bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on Parameter Identification Method of Generator Excitation System Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Li Nan , Liu Yuqun , Geng Bin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In order to solve the problem of large parameter identification error caused by nonlinear links of excitation system being triggered easily when transient stability is under fault state, an improved differential evolution algorithm for system parameter identification is proposed by using the characteristic of artificial intelligence algorithm that the nonlinear link is approximated infinitely through optimization. The improvement of the algorithm solves the problems of slow convergence speed, poor fine optimization ability and easily to produce local optimum when classical artificial intelligence algorithm identifies the parameters of non-linear links. At the same time, in order to solve the problem of inaccurate parameters in the whole identification, a decomposition link identification strategy is proposed. The example analysis shows that the algorithm improves the convergence speed, avoids local optimum and improves the convergence accuracy. According to the proposed parameter identification strategy, the excitation system is decomposed and identified, which improves the accuracy of generator excitation system parameter identification, and provides an accurate model and method for power system stability analysis
Research on Inconsistency of Echelon- Use Batteries and Flexible Group Energy Storage Converter
Authors: Luo Min , Liang Hui , Meng Jinling 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this paper, fifty-five echelon-use batteries were tested and the capacity inconsistency of the batteries are analyzed. The flexible group technology of batteries is studied, and the characteristics and application scenarios of different topologies of energy storage converters are analyzed. Aiming at the problems of high current stress, high loss and high cost in full power control mode, a new energy storage converter topology with integrated primary power control is proposed, and the control method of the topology structure is given. The modeling and Simulation of MATLAB proves that the topology can realize independent control of the charging and discharging current of battery module under highly integrated conditions.
ConfID: an analytical method for conformational characterization of small molecules using molecular dynamics trajectories
Authors: Polêto Marcelo D , Grisci Bruno I , Dorn Marcio , Verli Hugo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Motivation
The conformational space of small molecules can be vast and difficult to assess. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of free ligands in solution have been applied to predict conformational populations, but their characterization is often based on clustering algorithms or manual efforts.

Results
Here, we introduce ConfID, an analytical tool for conformational characterization of small molecules using MD trajectories. The evolution of conformational sampling and population frequencies throughout trajectories is calculated to check for sampling convergence while allowing to map relevant conformational transitions. The tool is designed to track conformational transition events and calculate time-dependent properties for each conformational population detected.

Availability and implementation
Toolkit and documentation are freely available at http://sbcb.inf.ufrgs.br/confid

Contact
marcelo.poleto@ufv.br or bigrisci@inf.ufrgs.br

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assessment of Available Tools for Monitoring Wheat Midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: Jorgensen Amanda , Otani Jennifer , Evenden Maya L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana Géhin, is an invasive pest of wheat, Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae) throughout Canada and the United States. The applicability of available monitoring tools, including sex-pheromone baited traps, yellow sticky cards, and soil core sample surveys, in the northern-most agroecosystem of its invasive range has not been assessed. In this study, the attraction of male wheat midge to two Delta traps (green and orange) baited with one of three pheromone lures (a flex lure and two red septa lures from different sources) were compared. The efficacy of three yellow sticky cards (7 × 12 cm, 14 × 18 cm, and 14 × 18 cm rolled into a cylinder) for capture of male and female midge was assessed. Larvae were extracted from wheat heads sampled at the same sites to determine relationships with earlier adult trap capture. More male adult midges were captured in pheromone-baited traps with a greater surface area and in traps baited with the Scotts flex lure than the Great Lakes IPM septa lure, which had higher and more variable pheromone release rates. The smaller yellow sticky cards captured more male and female midges than the larger yellow sticky cards, regardless of shape. The number of female midges captured on yellow sticky cards predicted the number of larvae in wheat heads. The number of male midges captured in pheromone-baited traps did not predict larval density. Relationships were found between the number of overwintering cocoons recovered in soil core samples and emerging midges the following spring.
