bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Perceived Pain in the Past Month on Prefrontal Cortex Activation Patterns Assessed During Cognitive and Motor Performances in Older Adults
Authors: Pakray Hannah , Seng Elizabeth , Izzetoglu Meltem , Holtzer Roee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Pain is prevalent and functionally impactful in older adults. The prefrontal cortex is involved in pain perception, attentional control, and cortical control of locomotion. Although pain is a known moderator of attentional capacity, its moderating effect on cortical control of locomotion has not been assessed. This study aimed to examine the effects of subjective pain on changes in functional near-infrared spectroscopy–derived measurements of oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2), gait velocity, and cognitive accuracy from single- to dual-task walking conditions among older adults.

Subjects
The sample consisted of 383 healthy older adults (55% female).

Methods
Participants completed two single tasks (Single-Task-Walk [STW] and Cognitive Interference [Alpha]) and the Dual-Task-Walk (DTW), during which participants performed the two single tasks simultaneously. The Medical Outcomes Study Pain Severity Scale and Pain Effects Scale were used to assess pain severity and interference. ProtoKinetics Movement Analysis Software was used to assess gait velocity and rate of correct letter generation to assess cognitive accuracy. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess HbO2 during active walking.

Results
Linear mixed-effects models revealed that HbO2 increased from single- to dual-task conditions. Perceived pain presence was associated with an attenuated increase in HbO2 from Alpha to DTW. Among those with pain, worse pain severity was associated with an attenuated increase in HbO2 from STW to DTW. Pain interference did not moderate the increase in HbO2 from single to dual tasks. Pain did not have a moderating effect on behavioral outcomes.

Conclusions
Task-related changes in the hemodynamic response in the prefrontal cortex during walking may be a sensitive marker of the effects of subjective pain on brain function in healthy older adults.
Markers of Cardiovascular Health in Older Adults with and Without Chronic Low Back and Radicular Leg Pain: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Coyle Peter C , O’Brien Victoria A , Edwards David G , Pohlig Ryan T , Hicks Gregory E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
There is considerable overlap in risk profiles between chronic low back pain with radiculopathy (CLBPR) and cardiovascular health among older adults; obesity and smoking are related to both conditions and may largely drive the potential relationship. We sought to explore the impact of CLBPR on cardiovascular health outcomes, independent of body mass index (BMI) and current smoking status.

Methods
Age- and sex-matched older adults (60–85 years of age) with (n = 21) and without (n = 21) CLBPR were recruited. Current smokers were excluded. Blood samples were collected to measure cholesterol levels and pro-inflammatory markers (i.e., C-reactive protein and interleukin-6). Vascular endothelial function, a marker of cardiovascular health, was evaluated by measuring brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). General linear models with multifactorial designs were evaluated; group membership, BMI, education, and their respective two-way interaction terms were included as independent variables.

Results
Older adults with CLBPR had significantly higher BMIs (P = 0.004) and lower educational levels (P = 0.013) than did those without pain. There was a significant group-by-education interaction effect (P = 0.049) for endothelial function. Older adults without pain who were highly educated had higher FMD values, indicating better endothelial function (9.2%), whereas the following combinations all had lower FMD values: no pain plus low education, CLBPR plus high education, and CLBPR plus low education (5.9%, 6.1%, and 6.6%, respectively).

