bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
»…indem die Tage rollen…«
Authors: Haas Claude 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag geht von der These aus, dass Goethes Arbeit an der ›klassischen‹ Dramenform sich einer tieferen Einsicht in die zeitliche wie rechtliche Problematik der ›tragédie classique‹ verdankt als allgemein angenommen. Dabei dürfte es maßgeblich die Französische Revolution gewesen sein, die eine neue Attraktivität der ›alten‹ Form bewirkte. Das zeigt sich vor allem an Die Natürliche Tochter, einem Stück, in dessen Entstehungszeit nicht zufällig Goethes Übersetzungen zweier Dramen Voltaires fallen. Figurationen politischer Gründung und Legitimation bildeten das Zentrum des ›klassischen‹ Dramas bereits bei Corneille und stellten es zuverlässig auf eine um 1800 für konservative Autoren aktuelle Zerreißprobe. Die forciert gelassene Präsentation legitimer Herrschaft unter der Berufung auf Zeitkontinuität und lang währende ›Gewohnheiten‹ stand in der ›tragédie classique‹ nämlich in massiver Spannung zur normativen Forderung der ›Einheit‹ der Zeit, die das Drama auf eine disziplinierte Zeitökonomie und idealerweise sogar auf die Synchronisierung von dargestellter Zeit und Zeit der Darstellung verpflichtete. Dort, wo Corneille solche Spannungen entweder zu kaschieren oder politisch zu nutzen versuchte, reißt Goethe in Die Natürliche Tochter zwischen Figurenrede und Dramaturgie eine unüberwindbare Kluft und lässt ursprüngliche Funktionen der ›klassischen‹ Zeitökonomie konsequent leerlaufen. Sein Drama betreibt demnach keine restaurative Formpolitik, sondern führt die historische Uneinholbarkeit der ›klassischen‹ Form angesichts zeitgenössischer politischer Entwicklungen vor.
Experimental Study on Hydrogen Leakage and Emission of Fuel Cell Vehicles in Confined Spaces
Authors: Hao Dong , Wang Xiaobing , Zhang Yanyi , Wang Renguang , Chen Guang , Li Jun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHydrogen safety is one of the most important safety indicators in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) (unlike in other types of alternative energy vehicles). This indicator in FCVs is directly related to the user’s personal safety in daily vehicle usage. This paper analyzes the safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces. A sealed test chamber and an appropriate test method are developed to evaluate vehicle safety based on specific test requirements. Two FCVs are subjected to static hydrogen leakage and hydrogen emission testing performed in a confined space. The results reveal that the hydrogen concentration in the vicinity of the vehicles approximates 0.0004% which is much lower than 1% while parked for 8 h during the hydrogen leakage test. In the hydrogen emission test under operating conditions, the concentration of the hydrogen gas emitted from the vehicles exceeds 2300 ppm in the vicinity, which requires careful consideration. Based on experiment and analysis, recommendations for the hydrogen safety standards of FCVs in confined spaces are proposed.
Local solutions of the Landau equation with rough, slowly decaying initial data
Authors: Henderson Christopher , Snelson Stanley , Tarfulea Andrei 
Published: May 2020

We consider the Cauchy problem for the spatially inhomogeneous Landau equation with soft potentials in the case of large (i.e. non-perturbative) initial data. We construct a solution for any bounded, measurable initial data with uniform polynomial decay in the velocity variable, and that satisfies a technical lower bound assumption (but can have vacuum regions). For uniqueness in this weak class, we have to make the additional assumption that the initial data is Hölder continuous. Our hypotheses are much weaker, in terms of regularity and decay, than previous large-data well-posedness results in the literature. We also derive a continuation criterion for our solutions that is, for the case of very soft potentials, an improvement over the previous state of the art.

