bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prospectus Regulation and Other EU Legislation
Authors: Driessen Marieke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the scope and application of the Prospectus Regulation is affected by other EU laws. It reveals that the content and format of prospectuses is not only subject to the Prospectus Regulation, but also other EU laws and policy leave their imprint on prospectuses, as well as EU regulations on market abuse, benchmarks, credit rating agencies, and securitisation. Also the Take-over Bid Directive and European Central Bank (ECB) monetary policy for the Eurosystem drive disclosure in prospectuses. With the prospect of a hard Brexit hanging over the international capital markets in much of 2019, this chapter also briefly discusses approaches in the EU27 and the United Kingdom (UK) to prospectus regulation post-Brexit. Whereas currently an approved prospectus benefits from passporting rights to all other EU jurisdictions, in case of a hard Brexit, the EU capital markets will become fractured, with securities offerings and listings in both the remaining EU jurisdictions (EU27) and in the UK requiring their own prospectus approvals, unless a Brexit deal is reached whereby the Prospectus Regulation would continue to apply to the United Kingdom.
The Summary and Risk Factors
Authors: Have Robert ten 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the prospectus summary and risk factors. Based on the aim of the new Prospectus Regulation to further harmonize prospectuses across Member States, the new format for the summary is highly prescriptive and standardized, with a strong focus on accessibility. The summary format includes the entitlement of the sub-sections in the form of questions. A separate Commission delegated regulation contains regulatory technical standards to specify the content and format of presentation of the key financial information to be included in the summary. From an issuer's perspective, when drawing up the prospectus, there may be a tension between on the one hand the (new) requirement that the summary shall be ‘accurate, fair and not misleading’, and on the other that the summary needs to be ‘concise’ and is bound to a maximum length. In addition, the new Prospectus Regulation applies an overall cap of 15 for the number of risk factors that may be included in the summary. In view of the maximum length requirement and the capped number of risk factors, issuers and their advisers will need to make choices as to what to include or not include in the summary, which may bring concerns about ensuing liability.
The New Advertisement RegimeWhat a Difference a Word Makes?
Authors: Kastelein Gerard , Reutelingsperger Tom 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on advertisements. The advertisement regime under the new EU prospectus rules will not have a huge impact on the EU capital markets. As a result of the Prospectus Regulation there will be one set of rules which apply equally throughout the EU, although as of yet supervision will remain decentralized with the risk of diverging interpretations. The chapter predicts a market practice to develop as to which type of communications will be (deemed) in-scope for the definition of advertisements and which type of communications will be (deemed) out of scope, which market practice will, where applicable, be supported and/or developed by the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA). This is based on the assumption that the change in the definition of the word ‘announcement’ to ‘communication’ in the Prospectus Regulation does not significantly alter the scope of the advertisements regime, which is also the view of the European Commission.
Italy
Authors: Giudici Paolo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Italian law. Italian securities law refers to ‘prospectus’ as the document that has to be published when there is an offer to the public of transferable securities and units issued by collective investment undertakings of the closed-end type, an offer of any other type of financial product or, finally, a request for admission to trading on a regulated market. The prospectus is the document that is drafted in accordance with the EU Prospectus Regulation. The scope of Italian prospectus regulation is moreover wider than the scope of the EU Prospectus Regulation. Prospectus liability in Italy is today governed by specific rules that incorporate many of the issues that were debated by scholars and courts before the enactment of those specific statutory rules. Currently, the main issue seems to be whether those statutory rules express principles to be applied to all forms of material misstatements or omissions to the market, or are just a part of the general framework concerning liability to the market.
The Netherlands
Authors: Franx Jan Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Dutch law. The history of the present statutory rules on prospectus liability in the Netherlands dates back to 1928, the year in which Dutch corporate law was codified. Like the annual report which companies had to publish on a yearly basis, the Dutch legislator considered the prospectus as a corporate document and therefore was of the opinion that a statutory rule on prospectus liability should be issued together with the Companies Act. Codification of prospectus liability was effectuated by formulating it as a special category of tort in the Dutch Civil Code (DCC). The act of 1928 provided that managing and supervisory directors of the issuer would be jointly and severally liable with the issuer itself for misleading statements in the prospectus. This had to do with the view of the legislator — that the decision of investors to invest in a company was to a large extent based on the reputation of management. As a result of this joint and several liability of directors, the first Dutch legislation on prospectus liability can be considered as being particularly investor friendly.
