bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and risk for neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Ohlsson Gotby Vide , Söder Olle , Frisén Louise , Serlachius Eva , Bölte Sven , Almqvist Catarina , Larsson Henrik , Lichtenstein Paul , Tammimies Kristiina 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) is a rare disorder that manifests absent puberty and infertility. Genetic syndromes with hypogonadism, such as Klinefelter syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, it is not clear whether patients with HH or transient delayed puberty in general, have an increased risk of NDDs. We performed a register‐based study on a national cohort of 264 patients with HH and 7447 patients diagnosed with delayed puberty that was matched with 2640 and 74 470 controls, respectively. The outcome was defined as having any of the following NDD diagnoses: (i) autism spectrum disorder (ASD); (ii) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); or (iii) intellectual disability (ID). Additional sensitivity analyses were performed to control for different parental and birth variables, as well as diagnosed malformation syndromes and chromosomal anomalies (ie, Down’s and Turner syndromes). Patients with HH had increased risk for being diagnosed with ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.6‐12.6), ADHD (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8‐5.1) and ID (OR = 18.0; 95% CI = 8.9‐36.3) compared to controls. Patients with delayed puberty also had a significantly increased risk of being diagnosed with an NDD. These associations remained significant after adjustments. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant association between HH, delayed puberty and NDDs in a population‐based cohort. Clinicians should be aware of the overlap between these disorders. Further studies should explore the mechanisms behind these associations.
Growth hormone regulates opsin expression in the retina of a salmonid fish
Authors: Novales Flamarique Inigo , Sayed Ahmed Ahmed , Cheng Christiana L. , Molday Robert S. , Devlin Robert H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractColour vision relies on retinal photoreceptors that express a different predominant visual pigment protein (opsin). In several vertebrates, the primary opsin expressed by a photoreceptor can change throughout ontogeny, although the molecular factors that influence such regulation are poorly understood. One of these factors is thyroid hormone which, together with its receptors, modulates opsin expression in the retinas of multiple vertebrates including rodents and salmonid fishes. In the latter, thyroid hormone induces a switch in opsin expression from SWS1 (ultraviolet light sensitive) to SWS2 (short wavelength or blue light sensitive) in the single cone photoreceptors of the retina. The actions of other hormones on opsin expression have not been investigated. In the present study, we used a transgenic strain of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kitsutch) with enhanced levels of circulating growth hormone compared to that of wild siblings to assess the effects of this hormone on the SWS1 to SWS2 opsin switch. Transgenic fish showed a developmentally accelerated opsin switch compared to size‐matched controls as assessed by immunohistological and in situ hybridisation labelling of photoreceptors and by quantification of transcripts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This accelerated switch led to a different spectral sensitivity maximum, under a middle to long wavelength adapting background, from ultraviolet (λmax ~ 380 nm) in controls to short wavelengths (λmax ~ 430 nm) in transgenics, demonstrating altered colour vision. The effects of growth hormone over‐expression were independent of circulating levels of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine), the hormone typically associated with opsin switches in vertebrates.
Implant‐Supported Immediately Loaded Complete Arch Rehabilitations with a Mean Follow‐up of 10 Years: A Prospective Clinical Study
Authors: Tartaglia Gianluca Martino , Farronato Marco , Sforza Chiarella , Bidra Avinash S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the complication‐free and failure‐free survival rates of porcelain fused to zirconia (PFZ) and all‐resin complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses over a mean follow‐up of 10 years.Material and MethodsSubjects with either all‐resin or PFZ complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses on 4 or 6 implants were followed prospectively for 10 years. Cumulative survival rates of prostheses without any catastrophic mechanical complications (resolved without replacing the prosthesis) and free of prosthesis failure (requiring the replacement or removal of the prosthesis) were calculated using life table analysis for up to 10‐year period. Additional descriptive variables for various prosthesis events were recorded, such as sex, smoking and drinking status of subjects.ResultsA total of 36 subjects with a total of 68 prostheses (53 all‐resin and 15 PFZ) were available for evaluation with a mean follow‐up of 10 years (SD 1.47; range: 8‐13 years). The study registered an overall 90% prostheses survival rate—78% for males and 94% for females; 91% for PFZ and 87% for all‐resin; and a 31% complication‐free prosthesis survival rate—13% for males and 38% for females; 29% for PFZ and 31% for all‐resin at 10 years. A slight decrease in survival rate was identified in the first 3 years since the initial treatment (from 100% to 93%). The number of complications increased with time, especially after the 6th year after the initial treatment.ConclusionDespite the number of reparable mechanical complications, the results confirmed the long‐lasting features of both PFZ and all‐resin complete arch fixed implant‐supported prostheses over a 10‐year period. There was however an increased number of mechanical complications after 6 years which may entail additional treatment cost for patients.
