bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A deep learning approach to building an intelligent video surveillance system
Authors: Xu Jie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRecent advances in the field of object detection and face recognition have made it possible to develop practical video surveillance systems with embedded object detection and face recognition functionalities that are accurate and fast enough for commercial uses. In this paper, we compare some of the latest approaches to object detection and face recognition and provide reasons why they may or may not be amongst the best to be used in video surveillance applications in terms of both accuracy and speed. It is discovered that Faster R-CNN with Inception ResNet V2 is able to achieve some of the best accuracies while maintaining real-time rates. Single Shot Detector (SSD) with MobileNet, on the other hand, is incredibly fast and still accurate enough for most applications. As for face recognition, FaceNet with Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Networks (MTCNN) achieves higher accuracy than advances such as DeepFace and DeepID2+ while being faster. An end-to-end video surveillance system is also proposed which could be used as a starting point for more complex systems. Various experiments have also been attempted on trained models with observations explained in detail. We finish by discussing video object detection and video salient object detection approaches which could potentially be used as future improvements to the proposed system.
An untargeted metabolomics strategy to measure differences in metabolite uptake and excretion by mammalian cell lines
Authors: Wright Muelas Marina , Roberts Ivayla , Mughal Farah , O’Hagan Steve , Day Philip J. , Kell Douglas B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
It is widely but erroneously believed that drugs get into cells by passing through the phospholipid bilayer portion of the plasma and other membranes. Much evidence shows, however, that this is not the case, and that drugs cross biomembranes by hitchhiking on transporters for other natural molecules to which these drugs are structurally similar. Untargeted metabolomics can provide a method for determining the differential uptake of such metabolites.

Objectives
Blood serum contains many thousands of molecules and provides a convenient source of biologically relevant metabolites. Our objective was to detect and identify metabolites present in serum, but to also establish a method capable of measure their uptake and secretion by different cell lines.

Methods
We develop an untargeted LC-MS/MS method to detect a broad range of compounds present in human serum. We apply this to the analysis of the time course of the uptake and secretion of metabolites in serum by several human cell lines, by analysing changes in the serum that represents the extracellular phase (the ‘exometabolome’ or metabolic footprint).

Results
Our method measures some 4000–5000 metabolic features in both positive and negative electrospray ionisation modes. We show that the metabolic footprints of different cell lines differ greatly from each other.

Conclusion
Our new, 15-min untargeted metabolome method allows for the robust and convenient measurement of differences in the uptake of serum compounds by cell lines following incubation in serum. This will enable future research to study these differences in multiple cell lines that will relate this to transporter expression, thereby advancing our knowledge of transporter substrates, both natural and xenobiotic compounds.
A comprehensive evaluation of two sample treatment procedures for the determination of emerging and historical halogenated flame retardants in biota
Authors: Tolosa Imma , Huertas David , Choyke Sarah , Sander Sylvia , Aminot Yann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo different sample preparation protocols for the determination of 37 emerging and historical halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) in marine tissues were compared with regards to extraction recovery, lipid removal efficiency, repeatability, reproducibility, and ability to measure sub-ng g−1 (dry weight) concentrations in marine biota. One method involved a purification step using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) followed by a HPLC fractionation step on a Partisil amino-cyano normal phase (GPC-Partisil procedure) and the other more traditional method was based on sulphuric acid treatment followed by silica column fractionation (H2SO4-silica procedure). The samples were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Sample fractionation in both methods enabled unique sample preparation procedures to isolate the GC from the LC amenable compounds. Both methods could remove > 99% of the lipids which was necessary prior to GC- and LC-MS/MS analyses. The majority of the target compounds (70%) had acceptable recoveries between 60–120% for both methods. However, the sulphuric acid treatment resulted in the degradation of the TBP-AE and the silica column fractionation resulted in the loss of BEH-TEBP and the elution of PBB-Acr and TBBPA-BME in the unsuitable fraction. High recoveries of DBE-DBCH (α+β), EHTBB, BTBPE, BEH-TEBP, and PBB-Acr were attributed to matrix effects, suggesting the need to use isotope-labelled surrogate standards of the target compounds. The optimisation of the silica column chromatography, GPC, and Partisil fractionation is described and discussed to afford easy implementation of the method. The method using GPC followed by Partisil fractionation is more efficient and more reproducible than the sulphuric acid-silica procedure. The application of this method to marine biota reference materials revealed the presence of relatively high concentrations of DBE-DBCH isomers and BDE-47 in fish samples. The method detection limits comply with the recommendations of the European Commission.
