bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ bone regeneration of large cranial defects using synthetic ceramic implants with a tailored composition and design
Authors: Omar Omar , Engstrand Thomas , Kihlström Burenstam Linder Lars , Åberg Jonas , Shah Furqan A. , Palmquist Anders , Birgersson Ulrik , Elgali Ibrahim , Pujari-Palmer Michael , Engqvist Håkan , Thomsen Peter 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Large cranial reconstructions are increasingly performed worldwide and still represent a substantial clinical challenge. The gold standard, autologous bone, has limited availability and high donor-site morbidity. Current alloplastic materials are associated with high complication and failure rates. This study shows the capacity of a customized, purely synthetic, 3D-manufactured bioceramic implant to regenerate and restore large cranial defects with mature, well-vascularized bone, with a morphology, ultrastructure, and composition similar to those of native skull bone. This approach triggers the regenerative potential of host tissue by tailoring the implant composition and design. The regeneration of large defects using purely synthetic material without adjunct cell therapy or growth factors represents a major advancement for rehabilitating patients in need of large cranial reconstructions.
Seasonality and uncertainty in global COVID-19 growth rates
Authors: Merow Cory , Urban Mark C. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
The virus causing COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide. It remains unknown whether summer weather will reduce its spread and justify relaxing political interventions and restarting economic activities. We develop statistical models that predict the maximum potential of COVID-19 worldwide and throughout the year. We find that UV light, in particular, is associated with decreased disease growth rate relative to other analyzed factors. Based on these associations with weather, we predict that COVID-19 will decrease temporarily during summer, rebound by autumn, and peak next winter. However, uncertainty remains high, and many factors besides climate, such as social interventions, will influence transmission. Thus, the world must remain vigilant, and continued interventions will likely be needed until a vaccine becomes available.
Filtering input fluctuations in intensity and in time underlies stochastic transcriptional pulses without feedback
Authors: Sassi Alberto Stefano , Garcia-Alcala Mayra , Kim Mark J. , Cluzel Philippe , Tu Yuhai 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceStochastic pulsatile dynamics are ubiquitous in organisms ranging fromEscherichia colito mammalian cells. The molecular mechanism for these stochastic pulses has long been thought to depend on feedback control that leads to bistability in the underlying system. Here, by quantitative modeling constrained by recent single-cell data inE. coliflagellar synthesis, we find that an inhibitor of the transcription factor creates a monotonic ultrasensitive switch that serves as a digital filter to eliminate small-amplitude input fluctuations. Additionally, the high-frequency input fluctuations are filtered by integration over time. Together, our results reveal that the filter-and-integrate design can generate stochastic pulses without feedback. This filter-and-integrate strategy allows cells to turn on gene expression only for persistently strong input signals.
A deltamethrin crystal polymorph for more effective malaria control
Authors: Yang Jingxiang , Erriah Bryan , Hu Chunhua T. , Reiter Ethan , Zhu Xiaolong , López-Mejías Vilmalí , Carmona-Sepúlveda Isis Paola , Ward Michael D. , Kahr Bart 
Published: October 2020

