bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
97 Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation of Ankle Muscles in Standing Positions on Postural Stability in Elderly Adults
Authors: Rongsawad Kitima , Jirarojprapa Karnsiree , Kaewkham Sararat , Worawan Laddawon , Khattiwong Sarawut 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Declines in postural stability in standing with aging are associated with a reduction in ankle muscle control. Increasing postural sway may lead to fall and limit activities of daily living in elderly people. There are evidences demonstrate that exercise interventions can improve postural stability and decrease risk of falling. However, to our knowledge, there are no studies have reported the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of ankle muscles on postural stability in elderly people. So, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 4-week FES protocols applied to ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscles on postural stability in elderly adults.

Methods
Ten elderly adults (67.5±6.9) participated in this study. Electrical stimulation (biphasic pulse current with a pulse duration of 0.3 ms, 50 Hz) for bilateral ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscles combined with standing balance, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Postural sway was assessed using Lord’s sway meter during standing on 4 sensory conditions. Balance and gait speed were assessed using short physical performance battery (SPPB). All outcome measures were performed before and after 4-week period.

Results
After 4-week, all subjects showed decreased postural sway during standing on 4 sensory conditions. But statistical significance was clearly achieved for eyes closed and closed on foam surface condition. Gait speed time and score of SPPB was significantly different between before and after training.

Discussion and Conclusion
Findings from this study showed that FES of ankle muscles in standing positions for 4-week period could improve postural stability and gait speed in elderly adults. The decrease in postural sway could possibly explain by the better coordinated control of both ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor muscles in standing balance. However, this study assessed only the immediate effect of training. Further study should be to determine whether long-term effect.
Reflexivity in Applied Linguistics Research in the Tourism Workplace
Authors: Sharma Bal Krishna 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Linguistic ethnographers largely agree that engaging in self-reflexivity enables researchers to identify how their actions, subjectivities, and motivations influence research. In this article, I argue for a discourse-oriented ethnographic account as an alternative method for documenting and reporting such reflexivity. The overall goal of this article is to examine reflexive research practices in the study of tourism communication. Presenting illustrative cases, I closely analyze how the researcher’s co-presence naturally opens up opportunities for some form of intervention in tourist–guide dyads. I show that researcher participation that is intended to resolve local interactional problems can have unintended consequences resulting in marginalization or exclusion of the key participants. The analysis shows that the researcher is not only the knowledge-maker in applied linguistics research but is also an object of analysis in the process. Overall, the study is intended to invite workplace researchers to reflect on whether and how much to participate, how their participation shapes researcher–participant relationships, how their relationship impacts data and knowledge claims, and how issues of balance and distance can be negotiated.
Subthalamic nucleus activity dynamics and limb movement prediction in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Khawaldeh Saed , Tinkhauser Gerd , Shah Syed Ahmar , Peterman Katrin , Debove Ines , Nguyen T A Khoa , Nowacki Andreas , Lachenmayer M Lenard , Schuepbach Michael , Pollo Claudio , Krack Paul , Woolrich Mark , Brown Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Whilst exaggerated bursts of beta frequency band oscillatory synchronization in the subthalamic nucleus have been associated with motor impairment in Parkinson’s disease, a plausible mechanism linking the two phenomena has been lacking. Here we test the hypothesis that increased synchronization denoted by beta bursting might compromise information coding capacity in basal ganglia networks. To this end we recorded local field potential activity in the subthalamic nucleus of 18 patients with Parkinson’s disease as they executed cued upper and lower limb movements. We used the accuracy of local field potential-based classification of the limb to be moved on each trial as an index of the information held by the system with respect to intended action. Machine learning using the naïve Bayes conditional probability model was used for classification. Local field potential dynamics allowed accurate prediction of intended movements well ahead of their execution, with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.80 ± 0.04 before imperative cues when the demanded action was known ahead of time. The presence of bursts of local field potential activity in the alpha, and even more so, in the beta frequency band significantly compromised the prediction of the limb to be moved. We conclude that low frequency bursts, particularly those in the beta band, restrict the capacity of the basal ganglia system to encode physiologically relevant information about intended actions. The current findings are also important as they suggest that local subthalamic activity may potentially be decoded to enable effector selection, in addition to force control in restorative brain-machine interface applications.
Trade patterns in a globalised world: Brazil as a case of regressive specialisation
Authors: Nassif André , Castilho Marta R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Globalisation is the extent and intensity with which a country’s production, trade and capital flows are integrated into the world economy. Our focus is on globalisation through international trade. We analyse the main theoretical predictions about the effects of global trade integration on trade patterns between countries of different levels of income and technology and compare this analysis to our investigation of Brazil’s trade integration between 1990 and 2016. Particularly, we investigate whether Brazil’s recent trajectory has been directed to a pattern of regressive specialisation. By regressive specialisation, we refer to that in which both production and export structures are strongly oriented to goods of low technological sophistication and low income elasticity of demand. The recent theoretical literature on technological gaps suggests that when a country enters a rapid pattern of regressive specialisation, a falling-behind trajectory is observed. Our main findings are as follows (i) the technological gap significantly widened for all groups of manufactured goods classified by factor content and technological sophistication; (ii) the income elasticity of demand for Brazilian imports is greater than that for Brazilian exports, implying a falling-behind trajectory of the economy in the past few decades and that growth has been constrained by long-term balance-of-payments equilibrium (Thirlwall’s law); and (iii) there has been a very marked trend of high concentration of Brazilian exports in primary goods, but imports composed of high technologically sophisticated manufactured goods, reinforcing the regressive specialisation of Brazil’s trade pattern in the last decades.
“Diet in the Etiopathogenesis of IBD: Is There A Culinary Culprit?”
Authors: Issokson Kelly 
Published: December 2019

