bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of publicly funded conditional cash transfer programms on utilization patterns of healthcare services for acute childhood illness
Authors: Srinivasan Rajan , Ganesan Santhosh K , Premkumar Prasanna S , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Conditional cash transfers are widespread and effective for utilization of targeted health services, but there is little evidence of their influence on the utilization of non-targeted or extended general healthcare services. Using data from a population-based health utilization survey, we evaluated the influence of conditional cash transfers for maternal and immunization services on the utilization of healthcare services for acute childhood illnesses.

Methods
Participants included mothers or primary caretakers of children &lt;2 y of age residing in 2407 households in urban Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. Mothers of children with illness in the preceding month were interviewed on presenting symptoms, provider choice and beneficiary status of maternal and immunization-based conditional cash transfer programs.

Results
Of 2407 children &lt;2 y of age, about 48% reported being beneficiaries of maternal and immunization-based conditional cash transfers. Beneficiary status was associated with an increased use of public services (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 3.14 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.96 – 5.02]) but not the use of private services (aRR 1.42 [95% CI 0.97 – 2.08]) relative to home or informal care.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate financial incentives for use of maternal and immunization services could have an indirect, non-targeted effect on utilization of formal healthcare for acute childhood illnesses.
Validity of PROMIS physical function in patients with hip dysplasia treated with periacetabular osteotomy
Authors: Wynn Malynda , Shamrock Alan , Khazi Zain , Westermann Robert , Willey Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHip dysplasia is known to lead to pain, disability, depression and eventually secondary hip osteoarthritis in young adults. Performance of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) in hip dysplasia patients indicated for periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) is unknown. The aim of this investigation was to validate the use of PROMIS PF CAT with currently accepted patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments in young adults with hip dysplasia indicated for PAO. Individuals indicated for PAO to treat symptomatic hip dysplasia were identified and consented to complete the PROMIS PF CAT, Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Shortform (HOOS-PS), modified Harris hip score (mHHS) and International Hip Outcome Tool-12 (iHOT-12) questionnaires during their pre-operative visit to test correlations between instruments as part of the validation of PROMIS PF CAT. The relationship between PRO instruments was compared using Spearman correlation coefficients. Correlation between PRO instruments were defined as high (>0.7), high-moderate (0.61–0.69), moderate (0.4–0.6), moderate-weak (0.31–0.39) and weak (≤0.3). Forty-one individuals to undergo PAO were enrolled. The PROMIS PF CAT correlated moderate to high and demonstrated construct validity with traditionally used hip PRO instruments. Additionally, the question burden was decreased with no floor or ceiling effects observed. In conclusion, PROMIS PF CAT is an efficient and valid tool for pre-operative clinical assessment of pain and disability hip dysplasia patients undergoing PAO.
Time-gated confocal microscopy reveals accumulation of exocyst subunits at the plant-pathogen interface
Authors: Overdijk Elysa J R , Tang Han , Borst Jan Willem , Govers Francine , Ketelaar Tijs 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Polarized exocytosis is essential for plant development and defence. The exocyst, an octameric protein complex that tethers exocytotic vesicles to the plasma membrane, targets exocytosis. Upon pathogen attack, secreted materials form papillae to halt pathogen penetration. To determine if the exocyst is directly involved in targeting exocytosis to infection sites, information about its localization is instrumental. Here, we investigated exocyst subunit localization in the moss Physcomitrella patens upon pathogen attack and infection by Phytophthora capsici. Time-gated confocal microscopy was used to eliminate autofluorescence of deposited material around infection sites allowing the visualization of the subcellular localization of exocyst subunits and of v-SNARE Vamp72A1-labeled exocytotic vesicles during infection. This showed that exocyst subunits Sec3a, Sec5b, Sec5d and Sec6 accumulated at sites of attempted pathogen penetration. Upon pathogen invasion, the exocyst subunits accumulated on the membrane surrounding papilla-like structures and hyphal encasements. Vamp72A1-labeled vesicles were found to localize in the cytoplasm around infection sites. The re-localization of exocyst subunits to infection sites suggests that the exocyst is directly involved in facilitating polarized exocytosis during pathogenesis.
