bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-lockdown depression and anxiety in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Khubchandani Jagdish , Sharma Sushil , Webb Fern J , Wiblishauser Michael J , Bowman Sharon L 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
The mental health impact of the pandemic after the initial lockdowns has not been well studied in the USA. Thus, the purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive and systematic national assessment of the prevalence of depression and anxiety in the adult US population.

Methods
A multi-item, valid and reliable questionnaire was deployed online via mTurk and social media sites to recruit adult US participants in the general population across the USA. A total of 1978 individuals participated in the study, where the majority were: females (51%), whites (74%), non-Hispanic (81%), married (56%), employed full time (68%) and with a bachelor’s degree or higher (78%).

Results
The prevalence of depression (39%), anxiety (42%) and psychological distress (39%) were computed from the PHQ-4 scale. In multiple regression analyses, depression, anxiety and psychological distress burden (assessed by PHQ-4 scale) was predicted significantly based on race, ethnicity, age, having children at home, employment as a healthcare worker, annual household income and area of residence. Males were more likely to have depression, and females were more likely to have anxiety symptoms.

Conclusions
Given the high prevalence of depression and anxiety, interdisciplinary and multisectoral approaches are recommended in the USA along with population-based interventions on mental health improvement.
Multilevel analysis of research management professionals and external funding at universities: Empirical evidence from Japan
Authors: Ito Shin , Watanabe Toshiya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examines the relationships between a collaborative climate for research management professionals and external funding at universities. University research management is becoming increasingly important in efforts to develop innovation. By combining data from an original questionnaire survey and a public dataset, this study employed multilevel structural equation modelling. The sample comprised 292 research management professionals at 76 Japanese universities and research institutions. The results indicate that the whole hypothetical model of the two-level structure fitted the data well. At the organisational level, the knowledge-sharing environment had a significant positive relation with external research funding. Supportive supervision was also positively and significantly related to the knowledge-sharing environment at the individual and organisational levels. The findings show that a more collaborative climate for research management professionals can lead to more external funding of the entire university; they provide a new contribution to the theory and practice of university research management.
Proliferation of Punishment: The Centrality of Legal Fines and Fees in the Landscape of Contemporary Penology
Authors: Slavinski Ilya , Pettit Becky 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDecades of significant crime declines and recent reductions in the number of people confined in prisons and jails in the United States have been accompanied by the emergence of new, and the resurgence of old, forms of punishment. One of these resurgent forms is the assessment of fines, fees, and costs to those who encounter the criminal legal system. Legal financial obligations (LFOs) have become widespread across the United States and are levied for offenses from alleged traffic violations in some states to felony convictions in others. Their emergence has been heralded by some as a less punitive alternative to spending time in prison or jail but recognized by others as uniquely consequential for people without the means to pay. Drawing on data from 254 counties in Texas, this article explores the emergence and enforcement of LFOs in Texas, where LFOs play a particularly prominent role in sanctions for alleged misdemeanor offenses and serve as an important source of revenue. Enforcement of LFOs varies geographically and is related to conservative politics and racial threat. We argue that LFOs are a defining feature of a contemporary punishment regime where racial injustice is fueled by economic inequality.
Transmission of Faith in Families: The Influence of Religious Ideology
Authors: Smith Jesse 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The family and denominational factors influencing intergenerational religious transmission have been examined in a substantial body of work. Despite research identifying religious ideology as a salient aspect of American religion, however, its role in religious transmission remains unexplored. In this study, I use the National Study of Youth and Religion to test whether children’s worship attendance and centrality of faith in young adulthood differ based on whether their parents identify as religiously liberal, moderate, conservative, or none of these. I further test whether the strength of the relationship between parent and child religiosity differs between ideological groups. The primary finding is that religious transmission is stronger among children of religious conservatives than for any other group, while the other groups do not differ significantly from one another. These differences in transmission are largely explained by religious conservative parenting approaches, congregational involvement, and most importantly, more intensive religious socialization.
