bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding and childhood obesity: A 12‐country study
Authors: Ma Jian , Qiao Yijuan , Zhao Pei , Li Wei , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Chaput Jean‐Philippe , Fogelholm Mikael , Kuriyan Rebecca , Lambert Estelle V. , Maher Carol , Maia Jose , Matsudo Victor , Olds Timothy , Onywera Vincent , Sarmiento Olga L. , Standage Martyn , Tremblay Mark S. , Tudor‐Locke Catrine , Hu Gang ,   for the ISCOLE Research Group
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity. A multinational cross‐sectional study of 4,740 children aged 9–11 years was conducted from 12 countries. Infant breastfeeding was recalled by parents or legal guardians. Height, weight, waist circumference, and body fat were obtained using standardized methods. The overall prevalence of obesity, central obesity, and high body fat were 12.3%, 9.9%, and 8.1%, respectively. After adjustment for maternal age at delivery, body mass index (BMI), highest maternal education, history of gestational diabetes, gestational age, and child's age, sex, birth weight, unhealthy diet pattern scores, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity, sleeping, and sedentary time, exclusive breastfeeding was associated with lower odds of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 0.76, 95% confidence interval, CI [0.57, 1.00]) and high body fat (OR 0.60, 95% CI [0.43, 0.84]) compared with exclusive formula feeding. The multivariable‐adjusted ORs based on different breastfeeding durations (none, 1–6, 6–12, and > 12 months) were 1.00, 0.74, 0.70, and 0.60 for obesity (Ptrend = .020) and 1.00, 0.64, 047, and 0.64 for high body fat (Ptrend = .012), respectively. These associations were no longer significant after adjustment for maternal BMI. Breastfeeding may be a protective factor for obesity and high body fat in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children from 12 countries.
A qualitative study of the operating room experience of patients who underwent surgery under spinal anesthesia: “It was like an adventure”
Authors: Yilmaz Emel , Toğaç Hülya K. , Çetinkaya Aynur , Toğaç Soner 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the experiences of the people who underwent orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia and to report their feelings and thoughts. The study was carried out using a qualitative approach. Twenty‐one patients were interviewed who underwent orthopedic surgery on the first or second postoperative day. Content analysis was performed after the collection of raw data. NVIVO 12 Pro software was used for data analysis. The frequency count (f) and participant codes (P) were used for the presentation of the findings. The themes and frequency counts obtained by analyzing the interviews with the patients were as follows: “Time passed like watching a movie” (f = 213), “Like an adventure” (f = 587), and “See, feel, look” (f = 405). Five of 21 participants (23.8%) stated that they would not recommend spinal anesthesia. The findings generally indicated the anxiety caused by the unknown, fear in the preanesthetic period, operation experienced like an adventure, and a process generally completed with satisfaction.
Endosperm enrichment and physicochemical properties of superior and inferior grain starch in super hybrid rice
Authors: Wang L. , Lin G. , Yu X. , Wu Y. , Chen G. , Xiong F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

A significant asynchronous phenomenon exists in super hybrid rice because of the differences in spike and spikelet positions, which affect the accumulation and properties of starch. However, little is known about the endosperm enrichment and physicochemical properties of starch in superior and inferior grains in super hybrid rice.

Rice YY2640 was selected as study material to investigate the enrichment and physicochemical properties of starch in superior and inferior grains in super rice using semi‐thin sections, X‐ray diffraction and related technologies.

Superior grain filling was a continuous process, whereas inferior grain only started 8–10 days after anthesis. The order of starch accumulation starts in the central endosperm, then in the endosperm of the proximal vascular bundle and finally in the aleurone layer. Compared with the inferior grains, the superior grains have a higher 1000‐grain weight, apparent amylose content, total starch content, average starch granule size, relative crystallinity, solubility and a resonance peak ratio at 1022/995 cm−1, whereas the swelling power and ratio of the resonance peak at 1045/1022 cm−1 were lower. The final degree of hydrolysis of HCl, AAG and PPA of the superior grains were significantly lower than those of the inferior grains.

The findings indicate that the different physicochemical properties of starch were mainly related to the development order of superior and inferior grains and the spatial enrichment of starch.
Isolation and characterization of a new MATE gene located in the same chromosome arm of the aluminium tolerance (Alt1) rye locus
Authors: Santos E. , Matos M. , Benito C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Aluminium (Al) toxicity is the major constraint for crop productivity in acid soils. Wild rye species (Secale spp.) exhibit high Al tolerance, being a good source of genes related to this trait. The Alt1 locus located on the 6RS chromosome arm is one of the four main loci controlling Al tolerance in rye and is known to harbour major genes but, so far, none have been found.

Through synteny among the short arm of the rye chromosome 6R and the main grass species, we found a candidate MATE gene for the Atl1 locus, later named ScMATE3, which was isolated and characterized in different Secale species.

