bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-HDL or LDL cholesterol in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: findings of the Simon Broome Register
Authors: Soran Handrean , Cooper Jackie A. , Durrington Paul N. , Capps Nigel , McDowell Ian F.W. , Humphries Steve E. , Neil Andrew 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
The role of non-HDL-C in the identification and management of lipid disorders is not clearly defined, although UK guidelines recommend its wider use in assessing the need for lipid-lowering therapy and as a treatment target.

Recent findings
We examined the implications of the use of non-HDL-C as opposed to LDL-C in 253 people with hypercholesterolaemia before treatment and 573 after treatment in whom fasting total serum cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C had been recorded and the diagnosis of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (heFH) was investigated by genetic testing. The difference and the limits of agreement between non-HDL-C and LDL-C calculated using the Friedewald formula were assessed in those with and without heFH-causing mutations.

Summary
There were 147 mutation-positive and 106 mutation-negative pretreatment participants and 395 mutation-positive and 178 mutation-negative patients receiving treatment. The difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C pretreatment in mutation-positive people (mean LDL-C 7.73 mmol/l) was 0.67 mmol/l (95% CI 0.62–0.73) and posttreatment (mean LDL-C 4.71 mmol/l) was 0.62 mmol/l (95% CI 0.59–0.65) with wide limits of agreement of −0.02 to 1.37 and 0.07–1.18 mmol/l, respectively. Among patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, use of estimated LDL-C derived from non-HDL-C in place of calculated LDL-C may result in diagnostic misclassification and difficulty in assessing the true reduction in LDL-C with treatment, because of the wide inter-individual limits of agreement around the mean difference between non-HDL-C and LDL-C.
Clostridium difficile disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a recommended treatment paradigm
Authors: Wong Darren , Nanda Neha 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of reviewOrgan transplant recipients have an increased incidence ofClostridium difficiledisease and lower clinical response rates compared with the general population. Transplant specific treatment approaches are not defined. Therefore, a review of therapeutics in the transplant population is needed.Recent findingsA literature review on the current therapies forC. difficilewas performed focusing on the evidence in transplant recipients and immunosuppressed populations.SummaryTransplant patients warrant an aggressive approach to treatment. The authors propose a suggested treatment paradigm for therapy.
The artificial pancreas
Authors: Boughton Charlotte K. , Hovorka Roman 
Published: July 2020

Purpose of review
Advances in diabetes technologies have enabled the development of artificial pancreas (closed-loop) systems for people with diabetes. We review the key studies which have led to the adoption of the artificial pancreas in clinical practice and consider ongoing challenges and areas for future enhancements.

Recent findings
Studies have demonstrated safety and efficacy of closed-loop insulin delivery systems in free-living settings over periods of up to 6 months for children and adults with type 1 diabetes. Since 2017, four hybrid closed-loop systems have been approved by regulatory bodies worldwide, but these systems are not entirely automated, requiring user interaction to deliver mealtime insulin boluses. Improving usability of these devices in the real-world setting is an important challenge.

Summary
The artificial pancreas has become the gold standard for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. First-generation systems are increasingly being adopted in clinical practice, however further work is required, developing advanced systems and faster acting insulin analogues to allow complete automation and further reduce the burden of type 1 diabetes.
Resilience in Patients With Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yin Yizhen , Wang Anni , Li Hui , Li Juan , Yang Silan , Wu Yuchen , Zhang Jingping 
Published: July 2020

Background
Resilience is important for patients with cancer. However, the relationships among factors affecting the resilience of patients with lung cancer have not been studied sufficiently.

Objective
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationships among social support, resilience, self-efficacy, and symptom distress among patients with lung cancer.

Methods
Through simple random sampling, 303 patients with lung cancer from 4 tertiary hospitals in Changsha, China, were recruited for a cross-sectional descriptive correlational survey. Data were collected using demographic and disease-related information, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Strategies Used by People to Promote Health, the Perceived Social Support Scale, and the Symptom Distress Scale.

