bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapy new graduate self-efficacy and readiness to engage in pain assessment and management: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Ingram Meg , Forbes Roma , Jones Abraham 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: The competent assessment and management of pain is a requirement of all new graduate physiotherapists, however the readiness of new graduates in this area of practice is unknown. Understanding self-efficacy and readiness of new graduates is important in informing curricula. Methods: A sequential mixed-methods design was used. On completion of their professional education, new graduate physiotherapists completed a survey (n = 150, 90.9% response rate) measuring their self-efficacy for established competencies for pain assessment and management. Six months later, a randomised sample of respondents (n = 15) participated in a semi-structured interview to further explore self-efficacy and readiness for practice. Results: Competency items with the highest self-efficacy scores were Demonstrate empathic and compassionate communication and Assess patient preferences. The item with the lowest self-efficacy score was Differentiate physical dependence, substance use disorder, misuse, tolerance, addiction and nonadherence and how these affect pain and function. Six themes emerged from the semi-structured interviews: (1) understanding and explaining pain, (2) striving for patient-centred practice, (3) incomplete mastery of outcome measures, (4) chronic pain management is challenging (5) facing patient conflict and complexity and (6) direct mastery is most influential. Conclusions: New graduate physiotherapists demonstrated high self-efficacy for engaging in patient-centred practice but low self-efficacy for using pain outcome measures, managing chronic pain and substance use. The interview findings corroborated these results and highlighted the role of direct practice for pain assessment and management, self-efficacy and readiness for practice. Identifying the implications for improving professional pain curricula and new graduate workplace support in these domains are recommended.
#SafeSport: safeguarding initiatives at the Youth Olympic Games 2018
Authors: Mountjoy Margo , Vertommen Tine , Burrows Kirsty , Greinig Susan 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundLittle is known about athletes’ understanding of safe sport and occurrence of harassment and abuse in elite youth sport.ObjectiveTo evaluate the IOC Safe Sport educational experience at the Youth Olympic Games 2018 in Buenos Aires and to ascertain the athletes’ (1) understanding of what constitutes harassment and abuse, (2) perception of the occurrence in their sport, and (3) knowledge of where to report.MethodsAthletes visiting the IOC Safe Sport Booth answered a survey related to athletes’ (1) understanding of harassment and abuse in sport, (2) perception of the occurrence of harassment and abuse in their sport, and (3) knowledge of where to report. Experts and volunteers answered an email survey on their experience.ResultsThe response rate was 71.8%. When asked to define ‘safe sport’, the athletes mainly relate the concept to general physical and environmental safety, fair play and clean sport, rather than sport free from harassment and abuse. Almost half (46%) of the athletes expressed surprise by the definition of behaviours of harassment and abuse within sport. When asked if harassment and/or abuse occur in their sport, 47.5% reported ‘no’ or ‘not likely’, while 34% stated ‘likely’ or ‘very likely’; 19% were ‘unsure’. The majority (63%) of athletes knew where to seek help. Three quarters (71%) of the athletes rated the educational materials as ‘good’ to ‘excellent’. The experts and volunteers believed the intervention would result in change in athletes’ awareness, knowledge and behaviour.ConclusionsThis multinational cohort of elite youth athletes is not knowledgeable of the concept of harassment and abuse in sport, despite there being a significant perception of occurrence of harassment and abuse in their sports.
Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community: an abridged Cochrane systematic review
Authors: Sherrington Cathie , Fairhall Nicola , Wallbank Geraldine , Tiedemann Anne , Michaleff Zoe A , Howard Kirsten , Clemson Lindy , Hopewell Sally , Lamb Sarah 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo assess the effects of exercise interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community.Selection criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials evaluating the effects of any form of exercise as a single intervention on falls in people aged 60+years living in the community.ResultsExercise reduces the rate of falls by 23% (rate ratio (RaR) 0.77, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.83; 12 981 participants, 59 studies; high-certainty evidence). Subgroup analyses showed no evidence of a difference in effect on falls on the basis of risk of falling as a trial inclusion criterion, participant age 75 years+ or group versus individual exercise but revealed a larger effect of exercise in trials where interventions were delivered by a health professional (usually a physiotherapist). Different forms of exercise had different impacts on falls. Compared with control, balance and functional exercises reduce the rate of falls by 24% (RaR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.81; 7920 participants, 39 studies; high-certainty evidence). Multiple types of exercise (commonly balance and functional exercises plus resistance exercises) probably reduce the rate of falls by 34% (RaR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.88; 1374 participants, 11 studies; moderate-certainty evidence). Tai Chi may reduce the rate of falls by 19% (RaR 0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.99; 2655 participants, 7 studies; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain of the effects of programmes that primarily involve resistance training, dance or walking.Conclusions and implicationsGiven the certainty of evidence, effective programmes should now be implemented.
