bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The air gap between bolus and skin affects dose distribution in helical and direct tomotherapy
Authors: Akasaka Hiroaki , Oki Yuya , Mizonobe Kazufusa , Uehara Kazuyuki , Mayahara Hiroshi , Harada Aya , Hashimoto Naoki , Kitatani Keiji , Yabuuchi Tomonori , Ishihara Takeaki , Iwashita Kazuma , Miyawaki Daisuke , Mukumoto Naritoshi , Nakaoka Ai , Sasaki Ryohei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAim:To modify the final dose delivered to superficial tissues and to modulate dose distribution near irradiated surface, different boluses are used. Air gaps often form under the bolus affecting dose distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an air gap under the bolus radiation on dose delivery.Materials and methods:To evaluate the impact of the air gap, both helical tomotherapy (HT) and direct tomotherapy (DT) were performed in a simulation study.Results:The maximum dose to bolus in DT plans was bigger than that used in HT plans. The maximum dose delivered to the bolus depended on the air gap size. However, the maximum dose to bolus in all HT plans was within the acceptable value range. Acceptable value was set to up to 107% of the prescription dose. In the simulation performed in this study, the acceptable air gap under bolus was up to 15 mm and below 5 mm in HT and DT plans, respectively.Conclusions:HT technique is a good choice, but DT technique can be also used if the bolus position can be reproduced accurately. Thus, the reproducibility of the bolus position between planning and treatment is very important.
MULTIPLICITY ONE AT FULL CONGRUENCE LEVEL
Authors: Le Daniel , Morra Stefano , Schraen Benjamin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLet $F$ be a totally real field in which $p$ is unramified. Let $\overline{r}:G_{F}\rightarrow \text{GL}_{2}(\overline{\mathbf{F}}_{p})$ be a modular Galois representation that satisfies the Taylor–Wiles hypotheses and is tamely ramified and generic at a place $v$ above $p$. Let $\mathfrak{m}$ be the corresponding Hecke eigensystem. We describe the $\mathfrak{m}$-torsion in the $\text{mod}\,p$ cohomology of Shimura curves with full congruence level at $v$ as a $\text{GL}_{2}(k_{v})$-representation. In particular, it only depends on $\overline{r}|_{I_{F_{v}}}$ and its Jordan–Hölder factors appear with multiplicity one. The main ingredients are a description of the submodule structure for generic $\text{GL}_{2}(\mathbf{F}_{q})$-projective envelopes and the multiplicity one results of Emerton, Gee and Savitt [Lattices in the cohomology of Shimura curves, Invent. Math. 200(1) (2015), 1–96].
Dying concerns in young parents with advanced cancer (PWAC): A scoping review
Authors: Caparso Cinzia , Appel Joel , Benkert Ramona 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdvanced cancer in young parents (PWAC) can increase dying concerns, the fluctuating thoughts, or feelings, conscious, or unconscious, about an approaching death by a person facing a terminal illness or a family member coping with the impending death of a loved one. However, limited research has been conducted to identify dying concerns in an ill parent as the research has focused on older adults.ObjectiveOur goal was to identify dying concerns that PWAC are expressing and to understand how these concerns affect measurable outcomes.MethodCINHAL, MEDLINE, PsychARTICLES, PsycINFO, Social Work Abstracts, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection were searched. Articles included were samples of PWAC, peer-reviewed, and published within the last 10 years. Elderly or pediatric populations, PWAC with adult children, and early-stage cancer were excluded. The initial search resulted in 1,526 articles, 18 were identified as potentially relevant. Fourteen articles were identified and reviewed.ResultsPWAC expressed concerns for their children (n = 11), concerns for their co-parent (n = 4), and personal concerns (n = 11). Additionally, PWAC have decreased quality of life, have significant emotional and psychological distress, and have increased family dysfunction in relation to their concerns. Samples limit the generalizability of the findings. Majority of the articles consisted of White, upper, middle-class (n = 8) women (n = 7) diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 11) within nuclear families (n = 11).Significance of resultsDying concerns are described in the literature from a fairly narrow sample of PWAC. Future research should focus on recruiting participants from diverse backgrounds, genders, diagnosis types, and non-nuclear families. Identifying concerns for the co-parent would also add to the understanding of dying concerns.
