bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolução e condições do trabalho docente no Brasil do século XX / Evolution and conditions of teaching work in Brazil of the twentieth century
Authors: Stockmann Daniel 
Published: May 2020

Este texto aborda os principais acontecimentos da educação brasileira ao longo do século XX. Trata-se de uma análise bibliográfica das transformações político-econômicas e sua correlação com a educação e o trabalho docente. Parte-se de uma abordagem histórico-critica, para compreender as condições de profissionalização ou proletarização da atividade docente, passando pela consolidação de suas representações de classe até o final do século. Apesar da história da profissionalização docente, assim como toda a história, não transcorrer de forma linear, a consolidação de direitos laborais expressam, em maior ou menor grau, a gradativa expansão dos direitos sociais, especialmente os que têm no investimento em educação enquanto politica pública, uma esperança de desenvolvimento econômico.***This text addresses the main events of Brazilian education throughout the 20th century. It is a bibliographical analysis of political-economic transformations and their correlation with education and teaching work. It starts from a historical-critical approach, to understand the conditions of professionalization or proletarianization of the teaching activity, passing through the consolidation of its class representations until the end of the century. Although the history of teacher professionalization, as well as all of history, does not proceed in a linear way, the consolidation of labor rights express, to a greater or lesser extent, the gradual expansion of social rights, especially those that have in the investment in education as a public policy , a hope of economic development.
O negro enquanto sujeito na História da Educação: as contribuições de uma nova abordagem historiográfica e uma perspectiva de análise para o estado-nação imperial / The black as a subject in the Hstory of Education: the contributions of a new historiographic approach and an analysis perspective for the state-imperial nation
Authors: Verona Priscilla 
Published: May 2020

A historiografia educacional brasileira, sobretudo no que tange aos estudos referentes ao século XIX, caracterizou frequentemente o negro como um escravo, que, destituído de direitos, estabelecia uma relação de exclusão com a sociedade e com os processos educativos. Ao não ser considerado um sujeito social pela historiografia tradicional, o negro se manteve durante longo período de tempo à margem também de nossa historiografia da educação. No entanto, nas últimas décadas vem se consubstanciando um movimento rico de superação do silencionamento que foi produzido em relação aos negros na história da educação. Abordagens mais problematizantes aliadas ao surgimento de inúmeras pesquisas e iniciativas passaram a privilegiar e considerar o papel ativo do negro dentro da história da educação no Brasil. Nesse sentido, o artigo se propõe a realizar um breve balanço, buscando sobretudo trazer perspectivas para se pensar o Estado - Nação imperial por meio de uma série de contribuições que dão visibilidade ao protagonismo negro na história.***Brazilian educational historiography, especially with regard to studies relates to the nineteenth century, often characterized the black as a slave, who deprived of rights, established a relationship of exclusion with society and educational processes. Not being considered a social subject by traditional historiography, the black remained for a long period of time also on the fringes of our historiography of education. However, in recent decades there has been a rich movement to overcome the silencing that has been produced in relation to blacks in the history of education. More problematic approaches coupled with the emergence of numerous researches and initiatives began to privilege and consider the active role of blacks within the history of education in Brasil. In this sense, the article proposes to make a brief balance, seeking above all to bring perspectives to think the imperial Nation State.
A CRÍTICA DE GADAMER E A SUBSUNÇÃO DO FATO À NORMA JURÍDICA
Authors: Júnior Wilson Clemente 
Published: May 2020

Segundo Gadamer, “ordenação geral da vida através das regras do direito é bastante deficitária, necessitando de uma complementação produtiva”. Essa complementação se dá por meio da atividade do juízo, que promove a concreção do direito no caso sub judice. Assim, “O juiz não só aplica a lei in concreto, mas colabora ele mesmo, através de sua sentença, para a evolução do direito (direito judicial)”. Partindo-se do pressuposto de que Gadamer está correto em sua posição original, a presente comunicação se guia pela seguinte indagação: é possível analisar o ato de julgar do juízo através da hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer?
Adverse Drug Events due to Central Nervous System Depressant Drugs in Pediatric Patients With or Without Surgery
Authors: Yamamoto Marumi , Ohta Yoshinori , Sakuma Mio , Matsumoto Chisa , Morimoto Takeshi 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES
To identify differences in the incidence and severity of adverse drug events (ADEs) due to CNS depressant drugs among pediatric patients with and without surgery.

