bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence on physical activity and falls prevention for people aged 65+ years: systematic review to inform the WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
Authors: Sherrington Catherine , Fairhall Nicola , Kwok Wing , Wallbank Geraldine , Tiedemann Anne , Michaleff Zoe A. , Ng Christopher A. C. M. , Bauman Adrian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Exercise prevents falls in older adults. Regular updates of estimated effects of exercise on falls are warranted given the number of new trials, the increasing number of older people globally and the major consequences of falls and fall-related injuries.

Methods
This update of a 2019 Cochrane Review was undertaken to inform the World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Searches were conducted in six databases. We included randomised controlled trials evaluating effects of any form of physical activity as a single intervention on falls in people aged 60+ years living in the community. Analyses explored dose-response relationships. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results
This review included 116 studies, involving 25,160 participants; nine new studies since the 2019 Cochrane Review. Exercise reduces the rate of falls by 23% (pooled rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.71 to 0.83, 64 studies, high certainty evidence). Subgroup analysis showed variation in effects of different types of exercise (p < 0.01). Rate of falls compared with control is reduced by 24% from balance and functional exercises (RaR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.82, 39 studies, high certainty evidence), 28% from programs involving multiple types of exercise (commonly balance and functional exercises plus resistance exercises, RaR 0.72, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.93, 15 studies, moderate certainty evidence) and 23% from Tai Chi (RaR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.97, 9 studies, moderate certainty evidence). The effects of programs that primarily involve resistance training, dance or walking remain uncertain. Interventions with a total weekly dose of 3+ h that included balance and functional exercises were particularly effective with a 42% reduction in rate of falls compared to control (Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) 0.58, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.76). Subgroup analyses showed no evidence of a difference in the effect on falls on the basis of participant age over 75 years, risk of falls as a trial inclusion criterion, individual versus group exercise, or whether a health professional delivered the intervention.

Conclusions
Given the strength of this evidence, effective exercise programs should now be implemented at scale.
Invest in physical activity to protect and promote health: the 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour
Authors: van der Ploeg Hidde P. , Bull Fiona C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this editorial we discuss the new 2020 World Health Organization guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour and a series of related papers that are published simultaneously in IJBNPA. The new guidelines reaffirm that physical activity is a ‘best buy’ for public health and should be used to support governments to increase investment in policy and research to promote and ensure physical activity opportunities are available for everyone. New recommendations on sedentary behaviour and inclusion of specific guidelines for people living with disability and/or chronic disease and pregnant and postpartum women are major developments since 2010. We discuss research priorities, as well as policy implementation and the contribution to the sustainable development agenda. The new guidelines can catalyse the paradigm shifts needed to enable equitable opportunities to be physically active for everyone, everywhere, every day.
Transferrin and antioxidants partly prevented mouse oocyte oxidative damage induced by exposure of cumulus-oocyte complexes to endometrioma fluid
Authors: Ren Zi , Huang Jiana , Zhou Chuanchuan , Jia Lei , Li Manchao , Liang Xiaoyan , Zeng Haitao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundExposure of oocytes to the endometrioma fluid has an adverse effect on embryonic quality. To determine whether adding transferrin and antioxidants to culture medium could counteract detrimental effects on mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) induced by exposure to endometrioma fluid or not, we conducted an in vitro cross-sectional study using human and mouse COCs.MethodsEighteen women who had their oocytes exposed to endometrioma fluid during oocyte retrieval were enrolled. COCs from superovulated ICR female mice were collected. They were first exposed to human endometrioma fluid and then treated by transferrin and/or antioxidants (cysteamine + cystine). Subsequently, COCs function was assessed by molecular methods.ResultsThis study observed that human COCs inadvertently exposed to endometrioma fluid in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) group led to a lower good quality embryo rate compared to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) group. Exposure of mouse COCs to endometrioma fluid accelerated oocyte oxidative damage, evidenced by significantly reduced CCs viability, defective mitochondrial function, decreased GSH content and increased ROS level, associated with the significantly higher pro-portion of abnormal spindles and lower blastocyst formation (p < 0.05, respectively). This damage could be recovered partly by treating COCs with transferrin and antioxidants (cysteamine + cystine).ConclusionsTransferrin and antioxidants could reduce the oxidative damage caused by COCs exposure to endometrioma fluid. This finding provides a promising new possibility for intervention in the human oocyte oxidative damage process induced by endometrioma fluid during oocyte pick-up.
68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-labeled AAZTA5-PSMA-617: synthesis, radiolabeling, stability and cell binding compared to DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues
Authors: Sinnes Jean-Philippe , Bauder-Wüst Ulrike , Schäfer Martin , Moon Euy Sung , Kopka Klaus , Rösch Frank 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The AAZTA chelator and in particular its bifunctional derivative AAZTA5 was recently investigated to demonstrate unique capabilities to complex diagnostic and therapeutic trivalent radiometals under mild conditions. This study presents a comparison of 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-labeled AAZTA5-PSMA-617 with DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues. We evaluated the radiolabeling characteristics, in vitro stability of the radiolabeled compounds and evaluated their binding affinity and internalization behavior on LNCaP tumor cells in direct comparison to the radiolabeled DOTA-conjugated PSMA-617 analogs.