Management of severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Hines O Joe , Pandol Stephen J 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe risks, measurements of severity, and management of severe acute pancreatitis and its complications have evolved rapidly over the past decade. Evidence suggests that initial goal directed therapy, nutritional support, and vigilance for pancreatic complications are best practice. Patients can develop pancreatic fluid collections including acute pancreatic fluid collections, pancreatic pseudocysts, acute necrotic collections, and walled-off necrosis. Several randomized controlled trials and cohort studies have recently highlighted the advantage of managing these conditions with a progressive approach, with initial draining for infection followed by less invasive techniques. Surgery is no longer an early intervention and may not be needed. Instead, interventional radiologic and endoscopic methods seem to be safer with at least as good survival outcomes. Newly developed evidence based quality indicators are available to assess and improve performance. Development and clinical testing of drugs to target the mechanisms of disease are necessary for further advancements.
Occupational radiation exposure and excess additive risk of cataract incidence in a cohort of US radiologic technologists
Authors: Little Mark P , Cahoon Elizabeth K , Kitahara Cari M , Simon Steven L , Hamada Nobuyuki , Linet Martha S 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesPrevious analyses of cataract in radiation-exposed populations have assessed relative risk; radiogenic excess additive risk (EAR), arguably of more public health importance, has not been estimated. Previous analysis of a large prospective cohort of US radiologic technologists (USRT) quantified excess relative risk of cataract in relation to occupational radiation dose. We aim to assess EARs of cataract.MethodsWe estimated EARs of cataract/cataract surgery in the USRT cohort using generalised additive models in relation to occupational radiation exposure, and assessed risk modification by a priori-selected cataract risk factors (diabetes, body mass index, smoking, race, sex, birth-year, ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation exposure).ResultsThere were 11 345 cataract diagnoses and 5440 of cataract surgery during 832 462 and 888 402 person-years of follow-up, respectively. Cumulative occupational radiation exposure was associated with self-reported cataract, but not with cataract surgery, with EAR/104person-year Gy=94 (95% CI: 47 to 143, p<0.001) and EAR/104person-year Gy=13 (95% CI: <0 to 57, p=0.551), respectively. There was marked (p<0.001) variation of EAR by age and by diabetes status, with risk higher among persons ≥75 years and diabetics. There were indications of elevated risk among those with higher UVB radiation (p=0.045), whites (p=0.056) and among those with higher levels of cigarette smoking (p=0.062). Elevated additive risk was observed for estimated occupational radiation eye-lens doses <100 mGy (p=0.004) with no dose–response curvature (p=0.903).ConclusionsThe elevated additive risks associated with low-dose radiation, if confirmed elsewhere, have important public health and clinical implications for radiation workers as well as regulatory measures.
Dynamics of Binding of Lysozyme with Gold Nanoparticles: Corona Formation and its Correlation with a Naked-Eye-Based Colorimetric Approach
Authors: Aich D. , Saha S. , Mondal R. N. , Kamilya T. 
