bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memory duration is positively correlated with host fruit preference and offspring performance in a polyphagous frugivore
Authors: Silva Rehan , Merkel Katharina , Clarke Anthony R 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how polyphagous herbivores optimise foraging for multiple hosts remains unclear: prior experiences with hosts and the modification of subsequent behaviours (referred to in the broad sense as learning) have been proposed as one potential mechanism. A critical feature of learning is the effect of reward value, with learning and memory positively linked with reward quality. However, the links between host plant quality for offspring, prior experience and memory have not been researched in herbivorous insects. No‐choice and dual‐choice olfactometer assays were conducted to determine how prior oviposition experience on nine different fruits affected host preference, response times and the duration of altered response times (over subsequent days) in the polyphagous frugivore, Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt). In no‐choice tests, the average time naïve B. tryoni took to respond to the different fruit odours differed and was directly correlated to larval host quality; for example, naïve females responded fastest to guava, a high‐quality larval host, and slowest to blueberry, a poor host. However, B. tryoni experienced on fruits for 24 h responded significantly faster to all fruits equally, regardless of fruit type. The duration of the experience‐based responses was directly correlated with fruit quality, with females displaying the longest response retention when experienced on high‐quality fruits and the shortest on low‐quality fruits. For B. tryoni, we demonstrate that the host responses following prior experience are influenced by the quality of a host plant for offspring survival.
Do histopathological features of breast cancer in Australian Indigenous women explain the survival disparity? A two decade long study in the Northern Territory
Authors: Read David J. , Frentzas Sophia , Ward Linda , De Ieso Paolo , Chen Samantha , Devi Vanitha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsIn the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia, Indigenous women have a lower incidence of breast cancer, but a higher mortality than Non‐indigenous women. The aim of this study was to describe and compare breast cancer pathological features related to stage and biological aggression between the two groups.MethodsSubjects were identified by extract from the NT Cancer Registry in two separate cohorts, cohort 1 (1991–2000) and cohort 2 (2001–2010). Data from cohort 1 included age, stage, tumor grade and estrogen receptor status (ER) and treatment completion. Additional pathological variables including tumor size, HER2 status, lymphovascular invasion and derived tumor phenotype were available for cohort 2. Bivariate P values for categoric variables were calculated using Fisher's exact tests. The Wilcoxon rank‐sum test was used to compare cohort 2. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios.ResultsThere were 359 (44 indigenous) eligible women in cohort 1 and 526 (100 indigenous) for cohort 2. In cohort 1, in both cohorts, indigenous women were more likely to present at an advanced stage, but there was no difference in ER status or tumor grade. When derived phenotypes were compared, indigenous women were less likely to have better prognosis luminal A tumors, and more likely to have HER2‐enriched tumors.ConclusionThis two decade long comparison of the pathological features of breast cancer between indigenous and nonindigenous women of the NT has confirmed that Indigenous women not only present at a later stage than NI women but are also afflicted by poorer prognosis tumors, particularly HER2 enriched.
A comparison of choroidal thicknesses between pachychoroid and normochoroid eyes acquired from wide‐field swept‐source OCT
Authors: Lim Hyung Bin , Kim Kyeungmin , Won Yeo Kyoung , Lee Woo Hyuk , Lee Min Woo , Kim Jung Yeul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeWe investigated the wide‐field choroidal thickness (CT) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT) and compared the characteristics of the choroidal layer between pachychoroid and normochoroid groups.MethodsA total of 120 eyes from 120 normal subjects were included. All subjects were divided into two groups according to the subfoveal CT (≥300 μm, pachychoroid group; <300μm, normochoroid group). All subjects underwent an HD spotlight 16 mm scan using SS‐OCT. The CT was measured at the following 12 points: subfoveal, 3 points in the nasal peripapillary area, 6 points in the macular area and 2 peripheral points at 5400 and 8100 µm from the fovea. The CT measurements were compared between the two groups, and statistical analyses were performed to determine clinical factors associated with each point of the CT.ResultsThe CT in the pachychoroid group was thicker than that in the normochoroid group at all points (p < 0.01). The CTs of the two groups in the macular area were highly associated with the subfoveal CT. However, the CTs of the nasal peripapillary and peripheral areas showed lower associations with the subfoveal CT and lower diagnostic abilities for the pachychoroid group. The existence of pachyvessels was found to be a significant factor causing the regional variations.ConclusionsThe CTs in the peripapillary and peripheral areas showed different patterns than the subfoveal CT. Regional variations by pachyvessels were more frequent in the peripapillary and peripheral areas than in the macular area, and the subfoveal CT did not represent the whole choroidal area.
