bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M96. A NEW ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR FORMAL THOUGHT DISORDER IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: DOKUZ EYLUL THOUGHT DISORDER SCALE
Authors: Yalincetin Berna , Bora Emre , Binnur Akdede Berna , Alptekin Köksal 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Current scales of formal thought disorder (FTD) in schizophrenia have been shown to hold considerable inadequacies: 1. The concept of FTD is usually limited to positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia 2. There is no much consideration about pragmatic disturbances. 3. There are significant inconsistencies in measurements of posFTD and negFTD dimensions (eg, merely focusing on the positive dimension); 4. As to the comprehensive scales of posFTD and negFTD, administration or assessment is time-consuming for routine clinical use and they are not user friendly. Besides, some of the FTD scales include the utilization of materials such as pictures, figures, or extended structured interviews to be able to provide speech samples of the patient. Developing a new FTD assessment tool that can be practically applied in clinic might help clinicans in diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. The aim of our study was to develop a new scale for assessment of FTD and evaluate the reliability and validity of this scale. We named our new FTD scale as Dokuz Eylul Thought Disorder Scale (DETDS). The originality of this scale is based on the fact that it involves assessment of pragmatic comprehension as well as positive and negative FTD and it can be administered and scored practically in routine clinical examination.

Methods
This study included 130 patients with schizophrenia and 35 controls. For assessing the reliability of this new scale, internal consistency, test-retest and interrater reliability analyses were conducted. The validity of the scale was assessed with concurrent validity and factor analysis methods.

Results
In the study, Cronbach’s was 0.86. The new scale has a good test-retest (r=0.83) and interrater (ICC=0.985) reliability. The posFTD subscale of the new scale showed high correlation with the posFTD subscale of the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) (r=0.95, p&lt;0.001) and negFTD subscale of our scale showed high correlation with the alogia subscale of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) (r=0.95, p&lt;0.001) and impoverishment of thought subscale of the Thought and Language Index (TLI) (r=0.66, p&lt;0.001). The factor analysis revealed a 3-factor solution which explained 74.6% of the variance: 1. Positive Formal Thought Disorder, 2. Negative Formal Thought Disorder, 3. Pragmatic Comprehension Disorder.

Discussion
Our findings showed that DETDS is a reliable and valid scale which can be used in assessing FTD in patients with schizophrenia in routine clinical use. Unlike most scales of FTD that are available in the literature, but similar to SANS, SAPS, and PANSS, it is practical to use because it is based on clinical interview. Another strength of DETDS is that it intensifies the posFTD and negFTD dimensions and scores them hierarchically in terms of severity. The fact that the new scale covers pragmatic comprehension disorders also presents an innovation to the literature.
S71. CLINICAL, BEHAVIOURAL AND NEURAL VALIDATION OF THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SYMPTOM SCALE (PANSS) AMOTIVATION FACTOR
Authors: Kaliuzhna Mariia , Kirschner Matthias , Carruzzo Fabien , Hartmann Matthias , Martin Bischof , Seifritz Erich , Tobler Philippe N , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia are suggested to map onto two distinct factors – amotivation and diminished expression, which relate to different aspects of behaviour and neural activity. Most research in patients with schizophrenia is conducted with broad symptom assessment scales, such as the PANSS, for which factor solutions allowing the distinction between amotivation and diminished expression have only recently been reported. We aimed to establish whether the PANSS factor structure corresponds to the well-established two-factor structure of the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and whether it allows distinguishing specific behavioural and neuronal correlates of amotivation.

Methods
In study 1 (N=120) we examined the correlations between the PANSS factors and the BNSS factors. In study 2 (N=31) we examined whether PANSS amotivation is specifically associated with reduced willingness to work for reward in an effort-based decision making task. In study 3 (N=43) we investigated whether PANSS amotivation is specifically correlated with reduced ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results
On the clinical level, the PANSS amotivation and diminished expression were highly correlated with their BNSS counterparts. On the behavioural level, PANSS amotivation factor but not the diminished expression factor was specifically associated with reduced willingness to invest effort to obtain a reward. On the neural level, PANSS amotivation was specifically associated with ventral striatal activation during reward anticipation.