Lay Summary
Research suggests that diet plays a role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eating more fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and limiting food additives may lower risk. More research is needed to better understand diet factors that may protect against IBD.
Microbes Associated With Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomiidae) Degradation of Food Waste
Authors: Shelomi Matan , Wu Meng-Kun , Chen Shu-Min , Huang Jing-Jiun , Burke Christopher Glen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae are capable of valorizing waste by converting it into insect biomass that can be used as animal feed, leaving undigested residue that can be used as soil enrichment. Evidence is conflicting over whether larvae fed substrate containing pathogenic microbes emerge uncontaminated. Studies also differ on which clades comprise the species’ gut microbiome, and on whether and how diet affects these microbes. Using culturing and metabarcoding, the bacterial microbiota of black soldier fly larvae reared on two different kinds of food waste (postproduction soy pulp and postconsumer cafeteria waste) were analyzed, along with the microbes of their substrates. Little to no overlap was found between the wastes, the larvae, and the residues, but the larvae fed different foods had a significant percentage of their microbes in common. The data, in line with other works on this species, suggest the larvae have a conserved microbiota whose components vary geographically.
Repeated Bereavement Takes Its Toll on Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Infurna Frank J , Mayer Axel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The bereavement literature has shown that losing close loved ones can lead to sustained declines in quality of life. Research in this area has typically focused on singular bereavement events, such as the loss of a spouse or child. Much less is known regarding the consequences of repeated bereavement or repeated losses in one’s social network.

Research Design and Methods
We use longitudinal panel survey data from the Household Income and Labour Dynamics of Australia study to examine the effect of repeated bereavement in one’s social network on cognitive and affective measures of subjective well-being and whether there are age differences in the magnitude of these effects across young adulthood, midlife, and old age. To address our research questions, we use a multiple-group discontinuous change model with random effects.

Results
Repeated deaths in one’s social network had a nonlinear effect on life satisfaction and positive affect, suggesting that individuals were able to adapt to two bereavements, but each bereavement beyond two resulted in sustained lower levels. Negative affect did not show increases because of repeated bereavements. Repeated bereavement had the strongest effect for those in young adulthood and old age.

