bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoelectron microscopic confirmation of the binding specificity of a rat anti-murine Type I pneumocyte monoclonal antibody
Authors: Hotchkiss Jon A. , Kennel Stephen J. , Harkema Jack R. 
Published: June 2020

Pulmonary alveolar are lined by an epithelium comprised of alveolar type I and type II pneumocytes. Alveolar type II cells synthesize and secrete pulmonary surfactant and are progenitor cells for type I cells. Although type I cells represent only 5% to 8% of the total cells in the lung, they cover more than 95% of the alveolar surface. Perhaps as a result of their large surface to volume ratio, type I cells may be damaged by a wide range of inhaled chemicals and gases, including high concentrations of oxygen often used in respiratory therapy.We produced a panel of rat monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) that bind specifically to cells and structural components in normal and fibrotic murine lungs. Light microscopic analysis of immunoperoxidase-stained lung sections from normal Balb/c mice suggested that one MoAb, 411-52, bound specifically to type I pneumocytes. MoAb 411-52 is a rat IgM antibody, as determined by its reactivity with class-specific anti-rat Ig antisera. The morphology of type I cells makes it difficult, if not impossible, to unequivocally identify a type I cell paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Therefore, we used immunoelectron microscopy to determine the cell binding specificity of this MoAb.
ATPase activities are restricted to the apical and lateral domain of the plasma membrane in parathyroid cells
Authors: Wild P. , Schraner E.M. 
Published: June 2020

The cytoplasmic calcium concentration is about 10-7 mol, that of the extracellular space 10-3 mol. There is evidence that Ca++-ATPase is directly and indirectly involved in the maintenance of this gradient. Ca++-ATPase was found in isolated parathyroid (PT) cell membranes considering that a substantial proportion was bound to the plasma membrane (Bess et al. 1983). We, therefore, intended to localize Ca++-ATPase activity in situ. Cytochemical demonstration revealed Ca++-ATPase to be present at the apical and lateral domain of the plasma membrane in bovine PT cells.Bovine PT glands were harvested immediately after slaughter, washed in ice cooled PBS, disected and immersed in 2% formaldehyde and 1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M Na-cacodylate, pH 7.4, for 1 hour at 4°C. After washing or storage (maximal 24 hours), 50 μm sections were cut on a vibratome, incubated for demonstration Ca++-, Mg++-, and Na+- K+- dependent ATPase activity, post fixed with 1% OsO4 and processed for electron microscopy.
An immunocytochemical study of maternal immunoglobulin localization in the suckling pig intestine
Authors: Kömüves László G. , Turner Donna S. , McKee Kathy S. , Nichols Buford L. , Heath Julian P. 
Published: June 2020

In this study we used colloidal gold probes to detect the intracellular localization of colostral immunoglobulins in intestinal epithelial cells of newborn piglets.Tissues were obtained from non-suckled newborn and suckled piglets aged between 1 hour to 1 month. Samples were fixed in 2.5 % glutaraldehyde, osmicated and embedded into Spurr’s resin. Thin (80 nm) sections were etched with 5% sodium ethoxide for 5 min, washed and treated with 4 % sodium-m-periodate in distilled water for 30 min. The sections were then first incubated with blocking buffer (2 % BSA, 0.25 % fish skin gelatin, 0.5 % Tween 20 in 10 mM Trizma buffer, pH=7.4 containing 500 mM NaCl) for 30 min followed by the immunoreagents diluted in the same buffer, 1 hr each. For the detection of pig immunoglobulins a rabbit anti-pig IgG antiserum was used followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG-Au10 or protein A-Au15 probes.
Immunocytochemical localization of β1-4 galactosyltransferase in endometrial carcinoma cells
Authors: Yamamoto Ichiro , Tachibana Toshiaki , Maruyama Hiroko , Komatsu Noriyuki , Kuramoto Hiroyuki , Narimatsu Hisashi 
Published: June 2020