Results
AAZTA5 was synthesized in a five-step synthesis and coupled to the PSMA-617 backbone on solid phase. Radiochemical evaluation of AAZTA5-PSMA-617 with 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu achieved quantitative radiolabeling of > 99% after less than 5 min at room temperature. Stabilities against human serum, PBS buffer and EDTA and DTPA solutions were analyzed. While there was a small degradation of the 68Ga complex over 2 h in human serum, PBS and EDTA/DTPA, the 44Sc and 177Lu complexes were stable at 2 h and remained stable over 8 h and 1 day. For all three compounds, i.e. [natGa]Ga-AAZTA5-PSMA-617, [natSc]Sc-AAZTA5-PSMA-617 and [natLu]Lu-AAZTA5-PSMA-617, in vitro studies on PSMA-positive LNCaP cells were performed in direct comparison to radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 yielding the corresponding inhibition constants (Ki). Ki values were in the range of 8–31 nM values which correspond with those of [natGa]Ga-DOTA-PSMA-617, [natSc]Sc-DOTA-PSMA-617 and [natLu]Lu-DOTA-PSMA-617, i.e. 5–7 nM, respectively. Internalization studies demonstrated cellular membrane to internalization ratios for the radiolabeled 68Ga, 44Sc and 177Lu-AAZTA5-PSMA-617 tracers (13–20%IA/106 cells) in the same range as the ones of the three radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 tracers (17–20%IA/106 cells) in the same assay.

Conclusions
The AAZTA5-PSMA-617 structure proved fast and quantitative radiolabeling with all three radiometal complexes at room temperature, excellent stability with 44Sc, very high stability with 177Lu and medium stability with 68Ga in human serum, PBS and EDTA/DTPA solutions. All three AAZTA5-PSMA-617 tracers showed binding affinities and internalization ratios in LNCaP cells comparable with that of radiolabeled DOTA-PSMA-617 analogues. Therefore, the exchange of the chelator DOTA with AAZTA5 within the PSMA-617 binding motif has no negative influence on in vitro LNCaP cell binding characteristics. In combination with the faster and milder radiolabeling features, AAZTA5-PSMA-617 thus demonstrates promising potential for in vivo application for theranostics of prostate cancer.
Application of ion pair complexes to design novel potentiometric membrane sensors for direct determination of frusemide in pharmaceuticals
Authors: Rajendraprasad Nagaraju , Basavaiah Kanakapura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundFabrication of two membrane sensors using two acidic indicators among sulphonthalein dyes, namely bromophenol blue (BPB) and bromocresol green (BCG), and their use as indicative electrodes for the quantification of frusemide (FUR) is presented. The ion pair complexes of FUR with BPB or BCG are used to prepare the membranes in THF solvent, PVC matrix and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as plasticizer and subsequently to fabricate FUR-BPB (Sensor I) and FUR-BCG (Sensor II) sensors.ResultsSensors I and II are employable to determine 2.4 × 10-5–2.4 × 10-3mol/L FUR at operative pH of 3.71. The calibration curve between the potentials against the concentration of FUR yielded the slopes of 58.73 ± 1 and 57.66 ± 1 mV/decade, respectively, using Sensors I and II, and this confirmed the Nernstian behaviour. Satisfactory correlation was obtained between the measured potentials and FUR concentration with the proposed sensors, and this was revealed by regression coefficient values of 0.9987 and 0.9980 for Sensors I and II, respectively. The LOD (limit of detection) values were calculated and reported for both the sensors. The experimental parameters were optimised to yield acceptable characteristics of both the sensors in the context of performance. The role of excipients of tablets and interferences were assessed by standard addition protocol. The obtained results confirmed the ineffective role of excipients of tablets and foreign species used as interferents.ConclusionThe designed sensors were validated to confirm the accurate, precise, robust and rugged functioning in determining FUR. The mean of recovered FUR, close to 100%, revealed the acceptable and effective functioning of the proposed sensors. Excellent results were obtained by FUR tablets’ analysis using both the sensors.
Immunological analysis of vitamin D receptor gene expression in Egyptian patients with rheumatoid arthritis: relation to disease activity and functional disability
Authors: Mohannad Nevine , Nassar Eman Saad , Moaaz Mai , Elnemr Rehab , Sultan Eman Anwar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Vitamin D (vit D) deficiency has recently been associated with risk of development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this research was to assess vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene expression in Egyptian patients with RA and its relation with the inflammatory state, disease activity, and functional disability.