Results
Patients’ mean total resilience score was 50.01 ± 15.25. The fit indices for the model indicated a good fit. Social support had multiple effects on resilience; specifically, it had direct and indirect effects through the mediating role of self-efficacy. Symptom distress had only an indirect effect on resilience through self-efficacy.

Conclusions
Social support, symptom distress, and self-efficacy are key factors associated with resilience in patients with lung cancer. These factors had direct and indirect effects on each other and on resilience.

Implications for Practice
To enhance resilience among patients with lung cancer, interventions that strengthen self-efficacy, provide social support, and reduce symptom distress should be developed.
Pediatric Resuscitation Practices During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Morgan Ryan W. , Kienzle Martha , Sen Anita I. , Kilbaugh Todd J. , Dewan Maya , Raymond Tia T. , Himebauch Adam S. , Berg Robert A. , Tegtmeyer Ken , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Topjian Alexis A. , Sutton Robert M. , Wolfe Heather A. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
While most pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 cases are not life threatening, some children have severe disease requiring emergent resuscitative interventions. Resuscitation events present risks to healthcare provider safety and the potential for compromised patient care. Current resuscitation practices and policies for children with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 are unknown.

Design:
Multi-institutional survey regarding inpatient resuscitation practices during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

Setting:
Internet-based survey.

Subjects:
U.S. PICU representatives (one per institution) involved in resuscitation system planning and oversight.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 130 institutions surveyed, 78 (60%) responded. Forty-eight centers (62%) had admitted coronavirus disease 2019 patients; 26 (33%) reported code team activation for patients with suspected/confirmed coronavirus disease 2019. Sixty-seven respondents (86%) implemented changes to inpatient emergency response systems. The most common changes were as follows: limited number of personnel entering patient rooms (75; 96%), limited resident involvement (71; 91%), and new or refined team roles (74; 95%). New or adapted technology is being used for coronavirus disease 2019 resuscitations in 58 centers (74%). Most institutions (57; 73%) are using enhanced personal protective equipment for all coronavirus disease 2019 resuscitation events; 18 (23%) have personal protective equipment policies dependent on the performance of aerosol generating procedures. Due to coronavirus disease 2019, most respondents are intubating earlier during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (56; 72%), utilizing video laryngoscopy (67; 86%), pausing chest compressions during laryngoscopy (56; 72%), and leaving patients connected to the ventilator during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (56; 72%). Responses were varied regarding airway personnel, prone cardiopulmonary resuscitation, ventilation strategy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation without an airway in place, and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Most institutions (46; 59%) do not have policies regarding limitations of resuscitation efforts in coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

Conclusions:
Most U.S. pediatric institutions rapidly adapted their resuscitation systems and practices in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Changes were commonly related to team members and roles, personal protective equipment, and airway and breathing management, reflecting attempts to balance quality resuscitation with healthcare provider safety.
Go Gross or Go Home: The Importance of Gross Examination in Lung Cancer Staging and Diagnosis of Nonneoplastic Diseases
Authors: Huang Tao , Hughes Kenneth T. , Myers Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Gross examination is fundamental to the practice of surgical pathology. Accurate diagnosis can often be made based on the classic gross appearance of a lung lesion. On the other hand, inaccurate diagnosis or wrong tumor staging is unavoidable if lesions are missed, unrecognized, or inadequately sampled. Different grossing techniques should be used for grossing neoplastic and nonneoplastic lung specimens.
The rough colony morphotype of Mycobacterium avium exhibits high virulence in human macrophages and mice
Authors: Nishimura Tomoyasu , Shimoda Masayuki , Tamizu Eiko , Uno Shunsuke , Uwamino Yoshifumi , Kashimura Shoko , Yano Ikuya , Hasegawa Naoki 
Published: July 2020