Discussion
Our data confirm that the two domains of negative symptoms can be measured with the PANSS and are linked to specific aspects of behaviour and brain function. To our knowledge, this is the first study employing behavioural and neural measures to validate a new approach to clinical measurement of negative symptoms. Our results warrant a re-analysis of previous work that used the PANSS to further substantiate the distinction between the two factors in behavioural and neuroimaging studies.
S79. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING ABNORMALITIES IN INDIVIDUALS AT CLINICAL HIGH RISK AND IN THE FIRST EPISODE OF PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Datta Raktima , Strauss Gregory , Kraguljac Nina , Howie Sydney , Lahti Adrienne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Prior studies indicate that chronic schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with a specific profile of reinforcement learning abnormalities. These impairments are characterized by: 1) reductions in learning rate, and 2) impaired Go learning and intact NoGo learning. Furthermore, each of these deficits are associated with greater severity of negative symptoms, consistent with theoretical perspectives positing that avolition and anhedonia are associated with deficits in generating, updating, and maintaining mental representations of reward value hat are needed to guide decision-making. However, it is unclear whether these deficits extend to earlier phases of psychotic illness and when individuals are unmedicated.

Methods
Two studies were conducted to examine reinforcement learning deficits in earlier phases of psychosis. In study 1, participants included 35 participants with first episode psychosis (FEP) and 25 healthy controls (HC). Study 2 included 17 antipsychotic naïve individuals who met criteria for attenuated psychosis syndrome (APS) (i.e., those with a prodromal syndrome) and 18 matched healthy controls (HC). In both studies, participants completed the Temporal Utility Integration Task, a measure of probabilistic reinforcement learning that contained Go and NoGo learning blocks. Participants in the clinical groups also completed neuropsychological testing and standard clinical interviews designed to determine symptom severity and diagnosis.

Results
FEP displayed impaired Go learning and intact NoGo learning. In contrast, APS did not display impairments in Go or NoGo learning at the group level. Negative symptoms were not significantly associated with reinforcement learning in APS participants. However, greater impairments in Go learning were associated with increased cross-sectional risk for conversion on the NAPLS risk calculator score in the APS group.

Discussion
Findings provide new evidence for areas of spared and impaired reinforcement learning in early phases of psychosis. Similar to chronic SZ, FEP was associated with impaired Go learning, and intact NoGo learning. Reinforcement learning is more spared in those at clinical high-risk, except those at greatest risk for conversion, where Go learning deficits are more pronounced. These findings suggest that reinforcement learning deficits may emerge early among those who are at clinical high risk for developing psychosis and that they are already pronounced by illness onset in the first episode. Importantly, these reinforcement learning deficits do not appear to be a byproduct of illness chronicity or antipsychotic medication use, but rather a consequence of the illness itself.
S106. MONITORING SOCIAL FUNCTIONING THROUGH A MOBILE-BASED APPLICATION FOR YOUTH AT-RISK OF PSYCHOSIS: 2-MONTH FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Santesteban-Echarri Olga , Tang Jacky , Fernandes Jaydon , Addington Jean 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for developing psychosis are characterized by long-standing social deficits and isolation compared to healthy youth. Because poor social functioning is predictive of transition to psychosis, it is important to monitor its fluctuations. Objectives: 1) To test initial usability of an app (SOMO); and 2) to confirm that SOMO is acceptable, feasible, and safe to monitor daily social functioning among youth at clinical high-risk (CHR) for developing psychosis.

Methods
Participants: 24 CHR participants (12–30 years old) used SOMO for 2 months to test its initial feasibility to monitor social functioning. Measures: 1) SOMO comprises 13 daily questions regarding social interactions in-person or online covering: type of relationship, time spent together, quality of the interaction, activities done, conflict and resolution, meaningfulness of the interaction, subjective opinion of the socialization, and level of loneliness. 2) Social functioning was assessed with the Social Functioning Scale (GF:S), which assesses peer relationships, peer conflict, age-appropriate intimate relationships, and involvement with family members. 3) Qualitative data of the SOMO was gathered through the 23-item Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) covering questions about engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information provided, and subjective quality of SOMO. Analyses. a) Descriptive information of 1) usability data (i.e., loggings, social relationships, ad meaningfulness) and 2) the app quality ratings (i.e., engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information) was collected.

Results
There were 750 loggings over the 2-month testing period, with 50% of participants logging in at least every other day. Participants had 690 in-person interactions and 497 online interactions. The most meaningful interactions were considered the ones with their partner, followed by interactions with friends, casual friends, family, others and strangers in-person respectively. Participants reported conflict in 18.2% of their interactions. SOMO obtained a high overall score on the MARS (M=4.38). Ratings for engagement (M=3.91), functionality (M=4.54), aesthetics (M=4.56), information (M=4.51), subjective score (M=3.89), and perceived impact in behavior (M=3.52) were higher than other relevant mHealth apps. All participants rated SOMO as safe. Social functioning did not change significantly after using SOMO.

