bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambient vibration analysis on seismic arrays to investigate the properties of the upper crust: an example from Herdern in Switzerland
Authors: Chieppa Dario , Hobiger Manuel , Fäh Donat 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYThe difficulty and the high cost to assess the subsurface properties led to the development of several geophysical techniques. Generally, the focus of a site study is the reconstruction of the S-wave velocity profile down to few tens to hundreds of metres (e.g. 30–300 m), but not the investigation of deeper structures, such as the transition to the crystalline basement. However, such deeper structures are of interest when seismic hazard products have to relate to a reference rock-velocity profile, for example in regional seismic hazard assessment and microzonation studies. To estimate the S-wave velocity profiles down to several kilometres, we study the potential of Rayleigh and Love waves at low (down to 0.1 Hz) and high (up to 20 Hz) frequencies using two seismic arrays of increasing size. The small array, with a maximum inter-station distance of 900 m and a recording time of 3 hr, was aimed at constraining the shallow subsurface down to about 350–400 m, while the big one, with a maximum inter-station distance of more than 29 km and 23 hr of recording had the goal to constrain the deeper structure. The arrays were deployed in northern Switzerland (east of the village of Herdern) within the Swiss Molasse basin, a sedimentary basin north of the Alps stretching from Lake Constance to Lake Geneva; its thickness increases from 800 to 900 m in the northeast to more than 5 km in the southwest. The seismic data recorded by the two arrays were analysed using the techniques developed for the analysis of small-aperture arrays. The results were inverted for the S-wave velocity profile in two steps: first, the Rayleigh and Love wave phase dispersion curves were inverted together. Secondly, the previous dispersion curves were jointly inverted with the measured Rayleigh wave ellipticity angle. The resulting S-wave velocity profiles are similar and show agreement with the available geological and geophysical data, confirming the potential of surface waves to investigate deep structures. Moreover, our analysis proves the feasibility of site characterization techniques to large arrays and the possibility to estimate the P- and S-wave velocity profiles down to 5 km, deeper than the contrast between Molasse basin and crystalline rock at around 2.1 km.
Automatic microseismic event picking via unsupervised machine learning
Authors: Chen Yangkang 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYEffective and efficient arrival picking plays an important role in microseismic and earthquake data processing and imaging. Widely used short-term-average long-term-average ratio (STA/LTA) based arrival picking algorithms suffer from the sensitivity to moderate-to-strong random ambient noise. To make the state-of-the-art arrival picking approaches effective, microseismic data need to be first pre-processed, for example, removing sufficient amount of noise, and second analysed by arrival pickers. To conquer the noise issue in arrival picking for weak microseismic or earthquake event, I leverage the machine learning techniques to help recognizing seismic waveforms in microseismic or earthquake data. Because of the dependency of supervised machine learning algorithm on large volume of well-designed training data, I utilize an unsupervised machine learning algorithm to help cluster the time samples into two groups, that is, waveform points and non-waveform points. The fuzzy clustering algorithm has been demonstrated to be effective for such purpose. A group of synthetic, real microseismic and earthquake data sets with different levels of complexity show that the proposed method is much more robust than the state-of-the-art STA/LTA method in picking microseismic events, even in the case of moderately strong background noise.
Automatic high-resolution microseismic event detection via supervised machine learning
Authors: Qu Shan , Guan Zhe , Verschuur Eric , Chen Yangkang 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYMicroseismic methods are crucial for real-time monitoring of the hydraulic fracturing dynamic status during the development of unconventional reservoirs. However, unlike the active-source seismic events, the microseismic events usually have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), which makes its data processing challenging. To overcome the noise issue of the weak microseismic events, we propose a new workflow for high-resolution microseismic event detection. For the preprocessing, fix-sized segmentation with a length of 2*wavelength is used to divide the data into segments. Later on, 191 features have been extracted and used as the input data to train the support vector machine (SVM) model. These features include 63 1-D time/spectral-domain features, and 128 2-D texture features, which indicate the continuity, smoothness, and irregularity of the events/noise. The proposed feature extraction maximally exploits the limited information of each segment. Afterward, we use a combination of univariate feature selection and random-forest-based recursive feature elimination for feature selection to avoid overfitting. This feature selection strategy not only finds the best features, but also decides the optimal number of features that are needed for the best accuracy. Regarding the training process, SVM with a Gaussian kernel is used. In addition, a cross-validation (CV) process is implemented for automatic parameter setting. In the end, a group of synthetic and field microseismic data with different levels of complexity show that the proposed workflow is much more robust than the state-of-the-art short-term-average over long-term-average ratio (STA/LTA) method and also performs better than the convolutional-neural-networks (CNN), for this case where the amount of training data sets is limited. A demo for the synthetic example is available: https://github.com/shanqu91/ML_event_detection_microseismic.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Virological Treatment Failure Among Children and Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy Attending HIV/AIDS Care and Treatment Clinics in Dodoma Municipality, Central Tanzania
Authors: Bitwale Niyonziza Z , Mnzava David P , Kimaro Francisca D , Jacob Theopista , Mpondo Bonaventura C T , Jumanne Shakilu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
As the World Health Organization (WHO) and its joint partners such as USAIDS target achieving 90% sustained virological suppression among children and adolescents living with Human Immunodeficience Virus (HIV)/AIDS, it is imperative to elucidate the current prevalence and factors associated with virological treatment failure for formulation of appropriate strategies. This study was conducted determine the prevalence and factors associated with virological treatment failure among children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS on antiretroviral therapy (ART) attending HIV/AIDS care clinics in Dodoma, Central Tanzania.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of children aged 1–19 years attending 3 HIV/AIDS care clinics in Dodoma (central Tanzania) from November 2018 to February 2019. Sociodemographic and clinical factors were documented, HIV viral load and CD4+ T lymphocytes were evaluated for children on ART for ≥6 months. The primary outcomes were the prevalence and factors associated with viralogic treatment failure.

