bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusions to the Book
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter to the whole volume returns to the overarching purpose of trying to stimulate rethinking of Sino-Japanese alienation. It pulls together the three Parts of the book, showing how the first two Parts provide a wider base of empirical evidence for rethinking how the history problem in Northeast Asia is currently understood and pursued, and how the third Part unpacks the ‘history problem’ variable in its broader geopolitical/historical order contexts. This chapter explains how the book provides ways to conceptually, politically, and normatively debate and reconceive the Northeast Asian history problem and Japan and China’s vital roles in the regional order.
Form, Figure, and Two Types of Extended Being
Authors: Lærke Mogens 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the system that can be gleaned from the young Leibniz’s philosophical papers from the late 1660s, and in particular its relation to Averroism, a doctrine that the mature Leibniz strongly opposed. It aims to gain a better understanding of some unexplored features of the young Leibniz’s so-called philosophia reformata, a combination of modern mechanist philosophy and restored Aristotelianism. It is argued that the reformed account of matter, form, and figure that Leibniz develops in his 1668–9 correspondence with his mentor Jacob Thomasius must be understood in the context of the theory of bodies, substantial forms, and divine ideas that he elaborates in the contemporary De transsubstantiatione from 1668. The chapter concludes that Averroism and the Paduan Aristotelian tradition, and Giacomo Zabarella in particular, stand centrally in the natural philosophy elaborated by Leibniz in those texts.
Torts and Other Wrongs
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Torts and Other Wrongs is a collection of eleven of the author’s essays on the theory of the law of torts and its place in the law more generally. Two new essays accompany nine previously published pieces, a number of which are already established classics of theoretical writing on private law. Together they range across the distinction between torts and other wrongs, the moral significance of outcomes, the nature and role of corrective and distributive justice, the justification of strict liability, the nature of the reasonable person standard, and the role of public policy in private law adjudication. Though focused on the law of torts, the wide-ranging analysis in each chapter will speak to theorists of private law more generally.
What is Tort Law For? The Place of Corrective Justice
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of what tort law is for, building on the work of Jules Coleman and Ernest Weinrib. Weinrib claims that tort law itself is a justificatory enterprise, but he equivocates about whether he, in invoking corrective justice, is in turn attempting to justify the justificatory enterprise of tort law. Coleman denies that his enterprise of explaining tort law in terms of corrective justice is a justificatory one to explore, and ultimately to affirm, the view. The chapter argues that any complete explanation of tort law—whatever other considerations it may invoke—cannot but invoke considerations of corrective justice. Considerations of corrective justice cannot be reduced out. They are necessary even if not sufficient.
The Negligence Standard: Political Not Metaphysical
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the question of why the law might sometimes assign strict responsibilities and sometimes negligence-limited responsibilities. It argues that the explanation is political, not metaphysical. They relate to the desirability or appeal or merit or attractiveness of the arrangements whereby some people have responsibility for some things, and others have responsibility for others. They point to the fairness, the efficiency, or more generally the reasonableness, of responsibilities being carved up in that way, or in some other way. They do not relate to the tragedy of the human condition or the impossibility of our escape from our rational nature. They do not belong to the metaphysics of basic responsibility. They belong instead to the politics of assignable responsibility.
The Mysterious Case of the Reasonable Person
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ‘reasonable person’, that ‘excellent but odious character’ who seems to inhabit every nook and cranny of the common law. According to Ripstein, the reasonable person embodies not just a justificatory standard but a particular justificatory standard. But what exactly is particular about the justificatory standard that he/she embodies? The chapter sketches six possible solutions to the mystery, which enjoy varying degrees of support in Ripstein’s text. They are by no means mutually exclusive. But how combining them would mitigate, as opposed to compounding, their several difficulties remains unclear.
Public Interest and Public Policy in Private Law
Authors: Gardner John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter first considers the thoughts of Ronald Dworkin, who sparked the contemporary fashion, among lawyers and legal theorists, for contrasting ‘arguments of principle’ with ‘arguments of policy’. Dworkin did not regard the two categories of argument as jointly exhaustive, even in the special setting of the courtroom. But he did regard them as mutually exclusive. The chapter also discusses the way in which the courts cannot responsibly avoid counting the consequences of their decisions, or at least some of the consequences of their decisions, for the decisions of future courts. This is followed by a discussion of legal instrumentalism.
Incompatibility between the ‘French Republican Model’ and Anti-Discrimination Law?
