bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polydopamine‐Incorporated Nanoformulations for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Zheng Pan , Ding Binbin , Li Gao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolydopamine (PDA), a pigment in natural melanin, has attracted considerable attention because of its excellent optical properties, extraordinary adhesion, and good biocompatibility, which make it a promising material for application in energy, environmental, and biomedical fields. In this review, PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations are focused for biomedical applications such as drug delivery, bioimaging, and tumor therapy. First, the recent advances in PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations for drug delivery are discussed. Further, their application in boimaging, such as fluorescence imaging, photothermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging, is reviewed. Next, their therapeutic applications, including chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and synergistic therapy are discussed. Finally, other biomedical applications of PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations such as biosensing and clinical diagnosis are briefly presented. Finally, the biomedical applications of PDA‐incorporated nanoformulations along with their prospects are summarized.
Synthesis and Characterization of Polyrotaxanes Comprising γ‐CDs and Distal Azide‐Terminated PHEMA Using Propargylamine Monosubstituted β‐CDs as End Stoppers
Authors: Gao Ming , Lu Hang , Song Rong‐Hao , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐Ying , Feng Zeng‐Guo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo highlight whether γ‐cyclodextrins (CDs) facilitate propargylamine monosubstituted β‐CDs (PA‐β‐CDs) as end stoppers to get threaded onto a distal azide terminated poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA) homopolymer (PH‐46‐2N3) to create linear and hyperbranched polyrotaxanes (PRs) via the in situ copper‐catalyzed azide/alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), PH‐46‐2N3 is self‐assembled with a varying amount of γ‐CDs in water and then subjected the CuAAC with PA‐β‐CDs to end‐cap the resulting γ‐CD‐PHEMA polypseudorotaxanes (PPRs) into the γ‐CD‐PHEMA PRs. It demonstrates that γ‐CDs cannot promote PA‐β‐CDs to be entrapped on the PHEMA chain most likely due to their different cavity size and molecular framework and linear PRs are always formed with up to 29% γ‐CD coverage ratio along the PHEMA axis thereof.
6FDA‐containing polyimide‐ionene + ionic liquid gas separation membranes
Authors: Dennis Grayson P. , O'Harra Kathryn E. , Kammakakam Irshad , Jones Tristin A. , Mittenthal Max S. , Flowers Brian S. , Tuan Yi , Jackson Enrique M. , Bara Jason E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolyimides (PI) synthesized from 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) with various diamines have been frequently studied as gas separation membranes. The use of 6FDA in polyimides creates a bent structure than can increase fractional free volume (FFV) and gas permeability. Here, we demonstrate that 6FDA is also a useful building block for PI‐ionene materials, which contain cations directly within the polymer backbone. These new 6FDA‐containing PI‐ionenes were combined with several different imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) to form thin membranes. The thermal properties of all the derivatives were investigated to determine the relationship between regiochemistry and degradation as well as the intermolecular forces that are present within these structures. The gas separation properties of these 6FDA‐containing PI‐ionene + IL materials were investigated, showing modest CO2 permeabilities similar to other polyimide‐ionenes and CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 permselectivities that were relatively higher than other polyimide‐ionenes.
Influence of H2O and NH3 on the reaction of HO2 with NO in troposphere: Theoretical investigation of HNO3 formation pathways
Authors: Wang Rui , Zhang Yongqi , Li Aizhen , Wen Mingjie , Geng Zerong , Geng Ximei , Wang Zhuqing , Wang Zhiyin , Lily Makroni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuantum chemical calculations at B3LYP and CCSD(T) levels have been performed to investigate the effects of X (X = H2O, (H2O)2, NH3, and H3N···H2O) on HNO3 formation by the direct (HO2 + NO → HNO3) and indirect (N2O4 + H2O → HONO + HNO3) reaction of HO2 + NO. The results show that, for the direct H2O‐assisted reaction, the entrance of H2O···HO2 and NO is more important than the three other channels of HO2···H2O + NO, H2O···NO + HO2, and NO···H2O + HO2. In the H2O···HO2 + NO reactions, (H2O)2, NH3, and H3N···H2O have also been taken into account and substituted in place of H2O; however, their contributions are negligible compared with the H2O···HO2 + NO reaction. It is noted that the atmospheric gas‐phase reaction of H2O···HO2 + NO is not only competitive with the HO2 + NO2 → HNO3 reaction but can also compete well with the NO2 + HO reaction during the day and night at 298 K. Unlike the direct reaction assisted by X, the catalytic effect taken from X can be neglected in the indirect reaction of N2O4 + H2O → HONO + HNO3. However, theoretical results of the direct and indirect reaction of HO2 + NO above may be the main reason why the yield of HNO3 formation in HO2 + NO reaction increases experimentally in the presence of water.
