bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Enslaved Children Called to Come to Jesus? Freeborn and Enslaved Children in John Chrysostom’s On Vainglory
Authors: Martens John W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
John Chrysostom, circa 349–407 ce, wrote “On Vainglory, or The Right Way to Raise Children,” which purports to be about raising all Christian children. In fact, out of ninety chapters, only one deals with girls. Even more significant are the numerous overlooked children in the text, who are present but whose Christian education is never discussed because they are enslaved. This paper utilizes childist criticism to draw these enslaved children from hiddenness into plain sight. The paper is situated in the context of Jesus’ teaching about children because Chrysostom believes that the best way to raise children is by teaching them stories from the Bible, Hebrew Bible first, then New Testament, but instead of an openness to all children he discusses only freeborn, elite boys. Chrysostom’s treatise exposes the context of how few children in late antiquity could be shaped by biblical interpretation intended for all children. (147 words)
The Politics of Reproductive Health in Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Johnson Tina Phillips 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dr. Lin Qiaozhi (1901-83) was China’s foremost female physician whose career reflects the country’s reproductive health policies from the Republican era to the early People’s Republic. This article examines the interconnections of politics and reproductive health campaigns in China, from Republican reliance on foreign philanthropic support, through the early PRC alliance and subsequent break with the Soviet Union, to China’s reforms in the 1970s. Lin’s life illuminates the many central shifts and tensions across the twentieth century: as a Western-trained physician, Lin represents the role of biomedicine in a modernizing China and the importance of reproductive health in forming a robust body politic. As an establishment intellectual, Lin was a model propagandist supporting government policy while using her power as a platform to serve her own goals. As a lifelong single woman with no children, Lin’s life manifests the ongoing conflict between the traditional values of wife and mother versus a woman’s independence, liberation, and the pursuit of a challenging and fulfilling career. Lin’s legacy continues into the twenty-first century as she remains an icon for young women and a role model for members of the medical profession.
Punning on Running: Verbal Horseplay at Psalm 147:10
Authors: Shnider Steven , Zalcman Lawrence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Psalm 147:10 comprises an elaborate play on words, involving the parasonant pairs חפץ/קפץ and רצה/רוץ, in which the words of desire and approval חפץ and רצה call to mind, in auditory fashion, the very actions which are stated to be objects of Divine indifference.
Sinless, Sonless and Seal of Prophets: Muḥammad and Kor 33, 36-40, Revisited
Authors: Powers David Stephan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In his article, “Between History and Exegesis: the Origins and Transformation of the Story of Muḥammad and Zaynab bt Ǧaḥš,” published in Arabica, 65/1-2 (2018), p. 31-63, Andreas Görke argues that the reference in Kor 33, 37 to Muḥammad’s marriage to the former wife of a man named Zayd “seems to refer to an historical event” and that later exegetical expansions of the episode are based on an “historical kernel.” He adds that these exegetical expansions were modeled on the encounter between David and Bathsheba in II Samuel 11-12 and that the connection between the Islamic and biblical episodes stands at the beginning of the Muslim “preoccupation” with v. 37. Building upon Görke’s scholarship, I show how the early Muslim community created a plausible Sitz im Leben for the episode; establish with greater precision the starting point of the Muslim “preoccupation” with the connection between Muḥammad’s marriage to Zayd’s former wife and David’s marriage to the wife of Uriah the Hittite; and suggest that the qurʾānic treatment of the episode contains a seed of what would become the doctrine of ʿiṣma or the impeccability of prophets. Finally, I propose that the important question for historians is not the event to which the episode purportedly refers but rather the larger geo-political context for the emergence of the qurʾānic proclamation that Muḥammad is ḫātam al-nabiyyīn or the Seal of Prophets. To this end, I seek to shift the scholarly gaze from a domestic crisis in the household of Muḥammad in Medina ca
AH 5 to early Christian polemics against Islam and its Prophet and to Byzantine imperial ideology.
Coexistent but Uncoordinated: Asset Freezing Measures at the International Criminal Court and the UN Security Council
Authors: Birkett Daley J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Both the International Criminal Court (icc) and the UN Security Council (unsc) are vested with the capacity to request States to freeze individuals’ assets. The two bodies are also bound to cooperate closely under the terms of their relationship agreement ‘with a view to facilitating the effective discharge of their respective responsibilities’. This article examines whether this obligation extends to the unsc coordinating its targeted sanctions regime to support the icc in respect of the enforcement powers with which the latter is equipped. It does so by analysing eight cases where unsc action (could) have coincided with icc operations, with a particular focus on the (non-)parallel implementation of the two bodies’ asset freezing procedures. The article demonstrates that, though the activities of the unsc and the icc in this sphere of their respective operations might have overlapped on a number of occasions, they have rarely been deliberately coordinated. This leads the author to conclude that close cooperation as envisaged in the relationship agreement between the two bodies is unlikely on this front.