We have paid attention to the alteration of glycosyltransferase in carcinoma cells, because it might be related to the malignancy of the cells. In this connection, localization of β1-4 galactosyl transferase (β1-4 Gal T) in human endometrial carcinoma cells was examined immunocytochemically using two kinds of cell lines, each of which showed different degree of differentiation.An antibody was purified from the rabbit antiserum against the synthetic peptide, IFNRLVFRGMSC (W89) of human β1-4 Gal T coupled with KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanine) by protein A column and peptide-affinity column chromatography. The anti-W89 serum reacts to the C-terminus of human β 1-4 Gal T and to both membrane-bound and soluble forms of the enzyme. Cell line of well differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma (I) and that of poorly differentiated endometrial adenocarcinoma (50B) were cultivated respectively in MEM medium containing 15% FCS and 2 mM glutamine for 4 d at 37°C under 5% CO2. The cells were fixed in a mixture of 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.1% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Soerensen’s phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 4°C for 30 min, washed with PBS, then freezed and thawed. The indirect method of the peroxidase- labeled antibody technique was used for immunocytochemistry of both LM and TEM on the cell lines. The cells were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in TAAB 812. Ultrathin sections were observed under a TEM, JEM-100S.
Desmosomal Disorganization and Epidermal Abnormalities in a Transgenic Mouse Expressing Mutant Desmoglein-3.
Authors: Yu Qian-Chun , Allen Elizabeth , Fuchs Elaine 
Published: June 2020

Desmosomes are special adhesion structures connecting epithelial cells. The formation of desmosome plaques requires the participation of multiple molecules including desmoplakin (DP), plakoglobin (PG), desmocollins (DSC), and desmogleins (Dsg). It is known that Dsg has functional domains involved in cell-cell adhesions and plaque-cytoskeleton interactions. Functional modulation of Dsg is known to be related to some skin disorders exhibiting desmosome abnormalities. To better understand the role of Dsg 3 in the assembly of epidermal desmosomes and its possible relation to cutaneous disorders, we generated a transgenic mouse model which, driven by a keratin 14 promoter, expressed high levels of a truncated Dsg 3, Dsg3ΔN, in the lower epidermal keratinocytes.Skin samples of different body sites were collected, at different ages, from both control mouse and mutant animals exhibiting phenotypic skin changes for histology, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastrucutral studies. Specimens for conventional TEM studies were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% OsO4, and embedded in LX-112. For immunoelectron microscopy, samples were fixed in 2% paraformaldehyde and 0.05% glutaraldehyde, dehydrated in ethanol at -25°C, embedded in Lowicryl K4M medium, and polymerized at -25°C with UV light. Ultrathin sections were labeled with several antibodies against DP, PG, DSC, and E-cadherin. All sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate before examining with a JEOL-CX microscopy operated at 60 kv.
Determination of the interface structure of CdTe(111) ON Si(100) using Z-contrast imaging and EELS
Authors: Wallis D. J. , Nellist P. D. , Sivananthan S. , Browning N.D. , Pennycook S.J. 
Published: June 2020

The epitaxial growth of dissimilar materials, or hetroepitaxy, is of great technological interest for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most obvious of these is that high quality, large area substrates are unavailable for many materials. It is therefore necessary to resort to growing the material of interest on a dissimilar substrate. However, this procedure introduces its own problems, such as differences in crystal structure and mechanical properties of the substrate and film materials. Understanding the structural aspects of this growth process is a critical step towards the production of high-quality and reliable integrated device structures.One system of current interest for application into diverse electron-optical devices is HgCdTe. HgCdTe is a semiconductor whose band gap may be tailored by the concentration of Hg giving it applications as X-ray and g-ray detectors and also in solar cells. The first stage in developing integrated technology for this material is the production of a high-quality substrate. For this task, CdTe seems an ideal choice. However, CdTe itself does not exist in a form that immediately lends itself for use as a substrate and hence must be prepared by heteroepitaxy.
Dislocation detection depth measurements in silicon using electron channelling contrast imaging
Authors: Simkin B. A. , Crimp M. A. 
Published: June 2020