Résumé
Nous considérons le problème de Cauchy pour l'équation de Landau non-homogène en espace avec potentiels mous dans le cas de grandes (i.e. non perturbatrices) données initiales. Nour construisons une solution pour toute donnée initiale bornée et mesurable à décroissance polynomiale uniforme dans la variable de vitesse, et qui satisfait une hypothèse technique de borne inférieure (il est toujours permis d'avoir des régions de vide). Pour être unique dans cette famille générale, nous devons supposer que les données initiales sont Hölder continues. Nos hypothèses sont beaucoup plus faibles, en termes de régularité et de décroissance, que les résultats de la littérature sur le caractère bien-posé dans le cas de grandes données. Nous dérivons également un critère de continuation pour nos solutions qui est, pour les potentiels très mous, une amélioration par rapport à l'état de l'art.
Skepticism Motivated: On the Skeptical Import of Motivated Reasoning
Authors: Carter J. Adam , McKenna Robin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEmpirical work on motivated reasoning suggests that our judgments are influenced to a surprising extent by our wants, desires, and preferences (Kahan 2016; Lord, Ross, and Lepper 1979; Molden and Higgins 2012; Taber and Lodge 2006). How should we evaluate the epistemic status of beliefs formed through motivated reasoning? For example, are such beliefs epistemically justified? Are they candidates for knowledge? In liberal democracies, these questions are increasingly controversial as well as politically timely (Beebe et al. 2018; Lynch Forthcoming, 2018; Slothuus and de Vreese 2010). And yet, the epistemological significance of motivated reasoning has been almost entirely ignored by those working in mainstream epistemology. We aim to rectify this oversight. Using politically motivated reasoning as a case study, we show how motivated reasoning gives rise to three distinct kinds of skeptical challenges. We conclude by showing how the skeptical import of motivated reasoning has some important ramifications for how we should think about the demands of intellectual humility.
Denunciation in the German-Occupied Channel Islands, 1940–1945
Authors: Smyth Graham 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOver the course of the German occupation of the British Channel Islands from 1940 to 1945, a number of letters of denunciation were sent by islanders to the German authorities, accusing fellow islanders of violations of occupation law or of anti-German activity of one sort or another. The German occupiers were ambivalent toward the denunciations. While recognizing their usefulness in maintaining order and the respect for German rule, they found both the letters and their writers distasteful. The local British authorities in Jersey and Guernsey also found the letters problematic; the consequences for the individuals targeted in the letters could be dire, and the impact on island society as a whole was significant, both during the occupation and beyond liberation in May 1945. The extent and nature of resistance and collaboration have been contentious issues in the historiography of the occupation of the Channel Islands, and these letters have been cited as evidence that islanders were unduly cooperative with the Nazis. This article examines the surviving letters of denunciation, and by placing them into the wider contexts of Nazi Europe and the historiography of denunciation in totalitarian states, argues that denunciation in the Channel Islands, far from being exceptional, was quite typical of the practice throughout the Nazi empire.
Modeling Light Exposure of Quartz Grains During Mortar Making: Consequences for Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dating
Authors: Guibert Pierre , Urbanová Petra , Javel Jean-Baptiste , Guérin Guillaume 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTDating lime mortar shows great potential for establishing the chronology of a construction. The basic premise of mortar dating by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) is that quartz in the sand used for making mortar has been optically zeroed during the preparation process (optical bleaching). The moment to be dated is the last exposure of sand grains to light, before being embedded within the masonry and hidden from light. However, the main problem is the frequent partial and heterogeneous bleaching of grains, and this led us to use the single grain technique (SG-OSL) systematically. Some theoretical and experimental aspects of a new statistical treatment (the EED model, as exponential exposure distribution) are detailed and discussed. Our experience shows that SG-OSL dating of mortars is successful in a majority of situations. In a minority of cases (around 15%) difficulties originate when there is inappropriate OSL behavior of grains, and thus OSL dating is not possible. In the other cases, good agreement was obtained between OSL ages and the reference ones for a series of samples from a variety of ages and situations, even in the case of poorly bleached material. Anyway, the present situation of OSL dating methodology justifies the systematic use of SG-OSL in the dating of masonry today.
Debtholder Monitoring Incentives and Bank Earnings Opacity
Authors: Danisewicz Piotr , McGowan Danny , Onali Enrico , Schaeck Klaus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe exploit exogenous legislative changes that alter the priority structure of different classes of debt to study how debtholder monitoring incentives affect bank earnings opacity. We present novel evidence that exposing nondepositors to greater losses in bankruptcy reduces earnings opacity, especially for banks with larger shares of nondeposit funding, listed banks, and independent banks. The reduction in earnings opacity is driven by a lower propensity to overstate earnings and is more pronounced among larger banks and in banks with more real estate loan exposure. Our findings highlight the importance of creditors’ monitoring incentives in improving the quality of information disclosure.
The contingent character of interest groups–political parties’ interaction
Authors: Chaqués-Bonafont Laura , Cristancho Camilo , Muñoz-Márquez Luz , Rincón Leire 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article examines the conditions under which interest groups interact with political parties. Existing research finds that interest group–political party interactions in most western democracies have become more open and contingent over time. The close ideological and formal organisational ties that once characterised these relations have gradually been replaced by alternative, more pragmatic forms of cooperation. However, most of this research stresses the importance of the structural factors underpinning these links over time and across countries, but sheds little light on the factors driving short-term interest group–party interactions. Here, by drawing on survey data on Spanish interest groups obtained between December 2016 and May 2017, this article seeks to fill this gap by taking into account party status, issue salience and a group’s resources as explanatory variables. It shows that mainstream parties are the primary targets of interest groups, that groups dealing with salient issues are more likely to contact political parties and that the groups with most resources interact with a larger number of parties.
Descripción y clasificación de los servicios de salud mental: una perspectiva europea
Authors: Johnson S. , Salvador-Carulla L. ,   Grupo EPCAT
Published: May 2020

ResumenAunque se han realizado firmes progresos en el desarrollo y diseminación de instrumentos válidos y fiables para la evaluación de la evolución de los pacientes, los avances en el establecimiento de metodologías estándar para la descripción y clasificación de los servicios de salud mental han sido limitados. Se necesitan métodos válidos y fiables de descripción y clasificación de servicios en la investigación sobre los servicios de salud mental para fines que incluyen: i) la comparación de los niveles de provisión entre áreas de captación y países; ii) la comprensión de la relación entre los indicadores sociodemográficos y el uso de los servicios; iii) la investigación del grado en que un servicio se puede sustituir por otro; iv) la evaluación de la puesta en práctica de programas, y v) la comprensión de por qué se observan evoluciones diferentes a partir de programas de tratamiento aparentemente similares. Cuando los programas de investigación abarcan países diferentes, la necesidad de métodos para comparar los contextos de los servicios locales es particularmente aguda. En este artículo se revisan las diversas contribuciones que se han realizado al cuerpo de investigación algo fragmentado en este área, y se analizan los problemas que han obstaculizado el desarrollo de instrumentos satisfactorios. Se propone un conjunto de criterios para metodologías satisfactorias de medición de los servicios, que incluyen: el desarrollo de nomenclatura estándar y definiciones operacionales de los tipos de servicios; la demostración clara de la validez y la fiabilidad; la amplitud, y la aplicabilidad y la similitud de interpretación en diversos países.
Una comparación doble ciego de tianeptina, imipramina y placebo en el tratamiento de episodios depresivos mayores
Authors: Cassano G. B. , Heinze G. , Lôo H. , Mendlewicz J. , Paes de Sousa M. ,   en nombre del Grupo de Estudio
Published: May 2020

ResumenEn el curso del desarrollo internacional de la tianeptina (T), 18 centros de Bélgica, Italia, México, Portugal, España y Suiza seleccionaron pacientes deprimidos en un estudio doble ciego de grupos paralelos frente a placebo (P) e imipramina (I). La eficacia y seguridad de la tianeptina se valoraron en 187 pacientes internos deprimidos (56% mujeres, 44% varones) que cumplían los criterios para depresión mayor, con episodio único (24,6%) o recurrente (6 6 ,8 %), o trastorno bipolar depresivo (8 ,6 %). Después de un periodo de rodaje de siete días con placebo previo a la inclusión, los pacientes recibieron tratamiento en condiciones de doble ciego con tianeptina (37,5 mg/d), imipramina (150 mg/d) o placebo durante 14 días, incluido un periodo de tres días de aumento diario de la dosis. Después del decimocuarto día y hasta el final de la sexta semana de tratamiento, se introdujo una dosis flexible de acuerdo con la eficacia terapéutica o los acontecimientos adversos potenciales (T: 25-50 mg/d; I: 100-200 mg/d; P: 2-4 cápsulas).
Global recognition of the importance of nature-based solutions to the impacts of climate change
Authors: Seddon Nathalie , Daniels Elizabeth , Davis Rowan , Chausson Alexandre , Harris Rian , Hou-Jones Xiaoting , Huq Saleemul , Kapos Valerie , Mace Georgina M. , Rizvi Ali Raza , Reid Hannah , Roe Dilys , Turner Beth , Wicander Sylvia 
Published: May 2020

Non-technical summaryEcosystems across the globe are vulnerable to the effects of climate change, as are the communities that depend on them. However, ecosystems can also protect people from climate change impacts. As the evidence base strengthens, nature-based solutions (NbS) are increasingly prominent in climate change policy, especially in developing nations. Yet intentions rarely translate into measurable, evidence-based targets. As Paris Agreement signatories revise their Nationally Determined Contributions, we argue that NbS are key to meeting global goals for climate and biodiversity, and we urge researchers to work more closely with policy-makers to identify targets that benefit both people and ecosystems.
M2 Internal‐Tide Generation in STORMTIDE2
Authors: Li Zhuhua , von Storch Jin‐Song 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInternal‐tide generation has been quantified using both pressure work and energy conversion. When calculating the pressure work from simulated or observed data, the internal‐tide pressure has to be decomposed from the full pressure, for which various options exist. We show that the conversion, that has to be derived from the depth‐integrated energy equations, contains the work done by both the form drag at the bottom and that at the surface, with the latter being about 1% of the former. For calculating the pressure work, the internal‐tide pressure identified as the deviation from the depth‐averaged pressure perturbation has to be used. We analyzed the work done by the bottom form drag in STORMTIDE2, a concurrent simulation of circulations and tides. As expected, the identified internal‐tide pressure reveals the characteristic pressure drop from the windward to the leeward side of an obstacle. The M2 internal‐tide generation in STORMTIDE2 is more strongly controlled by the barotropic tide than by the topographic slope, partly because the tidal velocity can change up to one order of magnitude from the top to the foot of a high ridge within a short distance, a feature only produced by a high‐resolution model. Consequently, the intense generation maps the immediate proximities of the summits of high ridges, making the global generation to be strongest near 1,200 m and decreasing drastically below 3,000 m. The depth structure of the generation differs in different basins, which could impact differently on circulations in different basins.
Impacts of Aerosol and Environmental Conditions on Maritime and Continental Deep Convective Systems Using a Bin Microphysical Model
Authors: Iguchi Takamichi , Rutledge Steven A. , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Matsui Toshi , Dolan Brenda , Lang Stephen E. , Barnum Julie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of model simulations were conducted to investigate the effects of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) loading and convective available potential energy (CAPE) on tropical maritime and midlatitude continental deep convection. Dynamical downscaling from global aerosol reanalysis was used to represent aerosol fields for the two convective regimes. We describe a control run and multiple sensitivity experiments using a limited‐area model, employing spectral‐bin cloud microphysics. The CCN loading is perturbed between the target maritime and continental conditions, roughly 40–2,000 cm−3 at 850 hPa and 1% supersaturation. Surface precipitation rates monotonically increase with increasing CCN loading for both the maritime and continental situations, while these monotonic increases are disrupted in the simulations with reduced CAPE. The increase in precipitation is in the form of convective precipitation, at the expense of stratiform precipitation. CCN increases promote increases in supercooled cloud water, in agreement with previous modeling studies. However, in the simulations investigated herein, the changes in supercooled water have different impacts on the cloud microphysics in the maritime and continental simulations. Increased supercooled water contents lead to more hail and less graupel in the continental simulation. For the maritime simulation, enhanced supercooled cloud water contents promote an increase in graupel since little or no hail is produced. This distinction is due to the difference in relative magnitudes and peak altitudes of supercooled water and snow amounts, which is further attributable to moisture and dynamical differences in the two cases.
Historical Simulations With HadGEM3‐GC3.1 for CMIP6
Authors: Andrews Martin B. , Ridley Jeff K. , Wood Richard A. , Andrews Timothy , Blockley Edward W. , Booth Ben , Burke Eleanor , Dittus Andrea J. , Florek Piotr , Gray Lesley J. , Haddad Stephen , Hardiman Steven C. , Hermanson Leon , Hodson Dan , Hogan Emma , Jones Gareth S. , Knight Jeff R. , Kuhlbrodt Till , Misios Stergios , Mizielinski Matthew S. , Ringer Mark A. , Robson Jon , Sutton Rowan T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe describe and evaluate historical simulations which use the third Hadley Centre Global Environment Model in the Global Coupled configuration 3.1 (HadGEM3‐GC3.1) and which form part of the UK's contribution to the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP6. These simulations, run at two resolutions, respond to historically evolving forcings such as greenhouse gases, aerosols, solar irradiance, volcanic aerosols, land use, and ozone concentrations. We assess the response of the simulations to these historical forcings and compare against the observational record. This includes the evolution of global mean surface temperature, ocean heat content, sea ice extent, ice sheet mass balance, permafrost extent, snow cover, North Atlantic sea surface temperature and circulation, and decadal precipitation. We find that the simulated time evolution of global mean surface temperature broadly follows the observed record but with important quantitative differences which we find are most likely attributable to strong effective radiative forcing from anthropogenic aerosols and a weak pattern of sea surface temperature response in the low to middle latitudes to volcanic eruptions. We also find evidence that anthropogenic aerosol forcings play a role in driving the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, which are key features of the North Atlantic ocean. Overall, the model historical simulations show many features in common with the observed record over the period 1850–2014 and so provide a basis for future in‐depth study of recent climate change.
Health Impact Assessment of Volcanic Ash Inhalation: A Comparison With Outdoor Air Pollution Methods
Authors: Mueller William , Cowie Hilary , Horwell Claire J. , Hurley Fintan , Baxter Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper critically appraises the extrapolation of concentration‐response functions (CRFs) for fine and coarse particulate matter, PM2.5 and PM10, respectively, used in outdoor air pollution health impact assessment (HIA) studies to assess the extent of health impacts in communities exposed to volcanic emissions. Treating volcanic ash as PM, we (1) consider existing models for HIA for general outdoor PM, (2) identify documented health effects from exposure to ash in volcanic eruptions, (3) discuss potential issues of applying CRFs based on the composition and concentration of ash‐related PM, and (4) critically review available case studies of volcanic exposure scenarios utilizing HIA for outdoor air pollution. We identify a number of small‐scale studies focusing on populations exposed to volcanic ash; exposure is rarely quantified, and there is limited evidence concerning the health effects of PM from volcanic eruptions. That limited evidence is, however, consistent with the CRFs typically used for outdoor air pollution HIA. Two health assessments of exposure to volcanic emissions have been published using population‐ and occupational‐based CRFs, though each application entails distinct assumptions and limitations. We conclude that the best available strategy, at present, is to apply outdoor air pollution risk estimates to scenarios involving volcanic ash emissions for the purposes of HIA. However, due to the knowledge gaps on, for example, the health effects from exposure to volcanic ash and differences in ash composition, there is inherent uncertainty in this application. To conclude, we suggest actions to enable better prediction and assessment of health impacts of volcanic emissions.