Decompensated] and 142 Mexican [41 Control, 49 Compensated, 52 Decompensated]) were enrolled. MELD/cirrhosis severity was comparable. Diet showed lower protein and animal fat intake in all decompensated patients, but this was worse in Mexico. Diversity was lower in stool and saliva in decompensated patients, and worse in Mexican cohorts. Prevotellaceae were lower in decompensated cirrhosis, particularly those with lower animal fat/protein consumption across countries. Hospitalizations were higher in Mexico vs the USA (26% vs 14%, P = .04). On regression, Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae lowered hospitalization risk independent of MELD and ascites. MHE testing was performed in 120 (60/country and 20/subgroup) subjects and MHE rate was similar. MELD and decompensation increased while CDR and Prevotellaceae decreased the risk of MHE.ConclusionsChanges in diet and microbiota, especially related to animal fat and protein intake and Prevotellaceae, are associated with MHE and hospitalizations in Mexican patients with cirrhosis compared to an American cohort. Nutritional counselling to increase protein intake in cirrhosis could help prevent these hospitalizations.
Postdisaster image‐based damage detection and repair cost estimation of reinforced concrete buildings using dual convolutional neural networks
Authors: Pan Xiao , Yang T. Y. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractReinforced concrete (RC) buildings are commonly used around the world. With recent earthquakes worldwide, rapid structural damage inspection and repair cost evaluation are crucial for building owners and policy makers to make informed risk management decisions. To improve the efficiency of such inspection, advanced computer vision techniques based on convolutional neural networks have been adopted in recent research to rapidly quantify the damage state (DS) of structures. In this article, an advanced object detection neural network, named YOLOv2, is implemented, which achieves 98.2% and 84.5% average precision in training and testing, respectively. The proposed YOLOv2 is used in combination with the classification neural network, which improves the identification accuracy for critical DS of RC structures by 7.5%. The improved classification procedures allow engineers to rapidly and more accurately quantify the DSs of the structure, and also localize the critical damage features. The identified DS can then be integrated with the state‐of‐the‐art performance evaluation framework to quantify the financial losses of critical RC buildings. The results can be used by the building owners and decision makers to make informed risk management decisions immediately after the strong earthquake shaking. Hence, resources can be allocated rapidly to improve the resiliency of the community.
Polycysteine‐encoding leaderless short ORFs function as cysteine‐responsive attenuators of operonic gene expression in mycobacteria
Authors: Canestrari Jill G. , Lasek‐Nesselquist Erica , Upadhyay Ashutosh , Rofaeil Martina , Champion Matthew M. , Wade Joseph T. , Derbyshire Keith M. , Gray Todd A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenome‐wide transcriptomic analyses have revealed abundant expressed short open reading frames (ORFs) in bacteria. Whether these short ORFs, or the small proteins they encode, are functional remains an open question. One quarter of mycobacterial mRNAs are leaderless, beginning with a 5′‐AUG or GUG initiation codon. Leaderless mRNAs often encode unannotated short ORFs as the first gene of a polycistronic transcript. Here, we show that polycysteine‐encoding leaderless short ORFs function as cysteine‐responsive attenuators of operonic gene expression. Detailed mutational analysis shows that one polycysteine short ORF controls expression of the downstream genes. Our data indicate that ribosomes stalled in the polycysteine tract block mRNA structures that otherwise sequester the ribosome‐binding site of the 3′gene. We assessed endogenous proteomic responses to cysteine limitation in Mycobacterium smegmatis using mass spectrometry. Six cysteine metabolic loci having unannotated polycysteine‐encoding leaderless short ORF architectures responded to cysteine limitation, revealing widespread cysteine‐responsive attenuation in mycobacteria. Individual leaderless short ORFs confer independent operon‐level control, while their shared dependence on cysteine ensures a collective response mediated by ribosome pausing. We propose the term ribulon to classify ribosome‐directed regulons. Regulon‐level coordination by ribosomes on sensory short ORFs illustrates one utility of the many unannotated short ORFs expressed in bacterial genomes.