bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jack of all trades? The versatility of RNA in DNA double-strand break repair
Authors: Ketley Ruth F. , Gullerova Monika 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mechanisms by which RNA acts in the DNA damage response (DDR), specifically in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), are emerging as multifaceted and complex. Different RNA species, including but not limited to; microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), RNA:DNA hybrid structures, the recently identified damage-induced lncRNA (dilncRNA), damage-responsive transcripts (DARTs), and DNA damage-dependent small RNAs (DDRNAs), have been shown to play integral roles in the DSB response. The diverse properties of these RNAs, such as sequence, structure, and binding partners, enable them to fulfil a variety of functions in different cellular contexts. Additionally, RNA can be modified post-transcriptionally, a process which is regulated in response to cellular stressors such as DNA damage. Many of these mechanisms are not yet understood and the literature contradictory, reflecting the complexity and expansive nature of the roles of RNA in the DDR. However, it is clear that RNA is pivotal in ensuring the maintenance of genome integrity. In this review, we will discuss and summarise recent evidence which highlights the roles of these various RNAs in preserving genomic integrity, with a particular focus on the emerging role of RNA in the DSB repair response.
General Education Teachers' Contribution to the Identification of Children With Language Disorders
Authors: T. Christopulos Tyler , Kean Jacob 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The estimated prevalence of language disorders in early elementary school-age children is 7%–12%. Despite its prevalence, only 18% of children are identified and receive treatment. Children with language disorders who go unidentified and, consequently, untreated upon entry to kindergarten are at a cumulative risk for academic and social difficulties during their formative and later school years. Since there is no policy supporting universal screening for language impairment identification in public schools, vulnerabilities may exist in referral-based systems for language impairment identification. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the positive predictive value of general education teachers for language impairment identification.

Method
A record review of special education referrals across four elementary schools was conducted. A total of 177 referrals across all disabilities were examined. Forty-four of those language-based referrals became the focus of this study.

Results
Results showed, of the 44 referred for language impairment, general education teachers were the least correct of referral sources, with a positive predictive value of .35. Variables of teacher age, sex, years of teaching experience, and years of education did not predict general education teachers' ability to identify children with language impairment. The identification rate across the four schools was 1.38%.

Conclusions
General education teachers were responsible for nearly half of the referrals made to special education but demonstrated the most difficulty in correctly identifying children with language impairment. As a result, identification rates were considerably lower than prevalence expectations. This is of particular concern as teachers play a primary role in the identification of this population under a referral-based format.
The Impact of Audibility and Voice on Young Adult Performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination
Authors: Roman Aaron M. , Liebenberg Heidi E. , Harkins Alexis N. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of reduced audibility (RA) and speaker voice on performance on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in individuals with normal hearing.

Method

Participants with normal hearing (
n
= 31) were randomly assigned to complete the MMSE with normal audibility or with RA. Instructions for the MMSE were recorded by both a male and female speaker and normalized via Audacity software. Voice of speaker was randomized for each participant. Scores on the MMSE were measured for each condition and compared using an analysis of variance between the two groups.

Results
This study found that the RA group performed significantly worse on the MMSE compared to those with no reduction in audibility. There was no difference in performance in either group when accounting for instructor's voice. Audiometric results, such as pure-tone averages and Quick Speech in Noise scores, significantly correlated with MMSE performance.

Conclusion
Individuals with RA performed significantly worse on the MMSE than those with normal audibility, regardless of the voice of instruction. These findings suggest that health care providers, regardless of vocal characteristics, should be cognizant of potential hearing loss prior to assessing patients for cognitive impairment.
CMACIONIZE 2.0: a novel task-based approach to Monte Carlo radiation transfer
Authors: Vandenbroucke B. , Camps P. 
Published: July 2020

