bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences of induction of labor with a catheter – A prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the outpatient and inpatient setting
Authors: Haavisto Henna , Polo‐Kantola Päivi , Anttila Ella , Kolari Terhi , Ojala Elina , Rinne Kirsi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionApproximately every fourth labor is induced. In Finland, when labor is induced, it is commonly carried out with a catheter in the inpatient (IP) setting. However, in uncomplicated, full‐term pregnancies, induction of labor (IOL) in the outpatient (OP) setting is also possible. Nevertheless, there is only a limited amount of information about the experiences of IOL in OP setting. Our study compared the experiences of catheter IOL in OP and IP settings.Material and methodsWe performed a prospective randomized study, including 113 women with uncomplicated full‐term pregnancies with planned IOL. After catheter insertion, women were randomized into OP or IP settings: after dropouts, there were 53 women in the OP group and 54 in the IP. The experiences of IOL were evaluated with three sets of visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires: the general experience questionnaire (eight questions), the concurrent induction experience questionnaire (1, 5, 9, 13 hours; nine questions) and the postpartum experience questionnaire (14 questions).ResultsBoth groups had low VAS scores, indicating good experiences of IOL. Women in the OP group were less satisfied (mean VAS difference Δ = 7.8, P = .015) and more anxious (Δ = 4.8, P = .008) than were women in the IP group. In the course of the IOL, all women became less satisfied (Δ = 8.4, P = .001), had more contraction pain (Δ = 8.9, P = .020) and had a higher frequency of contractions (Δ = 9.9, P = .004) but they were more relaxed and experienced less fear (Δ = 6.9, P = .036, Δ = 5.3, P = .001, respectively). There was no interaction between group and time. According to the postpartum experience questionnaire, both groups had a similar good general experience of IOL (P = .736) but the OP group had more fear (Δ = 9.5, P = .009) and was more anxious (Δ = 9.0, P = .007). Most of the women would choose catheter IOL in a subsequent pregnancy (OP 82.6%, IP 87.0%).ConclusionsThe women in the OP setting were less satisfied and more anxious than were the women in the IP setting. However, the differences were marginal and the general experience after IOL was good. IOL in an OP setting is thus a viable option in low‐risk full‐term pregnancies. Therefore, when using catheter IOL, both setting options should be available.
Psychotherapy training in Iran: A survey of Iranian early career psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees
Authors: Eissazade Negin , Shalbafan Mohammadreza , Eftekhar Ardebili Mehrdad , Pinto da Costa Mariana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionPsychiatry's postgraduate training curriculum in Iran has been revised and one of the core revisions has been the incorporation of full‐time 9‐months of psychotherapy training. However, little is known about psychotherapy training in Iran.MethodsAn online anonymous survey was developed by the Early Career Psychiatrists (ECP) Section of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA). The survey included 16 questions about the: (a) quality of psychotherapy training (supervision, type of psychotherapy training available, barriers in accessing training); (b) organizational aspects of psychotherapy training (compulsoriness, payment, and assessment); (c) satisfaction with training in psychotherapy; (d) self‐confidence in the use of psychotherapy. This survey was circulated to Iranian early career psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees.Results112 early career psychiatrists and psychiatric trainees from across Iran responded to the survey; 98.2% of which stated that psychotherapy training is included in their psychiatry training, and cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy were the most reported modalities integrated into their psychiatric training. Moreover, 43.3% of the participants reported that they were satisfied or very satisfied with their psychotherapy training during the training years.DiscussionPsychotherapy is integrated into psychiatric training programs in most educational centers in Iran. The modalities and satisfaction of trainees are similar to that of high‐income countries in other continents. Supervision and training in modalities like family therapy could be further implemented and adapted to the Iranian culture.