Qualitative and quantitative change of the tolerance to liposomal amphotericin B triggered by biofilm maturation in C. parapsilosis
Authors: Casagrande Pierantoni D , Roscini L , Corte L , Bernardo M , Bassetti M , Tascini C , Cardinali G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Candida parapsilosis is an emerging opportunistic pathogen present in both clinical and natural environment, with a strong frequency of biofilm forming strains. While the drugs active against biofilm are rare, liposomal amphotericin B is credited with an antibiofilm activity in some opportunistic species of the genus Candida. Using freshly isolated strains from hospital environment, in this paper we could show the prevalence of biofilm forming vs. nonbiofilm forming strains. The former displayed a large variability in terms of biofilm biomass and metabolic activity. Liposomal amphotericin B minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of planktonic cells was below the breakpoint, whereas the sessile cells MIC (SMIC) was 1 or 2 orders of magnitude above the planktonic MIC. When the drug was applied to freshly attached cells, that is, biofilm in formation, the MIC (called SDMIC) was even below the MIC value. All resistance metrics (MIC, SMIC, and SDMIC) were quite variable although no correlation could be detected between them and the metrics used to quantify biofilm activity and biomass production. These findings demonstrate that young biofilm cells are even more susceptible than planktonic cells and that early treatments with this drug can be beneficial in cases of prosthesis implantation or especially when there is the necessity of a CVC reimplantation during a sepsis.
Effect of isotropic collisions with neutral hydrogen on the polarization of the CN solar molecule
Authors: Qutub S , Derouich M , Kalugina Y N , Asiri H , Lique F 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
In this work, we study the solar molecule CN, which presents conspicuous profiles of scattering polarization. We start by calculating accurate potential energy surfaces for the singlet and triplet electronic ground states in order to characterize the collisions between the CN molecule in its X 2Σ state and the hydrogen in its ground state 2S. The potential energy surfaces are included in the Schrödinger equation to obtain the scattering matrix and the probabilities of collisions. Depolarizing collisional rate coefficients are computed in the framework of the infinite order sudden approximation for temperatures ranging from T = 2000 K to T= 15 000 K. We give an interpretation of the results and compare the singlet and triplet collisional rate coefficients. We show that, for typical photospheric hydrogen density (nH = 1015−1016 cm−3), the X 2Σ state of CN is partially or completely depolarized by isotropic collisions.
To Trust the Liar: Løgstrup and Levinas on Ethics, War, and Openness
Authors: Stokes Patrick 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDespite their many similarities, one apparent difference between the ethics of K.E. Løgstrup and Emmanuel Levinas concerns trust: Levinas does not analyse trust as a morally significant phenomenon, whereas Løgstrup makes it a central component of his moral phenomenology. This paper argues that an analysis of Løgstrupian trust nonetheless reveals at least three important commonalities between Levinas and Løgstrup’s moral projects: an understanding of war and ethics as metaphysical opposites; an emphasis on openness to the other as something that transcends the prudential order of norms and laws; and a view of the ethical as that which breaks into and disrupts the order of human instrumental calculation.
Disagreement, Deference, and Religious Commitment
Authors: Pittard John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The striking extent of religious disagreement suggests that religious conviction is very often the result of processes that do not reliably produce true beliefs. For this reason, many have argued that the only rational response to religious disagreement is to adopt a religious skepticism that eschews confident religious belief. This book contests this conclusion, explaining how it could be rational to maintain confident religious (or irreligious) belief even in the face of persistent disagreement. Part I argues against the commitment to rigorous epistemic impartiality that underlies the case for disagreement-motivated religious skepticism, while also critiquing highly sanguine approaches to disagreement that allow for an unproblematic privileging of one’s first-person perspective. According to the position defended in part I, justified confidence in the face of religious disagreement is likely to require that one have rational insight into reasons that favor one’s outlook. It is argued that many of the rational insights that are crucial to assessing religious outlooks are not achievable through analytical reasoning but only through having the right sort of emotional experiences. Part II considers the implications for religious commitment of accepting the impartiality requirement favored by “disagreement skeptics.” Challenges are raised to the assumption that a commitment to rigorous epistemic impartiality rules out confident religious belief. But it is further argued that such a commitment would likely make it irrational to pursue one’s favored form of religious life and might lead to normative uncertainty that would prevent rational engagement in any religious or irreligious way of life whatsoever.
