bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal routing strategy based on extreme learning machine with beetle antennae search algorithm for Low Earth Orbit satellite communication networks
Authors: Rajagopal Aghila , Ramachandran A. , Shankar K. , Khari Manju , Jha Sudan , Joshi Gyanendra Prasad 
Published: December 2020

SummaryDue to the significant utilization of terrestrial communication, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite network is a critical part of satellite communication networks owing to its several benefits. But the efficient and trustworthy routing for LEO satellite networks (LSNs) is a difficult process because of dynamic topology, adequate link changes, and imbalanced communication load. This study devises a new hybridization of extreme learning machine (ELM) with multitask beetle antennae search (MBAS) algorithm‐based distributed routing called the MBAS‐ELM model. The proposed model determines the routes based on traffic forecasting with respect to the level of traffic circulation on the earth. The proposed method is employed for traffic forecasting at the satellite nodes (SNs). To identify the optimal routes, mobile agents (MAs) are applied to concurrently and autonomously determine for LSNs and make a decision on routing data. The experimental outcome has showcased the effective performance of the proposed model over the compared models in terms of different measures, namely, average delay, packet loss ratio (PLR), and queuing delay. The results are validated under varying simulation time and data sensing rates. The obtained outcome pointed out the superior performance of the proposed MBAS‐ELM model compared with other methods.
Simultaneously Passivating Cation and Anion Defects in Metal Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Using a Zwitterionic Amino Acid Additive
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hyeon , Kim Yong Ryun , Park Byoungwook , Hong Soonil , Hwang In‐Wook , Kim Jehan , Kwon Sooncheol , Kim Geunjin , Kim Heejoo , Lee Kwanghee 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIonic defects (e.g., organic cations and halide anions), preferably residing along grain boundaries (GBs) and on perovskite film surfaces, are known to be a major source of the notorious environmental instability of perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Although passivating ionic defects is desirable, previous approaches using Lewis base or acid molecules as additives suppress only the negatively or positively charged defects, thus leaving oppositely charged defects. In this work, both the cationic and anionic defects inside methyl ammonium lead tri‐iodide (MAPbI3) are simultaneously passivated by introducing a zwitterionic form of the amino acid, L‐alanine, into the precursor solution as an additive. L‐alanine has both positive (NH3+) and negative (COO−) functional groups at a specific solvent pH, thereby passivating both the cation and anion defects in MAPbI3. The addition of L‐alanine increases the grain size of the perovskite crystals and lengthens the charge carrier lifetime (τ > 1 µs), leading to improved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 20.3% (from 18.3% without an additive) for small‐area (4.64 mm2) devices and 15.6% (from 13.5%) for large‐area submodules (9.06 cm2). More importantly, the authors’ approach also significantly enhances the shelf storage and photoirradiation stabilities of PeSCs.
Molecular Radiative Energy Shifts under Strong Oscillating Fields
Authors: Zheng Peng , Kang Jeeun , Paria Debadrita , Kang Jin U. , Barman Ishan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoherent manipulation of light‐matter interactions is pivotal to the advancement of nanophotonics. Conventionally, the non‐resonant optical Stark effect is harnessed for band engineering by intense laser pumping. However, this method is hindered by the transient Stark shifts and the high‐energy laser pumping which, by itself, is precluded as a nanoscale optical source due to light diffraction. As an analog of photons in a laser, surface plasmons are uniquely positioned to coherently interact with matter through near‐field coupling, thereby, providing a potential source of electric fields. Herein, the first demonstration of plasmonic Stark effect is reported and attributed to a newly uncovered energy‐bending mechanism. As a complementary approach to the optical Stark effect, it is envisioned that the plasmonic Stark effect will advance fundamental understanding of coherent light‐matter interactions and will also provide new opportunities for advanced optoelectronic tools, such as ultrafast all‐optical switches and biological nanoprobes at lower light power levels.
