bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Combustion Delay Model in the Control of Innovative Combustions
Authors: Abbondanza Marco , Cavina Nicolò , Corti Enrico , Moro Davide , Ponti Fabrizio , Ravaglioli Vittorio 
Published: October 2020

In modern internal combustion engines the research for innovative solutions aimed at the simultaneous reduction of engine-out pollutants and fuel consumption requires synergies from different application areas: the thermo-fluid dynamic design of the combustion chamber, the study and production of specific components for air and fuel supply, the development of sensors and related methods of analyzing their signals to control the combustion process. The most promising innovative combustion methodologies suitable to achieve high efficiency and low emissions, commonly named Low Temperature Combustions (LTC), usually require sophisticated techniques for the management of the combustion phase. With respect to the combustion angular position control, directly performed in traditional spark ignition engines through the ignition from the spark plug and in compression ignition engines by the timing of fuel injection, the ignition mechanisms of LTC combustions are characterized by a high sensitivity to the thermal conditions of the combustion chamber which greatly modifies the angular position of the combustion, mainly due to the combination of high ignition delays and lean homogeneous mixture. Once the hardware of the air and fuel supply systems has been defined, it is therefore essential to ensure the correct management of the combustion phase.
In this paper a model for the estimation of the delay between the start of injection and the start of combustion is presented. The model has been developed analyzing the experimental data from a modified cylinder of a diesel engine, fueled with gasoline, while the other three cylinders were still running with Diesel fuel. This solution represents a first step that allows analyzing the behavior of the combustion of gasoline in a Diesel engine, with the final goal to inject gasoline in all the engine cylinders. In particular, the approach used is similar to the one already applied in a traditional turbocharged gasoline engine, where the goal was to estimate the time delay between the spark firing and the start of combustion, mainly to detect the presence of undesired pre-ignition due to the presence of hot spots related to slightly knocking conditions. As it is well known, the role of the pilot injection is to reduce the ignition delay of the main injection. However, to significantly accelerate the ignition of the fuel injected with the main injection, it is necessary to burn a sufficient quantity of the fuel injected by the pilot before the Top Dead Center position (TDC). The application of this model has to allow the implementation of a feed-forward control to stabilize the whole combustion process and achieve the best conversion efficiency from energy to work, taking into account the operational constraints that must be satisfied to guarantee the integrity of the engine and the compliance with the homologation rules.
Downstream Compensator: Innovative Systems, Modeling Analysis and Energy Optimization
Authors: Bonavolontà Antonella , Mesturini Davide , Dolcin Cesare , Marani Pietro , Frosina Emma , Senatore Adolfo 
Published: October 2020

The Energy optimization is becoming fundamental in the Fluid Power world. University and industries are working hard to promote innovative and efficient ideas to optimize components that are the main cause of energy dissipation of ICE and recently Electric Off-Road vehicles. A new hydraulic layout based on the concept of “Downstream compensation” is introduced and then validated using real test data. Three architectures of this innovative Directional Control Valve are presented in this paper. The first idea of layout includes a compensator controlled by two pressure signals taken before and after the main spool of the hydraulic circuit. Thanks to its controlled stroke, this compensator diverts to a highpressure accumulator part of flow that otherwise would be delivered to the tank. Moreover, two different layouts able to satisfy the Flow Sharing characteristic were developed. In any configuration, the compensator, thanks to its downstream position, allows to control the return flow, realizing a remarkable energy recovery from the overrunning loads and the simultaneous use of multiple actuators at different pressure levels.For all the analyzed hydraulic circuit, lumped parameter models were realized, using a commercial software. These models, validated with experimental tests, have allowed to calculate the energy recovery achieved by the system. Moreover, an optimization of the most important system’s parameters and components were realized to improve the system efficiency. In every tested configuration, this compensator ensures great advantages for both the energy recovery and the economic point of view. Finally, an outlook is drawn of the reuse of recovered flow through the application of an electrohydraulic motor.
