bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase detection limits in off-axis electron holography from pixelated detectors: gain variations, geometric distortion and failure of reference-hologram correction
Authors: Hÿtch Martin , Gatel Christophe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We investigate the effect that recording off-axis electron holograms on pixelated detectors, such as charge-coupled devices (CCD) and direct-detection devices (DDD), can have on measured amplitudes and phases. Theory will be developed for the case of perfectly uniform interference fringes illuminating an imperfect detector with gain variations and pixel displacements. We will show that both these types of defect produce a systematic noise in the phase images that depends on the position of the holographic fringes with respect to the detector. Subtracting a reference hologram from the object hologram will therefore not remove the phase noise if the initial phases of the two holograms do not coincide exactly. Another finding is that pi-shifted holograms are much less affected by gain variations but show no improvement concerning geometric distortions. The resulting phase errors will be estimated and simulations presented that confirm the theoretical developments.
Transnasal flow reduction in endovascular treatment for anterior cranial fossa dural arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Kawabata Shuhei , Nakamura Hajime , Nishida Takeo , Takagaki Masatoshi , Izutsu Nobuyuki , Takenaka Tomofumi , Terada Eisaku , Oshino Satoru , Kishima Haruhiko 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Transarterial embolization (TAE) is a useful option for anterior cranial fossa–dural arteriovenous fistula (ACF–dAVF) as endovascular devices have progressed. Liquid agents are usually injected via a microcatheter positioned just proximal to the shunt pouch beyond the ophthalmic artery; however, high blood flow from the internal maxillary artery (IMA) often impedes penetration of embolic materials into the shunt pouch. Therefore, reducing blood flow from the IMA before embolization can increase the success rate. In the present case, to reduce blood flow from branches of the IMA, we inserted surgical gauze infiltrated with xylocaine and epinephrine into bilateral nasal cavities. Using this method, we achieved curative TAE with minimal damage to the nasal mucosa. Transnasal flow reduction is an easy, effective and minimally invasive method. This method should be considered in the endovascular treatment of ACF–dAVF, especially in patients with high blood flow from theIMA.
Spatially resolving the chemical composition of the planet building blocks
Authors: Matter A , Pignatale F C , Lopez B 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The inner regions of protoplanetary discs (from ∼0.1 to 10 au) are the expected birthplace of planets, especially telluric. In those high-temperature regions, solids can experience cyclical annealing, vapourisation, and recondensation. Hot and warm dusty grains emit mostly in the infrared domain, notably in N-band (8–13 μm). Studying their fine chemistry through mid-infrared spectro-interferometry with the new Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) instrument Multi AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment (MATISSE), which can spatially resolve these regions, requires detailed dust chemistry models. Using radiative transfer, we derived infrared spectra of a fiducial static protoplanetary disc model with different inner-disc (&lt;1 au) dust compositions. The latter were derived from condensation sequences computed at local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for three initial C/O ratios: subsolar (C/O = 0.4), solar (C/O = 0.54), and supersolar (C/O = 1). The three scenarios return very different N-band spectra, especially when considering the presence of sub-micron-sized dust grains. MATISSE should be able to detect these differences and trace the associated sub-au-scale radial changes. We propose a first interpretation of N-band ‘inner-disc’ spectra obtained with the former VLTI instrument MID-infrared Interferometric instrument (MIDI) on three Herbig stars (HD 142527, HD 144432, HD 163296) and one T Tauri star (AS 209). Notably, we could associate a supersolar (‘carbon-rich’) composition for HD 142527 and a subsolar (‘oxygen-rich’) one for HD 1444432. We show that the inner-disc mineralogy can be very specific and not related to the dust composition derived from spatially unresolved mid-infrared spectroscopy. We highlight the need for including more complex chemistry when interpreting solid-state spectroscopic observations of the inner regions of discs, and for considering dynamical aspects for future studies.
Cloud–cloud collision as drivers of the chemical complexity in Galactic Centre molecular clouds
Authors: Zeng S , Zhang Q , Jiménez-Serra I , Tercero B , Lu X , Martín-Pintado J , de Vicente P , Rivilla V M , Li S 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
