bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Competitiveness Issue of the Japanese Economy Under Carbon Pricing: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis of 2050
Authors: Takeda Shiro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, this paper investigates the impact of carbon regulations on the Japanese economy. We use an 11-sector, 15-region global dynamic CGE model with a time span from 2011 to 2050. We assume that Japan (along with other developed regions) reduces CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and analyze the impact on the Japanese economy. In particular, we consider multiple scenarios of CO2 reduction rates in less developed regions and analyze how changes in CO2 reduction in these regions affect Japan. In addition, we also consider multiple scenarios of the use of a border adjustment policy and analyze its impact. Our simulation results are summarized as follows. First, an 80% CO2 reduction in Japan generates large negative impacts on the Japanese economy in terms of both the macroeconomy and individual sectors. Second, changes in the reduction rates in less developed regions have only a small impact on Japan. Third, the use of border adjustment in Japan has a small impact on the GDP and welfare of Japan overall but a large impact on output in the energy intensive sectors. When future climate change policies in Japan are discussed, much attention is usually paid to climate policy in less developed regions. However, the second result of our analysis suggests that climate change policy in less developed regions has only a small impact on Japan. In addition, the third result indicates that the effectiveness of border adjustment is limited.
The Economic Effects of Equalizing the Effective Carbon Rate of Sectors: An Input-Output Analysis
Authors: Sugino Makoto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The 2 °C target of the Paris Agreement has stimulated the implementation of carbon reducing policies such as carbon taxes and emission trading schemes, which explicitly applies a price on carbon emitting fuels. However, OECD (2016) reports that the effective carbon rate must be at least 30 Euros per ton of CO2. The effective carbon rate includes the implicit carbon price, e.g. energy taxes, along with the explicit carbon price. Previous studies have focused on the effects of explicit carbon prices. In this chapter, we will focus on the effective carbon rate and estimate the effects of carbon policies that increase the effective carbon rate to the 30 Euro threshold. We find that the short-term effect of a carbon tax that raises the effective carbon rate for all industries above 30 Euros will not only effect energy intensive industries, but also downstream industries that already have high effective carbon rates. Furthermore, we find that the carbon tax implemented in 2012 increase the average effective carbon rate, but increases the difference between taxed emitters and non-taxed emitters. Thus, tax exemption for energy intensive industries sacrifices economic efficiency.
Climate Policy in the Commercial Sector: A Survey of Commercial Buildings in Japan
Authors: Onuma Hiroki , Arimura Toshi H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In Japan, the government has set a target for a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26% from 2013 levels by 2030. The commercial sector has the highest reduction target—39.8%—among all Japanese sectors. This chapter first presents the current GHG situation in Japan and Japanese climate policy in the commercial sector. Second, we introduce a nationwide survey that we conducted on the implementation of energy efficiency measures (EEMs) in office buildings with large-scale emissions in Japan. The survey results show that energy-saving technology adoption is more advanced in Tokyo than in other prefectures and that there is more space for the adoption of energy-efficient technologies nationwide. To accelerate EEM adoption to achieve the 2030 target, regulatory agencies must improve the way they promote energy audits and subsidies and provide information on energy savings.
An Empirical Study of the Tokyo Emissions Trading Scheme: An Ex Post Analysis of Emissions from University Buildings
Authors: Abe Tatsuya , Arimura Toshi H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Tokyo Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the first cap -and-trade program of CO2 emissions in Asia, and it is unique in regulating commercial and service sectors. We examine the impacts of the Tokyo ETS on CO2 emissions and energy consumption by universities in the first phase. Focusing on universities allows us to estimate the effects of the Tokyo ETS separately from the economic stagnation Japan experienced after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 because universities are less likely to be affected by economic fluctuations compared to other sectors. In addition to the ETS, other factors may have achieved CO2 emissions reductions in Tokyo in this phase due to the influence of the earthquake. To deal with the shortage of electricity supply after the Fukushima disaster, several measures were undertaken, such as rolling blackouts and power-saving orders, particularly in the Tokyo Electricity Power Company’s jurisdiction. To capture the characteristics for each university at the campus level and their experience with being regulation targets of the policies mentioned above, we conducted a mail survey for universities in Japan and obtained panel data that contain information about both regulated and unregulated universities over 5 years (2009–2013). The difference-in-differences approach reveals that the Tokyo ETS caused regulated universities to reduce their CO2 emissions and energy consumption by approximately 3–5% relative to unregulated universities in the first phase. In addition, we find that the quantitative regulations, such as rolling blackouts and power-saving orders, also had an impact on the universities’ behavior.