Jet efficiencies and black hole spins in jetted quasars
Authors: Soares Gustavo , Nemmen Rodrigo 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The mechanisms responsible for the production of relativistic jets from supermassive black holes (SMBHs) accreting at near-Eddington rates are not well understood. Simple theoretical expectations indicate that SMBHs in quasars accrete via thin discs which should produce at most very weak jets. This is contradicted by observations of powerful jets in flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs). We use gamma-ray luminosities observed with the Fermi Large Area Telescope as a proxy of the jet power for a population of 154 FSRQs. Assuming typical quasar accretion rates and using black hole (BH) mass measurements from a variety of methods, we find a mean jet production efficiency of about 10 per cent for FSRQs, with values as high as 222 per cent. We find that this is consistent with FSRQs hosting moderately thin, magnetically arrested accretion discs around rapidly spinning BHs. Modelling our observations using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations of jets from thin discs, we find an average lower limit of a* = 0.59 for the SMBH spins of FSRQs, with tendency for the spins to decrease as the BH mass increases. Our results are consistent with the merger-driven evolution of SMBHs. 3 per cent of the sample cannot be explained by current GRMHD models of jet production from Kerr BHs due to the high efficiencies. Along the way, we find a correlation between BH masses and Lγ which may be an useful mass estimator in blazar gamma-ray studies.
Simulating disc formation in tidal disruption events
Authors: Bonnerot Clément , Lu Wenbin 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
A star coming too close to a supermassive black hole gets disrupted by the tidal force of the compact object in a tidal disruption event, or TDE. Following this encounter, the debris evolves into an elongated stream, half of which coming back to pericentre. Relativistic apsidal precession then leads to a self-crossing shock that initiates the formation of an accretion disc. We perform the first simulation of this process considering a parabolic encounter with a supermassive black hole, which has so far eluded investigations for computational reasons. This numerical issue is alleviated by using as initial conditions the outflow launched by the self-crossing shock according the local simulation of Lu & Bonnerot (2020). We find that the gas leaving the intersection point experiences numerous secondary shocks that result in the rapid formation of a thick and marginally bound disc. The mass distribution features two overdensities identified as spiral shocks that drive slow gas inflow along the mid-plane. Inward motion primarily takes place along the funnels of the newly formed torus, from which a fraction of the matter can get accreted. Further out, the gas moves outward forming an extended envelope completely surrounding the accretion flow. Secondary shocks heat the debris at a rate of a few times $10^{44} \, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$ with a large fraction likely participating to the bolometric luminosity. These results pave the way towards a complete understanding of the early radiation from TDEs that progressively becomes accessible from observations.
An astrophysically motivated ranking criterion for low-latency electromagnetic follow-up of gravitational wave events
Authors: Artale M Celeste , Bouffanais Yann , Mapelli Michela , Giacobbo Nicola , Sabha Nadeen B , Santoliquido Filippo , Pasquato Mario , Spera Mario 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the properties of the host galaxies of compact binary mergers across cosmic time. To this end, we combine population synthesis simulations together with galaxy catalogues from the hydrodynamical cosmological simulation eagle to derive the properties of the host galaxies of binary neutron star (BNS), black hole-neutron star (BHNS), and binary black hole (BBH) mergers. Within this framework, we derive the host galaxy probability, i.e. the probability that a galaxy hosts a compact binary coalescence as a function of its stellar mass, star formation rate, Ks magnitude, and B magnitude. This quantity is particularly important for low-latency searches of gravitational wave (GW) sources as it provides a way to rank galaxies lying inside the credible region in the sky of a given GW detection, hence reducing the number of viable host candidates. Furthermore, even if no electromagnetic counterpart is detected, the proposed ranking criterion can still be used to classify the galaxies contained in the error box. Our results show that massive galaxies (or equivalently galaxies with a high luminosity in Ks band) have a higher probability of hosting BNS, BHNS, and BBH mergers. We provide the probabilities in a suitable format to be implemented in future low-latency searches.
Robust H i kinematics of gas-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies: hints of a weak-feedback formation scenario
