bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing genomic selection for blight resistance in American chestnut backcross populations: A trade‐off with American chestnut ancestry implies resistance is polygenic
Authors: Westbrook Jared W. , Zhang Qian , Mandal Mihir K. , Jenkins Eric V. , Barth Laura E. , Jenkins Jerry W. , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Holliday Jason A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAmerican chestnut was once a foundation species of eastern North American forests, but was rendered functionally extinct in the early 20th century by an exotic fungal blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). Over the past 30 years, the American Chestnut Foundation (TACF) has pursued backcross breeding to generate hybrids that combine the timber‐type form of American chestnut with the blight resistance of Chinese chestnut based on a hypothesis of major gene resistance. To accelerate selection within two backcross populations that descended from two Chinese chestnuts, we developed genomic prediction models for five presence/absence blight phenotypes of 1,230 BC3F2selection candidates and average canker severity of their BC3F3progeny. We also genotyped pure Chinese and American chestnut reference panels to estimate the proportion of BC3F2genomes inherited from parent species. We found that genomic prediction from a method that assumes an infinitesimal model of inheritance (HBLUP) has similar accuracy to a method that tends to perform well for traits controlled by major genes (Bayes C). Furthermore, the proportion of BC3F2trees' genomes inherited from American chestnut was negatively correlated with the blight resistance of these trees and their progeny. On average, selected BC3F2trees inherited 83% of their genome from American chestnut and have blight resistance that is intermediate between F1hybrids and American chestnut. Results suggest polygenic inheritance of blight resistance. The blight resistance of restoration populations will be enhanced through recurrent selection, by advancing additional sources of resistance through fewer backcross generations, and by potentially by breeding with transgenic blight‐tolerant trees.
The fine‐scale genetic structure and selection signals of Chinese indigenous pigs
Authors: Huang Min , Yang Bin , Chen Hao , Zhang Hui , Wu Zhongping , Ai Huashui , Ren Jun , Huang Lusheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGenome‐wide SNP profiling has yielded insights into the genetic structure of China indigenous pigs, but has focused on a limited number of populations. Here, we present an analysis of population structure and signals of positive selection in 42 Chinese pig populations that represent the most extensive pig phenotypic diversity in China, using genotype data of 1.1 million SNPs on customized Beadchips. This unravels the fine‐scale genetic diversity, phylogenic relationships, and population structure of these populations, which shows remarkably concordance between genetic clusters and geography with few exceptions. We also reveal the genetic contribution to North Chinese pigs from European modern pigs. Furthermore, we identify possible targets of selection in the Tibetan pig, including the well‐characterized hypoxia gene (EPAS1) and several previously unrecognized candidates. Intriguingly, the selected haplotype in the EPAS1 gene is associated with higher hemoglobin contents in Tibetan pigs, which is different from the protective role of EPAS1 in the high‐altitude adaptation in Tibetan dogs and their owners. Additionally, we present evidence for the causality between EDNRB variants and the two‐end‐black (TEB) coat color phenotype in all Chinese pig populations except the Jinhua pig. We hypothesize that distinct targets have been independently selected for the formation of the TEB phenotype in Chinese pigs of different geographic origins. This highlights the importance of characterizing population‐specific genetic determinants for heritable phenotype in diverse pig populations.
Heterochromatic hues of transcription—the diverse roles of noncoding transcripts from constitutive heterochromatin
Authors: Saha Parna , Mishra Rakesh K. 
Published: October 2019

Constitutive heterochromatin has been canonically considered as transcriptionally inert chromosomal regions, which silences the repeats and transposable elements (TEs), to preserve genomic integrity. However, several studies from the last few decades show that centromeric and pericentromeric regions also get transcribed and these transcripts are involved in multiple cellular processes. Regulation of such spatially and temporally controlled transcription and their relevance to heterochromatin function have emerged as an active area of research in chromatin biology. Here, we review the myriad of roles of noncoding transcripts from the constitutive heterochromatin in the establishment and maintenance of heterochromatin, kinetochore assembly, germline epigenome maintenance, early development, and diseases. Contrary to general expectations, there are active protein‐coding genes in the heterochromatin although the regulatory mechanisms of their expression are largely unknown. We propose plausible hypotheses to explain heterochromatic gene expression using Drosophila melanogaster as a model, and discuss the evolutionary significance of these transcripts in the context of Drosophilid speciation. Such analyses offer insights into the regulatory pathways and functions of heterochromatic transcripts which open new avenues for further investigation.
