bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical‐Switching Strategy for Synthesis and Controlled Release of Norcantharimides from a Biomass‐Derived Chemical
Authors: Chang Hochan , Huber George W. , Dumesic James A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCatalytic strategies were developed to synthesize and release chemicals for applications in fine chemicals, such as drugs and polymers, from a biomass‐derived chemical, 5‐hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF). The combination of the diene and aldehyde functionalities in HMF enabled catalytic production of acetalized HMF derivatives with diol or epoxy reactants to allow reversible synthesis of norcantharimide derivatives upon Diels‐Alder reaction with maleimides. Reverse‐conversion of the acetal group to an aldehyde yielded mismatches of the molecular orbitals in norcantharimides to trigger retro Diels‐Alder reaction at ambient temperatures and released reactants from the coupled molecules under acidic conditions. These strategies provide for the facile synthesis and controlled release of high‐value chemicals.
Retrospective analysis of new psychoactive substances in blood samples of German drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs
Authors: Fels Helena , Herzog Josefine , Skopp Gisela , Holzer Anna , Paul Liane D. , Graw Matthias , Musshoff Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDriving under the influence of drugs (DUID) is a serious global problem and poses a public health risk. With new psychoactive substances (NPS) entering the illicit drug market several years ago, a significant number of highly potent and harmful drugs have become easily available and the use of these substances may impair a person’s ability to drive a vehicle safely. Since NPS are not usually covered in routine toxicological analyses used in DUID investigations, only little is known about their prevalence. To gather more information on the prevalence of NPS in cases of impaired driving, a retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence of these drugs in blood samples of DUID suspects in southern Germany. A total of 837 blood samples, which were collected in the German federal states Baden‐Württemberg and Bavaria in 2017 and 2018, were reanalyzed for designer stimulants and synthetic cannabinoids by liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS). For the analysis of synthetic cannabinoids, a more sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) screening method was additionally used. A total of 14 cases (1.6%) tested positive for NPS. Designer stimulants were detected in two cases (0.2%) and synthetic cannabinoids were found in 12 cases (1.4%). The rather low prevalence rate of 1.6% estimated in this study suggests that driving under the influence of NPS does not play a large role in southern Germany. Nonetheless, in all cases in which the psychophysical impairment cannot be explained by routine toxicological findings, a screening for NPS should additionally be performed.
Robust age estimation of southern sea otters from multiple morphometrics
Authors: Nicholson Teri E. , Mayer Karl A. , Staedler Michelle M. , Gagné Tyler O. , Murray Michael J. , Young Marissa A. , Tomoleoni Joseph A. , Tinker Martin Tim , Van Houtan Kyle S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractReliable age estimation is an essential tool to assess the status of wildlife populations and inform successful management. Aging methods, however, are often limited by too few data, skewed demographic representation, and by single or uncertain morphometric relationships. In this study, we synthesize age estimates in southern sea otters Enhydra lutris nereis from 761 individuals across 34 years of study, using multiple noninvasive techniques and capturing all life stages from 0 to 17 years of age. From wild, stranded, and captive individuals, we describe tooth eruptions, tooth wear, body length, nose scarring, and pelage coloration across ontogeny and fit sex‐based growth functions to the data. Dental eruption schedules provided reliable and identifiable metrics spanning 0.3–9 months. Tooth wear was the most reliable predictor of age of individuals aged 1–15 years, which when combined with total length, explained >93% of observed age. Beyond age estimation, dental attrition also indicated the maximum lifespan of adult teeth is 13‒17 years, corresponding with previous estimates of life expectancy. Von Bertalanffy growth function model simulations of length at age gave consistent estimates of asymptotic lengths (male Loo = 126.0‒126.8 cm, female Loo = 115.3‒115.7 cm), biologically realistic gestation periods (t0 = 115 days, SD = 10.2), and somatic growth (male k = 1.8, SD = 0.1; female k = 2.1, SD = 0.1). Though exploratory, we describe how field radiographic imaging of epiphyseal plate development or fusions may improve aging of immature sea otters. Together, our results highlight the value of integrating information from multiple and diverse datasets to help resolve conservation problems.
Italian weedy rice—A case of de‐domestication?
