bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of different bleaching reagents and process sequences on the properties of steam-exploded empty fruit bunch (EFB) fiber
Authors: Supian M A F , Mohamad S , Amin K N M , Jamari S S , Zakaria J , Ali M F , Mohamad S F S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Bleaching reagent process is essential for the production of cellulose, pulp, and paper to increase the appearance and quality of the final products. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) is an agricultural waste with a lignocellulosic constituent. Recently, the conversion of EFB towards pulp for food packaging and paper manufacturing or cellulose-based materials has been actively developed in lab and pilot scales. However, obtaining efficient extraction and bleaching processes is still the main challenge. In this paper, the effect of different bleaching reagent at different sequences towards the brightness properties of the EFB fiber is observed. The EFB fiber was pre-treated using steam explosion process, hot water treatment, and alkaline treatment before undergoing the bleaching process. Four systems of bleaching process were set using NaOCl and NaO2Cl as the bleaching reagents. Two sets of the system are using single reagent and the other two sets are using mixed reagent. In the single reagent bleaching system, four stages of bleaching process were used for each NaO2Cl (C) and NaOCl (H) solution respectively. Meanwhile, the mixed bleaching reagent was conducted with two stages of processes with different sequence of reagents (CH and HC). The bleached cellulose obtained via these two systems were characterized in terms of brightness, chemical composition, thermal characteristic, and degree of crystallinity. The mixed bleaching reagent system the HC has produced the best quality of cellulose with brightness at 77.68%. The chemical and thermal characteristic of the bleached pulp fiber did not change when the bleaching method was applied to the fibers. Even though a single bleaching reagent system with sodium chlorite shows almost similar brightness at 78.66%, the quantity of solvent used is higher compared to the mixed bleaching reagent system. As a conclusion, mixed bleaching reagent system is an efficient system to produce a better quality of cellulose and paper from EFB.
Experimental Densities of Binary mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or sulfolane with monoethanolamine and their molecular interaction by COSMO-RS
Authors: Azlan Kassim Mohd , Asrina Sairi Nor , Yusoff Rozita , Kheireddine Aroua Mohamed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Thermophysical properties (densities, ρ) was measured for the binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMIM][NTf2] and sulfolane with monoethanolamine (MEA) over the entire range of composition, and at different temperatures from T = (303.15 to 343.15) K. From experimental data of ρ, the excess molar volumes, VE was calculated and fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation. The positive VE values were observed for both of the systems indicating expansion of volume due to breakage of MEA-MEA intramolecular hydrogen bond by addition of [BMIM][NTf2] or sulfolane. Subsequently, a quantum chemical-based COSMO-RS modelling was used to predict the molecular interaction based on non-ideal liquid phase σ-profile and σ-potential for all mixtures. It has been interpreted that weak interaction for [BMIM][NTf2] (1) + MEA (2) and MEA (2) + sulfolane (3) system. A discussion was carried out in terms of interactions and structure factors in these binary mixtures based on results obtained.
Sulfur copolymers (SDIB) from inverse vulcanization of elemental sulfur (S8) for polymer blend
Authors: Parreño Jr Ronaldo P , Liu Ying-Ling , Beltran Arnel B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S8) is largely available resource as by-product from petroleum refining process which is causing “excess sulfur problem’ due to its limited usage. The utilization of sulfur as valuable material will not only address environmental concerns but provide cost-effective ways of consuming this huge amount of waste to develop new high-value, high-volume products. One facile synthetic method of utilizing sulfur directly as feedstock to produce polymeric material is inverse vulcanization. In this study, sulfur copolymers (SDIB) was synthesized via inverse vulcanization from S8 and processed into polymer blend with component polymers, polybenzoxazine (PBz) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to show its potential processability into polymer blend. Initially, synthesis of SDIB with varying feed ratios of sulfur to comonomer 1, 3-diisopropenylbenzene (DIB) was evaluated for its resulting properties. Spectroscopy showed copolymerization reactions occurred based on the change in characteristic absorption peaks (C=C-H, C=C, C-H) present in the spectra. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that SDIB is more thermally stable with the increase in onset temperature of degradation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) profile exhibited new single glass transition temperature (Tg) that slightly increased with higher DIB ratio indicating evolution of microstructures of copolymers produced. The processability of SDIB into polymer blend was investigated by using SDIB (50 wt% S) with PBz and PMMA. Blending process using simple mixing technique with solvents was carried out for SDIB/PBz (10/10 wt%) and SDIB/PMMA (7.65/7.65 wt%) blend compositions. The results of this study demonstrated that polymercopolymers interactions influenced the phase structure and behaviour with polymer blend of SDIB/PBz showing higher degree of miscibility with more homogeneous and transparent blend as compared to SDIB/PMMA blend. The suitability of polymer blend in electrospinning of nanofibers could provide variety of new applications for SDIB.
