bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Isolation to Interaction: A Social Network Perspective on Older Teachers’ Position in School Organizations and Age-Related HR Practices
Authors: Brouhier Quentin , März Virginie , Van Waes Sara , Raemdonck Isabel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince workforce is greying, increasing pressure has been put on many sectors, including the public sector, to raise legal retirement age. Nevertheless, older workers, and specifically teachers, usually retire much earlier. In the organizational and educational literature, most studies regarding later career have been applying a deficit perspective: reporting on senior teachers’ challenges and difficulties. Only a limited amount of studies considers senior teachers’ potentials, learning, and further career development. In this present article, we approach late-career teachers from a non-deficit perspective. This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of senior teachers at work, by analyzing HR practices that target them. Inspired by a strengths use perspective, we focus on end-of-career teachers’ knowledge and expertise exchange and their position within the school’s network. In particular, we conducted a comparative mixed-methods case study (interviews, social network analysis) in 2 secondary schools with a sample of 10 end-of-career teachers, 4 younger teachers, and 2 principals. The results illustrate that older teachers hold central positions in their workplace and have, in accordance with the socio-emotional selectivity theory, limited but strong bounds with colleagues. Moreover, school principals in both schools seem to benefit from older teachers’ organizational knowledge by involving them in decision-making processes. Nevertheless, results show that the principals in the 2 schools mainly apply remedial measures to deal with changes due to aging. This paper ends with some implications for school principals: Applying a non-deficit developmental approach is key for sustainable HR management in schools across the lifespan.
An Electroencephalogram Metric of Temporal Complexity Tracks Psychometric Impairment Caused by Low-dose Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Vrijdag Xavier C. E. , van Waart Hanna , Mitchell Simon J. , Sleigh Jamie W. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Nitrous oxide produces non–γ-aminobutyric acid sedation and psychometric impairment and can be used as scientific model for understanding mechanisms of progressive cognitive disturbances. Temporal complexity of the electroencephalogram may be a sensitive indicator of these effects. This study measured psychometric performance and the temporal complexity of the electroencephalogram in participants breathing low-dose nitrous oxide.

Methods
In random order, 20, 30, and 40% end-tidal nitrous oxide was administered to 12 participants while recording 32-channel electroencephalogram and psychometric function. A novel metric quantifying the spatial distribution of temporal electroencephalogram complexity, comprised of (1) absolute cross-correlation calculated between consecutive 0.25-s time samples; 2) binarizing these cross-correlation matrices using the median of all channels as threshold; (3) using quantitative recurrence analysis, the complexity in temporal changes calculated by the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution of the diagonal line lengths; and (4) overall spatial extent and intensity of brain complexity, was quantified by calculating median temporal complexity of channels whose complexities were above 1 at baseline. This region approximately overlay the brain’s default mode network, so this summary statistic was termed “default-mode-network complexity.”

Results
Nitrous oxide concentration correlated with psychometric impairment (r = 0.50, P < 0.001). Baseline regional electroencephalogram complexity at midline was greater than in lateral temporal channels (1.33 ± 0.14 bits vs. 0.81 ± 0.12 bits, P < 0.001). A dose of 40% N2O decreased midline (mean difference [95% CI], 0.20 bits [0.09 to 0.31], P = 0.002) and prefrontal electroencephalogram complexity (mean difference [95% CI], 0.17 bits [0.08 to 0.27], P = 0.002). The lateral temporal region did not change significantly (mean difference [95% CI], 0.14 bits [−0.03 to 0.30], P = 0.100). Default-mode-network complexity correlated with N2O concentration (r = −0.55, P < 0.001). A default-mode-network complexity mixed-effects model correlated with psychometric impairment (r
2 = 0.67; receiver operating characteristic area [95% CI], 0.72 [0.59 to 0.85], P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Temporal complexity decreased most markedly in medial cortical regions during low-dose nitrous oxide exposures, and this change tracked psychometric impairment.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Internal Consistency and Convergent Validity of the Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms
Authors: Aazh Hashir , Danesh Ali A. , Moore Brian C. J. 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
The aim was to assess the internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity of a new questionnaire for hyperacusis, the Inventory of Hyperacusis Symptoms (IHS; Greenberg & Carlos 2018), using a clinical population.

