bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prognostic impact of the number of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases on rectal cancer
Authors: Ozawa Heita , Nakanishi Hiroki , Sakamoto Junichi , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Fujita Shin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to clarify the number of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases of colorectal cancer for which prognosis could be improved by dissection.

Methods
We analysed the data of 30 patients with lateral pelvic lymph node metastases of rectal cancer that underwent a total mesorectal excision with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection at our institute from 1986 to 2016. We performed survival analysis on the number of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases in each of these patients and identified an optimal cut-off point of the number of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases that would predict recurrence-free survival using the receiver operating characteristic curves and an Akaike information criterion value.

Results
The 5-year recurrence-free survival and overall survival of patients with one or two lateral pelvic lymph node metastases were significantly better than that of those with three or more (5-year recurrence-free survival, 63.3 vs. 0.0%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07–0.72; P = 0.0124) (5-year overall survival, 68.2 vs. 15.6%, respectively; hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.09–0.92; P = 0.0300). All of the metastatic lateral pelvic lymph nodes in the group with one or two lateral pelvic lymph node metastases were restricted to the internal iliac artery or obturator nerve regions.

Conclusions
The cut-off number of lateral pelvic lymph node metastases in the internal iliac artery or obturator nerve regions of colorectal cancer cases in whom prognosis was improved by lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was 2; patients who had &lt;3 lateral pelvic lymph node metastases had better prognoses than those with ≥3 lateral pelvic lymph node metastases.
Traumatic thoracolumbar fracture–dislocation in an infant: surgical management using posterior thoracolumbar instrumentation
Authors: Alkhaibary Ali , Khairy Sami , Alshaya Wael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Spinal fracture–dislocation in the infantile population is a rare phenomenon, and its surgical management remains poorly discussed in the literature. This article reports a case of traumatic fracture–dislocation in an infant by outlining the surgical management and extensively reviewing the literature. An 8-month-old girl was involved in a motor vehicle accident and was ejected from the car through the windshield. Radiological imaging demonstrated a complete spinal cord injury at the level of T10 and a three-column fracture of T12-L1, with an evidence of kyphosis measuring 47° at the fracture site. Posterior thoracolumbar instrumentation, using the posterior cervical fixation set, was successfully performed. In experienced neurosurgical centers, posterior thoracolumbar instrumentation can be safely performed in infants with traumatic thoracolumbar fracture–dislocation. This allows for the correction of the kyphotic deformity, facilitation of the rehabilitation course and improvement in the health-related quality of life.
A challenging case of a chyle leak following axillary lymph node clearance
Authors: Wong Joshua , Farkas Nicholas , Monib Sherif , Thomson Simon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chyle leak following axillary lymph node clearance is a rarely reported complication. We present a case of chylous leakage following axillary lymph node clearance, which was diagnosed on clinical grounds. Surgical re-exploration was undertaken due to ongoing high output. However, the chylous leak recurred post-operatively, if at a lower rate. The patient was subsequently managed successfully with conservative measures, primarily utilizing regular aspiration and compression bandaging to the axilla.
Machine Learning for Occupation Coding—A Comparison Study
Authors: Schierholz Malte , Schonlau Matthias 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Asking people about their occupation is common practice in surveys and censuses around the world. The answers are typically recorded in textual form and subsequently assigned (coded) to categories, which have been defined in official occupational classifications. While this coding step is often done manually, substituting it with more automated workflows has been a longstanding goal, promising reduced data-processing costs and accelerated publication of key statistics. Although numerous researchers have developed different algorithms for automated occupation coding, the algorithms have rarely been compared with each other or tested on different data sets. We fill this gap by comparing some of the most promising algorithms found in the literature and testing them on five data sets from Germany. The first two algorithms we test exemplify a common practice in which answers are coded automatically according to a predefined list of job titles. Statistical learning algorithms—that is, regularized multinomial regression, tree boosting, or algorithms developed specifically for occupation coding (algorithms three to six)—can improve upon algorithms one and two, but only if a sufficient number of training observations from previous surveys is available. The best results are obtained by merging the list of job titles with coded answers from previous surveys before using this combined training data for statistical learning (algorithm 7). However, the differences between the algorithms are often small compared to the large variation found across different data sets, which we ascribe to systematic differences in the way the data were coded in the first place. Such differences complicate the application of statistical learning, which risks perpetuating questionable coding decisions from the training data to the future.
The Transformation to Health for All in Correctional Care: Shifting Mindset to End Collusion
Authors: Hayden James , Huth Charles 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTBottom Line Up Front: Prison, for most incarcerated persons, can be a harsh and oftentimes dehumanizing environment. The U.S. criminal justice system has become more punitive than rehabilitative since the 1970s. In a reversal of this trend, newly passed legislation has charged prisons with preparing incarcerated persons for reentry into society, reducing recidivism, and providing rehabilitation programs targeting individual needs and risk. At the same time, prison staff delivering these services are faced with the challenge of burn-out, fatigue, depression, PTSD, suicide, and substance abuse at higher rates than individuals in other professions. To sustainably deliver the newly mandated prison-based services with an emphasis on the health and wellbeing of both the staff and the incarcerated population, prisons and the criminal justice system must change dramatically. The key to accomplishing this change is a foundational shift in mindset, from a self-focused “inward mindset” to an in impact-focused “outward mindset.” The purpose of this article is to hypothesize the potential for increased safety, security, and human wellbeing when a prison culture adopts an outward mindset.
Military Protein Intake Related to Strength and Fat Mass Independent of Energy Intake
Authors: Ross Jeremy A , Thomas D Travis , Winters Joshua D , Royer Scott D , Halagarda Christopher J , Sheppard Ryan , Abt John , Heebner Nicholas R 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Kinetic military units operate in austere training environments and deprivation not commonly experienced by competitive athletes. Nutritional strategies to protect against decrements in performance and potential injury risk may differ for these two groups. A cross sectional analysis was conducted to determine energy and macronutrient characteristics associated with performance metrics.