Discussion and Implications
Our findings demonstrate that repeated bereavement has consequences for subjective well-being and that young and older adults are most vulnerable to repeated bereavement. Our discussion focuses on the conceptual and methodological advancements of our study for the examination of major life stressors.
Invariant TE and TM impedances in the marine magnetotelluric method
Authors: Montiel-Álvarez A M , Romo J M , Constable S , Gómez-Treviño E 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARY
The magnetotelluric (MT) impedance tensor has a nil diagonal when one of the axes of the coordinate system coincides with the strike of a 2-D structure. In general, real data are full tensors either because of 3-D effects or measurements not aligned to the geological strike. The usual practice to adapt the field tensor to the 2-D assumption is to rotate to a new system of coordinates. In most cases, there is no single angle of rotation that warranties that the diagonal elements become zeros as in the ideal 2-D case. Even maximizing the off-diagonal elements does not necessarily produce a nil diagonal. Consequently, the 2-D inversions proceed by neglecting whatever there is left in the diagonals. In this work, we explore an alternative that places no constraints on direction but assures a nil diagonal. We use two rotational invariants that compact the four elements of the tensor into only two and reduce in 2-D to the TE and TM impedances. These are obtained readily by solving a quadratic equation. We explore four different scenarios: (1) using the invariants, (2) rotating the tensor perpendicular to the profile, (3) rotating to the average maximum orientation for each station and (4) maximizing the off-diagonal elements of the tensor for each site, frequency to frequency. These approaches were applied to 3-D synthetic and field data. The field data correspond to two marine magnetotelluric surveys in the Gulf of California. In one of them, there is no information on the instrument orientation because the compasses failed. In this case, the rotational invariants come handy to overcome the problem. In the other survey, there was orientation information and the 2-D inversions illustrate the better performance of the invariants relative to the traditional approaches.
Testing the clinical validity of the Bemelman Rib Fracture Management Guideline
Authors: Dorman Jessica R , Clarke Peter T M , Simpson Rosalind B , Edwards John G 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Whilst surgical stabilization of rib fractures (SSRF) results in better outcomes, selection algorithms are lacking. We aimed to validate the Rib Fracture Management Guideline proposed by Bemelman. From a cohort of 792 patients with multiple rib fractures, 2 sequential cohorts were selected: 48 patients who underwent SSRF and 48 patients who managed conservatively. Admission computed tomography scans and records were reviewed by an investigator blinded to the SSRF outcome. Adherence to the Bemelman guideline, revised to take account of consensus rib fracture definitions, was tested. Fifty-seven patients had multiple rib fractures only, and 39 patients also had a flail segment. Thirty-nine patients with flail segment underwent SSRF, and 18 patients were managed conservatively. Of the patients that the guideline predicted should have received surgery, 87% did. Of those that it predicted should not receive SSRF, 98% did not. The guideline displayed a sensitivity (95% confidence interval) and specificity for predicting the fixation of 0.98 (0.89–0.9995) and 0.83 (0.70–0.93), respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for surgical fixation were 0.87 (0.76–0.92) and 0.98 (0.85–0.99), respectively. The Bemelman guideline was thus a good predictor of SSRF in retrospective cohort but should be used in conjunction with clinical judgement. Further validation is indicated in a prospective study.
Intestinal epithelial cell-derived IL-15 determines local maintenance and maturation of intra-epithelial lymphocytes in the intestine
Authors: Zhu Yuanbo , Cui Guangwei , Miyauchi Eiji , Nakanishi Yuki , Mukohira Hisa , Shimba Akihiro , Abe Shinya , Tani-ichi Shizue , Hara Takahiro , Nakase Hiroshi , Chiba Tsutomu , Sehara-Fujisawa Atsuko , Seno Hiroshi , Ohno Hiroshi , Ikuta Koichi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAbstractInterleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine critical for maintenance of intestinal intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IELs), especially CD8αα + IELs (CD8αα IELs). In the intestine, IL-15 is produced by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and hematopoietic cells. However, the precise role of intestinal IL-15 on IELs is still unknown. To address the question, we generated two kinds of IL-15 conditional knockout (IL-15cKO) mice: villin-Cre (Vil-Cre) and Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice. IEC-derived IL-15 was specifically deleted in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice, whereas IL-15 produced by BECs and hematopoietic cells was deleted in Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice. The