bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addiction and the self
Authors: Pickard Hanna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAddiction is standardly characterized as a neurobiological disease of compulsion. Against this characterization, I argue that many cases of addiction cannot be explained without recognizing the value of drugs to those who are addicted; and I explore in detail an insufficiently recognized source of value, namely, a sense of self and social identity as an addict. For people who lack a genuine alternative sense of self and social identity, recovery represents an existential threat. Given that an addict identification carries expectations of continued consumption despite negative consequences, there is therefore a parsimonious explanation of why people who identify as addicts continue to use drugs despite these consequences: they self‐identify as addicts and that is what addicts are supposed to do. I conclude by considering how it is nonetheless possible to overcome addiction despite this identity, in part by imagining and enacting a new one. Importantly, this possibility requires the availability of social support and material resources that are all too frequently absent in the lives of those who struggle with addiction.
The bZIP transcription factor VdAtf1 regulates virulence by mediating nitrogen metabolism in Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Tang Chen , Li Tianyu , Klosterman Steven J. , Tian Chengming , Wang Yonglin 
Published: February 2020

Summary

The fungus Verticillium dahliae causes vascular wilt disease on hundreds of plant species. Homologs of the bZIP transcription factor Atf1 are required for virulence in most pathogenic fungi, but the molecular basis for their involvement is largely unknown.

We performed targeted gene deletion, expression analysis, biochemistry and pathogenicity assays to demonstrate that VdAtf1 governs pathogenesis via the regulation of nitrosative resistance and nitrogen metabolism in V. dahliae.

VdAtf1 controls pathogenesis via the regulation of nitric oxide (NO) resistance and inorganic nitrogen metabolism rather than oxidative resistance and is important for penetration peg formation in V. dahliae. VdAtf1 affects ammonium and nitrate assimilation in response to various nitrogen sources. VdAtf1 may be involved in regulating the expression of VdNut1. VdAtf1 responds to NO stress by strengthening the fungal cell wall, and by causing over‐accumulation of methylglyoxal and glycerol, which in turn impacts NO detoxification. We also verified that the VdAtf1 ortholog in Fusarium graminearum mediates nitrogen metabolism, suggesting conservation of this function in related plant pathogenic fungi.

Our findings revealed new functions of VdAtf1 in pathogenesis, response to nitrosative stress and nitrogen metabolism in V. dahliae. The results provide novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of the transcription factor VdAtf1 in virulence.
Dual Character Art Concepts
Authors: Liao Shen‐yi , Meskin Aaron , Knobe Joshua 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOur goal in this paper is to articulate a novel account of the ordinary concept art. At the core of our account is the idea that a puzzle surrounding our thought and talk about art is best understood as just one instance of a far broader phenomenon. In particular, we claim that one can make progress on this puzzle by drawing on research from cognitive science on dual character concepts. Thus, we suggest that the very same sort of phenomenon that is associated with art can also be found in a broad class of other dual character concepts, including scientist, Christian, and many others. Instead of focusing narrowly on the case of art, we try to offer a more general account of these concepts and the puzzles to which they give rise. Then, drawing on the general theory, we introduce a series of hypotheses about art concepts and put those hypotheses to the test in three experimental studies.
Clostridium bifermentans and C. subterminale are associated with kiwifruit vine decline, known as moria, in Italy
Authors: Spigaglia Patrizia , Barbanti Fabrizio , Marocchi Fabio , Mastroleo Marco , Baretta Marco , Ferrante Patrizia , Caboni Emilia , Lucioli Simona , Scortichini Marco 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSince 2012, a new pathogenic syndrome has frequently been observed in many areas of kiwifruit cultivation in Italy. The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish‐brown discoloration. The disease, that affects both the green and yellow‐fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline and is locally known as moria. The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging, which frequently occurs either after the traditional agronomical practice of irrigating orchards through surface irrigation or after very heavy rainfall. So far, the role played by bacteria in this syndrome has not been investigated. In the present study, Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome, indicating for the first time that anaerobic bacteria are able to cause damage to woody crops. C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests. Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria, probably because saturation of the soil can facilitate proliferation and persistence of these bacteria during long periods of the vegetative growth of the crop. The occurrence of anaerobic bacteria does not exclude the possibility that other microorganisms can play additional/synergic role(s) in causing the kiwifruit vine decline.
