bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing herbicide resistance in China
Authors: Liu Xiangying , Merchant Austin , Xiang Shihai , Zong Tao , Zhou Xuguo , Bai Lianyang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSince its initial introduction in the late 1950s, chemical control has dominated weed management practices in China. Not surprisingly, the development of herbicide resistance has become the biggest threat to long-term, sustainable weed management in China. Given that China has followed the same laissez-faire approach toward resistance management that has been practiced in developed countries such as the United States, herbicide resistance has evolved rapidly and increased steadily over the years. Previously, we carried out a systematic review to quantitatively assess herbicide-resistance issues in China. In this review, our main objective is to focus on mechanistic studies and management practices to document the (1) history of herbicide application in China; (2) resistance mechanisms governing the eight most resistance-prone herbicide groups, including acetolactate synthase inhibitors, acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, synthetic auxin herbicides, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase inhibitors, protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors, photosystem I electron diverters, photosystem II inhibitors, and long-chain fatty-acid inhibitors; and (3) herbicide-resistance management strategies commonly used in China, including chemical, cultural, biological, physical, and integrated approaches. At the end, perspectives and future research are discussed to address the pressing need for the development of integrated herbicide-resistance management in China.
Land Cover Impacts on Land‐Atmosphere Coupling Strength in Climate Simulations With WRF Over Europe
Authors: Jach Lisa , Warrach‐Sagi Kirsten , Ingwersen Joachim , Kaas Eigil , Wulfmeyer Volker 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLand use and land cover changes are important human forcings to the Earth's climate. This study examines the land‐atmosphere coupling strength and the relationship between surface fluxes and clouds and precipitation for three land cover scenarios in the European summer. The WRF model was used to simulate one scenario with extreme afforestation, one with extreme deforestation, and one with realistic land cover for the time period between 1986 and 2015. The simulations were forced with ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. The analysis followed a two‐step approach. First, the convective triggering potential–low‐level humidity index framework was applied to locate potential coupling hot spots, which were then analyzed with regard to their sensitivity toward land use and land cover changes. Second, actual feedbacks between evaporative fraction, cloud cover, and precipitation were analyzed statistically with focus on sign and location of the feedbacks. The results demonstrate that coupling hot spots, exhibiting predominantly positive feedbacks, were identified over parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia. In this strongly coupled region, afforestation and deforestation modified the atmospheric humidity and stability by changing the surface flux partitioning. Afforestation is associated with a net drying of the atmosphere due to a disproportionately strong increase in the sensible heat flux. In contrast, deforestation initiated a moistening of the atmosphere. The total precipitation changed only in limited areas significantly, which are mostly located in mountainous regions and the northeast of the domain. In summary, the results indicate a land surface influence on the atmospheric background conditions, and an impact on the potential strength of land surface‐precipitation feedbacks.
A Modeling Study of an Atmospheric Bore Associated With a Nocturnal Convective System Over China
Authors: Zhang Shushi , Parsons David B. , Xu Xin , Wang Yuan , Liu Jiufu , Abulikemu Abuduwaili , Shen Wenqiang , Zhang Xidi , Zhang Shengxi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBores have been shown to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), particularly during the night after the boundary layer stabilizes. To date, the generation, evolution, and structure of bores over China has received little attention. This study utilizes observations and simulations with the WRF‐ARW model to investigate the generation and evolution of an atmospheric bore observed over Yangtze‐Huai Plains of China. The bore was associated with a nocturnal MCS that first formed over elevated terrain. The bore was observed ahead of the MCS with a maximum lateral extension of ~100 km. The feature lasted for over 90 mins and propagated at a speed of ~13 m/s, slightly faster than the MCS. In the simulation, the bore evolved from the separating “head” of the convectively generated gravity current. The bore then continued to propagate ahead of the MCS, even after the dissipation of the feeder current, and took on the appearance of an undular bore. The bore lifted a layer of convectively unstable air above the nocturnal surface inversion, initiating new convection ahead of the MCS to help maintain the MCS. The Scorer parameter ahead of the bore revealed a low‐level wind profile with curvature of the vertical profile of horizontal wind, favoring the trapping of wave energy and the persistence of the bore. These results are generally consistent with the role of bores in the maintenance of nocturnal MCSs and emphasize the need for future studies into the relationship between bores and nocturnal MCSs over China.
