bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stretchable Supercapacitors: From Materials and Structures to Devices
Authors: Shao Guangwei , Yu Rui , Chen Nanliang , Ye Meidan , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStretchable supercapacitors have received widespread attention due to their potential applications in wearable electronics and health monitoring. Stretchable supercapacitors not only possess advantages such as high power density, long cycle life, safety, and low cost of conventional supercapacitors but also have excellent flexibility and stretchability, which make them well integrated with other wearable systems. In this review, various strategies to fabricate stretchable supercapacitors are focused. The preparation methods for stretchable electrodes/devices in the literature are carefully classified and analyzed. Three strategies for preparing stretchable electrodes/devices are summarized in detail—the design of elastic polymer substrates, stretchable electrode structures, and composite electrodes combined with elastic polymers and stretchable structures. Meanwhile, the interface problem of electrodes/devices in the stretching process is studied in depth. The research progress of multifunctional stretchable supercapacitors is also introduced. Finally, challenges and possible solutions that still need to be addressed in the future development of stretchable supercapacitors are highlighted and prospected. This review comprehensively discusses the latest research progress in the field of stretchable supercapacitors and systematically elucidates the electrochemical and mechanical properties of these devices, hoping to improve the roadmap for scientists and engineers to develop supercapacitors with high electrochemical performance and good stretchability.
Herstellung und Montage der Stahlgroßbrücken von 1850 bis 1900 – Entwicklung der Brückenmontage (Teil 1)
Authors: Pelke Eberhard , Kurrer Karl‐Eugen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDie Grundprinzipien der Montage von Brücken mit und ohne Rüstung sind zwischen 1850 und 1870 rasch gefunden. Die ursprünglichen Regiebetriebe Deutschlands wachsen in wenigen Jahrzehnten zu industriellen Brückenbauanstalten heran. Dank des Aufbaus einer arbeitsteiligen Produktionskette von Materialanlieferung – Konstruktion – Herstellung – Versand – Montage werden sie um die Jahrhundertwende zum wesentlichen Innovationstreiber des deutschen Großbrückenbaus. Um 1900 finden die Montageverfahren in der großen Industrie des Stahlbrückenbaus ihre klassische Ausprägung.
Healthy waterways and ecologically sustainable cities in Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei urban agglomeration (northern China): Challenges and future directions
Authors: Kattel Giri , Reeves Jessica , Western Andrew , Zhang Wenjing , Jing Wei , McGowan Suzanne , Cuo Lan , Scales Peter , Dowling Kim , He Qiang , Wang Lei , Capon Samantha , Pan Zenghui , Cui Jiansheng , Zhang Lulu , Xiao Luo , Liu Chun , Zhang Ke , Gao Chuanyu , Tian Zaifeng , Liu Yongding 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe cities across the northern dry region of China are exposed to multiple sustainability challenges. Beijing‐Hebei‐Tianjin (BTH) urban agglomeration, for example, experiences severe water shortages due to rapidly expanding urban populations, industrial use, and irrigation‐intensive agriculture. Climate change has further threatened water resources security. Overuse of water resources to meet the demand of various water sectors has far‐reaching health and environmental implications including ecosystem sustainability. Surface water and groundwater pollution present public health risks. Despite the extraordinary policies and efforts being made and implemented by the Government of China, the BTH region currently lacks coordination among stakeholders leading to poor water governance. Consultation among scientists, engineers and stakeholders on regional water security issues is crucial and must be frequent and inclusive. An international symposium was held in Shijiazhuang in early November 2019 to identify some of the key water security challenges and scope of an idealized future eco‐city in the region by developing a sustainability framework. This work drew on experiences from across China and beyond. Scientists agree that integration of science, technology, and governance within an appropriate policy framework was particularly significant for combating the issue of water insecurity, including in the region's newly developed city, Xiong'an New Area. An emerging concept, “Healthy Waterways and Ecologically Sustainable Cities” which integrates social, ecological and hydrological systems and acts as an important pathway for sustainability in the 21st century was proposed in the symposium to tackle the problems in the region. This high level biophysical and cultural concept empowers development goals and promotes human health and wellbeing. The framework on healthy waterways and ecologically sustainable cities can overcome sustainability challenges by resolving water resource management issues in BTH in a holistic way. To implement the concept, we strongly recommend the utilization of evidence‐based scientific research and institutional cooperation including national and international collaborations to achieve the Healthy Waterways and Ecologically Sustainable Cities goal in the BTH in future.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
A simple method for assessing the psychotomimetic activity of the substituted phenethylamines
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Shirazi Zeinab , Rezayat Mohammad Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA novel approach is introduced for the prediction of the psychotomimetic activity of the substituted phenethylamines as psychedelic drugs. In contrast to the available quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) methods where they need complex computer codes, unusual descriptors, and expert users, it requires the molecular structure of the desired phenethylamine derivative. The largest reported values for 116 different substituted phenethylamines are used to derive and test the new correlation by 93 and 23 experimental data, respectively. The new correlation is based on the contributions of specific isomers under certain conditions and halogen atoms. Cross validations of the new correlation corresponding to the coefficients of determination for leave‐one‐out (Q2LOO) and the leave‐many‐out (Q2LMO) are the same and equal to 0.895, which is close to the coefficient of determination (R2=0.900) of the training set. Further statistical parameters also confirm the goodness‐of‐fit, goodness‐of‐prediction, accuracy, and precision of the novel model. For eleven compounds where their outputs of external validation data set of psychotomimetic activity from multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) and non‐linear multiple regression analysis (MNLR) QSAR models were available, the values of root mean squared error (RMSE) of the new model, MLR and MNLR are 0.172, 0.624 and 0.539, respectively.