Salinization of Alpine rivers during winter months
Authors: Niedrist Georg H. , Cañedo-Argüelles Miguel , Cauvy-Fraunié Sophie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHuman-induced (i.e., secondary) salinization affects aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide. While agriculture or resource extraction are the main drivers of secondary salinization in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, the application of deicing road salt in winter can be an important source of salts entering freshwaters in cold regions. Alpine rivers are probably affected by salinization, especially in highly populated mountain regions, although this remains to be explored. In this study, we analyzed multi-year conductance time series from four rivers in the European Alps and demonstrated that the application of deicing road salt is linked to peaking rivers’ salinity levels during late winter/early spring. Especially in small catchments with more urban surfaces close to the rivers, conductance increased during constant low-flow periods in late winter and was less correlated with discharge than in summer. Thus, our results suggest that small rivers highly connected to urban infrastructures are prone to considerable salinity peaks during late winter/early spring. Given the low natural level of salinities in Alpine rivers, the aquatic biodiversity might be significantly affected by the recorded changes in conductance, with potential consequences on ecosystem functioning. Thereby, we urge the research community to assess the impact of secondary salinization in Alpine rivers and call for an implementation of management practices to prevent the degradation of these pristine and valuable ecosystems.
Why statistical testing and confidence intervals should not be used in comparative life cycle assessments based on Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: von Brömssen Claudia , Röös Elin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the last years, it has been suggested to use statistical inferential methods, such as hypothesis testing or confidence intervals, to compare different products, services, or systems within comparative life cycle assessments based on Monte Carlo simulation results. However, the use of statistical inferential methods in such settings is fundamentally incorrect and should not be continued. In this article, we explain why and look closer at some related topics.
Die Mobilitätswende als Auslöser einer tief greifenden Transformation des „Modell Deutschland“?
Authors: Haas Tobias 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDas „Modell Deutschland“ hat sich in der Vergangenheit als überaus stabil erwiesen. Gleichwohl steht aktuell die Automobilindustrie, die zentrale Branche des deutschen Kapitalismusmodells, vor tief greifenden Transformationen, deren genaue Konturen sich jedoch nur erahnen lassen. Der Beitrag diskutiert aus einer regulationstheoretischen Perspektive die sich abzeichnenden Veränderungen und argumentiert, dass die internationale Einbettung des „Modell Deutschland“ nicht nur im Hinblick auf die aktuelle Doppelkrise des liberalen Kapitalismus, sondern auch im Hinblick auf die materiell-stoffliche Dimension des deutschen Exportmodells von zentraler Bedeutung ist. Darüber hinaus bedarf es eines präziseren Verständnisses der Rekonfiguration der automobilen Wertschöpfungsketten, die sich durch Digitalisierung und neue Mobilitätsdienstleistungen sowie eine Veränderung der Rohstoffbedarfe und industrieller Fertigungsprozesse im Zuge der Elektrifizierung des Antriebsstrangs verändern und sowohl das Lohnverhältnis als auch die Unternehmensformen stark beeinflussen.
Precipitation Kinetics and Morphology of Grain Boundary Carbides in Ni-Base Superalloy Haynes 282
Authors: Joseph C. , Persson C. , Hörnqvist Colliander M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrecipitation of grain boundary carbides in a mill-annealed Haynes 282 in the temperature range 650 °C to 1120 °C was investigated. The kinetics of M23C6was significantly faster than that of M6C. With increasing aging temperature, the morphology changes from continuous film to an interconnected brick wall structure and finally to discrete particles. No morphological changes were observed with aging time. Serrated grain boundaries formed during aging around 750 °C. The solvus temperature for both M23C6and M6C was approximately 1100 °C.
Buckling of Multiple Intersecting Spherical Shells Under Uniform External Pressure
Authors: Zhang Jian , Li Shengqiu , Cui Weicheng , Xiang Kai , Wang Fang , Tang Wenxian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study explored the buckling of multiple intersecting spherical shells. A three-segment spherical shell was designed using the theory of deformation coordination; the design was compared with that of a volume-equivalent cylindrical shell and ring-ribbed cylindrical shell. The numerical results indicated that the buckling capacity of the three-segment spherical shell was superior to those of the other two cylindrical shells. To validate our numerical approach, three laboratory-scale shell models were fabricated. Each model was accurately measured and slowly tested in a pressure chamber; thus, the tested shells were studied numerically. The experimental collapse modes agreed well with numerical results, and the collapse load of the three-segment pressure shell was considerably higher than that of the two cylindrical shells.