Published: December 2019

The interaction between colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and lysozyme (Lyz) has been studied through spectroscopic and microscopic measurements, molecular docking simulation and colorimetric measurements to investigate corona formation and the mechanism, affinity, number of sites and stoichiometry of binding. Molecular docking simulation endorses that, at physiological pH, the interaction between basic NH2group of arginine and citrate ions is predominant than the interaction between citrate ions and the positive surface charge of the bare AuNPs that result in the desorption of citrate ions from Au surfaces and finally, electrostatic interaction between [Formula: see text] group of arginine and positive charge surface of AuNPs results in the adsorption of Lyz on Au surfaces. As observed from Benesi–Hildebrand and fluorescence analyses, the ground state complex formation between Lyz and AuNPs requires several minutes, which is approximately 11 min in the present work to attain stoichiometric ratio 1:1. CD spectra indicate insignificant or no conformational change in the secondary structure of Lyz in the presence of AuNPs. The time variation of LSPR peak position and peak height in the presence of Lyz have been studied extensively through spectroscopic and microscopic measurements. Detailed discussion on the probable time-specific roles of change in local dielectric constant, plasmon coupling and electrostatic interaction on these variations has been presented. Colorimetric change of the AuNPs-Lyz system with time has been analyzed by measuring the red, blue and green color fractions as well as its correlation with the process of corona formation and aggregation has been investigated to propose a novel naked eye colorimetric approach of studying these processes in AuNPs-Lyz system.
EfficientIn VitroDifferentiation of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Into the Cardiomyocyte Using Plant-Derived Natural Compounds
Authors: Azadian Zahra , Shafiei Masoomeh , Hosseini Saadi , Kazemi Javad , Alipour Atefeh , Shahsavarani Hosein 
Published: December 2019

Various degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries and cancers are almost hard to treat with conventional therapies, causing death or at least permanent disability. The use of multipotent adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) for cell-based therapeutic applications has lately drawn elevated attention primarily due to their potential for differentiation into mesodermal lineages, which can finally be converted into cardiomyocytes to replace present invasive methods used to treat cardiac diseases. However, some reports hindered their clinical implementation due to concerns about efficacy scalability and reproducibility. In this research, we tested the impacts of using multiple natural small molecules and plant extract on the effectiveness of differentiating human ADMSCs into the definitive mesoderm lineage and cardiac progenitors. First, mesenchymal stem cells separated from human adult fat tissue, are propagated and characterized using flow cytometry and appropriate markers for this purpose. Second, passage cells are transferred to 24 well plates and treated with various plant-derived small molecules — primarily one of the most preserved intracellular signals, WNT/[Formula: see text]-catenin stimulators including resveratrol, stilbene, and multiple plant extracts — and assessed their impacts on differentiation into the definitive mesoderm and cardiac lineages. Obtained results revealed that our suggested strategy to differentiation is more viable and safer than present approaches. Taken together, data presented here showed that in vitro differentiation using plant-derived small molecules could be a potential way to improve the effectiveness of their final differentiation into definitive cardiomyocytes for in vivo applications.
IFN-γ and IL-17A regulate intestinal crypt production of CXCL10 in the healthy and inflamed colon
Authors: Walrath Travis , Malizia Robert A. , Zhu Xinjun , Sharp Stephen P. , D'Souza Shanti S. , Lopez-Soler Reynold , Parr Brian , Kartchner Brittany , Lee Edward C. , Stain Steven C. , Iwakura Yoichiro , O'Connor William 
Published: December 2019

During intestinal inflammation, immature cells within the intestinal crypt are called upon to replenish lost epithelial cell populations, promote tissue regeneration, and restore barrier integrity. Inflammatory mediators including TH1/TH17-associated cytokines influence tissue health and regenerative processes, yet how these cytokines directly influence the colon crypt epithelium and whether the crypt remains responsive to these cytokines during active damage and repair, remain unclear. Here, using laser-capture microdissection and primary colon organoid culture, we show that the cytokine milieu regulates the ability of the colonic crypt epithelium to participate in proinflammatory signaling. IFN-γ induces the TH1-recruiting, proinflammatory chemokine CXCL10/IP10 in primary murine intestinal crypt epithelium. CXCL10 was also induced in colonic organoids derived from mice with active, experimentally induced colitis, suggesting that the crypt can actively secrete CXCL10 in select cytokine environments during colitis. Colon expression of cxcl10 further increased during infectious and noninfectious colitis in Il17a−/−mice, demonstrating that IL-17A exerts a negative effect on CXCL10 in vivo. Furthermore, IL-17A directly antagonized CXCL10 production in ex vivo organoid cultures derived from healthy murine colons. Interestingly, direct antagonism of CXCL10 was not observed in organoids derived from colitic mouse colons bearing active lesions. These data, highlighting the complex interplay between the cytokine milieu and crypt epithelia, demonstrate proinflammatory chemokines can be induced within the colonic crypt and suggest the crypt remains responsive to cytokine modulation during inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Upon damage, the intestinal epithelium regenerates to restore barrier function. Here we observe that the local colonic cytokine milieu controls the production of procolitic chemokines within the crypt base and colon crypts remain responsive to cytokines during inflammation. IFN-γ promotes, while IL-17 antagonizes, CXCL10 production in healthy colonic crypts, while responses to cytokines differ in inflamed colon epithelium. These data reveal novel insight into colon crypt responses and inflammation-relevant alterations in signaling.