Severely stigmatised skin neglected tropical diseases: a protocol for social science engagement
Authors: Zaman Shahaduz , Nahar Papreen , MacGregor Hayley , Barker Tom , Bayisenge Jeannette , Callow Clare , Fairhead James , Fahal Ahmed , Hounsome Natalia , Roemer-Mahler Anne , Mugume Peter , Tadele Getnet , Davey Gail 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
More than one billion people are affected by neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) and many of these diseases are preventable. While the grouping of these conditions as NTDs has generated vast mapping, mass drug administration and surveillance programmes, there is growing evidence of gaps and weaknesses in purely biomedical approaches, and the need for responses that also recognise the social determinants of health. In order to unpack the social and political determinants of NTDs, it is important to view the problem from a social science perspective. Given this background, the Social Sciences for Severe Stigmatizing Skin Diseases (5S) Foundation has recently been established by the Centre for Global Health Research at Brighton and Sussex Medical School. The broad aim of the 5S Foundation is to incorporate social science perspectives in understanding and addressing the problems around three NTDs, namely, podoconiosis, mycetoma and scabies. This protocol paper sets out the aims and approaches of the 5S Foundation while activities such as research, public engagement, training and capacity building get underway.
Breast cancer: Emerging principles of metastasis, adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment from cancer registry data
Authors: Engel Jutta , Eckel Renate , Schrodi Simone , Halfter Kathrin , Schubert-Fritschle Gabriele , Hölzel Dieter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundGrowing primary breast cancers (PT) can initiate local (LR), regional (pLN), and distant metastases (MET). Characteristics of these progressions such as initiation, frequency, growth duration and treatment success describe principles of these processes. They are bottlenecks through which scientific and molecular biological concepts and hypotheses must fit.MethodsPopulation-based data from the Munich Cancer Registry over 4 time periods since 1978 with the most important prognostic factors and an up to date follow-up are analyzed. With 66.818 patients, reliable data are obtained on initiation on METs, growth time und survival even in small subgroups. Together with results of clinical trials on prevention and adjuvant treatment (AT) principles for tumor growth, MET process and AT are derived.ResultsThe median growth periods for PT/ MET/LR/pLN result in 12.5/8.8/5/3.5 years. Even if 30% of METs only appear after 10 years of MET-free time, a delayed initiation or cascade like initiation of METs, e.g. from pLNs cannot be derived from the data. That is an immediate MET initiation principle by PT. The growth rate of the PT can vary by a factor of 10 or more and can be transferred to the MET. Nevertheless, the relation of the growth times PT/MET results in a less varying value of 1.4. Principles of AT are the 50% eradication of 1st and 2ndPTs, the selective and partial eradication of bone and lung METs with successful ATs, which cannot be improved by extending the duration of ATs. These principles reveal, among other things, that there is no rationale for the accepted for long-term endocrine ATs, breast cancer risk by hormone replacement therapies, or cascading initiation of METs.ConclusionA paradigm with ten principles for the MET process and ATs can be derived from real world data and clinical trials. The principles show limits and opportunities for innovation also through alternative interpretations of well-known studies. The outlined MET process should be generalizable to all solid tumors.
Comparable specimen collection from both ends of at-home mid-turbinate swabs
Authors: Truong Melissa , Pfau Brian , McDermot Evan , Han Peter D. , Brandstetter Elisabeth , Richardson Matthew , Kim Ashley E. , Rieder Mark J. , Chu Helen Y. , Englund Janet A. , Nickerson Deborah A. , Shendure Jay , Lockwood Christina M. , Konnick Eric Q. , Starita Lea M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUnsupervised upper respiratory specimen collection is a key factor in the ability to massively scale SARS-CoV-2 testing. But there is concern that unsupervised specimen collection may produce inferior samples. Across two studies that included unsupervised at-home mid-turbinate specimen collection, ∼1% of participants used the wrong end of the swab. We found that molecular detection of respiratory pathogens and a human biomarker were comparable between specimens collected from the handle of the swab and those collected correctly. Older participants were more likely to use the swab backwards. Our results suggest that errors made during home-collection of nasal specimens do not preclude molecular detection of pathogens and specialized swabs may be an unnecessary luxury during a pandemic.
