bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosity-sensitive emission of anionic hydrogen-bonded urea-derivative–acetate-ion complexes and their aggregation-induced emission enhancement
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Ito Nozomu , Ninagawa Hayato , Yazaki Kohei , Sei Yoshihisa , Obata Makoto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Anions often quench fluorescence (FL). However, strong ionic hydrogen bonding between fluorescent dyes and anion molecules has the potential to control the electronic state of FL dyes, creating new functions via non-covalent interactions. Here, we propose a novel approach, utilising ionic hydrogen bonding between urea groups and anions, to control the electronic states of fluorophores and develop an aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) system. The AIEE ionic hydrogen-bonded complex (IHBC) formed between 1,8-diphenylnaphthalene (p-2urea), with aryl urea groups at the para-positions on the peri-phenyl rings, and acetate ions exhibits a remarkably high sensitivity to fluid viscosity compared with most conventional viscosity-sensitive dyes, and the FL quantum yield (QY) in ion-pair assemblies of the IHBC and tetrabutylammonium cations is more than five times higher than that of the IHBC in solution. Our versatile and simple approach for the design of AIEE dye facilitates the future development of viscosity probes and solid-state emitting materials.
Electrically driven mid-submicron pixelation of InGaN micro-LED displays for AR glasses
Authors: Park Jinjoo , Choi Jun Hee , Kong Kiho , Han Joo Hun , Park Jung Hun , Kim Nakhyun , Lee Eunsung , Kim Dongho , Kim Joosung , Chung Deuk Seok , Kim Miyoung , Yoon Euijoon , Shin Jaikwang , Hwang Sungwoo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
InGaN-based blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs), with their high efficiency and brightness, are entering the display industry. However, a significant gap remains between the expectation of highly efficient light sources and their experimental realization into tiny pixels for ultrahigh-density displays for augmented reality (AR).Herein, we report using tailored ion implantation (TIIP) to fabricate highly-efficient, electrically-driven pixelated InGaN microLEDs (µLEDs) at the mid-submicron scale (line/space of 0.5/0.5 µm), corresponding to 8500ppi (RGB). Creating a laterally confined nonradiative region around each pixel with controlled amount of mobile vacancies, TIIP pixelation materializes relatively invariant luminance, and high pixel distinctiveness, at submicron-sized pixels. Moreover, with incomparable integration capability of TIIP pixelation owing to its planar geometry, we demonstrate 2000 ppi µLED displays with monolithically integrated thin-film transistor pixel circuits, and 5000 ppi compatible core technologies. We expect that the demonstrated method will pave the way toward high-performance µLED displays for seamless AR glasses in the near future.
Hypothalamic circuits for mechanically-evoked defensive attack
Authors: Cao Peng , Xie Zhiyong , Gu Huating , Shang Congping , Cheng Xinyu , Huang Meizhu , Li Dapeng , Tao Ting , Xie Yuan , Zhao Jidong , Lu Wei , Zhang Zhibing , Tang Zongxiang , Zhan Cheng , Zhang Fan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The innate defensive behaviors triggered by environmental threats play a critical role in animal survival. Among these behaviors, defensive attack physically toward threatening target (e.g. predator) is the last line of defense to struggle for survival. How the brain transforms threat-relevant sensory information into the action of defensive attack remains poorly understood. We found that noxious mechanical force in an inescapable context was a key stimulus to trigger defensive attack in laboratory mice. The mechanically-evoked defensive attack was abrogated by photoinhibition of vGAT+ neurons in the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHN). The AHN vGAT+ neurons encoded the intensity of mechanical force and were innervated by brain areas related to pain and attack. Activation of these neurons triggered biting attack toward predator, while suppressing other ongoing behaviors. The efferent pathway from AHN vGAT+ neurons to the periaqueductal gray was both sufficient and necessary for mechanically-evoked defensive attack. Together, these data revealed a GABAergic brain circuit engaged in converting noxious mechanical stimuli to neural signals that provoke defensive attack in mice.
