bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case History - A Lansing-Kansas City Waterflood
Authors: Allison R.S. 
Published: February 2020

Kansas Waterflood Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME,19 November, Great Bend, Kansas

Abstract
Water flood of the Lansing-Kansas City formation in a 320 acre portion of the Cheyenne View Pool, Barton County, Kansas is expected to produce 145,000barrels of secondary oil or an amount equal to 67% of the primary oil.
Utilizing a mixture of produced water and fresh water for injection fluid, the flood has produced 60% of the recoverable flood oil with minimum maintenance costs.

Location
This flood, consisting of five producing wells and four injection wells, is located in the Cheyenne View Pool of Barton County, Kansas; or approximately 21/2 miles northwest of Ellinwood. Figure 1 is a plat of the two leases involved.
Equilibrium Ratios for Reservoir Studies
Authors: Brinkman F.H. , Sicking J.N. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 313–319.

Abstract
A new method for obtaining equilibrium vaporization ratios (K-values) for reservoir fluids has been developed and tested. By application of the method, complex experimental measurements of liquid and vapor phase compositions are eliminated. This simplified technique reduces the cost of experimental equilibrium ratio data for reservoir studies of condensates and volatile crude-oil systems.
The method is designed for systems of constant composition and, therefore, is best suited for depletion studies where compositional changes at high pressures are minor. The basic data required, in addition to the composition of the initial reservoir fluid, are the relative vapor-liquid volumes and densities at reservoir temperature and various reservoir pressures.
Tests demonstrated that the method predicts equilibrium ratios accurately for condensates. A single test on a crude oil was not conclusive; further testing will be necessary before the accuracy of the method can be determined for crude-oil systems.
In addition to determining equilibrium ratios, the calculation method provides information on the physical properties of the "plus" component in the vapor and liquid phases. The "plus" component is that mixture of components heavier than the least volatile fraction analyzed. This information is useful in studies of both natural depletion and cycling operations for condensate reservoirs where the heptanes-plus component in the gas phase is produced from the reservoir.

Introduction
As more volatile oil and condensate reservoirs are found, the use of phase behavior techniques to predict their performance is increasing in importance. These techniques have long been used for condensate fields and have more recently been applied to crude-oil fields containing oils of medium-to-high volatility. In these phase behavior methods, equilibrium ratios (K-values) are used to predict compositional changes in the reservoir fluids-thereby accounting for the recoverable oil that exists in the gas phase. The reliability of the predictions depends to a large extent on the equilibrium ratios used. These values must be obtained for each component for the entire pressure range being investigated.
Conduction-Convection in Underground Combustion
Authors: Bailey H.R. , Larkin B.K. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 320–331.

Abstract
A model of heat flow in an underground combustion process is studied. This model includes convection effects and thus is more general than previous studies which considered conduction as the only mechanism for heat transfer. Both linear (tube run) and radial (field application) geometries are considered. The effects of ignition heaters, vertical losses and finite source width are considered for the linear case.
The results are in the form of equations and are presented in graphical form for a number of cases. Convection effects increase frontal temperatures about 25 per cent over those computed for conductive transfer for typical field operating conditions. This increase in temperature is a result of heat being transported toward the front by the injection gas. Even greater temperature increases are realized as the per cent oxygen in the injection gas decreases.
It is well known that compression costs are of considerable importance in estimating the economic feasibility of underground combustion. By assuming an ignition temperature for the combustion fuel, predictions of limiting conditions on fuel density and injection rate necessary to sustain the combustion zone are made. For typical field conditions, at least 0.75 lb/cu ft of fuel are needed with air as the injection gas. if the injection gas is 10 per cent oxygen and 90 per cent nitrogen, this figure is 0.69 lb/cu ft.