Epigenetic Signatures of Human Myocardium and Brown Adipose Tissue Revealed with Simultaneous Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance of Class I Histone Deacetylases
Authors: Izquierdo-Garcia David , Hooker Jacob M. , Schroeder Frederick A. , Mekkaoui Choukri , Gilbert Tonya M. , Panagia Marcello , Cero Cheryl , Rogers Lindsey , Bhanot Anisha , Wang Changning , Cypess Aaron M. , Catana Ciprian , Sosnovik David E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRationaleHistone deacetylases (HDACs) play a central role in cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in preclinical models. However, their impact in the human heart remains unknown.ObjectiveWe aimed to image HDAC expression in the human heartin vivowith PET-MR (positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance) using [11C]Martinostat, a novel radiotracer targeted to class I HDACs. We further aimed to compare HDAC expression in the heart with its expression in skeletal muscle and brown/white adipose tissue (BAT/WAT).Methods and ResultsThe specificity and selectivity of [11C]Martinostat binding in the heart was assessed in non-human primates (n=2) byin vivoblocking studies and with anex vivocellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) of HDAC paralog stabilization by Martinostat. PET-MR imaging of [11C]Martinostat was performed in healthy volunteers (n=6) for 60 minutes to obtain time-activity curves of probe uptake and kinetics. qPCR of class I HDACs was performed in specimens of BAT obtained from patients (n=7) undergoing abdominal surgery and in specimens of human subcutaneous WAT (n=7). CETSA and the blocking studies demonstrated that Martinostat was specific for class I HDACs in the heart. HDAC density, measured by standardized uptake values of [11C]Martinostat, was 8 times higher in the myocardium than skeletal muscle (4.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.54 ± 0.29, p<0.05) and also significantly higher in BAT than WAT (0.96 ± 0.29 vs. 0.17 ± 0.08, p<0.05). qPCR confirmed higher class I HDAC expression in BAT, particularly HDAC2 and HDAC3 (2.6 and 2.7-fold higher than WAT respectively, p<0.01).ConclusionsClass I HDAC expression in the human heart can be imagedin vivoand is dramatically higher than any other peripheral tissue, including skeletal muscle. The high levels of HDAC in the myocardium and BAT suggest that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in tissues with high energetic demands and metabolic plasticity.
The anti-vaccination infodemic on social media: a behavioral analysis
Authors: Germani Federico , Biller-Andorno Nikola 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVaccinations are without doubt one of the greatest achievements of modern medicine, and there is hope that they can constitute a solution to halt the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. However, the anti-vaccination movement is currently on the rise, spreading online misinformation about vaccine safety and causing a worrying reduction in vaccination rates worldwide. In this historical time, it is imperative to understand the reasons of vaccine hesitancy, and to find effective strategies to dismantle the rhetoric of anti-vaccination supporters. For this reason, we analyzed the behavior of anti-vaccination supporters on the platform Twitter. Here we identify that anti-vaccination supporters, in comparison to pro-vaccination supporters, share conspiracy theories and make use of emotional language. We demonstrate that anti-vaccination supporters are more engaged in discussions on Twitter and share their contents from a pull of strong influencers. We show that the movement’s success relies on a strong sense of community, based on the contents produced by a small fraction of profiles, with the community at large serving as a sounding board for anti-vaccination discourse to circulate online. Surprisingly, our data demonstrate that Donald Trump, together with members of his entourage and his closest supporters, are the main drivers of vaccine misinformation on Twitter. Based on these results, we propose to strategically target the anti-vaccination community online through policies that aim at halting the circulation of false information about vaccines. Based on our data, we also propose solutions to improve the communication strategy of health organizations and build a community of engaged influencers that support the dissemination of scientific insights, including issues related to vaccines and their safety.