Speciation and bioavailability studies of toxic metals in the alluvial soil of Onukun River floodplain in Okitipupa, Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Aiyesanmi Ademola Festus , Oladele Mayowa Festus , Adelodun Adedeji Adebukola , Idowu Gideon Aina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe report on the speciation study of five toxic metals in the floodplain alluvial soils of Onukun river of Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. The bulk metal concentrations in the soil samples were in the order: Fe > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd. Speciation analysis via sequential extraction was used to fractionate the metals into five operationally defined pools: exchangeable, carbonate, easily reducible, organic, and residual fractions. Generally, the organic, residual, and reducible fractions were the most abundant pools for Cu, Cr and Fe, Pb and Zn, respectively, whereas Cd was undetected. The soils were loamy sand, with pH and organic matter content ranging from 4.71% to 7.00% and 1.92% to– 4.62%, respectively. Furthermore, three pollution indices viz. geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor, and mobility/bioavailability evinced the trends: Fe > Cr > Zn > Cu > Pb, Cr > Zn > Cu > Fe > Pb, and Zn > Pb > Cu > Fe > Cr, respectively, with the pollution load index highest of 0.39. Conclusively, the floodplains’ soils are considered contaminated with the target toxic metals, necessitating their periodic monitoring and remediation.
Dual Pathway Model of Responses Between Climate Change and Livestock Production
Authors: Iyiola-Tunji Adetunji Oroye , Adamu James Ijampy , John Paul Apagu , Muniru Idris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter was aimed at evaluating the responses of livestock to fluctuations in climate and the debilitating effect of livestock production on the environment. Survey of livestock stakeholders (farmers, researchers, marketers, and traders) was carried out in Sahel, Sudan, Northern Guinea Savannah, Southern Guinea Savannah, and Derived Savannah zones of Nigeria. In total, 362 respondents were interviewed between April and June 2020. The distribution of the respondents was 22 in Sahel, 57 in Sudan, 61 in Northern Guinea Savannah, 80 in Southern Guinea Savannah, and 106 in Derived Savannah. The respondents were purposively interviewed based on their engagement in livestock production, research or trading activities. Thirty-eight years’ climate data from 1982 to 2019 were obtained from Nigerian Metrological Agency, Abuja. Ilela, Kiyawa, and Sabon Gari were chosen to represent Sahel, Sudan, and Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria, respectively. The data contained precipitation, relative humidity, and minimum and maximum temperature. The temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated using the formula: THI = 0.8*T + RH*(T-14.4) + 46.4, where T = ambient or dry-bulb temperature in °C and RH=relative humidity expressed as a proportion. Three Machine Learning model were built to predict the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity respectively based on information from the previous 11 months. The methodology adopted is to treat each prediction task as a supervised learning problem. This involves transforming the time series data into a feature-target dataset using autoregressive (AR) technique. The major component of the activities of livestock that was known to cause injury to the environment as depicted in this chapter was the production of greenhouse gases. From the respondents in this chapter, some adaptive measures were stated as having controlling and mitigating effect at reducing the effect of activities of livestock on the climate and the environment. The environment and climate on the other side of the dual pathway is also known to induce stress on livestock. The concept of crop-livestock integration system is advocated in this chapter as beneficial to livestock and environment in the short and long run. Based on the predictive model developed for temperature and relative humidity in a sample location (Ilela) using Machine Learning in this chapter, there is need for development of a web or standalone application that will be useable by Nigerian farmers, meteorological agencies, and extension organizations as climate fluctuation early warning system. Development of this predictive model needs to be expanded and made functional.
Studien(fach)wahlen: eine Frage der Motivlage?
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Wintersemester 2018/19 umfasste die Studierendenschaft in Deutschland 2 865 000 Immatrikulierte mit einem Frauenanteil von etwa 48,9 %. Wiederum 34,9 % der Studierenden waren an einer Fachhochschule bzw. einer Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften eingeschrieben. An diesem speziellen Hochschultyp war der Frauenanteil mit 44,1 % außerdem geringer als an Universitäten bzw. hochschulübergreifend.
Studien(fach)wahlen und ihre Ursachen: an der Schnittstelle von Geschlechterforschung und Bildungsforschung
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungWas berufs- und arbeitsbezogene Orientierungsmuster von Frauen angeht, lohnt sich der Rückblick auf die frühe Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung: In den 1980er-Jahren standen insbesondere die strukturellen Ungleichheiten zwischen den Geschlechtern im Fokus und es wurde ein differenzbetonender Blick auf den „weiblichen Lebenszusammenhang“ gelegt, also auf die von Frauen ausgeübte unbezahlte Arbeit und schlecht bezahlte Lohnarbeit, ihre alleinige Sorge für Kinder und die fehlende Repräsentation in Politik und Gesellschaft. Die „doppelte Vergesellschaftung“ von Frauen hinsichtlich Erwerbs- und Familienarbeit, das Konzept des „weiblichen Arbeitsvermögens“ und das empirische Infragestellen der „weiblichen Familienorientierung“ waren Kernelemente der berufsbezogenen Frauenforschung zu dieser Zeit.
