bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated with Survival in Adult Trauma Patients Transported to US Trauma Centers by Police
Authors: Colnaric Jure M. , Bachir Rana H. , El Sayed Mazen J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Police units often reach the trauma scene before Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Initiatives aiming at delivering early basic trauma care by non-medical providers including police personnel are on the rise. This study describes characteristics of trauma patients transported by police to US hospitals and identifies factors associated with survival in this patient population.Methods:Using the 2015 National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB), an observational study was conducted of adult trauma patients who were transported by police. After describing the study population, the factors associated with survival to hospital discharge were evaluated using a multivariate analysis.Results:A total of 2,394 patients were included in the study. Patients had a median age of 34.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 25-48) and most were males (84.5%). Blunt trauma mechanism (59.4%) was more common than penetrating trauma (29.4%). Factors associated with improved survival included: comorbidity (odds ratio [OR] = 2.92; 95% CI, 1.33-6.40); use of drugs (OR = 2.91; 95% CI, 1.07-7.92); cut/pierce (OR = 11.07; 95% CI, 2.10-58.43); motor vehicle traffic (MVT) mechanism (OR = 6.56; 95% CI, 1.60-26.98); trauma resulting in fractures (OR = 3.03; 95% CI, 1.38-6.64); and private/commercial insurance (OR = 3.41; 95% CI, 1.10-10.55).Conclusion:In this study population, a relatively high survival rate was noted (93.5%). Police transport of patients with blunt trauma was unexpectedly more common. Factors associated with survival to hospital discharge were identified. These factors can be used to implement more standardized and protocol-driven risk stratification tools of trauma patients on scene to improve police involvement in trauma patient transport.
Intra‐Annual and Interannual Dynamics of Evaporation Over Western Lake Erie
Authors: Shao Changliang , Chen Jiquan , Chu Housen , Stepien Carol A. , Ouyang Zutao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvaporation (E) is a critical component of the water and energy budget in lake systems yet is challenging to quantify directly and continuously. We examined the magnitude and changes of E and its drivers over Lake Erie—the shallowest and most southern lake of the Laurentian Great Lakes. We deployed two eddy‐covariance tower sites in the western Lake Erie Basin—one located nearshore (CB) and one offshore (LI)—from September 2011 through May 2016. Monthly E varied from 5 to 120 mm, with maximum E occurring in August–October. The annual E was 635 ± 42 (±SD) mm at CB and 604 ± 32 mm at LI. Mean winter (October–March) E was 189 ± 61 mm at CB and 178 ± 25 mm at LI, accounting for 29.8% and 29.4% of annual E. Mean daily E was 1.8 mm during the coldest month (January) and 7.4 mm in the warmest month (July). Monthly E exhibited a strong positive linear relationship to the product of wind speed and vapor pressure deficit. Pronounced seasonal patterns in surface energy fluxes were observed with a 2‐month lag in E from Rn, due to the lake's heat storage. This lag was shorter than reports regarding other Great Lakes. Difference in E between the offshore and nearshore sites reflected within‐lake spatial heterogeneity, likely attributable to climatic and bathymetric differences between them. These findings suggest that predictive models need to consider lake‐specific heat storage and spatial heterogeneity in order to accurately simulate lake E and its seasonal dynamics.
