bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal dynamics in seismic exposure of Asian megacities: past, present and future
Authors: Mestav Sarica Gizem , Zhu Tinger , Pan Tso-Chien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The estimation of urban growth in megacities is a critical and intricate task for researchers and decision-makers owing to the complexity of these urban systems. Currently, the majority of megacities are located in Asia which is one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. The high concentrations of people, infrastructure and assets in megacities create high loss potentials for natural hazards; therefore, the forecasting of exposure metrics such as built-up area is crucial for disaster risk assessment. This study aims to identify and project the dynamics of built-up area at risk using a spatio-temporal approach considering seismic hazard in three Asian megacities, namely Jakarta, Metro Manila and Istanbul. First, Landsat Thematic Mapper images were processed to obtain the built-up areas of 1995 and 2016 for Metro Manila, and of 1995 and 2018 for Jakarta and Istanbul. The SLEUTH urban growth model, a cellular automaton (CA)-based spatial model that simulates urban growth using historical geospatial data, was then employed to predict the urban growth of these megacities by 2030. Finally, seismic hazard maps obtained for 10% and 2% probabilities of exceedance were overlaid with built-up area maps. For a seismic hazard of 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years, the total urban area subjected to Modified Mercalli intensities (MMI) VIII and IX has increased nearly 65% over 35 years in Metro Manila. For Jakarta and Istanbul, the total urban area at the MMI VIII level has increased nearly 79% and 54% over 35 years, respectively. For a seismic hazard of 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years, the total urban area subjected to MMI IX has increased nearly 75%, 65% and 49% over 35 years in Jakarta, Metro Manila and Istanbul, respectively. The results show that urban growth modelling can be utilized to assess the built-up area exposed to high risk as well as to plan urban growth considering natural hazards in megacities.
Electronic and geometric stability of double titanium-doped silicon clusters
Authors: Zhang Bingwen , Wang Jun , Hu Ziyang , Ning Aifeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We performed the genetic algorithm (GA) incorporated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the atomic and electronic properties of a series of Ti2Si
n
(n = 3 = –24) clusters. Comprehensive consideration on the formation energy, the second difference in cluster energy and the addition energy of Si to a Ti2Si
n−1 cluster as well as the HOMO-LUMO gap, our results show that Ti2Si4 cluster is the most stable one in the series of clusters, followed by the Ti2Si13, Ti2Si21,Ti2Si15 and Ti2Si7 clusters, which can be understood by the combination of symmetry and electron shell filling rule. The silicon cage could be obviously enhanced by doping double Ti atoms making them promising nanoscale materials.
VIDHOP, viral host prediction with deep learning
Authors: Mock Florian , Viehweger Adrian , Barth Emanuel , Marz Manja 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Motivation
Zoonosis, the natural transmission of infections from animals to humans, is a far-reaching global problem. The recent outbreaks of Zikavirus, Ebolavirus and Coronavirus are examples of viral zoonosis, which occur more frequently due to globalization. In case of a virus outbreak, it is helpful to know which host organism was the original carrier of the virus to prevent further spreading of viral infection. Recent approaches aim to predict a viral host based on the viral genome, often in combination with the potential host genome and arbitrarily selected features. These methods are limited in the number of different hosts they can predict or the accuracy of the prediction.

Results
Here, we present a fast and accurate deep learning approach for viral host prediction, which is based on the viral genome sequence only. We tested our deep neural network (DNN) on three different virus species (influenza A virus, rabies lyssavirus and rotavirus A). We achieved for each virus species an AUC between 0.93 and 0.98, allowing highly accurate predictions while using only fractions (100–400 bp) of the viral genome sequences. We show that deep neural networks are suitable to predict the host of a virus, even with a limited amount of sequences and highly unbalanced available data. The trained DNNs are the core of our virus–host prediction tool VIrus Deep learning HOst Prediction (VIDHOP). VIDHOP also allows the user to train and use models for other viruses.

Availability and implementation
VIDHOP is freely available under https://github.com/flomock/vidhop.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Conjunctival Scarring, Corneal Pannus, and Herbert’s Pits in Adolescent Children in Trachoma-endemic Populations of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu
Authors: Butcher Robert , Tagabasoe Junely , Manemaka Joseph , Bong Annie , Garae Mackline , Daniel Lui , Roberts Chrissy , Handley Becca L , Hu Victor H , Harding-Esch Emma M , Bakhtiari Ana , Willis Rebecca , Müller Andreas , Kaldor John , Le Mesurier Richard , Mabey David , Cama Anasaini , Sokana Oliver , Taleo Fasihah , Taylor Hugh R , Solomon Anthony W 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
In the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, the sign trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) is common, but ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis is not. It is therefore debatable whether azithromycin mass drug administration (MDA), the recommended antibiotic treatment strategy for trachoma’s elimination as a public health problem, is necessary in this setting. We set out to estimate what proportion of adolescents were at risk of progression of trachomatous scarring.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken of all children aged 10–14 years resident in communities identified as high-TF clusters during previous population-based mapping. Graders examined children for clinical evidence of trachomatous scarring, pannus, and Herbert’s pits (HPs) or limbal follicles in both eyes. A dried blood spot was collected from each child and tested for antibodies to C. trachomatis.