Synthesis of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin with Paraformaldehyde and Formalin
Authors: Kamarudin Nuruldiyanah , Radiah Awang Biak Dayang , Zainal Abidin Zurina , Cardona Francisco , Sapuan Salit Mohd 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Phenol and formaldehyde are the well-known raw materials used in synthesizing Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resin. PF resin has been used extensively in various applications including molding and composite laminate industries. This study focused on the synthesizing PF resin using formalin and/or paraformaldehyde for laminate application and assess the physical properties, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the resins. The density, dynamic viscosity, solid content, gel time, flexural properties, tensile properties and fracture toughness of the synthesized resins were evaluated upon varying the formalin content from 0% to 40% (w/w) in the synthesis process. The result shows that addition of 40% w/w formalin in the PF resin synthesis had increased the fracture toughness and decreased the flexural strength and modulus properties of PF by 97.14% and 97.60% respectively. The tensile stress value was also reduced by 67.80% when the 40% w/w of formalin was added. However, the PF resins that produced by adding formalin up to 20% w/w in the PF resin synthesis, still maintained their flexural and tensile properties within the acceptable range required by EN438 standard for decorative high-pressure laminate (HPL) application. This work shows that paraformaldehyde enhanced the mechanical properties of PF laminate resin compared to formalin.
Effect of forming temperature on properties of biocoke from palm oil residues
Authors: Saisermsak Peeradej , Chaichanawong Jintawat 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Biocoke is a solid fuel produced from bio-residues such as agricultural residues. Biocoke is expected to use as a replacement for coal coke to reduce CO2 and pollution gases emission. In this research, biocoke was developed from palm oil residue which is one of the main wastes from palm oil industry. The effects of forming temperature on properties of the biocoke such as bulk density, maximum compressive strength and calorific value were investigated. Biocoke from palm oil residue was produced at different forming temperatures (from 140 °C to 190 °C). The forming time was fixed at 20 min. The forming pressure was also fixed at 16 MPa. The bulk density and calorific value of biocoke from palm residue increase with the increase of forming temperature. However, maximum compressive strength of biocoke from palm residue decreases with the increase of forming temperature.
Comparative Study between Avian Cell and Mammalian Cell in Production of Influenza Vaccine Shariah Compliance
Authors: Aliya Mohamad Ros F N , Abd Rahman Norliza , Mohd Ali Jarinah , Anuar Nurina , Sheikh Abdullah Siti Rozaimah Bt. , Fazlim Bin Jusoh Yusoff Amir 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, the manufacturing industry of the influenza vaccine always make the improvement for their production. Most of them are looking for the new production cell line which are easily scalable, high yield production of viral and highly tolerant to multiple viruses. This situations happens as the high demand of the vaccine for every year from around the world. It can be seen that the capacity for the vaccines’ production are really critical in the pharmaceutical industry. However, certain Muslims’ community do not gain a trust from the vaccine’s ingredient itself. This is due to the production process involves blood consist of serum and cell components that may come from the prohibited animals such as pig and dog. Therefore, shariah compliance vaccine has been studied in this research. The avian cell lines are now competing with the mammalian cell currently at advance stage of commercial development for the manufacture of influenza vaccines. Avian cell line chosen are AGE1.CR.pIX cells and DuckCelt-T17 will be compared with the mammalian cells which is Vero and Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells in producing the shariah compliance vaccine. Different type of mediums also will be considered to produce shariah compliance vaccine. The artificial media will be compared with the natural media that contain the non-shariah components. Hence, the shariah status of the enzyme and media will be known in this research. In this study, the production of shariah compliance vaccine mainly focused on the bioreactor and simulated by using a software called SuperPro® Designer. Results gained from the simulation shows the highest yield at 72 hours which is 93.51 % conversion. These study will acknowledge the halal’s status of the vaccine and contribute the development of the halal vaccine processing industry.
