bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crises and Critiques of International Criminal Justice
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
It is often heard that international criminal justice is in ‘crisis’. Although the language of ‘crisis’ suggests a temporary and exceptional moment, the project of international criminal justice has essentially been in a legitimacy crisis since its emergence. International criminal tribunals have never been able to cleanse their ‘original sin’: despite their aspiration to transcend state power, they remain not just heavily dependent on it but also constrained and directed by it in their pursuit of ‘justice’. The more finessed the doctrine becomes, the more professionalised the practice, and the more sophisticated the institutions, the more evident is the inability of international criminal law to challenge the persisting power inequalities and address structural injustices of the international order. Against this background, this chapter diagnoses the state of the field by appraising the dynamics and quality of communication between its ‘mainstream defenders’ and the ‘radical critics’. It outlines the critics’ objectives and modes of engagement with the project and shows why some of the defensive impulses of the ‘mainstream’ fall short of effective responses to the critiques. The opposing sides to the debate about the legitimacy of international criminal justice seem to seldom think together and converse in earnest, despite having overlapping normative expectations towards the project. The chapter expresses a hope for a genuine, constructive dialogue between them, free of counterproductive tropes and tactics. The critical sensibility trickling into the ‘mainstream’ could help transform the institutional politics of the International Criminal Court and enable the project to realize its emancipatory potential.
International Criminal Law and the Subordination of Emancipation
Authors: Fletcher Laurel E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a critique of international criminal law (ICL) from the point of view of transitional justice, interrogating the former’s increasingly hegemonic role in relation to the latter. International criminal ‘legalism’, as this chapter argues, diverts attention from broader, emancipatory, social justice aims to address rights of victims or the structural, systemic dimensions that fuelled mass violence. It points out that the goals of transitional justice have always been framed more broadly, whereas ICL’s own goals are, at least nominally, much narrower (punishing individuals) and somewhat detached from their social finality. Yet for all its limitations, ICL does continue to command a high degree of authority, even within the field of transitional justice itself. This is in no small part because transitional justice is grounded in a rights-based approach that is itself committed to accountability. The chapter then tests this argument by looking at the Darfur crisis. It ends with a note of skepticism about the power of legalism, beyond its undeniable contribution to upholding the rule of law, to formulate an emancipatory social project.
Diagnosing Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: A review of current methods and novel approaches
Authors: Bateman Marjorie , Oladele Rita , Kolls Jay K 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPneumocystis jirovecii can cause life-threatening pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. Traditional diagnostic testing has relied on staining and direct visualization of the life-forms in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. This method has proven insensitive, and invasive procedures may be needed to obtain adequate samples. Molecular methods of detection such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and antibody-antigen assays have been developed in an effort to solve these problems. These techniques are very sensitive and have the potential to detect Pneumocystis life-forms in noninvasive samples such as sputum, oral washes, nasopharyngeal aspirates, and serum. This review evaluates 100 studies that compare use of various diagnostic tests for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) in patient samples. Novel diagnostic methods have been widely used in the research setting but have faced barriers to clinical implementation including: interpretation of low fungal burdens, standardization of techniques, integration into resource-poor settings, poor understanding of the impact of host factors, geographic variations in the organism, heterogeneity of studies, and limited clinician recognition of PCP. Addressing these barriers will require identification of phenotypes that progress to PCP and diagnostic cut-offs for colonization, generation of life-form specific markers, comparison of commercial PCR assays, investigation of cost-effective point of care options, evaluation of host factors such as HIV status that may impact diagnosis, and identification of markers of genetic diversity that may be useful in diagnostic panels. Performing high-quality studies and educating physicians will be crucial to improve the rates of diagnosis of PCP and ultimately to improve patient outcomes.
X-raying molecular clouds with a short flare: probing statistics of gas density and velocity fields
Authors: Khabibullin I , Churazov E , Sunyaev R , Federrath C , Seifried D , Walch S 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We take advantage of a set of molecular cloud simulations to demonstrate a possibility to uncover statistical properties of the gas density and velocity fields using reflected emission of a short (with duration much less than the cloud’s light-crossing time) X-ray flare. Such a situation is relevant for the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) of our Galaxy where several clouds get illuminated by an ∼110 yr-old flare from the supermassive black hole Sgr A* . Due to shortness of the flare (Δt ≲ 1.6 yr), only a thin slice (Δz ≲ 0.5 pc) of the molecular gas contributes to the X-ray reflection signal at any given moment, and its surface brightness effectively probes the local gas density. This allows reconstructing the density probability distribution function over a broad range of scales with virtually no influence of attenuation, chemo-dynamical biases, and projection effects. Such a measurement is key to understanding the structure and star formation potential of the clouds evolving under extreme conditions in the CMZ. For cloud parameters similar to the currently brightest in X-ray reflection molecular complex Sgr A, the sensitivity level of the best available data is sufficient only for marginal distinction between solenoidal and compressive forcing of turbulence. Future-generation X-ray observatories with large effective area and high spectral resolution will dramatically improve on that by minimizing systematic uncertainties due to contaminating signals. Furthermore, measurement of the iron fluorescent line centroid with sub-eV accuracy in combination with the data on molecular line emission will allow direct investigation of the gas velocity field.
