bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The acute effect of baobab fruit on cognitive performance, cerebral blood flow and blood glucose levels.
Authors: Docherty Sarah , Haskell-Ramsay Crystal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBaobab fruit contains high levels of phenolic compounds and vitamin C. Previous work has associated these phenolic compounds and vitamin C with a range of health benefits including improvements in cerebral blood flow and cognition. In vivo, it has been demonstrated that consumption of baobab fruit can reduce the glycaemic response, which may provide a mechanism for cognitive benefits as other research has shown that variations in blood glucose levels can modulate cognitive performance. Preliminary work found that consumption of 15 g baobab fruit extract significantly improved reaction time but increased number of errors on an executive function task. Taken together it would suggest baobab fruit has the potential to improve cognitive performance that could be attributed to changes in cerebral blood flow and blood glucose levels.The current study aimed to determine the effect of baobab fruit on cognitive performance, cerebral blood flow and blood glucose levels in a healthy young sample.This randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, counterbalanced-crossover study assessed the effect of 10 g baobab fruit powder or sugar matched control in 24 healthy participants (17 female, 7 male, mean age = 22.91 SD = 3.37). All participants completed the cognitive assessments, a subset of 14 completed the cerebral blood flow and blood glucose assessments (mean age = 23.21, SD = 2.46). Participants completed baseline tasks before consuming a drink containing either 10 g baobab fruit powder or placebo, there was then a 45-minute absorption period before participants completed cognitive tasks again. Seven days after participants returned and completed the same procedure but consumed the opposite drink. In the 14 participant subset, cerebral blood flow was measured throughout using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) and blood glucose was measured before testing, after absorption period and upon completion of post doseUsing the MIXED procedure in SPSS, results showed that after consumption of baobab there was improved accuracy on a sustained attention task and fewer errors on the last repetition of a serial subtraction task. Baobab consumption led to increased blood glucose levels but there was no significant effect on cerebral blood flow.Results show that, in this sample, 10 g baobab fruit can improve certain aspects of cognitive performance and increase circulating blood glucose levels, which may explain these improvements. However, there was no significant effect on any cerebral blood flow measures. Future work may wish to explore further glucoregulation activity (in particular insulin response) after baobab consumption as a potential underlying mechanism.
The Relationship Between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Body Composition in Nutrition and Dietetic Students
Authors: Madencioğlu Servet , Yücecan Sevinç 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe determination of level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in young adults has been investigated in countries situated near the Mediterranean region generally. The main purpose of this study were to determine differences in body composition by gender and level of adherence to the MD and to determine the relationship between body composition and level of adherence to the MD in Nutrition and Dietetics students at Near East University in Cyprus.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted on 126 Nutrition and Dietetics students, aged 18 to 32 years. MDS was calculated, and then classified into three groups: good (36–55 points), moderate (21–35 points), and poor (0–20 points). Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Anthropometrical measurements; height (H), body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) were assessed according to standardized procedures and physical activity (PA) was assessed by using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-short form). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee at Near East University.ResultsAccording to study results 31.0% of students were found out to low adherence, while 69.0% of students had moderate adherence to the MD. There is no student had high adherence to the MD. There was no significant difference (p = 0.877) between the male and female students in terms of adherence to Mediterranean diet. The findings indicate that the eating habits of the Nutrition and Dietetics students, even those studying nutrition, are in need of improvement. The results show that 78.6% of students were normal and 21.4% of students were overweight and obese. Male students’ BW (p = 0.000), WC (p = 0.000) and HC (p = 0.015) were higher than females’, while female students’ fat mass (FM) (p = 0.000) was higher than males’. However, there is no significant difference between BW (p = 0.724), FM (p = 0.896), BMI (p = 0.691), WC (p = 0.632) and HC (p = 0.982) neither low adherence nor moderate adherence to the MD. Most of students minimal active according to IPAQ scores (41.2%) and there is no significant difference IPAQ score and adherence to the MD (p = 0.923).DiscussionOne of the healthiest diets worldwide is the traditional MD. Several studies have shown, that higher adherence to the MD is inversely related with BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHR). Little is known of how adherence to the MD is related to body composition, especially in university students. Further large-scale studies are required to clarify the relationship between adherence to the MD and body composition