Lessons from a Distorted Metaphor: The Holy Grail of Climate Litigation
Authors: Bouwer Kim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article examines the complex risks, costs and rewards of large-scale private law climate litigation – the climate litigation ‘holy grail’. It argues that while these cases undoubtedly have heroic aspects, their impacts can be complex or difficult to understand. It uses overlapping theories of metaphor and narrative in law, and theories of private law, to make some critical observations about these cases. Distilling some core reflections from the grail legends, the article argues that success in these cases requires a nuanced understanding of victory and defeat, and more careful thinking about the character, aims, and effect of these pieces of litigation. These stories inspire constant reflection as to what the metaphor of the ‘holy grail’ might mean in this context, and the role that these cases play in the development of a narrative about climate litigation.
Web-Based Versus Paper-Pencil Assessment of Behavioral Problems Using	the Youth Self-Report
Authors: Zeiler Michael , Peer Sandra , Philipp Julia , Truttmann Stefanie , Wagner Gudrun , Karwautz Andreas , Waldherr Karin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. This is the first study investigating the use of a web-based version of the Youth Self-Report (YSR) compared to paper-pencil (PP) assessment. Students aged 10–18 years were recruited from Austrian schools and either completed a PP ( N = 841) or a web-based ( N = 2,769) version. Psychometric properties and indicators of data quality were analyzed. Moreover, cost estimations for the web-based and PP assessments were given. Acceptable model fits (RMSEA < .05) of the 8-syndrome model were observed for both versions and measurement invariance testing revealed strong invariance between both formats. While there was no significant difference in the number of missing items, a slightly higher proportion of web-based datasets were analyzable (97.7% vs. 93.7%). A larger amount of information was provided in the open-ended questions in the web-based version ( p < .001). Mean problem scores were equivalent, with the exception of the thought problems syndrome scale in which a slightly higher score was observed in the web-based version ( p < .001). In our study, the web-based format reduced costs by 72% compared to the PP format. Our findings suggest that large web-based epidemiological surveys are cost-efficient, can be applied without the risk of disadvantages compared to PP assessments and might be superior regarding some aspects of data quality.
Statistical Study of Oxygen Ions Abundance and Spatial Distribution in the Dayside Magnetopause Boundary Layer: MMS Observations
Authors: Zeng Chen , Wang Chi , Duan Suping , Dai Lei , Fuselier S. A. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUsing energetic ion composition data at the dayside magnetopause measured by Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) satellites, we study the responses of H+, O+ density (1–40 keV), and their ratio to geomagnetic activity and solar wind conditions; their spatial distributions in the XYGSM plane for different ranges of the above parameters are presented as well. The dependencies of the H+ and O+ fluxes spatial distributions on different energy ranges are also investigated. Statistical results show that the dependencies of the H+ density on SYM‐H index, IMF By, and IMF Bz are weak, while the O+ density and its abundance (O+/H+) vary with SYM‐H index and solar wind dynamic pressure exponentially. The IMF directions not only affect the O+ density and its abundance but also play a major role in their spatial distributions. The O+ density shows duskside asymmetry under southward IMF with positive IMF By and shows dawnside asymmetry under northward IMF with negative IMF By. The influence of the dawn‐dusk IMF direction on dawn‐dusk asymmetry is significant. The positive and negative IMF By can strengthen the O+ duskside asymmetry and dawnside asymmetry when the IMF is southward and northward, respectively. Otherwise, as particle energy enhances from ~10 to ~35 keV, the H+ fluxes concentrate more on the duskside magnetopause boundary layer while the O+ fluxes dawn‐dusk asymmetry shows minor difference. This suggests that the H+ and O+ at energies below 40 keV experience different processes when they are transported to the dayside magnetopause boundary layer.