Introduction
The possibility of increasing oil recovery by underground combustion has been considered for many years. Recent field tests indicate that the underground combustion process is technically feasible. The economic feasibility depends to a large extent on the amount of air which must be injected to sustain combustion. Prediction of the success of employing underground combustion in a particular reservoir must be based on existing field tests, laboratory tube runs and solutions of mathematical or analog models.
Vogel and Krueger devised an electrical analog of the heat transfer problem in an underground combustion process. They considered the problem of heat conduction from a cylindrical source with increasing radius assuming no vertical losses. Bailey and Larkin, and Ramey solved the corresponding problem including vertical losses by considering a mathematical model of the conduction process. Ref. 9, 10 and 11 also present information related to the subject study.
The present paper generalizes these results to include both conduction and convection mechanisms for heat flow. A model of the conduction-convection process is described. The partial differential equations governing this model are written and solved for a number of cases of interest. The formulas are evaluated and the results are presented graphically.
Miscible Fluid Displacement - Prediction of Miscibility
Authors: Benham A.L. , Dowden W.E. , Kunzman W.J. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 229–237.

Abstract
The mechanism involved in creating a miscible fluid displacement of typical reservoir fluids through porous media by light hydrocarbon mixtures usually involves a number of mixing and separation stages in the contact area. This mechanism has been illustrated on ternary diagrams for miscible displacement of reservoir fluid by rich hydrocarbon gases.
A relatively simple method has been devised for calculating the approximate conditions for a miscible displacement of reservoir fluid by rich, light hydrocarbon gases or by LPG mixtures. Miscibility is favored by increased pressures, decreased temperatures, light reservoir fluids and light hydrocarbon-displacing fluids rich in the heavier components.
The conditions for miscible displacements of five typical reservoir fluids by various light hydrocarbon mixtures were determined for a range of temperatures from 700 to 260F and pressures from 1,000 to 3,000 psia. A correlation of these conditions was obtained using the variables of temperature, pressure, C5+ molecular weight of the reservoir fluid, C2+ molecular weight of the displacing fluid, and mol per cent methane in the displacing fluid. This correlation has been applied to data appearing in the literature with very good success. A partial check of the correlation has been made using a step-wise procedure with a windowed PVT cell.

Introduction
The term, "miscible fluid displacement", may be defined as any oil-recovery displacement process where there is an absence of a phase boundary or interface between the displaced and displacing fluids. A water flood would not be a miscible fluid displacement, although cycling in a condensate reservoir would be. Another example is displacement of oil by gasoline. Not so obvious, however, are the conditions under which fluids (such as propane, mixtures of propane and methane, or other similar systems) will give a miscible fluid displacement of oil.
There are four standard miscible-fluid-displacement processes being used for the recovery of oil from an underground reservoir-high-pressure dry-gas miscible displacement,rich-gas miscible displacement,miscible slug using a slug of LPG followed by a lean dry gas under miscible conditions, andgas driven-slug process using a slug of LPG followed by a lean dry gas under immiscible conditions.
An Improved Method for Calculating Water Influx
Authors: Carter R.D. , Tracy G.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 219, 1960, pages 415–417.

ABSTRACT
A method based on an approach by Hurst is developed for calculating water influx behavior. Using this method, superposition calculations may be eliminated. The principal difference between this method and that of Hurst is that, over finite intervals of time, constant oil-production rates are assumed by Hurst whereas constant water influx rates are assumed in the presently described method.
By adopting the assumption of constant water influx rate for finite time periods, a method is developed for calculating water influx behavior which lends itself to convenient combination with the material balance equation in the Schilthuis form. Above the bubble point, an equation is given for the explicit step-wise calculation of pressure history for a prescribed oil-production history. Use of this method of calculating water influx behavior should result in a considerable saving of time as compared to superposition calculations when the calculations must be made without using a digital computer.
The connection is shown between the method described herein and the method developed by van Everdingen and Hurst (which requires superposition calculations). Also, results obtained using the two methods are compared.