Conclusions
Among older adults, CLBPR is linked with worse endothelial function, regardless of educational level and independent of BMI and smoking. These findings suggest that older adults with CLBPR may be at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
Characteristic Cohomology I: Singularities of Given Type
Authors: Damon James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For a germ of a variety $\mathcal{V}, 0 \subset \mathbb C^N, 0$, a singularity $\mathcal{V}_0$ of ‘type $\mathcal{V}$’ is given by a germ $f_0 : \mathbb C^n, 0 \to \mathbb C^N, 0$ which is transverse to $\mathcal{V}$ in an appropriate sense so that $\mathcal{V}_0 = f_0^{\,-1}(\mathcal{V})$. If $\mathcal{V}$ is a hypersurface germ, then so is $\mathcal{V}_0 $, and by transversality ${\operatorname{codim}}_{\mathbb C} {\operatorname{sing}}(\mathcal{V}_0) = {\operatorname{codim}}_{\mathbb C} {\operatorname{sing}}(\mathcal{V})$ provided $n \gt {\operatorname{codim}}_{\mathbb C} {\operatorname{sing}}(\mathcal{V})$. So $\mathcal{V}_0, 0$ will exhibit singularities of $\mathcal{V}$ up to codimension n.
For singularities $\mathcal{V}_0, 0$ of type $\mathcal{V}$, we introduce a method to capture the contribution of the topology of $\mathcal{V}$ to that of $\mathcal{V}_0$. It is via the ‘characteristic cohomology’ of the Milnor fiber (for $\mathcal{V}, 0$ a hypersurface), and complement and link of $\mathcal{V}_0$ (in the general case). The characteristic cohomology of the Milnor fiber $\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0; R)$, and respectively of the complement $\mathcal{C}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0; R)$, are subalgebras of the cohomology of the Milnor fibers, respectively the complement, with coefficients R in the corresponding cohomology. For a fixed $\mathcal{V}$, they are functorial over the category of singularities of type $\mathcal{V}$. In addition, for the link of $\mathcal{V}_0$ there is a characteristic cohomology subgroup $\mathcal{B}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0, \mathbf{k})$ of the cohomology of the link over a field $\mathbf{k}$ of characteristic 0. The cohomologies $\mathcal{C}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0; R)$ and $\mathcal{B}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0, \mathbf{k})$ are shown to be invariant under the $\mathcal{K}_{\mathcal{V}}$-equivalence of defining germs f0, and likewise $\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0; R)$ is shown to be invariant under the $\mathcal{K}_{H}$-equivalence of f0 for H the defining equation of $\mathcal{V}, 0$.
We give a geometric criterion involving ‘vanishing compact models’ for both the Milnor fibers and complements which detect non-vanishing subalgebras of the characteristic cohomologies, and subgroups of the characteristic cohomology of the link. Also, we consider how in the hypersurface case the cohomology of the Milnor fiber is a module over the characteristic cohomology $\mathcal{A}_{\mathcal{V}}(\,f_0; R)$. We briefly consider the application of these results to a number of cases of singularities of a given type. In part II, we specialize to the case of matrix singularities and using results on the topology of the Milnor fibers, complements and links of the varieties of singular matrices obtained in another paper allow us to give precise results for the characteristic cohomology of all three types.
A cross-sectional study to evaluate depression and quality of life among patients with lymphoedema due to podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis and leprosy
Authors: Ali Oumer , Deribe Kebede , Semrau Maya , Mengiste Asrat , Kinfe Mersha , Tesfaye Abraham , Bremner Stephen , Davey Gail , Fekadu Abebaw 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Podoconiosis, lymphatic filariasis (LF) and leprosy are neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that cause lymphoedema. When left untreated, they lead to substantial disability. This study determined the quality of life (QOL) and depression associated with lymphoedema in patients with podoconiosis, LF and leprosy. The study was conducted in northwestern Ethiopia.

Methods
This baseline cross-sectional study, nested within an interventional, non-comparative, longitudinal study, included patients with lymphoedema. Depression and QOL were assessed using versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire and Dermatologic Life Quality Index (DLQI), respectively, that had been translated into Amharic and validated. Factors associated with depression and QOL were assessed using multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results
Of the 251 patients with lymphoedema included in the study, 119 (47.4%) had moderate to severe depression and overall QOL was poor (mean±standard deviation [SD] DLQI score: 11.4±4.2). Disability was significantly associated with depression (β=0.26 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.19 to 0.33]). Currently receiving treatment (β=−3.05 [95% CI −5.25 to −0.85), disability (β=−0.08 [95% CI −0.15 to −0.01]) and social support (moderate support: β=−2.27 [95% CI −3.66 to −0.89] and strong support: β=−2.87 [95% CI −5.35 to −0.38]) were significantly associated with better QOL.