G+0.693-0.03 is a quiescent molecular cloud located within the Sagittarius B2 (Sgr B2) star-forming complex. Recent spectral surveys have shown that it represents one of the most prolific repositories of complex organic species in the Galaxy. The origin of such chemical complexity, along with the small-scale physical structure and properties of G+0.693-0.03, remains a mystery. In this paper, we report the study of multiple molecules with interferometric observations in combination with single-dish data in G+0.693-0.03. Despite the lack of detection of continuum source, we find small-scale (0.2 pc) structures within this cloud. The analysis of the molecular emission of typical shock tracers such as SiO, HNCO, and CH3OH unveiled two molecular components, peaking at velocities of 57 and 75 km s−1. They are found to be interconnected in both space and velocity. The position–velocity diagrams show features that match with the observational signatures of a cloud–cloud collision. Additionally, we detect three series of class I methanol masers known to appear in shocked gas, supporting the cloud–cloud collision scenario. From the maser emission we provide constraints on the gas kinetic temperatures (∼30–150 K) and H2 densities (104–105 cm−2). These properties are similar to those found for the starburst galaxy NGC 253 also using class I methanol masers, suggested to be associated with a cloud–cloud collision. We conclude that shocks driven by the possible cloud–cloud collision is likely the most important mechanism responsible for the high level of chemical complexity observed in G+0.693-0.03.
Laboratory formation and photochemistry of covalently bonded polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocycle (PANH) clusters in the gas phase
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Hu Xiaoyi , Zhang Deping , Zhang Weiwei , Liu Guilin , Zhen Junfeng 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
To examine the evolution processes of the nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules occurring in interstellar environments, in this work we focus on the formation of large covalently bonded N-substituted polyaromatic species and their photochemistry behaviour in the gas phase. The experimental results show large PANH (e.g. DC/acridine and DC/phenazine) cluster cations formed in a chemical reaction between large PAH (e.g. dicoronylene, DC, C48H20) cations and small PANHs (e.g. acridine, C13H9N, or phenazine, C12H8N2) by gas-phase condensation through ion–molecule reactions. With laser irradiation, PANH cluster cations are involved in a complex photofragmentation process (e.g. dehydrogenation, HCN/CN, C2 or N2 units lost) and then form large PANH/PAH or multiple dehydrogenated molecules; in particular, the dehydrogenation of PANH clusters provides a possible way to synthesize large nitrogen-containing graphene species (e.g. C59N+ and C61N+). Also, we perform quantum-theoretical calculations on the formation and photochemistry of DC/acridine and DC/phenazine cluster cations: two types of molecular cluster are considered (C–C and C–N bond type) and the formation pathway and dissociation energy for each isomer are determined. The experimental and theoretical findings obtained give a general molecular growth pathway toward all-benzenoid aromatic species with size (&gt; 60 C atoms) in the astrophysically relevant range, during a ground-up formation process, and offer understanding of the nitrogen element effect on their chemical-evolutionary behaviour. Also, studies of DC/acridine and DC/phenazine clusters (89–112 atoms, ∼2 nm in size) offer a feasible means of explanation for the formation of nanoscale dust grains (nitrogen element included) in space.
Outcomes of Police Sexual Misconduct in the UK
Authors: Sweeting Fay , Arabaci-Hills Peter , Cole Terri 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sexual misconduct in police officers and staff is a serious form of corruption with negative consequences for victims and the reputation of the police. It can include a variety of behaviours ranging from inappropriate sexual comments to colleagues to sexual activity with vulnerable victims of crime. Analysis of publicly accessible data available from proven cases of sexual misconduct in 30 police forces in England and Wales has identified eight categories of sexual misconduct, together with the subsequent disciplinary outcomes. The most frequently recorded type of sexual misconduct involved officers of Constable rank conducting sexual relationships with victims of crime. Conversely, officers of higher ranks were more frequently found to engage in sexual bullying towards junior officers. Consequential dismissal rates varied greatly across different regions of the country. This research focuses on sexual misconduct within English and Welsh police forces and provides the current picture behaviours across regions, ranks, and gender.
Cross-Sectional Patterns of Mortgage Debt during the Housing Boom: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Foote Christopher L , Loewenstein Lara , Willen Paul S 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we use two comprehensive micro-data sets to study how the distribution of mortgage debt evolved during the 2000s housing boom. We show that the allocation of mortgage debt across the income distribution remained stable, as did the allocation of real estate assets. Any theory of the boom must replicate these facts, and a general equilibrium model shows that doing so requires two elements: (1) an exogenous shock that increases expected house price growth or, alternatively, reduces interest rates and (2) financial markets that endogenously relax borrowing constraints in response to the shock. Empirically, the endogenous relaxation of constraints was largely accomplished with subprime lending, which allowed the mortgage debt of low-income households to increase at the same rate as that of high-income households.
Likelihood Ratio-Based Tests for Markov Regime Switching
