bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Dependent Impact of Ice Cloud Longwave Scattering on the Polar Climate
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hsuan , Huang Xianglei , Yang Ping , Kuo Chia‐Pang , Chen Xiuhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMost climate models neglect cloud longwave (LW) scattering because scattering is considered negligible compared to strong LW absorption by clouds and greenhouse gases. While this rationale is valid for simulating extrapolar regions, it is questionable for the polar regions, where the atmosphere is dry and hence has weak absorption, and ice clouds that have strong scattering capability frequently occur. Using the slab‐ocean Community Earth System Model, we show that ice cloud LW scattering can warm winter surface air temperature by 0.8–1.8 K in the Arctic and 1.3–1.9 K in the Antarctic, while this warming becomes much weaker in polar summer. Such scattering effect cannot be correctly assessed when sea surface temperature and sea ice are prescribed as this effect is manifested through a surface‐atmosphere coupling. Cloud LW scattering is a necessity for the correct simulation of polar climate and surface radiation budget, especially in the winter.
High Temporal Resolution Satellite Observations of Fire Radiative Power Reveal Link Between Fire Behavior and Aerosol and Gas Emissions
Authors: Wiggins Elizabeth B. , Soja Amber J. , Gargulinski Emily , Halliday Hannah S. , Pierce R. Bradley , Schmidt Christopher C. , Nowak John B. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Katich Joseph M. , Perring Anne E. , Schwarz Joshua P. , Anderson Bruce E. , Chen Gao , Crosbie Ewan C. , Jordan Carolyn , Robinson Claire E. , Sanchez Kevin J. , Shingler Taylor J. , Shook Michael , Thornhill Kenneth L. , Winstead Edward L. , Ziemba Luke D. , Moore Richard H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWildfire smoke influences on air quality and atmospheric chemistry have been underscored by the increasing fire prevalence in recent years, and yet, the connection between fire, smoke emissions, and the subsequent transformation of this smoke in the atmosphere remains poorly constrained. Toward improving these linkages, we present a new method for coupling high time‐resolution satellite observations of fire radiative power with in situ observations of smoke aerosols and trace gases. We apply this technique to 13 fire plumes comprehensively characterized during the recent FIREX‐AQ mission and show that changes in fire radiative power directly translate into changes in conserved smoke tracers (CO2, CO, and black carbon aerosol) observed in the downwind smoke plume. The correlation is particularly strong for CO2 (mean r > 0.9). This method is important for untangling the competing effects of changing fire behavior versus the influence of dilution and atmospheric processing on the downwind evolution of measured smoke properties.
Ntrk1 mutation co-segregating with bipolar disorder and inherited kidney disease in a multiplex family causes defects in neuronal growth and depression-like behavior in mice
Authors: Nakajima Kazuo , Miranda Alannah , Craig David W. , Shekhtman Tatyana , Kmoch Stanislav , Bleyer Anthony , Szelinger Szabolcs , Kato Tadafumi , Kelsoe John R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPreviously, we reported a family in which bipolar disorder (BD) co-segregates with a Mendelian kidney disorder linked to 1q22. The causative renal gene was later identified as MUC1. Genome-wide linkage analysis of BD in the family yielded a peak at 1q22 that encompassed the NTRK1 and MUC1 genes. NTRK1 codes for TrkA (Tropomyosin-related kinase A) which is essential for development of the cholinergic nervous system. Whole genome sequencing of the proband identified a damaging missense mutation, E492K, in NTRK1. Induced pluripotent stem cells were generated from family members, and then differentiated to neural stem cells (NSCs). E492K NSCs had reduced neurite outgrowth. A conditional knock-in mouse line, harboring the point mutation in the brain, showed depression-like behavior in the tail suspension test following challenge by physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor. These results are consistent with the cholinergic hypothesis of depression. They imply that the NTRK1 E492K mutation, impairs cholinergic neurotransmission, and may convey susceptibility to bipolar disorder.