The Problem with Sandra
Authors: Milford Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The orangutan, Sandra, has been legally granted the status of ‘non-human person.’ Although, a great victory for those who promote animal rights, this has raised questions about the contemporary approaches to personhood. Recent relational ontological shifts, evident in both secular and theological anthropology, risks unfortunate consequences. Like a snake eating its own tail, without proper circumspection, relational ontology is in danger of postulating a problematic circularity of persons creating persons out of nothing. This article explores these recent shifts, the possible pitfalls of relational ontology, and proposes certain theological desiderata.
R2P and Prevention: The International Community and Its Role in the Determinants of Mass Atrocity
Authors: Bohm Alexandra , Brown Garrett Wallace 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There has been increased focus on atrocity prevention and the preventative elements associated with Pillar ii of the Responsibility to Protect. Policymakers and academics have offered a range of short-term preventative measures available so that the international community can better fulfil its Pillar ii responsibilities. This article challenges this current R2P thinking by arguing that its short-termism insufficiently focuses on de-escalation of risk within already present cycles of violence while dealing superficially with long-term causes and the ways in which the international community is a contributing factor in underwriting systemic and structural determinants of violence which erode state resilience against mass atrocity. As an alternative, this article examines a number of ways in which key actors of the international community contribute to determinants of mass violence and further offer recommendations for how they could better discharge their long-term preventative responsibilities by first reforming their own practices.
75 Years of International Law-Making at the United Nations
Authors: de Serpa Soares Miguel 
Published: December 2020

For the last 75 years, the UN has been placed at the centre of international law-making. The Organization can be considered both as a place where international law is discussed, made and interpreted by its Member States and as a proper actor, with its own international legal personality, voice and practice, engaged in the creation and implementation of international law.
This article considers the extraordinary position of the UN in providing a unique contribution to the development, codification and implementation of international law in branches ranging from the law of treaties to the legal principles governing the protection and preservation of the marine environment or the criminal accountability for graves violations of international humanitarian law.
On its 75th anniversary, the Organization has demonstrated its flexibility and adaptability to the changing priorities and concerns of the international community and facilitated the commitment of its Member States to multilateralism and the principles enshrined in the Charter signed on 26 June 1945 in San Francisco. Indeed, the outlook for the next 25 years of international law-making at the UN looks brighter than it may at first appear.
The Loshn Koydesh Component in Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish
Authors: Belk Zoë , Kahn Lily , Szendrői Kriszta Eszter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The loshn koydesh (Hebrew and Aramaic) component has historically influenced the development of Yiddish lexis and grammar. We examine its contemporary use among 26 native speakers of contemporary Hasidic Yiddish from Israel, New York, and London using a written questionnaire examining the gender of loshn koydesh nouns, periphrastic verbs with a Hebrew/Aramaic element, and adjectives derived from the loshn koydesh element of periphrastics. Our findings show that there are differences on both the geographical and gender axes, many of which are consistent with the speakers’ varied exposure to Modern Hebrew, English, and loshn koydesh. We also found that the loshn koydesh component has developed since the pre-War stage of the language in ways that seem to affect contemporary Hasidic Yiddish usage in all locations and for both genders. We take these developments to provide evidence for the existence of this newly emergent variety of Yiddish – Contemporary Hasidic Yiddish.
Effect of Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter Sampling Volume Size on Measurements of Turbulence
Authors: Kazemi Mohammad , Khorsandi Babak , Mydlarski Laurent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe relatively large sampling volume of acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs) is expected to influence their measurement of turbulence. To study this effect, a series of experiments using different sampling volume sizes was conducted in an axisymmetric turbulent jet. The results show that the mean velocities are not significantly affected by the size of the sampling volume. On the other hand, reducing the sampling volume size results in an increase in the variances of the u and υ velocities, while its effect on the variance of the w velocity is negligible. Application of a noise-reduction method to the data renders the velocity variances nearly independent of sampling volume size, suggesting that the difference was mainly due to Doppler noise. The principal conclusion of this work is, therefore, that—as long as the characteristic length of sampling volume is much smaller than the integral length scale of flow—increasing the sampling volume size (i.e., increasing spatial averaging over highly correlated scatterers) can reduce Doppler noise and result in more accurate measurements of the velocity variances. Application of noise-reduction methods to the data is found to be especially important when the sampling volume size is reduced to capture smaller scales, or for near-boundary measurements. Furthermore, noise due to mean velocity shear, even at the largest velocity gradient along the jet radial profile, is found to be negligible in the present work.