Results
RA patients had significantly lower vit D level and VDR gene expression compared to controls (mean ± 17.0 ± 6.65, 20.73 ± 8.42 ng/ml, p < 0.05 and 3.29 ± 5.47, 14.22 ± 12.60, p < 0.001 respectively). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for VDR gene expression in RA patients revealed (area under the curve 0.826, cutoff value for low VDR expression 1.05 ng/ml). Patients with low VDR expression had significantly higher ESR, CRP, double positive RF+ anti-CCP+, DAS28, and MHAQ (p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.001) respectively.

Conclusion
Vitamin D and VDR expression are significantly lower in RA patients than controls. Patients with low VDR gene expression had significantly higher disease activity and disability. This may suggest that apart from low vit D levels, low VDR expression is associated with inflammatory process and it has a potential role in RA pathogenesis and prognosis. Further multicenter studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Consequences of Enduring Low Fertility – A German Case Study. Demographic Projections and Implications for Different Policy Fields
Authors: Bujard Martin 
Published: November 2020

Compared to all other countries in the world, Germany has been a “low-fertility country” for a longer period: the total fertility rate has been below 1.5 for four decades. Being the first to experience this development, a case study of Germany allows analysing the consequences of an enduring birth decline. In Germany, low fertility is also an increasingly big issue in politics as well as science, especially due to its extensive consequences on several policy fields that already become visible. However, the assessment of the consequences differs tremendously when it comes either to its intensity or to the question whether ageing or rather population decline is the more severe problem. Differentiated by these two processes, this article combines demographic analysis with the assessment of the consequences for different policy fields such as pensions, health, the economy, the labour market, culture, the EU, international relations and the party system.
For all these policy fields, the consequences are serious, and partly ambivalent but overall negative. The occurrence of the consequences and the different policy options how to deal with these consequences differ considerably between the policy fields. Ageing is a more severe problem than shrinking, because the severe changes in the age structure in the social security system that will take place until 2040 apply to most Germans and are inevitable. On the other hand, the population decline can still be avoided demographically and does not affect all inhabitants negatively. Regarding the consequences of a declining population, one has to differentiate between an individual and a national perspective. National consequences are rather negative due to a decline of international influence and power, especially within the European Union. The study also demonstrates that the long-term consequences of enduring low fertility are not necessarily negative for political competition, the culture, the labour market and the economy, if appropriate political action is taken. The analysis also identifies possible future demographic and political parameters. Thus, this case study is relevant for other low-fertility countries, which will have to face similar demographic processes in the future.
Folgen der dauerhaft niedrigen Fertilität in Deutschland. Demografische Projektionen und Konsequenzen für unterschiedliche Politikfelder
Authors: Bujard Martin 
Published: November 2020

