bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Apocalyptic Tradition in Early Mormonism
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The first chapter presents Mormonism’s apocalyptic master narrative from September 1823 with Joseph Smith’s first apocalyptic-themed apparition, to the organization of a theocratic legislature that would govern the world in the coming millennium. Over this twenty-year period, a robust vision of the last days took shape. This vision included the gathering of the righteous to safety before the coming of end times destructions, warfare in the United States (both among citizens and against invading armies), the establishment of the New Jerusalem in Missouri, and the return of Jesus Christ. The chapter also examines how Latter-day Saints who were not part of the hierarchy responded to this narrative and thereby contributed to the apocalyptic worldview.
“Long Shall His Blood . . . Stain Illinois”
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of martyrology and ritualized cursing in Mormon apocalypticism. With the assassinations of Joseph Smith and Hyrum Smith in 1844, the Saints came to believe that the United States had sealed its doom. John the Revelator’s image of martyrs pleading for God to avenge their murders became a prominent element in Mormon apocalypticism. The Mormons fled Nauvoo and eventually the nation itself in order to distance themselves from their persecutors, but also to escape the very land that had been primed for judgment. Before departing, through verbal, written, and other ritualized means, the Saints cursed those complicit in their persecution.
The Geography of Mormon Apocalyptic
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter documents how Latter-day Saints in the late 1840s and 1850s deployed the faith’s apocalyptic master narrative to make sense of the lands they colonized in the American West. Drawing on the apocalyptic geography of the Bible, Mormons came to believe they resided in the “wilderness” of the Book of Revelation where they would be protected from persecution. They recognized the region’s peaks as the mountain setting for Isaiah’s prophecies of a last days temple and an ensign to the nations. This chapter also examines how in the late nineteenth century Canada and Mexico would also be incorporated into the era’s apocalyptic geography.
The Judgments Begin
Authors: Blythe Christopher James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Utah territorial period—a time marked by hostility between the Latter-day Saints and the federal government. Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, Mormon visionaries deployed prophecies of Gentile invasions on the Saints, as well as judgments on the major cities of the nation. The assurance that God would intervene against their enemies’ aggressions offered catharsis to the anxieties brought on by the U.S. Army’s occupation of Utah during the 1850s, the Civil War, and federal enforcement of anti-polygamy laws—what became known as “the raid.” In addition to prophecies introduced among the laity, there was also, during this period, an emphasis on Joseph Smith’s prophecy of a future American civil war that circulated widely in Mormon and non-Mormon circles. Apocalypticism prospered as tensions festered between Mormons and the federal government.
Grassroots Stewardship
Authors: Chapin F Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The book presents a novel strategy for addressing the major environmental and social problems of our time. It emphasizes transformative actions by individual citizens, both ordinary and extraordinary, rather than by government and other groups. It empowers a spectrum of solutions appropriate to people with varying interests, skills, political persuasions, and level of environmental and social commitment. The book draws on social and ecological theory to formulate a four-tiered stewardship strategy to transform communities, nations, and the planet. Key elements of this strategy are (1) individual actions that link people with nature and reduce human impacts on the planet, (2) effective communication to reduce political polarization and share solutions, (3) collaborations that integrate actions of multiple groups, and (4) political engagement to trigger needed transformations. The book builds on diverse visions and goals for the future of ecosystems and society: concern for future generations, a spiritual commitment to care for Creation and vulnerable people, a desire to sustain the best of nature and of cultures, and a concern about the security and well-being of communities, nations, and the world. This is not a book about what should be done. It is a book about what has been and can be done and a pragmatic strategy for tangible progress.
Linking People with Nature
Authors: Chapin F Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how to shape the linkages between people and nature so that both may flourish. People shape nature through exploitation, impacts, and stewardship; and nature shapes people through ecosystem services—nature’s benefits to society. These benefits include provisioning services such as food, water, and fiber; regulating services that shape climate, clean our drinking water, and influence disturbance risk; and cultural services such as cultural identity, spiritual connections, and recreation. Two-thirds of Earth’s ecosystem services are being degraded or used unsustainably in the global aggregate, primarily because of land conversion to agriculture and climate change. More thoughtful resource consumption choices by society, slower population growth, and greater respect for nature would reduce these impacts. Building respect for nature often requires collaboration among groups with different views of nature.
