bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johannes Kepler and the Exploration of the Weight of Substances in the Long Sixteenth Century
Authors: Pastorino Cesare 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Numerous early modern experimentalists, including Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon and Thomas Harriot, viewed one seemingly humble principle – that at a given volume, different substances can be identified by their particular weight, or specific gravity – as a fundamental key to the understanding of nature in general. Johannes Kepler’s Messekunst Archimedis of 1616 contains a striking summary of the experimental research on specific gravities in the long sixteenth-century. Counting himself amongst an extensive list of authors interested in this problem, Kepler mentions not only natural philosophers or mathematicians interested in Archimedes. His account surprisingly includes humanists, instrument makers, antiquarians and assayers. Received histories of specific gravities often focus on antecedents of modern disciplinary concepts and methodologies, where instead, Kepler’s account suggests the existence of a heterogeneous group of early modern experts involved in experiments on the quantification of matter, at the intersection between the history of science, practical mathematics and the humanities.
Introductory Remarks on Georg Langer’s “On the Function of the Jewish Doorpost Scroll” from 1928
Authors: Goldman-Ida Batsheva 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Batsheva Goldman-Ida, art historian and museum curator, introduces the article by Jiří Mordechai Georgo Langer (1894, Prague–1943, Tel Aviv): “On the Function of the Jewish Doorpost Scroll,” presented for the first time in English translation, and originally written for the Freud journal Imago in 1928. Langer, a Hebrew poet and teacher of Jewish studies was a friend of Franz Kafka. Langer joined the Belz Hasidism from 1913–16 and was one of the people who introduced Kafka to Hasidism. Langer suggests an explanatory model for Jewish religious artifacts such as the Mezuzah and Phylacteries in the context of compulsion neuroses, referencing the rites of indigenous people and totem theory. The introduction provides background material on the author and details of his other books and endeavors, as well as a framework to better appreciate his poetry and scholarly work. Langer sought a revival of “comrade love” whose homerotic bias is of interest today. His essay on the Mezuzah opens up a range of questions on Jewish artifacts, psychoanalysis, and the origins of Jewish rites. Long left unnoticed, it challenges the current field of Jewish scholarship to rethink its methodology.
Optimal starting control of zero-synchronous shock AMT based on torque compensation
Authors: Zhao Lu , Lin Yang , Li Zude , Huang Chenlu 
Published: November 2020

This article first puts forward the shortcomings of current AMT starting control in the preface. Then, in the second chapter, the dynamic analysis of the starting process was carried out, and the three requirements of starting control were clarified: dynamic requirements, smoothness requirements and low slippage requirements; it was clarified that dynamic requirements were the main control objectives of starting control, smoothness Performance requirements and low clutch wear requirements are constraints. In the third chapter, the optimal control principle of the AMT starting is proposed; the clutch target engagement amount is determined according to the power requirements, the engine speed control strategy and the engine target speed are determined according to the low slip wear requirements, according to the requirements of ride comfort, the clutch engagement speed and synchronous compensation torque are determined, and an optimal starting control method with zero synchronous shock based on torque compensation is proposed. Based on this, the optimal starting controller with three control loops is designed in Chapter 4, it realizes the functions of closed-loop control of driver torque demand, closed-loop control of sliding impact degree, closed-loop control of zero synchronous impact, and closed-loop control of engine speed with low sliding power. Finally, the vehicle test and simulation verification in Chapter 5 confirms that the control method proposed in this paper can effectively meet the starting control goal and eliminate the synchronization shock simply and efficiently.
Risk factors related to postpartum hepatic inflammation in pregnant women with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Li Lu , Zou Huaibin , Xu Manman , Li Shuang , Zhu Yunxia , Zheng Sujun , Duan Zhongping , Chen Yu 
Published: November 2020

Objectives To investigate liver function after pregnancy in women with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and factors related to postpartum abnormalities. Methods A total of 317 pregnant women were included in this study and 138 had an HBV DNA level. In this trial, the highest number and proportion of hepatitis B surface antigen-positive mothers with postpartum hepatic inflammation were at 1 month after delivery. Results Baseline liver function of postpartum women with hepatic inflammation was significantly higher than that in those before delivery. The rates of hepatitis B e-antigen (HBeAg)-positive status, baseline HBV DNA levels, gestational diabetes mellitus, and antiviral therapy during pregnancy were significantly higher in the hepatic inflammation group than in the control group. Among the 138 women who received antiviral therapy, 83 withdrew from antiviral therapy immediately after delivery and 55 continued antiviral therapy for at least 1 month after delivery. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that HBeAg-positivity and gestational diabetes mellitus were associated with hepatic inflammation after delivery. Postpartum hepatic inflammation occurred mostly at 1 month after delivery in pregnant women with HBV infection. Conclusions Close monitoring of women with HBV during pregnancy is required, especially for those who are HBeAg-positive and have gestational diabetes mellitus.
Epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and its components in Chinese patients with a range of thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations
Authors: Tang Kun , Zhang Qiao , Peng Nian-chun , Zhang Miao , Xu Shu-jing , Li Hong , Hu Ying , Xue Chun-ju , Shi Li-xin ,   the REACTION Study Group
Published: November 2020

