bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re/Imagined Community: Neoliberalism, Human Rights, and Officials’ Accounts of the Salvadoran Transnation
Authors: Hallett Miranda Cady 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnder neoliberal globalization, configurations of persons, legal regimes, and nation‐states transform. Some states explicitly employ a strategy of transnational nation‐building; for example, El Salvador is now an exemplary transnational state. With at least a quarter of the population living outside the national territory, the figure of the emigrant is significant in nationalist imaginaries. This article explores the process of imagining the transnation within one Salvadoran state institution—the Viceministry for Salvadorans Abroad—by examining upper‐and mid‐level state officials’ accounts of the relationship between emigrants and the nation‐state. State officials navigate and deploy global discourses around neoliberal development, on the one hand, and human rights for migrants, on the other hand, as they narrate their way to nationalist visions within the constraints of global political economy. The article looks comparatively at the ways officials frame the institution's central vision and role: under the right‐wing Alianza Republicana Nacionalista (ARENA) party administration in the late 2000s, and a few years later under the leadership of the leftist Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FMLN) party in the early 2010s. Under both administrations, viceministry officials navigated a fraught geopolitical field and worked diligently to engage the symbolic and material potentiality of cross‐border migrant citizens.
Hospitality's Prowess: Performing Sahrāwī Sovereignty in Refugee Camps
Authors: Solana Vivian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Sahrāwī movement for national liberation—known as the Polisario Front—has been organizing into the Sahrāwī Arab Democratic Republic in refugee camps since 1976. This article describes rhetorical and administrative strategies that muster the labor of hospitality carried out in Sahrāwī households to advance the legitimacy of the Polisario Front. The khayma (tent, household, or family), a customary domain of female power and symbol of hospitality among the Sahrāwī (and beyond), bears a metonymic relationship with the project of a Sahrāwī revolutionary nationalism. Examining how hospitality serves as a nexus of articulation between different orders of the political, it argues that practices of hospitality among Sahrāwī refugees constitute the expression of a form of popular sovereignty and revolutionary practice.
Speak Out on Poverty: Hearing, Inaudibility, and Citizenship in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Rousseau Nicky 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn 1998, Speak Out on Poverty held hearings across South Africa shortly after the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) completed eighteen months of highly publicized, nationwide hearings at which victims testified. Speak Out challenged the TRC's focus on overt political violations, seen to occlude forms of structural violence central to apartheid's policy and practice, as well as longer legacies of colonialism. Reading Speak Out alongside the TRC puts pressure on supposed differences between official truth commissions or tribunals and those run by civil society. Discussing Speak Out in relation to the TRC signaled more than a set of comparisons. In a time of transition, Speak Out spoke from within and against the noise of the TRC. It aimed to make poverty and inequality the nation's priority rather than reconciliation, or at least to challenge notions of reconciliation that did not have inequity and poverty at its center. This intention failed to come to fruition, and Speak Out seemed paradoxically inaudible in public debate. In exploring this conundrum, this article considers particular strategic and organizational choices by Speak Out. These shaped the discursive terrain of operations and subjectivities in ways that unintentionally enabled inaudibility and constrained the organizers’ transformative intentions.
Making welfare conditional: A street‐level perspective
Authors: van Berkel Rik 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article looks at how welfare conditionality is delivered at the street level. It argues that the street‐level delivery of welfare conditionality is structured by policies, the governance context in which workers deliver welfare conditionality, the organization in which they work, and the occupation they are part of. Characteristics of these contexts present street‐level workers with a variety of signals and incentives that direct their decision making. The article elaborates on this proposition on the basis of a review of academic studies analysing the street‐level delivery of various aspects of welfare conditionality: the use of sanctions, service personalization, and the treatment of vulnerable clients. The review shows that context characteristics together have a significant impact on the street‐level transformation of welfare conditionality policies into practices. Street‐level decision making concerning the use of sanctions is far more complex than can be captured by a perspective on street‐level workers as merely policy implementers. Sanctioning practices are sometimes harsher, sometimes more lenient than policies lead us to expect. The “soft” side of welfare conditionality—represented by service personalization—is often under pressure at the street level, potentially strengthening welfare conditionality's tough side. This affects vulnerable jobseekers most: Street‐level studies show that the balance between disciplining and enabling aspects of welfare‐to‐work is most at risk for more vulnerable groups. The article concludes that the contextual pressures street‐level workers have to deal with in their daily work hardly reflect the “delicate equilibrium” that they need to deliver welfare conditionality in a professional, responsive, and responsible way.
