bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endosperm development is an autonomously programmed process independent of embryogenesis
Authors: Xiong Hanxian , Wang Wei , Sun Meng-Xiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe seeds of land plants contain three genetically distinct structures: the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The embryo and endosperm need to interact and exchange signals to ensure coordinated growth. Accumulating evidence has confirmed that embryo growth is supported by the nourishing endosperm and regulated by signals originating from the endosperm. Available data also support that endosperm development requires communication with the embryo. Here, using single-fertilization mutants,Arabidopsis dmp8/9andgex2, we demonstrate that in the absence of a zygote and embryo, endosperm initiation, syncytium formation, free nuclear cellularization, and endosperm degeneration are as normal as in the wild type in terms of the cytological process and time course. Although rapid embryo expansion accelerates endosperm breakdown, our findings strongly suggest that endosperm development is an autonomously organized process, independent of egg cell fertilization and embryo–endosperm communication. This work confirms both the altruistic and self-directed nature of the endosperm during coordinated embryo-endosperm development. The findings provide novel insights into the intricate interaction between the two fertilization products and will help to distinguish the real roles of the signaling between endosperm and embryo. These finding also shed new light on agro-biotechnology for crop improvement.
Complex effects of pH on ROS from mitochondrial complex II driven complex I reverse electron transport challenge its role in tissue reperfusion injury
Authors: Milliken Alexander S. , Kulkarni Chaitanya A. , Brookes Paul S. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTGeneration of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important process in triggering cellular necrosis and tissue infarction during ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Ischemia results in accumulation of the metabolite succinate. Rapid oxidation of this succinate by mitochondrial complex II (Cx-II) during reperfusion reduces the co-enzyme Q (Co-Q) pool, thereby driving electrons backward into complex-I (Cx-I), a process known as reverse electron transport (RET), which is thought to be a major source of ROS. During ischemia, enhanced glycolysis results in an acidic cellular pH at the onset of reperfusion. While the process of RET within Cx-I is known to be enhanced by a high mitochondrial trans-membrane ΔpH, the impact of pH itself on the integrated process of Cx-II to Cx-I RET has not been fully studied. Using isolated mitochondria under conditions which mimic the onset of reperfusion (i.e., high [ADP]). We show that mitochondrial respiration (state 2 and state 3) as well as isolated Cx-II activity are impaired at acidic pH, whereas the overall generation of ROS by Cx-II to Cx-I RET was insensitive to pH. Together these data indicate that the acceleration of Cx-I RET ROS by ΔpH appears to be cancelled out by the impact of pH on the source of electrons, i.e. Cx-II. Implications for the role of Cx-II to Cx-I RET derived ROS in IR injury are discussed.
Codon-optimized FAM132b prevents diet-induced obesity by modulating adrenergic response and insulin action
Authors: Qi Zhengtang , Xia Jie , Xue Xiangli , Liu Wenbin , Huang Zhuochun , Zhang Xue , Zou Yong , Liu Jianchao , Liu Jiatong , Li Xingtian , Cao Lu , Li Lingxia , Cui Zhiming , Ji Benlong , Zhang Qiang , Ding Shuzhe , Liu Weina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFAM132b, also known as myonectin, has been identified as a myokine produced by exercise. It is a secreted protein precursor that belongs to the adipolin/erythroferrone family, and has hormone activity in circulation to regulate cellular iron homeostasis and lipid metabolism via unknown receptors. Here, adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV9) were engineered to induce overexpression of FAM132b with 2 codon mutations (A136T and P159A). Treatment of mice under high-fat diet feeding with FAM132b gene transfer resulted in marked reductions in body weight, fat depot, adipocytes size, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Moreover, FAM132b overproduction reduced glycemic response to epinephrine (EPI) in whole body and increased lipolytic response to EPI in adipose tissues. This adrenergic response of adipose tissue led to the result that gene transfer reduced glycogen utilization and increased fat consumption in skeletal muscle during exercise. FAM132b knockdown by shRNA significantly increased glycemic response to EPI in vivo and reduced adipocytes response to EPI and adipose tissue browning. Structural analysis suggested that FAM132b mutants delivered by AAV9 may form a weak bond with ADRB2, and potentially bind to insulin against insulin receptor by blocking the receptor binding sites on insulin B-chain. Our study underscores the potential of FAM132b gene therapy with codon optimization to treat obesity by modulating adrenergic response and interfering insulin action.SignificanceWe show here that AAV9-mediated expression of FAM132b with A136T and P159A is a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for improving glucose homeostasis. This is the first demonstration of a therapeutic effect on metabolic disorders in mice with FAM132b codon optimization. These therapeutic effects indicate that FAM132b gene transfer with selective codon mutants in vivo might be a valid therapy for diabetes that can be extended to other metabolic disorders.
