bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ferroelectric Poling of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Thin Films
Authors: Röhm Holger , Leonhard Tobias , Hoffmann Michael J. , Colsmann Alexander 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSeemingly contradictory reports on polar domains and their origin have surrounded the controversial discussion about the ferroelectricity of the methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) thin films that are commonly employed in perovskite solar cells. In this work, microscopic modulations of the polar domain patterns upon application of an electric poling field are correlated with macroscopic changes to the currents through the MAPbI3 layer. Piezoresponse force microscopy is used to monitor the widening, narrowing, generation or extinction of polar domains, as well as shifts of the domain walls at room temperature under an in‐plane electric poling field that is applied between two laterally organized electrodes. This poling leads to a net polarization of individual grains and the thin film itself. Macroscopically, this net polarization results in a persistent shift of the diode characteristics that is measured across the channel between the electrodes. Both the modulation of the polar domains upon electric poling and the concurrent persistent shift of the electric currents through the device are the unambiguous hallmarks of ferroelectricity, which demonstrate that MAPbI3 is a ferroelectric semiconductor.
Mild Innate Immune Activation Overrides Efficient Nanoparticle‐Mediated RNA Delivery
Authors: Lokugamage Melissa P. , Gan Zubao , Zurla Chiara , Levin Joel , Islam Fatima Z. , Kalathoor Sujay , Sato Manaka , Sago Cory D. , Santangelo Philip J. , Dahlman James E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractClinical mRNA delivery remains challenging, in large part because how physiology alters delivery in vivo remains underexplored. For example, mRNA delivered by lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is being considered to treat inflammation, but whether inflammation itself changes delivery remains understudied. Relationships between immunity, endocytosis, and mRNA translation lead to hypothesize that toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) activation reduced LNP‐mediated mRNA delivery. Therefore, LNP uptake, endosomal escape, and mRNA translation with and without TLR4 activation are quantified. In vivo DNA barcoding is used to discover a novel LNP that delivers mRNA to Kupffer cells at clinical doses; unlike most LNPs, this LNP does not preferentially target hepatocytes. TLR4 activation blocks mRNA translation in all tested cell types, without reducing LNP uptake; inhibiting TLR4 or its downstream effector protein kinase R improved delivery. The discrepant effects of TLR4 on i) LNP uptake and ii) translation suggests TLR4 activation can “override” LNP targeting, even after mRNA is delivered into target cells. Given near‐future clinical trials using mRNA to modulate inflammation, this highlights the need to understand inflammatory signaling in on‐ and off‐target cells. More generally, this suggests an LNP which delivers mRNA to one inflammatory disease may not deliver mRNA to another.
Anatase TiO2 Confined in Carbon Nanopores for High‐Energy Li‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors Operating at High Rates and Subzero Temperatures
Authors: Fu Wenbin , Zhao Enbo , Ma Ruiying , Sun Zifei , Yang Yang , Sevilla Marta , Fuertes Antonio B. , Magasinski Alexandre , Yushin Gleb 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLi‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (Li‐HSCs) hold great promise in future electrical energy storage due to their relatively high power and energy density. However, a major challenge lies in the slow kinetics of Li‐ion intercalation/extraction within metal‐oxide electrodes. Here, it is shown that ultrafast charge storage is realized by confining anatase TiO2 nanoparticles in carbon nanopores to enable a high‐rate anode for Li‐HSCs. The porous carbon with interconnected pore walls and open channels not only works as a conductive host to protect TiO2 from structural degradation but also provides fast pathways for ion/electron transport. As a result, the assembled cells exhibit remarkable rate capabilities with a specific capacity of ≈140 mAh g−1 at a slow charge and ≈60 mAh g−1 at a 3.5 s fast charge. While the charge/discharge process can be completed as fast as that of state‐of‐the‐art electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), the produced nanocomposites show three to seven times higher volumetric capacitance than activated carbons used in commercial EDLCs with acetonitrile‐based electrolytes. Equally important for some applications in cold climates or the space, the Li‐HSCs can operate at subzero temperatures as low as −40 °C, which is likely only limited by thermal properties of the acetonitrile (melting point of −45 °C).