Computational study on the Rh‐catalyzed CC activation of cyclopropanol to construct diketone or monoketone
Authors: Liu Tao , Wang Ping , Ren Hong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms of CC activation of 1‐benzylcyclopropan‐1‐ol to produce 1,6‐diketone have been investigated by density functional theory calculations. The catalyst [Cp*RhCl2]2 and additive Ag2CO3 play an important role in controlling the selectivity. By using [Cp*RhCl2]2 as the catalyst and Ag2CO3 as the additive, the product is 1,6‐diketone, whereas the β‐hydride elimination product could not be obtained. The product would become monoketone in the absence of [Cp*RhCl2]2. In addition, the combination of catalyst [Cp*RhCl2]2 and additive AgOAc would also lead to monoketone. The observed selectivity could be attributed to the electronic effect.
Consideration of spatial and temporal scales in stream restorations and biotic monitoring to assess restoration outcomes: A literature review, part 1
Authors: Griffith Michael B. , McManus Michael G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStream and river restoration practices have become common in many parts of the world. We ask the question whether such restorations improve freshwater biotic assemblages or functions over time, and if not, can general reasons be identified for such outcomes. We conducted a literature survey and review of studies in which different types of stream restorations were conducted and outcomes reported. These restoration types included culvert restoration; acid mine restoration or industrial pollutant restoration; urban stream restoration; dam removal, changes in dam operation, or fish passage structures; instream habitat modification; riparian restoration or woody material addition; channel restoration and multiple restorations. The streams ranged from headwater streams to large rivers, and the regions included North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and a small number of sites in Asia and Africa. In this part of the review, we describe the methods used for the review and present reviews for the first three types of stream restorations. For culvert restorations, the small sample size and variable study design and biotic responses limited generalizing about temporal and spatial scale effects for that restoration type. The complex and often lengthy time to restore streams from acid mine drainage and industrial pollutants often resulted in positive biotic responses, but restored sites had reduced responses compared with reference sites. Most urban stream restorations had minimal or mixed improvements in biotic responses, with one mismatch in spatial scale evidenced by hydraulic structures used in a restoration unable to withstand peak discharge.
Golden Bristlegrass‐Like Hierarchical Graphene Nanofibers Entangled with N‐Doped CNTs Containing CoSe2 Nanocrystals at Each Node as Anodes for High‐Rate Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jo Min Su , Lee Jae Seob , Jeong Sun Young , Kim Jae Kwang , Kang Yun Chan , Kang Dong Won , Jeong Sang Mun , Cho Jung Sang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGolden bristlegrass‐like unique nanostructures comprising reduced graphene oxide (rGO) matrixed nanofibers entangled with bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing CoSe2 nanocrystals at each node (denoted as N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF) are designed as anodes for high‐rate sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Bamboo‐like N‐doped CNTs (N‐CNTs) are successfully generated on the rGO matrixed nanofiber surface, between rGO sheets and mesopores, and interconnected chemically with homogeneously distributed rGO sheets. The defects in the N‐CNTs formed by a simple etching process allow the complete phase conversion of Co into CoSe2 through the efficient penetration of H2Se gas inside the CNT walls. The N‐CNTs bridge the vertical defects for electron transfer in the rGO sheet layers and increase the distance between the rGO sheets during cycles. The discharge capacity of N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF after the 10 000th cycle at an extremely high current density of 10 A g−1 is 264 mA h g−1, and the capacity retention measured at the 100th cycle is 89%. N‐CNT/rGO/CoSe2 NF has final discharge capacities of 395, 363, 328, 304, 283, 263, 246, 223, 197, 171, and 151 mA h g−1 at current densities of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 A g−1, respectively.
