bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical investigation and design of some indole derivatives as potent β-glucuronidase inhibitors
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad Tukur , Tahir Salisu Muhammad , Umar Abdullahi Bello , Abdulfatai Usman 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundβ-glucuronidase enzyme is mostly found in plants and animals. It plays a vital role in detoxification of reactive metabolites that are interrelated to several illnesses and the growth of colon cancer. It speeds up the breaking down of β-glucuronosyl-O-bonds. Lack of β-glucuronidase enzyme leads to Sly syndrome in humans, and overexpression of this enzyme leads to many diseases. Therefore, it becomes necessary to mediate the effect of this enzyme.ResultTheoretical investigation via QSAR modeling on 30 indole derivatives was performed to build a model which could be used to predict the activity of the indole derivatives. QSAR was carried out using multi-linear regression (MLR) method utilizing genetic function approximation (GFA) to develop the QSAR models. A very high predictive QSAR model was reported based on its statistical fitness with good internal and external validation parameters:R2trng= 0.954942,Qcv2= 0.925462,R2test= 0.855393, and LOF = 0.042924. Molecular docking on the 30 indole derivatives was also performed to screen and identify the lead compound that would be used as template for designing new indole compounds. The docking investigation reveals that ligand 10 binds very tight in the binding pocket of β-glucuronidase enzyme with binding energy of − 9.5 kcal/mol. The ligand (10) was chosen as a template for designing new β-glucuronidase inhibitors. The four design compounds were found to be better than the template and the standard drug (D-saccharic acid 1, 4-lactone) with binding energies of − 9.6, − 9.7, − 9.8, and − 9.9 kcal/mol.ConclusionA very high predictive QSAR model with good internal and external validation parameters:R2trng= 0.954942,Qcv2= 0.925462,R2test= 0.855393, and LOF = 0.042924, was built and reported in this study. Molecular docking investigation reveals that the most potent compound among all the data set was compound 10 with binding energy of − 9.5 kcal/mole. It bound to the binding pocket of β-glucuronidase enzyme via hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bond, and it was retained as template for designing new indole compounds. The design compound with serial number ID 4 was identified to have the highest binding energy of − 9.9 kcal/mole among the designed compounds. It bound to the binding site of the β-glucuronidase enzyme via halogen, hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen bond. The design compounds were discovered to be better than the template used in the design and the standard drug.
Health education, obesity and the making of citizens
Authors: Malmberg Claes , Urbas Anders , Nilson Tomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the socioscientific issue of obesity in relation to citizenship and democratic politics. It is structured in three parts: a) a theoretical part that elaborates on health as an individual and/or societal problem and the concepts of politics, democracy and citizenship; b) an empirical part on how responsibility for obesity is treated in Swedish teaching materials for science and health education; and c) a discussion where the empirical results are analyzed in relation to the theoretical framework used and the implications for future health education with regard to individual responsibility, citizenship and democracy are addressed. The analysis of the teaching materials reveals a strong focus on the individual’s responsibility for obesity, formulated through explicit prescriptions and recommendations on how to think and act in everyday life. The implication is that the individual is made into the key actor in solving the problem of obesity. This predominantly individual perspective on solutions is problematic since a strictly individual perspective obscures the political dimension of obesity. Furthermore, the individualization and depoliticization of obesity in teaching materials contribute to and reinforces an ongoing erosion of citizenship and democracy.
Cardiovascular disease in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 10,898 patients and proposal of a triage risk stratification tool
Authors: Momtazmanesh Sara , Shobeiri Parnian , Hanaei Sara , Mahmoud-Elsayed Hani , Dalvi Bharat , Malakan Rad Elaheh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has drastically affected global health. Despite several studies, there is yet a dearth of data regarding the mechanisms of cardiac injury, clinical presentation, risk factors, and treatment of COVID-19-associated cardiovascular disease. This systematic review and meta-analysis is aimed at defining the clinical, electrocardiographic, and pathologic spectrum of cardiovascular disease (CVD), frequency of elevated cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, and their frequency and relationship with severity of the disease and mortality in COVID-19 patients and to develop a triage risk stratification tool (TRST) that can serve as a guide for the timely recognition of the high-risk patients and mechanism-targeted therapy. We conducted an online search in databases of PubMed and Embase to identify relevant studies. Data selection was in concordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results were presented as pooled frequencies, odds ratio, standardized mean difference (SMD), and forest and funnel plots.ResultsWe gathered a total of 54 studies and included 35 of them in our meta-analysis. Acute cardiac injury occurred in more than 25% of cases, mortality was 20 times higher, and admission to intensive care unit increased by 13.5 times. Hypertension was the most common pre-existing comorbidity with a frequency of 29.2%, followed by diabetes mellitus (13.5%). The deceased group of patients had higher cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, with statistically significant SMD, compared with survivors. Pediatric patients were predominantly mildly affected. However, less frequently, the presentation was very similar to Kawasaki disease or Kawasaki shock syndrome. This latter presentation hass been called as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).ConclusionsThere is a wide spectrum of cardiac involvement in COVID-19 patients, and hence a Triage Risk Stratification Tool can serve as a guide for the timely recognition of the high-risk patients and mechanism-targeted therapy.
Psychiatric comorbidity among children and adolescents with dyslexia
Authors: Darweesh Alaa M. , Elserogy Yasser M. , Khalifa Hossam , Gabra Romany H. , El-Ghafour Mohamed A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
One of the most consistent findings in childhood psychopathology literature is that children with dyslexia frequently presented with additional psychiatric disorders. Over 60% of children with dyslexia meets criteria for at least one additional diagnosis.