The sequence comparisons revealed both intraspecific and interspecific variability, with high sequence conservation in the Secale genus. SNP with replacement substitution that changed the structure of the protein and can be involved in the Al tolerance trait were found in ScMATE3 gene. The predicted subcellular localization of ScMATE3 is the vacuolar membrane which, together with the phylogenetic relationships performed with other MATE genes of the Poaceae related to Al detoxification, suggest involvement of ScMATE3 in an internal tolerance mechanism. Moreover, expression studies of this gene in rye corroborate its contribution in some Al resistance mechanisms.

The ScMATE3 gene is located on the 6RS chromosome arm between the same markers in which the Alt1 locus is involved in Al resistance mechanisms in rye, thus being a good candidate gene for this function.
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S9M is involved in male gametogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lu C. , Xie Z. , Yu F. , Tian L. , Hao X. , Wang X. , Chen L. , Li D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Mitochondrial function is critical for cell vitality in all eukaryotes including plants. Although plant mitochondria contain many proteins, few have been studied in the context of plant development and physiology.

We used knock‐down mutant RPS9M to study its important role in male gametogenesis and seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Knock‐down of RPS9M in the rps9m‐3 mutant led to abnormal pollen development and impaired pollen tube growth. In addition, both embryo and endosperm development were affected. Phenotype analysis revealed that the rps9m‐3 mutant contained a lower amount of endosperm and nuclear proteins, and both embryo cell division and embryo pattern were affected, resulting in an abnormal and defective embryo. Lowering the level of RPS9M in rps9m‐3 affects mitochondrial ribosome biogenesis, energy metabolism and production of ROS.

Our data revealed that RPS9M plays important roles in normal gametophyte development and seed formation, possibly by sustaining mitochondrial function.
Genome‐wide identification and characterization of the BES1 gene family in apple (Malus domestica)
Authors: Cao X. , Khaliq A. , Lu S. , Xie M. , Ma Z. , Mao J. , Chen B. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

As the most important transcription factor in the brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction pathway, BES1 not only affects growth and development of plants but also regulates stress resistance of crops.

The physicochemical properties, gene structure, cis‐acting elements and gene chip expression of apple BES1 transcription factors were analysed using bioinformatics, and expression of this gene family was analysed with qRT‐PCR.

There were 22 members of the apple BES1 transcription factors, distributed on eight chromosomes, divided into seven subtribes (I–VII), and the same subtribe contained the same basic motifs. Gene structure analysis showed that the number and position of exons differed, and there was no upstream and downstream structure. Analysis of cis‐acting elements indicated that BES1 transcription factors contain response elements for hormones and abiotic stress, as well as organ‐specific elements. Gene chip expression profile analysis revealed that expression patterns of BES1 transcription factors differed in different apple hybrids and different organs. In addition, expression of apple BES1 genes was higher in flowers, young fruits, mature fruits and leaves. qRT‐PCR demonstrated that expression of MdBES1 genes was highest 12 h after BR induction. At the same time, there were differences in expression in response to PEG, NaCl and MeJA.

This paper provides a theoretical basis for analysis of the biological function and stress resistance mechanism of BES1 transcription factors in apple.
Recording injuries only during winter competitive season underestimates injury incidence in elite alpine skiers
Authors: Alhammoud Marine , Racinais Sébastien , Rousseaux‐Blanchi Marie‐Philippe , Bouscaren Nicolas 
Published: March 2020

