bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect Determination of the Pesticide Dimethoxydithiophosphate by Flow Injection Analysis with Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry with Hydride Generation
Authors: Blas Oroncio Jiménez de , Paz Josë Luis Pereda de 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We developed a new procedure for the indirect determination of the organophosphorus pesticide dimethoxydithiophosphate (DDTP) by coupling, in continuous mode, flow injection analysis (FIA) with liquid-liquid extraction and atomic absorption spectrometry with hydride generation in the organic phase. Both continuous-mode extraction of the species Bi(DDTP)3 in isobutylmethylketone (IBMK) organic medium and the process of hydride(BiH3) generation in the same organic medium were optimized. The most suitable solvent of the reducing agent, NaBH4, was a 1 % solution of N,N-dimethylformamide in glacial acetic acid medium. Phase separation was accomplished with an original design that has been patented for use (Spain patent 10,118,929 Y). The hydride generated is transported by the FIA setup in continuous mode to the quartz cell where the analytical signal was measured. The procedure developed was rapid, continuous, and involved little manipulation, thus avoiding possible errors and contamination. Moreover, only small amounts (250 μL) of sample were required in the injection of the aqueous sample, and a volume of 30 μL was used in the injection of the organic phase extracted. The values obtained for the detection limit (5 ppb DDTP in the aqueous phase injected) and for precision (3.0%, expressed as coefficient of variation) are very acceptable in comparison with other procedures described in the literature. The accuracy obtained was in agreement with the imprecision of the method when it was applied to the aqueous samples. The procedure can be used for the analysis of surface waters subject to different types of treatment prior to their use for human consumption. For this type of water, European legislation permits pesticide concentrations up to 5 ppb, which is the value of the detection limit obtained in the proposed procedure.
Statistical Verification of Parameters Describing Liquid Adsorption on Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces
Authors: Podkościelny Przemysław , Dąbrowski Andrzej 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new approach is presented for determining the surface phase capacity and the distribution function in liquid adsorption on heterogeneous solid surfaces. This approach deals with statistical analysis of the errors made by applying the so-called exponential equation of the adsorption isotherm. It is proved that such an analysis, which is suitable for all types of excess experimental isotherms, gives the answer to the dilemma of the reliability of the results obtained by means of the assumed adsorption model. Several experimental systems were analyzed to demonstrate the advantage of our approach.
Abduction and diagrams
Authors: Pietarinen Ahti-Veikko 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Abductive conclusions are drawn in a special, co-hortative mood (Peirce’s ‘investigand’). Abductive conclusions are representative interpretants that represent abduction (or retroduction) as a form of reasoning that can convey a general conception of the truth. The truth is not asserted; abduction merely delivers the idea of a matter of course, rendering that idea comparatively simple and natural, hence assuring us of its justified assertibility. Hence abductive reasoning is at home in addressing ‘How Possible’-questions in science. Abductive reasoning concerns the question of how things might, could or would conceivably be such that they can be plausibly asserted. Peirce took all reasoning to be diagrammatic and representable using the graphical method of logic. Yet no examples have previously been found in his large manuscript corpus of what such non-deductive graphs might look like. This paper proposes a new interpretation of a sole exception, a sketch of two graphs from a rejected page from 1903, which might be the only surviving example of Peirce’s abductive graphs. The proposed interpretation takes them to be representative interpretants of this special inverse type of inference.
On carbon nanotubes in the interstellar medium
Authors: Li Qi , Li Aigen , Jiang B W , Chen Tao 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) – a novel one-dimensional carbon allotrope – have attracted considerable interest worldwide because of their potential technological applications such as electric and optical devices. In the astrophysical context, CNTs may be present in the interstellar space since many of the other allotropes of carbon (e.g. amorphous carbon, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, graphite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and possibly graphene as well) are known to be widespread in the Universe, as revealed by pre-solar grains in carbonaceous primitive meteorites and/or by their fingerprint spectral features in astronomical spectra. In addition, there are also experimental and theoretical pathways to the formation of CNTs in the interstellar medium (ISM). In this work, we examine their possible presence in the ISM by comparing the observed interstellar extinction curve with the ultraviolet/optical absorption spectra experimentally obtained for single-walled CNTs of a wide range of diameters and chiralities. Based on the absence in the interstellar extinction curve of the ${\sim}$4.5 and 5.25 ${\rm eV} \ \pi$-plasmon absorption bands that are pronounced in the experimental spectra of CNTs, we place an upper limit of ${\sim}10\, {\rm ppm}$ of C/H (i.e. ${\sim}$4 per cent of the total interstellar C) on the interstellar CNT abundance.
hybrid-lenstool: a self-consistent algorithm to model galaxy clusters with strong- and weak-lensing simultaneously
