bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of a single‐tablet regimen containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg, lamivudine 300 mg and efavirenz 400 mg as a switch strategy in virologically suppressed HIV‐1‐infected subjects on nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐containing first‐line antiretroviral therapy in Pune, India
Authors: Dravid A , Betha TP , Sharma AK , Gawali R , Mahajan U , Kulkarni M , Saraf C , Kore S , Dravid M , Rathod N 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesAs per National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) estimates, there are 2.1 million people living with HIV (PWH) in India, of whom 1.2 million are on first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study explored the use of a single‐tablet regimen containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg + lamivudine 300 mg + efavirenz 400 mg (TLE400 STR) as a first‐line switch strategy in PWH in Pune, India.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was conducted in private sector ART clinics in three tertiary‐level hospitals in Pune, India. PWH > 12 years of age (n = 502) who initiated first‐line ART (predominantly TLE600 STR), completed ≥ 6 months of follow‐up and achieved virological suppression [plasma viral load (VL) < 1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL] were identified and switched to TLE400 STR. The virological and immunological efficacy of TLE400 STR at 6 and 12 months of follow‐up were noted. Grade 3/4 adverse events (especially efavirenz‐related neuropsychiatric adverse events) leading to regimen discontinuation were also noted.ResultsOf 502 PWH who switched to TLE400 STR, complete virological suppression (VL < 20 copies/mL) was maintained in more than 97% of patients at follow‐up. TLE400 STR was successful in maintaining CD4 counts within the range observed at the start of the regimen. Grade 3/4 adverse events leading to TLE400 STR discontinuation were seen in 11 (2.2%) patients. Virological failure (VL > 1000 copies/mL) and treatment regimen failure were seen in six (1.2%) and 49 (9.8%) subjects, respectively.ConclusionsTLE400 STR exhibits excellent efficacy and safety as a switch strategy and should be introduced in the Indian National ART Program, especially for PWH who are virologically suppressed on TLE600 STR.
Stratum corneum occlusion induces water transformation towards lower bonding state: a molecular level in vivo study by confocal Raman microspectroscopy
Authors: Choe C. , Schleusener J. , Choe S. , Ri J. , Lademann J. , Darvin M. E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveIt is conventionally understood that occlusive effects are the retention of excessive water in the stratum corneum (SC), the increase of SC thickness (swelling) and a decrease of the transepidermal water loss. However, the influence of occlusion on water binding properties in the SC is unknown.MethodsThe action of plant‐derived jojoba and almond oils, as well as mineral‐derived paraffin oil and petrolatum topically applied on human skin, is investigated in vivo using confocal Raman microspectroscopy. To understand the oils’ influence on the SC on the molecular level, the depth‐dependent hydrogen bonding states of water in the SC and their relationship to the conformation of keratin, concentration of natural moisturizing factor (NMF) molecules and lipid organization were investigated.ResultsA significant SC swelling was observed only in petrolatum‐treated skin. The water concentration was increased in oil‐treated skin in the intermediate SC region (40–70% SC depth). Meanwhile, the amount of free, weakly and tightly bound water increased, and strongly bound water decreased in the uppermost SC region (0–30% SC depth). The NMF concentration of oil‐treated skin was significantly lower at 50–70% SC depth. The lateral organization of lipids in oil‐treated skin was lower at 0–30% SC depth. The secondary structure of keratin was changed towards an increase of β‐sheet content in mineral‐derived oil‐treated skin and changed towards an increase of α‐helix content in plant‐derived oil‐treated skin.ConclusionThe occlusive properties can be summarized as the increase of free water and the transformation of water from a more strongly to a more weakly hydrogen bonding state in the uppermost SC, although some oils cause insignificant changes of the SC thickness. The accompanied changes in the keratin conformation at the intermediate swelling region of the SC also emphasize the role of keratin in the SC’s water‐transporting system, that is the water in the SC transports intercellularly and intracellularly in the intermediate swelling region and only intercellularly in the uppermost non‐swelling region. Bearing this in mind, almond, jojoba and paraffin oils, which are not occlusive from the conventional viewpoint, have an occlusion effect similar to petrolatum on the SC.
Venus Re‐Defined Resource Pack: An Evaluation
Authors: Hiett Sandra , Orbach Catherine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWithin the history of Western European art the nude is a central subject. For schools, this can be a problematic area for study. The Venus Re‐Defined resource pack was produced to accompany a display at Tate Gallery Liverpool which included sculptures by Rodin, Matisse, Renoir and Maillol. It aims to actively engage young people in discussions of these works and the debates which surround them. Drawing upon a feminist critique, the pack identifies three themes for exploration: sculpture and the body, the relationship between artist and model and the representation of women. This paper examines how teachers used the pack in six secondary schools and explores the opportunities and demands presented by this issue based approach.