WITHDRAWN: Mitochondrial accumulation induced axon dysfunction promotes paranode instability and demyelination in hypoxic-ischemic forms of demyelination
Authors: Cui Mei , Feng Yiwei , Guo Min , Zhao Hongchen , Han Sida , Zhao Yanxing , Dong Qiang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic forms of demyelination, caused by chronic or acute reduction of blood flow in subcortical white matter, is increasingly considered as an important contributor to cognitive decline. However, it remains unclear how hypoxia/ischemia leads to demyelination pathology and no effective drugs clinically. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between axon injuries and demyelination as well as the mechanism in the development of hypoxic-ischemic forms of demyelination. Bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) mouse model of whole-brain hypoperfusion was used to observe the pathological changes of hypoperfusion-induced demyelination in vivo, and low glucose-low oxygen (LGLO) treatment in cerebellum slice cultures was used to uncover molecular machinery in vitro. We found that mitochondria were excessively accumulated among axons after BCAS/LGLO, which impaired the retrograde transport of mitochondria for mitophagy and anterograde transport for metabolic supply. This axonal insult occurred prior to demyelination and promoted the progression of demyelination through impairing the paranode stability by mitochondrial ROS. Syntaphilin (SNPH), an axonal specific arching protein of mitochondria, was elevated after hypoperfusion and was responsible for the accumulation of mitochondria. Knockdown of SNPH promoted retrograde transport of mitochondria to alleviate ROS load among axons and enhanced anterograde transport of mito-chondria for synapse signalling, mitigated demyelination and retrieved cognitive function. Our results uncovered a distinctive pathological characteristic of hypoperfusion-induced demye-lination and clarified SNPH as a promising target in the treatment of hypoxic-ischemic forms of demyelination.
ILF3 Mediated BMP2 and STAT1 Transcription Is Responsible for Hyperlipidemia-Induced Arteriosclerotic Calcification
Authors: Xie Fei , Wang Zhao-yang , Liu Bin , Qiao Wen , Li Na , Cheng Jie , Hou Ya-min , Dong Xin-ying , Chen Yuguo , Zhang Ming-xiang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Calcification is common in atherosclerotic plaque and can induce vulnerability, which further leads to myocardial infarction, plaque rupture and stroke. The mechanisms of atherosclerotic calcification are poorly characterized. Interleukin enhancer binding factor 3 (ILF3) has been identified as a novel factor affecting dyslipidemia and stroke subtypes. However, the precise role of ILF3 in atherosclerotic calcification remains unclear. Here we showed that ILF3 expression is increased in calcified human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs) and calcified atherosclerotic plaque in humans and mice. We then found that hyperlipidemia increases ILF3 expression and exacerbates calcification of VSMCs and macrophages by regulating bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) transcription. We further explored the molecular mechanisms of ILF3 in atherosclerotic calcification and revealed that ILF3 acts on the promoter regions of BMP2 and STAT1 and mediates BMP2 upregulation and STAT1 downregulation, which promotes atherosclerotic calcification. Our results demonstrate the effect of ILF3 in atherosclerotic calcification. Inhibition of ILF3 may be a useful therapy for preventing and even reversing atherosclerotic calcification.
Quantifying nitrogen fixation by heterotrophic bacteria in sinking marine particles
Authors: Chakraborty Subhendu , Andersen Ken , Visser Andre , Inomura Keisuke , Follows Michael J. , Riemann Lasse 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) fixation by heterotrophic bacteria associated with sinking particles contributes to marine N cycling, but a mechanistic understanding of its regulation and significance are not available. Here we develop a mathematical model for unicellular heterotrophic bacteria growing on sinking marine particles and can fix N2 under suitable environmental conditions. We find that the interactive effects of polysaccharide and polypeptide concentrations, sinking speed of particles, and surrounding O2 and NO3- concentrations determine the N2 fixation rate inside particles. N2 fixation inside sinking particles is mainly fueled by SO42- respiration rather than NO3- respiration. Our model suggests that anaerobic processes, including heterotrophic N2 fixation, can take place in anoxic microenvironments inside sinking particles even in fully oxygenated marine waters. The modelled rates are similar to bulk rates measured in the aphotic ocean, and our study consequently suggests that particle-associated heterotrophic N2 fixation contributes significantly to oceanic N2 fixation.