Neuronal Function and Dopamine Signaling Evolve at High Temperature in Drosophila
Authors: Jakšić Ana Marija , Karner Julia , Nolte Viola , Hsu Sheng-Kai , Barghi Neda , Mallard François , Otte Kathrin Anna , Svečnjak Lidija , Senti Kirsten-André , Schlötterer Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Neuronal activity is temperature sensitive and affects behavioral traits important for individual fitness, such as locomotion and courtship. Yet, we do not know enough about the evolutionary response of neuronal phenotypes in new temperature environments. Here, we use long-term experimental evolution of Drosophila simulans populations exposed to novel temperature regimes. Here, we demonstrate a direct relationship between thermal selective pressure and the evolution of neuronally expressed molecular and behavioral phenotypes. Several essential neuronal genes evolve lower expression at high temperatures and higher expression at low temperatures, with dopaminergic neurons standing out by displaying the most consistent expression change across independent replicates. We functionally validate the link between evolved gene expression and behavioral changes by pharmacological intervention in the experimentally evolved D. simulans populations as well as by genetically triggered expression changes of key genes in D. melanogaster. As natural temperature clines confirm our results for Drosophila and Anopheles populations, we conclude that neuronal dopamine evolution is a key factor for temperature adaptation.
Molecular profiles and immunomodulatory activities of glioblastoma-derived exosomes
Authors: Azambuja Juliana Hofstatter , Ludwig Nils , Yerneni Saigopalakrishna , Rao Aparna , Braganhol Elizandra , Whiteside Theresa L 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundGlioblastoma is one of the most immunosuppressive human tumors. Emerging data suggest that glioblastoma-derived exosomes (GBex) reprogram the tumor microenvironment into a tumor-promoting milieu by mechanisms that not yet understood.MethodsExosomes were isolated from supernatants of glioblastoma cell lines by size exclusion chromatography. The GBex endosomal origin, size, protein cargos, and ex vivo effects on immune cell functions were determined. GBex were injected intravenously into mice to evaluate their ability to in vivo modulate normal immune cell subsets.ResultsGBex carried immunosuppressive proteins, including FasL, TRAIL, CTLA-4, CD39, and CD73, but contained few immunostimulatory proteins. GBex co-incubated with primary human immune cells induced simultaneous activation of multiple molecular pathways. In CD8+ T cells, GBex suppressed TNF-α and INF-γ release and mediated apoptosis. GBex suppressed natural killer (NK) and CD4+ T-cell activation. GBex activated the NF-κB pathway in macrophages and promoted their differentiation into M2 cells. Inhibition of the NF-κB pathway in macrophages reversed the GBex-mediated effects. GBex-driven reprogramming of macrophages involved the release of soluble factors that promoted tumor proliferation in vitro. In mice injected with GBex, the frequency of splenic CD8+ T cells, NK cells, and M1-like macrophages was reduced, while that of naïve and M2-like macrophages increased (P &lt; .05).ConclusionsGBex reprogrammed functions of all types of immune cells in vitro and altered their frequency in vivo. By creating and sustaining a highly immunosuppressive environment, GBex play a key role in promoting tumor progression.
Absence of hexavalent chromium in marine carbonates: implications for chromium isotopes as paleoenvironment proxy
Authors: Fang Ziyao , Qin Liping , Liu Wei , Yao Tao , Chen Xiaoyan , Wei Shiqiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe oxygenation of Earth's atmosphere is widely regarded to have played an important role in early-life evolution. Chromium (Cr) isotopes recorded in sedimentary rocks have been used to constrain the atmospheric oxygen level (AOL) over geological times based on the fact that a positive Cr isotopic signature is linked to the presence of Cr(VI) as a result of oxidative continental weathering. However, there is no direct evidence of the presence of Cr(VI) in sedimentary rocks yet. Carbonates are most widely distributed over geological times and were thought to have incorporated Cr(VI) directly from seawater. Here, we present results of Cr valence states in carbonates which show Cr(III) is the dominant species in all samples spanning a wide range of geological times. These findings indicate that Cr(VI) in seawater was reduced either before or after carbonate precipitation, which might have caused Cr isotopic fractionation between seawater and carbonates, or marine carbonates preferentially uptake Cr(III) from seawater. As Cr(III) can come from non-redox Cr cycling, which also can cause isotopic fractionation, we suggest that positively fractionated Cr isotopic values do not necessarily correspond to the rise in AOL.
