bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote sensing data fusion as a tool for biomass prediction in extensive grasslands invaded by L. polyphyllus
Authors: Schulze‐Brüninghoff Damian , Wachendorf Michael , Astor Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRemote sensing data fusion is a powerful tool to gain information of quantitative and qualitative vegetation properties on field level. The aim of this study was to develop prediction models from sensor data fusion for fresh and dry matter yield (FMY/DMY) in extensively managed grasslands with variable degree of invasion by Lupinus polyphyllus. Therefore, a terrestrial 3d laser scanner (TLS) and a drone‐based hyperspectral camera was used to collect high resolution 3d point clouds and hyperspectral aerial orthomosaics of four extremely heterogenous grasslands. From 3d point clouds multiple features (vegetation height, sum of voxel, point density and surface structure) were extracted and combined with hyperspectral data to develop an optimized biomass model from random forest regression algorithm to predict FMY and DMY (ntrain = 130, ntest = 33). Models from hyperspectral data solitarily had the lowest prediction performance (FMY: R2 = 0.61, nRMSEr = 17.14; DMY: R2 = 0.59, nRMSEr = 19.37). Higher performance was gained by models derived from 3d laser data (FMY: R2 = 0. 76, nRMSEr = 13.3; DMY: R2 = 0. 74, nRMSEr = 15.1). A fusion of both sensor systems increased the FMY prediction performance up to R2 = 0.8; nRMSEr = 12.02 and the DMY prediction performance to R2 = 0.81 and nRMSEr = 12.06. The fusion of complementary sensor systems can increase the power to predict biomass yields of heterogenous and extensively managed grasslands. It is a novel alternative to labour‐intensive, traditional biomass prediction methods and to remote sensing methods using only single sensor data.
Evaluation of a microplate spectrophotometer for soil organic carbon determination in south‐central Idaho
Authors: Bierer Andrew M. , Leytem April B. , Rogers Christopher W. , Dungan Robert S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDetermination of soil organic carbon (SOC) is highly desirable for assessing fertility and carbon sequestration; however, numerous methods of determination warrant study of method agreement. Recently, a novel method was developed following dichromate oxidation using a microplate spectrophotometer. This novel method was compared with (a) total C by dry combustion − soil inorganic carbon (DCw/o pretreatment–pressure calcimater [Pcal]); (b) traditional Walkley–Black titration (WBTIT) and (c) loss on ignition (LOI360°C) in calcareous soils of south‐central Idaho (n = 75) in conjunction with North American Proficiency Testing program soils (n = 10). A two‐way ANOVA was fit with soils as a blocking factor to identify any difference between methods; means were separated using Tukey's honestly significant difference test (α = .05). Additional comparisons were made for all soils (n = 85) and for soils in the lower 75th percentile of SOC determined by WBTIT (n = 56) using regression analysis. Only the WBTIT and LOI360°C methods were statistically equivalent nevertheless there was high agreement (Lin's concordance coefficients > .90) between all methods (n = 85). Under low SOC soils (n = 56) the agreement between all methods decreased, but the Walkley–Black spectrophotometric method (WBSPEC) method fit other methods comparatively well r2 = .71, .74, and .78 for LOI360°C, DCw/o pretreatment–Pcal, and WBTIT respectively. The WBSPEC method provided estimates of SOC between the methods currently used in the region while reducing hazardous waste generation over traditional WBTIT and sample handling over LOI360°C and DCw/o pretreatment–Pcal methods, positioning it as a sensible option for SOC determination in low SOC calcareous soils of south‐central Idaho.
Efficient Slantwise Aligned Dion–Jacobson Phase Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Trans‐1,4‐Cyclohexanediamine
Authors: Wang Han , Qin Zhaotong , Xie Jiangsheng , Zhao Shenghe , Liu Kuan , Guo Xinlu , Li Gang , Lu Xinhui , Yan Keyou , Xu Jianbin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe crystalline orientation and phase distribution are two important parameters for high‐performance 2D perovskite solar cells. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the structure of spacer ligands influences the orientation and phase distribution of resulting 2D perovskite films. In this work, a new member of Dion–Jacobson (DJ) phase 2D perovskites based on trans‐1,4‐cyclohexanediamine (CHDA) is demonstrated and it is found that the crystalline orientation is self‐aligned spontaneously, which is different from the well‐known graded distribution in controlled sample with its isomer 1,6‐diaminohexane (HDA) as spacer ligand. Grazing incident X‐ray scattering suggests that the exact alignment is strongly slantwise to the substrate while it is still beneficial for charge transfer along the vertical structure of devices. The devices can achieve high efficiency up to 15.01% for (CHDA)MA3Pb4I13 (n = 4), one of the highest efficiencies reported by now. The encapsulated (CHDA)MA3Pb4I13 (n = 4) devices can retain 80.7% efficiency for 270 min under continuous maximum power point tracking. (CHDA)MA3Pb4I13 (n = 4) devices can retain 96.5% efficiency under 60 °C and 74.4% efficiency under 70 °C heating for 68 h. The results demonstrate the slantwise aligned DJ phase perovskite solar cells with excellent stability.
Air Retention under Water by the Floating Fern Salvinia: The Crucial Role of a Trapped Air Layer as a Pneumatic Spring
