bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Titus Joan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 (“Conclusion”) provides a summary of the main themes of the book and a review of the scores and their films within the broader cultural politics of late Stalinism which includes the application of the concepts of the middlebrow/mainstream; the diverse approach to scoring for different directors and film themes; the integration of underscoring, song, and other sound by particular directors as it pertained to conception of sound design; and the musicalization of nation, race/ethnicity, gender/sexuality, and excess. It ends with a discussion of late Stalinist scoring, the position of music for cinema, and the representational potential and reciprocity between politics, music, and cinema.
Rural Social Work as a Field of Practice
Authors: Daley Michael R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of the development of rural social work, which evolved along different lines than the urban-focused social work history that is traditionally taught in professional education. Although rural social work history is often overlooked, until the early 20th century most of the country lived in rural communities. The chapter presents a view of rural practice that was poorly understood—a view that discounted the need for rural social work and evidenced hostility toward rural social workers by their urban peers. This chapter summarizes the early history of rural social work and social welfare but focuses on its more recent development beginning in the late 1960s. A small number of people who were members of the National Rural Social Work Caucus helped develop more understanding and respect for rural social work and made it more widely accepted. The chapter highlights the changes that a small number of highly committed social workers can make in advancing the profession.
Ingram in the 1580s
Authors: Snow Dean 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Humphrey Gilbert received permission from the queen to continue pursuit of his colonizing ambitions. David Ingram was called in for interrogation as part of this effort. George Peckham had his own agenda, the establishment of a Catholic colony in America. To that end he deployed falsified evidence regarding Mexican and Welsh sources that purported to justify the plan. Peckham subsequently hired David Ingram to assist in this effort. Ingram also volunteered to sail with Humphrey Gilbert. It turned out to be Gilbert’s last voyage. All but one of the ships were lost, but Ingram survived on a new Golden Hind. Gilbert’s half-brother, Walter Ralegh took up the colonization effort and hired Thomas Harriot and John White to conduct linguistic and cultural research among the Virginia Algonquians of coastal Carolina. The initial effort failed, and most of the settlers on Roanoke Island were rescued by Francis Drake. Ralegh launched a new effort on Roanoke Island, this time headed by the artist John White. This too failed after White returned to England for supplies. The Roanoke colony thus became the famous Lost Colony, for the people left there disappeared. The approach of the Spanish Armada put a temporary end to searching. David Ingram probably participated in the huge battle in the English Channel, but with that he faded into history.
Introduction
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Founded in 1928 by schoolteacher and street preacher Ḥasan al-Bannā (d. 1949), the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) had grown at a remarkable rate in the interwar years, becoming the largest religious movement in Egypt by the end of the Second World War. For this reason, the MB was increasingly perceived as a political threat, causing first King Fārūq (d. 1965), and later President Gamāl ʿAbd al-Nāṣir (d. 1970), to launch three successive crackdowns on the Brothers, placing them behind bars in the years 1948–1951, 1954–1964, and 1965–1975. This introduction considers the institution of the prison as a key site in the intellectual, social, and cultural history of the MB, and discusses (1) the phenomenon of twentieth-century political imprisonment, (2) this study’s position in current historiography, and (3) the methodological concerns involved in writing a prison history of modern Egypt.
Camp Huckstep
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter documents how the imprisoned Brothers, in the years 1949–1951, carried on their social, political, and educational activities behind bars in two main prison camps: first at Camp Huckstep, and later, at Camp Ṭūr. The chapter not only emphasizes the organizational capacities of the incarcerated Brothers, but also highlights the cultural production that the prison ordeal triggered in the Brothers as they attempted to make sense of the abrupt downturn in their fortunes. Despite their ability to preserve their organization inside the camps, the Brothers would, in 1949, witness four major events that increasingly challenged their unity, and that will be addressed in this chapter: (1) the assassination of the Prime Minister, Maḥmūd al-Nuqrāshī; (2) the transfer of the Brothers to the remote Camp Ṭūr; (3) the assassination of their General Guide, Ḥasan al-Bannā; and (4) the emergence of a divide between the rebellious young cadres and a nonconfrontational leadership over the question of the recourse to political violence in Egypt.