Hawkmoths use wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation for aerial recovery to vortex ring perturbations
Authors: Gau Jeff , Gemilere Ryan ,   LDS-VIP (FM subteam), Lynch James , Gravish Nick , Sponberg Simon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCentimeter-scale fliers that combine wings with springy elements must contend with the high power requirements and mechanical constraints of flapping wing flight. Insects utilize elastic energy exchange to reduce the inertial costs of flapping wing flight and potentially match wingbeat frequencies to a mechanical resonance. Flying at resonance may be energetically favorable under steady conditions, but it is difficult to modulate the frequency of a resonant system. Evidence suggests that insects utilize frequency modulation over long time scales to adjust aerodynamic forces, but it remains an open question the extent to which insects can modulate frequency on the wingstroke-to-wingstroke timescale. If wingbeat frequencies deviate from resonance, the musculature must work against the elastic flight system, thereby potentially increasing energetic costs. To assess how insects address the simultaneous needs for power and control, we tested the capacity for wingstroke-to-wingstroke wingbeat frequency modulation by perturbing free hoveringManduca sextawith vortex rings while recording high-speed video at 2000 fps. Because hawkmoth flight muscles are synchronous, there is at least the potential for the nervous system to modulate frequency on each wingstroke. We observed±16% wingbeat frequency modulation in just a few wing strokes. Via instantaneous phase analysis of wing kinematics, we found that over 85% of perturbation responses required active changes in motor input frequency. Unlike their robotic counterparts that explicitly abdicate frequency modulation in favor of energy efficiency, we find that wingstroke-to-wingstroke frequency modulation is an underappreciated control strategies that complements other strategies for maneuverability and stability in insect flight.
The human odorant receptor OR10A6 is tuned to the pheromone of the commensal fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Frey Tim , Kwadha Charles A. , Wallin Erika A. , Holgersson Elsa , Hedenström Erik , Bohman Björn , Bengtsson Marie , Becher Paul G. , Krautwurst Dietmar , Witzgall Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAll living things speak chemical. The challenge is to discover the vocabulary, the volatile odorant chemicals that enable communication across phylogenies and to translate them to physiological, behavioural and ecological function. Olfactory receptors (ORs) interface animals with airborne odorants. Expression of single ORs in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) makes it possible to interrogate ORs with synthetic chemicals and to identify cognate ligands that convey olfactory information.ResultsThe cosmopolitan strain of the vinegar fly Drosophila melanogaster has accompanied the human expansion out of Africa, more than ten thousand years ago. These flies are strictly anthropophilic and depend on human resources and housing for survival, particularly in colder climate zones. Curiously, humans sense the scent of a single fly, and more precisely the female pheromone (Z)-4 undecenal (Z4-11Al), at 10 ng/mL (0.06 µmol/L). A screening of all functional human ORs in a HEK-293 assay provides an explanation for this astounding sensitivity, as it shows that OR10A6, one of the most highly expressed human ORs, is specifically tuned to Z4-11Al. Chemical analysis of fly effluvia confirms that cosmopolitan D. melanogaster females release Z4-11Al, while females of an African fly strain from Zimbabwe release a 1:3-blend of Z4-11Al and (Z)-4 nonenal (Z4-9Al). Interestingly, a blend of Z4-9Al and Z4-11Al produces a different aroma than the the single compounds, which is why we readily differentiate cosmopolitan and Zimbabwe flies by nose.ConclusionThat we sensitively and specifically perceive the fly pheromone Z4-11Al suggests that it is a component of human odour scenes. This may have afforded a sensory drive during adaptation of commensal flies to human habitats and selected for a role of Z4-11Al in fly aggregation and premating communication. Screening ORs for key ligands leads to the discovery of messenger chemicals that enable chemical communication among and betwen vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Reducing interaural tonotopic mismatch preserves binaural unmasking in cochlear implant simulations of single-sided deafness