A partially fluorinated ligand for two super-hydrophobic porous coordination polymers with classic structures and increased porosities
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhou Dong-Dong , Gan You-Wei , Zhang Xue-Wen , Ye Zi-Ming , Zhang Jie-Peng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
3-Ethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,4-triazole is synthesized by a one-pot reaction. Using this asymmetric triazole ligand bearing one trifluoromethyl and one ethyl as side groups, we construct two new porous coordination polymers, MAF-9 and MAF-2F, being isostructural with the classic hydrophobic and flexible materials, FMOF-1 and MAF-2, based on symmetric triazole ligands bearing two trifluoromethyl groups or two ethyl groups, respectively. MAF-9 and MAF-2F can adsorb large amounts of organic solvents but completely exclude water, showing superhydrophobicity with water contact angles of 152o in between those of FMOF-1 and MAF-2. MAF-9 exhibits very large N2-induced breathing and colossal positive and negative thermal expansions like FMOF-1, but the lower molecular weight and smaller volume of MAF-9 give 16% and 4% higher gravimetric and volumetric N2 uptakes, respectively. In contrast, MAF-2F is quite rigid and does not show the inversed temperature-dependent N2 adsorption and large guest-induced expansion like MAF-2. Further, despite the higher molecular weight and larger volume, MAF-2F possesses 6% and 25% higher gravimetric and volumetric CO2 uptakes, respectively. These results can be explained by the different pore sizes and side group arrangements in the two classic framework prototypes, which demonstrate the delicate roles of ligand side groups in controlling porosity, surface characteristic and flexibility.
Single-cell yolk-shell nanoencapsulation for long-term viability with size-dependent permeability and molecular recognition
Authors: Wang Li , Li Yu , Yang Xiao-Yu , Zhang Bo-Bo , Ninane Nöelle , Busscher Henk J , Hu Zhi-Yi , Delneuville Cyrille , Jiang Nan , Xie Hao , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Hasan Tawfique , Su Bao-Lian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Like nanomaterials, bacteria have been unknowingly used for centuries. They hold significant economic potential for fuel and medicinal compound production. Their full exploitation, however, is impeded by low biological activity and stability in industrial reactors. Though cellular encapsulation addresses these limitations, cell survival is usually compromised due to shell-to-cell contacts and low permeability. Here, we report ordered packing of silica nanocolloids with organized, uniform and tunable nanoporosities for single cyanobacterium nanoencapsulation using protamine as an electrostatic template. A space between the capsule shell and the cell is created by controlled internalization of protamine, resulting in a highly ordered porous shell-void-cell structure formation. These unique yolk-shell nanostructures provide long-term cell viability with superior photosynthetic activities and resistance in harsh environments. In addition, engineering the colloidal packing allows tunable shell-pore diameter for size-dependent permeability and introduction of new functionalities for specific molecular recognition. Our strategy could significantly enhance the activity and stability of cyanobacteria for various nanobiotechnological applications.
Durkheim’s Signature Project
Authors: Cladis Mark S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The development of a science of morality, or what he called rational moral art (l’art moral rationnel), is one of Durkheim’s most ambitious endeavors. The very idea of rational art will strike many as an oxymoron. Yet it is precisely at the intersection, and within the tension, of these two terms—art and the rational—that we find Durkheim’s most mature efforts at establishing a science of morality. On the one hand, this science is rational insofar as it is attentive to the actual, lived social practices and institutions of humans in various cultures at various times. On the other hand, this science is a form of art insofar as it employs practical judgment and creativity as it seeks to move from the detailed studies of the social scientist to the reformist critique of social institutions and practices. In short, Durkheim recommended that sociologists join sociohistorical skill to the moral imagination.
Conclusions and Future Directions for the Study of Accurate Personality Judgment
Authors: Letzring Tera D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies several well-established findings and overarching themes within personality trait accuracy research, and highlights especially promising directions for future research. Topics include (1) theoretical frameworks for accuracy, (2) moderators of accuracy and the context or situation in which judgments are made, (3) the important consequences of accuracy, (4) interventions and training programs to increase judgmental ability and judgability, (5) the generalizability of previous findings, and (6) standardized tests of the accuracy of judging personality traits. The chapter ends by stating that it is an exciting time to be a researcher studying the accuracy of personality trait judgments.