A Machine Learning Approach to Classifying MESSENGER FIPS Proton Spectra
Authors: James Matthew K. , Imber Suzanne M. , Raines Jim M. , Yeoman Timothy K. , Bunce Emma J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTheκdistribution function is fitted to the entire data set of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry and Ranging's (MESSENGER) 1‐min Fast Imaging Plasma Spectrometer (FIPS Andrews et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214‐007‐9272‐5) proton spectra, and then artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to assess the quality of this fit to the data. Theκdistribution function is fitted to each proton spectrum using the downhill‐simplex method, providing an estimate for density,n, temperature,T, and theκparameter, which controls the shape of the distribution. The final trained neural network achieved classification accuracy of 96% and has been used to classify the 1‐min proton data set collected during MESSENGER's ∼4 years in orbit of Mercury. Of the 223,282 spectra, ∼160,000 were classified as having “good” fittingκdistributions, ∼133,000 of which were measurements obtained from within the magnetosphere, and ∼18,000 were from the magnetosheath.
Reconstructing Solar Wind Inhomogeneous Structures From Stereoscopic Observations in White Light: Solar Wind Transients in 3‐D
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Wang Yuming , Liu Rui , Shen Chenglong , Zhang Quanhao , Lyu Shaoyu , Zhuang Bin , Shen Fang , Liu Jiajia , Chi Yutian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhite‐light images from Heliospheric Imager‐1 (HI1) onboard the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) provide two‐dimensional (2‐D) global views of solar wind transients traveling in the inner heliosphere from two perspectives. How to retrieve the hidden three‐dimensional (3‐D) features of the transients from these 2‐D images is intriguing but challenging. In our previous work (Li et al., 2018,https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025485), a “correlation‐aided” method is developed to recognize the solar wind transients propagating along the Sun‐Earth line based on simultaneous HI1 images from two STEREO spacecraft. Here the method is extended from the Sun‐Earth line to the whole 3‐D space to reconstruct the solar wind transients in the common field of view of STEREO HI1 cameras. We demonstrate the capability of the method by showing the 3‐D shapes and propagation directions of a coronal mass ejection (CME) and three small‐scale blobs during 3–4 April 2010. Comparing with some forward modeling methods, we found our method reliable in terms of the position, angular width, and propagation direction. Based on our 3‐D reconstruction result, an angular distorted, nearly north‐south oriented CME on 3 April 2010 is revealed, manifesting the complexity of a CME's 3‐D structure.
Ionospheric Outflow During the Substorm Growth Phase: THEMIS Observations of Oxygen Ions at the Plasma Sheet Boundary
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Zhang X.‐J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIonospheric outflow is an important plasma source that feeds the near‐Earth magnetotail with heavy oxygen ions. Because these ions can significantly alter the structure and stability of the magnetotail current sheet, the characteristics of this outflow are important for accurate magnetosphere modeling, including modeling of substorms—a key element of magnetosphere dynamics. Using Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft measurements in the magnetotail (around the plasma sheet boundary), we investigate characteristics oxygen outflows observed during substorm growth phases. The observed oxygen ion temperature and flow energy indicate that the outflow is marginally stable to ion acoustic wave generation: The oxygen temperature is slightly lower than the electron temperature and slightly higher than the oxygen flow energy. Moreover, the observed outflows are accompanied by low frequency electrostatic waves that may contribute to outflow thermalization. The oxygen bulk velocity has a significant component directed toward the equatorial plane, originating from the cross‐field drift in the convection electric field. The estimated radial distances at which oxygen ions reach the plasma sheet are ∼20–40RE downtail, that is, outflows during substorm growth phases can alter current sheet characteristics around the potential magnetic reconnection region.
Impact of the Dipole Tilt Angle on the Ionospheric Plasma as Modeled with IPIM
Authors: Marchaudon A. , Blelly P.‐L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe ran the IRAP Plasmasphere Ionosphere Model (IPIM) for several flux tubes at different distances from Earth for very quiet conditions, in order to model the convection and corotation transport of closed flux tubes in the plasmasphere for tilted/eccentric dipolar magnetic field configuration and for solstice and equinox conditions. For each simulation, the model was run for 30 days in order to study the long‐term evolution of the plasmasphere‐ionosphere system. The goal is to study the combined effect of corotation and convection, which causes eventually a lag of the flux tube motion with respect to the Earth. This combination of nonuniform rotation and subcorotation in average becomes important especially in the outer plasmasphere and causes nonuniform drift of the dipole tilt projection in the plane of the flux tube with time, changing drastically the plasma distribution along this flux tube. In the classical representation of the plasmasphere, the ionosphere only depends on angular Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sector. We show that due to the tilt effect, solar illumination along the flux tube and field‐aligned transport varies from one day to the other and causes also a day‐to‐day variation in the plasma distribution along the tube. This effect implies that a stable representation of the plasmasphere in MLT during quiet conditions is an erroneous view, and no real dynamic equilibrium can be reached, in particular close to the stagnation point.