Coagulation abnormalities in dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever patients
Authors: Hassan Jawad , Borhany Munira , Abid Madiha , Zaidi Uzma , Fatima Naveena , Shamsi Tahir 
Published: December 2019

SummaryObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess abnormality of coagulation and anticoagulation parameters in dengue fever patients and the impact of these tests on the management of patients.BackgroundDengue fever is endemic in Pakistan with seasonal rise in cases. Morbidities and mortalities are proportionately reported to be increasing and associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation resulting in haemorrhagic or thrombotic manifestations in patients having deranged coagulation profiles.Methods/MaterialsThis observational and descriptive study was conducted on confirmed Dengue patients at the National Institute of Blood Diseases during the years 2013 to 2016. Patients of all age groups were included in this study. Results were analysed by SPSS version 23.ResultsA total of 200 patients were selected with the mean age being 28.68 years (±13.28) and male predominance (147/200). The mean platelet count, haemoglobin and haematocrit at base line for bleeders and non‐bleeders showed significant results, where platelet count at baseline for bleeders was 24 000, whereas for non‐bleeders it was 29 000 and it showed significant correlation with bleeding (P‐value .027). Platelets were transfused to 76 (38%) patients. However, none of the specialised haemostasis parameters beside the platelet count correlated with bleeding, requiring platelet transfusions.ConclusionOur study showed a significant association of platelet counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit with bleeding. It can be concluded that coagulation and anticoagulation profiles will not benefit the management of dengue patients and in countries like Pakistan, it will only add to the economic burden on the patients.
Cellular perspectives for improving mesophyll conductance
Authors: Lundgren Marjorie R. , Fleming Andrew J. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryAfter entering the leaf, CO2 faces an intricate pathway to the site of photosynthetic fixation embedded within the chloroplasts. The efficiency of CO2 flux is hindered by a number of structural and biochemical barriers which, together, define the ease of flow of the gas within the leaf, termed mesophyll conductance. Previous authors have identified the key elements of this pathway, raising the prospect of engineering the system to improve CO2 flux and, thus, to increase leaf photosynthetic efficiency. In this review, we provide a perspective on the potential for improving the individual elements that contribute to this complex parameter. We lay particular emphasis on generation of the cellular architecture of the leaf which sets the initial boundaries of a number of mesophyll conductance parameters, incorporating an overview of the molecular transport processes which have been proposed as major facilitators of CO2 flux across structural boundaries along the pathway. The review highlights the research areas where future effort might be invested to increase our fundamental understanding of mesophyll conductance and leaf function and, consequently, to enable translation of these findings to improve the efficiency of crop photosynthesis.
