bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Departing from Perfect Goodness? The tetragonōs and the hugiēs man in Plato’s Protagoras
Authors: Irrera Elena 
Published: February 2020

Simonides’ well known Ode to Scopas, which Plato introduces in the Protagoras, provides fertile ground for a discussion of two different forms of human goodness: on the one hand, the excellence embodied by the perfectly good man (τετράγωνος ἀνήρ); on the other hand, a less perfect form of goodness, which is the one embodied by the “healthy man” (ὑγιὴς ἀνήρ). This essay will critically address the shift from perfect to imperfect goodness and its underlying reasons. More specifically, I will argue that the distinctive goodness of the “healthy man” can be identified with a form of “minimal political decency”. As such, this can be praised only in comparison to a condition of lawlessness.
Resenha de 'How to save a Constitutional Democracy', de Tom Ginsburg e Aziz Huq
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo Joaquim da Silva , Fernandes Pedro De Araújo 
Published: February 2020

Referência completa da obra: Ginsburg, Tom; Huq, Aziz Z. How to save a Constitutional Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018. 306 p.
The Role of Wind Speed and Wind Shear for Banner Cloud Formation
Authors: Wirth Volkmar , Bubel Pascal , Eichhorn Joachim , Schömer Elmar , Kremer Tobias , Erbes Rainer , Schappert Sebastian , Prestel Isabelle 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Banner clouds are clouds that appear to be attached to the leeward face of a steep mountain. This paper investigates the role of wind speed and wind shear for the formation of banner clouds. Large-eddy simulations are performed to simulate the flow of dry air past an idealized pyramid-shaped mountain. The potential for cloud formation is diagnosed through the Lagrangian vertical parcel displacement, which in the case of a banner cloud shows a plume of large values in the lee of the mountain. In addition, vortical structures are visualized through streamlines and their curvature. A series of sensitivity experiments indicates that both the flow and the banner cloud occurrence are largely independent of the ambient wind speed U. On the other hand, the shear of the ambient wind has a profound impact on the location of the stagnation point on the windward face as well as on the flow geometry in the lee of the mountain. The relevant measure for shear is H/Hs, where H denotes the height of the mountain and Hs = U/Uz is the scale height of the shear (with Uz denoting the scale of the shear). The simulations are also used to compute the line-of-sight velocity component seen by a hypothetical Doppler wind lidar positioned in the lee of the mountain; the analysis suggests that such sensitivities can potentially be detected using modern wind lidar technology.
The Role of Radiation in Accelerating Tropical Cyclogenesis in Idealized Simulations
Authors: Smith Warren P. , Nicholls Melville E. , Pielke Roger A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Recent numerical modeling studies indicate the importance of radiation in the transformation from a tropical disturbance to a tropical depression, a process known as tropical cyclogenesis. This paper employs a numerical modeling framework to examine the sensitivity to radiation in idealized simulations for different initial vortex strengths, and in doing so highlights when during tropical cyclogenesis radiation is most important. It is shown that all else being equal, a stronger initial vortex reduces the impact that radiation has on accelerating tropical cyclogenesis. We find that radiation’s primary role is to moisten the core of a disturbance through nocturnal differential radiative forcing between the disturbance and its cloud-free surroundings, and after sufficient moistening occurs over a deep layer and the winds are sufficiently strong at the surface, radiation no longer plays as significant a role in tropical cyclogenesis.
The Effect of Surface Drag Strength on Mesocyclone Intensification and Tornadogenesis in Idealized Supercell Simulations
Authors: Roberts Brett , Xue Ming , Dawson Daniel T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA suite of six idealized supercell simulations is performed in which the surface drag coefficient Cd is varied over a range of values from 0 to 0.05 to represent a variety of water and land surfaces. The experiments employ a new technique for enforcing a three-force balance among the pressure gradient, Coriolis, and frictional forces so that the environmental wind profile can remain unchanged throughout the simulation. The initial low-level mesocyclone lowers toward the ground, intensifies, and produces a tornado in all experiments with Cd ≥ 0.002, with the intensification occurring earlier for larger Cd. In the experiment with Cd = 0, the low-level mesocyclone remains comparatively weak throughout the simulation and does not produce a tornado. Vertical cross sections through the simulated tornadoes reveal an axial downdraft that reaches the ground only in experiments with smaller Cd, as well as stronger corner flow in experiments with larger Cd. Material circuits are initialized enclosing the low-level mesocyclone in each experiment and traced backward in time. Circulation budgets for these circuits implicate surface drag acting in the inflow sector of the supercell as having generated important positive circulation, and its relative contribution increases with Cd. However, the circulation generation is similar in magnitude for the experiments with Cd = 0.02 and 0.05, and the tornado in the latter experiment is weaker. This suggests the possible existence of an optimal range of Cd values for promoting intense tornadoes within our experimental configuration.
