bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas-Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography of Ethylenethiourea in Fresh Vegetable Crops, Fruits, Milk, and Cooked Foods
Authors: Onley John H , Giuffrida Laura , Ives N Fred , Watts Randall R , Storherr Robert W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Onley-Yip procedure for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in milk and crops was modified to reduce interferences by the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs). A 20 g cropmethanol extract is cleaned up by adsorbing the sample onto Gas-Chrom S, desorbing ETU, and eluting ETU from aluminum oxide with chloroform containing ethanol. ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and flame photometric detection (sulfur mode). For liquid chromatography (LC), ETU is cleaned up on another aluminum oxide column and injected directly. LC and GLC results are confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A cooking procedure based on conversion of EBDCs to ETU is included for surveying crops for possible EBDC content. Recoveries from 8 crops and milk fortified at 0.05 ppm ETU ranged from 73 to 100%.
Estimation of Milligram and Submilligram Amounts of Methylthiophanate Fungicide
Authors: Miller Vernon L , Csonka Elizabeth , Gould Charles J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A procedure is described for estimating methylthiophanate (1,2-bis (3-methoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido) benzene) (MT) in the range of 0.002–1.0 mg/ml. In the 0.2–1.0 mg/ml range, MT is shaken with a copper-triethanolaminealkali reagent, the precipitate is filtered, and excess copper is reacted with pyridine-thiocyanate and measured by spectrophotometry or by comparison with described artificial standards for use as a field test. In the 0.002–0.1 mg range, the copper-MT compound may be estimated directly by spectrophotometry, or excess copper is determined by a diethyldithiocarbamate procedure.
Assuring Reliable Performance of Antibiotic Assay Media
Authors: Freeman Katharine A , Johnson Diana P , Garth Mary A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Microbiological Assay Branch of the National Center for Antibiotics Analysis assays over 100,000 samples of antibiotic products annually, using more than 1000 lb dehydrated media. The media must be consistently dependable to produce accurate, reliable test results. To assure that the supply of media will meet the established requirements, each lot before purchase is subjected to a series of trials designed to examine growth support, sensitivity, and behavioral and physical factors. Actual antibiotic assays are conducted with the test medium, and performance is rated against a control medium. Controls on the system reduce the variables to allow appraisal of the medium itself.
Interlaboratory Study of Methods for Determining Global Migration of Plastic Materials in Liquids Simulating Fatty Foodstuffs
Authors: Rossi Luigi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Interlaboratory studies initiated by the Commission of the European Communities tested 3 methods for determining the global migration of plastic materials in liquids simulating fatty foodstuffs. In each method, a sample of plastic material was weighed before and after it was placed in contact with fatty simulant. The fat absorbed by the sample, extracted or dissolved by suitable solvents, was determined by gas chromatography or radiometry. Each method was fairly reliable and specific. Reproducibility in a single laboratory was satisfactory, but less so between laboratories.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Cholesterol and Other Sterols in Foods
Authors: Sheppard Alan J , Newkirk David R , Hubbard Willard D , Osgood Theodore 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method, using the butyryl esters of sterols, has been developed for the measurement of cholesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, and campesterol in foods. An immobile phase of 1 % SE-30 coated on 100–120 mesh Gas-Chrom Q packed in a 6′ × 4 mm id glass column operated at 255°C was the most satisfactory of 7 column packings evaluated. Extraction with chloroform-methanol gave 98.7 % recovery with a coefficient of variation of 1.8% for cholesterol added to a variety of foods. When cholesteryl palmitate was added to vegetable oil and the butyryl derivative was prepared, followed by GLC analysis, the recovery was 99.3% with a coefficient of variation of 0.9%. Amounts as low as 1 mg/100 g food can be detected with a precision of 2.5%. The results of the analysis of a variety of foods for cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol are given.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Mannitol and Sorbitol in Sugarless Chewing Gums
Authors: Samarco Eugene C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A precise and accurate high pressure liquid chromatographic method is presented for the simultaneous separation and determination of mannitol and sorbitol in sugarless chewing gums. The 2 isomers are extracted into water, using a 2-phase system to facilitate dissolution of the chewing gum. The aqueous phase is filtered through a 0.45 μm pore membrane filter and injected into the liquid chromatograph. The mannitol and sorbitol are eluted from an Aminex Q-15S cation exchange resin with water as the mobile phase and are quantitated by using a differential refractive index detector. Average recoveries for mannitol and sorbitol are 98.9 and 99.2%, respectively.
