bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yesterday and Today
Authors: McCall Thomas H. , Stanglin Keith D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn Chapter 6, we take brief notice of other anti-Calvinist (and distinctly Protestant) movements that emerged after the sixteenth century, including some groups that did not always self-designate as Arminian, such as the English Baptists, nonsubscribing Presbyterians, and the American (Stone-Campbell) Restoration Movement. We then take stock of the breadth of Arminian views in the twentieth and early part of the twenty-first centuries, with a special emphasis on movements arising from Methodist and Wesleyan influences. We conclude with a summary of Arminianism, its historical development, and the major themes that are common to the various expressions of Arminian theology.
Social and Political Trust
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on the extensive empirical literatures on trust in the social sciences in order to explore how to create and maintain social and political trust in the real world. The overall conclusion of this chapter is twofold. First, social and political trust are critical social achievements for sustaining a diverse social order, but social trust is more important than political trust. Second, liberal-democratic market institutions play a modest role in sustaining social trust, and a large role in sustaining political trust. We can conclude, then, that liberal democratic market societies are part of a positive causal feedback loop that sustains trusting social orders with diverse persons who disagree. That is how we get trust for the right reasons.
Democratic Constitutionalism
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To create trust for the right reasons, states should organize their lawmaking process to conform to democratic constitutionalism. Democratic constitutionalism holds both that the legislative process should appeal to extensive citizen input, and that government officials should convert citizen input into policy via processes that are predictable, effective, and neutral between citizens. It turns out that many elements of democratic constitutionalism create real trust, and that democratic constitutionalism can be publicly justified. We will also see that democratic constitutionalism is the most important factor in disrupting distrust and divergence, in no small part because it is the prime factor determining levels of trust in government.
The Solidarity Solution
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
What is a fair income distribution? The empirical literature seems to assume that equal income would be fair, but the equal income answer faces two objections. First, equal income is likely to be inefficient. This book sets aside efficiency concerns as a downstream consideration; it seeks to identify a fair distribution. The second objection—pointed out by both leftist political philosopher G. A. Cohen and conservative economist Milton Friedman—is that equal income is unfair to the hardworking. Measuring labor burdens in order to adjust income shares, however, is no easy task. Some philosophers and economists attempt to sidestep the measurement problem by invoking the envy test. Yet a distribution in which no one prefers someone else’s circumstances to her own, as the envy test requires, is unlikely to exist—and, even if it does exist, the normative connection between the envy test and fairness has not been established. The Solidarity Solution provides a novel answer: when someone claims that her situation should be improved at someone else’s expense, she must be able to give a reason that cannot be rejected by a free and equal individual who regards everyone else as the same. Part I develops the solidarity solution and shows that rigorous distributive implications can be derived from a relational ideal. Part II uses the solidarity solution to critique the competing theories of Ronald Dworkin, Philippe Van Parijs, and Marc Fleurbaey. Finally, part III identifies insights for the gender wage gap and taxation.
Fleurbaey’s Egalitarian Equivalent Approach
Authors: Olson Kristi A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 critiques Marc Fleurbaey’s egalitarian equivalent approach. A distribution is egalitarian equivalent when each individual is indifferent between her actual bundle of goods and a reference bundle that is the same for everyone. This chapter raises three objections to the approach: first, the outcome crucially depends on the choice of reference bundle; second, there is no foolproof argument for a particular reference bundle; and third, any choice of reference bundle inevitably permits dominated bundles. The chapter examines Fleurbaey’s responses to each of the above charges and ultimately concludes that, in contrast to the solidarity solution, the egalitarian equivalent approach lacks a coherent foundation.
Forensic DNA Data Banks and Data Mining
Authors: Bieber Frederick R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how comparing the genetic profiles from crime scene evidence with the profiles in a DNA database can identify persons of interest. Forensic data banks contain DNA extracts as well as computerized databases of coded DNA profiles of convicted offenders, arrestees, and crime scene samples. Searching forensic DNA data banks has provided key investigative leads in thousands of criminal investigations. The chapter explains familial searching, the search for a “partial” match of the evidence profile with a database profile, which leads to the identification of a suspect who is related to the individual in the database, and discusses several high-profile cases that have used this strategy. The recent cases solved by searching ancestry-based DNA databases (genealogics or forensic genetic genealogy) are discussed, as are the metrics for evaluating the effectiveness of DNA database mining as well as the legal and policy issues involved in balancing public safety with privacy interests.