Supporters and Opponents
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the last, and most radical, period of Sayyid Quṭb’s career, between 1957 and 1964. It argues that developments both external and internal to Quṭb’s prison experience directed him to radical Islamism. The chapter argues that three factors were crucial in forging Quṭb’s radical outlook behind the bars of Ṭurra Penitentiary: (1) an early encounter with South Asian Islamism, (2) the Ṭurra Massacre in 1957, and (3) the establishment of a radical group of younger Brothers outside prison in Lower Egypt. While these factors have been noted in scholarship, their impact on Quṭb has mostly been proven conceptually and with reference to Milestones. Based on hitherto unstudied sources, the chapter tells the story of how Quṭb came to embrace radical Islamism as both a theoretical and a practical project inside Ṭurra Penitentiary. This story is crucial to understanding the ideological debates that erupted among the imprisoned Brothers in the 1960s.
Nay, We Are Preachers
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the debates among the Brothers in the prison facility Ṭurra Farm after the Six-Day War of 1967. It shows how senior Brothers debated radical Brothers, succeeding in convincing some to recant and re-join the MB. Having seen the effect of the theological argumentation used against Shukrī Muṣṭafā’s followers, senior Brothers embarked on committing this argumentation to paper in a joint project headed by Ḥasan al-Huḍaybī’s son Maʾmūn a-Huḍaybī. The chapter argues that this initial text was not Preachers, Not Judges, but a collection of 12 fatwās later re-printed as an appendix to Preachers, Not Judges. The chapter also discusses the alleged involvement of the GID and al-Azhar, but ultimately argues that the evidence at hand is not sufficient to confirm this involvement; what it does show is that the final version of the work was not so much a reaction against the radical Brothers but against the potential threat that radicalism posed within the ranks of the MB.
What Are Parties For?
Authors: Kuo Didi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the significance of political parties, providing an overview of the history, concepts, and intellectual debates about political parties as electoral democracy expanded. It argues that parties perform the critical work of democracy, as the only intermediaries tasked both with representing citizens’ interests and governing. Because economic and class interests manifest in political divisions, parties have also historically served as the mechanism by which democracy manages capitalism. This chapter argues for greater attention to the political economy of representation, and the way parties channel and prioritize competing interests.
Parties in a Global Economy
Authors: Kuo Didi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the significance of political parties in a global economy. Despite partisan differences, many parties in the advanced democracies have embraced a neoliberal agenda of free trade and market liberalization. These economic policies have contributed to rising inequality and distrust in government, while producing a partisan realignment of left and right. This chapter examines the relationship of conservative parties and antigovernment attitudes, arguing that neoliberal economics have increasingly empowered the private sector---rather than government---to provide solutions to policy problems, therefore privatizing representation. Despite growing recognition of capitalism’s problems, political demands for economic security have not translated into cross-cutting partisan policies. This makes voters more likely to support extremist and radical candidates who exploit the failures of democratic capitalism.
Conclusion
Authors: Kuo Didi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book, and argues that parties play a meaningful and substantial role in democracy. It explains that parties need to be intermediaries, networked to the constituencies they serve while rebuilding their organizational and governing capacities. While support for building democracy was high after the end of the Cold War, we are now in an era of democratic backsliding that has witnessed the erosion of parties worldwide. This chapter explains how building parties can facilitate democratic renewal, particularly through pro-democracy alliances and links to civil society. The conclusion also considers proposals for political reforms and argues against nonpartisan or ambiguous centrist reforms. Restoring trust in democratic governance will require stronger, robust political parties.
Testing Measurement Invariance Across Time and Groups of Emerging Adults
Authors: Ni Yibin (Amanda) , Manapat Danielle , Infurna Frank , Grimm Kevin J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Measurement invariance is the notion that a given scale, survey, or test measures the same construct in the same scale across different groups of individuals and across time in a longitudinal study. This concept and its evaluation are critical in emerging adulthood research because researchers are often interested in assessing emerging adults’ developmental change over time. Measurement invariance is often assumed, but this assumption could be violated because the participants may interpret the same items of a scale differently, or the construct that a given item measures changes over time. Thus, it is necessary to establish measurement invariance when making group comparisons or examining quantitative changes across time. This chapter introduces the concept of measurement invariance and the procedure to evaluate measurement invariance in the structural equation modeling framework in the context of emerging adulthood research using empirical longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia study.
Navigating the Maze
Authors: Leonhardt Nathan D. , Yorgason Jeremy B. , Willoughby Brian J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
With shifting identities, priorities, and relationships, emerging adulthood is a hallmark period for potential change. Ample statistical tools are available to better understand change over this time period, but the many options available can make it challenging for new scholars to know which tools could be matched to which research questions. This chapter provides an overview of some of the main model choices (i.e., cross-lagged panel models, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models, latent growth curve, and latent change score) and references the extended family of these models when selecting the best choice for modeling change in emerging adulthood. With the tools from in-depth examples provided in this chapter, new scholars should be better equipped to recognize, select, and estimate a variety of different models assessing change in emerging adulthood.
