bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Response to Critical Illness - Part 1
Authors: Bessey Palmer Q. 
Published: January 2021

A wide variety of factors and processes are involved in the metabolic response to critical illness; this chapter reviews some of these factors and metabolic responses in the critically ill surgical patient to help the clinician minimize patient debility. The features of critical illness that can cause debility include wounds, pain, inflammation, infection, and iatrogenic factors. The three major features of the metabolic response are discussed: the hyperdynamic or hypermetabolic state, muscle wasting, and glucose intolerance. Other topics considered include altered temperature regulation, the role of the central nervous system, the role of the gut, manipulating the response to critical illness, altered protein metabolism, altered carbohydrate metabolism, and systemic mediators (e.g., hormones and cytokines).
This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 17 tables, and 59 references
Keywords: Critical illness, metabolic response, thermoregulation, muscle wasting, glucose intolerance, burn victim, sepsis
Transplantation Ethics and Policy
Authors: Wall Anji Elizabeth , Millis J. Michael 
Published: January 2021

Addressing all of the ethical and policy challenges in the field of organ transplantation is a daunting task for a short review. Rather than focusing on each issue, this review starts with a discussion of the underlying ethical principles that drive transplantation ethics and proceeds to address a few of the important ethical challenges in transplantation, recognizing that it is not a comprehensive overview of every issue. Just as policy should follow the underlying ethical principles, the second part of the review addresses policy development and implementation in the United States and selected challenges worldwide. Of note, this review covers underlying ethical principles, the dead donor rule, the allocation of scarce resources, organ allocation, deceased organ donors, living organ donors, speculation for the future, and transplantation policies.

This review contains 15 references.
Breast Screening and Evaluation, High Risk Patients
Authors: Cappuccino Helen , Bonaccio Ermelinda 
Published: January 2021

The fundamental tasks facing surgeons evaluating patients’ breasts are to rule out malignancy, ameliorate breast symptoms, and manage premalignant breast conditions and risk factors to minimize a patient’s chances of developing cancer. Woman presenting to a surgeon should receive thorough and appropriate breast evaluation, breast cancer risk assessment, and treatment, which minimizes risks going forward. In this review, we focus on screening recommendations for (both average and high-risk) patients for breast cancer, Breast Imaging, Reporting and Data System categories, the performance of a thorough breast history and physical examination. We also discuss various breasts imaging modalities and their strengths and weaknesses. We review breast density as a confounding factor and increased risk factor, and the grading of breast density. Finally, different ways of performing breast biopsies are discussed as well as the evaluation of risk for breast cancer with interventions for enhanced screening and risk reduction.

This review contains 12 figures, 7 tables, and 35 references.
Key Words: BI-RADs, breast cancer risk factors, breast cancer risk reduction, breast core biopsy, breast screening, enhanced screening, BRCA, chemoprevention, mammography
Surgical Treatment of Diverticulitis
Authors: Weidner Tiffany K , Kidwell John T , Etzioni David A 
Published: January 2021

Surgical evaluation and treatment is commonly required for the treatment of diverticulitis in both the acute and elective situations. This chapter discusses the surgical treatment of the clinically important manifestations of diverticular disease. Different options for surgical treatment are described for patients in both the urgent and elective settings, including technical aspects of these options. Current controversies are reviewed, including resection versus laparoscopic lavage for the treatment of purulent peritonitis, the use of gastrointestinal diversion in the surgical treatment of acute diverticulitis, and timing of operation for recurrent diverticulitis.
This review contains 8 figures, 4 tables, and 67 references.
Key Words: acute diverticulitis, complicated diverticulitis, diverticular disease, diverticulitis, diverticulosis, Hartmann procedure, laparoscopic lavage, sigmoid resection with primary anastomosis, uncomplicated diverticulitis
Mechanical Ventilation: Respiratory Physiology and Conventional Ventilation
Authors: Maung Adrian A. , Kaplan Lewis J 
Published: January 2021

This three-part review is intended to enable the reader to manage the fundamentals of mechanical ventilation in both the urgent and the nonurgent setting. This first chapter provides a functional understanding of basic pulmonary physiology as a prerequisite knowledge base prior to reviewing the concepts central to basic, traditional, and cyclical ventilation that is regularly employed in the air or ground ambulance, emergency department, operating room, and intensive care unit. Subsequent chapters will review advanced ventilation modes, adjuncts, and special problems encountered in patients with respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. Each segment is intended to build on the preceding one and therefore establishes a functional unit with regard to mechanical ventilation, whether it is provided in an invasive or a noninvasive fashion.