The English translation of this article is available in Vol 40, No 2 (2015).
Deutschland ist länger als alle anderen Länder der Welt ein „Low-Fertility“-Land, seit vier Jahrzehnten liegt die Total Fertility Rate unterhalb von 1,5. Als „Pionier“ in dieser Entwicklung lassen sich anhand einer Fallstudie Deutschlands die Folgen eines langfristigen Geburtenrückgangs analysieren. Dieser Rückgang ist in Deutschland zunehmend auch ein Megathema in Politik und Wissenschaft, da die Folgen sich auf mehrere Politikbereiche auswirken und teilweise bereits deutlich sichtbar sind. Allerdings werden diese Folgen völlig unterschiedlich eingeschätzt – zum einen in ihrer Vehemenz und danach, ob die Alterung oder die Schrumpfung das größere Problem ist. Nach beiden Prozessen differenziert, verbindet der Beitrag die demografische Analyse mit der politikwissenschaftlichen Bewertung der Folgen für die Politikfelder Rente, Gesundheit, Wirtschaft, Arbeitsmarkt, Kultur, Europäische Union, Internationale Beziehungen sowie den Parteienwettbewerb.
Die Folgen sind für alle diese Politikfelder gravierend, teilweise ambivalent, aber in der Summe negativ. Der Zeitpunkt der Folgen und die politischen Möglichkeiten damit umzugehen unterscheiden sich zwischen den Politikfeldern erheblich. Alterung ist ein größeres Problem als die Schrumpfung, da die vehementen Altersstruktureffekte für die Sozialversicherungen bis 2040 die meisten Deutschen betreffen und unabwendbar sind. Anders die Folgen der Schrumpfung, denn sie sind demografisch noch abwendbar und beträfen nicht alle Einwohner negativ. Bei einem Bevölkerungsrückgang muss man zwischen individueller und staatlicher Ebene differenzieren: Die Auswirkungen auf den Staat sind durch einen Rückgang an internationalem Einfluss und Macht, insbesondere in der Europäischen Union, negativ. Die Studie zeigt aber auch, dass die langfristigen Folgen des Geburtenrückgangs für den politischen Wettbewerb, die Kultur, den Arbeitsmarkt und die Wirtschaft nicht negativ sein müssen, wenn entsprechende Politikmaßnahmen erfolgen. Die Analyse identifiziert demografische und politische Stellschrauben für die Zukunft. Die Befunde dieser Fallstudie sind auch für andere Low-Fertility-Länder relevant, die einige Jahre später mit ähnlichen Prozessen konfrontiert sind.
Demografisches Bild der Fertilität in Deutschland vor und nach dem Zensus 2011: Noch keine Trendwende in Sicht
Authors: Pötzsch Olga 
Published: November 2020

Die Bevölkerungsvorausberechnungen des Statistischen Bundesamtes zeigen einen voraussichtlichen Rückgang der Geborenenzahl in den 2020er Jahren. Zu dieser Entwicklung wird eine tendenziell rückläufige Anzahl der potenziellen Mütter in Kombination mit einer angenommenen weiterhin niedrigen Geburtenrate führen. Angesichts der vor dem Zensus 2011 vorliegenden empirischen Befunde gab es keine Hinweise darauf, dass eine im nächsten Jahrzehnt eventuell deutlich steigende Geburtenhäufigkeit die sinkende Anzahl potenzieller Mütter kompensieren würde. Der Zensus 2011 hat aber zu Korrekturen in der Bevölkerungsgröße, in der Altersstruktur und folglich in den relativen Maßzahlen der Fertilität wie z.B. der zusammengefassten Geburtenziffer und der endgültigen Kinderzahl je Frau geführt.Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Auswirkungen des Zensus 2011 auf die Maßzahlen der Fertilität zu quantifizieren und bisherige Befunde zu den Fertilitätstrends auf der zensusjustierten Datengrundlage auf ihre Gültigkeit zu prüfen. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den Analysen zur Kohortenfertilität und den Folgen der immer späteren Familiengründung für die endgültige Kinderzahl und die Paritätsverteilung. Anhand von zahlreichen Befunden wird gezeigt, dass ein kontinuierlicher Wiederanstieg der endgültigen Kinderzahl je Frau in den kommenden zwei Jahrzehnten ohne Trendwende im Geburtenverhalten nicht realisierbar ist. Allein um den zunehmenden Rückgang der Fertilität im Alter unter 30 Jahren ab Jahrgang 1974 zu kompensieren und dadurch eine Stabilisierung der endgültigen Kinderzahl auf dem relativ niedrigen Niveau zwischen 1,5 und 1,6 Kindern je Frau zu erreichen, wäre eine verstärkte Zunahme der Fertilität im Alter ab 30 Jahren erforderlich. Ein Anstieg und eine anschließende Stabilisierung der endgültigen Kinderzahl auf dem Niveau von mindestens 1,6 Kindern je Frau würde darüber hinaus eine Trendumkehr in der Entwicklung der Kinderlosenquote und deutliche Veränderungen im Geburtentiming voraussetzen
The Impact of Internal Migration on the Spatial Distribution of Population in Germany over the Period 1991-2017
Authors: Stawarz Nico , Sander Nikola 
Published: November 2020

