bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two pixelated insoles using in-shoe pressure sensors to determine percent offloading: case studies
Authors: Penny Harry , Tran Son , Sansosti Laura , Pettineo Steven , Bloom Andrew , Qureshi Rafay , Bickers David , Kreuz Emma , Zaki Peter , McGuire James 
Published: February 2020

Objective:The gold standard for offloading neuropathic forefoot and midfoot wounds is the total contact cast (TCC). However, in practice TCC is rarely used and is contraindicated in patients with fluctuating oedema, poor perfusion, lack of adequate tissue oxygenation and morbid obesity. It can also be too restrictive for patients, inevitably resulting in treatment rejection and delayed healing. This paper examines the role of shoe-based offloading devices as an alternative in reducing plantar pressure and optimising the healing of neuropathic ulcers.Method:Healthy subjects were recruited and fitted for two types of pixelated insoles: PegAssist (PA) insole system (Darco International, US) and FORS-15 (FORS) offloading insole (Saluber, Italy). An area of discreet, elevated high pressure was created by adding a 1/4-inch-thick felt pad to the plantar skin under the first metatarsal head. Subjects walked barefoot in surgical shoes with standard insoles (Condition 1), barefoot in pixelated insoles (Condition 2), barefoot with pixels removed (Condition 3). Dynamic plantar pressures were measured using F-Scan and the results were analysed to determine plantar pressure changes in each condition.Results:Using PA, the percentage reduction of plantar pressure (kPa) under the first metatarsal between Condition 1 and Condition 2 was 10.54±15.81% (p=0.022), between Condition 2 and Condition 3 was 40.13±11.11% (p<0.001), and between Condition 1 and Condition 3 was 46.67±12.95 % (p<0.001). Using FORS, the percentage reduction between Condition 1 and Condition 2 was 24.25±23.33% (p=0.0029), between Condition 2 and Condition 3 was 23.61±19.45% (p<0.001), and between Condition 1 and Condition 3 was 43.39±18.70% (p<0.001). A notable difference in the findings between the two insoles was the presence of a significant edge effect associated with PA, indicating that the offloading was not entirely successful. No edge effect was detected with FORS.Conclusion:Our current analysis shows that pixelated insoles exhibit potential for supplemental offloading in surgical shoes. These devices could provide an alternative way for physicians to offload plantar wounds and expedite closure for patients that cannot tolerate a TCC or other restrictive devices.
Photonic serial implementation of a flash analog-to-digital converter
Authors: He Hongxia , Yang Shuna , Chi Hao , Jin Tao 
Published: February 2020

A photonic analog-to-digital converter (ADC) scheme based on multi-wavelength sampling and balanced detection is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In the approach, a power-weighted multi-wavelength pulsed source is employed to implement sampling, a dispersion element is used to realize temporal walk-off of multi-wavelength pulses, and a thresholding module is applied to implement serial thresholding. The principles of quantization and encoding are similar to that of an electronic flash ADC, but the serial implementation in the given approach avoids the use of large numbers of comparators. A proof-of-concept experiment with three wavelengths is successfully demonstrated. We also discuss the feasibility of the approach and the design of non-uniform quantization by properly setting the power ratio of the multi-wavelength pulses.
Verdet constant of potassium terbium fluoride crystal as a function of wavelength and temperature
Authors: Vojna David , Duda Martin , Yasuhara Ryo , Slezák Ondřej , Schlichting Wolfgang , Stevens Kevin , Chen Hengjun , Lucianetti Antonio , Mocek Tomáš 
Published: February 2020

Potassium terbium fluoride

K
T
b

3

F

10

(KTF) crystal is a promising magneto-active material for creating multi-kilowatt average-power Faraday isolators operating at the visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Nevertheless, the key material’s parameter needed for the design of any Faraday isolator—the Verdet constant, has not been comprehensively investigated yet. In this Letter, we report on measurement of the Verdet constant of the KTF crystal for wavelengths between 600 and 1500 nm and for temperatures ranging from 15 to 295 K. A suitable model for the Verdet constant as a function of wavelength and temperature has been developed and may be conveniently used for optimal design of KTF-based high-average-power Faraday isolators.
Incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (IBBCEAS)-based strategy for direct measurement of aerosol extinction in a lidar blind zone
Authors: Meng Lingshuo , Wang Gaoxuan , Augustin Patrick , Fourmentin Marc , Gou Qian , Fertein Eric , Nguyen Ba Tong , Coeur Cécile , Tomas Alexandre , Chen Weidong 
Published: February 2020