Cervids as sentinel‐species for tick‐borne encephalitis virus in Norway ‐ A serological study
Authors: Paulsen Katrine M. , das Neves Carlos G. , Granquist Erik G. , Madslien Knut , Stuen Snorre , Pedersen Benedikte N. , Vikse Rose , Rocchi Mara , Laming Ellie , Stiasny Karin , Andreassen Åshild K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the causative agent of tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE). TBEV is one of the most important neurological pathogens transmitted by tick bites in Europe. The objectives of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of TBE antibodies in cervids in Norway and the possible emergence of new foci, and furthermore to evaluate if cervids can function as sentinel animals for the distribution of TBEV in the country. Serum samples from 286 moose, 148 roe deer, 140 red deer and 83 reindeer from all over Norway were collected and screened for TBE immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies with a modified commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by TBEV serum neutralisation test (SNT). The overall seroprevalence against the TBEV complex in the cervid specimens from Norway was 4.6%. The highest number of seropositive cervids was found in south‐eastern Norway, but seropositive cervids were also detected in southern‐ and central Norway. Antibodies against TBEV detected by SNT were present in 9.4% of the moose samples, 1.4% in red deer, 0.7% in roe deer, and nil in reindeer. The majority of the positive samples in our study originated from areas where human cases of TBE have been reported in Norway. The study is the first comprehensive screening of cervid species in Norway for antibodies to TBEV, and shows that cervids are useful sentinel animals to indicate TBEV occurrence, as supplement to studies in ticks. Furthermore, the results indicate that TBEV might be spreading northwards in Norway. This information may be of relevance for public health considerations and supports previous findings of TBEV in ticks in Norway.
Heterogeneity in the Attachment and Uptake Mechanisms of the Legionnaires’ Disease Bacterium,
Legionella pneumophila
, by Protozoan Hosts
Authors: Harb Omar S. , Venkataraman Chandrasekar , Haack Bradley J. , Gao Lian-Yong , Kwaik Yousef Abu 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Invasion and intracellular replication of
Legionella pneumophila
within protozoa in the environment plays a major role in the transmission of Legionnaires’ disease. Intracellular replication of
L. pneumophila
within protozoa occurs in a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)-surrounded phagosome (Y. Abu Kwaik, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2022–2028, 1996). Since the subsequent fate of many intracellular pathogens is determined by the route of entry, we compared the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of
L. pneumophila
by the two protozoa
Hartmannella vermiformis
and
Acanthamoeba polyphaga
. Our data provide biochemical and genetic evidence that the mechanisms of attachment and subsequent uptake of
L. pneumophila
by the two protozoan hosts are, in part, different. First, uptake of
L. pneumophila
by
H. vermiformis
is completely blocked by the monovalent sugars galactose and
N
-acetyl-
d
-galactosamine, but these sugars partially blocked
A. polyphaga
. Second, attachment of
L. pneumophila
to
H. vermiformis
is associated with a time-dependent and reversible tyrosine dephosphorylation of multiple host proteins. In contrast, only a slight dephosphorylation of a 170-kDa protein of
A. polyphaga
is detected upon infection. Third, synthesis of
H. vermiformis
proteins but not of
A. polyphaga
proteins is required for uptake of
L. pneumophila
. Fourth, we have identified
L. pneumophila
mutants that are severely defective in attachment to
A. polyphaga
but which exhibit minor reductions in attachment to
H. vermiformis
and, thus, provide a genetic basis for the difference in mechanisms of attachment to both protozoa. The data indicate a remarkable adaptation of
L. pneumophila
to attach and invade different protozoan hosts by different mechanisms, yet invasion is followed by a remarkably similar intracellular replication within a RER-surrounded phagosome and subsequent killing of the host cell.
Morphological and Molecular Identification of
Trichoderma
Isolates on North American Mushroom Farms
Authors: Castle Alan , Speranzini Donna , Rghei Nezar , Alm Glen , Rinker Dan , Bissett John 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Green mold disease (causal agent,
Trichoderma
) has resulted in severe crop losses on mushroom farms worldwide in recent years. We analyzed 160 isolates of
Trichoderma
from mushroom farms for morphological, cultural, and molecular characteristics and classified these isolates into phenotypic groups. The most common group comprised approximately 40% of the isolates and was identified as a strain of
Trichoderma harzianum
. This group was consistently recovered from farms with severe green mold disease but not from farms with little or no problem. In addition, the strain identified as the major cause of green mold disease in Ireland and the United Kingdom grouped with these North American isolates in having very similar randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns.