Authors: Grimm Annabelle , Sahi Vaidurya P. , Amann Manuel , Vidotto Francesco , Fogliatto Silvia , Devos Katrien M. , Ferrero Aldo , Nick Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWeedy rice is a representative of the extensive group of feral weeds that derive from crops, but has returned to the lifestyle of a wild species. These weeds develop either from a hybridization of crops with wild relatives (exoferality), or by mutation of crops to weedy forms (endoferality). Due to the close relation of weed and crop, the methods for weed‐targeted containment are limited to date. A deeper understanding of the development of such weeds might help to design more efficient and sustainable approaches for weed management. Weedy rice poses a serious threat to rice yields worldwide. It is widely accepted that weedy rice has originated independently in different regions all over the world. However, details of its evolution have remained elusive. In the current study, we investigated the history of weedy rice in northern Italy, the most important rice‐growing area in Europe. Our approach was to analyze genes related to weedy traits (SD1, sh4, Rc) in weedy rice accessions compared to cultivars, and to integrate these results with phenotypic and physiological data, as well as historical information about rice farming in Italy. We arrive at a working model for the timeline of evolution of weedy rice in Italy indicating that both exoferality and endoferality acted as forces driving the development of the diverse weedy rice populations found in the region today. Models of weed evolution can help to predict the direction which weed development might take and to develop new, sustainable methods to control feral weeds.
Denial of gender discrimination is associated with better subjective well‐being among women: A system justification account
Authors: Napier Jaime L. , Suppes Alexandra , Bettinsoli Maria Laura 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite the fact that women face socially and politically sanctioned disadvantages every day, a large percentage of women and men report that gender discrimination is no longer a problem. Across three studies, which together include over 20,000 participants from 23 countries, we test the hypothesis that denial (vs. acknowledgement) of gender discrimination is associated with higher subjective well‐being among women (Studies 1–3), and this is because denying gender discrimination promotes the view that the system is fair (Study 1). We further show that this happens above and beyond personal experiences with sexism (Study 1) and that the association is stronger in countries where sexism is relatively high (vs. low; Study 3). We argue that denial of discrimination is an individual‐level coping mechanism and that, like other self‐group distancing strategies, it may perpetuate gender inequality.
Modeling and analysis of hybrid multilevel converter for constant DC and fuel cell sources
Authors: Veerendra Arigela Satya , Mohamed Mohd Rusllim , Sulaiman Mohd Herwan , Leung Pui Ki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article proposes a symmetrical hybrid multilevel converter topology with a constant DC source and a fuel cell source (FCS) for enhancing the voltage levels and minimization of total harmonic distortions (THD). The proposed topology is employed using a modified phase shifted pulse width modulation (PS‐PWM) in order to control the power electronic switches. In this hybrid topology, the first converter operated through low voltage with high frequency and the second converter through high voltage with fundamental frequency for improving the voltage levels. The THD for the hybrid multilevel converter with respect to current and voltage is 1.97% and 15.10%, respectively. The results show that the proposed topology performs better with a constant DC source compared to the fuel cell source. Furthermore, the less component count of the proposed topology is compared with the existing topologies. Comparisons are made to validate the results of the proposed topology with different sources and the existing topologies.
Effect of natural spices on precursor substances and volatile flavor compounds of boiled Wuding chicken during processing
Authors: Yu Yuanrui , Wang Guiying , Luo Yuting , Pu Yuehong , Ge Changrong , Liao Guozhou 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBoiled chicken with spices is a traditional and characteristic meat product in China. The aims of this work were to investigate the influences of natural spices on precursor substances, and the volatile flavor compounds of boiled Wuding chicken were studied. Whole, boiled Wuding chicken was processed by washing the chickens, boiling them for 1 hour with natural spices, then deep‐frying for 1 minute, and boiling them for 2 hours with natural spices. The water‐soluble low molecular weight (WLOM) compounds in the Wuding chicken were identified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) spectroscopy; the fatty acid composition of the boiled Wuding chicken was analyzed using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS); and the volatile flavor compounds of boiled Wuding chicken were determined qualitatively and quantitatively using gas‐phase ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS). The results showed that the content of total fatty acids, free amino acids, WLOM compounds, and volatile flavor substances at each processing point in the treatment group was significantly higher than those in the control group (P < .05). Among the 21 volatile flavor compounds detected, the relative content of 5 flavor compounds (1‐amyl alcohol, acetone, 2‐butanone, valeraldehyde, heptanal) was the highest. After boiling for 2 hours, the aldehyde content in the test group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Natural spices have significant effects on the precursor substances and volatile flavor compounds of boiled Wuding chicken, and the spices significantly improve the taste quality of chicken products. This work substantiates a recommendation for the using of natural spices.
