bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of stack sequence on the mechanical characteristics of hybrid composites analyzed using cone beam computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Shenoy Heckadka Srinivas , Pai Ballambat Raghuvir , Kini Manjeshwar Vijay , Kumar Mathangi , Hegde Pranav , Kamath Ajith 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe hybridization of composites has recently seen an exponential growth in acceptance due to its ability to improve the property such as toughness of composites. Hybridization of fibers is known to give a better balance of properties and increases the opportunity to use natural fibers, thereby reducing the impact on the environment without compromising utility. This study deals with hybridization of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with natural fibers such as flax and jute using phenol formaldehyde as the resin. Composite panels of 4 mm thickness, comprising of eight layers were fabricated in six different fiber stack sequences using hand lay‐up and compression molding techniques. The effect of stack sequence on the composites' flexural, interlaminar shear, and impact properties were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and cone beam computed tomography techniques. Composites with outer UHMWPE fibers and having flax fibers as inner core were found to have superior flexural and interlaminar shear properties of 44.45 and 5.52 MPa, respectively. Also composites with surface layers of flax fibers displayed maximum impact strength of 91.08 kJ/m2. The results indicate that the stack sequence has a significant influence on the properties of the composite under flexural and impact loading.
Fracture mechanisms and micromechanical deformation processes of polyethylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposite films
Authors: Mohsenzadeh Meymanat Sadat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe fracture behavior of medium density polyethylene/calcium carbonate (MDPE/CaCO3) nanocomposites was evaluated using the essential work of fracture (EWF) test. Fracture surfaces and the deformation zone in front of the precrack were studied using different microscopy techniques. Microscopic observations proved that extensive shear deformation of matrix due to debonding of nanoparticles plays the most important role on deformation mechanism of polyethylene nanocomposite. Large quantities of energy can be absorbed by plastic deformation of matrix polymer. This is why the specific plastic work (wp) of nanocomposites is higher than that of polyethylene. The presence of voids formed due to debonding of nanoparticles, reduces the load carrying capacity of the matrix and consequently leads to the reduction of the specific EWF (we). Besides, it causes easily crack propagation that may restricts the area where plastic deformation takes place and results in the reduction of plastic zone shape factor (β).
Saturated fats and the management of diabetes: the debates, controversies and consensus
Authors: Twenefour Douglas , Shields Emma 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPeople with diabetes are at an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and the important role of dietary changes is well established. However, the specific role of saturated fats in reducing this risk continues to be debated. The debates have been fuelled by publications of large studies reporting seemingly conflicting results. This article looks at the role of saturated fats in diabetes management, teases out the nuances in the opposing positions of the debate, and provides practical recommendations. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Type 1 diabetes and disordered eating (T1DE): the ComPASSION Project – Wessex
Authors: Partridge Helen , Figueiredo Carla , Rouse Lindsey , Cross Caroline , Pinder Claire , Ryder Jacqueline , Bennett Michelle , Stacey Nicola 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe combination of type 1 diabetes and an eating disorder is ill understood with no clear nomenclature, definition or evidence base defined for management and support. It is well recognised that diabetes and mental health concerns often co‐exist and type 1 diabetes per se is associated with specific self‐management requirements which may predispose an individual to challenging cognitions and behaviours around food due to the nature of carbohydrate counting and insulin management.While most diabetes teams recognise the mental health concerns around diabetes, there are few areas where multidisciplinary teams work cohesively combining diabetes care and mental health care. This is particularly relevant in the case of eating disorders where neither team are likely to be sufficiently skilled to manage the combination of type 1 diabetes and an eating disorder individually, and a strong multidisciplinary team approach with shared learning and a holistic ethos is paramount.We describe here an NHS England funded pilot whereby the diabetes teams and eating disorders teams in Wessex work side by side developing a service specifically for people with this incredibly complex and challenging combination. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Nutrition in older adults living with diabetes