A Look at the Contemporary Family’s Life
Authors: Kraus Blahoslav 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis introductory chapter approaches two basic categories of the whole monography which is a family and a lifestyle. The first subchapter deals with the complexity around the definition of the term family nowadays and difficulties with its definition. Furthermore, there is a description of post-war family development in Europe up to now, changes of the functions and further changes in the families’ lives differentiated in Western and Eastern part. It turns out that changes in society have caused significant changes in family lives (democratization, individualism, pluralism of family forms, dynamization, adaptability). The term lifestyle, as different concepts, is depicted in the next part of this chapter. It is perceived as a concept of multidimensional and multidisciplinary. The second subchapter contains several researches related to lives of the families. The project of our research and its goals, methods, selected sample (in total of 2437 respondents) and research process is described in the conclusion of the whole chapter.
The Social Question in Pre-apartheid South Africa: Race, Religion and the State
Authors: Seekings Jeremy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the first half of the twentieth century, “social” issues in South Africa were framed by both rapid social and economic change (especially industrialisation and urbanisation) and racial division. The social question in South Africa was as much a racialised version of a “national question” as a social one, revolving around the social and economic inclusion (through state intervention) of “poor white” people and white workers and the reinforcement of a clear racial hierarchy. From the 1930s, political elites slowly moved towards the very partial inclusion of the African majority. Political and religious ideas, primarily from Europe, informed understandings of the social question among both supporters and opponents of public provision.
A Racialised Social Question: Pension Reform in Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe post-WWII period was the “golden age” of welfare-state development. Not so in South Africa, where pension policies did not undergo any significant reforms during the entire apartheid era (1948–1990). This chapter takes a constructivist approach to unpacking the marginal reform efforts in social security in an otherwise reform-fervent apartheid regime. Through in-depth analyses of historical accounts and parliamentary debates, I investigate the ideational underpinnings of and justifications for pension policy developments. The reasons for the state’s limited pension reforms are the ideas of “separate development” and different levels of “civilisation” whereby the white regime could justify taking primary responsibility for only their “own people”.
Guidelines and Safety Practices for Improving Patient Safety
Authors: Ricciardi Walter , Cascini Fidelia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter explains why clinical practice guidelines are needed to improve patient safety and how further research into safety practices can successfully influence the guideline development process. There is a description of the structured process by which guidelines that aim to increase the likelihood of a higher score are created. Proposals are made relating to (a) the live updating of individual guideline recommendations and (b) tackling challenges related to the improvement of guidelines.
Adverse Event Investigation and Risk Assessment
Authors: Bellandi Tommaso , Romani-Vidal Adriana , Sousa Paulo , Tanzini Michela 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes a comprehensive approach to adverse event investigation and risk assessment, as well as the characteristics of an integrated system for patient safety and clinical risk management. Drawing on evidence from other industries and healthcare organizations across the globe, the author’s report how such a system can be developed with the active involvement of policy-makers, healthcare managers, health professionals, and patients. Human factors and ergonomics provide the theoretical framework in which the guiding principles, methods, and tools are selected and applied to identify, analyze, and prevent risks related to unsafe care in any healthcare setting.