Linsitinib (OSI-906) for the Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Wild-Type Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors, a SARC Phase II Study
Authors: von Mehren Margaret , George Suzanne , Heinrich Michael C. , Schuetze Scott M. , Yap Jeffrey T. , Yu Jain Q. , Abbott Amanda , Litwin Samuel , Crowley John , Belinsky Martin , Janeway Katherine A. , Hornick Jason L. , Flieder Douglas B. , Chugh Rashmi , Rink Lori , Van den Abbeele Annick D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have activating mutations of KIT, PDGFRA, or uncommonly BRAF. Fifteen percent of adult and 85% of pediatric GISTs are wild type (WT), commonly having high expression of IGF-1R and loss of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex function. We tested the efficacy of linsitinib, an oral TKI IGF-1R inhibitor, in patients with WT GIST.

Patients and Methods:
A multicenter phase II trial of linsitinib was conducted. The primary endpoint was objective response rate. Secondary endpoints were clinical benefit rate: complete response, partial response, and stable disease (SD) ≥ 9 months, and quantitative 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) metabolic response (MR) at week 8. Serum levels for glucose, insulin, IGF-1R ligand IGF1, and binding proteins were obtained to explore correlations to patient outcomes and FDG-PET results.

Results:
Twenty patients were accrued in a 6-month period. Grade 3–4 toxicities possibly related to linsitinib were uncommon (8.5%). No objective responses were seen. Clinical benefit rate (CBR) at 9 months was 40%. Intense FDG uptake was observed at baseline, with partial MR of 12% and stable metabolic disease of 65% at week 8; these patients had RECIST 1.1 SD as their best response. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival Kaplan–Meier estimates at 9 months were 52% and 80%, respectively. SDHA/B loss determined by IHC was seen in 35% and 88% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions:
Linsitinib is well tolerated in patients with WT GIST. Although the 9-month CBR was 40%, and PFS at 9 months was 52%, no objective responses were observed. Rapid accrual to this study demonstrates that clinical trials of experimental agents in selected subtypes of GIST are feasible.
Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces RHAMM-Dependent Motility in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via PI3K–Akt–Oct-1 Signaling
Authors: Liu Yu-Chin , Lu Li-Feng , Li Chia-Jung , Sun Nian-Kang , Guo Jing-You , Huang Ya-Hui , Yeh Chau-Ting , Chao Chuck C.-K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which represents one of the most common cancers worldwide. Recent studies suggest that HBV's protein X (HBx) plays a crucial role in HCC development and progression. Earlier, genome-wide analysis identified that the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) represents a putative oncogene and is overexpressed in many human cancers, including HCC. However, the mechanism underlying RHAMM upregulation and its role in tumorigenesis remain unclear. Here, we show that ectopic expression of HBx activates the PI3K/Akt/Oct-1 pathway and upregulates RHAMM expression in HCC cells. HBx overexpression leads to dissociation of C/EBPβ from the RHAMM gene promoter, thereby inducing RHAMM upregulation. RHAMM knockdown attenuates HBx-induced cell migration and invasion in vitro. In mice, HBx promotes cancer cell colonization via RHAMM upregulation, resulting in enhanced metastasis. Analysis of gene expression datasets reveals that RHAMM mRNA level is upregulated in patients with HCC with poor prognosis.

