bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions and Future Predictions
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter explains that as viruses like human immunodeficiency virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome, Zika, and West Nile evolve and emerge, humans are faced with new challenges. Simultaneously, perceptions about new infections and new plagues continue to change. What can and should be done? One must now consider the possible return of smallpox and its use as a weapon of bioterrorism. Meanwhile, even as the march to contain measles and poliomyelitis viruses continues at an impressive pace, bumps and setbacks have been encountered along the way, especially with measles having recurred in 2019 at the time of writing this book. Ultimately, the history of viruses, plagues, and people is an account of the world and the events that shape it. In the end, the splendor of human history is not in wars won, dynasties formed, or financial empires built but in improvement of the human condition. The obliteration of diseases that impinge on people’s health is a regal yardstick of civilization’s success, and those who accomplish that task will be among the true navigators of a brave new world.
An Introduction to Industrial-Organizational Psychology
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. , Hays-Thomas Rosemary , Koppes Bryan Laura 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This opening chapter provides a brief introduction to the field of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology. The authors define the field and explain the knowledge, skills, and abilities that master’s-level I-O practitioners will need. I-O master’s-level graduates may enter a wide variety of professional practice areas, and these are briefly outlined. I-O graduate training is introduced. The authors highlight the differences between master’s-level training and doctoral training. I-O master’s programs have grown exponentially over the past several decades, and there is growing demand in the job market for I-O practitioners. The authors conclude with a discussion of issues relevant to the master’s degree in I-O psychology.
From #MeToo to #HimToo in Academia
Authors: Anitha Sundari 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The #MeToo movement has been celebrated for centering the voice of survivors of sexual violence, and the new visibility that it has brought to issues that have long been of marginal interest to mainstream media and public discourse. In the context of the limits of the #MeToo movement, this chapter draws attention to a different kind of feminist Internet activism—the #HimToo movement in India—which entailed the compilation and circulation of a list of predatory men in academia. Apart from the predictable backlash from anti-feminists that this list attracted, it was also denounced by self-proclaimed feminists for its abandonment of due process for institutional remedies in favor of what was deemed “vigilante” action. In light of these debates, this chapter examines the limits and potential of emerging forms of collaborative feminist activism that seeks to transform violence-tolerant cultures and practices within educational institutions.
Slavery in the Imperial Church
Authors: Sommar Mary E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the church from Constantine to the end of the fifth century.
Institutions, Leaders, and Features of the New Calvinist Movement
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a basic, introductory description of the New Calvinism. The chapter begins with short descriptions of the three New Calvinist megachurches at which I conducted participant observation, followed by a number of other key organizations, institutions, conferences, networks, and religious leaders constituting the Reformed resurgence. It then describes the beliefs and convictions which taken together delineate the New Calvinism within the broader landscape of Evangelicalism in the United States, including a Calvinistic view of salvation, traditional complementarian views of men and women, and social conservatism. The chapter addresses several other descriptive and analytic concerns. Altogether, this chapter offers a succinct descriptive introduction to the major organizations, networks, conferences, leaders, doctrines, convictions, and features of the New Calvinist movement.
The Tribes and Their Comparative Strengths
Authors: Vermurlen Brad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 identifies and details the other tribes of American Evangelicalism against which the Reformed resurgence is said to be resurging. These are mainstream American Evangelicalism, neo-Anabaptist Evangelicalism, and progressive or Emergent Evangelicalism. Next, this chapter clarifies a possible confusion about how these three alternatives and the New Calvinism relate to the Emerging Church, and then it briefly acknowledges some intermixing and blurring between these four tribes. The latter half of the chapter employs the limited data available to address these tribes’ comparative sizes and sociological strengths. The findings suggest that the New Calvinism enjoys strength and prominence disproportionate to its numerical following and sets the stage for an explanatory model of institutional religious strength that relies more on the strategic and conflictual actions of religious leaders to gain symbolic power in and over their field than on simple additive growth.
Deprivation or Rescue?
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines whether death is always a deprivation, or whether instead it sometimes rescues those who are experiencing great suffering. It is argued that the answer depends on what the comparison is. If we compare our mortal lives to a certain form of immortality, where we are preserved at our peak and allowed an escape route should we desire to die, and if science would eventually cure any suffering, then death may never be a rescue.