Introduction.The incidence ofMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) pulmonary disease (MAC PD), a refractory chronic respiratory tract infection, is increasing worldwide. MAC has three predominant colony morphotypes: smooth opaque (SmO), smooth transparent (SmT) and rough (Rg).Aim.To determine whether colony morphotypes can predict the prognosis of MAC PD, we evaluated the virulence of SmO, SmT and Rg in mice and in human macrophages.Methodology.We compared the characteristics of mice and human macrophages infected with the SmO, SmT, or Rg morphotypes ofM. aviumsubsp.hominissuis104. C57BL/6 mice and human macrophages derived from peripheral mononuclear cells were used in these experiments.Results.In comparison to SmO- or SmT-infected mice, Rg-infected mice revealed severe pathologically confirmed pneumonia, increased lung weight and increased lung bacterial burden. Rg-infected macrophages revealed significant cytotoxicity, increased bacterial burden, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and chemokines (CCL5 and CCL3), and formation of cell clusters. Rg formed larger bacterial aggregates than SmO and SmT. Cytotoxicity, bacterial burden and secretion of IL-6, CCL5 and CCL3 were induced strongly by Rg infection, and were decreased by disaggregation of the bacteria.Conclusion.M. aviumRg, which is associated with bacterial aggregation, has the highest virulence among the predominant colony morphotypes.
Phenotypic and genetic associations between anhedonia and brain structure in UK Biobank
Authors: Zhu Xingxing , Ward Joey , Cullen Breda , Lyall Donald M. , Strawbridge Rona J. , Smith Daniel J. , Lyall Laura M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnhedonia is a core symptom of multiple psychiatric disorders and has been associated with changes in brain structure. Genome-wide association studies suggest that anhedonia is heritable with a polygenic architecture but few studies have explored the association between genetic loading for anhedonia - indexed by polygenic risk scores for anhedonia (PRS-anhedonia) - and structural brain imaging phenotypes. We investigated how anhedonia and polygenic risk for anhedonia were associated with brain structure within the UK Biobank cohort.MethodsBrain measures (including total grey/white matter volumes, subcortical volumes, cortical thickness and white matter integrity) were analysed in relation to the self-reported anhedonia phenotype and PRS-anhedonia for 17,492 participants (8,506 males and 8,986 females; mean age = 62.81 years, SD = 7.43), using linear mixed models and including mediation analyses.ResultsState anhedonia was significantly associated with smaller total grey matter volume (GMV), smaller volumes in thalamus and nucleus accumbens; as well as reduced cortical thickness within the paracentral gyrus, the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus and the rostral anterior cingulate cortex. PRS-anhedonia was associated with reduced total GMV, increased total white matter volume and reduced white matter integrity; in addition to reduced cortical thickness within the parahippocampal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus and the insula cortex.ConclusionsBoth the state anhedonia phenotype and PRS-anhedonia were associated with differences in multiple brain structures/areas, including within reward-related circuits. These differences may represent vulnerability markers for psychopathology across a range of psychiatric disorders.
The ammonia oxidizing bacteriumNitrosomonas eutrophaD23 blocks T helper 2 cell polarization via IL-10 – mediated interference with dendritic cell activation
Authors: Maura Damien , Elmekki Nazik , Goddard Alex 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of atopic diseases has been steadily increasing since the mid 20thcentury, a rise that has been linked to modern hygienic lifestyles that limit exposure to microbes and immune system maturation. Overactive type 2 CD4+ helper T (Th2) cells are known to be closely associated with atopy and represent a key target for treatment. In this study, we report that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB)Nitrosomonas eutrophaD23, an environmental microbe that is not associated with human pathology, effectively suppresses the polarization of Th2 cells and production of Th2-associated cytokines (IL-5, IL-13, & IL-4) by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We show that AOB inhibit Th2 cell polarization not through Th1-mediated suppression, but rather through an IL-10-mediated mechanism that interferes with the activation of dendritic cells, as evidenced by a reduction in Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II (MHC II) and CD86 expression following AOB treatment. This is the first report of immunomodulatory properties of AOB and supports the development of AOB as a potential therapeutic for atopic diseases.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTCreated withBioRender.com