The Living Disappeared
Authors: Piñero Mariana Herrera , Stover Eric , Tupa Melina , Penchaszadeh Víctor B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of the Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo, or Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, and their search for more than 500 grandchildren who were kidnapped by the Argentine military or born in captivity during military rule from 1976 to 1983. Most of the parents of these children were executed and buried in clandestine graves, while their children were given to childless military and civilian couples. Hope turned the Abuelas into detectives. Over many years, they examined thousands of pages of public documents, conducted stakeouts, and went undercover in their search for clues to the whereabouts of their missing grandchildren. But sleuthing was easy compared to convincing courts that the children they had located were biologically related to the grandparents who claimed them. In spring 1984, several foreign geneticists came to the aid of the Abuelas. Six months later, the first grandchild was identified on the basis of genetic analysis and returned to her grandmother. DNA sequencing soon followed, and in 1987, the Argentine Congress passed a law establishing the Banco Nacional de Datos Genéticos (National Genetic Data Bank), dedicated exclusively to identifying Argentina’s missing children. To date, 127 stolen children have been identified, most of them based on DNA analysis. While tracing this history, the chapter explores the scientific, legal, and psychosocial challenges that have arisen during the Abuelas’ search for their missing grandchildren.
Disappeared, Not Lost
Authors: Lampros Andrea , Gómez Montserrat Martínez , Benavente Cristián Orrego , Marías Patricia Vásquez 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of DNA in reuniting families separated by the armed conflict in El Salvador, highlighting the history and trajectory of the nongovernmental Asociación Pro-Búsqueda de Niñas y Niños Desaparecidos de El Salvador (the Association in Search of Missing Children of El Salvador; http://www.probusqueda.org.sv/), established two years after the end of the armed conflict in El Salvador (1980–1992). Pro-Búsqueda’s in-house database of forensic genetic profiles of family references as well as of children, now young adults, separated from their families during the 13-year conflict, serves not only to confirm biological kinship but often, following initial partial matching of DNA profiles, to suggest investigatory leads. The chapter chronicles Pro-Búsqueda’s use of DNA in the search for El Salvador’s missing children, lessons learned in finding and reuniting family members, and the complexities of the process for investigators and survivors. The chapter tells the story of parents who lost children, children who found parents, and Father Jon de Cortina, the priest who spearheaded the search.
Large Scale Identification of the Missing
Authors: Kleiser Andreas , Parsons Thomas J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the experiences of the International Commission on Missing Persons (ICMP) in conducting large-scale, DNA-based identification of the missing, discussed within the context of policy and historical developments underpinning today’s requirement for effective investigations when persons go missing. These developments include a shift to the rule of law and human rights reference framework as part of advancing state responsibility on the issue of the missing. The chapter takes note of historical as well as rule-of-law initiatives at the international level in the wake of the wars in the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, including the creation of ICMP. Generally accepted as capable of establishing facts, forensic science, including DNA analysis, has become a centerpiece of effective investigations in the pursuit of justice at the individual and societal levels. However, access to forensic science is not universal, largely due to cost. The chapter discusses two limitations on using DNA to identify missing persons that drive cost: the use of kinship analysis and degraded DNA. DNA analysis through next generation sequencing (NGS), or massive parallel sequencing (MPS), will likely redress both shortcomings. In ICMP’s experience, innovation, research, and dedication can contribute to a more effective approach to accounting for missing persons; this in turn will contribute more broadly to the pursuit of justice and the advancement of human rights globally.
