bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KAJIAN BEBAN EMISI SO2 DAN NOx DARI KEGIATAN INDUSTRI DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI SIER SURABAYA
Authors: Handriyono Rachmanu Eko , Kusuma Martiha Nilam 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRAK Peningkatan konsumsi energi dari kegiatan industri di perkotaan berpotensi menyebabkan penurunan kualitas udara. Gas buang SO2 dan NOx dari kegiatan industri menimbulkan emisi yang dapat menurunkan kualitas udara di Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini menghitung beban emisi SO2 dan NOx dari kegiatan industri di Kawasan Industri SIER Surabaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah inventarsisasi emisi untuk evaluasi status kualitas udara di perkotaan. Penelitian ini mengambil 12 sampel lokasi industri berupa konsumsi energi atau penggunaan bahan bakar dan peralatan pengendali emisi di Kawasan Industri SIER Surabaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total beban emisi SO2 dari kegiatan industri di Kawasan Industri SIER Surabaya adalah 382,48 ton/tahun sedangkan NOx sebesar 155,32 ton/tahun. Konsumsi energi dari kegiatan industri berupa penggunaan batu bara merupakan penghasil emisi SO2 dan NOx terbesar di kawasan industri SIER Surabaya yaitu SO2 sebesar 195,05 ton/tahun dan NOx sebesar 90,27 ton/tahun. Kata kunci: beban emisi, konsumsi energi, kualitas udara ABSTRACT Increased energy consumption from industrial activities in urban areas has the potential to cause a decrease in air quality. SO2 and NOx exhaust gases from industrial activities generate emissions that can make air quality decrease in Surabaya. This study calculates SO2 and NOx emission load from industrial activities in industrial area of SIER Surabaya. The purpose of this study is the inventory of emissions for air quality status evaluation in urban areas. This study took 12 samples of industrial sites in the form of fuel use and emission treatment equipment in industrial area of SIER Surabaya. The result shows that total SO2 emission load from industrial activity in industrial area of SIER Surabaya is 382,48 ton/year while NOx equal to 155,32 ton/year. The energy concumption by use of coal is the largest SO2 and NOx emitter in the industrial area of SIER Surabaya ie SO2 of 195.05 ton/year and NOx of 90.27 ton/year. Keywords: air quality, emission load, energy consumption
STUDI PEMANTAUAN AIR LIMBAH CAIR TAMBANG PADA PT. XXX DI MUARA TEWEH KALIMANTAN TENGAH
Authors: Annisa Annisa 
Published: February 2020