Heterogeneity of midgut cells and their differential responses to blood meal ingestion by the mosquito,Aedes aegypti
Authors: Cui Yingjun , Franz Alexander W.E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMosquitoes are the most notorious hematophagous insects and due to their blood feeding behavior and genetic compatibility, numerous mosquito species are highly efficient vectors for certain human pathogenic parasites and viruses. The mosquito midgut is the principal organ of blood meal digestion and nutrient absorption. It is also the initial site of infection with blood meal acquired parasites and viruses. We conducted an analysis based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) to assess the cellular diversity of the midgut and how individual cells respond to blood meal ingestion to facilitate its digestion. Our study revealed the presence of 20 distinguishable cell-type clusters in the female midgut ofAedes aegypti. The identified cell types included intestinal stem cell (ISC), enteroblasts (EB), differentiating EB (dEB), enteroendocrine cells (EE), enterocytes (EC), EC-like cells, cardia cells, and visceral muscle (VM) cells. Blood meal ingestion dramatically changed the overall midgut cell type composition, profoundly increasing the proportions of ISC and three EC/EC like clusters. In addition, transcriptional profiles of all cell types were strongly affected while genes involved in various metabolic processes were significantly upregulated. Our study provides a basis for further physiological and molecular studies on blood digestion, nutrient absorption, and cellular homeostasis in the mosquito midgut.
A nanocompartment containing the peroxidase DypB contributes to defense against oxidative stress inM. tuberculosis
Authors: Lien Katie A. , Nichols Robert J. , Cassidy-Amstutz Caleb , Dinshaw Kayla , Knight Matthew , Singh Rahul , Eltis Lindsay D. , Savage David F. , Stanley Sarah A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEncapsulin nanocompartments are an emerging class of prokaryotic protein-based organelles consisting of an encapsulin protein shell that encloses a protein cargo1. Genes encoding nanocompartments are widespread in bacteria and archaea, and recent works have characterized the biochemical function of several cargo enzymes2. However, the importance of these organelles to host physiology is poorly understood. Here, we report that the human pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) produces a nanocompartment that contains the dye-decolorizing peroxidase DypB. We show that this nanocompartment is important for the ability of Mtb to resist oxidative stress in low pH environments, including during infection of host cells and upon treatment with a clinically relevant antibiotic. Our findings are the first to implicate a nanocompartment in bacterial pathogenesis and reveal a new mechanism that Mtb uses to combat oxidative stress.
Soil chemical legacies trigger species-specific and context-dependent root responses in later arriving plants
Authors: Delory Benjamin M. , Schempp Hannes , Spachmann Sina Maria , Störzer Laura , van Dam Nicole M. , Temperton Vicky M. , Weinhold Alexander 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSoil legacies play an important role for the creation of priority effects. However, we still poorly understand to what extent the metabolome found in the soil solution of a plant community is conditioned by its species composition and whether soil chemical legacies affect subsequent species during assembly. To test these hypotheses, we collected soil solutions from forb or grass communities and evaluated how the metabolome of these soil solutions affected the growth, biomass allocation, and functional traits of a forb (Dianthus deltoides) and a grass species (Festuca rubra).Results showed that the metabolomes found in the soil solutions of forb and grass communities differed in composition and chemical diversity. While soil chemical legacies did not have any effect onF. rubra,root foraging byD. deltoidesdecreased when plants received the soil solution from a grass or a forb community. Structural equation modelling showed that reduced soil exploration byD. deltoidesarose via either a root growth-dependent pathway (forb metabolome) or a root trait-dependent pathway (grass metabolome). Reduced root foraging was not connected to a decrease in total N uptake. Our findings reveal that soil chemical legacies can create belowground priority effects by affecting root foraging in later arriving plants.
Decision-making under interval uncertainty revisited
Authors: Kosheleva Olga , Kreinovich Vladik , Pham Uyen 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
In many real-life situations, we do not know the exact values of the expected gain corresponding to different possible actions, we only have lower and upper bounds on these gains – i.e., in effect, intervals of possible gain values. The purpose of this study is to describe all possible ways to make decisions under such interval uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors used both natural invariance and additivity requirements.

Findings
The authors demonstrated that natural requirements – invariance or additivity – led to a two-parametric family of possible decision-making strategies.

Originality/value
This is a first description of all reasonable strategies for decision-making under interval uncertainty – strategies that satisfy natural requirements of invariance or additivity.
