bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and performance assessment of piston-type briquetting machine
Authors: Ikubanni P P , Agboola O O , Olabamiji T S , Adediran A A , Anisere T , Oladimeji S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Biomass residues can become effective and efficient for clean energy utilization in rural and sub-urban areas when compacted as briquettes. This process of compaction is known as briquetting. In order to compact biomass into solid fuels, a piston-type briquetting machine was developed in this study. Mild steel was majorly used for the construction of the parts of the machine. A prime mover of 1.5 hp electric motor was used to drive the machine. In order to evaluate the performance of the machine, sawdust and rice husk were mixed in the ratios 94:6, 92:8, 90:10 and pure sawdust was also used with the help of the urea formaldehyde (UF) that serves as binder. The efficiency and capacity of the machine were 85.7% and 68.56 kg/h, respectively. From the result of the physical properties, the density (820 - 870 kg/m3), moisture content (5.76 – 12.09 %), drop to fracture (8 – 20 times) and water resistance (93.75 – 94.24 %) increased as the rice husk particles increased in the briquette while porosity decreased with increased rice husk particles in the briquette. Based on the results obtained, quality of compacted solid fuels that could withstand handling, transportation and storage challenges can be produced using the machine.
Some engineering properties and nutrient composition of selected pelletized fish feed in Nigeria
Authors: Erinle O C , Olalusi A P , Olayanju A T , Okunola A A , Ajao F O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research work is aimed to study the engineering properties (Physical, Thermal and Mechanical), and nutritional qualities of selected pelletized fish feed in Nigeria. This is to provide a database of engineering properties of fish feed pellets in Nigeria, which can be required for further handling and processing operations. Three locally produced feeds in Nigeria (Kwara P1, Ondo P2, and Edo P3) were selected. The engineering properties analysed include unit density, bulk density, expansion ratio, colour, sinking velocity, water stability, water absorption index, water solubility index, pellet durability index, thermal conductivity, resistivity and diffusivity. The extrudates and pellets were subjected to nutritional composition analyses, which include: crude protein, crude fat, total carbohydrate, ash and crude fibre, Potassium, Phosphorus and Calcium. The unit density, bulk density and expansion ratio of the pellets ranges from 407.08 – 518.36 kg.m−3, 267.33 – 271.93 kg.m−3 and 12.73 – 16.40 %, respectively. The pellet durability index and water stability ranges from 41.07 - 68.60 % and 12.40 – 35.96 mins but P2 had the highest expansion rate (25.55%). The Potassium, Zinc, crude fibre and thermal properties had no significant effect on the feeds at p-level of 5%. The data obtained from this study creates a reference line for the design and development of handling machines, and storage facilities.
Design and construction of an electrically powered coffee roasting machine
Authors: Ogunjirin O A , Odeniyi O M , Olubo A S , Farounbi A J , Ola O A , Adeleke S A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Coffee has been identified as a crop that has the potential to generate foreign earning for local investors but the cost of imported roasting machine is very high thus making it unaffordable for interested agripreneurs. This project detailed the development of coffee roaster using locally available materials thus reducing the cost of processing as well as achieving optimum quality. The roasting capacity of the roaster is 25kg. The roaster consists of a roasting drum, paddles on a speed reduction gear powered by electric motor, frame, cooling fan and cooling unit with control board unit. The roaster attained a temperature of 200°, 250° and 300°C in 5, 7 and 10 minutes respectively.