Changes in consumption of milk in Irish children (5–12 years): preliminary analysis from the National Children's Food Survey II
Authors: O'Connor Aileen , Buffini Maria , Nugent Anne , Kehoe Laura , Walton Janette , Kearney John , Flynn Albert , McNulty Breige 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Milk is widely recognised as a nutrient dense food, supporting the growth and development of children. Nevertheless some milk types such as whole milk can consist of high levels of saturated fat, which is recognised for its association with chronic disease risk in adults when intakes are elevated. In Ireland, current dietary guidelines recommend that children from two years onwards should consume low fat milk. Previous research has shown low levels of compliance with this guideline. Therefore the aim of this study is to review the current consumption of milk and non-dairy milk-based alternatives among Irish children and compare these with previous intakes.Materials and methods:Analyses are based on data from the nationally representative National Children's Food Survey (NCFS, 2003–2004) and the National Children's Food Survey II (NCFSII 2017–2018) (www.iuna.net). The NCFS and NCFS II collected detailed food and beverage intake data from 7-d and 4-d weighed food diaries respectively, of Irish children aged 5–12 years (NCFS, n594; NCFS II, n600). Dietary intakes were analysed using WISP© in NCFS and Nutritics V5.02 (Nutritics, Dublin, Ireland) in NCFS II. Milk intakes were categorised into three food groups: ‘Whole milk’, ‘reduced fat milk’, and ‘non-dairy milk alternatives’. Mean daily intakes (MDIs) were calculated for the total population and consumers only using SPSS© V24.0.Results:Dietary intakes of ‘whole milk’ decreased over time from 232 ± 186g/d to current intakes of 131 ± 154g/d. In contrast, increases were noted in ‘reduced fat milks’ (26 ± 86g/d to 52 ± 110g/d) and ‘non-dairy alternatives’ (0.2 ± 4g/d to 3 ± 19g/d). A total of 68% of children were classified as consumers of whole milk (193 ± 151g/d) compared to 90% (257 ± 178g/d) previously. ‘Reduced fat milk’ consumers increased from 17% to 31% and ‘non-dairy alternatives’ consumers also increased from < 1% to 3%.Conclusion:Our preliminary results indicate that the number of Irish children consuming whole milk have decreased over the last number of years. In contrast consumers of ‘reduced fat milks’ have significantly increased, indicating potential improvement to healthy eating guidelines adherence. Further analysis to examine current intakes and sources of saturated fat is warranted to establish additional changes in dietary patterns and compliance with recommendations within this age group.
Age, sex & BMI are associated with different eating behaviour styles in Irish teens
Authors: Daly Aisling , O'Sullivan Elizabeth , McNulty Breige , Walton Janette , Kearney John 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the types of eating behaviours most common among Irish teenagers and to explore their association with age, sex and Body Mass Index (BMI). Eating behaviour data from the National Teenage Food Consumption Survey (NTFS1 2005/06 n = 441, m/f 224/217) were analysed. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) contains 33 items, which make up 3 scales: Restraint (DEBQ-Res, 10 items), Emotional (DEBQ-Em, 13 items), External (DEBQ-Ex, 10 items). All items are answered on a 5 point Likert scale. Descriptive statistics, non-parametric Wilcoxin-Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests, one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey analysis, and Spearman correlations were run to test associations between age, sex and BMI variables and the 3 DEBQ scales. Data were analysed for the full group and stratified by sex and age groups (13–14/15–17 years). BMI categories were determined using age and sex-specific IOTF cut-offs. Mean(SD) scores among the whole group were DEBQ-Ex = 2.83(0.72), DEBQ-Res = 1.79(0.84), DEBQ-Em = 1.84(0.79). Females scored higher than males on all 3 scales; DEBQ-Res P < 0.001, DEBQ-Em P < 0.001, DEBQ-Ex P = 0.037. Older teens scored significantly higher than younger teens on DEBQ-Em (P < 0.001) and DEBQ-Ex (P = 0.005). Scores were higher for older males compared with younger males on DEBQ-Em (P = 0.009) and DEBQ-Ex (P = 0.017), and for older females compared with younger females on DEBQ-Res (P = 0.031) and DEBQ-Em (P = 0.001). BMI was positively correlated with DEBQ-Res for both males (r = 0.18, P = 0.007) and females (r = 0.337, P < 0.001) and with DEBQ-Em for females (r = 0.153 P = 0.026). When comparing BMI categories, teens classified as overweight (P < 0.001) and obese (P = 0.005) scored higher on DEBQ-Res than normal-weight teens. Similar associations were observed when the sample was split by sex and by age group. Overall, Irish teens’ eating behaviours are mostly influenced by external factors, such as the sight or smell of food, rather than by restrained eating or emotional cues for eating. However, not all teens respond to the same influences. Females respond more than males to emotional cues for eating. Older teens have higher scores than younger teens on all scales. BMI is mostly associated with restrained eating, which is consistent with other literature suggesting that heavier teens are more aware of what they are eating and make focussed food choices to prevent weight gain. When targeting food choice messages to teens, a “one-size-fits-all” model may not be appropriate. Multiple factors, including age, sex and BMI differences, should be considered in order to encourage a positive change in eating behaviours.