Airfoil to Improve Aerodynamic Performance OF Aileron Reduced Spanwise in Combat Helicopter
Authors: De Pratti Giovanni Maria 
Published: October 2020

Combat helicopters frequently operate in the part of Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) characterised by the presence of dust and many other aggressive agents, particularly, in desertic areas and in marine sites, so the aerodynamic performance of their ailerons reduced spanwise, carrying out weapon systems, may be reduced within unacceptable values and consequent relevant risks for the stability of the copter. According to some experts, ailerons for weapon systems of helicopter are not involved in the global lift of the copter, but their operative function is only to carry the combat systems..Nevertheless, some crash occurred to US combat helicopters suggest a different point of view, and an aileron damage, perhaps due to a kind of dynamic stall phenomenon, seems have been caused the copter fall. These problems may be avoided using particularly airfoil for the section of aileron instead of classic ones as NACA four digit series (as 00120018). These profiles may be FFA-W1-XXX series, characterised by a double curvature of camber-line.
In the present paper, after a deep analysis of operative conditions of modern combat helicopters, the aerodynamic performance of aileron section as NACA 0018 and FFA-W1-182 have been analysed and compared, and the results of tests carried out on a water table test bench are exposed and discusses.
The exploitation of CFD legacy for the meridional analysis and design of modern gas and steam turbines
Authors: Ricci Martina , Pacciani Roberto , Marconcini Michele 
Published: October 2020

In the last decades, the consolidation of 3D CFD approaches in the industrial design practices has progressively moved throughflow codes from the top of design systems to somewhere in between first development stages and the final aerodynamic optimizations. Despite this trend and the typical limitations of traditional throughflow methods, designers tend to still consider such methods as fundamental tools for drafting a credible aero-design in a short turnaround time. Recently a considerable attention has been devoted to CFDbased throughflow codes as suitable means to widen the range of applicability of these tools while smoothing the predictive gap with successive threedimensional flow analyses.The present paper retraces the development and some applications of a modern and complete CFD-based throughflow solver specifically tuned for multistage axial turbine design. The code solves the axisymmetric Euler equations with an original treatment of tangential blockage and body force. It inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code) and incorporates real gas capabilities, three-dimensional flow features (e.g. secondary flows, tip leakage effects), coolant flow injections, and radial mixing models. Also geometric features of actual blades, like fillets, part-span shrouds, and snubbers, are accounted for by suitable models.The capabilities of the code are demonstrated by discussing a significant range of test cases and industrial applications. They include single stage configurations and entire multistage modules of steam turbines, with flow conditions ranging from subsonic to supersonic. Computational strategies for design and off-design analyses will be presented and discussed. The reliability and accuracy of the method is assessed by comparing throughflow results with 3D CFD calculations and experimental data. A good agreement in terms of overall performance and spanwise distributions is achieved in both design and off-design operating conditions.
Confocal endomicroscopy for evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions: a systematic review and international Delphi consensus report
Authors: Napoleon Bertrand , Krishna Somashekar G. , Marco Bruno , Carr-Locke David , Chang Kenneth J. , Ginès Àngels , Gress Frank G. , Larghi Alberto , Oppong Kofi W. , Palazzo Laurent , Kongkam Pradermchai , Robles-Medranda Carlos , Sejpal Divyesh , Tan Damien , Brugge William R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims The aim of thi systematic review and consensus report is to standardize the practice of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS-guided needle-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (nCLE) for pancreatic cystic lesion (PCL) evaluation.
Methods We performed an international, systematic, evidence-based review of the applications, outcomes, procedural processes, indications, training, and credentialing of EUS-nCLE in management of PCLs. Based on available clinical evidence, preliminary nCLE consensus statements (nCLE-CS) were developed by an international panel of 15 experts in pancreatic diseases. These statements were then voted and edited by using a modified Delphi approach. An a priori threshold of 80 % agreement was used to establish consensus for each statement.
Results Sixteen nCLE-CS were discussed. Thirteen (81 %) nCLE-CS reached consensus addressing indications (non-communication PCL meeting criteria for EUS-FNA or with prior non-diagnostic EUS-FNA), diagnostic outcomes (improved accuracy for mucinous PCLs and serous cystadenomas with substantial interobserver agreement of image patterns), low incidence of adverse events (fluorescein-associated and pancreatitis), procedural processes (nCLE duration, manipulation of needle with probe), and training (physician knowledge and competence).
Conclusion Based on a high level of agreement pertaining to expert consensus statements, this report standardizes the practice of EUS-nCLE. EUS-nCLE should be systematically considered when EUS-FNA is indicated for PCL evaluation.