METHODS
The Japan Adverse Drug Events Study was a cohort study enrolling pediatric inpatients. Potential ADEs were identified by onsite review of medical charts, incident reports, and prescription queries. Two independent physicians classified ADEs and severity. We compared the incidence and characteristics of ADEs between pediatric patients with surgery (surgery group) and without surgery (non-surgery group). We evaluated severity of ADEs due to CNS depressant drugs among both groups.

RESULTS
We enrolled 944 patients, 234 in surgery group and 710 in non-surgery group. A total of 480 ADEs due to any drugs occurred in 225 patients. Among 81 ADEs due to CNS depressant drugs, 42 ADEs were in surgery group, whereas 39 were in non-surgery group. The risk of fatal or life-threatening ADEs due to CNS depressant drugs was significantly higher than other drugs (12% vs. 2%, p &lt; 0.001). In the surgery group, anesthetics led to 2 fatal or life-threatening, 8 serious, and 30 significant ADEs, whereas in the non-surgery group anesthetics led to 2 fatal or life-threatening, 5 serious, and 4 significant ADEs. Anesthetics were higher risk in the non-surgery group (p = 0.049).

CONCLUSIONS
The risks of fatal and life-threatening ADEs were significantly higher with CNS depressant drugs than other drugs. Pediatric patients without surgery have higher risks of fatal or life-threatening ADEs due to anesthetics than those with surgery.
Aggressive Prophylactic Treatments for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting Improve Outcomes in Pediatric Adenotonsillectomy Procedure
Authors: Demidovich Tatyana , Perez-Franco Orlando , Silvestrini-Suarez Marco , Yue Pin 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE
Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is an extremely common side effect of general anesthesia that is difficult to manage. We tested a hypothesis that an aggressive prophylactic intervention with additional antiemetic drugs will reduce the incidence of PONV in a high-risk pediatric population undergoing adenotonsillectomy.

METHODS
In this retrospective study, pediatric patients undergoing adenotonsillectomy were screened for their risk factors for PONV. Patients who had 3 or more risk factors were identified as high risk and received either scopolamine patch preoperatively (for patients over 40 kg body weight) or diphenhydramine immediately postextubation in addition to ondansetron and dexamethasone, which are given routinely. Incidences of PONV within the first 60 minutes of a postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay were collected and analyzed.

RESULTS
Overall postoperative vomiting rates during the first hour of a PACU stay were 4.3% for the group that was treated with dexamethasone and ondansetron only and 3.9% for the group that was treated with additional antiemetic drugs. Aggressive prophylactic management of PONV did reduce the rate of nausea and vomiting in a group of high-risk patients (p &lt; 0.0001). The postoperative antiemetic drug usage was also decreased during the first 60 minutes of a PACU stay. However, the approach did not reduce the overall rate of PONV for the entire study population (p = 0.1612 for nausea and p = 0.0678 for vomiting).

CONCLUSION
Aggressive intraoperative management of PONV with additional antiemetic drugs are beneficial in high-risk pediatric population. Intraoperative diphenhydramine usage decreased the rate of PONV. However, preoperative scopolamine patch prevention did not improve PONV, which may be related to the drug's longer onset of action. Our result suggests that current clinical practice is undertreating PONV in pediatric patients receiving general anesthesia.
Escalation in Therapy Based on Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate Dosing in Pediatric Patients With Asthma Exacerbations
Authors: Kapuscinski Christine A. , Stauber Sierra D. , Hutchinson David J. 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to compare doses of intravenous magnesium sulfate and their association with escalations in therapy in children and adolescents presenting to the emergency department with an asthma exacerbation.

METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study among children who received both magnesium sulfate and standard of care therapy for asthma exacerbations. A classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was performed to identify a breakpoint in dose in which a difference in the primary outcome was present. The primary endpoint was need for escalation in therapy within 24 hours of initial magnesium sulfate dose, defined as need for invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation or need for adjunctive therapy, that is, epinephrine, terbutaline, aminophylline, theophylline, ketamine, heliox, or additional doses of magnesium sulfate.

RESULTS
A total of 210 patients were included in the study. A CART analysis identified that a breakpoint of 27 mg/kg of magnesium was associated with a difference in the primary outcome of escalation in therapy in patients &lt;40 kg. A subgroup analysis of patients &lt;40 kg (n = 149) found patients who received magnesium doses &gt;27 mg/kg had a higher incidence of the primary outcome of escalation in therapy, 15 patients (18.3%) versus 3 patients (4.5%) in the ≤27-mg/kg/dose group (p = 0.011).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate larger doses of magnesium sulfate are associated with an increased need for invasive or non-invasive mechanical ventilation or need for adjunctive therapy(ies). Our findings are limited by confounding factors that may have influenced this outcome in our population.
The Principles of Switching Circuits
Authors: Edwards Frederick H. 
Published: May 2020

Switching theory is concerned with the development of models and techniques for the analysis and synthesis of those circuits in which information is represented in discrete or digital form, as opposed to the analog form in which information is represented in a continuous manner. The application of digital techniques over a wider range of human activities has already profoundly affected modern life, and there is no visible limit to their future utility.
This book is the outgrowth of a course on switching circuits that the author has taught since 1960, and it is designed as a text to provide a unified treatment of the subject with particular emphasis on sequential circuit theory. An attempt has been made to include only those techniques that have been generally accepted and seem to have lasting application.
The first four of the nine chapters are devoted to basic principles and to combinational circuit theory. They introduce number systems, binary codes, Boolean algebra, switching functions, the analysis and synthesis of combinational gate circuits (including NAND, NOR, EXCLUSIVE-OR, and EXCLUSIVE-NOR), and threshold logic, among other topics. Also covered are algebraic, geometric, and tabular techniques for the minimization of algebraic expressions.
The remainder of this book is on sequential circuit theory. A general treatment is emphasized by classification of the sequential-circuit operation as either fundamental mode or pulse mode, and as either clocked or not clocked. A comparison of the two modes is enhanced by design examples in which the same problem specifications are used for each mode. Both algebraic and tabular techniques are presented for the analysis and synthesis of these circuits. The timely topics of control states and register transfers in sequential design are included. The book closes with a discussion of sequential-circuit minimization associated with the reduction of flow tables, and the state-assignment problem. Answers are provided to selected problems.
Enhancing and Conservation of Ecosystem through Philatelic Education in Europe: Think Green Concept (I) - Stamp Research Study
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan , Pop Alexandru Leonard , Coman Mirela 
Published: May 2020

Each year the members of PostEurop issue EUROPA stamps on a common theme. One new twist is that all stamp issuers in the PostEurop area are using the same motif. The 2016 year's theme was the environment. PostNord works actively to take environmental and sustainability responsibilities seriously and have set clear, measurable goals.
EUROPA stamps are special stamps issued by European postal administrations and bears the official EUROPA logo, a PostEurop registered trademark under the aegis of PostEurop in which Europe is the central theme. EUROPA stamps underlines cooperation in the posts domain, taking into account promotion of thematic philately. They also build awareness of the common roots, culture and history of Europe and its common goals. As such, EUROPA stamp issues are among the most collected and most popular stamps in the world.
Since the first issue in 1956, EUROPA stamps have been a tangible symbol of Europe’s desire for closer integration and cooperation. In 1993, PostEurop became responsible for issuing EUROPA stamps, so each year, philately working group selects the EUROPA stamp theme. “Think green!” was the 2016 theme. EUROPA stamps “Think green!” theme aimed to create awareness and give a wakeup call - its time to protect our environment for the better future of the coming generations, and to contribute to sustainable development. In this paper we propose an insight into the history of Europe preoccupations for nature protection and conservation, to bring into limelight the significant concerns in promoting ecological education via thematic issues (in this case, “Think green!” issues). In this context, for this study only, the main objective is to identify, index and describe the main philatelic pieces issued as EUROPA stamps, from the beginning of issuing in this field, and for the first half of the countries involved in the 2016 PostEurop's contest.
Statistical Analysis of Growth and Instability of Rabi Food Grain Production in Coastal Districts of Odisha, India
Authors: Dash Abhiram , Pradhan Priyanka , Mahapatra Subrat Kumar , Mishra Pradeep 
Published: May 2020

Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of Odisha, India. Food grain production in the state is mainly confined in the coastal areas. Coastal land, one of the important production systems occupying an area of about 10.78 million ha, has a significant contribution to the food grain production of the state. Food grains include both cereals and pulses. To study the variation in production of Rabi food grains, a study is made about the area and yield of rabi food grains in these coastal districts from the year 1993-94 to 2014-15. For this purpose, the whole period of study (1993-94 to 2014-15) is divided into two sub-periods i.e. Period-I (1993-94 to 2002-03) and Period-II (2003-04 to 2014-15) on the basis of scatter plot of area, yield and production of Rabi food grains of Odisha. The Indian cropping season is classified into two main seasons-(i) Kharif and (ii) Rabi based on the monsoon. This study includes test of significance of change in mean and variance of area, yield and production of Rabi food grains from Period-I to Period-II. To test the significance of change in mean and variance of area, yield and production of rabi food grains from Period-I to Period-II, Fisher′s t-test and Snedecor’s F-test have been used respectively. No significant change in mean area from Period-I to Period-II was found but there is high variation in mean yield and mean production of Rabi food grains. High variation in mean yield and mean production of Rabi food grains is marked which may be due to uneven spread of technologies. The results of the study revealed that the variability (variance) in production of Rabi food grains of Odisha increased from Period-I to Period-II. Change in coefficient of variation of area, yield and production of Rabi food grains show significant decrease from Period-I to Period-II.
Emerging Threat of Salmonella typhimurium in Extraintestinal Infections: Cases from a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India
Authors: Jain Ashima , Pandey Aparna , Chatterjee Nirupama , Giri Santosh Kumar , Anand Saurabh , Nair Ragesh Radhakrishnan , Singh Pawan Kumar , Jaggi Namita 
Published: May 2020