Authors: Gandyra Daniel , Walheim Stefan , Gorb Stanislav , Ditsche Petra , Barthlott Wilhelm , Schimmel Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ability of floating ferns Salvinia to keep a permanent layer of air under water is of great interest, e.g., for drag‐reducing ship coatings. The air‐retaining hairs are superhydrophobic, but have hydrophilic tips at their ends, pinning the air–water interface. Here, experimental and theoretical approaches are used to examine the contribution of this pinning effect for air‐layer stability under pressure changes. By applying the capillary adhesion technique, the adhesion forces of individual hairs to the water surface is determined to be about 20 µN per hair. Using confocal microscopy and fluorescence labeling, it is found that the leaves maintain a stable air layer up to an underpressure of 65 mbar. Combining both results, overall pinning forces are obtained, which account for only about 1% of the total air‐retaining force. It is suggested that the restoring force of the entrapped air layer is responsible for the remaining 99%. This model of the entrapped air acting is verified as a pneumatic spring (“air‐spring”) by an experiment shortcircuiting the air layer, which results in immediate air loss. Thus, the plant enhances its air‐layer stability against pressure fluctuations by a factor of 100 by utilizing the entrapped air volume as an elastic spring.
Restoring the Nitrogen Cycle by Electrochemical Reduction of Nitrate: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Zeng Yachao , Priest Cameron , Wang Guofeng , Wu Gang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe increasing amount of anthropogenic nitrogen has resulted in alarming levels of nitrate in bodies of water and caused a cascade of damage to the environment and human health. Electrochemical nitrate reduction is an efficient strategy ancillary to biological nitrogen cycle management, which utilizes electrons as green reductants and rebalances the N2 cycle. In this review, the fundamental principles and implementation of electrochemical nitrate reduction are described to lay the foundation for the eventual large‐scale application in the remediation of nitrate‐laden wastewaters. Factors that influence the activity and selectivity of electrochemical nitrate reduction are also discussed. Moreover, electrolytic cell design and construction are discussed via a rational choice of critical components and assembly. Finally, a roadmap for the development of highly selective nitrate reduction catalysts is proposed. This review attempts to provide a practical strategy for electrochemical nitrogen cycle management and aims to stimulate future research for final implementation.
Wage discrimination in the NBA: Evidence using free agent signings
Authors: Johnson Candon , Minuci Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article takes a step toward understanding potential causes of wage discrimination in an economy highly dependent on the service industry. Traditionally categorized within the service industry, professional sport leagues such as the National Basketball Association (NBA) provides a unique setting to examine the potential impact of race on salary. We analyze free agency contract signings, which allow us to better capture the determinants of players' wages, from 2011 to 2017 to investigate the prominence of wage discrimination in the NBA. Using weighted linear regression models and the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find that Black athletes are paid significantly less than their counterparts. In addition, we also identify the presence of consumer discrimination after controlling the exposure of a player to the audience, which is observed through the interaction term between the share of MSA population which is White and an identifier for whether a player is Black.
Gradual transitivity in orthogonality spaces of finite rank
Authors: Vetterlein Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn orthogonality space is a set together with a symmetric and irreflexive binary relation. Any linear space equipped with a reflexive and anisotropic inner product provides an example: the set of one-dimensional subspaces together with the usual orthogonality relation is an orthogonality space. We present simple conditions to characterise the orthogonality spaces that arise in this way from finite-dimensional Hermitian spaces. Moreover, we investigate the consequences of the hypothesis that an orthogonality space allows gradual transitions between any pair of its elements. More precisely, given elements e and f, we require a homomorphism from a divisible subgroup of the circle group to the automorphism group of the orthogonality space to exist such that one of the automorphisms maps e to f, and any of the automorphisms leaves the elements orthogonal to e and f fixed. We show that our hypothesis leads us to positive definite quadratic spaces. By adding a certain simplicity condition, we furthermore find that the field of scalars is Archimedean and hence a subfield of the reals.
Anatomic reduction of the sacroiliac joint in unstable pelvic ring injuries and its correlation with functional outcome
Authors: Jäckle Katharina , Spering Christopher , Seitz Mark-Tilmann , Höller Sebastian , Meier Marc-Pascal , Hahn Franziska Melanie , Acharya Mehool R. , Lehmann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Reduction and percutaneous screw fixation of sacroiliac joint disruptions and sacral fractures are surgical procedures for stabilizing the posterior pelvic ring. It is unknown, however, whether smaller irregularities or the inability to achieve an anatomic reduction of the joint and the posterior pelvic ring affects the functional outcome. Here, the long-term well-being of patients with and without anatomic reduction of the posterior pelvis after sacroiliac joint disruptions is described.