Authors: Hennette-Vauchez Stéphanie , Fondimare Elsa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A form of incompatibility between the ‘Republican’ legal and political tradition and some concepts or modus operandi of anti-discrimination law is a familiar trope of French constitutional and political narratives. This chapter seeks to revisit this common affirmation by making two main claims. It first acknowledges that specific twists and forms of tailoring imposed on anti-discrimination law rules were necessary in order to integrate them into the French legal order. It then mitigates the absoluteness of the ‘Republican’ tradition of universalism by unearthing past and present legal rules that have always allowed the constitutional principle of equality to apply only to some (groups) and/or to allow forms of differentiation. It thus concludes that much of the resistance of French legal actors to the paradigm of anti-discrimination law is political, rather than legal. Routinely alleged legal incompatibilities are largely mythical.
The Impact of Anti-Discrimination Law in the Netherlands
Authors: Loenen Titia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dutch anti-discrimination law has been quite a positive force in combating discrimination on grounds of religion in employment by contributing to an approach to manifestations of religion in the workplace that takes accommodation of religious expressions rather than prohibition as its starting point. In this way, anti-discrimination law has promoted equal access to employment for religious minorities, in particular for Muslim women. A major role in this development has been played by the primary supervisory body of anti-discrimination law, the former Equal Treatment Commission and its successor, the National Institute of Human Rights, whose decisions are analysed in the chapter.
Tackling Indirect Discrimination in Employment in France
Authors: Mercat-Bruns Marie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that in France, the application of employment discrimination law is a mixed bag. On the one hand, labour law judges have had some difficulties with interpreting anti-discrimination law, especially when it is based on prohibited grounds linked to the person at work, such as race, and detached from the statutory view of the worker within the scope of applicable law. The need to deepen a factual analysis of context in cases of direct discrimination constitutes a challenge for civil judges more familiar with an approach based on syllogism rather than analogy and comparison. On the other hand, more recently, labour law judges have started resorting to the logic of indirect discrimination in employment which offers original ways to scrutinize collective action, including the right to strike, revealing systemic discrimination.
Challenges to the Effectiveness of the Protection against Indirect Discrimination on the Ground of Sex in Spain
Authors: Ballester Pastor María Amparo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although Spain has formally transposed the EU’s gender anti-discrimination directives and case law, there are still problems of effectiveness, particularly in the area of indirect discrimination. This chapter presents a critical analysis of these problems, taking into account the historical and legislative situation of Spain. This chapter argues that the continuing problems concerning the limited application of indirect sex discrimination in Spain are due predominantly to its late and formalistic legislative implementation, the court’s reliance on a merely statistical and quantitative approach, as well as practical difficulties of various actors entitled to intervene or to bring legal actions against such discrimination (eg trade unions, trade inspectorates).
Italy’s (Surprising) Use of Racial Harassment Provisions as a Means of Fighting Discrimination
Authors: Möschel Mathias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Italian case law on racial harassment in the employment context but also beyond. NGOs, in particular, are using this new tool to fight against race discrimination. In a legal system which is not necessarily known for being at the forefront of anti-discrimination law, such a success may seem surprising. I argue that, at least in Italy, the prohibition on racial harassment has the advantage of overcoming pre-existing limitations of fighting racism via criminal law for certain cases. Moreover, the definition of harassment as derived from the EU anti-discrimination law directives avoids some of the interpretational difficulties related to direct and indirect discrimination. Thus, the case law analysed here could set an example beyond the national borders and also shed more light on a concept which has so far been flying under the radar in European anti-discrimination law.
France and the Slave Trade
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with a short overview of France’s involvement in the Atlantic slave trade and shows how, by the second half of the eighteenth century, more and more merchants and investors became dazzled by the profits offered by a successful slave voyage. All the Atlantic ports engaged in the slave trade, though Nantes had the highest level of slaving and the greatest dependence on the triangular trade with west Africa and the Caribbean. The economics of a slave voyage are analysed, as well as the cargoes purchased for trading in Africa; the captains’ involvement in slave markets in both West Africa and the Caribbean; the risks run by the slave ships and their crews during the voyage; and the conditions that were endured below deck during the Middle Passage.
Populating the French Atlantic
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the waves of emigration from France to the Americas to work on sugar plantations or in commerce in Le Cap, including those who signed on for a three-year engagement, before they gave way on the plantations to African slaves, and a variety of French emigrants, ranging merchants to seamen and tradespeople, including some women, who sought their fortunes in the Caribbean. It identifies their provinces of origin and discusses the life they went to: the realities of the plantation on the one hand, on the other the civilized urban life of Le Cap with its philosophical society, its masonic lodges, and its theatres. But many became disillusioned or returned to France in poor health or in old age; the chapter ends with a discussion of migration back from the Caribbean.
The Saint-Domingue Diaspora
