bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Dominic 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Although the point of this book has been to develop a comparison between the Republic and the Nicomachean Ethics, at certain points I have also looked across to Aristotle’s Politics. In the conclusion, I extend my remit further by looking briefly at Plato’s Laws, which invites comparison on several themes relevant to this book. In the Laws, the idea of the legislator philosophizing with the citizens at large is a major theme. I give a review of some of the recent scholarship on the Laws to develop a comparison with the Republic on a principal question of this book: what sort of discourse is needed to persuade the many of the value of justice? I shall also argue that the Laws most probably influenced Aristotle’s approach to the use of moral argument in political contexts.
Enthusiasm
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnthusiasm seeks to contribute to a culturally and historically nuanced understanding of how emotions secure and ratify the truth of convictions. More than just pure affective intensity, enthusiasm is about something: a certainty, clarity, or truth. Neither as clearly negative as “fanaticism” nor as general as “passion,” “enthusiasm” specifically entails belief. For this reason, Enthusiasm takes its starting point in religion, the social arena in which the concept was first debated and to which the term still gestures. Empirically based in modern German Protestantism, where religious emotion is intensely cultivated but also subject to vigorous scrutiny, this book combines historical and ethnographic methods to show how enthusiasm has been negotiated and honed as a practice in Protestant denominations ranging from liberal to charismatic. The nexus of religion and emotion and how it relates to central concepts of modernity such as rationality, knowledge, interiority, and sincerity are key to understanding why moderns are so ambivalent about enthusiasm. Grounded in practice theory, Enthusiasm assumes that emotions are not an affective state we “have” but mind–body activations we “do,” having learned to perform them in culturally specific ways. This book shows that, when understood as an emotional practice, enthusiasm has different styles, inflected by historical traditions, social milieus, and knowledge (even ideologies) about emotions and how they work. Finally, Enthusiasm also provides insight into how this feeling works in secular humanism as well as in politics, and why it is so contested as a practice in any context.
Free to Follow the Feeling
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChapter 3 argues for the materiality of emotional practice, even when emotion is conceived of as immaterial or “immediate” experience. Emotions are especially important mediators of experience for Protestants because they can be conceived of as immaterial. Drawing on ethnographic studies of mainline and Charismatic church communities, this chapter shows that styles of enthusiastic practice (Enlightened, Romantic) make a difference as to what emotions are taken seriously. Emotions count as evidence in different ways for each: “depth” indicates for mainstream, liberal Protestants a real emotion, one that is in the immaterial part of the self, whereas for the Charismatics, “intensity” provides evidence, i.e. the material force of bodily movements and sensations counts as real. Their “belief” is framed as “knowledge”: they are certain. Rather appalled at this claim, the liberal Protestants engage in an emotional practice of doubt, which they view as essential to maintaining personal autonomy, even as they subscribe to conviction. Doubt is, however, also a material practice, dependent on a specific way of doing enthusiasm.
State-Sponsored Terror, 1934–37
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Clandestinely supported by Italian and Hungarian authorities, Balkan terrorists assassinated King Alexander I of Yugoslavia and French Foreign Minister Jean Louis Barthou on October 9, 1934, in Marseilles, France. The brazen political murders caused a diplomatic crisis and prompted the League of Nations Conference for the International Repression of Terrorism, which produced two treaties in 1937: the Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism and the Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court. The treaties defined terrorism in international law and included provisions to regulate arms trafficking and fraudulent passports. Only the British Government of India ratified the Terrorism treaty. Neither of the treaties had entered into force by the time of the September 1938 Munich Conference in which the Great Powers ceded the Czech Sudetenland to Adolph Hitler and placed the fate of peacetime Europe in the hands of the Führer.
The Economics of Government
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book deals with practical or real life aspects of public finance. It focuses on the growth in the activities of governments, in a world that expects more than in the past from governments. The book focuses on the growing complexity in both the work of the private market and that of the public sector. It stresses that part of the growing complexity is due to the more ambitious role that governments tried to play today, while part is due to choices made by governments, so that complexity may be partly avoidable. This was important in the different pursuit of social welfare by different countries. Complexity has increased opportunities for abuses, for rent seeking, and for mistakes in policies. It may also have increased the attraction of populist policies that claim to offer magical or easy solutions to problems. A major conclusion of the book is that the objective of simplicity in laws and in policies should be given more importance by both economists and governments.
Britain and International Law in West Africa
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Africa often remains neglected in studies that discuss the historical relationship between international law and imperialism during the nineteenth century. When it does feature, scholarly focus tends to be on the late nineteenth century and on the treaties concluded between European powers and African polities in which sovereignty and territory were ceded. Through a contextual historical analysis, Inge Van Hulle complicates this traditional narrative. By reviewing the use and creation of legal instruments that expanded or delineated the boundaries between British jurisdiction and African communities in West Africa, she highlights the practicality and flexibility of international legal discourse in imperial contexts. The chronological focus of the book is the period between the end of the eighteenth century and the 1880s which the author identifies as an important phase of legal experimentation which saw substantial deviations in the legal relationship between African polities and British imperial agents, not merely from traditional Euro-African normative patterns as they had existed during the Early Modern period, but also from inter-Western international law. By the 1880s the legal techniques that were fashioned in the language of international law in West Africa had largely developed their own substantive characteristics and which included apart from treaties of cession, also commercial treaties, the abolition of the slave trade, extraterritoriality and the use of force. During this period, legal ordering was not done in reference to adjudication before Western courts or the writings of Western learned lawyers, but in reference to what was deemed politically expedient and practically feasible by imperial agents for the preservation of social peace, commercial interaction and humanitarian agendas.
Designing Radicalism: The Popular Front, Modernist Aesthetics, and the Problem of Patronage
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to efforts to transform the material and visual cultures of consumer capitalism during the 1930s and early 1940s. One of the most important of these endeavors was the Design Laboratory, which opened in 1935 in New York City as the country’s first comprehensive school of modernist design. Initiated under the auspices of the Works Progress Administration’s Federal Art Project, the Laboratory attracted left-leaning faculty and students who disapproved of the streamlined style that typified much of the material culture of consumer capitalism at the time. In contrast, they developed a functionalist modernism that reflected their social-democratic ideals of utility, affordability, and sustainability. White-collar unions in New York as well as Consumers Union promoted this aesthetic of social consumerism as well. Public patronage for cultural initiatives like the Design Laboratory proved unreliable, however, especially as the federal government turned its attention from the Great Depression to the Second World War.
New York’s White-Collar Unions during Wartime and Reconversion
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 refocuses the narrative on the experiences of white-collar workers employed within New York’s culture industries between 1941 and 1947. As economic conditions improved rapidly with the mobilization for war, the chronic underemployment and precariousness of work during the Depression gave way to the tightest labor market of the twentieth century. Wartime conditions facilitated union organizing even as they restricted unionists’ range of permissible collective action, leading white-collar unionists to support the social consumerism of the Office of Price Administration. The resurgence of unionism occurred within the context of a seismic shift toward a more equal distribution of income and wealth in the United States, which only intensified the political polarization of white-collar workers. In addition, this chapter also highlights the continued vibrancy of Popular Front labor feminism during the 1940s and women’s profound influence on the surge in white-collar organizing.
Epilogue: New York’s Culture Industries in the Twilight of Fordism
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The book’s epilogue surveys how the economic dislocations of the 1970s and 1980s resulted in substantial long-term changes for both America’s culture of consumer capitalism and for those who labored in New York to produce it. Inflation and unemployment hobbled the economy, heralding a new age of rising inequality. This crisis in mass purchasing power coincided with the fracturing of the mass market for consumer goods that advertisers and the media had conjured into existence since the turn of the twentieth century. In addition, urban decline, financialization, and an increased hostility to unions by employers and the government added to the difficulties and challenges that culture workers in New York’s television, newspaper, advertising, and book publishing sectors encountered during this transitional phase in the history of consumer capitalism and the history of white-collar labor.
Does Use of Atoxigenic Biocontrol Products to Mitigate Aflatoxin in Maize Increase Fumonisin Content in Grains?
Authors: Ortega-Beltran Alejandro , Agbetiameh Daniel , Atehnkeng Joseph , Falade Titilayo D. O. , Bandyopadhyay Ranajit 
Published: November 2020