Novel polygenic risk score as a translational tool linking depression-related changes in the corticolimbic transcriptome with neural face processing and anhedonic symptoms
Authors: Mareckova Klara , Hawco Colin , Dos Santos Fernanda C. , Bakht Arin , Calarco Navona , Miles Amy E. , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Sibille Etienne , Hariri Ahmad R. , Nikolova Yuliya S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConvergent data from imaging and postmortem brain transcriptome studies implicate corticolimbic circuit (CLC) dysregulation in the pathophysiology of depression. To more directly bridge these lines of work, we generated a novel transcriptome-based polygenic risk score (T-PRS), capturing subtle shifts toward depression-like gene expression patterns in key CLC regions, and mapped this T-PRS onto brain function and related depressive symptoms in a nonclinical sample of 478 young adults (225 men; age 19.79 +/− 1.24) from the Duke Neurogenetics Study. First, T-PRS was generated based on common functional SNPs shifting CLC gene expression toward a depression-like state. Next, we used multivariate partial least squares regression to map T-PRS onto whole-brain activity patterns during perceptual processing of social stimuli (i.e., human faces). For validation, we conducted a comparative analysis with a PRS summarizing depression risk variants identified by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC-PRS). Sex was modeled as moderating factor. We showed that T-PRS was associated with widespread reductions in neural response to neutral faces in women and increases in neural response to emotional faces and shapes in men (multivariate p < 0.01). This female-specific reductions in neural response to neutral faces was also associated with PGC-PRS (multivariate p < 0.03). Reduced reactivity to neutral faces was further associated with increased self-reported anhedonia. We conclude that women with functional alleles mimicking the postmortem transcriptomic CLC signature of depression have blunted neural activity to social stimuli, which may be expressed as higher anhedonia.
Influence of social isolation caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the psychological characteristics of hospitalized schizophrenia patients: a case-control study
Authors: Ma Jun , Hua Tingting , Zeng Kuan , Zhong Baoliang , Wang Gang , Liu Xuebing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been classified as a pandemic, and mental hospitals located in epidemic centers have been affected. Social isolation is an important and irreplaceable measure to control the spread of the epidemic. In this study, schizophrenic patients who were subjected to social isolation after close contact with COVID-19 patients were used as participants to explore the impact of social isolation on common inflammatory indicators and psychological characteristics. A total of 30 patients with schizophrenia were recruited from Wuhan Mental Health Center. In addition, 30 ordinary schizophrenic patients were matched with the isolation group and were recruited from another branch of Wuhan Mental Health Center as controls. We compared the differences in common inflammatory indicators and psychological characteristics between the isolated group and the control group, and longitudinal comparison of the differences in the above indicators before and after isolation among the isolation group. The Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) score, Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score of the isolation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p = 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, respectively). The C-reactive protein (CRP) level, CPSS score, HAMA score and Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) score of the isolation group were significantly higher after isolation (p = 0.01, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, respectively). Inpatients of schizophrenia suffered from social isolation due to COVID-19 have a severe psychological burden. Social isolation caused patients to develop a weak inflammatory state and led to worse anxiety and sleep quality.
LncRNA lncLy6C induced by microbiota metabolite butyrate promotes differentiation of Ly6Chigh to Ly6Cint/neg macrophages through lncLy6C/C/EBPβ/Nr4A1 axis
Authors: Gao Yunhuan , Zhou Jiang , Qi Houbao , Wei Jianmei , Yang Yazheng , Yue Jianmei , Liu Xinqi , Zhang Yuan , Yang Rongcun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMacrophages are mainly divided into two populations, which play a different role in physiological and pathological conditions. The differentiation of these cells may be regulated by transcription factors. However, it is unclear how to modulate these transcription factors to affect differentiation of these cells. Here, we found that lncLy6C, a novel ultraconserved lncRNA, promotes differentiation of Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes into Ly6Clow/neg resident macrophages. We demonstrate that gut microbiota metabolites butyrate upregulates the expression of lncLy6C. LncLy6C deficient mice had markedly increased Ly6Chigh pro-inflammatory monocytes and reduced Ly6Cneg resident macrophages. LncLy6C not only bound with transcription factor C/EBPβ but also bound with multiple lysine methyltransferases of H3K4me3 to specifically promote the enrichment of C/EBPβ and H3K4me3 marks on the promoter region of Nr4A1, which can promote Ly6Chigh into Ly6Cneg macrophages. As a result, lncLy6C causes the upregulation of Nr4A1 to promote Ly6Chigh inflammatory monocytes to differentiate into Ly6Cint/neg resident macrophages.