Authors: Qu Zhongjun , Zhuo Fan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMarkov regime-switching models are very common in economics and finance. Despite persisting interest in them, the asymptotic distributions of likelihood ratio-based tests for detecting regime switching remain unknown. This study examines such tests and establishes their asymptotic distributions in the context of nonlinear models, allowing multiple parameters to be affected by regime switching. The analysis addresses three difficulties: (i) some nuisance parameters are unidentified under the null hypothesis, (ii) the null hypothesis yields a local optimum, and (iii) the conditional regime probabilities follow stochastic processes that can only be represented recursively. Addressing these issues permits substantial power gains in empirically relevant settings. This study also presents the following results: (1) a characterization of the conditional regime probabilities and their derivatives with respect to the model’s parameters, (2) a high-order approximation to the log-likelihood ratio, (3) a refinement of the asymptotic distribution, and (4) a unified algorithm to simulate the critical values. For models that are linear under the null hypothesis, the elements needed for the algorithm can all be computed analytically. Furthermore, the above results explain why some bootstrap procedures can be inconsistent, and why standard information criteria can be sensitive to the hypothesis and the model structure. When applied to US quarterly real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate data, the methods detect relatively strong evidence favouring the regime-switching specification. Lastly, we apply the methods in the context of dynamic stochastic equilibrium models and obtain similar results as the GDP case.
A Theory of Strategic Uncertainty and Cultural Diversity
Authors: Kets Willemien , Sandroni Alvaro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe identify a new mechanism through which cultural diversity affects economic outcomes, based on a model of culture as shared cognition. Under this view, cultural diversity matters because it increases strategic uncertainty. The model can help better understand a variety of disparate evidence, including why homogeneous societies can be more conformist, why diverse societies may get stuck in a low-trust trap, why companies with a strong culture may fail to adopt superior work practices, and why autocratic rulers in diverse societies may overinvest in state capacity.
Shocking Racial Attitudes: Black G.I.s in Europe
Authors: Schindler David , Westcott Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCan attitudes towards minorities, an important cultural trait, be changed? We show that the presence of African American soldiers in the UK during World War II reduced anti-minority prejudice, a result of the positive interactions which took place between soldiers and the local population. The change has been persistent: in locations in which more African American soldiers were posted there are fewer members of and voters for the UK’s leading far-right party, less implicit bias against blacks and fewer individuals professing racial prejudice, all measured around 2010. Our results point towards intergenerational transmission from parents to children as the most likely explanation.
Bank Capital Redux: Solvency, Liquidity, and Crisis
Authors: Jordà Òscar , Richter Björn , Schularick Moritz , Taylor Alan M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhat is the relationship between bank capital, the risk of a financial crisis, and its severity? This article introduces the first comprehensive analysis of the long-run evolution of the capital structure of modern banking using newly constructed data for banks’ balance sheets in 17 countries since 1870. In addition to establishing stylized facts on the changing funding mix of banks, we study the nexus between capital structure and financial instability. We find no association between higher capital and lower risk of banking crisis. However, economies with better capitalized banking systems recover faster from financial crises as credit begins to flow back more readily.
The Revelation Principle in Multistage Games
Authors: Sugaya Takuo , Wolitzky Alexander 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The communication revelation principle (RP) of mechanism design states that any outcome that can be implemented using any communication system can also be implemented by an incentive-compatible direct mechanism. In multistage games, we show that in general the communication RP fails for the solution concept of sequential equilibrium (SE). However, it holds in important classes of games, including single-agent games, games with pure adverse selection, games with pure moral hazard, and a class of social learning games. For general multistage games, we establish that an outcome is implementable in SE if and only if it is implementable in a canonical Nash equilibrium in which players never take codominated actions. We also prove that the communication RP holds for the more permissive solution concept of conditional probability perfect Bayesian equilibrium.
A multitrait, multimethod matrix approach for a consumer-grade wrist-worn watch measuring sleep duration and continuity
Authors: Bliwise Donald L , Chapple Christopher , Maislisch Lena , Roitmann Eva , Burtea Teodor 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
We examined associations between self-reports about typical sleep patterns and sleep data derived from a wearable device worn on a nightly basis for a prolonged period (mean = 214 nights). We hypothesized that sleep characteristics would correlate better across different methods of assessment (self-report versus wearable) than they would correlate within the same method, a classic psychometric approach (multitrait, multimethod matrix).