In the tropics and subtropics, maize (Zea mays) and other crops are frequently contaminated with aflatoxins by Aspergillus flavus. Treatment of crops with atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus formulated into biocontrol products can significantly reduce aflatoxin contamination. Treated crops contain up to 100% fewer aflatoxins compared with untreated crops. However, there is the notion that protecting crops from aflatoxin contamination may result in increased accumulation of other toxins, particularly fumonisins produced by a few Fusarium species. The objective of this study was to determine if treatment of maize with aflatoxin biocontrol products increased fumonisin concentration and fumonisin-producing fungi in grains. Over 200 maize samples from fields treated with atoxigenic biocontrol products in Nigeria and Ghana were examined for fumonisin content and contrasted with maize from untreated fields. Apart from low aflatoxin levels, most treated maize also harbored fumonisin levels considered safe by the European Union (<1 part per million; ppm). Most untreated maize also harbored equally low fumonisin levels but contained higher aflatoxin levels. In addition, during one year, we detected considerably lower Fusarium spp. densities in treated maize than in untreated maize. Our results do not support the hypothesis that treating crops with atoxigenic isolates of A. flavus used in biocontrol formulations results in higher grain fumonisin levels.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
The Impact of COVID-19 on Service Provision for Emergency Department Patients Post-Opioid Overdose: A Field Report
Authors: Collins Alexandra B. , Beaudoin Francesca L. , Samuels Elizabeth A. , Wightman Rachel , Baird Janette 
Published: November 2020

