bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
James’s Radical Empiricism
Authors: Cooper Wesley 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of sensation in William James’s Principles of Psychology (1890). Like empiricists before him, James thought that the contents of the mind are built up from sensations; this is the sensationalism of the Principles. But for him, this interior location is secondary to sensation’s first location, which is exterior to the mind. In James’s psychology, the interiority and exteriority of sensations are differentiated by their role in the economy of the mind. In his radically empiricist metaphysics, the economy of the mind will become the economy of the world. The law-governed dualism of mind and body persists, even if these categories are anachronistic from a metaphysical viewpoint. The world of pure experience retains the nomic structure introduced in the Principles, and as such it is not autonomous from the physical. The physical is rendered pure-experiential, but its relationship to the mental, also now rendered pure-experiential, remains governed by scientific law. The chapter then considers how, in the Principles, James’s sensationalism is tied to his cerebralism.
Paul and Sexuality
Authors: Martin Dale B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers the topic, only raised in relatively recent intellectual history, of the apostle Paul and sexuality. First, it considers a number of common claims about Paul and sexuality for which there is in fact no historical evidence: that Paul held a ‘healthy’ modern view of sex, that Paul had a psycho-sexual dysfunction, that Paul had an early sexual trauma, that Paul was gay, and more. From there, the chapter builds a constructive case for what we can say about Paul and sexuality, beginning by identifying the relevant historical sources, then considering Paul’s identity as an apocalyptic Jew in the diaspora, then looking at key evidence from 1 Thessalonians, 1 Corinthians, and Romans, in turn, then considering the crucial question of the meaning of Greek porneia, and finally touching on developments in the Pauline tradition after the death of the apostle. It is argued that early Christian interpreters managed to find both a pro-household and an anti-household Paul in their readings of Paul’s letters.
King Arthur and the Tudor Dynasty
Authors: Schwyzer Philip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The reception of the legend of Arthur in the Tudor era presents something of a paradox. On the one hand, Arthur featured prominently in pageants and public spectacles throughout the period, and at times played a surprisingly important role in foreign policy. On the other hand, chroniclers found it increasingly difficult to defend Arthur’s historicity, and the period failed to produce a major work of Arthurian literature beyond Spenser’s Faerie Queene, in which the British prince cuts a perplexingly elusive figure. With its complex and conflicting attitudes to the Arthurian tradition, the Tudor era seems to constitute a bridge or way-station between the Arthur of the Middle Ages and the Arthur of more securely post-medieval (and, hence, medievalist) eras.
The Later Victorian Recovery of Anglo-Saxon Sculpture
Authors: Hawkes Jane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is generally accepted that understanding of Anglo-Saxon sculpture emerges from the work of William Gershom Collingwood who published systematically on the subject from 1907 onwards. This, however, presents an incomplete impression of the origins of the modern ‘academic’ study of the material, which has firmer roots in the work of George Forrest Browne, a vocal promoter of High Church interests, whose studies on Anglo-Saxon art and sculpture commenced in the 1880s. His indefatigable activities devoted to the promotion of the material ensured not only continued interest in the subject, but may have established the understanding of the need to conserve the sculptures in the twentieth century, leading to the multi-volume British Academy Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture. This contribution will explore his activities, interests and the ways in which the study of the sculpture was established by Browne in the emerging academic disciplines of art history and archaeology.
The Irish and Welsh Middle Ages in the Victorian Period
Authors: Pryce Huw 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter compares how the Irish and Welsh of the Victorian period engaged with their respective medieval cultures and histories. Although medieval Ireland and Wales both produced extensive and varied literatures in Celtic vernaculars and experienced English conquest that had major long-term consequences, they also differed in important respects. The same is true of the post-medieval histories of both countries. These differences in turn help to explain why uses of their medieval legacies by the nineteenth-century Irish and Welsh reveal significant contrasts. After outlining the contexts in which engagement with medieval culture and history took place, the discussion focuses on the significance attached to the Middle Ages in understandings of the Irish and Welsh pasts; idealizations of the medieval Church and secular rulers; medieval influences on art and architecture; and the editing and translating of medieval Irish and Welsh literary texts, together with medieval influences on modern literature.