Quantitative expression of Ikaros, IRF4, and PSMD10 proteins predicts survival in VRD-treated patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Misiewicz-Krzeminska Irena , de Ramón Cristina , Corchete Luis A. , Krzeminski Patryk , Rojas Elizabeta A. , Isidro Isabel , García-Sanz Ramón , Martínez-López Joaquín , Oriol Albert , Bladé Joan , Lahuerta Juan-José , San Miguel Jesús , Rosiñol Laura , Mateos María-Victoria , Gutiérrez Norma C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe search for biomarkers based on the mechanism of drug action has not been thoroughly addressed in the therapeutic approaches to multiple myeloma (MM), mainly because of the difficulty in analyzing proteins obtained from purified plasma cells. Here, we investigated the prognostic impact of the expression of 12 proteins involved in the mechanism of action of bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRD), quantified by capillary nanoimmunoassay, in CD138-purified samples from 174 patients with newly diagnosed MM treated according to the PETHEMA/GEM2012 study. A high level of expression of 3 out of 5 proteasome components tested (PSMD1, PSMD4, and PSMD10) negatively influenced survival. The 5 analyzed proteins involved in lenalidomide’s mode of action were associated with time to progression (TTP); low levels of cereblon and IRF4 protein and high levels of Ikaros, AGO2, and Aiolos were significantly associated with shorter TTP. Although the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) level by itself had no significant impact on MM prognosis, a high XPO1 (exportin 1)/GCR ratio was associated with shorter TTP and progression-free survival (PFS). The multivariate Cox model identified high levels of PSMD10 (hazard ratio [HR] TTP, 3.49; P = .036; HR PFS, 5.33; P = .004) and Ikaros (HR TTP, 3.01, P = .014; HR PFS, 2.57; P = .028), and low levels of IRF4 protein expression (HR TTP, 0.33; P = .004; HR PFS, 0.35; P = .004) along with high-risk cytogenetics (HR TTP, 3.13; P &lt; .001; HR PFS, 2.69; P = .002), as independently associated with shorter TTP and PFS. These results highlight the value of assessing proteins related to the mechanism of action of drugs used in MM for predicting treatment outcome.
NADPH oxidase correction by mRNA transfection of apheresis granulocytes in chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: De Ravin Suk See , Brault Julie , Meis Ronald J. , Li Linhong , Theobald Narda , Bonifacino Aylin C. , Lei Hong , Liu Taylor Q. , Koontz Sherry , Corsino Cristina , Zarakas Marissa A. , Desai Jigar V. , Clark Aaron B. , Choi Uimook , Metzger Mark E. , West Kamille , Highfill Steven L. , Kang Elizabeth , Kuhns Douglas B. , Lionakis Michail S. , Stroncek David F. , Dunbar Cynthia E. , Tisdale John F. , Donahue Robert E. , Dahl Gary A. , Malech Harry L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGranulocytes from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have dysfunctional phagocyte reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase that fails to generate sufficient antimicrobial reactive oxidative species. CGD patients with severe persistent fungal or bacterial infection who do not respond to antibiotic therapy may be given apheresis-derived allogeneic granulocyte transfusions from healthy volunteers to improve clearance of intractable infections. Allogeneic granulocyte donors are not HLA matched, so patients who receive the donor granulocyte products may develop anti-HLA alloimmunity. This not only precludes future use of allogeneic granulocytes in an alloimmunized CGD recipient, but increases the risk of graft failure of those recipients who go on to need an allogeneic bone marrow transplant. Here, we provide the first demonstration of efficient functional restoration of CGD patient apheresis granulocytes by messenger RNA (mRNA) electroporation using a scalable, Good Manufacturing Practice–compliant system to restore protein expression and NADPH oxidase function. Dose-escalating clinical-scale in vivo studies in a nonhuman primate model verify the feasibility, safety, and persistence in peripheral blood of infusions of mRNA-transfected autologous granulocyte-enriched apheresis cells, supporting this novel therapeutic approach as a potential nonalloimmunizing adjunct treatment of intractable infections in CGD patients.