Kegiatan penambangan Batubara sebagai salah satu komoditas penambahan devisa negara. Namun dampak negatif dari kegiatan penambangan batubara adalah sebagai penghasil air limbah dengan kandungan bahan-bahan yang berbahaya, terlebih jika kegiatan penambangan tersebut dekat di hulu sungai. PT. XXX adalah sebuah perusaahan yang bergerak dibidang pertambangan yang terletak di Muara Teweh Kalimantan Tengah. Guna mengetahui dampak lingkungan yang disebabkan olehkegiatan penambangan khususnya dampak dari air limbah batubara maka PT. XXX melakukan pemantauan lingkungan pertriwulan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penurunan kualitas air. Analisis data lapangan dan laboratorium atas beberapa parameter diantaranya analisis pH, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), kandungan Fe dan Mn yang merujuk pada Peraturan Gubernur Kalimantan Selatan No. 036 Tahun 2008 Tentang Baku Mutu Air Limbah Kegiatan Penambangan, Pengolahan/Pancucian Batubara dan Kepmen LH No. 113 Tahun 2003 untuk keluaran dari kolam pengolahan limbah cair tambang batubara. Berdasarkan Hasil analisis laboratorium didapatkan hasil uji parameter kualitas air yaitu nilai TSS berkisar <2 mg/l – 13 mg/l, nilai pH antara 6,89 -7,78, kandungan besi (Fe) berkisar 0,06 mg/l - 0,78 mg/l dan kandungan Mangan (Mn) berkisar < 0,0022 mg/l – 0,004 mg/l.Kata kunci: Batubara, parameter, penambangan, pH, TSS. Coal mining activities as one of the commodity additions of foreign exchange. However, the negative impact of coal mining activities is as a producer of waste water with dangerous ingredients, especially if the mining activities are near the upstream of the river. PT. XXX is a mining company located in MuaraTeweh, Central Kalimantan. In order to know the environmental impact caused by mining activities, especially the impact of coal waste water, PT. XXX conducts quarterly environmental monitoring. This activity aims to determine the decrease of water quality. Analysis of field and laboratory data on several parameters such as pH analysis, Total Suspended Solid (TSS), Fe and Mncontents referring to South Kalimantan Goverment Regulation no. 036 Year 2008 About Quality Standard of Wastewater Mining, Processing / washing Coal and LH Decree No. 113 of 2003 for the output of liquid waste pools of coal mines. Pursuant to result of laboratory analysis got result of water quality parameter test that is value of TSS about <2 mg / l - 13 mg / l, pH value between 6,89 -7,78, iron content (Fe) 0,06 mg / l - 0 , 78 mg / l and Manganese content (Mn) ranged from <0.0022 mg / l - 0.004 mg / l.Key word: coal, mining, parameter, pH, TSS.
The Training of Technical Men for Management Positions
Authors: Dorman R.W. 
Published: February 2020

AIME Annual Meeting, 15–19 February, San Francisco, California

Abstract
Technical men have special characteristics which present unique problems in management development. They have the ability to grasp principles easily, to understand methods and procedures readily, to appreciate organization, and are orderly in their thinking and analytical in their approach. Yet they must develop new skills including the ability to deal with people's emotions, a willingness to snake decisions even though complete information is not available, and the imposition of a new kind of self discipline. Several methods are given to help the technical man develop for management positions.

Introduction
The problem of helping a technical man prepare himself for supervisory, management or executive positions is an important one today. While the technical man may be a true professional in his field; i.e., he has a store of knowledge, the skills and methods to use that knowledge, and the discipline necessary to keep him ethical — yet the transition from working as a professional engineer to a professional manager is an extremely difficult one for many individuals.
As we know, modern business is becoming increasingly complex. Today'smanagers direct activities which must cope successfully with complicated problems of engineering, legal restrictions, economic trends, public relations, employee relations—including dealing with local and national labor organizations, governmental regulations, and alert competition. Further, the manager who is just barely adequate today will be completely inadequate 10years from now unless he [or someone] makes plans for his development.
Competition will not allow us to take time to permit our people to mature as slowly and as loosely as the old style supervisor did. There is not as much room for management errors. Since employees are better informed today, their bosses must have more supervisory skill, better judgment and a broader view.
Again, if a company is to find and hold good men, it must have some clear plan for providing for its people opportunities for advancement. All this then suggests that positive action is required to broaden the training and experience of technical people in order to qualify them to direct units of the modern organization.
Effect of Directional Permeability on Sweep Efficiency and Production Capacity
Authors: Landrum Bobby L. , Crawford Paul B. 
Published: February 2020

Permian Basin Oil Recovery Conference, 7–8 May, Midland, Texas

Abstract
Theoretical and potentiometric model studies have been made of the effect of nonuniform lateral permeabilities on pattern sweep efficiency and production capacity in waterflooding and gas cycling programs.
It is shown that a difference in directional permeability by a factor of three may result in a sweep efficiency of only 43 per cent for a five-spot pattern or a sweep of 79 or 38 per cent for a direct line-drive square pattern depending on the direction of the line-drive flood. Changes in the pattern conductivity varied from about 0.8 to 1.34 over this same permeability variation, depending on the pattern used.
It is suggested that field measurements be made to determine the possible magnitude and extent of the directional permeability phenomenon early in the field development and certainly prior to the initiation of any fluid injection program.