Continuous extracorporeal treatments in a dialysis patient with COVID-19
Authors: Nihei Yoshihito , Nagasawa Hajime , Fukao Yusuke , Kihara Masao , Ueda Seiji , Gohda Tomohito , Suzuki Yusuke 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is now a major global health threat. More than half a year have passed since the first discovery of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), no effective treatment has been established especially in intensive care unit. Inflammatory cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has been reported to play a central role in COVID-19; therefore, treatments for suppressing cytokines, including extracorporeal treatments, are considered to be beneficial. However, until today the efficacy of removing cytokines by extracorporeal treatments in patients with COVID-19 is unclear. Herein, we report our experience with a 66-year-old male patient undergoing maintenance peritoneal dialysis who became critically ill with COVID-19 and underwent several extracorporeal treatment approaches including plasma exchange, direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column and continuous hemodiafiltration. Though the patient developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) repeatedly and subacute cerebral infarction and finally died for respiratory failure on day 30 after admission, these attempts appeared to dampen the cytokine storm based on the observed decline in serum IL-6 levels and were effective against ARDS and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This case suggests the significance of timely initiation of extracorporeal treatment approaches in critically ill patients with COVID-19.
The role of previously undocumented data in the assessment of medical trainees in clinical competency committees
Authors: Tam Jennifer , Wadhwa Anupma , Martimianakis Maria Athina , Fernando Oshan , Regehr Glenn 
Published: October 2020

Introduction The clinical competency committee (CCC) comprises a group of clinical faculty tasked with assessing a medical trainee’s progress from multiple data sources. The use of previously undocumented data, or PUD, during CCC deliberations remains controversial. This study explored the use of previously undocumented data in conjunction with documented data in creating a meaningful assessment in a CCC.
Methods An instrumental case study of a CCC that uses previously undocumented data was conducted. A single CCC meeting was observed, followed by semi-structured individual interviews with all CCC members (n = 7). Meeting and interview transcripts were analyzed iteratively.
Results Documented data were perceived as limited by inaccurate or superficial data, but sometimes served as a starting point for invoking previously undocumented data. Previously undocumented data were introduced as summary impressions, contextualizing factors, personal anecdotes and, rarely, hearsay. The purpose was to raise a potential issue for discussion, enhance and elaborate an impression, or counter an impression. Various mechanisms allowed for the responsible use of previously undocumented data: embedding these data within a structured format; sharing relevant information without commenting beyond one’s scope of experience; clarifying allowable disclosure of personal contextual factors with the trainee pre-meeting; excluding previously undocumented data not widely agreed upon in decision-making; and expecting these data to have been provided as direct feedback to trainees pre-meeting.
Discussion Previously undocumented data appear to play a vital part of the group conversation in a CCC to create meaningful, developmentally focused trainee assessments that cannot be achieved by documented data
Resistance spot welding with variable electrode force—development and benefit of a force profile to extend the weldability of 22MnB5+AS150
Authors: Wohner M. , Mitzschke N. , Jüttner S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCompared with conventional steels, press-hardened steels with an aluminium-silicon coating have a smaller welding range, which is resulting in reduced process stability. For this reason, an analytical methodology is required, which can optimise the welding parameters and extend the welding range significantly. Consequently, most publications focus on the variation of welding time and welding current at a constant electrode force. This paper deals with the design of a force profile to improve weldability and joint quality. The basis for this investigation is the identification of significant characteristic values by the recorded process signals.
Preparation of polyaniline/graphene coated wearable thermoelectric fabric using ultrasonic-assisted dip-coating method
Authors: Amirabad Reza , Ramazani Saadatabadi Ahmad , Siadati M. Hossein 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The use of thermoelectric fabrics for powering wearable devices is expected to become widespread soon. A thermoelectric fabric was prepared by coating nanocomposite of polyaniline/graphene nanosheets (PANI/GNS) on a fabric. Four samples of the fabric containing different wt% of GNS (0.5, 2.5, 5, and 10) were prepared. To characterize the samples, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (AT-FTIR) spectra, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient measurements were used. The electrical conductivity increased from 0.0188 to 0.277 S cm−1 (from 0.5 to 10 wt% of the GNS in PANI/GNS nanocomposite). The maximum coefficient of Seebeck was 18 µV K−1 with 2.5 wt% GNS at 338 °C. The power factor improvement was from 2.047 to 3.084 μW m−1 K−2 (0.5–2.5 wt% GNS).