Methods
Between 2011 and 2017, 155 patients with pelvic injuries underwent surgical treatment. Of these, 39 patients with sacroiliac joint disruption were examined by radiological images and computer tomography (CT) diagnostics and classified according to Tile. The functional outcome of the different surgical treatments was assessed using the short form health survey-36 (SF-36) and the Majeed pelvic score.

Results
Complete data sets were available for 31 patients, including 14 Tile type C and 17 type B injuries. Of those, 26 patients received an anatomic reduction, 5 patients obtained a shift up to 10 mm (range 5–10 mm). The SF-36 survey showed that the anatomic reduction was significantly better in restoring the patient’s well being (vitality, bodily pain, general mental health and emotional well-being). Patients without this treatment reported a decrease in their general health status.

Conclusions
Anatomic reduction was achieved in over 80% of patients in this study. When comparing the long-term well-being of patients with and without anatomic reduction of the posterior pelvis after sacroiliac joint disruptions, the results suggest that anatomical restoration of the joint is beneficial for the patients.
Differential gene expression of tumor-infiltrating CD33+ myeloid cells in advanced- versus early-stage colorectal cancer
Authors: Toor Salman M. , Taha Rowaida Z. , Sasidharan Nair Varun , Saleh Reem , Murshed Khaled , Abu Nada Mohamed , Elkord Eyad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) has high mortality rates, especially in patients with advanced disease stages, who often do not respond to therapy. The cellular components of the tumor microenvironment are essentially responsible for dictating disease progression and response to therapy. Expansion of different myeloid cell subsets in CRC tumors has been reported previously. However, tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells have both pro- and anti-tumor roles in disease progression. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of cells of myeloid lineage (CD33+) from bulk CRC tumors at varying disease stages. We identified differentially expressed genes and pathways between CRC patients with advanced stage and early stages. We found that pro-angiogenic and hypoxia-related genes were upregulated, while genes related to immune and inflammatory responses were downregulated in CD33+ myeloid cells from patients with advanced stages, implying that immune cell recruitment and activation could be compromised in advanced disease stages. Moreover, we identified a unique “poor prognosis CD33+ gene signature” by aligning top upregulated and downregulated genes in tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells from our analyses with data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our results showed that this gene signature is an independent prognostic indicator for disease-specific survival in CRC patients, potentially reflecting its clinical importance.
The Interaction Effect of Drought and Exogenous Application of Zearalenone on the Physiological, Biochemical Parameters and Yield of Legumes
Authors: Dziurka Michał , Maksymowicz Anna , Ostrowska Agnieszka , Biesaga-Kościelniak Jolanta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe effectiveness of exogenously applied zearalenone (ZEN) in alleviating water deficiency stress of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.) was analyzed in the pot experiment. ZEN was applied in the form of spraying in the flowering phase on the first day of induced drought. The effectiveness of ZEN was evaluated based on physiological (electrolyte leakage, greenness, and photosystem II activity) and biochemical (protein, proline, ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant enzyme activity) parameters after 14 days of drought. The yield and yield quality defined as yield components, total protein, fats, sugars, and antioxidants (tocopherols and β-carotene) were measured in newly formed seeds. ZEN residue in the seeds was analyzed employing UHPLC-MS/MS to exclude its accumulation. The results showed the possibility of reducing the effects of drought stress through the use of ZEN. It was manifested by increased cell membranes stability and antioxidant enzyme activity and above all ZEN increased crop yield, compared to untreated plants. ZEN modified seed composition by inducing the accumulation of fats and antioxidants. There was no accumulation of exogenous ZEN in seeds.
Long-term outcomes of active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer in a community-based setting: results from a prospective non-interventional study
Authors: Herden Jan , Schwarte Andreas , Werner Thorsten , Behrendt Uwe , Heidenreich Axel , Weissbach Lothar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To report on long-term outcomes of patients treated with active surveillance (AS) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) in the daily routine setting.