Influence of Culture Conditions on Expression of the 40-Kilodalton Porin Protein of
Vibrio anguillarum
Serotype O2
Authors: Davey Michelle L. , Hancock Robert E. W. , Mutharia Lucy M. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Vibrio anguillarum
serotype O2 strains express a 40-kDa outer membrane porin protein. Immunoblot analysis revealed that antigenic determinants of the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin were conserved within bacterial species of the genus
Vibrio
. The relative amounts of the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin were enhanced by growth of
V. anguillarum
O2 in CM9 medium containing 5 to 10% sucrose or 0.1 to 0.5 M NaCl. In contrast, the levels of the porin were significantly reduced when cells were grown at 37°C, and a novel 60-kDa protein was also observed. However, the osmolarity or ionic concentration of the growth medium did not influence expression of the 60-kDa protein. Growth in medium containing greater than 0.6 mM EDTA reduced production of the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin and enhanced levels of a novel 19-kDa protein. Thus, expression of the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin was osmoregulated and possibly coregulated by temperature. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa protein and the effect of environmental factors on the cellular levels of the porin suggested that the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin was functionally similar to the OmpC porin of
Escherichia coli
. However, pore conductance assays revealed that the
V. anguillarum
O2 40-kDa porin was a general diffusion porin with a pore size in the range of that of the OmpF porin of
E. coli.
Use of Subtractive Hybridization To Design Habitat-Based Oligonucleotide Probes for Investigation of Natural Bacterial Communities
Authors: Mau Margit , Timmis Kenneth N. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
We describe a rapid oligonucleotide probe design strategy based on subtractive hybridization which yields probes for 16S rRNA or rRNA genes of individual members of microbial communities that are specific within the context of those communities. This strategy circumvents the need to sequence many similar or identical clones of dominant members of a community. Radioactively labeled subfragments of a cloned 16S rRNA gene sequence for which a probe is required (target) were hybridized with biotinylated total 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) amplified from the microbial community, and the hybrids formed were subsequently discarded. The remaining enriched fragments were used to screen a library consisting of cloned subfragments of the target sequence by colony hybridization in order to identify the variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene with the required specificity. The sequencing of random clones in one 16S rDNA library demonstrated that only those clones with 100% sequence identity with the probe fragment were detected by it. Moreover, sequencing of other, randomly selected, probe-positive clones revealed 100% sequence identity with the probe. Probes developed in this way tended to correspond to more variable regions of the 16S rRNA if the target sequences were similar to the sequences of other clones in the library and to less variable regions if the target sequences were phylogenetically isolated within the clone library. Although the absolute specificity of the latter probes, as assessed by comparison with available database sequences, was lower than the absolute specificity of the probes from the more variable regions, they were specific within the context of the environmental samples from which they were derived.
Anaerobic Killing of Oral Streptococci by Reduced, Transition Metal Cations
Authors: Dunning J. C. , Ma Y. , Marquis R. E. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Reduced, transition metal cations commonly enhance oxidative damage to cells caused by hydroperoxides formed as a result of oxygen metabolism or added externally. As expected, the cations Fe
2+
and Cu
+
enhanced killing of
Streptococcus mutans
GS-5 by hydroperoxides. However, unexpectedly, they also induced lethal damage under fully anaerobic conditions in a glove box with no exposure to O
2
or hydroperoxides from initial treatment with the cations. Sensitivities to anaerobic killing by Fe
2+
varied among the organisms tested. The oral streptococci
Streptococcus gordonii
ATCC 10558,
Streptococcus rattus
FA-1, and
Streptococcus sanguis
NCTC 10904 were approximately as sensitive as
S. mutans
GS-5.
