bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of Deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine, a Ketamine Analog, in Drug Seizures and Drug Driving Cases in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheng Wing-Chi , Dao Kwok-Leung 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The study reports the detection of a newly emerged drug, deschloro-N-ethyl-ketamine (2-oxo-PCE), an analog of ketamine, through forensic drug and toxicological examinations of exhibits from drug seizure cases and blood samples taken from drivers of driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases, respectively, in Hong Kong. The submission of 2-oxo-PCE in both types of cases was firstly encountered in October 2017. A total of 31 drug seizure cases (52 items) and 4 DUID cases were found positive with 2-oxo-PCE till October 2018. Drug seizures with 2-oxo-PCE found were all in physical form (mostly in powdery or crystalline solid), resembling those samples commonly found with ketamine but having much lower purity. Although the majority of the relevant items was found with 2-oxo-PCE as the only psychoactive substance (36 items, ~69%) or as a mixture with ketamine (10 items, ~19%), other psychoactive substances including methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine and pentylone have also been encountered (6 items, 12%). For the four DUID cases, 2-oxo-PCE and its metabolite, deschloronorketamine, were detected in all blood samples. The 2-oxo-PCE concentrations in the four blood samples were in the range of 0.08–0.31 μg/mL, being higher than the concentrations of deschloronorketamine (in the range of 0.04–0.09 μg/mL) for each sample. The 2-oxo-PCE levels found were generally lower than the ketamine levels found in reported DUID cases. With items found with 2-oxo-PCE, which were physically indistinguishable from ketamine but having lower drug purity in seizures, the lower 2-oxo-PCE blood levels with more severe impairment signs observed for the drivers in DUID cases, it is not unreasonable to speculate that users might have taken it as ketamine without knowing of its real identity and hence was adversely affected by the more potent 2-oxo-PCE.
Rothia mucilaginosa Infections in Pediatric Cancer Patients
Authors: Getzenberg Rachel B , Hijano Diego R , Hakim Hana , Dallas Ronald H , Ferrolino Jose A , Brazelton de Cardenas Jessica , Garner Cherilyn D , Tang Li , Su Yin , Wolf Joshua , Hayden Randall T , Maron Gabriela 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We performed a retrospective study to determine the epidemiology of Rothia mucilaginosa infections among pediatric cancer patients. Over 20 years, 37 cases were identified; 27% developed complications, but there was no infection-related mortality. All cases were successfully treated with vancomycin.
Appendiceal malakoplakia masquerading as a cecal mass
Authors: Musonza Tashinga , Tschen Jose Antonio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Appendiceal malakoplakia masquerading as a cecal mass is uniquely rare. The presence of an infiltrate of granular eosinophilic macrophages containing Michaelis–Gutmann bodies on histopathology is pathognomonic of malakoplakia. Cutaneous, gastrointestinal and most commonly urogenital malakoplakia is reported in association with an immunocompromised state, infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic processes. Presentation varies from microscopic disease to plaques, nodules, polypoid lesions and small masses. However, a cecal mass postea proven appendiceal malakoplakia deserves special attention. We could not find similar case reports in the English literature. The pathogenesis of malakoplakia is poorly understood, and it is unclear if it is a harbinger of malignancy, a precursor lesion or an inflammatory marker. In the setting of a dominant appendiceal mass, post-treatment endoscopic and tumor marker surveillance is paramount but, however, undefined in contemporary literature.
Intraosseous Specimens Submitted to the Laboratory: A Case Report and Review
Authors: Song Linda , Koka Rima , Reese Erika , Mullins Kristin , Murphy Colin 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIntraosseous (IO) devices are used for vascular access in settings where venous access is initially unobtainable, such as prehospital trauma care or cardiac arrest. While IO devices are effective for infusion of blood, fluids, and medications, there is limited data on the analytical equivalence of specimens taken out of IO devices and peripheral venous blood. Despite this, IO device manufacturers and clinical resources state that IO specimens can be submitted for laboratory analysis. As reported in this case, IO specimens may be drawn and labeled as ‘peripheral blood’. IO specimens are not always caught by automated sample quality testing and may proceed through analysis without any warning signal to the laboratory. There are potential regulatory risks in accepting IO samples for analysis without validation. IO infusion is a valuable technique for vascular access in critically ill patients, but clinical laboratories will need to determine their own policies for identifying and handling IO specimens.
Understanding the large inferred Einstein radii of observed low-mass galaxy clusters
Authors: Robertson Andrew , Massey Richard , Eke Vincent 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We assess a claim that observed galaxy clusters with mass ${\sim}10^{14} \mathrm{\, M_\odot }$ are more centrally concentrated than predicted in lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM). We generate mock strong gravitational lensing observations, taking the lenses from a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation, and analyse them in the same way as the real Universe. The observed and simulated lensing arcs are consistent with one another, with three main effects responsible for the previously claimed inconsistency. First, galaxy clusters containing baryonic matter have higher central densities than their counterparts simulated with only dark matter. Secondly, a sample of clusters selected because of the presence of pronounced gravitational lensing arcs preferentially finds centrally concentrated clusters with large Einstein radii. Thirdly, lensed arcs are usually straighter than critical curves, and the chosen image analysis method (fitting circles through the arcs) overestimates the Einstein radii. After accounting for these three effects, ΛCDM predicts that galaxy clusters should produce giant lensing arcs that match those in the observed Universe.