Results
A total of 492 children in 24 villages of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu were examined. In total, 35/492 (7%) of children had limbal signs (pannus and/or HPs) plus any conjunctival scarring. And 9/492 (2%) had limbal signs and moderate or severe conjunctival scarring; 22% of children were anti-Pgp3 seropositive.

Conclusions
Few adolescents here are at risk of future complications from trachoma, supporting the conclusion that further antibiotic MDA is not currently required for trachoma elimination purposes in these settings.
‘Me and Not-Me’: Folk Songs, Narrative Perspectives, and The Gender Imaginary in Angela Carter’s Shadow Dance
Authors: Paulusma Polly 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It is a little-known fact that Angela Carter was a traditional folk singer during the 1960s, that she played the English concertina, and that she co-founded a folk club in Bristol with her first husband, Paul Carter. A newly unearthed private archive of her folk song notes from the decade, which includes her musical notations and a recording of her singing, allows us to develop new understandings of her folk praxis and, when laid alongside her private journal entries, the folk album sleeve notes she penned, her undergraduate dissertation, and other unpublished papers, a whole host of possible new readings of her literary work emerges. This essay explores just one: gender fluidity in folk song performance and its impact upon Carter’s interpretations of gender identity in her debut novel, Shadow Dance. I will suggest that Carter learned gender ambiguity from her folk singing, and that her experience of singing afforded her freedoms to explore versions of sexual performance and gendered selfhood through male characters. More broadly, I will suggest that she buried musical folk song features into the structures of her writing to present her prose as a form of audial performance.
Is device-based total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour associated with psychological distress in Flemish workers?
Authors: De Cocker Katrien , Ketels Margo , Bennie Jason A , Clays Els 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
There is increasing interest in the association between psychological distress and time spent in sedentary behaviour (e.g. sitting), a highly prevalent behaviour in modern society. The limited evidence is mixed and mainly based on studies using self-reported sedentary time. Few studies have investigated device-based total sedentary time in its association with distress. None, however, have examined device-based domain-specific sedentary time in relation to psychological distress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether device-based total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour were associated with psychological distress.

Methods
Flemish employees (n = 401; 20–64 years; 42.6% male; 83.6% had a ‘physically active occupation’) of seven organizations in service and production sectors participated. Sedentary behaviour (exposure) was assessed by two Axivity AX3 accelerometers (one placed on the thigh and one placed between the shoulders) for two to four consecutive working days. Based on diary completion, domain-specific sedentary behaviour (leisure vs. work) was assessed. The 12-item General Health Questionnaire was used to assess psychological distress (outcome). Adjusted hierarchical multiple regression models were conducted to report on the associations between total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour and psychological distress.

Results
About 35% of the sample had high levels of distress and average total sedentary time was 7.2 h/day. Device-based total sedentary behaviour [B = −0.009, 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.087 to 0.068], leisure-time (B = 0.001, 95% CI, −0.017 to 0.018) and work-related (B = 0.004, 95% CI, −0.006 to 0.015) sedentary behaviour were not significantly associated with psychological distress.

Conclusion
This cross-sectional study examining the association between device-based total and domain-specific sedentary behaviour and psychological distress among employees showed a lack of significant findings.
Childhood Adversities, Midlife Health, and Elder Abuse Victimization: A Longitudinal Analysis Based on Cumulative Disadvantage Theory
Authors: Easton Scott D , Kong Jooyoung 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Elder abuse victimization is increasingly recognized as a pressing public health concern. However, few empirical studies have investigated whether early life course adversities and midlife sequelae heighten risks for abuse in late life. Guided by cumulative disadvantage theory, the current study examined whether compromised health in middle adulthood (physical, psychological, cognitive) mediates the association between child abuse and elder abuse.

Method
This secondary analysis was based on data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, a population-based, multi-wave dataset. We analyzed responses from 5,968 participants (mean age = 71 years; 54% female) on adapted versions of standardized measures: elder abuse victimization (outcome variable), childhood adversities (independent variable), and midlife health (physical health, depressive symptoms, cognitive functioning; mediator variables). Serial multiple mediation models were conducted, controlling for background characteristics.