Extrakorporale Kreislaufunterstützung – auch bei geriatrischen Patienten sinnvoll?
Authors: Seeger Florian H. , Rittger Harald 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungIm kardiogenen Schock liegt eine inadäquate Endorganperfusion aufgrund einer systolisch stark eingeschränkten kardialen Leistungsfähigkeit vor. Die Prognose ist äußerst kritisch und die Sterblichkeit bei Patienten im schweren kardiogenen Schock ist weiterhin hoch. Das folgende Multiorganversagen determiniert zumeist die Prognose der Patienten. In diesen Fällen können extrakorporale Kreislaufunterstützungssysteme die Herzfunktion bis zu einem gewissen Maß unterstützen oder sogar ersetzen und dadurch die Mortalität senken. Inwieweit diese Möglichkeiten auch für ältere Patienten sinnhaft sind, bleibt Gegenstand einer andauernden Diskussion. Studien in dieser Situation sind schwer durchführbar, insbesondere bei älteren, „gerontokardiologischen“ Patienten, welche die am stärksten steigende Patientengruppe in unserer Fachrichtung darstellen. Daher ist die Datenlage sehr begrenzt. Hinzu kommen ethische Aspekte bei komplikationsträchtigen, teuren und limitierten Therapien. Der
Artikel versucht, den gegenwärtigen Stand der Evidenz darzustellen und auf die Besonderheiten bei dieser Patientengruppe einzugehen.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: a case report test for efficacy and future perspectives
Authors: de Nucci Germana , della Corte Cristina , Reati Raffaella , Imperatore Nicola , Arena Ilaria , Larghi Alberto , Manes Gianpiero 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background The percutaneous approach allows for effective and safe treatment of liver lesions. But in case of subcapsular or left segments location, this approach seems to be less effective or unsafe. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) is a new technique used to treat pancreatic and neuroendocrine tumors in patients unfit for surgery.
Methods Hereby, we describe the case of a 70-year-old patient with cirrhosis with a large subcapsular hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in II-III-IVb segments, in which surgery or percutaneous therapies were not feasible, treated with EUS-RFA. The HCC was treated using an EUS-RFA (EUSRA) system, which consists of a 19G water-cooled monopolar RFA needle and a dedicated generator system.
Results After a multidisciplinary discussion, the lesion was ablated in two different sessions, which resulted in destruction of about 70 % of neoplastic tissue. A second step surgery was required but initially refused by the patient.
Conclusions EUS-RFA could be an effective way to treat left hepatic lesions not manageable with conventional percutaneous methods. This case report does not highlight concerns about safety of this approach and this observation needs to be validated in a larger cohort of patients with cirrhosis.
Domain-Management der Herzinsuffizienz beim geriatrischen Patienten
Authors: Gielen Stephan 
Published: October 2020

Geriatrische Patienten mit chronischer Herzinsuffizienz (CHI) sind aufgrund von Multimorbität, Einschränkungen der Mobilität und Kognition sowie reduzierter sozialer Netzwerke Hochrisikopatienten. Eine einfache kardiologisch fokussierte medikamentöse/interventionelle Behandlung führt daher oftmals nicht allein zum Ziel. Das vom American College of Cardiology vorgeschlagene System des Domain-Managements bei geriatrischen Patienten mit CHI ergänzt daher sinnvoll die strukturellen Versorgungskonzepte und gliedert die Problembereiche der Patienten in 4 große Blöcke:Durch systematische Bearbeitung der 4 Blöcke reduziert sich das Risiko, prognoserelevante Probleme zu übersehen, erheblich.Insgesamt bietet das Domain-Management einen Ansatz, die Komplexität prognoserelevanter Probleme des geriatrischen Patienten mit CHI zuverlässiger zu erkennen und in Therapieentscheidungen einzubeziehen.