Why someone did not stop them? Aversive racism and the responsibility of bystanders
Authors: Murrell Audrey J. 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether the impact of persistent racial bias, discrimination and racial violence is facilitated by otherwise well-intentioned individuals who fail to act or intercede. Utilizing the aversive racism framework, the need to move beyond awareness raising to facilitate behavioral changes is discussed. Examining the unique lens provided by the aversive racism framework and existing research, the bystander effect provides important insights on recent acts of racial violence such as the murder of Mr. George Floyd. Some promise is shown by the work on effective bystander behavior training and highlights the need for shared responsibility in preventing the outcomes of racial violence and discrimination to create meaningful and long-lasting social change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses literature based on the aversive racism framework together with the literature on the bystander effect to understand the factors, conditions and consequences for lack of intervention when the victim is African American. This paper also provides evidence and theory-based recommendations for strategies to change passive bystanders into active allies.FindingsThe use of the aversive racism framework provides a powerful lens to help explain the inconsistencies in the bystander effect based on the race of the victim. The implications for intervention models point to the need for behavioral and competency-based approaches that have been shown to provide meaningful change.Practical implicationsSeveral different approaches to address incidents of racial aggression and violence have been developed in the past. However, given the principles of aversive racism, a unique approach that considers the inconsistencies between self-perceptions and actions is needed. This sets a new agenda for future research and meaningful behavioral intervention programs that seek to equip bystanders to intercede in the future.Social implicationsThe need to address and provide effective strategies to reduce the incidence of racial aggression and violence have wide-ranging benefits for individuals, communities and society.Originality/valueBy connecting the aversive racism framework to the bystander effect, the need for different models for developing responsive and active bystanders can be more effectively outlined.
Exploring factors influencing online classes due to social distancing in COVID-19 pandemic: a business students perspective
Authors: Zia Adil 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThis study explores the factors responsible for influencing online classes for business school during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also examines the level of influence of these factors on online classes.Design/methodology/approachPrimary data were collected online from 716 business school students using a questionnaire developed by the researcher. Smart PLS3 software was used to analyze the data.FindingsAttitude, curriculum, motivation, technology and training were found to have an impact on online classes. Three variables (attitude, motivation and training) have a positive impact on online classes, whereas two variables (curriculum and technology) have a negative impact on the online classes. All the factors have been found to be significant except technology which is found to have an insignificant impact (p = 0.356) on online classes.Research limitations/implicationsOnly one university’s students were surveyed.Practical implicationsOutlines the factors which have a positive and significant impact on online classes during COVID-19 pandemic. This study can be generalized through a student's community across the world as the students face similar problems associated with online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.Social implicationsSuggest factors that can be considered while COVID-19 pandemic during social distancing to make online classes more effective and to reduce the impact of this pandemic.Originality/valueNo study has documented the factors associated to impact the online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Two‐dimensional dictionary learning for suppressing random seismic noise
Authors: Li Kunhong , Liu Zhining , She Bin , Cai Hanpeng , Wang Yaojun , Hu Guangmin 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTDictionary learning is a successful method for random seismic noise attenuation that has been proven by some scholars. Dictionary learning–based techniques aim to learn a set of common bases called dictionaries from given noised seismic data. Then, the denoising process will be performed by assuming a sparse representation on each small local patch of the seismic data over the learned dictionary. The local patches that are extracted from the seismic section are essentially two‐dimensional matrices. However, for the sake of simplicity, almost all of the existing dictionary learning methods just convert each two‐dimensional patch into a one‐dimensional vector. In doing this, the geometric structure information of the raw data will be revealed, leading to low capability in the reconstruction of seismic structures, such as faults and dip events. In this paper, we propose a two‐dimensional dictionary learning method for the seismic denoising problem. Unlike other dictionary learning–based methods, the proposed method represents the two‐dimensional patches directly to avoid the conversion process, and thus reserves the important structure information for a better reconstruction. Our method first learns a two‐dimensional dictionary from the noisy seismic patches. Then, we use the two‐dimensional dictionary to sparsely represent all of the noisy two‐dimensional patches to obtain clean patches. Finally, the clean patches are patched back to generate a denoised seismic section. The proposed method is compared with the other three denoising methods, including FX‐decon, curvelet and one‐dimensional learning method. The results demonstrate that our method has better denoising performance in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio, fault and amplitude preservation.