cell number and frequency of CD8αα IELs and NK IELs were significantly reduced in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. By contrast, CD8αα IELs were unchanged in Tie2-Cre IL-15cKO mice, indicating that IL-15 produced by BECs and hematopoietic cells is dispensable for CD8αα IELs. Expression of an anti-apoptotic factor, Bcl-2, was decreased, whereas Fas expression was increased in CD8αα IELs of Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. Forced expression of Bcl-2 by a Bcl-2 transgene partially restored CD8αα IELs in Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice, suggesting that some IL-15 signal other than Bcl-2 is required for maintenance of CD8αα IELs. Furthermore, granzyme B production was reduced, whereas PD-1 expression was increased in CD8αα IELs of Vil-Cre IL-15cKO mice. These results collectively suggested that IEC-derived IL-15 is essential for homeostasis of IELs by promoting their survival and functional maturation.
Refiguring Baidehīśa Bilāsa: Reading the Queer and the Erotic in Upendra Bhanja’s Rāmāyaṇa
Authors: Ghosh Ujaan , Chowdhury Amrita 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBaidehīśa Bilāsa is a seventeenth century Odiā erotic retelling of the Rāmāyaṇa. The work is particularly pertinent today, as the political right wing in India celebrates Rāma’s abstinence and represses his conjugal life in public memory. Rāma’s leaving of Sītā for his kingdom (read the Hindu nation) is further highlighted as his choosing of Dharma (duty) over Kāma (pleasure). This text reorders that binary and demonstrates how preoccupied Rāma was in fulfilling his duties as a husband. It contains multiple erotic encounters between the couple and some important (and subversive) instances of queer imagination and interaction. This article is an attempt to survey and decipher the same. And, in doing so, we intend to contribute to the scholarship on Rāmāyaṇa and the literary history of pre-modern Odisha, which has received relatively little scholarly attention.
Composition and inclusion of probiotics in broiler diets alter intestinal permeability and spleen immune cell profiles without negatively affecting performance1
Authors: Meyer Meaghan M , Fries-Craft Krysten A , Bobeck Elizabeth A 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProbiotic feed additives with potential to enhance performance, health, and immunity have gained considerable popularity in commercial broiler production. The study objectives were to measure broiler performance, gut integrity, and splenic immune cell profiles in birds fed one of two probiotics at two inclusion levels. Nine hundred sixty Ross 708 broilers (12 per pen) were randomly assigned to no additive control, 0.05% or 0.10% LactoCare (Lactobacillus reuteri), or 0.05% or 0.10% LactoPlan (Lactobacillus plantarum) dietary treatments for 6 wk. On day 27, a 20-pen subset was utilized for a fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) assay, where half of the pens were subject to a 12-h feed restriction (FR) pregavage. Serum collected from blood drawn 1-h postgavage was analyzed for relative fluorescence of FITC-d absorbed across the intestinal barrier as a gut leakiness indicator. On day 42, spleens from eight birds per treatment were collected for immune cell profile analysis by multicolor flow cytometry. Although performance outcomes were not affected by dietary treatment, FITC-d absorption post-FR was increased 57% in the 0.05% LactoPlan treatment, and was decreased by 12.6% in the 0.05% LactoCare diet, 12% in the 0.10% LactoCare diet, and 22% in the 0.10% LactoPlan diet compared with the control. This indicates a positive impact in barrier integrity maintenance due to 0.05% and 0.10% LactoCare and 0.10% LactoPlan diet following a challenge. Immune cell profiles varied between the two probiotic compositions, with an approximately 50% reduction in splenic innate immune cells (monocyte/macrophage+) in birds fed LactoPlan (P &lt; 0.0001) and greater overall percentages of CD45+ leukocytes and CD3+ T cells in birds fed 0.10% LactoCare (P &lt; 0.0001). LactoPlan diets shifted splenic T-cell populations in favor of CD8α + cytotoxic T cells (TC; P = 0.007), while higher inclusions (0.10%) of either probiotic increased the percentage of activated CD4+ helper T cells (TH; P &lt; 0.0001). These results indicate that compositionally different probiotics had varying effects on the gut permeability and splenic immune cell profiles in broiler chickens, particularly at higher inclusion rates, but observed changes to underlying physiology did not negatively impact performance outcomes. The ability of a probiotic to alter gut permeability and immune cell profile, therefore, may depend on the compositional complexity of the product as well as inclusion rate.
Impact of Colorized Display of Mammograms on Lesion Detection
Authors: Knippa Emily E , Berg Erica , Richard Samuel , Lin Yuan , Roy Choudhury Kingshuk , Samei Ehsan , Baker Jay A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective
To assess the effect of the colorized display of digital mammograms on observer detection of subtle breast lesions.