From a Word Picture to a Painting: The Use of Marion Richardson's Visualisation Technique with Key Stage 1 Children
Authors: Brigstock Dee 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study uses a method of visualisation propounded by the art educator Marion Richardson (1892‐1946), to discover if I, a non‐specialist teacher, could use this process to increase the technical and compositional skills of young children. The programme involved a series of five painting lessons, the first used to assess ability, after which the children involved were split into Control and Experimental Groups.The Experimental Group practised ‘visualising’ their pictures, before beginning to draw or paint. The completed pictures were marked separately by three independent assessors, used to making judgements on the quality of children's art work. I had no part in the marking, but supplied relevant details about the content of the lessons. At no time did any one except myself know the membership of either the Control or the Experimental Groups.It was predicted that there would be a small improvement in the quality of work produced by the children from the Experimental group over and above that of the Control group.The results show that the Experimental group made significant progress over the Control group.
Art and World View: Escaping the Formalist Labyrinth
Authors: Cunliffe Leslie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper attempts to identify the theoretical and practical issues for developing the secondary art curriculum for dealing with the meaning of works of art in relationship to the demands of teaching attainment target 2 of the English National Curriculum for ait and the new GCSE syllabuses to be introduced in September, 1996.The first section deals with the theoretical issues related to art, meaning and life. Formalism is considered inadequate for understanding and responding to works of art and is rejected in favour of an approach that gives greater priority to the multidimensional and relational features that give works of art meaning. This places art back again as an irreducible feature of wider cultural processes. In advocating this approach I will criticise collectivist and historicist explanations that are ultimately rooted in Hegel's idea of the ‘spirit of the age’. The more dynamic understanding of culture as a product of an elaborate ‘conversation’ that is open but constrained, based on the available symbolic codes of a given form of life, will be preferred as an explanation for art and cultural change.The second section models some classroom strategies that can be used to teach art on the basis of considerations related to meaning that emerge from the previous theoretical discussion. Searle's [19831 distinction in the ‘direction of fit’ of perception between ‘mind‐to‐world’ and ‘world‐to‐mind’ is used to establish a methodological principle for understanding and dealing with meaning in works of art. The former starts with the pupils' existing schemata and deals in ambiguities and conjectured interpretation. The latter gives priority to the art object in context, and attempts to develop in pupils an empathy for and understanding of the multi‐dimensional factors that influence the making of art.The paper argues for the need for both approaches to be used in a complementary way so that a knowledge‐seeking rather than a self‐seeking attitude to the meaning of works of art is nurtured in pupils.
Do foreign institutional investors drive corporate social responsibility? Evidence from listed firms in China
Authors: Li Zhe , Wang Ping , Wu Tianlong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of qualified foreign institutional investors (QFIIs) on corporate social responsibility (CSR) within the context of listed firms in China. We find that QFIIs offer an incisive channel for improving socially responsible practices. In addition, we find that firms with QFIIs are more likely to comply with the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, and that their sustainability reports tend to be longer. We also find that this positive effect is more pronounced in firms with low initial CSR scores than those with high CSR scores at the time when QFIIs enter the sample. Our empirical evidence further confirms that this positive impact is driven by QFIIs from countries with high social awareness, or QFIIs from geographically distant countries, consistent with their motives, and is linked to the ownership of QFIIs, especially when the QFII is among the top ten of the largest shareholders. Finally, our extended analysis reveals that the increase in CSR performance associated with the presence of QFIIs results in greater firm performance and easier access to finance.
Considerations for working with youth with socially complex needs
Authors: Bounds Dawn T. , Winiarski Dominka A. , Otwell Caitlin H. , Tobin Valerie , Glover Angela C. , Melendez Adrian , Karnik Niranjan S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTopicThe presence of adverse childhood experiences offers a glimpse into the social complexity in the lives of youth. Thus far, youth have been categorized as “at‐risk” or “vulnerable,”—identifiers which highlight a deficits‐based framework and continue to stigmatize youth. To combat this systemic marginalization, we propose using the term youth with socially complex needs. These youth, often minority ethnic/racial and/or sexual/gender minorities, experience repeated adversity and discrimination.PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the unique considerations of working with youth with socially complex needs—who have an increased vulnerability for social marginalization.Sources UsedGiven the adversity experienced and challenges inherent in working with youth with socially complex needs, ethical principles, and relevant care delivery models were explored.ConclusionsDelivering mental health care and/or conducting research in collaboration with youth with socially complex needs requires thoughtful consideration of ethical principles and models of care. In conclusion, we propose a strengths‐based, individualized approach to working with youth with socially complex needs that requires a dynamic, fluid, multisystemic approach to care and research.