Love
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines different forms of gratitude for those we love. We often tolerate our loved ones’ flaws, but sometimes we go a step beyond that, actually appreciating those flaws. We find them charming or endearing. It is argued that gratitude fits these flaws because they draw value from the loved one. Sometimes, when the flaw becomes increasingly bad, this gratitude must be cancelled or modified. It is suggested that death works like this: as part of a good, we can affirm it, but not quite in the way that gratitude is an affirmation—the affirmation needs to be modified given how bad passing away is.
The Last Part
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Is passing away a part of life? It is argued here that it must be, insofar as passing away lies right on the line between existence and non-existence. Consequently, if life has radiant value, extending to its parts, and if one of those parts is passing away, then passing away has some of this value. This value is what we can affirm in passing away. There may be additional value in some so-called good deaths as well, when those deaths have their own narrative value.
Solace
Authors: Glasgow Joshua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Since passing away draws radiant value from life, and since we are holistically grateful for life—for the whole thing, including its bad parts—should we be grateful for passing away? It is argued here that the bad aspects of passing away—its many ways of depriving us of more good existence—make gratitude an ill-suited affirmation. However, we can find another affirmation of the radiant value in passing away: we can take solace from the fact that it is a part of life.
Rivers and Sustainable Development
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book presents a new conceptualization of river-related policy issues, using concepts such as the Commercial and Cordon approaches to rivers and their opposite, the Ecological and Open approaches. It draws upon river-related experience from across the world to substantiate and illustrate these concepts. This new conceptualization will help to connect the river policy discussion of experts and specialists with that of river activists and the public. This shared discussion will allow better river policy formulation. The book argues for replacing the currently dominant Commercial and Cordon approaches to rivers by the Ecological and Open approaches, and it shows how such a policy change can be more conducive to achieving sustainable development. Rivers are a vital component of the ecology of the world. The earth’s hydrological cycle depends on them. As the world population grows and the demand for freshwater increases, rivers are coming under more stress. Many rivers are already exhausted before reaching the sea, and climate change further destabilizes them. River-related conflicts are spreading. The need to adopt correct river policies is more urgent than ever. Yet the current disconnection between river-related discussions by experts and specialists, on the one hand, and activists and policymakers, on the other, makes formulation of correct river policies difficult. By helping to move the river policy discussion from the confines of experts to the public arena, this book will allow formulation of more pro-people and pro-environment river policies.
Credible Threat
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book argues that the rampant hate-filled attacks against women online are best understood as patterned resistance to women’s political voice and visibility. This abuse and harassment coalesces into an often-unrecognized form of gender inequality that constrains women’s use of digital public spaces, much as the pervasive threat of sexual intimidation and violence constrain women’s freedom and comfort in physical public spaces. What’s more, the abuse exacerbates inequality among women, those from racial, ethnic, religious, and/or other minority groups, are disproportionately targeted. Drawing on in-depth interviews with women who have been on the receiving end of digital hate, Credible Threat shows that the onslaught of epithets and stereotypes, rape threats, and unsolicited commentary about their physical appearance and sexual desirability come at great professional, personal, and psychological costs for the women targeted—and also with underexplored societal level costs that demand attention. When effective, identity-based attacks undermine women’s contributions to public discourse, create a climate of self-censorship, and at times, push women out of digital publics altogether. Given the uneven distribution of toxicity, those women whose voices are already most underrepresented (e.g., women in male-dominated fields, those from historically undervalued groups) are particularly at risk. In the end, identity-based attacks online erode civil liberties, diminish public discourse, limit the knowledge we have to inform policy and electoral decision making, and teach all women that activism and public service are unappealing, high-risk endeavors to be avoided.