Conjugate Observations of Quasiperiodic Emissions by the Van Allen Probes Spacecraft and Ground‐Based Station Kannuslehto
Authors: Bezděková B. , Němec F. , Manninen J. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Santolík O. , Kurth W. S. , Hartley D. P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhistler mode waves observed in the Earth's inner magnetosphere at frequencies between about 0.5 and 4 kHz which exhibit a nearly periodic time modulation of the wave intensity are called quasiperiodic (QP) emissions. Conjugate measurements of QP events at several different locations can be used to estimate their spatial extent and spatiotemporal variability. Results obtained using conjugate QP measurements provided by the ground‐based station Kannuslehto (L≈5.5) and the Van Allen Probes spacecraft (L shells between about 1.1 and 6.5) between September 2012 and November 2017 are presented. Altogether, 26 simultaneously detected events were analyzed. The event modulation periods and frequency‐time structures were generally the same at all observation points. Spatial separations of the spacecraft and the ground‐based station during conjugate observations are typically within about 40° in azimuth and from about 1 to 3 in L shell. RBSP consistently observes events at lower L shells than Kannuslehto, with the event occurrence primarily inside of the plasmasphere. Ratios of Poynting fluxes observed by the spacecraft and on the ground are used to evaluate event intensity variations related to the spacecraft position. It is found that the intensity decreases considerably both at low L shells and outside of the plasmasphere. Finally, an event containing a gap in its frequency‐time structure related to a sudden change of its properties is analyzed in detail.
Periodic Modulation of the Upper Ionosphere by ULF Waves as Observed Simultaneously by SuperDARN Radars and GPS/TEC Technique
Authors: Kozyreva Olga V. , Pilipenko Vyacheslav A. , Bland Emma C. , Baddeley Lisa J. , Zakharov Victor I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent work has demonstrated that global Pc5 pulsations observed by ground‐based magnetometers may be accompanied by periodic oscillations in the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere measured by GPS receivers. These TEC observations may provide new insights into magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling mechanisms, especially when combined with other ground‐based observational techniques. Presented in this paper is a large‐scale morning sector Pc5 event which was observed simultaneously by ground‐based magnetometers, two high‐frequency Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) radars, and several Global Positioning System (GPS)/TEC receivers. The transient 2.6 mHz pulsations observed by the ground magnetometers and radars are accompanied by periodic fluctuations in the time rate‐of‐change of TEC (ROT) at the same frequency. To investigate possible mechanisms for the TEC modulation by ultralow frequency (ULF) waves, we determine the ratios between the spectral amplitudes of the magnetic, ionospheric Doppler velocity and ROT oscillations. The relationship between the simultaneous magnetic field and ionospheric Doppler velocity oscillations can be reasonably well interpreted using the theory of Alfven wave interaction with the thin ionospheric layer. Though the observed ratio between ROT and Doppler velocity amplitudes can be explained by the occurrence of local steep gradient of the topside ionosphere plasma at auroral latitudes, the responsible modulation mechanism cannot be considered as firmly established.
Comparison of Quality Measures for Walén Relation
Authors: Paschmann G. , Sonnerup B. U. Ö. , Haaland S. E. , Phan T.‐D. , Denton R. E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe standard method for identifying magnetohydrodynamic rotational discontinuities in spacecraft data has been to examine how well the Walén relation is satisfied. In this paper, we apply two different versions of the Walén test to a database of nearly 1,000 dayside magnetopause crossings by the Magnetospheric Multi‐Scale spacecraft, with the objective of comparing their performance. The first approach is to evaluate the Walén relation as a jump condition, by determining the level of agreement between the change in plasma velocity across a discontinuity with the corresponding change in the Alfvén velocity. For this purpose, we use a recently developed quality index, Q, for which Q=±1 indicates perfect agreement. As was the case for a previously used quality index, ΔV∗, this new index employs data from two carefully chosen measurement times, located on opposite sides of the discontinuity. The second approach is to check the level of Alfvénicity of the flow for all measurements between those two points. Here, the quality index used is Wsl, the slope of the regression line in a scatter plot of plasma velocity components (after transformation into the deHoffmann‐Teller frame) versus the corresponding Alfvén velocity components, with Wsl=±1 indicating perfect agreement. For the two indices to give comparable numbers of rotational discontinuity candidates, a substantially higher threshold value is needed for |Q| than for |Wsl|. Even so, the events selected by the two methods are not identical. We also identify statistical relationships between Wsl and its associated correlation coefficient, Wcc, as well as between Wsl and Q and between Wsl and ΔV∗.