Selected Physio-Chemical Properties for the Processing of Cashew Apple (Anacardium Occidentale)
Authors: Olalusi A P , Ajayi O C , Erinle O C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Selected physical, mechanical and chemical properties of cashew apple were investigated which includes length, width, thickness, mass, volume, density, angle of repose, static coefficient of friction on plywood, glass, mild steel and stainless steel surfaces, compressive force required to rupture the cashew apple, energy to break, Youngs modulus. Cashew apple was found to have length of 6.49 cm, width of 3.81 cm and thickness of 3.58 cm, average moisture content of 85% wet basis. The mean values of coefficient of static friction on glass (0.29) was the highest while that of wood was the lowest, while the average value of angle of repose was 15.45°. The compressive force needed to rupture the cashew apple is 22.56N while the energy to break is 0.0025 J. The mean proximate compositions of the cashew apple were: pH (4.3), Vitamin C (123.5 mg/ml), Tannin (261.3 mg/ml), Total sugar (11.88 mg/ml), Fibre (4.1%) Protein (2.14 %). The mean mineral composition of the cashew apple has Potassium (69.7 ± 0.35 ppm) as the highest and the lowest of Zinc (0.06 ± 0 ppm). The properties stated constitute an important baseline for the design and development of various machines for handling and processing of the cashew apple.
Evaluating the different procedures for preserving fish in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Alonge A F , Ikrang E G , Wechie O L 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A survey was carried out in all the twenty three (23) Local Government Areas of Rivers State to evaluate the different methods of fish preservation in the State. The required information was collected by the use of questionnaires and direct interviews with the fish farmers and traders. The study holds that gender difference influenced approach to fish business, and that respondents are faced with problems which include lack of record keeping and finance. Others are inability of the State Government to introduce modern methods of fish processing/preservation techniques and proper management of fish business. If these innovations are introduced to farmers, there will be improvement in production, curtail spoilage and boost fish preservation in Rivers State.
Assessment of water quality and identification of pollutants flowing into river musa using principal component analysis
Authors: Maina M M , Yunusa A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Available evidence shows that rivers in any water shed area acts as a carrier of various pollutants and affect water quality for various purposes. The main aim of this study was to assess and identify pollutants flowing into River Musa in Bida for irrigaton purpose. Canadian Council Water Quality index (CCWQI) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used. Water quality data were collected at different five stations along the river in 2018 during rainy and dry seasons. Ten water quality parameters (temperature, PH, EC, Mg, Na, Iron, Mn, Calcium, Potassium and SAR) were determined in five stations for assessing annual water quality index.Annual average water quality index at five locations are (74.47,72.85, 64.69,47.02 and 51,56). The results showed that three location are marginal and the remaining of the two are fair.The PCA was used to identify three major pollutants flowing to the river to be industrial, municipal and erosion. The WQI of the river is marginal and the implication is that the river is thus poised threat to high yielding results.
Comparison of reference evapotranspiration models for the agro-ecological zones of Nigeria
Authors: Dauda K A , Olayaki-Luqman M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Irrigation practices are best done by estimating the crop water requirement in order to avoid over or under irrigation which may negatively affect crop yields. In this study, weather data (2004-2015) were collected and analyzed. The weather data include; minimum and maximum temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), wind speed (km/day), sunshine (hr/day) and radiation (MJ/m2/day). FAO Penman-Monteith model is a universal standard model used with other five evapotranspiration models such as; Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model and Blaney-Criddle model to compute the mean monthly reference evapotranspiration (ET°) for the six agro-ecological zones of Nigeria. Statistic regressions were performed to examine the relationship of the reference ET° estimates from the five models with the estimates by FAO Penman-Monteith model. The results of the analyses show that the mean monthly average ETo estimates by the FAO Penman-Monteith model, Priestley-Taylor model, Thornth-Waite model, Hargreaves model, ASCE-Penman Monteith model and Blaney-Criddle model across the six weather stations are; 6.48, 7.66, 14.14, 11.16, 5.57, and 3.70 mm/day, respectively. The best predictor is the ASCE-Penman Monteith model which correlated well with the FAO Penman-Monteith model while, the Priestley-Taylor model is the second-best model. Thornth-Waite model and Hargreaves model produced underestimated ET values while, Blaney-Criddle model greatly over-estimated the FAO Penman-Monteith model. Therefore, this study is useful to the precise agricultural water management and regional water resources planning.