Design:
This was a retrospective study. Data were gathered from the records of 100 consecutive patients who sought help for tinnitus and/or hyperacusis from an audiology clinic in the United Kingdom. The average age of the patients was 55 years (SD = 13 years). Audiological measures were the pure-tone average threshold (PTA) and uncomfortable loudness levels (ULL). Questionnaires administered were: IHS, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ), Insomnia Severity Index, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9.

Results:
Cronbach’s alpha for the 25-item IHS questionnaire was 0.96. Neither the total IHS score nor scores for any of its five subscales were correlated with the PTA of the better or worse ear. This supports the discriminant validity of the IHS, as hyperacusis is thought to be independent of the PTA. There were moderately strong correlations between IHS total scores and scores for the HQ, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, and Patient Health Questionnaire-9, with r = 0.58, 0.58, 0.61, 0.54, respectively. Thus, although IHS scores may reflect hyperacusis itself, they may also reflect the coexistence of tinnitus, anxiety, and depression. The total score on the IHS was significantly different between patients with and without hyperacusis (as diagnosed based on ULLs or HQ scores). Using the HQ score as a reference, the area under the receiver operating characteristic for the IHS was 0.80 (95% confidence interval = 0.71 to 0.89) and the cutoff point of the IHS with highest overall accuracy was 56/100. The corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 74% and 82%.

Conclusions:
The IHS has good internal consistency and reasonably high convergent validity, as indicated by the relationship of IHS scores to HQ scores and ULLs, but IHS scores may also partly reflect the co-occurrence of tinnitus, anxiety, and depression. We propose an IHS cutoff score of 56 instead of 69 for diagnosing hyperacusis.
Jones fractures outcome measurement: a case series
Authors: Al-Ashhab Mohamed E. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Jones fracture of the base fifth metatarsal is one of the most common foot injuries. Delayed union, nonunion and, refracture are all known complications that can occur, and operative intervention then must be considered.

Methodology:
Seventy-five patients who had recent Jones fractures were treated surgically by intramedullary cannulated screws. Age of the patients ranged from 18 to 40 yr with an average age of 26.4 yr. There were 51 male patients and 24 female patients.

Results:
All fractures were united within 6 to 12 wk, with an average of 7.2 wk. According to American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, final scores ranged from 95 to 98 points with an average of 97.5 points. An irritant screw that needed to be removed after fracture union was encountered in two patients.

Conclusions:
The use of primary intramedullary screws is a safe and effective option for patients who have Jones fractures, especially those who need early ambulation and excellent osseous union rates.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Hidden in plain sight: sex and gender in global pandemics
Authors: Scully Eileen P. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
The global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory virus coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a male bias in mortality likely driven by both gender and sex-based differences between male and female individuals. This is consistent with sex and gender-based features of HIV infection and overlap between the two diseases will highlight potential mechanistic pathways of disease and guide research questions and policy interventions. In this review, the emerging findings from SARS-CoV-2 infection will be placed in the context of sex and gender research in the more mature HIV epidemic.

Recent findings
This review will focus on the new field of literature on prevention, immunopathogenesis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 referencing relevant articles in HIV for context from a broader time period, consistent with the evolving understanding of sex and gender in HIV infection. Sex-specific features of epidemiology and immunopathogenesis reported in COVID-19 disease will be discussed and potential sex and gender-specific factors of relevance to prevention and treatment will be emphasized.