Authors: Sagi Elad , Azadpour Mahan , Neukam Jonathan , Capach Nicole Hope , Svirsky Mario A. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBinaural unmasking, a key feature of normal binaural hearing, refers to the improved intelligibility of masked speech by adding masking noise that facilities perceived spatial separation of target and masker. A question particularly relevant for cochlear implant users with single-sided deafness (SSD-CI) is whether binaural unmasking can still be achieved if the additional masking is distorted. Adding the CI restores some aspects of binaural hearing to these listeners, although binaural unmasking remains limited. Notably, these listeners may experience a mismatch between the frequency information perceived through the CI and that perceived by their normal hearing ear. Employing acoustic simulations of SSD-CI with normal hearing listeners, the present study confirms a previous simulation study that binaural unmasking is severely limited when interaural frequency mismatch between the input frequency range and simulated place of stimulation exceeds 1-2 mm. The present study also shows that binaural unmasking is largely retained when the input frequency range is adjusted to match simulated place of stimulation, even at the expense of removing low-frequency information. This result bears implication for the mechanisms driving the type of binaural unmasking of the present study, as well as for mapping the frequency range of the CI speech processor in SSD-CI users.
Neonatal Thyroxine Activation Modifies Epigenetic Programming of The Liver
Authors: Fonseca Tatiana L. , Garcia Tzintzuni , Fernandes Gustavo W. , Nair T. Murlidharan , Bianco Antonio C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the neonatal liver, a peak of type 2 deiodinase (D2) activity accelerates local T3 production and the expression of thyroid hormone (TH)-responsive genes. Here we show that this acute increase in T3 signaling permanently modifies hepatic gene expression. Liver-specific Dio2 inactivation (Alb-D2KO) transiently increased H3K9me3 levels during post-natal days 1-5 (P1-P5) in discrete chromatin areas, and methylation of 1,508 DNA sites (H-sites) that remained in the adult mouse liver. These sites were associated with 1,551 areas of reduced chromatin accessibility (RCA; Atac-seq) within core promoters and 2,426 within intergenic regions, with reduction in the expression of 1,525 genes (RNA-seq). There was strong correlation between H-sites and RCA sites (r=0.85; p<0.0002), suggesting a cause-effect relationship. The analysis of chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data revealed a set of 57 repressed genes that have a promoter RCA in close contact with an intergenic RCA ~300 Kbp apart, including Foxa2 that plays an important role during development. Thus, the post-natal surge in hepatic D2 activity and TH-signaling prevents discrete DNA methylation and modifies the transcriptome of the adult mouse. This explains how the systemic T3 hormone acts locally during development to define future chromatin accessibility and expression of critically relevant hepatic genes.
Can we conjointly record direct interactions between neuronsin vivoin anatomically-connected brain areas? Probabilistic analyses and further implications
Authors: Martin Sean K. , Aggleton John P. , O’Mara Shane M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge-scale simultaneousin vivorecordings of neurons in multiple brain regions raises the question of the probability of recording direct interactions of neurons within, and between, multiple brain regions. In turn, identifying inter-regional communication rules between neurons during behavioural tasks might be possible, assuming conjoint activity between neurons in connected brain regions can be detected. Using the hypergeometric distribution, and employing anatomically-tractable connection mapping between regions, we derive a method to calculate the probability distribution of ‘recordable’ connections between groups of neurons. This mathematically-derived distribution is validated by Monte Carlo simulations of directed graphs representing the underlying anatomical connectivity structure. We apply this method to simulated graphs with multiple neurons, based on counts in rat brain regions, and to connection matrices from the Blue Brain model of the mouse neocortex connectome. Overall, we find low probabilities of simultaneously-recording directly interacting neuronsin vivoin anatomically-connected regions with standard (tetrode-based) approaches. We suggest alternative approaches, including new recording technologies and summing neuronal activity over larger scales, offer promise for testing hypothesised interregional communication and source transformation rules.