Authors: Flynn Caoimhe , Dhatariya Ketan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPeople in the UK are living longer, consequently an increasing number of adults are living with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to an older age. Diabetes is a complex condition to manage, requiring consideration of several different dietary recommendations. In addition, there are many nutritional issues and social barriers associated with older age, which may make following these recommendations more difficult.Older adults represent a diverse age group with varying needs. In order to give the most appropriate advice, clinicians need to consider the functional status of the older adult. Some older adults will continue to manage their diabetes and nutrition in the same manner as their younger peers. Others may have increased needs due to disease or social circumstance, which may affect how they should be advised to manage their diabetes.Both obesity and malnutrition are prevalent in older adults. They impact both nutritional status and diabetes management and are important to consider. Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass, increases frailty in older adults which may exacerbate hypoglycaemic episodes. Nutrition support and tailored dietary interventions by a registered dietitian to help manage these conditions are essential. This, in addition to consideration of the many social, financial and physical barriers to nutrition, is key management of diabetes in older adults.This review aims to explore the complex challenges in nutrition for older adults with diabetes. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
Understanding when real world data can be used to replicate a clinical trial: A cross‐sectional study of medications approved in 2011
Authors: Fralick Michael , Bartsch Emily , Darrow Jonathan J. , Kesselheim Aaron S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine how commonly pre‐approval clinical trials could potentially be replicated using real‐world data from insurance claims databases.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of medications approved by the FDA in 2011. For each medication, we reviewed the drug's label and the details of the pivotal clinical trials supporting its approval. We assessed whether each clinical trial could be replicated using an insurance claims databases by determining whether the following pivotal trial features could be reliably captured in claims data: study outcome, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, and the presence of an appropriate active comparator.ResultsIn 2011, 28 new medications were approved. The most common disease areas were oncology (N = 8, 29%), infectious disease (N = 5, 18%), and neurology (N = 4, 14%). The primary outcome of pre‐approval clinical trials was identifiable in claims databases for six (21%) of the medications. Two (ticagrelor and linagliptin) had at least 80% of inclusion and exclusion criteria that could be identified in claims databases and had an available active comparator. The non‐identifiable primary outcomes were related to patient‐reported symptoms (N = 9, 32%), imaging findings (N = 5, 18%), laboratory values (N = 5, 18%), or other measurements (eg, blood pressure) not typically available in insurance claims databases (N = 4, 14%).ConclusionsAmong drugs FDA‐approved in 2011, two (7%) had a pre‐approval trial that could be replicated using insurance claims databases. In such qualifying trials, replication using claims databases could be useful in assessing whether they provide concordant results.
Enhanced chlorine‐resistant and low biofouling reverse osmosis polyimide‐graphene oxide thin film nanocomposite membranes for water desalination
Authors: Hamdy Gehad , Taher A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effect of graphene oxide (GO) loading (0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, and 0.30 wt%) in the aqueous phase on the performance of reverse osmosis (RO) polyimide (PI) thin film composite (TFC) membrane was investigated. TFC and thin film nanocomposite (TFN) membranes were produced through interfacial polymerization and the imide linkage was confirmed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The spongy‐like structure with vertical fingers of RO PI‐GO TFN membranes was explored by top‐surface and cross‐sectional field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM). The roughness of the membranes was determined. All PI‐GO TFN membranes exhibited enhanced desalination performance in comparison with PI membranes. Samples with 0.06 wt% GO performed the best with a water flux of 31.80 L/m2/h, salt rejection of 98.8%, and very good antibiofouling properties. This hydrophilic membrane displayed significantly enhanced chlorine‐resistance with water flux of 36.3 L/m2/h and salt rejection of 98.5%. This work provides a promising start for designing rapid water permeation PI‐GO TFN membranes in water desalination.