Identification of novel methylation markers in HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer: genome-wide discovery, tissue verification and validation testing in ctDNA
Authors: Misawa Kiyoshi , Imai Atsushi , Matsui Hirotaka , Kanai Akinori , Misawa Yuki , Mochizuki Daiki , Mima Masato , Yamada Satoshi , Kurokawa Tomoya , Nakagawa Takuya , Mineta Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHuman papilloma virus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) is an independent tumour type with regard to cellular, biological, and clinical features. The use of non-invasive biomarkers such as circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) may be relevant in early diagnosis and eventually improve the outcomes of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Genome-wide discovery using RNA sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing yielded 21 candidates for methylation-targeted genes. A verification study (252 HNSCC patients) using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (Q-MSP) identified 10 genes (ATP2A1, CALML5, DNAJC5G, GNMT, GPT, LY6D, LYNX1, MAL, MGC16275, and MRGPRF) that showed a significant increase recurrence in methylation groups with OPC. Further study on ctDNA using Q-MSP in HPV-associated OPC showed that three genes (CALML5, DNAJC5G, and LY6D) had a high predictive ability as emerging biomarkers for a validation set, each capable of discriminating between the plasma of the patients from healthy individuals. Among the 42 ctDNA samples, methylated CALML5, DNAJC5G, and LY6D were observed in 31 (73.8%), 19 (45.2%), and 19 (45.2%) samples, respectively. Among pre-treatment ctDNA samples, methylated CALML5, DNAJC5G, and LY6D were observed in 8/8 (100%), 7/8 (87.5%), and 7/8 (87.5%) samples, respectively. Methylated CALML5, DNAJC5G, and LY6D were found in 2/8 (25.0%), 0/8 (0%), and 1/8 (12.5%) of the final samples in the series, respectively. Here, we present the relationship between the methylation status of three specific genes and cancer recurrence for risk classification of HPV-associated OPC cases. In conclusion, ctDNA analysis has the potential to aid in determining patient prognosis and real-time surveillance for disease recurrences and serves as an alternative method of screening for HPV-associated OPC.
COX6B2 drives metabolic reprogramming toward oxidative phosphorylation to promote metastasis in pancreatic ductal cancer cells
Authors: Nie Ke , Li Jin , He Xujun , Wang Yuqing , Zhao Qiongya , Du Miaomiao , Sun Hongwei , Wang Jinjing , Lyu Jianxin , Fang Hezhi , Jin Liqin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer type with poor prognosis due to its high metastatic potential, however, the role of metabolic reprogramming in the metastasis of PDAC cell is not known. Here, we report that COX6B2 drive metastasis but not cancer cell proliferation in PDAC by enhancing oxidative phosphorylation function (OXPHOS). Transcriptome and clinical analyses revealed that cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6B2 (COX6B2) positively associated with metastasis of PDAC cells. Knockdown of COX6B2 in PDAC cells tuned down the assembly of complex IV and downregulated the function of OXPHOS, whereas re-expression of COX6B2 restored the function of OXPHOS and metastatic potential. Mechanistically, COX6B2 upregulated OXPHOS function to active purinergic receptor pathway for the metastasis of PDAC cells. Notably, the metastatic potential in PDAC could be reversely regulated by metformin, a drug was found accelerating the degradation of COX6B2 mRNA in this study. Collectively, our findings indicated that a complex metabolic control mechanism might be involved in achieving the balance of metabolic requirements for both growth and metastasis in PDAC, and regulation of the expression of COX6B2 could potentially encompass one of the targets.