Methods
HAROW (2008–2013) was a non-interventional, health service research study about the management of localized PCa in the community setting, with 86% of the study centers being office-based urologists. A follow-up examination of all patients who opted for AS as primary treatment was carried out. Overall, cancer-specific, and metastasis-free survival, as well as discontinuation rates, were determined.

Results
Of 329 patients, 62.9% had very-low- and 21.3% low-risk tumours. The median follow-up was 7.7 years (IQR 4.7–9.1). Twenty-eight patients (8.5%) died unrelated to PCa, of whom 19 were under AS or watchful waiting (WW). Additionally, seven patients (2.1%) developed metastasis. The estimated 10-year overall and metastasis-free survival was 86% (95% CI 81.7–90.3) and 97% (95% CI 94.6–99.3), respectively. One hundred eighty-seven patients (56.8%) discontinued AS changing to invasive treatment: 104 radical prostatectomies (RP), 55 radiotherapies (RT), and 28 hormonal treatments (HT). Another 50 patients switched to WW. Finally, 37.4% remained alive without invasive therapy (22.2% AS and 15.2% WW). Intervention-free survival differed between the risk groups: 47.8% in the very-low-, 33.8% in the low- and 34.6% in the intermediate-/high-risk-group (p = 0.008). On multivariable analysis, PSA-density ≥ 0.2 ng/ml2 was significantly predictive for receiving invasive treatment (HR 2.55; p = 0.001).