Assessment of Upper Tropospheric Water Vapor Monthly Variation in Reanalyses With Near‐Global Homogenized 6.5‐μm Radiances From Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Xue Yunheng , Li Jun , Li Zhenglong , Lu Riyu , Gunshor Mathew M. , Moeller Szuchia L. , Di Di , Schmit Timothy J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe monthly variation of upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) simulated by six reanalysis data sets is evaluated with homogenized water vapor radiance observations from international geostationary (GEO) weather satellites by using a profile‐to‐radiance approach over 45°N to 45°S regions for the period 2015–2017. Results show that reanalysis data sets have an overall good agreement with observations. However, a widespread wet bias is found in all reanalyses and is more dominant in large‐scale subsidence regions. JRA55 has the smallest wet bias while MERRA‐2 exhibits the most humid upper troposphere. The temporal variation of brightness temperatures in response to the warm phase of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in 2015–2016 indicates that the UTWV field is regulated by both ascending and descending branches of the large‐scale circulation. All six reanalyses roughly capture the temporal variation of UTWV in the developing and decay year of this ENSO event. However, they tend to overestimate the eastward propagation of high UTWV in the developing year, especially MERRA‐2. The UTWV gradient over the tropical Pacific in the decay year is underestimated, with a dry bias over the convective western Pacific and a wet bias over the eastern Pacific in reanalysis data sets. These results may provide a useful tool for the climate modeling community for identifying and solving problems associated with UTWV simulation.
Regional Calibration With Isotope Tracers Using a Spatially Distributed Model: A Comparison of Methods
Authors: Holmes Tegan , Stadnyk Tricia A. , Kim Su Jin , Asadzadeh Masoud 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAccurate representation of flow sources in process‐based hydrologic models remains challenging for remote, data‐scarce regions. This study applies stable isotope tracers (18O and 2H) in water as auxiliary data for the calibration of the isoWATFLOOD™ model. The most efficient method of those evaluated for introducing isotope data into model calibration was the PA‐DDS multiobjective search algorithm. The compromise solutions incorporating isotope data performed slightly inferior in terms of streamflow simulation compared to the calibrated solution using streamflow data only. However, the former solution outperformed the latter one in terms of isotope simulation. Approximation of the model parameter uncertainty into internal flow path partitioning was explored. Inclusion of isotope error facilitated a broader examination of the total parameter space, resulting in significant differences in internal storage and flow paths, most significantly for soil storage and evapotranspiration loss. Isotope‐optimized calibration reduced evaporation rates and increased soil moisture content within the model, impacting soil water velocity but not streamflow celerity. Flow‐only calibration resulted in artificially narrow model prediction bounds, significantly underestimating the propagation of parameter uncertainty, while isotope‐informed calibrations yielded more reliable and robust bound on model predictions. Our findings demonstrate that the accuracy of a complex, spatially distributed, and process‐based model cannot be judged from one summative flow‐based model performance evaluation metric alone.
