bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UK Financial Regulators
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter traces the evolution of the UK financial regulatory system and provides an overview of the UK financial regulators. Following the introduction of the Financial Services Act 1986, the Securities and Investments Board (SIB) was established as the primary UK financial regulatory authority. However, a series of scandals shook the sector in the 1990s and brought public confidence in the SIB into question. The era of self-regulation was over. The SIB was renamed the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in 1997 and, in December 2001, the FSA received a host of new powers through the commencement of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). Subsequently, the Financial Services Act 2012 significantly amended the FSMA, abolishing the FSA and creating in its place two new regulators: the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA). However, the FCA and the PRA are not the only UK financial regulators. Since 2001, the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) has acted as an adjudicator in disputes between financial services firms and UK consumers. Other regulators with discrete or overlapping areas of responsibility include the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), the Payment Systems Regulator (PSR), and the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers.
Regulation Through Authorisation and Approval
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the manner in which the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) control those operating within the financial services market in fulfilment of the statutory objectives set out in the previous chapter, by ensuring that appropriate standards of conduct and behaviour are met. What might loosely be described as a system of ‘licensing’ by the FCA and PRA is implemented at two levels. There is first the need for any firm conducting a regulated activity to be authorised by the relevant regulator. In granting such permission, and in their regulation of a firm following authorisation, the regulators adopt a system of prudential supervision and conduct of business regulation. The second level of regulation comes through the requirement for approval of individual members of the senior management within the firm, carrying out so-called ‘controlled functions’, which involves consideration of the status of ‘senior managers’ under Part V of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA).
Civil Liability of Firms for Regulatory Breaches
Authors: Russen Jonathan , Kingham Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the potential exposure of authorised firms to civil liability for breach of FCA rules at the suit of aggrieved investors and customers. Recent years have seen a great increase in such litigation, often in the context of so-called ‘mis-selling’ claims—in reality, a descriptive term applied to a variety of cases in which a customer or investor claims that a financial product sold to him was misrepresented, was unsuitable for his purposes, or has subsequently dropped in value outside some reasonable range of expectations. The detailed and technical nature of the rules imposed by the FCA in its Handbook provides fertile ground for litigation. However, breach of statutory duty is only one of a number of potential avenues of attack open to an aggrieved customer or investor; such claims are also often brought in respect of negligence, misrepresentation, and breach of contract. The chapter then looks at the FCA’s Business Standards sourcebooks and provides an explanation of one of the potential consequences of certain regulatory breaches: the unenforceability of agreements.
Introduction
Authors: Busch Danny , Ferrarini Guido , Franx Jan Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the new prospectus regime of the European Union (EU). In particular, it delves into the Action Plan on Building a Capital Markets Union (CMU). The CMU Action Plan should make it easier for providers and receivers of funds to come into contact with one another within Europe, especially across borders. This is regardless of whether raising capital occurs through the intermediation of banks, through the capital markets or through alternative channels such as crowdfunding. In addition, more non-bank funding will help to lessen dependence on the traditional banking industry and enhance the ability of the system to cope with economic shocks. The chapter considers what it means for the CMU Action Plan in light of recent events such as Brexit, before turning to a brief overview of the following chapters.
Transferable Securities and the Scope of the Prospectus Regulation
Authors: Ferrarini Guido , Giudici Paolo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the concept of transferable security in the Prospectus Regulation and tests the flexibility and latitude of this concept with reference to the recent phenomenon of Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs). It firstly examines MiFID's (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive 2004) definitions of financial instrument and transferable security, and then focuses on the latter with special regard to the Prospectus Regulation. The chapter subsequently introduces the ICO phenomenon and the categories of tokens that are issued through blockchain in practice. It goes on to consider the treatment of ICOs under US securities regulation and then focuses on whether tokens issued in ICOs qualify as transferable securities under the EU Prospectus Regulation. The chapter gives a positive answer not only with respect to investment tokens, but also to hybrid tokens which present an investment functionality. It concludes that in given circumstances also utility tokens could qualify as securities.
The Contents of the Prospectus
Authors: de Serière Victor 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the non-financial information to be included in a prospectus, alongside an analysis of the fundamental concept of materiality. It examines some issues relating to non-financial information to be included in a prospectus under the new EU prospectus regime. A level playing field in terms of uniform investor protection within the EU accordingly has regrettably not been achieved. This chapter argues that the Prospectus Regulation could have achieved more by requiring Member States to impose certain uniform tort law requirements in their national prospectus liability regimes. Another topic addressed in this chapter relates to the possibility for offerors of securities to obtain liability protection by including exoneration clauses in prospectuses. The Prospectus Regulation does not regulate this topic, but the analysis in this chapter shows that the possibilities appear to be severely limited; practice in any event shows that exoneration is seldom (if ever) stipulated. The chapter concludes that all this appears to be relatively good news in terms of investor protection generally, but the lack of harmonisation stands in the way of a unified EU capital markets union.
Prospectus Formats and Shelf Registration
Authors: Fischer-Appelt Dorothee 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses prospectus formats and shelf registration. It reveals that the new EU prospectus rules introduce more flexibility and efficiency in the use of different prospectus formats. Different options for formats overlap even more than in the past and their use will depend on the frequency of issuances and instruments issued. The overlap between the uniform registration document (URD) and simplified prospectus will leave issuers to choose what best suits their needs, depending on how often, through which instruments and from which investors issuers seek to raise capital in future and the timing of financial disclosures. The cost of keeping an URD up-to-date for more frequent issuers and issuers requiring both equity and debt must be balanced with the utility of having different equity and debt securities registered. The option of filing annual and half-yearly reports under the Transparency Directive in the form of a URD may reduce costs for certain issuers. According to this chapter, the ‘frequent issuer status’ may in practice not offer much improvement on the service already provided by certain competent authorities, also considering the advance notice requirement. The chapter concludes that there is room for improving the URD system in future.
Outflows and extended [C ii] haloes in high-redshift galaxies
Authors: Pizzati E , Ferrara A , Pallottini A , Gallerani S , Vallini L , Decataldo D , Fujimoto S 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent stacked ALMA observations have revealed that normal, star-forming galaxies at z ≈ 6 are surrounded by extended (≈10 kpc) [C ii]-emitting haloes, which are not predicted by the most advanced, zoom-in simulations. We present a model in which these haloes are the result of supernova-driven cooling outflows. Our model contains two free parameters, the outflow mass loading factor, η, and the parent galaxy dark matter halo circular velocity, vc. The outflow model successfully matches the observed [C ii] surface brightness profile if η = 3.20 ± 0.10 and $v_{\rm c} = 170 \pm 10 \, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, corresponding to a dynamical mass of ${\approx }10^{11}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. The predicted outflow rate and velocity range are $128 \pm 5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$ and 300–500 $\, \rm km\, s^{-1}$, respectively. We conclude that (a) extended haloes can be produced by cooling outflows; (b) the large η value is marginally consistent with starburst-driven outflows, but it might indicate additional energy input from active galactic nuclei; and (c) the presence of [C ii] haloes requires an ionizing photon escape fraction from galaxies fesc ≪ 1. The model can be readily applied also to individual high-z galaxies, as those observed, e.g. by the ALMA ALPINE survey now becoming available.
A period-dependent spatial scatter of Galactic black hole transients
Authors: Gandhi P , Rao A , Charles P A , Belczynski K , Maccarone T J , Arur K , Corral-Santana J M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
There remain significant uncertainties in the origin and evolution of black holes in binary systems, in particular regarding their birth sites and the influence of natal kicks. These are long-standing issues, but their debate has been reinvigorated in the era of gravitational wave detections and the improving precision of astrometric measurements. Using recent and archival characterization of Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs), we report here an apparent anticorrelation between Porb (system orbital periods) and scatter in $z$ (elevation above the Galactic plane). The absence of long-period sources at high $z$ is not an obvious observational bias, and two possible explanatory scenarios are qualitatively explored: (1) a disc origin for BHXBs followed by natal kicks producing the scatter in $z$, with only the tightest binaries preferentially surviving strong kicks; and (2) a halo origin, with Porb shortening through dynamical interactions in globular clusters (GCs). For the latter case, we show a correspondence in $z$-scatter between BHXBs and the GCs with most compact core radii of &lt;0.1 pc. However, the known absence of outbursting BHXB transients within Galactic GCs remains puzzling in this case, in contrast to the multitude of known GC neutron star XRBs. These results provide an interesting observational constraint for any black hole binary evolutionary model to satisfy.
On game-based control systems and beyond
Authors: Zhang Renren , Wang Fang , Guo Lei 
Published: May 2020

