bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate Women and Violent Youths
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on an idea of maternal logic underpinning women’s presumed participation derived from beliefs about aims for world preservation that situate women as moderate and peaceful. Assumed to be antiradical, any violence carried out by women is dismissed. The chapter explores how women are located as peaceful and supportive and questions this logic by examining what is moderate for policymakers and women, suggesting that the social bonds that motivate individuals also challenge ideas of moderate and responsible governing selves. Feminine moderation is compared with al Qaeda and Daesh rhetoric on women in jihad—”distracting” to men on the battlefield, only permitted as last resort, only if they have a higher chance of success. The chapter demonstrates that maternalist logic only works if young Muslim men are presented as violent, and “at risk” because of particular masculinities, presumed to be hypersexual, working class, “foreign,” played out in Islamist constructions of manliness.
Mothers and Wives
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates links between the presumed moderate bias and pacifism of women with the emphasis on women’s roles as mothers and wives. Focusing on how women’s engagement is filtered through mother work, ideas of world preservation presume the home as a site of tranquility, with women naturally located there. Caring is established as counter to radical violent action, dovetailing with moderation narratives, yet premising antiradicalization programs on ideas that wives and mothers are pro-state or nonextreme is questionable. The chapter concludes by arguing that debates over women’s appropriate roles are the hidden battleground over which both counter-radicalization and radical groups operate. Radical groups present a narrative about the failures of Western society and feminism to protect women, and a consequent emasculation of men. Counter-radicalization efforts presuming that Western society and feminism have benefited all women equally fail to appreciate the difficulties that young Muslim women face negotiating complex identities under conditions of discrimination, poverty, and Islamophobia.
Fathers and Heroes
Authors: Brown Katherine E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the roles of fatherhood and paternalism in antiradicalization. Two arguments are made: paternalism characterizes the relationship between the state and individuals, and emasculation occurs via techniques used while particular masculine ideals are promoted simultaneously. Consequently, individuals may become deradicalized but policies reinforce the inequalities that some see as causes of radicalization. Paternalistic relationships are established—constructing individual relationships based on an ethic of care to generate trust is seen as key—but attempts at trust building are undermined by lack of accountability and transparency. This chapter also shows increasing militarization of counterterrorism programs worldwide. Numerous accounts of torture and human rights violations exist, sexualized in nature and emasculating particular suspect men. Policies seek to demonstrate the humanity of the state by acting in a considerate and caring manner, but actually serve to reinforce its paternal and emasculating undertones.
DNA: Up Close and Personal
Authors: McHughen Alan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We now look at personal genetics and genomics, especially important with the rise of companies willing to analyze your own DNA (for a small fee, of course), giving you the raw genetic information about yourself and your ancestors. Although we previously learned that DNA is “the same” in all species, we now turn to the individual, you, and explore how your DNA base sequence differs from the DNA base sequence of a bacterium, a liverwort, a chimp, and your weird Uncle Jason. This chapter provides the background to appreciate the specific issues related to medical and health issues, and then genealogical studies, coming up in later chapters. For most people, personal genomics testing involves sending a sample of DNA, in the form of spit or a cheek swab, to a lab. What kind of analyses do the labs perform, and what information do they reveal? In addition to full DNA sequence tests, there’s a whole gamut of other DNA tests, including SNP tests, Y-chromosome tests, mtDNA tests, and more. Your DNA base sequence is a gold mine of information unique to you, and it is entirely yours to discover. Whether you are curious about your medical and health genetics, wish to connect with relatives and build a family tree, or are just fascinated at what information your ancestors provided you, these next chapters will help you dig up the hidden secrets of your own genetic heritage.
Some Uncomfortable Ethical Dilemmas
Authors: McHughen Alan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book has discussed the scientific aspects of DNA, physically, chemically, and biologically, and then the applications of knowledge of how DNA works. This chapter covers nonscientific considerations of the use (and abuse) of our knowledge of DNA and genetics. Scientific information can provide the foundation of public policy involving scientific issues, but scientific information alone does not lead to sound policies. Ethics and socioeconomic and political realities also form an integral part of healthy discussion and debates surrounding the limits to human applications of technologies. This chapter discusses some ethical issues raised by various applications of our knowledge of DNA.