Hippocampal volume in early psychosis: a 2-year longitudinal study
Authors: McHugo Maureen , Armstrong Kristan , Roeske Maxwell J. , Woodward Neil D. , Blackford Jennifer U. , Heckers Stephan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCross-sectional studies suggest that hippocampal volume declines across stages of psychosis. In contrast, longitudinal studies indicate that hippocampal volume is stable in the critical period following illness onset. How can these seemingly disparate sets of findings be resolved? In the present study, we examine two previously unexplored reasons for this discrepancy. First, only specific subregions of the hippocampus may change during the early stage of psychosis. Second, there is diagnostic heterogeneity in the early stage of psychosis and cross-sectional analysis does not permit examination of illness trajectory. Some early stage individuals will have persistent illness leading to a diagnosis of schizophrenia, whereas in others, psychosis will remit. Hippocampal volume may be reduced only in individuals who will ultimately be diagnosed with schizophrenia. We acquired longitudinal structural MRI data from 63 early psychosis and 63 healthy control participants, with up to 4 time points per participant collected over 2 years. Subfield volumes were measured in the anterior and posterior hippocampus using automated segmentation specialized for longitudinal analysis. We observed a volume deficit in early psychosis participants compared to healthy controls that was most pronounced in the anterior hippocampus, but this deficit did not change over 2 years. Importantly, we found that anterior cornu ammonis volume is smaller at baseline in individuals who were diagnosed with schizophrenia at follow-up, but normal in those who maintained a diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder over 2 years. Smaller hippocampal volume is not diagnostic of psychosis, but is instead prognostic of clinical outcome.
Comparing measures of hematologic response after high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation in AL amyloidosis
Authors: Sarosiek Shayna , Zheng Luke , Sloan J. Mark , Quillen Karen , Brauneis Dina , Sanchorawala Vaishali 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHematologic complete response (hemCR) in AL amyloidosis requires absence of monoclonal protein by immunofixation electrophoreses (IFE) and normal serum free light chain ratio (FLCR). Recent literature suggests that an involved free light chain (iFLC) <20 mg/L or difference in free light chains (dFLC) <10 mg/L may more accurately predict outcomes after treatment. We evaluated overall survival in 340 patients treated with high-dose melphalan and stem cell transplantation (SCT). Of 305 patients evaluable 6 months after SCT, 90 (30%) achieved hemCR, 132 (43%) dFLC <10 mg/L, 118 (39%) iFLC <20 mg/L, and 176 (58%) normal FLCR. Of 215 patients without hemCR, 65 (30%) had dFLC <10 mg/L and 86 (40%) had normal FLCR. Overall survival (OS) in those achieving dFLC <10 mg/L or normal FLCR without hemCR was inferior to those achieving hemCR (p = 0.013 and p = 0.001). OS was not significantly different in patients achieving iFLC <20 mg/L without hemCR compared with hemCR (p = 0.243). Of those with hemCR, OS was not significantly improved if dFLC <10 mg/L was also achieved (p = 0.852), but OS was improved for those with hemCR who also attained iFLC <20 mg/L (p = 0.009). Multivariate analysis demonstrated absence of monoclonal protein in IFE and iFLC <20 mg/L as independent predictors of survival. Attainment of hemCR remains a treatment goal, although achieving iFLC <20 mg/L may also predict improved OS.
Pre-clinical animal models are poor predictors of human toxicities in phase 1 oncology clinical trials
Authors: Atkins Johnique T. , George Goldy C. , Hess Kenneth , Marcelo-Lewis Kathrina L. , Yuan Ying , Borthakur Gautam , Khozin Sean , LoRusso Patricia , Hong David S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Our objective was to determine the correlation between preclinical toxicity found in animal models (mouse, rat, dog and monkey) and clinical toxicity reported in patients participating in Phase 1 oncology clinical trials.

Methods
We obtained from two major early-Phase clinical trial centres, preclinical toxicities from investigational brochures and clinical toxicities from published Phase 1 trials for 108 drugs, including small molecules, biologics and conjugates. Toxicities were categorised according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. Human toxicities were also categorised based on their reported clinical grade (severity). Positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated to determine the probability that clinical studies would/would not show a particular toxicity category given that it was seen in preclinical toxicology analysis. Statistical analyses also included kappa statistics, and Matthews (MCC) and Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results
Overall, animal toxicity did not show strong correlation with human toxicity, with a median PPV of 0.65 and NPV of 0.50. Similar results were obtained based on kappa statistics and MCC.