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter follows the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue as they were forced by murder and arson to flee their homes and seek refuge elsewhere. Some—those with family back in France or despairing of any kind of future in the Antilles—xfled home to France, where many, having lost their possessions in the chaos, were reduced to penury and public support. Others went to nearby colonies, notably Jamaica and Santo-Domingo, often in the forlorn hope they might return. But the majority hoped to rebuild their lives as planters and slave-owners. Many settled in Cuba, especially in a French enclave around Santiago-de-Cuba, until they were expelled in 1808 when Napoleon invaded Spain. For many their journey ended in Louisiana or in the cities of the eastern seaboard of the United States.
Economic Stagnation and Decay
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
If the first years of the Revolution were years of continued prosperity for Atlantic commerce, after 1792 the war and the insurrection in Saint-Domingue spread gloom and despair among merchants and shipping companies. As in previous wars, merchants turned to a series of expedients: opening up trade to independent merchants, allowing neutral shipping to bring goods from the Americas, or resorting to privateering. But they were only palliatives, expedients to survive, and the effect on the ports and on the industrial towns of their hinterland were calamitous. Under Napoleon, the blockade and the Continental System only made matters worse, though there were temporary respites, as in 1810–12. Merchants suffered in silence until the Restoration allowed them to express their despair.
The Congress of Vienna and the Politics of Slavery
Authors: Forrest Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with an account of public opinion in the Atlantic cities following Napoleon’s defeat in 1814, the growth of royalist support in Bordeaux and the general desire of the Atlantic ports for the return of peace and the renewal of former commercial ties. But with Britain and the United States having already abolished the slave trade, there was huge international pressure on France to follow suit. Britain claimed the right to board slave ships and police the trade routes to Africa and the Caribbean, and the future legality of slaving was thrown into doubt. After Napoleon’s defeat during the Hundred Days France’s negotiating position was weakened. Vienna would prove a turning-point for the slave trade in the North Atlantic.
Introduction
Authors: Marks Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s enquiry into the idea of the rights of man in eighteenth-century England and into the earlier glimmerings of that idea in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English thought. If protection of the right to property is an implicit and sometimes explicit principle of international human rights law, the chapter raises the question of whether there may exist an alternative tradition of thought about human rights, in which what is important is not the right to property, but instead the dispossession of the unpropertied.
Capital Bluegrass
Authors: Lornell Kip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book documents the history and development of bluegrass music in and around Washington, DC. It begins with the pre-bluegrass period of country music and ends with a description of the local scene near the end of the 2010s. Capital Bluegrass details the period when this genre became recognized locally as a separate genre within country music, which occurred shortly after the Country Gentlemen formed in 1957. This music gained a wider audience during the 1960s, when WAMU-FM began broadcasting this music and the nationally recognized magazine Bluegrass Unlimited was launched in suburban Maryland. Bluegrass flourished during the 1980s with dozens of local venues offering live bluegrass weekly and the public radio station featuring forty hours a week of bluegrass programming. Although it remains a notable genre in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area, by the 1990s bluegrass began its slow decline in popularity. By 2019, the local bluegrass community remains stable, though graying. Despite the creation of both bluegrasscountry.org and the DC Bluegrass Union, it is abundantly clear that general recognition and appreciation for bluegrass locally is well below the heights it reached some thirty-five years earlier.
“A Cold Wind A’ Blowin’ ” (1991–2019)
Authors: Lornell Kip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
During the period covered at the beginning of this chapter (the early 1990s), WAMU-FM and the Birchmere both still featured bluegrass; by the chapter’s close, in the contemporary period, this powerful radio station had completely transitioned to a news and talk format and the Birchmere only occasionally booked this genre. The sheer number of bands and venues diminished noticeably as did the general interest in bluegrass. The shrinkage of bluegrass programming on WAMU-FM was gradual and deliberate, occurring over some dozen years. The local bluegrass community vehemently protest, but to no avail. However, the existence of the WAMU-FM spin-off bluegrasscountry.org and the formation of DC Bluegrass Union reflect the existence of the ongoing, though diminished, local bluegrass community.
Exposure to Odors Increases Pain Threshold in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients
Authors: Gossrau Gudrun , Baum Daniel , Koch Thea , Sabatowski Rainer , Hummel Thomas , Haehner Antje 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Structured exposure to odors is an acknowledged therapy in patients with smell loss but has also been shown to be effective in depression. The latter might rely on connections between olfactory and emotional structures, suggesting possible effects of a similar approach in pain patients. Based on neuroanatomy, there are several interfaces between the “pain matrix” and olfactory system, such as the limbic system, hypothalamus, and mediodorsal thalamus. We aimed to investigate whether structured exposure to odors may impact perceived pain in patients with chronic low back pain.

