bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Troubling Conceptions of Motherhood
Authors: Mhajne Anwar , Whetstone Crystal 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ways in which political institutions in three countries—Egypt, Sri Lanka, and Argentina—interact with religious and cultural conceptions of motherhood to provide women with social authority, often through respectability politics. State and societal dynamics in each case forced women to bargain with patriarchy in order to secure political gains using—and therefore reproducing—respectability politics. In each of these three cases from different geographical regions of the world, the authors’ analysis has revealed how women’s “bargaining with patriarchy” by employing patriarchal discourses on respectable femininity and maternal identities enabled some women to engage, challenge, and resist the state. By using respectability politics centered around maternalism and the institution of motherhood, women have helped to advance democratization by challenging human rights abuses and/or furthered women’s participation in politics. With these three cases, the chapter demonstrates how, in certain political and cultural contexts where religion and women’s roles as the foundation of the family significantly structure the lives of women, motherhood has been utilized as a powerful tool for political mobilization and contestation.
Feminist Politics Still Needs Motherhood
Authors: Watson Amanda D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains why feminists must retain and critique the institution of motherhood in order to better understand its disciplinary nature, and how it separates mothers from feminism, and women from each other and themselves. The chapter outlines the constitution of care in global politics and what the author calls the “trap of maternalism.” Staging a reading of two short film commercial advertisements that explicitly lay claim to motherhood, the author draws out signifiers of contemporary motherhood and reflects on how maternal thinking and critique of the institution of motherhood can be generative of feminist political theory. Finally, the author reflects further on the potential of maternal thinking to expand feminist notions of care in masculinized spaces.
Speaking from the Margins of Motherhood
Authors: Motta Sara C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
For centuries, the knowledges of raced mother-subjects have been denigrated, denied, and misrepresented. What might it mean, then, to bring to thought and to “speak” epistemologically and politically from this place of (m)other absence? In this chapter, the author explores such a (m)other speaking through three themes and experiences. The first is interruption and/as failure, in which the messiness of motherhood and the untimely, unruliness of children becomes present in the space-times of political encounter and foregrounds the possibilities of other affectivities of play and wonder and other rhythms of spontaneity and nonlinearity to enter as underpinnings of shared (political) collaborations and creations. The second is fragility, which is an invitation to embody stillness and silence to allow the unspeakable to emerge from wounds of coloniality and foregrounds a maternal ethic of care, mutual self-fragilization, and surrender to the unknown possibilities of Nepantla pluridiversity. The third is a methodology for healing mother-lines, which enables the recuperation of the maternal as an energy, a symbol, a memory, a story, a practice of being held, of being mothered and of mothering self, others, and cosmos. Together, these moments and experiences offer enfleshed visions with which we might co-create a (geo)politics (m)otherwise.
Corruption and the Competition for Power
Authors: Gillies Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In several democratic countries, public officials sought oil money in part to finance their election campaigns. In Brazil and Nigeria, landslides of corruption followed, and billions of dollars in public funds were lost. National oil companies proved particularly susceptible to abuse. But it was not all bad news, as some democratic institutions proved their mettle. Electoral and judicial agencies worked as intended, and kept the perpetrators from enjoying their loot in peace. In the United States, the tactics were more subtle with oil companies spending handsomely on election campaigns, public advertising and lobbying.
We Know How to Fight Corruption
Authors: Gillies Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The oil boom reveals how corruption works, including the players and tactics that appear across multiple cases. These are the problem areas that need to be fixed most urgently. The boom also reveals what solutions are working and need to be scaled up. After all, every corruption case know about is a success story of some kind, or it would have remained unexposed. Taken together, these lessons can help build a smarter fight against corruption, in the oil sector and beyond.
A Brief History of Life and Brain Evolution
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews some of the fundamentals of evolution, particularly adaptations and exaptations. Adaptations are physical or behavioral features that through natural selection aided survival and reproduction. Exaptations are physical or behavioral features that have been co-opted from their initial adaptive functions and subsequently enhanced fitness. The reuse, recycling, or redeployment of brain neurons for purposes other than their original adaption may be considered a central organizing principle of the brain. The chapter reviews the beginnings of life and presents a timeline of life through the evolution of hominins. The term hominin refers to all current and extinct relatives and ancestors of Homo sapiens, including the australopithecines and habilines, within about the last 6 million years. The chapter introduces the hypothesis that Homo sapiens survived and flourished, instead of Neandertals, Denisovans, and other hominins, because of brain shape differences, which created cognitive differences that enhanced the evolutionary fitness of Homo sapiens.