Quantifying Long‐Term Seasonal and Regional Impacts of North American Fire Activity on Continental Boundary Layer Aerosols and Cloud Condensation Nuclei
Authors: Logan Timothy , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Zheng Xiaojian , Wang Yuan , Wu Peng , Marlow Eleanor , Maddux James 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn intimate knowledge of aerosol transport is essential in reducing the uncertainty of the impacts of aerosols on cloud development. Data sets from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement platform in the Southern Great Plains region (ARM‐SGP) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA‐2), showed seasonal increases in aerosol loading and total carbon concentration during the spring and summer months (2008–2016) which was attributed to fire activity and smoke transport within North America. The monthly mean MERRA‐2 surface carbonaceous aerosol mass concentration and ARM‐SGP total carbon products were strongly correlated (R = 0.82, p < 0.01) along with a moderate correlation with the ARM‐SGP cloud condensation nuclei (NCCN) product (0.5, p ~ 0.1). The monthly mean ARM‐SGP total carbon and NCCN products were strongly correlated (0.7, p ~ 0.01). An additional product denoting fire number and coverage taken from the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) showed a moderate correlation with the MERRA‐2 carbonaceous product (0.45, p < 0.01) during the 1981–2016 warm season months (March–September). With respect to meteorological conditions, the correlation between the NIFC fire product and MERRA‐2 850‐hPa isobaric height anomalies was lower (0.26, p ~ 0.13) due to the variability in the frequency, intensity, and number of fires in North America. An observed increase in the isobaric height anomaly during the past decade may lead to frequent synoptic ridging and drier conditions with more fires, thereby potentially impacting cloud/precipitation processes and decreasing air quality.
Mass and Number Size Distributions of rBC in Snow and Firn Samples From Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Marquetto Luciano , Kaspari Susan , Simões Jefferson Cardia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn extended‐range Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) coupled to a Marin‐5 nebulizer was used to measure the refractory black carbon (rBC) mass and number size distributions in 1,004 samples from a West Antarctica snow/firn core. The SP2 was calibrated using Aquadag and a Centrifugal Particle Mass Analyzer for BC particles ranging from 0.5 to 800 fg. Our results indicate a significant contribution of rare, large particles of mass‐equivalent diameter (DBC) > 500 nm to the total rBC mass (36%), while small particles (DBC < 100 nm) are abundant but contribute <8% to total rBC mass. We observed a primary mass median diameter of 162 ± 40 nm, smaller than reported for snow in other regions of the globe but similar to East Antarctica rBC size distributions. In addition, we observed other modes at 673, 1,040, and >1,810 nm (uncontained mode). We compared two sets of samples from different seasons (wet vs. dry) and observed that dry season concentrations are 3.4 and 2 times that of the wet season in the ranges of 80 nm < DBC < 500 nm (small particles) and 500 nm < DBC < 2,000 nm (large particles), respectively, while number of particles in the dry season is 3.5 and 2 times that of the wet season for the same size ranges. Millimeter thick melt layers have been observed in some samples, although they did not change the observed median diameter. This study provides the first detailed rBC mass and number size distribution from West Antarctica.
Carbon Dioxide and Methane Flux in a Dynamic Arctic Tundra Landscape: Decadal‐Scale Impacts of Ice Wedge Degradation and Stabilization
Authors: Wickland K. P. , Jorgenson M. T. , Koch J. C. , Kanevskiy M. , Striegl R. G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIce wedge degradation is a widespread occurrence across the circumpolar Arctic causing extreme spatial heterogeneity in water distribution, vegetation, and energy balance across landscapes. These heterogeneities influence carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes, yet there is little understanding of how they effect change in landscape‐level carbon (C) gas flux over time. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes in an area undergoing ice wedge degradation near Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, and combined with repeat imagery analysis to estimate seasonal landscape‐level C flux response to geomorphic change. Net CO2 and CH4 emissions changed by −25% and +42%, respectively, resulting in a 14% increase in seasonal CO2‐C equivalent emissions over 69 years as ice wedge degradation formed water‐filled troughs. The dynamic ice wedge degradation/stabilization process can cause significant changes in CO2 and CH4 fluxes over time, and the integration of this process is important to forecasting landscape‐level C fluxes in permafrost regions abundant in ice wedges.