Systematic Approach to the Detection of Explosive Residues. V. Black Powders
Authors: Washington Willard D , Kopec Robert J , Midkiff Charles R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Part V of the series describes tests for the detection and identification of black powder explosives residues in post-blast debris. Standard and modified formulations of commercial or custom origin can be distinguished. Different tests used in characterizing black powder residues are microscopy, ignition characteristics, spot chemical tests, IR spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.
Radionuclides in Foods
Authors: Simpson Robert E , Baratta Edmond J , Jelinek Charles F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The results are summarized of the analysis for strontium-90, cesium-137, iodine-131, ruthenium-106, and potassium-40, a naturally occurring radionuclide, in samples of total diet and selected import commodities in the foods compliance program of the Food and Drug Administration. On the basis of the radionuclide intake guidelines established by the Federal Radiation Council (FRC), the low content of radionuclides found in the total diet samples for fiscal years 1973 and 1974 demonstrates the need for surveillance only at the present level. The low levels of radionuclides found in a limited number of edible imported commodities indicate that their contribution to the total diet would not increase the levels of these radionuclides above those recommended for only periodic surveillance by the FRC. The potassium levels, determined from potassium-40 activity, found in meats and fish agree with the value for normal muscle tissue for the reference man reported by the International Commission on Radiation Protection. Of the other commodities, nuts contained the highest levels, while sugar, beverages, and processed foods contained the lowest levels of potassium. Although cesium and potassium are chemical analogs with similar metabolic properties, because of their variable content in some leafy samples as a result of surface contamination, a correlation between cesium-137 levels and the cesium-137-to-potassium ratio was inconclusive.
Screening Method for the Detection of Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin, Patulin, Sterigmatocystin, and Zearalenone in Cereals
Authors: Josefsson B G Egon , Möller Tord E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A screening method has been developed for the detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, sterigmatocystin, and zearalenone in cereals. After extraction, the sample is cleaned up by gel filtration. The mycotoxins are separated by thin layer chromatography. The limits of detection are about 5 μg aflatoxins, 10 ochratoxin A, 50 μg patulin, 10 μg sterigmatocystin, and 35 μg zearalenone/kg.
Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis to the Differentiation of Pure Milk from Different Species and Mixtures
Authors: Smeyers-Verbeke Johanna , Massart Désiré L , Coomans Danny 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Discriminant analysis is used to identify different milk samples on the basis of the gas chromatographic data for fatty acids in 20 samples each of milk fat from cows, sheep, and goats. The method can differentiate mixtures and pure milks with a high degree of correct classifications. A good discrimination can also be obtained by using a reduced set of variables. The method is useful for the interpretation of gas chromatographic data and should allow a higher proportion of correct classifications than is possible by visual inspection of the chromatograms.
Microwave Technique for Rapid Determination of Moisture in Cheese
Authors: Pieper Heinrich , Stuart James A , Renwick William R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Microwave drying of cheese permits rapid moisture determinations in 2.25 min. For uniformity, each sample was prepared according to 16.216. A special microwave unit was designed for this experiment which used an internal balance, a re-circulating water system, and a variable power control for adjusting microwave intensity. Approximately 10 g prepared sample was placed on a Pyrex Petri dish and covered with a piece of glass fiber filter paper to prevent spattering. The sample was then placed on the internal balance and exposed to microwave energy for 2.25 min at a power setting of 74 (maximum power is 78). At the end of the test cycle, the result was read directly in per cent moisture. The results obtained by this method compare favorably with existing AOAC methods, with improved repeatability and reproducibility. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Rapid Determination of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Cheese
Authors: Kleyn Dick H , Goodman Steven T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A visual screening method specifying phenolphthalein monophosphate as the substrate was applied to cheese by analyzing the extract obtained with 7.5% butanol. In the extraction step, all of the alcohol was added at one time, and the mixture was filtered after mixing. Analysis of 10 samples of various types of cheese resulted in data identical to that obtained by the Scharer rapid method. Quantitative data obtained by dialysis of the butanol filtrate and spectrophotometric measurement of the phenolphthalein compared favorably (r = 0.96) with data obtained by the Scharer spectrophotometric method on 13 samples of cheese.