Effect of ILK on small‐molecule metabolism of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts with mechanical stretching
Authors: Wan Wanting , He Chuan , Du Chanyuan , Wang Yijie , Wu Shiyang , Wang Tairan , Zou Rui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMechanical stimuli can cause periodontal tissue reconstruction. Studies have found that changes in metabolites can be the terminal effect of integrin‐mediated mechanical signaling. As a key kinase in integrin regulation, integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) mediates mechanical signal transduction, which may contribute to metabolite changes. Defining the components of small‐molecule metabolites can optimize mechanical stimuli and periodontal tissue reconstruction. Our purpose is to detect the effect of ILK‐mediated mechanical signaling on intracellular small‐molecule metabolites (amino acids and organic acids) in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLFs).MethodsPrimary HPDLFs were isolated by enzyme digestion method. Tensile stresses were applied on HPDLFs in vitro using a Flexcell system. ILK gene in HPDLFs was knocked down by RNA interference (RNAi). Twenty common amino acids and seven organic acids in HPDLFs were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry technique.ResultsFive amino acids (ie, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and threonine) and three organic acids (ie, pyruvate, lactate, and citric acid) were found to be changed remarkably after mechanical stretching. In addition, baseline levels of four amino acids (ie, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and glycine) and two organic acids (ie, lactate and citric acid) were significantly different in ILK knockdown compared with wild‐type HPDLFs.ConclusionThis study suggests that five amino acids (ie, alanine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and threonine) and three organic acids (ie, pyruvate, lactate, and citric acid) may act as cellular mediators for mechanical signals in HPDLFs. Among them, four amino acids (ie, glutamate, glutamine, threonine, and glycine) and two organic acids (ie, lactate and citric acid) may be closely linked to ILK.
Re‐evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of xylazine administered to Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Habershon‐Butcher Jocelyn , Cutler Charlotte , Viljanto Marjaana , Hincks Pamela R. , Biddle Simon , Paine Stuart W. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractXylazine is widely used worldwide as a short‐acting sedative in general equine and racing practice. In the UK, although it has a legitimate use during training, equine anti‐doping rules state it is a prohibited substance on race day. The aim of the study was to produce a detection time (DT) to better inform European veterinary surgeons so that xylazine can be used appropriately under regulatory rules. Previous publications have various limitations pertaining to analysis method, particularly for plasma and limited length of time of sample collection. In this study, pharmacokinetic data were produced for xylazine and 4‐OH‐xylazine in equine urine and plasma following a single intravenous xylazine dose of 0.4 mg/kg to six Thoroughbred horses. Pharmacokinetic parameters were generated from a 3‐compartmental model with clearance = 15.8 ± 4.88 ml min‐1 kg‐1, Vss = 1.44 ± 0.38 L/kg, terminal half‐life = 29.8 ± 12.7 hr and a DT determined at 71 hr for the administration of xylazine (Chanazine®) in plasma and urine. Urine screening should aim to detect the 4‐OH‐xylazine metabolite, which can act as an indicator for the xylazine plasma concentration. A DT of 72 hr has been agreed by the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee, to be implemented in June 2019.