Evangelicals and Suburbs
Authors: Miller Brian J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers the relationship between evangelicals and cities and suburbs. In the United States, the concept of suburbs emerged in the mid-1800s. Even as numerous evangelicals embraced growing cities in the late 1800s, anti-urban sentiments developed among evangelicals and Americans more broadly as cities welcomed immigrants and manufacturing. While the fundamentalism-modernism split helped separate conservative Protestants from mainline Protestants, suburbs in the United States expanded in the early 1900s until suburbanization was halted by the Great Depression and World War II. During the postwar suburban era of mass suburbanization and the idealization of the single-family home and nuclear family, evangelicals joined other white religious groups in fleeing cities for the suburbs in response to changing urban populations. By the early decades of the twenty-first century, evangelicals had firmly embraced suburban life.
United Evangelicals Across (Parts of) America
Authors: Miller Brian J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
At a 1942 meeting in St. Louis, evangelical delegates from around the United States met and created the group that would become the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE). Chapter 4 shows that while the majority of the 1942 delegates represented organizations in big cities, the NAE had their headquarters in the suburbs for decades. Additionally, from the 1970s through the 1990s, a large number of NAE members were located in suburbs of the largest cities and smaller big cities. These patterns highlight a tension among evangelicals: suburban locations offer proximity to cities and their resources and networks, but not necessarily access; smaller big cities offer a more urban experience, but they are not the centers of power and influence; Washington, DC offers access to political influence but not necessarily to other spheres of influence; and a limited presence in or outside the biggest cities in the United States limits evangelical financial, cultural, and global influence.
Evangelical Cultural Toolkits and Changing Suburbs
Authors: Miller Brian J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
How did evangelicals deploy their cultural toolkits to address suburbanization and changing places in the United States? In looking at patterns in 29 books written by Billy Graham, this chapter shows how the influential evangelist discussed cities, suburbs, and rural places, applied lessons from cities in the Bible and the future city of heaven to his time, and showed affinity for New York City. Graham utilized an individualistic evangelical approach to social problems and salvation and his critiques of cities suggested that despite the ways they displayed human progress, they were not the hope for humanity. Adding this analysis of cultural toolkits to ecological theories emphasizing competition and explanations of uneven settlement patterns based on social inequalities stemming from race, class, and gender demonstrates how evangelicals made sense of places in an unsettled period when millions found homes in suburbia.
Early Modern Europe
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores subversion’s role in the rivalry between Elizabeth I of England and Philip II of Spain. It sets the scene by briefly describing the rise of the House of Habsburg and efforts by other European states, particularly France, to prevent Habsburg hegemony. In this mix, the arrival of the Protestant Elizabeth I on the English throne created a challenge to Philip II to regain England for the Hapsburg sphere of influence and remove a Protestant ruler. Elizabeth sought to preserve her monarchy and keep England independent of Spain. The latter half of the sixteenth century saw Elizabeth and Philip in a contest to determine who would prevail. When diplomacy was unable to resolve the problem, both Philip and Elizabeth resorted to subversion instead of outright war. Philip endorsed increasingly violent plots against Elizabeth, whereas Elizabeth resorted to supporting Protestant Dutch rebels in the Spanish Netherlands against Philip.
The Return of Great Power Subversion
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a fresh, comprehensive narrative of Russia’s 2016 subversion operation against the United States. It recounts Moscow’s carefully orchestrated attack on the U.S. elections, beginning with the creation of the Internet Research Agency to conduct information warfare via social media. Cyber-attacks and hacking on targets in Ukraine, the German Bundestag, and France’s TV5Monde indicated what was to come. The chapter describes the deployment of Russian hacking teams targeting Democratic political organizations and the presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton, and the subsequent release of stolen materials to maximum subversive advantage. It details the Obama administration’s response, along with elite and public reaction, and highlights that the long hiatus from great power subversion after the Cold War formed a key part of the context that magnified the operation’s impact. This in turn helps explain the occasionally halting U.S. response.