Understanding and exploiting the fatty acid desaturation system in Rhodotorula toruloides
Authors: Liu Yanbin , Koh Chong Mei John , Yap Sihui Amy , Cai Lin , Ji Lianghui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Rhodotorula toruloides is a robust producer of triacylglycerol owing to its fast growth rate and strong metabolic flux under conditions of high cell density fermentation. However, the molecular basis of fatty acid biosynthesis, desaturation and regulation remain elusive.Results We present the molecular characterization of four fatty acid desaturase (FAD) genes in R. toruloides. Biosynthesis of oleic acid (OA) and palmitoleic acid (POA) was conferred by a single-copy ∆9 Fad (Ole1) as targeted deletion of which abolished the biosynthesis of all unsaturated fatty acids. Conversion of OA to linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) was predominantly catalyzed by the bifunctional ∆12/∆15 Fad2. FAD4 was found to encode a trifunctional ∆9/∆12/∆15 FAD, playing important roles in lipid and biomass production as well as stress resistance. Furthermore, an abundantly transcribed OLE1-related gene, OLE2 encoding a 149-aa protein, was shown to regulate Ole1 regioselectivity. Like other fungi, the transcription of FAD genes was controlled by nitrogen levels and fatty acids in the medium. A conserved DNA motif, (T/C)(G/A)TTGCAGA(T/C)CCCAG, was demonstrated to mediate the transcription of OLE1 by POA/OA. The applications of these FAD genes were illustrated by engineering high level production of OA and g-linolenic acid (GLA). Conclusion Our work has gained novel insights on the transcriptional regulation of FAD genes, evolution of FAD enzymes and their roles in UFA biosynthesis, membrane stress resistance and, cell mass and total fatty acid production. Our findings should illuminate fatty acid metabolic engineering in R. toruloides and beyond.
Impact of Tobacco Smoking Status on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 Pneumonia: Observational study
Authors: Romero Gustavo Fernandez , Dominguez-Castillo Eduardo , Zheng Matthew , Yousef Ibraheem , Darnell Melinda , Ganghemi Andrew , Dorey-Stein Zack , Zantah Massa , Townsend Ryan , Myers Catherine , Ku Tse-Shuen , Patel Maulin , Patlakh Nicole , Jacobs Michael , Zhao Huaqing , Gupta Rohit , Rali Parth , Criner Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Determine the impact of tobacco smoking status on patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia in the need for ICU care, mechanical ventilation and mortality. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study, that involved chart review. All adults 18 years or older with a diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia hospitalized from March 15th, 2020 to May 06th, 2020 with a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19. We used chi-squared test for categorical variables and student t-tests or Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous variables. We further used adjusted and unadjusted logistic regression to assess risk factors for mortality and intubation.Results: Among 577 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia, 268 (46.4%) had a history of smoking including 187 former and 81 active smokers. The former smokers when compared with non-smokers were predominantly older with more comorbidities. Also, when compared with never smokers D Dimer levels were elevated in active (p=0.05) and former smokers (p<0.01). The former smokers versus non-smokers required increased need for advanced non-invasive respiratory support on admission (p<0.05), ICU care (p<0.05) and had higher mortality [1.99 (CI 95% 1.03-3.85, p<0.05)]. Active smokers versus non-smokers received more mechanical ventilation [OR 2.11 (CI 95% 1.06-4.19, p<0.05)].Conclusions: In our cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, former smokers had higher need for non-invasive respiratory support on admission, ICU care, and mortality compared to non-smokers. Also, active smokers versus non-smokers needed more mechanical ventilation.
Under nutrition and Associated Factors Among Adult People Attending Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Health Facilities of Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia, 2018.