Time to and differential time to blood culture positivity for assessing catheter‐related yeast fungaemia: A longitudinal, 7‐year study in a single university hospital
Authors: Gits‐Muselli Maud , Villiers Stéphane , Hamane Samia , Berçot Béatrice , Donay Jean‐Luc , Denis Blandine , Guigue Nicolas , Alanio Alexandre , Bretagne Stéphane 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundTime to positivity (TTP) and differential time to positivity (DTTP) between central and peripheral blood cultures are commonly used for bacteraemia to evaluate the likelihood of central venous catheter (CVC)‐related bloodstream infection. Few studies have addressed these approaches to yeast fungaemia.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate TTP and DTTP to assess CVC‐related yeast fungaemia (CVC‐RYF).Patients/MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the results from 105 adult patients with incident fungaemia, with CVC removed and cultured, collected from 2010 to 2017. The bottles were incubated in a BioMérieux BacT/ALERT 3D and kept for at least 5 days.ResultsOf the 105 patients included, most were oncology patients (85.7%) and had of long‐term CVC (79.6%); 32 (30.5%) had a culture‐positive CVC (defined as CVC‐RYF) with the same species as in blood culture, and 69.5% had culture‐negative CVC (defined as non‐CVC‐RYF, NCVC‐RYF). Candida albicans represented 46% of the episodes. The median TTP was statistically different between CVC‐RYF and NCVC‐RYF (16.8 hours interquartile range (IQR) [9.7‐28.6] vs 29.4 hours [IQR 20.7‐41.3]; P = .001). A TTP <10 hours had the best positive likelihood ratio (21.5) for CVC‐RYF, although the sensitivity was only 28%. DTTP was available for 52 patients. A DTTP >5 hours had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71% for CVC‐RYF.ConclusionsSince the median TTP was 17 hours and the most performing DTTP >5 hours, these delays are too long to take a decision in the same operational day. More rapid methods for detecting infected catheters should be tested to avoid unnecessary CVC withdrawal.
Mechanisms of ischaemic neural progenitor proliferation: a regulatory role of the HIF‐1α‐CBX7 pathway
Authors: Chiu H.‐Y. , Lee H.‐T. , Lee K.‐H. , Zhao Y. , Hsu C. Y. , Shyu W.C. 
Published: October 2019

AimsInvestigations of the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia‐ and ischaemia‐induced endogenous neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation have mainly focused on factors secreted in response to environmental cues. However, little is known about the intrinsic regulatory machinery underlying the self‐renewing division of NPCs in the brain after stroke.Methods and resultsPolycomb repressor complex 1‐chromobox7 (CBX7) has emerged as a key regulator in several cellular processes including stem cell self‐renewal and cancer cell proliferation. The hypoxic environment triggering NPC self‐renewal after CBX7 activation remains unknown. In this study, we found that the upregulation of CBX7 during hypoxia and ischaemia appeared to be from hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) activation. During hypoxia, the HIF‐1α–CBX7 cascade modulated NPC proliferation in vitro. NPC numbers significantly decreased in CBX7 knockout mice generated using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.ConclusionsWe provided the novel insight that CBX7 expression is regulated through HIF‐1α activation, which plays an intrinsically modulating role in NPC proliferation.
Oaks: an evolutionary success story
Authors: Kremer Antoine , Hipp Andrew L. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThe genus Quercus is among the most widespread and species‐rich tree genera in the northern hemisphere. The extraordinary species diversity in America and Asia together with the continuous continental distribution of a limited number of European species raise questions about how macro‐ and microevolutionary processes made the genus Quercus an evolutionary success. Synthesizing conclusions reached during the past three decades by complementary approaches in phylogenetics, phylogeography, genomics, ecology, paleobotany, population biology and quantitative genetics, this review aims to illuminate evolutionary processes leading to the radiation and expansion of oaks. From opposing scales of time and geography, we converge on four overarching explanations of evolutionary success in oaks: accumulation of large reservoirs of diversity within populations and species; ability for rapid migration contributing to ecological priority effects on lineage diversification; high rates of evolutionary divergence within clades combined with convergent solutions to ecological problems across clades; and propensity for hybridization, contributing to adaptive introgression and facilitating migration. Finally, we explore potential future research avenues, emphasizing the integration of microevolutionary and macroevolutionary perspectives.