Response of the Southern Ocean Overturning Circulation to Extreme Southern Annular Mode Conditions
Authors: Stewart K. D. , Hogg A.McC. , England M. H. , Waugh D. W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe positive trend of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) will impact the Southern Ocean's role in Earth's climate; however, the details of the Southern Ocean's response remain uncertain. We introduce a methodology to examine the influence of SAM on the Southern Ocean and apply this method to a global ocean‐sea ice model run at three resolutions (1°, (1/4)°, and (1/10)°). Our methodology drives perturbation simulations with realistic atmospheric forcing of extreme SAM conditions. The thermal response agrees with previous studies; positive SAM perturbations warm the upper ocean north of the wind speed maximum and cool it to the south, with the opposite response for negative SAM. The overturning circulation exhibits a rapid response that increases/decreases for positive/negative SAM perturbations and is insensitive to model resolution. The longer‐term adjustment of the overturning circulation, however, depends on the representation of eddies, and is faster at higher resolutions.
Probing the Ecology and Climate of the Eocene Southern Ocean With Sand Tiger Sharks Striatolamia macrota
Authors: Kim Sora L. , Zeichner Sarah S. , Colman Albert S. , Scher Howie D. , Kriwet Jürgen , Mörs Thomas , Huber Matthew 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany explanations for Eocene climate change focus on the Southern Ocean—where tectonics influenced oceanic gateways, ocean circulation reduced heat transport, and greenhouse gas declines prompted glaciation. To date, few studies focus on marine vertebrates at high latitudes to discern paleoecological and paleoenvironmental impacts of this climate transition. The Tertiary Eocene La Meseta (TELM) Formation has a rich fossil assemblage to characterize these impacts; Striatolamia macrota, an extinct (†) sand tiger shark, is abundant throughout the La Meseta Formation. Body size is often tracked to characterize and integrate across multiple ecological dimensions. †S. macrota body size distributions indicate limited changes during TELMs 2–5 based on anterior tooth crown height (n = 450, mean = 19.6 ± 6.4 mm). Similarly, environmental conditions remained stable through this period based on δ18OPO4 values from tooth enameloid (n = 42; 21.5 ± 1.6‰), which corresponds to a mean temperature of 22.0 ± 4.0°C. Our preliminary εNd (n = 4) results indicate an early Drake Passage opening with Pacific inputs during TELM 2–3 (45–43 Ma) based on single unit variation with an overall radiogenic trend. Two possible hypotheses to explain these observations are (1) †S. macrota modified its migration behavior to ameliorate environmental changes related to the Drake Passage opening, or (2) the local climate change was small and gateway opening had little impact. While we cannot rule out an ecological explanation, a comparison with climate model results suggests that increased CO2 produces warm conditions that also parsimoniously explain the observations.
Parp3 promotes astrocytic differentiation through a tight regulation of Nox4-induced ROS and mTorc2 activation
Authors: Rodriguez-Vargas José-Manuel , Martin-Hernandez Kathline , Wang Wei , Kunath Nicolas , Suganthan Rajikala , Amé Jean-Christophe , Oliver F. Javier , Ye Jing , Bjørås Magnar , Dantzer Françoise 
Published: November 2020

AbstractParp3 is a member of the Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Parp) family that has been characterized for its functions in strand break repair, chromosomal rearrangements, mitotic segregation and tumor aggressiveness. Yet its physiological implications remain unknown. Here we report a central function of Parp3 in the regulation of redox homeostasis in continuous neurogenesis in mice. We show that the absence of Parp3 provokes Nox4-induced oxidative stress and defective mTorc2 activation leading to inefficient differentiation of post-natal neural stem/progenitor cells to astrocytes. The accumulation of ROS contributes to the decreased activity of mTorc2 as a result of an oxidation-induced and Fbxw7-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Rictor. In vivo, mTorc2 signaling is compromised in the striatum of naïve post-natalParp3-deficient mice and 6 h after acute hypoxia-ischemia. These findings reveal a physiological function of Parp3 in the tight regulation of striatal oxidative stress and mTorc2 during astrocytic differentiation and in the acute phase of hypoxia-ischemia.