Fragmentation of the Sinai Plate indicated by spatial variation in present-day slip rate along the Dead Sea Fault System
Authors: Gomez Francisco , Cochran William J , Yassminh Rayan , Jaafar Rani , Reilinger Robert , Floyd Mike , King Robert W , Barazangi Muawia 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARYA comprehensive GPS velocity field along the Dead Sea Fault System (DSFS) provides new constraints on along-strike variations of near-transform crustal deformation along this plate boundary, and internal deformation of the Sinai and Arabian plates. In general, geodetically derived slip rates decrease northwards along the transform (5.0 ± 0.2 to 2.2 ± 0.5 mm yr−1) and are consistent with geological slip rates averaged over longer time periods. Localized reductions in slip rate occur where the Sinai Plate is in ∼N–S extension. Extension is confined to the Sinai side of the fault and is associated with prominent changes in transform geometry, and with NW–SE striking, left-lateral splay faults, including the Carmel Fault in Israel and the Roum Fault in Lebanon. The asymmetry of the extensional velocity gradients about the transform reflects active fragmentation of the Sinai Plate along the continental margin. Additionally, elastic block modelling of GPS velocities requires an additional structure off-shore the northern DSF segment, which may correspond with a fault located along the continental margin, suggested by prior geophysical studies.
Global Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Diarrhea Hospitalizations and Deaths Among Children &lt;5 Years Old: 2006–2019
Authors: Burnett Eleanor , Parashar Umesh D , Tate Jacqueline E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Since 2006, more than 100 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccine into their immunization programs. We reviewed published data on relative reductions of rotavirus hospitalizations, acute gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations, and AGE deaths among children &lt;5 years old.

Methods
Articles published from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2019 with at least 12 months of data before and after rotavirus vaccine introduction were included. Relative reductions were abstracted into a standardized form. Descriptive statistics are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQRs).

Results
We reviewed 1827 total records and included 105 articles from 49 countries. Among children &lt;5 years old, there was a median reduction of 59% (IQR, 46–74) in rotavirus hospitalizations, 36% (IQR, 23–47) in AGE hospitalizations, and 36% (IQR, 28–46) AGE mortality. Reductions were larger in countries with low child mortality, among younger age groups, and in countries with higher coverage. The median percentage of specimens that tested positive for rotavirus among children &lt;5 years old hospitalized for diarrhea was 40% (IQR, 28–45) before rotavirus vaccine introduction and 20% (IQR, 20–20) 4 years after introduction.

Conclusions
Overall, we found sustained impact on rotavirus and AGE hospitalizations and deaths. These results should encourage countries still considering rotavirus vaccine implementation.
Collaborative Study of Infrared Methods for Phorate in Formulations
Authors: Pasarela N Kobekt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An infrared method for the determination of phorate in 5% and 10% granules was studied by 10 collaborators. In the method, the formulation is eluted from the carrier with acetonitrile, the solvent is removed by evaporation, and the residue is dissolved in cyclohexane. The absorbance of the solution is measured at 8.32 μ and the phorate content is determined by comparison with a sample of purified phorate treated in the same manner. Results show good agreement between replicates and laboratories. It is recommended that the method for phorate in granular formulations be adopted as official, first action.
Infrared Method of Analysis for 10% Di-Syston Granules
Authors: Cobbett Elizabeth B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid, simple, infrared method of analysis for 10% Di-Syston granules has been developed in which Di-Syston is extracted with carbon disulfide and scanned over 8.7—10.2 μ; the main peak is at 9.75 μ. Per cent composition is obtained from a standard curve. The method has been shown to be reliable by analyses of over 1250 samples.
Thin-Layer Chromatography for Chlorinated Pesticide Residue Analysis without Cleanup
Authors: Morley H V , Chiba M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography on silica gel may be used for the determination of chlorinated pesticide residues in some plant extracts without prior cleanup, thus eliminating the possible loss of pesticides during the cleanup procedure. Rapid screening of a large number of samples is thus possible with consequent saving of time and labor. When necessary, thin-layer chromatography may be used as a prior cleanup for gas chromatography.