The Lure of Boccaccio’s Medievalism in D. G. Rossetti, William Morris, and Algernon Swinburne
Authors: Sasso Eleonora 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes as its starting point Erich Auerbach’s notion of creatural medievalism based on materiality and carnality, i.e. ‘the mixture of the sublime with the low’ (284), as well as Bolter and Grusin’s logic of remediation and George Lakoff’s theory of conceptual metaphors, and uses these theoretical frameworks to advance a new reading of D. G. Rossetti’s double works of art (‘Bocca baciata’, 1859, ‘Fiammetta’, 1868, ‘A Vision of Fiammetta’, 1878), William Morris’s The Earthly Paradise (1868), and Algernon Swinburne’s poems (‘The Two Dreams’, 1858, and ‘The Complaint of Lisa’, 1870), one which sees them as excellent models to investigate their indebtedness to Boccaccio’s The Amorous Vision (1342), Decameron (1349) and Rime (1350–69). In their carnal adaptations of Italian medievalism, Rossetti, Morris, and Swinburne seem to exalt Boccaccio’s vision of erotic love as embodied by a Neapolitan lady, the princess Maria, whom Boccaccio was to immortalize under the name of Fiammetta.
Old English and Old Norse Studies to the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Graham Timothy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the committed scholarship that facilitated the recovery of Old English language and literature from the mid-sixteenth century and, about a hundred years later, applied itself to the study of Old Norse texts, including the Poetic and Prose Edda and the sagas. Varying impulses—religious, legal-historical, and nationalistic—motivated the initial investigation and publication of Anglo-Saxon texts. Early English interest in Old Norse coincided with a growth in correspondence with continental scholars and found full expression in explorations of the Germanic origins of the English that drew extensively upon vernacular material published in Scandinavia. The chapter concludes with an appraisal of the work of the Oxford Saxonists and their collaborative efforts on the monumental Thesaurus of George Hickes, in which, for the first time in England, Old English and Old Norse texts were analysed and discussed together, providing a rich fund of material upon which subsequent generations could draw.
Toryism and the Young England Movement
Authors: Gaunt Richard A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the Young England movement, a small but active group of parliamentarians who opposed Sir Robert Peel’s Conservative government during the period 1842–5. It highlights the crucial role of Lord John Manners and George Sydney Smythe in forming the group. The two men were close from Cambridge days and saw a solution to contemporary social problems in the restoration of medievalism. They sought the revival of the Anglican Church, the restoration of communal activities and past-times, such as May Days, and the strengthening of social relations between the nobility and the working classes. The group attracted the interest of Benjamin Disraeli but maintained a strong sense of independence on individual issues. Young England fractured over Irish policy after Peel proposed an enhanced grant to the Catholic seminary at Maynooth. Though the group never realized its principal purpose, the experience was not without significance for its leading participants.
The Oxford Movement, Asceticism, and Sexual Desire
Authors: Janes Dominic 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter is set in the context of the history of the denominational evolution of monasticism and sainthood within Victorian Catholicism in both its Roman and Anglican forms. It explores, by means of a series of key examples, the battle between the proponents and opponents of medieval and contemporary monasticism and sainthood. The aim of this is to explain the range of views towards religious asceticism within Victorian society and their relationship to contemporary constructions of gender and forms of sexual desire. Examples of key figures, notably John Henry Newman, Charles Kingsley, and Joseph Leycester Lyne, provide instances of some of the ways in which sexual desire became associated with Catholic forms of devotion which, on the face of it, championed celibacy and resistance to fleshly desires.
Bodies and Buildings
Authors: Wagner Corinna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIssues around the body have tended to be seen as the concerns of medical materialists and utilitarians, but rarely medievalists. This perception is reflected in the fact that the body only features occasionally in scholarship on Victorian medievalism. However, this chapter makes the claim that medievalists were deeply invested in issues of health and death, as well as anatomy and other branches of medicine. Moreover, medievalists often evoked the past in support of views about the ethics and care of the body that were surprisingly comparable to that of their supposed sworn enemies, materialists and utilitarians. There is a strain of thought, and an aesthetics, that runs through Victorian culture, which could be called ‘materialist medievalism’. I argue that the view of a bifurcated Victorian society has obscured how often opinions between seemingly incompatible thinkers overlapped on aesthetic, philosophical, and ‘condition of England’ questions that focused on the body. It is my hope that this reconsideration will help us better understand the Victorian foundations of our modern concerns with surveillance, medical research on human subjects, health and well-being in urban environments, and memorialization and care of the dead.
Orientalism, Medievalism, Colonialism, and Militarized Mercantilism
Authors: Davis Kathleen , Altschul Nadia R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the intersections of British medievalism and colonialism in two very different places in the world: early nineteenth-century Chile, as Britain exercised economic domination over parts of the former Spanish Empire (thus it will be termed neocolonial); and late eighteenth-century India, as British officials devised strategies for extracting revenue from Bengal. Despite their many differences, in both cases an area beyond Europe is defined as Moorish and its present is associated with Europe’s past, specifically with the centuries now termed ‘medieval’. In both cases, too, medievalization forwards the economic interests at the basis of this temporal discourse, which is also fully enmeshed in the history of Orientalism. These similarities demonstrate the value of studying the under-examined effects of British medievalism beyond the familiar national frameworks, and, more broadly, underscore the importance of investigating the global dimensions of temporalizing phenomena.