Quantifying the effects of spatial resolution and noise on galaxy metallicity gradients
Authors: Acharyya Ayan , Krumholz Mark R , Federrath Christoph , Kewley Lisa J , Goldbaum Nathan J , Sharp Rob 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Metallicity gradients are important diagnostics of galaxy evolution, because they record the history of events such as mergers, gas inflow, and star formation. However, the accuracy with which gradients can be measured is limited by spatial resolution and noise, and hence, measurements need to be corrected for such effects. We use high-resolution (∼20 pc) simulation of a face-on Milky Way mass galaxy, coupled with photoionization models, to produce a suite of synthetic high-resolution integral field spectroscopy (IFS) datacubes. We then degrade the datacubes, with a range of realistic models for spatial resolution (2−16 beams per galaxy scale length) and noise, to investigate and quantify how well the input metallicity gradient can be recovered as a function of resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with the intention to compare with modern IFS surveys like MaNGA and SAMI. Given appropriate propagation of uncertainties and pruning of low SNR pixels, we show that a resolution of 3–4 telescope beams per galaxy scale length is sufficient to recover the gradient to ∼10–20 per cent uncertainty. The uncertainty escalates to ∼60 per cent for lower resolution. Inclusion of the low SNR pixels causes the uncertainty in the inferred gradient to deteriorate. Our results can potentially inform future IFS surveys regarding the resolution and SNR required to achieve a desired accuracy in metallicity gradient measurements.
Solar slow magneto-acoustic-gravity waves: an erratum correction and a revisited scenario
Authors: Zurbriggen E , Sieyra M V , Costa A , Esquivel A , Stenborg G 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Slow waves are commonly observed on the entire solar atmosphere. Assuming a thin flux tube approximation, the cut-off periods of slow-mode magneto-acoustic-gravity waves that travel from the photosphere to the corona were obtained in Costa et al. In that paper, however, a typo in the specific heat coefficient at constant pressure cp value led to an inconsistency in the cut-off calculation, which is only significant at the transition region. Due to the abrupt temperature change in the region, a change of the mean atomic weight (by a factor of approximately 2) also occurs, but is often overlooked in analytical models for simplicity purposes. In this paper, we revisit the calculation of the cut-off periods of magneto-acoustic-gravity waves in Costa et al. by considering an atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium with a temperature profile, with the inclusion of the variation of the mean atomic weight and the correction of the inconsistency aforementioned. In addition, we measure the dominant periods near a particular active region (AR 1243) as observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) on-board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) on 2011 July 3 and compare them to our analytical results. The cut-off periods obtained analytically are consistent with the corresponding periods measured in observations.
AT 2016dah and AT 2017fyp: the first classical novae discovered within a tidal stream
Authors: Darnley M J , Newsam A M , Chinetti K , Hawkins I D W , Jannetta A L , Kasliwal M M , McGarry J C , Shara M M , Sitaram M , Williams S C 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
AT 2016dah and AT 2017fyp are fairly typical Andromeda galaxy (M 31) classical novae. AT 2016dah is an almost text book example of a ‘very fast’ declining, yet uncommon, Fe ii‘b’ (broad-lined) nova, discovered during the rise to peak optical luminosity, and decaying with a smooth broken power-law light curve. AT 2017fyp is classed as a ‘fast’ nova, unusually for M 31, its early decline spectrum simultaneously shows properties of both Fe ii and He/N spectral types – a ‘hybrid’. Similarly, the light curve of AT 2017fyp has a broken power-law decline but exhibits an extended flat-topped maximum. Both novae were followed in the UV and X-ray by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, but no X-ray source was detected for either nova. The pair were followed photometrically and spectroscopically into their nebular phases. The progenitor systems were not visible in archival optical data, implying that the mass donors are main-sequence stars. What makes AT 2016dah and AT 2017fyp particularly interesting is their position with respect to M 31. The pair are close on the sky but are located far from the centre of M 31, lying almost along the semiminor axis of their host. Radial velocity measurements and simulations of the M 31 nova population leads to the conclusion that both novae are members of the Andromeda Giant Stellar Stream (GSS). We find the probability of at least two M 31 novae appearing coincident with the GSS by chance is $\sim \!1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Therefore, we claim that these novae arose from the GSS progenitor, not M 31 – the first confirmed novae discovered in a tidal steam.
Expanding Antiviral Prophylaxis During Pregnancy to Prevent Perinatal Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Cost-effectiveness Study
Authors: Du Jiangyang , Wang Zhenhua , Wu Bin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) cannot be completely prevented by the administration of active-passive immunoprophylaxis in pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels &lt;106 copies/mL. This study will assess the economic outcomes of expanding antiviral prophylaxis in pregnant women with HBV DNA levels &lt;106 copies/mL.