Effects of treated greywater irrigation regimes and mulches on yield of Capsicum chinense under surface drip irrigation system
Authors: Raphael O D , Ogedengbe K , Amodu M F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A field study was conducted to determine the effects of combine treatment of greywater application rates and mulches types on growth and yield of Capsicum chinense in Omu-Aran, Nigeria. Greywater (GW) was treated using a pilot-scale horizontal sub-surface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF CW) vegetated with Canna indica plants. Four irrigation levels (60, 80, 100 and 120% of ETc) and four mulches types (Black plastic film BM, Silver plastic film SM, Rice straw RS and un-mulched Control) were applied to the potted plants. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design, with main plots as irrigation levels and mulches types as sub-plots. C. indica plants were found to be effective in GW Phytoremediation treatment in CW. The maximum fruit yield was observed for T10 (I100SM) 4666.70 kg/ha due to reflective mulch ability to increase light and heat to plant resulting to a higher yield. Significant difference was observed between the mean yield of I60 and other irrigation regimes, whereas between I80 to I120 there was no significant difference in mean yield recorded. Silver mulch combined with full irrigation with treated greywater effluent was found to be the best of all treatments in the study.
Effects of De-Oiled Jute Seed and Cottonseed Extracts as Natural Polymeric Coagulants for Surface Water Treatment
Authors: Lawal N S , Ogedengbe K , Olasoju S A , Abdulrasaq A A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Developing countries are currently facing intense drinking water shortages due to paucity of funds to set-up potable water treatment plants. This has led to the outbreak of water-borne diseases resulting in huge medical spending for the government. Employing natural biopolymers (Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) [CS] extracts and de-oiled Jute seed (Corchorus olitorius) [JS]) for surface water treatment presents an alternative to improving the quality of drinking water in rural communities. This study was therefore aimed at comparing the effectiveness of the two natural bio-polymers for improving surface water quality. The oils were extracted using n-hexane as extractor solvent (with water at about 40-70°C) for six (6) hours and the seed residues were used to prepare extract stock solutions for the water treatment. Measured water samples (100 ml) were treated using the bio-polymer extracts employing different doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 ml). Physico-chemical analysis of the treated samples using CS and JS extracts yielded optimum treatment values of 7.2 and 6.89 for pH; 24.45 and 19.48 NTU for turbidity; 92.41 and 0.52 μs/cm for conductivity; 120.55 and 149.67 mg/l for BOD while 208.82 and 237.32 mg/l were recorded for COD. These corresponds to total reduction efficiencies of 14.98 and 34.31% (pH); 32.19 and 58.37% (Conductivity), 55.5% and 64.56% (turbidity), 36.86 and 60.4% (BOD) and 52.34 and 64.40% (COD) for CS and JS respectively. These results show the potentials and limitations of the two biopolymers as alternative coagulants if applied at optimum concentrations. They can be utilized to reduce waterborne diseases in rural communities lacking basic water treatment facilities.
Phytoremediation rates of morning glory (Ipomea asarifolia) in an aquaculture effluent hydroponic system
Authors: Kiridi E A , Ogunlela A O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Most fish farmers dispose of aquaculture effluent indiscriminately and this adversely affect the environment. On the other hand, conventional wastewater treatment plants are costly to install and run. This research studies morning glory phytoremediation in a hydroponic aquaculture effluent for possible use as a cheaper alternative to wastewater treatment. Four replicates containing about 100 g of morning glory in each hydroponic unit were studied at 7 days interval. Measured pre and post treatment parameters include: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), complete suspended solids (TSS) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Ammonium-nitrogen (NH4
+ -N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2
− -N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3
− -N), phosphorus (PO4
3- -P) and biomass were also evaluated. Results showed that the percentage reduction in pH ranged from 1.9% to 11.6%, EC from 49.8% to 92.4%, TSS from 34.0% to 73.3%, TDS from 50.4% to 94.3%, NH4
+ -N from 38.9% to 85.2%, NO2
− -N from 0% to 76.6%, NO3
− -N from 63.2% to 90.4% and PO4
3- -P from 10.0% to 52.5%. The recorded biomass was 417.0 g, 567.0 g, 642.0 g, 679.5 g. A paired sample t-test demonstrates that at a confidence level of 95 percent it can be statistically concluded that there was significant inequality between pre-and post-treatment values. This implies potency of this plant and can be useful in the treatment of aquaculture effluent.