The Evolution of Learning and Memory Systems
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers many hypotheses: 1. Modern human memory systems are based on non-associative (habituation and sensitization) and associative (classical and operant conditioning) learning principles. 2. Non-associative learning evolved first, guiding formation of increasingly more complex molecules. The principles underlying habituation and sensitization are based on basic chemical and subatomic particle affinities and disaffinities. 3. The concept of sensitization should be expanded to cover reliability or steady responses to repeated stimuli. 4. In a prelife and pre-nucleotic world, selfish metabolism and reproduction were paramount. Through natural selection only four nucleotides survived to form the basis of RNA in prokaryotes, which later became modified to form double-stranded DNA eukaryotes. 5. The memory for an organism’s functions is coded with its RNA and DNA. 6. The Cambrian explosion vastly expanded the animal kingdom, beginning about 545 million years ago. It resulted from the development of unlimited associative learning, which developed on the basis of exaptation of non-associative learning principles. 7. Baddeley’s multicomponent working memory model aids in understanding of the evolution of cognition.
An Introduction to the Brain
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes that human brains are the most complicated animate or inanimate system in the universe. It begins with a discussion of the definition of life and consciousness and the transition from life to consciousness. It is proposed that consciousness began with the ability to learn associatively (classical and operant conditioning) during the Cambrian period. There is a discussion of the four cell-building principles of the brain: cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell migration, and programmed cell death. The multiple naming systems for the brain are presented: (1) Brodmann’s areas, (2) presumed function, (3) people’s names (4) regional location, (5) location and nature of the structure, and (6) gross anatomical name. The chapter reviews the four major brain lobes and their functions. It covers major structures of the limbic system and emphasizes the functional role of the brain’s fasciculi, the major connections for neural transmission, which reflects the concerted evolution of various brain regions.
The Hippocampus
Authors: Coolidge Frederick L. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
All mammals have a well-developed hippocampus compared to that of fish, reptiles, and birds, although the latter still have homologous structures. The cells of the hippocampus have differentiated roles: place cells become active and rearrange themselves in new environments, which create new and stable maps of those environments. Grid cells are able to approximate distances, forming an additional neuronal basis for spatial navigation. The hippocampus and olfactory bulbs have intimately related functions. The story of patient H.M. revealed that declarative memories are consolidated by the hippocampus, but procedural memories can be established without hippocampal involvement. Declarative memories remain vulnerable to disruption and forgetting up to about 3 years after memorization. Memories consolidated during sleep are less prone to interference and more stable than memories followed by additional stimulation or learning.
Wittgensteinian Epistemology, Epistemic Vertigo, and Pyrrhonian Skepticism
Authors: Pritchard Duncan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn On Certainty, Wittgenstein offers a radical conception of the structure of rational evaluation, such that all rational evaluations are essentially local in that they necessarily occur relative to arational hinge certainties. Support is canvassed for the following claims: (1) that a Wittgensteinian epistemology, while the antidote to a certain formulation of Cartesian skepticism, is entirely compatible, including in spirit, with Pyrrhonian skepticism; (2) that the philosophical quietism which provides the wider context for Wittgenstein’s epistemology is very much in keeping with the core nature of Pyrrhonian skeptical techniques; and (3) that a Wittgensteinian epistemology sits very well alongside a particular way of thinking about Pyrrhonian skepticism such that it is primarily directed at our specifically theoretical commitments. As we will see, a key element to understanding how the Wittgensteinian line against Cartesian skepticism can be allied to a Pyrrhonian skepticism is the notion of epistemic vertigo.
Cosmic fireworks
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe simulation of matter in general relativity, be it for neutron star mergers or core collapse, is discussed. State-of-the-art simulations for the dynamical bar-mode instability and neutron star merges are summarized. The inclusion of magnetic field is considered and key issues like the magnetorotational instability are explored. General gravitational collapse is discussed, and the progress toward the simulations of explosions in core-collapse studies is explained.