Methods
A decision model was adopted to measure the economic outcomes of expanded antiviral prophylaxis at different cutoff values of HBV DNA in HBsAg(+) pregnant women in the context of the United States and China. The model inputs, including clinical, cost, and utility data, were extracted from published studies. Sensitivity analyses were carried out to examine the uncertainty of the model outputs. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and direct medical costs were expressed over a lifetime horizon.

Results
Compared with standard antiviral prophylaxis at HBV DNA ≥106 copies/mL, expanded antiviral prophylaxis improved the health outcomes, and the incremental cost of expanded antiviral prophylaxis varied from $2063 in pregnant women with HBV DNA ≥105 copies/mL to $14 925 in all HBsAg(+) pregnant women per QALY gained in the United States, and from $1624 to $12 348 in China. The model outcome was considerably influenced by the discount rate, key clinical parameters related to the incidence of MTCT, and efficacy of the prophylaxis strategy.

Conclusions
This study indicates that antiviral prophylaxis using tenofovir among pregnant women with HBV DNA &lt;106 copies/mL may be a cost-effective option, and the cutoff value of the HBV DNA load for antiviral prophylaxis needs to be tailored.
Examining the Effect of a Whole Health Primary Care Pain Education and Opioid Monitoring Program on Implementation of VA/DoD-Recommended Guidelines for Long-term Opioid Therapy in a Primary Care Chronic Pain Population
Authors: Marszalek Deanna , Martinson Amber , Smith Andrew , Marchand William , Sweeney Caroline , Carney Julie , Lowery Tiffany , Clinton-Lont Jamie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
To describe the core elements of a Whole Health Primary Care Pain Education and Opioid Monitoring Program (PC-POP) and examine its effectiveness at increasing adherence to six of the Veteran Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD) recommended guidelines for long-term opioid therapy (LOT) among chronic noncancer patients seen in primary care (i.e., urine drug screens [UDS], prescription drug monitoring program [PDMP] queries, informed consent, naloxone education/prescriptions, morphine equivalent daily dose [MEDD], and referrals to nonpharmacological pain interventions).