Materials and Methods
78 male subjects (age: 28.4 ± 6.0 years, height: 178.3 ± 6.7 cm, mass: 84.3 ± 9.4 kg, 8.5 ± 5.8 years of service) assigned to Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command completed a 1-day performance assessment. Body mass, lean body mass, fat mass (FM), aerobic capacity (VO2max), lactate inflection point (LT), anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, knee flexion strength, knee extension strength, peak knee flexion strength, and peak knee extension strength outcome values were recorded. Dietary intake was collected using automated self-administered 24-hour dietary recall (ASA24). Performance assessment scores were compared with macronutrient intake and controlled for energy intake using analysis of covariance.

Results
Differences in knee flexion strength, knee extension strength, peak knee flexion strength, and peak knee extension strength were significant across low (LPRO), medium (MPRO), and high (HPRO) protein intake groups (p &lt; 0.05) with LPRO performance metrics significantly lower than both MPRO and HPRO and MPRO significantly lower than HPRO. FM was significantly higher in LPRO than MPRO or HPRO (p &lt; 0.05). Low carbohydrate intake (LCHO) was associated with greater body mass and FM compared with high (HCHO) (p &lt; 0.05). There was no association between fat intake and any variable.

Conclusions
Increases in protein intake may have beneficial performance effects independent of total energy intake, while moderate increases in carbohydrate intake may not be sufficient to enhance physical performance in a special operations population.
Direct Peritoneal Resuscitation Improves Survival in a Murine Model of Combined Hemorrhage and Burn Injury
Authors: Jung Andrew D , Friend Lou Ann , Stevens-Topie Sabre , Schuster Rebecca , Lentsch Alex B , Gavitt Brian , Caldwell Charles C , Pritts Timothy A 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Combined burn injury and hemorrhagic shock are a common cause of injury in wounded warfighters. Current protocols for resuscitation for isolated burn injury and isolated hemorrhagic shock are well defined, but the optimal strategy for combined injury is not fully established. Direct peritoneal resuscitation (DPR) has been shown to improve survival in rats after hemorrhagic shock, but its role in a combined burn/hemorrhage injury is unknown. We hypothesized that DPR would improve survival in mice subjected to combined burn injury and hemorrhage.

Materials and Methods
Male C57/BL6J mice aged 8 weeks were subjected to a 7-second 30% total body surface area scald in a 90°C water bath. Following the scald, mice received DPR with 1.5 mL normal saline or 1.5 mL peritoneal dialysis solution (Delflex). Control mice received no peritoneal solution. Mice underwent a controlled hemorrhage shock via femoral artery cannulation to a systolic blood pressure of 25 mm Hg for 30 minutes. Mice were then resuscitated to a target blood pressure with either lactated Ringer’s (LR) or a 1:1 ratio of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). Mice were observed for 24 hours following injury.

Results
Median survival time for mice with no DPR was 1.47 hours in combination with intravascular LR resuscitation and 2.08 hours with 1:1 pRBC:FFP. Median survival time significantly improved with the addition of intraperitoneal normal saline or Delflex. Mice that received DPR followed by 1:1 pRBC:FFP required less intravascular volume than mice that received DPR with LR, pRBC:FFP alone, and LR alone. Intraperitoneal Delflex was associated with higher levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha and lower levels of interleukin 10 and intestinal fatty acid binding protein. Intraperitoneal normal saline resulted in less lung injury 1 hour postresuscitation, but increased to similar severity of Delflex at 4 hours.