Results
Rates for any elder abuse and child adversities were, respectively, 16.34% and 47.98%. Multivariate analyses supported the cumulative disadvantage hypothesis. Childhood adversities (0.11, p &lt; .001) and midlife health (physical, −0.10, p &lt; .05; depressive symptoms, 0.09, p &lt; .001; cognitive functioning, 0.02, p &lt; .05) had significant direct effects on elder abuse victimization. Childhood adversities also had an indirect effect on elder abuse through physical health (0.002, p &lt; .05) and depressive symptoms (0.01, p &lt; .001), both in serial.

Discussion
This innovative study advances our understanding mechanisms through which childhood trauma influences abuse in late life. Boosting health in middle adulthood could help prevent elder abuse. Other implications for clinical practice, treatment, and future research on elder abuse are discussed.
Changes in Health Care Access and Utilization for Low-SES Adults Aged 51–64 Years After Medicaid Expansion
Authors: Tipirneni Renuka , Levy Helen G , Langa Kenneth M , McCammon Ryan J , Zivin Kara , Luster Jamie , Karmakar Monita , Ayanian John Z 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Whether the Affordable Care Act (ACA) insurance expansions improved access to care and health for adults aged 51–64 years has not been closely examined. This study examined longitudinal changes in access, utilization, and health for low-socioeconomic status adults aged 51–64 years before and after the ACA Medicaid expansion.

Methods
Longitudinal difference-in-differences (DID) study before (2010–2014) and after (2016) Medicaid expansion, including N = 2,088 noninstitutionalized low-education adults aged 51–64 years (n = 633 in Medicaid expansion states, n = 1,455 in nonexpansion states) from the nationally representative biennial Health and Retirement Study. Outcomes included coverage (any, Medicaid, and private), access (usual source of care, difficulty finding a physician, foregone care, cost-related medication nonadherence, and out-of-pocket costs), utilization (outpatient visit and hospitalization), and health status.

Results
Low-education adults aged 51–64 years had increased rates of Medicaid coverage (+10.6 percentage points [pp] in expansion states, +3.2 pp in nonexpansion states, DID +7.4 pp, p = .001) and increased likelihood of hospitalizations (+9.2 pp in expansion states, −1.1 pp in nonexpansion states, DID +10.4 pp, p = .003) in Medicaid expansion compared with nonexpansion states after 2014. Those in expansion states also had a smaller increase in limitations in paid work/housework over time, compared to those in nonexpansion states (+3.6 pp in expansion states, +11.0 pp in nonexpansion states, DID −7.5 pp, p = .006). There were no other significant differences in access, utilization, or health trends between expansion and nonexpansion states.

Discussion
After Medicaid expansion, low-education status adults aged 51–64 years were more likely to be hospitalized, suggesting poor baseline access to chronic disease management and pent-up demand for hospital services.
“Making Sense of a Disease That Makes No Sense”: Understanding Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Among Caregivers and Providers Within Alaska Native Communities
Authors: Lewis Jordan P , Manson Spero M , Jernigan Valarie B , Noonan Carolyn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
With the rate of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) increasing among Alaska Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) people, the Alaska Native Health system is ill-prepared to meet the challenges associated with the growing population at risk of ADRD. The high cost of care, inadequate training of health care providers, and lack of supportive services for caregivers are especially concerning.

Research Design and Methods
Interviews were conducted with 22 AN caregivers for ANs with ADRD and 12 ANs and non-Native health care providers in communities across Alaska. Interviews lasted approximately 60 min and were transcribed verbatim. We employed directed content analysis to examine the major agreements and disagreements between the participants’ understandings of ADRD in each of the domains of Kleinman’s Explanatory Model of Illness.

Results
Caregivers and health care providers expressed concerns about the lack of understanding, resources, and awareness of ADRD among ANs in rural and urban communities. Both caregivers and providers recognized the need to obtain an early diagnosis, blend Western and traditional medicines, promote lifestyle and dietary changes, and foster training for caregivers. Health care providers acknowledged their limited exposure to AN understanding of ADRD and wish to receive culturally relevant training to better serve AN.