Authors: Regassa Tilahun MEkonnen , Gudeta Tesfaye Abera 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background- Nutritional issues are common in HIV disease. At some point, almost everyone living with HIV will face challenges in maintaining good nutrition. This study aimed to assess under nutrition and associated factors among Adult Clients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Health Facilities of Bench Maji Zone, South West Ethiopia,2018.Methods- Facility based cross sectional study design was employed from May 01 – June 30/2018. Sample size was 1007 and the participants were selected by using consecutive sampling technique from selected health facilities. Data was entered in to Epi Data Statistical software version 3.1 and analysed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 21.0. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated to under nutrition in adults attending ART. Odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals were used to examine associations between dependent & independent variables. Result: The magnitude of under- nutrition among peoples on ART in this study was 154 (16.0%). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, factors contributing to under nutrition were identified; Age [AOR 2.4, 95% CI (1.1-5.4)], marital status[AOR 2.2, 95% CI (1.3-3.7)], occupational status[AOR 0.4,95% (0.2-0.9)], developing GI symptoms [AOR 2.6, 95% CI (1.5-4.5)] and WHO clinical stage [AOR 3.1, 95% CI (1.4-6.8)] were found to have statistically significant association with among peoples on ART.Conclusion: Significant numbers of peoples on ART drugs in the study area were under nutrition. Age, marital status, occupational status, WHO clinical stage of disease and developing gastro intestinal symptoms were identified factors of under nutrition among adult people on ART. The health care workers and experts work on the ART clinic should focuses on patient counseling about early prevention, detection and treatment of opportunistic infections, and early health seeking behaviors before AIDs stage.
Finite element analysis of different locking-plate fixation methods for the treatment of ulna head fracture
Authors: Zhang Yue , Shao Qin , Yang Chensong , Ai Changqing , Zhou Di , Yu Yang , Sun Guixin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Ulnar head fractures are increasingly higher with the growing proportion of the elderly in the population. Failure to achieve stable anatomic reduction of ulna head fracture may lead to the DRUJ dysfunction and nonunion of distal radius. Due to the lack of the postoperative reporting outcomes and the biomechanical studies, it has not been well established about the optimal management of the comminuted distal ulna head fracture. This study aimed to explain the advantages and disadvantages of the ulnar-side locking plate fixation, compared with the dorsal-side one, and its screws arrangement in the treatment of the ulnar head fracture by using finite element analysis. Methods: FE models of the ulnar head fracture and the models of ulnar-side locking plate and dorsal-side plate with two or three distal screws was constructed. In order to simulate forces acting on the ulnar and the osteosynthesis material during daily-life activity in subjects who underwent reconstructive surgery, we applied three loading conditions to each model, viz. axial compression 20N, 50N, and torsion moments 1Nm. Under these conditions, values of the von Mises Stress (VMS) distribution of the implant, peak VMS, and model displacement were investigated. Results: Both the stress values and model displacement of ulnar-side plate were lower than those of dorsal-side plate. When adding a screw in the middle hole of the ulnar head, the values of model displacement and the peak stress in fixation system are lower, but it may evidently concentrate the stress on the middle screw. Conclusions: In conclusion, our study indicated that plating locking plate on ulnar side had lower stress distribution on the plate and better stability than on dorsal side in ulnar head fracture fixation. Adding the additional screw on the ulnar head could reduce the displacement of the fixation system and increase the stability of the fixation system. This study requires clinical confirmation as to its practicality in the treatment of ulnar head fracture.