Conclusion
High levels of depression and low QOL were found among patients with lymphoedema due the three NTDs in Ethiopia.
Review of the extinct ‘shrew-opossums’ (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America
Authors: Abello María Alejandra , Martin Gabriel M , Cardoso Yamila 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present a systematic review of the extinct species included in the family Caenolestidae, one of the few South American metatherian groups that has survived to the present. We perform a cladistic analysis based on a data matrix consisting of all extant and extinct species that have been referred to this family, 100 morphological characters and two sets of molecular data (cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase I). Morphological and molecular data were analysed separately and in combination, under maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods. As a result, caenolestids are recovered as a monophyletic group within which we formally recognize three new taxa: Caenolestoides miocaenicus gen. & sp. nov., Gaimanlestes pascuali gen. & sp. nov. and Stilotherium parvum sp. nov. from the Early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Stilotherium is the earliest diverging lineage of caenolestids followed by Gaimanlestes, while C. miocaenicus was recovered as the extinct species most closely related to extant caenolestids.
Insights into Metabolic Changes Caused by the Trichoderma virens–Maize Root Interaction
Authors: Schweiger Rabea , Padilla-Arizmendi Fabiola , Nogueira-López Guillermo , Rostás Michael , Lawry Robert , Brown Chris , Hampton John , Steyaert Johanna M. , Müller Caroline , Mendoza-Mendoza Artemio 
Published: November 2020

The interactions of crops with root-colonizing endophytic microorganisms are highly relevant to agriculture, because endophytes can modify plant resistance to pests and increase crop yields. We investigated the interactions between the host plant Zea mays and the endophytic fungus Trichoderma virens at 5 days postinoculation grown in a hydroponic system. Wild-type T. virens and two knockout mutants, with deletion of the genes tv2og1 or vir4 involved in specialized metabolism, were analyzed. Root colonization by the fungal mutants was lower than that by the wild type. All fungal genotypes suppressed root biomass. Metabolic fingerprinting of roots, mycelia, and fungal culture supernatants was performed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. The metabolic composition of T. virens-colonized roots differed profoundly from that of noncolonized roots, with the effects depending on the fungal genotype. In particular, the concentrations of several metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway, including an amino acid and several flavonoids, were modulated. The expression levels of some genes coding for enzymes involved in these pathways were affected if roots were colonized by the ∆vir4 genotype of T. virens. Furthermore, mycelia and fungal culture supernatants of the different T. virens genotypes showed distinct metabolomes. Our study highlights the fact that colonization by endophytic T. virens leads to far-reaching metabolic changes, partly related to two fungal genes. Both metabolites produced by the fungus and plant metabolites modulated by the interaction probably contribute to these metabolic patterns. The metabolic changes in plant tissues may be interlinked with systemic endophyte effects often observed in later plant developmental stages. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Chronic rhinosinusitis: phenotypes and endotypes
Authors: Bailey Luke N. , Garcia Jaime A. Pena , Grayson Jessica W. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a broad classification of airway inflammation that affects a significant portion of the population. The current model of delineating patients suffering from CRS is dated and is no longer as simple as the presence of polyps or no polyps. Continued advances in the endotype descriptions of CRS have allowed for new phenotypic descriptions that aid in driving management and research efforts.

Recent findings
Geographic differences exist between patient presentations, which require a molecular evaluation of the driving forces. Increased understanding of these differences allows for patient-specific treatment decisions.

Summary
New descriptions of CRS phenotypes allow for more targeted therapy for patients, particularly to those with difficult to control disease. The previously broad classification of CRS with or without nasal polyps is no longer sufficient at driving these treatment decisions.
L-bupivacaine Inhibition of Nociceptive Transmission in Rat Peripheral and Dorsal Horn Neurons
Authors: Uta Daisuke , Koga Kohei , Furue Hidemasa , Imoto Keiji , Yoshimura Megumu 
Published: November 2020

Background
Although the widely used single L-enantiomers of local anesthetics have less toxic effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems, the mechanisms mediating their antinociceptive actions are not well understood. The authors hypothesized that significant differences in the ion channel blocking abilities of the enantiomers of bupivacaine would be identified.