Institutional Genesis
Authors: Belvadi Anilkumar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 traces the logic American missionaries employed in advocating Sunday schools as a suitable answer to their problem of finding audiences for their message. Bazaar-preaching did not produce many converts. Missionaries tried to expand the notion of itinerant preaching: rather than merely present Christianity as a personal path to a secure afterlife, they attempted holding out prospects for a better standard of living for all in this world if they accepted Christianity. The responses usually were those of admiration for the material facts they presented about “Christian countries,” but accompanied by an assertive rejection of any notion of Christian causality. The recalcitrance of their ill-educated adult interlocutors frustrated missionaries and their attention thence turned to children. However, thanks to the availability of government grants-in-aid after 1854, there was increased competition in education from non-Christian groups wanting to set up government-approved secular schools. It was in this context that missionaries felt that Sunday schools, being independent of government funds, could teach Christian doctrine without fear of interference. Further, they expected thousands of non-Christians, eager for any education in English, to attend Sunday Schools, disregarding the evangelical intent of the schools’ sponsors. The India Sunday School Union was formed in 1876 following extensive pan-denominational missionary discussions on the need for a formal organization patterned after “modern” Western bureaucracies, educational systems, armies, and so forth. The chapter details the methods, including the use of advertising, small bribes, and favor-seeking with influential, Christian-minded colonial officials, by which missionaries assembled students. The chapter ends with a statistical review of Sunday school attendance in the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
The Finger of the Scribe
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Finger of the Scribe shows how ancient Israelite scribes learned to read and write. It demonstrates that early alphabetic curriculum developed at the end of the second millennium, while Egypt still ruled over Canaan and scribes used cuneiform as a lingua franca. This political and social context provides the background for the emergence of early alphabetic literacy in Israel. Using comparisons from Mesopotamia and Egypt, archaeological evidence, and fresh interpretations of old and new Hebrew inscriptions, this book pieces together the early Israelite scribal education. A basic principle in scribal literacy was the adaptation of their education for doing their day-to-day work as well as for the emergence of new literary genres. In this way, The Finger of the Scribe illustrates the many ways in which scribal education shaped the writing of the Hebrew Bible itself.
The Emergence of Scribal Education in Ancient Israel
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter first sketches out the history of scholarship on scribal education. The chapter summarizes new archaeological discoveries that point to the overlap between the Late Bronze Age cuneiform scribal culture and the emergence of early alphabetic writing in Canaan/Israel. This overlap provides a vector of transmission from cuneiform to early alphabetic education. Tangible evidence of this vector of transmission is found in cuneiform school texts dating to the Late Bronze Age, which is the only time such school texts are known in the southern Levant. Thus, scribal training in cuneiform overlaps the emergence of the alphabet in the southern Levant. Parallels of the borrowing from cuneiform and development of alphabetic school curriculum can also be adduced from the Ugaritic alphabetic tradition.
Scribal Curriculum at Kuntillet ʿAjrud
Authors: Schniedewind William M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a new interpretation of the Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions as a variety of scribal exercises that parallel the basic outlines of the early cuneiform school curriculum. Using the framework of cuneiform school curriculum, this chapter analyzes the evidence from Kuntillet ʿAjrud. Elementary curriculum was found on two large jars that show evidence of students writing, erasing, and repeating practice texts. Evidence of elementary curriculum includes abecedaries, vocabulary lists, model texts, and proverbial sayings. Inscriptions on the plastered walls of the fortress may have served as advanced texts, taken from liturgy, which students memorized and recited. This evidence can be supplemented from fragmentary evidence from other sites as well as comparative evidence from Ugaritic.
Introduction
Authors: Polèse Mario 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s principal premise, “Why Nations Matter,” and its guiding template, “The Ten Pillars of Urban Success,” which underpin much of what follows. Nations matter because the very institutional existence of “cities” as distinct administrative units is decided by national/state governments and because the principal tools that underpin the creation of wealth (monetary policy, the rule of law, sound macroeconomic management, etc.) are in the hands of national governments. Looking at cities through a national lens, from nation to neighborhood, allows the reader to uncover relationships that are often overlooked. A strong central business district (CBD) cannot be divorced from a strong national currency. The Ten Pillars of Urban Success walk the reader through the attributes that allow a city to succeed or, alternatively, cause it to fail, starting at the top with wise (or unwise) national governments to well-managed local neighborhoods conducive to productive interaction.
Pradyumna
Authors: Austin Christopher R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This monograph provides the first full-scale English language study of Pradyumna, the son of the Hindu god Kṛṣṇa. Often represented as a young man in mid-adolescence, Pradyumna is both a handsome double of his demon-slaying father and the rebirth of Kāmadeva, the God of Love. Sanskrit epic, purāṇic, and kāvya narratives of the 300–1300 ce period celebrate Pradyumna’s sexual potency, mastery of illusory subterfuges, and military prowess in supporting the work of his avatāra father. These materials reflect chiefly the values of an evolving Brahminical and Vaiṣṇava tradition deeply invested in the imperatives of family, patriline, the violent but necessary defense of the social and cosmic order, and the celebration of beauty and desire as a means to the divine. As such, Pradyumna’s evolving narratives, almost completely unknown in existing studies of Hindu mythology, provide a point of access to the development of Krishna bhakti and Vaiṣṇava theism more broadly. However, Jain sources cast Pradyumna as an exemplary figure through whom a pointed rejection of these values can be articulated, even while sharing certain of their elementary premises. This book assembles these narratives, presents key Sanskrit materials in translation and summary form, and articulates the social, gender, and religious values encoded in them. Most importantly, the study argues that Pradyumna’s signature two-handed maneuver—the audacious appropriation of a feminine partner, effectuating and enabled by the emasculating destruction of her demonic male protector—communicates a persisting fantasy of male power, expressed in the language of mutually implicating sex and violence.