A Mechanism for the Maintenance of Sharp Tropical Margins
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko , Mapes Brian E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The moist deep tropics are typically separated from the drier subtropics by a sharp horizontal gradient of moisture. The physical nature of this tropical margin is investigated by using A-Train satellite observations to reconstruct its composite mean quasi-meridional thermodynamic structure and processes. The margin is defined here as the most poleward position of a specified column water vapor (CWV) threshold along a satellite track. Multiple CWV thresholds are selected from 35 to 60 mm, bracketing the global tropics histogram minimum value of 48 mm. For all margin thresholds, CWV increases equatorward from the subtropics and eventually asymptotically approaches 48 mm far on the tropical side, apparently as a coincidence of composite averaging since values of 48 mm are infrequent as noted above. For all margin thresholds, precipitation peaks on the tropical side and then asymptotically approaches equatorward a value of 85 W m−2, equal to the evaporation asymptote. For the 48-mm threshold, total diabatic forcing of the air column (radiative heating plus surface latent and sensible heat fluxes) changes sign from positive on the tropical side to negative in the subtropics, with the main contrast in radiative heating, owing principally to the longwave effect of high clouds. An analytic two-vertical-mode model of equatorward-flowing air columns is fitted from the observations to elucidate the processes in a Lagrangian column transition. The model captures key features of the composite, and suggests that a key process in the abrupt moistening at the margin is bottom-heavy ascent growing upward beneath the deep subtropical subsidence.
Convectively Forced Diurnal Gravity Waves in the Maritime Continent
Authors: Ruppert James H. , Chen Xingchao , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Long-lived, zonally propagating diurnal rainfall disturbances are a highly pronounced and common feature in the Maritime Continent (MC). A recent study argues that these disturbances can be explained as diurnally phase-locked gravity waves. Here we explore the origins of these waves through regional cloud-permitting numerical model experiments. The gravity waves are reproduced and isolated in the model framework through the combined use of realistic geography and diurnally cyclic lateral boundary conditions representative of both characteristic easterly and westerly background zonal flow regimes. These flow regimes are characteristic of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) suppressed and active phase in the MC, respectively. Tests are conducted wherein Borneo, Sumatra, or both islands and/or their orography are removed. These tests imply that the diurnal gravity waves are excited and maintained directly by latent heating from the vigorous mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that form nocturnally in both Borneo and Sumatra. Removing orography has only a secondary impact on both the MCSs and the gravity waves, implying that it is not critical to these waves. We therefore hypothesize that diurnal gravity waves are fundamentally driven by mesoscale organized deep convection, and are only sensitive to orography to the measure that the convection is affected by the orography and its mesoscale flows. Factor separation further reveals that the nonlinear interaction of synchronized diurnal cycles in Sumatra and Borneo slightly amplifies this gravity wave mode compared to if either island existed in isolation. This nonlinear feedback appears most prominently at longitudes directly between the two islands.
Underlying Fundamentals of Kalman Filtering for River Network Modeling
Authors: Emery Charlotte M. , David Cédric H. , Andreadis Konstantinos M. , Turmon Michael J. , Reager John T. , Hobbs Jonathan M. , Pan Ming , Famiglietti James S. , Beighley Edward , Rodell Matthew 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe grand challenge of producing hydrometeorological estimates every time and everywhere has motivated the fusion of sparse observations with dense numerical models, with a particular interest on discharge in river modeling. Ensemble methods are largely preferred as they enable the estimation of error properties, but at the expense of computational load and generally with underestimations. These imperfect stochastic estimates motivate the use of correction methods, that is, error localization and inflation, although the physical justifications for their optimality are limited. The purpose of this study is to use one of the simplest forms of data assimilation when applied to river modeling and reveal the underlying mechanisms impacting its performance. Our framework based on assimilating daily averaged in situ discharge measurements to correct daily averaged runoff was tested over a 4-yr case study of two rivers in Texas. Results show that under optimal conditions of inflation and localization, discharge simulations are consistently improved such that the mean values of Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency are enhanced from −11.32 to 0.55 at observed gauges and from −12.24 to −1.10 at validation gauges. Yet, parameters controlling the inflation and the localization have a large impact on the performance. Further investigations of these sensitivities showed that optimal inflation occurs when compensating exactly for discrepancies in the magnitude of errors while optimal localization matches the distance traveled during one assimilation window. These results may be applicable to more advanced data assimilation methods as well as for larger applications motivated by upcoming river-observing satellite missions, such as NASA’s Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission.