Design/Methods
A within-subjects comparison of outcomes was conducted between pre- and post-PC-POP enrollees (N = 25), as was a a between-subjects comparison to a comparison group (N = 25) utilizing a six-month range post–index date of 10/1/2018 (i.e., between-subjects comparison at Time 2).

Subjects
A convenience sample of adult veterans with chronic noncancer pain receiving opioid therapy consecutively for the past three months in primary care.

Results
Results showed increased concordance with VA/DoD guidelines among those enrolled in the PC-POP, characterized by increased documentation of urine drug screens, prescription drug monitoring program queries, informed consent, naloxone education/prescriptions, and a decrease in MEDD among patients enrolled in the PC-POP.

Conclusions
The PC-POP shows promise for increasing guideline-concordant care for providers working in primary care.
Exposure of a cryptic Hsp70 binding site determines the cytotoxicity of the ALS-associated SOD1-mutant A4V
Authors: Claes Filip , Rudyak Stanislav , Laird Angela S , Louros Nikolaos , Beerten Jacinte , Debulpaep Maja , Michiels Emiel , van der Kant Rob , Van Durme Joost , De Baets Greet , Houben Bert , Ramakers Meine , Yuan Kristy , Gwee Serene S L , Hernandez Sara , Broersen Kerensa , Oliveberg Mikael , Moahamed Barbara , Kirstein Janine , Robberecht Wim , Rousseau Frederic , Schymkowitz Joost 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The accumulation of toxic protein aggregates is thought to play a key role in a range of degenerative pathologies, but it remains unclear why aggregation of polypeptides into non-native assemblies is toxic and why cellular clearance pathways offer ineffective protection. We here study the A4V mutant of SOD1, which forms toxic aggregates in motor neurons of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A comparison of the location of aggregation prone regions (APRs) and Hsp70 binding sites in the denatured state of SOD1 reveals that ALS-associated mutations promote exposure of the APRs more than the strongest Hsc/Hsp70 binding site that we could detect. Mutations designed to increase the exposure of this Hsp70 interaction site in the denatured state promote aggregation but also display an increased interaction with Hsp70 chaperones. Depending on the cell type, in vitro this resulted in cellular inclusion body formation or increased clearance, accompanied with a suppression of cytotoxicity. The latter was also observed in a zebrafish model in vivo. Our results suggest that the uncontrolled accumulation of toxic SOD1A4V aggregates results from insufficient detection by the cellular surveillance network.
The effect of different tobacco tar levels on DNA damage in cigarette smoking subjects
Authors: Zhao Congcong , Xie Yuanchen , Zhou Xiaoshan , Zhang Qiao , Wang Na 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
To explore the genetic damage caused by different tar levels in the human body.

Methods
The subjects were divided into high, medium and low (12 mg, 8 mg, 5 mg) tar groups according to the tar levels. Nonsmoking populations served as a control group. 2 ml of peripheral blood was collected on the 10th day after morning fasting. Oxidative and genetic toxicological damage indicators were analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay in human lymphocyte and single cell gel electrophoresis.

Results
The distribution of hOGG1 concentration was significantly different within all groups, P &lt; 0.01. The concentrations of cotinine, 8-OHdG and Rap-2b were significantly differences between control and medium tar group, control and high tar group, low and medium tar group and low and high tar group, respectively, P &lt; 0.05. The level of PAH-DNA adducts was not significantly changed in the middle tar group and high tar group, P &gt; 0.05. The level of CRP was significantly changed between control and high tar group, low and high tar group and medium and high tar group, respectively, P &lt; 0.0001. The rate of comet tailing was significantly different between all groups. The rate of micronucleus cells was not significantly different between all groups.