Methods
The authors performed electrophysiologic analysis on rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro and on spinal transmissions in vivo.

Results
In the dorsal root ganglion, these anesthetics decreased the amplitudes of action potentials. The half-maximum inhibitory concentrations of D-enantiomer D-bupivacaine were almost equal for Aβ (29.5 μM), Aδ (29.7μM), and C (29.8 μM) neurons. However, the half-maximum inhibitory concentrations of L-bupivacaine was lower for Aδ (19.35 μM) and C (19.5 μM) neurons than for A β (79.4 μM) neurons. Moreover, D-bupivacaine almost equally inhibited tetrodotoxin-resistant (mean ± SD: 15.8 ± 10.9% of the control, n = 14, P < 0.001) and tetrodotoxin-sensitive (15.4 ± 15.6% of the control, n = 11, P = 0.004) sodium currents. In contrast, L-bupivacaine suppressed tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents (26.1 ± 19.5% of the control, n = 18, P < 0.001) but not tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium currents (74.5 ± 18.2% of the control, n = 11, P = 0.477). In the spinal dorsal horn, L-bupivacaine decreased the area of pinch-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (39.4 ± 11.3% of the control, n = 7, P < 0.001) but not touch-evoked responses (84.2 ± 14.5% of the control, n = 6, P = 0.826). In contrast, D-bupivacaine equally decreased pinch- and touch-evoked responses (38.8 ± 9.5% of the control, n = 6, P = 0.001, 42.9 ± 11.8% of the control, n = 6, P = 0.013, respectively).

Conclusions
These results suggest that the L-enantiomer of bupivacaine (L-bupivacaine) effectively inhibits noxious transmission to the spinal dorsal horn by blocking action potential conduction through C and Aδ afferent fibers.