Significance
The use of deltamethrin, a crystalline contact insecticide and a leading tool in combatting malaria vectors, faces an uncertain future, threatened by developing resistance of mosquitoes. A more active crystalline polymorph of deltamethrin, discovered here, speeds the knockdown of susceptible mosquitoes by a factor of up to 12 compared with the currently used crystalline form. The faster-acting deltamethrin polymorph is predicted to suppress malaria transmission and associated human mortality while reducing environmental exposure because less agent is required to achieve the same effect. The outstanding performance of form II promises increased serviceable use of deltamethrin crystals for indoor residual spraying. Metastable forms of contact insecticides should be considered generally for public health applications.
Parent–child dyads and nuclear family association in pedometer‐assessed physical activity: A cross‐sectional study of 4‐to‐16‐year‐old Czech children
Authors: Sigmundová Dagmar , Badura Petr , Sigmund Erik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe main aim of this study is to examine familial aggregation in pedometer‐assessed physical activity (PA) and proxy‐reported screen time (ST) with estimating which of the parents’ lifestyle indicators help their offspring achieve step count (SC) recommendations under daily life conditions. The analysis included 773 parent–child dyads (591 mother–child, 182 father–child) and 511 nuclear family triads (mother‐father–child) with data ambulatory PA monitored with a Yamax pedometer during a regular school/working week during the spring and autumn between 2013 and 2019. Based on Logistic regression analysis, an achievement of 10,000 steps a day by the mothers significantly (p < 0.001) increases the odds ratio of their children reaching the recommended daily SC in the parent–child dyads. Obesity/overweight of mothers (fathers) significantly (p < 0.05) increases (reduces) the chance of their children reaching the recommended daily SC in the analysis of the nuclear family triads. For both overweight/obese and non‐overweight children, the odds of reaching the recommended daily SC are significantly (p < 0.05) increased by their regular participation (≥ twice per week) in organised leisure‐time PA (analysis of the nuclear family triads) and non‐excessive entertainment ST (≤2 h per day) in the mother–child and nuclear family triads. Despite the different mother‐/father–child behavioural associations, SC of parents are positively associated with SC of their children (Linear regression analysis). The involvement of children in regular participation in organised leisure activities (at least twice a week) and limiting their excessive entertainment ST might be important factors contributing to the achievement of the recommended daily SC by children.
Quantitative investigation of surface structure and interatomic potential with impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Wong Chun-Shang , Kolasinski Robert D , Whaley Josh A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Helium ion beam interactions with materials have important implications for magnetic confinement fusion, material modification, and helium ion microscopy. These interactions depend on the precise physics of how helium ions channel into the materials, which can vary greatly based on the local crystalline orientation. In this work, we performed a dedicated experiment to investigate helium ion channeling in a well-characterized tungsten single crystal. Time-of-flight impact-collision ion scattering spectroscopy was used to obtain multi-angle maps of the backscattering intensity for 3 keV He+ → W(111). We found that the backscattering intensity profile arising from helium ion channeling could be well described by a shadow cone analysis. This analysis revealed that subsurface W atoms as deep as the ninth monolayer contributed to the backscattering intensity profile. Binary collision approximation simulations were performed with MARLOWE to model the experimental maps with sufficient accuracy to allow for quantitative comparisons using reliability factors. These quantitative comparisons were applied to investigate how the W lattice structure and He–W interatomic potential affect the multi-angle maps.
Lung heterogeneity and deadspace volume in animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome using the inspired sinewave test
Authors: Tran Minh C , Crockett Douglas C , Formenti Federico , Phan Phi A , Hedenstierna Göran , Larsson Anders , Payne Stephen J , Farmery Andrew D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, as patients undergoing mechanical ventilation are at risk of ventilator-induced lung injuries. Objective: To measure the lung heterogeneity and deadspace volume to find safer ventilator strategies. The ventilator settings could then offer homogeneous ventilation and theoretically equalize and reduce tidal strain/stress in the lung parenchyma. Approach: The inspired sinewave test (IST) is a non-invasive lung measurement tool which does not require cooperation from the patient. The IST can measure the effective lung volume, pulmonary blood flow and deadspace volume. We developed a computational simulation of the cardiopulmonary system to allow lung heterogeneity to be quantified using data solely derived from the IST. Then, the method to quantify lung heterogeneity using two IST tracer gas frequencies (180 and 60 s) was introduced and used in lung simulations and animal models. Thirteen anaesthetized pigs were studied with the IST both before and after experimental lung injury (saline-lavage ARDS model). The deadspace volume was compared between the IST and the SF6 washout method. Main results: The IST could measure lung heterogeneity using two tracer gas frequencies. Furthermore, the value of IST ventilation heterogeneity in ARDS lungs was higher than in control lungs at a positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cmH2O (area under the curve = 0.85,