Conclusions
After a combined burn injury and hemorrhage, DPR leads to increased survival in mice. Survival was similar with the use of normal saline or Delflex. DPR with normal saline reduced the inflammatory response seen with Delflex and delayed the progression of acute lung injury. DPR may be a valuable strategy in the treatment of patients with combined burn injury and hemorrhage.
Remeasurement of Solar Observing Optical Network sunspot areas
Authors: Meadows P J 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The United States Air Force solar observing optical network (SOON) sunspot areas have been reported by several researchers over many years to be underestimated by as much as 50 per cent. Here, the areas of sunspots from scanned SOON disc drawings have been accurately remeasured for a period of two months from 2014 October and November – this being near the peak of Solar Cycle 24 and which includes the largest sunspot group of that cycle. The remeasured sunspot areas are now comparable with areas in sunspot catalogues.
The Theory and Applications of Measuring Broad-Range and Chromosome-Wide Recombination Rate from Allele Frequency Decay around a Selected Locus
Authors: Wei Kevin H -C , Mantha Aditya , Bachtrog Doris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecombination is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes via physical crossovers. High-throughput sequencing approaches detect crossovers genome wide to produce recombination rate maps but are difficult to scale as they require large numbers of recombinants individually sequenced. We present a simple and scalable pooled-sequencing approach to experimentally infer near chromosome-wide recombination rates by taking advantage of non-Mendelian allele frequency generated from a fitness differential at a locus under selection. As more crossovers decouple the selected locus from distal loci, the distorted allele frequency attenuates distally toward Mendelian and can be used to estimate the genetic distance. Here, we use marker selection to generate distorted allele frequency and theoretically derive the mathematical relationships between allele frequency attenuation, genetic distance, and recombination rate in marker-selected pools. We implemented nonlinear curve-fitting methods that robustly estimate the allele frequency decay from batch sequencing of pooled individuals and derive chromosome-wide genetic distance and recombination rates. Empirically, we show that marker-selected pools closely recapitulate genetic distances inferred from scoring recombinants. Using this method, we generated novel recombination rate maps of three wild-derived strains of Drosophila melanogaster, which strongly correlate with previous measurements. Moreover, we show that this approach can be extended to estimate chromosome-wide crossover interference with reciprocal marker selection and discuss how it can be applied in the absence of visible markers. Altogether, we find that our method is a simple and cost-effective approach to generate chromosome-wide recombination rate maps requiring only one or two libraries.
The Rise of the Parish Welfare State in England,
c
.1600–1800*
Authors: Waddell Brodie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract:
The world’s first nationwide, publicly funded welfare system emerged and solidified in England over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Its influence on society and economy during this period was profound, but this article is the first attempt to determine the scale of its impact by examining the amount of money annually spent on relief across the whole period. Drawing on data from 184 widely dispersed parishes over more than two centuries and a new estimate for spending in c.1600, it shows that poor relief experienced alternating phases of rapid expansion, relative stability and occasionally outright retrenchment. Levels of redistribution were pushed higher by both ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ factors. Specifically, trends in relief spending are compared to other indices such as population, economic expansion, central government revenues, labourers’ wages and inflation to show how the growth of poor relief related to wider demographic and economic changes. Such comparisons make it possible to think more clearly about causation: how much of the growth in spending can be attributed to such developments? While law, demography, inflation and other well-attested factors certainly contributed to the rise of this early modern welfare system, the poor themselves may well have played an important role.
Sortase mutants with improved protein thermostability and enzymatic activity obtained by consensus design
Authors: Wójcik Magdalena , Vázquez Torres Susana , Quax Wim J , Boersma Ykelien L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (SaSrtA) is an enzyme that anchors proteins to the cell surface of Gram-positive bacteria. During the transpeptidation reaction performed by SaSrtA, proteins containing an N-terminal glycine can be covalently linked to another protein with a C-terminal LPXTG motif (X being any amino acid). Since the sortase reaction can be performed in vitro as well, it has found many applications in biotechnology. Although sortase-mediated ligation has many advantages, SaSrtA is limited by its low enzymatic activity and dependence on Ca2+. In our study, we evaluated the thermodynamic stability of the SaSrtA wild type and found the enzyme to be stable. We applied consensus analysis to further improve the enzyme’s stability while at the same time enhancing the enzyme’s activity. As a result, we found thermodynamically improved, more active and Ca2+-independent mutants. We envision that these new variants can be applied in conjugation reactions in low Ca2+ environments.
Obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer’s disease-related cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Díaz-Román Mónica , Pulopulos Matias M , Baquero Miguel , Salvador Alicia , Cuevas Ana , Ferrer Inés , Ciopat Oana , Gómez Enriqueta 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that sleep-breathing disorders, and especially obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), can be observed in patients with a higher risk of progression to Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent evidence indicates that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD-biomarkers are associated with OSA. In this study, we investigated these associations in a sample of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a condition that is considered the first clinical phase of AD, when patients showed biomarkers consistent with AD pathology. A total of 57 patients (mean age = 66.19; SD = 7.13) with MCI were included in the study. An overnight polysomnography recording was used to assess objective sleep parameters (i.e. apnea/hypopnea index [AHI], total sleep time, sleep efficiency, sleep latency, arousal index, awakening, stage 1, 2, and slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep, periodic limb movement index, O2 saturation during sleep, and percentage of time O2 saturation &lt;90%). Phosphorylated-tau (P-tau), total-tau (T-tau), and amyloid-beta 42 (Aβ42) were measured in CSF. Unadjusted correlation analyses showed that a higher AHI (reflecting higher OSA severity) was related to higher P-tau and T-tau (both results remained significant after Bonferroni correction, p = 0.001). Importantly, these associations were observed even after adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, sex, body mass index, sleep medication, smoking, hypertension, and heart disease). Although more research is needed to establish a causal link, our findings provide evidence that OSA could be related to the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration in MCI patients.
Outcomes at 18 mo of 37 noma (cancrum oris) cases surgically treated at the Noma Children's Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Farley Elise S , Amirtharajah Mohana , Winters Ryan D , Taiwo Abdurrazaq O , Oyemakinde Modupe J , Fotso Adolphe , Torhee Linda A , Mehta Ushma C , Bil Karla A , Lenglet Annick D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Noma is a rapidly progressing infection of the oral cavity frequently resulting in severe facial disfigurement. We present a case series of noma patients surgically treated in northwest Nigeria.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of routinely collected data (demographics, diagnosis and surgical procedures undergone) and in-person follow-up assessments (anthropometry, mouth opening and quality of life measurements) were conducted with patients who had surgery &gt;6 mo prior to data collection.