MELD remains the best predictor of mortality in outpatients with cirrhosis and severe ascites
Authors: Jepsen Peter , Watson Hugh , Macdonald Stewart , Vilstrup Hendrik , Jalan Rajiv 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundThe Model for Endstage Liver Disease (MELD) score may put patients with severe ascites at a disadvantage because they often have a poor quality of life and high mortality despite a favourable MELD score.AimTo develop a model that is better than the MELD score at predicting 1‐year mortality among patients with cirrhosis, severe ascites and MELD ≤18.MethodsWe used data from a randomised trial (SPARe‐1) of patients with cirrhosis and severe ascites to develop a model to predict 1‐year mortality. We used stepwise backward elimination and Cox regression to identify the strongest predictors. Performance was assessed with the C index and the Brier score. We examined performance in an external cohort of trial participants with cirrhosis and severe ascites (SPARe‐2 participants).ResultsWe included 308 patients with a 1‐year mortality of 20.4%. The final prediction model (Severe Ascites Mortality score, “SAM score”) included four variables: serum bilirubin, serum sodium, history of SBP (yes or no) and diabetes (yes or no). No indicators of quality of life were included. After correction for optimism bias, the SAM and MELD scores had nearly identical predictive ability. The external validation cohort included 149 patients whose 1‐year mortality was 22.4%. The MELD score performed marginally better in this cohort, partly because the effects of SBP and diabetes on mortality were much smaller in this cohort.ConclusionWe did not succeed in developing a prediction model that was superior to the MELD score among patients with cirrhosis and severe ascites.
A constrained single‐index regression for estimating interactions between a treatment and covariates
Authors: Park Hyung , Petkova Eva , Tarpey Thaddeus , Ogden R. Todd 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe consider a single‐index regression model, uniquely constrained to estimate interactions between a set of pretreatment covariates and a treatment variable on their effects on a response variable, in the context of analyzing data from randomized clinical trials. We represent interaction effect terms of the model through a set of treatment‐specific flexible link functions on a linear combination of the covariates (a single index), subject to the constraint that the expected value given the covariates equals 0, while leaving the main effects of the covariates unspecified. We show that the proposed semiparametric estimator is consistent for the interaction term of the model, and that the efficiency of the estimator can be improved with an augmentation procedure. The proposed single‐index regression provides a flexible and interpretable modeling approach to optimizing individualized treatment rules based on patients' data measured at baseline, as illustrated by simulation examples and an application to data from a depression clinical trial.
HS2ST1‐dependent signaling pathways determine breast cancer cell viability, matrix interactions, and invasive behavior
Authors: Vijaya Kumar Archana , Brézillon Stéphane , Untereiner Valérie , Sockalingum Ganesh Dhruvananda , Kumar Katakam Sampath , Mohamed Hossam Taha , Kemper Björn , Greve Burkhard , Mohr Benedikt , Ibrahim Sherif Abdelaziz , Goycoolea Francisco M. , Kiesel Ludwig , Pavão Mauro S.G. , Motta Juliana M. , Götte Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHeparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) act as signaling co‐receptors by interaction of their sulfated glycosaminoglycan chains with numerous signaling molecules. In breast cancer, the function of heparan sulfate 2‐O‐sulfotransferase (HS2ST1), the enzyme mediating 2‐O‐sulfation of HS, is largely unknown. Hence, a comparative study on the functional consequences of HS2ST1 overexpression and siRNA knockdown was performed in the breast cancer cell lines MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB‐231. HS2ST1 overexpression inhibited Matrigel invasion, while its knockdown reversed the phenotype. Likewise, cell motility and adhesion to fibronectin and laminin were affected by altered HS2ST1 expression. Phosphokinase array screening revealed a general decrease in signaling via multiple pathways. Fluorescent ligand binding studies revealed altered binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) to HS2ST1‐expressing cells compared with control cells. HS2ST1‐overexpressing cells showed reduced MAPK signaling responses to FGF‐2, and altered expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), E‐cadherin, Wnt‐7a, and Tcf4. The increased viability of HS2ST1‐depleted cells was reduced to control levels by pharmacological MAPK pathway inhibition. Moreover, MAPK inhibitors generated a phenocopy of the HS2ST1‐dependent delay in scratch wound repair. In conclusion, HS2ST1 modulation of breast cancer cell invasiveness is a compound effect of altered E‐cadherin and EGFR expression, leading to altered signaling via MAPK and additional pathways.
