bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Baroque Clarinet and Chalumeau
Authors: Rice Albert R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The second edition of The Baroque Clarinet (1992) is a history of the clarinet and chalumeau from antiquity to 1760 in six chapters: “Origins of the Chalumeau,” “Music for the Chalumeau,” “The Earliest Clarinets,” “Playing Techniques for the Baroque Clarinet,” “Music for the Baroque Clarinet,” and “Baroque Clarinet in Society.” There are five appendices: four checklists of extant chalumeaux, extant clarinets, chalumeau music and sources from 1694 to 1780, clarinet music and sources from about 1715 to 1760; and a fifth of chalumeau and clarinet concerts, rehearsals, and clarinets for purchase in newspaper advertisements from 1718 to 1760. The second edition has significant additions of makers, players, music, and iconography, that last in a chapter called “The Baroque Clarinet in Society.” Topics discussed include single-reed instruments in Egyptian antiquity and from the 10th through the 17th centuries; the mock trumpet; chalumeaux during the 17th and 18th centuries; Jacob Denner’s chalumeaux and clarinets; an organ pipe that sounds like a chalumeau; chalumeau players; chalumeau descriptions from the mid-18th century; later documented chalumeau makers; chalumeau reproductions; how and why Johann Christoph Denner improved the chalumeau and invented the clarinet, based on previous studies of mechanical inventions; chalumeau and clarinet music and composers; and the Baroque clarinet’s use by traveling musicians, in court and aristocratic music, church and civic music, and military music.
Music for the Baroque Clarinet
Authors: Rice Albert R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of music written by 23 composers representative of a larger repertoire written about 1715 to 1760 for the Baroque clarinet. The works examined include opera, cantata, duos, concertos, wedding music, chamber music, military music, sacred arias, requiem, and motets by Dreux, Vivaldi, Caldara, Faber, Telemann, Handel, Chinzer, Rathgeber, Münster, Glaser, Kölbel, Molter, Sparry, Rameau, Zach, Stark, Johann Stamitz, Graupner, d’Herbain, Pasterwiz, La Borde, Ulbrecht, and Arne. The music is written in a trumpet style characterized by repeated notes, incomplete arpeggios, fanfare motives, limited range, and restricted use of the low register. In works composed after about 1730, a lyrical style of melodic writing takes on a greater importance with scale passages, leaps of an octave or more, and more frequent use of the low register.
Guilty Acts, Guilty Minds
Authors: Garvey Stephen P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
“You can’t be convicted of a crime without a guilty act and a guilty mind.” A lawyer might express the same idea using Latin: “You can’t be convicted of a crime without actus reus and mens rea.” Guilty Acts, Guilty Minds proposes an interpretation of mens rea and actus reus as limits on the authority of a democratic state to ascribe guilt through positive law to those accused of crime. Actus reus and mens rea are portrayed as necessary conditions for the legitimacy of state punishment. The actus reus requirement disables a democratic state from using its authority to ascribe guilt to those who didn’t realize they were committing a crime, provided they lacked the capacity to realize they were committing a crime, or to those who realized they were committing a crime, but who lacked the capacity to conform their conduct to the requirements of law. The mens rea requirement disables a democratic state from using its authority to ascribe guilt to those who didn’t realize they were committing a crime, provided their ignorance manifested no lack of law-abiding concern for the law, or to those who realized they were committing a crime, but whose failure to conform to the law nonetheless manifested no lack of law-abiding concern for the law. Ascriptions of guilt are illegitimate, and not merely unjust, when a defendant’s choice fails to satisfy the requirements of actus reus and mens rea.
Conclusion
Authors: Garvey Stephen P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter reflects on what has gone before. The idea that a democratic state’s reason for being is to authoritatively resolve disagreements among free and equal citizens over the demands of justice suggests that peace, not justice, is the first virtue of social institutions, including the institutions through which the state imposes punishment. It then ponders, in light of the actus reus and mens rea requirements, the legitimacy of state punishment as currently administered in the various jurisdictions of the United States. Judged only in terms of the actus reus and mens rea requirements, it seems those jurisdictions earn passing grades. Existing rules and doctrines, enacted in the exercise of democratic authority, appear to keep the state’s power to ascribe guilt largely within the bounds of legitimacy. One might nonetheless think those jurisdictions illegitimately criminalize forms of conduct they have no authority to criminalize, or that they illegitimately impose punishments so severe as to exceed their authority. These questions are left for others to address.