Background:
To minimize the spread of COVID-19, health and ancillary care providers altered service delivery patterns. These changes included an increase in reliance on telemedicine modalities, a reduction in services or hours of operation, and prohibiting guests and nonessential personnel from healthcare settings. We describe a rapid environmental assessment with senior emergency department (ED) practitioners in Rhode Island to understand how COVID-related procedural changes impact the provision of post-overdose care in ED.

Methods:
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 senior healthcare practitioners in EDs across Rhode Island from June to July 2020. Interviews were part of a larger, ongoing study examining the implementation and effectiveness of post-opioid overdose care in EDs and sought to understand how COVID-19 had impacted the provision of services for people who use drugs (PWUD).

Results:
COVID-related policy changes challenged the provision of services to PWUD in the ED, and extended challenges in connecting people with OUD to services in the community. Specifically, challenges included transitions to telehealth modalities, required COVID tests for treatment services, and gaps in community resources.

Conclusions:
This study underscores opportunities to improve the delivery of services amid overlapping public health crises for PWUD, including bolstering the use of telemedicine in EDs and across the care continuum.
Utility of biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: a narrative review
Authors: Mendoza Daniel A. , López Karen D. , Echeverri Raúl A. , Pastor Laura , Rueda Steven , Fernández Laura L. , Mantilla Daniela S. , Díaz María F. , Ramírez María C. , Barragán Diana C. , Rubiano Andrés M. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: With the evolution of diagnostic techniques in traumatic brain injury (TBI), the study of neurological injury has made progress based on the concepts of primary and secondary injury, leading to the era of proteomics to understand the complex molecular events involved in the process.
Objectives: This narrative review is intended to discuss the state of the art of the most frequently used biomarkers in TBI, their clinical utility, and the implications for therapeutic decisionmaking protocols.
Materials and methods: In order to fulfill the objective of this paper, a literature review was conducted of the most important databases.
Results: Several biomarkers have been studied as prognostic factors in patients with TBI. Learning about their sensitivity and specificity in neurological injury, and its post-trauma evolution over time, has been the goal of various papers in the past few years.
Conclusion: Breakthroughs in the study of protein degradation make it necessary to broaden the spectrumand knowledge of new diagnostic methods in TBI. Further studies are needed to define the role of biomarkers and to promote protocols integrating specific values.
Face-to-Face Versus Telephonic Extended Glasgow Outcome Score Testing After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Bossers Sebastiaan M. , van der Naalt Joukje , Jacobs Bram , Schwarte Lothar A. , Verheul Robert , Schober Patrick 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
The Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) is used for objective assessment of functional outcome in traumatic brain injury (TBI). In situations where face-to-face contact is not feasible, telephonic assessment of the GOS-E might be desirable. The aim of this study is to assess the level of agreement between face-to-face and telephonic assessment of the GOS-E.

Setting:
Multicenter study in 2 Dutch University Medical Centers. Inclusion was performed in the outpatient clinic (face-to-face assessment, by experienced neurologist), followed by assessment via telephone of the GOS-E after ±2 weeks (by trained researcher).

Participants:
Patients ±6 months after TBI.

Design:
Prospective validation study.

Main Measures:
Interrater agreement of the GOS-E was assessed with Cohen's weighted κ.

Results:
From May 2014 until March 2018, 50 patients were enrolled; 54% were male (mean age 49.1 years). Median time between trauma and in-person GOS-E examination was 158 days and median time between face-to-face and telephonic GOS-E was 15 days. The quadratic weighted κ was 0.79. Sensitivity analysis revealed a quadratic weighted κ of 0.77, 0.78, and 0.70 for moderate-severe, complicated mild, and uncomplicated mild TBI, respectively.

Conclusion:
No disagreements of more than 1 point on the GOS-E were observed, with the κ value representing good or substantial agreement. Assessment of the GOS-E via telephone is a valid alternative to the face-to-face interview when in-person contact is not feasible.
Age-Related Changes in the Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Dementia in Older Men and Women
Authors: Jacob Louis , Azouvi Philippe , Kostev Karel 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
To investigate age-related changes in the association between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and dementia in older men and women separately.