Academic achievement among a sample of youth in foster care: The role of school connectedness
Authors: Somers Cheryl L. , Goutman Rachel L. , Day Angelique , Enright Oliva , Crosby Shantel , Taussig Heather 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch shows that youth in foster care experience poor academic performance and disciplinary actions in school more frequently than do non‐foster care youth. The purpose of this cross‐sectional study was to further examine youth in foster care and the relationship between individual/intrapersonal factors (future orientation and school connectedness) and exosystem factors (number of placement and school moves) and academic performance (grades) and disciplinary referrals among 363 youth (9–11 years of age; males = 52.9%). Controlling for key variables, hierarchical linear regression analysis was utilized to understand how well students' school connectedness, future outlook, number of placement changes, and number of school moves predicted academic and disciplinary outcomes. Beyond the variance explained by control variables, school connectedness made a significant contribution to this model. Results are discussed in the context of implementing interventions that foster school connectedness among this vulnerable population.
Differential localization of Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants
Authors: Aljbory Zainab , Aikins Michael J. , Park Yoonseong , Reeck Gerald R. , Chen Ming‐Shun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHessian fly Mayetiola destructor is a notorious pest of wheat. Previous studies suggest that Hessian fly uses effector‐based mechanisms to attack wheat plants during parasitism, but no direct evidence has been reported to support this postulation. Here, we produced recombinant proteins for five Family‐1 candidate effectors and antibodies. Indirect immunostaining and western blots were carried out to examine the localization of Hessian fly Family‐1 proteins in plant and insect tissues. Confocal images revealed that Family‐1 putative effectors were exclusively produced in the basal region of larval salivary glands, which are directly linked to the mandibles’ ducts for effector injection. The five Family‐1 proteins were detected in infested host plants on western blots. Indirect immunostaining of sectioned host tissues around the feeding site revealed strikingly different localization patterns between resistant and susceptible plants. In susceptible plants, the Family‐1 proteins penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissues, indicative of movement between cells during nutritive cell formation. In contrast, the Hessian fly proteins were primarily limited to the initially attacked cells in resistant plants. The limitation of effectors’ spread in resistant plants was likely due to wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell death. Cell death was found in Nicotiana benthamiana in association with hypersensitive reaction triggered by the Family‐1 effector SSGP‐1A2. Our finding represents a significant progress in visualizing insect effectors in host tissues and mechanisms of plant resistance and susceptibility to gall midge pests.
Effects of Intravesical Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG on Urinary Symptom Burden in People with Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
Authors: Tractenberg Rochelle E. , Groah Suzanne L. , Frost Jamie K. , Rounds Amanda K. , Davis Elizabeth , Ljungberg Inger H. , Schladen Manon M. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo test the effectiveness of intravesical Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to reduce the burden of urinary symptoms for individuals with spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) with neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) who manage their bladders with intermittent catheterization (IC).DesignA three‐phase study (6 months each in baseline, intervention, and washout). Participants self‐managed following the Self‐Management Protocol using Probiotics (SMP‐Pro), completing the online Urinary Symptom Questionnaire for Neurogenic Bladder‐IC version (USQNB‐IC) weekly.SettingNationwide (United States).ParticipantsNinety‐six adults and seven children with SCI/D.InterventionsIn response to one or both of the SMP‐Pro trigger urinary symptoms, “cloudier” or “foul smelling” urine, participants self‐administered using a clean urinary catheter an LGG+ Normal Saline instillate once or twice in a 30‐hour period.Main Outcome MeasuresChange in USQNB‐IC burden was adjusted individually according to the previous phase for four symptom types. Adjusted changes in burden between the intervention and washout phases were analyzed using one‐sample t‐tests. Holm correction was applied for the four types of symptoms: A, clinically actionable; B1, bladder function; B2, urine quality; and C, other.ResultsDuring the intervention phase, participants met SMP‐Pro instillation criteria 3.83 times on average (range 1‐20). An average of 5.6 doses of LGG were instilled. For those who instilled at least once, burdens of type A and B2 symptoms were significantly improved at washout (both adjusted P < .05).ConclusionsSelf‐instilled LGG seemed to improve “clinically actionable” (A) and “urine quality” (B2) symptom burden. No changes were observed for those who did not instill. This first‐in‐human clinical trial supports ongoing research of intravesical LGG, and the SMP‐Pro for urinary symptoms.