Carbon for nutrient exchange between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and wheat varies according to cultivar and changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration
Authors: Thirkell Tom J. , Pastok Daria , Field Katie J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with most crops, potentially improving their nutrient assimilation and growth. The effects of cultivar and atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) on wheat–AMF carbon‐for‐nutrient exchange remain critical knowledge gaps in the exploitation of AMF for future sustainable agricultural practices within the context of global climate change. We used stable and radioisotope tracers (15N, 33P, 14C) to quantify AMF‐mediated nutrient uptake and fungal acquisition of plant carbon in three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. We grew plants under current ambient (440 ppm) and projected future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (800 ppm). We found significant 15N transfer from fungus to plant in all cultivars, and cultivar‐specific differences in total N content. There was a trend for reduced N uptake under elevated atmospheric [CO2]. Similarly, 33P uptake via AMF was affected by cultivar and atmospheric [CO2]. Total P uptake varied significantly among wheat cultivars and was greater at the future than current atmospheric [CO2]. We found limited evidence of cultivar or atmospheric [CO2] effects on plant‐fixed carbon transfer to the mycorrhizal fungi. Our results suggest that AMF will continue to provide a route for nutrient uptake by wheat in the future, despite predicted rises in atmospheric [CO2]. Consideration should therefore be paid to cultivar‐specific AMF receptivity and function in the development of climate smart germplasm for the future.
Spatial modeling of techno‐economic potential of biojet fuel production in Brazil
Authors: Cervi Walter Rossi , Lamparelli Rubens Augusto Camargo , Seabra Joaquim Eugênio Abel , Junginger Martin , de Jong Sierk , van der Hilst Floor 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is expected that Brazil could play an important role in biojet fuel (BJF) production in the future due to the long experience in biofuel production and the good agro‐ecological conditions. However, it is difficult to quantify the techno‐economic potential of BJF because of the high spatiotemporal variability of available land, biomass yield, and infrastructure as well as the technological developments in BJF production pathways. The objective of this research is to assess the recent and future techno‐economic potential of BJF production in Brazil and to identify location‐specific optimal combinations of biomass crops and technological conversion pathways. In total, 13 production routes (supply chains) are assessed through the combination of various biomass crops and BJF technologies. We consider temporal land use data to identify potential land availability for biomass production. With the spatial distribution of the land availability and potential yield of biomass crops, biomass production potential and costs are calculated. The BJF production cost is calculated by taking into account the development in the technological pathways and in plant scales. We estimate the techno‐economic potential by determining the minimum BJF total costs and comparing this with the range of fossil jet fuel prices. The techno‐economic potential of BJF production ranges from 0 to 6.4 EJ in 2015 and between 1.2 and 7.8 EJ in 2030, depending on the reference fossil jet fuel price, which varies from 19 to 65 US$/GJ across the airports. The techno‐economic potential consists of a diverse set of production routes. The Northeast and Southeast region of Brazil present the highest potentials with several viable production routes, whereas the remaining regions only have a few promising production routes. The maximum techno‐economic potential of BJF in Brazil could meet almost half of the projected global jet fuel demand toward 2030.