A Preliminary Study of Extraction and Purification Processes of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialisas a Natural Antioxidant
Authors: Dewati P R , Rochmadi  , Rohman A , Budiman A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Haematococcus pluvialisis is a species of microalgae which contains a prominent natural antioxidant called astaxanthin. However, the thickness of microalgae cell wall hinders the extraction process. This problem (cell wall destruction) can be overcome by implementing one of the efficient methods, microwave assisted extraction. The purpose of this study is to determine the extraction equilibrium constant and simple experiment data on purification process. The extraction was carried out using acetone as the solvent at 50°C under constant stirring speed which was then followed by refinement process. Thin layer chromatography was also performed to select the suitable eluent for purification that drew upon chromatographic column. Based on the experiment, the best eluent from thin layer chromatography was a mixture of acetone and petroleum ether 1:1 (v/v), with the retardation factor (Rf) value of 0.649 under atmospheric pressure. Likewise the highest astaxanthin purity was 6.451mg/L. Meanwhile, the equilibrium constant was investigated by employing the mathematical modeling.
Production of enzymes from pineapple crown and coffee husk by solid state fermentation
Authors: Abu Yazid Noraziah , Razanah Roslan Ainur 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Agricultural waste had long become an environmental issue since there is no appropriate method for handling these residues. However, most of these wastes are used as animal feed or burned as an alternative for elimination in which it can cause air pollution. The main objective of this study is to produce enzymes from agriculture waste from pineapple plantation (pineapple crown) with coffee husk as co-substrate using solid state fermentation (SSF). The physicochemical properties (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur) of pineapple crown were characterized. During the SSF, the influence of three parameters that were co-substrate ratio, extraction ratio and incubation period were studied for the production of cellulase and bromelain enzymes. Titrimetric Method Assay and Filter Paper Unit Assay were used for the determination of bromelain and cellulase activity, respectively. Pineapple crown contained 39.50% carbon, 5.51% hydrogen, 13.82% nitrogen and 0.46% sulphur. These results proved that the effectiveness of pineapple crown as a substrate in solid state fermentation for production of the enzymes as it contains high C:N ratio (2.86). The optimum result for bromelain and cellulase activity were achieved when using co-substrate ratio 2:1 (w/w) with the presence of sludge, extraction ratio 1:5 (w/v) and incubation period of 4 days which are 1589 ± 9.89GDU/g and 5.5851 ± 0.64 IU/mL respectively. Therefore, the production of hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase and bromelain) from pineapple crown can be accomplished by SSF, thus decreasing the operating cost.
Synthesis of Bioactive Glass using Cellulose Nano Fibre Template
Authors: Sarmast Sh M , George S , AB Dayang Radiah C. , Abdullah N , Kamarudin S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Bioactive glass is one of the biomaterials that is used as a bone graft. The important property desired for a bone graft material is to have well suited porosity to enable cell penetration and enhance oxygen and nutrient exchanges. The common methods to produce bioactive glass are melting and sol-gel methods. Melting method is operated at a temperature higher than 1300 °C; the sol-gel method, on the other hand, is usually operated at a much lower temperature, i.e. in the range of 600 – 800 °C. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of using cellulose nano-fiber (CNF) template on the properties of the synthesized bioactive glass. Hypothetically, the templating process will create channels within the bioactive glass structures, which improves both its porosity and the interstitial network. In this study, SiO2–CaO–P2O5–Na2O bioactive glass (BG) was prepared via sol-gel method. The effects of the manipulated parameters on the morphology, chemical properties, porosity and crystallinity of BG were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that the sintering temperatures significantly affect the structure and performance of samples. The best property was obtained by sintering bioglass with 10 wt% of CNF at 750 °C.