Comparison of bis(alkylthio)carbenes by density functional and Second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory
Authors: Rahmi Keywan , Kassaee Mohammad Z. , Khorshidvand Neda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThermodynamic parameters (including steric effects) of 15 new pairs of singlet and triplet bis(alkylthio)carbenes, R1− S1−C¨−S2− R2, (1R1,R2and3R1,R2, respectively), are compared and contrasted by B3LYP and MP2/AUG‐CC‐PVTZ; where R1(or R2) = H, Me, Et,i‐Pr, andt‐Bu. Among the 30 carbenes scrutinized, the lowest nucleophilicity (N) and the highest electrophilicity (ω) are displayed by singlet1H,H. In contract, triplet3i‐Pr,t‐Buexhibits the highestN, while the lowestωis demonstrated by3Me,Et. The maximum and minimum carbenic bond angles (S1−C¨−S2) are displayed by singlets1H,Hand1Me,Meand triplets3t‐Bu,t‐Buand3H,Et, respectively. The highest and lowest stability (∆Es‐t) are exhibited by1Me,t‐Buand1H,H, respectively. The former may be stabilized primarily through lone pair donations from their sulfur atom into the empty pπcarbenic orbital, plus the formation of a five‐membered ring between hydrogen of methyl groups and the carbenic carbons. The highest and lowest band gaps (∆EH‐L) are exhibited by3H,Hand1t‐Bu,t‐Bu, respectively. The highest and lowest chemical potentials (μ) are exhibited by3Et,i‐Prand1H,H, respectively. Moreover, second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) provided a better discrimination between the scrutinized carbenes than density functional theory (DFT).
Silica‐PMMA hairy nanoparticles prepared via phase transfer‐assisted aqueous miniemulsion atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Wu Dung‐Yi , Käfer Florian , Diaco Nicholas , Ober Christopher K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHairy nanoparticles (HNPs) constitute a class of hybrid nanocomposites that are resistant to aggregation and agglomeration, although the green, large‐scale synthesis of HNPs remains a challenge. In this work, 25 nm‐diameter silica‐core HNPs with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) shell were synthesized using a graft‐from approach in aqueous miniemulsion, employing atom transfer radical polymerization with activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET‐ATRP). In particular, this work used tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB)‐assisted phase transfer of monomer, markedly improving upon earlier methods by showing that phase transfer could take place in the absence of organic solvents. Furthermore, syntheses with selected monomer addition rates produced HNP graft densities ranging from 0.011 to 0.017 chains/nm2 and shell thicknesses ranging from 2.5 to 11 nm. Finally, analysis of reaction kinetics revealed that shell growth reached completion in as little as 2 hr, confirmed by the synthesis of >1 g of PMMA‐shell HNPs in a reduced timeframe.
Timing of tracheal intubation on mortality and duration of mechanical ventilation in critically ill children: A propensity score analysis
Authors: Chong Shu‐Ling , Dang Trung Kien , Loh Tsee Foong , Mok Yee Hui , Bin Mohamed Atan Mohamed Shirhan , Montanez Eugene , Lee Jan Hau , Feng Mengling 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to investigate whether early tracheal intubation (TI) is associated with a reduced risk of mortality and increased ventilator‐free days (VFD).MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort study of children 0 to 18 years old in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), between 2008 and 2017. Patient demographics, vital signs, and laboratory findings were extracted. Using a time‐dependent propensity score‐matched algorithm, each patient was matched with another equally likely to be intubated within the same hour but was actually intubated with ≤2 hours, 2 to 4 hours, and 4 to 6 hours delays. Outcomes were mortality and VFD.ResultsAmong 333 patients, the median age was 1.72 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.17‐7.75). Thirty children died (9.0%) and the median PICU length of stay was 6.7 days (IQR 3.9‐13.2). Early TI did not decrease mortality significantly when compared to a ≤2 hour delay (odds ratios [OR] 0.86; 95% CI, 0.40‐1.85), a 2 to 4 hour delay (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.39‐1.69), or a 4 to 6 hour delay (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.43‐1.79). Similarly, early TI did not significantly increase VFD. Patients with early TI had 0.09 more VFD (95% CI −1.83 to 2.01) when compared to a delay within 2 hours, 0.23 more VFD (95% CI −1.66 to 2.13) when compared to a 2 to 4‐hour delay and 0.56 more VFD (95% CI −1.49‐2.61) when compared to a 4 to 6‐hour delay.ConclusionsWe did not find a significant association between the timing of TI and mortality or VFD in critically ill children.