p
<
0.001

). Values for the deadspace volume measured by the IST have a strong relationship with the measured values of SF6 (9 ml bias and limits of agreement from −79 to 57 ml in control animals). Significance: The IST technique has the potential for use in the identification of ventilation and perfusion heterogeneity during ventilator support.
The effect of metastable atomic levels in neutral tungsten for erosion and impurity transport applications
Authors: Johnson C A , Loch S D , Ennis D A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Long-lived metastable states in neutral tungsten are shown to potentially impact measurements of tungsten erosion from plasma facing components. Time-dependent collisional radiative modeling of neutral tungsten is used to analyze the role of these states in tungsten emission and ionization. The large number of non-quasistatic atomic states in neutral tungsten can take on the order of milliseconds to reach equilibrium, depending on plasma conditions, causing erosion measurements to be affected by the metastable populations. Previous measurements using the 400.88 nm tungsten emission line could be affected by these non-quasistatic metastable effects. Therefore, a scheme for measuring the relative metastable fractions is proposed through simultaneous observation of multiple ultraviolet spectral lines of neutral W. The accuracy of gross erosion measurements could potentially be increased by inclusion of these previously unconsidered metastable effects.
Generation of diffraction-free beams using resonant metasurfaces
Authors: Bao Rui , Mou Zhen , Zhou Changda , Bai Qingwang , He Xiaobo , Han Zhanghua , Wang Shuyun , Teng Shuyun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Several metasurface diffraction-free beam generators are designed by using a set of resonant V-shaped nanoholes. Cosine beams, Bessel beams and cosine Bessel beams are generated through the corresponding metasurface structures with V-shaped nanoholes arranged in different ways. Theoretical analysis provides the design mechanism for these diffraction-free beam generators, numerical simulations and experiment measurement give the powerful verification for the generation of diffraction-free beams. The proposed diffraction-free beam generators have advantages of ultra-thin thickness, compact structure, ease to manufacture and flexibility to operate. The generated diffraction-free beams show high efficiency, polarization independence and validity for any visible wavelength. The compact design is benefit to the applications of diffraction-free beams in nanometer fabrication, optical integrated imaging and optical micromanipulation.
Fragment emission and critical behavior in light and heavy charged systems *
Authors: Sood Samiksha , Kumar Rohit , Sharma Arun , Gautam Sakshi , Puri Rajeev K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We study the emission of fragments in central collisions of light and heavily charged systems of 40Ar+45Sc and 84Kr+197Au, respectively, using the Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) model as the primary model. The fragments are identified using an energy based clusterization algorithm, i.e., the Simulated Annealing Clusterization Algorithm (SACA). The charge distributions of intermediate mass fragments [3≤

≤12] are fitted with power-law (

) and exponential (

) fits in order to extract the parameters τ and

whose minimum values are also sometimes linked with the onset of fragmentation or the critical point for a liquid-gas phase transition. Other parameters such as the normalized second moment