Objective To investigate the relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration and the risks of developing metabolic syndrome and its components. Methods A total of 10,140 residents of the Yunyan district of Guiyang (Guizhou, China) who were ≥40 years old were selected by cluster random sampling between May and August 2011, of whom 5692 were eligible. TSH concentration and indices of metabolic syndrome were documented at baseline and 3 years later. Participants were allocated to a euthyroid (TSH 0.55–4.78 mIU/L) or high TSH concentration (TSH >4.78 mIU/L) group. Patients with overt hypothyroidism or were undergoing treatment for hypothyroidism were excluded. Results The crude and adjusted prevalences of metabolic syndrome were 39.9% and 33.9% in the euthyroid group and 44.3% and 37.5% in the high TSH group, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between a high TSH concentration at baseline and the cumulative incidence of metabolic syndrome during follow up. Conclusions High TSH is associated with a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome or one of its components; therefore, people with a high TSH concentration should be screened regularly to permit the early identification of metabolic syndrome and followed up thoroughly.
Validity and reliability of the triage scale in older people in a regional emergency department in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Kai Yeung , Leung Ling Pong 
Published: November 2020

Background: Older people (⩾65 years) present a unique challenge in emergency department triage. Hong Kong’s Hospital Authority adopts a five-level emergency department triage system, with no special considerations for older people. We evaluated the validity and reliability of this triage scale in older people in a regional Hong Kong emergency department. Methods: In total, 295 cases stratified by triage category were randomly selected for review from November 2016 to January 2017. Validity was established by comparing the real emergency department patients’ triage category against (1) that of an expert panel and (2) the need for life-saving intervention. Triage notes were extracted to make case scenarios to evaluate inter- and intra-rater reliabilities. Emergency department nurses (n = 8) were randomly selected and grouped into <5 and ⩾5 years emergency department experience. All nurses independently rated all 295 scenarios, blinded to clinical outcomes. Results: The percentage agreement between the real emergency department patients’ triage category and the expert panel’s assignment was 68.5%, with 16.3% and 15.3% over-triage and under-triage, respectively. Quadratic weighting kappa for agreement with the expert panel was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.53–0.91). The sensitivity, specificity and positive likelihood ratio for the need for life-saving interventions were 75.0% (95% confidence interval: 47.6%–92.7%), 97.1% (95% confidence interval: 94.4%–98.8%) and 26.2 (95% confidence interval: 12.5%–54.8%), respectively. The Fleiss kappa value for inter-rater reliability was 0.50 (95% confidence interval: 0.47–0.54) for junior and senior nurse groups, respectively. Conclusion: The current triage scale demonstrates reasonable validity and reliability for use in our older people. Considerations highlighting the unique characteristics of older people emergency department presentations are recommended.
Risk of malignancies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease who used thiopurines as compared with other indications: a territory-wide study
Authors: Zheng Kelvin Y. C. , Guo Chuan-Guo , Wong Irene O. L. , Chen Lijia , Chung Ho Yin , Cheung Ka Shing , Leung Wai K. 
Published: November 2020