Defending and Defining the Faith
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Christian apologetics in the patristic era should be understood broadly as a defense of Christian beliefs and practices against non-Christian beliefs, practices, and policies (religious, social, and political) that were either antithetical to Christian beliefs and practices or openly hostile to Christianity. The advantage of this conceptualization of apologetics is that it enables readers to follow the discussion of Christian responses to Hellenistic culture beyond the context of persecution associated with the pre-Constantinian period, which tends to be where many scholarly projects on apologetics end. The reader is also invited to see the links in the intellectual trajectory from early second-century apologetics through those written in the early fifth century, prompting deeper reflection about the process of Christian self-definition in late antiquity. This book explores Christian apologetic literature from the second through fifth centuries, examining the writers within the intellectual context of their times. The book argues that most apologies were not directed at a pagan readership. In most cases, ancient apologetics had a double object: to instruct the Christian, and persuade less devout Christians or non-Christians who were sympathetic to Christian claims. Taken cumulatively, it finds that apologetic literature was integral to the formation of Christian identity in the Roman world.
Introduction
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the book’s purpose, which is to provide the reader with a contextualized overview of texts that fit the qualifications of an apology, instead of operating from a master list of apologists and their works. The relatively loose definition applied to this literature makes it impossible to provide a comprehensive treatment of all such texts. While this book mentions a number of ancient writings that have been considered apologies, it also shows that they better fit the broader category of polemic that in varied ways address Christian-pagan conflicts, but are not responding to a particular threat. The remainder of the chapter discusses titles of apologies, premodern apologia, and pagans and paganism.
Matters of Definition and Qualification
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a review of concepts and terms relevant to Christian apologetics. It suggests that the oratorical form of apologia is best regarded as a subgenre, given that it appears within, and adapted itself to, known genres such as dialogue, polemic, diatribe, and invective, as well as in different literary forms such as dialogue, courtroom plea, epistolary, and history. In the end, what makes an apology an apology is that it is responding to some form of attack or accusation, be it in a public setting or a literary one. The chapter also discusses the intended audience of apologetic literature, the written culture of the world, and means of dissemination.
North African Apologetics
Authors: Williams D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the work of Arnobius, who presents the most mysteries of all the figures discussed in this book, both in terms of himself and in terms of what he was precisely attempting to achieve with his only known work, Against the Pagans (Adversus nations). There is almost no externally verifiable information on Arnobius except his authorship of this work, penned about fifty years after Cyprian’s death, likely during or just after the “great persecution” that the emperor Diocletian inaugurated from 303 until it was unexpectedly halted in 311 by Galerius—one week before his death. Against the Pagans provides a window into the intellectual debate of the time, through its engagement with the religious and philosophical standpoints that underpinned the outburst of anti-Christian feeling of the Diocletianic persecution. Just as Lactantius’s Divine Institutes and Eusebius’s Preparation of the Gospel will do, so Arnobius is rebutting the pagan attempts to justify the gods’ perceived anger toward Christianity. This chapter is also concerned with Lactantius
Public Political Reason
Authors: Reidy David A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This essay revisits the claim that public political reason as Rawls understood it is incomplete with respect to at least some constitutional essentials or matters of basic justice. It proffers new examples of incompleteness and argues that to reach determinate judgments in these cases democratic citizens will need to draw from a wider pool of reasons than those belonging to their public political reason. It then suggests that and how, without offending the values served by public political reason or political liberalism more generally, democratic citizens might reason publicly with one another to resolve such issues. This involves their reasoning together not as reasonable citizens committed to and drawing reasons from their diverse but reasonable political conceptions of justice, but rather as reasonable persons committed to and drawing reasons from their diverse but reasonable comprehensive doctrines. By so reasoning publicly together free and equal persons properly complete the public political reason they share as free and equal citizens.
Specters of Democracy
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tony 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how those interested in the making, implementation, and effects of government policies might approach the stand-off between Rawlsians and the capabilities approach. It proposes we should want any theory of justice to do lots of different things. It argues that both perspectives wrestle with an “elasticity problem” to which there is no final, ideal solution. The limitations of Rawls lie in trying to make capabilities adjuncts to the primary goods; the limitations of the capability approach derive from allowing capabilities to occlude the material-distributive characteristics of resources and the political strategies of capitalism. The chapter considers several means of dealing with the elasticity problem, before proposing a possible way forward. This involves not a grand, syncretic reconciliation but one that is, nonetheless, multiperspectivist in intent and method. The task for students of policy studies is therefore to find practical, institutional forms for this multiperspectivism.
