bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of particulate suspension transport and permeability impairment in an actual rough fracture under normal stresses
Authors: Zhu Baiyu , Tang Hongming , Zhao Feng , Tang Haoxuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe transportation and capture of particulate suspension in a rough fracture are widely encountered in hydrocarbon exploitation. According to a full review of the literature, traditional studies mainly focus on the placement and settlement of coarse particles such as proppants and lost circulation materials. Furthermore, a fracture is often considered to be equivalent to smooth parallel plates, whereas actual fractures are roughly walled with microconvex and are affected by normal stresses. The particulate suspension transport mechanism in a fracture under different normal stresses is still unclear. This paper proposes an approach to evaluate the permeability impairment caused by size‐exclusion of solid particles in a fracture under different normal stresses. The morphology of fracture flow space under different normal stresses is obtained by using optical scanning and FEM. Furthermore, the unresolved CFD‐DEM method is used to study the mechanism of the capture and migration of the particulate suspension in a fracture. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results. Furthermore, the effects of the particle size, particle concentration, injected particle volume, fracture occurrence, and applied pressure on particle invasion are discussed.
The impact of hydrograph variability and frequency on sediment transport dynamics in a gravel‐bed flume
Authors: Plumb Ben D. , Juez Carmelo , Annable William K. , McKie Chris W. , Franca Mario J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA laboratory study was undertaken to investigate how changes in flow regime and hydrograph shape (number of cycled hydrographs and duration of each hydrograph) together impact bedload transport and resulting bed morphology. Three hydrologic conditions (experiments) representing different levels of urbanization, or analogously different flow regimes, were derived from measured hydrometric field data. Each experiment consisted of a series of hydrographs with equal peak discharge and varying frequency, duration and flashiness. Bedload transport was measured throughout each hydrograph and measurements of bed topography and surface texture were recorded after each hydrograph. The results revealed hysteresis loops in both the total and fractional transport, with more pronounced loops for longer duration hydrographs, corresponding to lower rate of unsteadiness until reaching the peak discharge (pre‐urbanization conditions). Shorter duration hydrographs (urban conditions) displayed more time above critical shear stress thresholds leading to higher bedload transport rates and ultimately to more variable hysteresis patterns. Surface textures from photographic methods revealed surface armoring in all experiments, with larger armor ratios for longer duration hydrographs, speculated to be due to vertical sorting and more time for bed rearrangements to occur. The direction of bed surface adjustment was linked to bedload hysteresis, more precisely with clockwise hysteresis (longer hydrographs) typically resulting in bed coarsening. More frequent and shorter duration hydrographs result in greater relative channel adjustments in slope, topographic variability and surface texture. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who We Are: Findings from the American Evaluation Association's Independent Consulting Topical Interest Group 2015 Decennial Survey
Authors: Jarosewich Tania , Feldmann Matthew L. , Martínez‐Rubin Norma , Clark Nicole 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Independent Consulting Topical Interest Group (IC TIG) of the American Evaluation Association (AEA) supports its members, who conduct evaluations as sole proprietors, in partnerships, or in consulting firms. To understand member needs, the IC TIG has conducted three surveys, the first in 1991 and the second in 2004. This chapter summarizes and compares the findings from the third IC TIG survey, administered in 2015, to the previous survey results. The findings yield information about types of businesses and business operations; areas of work; business development strategies; and interests, concerns, and needs of IC TIG members. The survey results provide information for independent consultants to understand the landscape of evaluation consulting and reflect on their own practices and strategies. Survey results also guide IC TIG leaders in their support of members' business and research practices.