,

, average size of the second largest cluster

, phase separation parameter (

), bimodal parameter (P), information entropy (H), and Zipf's law are also analyzed to find the exact energy of the onset of fragmentation. Our detailed analysis predicts that an energy point exists between 20-23.1 MeV/nucleon, which is very close to the experimentally observed value of 23.9 MeV/nucleon for the 40Ar+45Sc reaction. We also find that the critical energy deduced using Zipf's law is higher than those predicted from other critical exponents. Moreover, no minimum is found for τ values of the highly charged system of 84Kr+197Au, in agreement with experimental findings and various theoretical calculations. We observe that the QMD + SACA model calculations are in agreement with the experimental observations. This agreement supports our results regarding the energy point of the liquid-gas phase transition and the onset of fragmentation.
Neutron data field in a fission reactor core with fusion neutron source at pulse-periodic operation
Authors: Shamanin I V , Shmakov V M , Modestov D G , Bedenko S V , Polozkov S D , Prikhodko V V , Arzhannikov A V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Results are presented on the distinctive features of the energy release dynamics in the hybrid thorium reactor operating in combination with the neutron source based on the extended magnetic mirror trap. In the reactor core configuration under study, the high-temperature plasma column is formed in a pulse-periodic mode. At a certain duty cycle (pulse ratio) of the plasma column formation, it can be expected that the fission “wave” will be formed diverging from the axial region of the system and propagating in the radial direction in the fuel assembly (blanket). Under such conditions, in order to correct the resulting offset of the energy release distribution, it is necessary to optimize the fuel composition of the assembly in order to obtain the most appropriate radial distributions of physical parameters. The studies are carried out on the basis of the full-scale model of the reactor core, in which the axial region is modified: the extended magnetic mirror trap operating as a source of fusion neutrons is installed in the reactor core axial region.
Creation of plasma column with different density gradients to generate terahertz radiation during beam-plasma interaction
Authors: Arzhannikov A V , Ivanov I A , Kalinin P V , Kasatov A A , Makarov M A , Mekler K I , Rovenskikh A F , Samtsov D A , Sandalov E S , Sinitsky S L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The system is described for the preliminary plasma creation in the GOL-PET facility. Currently, after this system was considerably reconstructed, it is based on a high-voltage discharge system with pulsed gas injection. The new system was studied on the subject of whether, with its help, it is possible to create preliminary plasma with different longitudinal and transverse density distributions. The results obtained are presented which seem to be encouraging.
Click chemistry-based biopolymeric hydrogels for regenerative medicine
Authors: Li Ya , Wang Xiaonan , Han Yuanyuan , Sun Hung-Yu , Hilborn Jöns , Shi Liyang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes ways of generating products which emulate examples in nature. Click reactions occur in one pot, are not disturbed by water, generate minimal and inoffensive byproducts, and are characterized by a high thermodynamic driving force, driving the reaction quickly and irreversibly towards a high yield of a single reaction product. As a result, over the past 15 years it has become a very useful bio-orthogonal method for the preparation of chemical cross-linked biopolymer-based hydrogel, in the presence of e.g. growth factors and live cells, or in-vivo. Biopolymers are renewable and non-toxic, providing a myriad of potential backbone toolboxes for hydrogel design. The goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in the development of click chemistry-based biopolymeric hydrogels, and their applications in regenerative medicine. In particular, various click chemistry approaches, including copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, copper-free click reactions (e.g. the Diels–Alder reactions, the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions, the radical mediated thiol-ene reactions, and the oxime-forming reactions), and pseudo-click reactions (e.g. the thiol-Michael addition reactions and the Schiff base reactions) are highlighted in the first section. In addition, numerous biopolymers, including proteins (e.g. collagen, gelatin, silk, and mucin), polysaccharides (e.g. hyaluronic acid, alginate, dextran, and chitosan) and polynucleotides (e.g. deoxyribonucleic acid), are discussed. Finally, we discuss biopolymeric hydrogels, cross-linked by click chemistry, intended for the regeneration of skin, bone, spinal cord, cartilage, and cornea. This article provides new insights for readers in terms of the design of regenerative medicine, and the use of biopolymeric hydrogels based on click chemistry reactions.