Authors: Niemiec Anna , Jauzac Mathilde , Jullo Eric , Limousin Marceau , Sharon Keren , Kneib Jean-Paul , Natarajan Priyamvada , Richard Johan 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new galaxy cluster lens modelling approach, hybrid-lenstool, that is implemented in the publicly available modelling software lenstool. hybrid-lenstool combines a parametric approach to model the core of the cluster, and a non-parametric (free-form) approach to model the outskirts. hybrid-lenstool optimizes both strong- and weak-lensing constraints simultaneously (Joint-Fit), providing a self-consistent reconstruction of the cluster mass distribution on all scales. In order to demonstrate the capabilities of the new algorithm, we tested it on a simulated cluster. hybrid-lenstool yields more accurate reconstructed mass distributions than the former Sequential-Fit approach where the parametric and the non-parametric models are optimized successively. Indeed, we show with the simulated cluster that the mass density profile reconstructed with a Sequential-Fit deviates from the input by 2–3σ at all scales while the Joint-Fit gives a profile that is within 1–1.5σ of the true value. This gain in accuracy is consequential for recovering mass distributions exploiting cluster lensing and therefore for all applications of clusters as cosmological probes. Finally we found that the Joint-Fit approach yields shallower slope of the inner density profile than the Sequential-Fit approach, thus revealing possible biases in previous lensing studies.
Doublesex Mediates the Development of Sex-Specific Pheromone Organs in Bicyclus Butterflies via Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Prakash Anupama , Monteiro Antónia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Bicyclus lineage of satyrid butterflies exhibits male-specific traits, the scent organs, used for chemical communication during courtship. These organs consist of tightly packed brush-like scales (hair-pencils) that rub against scent patches to disperse pheromones, but the evolution and molecular basis of these organ’s male-limited development remains unknown. Here, we examine the evolution of the number and location of the scent patches and hair-pencils within 53 species of Bicyclus butterflies, and the involvement of the sex determinant gene doublesex (dsx) in scent organ development in Bicyclus anynana using CRISPR/Cas9. We show that scent patches and hair-pencils arose via multiple, independent gains, in a correlated manner. Further, an initially nonsex-specific Dsx protein expression pattern in developing wing discs becomes male-specific and spatially refined to areas that develop the scent patches. Functional perturbations of dsx show that this gene activates patch development in males whereas hair-pencils develop in both sexes without Dsx input. Dsx in females is, instead, required to repress hair-pencils whereas Dsx in males regulates minor aspects of its development. These findings suggest that the patches and hair-pencils evolve as correlated composite organs presumably due to their functional integration. Divergence in the function of dsx isoforms occurred across the sexes, where the male isoform promotes patch development in males and the female isoform represses hair-pencil development in females, both leading to the development of male-limited traits. Furthermore, evolution in number of patches in males is due to the evolution of spatial regulation of dsx.
Elucidating the influence of linker histone variants on chromatosome dynamics and energetics
Authors: Woods Dustin C , Wereszczynski Jeff 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Linker histones are epigenetic regulators that bind to nucleosomes and alter chromatin structures and dynamics. Biophysical studies have revealed two binding modes in the linker histone/nucleosome complex, the chromatosome, where the linker histone is either centered on or askew from the dyad axis. Each has been posited to have distinct effects on chromatin, however the molecular and thermodynamic mechanisms that drive them and their dependence on linker histone compositions remain poorly understood. We present molecular dynamics simulations of chromatosomes with the globular domain of two linker histone variants, generic H1 (genGH1) and H1.0 (GH1.0), to determine how their differences influence chromatosome structures, energetics and dynamics. Results show that both unbound linker histones adopt a single compact conformation. Upon binding, DNA flexibility is reduced, resulting in increased chromatosome compaction. While both variants enthalpically favor on-dyad binding, energetic benefits are significantly higher for GH1.0, suggesting that GH1.0 is more capable than genGH1 of overcoming the large entropic reduction required for on-dyad binding which helps rationalize experiments that have consistently demonstrated GH1.0 in on-dyad states but that show genGH1 in both locations. These simulations highlight the thermodynamic basis for different linker histone binding motifs, and details their physical and chemical effects on chromatosomes.
Recruitment and retention in clinical trials in chronic kidney disease: report from national workshops with patients, caregivers and health professionals
Authors: Natale Patrizia , Gutman Talia , Howell Martin , Dansie Kathryn , Hawley Carmel M , Cho Yeoungjee , Viecelli Andrea K , Craig Jonathan C , Jesudason Shilpanjali , Chapman Jeremy R , Johnson David W , Murphy Lisa , Reidlinger Donna , Crowe Sally , Duncanson Emily , Muthuramalingam Shyamsundar , Scholes-Robertson Nicole , Williamson Amber , McDonald Stephen , Wong Germaine , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Strippoli Giovanni F M , Tong Allison 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Slow recruitment and poor retention jeopardize the reliability and statistical power of clinical trials, delaying access to effective interventions and increasing costs, as commonly observed in nephrology trials. Involving patients in trial design, recruitment and retention is infrequent but potentially transformational.