In this Letter, the development of a custom-designed incoherent broadband cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer (IBBCEAS) and its application to in situ measurement of aerosol extinction near the ground surface are described in an effort to address the issue of missing data in the light detection and ranging (lidar) blind zone in the first hundreds of meters of the observation range. Combined measurements of aerosol extinction at the same location using lidar remote sensing at 355 nm and in situ IBBCEAS operating in the UV spectral region around 370 nm showed results with a good correlation (

R

2

=

0.90

) between the two measurement techniques. This Letter highlights a new strategy for near-end lidar calibration, using a ground-based compact and robust IBBCEAS located at the lidar measurement site to determine the vertical profile of the aerosol extinction coefficient with a higher accuracy.
Peningkatan Kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo Melalui Komunikasi Pembangunan
Authors: Mizwar Hasyim Nanang 
Published: February 2020

This article explores the village independent of Panggungharjo through developed communication. Based on the qualitative-descriptive method, it can be a result of a new perspective on independent village development. The development of communication by the stronger local leadership can be Panggungharjo Village entrance of the nomination of the better village in Indonesia for Village-Owned Enterprises (Badan Usaha Milik Desa) on developing of institutional governance. Leadership as a local strongman has established to analyze framing on the role of communication with the people. The participation can be conducted to developing programs on physically and unphysically. This paper founded on social services programs (education, health, and economic) and better central both effective and efficiency on Village-Owned Entreprises management. This enterprise can be economic productivity increasingly. In adding of village budgeting from the result of economic productivity on access and planning social programs more accessible for societies. Artikel ini mengeksplorasi kemandirian Desa Panggungharjo melalui komunikasi pembangunan. Hal ini dilandasi oleh prestasi Desa Panggungharjo yang berhasil menjadi desa mandiri. Melalui metode kualitatif-deskriptif dapat menghasilkan satu perspektif baru dalam pembangunan desa mandiri. Ternyata, komunikasi pembangunan yang diciptakan oleh kekuatan leadership lokal mampu menjadikan Panggungharjo masuk nominasi desa terbaik di Indonesia dalam pengelolaan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDesa). Leadership sebagai local strongman telah membingkai framing analisis dalam pola komunikasi dengan masyarakat. Dengan komunikasi efektif menghasilkan masyarakat yang pasif menjadi lebih aktif. Hal ini terlihat dengan tingkat partisipasi masyarakat dalam setiap program pembangunan. Partisipasi tersebut telah mampu menjalankan program-program pembangunan yang bersifat fisik maupun non fisik. Temuan penelitian yang paling menonjol adalah program pelayanan sosial (pendidikan, kesehatan, dan ekonomi) tersentral dengan baik melalui pengelolaan BUMDesa secara efektif dan efisien. BUMDesa menjadi motor penggerak pelayanan karena pendapatan secara ekonomis setiap tahun terus meningkat. Kondisi ini menjadikan pendapatan desa semakin bertambah. Dengan penambahan anggaran desa dari hasil produktifitas ekonomi semakin mempermudah akses dan perencanaan program pelayanan sosial bagi masyarakat.
Influence of pancreatic status on circulating plasma sterols in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Gelzo Monica , Iacotucci Paola , Sica Concetta , Liguori Renato , Comegna Marika , Carnovale Vincenzo , Dello Russo Antonio , Corso Gaetano , Castaldo Giuseppe 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have a reduced intestinal absorption of cholesterol and in a preliminary study we observed differences in plasma sterol profile between patients with pancreatic sufficiency (PS) and those with pancreatic insufficiency (PI). Therefore, we hypothesized that the sterol analysis may contribute to study the digestion and absorption state of lipids in patients with CF. To this aim we evaluated plasma sterols in a significant number of adult patients with CF in relation to the pancreatic status.