Hostile Speaking Environment
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Women who attempt to participate in public discussions about political and social issues online confront a hostile speaking environment analogous to the hostile work environments identified in policies addressing sexual harassment in the workplace. This chapter draws on interviews with women who have been attacked by strangers online, showing that the digital abuse women face is hostile (ad hominem, hateful, and discriminatory, rather than interested in promoting dialogue), offensive (riddled with obscenity, misogyny, racism, xenophobia, etc.), and intimidating (punctuated by threats of physical violence), consistent with the key characteristics of unlawful hostile work environments as outlined in US and EU social policy. What’s more, it shows that the discrete attacks coalesce into an overall climate that is more cumbersome and frightening than the sum of its individual parts.
Conclusions
Authors: Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Women attacked online undertake Herculean efforts to minimize the costs of participating in public discourse, but digital abuse can only be addressed meaningfully through structural solutions. This chapter examines the gaps that render existing laws ill-equipped for online abuse and calls for platform accountability. It then addresses existing accountability-oriented initiatives put forth by governments, international regulatory bodies, NGOs, and the technology companies themselves. Finally, it argues for the simultaneous development of victim-centered support structures. Such infrastructure would (among other things) (1) name and acknowledge identity-based harassment online, (2) equip responding officers with protocols emphasizing sensitivity to the distressing nature of the attacks, appropriate responses to victims’ most common concerns (e.g., escalation, removal of defamatory content), and instruction on documenting future attacks, and (3) in cases of severe abuse, offer the services of social workers and advocates to support those targeted.
Validity
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 surfaces the history around the decision, by both the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and the National Woman’s Party (NWP), to immediately pivot to other goals after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. While each monitored the litigation around the validity of the Nineteenth Amendment, NAWSA and the NWP both had conventions that resulted in adoption of a new mission. The chapter looks closely at the debates among each group’s members as to what its new mission should be. It concludes that the immediate pivot of each group played a role in the Nineteenth Amendment’s less-than-robust constitutional meaning.
Voting and Holding Public Office
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers the same issue as Chapter 5, except within the context of the right to hold public office. Many suffragists characterized the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment as having secured their political liberty or freedom. Yet, as both Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 explain, that understanding of the meaning and scope of the Nineteenth Amendment was not shared by many state courts. Much as they had used statutory construction to limit the potential impact of the Nineteenth Amendment on women’s eligibility for jury service, many state courts embraced a constricted view of the scope of the Nineteenth Amendment on other political rights beyond voting, like holding elective or appointive office. This ensured the continuation of women’s partialized citizenship for decades after ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment.
Defining Equality
Authors: Monopoli Paula A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes how class intersected with the Nineteenth Amendment, in the context of the United State Supreme Court’s decision in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital and the divisions over a proposed Equal Rights Amendment. It explores the NWP’s negotiations with social feminists and legal progressives, in the three years after ratification. That negotiation was focused on modifying the language of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), to ensure that courts would not use it to strike down protective labor legislation for women. These efforts came to naught, and the “neutrality feminists” within the NWP arranged for the ERA to be introduced into Congress in 1923. Chapter 7 argues that Adkins was the high watermark for a potentially robust or “thick” interpretation of the Nineteenth Amendment. Social feminists and legal progressives feared that the ERA would be used in the same way Justice Sutherland invoked the Nineteenth Amendment in Adkins, to justify invalidating minimum wage legislation for women. One consequence of this battle over the ERA is that it has still not been ratified, one hundred years later. But, another consequence was to create a vacuum around the Nineteenth Amendment, contributing to the thin constitutional conception that emerged following ratification.
Introducing the Intersections
Authors: Bhattacharya Sreedeep 
Published: September 2020

A commodity and its images occupy the centre stage in this book. I interrogate a range of commodities used in our day-to-day lives, not exotic objects belonging to a distant community. These are images we are familiar with and impressions that we flirt with. These are not commodities from the distant past, but things from our proximate consumerist present. In this book, I reflect on some these items of consumption and their images, and argue how our relationship with both has fundamentally transformed in the last few decades. I also build a case for an integrated model of analysis that rests on convergence of material and visual entities on popular registers of representation. My reading of these commodities and their images attempts to acknowledge the interrelationships between the materiality of a commodity and its visual manifestations. I situate my work at the intersection of the material and the visual in the popular realm and draw constant connections between a commodity’s material form, its visual manifestation, and its ...