Workshop summary: Potential usefulness and feasibility of a US National Mesothelioma Registry
Authors: Cummings Kristin J. , Becich Michael J. , Blackley David J. , Deapen Dennis , Harrison Robert , Hassan Raffit , Henley S. Jane , Hesdorffer Mary , Horton D. Kevin , Mazurek Jacek M. , Pass Harvey I. , Taioli Emanuela , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , Zauderer Marjorie G. , Weissman David N. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe burden and prognosis of malignant mesothelioma in the United States have remained largely unchanged for decades, with approximately 3200 new cases and 2400 deaths reported annually. To address care and research gaps contributing to poor outcomes, in March of 2019 the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation convened a workshop on the potential usefulness and feasibility of a national mesothelioma registry. The workshop included formal presentations by subject matter experts and a moderated group discussion. Workshop participants identified top priorities for a registry to be (a) connecting patients with high‐quality care and clinical trials soon after diagnosis, and (b) making useful data and biospecimens available to researchers in a timely manner. Existing databases that capture mesothelioma cases are limited by factors such as delays in reporting, deidentification, and lack of exposure information critical to understanding as yet unrecognized causes of disease. National disease registries for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the United States and for mesothelioma in other countries, provide examples of how a registry could be structured to meet the needs of patients and the scientific community. Small‐scale pilot initiatives should be undertaken to validate methods for rapid case identification, develop procedures to facilitate patient access to guidelines‐based standard care and investigational therapies, and explore approaches to data sharing with researchers. Ultimately, federal coordination and funding will be critical to the success of a National Mesothelioma Registry in improving mesothelioma outcomes and preventing future cases of this devastating disease.
Comparison of steroid‐releasing stents vs nonabsorbable packing as middle meatal spacers
Authors: Rawl Jordan W. , McQuitty Robert A. , Khan Mashfee H. , Reichert Lara K. , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Chaaban Mohamad R. 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundA randomized controlled trial was held to compare nonabsorbable packs to steroid‐eluting absorbable stents as middle meatal spacers after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).MethodsCRS patients were randomly assigned to receive either nonabsorbable Merocel packs wrapped in non‐latex glove material (packing type A) or Propel steroid eluting stents (packing type B). Twenty‐two–item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores were collected preoperatively and postoperatively during the initial 4 debridements up to 3 months. Recording of the nasal endoscopy was also collected during all postoperative visits. In addition, Lund‐Kennedy scores and middle turbinate lateralization scores, using a new visual analogue scale, were compared between the 2 types of packing.ResultsForty CRS patients were prospectively enrolled in this institutional review board (IRB)‐approved study. Patients with packing type A had significantly lower middle turbinate lateralization scores at their first (∼10 days) postoperative visit (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04, for left and right sides, respectively). This difference disappeared by later postoperative visits (from 20 days to 3 months). Overall, patients receiving packing type A had significant lower SNOT‐22 scores at 20 days postsurgery (p = 0.05). This difference also disappeared at 1 and 3 months postoperation. There were no statistically significant differences in Lund‐Kennedy scores.ConclusionIn this study, nonabsorbable packing materials showed significant superior middle meatal spacing capacities as evidenced by greater middle turbinate medialization capability at the first postoperative visit. Additionally, patients with this type of packing saw improvements in their SNOT‐22 scores at the 20‐day postoperative visit. This study showed that there was no significant improvement in postoperative outcomes with drug‐eluting stents when compared to nonabsorbable packing.