Mapping groundwater suitability for irrigation using GIS: A Case study of Ilorin, Kwara State, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Olasehinde D A , Adeniran K A , Olasehinde D O , Bayeiri M R , Adewara S O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Agricultural water in the right quantity and desired quality is needed to drive agrarian revolution in Nigeria. Groundwater, among the forms of water in nature is strategic for Nigeria has it is easy to exploit, readily available not affected by seasonality and the largest natural storage of available freshwater on the planet. The study was aimed at evaluating and mapping irrigation water quality of groundwater system within Ilorin metropolis. Forty-four well samples were collected in triplicates over the dry and wet seasons with their locations georeferenced. The water samples were sent to the laboratory and the results were incorporated into a GIS database in the development of a water map. Six indices, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Permeability Index (PI), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Kelly’s Ratio (KR) and Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), were used to evaluate suitability for irrigation. The geo-spatial representation is displayed using Surfer 9 and ARC Map software. The sampling points were concentrated in the southern portion of the study area, with dense settlements and expected anthropogenic activities. The western portion of the study area within the vicinity of Moro river basin reflected general good irrigation water quality and low settlement is prime for irrigated agriculture. The geospatial representations of irrigation water quality developed guides decision makers on the use of various ground water sources within the area. In the same light, it demonstrates high efficiency of GIS in elucidating complex geospatial data through the development of quality maps.
Hydraulic properties determination from pumping test in Northern areas of Ondo state, South-western Nigeria for groundwater development
Authors: Elemile O O , Falowo O O , Arijeniwa A Z , Omole D O , Ijaware V A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Groundwater potential evaluation of the Northern area of Ondo State using information obtained from hydrogeological measurements of hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, and yield aquifer characteristics from 37 drilled boreholes. These data were analyzed alongside the information gathered during the pumping test at each site which includes drawdown values, static water level, and pumping rate. The average depth of the borehole and installation depth are 30.76 m and 28.9 m respectively. The static water level ranges from 2.7 m to 14.0 m with an average of 6.0 m. The drawdown recorded from the observation wells varies from 1.9 m and 15.1 m. The yield capacity of the boreholes ranges between 0.40 – 2.98 L/s, and an average of 25.5654 m3/d. The values of hydraulic conductivity conducted in the area vary from 0.37 to 23.29 m/d, and an average of 3.67 m/d. The calculated transmissivity for the study area ranges from 4.79 (gneiss) to 165.32m2/d (migmatite) and an average of 30.08m2/d. The values of specific capacity vary from 4.07 – 140.53, while storativity within the range of 0.0002 – 0.001 are the most dominant showing a corresponding low specific capacity values generally less than 10 m2/d. Consequently, specific yield, hydraulic conductivity, and transmissivity values were integrated to generate a groundwater potential map for Ondo Northern area.
Toxicity potential of particulate in the airshed of a university farm
Authors: Fakinle B S , Adebayo B M , Aremu C O , Sonibare J A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research work provided information on the particulate in the airshed of a university farm and its toxicity potential. The study area for this research was Landmark University farm. The ambient airborne particulates were monitored at eight different section of the farm using the Aeroset 531S particulate monitor. A control sampling point was also situated in front of the University library some kilometers away from the University farm. 11.42 – 32.40 μg/m3, 59.32 – 473.52 μg/m3 and 79.58 – 955.10 μg/m3 for PM2.5, PM10 and TSP respectively. The control point measured averages were of 20.80 μg/m3, 64.46 μg/m3 and 80.86 μg/m3for PM2.5, PM10 and TSP respectively. An assessment of toxicity potential of these particulates shows unhealthy air conditions at some sampling location at the University farm.