Heartland Blues
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heartland Blues provides a new perspective on union decline by revisiting the labor movement at its historical peak in the 1950s and analyzing campaigns over right-to-work laws and public-sector collective bargaining rights in the industrial Midwest. The focus on 1950s labor conflicts, including union failures, departs from popular and academic treatments of the period that emphasize consensus, an accord between capital and labor in collective bargaining, or the conservative drift and bureaucratization of the labor movement. The state campaigns examined in Heartland Blues instead reveal a labor movement often beset by dysfunctional divisions, ambivalent political allies, and substantial employer opposition. Drawing on social movement theories, the book shows how many of the key ingredients necessary for activist groups to succeed, including effective organization and influential political allies, were not a given for labor at its historical peak but instead varied in important ways across the industrial heartland. These limits slowed unions in the 1950s. Not only did labor fail to crack the Sunbelt, it never really conquered the industrial Midwest, where most union members resided in the mid-twentieth century. This diminished union influence within the Democratic Party and in society. The 1950s are far more than an interesting side story. Indeed, the labor movement never solved many of these basic problems. The labor movement’s social and political isolation and its limited responses to employer mobilization became a death knell in the coming decades as unions sought organizational and legislative remedies to industrial decline and the rising anti-union tide.
Birth of the State
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book uses the body to peel back the layers of time and taken-for-granted-ness upon the two defining political forms of modernity, the state and the subject of rights. It traces, under the lens of the body, how the state and the subject mutually constituted each other all the way down, by going all the way back, to their original crafting in the seventeenth century. It considers multiple sites of theory and practice and two revolutions. The first, scientific, threw humanity out of the centre of the universe, and transformed the very meanings of matter, space, and the body; while the second, legal and political, re-established humans as the centre-point of a framework of rights. The book analyses the fundamental rights to security, liberty, and property, respectively, as the initial knots where the state-subject relation was first sealed. It develops three arguments, that the body served to naturalise security, to individualise liberty, and to privatise property. Covering a wide range of materials—from early modern anatomy lesson paintings, to the Anglo-Scottish legal struggles of naturalisation, to the emergence of discrete practices of religious toleration in Central Europe—it shows both how the body has operated as history’s great naturaliser, and how it can be mobilised instead as a critical tool that lays bare the deeply racialised and gendered constructions that made both the state and the subject of rights. The book returns to the origins of constructivist and constitutive theorising to reclaim their radical and critical potential.
Introduction
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction of Calculating Race positions the process of racial formation in the context of the risk society. The relationship between race and risk stretches back to the transatlantic slave trade, an era in which enslaved Africans were insured during their voyage across the Middle Passage. Calculating Race begins with a striking account of an uprising on the ship Thames, preserved as a historical record of how the nascent insurance trade of the early modern period viewed enslaved persons as both at risk and a risk. By insuring enslaved persons against the risk of mortality and insuring the ships that carried them against insurrection, maritime slave insurance established a complex relationship between enslaved Africans and risk even before they came to the Americas. This introduction sets the stage for this relationship and previews the intersection of risk and race in the United States over the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Home
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The economic collapse that set into motion the Great Depression of the 1930s was portended by mass mortgage defaults in the mid-1920s. To address this unprecedented housing crisis, New Deal legislation created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) to insure mortgage loans. Without predecessors or peers and faced with a national emergency, the FHA turned to risk-rating experts in real estate valuation to craft underwriting policies that would shape the geography of the country and cement racial segregation in the United States for generations to come. Chapter 3 details how FHA officials utilized risk-rating standards that disqualified people of color from obtaining federally subsidized mortgage insurance. This institutional discrimination had the deleterious effect of essentially precluding people of color from obtaining middle-class America’s most important wealth-generating asset: the single-family home. Though others have written about the agency’s policies before, my analysis is notably the first to locate each version of the FHA’s underwriting manual, to take stock of each facet of race-based risk rating until the conclusion of the practice in 1947, and to analyze the agency’s effect on the lending industry thereafter.
Is Neo-Aristotelian Supererogation Even Possible?
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers and responds to five objections to the internal coherence of a neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation. I particular, it considers the objections that the account is incompatible with the doctrine of the mean, that it makes virtue optional, that supererogation requires a logical relation among ethical concepts that Aristotelians cannot make sense of, that it is problematically non-action-guiding, and that it is incompatible with Aristotle’s claim that the virtuous person is the measure of right action. In each case, it argues that the most plausible interpretation of the Aristotelian claim under discussion is compatible with the neo-Aristotelian account of supererogation defended in the book.