Chameleon Metals: Autonomous Nano‐Texturing and Composition Inversion on Liquid Metals Surfaces
Authors: Martin Andrew , Kiarie Winnie , Chang Boyce , Thuo Martin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStudies on passivating oxides on liquid metals are challenging, in part, due to plasticity, entropic, and technological limitations. In alloys, compositional complexity in the passivating oxide(s) and underlying metal interface exacerbates these challenges. This nanoscale complexity, however, offers an opportunity to engineer the surface of the liquid metal under felicitous choice of processing conditions. We inferred that difference in reactivity, coupled with inherent interface ordering, presages exploitable order and selectivity to autonomously present compositionally biased oxides on the surface of these metals. Besides compositional differences, sequential release of biased (enriched) components, via fractal‐like paths, allows for patterned layered surface structures. We, therefore, present a simple thermal‐oxidative compositional inversion (TOCI) method to introduce fractal‐like structures on the surface of these metals in a controlled (tier, composition, and structure) manner by exploiting underlying stochastic fracturing process. Using a ternary alloy, a three‐tiered (in structure and composition) surface structure is demonstrated.
Photoswitchable Sol–Gel Transitions and Catalysis Mediated by Polymer Networks with Coumarin‐Decorated Cu24L24 Metal–Organic Cages as Junctions
Authors: Oldenhuis Nathan J. , Qin K. Peter , Wang Shu , Ye Hong‐Zhou , Alt Eric A. , Willard Adam P. , Van Voorhis Troy , Craig Stephen L. , Johnson Jeremiah A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhotoresponsive materials that change in response to light have been studied for a range of applications. These materials are often metastable during irradiation, returning to their pre‐irradiated state after removal of the light source. Herein, we report a polymer gel comprising poly(ethylene glycol) star polymers linked by Cu24L24 metal–organic cages/polyhedra (MOCs) with coumarin ligands. In the presence of UV light, a photosensitizer, and a hydrogen donor, this “polyMOC” material can be reversibly switched between CuII, CuI, and Cu0. The instability of the MOC junctions in the CuI and Cu0 states leads to network disassembly, forming CuI/Cu0 solutions, respectively, that are stable until re‐oxidation to CuII and supramolecular gelation. This reversible disassembly of the polyMOC network can occur in the presence of a fixed covalent second network generated in situ by copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), providing interpenetrating supramolecular and covalent networks.
Photoactivated Fluorescence Enhancement in F,N‐Doped Carbon Dots with Piezochromic Behavior
Authors: Jiang Lei , Ding Haizhen , Lu Siyu , Geng Ting , Xiao Guanjun , Zou Bo , Bi Hong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhotoactivation in CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) on UV/Vis light exposure improves photoluminescence (PL) and photostability. However, it was not observed in fluorescent carbon quantum dots (CDs). Now, photoactivated fluorescence enhancement in fluorine and nitrogen co‐doped carbon dots (F,N‐doped CDs) is presented. At 1.0 atm, the fluorescence intensity of F,N‐doped CDs increases with UV light irradiation (5 s–30 min), accompanied with a blue‐shift of the fluorescence emission from 586 nm to 550 nm. F,N‐doped CDs exhibit photoactivated fluorescence enhancement when exposed to UV under high pressure (0.1 GPa). F,N‐doped CDs show reversible piezochromic behavior while applying increasing pressure (1.0 atm to 9.98 GPa), showing a pressure‐triggered aggregation‐induced emission in the range 1.0 atm–0.65 GPa. The photoactivated CDs with piezochromic fluorescence enhancement broadens the versatility of CDs from ambient to high‐pressure conditions and enhances their anti‐photobleaching.
An Inorganic Biopolymer Polyphosphate Controls Positively Charged Protein Phase Transitions
Authors: Wang Xin , Shi Chenke , Mo Jianbin , Xu Yun , Wei Wei , Zhao Jing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPolyphosphate (PolyP) is one of the most compact inorganic polyanionic biopolymers that participates in various physiological processes. However, the mechanism of the interaction between polyP and proteins remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that polyP can interact with positively charged green fluorescent protein, +36GFP, resulting in liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) by intermolecular electrostatic interactions in cells. Upon nutrient deprivation, genetically engineered Citrobacter freundii accumulates intracellular polyP at a rate of 210 μm min−1, resulting in the compartmentation of +36GFP at the cell poles within 1 h. Medium chain‐length polyP (60‐mer) could induce the formation of +36GFP coacervates in vitro at a protein concentration as low as 200 nm, which is of the same magnitude as native proteins. In contrast, shorter polyP (14‐mer) could not induce LLPS under the same conditions. This may offer a general approach to manipulate protein–protein interactions through LLPS.