Syntax and Process in the First Movement of Mendelssohn’s Piano Trio, Op. 66
Authors: Horton Julian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops the claim that Felix Mendelssohn’s pivotal innovation in the realm of instrumental form lies in his strikingly post-classical response to the relationship between form and syntax. The C minor Piano Trio, Op. 66, reveals a rich array of syntactic habits that depart fundamentally from high-classical precedent. Expositional main-theme groups betray ‘loosening’ techniques, which greatly enlarge their dimensions; conversely, main-theme recapitulations are subjected to rigorous truncation. In between, functional elisions and cadential deferrals, achieved by the maintenance of active bass progressions across formal divisions, promote a degree of continuity that problematizes late-eighteenth-century notions of formal demarcation. These techniques unseat Mendelssohn’s classicist image. In Op. 66, the music’s Mozartian facility masks a technical radicalism, which is one of the defining contributions to the development of Romantic form.
Introduction
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the conservatories, their curriculum, and the ways in which the different types of music lessons interacted to reinforce the development of an ability to improvise and compose music. The first conservatories were established as orphanages in Naples, Italy. As they developed, their graduates began to dominate musical life in Europe. All music conservatories today have their roots in the first Italian conservatories.
Institutionalized Apprenticeship
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Apprenticeship was the normal way to learn a trade in past centuries. A typical master might have one or two apprentices, who lived in the master’s home like members of the family. A new path for apprentices opened up with the founding in London of the Inns of Court, four institutions to train future lawyers. The combination of famous teachers, a critical mass of talented students, and the experiences of seeing law practiced in a royal city all made this new type of apprenticeship superior to what came before. The same thing happened with music training in the four conservatories of Naples. Great teachers, strong competition, and world-class music in a royal city led to conservatory students winning the best music jobs in Europe.
Solfeggi and the Acquisition of Style
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the old conservatories the equivalent of “music 101” was the class in solfeggio. This was where beginning students learned to read music, to distinguish the sizes of intervals, and to learn scales and arpeggios. Today syllables like “Do, Re, Mi” are connected with scale degrees (steps 1, 2, 3 respectively). This was not the case originally. “Mi,” for example, meant a tone with a whole step below it in the scale and a half step above it. Thus both “E,” “B,” and “F♯” were all “Mi.” Similarly, “F,” “C,” and “B♭” were all “Fa.” The chapter details how this worked and gives examples of lessons in the old style of solfeggio.
Intavolature and the Techniques of Instruments
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The notion of multiple voices coming together in harmony was deeply engrained in European ideas of fine music. For little hands playing a harpsichord, to capture the effect of multiple voices required some practice and special techniques. Intavolature were teaching pieces for beginning keyboard players. These pieces both introduced the basics of keyboard technique and demonstrated how to perform the most common schemas. Intavolature also provide us today with models for what the texture and level of difficulty might have been for realizations of partimenti.
Dispositions and the Mastery of Complexity
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What today we might term “orchestration” or “arranging” would have fallen under the term “disposition” in Naples. The same counterpoint, for example, could be realized as a “disposition in three voices” or “in four voices.” Each voice or instrumental part would be written on its own staff. Unlike in partimento playing, where small errors in counterpoint could be ignored, dispositions made every interrelationship visible and open to inspection and evaluation. The French four-voice realizations (realisations) in open score that figured so prominently in the contests for harmony and fugue at the Paris Conservatory were direct descendants of Neapolitan dispositions.
The Contest Piece as a Probe of Memory
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
At the end of the school year at the Paris Conservatory each class or studio held a contest. How a student did in the contests could determine whether or not he or she could continue in that class, advance to a higher class, or be dismissed. In the harmony contests, students would be unlikely to win any sort of prize if they could not reproduce the contrapuntal schemas suggested by patterns in the given basses or melodies. That is, a student was provided with just one of the four parts (soprano, alto, tenor, bass) and required to complete the rest of the parts. The test typically lasted six hours, with the student shut in a room without any keyboard instrument. By being sensitive to the cues in the given voice, students could retrieve from their memories the other voices of the appropriate marches harmoniques. These were descendants of the movimenti (bass motions) taught in the Naples conservatories.