Electron Channelling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) employs local differences in backscatter yield due to local changes in the lattice orientation relative to the electron beam to provide imaging contrast. Due to the low contrast levels typically obtained for dislocations from this mechanism, efforts to enhance the signal to noise by tilting the specimen to high angles, signal averaging, or energy filtering are common.Determination of the depth to which individual dislocations can be imaged via ECCI in bulk samples has not previously been attempted by stereo imaging measurements due presumably to the common experimental setup of a high tilt angle. Previous measurements of dislocation detection depth have relied upon sample geometry to approximate detection depths by estimating the dislocation diving angle based on the approximate line direction and surface normal, and were preformed using acceleration voltages not typical of most SEM work. In this investigation, dislocations were imaged employing stereo pairs at near normal sample inclination at an accelerating voltage of 25kV. The reduction in signal to noise at normal sample incidence is believed to be more than offset by the ease of sample manipulation due to the reduction of detector viewing geometry restrictions imposed by the high tilt configurations most commonly seen.
Nano-characterization of Rh-Sn bimetallic catalysts
Authors: Crozier P.A. , Claus P. 
Published: June 2020

Bimetallic catalysts are of considerable importance because they possess both high activity and selectivity. Recently, there has been considerable interest in bimetallic catalysts produced by surface organometallic chemistry on metals. A detailed description of the structure and composition at the nanometer level is critical to fully understand the behavior of such catalysts. We have undertaken a study of the microstructure of Rh-Sn/SiO2 bimetallic hydrogenation catalysts.A Rh-Sn precursor was prepared by reacting tetrabutyltin with a silica supported Rh parent catalyst (1 %Rh/SiO2). The bimetallic catalysts were produced by thermal decomposition of the precursor in flowing hydrogen at 623 K. Five different catalysts were produced with a range of different Sn loadings from Rh(1%)/SiO2 to Rh(1%)-Sn(1.85%)/SiO2. The resulting bimetallic catalysts were able to selectively hydrogenate isolated and conjugated C=O functional groups. In situ XPS showed that the Sn and Rh were in the fully reduced state. Mossbauer spectroscopy studies confirmed that Sn was present in the zerovalent state indicating that no oxidized Sn was present. Preliminary IR data suggests that most of the Rh atoms are isolated from their neighbors (presumably by Sn).
Chemistry, Bonding and Mechanical Properties of Grain Boundaries in Intermetallic Compounds
Authors: Subramanian Shanthi , Muller David A. , Silcox John , Sass Stephen L. 
Published: June 2020

Grain boundaries in ordered intermetallic compounds have a great influence on their mechanical properties. Considerable progress has been made on characterizing the chemistry at grain boundaries experimentally and understanding their electronic structure theoretically. The approach in the present study is to experimentally examine the bonding changes at grain boundaries, in the presence and absence of dopants, using Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), and interpret these changes in terms of the observed mechanical properties.EELS of transmitted electrons probes excitations which occur at unique energy losses. In the present study, the Ni L2,3 edges were examined which select excitations from the Ni 2p orbitals to states above the Fermi level. For single electron excitations, it can be shown that the area under the sharp peaks at the onset of the L2,3 edges is proportional to the number of holes in the Ni d band for the 3 d transition metals. Fig. 1 shows the EELS spectra from bulk Ni, Ni3Al and Ni3Si. The edge intensity (historically called a white line) is reduced in Ni3Si and Ni3Al with respect to Ni.
Towards Optimization of Grain-Boundary Structures in Annealed Nickel
Authors: Thomson C.B. , Randle V. 
Published: June 2020