Soft tissue angiomatosis: another PIK3CA‐related disorder
Authors: Boccara Olivia , Galmiche‐Rolland Louise , Dadone‐Montaudié Bérengère , Ariche‐Maman Sonia , Coulet Florence , Eyries Mélanie , Pannier Stéphanie , Soupre Véronique , Molina Thierry , Pedeutour Florence , Fraitag Sylvie 
Published: October 2019

AimAngiomatosis of soft tissue (AST) is a rare, high‐flow, intramuscular vascular anomaly. In the context of PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS), this AST is referred to as PTEN hamartoma of soft tissue. Given that AST is observed in patients with no history of PHTS, we hypothesised that non‐syndromic AST arises as a consequence of a somatic mutation.Methods and resultsThirteen patients with histologically confirmed AST were retrospectively studied. Details of the patients’ personal and family medical histories and symptoms were retrieved from their medical records. The histological analyses were reviewed and a tissue sample was used for genetic testing. Somatic mutations in the PIK3CA gene (p.Glu542Lys; p.Glu545Lys; p.His1047Arg) were identified in the tissue samples from seven patients, all of whom had unremarkable medical histories and had presented with a single lesion located in the lower limb. Five pathogenic variations in the PTEN gene (mutations: p.Lys263Arg; c.1026+2T>A; p.Ala126Thr; p.Leu108Arg; deletion, log ratio −0.55) were identified in the lesions of four patients; two of the latter had multifocal lesions. All four patients displayed macrocephaly, three boys presented with penile freckles, but none had a family history of PHTS. There were no histological differences between the PIK3CA and PTEN groups.ConclusionsAST can be related to either PTEN or PIK3CA mutations and may be multifocal in PHTS. AST appears to be a manifestation of PHTS that occurs in early childhood. The patient's medical history and clinical presentation should prompt the physician to perform specific genetic testing.
Application of guidelines for the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in three prospective cohorts of HIV‐monoinfected patients
Authors: Sebastiani G , Cocciolillo S , Mazzola G , Malagoli A , Falutz J , Cervo A , Petta S , Pembroke T , Ghali P , Besutti G , Franconi I , Milic J , Cascio A , Guaraldi G 
Published: October 2019

ObjectivesCurrent guidelines recommend use of a diagnostic algorithm to assess disease severity in cases of suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We applied this algorithm to HIV‐monoinfected patients.MethodsWe analysed three prospective screening programmes for NAFLD carried out in the following cohorts: the Liver Disease in HIV (LIVEHIV) cohort in Montreal, the Modena HIV Metabolic Clinic (MHMC) cohort and the Liver Pathologies in HIV in Palermo (LHivPa) cohort. In the LIVEHIV and LHivPa cohorts, NAFLD was diagnosed if the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) was ≥ 248 dB/m; in the MHMC cohort, it was diagnosed if the liver/spleen Hounsfield unit (HU) ratio on abdominal computerized tomography scan was < 1.1. Medium/high‐risk fibrosis category was defined as fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) ≥ 1.30. Patients requiring specialist referral to hepatology were defined as either having NAFLD and being in the medium/high‐risk fibrosis category or having elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT).ResultsA total of 1534 HIV‐infected adults without significant alcohol intake or viral hepatitis coinfection were included in the study. Of these, 313 (20.4%) patients had the metabolic comorbidities (obesity and/or diabetes) required for entry in the diagnostic algorithm. Among these patients, 123 (39.3%) required specialist referral to hepatology, according to guidelines. A total of 1062 patients with extended metabolic comorbidities (any among obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia) represented most of the cases of NAFLD (79%), elevated ALT (75.9%) and medium/high‐risk fibrosis category (75.4%). When the algorithm was extended to these patients, it was found that 341 (32.1%) would require specialist referral to hepatology.ConclusionsAccording to current guidelines, one in five HIV‐monoinfected patients should undergo detailed assessment for NAFLD and disease severity. Moreover, one in ten should be referred to hepatology. Expansion of the algorithm to patients with any metabolic comorbidities may be considered.