Comparison of EUS-guided conventional smear and liquid-based cytology in pancreatic lesions: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chandan Saurabh , Mohan Babu P. , Khan Shahab R. , Ofosu Andrew , Dhaliwal Amaninder S. , Shah Aun R. , Bhogal Neil , Mashiana Harmeet S. , Mashiana Simran S. , Kassab Lena L. , Ponnada Suresh , Facciorusso Antonio , Bhat Ishfaq , Singh Shailender , Witt Benjamin L. , Adler Douglas G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) has limitations of inadequate sampling and false-negative results for malignancy. It has been performed using conventional smear (CS) cytology with rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) with reasonable diagnostic accuracy. An alternative to ROSE is liquid-based cytology (LBC). Commonly used LBC techniques include precipitation-based (SurePath™) and filtration-based (ThinPrep®, CellPrep®). Data regarding the diagnostic efficacy of LBC compared with CS are limited.
Methods Multiple databases were searched through March 2020 to identify studies reporting diagnostic yield of EUS-guided CS and LBC in pancreatic lesions. Pooled diagnostic odds and rates of performance for the cytologic diagnoses of benign, suspicious, and malignant lesions were calculated. Diagnostic efficacy was evaluated by pooled rates of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).
Results Nine studies with a total of 1308 patients were included in our final analysis. Pooled diagnostic odds of CS cytology were 1.69 (CI 1.02–2.79) and 0.39 (CI 0.19–0.8) for malignant lesions when compared to filtration-based and precipitation-based LBC techniques, respectively. For CS, precipitation-based and filtration-based LBC, pooled diagnostic accuracy was 79.7 %, 85.2 %, 77.3 %, sensitivity was 79.2 %, 83.6 %, 68.3 %, and specificity was 99.4 %, 99.5 %, 99.5 %, respectively.
Conclusions The precipitation-based LBC technique (SurePath™) had superior diagnostic odds for malignant pancreatic lesions compared with CS cytology in the absence of ROSE. It showed superior accuracy and sensitivity, but comparable specificity and PPV. Diagnostic odds of CS cytology in the absence of ROSE were superior to the filtration-based LBC technique (ThinPrep®, Cellprep®) for diagnosing malignant pancreatic lesions.
Monoklonale Gammopathie unklarer Signifikanz bei rheumatologischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Schmalzing Marc , Knop Stefan 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungIn der rheumatologischen Praxis wird eine monoklonale Gammopathie (MGUS) häufig als Zufallsbefund entdeckt. Meist handelt es sich um einen Laborbefund ohne Krankheitswert, diese Fälle werden als monoklonale Gammopathien unklarer Signifikanz (MGUS) bezeichnet. Für mehrere rheumatisch-entzündliche Systemerkrankungen ist ein erhöhtes Risiko für MGUS bekannt. Aus einer MGUS kann sich ein multiples Myelom, eine primär systemische Amyloidose oder eine andere lymphatische Neoplasie entwickeln. Die relevanten Krankheitsdefinitionen werden genannt und es werden Algorithmen aufgezeigt, um eine monoklonale Gammopathie weiter abzuklären und abhängig vom Progressionsrisiko Verlaufskontrollen vorzunehmen. Die Erkenntnisse darüber, ob rheumatologische Therapien Einfluss auf das Progressionsrisiko haben, sind bislang begrenzt.
Behandlung einer Femurkopfepiphysenfraktur mittels modifizierter Ehmer-Schlinge bei einem 4 Wochen alten Fleckviehkalb
Authors: Marks Viktoria , Schieder Katrin , Kofler Johann 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungEin 4 Wochen altes, weibliches Fleckviehkalb wurde mit einer seit 3 Tagen bestehenden, plötzlich aufgetretenen Lahmheit 5. Grades an der rechten Hintergliedmaße vorgestellt. Klinisch war eine schmerzhafte Schwellung im Bereich der rechten Hüftgelenkregion nachweisbar, jedoch keine typischen Fraktursymptome wie Krepitation, abnorme Achsenbrechung und abnorme Beweglichkeit. Bei der sonografischen Untersuchung mit einem 7,5-MHz-Linearschallkopf wurden eine geringgradige Stufenbildung und eine abnorme Beweglichkeit im Bereich der Femurkopfepiphysenfuge festgestellt. Die Röntgenuntersuchung zeigte eine Salter-Harris-Fraktur Typ 2 an der Epiphysenfuge des rechten Femurkopfes. Aufgrund der nur geringgradigen Dislokation von ca. 2 mm nach kranial erfolgte eine konservative Behandlung durch Ruhigstellung der rechten Hintergliedmaße mit einer modifizierten Ehmer-Schlinge, die im Behandlungszeitraum von 28 Tagen 2-mal gewechselt wurde. Das Kalb kam mit der Schlinge gut zurecht und war gehfähig. Mit dieser Behandlung konnte eine vollständige Frakturheilung erzielt und die hohen Kosten und Risiken einer chirurgischen Frakturversorgung vermieden werden. Zehn Wochen nach Therapiebeginn war das Kalb lahmheitsfrei.