Understanding Motivations behind Medical Student Involvement in COVID-19 Pandemic Relief Efforts
Authors: Bellomo Tiffany Rose , Prasad Sanjana , Cartwright Julia , Bhaumik Deesha , Zhang Yibing , Azzouz Lyna , Vercler Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Although students were removed from patient-facing settings at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic due to concerns of burdening teaching physicians and depleting personal protective equipment, some leaders suggest students can be effectively utilized when personnel resources may be scarce. There have been narrative discussions surrounding medical student involvement, but no studies exploring the attitudes of these students. The authors aim to quantify the degree to which factors influenced a medical student’s decision to or to not volunteer during the pandemic and to characterize medical students’ attitudes towards medical professionals’ duty to serve in a pandemic.Methods: The authors developed and tested a secure web-based survey before distribution to students at 23 different US allopathic medical schools that did not graduate medical students early to aid in pandemic efforts between April and June 2020. Of the 599 students who completed the survey, 65.5% self-identified as female and were on average 25.94 years old (SD = 2.5). Descriptive statistics were calculated with a Chi-Squared test for categorical variables and a one-way ANOVA for continuous variables in R version 3.62.Results: 67.6% of students volunteered in pandemic relief activities and a majority of those students volunteered in non-patient-facing roles. Community service, new skills, and time commitment were top 3 influencing factors for students who volunteered, while risk to other, time commitment, and risk to self were top 3 influencing factors for students who chose not to volunteer. Compared to other specialties, students interested in primary care specialties agreed to a greater degree that physicians have a duty to serve in pandemic relief efforts.Conclusions: Medical students who volunteered cited self-serving factors and altruistic values as significant motivators. Students who did not volunteer were significantly more concerned with risks of COVID-19 exposure. However, medical students in general agreed that students should be allowed to volunteer in COVID-19 related relief efforts. As large areas of the United States continue to experience increases in COVID-19 cases, institutions should involve medical students in balancing the level of acceptable risk with the educational benefits.
Zinc Complex Based Multifunctional Reactive Lithium Polysulfide Trapper Approaching Its Theoretical Efficiency
Authors: Ma Zhong , Zuo Zhijun , Li Yuning 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The “shuttle effect” of soluble lithium polysulfides (LPS), which causes rapid capacity fading, remains a lingering issue for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, we report a new type of reactive molecule-based (or molecular) LPS trapper, zinc acetate-diethanolamine (Zn(OAc)2·DEA), which demonstrated a molecular efficiency of 1.8 for LPS trapping, approaching its theoretical limit of 2. This is the highest trapping capability among all reported LPS trappers. During discharge the trapped polysulfides are much more thermodynamically favored for reduction compared to the non-trapped ones, while during charge the complex Zn(SLi)2·DEA formed in the previous discharging process can be more easily oxidized due to its lower energy barrier in comparison to Li2S, indicating the catalytic effects of Zn2+·DEA on the redox of sulfur species. Zn(OAc)2·DEA is also an excellent binder owing to its multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds. LSBs using Zn(OAc)2·DEA as a LPS trapper, a binder, and a redox catalyst exhibited excellent long-term cycling stability (with a capacity retention of 85% after 1000 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C) and enhanced rate performance. The work demonstrated the potential of this novel type of multifunctional metal complex-based reactive molecular LPS trappers for high capacity and stable LSBs.
Development of fluorescence/MR dual-modal manganese-nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets as an efficient contrast agent for targeted ovarian carcinoma imaging
Authors: Han Cuiping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Development of sensitive and specific imaging approaches for the detection of ovarian cancer holds great promise for improving the therapeutic efficacy and the lifespan of the patients. Results: In this study, manganese-nitrogen doped carbon nanosheets (Mn-N-CNSs) coupled with Anti-HE4 monoclonal antibody (Mn-N-CNSs@Anti-HE4) were synthesized for the specific and targeted fluorescence/MR dual-modal imaging of ovarian carcinoma. The prepared Mn-N-CNSs revealed excellent aqueous dispersity, good colloidal stability, great optical properties and high longtudinal relaxivity rate (r1 =10.30 mM-1s-1). Encouraged by the tunable photoluminiscence of the nanoprobe and Anti-HE4 targeting ligand, the ovarian carcinoma cells were specifically labeled by the Mn-N-CNSs@Anti-HE4 nanoprobe with multi-color fluorescences. Benefiting from the high r1 relaxivity, the nanoprobe exhibited targeted and enhanced MR contrast effect in the ovarian carcinoma cells and tumor bearing mice model. Besides, the high biocompatibility and easy excretion from the body of the nanoprobe were further confirmed in vivo. Conclusion: The prepared Mn-N-CNSs@Anti-HE4 with excellent biocompatibility, high-performance and superior tumor-targeting ability provides a novel fluorescence/MR dual-modal nanoprobe for specific labeling and detection of ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo.