bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Adaptation to Urban Environments
Authors: Sol Daniel , Lapiedra Oriol , Ducatez Simon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUrbanization is one of the most drastic alterations of natural habitats, causing sudden adaptive mismatches that make population persistence difficult for many organisms. Urban contexts may be challenging for adaptation, particularly for animals with long generation times with slow evolutionary responses. This chapter argues that cognition may play a major role in facilitating evolutionary adaptation of animals to the urban environment. By regulating how animals gather, preserve, and use information, cognition can influence adaptive evolution in urban areas by (1) allowing individuals to choose the habitats and resources that better match their phenotypes, and (2) helping animals to construct learned responses to challenges they have never or rarely experienced before. These cognitive processes can weaken the strength of selection. However, they can also facilitate adaptive evolution by reducing the risk of population extinction and by ensuring that individuals are more gradually exposed to the new conditions. In addition, cognitive processes can maintain genetic diversity for selection to act upon in the future as well as promoting local adaptation by reducing gene flow with nearby non-urban populations. Finally, learned behaviours can allow the population to move close to the realm of attraction of new adaptive peaks, driving evolution toward novel directions. Cognition itself may also evolve in urban areas—particularly in long-lived generalists—if it exhibits enough heritable variation. Echoing recent suggestions in cognitive ecology, the chapter highlights the need to design and carry out experiments explicitly designed to assess the evolutionary consequences of cognition in urban populations.
The World Heritage Convention and the Law of State ResponsibilityPromises and Pitfalls
Authors: Lixinski Lucas , Tzevelekos Vassilis P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Under many UNESCO instruments there is a disconnect between the language of the treaties and the mechanics of the positive law, on the one hand, and the actuality of international heritage management practice, on the other. Specifically, existing primary norms often do not set sufficiently clear legal obligations. This chapter explores this mismatch with a focus on (concurrent) State responsibility in the context of the World Heritage program. It focuses specifically on two different levels of State involvement in heritage protection: (1) multinational heritage nominations and (2) heritage that is listed by only one State, but that is also of interest to another State. The 1972 World Heritage Convention places heritage squarely within the territorial State’s sovereignty, even if it does recognize that States have a duty to cooperate in the protection of world heritage in other States as well. The duty of cooperation is seen as eroding State sovereignty, but critics also highlight that in fact there is too much sovereign control over those allegedly sovereignty-eroding dimensions of World Heritage processes.
Nested BoxesTangible Cultural Heritage and Environmental Protection in Light of Climate Change
Authors: Quirico Ottavio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The international protection of tangible cultural heritage overlaps with that of the environment, ranging from the conservation of biodiversity to the prevention of desertification. Against this background, the phenomenon of climate change raises questions that challenge the fundamentals of the World Heritage Convention, which protects cultural heritage and interlinked natural heritage. Global warming critically affects cultural sites of outstanding universal value, such as the city of Venice, and depletes mixed cultural and natural sites inscribed on the World Heritage List, such as Tassili n’Ajjer. Arguably, the World Heritage Convention is lex specialis with respect to international environmental regulation as concerns localized adaptation and mitigation measures protecting sites of outstanding universal value. By contrast, environmental regulation, notably the UNFCCC regime as reviewed in Paris in December 2015, is lex specialis as concerns general mitigation and adaptation, systemically integrating the protection of tangible cultural heritage. This argument also applies to intangible cultural heritage, including a human rights perspective. In fact, the fundamental right to culture has been invoked in international jurisdictions to protect intangible heritage, but still remains lex generalis with respect to the UNFCCC regime. As in a set of nested boxes, such an interactive pattern outlines a basic paradigm to shape the broader intersection between the regulatory regimes protecting tangible cultural heritage and the environment in international law.
Bridging the Gap Between International Human Rights and International Cultural Heritage Law Instruments
Authors: Tünsmeyer Vanessa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
With the activities of UNESCO in the recent decades international cultural heritage law has become its own area within public international law. By its very nature, namely its focus on cultural heritage and forms of cultural expression, it is closely linked to different human rights. However, this link has only really been realized in more recent instruments and even then not fully. States have obligations in both areas of international law. This raises the question of how to best accommodate State duties and rights under UNESCO instruments with individual and community rights under the respective human rights treaties. The author proposes to examine the functions of cultural heritage as one way in which to better bridge the gap between the two fields.
Introduction: The Moral Limits of Asymmetric Killing
Authors: Renic Neil C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the scope of the analysis to be covered in the book. It introduces the subject of radical asymmetry, clarifies the theoretical and empirical dimensions of the topic, and provides an overview of historical iterations of this challenge. Following a brief review of the existing debate, the chapter outlines the methodological framework of the book, highlighting the distinction between its ethical and moral focus. Following this, the chapter offers a summary of the central argument. A brief breakdown of the overall structure of the book is then provided. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the significance of this subject.
UAV-Exclusive Violence
Authors: Renic Neil C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the extent to which UAV-exclusive violence both aligns with and diverges from the more resolvable asymmetry-challenges of the past. The chapter first acknowledges the considerable overlap between historical and current asymmetry in terms of their tension with the warrior ethos. As it then details, this analogy to the past breaks down in regard to the moral justifications for killing in war. This chapter argues that the unprecedented capacity of UAV-exclusive military force to erode the structural reciprocity of war has undermined the ability of the United States to interpret and apply morally acceptable limits on its violence. The chapter concludes by exploring the implications of UAV-exclusive violence for the regulation of lethal force.
The Jurisprudence of Integration
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central legal and political interpretations of the European Union (EU). The Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) suggests a federalist legal account when it speaks of EU law as a ‘new legal order’ and as ‘autonomous’ from international law and the law of the member states. This doctrine has met with resistance by the courts of the member states, which have refused to apply EU law without reference to their domestic constitution. The courts’ views can be seen as either a ‘constitutional’ approach, which we find in Neil MacCormick’s ‘pluralism’ under international law, or in the ‘pluralism’ defended by Mattias Kumm, Neil Walker, and others. But the general legal architecture of the EU is not only a theoretical but also a political problem. These legal interpretations correspond to rival political approaches, namely ‘federalism’, ‘statism’, and a new view proposed in this book ‘internationalism’. The most challenging political view of the EU, articulated for example by the historian Noel Malcolm, believes that it is actually a serious risk to self-government and democracy. Any legal and political interpretation of the treaties supporting the legitimacy of the EU requires that we have an effective response to this democratic challenge. Can the EU be democratically legitimate?
Incorporation
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how national courts receive European Union (EU) law by way of dualism in the same way they receive international law. From the member states’ point of view EU law is not the law of a new jurisdiction but the law of an international legal order. Incorporation is not a simple transfer. Member state courts incorporate EU law through three structural principles: ‘conditional primacy’, ‘institutional tolerance’, and ‘integrity’. These principles are uniquely relevant to the transnational nature of EU law. The member states remain independent political communities. Integrity, thus, applies to EU law on the basis that the EU is a community of communities of principle. The ideals of a community of principle apply to the EU only when it is seen as a union of peoples that come together on the basis of the law of nations. The practical or deliberative understanding of law provides an account of the relationship between domestic and EU law without paradox.
Democracy and Reform
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The most common criticism of the European Union is that it undermines domestic democracy. This chapter starts with a discussion of the sophisticated arguments by the German Constitutional Court on a required ‘identity’ of a state, which should not be undermined by EU institutions. This argument is rejected because it relies on an erroneous conception of democracy as the manifestation of ‘collective will’. The analogy between the individual person and a collective person is misleading. What makes democracy valuable is the fact that it recognizes the equal standing of all members of the political community on the basis of institutions. This is shown, for example, in the interesting arguments for ‘demoicracy’ offered by Nicolaïdis and Cheneval. This view of democracy may show that it is entirely compatible with sharing power in the EU. Democracy embodies the ethical relationship of equal citizenship. Does the EU threaten that? This chapter examines four dimensions of that question in detail: the powers of the EU executive, the role of the EU judiciary, the reach of the EU legislature and the limits that EU places on constitution-making in the member states. Under the doctrine of dualism, however, nothing in the operation of the EU affects in principle domestic constitution-making. The European Union is ultimately subject to the constitutional rules of the member states. It is no threat to domestic democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Mauk Marlene 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter develops three core research questions for the book: How widespread is citizen support for the respective regime in democracies and autocracies? What individual-level sources is regime support based upon in democracies and autocracies? What system-level sources affect regime support in democracies and autocracies? Pointing out the relevance of political support for regime stability, it argues that answering these questions can contribute to assessing the stability of both democracies and autocracies. Following a brief review of the literature, it outlines the theoretical model proposed in the book and gives an overview of the research strategy, case selection, data, and methods applied in the empirical analysis.