Whispers from the Big Bang
Authors: Andersson Nils 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses gravitational waves in the context of cosmology, starting from a summary of the standard model for cosmology—Lambda CDM. The cosmological redshift is introduced and different ways to measure distances in an expanding universe are considered, including the idea of using binary mergers as standard ‘sirens’. Different stochastic backgrounds are considered and the use of pulsar timing arrays to detect gravitational waves is introduced. The chapter ends with a discussion of cosmological backgrounds due to quantum fluctuations, phase transitions, and cosmic strings
The New ‘Multiplex’ Cold War in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we argue that one of the principal inhibitors of sustainable security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region is that the Cold War has yet to end. Strategic concepts and postures reflecting containment, ‘constrainment’, sphere of influence, expansionism, and territorial competition still inhabit the rhetoric not just of the regional security environment. Regional strategies can therefore be interpreted within the framework of Cold War ‘logic’, thus impeding regional security cooperation. The ‘old’ Cold War has thus been perpetuated, reinforced, and reinterpreted as a ‘new’ Cold War due to geopolitical competition over global and regional primacy. Even within this process of geopolitical competition, old geopolitical concepts such as ‘pivot’ and ‘Indo-Pacific’ have also been reinterpreted and reused to justify new strategies that ultimately continue to foster a new Cold War in the region. Indeed, the Indo-Pacific has returned as a central element of the new Cold War.
The US ‘Pivot’ in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Indo-Pacific constructions within nation-states change over time. We contend that under President Obama, the US largely imagined the Indo-Pacific as a super-region or ‘non-space’; a neo-liberal ‘mare nullius’. During this earlier period, the US promoted the free flow of trade and security arrangements across this non-space, articulating a particularly non-differentiated version of globalization, a sea beyond territorialization (at least rhetorically). Under President Trump this has changed significantly: the region has shifted beyond the exclusive realm of the free market and towards a neo-mercantilist state with its first (and perhaps only) priority being economic and national security for the US. We posit that the Indo-Pacific has been refashioned as a definitive alliance, rather than Obama’s fluid zone, or ‘non-region’. In Trump’s Indo-Pacific, lesser states have been designated as either being ‘in’ or ‘out’ of this US-centred alliance—battle and trading lines are now more clearly visible.
Public health at its peak— the interwar years
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter picks up the evolution of public health in the United Kingdom in the period immediately following the First World War. The scene for initial optimism and ambition was set by the goals for reconstruction after the Great War which drove the move for ‘Homes Fit for Heroes’. The demand for resources distracted from the progress that was being made in bringing public health and health care together. Progress was made in organizational development, the appointment of the first Chief Medical Officer in the Department of Health, and the construction of pioneering health centres. The stock market crash and the recession that followed halted progress until the threats of fascism galvanized action in the public sector. The chapter also covers the evolution of public health from the sanitary movement of the 1840s, through the focus on hygiene at the end of the nineteenth century, to the therapeutic era, which began in the 1930s. The origins of the New Public Health, with the central role of the World Health Organization and the convergent thinking from North America and Europe, is described. The tension between hospital-dominated medicine and the preventive orientation of public health is explored. The emergence of a consensus for transformational change to health systems rooted in public health is chronicled. At the heart is a need to reconcile primary care and public health in the face of new challenges. The shift to multidisciplinary working is underlined.
Improving health in Mersey
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the pioneering work in public health carried out in the Liverpool health region from the 1980s onwards. It describes the situation that was left after the tide had gone out on the local authority-based arrangements that had served public health well for almost 150 years and identifies the green shoots of the New Public Health that was about to make its appearance. The key role of visionary and influential leaders who kept the flame alive and handed on the baton to a new generation leading to novel approaches centred on the new notion of health promotion is acknowledged. The importance of developing multidisciplinary and partnership working based on a sound analysis of the challenges to health is stressed. The strategic approach adopted, blending the science and art of public health practise on a foundation of pragmatism and broad-based support is a golden thread.