Methods
A cross-national sample of 6,230 adult wearable users completed a brief sleep questionnaire collecting data on sleep duration and number of awakenings (NAW) and provided informed consent to link their responses to data from their wearable watches. The data collection for the wearable occurred over 12 months and the sleep questionnaire was completed subsequent to that.

Results
Results indicated a large (r = .615) correlation between sleep duration as assessed with the wearable and by self-report. A medium-to-large correlation (r = .406) was also seen for NAW. The multitrait, multimethod matrix suggested minimal method variance, i.e. similar “traits” (sleep duration and NAW) correlated across methods but within a given method, and such “traits” were generally unrelated.

Conclusions
The results suggest that the longer period of data collection with the wearable generates more stable estimates of sleep than have been reported in most studies of actigraphy. Alternatively, the data might imply that individuals modify their self-reports about sleep via daily feedback to align their perceptions to the output of the wearable.
Feasibility of a social media-based weight loss intervention designed for low-SES adults
Authors: Cavallo David N , Martinez Rogelio , Webb Hooper Monica , Flocke Susan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLow-socioeconomic status (SES) individuals have higher rates of obesity. Social media platforms are used frequently by low-SES individuals and facilitate important weight loss program components including social support. Very few social media-based weight loss interventions, however, have enrolled or been tailored to low-SES participants. The purpose of this article is to examine the feasibility of a social media-based weight loss intervention among low-SES adults. We conducted a one-group pretest post-test pilot intervention study with two groups (group 1, n = 39, group 2, n = 16) of low-SES overweight/obese adults who were enrolled in a 12-week social media-based weight loss intervention including self-monitoring via Fitbits and participation in a private Facebook group. A moderator provided educational content and encouraged social support via Facebook. Descriptive statistics were used to assess intervention acceptability and engagement. Exploratory analyses were conducted to examine changes in study outcomes and engagement patterns. The study had good retention (86%). Among 55 total participants enrolled, there were 9,175 participant interactions within the Facebook group. Among completers (n = 47), 96% indicated they would recommend the intervention to a friend. Mean weight loss was 1.07 kg (SD = 3.96, p = .0498), and participants reported increases in positive dietary social support (mean = 2.47, SD = 5.09, p = .0007). Engagement in this social media-based pilot intervention was high and exceeded results from previous studies using similar formats. Participants evaluated the intervention favorably. Changes in weight loss and several theoretical mediators were in the desired direction. Overall, our results indicate social media groups as a platform for weight loss intervention delivery among low-SES adults are feasible and should be studied in larger randomized trials.
The effect of plant-based dietary patterns on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention trials
Authors: Gibbs Joshua , Gaskin Eleanor , Ji Chen , Miller Michelle A. , Cappuccio Francesco P. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
The consumption of strict vegetarian diets with no animal products is associated with low blood pressure (BP). It is not clear whether less strict plant-based diets (PBDs) containing some animal products exert a similar effect. The main objective of this meta-analysis was to assess whether PBDs reduce BP in controlled clinical trials.