Emerging adults' financial capability: A financial socialization perspective
Authors: Marchant Caroline , Harrison Tina 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis exploratory qualitative research uses the United Kingdom as a case study to understand how past and present financial socialization agents have either enhanced or inhibited emerging adults' financial capability in order to highlight potential opportunities for future policy and practice interventions. Three primary socialization agents were identified. The family as trusted primary advisor continues well into adulthood, even where family financial capability may be low. Beyond this, emerging adults only reluctantly engage with their bank, rely on just‐in‐time experiential learning or self‐socialize via diving, often with false confidence, into the internet. Although there are many quantitative studies on financial socialization, this paper fills a gap by taking a deeply qualitative approach showing, for the first time, empirically highlighting the limited number of financial socialization agents through the voices of emerging adults. The findings contradict previous socialization research that suggests parental socialization reduces into adulthood.
Immune responses in the human female reproductive tract
Authors: Monin Leticia , Whettlock Emily M. , Male Victoria 
Published: October 2019

SummaryMucosal surfaces are key interfaces between the host and its environment, but also constitute ports of entry for numerous pathogens. The gut and lung mucosae act as points of nutrient and gas exchange, respectively, but the physiological purpose of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is to allow implantation and development of the fetus. Our understanding of immune responses in the FRT has traditionally lagged behind our grasp of the situation at other mucosal sites, but recently reproductive immunologists have begun to make rapid progress in this challenging area. Here, we review current knowledge of immune responses in the human FRT and their heterogeneity within and between compartments. In the commensal‐rich vagina, the immune system must allow the growth of beneficial microbes, whereas the key challenge in the uterus is allowing the growth of the semi‐allogeneic fetus. In both compartments, these objectives must be balanced with the need to eliminate pathogens. Our developing understanding of immune responses in the FRT will help us develop interventions to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases and to improve outcomes of pregnancy for mothers and babies.
‘I know what I need to recover’: Patients’ experiences and perceptions of forensic psychiatric inpatient care
Authors: Marklund Lisa , Wahlroos Terese , Looi Git‐Marie Ejneborn , Gabrielsson Sebastian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPatients find forensic psychiatric care inadequate in that they are not treated as individuals and not involved in their own care. The purpose of this study was to describe patients’ experiences and perceptions of forensic psychiatric inpatient care. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 inpatients. A qualitative content analysis resulted in a recurring theme, ‘I know what I need to recover’, and three main categories: ‘A need for meaning in a meagre existence’, ‘A need to be a person in an impersonal context’, and ‘A need for empowerment in a restricted life’. Participants experienced and perceived forensic care as predominantly monotonous, predetermined, and not adapted to them as individuals, forcing them to fight and adapt to get through it and not lose themselves. Perceived needs were largely ignored or opposed by staff due to the content and structure of care. Findings suggest a need for reflective practices and patient involvement in order to develop and maintain a person‐centred and recovery‐oriented nursing practice. The study adds to previous research showing the importance of patients in forensic psychiatric inpatient care being listened to and involved in their care. The study is reported in accordance with the COREQ guidelines.
Thermal cycling performances of multilayered yttria‐stabilized zirconia/gadolinium zirconate thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Zhou Dapeng , Mack Daniel Emil , Bakan Emine , Mauer Georg , Sebold Doris , Guillon Olivier , Vaßen Robert 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGadolinium zirconate (Gd2Zr2O7, GZO) as an advanced thermal barrier coating (TBC) material, has lower thermal conductivity, better phase stability, sintering resistance, and calcium‐magnesium‐alumino‐silicates (CMAS) attack resistance than yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 6‐8 wt%) at temperatures above 1200°C. However, the drawbacks of GZO, such as the low fracture toughness and the formation of deleterious interphases with thermally grown alumina have to be considered for the application as TBC. Using atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) and suspension plasma spraying (SPS), double‐layered YSZ/GZO TBCs, and triple‐layered YSZ/GZO TBCs were manufactured. In thermal cycling tests, both multilayered TBCs showed a significant longer lifetime than conventional single‐layered APS YSZ TBCs. The failure mechanism of TBCs in thermal cycling test was investigated. In addition, the CMAS attack resistance of both TBCs was also investigated in a modified burner rig facility. The triple‐layered TBCs had an extremely long lifetime under CMAS attack. The failure mechanism of TBCs under CMAS attack and the CMAS infiltration mechanism were investigated and discussed.