Social status and modern‐type depression: A review
Authors: Komori Takashi , Makinodan Manabu , Kishimoto Toshifumi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundsSocial hierarchy is one of the most influential social structures employed by social species. While dominants in such hierarchies can preferentially access rich resources, subordinates are forced into lower social statuses and lifestyles with inferior resources. Previous studies have indicated that the social rank regulates social behaviors and emotion in a variety of species, whereby individual organisms live within the framework of their ranks. However, in human societies, people, particularly young men, who cannot accept their own social status may show social withdrawal behaviors such as hikikomori to avoid confronting their circumstances.MethodsThis article reviews the neural mechanisms underlying social status identified in animal studies with rodents and primates, and assesses how social rank affects animal's social behaviors and emotion which may be relevant to modern type depression.ResultsSeveral brain regions such as medial prefrontal cortex are implicated in the formation of animal's social status, which leads to the differences in vulnerability and resilience to social stress.ConclusionOn the basis of these findings, we propose that physical interventions such as voluntary exercise, diet, transcranial direct current stimulation, and psychotherapy, rather than psychotropic drugs, may be useful therapeutic approaches for modern type depression, which is a typical example of social status conflict and a phenotype of adjustment disorder to the traditional hierarchical social order.
Th17 cells and their cytokines serve as potential therapeutic target in experimental autoimmune neuritis
Authors: Liu Shuping , Liu Yin , Xiao Zheman , Pan Sijia , Gong Qiaoyu , Lu Zuneng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundAccumulating evidence has pointed that T helper 17 cells and their cytokines are pathogenic in Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). However, little is known concerning the IL‐17 expression change trend during the whole course of disease, and whether drugs specially targeting Th17 cells or their cytokines have potential effects on experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is uncertain.MethodsWe explored the IL‐17 and receptor‐related orphan receptor‐gamma‐t (RORγt) expression change trends in EAN rats to identify the stage of effect of Th17 pathway in EAN, and further, we investigated the effect of RORγt inhibitors by assessing clinical score, histological staining, and IL‐17 and RORγt expression change trends in serum and tissues.ResultsThe expression level of IL‐17 and RORγt in serum and tissues increased with the progression of the disease in the EAN group and decreased after the disease reaching its peak. RORγt‐IN‐1 treatment strikingly reduced the neurological deficits by ameliorating inflammatory cell infiltration, deceased the serum IL‐17 and RORγt levels, and further downregulated the expression of IL‐17 and RORγt mRNA in spleen, lymphnodes, and sciatic nerve.ConclusionsTh17 cells and their cytokines are closely associated with the onset of GBS and the novel RORγt inhibitors may be prospective strategies in treating GBS.
Synaptotagmin‐4 promotes dendrite extension and melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes by regulating Ca2+ influx via TRPM1 channels
Authors: Jia Qiong , Hu Shixiong , Jiao Dingxing , Li Xiuqing , Qi Shuhui , Fan Ruiwen 
Published: November 2019

Synaptotagmin‐4 (SYT4) is a membrane protein that regulates membrane traffic in neurons in a calcium‐dependent or calcium‐independent manner. In melanocytes, the intracellular free calcium ion (Ca2+) may be important for dendrite growth and melanogenesis. Mammalian melanocytes originating from neural crest cells produce melanins. Therefore, we predicted that SYT4 might play a role in melanogenesis and the dendrite morphology of melanocytes. To investigate whether SYT4 is involved in melanocyte physiology, SYT4 was overexpressed in alpaca melanocytes and B16‐F10 cells. The results showed that SYT4 overexpression resulted in a phenotype consistent with melanogenesis and dendrite extension. At the molecular level, SYT4 interacted with extracellular regulated MAP kinase (ERK) to decrease p‐ERK activity, which negatively regulated CREB expression. Furthermore, cyclic AMP‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREB) was upregulated and caused the downregulation of the expression of melanogenic regulatory proteins, including microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TYRP1), dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), and transient receptor potential melastatin 1 (TRPM1). Intracellular free Ca2+ promoted the upregulation of calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) expression, which phosphorylated CREB (p‐CREB). In turn, p‐CREB participated in the transcription of MITF. These results demonstrated that SYT4 promoted melanogenesis through dendrite extension and tyrosinase activity, during which the regulation of Ca2+ influx via the TRPM1 channel was a key factor.Significance of the studyIntracellular Ca2+ is important for the function and survival of melanocytes and melanoma cells. SYT4 stimulated melanogenesis through calcium. These results provide evidence that SYT4 regulates Ca2+ influx through TRPM1 to cause melanogenesis and axonal elongation in alpaca melanocytes and further suggesting that the growth and metastasis of melanoma is controlled by the inhibited expression of SYT4 in melanoma cells.