Discussion
SOMO demonstrated initial acceptability, feasibility, and safety among CHR participants.
S111. A REAL ENVIRONMENT BASED VIRTUAL REALITY APPLICATION TO IMPROVE PHYSICAL HEALTH OF PATIENTS WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Alptekin Koksal , Kartelli Faik , Berger Markus , Hoşgelen Emine Ilgın , Erinç Simay , Yerlikaya Deniz , Özbek Yağmur , Ercegil Gonca , Yener Görsev , Kılınç Oğuz , Binnur Akdede Berna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Physical illnesses such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases are much more common in patients with schizophrenia compared to general population. Besides the rate of schizophrenia patients benefiting from general health services have been quite low. These physical illnesses don’t only cause bad prognosis but also decrease the quality of life and increase the risk of early death. Many schizophrenia studies in recent years have found that patients with schizophrenia have died very early compared to normal population. The most important reasons of developing physical illnesses in schizophrenia are decrease in physical activity, nutrition problems, weight gain, smoking cigarettes, alcohol and substance abuse, unhealthy lifestyles.
Emerging new technologies may lead to the discovery of new treatment techniques in psychiatric disorders and related problems. Virtual reality (VR) as one of these new technologies, is composed of imitated real environments on computers. Most of virtual reality environments are about visual experiences by means of computer screen. Virtual reality is used for presenting reality experience and it is a 3D computer program of existing or non-existing environments. Although virtual reality in treatment of schizophrenia is new to the science, it has promising results to improve positive symptoms of schizophrenia. Also, VR technology may be useful to improve psychosocial functioning among the patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of VR physical health program on physical health parameters such as nutrition, psychomotor activity, smoking cigarettes and lifestyle.

Methods
Patients who met DSM-V schizophrenia diagnostic criteria from Dokuz Eylül University School of Medicine, Schizophrenia and Psychosis Outpatient Clinic were included into the study. In this study, a virtual reality laboratory has been established and physical health improvement program by using virtual reality technology with real life experiences has been developed for patients with schizophrenia.

Results
None of the patients reported motion sickness due to exposure to real environment during or after immersive process of VR. There were significant changes regarding the physical health parameters.

Discussion
VR physical health program may be useful to improve physical health-related problems such as obesity, psychomotor inactivity and smoking cigarettes.
S130. ALTERNATIVE METRICS TO QUANTIFY PREMATURE MORTALITY IN MENTAL DISORDERS. A POPULATION-BASED COHORT STUDY
Authors: Weye Nanna , Momen Natalie , Christensen Maria , Iburg Kim ,   NBP Health Metrics Collaborators, McGrath John , Plana-Ripoll Oleguer 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study uses Years of Life Lost (YLLs) to quantify premature mortality. This is a useful metric from many perspectives, however because GBD acknowledges only a small number of mental disorders as causes of death (CoDs), the true impact of mental disorders on premature mortality is underestimated. Recently, methods have been introduced that compare people with a disorder to the general population by estimating Life Years Lost (LYLs). The aim of this study was to present register-based estimates of both YLLs and LYLs related to mental disorders.

Methods
We used nationwide registers to examine a cohort of all 6,989,627 people aged 0–94 years living in Denmark in 2000–2015. Using the GBD approved set of mental health-related CoDs (eating disorders, drug use disorders, alcohol use disorder and suicide), YLLs were estimated. In addition, we calculated all-cause and cause-specific differences in life expectancy after a mental disorder diagnosis as excess LYLs between those with a specific mental disorder and the age- and sex-matched general Danish population. The disorders of interest were alcohol use disorder, drug use disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, personality disorders, developmental intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD and conduct disorder. Excess LYLs related to counts of comorbid mental disorders were also examined (i.e. those diagnosed with at least two, three or four disorders).

Results
Alcohol use disorder and suicide were the leading causes of YLLs (alcohol use disorder: Men 568.7 YLLs, women 155.5 YLLs per 100,000 person-years; suicide: Men 590.1 YLLs, women 202.3 YLLs per 100,000 person-years). However, all mental disorders were associated with shorter life expectancies using LYLs. Men and women diagnosed with any mental disorder had 11.22 (95% CI 11.09; 11.35) and 7.89 (95% CI 7.76; 8.01) years shorter life expectancies respectively, and the difference increased in those with comorbid mental disorders. Drug use disorders were associated with the largest excess LYLs (17.99 (95% CI 17.49; 18.53) in men and 15.29 (95% CI 14.70; 15.88) in women), however common disorders such as depressive disorders and anxiety disorders were also associated with substantive premature mortality (e.g. in men, 8.27 and 7.52 LYLs, respectively). Schizophrenia was associated with 13.80 (95% CI 13.47; 14.14) excess LYLs in men and 11.77 (95% CI 11.38; 12.13) in women.

