bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-13 Finishing non-castrated male and female pigs have different response to the lysine to energy ratio
Authors: Aymerich Pau , Soldevila Carme , Bonet Jordi , Gasa Josep , Coma Jaume , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the differential effect of the lysine to energy ratio on boars and gilts in the finishing phase. The effect of the standardized ileal digestible Lysine (SID Lys) to net energy (NE) ratio was analyzed in a dose-response study with 780 crossbred finishing pigs (Pietrain x (Landrace x Large White)) with an initial weight of 69.6±8.7 kg. Pigs were distributed in pens of 13 pigs, used as the experimental unit. Each pen was randomly assigned by BW and block to one of the SID Lys:NE levels (2.64, 3.05, 3.46, 3.86 and 4.27 g SID Lys/Mcal NE), with 6 replicates per dietary treatment and sex. Diets were isoenergetic (2,460 kcal NE/kg) and fed for 41 days. Individual carcass composition was measured at the end of the experiment. Statistical analysis to determine the effect of SID Lys:NE consisted on linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts. In addition, broken-line linear (BLL) models were fit when possible. Increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio had a linear (p&lt; 0.001) and quadratic (p=0.020) effect on boars ADG. However, it did not have neither a linear nor quadratic effect on gilts ADG. Regarding FCR, increasing the SID Lys:NE ratio linearly decreased (p&lt; 0.001) and showed a quadratic tendency in boars (p=0.055). For gilts only a linear decrease was reported (p=0.001). In addition, carcass leanness increased linearly on boars (p&lt; 0.001) but not in gilts (p=0.097). Based on BLL modelling, growth of boars was maximized at 3.13 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [2.84, 3.43]) and FCR minimized at 3.95 g SID Lys/Mcal NE (95% CI: [3.46, 4.44]). The results of this experiment confirmed a differential response of boars and gilts to the lysine to energy ratio.
PSVIII-6 Effect of Pellet Die Thickness and Conditioning Temperature During the Pelleting Process on Phytase Stability
Authors: Truelock Courtney N , Ward Nelson E , Wilson Jonathan W , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of pellet die thickness and conditioning temperature on microbial phytase stability. Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial of die thickness (5.6 and 8.0 length:diameter [L:D]) and conditioning temperature (74, 79, and 85°C). Phytase was added to a corn-soybean meal-based diet. The diet was steam conditioned (245 × 1397 mm Wenger twin staff pre-conditioner, Model 150) and pelleted (CPM Model 1012-2) with a 4 × 22.2 mm (5.6 L:D) or 4 × 31.8 mm (8.0 L:D) pellet die. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 s and production rate was set at 15 kg/min. All treatments were replicated over 3 days. Conditioned mash and pellet samples were collected and immediately placed in an experimental counter-flow cooler for 15 min. Samples were analyzed for phytase activity and pellet durability index (PDI). Conditioning temperature, hot pellet temperature (HPT), and production rate were recorded throughout each processing run. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS (v. 9.4), with pelleting run as the experimental unit and day as the blocking factor. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.14) for any die thickness × conditioning temperature interactions. Pelleting with the 8.0 L:D die increased (P &lt; 0.01) HPT (83.2 and 84.2°C) and PDI (81.9 and 89.7%). Increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85°C increased (linear, P&lt; 0.03) HPT (80.1, 83.6, and 87.5°C , respectively) and PDI (84.3, 84.9, and 88.2%, respectively) and decreased (linear, P&lt; 0.01) phytase stability from 97.1 to 35.8% in conditioned mash and from 60.8 to 25.9% in cooled pellets. There was no difference (P &gt;0.72) in stability due to die thickness. Results of this experiment demonstrated phytase stability decreased linearly as temperature rose above 74°C. Although the thicker pellet die increased HPT and PDI, the rise in HPT was not great enough to reduce phytase stability.