Victorian Medievalism and Secular Design
Authors: Cheshire Jim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces how the arguments used to promote ecclesiastical Gothic became diffused in the context of a wider discourse about taste. Pugin’s arguments for Gothic had been designed to persuade a narrow group of ecclesiastical patrons but this approach became problematic when addressing Victorian consumer culture. Attempts to influence the judgement of the consumer run through the work of other apologists for medievalism such as John Ruskin, G. G. Scott, and Charles Eastlake. Owen Jones appropriated the discourse of medievalism and some of its principles but applied them to a much wider historiography of architecture and ornament, thus dissolving the more partisan hermeneutics promoted by the medievalists. The principles underlying the Gothic Revival were perpetuated through movements such as Aestheticism but these principles no longer pointed to the superiority of the Gothic style.
William Morris and Medievalism
Authors: Marsh Jan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Successively renowned as poet, designer, calligrapher, businessman, architectural conservationist, pioneer socialist, utopianist, and typographer-printer, William Morris (1834–96) based his life’s work on his passion for all things medieval. Almost every aspect of William Morris’s career, indeed his whole life, may be seen as an endeavour to valorize and revivify medieval culture in preference to that of the centuries from 1600 to 1900. His achievement was to do so without nostalgia or antiquarianism, despite his fervent love of old things for their own sake. His signature method was not to describe or copy the Middle Ages, but to imaginatively inhabit them—preferably his favoured fourteenth century—and then to make new things in the same spirit. He views of the past created practical pathways for future enterprises in literature, building, decoration, and, possibly, political action. No revivalist, he aimed to develop archaic forms to serve the aesthetic, material, and political needs of the present and future.
Mid-to-Late Victorian Medievalist Poetry
Authors: Harrison Antony H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Victorian poetry constitutes a particular field of cultural production that displays the increasing acceptance, power, and, dominance of medievalist discourses, and of values attributed to the medieval world, over the course of nineteenth century in Britain. Analysis of a range of medievalist poems by Matthew Arnold, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Dante Rossetti, William Morris, Thomas Hardy, and A. C. Swinburne demonstrates how this particular topical genre of Victorian poetry served to disseminate specific ideological values held by its authors and do so at a level of power and authority unique to the poetry of the period. This analysis compels us to understand Victorian medievalism not as a decorative veneer atop bedrock Victorian culture but rather as a dynamic ‘system’ of interrelated components—linguistic, visual, conceptual, material—deployed by various thinkers, writers, artists, and artisans to transform that culture in potentially profound ways
Representing Icelandic Saga Narrative for Victorian Readers
Authors: O’Donoghue Heather 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The nineteenth century was the period during which, at last, the great naturalistic prose literature of medieval Iceland—the saga—was beginning to appear in English translations. The subject of this chapter is the representation or recycling of this saga material in new prose fictions, and the difficulties it presented, whether or not there was an attempt to imitate the style and narrative structures of the original. I will explore Longfellow’s adaptation of Snorri Sturluson’s Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar as part of ‘Tales of a Wayside Inn’; Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Master of Ballantrae as an experiment in saga narrative method, and his representation of part of Eyrbyggja saga as a short ghost story, ‘The Waif Woman’; H. Rider Haggard’s bravura imitation of a saga, Eric Brighteyes; and W. G. Collingwood’s three ‘Lakeland sagas’: Thorstein of the Mere, The Bondwoman, and the short piece ‘The Story of Thurstan of the Thwaite’.
Tennyson and the Return of King Arthur
Authors: Bryden Inga 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter—which is informed by cultural geographers’ concern for ‘recuperating the spatial practices’ that may be detected within literary texts—discusses an architecture of ‘situated objects’ across literary texts that were produced as part of the Victorian Arthurian revival. It investigates the extent to which Arthurian objects are exoticized and rendered part of fantastical (and actual) landscapes (taking issue with ‘thing theory’). It also considers how in some Arthurian literary reworkings, the Arthurian artefact may not obviously return at all, or be recycled as `ordinary’, in a more familiar, domesticized setting. The chapter argues that Victorian Arthurian texts become an assemblage of codified objects, with those objects referencing and reinterpreting earlier sources of the Arthurian legend, whilst also pointing to complex social change and material cultural encounters.