Introduction
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The importance of having a projection system in a music classroom is that it can not only benefit students but also benefit the teacher. Systems like these have helped to bring more engaging, interactive and educational visuals into the music room. They can become integrated as the heart of the music room to improve students’ learning success and create memorable experiences that they will take with them for a long time after class is over. Projection systems, whether interactive or not, have become so crucially important for instruction to meet the needs of today’s digital generation.
Projectors
Authors: Dwinal Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter includes activities using the projector, a standard tool found in most classrooms that has more possibilities beyond first glance. The projector can bring students together to sing holiday classics, to connect with users from across the globe to share music and cultures, or even to create unique backgrounds for performances. Each activity has objectives and assessments, and takes the reader step-by-step through experience so he or she can discover ways to turn a classic tool into a new digital resource.
The Many Questions Raised by the Dual Concept of “Element”
Authors: Scerri Eric R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The article begins by asking whether contemporary chemists accept the dual meaning of the term “element” that has been discussed at various stages in the development of chemistry. It proceeds to review the key ideas in the contemporary philosophical debate, including the views of Mendeleev and Paneth and whether a microscopic interpretation of the distinction can be upheld. Regardless of any interpretation, the abstract sense of “element” is then used to resolve the specific question of what elements belong to group 3 of the periodic table. The article concludes with a brief examination of several remaining open questions that need further clarification.
The Existence of Elements, and the Elements of Existence
Authors: Hendry Robin Findlay 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Philosophers sometimes discuss the “ontological status” of this or that kind of entity. They should be addressing one of the following questions, or the word ontological is being misused: 1. Does X exist? 2. Under what conditions can X exist? 3. Do we have good reasons to think that X exists? All three questions can be asked about elements, and have been asked. Aristotle criticized the atomist account of chemical combination, according to which elements survive in their compounds. Eighteenth-century chemists rejected the Aristotelian view, although tacitly; they simply assumed that an element lives on in its compounds. Nineteenth-century chemists gradually adopted (an adapted form of) atomism, according to which an element can exist wherever its characteristic atoms do. The periodic table also allowed them to ask, of its empty spaces, whether they correspond to real but unknown elements. Priority disputes forced them to consider when there is sufficient evidence for the discovery of new elements. In the 1920s, IUPAC proposed a very thin definition of an element, according to which an element exists wherever its characteristic nuclear charge does. But according to some scientists, it is now challenged by the fleeting existence of some superheavy elements; if a nucleus cannot survive long enough to acquire a stable electronic structure, then it cannot be said to have any chemical properties. How then can it be called a chemical element? In this paper I explore this latest ontological question, in the light of a sufficiently nuanced understanding of earlier ones. I then relate this discussion to a more general question about existence: the Special Composition Question.
Locke’s Property Problem
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
According to Locke, all people are free and equal. Consequently, the natural world belongs to all people in common. But each person, along with his labor, belongs only to himself. Thus, although all people share a common right to use the world, each person acquires a private right to resources he “mixes” with his labor. Before large-scale economic development, there was no problem with each person appropriating as much as he could use, because this left “enough, and as good” for others. But once money spurred development, people could efficiently use far more. Under these new conditions, there was no longer enough and as good lying in common. Consequently, although everyone got richer through economic development, the world divided into resource owners and employees working on others’ resources. All of this posed a dilemma for Locke. On the one hand, people could be required to leave the world lying in common, preserving equal standing but sacrificing well-being for all. On the other, people could be permitted to develop the world into a network of private plots, greatly increasing well-being for all but sacrificing equal standing. Locke notices the tension, but he lacks an adequate solution. He implausibly appeals to our purported consent to money and its consequences before ending the chapter, thus leaving his property problem for others to solve.
Bray’s Lockean Socialism
Authors: Layman Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
John Bray, whose transatlantic career reached its height around 1840, follows Locke in arguing that all people have a natural common right to the world and a natural private right to the fruits of their labor. But unlike the libertarian radicals, Hodgskin and Spooner, Bray interprets our common right to the world in strongly positive terms. According to him, the world is common in much the way that a public library is common: We all have an equal right to use it for our own purposes so long as everyone else is equally able to use it for their own. In practice, this requires people to form political communities wherein the means of production are public, but in which people maintain private ownership in their share of what the community produces. Thus, Bray attempts to solves Locke’s property problem through socialist political economy, which provides an avenue to reconstitute common ownership under advanced economic conditions. Although Bray’s left-Lockean picture has several attractive features, it stumbles on Bray’s implausible conception of economic value, on which he relies in his argument against incorporating market competition into his left-Lockean picture. According to Bray, all economic value is accumulated labor, which in turn means that economic transactions are zero-sum and that someone (usually workers) must leave market exchanges worse off. Thus, Bray’s Lockean socialism raises, but does not answer, an important question: Is there room for an egalitarian resolution of Locke’s property problem that does not rely on a mistake about economic value?