Operator thermalisation in d > 2: Huygens or resurgence
Authors: Engelsöy Julius , Larana-Aragon Jorge , Sundborg Bo , Wintergerst Nico 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Correlation functions of most composite operators decay exponentially with time at non-zero temperature, even in free field theories. This insight was recently codified in an OTH (operator thermalisation hypothesis). We reconsider an early example, with large N free fields subjected to a singlet constraint. This study in dimensions d > 2 motivates technical modifications of the original OTH to allow for generalised free fields. Furthermore, Huygens’ principle, valid for wave equations only in even dimensions, leads to differences in thermalisation. It works straightforwardly when Huygens’ principle applies, but thermalisation is more elusive if it does not apply. Instead, in odd dimensions we find a link to resurgence theory by noting that exponential relaxation is analogous to non- perturbative corrections to an asymptotic perturbation expansion. Without applying the power of resurgence technology we still find support for thermalisation in odd dimensions, although these arguments are incomplete.
Supersymmetric traversable wormholes
Authors: Anabalón Andrés , de Wit Bernard , Oliva Julio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We study traversable wormhole solutions in pure gauged N = 2 supergravity with and without electromagnetic fields, which are locally isometric under SO(2, 1) × SO(1, 1). The model allows for 1/2-BPS wormhole solutions whose corresponding globally defined Killing spinors are presented. A non-contractible cycle can be obtained by compactifying one of the coordinates which leaves the residual supersymmetry unaffected, although not all the isometries will remain realized globally. The wormholes connect two asymptotic, locally AdS4 regions and depend on certain electric and magnetic charge parameters and, implicitly, on the range of the compact coordinate around the throat. We provide an analysis of the boundary of the spacetime and show that it can be either disconnected or not, depending on the values of the parameters in the metric. Finally, we show how a class of these space-times avoid a topological censorship theorem.
Brane-jet stability of non-supersymmetric AdS vacua
Authors: Guarino Adolfo , Tarrío Javier , Varela Oscar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We classify the non-supersymmetric, and perturbatively stable within D = 4, AdS vacua of maximal D = 4 supergravity with a dyonic ISO(7) gauging in a large sector of the supergravity. Seven such vacua are established within this sector, all of them giving rise to non-supersymmetric AdS4× S6 type IIA backgrounds with and without non-trivial warpings and with internal fluxes. Then, we analyse the dynamics of various probe Dp- branes in these backgrounds searching for potential brane-jet instabilities. In all these cases, such instabilities are absent. Finally, an alternative decay channel through tunnelling is investigated, focusing on one of the seven backgrounds. We do not find instabilities either, but the analysis remains inconclusive.
An explanation for the muon and electron g − 2 anomalies and dark matter
Authors: Chen Kai-Feng , Chiang Cheng-Wei , Yagyu Kei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We propose simple models with a flavor-dependent global U(1)ℓ and a discrete ℤ2 symmetries to explain the anomalies in the measured anomalous magnetic dipole moments of muon and electron, (g − 2)μ,e, while simultaneously accommodating a dark matter candidate. These new symmetries are introduced not only to avoid the dangerous lepton flavor-violating decays of charged leptons, but also to ensure the stability of the dark matter. Our models can realize the opposite-sign contributions to the muon and electron g − 2 via one-loop diagrams involving new vector-like leptons. Under the vacuum stability and perturbative unitarity bounds as well as the constraints from the dark matter direct searches and related LHC data, we find suitable parameter space to simultaneously explain (g − 2)μ,e and the relic density. In this parameter space, the coupling of the Higgs boson with muons can be enhanced by up to ∼ 38% from its Standard Model value, which can be tested in future collider experiments.
Antibiotische Standardtherapie häufiger Infektionskrankheiten in der ambulanten Pädiatrie
Authors: Hufnagel M. , Simon A. , Trapp S. , Liese J. , Reinke S. , Klein W. , Parlowsky T. , Pfeil J. , Renk H. , Berner R. , Hübner J. , Kummer S. , Tillmann R. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die zunehmende Verbreitung von Antibiotikaresistenzen und die fehlende Weiterentwicklung von neuen Antibiotika erfordern eine rationale, leitlinienkonforme Antibiotikatherapie. Das gilt v. a. für die ambulante Medizin, in deren Bereich 85 % aller Antibiotika verordnet werden.