Current epidemiological studies in elite alpine skiers are mostly limited to retrospective surveys on in‐season injury. The aim of this study was to determine the risk and pattern of injury in elite alpine skiers during the winter competitive season (WCS) and the summer off‐season (SOS). European Cup skiers were prospectively followed during 5 complete years. A total of 133 skier‐seasons (79 males and 54 females) completed the study. All acute and overuse injuries that required medical attention were registered, representing a total of 166 injuries. Absolute injury incidence was 124.8 (95% CI [106‐145]) injuries per 100 athletes per complete season and was higher during the WCS compared with the SOS, albeit in a smaller magnitude than expected (relative risk ratio (RR) 1.44 [1.06‐1.96]). The absolute incidence of severe injuries (ie, time‐loss >28 days) was twofold higher during WCS compared with SOS (RR 2.19 [1.21‐3.95]). Most common injuries during the 2013‐2015 seasons were knee followed by back (absolute incidences 56 [38‐80] and 20 [10‐36], respectively; RR 2.82 [1.42‐5.61]), but this difference disappeared after 2015 (absolute incidences 25.6 [15.7‐39.6] and 23.1 [13.7‐36.5], respectively; RR 1.11 [0.59‐2.10]). In summary, we found that 98 (59%) injuries occurred during WCS and 68 (41%) during SOS over 5 years. These results demonstrate the necessity to record injuries during the entire year to avoid a significant underestimation of the injury incidence. In addition, the current data showed an evolution of injury pattern over time and since previous reports, with back injuries being the main concern along knee joint injuries.
Outcome in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for small adrenal gland tumours without vascular invasion
Authors: Cavalcanti Jacqueline V. J. , Skinner Owen T. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Colee James C. , Boston Sarah E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractVeterinary studies have reported the outcome of adrenalectomies in dogs; however, these studies typically include a wide variety of adrenal tumour sizes, including cases with or without vascular invasion. The purpose of this study was to report outcome in a cohort of dogs with histologically confirmed small adrenal tumours without vascular invasion treated with adrenalectomy. This retrospective study was conducted using data from the University of Florida and University of California‐Davis databases between 2010 and 2017. Dogs were included if they underwent excision of an adrenal gland tumour with a maximal diameter ≤ 3 cm, without evidence of vascular invasion to any location as assessed via computed tomography. Fifty‐one dogs met the inclusion criteria. The short‐term survival rate of dogs undergoing adrenalectomy was 92.2%, and one‐year disease‐specific survival was 83.3%. Twenty‐eight of 51 (54.9%) dogs were diagnosed with a malignancy. Minor complications were observed commonly intra‐operatively and post‐operatively. Major complications were observed in six dogs, and included sudden death, respiratory arrest, acute kidney injury, haemorrhage, hypotension and aspiration pneumonia. Short‐term mortality occurred in four dogs. Sudden death and haemorrhage were the most common major complications leading to death. While adrenalectomy is sometimes controversial because of the high perioperative mortality rates previously reported, the results of this study support that adrenalectomy for small tumours with no vascular invasion can be performed with low risk.
A Novel Electromechanical Solution for Cam-Switching in High Performance Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: De Martin Andrea , Jacazio Giovanni , Sorli Massimo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The variation of the valve lift is a fairly common strategy currently adopted in several in-service internal combustion engines to optimize their performance depending on the operating conditions of the vehicle. The most critical aspect to consider during the conceptual design phase of a cam switch system is the extremely narrow window of opportunity to perform the cam change, which duration is defined by the time during which the corresponding valve lift is null. To meet this requirement and ensure safe, repeatable movements, a novel architecture based on the combination of a new electromechanical actuator and its dedicated control system is presented. The architecture is at first introduced with reference to the numerous examples available in the literature, and hence mathematically described. The dynamic model of the system derived from the presented equation is then used to study the performance of the presented solution and define its control strategy. Results are finally presented and discussed.
Air–Fuel Ratio Imbalance Diagnostic of Spark-Ignited Engines With Modulated Sliding Discrete Fourier Transform
Authors: Yoon Yongsoon , Brahma Avra 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the novel on-board air–fuel ratio (AFR) imbalance diagnostic of spark-ignited (SI) engines. Because of the reciprocating nature of internal combustion engines, while this fault is present, it is known that the exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensor signal is accompanied by the oscillating disturbance of which frequency depends on the engine speed, such that it can be represented by the superposition of multiharmonic and DC signals. Motivated from this inherent feature, the novel diagnostic for detection and location of AFR imbalance is developed with modulated sliding discrete Fourier transform (mSDFT) and angular domain sampling. The feasibility is demonstrated with the simulated and measured AFR signals. It turns out that the developed diagnostic is able to identify fault types such as lean or rich imbalance and locate a single cylinder or multiple cylinders having abnormal AFR. It is robust to measurement noise at the expense of slow convergence rate. Spectral leakage is reduced with crank domain sampling such that accuracy in spectral analysis is improved. Finally, the diagnostic has great potential for broad reciprocating machinery.
Assessment of Fatigue Induced Pad Cratering With a Universal Expression of Printed Circuit Board Fatigue Resistance