Summary
This perspective first expounds on the reasons behind the introduction of the game-based control systems (GBCS), delineates their features, provides some examples, and put forward some research problems. The paper then points out that more complex regulation problems on the now rapidly developing man-machine integration systems may also be investigated by expanding the scope of the GBCS.
Ottoman and Egyptian Quarantines and European Debates on Plague in the 1830s–1840s
Authors: Hamed-Troyansky Vladimir 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the 1830s, plague, which had been all but forgotten by most Europeans, was on everyone’s lips again. Shortly after the Ottoman and Egyptian governments instituted their first permanent quarantines, the disease broke out in the Levant and the Nile delta, and the global medical community watched anxiously to see whether these new western Mediterranean-style quarantines would be able to contain it within the eastern Mediterranean. By tracing two Russian medical expeditions from the Black Sea port of Odessa to the Ottoman empire and Egypt in the 1840s, this article examines the world of European medical practitioners who engaged in vigorous debates about plague and its prevention. Did the disease have a ‘birthplace’ somewhere in the Middle East? Did it spread through contact with its victims, or was it omnipresent in the bad air? Russian, French, British and other medics questioned old assumptions about plague and its contagiousness, while testing out their hypotheses in Ottoman and Egyptian domains. By the 1840s, the Middle East had become a global site for epidemiological research, driving the internationalization of prevention against epidemic. Meanwhile, Ottoman and Egyptian quarantines, and the elusive nature of plague, became entangled with European political ambitions and commercial interests in the Middle East.
Competition, Markups, and Predictable Returns
Authors: Corhay Alexandre , Kung Howard , Schmid Lukas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper jointly examines the link between competition and expected returns in the time series and in the cross-section. To this end, we build a general equilibrium model where markups vary because of firm entry with oligopolistic competition. When concentration is high, markups are more sensitive to entry risk. We find that higher markups are associated with higher expected returns over time and across industries, in line with the data. The model can also quantitatively account for the persistent rise in aggregate risk premiums and macroeconomic volatility associated with the secular increase trend industry concentration since the mid-1980s.
Diagnostic value of anti-CD74 antibodies in early and late axial spondyloarthritis and its relationship to disease activity
Authors: Abdelaziz Marwa Mahmoud , Gamal Rania M , Ismail Nadia M , Lafy Raghda A , Hetta Helal F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to evaluate the role of anti-CD74 antibodies in diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and their relationship to disease duration and disease activity.