Results
Of the 37 patients included, 21 (56.8%) were male and 22 (62.9%) were aged &gt;6 y. The median number of months between last surgery and follow-up was 18 (IQR 13, 25) mo. At admission, the most severely affected anatomical area was the outer cheek (n = 9; 36.0% of patients had lost between 26% and 50%). The most frequent surgical procedures were the deltopectoral flap (n = 16; 43.2%) and trismus release (n = 12; 32.4%). For the eight trismus-release patients where mouth opening was documented at admission, all had a mouth opening of 0–20 mm at follow-up. All patients reported that the surgery had improved their quality of life.

Conclusions
Following their last surgical intervention, noma patients do experience some improvements in their quality of life, but debilitating long-term sequelae persist.
Genomic epidemiology and evolutionary dynamics of respiratory syncytial virus group B in Kilifi, Kenya, 2015–17
Authors: Kamau Everlyn , Otieno James R , Murunga Nickson , Oketch John W , Ngoi Joyce M , de Laurent Zaydah R , Mwema Anthony , Nyiro Joyce U , Agoti Charles N , Nokes D James 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) circulates worldwide, occurring seasonally in communities, and is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness in young children. There is paucity of genomic data from purposively sampled populations by which to investigate evolutionary dynamics and transmission patterns of RSV. Here we present an analysis of 295 RSV group B (RSVB) genomes from Kilifi, coastal Kenya, sampled from individuals seeking outpatient care in nine health facilities across a defined geographical area (∼890 km2), over two RSV epidemics between 2015 and 2017. RSVB diversity was characterized by multiple virus introductions into the area and co-circulation of distinct genetic clusters, which transmitted and diversified locally with varying frequency. Increase in relative genetic diversity paralleled seasonal virus incidence. Importantly, we identified a cluster of viruses that emerged in the 2016/17 epidemic, carrying distinct amino-acid signatures including a novel nonsynonymous change (K68Q) in antigenic site ∅ in the Fusion protein. RSVB diversity was additionally marked by signature nonsynonymous substitutions that were unique to particular genomic clusters, some under diversifying selection. Our findings provide insights into recent evolutionary and epidemiological behaviors of RSVB, and highlight possible emergence of a novel antigenic variant, which has implications on current prophylactic strategies in development.