The Diggers and the Norman Yoke
Authors: Simmons Clare A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During the English Civil War period, the Diggers asserted that social degree was a product of humanity’s fallen nature, rather than part of God’s plan. Such a claim does not require a historical precedent beyond the Bible, yet the Levellers, Diggers, and other radical reformist groups frequently appealed to the Middle Ages, suggesting that the Norman Conquest was England’s own ‘fall’ from a more equitable political and economic system, and that documents such as Magna Carta marked the people’s efforts to reclaim those rights. The Diggers’ distinct contribution to this discussion, taken up in the nineteenth century by radical thinkers such as Thomas Spence, was that property ownership should be communal. This idea of the Middle Ages survived in the radical reformist tradition into the nineteenth century and can be found in the medievalism of William Blake, William Morris, and many others. The theory of the Norman yoke remained a significant influence on social and racial theory in Britain for much of the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Joanne , Wagner Corinna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter charts the evolution of Victorian medievalism in art and architecture, literature and language, politics and social life in Britain, but also in Europe and the Americas. The introduction compares and contrasts what were often described as the two great cultural movements of the century: medievalism and classicism. It examines the turn toward the Middle Ages in earlier eras, and traces the various nineteenth-century offshoots of this turn, including antiquarian collecting, Romantic poetry, Gothic novels, Pre-Raphaelite painting, church building in New Zealand and Canada, popular music and dance, colonial economic discourse, and in the language of Toryism, radicalism, High Church Anglicanism and even utilitarianism. The introduction describes how Victorian medievalist architecture, art, and literature are finally receiving the attention and appreciation they deserve—far more than they had received throughout much of the twentieth century—from scholars, curators, collectors, conservators, town planners, and members of the general public alike.
The Ballad Revival and the Rise of Literary History
Authors: Matthews David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the rediscovery and reinvention of the ballad in the 1760s and 1770s, tracing the later impact of the resultant conception of the Middle Ages on nineteenth-century literature and scholarship. The chapter traces the way in which a notion of the ‘Gothic’ was differentiated, in the early nineteenth century, from the ‘medieval’ (a word newly coined around 1817) and goes on to look at the way in which the early beginnings of English literary history resulted from the antiquarian researches of the eighteenth century. It concludes with reflections on the extent to which it can be said there was truly a revival of the ballad, and posits that there was instead a revaluation something already there, with a new conferral of prestige.
Medieval Forgery
Authors: Lynch Jack 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As the canon of medieval literature expanded rapidly in the Romantic era, critics and literary historians had to be on the lookout for fakes. Unscrupulous writers had often altered authentic medieval texts, misrepresented their origins, or even invented documents out of whole cloth. Some texts some were malign hoaxes, some were light-hearted pranks, and some were unintentionally misleading pseudepigrapha. Whatever the nature of the fakes, though, Victorian antiquarians were obliged to sort carefully through the evidence and try to distinguish the true from the false. But while these fakes took a toll on editors and literary historians, some of whom inadvertently passed on falsehoods, they also forced critics to develop a new set of scholarly tools, which had the paradoxical effect of strengthening scholarship. The need to keep the canon free of fakes ended up training antiquarians, editors, and literary historians to become better historicist critics.
Gothic Ruins and Revivals
Authors: Duggett Tom 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Gothic history and Gothic selfhood in the writings of the Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey. Wordsworth’s ‘Michael, A Pastoral Poem’ is the central text, and the chapter traces the mixture of traditionalism and ‘temporalization’ in this ‘history / Homely and rude’ of family breakdown and generational crisis. The chapter then relates ‘Michael’ to the personal and artistic context of a gradually ‘materializing’ Gothic ‘Plan’ (Coleridge’s phrase), from Lyrical Ballads (1798) to The Excursion (1814) and The White Doe of Rylstone (1815), and argues that these works reflect the turn from a ‘revolutionary architecture’ of the Gothic to an influential ethos of ‘self-evolving’ ‘insularity’. The chapter ends with a discussion of ‘global’ presences in the ‘national theodicy’ of Wordsworth’s Prelude. Preserving and erasing lines on China after the loss of his brother John to the Canton trade, Wordsworth replays the historical drama of ‘Michael’ in personal and global form.
The Eastern Traditions Today
Authors: Kenworthy Scott M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe revolution of 1917 ended a dynamic period of monastic growth in Russia and brought to power a government that was militantly anti-religious. It eliminated all monasteries in the first decade after the revolution, and it persecuted monastics in the 1930s. A limited number of monasteries were tolerated after the Second World War until the end of the Soviet period. Since the collapse of communism, however, Russian monasticism has experienced a significant revival. In Romania, monasticism has always been central to Orthodoxy. Because Romania became communist after the Second World War, the persecution of monasticism was less severe there than in the Soviet Union, and there was greater continuity with the pre-communist past. Monasticism continues to enjoy a significant presence in contemporary Romania. Historians have only just begun to study the fate of monasticism under communism, and sociologists and ethnographers are engaging in promising studies of contemporary monastic life in Russia and Romania.