Methods
Fifty patients with axSpA, 15 patients with RA and 15 healthy subjects were included in the study. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were done. The ESR, CRP level and ASDAS were measured as markers of the disease activity. Quantitative determination of human CD74 IgG antibodies was done.

Results
The mean age of the patients was 38.22 (S.D.12.20) years. The level of CD74 autoantibodies was significantly higher in axSpA in comparison to control groups. Most patients with positive articular and extra-articular manifestations were positive for CD74 autoantibodies. In patients with inactive disease, 33.3% were positive for CD74 autoantibodies, as were 83% with active disease. High percentages of patients with early and late axSPA were CD74 autoantibody positive. The majority of patients with positive disease activity in early and late axSpA were CD74 autoantibody positive. CD74 autoantibodies had 80% sensitivity vs both control groups with 87% specificity vs the healthy control group and 80% vs the RA control group in the diagnosis of axSpA.

Conclusions
The frequency of positive anti-CD74 IgG antibodies was as high in patients with early axSpA as in those with late axSpA, with no significant differences. There was a significant difference in the frequency of positive anti-CD74 IgG antibodies between patients with positive and negative disease activity. Based on the sensitivity and specificity of anti-CD74 IgG, this is a promising diagnostic tool to support the clinical diagnosis of axSpA.
Conducting decoded neurofeedback studies
Authors: Taschereau-Dumouchel Vincent , Cortese Aurelio , Lau Hakwan , Kawato Mitsuo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Closed-loop neurofeedback has sparked great interest since its inception in the late 1960s. However, the field has historically faced various methodological challenges. Decoded fMRI neurofeedback may provide solutions to some of these problems. Notably, thanks to the recent advancements of machine learning approaches, it is now possible to target unconscious occurrences of specific multivoxel representations. In this tools of the trade paper, we discuss how to implement these interventions in rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled experiments. We aim to provide a step-by-step guide to address some of the most common methodological and analytical considerations. We also discuss tools that can be used to facilitate the implementation of new experiments. We hope that this will encourage more researchers to try out this powerful new intervention method.
Israel: trusts and succession
Authors: Kaplan Alon , Eyal Lyat , Liberman Meytal 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Israeli Foundation refers to the legal structure of an Israeli private trust, created in combination with an underlying company to hold the trust assets. This article will focus on this structure, as well as on the creation of the Israeli private trust by way of a deed (hekdesh) or by way of a contract. The article will continue by looking into the Israeli real estate trust, which is commonly created by a contract, and finally the article will explore the inheritance procedure in Israel and the issues arising from the conflict between the Trust Law, the Contracts Law, the Succession Law and the Gift Law.
Adult ICU Triage During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Who Will Live and Who Will Die? Recommendations to Improve Survival*
Authors: Sprung Charles L. , Joynt Gavin M. , Christian Michael D. , Truog Robert D. , Rello Jordi , Nates Joseph L. 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
Coronavirus disease 2019 patients are currently overwhelming the world’s healthcare systems. This article provides practical guidance to front-line physicians forced to make critical rationing decisions.