Introduction
Irregularities in reservoir sand properties have long been a major difficulty to anyone attempting to explicitly describe the field characteristics of oil production. In particular, it is well known that vertical and lateral permeabilities often differ appreciably; however, the existence of large regions with lateral permeability variation is not widely recognized. A number of years ago, extensive studies were conducted by the Secondary Recovery Research Laboratory of the Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil Association primarily on the Bradford Field. Johnson and Hughes reported a permeability trend in the northeast-southwest direction. They indicated that flow in the preferred direction may be 25 to 30 per cent greater than in the northwest-southeast direction. They also reported that similar effects may be found in other nearby fields. The origin of the permeability variation has been discussed by Griffith. Results of laboratory tests on limestone cores have led some to believe that directional permeabilities may differ by factors of ten to 100 or more. Certain areas of the Spraberry are believed to have effective directional permeabilities greater than 100 to one.
In order to prevent the reduction of sweep efficiency which would normally result from flooding or cycling in such reservoirs, well spacing could be varied from the customary square to a diamond shaped pattern. Johnson and Hughes presented a method for determining the desired shape. Another method will be discussed in detail in the next section.
Engineered Guide for Planning Acidizing Treatments Based on Specific Reservoir Characteristics
Authors: Hendrickson A.R. , Hurst R.E. , Wieland D.R. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 16–23.

Abstract
Analysis of acidizing techniques, in correlation with reservoir data and a backlog of past treatments, has resulted in the development of a valuable engineering guide for planning acidizing treatments. Such treatments fall into three categories:acid injection into the pores of the matrix;acid injection into natural formation fractures at less than parting pressure; andcombination acidizing-fracturing treatments in which acid solutions (without propping agents) are injected at treating pressures sufficient to open and extend fractures through which the acid flows.
Because the spending time of acid during a specific well treatment does not change appreciably, maximum penetration is attained when the first increment of injected acid is completely spent. Additional acid injection cannot be expected to further extend the benefits of the treatment. Depth of penetration will depend upon the reaction rate of the acid under treatment conditions, the injection rate of the acid into the matrix or fractures and the area-volume relationship existing in the flow channels.
Based on Darcy's flow formula, extremely low injection rates must be used in order to keep bottom-hole injection pressures below formation fracturing pressure. As a result, only limited penetration of unspent acid will occur. Treatment records indicate that, in most acidizing treatments, formation parting pressures are exceeded, greatly extending acid penetration.
Under these conditions, stimulation benefits are limited to the fracture area produced during the spending time of the first increment of acid injected into the formation. This area may be calculated from laboratory and well data to estimate depth of penetration. This, in turn, may be correlated with productivity data to assist in the selection of optimum treating techniques and materials.
The Effect of Some Drilling Variables on the Instantaneous Rate of Penetration
Authors: Outmans H.D. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 137–149.

Abstract
The paper presents a theoretical approach to the drilling problem based on rock mechanics and drilling fluid hydraulics at the bottom of the hole.
The volume of the fractured rock around the vertically penetrating bit tooth is expressed as a function of the tooth pressure, included tooth angle, drilling fluid pressure and formation characteristics on the assumption that fracturing is preceded by plastic flow. This assumption is verified by comparing the stress-strain state in the rock around the tooth to that in equivalent triaxial compression tests described in the literature.
An expression similar to the above is derived for the tooth penetration in the cuttings which have been retained at the bottom. Combination of these two expressions leads to a relation between depth of tooth penetration in the virgin rock, the amount of cuttings retained and the other variables. By relating the cutting volume to the drilling rate, the hydraulic bit horsepower and the drilling fluid pressure, it is possible to arrive at formulas which express the drilling rate for viscous or turbulent flow at the cutting surface, for instant clearance, for retained cuttings, or for false tooth foundering as functions of such variables as the drilling fluid pressure, hydraulic horsepower at the bit, rotary speed and bit weight.
Plotting the results as drilling curves and comparing them to published field and laboratory data justify the conclusion that the drilling model presented in this paper approximates the actual mechanism. The drilling curves serve to explain some characteristic features of the rotary drilling operation, and the equations may be used for numerical evaluation of the effect of changes in the magnitude of some of the variables on the drilling rate.