This review contains 5 Figures and 10 references
Key Words: acute respiratory failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypercapnia/therapy, hypoxia/therapy, mechanical ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange
Mechanical Ventilation: Approaches and Special Considerations
Authors: Maung Adrian A. , Kaplan Lewis J 
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, we complete the discussion of mechanical ventilation by examining approaches to mechanical ventilation for different patient populations and how to assess whether a patient is ready for liberation from mechanical ventilation. Each of the three chapters is intended to build on the preceding one and therefore establishes a functional unit with regard to mechanical ventilation, whether it is provided in an invasive or a noninvasive fashion.

This review contains 1 Figure, 1 Table and 31 references
Key Words: acute respiratory failure, ARDS, mechanical ventilation liberation, spontaneous breathing trial, tracheostomy
Diet Advancement after Weight Loss Surgery
Authors: Andromalos Laura 
Published: January 2021

Diet advancement after bariatric surgery has not been standardized across various bariatric programs. It is generally agreed that patients should advance through a textured progression while the gastrointestinal tract heals; however, the content of each diet stage is open for interpretation. The postoperative diet is intended to promote healing and weight loss while minimizing diet-related complications. This review presents the literature regarding the progression of patients through a postoperative bariatric surgery diet, macro- and micronutrient needs in the early postoperative period, and management of common diet-related complications, including nausea, dumping syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and defecatory dysfunction.
This review contains 5 tables and 45 references
Key words: Bariatric surgery, bariatric surgery diet, postoperative diet, macro-nutrient needs, micro-nutrient needs, diet-related complications
INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS IN THE EDUCATIONAL AND MANUFACTURING ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Gocevska Jasmina , Angeloska - Galevska Natasha 
Published: January 2021

Success and efficiency in the working organizations today are based upon good communication and social relations between their employees. The importance of these processes is visible in the use of modern techniques of communicating and the support of team building and team work in organizations. Communication and social climate is a topic that is contemporary and interesting to explore. Therefore, this research is focused on processes of communication and social interaction in the educational and manufacturing working environments. Research data were gathered with survey on a sample of 121 workers from two educational and two manufacturing working organizations. Two types of questionnaires were used: a questionnaire by Richard L. Daft (2001) on the communication issue and so-called WES Work Environment Scale concerning social interaction. Data were analysed with statistical procedures of descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-test) for testing of hypotheses.Based upon this analysis came the conclusion that there is a difference in the degree of development of these important personal skills. The results show that the workers in the educational working organizations have a greater ability to communicate and interact compared to those in the manufacturing organizations.This research is meant to be a base for conclusions that came by information gathered in these two kinds of organizations so that the insight could lead further research in other types of organizations.
PENGEMBANGAN MATA KULIAH HADIS TARBAWI PADA PERGURUAN TINGGI ISLAM
Authors: Nawas M Zuhri Abu , Sapruddin Sapruddin 
Published: January 2021

The Tarbawi Hadith material development is a study carried out in the framework of development and component results and approach analysis. This included the development of tarbawi hadith course accessed by integrating and interconnecting science. This research provided inspiration and innovation in the development of constructive scientific quality and presenting reinforcement of learning formulation material as a scientific study program. This study applied an exploratory-descriptive research designed qualitatively. The development of the Tarbawi hadith material required systemic steps and applied by maximizing the sustainable aspect of inter-connectivity between the basic structured of allied subject matter for the aspects of material functions and the methodology of the study of hadith material related to the contemporary religious studies.
Supporting and Inhibiting Dimensions of Civilizing Process In Local Wisdom-Based Character Education
Authors: Ghufronudin Ghufronudin 
Published: January 2021