Methods
We conducted three workshops involving 105 patients/caregivers and 43 health professionals discussing patient recruitment and retention in clinical trials in chronic kidney disease.

Results
We identified four themes. ‘Navigating the unknown’—patients described being unaware of the research question, confused by technical terms, sceptical about findings and feared the risk of harm. ‘Wary of added burden’—patients voiced reluctance to attend additional appointments, were unsure of the commitment required or at times felt too unwell and without capacity to participate. ‘Disillusioned and disconnected’—some patients felt they were taken for granted, particularly if they did not receive trial results. Participants believed there was no culture of trial participation in kidney disease and an overall lack of awareness about opportunities to participate. To improve recruitment and retention, participants addressed ‘Building motivation and interest’.

Conclusions
Investigators should establish research consciousness from the time of diagnosis, consider optimal timing for approaching patients, provide comprehensive information in an accessible manner, emphasize current and future relevance to them and their illness, involve trusted clinicians in recruitment and minimize the burden of trial participation. Participation in clinical trials was seen as an opportunity for people to give back to the health system and for future people in their predicament.
Superiority of temozolomide over radiotherapy for elderly patients with RTK II methylation class, MGMT promoter methylated malignant astrocytoma
Authors: Wick Antje , Kessler Tobias , Platten Michael , Meisner Christoph , Bamberg Michael , Herrlinger Ulrich , Felsberg Jörg , Weyerbrock Astrid , Papsdorf Kirsten , Steinbach Joachim P , Sabel Michael , Vesper Jan , Debus Jürgen , Meixensberger Jürgen , Ketter Ralf , Hertler Caroline , Mayer-Steinacker Regine , Weisang Sarah , Bölting Hanna , Reuss David , Reifenberger Guido , Sahm Felix , von Deimling Andreas , Weller Michael , Wick Wolfgang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
O6-methylguanine DNA-methyl transferase (MGMT) promoter methylation status is predictive for alkylating chemotherapy, but there are non-benefiting subgroups.