Results
Of 300 children enrolled, 102 (34%) had virological treatment failure. Poor adherence to ART (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.221; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.867–5.558; P = .032), nevirapine regimen (AOR = 3.185; 95% CI, 1.473–6.886; P ≤ .001), not using cotrimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR = 25.56; 95% CI, 3.15–27.55; P = .002) and nondisclosure of HIV status to others (AOR = 7.741; 95% CI, 2.351–25.489; P = .001) were independently associated with virological treatment failure.

Conclusions
Current prevalence of virological treatment failure among children and adolescents living with HIV on ART remain high. Factors such as ART adherence, nevirapine based regimen, HIV status disclosure to those caring for the child need to be addressed to achieve sustained virological suppression.
Phenotypes Associated with 16p11.2 Copy Number Gains and Losses at a Single Institution
Authors: Chu Caleb , Wu Haotian , Xu Fangling , Ray Joseph W , Britt Allison , Robinson Sally S , Lupo Pamela J , Murphy Christine R C , Dreyer Charles F , Lee Phillip D K , Hu Peter C , Dong Jianli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chromosome 16p11.2 is one of the susceptible sites for recurrent copy number variations (CNVs) due to flanking near-identical segmental duplications. Five segmental duplications, named breakpoints 1 to 5 (BP1–BP5), have been defined as recombination hotspots within 16p11.2. Common CNVs on 16p11.2 include a proximal ~593 kb between BP4 and BP5, and a distal ~220 kb between BP2 and BP3. We performed a search for patients carrying 16p11.2 CNVs, as detected using chromosome microarray (CMA), in the Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory at the University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), in Galveston. From March 2013 through April 2018, a total of 1200 CMA results were generated for germline testing, and 14 patients tested positive for 16p11.2 CNVs, of whom 7 had proximal deletion, 2 had distal deletion, 4 had proximal duplication, and 1 had distal duplication. Herein, we provide detailed phenotype data for these patients. Our study results show that developmental delay, abnormal body weight, behavioral problems, and hypotonia are common phenotypes associated with 16p11.2 CNVs.
The mean tilt of sunspot bipolar regions: theory, simulations and comparison with observations
Authors: Kleeorin N , Safiullin N , Kuzanyan K , Rogachevskii I , Tlatov A , Porshnev S 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTA theory of the mean tilt of sunspot bipolar regions (the angle between a line connecting the leading and following sunspots and the solar equator) is developed. A mechanism of formation of the mean tilt is related to the effect of the Coriolis force on meso-scale motions of super-granular convection and large-scale meridional circulation. The balance between the Coriolis force and the Lorentz force (the magnetic tension) determines an additional contribution caused by the large-scale magnetic field to the mean tilt of the sunspot bipolar regions at low latitudes. The latitudinal dependence of the solar differential rotation affects the mean tilt, which can explain deviations from Joy’s law for the sunspot bipolar regions at high latitudes. The theoretical results obtained and the results from numerical simulations based on the non-linear mean-field dynamo theory, which takes into account conservation of the total magnetic helicity and the budget equation for the evolution of the Wolf number density, are in agreement with observational data of the mean tilt of sunspot bipolar regions over individual solar cycles 15–24.
Accretion disc winds in tidal disruption events: ultraviolet spectral lines as orientation indicators
Authors: Parkinson Edward J , Knigge Christian , Long Knox S , Matthews James H , Higginbottom Nick , Sim Stuart A , Hewitt Henrietta A 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Some tidal disruption events (TDEs) exhibit blueshifted broad absorption lines (BALs) in their rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra, while others display broad emission lines (BELs). Similar phenomenology is observed in quasars and accreting white dwarfs, where it can be interpreted as an orientation effect associated with line formation in an accretion disc wind. We propose and explore a similar unification scheme for TDEs. We present synthetic UV spectra for disc and wind-hosting TDEs, produced by a state-of-the-art Monte Carlo ionization and radiative transfer code. Our models cover a wide range of disc wind geometries and kinematics. Such winds naturally reproduce both BALs and BELs. In general, sightlines looking into the wind cone preferentially produce BALs, while other orientations preferentially produce BELs. We also study the effect of wind clumping and CNO-processed abundances on the observed spectra. Clumpy winds tend to produce stronger UV emission and absorption lines, because clumping increases both the emission measure and the abundances of the relevant ionic species, the latter by reducing the ionization state of the outflow. The main effect of adopting CNO-processed abundances is a weakening of C iv 1550 Å and an enhancement of N v 1240 Å in the spectra. We conclude that line formation in an accretion disc wind is a promising mechanism for explaining the diverse UV spectra of TDEs. If this is correct, the relative number of BAL and BEL TDEs can be used to estimate the covering factor of the outflow. The models in this work are publicly available online and upon request.
Beyond K-complex binary scoring during sleep: probabilistic classification using deep learning
Authors: Lechat Bastien , Hansen Kristy , Catcheside Peter , Zajamsek Branko 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
K-complexes (KCs) are a recognized electroencephalography marker of sensory processing and a defining feature of sleep stage 2. KC frequency and morphology may also be reflective of sleep quality, aging, and a range of sleep and sensory processing deficits. However, manual scoring of K-complexes is impractical, time-consuming, and thus costly and currently not well-standardized. Although automated KC detection methods have been developed, performance and uptake remain limited.