The role of community engagement in addressing bystander risks in research: The case of a Zika virus controlled human infection study
Authors: Shah Seema K. , Miller Franklin , Fernandez Lynch Holly 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is limited guidance on how to assess the ethical acceptability of research risks that extend beyond research participants to third parties (or “research bystanders”). Community or stakeholder engagement has been proposed as one way to address potential harms to community members, including bystanders. Despite widespread agreement on the importance of community engagement in biomedical research, this umbrella term includes many different goals and approaches, agreement on which is ethically required or recommended for a particular context. We analyse the case of a potential Zika virus human challenge trial to assess whether and how community engagement can help promote the ethical acceptability of research posing risks to bystanders. We conclude that, in addition to having intrinsic value, community engagement can improve the identification of bystander risks, effective approaches to minimizing them, and transparency about bystander risks for host communities.
Mitomycin C induces pulmonary vascular endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and pulmonary veno‐occlusive disease via Smad3‐dependent pathway in rats
Authors: Zhang Chenting , Lu Wenju , Luo Xiaoyun , Liu Shiyun , Li Yi , Zheng Qiuyu , Liu Wenyan , Wu Xuefen , Chen Yuqin , Jiang Qian , Zhang Zizhou , Gu Guoping , Chen Jiyuan , Chen Haixia , Liao Jing , Liu Chunli , Hong Cheng , Tang Haiyang , Sun Dejun , Yang Kai , Wang Jian 
Published: November 2020

Background and PurposePulmonary veno‐occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare disease characterized by the obstruction of small pulmonary veins leading to pulmonary hypertension. However, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary vessel occlusion remain largely unclear.Experimental ApproachA mitomycin C (MMC)‐induced PVOD rat model was used as in vivo animal model, and primarily cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were used as in vitro cell model.Key ResultsOur data suggested an endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) may be present in the pulmonary microvessels isolated from either PVOD patients or MMC‐induced PVOD rats. In comparison to the control vessels, vessels from both PVOD patients and PVOD rats had co‐localized staining of specific endothelial marker von Willebrand factor (vWF) and mesenchymal marker α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), suggesting the presence of cells that co‐express endothelial and mesenchymal markers. In both the lung tissues of MMC‐induced PVOD rats and MMC‐treated rat PMVECs there were decreased levels of endothelial markers (e.g. VE‐cadherin and CD31) and increased mesenchymal markers (e.g. vimentin, fibronectin and α‐SMA) were detected indicating EndoMT. Moreover, MMC‐induced activation of the TGFβ/Smad3/Snail axis, while blocking this pathway with either selective Smad3 inhibitor (SIS3) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Smad3, dramatically abolished the MMC‐induced EndoMT. Notably, treatment with SIS3 remarkably prevented the pathogenesis of MMC‐induced PVOD in rats.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data indicated that targeted inhibition of Smad3 leads to a potential, novel strategy for PVOD therapy, likely by inhibiting the EndoMT in pulmonary microvasculature.
Coastal peat‐beds and peatlands of the southern North Sea: their past, present and future
Authors: Waller Martyn , Kirby Jason 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTPeat layers are well represented in the Holocene coastal deposits of the southern North Sea and provide evidence as to the extent and nature of the fens and bogs that occupied the region in the mid and late Holocene. While natural processes contributed to their demise, without human interference extensive areas of peatland would remain. We review the characteristics of the vegetation of these peatlands along with the processes that influenced their development. Spatial and temporal trends are explored through the use of palaeogeographic maps from three areas: the East Anglian Fenland, the Romney Marsh area and the Netherlands. The palaeoecological evidence indicates that eutrophic vegetation promoted by rising relative sea level (RSL) dominated in the mid Holocene, with a trend towards the development of oligotrophic and ombrotrophic vegetation in the late Holocene as the rate of RSL rise declined. Nevertheless, areas of eutrophic vegetation appear capable of long‐term stability with areas of fen woodland and herbaceous fen persisting at some locations for several thousand years in the mid and late Holocene. Areas of active peat growth in the region are now largely confined to small remnants within agricultural settings. To retain their characteristic biodiversity these remnants have been managed using traditional practices, although their small size and fragmented distribution limits their biodiversity value. Biodiversity concerns and the ecosystem services peatlands provide, notably carbon sequestration and flood attenuation, underlie recent restoration projects. These efforts are likely to receive additional impetus as a consequence of rising water levels, given projected rates of RSL rise. Future large‐scale restoration can be informed by a greater understanding of the processes that formed and sustained coastal peatlands in the past. We identify advances in palaeoenvironmental research that could enhance restoration efforts and help maximise the ecosystem services delivered through such projects.