Strengthening Democracy
Authors: Chapin F Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Political action to foster social and political change, as described in this chapter, is the fourth and final element of the book’s four-tiered stewardship strategy. Stewardship that is politically astute can identify a spectrum of strategies to steer possible paths forward. Each strategy requires respectful dialogue that reframes debates across worldviews to identify and act on shared concerns rather than to reinforce blame. Collaboration with like-minded individuals within government and business often reduces barriers to progress. Active engagement in politics (informing, advising, participating, and voting) and in business (consumer action and socially responsible investment) can nudge politics and business toward stewardship. Sometimes, however, direct confrontation is more effective at precipitating transformational change. In this case, clear goals, identification of allies and of strategies to eliminate barriers, and a concrete plan to sustain successes increase the likelihood of successful transformation.
Earth Stewardship
Authors: Chapin F Stuart 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the interactions of individuals with government, business, and other institutions to build upon and support individual efforts. It emphasizes sustainable outcomes at regionally and globally significant scales. Global changes that threaten Earth’s ecosystems and society could be reversed through progress toward four key stewardship goals: reducing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, increasing the extent of forests and wetlands, sustaining ecosystem services, and reducing human population growth and unnecessary consumption. The US Declaration of Independence radically included “pursuit of happiness” as an inalienable right of all people. Since happiness is generally unrelated to consumption or wealth, society’s happiness and well-being can often be enhanced without increasing consumption. The chapter outlines five potential strategies by which government can complement the efforts of individuals to foster happiness. If people decide, individually and collectively, that the planet’s future habitability is important, they will know how to ensure a better life for their grandchildren.
Definition and Levels of Strategy
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter defines strategy as a diagnosis that defines or explains a business challenge or opportunity, a decision or set of decisions for dealing with the challenge or opportunity, and a coherent set of actions to deliver on the decisions so as to create sustainable advantage and superior returns over rivals. In this chapter we also distinguish between three key levels of strategy: (1) corporate-level strategy, which is concerned with the selection of business areas in which the company should compete and with the development and coordination of that portfolio of businesses; (2) business-level strategy, which is about developing and sustaining a competitive advantage for a business delivering an identifiable set of products and/or services; (3) managerial-level strategic decision-making, which is concerned with identifying and dealing with a diverse range of immediate strategic challenges and opportunities confronting a business.
The 3Ds of Strategy
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the 3D framework that is central to the book’s tools-based approach. It begins by elaborating the diagnosis element, which entails using an analytical approach to understand a business challenge or to assess the nature of an opportunity confronting a business. Next, it describes the decide element, which entails using a structured, analytical approach to make reasoned, insightful, and logical choices about what will be done to overcome the key challenge or to seize on the opportunity. It ends with elaborating the deliver element, which entails designing solutions to integrate a policy or choice into a business and then taking coherent action to implement that solution. For each element the chapter discusses what the process looks like and what tools support it.
A Strategy Toolbox
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Effective strategists are expected to develop, refine, and use a conceptual toolbox made up of various different tools (concepts, frameworks, and theories) that enable them to make sense of and act on challenging situations and complex opportunities. This chapter briefly describes this toolbox analogy and why it is important for any manager to have such a toolbox. It also provides a heat map of all tools discussed in this book and maps them by their most prevalent use across the strategic management processes of diagnosing, deciding, and delivering. This heatmap highlights that some tools are used across multiple strategic management processes while others may be applicable to only one part of the process.
Five Forces
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A five-forces analysis provides a basis to evaluate and understand an industry and its broad set of participants including suppliers, customers, and competitors. It provides a means for managers to assess the major factors impacting an industry’s profit potential and may help highlight ways that a firm may increase its economic returns relative to the other industry participants. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of a five-forces analysis. Finally, the chapter describes the industry context confronting of Harley-Davidson and applies the steps of five-forces analysis to this case.
