bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can One Design a Series of Fast, Energy - Efficient “Brains” based on Neuromorphic Computing to Solve Complex Pattern Recognition Problem?
Authors: Zhou Mingyong 
Published: October 2020

Background:
In this paper, we present a theoretical discussion on neuromorphic computing
circuit dynamic and its relations with AI deep learning neural networks. The hardware implememtations
of neuromorphic computing and AI deep learning neuronal networks are discussed.

Objective:
The investigation is motivated by the design of a feasible fast and energy-efficient circuit
device as well as an efficient training computation method to solve complex classification problems
using AI neuronal networks.

Methods:
We focus on the investigations of solving pattern classification and recognition problems in
real applications from the perspectives of both logic computation view and physical circuit device
views. FPGA approaches are considered and a mapping from logic level to physical level is proposed.

Results:
A pragmatic mapping method is derived. FPGA method is proposed.

Conclusion:
Thus we propose in this paper an approach to solve complex classification problems.
First, the neuromorphic computing as a new research area is introduced, including physical circuit
properties, memristive device physical properties and the circuit dynamics described by the temporal
and spatial (Maxwell) differential equations. Secondly, we show that by using AI deep learning
neural networks to train AI neural networks we are able to derive the optimal AI neuron network
weights. Last but not the least, we brief a mapping method and show in general how the neuromorphic
circuit will work in practice after mapping the weights from AI deep learning neural networks into the
neuromorphic circuit synapses/memristors. We also devote our discussions to the physical device feasibility
and related matters. The method proposed in this paper is pragmatic and constructive.
How the Use of a Patient-Accessible Health Record Contributes to Patient-Centered Care: Scoping Review
Authors: Benjamins Janine , Haveman-Nies Annemien , Gunnink Marian , Goudkuil Annemieke , de Vet Emely 
Published: October 2020

Background
Worldwide, patient-centered care is becoming a widely used concept in medical practice, getting more and more attention because of its proven ability to improve quality of care and reduce costs. Although several studies show that patient-accessible electronic health records (PAEHRs) influence certain aspects of patient-centered care, the possible contribution of PAEHR implementation to patient-centered care as a comprehensive concept has not, to our knowledge, been structurally evaluated to date.

Objective
The objective of this study is to review whether and how the use of PAEHRs contributes to patient-centered care both in general and among specific population groups.

Methods
We followed PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews reporting guidelines. We identified literature in 5 databases, using the terms “patient-accessible medical records,” “patient experiences,” and “professional experiences” as key concepts. A total of 49 articles were included and analyzed with a charting code list containing 10 elements of patient-centered care.

Results
Studies were diverse in design, country of origin, functionalities of the investigated PAEHR, and target population. Participants in all studies were adults. Most studies reported positive influence of PAEHR use on patient-centered care; patient accessible health records were appreciated for their opportunity to empower patients, inform patients about their health, and involve patients in their own care. There were mixed results for the extent to which PAEHRs affected the relation between patients and clinicians. Professionals and patients in mental health care held opposing views concerning the impact of transparency, where professionals appeared more worried about potential negative impact of PAEHRs on the patient-clinician relationship. Their worries seemed to be influenced by a reluctant attitude toward patient-centered care.
Disadvantaged groups appeared to have less access to and make less use of patient-accessible records than the average population but experienced more benefits than the average population when they actually used PAEHRs.

Conclusions
The review indicates that PAEHRs bear the potential to positively contribute to patient-centered care. However, concerns from professionals about the impact of transparency on the patient-clinician relationship as well as the importance of a patient-centered attitude need to be addressed. Potentially significant benefits for disadvantaged groups will be achieved only through easily accessible and user-friendly PAEHRs.
ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study
Authors: Hua Xueliang , Li Chen , Pogue Jason M , Sharma Varun S , Karaiskos Ilias , Kaye Keith S , Tsuji Brian T , Bergen Phillip J , Zhu Yan , Song Jiangning , Li Jian 
Published: October 2020

Background
Determining a suitable dose of intravenous colistimethate is challenging because of complicated pharmacokinetics, confusing terminology, and the potential for renal toxicity. Only recently have reliable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate become available.

Objective
The aim of this work was to develop a clinician-friendly, easy-to-use mobile app incorporating up-to-date dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate in critically ill adult patients.

Methods
Swift programming language and common libraries were used for the development of an app, ColistinDose, on the iPhone operating system (iOS; Apple Inc). The compatibility among different iOS versions and mobile devices was validated. Dosing calculations were based on equations developed in our recent population pharmacokinetic study. Recommended doses generated by the app were validated by comparison against doses calculated manually using the appropriate equations.