Students' teaching career expectations by gender and ability levels in science and math: The role of salary and numeracy skills
Authors: Han Seong Won , Borgonovi Francesca 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding what factors foster young people's aspirations to work as teachers is critical for designing effective recruitment policies, and for ensuring that enough youngsters enter the teaching profession. We examine what factors explain between‐country differences in the percentage of 15‐year‐old students who expect to work as teachers as adults. We focus on two factors: (1) the salaries teachers can expect to earn compared to professionals in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM); and (2) the skill levels teachers have compared to STEM professionals. Relative salaries indicate if (and to what extent) the financial returns associated with teaching careers are higher or lower than professional STEM careers dominated by men. Relative skills highlight the investment in human capital that teachers are expected to make to be able to enter the profession, as well as the social and cultural status that is associated with teaching. We used data from 29 countries that participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment and the Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies. In countries where teacher salaries and numeracy skills were high compared to those commanded by STEM professionals, gender gaps in teaching career expectations were smaller. High‐ability students in science and mathematics were more likely to expect to work as teachers in countries where teachers have comparatively higher numeracy skills. Our findings show that when teacher salaries are competitive in relationship to the salaries of STEM professionals, more students overall expect to work as teachers. However, whilst low‐ and middle‐performing students in science and mathematics were attracted by economic incentives, high‐performing students in science and mathematics were not.
COVID‐19 complicated by parainfluenza co‐infection in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Langerbeins Petra , Fürstenau Moritz , Gruell Henning , Klein Florian , Persigehl Thorsten , Rybniker Jan , Seeger‐Nukpezah Tamina , Kochanek Matthias , Hallek Michael , Eichhorst Barbara , Koehler Philipp , Böll Boris 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe number of people suffering from the new coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 continues to rise. In SARS‐CoV‐2, superinfection with bacteria or fungi seems to be associated with increased mortality. The role of co‐infections with respiratory viral pathogens has not yet been clarified. Here, we report the course of COVID‐19 in a CLL patient with secondary immunodeficiency and viral co‐infection with parainfluenza.
The effect of age and gender on anti‐saccade performance: Results from a large cohort of healthy aging individuals
Authors: Mack David J. , Heinzel Sebastian , Pilotto Andrea , Stetz Lena , Lachenmaier Sandra , Gugolz Leonie , Srulijes Karin , Eschweiler Gerhard W. , Sünkel Ulrike , Berg Daniela , Ilg Uwe J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBy 2050, the global population of people aged 65 years or older will triple. While this is accompanied with an increasing burden of age‐associated diseases, it also emphasizes the need to understand the effects of healthy aging on cognitive processes. One such effect is a general slowing of processing speed, which is well documented in many domains. The execution of anti‐saccades depends on a well‐established brain‐wide network ranging from various cortical areas and basal ganglia through the superior colliculus down to the brainstem saccade generators. To clarify the consequences of healthy aging as well as gender on the execution of reflexive and voluntary saccades, we measured a large sample of healthy, non‐demented individuals (n = 731, aged 51–84 years) in the anti‐saccade task. Age affected various aspects of saccade performance: The number of valid trials decreased with age. Error rate, saccadic reaction times (SRTs), and variability in saccade accuracy increased with age, whereas anti‐saccade costs, accuracy, and peak velocity of anti‐saccades and direction errors were not affected by age. Gender affected SRTs independent of age and saccade type with male participants having overall shorter SRTs. Our rigid and solid statistical testing using linear mixed‐effect models provide evidence for a uniform slowing of processing speed independent of the actually performed eye movement. Our data do not support the assumption of a specific deterioration of frontal lobe functions with aging.
Migration dynamics of an important rice pest: The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) across Asia—Insights from population genomics
Authors: Hereward James P. , Cai Xuhong , Matias Ambrocio Melvin A. , Walter Gimme H. , Xu Chenxi , Wang Yongmo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionBrown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) are the most serious insect pests of rice, one of the world's most important staple crops. They reproduce year‐round in the tropical parts of their distribution, but cannot overwinter in the temperate areas where they occur, and invade seasonally from elsewhere. Decades of research have not revealed their source unambiguously.Methods and ResultsWe sequenced the genomes of brown planthopper populations from across temperate and tropical parts of their distribution and show that the Indochinese peninsula is the major source of migration into temperate China. The Philippines, once considered a key source, is not significant, with little evidence for their migration into China. We find support for immigration from the west of China contributing to these regional dynamics.DiscussionThe lack of connectivity between the Philippine population and the mainland Chinese populations explains the different evolution of Imidacloprid resistance in these populations. This study highlights the promise of whole‐genome sequence data to understand migration when gene flow is high—a situation that has been difficult to resolve using traditional genetic markers.