Context. Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) is a widely used technique to model the interaction between radiation and a medium. It plays an important role in astrophysical modelling and when these models are compared with observations.
Aims. We present a novel approach to MCRT that addresses the challenging memory-access patterns of traditional MCRT algorithms, which prevent an optimal performance of MCRT simulations on modern hardware with a complex memory architecture.
Methods. We reformulated the MCRT photon-packet life cycle as a task-based algorithm, whereby the computation is broken down into small tasks that are executed concurrently. Photon packets are stored in intermediate buffers, and tasks propagate photon packets through small parts of the computational domain, moving them from one buffer to another in the process.
Results. Using the implementation of the new algorithm in the photoionization MCRT code CMACIONIZE 2.0, we show that the decomposition of the MCRT grid into small parts leads to a significant performance gain during the photon-packet propagation phase, which constitutes the bulk of an MCRT algorithm because memory caches are used more efficiently. Our new algorithm is faster by a factor 2 to 4 than an equivalent traditional algorithm and shows good strong scaling up to 30 threads. We briefly discuss adjustments to our new algorithm and extensions to other astrophysical MCRT applications.
Conclusions. We show that optimising the memory access patterns of a memory-bound algorithm such as MCRT can yield significant performance gains.
Inflammatory Cell Infiltration of Adrenals in
COVID-19
Authors: Zinserling Vsevolod A. , Semenova Natalya Yu. , Markov Alexander G. , Rybalchenko Oksana V. , Wang Jun , Rodionov Roman N. , Bornstein Stefan R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was originated
in November–December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and has rapidly spread
around the world causing severe health and socioeconomical damage to the
entire civilization. The key feature of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19),
caused by SARS-CoV-2, is upper respiratory tract infection, which may be
complicated by bilateral pneumonia. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)
has been identified as a key host factor, required for virus entry into
cells. Interestingly, ACE2 is expressed not only in the respiratory system,
but also in the other organs and systems including adrenal glands. Here we
provide the first description of the pathomorphological changes in adrenal
glands in patients with severe COVID-19 characterized by perivascular
infiltration of CD3+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Due to the
central role of the adrenals in the stress response of the organism, this
finding is of potential clinical relevance, because infection with the
SARS-CoV-2 virus might critically impair adrenal function under
pathophysiological conditions.
Effects of Umbilical Cord Milking on Anemia in Preterm Infants: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Xie Yu-jie , Xiao Jia-li , Zhu Juan-juan , Wang Yi-wen , Wang Bei , Xie Li-juan 
Published: July 2020

Objective This study aimed to investigate whether umbilical cord milking (UCM) prevents and controls anemia in preterm infants, as compared with immediate cord clamping (ICC).
Study Design Pregnant women delivering at <34 weeks' gestation in four hospitals were randomly assigned to undergo UCM or ICC from July 2017 to June 2019. Hematological parameters and iron status were collected and analyzed as primary outcomes at 24 hours, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 6 months after delivery.
Results Neonates receiving UCM had significant higher levels of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, and serum iron (p < 0.05). Lower prevalence of anemia and lower need for transfusions were noted in UCM group. Although UCM was associated with prolonged duration of phototherapy, the maximum levels of bilirubin were similar between two groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion UCM is an effective intervention to help preterm infants experience less anemia with the potential to increase blood volume, as seen by higher Hb levels and more enhanced iron stores.
Using Electronic Health Record Data to Support Research and Quality Improvement: Practical Guidance from a Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Wasserman Richard C. , Ferro Daria F. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to identify how academic health centers (AHCs) have established infrastructures to leverage electronic health record (EHR) data to support research and quality improvement (QI).
Methods Phone interviews of 18 clinical informaticians with expertise gained over three decades at 24 AHCs were transcribed for qualitative analysis on three levels. In Level I, investigators independently used NVivo software to code and identify themes expressed in the transcripts. In Level II, investigators reexamined coded transcripts and notes and contextualized themes in the learning health system paradigm. In Level III, an informant subsample validated and supplemented findings.
Results Level I analysis yielded six key “determinants”—Institutional Relationships, Resource Availability, Data Strategy, Response to Change, Leadership Support, and Degree of Mission Alignment—which, according to local context, affect use of EHR data for research and QI. Level II analysis contextualized these determinants in a practical frame of reference, yielding a model of learning health system maturation, over-arching key concepts, and self-assessment questions to guide AHC progress toward becoming a learning health system. Level III informants validated and supplemented findings.
Discussion Drawn from the collective knowledge of experienced informatics professionals, the findings and tools described offer practical support to help clinical informaticians leverage EHR data for research and QI in AHCs.
Conclusion The learning health system model builds on the tripartite AHC mission of research, education, and patient care. AHCs must deliberately transform into learning health systems to capitalize fully on EHR data as a staple of health learning.
Nasogastric versus Orogastric Bolus Tube Feeding in Preterm Infants: Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Badran Ahmed Tawfik , Hashish Menna , Ali Alaa , Shokeir Mohamed , Shabaan Abd 
Published: July 2020