Methodologie und methodisches Vorgehen
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungIn der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde auf Grundlage der dargestellten theoretischen Verknüpfungen der Frage nachgegangen, wie sich Studien(fach)wahlen im Kontext von sozialem Milieu und Geschlecht konstituieren. Um dieser Frage nachzugehen, wurde ein qualitativer Zugang gewählt: Im Gegensatz zu quantitativer Forschung wurden keine vordefinierten Hypothesen an den Forschungsgegenstand herangetragen, die überprüft werden sollten. Stattdessen bietet sich ein qualitatives Vorgehen an, um theoriegeleitet offene Fragestellungen zu verfolgen und das beforschte Feld möglichst umfassend zu ‚verstehen‘
Von Sozialarbeitern und Bauingenieurinnen: Habitushermeneutische Fallanalysen
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Terminvereinbarung mit Sonja ist mit einer sehr zuverlässigen Kommunikation ihrerseits verbunden: Als einzige Interviewpartnerin bestätigt sie einen Tag vor dem Gespräch den Termin proaktiv per Email und schreibt, sie hoffe „etwas Nützliches“ erzählen zu können. Damit betont sie die Relevanz ihrer Rolle als Befragte für das Forschungsvorhaben und begibt sich mit der Forscherin im Vornerein auf Augenhöhe. Dieser Eindruck setzt sich in der Interviewsituation fort: Bevor die Aufnahme gestartet wird, stellt Sonja einige Fragen zum Anliegen und zur Methode des Forschungsprojekts.
Ergebnisse: Studien(fach)wahlen im Kontext von sozialem Milieu und Geschlecht
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie analysierten Wege in das Bauingenieurwesen und die Soziale Arbeit zeigen, wie Studien(fach)wahlen eingebettet sind in die vergeschlechtlichte milieuspezifische Lebensführung und wie die antizipierte Passung zu einem Studienfach und einem Beruf in diesem Zusammenspiel entsteht. Je nach vergeschlechtlichter milieuspezifischer Habitualisierung werden die Handlungsmöglichkeiten auf dem Weg in einen Beruf kanalisiert bzw. erweitert, bestimmte Dispositionen werden gestärkt und andere in den Hintergrund gerückt. Was das Verhältnis der Fälle zueinander angeht, haben sich Ähnlichkeiten und Kontraste in den Analysen bereits angedeutet und bilden sich ebenso in ihrer Verortung im Modell sozialer Milieus ab.
Schluss und Ausblick: komplexe Passungsverhältnisse
Authors: Loge Lena 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungZiel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Erkenntnisse von Geschlechter- und Bildungsforschung zu Studien(fach)wahlen miteinander zu verknüpfen und in der Analyse die Dimensionen von sozialer Herkunft und Geschlecht systematisch zu verbinden. So sollte die Frage beantwortet werden, wie die Wahl eines Studiums und Studienfachs vor dem Hintergrund von sozialem Milieu und Geschlecht zu verstehen und zu erklären ist. Die Ergebnisse werden in diesem Kapitel zusammengefasst.
Komplexität im Projektmanagement
Authors: Harlacher Markus , Nitsch Verena , Mütze-Niewöhner Susanne 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungAus der Diskussion um die Veränderungen in der Arbeitswelt ist der Begriff der Komplexität nicht mehr wegzudenken. Der Beitrag befasst sich mit diesem Phänomen im Kontext der Projektarbeit. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Projektmanagement und den mit dieser Aufgabe betrauten Personen. Die Autoren nehmen damit eine Zielgruppe in den Fokus, die sich häufig hohen Belastungen ausgesetzt sieht. Im Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse einer Online-Befragung mit 50 Projektmanager*innen zur Bewertung von Komplexitätsindikatoren hinsichtlich ihrer praktischen Relevanz für die Projektmanagementkomplexität vorgestellt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Mehrzahl der als komplexitätstreibend eingestuften Indikatoren auf organisatorische Gestaltungsaspekte bezieht. Die höchste Relevanz wird dabei Faktoren zugesprochen, die die Widersprüchlichkeit und Veränderlichkeit von Zielen, Anforderungen und Regularien betreffen. Die Untersuchung liefert außerdem Hinweise darauf, dass Projektmanagementkomplexität in Abhängigkeit des Managementansatzes (klassisch, hybrid, agil) betrachtet werden sollte. Unterschiede in der Beurteilung ergeben sich zum Beispiel in Bezug auf Zeitdruck, Leistungsdruck und Anzahl an Kunden.