Transcriptome analysis reveals that the multiple metabolic pathways were related to gluten polymerization in different quality wheats (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Wang Qi , Jia Feng , Zhang Xia , Wang Xiaohua , Li Jinhe , Wang Jinshui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe rapid development of transcriptome sequencing technology has contributed to the discovery of numerous genes in plant; however, the role of gene expression in postharvest wheat remains largely unexplored. In this study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA‐seq in different quality wheats. The 102.6 Gb clean reads had been yielded from the nine RNA‐seq libraries. Typically, there were 1791 upregulated and 2,677 downregulated DEGs, respectively, in strong‐gluten wheat compared with weak‐gluten wheat. Specifically, a total of 4,468 DEGs were classified into 286 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 131 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes terms (KEGG). Moreover, the storage protein components, starch and sucrose metabolism, and plant hormone signal transduction‐related genes were discovered, which had involved 109 DEGs. The wet gluten proteins content was 35.24% and 17.36%, and the glutenin macropolymer content was 6.38% and 5.01% between the strong‐ and weak‐gluten wheat, respectively. The POD activities of the different quality wheats were 6,571.14, 5,341.24, and 4,851.48 U/g/min, respectively. The significant difference of starch and sucrose metabolism, hormone, POD, and CAT enzyme along with the higher ATPase activity might potentially affect gluten polymerization, which might thereby result in the different qualities of wheats.
Modellierung des Wasserhaushalts von Straßenböschungen in Lysimetern
Authors: Melsbach Manuel , Birle Emanuel , Kellermann‐Kinner Christine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractZur Ermittlung des Wasserhaushalts von ungesättigten Erdbauwerken wurden bei der Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen (BASt) Lysimeteruntersuchungen unter Laborbedingungen durchgeführt. Dazu wurden Böschungsausschnitte mit kiesigem und bindigem Boden, Hausmüllverbrennungsasche, Recycling‐Materialien und industriellen Nebenprodukten errichtet. Die Lysimeter wurden mit unterschiedlichen Intensitäten beregnet und Sickerwasser sowie Zwischen‐ und Oberflächenabfluss quantifiziert. So werden typische, mit natürlichen Dammschüttmaterialien und mineralischen Ersatzbaustoffen errichtete Straßenböschungen abgebildet. Zudem wurden auch Bauweisen untersucht, bei denen in Anlehnung an das Merkblatt für Technische Sicherungsmaßnahmen im Erdbau oberhalb des Dammschüttmaterials zur Ableitung des eindringenden Sickerwassers eine Dränmatte angeordnet wurde.Unter Verwendung der vorab experimentell ermittelten hydraulischen Eigenschaften der verschiedenen Materialien wurde der Wasserhaushalt der Lysimeter mit einer Finite‐Elemente‐Software numerisch nachgerechnet. Diese Ergebnisse zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messungen. Sensitivitätsanalysen zeigten, dass oberflächennahe Schichten im Modell einen großen Einfluss auf den gesamten Wasserhaushalt haben. Außerdem wurde sowohl experimentell als auch rechnerisch festgestellt, dass eine Dränmatte über grobkörnigem Material die Wirkung einer Kapillarsperre hat und die in den Dammbaustoff eindringende Sickerwassermenge signifikant reduziert.