Mindfulness-Based Interventions in the Treatment of Physical Conditions
Authors: Goyal Madhav , Rusch Heather L. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence for mindfulness-based therapies in the treatment of physical conditions. We reviewed the literature for numerous conditions including pain, cancer, blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, sexual function, insomnia, substance use, and immune function. There is moderate evidence that mindfulness-based therapies improve symptoms of pain in general, and low back pain in particular. There is preliminary evidence that mindfulness-based therapies improve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, some aspects of heart disease, sexual function, susceptibility to colds, and reduce Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor thought to play a role in promoting inflammation.
Negation in Event Semantics
Authors: Schein Barry 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith events as dense as time, negation threatens to be trivial, unless ‘not’ is noughtly, an adverb of quantification. So revised, classical puzzles of negation in natural language are revisited, in which deviation from the logical connective, violating Excluded Middle, appears to prompt a special condition or special meaning. The language of events also contains negative event descriptions—After the flood, it not drying out ruined the basement and one could smell it not drying out—and these appear to founder on the logic of the constructions in which they occur and on reference to suspect negative events, events of not drying out. A language for event semantics with ‘not’ as noughtly resolves the puzzles surveyed—within classical logic, without ambiguity or special conditions on the meaning of ‘not’, and without a metaphysics of negative events.
Types of Negation
Authors: De Clercq Karen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the well-known dichotomies between sentence negation and constituent negation on the one hand and external negation and internal negation on the other hand. It explains how the notions differ and where they show overlap. Crucial in this discussion is the presentation and critical review of some of the most relevant tests for negation as discussed by Klima (1964). The discussion leads to the observation that both sentence negation and constituent negation are umbrella terms for multiple scopal types of negation. The chapter further shows how a careful analysis of negative morphology can be insightful in putting up a more fine-grained classification that does better justice to the reality of negative markers than captured by the well-known dichotomies.
Metalinguistic Negation
Authors: Martins Ana Maria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces the reader to the concept of ‘metalinguistic negation’ as defined by Horn (1989), the extensive bibliography on the topic, and the main issues it considers and debates. Besides the pragmatic and semantic matters that have been at the heart of the literature’s discussions, the chapter also considers syntactic aspects of metalinguistic negation, extending the focus from not-sentences to a broader coverage of the ways metalinguistic negation can be grammatically expressed, including different types of unambiguous metalinguistic negation markers (e.g. idioms, such as like hell, wh- phrases, and locative/temporal deictics). The interaction between metalinguistic negation and polarity items is considered central to separate ‘metalinguistic’ from ‘descriptive’ negation. The distinction between metalinguistic negation and the concepts of denial and contrastive negation is also clarified. Brief notice is given of investigations in language acquisition, ERP and eye-tracking, which may put to the test the cognitive reality of metalinguistic negation.
The Typology of Negation
Authors: van der Auwera Johan , Krasnoukhova Olga 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses a number of central phenomena in the typology of negation, building on state-of-the-art typological research. The focus lies on standard negation, prohibitive negation, existential negation, and the negation of indefinites. Cross-linguistic variation is central in the discussion, and for most phenomena the question is addressed as to what extent a certain pattern is frequent or rare. As far as it is possible, observed patterns are provided with explanations, which are often diachronic. Thus the chapter discusses the Jespersen and Negative Existential Cycles and ventures a hypothesis on the existence of an ‘Ascriptive negation cycle’. For a number of phenomena it also discusses areality.
The Negative Cycle and Beyond
Authors: Breitbarth Anne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe expression of negation shows significant typological variation, for example by adverbial particles or verbs. In some languages, the different strategies are diachronically related, and the formal expression of negation can undergo a cyclic renewal. This chapter discusses the different lexical sources for the grammaticalization of new negative markers, and the formal processes involved. It also broaches on some open questions, such as why some languages do not renew their expression of negation while others do, and why they do at different speeds.
Negation and the Brain
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef , Jaichenco Virginia , Deschamps Isabelle , Sánchez María Elina , Fuchs Martín , Pieperhoff Peter , Loewenstein Yonatan , Amunts Katrin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter reports an investigation into possible brain bases for negation. It begins with a review of negation experiments that used behavioral studies (measuring Reaction Time—RT), and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiments that sought to identify local activations that correlate with the presence of negation. The chapter dwells on a major methodological problem that permeates the experimental study of negation processing, and proposes a solution: instead of overt negation, we study expressions that contain a covert negation—expressions that are Downward Entailing (DE) as evinced by their ability to reverse inferences and license NPIs in their scope. DE operators are thus taken to contain a hidden, or covert, negation, and contrast with the Upward Entailing counterparts (few vs. many; less vs. more). The chapter reviews behavioral experiments in healthy adults that indicate that DE has a processing cost, and an fMRI study that finds a single brain location for this computation. These results serve as a basis for an experiment on individuals with Broca’s aphasia. Tests with DE and UE quantifiers with these patients resulted in a mixed picture, which is discussed and its implications are derived.