Caring for alcohol‐intoxicated patients in an emergency department from the nurses’ point of view – focus on attitudes and skills
Authors: Hakala Tiina , Kylmä Jari , Mäkelä Kaisu‐Leena , Noppari Eija , Koivunen Marita 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundHealthcare professionals have a key role in detecting health risks from alcohol use. The earlier the alcohol misuse is identified and addressed, the lower the risk of harm and the need for actual drug treatment. Positive attitudes and high motivation on the part of nurses are needed for achieving success in the care of intoxicated patients.AimThe aim of the study was to describe nurses’ skills to care for and attitudes towards the care of patients with alcohol intoxication in emergency departments (EDs).MethodThe data were collected from nursing staff who participated in online training related to the care of alcohol‐intoxicated patients in the EDs (N = 20, n = 17). As part of the training, nurses wrote two essays. The essays made up the data of this study which were analysed using inductive content analysis.ResultsThree main categories emerged from the nurses’ descriptions of their skills in caring for and attitudes towards the care of patients with alcohol intoxication: nurse’s lack of commitment to intoxicated patient care; nurse’s commitment to intoxicated patient care; and nurse’s skills in intervention methods.ConclusionMany different factors influence nurses’ commitment or lack of commitment in the care of intoxicated patients. Nurses’ attitudes and skills are linked to the success of care of intoxicated patients in ED.Implications for nursing of alcohol‐intoxicated patientsIncreasing awareness of alcohol‐related issues seems to help nurses to understand better the situation of a patient with alcohol intoxication, make their attitudes more positive and help them to use the intervention methods.
Conflicting signal in transcriptomic markers leads to a poorly resolved backbone phylogeny of chalcidoid wasps
Authors: Zhang Junxia , Lindsey Amelia R.I. , Peters Ralph S. , Heraty John M. , Hopper Keith R. , Werren John H. , Martinson Ellen O. , Woolley James B. , Yoder Matt J. , Krogmann Lars 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) are a megadiverse superfamily of wasps with astounding variation in both morphology and biology. Most species are parasitoids and important natural enemies of insects in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we present a transcriptome‐based phylogeny of Chalcidoidea; we found that poorly resolved relationships could only be marginally improved by adding more genes (a total of 5591) and taxa (a total of 65), proof‐checking for errors of homology and contamination, and decreasing missing data. Concatenation analyses consistently place Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae sister to remaining Chalcidoidea. However, our coalescent analyses provide a different hypothesis with a grouping of (Mymaridae (((Trichogrammatidae, Eulophidae), (Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae)), remaining Chalcidoidea)). This hypothesis complicates our hypothesis of egg parasitism as being the ancestral state in Chalcidoidea. At the deeper nodes, the results uncovered a wide spectrum of gene discordance in the transcriptomic markers and identified a strong signal of functional bias in genes supporting alternative phylogenies. These deeper nodes of the phylogeny are thus strongly influenced by biased support from different functional gene complexes. Shallower nodes showed similar gene discordance, but without strong functional bias. Understanding and identifying mechanisms that result in gene tree discordance may be beneficial and even essential for elucidating deeper relationships, especially for groups that have undergone extremely rapid radiation.
Partial cystectomy with a bipolar sealing device in seven dogs with naturally occurring bladder tumors
Authors: Milovancev Milan , Scharf Valery F. , Townsend Katy L. , Singh Ameet , Tremolada Giovanni , Worley Deanna , Schmiedt Chad W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of a bipolar sealing device (BSD) for partial cystectomy in dogs undergoing excision of bladder tumors.Study designMulticenter, prospective, clinical pilot study.Sample populationSeven client‐owned dogs with nontrigonal urinary bladder lesions.MethodsDogs underwent a sealed partial cystectomy with a BSD, with or without cystoscopic guidance of the resection. The sealed cystectomy site was oversewn with a single‐layer simple continuous pattern with monofilament absorbable suture.ResultsSealed partial cystectomy was successfully performed in all dogs, with a median surgical duration of 69 minutes (range, 50‐120). Lesions were located at the apex in six dogs and on the ventral midbody of the bladder in one dog. No urine leakage from the BSD luminal seal was visible prior to suture closure in three dogs, while varying amounts of urine leaked from the sealed site in four dogs. Suture was placed over the seal in grossly normal bladder tissue in six dogs and in the BSD peripheral thermal effect zone in one dog; in this latter dog, revision cystorrhaphy was required 3 days later because of uroabdomen. The other six dogs had no clinical evidence of urinary bladder healing complications.ConclusionThe integrity of the seal generated by the BSD tested here on partial cystectomies varied between dogs and was unpredictable.Clinical significanceSealed partial cystectomy with a BSD may reduce exposure of urinary bladder luminal contents to the surgical site. However, the placement of sutures over the seal and through grossly normal bladder tissue is recommended to prevent postoperative uroabdomen.
The Great Drama, Global Warming and Its Mechanism
Authors: Lane Jan-Erik 
Published: February 2020

Well-known professor Johan Rockström at Stockholm University claims that we are in control of things, now that the Earth Sciences have proven the biological limits of our existing civilisations. But we do not know or have not begun the necessary large global adjustments towards a sustainable Planet Earth. The failure of the UN COP framework is blatant stating the ends but not the means of reducing significantly CO2 emissions. All major countries plan for much more energy in coming decades treating renewable energy sources as merely compliment to fossil fuels, not substitutes. To accomplish the Paris Accord objevties (COP 21), coal power should be phased out.
Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Lactating Human Breast
Authors: Azarnoosh Jamasp , Hassanipour Fatemeh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study presents a 3-D Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) simulation of breastfeeding mechanism to provide a better understanding of the milk flow behavior in the ductal system of the human breast as the breast interacts with the infant's oral cavity. The breast geometry consists of one lobe with three-bifurcation levels. The boundary conditions include: (1) The intraoral vacuum pressure, obtained from the clinical measurements, (2) Dynamic motion of the tongue, nipple, and jaw (maxilla and mandible) motion captured by ultrasound images. Simulation is conducted from the instance of latching and continues for two cycles of periodic tongue motion and in various boundary conditions and mouthing positions. The results from the simulation show that milk removal is not only due to the negative pressure applied by the infant sucking, but also the tongue movement and mouthing and squeezing of nipple and breast, i.e. a positive force deforming the nipple is responsible for the expression of milk. The developed model can contribute to a better understanding of breastfeeding complications due to physical infant and/or breast abnormalities and the design of medical devices such as artificial teats and breast pumps.
Effect of Oscillating Water Column Chamber Inclination on the Performance of a Savonius Rotor
Authors: Prasad Deepak D. , Ahmed M. Rafiuddin , Lee Young-Ho 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The power potential in the waves that hit all the coasts worldwide has been estimated to be of the order of 1 TW. Each wave crest transmits 10–50 kW/m of energy, which is 15–20 times higher than wind or solar energies. The availability of wave energy is 90% compared to 30% for wind and solar energies. The oscillating water column (OWC), which is the most investigated wave energy converter consists of a partially submerged hollow structure positioned either vertically or inclined. The bidirectional airflow above the water column drives a turbine. The conventional OWCs experience flow separation at the sharp corners of the chamber. To address this issue, researchers have proposed inclining the chamber at an angle with respect to the incident waves to improve the flow characteristics. In the present work, the effect of OWC inclination on rotor performance is studied using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code ansys-cfx. The results highlight that the 55 deg inclined OWC showed improved performance compared to the conventional OWC and modified OWC (optimized in a previous work). The maximum power for the inclined OWC was 13% higher than that for the rotor in the modified OWC and 28% than that in the conventional OWC at mean wave condition. The 55 deg inclined OWC recorded peak rotor power of 23.2 kW with an efficiency of 27.6% at the mean sea state. The peak power and efficiency at maximum sea state were 26.5 kW and 21.5%, respectively.
Enhanced efficacy and limited systemic cytokine exposure with membrane-anchored interleukin-12 T-cell therapy in murine tumor models
Authors: Zhang Ling , Davies John S , Serna Carylinda , Yu Zhiya , Restifo Nicholas P , Rosenberg Steven A , Morgan Richard A , Hinrichs Christian S 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundInterleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent, proinflammatory cytokine that holds promise for cancer immunotherapy, but its clinical use has been limited by its toxicity. To minimize systemic exposure and potential toxicity while maintaining the beneficial effects of IL-12, we developed a novel IL-12-based therapeutic system that combines tumor-specific T-cell-mediated delivery of IL-12 with membrane-restricted IL-12 localization and inducible IL-12 expression.MethodsTherapeutic T cells targeting a tumor antigen were genetically engineered to express membrane-anchored IL-12 (aIL-12). Expression, function, and shedding of the aIL-12 molecule was assessed in vitro. Tumor treatment efficacy was assessed in vivo with T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic murine tumor models and a tumor xenograft model. Key outcomes were change in tumor size, circulating levels of IL-12 and other cytokines, and survival. Toxicity was assessed via change in body weight. Tumor growth curve measurements were compared using repeated-measures two-way analyses of variance.ResultsRetroviral gene transfer resulted in cell membrane expression of aIL-12 by transduced T cells. In each of two transgenic murine tumor models, tumor-specific T cells constitutively expressing aIL-12 demonstrated increased antitumor efficacy, low circulating IL-12 and interferon-γ, and no weight loss. Expression of aIL-12 via aNFAT-inducible promoter resulted in coordinate expression of aIL-12 with T cell activation. In an OT-I TCR transgenic murine tumor model, theNFAT-inducible aIL-12 molecule improved tumor treatment and did not result in detectable levels of IL-12 in serum or in weight loss. In a human tumor xenograft model, theNFAT-inducible aIL-12 molecule improved antitumor responses by human T cells coexpressing a tumor-specific engineered TCR. Serum IL-12 levels were undetectable with theNFAT-inducible construct in both models.ConclusionExpression of aIL-12 by tumor-targeting therapeutic T cells demonstrated low systemic exposure and improved efficacy. This treatment strategy may have broad applications to cellular therapy with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and TCR T cells.