Design
Randomized controlled parallel-group design. Subjects were tested on two occasions, at baseline and after four weeks.

Setting
Ambulatory.

Subjects
Forty-two patients with chronic low back pain

Methods
For all patients, olfactory function (using the “Sniffin’Sticks” test kit), detection, and pain thresholds for cutaneous electrical stimuli (applied to the forearm) were tested at baseline and after four weeks. Twenty-eight patients exposed themselves to four odors (rose, vanilla, chocolate, peach) every two hours over a period of four weeks (training group). Control patients (N = 14) underwent no such “olfactory training” (nontraining group).

Results
Pain thresholds were significantly increased in patients who performed olfactory training compared with patients who did not train with odors. Detection thresholds and olfactory function remained unchanged.

Conclusions
The present results indicate that regular exposure to odors increases pain thresholds in patients with chronic back pain and could be useful for general pain control in these patients. Furthermore, olfactory training in chronic pain patients might help to reduce chronification of pain by desensitization.
Seongchinamella unica gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal mudflat of beach, and transfer of Halioglobus sediminis to Seongchinamella sediminis comb. nov. and Halioglobus lutimaris to Pseudohalioglobus gen. nov. as Pseudohalioglobus lutimaris comb. nov.
Authors: Kang Joo Won , Yang Hee Gun , Choi Seon , Kim Young-Ju , Lee Soon Dong 
Published: February 2020

A Gram-reaction-negative, motile by gliding, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain GH4-78T, was isolated from the tidal mudflat of a beach in the Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative and produced cream-coloured colonies. Q-8 was the only isoprenoid quinone. The major fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1
ω7c and/or C18 : 1
ω6c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω6c and/or C16 : 1
ω7c) and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain GH4-78T formed a distinct lineage with

Halioglobus sediminis

(98.2 % sequence similarity). The DNA G+C content was 59.9 mol%. The average nucleotide identity value with the closest relative was 82.90 %. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and phylogenomic analyses, strain GH4-78T (=KCTC 62383T=DSM 106349T) represents a novel species of a new genus in the family

Halieaceae

, for which the name Seongchinamella unica gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. Moreover, the transfers of

Halioglobus sediminis

Han et al. 2019 to Seongchinamella sediminis comb. nov. and

Halioglobus lutimaris

Shi et al. 2018 to Pseudohalioglobus gen. nov. as Pseudohalioglobus lutimaris comb. nov. are also proposed, with the emended description of the genus

Halioglobus

.
Expression profiles of circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs in extreme phenotypes of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Zhou Rouxi , Liu Sen , Wang Wei , Cheng Weijing , He Miao , Xiong Kun , Gong Xia , Li Yuting , Huang Wenyong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent evidences highlighted regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the literatures and number of the RNAs identified were limited. Here, we compared the expression profiles of circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs in the blood of the susceptible individuals who developed severe DR within 5 years after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), and the inherently resistant individuals who are spared from DR despite over 20-year history of T2DM. Using RNA microarray, hundreds of significantly differently expressed circRNAs, lncRNAs, and dozens of mRNAs were identified. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction verified the above findings. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the differentially expressed circRNAs were involved in platelet-derived growth factor binding, and mRNA and the cis-target genes of lncRNA participate in negative regulation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis suggested that the differentially expressed circRNAs were related to vitamin B6 metabolism and type 2 diabetes. The cis-target genes of lncRNAs are enriched in valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway. The trans-target genes of lncRNAs are enriched in pathways such as vitamin B6 metabolism. Differentially expressed mRNAs are associated with type 2 diabetes and the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that circRNAs and lncRNAs may be involved in the regulation of DR and lay a foundation for further researches into the underlying mechanisms.