Fundamental Understanding of the Formation Mechanism for Graphene Quantum Dots Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Fragmentation in Liquid: Experimental and Theoretical Insight
Authors: Kang Sukhyun , Jung Kyung Hwan , Mhin Sungwook , Son Yong , Lee Kangpyo , Kim Won Rae , Choi Heechae , Ryu Jeong Ho , Han Hyuksu , Kim Kang Min 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid (PLFL) process is a promising technique for the synthesis of carbon‐based functional materials. In particular, there has been considerable attention on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) derived from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by the PLFL process, owing to the low cost and rapid processing time involved. However, a fundamental deep understanding of the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by PLFL has still not been achieved despite the high demand. In this work, a mechanism for the formation of GQDs from MWCNTs by the PLFL process is reported, through the combination of experimental and theoretical studies. Both the experimental and computational results demonstrate that the formation of GQDs strongly depends on the pulse laser energy. Both methods demonstrate that the critical energy point, where a plasma plume is generated on the surface of the MWCNTs, should be precisely maintained to produce GQDs; otherwise, an amorphous carbon structure is favorably formed from the scattered carbons.
CSF glucose tracks regional tau progression based on Alzheimer's disease risk factors
Authors: Pappas Colleen , Klinedinst Brandon S. , Le Scott , Wang Qian , Larsen Brittany , McLimans Kelsey , Lockhart Samuel N. , Allenspach‐Jorn Karin , Mochel Jonathan P. , Willette Auriel A. ,   for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionGlucose hypometabolism and tau formation are key features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Less is known about the relationship between fasting glucose and regional tau accumulation.MethodsCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glucose was linearly regressed on regional tau (flortaucipir) among 169 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI3) participants. Flortaucipir uptake was examined by Braak stages and regions of interest (ROIs). Interactions were explored between CSF glucose and AD risk factors including regional amyloid beta (Aβ), sex, Apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOEε4) status, AD parental family history (AD FH), and cognitive impairment (CI).ResultsInteractions found higher CSF glucose tracked less tau in ROIs or Braak stages I/II (women, APOE ε4+, regional Aβ), III/IV (AD FH+, regional Aβ), and V/VI (AD FH+). CI drove Braak III‐VI associations.DiscussionAmong women and APOE ε4 carriers, higher CSF glucose tracked less early‐stage tau. Higher CSF glucose may reflect compensation against tau spreading in CI, Aβ+, or AD FH+.
Why Followership?
Authors: Riggio Ronald E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFollowership is associated with many negative characteristics such as being passive, having a lower status, possessing less intelligence, receiving lower pay, order‐taking, providing less value, or avoiding risk. And yet, leadership, followership, and context combine to form a coherent whole. We need to start by understanding followers in the same depth as our understanding of leaders. This chapter addresses why we should care about followers and followership and how it can be explained to others.
Integrating Followership Into Leadership Programs
Authors: Hurwitz Marc , Hurwitz Samantha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFollowership is more than just a topic to be tacked on to the body of a leadership program; it fundamentally alters the way students engage with leadership theory and practice. In this chapter, the authors draw on 15 years of experience supporting, modifying, and delivering followership training within leadership programs to provide the unique planning and design elements required to include followership into leadership programs, along with samples of course design and practical classroom activities.
Followership Development in Adults
Authors: Rahaman Andrew , Read J. Basil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDrawing on 10 years of followership instruction, this chapter explores the authors’ methodology for immersing federal employees and graduate students in discussions about followership and the follower role as a means of enhancing workplace engagement and furthering mission objectives. Our practice has found that when participants explore the tenets of followership from an engagement perspective, perceptions of followers being in subservient obedience to leader authority transition into conceptualizations of a mission‐focused partnership with the leader.