Comparative effect of local (blue crown) and foreign commercial feeds (skreting) on the growth and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles
Authors: Awotoye T G , Adesina B T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aquaculture production is considered the future global solution to decline wild fish capture. An experiment lasting eight weeks (two months) was conducted on the experimental farm of the Dpartment of Agricultural Education, Federal College of Education, Okene, to evaluate the growth performance and survival of Clarias gariepinus juveniles in circular bowls labeled A1, A2, B1 and B2. Fishes were divided into four groups, with 25 fishes per bowl. The fingerlings stocked were of the same size and length. Fishes in bowl A1 and A2 were fed with imported commercial feed (skretting) while B1 and B2 were fed with Nigeria local commercial feed (blue crown). The fingerlings were fed three times daily at libitum (7am, 12am and 6pm) for a period 8 weeks (60) days. Growth performance and physiochemical parameters were monitored weekly. The proximate compositions of the feed were compared as well as the economy analysis of using both feed in cat fish culture. Fish fed with skretting had the best growth performance with a mean weight and length gain than those feed with blue crown. The average cost of feeding 1kg of fish with blue crown feed was ₦361.08k and ₦339.26k for imported commercial feed.
Eco-friendly conversion coating for the protection of aluminium alloys in the food/beverage canning industries
Authors: Oki M , Adediran A A , Egiebor N , Olaofe I , Awiaka C S , Dawodu O 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In view of environmental and health challenges associated with conversion coatings derived from heavy metal ion compounds, this work reports the development and performance of water extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) calyces (Hibiscus flower), as a starting green inhibitor in the development of environment friendly, non-carcinogenic conversion coating on aluminium alloy for application in the canning and food packaging industries. Gravimetric analyses revealed that the coating developed sluggishly, a coating weight of about 3 mg was attained after 30 mins of treatment in the coating bath. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that the coating solution and the coating materials stripped from the aluminium alloy substrate had identical functional groups which were either shifted down or upfield in the FTIR spectra of the coating. However, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination revealed that the thin coating developed on aluminium mapped the grain and sub grain boundaries of the substrate. Whereas, within the detection limits of the EDS, the coating is composed essentially of carbonaceous compounds of aluminium and its oxides as well as those of the other elements present in the substrate and in the coating solution. These compounds are probably hydrated. The corrosion performance and adhesion characteristics of the HS coating were better than for the ‘bare’ aluminium alloy substrate.
Commercial utilization of inert atmosphere silo for maize storage
Authors: Oyewole S N , Gbabe E K , Olayanju A M , Adebiyi A O , Ogunbiyi O A , Abel G I , Ogundare M O , Adarabierin I G , Olayemi F F , Okunola A A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Inert atmosphere silo (IAS) has been advocated by Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute (NSPRI) as a sustainable alternative to the use of conventional silos and synthetic chemicals for grains storage in tropical climates. A battery of two units of 250 tonnes IAS installed at the commercial farm of Landmark University Omu-Aran by NSPRI was evaluated for maize storage. Quality parameters such as proximate compositions and microbial loads were determined and their respective results subjected to T-Test statistical analysis. The results of the analysis showed a slight increase in moisture content from 10.57 % to 10.66 % (db) after 6 months of storage. During the storage period, insect infestation was completely suppressed and quality of the grain was maintained, as there was no significant difference at (P≤ 0.05) in the proximate compositions of the initial and final samples. There was significant difference (P≤0.05) in bacteria loads and fungi counts of the initial and final samples. Reduction in microbial loads was experienced and the values obtained were within acceptable limits (104 Cfu/g) recommended for cereals. The germinability of the maize was maintained at 96 % after 6 months; thus indicating effectiveness of the technology for commercial storage of maize seed.