Graphic abstract
Impulse einer präventiven Arbeitsgestaltung zur Digitalisierung der öffentlichen Verwaltung
Authors: Braun Martin 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungUm die Ansprüche von Politik und Bürgerschaft bestmöglich zu erfüllen, vollzieht die öffentliche Verwaltung einen anhaltenden Modernisierungsprozess. Die Steuerungsinstrumente des „Neuen Managements“ sollen beitragen, menschliche Kreativitäts- und Produktivitätspotenziale zu aktivieren, um Verwaltungsleistungen kundenorientierter, qualitätsvoller und kosteneffizienter zu erbringen. Mittlerweile treiben die Funktionspotenziale des „E-Governments“ die Verwaltungsmodernisierung weiter voran. Eine rechtliche Grundlage bildet das Onlinezugangsgesetz. Es verpflichtet die Behörden, ihre Verwaltungsleistungen auch mittels digitaler Verwaltungsportale anzubieten. Im Zuge der digitalen Transformation werden in zunehmendem Maße bislang dem Menschen vorbehaltene wissens- und denkgestützte Aufgaben auf Informationsmaschinen übertragen. Um zu vermeiden, dass die Reaktion auf unbefriedigende Arbeitsbedingungen den Modernisierungsprozess in der öffentlichen Verwaltung lähmt, sind präventive Maßnahmen geboten. Diese erstrecken sich nicht nur auf den Einsatz von Arbeitsmitteln, sondern vor allem auf die Organisation der Arbeit sowie auf die Funktionsteilung von Mensch und Maschine. Der Beitrag stellt ausgewählte Handlungsfelder vor, die sich an einer „Kultur der Prävention“ orientieren. Er zeigt auf, dass die digitale Transformation eine Aufwertung derjenigen menschlichen Leistungsbeiträge erfordert, die Maschinen nicht zu erbringen vermögen. Hierzu gehört vor allem die Ausgleichsfähigkeit des gesunden Menschen zur Förderung der sozialen Kohärenz. Kohärenz stellt hier ein Ordnungsmuster für komplexe soziotechnische Arbeitssysteme dar, die sich den Regeln des rationalen Planungsparadigmas entziehen.
Ammoniacal Solvoleaching of Copper from High-Grade Chrysocolla
Authors: Gijsemans Lukas , Roosen Joris , Riaño Sofía , Jones Peter Tom , Binnemans Koen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe copper silicate ore chrysocolla forms a large potential copper resource, which has not yet been fully exploited, due to difficulties associated with its beneficiation by flotation and metallurgical processing. Direct acid leaching of chrysocolla causes silica gel formation. Therefore, in this work, the feasibility of solvometallurgical methods to leach copper from high-grade chrysocolla while avoiding issues with silica gel formation was assessed. Ammoniacal solvoleaching was performed with a solvent comprising the chelating extractant LIX 984 N or the acidic extractant Versatic acid 10 in an aliphatic diluent (ShellSol D70 or GTL Fluid G70), combined with a small volume of aqueous ammonia. In the three-phase system, aqueous ammonia dissolves copper from milled and sieved chrysocolla, while copper is simultaneously extracted to the organic phase, releasing ammonia that can be reused for further extraction. The best results were obtained with LIX 984 N as extractant: using a 50 vol% LIX 984 N solution, about 75% of copper could be extracted after 60 min of leaching at 25 °C. The stripping of copper from the pregnant leach solution was optimized. Quantitative stripping of copper was achieved with 1.89 M sulfuric acid and the final aqueous solution of copper sulfate had a concentration of 33 g L−1. Experiments in a leaching reactor (1 L) and small battery of mixer-settlers (3 stages, 35 and 143 mL effective volume in the mixer and the settler, respectively, per stage) were successfully conducted and allowed to recover copper with a purity of 99.9%. A conceptual flow sheet has been developed.
Graphical Abstract
Artificial intelligence for structural glass engineering applications — overview, case studies and future potentials
Authors: Kraus M. A. , Drass M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract’Big data’ and the use of ’Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) is currently advancing due to the increasing and even cheaper data collection and processing capabilities. Social and economical change is predicted by numerous company leaders, politicians and researchers. Machine and Deep Learning (ML/DL) are sub-types of AI, which are gaining high interest within the community of data scientists and engineers worldwide. Obviously, this global trend does not stop at structural glass engineering, so that, the first part of the present paper is concerned with introducing the basic theoretical frame of AI and its sub-classes of ML and DL while the specific needs and requirements for the application in a structural engineering context are highlighted. Then this paper explores potential applications of AI for different subjects within the design, verification and monitoring of façades and glass structures. Finally, the current status of research as well as successfully conducted industry projects by the authors are presented. The discussion of specific problems ranges from supervised ML in case of the material parameter identification of polymeric interlayers used in laminated glass or the prediction of cut-edge strength based on the process parameters of a glass cutting machine and prediction of fracture patterns of tempered glass to the application of computer vision DL methods to image classification of the Pummel test and the use of semantic segmentation for the detection of cracks at the cut edge of glass. In the summary and conclusion section, the main findings for the applicability and impact of AI for the presented structural glass research and industry problems are compiled. It can be seen that in many cases AI, data, software and computing resources are already available today to successfully implement AI projects in the glass industry, which is demonstrated by the many current examples mentioned. Future research directories however will need to concentrate on how to introduce further glass-specific theoretical and human expert knowledge in the AI training process on the one hand and on the other hand more pronunciation has to be laid on the thorough digitization of workflows associated with the structural glass problem at hand in order to foster the further use of AI within this domain in both research and industry.