Methods
The proposed algorithm is based on a deep neural network and Gaussian process, which gives the input waveform a probability of being a KC ranging from 0% to 100%. The algorithm was trained on half a million synthetic KCs derived from manually scored sleep stage 2 KCs from the Montreal Archive of Sleep Study containing 19 healthy young participants. Algorithm performance was subsequently assessed on 700 independent recordings from the Cleveland Family Study using sleep stages 2 and 3 data.

Results
The developed algorithm showed an F1 score (a measure of binary classification accuracy) of 0.78 and thus outperforms currently available KC scoring algorithms with F1 = 0.2–0.6. The probabilistic approach also captured expected variability in KC shape and amplitude within individuals and across age groups.

Conclusions
An automated probabilistic KC classification is well suited and effective for systematic KC detection for a more in-depth exploration of potential relationships between KCs during sleep and clinical outcomes such as health impacts and daytime symptomatology.
The effect of lactose and a prototype Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product on digestibility, nitrogen balance, and intestinal function of weaned pigs1
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Gabler Nicholas K , Patience John F 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of lactose (LA) and a prototype Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (FP) on growth performance, diet digestibility, nitrogen (N) balance, and intestinal function of weaned pigs. Twenty-eight newly weaned pigs [approximately 21 d of age; initial body weight (BW) = 5.20 ± 0.15 kg] were housed in metabolism crates and assigned to one of four treatments (n = seven pigs per treatment) corresponding to a 2 × 2 factorial design: with (LA+; 15% inclusion) or without (LA−) LA and with (FP+) or without (FP−) the prototype FP (1 g of FP per kilogram of diet; Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. At day 5, pigs were orally given lactulose and mannitol to assess small intestinal permeability. Fecal samples were collected on days 5–9 to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N. Total urine output and fecal samples were collected on days 10–13 to determine N retention. On day 15, all pigs were euthanized to collect intestinal lumen and tissue samples. Data were analyzed for the main effects of LA and FP and their interaction using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Lactose improved average daily feed intake (ADFI; P = 0.017), the ATTD of DM (P = 0.014), the ATTD of GE (P = 0.028), and N retention (P = 0.043) and tended to increase the butyric acid concentration in the colon (P = 0.062). The FP tended to increase the digestibility of N (P = 0.090). Neither LA nor the FP affected intestinal barrier function or inflammation markers. The interaction between LA and FP affected intestinal morphology: in the jejunum, pigs fed LA+FP− had increased villus height compared with those fed LA+FP+ and LA−FP−, whereas LA+FP+ was intermediate (interaction P = 0.034). At the terminal ileum, pigs fed LA−FP+ and LA+FP− had increased villus height and villus: crypt compared with those fed LA−FP−, whereas LA+FP+ was intermediate (interaction P = 0.007 and P = 0.007, respectively). In conclusion, the addition of LA brings important nutritional attributes to nursery diets by improving feed intake, digestibility of DM and GE, and the N retention of weaned pigs; however, the functional capacity of LA to improve markers of intestinal function is limited. On the other hand, the FP showed only a mild increase in the digestibility of N but a limited capacity to improve markers of intestinal function.
Immunogenic Modulation of Prostate Cancer to Enhance IL‐27 Immunotherapy Efficacy
Authors: Kumar Shreya , Figueiredo Marxa 
Published: April 2020