This research aimed to find out cause, form and supporting and inhibiting dimensions of character education civilizing process based on local wisdom in SMA Batik 2 Surakarta, Indonesia. The problem is focused on the character-building process informal education. To approach this problem the theoretical reference is used the civilizing process of theory by Norbert Elias. Data is collected through used were observation, in-depth interview and documentation and analyzed qualitatively. This study concludes that there was an unprepared condition of psychogenesis and sociogenesis in the local wisdom-based character education civilizing process. The novelty of this research is the analysis of character education based on local wisdom with the perspective of the theory of civilization Norbert Elias. The presence of local content policy in school curriculum structure, adequate school infrastructure, and supporting school and foundation management served to be the main supporting dimension. Internal inhibiting dimension included the school stakeholders’ poor awareness of understanding and implementing local wisdom value in daily life and poor synergy in cultural local content learning in organizing and developing teaching material. External inhibiting dimension included no government regulation governing the integration of local wisdom content into every subject, less optimum role and cooperation of social environment, and parents’ low commitment to supporting the process of civilizing character education based on local wisdom.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Snowball Throwing Dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa (Studi Kasus Di SMA N 1 Bintang Bayu Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai)
Authors: Siallagan Ardin 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui hasil belajar siswa pada pokok bahasan sumber daya alam yang diajar dengan model Snowball Throwing (2) untuk mengetahui aktifitas siswa melalui model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing (3) untuk mengetahui efektifitas dalam penerapan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing. Penelitian PTK ini dilaksanakan di Bintang Bayu pada Tahun akademik 2010, objek penelitian 1 kelas yang berjumlah 32 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur hasil belajar berupa tes objektif. Reabilitas tes diuji dengan menggunakan Teknik Korelasi Produk Moment dengan hasil sebesar 0.304( r=0.7127). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara komunikasi langsung dan tidak langsung. Teknik analisa yang digunakan menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa model Snowball Throwing dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar dengan melihat keaktifan pada siklus I sebesar 70% dan keaktifan pada siklus II sebesar 85% dan Ketuntasan Klasikal pada siklus I sebesar 86 % dan ketuntasan klasikal pada siklus II sebesar 94%. Penerapan model pembelajaran Snowball Throwing merupakan model yang efektif digunakan karena antara materi pelajaran dan model pembelajaran signifikan untuk digunakan. Kata Kunci: Model Pembelajaran, Snowball Throwing
PENGARUH BUDAYA DAN AGAMA TERHADAP PENGGUNAAN SUSU LEMBU DALAM RITUAL KEAGAMAAN SUKU PUNJABI PENGANUT AGAMA SIKH DI KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Rosramadhana Rosramadhana , Andriansyah Dedi , Febryani Ayu , Sebayang Sonya Indri 
Published: January 2021

Ritual keagamaan menjadi salah satu cara manusia untuk mendekatkan diri dengan Tuhan yang memiliki kekuatan tersebut. Emosi keagamaan semakin terbangun, sehingga kepatuhan dalam menjalankan segala perintah agamanya dan menjauhi segala yang dilarang oleh Tuhan akan semakin terlaksana. Begitu juga dengan Suku Punjabi penganut agama Sikh di Kota Medan. Suku Punjabi penganut agama Sikh adalah salah satu etnik yang berasal dari India Utara. Dalam ritual keagamaan yang dilakukan, umat Sikh tidak pernah terlepas dari penggunaan susu lembu baik ketika sembahyang di Gurdwara (rumah ibadah umat Sikh), maupun dalam ritual keagamaan lainnya. Menggunakan metode peneitian kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara tidak terstruktur dan analisis etnografi serta analisis domain, penelitian ini mengungkapkan pengaruh dan dampak terhadap penggunaan susu lembu dalam ritual keagamaan Suku Punjabi penganut agama Sikh di Kota Medan. Ternyata susu lembu menjadi penguat betapa sakralnya ritual keagamaan tersebut. Susu lembu diolah menjadi sebuah makanan (karha parsad) yang kemudian menjadi media pada saat dilakukan Ardas (prosesi berdoa). Karha parsad tersebut kemudian dipotong dan dibagikan kepada umat Sikh lainnya.
PROFESIONALISME GURU PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM TINGKAT SATUAN PENDIDIKAN
Authors: Widodo Rahayu Sehat 
Published: January 2021