In 1885 and 1889 Ravenstein published two seminal papers on the role of migration in changing population distribution. This article analyses the importance of internal migration for shaping the spatial population distribution of Germany in the last three decades. We use a time-series dataset of annual inter-county migration flows from the German population register for the years 1991 to 2017. Population density is used as proxy measure for settlement type as an alternative to the commonly used BBSR typology. Our findings show that around 3 percent of the population moves between counties each year, and that the efficacy of internal migration in redistributing population has declined since the 1990s. Our results are in line with other recent work stating that the re-urbanisation phase, which was prevalent during the 2000s, has ended and sub-urbanisation patterns have become more prominent since 2011. We show that internal migration indeed plays an important role in shaping the distribution of population, especially the movements of young adults and families along the rural-urban continuum. In the 1990s and 2000s, internal migration tended to be more important for shaping regional populations than international migration and natural population change. Notably, this ranking reversed in the last few years and natural population change even became positive for densely settled regions.
* This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.
Age-specific Migration in Regional Centres and Peripheral Areas of Russia
Authors: Karachurina Liliya , Mkrtchyan Nikita 
Published: November 2020

Ravenstein, writing in 19th century papers, observed that migration varied with the life course. However, he did not investigate this variation in detail, as the necessary data were not then available. Age-specific migration has been a focus for researchers of migration in the 20th and 21st centuries. Building on this research, the current paper explores age-specific migration in Russia focussing on its spatial diversity. We compare age-specific migration patterns found in Russia and those observed in other developed countries. For this investigation, we mainly use Russian administrative data on residence registration for 2012-2016, together with information on populations by age in the latest census in 2010. The data are analysed using a classification of local administrative units classified by degree of remoteness from Russia’s principal cities (regional centres).
The main results are as follows: In Russia, young people participate strongly in migration flows between peripheral territories and regional centres. The net migration surplus in regional centres is mostly produced by the migration of 15-19 year-olds starting further and higher education courses. Peak migration occurs in this age group. This type of migration represents upward mobility in the spatial hierarchy because institutions of higher education are located in the large cities. People aged 20-29 and 30-39 migrate in much smaller numbers, but they also replenish the population of regional centres. The inflow of middle-aged migrants and families with children was directed to the areas located closest to the regional centres, the suburbs. This type of migration is observed in regions with a well-developed middle class with high purchasing power, for example, in the city of Moscow and in the Moscow Region.
Peripheral territories have similar profiles of age-specific migration, but of loss rather than gain. The farther they are from regional centres, the more significant the outflow of young people and the stronger the impact of migration on population ageing. The rural periphery and small cities attract only elderly migrants, but this inflow is far smaller than the outflow of young people. The directions and age selectivity of migration observed in other countries are thus also found in Russia, although there are important differences associated with the nature of housing in Russian cities and regions.
* This article belongs to a special issue on “Internal Migration as a Driver of Regional Population Change in Europe: Updating Ravenstein”.