High progression-free survival after intermediate intensity double unit cord blood transplantation in adults
Authors: Barker Juliet N. , Devlin Sean M. , Naputo Kristine A. , Skinner Kelcey , Maloy Molly A. , Flynn Lisa , Anagnostou Theodora , Avecilla Scott T. , Scaradavou Andromachi , Cho Christina , Dahi Parastoo B. , Giralt Sergio A. , Gyurkocza Boglarka , Hanash Alan M. , Hsu Katharine , Jakubowski Ann A. , Papadopoulos Esperanza B. , Peled Jonathan U. , Perales Miguel-Angel , Sauter Craig S. , Shah Gunjan L. , Shaffer Brian C. , Tamari Roni , Young James W. , Roshal Mikhail , O’Reilly Richard J. , Ponce Doris M. , Politikos Ioannis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cord blood transplantation (CBT) after high intensity or nonmyeloablative conditioning has limitations. We investigated cyclosporine-A/mycophenolate mofetil–based intermediate intensity (cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg, fludarabine 150 mg/m2, thiotepa 10 mg/kg, total body irradiation 400 cGy) unmanipulated double-unit CBT (dCBT) with prioritization of unit quality and CD34+ cell dose in graft selection. Ninety adults (median age, 47 years [range, 21-63]; median hematopoietic cell transplantation comorbidity index, 2 [range, 0-8]; 61 [68%] acute leukemia) received double-unit grafts (median CD34+ cell dose, 1.3 × 105/kg per unit [range, 0.2-8.3]; median donor-recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match, 5/8 [range 3-7/8]). The cumulative incidences of sustained CB engraftment, day 180 grade III-IV acute, and 3-year chronic graft-versus-host disease were 99%, 24%, and 7%, respectively. Three-year transplant-related mortality (TRM) and relapse incidences were 15% and 9%, respectively. Three-year overall survival (OS) is 82%, and progression-free survival (PFS) is 76%. Younger age and higher engrafting unit CD34+ cell dose both improved TRM and OS, although neither impacted PFS. Engrafting unit-recipient HLA match was not associated with any outcome with a 3-year PFS of 79% in 39 patients engrafting with 3-4/8 HLA-matched units. In 52 remission acute leukemia patients, there was no association between minimal residual disease (MRD) and 3-year PFS: MRD negative of 88% vs MRD positive of 77% (P = .375). Intermediate intensity dCBT is associated with high PFS. Use of highly HLA mismatched and unmanipulated grafts permits wide application of this therapy, and the low relapse rates support robust graft-versus-leukemia effects even in patients with MRD.
A Hyper-redundant Elephant’s Trunk Robot with an Open Structure: Design, Kinematics, Control and Prototype
Authors: Zhao Yongjie , Song Xiaogang , Zhang Xingwei , Lu Xinjian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs for the complex operational tasks in the unstructured environment with narrow workspace and numerous obstacles, the traditional robots cannot accomplish these mentioned complex operational tasks and meet the dexterity demands. The hyper-redundant bionic robots can complete complex tasks in the unstructured environments by simulating the motion characteristics of the elephant’s trunk and octopus tentacles. Compared with traditional robots, the hyper-redundant bionic robots can accomplish complex tasks because of their flexible structure. A hyper-redundant elephant’s trunk robot (HRETR) with an open structure is developed in this paper. The content includes mechanical structure design, kinematic analysis, virtual prototype simulation, control system design, and prototype building. This design is inspired by the flexible motion of an elephant’s trunk, which is expansible and is composed of six unit modules, namely, 3UPS-PS parallel in series. First, the mechanical design of the HRETR is completed according to the motion characteristics of an elephant’s trunk and based on the principle of mechanical bionic design. After that, the backbone mode method is used to establish the kinematic model of the robot. The simulation software SolidWorks and ADAMS are combined to analyze the kinematic characteristics when the trajectory of the end moving platform of the robot is assigned. With the help of ANSYS, the static stiffness of each component and the whole robot is analyzed. On this basis, the materials of the weak parts of the mechanical structure and the hardware are selected reasonably. Next, the extensible structures of software and hardware control system are constructed according to the modular and hierarchical design criteria. Finally, the prototype is built and its performance is tested. The proposed research provides a method for the design and development for the hyper-redundant bionic robot.
Yolk sac tumor in intraabdominal undescended testis in a child with normal serum alpha-fetoprotein: a rare case report
Authors: Gupta Archika , Kureel Shiv Narain , Bhalla Shalini , Pandey Anand , Singh Gurmeet , Rai Rahul Kumar , Gupta Survesh Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Intraabdominal testicular tumors are rare in prepubertal children, and most of the cases reported are intraabdominal testicular teratoma. The present study reports the first case of intraabdominal testicular yolk sac tumor (YST) with normal preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein levels and diagnosis confirmed on histopathology and immunohistochemistry.

Case Presentation
A 2-year-old boy presented with bilateral nonpalpable undescended testes (UDT) and abdominal mass. Preoperative serum alpha-fetoprotein was normal. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) scan of whole abdomen revealed a heterogeneous mildly enhancing space-occupying lesion in midline and left side of pelvis, left intraabdominal testis and nonvisualization of right testis. During surgery, the mass was found to involve right testis with one turn of torsion of its pedicle. Derotation of testis was performed, and right radical orchiectomy was performed. Left orchiopexy was also performed at the same time. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry confirmed diagnosis of intraabdominal testicular YST. There was no recurrence or distant metastasis at 12-month follow-up after surgery.

Conclusion
In a case of nonpalpable UDT and abdominal mass/pain, one should always consider possibility of intraabdominal testicular tumor and should investigate the case with serum tumor markers and ultrasound/CECT abdomen. Further, histology of tumor helps in guiding treatment of condition.