Study and Experimental Setup of Liquid-Solid Fluidization in Rangsit University
Authors: Chunsawang S. , Ekasilp W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article explains the basics of fluidization theory and how to construct of liquid-solid fluidization apparatus for the laboratory of the chemical engineering department at Rangsit University. The minimum fluidization velocity of solid particles (calculate from the Ergun equation) is essential for the effective operation and design of fluidized beds. All Chemical engineers need to learn about this technique to apply to the mixing processes, drying process, leaching, and washing processes. In this paper, the apparatus of a fluidized bed constructed with three different diameters of the column; that was 2.7, 5.4, and 10 cm, respectively. The three different diameters of round glass bead were a solid phase; that was 2, 3, and 4 mm, respectively. The parameter in the fluidized bed was the minimum fluidization velocity (Umf). This paper describes the experimental investigation of the liquid-solid fluidized bed. The pressure drops across the fluidized bed measured at a different liquid flow rate. The data analyzed by the graphical method. It found that the minimum fluidization velocity increases with increasing particle size, the height of the bed, and decreasing particle sphericity.
Conceptual Design of a Process Plant for the Production of Natural Dye from Merbau (Intsia bijuga) Bark
Authors: Rahayuningsih E , Mindaryani A , Adriyanti D T , Parthasiwi L D , P Adina H , E Dyah A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The damage to the aquatic life, cancer health effect on humans, and low water quality are the effects caused by the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry. For this reason, it is necessary to reduce the use of synthetic dyes. By producing the natural dye, people can overcome this problem, and provide a business strategy to improve the country’s economic growth. One of the natural dye substances is tannin, which can be produced from various types of wood bark. Indonesia provides an abundant source of wood and bark waste. One source is Merbau wood from Sinar Wijaya Plywood Industry which is located in Dawai-Serui, Yapen Waropen Regency, Papua Province, and PT Wijaya Sentosa, Teluk Wondama Regency, West Papua Province. Other kind of source is mangrove bark from Bintuni Utama Murni Wood Industry. The other type is mahogany bark from Wonosobo Regency, Central Java. For example, in this paper the technology review is focused on Merbau bark and sawdust, as waste obtained from PT Wijaya Sentosa (PT WS). Based on the research conducted previously, aqueous extraction is known as the most effective method to extract tannin from its biomass source. Because it is waste from the wood industry, the sustainability of the raw material is assured, and we can produce a continuous tannin plant. This paper presents the conceptual design of a process plant for the production of natural dye from Merbau (Intsia bijuga) bark. The process plant consists of a bark size reduction, extraction, evaporation, and drying machines. The design analysis of constituent machines and their performance evaluations were carried out using appropriate design equations. The designed process plant was simulated to ensure its functionality. The results of its performance were analysed and the cost of products was estimated.
Electrospray synthesis and photocatalytic activities of ZnO-SiO2 composites particles
Authors: Qomariyah L , widiyastuti W , Kusdianto K , Nurtono T , Anggoro D , Winardi S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A new and rapid method for zinc oxide (ZnO) and ZnO-SiO2 (ZS) composite particles by the simple electrospray method was reported. Free agglomeration and smaller particle size of ZS composite obtained with an increase in the applied voltage that correlates with the charge repulsion within the particles. The presence of silica inhibited the ZnO particles and crystal growth. The XRD and FTIR spectra indicated that silica covered the ZnO particles. Smaller ZS molar ratio with higher applied voltage had a significant role in minimizing the agglomeration of the particle production. This suggested a morphological control of the composite through electrospray. The results of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution revealed that the presence of silica effectively inhibited the photocatalytic activity of ZnO particles in which the ZnO without and with silica had degradation rate 85% and 63%, respectively. The effect of silica amount to the ultraviolet (UV) shielding property of ZnO particles also examined.