Astroglial N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 protects the brain from cerebral edema induced by stroke
Authors: Guo Hang , Yin Anqi , Ma Yulong , Fan Ze , Tao Liang , Tang Wenhong , Ma Yaqun , Hou Wugang , Cai Guohong , Zhuo Lixia , Zhang Jian , Li Yan , Xiong Lize 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBrain edema is a grave complication of brain ischemia and is the main cause of herniation and death. Although astrocytic swelling is the main contributor to cytotoxic edema, the molecular mechanism involved in this process remains elusive. N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 2 (NDRG2), a well‐studied tumor suppressor gene, is mainly expressed in astrocytes in mammalian brains. Here, we found that NDRG2 deficiency leads to worsened cerebral edema, imbalanced Na+ transfer, and astrocyte swelling after ischemia. We also found that NDRG2 deletion in astrocytes dramatically changed the expression and distribution of aquaporin‐4 and Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1, which are strongly associated with cell polarity, in the ischemic brain. Brain edema and astrocyte swelling were significantly alleviated by rescuing the expression of astrocytic Na+‐K+‐ATPase β1 in NDRG2‐knockout mouse brains. In addition, the upregulation of astrocytic NDRG2 by lentiviral constructs notably attenuated brain edema, astrocytic swelling, and blood–brain barrier destruction. Our results indicate a particular role of NDRG2 in maintaining astrocytic polarization to facilitate Na+ and water transfer balance and to protect the brain from ischemic edema. These findings provide insight into NDRG2 as a therapeutic target in cerebral edema.
Salivary side effects after radioiodine treatment for differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma: Long‐term study
Authors: Le Roux Marc‐Kevin , Graillon Nicolas , Guyot Laurent , Taieb David , Galli Philippe , Godio‐Raboutet Yves , Chossegros Cyrille , Foletti Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough many studies focus on short‐term side effects of radioiodine therapy, almost none studied long‐term side effects. We assessed radioiodine long‐term salivary side effects after radioiodine treatment for differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma and compared it to short‐term morbidity within the same population.MethodsA standardized self‐administrated questionnaire was submitted in 2019 by patients treated with radioiodine between January 2011 and December 2012. These patients had already answered the same questionnaire 6 years before.ResultsOur study showed a significant reduction for salivary side effects: discomfort in submandibular or parotid area, swelling, pain, a bad or salty taste in the mouth, allowing to get back to a “normal” diet.ConclusionsOur study suggests that a significant rate of patients will recover from I131 therapy salivary side effects. As almost 30% of these remissions happened during our late stage follow‐up, we highlight the necessity of a long‐term follow‐up in these patients.
The association between race/ethnicity and peripartum hysterectomy and the risk of perioperative complications
Authors: Lawson Shari M. , Chou Betty , Martin Kristin L. , Ryan Isa , Eke Ahizechukwu C. , Martin Kimberly D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare perioperative outcomes by patient race/ethnicity.MethodsA retrospective cohort study identified 7 331 638 childbirth hospitalizations for women aged 12–55 years in the USA between 2004–2014. Peripartum hysterectomy, in‐hospital mortality, perioperative complications, length of stay, and cost of hysterectomy data were analyzed using SAS.ResultsAmong childbirth hospitalizations (52.9% white, 13.5% black, 23.0% Hispanic, 5.2% Asian, and 5.4% other), peripartum hysterectomy occurred in 6619. The incidence of peripartum hysterectomy was 90.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 87.7–93.0) per 100 000 hospitalizations, and higher for black (111.0, 95% CI 104.5–117.4), Hispanic (104.9, 95% CI 99.1–110.8), and Asian women (119.6, 95% CI 109.1–130.2) compared to whites (75.7, 95% CI 72.8–78.5). After adjustment, Hispanic women had an 18% higher odds of undergoing peripartum hysterectomy (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.08–1.29; P=0.004) than white women. Non‐white women had a 2–3‐fold higher odds of in‐hospital mortality (ORblack 2.76, 95% CI 1.44–5.30; ORHispanic 1.99, 95% CI 1.04–3.82; ORAsian+other 2.44, 95% CI 1.11–5.40. Black and Asian/other women were more likely to undergo blood transfusions.ConclusionWomen of color have higher rates of peripartum hysterectomy and experience higher rates of poor perioperative outcomes and mortality.