Implementasi KTSP memerlukan sosok seorang guru yang memiliki kemampuan manajerial dan integritas professional yang tinggi, serta demokratis dalam melaksanakan proses pembelajaran di kelas. Guru profesional akan dapat menyelenggarakan proses pembelajaran dan penilaian yang menyenangkan bagi peserta didiknya, sehingga dapat mendorong tumbuhnya kreativitas belajar pada diri peserta didik. Kesiapan guru dalam pelaksanaan kurikulum sangat menentukan minat dan partisipasi peserta didik dalam pembelajaran. Melalui pelaksanaan dan penyusunan kurikulum yang sesuai diharapkan peserta didik tidak hanya dapat memiliki ilmu pengetahuan namun juga memiliki kesan yang mendalam tentang materi pelajaran, sehingga dapat membentuk peserta didik yang cerdas, terampil, dan berkarakter sesuai dengan yang diamanatkan oleh Pancasila dan UUD 1945.
PROFIL PERILAKU LINGKUNGAN HIDUP SISWA SMA NEGERI DI KOTA MEDAN
Authors: Suriani Meilinda , Restu Restu 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil perilaku lingkungan hidup siswa SMA Negeri Kota Medan ditinjau dari (1) kemampuan kognitif siswa terhadap lingkungan hidup, (2) kemampuan afektif siswa terhadap lingkungan hidup, (3) kemampuan psikomotor siswa terhadap lingkungan hidup. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa SMA Negeri Kota Medan Kelas XI dengan sampel ditentukan berdasarkan letak sekolah dari pusat, tengah, pinggir kota, maka dipilih SMAN 1, SMAN 10, SMAN 4, SMAN 5, SMAN 17, dan SMAN 21 yang diambil masing-masing satu kelas secara acak. Data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan tes terstruktur yang diberi pembobotan berskala 5 dan dianalisis secara deskriptif berdasarkan Rumus Sturgess. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) kemampuan kognitif siswa tentang lingkungan hidup berada pada kategori baik yaitu 91,15% dari 190 siswa, (2) kemampuan afektif siswa tentang lingkungan hidup berada pada kategori baik yaitu 76,21%, (3) kemampuan psikomotor siswa tentang lingkungan hidup berada pada kategori baik yaitu 61,67%.
GENDANG LIMAPULUH KURANG DUA PADA MASYARAKAT ETNIS KARO DI SUMATERA UTARA
Authors: Wiflihani Wiflihani 
Published: January 2021

Lewat media iringan bunyi-bunyian (musik), cerita mitos kejadian dunia (kosmogoni) pada satu masyarakat tertentu disajikan dengan sedemikian indah dan terasa menggugah perasaan bagi siapa saja yang mendengarkannya meskipun tidak melalui dialog secara literer. Demikian pula dengan Gendang Karo Limapuluh Kurang Dua yang berisi tentang cerita kosmogoni yang dipercayai oleh masyarakat Karo. Melalui media musik yang disajikan oleh 4 orang Sierjabaten yang terdiri dari: pengual 1, pengual 2, penarune dan penabuh gong. Gendang ini berdurasi hampir 2 jam yang terbagi dalam 6 frase, terdiri dari 48 gendang tanpa teks tertulis, dan mempunyai makna dan arti berlainan antara satu gendang dengan gendang yang lain. Teriakan allep-allep sebanyak 3 kali yang artinya luapan tanda gembira (hore-hore) oleh semua yang hadir, selalu menjadi tanda bagi setiap akhir dan memulai frase.
KEMAMPUAN GURU MELAKUKAN PENILAIAN DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MELALUI INTERNALISASI NILAI KEJUJURAN PADA PEMBELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN KEWARGANEGARAAN
Authors: Setiawan Fandi 
Published: January 2021