VRIO
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of VRIO analysis is to systematically identify resources and capabilities that may serve as a key source of competitive advantage. For a resource or capability to be the basis of a sustainable competitive advantage, it must be valuable (V), rare (R), and costly to imitate (I), and the firm must be organized (O) to capture the value from the resource or capability. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of VRIO analysis. Finally, the chapter continues the illustration of Harley-Davidson and applies the steps of VRIO analysis to this case.
Root-Cause Analysis
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A root-cause analysis is used to identify the initiating, or root, of a causal chain that leads to an observed undesirable outcome. It is useful in helping managers to focus their problem-solving efforts on providing remedies to issues that actually prevent the undesirable outcome from recurring. Failure to identify the root cause of a problem often leads to time spent on removing causal factors, which can alleviate the symptoms of a problem yet may not prevent recurrence with full certainty. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of root-cause analysis. The chapter also discusses the illustration of the DISH Network and applies the steps of root-cause analysis to this case.
S-Curve Analysis
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of an S-curve analysis is to understand and interpret the evolution of a market, product, or technology so as to make informed strategic decisions about where value may be created now and in the future. S-curves map out this evolution, from its relatively slow emergence, to the point where it begins to grow and growth accelerates, to the point where the market becomes saturated and growth begins to slow and even decline. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of S-curve analysis. The chapter also discusses the illustration of Spotify and applies the steps of S-curve analysis to this case.
Segmentation Analysis
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Segmentation analysis provides a means to understand and partition a broad consumer or business market into subgroups of consumers, such that a firm can effectively target specific sub-groups as segments with unique needs and wants rather than the market as a whole. Segments are created based on shared attributes of consumers or businesses such as shared needs, common interests, similar locations, common demographic profiles, etc. Segmenting a market allows a firm’s managers to understand and target segments that are most attractive for the firm. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of segmentation analysis. The chapter also continues the illustration of Harley-Davidson, and applies the steps of segmentation analysis to this case.
Market Entry Modes
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose behind market entry modes is to provide insight into the options that a firm has when it wishes to expand into a new market. Many strategies seek to generate revenue growth, and much of the time that growth is sought in new markets. Seeking revenue growth from new markets may include pursuing new geographic markets, new product markets, new customer segments, or a combination of these. This chapter discusses the underlying theory, core idea, depiction, process, insight or value created, and risks and limitations of market entry modes. The chapter also continues the illustration of Starbucks and applies the steps of market entry modes to this case.
Conclusion
Authors: Fisher Greg , Wisneski John E. , Bakker Rene M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter returns to the high-level assumptions that motivated the writing of this book which include: (1) the field of strategy in the current day and age has become more relevant (not less); (2) strategic management should be practiced by more people (not fewer, and certainly not solely by those at the top of the organization; (3) strategy’s functional domain should be broadened (not narrowed); and (4) anyone with career ambition in the business world needs to become a strategist. It also discusses the option of combining multiple tools and offers advice on how this can be done. We note that there is no magic set of combinations that always works. Part of the learning experience in becoming a good strategist is learning when and how to apply certain tools in combination. As with many things in life, practice makes perfect. The chapter concludes with discussing the next frontier in strategic management.
Introduction
Authors: Gassman Mattias P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recent scholarship on Roman religion has emphasised the ‘secularity’ of late antique culture and treated Christian polemics (the main accounts of fourth-century polytheism) as exercises in constructing artificial boundaries between ‘pagans’ and ‘Christians’. Neither approach does justice to the dynamic interaction between Christian writers and traditional religious thought. Pagan, philosophical henotheism and the anti-Christian legislation of Decius, Valerian, and the Tetrarchs paralleled the common Christian division between ‘gentiles’ or ‘pagans’ and ‘Christians’. Christian thinkers, in turn, developed new ways of thinking and talking about ‘religion’ (using such terms as religio, superstitio, and secta) over the course of the fourth century. Religious polemic thus saw productive intellectual activity on religion, while ancient society was not religiously neutral: modern concepts of ‘secularity’ give too little room to the convictions of the devout pagans. This book offers a fine-grained account that reflects the complexities of both Christian and pagan ideas on traditional religion across the fourth century. To maintain its tight focus, it deals exclusively with the Western, Latin-speaking culture that has driven much modern scholarship on late antique paganism.