Aim of results
Dyslexia shows high comorbidity with ADHD, ODD, and CD (18%, 14%, and 8%, respectively) than ccontrols that affect dyslexic boys more than girls. Dyslexic group show marked increase in internalizing and externalizing syndromes than control group. Dyslexic girls show more internalizing behaviors than dyslexic boys, unlike externalizing syndromes which was more evident in boys).

Conclusion
High comorbidity of other psychiatric disorders with dyslexia gets attention to evaluate students with dyslexia for other psychiatric comorbidity and referring them for psychiatric management.
Double stigma in mental health: epilepsy and mental illness
Authors: Mula Marco , Kaufman Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundEpilepsy and mental illness share similar problems in terms of stigma, as a result of centuries of superstition, ignorance and misbeliefs. Stigma leads not only to discrimination and civil and human rights violations but also to poor access to healthcare and non-adherence or decreased adherence to treatment, ultimately increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite continuous efforts in fighting stigma in these conditions, there is very limited knowledge on the phenomenon of double stigma, meaning the impact of having two stigmatised conditions at the same time.AimsTo discuss double stigma in mental health with special reference to epilepsy.MethodArticles were identified through searches in PubMed up to 31 October 2019 using the search terms ‘epilepsy’, ‘psychiatric disorders’, ‘stigma’ and additional material was identified from the authors’ own files and from chosen bibliographies.ResultsDouble stigma is gaining attention for other stigmatised medical conditions, such as HIV, however, the literature on epilepsy is almost non-existent and this is quite astonishing given that one in three people with epilepsy have a lifetime diagnosis of a psychiatric condition. Felt (perceived) stigma and psychiatric disorders, particularly depression, create a vicious circle in epilepsy maintaining both, as depression correlates with stigma and vice versa as well as epilepsy and depression serving as bidirectional risk factors. This phenomenon has no geographical and economic boundaries as similar data have been reported for low-income and high-income countries.ConclusionsGovernments and policymakers as well as health services, patients’ organisations, families and the general public need to be aware of the phenomenon of double stigma in order to develop campaigns and interventions tailored for these patients.
Microtubule motor transport in the delivery of melanosomes to the actin-rich apical domain of the retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Jiang Mei , Paniagua Antonio E. , Volland Stefanie , Wang Hongxing , Balaji Adarsh , Li David G. , Lopes Vanda S. , Burgess Barry L. , Williams David S. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Melanosomes are motile, light-absorbing organelles that are present in pigment cells of the skin and eye. It has been proposed that melanosome localization, in both skin melanocytes and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), involves melanosome capture from microtubule motors by an unconventional myosin, which dynamically tethers the melanosomes to actin filaments. Recent studies with melanocytes have questioned this cooperative capture model. Here, we test the model in RPE cells by imaging melanosomes associated with labeled actin filaments and microtubules, and by investigating the roles of different motor proteins. We found that a deficiency in cytoplasmic dynein phenocopies the lack of myosin-7a, in that melanosomes undergo fewer of the slow myosin-7a-dependent movements and are absent from the RPE apical domain. These results indicate that microtubule-based motility is required for the delivery of melanosomes to the actin-rich apical domain and support a capture mechanism that involves both microtubule and actin motors.
Exploring the mechanistic and temporal regulation of LRP6 endocytosis in canonical WNT signaling
Authors: Haack Fiete , Budde Kai , Uhrmacher Adelinde M. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Endocytosis plays a pivotal regulatory role in canonical WNT signaling. Internalization of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) receptor complex can either promote or attenuate canonical WNT signaling, depending on the employed internalization pathway. Detailed analysis of the mechanism of LRP6 internalization and its temporal regulation is crucial for understanding the different cellular responses to WNT stimulation under varying conditions and in various cell types. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms involved in the internalization of LRP6 and re-evaluate existing, partly contradicting, theories on the regulation of LRP6 receptor internalization. We utilize a computational approach that aims at finding a set of mechanisms that accounts for the temporal dynamics of LRP6 receptor internalization upon WNT stimulation. Starting with a simple simulation model, we successively extend and probe the model's behavior based on quantitative measurements. The final model confirms that LRP6 internalization is clathrin independent in vertebrates, is not restricted to microdomains, and that signalosome formation delays LRP6 internalization within the microdomains. These findings partly revise the current understanding of LRP6 internalization in vertebrates.
Poly(3,9-carbazole)s: A Chemically Stable Extended Form of Polyaniline for Nitro-Aromatic Sensor Applications
Authors: Kimpel Joost , Yoshitake Yoko , Michinobu Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Self-polycondensation of 3-iodocarbazole derivatives in the presence of CuI catalysts produces the corresponding 3,9-carbazole-based polymers. Unsubstituted poly(3,9-carbazole) P2 has a limited solubility, whereas poly(3,9-carbazole) P1 with a tert-butyl group at the 6-position of the carbazole is soluble in common organic solvents. These polymers are regarded as an extended form of polyaniline. However, contrary to polyaniline, they are thermally and chemically stable owing to the highly twisted structure between adjacent repeat units. In addition, P1 is highly stable when applying potentials of up to 1.50 V. Due to the high stability toward oxidation, the cast films of these polymers display well-defined visible fluorescence in their neutral states. When the films are exposed to nitro-aromatic vapors (modeled by nitro-explosives), energy transfer induced fluorescent quenching occurs. Upon exposure of the quenched films to air, the fluorescence is restored. Overall, the substituted P1 film exhibits better sensing abilities than the unsubstituted P2 film due to the bulky tert-butyl groups.
Exercise Progression to Incrementally Load the Achilles Tendon
Authors: BAXTER JOSH R. , CORRIGAN PATRICK , HULLFISH TODD J. , O’ROURKE PATRICK , SILBERNAGEL KARIN GRÄVARE 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The purposes of our study were to evaluate Achilles tendon loading profiles of various exercises and to develop guidelines to incrementally increase the rate and magnitude of Achilles tendon loading during rehabilitation.