Data Sources:
PubMed and Medline search for scientific literature, reviews, and guidance documents related to epidemic ICU triage including from professional bodies.

Study Selection:
Clinical studies, reviews, and guidelines were selected and reviewed by all authors and discussed by internet conference and email.

Data Extraction:
References and data were based on relevance and author consensus.

Data Synthesis:
We review key challenges of resource-driven triage and data from affected ICUs. We recommend that once available resources are maximally extended, triage is justified utilizing a strategy that provides the greatest good for the greatest number of patients. A triage algorithm based on clinical estimations of the incremental survival benefit (saving the most life-years) provided by ICU care is proposed. “First come, first served” is used to choose between individuals with equal priorities and benefits. The algorithm provides practical guidance, is easy to follow, rapidly implementable and flexible. It has four prioritization categories: performance score, ASA score, number of organ failures, and predicted survival. Individual units can readily adapt the algorithm to meet local requirements for the evolving pandemic. Although the algorithm improves consistency and provides practical and psychologic support to those performing triage, the final decision remains a clinical one. Depending on country and operational circumstances, triage decisions may be made by a triage team or individual doctors. However, an experienced critical care specialist physician should be ultimately responsible for the triage decision. Cautious discharge criteria are proposed acknowledging the difficulties to facilitate the admission of queuing patients.

Conclusions:
Individual institutions may use this guidance to develop prospective protocols that assist the implementation of triage decisions to ensure fairness, enhance consistency, and decrease provider moral distress.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of nano-fixed dose combination for hypertension
Authors: Pandey Avaneesh K. , Shafiq Nusrat , Bhandari Ritika K. , Rather Imraan I.G. , Kaur Navjot , Bhatia Alka , Sharma Sadhna , Malhotra Samir 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
The current study was planned to formulate, characterize and evaluate the pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of a novel ‘NanoFDC’ comprising hydrochlorothiazide, candesartan (CNDT) and amlodipine.

Methodology:
The candidate drugs were loaded in poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) by emulsion–diffusion–evaporation method. The formulations were evaluated for their size, morphology, drug loading and in-vitro release individually. Repeat dose pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the nano-fixed dose combination (FDC) was done in dexamethasone-induced animal model.

Results:
The entrapment efficiencies ranged from 44 ± 2.1, 32.2 ± 4 and 40.5 ± 2.6% for amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and CNDT, respectively. The nanoparticles ranged in size from 164 to 215 nm. In-vitro release profile of the nanoformulation showed unto 90% release by day 7 in simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid, respectively. In pharmacokinetic analysis a sustained-release for 7 days was observed in nano-FDC group. Once weekly oral dosing of nano-FDC of amlodipine, CNDT and hydrochlorothiazide provided adequate antihypertensive effect which was not statistically different from daily dosing of free drugs in dexamethasone-induced animal model.

Conclusion:
Once weekly oral dosing of nano-FDC of amlodipine, CNDT and hydrochlorothiazide provided adequate antihypertensive effect and was not statistically different from daily dosing of free drugs in dexamethasone-induced animal model. This study provides proof of concept of feasibility of once weekly dosing of a nano-FDC comprising three antihypertensive drugs, which can lead to significant improvement in patient adherence to therapy.
Bringing Radiation Exposures and Associated Health Risks into Perspective—Development of an App
Authors: Abend Michael , Stricklin Daniela , Flaig Nicole , Badie Christophe , Drouet Michel , Foster Crawford , Janiak Marek K. , Kuipers Tjerk , Lista Florigio , Nowosielska Ewa M. , Riccobono Diane , de Sanctis Stefania , Franchini Valeria , Tichy Ales , Port Matthias 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The NATO HFM 291 research task group (RTG) on “Ionizing Radiation Bioeffects and Countermeasures” represents a group of scientists from military and civilian academic and scientific institutions primarily working in the field of radiobiology. Among other tasks, the RTG intends to extend their work on risk estimation and communication to bridge the gap in appropriate judgment of health risks given a certain radiation exposure. The group has no explicit psychological background but an expertise in radiobiology and risk assessment. The group believes that, as one of the essential first steps in risk communication, it is required to put radiation risk into perspective. Radiation risk requires a weight in comparison to already-known risks. What we envision is to Compare Radiation exposure-associated health Risks (CRRis App) with daily life health risks caused by other common exposures such as cigarette smoking, driving a car, etc. Within this paper, we provide (1) an overview of health risks after radiation exposure, (2) an explanation of the task and concept of an envisioned CRRis App, (3) an overview of existing software tools related to this issue, (4) a summary of inputs and discussions with experts in the field of radiation protection and risk communication during the ConRad conference, and finally, (5) identification of the next steps in the development of the App.