Introduction
Published laboratory data have established that consistent and relatively simple relations exist between the drilling rate and any one of the important variables. For instance, the drilling rate usually increases at an increasing rate with the bit weight. It increases at a decreasing rate with the rotary speed, decreases at a decreasing rate with increased drilling fluid pressure and plots as an S-shaped curve against the hydraulic horsepower at the bit.
Equilibrium in the Methane-Carbon Dioxide-Hydrogen Sulfide-Sulfur System
Authors: Kennedy Harvey T. , Wieland Denton R. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 166–169.

Abstract
The object of the work reported here was to determine the content of elemental sulfur in gaseous methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and in mixtures of these gases, at pressures and temperatures encountered in natural gas reservoirs.
Sulfur content at equilibrium is reported for pure methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and on three binary mixtures of each of the three pairs of gases at pressures of 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, 5,000 and 6,000 psia and at temperatures of 150, 200 and 250F. In addition, the sulfur content of three ternary mixtures at the same temperatures and pressures are reported.
The results indicate that the sulfur content is higher in the gases at higher temperatures and pressures. The content is highest in hydrogen sulfide, intermediate in carbon dioxide and lowest in methane.

Introduction
At ordinary pressures and temperatures, the concentration of a non-volatile material, such as sulfur in a gas at equilibrium, is a function of the vapor pressure of the material and is independent of the nature of the gas. As the pressure and temperature increase, the gas assumes some of the properties of liquids, including the power to dissolve other liquids and solids, to an extent dependent on the nature of both the gas and the material dissolved. At equilibrium, the content of sulfur in the several gases considered here may thus be considered as solubilities which are fixed for a given composition of gas, temperature and pressure.
The study of the solubility of elemental sulfur in gases is of interest because sulfur is sometimes present in reservoirs producing natural gas and must be present in the vapor phase. Upon reduction of pressure and temperature, the sulfur precipitates from solution in the reservoir and in the tubing and fittings.
Due to the fact that the greatest pressure drop in the reservoir is around the wellbore, the volume of sulfur precipitated will be greatest in this locality and can cause a substantial reduction in the permeability of the formation in this area. As the natural gas flows up the tubing string, the pressure and temperature are further decreased, causing further sulfur precipitation. If the volume of free sulfur is large and remedial measures are not taken, complete plugging of the tubing can occur.
A Theoretical Analysis of Heat Flow in Reverse Combustion
Authors: Berry V.J. , Parrish D.R. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 219, 1960, pages 124–131. Paper presented at Joint AIChE-SPE Symposium, Dec. 7–8, 1959 in San Francisco.

Abstract
Reverse combustion is one thermal method of recovering hydrocarbons from porous underground formations containing oil or tar. In applying this method, air is introduced via an injection well and the mixture of air and hydrocarbons is ignited in the production well. A combustion zone then recedes toward the injection well, counter-current to the air flow. If the combustion-zone temperature is sufficiently high, the oil or tar in place is distilled and cracked. The hydrocarbon flows as a vapor to the production well and subsequently is condensed at the surface.
Maximum temperature and velocity of movement are the two dependent variables defining the progress of the combustion zone. A theoretical analysis has been made of heat flow in the reverse-combustion process assuming linear flow in a homogeneous system. The differential equations, which include the oxygen-hydrocarbon reaction rate, have been solved numerically. Results indicate that the maximum temperature reached and the combustion-zone velocity both increase with an increase in air-injection rate. Heat loss to surroundings has little effect on the maximum combustion-zone temperature achieved, but it is reflected in a reduced combustion-zone velocity. It is also predicted that an increase in the oxygen-hydrocarbon reaction rate results in a reduction in the maximum temperature reached. The calculated results are in agreement with results from reverse-combustion experiments using samples of a tar sand.