Dietary protein-bound or free amino acids differently affect intestinal morphology, gene expression of amino acid transporters, and serum amino acids of pigs exposed to heat stress
Authors: Morales Adriana , Gómez Tania , Villalobos Yuri D , Bernal Hugo , Htoo John K , González-Vega Jolie C , Espinoza Salvador , Yáñez Jorge , Cervantes Miguel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pigs exposed to heat stress (HS) increase body temperature in which can damage the intestinal epithelia and affect the absorption and availability of amino acids (AA). Protein digestion and metabolism further increase body temperature. An experiment was conducted with six pairs of pigs (of 47.3 ± 1.3 kg initial body weight) exposed to natural HS to assess the effect of substituting dietary protein-bound AA by free AA on morphology and gene expression of intestinal epithelial and serum concentration (SC) of free AA. Treatments were: high protein, 21.9% crude protein (CP) diet (HShp) and low protein, 13.5% CP diet supplemented with crystalline Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Val (HSaa). The HShp diet met or exceeded all AA requirements. The HSaa diet was formulated on the basis of ideal protein. Pigs were fed the same amount at 0700 and 1900 hours during the 21-d study. Blood samples were collected at 1700 hours (2.0 h before the evening meal), 2030 hours, and 2130 hours (1.5 and 2.5 h after the evening meal). At the end, all pigs were sacrificed to collect intestinal mucosa and a 5-cm section from each segment of the small intestine from each pig. Villi measures, expression of AA transporters (y+L and B0) in mucosa, and SC of AA were analyzed. Ambient temperature fluctuated daily from 24.5 to 42.6 °C. Weight gain and G.F were not affected by dietary treatment. Villi height tended to be larger (P ≤ 0.10) and the villi height:crypt depth ratio was higher in duodenum and jejunum of pigs fed the HSaa diet (P &lt; 0.05). Gene expression of transporter y+L in jejunum tended to be lower (P &lt; 0.10) and transporter B0 in the ileum was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in HSaa pigs. Preprandial (1700 hours) SC of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp, and Val was higher (P &lt; 0.05), and Phe tended to be higher (P &lt; 0.10) in HShp pigs. At 2030 hours (1.5 h postprandial), serum Lys, Met, and Thr were higher in the HSaa pigs (P &lt; 0.05). At 2130 hours (2.5 h), Arg, His, Ile, Phe, and Trp were lower (P &lt; 0.05); Met was higher (P &lt; 0.05); and Lys tended to be higher (P &lt; 0.10) in HSaa pigs. In conclusion, feeding HS pigs with low protein diets supplemented with free AA reduces the damage of the intestinal epithelia and seems to improve its absorption capacity, in comparison with HS pigs fed diets containing solely protein-bound AA. This information is useful to formulate diets that correct the reduced AA consumption associated with the decreased voluntary feed intake of pigs under HS.