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RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 is required for early T cell development
Authors: Xufeng Richard , Nie Daibang , Yang Qiong , Wang Wang , Cheng Tao , Wang Qingde 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 has been shown to be an essential molecule for hematopoietic cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of immune responses. Here, we present evidence in a T-cell-specific gene knockout mouse model that ADAR1 is required for early T cell development. Loss of ADAR1 led to cell death of the progenitors at the double negative stage and prevented T cell maturation in the thymus. Furthermore, ADAR1 deletion in pre-T cells preferentially affected TCRβ-expressing cells causing TCRβ positive cell depletion. Interruption of IFN signaling occurred in the premature T cells, indicating a role of IFN signaling in the survival of TCRβ-expressing cells regulated by ADAR1. This study demonstrated an essential role for the RNA editing enzyme ADAR1 as a potential regulator for T-cell fate determination during clonal selection, which, in turn, contributes to immunologic homeostasis.
Preleukemic stem cells: leave it or not?
Authors: Su Minhua , Cheng Hui , Cheng Tao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has been shown to undergo multiple acquired mutations in hematopoietic cell lineages over years before becoming clinically apparent. The early stage of AML (before it becomes clinically recognizable) may be characterized by acquisition of some, but not all, leukemia-related somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The physiological roles of these mutations remain puzzling. These HSCs have been termed as preleukemic HSCs. However, those frequent acquired somatic mutations are also found in healthy aging adults, namely, “age-related clonal hematopoiesis.” Multiple studies have demonstrated that the preleukemic HSCs survive through chemotherapy and then contribute to the relapse and the development of de novo AML. Whether preleukemic HSCs should be targeted or whether a preventive therapy should be considered for those individuals remains to be determined. This article aims to shed light on this special subject and to discuss the roles of preleukemic HSCs in leukemogenesis.
Zebrafish for thrombocytopoiesis- and hemostasis-related researches and disorders
Authors: Meng Panpan , Wu Liangliang , Lin Qing , Zhang Yiyue 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Platelets play vital roles in hemostasis, inflammation, and vascular biology. Platelets are also active participants in the immune responses. As vertebrates, zebrafish have a highly conserved hematopoietic system in the developmental, cellular, functional, biochemical, and genetic levels with mammals. Thrombocytes in zebrafish are functional homologs of mammalian platelets. Here, we summarized thrombocyte development, function, and related research techniques in zebrafish, and reviewed available zebrafish models of platelet-associated disorders, including congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, inherited thrombocytopenia, essential thrombocythemia, and blood coagulation disorders such as gray platelet syndrome. These elegant zebrafish models and methods are crucial for understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of thrombocyte development and function, and provide deep insights into related human disease pathophysiology and drug development.
BECN1 modulates hematopoietic stem cells by targeting Caspase-3-GSDME-mediated pyroptosis
Authors: Yang Xiuxiu , Ge Liang , Wang Jianwei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain the blood system throughout the lifespan. However, the molecular mechanism maintaining HSC character remains not fully understood. In this study, we observed that the targeted deletion of Becn1 disrupts the blood system and impairs the reconstitution capacity of HSCs. Interestingly, Becn1 deletion did not lead to dysfunction of autophagy in HSCs, indicating a non-classical role of BECN1 in regulating HSCs function. While we observed the increase of Caspase-3-GSDME-mediated pyroptosis in Becn1 deficient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Forced expression of the full-length GSDME compromises the function of HSCs. In brief, we identified a novel role of Becn1 in modulating HSCs by regulating pyroptosis, but not through autophagy. This study provides a new link between BECN1-Caspase-3-GSDME signaling and HSC maintenance.
Current modalities of sickle cell disease management
Authors: Sanyaolu Adekunle , Agiri Ejoke , Bertram Carl , Brookes Latasha , Choudhury Jesy , Datt Dorina , Ibrahim Amira , Maciejko Anna , Mansfield Anna , Nkrumah Jasmine , Williams Martina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSickle cell disease (SCD) affects nearly 100,000 people in the United States of America and the sickle gene is present in approximately 8% of black Americans. Among Africans, the prevalence of sickle cell trait (heterozygosity) is as high as 30%. While SCD occurs among varying racial and ethnic groups, it is more commonly prevalent in individuals of African or African-American descent. This inherited blood disorder causes varying symptoms and complications among affected children and adults and early diagnosis and treatment are essential to help reduce mortality rates. Because there is no cure for SCD, management is vital to survival. Hence, there are different approaches in use to aid those living with SCD; thus, this paper provides insight into the current methods that are implemented in the management and maintenance of this disease.
The single-cell landscape of immunological responses of CD4+ T cells in HIV versus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Authors: Collora Jack A. , Liu Runxia , Albrecht Kristen , Ho Ya-Chi 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
CD4+ T cell loss is the hallmark of uncontrolled HIV-1 infection. Strikingly, CD4+ T cell depletion is a strong indicator for disease severity in the recently emerged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. We reviewed recent single-cell immune profiling studies in HIV-1 infection and COVID-19 to provide critical insight in virus-induced immunopathogenesis.

Recent findings
Cytokine dysregulation in HIV-1 leads to chronic inflammation, while severe SARS-CoV-2 infection induces cytokine release syndrome and increased mortality. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells are dysfunctional, while SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells exhibit robust Th1 function and correlate with protective antibody responses. In HIV-1 infection, follicular helper T cells (TFH) are susceptible to HIV-1 infection and persist in immune-sanctuary sites in lymphoid tissues as an HIV-1 reservoir. In severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, TFH are absent in lymphoid tissues and are associated with diminished protective immunity. Advancement in HIV-1 DNA, RNA, and protein-based single-cell capture methods can overcome the rarity and heterogeneity of HIV-1-infected cells and identify mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and clonal expansion dynamics.

Summary
Single-cell immune profiling identifies a high-resolution picture of immune dysregulation in HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 infection and informs outcome prediction and therapeutic interventions.