Introduction
Reverse combustion is one thermal method of recovering hydrocarbons from porous underground formations containing oil or tar. In applying this method, air is introduced into the underground formation via an injection well. In one or more adjacent production wells. the mixture of air and hydrocarbons is ignited at the sand face. The combustion zone thus formed recedes toward the injection well, counter-current to the air flow (Fig. 1).
A Radioactive Tracer Technique for Studying the Performance of Sand Packs Designed To Prevent the Movement of Loose Oil Sands
Authors: Rensvole Roger F. 
Published: February 2020

Regional Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section of SPE, 22–23 October, Pasadena, California

Abstract
The migration and accumulation of formation fines in closely-sized sand packs under compaction pressure is studied. Finely ground, radioactive carnotite ore is used to represent formation fines. This material can be detected in extremely small concentrations due to its radioactivity. Pack sands investigated are 10–20, 10–30, 20–40 and 40–60 mesh rounded sands routinely used in fracturing and sand packing operations. Preliminary-tests indicate that viscosity of the fluid flowing through the pack is a definite factor in the migration and accumulation of fines in the pack. Localized concentrations of formation fines are found in the sand packs, often at a distance from the formation-sand pack interface. This is attributed to variations in pack-sandgrain geometry which affords greater possibilities for bridging by fines in one section of the pack than others. Short-time tests indicate that the migration of fines begins immediately upon beginning fluid flow. Finer-grained sand packs accumulate a greater concentration of fines than do coarser-grained sand packs.

Introduction
Sand control has been achieved with various degrees of success by a number of different techniques. Of these, sand or gravel packing has been employed in oil wells since 1932. Since that time the process has been improved through investigations in the laboratory and by practical field experience.
Laboratory work by Sage and Lacey, Gumpertz and Coberly and Wagner has established rules for designing sand packs to prevent the production of formation sand with the oil. The particle-size distribution of the unconsolidated formation is the determining factor in their application. These rules are based on experimental data obtained in the laboratory with relatively clean formation sands, i.e., sands containing little or no silt and clay. It is believed that this fine material in the formation affects the durability, effectiveness and productivity of a sand pack placed against the formation.
A Study of Variables in Linear Miscible Displacements
Authors: Scott E.Z. , Read D.L. 
Published: February 2020

Regional Fall Meeting of the Los Angeles Basin Section of SPE, 22–23 October, Pasadena, California

Abstract
Detailed studies of miscible displacement have been made on 45 ft of 2-in. Berea sandstone composed of 30 in. -sections. Displacements were made on all cores individually and in series. Series displacements were made with core sections in capillary contact and with fluid composition analyzer cells between the cores. Fluids of matched physical properties and selectively unmatched physical properties were used in these displacements. A continuous fluid composition measurement was taken at 30-in. intervals using an on-stream capacity cell technique to provide simultaneous compositional measurements through the entire length of the system. Material balances were maintained at each of these points to within one per cent of the measured pore volume. This unique method affords a precise definition of the mixing zone along the length of the entire system.
This paper presents the development of this zone in a linear system as a function of system volume traversed rather than system length traversed. It shows that miscible displacement performances are not directly related to conventional core measurements, but is related to pore geometry. The development of the mixing zone is dependent upon individual core displacement characteristics as well as fluid viscosity ratios. The effect of rate is presented as negligible and results of the rate investigation indicate little if any diffusion effects. The key factor in miscible displacement investigations is the maintenance of a rigorous material balance.

Introduction
The displacement of oil by miscible liquids has been of interest to the industry for some years. Although many investigations have been conducted in an effort to define the mechanism of the miscible displacement process, an exact analysis of all the pertinent variables has not been made. A more thorough understanding of the variables involved in this mechanism would provide the industry with a valuable tool for designing and evaluating appropriate recovery programs.