Methods
Beside cholesterol, we measured phytosterols and lathosterol as markers of intestinal absorption and hepatic biosynthesis, respectively, by gas-chromatography in plasma of adult CF patients with pancreatic sufficiency (PS-CF, n = 57), insufficiency (PI-CF, n = 97) and healthy subjects (control group, CT, n = 71).

Results
PI-CF patients had cholesterol and phytosterols levels significantly lower than PS-CF and CT (p < 5 × 10−10) suggesting a reduced intestinal absorption of sterols related to PI. Instead, lathosterol was significantly higher in PI-CF patients than PS-CF and CT (p < 0.0003) indicating an enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis. In PI-CF patients, phytosterols positively correlate with vitamin E (p = 0.004). Both the classes of molecules need cholesterol esterase for the intestinal digestion, thus the reduced levels of such lipids in serum from PI-CF patients may depend on a reduced enzyme activity, despite the pancreatic enzyme supplementation in all PI-CF patients.

Conclusions
A plasma sterols profile may be useful to evaluate the metabolic status of lipids in adult patients with CF and could help to manage the pancreatic enzyme supplementation therapy.
Corrosion protection of copper and copper alloys in different corrosive medium using environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors
Authors: Shinato Kebede W. , Zewde Abraham Amenay , Jin Ying 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe corrosion mechanism of copper and copper alloy is reviewed. A number of scientific papers have been investigated to determine the corrosion mechanism and protection techniques of copper and copper alloy corrosion. Results have shown that copper can be corroded in an acidic or an alkaline environment, and oxide formation is the corrosion initiation process. The use of corrosion inhibitors is one of several ways of controlling metal corrosion. There are inorganic (toxic) and organic (green) corrosion inhibitors invented so far. Nowadays, environmental issue is a concern of several scientists in the world. From the results of recent scientific papers, green corrosion inhibitors can be used for copper corrosion protection and they are both economical and environmentally safe. Furthermore, future researches are needed to determine more efficient, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors for copper and copper alloys.
Packet Blocking Performance of Cloud Computing Based Optical Data Centers Networks under Contention Resolution Mechanisms
Authors: Shukla Rahul Deo , Pratap Ajay , Suryavanshi Raghuraj Singh 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In data center networks use of optical communication has revolutionized the data transfer mechanism. Optical communication heavily relies on enormous bandwidth of optical fiber. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technique can be used for utilization of huge bandwidth. To employ WDM which uses distinct set of wavelengths to carry data wavelength converters are required. However as the tunable range of wavelength converter increases both cost and technological design complexity rises exponentially. Therefore, both Limited Range Wavelength Converter (LRWC) and Full Range Wavelength Converter (FRWC) are considered. However, under higher loading conditions buffering is also required as using wavelength converter (WC) blocking can be reduced significantly. This paper presents comprehensive analysis of blocking performance under various types of wavelengths converters and buffering of contending packets.
Phosphorene-assisted silicon photonic modulator with fast response time
Authors: Cheng Zhao , Cao Rui , Guo Jia , Yao Yuhan , Wei Kangkang , Gao Shan , Wang Yunzheng , Dong Jianji , Zhang Han 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
All-optical modulators avoid the conversion from external electronic signals to optical signals and thus have the potential to achieve an energy-efficient high-speed photonic system. Phosphorene recently debuted as an attractive material that exhibits outstanding high electron mobility, strong light-matter interaction and modifiable bandgap, making it ideal for all-optical modulators. In this paper, by incorporating a phosphorene and silicon-based micro-ring resonator (MRR), we first propose and experimentally demonstrate a unique phosphorene-integrated all-optical modulator in telecommunications. By utilizing a phosphorene thin film with an average thickness of 22 nm as the absorption material, the rise time of only 479 ns and decay time of 113 ns are achieved, which is the fastest reported response time in the family of phosphorene modulators. The corresponding 3 dB bandwidth is larger than 2.5 MHz, and it exhibits a low-loss performance benefited from its finite bandgap. The proposed phosphorene/MRR hybrid modulator may have potential in the applications of all-optical interconnections.
Aluminum extraction technologies from high aluminum fly ash