Elsie Houston
Authors: Osei Adjoa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The early twentieth century ushered in an exciting wave of avant-garde artistic innovation. While Igor Stravinsky was thinking about new ways of interpreting sound, Pablo Picasso was exploring new ways of representing the figure, and Coco Chanel was giving women a new sense of style. Within this moment of avant-garde change, few recognized black women artistes and intellectuals who were also driving cultural innovation and were agents of molding and shaping Western culture and society. This book uncovers the forgotten story of one such woman called Elsie Houston—a mixed-race, Brazilian, classically trained soprano. Following her artistic and social networks from Brazil to Paris and then on to New York, this book opens the door to an unexpected history of race, sexuality, and society during the twentieth century. Elsie captured the 1920s and 1930s Western artistic vogue for black exotica by restylizing Afro-Brazilian folk songs on elite stages. In Paris, she became the ultimate flapper girl: she performed in one of the city’s risqué nudist cabarets; moved in the same social circles as the likes of Josephine Baker; became a muse for Man Ray; and engaged the same political sphere as the Trotskyists. After her move to New York City in 1937, the press branded her folk songs as “voodoo” and she was part of a bohemian set of figures who were connected to the Harlem Renaissance such as Carl Van Vechten and Virgil Thomson. Elsie reconceptualized black music, in particular Afro-Brazilian music, as modern and cosmopolitan.
From Former to Practitioner
Authors: Buckley Chris 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Formers can be effective in nearly every instance of the violence prevention process, from understanding the situation to educating and advising on practices and policy. The use of formers in many capacities is largely unexplored and relatively new, but the data and service these unique individuals can provide are invaluable for addressing the world of extremism. This chapter explores the possible criticisms against the use of formers in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) settings. It is argued that because they have lived experience, formers can be very useful as trained professionals and that they are qualified for P/CVE engagement.
Maya Wisdom and the Survival of Our Planet
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Maya Wisdom and the Survival of Our Planet presents the Maya way of seeing and interacting with the world, which embodies lessons and provides solutions to ensure a sustainable future of Earth. This book is based on over three decades of working with Maya associates in Belize, Central America, to study the ancestral Maya as an archaeologist, and it approaches the future through the lens of the Maya nonanthropocentric inclusive worldview. Ancestral Maya people worked with, not against, nature. Nor did they privilege humans at the expense of nonhumans. Their engagement with the tropical environment was expressed in a landscape of green cities, farmsteads, gardens, fields, forests, and sacred places. The Maya built green cities that drew people in through royal reservoirs, a system that lasted over 1,000 years in the southern lowlands (c. 300 bce to 900 ce). After taking the reader on a journey through Maya history, their tropical world, and how they lived in it and engaged with nonhumans through ceremonies, the book concludes with concrete solutions that bridge the past and present for the future. Conditions are not going to change, but people can. Maya resilience is a testament for how to move forward, and this book provides a roadmap of how to do so.
Introduction
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the tropical world where Maya families lived sustainably for millennia and continue to do so despite the last 500 years since the European invasion and the challenges they face today—disenfranchisement, deforestation, and a changing climate. Knowledge passed down through the generations allowed the Maya to survive, but not at the expense of the environment and nonhumans, because every entity is connected. All coexisted, and no one entity or being was privileged over others, which is demonstrated through the archaeological record that shows how the Maya farmed for 4,000 years without destroying their environment like we see today and fed more people in the past than presently. The lessons revealed through conducting archaeology in central Belize for the past 35 years and learning from working with Maya associates provide a roadmap of how to move forward sustainably.
Relations with the Three Realms
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Tropical forests epitomize biodiversity with their abundance of fauna and flora, with which the Maya had myriad and sustainable relations. This chapter shows how the ancestral Maya saw the jungle as a pharmacy, a food market, a hardware store, a general store, and a sacred place. They had diverse direct and indirect relations with the Upperworld, the Earth, and the Underworld. Direct interaction occurred via culling and fostering certain flora and fauna, clearing land, fishing, extracting resources, hunting, controlled burning, and gathering construction materials and wood for fuel. The forest today reflects this long history of forest collaboration. Indirect interaction occurred via pilgrimage, as shown through excavations and diving expeditions at the 25 watery portals of Cara Blanca, Belize. Even during long droughts, the Maya didn’t build cities or houses or plant crops in this area. Their priority was to promote biodiversity and conservation.
Water Lily Kings
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Maya kings and their role as water managers who performed rituals to gods and ancestors to provide clean water, a symphony that worked for over 1,000 years until c. 900 ce. Since kings relied on reservoirs to attract subjects, they were vulnerable to any changes in rainfall, as illustrated by comparing Maya kings with the ruler of the Khmer kingdom based in Angkor, Cambodia, who also relied on massive self-cleaning reservoirs for political purposes (ninth to sixteenth centuries ce). Water was a major element in their worldviews, as were aquatic flowers that indicated clean water and symbolized kingship—lotus flowers for the Khmer and water lilies for the Maya. In both cases rulers lost power due to a similar sequence of events triggered by prolonged droughts that ultimately led to an urban diaspora. Kings lost power, while families persevered and still do.