Should algorithms be regulated by government?
Authors: Smith Robert A. , Desrochers Pierre R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere has been, and continues to be, an explosion in the use of algorithms across the economy and society. There are growing concerns about how algorithms are being used and whether they are accountable. This article reviews the literature on the issue of algorithms in several key areas, such as fairness, accountability, and transparency. The article examines arguments on why algorithms should be regulated, and it explores the available literature to identify how a potential Canadian regulatory framework may be developed.
High glucose‐ROS conditions enhance the progression in cholangiocarcinoma via upregulation of MAN2A2 and CHD8
Authors: Thonsri Unchalee , Wongkham Sopit , Wongkham Chaisiri , Hino Shinjiro , Nakao Mitsuyoshi , Roytrakul Sittiruk , Koga Tomoaki , Seubwai Wunchana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiabetes is a major risk factor in the development and progression of several cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the molecular mechanism by which hyperglycemia potentiates progression of CCA is not clearly understood. Here, we showed that a high glucose condition significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and promoted aggressive phenotypes of CCA cells, including proliferation and migration activities. Mannosidase alpha class 2a member 2 (MAN2A2), was upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels in a high glucose‐ and ROS‐dependent manner. In addition, cell proliferation and migration were significantly reduced by MAN2A2 knockdown. Based on our proteome and in silico analyses, we further found that chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein 8 (CHD8) was induced by ROS signaling and regulated MAN2A2 expression. Overexpression of CHD8 increased MAN2A2 expression, while CHD8 knockdown dramatically reduced proliferation and migration as well as MAN2A2 expression in CCA cells. Moreover, both MAN2A2 and CHD8 were highly expressed with positive correlation in CCA tumor tissues. Collectively, these data suggested that high glucose conditions promote CCA progression through ROS‐mediated upregulation of MAN2A2 and CHD8. Thus, glucose metabolism is a promising therapeutic target to control tumor progression in patients with CCA and diabetes.
A review on age‐related cancer risks in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Authors: Hendricks Linda A.J. , Hoogerbrugge Nicoline , Schuurs‐Hoeijmakers Janneke H.M. , Vos Janet R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPatients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS, comprising Cowden, Bannayan‐Riley‐Ruvalcaba, and Proteus‐like syndromes) are at increased risk of developing cancer due to pathogenic PTEN germline variants. This review summarizes age‐, sex‐, and type‐specific malignant cancer risks for PHTS patients, which is urgently needed for clinical management. A PubMed literature search for Standardized Incidence Ratios or Cumulative Lifetime cancer risks (CLTRs) resulted in nine cohort studies comprising four independent PHTS cohorts, including mainly index cases and prevalent cancer cases. The median age at diagnosis was 36 years. Reported CLTRs for any cancer varied from 81% to 90%. The tumor spectrum included female breast cancer (CLTRs including sex‐specific estimates at age 60‐70: 67% to 85%), endometrium cancer (19% to 28%), thyroid cancer (6% to 38%), renal cancer (2% to 24%), colorectal cancer (9% to 32%), and melanoma (0% to 6%). Although these estimates provide guidance for clinical care, discrepancies between studies, sample sizes, retrospective designs, strongly ascertained cases, and lack of pediatric research emphasizes that data should be interpreted with great caution. Therefore, more accurate and more personalized age‐, sex‐, and cancer‐specific risk estimates are needed to enable counseling of all PHTS patients irrespective of ascertainment, and improvement of cancer surveillance guidelines.