Feasibility and safety study of 22-gauge endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) needles for portal vein sampling in a swine model
Authors: Park Kenneth , Lew Daniel , Chapman Christopher , Wachsman Ashley , Bloom Matthew , Bancila Liiana , Perry Rachel , Wang Qiang , Jamil Laith , Pandol Stephen , Lo Simon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been used for portal vein sampling in patients with pancreaticobiliary cancers for enumerating circulating tumor cells but is not yet a standard procedure. Further evaluation is needed to refine the methodology. Therefore, we evaluated the feasibility and safety of 19-gauge (19G) versus a 22-gauge (22 G) EUS fine-needle aspiration needles for portal vein sampling in a swine model.
Methods Celiotomy was performed on two farm pigs. Portal vein sampling occurred transhepatically. We compared 19 G and 22 G needles coated interiorly with saline, heparin or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Small- (10 mL) and large- (25 mL) volume blood collections were evaluated. Two different collection methods were tested: direct-to-vial and suction syringe. A bleeding risk trial for saline-coated 19 G and 22 G needles was performed by puncturing the portal vein 20 times. Persistent bleeding after 3 minutes was considered significant.
Results All small-volume collection trials were successful except for 22 G saline-coated needles with direct-to-vial method. All large-volume collection trials were successful when using suction syringe; direct-to-vial method for both 19 G and 22 G needles were unsuccessful. Collection times were shorter for 19 G vs. 22 G needles for both small and large-volume collections (P < 0.05). Collection times for saline-coated 22 G needles were longer compared to heparin/EDTA-coated (P < 0.05). Bleeding occurred in 10 % punctures with 19 G needles compared to 0 % with 22 G needles.
Conclusion The results of this animal study demonstrate the feasibility and the safety of using 22 G needles for portal vein sampling and can form the basis for a pilot study in patients.
G-protein Coupled Estrogen Receptor Expression in Growth Hormone Secreting and Non-Functioning Adenomas
Authors: Ozkaya Hande Mefkure , Sayitoglu Muge , Comunoglu Nil , Sun Eda , Keskin Fatma Ela , Ozata Duygu , Hocaoglu Rabia Hacer , Khodzaev Khusan , Firtina Sinem , Tanriover Necmettin , Gazioglu Nurperi , Oz Buge , Kadioglu Pinar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the expression of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER1), aromatase, estrogen receptor α (ERα), estrogen receptor β (ERβ), pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) in GH-secreting and non-functioning adenomas (NFA).
Methods Thirty patients with acromegaly and 27 patients with NFA were included. Gene expression was determined via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Protein expression was determined via immunohistochemistry.
Results There was no difference, in terms of gene expression of aromatase, ERα, PTTG, and FGF2 between the two groups (p>0.05 for all). ERβ gene expression was higher and GPER1 gene expression was lower in GH-secreting adenomas than NFAs (p<0.05 for all). Aromatase and ERβ protein expression was higher in GH-secreting adenomas than NFAs (p=0.01). None of the tumors expressed ERα. GPER1 expression was detected in 62.2% of the GH-secreting adenomas and 45% of NFAs. There was no difference in terms of GPER1, PTTG, FGF2 H scores between the two groups (p>0.05 for all). GPER1 gene expression was positively correlated to ERα, ERβ, PTTG, and FGF2 gene expression (p<0.05 for all). There was a positive correlation between aromatase and GPER1 protein expression (r=0.31; p=0.04).
Conclusions GPER1 is expressed at both gene and protein level in a substantial portion of GH-secreting adenomas and NFAs. The finding of a positive correlation between GPER1 and ERα, ERβ, PTTG, and FGF2 gene expression and aromatase and GPER1 protein expression suggests GPER1 along with aromatase and classical ERs might mediate the effects of estrogen through upregulation of PTTG and FGF2.