Objective According to the most recent metanalysis, the best way to establish safe enteral feeding in preterm babies using nasogastric or orogastric tubes is still not well understood. This study aimed to determine the effects of bolus nasal tubes versus bolus orogastric tubes on the time required to reach full enteral feeding in preterm infants, as well as to compare the incidence rates of adverse events including nonintentional removal or displacement of the feeding tube, aspiration pneumonia/pneumonitis, apnea, necrotizing enterocolitis, gastric residual, and growth parameters between the studied cohort of preterm infants.Study Design We conducted an unblinded pilot randomized clinical trial on hemodynamically stable preterm infants (>28 weeks) recruited from level 2 neonatal intensive care unit at Mansoura University Children's Hospital from June 2015 to May 2017.Results Our study included 98 stable preterm infants with mean gestational age (orogastric group: 33.27 ± 1.08, nasogastric group: 33.32 ± 1.57) and mean birthweight (orogastric group: 1,753.3 ± 414.51, nasogastric group: 1,859.6 ± 307.05). Preterm infants who were fed via bolus nasogastric tube achieved full enteral feeding in a significantly shorter duration compared with the infants fed via bolus orogastric tube. The incidence rates of aspiration and feeding tube displacement were significantly higher in the bolus orogastric tube group compared with the bolus nasogastric tube group. There was no difference in the incidence rates of apnea, necrotizing enterocolitis, bradycardia, oxygen desaturation, and gastric residual in both groups.Conclusion Preterm infants without any respiratory support receiving bolus nasogastric tube feeding achieved full enteral feeding significantly sooner than those receiving bolus orogastric tube feeding. Additionally, bolus nasogastric tube feeding had a lower incidence of aspiration, tube displacement, and the infants regained birthweight more quickly than those receiving orogastric tube feeding.Key Points
Multifrequency stimulated Raman scattering of light in a calcite single crystal
Authors: Gorelik V.S. , Skrabatun A.V. , Orlovich V.A. , Vodchits A.I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing pulses of multifrequency stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in calcite, nonlinear photoluminescence in a stilbene molecular crystal is excited. When multifrequency SRS is excited by the radiation of a Nd3+: YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm, eleven anti-Stokes components are observed in the visible spectrum with an average frequency shift of 1086 cm−1between them. Using the second harmonic of the Nd3+: YAG laser radiation allowed three anti-Stokes and four Stokes components to be recorded. The large spectral range of the frequency comb facilitated effective reduction in the duration and increase in the intensity of the radiation pulse of multifrequency SRS.
High-speed implementation of holographic and diffraction elements using digital micromirror devices
Authors: Evtikhiev N.N. , Zlokazov E.Yu. , Krasnov V.V. , Rodin V.G. , Starikov R.S. , Cheremkhin P.A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We report the results of simulations and experiments on the formation of light distributions by holograms and diffraction elements displayed by digital micromirror devices. Examples of successful experiments on the implementation of optical-digital systems based on them are demonstrated.
Holographic reflective Bragg gratings of gain and their role in the operation of high-power pulsed lasers
Authors: Pogoda A.P. , Sergeev A.A. , Khakhalin I.S. , Popov E.E. , Istomina N.L. , Boreisho A.S. , Petrov V.M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe influence of reflective Bragg gratings that are formed in an active medium due to the spatial periodic modulation of gain on the spectral properties of lasing are investigated by an example of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser. It is shown that, at a certain choice of the formation regime of reflective gratings of gain, the lasing bandwidth can be reduced by a factor of 3 – 5, with a corresponding increase in the pulse energy and significant improvement of spatial beam quality.
An engineered chimeric toxin that cleaves activated mutant and wild-type RAS inhibits tumor growth
Authors: Vidimar Vania , Beilhartz Greg L. , Park Minyoung , Biancucci Marco , Kieffer Matthew B. , Gius David R. , Melnyk Roman A. , Satchell Karla J. F. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceRAS oncoproteins have long been considered among the most elusive drug targets in cancer research. At issue is the lack of accessible drug-binding sites and the extreme affinity for GTP. Covalent inhibitors against the KRAS G12C mutant have shown early clinical promise; however, targeting the other oncogenic RAS mutants across three RAS isoforms has proven challenging. Inhibition of activated wild-type RAS in the absence of canonicalRASmutations is also highly desirable in certain tumors. Here, we demonstrate delivery of an extremely potent pan-RAS and RAP1-cleaving enzyme in therapeutic quantities to specific receptor-bearing cells in vitro and in vivo. We aim to advance this approach to engineer the first targeted pan-RAS inhibitor for cancer therapy.
The challenges of modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19
Authors: Bertozzi Andrea L. , Franco Elisa , Mohler George , Short Martin B. , Sledge Daniel 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has placed epidemic modeling at the forefront of worldwide public policy making. Nonetheless, modeling and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 remain a challenge. Here, we present and detail three regional-scale models for forecasting and assessing the course of the pandemic. This work is intended to demonstrate the utility of parsimonious models for understanding the pandemic and to provide an accessible framework for generating policy-relevant insights into its course. We show how these models can be connected to each other and to time series data for a particular region. Capable of measuring and forecasting the impacts of social distancing, these models highlight the dangers of relaxing nonpharmaceutical public health interventions in the absence of a vaccine or antiviral therapies.
Why prefixes (almost) never participate in vowel harmony
Authors: Fábregas Antonio , Krämer Martin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOne of the most common ways of morphological marking is affixation, morphemes are classified according to their position. In languages with affixal morphology, suffixes and prefixes are the most common types of affixes. Despite several proposals, it has been impossible to identify solid generalisations about the behaviour of prefixes, in opposition to suffixes. This article argues that the reason is that our traditional definitions of suffix and prefix are based on pre-theoretical, surface criteria that have been given up in other areas of linguistics: defining a morpheme as a prefix does not tell us anything about its grammatical nature, as that label does not take into consideration the structural configuration underlying the morpheme. Once the structural configuration is taken into account, solid generalisations begin to emerge. The article illustrates the advantages of this approach through a study of the interaction between vowel harmony and affixes.
French clitic climbing as periphrasis
Authors: Aguila-Multner Gabrielle , Crysmann Berthold 
Published: July 2020