Prospects and challenges for squeezing-enhanced optical atomic clocks
Authors: Schulte Marius , Lisdat Christian , Schmidt Piet O. , Sterr Uwe , Hammerer Klemens 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOptical atomic clocks are a driving force for precision measurements due to the high accuracy and stability demonstrated in recent years. While further improvements to the stability have been envisioned by using entangled atoms, squeezing the quantum mechanical projection noise, evaluating the overall gain must incorporate essential features of an atomic clock. Here, we investigate the benefits of spin squeezed states for clocks operated with typical Brownian frequency noise-limited laser sources. Based on an analytic model of the closed servo-loop of an optical atomic clock, we report here quantitative predictions on the optimal clock stability for a given dead time and laser noise. Our analytic predictions are in good agreement with numerical simulations of the closed servo-loop. We find that for usual cyclic Ramsey interrogation of single atomic ensembles with dead time, even with the current most stable lasers spin squeezing can only improve the clock stability for ensembles below a critical atom number of about one thousand in an optical Sr lattice clock. Even with a future improvement of the laser performance by one order of magnitude the critical atom number still remains below 100,000. In contrast, clocks based on smaller, non-scalable ensembles, such as ion clocks, can already benefit from squeezed states with current clock lasers.
Sub-wavelength lateral detection of tissue-approximating masses using an ultrasonic metamaterial lens
Authors: Walker Ezekiel L. , Jin Yuqi , Reyes Delfino , Neogi Arup 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPractically applied techniques for ultrasonic biomedical imaging employ delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming which can resolve two objects down to 2.1λ within the acoustic Fresnel zone. Here, we demonstrate a phononic metamaterial lens (ML) for detection of laterally subwavelength object features in tissue-like phantoms beyond the phononic crystal evanescent zone and Fresnel zone of the emitter. The ML produces metamaterial collimation that spreads 8x less than the emitting transducer. Utilizing collimation, 3.6x greater lateral resolution beyond the Fresnel zone limit was achieved. Both hard objects and tissue approximating masses were examined in gelatin tissue phantoms near the Fresnel zone limit. Lateral dimensions and separation were resolved down to 0.50λ for hard objects, with tissue approximating masses slightly higher at 0.73λ. The work represents the application of a metamaterial for spatial characterization, and subwavelength resolution in a biosystem beyond the Fresnel zone limit.
Molecular basis of EphA2 recognition by gHgL from gammaherpesviruses
Authors: Su Chao , Wu Lili , Chai Yan , Qi Jianxun , Tan Shuguang , Gao George F. , Song Hao , Yan Jinghua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe human γ-herpesviruses Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are associated with many human malignancies. Viral glycoprotein H (gH) and glycoprotein L (gL) are crucial for the cell tropism by binding to specific receptors. Recently, EphA2 was identified as the specific entry receptor for both KSHV and EBV. Here, we characterized the crystal structures of KSHV gHgL or EBV gHgL in complex with the ligand binding domain (LBD) of EphA2. Both KSHV and EBV gHgL bind to the channel and peripheral regions of LBD primarily using gL. Extensive interactions with more contacts contribute to the higher affinity of KSHV gHgL to LBD than that of EBV gHgL. These binding characteristics were verified using cell-based fusion assays with mutations in key EphA2 residues. Our experiments suggest that multiple animal γ-herpesviruses could use EphA2 as an entry receptor, implying a potential threat to human health.