Discussion and Implications
As the older AN adult population grows, the need for culturally responsive training and support services will continue to increase. We recommend establishing rural outreach and support groups for caregivers, developing an understanding of how ANs view ADRD to train and educate health care providers, and implement screening early for memory loss during routine medical examinations.
Seismoacoustic analysis of underground explosions using the Rayleigh integral
Authors: Blom Philip , Iezzi Alex , Euler Garrett 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYA coupled seismoacoustic model is developed for the analysis of acoustic signals produced by underground explosive events with an aim to develop a means of improving estimated depth and yield for explosion monitoring. A ground spall model is used to predict surface motion characteristics produced by an underground explosion and the Rayleigh integral is applied to relate the surface motion to the acoustic signal some distance from surface ground zero. The low-frequency component of the ground motion associated with the prolonged free fall of lofted material during spall is found to dominate the acoustic signal propagating away from surface ground zero at shallow angles. The model is applied to observed ground motion and acoustic signals recorded during the Source Physics Experiment (SPE) with promising results. In addition to accurately predicting characteristics of the observed acoustic signals from several of the SPE events, the model provides a means of explaining the lack of signals observed during several events in the SPE due to the directionality of the higher frequency acoustic signals associated with the uplift and closure components as well as the lack of a spatially localized, longer duration dwell.
Human factors/ergonomics to support the design and testing of rapidly manufactured ventilators in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hignett Sue , Edmonds Janette , Herlihey Tracey , Pickup Laura , Bye Richard , Crumpton Emma , Sujan Mark , Ives Fran , Jenkins Daniel P , Newbery Miranda , Embrey David , Bowie Paul , Ramsden Chris , Rashid Noorzaman , Williamson Alastair , Bougeard Anne-Marie , MacNaughton Peter 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
This paper describes a rapid response project from the Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors (CIEHF) to support the design, development, usability testing and operation of new ventilators as part of the UK response during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method
A five-step approach was taken to (1) assess the COVID-19 situation and decide to formulate a response; (2) mobilise and coordinate Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) specialists; (3) ideate, with HFE specialists collaborating to identify, analyse the issues and opportunities, and develop strategies, plans and processes; (4) generate outputs and solutions; and (5) respond to the COVID-19 situation via targeted support and guidance.

Results
The response for the rapidly manufactured ventilator systems (RMVS) has been used to influence both strategy and practice to address concerns about changing safety standards and the detailed design procedure with RMVS manufacturers.

Conclusion
The documents are part of a wider collection of HFE advice which is available on the CIEHF COVID-19 website (https://covid19.ergonomics.org.uk/).
Three-dimensional culture of a pancreatic cancer cell line, SUIT-58, with air exposure can reflect the intrinsic features of the original tumor through electron microscopy
Authors: Takahashi Nobuyasu , Aoyama Fumiyo , Sawaguchi Akira 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMini-abstract: Application of a three-dimensional culture system with air exposure facilitates the formation of large cell spheres possessing cribriform glands and producing mucin in the collagen gel. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of microvilli and junctional complexes at the apical side of the cell.This study aimed to reproduce the characteristics of original adenocarcinoma tumors in vitro. The pancreatic cell line, SUIT-58, derived from a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma of metastatic pancreatic cancer was used. The cells have a sheet structure in conventional cell culture without forming glands or exhibiting mucin production in the lumen. First, the necessity of scaffolds to create an adenocarcinoma-like microenvironment for SUIT-58 pancreatic cancer cells was assessed. Compared with conventional culture plates, the use of type I collagen as a scaffold played an important role in the formation of densely congested microvilli, as observed through scanning electron microscopy. As gland formation is one of the features of adenocarcinoma, we also assessed gland formation. Use of a recently developed three-dimensional culture system with air exposure resulted in the formation of large cell spheres possessing cribriform glands, which released mucin into the lumen. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed the formation of microvilli in the lumen of the glands and junctional complex at the intercellular part, which were similar to those observed in xenografts. These findings indicate that an in vitro three-dimensional culture system with air exposure reflects the intrinsic features of the original tumor, suggesting that this culture system could be useful for preliminary research of certain cancers.
Modelling the broadest spectral band of the Crab nebula and constraining the ion acceleration efficiency
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Chen Yang , Huang Jing , Chen Ding 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Although it is widely accepted that the electromagnetic spectrum from radio to very high energy γ-rays of pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) originates from leptons, there is still an open question that protons (or more generally, ions) may exist in pulsar wind and are further accelerated in PWN. The broad-band spectrum of the prototype PWN Crab, extended recently by the detection of the Tibet ASγ and HAWC experiments above 100 TeV, may be helpful in constraining the acceleration efficiency of ions. Here, we model the broadest energy spectrum of Crab and find that the broad-band spectrum can be explained by the one-zone leptonic model in which the electrons/positrons produce the emission from radio to soft γ-rays via the synchrotron process, and simultaneously generate the GeV–TeV γ-rays through inverse Compton scattering including the synchrotron self-Compton process. In the framework of this leptonic model, the fraction of energy converted into the energetic protons is constrained to be below 0.5 (nt/10 cm−3)−1 per cent, where nt is the target gas density in the Crab. However, this fraction can be up to 7 (nt/10 cm−3)−1 per cent if only the γ-ray data are used.