The Army Paradox: Leader and Follower Education
Authors: Thomas Ted , Berg Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe United States Air Force and the Army's Command and General Staff School use case studies to educate students about their responsibilities to exercise moral courage and effective followership in their military units. This chapter examines followership training and education at different levels within the US Army, both in professional military education schools, as well as in doctrine. We contrast the hierarchical relationships of military organizations and cultures with the need to empower and trust followers. We conclude with instructions on applying the methods the military uses to develop effective followers and provide recommendations for further improvement.
Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: updated long-term outcome and toxicity analysis
Authors: Tamihardja Jörg , Schortmann Max , Lawrenz Ingulf , Weick Stefan , Bratengeier Klaus , Flentje Michael , Guckenberger Matthias , Polat Bülent 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Evaluation of long-term outcome and toxicity of moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with simultaneous integrated boost treatment planning and cone beam CT-based image guidance for localized prostate cancer.

Methods
Between 2005 and 2015, 346 consecutive patients with localized prostate cancer received primary radiotherapy using cone beam CT-based image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (IG-VMAT) with a simultaneous integrated boost (SIB). Total doses of 73.9 Gy (n = 44) and 76.2 Gy (n = 302) to the high-dose PTV were delivered in 32 and 33 fractions, respectively. The low-dose PTV received a dose (D95) of 60.06 Gy in single doses of 1.82 Gy. The pelvic lymph nodes were treated in 91 high-risk patients to 45.5 Gy (D95).

Results
Median follow-up was 61.8 months. The 5‑year biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) was 85.4% for all patients and 93.3, 87.4, and 79.4% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively. The 5‑year prostate cancer-specific survival (PSS) was 94.8% for all patients and 98.7, 98.9, 89.3% for low-, intermediate-, and high-risk disease, respectively. The 5‑year and 10-year overall survival rates were 83.8 and 66.3% and the 5‑year and 10-year freedom from distant metastasis rates were 92.2 and 88.0%, respectively. Cumulative 5‑year late GU toxicity and late GI toxicity grade ≥2 was observed in 26.3 and 12.1% of the patients, respectively. Cumulative 5‑year late grade 3 GU/GI toxicity occurred in 4.0/1.2%.

Conclusion
Moderately hypofractionated radiotherapy using SIB treatment planning and cone beam CT image guidance resulted in high biochemical control and survival with low rates of late toxicity.
A novel model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis and carcinogenesis in connexin 32 dominant-negative transgenic rats
Authors: Naiki-Ito Aya , Kato Hiroyuki , Naiki Taku , Yeewa Ranchana , Aoyama Yoshinaga , Nagayasu Yuko , Suzuki Shugo , Inaguma Shingo , Takahashi Satoru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a recognized risk factor for liver fibrosis and malignancies, and is associated with features of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and insulin resistance (IR). We previously demonstrated that the disturbance of connexin 32 (Cx32), a gap junctional protein of hepatocytes, exacerbated NASH in Cx32 dominant-negative transgenic (Cx32ΔTg) rats fed methionine choline-deficient diet (MCDD). MCDD is well-established means of inducing NASH in rodents; however, the Cx32ΔTg-MCDD NASH model does not reproduce obesity and IR. In this study, we aimed to establish an improved NASH model. Eight-week-old male Cx32ΔTg and wild-type (Wt) rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) with dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) for 12 weeks. The HFD with DMN led to gains in body, liver, and visceral fat weights in both genotypes. IR was significantly greater in Cx32ΔTg than in Wt rats. Elevation of serum hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT), inflammatory cytokine expressions (Tnfα, Il-6, Tgf-β1, Il-1β, Timp2, and Col1a1), steatohepatitis, and fibrosis were significantly greater in Cx32ΔTg as compared with Wt rats. Regarding carcinogenesis, the number and area of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic hepatic foci were significantly increased in Cx32ΔTg versus Wt rats. Moreover, activation of NF-κB and JNK contributed to the progression of NASH in Cx32ΔTg rats. These results suggest that Cx32 dysfunction promoted the progression of NASH, metabolic syndrome, and carcinogenesis. Therefore, the novel Cx32ΔTg–HFD–DMN NASH model may be a rapid and useful tool for evaluating the progression of NASH.