Many properties of materials are influenced by intergranular structure. Increasing the number of grain boundaries with favourable properties, or ‘special’, boundaries, can enhance the performance of a material in service. However, the criteria that must be satisfied for a boundary to be classified as special are not widely understood. For example, it has been shown that Σ3 coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries alone present a resistance to corrosion greater than for other boundary types in nickel (fee). In contrast, Rolim Lopes et al. observed no statistical preference for Σ3s in the grain boundary network of FeAl (bcc), and Bouchet and Priester discovered that in nickel there was a weak propensity for segregation to several boundary types, including Σ3, Σ1 1 and Σl9a CSLs.Commercially pure and superpure nickel specimens have been subjected to the strain annealing treatments detailed in the Table. Fig. 1 shows the results from an electron backscatter diffraction study of the commercial purity specimens (CI to C4). It is clear that the only boundary types that increase in frequency with increased thermal processing are Σ3n (n=l,2,3) CSLs. An abundance of annealing twins was observed for sample C4, and is unique to this sample, and this accounts for the very high proportions of Σ3s. Samples CI to C3 were annealed under vacuum, whereas C4 was treated in air, and it is proposed that the dominant energy minimization mechanism has changed from grain/grain boundary rotation for samples CI to C3, to annealing twin formation for sample C4. If the structure of a grain boundary evolves towards the exact misorientation of what is considered a special CSL type, the special properties of that boundary will, in general, become more marked. Σ3s have been shown to possess special properties. Fig. 2 shows the average deviation from exact misorientation for the Σ3s in each sample, normalised by the Brandon criterion for maximum permitted deviation. This clearly indicates that the Σ3s created by annealing twin formation can be considered more special than those produced via grain/grain boundary rotations.
Electron Microscopy Analysis of Grain Boundary Structure and Composition in Superplastically Deformed Al-Mg Alloys
Authors: Vetrano J. S. , Bruemmer S. M. 
Published: June 2020

Evaluation of grain boundary composition and structure in superplastically deformed AA5083-based alloys (AI-4.5Mg-1.6Mn-0.2Zr) was carried out in a field-emission gun transmission electron microscope (FEG-TEM). During superplastic deformation at high homologous temperatures materials undergo extensive grain boundary sliding (GBS) which creates a flow of defects in the near-boundary region. Recent literature has shown that the grain-boundary composition in Al-Mg alloys is not necessarily the same as the matrix, and that these differences can have an effect on GBS.Two alloy conditions were tested, with slightly different particulate content and superplastic deformability. Samples were tested at temperatures of 400°C and 450°C and a strain rate of 1x10-−3s−1 to vary the degree of grain boundary sliding, then quenched under load to preserve as much of the high-temperature structure as possible. TEM samples were prepared by carefully punching disks from the gage section of the deformed sample and electropolishing. Additionally, one sample was brought up to temperature and quenched but not deformed.
Integrated Microscopy : From Design Philosophy to Applications
Authors: Tremblay Sébastien , Baril Éric , St-Pierre Éric , Ronaldi Jacques , L’Espérance Gilles 
Published: June 2020

Microscopy and ObjectsObject oriented programming (OOP) has been used to develop computer applications for many years. It has proven very efficient for the manipulation of data structures that share common elements and evolve over time. We observed that this approach might prove invaluable for microscopy where we, as researchers, developers and end-users, have to deal with many media (images, spectra, electrical measurements, databases, simulations, etc.) to accomplish a given characterization project. Particularly, since these media evolve as researchers find new techniques and manufacturers improve their instruments. In addition, the goals and aims of a project may also change with time. The ability to reuse information that has already been acquired/generated then becomes crucial to success since this avoids the cost of repeating an analysis when information that was considered unimportant suddenly becomes of interest. In this context all results, acquisition parameters, instrument and processing tool settings, are relevant. The need for modularity, completeness and adaptation of information guided our design for the information structure used to develop the integrated characterization system. It is based on 3 types of small data objects. The first type carries the properties of each physical object (microscope, EDX spectrometer, specimen stage, sample, etc.). The second type carries acquired data such as images, spectra, etc. Finally, the last type of small data object carries the processed results such as hardness, composition, features sizes, distribution, etc. A characterization project can then be represented like any compound document as shown in figure 1. This architecture can be used inside applications as well as with storage devices (where objects are saved in compound files). Those objects can also contain hierarchy information such as the relationship between objects (i.e. “is subset of, , “is generator of, or “is defined by”).
The Teaching SEM - An Example of Real-Time Remote Control SEM
Authors: Mansfield John F. 
Published: June 2020