Consulting After 50: Redirection and Reinvention for Career Evaluators
Authors: Barrington Gail Vallance 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter provides insight into why mature evaluators may select independent consulting as a midcareer choice. Intensive interviews were conducted with thirteen evaluators over age of 50 years who had considered making, or made, a transition to independent practice. External factors like politics, perceptions about evaluation, organizational issues, and personal factors like skills, experience, and personal characteristics are discussed. Study participants recalled the benefits and risks they considered in making their consulting decision as well as the influential strategies and factors that helped make their transition a success. Career outcomes and participants’ views about their personal and professional reinvention and redirection are explored. Conclusions are provided about the importance of an individual's life stage in this career change process.
Effect of microwave sterilization on maturation time and quality of low‐salt sufu
Authors: Fan Xuejing , Lv Xuepeng , Meng Li , Ai Mingzhi , Li Chunqiu , Teng Fei , Feng Zhen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study was to reduce the microorganism number and salt content in pehtze by microwave sterilization. The maturation time and quality of low‐salt sufu were evaluated. The microorganism inactivation rate, moisture content and water activity of the pehtze, which was used for the growth of the starter culture, showed that 4,250 W for 30 s was suitable for the preparation of low‐salt sufu. With regard to the physicochemical properties of sufu, 120‐day sufu samples obtained by traditional high‐salt (14%) fermentation and 75‐day sufu samples obtained by low‐salt (4%) fermentation met the standard requirements. With regard to the sensory characteristics of sufu, the taste and after taste scores of 75‐day low‐salt sufu samples were significantly higher than those of 120‐day high‐salt sufu samples (p < .05).The overall acceptance score of low‐salt sufu samples also was higher than that of high‐salt sufu samples. The contents of free amino acids and the profiles of typical flavor compounds partly explained the sensory quality and shorter ripening time of sufu manufactured. The total biogenic amine contents were reduced by 46%.
Stability analysis between two concentric rotating cylinders with heat and mass transfer
Authors: Awasthi Mukesh K. , Agarwal Shivam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe stability of the liquid/vapor interface between two concentric revolving cylinders is examined. The transfer of heat/mass is allowed at the interface. Both the cylinders rotate with different angular velocities. The fluids inside the annular region are taken as incompressible and viscous. The theory of viscous potential flow analysis is used to add the viscous effects. The normal mode technique is used to calculate the growth of perturbations. If we rotate the inner cylinder, it is seen that asymmetric disturbances have a destabilizing character at the interface but the rotation of the outer cylinder has a stabilizing effect. We found that an asymmetric disturbance destabilizes the interface if the inner cylinder rotates. It is found that the arrangement gets destabilized on rotating of the inner cylinder but rotation of the outer cylinder induces stability, and the most stable case is found when the inner cylinder is stationary and the outer cylinder is rotating.
Genetically Decreased Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Osteoporosis Outcomes: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Keller-Baruch Julyan , Forgetta Vincenzo , Manousaki Despoina , Zhou Sirui , Richards J Brent 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is important for bone formation and has been associated with osteoporosis in humans. Therefore, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study to test whether genetically decreased circulating VEGF was associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fracture. Summary statistics from a genomewide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of circulating VEGF level (n = 16,112) were used to identify 10 genetic variants explaining up to 52% of the variance in circulating VEGF levels. GWAS meta-analyses on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived BMD of forearm, lumbar spine, and femoral neck (n = up to 32,735) and BMD estimated from heel calcaneus ultrasound (eBMD) (n = 426,824) were used to assess the effect of genetically lowered circulating VEGF levels on BMD. A GWAS meta-analysis including a total of 76,549 cases and 470,164 controls was used to assess the effect of genetically lowered circulating VEGF levels on risk of fracture. A natural log-transformed pg/mL decrease in circulating VEGF levels was not associated with a decrease in forearm BMD (0.02 standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.024 to 0.064, p = 0.38), lumbar spine BMD (−0.005 SD, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.019, p = 0.67), femoral neck BMD (0.004 SD, 95% CI −0.017 to 0.026, p = 0.68), eBMD (−0.006 SD, 95% CI −0.012 to −0.001, p = 0.031) or risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.0, p = 0.37) in inverse-variance–weighted Mendelian randomization analyses. Sensitivity analyses did not provide evidence that our results were influenced by pleiotropy. Genetically lowered circulating VEGF was not associated with a decrease in BMD or increased risk of fracture, suggesting that efforts to influence circulating VEGF level are unlikely to have beneficial effects on osteoporosis outcomes and that previous observational associations of circulating VEGF with BMD were influenced by confounding or reverse causation. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Machine learning classifiers for attributing tephra to source volcanoes: an evaluation of methods for Alaska tephras