Fatigue behaviour of a multiphase medium carbon steel: Comparison between ferrite/pearlite and tempered microstructures
Authors: Zhang Yating , Hu Zheng , Susmel Luca , Zhang Jing , Zhang Kun , Li Yansen , Wang Yang , Wei Bingchen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFatigue crack growth is the essential process in the total life of components and is unavoidable in most structures and machines. In this study, the effects of cementite particles on the fatigue properties of medium carbon steel were investigated. A quenching and tempering treatment was developed to obtain uniformly distributed cementite particles with dozens of nanometres. To evaluate the fatigue properties, fatigue strength, fatigue crack growth rate and dynamic mechanical behaviour were examined. It was found that the fatigue strength of the tempered steel is much higher than that of air cooling ferrite/pearlite steel because the cementite particles act as barriers and hinder crack propagation during cyclic loading. More importantly, the high sensitivity of the damping peak to prior fatigue may play an important role on the fatigue history of multiphase medium carbon steel.
Clock gene polygenic risk score and seasonality in major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
Authors: Ferrer Alex , Costas Javier , Gratacos Mònica , Martínez‐Amorós Èrika , Labad Javier , Soriano‐Mas Carles , Palao Diego , Menchón Jose Manuel , Crespo Jose Manuel , Urretavizcaya Mikel , Soria Virginia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeasonal changes in mood and diurnal preference are two well‐characterized chronobiological phenotypes in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). The biological mechanisms regulating physiological changes related to seasonality and chronotype involve several genes known as “clock” or circadian genes. Our goal was to study the relationship between the polygenic risk score (PRS) obtained from a set of clock genes and chronobiological traits in patients with mood disorders. The sample included 445 patients with mood disorders (256 MDD; 189 BD). Seasonality was assessed using the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ), and chronotype was assessed using the Horne and Östberg Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire. We selected 248 single nucleotide polymorphisms located within 19 genes. PRS for both MDD and BD was calculated using the Psychiatric Genetics Consortium latest datasets as discovery samples. Another PRS was calculated using results from a genome‐wide association study focusing on chronotype. SPAQ results were significantly associated with MDD‐PRS (p = 0.037) and chronotype‐PRS (p = 0.019), which also showed a significant interaction with age (p = 0.039). No significant association was observed between the measured PRS and chronotype. Our results reflect that small effect variants associated with MDD and chronotype within clock genes are associated with seasonality traits in patients with mood disorders, further explaining the mechanism through which the circadian system might influence mood disorder clinical presentation. Future studies measuring PRS from specific gene sets and focusing on biological endophenotypes will help to elucidate the pathways from genetic variations to clinical outcome.
Methane emissions reduce the radiative cooling effect of a subtropical estuarine mangrove wetland by half
Authors: Liu Jiangong , Zhou Yulun , Valach Alex , Shortt Robert , Kasak Kuno , Rey‐Sanchez Camilo , Hemes Kyle S. , Baldocchi Dennis , Lai Derrick Y. F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe role of coastal mangrove wetlands in sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and mitigating climate change has received increasing attention in recent years. While recent studies have shown that methane (CH4) emissions can potentially offset the carbon burial rates in low‐salinity coastal wetlands, there is hitherto a paucity of direct and year‐round measurements of ecosystem‐scale CH4 flux (FCH4) from mangrove ecosystems. In this study, we examined the temporal variations and biophysical drivers of ecosystem‐scale FCH4 in a subtropical estuarine mangrove wetland based on 3 years of eddy covariance measurements. Our results showed that daily mangrove FCH4 reached a peak of over 0.1 g CH4‐C m−2 day−1 during the summertime owing to a combination of high temperature and low salinity, while the wintertime FCH4 was negligible. In this mangrove, the mean annual CH4 emission was 11.7 ± 0.4 g CH4‐C m–2 year−1 while the annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange ranged between −891 and −690 g CO2‐C m−2 year−1, indicating a net cooling effect on climate over decadal to centurial timescales. Meanwhile, we showed that mangrove FCH4 could offset the negative radiative forcing caused by CO2 uptake by 52% and 24% over a time horizon of 20 and 100 years, respectively, based on the corresponding sustained‐flux global warming potentials. Moreover, we found that 87% and 69% of the total variance of daily FCH4 could be explained by the random forest machine learning algorithm and traditional linear regression model, respectively, with soil temperature and salinity being the most dominant controls. This study was the first of its kind to characterize ecosystem‐scale FCH4 in a mangrove wetland with long‐term eddy covariance measurements. Our findings implied that future environmental changes such as climate warming and increasing river discharge might increase CH4 emissions and hence reduce the net radiative cooling effect of estuarine mangrove forests.