Authors: Gao Yajing , Liang Kai , Gou Yi , Wei Shun’an , Shen Weifeng , Cheng Fangqin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Coal fly ash (CFA), an industrial by-product of high-temperature combustion of coal in coal-fired power plants, is one of the most complex and largest amounts of industrial solid wastes generated in China. It is widely recognized that CFA should be considered as a potential alumina resource to substitute bauxite. In this review, the features of high-alumina fly ash and aluminum recovery technologies are first described. Later, the merits and drawbacks of alumina extraction technologies in recovering more valuable materials are compared in terms of extraction mechanisms and equipment requirements. It is shown that “predesilicating-sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) activation-acid leaching” is currently a promising method in achieving multimetal synergistic extraction. Finally, the hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid combination process is proposed as a sustainable development of the predesilicating-Na2CO3 activation-acid leaching process. The findings of this review provide theoretical guidance for novel developments and applications of aluminum extraction technologies.
Blood Flow Restricted Exercise and Discomfort: A Review
Authors: Spitz Robert W. , Wong Vickie , Bell Zachary W. , Viana Ricardo B. , Chatakondi Raksha N. , Abe Takashi , Loenneke Jeremy P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Spitz, RW, Wong, V, Bell, ZW, Viana, RB, Chatakondi, RN, Abe, T, and Loenneke, JP. Blood flow restricted exercise and discomfort: A review. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 871–879, 2022—Blood flow restriction exercise involves using a pneumatic cuff or elastic band to restrict arterial inflow into the muscle and block venous return out of the muscle during the exercise bout. The resultant ischemia in conjunction with low-load exercise has shown to be beneficial with increasing muscle size and strength. However, a limitation of using blood flow restriction (BFR) is the accompanying discomfort associated with this type of exercise. Factors that may influence discomfort are applied pressure, width of the cuff, cuff material, sex, and training to failure. The goal of this review was to evaluate the existing literature and elucidate how these factors can be manipulated to reduce discomfort during exercise as well as provide possible directions for future research. Thirty-eight different studies were located investigating BFR and discomfort. It was found that BFR training causes more discomfort than exercise without BFR. However, chronic use of BFR may increase tolerability, but discomfort may still be elevated over traditional non–blood flow restricted exercise. Discomfort can be attenuated by the application of lower applied pressures and stopping short of task failure. Finally, in the upper body, wider cuffs seem to increase ratings of discomfort compared with more narrow cuffs. In conclusion, applying the proper-sized cuff and making the applied pressure relative to both the individual and the cuff applied may attenuate discomfort. Reducing discomfort during exercise may help increase adherence to exercise and rehabilitation programs.
Aerobic Exercise Performance During Load Carriage and Acute Altitude Exposure
Authors: Coffman Kirsten E. , Luippold Adam J. , Salgado Roy M. , Heavens Kristen R. , Caruso Elizabeth M. , Fulco Charles S. , Kenefick Robert W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Coffman, KE, Luippold, AJ, Salgado, RM, Heavens, KR, Caruso, EM, Fulco, CS, and Kenefick, RW. Aerobic exercise performance during load carriage and acute altitude exposure. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 946–951, 2020—This study quantified the impact of combined load carriage and acute altitude exposure on 5-km running time-trial (TT) performance and self-selected pacing strategy. Furthermore, this study developed a velocity prediction tool (nomogram) for similar aerobic exercise tasks performed under various combinations of altitude and load stress. Nine volunteers (6M/3F, age: 24 ± 7 years, height: 171 ± 6 cm, body mass: 72 ± 7 kg, and V̇o
2peak: 50.5 ± 5.2 ml·min−1·kg−1) completed a randomized, repeated-measures design protocol. Volunteers performed 3 familiarization (FAM) trials at sea level (SL; 250 m) with no-load carriage. Experimental testing included 3 self-paced, blinded 5-km running TT on a treadmill while carrying a 30% body mass external load at SL, moderate altitude (MA; 2000 m), and high altitude (HA; 3000 m). At SL, load carriage resulted in a 36% decrement in 5-km exercise performance in comparison with FAM trials (43 ± 7 vs. 32 ± 3 minutes; p < 0.001). Time required to complete the 5-km distance while carrying an external load was increased by 11% when performed at HA vs. SL (48 ± 7 vs. 43 ± 7 minutes; p = 0.001). TT pace was not different among experimental conditions (load carriage at SL, MA, and HA) until after 1 km of the running distance had been completed. Heart rate was not different among experimental conditions throughout the entire TT (170 ± 17 b·min–1). These data quantify the anticipated reduction in aerobic exercise performance under various combinations of acute altitude exposure and load carriage conditions. The self-paced running TT approach used presently allowed for development of an altitude-load nomogram for use in recreational, occupational, or military settings.
Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex Codes Information Relevant for Managing Explore–Exploit Tradeoffs
Authors: Costa Vincent D. , Averbeck Bruno B. 
Published: February 2020