A Feminist Liberal Response to the Dependency Critique
Authors: Baehr Amy R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A society satisfying Rawls’s principles would satisfy its dependency needs better than our society does today, but justice as fairness fails to appreciate the full array of issues of justice dependency raises. It does not recognize failure of noncooperating members of society to receive caregiving as an injustice; it does not recognize systematic disadvantage to caregivers as unjust; and it does not recognize as unjust when society’s basic arrangements render some unable to provide or procure the caregiving their dependents require. A just society is compliant with principles of justice in caregiving. Such principles can be presented in a Rawlsian way—as those chosen in a suitably designed initial situation, and as part of a political conception of justice in Rawls’s terms. This feminist political constructivism concedes as much to the dependency critique as it defends in Rawls, and is responsive to antiracist criticism of Rawlsian ideal theory.
The Remainder
Authors: Herstein Ori J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter suggests that we should question whether private law is genuinely about legal wrongs. It argues that the correction of wrongs ordinarily leaves a normative remainder. In morality, these remainders can provide, for example, reason for ongoing regret and remorse over one’s wrongdoing, and shows that corrective action taken subsequent to a wrong is, at most, a second-best way of responding to the reasons one has to comply with the violated moral duty. This chapter considers that the existence of a normative remainder is condition requisite to the characterization of faulty conduct as a wrong. It also claims that remainders must track the character of the wrong: moral wrongs leave moral remainders, and legal wrongs leave legal remainders. Thus, this chapter argues that whether private law is concerned with legal wrongs properly so-called depends on whether legal remedies leave a legal remainder. Doubting that such legal remainders obtain, the chapter raises a challenge to viewing private law as a law of legal wrongs.
Blowing Hot and Cold: The Role of Estoppel
Authors: Katz Larissa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed account of a particular kind of estoppel. It argues that the law knows of a doctrine of “formal estoppel,” as contrasted with other, more familiar, variants. Formal estoppel is an extension of estoppel by deed, whereby a person who makes a formal statement as to their rights is estopped from subsequently denying that statement. It explains the nature and normative significance of formal estoppel in terms of the personal authority wielded by right-holders over the determination of their rights. Part of what it means to have a private right, as this chapter shows, is for the right-holder to have personal authority in relation to others’ understanding of their rights. The exercise of this authority extends to public statements made in respect of an individual’s rights. Statements by right-holders are an important way in which clarity can be reached in what an individual owes another. Recognition of the authority and responsibility of right-holders for public statements as to their rights implies that the law should treat them as binding and final. Formal estoppel is, then, the means by which courts recognize a question as to private rights as having been irrevocably decided by the right-holder.
Property Wrongs and Egalitarian Relations
Authors: Essert Christopher 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that private property in fact is necessary to realizing relational equality. It asserts that one requires property rights to satisfy the moral requirement that we relate to one another on terms of equality. The chapter shows that the obligations of property, and the concomitant wrongs made possible by those obligations, are what makes property good from an egalitarian perspective. Many of the valuable social roles that people occupy are structured and indeed constituted by the law of private property (e.g., roles of homeowner, host, and gift-giver). These roles, moreover, are accompanied by valuable counterpart roles (those of neighbor, guest, and gift-recipient). This chapter thus argues that the relations that obtain between these pairings are egalitarian insofar as the parties to them relate on equal terms, and it maintains that it is the law of private property that makes such relations possible.
Digital Punishment
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Data-driven criminal justice operations creates millions of criminal records each year in the United States. Documenting everything from a police stop to a prison sentence, these records take on a digital life of their own as they are collected and posted by police, courts, and prisons; reposted on social media, online news, and mugshot galleries; and bought and sold by data brokers as an increasingly valuable data commodity. The result is “digital punishment,” where mere suspicion or a brush with the law can have lasting consequences. This analysis describes the transformation of criminal records into millions of data points; the commodification of these data into a valuable digital resource; and the impact of this shift on people, society, and public policy. The consequences of digital punishment, as described in hundreds of interviews detailed in this book, lead people to purposefully opt out of society as they cope with privacy and due process violations.