Aims: Thiopurines are believed to increase cancer risks, but data from Asian patients are sparse. We determined the risks of malignancies in thiopurine users with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or other indications from Hong Kong. Methods: All patients who had received thiopurines between 2005 and 2009 in Hong Kong were identified from local electronic healthcare database. Patients were followed from the start date of thiopurines until death or end of study in 2017. We excluded patients with baseline malignancy. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of all malignancies were computed against matched local general population from the cancer registry. Patients in the same diagnosis category but not exposed to thiopurines were included as controls. Results: There were 7452 thiopurines users (median age 47.0 years), including 595 IBD patients, with a median follow-up of 11.2 years. Of them, 684 (9.2%) developed malignancies with an overall SIR of 2.30 (95% CI 2.13–2.48). The SIR in IBD patients who used thiopurines was 2.37 (95% CI 1.71–3.18) as compared with non-users (SIR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05–1.72). Highest risk of malignancies was observed in post-transplant patients (SIR 3.83, 95% CI 3.34–4.35), and lower risks were seen in patients with rheumatological diseases (SIR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02–2.02). Conclusion: IBD patients in Hong Kong who used thiopurines had 2.37-fold increase in risk of malignancies than the general population, which was higher than non-users and different from thiopurine users for other indications.
Practice Variation Among Hispanic American Orthopedic Surgeons in the Management of Geriatric Distal Radius Fracture
Authors: Rosado Edwin G. , Olivella Gerardo , Natal-Albelo Eduardo J. , Echegaray Gabriel J. , Rivera Lenny L. , Guevara Carlos A. , Alejandro Larry M. , Martínez-Rivera Arnaldo , Ramírez Norman , Foy Christian A. 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: There is a controversy in the management of distal radius fractures (DRF) and its criteria for surgical intervention on geriatric patients. The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) developed evidence-based guidelines for treatment of DRF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current practice of Hispanic orthopedic surgeons in the management of geriatric DRF and examine their adherence to AAOS guidelines based on years of surgical experience. Material & Methods: A survey was emailed to all orthopedic surgeons who live in Puerto Rico and treated DRF in their daily practice. Responses concerning demographic, management and clinical scenarios were evaluated. For each clinical scenario, treatment of choice was selected with the same fracture in a geriatric and young adult patient. Comparison between years of surgical experience and adherence to the AAOS guidelines was performed. Results: A total of 65 surgeons responded the survey with 65% having >15 years in practice. A high consensus with AAOS guidelines for DRF was found. Use of preoperative radiographs was reported in all respondents, with an additional 12% routine use of preoperative computed tomography scans. Seventy-seven percent of respondents did not allow any range of motion (ROM) at immediate postoperative period, while 23% allowed active or passive ROM. Use of postoperative therapy was reported in 72.3%. Correlation between years of surgical experience showed a higher use of Vitamin C postoperatively for prophylaxis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome among surgeons <15 years (P = 0.01). A general consensus trend toward operative fixation was noted among geriatric and young adult patients with the same fracture type in all clinical scenarios. Discussion and Conclusions: This survey demonstrates a practice variation toward surgical management of geriatric DRF among Hispanic orthopedic surgeons; despite their compliance with the AAOS AUC guidelines. The geriatric DRF management does not vary significantly among years of surgical experience.
Clinical outcomes and cost analysis of one- versus two-stage bilateral hip arthroplasty. A retrospective study of a single surgeon experience
Authors: Hefny M , Syed F , Ugwuoke A , Saunders P , Young SK 
Published: November 2020

Purpose: One in 10 patients presenting for total hip arthroplasty (THA) will have significant osteoarthritis in both hips. In appropriately selected individuals, one-stage bilateral THA is a treatment option. This study aims to compare outcomes of one-stage bilateral THA with two-stage procedure. Methods: A retrospective review of a single surgeon series was conducted comparing One-stage bilateral THA (n = 59) with two-stage bilateral THA (n = 50). The primary outcomes were post-operative complication and the Oxford Hip Score. The secondary outcome was a financial analysis. Results: Complications were infrequent and comparable between both groups. Oxford hip scores were slightly higher in the one-stage group. One-staged bilateral THA had a lower cost but hospital tariff is higher for two-stage bilateral THA. Conclusion: In appropriately selected patients with bilateral hip arthritis, one-stage bilateral THA gives good clinical outcomes. However, the current payment system in the NHS makes two-stage bilateral THA more financially viable to the hospital.
Inter- and Intraobserver Reliability Between Orthopaedic Surgeons for Reparability of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Using MRI
Authors: Anderson Forrest L. , Wright Margaret L. , Anderson Matthew J. , Alexander Frank J. , Popa George , Ahmad Christopher S. 
Published: November 2020

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is the standard of care for patients after an ACL tear, as poor historical outcomes were observed after primary ACL repair. Certain subgroups of patients, however, have been shown to have outcomes equivalent to reconstruction after undergoing ACL repair and therefore may benefit from the potential advantages offered by avoiding reconstruction. It is important to accurately and consistently identify and indicate these candidates for ACL repair. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to determine the inter- and intraobserver reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation for the reparability of ACL tears and to identify imaging factors that may lead to surgeon uncertainty or disagreement in decision making. Our hypothesis was that the orthopaedic surgeons surveyed would not be able to reliably agree on the reparability of an ACL using MRI scans alone. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We administered 2 surveys to 6 fellowship-trained orthopaedic sports medicine surgeons. Each surgeon reviewed preoperative MRI scans for 20 patients and answered a series of questions, ultimately determining whether they would choose an ACL reconstruction or repair for the patient based on the imaging alone. The same survey was repeated 6 weeks later. Kappa values for inter- and intraobserver reliability of their decision making were then calculated. Results: The average kappa for interobserver reliability in the 2 surveys was 0.22, and the average kappa for intraobserver reliability was 0.34. Interobserver reliability among the surgeons in this group was poor to moderate; intraobserver reliability was slightly better. The choice for ACL repair was significantly correlated with proximal tear locations ( r = 0.854; P < .001), good-quality ACL tissue remnant ( r = 0.929; P < .001), and how many surgeons believed that the tear only involved a single bundle ( r = 0.590; P = .006). Conclusion: The surgeons surveyed in this study did not consistently agree on candidates for ACL repair using MRI alone.
Characterizing and Distinguishing ‘Innovative Start-ups’ Among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)
Authors: Krishnan S. Navaneetha , Ganesh L. S. , Rajendran C. 
Published: November 2020