PSVIII-16 The effects of adding two organic acid blends with or without high levels of zinc or copper, on post-weaning pig performance
Authors: Bradley Casey L , Bergstrom Jon , Nemechek Jeremiah , Hahn J D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid Pak 1 (AP1), Acid Pak 2 (AP2)] to diets with or without higher levels of Zn or Cu [factor 2 = +/-PZC] on pig performance. Pigs were allotted 10 pigs/pen to 12 weight blocks and randomly assigned the six dietary treatments. The +PZC diets contained 3000 ppm Zn (d 0-7), 2000 ppm Zn (d 8-21), and 250 ppm Cu (d 21-42) and -PZC diets contained 95 ppm Zn and 20 ppm Cu (d 0-42). The AP1 and AP2 diets used 0.9% of 2 acid premixes (d 0-21), and 0.45% of the premixes (day 22-42). AP1 provided 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.07% sodium butyrate, and 0.025% phosphoric acid (day 0-21) and half those levels (day 22-42). AP2 included the same acids as AP1 but at half the rate and combined with 7 other organic acids and carvacrol. From d 0-21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were improved (P&lt; 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P&lt; 0.02). Overall (d 0-42), ADG and G:F were improved (P&lt; 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P&lt; .010). Data from this trial indicate that performance was improved by the addition of both OA and PZC. However, pigs fed OA and -PZC performed similarly to those fed NO and +PZC in the post-weaning period. In summary, regardless of the acid combination, organic acid supplementation has the potential to improve growth performance in weaned pigs.
PSVII-18 Fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle from Angus and Wagyu sired cattle at the 6th and 12th rib location
Authors: Jaborek Jerad , Fluharty Francis L , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The fatty acid (FA) composition of the longissimus muscle (LM) of Angus and Wagyu sired cattle raised to a similar body weight (612 kg) were compared at the 6th and 12th rib locations. Angus sired steers represented T1, cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for growth represented T2, and cattle from a Wagyu sire selected for marbling represented T3. Data were analyzed mixed model with repeated measurements on animal (LM location); the model include the fixed effect of treatment, LM location, and their interaction, and random effect of sex. The percentage of 16:0, 18:1cis9, 18:3, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA) exhibited a treatment*LM location interaction (P ≤ 0.7), where T2 cattle had a greater percentage of 16:0 and a lesser percentage of 18:1cis9, 18:3, and MUFA at the 12th rib vs. 6th rib location compared with T1 and T3 cattle. The percentage of total FA lipid, polyunsaturated FA(PUFA), and PUFA:SFA ratio in the LM were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 and T2 cattle. The percentage of 18:0 was greater (P ≤ 0.01) for T1 cattle compared with T2 and T3 cattle, while T1 cattle had a greater (P ≤ 0.01) percentage of saturated FA (SFA) compared to T3 cattle. The percentage of 18:1cis9, other 18:1cis isomers, 18:2, MUFA, and MUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) for T3 cattle compared with T1 cattle, with T2 cattle being intermediate. The percentage of total FA lipid, 18:0, 18:1 trans isomers, and SFA were greater (P ≤ 0.01) at the 6th rib LM location, while 14:1, 18:cis9, other 18:1 cis isomers, MUFA, MUFA:SFA, and PUFA:SFA ratio were greater (P ≤ 0.02) at the 12th rib LM location
PSVII-19 Fatty acid profiles in subcutaneous adipose and the mammary fat pad of Holstein calves receiving different estradiol treatments
Authors: Miquilini Marina , Hardy Nicole R , Enger Kellie , Dieter Phyllis , Relling Alejandro E , Enger Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Estradiol administration increases mammary parenchyma growth and can increase the mass of the mammary fat pad (MFP) in calves. Estradiol can affect fatty acid metabolism, but it is unknown how estradiol affects the fatty acid profile of the MFP and if these effects are consistent across adipose stores. The objective of this investigation was to determine if fatty acid profiles were affected by estradiol administration and if this response is adipose tissue type specific. Holstein heifer calves were reared on a common diet and administered 12 daily injections prior to euthanasia at 82 days of age. Injections were either daily injections of corn oil (n = 4; CON), 9 injections of corn oil followed by 3 injections of estradiol (n = 4; SHORT), or 12 injections of estradiol (n = 4; LONG). Fatty acids were extracted from MFP and subcutaneous adipose tissues samples and analyzed using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using a mixed model considering the effect of treatment, adipose tissue depot, their interaction, and the random effect of animal. Only significant treatment effects and treatment-adipose type interactions are presented here (Table 1). Estradiol administration (SHORT and LONG) increased total C18:1 fatty acids (P = 0.05), and tended to increase non-C18:2 t10 c12 CLAs, C18:3, and total omega-3 fatty acids (P ≤ 0.1) in the MFP and subcutaneous adipose tissues relative to CON. There was a treatment by tissue interaction for C18:1 trans-10 (P = 0.01), and a tendency for C18:1 trans-11 and C18:2 trans-10 cis-12 (P ≤ 0.1) indicating that estradiol’s effects on fatty acids are tissue specific. Together, these results indicate that the MFP responds differently to estradiol than subcutaneous adipose tissues and that these alterations are associated with different periods of induced mammary growth via estradiol.