Results
ColistinDose provides 3 major functionalities, namely (1) calculation of a loading dose, (2) calculation of a daily dose based on the renal function of the patient (including differing types of renal replacement therapies), and (3) retrieval of historical calculation results. It is freely available at the Apple App Store for iOS (version 9 and above). Calculated doses accurately reflected doses recommended in patients with varying degrees of renal function based on the published equations. ColistinDose performs calculations on a local mobile device (iPhone or iPad) without the need for an internet connection.

Conclusions
With its user-friendly interface, ColistinDose provides an accurate and easy-to-use tool for clinicians to calculate dosage regimens of intravenous colistimethate in critically ill patients with varying degrees of renal function. It has significant potential to avoid the prescribing errors and patient safety issues that currently confound the clinical use of colistimethate, thereby optimizing patient treatment.
Relationship Between Internet Use and Change in Health Status: Panel Study of Young Adults
Authors: Hunsaker Amanda , Hargittai Eszter , Micheli Marina 
Published: October 2020

Background
Using the internet for health information is a widespread phenomenon documented in considerable scholarship. Less common, however, is the analysis of panel data to examine how internet use may relate to change in health status over time.

Objective
This study examines whether internet use and internet use related to health are associated with a change in health status among young adults.

Methods
We used a unique panel survey data set collected about young adults’ internet use in 2012 and 2016 (n=384). We applied logistic regression to examine the relationships between sociodemographics, internet experiences, frequency of health-related internet use, and sharing health content online with change in health status over time. We additionally examined the variables characterizing sharing health content online (via Facebook, Twitter, and email) in separate models.

Results
In the second wave, over half (236/384, 61.5%) of the sample used the internet for health at least weekly. Approximately one-third (141/384, 36.7%) used Facebook for health-content sharing, while using Twitter and email for sharing health content were far less frequent (14/384, 3.6%, and 55/384, 14.3%, respectively). A change in health status occurred for 43.0% (165/384) of the sample; 18.5% (71/384) reported an improvement while 24.5% (94/384) reported a decline. Greater frequency of internet use was associated with health decline over time (B=–0.58, P=.02). We also found that frequent health-related internet use was related to enhanced health or maintained health (B=0.58, P=.03). Sharing health content on social media or email, however, was not related to young adults’ health changes.

Conclusions
Young adults exhibit a pattern of using the internet for health that influences their health status. Our finding that frequent health-related internet use may promote improved or maintained health suggests that this type of online activity might also support healthy living.
Carbohydrate Counting App Using Image Recognition for Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: Pilot Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Alfonsi Jeffrey E , Choi Elizabeth E Y , Arshad Taha , Sammott Stacie-Ann S , Pais Vanita , Nguyen Cynthia , Maguire Bryan R , Stinson Jennifer N , Palmert Mark R 
Published: October 2020

Background
Carbohydrate counting is an important component of diabetes management, but it is challenging, often performed inaccurately, and can be a barrier to optimal diabetes management. iSpy is a novel mobile app that leverages machine learning to allow food identification through images and that was designed to assist youth with type 1 diabetes in counting carbohydrates.

Objective
Our objective was to test the app's usability and potential impact on carbohydrate counting accuracy.

Methods
Iterative usability testing (3 cycles) was conducted involving a total of 16 individuals aged 8.5-17.0 years with type 1 diabetes. Participants were provided a mobile device and asked to complete tasks using iSpy app features while thinking aloud. Errors were noted, acceptability was assessed, and refinement and retesting were performed across cycles. Subsequently, iSpy was evaluated in a pilot randomized controlled trial with 22 iSpy users and 22 usual care controls aged 10-17 years. Primary outcome was change in carbohydrate counting ability over 3 months. Secondary outcomes included levels of engagement and acceptability. Change in HbA1c level was also assessed.

Results
Use of iSpy was associated with improved carbohydrate counting accuracy (total grams per meal, P=.008), reduced frequency of individual counting errors greater than 10 g (P=.047), and lower HbA1c levels (P=.03). Qualitative interviews and acceptability scale scores were positive. No major technical challenges were identified. Moreover, 43% (9/21) of iSpy participants were still engaged, with usage at least once every 2 weeks, at the end of the study.

Conclusions
Our results provide evidence of efficacy and high acceptability of a novel carbohydrate counting app, supporting the advancement of digital health apps for diabetes care among youth with type 1 diabetes. Further testing is needed, but iSpy may be a useful adjunct to traditional diabetes management.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04354142; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04354142
Identification of Adverse Drug Event–Related Japanese Articles: Natural Language Processing Analysis
Authors: Ujiie Shogo , Yada Shuntaro , Wakamiya Shoko , Aramaki Eiji 
Published: October 2020

Background
Medical articles covering adverse drug events (ADEs) are systematically reported by pharmaceutical companies for drug safety information purposes. Although policies governing reporting to regulatory bodies vary among countries and regions, all medical article reporting may be categorized as precision or recall based. Recall-based reporting, which is implemented in Japan, requires the reporting of any possible ADE. Therefore, recall-based reporting can introduce numerous false negatives or substantial amounts of noise, a problem that is difficult to address using limited manual labor.