Coercion and the Nature of Law
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coercion and the Nature of Law argues that it is a conceptually necessary condition for something to count as a system of law according to our conceptual practices that it authorizes the imposition of coercive sanctions for violations of some mandatory norms governing non-official behavior (the Coercion Thesis). The book begins with an explication of the modest approach to conceptual analysis that is deployed throughout. The remainder of the book is concerned to show that an institutional normative system is not reasonably contrived to do anything that law must be able to do for us to make sense of why we adopt systems of law to regulate non-official behavior unless we assume that mandatory norms governing that behavior are backed by the threat of a sovereign; an institutional normative system that satisfies every other plausible existence condition for law is not reasonably contrived to give rise to either objective or subjective first-order motivating reasons to comply with mandatory norms governing non-official behavior unless they are backed by the threat of a coercive sanction. Law’s presumed conceptual normativity can be explained only by the Coercion Thesis.
Can There Be Law in a Society of Angels?
Authors: Himma Kenneth Einar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 rejects the society-of-angels argument against the Coercion Thesis on the ground that the psychological features of the “angels” are too far removed from what is remotely probable for rationally competent self-interested subjects like us who live in worlds of acute material scarcity like ours to tell us anything of theoretical significance about the content of our concept of law. There is nothing that counts as a legal system in the society of angels because our conceptual practices presuppose that the practices constituting something as a system of law are intended and reasonably contrived to regulate the behavior of rationally competent self-interested subjects like us who would never, as a descriptive matter of contingent fact, conclusively defer to the dictates of a purely institutional authority the way the angels do because we should not do so, as an objective matter of normative practical rationality.
Roots of Educational Segregation
Authors: Furas Yoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the causes of educational segregation between Arabs and Jews, and it elucidates its sustainability through the weakness or failure of those prominent educators who sought another outcome. First, it surveys British inability or reluctance in addressing the question of educational segregation. It then underlines the important albeit marginal role of missionary education and existent institutions of mixed education. Then it critically examines Zionist voices that envisioned Hebrew education as a mechanism of Arab–Jewish rapprochement, followed by a discussion on Jewish educators who crossed the boundaries of educational segregation and the price they paid for it. The chapter ends with an analysis of Arab educators’ views on educational segregation.
Writing History
Authors: Furas Yoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on history textbooks authored during the Mandate period, and it traces the history of their writing and their use in schools. Textbooks represented the ‘correct’ and distilled formal knowledge required by the system. The chapter examines the central themes in these books and their dialogue with Ottoman, Egyptian, Lebanese, and Western sources, as well as the translation mechanisms employed as part of this dialogue. The chapter then applies a different lens to answer such questions as who wrote history? and why focus of the life stories of both Palestinian and Jewish authors? The sociological and intellectual affinities between these authors suggest that they were a distinctive group with specific characteristics. Finally, this chapter scrutinizes the loud echoes of the conflict in these texts.
The Belgian Investigation of the Habré Regime
Authors: Fransen Daniel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Belgium, which initiated pursuit of Hissène Habré under universal jurisdiction laws. Under Belgium's universal jurisdiction statute, Belgian investigative judge Daniel Fransen led the investigation into crimes committed by Habré's regime. In connection with this investigation, he spent ten to twelve days in Chad in 2004 and testified about this experience before the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC). Judge Fransen explains that ‘all investigative acts were carried out by the Chadian investigative judge or Chadian investigating officers, with the presence and assistance of the Belgian staff’. These investigative materials were transmitted to the EAC Prosecutor in April of 2013. The chapter then presents an excerpt of Judge Fransen's testimony before the EAC, in which he answered questions from Habré's court-appointed lawyer, Mounir Ballal.