Enterococcus hirae
ATCC 9790,
Actinomyces viscosus
OMZ105E, and
Actinomyces naeslundii
WVU45 had intermediate sensitivity, while
Lactobacillus casei
ATCC 4646 and
Escherichia coli
B were insensitive. Killing of
S. mutans
GS-5 in response to millimolar levels of added Fe
2+
occurred over a wide range of temperatures and pH. The organism was able to take up ferrous iron, but ferric reductase activity could not be detected. Chelators, uric acid, and thiocyanate were not effective inhibitors of the lethal damage. Sulfhydryl compounds, ferricyanide, and ferrocyanide were protective if added prior to Fe
2+
exposure. Fe
2+
, but not Fe
3+
, acted to reduce the acid tolerance of glycolysis by intact cells of
S. mutans
. The reduction in acid tolerance appeared to be related directly to Fe
2+
inhibition of F-ATPase, which could be assayed with permeabilized cells, isolated membranes, or F
1
enzyme separated from membranes. Cu
+
and Cu
2+
also inhibited F-ATPase and sensitized glycolysis by intact cells to acid. All of these damaging actions occurred anaerobically and thus did not appear to involve reactive oxygen species.
Role of the Air-Water-Solid Interface in Bacteriophage Sorption Experiments
Authors: Thompson Shawn S. , Flury Markus , Yates Marylynn V. , Jury William A. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBatch sorption experiments were carried out with the bacteriophages MS2 and φX174. Two types of reactor vessels, polypropylene and glass, were used. Consistently lower concentrations of MS2 were found in the liquid phase in the absence of soil (control blanks) than in the presence of soil after mixing. High levels of MS2 inactivation (∼99.9%) were observed in control tubes made of polypropylene (PP), with comparatively little loss of virus seen in PP tubes when soil was present. Minimal inactivation of MS2 was observed when the air-water interface was completely eliminated from PP control blanks during mixing. All batch experiments performed with reactor tubes made of glass demonstrated no substantial inactivation of MS2. In similar experiments, bacteriophage φX174 did not undergo inactivation in either PP or glass control blanks, implying that this virus is not affected by the same factors which led to inactivation of MS2 in the PP control tubes. When possible, phage adsorption to soil was calculated by the Freundlich isotherm. Our data suggest that forces associated with the air-water-solid interface (where the solid is a hydrophobic surface) are responsible for inactivation of MS2 in the PP control tubes. The influence of air-water interfacial forces should be carefully considered when batch sorption experiments are conducted with certain viruses.
Sequence Variation of the tRNA
Leu
Intron as a Marker for Genetic Diversity and Specificity of Symbiotic Cyanobacteria in Some Lichens
Authors: Paulsrud Per , Lindblad Peter 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

We examined the genetic diversity of
Nostoc
symbionts in some lichens by using the tRNA
Leu
(UAA) intron as a genetic marker. The nucleotide sequence was analyzed in the context of the secondary structure of the transcribed intron. Cyanobacterial tRNA
Leu
(UAA) introns were specifically amplified from freshly collected lichen samples without previous DNA extraction. The lichen species used in the present study were
Nephroma arcticum
,
Peltigera aphthosa
,
P. membranacea
, and
P. canina
. Introns with different sizes around 300 bp were consistently obtained. Multiple clones from single PCRs were screened by using their single-stranded conformational polymorphism pattern, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. No evidence for sample heterogenity was found. This implies that the symbiont in situ is not a diverse community of cyanobionts but, rather, one
Nostoc
strain. Furthermore, each lichen thallus contained only one intron type, indicating that each thallus is colonized only once or that there is a high degree of specificity. The same cyanobacterial intron sequence was also found in samples of one lichen species from different localities. In a phylogenetic analysis, the cyanobacterial lichen sequences grouped together with the sequences from two free-living
Nostoc
strains. The size differences in the intron were due to insertions and deletions in highly variable regions. The sequence data were used in discussions concerning specificity and biology of the lichen symbiosis. It is concluded that the tRNA
Leu
(UAA) intron can be of great value when examining cyanobacterial diversity.