Golden Gate vectors for efficient gene fusion and gene deletion in diverse filamentous fungi
Authors: Dahlmann Tim A. , Terfehr Dominik , Becker Kordula , Teichert Ines 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe cloning of plasmids can be time-consuming or expensive. Yet, cloning is a prerequisite for many standard experiments for the functional analysis of genes, including the generation of deletion mutants and the localization of gene products. Here, we provide Golden Gate vectors for fast and easy cloning of gene fusion as well as gene deletion vectors applicable to diverse fungi. In Golden Gate cloning, restriction and ligation occur simultaneously in a one-pot reaction. Our vector set contains recognition sites for the commonly used type IIS restriction endonuclease BsaI. We generated plasmids for C- as well as N-terminal tagging with GFP, mRFP and 3xFLAG. For gene deletion, we provide five different donor vectors for selection marker cassettes. These include standard cassettes for hygromycin B, nourseothricin and phleomycin resistance genes as well as FLP/FRT-based marker recycling cassettes for hygromycin B and nourseothricin resistance genes. To make cloning most feasible, we provide robust protocols, namely (1) an overview of cloning procedures described in this paper, (2) specific Golden Gate reaction protocols and (3) standard primers for cloning and sequencing of plasmids and generation of deletion cassettes by PCR and split-marker PCR. We show that our vector set is applicable for the biotechnologically relevant Penicillium chrysogenum and the developmental model system Sordaria macrospora. We thus expect these vectors to be beneficial for other fungi as well. Finally, the vectors can easily be adapted to organisms beyond the kingdom fungi.
Habit and Skill in the Domain of Joint Action
Authors: Martens Judith H. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDichotomous thinking about mental phenomena is abundant in philosophy. One particularly tenacious dichotomy is between “automatic” and “controlled” processes. In this characterization automatic and unintelligent go hand in hand, as do non-automatic and intelligent. Accounts of skillful action have problematized this dichotomous conceptualization and moved towards a more nuanced understanding of human agency. This binary thinking is, however, still abundant in the philosophy of joint action. Habits and skills allow us agentic ways of guiding complex action routines that would otherwise overwhelm our reflective capacities. In this paper, I look at how theories of skill, habit, and know-how in individual action can inform a non-dichotomous account of joint action. I argue that a fuller understanding of joint agency has to understand not only group know-how, but also the role of attention and the highly integrated types of control that allow agents to act together.
Spatio-temporal shaping of a free-electron wave function via coherent light–electron interaction
Authors: Vanacore Giovanni Maria , Madan Ivan , Carbone Fabrizio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed a quantum revolution in the field of computation, communication and materials investigation. A similar revolution is also occurring for free-electron based techniques, where the classical treatment of a free electron as a point particle is being surpassed toward a deeper exploitation of its quantum nature. Adopting familiar concepts from quantum optics, several groups have demonstrated temporal and spatial shaping of a free-electron wave function, developing theoretical descriptions of light-modulated states, as well as predicting and confirming fascinating phenomena as attosecond self-compression and orbital angular momentum transfer from light to electrons. In this review, we revisit the milestones of this development and the several methods adopted for imprinting a time-varying phase modulation on an electron wave function using properly synthesized ultrafast light fields, making the electron an exquisitely selective probe of out-of-equilibrium phenomena in individual atomic/nanoscale systems. We discuss both longitudinal and transverse phase manipulation of free-electrons, where coherent quantized exchanges of energy, linear momentum and orbital angular momentum mediating the electron–light coupling are key in determining their spatio-temporal redistribution. Spatio-temporal phase shaping of matter waves provides new routes toward image-resolution enhancement, selective probing, dynamic control of materials, new quantum information methods, and exploration of electronic motions and nuclear phenomena. Emerging as a new field, electron wave function shaping allows adopting familiar quantum optics concepts in composite-particle experiments and paves the way for atomic, ionic and nuclear wave function engineering with perspective applications in atomic interferometry and direct control of nuclear processes.