Conclusions
The increase of tar content could increase the DNA damage to a certain extent, so the intake of tar content should be monitored.
Influence of fine root traits on in situ exudation rates in four conifers from different mycorrhizal associations
Authors: Akatsuki Maiko , Makita Naoki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Plant roots can exude organic compounds into the soil that are useful for plant survival because they can degrade microorganisms around the roots and enhance allelopathy against other plant invasions. We developed a method to collect carbon (C) exudation on a small scale from tree fine roots by C-free filter traps. We quantified total C through root exudation in four conifers from different microbial symbiotic groups (ectomycorrhiza (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM)) in a cool-temperate forest in Japan. We determined the relationship of mass-based exudation rate from three diameter classes (&lt;0.5, 0.5–1.0, and 1.0–2.5 mm) of the intact root system with root traits such as morphological traits including root diameter, specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), root tissue density (RTD) and chemical traits including root nitrogen (N) content and C/N. Across species, the mass-based root exudation rate was found to correlate with diameter, SRA, RTD, N and C/N. When comparing mycorrhizal types, there were significant relationships between the exudation and diameter, SRL, SRA, root N and C/N in ECM species; however, these were not significant in AM species. Our results show that relationships between in situ root exudation and every measured trait of morphology and chemistry were strongly driven by ECM roots and not by AM roots. These differences might explain the fact that ECM roots in this study potentially covaried by optimizing the exudation and root morphology in forest trees, while exudation in AM roots did not change with changes in root morphology. In addition, the contrasting results may be attributable to the effect of degree and position of ECM and AM colonization in fine root system. Differences in fine root exudation relationships to root morphology for the two types of mycorrhizae will help us better understand the underlying mechanisms of belowground C allocation in forest ecosystems.
Allosteric activation of the RNA and lipid binding capabilities of the picornaviral 3CD polyprotein
Authors: Boehr David D. 
Published: April 2020

In the backdrop of a hostile cellular environment, viral genomes must encode processes to regulate the host cell’s machinery to allow for the efficient replication and packaging of new virus particles. These processes are encoded by relatively small genomes, and so viruses face a formidable information storage problem. Picornaviruses are positive‐strand RNA viruses, and first produce a large polyprotein that must then be cleaved to generate functional components. Proteolytic precursors and fully mature forms of viral proteins often have different functions. The picornavirus 3CD protein exemplifies this concept. The 3C protein is a protease and has RNA‐binding capabilities, and the 3D protein is an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The 3CD protein has unique protease and RNA‐binding abilities relative to 3C and is devoid of RdRp activity. How these functional changes in 3CD arise is poorly explained by its X‐ray crystal structure, which suggests that the 3C and 3D domains are merely tethered together by a linker (i.e. ‘beads‐on‐a‐string’ type model), and the domains do not interact. Computer simulations and small angle X‐ray scattering experiments are consistent with a dynamic 3CD conformational ensemble in which transient interactions between the domains may influence function. Our biophysical studies suggest an even simpler mechanism – extension of the C‐terminal tail of 3C by a few amino acid residues dramatically changes function. A network of interactions then transmits these structural/dynamic changes to the protease active site and the RNA‐binding site, which may also affect the ability of 3CD to interact with phosphoinositide‐containing viral replication membranes. Proteolytic processing of the C‐terminus is then the switch between 3CD and 3C/3D function. Such a simple mechanism may not require any additional domain‐domain interactions in the 3CD polyprotein to regulate domain function. In a broader context, we propose that the conformational dynamics of precursor and processed forms of viral proteins regulate the specific function of these molecules during the viral replication cycle to expand the functional proteome beyond the limited storage capacity available within small viral genomes.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded through NIH R01 grants from NIAID: AI091985 and AI104878 (DDB) and AI053531 (CEC)(A) X‐ray crystal structure of 3C (PDB 1L1N) highlighting the protease catalytic triad in black, and residues important for RNA and phosphoinositide lipid binding highlighted in green and orange, respectively. Binding of (B) phosphoinositide lipid and (C) RNA to the 3C constructs was measured using fluorescence polarization. The Dn designations indicate the number (n) of 3D residues added to the C‐terminus of 3C.Figure 1