The effect of audit market structure on audit quality and audit pricing in the private‐client market
Authors: van Raak Jeroen , Peek Erik , Meuwissen Roger , Schelleman Caren 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study examines whether audit market structure affects audit quality and audit pricing. We analyze two conceptually distinct dimensions of market structure: audit market concentration and client mobility. Focusing on the private‐client segment of the Belgian audit market, we compare the pricing and quality effects of market structure between the segment of small and medium‐sized (SME) clients and the segment of large clients to test how audit complexity moderates such effects. We find that market concentration impairs price and quality competition in the SME‐client segment. Market concentration is unrelated to audit quality in the large‐client segment, where we argue that concentration is endogenous to audit complexity. Furthermore, we find that client mobility stimulates price competition in both segments but improves audit quality only in the large‐client segment. We interpret our findings as evidence that (a) audit market concentration impairs competition especially when audits have low complexity and that (b) the large‐client market segment, characterized by higher audit complexity and higher market concentration, can also be price and quality competitive if clients are sufficiently mobile, and change auditors relatively frequently.
Weekly adalimumab treatment decreased disease flare in hidradenitis suppurativa over 36 weeks: integrated results from the phase 3 PIONEER trials
Authors: van der Zee H.H. , Longcore M. , Geng Z. , Garg A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundHidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic skin disease characterized by inflammatory lesions that flare unpredictably. The impact of weekly adalimumab (ADAew) on HS flare is not well‐characterized.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of disease flare on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in moderate‐to‐severe HS patients and to determine the effect of ADAew on disease flare using integrated data from two phase 3 trials over 36 weeks.MethodsIn period A (12 weeks), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score change from baseline was compared in patients who flared and those who did not, regardless of treatment. The proportion of patients experiencing flare, duration of flare and time to flare was evaluated for ADAew vs. placebo (PBO). In period B (24 weeks), proportion of patients experiencing flare who received continuous ADAew treatment through 36 weeks was assessed.ResultsHRQOL was markedly improved among those who did not experience flare. In period A, the proportion of patients who experienced flare was significantly lower with ADAew vs. PBO (12.3% vs. 35.3%, P < 0.001). ADAew patients also had longer time to first flare (101 days vs. 57 days; P < 0.001) and shorter flare duration (18.9 days vs. 32.0 days, respectively; P = 0.001) vs. PBO. Through 36 weeks of treatment, 20.2% of ADAew patients flared, and for those who achieved at least a partial clinical response to ADAew at 12 weeks, only 5.7% flared.ConclusionsFlare reduction is an important measure in HS that correlates with clinically meaningful improvement in HRQOL. ADAew reduces HS flare through 12 and subsequent 36 weeks of treatment.
Transparency improves concealment in cryptically coloured moths
Authors: Arias Mónica , Elias Marianne , Andraud Christine , Berthier Serge , Gomez Doris 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPredation is a ubiquitous and strong selective pressure on living organisms. Transparency is a predation defence widespread in water but rare on land. Some Lepidoptera display transparent patches combined with already cryptic opaque patches. A recent study showed that transparency reduced detectability of aposematic prey with conspicuous patches. However, whether transparency has any effect at reducing detectability of already cryptic prey is still unknown. We conducted field predation experiments with free avian predators where we monitored and compared survival of a fully opaque grey artificial form (cryptic), a form including transparent windows and a wingless artificial butterfly body. Survival of the transparent forms was similar to that of wingless bodies and higher than that of fully opaque forms, suggesting a reduction of detectability conferred by transparency. This is the first evidence that transparency decreases detectability in cryptic terrestrial prey. Future studies should explore the organization of transparent and opaque patches in animals and their interplay on survival, as well as the costs and other potential benefits associated with transparency on land.