Trading off wage for workplace safety? Gaps between immigrants and natives in Italy
Authors: D’Ambrosio Anna , Leombruni Roberto , Razzolini Tiziano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe employ Italian administrative data to analyze the differentials in wages and workplace injuries between immigrants and natives over the 1994–2012 period. Via propensity score reweighting, we construct the factual and counterfactual, marginal and joint distributions of wages and workplace injuries. Examining the differentials along the entire distributions, our approach yields novel insights on their potential drivers. Our findings confirm that immigrants face lower wages and a substantially higher injury risk than natives; futhermore, they highlight that foreign-born workers display a disproportionate concentration of injuries around the minimum contractual wages. Our results show that the latter can be interpreted as an unintended effect of minimum contractual wages. Indeed, if wages are downward rigid and workplace safety investments are costly, firms employing low-wage workers may reallocate their savings away from wages onto safety. Over time, the gap is found to shrink. Our analysis suggests that, beyond the reduction in workplace intensity during recessions, this may be due to destruction of marginal jobs. Being disproportionally concentrated in marginal occupations, then, lower-skilled migrant workers are more vulnerable to downturns in the economic cycle. Overall, our results highlight that labour market segmentation may co-exist with wage regulations.
Estimating the Impact of Seep Methane Oxidation on Ocean pH and Dissolved Inorganic Radiocarbon Along the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight
Authors: Garcia‐Tigreros Fenix , Leonte Mihai , Ruppel Carolyn D. , Ruiz‐Angulo Angel , Joung Dong Joo , Young Benjamin , Kessler John D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOngoing ocean warming can release methane (CH4) currently stored in ocean sediments as free gas and gas hydrates. Once dissolved in ocean waters, this CH4 can be oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2). While it has been hypothesized that the CO2 produced from aerobic CH4 oxidation could enhance ocean acidification, a previous study conducted in Hudson Canyon shows that CH4 oxidation has a small short‐term influence on ocean pH and dissolved inorganic radiocarbon. Here we expand upon that investigation to assess the impact of widespread CH4 seepage on CO2 chemistry and possible accumulation of this carbon injection along 234 km of the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight. Consistent with the estimates from Hudson Canyon, we demonstrate that a small fraction of ancient CH4‐derived carbon is being assimilated into the dissolved inorganic radiocarbon (mean fraction of 0.5 ± 0.4%). The areas with the highest fractions of ancient carbon coincide with elevated CH4 concentration and active gas seepage. This suggests that aerobic CH4 oxidation has a greater influence on the dissolved inorganic pool in areas where CH4 concentrations are locally elevated, instead of displaying a cumulative effect downcurrent from widespread groupings of CH4 seeps. A first‐order approximation of the input rate of ancient‐derived dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) into the waters overlying the northern U.S. Mid‐Atlantic Bight further suggests that oxidation of ancient CH4‐derived carbon is not negligible on the global scale and could contribute to deepwater acidification over longer time scales.
High‐Frequency (6 Hz) PKPab Precursors and Their Sensitivity to Deep Earth Heterogeneity
Authors: Sens‐Schönfelder C. , Bataille K. , Bianchi M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present observations on a new precursory phase of seismic waves scattered in the deep Earth. This phase arrives prior to the PKPab wave at epicentral distances larger than 155°, and we call it PKPab precursor. We show that the presence of the PKPab precursor is a necessary consequence of scattering in D″, which is the commonly accepted cause of the PKPdf precursor at distances smaller than 145°. PKPdf waves that propagate through the inner core should arrive before the PKPab precursor but those, are strongly attenuated in the inner core at frequencies between 4 Hz and 8 Hz used here, making the PKPab precursor the earliest teleseismic signal at distances larger than 155°. Calculated PKPab precursor sensitivity kernel shows that this phase is mostly sensitive to scattering along the closest PKPbc path between source and receiver. It can thus help to constrain the lateral distribution of heterogeneity along D″.