Methods
This is the long-term update of NOA-08 (NCT01502241), which compared efficacy and safety of radiotherapy (RT, n = 176) and temozolomide (TMZ, n = 193) at 7/14 days in patients &gt;65 years old with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma. DNA methylation patterns and copy number variations were assessed in the biomarker cohort of 104 patients and in an independent cohort of 188 patients treated with RT+TMZ-containing regimens in Heidelberg.

Results
In the full NOA-08 cohort, median overall survival (OS) was 8.2 [7.0–10.0] months for TMZ treatment versus 9.4 [8.1–10.4] months for RT; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.76–1.15) of TMZ versus RT. Median event-free survival (EFS) [3.4 (3.2–4.1) months vs 4.6 (4.2–5.0) months] did not differ, with HR = 1.02 (0.83–1.25). Patients with MGMT methylated tumors had markedly longer OS and EFS when treated with TMZ (18.4 [13.9–24.4] mo and 8.5 [6.9–13.3] mo) versus RT (9.6 [6.4–13.7] mo and 4.8 [4.3–6.2] mo, HR 0.44 [0.27–0.70], P &lt; 0.001 for OS and 0.46 [0.29–0.73], P = 0.001 for EFS). Patients with glioblastomas of the methylation classes receptor tyrosine kinase I (RTK I) and mesenchymal subgroups lacked a prognostic impact of MGMT in both cohorts.

Conclusion
MGMT promoter methylation is a strong predictive biomarker for the choice between RT and TMZ. It indicates favorable long-term outcome with initial TMZ monotherapy in patients with MGMT promoter-methylated tumors primarily in the RTK II subgroup.
Concussion Guidelines in National and International Professional and Elite Sports
Authors: Davis Gavin A , Makdissi Michael , Bloomfield Paul , Clifton Patrick , Cowie Charlotte , Echemendia Ruben , Falvey Eanna C , Fuller Gordon Ward , Green Gary Alan , Harcourt Peter , Hill Jerry , Leahy Kevin , Loosemore Mike P , McCrory Paul , McGoldrick Adrian , Meeuwisse Willem , Moran Kevin , Nagahiro Shinji , Orchard John W , Pugh Jennifer , Raftery Martin , Sills Allen K , Solomon Gary S , Valadka Alex B 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Berlin statement on sport-related concussion was published in 2017 using evidence-based recommendations. We aimed to examine (1) the implementation of, distribution and education based on the Berlin recommendations, and the development of sport-specific protocols/guidelines among professional and elite sports, (2) the implementation of guidelines at the community level, (3) translation of guidelines into different languages, and (4) research activities. Senior medical advisers and chief medical officers from Australian Football League, All Japan Judo Federation, British Horseracing Authority, Cricket Australia, Fédération Equestre Internationale, Football Association, Gaelic Athletic Association, International Boxing Association, Irish Horseracing Regulatory Board, Major League Baseball, National Football League, National Hockey League, National Rugby League, and World Rugby completed a questionnaire. The results demonstrated that all 14 sporting organizations have published concussion protocols/guidelines based on the Berlin recommendations, includingRecognize, Removal from play, Re-evaluation, Rest, Recovery, andReturn to play.There is variable inclusion ofProlonged symptoms. PreventionandRisk reductionandLong-term effectsare addressed in the guidelines, rules and regulations, and/or sport-specific research. There is variability in education programs, monitoring compliance with guidelines, and publication in other languages. All sporting bodies are actively involved in concussion research. We conclude that the Berlin recommendations have been included in concussion protocols/guidelines by all the sporting bodies, with consistency in the essential components of the recommendations, whilst also allowing for sport- and regional-specific variations. Education at the elite, community, and junior levels remains an ongoing challenge, and future iterations of guidelines may consider multiple language versions, and community- and junior-level guidelines.
Hydropower reservoirs on the upper Mekong River modify nutrient bioavailability downstream
Authors: Chen Qiuwen , Shi Wenqing , Huisman Jef , Maberly Stephen C , Zhang Jianyun , Yu Juhua , Chen Yuchen , Tonina Daniele , Yi Qitao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hydropower development is the key strategy in many developing countries for energy supply, climate-change mitigation and economic development. However, it is commonly assumed that river dams retain nutrients and therefore reduce downstream primary productivity and fishery catches, compromising food security and causing trans-boundary disputes. Contrary to expectation, here we found that a cascade of reservoirs along the upper Mekong River increased downstream bioavailability of nitrogen and phosphorus. The dams caused phytoplankton density to increase with hydraulic residence time and stratification of the stagnant reservoirs caused hypoxia at depth. This allowed the release of bioavailable phosphorus from the sediment and an increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen as well as a shift in nitrogen species from nitrate to ammonium, which were transported downstream by the discharge of water from the base of the dam. Our findings provide a new perspective on the environmental impacts of river dams on nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, with potential implications for sustainable development of hydropower worldwide.
Structural organization of dream experience during daytime sleep-onset rapid eye movement period sleep of patients with narcolepsy type 1
Authors: Cipolli Carlo , Pizza Fabio , Bellucci Claudia , Mazzetti Michela , Tuozzi Giovanni , Vandi Stefano , Plazzi Giuseppe 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Study Objective
To assess the frequency of dream experience (DE) developed during naps at Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) by patients with narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) and establish, using story-grammar analysis, the structural organization of DEs developed during naps with sleep onset rapid eye movement (REM) period (SOREMP) sleep compared with their DEs during early- and late-night REM sleep.