Global hotspots for the occurrence of compound events
Authors: Ridder Nina N. , Pitman Andy J. , Westra Seth , Ukkola Anna , Do Hong X. , Bador Margot , Hirsch Annette L. , Evans Jason P. , Di Luca Alejandro , Zscheischler Jakob 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCompound events (CEs) are weather and climate events that result from multiple hazards or drivers with the potential to cause severe socio-economic impacts. Compared with isolated hazards, the multiple hazards/drivers associated with CEs can lead to higher economic losses and death tolls. Here, we provide the first analysis of multiple multivariate CEs potentially causing high-impact floods, droughts, and fires. Using observations and reanalysis data during 1980–2014, we analyse 27 hazard pairs and provide the first spatial estimates of their occurrences on the global scale. We identify hotspots of multivariate CEs including many socio-economically important regions such as North America, Russia and western Europe. We analyse the relative importance of different multivariate CEs in six continental regions to highlight CEs posing the highest risk. Our results provide initial guidance to assess the regional risk of CE events and an observationally-based dataset to aid evaluation of climate models for simulating multivariate CEs.
Shape-preserving erosion controlled by the graded microarchitecture of shark tooth enameloid
Authors: Amini Shahrouz , Razi Hajar , Seidel Ronald , Werner Daniel , White William T. , Weaver James C. , Dean Mason N. , Fratzl Peter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe teeth of all vertebrates predominantly comprise the same materials, but their lifespans vary widely: in stark contrast to mammals, shark teeth are functional only for weeks, rather than decades, making lifelong durability largely irrelevant. However, their diets are diverse and often mechanically demanding, and as such, their teeth should maintain a functional morphology, even in the face of extremely high and potentially damaging contact stresses. Here, we reconcile the dilemma between the need for an operative tooth geometry and the unavoidable damage inherent to feeding on hard foods, demonstrating that the tooth cusps of Port Jackson sharks, hard-shelled prey specialists, possess unusual microarchitecture that controls tooth erosion in a way that maintains functional cusp shape. The graded architecture in the enameloid provokes a location-specific damage response, combining chipping of outer enameloid and smooth wear of inner enameloid to preserve an efficient shape for grasping hard prey. Our discovery provides experimental support for the dominant theory that multi-layered tooth enameloid facilitated evolutionary diversification of shark ecologies.
Qtlizer: comprehensive QTL annotation of GWAS results
Authors: Munz Matthias , Wohlers Inken , Simon Eric , Reinberger Tobias , Busch Hauke , Schaefer Arne S. , Erdmann Jeanette 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExploration of genetic variant-to-gene relationships by quantitative trait loci such as expression QTLs is a frequently used tool in genome-wide association studies. However, the wide range of public QTL databases and the lack of batch annotation features complicate a comprehensive annotation of GWAS results. In this work, we introduce the tool “Qtlizer” for annotating lists of variants in human with associated changes in gene expression and protein abundance using an integrated database of published QTLs. Features include incorporation of variants in linkage disequilibrium and reverse search by gene names. Analyzing the database for base pair distances between best significant eQTLs and their affected genes suggests that the commonly used cis-distance limit of 1,000,000 base pairs might be too restrictive, implicating a substantial amount of wrongly and yet undetected eQTLs. We also ranked genes with respect to the maximum number of tissue-specific eQTL studies in which a most significant eQTL signal was consistent. For the top 100 genes we observed the strongest enrichment with housekeeping genes (P = 2 × 10–6) and with the 10% highest expressed genes (P = 0.005) after grouping eQTLs by r2 > 0.95, underlining the relevance of LD information in eQTL analyses. Qtlizer can be accessed via https://genehopper.de/qtlizer or by using the respective Bioconductor R-package (https://doi.org/10.18129/B9.bioc.Qtlizer).
Play behaviour, not tool using, relates to brain mass in a sample of birds
Authors: Kaplan Gisela 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlay behaviour and tool using in birds, two well-delineated and amply researched behaviours, have generally been associated with cognitive abilities. In this study, these behaviours were related to relative brain mass in a sample of Australian native birds. Despite suggestive research results so far between cognition and tool using, this study found no significant difference in relative brain mass or in lifespan between tool-using birds and non-tool users. By contrast, in play behaviour, subdivided into social players and non-social players, the results showed statistically very clear differences in relative brain mass between social, non-social and non-players. Social play was associated with both the largest brain mass to body mass ratios and with the longest lifespans. The results show that play behaviour is a crucial variable associated with brain enlargement, not tool using. Since many of the tool using species tested so far also play, this study suggests that false conclusions can be drawn about the connection between tool using and cognitive ability when the silent variable (play behaviour) is not taken into account.