PSVII-14 Effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors, and supplemental milk on piglet pre-weaning growth and survival
Authors: Clemons Courtney Moore , Flowers William 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors and an oral gavage of milk replacer on pre-weaning growth and survival of piglets. Sixty-one sows were monitored during farrowing and length, timing, order and other birth characteristics were recorded for 789 piglets. Nursing behaviors and body weights were obtained on days 1, 8, 15, and 21 of lactation. Pairs of piglets (n=205) nursing the same teats were selected and one was given 1 mL milk replacer at 24 hours postpartum while the other was the control. Birth weight (p&lt; 0.0001) and teat location nursed (p&lt; 0.0001) were significant sources of variation for both growth and survival. Both decreased (p&lt; 0.05) as nursing location became more posterior. Piglets nursing the first pair of teats had the highest gain (5.43 + 0.13 kg) and survival (86.2%) while those nursing the seventh pair (3.82 + 0.18 kg and 67.1%) had the lowest. The largest piglets at birth (1.88 + 0.01 kg, n=204) had better (p&lt; 0.05) growth (5.38 + 0.10 vs. 4.09 + 1.0 kg) and survival (91.1 vs 70.5%) compared with the smallest pigs (1.08 + 0.1 kg, n=207). Milk replacer did not influence piglet growth (p=0.84) but improved survival (84.9 vs 79.3%; p=0.04). Birth order (p &gt;0.21), farrowing length (p &gt;0.42) and birth interval (p &gt;0.38) did not affect growth or survival. These results indicate that teat location and birth weight have significant effects on pre-weaning growth and survival while the duration, timing and order of piglet births do not and that an oral gavage of milk has potential for improving pre-weaning survival.
PSVII-20 Heat stress alters reproductive phenotypic impacts of Zearalenone in pre-pubertal gilts
Authors: Roach Crystal M , Mayorga Edith J , Ross Jason W , Baumgard Lance H , Keating Aileen F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by strains of Fusarium and is often inadvertently consumed via feed contamination. Heat stress (HS) occurs when heat accumulation exceeds heat dissipation resulting in increased body temperature. Independently, HS and ZEA cause swine reproductive dysfunction such as delayed puberty onset, altered circulating steroid hormones and irregular estrous cycles. During HS, gilts become hyperinsulinemic and insulin regulates hepatic and ovarian chemical metabolism. We hypothesized that during HS, ZEA-induced alterations to reproductive parameters are heightened such that HS is additive to ZEA-induced reproductive toxicity. Prepubertal crossbred gilts (n = 38) were randomly assigned to six treatment groups: thermal neutral (TN) ad libitum fed controls (TNCT; n = 6); TN + ZEA (2 ppm; TNZ; n = 6); pair-fed (PF) control (PFCT; n = 6); PF + ZEA (2 ppm; PFZ; n = 6); cyclical HS control (HSCT; n = 7); and HS + ZEA (2 ppm; HSZ; n = 7) for 7 d. Ovarian and uterine weights (g) were measured, and nipple and vulva diameters (l × w; mm2) were assessed by digital calipers. Ovarian weight was decreased (P = 0.04) in the PFZ relative to PFCT, but ZEA did not affect ovarian weight in the other groups (P &gt; 0.73). There was no impact of ZEA exposure on uterine weight (P &gt; 0.22) or nipple diameter (P &gt; 0.51) in any treatment groups, respectively. There was no effect of ZEA on vulva size in either of the TN groups; however, vulva diameter increased (P = 0.04) in the HSZ relative to HSCT. These data suggest that HS exaggerates some ZEA-induced phenotypic effects in prepubertal gilts. This project was supported by the Iowa Pork Producers Association.