One of the most common metastatic sites for advanced prostate cancer is bone tissue. Treatment options for bone‐metastatic prostate cancer are currently limited, with immunogenic modulation (IMO) emerging as a possible therapeutic option. IMO involves modulation of cancer cell phenotype by sub‐lethal doses of chemotherapy, making them more susceptible to an immune attack. Such modulation can improve the efficacy of immunotherapeutic agents such as interleukin‐27 (IL‐27). By utilizing the immune system to eliminate tumors, one can effectively reduce chemotherapy toxicity and the associated side‐effects. Moreover, an IMO approach may enable one to treat tumors unresponsive or resistant to chemotherapy. Our main goals for this project are to investigate if prostate cancer cells respond to sub‐lethal doses of chemotherapy drugs through IMO and if IL‐27 immunotherapy can enhance tumor cell killing following IMO. To achieve these goals, we developed a functional assay utilizing immune‐killing in vitro with human prostate cancer cell lines following exposure to varying sub‐lethal concentrations of chemotherapeutics (docetaxel and cabozantinib). Prostate cancer cells co‐cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and IL‐27 were imaged for 72 h using an Incucyte live‐cell analysis system. A caspase 3/7 green apoptosis reagent was used to quantify apoptosis over time. Immune‐killing is currently being investigated for two human prostate cancer cell lines – PC3 (human prostate cancer adenocarcinoma) and C4‐2B (derivative of human prostatic carcinoma LNCaP). Studies in vivo to profile tumor‐infiltrating immune effectors will help characterize the associated immune response and examine whether chemotherapy and immunotherapy (IL‐27) administered via gene delivery methods can act in synergy to enhance the anti‐tumor immune response while promoting bone repair. We anticipate that such combinational therapy will open new avenues for treating bone‐metastatic prostate cancer while reducing chemotherapy‐associated toxicity and promoting healthy musculoskeletal tissue repair.Support or Funding InformationR01CA196947
Revisitation of the Work of A Forgotten Comparative Physiologist, Homer W. Smith
Authors: Slivkoff Mark David 
Published: April 2020

The death of renowned renal physiologist Homer William Smith in 1962 brought an end to what some have called the “Smithian Era of renal physiology.” Although Dr. Smith’s contributions to renal physiology have been acknowledged most recently in a 2015 article in Physiology Reviews, there has been very little written over the past 50+ years about his extraordinary life. Dr. Smith spent most of his career at the New York University College of Medicine and therefore focused much of his academic energy on human health and disease, but as any reader of his various books knows, Dr. Smith’s research interests involved far more than mammals, and were filled with adventure. That he lucidly communicated his deep knowledge and appreciation of geography, geology, evolution, and physiology brings great meaning not only to his work, but to the discipline of physiology. The purpose of this presentation is to revisit his extraordinary career with an emphasis on his contributions to comparative physiology, as documented through his various research articles and in his most celebrated book, From Fish to Philosopher. His other more philosophical works, including Kamongo and Man and His Gods, will also be discussed. Many physiologists today, similar to Dr. Smith, are tasked with teaching physiology to medical students who lack both the time and interest in learning the evolutionary history of the system under study. Consequently, professors—even those with academic roots in comparative physiology (present author included)—are apt to not enrich their physiology sessions with discussion about how animals other than Homo sapiens “work”, let alone any discussion of who made this knowledge available. There are rich histories to explore to help put the “biology” back into medical physiology. As printed books are disappearing from our medical school libraries, the time is ripe to dig a bit deeper and resurrect the contributions of great biologist storytellers like Homer W. Smith, leading to an enrichment of our students’ learning experiences.Support or Funding InformationNone