Pro Cicerone: The Fourth Catilinarian
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes what is known about the debate in the senate on 5 December 63 BC on the fate of the arrested Catilinarian conspirators and attempts to identify which parts of the Fourth Catilinarian derive from the speeches made by Cicero on that occasion and which parts were added later by him in 60 BC. It argues that the speech in its current form could never have been delivered. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the purpose of the speech and of the success of all four of Cicero’s Catilinarians.
Catiline in the Underworld and Afterwards
Authors: Berry D. H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the reception of Cicero’s Catilinarians over the two millennia from Sallust’s Bellum Catilinae until the present day. Particular attention is paid to Virgil’s Aeneid, to Ben Jonson’s Catiline His Conspiracy (1611), and to Ibsen’s Catiline (1850). The chapter also surveys the influence of the Catilinarians on Roman poetry after Virgil, on Roman historiography after Sallust, and on Christian writers. The late antique, medieval, and renaissance declamations that draw on the Catilinarians (including two speeches each known as the Fifth Catilinarian) are discussed, as is the influence of Catiline on Florentine historiography. Plays and operas about Catiline by Voltaire, Salieri, Dumas, and others are included. Mention is made of the study of the Catilinarians undertaken by two American presidents, John Adams and John Quincy Adams. The chapter ends by showing how in the twentieth century these speeches first started the young Bill Clinton on his path toward the White House.
The Scourge of War
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
William Tecumseh Sherman, a West Point graduate and veteran of the Seminole War, became one of the best-known generals in the Civil War. His March to the Sea, which resulted in a devastated swath of the South from Atlanta to Savannah, cemented his place in history as the pioneer of total war. This book offers a life and times account of Sherman. By examining his childhood and education, his business ventures in California, his antebellum leadership of a military college in Louisiana, and numerous career false starts, the book shows how unlikely his exceptional Civil War career would seem. It also demonstrates how crucial his family was to his professional path, particularly his wife’s intervention during the war. It analyzes Sherman’s development as a battlefield commander and especially his crucial friendships with Henry W. Halleck and Ulysses S. Grant. In doing so, the text details how Sherman overcame both his weaknesses as a leader and severe depression to mature as a military strategist. Central chapters narrate closely Sherman’s battlefield career and the gradual lifting of his pessimism that the Union would be defeated. After the war, Sherman became a popular figure in the North and the founder of the school for officers at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, known as the “intellectual center of the army.” The book argues that Sherman was not hostile to the South throughout his life and only in later years gained a reputation as a villain who practiced barbaric destruction, particularly as the neo-Confederate Lost Cause grew and he published one of the first personal accounts of the war.
Brigade Commander, March‒August 1861
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses William T. Sherman’s efforts to introduce himself to President Lincoln, as well as his presidency at the Fifth Street Railroad, a company specializing in street cars. Sherman was unimpressed with the president; Lincoln seemed to Sherman the partisan-in-chief. Sherman would write several weeks after his meeting with Lincoln that the president had intimated “that military men were not wanted”; this seems unlikely, unless it refers to regular officers rather than volunteers. On April 1, 1861, Sherman began his new job as president of the Fifth Street Railroad. Yet, though Sherman had chosen to concentrate on domestic prosperity, public affairs kept breaking in to disturb his tranquility. The extent to which he lurked in the background as a spectator is revealed in the final, dramatic conclusion to the struggle to bind Missouri to the Union. At the end of April, Sherman was offered by Frank Blair Jr. the rank of brigadier general of volunteers and command of the Department of Missouri. On June 30, he received notification that he would command a brigade in Brigadier General Irvin McDowell’s army, Third Brigade in First Division, commanded by Brigadier General Daniel Tyler. Sherman was praised by Tyler in his report and had also earned McDowell’s high opinion. He demonstrated resolve, organizational capacity, and ability to think and make decisions under pressure.