Ziele
Die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Antibiotic Stewardship ambulante Pädiatrie hat praxisnahe Empfehlungen zur antibiotischen Standardtherapie häufiger Infektionskrankheiten in der pädiatrischen Praxis formuliert.

Material und Methoden
Die Empfehlungen berücksichtigen Leitlinien zur rationalen Antibiotikatherapie und sind nach einem Konsentierungsprozess unter Beteiligung der Fachgesellschaften Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte (BVKJ) und Deutsche Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI) erstellt worden.

Ergebnisse
Kurz gefasste Empfehlungen zur antibiotischen Standardbehandlung der häufigsten ambulant erworbenen Infektionskrankheiten der oberen und unteren Atemwege, Harnwege, Haut, Augen und Darm sowie in der Kinderchirurgie.

Schlussfolgerung
Mit den Empfehlungen soll sowohl eine Reduktion als auch eine Verbesserung der Qualität der Antibiotikaverordnungen in der ambulanten Pädiatrie erreicht werden. Unnötige Antibiotikatherapien sollen vermieden bzw. rasch beendet werden. Bei unklaren Situationen ohne Risikokonstellation soll statt einer antibiotischen Therapie eine kurzfristige Kontrolle vorgenommen werden. Antibiotika sollen so kurz und so schmal wie möglich verschrieben werden. Topische Antibiotika sollen vermieden werden, ebenso kritische Antibiotika wie Cephalosporine und Azithromycin (Risikofaktoren für eine Resistenzentwicklung). Es wird angeregt, die Empfehlungen in einem lokalen intersektoralen Konsensprozess anzupassen, um breite Akzeptanz und Verbindlichkeit zu steigern sowie Konflikte zu reduzieren, die sich aus der hohen Variabilität der Verordnungspraxis ergeben.
Low polyethylene creep and wear following mobile-bearing unicompartmental knee replacement
Authors: Ghosh Priyanka , Mohammad Hasan R. , Martin Benjamin , Campi Stefano , Murray David W. , Mellon Stephen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The Oxford unicompartmental knee replacement (UKR) has a fully congruent mobile bearing to minimise wear. However, with younger higher demand patients, wear remains a concern. The aim of this study was to quantify the wear rate of Phase 3 Oxford UKR bearings over the course of 5 years and to identify the factors that influence it.

Methods
40 medial Oxford UKRs recruited for a randomised study of cemented and cementless fixation were studied with Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) at 1 week, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 5 years post-operatively and bearing thickness was calculated. Penetration, defined as the change in thickness compared to the 1-week measurement, was determined. Creep (early penetration) and wear (late penetration at a constant rate) were calculated. The influence of demographic factors, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Tegner score, fixation and bearing overhang (determined by RSA) on wear was analysed.