PSVI-21 Effect of preconditioning pre-shipment and injectable antioxidant trace elements and vitamins on growth, antioxidant status, and plasma metabolites and insulin concentration in weaned beef cattle
Authors: Lizarraga Raul M , Galarza Esteban , Mattioli Guillermo , Parker Anthony J , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weaning preconditioning and parenteral supplementation of minerals and vitamin on growth and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS), glucose, NEFA, and insulin concentrations, in calves at feedlot arrival. Sixty male Angus-cross calves were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (n=15/treatment). Treatments were arranged in a 2x2 factorial design; the main factors were mineral and vitamins supplementation (supplementation (S) vs no supplementation (NS)), and preconditioning (preconditioning (P) vs. not (NP)). Supplementation was applied subcutaneously on d -45, -26 and 0 and provided Cu, Mn, Se, Zn, and vitamins A and E (Adaptador Min-Vit ®, Biogénesis Bagó). Preconditioning consisted in a 26-day period between weaning and transportation at feedlot (d0) with the animals remaining in the same location. Blood samples were collected on d -26, 0 and 15. Animals were weighted on d-45, -26, 0, 8, 15 and 29. On d0 calves were load into a truck and drove for 5-hours to the feedlot. Data were analyzed using a mixed model as a 2x2 factorial, using repeated measurements. Body weight was greater on d 0, 8 15 and 29 group on groups NP, followed by S-P, and the lowest for NS-P (Triple interaction P &lt; 0.01). Treatment did not affect (P ˃ 0.1) plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. There was a triple interaction (P &lt; 0.08) for plasma TAS and NEFA concentration. Plasma TAS concentration was grater due to a decrease in its concentration for the S-P and NS-NP from d0 to d8, but not in the other treatments. Plasma NEFA concentration had the greater increase in the NP groups followed by S-NP on d0. In conclusion, 26-days precondition weaning decrease body weight compare with a traditional weaning. Mineral and vitamin supplementation in precondition weaning partially reduced that effect
PSVIII-22 Utilization of NUtrack to assess sire influence on pig activity and activity effects on weight
Authors: Ostrand Lexi , See Garrett , Trenhaile-Grannemann Melanie D , Schmidt Ty , Psota Eric , Rohrer Gary , Mote Benny E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Structural conformation and behavior are integral components in sows remaining productive in the herd. This initial investigation studied the impact of activity data on weight and the impact of sires on overall activity of group housed replacement gilts. Beginning at 19 wk of age, video recorded data of approximately 75 gilts/wk for a total of 230 gilts over 3 wk was collected for 7 consecutive d using the NUtrack system, which tracks distance travelled (m), time standing (s), eating (s), and laying (s), and angle rotated (degrees). Any d that logged for less than 24 hr were dropped from analysis. Data were analyzed using mixed models (SAS V 9.4) including random effects of dam, barn, pen, and on-test date, and fixed effects including total laying time, angle rotated, distance travelled, time standing, and sire. For 20 wk wt, the mixed model included distance, laying, angle, and standing. Sire had an effect on distance traveled (P &lt; 0.05). The following traits also had an effect on distance: angle (P &lt; 0.01), laying (P &lt; 0.001), standing (P &lt; 0.001), sitting (P &lt; 0.01), and eating (P &lt; 0.01). Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation between wt and laying (0.26), and negative correlations between wt and distance (-0.34), standing (-0.28) and angle (-0.42). The regression of distance on 20 wk wt yielded a regression coefficient of -0.027 (P &lt; 0.05) m/d per lb and the model explained 11.85% of the variation in 20 wk wt. NUtrack can be utilized to track activities and distance travelled of swine in group pens. Given the results presented herein, continued investigation into the heritability of these activity traits and their association with sow longevity is warranted.
PSVIII-19 Evaluation of Cooling Pads on Late Lactating Sows
Authors: Shirley Larissa , Burgett Morgan , Field Tyler , Schinckel Allan P , Stewart Kara R , Garcia Ricardo M , Johnson Jay S , Stwalley Robert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An electronically controlled cooling pad has been developed to remove excess heat from sows using water cooled by flowing through underground pipes. This study was designed to evaluate different water flush rates on physiological measures of heat stress on day 16 to 21 of lactation. Twelve sows were randomly assigned to 3 treatments (control (CN), flush 2.0 L over 30 sec every 2.5 minutes (F2.5), or flush every 5 minutes (F5)) in a Latin square design. Feed intake (FI) was recorded daily at 0700 h. Temperatures were gradually increased from 22°C at 0800 h to 32°C by 0930 h. Then 32°C was maintained until 1500 h, when cooling of the room began. After 1800 h, the cooling pads were flushed every 9 minutes. Rectal temperature (RTemp), skin temperature (STemp), and respiration rates (RR) were measured at 0700, 0730, 0900, 1200, 1500, and 1800 h daily, with thermal imaging (IR) being taken at 1200 and 1500 h. The effects of flush rate (amount of water flushed) on STemp were linear (P=0.023), with means of 35.9, 35.0, and 35.9°C for the CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments. Pad flush rate effects of RTemp were linear (P&lt; 0.001) and were greater in CN sows compared to F2.5 and F5 (39.3°, 38.8°, and 38.9°C), P&lt; 0.0001). RR was affected by treatment (60 vs 42 and 50 breaths/min, P&lt; 0.005 for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Treatment by time interactions were significant for RR (P=0.0003) and RTemp (P=&lt; 0.0001), with the greatest differences at 1200 and 1500 times (RR = 89, 48, & 65; and RTemp 39.9, 39.0, & 39.2°C for CN, F2.5, and F5.0 treatments). Skin temps measured by thermal imaging were not different among treatments (P=0.38) nor DFI (P=0.41). Cooling pad use with a flush rate of 2.0 L/2.5 min reduced body temperature to euthermia without increasing RR most effectively. This has implications toward reducing energy expenditure for thermoregulatory processes, which can increase nutrient availability for lactation during HS.