Methods
Thirty drug-free cognitively intact adult NT1 patients were asked to report DE developed during each MSLT nap. Ten NT1 patients also spent voluntarily a supplementary night being awakened during the first-cycle and third-cycle REM sleep. Patients provided dream reports, white dreams, and no dreams, whose frequencies were matched in naps with SOREMP versus non-REM (NREM) sleep. All dream reports were then analyzed using story-grammar rules.

Results
DE was recalled in detail (dream report) by NT1 patients after 75% of naps with SOREMP sleep and after 25% of naps with NREM sleep. Dream reports were provided by 8 out of 10 NT1 patients after both awakenings from nighttime REM sleep. Story-grammar analysis of dream reports showed that SOREMP-DEs are organized as hierarchically ordered sequences of events (so-called dream-stories), which are longer and more complex in the first and fourth SOREMP naps and are comparable with nighttime REM-DEs.

Conclusions
The similar structural organization of SOREMP-DEs with nighttime REM-DEs indicates that their underlying cognitive processes are highly, albeit not uniformly, effective during daytime SOREMP sleep. Given the peculiar neurophysiology of SOREMP sleep, investigating SOREMP-DEs may cast further light on the relationships between the neurophysiological and psychological processes involved in REM-dreaming.
Starch characterization of commercial extruded dry pet foods
Authors: Corsato Alvarenga Isabella , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Starches provide an effective energy source for dogs and cats and can affect health according to its inclusion and extent of digestion. The starch fraction that escapes small intestine (SI) digestion is called resistant starch (RS) and is desirable due to its prebiotic function. Starch is not an essential nutrient for dogs and cats and thus is not reported on commercial pet food labels. Hence, the objective of this work was to characterize starches in commercial pet foods. The top five pet food companies by sales were selected to represent U.S. pet foods, which were divided into four strata with a sampling frame of 654 foods: dog grain based (372 foods), dog grain free (71 foods), cat grain based (175 foods), and cat grain free (38 foods). Five random foods within each stratum were purchased (20 total). Starch analyses (total starch, resistant starch, and starch cook), as well as nutrient analyses were conducted on all foods. Total starch, RS, and starch cook means were compared using a two-group Z-test on dog vs. cat and grain-based (GB) vs. grain-free (GF) diets, and differences were considered significant at a P &lt; 0.05. Total starch was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in dog than cat food, and starch cook was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in GF diets. A regression analysis showed that nitrogen-free extract was a good predictor of total starch. Resistant starch was low and not different among groups. A post hoc test showed that a total sample size of at least 28 diets per group would be required to detect differences in RS between GF and GB diets, if one exists.