Arresting Habré
Authors: Mendy Marcel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of Marcel Mendy, head of Communications for the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC), and his office during Hissène Habré's arrest, the most politically sensitive moment of the process. At the EAC, Mendy's unit reported on the activities of the EAC, represented the EAC as spokesperson, and organized media events for the prosecutor. A central task of the unit was to organize media coverage of the Habré trial by the national and international press through accreditation and streaming the trial on the EAC's website. Mendy's unit was also in charge of keeping Habré's arrest confidential until the operation occurred. On the basis of information obtained from investigation reports established in both Brussels and N'Djamena about detention centres and suspected locations of mass graves, Prosecutor M'Backé Fall decided to proceed with the arrest of Hissène Habré a few days after his return from a mission in Chad. Information had to be locked down to keep the opposing camp from being alerted. Indeed, the public only learned of the arrest the following day.
Can We Be Friends? Offering an Amicus Curiae Brief on Sexual Violence to the EAC
Authors: Seelinger Kim Thuy , Fenwick Naomi , Alrabe Khaled 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the preparation and submission of the amicus curiae brief on sexual violence to the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC). The amicus curiae brief offered by over a dozen experts on the prosecution of sexual violence under international law may have been a game changer for the Hissène Habré trial, both in terms of its relevance as a mechanism of international criminal justice, as well as in highlighting the EAC's power to address crimes of sexual violence despite their omission from original charges. Among other international crimes, Habré had been convicted of rape and sexual slavery as a crime against humanity and as a form of torture. The affirmation of Habré's life sentence for massive sexual violence committed by his Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS) agents was hailed as a tremendous victory for international criminal justice and the rights of sexual violence survivors. However, the conviction for sexual crimes was not complete and its path was not linear.
A Donor’s Perspective
Authors: Fall Sarah Valentina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the challenges of providing necessary, but politically sensitive, Western support to a tribunal overtly designed to be an African mechanism. Two principal elements motivated Switzerland's actions in Senegal: Switzerland's commitment to promoting international criminal justice and its longstanding engagement with Chad. It is within this context of strong and active engagement in Chad, along with the direct repercussions for the people of Chad of the trial of Hissène Habré, that it became apparent that Switzerland should actively engage with the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC). Concretely, this engagement entailed making a range of technical assistance available and facilitating relations and communications among the various stakeholders, rather than financing the EAC as a donor. This choice was made in light of the ongoing concern of ensuring that actions in Senegal could also have a positive impact for Chad. Switzerland additionally participated in the Steering Committee for the financing of the EAC as an observer.
Is the Opposition Between Civil Law and Common Law Criminal Procedure the Lock or Key to International(ized) Tribunals’ Success?
Authors: Bourguiba Leïla 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a comparative consideration of the efficacy of civil versus common law in adjudicating atrocity crimes, using the example of the French war crimes unit prosecution practice. On 16 October 2017, representatives of international criminal courts and tribunals met in France at the French National School for the Judiciary. Their meeting resulted in the signing of a Declaration on the effectiveness of international criminal justice (Paris Declaration). In gathering professionals from international courts and tribunals where the need to comply with founding texts and specific procedures can challenge those who, by habit, comfort, or conviction, draw on their national practise to interpret and apply the rules of procedure, the question of common versus civil law practice was the implicit focus. The Paris Declaration was adopted at a time when disappointment towards the ‘efficiency’ of international(ized) tribunals and courts is high. They are considered too slow and too costly. In this context, it is not unusual to hear that international trials would be better managed and more efficient if they borrowed more elements of ‘civil law’ on their ‘common law’ foundation. The chapter then describes the main characteristics of each procedural system to help identify which procedural model has been favoured before international(ized) tribunals. It also asks whether national investigation and prosecution of core international crimes are more efficient.
Witness Protection
Authors: Combs Nancy Amoury 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on witness protection. Witness protection has long been a contentious and expensive component of domestic criminal trials, and it is an even more contentious and expensive component of international criminal trials of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. In many international criminal cases, the prosecution's case is based exclusively or almost exclusively on witness testimony. Thus, if witnesses are not willing to testify, then the prosecution's case will necessarily fail. Witnesses before international criminal tribunals are sometimes twice victimized, first by the trauma they lived through and second by dangers associated with participating in international trials. Given the tremendous importance of witnesses to international criminal cases and given the ease with which defendants can credibly threaten harm to those witnesses, one might assume that the international criminal tribunals do everything necessary to provide witnesses with whatever level of protection they need in order to assure their safety and thereby enable them to testify. The international criminal tribunals do spend vast sums—in both financial and human resources—to provide top-quality witness protection, but there are countervailing considerations in the form of fairness to defendants that place limits on the efforts they can and should undertake.