Rapid Method for Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Fluid Milk
Authors: Onley John H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The basic Mills procedure for residues of chlorinated pesticides in milk, as modified by Mills, Onley, and Gaither to apply to vegetables, has been further modified to extract the pesticides directly from whole milk, rather than from butterfat, thus eliminating the preliminary extraction. Also, dioxane has been included in the extraction mixture and second eluting mixture, and gives a cleaner eluent. The final determination was made by gas chromatography using electron affinity detection. Added pesticides could be recovered at 0.005 ppm.
Norit-A Cleanup for Chlorinated Pesticide Analysis by Microcoulometric Gas Chromatography
Authors: Baetz Richard A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid cleanup procedure, which may be used in the determination of 13 chlorinated pesticides at levels of 0.1 and 1 ppm, has been developed in which the pesticides are extracted by the usual procedures, and the strip solution is evaporated to dryness, dissolved in benzene, cleaned up with acidwashed Norit-A, and finally determined by microcoulometric gas chromatography. Recoveries of the 13 chlorinated pesticides added to a benzene extract of four different crops ranged between 53 and 113%.
Investigations of Electron Capture Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Multiple Chlorinated Pesticide Residues in Vegetables
Authors: Burke Jerry , Giuffrida Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Conditions have been experimentally worked out for most efficient operation of the electron capture gas chromatograph, with the objective of routinely determining 0.01 ppm of residues of chlorinated pesticides with GLC characteristics like heptachlor epoxide. These conditions are as follows: Column 6' long by 4 mm i.d., packed with 10% DC 200 (12,500 est) on 80/90 mesh Anakrom ABS, conditioned 1—5 days at 250°C; 200°C column and detector temperature; 120 ml/min. flow N2. Conditioning of the column by chromatographing cleaned up crop extracts through it improves results with certain pesticides. Relative retention times are tabulated for 65 compounds. Sample cleanup is essential for consistently accurate results; the Mills-Onley-Gaither method was used in our work. To insure a zero reagent blank, solvents must be distilled, all glassware rinsed with solvent, blender and funnel carefully cleaned, and no polyethylene containers used to store solvents. Quantitative analysis is made by comparing peak areas of sample and standard, preferably by automatic integration. Experimental work on crop samples was done with corn, spinach, carrots, green beans, potatoes, broccoli, peas, lettuce, radishes, green onions, kale, and cabbage. Over-all average recovery was 84% for seven common pesticides added to 100 g samples of broccoli at 0.001-0.1 ppm.
Electron Affinity Residue Determination of Nitrated MCP, MCPB, and NAA; Conversion of MCPB to MCP in Bean Plants
Authors: Bache Carl A , Lisk Donald J , Loos Michael A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In developing a method for determining residues of MCP, MCPB, and NAA by electron affinity, it was found that because of their low response, the herbicides must first be nitrated to (presumably) the 5 and 6 nitro derivatives. The method was used to determine about 0.1 ppm of MCP, MCPB, and NAA as residues in timothy, peas, and apples, respectively, and also to detect the conversion of MCPB to MCP in snap bean plants.