Authors: Bolton Matthew S. M. , Jensen Britta J. L. , Wallace Kristi , Praet Nore , Fortin David , Kaufman Darrell , De Batist Marc 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTGlass composition‐based correlations of volcanic ash (tephra) traditionally rely on extensive manual plotting. Many previous statistical methods for testing correlations are limited by using geochemical means, masking diagnostic variability. We suggest that machine learning classifiers can expedite correlation, quickly narrowing the list of likely candidates using well‐trained models. Eruptives from Alaska's Aleutian Arc‐Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell volcanic field were used as a test environment for 11 supervised classification algorithms, trained on nearly 2000 electron probe microanalysis measurements of glass major oxides, representing 10 volcanic sources. Artificial neural networks and random forests were consistently among the top‐performing learners (accuracy and kappa > 0.96). Their combination as an average ensemble effectively improves their performance. Using this combined model on tephras from Eklutna Lake, south‐central Alaska, showed that predictions match traditional methods and can speed correlation. Although classifiers are useful tools, they should aid expert analysis, not replace it. The Eklutna Lake tephras are mostly from Redoubt Volcano. Besides tephras from known Holocene‐active sources, Holocene tephra geochemically consistent with Pleistocene Emmons Lake Volcanic Center (Dawson tephra), but from a yet unknown source, is evident. These tephras are mostly anchored by a highly resolved varved chronology and represent new important regional stratigraphic markers.
Synthesis of Heterobifunctional Thiol‐poly(lactic acid)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐hydroxyl for Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Pagels Robert F. , Pinkerton Nathalie M. , York Adam W. , Prud'homme Robert K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBiocompatible, amphiphilic block copolymers, such as poly(lactic acid)‐b‐poly(ethylene glycol) (PLA‐b‐PEG), that can be conjugated to targeting ligands, therapeutics, and imaging agents are required for the development of polymeric nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Synthesis of targetable, heterobifunctional X‐PLA‐b‐PEG‐Y has required the use of heterobifunctional PEG, which involves specialty equipment to synthesize and is expensive to purchase. Herein, a new method for the synthesis of bifunctional HS‐PLA‐b‐PEG‐OH is described. The approach takes advantage of polymer solution properties to improve a critical purification step, and uses inexpensive and readily available PEG‐diol as a starting material. In the method demonstrated here, the ring‐opening polymerization of PLA is initiated by both ends of a cleavable bifunctional initiator. PEG is conjugated to each PLA end, resulting in a high molecular weight intermediate which is simple to purify from the excess PEG, with recoveries that are nearly three times higher than when a monofunctional initiator is used. Following purification, the triblock copolymer is cleaved to produce the final HS‐PLA‐b‐PEG‐OH product, in which both polymer ends are reactive. Moreover, the polymers successfully stabilize nanoparticles produced by Flash NanoPrecipitation. Importantly, the synthesis method can be adopted by non‐polymer experts.
Sensorimotor experiences in servicescapes predict attitude formation through memory dynamics: A longitudinal study
Authors: Reitsamer Bernd F. , Streicher Mathias C. , Teichmann Karin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn a longitudinal study design with three waves, we show that strong sensorimotor associations of past service experiences positively influence consumers' attitude formation during postconsumption stages by (a) leading to more postconsumptive memories, specifically if (b) the initial experience has been perceived as moderately positive. Our study complements extant research on sensory marketing, consumer retrospection, and cognitive reinforcement by introducing memory frequency as an important mediator to explain time‐related antecedents of consumers' word‐of‐mouth. The results provide novel insights into the dynamics of attitude formation based on prior service experiences and help marketers to create long‐lasting customer relationships during postconsumption stages.