Silencing of long noncoding RNA XIST attenuated Alzheimer's disease‐related BACE1 alteration through miR‐124
Authors: Yue Du , Guanqun Gao , Jingxin Li , Sen Suo , Shuang Liu , Yan Sun , Minxue Zhang , Ping Yin , Chong Lu , Zhuobo Zhang , Yafen Wei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder. However, its pathogenetic mechanism is still poorly understood. An increasing number of studies have evidenced the important role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in AD. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect and molecular mechanism of the lncRNA X‐inactive specific transcript (XIST) in AD. Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO) was used to induce an AD model in mice. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce an AD model in N2a cells. The lncRNA XIST, miR‐124, and BACE1 messenger RNA expression levels were detected by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The BACE1 protein expression level was detected by western blot and immunofluorescence assay. The Aβ1–42 expression level was detected using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. The expression level of lncRNA XIST was significantly upregulated in AD models, both in vivo and in vitro. Silencing of lncRNA XIST negatively regulated miR‐124 and positively regulated BACE1 expression in N2a cells, which is attenuated by cotransfection of anti‐miR‐124 oligodeoxyribonucleotide (AMO‐124). Silencing of lncRNA XIST reversed the effect of H2O2 on miR‐124, BACE1, and Aβ1–42 expression in N2a cells, which was reversed by cotransfection of AMO‐124. Silencing of lncRNA XIST attenuated AD‐related BACE1 alteration through miR‐124. LncRNA XIST may be a new potential target for the treatment of AD.
Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel‐Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework NiCl@RIO‐12 for Heterogeneous Suzuki–Miyaura Catalysis
Authors: Maia Renata A. , Berg Fabienne , Ritleng Vincent , Louis Benoît , Esteves Pierre M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA series of nickel‐decorated covalent organic frameworks, NiCl@RIO‐12, were prepared using the post‐synthetic modification strategy, that is, by reacting NiCl2 with pristine RIO‐12 under alkaline conditions. Interestingly, they retained their crystallinity and the amount of nickel incorporated could be tuned from 3.6 to 25 wt % according to the reaction conditions. The incorporation of a higher amount of nickel in NiCl@RIO‐12 consistently led to a lower Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area. Additionally, no agglomeration of nickel particles was found and a relatively homogeneous dispersion of nickel could be ascertained by SEM and TEM‐EDS. The paramagnetic material exhibited promising catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling under microwave heating. Thus, NiCl@RIO‐12 notably demonstrated good thermal stability and its recyclability showed no substantial loss of activity after 3 cycles.
Covalent Organic Frameworks: A Sustainable Photocatalyst toward Visible‐Light‐Accelerated C3 Arylation and Alkylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐Ones
Authors: Tian Miao , Liu Shuyang , Bu Xiubin , Yu Jipan , Yang Xiaobo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Xiaobo Yang at the Shenyang Normal University. The image depicts the covalent organic frameworks photocatalyst (2D‐COF‐1) acting as a bridge between the substrate and product. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201903523.