Intracerebral implantation of human neural stem cells and motor recovery after stroke: multicentre prospective single-arm study (PISCES-2)
Authors: Muir Keith W , Bulters Diederik , Willmot Mark , Sprigg Nikola , Dixit Anand , Ward Nick , Tyrrell Pippa , Majid Arshad , Dunn Laurence , Bath Philip , Howell Julian , Stroemer Paul , Pollock Kenneth , Sinden John 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundHuman neural stem cell implantation may offer improved recovery from stroke. We investigated the feasibility of intracerebral implantation of the allogeneic human neural stem cell line CTX0E03 in the subacute—chronic recovery phase of stroke and potential measures of therapeutic response in a multicentre study.MethodsWe undertook a prospective, multicentre, single-arm, open-label study in adults aged >40 years with significant upper limb motor deficits 2–13 months after ischaemic stroke. 20 million cells were implanted by stereotaxic injection to the putamen ipsilateral to the cerebral infarct. The primary outcome was improvement by 2 or more points on the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) subtest 2 at 3 months after implantation.FindingsTwenty-three patients underwent cell implantation at eight UK hospitals a median of 7 months after stroke. One of 23 participants improved by the prespecified ARAT subtest level at 3 months, and three participants at 6 and 12 months. Improvement in ARAT was seen only in those with residual upper limb movement at baseline. Transient procedural adverse effects were seen, but no cell-related adverse events occurred up to 12 months of follow-up. Two deaths were unrelated to trial procedures.InterpretationAdministration of human neural stem cells by intracerebral implantation is feasible in a multicentre study. Improvements in upper limb function occurred at 3, 6 and 12 months, but not in those with absent upper limb movement at baseline, suggesting a possible target population for future controlled trials.FundingReNeuron, Innovate UK (application no 32074-222145).Trial registration numberEudraCT Number: 2012-003482-18
Prevalence of spirometry-defined airflow obstruction in never-smoking working US coal miners by pneumoconiosis status
Authors: Kurth Laura , Laney Anthony S , Blackley David J , Halldin Cara N 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionThis study estimated the prevalence of spirometry-defined airflow obstruction and coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) among never-smoking coal miners participating in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Coal Workers’ Health Surveillance Program (CWHSP).MethodsData were from working miners screened by a CWHSP mobile unit who had valid spirometry and chest radiography results. Spirometry-defined airflow obstruction was determined when the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity is less than the lower limit of normal. Chest radiographs were classified according to the International Labour Office system to identify pneumoconiosis, including the most severe form of pneumoconiosis, progressive massive fibrosis (PMF).ResultsPrevalence of airflow obstruction among never-smoking coal miners in this sample was 7.7% overall, 16.4% among miners with CWP and 32.3% among miners with PMF. Airflow obstruction was significantly associated with CWP and PMF.ConclusionsThere was a higher prevalence of airflow obstruction among never-smoking coal miners with pneumoconiosis compared with those without pneumoconiosis. These findings support prior research on airflow obstruction and smoking and show pneumoconiosis might present with an obstructive pattern regardless of smoking status.
Improving Access to Psychological Therapies for older adults: auditing management of newly diagnosed mild and moderate depression in six general practices within the Birmingham and Solihull CCG
Authors: Laake Jean Pierre , Parratt Jemma , Majeed Nadia 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe first-line treatments for mild–moderate and moderate–severe depression according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence clinical guidelines for the management of depression in adults are psychological therapies followed by or alongside pharmacological treatment. We conducted an audit of patient records (as recorded by general practitioners (GPs)) to compare practice to the guidelines.MethodsIncident cases were retrospectively identified from electronic primary care records (SystmOne). From 40 320 registered patients, cases were identified based on previously coded new diagnoses of depression in the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) years. Patient notes were screened for exclusion criteria (mental health problems that would alter management pathway) and for records of management discussions (pharmacological or psychological therapies) at the diagnostic appointment.ResultsIn 2016–2017 (n=315), psychological therapies for depression were discussed at 63.2% of diagnostic appointments, they were most discussed at appointments with those aged 18–29 years (70.8%), but this decreased with age to 56.3% of appointments with those aged ≥65 years. In 2017–2018 (n=244), psychological therapies were discussed at 70.9% of diagnostic appointments but were discussed at more appointments with those aged 18–29 years (81.6%) and at less appointments with those aged ≥65 years (39.4%). Discussion of pharmacological management was similar for all age groups in 2016–2017 (89.9%) and 2017–2018 (93.0%).ImplicationsFor patients aged ≥65 years, psychological therapies are featuring less in management discussions with GPs or are not being recorded. Recommendations for change implemented at the practice included feedback of results and professional reminders throughout the 2019-2020 QOF year.