Commanding General of the Army, 1869–1884
Authors: Holden Reid Brian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter recounts that on November 7, 1868, Ulysses S. Grant gained election to the presidency, leading to William T. Sherman succeeding him as general-in-chief. Throughout, Sherman had abstained from political activities, but he did express enthusiasm for Grant’s win. He also made early preparations for the move to Washington. Before Grant and Sherman’s ascents to greater responsibility, they were able to enjoy one last wartime swansong with 2000 former comrades at a joint reunion of the societies of the Armies of the Cumberland, Georgia, the Ohio, and the Tennessee in Chicago on December 15–16, 1868. At the meeting, Grant and Sherman discussed the future structure of the army. Grant assured Sherman that he intended to make the arrangements that he had introduced as general-in-chief permanent. The long duel between the commanding general and secretary of war waged since 1836 over who should direct the army would be finally decided in favor of the general-in-chief. On the same day of Grant’s inauguration, he sent to the Senate his nomination of Sherman in the rank of General of the Army of the United States. The following day, John M. Schofield issued the executive order stipulating that Sherman would succeed as commanding general.
The Art of the Bee
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The impact of bees on the world is immeasurable. Bees are responsible for the evolution of the vast array of brightly colored flowers and for engineering the niches of multitudes of plants, animals, and microbes. They’ve painted landscapes with flowers through their pollination activities and have evolved the most complex societies to aid their exploitation of the environment. The biology of the honey bee is one that reflects their role in transforming environments with their anatomical adaptations and a complex language that together function to exploit floral resources. A complex social system that includes a division of labor builds, defends, and provisions nests containing tens of thousands of individuals, only one of whom reproduces. Traditional biology texts present stratified layers of knowledge where the reader excavates levels of biological organization, each building on the last. This book presents fundamental biology not in layers but wrapped around interesting themes and concepts and in ways designed to explore and understand each concept. It examines the coevolution of bees and flowering plants, bees as engineers of the environment, the evolution of sociality, the honey bee as a superorganism and how it evolves, and the mating behavior of the queen.
The Social Contract
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Animals that live together in a society, like social insects, have a tacit agreement, a social contract of sorts, that guarantees that their reproductive interests are protected in exchange for their social cooperation. This contract isn’t written on paper, nor is it expressed in explicit laws or national constitutions; but instead it is written into the DNA of populations with the ink and quill of inclusive fitness and natural selection. All social groups share common features of providing for the defense of social members from external threats, internal policing of cheating by those who don’t cooperate, and some kind of protection of reproductive rights, either direct or indirect. Social benefits of insect societies include organizational structures similar to those of human societies such as public works, public health, police, and border patrol. Without these features, they would fail as societies.
Reproductive Competition
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Academic requirements for an insect society to be considered a superorganism vary broadly with authors and among sociobiologists. The two conditions that emerge as the most important are the lack of reproductive competition among nestmates and the state of social evolution where workers within colonies are at or beyond the “point of no return”—workers have lost the ability to live and reproduce independently. The search for reproductive competition within highly social colonies of ants and bees is a large academic research enterprise filling the contents of countless journals and books. However, a look at honey bees shows that these special conditions not only aren’t met but obfuscate the wonderful array of social states in which colonies exist within one population.
How to Make a Superorganism
Authors: Page Robert E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Insect superorganisms are characterized by a reproductive division of labor (drones, queens, and workers) and a complex division of labor among the non-reproductive individuals, the workers. In the social bees that have attained the highest degrees of sociality, at or approaching superorganism status, males don’t survive mating and are only present as reproductive sperm sequestered in the queen. Queens and workers are anatomically differentiated but derived from the same genome. Differentiation is a consequence of differential feeding of developing larvae by the workers. In the honey bee, worker nurse bees manipulate the developing larvae, forcing them into their reproductive roles. The adult workers self-organize into an ordered society, performing all of the functions necessary for colony survival and reproduction. There are no task masters or forewomen directing the workforce. Instead, every individual makes local decisions about their behavior based on their response thresholds to stimuli in their environment.
Approaches to Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops human wisdom by considering the reasons for and against four alternative approaches to wisdom: classical, epistemological, psychological, and moral. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches and explains the reasons for and against incorporating their components in the gradually emerging conception of human wisdom. One main difference between the humanistic and these approaches is the central importance the former attributes and the latter moots of the personal attitude we all have to how we rightly or wrongly think we should live.