Start-ups are entrepreneurial ventures, having a high risk of failure (Bortolini et al., 2018; Spender et al., 2017). The risk of failures of Start-ups can be minimized if they are characterized well, and the appropriate macro- and micro-level policy interventions can be introduced. Our literature review (LR) on Start-ups reveals that they are addressed by different names, namely, Hi-Tech firms, University spin-offs, Innovative Start-ups (ISs), Lean Start-ups, Silicon Valley Start-ups and New Technology-Based Firms (NTBF). (Tripathi, Seppanen et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2020; Wiesenberg et al., 2020). It is also observed that Start-ups are referred to as small business and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). A systematic literature review (SLR) of Start-ups is presented here and used as the basis for characterizing them. We propose (proposition-1) that these Start-up firms, addressed by different names, as referred above, can be grouped, characterized and identified as ISs. Based on a robust characterization of ISs, this article proposes that ISs are a subset of MSMEs. From a comparative study of ISs and MSME, we propose (proposition-2) a framework that shows MSMEs can be conceptually split into ISs and Conventional MSMEs (C-MSMEs), with an intersection between ISs and C-MSME. This study has also identified four new research areas related to Start-ups and MSMEs. The above characterization and differentiation of ISs from other entrepreneurial ventures will help policymakers, entrepreneurs, and investors to understand ISs and C-MSMEs better and develop suitable policy interventions and risk mitigation strategies.
Harnessing lymphoma epigenetics to improve therapies
Authors: Yang Haopeng , Green Michael R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAffinity maturation and terminal differentiation of B cells via the germinal center reaction is a complex multistep process controlled by transcription factors that induce or suppress large dynamic transcriptional programs. This occurs via the recruitment of coactivator or corepressor complexes that epigenetically regulate gene expression by post-translationally modifying histones and/or remodeling chromatin structure. B-cell–intrinsic developmental programs both regulate and respond to interactions with other cells in the germinal center that provide survival and differentiation signals, such as T-follicular helper cells and follicular dendritic cells. Epigenetic and transcriptional programs that naturally occur during B-cell development are hijacked in B-cell lymphoma by genetic alterations that directly or indirectly change the function of transcription factors and/or chromatin-modifying genes. These in turn skew differentiation toward the tumor cell of origin and alter interactions between lymphoma B cells and other cells within the microenvironment. Understanding the mechanisms by which genetic alterations perturb epigenetic and transcriptional programs regulating B-cell development and immune interactions may identify opportunities to target these programs using epigenetic-modifying agents. Here, we discuss recently published studies centered on follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma within the context of prior knowledge, and we highlight how these insights have informed potential avenues for rational therapeutic interventions.
Effectiveness and outcomes of air travel-related TB incident follow-up: a systematic review
Authors: Maynard-Smith Laura , Brown Colin Stewart , Harris Ross Jeremy , Hodkinson Peter , Tamne Surinder , Anderson Sarah Ruth , Zenner Dominik 
Published: November 2020

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends following up passengers after possible exposure to a case of infectious tuberculosis (TB) during air travel. This is time-consuming and difficult, and increasingly so with higher numbers each year of flights and passengers to and from countries with high TB endemicity. This paper systematically reviews the literature on contact tracing investigations after a plane exposure to active pulmonary TB. Evidence for in-flight transmission was assessed by reviewing the positive results of contacts without prior risk factors for latent TB.A search of Medline, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library and Database of Systematic Reviews was carried out, with no restrictions on study design, index case characteristics, duration of flight or publication date.In total, 22 papers were included, with 469 index cases and 15 889 contacts. Only 26.4% of all contacts identified completed screening after exposure. The yield of either a single positive tuberculin skin test (TST) or a TST conversion attributable to in-flight transmission was between 0.19% (95% CI 0.13%–0.27%) and 0.74% (95% CI 0.61%–0.88%) of all contacts identified (0.00%, 95% CI 0.00%–0.00% and 0.13%, 95% CI 0.00%–0.61% in random effects meta-analysis). The main limitation of this study was heterogeneity of reporting.The evidence behind the criteria for initiating investigations is weak and it has been widely demonstrated that active screening of contacts is labour-intensive and unlikely to be effective. Based on our findings, formal comprehensive contact tracing may be of limited utility following a plane exposure.