Intensive Care and Anesthesiology
Authors: Damiani S. , Bendinelli M. , Romagnoli Stefano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe wide range of medical disciplines afferent to anesthesiology (anesthesia, perioperative care, intensive care medicine, pain therapy, and emergency medicine), carry a great, cross-specialty opportunity to influence safety and quality of patients’ care. Operating rooms and Intensive Care Units are settings burdened with a high risk of error: surgery is evolving, while the medical staff working in ICU is expected to provide high-quality care in a stressful and complex setting. It is estimated that about 1.5% of surgical interventions are complicated by critical events, but the true incidence is likely underestimated. Across medical specialties, preventable patient harm is more prevalent in the ICU.Recommendations and good practices for the safe provision of anesthesia and critical care exist and must be known and transferred into daily practice, since one of the main duties of anesthesia and critical care providers is to provide patient safety. Strategies to reduce the occurrence of medication errors, appropriate monitoring practices, equipment care and knowledge, planification and mastery of non-technical skills during emergencies, as well as designing and sustaining a healthy work environment and adopting adequate staffing policies could have an impact on patient safety and positively influence patient outcomes in this setting. The development of simulation training and cognitive aids (e.g., checklists, emergency manuals) is also changing the approach to crises and is expected to encourage a deeper cultural change.
Obstetric Safety Patient
Authors: Ragusa Antonio , Ushiro Shin , Svelato Alessandro , Strambi Noemi , Di Tommaso Mariarosaria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn healthcare, the patient safety system which has been developed following the study of the various phases necessary for its determination, supplies strategies to avoid the repetition of circumstances that originally has led an individual to make mistakes. In fact, the culture of risk management, starting from the consideration that the errors are not eliminable, is based on the belief that they need to be properly analyzed, implementing intervention strategies that avoid its repetition, in order to become good learning opportunities.
Brief Story of a Clinical Risk Manager
Authors: Tartaglia Riccardo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter briefly describes the experience of a doctor who worked for over 15 years as a clinical risk manager in a regional health service. The chapter describes the phases of a project that started with the establishment and organization of a structure dedicated to patient safety and the creation of a network of doctors and nurses with the function of managing clinical risk. The project was therefore developed through the training of health workers and the creation of a reporting system for adverse events. The first results obtained and the criticalities experienced in the relationship with the political-administrative apparatus are reported. In Italy, this experience has contributed to the enactment in 2017 of an important law on the patient safety that has established centers for the management of health risk and the patient safety in every Italian region and has laid the foundations to further improve the quality of care in the Italian health service.
Organ Donor Risk Stratification in Italy
Authors: Peris Adriano , Bronzoni Jessica , Meli Sonia , Ducci Juri , Rreka Erjon , Ghinolfi Davide , Balzano Emanuele , Melandro Fabio , De Simone Paolo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe permanent gap between organ demand and supply has prompted use of organs from extended criteria donors (ECD). These carry a higher risk of disease transmission, with regard to infections and malignancies. We present herein the donor risk stratification algorithm implemented in Italy since 2004 for identification management of donor-to-recipient risk of disease transmission. The principles underlying this algorithm are: (1) the risk of disease transmission must be assessed against the potential benefit for the transplant recipient (i.e., no donor can be excluded from evaluation and their organs might benefit potential candidates); (2) patients awaiting organ transplantation must be informed that the risk of disease transmission is small but finite (standard risk); and (3) risk evaluation is an ongoing process based on information collected longitudinally after transplantation. Regional and national transplant authorities are committed to regular updating of guidelines based on clinical data derived from clinicians and on evaluation of posttransplant graft and patient survival rates.
Human Error and Patient Safety
Authors: Higham Helen , Vincent Charles 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the topic of error as an essential foundation for an understanding of patient safety. We introduce psychological classifications of error and then, using clinical examples, show how we can use these ideas to understand how errors occur and how chains of small errors can combine to cause harm to patients. We outline a practical approach to conducting investigations into healthcare incidents. Finally, we offer some reflections on how doctors experience errors and how best to support yourself or your colleagues when things do not go as well as intended.