Results
After 6 months the penetration rate was constant, indicating that wear alone was occurring. The wear rate was 0.07 mm/year (SD 0.03). The creep was 0.06 mm with about 95% occurring during the first 3 months. There was no significant relationship between fixation (cemented/cementless), age, component size, OKS and Tegner score with wear rate. Increasing BMI was associated with decreasing wear (p = 0.042). 37/40 bearings overhung the tibia to some extent and 23/40 overhung the tibia medially. An increase in the area of overhang (p = 0.036), amount of medial overhang (p = 0.028) and distance between the bearing and tibial wall (p = 0.019) were associated with increased wear. Bearings that did not overhang (0.06 mm/year) had less wear (p = 0.025) than those that did (0.08 mm/year). There was no relationship (p = 0.6) between the femoral contact area and wear.

Conclusion
During the first three to six months after implantation, the bearing becomes 0.06 mm thinner due to creep. The combined wear rate of the upper and lower surfaces of the bearing is constant (0.07 mm/year). The wear is lower if the bearing does not overhang the tibia so surgeons should aim for the bearing to be close to the tibial wall. The orientation of the femoral component does not influence wear.

Level of evidence
Retrospective Study, Level III.
A review on cutting tool technology in machining of Ni-based superalloys
Authors: Fan Wei , Ji Wei , Wang Lihui , Zheng Lianyu , Wang Yahui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a state-of-the-art review on cutting tool technology in machining of Ni-based superalloys is presented to better understand the current status and to identify future directions of research and development of cutting tool technologies. First, past review articles related to the machining of Ni-based superalloys are summarized. Then machinability of superalloys is introduced, together with the reported methods used in cutting tool design. The current researches on cutting tools in the machining of superalloys are presented in different categories in terms of tool materials, i.e., carbide, ceramics, and Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN). Moreover, a set of research issues are identified and highlighted to improve the machining of superalloys. Finally, discussions on the future development are presented, in the areas of new materials/geometries, functional surfaces on the cutting tool, and data-driven comprehensive optimization.
Converse growth estimates for ODEs with slowly growing solutions
Authors: Gröhn Janne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLet $$f_1,f_2$$

f
1

,

f
2

be linearly independent solutions of $$f''+Af=0$$

f

′
′

+
A
f
=
0

, where the coefficient A is an analytic function in the open unit disc $${\mathbb {D}}$$
D
of the complex plane $${\mathbb {C}}$$
C
. It is shown that many properties of this differential equation can be described in terms of the subharmonic auxiliary function $$u=-\log \, (f_1/f_2)^{\#}$$

u
=
-
log

(

f
1

/

f
2

)

#

. For example, the case when $$\sup _{z\in {\mathbb {D}}} |A(z)|(1-|z|^2)^2 < \infty $$

sup

z
∈
D

|
A

(
z
)

|
(
1

-

|
z
|

2

)

2

<
∞

and $$f_1/f_2$$

f
1

/

f
2

is normal, is characterized by the condition $$\sup _{z\in {\mathbb {D}}} |\nabla u(z)|(1-|z|^2) < \infty $$

sup

z
∈
D

|
∇
u

(
z
)

|
(
1

-

|
z
|

2

)
<
∞

. Different types of Blaschke-oscillatory equations are also described in terms of harmonic majorants of u. Even if $$f_1,f_2$$

f
1

,

f
2

are bounded linearly independent solutions of $$f''+Af=0$$

f

′
′

+
A
f
=
0

, it is possible that $$\sup _{z\in {\mathbb {D}}} |A(z)|(1-|z|^2)^2 = \infty $$

sup

z
∈
D

|
A

(
z
)

|
(
1

-

|
z
|

2

)

2

=
∞

or $$f_1/f_2$$

f
1

/

f
2

is non-normal. These results relate to sharpness discussion of recent results in the literature, and are succeeded by a detailed analysis of differential equations with bounded solutions. Analogues for the Nevanlinna class are also considered, by taking advantage of Nevanlinna interpolating sequences. It is shown that, instead of considering solutions with prescribed zeros, it is possible to construct a bounded solution of $$f''+Af=0$$

f

′
′

+
A
f
=
0

in such a way that it solves an interpolation problem natural to bounded analytic functions, while $$|A(z)|^2(1-|z|^2)^3\, dm(z)$$

|
A

(
z
)

|

2

(
1
-
|
z
|

2

)