Objective
Our aim was to develop an automated system that could identify ADE-related medical articles, support recall-based reporting, and alleviate manual labor in Japanese pharmaceutical companies.

Methods
Using medical articles as input, our system based on natural language processing applies document-level classification to extract articles containing ADEs (replacing manual labor in the first screening) and sentence-level classification to extract sentences within those articles that imply ADEs (thus supporting experts in the second screening). We used 509 Japanese medical articles annotated by a medical engineer to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.

Results
Document-level classification yielded an F1 of 0.903. Sentence-level classification yielded an F1 of 0.413. These were averages of fivefold cross-validations.

Conclusions
A simple automated system may alleviate the manual labor involved in screening drug safety–related medical articles in pharmaceutical companies. After improving the accuracy of the sentence-level classification by considering a wider context, we intend to apply this system toward real-world postmarketing surveillance.
The Reach, Use, and Impact of a Free mHealth Mindfulness App in the General Population: Mobile Data Analysis
Authors: Kozlov Elissa , Bantum Erin , Pagano Ian , Walser Robyn , Ramsey Kelly , Taylor Katherine , Jaworski Beth , Owen Jason 
Published: October 2020

Background
As smartphones are now used by most Americans, it is increasingly possible for mental health mobile apps to be disseminated to the general public. However, little is known about how mobile mental health apps are used by the general population outside of a controlled research design.

Objective
Our objective is to describe how the general population engages with Mindfulness Coach, an iOS- and Android-based app designed to deliver a mindfulness training course.

Methods
Using anonymous download and analytics data, we characterized the reach, usage, retention, and impact of Mindfulness Coach. We included mobile analytics data from all unique downloads of Mindfulness Coach between August 1, 2018, and April 8, 2019 (N=104,067) as well as starred reviews from all Mindfulness Coach users who provided reviews of the app as of March 1, 2020. Mindfulness characteristics were measured by an in-app assessment using the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire–Short Form (FFMQ-SF).

Results
Users engaged, on average, in 4.3 visits to the app (SD 8.8; median 2; 90th percentile 8) and associated with an average total of 49.2 interactions with the app (ie, clicks within the app) (SD 113.8; median 19; 90th percentile 105). Users spent an average of 16.2 minutes (SD 63.1) engaged with the app over the full study time period. There were strong linear effects of app engagement on total FFMQ-SF scores. For example, FFMQ-SF scores were associated with more time spent engaged with the app (R2=.23; P<.001). Mindfulness Coach has been reviewed in the Google Play Store 3415 times, with an average rating of 4.7 out of 5 stars, and over 2000 times in the Apple App Store, with an average rating of 4.8 out of 5 stars.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that Mindfulness Coach has achieved substantial and sustained reach in the general population; however, it was used less frequently by many downloaders than researchers and designers intended. There was a subpopulation of users who engaged in the app regularly over an extended period of time, and there was a clear relationship between app use and improvements in mindfulness. To strengthen Mindfulness Coach’s public health impact, more research is needed to understand who is using the app and how, and to design strategies to increase user engagement in order for users to receive a larger dose of mindfulness treatment.
Mental Health Burden in Different Professions During the Final Stage of the COVID-19 Lockdown in China: Cross-sectional Survey Study
Authors: Du Junfeng , Mayer Gwendolyn , Hummel Svenja , Oetjen Neele , Gronewold Nadine , Zafar Ali , Schultz Jobst-Hendrik 
Published: October 2020

Background
COVID-19 resulted in considerable mental health burden in the Chinese general population and among health care workers at the beginning and peak of the pandemic. However, little is known about potentially vulnerable groups during the final stage of the lockdown.

Objective
The aim of this survey study was to assess the mental health burden of different professions in China in order to find vulnerable groups, possible influencing factors, and successful ways of coping during the last 4 weeks of the lockdown in Hubei Province.

Methods
A cross-sectional online survey asked participants about current residence, daily working hours, exposure to COVID-19 at work, and media preferences. We used a shortened version of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to assess mental health. Further assessments included perceived stress (Simplified Chinese version of the 14-item Perceived Stress Scale), coping strategies for all participants, and specific stressors for health care workers. We followed the reporting guidelines of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement for observational studies.