Effects of diet on body weight, body composition, metabolic status, and physical activity levels of adult female dogs after spay surgery
Authors: Phungviwatnikul Thunyaporn , Valentine Helen , de Godoy Maria R C , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNeutering is a risk factor for pet obesity, which reduces the quality and length of life. Dietary interventions may serve as preventive and therapeutic options for pet obesity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of specially formulated diets on body weight (BW), body composition, and blood hormones and metabolites of adult female dogs after spay surgery. All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee prior to experimentation. Twenty-eight healthy adult intact female Beagles (3.02 ± 0.7 yr; 10.28 ± 0.8 kg; body condition score [BCS]: 4.98 ± 0.57) were used in a longitudinal study. Twenty-four dogs were spayed and randomly allotted to one of three experimental diets: 1) moderate-protein, moderate-fiber diet (control; COSP), 2) high-protein, high-fiber diet (HP-HF), or 3) high-protein, high-fiber diet plus omega-3 and medium-chain fatty acids (HP-HF-O). Four dogs were sham-operated and fed the control diet (COSH). Food intake, BW, BCS, blood hormones and metabolites, body composition (via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans), and voluntary physical activity (via Actical devices) were measured over time. After spay, dogs were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk (restricted phase), then allowed to overeat for 12 wk (ad libitum phase). Change from baseline data was analyzed for treatment, time, and treatment × time effects as well as treatment, feeding regimen, and treatment × feeding regimen effects. During the first 12 wk, HP-HF and HP-HF-O had lower (P &lt; 0.01) blood cholesterol than COSH and COSP. During the second 12 wk, HP-HF and HP-HF-O ate more (P &lt; 0.01) food (g/d) than COSH. BCS change for COSP was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than COSH from week 21 to 24, but HP-HF and HP-HF-O were not different. When comparing data by feeding regimen, HP-HF and HP-HF-O had a greater reduction in serum cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001) than COSH and COSP. During the second 12 wk, all spayed dogs consumed more (P &lt; 0.01) food than COSH. However, COSH, HP-HF, and HP-HF-O had a lower (P &lt; 0.001) increase in BCS than COSP. HP-HF-O and COSH had similar serum leptin during weeks 12 to 24. COSP had higher (P ≤ 0.01) serum C-reactive protein than HP-HF-O. Overall, body fat increase in COSP was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than for COSH at week 24, while HP-HF and HP-HF-O were intermediate. Our results indicate that an HP-HF diet can limit weight gain and body fat increase and attenuate serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and leptin concentrations in dogs after spay surgery.
Generative and discriminative model-based approaches to microscopic image restoration and segmentation
Authors: Ishii Shin , Lee Sehyung , Urakubo Hidetoshi , Kume Hideaki , Kasai Haruo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractImage processing is one of the most important applications of recent machine learning (ML) technologies. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a popular deep learning-based ML architecture, have been developed for image processing applications. However, the application of ML to microscopic images is limited as microscopic images are often 3D/4D, that is, the image sizes can be very large, and the images may suffer from serious noise generated due to optics. In this review, three types of feature reconstruction applications to microscopic images are discussed, which fully utilize the recent advancements in ML technologies. First, multi-frame super-resolution is introduced, based on the formulation of statistical generative model-based techniques such as Bayesian inference. Second, data-driven image restoration is introduced, based on supervised discriminative model-based ML technique. In this application, CNNs are demonstrated to exhibit preferable restoration performance. Third, image segmentation based on data-driven CNNs is introduced. Image segmentation has become immensely popular in object segmentation based on electron microscopy (EM); therefore, we focus on EM image processing.
Whoever Has Will be Given More: The Effect of Performance Information on Frontline Employees’ Support for Managerial Policy Initiatives
Authors: Petersen Niels Bjørn G 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResearch has demonstrated how policy changes are bound to fail without the support of frontline employees. This study examines how performance information influences frontline employees’ support for managerial policy initiatives. We develop hypotheses stating that the exposure to positive and negative organizational performance scores compared to average scores increases frontline employees’ support for managerial policy initiatives and thus facilitate policy change. To test our hypotheses, we conduct a survey experiment on more than 1,500 social caseworkers working in Danish employment agencies. The results show that while the provision of positive organizational scores increases caseworkers’ support for managerial policy initiatives, there is no direct effect following the exposure of negative performance scores. However, additional exploratory analysis reveals that the caseworkers’ experienced work pressure moderates the effect of positive and negative performance information. Specifically, caseworkers that experience a high work pressure are more inclined to support managerial policy initiatives following positive and negative performance scores. Furthermore, the explorative analysis indicates that the caseworkers tend to ignore negative performance information, which strongly suggests that poor performance scores trigger identity-protective cognition. Overall, the study advances our understanding of the link between performance information and support of policy changes on the frontline of public services by showing how different performance scores influence employees’ support for managerial policy initiatives.