Conclusions
There is an urgent need to assess more novel approaches to the type and conduct of preclinical toxicity studies in an effort to provide better predictive value for human investigation.
Real-world outcomes treating patients with advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI)
Authors: Hanna Glenn J. , Ruiz Emily S. , LeBoeuf Nicole R. , Thakuria Manisha , Schmults Chrysalyne D. , Decaprio James A. , Silk Ann W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). It is important to understand both safety and efficacy in a real-world and trial-ineligible cSCC population. We aimed to evaluate safety, efficacy and molecular insights among a broader cSCC population, including immunosuppressed patients, treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI).

Methods
We present a cohort of advanced cSCC patients (n = 61) treated from 2015 to 2020 evaluating the best overall response (BOR) (RECISTv1.1) to CPI therapy, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and tumour mutational burden (TMB) to correlate with outcomes. A validated geriatric scoring index (CIRS-G) was utilised to assess comorbidities among patients ≥75. These data were compared with published clinical trial results among the broader cSCC population.

Results
BOR to CPI was lower among the entire cohort when compared with trial data (31.5 vs. 48%, P < 0.01), with higher rates of progression (59 vs. 16.5%, P < 0.01), regardless of immunosuppression history or age. Grade 3+ irAEs were more common among responders (P = 0.02), while pre-treatment lymphocyte count and TMB predicted response (P = 0.02).

Conclusions
We demonstrate comparatively lower response rates to CPI among real-world cSCC patients not explained by older age or immunosuppression history alone. Immune-related toxicity, absolute lymphocyte count and TMB predicted CPI response.
Myo-inositol mediates reactive oxygen species-induced programmed cell death via salicylic acid-dependent and ethylene-dependent pathways in apple
Authors: Hu Lingyu , Zhou Kun , Ren Guijin , Yang Shulin , Liu Yuan , Zhang Zhijun , Li Yangtiansu , Gong Xiaoqing , Ma Fengwang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs a versatile compound, myo-inositol plays vital roles in plant biochemistry and physiology. We previously showed that exogenous application of myo-inositol had a positive role in salinity tolerance in Malus hupehensis Rehd. In this study, we used MdMIPS (the rate-limiting gene of myo-inositol biosynthesis) transgenic apple lines to gain new insights into the physiological role of myo-inositol in apple. Decreasing myo-inositol biosynthesis in apple lines by RNA silencing of MdMIPS1/2 led to extensive programmed cell death, which manifested as necrosis of both the leaves and roots and, ultimately, plant death. Necrosis was directly caused by the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which may be closely associated with the cell wall polysaccharide-mediated increase in salicylic acid and a compromised antioxidant system, and this process was enhanced by an increase in ethylene production. In addition, a high accumulation of sorbitol promoted necrosis. This synergetic interplay between salicylic acid and ethylene was further supported by the fact that increased myo-inositol accumulation significantly delayed leaf senescence in MdMIPS1-overexpressing apple lines. Taken together, our results indicated that apple myo-inositol regulates reactive oxygen species-induced programmed cell death through salicylic acid-dependent and ethylene-dependent pathways.