INTRODUCTION
While the method of van Everdingen and Hurst is in many respects a satisfactory way of calculating water influx behavior, the superposition calculations involved make it a tedious procedure when the work is done without using a digital computer.
Hurst has presented an approach to the problem which eliminates superposition calculations, in many cases at small expense to accuracy. It is the purpose of this paper to present a method of calculating water influx which is based on the approach of Hurst and which may be conveniently combined with the material balance equation in the Schilthuis form. The relation will be discussed between the method of van Everdingen and Hurst and the method described herein. Examples of results using the two methods are given.
A novel retractor for reducing operation time and radiation exposure in percutaneous pedicle screw placement
Authors: Niu Lei , He Rui , Zhang Wenzhi , Duan Liqun , Li Xu , Cai Haiping 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background : Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation is less damage to the surrounding musculature and can decrease both blood loss and recovery time, but depends heavily on fluoroscopic guidance. An efficient instrument or system that allows for accurate pedicle screw placement and reduction in the fluoroscopy shot time would therefore be of value. Methods: 126 patients with single segment thoracolumbar vertebral fracture were surgically treated with percutaneous pedicle screws through our novel retractor technique（group A） or traditional fluoroscopic method(group B), the operation time and fluoroscopy shot times were compared, and the accuracy of screw placement were assessed. Results : There was no serious complications occurring during our study, such as infection, blood vessel injury, spinal cord or nerve root injury. We did not find any statistically difference between the two groups in corrected rate of regional Cobb’s angle or vertebral body height percentage(P>0.05); however, the mean operation time was found to be 75.9±2.37min in the novel retractor method group and 94.2±2.19min in the traditional method group. The difference was statistically significant (p﹤0.001). Fluoroscopy shot times averaged 9.01±0.41 in the novel retractor group versus 16.8±0.56 in the traditional group (P < 0.001), the novel retractor group had apparent advantages over the traditional method in postoperative improvement on visual analog scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) at 2days, 3month after operation and last follow-up (P<0.05). There was no statistical difference between the novel retractor group and traditional method group in the radiographic results and screw position violation grade. Conclusion: The novel retractor method had several advantages, including shorter operation time, less fluoroscopy shot times, and better postoperative improvement on visual analog scale( VAS) score and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). It provides a new alternative method for effective management of thoracolumbar fractures.
Restoration and Enhancement of Underwater Under-Exposure Images with Detail-Preserving
Authors: Li Xujian , Liu Ke 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Underwater images have great practical value in many fields such as underwater archeology, seabed mining, and underwater exploration. Due to the complex underwater environment, there are problems such as poor light, low contrast, and color degradation. Traditional underwater image processing methods cannot well achieve the goal of clear display under extreme conditions. This paper proposes a method for restoration and enhancement of underwater under-exposure images that protects edge details and enhances image color. Firstly, the underwater image was preprocessed, denoising with improved wavelet threshold function, defogging with the Multi-Scale Retinex Color Restoration (MSRCR) and guided filter method. Then, the method of adaptive exposure graph is used to enhance the under-exposure image. Finally, the deep learning algorithm combined with the Non-Subsampled Contour Transform (NSCT) technology is used to solve the problem of color degradation and edge texture weakening. Experiments show that compared with other underwater image processing methods, this method greatly improves the clarity of the image, enhances the color saturation and the edge texture details of the image, and has a better visual effect.
Regulation of RUNX3 expression by DNA methylation in prostate cancer
Authors: Yang Xin , Wang Shumei , Reheman Alimu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a developmental regulator, and methylation of the RUNX3 is significantly associated with the occurrence and development of carcinogenesis. Previous studies have identified an association of increased methylation level of RUNX3 in prostate cancer (PCa); however, the role and molecular mechanism underlying aberrant methylation of the RUNX3 gene in prostate tumorigenesis remain elusive. In this study, we will investigate the role of RUNX3 promoter methylation and its gene expression in PCa cells. Methods: The methylation of the RUNX3 in the promoter region in PCa cells was detected by bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP). Following treatment of the PCa cells with DNA methylation transferase inhibitor 5-AZA-2'-deoxycytidine (AZA), the effect on methylation level and expression of RUNX3 were analyzed by qRT-PCR, Western blot, and BSP assays. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of the demethylated RUNX3 on proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis of PCa cells using CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays. Using the DNA methylation transferase (DNMT3b) knockout or overexpression models, the relationship between DNMT3b and RUNX3 methylation was further assessed by qRT-PCR, Western blot and methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Results: The results indicated that the methylation level of RUNX3 in PCa cell lines was significantly higher than that of normal prostate epithelial (RWPE-1) cells. Furthermore, treatment with AZA not only promoted the demethylation of RUNX3 but also restored the mRNA and protein expression of RUNX3, and the reactivation of expression of the later exhibited its anti-tumor effects through regulation of the cycle progression in PCa cells. Moreover, DNMT3b could regulate the expression level of RUNX3 by altering the DNA methylation of the RUNX3 in PCa cells. Conclusion: RUNX3 is hypermethylated in a panel of PCa cell lines; Inhibits DNA methylation of RUNX3 could restored its gene expression, which in turn induced its anti-cancer effects. Thus, RUNX3 may serve as a novel putative molecular target gene for PCa therapy.
Thermodynamic and thermoelastic properties of wurtzite-ZnS by density functional theory
Authors: Ulian Gianfranco , Moro Daniele , Valdrè Giovanni 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the present paper, we provide a detailed theoretical investigation on fundamental thermodynamic, thermomechanical, and electronic properties of wurtzite ZnS between 0–20 GPa and 0–2000 K, obtained by ab initio density functional theory and the B3LYP functional. Several properties, such as phonon dispersion relations, elastic and piezoelectric constants, and thermodynamic and thermoelastic behaviors were calculated and reported. The analysis of the data via volume-integrated third-order Birch-Murnaghan fitting resulted in K0 = 72.17(4) GPa, K′ = 3.87(1), and V0 = 85.781(1) Å3 at T = 0 K. The Born criteria for the mechanical stability of the mineral phase showed that wurtzite is unstable above about 19 GPa in static conditions. We calculated a direct bandgap for wz-ZnS of 4.86 eV at zero compression, which became an indirect one by increasing pressure above 17 GPa. The results are in good agreement with the experimental and theoretical ones reported in the literature, and further extend the knowledge of an important zinc sulfide phase, for both geological and industrial applications.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN KEAKSARAAN RESEPTIF ANAK MELALUI PERMAINAN POLA SUKU KATA DI TAMAN KANAK- KANAK NEGERI PEMBINA YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Amini - 
Published: February 2020