PSI-12 Performance and carcass measurements by rabbits offered diets with and without a phytogenic feed additive
Authors: Wilbers Kimberly , Shanks Bruce C , Caldwell James D , Koppen Megan , Adams Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaning stress and other environmental conditions can impact growing rabbit performance and carcass measurements. Therefore, investigating a feed ingredient that may mitigate these effects is important. The objective of this study was to determine if the addition of a phytogenic feed additive would improve performance and carcass measurements of growing rabbits. On October 22nd, 2018, a total of 16 (1.01 ± 0.02 kg BW) New Zealand White male rabbits were weaned and stratified by BW and allocated randomly to 1 of 2 groups representing 2 treatments: 1) Control (C; no phytogenic; n = 8) and 2) 454 g/ton phytogenic feed additive (PHYTO; n = 8). During the 42-d study, rabbits were housed in individual cages and offered a 18% CP and 2% fat commercial grower diet. All rabbits had ad libitum access to feed and water. Rabbits were weighed at the start of the study and weekly thereafter until the end of the feeding period when they were transported to a local abattoir, harvested, and carcass measurements recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Start weight, weekly BW, end BW, weekly gain, total gain, weekly intake, total intake, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.11) between treatments. Carcass shrink percentage was greater (P = 0.003) from PHYTO compared with C. Whereas, HCW and dressing percentage were greater (P &lt; 0.05) from C compared with PHYTO. Loin width did not differ (P = 0.89) between treatments. Ultimate pH was lower (P = 0.02) from PHYTO compared with C. Therefore, offering this specific phytogenic to weaned rabbits may not improve performance, but may impact certain carcass measurements. Further research is warranted to explore phytogenic impacts on carcass acceptability.
PSI-13 The effect of Advanced Digestive Enhancing Protein Plus Technology on growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs
Authors: McInerney Clare , Nelson Kathryn , Close Baylee , Talukder Jamil , Jang Young Dal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ADEPPTTM on growth performance and fecal score in weaning pigs. At weaning, a total of 54 pigs, 7.47 ± 0.79 kg of initial body weight (BW), were assigned to 3 treatments in 3 replicates with 6 pigs per pen based on sex, breed, and BW for a 28-d feeding trial. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% of ADEPPTTM (Proprietary product of Vets Plus, Inc., Menomonie, WI) in 2 phases (d 0-14 and d 15-28 postweaning, respectively). In the first week (d 3-5 postweaning) of the trial, a diarrhea pig was removed from each pen when diarrhea was observed, housed in the separate pens within treatment (n=3 pigs per treatment) and then treated with a 100-ml solution of electrolytes and ADEPPTTM by drenching for 3 days. Growth performance and fecal score (1=normal to 4=watery diarrhea) were measured. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using GLM procedure of SAS for linear and quadratic effects of increasing ADEPPTTM levels. There were no significant differences in BW, ADG, and ADFI throughout the entire period whereas a quadratic trend was observed in G:F for overall period with increasing ADEPPTTM levels (P&lt; 0.10; 0.583, 0.621, and 0.586 for 0.0, 0.5, and 1.0% of ADEPPTTM levels, respectively) with the greatest value in the 0.5% ADEPPTTM treatment. Fecal score tended to decrease linearly with increasing ADEPPTTM levels during d 0-7 postweaning (P=0.11; 1.88, 1.81, and 1.57, respectively). There was no significant difference on fecal score of diarrhea pigs while ADG tended to increase linearly in d 21-28 postweaning (P=0.08; 533.6, 700.2, and 853.9 g/d, respectively) with increasing ADEPPTTM levels. This result indicated that ADEPPTTM could have a potential to enhance growth performance of weaning pigs at 0.5% level and might be effective on postweaning diarrhea pigs.