Gallbladder necrosis and small bowel ischaemia following fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair for juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm: a case report
Authors: Ng Alvin Yuan Liang , Gale Michael , Renwick Bryce , Bachoo Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Anatomical variation may result in unexpected complications after fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR). We report a 78-year-old gentleman who was admitted for elective FEVAR procedure for a juxtarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm. Three days post-operatively, he deteriorated clinically. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram showed small bowel ischaemia and a replaced right hepatic artery originating from superior mesenteric artery. A necrotic gallbladder found during laparotomy required cholecystectomy following small bowel resection that required a relook for anastomosis and drainage of bile collection. He had prolonged ICU stay requiring treatment for multiple organ dysfunction then spent 4 weeks in hospital. Following multidisciplinary team approach in management of his complications during post-operative phase, he recovered well enough for rehabilitation and discharge home. Surveillance CT aorta at 1 month and 6 months post FEVAR showed satisfactory FEVAR appearance with no endoleak.
Models of bars − II. Exponential profiles
Authors: McGough D P , Evans N W , Sanders J L 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new model for galactic bars with exponentially falling major axis luminosity profiles and Gaussian cross-sections. This is based on the linear superposition of Gaussian potential–density pairs with an exponential weight function, using an extension of the method originally introduced by Long & Murali. We compute the density, potential, and forces, using Gaussian quadrature. These quantities are given as explicit functions of position. There are three independent scaled bar parameters that can be varied continuously to produce bespoke bars of a given mass and shape. We categorize the effective potential by splitting a reduced parameter space into six regions. Unusually, we find bars with three stable Lagrange points on the major axis are possible. Our model reveals a variety of unexpected orbital structure, including a bifurcating x1 orbit coexisting with a stable x4 orbit. Propeller orbits are found to play a dominant role in the orbital structure, and we find striking similarities between our bar configuration and the model of Kaufmann & Contopoulos. We find a candidate orbital family, sired from the propeller orbits, that may be responsible for the observed high-velocity peaks in the Milky Way’s bar. As a cross-check, we inspect, for the first time, the proper motions of stars in the high-velocity peaks, which also match our suggested orbital family well. This work adds to the increasing body of evidence that real galactic bars may be supported at least partly by propeller orbits rather than solely by elliptical-like orbits of the x1 family.
Cosmic ray transport in starburst galaxies
Authors: Krumholz Mark R , Crocker Roland M , Xu Siyao , Lazarian A , Rosevear M T , Bedwell-Wilson Jasper 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Starburst galaxies are efficient γ-ray producers, because their high supernova rates generate copious cosmic ray (CR) protons, and their high gas densities act as thick targets off which these protons can produce neutral pions and thence γ-rays. In this paper, we present a first-principles calculation of the mechanisms by which CRs propagate through such environments, combining astrochemical models with analysis of turbulence in weakly ionized plasma. We show that CRs cannot scatter off the strong large-scale turbulence found in starbursts, because efficient ion-neutral damping prevents such turbulence from cascading down to the scales of CR gyroradii. Instead, CRs stream along field lines at a rate determined by the competition between streaming instability and ion-neutral damping, leading to transport via a process of field line random walk. This results in an effective diffusion coefficient that is nearly energy independent up to CR energies of ∼1 TeV. We apply our computed diffusion coefficient to a simple model of CR escape and loss, and show that the resulting γ-ray spectra are in good agreement with the observed spectra of the starbursts NGC 253, M82, and Arp 220. In particular, our model reproduces these galaxies’ relatively hard GeV γ-ray spectra and softer TeV spectra without the need for any fine-tuning of advective escape times or the shape of the CR injection spectrum.