Evaluation of Protein in Foods. X. A Comparison of Methods for Assessing the Protein Contribution of Five Middle Eastern Meals
Authors: Sabry Z I , Morrison A B , Campbell J A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Protein quality of five Middle Eastern meals was evaluated by using simplified chemical score (SCS), protein efficiency ratio (PER), net protein ratio (NPR), protein retention efficiency (PRE), and net protein utilization (NPU). The meals consisted of Arabic bread in combination with sesame (Halaweh), with sesame and chickpea (Hommos tehineh), with rice and lentil (Rice Mujaddarah), with parboiled wheat and lentil (Burghul Mujaddarah), or with parboiled wheat, yoghurt, and meat (Kishk). Halaweh, Hommos tehineh, and Kishk were limiting in lysine, while the other two meals were limiting in methionine. Lysine and methionine appeared to be fully available in all meals with the exception of Halaweh, in which lysine was partially unavailable. All methods ranked the meals in the same order, with Halaweh as the poorest, Hommos tehineh the best, and the other three meals slightly inferior to Hommos tehineh in quality. Methods for determining the protein contribution of meals which took into account both quantity and quality of protein, i.e., net dietary protein calories per cent (N.D-p. Cals %), protein rating (PR), and per cent complete protein (% CP), were also tested. Values for N.D-p. Cals % and PR correlated closely with each other and relatively poorly with % CP. Values for SCS × % protein calories correlated closely with N.D-p. Cals % and PR.
Ion-Exchange Paper—X-Ray Emission Procedure for Determination of Microgram Quantities of Mercury
Authors: Link William B , Heine Keith S , Jones J H , Wattlington Percy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method has been developed for determining 1 μg of mercury in 100 ml of aqueous acid solution with a precision of ± 0.25 μg. In the method, the mercury is adsorbed by anion resinloaded paper and determined by X-ray emission spectroscopy. The method gave 75—125% recoveries of 1 μg of mercury from acid solutions containing 10 g of sodium sulfate, sodium chloride, iron oxide, magnesium carbonate, and calcium carbonate, and satisfactory recoveries from the HCl extract of carbon, barium sulfate, chromic oxide, bentonite, kaolin, talc, titanium dioxide, and magnesium stearate. Substantial changes in flow rate or acid concentration seem to have little effect on mercury absorption from HC1 solution. Mercury in zinc oxide or bismuth oxychloride cannot be determined by this technique.
How Available Is Available?
Authors: Brabson J A , Burch W G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Results of field tests of ammoniated superphosphate fertilizers correlated well with availabilities determined by an alkaline ammonium citrate extraction, but showed no relation to availabilities determined by the official neutral ammonium citrate extraction procedure. It is recommended that water solubility of phosphate fertilizers be guaranteed and that the alkaline ammonium citrate extraction be considered for determination of the availability of phosphate fertilizers.
Automation of the AOAC Flame Photometric Method for Potassium in Fertilizers
Authors: Gehrke Charles W , Ussary James P , Kramer George H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was undertaken to (a) develop a simple, rapid, accurate, and automatic method for routinely determining potassium in commercial fertilizers; (b) to determine the effect of different concentrations of common interfering ions on the emission intensity ratio of potassium in KNO3 standards; (c) to eliminate the ion exchange cleanup of sample and thus simplify the method; and (d) to evaluate the automatic instrument. Phosphate was the only ion that caused a serious effect. The cleanup was found to be unnecessary for fertilizers containing less than 16% K2O, but gives more accurate results for higher concentration fertilizers. The automatic method gave accurate and precise results, and effected considerable saving in analytical time.
Chemical Assay of Tubocurarine Chloride Injection
Authors: Welsh Llewellyn H , Summa A Francis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Two solutions, prepared to simulate the composition of commercial tubocurarine chloride injection, were assayed collaboratively for tubocurarine and its naturally-occurring isomer, chondocurarine. Potency values calculated on the basis of the chemical results showed good precision and close agreement with USP bioassay values. However, chemical potencies calculated for cert a in commercial solutions 3 to 10 years old were about 10% higher than biologically determined potencies.
Enzymatic Digestion of Tomato Products for Determination of Fly Eggs and Maggots
Authors: Vazquez Alberto Wanous , Cooper John C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new enzymatic method has been devised for isolating fly eggs and maggots from tomato products; the products are digested overnight with cellulose and pectin-destroying enzymes, and the digested material is filtered through bolting cloth discs. A high potency detergent aids in washing fine cellular debris through the cloth. The new method saves a good deal of analytical time and gives fewer and cleaner bolting cloths than the present sedimentation method, 36.064. Better filth recoveries are also obtained.