More than meets the eye: syntopic and morphologically similar mangrove killifish species show different mating systems and patterns of genetic structure along the Brazilian coast
Authors: Berbel-Filho Waldir M. , Tatarenkov Andrey , Espirito-Santo Helder M. V. , Lira Mateus G. , de Leaniz Carlos Garcia , Lima Sergio M. Q. , Consuegra Sofia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDifferent mating systems can strongly affect the extent of genetic diversity and population structure among species. Given the increased effects of genetic drift on reduced population size, theory predicts that species undergoing self-fertilization should have greater population structure than outcrossed species, however demographic dynamics may affect this scenario. The mangrove killifish clade is composed of the two only known examples of self-fertilising species among vertebrates(Kryptolebias marmoratusandK. hermaphroditus). A third species in this clade,K. ocellatus,inhabits mangrove forests in southeast Brazil, however its mating system and patterns of genetic structure have been rarely explored. Here, we examined the genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns ofK. ocellatusalong its distribution, using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites to compare its patterns of genetic structure with the predominantly selfing and often syntopic,K. hermaphroditus. Our results indicate thatK. ocellatusreproduces mainly by outcrossing across much of its known range, with no current evidence of selfing, despite being an androdioecious species. Our results also reveal a stronger population subdivision inK. ocellatuscompared toK. hermaphroditus, contrary to the theoretical predictions based on reproductive biology of the two species Our findings indicate that, although morphologically similar,K. ocellatusandK. hermaphroditushad remarkably different evolutionary histories when colonising the same mangrove areas in south-eastern Brazil, with other factors (e. g. time of colonisation, dispersal/establishment capacity) having more profound effects on the current population structuring of those species than differences in mating systems.
RNA degradation sculpts the maternal transcriptome duringDrosophilaoogenesis
Authors: Blatt Patrick , Wong-Deyrup Siu Wah , McCarthy Alicia , Breznak Shane , Hurton Matthew D. , Upadhyay Maitreyi , Bennink Benjamin , Camacho Justin , Lee Miler T. , Rangan Prashanth 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn sexually reproducing animals, the oocyte contributes a large supply of RNAs that are essential to launch development upon fertilization. The mechanisms that regulate the composition of the maternal RNA contribution during oogenesis are unclear. Here, we show that a subset of RNAs expressed during the early stages of oogenesis is subjected to regulated degradation during oocyte specification. Failure to remove these RNAs results in oocyte dysfunction and death. We identify the RNA-degrading Super Killer complex and No-Go Decay factor Pelota as key regulators of oogenesis via targeted clearance of RNAs expressed in germline stem cells. These regulators target RNAs enriched for cytidine sequences bound by the protein Half pint. Thus, RNA degradation helps orchestrate a germ cell-to-maternal transition by sculpting the maternal RNA contribution to the zygote.
Genomic and TCR Repertoire Intratumor Heterogeneity of Small-cell Lung Cancer and its Impact on Survival
Authors: Chen Ming , Chen Runzhe , Jin Ying , Li Jun , Zhang Jiexin , Fujimoto Junya , Lee Won-Chul , Hu Xin , Hubert Shawna Maria , George Julie , Hu Xiao , Chen Yamei , Behrens Carmen , Chow Chi-Wan , Pham Hoa H.N. , Fukuoka Junya , Parra Edwin Roger , Gay Carl M. , Little Latasha D. , Gumbs Curtis , Song Xingzhi , Diao Lixia , Wang Qi , Cardnell Robert , Zhang Jianhua , Wang Jing , Gibbons Don L. , Heymach John V. , Lee J. Jack , William William N. , Glisson Bonnie , Wistuba Ignacio , Futreal P. Andrew , Thomas Roman K. , Reuben Alexandre , Byers Lauren A. , Zhang Jianjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSmall-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is speculated to harbor complex genomic intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) associated with high recurrence rate and suboptimal response to immunotherapy. Here, we revealed a rather homogeneous mutational landscape but extremely suppressed and heterogeneous T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in SCLCs. Higher mutational burden, lower chromosomal copy number aberration (CNA) burden, less CNA ITH and less TCR ITH were associated with longer overall survival of SCLC patients. Compared to non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), SCLCs had similar predicted neoantigen burden and mutational ITH, but significantly more suppressed and heterogeneous TCR repertoire that may be associated with higher CNA burden and CNA ITH in SCLC. Novel therapeutic strategies targeting CNA could potentially improve the tumor immune microenvironment and response to immunotherapy in SCLC.