To introduce engineering undergraduates to one of the most widely used microstructural characterization tool, namely the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MS&E) at The University of Michigan has developed the Teaching SEM. This instrument is located in the department’s undergraduate teaching laboratory, however, it may be controlled from a lecture theater or classroom virtually anywhere on the University campus, or indeed, anywhere within the reach of the campus computing network and cable television network. The Teaching SEM allows MS&E to incorporate live SEM demos in the large service courses it teaches to engineering students and to show entire classes of MS&E majors how to control the microscope that tfiey subsequently use in their laboratory practicals.The Teaching SEM has been developed with hardware and software that is readily available, and there has been no custom software development or manufacture of specialized hardware. In addition to being a novel teaching tool, it also demonstrates the ease with which it is possible to do “Telepresence Microscopy”.
Molecular Imaging: Design of the PMP Imaging Spectrometer, Resolution Limits, and Radiation Sensitivity
Authors: Barfels M.M.G. , Heng Y. , Ottensmeyer F.P. 
Published: June 2020

One of the main applications of an energy filter is to obtain elemental distribution images by electron spectroscopic imaging. This technique has been pushed to the imaging of fine structure such as the sp2 and sp3 states of carbon at a sub-nanometer spatial resolution. However, low energy loss imaging in the region of the molecular excitations has largely remained unexplored due to the limitation in the energy resolution obtainable in the energy filters. Molecular absorptions in the visible and UV regions of the spectrum occur at 1.5 eV to 10 eV. Thus it would be necessary to have an energy resolution of about 1 eV or better.An optimized Prism-Mirror-Prism energy filter has been built by altering the straight faced pole pieces to circular curvatures. See Figure 1. The optimum curvatures for each of the faces were determined iteratively. In order to simulate the electron path accurately through the Prism-Mirror-Prism filter, it was necessary to calculate the magnetic fringing fields using the Boundary Element Method as outlined by Kasper. The ray-tracing procedure indicated a theoretical energy resolution of 1.3 eV for the optimized magnetic prism. This has been tested on our prototype spectrometer currently installed in the Siemens EM 102. An energy resolution of 1.1 eV was obtained.
Computational Micrograph Registration with Sieve Processes
Authors: Phillips P.J. , Huang J. , Dunn S. M. 
Published: June 2020

In this paper we present an efficient algorithm for automatically finding the correspondence between pairs of stereo micrographs, the key step in forming a stereo image. The computation burden in this problem is solving for the optimal mapping and transformation between the two micrographs. In this paper, we present a sieve algorithm for efficiently estimating the transformation and correspondence.In a sieve algorithm, a sequence of stages gradually reduce the number of transformations and correspondences that need to be examined, i.e., the analogy of sieving through the set of mappings with gradually finer meshes until the answer is found. The set of sieves is derived from an image model, here a planar graph that encodes the spatial organization of the features. In the sieve algorithm, the graph represents the spatial arrangement of objects in the image. The algorithm for finding the correspondence restricts its attention to the graph, with the correspondence being found by a combination of graph matchings, point set matching and geometric invariants.
Windows Remote Control for the Philips CM Microscope
Authors: Otten Max T. 
Published: June 2020

New software has been developed to make it possible to control the CM microscope under Windows. The software structure is such that all programs communicate through a dynamic link library CMREMOTE.DLL and communication program SECS2.EXE with the microscope (Fig. 1). Due to this structure, the amount of memory required is minimised since functional duplication is avoided, and the remote control handling is simplified because the user programs do not need to handle the complicated communication protocol but instead use simple functions such as Get Alignment and CompuStage Goto Position. Several sets of programs are finished, with further additions planned to replace currently available software running under MS-DOS.Available at the moment is the Windows CM Remote Control package which contains the Windows CM Monitor, a program to read alignments, stigmator settings and mode settings from microscope and store them in a file on the PC. With the file are stored an operator name and comments to allow identification who stored the data and for what reason.