Levels of physical activity and screen time usage - Preliminary analysis from the Irish National Children's Food Consumption Survey II
Authors: O'Donnell Aisling , Buffini Maria , Kehoe Laura , Heslin Aoibhín Moore , Nugent Anne , Kearney John , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , McNulty Breige 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBeing physically active is associated with fundamental health benefits and assists with the maintenance of normal weight in children. The current World Health Organizations’ recommendation is for children to accumulate 60 minutes of physical activity (PA) per day to obtain such benefits. Conversely, time spent in sedentary behaviours including watching screens (ST) are positively associated with the risk of overweight and obesity in young people. The aim of this research was to estimate PA levels and ST usage of Irish children and to examine the relationship with body fat.This analysis was based on data collected from a nationally representative sample of Irish children aged 5–12-years (n = 591, 50% female) from The National Children's Food Consumption Survey II (www.iuna.net). The Child/Youth Physical Activity Questionnaires (C-PAQ/Y-PAQ) were used to measure PA and ST in 5–8 and 9–12-year-olds respectively. Both questionnaires were self-administered, recall instruments that assessed the frequency/duration of activities participated in over the previous 7-day period. The MET minutes (metabolic cost of the activity multiplied by the duration in minutes) of the PA's were calculated per child. Percentage body fat (%BF) was measured by a Tanita BC420MA device and participants were classified into categories based on their %BF, age and gender. Independent t-tests and ANOVA (post-hoc DunnettT-3) were used to assess differences between gender and %BF category.Overall, children spent 93 mins/d being physically active with 69% meeting the > 1hr recommendation. There was a significant difference in the time spent undertaking PA between boys (99 mins/d) and girls (88 mins/d) p = 0.020. Children spent 107 mins/d watching screens with 68% meeting the < 2hr guidance. Girls spent significantly less time watching screens (89 mins/d) than boys (124 mins/d) p ≤ 0.001. Children who had a normal %BF accumulated more PA MET mins/day compared to those who were classified as obese, which was significant in the total population (p = 0.007), for boys (p ≤ 0.001), but not girls (p = 0.929).This preliminary analysis indicates that a high proportion of Irish children are meeting the PA and ST recommendations, with boys being more physically active and spending more time watching screens compared to girls. However, results should be interpreted with caution as PA and ST usage were self-reported by participants. The association between PA MET minutes and %BF suggest that advice to encourage PA participation to combat excess adiposity in Irish children is justified. Future work should examine the role of other potential determinants of obesity in this cohort.
Changes in Dietary Patterns among German Adolescents between 2003–2006 and 2014–2017: Results of KiGGS
Authors: Richter Almut , Schienkiewitz Anja , Haftenberger Marjolein , Mensink Gert B. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEmpirically derived dietary patterns are useful to describe food consumption habits within population groups. The aim of the study was to analyse dietary patterns as well as changes of these patterns within the last decade among German adolescents.Dietary patterns were analyzed for 12 to 17 years old participants of two waves of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS Baseline (2003–2006) N = 5.197 and KiGGS Wave 2 (2014–2017) N = 5.199). KiGGS is part of the nationwide health monitoring in Germany. Food consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Based on this information, dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis in a former analysis for KiGGS Baseline(1) and in this new analysis for KiGGS Wave 2. In KiGGS Baseline three major dietary patterns were identified (‘western’, ‘traditional’, and ‘healthy’) among boys and two among girls (‘western/traditional’, and ‘healthy’).In KiGGS wave 2 the ‘traditional’ pattern could not be identified anymore among boys and a new pattern, the ‘sandwich’ pattern was identified among girls and boys. The ‘sandwich’ pattern was positively correlated with the intake of bread, processed meat, cheese, butter/margarine, jam, cake/cookies, and among boys also confectionary. Compared to the former ‘traditional’ dietary pattern among boys, the new ‘sandwich‘ pattern shows similarities (bread, processed meat and butter/margarine) but the former warm meal components are missing (meat and potatoes).There were only slight differences in the food groups associated with the ‘western’, ‘western/traditional’ or ‘healthy’ pattern between both surveys.Within the past decade dietary patterns changed among German adolescents. In 2014–2017 a new ‘sandwich’ pattern was identified among boys and girls, and the ‘traditional’ dietary pattern was not found any more among boys. This change could be associated with more frequent food consumption out of home among adolescents. Within the past decade, the school system in many German federal states was restructured from half-day schools towards whole-day schools and the utilization of meal supply within schools almost doubled among adolescents. These changes may have influenced the food consumption habits among adolescents.