Authors: Mancera Piña Pavel E , Fraternali Filippo , Oman Kyle A , Adams Elizabeth A K , Bacchini Cecilia , Marasco Antonino , Oosterloo Tom , Pezzulli Gabriele , Posti Lorenzo , Leisman Lukas , Cannon John M , di Teodoro Enrico M , Gault Lexi , Haynes Martha P , Reiter Kameron , Rhode Katherine L , Salzer John J , Smith Nicholas J 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWe study the gas kinematics of a sample of six isolated gas-rich low surface brightness galaxies, of the class called ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs). These galaxies have recently been shown to be outliers from the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation (BTFR), as they rotate much slower than expected given their baryonic mass, and to have a baryon fraction similar to the cosmological mean. By means of a 3D kinematic modelling fitting technique, we show that the H i in our UDGs is distributed in ‘thin’ regularly rotating discs and we determine their rotation velocity and gas velocity dispersion. We revisit the BTFR adding galaxies from other studies. We find a previously unknown trend between the deviation from the BTFR and the exponential disc scale length valid for dwarf galaxies with circular speeds ≲ 45 km s−1, with our UDGs being at the extreme end. Based on our findings, we suggest that the high baryon fractions of our UDGs may originate due to the fact that they have experienced weak stellar feedback, likely due to their low star formation rate surface densities, and as a result they did not eject significant amounts of gas out of their discs. At the same time, we find indications that our UDGs may have higher-than-average stellar specific angular momentum, which can explain their large optical scale lengths.
Probing the AGN unification model at redshift z ∼ 3 with MUSE observations of giant Ly α nebulae
Authors: den Brok J S , Cantalupo S , Mackenzie R , Marino R A , Pezzulli G , Matthee J , Johnson S D , Krumpe M , Urrutia T , Kollatschny W 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
A prediction of the classic active galactic nucleus (AGN) unification model is the presence of ionization cones with different orientations depending on the AGN type. Confirmations of this model exist for present times, but it is less clear in the early Universe. Here, we use the morphology of giant Ly α nebulae around AGNs at redshift z ∼ 3 to probe AGN emission and therefore the validity of the AGN unification model at this redshift. We compare the spatial morphology of 19 nebulae previously found around type I AGNs with a new sample of four Ly α nebulae detected around type II AGNs. Using two independent techniques, we find that nebulae around type II AGNs are more asymmetric than around type I, at least at radial distances r &gt; 30 physical kpc (pkpc) from the ionizing source. We conclude that the type I and type II AGNs in our sample show evidence of different surrounding ionizing geometries. This suggests that the classical AGN unification model is also valid for high-redshift sources. Finally, we discuss how the lack of asymmetry in the inner parts (r ≲ 30 pkpc) and the associated high values of the He ii to Ly α ratios in these regions could indicate additional sources of (hard) ionizing radiation originating within or in proximity of the AGN host galaxies. This work demonstrates that the morphologies of giant Ly α nebulae can be used to understand and study the geometry of high-redshift AGNs on circumnuclear scales and it lays the foundation for future studies using much larger statistical samples.
Megaparsec-scale structure around the protocluster core SPT2349–56 at z = 4.3
Authors: Hill Ryley , Chapman Scott , Scott Douglas , Apostolovski Yordanka , Aravena Manuel , Béthermin Matthieu , Bradford C M , Canning Rebecca E A , De Breuck Carlos , Dong Chenxing , Gonzalez Anthony , Greve Thomas R , Hayward Christopher C , Hezaveh Yashar , Litke Katrina , Malkan Matt , Marrone Daniel P , Phadke Kedar , Reuter Cassie , Rotermund Kaja , Spilker Justin , Vieira Joaquin D , Weiß Axel 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present an extensive ALMA spectroscopic follow-up programme of the $z\, {=}\, 4.3$ structure SPT2349–56, one of the most actively star-forming protocluster cores known, to identify additional members using their [C ii] 158 μm and CO(4–3) lines. In addition to robustly detecting the 14 previously published galaxies in this structure, we identify a further 15 associated galaxies at $z\, {=}\, 4.3$, resolving 55$\, {\pm }\,$5 per cent of the 870 μm flux density at 0.5 arcsec resolution compared to 21 arcsec single-dish data. These galaxies are distributed into a central core containing 23 galaxies extending out to 300 kpc in diameter, and a northern extension, offset from the core by 400 kpc, containing three galaxies. We discovered three additional galaxies in a red Herschel-SPIRE source 1.5 Mpc from the main structure, suggesting the existence of many other sources at the same redshift as SPT2349–56 that are not yet detected in the limited coverage of our data. An analysis of the velocity distribution of the central galaxies indicates that this region may be virialized with a mass of (9$\pm 5)\, {\times }\, 10^{12}$  M⊙, while the two offset galaxy groups are about 30 and 60 per cent less massive and show significant velocity offsets from the central group. We calculate the [C ii] and far-infrared number counts, and find evidence for a break in the [C ii] luminosity function. We estimate the average SFR density within the region of SPT2349–56 containing single-dish emission (a proper diameter of 720 kpc), assuming spherical symmetry, to be roughly 4$\, {\times }\, 10^4$ M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3; this may be an order of magnitude greater than the most extreme examples seen in simulations.
Prospective and Daily Effects of Cannabis Use on Smoking Outcomes During a Self-Guided Quit Attempt
Authors: Britton Maggie , Haddad Sana , Derrick Jaye L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Past research suggests that cannabis use is a risk factor for relapse in people trying to quit smoking. Most people attempt to quit smoking without any assistance (ie, self-guided quitters), yet no one has examined the association between cannabis use and relapse among self-guided quitters. The current study examines how cannabis use might contribute to poorer smoking outcomes in a sample of self-guided quitters.