Predictability limit of partially observed systems
Authors: Abeliuk Andrés , Huang Zhishen , Ferrara Emilio , Lerman Kristina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractApplications from finance to epidemiology and cyber-security require accurate forecasts of dynamic phenomena, which are often only partially observed. We demonstrate that a system’s predictability degrades as a function of temporal sampling, regardless of the adopted forecasting model. We quantify the loss of predictability due to sampling, and show that it cannot be recovered by using external signals. We validate the generality of our theoretical findings in real-world partially observed systems representing infectious disease outbreaks, online discussions, and software development projects. On a variety of prediction tasks—forecasting new infections, the popularity of topics in online discussions, or interest in cryptocurrency projects—predictability irrecoverably decays as a function of sampling, unveiling predictability limits in partially observed systems.
Restoration of degraded grasslands, but not invasion by Prosopis juliflora, avoids trade-offs between climate change mitigation and other ecosystem services
Authors: Mbaabu Purity Rima , Olago Daniel , Gichaba Maina , Eckert Sandra , Eschen René , Oriaso Silas , Choge Simon Kosgei , Linders Theo Edmund Werner , Schaffner Urs 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGrassland degradation and the concomitant loss of soil organic carbon is widespread in tropical arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Afforestation of degraded grassland, sometimes by using invasive alien trees, has been put forward as a legitimate climate change mitigation strategy. However, even in cases where tree encroachment of degraded grasslands leads to increased soil organic carbon, it may come at a high cost since the restoration of grassland-characteristic biodiversity and ecosystem services will be blocked. We assessed how invasion by Prosopis juliflora and restoration of degraded grasslands in a semi-arid region in Baringo, Kenya affected soil organic carbon, biodiversity and fodder availability. Thirty years of grassland restoration replenished soil organic carbon to 1 m depth at a rate of 1.4% per year and restored herbaceous biomass to levels of pristine grasslands, while plant biodiversity remained low. Invasion of degraded grasslands by P. juliflora increased soil organic carbon primarily in the upper 30 cm and suppressed herbaceous vegetation. We argue that, in contrast to encroachment by invasive alien trees, restoration of grasslands in tropical semi-arid regions can both serve as a measure for climate change mitigation and help restore key ecosystem services important for pastoralists and agro-pastoralist communities.
Dysfunctional muscle activities and co-contraction in the lower-limb of lumbar disc herniation patients during walking
Authors: Wang Wei , Wei Hui , Shi Runxiu , Lin Leitong , Zhang Lechi , Yue Shouwei , Zhao Qin , Jia Xiaofeng , Li Ke , Zhang Yang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate lower-limb muscle activities in gait phases and co-contraction of one gait cycle in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH). This study enrolled 17 LDH patients and 17 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals. Bilateral muscle activities of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris long head (BL), tibialis anterior (TA), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) during walking were recorded. The gait cycle was divided into four phases by the heel strike and top off according to the kinematics tracks. Root mean square (RMS), mean frequency (MF), and co-contraction of surface electromyography signals were calculated. The LDH patients showed enhanced BL RMS during the single support phase (SS), second double support phase, and swing phase (SW) as well as decreased MF of RF during SS and of TA and LG during SW (p < 0.05). The co-contraction of the TA-LG was increased in LDH patients than in the control group (p < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between TA-LG co-contraction (affected side, r = 0.557, p = 0.020; contralateral side, r = 0.627, p = 0.007) and the Oswestry disability index scores in LDH patients. LDH patients have increased BL firing rate and insufficient motor unit recruitment in specific phases in the lower limbs during walking. Dysfunction in LDH patients was associated with immoderate intermuscular co-contraction of the TA-LG during walking.