The Emergence of an Epidemic
Authors: Finkelman Elizabeth M. , McGinnis J. Michael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The opioid crisis has roots deep in history, including social, cultural, and economic factors and trends that have driven the current epidemic. In this chapter, the authors describe the history of opioid use and its evolution to the current day. The modern epidemic has been spurred by the early marketing of pain medications as “nonaddictive,” increased availability of both prescription and illicit opioids in the United States, and perceptions that drug misuse and addiction are individual “moral failings” versus a broader understanding of addiction as being driven by broader social and environmental factors such as community resilience and social cohesion. The chapter suggests several opportunities to improve efforts to end the epidemic, including working with clinicians and community leaders to change health system procedures and to adopt policies that support communities in efforts to address the social determinants of health.
Public Health Approaches to Overdose Prevention and Harm Reduction
Authors: Lysyshyn Mark , Tyndall Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Harm reduction aims to reduce the negative consequences of drug use in people unable or unwilling to stop. This chapter focus on harm reduction policies, programs, and practices that have been employed in Vancouver, British Columbia, including the controversial introduction of supervised injection sites. Using data from the Vancouver experience, the authors describe successful harm reduction efforts that have resulted in no overdose deaths in Vancouver’s supervised injection facilities. The authors stress that harm reduction approaches are meant to be complementary to prevention and treatment approaches, acknowledging that it is not currently possible to prevent or treat all cases of problematic substance use and also that addiction is a relapsing chronic condition. Other harm reduction strategies include drug checking and alerting, take-home naloxone, injectable therapies, hydromorphone distribution, and peer engagement.
Stigma and the Language of Addiction
Authors: Botticelli Michael , Barry Colleen L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Stigma influences attitudes toward individuals and groups, and these attitudes are expressed in how we as a nation have dealt with addiction in general and the opioid crisis in particular. Stigma is defined as a strong lack of respect for a person or a group of people or a bad opinion of them because they have done something or have traits of which society disapproves. Stigma creates misperceptions about how to end the opioid crisis and acts as a barrier for individuals with opioid use disorder to seek treatment and engage in recovery. Public attitudes toward addiction need to be changed to effectively end the epidemic, as does the language used to describe individuals who misuse drugs. Misperceptions and lack of understanding of addiction as a chronic disease have promoted the criminalization of individuals with substance use disorder rather than a public health approach. The case is made for policy changes that support new policy directions that stress parity in treatment for mental health and substance misuse with other “physical health” conditions as well as suggestions for better communications strategies to reduce stigma.
The Role of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) in Addressing the Opioid Overdose Epidemic
Authors: Baldwin Grant , Losby Jan L. , Sargent Wesley M. , Mells Jamie , Bacon Sarah 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) are secure, online, state-based databases that contain information about controlled substance prescriptions written by clinicians and dispensed by pharmacists within a jurisdiction. In this chapter, current and future trends impacting PDMPs are reviewed and the implication of these trends for the future development of even more effective PDMPs is discussed. Uses of PDMPs by public health partners are also reviewed. For example, law enforcement officials may use data collected by PDMPs when investigating unusual prescribing patterns. Law enforcement officials may also use PMDP data in drug courts and other criminal diversion programs. Medical licensing boards use PMDP data to assess aberrant prescribing practices. Health systems, insurers, and public health officials use aggregated PDMP data as part of their efforts to evaluate a quality improvement initiative, an opioid stewardship program to improve opioid prescribing system-wide, or broad changes to prescribing patterns across a city, county, or state.
Locations of God
Authors: Brett Mark G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Political theology includes critical reflection on the intersections of religious, political, and economic life, and in the Hebrew Bible, it is articulated in many different ways. Examining a range of key topics—sovereignty, leadership, law, peoplehood, hospitality, redemption, creation, and eschatology—this book focuses in particular on conceptions of nationhood and empire, showing how they have figured in the forming and re-forming of ancient Israel’s social body in a number of geographical settings. The argument suggests that the national imaginary and its imperial alternatives were woven into the biblical traditions by authors who enjoyed very little in the way of political sovereignty. Eight different political theologies are outlined, articulated in the diverse genres of historiography, law, prophecy, and wisdom. The classic biblical literature has shaped the social imaginations of many peoples from ancient Canaan to global Christianity today, so attention is also given to key developments in the history of the Bible’s reception, particularly in the rise of modern polities, and in a variety of colonial projects. Understanding the inner-biblical debates and their later interpretations will continue to be relevant for those who still live within the Bible’s history of reception.