Transcranial Ultrasound Stimulation Directly Influences the Cortical Excitability of the Motor Cortex in Parkinsonian Mice
Authors: Wang Zhijie , Yan Jiaqing , Wang Xingrang , Yuan Yi , Li Xiaoli 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundLow‐intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation is a new noninvasive brain modulation method with high spatial resolution and high penetration depth. However, until now, it was unclear whether transcranial ultrasound stimulation has a significant effect on PD.ObjectivesIn order to evaluate the effect of transcranial ultrasound stimulation on PD.MethodsWe used transcranial ultrasound stimulation to modulate parkinsonian‐related activity in mice administered MPTP and recorded local field potentials in the motor cortex before and after ultrasound stimulation. We analyzed neuronal oscillatory activity known to be relevant to the pathophysiology of PD.ResultsAfter ultrasound stimulation, mean power intensity in the beta band (13–30 Hz) significantly decreased, and the phase‐amplitude coupling strength between the beta and high gamma (55–100 Hz) bands and between the beta and ripple (100–200 Hz) bands also became significantly weaker.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that ultrasonic neuromodulation can significantly decrease parkinsonian‐related activity in mice administered MPTP. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Climate indices to characterize climatic changes across southern Canada
Authors: Wazneh Hussein , Arain M. Altaf , Coulibaly Paulin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe present study analyses the impacts of past and future climate change on extreme weather events for southern parts of Canada from 1981 to 2100. A set of precipitation and temperature‐based indices were computed using the downscaled Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) multi‐model ensemble projections at 8 km resolution over the 21st Century for two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios: RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The results show that this region is expected to experience stronger warming and a higher increase in precipitation extremes in future. Generally, projected changes in minimum temperature will be greater than changes in maximum temperature, as shown by respective indices. A decrease in frost days and an increase in warm nights will be expected. By 2100 there will be no cool nights and cool days. Daily minimum and maximum temperatures will increase by 12 and 7°C, respectively, under the RCP8.5 scenario, when compared with the reference period 1981–2000. The highest warming in minimum temperature and decrease in cool nights and days will occur in Ontario and Quebec provinces close to the Great Lakes and Hudson Bay. The highest warming in maximum temperature will occur in the southern parts of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Annual total precipitation is expected to increase by about 16% and the occurrence of heavy precipitation events by five days. The highest increase in annual total precipitation will occur in the northern parts of Ontario and Quebec and in western British Columbia.
Magnetic resonance and ultrasound image‐guided navigation system using a needle manipulator
Authors: Yamada Atsushi , Tokuda Junichi , Naka Shigeyuki , Murakami Koichiro , Tani Tohru , Morikawa Shigehiro 
Published: December 2019

PurposeImage guidance is crucial for percutaneous tumor ablations, enabling accurate needle‐like applicator placement into target tumors while avoiding tissues that are sensitive to injury and/or correcting needle deflection. Although ultrasound (US) is widely used for image guidance, magnetic resonance (MR) is preferable due to its superior soft tissue contrast. The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate an MR and US multi‐modal image‐guided navigation system with a needle manipulator to enable US‐guided applicator placement during MR imaging (MRI)‐guided percutaneous tumor ablation.MethodsThe MRI‐compatible needle manipulator with US probe was installed adjacent to a 3 Tesla MRI scanner patient table. Coordinate systems for the MR image, patient table, manipulator, and US probe were all registered using an optical tracking sensor. The patient was initially scanned in the MRI scanner bore for planning and then moved outside the bore for treatment. Needle insertion was guided by real‐time US imaging fused with the reformatted static MR image to enhance soft tissue contrast. Feasibility, targeting accuracy, and MR compatibility of the system were evaluated using a bovine liver and agar phantoms.ResultsTargeting error for 50 needle insertions was 1.6 ± 0.6 mm (mean ± standard deviation). The experiment confirmed that fused MR and US images provided real‐time needle localization against static MR images with soft tissue contrast.ConclusionsThe proposed MR and US multi‐modal image‐guided navigation system using a needle manipulator enabled accurate needle insertion by taking advantage of static MR and real‐time US images simultaneously. Real‐time visualization helped determine needle depth, tissue monitoring surrounding the needle path, target organ shifts, and needle deviation from the path.