Digital Degradation
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Interviews with more than 100 people whose records appear online show how the ability to manage digital punishment is directly tied to a person’s familiarity with technological systems and their faith in bureaucracy. Instead of confronting the government or the criminal justice system, many people engage in digital avoidance, afraid that any attempts will only make the problem worse. This intersection between the criminal justice system and technology reproduces social inequality at the speed of the internet, disproportionately impacting people who have less access to and command over digital technologies. This chapter discusses the qualities of digital punishment, the strategies people who are experiencing digital punishment deploy to deal with their online stigma, and an explanation for why many people choose to engage in digital avoidance rather than try to have their online record removed. Rooted in theories of the digital divide and the disparate impact of big data technologies, the chapter concludes with a discussion of how digital punishment challenges long-held theories of criminal stigma, desistance, and rehabilitation.
Mugged
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Utilizing a case study of the online mugshot extortion industry, this chapter discusses efforts by activists determined to take back their identities and protect those who are afraid to try. The decentralized production of criminal records and the intrusion of private websites that spread these records have created such complicated systems of data that some people are more concerned with creating even more “noise” within surveillance systems rather than conceptualizing or asserting their own privacy rights. These activists argue that the burden of reforming digital punishment must also be placed on technology companies and search engines, which currently avoid responsibility for disseminating mugshots and driving web traffic to shoddy criminal records.
Population Health as a Complex Adaptive System of Systems
Authors: Page Scott E. , Zelner Jon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter advocates a complex adaptive system of systems approach to understanding population-level processes in population health. A complex adaptive system consists of diverse, interacting adaptive entities whose aggregated behaviors result in emergent, system-level patterns and functionalities. A complex adaptive system of systems consists of multiple, connected complex systems. The connections can be hierarchical, horizontal, or a mixture of the two. The authors provide basic definitions, describe common tools of analysis, and introduce illustrative cases. For example, increased obesity levels have no single cause, nor do they arise from a single system. Instead, they arise from the interactions of multiple systems that operate at various levels of scale. Genetics and epigenetics play roles, as do nutrition, general health, advertising, infrastructure, social norms, exercise levels, and, as recent evidence suggests, the ecology of colonies of gut bacteria. Each of these contributors can be modeled as a complex adaptive system and the whole as a system of systems. Similarly, population-level disease outbreaks can be decomposed into separate systems, each with unique dynamics.
Engaging Stakeholders in Mapping and Modeling Complex Systems Structure to Inform Population Health Research and Action
Authors: Hassmiller Lich Kristen , Kuhlberg Jill 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Systems science methods are designed to study “wholes” and to support decision-making in the context of complexity. While these methods are powerful in the hands of researchers, they can be transformative when used collaboratively with the stakeholders impacted by and capable of impacting a population health phenomena. This chapter introduces group model building (GMB), developed by practitioners of system dynamics seeking to meaningfully engage system stakeholders in all stages of model building and use. The authors describe the general approach, its alignment with community-based participatory research, and the role system dynamics artifacts and other system maps serve as “boundary objects” to facilitate co-learning and collaboration among individuals with diverse experiences, world views, disciplinary backgrounds, and/or organizational affiliations. The chapter introduces emerging examples of GMB processes, adapted for use with other systems science modeling methods, as well as other examples of collaborative system mapping that can accentuate the GMB toolbox and generate additional boundary objects
Computational Simulation Modeling in Population Health Research and Policy
Authors: Osgood Nathaniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Dynamic modeling provides a powerful tool for enabling faster learning in a complex and uncertain world. Within this contribution, we briefly survey three prominent dynamic modeling traditions—agent-based modeling, system dynamics, and discrete event simulation. Each such tradition offers unique combinations of strengths and limitations and is further distinguished by emphasis of different sets of modeling goals and norms. This chapter discusses such trade-offs between such methods, with a particular emphasis on the key distinction between aggregate and individual-based approaches, which has widespread practical ramifications. The authors further note the advent of hybrid dynamic modeling approaches, which provide unique levels of flexibility in addressing diverse intervention strategies and generative pathways at multiple scales and the capacity for the model representation to adapt with the learning and evolving understanding of key elements of model dynamics that constitute a key outcome of the modeling process.