Results
The sample (N=687) consisted of 158 doctors, 221 nurses, 24 other medical staff, 43 students, 60 teachers/government staff, 135 economy staff, 26 workers/farmers, and 20 professions designated under the “other” category. We found increased depression (n=123, 17.9%), anxiety (n=208, 30.3%), and stress (n=94, 13.7%) in our sample. Professions that were vulnerable to depression were other medical staff and students. Doctors, nurses, and students were vulnerable to anxiety; and other medical staff, students, and economy staff were vulnerable to stress. Coping strategies were reduced to three factors: active, mental, and emotional. Being female and emotional coping were independently associated with depression, anxiety, or stress. Applying active coping strategies showed lower odds for anxiety while mental coping strategies showed lower odds for depression, anxiety, and stress. Age, being inside a lockdown area, exposure to COVID-19 at work, and having a high workload (8-12 hours per day) were not associated with depression, anxiety, or stress. WeChat was the preferred way of staying informed across all groups.

Conclusions
By the end of the lockdown, a considerable part of the Chinese population showed increased levels of depression and anxiety. Students and other medical staff were the most affected, while economy staff were highly stressed. Doctors and nurses need support regarding potential anxiety disorders. Future work should focus on longitudinal results of the pandemic and develop targeted preventive measures.
Um olhar quanti-qualitativo sobre o efeito da variável <i>tempo de exposição</i> em fenômenos de acomodação dialetal
Authors: Marques de Lucena Rubens 
Published: October 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo oferecer uma visão de conjunto a respeito de três trabalhos de contato dialetal realizados no nordeste do Brasil, discutindo a relevância da variável tempo de exposição/tempo de residência nos processos de acomodação dialetal. As pesquisas foram realizadas entre 2013 e 2015 na Universidade Federal da Paraíba e são resultados de dissertações de Mestrado concluídas no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística. Apesar de enfatizarem a análise da acomodação dialetal do ponto de vista quantitativo, a partir de uma proposta teórico-metodológica laboviana, salientamos aqui a necessidade de um olhar mais qualitativo, com ênfase nas atitudes linguísticas dos falantes. Concluímos, portanto, que apesar de a variável tempo de exposição exercer uma influência no processo de acomodação dialetal, ela necessita de um gatilho para o seu funcionamento: a presença de atitudes linguísticas favoráveis com relação ao novo dialeto a ser adquirido. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a860
Ethnicity in motion: constructing <i>brasilidade</i> by giving former migrants autochthonous status
Authors: Jungbluth Konstanze 
Published: October 2020

The paper presents the postmodern perspective on autochthony from a theoretical approach. The previously held contrast between allochthonous and autochthonous people has undergone a change; nowadays, researchers propose that the two qualities form the poles of a continuum, where different grades of being autochthones may be distinguished. As has Canada, the Brazilian government has recently paved the way, conceding the status of autochthony to language communities living for at least three generations in the country. By recognizing cultural, and at the same time linguistic diversity as an important essential part of the process of constructing the new image of being Brazilian, a brasilidade (LESSER, 2015), the unique language use developed by descendents of European migrants, is now regarded as part of the historical and artistic immaterial patrimony in South America.---Original in English---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a915
Polonês e alemão em contato. Uma abordagem da aplicação do conceito de limite na análise linguística
Authors: Zinkhahn Rhobodes Dagna 
Published: October 2020

O objetivo deste artigo é fornecer uma visão sobre o contato linguístico alemão-polonês na região fronteiriça da Polônia e da Alemanha e propor uma abordagem para a ilustração e a explicação dos processos da abertura, da transgressão e dissolução dos limites linguísticos. Em seguida será elaborada e aplicada uma abordagem que integra a teoria da fronteira com a análise linguística e apresenta uma perspectiva interdisciplinar da análise dos aspectos gramaticais do contato entre os idiomas.---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a876
Quando barreiras linguísticas geram violação de direitos humanos: que políticas linguísticas o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para garantir o acesso dos imigrantes a serviços públicos básicos?
Authors: De Oliveira Gilvan Müller , Da Silva Julia Izabelle 
Published: October 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão, ainda muito incipiente no Brasil, sobre as políticas linguísticas que o Estado brasileiro tem adotado para responder às barreiras linguísticas enfrentadas pelos imigrantes no acesso aos serviços públicos. Inicialmente, busca-se demonstrar, por meio de elementos jurídicos, o modo como barreiras linguísticas podem contribuir com a violação de direitos humanos básicos e também o que diz a atual legislação brasileira sobre o trato migratório. A partir do modelo teórico proposto por Ozolins (2010) sobre as políticas de oferecimento de intérpretes e tradutores no setor público, é possível afirmar que o Estado brasileiro é completamente negligente no que concerne ao oferecimento de políticas linguísticas de interpretação no setor público aos imigrantes. Além disso, a institucionalização do ensino de português para refugiados é ainda um programa federal recente e esparso. Desse modo, são as entidades voluntárias que têm assumido o papel de produzir políticas tanto de oferecimento de intérpretes quanto de ensino da língua portuguesa. A falta de ação do Estado revela, nesse sentido, uma orientação ideológica que ou nega a presença das línguas dos imigrantes ou vê essa diversidade como um problema a ser superado por meio do ensino da língua portuguesa. --- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2017n42a909