Population health care
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the value of health services as a public health measure and makes the case for the use of public health skills in health service planning. The question as to what sort of health services are most appropriate to optimize population health is explored with reference to the development of the World Health Organization Alma Ata Declaration with its emphasis on the eight elements of primary health care. The application of epidemiological thinking in National Health Service frameworks for health care is described. Examples of the use of a public health approach in health care planning include: planned parenthood and family planning services; population-based diabetic retinopathy screening; and whole-system health care transformation in the county of Cumbria. Also covered are the proactive role of the mainstream media in taking the public on a journey of change and the handling of serious clinical service failure in the form of inappropriate organ retention at the Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, breast screening failure in a Cumbrian hospital, and a corporate clinical disaster at the Morecambe Bay University Hospitals.
No health without mental health—mens sana in corpore sano
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter approaches the important subject of mental health and wellbeing through the lens of public health. Drawing on his own experience as a physician who specializes in psychiatry before moving into public health the author describes the struggle to move upstream from a sole focus on treating serious mental illness to the recent developments in public mental health and offers a framework for action. This draws on a historical overview of the differing emphases that have played in over the past two hundred years. This framework focuses on public health aspects as well as prevention and mitigation of harm from serious mental illness, and addresses the need for whole population approaches to mental health and mental health promotion. Examples of interventions that draw on public health interventions are given. These include the importance of planned parenthood and sexual health, the appropriate use of psychiatric expertise in support of population and community mental health, the centrality of concepts such as self-esteem, and the necessity to take a public health approach to the new challenge of dementia. Behavioural contagion, the role of the media, and the prevention of suicide are among the topics covered.
Culture, arts, and wellbeing
Authors: Ashton John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the indivisibility of culture and the arts from health and wellbeing is explored through a variety of modalities; the power of the humanities to help us understand and explain the meaning of the challenges that affect us on life’s journey are explained; and the use of public spaces to engage with the public to promote health and wellbeing is described. Examples include: - The extensive use of the total environment of an international garden festival as a ‘health field’ for health promotion; - The value of cultural activity as a means for building peace and trust in the context of the post Northern Ireland Troubles; - An extended partnership and collaboration with the Liverpool artist and poet Adrian Henri, including an extensive programme of events to celebrate 150 years of public health in Liverpool; - The use of culture and the arts to restore public trust after serious clinical service failure; - The role of cultural facilities in providing support for dementia sufferers and their careers; and - The importance of ‘storytelling’ as a tool for public engagement and understanding of health and wellbeing.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson Tom 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion briefly summarizes the arguments of the book, before going on to consider their implications for how the social and political history of late-medieval England is to be understood as a more cohesive narrative of transformation. Specifically, it suggests that the legal structures—both local legal cultures and common legalities—discussed in the book can be understood as a part of a ‘common constitution’ that emerged in post-plague society, binding people together in a shared understanding of governance, making possible the kinds of expansive claim made by late-medieval government. In this way, the conclusion gestures towards a way of writing political history of the everyday.
Prospects of a New Normal
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Following a period of emergency rule, decision-makers face the challenge of drawing a line under their actions so that their unconventional measures do not compromise the polity in lasting fashion. This chapter analyses the preconditions for providing constitutional reassurance through an act of separation between the period of emergency and its aftermath. The suggestion is that the principal resources for doing so in the contemporary EU are missing. The prospect of exceptionalism will tend to endure, with important implications for the kind of authority that the political order can accommodate. The chapter addresses, through the prism of the constitutional particularities of the EU, an under-examined aspect of exceptionalism more generally—the constitutional challenges arising from the difficulty of localizing it in time.
Iterations of Technocracy
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
What do the practices of emergency rule imply for technocracy, traditionally the cornerstone of EU legitimacy? On one view, emergency rule spells problems for technocracy, as non-scientific criteria intrude on decision-making. Yet exceptional situations are also when the claim to expertise-based governing carries furthest. Knowing how to act in such situations, and when to circumvent existing politico-legal norms, is in some ways the very measure of expertise. This chapter evaluates these two contending theses against recent EU experience, and argues they can be reconciled once we see how claims to expertise may span theoretical and practical knowledge. Emergency rule disrupts claims to scientific ‘know-that’, and encourages would-be technocrats to rely on a form of crisis expertise centred on practical know-how. This recalibration of technocracy carries significant implications, not least in detaching institutions further from public scrutiny and demanding ever more trust from citizens.