Summary
Multilayered impacts of sex and gender on HIV infection have illuminated pathways of disease and identified important goals for public health interventions. SARS-CoV-2 has strong evidence for a male bias in disease severity and exploring that difference will yield important insights.
Radiologically-proven New Development of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Associated With Development of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence Syndrome
Authors: Chari Divya A. , Juliano Amy F. , Jung David H. 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
This report describes a case of development of radiologic superior semicircular canal dehiscence and reviews the literature for pertinent clinical and radiologic findings in patients with superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SCDS).

Patient:
A 28-year-old man presented with auditory and vestibular symptoms of SCDS and underwent a high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography scan that showed frank dehiscence of the right superior semicircular canal. Diagnosis of SCDS was further verified with audiometric and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) thresholds. The patient had previously undergone a computed tomography scan 12 years prior for work-up of sudden sensorineural hearing loss that showed no evidence of superior semicircular canal dehiscence bilaterally.

Interventions:
A combination of diagnostic and therapeutic interventions was conducted consisting of preoperative audiometric and cVEMP thresholds, followed by middle fossa craniotomy for surgical repair of the dehiscence.

Main Outcome Measure:
Postoperative audiometric and cVEMP thresholds and symptomatic improvement of SCDS after surgical repair of the dehiscence.

Results:
The patient reported resolution of his clinical symptoms after surgical repair of the dehiscence. Postoperative cVEMP thresholds improved to the normal range and the mild low-frequency conductive hearing loss resolved.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, this case report is the first description of radiologically proven new development of superior canal dehiscence. Further prospective studies that include serial imaging examinations may help with visualizing and understanding the temporal evolution of superior canal dehiscence, and better elucidate the relationship between development/ progression of superior canal dehiscence and onset of clinical symptoms.
Chlamydia Testing in New Zealand: Analysis of the 2014/2015 National Health Survey
Authors: Righarts Antoinette , Gray Andrew R. , Morgan Jane , Saxton Peter J. , Green Jane Alison , Connor Jennie L. , Dickson Nigel P. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Diagnosis rates of Chlamydia trachomatis are high in New Zealand; 1.3% of men and 3.7% of women aged 15 to 29 years were diagnosed in 2016. Because testing rates are also higher in women, we sought to understand chlamydia testing by demographic and behavioral characteristics.

Methods
Chlamydia testing in the past year, sexual behavior, and demographic characteristics were reported in the population-based 2014/2015 New Zealand Health Survey. Those aged 16 to 44 years who had a sexual partner in the past year were included. Testing prevalence was calculated, and associations were modeled.

Results
A total of 1677 men and 2323 women participated (89% response rate). Of these, 5.6% (95% confidence interval, 4.3%–7.2%) of men and 16.6% (14.7%–18.7%) of women were tested in the past year. Likelihood of testing in men was associated with having multiple partners and any condomless sex (adjusted relative risk, 11.93; 95% confidence interval, 5.70–24.98) and multiple partners with consistent condom use (3.77, 1.40–10.15) compared with one sexual partner and consistent condom use, and with Māori ethnicity (1.87, 1.05–3.31) compared with European/other. Among women, testing was associated with multiple partners with and without condomless sex (3.61 [2.69–4.85] and 2.81 [1.95–4.05], respectively), pregnancy (1.61, 1.18–2.18), and Asian ethnicity (0.52, 0.30–0.89).

Conclusions
The study confirms that New Zealand men are much less likely to be tested than women, a potential reason for ongoing high chlamydia incidence among both sexes. The high testing rate in women includes many at low risk, and this divergence from recommendations is another issue to address.
Henry Taube. 30 November 1915—16 November 2005
Authors: Ford Peter C. , Meyer Thomas J. 
Published: December 2020