Discussion
Register-based studies allow the calculation of precise individual YLLs and LYLs. The novel LYL metric seems to better capture the true impact of mental disorders on premature mortality and also facilitates the exploration of comorbidity and specific CoDs in those with mental disorders.
S224. TREATMENT IN THE PSYCHOSIS FIRST EPISODE PROGRAM “ZüRCHER ERSTPSYCHOSEN NETZWERK (ZEN)”: QUALITY CONTROL OF THE OUTCOME
Authors: Metzler Sibylle , Maatz Anke , Zehnder Ursina , Paust Tobias , Gubler Joyce , Walitza Susanne , Franscini Maurizia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The treatment in the years following a first-psychosis episode is most crucial as typically, the illness onset occurs in a delicate phase of the young adults (Correll, 2018).
To address the specialities in the care for this patient population both, the Child and Adolescent, together with the adult department of the Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich implemented the ZEN psychosis first episode program.
Members of the specialized team connected in their function as network coaches in a systemic approach all players of the patient’s social and medical network. The better communication on transition points such as to adult department, together with possibilities of low-threshold treatment, aimed to improve treatment adherence and reduce repeated hospitalisations.
The study’s main objective was to evaluate the efficacy of the program and with that optimize the treatment process in daily clinical routine. A jurisdictional inquiry has been requested by Swiss Ethics Committees on research involving humans in Zurich and the present study project is classified as quality control of the clinical treatment.

Methods
Participants of the ZEN Program included in 2017 and 2018 were followed up to duration of 24 months. The following measures were assessed before and after enrolment in the program: Satisfaction with life, measured with the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA; Priebe et al., 1999); Number of rehospitalisations and coercive treatment; Global assessment of functioning (GAF) (Endicott et al., 1976); and measures of Social and vocational recovery.

Results
In Florence, results and implications will be presented for included patients.
Rates of rehospitalisations will be compared against literature. Mean relaps rates at 24 months have been reported to vary from 38% under specialized integrated care, to up to 49% under treatment as usual (Fusar-Poli et al., 2017).
Social and vocational recovery will be rated at follow-up and compared to baseline on a three-point scale (‘no’, ‘partial’ and ‘full’ recovery) (Craig et al., 2004, Garety et al., 2006).
In addition, correlation coefficients will be determined to detect any associations among sociodemographic factors and clinical data such as amount of neuroleptic medication.

Discussion
The ZEN program is specialized for patients with first episode of psychosis. The intensive care together with an intensified communication between players of a patient’s network aims to achieve better outcomes. The evaluation of the clinical program is of importance. The study provides recent data for ongoing discussions about the quality of the treatments and its cost-effectiveness compared to standard treatment.
Innovative methods for observing and changing complex health behaviors: four propositions
Authors: Chevance Guillaume , Perski Olga , Hekler Eric B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Precision health initiatives aim to progressively move from traditional, group-level approaches to health diagnostics and treatments toward ones that are individualized, contextualized, and timely. This article aims to provide an overview of key methods and approaches that can help facilitate this transition in the health behavior change domain. This article is a narrative review of the methods used to observe and change complex health behaviors. On the basis of the available literature, we argue that health behavior change researchers should progressively transition from (i) low- to high-resolution behavioral assessments, (ii) group-only to group- and individual-level statistical inference, (iii) narrative theoretical models to dynamic computational models, and (iv) static to adaptive and continuous tuning interventions. Rather than providing an exhaustive and technical presentation of each method and approach, this article articulates why and how researchers interested in health behavior change can apply these innovative methods. Practical examples contributing to these efforts are presented. If successfully adopted and implemented, the four propositions in this article have the potential to greatly improve our public health and behavior change practices in the near future.
Evolutionarily stable investments in recognition systems explain patterns of discrimination failure and success
Authors: Sheehan Michael J. , Reeve H. Kern 
Published: May 2020

Many animals are able to perform recognition feats that astound us—such as a rodent recognizing kin it has never met. Yet in other contexts, animals appear clueless as when reed warblers rear cuckoo chicks that bear no resemblance to their own species. Failures of recognition when it would seem adaptive have been especially puzzling. Here, we present a simple tug-of-war game theory model examining how individuals should optimally invest in affecting the accuracy of discrimination between desirable and undesirable recipients. In the game, discriminating individuals (operators) and desirable and undesirable recipients (targets and mimics, respectively) can all invest effort into their own preferred outcome. We demonstrate that stable inaccurate recognition will arise when undesirable recipients have large fitness gains from inaccurate recognition relative to the pay-offs that the other two parties receive from accurate recognition. The probability of accurate recognition is often determined by just the relative pay-offs to the desirable and undesirable recipients, rather than to the discriminator. Our results provide a new lens on long-standing puzzles including a lack of nepotism in social insect colonies, tolerance of brood parasites and male birds caring for extra-pair young in their nests, which our model suggests should often lack accurate discrimination.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.