‘Like a Stream of Tullian Eloquence’
Authors: Gassman Mattias P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Formerly professor of Latin in the court of the emperor Diocletian, Lactantius responded to the Tetrarchic ‘Great Persecution’ with the most extensive defence and exposition of Christianity written in Latin before Augustine’s City of God. His seven-book Divine Institutes, the last Christian apology written before Constantine’s rise to power, credited the invention of pagan cults to a historical King Jupiter. Building on this euhemeristic narrative, Lactantius reinterpreted the philosophical theories surveyed in Cicero’s On the Nature of the Gods to attack polytheism as an irrational display of empty religiosity. With the help of Christian cosmology and eschatology, he set the present sufferings of Christians in a grand historical context, predicting the final victory over paganism at the return of Christ, a few centuries after his own day. Lactantius later hailed the victories of Constantine and Licinius as a divine vindication of persecuted Christians. Nevertheless, he still expected pagan domination and persecution to continue until Christ’s return. His eschatology, not the experience of imperial politics, set his basic approach to paganism before and after the ‘Constantinian revolution’.
On the Error of Profane Religions
Authors: Gassman Mattias P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the mid-340s, Firmicus Maternus, a pagan astrologer turned Christian polemicist, became the first-known author to ask the emperors to abolish traditional cults. This chapter sets On the Error of Profane Religions in the context of Constantinian legislation and of the urban Roman religious milieu to which Firmicus had previously belonged. Often (and too quickly) dismissed as a self-serving work by an ill-tutored convert, Firmicus’ polemic aims not just to spur Constantine’s sons towards greater zeal but to end the Devil’s dominion over mankind. In the work’s first half, Firmicus targets the cults most popular in the city of Rome. Dismissing philosophical allegories, he argues that traditional rites teach their worshippers immorality. Juxtaposing Christian scripture and pagan ritual formulas in the work’s second half, he depicts polytheistic cults as a unified religious system counterfeited by the Devil from the Christian truth—a major departure from earlier polemicists’ conceptions of polytheism. Firmicus’ appeals to the emperors were rooted in the fundamental Christian conviction that idolatry would someday be abolished; that victory had, however, come much closer to realisation, in the years after Constantine’s endorsement of Christianity, than Lactantius had thought possible.
Confrontation
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Schmitz Hans Peter , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines how geopolitical shifts, increasing demands for accountability, and growing competition are driving the need for change within the TNGO sector. TNGOs are responding to these change drivers with specific initiatives intended to secure their future relevance and effectiveness, but their efforts are constrained by institutional and cultural legacies—forms and norms—that inhibit the sector’s ability to adapt. This chapter elaborates on these major change drivers and characterizes the obstacles to successful adaptation. It also identifies the types of TNGOs emphasized in this book, briefly describes general trends in the TNGO sector, overviews the main topics discussed throughout subsequent chapters, and describes the overall organization of the book.
Soul
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Schmitz Hans Peter , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 identifies a disharmony between the “soul” and the “body” of the TNGO. Drawing on theoretical insights and cultural observations, the chapter examines the sources of the difficulties that many TNGOs have encountered in their attempts to adapt for the future. The chapter explains how the TNGO is embodied in a particular institutional form and is embedded in a particular normative context that together constitute an “architecture” that constrains the potential of TNGOs to successfully assume new roles. The analysis establishes an understanding of how legacy structures, beliefs, and practices limit the abilities of TNGOs to adapt to their changing external environment and realize their expanding aspirations.
Power
Authors: Mitchell George E. , Schmitz Hans Peter , Bruno-van Vijfeijken Tosca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains why and how TNGOs have become powerful advocates in global affairs. It argues that TNGOs were at the “right place at the right time” and benefited from favorable geopolitical conditions in previous decades. The chapter examines the nature of TNGO power historically and explains how TNGOs have exerted influence throughout various stages of the policy process, including issue emergence, agenda-setting, policy formation, and policy implementation. Even as TNGOs have largely benefited from professionalized activism and elite access, their power today may be plateauing, if not waning, because of a less favorable operating environment and the increasing incongruity between their contemporary ambitions and their legacy forms and norms. Such conditions suggest that the sector is likely to struggle to live up to its rhetoric of social transformation without significant changes.