Methods
Three separate observer studies compared detection performance using grayscale versus color display of 1) low-contrast mass-like objects in a standardized mammography phantom; 2) simulated microcalcifications in a background of normal breast parenchyma; and 3) standard-of-care clinical digital mammograms with subtle calcifications and masses. Colorization of the images was done by displaying each image pixel in blue, green, and red hues, or gray, maintaining DICOM–calibrated luminance scale and consistent luminance range. For the simulated calcifications and clinical mammogram studies, comparison of detection rates was computed using McNemar’s test for paired differences.

Results
For the phantom study, mass-like object detection was significantly better using a green colormap than grayscale (73.3% vs 70.8%, P = .009), with no significant improvement using blue or red colormaps (72.6% and 72.5%, respectively). For simulated microcalcifications, no significant difference was noted in detection using the green colormap, as compared with grayscale. For clinical digital screening mammograms, no significant difference was noted between gray and green colormaps for detection of microcalcifications. Green color display, however, resulted in decreased sensitivity for detection of subtle masses (63% vs 69%, P = .03).

Conclusion
Although modest improvement was demonstrated for a detection task using colorized display of a standard mammography phantom, no significant improvement was demonstrated using a color display for a simulated clinical detection task, and actual clinical performance was worse for colorized display of mammograms in comparison to standard grayscale display.
Evaluation of Insecticide Thresholds in Late-Planted Bt and Non-Bt Corn for Management of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Bilbo Tom R , Reay-Jones Francis P F , Greene Jeremy K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a major pest of corn in North and South America. It is managed primarily with transgenic corn-producing insecticidal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), but the development of resistance threatens their durability and necessitates the use of alternative management strategies. We conducted late-planted field trials during 2016 and 2017 in South Carolina using natural infestations. We evaluated the use of Bt and non-Bt corn hybrids in combination with foliar applications of chlorantraniliprole at varying infestation thresholds to protect field corn from infestation and damage and determine effects on grain yield. All Bt hybrids were more effective at reducing fall armyworm infestation rates and leaf injury than multiple insecticide sprays, and no Bt hybrid reached the lowest infestation threshold (20%) to require supplemental insecticide treatments, despite infestations in non-Bt corn reaching &gt;68% in each year. The only Bt and/or insecticide treatment to significantly reduce ear feeding or the proportion of ears injured (mainly by Helicoverpa zea [Boddie]) was the Bt hybrid pyramid producing Vip3A. However, significant protection of yield was detected only in the Bt hybrids producing Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2. All Bt traits tested in this study were effective in reducing infestation and feeding damage from fall armyworm, although this did not always result in significant protection of yield. Our results demonstrate the potential and limitations of using chlorantraniliprole with Bt (when resistance is present) and non-Bt corn to manage this pest.