Permainan pola suku kata adalah salah satu teknik pembelajaran yang dilakukan guru untuk meningkatkan kemampuan keaksaraan reseptif anak dalam hal membaca sambil bermain di Taman Kanak- Kanak. Pengenalan keaksaraan ini dilakukan melalui permainan pola suku kata dengan media pola suku kata MDF dan menggunakan instrument dari buku panduan perkembangan keaksaraan, minat baca, dan permainan pola suku kata. Alat penilaian yang digunakan dengan menggunakan matriks indikator yang dibuat dalam bentuk cheklist, unjuk kerja dan dokumentasi. Subyek dalam penelitian ini adalah anak- anak kelompok B4 TK Negeri Pembina Yogyakarta yang berjumlah 23 anak terdiri dari 14 anak laki- laki dan 9 anak perempuan. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan keaksaraan anak melalui permainan pola suku kata dengan media kartu huruf secara signifikan dibuktikan dengan data hasil awal 52,17% meningkat menjadi 88,25%.Sedangkan data hasil minat baca dari 50,29% meningkat 85,53%. Hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa permainan pola suku kata dapat meningkatkan kemampuan keaksaraan reseptif anak.Kata Kunci: Bermain Pola Suku Kata
PERAN PENDIDIK PAUD DALAM MEMBANGUN KARAKTER ANAK
Authors: Maryatun Ika Budi 
Published: February 2020