Network pharmacology and molecular docking analyses on Lianhua Qingwen capsule indicate Akt1 is a potential target to treat and prevent COVID‐19
Authors: Xia Qi‐Dong , Xun Yang , Lu Jun‐Lin , Lu Yu‐Chao , Yang Yuan‐Yuan , Zhou Peng , Hu Jia , Li Cong , Wang Shao‐Gang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is rapidly spreading worldwide. Lianhua Qingwen capsule (LQC) has shown therapeutic effects in patients with COVID‐19. This study is aimed to discover its molecular mechanism and provide potential drug targets.Materials and MethodsAn LQC target and COVID‐19–related gene set was established using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database and seven disease‐gene databases. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis and protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network were performed to discover the potential mechanism. Molecular docking was performed to visualize the patterns of interactions between the effective molecule and targeted protein.ResultsA gene set of 65 genes was generated. We then constructed a compound‐target network that contained 234 nodes of active compounds and 916 edges of compound‐target pairs. The GO and KEGG indicated that LQC can act by regulating immune response, apoptosis and virus infection. PPI network and subnetworks identified nine hub genes. The molecular docking was conducted on the most significant gene Akt1, which is involved in lung injury, lung fibrogenesis and virus infection. Six active compounds of LQC can enter the active pocket of Akt1, namely beta‐carotene, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, quercetin and wogonin, thereby exerting potential therapeutic effects in COVID‐19.ConclusionsThe network pharmacological strategy integrates molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of LQC. Akt1 is a promising drug target to reduce tissue damage and help eliminate virus infection.
Atogepant Is Not Associated With Clinically Meaningful Alanine Aminotransferase Elevations in Healthy Adults
Authors: Min K. Chris , Kraft Walter K. , Bondiskey Phung , Colón‐González Francheska , Liu Wen , Xu Jialin , Panebianco Deborah , Mixson Lori , Dockendorf Marissa F. , Matthews Catherine Z. , Boinpally Ramesh 
Published: November 2020

Atogepant is a potent, selective, oral calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist in development for migraine prevention. The chemical structure of atogepant is distinct from previous CGRP receptor antagonists, which were associated with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in clinical trials. Here, we report the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PKs) of a once‐daily supratherapeutic dose (170 mg) of atogepant for 28 days from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase I trial in healthy participants. Overall safety, hepatic safety, and plasma PK parameters were evaluated. Thirty‐four participants aged 23–55 years enrolled; 28 (82.4%) completed the study in accordance with the protocol. Multiple doses of 170 mg atogepant for 28 consecutive days were generally well‐tolerated. All adverse events (AEs; reported in 87.0% of the atogepant group; 72.7%, placebo) were mild in severity except one serious AE of subarachnoid hemorrhage due to a bicycle accident and not considered related to treatment. There were two discontinuations due to AEs, both with atogepant, one considered possibly related to treatment. Over 28 days of treatment, no participant receiving atogepant had an ALT elevation above 1.5 × upper limit of normal. Change from baseline in serum ALT levels was not different between atogepant and placebo. Atogepant is rapidly absorbed (median time to maximum plasma concentration, ~ 2 hours) with an apparent terminal half‐life of ~ 11 hours, and no evidence of accumulation after once‐daily dosing. Overall, atogepant at a high oral dose is safe and well‐tolerated in healthy participants with no clinically meaningful elevations in ALT.