The Japanese Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward Persons With Autism Spectrum Disorders1
Authors: Tsujita Masaki , Ban Mutsuhisa , Kumagaya Shin‐Ichiro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to develop a Japanese Multidimensional Attitudes Scale (J‐MAS) as a useful instrument to assess negative attitudes toward persons with autism spectrum disorder among typical Japanese persons. Five hundred and fifty‐two Japanese participants completed the Japanese translation of the original version of the MAS, which was derived via the translation/back‐translation method. An exploratory factor analysis revealed four factors (Cognitions, Negative Affects, Behaviors, and Calm) that corresponded to the factor model of the original version of the MAS. Nine items were statistically negligible, accordingly. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the factor model of the J‐MAS is fairly good, and preferable to the factor models of the English, Spanish, French, Korean, and German versions for a sample of typical Japanese persons. These results indicate that the J‐MAS provides a valid assessment of attitudes toward persons with autism spectrum disorder among typical Japanese persons.
Free verse, historical poetics, and settler time
Authors: Kappeler Erin Joyce 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article pushes back against the ongoing literary historical tendency to narrate the emergence of free verse forms in the modernist era as a salutary break with the poetic practices of the nineteenth century. Using the methods of historical poetics, I read key texts by the modernist poet and activist Mary Austin, who helped to invent Native American poetry as a field, to show that the concept of free verse was a tool of settler cultural domination as much as it was a democratization of poetic language or a formal innovation. Austin framed free verse poetry as a technology for managing time—specifically, for integrating Native Americans into the relentlessly linear march of what Mark Rifkin has recently theorized as settler time. Austin's theories of free verse had significant, distorting effects on the way Native American oral expressions were presented as poetry in modernist anthologies. Remembering that debates about rhythm, meter, and poetic form were also debates about temporality, space, and identity fundamentally challenges our critical assumptions about the hierarchies of form and genre that implicitly structure our literary historical narratives.
The blue light dose from white light emitting diodes (LEDs) and other white light sources
Authors: Dain Stephen J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study was carried out to determine if light emitting diodes (LEDs) represented a special case in exposing the retina to blue light, when compared with other methods of backlighting television and computer screens and with fluorescent tube lighting.MethodThe spectral distribution of light from computer and television screens (cathode ray tube, plasma screen, organic LEDs, and screens backlit by cold cathode tubes and/or LEDs), domestic type spotlights (LED and fluorescent tube) and objects in the outdoor sunlit environment were measured with a telespectroradiometer. The spectral data were analysed for the proportion of blue light and luminance. The results were also presented as time to reach the occupational safety limit, without regard to the normal 10 000 s time limit by which time there is no summation of exposure.ResultsThe amount of blue light in a source is essentially independent of the technology of the light source, but closely related to the correlated colour temperature.ConclusionsFluorescent lamps show essentially the same proportions of blue light and LEDs do not represent a special case, given the same correlated colour temperature. Blue‐blocking lenses are no more needed with LED sources than with other screen illumination methods or with fluorescent lighting. There is no evidence base on which to recommend blue‐blocking lenses for indoor applications.
Presence of intralesional melanocytes as a histopathological feature of actinic keratosis based on in vivo harmonic generation microscopy in Asians
Authors: Ho Yi‐Hsin , Pan Yi , Sun Chi‐Kuang , Liao Yi‐Hua 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundMost patients with actinic keratosis (AK) present with more than one lesion. Although histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosing this condition, performing an invasive skin biopsy for each AK is impractical. Thus, this study aimed to identify AK’s morphological characteristics based on harmonic generation microscopy (HGM). Moreover, the correlation between features observed using HGM and histopathological grading of AK was examined.MethodsLesions of seven patients were examined using HGM (n = 1, ex vivo and n = 6, in vivo), and histopathological examinations of the biopsy specimens were also performed. The features of each AK, based on HGM, were assessed and compared with corresponding standard histopathological findings.ResultsUsing the histopathological findings as a standard reference, HGM’s accuracy in detecting features of AK lesions, such as hyperkeratosis, epidermal thinning, abnormal architecture, and atypical honeycomb pattern, was 100%. Approximately five (72%) patients had similar histopathological grades. Moreover, based on HGM, except for one patient with grade 1 AK, six (85.71%) patients had lesions with intraepidermal dendritic cell‐like cells, representing melanocytes.ConclusionHarmonic generation microscopy can be used in vivo to provide critical diagnostic information with a resolution comparable to histopathological examination. In addition, intralesional melanocytes in AK, which may be correlated with disease severity, can be specifically enhanced using HGM.