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjabarkan peran pendidik PAUD dalam membangun karakter anak sejak dini di lembaga. Lembaga pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD) terdiri dari TPA, KB, dan TK. Pendidik PAUD yang dimaksud adalah guru dan pengasuh di sekolah, baik formal maupun nonformal. Karakter yang dikembangkan mengacu pada perkembangan moral anak melalui tiga pendekatan penanaman moral Lickona, yaitu konsep moral, sikap moral, dan prilaku moral. Peran pendidik dalam membangun karakter anak sejak dini meliputi empat hal, yaitu (1) pendidik sebagai pendidik, (2) pendidik sebagai panutan, (3) pendidik sebagai perancang pengembangan, dan (4) pendidik sebagai konsultan dan mediator.Kata Kunci: Pendidik PAUD, Karakter Anak
Effect of sandwich bone augmentation using hydroxyapatite and demineralized freeze- dried bone on infrabony pocket treatment
Authors: Ramadhany Eka Pramudita , Soesilowati Al Sri Koes , Lastianny Sri Pramestri 
Published: February 2020

Periodontitis is periodontal inflammation in response to plaque bacterial antigens, causing damage to periodontal ligament and alveolar bone resorption. Bone graft material combination i.e. demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) using sandwich bone augmentation (SBA) method will support each other and will be beneficial to be used as a scaffold. The body takes long time to resorb HA so this could complement DFDBA which is more easily dissolved. This study aimed to reveal the effect of bone graft addition using SBA method on the treatment of infrabony pocket with open flap debridement in terms of probing depth, relative attachment loss, alveolar bone height, and density. This study was carried out to 20 infrabony pockets, where 10 of them were treated using open flap debridement with HA addition, while the other 10 groups were treated using open flap debridement with DFDBA and HA using SBA method. Probing depth and relative attachment loss were measured on days 0, 30 and 90. Bone height and density were measured using cone-beam computed tomography (images on day 0 and 90). The study showed that probing depth reduction on SBA group was greater than HA group. There were significant differences in probing depth and relative attachment loss examinations. However, bone height and bone density reduction did not show any significant difference. The conclusion from this study is open flap debridement using SBA method yields better regeneration in terms of probing depth and relative attachment loss than open flap debridement with HA addition. There is no difference in bone height and bone density between the two groups.
Pengelolaan Sampah Di Daya Tarik Wisata Pantai Candikusuma, Desa Candikusuma, Kecamatan Melaya, Kabupaten Jembrana
Authors: Megawan Made Bagus , Suryawan Ida Bagus 
Published: February 2020

This research was conducted to find out what kind of waste management is in the tourist attraction of Candikusuma Beach and how much participation and involvment of society in it. Garbage now becomes a crucial problem so it needs to be identified more about it’s management. Waste is a challenge in the implementation of tourism activities. Rubbish need to be addressed in maintaining Cleanliness (Kebersihan) and Beauty (Keindahan) of tourism attraction as an indicator in the Sapta Pesona. The methods used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The technique of determination of informants used is purposive sampling technique. Data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. Primary data in this research is sourced from direct observation to the research location by means of observation and interviews. While secondary data in this research are the data obtained from the documentation or studies library to complement the primary data from the Locus of the reserch. The results of research indicate that the existing waste management in coastal tourist attraction Candikusuma Beach is good, it’s just the involvement of the community in it has not been maximized and less care about coastal cleanliness, the identification process of this management using 3R process among others Reduce, Reuse Recycle. Origin of waste there is a large portion of it coming from the junk mail from upstream. Although there are still many things thet need to be addressed in order to make the management process better and maximum.
Keyword : Waste, 3R Process, Society Participation.