Setting:
A total of 243 general practices in the UK.

Participants:
This study included 4760 patients who received a first TBI diagnosis between 1995 and 2010 (index date), and 4760 patients without TBI who were matched to those with TBI by age, sex, index year, Charlson Comorbidity Index, alcohol dependence, and physician (index date: a randomly selected visit date).

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Main measures:
Incidence of dementia in the decade following index date.

Results:
Within 10 years of index date, 8.8% of men with TBI and 4.8% of those without TBI were diagnosed with dementia, while the respective figures were 9.0% and 6.7% in women (P values < .01). There was a significant association between TBI and dementia in men (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64-3.19) and in women (HR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.07-1.64). Furthermore, the association between TBI and dementia was significant in men aged 60 to 70 (HR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.27-4.96) and 71 to 80 years (HR = 3.00, 95% CI: 1.82-4.93), whereas the relationship was only significant and potentially unreliable in women aged 81 to 90 years (HR = 1.49, 95% CI: 1.03-2.14).

Conclusions:
The age-related relationship between TBI and dementia differed between men and women. More research of a prospective nature and including behavioral data is needed to better understand these differences.
Impact of Adherence (Compliance) to Oral Acyclovir Prophylaxis in the Recurrence of Herpetic Keratitis: Long-Term Results From a Pediatric Cohort
Authors: Luccarelli Saverio V. , Lucentini Stefano , Martellucci Cecilia Acuti , Marelli Luca , Sacchi Matteo , Nucci Paolo 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the long-term role of adherence to oral acyclovir prophylaxis in reducing the risk for recurrent herpes simplex virus keratitis (HSK) in children.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was performed including all pediatric patients 16 years or younger) with their first HSK diagnosis and treatment at our center. Children were started on a standardized oral acyclovir prophylactic regimen after the acute phase. Adherence to prophylaxis was assessed monthly through parent interviews. The possible association between any recurrence (not only the first) and exposure to acyclovir prophylaxis was evaluated using random-effects multivariate logistic regression.

Results:
A total of 20 eyes of 17 patients (8 boys and 9 girls) were included. The mean follow-up time was 3.5 years. Adherence to acyclovir prophylaxis was registered in 100% of patients with no recurrences and in 36.4% of patients with 1 or more recurrences (P = 0.035). All other tested variables (time of follow-up, sex, age, infectious diseases, underlying hematological diseases, eye, and HSK type) did not differ between the 2 groups. The multivariate model confirmed the lower risk for recurrence in patients who were compliant to therapy (adjusted odds ratio 0.04, 95% confidence intervals 0.00–0.42, P = 0.008). No adverse effects were recorded during follow-up.

Conclusions:
Oral acyclovir prophylaxis is a safe and an effective medical treatment for recurrent HSK and its long-term efficacy is associated with compliance to the therapy.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Mortality Among COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kashour Tarek , Bin Abdulhak Aref A. , Tlayjeh Haytham , Hassett Leslie C. , Noman Anas , Mohsen Ala , Al-Mallah Mouaz H. , Tleyjeh Imad M. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are known to increase the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor, which has been shown to be the receptor for the acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).

Areas of Uncertainty:
Based on these observations, speculations raised the concerns that ACEIs/ARBs users would be more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and would be at higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease and death. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis of the association between prior use of ACEIs and ARBs and mortality due to COVID-19 disease.

Data Sources:
A comprehensive search of several databases from November 2019 to June 18, 2020 was conducted. The databases included Ovid MEDLINE(R) and Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations and Daily, Ovid Embase, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Web of Science, and Scopus. Medrxiv.org was also searched for unpublished data.

Therapeutic Advances:
Nine studies with a total of 18,833 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 met our eligibility criteria. Prior use of ACEIs and/or ARBs was associated with reduced mortality among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, with a pooled adjusted relative risk (aRR) from 6 studies of 0.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.42–0.94) (I2 = 65%). Three studies reported separately on ACEIs or ARBs and their association with survival among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients, with a pooled adjusted relative risk of 0.78, 95% CI (0.58–1.04) (I2 = 0%) and 0.97, 95% CI (0.73–1.30) (I2 = 0%) respectively. The results of sensitivity analyses were consistent with the main analysis.

Conclusion:
Our meta-analysis suggests that use of ACEIs/ARBs is associated with a decreased risk of death among SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. This finding provides a reassurance to the public not to stop prescribed ACEIs/ARBs because of fear of severe COVID-19.