The IAA- and ABA-responsive transcription factor CgMYB58 upregulates lignin biosynthesis and triggers juice sac granulation in pummelo
Authors: Shi Meiyan , Liu Xiao , Zhang Haipeng , He Zhenyu , Yang Hongbin , Chen Jiajing , Feng Jia , Yang Wenhui , Jiang Youwu , Yao Jia-Long , Deng Cecilia Hong , Xu Juan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn citrus, lignin overaccumulation in the juice sac results in granulation and an unpleasant fruit texture and taste. By integrating metabolic phenotyping and transcriptomic analyses, we found 702 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 24 transcription factors (TFs), to be significantly correlated with lignin content. CgMYB58 was further identified as a critical R2R3 MYB TF involved in lignin overaccumulation owing to its high transcript levels in Huanong Red-fleshed pummelo (HR, Citrus grandis) fruits. Transient expression of CgMYB58 led to an increase in the lignin content in the pummelo fruit mesocarp, whereas its stable overexpression significantly promoted lignin accumulation and upregulated 19 lignin biosynthetic genes. Among these genes, CgPAL1, CgPAL2, Cg4CL1, and CgC3H were directly modulated by CgMYB58 through interaction with their promoter regions. Moreover, we showed that juice sac granulation in pummelo fruits could be affected by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments. In HR pummelo, ABA significantly accelerated this granulation, whereas IAA effectively inhibited this process. Taken together, these results provide novel insight into the lignin accumulation mechanism in citrus fruits. We also revealed the theoretical basis via exogenous IAA application, which repressed the expression of CgMYB58 and its target genes, thus alleviating juice sac granulation in orchards.
Rapid dehydration of grape berries dampens the post-ripening transcriptomic program and the metabolite profile evolution
Authors: Zenoni Sara , Amato Alessandra , D’Incà Erica , Guzzo Flavia , Tornielli Giovanni Battista 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe postharvest dehydration of grape berries allows the concentration of sugars and other solutes and promotes the synthesis of metabolites and aroma compounds unique to high-quality raisin wines such as the passito wines made in Italy. These dynamic changes are dependent on environmental parameters such as temperature and relative humidity, as well as endogenous factors such as berry morphology and genotype, but the contribution of each variable is not well understood. Here, we compared berries subjected to natural or accelerated dehydration, the latter driven by forced air flow. We followed the evolution of transcript and metabolite profiles and found that accelerated dehydration clearly dampened the natural transcriptomic and metabolomic programs of postharvest berries. We found that slow dehydration over a prolonged duration is necessary to induce gene expression and metabolite accumulation associated with the final quality traits of dehydrated berries. The accumulation of key metabolites (particularly stilbenoids) during postharvest dehydration is inhibited by rapid dehydration conditions that shorten the berry life time.
Rhizosphere microbial communities associated to rose replant disease: links to plant growth and root metabolites
Authors: Yim B. , Baumann A. , Grunewaldt-Stöcker G. , Liu B. , Beerhues L. , Zühlke S. , Sapp M. , Nesme J. , Sørensen S. J. , Smalla K. , Winkelmann T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGrowth depression ofRosaplants at sites previously used to cultivate the same or closely related species is a typical symptom of rose replant disease (RRD). Currently, limited information is available on the causes and the etiology of RRD compared to apple replant disease (ARD). Thus, this study aimed at analyzing growth characteristics, root morphology, and root metabolites, as well as microbial communities in the rhizosphere of the susceptible rootstockRosacorymbifera‘Laxa’ grown in RRD-affected soil from two sites (Heidgraben and Sangerhausen), either untreated or disinfected by γ-irradiation. In a greenhouse bioassay, plants developed significantly more biomass in the γ-irradiated than in the untreated soils of both sites. Several plant metabolites detected inR. corymbifera‘Laxa’ roots were site- and treatment-dependent. Although aloesin was recorded in significantly higher concentrations in untreated than in γ-irradiated soils from Heidgraben, the concentrations of phenylalanine were significantly lower in roots from untreated soil of both sites. Rhizosphere microbial communities of 8-week-old plants were studied by sequencing of 16S rRNA, ITS, and cox gene fragments amplified from total community DNA. Supported by microscopic observations, sequences affiliated to the bacterial genusStreptomycesand the fungal genusNectriawere identified as potential causal agents of RRD in the soils investigated. The relative abundance of oomycetes belonging to the genusPythiogetonshowed a negative correlation to the growth of the plants. Overall, the RRD symptoms, the effects of soil treatments on the composition of the rhizosphere microbial community revealed striking similarities to findings related to ARD.