Authors: Zhang Qiming , Ricky Lee S. W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Repeated loading is an important reason to cause pad cratering fatigue failure in ball grid array (BGA) device in printed circuit board (PCB) assembly. For industry application, the board level drop test is commonly applied to evaluate the pad cratering fatigue strength under the repetitive drop loading. Although this testing method is consistent with the actual service condition of BGA-PCB assembly, it is extremely time consuming in the testing operation and expensive in costs. Another fatigue evaluation testing method for BGA-PCB assembly is the board level cyclic bending test. Compare with the board level drop test, this testing method can be handled by universal testing machine automatically without manual operation during the testing process. In consequence, the cyclic bending test has the merits of simple, fast, and low costs, and it is always desirable to evaluate the repeated drop life of pad cratering with cyclic bending test. This research proposes a correlation between the cyclic bending and repetitive drop test in BGA-PCB assemblies. With assistance of finite element method, the equivalent cyclic bending testing conditions of drop tests are developed. The experimental validation is also conducted to prove accuracy of the correlation. From the analysis of finite element method and experiments, both cyclic bending tests and repetitive drop tests agree with the same strain–number of cycle (S–N) curve. This means the S–N curve can be treated as a generalized failure criterion of fatigue induced pad cratering. The conclusion is crucial for reliability design phases to prevent the pad cratering fatigue failure.
Debinding and Presintering of High Aspect Ratio Microbi-Lumen Tubes Produced by Extrusion of 17-4PH Feedstock
Authors: Kuriakose Sandeep , Cataldo Salvatore , Parenti Paolo , Annoni Massimiliano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Recent developments have showcased that micro-extrusion of feedstock can be used for manufacturing metallic microbi-lumen tubes with very high length-to-diameter aspect ratios, which are not viable by conventional metal extrusion or commonly used feedstock processing technologies like injection molding or hot pressing. The extrusion of high aspect ratio microcomponents faces the challenge of maintaining the geometrical accuracy, surface finish, and structural properties since the micro-extrusion in green state is followed by debinding and sintering operations, which result in shrinkage and variations in surface finish and structure. The stages of the process chain such as solvent/thermal debinding (TD), to remove the polymeric binder, and presintering (PS), to achieve a mild structural rigidity before the sintering, are of critical importance to achieve the surface and structural properties of high aspect ratio microparts and have not been yet studied in case of micro-extrusion of feedstock. In this study, the effect of debinding and PS on surface and structural properties of bi-lumen tubes processed at different extrusion conditions is discussed. Surface roughness of the tubes is analyzed using three-dimensional microscopy, and structural properties are studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The debinding and PS experiments on extruded microbi-lumen tubes retained very good surfaces integrity without any cracks or defects. The study shows that the interactions of extrusion temperature and extrusion velocity influence the surface finish of the extruded tubes the most. The sintered bi-lumen samples showed a good areal surface finish, Sa of 2.21 μm, which is near to the green state value confirming the suitability of the applied debinding and PS parameters.
Computed Poststenotic Flow Instabilities Correlate Phenotypically With Vibrations Measured Using Laser Doppler Vibrometry: Perspectives for a Promising In Vivo Device for Early Detection of Moderate and Severe Carotid Stenosis
Authors: Mancini Viviana , Bergersen Aslak W. , Valen-Sendstad Kristian , Segers Patrick 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Early detection of asymptomatic carotid stenosis is crucial for treatment planning in the prevention of ischemic stroke. Auscultation, the current first-line screening methodology, comes with severe limitations that create urge for novel and robust techniques. Laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) is a promising tool for inferring carotid stenosis by measuring stenosis-induced vibrations. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility of LDV for carotid stenosis detection. LDV measurements on a carotid phantom were used to validate our previously verified high-resolution computational fluid dynamics methodology, which was used to evaluate the impact of flowrate, flow split, and stenosis severity on the poststenotic intensity of flow instabilities (IFI). We evaluated sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of using IFI for stenoses detection. Linear regression analyses showed that computationally derived pressure fluctuations correlated (R2 = 0.98) with LDV measurements of stenosis-induced vibrations. The flowrate of stenosed vessels correlated (R2 = 0.90) with the presence of poststenotic instabilities. Receiver operating characteristic analyses of power spectra revealed that the most relevant frequency bands for the detection of moderate (56–76%) and severe (86–96%) stenoses were 80–200 Hz and 0–40 Hz, respectively. Moderate stenosis was identified with sensitivity and specificity of 90%; values decreased to 70% for severe stenosis. The use of LDV as screening tool for asymptomatic stenosis can potentially provide improved accuracy of current screening methodologies for early detection. The applicability of this promising device for mass screening is currently being evaluated clinically.
Experimental Investigation of a Combined Photovoltaic Thermal System via Air Cooling for Summer Weather of Egypt
Authors: Maghrabie Hussein M. , Mohamed A. S. A. , Salem Ahmed M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Utilizing photovoltaic (PV) panels for generating electrical power is accompanied with a low electrical efficiency that is further reduced as its surface temperature surpasses an acceptable limit. In order to overcome this critical issue, it is necessary to maintain the PV panels relatively at low surface temperatures as possible as using appropriate cooling systems. The current implementation assesses experimentally the performance of a combined PV thermal (PV/T) system using a forced-air cooling system during April, May, June, and July of summer weather of Egypt. The results reveal that the highest values of the solar intensity and the ambient air temperature are obtained in July. Employing the forced-air cooling system reduces the average temperature on the front and back sides of the PV panel during July by 12% and 12.8%, respectively. In addition, the forced-air cooling system enhances noticeably the electrical power output of the PV panel by 3.3%, 4.3%, 4.5%, and 6.1% during April, May, June, and July, respectively. Moreover, the maximum value of the average thermal efficiency achieved during July is 37%; whereas, the corresponding value of the average overall efficiency fulfilled during April is 48.7%.