Wetted Wall Photocatalytic Reactor for Methylene Blue Degradation
Authors: Boonying Amornpon , Kasempremsak Artith , Junpirom Supunee , Nuchitprasittichai Aroonsri 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is generally known a good potential of photocatalyst to synthesis hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The aim of this work is to generate the H2O2 via photocatalysis for further application in a sterilization system. Wetted wall photocatalytic reactor (WWPR) was particularly designed as a prototype for carrying out the experiments of photocatalytic reaction. An advantage of WWPR is a high contact surface area of feed and catalyst mixture with UV light to enhance a high efficiency to produce the H2O2. The TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared via sol-gel method and mixed with rice husk based silica dioxide (SiO2). Properties of photocatalyst were investigated by XRD, SEM and surface area and its photocatalytic performance was tested by methylene blue degradation with reaction measurement using the UV/Vis instrument. Variation of the catalysts loading and methylene blue initial concentration were studied in photocatalytic experiments. In the batch of 0. 25 g of photocatalyst with 80 mg/L methylene blue solution, the results showed that the percentage of methylene blue removal is at 89. 52% within 2 hours of reaction. This removal efficiency of methylene blue is resulted from both mechanisms of degradation by photocatalytic reaction and adsorption by the function of SiO2 modification and the trap-hole of crystallized anatase structure
Lactic Acid Production from High Concentration of Invert Sugar in Semi-Batch Reactor
Authors: Sirisangsawang R , Kitchaiya P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The objective in this study is the production of high yield of lactic acid production from invert sugar in alkaline degradation at mild reaction condition. The invert sugar was immediately and continuously added into an alkaline solution in a batch and semi-batch reactor, respectively. The effect of batch and semi-batch, initial concentration of sodium hydroxide and initial of concentrated raw materials were studied. Semi-batch provided better yield than batch reactor. High sodium hydroxide concentration with low invert sugar in semi-batch operation was found to have high lactic acid. The feed concentration of invert sugar at 30, 45 and 70% provided lactic acid yield around 65-68% for excess sodium hydroxide base at 50°C and 10 hr.
Synergistic effect with and without Ni metal over ZSM-5/SAPO-11 catalyst in hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil
Authors: Khan Saima , Fazly Abdul Patah Muhamad , Mohd Ashri Wan Daud Wan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of palm oil by catalytic for biofuels has attracted the researchers in the recent years. Currently available catalysts are typically intensive on sulfided CoMo and NiMo catalysts, which certainly modeled by the sulfur contamination in the final liquid product. Consequently, exploring the non-sulfured catalyst is still vulnerable challenge and has ultimate importance. In this paper, sulfur free catalyst with and without Ni based SAPO-11/HZSM-5 is synthesized according to incipient wetness impregnation method. The prepared catalyst was tested by performing HDO of palm oil for product selectivity. Different analytical techniques were used like: XRD, FESEM, Pyridine-FTIR and H2-TPD to explore the physicochemical properties of the novel catalyst. In addition, Ni supported ZSM-5/SAPO-11 catalyst with medium acidity showed greater properties because of the synergistic effect of Ni metal and acidic support than the catalyst without Ni support. The results showed that the, catalyst acidity has suggestively inclined the catalytic performance and product selectivity. The maximum selectivity of biofuel was achieved with ZSM-5/SAPO-11 over Ni support under the mild reaction condition at 350°C is indicating its auspicious part in this reaction. The acquired results determined that the metal and acid sites showed crucial role for the development of an effective catalyst for HDO of palm oil over Ni supported catalyst.