Design principles of oil‐in‐water emulsions with functionalized interfaces: Mixed, multilayer, and covalent complex structures
Authors: Li Moting , McClements David Julian , Liu Xuebo , Liu Fuguo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProteins and polysaccharides are widely used as ingredients in food emulsions due to their high biocompatibility, good biodegradability, and a broad range of techno‐functionalities. In particular, they are used as emulsifiers, texture modifiers, and stabilizers in many emulsion‐based foods. Moreover, the functionality of these biopolymers can be extended by forming protein–polysaccharide complexes that can be used to modulate the characteristics of the oil–water interface, thereby altering the stability and performance of food emulsions. This review highlights a number of approaches to modulate the interfacial properties of oil‐in‐water emulsions based on the utilization of protein–polysaccharide complexes: direct mixing, layer‐by‐layer assembly, and conjugation. Besides, the impact of altering the interfacial properties on emulsion performance is highlighted, including their formation, stability, and functional attributes. Interfacial engineering approaches can be used to tailor the properties of food emulsions to particular applications. For instance, they can be used to create emulsion‐based delivery systems for bioactive agents, such as vitamins, nutraceuticals, antimicrobials, colors, flavors, and antioxidants. Moreover, they can be used to create emulsion‐based foods with lower calorie contents and enhanced satiety responses. Nevertheless, it is important to account for various factors when developing successful interfacial engineering technologies, including safety concerns, production costs, environmental impact, sustainability, government regulations, and labeling issues.
Synergistic enhancement of loading contents and chemical stability of lycopene distributing both inside and on the oil/water interface
Authors: Nian Yingqun , Yuan Lei , Zhao Di , Li Chunbao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLoading contents and chemical stability of lycopene were synergistically enhanced after dispersion in genipin‐crosslinked‐chitosan (CS) stabilized high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). HIPEs could be prepared with the parameters for the emulsifiers of CS concentration from 0.5 to 5 mg/mL, pH value from 5.5 to 7.5, and CS/genipin mass ratio from 2:1 to 20:1. High loading content of lycopene, up to 0.25 wt% was achieved, with emulsifier in the final system only 1 mg/mL. As the loading contents were elevated, increasing amount of lycopene distributed in HIPEs in the form of insoluble crystals. Meanwhile, density of oil droplets decreased and the shape changed from polygon to sphere, which is supposed to be related to the interaction between the crystal and the oil–water interface. Stability of lycopene against ultraviolet, temperature, hydrogen peroxide, and iron ions was improved significantly, which could be ascribed to the layer of genipin‐crosslinked‐CS on oil droplet surface and the crystal status of lycopene. The storage stability of lycopene was improved tremendously after encapsulation by HIPEs.Practical ApplicationLow loading content of lycopene in emulsion systems is not conducive to the evaluation of its biological function in subsequent experiments, as well as their real application in food industry. It is also crucial to improve the stability of lycopene for the practical application in food industry. In this work, the loading content in delivery system and the chemical stability of lycopene are improved through encapsulation with high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). The significance of these results may have implications in fields spanning from colloidal science to functional foods applications.
Multivariate gene expression‐based survival predictor model in esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhao Maoyuan , Wang Jingsong , Yuan Meng , Ma Zeliang , Bao Yongxin , Hui Zhouguang 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundDespite the recent development of molecular‐targeted treatment and immunotherapy, survival of patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) with poor prognosis is still poor due to lack of an effective biomarker. In this study, we aimed to explore the ceRNA and construct a multivariate gene expression predictor model using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to predict the prognosis of EAC patients.MethodsWe conducted differential expression analysis using mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA transciptome data from EAC and normal patients as well as corresponding clinical information from TCGA database, and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of those unique differentially expressed mRNAs using the Integrate Discovery Database (DAVID) database. We then constructed the lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of EAC and used Cox proportional hazard analysis to generate a multivariate gene expression predictor model. We finally performed survival analysis to determine the effect of differentially expressed mRNA on patients' overall survival and discover the hub gene.ResultsWe identified a total of 488 lncRNAs, 33 miRNAs, and 1207 mRNAs with differentially expressed profiles. Cox proportional hazard analysis and survival analysis using the ceRNA network revealed four genes (IL‐11, PDGFD, NPTX1, ITPR1) as potential biomarkers of EAC prognosis in our predictor model, and IL‐11 was identified as an independent prognostic factor.ConclusionsIn conclusion, we identified differences in the ceRNA regulatory networks and constructed a four–gene expression‐based survival predictor model, which could be referential for future clinical research.
Blessed be Discord, 1910: Ricardo Flores Magón's Manifesto Mode
Authors: Campbell Zachary 
Published: September 2020

This article explores how Ricardo Flores Magón used images to transpose the graphic tradition of nineteenth‐century Mexican political journalism into prose by deploying montage to craft both allegorical and prismatic images: while certain images are divorced from their original context and take on a new life, others, analogically related to a single idea, appear prismatically in fragments on the page. The affinities Flores Magón's writing shared with modernismo and the historical avant garde – as intensification of the former and precursor of the latter – have been a blind spot for literary history, to which this article attempts to restore the importance of his writing.