Implications:
These results indicate that RHAMM expression is upregulated by HBx, a process that depends on the inhibition of C/EBPβ activity and activation of the PI3K/Akt/Oct-1 pathway. These results have several implications for the treatment of HBV-positive HCC involving upregulation of RHAMM and cancer metastasis.

Visual Overview:
http://mcr.aacrjournals.org/content/molcanres/18/3/375/F1.large.jpg.
Precision Oncology for Hepatocellular Cancer: Slivering the Liver by FGF19–FGFR4–KLB Pathway Inhibition
Authors: Subbiah Vivek , Pal Sumanta K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Summary:
This issue reports two studies, one by Hatlen and colleagues and the other by Kim and colleagues, that detail the drug-development journey of the FGF19–FGFR4 inhibitor fisogatinib (BLU-554), from identification of the drug to preclinical validation studies to finally the results of the proof-of-concept first-in-human phase I trial of this potent and selective, type I irreversible inhibitor of FGFR4. Moreover, Hatlen and colleagues also report a resistance mechanism acquired after therapy that targets selective FGFR4 inhibition, which validates FGF as a specific target in hepatocellular cancer.
See related article by Hatlen et al., p. 1686.
See related article by Kim et al., p. 1696.
Location-Dependent B-cell Function in Glioblastoma
Authors: Pucci Ferdinando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Immunotherapy has shown remarkable successes in several tumor types and is now the first-line treatment for several conditions, including recurring disease. Nonetheless, a large fraction of patients does not respond, which is particularly true in glioblastoma. The results of Lee-Chang and colleagues point to intratumoral B cells as a potential target for immunotherapy.
See article by Lee-Chang et al., p. 1928
СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ НА ХОЛОГЕННУ ДІАРЕЮ
Authors: Hrytsko R. Yu. , Bochar O. M. , Bochar V. T. 
Published: December 2019

Мета роботи – узагальнити дані про етіологію, механізм розвитку, клінічні прояви, лабораторну діагностику та принципи лікування хологенної діареї (ХД).
ХД – хронічна діарея, яка спричинена надлишковим надходженням жовчних кислот (ЖК) в ободову кишку. Найчастіше такий стан виникає через порушення всмоктування ЖК в тонкій кишці або при швидкому транзиті їх внаслідок підвищеної моторно-евакуаторної функції тонкої кишки. Наведені основні механізми обміну ЖК в нормі та при різних патологічних станах. Порушення всмоктування ЖК в тонкій кишці може бути первинним (вродженим) – найчастіше при целіакії і вторинним. Вторинні порушення всмоктування ЖК розвиваються у пацієнтів, яким виконано резекцію клубової кишки або які мають захворювання, що супроводжуються запальним процесом у тонкій кишці (хвороба Крона). Розвиток ХД також може бути обумовлений патологією біліарної системи. Надмірне потрапляння жовчі у кишки можливе після холецистектомії або при різних дискінезіях жовчних шляхів, при синдромі дисфункції сфінктера Одді.
Основним симптомом ХД є часті випорожнення калом рідкої консистенції яскраво-жовтого або зеленого забарвлення. Іншим характерним симптомом ХД є виникнення больового синдрому у правих відділах живота. В основі діагностичного алгоритму ХД, окрім збору анамнезу і деталізації скарг пацієнта, лежить дослідження калу та проведення низки специфічних тестів: 75SeHCAT-тесту, визначення рівня сироваткового метаболіту C4 (7a-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one) та концентрації фактора росту фібробластів FGF-19.
Лікування ХД включає корекцію харчування та симптоматичну терапію. Призначають ентеросорбенти, при больовому синдромі – спазмолітики, для усунення асинхронного надходження з їжею жовчі в тонку кишку – жовчогінні препарати, для лікування синдрому надлишкового бактерійного росту у верхніх відділах тонкої кишки – кишкові антибіотики, кишкові антисептики, пробіотики та пребіотики. У період вираженої діареї призначають препарати, що пригнічують перистальтику, зокрема лоперамід. При значній втраті ЖК із калом рекомендовано застосування секвестрантів жовчі (холестираміну).