Towards a Global Spectral Energy Budget for Internal Gravity Waves in the Ocean
Authors: Eden Carsten , Pollmann Friederike , Olbers Dirk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEnergy transfers by internal gravity wave–wave interactions in spectral space are diagnosed from numerical model simulations initialized with realizations of the Garrett–Munk spectrum in physical space and compared with the predictions of the so-called scattering integral or kinetic equation. Averaging the random phase of the initialization, the energy transfers by wave–wave interactions in the model agree well with the predictions of the kinetic equation for certain ranges of frequency and wavenumbers. This validation allows now, in principle, the use of the energy transfers predicted by the kinetic equation to design a global spectral energy budget for internal gravity waves in the ocean where divergences of energy transports in physical and spectral space balance forcing, dissipation, the energy transfers by the wave–wave interactions, or the rate of change of the spectral wave energy. First global estimates show indeed accumulation of the wave energy in a range of latitude ϕ consistent with tidal waves at frequency ωT propagating toward the latitudinal window where 2 < ωT/f(ϕ) < 3, as predicted by the kinetic equation.
Attachment insecurity hinders cardiac patients’ ability to receive partners’ care: A longitudinal dyadic study
Authors: George-Levi Sivan , Peleg Shira , Vilchinsky Noa , Rafaeli Eshkol , Khaskiaa Abid , Mosseri Morris , Hod Hanoch 
Published: February 2020

Objectives: The fact that spousal support is not always beneficial for the recipient continues to intrigue researchers in the dyadic support field. One possible explanation for this phenomenon may be individual differences in attachment orientations, which might promote or, conversely, hinder the ability to capitalize on one’s partner’s support. We therefore assessed the interactive contribution of cardiac patients’ attachment orientations (anxious and avoidant) and partners’ caregiving styles (sensitive and compulsive) to patients’ anxiety symptoms 6 months after a first acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Design and methods: A longitudinal design was employed among 114 couples coping with one partner’s ACS. During hospitalization, patients completed the Experiences in Close Relationships scale, tapping attachment orientation, and 6 months later, the anxiety scale of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Partners completed the Adult Caregiving Questionnaire during patients’ hospitalization. Results: Regression analyses showed that partners’ caregiving styles moderated the positive association between patients’ anxious attachment and anxiety symptoms. This association was stronger when partners were characterized with high levels of compulsive caregiving, but also, and surprisingly, when partners were characterized with high levels of sensitive caregiving. No significant effects were found for highly avoidant patients. Conclusions: The findings suggest that patients’ personalities play a crucial role in determining the consequences of partners’ caregiving styles. Integrating the personality perspective into the dyadic paradigm may allow a more comprehensive understanding of the circumstances under which partners’ care reduces patients’ distress.
Hypothermic effects on gas exchange performance of membrane oxygenator and blood coagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs
Authors: Akeho Kazuhiro , Nakata Hayato , Suehiro Shoichi , Shimizu Kouji , Imai Kensuke , Yamaguchi Akane , Matsumoto Ken-ichi , Oda Teiji 
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Whether hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass could attenuate both blood coagulation and platelet activation compared to normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass remains elusive. Methods: Biocompatibility of a polymer-coated cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was comparatively assessed by plasma proteomics between juvenile pigs undergoing hypothermic (23°C) cardiopulmonary bypass and those undergoing normothermic (37°C) cardiopulmonary bypass (n = 6, respectively). Plasma samples were taken three times: 5 minutes after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (T5, before cooling), just before declamping and rewarming (Tc), and just before termination of cardiopulmonary bypass (Trw, 120 minutes). Proteomic analysis was quantitively performed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling. Thrombin–antithrombin complexes (TAT III) were measured by enzyme immunoassay, and vitamin K–dependent protein C (PROC), β-thromboglobulin (TG), and P-selectin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Blood gas analyses evaluated oxygenator performance. Results: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass had a significantly higher PaO2 at Tc and lower PaCO2 at Trw than normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Two hundred twenty-four proteins were identified with statistical criteria of both protein confidence (>95%) and false discovery rate (<5%). Six of these proteins significantly decreased at Tc than at T5 in hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.02-0.04), with three related to platelet degranulation. Protein C decreased at Trw compared with T5 in normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.04). Thrombin–antithrombin complex had a slightly larger increase with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass at Trw than with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. β-thromboglobulin and P-selectin levels were significantly lower at Trw with hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass than with normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass attenuated platelet degranulation/blood coagulation and maintained better oxygenator performance compared to normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in juvenile pigs.