Risk factors for the progression of finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Shah Karishma , Yang Xiaotian , Lane Jennifer C. E. , Collins Gary S. , Arden Nigel K. , Furniss Dominic , Filbay Stephanie R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProgressive hand interphalangeal joint (IPJ) osteoarthritis is associated with pain, reduced function and impaired quality of life. However, the evidence surrounding risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression is unclear. Identifying risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression may inform preventative strategies and early interventions to improve long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of IPJ osteoarthritis progression. The objectives of the study were to describe methods used to measure the progression of IPJ osteoarthritis and identify risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 19th February 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42019121034). Eligible studies assessed potential risk factor/s associated with IPJ osteoarthritis progression. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIPS Tool, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. Of eight eligible studies, all measured osteoarthritis progression radiographically, and none considered symptoms. Eighteen potential risk factors were assessed. Diabetes (adjusted mean difference between 2.06 and 7.78), and larger finger epiphyseal index in males (regression coefficient β = 0.202) and females (β = 0.325) were identified as risk factors (limited evidence). Older age in men and women showed mixed results; 13 variables were not risk factors (all limited evidence). Patients with diabetes and larger finger epiphyseal index might be at higher risk of radiographic IPJ osteoarthritis progression, though evidence is limited and studies are biased. Studies assessing symptomatic IPJ osteoarthritis progression are lacking.
Wie gut sehen unsere ABC-Schützen?
Authors: Elflein Heike M. , Pokora Roman , Müller Denis , Schuster Alexander K. , Jahn Klaus , Ponto Katharina A. , Pitz Susanne , Pfeiffer Norbert , Urschitz Michael S. 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Rahmen der kinderärztlichen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen U1 bis U9 von der Geburt bis zum Beginn des sechsten Lebensjahres wird unter anderem das Sehvermögen getestet – eine augenärztliche Vorsorgeuntersuchung im Kindesalter gibt es in Deutschland nicht. Diese Studie untersucht, ob eine Teilnahme an der U8 (am Ende des vierten Lebensjahres) und der U9 (zu Beginn des sechsten Lebensjahres) mit Sehschärfeergebnissen assoziiert ist, die im Rahmen der Schuleingangsuntersuchungen (SEU) erhoben werden.

Methoden
Ausgewertet wurden Daten der SEU des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz der Einschulungsjahrgänge 2009/2010 bis 2014/2015. In diesen Jahrgängen wurde die Sehschärfe mittels Rodenstock-Sehtestgerät (E-Haken; Rodenstock Instrumente GmbH, Ottobrunn, Deutschland) und eigener Korrektur geprüft. Festgehalten wurden reduzierte Sehschärfen von <0,7. Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Teilnahme an den Vorsorgeuntersuchungen U8 bzw. U9 und dem Vorliegen einer ein- und beidseitigen Sehschärfe <0,7 bei SEU wurde mithilfe von multipler logistischer Regressionsanalyse untersucht und für wichtige Störgrößen adjustiert.

Ergebnisse
Daten von 189.704 Kindern (91.041 Mädchen und 98.663 Jungen) aus 35 von 36 Landkreisen konnten eingeschlossen werden. Eine Sehschärfe <0,7 wurde bei 8416 Kindern (4,4 %) ermittelt, in beiden Augen bei 4345 (2,3 %) Kindern. Die Teilnahmequote an der U8 bzw. U9 betrug 93,9 % bzw. 93,3 %. Es bestand eine negative Assoziation zwischen der Teilnahme an der U8 bzw. U9 und einem ein- oder beidseitigen SEU-Visus <0,7 (adjustierte OR: 0,68; 95 %-KI: 0,61–0,75; p < 0,01; N = 124.467/adjustierte OR: 0,57; 95 %-KI: 0,51–0,65; p < 0,01; N = 121.496).

Schlussfolgerungen
Es zeigt sich ein hoher Anteil an Kindern mit verminderter Sehschärfe bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung. Kinder, die in der U8 und U9 untersucht worden waren, hatten eine bessere Chance für eine gute Sehschärfe bei der Schuleingangsuntersuchung.