3

d
m

(
z
)

remains to be a Carleson measure.
Assessing sleep-wake survival dynamics in relation to sleep quality in a placebo-controlled pharmacological intervention study with people with insomnia and healthy controls
Authors: Hermans Lieke W. A. , Regis Marta , Fonseca Pedro , Overeem Sebastiaan , Leufkens Tim R. M. , Vermeeren Annemiek , van Gilst Merel M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Rationale
The mechanisms underlying impaired sleep quality in insomnia are not fully known, but an important role for sleep fragmentation has been proposed.

Objectives
The aim of this study is to explore potential mechanisms of sleep fragmentation influencing alterations of perceived sleep quality.

Methods
We analyzed polysomnography (PSG) recordings from a double-blind crossover study with zopiclone 7.5 mg and placebo, in elderly participants with insomnia complaints and age-matched healthy controls. We compared survival dynamics of sleep and wake across group and treatment. Subsequently, we used a previously proposed model to estimate the amount of sleep onset latency (SOL) misperception from PSG-defined sleep fragmentation. Self-reported and model-estimated amount of SOL misperception were compared across group and treatment, as well as model prediction errors.

Results
In the zopiclone night, the average segment length of NREM sleep was increased (group F = 1.16, p = 0.32; treatment F = 8.89, p< 0.01; group x treatment F = 0.44, p = 0.65), while the segment length of wake was decreased (group F = 1.48, p = 0.23; treatment F = 11.49, p< 0.01; group x treatment F = 0.36, p = 0.70). The self-reported and model-estimated amount of SOL misperception were lower during the zopiclone night (self-reported group F = 6.08, p< 0.01, treatment F = 10.8, p< 0.01, group x treatment F = 2.49, p = 0.09; model-estimated F = 1.70, p = 0.19, treatment F = 16.1, p< 0.001, group x treatment F = 0.60, p = 0.55). The prediction error was not altered (group F = 1.62, p = 0.20; treatment F = 0.20, p = 0.65; group x treatment F = 1.01, p = 0.37).

Conclusions
Impaired subjective sleep quality is associated with decreased NREM stability, together with increased stability of wake. Furthermore, we conclude that zopiclone-induced changes in SOL misperception can be largely attributed to predictable changes of sleep architecture.
Regional surface temperature simulations over the Iberian Peninsula: evaluation and climate projections
Authors: Garrido J. L. , González-Rouco J. F. , Vivanco M. G. , Navarro J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe realism of a specific configuration of the WRF Regional Climate Model (RCM) to represent the observed temperature evolution over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) in the 1971–2005 period has been analyzed. The E-OBS observational dataset was used for this purpose. Also, the $$\textit{added value}$$

added value

of the WRF simulations with respect to the IPSL Earth System Model (ESM) used to drive the WRF RCM was evaluated. In general, WRF presents lower temperatures than in the observations (negative biases) over the IP. These biases are comparatively larger than those of the driving ESM. Once the biases are corrected, WRF provides an added value in terms of a higher spatial representation. WRF introduces more variability in some regions in comparison to gridded observation. Warming trends according to the observations are also well represented by the RCM. In the second part of this study, the projections of future climate performed with both the ESM and the RCM were evaluated for the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios during the 21st century. Although both models simulate temperature increases, the RCM simulates a smaller warming than the ESM after the mid-21st century, except for winter. Using the WRF model, the maximum temperature increase reaches $$6\, ^\circ \hbox {C}$$

6

∘

C

and $$3\, ^\circ \hbox {C}$$

3

∘

C

for RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 in the south east of the Iberian Peninsula by the end of the 21st century, respectively.