The acute and repeated effects of cigarette smoking and smoking‐related cues on impulsivity
Authors: Martinez Suky , Jones Jermaine D. , Vadhan Nehal P. , Brandt Laura , Comer Sandra D. , Bisaga Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsImpulsivity may be a risk factor that increases vulnerability to nicotine dependence. However, nicotine exposure itself may directly increase impulsivity. This is a secondary analysis of the first study in a controlled laboratory setting, which assessed the effects of nicotine administration (acute and repeated) and exposure to smoking cues on behavioural impulsivity in humans (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01395797).Design and MethodsTwenty‐seven smokers completed three tasks to assess behavioural impulsivity (the Immediate Memory Task and the Delayed Memory Task assessing response initiation, and the GoStop Task assessing response inhibition) following: (i) 4 days of cigarette smoking (nicotinised or denicotinised cigarette); (ii) acute cigarette smoking (nicotinised); and (iii) exposure to smoking‐related cues.ResultsFour days of nicotinised cigarette smoking (vs. denicotinised) did not significantly increase Immediate Memory Task, Delayed Memory Task and GoStop scores. However, acute cigarette smoking increased GoStop impulsivity, but only following 4 days of smoking nicotinised cigarettes (P < 0.05). Exposure to smoking‐related cues had no statistically significant effect on impulsivity.Discussion and ConclusionsOur results suggest that repeated nicotine exposure may sensitise subsequent acute nicotine effects on behavioural impulsivity in heavy smokers.
Patients' preferences for once‐daily oral versus once‐weekly injectable diabetes medications: The REVISE study
Authors: Boye Kristina , Ross Melissa , Mody Reema , Konig Manige , Gelhorn Heather 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsTo understand patient preferences for once‐daily oral versus once‐weekly injectable type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) medication administration profiles, and reasons for their preferences.Materials and methodsThe REVISE study, a cross‐sectional online survey of 600 participants with T2DM (United Kingdom, n = 300; United States, n = 300), elicited general preferences for once‐daily oral versus once‐weekly injectable diabetes medications, and reasons for the preference. Participants then viewed two videos describing the administration procedures for injectable dulaglutide and oral semaglutide, based on the product instructions for use. Thereafter, participants indicated their preference for a once‐weekly injectable or a once‐daily oral medication based on the video descriptions. Participants who switched preferences were asked to identify the reasons influencing their decision.ResultsThe participants were predominantly male (n = 349; 58.2%), with a mean (SD) age of 64 (11.3) years. Nearly all (n = 557; 92.8%) were taking an oral T2DM medication, and 158 (26.3%) were using an injectable. Initially, 76.5% (n = 459; 95% confidence interval [CI] 73.1–79.9) preferred a once‐daily oral and 23.5% a once‐weekly injectable (n = 141; 95% CI 20.1–26.9; P < 0.0001). After viewing the videos describing the product‐specific administration, the proportions of participants preferring each option were not statistically different (oral semaglutide administration description (n = 315; 52.5%; 95% CI 48.5–56.5; dulaglutide administration description (n = 285; 47.5%; 95% CI 43.5–51.5; NS, P = 0.2207). The most common reason for switching preferences was the timing and steps of administration.ConclusionSeveral treatment‐related characteristics, including route, frequency and complexity of the treatment, play a role in patients' preferences for T2DM treatments and should be considered during treatment selection.
An institutional right of refugee return
Authors: Lamey Andy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCalls to recognize a right of return are a recurring feature of refugee crises. Particularly when such crises become long‐term, advocates of displaced people insist that they be allowed to return to their country of origin. I argue that this right is best understood as the right of refugees to return, not to a prior territory, but to a prior political status. This status is one that sees not just any state, but a refugee's state of origin, take responsibility for safeguarding their welfare. This entitlement I characterize as an institutional right: a right that presupposes, and is a necessary feature of, a particular institution. The institution of which the right of return is an indispensable part is the international political system that sees authority exercised by sovereign states. The institutional argument for a right of refugee return presupposes two basic factual claims about states: they play a central role in safeguarding rights and they pursue exclusionary policies of border control. Importantly, the institutional view presupposes only that states do perform both functions, not that they are justified in doing so. On a purely normative level, the institutional account assumes little more than the moral equality of human beings.