Allometric scaling laws linking biomass and rooting depth vary across ontogeny and functional groups in tropical dry forest lianas and trees
Authors: Smith‐Martin Chris M. , Xu Xiangtao , Medvigy David , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Powers Jennifer S. 
Published: October 2019

Summary

There are two theories about how allocation of metabolic products occurs. The allometric biomass partitioning theory (APT) suggests that all plants follow common allometric scaling rules. The optimal partitioning theory (OPT) predicts that plants allocate more biomass to the organ capturing the most limiting resource.

Whole‐plant harvests of mature and juvenile tropical deciduous trees, evergreen trees, and lianas and model simulations were used to address the following knowledge gaps: (1) Do mature lianas comply with the APT scaling laws or do they invest less biomass in stems compared to trees? (2) Do juveniles follow the same allocation patterns as mature individuals? (3) Is either leaf phenology or life form a predictor of rooting depth?

It was found that: (1) mature lianas followed the same allometric scaling laws as trees; (2) juveniles and mature individuals do not follow the same allocation patterns; and (3) mature lianas had shallowest coarse roots and evergreen trees had the deepest.

It was demonstrated that: (1) mature lianas invested proportionally similar biomass to stems as trees and not less, as expected; (2) lianas were not deeper‐rooted than trees as had been previously proposed; and (3) evergreen trees had the deepest roots, which is necessary to maintain canopy during simulated dry seasons.
Analysis of salivary exosomal proteins in young adults with severe periodontitis
Authors: Huang Xiaoyi , Hu Xinnong , Zhao Minzhi , Zhang Qian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesSalivary exosomes harbour numerous constituents associated with oral and systemic diseases. However, no reports addressed components of salivary exosomes in patients with periodontitis. Our study aims to explore salivary exosomal proteins in young adults with severe periodontitis (SP) and to analyse the relationships between different proteins.Materials and MethodsWe collected saliva from 11 young adults with SP and 11 periodontally healthy subjects. After isolation of salivary exosomes, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) was used to analyse proteins. Gene ontology analysis was performed based on GeneCodis, and interaction network analysis for unique salivary exosomal proteins was performed by STRING.ResultsTwenty‐six proteins were identified only in the SP group, and 58 proteins were identified only in the healthy group. Gene ontology analysis revealed that innate immune response, cytolysis and complement activation were highly enriched in the SP group. Interaction network analysis showed that the correlations among immune‐related proteins (e.g. complement components and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 28) were significant in the SP group. C6 proteins expressed only in the SP group were evaluated by Western blotting.ConclusionsSalivary exosomes from periodontitis patients are enriched immune‐related proteins that might participate in the immune response during the development of periodontitis.
Ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients undergoing splenectomy: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mostafa Shaimaa F. , Abdelghany Mohamed S. , Abdelraheem Taysser M. , Abu Elyazed Mohamed M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany analgesic modalities have been investigated in pediatrics. We studied the analgesic efficacy of bilateral ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block in pediatric patients undergoing open midline splenectomy.MethodsSixty patients aged 3‐10 years were randomly assigned into two groups: Control group received general anesthesia with bilateral sham erector spinae plane block using 0.3 mL/kg normal saline on each side. Erector spinae plane block group received bilateral ultrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block using 0.3 mL/kg bupivacaine 0.25% (on each side) with a maximum dose of 2 mg/kg. Children's Hospital Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS), total consumption of intraoperative fentanyl (1 µg/kg IV in case of inadequate analgesia), time to first rescue analgesic administration, and postoperative paracetamol consumption were recorded over the first 24 hours postoperatively.ResultsThe median (IQR) postoperative CHEOPS score at 1 hour was lower in erector spinae plane block group (5.0 (4.75 −5.25)) than the control group (7.0 (6.0‐10.0)) (P < .001, 95% CI: 1.0; 5.0). The CHEOPS scores for the first eight postoperative hours were lower in the erector spinae plane block group (5.0 (5.0‐6.0)) than the control group (6.0 (6.0 −10.0)) (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 1.0; 2.0). Intraoperative fentanyl administration was higher in the control group 40.0 (21.5‐50.0) μg compared to erector spinae plane block group 0.0 (0.0‐0.0) μg (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 23.0; 48.0). The total postoperative paracetamol consumption was higher in the control group (37.5 ± 17.1 mg/kg) compared to erector spinae plane block group (8.5 ± 10.9 mg/kg) (P ˂ .001, 95% CI: 21.57; 36.43). The time to the first postoperative rescue analgesic requirement was longer in the erector spinae plane block group.ConclusionUltrasound‐guided erector spinae plane block reduced CHEOPS score for the first eight hours postoperatively with the reduction of intraoperative fentanyl and postoperative paracetamol consumptions.