Salmonella Prevalence Alone Is Not a Good Indicator of Poultry Food Safety
Authors: Oscar Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSalmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illness (i.e., salmonellosis) outbreaks, which on occasion are attributed to ground turkey. The poultry industry uses Salmonella prevalence as an indicator of food safety. However, Salmonella prevalence is only one of several factors that determine risk of salmonellosis. Consequently, a model for predicting risk of salmonellosis from individual lots of ground turkey as a function of Salmonella prevalence and other risk factors was developed. Data for Salmonella contamination (prevalence, number, and serotype) of ground turkey were collected at meal preparation. Scenario analysis was used to evaluate effects of model variables on risk of salmonellosis. Epidemiological data were used to simulate Salmonella serotype virulence in a dose‐response model that was based on human outbreak and feeding trial data. Salmonella prevalence was 26% (n = 100) per 25 g of ground turkey, whereas Salmonella number ranged from 0 to 1.603 with a median of 0.185 log per 25 g. Risk of salmonellosis (total arbitrary units (AU) per lot) was affected (p ≤ 0.05) by Salmonella prevalence, number, and virulence, by incidence and extent of undercooking, and by food consumption behavior and host resistance but was not (p > 0.05) affected by serving size, serving size distribution, or total bacterial load of ground turkey when all other risk factors were held constant. When other risk factors were not held constant, Salmonella prevalence was not correlated (r = −0.39; p = 0.21) with risk of salmonellosis. Thus, Salmonella prevalence alone was not a good indicator of poultry food safety because other factors were found to alter risk of salmonellosis. In conclusion, a more holistic approach to poultry food safety, such as the process risk model developed in the present study, is needed to better protect public health from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella.
“I Really Belong Here”: Civic Capacity‐Building among Returning Citizens
Authors: Cossyleon Jennifer E. , Flores Edward O. 
Published: July 2020

This article focuses on unlikely movement actors whose civic engagement has been understudied: people with criminal records (“returning citizens”). We present findings from 18 months of ethnographic research with members (leaders) of Fighting to Overcome Records and Create Equality (FORCE), a civic group led by returning citizens. FORCE leaders received institutional support from Community Renewal Society (CRS), a larger faith and community‐based organization, to lead a rights reform movement in Chicago. Findings suggest that FORCE leaders constructed notions of kinship, recognition, and power through civic capacity‐building efforts—and that social belonging was core to such capacity‐building efforts. While bonding social belonging occurred as FORCE leaders formed kinship with people facing similar social and economic marginality, bridging social belonging emerged as leaders felt recognized by CRS staff organizers, affiliates, and elected officials. Bonding and bridging social belonging enabled FORCE leaders, who faced constant social exclusion in society, to experience much needed kinship, recognition, and power. Future studies should continue to uncover how local capacity‐building processes have life‐changing relational effects on movement participants from socially and economically marginalized groups.
Inference method for cultural diffusion patterns using a field model
Authors: Zhang Haiping , Zhou Xingxing , Tang Guoan , Ji Genlin , Zhang Xueying , Xiong Liyang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCultural diffusion is one of the core concepts in the field of traditional cultural geography. Understanding the spatial diffusion patterns and coupling relationships of specific cultural phenomena is an effective means to explore the formation mechanism and development trend of culture. However, the quantitative analyses of cultural diffusion patterns from the perspective of classical cultural geography, particularly in the automatic detection of cultural regions and the identification of cultural diffusion types, and the internal diffusion structure of culture, are lacking. This study proposes a method called field model‐based cultural diffusion patterns (FM‐CDP). By using the point data of a cultural event, FM‐CDP can detect different levels of cultural regions, automatically identify their spatial diffusion types, and calculate the spatial diffusion relationship among cultural regions. The spatial diffusion pattern of the place names of Chinese villages was analyzed in this work to verify the effectiveness of FM‐CDP. Results showed that FM‐CDP can effectively identify existing cultural diffusion patterns from the point data of specific cultural features. This method can also be applied to the analysis of other cultural diffusion patterns that represent a certain cultural phenomenon in the form of point features.