Overdiscrete echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging with correlated higher‐order phase correction
Authors: Coello Eduardo , Hafalir Fatih S. , Noeske Ralph , Menzel Marion , Haase Axel , Menze Bjoern , Schulte Rolf F. 
Published: December 2019

PurposeTo introduce a robust methodology for fast 1H MRSI of the brain at 3T with improved SNR and reduced phase‐related artifacts.MethodAn accelerated acquisition scheme using echo‐planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) was combined with the overdiscrete reconstruction framework. This approach enables the interleaved acquisition of a water reference scan at each phase encoding step, maximizing its correlation with the water‐suppressed measurement. Moreover, a generalized high‐order phase correction was incorporated into the reconstruction pipeline. The spatial–temporal phase correction term was estimated from the reference scan and interpolated to high resolution using a polynomial basis. The method was implemented at 3T and validated with phantom and in vivo experiments.ResultsThe methodology showed the elimination of spectral artifacts generated by phase disturbances and achieved mean SNR gains in vivo of 3.18 and 1.19 compared to standard reconstructions with corrections performed at nominal and high resolution, respectively. EPSI scans with interleaved water acquisition showed to be robust to system instabilities and potentially to patient motion. Moreover, phase distortions were effectively corrected in a single step, avoiding additional reference measurements and post‐processing steps.ConclusionThe overdiscrete reconstruction framework with high‐order phase correction allowed to effectively correct for distortions, related to B0 inhomogeneities, B0 drift, eddy currents, and system vibrations. Furthermore, the presented reconstruction method, combined with EPSI acquisitions, demonstrated improved measurement stability, substantial SNR enhancement, better spectral linewidth, and effective artifact removal.
The relationship between ante‐mortem molar loss and mandibular ramus shape in an archaeological population from Korea
Authors: Jung Hyunwoo , Woo Eun Jin , von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe relationship between age, ante‐mortem tooth loss (AMTL) of molars, and mandibular ramus shape was examined in the context of function‐induced alteration. It was hypothesized that age, as well as molar AMTL, would be significant factors for predicting ramus shape variation in an archaeological skeletal sample from Korea. Mandibles of 90 adults from the Joseon Dynasty in Korea were analysed using 3D geometric morphometrics. Molars were counted as functional units when mandibular–maxillary occlusion would have been possible, and the tooth socket was not shallow and remodelled. The relationships among age, AMTL, and ramus shape were tested, and nonparametric multivariate (rank‐based) one‐way tests were conducted to test the effects of age and AMTL on mandibular shape, both with and without considering age and AMTL as factors, respectively. The results showed that AMTL had no significant effect on mandibular shape variation irrespective of whether age was considered (without age: p = .104; with age: p = .088). In contrast, age had a significant effect on mandibular shape variation when AMTL was also considered (p = .044). Most of the shape variation among age groups occurred in the mandibular regions where the main masticatory muscles insert. However, the effect of age on mandibular shape among individuals with all three molar functional units intact was not statistically significant (p = .221). Thus, it is clear that age alone cannot explain all of the variation in mandibular shape. Rather, the results suggest that age and AMTL are highly correlated and combine to affect mandibular ramus shape variation throughout ontogeny.