Through a lifetime of increasingly broad and significant experiments and discoveries, Henry Taube became the world's premier mechanistic inorganic chemist (one who focuses on reaction pathways and reaction mechanisms produced during inorganic chemical changes). In his first faculty appointment, he examined the oxidation–reduction reaction and identified questions that could only be answered through precise experimentation. He then focused on the chemistry of transition metal complexes, laying out the details of what he called ‘inner sphere electron transfer’. He went on to compile a broad range of findings, leading to the elevation of inorganic chemistry to a major field of study.
Taube earned bachelor's and master's degrees at the University of Saskatchewan and a PhD from UC Berkeley. After receiving his doctorate in 1941, he took a position as an instructor at Cornell University, where he remained until 1946. He then joined the faculty of the University of Chicago, where he carried out seminal investigations of the electron transfer reactions between metal ion complexes. In 1962 he moved to Stanford, where he continued studies of electron transfer mechanisms. He also twice served as chair (1972–74; 1978–79) of the Stanford Department of Chemistry and subsequently was appointed the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in 1976. He formally retired from the faculty in 1986, but continued as an active scientist long afterward.
A COVID-19 transmission model informing medication development and supply chain needs
Authors: Lemenuel-Diot Annabelle , Clinch Barry , Hurt Aeron C. , Boutry Paul , Laurent Johann , Leddin Mathias , Frings Stefan , Charoin Jean Eric 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccurate prediction of COVID-19 cases can optimize clinical trial recruitment, inform mitigation strategies and facilitate rapid medication development. Here we present a country-specific, modified Susceptible, Exposed, Infectious, Removed (SEIR) model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission using data from the Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Dashboard. Inter-country differences in initial exposure, cultural/environmental factors, reporting requirements and stringency of mitigation strategies were incorporated. Asymptomatic patients and super-spreaders were also factored into our model. Using these data, our model estimated 65.8% of cases as asymptomatic; symptomatic and asymptomatic people were estimated to infect 2.12 and 5.83 other people, respectively. An estimated 9.55% of cases were super-spreaders with a 2.11-fold higher transmission rate than average. Our model estimated a mean maximum infection rate of 0.927 cases/day (inter-country range, 0.63–1.41) without mitigation strategies. Mitigation strategies with a stringency index value of ≥60% were estimated to be required to reduce the reproduction ratio below 1. It was predicted that cases over the next 2 months would differ between countries, with certain countries likely to experience an accelerated accumulation of cases. Together, results from our model can guide distribution of diagnostic tests, impact clinical trial development, support medication development and distribution and inform mitigation strategies to reduce COVID-19 spread.Key FindingsPredicting COVID-19 cases can inform medication development and mitigation strategiesWe created a modified SEIR model of SARS-CoV-2 transmissionWe integrated asymptomatic cases, super-spreaders and hotspots that drive viral spreadMitigation strategies with a stringency index of ≥60% are required to reduce the RR below 1Some countries may experience an accelerated accumulation of cases in the coming months
The attitudes of Greeks towards second-hand smoke and the anti-tobacco legislation
Authors: Passa Anna , Agtzidis Ioannis , Tsaousidou Maria , Passa Katalin Fekete 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGreece had according to Eurobarometer 2017 the highest rates of secondhand smoke exposure in the European Union (87%). The main aim of this study was to understand the reasons for the non-enforcement of the anti-tobacco legislation. To do this, we created two different questionnaires, one for smokers and one for non-smokers, and we collected epidemiological data, data about the attitudes of Greeks towards smoking, second-hand smoke, and the smoke-free legislation, as well as data about some relevant behavioural patterns. In total 597 non-smoker questionnaires and 366 smoker questionnaires were collected, with the mean age of the participants being 40 years old. The majority of people claimed that smoke disturbs them and, interestingly, smokers responded that they consider disturbing others with their smoke, and especially when children are present. Additionally, smokers said they would slightly reduce going out if the smoke-free legislation was strictly enforced, while non-smokers would respectively slightly increase going out. Based on this observation and given the higher proportion of non-smokers than smokers, we can assume that there will be no negative impact to the eating and drinking establishments, as many people were speculating, but to the opposite, there might even be a small benefit from the implementation of smoke-free measures. Since 2019 the relevant legislation has been enforced, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the long-term implementation and the true outcomes of the relevant legislation are more difficult to study.