Histogram analysis in prostate cancer: a comparison of diffusion kurtosis imaging model versus monoexponential model
Authors: Jiang Yuwei , Li Chunmei , Liu Ying , Shi Kaining , Zhang Wei , Liu Ming , Chen Min 
Published: February 2020

Background There is still little research about histogram analysis of diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) using in prostate cancer at present. Purpose To verify the utility of histogram analysis of DKI model in detection and assessment of aggressiveness of prostate cancer, compared with monoexponential model (MEM). Material and Methods Twenty-three patients were enrolled in this study. For DKI model and MEM, the Dapp, Kapp, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were obtained by using single-shot echo-planar imaging sequence. The pathologies were confirmed by in-bore magnetic resonance (MR)-guided biopsy. Regions of interest (ROI) were drawn manually in the position where biopsy needle was put. The mean values and histogram parameters in cancer and noncancerous foci were compared using independent-samples T test. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to investigate the diagnostic efficiency. Spearman’s test was used to evaluate the correlation of parameters and Gleason scores. Results The mean, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of ADC and Dapp were significantly lower in prostate cancer than non-cancerous foci ( P < 0.001). The mean, 50th, 75th, and 90th percentiles of Kapp were significantly higher in prostate cancer ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the AUCs of two models (0.971 vs. 0.963, P > 0.05). With the increasing Gleason scores, the 10th ADC decreased ( ρ = −0.583, P = 0.018), but the 90th Kapp increased ( ρ = 0.642, P = 0.007). Conclusion Histogram analysis of DKI model is feasible for diagnosing and grading prostate cancer, but it has no significant advantage over MEM.
A Prospective, Crossover Survey Study of Child- and Proxy-Reported Quality of Life According to Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type and Medical Interventions
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Hanna Rewais , Hetzel Scott , Patterson Karen , Yuroff Alice , Sund Sarah , Schultz Meredith , Schroth Mary , Halanski Matthew A. 
Published: February 2020

Background: Spinal muscular atrophy is an autosomal-recessive, progressive neuromuscular disease associated with extensive morbidity. Children with spinal muscular atrophy have potentially increased life spans due to improved nutrition, respiratory support, and novel pharmaceuticals. Objectives: To report on the quality of life and family experience for children with spinal muscular atrophy with attentiveness to patient- and proxy-concordance and to stratify quality of life reports by spinal muscular atrophy type and medical interventions. Methods: A prospective, crossover survey study inclusive of 58 children (26 spinal muscular atrophy type I, 23 type II, 9 type III) and their family caregivers at a free-standing Midwestern children’s hospital. Twenty-eight families completed the 25-item PedsQL 3.0 Neuromuscular Module. Forty-four participants completed the 36-item PedsQL Family Impact Module and 47 completed the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD) questionnaire. Results: The PedsQL Family Impact Module demonstrated significant differences between spinal muscular atrophy types I and II in functioning domains including physical, emotional, social, and family relations ( P < .03). Child self-report and proxy report surveys demonstrated significant differences between spinal muscular atrophy types in the communication domains ( P < .003). Children self-reported their quality of life higher than proxy report of child quality of life. Gastrostomy tube ( P = .001) and ventilation support ( P = .029) impacted proxy-reported quality of life perspectives, whereas nusinersen use did not. Spinal surgery was associated with improved parental quality of life and family impact ( P < .03). Conclusions: The measurement and monitoring of quality of life for children with spinal muscular atrophy and their families represents an implementable priority for care teams.
Statin Use in the Early Phase of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Is Associated With Decreased QTc Dispersion
Authors: Munhoz Daniel B. , Carvalho Luiz Sergio F. , Venancio Frank N. C. , Rangel de Almeida Osorio Luis , Quinaglia e Silva Jose C. , Coelho-Filho Otavio R. , Nadruz Wilson , Sposito Andrei C. 
Published: February 2020

Background: Although there is strong evidence supporting the use of statin therapy after myocardial infarction (MI), some mechanistic gaps exist regarding the benefits of this therapy at the very onset of MI. Among the potential beneficial mechanisms, statins may improve myocardial electrical stability and reduce life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia, as reported in stable clinical conditions. This study was designed to evaluate whether this mechanism could also occur during the acute phase of MI. Methods: Consecutive patients with ST-segment elevation MI were treated without statin (n = 57) or with a simvastatin dose of 20 to 80 mg (n = 87) within the first 24 hours after MI symptom onset. Patients underwent digital electrocardiography within the first 24 hours and at the third and fifth days after MI. The QTC dispersion (QTcD) was measured both with and without the U waves. Results: Although QTcD values were equivalent between the groups at the first day (80.6 ± 36.0 vs 80.0 ± 32.1; P = 0.36), they were shorter among individuals using simvastatin than in those receiving no statins on the third (90.4 ± 38.6 vs 86.5 ± 36.9; P = .036) and fifth days (73.1 ± 31 vs 69.2 ± 32.6; P = .049). We obtained similar results when analyzing the QTcD duration including the U wave. All values were adjusted by an ANCOVA model after propensity-score matching. Conclusions: Statins administered within 24 hours of ST-segment elevation MI reduced QTc dispersion, which may potentially attenuate the substrate for life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.