Surface modification of tungsten carbide cobalt by electrical discharge coating with quarry dust powder: an optimisation study
Authors: Yap Ching Yee , Liew Pay Jun , Wang Jingsi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, quarry dust was reused as a coating material on tungsten carbide cobalt (WC–Co) via electrical discharge coating (EDC). Before the EDC process, the quarry dust was mixed well with low smell kerosene oil and surfactant Span 85 to produce a new formulation of dielectric fluid. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of EDC parameters, namely peak current (Ip, 3–5 A) and pulse on time (Ton, 100–300 μs) on the characteristics of the coating surface, including its Vickers micro-hardness, surface roughness and coating layer thickness. Results showed that an increment in Ip and Ton increased the Vickers micro-hardness and coating layer thickness yet decreased the surface finish. The optimum parameters for achieving a hard surface, thick coating layer and low surface roughness are Ip = 4 A and Ton = 341 μs. The established RSM model was in reasonable agreement with the experimental outcomes, and these findings could be useful in the cutting tools, moulds and dies industries for surface modification purposes.
Microstructure, adhesion strength and thermal conductivity of AlN/(Ti, W)/Cu substrate system
Authors: Lin Yingfei , Hao Yangyang , Lu Jianning , Liu Tianlong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
AlN/(Ti, W)/Cu substrates were successfully fabricated by the combination of magnetron sputtering and electroless copper plating, exhibited layered distribution without obvious defects or delamination. The adhesion film in AlN/Ti/Cu was composed of TiN, Al, and Ti crystallites due to the reaction between the sputtered Ti layer and the AlN substrate, while in AlN/W/Cu was α-W and β-W crystallites with a mixed distribution but a thin W-rich amorphous layer at the interface towards Cu contact. In AlN/TiW/Cu was W-rich TixW1−x and α-Ti with the interlayer distribution. The scratch failure of the AlN/(Ti, W)/Cu substrates included the peeling of the Cu plating layer and adhesion film. The nanoscale hard phase layered combination of the adhesion film in AlN/TiW/Cu exhibited better peeling resistance, resulting in the most prominent adhesion strength among the substrate system. The existence of an amorphous layer in AlN/W/Cu led to the lower thermal conductivity. AlN/TiW/Cu substrate showed good comprehensive properties including adhesion strength and thermal conductivity.
Fast low temperature synthesis of layered perovskite heterojunctions for overall water splitting
Authors: Hofmann Anja , Weiss Morten , Marschall Roland 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Ba5Ta4O15-Ba3Ta5O15-BaTa2O6 heterojunction was synthesized for the first time at ambient pressure and mild temperatures without further need of calcination. By systematically adjusting the synthesis parameters, the composition of the composite could be tailored. Detailed Rietveld refinement revealed the highest amount of by-phases for the non-calcined sample with around 12% of Ba3Ta5O15 and 12% of BaTa2O6, respectively. Ba5Ta4O15 represented the main phase for all samples. The non-calcined heterojunction showed the highest activity in photocatalytic hydrogen production with 2360 µmol h−1m−2 corresponding to 1180 µmol h−1 without any co-catalyst. A Rh-Cr2O3 co-catalyst was photodeposited on all samples depending on the surface area for overall water splitting. All samples were active in overall water splitting. This novel synthesis strategy paves the way towards a general low-cost and energy-saving synthesis route to achieve highly crystalline and highly active metal oxide semiconductor photocatalysts.
An experimental investigation on shape memory polymer and metallic stents under bending and radial compression
Authors: Ansari Mehdi , Golzar Mohammad , Baghani Mostafa , Taghavimehr Mehrnoosh , Abbasi Shirsavar Mehran , Yahyavi Mahsa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper, shape memory polymers (SMPs) are fabricated by blending Polyurethane (PU) and Polycaprolactone (PCL). A novel method is used to make tubular stents using this blend. The solution coating method is applied to fabricate the SMP stent samples with a non-groove structure. Some metallic commercial stents made of the platinum-chromium alloy are used to compare SMP stents’ the mechanical properties with metal ones. According to the stents’ functionality, two mechanical tests, i.e., radial compression and three-point bending, are conducted in a range of body temperature. According to the mechanical test results, the tubular polymer stent shows a lower strength under the radial forces and a higher strength under the bending forces than to their metal counterparts. However, the mechanical properties of the SMP stents are in the range of metal stents. Thus, the PU/PCL SMP blend can be a promising candidate to be used as the coronary artery stents.