Conclusion
Even in routine care, AS can be considered a safe treatment option. Our results might encourage office-based urologists regarding the implementation of AS and to counteract possible concerns against this treatment option.
Kombination aus Dezentrierung und Verkippung der Linse im phaken und pseudophaken Auge – optische Simulation von Defokus, Astigmatismus und Coma
Authors: Langenbucher Achim , Omidi Pooria , Eppig Timo , Szentmáry Nóra , Menapace Rupert , Hoffmann Peter 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZielsetzungDer Einfluss von Dezentrierung und Verkippung von Kunstlinsen auf die Abbildungsqualität ist in den vergangenen Jahren ausgiebig in Simulationen wie auch klinischen Studien untersucht worden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einfluss der Dezentrierung und Verkippung auf die Induktion von Defokus, Astigmatismus und Coma im phaken und pseudophaken Auge zu untersuchen.MethodenAuf der Basis des Liou-Brennan-Modellauges wurde eine Simulation mit Zemax durchgeführt. Ausgehend von der im Augenmodell beschriebenen Position der Gradientenlinse, wurde nach der Bestimmung der Fokusebene die Linse von −1,0 bis 1,0 mm in Schritten von 0,2 mm horizontal dezentriert und von −10° bis 10° in Schritten von 2° um die vertikale Achse verkippt. Zu jeder der 121 Kombinationen wurde bei einer Pupille von 4 mm der Defokus, der reguläre Astigmatismus in 0/180° sowie die horizontale Coma aus der Wellenfront extrahiert. Analog zum phaken Auge wurde die Gradientenlinse durch ein aberrationskorrigierendes Kunstlinsenmodell ersetzt und die Simulation für das pseudophake Auge wiederholt.ErgebnisseIst die Linse im phaken/pseudophaken Auge entsprechend den Vorgaben des Liou-Brennan-Modellauges positioniert, ergibt die Simulation einen Defokus von 0,026/−0,001 dpt, einen Astigmatismus von −0,045/−0,018 dpt sowie eine Coma von −0,015/0,047 µm. Maximale Werte treten bei einer Dezentrierung von 1,0 mm und einer Verkippung von 10° auf: 1,547/2,982 dpt für den Defokus, 0,971/1,871 dpt für den Astigmatismus sowie 0,441/1,209 µm für die Coma. Maximal negative Werte treten im phaken/pseudophaken Auge auf bei: −0,293/−1,224 dpt für den Defokus, −0,625/−0,663 dpt für den Astigmatismus sowie −0,491/−0,559 µm für die Coma.DiskussionIn dieser Studie wurde erstmals der Effekt einer Kombination aus horizontaler Dezentrierung der Linse und Verkippung um die Vertikale auf den induzierten Defokus, Astigmatismus sowie die horizontale Coma in einem Simulationsmodell untersucht. Die Ergebnisse können bei der Ursachenforschung helfen, wenn bei dezentrierter oder verkippter Kunstlinse die Zielrefraktion nicht mit der erreichten Refraktion übereinstimmt oder der resultierende Astigmatismus durch den Hornhautastigmatismus alleine nicht erklärbar ist.
Ex-post implementation with social preferences
Authors: Zik Boaz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe current literature on mechanism design in models with social preferences discusses social-preference-robust mechanisms, i.e., mechanisms that are implementable in any environment with social preferences. The literature also discusses payoff-information-robust mechanisms, i.e., mechanisms that are implementable for any belief and higher-order beliefs of the agents about the payoff types of the other agents. In the present paper, I address the question of whether deterministic mechanisms that are robust in both of these dimensions exist. I consider environments where each agent holds private information about his personal payoff and about the existence and extent of his social preferences. In such environments, a mechanism is robust in both dimensions only if it is ex-post implementable, i.e., only if incentive compatibility holds for every realization of payoff signals and for every realization of social preferences. I show that ex-post implementation of deterministic mechanisms is impossible in such environments; i.e., deterministic mechanisms that are both social-preference-robust and payoff-information-robust do not exist.
Urotherapist activities in caring for patients with pelvic floor disorders: a prospective single-center observational study
Authors: Geissbuehler Verena , Forst Susanne , Werner Matthias , Schoenenberger Cora-Ann , Berner Ruth , Betschart Cornelia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Patients with pelvic floor disorders are growing in number. The aim of this study is to outline the main activities of a urotherapist, an advanced nurse practitioner, in the care of patients with pelvic floor disorders and to evaluate patient satisfaction with the service urotherapists provide.

Methods
The prospective single-center observational study was carried out from July 2016 to June 2018. Parameters used to assess the urotherapist activities included the number of consultations, type of counselling, time frame of consultations and therapy and patient satisfaction. In a subgroup of 38 patients, satisfaction with the urotherapy sessions was evaluated by a questionnaire.

Results
Totally, 1709 patients were examined by urogynecologists. Five hundred and fourteen (30%) with chronic pelvic floor disorders were subsequently referred to a urotherapist. Of these patients, 60% were at least 65 years old. The most common pelvic floor disorders (221 patients; 43%) were an overactive bladder, recurrent urinary tract infections, chronic cystitis and pelvic pain syndrome; the second most common pelvic floor disorder was pelvic organ prolapsed (151 patients; 29%). Of the study subgroup comprising 38 patients, 32 (84%) returned the patient satisfaction questionnaire. All 32 patients specified their level of agreement with the urotherapist’s professional competence, empathy, temporal availability and quality of advice as “agree to strongly agree.”

Conclusions
Management by a urotherapist was highly appreciated. The role of the urotherapist as a care coordinator, their level of autonomy and barriers to the implementation in primary care requires further exploration.