Reinforcement learning (RL) refers to the behavioral process of learning to obtain reward and avoid punishment. An important component of RL is managing explore–exploit tradeoffs, which refers to the problem of choosing between exploiting options with known values and exploring unfamiliar options. We examined correlates of this tradeoff, as well as other RL related variables, in orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) while three male monkeys performed a three-armed bandit learning task. During the task, novel choice options periodically replaced familiar options. The values of the novel options were unknown, and the monkeys had to explore them to see if they were better than other currently available options. The identity of the chosen stimulus and the reward outcome were strongly encoded in the responses of single OFC neurons. These two variables define the states and state transitions in our model that are relevant to decision-making. The chosen value of the option and the relative value of exploring that option were encoded at intermediate levels. We also found that OFC value coding was stimulus specific, as opposed to coding value independent of the identity of the option. The location of the option and the value of the current environment were encoded at low levels. Therefore, we found encoding of the variables relevant to learning and managing explore–exploit tradeoffs in OFC. These results are consistent with findings in the ventral striatum and amygdala and show that this monosynaptically connected network plays an important role in learning based on the immediate and future consequences of choices.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOrbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated in representing the expected values of choices. Here we extend these results and show that OFC also encodes information relevant to managing explore–exploit tradeoffs. Specifically, OFC encodes an exploration bonus, which characterizes the relative value of exploring novel choice options. OFC also strongly encodes the identity of the chosen stimulus, and reward outcomes, which are necessary for computing the value of novel and familiar options.
Hepatitis C Testing Among Perinatally Exposed Infants
Authors: Lopata Susan M. , McNeer Elizabeth , Dudley Judith A. , Wester Carolyn , Cooper William O. , Carlucci James G. , Espinosa Claudia M. , Dupont William , Patrick Stephen W. 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence doubled among pregnant women from 2009 to 2014, reaching 3.4 per 1000 births nationwide. Infants exposed to HCV may acquire HCV by vertical transmission. National guidelines recommend that infants exposed to HCV be tested; however, it is unclear if these recommendations are being followed. Our objectives were to determine if infants exposed to HCV were tested and to determine hospital- and patient-level factors associated with differences in testing.

METHODS:
In this retrospective cohort study of infants exposed to HCV who were enrolled in the Tennessee Medicaid program, we used vital statistics–linked administrative data for infants born between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2014. Infants were followed until 2 years old. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the association of HCV testing and hospital- and patient-level characteristics.

RESULTS:
Only 23% of 4072 infants exposed to HCV were tested. Infants whose mothers were white versus African American (96.6% vs 3.1%; P &lt;.001), used tobacco (78% vs 70%; P &lt;.001), and had HIV (1.3% vs 0.4%; P = .002) were more likely to be tested. Infants exposed to HCV who had a higher median of well-child visits (7 vs 6; P &lt;.001) were more likely to be tested. After accounting for maternal and infant characteristics and health care use patterns, African American infants were less likely to undergo general testing (adjusted odds ratio 0.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.13–0.78).

CONCLUSIONS:
Testing occurred in &lt;1 in 4 infants exposed to HCV and less frequently among African American infants. Public health systems need to be bolstered to ensure that infants exposed to HCV are tested for seroconversion.
Commutative morphic rings of stable range 2
Authors: Pihura Oksana , Zabavsky Bohdan 
Published: February 2020

It is know that a left quasi-morphic ring R is a ring of stable range 1 if and only if dim R = 0.
In this paper it is shown that a commutative morphic ring R is a ring of stable range 2 if and only if dimR= 1.