Aims and Methods
Data were taken from a study of unaided smoking cessation in 62 single-smoker couples. Quitters and their Partners completed baseline questionnaires and a 21-day ecological momentary assessment. This article examines Quitters’ and Partners’ past-year cannabis use reported at baseline and daily cannabis use during the ecological momentary assessment as predictors of prospective and daily smoking outcomes.

Results
We found very little evidence that past-year cannabis use was associated with poorer smoking outcomes. However, Quitters reported greater smoking on days when they or their Partners reported cannabis use.

Conclusions
This study produced evidence to support daily Quitter and Partner cannabis use as a risk factor for poor smoking outcomes. Smoking cessation programs might benefit from targeting cannabis use as well as taking a couples-oriented approach to treatment.

Implications
This article examined how cannabis use impacts smoking outcomes in a sample of self-guided quitters using prospective and daily diary analyses. We found very little evidence that past-year cannabis use was associated with poorer smoking outcomes. However, Quitters reported greater smoking on days when they or their Partners reported cannabis use. Findings suggest that smoking cessation programs might benefit from targeting cannabis use, as well as taking a couples-oriented approach to treatment.
Adolescent Cannabinoid and Nicotine Exposure Differentially Alters Adult Nicotine Self-Administration in Males and Females
Authors: Dukes Angeline J , Fowler James P , Lallai Valeria , Pushkin Anna N , Fowler Christie D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
During adolescence, exposure to nicotine or cannabis independently induces effects on neuromaturation and later cognitive function. However, the potential effect of both drugs under co-use conditions has become of increasing concern given the prevalence of e-cigarettes, legalization of cannabis, and availability of synthetic “spice” cannabinoid agonists.