Management of hemiplegic shoulder pain: A UK‐wide online survey of physiotherapy and occupational therapy practice
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Turton Ailie , Cramp Mary , Smith Mark , McCabe Candy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore, via an online survey, how therapists assess, diagnose and manage hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) in the United Kingdom. The objectives were to explore (1) how therapists assessed HSP, (2) what the aims of therapy were, (3) what interventions therapists used, (4) what outcome measures therapists used, (5) what training of HSP therapists had, and (6) what barriers therapists experienced in the management of HSP.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to physiotherapists (PTs) and occupational therapists (OTs) working in stroke rehabilitation via professional bodies' interest groups.ResultsSixty‐seven responses were received: 40 (60%) were PTs and 27 (40%) were OTs. Therapists routinely screened for HSP (n = 59, 89%). When HSP was assessed, 33 (50%) spent <10 min and 34 (50%) spent >10 min on assessment. Patient‐reported pain was used for assessment of HSP by 66 (99%) of respondents. Frequent interventions included positioning (n = 62, 94%), posture re‐education (n = 57, 86%), and range of motion exercises (n = 55, 83%). Range of movement was used as an outcome measure by 31 (47%). Sixty (91%) respondents reported receiving training in HSP management. Time constraints (n = 41, 62%) and lack of diagnosis of HSP (n = 33, 54%) were identified as barriers to providing appropriate care to people with HSPConclusionStudy findings showed varied practice in the assessment and treatment for HSP and indicate that time constraints are a considerable barrier to the management of these patients. Further research is required to establish best practice which may help improve outcomes and care for people with poststroke shoulder pain.
The high‐resolution structure of a UDP‐L‐rhamnose synthase from Acanthamoeba polyphagaMimivirus
Authors: Bockhaus Nicholas J. , Ferek Justin D. , Thoden James B. , Holden Hazel M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFor the field of virology, perhaps one of the most paradigm‐shifting events so far in the 21st century was the identification of the giant double‐stranded DNA virus that infects amoebae. Remarkably, this virus, known as Mimivirus, has a genome that encodes for nearly 1,000 proteins, some of which are involved in the biosynthesis of unusual sugars. Indeed, the virus is coated by a layer of glycosylated fibers that contain d‐glucose, N‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine, l‐rhamnose, and 4‐amino‐4,6‐dideoxy‐d‐glucose. Here we describe a combined structural and enzymological investigation of the protein encoded by the open‐reading frame L780, which corresponds to an l‐rhamnose synthase. The structure of the L780/NADP+/UDP‐l‐rhamnose ternary complex was determined to 1.45 Å resolution and refined to an overall R‐factor of 19.9%. Each subunit of the dimeric protein adopts a bilobal‐shaped appearance with the N‐terminal domain harboring the dinucleotide‐binding site and the C‐terminal domain positioning the UDP‐sugar into the active site. The overall molecular architecture of L780 places it into the short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily. Kinetic analyses indicate that the enzyme can function on either UDP‐ and dTDP‐sugars but displays a higher catalytic efficiency with the UDP‐linked substrate. Site‐directed mutagenesis experiments suggest that both Cys 108 and Lys 175 play key roles in catalysis. This structure represents the first model of a viral UDP‐l‐rhamnose synthase and provides new details into these fascinating enzymes.