A Standard Test for Efficacy of Germicides and Acceptability of Residual Disinfecting Activity in Swimming Pool Water
Authors: Ortenzio L F , Stuart L S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A biological test, using Escherichia coli and Streptococcus faecalis as test organisms, has been designed to determine the germicidal activity of water containing 0.4— 1.0 ppm of available chlorine at pH 7.0— 7.5. The few results presented clearly indicate the usefulness of the method in evaluating commercial disinfectant preparations recommended for use in swimming pool water disinfection. The procedure can be readily adapted to study the effects of chlorine stabilizers, the influence of various algaecides applied as adjuncts to water disinfectant on germicidal activity, and determinations as to the acceptability of residual disinfecting activity of swimming pool waters during times that the pool is in use.
Collaborative Study of the Determination of Formaldehyde in Maple Sirup
Authors: Underwood J C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A modified Nash method for the determination of formaldehyde in maple sirup has been studied collaboratively by 13 chemists in 9 states and 2 provinces of Canada. As a result of the satisfactory precision obtained by these analyses, the method has been recommended for adoption as official, first action.
Effect of Vacuum Treatment on Freezing Point of Milk
Authors: Shipe W F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It has been observed, that vacuum treatment tends to raise the freezing point of milk. Apparently this is due to carbon dioxide removal, which is partly offset by water removal. There does not seem to be a correlation between original freezing point and the amount of increase. Therefore it is recommended that a precautionary statement be added to section 15.039.
Determination of Glucose in Egg Solids by Paper Chromatography
Authors: Coleman Charles H , Despaul John E , Ruiz Santiago 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Copper reduction methods for determining residual glucose in egg solids give high apparent values due to the presence of other reducing sugars. A paper chromatographic method specific for glucose in dried egg and egg albumen has been developed in which glucose migrates independently of other components. Micro-quantities of glucose in egg from which glucose has been removed can be readily detected and determined. Migration of the unknown and its comparison with a standard glucose spot on the finished chromatogram provides positive qualitative identification and accurate quantitative determination. Good recoveries were obtained in micro-concentration ranges.
Separation and Identification of Carbon Tetrachloride and Other Halogenated Hydrocarbons from Multicomponent Mixtures
Authors: Shuman Harry 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Steam distillation separates oil of bergamot into a volatile fraction (85—95% of the original pressed oil) which has a qualitatively significant IR absorption but no appreciable UV absorption in the 270—375 mμ, range. The relatively small steam nonvolatile fraction, however, has significant absorption in the 270—375 mμ range; maximum at 313 mμ, minimum at 277 mμ, and a ratio of 2.45 ± 0.07 for A313/A277. The steam nonvolatile fraction of bergamot consists primarily of the furocoumarin bergaptene. These compounds classed as psoralens have been reported to induce sensitization of the skin under the influence of sunlight or UV irradiation. Initial studies to separate bergamot oil constituents from mixtures have been partially successful. Work on commercial mixtures, and on characterizing the nonvolatile fraction by chemical and physical means, will be continued.
Spectrophotometric Characterization of Some Authentic Oil of Bergamot and a Few Related Oils
Authors: Rotondaro Felice A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Steam distillation separates oil of bergamot into a volatile fraction (85—95% of the original pressed oil) which has a qualitatively significant IR absorption but no appreciable UV absorption in the 270—375 mμ, range. The relatively small steam nonvolatile fraction, however, has significant absorption in the 270—375 mμ range; maximum at 313 mμ, minimum at 277 mμ, and a ratio of 2.45 ± 0.07 for A313/A277. The steam nonvolatile fraction of bergamot consists primarily of the furocoumarin bergaptene. These compounds classed as psoralens have been reported to induce sensitization of the skin under the influence of sunlight or UV irradiation. Initial studies to separate bergamot oil constituents from mixtures have been partially successful. Work on commercial mixtures, and on characterizing the nonvolatile fraction by chemical and physical means, will be continued.