Aims and Methods
The current studies investigated the effects of exposure to a cannabinoid receptor agonist (WIN55,212-2) and/or nicotine over a discrete time period in mid-adolescence on later intravenous nicotine self-administration in adult male and female mice. We further examined whether cannabinoid agonist administration in adulthood would alter nicotine reinforcement, with either acute or chronic pairing across 7 days.

Results
We found that adult males exhibited increased nicotine self-administration at a lower, rewarding nicotine dose following adolescent cannabinoid exposure, either alone or with nicotine coadministration. In contrast, adult females demonstrated an opposing effect in which adolescent cannabinoid and nicotine coexposure resulted in decreased nicotine intake compared with the nicotine only and control groups. Furthermore, after maintaining nicotine self-administration across sessions, pretreatment with a low dose of the cannabinoid agonist decreased nicotine intake in both male and female control mice, and this lowering effect was evidenced after both acute and chronic treatment. However, the cannabinoid agonist was ineffective in altering nicotine intake in mice previously exposed to nicotine, cannabinoid agonist, or both during adolescence.

Conclusions
These data provide evidence that adolescent drug exposure can alter later nicotine reinforcement in a sex-specific manner and can further modulate the effectiveness of interventions in reducing nicotine intake during adulthood.

Implications
These studies demonstrate a significant impact of nicotine, cannabinoids, or coexposure on developmental processes during adolescence. Differential effects were observed within each sex, with opposing results found for cannabinoid exposure on nicotine intake in males and females. Intriguingly, we also evidenced resistance to the lowering effects of a cannabinoid agonist on nicotine intake in adulthood based on adolescent drug exposure. Thus, these findings have important implications for our understanding of the impact of nicotine and cannabinoids (eg, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and synthetic “spice” cannabinoids) during development, with further implications for the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions based on prior drug exposure in youth.
Case Report: Successful Rescue Therapy of Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Osteomyelitis With Cefiderocol
Authors: Dagher Michael , Ruffin Felicia , Marshall Steven , Taracila Magdalena , Bonomo Robert A , Reilly Rachel , Fowler Vance G , Thaden Joshua T 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCefiderocol is a novel catechol siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic developed to treat resistant gram-negative infections. We describe its successful use as rescue therapy, combined with surgical debridement, to treat a patient with osteomyelitis due to extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Bacterial whole-genome sequencing identified the strain and antibiotic resistance determinants.
A Method to Reproduce Symmetry in Midfacial Reconstruction: A Report of 19 Cases
Authors: Lou Xiaoli , Xue Chunyu , Molnar Joseph A. , Bi Hongda 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Reconstruction of facial skin defects remains a clinical challenge. With aging, ptosis of tissue over fixed structures creates an important facial feature known as the tear trough. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and aesthetic outcome of a novel surgical technique that reproduced this facial feature while avoiding ectropion during midfacial skin defect repair.

METHODS
Nineteen patients with midfacial skin defects received local flap reconstruction combined with an anchoring suture. The flap was designed in a unilateral pedicled V-Y pattern. When the flap was advanced to cover the defect, one or two sutures that connected the dermis of the flap with the infraorbital periosteum were made to reproduce the tear trough line.

RESULTS: Midfacial defects were successfully repaired with the V-Y flap in all 19 patients. No lower eyelid ectropion or conspicuous scars were noted in any of the patients. Further, the tear trough was successfully reconstructed in each patient. Facial symmetry was maintained with static positioning and animation.

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of local V-Y flap reconstruction with anchoring sutures to reproduce facial feature lines is an effective technique in midfacial skin defect repair.