Purpose: Infections due to invasive non-typhoid salmonella can be dangerous and fatal. The mode of infection and the severity varies from the typhoidal fevers. It is important to find the association between clinical features and the infecting serovar to understand the pathophysiology and course of treatment.
Methods: In the present study, extra-intestinal specimens (blood, cerebrospinal fluid and pus) from three patients suffering from septicaemia, meningitis and osteomyelitis were received. Micro-biological and biochemical test for species identification and antibiotic susceptibility was done as per standard protocol. Further, PCR based amplification and sequencing of a portion of the flagellin gene (FliC) was done to confirm the serovar.
Results: Salmonella enterica was identified from all the three by microbiological and biochemical examination.The sequence of the Flic gene confirmed the serovar to be S. typhimurium. All the patients were treated successfully for the infection by appropriate antibiotic therapy.
Conclusion: The study highlights that serovar Typhimurium is common in invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis and its pathophysiology and virulence factors expression should be understood in various organ types for better treatment options and outcomes.
Tapered Cross‐Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy of State‐of‐the‐Art Mixed Ion Perovskite Solar Cells: Band Bending Profile in the Dark, Photopotential Profile Under Open Circuit Illumination, and Band Diagram
Authors: Wussler Michael , Mayer Thomas , Das Chittaranjan , Mankel Eric , Hellmann Tim , Prabowo Chandra , Zimmermann Iwan , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Jaegermann Wolfram 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand the method of spacial resolved photoemission spectroscopy on small angle tapered cross‐sections (TCS) of complete devices is introduced to analyze simultaneously the chemical and electronic structure. On the other hand, a specific working principle of the analyzed cell type is revealed. Solar cells of 18% efficiency are prepared from a single precursor (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 with excess of 15% PbI2. It is shown that TCS‐phototoelectron spectroscopy allows to determine the chemical composition as well as the potential distribution across the full device in the dark and in operation. The energy converting contact is the hole extraction back contact. Interestingly the photopotential in the analyzed cell type is predominantly created within the hole extraction layer and not in the n‐doped perovskite absorber. With the addition of measured core level to valence band maximum positions of the respective layers, TCS line scans lead to the band diagram for the full device. In addition, depth variations of the chemical composition are found: the bromide concentration increases while the iodide concentration is reduced near and within the mesoporous TiO2 layer.
Robust Interface Ru Centers for High‐Performance Acidic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Cui Xiaoju , Ren Pengju , Ma Chao , Zhao Jia , Chen Ruixue , Chen Shiming , Rajan N. Pethan , Li Haobo , Yu Liang , Tian Zhongqun , Deng Dehui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRuO2 is considered as the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media. However, its practical application is largely hindered by both the high reaction overpotential and severe electrochemical corrosion of the active centers. To overcome these limitations, innovative design strategies are necessary, which remains a great challenge. Herein, robust interface Ru centers between RuO2 and graphene, via a controllable oxidation of graphene encapsulating Ru nanoparticles, are presented to efficiently enhance both the activity and stability of the acidic OER. Through precisely controlling the reaction interface, a much lower OER overpotential of only 227 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in acidic electrolyte, compared with that of 290 mV for commercial RuO2, but a significantly higher durability than the commercial RuO2, are achieved. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the interface Ru centers between the RuO2 and the graphene can break the classic scaling relationships between the free energies of HOO* and HO* to reduce the limiting potential, rendering an enhancement in the intrinsic OER activity and the resistance to over‐oxidation and corrosion for RuO2.
2D Tungsten Chalcogenides: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Mohl Melinda , Rautio Anne‐Riikka , Asres Georgies Alene , Wasala Milinda , Patil Prasanna Dnyaneshwar , Talapatra Saikat , Kordas Krisztian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLayered transition metal chalcogenides possess properties that not only open up broad fundamental scientific enquiries but also indicate that a myriad of applications can be developed by using these materials. This is also true for tungsten‐based chalcogenides which can provide an assortment of structural forms with different electronic flairs as well as chemical activity. Such emergence of tungsten based chalcogenides as advanced forms of materials lead several investigators to believe that a tremendous opportunity lies in understanding their fundamental properties, and by utilizing that knowledge the authors may create function specific materials through structural tailoring, defect engineering, chemical modifications as well as by combining them with other layered materials with complementary functionalities. Indeed several current scientific endeavors have indicated that an incredible potential for developing these materials for future applications development in key technology sectors such as energy, electronics, sensors, and catalysis are perhaps viable. This review article is an attempt to capture this essence by providing a summary of key scientific investigations related to various aspects of synthesis, characterization, modifications, and high value applications. Finally, some open questions and a discussion on imminent research needs and directions in developing tungsten based chalcogenide materials for future applications are presented.
Single‐Crystalline Colloidal Quasi‐2D Tin Telluride
Authors: Li Fu , Fu Jiecai , Torche Abderrezak , Kull Sascha , Kornowski Andreas , Lesyuk Rostyslav , Bester Gabriel , Klinke Christian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTin telluride is a narrow‐gap semiconductor with promising properties for infrared (IR) optical applications and topological insulators. A convenient colloidal synthesis of quasi‐2D SnTe nanocrystals through the hot‐injection method in a nonpolar solvent is reported. By introducing the halide alkane 1‐bromotetradecane as well as oleic acid and trioctylphosphine, the thickness of 2D SnTe nanostripes can be tuned down to 30 nm, while the lateral dimensional can reach 6 µm. The obtained SnTe nanostripes are single crystalline with a rock‐salt crystal structure. The absorption spectra demonstrate pronounced absorption features in the IR range revealing the effect of quantum confinement in such structures.