Kemampuan guru melakukan penilaian dalam proses pembelajaran PKn sudah terlaksana cukup baik. Bahwa mereka sudah melakukan penilaian dalam proses pembelajaran, dari kegiatan awal, kegiatan inti sampai kegiatan akhir. Kurangnya perhatian guru terhadap pembuatan RPP ini mengisyaratkan bahwa proses perencanaan pembelajaran masih belum sempurna. Karena penyusunan rencana pembelajaran merupakan suatu bagian terpenting dalam melaksanakan proses belajar mengajar di kelas. Untuk guru RPP tersebut merupakan acuan atau skenario yang harus dilalui tahap demi tahap dalam memberikan materi kepada siswa. Dengan uraian-uraian di atas, kiranya dapat disimpulkan bahwa guru PKn telah melaksanakan penilaian proses pembelajaran sebagaimana mestinya, meskipun masih terdapat kekurangan-kekurangan yang dikarenakan masih terbatasnya kemampuan guru dalam pembuatan perencanaan penilaian maupun pelaksanaan penilaian. Oleh karena itu, perlu strategi yang tepat dalam menginternalisasikan nilai kejujuran terhadap siswa. Hal tersebut menggambarkan strategi dan langkah-langkah menginternalisasikan nilai kejujuran oleh guru mata pelajaran PKn. PKn sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran wajib disekolah merupakan mata pelajaran yang mengajarkan pentingnya penenaman nilai-nilai karakter pada peserta didik. PKn mempunyai peran yang vital menanamkan dan mengembangkan nilai-nilai tersebut.
Analisis Pengaruh Fungsi Perlombaan Desa terhadap Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Desa di Kecamatan Teluk Mengkudu Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai
Authors: Naibaho Manutur Parulian , Sihombing Marlon , Tarmizi Tarmizi 
Published: January 2021

The government faces quite big constrains in the implementation of rural development due to the aspects of Geography, Topology, Demography, infrastructure availability, poor human resources, and relatively low rural institutional capability. One of the very important attempts which needs to be carried out by Central Government and Local Government is to encourage, promote, develop and actualize the power and ability of the rural communities themselves. The power and ability sourced and found in the rural communities themselves is defined as “Community Participation”. This study used the primary data obtained through interviewing the respondents (local community) and the secondary data obtained from the data of Subdistrict Government of Teluk Mengkudu, Statistic Coordinator of Teluk Mengkudu Subdistrict, Community Empowerment and Rural Government Board of Serdang Bedagai District. The result of this study showed that, based on the result of regression equation, the coefficient value of village competition was 0.6071 with sig.t = 0.000. Since the value of sig.t was < α (0.05), Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted. Thus, village competiton had a significant influence on the initiatives of the community in developing their village in Teluk Mengkudu Subdistrict. Then, from the other regression equation, it was found out that the coefficient value of village competition was 0.3278 with sig.t = 0.0156. Since the value of sig.t was < α (0.05), Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted. Thus, village competition had a significant influence on the active participation of the community in developing their village in Teluk Mengkudu Subdistrict. The positive sign of coefficient value of village competition showed that if Village Competition is increasingly enhanced, that intiative of the community in developing their village in Teluk Mengkudu Subdistrict is also increasingly increased or both variables had unidirectional relationship. The conclusion drawn from the result of this study is that Village Competition is one of the activities done by both Central Government and Local Government in theirn attempt to educate their people to increase their initiatives and active participation to develop their villages.
Kebijakan Berwawasan Kependudukan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Tampubolon Mahara Sintong 
Published: January 2021

In the modern era, population problems considered as one of the important thing which should be solved seriously by government agencies through ‘human-welfare’ based policy regarding population for contributing to minimize the population problem and di-rectly for successing development. That is why in the context of developmental policy, residents must be considered as subject, not as object of development. The population based policy must immediately formulated as guidelines for directing development implemen-tation comprehensively and synergy in producing human resources which able for global competition. Synergycity population based policy with quality of human resources, requiring quality education as a systematic method for improving Indonesian people by several quality such as life skills, personal skills including self awareness and thinking skills, and social skills, academic skills, and vocational skills.