Parental unemployment associated with the lack of the effectiveness of a children obesity prevention program: Results from the IDEFICS study
Authors: Ayala-Marín Alelí M. , De Miguel-Etayo Pilar , Santabárbara Javier , Iguacel Isabel , Ahrens Wolfgang , De Henauw Stefaan , Lissner Lauren , Kurdine Eszter Molnár , Lucia Reisch , Russo Paola , Tornaritis Michael , Veidebaum Toomas , Moreno Luis A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe relationship between social vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of behavioral interventions to prevent obesity in children is poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the association between parental employment and the effectiveness of IDEFICS, a multilevel behavioral intervention aiming to prevent obesity among children (2 to 9.9 years old) in eight European countries. Data from 9,901 children and their parents was included in the analysis. We determined the Body Mass Index (BMI) z-score mean difference as the measurement of the intervention effectiveness and we calculated it as the follow-up (T1) BMI z-score mean minus baseline (T0) BMI z-score mean. Parents self-reported their employment status at T0 and T1. Children were classified, at both study times (T0 and T1), as children with employed parents (both parents employed) or as children with unemployed parents (one or both parents unemployed or receiving social assistance). We calculated unadjusted and adjusted multilevel mixed model analyses to evaluate if the employment status at T0 and the evolution of the employment status within a two-year period (from T0 to T1) predicted the BMI z-score mean difference among boys and girls. In boys, parental unemployment at T0 and throughout a two-year period (T0 to T1) predicted an increase of BMI z-score mean difference when compared to boys with employed parents (unemployment at T0: adjusted β = 0.12; p = 0.028; and unemployment from T0 to T1: adjusted β = 0.20; p = 0.031). We found no difference in the effectiveness of the IDEFICS intervention among girls with unemployed parents at T0 and from T0 to T1 when compared to girls with employed parents (unemployment at T0: adjusted β = 0.04; p = 0.337; and unemployment from T0 to T1: adjusted β = 0.10; p = 0.216, respectively). Our results suggest that the influence of parental unemployment in the IDEFICS outcome is different for boys and girls. Employment of both parents, which is related to a higher income, could contribute the families to engage healthier eating and physical activity behaviors among boys. Future multilevel interventions should include a combination of community-based and school-based components, as well as family-centered components, specifically on those families with parents out of the labor force, to address specific barriers or vulnerabilities that prevent them from improving behavior and weight status.
Comparing the impact of two types of bariatric surgery on food preferences: The BARIATASTE pilot study
Authors: Guyot Erika , Iceta Sylvain , Nazare Julie-Anne , Disse Emmanuel , Dougkas Anestis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Up to day, the most effective treatment for obesity is bariatric surgery. Nevertheless, weight regain may occur in almost 20% of the patients. Furthermore, nutritional complications such as protein malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies remain common. Clinical experience and scientific literature suggest changes in food preferences after bariatric surgery, which may contribute to weight loss and/or weight regain independently of the surgically-induced reduction of energy intake. Yet, there is inconsistency among the studies as they do not always use objective measures to assess food preferences and only few considered and compared the different types of surgical technics. Our objective was to study the impact of the type of bariatric surgery on the liking and wanting of consuming certain foods varying in composition and appearance.Materials and methods:We conducted a cross-sectional clinical trial among 90 patients followed at the Integrated Center for Obesity/Hospital of Lyon. The patients were divided into three groups according to whether they had an unoperated severe obesity (OB), a sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or a gastric bypass (RYGB). We assessed food preferences using the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire (LFPQ), a behavioral computer task. Binge eating, impulsivity and food addiction were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Statistical analysis of food preferences included ANOVAs, post-hoc comparisons of groups two-by-two and linear regressions to adjust results for potential confounders. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were performed to determine food preference patterns and groups of individuals with similar food preferences.Results:Our results showed a significant difference in liking scores, with the OB group having higher scores for high-fat savory (HFSA), high-fat sweet (HFSW) and low-fat sweet foods (LFSW) (p < 0.0001) relative to LSG and RYGB groups. Additionally, LSG had greater score of liking for HFSA than RYGB (p = 0.001). There was a high correlation between the binge eating score and the liking scores for HFSA, HFSW and LFSW (p < 0.001).Discussion:Our study expands the knowledge regarding changes in food preferences after bariatric surgery and may help to better understand potential underlying mechanisms by comparing two different surgical technics. This pilot study will be followed by a prospective study of food preferences after bariatric surgery using the LFPQ, a buffet type food in an experimental restaurant and sensory measurements. Eventually, our project may contribute to modulate post-operative nutritional interventions in order to facilitate the adoption of a healthy diet.