Onychodystrophy as the only sign of congenital candidiasis
Authors: Joy Way Bueno Susy M. , Santos Muñoz Andrea , Maldonado Ivana , Larralde Margarita 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCongenital candidiasis infection often presents as a skin rash with variable involvement of nails and mucous membranes. Isolated nail involvement is rare, may present late, and can often be managed with topical antifungal medication. We report a case of congenital candidiasis limited to the fingernails that resolved completely within 3 months with topical treatment.
Mycosis fungoides in pediatric patients: Clinical features, diagnostic challenges, and advances in therapeutic management
Authors: Wu Julie H. , Cohen Bernard A. , Sweren Ronald J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMycosis fungoides (MF) is the most common primary cutaneous lymphoma in pediatric patients. Given the indolent nature of MF, symptoms often present in childhood but may not be diagnosed as MF until adulthood. Delayed diagnosis is associated with poor long‐term prognosis. Thus, increased clinician recognition and accurate diagnosis of early‐stage MF in pediatric patients is critically important. In this review, we summarize the clinical features of the most common pediatric MF subtypes and highlight important differences between pediatric and adult MF. Moreover, we reviewed all pediatric MF case series published between 2008 and 2018 to analyze treatment modalities and identify emerging therapies. As treatment of pediatric MF is complex, selection of therapy varies significantly depending upon the specific clinical characteristics, disease severity, and patients' preferences.
Neutrophils rapidly produce Th2 cytokines in response to larval but not adult helminth antigen
Authors: Middleton Denzel , Garza Javier J. , Greiner Scott P. , Bowdridge Scott A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHost protective immunity to Haemonchus contortus (Hc) infection in parasite‐resistant St. Croix (STC) sheep is initiated early and characterized by an influx of innate cells and robust interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) production, resulting in T‐helper type 2 immune (Th2) responses. The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the source of early IL‐4 production. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood, and populations >98% purity were cultured with larval or adult antigen to access cytokine production. Interleukin‐4 and IL‐13 were measured in sample supernatant using an ovine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neutrophils exposed to HcLA peaked in IL‐4 production at 30 minutes (STC, 3153.65 pg/mL and SUF, 4665.22 pg/mL). A similar trend was observed in IL‐13 production by 6 hours (STC, 391.02 pg/mL and SUF, 419.6 pg/mL). Adult antigen stimulation resulted in low cytokine production when compared to HcLA stimulation (STC IL‐4, 6.04 pg/mL and SUF, 8.05 pg/mL, respectively; STC IL‐13, 10 pg/mL and 12.5 pg/mL; P < .001), and no breed differences were observed. Mixed immune cell assays revealed an ability of neutrophils to induce IL‐4 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC). Taken together, these data implicate neutrophils as a potential effector cell responsible for Th2 initiation.
Constitutionalized Prerogative and the Pardon Power
Authors: Abshire Roger P. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractScholars continue to debate whether Lockean prerogative is better understood as operating within the constitutional framework, as constitutionalists would argue, or outside of it, as the extraconstitutionalists would argue. However, this debate has largely taken place in the abstract, with few concrete examples of prerogative brought to bear in the analysis. In this article, I utilize the presidential pardon power as a means to scrutinize the ongoing debate; in particular, I review the development and utilization of the pardon power since the founding of the United States and the more recent allegations of abuse and limitations on restraint. I argue that the pardon power is an explicit example of the constitutionalist understanding of prerogative and that, as such, the extraconstitutionalist view of prerogative is preferable.