Methods
Eight healthy young adults completed a battery of rehabilitation exercises. During each exercise, we collected three-dimensional motion capture and ground reaction force data to estimate Achilles tendon loading biomechanics. Using these loading estimates, we developed an exercise progression that incrementally increases Achilles tendon loading based on the magnitude, duration, and rate of tendon loading.

Results
We found that Achilles tendon loading could be incrementally increased using a set of either isolated ankle movements or multijoint movements. Peak Achilles tendon loads varied more than 12-fold, from 0.5 bodyweights during a seated heel raise to 7.3 bodyweights during a forward single-leg hop. Asymmetric stepping movements like lunges, step ups, and step downs provide additional flexibility for prescribing tendon loading on a side-specific manner.

Conclusion
By establishing progressions for Achilles tendon loading, rehabilitative care can be tailored to address the specific needs of each patient. Our comprehensive data set also provides clinicians and researchers guidelines on how to alter magnitude, duration, and rate of loading to design new exercises and exercise progressions based on the clinical need.
The social underpinnings of mental distress in the time of COVID-19 – time for urgent action
Authors: Rose Nikolas , Manning Nick , Bentall Richard , Bhui Kamaldeep , Burgess Rochelle , Carr Sarah , Cornish Flora , Devakumar Delan , Dowd Jennifer B. , Ecks Stefan , Faulkner Alison , Ruck Keene Alex , Kirkbride James , Knapp Martin , Lovell Anne M. , Martin Paul , Moncrieff Joanna , Parr Hester , Pickersgill Martyn , Richardson Genevra , Sheard Sally 
Published: July 2020

We argue that predictions of a ‘tsunami’ of mental health problems as a consequence of the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the lockdown are overstated; feelings of anxiety and sadness are entirely normal reactions to difficult circumstances, not symptoms of poor mental health. Some people will need specialised mental health support, especially those already leading tough lives; we need immediate reversal of years of underfunding of community mental health services. However, the disproportionate effects of COVID-19 on the most disadvantaged, especially BAME people placed at risk by their social and economic conditions, were entirely predictable. Mental health is best ensured by urgently rebuilding the social and economic supports stripped away over the last decade. Governments must pump funds into local authorities to rebuild community services, peer support, mutual aid and local community and voluntary sector organisations. Health care organisations must tackle racism and discrimination to ensure genuine equal access to universal health care. Government must replace highly conditional benefit systems by something like a universal basic income. All economic and social policies must be subjected to a legally binding mental health audit. This may sound unfeasibly expensive, but the social and economic costs, not to mention the costs in personal and community suffering, though often invisible, are far greater.
Generation, characterization, and experimental analysis of noise-like pulse envelopes with complex shapes
Authors: González-Galicia M. A. , Pottiez O. , Ruiz-Pérez V. I. 
Published: July 2020