The Virtue of Self-Cultivation
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a rigorous account of self-cultivation and argues that it is a virtue. Self-cultivation, it claims, is the following: the disposition to engage in those actions and have those affective responses that develop one’s abilities and character traits, when appropriate, because one values growth for its own sake, with pleasure and from an undivided motivational state. To show that self-cultivation, so conceived, is a virtue, the chapter argues that such a character trait is both useful and immediately agreeable, both to oneself and to others. The argument draws on research from psychology, as well as more traditional appeals to our own moral experience and to our reactions to characters from literature.
Self-Cultivation and Self-Absorption
Authors: Stangl Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that self-cultivation, as a virtue, can be successfully distinguished from a morally problematic kind of self-absorption. Indeed, we need such a virtue in order to explain just those situations in which agents really should think about their own character, and not merely the goods that the traditional virtues are directed toward, when deciding what particular actions to undertake. In particular, we need such a virtue to give a plausible account of how an imperfectly virtuous agent should act when confronted with what I shall call a situation of moral risk. But while imperfectly virtuous agents confronting such a situation should think about their own character, that is not all they should think about. Introducing concerns about the character of the self at the level of explicit deliberation as the target of one virtue among others rightly captures this fact.
The Oxford Group and the Emergence of Animal Rights
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book is an account of the life and times of a loose friendship group (later christened the Oxford Group) of ten people, primarily postgraduate philosophy students, who attended the University of Oxford for a short period of time from the late 1960s. The Oxford Group, which included—most notably—Peter Singer and Richard Ryder, set about thinking about, talking about, and promoting the idea of animal rights and vegetarianism. The group therefore played a role, largely undocumented and unacknowledged, in the emergence of the animal rights movement and the discipline of animal ethics. Most notably, the group produced an edited collection of articles published as Animals, Men and Morals in 1971 that was instrumental in one of their number—Peter Singer—writing Animal Liberation in 1975, a book that has had an extraordinary influence in the intervening years. The book serves as a case study of how the emergence of important work and the development of new ideas can be explained, and, in particular, how far the intellectual development of individuals is influenced by their participation in a creative community.
Introduction
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets the scene for the book by sketching out the theoretical framework to be used to analyze the Oxford Group. The study of the Oxford Group serves as a case study of creative endeavor. How do we explain the emergence of important work and the development of new ideas, and how important is the creative community within which these ideas emerge? Explaining the theory building that accompanied the ethnographic research, centering on a set of oral history interviews with the participants, is important not only as a way of making sense of the Oxford Group but also as a device to facilitate dialogue across fields and methods by providing a trans-situational language. The theoretical framework derives both from ethnographic observation—and in that sense is engaged with grounded theory—and from the extension and refinement of preexisting theoretical formulations. This includes an engagement with the literature on group dynamics, including most notably collaborative circles as well as social network theory and psychogeography.
Arrival and Formation
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter serves three main functions. First, it identifies the ten core members of the Oxford Group, and documents their backgrounds and the circumstances of their arrival in the city of Oxford. The Oxford Group consisted of three married couples: Roslind and Stanley Godlovitch, Peter and Renata Singer, and Richard and Mary Keshen. Next were the three singletons who shared a house in Oxford: John Harris, David Wood, and Michael Peters. Finally, and slightly more at the periphery—partly because of his age and partly because he was not an Oxford student (or married to one)—there was Richard Ryder. Second, it describes the formation of the Oxford Group and the key role played by the gatekeepers. Here, a dynamic role was played by the Godlovitches and by Brigid Brophy who did most to bring the group together Finally, the role of what Farrell describes as the “magnet place,” in our case Oxford—and the university in particular—is dissected. The importance of access to a major seat of learning that had a unparalled reputation in the field of philosophy and which was at the forefront of the development of a new field of applied ethics is documented.
Collective Action
Authors: Garner Robert , Okuleye Yewande 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers what Farrell defines as the “collective action” stage of a collaborative circle. The collective action pursued by members of the Oxford Group is documented in the context of the historical development of the animal protection movement. The activity of the group can be usefully divided into attempts to convince the academic community of the merits of vegetarianism, on the one hand, and, on the other, outward-facing activism directed at the wider community. A discussion of the group’s activism outside of the university environment can, in turn, distinguish between personal lifestyle statements, direct and overt campaigning, and published outputs, principally the edited volume Animals, Men and Morals, which led to the publication of Animal Liberation.