SummaryIn this article, we propose a treatment of French clitic climbing as an instance of morphological periphrasis. In particular we reexamine the evidence in favour of argument composition and a flat VP structure with tense auxiliaries (Abeillé & Godard, 2002) and show (i) that the V (vs. VP) status of the complement does not strictly correlate with the possibility of clitic climbing, (ii) that transparency in bounded dependencies transcends the class of argument composition verbs, and (iii) that a flat VP structure complicates the treatment of modification and coordination. Adopting an approach in terms of periphrastic realisation along the lines ofBonami (2015), we provide a treatment of the climbing facts that does full justice to the limited mobility and their morphologically bound status (Miller, 1992) without having to rely on a flat VP structure. Finally, we show that the pronominalisation and extraction facts can be dealt with in a uniform fashion by way of constraints on canonical vs. non-canonical argument realisation.
Strategies for regional tourism development in Argentina. A path with new initiatives for tourism dispersal policies.
Authors: Port Natalia , Garcia Carolina Inés 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

This chapter analyses tourism development and policies in Argentina from an economic perspective. Recognizing that Argentina's geographical position (located away from the rest of the world and from the main outbound travel markets) produces social and economic uncertainty in the country's tourism development, the chapter focuses on tourism strategies that will stimulate regional economic growth and generate jobs while at the same time ensuring their equitable distribution throughout the country. Based on literature related to regional development and tourism dispersal, this chapter describes the current Argentine national and regional scenarios, discusses tourism policies at both national and regional/provincial levels and addresses tourism distribution from the demand and supply sides. It is argued that there are several potentialities and opportunities for a better distribution of tourism benefits for several regions of the country and that specific tourism dispersal policies and strategies at the national level can have a highly positive impact to attract visitors and benefit from tourism.
Ecotourism development in Costa Rica.
Authors: Bermúdez-Elizondo Melvin , Araúz-Beita Ileana , Arias-Navarro Adrián , Borbon-Sandí Ronald 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

This chapter reports on the tourism experience of Costa Rica. It reveals how, despite being a geographically small country whose land use initially was focused on agriculture and livestock, Costa Rica is a nation in which tourism has become the main source of income in the past 10 years. Specifically, this chapter documents the transition from an agricultural economy to an economy based on the services sector, where tourism (particularly ecotourism) has been positioned as the main generator of revenue. It also reveals how the vision and conservation efforts made by Costa Rica have allowed the country to maintain 25% of its territory under some form of environmental protection, with around 70% of its international tourists visiting one protected area. It is recognized that, although tourism has experienced a sustained growth and greater economic impact in the country, the social benefits in local communities are very limited.
The challenges of natural and cultural heritages of Galapagos and Quito, Ecuador.
Authors: Muñoz-Barriga Andrea , Maldonado Pérez Gabriela 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

This chapter analyses tourism impacts at two UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ecuador. Recognizing that tourism is a marginal activity in general in comparison with other mature destinations in Latin America, the Galapagos and Quito are analysed for their distinctive characteristics, tourism activity and impacts, and institutional frameworks in order to identify strategic actions for ameliorating negative tourism impacts and promoting both destinations as heritage sites. It is revealed that tourism development in these iconic destinations has brought not only benefits but also several concerns related to the country's natural and cultural diversity preservation and that, as a consequence, an increase in the number of tourists is not desirable as it could jeopardize the conservation of its flora and fauna and could lead to the degradation of historical buildings. Long-term policies and control and regulation mechanisms for the conservation and preservation of these heritage sites are thus considered as practical recommendations.