We present the generation of 41 noise-like pulse (NLP) envelopes with complex shapes using a passively mode-locked, erbium-doped figure-eight fiber laser (EDFEFL). The tuning of each of the complex forms was carried out by varying the polarization state within the laser cavity, using a quarter-wave retarder (QWR2) inside a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM), which is part of the EDFEFL. The position of the retarder plate was identified and recorded for each of the complex shapes. The temporal and spectral characterization was done using the position of the WQR2 wave plate as an independent variable. We present a single-shot analysis of the dynamics for the temporal amplitude, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM), and the root-mean-square (RMS) width for each of the 360 cycles measured for the 41 complex envelopes. We also perform an analysis for the case in which the pulse is completely divided into subpackets. We analyze the corresponding spectral profile for each of the complex forms generated. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the NOLM theoretical model with our experimental results. The wavelength of the NLPs is 1560 nm; the period of the cavity fiber laser is 1.1 ms; and the temporal FWHM is within the range of nanoseconds.
Terahertz metamaterial with broadband and low-dispersion high refractive index
Authors: Gao Xi , Yu Fa Long , Cai Cheng Lin , Guan Chun Ying , Shi Jin Hui , Hu Fangrong 
Published: July 2020

A broadband and low-dispersion high refractive index (HRI) metamaterial formed by symmetrically etching two identical metasurfaces on both sides of a dielectric slab has been numerically and experimentally demonstrated in the terahertz region. The unit cell of the metasurface is a Jerusalem cross surrounded by a square metal ring, in which there are two magnetic resonances and one electric resonance. The proposed metamaterial simultaneously possesses high effective permittivity and permeability in broadband frequencies, since the multiple resonances result in a significant bandwidth expansion of a HRI. The simulation results reveal that the refractive index of the proposed metamaterial reaches up to 27 in the frequency range of 0.39–0.65 THz, and the relative bandwidth is about 44%. Furthermore, the fluctuation of the refractive index in this frequency band is less than 6%, showing a good low-dispersion characteristic. We also fabricated a sample to verify this HRI property. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations. This broadband HRI metamaterial is desirable in many fields, such as in high-resolution imaging and optical communications.
Designing open channels in random scattering media for on-chip spectrometers
Authors: Liu Tianran , Fiore Andrea 
Published: July 2020

On-chip spectrometers with tailored spectral range and compact footprint have been pursued widely in the last decade. Splitting different frequencies typically requires a propagation length that scales inversely with the frequency resolution, which leads to a trade-off between resolution and size. Scattering media in the diffusive regime provide a long light path and multipath interference in a compact area, resulting in strong dispersive properties that can be used for on-chip compressive spectrometry. However, the performance suffers from the low light transmission through the diffusive medium. It has been found that there exist “open channels” such that light with certain wavefronts can pass through the medium with high transmission. Here we show that a scattering structure can be designed so that open channels match target input/output channels in order to maximize transmission while keeping the dispersive properties typical of diffusive media. Specifically, we use inverse design to generate a scattering structure where the open channels match the output waveguides at desired wavelengths. For a proof of concept, we propose a

1

×

10

multiplexer covering a band of 500 nm in the mid-infrared spectrum, with a footprint of only

9.4

µ

m

×

14.4

µ

m

. We also show that filters with nearly arbitrary spectral response can be designed, enabling a new degree of freedom in on-chip spectrometer design, and we investigate the ultimate resolution limits of these structures. The structures can also be designed based on a simple geometry consisting of circular holes with diameters from 200 to 700 nm etched in a dielectric slab, making them highly suited for fabrication. With the help of compressive sensing, the proposed method represents an important tool in the quest towards integrated lab-on-a-chip spectroscopy.
Hybrid phase-matching for optical parametric amplification of few-cycle infrared pulses
Authors: Ridente Enrico , Weidman Matthew , Mamaikin Mikhail , Jakubeit Clemens , Krausz Ferenc , Karpowicz Nicholas 
Published: July 2020

Simple and compact laser systems facilitate the stable and reproducible generation of high-power few-cycle laser pulses. We demonstrate the amplification of 15 fs pulses at 2.1 µm, employing a hybrid phase-matching scheme for optical parametric chirped pulse amplification. A combination of two BBO crystals with type-I and type-II phase-matching placed in close vicinity is utilized as a single amplification stage. This allows for a greatly simplified layout, achieving high conversion efficiency while avoiding the backconversion regime and the associated spatiotemporal distortions. The resulting system yields mJ-level pulses with integrated electro-optic sampling to directly measure the output waveform and study ultrafast light–matter interaction.