mTORC1 activation in lung mesenchyme drives sex- and age-dependent pulmonary structure and function decline
Authors: Obraztsova Kseniya , Basil Maria C. , Rue Ryan , Sivakumar Aravind , Lin Susan M. , Mukhitov Alexander R. , Gritsiuta Andrei I. , Evans Jilly F. , Kopp Meghan , Katzen Jeremy , Robichaud Annette , Atochina-Vasserman Elena N. , Li Shanru , Carl Justine , Babu Apoorva , Morley Michael P. , Cantu Edward , Beers Michael F. , Frank David B. , Morrisey Edward E. , Krymskaya Vera P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare fatal cystic lung disease due to bi-allelic inactivating mutations in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC1/TSC2) genes coding for suppressors of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). The origin of LAM cells is still unknown. Here, we profile a LAM lung compared to an age- and sex-matched healthy control lung as a hypothesis-generating approach to identify cell subtypes that are specific to LAM. Our single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) analysis reveals novel mesenchymal and transitional alveolar epithelial states unique to LAM lung. This analysis identifies a mesenchymal cell hub coordinating the LAM disease phenotype. Mesenchymal-restricted deletion of Tsc2 in the mouse lung produces a mTORC1-driven pulmonary phenotype, with a progressive disruption of alveolar structure, a decline in pulmonary function, increase of rapamycin-sensitive expression of WNT ligands, and profound female-specific changes in mesenchymal and epithelial lung cell gene expression. Genetic inactivation of WNT signaling reverses age-dependent changes of mTORC1-driven lung phenotype, but WNT activation alone in lung mesenchyme is not sufficient for the development of mouse LAM-like phenotype. The alterations in gene expression are driven by distinctive crosstalk between mesenchymal and epithelial subsets of cells observed in mesenchymal Tsc2-deficient lungs. This study identifies sex- and age-specific gene changes in the mTORC1-activated lung mesenchyme and establishes the importance of the WNT signaling pathway in the mTORC1-driven lung phenotype.
Benchmarking of cell type deconvolution pipelines for transcriptomics data
Authors: Avila Cobos Francisco , Alquicira-Hernandez José , Powell Joseph E. , Mestdagh Pieter , De Preter Katleen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany computational methods have been developed to infer cell type proportions from bulk transcriptomics data. However, an evaluation of the impact of data transformation, pre-processing, marker selection, cell type composition and choice of methodology on the deconvolution results is still lacking. Using five single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets, we generate pseudo-bulk mixtures to evaluate the combined impact of these factors. Both bulk deconvolution methodologies and those that use scRNA-seq data as reference perform best when applied to data in linear scale and the choice of normalization has a dramatic impact on some, but not all methods. Overall, methods that use scRNA-seq data have comparable performance to the best performing bulk methods whereas semi-supervised approaches show higher error values. Moreover, failure to include cell types in the reference that are present in a mixture leads to substantially worse results, regardless of the previous choices. Altogether, we evaluate the combined impact of factors affecting the deconvolution task across different datasets and propose general guidelines to maximize its performance.
The cascading origin of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and implications for future forecasting
Authors: Patrick M. R. , Houghton B. F. , Anderson K. R. , Poland M. P. , Montgomery-Brown E. , Johanson I. , Thelen W. , Elias T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe 2018 summit and flank eruption of Kīlauea Volcano was one of the largest volcanic events in Hawaiʻi in 200 years. Data suggest that a backup in the magma plumbing system at the long-lived Puʻu ʻŌʻō eruption site caused widespread pressurization in the volcano, driving magma into the lower flank. The eruption evolved, and its impact expanded, as a sequence of cascading events, allowing relatively minor changes at Puʻu ʻŌʻō to cause major destruction and historic changes across the volcano. Eruption forecasting is inherently challenging in cascading scenarios where magmatic systems may prime gradually and trigger on small events.