100+ years of bird survey data reveal changes in functional fingerprints indexing ecosystem health of a tropical montane forest through time
Authors: Gómez Camila , Tenorio Elkin A. , Cadena Carlos Daniel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEcologically relevant traits of organisms inhabiting an ecosystem determine its functional fingerprint. Quantifying changes in the shape, volume and shifts in the position of functional fingerprints can provide information about the effects of diversity loss or gain through time, and is a promising means to monitor ecological integrity. This, however, is seldom possible owing to limitations in historical surveys and lack of data on organismal traits, particularly in diverse tropical regions. Using detailed bird surveys from four time periods across more than one century and morphological traits of 233 species, we quantified changes in the avian functional fingerprint of a tropical montane forest site in the Andes of Colombia. We found that 79% of the variation in functional space, regardless of time period, was described by three major axes summarizing body size, dispersal ability, and habitat breadth. Changes in species composition caused significant alterations of the functional fingerprint of the assemblage, with 35 – 60% reductions in functional richness and dispersion. Owing to species extirpations and to novel additions to the assemblage, functional space is currently smaller and at least 11% different to what it was a century ago, with fewer large-sized species, more good dispersers, and fewer habitat specialists. Extirpated species had high values of functional uniqueness and distinctiveness, resulting in large reductions of functional richness and dispersion after their loss, implying potentially important consequences for ecosystem functioning. Conservation efforts aimed at maintaining ecosystem function must move beyond maintaining species numbers to designing strategies for the maintenance of ecological function by identifying and conserving species with traits conferring high vulnerability.
Phenotypic variation in two widespread Caribbean corals —Porites astreoidesandP. divaricata— between mangrove and lagoon habitats
Authors: Lord Karina Scavo , Barcala Anna , Aichelman Hannah E. , Kriefall Nicola G. , Brown Chloe , Knasin Lauren , Secor Riley , Tone Cailey , Tsang Laura , Finnerty John R. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTAs coral reefs experience dramatic declines in coral cover throughout the tropics, there is an urgent need to understand the role that non-reef habitats such as mangroves play in the ecological niche of corals. Mangrove habitats present a challenge to reef-dwelling corals as they can differ dramatically from adjacent reef habitats with respect to key environmental parameters such as temperature and light. As variation in temperature and light within reef habitats is known to drive intraspecific differences in coral phenotype, we hypothesized that coral species which can exploit both reef and mangrove habitats will exhibit predictable differences in phenotype between habitats. To investigate how intraspecific variation, driven by either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity, might enable particular coral species to exploit these two qualitatively different habitat types, we compared the phenotypes of two widespread Caribbean corals —Porites divaricataandP. astreoides—in mangrove versus lagoon habitats on Turneffe Atoll, Belize. We document significant differences in colony size, color, structural complexity, and corallite morphology between habitats. In every instance, the difference between mangrove and lagoon corals was consistent inP. divaricataandP. astreoides. This study is the first to document intraspecific phenotypic diversity in corals occupying mangrove versus patch-reef habitats, and it provides a foundation for understanding why some “reef coral” species can exploit mangroves, while others cannot.