Methods:
We searched Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science to identify controlled clinical trials investigating the effect of PBDs on BP. Standardized mean differences in BP and 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random effects model. Risk of bias, sensitivity, heterogeneity, and publication bias were assessed.

Results:
Of the 790 studies identified, 41 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria (8416 participants of mean age 49.2 years). In the pooled analysis, PBDs were associated with lower SBP [Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension −5.53 mmHg (95% confidence intervals −7.95,–3.12), Mediterranean −0.95 mmHg (–1.70,–0.20), Vegan −1.30 mmHg (–3.90,1.29), Lacto-ovo vegetarian −5.47 mmHg (–7.60,–3.34), Nordic −4.47 mmHg (–7.14,–1.81), high-fiber −0.65 mmHg (–1.83,0.53), high-fruit and vegetable −0.57 mmHg (–7.45,6.32)]. Similar effects were seen on DBP. There was no evidence of publication bias and some heterogeneity was detected. The certainty of the results is high for the lacto-ovo vegetarian and Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension diets, moderate for the Nordic and Mediterranean diets, low for the vegan diet, and very low for the high-fruit and vegetable and high-fiber diets.

Conclusion:
PBDs with limited animal products lower both SBP and DBP, across sex and BMI.
Cinnamaldehyde elicits itch behavior via TRPV1 and TRPV4 but not TRPA1
Authors: Domocos Dan , Follansbee Taylor , Nguyen Amanda , Nguyen Tony , Carstens Mirela I. , Carstens Earl 
Published: July 2020

Introduction:
Cinnamaldehyde (CA) elicits itch sensation in humans. We investigated if CA elicits scratching behavior in mice and determined the roles for TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPV4.

Materials and Methods:
Scratching behavior elicited by intradermal injection of CA was assessed in wildtype (WT) mice and knockout (KO) mice lacking TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPV4, or deficient in mast cells. We also assessed scratching and wet dog shakes elicited by low-threshold mechanical stimulation of skin treated topically with CA or vehicle. Using calcium imaging we tested if CA activates dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of each genotype.

Results:
Intradermal cheek injection of CA elicited dose-dependent hindlimb scratch bouts, with fewer forelimb wipes and facial groom bouts that were not dose-dependent. CA elicited significantly fewer scratch bouts in TRPV1 and TRPV4 KO mice, but not TRPA1KOs, compared with WTs. There were no sex differences across genotypes. The histamine H1 antagonist cetirizine did not affect CA-evoked scratching, which was normal in mast cell deficient mice, indicating lack of histamine involvement. Scores for alloknesis were significantly greater following topical application of CA compared with vehicle. Post-CA alloknesis scores were significantly higher in TRPV4KOs of both sexes and in female TRPV1 and TRPA1KOs, compared with WTs. Low threshold mechanical stimuli also elicited significantly more wet dog shakes in mice treated topically with 20% CA, with significantly fewer in TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPV4KOs compared with WTs. In calcium imaging studies, CA excited 24% of WT DRG cells, significantly fewer (11.5%) in cells from TRPV4KOs, and none in TRPA1KOs. Responses of cells of all genotypes exhibited significant sensitization to repeated CA stimulation. Sensitization was significantly enhanced by IL-4, which itself excited 16% of WT DRG cells and none from TRPA1KOs.

Discussion:
The results indicate that TRPA1 is dispensable for CA-evoked scratching, which depends partly on TRPV1 and TRPV4.