The iPSYCH2015 Case-Cohort sample: updated directions for unravelling genetic and environmental architectures of severe mental disorders
Authors: Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Bøcker Pedersen Carsten , Bækvad-Hansen Marie , Giørtz Pedersen Marianne , Adamsen Dea , Søholm Hansen Christine , Agerbo Esben , Grove Jakob , Als Thomas Damm , Schork Andrew Joseph , Buil Alfonso , Mors Ole , Nordentoft Merete , Werge Thomas , Børglum Anders Dupont , Hougaard David Michael , Mortensen Preben Bo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Lundbeck Foundation Integrative Psychiatric Research (iPSYCH) consortium has almost doubled its Danish population-based Case–Cohort sample (iPSYCH2012). The newly updated cohort, named iPSYCH2015, expands the study base with 56,233 samples, to a combined total of 141,265 samples. The cohort is nested within the Danish population born between 1981 and 2008 and is a Case-Cohort design including 50,615 population controls. We added more cases to the existing phenotypes identified with, schizophrenia (Nnew=4,131/Ntotal=8,113), autism (Nnew=8,056 / Ntotal=24,975), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Nnew=10,026/Ntotal=29,668) and affective disorder (Nnew=13,999/Ntotal=40,482) of which a subset has bipolar affective disorder (N-new=1,656/Ntotal=3,819). We also added two additional focus phenotypes, schizophrenia spectrum disorder (N=16,008) and post-partum disorder (N=3,421). In total, the expanded iPSYCH2015 sample consists of 93,608 unique individuals in the case groups and 50,615 population controls. For the sample expansion, DNA was extracted and amplified from dried blood spots samples stored within the Danish Neonatal Screening Biobank and genotyped using the Illumina Global Screening Array. The Biobank sample retrieval rate was 95%, and the genotyping success rate was 92% (97% of retrieved). We expanded the follow-up period by three years, including data such as longitudinal information on health, prescribed medicine, social and socioeconomic information.
Lost in time: temporal monitoring elicits clinical decrements in sustained attention post-stroke
Authors: Brosnan MB , Dockree PM , Harty S , Pearce DJ , Levenstein JM , Gillebert CR , Bellgrove MA , O’Connell RG , Robertson IH , Demeyere N 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveMental fatigue, ‘brain fog’ and difficulties maintaining engagement are commonly reported issues in a range of neurological and psychiatric conditions. Traditional sustained attention tasks commonly measure this capacity as the ability to detect target stimuli based on sensory features in the auditory or visual domains. However, with this approach, discrete target stimuli may exogenously capture attention to aid detection, thereby masking deficits in the ability to endogenously sustain attention over time.MethodTo address this, we developed the continuous temporal expectancy test (CTET) where individuals continuously monitor a stream of patterned stimuli alternating at a fixed temporal interval (690ms) and detect an infrequently occurring target stimulus defined by a prolonged temporal duration (1020ms or longer). As such, sensory properties of target and non-target stimuli are perceptually identical and differ only in temporal duration. Using the CTET, we assessed stroke survivors with unilateral right hemisphere damage (N=14), a cohort in which sustained attention deficits have been extensively reported.ResultsStroke survivors had overall lower target detection accuracy compared to neurologically-healthy age-matched older controls (N=18). In addition, performance of the stroke survivors was characterised by significantly steeper within-block performance decrements which occurred within short temporal windows (~3 ½ minutes) and were restored by the break periods between blocks.ConclusionThese findings outline a precise measure of the endogenous processes hypothesized to underpin sustained attention deficits following right hemisphere stroke and suggest that continuous temporal monitoring taxes sustained attention process to capture clinical deficits in this capacity over time.