Lessons Learned from the Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy: A Novel System of Data Aggregation, Investigation, Amelioration, and No-Fault Compensation
Authors: Ushiro Shin , Ragusa Antonio , Tartaglia Riccardo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCerebral palsy is a pathological condition whose prevention and treatment have been immensely studied by experts in perinatal medicine and pediatric neurology. Despite this, it is still one of the main concerns nowadays in many countries, not only for scientific reasons but for legal ones also. For instance, in Japan, an increase in lawsuits relating to cerebral palsy was observed more than a decade ago, after healthcare resources in perinatal medicine had increasingly shrunk and had become fragile under the growing burden for physicians and midwives to provide advanced treatment, emergent care, high-risk treatment, and so on. Young physicians did not specialize in obstetrics because of the increased burden, which gave rise to a vicious cycle of shrinking resources in perinatal medicine. To address this issue, the Japan Obstetric Compensation System for Cerebral Palsy (JOCS-CP) was urgently introduced in 2009 to investigate, develop preventive measures, and award monetary compensation on a no-fault basis, with the Japan Council for Quality Health Care (JQ) as its operating organization (Fig. 33.1). It has so far produced annual reports on the prevention of cerebral palsy for nine consecutive years including numerical data and specific themes relating to the occurrence and prevention of cerebral palsy. The success of the system is a good reference for responding to adverse events which may happen in and have a vast impact on perinatal care. Therefore, this chapter focuses on cerebral palsy with primary reference to materials published by the JOCS-CP in the field of perinatal medicine. The aim of this chapter is to learn about the issues mentioned above and to discuss the significance and impact of introducing a nationwide system like the JOCS-CP. It describes knowledge and idea to questions of “Why cerebral palsy is highlighted among adverse event in obstetrics?”, “How the no-fault compensation/investigation/prevention system could be introduced?”, “What has been achieved by the system?”, and “How cerebral palsy is prevented?”.
Looking to the Future
Authors: Lachman Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOver the past 20 years, there has been rapid growth in interventions to improve the safety of people who receive care. These have focused on process and developing interventions to address the risks that people face when they are treated either in the community or in hospital. It is clear that the improvement in safety is evident, though not uniform, and that the challenge is more than one of improving process but more complex. In this chapter, four key areas are covered. The concept of culture and language is the foundation for safety and a change in culture is the first step. This will then include the development of psychological safety and well-being for people who deliver care, and co-production of safety with those who receive care. The social determinants of safety require further delineation and research. Finally, harnessing the potential of the new technologies and artifical intelligence will be the next step in developing as harm free care as is possible. Redesign of healthcare delivery is essential.
Patients for Patient Safety
Authors: Sheridan Susan , Sherman Heather , Kooijman Allison , Vazquez Evangelina , Kirk Katrine , Metwally Nagwa , Cardinali Flavia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUnsafe care results in over 2 million deaths per year and is considered one of the world’s leading causes of death. In 2019, the 72nd World Health Assembly issued a call to action, The Global Action on Patient Safety, that called for Member States to democratize healthcare by engaging with the very users of the healthcare system—patients, families, and community members—along with other partners—in the “co-production” of safer healthcare.The WHO’s Patients for Patient Safety (PFPS) Programme, guided by the London Declaration, addresses this global concern by advancing co-production efforts that demonstrate the powerful and important role that civil society, patients, families, and communities play in building harm reduction strategies that result in safer care in developing and developed countries. The real-world examples from the PFPS Programme and Member States illustrate how civil society as well as patients, families, and communities who have experienced harm from unsafe care have harnessed their wisdom and courageously partnered with passionate and forward-thinking leaders in healthcare including clinicians, researchers, policy makers, medical educators, and quality improvement experts to co-produce sustainable patient safety initiatives. Although each example is different in scope, structure, and purpose and engage different stakeholders at different levels, each highlights the necessary building blocks to transform our healthcare systems into learning environments through co-production of patient safety initiatives, and each responds to the call made in the London Declaration, the WHO PFPS Programme, and the World Health Assembly to place patients, families, communities, and civil society at the center of efforts to improve patient safety.
Infection Prevention and Control
Authors: Costa Anna L. , Privitera Gaetano Pierpaolo , Tulli Giorgio , Toccafondi Giulio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHealthcare-associated infections (HAI) are adverse events exposing patients to a potentially avoidable risk of morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasingly contributing to the burden of HAIs and emerging as of the most alarming challenges for public health worldwide. Practically, harm mitigation and risk containment demand cross-sectional initiatives incorporate both approaches to infection prevention and control and methodologies from clinical risk management.
Design Research: Immersion and Intervention
Authors: Müller Francis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch is part of any design praxis. But there is no consensus about how exactly research should be conducted. This is in part due to the fact that the disciplines of design have varied historically and are today greatly differentiated from one another. This chapter sketches out how design ethnography does research: it does not test previously constructed hypotheses, but rather explores and leads into new territories, which makes it risky and adventurous. It concerns itself with singularities, which means it does not necessarily need to generalize its findings. It can break with convention, push boundaries, and expand conceptual horizons. It is abductive, constructivist, and reflexive. It develops hypotheses that can be transferred into design.