Methylamine-assisted growth of uniaxial-oriented perovskite thin films with millimeter-sized grains
Authors: Fan Haochen , Li Fengzhu , Wang Pengcheng , Gu Zhenkun , Huang Jin-Hua , Jiang Ke-Jian , Guan Bo , Yang Lian-Ming , Zhou Xueqin , Song YanLin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDefects from grain interiors and boundaries of perovskite films cause significant nonradiative recombination energy loss, and thus perovskite films with controlled crystallinity and large grains is critical for improvement of both photovoltaic performance and stability for perovskite-based solar cells. Here, a methylamine (MA0) gas-assisted crystallization method is developed for fabrication of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite films. In the process, the perovskite film is formed via controlled release of MA0 gas molecules from a liquid intermediate phase MAPbI3·xMA0. The resulting perovskite film comprises millimeter-sized grains with (110)-uniaxial crystallographic orientation, exhibiting much low trap density, long carrier lifetime, and excellent environmental stability. The corresponding perovskite solar cell exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of ~ 21.36%, which is among the highest reported for MAPbI3-based devices. This method provides important progress towards the fabrication of high-quality perovskite thin films for low-cost, highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
From deterministic to fuzzy decision-making in artificial cells
Authors: Greiss Ferdinand , Daube Shirley S. , Noireaux Vincent , Bar-Ziv Roy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBuilding autonomous artificial cells capable of homeostasis requires regulatory networks to gather information and make decisions that take time and cost energy. Decisions based on few molecules may be inaccurate but are cheap and fast. Realizing decision-making with a few molecules in artificial cells has remained a challenge. Here, we show decision-making by a bistable gene network in artificial cells with constant protein turnover. Reducing the number of gene copies from 105 to about 10 per cell revealed a transition from deterministic and slow decision-making to a fuzzy and rapid regime dominated by small-number fluctuations. Gene regulation was observed at lower DNA and protein concentrations than necessary in equilibrium, suggesting rate enhancement by co-expressional localization. The high-copy regime was characterized by a sharp transition and hysteresis, whereas the low-copy limit showed strong fluctuations, state switching, and cellular individuality across the decision-making point. Our results demonstrate information processing with low-power consumption inside artificial cells.
Plasmodium translocon component EXP2 facilitates hepatocyte invasion
Authors: Mello-Vieira João , Enguita Francisco J. , de Koning-Ward Tania F. , Zuzarte-Luís Vanessa , Mota Maria M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlasmodium parasites possess a translocon that exports parasite proteins into the infected erythrocyte. Although the translocon components are also expressed during the mosquito and liver stage of infection, their function remains unexplored. Here, using a combination of genetic and chemical assays, we show that the translocon component Exported Protein 2 (EXP2) is critical for invasion of hepatocytes. EXP2 is a pore-forming protein that is secreted from the sporozoite upon contact with the host cell milieu. EXP2-deficient sporozoites are impaired in invasion, which can be rescued by the exogenous administration of recombinant EXP2 and alpha-hemolysin (an S. aureus pore-forming protein), as well as by acid sphingomyelinase. The latter, together with the negative impact of chemical and genetic inhibition of acid sphingomyelinase on invasion, reveals that EXP2 pore-forming activity induces hepatocyte membrane repair, which plays a key role in parasite invasion. Overall, our findings establish a novel and critical function for EXP2 that leads to an active participation of the host cell in Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, challenging the current view of the establishment of liver stage infection.
Anderson–Kitaev spin liquid
Authors: Yamada Masahiko G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe bond-disordered Kitaev model attracts much attention due to the experimental relevance in α-RuCl3 and A3LiIr2O6 (A = H, D, Ag, etc.). Applying a magnetic field to break the time-reversal symmetry leads to a strong modulation in mass terms for Dirac cones. Because of the smallness of the flux gap of the Kitaev model, a small bond disorder can have large influence on itinerant Majorana fermions. The quantization of the thermal Hall conductivity κxy/T disappears by a quantum Hall transition induced by a small disorder, and κxy/T shows a rapid crossover into a state with a negligible Hall current. We call this immobile liquid state Anderson–Kitaev spin liquid (AKSL). Especially, the critical disorder strength δJc1 ~ 0.05 in the unit of the Kitaev interaction would have many implications for the stability of Kitaev spin liquids.