Neuroserpin extends the time window of tPA thrombolysis in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Cai Li , Zhou Youdong , Wang Zhiyong , Zhu Yaozu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) is characterized as an effective drug for early thrombolytic therapy in acute cerebral infarction (ACI). However, tPA will increase the risk of hemorrhage if it is used beyond the treatment time window. The study aims to explore the effects of neuroserpin (NSP) on the time window of tPA thrombolysis in ACI and the underlying mechanism. The middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model was constructed in rats, which were randomly divided into six groups: sham operation group, infarction group, 1‐hour thrombolysis group, 1‐hour thrombolytic + NSP intervention group, 4‐hour thrombolytic group, and 4‐hour thrombolysis + NSP intervention group. The neurological changes in rats were evaluated by modified neurological severity scores and rota‐rod test. The brain edema and cerebral infarction area were evaluated by dry‐wet method and triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. The blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity was examined by Evans blue method. The expressions of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase in brain were also investigated. The expression of caspase‐3 and Bcl‐2 in brain tissue and apoptosis of neurons were examined by Western blot analysis and toluidine blue staining. tPA thrombolysis significantly attenuated the neurological impairment in rats with MCAO at 1 hour. Conversely, the effect of tPA thrombolysis at 4 hours after MCAO did not significantly help the recovery of neurological function. However, a combination of tPA treatment and NSP treatment at 4 hours after MCAO markedly ameliorated the neurological impairment, cerebral edema, cerebral infarction volume, BBB injury, oxidative stress products, and neuron apoptosis. NSP can probably expand the time window for tPA treatment to reduce neurological impairment in ACI.
Suppression of Sox4 protects against myocardial ischemic injury by reduction of cardiac apoptosis in mice
Authors: Zhang Lijia , Lv Lifang , Zheng Nan , Li Ruotong , Yang Rui , Li Tianyu , Li Yingnan , Liu Yingqi , Luo Hongwei , Li Xuelian , Zhou Yuhong , Shan Hongli , Bai Bing , Liang Haihai 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSox4 participates in the progression of embryo development and regulation of apoptosis in tumors. However, the effect and mechanism of Sox4 in myocardial infarction (MI) remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed at examining the role and molecular mechanism of Sox4 in the process of cardiomyocytes apoptosis during MI. The expression of Sox4 were obviously increased both in MI mice and in neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes treated with H2O2. Overexpression of Sox4 promoted cardiomyocyte apoptosis with or without H2O2, whereas knocking down of Sox4 alleviated H2O2‐induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, silencing Sox4 by AAV‐9 carried short hairpin RNA targeting Sox4 (AAV‐9‐sh‐Sox4) markedly decreased cardiac infarct area, imprfoved cardiac dysfunction, and reversed apoptosis in MI mice. Mechanistically, there is a potential Sox4‐binding site in the promoter region of Bim, and forced expression of Sox4 significantly promoted Bim expression in cultured cardiomyocytes with or without H2O2, whereas knocking down of Sox4 inhibited the expression of Bim. Further studies showed that silencing Bim attenuated Sox4‐induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes, indicating that Sox4 promoted cardiomyocytes apoptosis through regulation of Bim expression, which can be used as a potential therapeutic target for MI.
Inhibition of cathepsin S attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis
Authors: Peng Ke , Liu Hong , Yan Bin , Meng Xiao‐Wen , Song Shao‐Yong , Ji Fu‐Hai , Xia Zhengyuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to high mortality and morbidity due to the incomplete understanding of the underlying mechanism and the consequent lack of effective therapy. The present study revealed and validated key candidate genes in relation to inflammation and apoptosis pathways underlying myocardial I/R injury. Cathepsin S was identified as the top hub protein based on the protein–protein interaction analysis, and, thus, its role during myocardial I/R injury was further investigated. Myocardial I/R in mice resulted in significantly increased levels of myocardial injury biomarkers (cardiac troponin I, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatinine kinase‐MB) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐1β [IL‐1β], IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α), elevated apoptosis rate, and upregulated protein expression of cleaved caspase‐8, cleaved caspase‐3, and cleaved poly ADP‐ribose polymerase. These abovementioned changes were blocked by two different selective cathepsin S inhibitors, LY3000328 or MIV‐247. Moreover, Kaplan–Meier survival plot showed that cathepsin S inhibition improved 21‐day survival rate following myocardial I/R injury. This study demonstrated that the inhibition of cathepsin S alleviated myocardial I/R‐induced injury by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis, which may be used in clinical applications of cardioprotection.