bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rae1 drives NKG2D binding‐dependent tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways in tumor cells
Authors: Zhao Peiyan , Yang Lei , Li Xin , Lu Wenting , Lu Fangjie , Wang Shengnan , Wang Ying , Hua Li , Cui Cuiyun , Dong Boqi , Yu Yongli , Wang Liying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNatural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) ligands (NKG2DLs) on tumor cells engage NKG2D and mediate killing by NKG2D+ immune cells. However, tumor cells with high levels of NKG2DLs are still malignant and proliferate rapidly. We investigated the reason for NKG2DL‐expressing cell progression. Tumor cells in mice were assessed for their NKG2DL expression, ability to attract immune cells, tumorigenicity, mTOR, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling activation. Antibody blockade was used to determine the effect of NKG2DL‐NKG2D interaction on signaling activation in vitro. Retinoic acid early inducible gene 1 (Rae1) was related to the expression of other NKG2DLs, the promotion of tumorigenicity, Mmp2 expression, mTOR and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells, and the recruitment of NKG2D+ cells in mice. Rae1 also induced NKG2DL expression, mTOR, and STAT3 phosphorylation in GL261 cells and LLC cells, but not in B16 and Pan02 cells, which did not express NKG2DLs, when cocultured with PBMCs; the induced phosphorylation was eliminated by Rae1‐NKG2D blockade. Inhibition of mTOR and/or STAT3 decreased PBMC‐induced migration and proliferation of GL261 cells in vitro. Rae1, a NKG2DL on tumor cells, plays a driving role in the expression of other NKG2DLs and in tumor development in mice by activating mTOR and STAT3 pathways, relying on its interaction with NKG2D on immune cells.
Potent antibacterial activity of dihydydropyrimidine‐1,3,5‐triazines via inhibition of DNA gyrase and antifungal activity with favourable metabolic profile
Authors: Masih Anup , Shrivastava Jitendra Kumar , Bhat Hans Raj , Singh Udaya Pratap 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe compounds were tested against panel of three Gram‐positive, viz. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and three Gram‐negative bacterial strains viz. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris where they showed significant to moderate antibacterial activity. The compound also showed considerable antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and B. subtilis. The most potent compounds 7l and 7m found bacteriostatic in time‐kill assay via inhibition of DNA gyrase enzyme and interacting with Glu58, Val130, Ile175 and Ile186 via numerous H‐bonds as revealed by docking. In S. aureus‐induced murine infection model, compound 7m showed dose‐dependent reduction of viability of bacteria with maximum activity in 25 mg/kg treated group. The antifungal activity against human fungal pathogens was also estimated, where these compounds showed considerable inhibitory activity as compared to standard. The metabolic liability of compound 7m was determined using RS‐Predictor and MetaPrint 2D React. The molecules were proved as effective antibacterial agent via inhibition of DNA gyrase as a mechanism together with significant antifungal activity.
Gram‐negative endophthalmitis: A prospective study examining the microbiology, clinical associations and visual outcomes following infection
Authors: Stevenson Louis J. , Dawkins Rosie C. H. , Sheorey Harsha , McGuinness Myra B. , Hurley Andrew H. , Allen Penelope J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImportanceThis is the largest Gram‐negative endophthalmitis specific series and provides important evidence to guide management.BackgroundEndophthalmitis is a sight‐threatening emergency. Gram‐negative infections are associated with poorer visual outcomes; however, there is limited literature pertaining to this uncommon condition.DesignProspective case series.ParticipantsAll patients presenting with endophthalmitis to a tertiary institution over a 20‐year period.MethodsData were collected prospectively and entered into a registry. Patients with microbiological evidence of Gram‐negative infection were included in the analysis.Main outcomes measuresFinal visual acuity (VA), precipitating events, causative organisms, antibiotic sensitivity profiles and risk factors for poor visual outcomes were reported.ResultsOne hundred Gram‐negative organisms were isolated in 97 eyes. Final VA was worse than 6/60 in 65 (67.0%) eyes at follow‐up and 29 (29.9%) eyes were eviscerated or enucleated. Microbial keratitis (26.8%, n = 26) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (34.0%, n = 34) were the most common precipitating event and causative organism, respectively. Eight (8.0%) isolates were third‐generation cephalosporin resistant; of which, 7 (88.0%) were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Preceding microbial keratitis (OR = 13.16, P = .015) or P. aeruginosa infections (OR = 3.40, P = .045) were strongly associated with poorer visual outcomes (worse than 6/60).Conclusions and relevanceVisual outcomes following Gram‐negative endophthalmitis are extremely poor, with almost 30% of patients being eviscerated or enucleated. A majority of ceftazidime resistant organisms are sensitive to ciprofloxacin, providing evidence to support the empirical use of quinolones. Clinicians should be mindful that infections secondary to P. aeruginosa or microbial keratitis carry a particularly poor prognosis.
Quantitative comparison of endoscopically assisted endonasal, sublabial and transorbital transmaxillary approaches to the anterolateral skull base
Authors: Lin Bon‐Jour , Ju Da‐Tong , Hsu Tzu‐Hsien , Chen Yi‐An , Chung Tzu‐Tsao , Liu Wei‐Hsiu , Hueng Dueng‐Yuan , Chen Yuan‐Hao , Hsia Chung‐Ching , Ma Hsin‐I , Liu Ming‐Ying , Tang Chi‐Tun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this anatomical study is to make quantitative comparison among three endoscopic approaches, encompassing contralateral endonasal transseptal transmaxillary transpterygoid approach (contralateral EEA), endoscopic sublabial transmaxillary transalisphenoid (Caldwell‐Luc) approach and endoscopic transorbital transmaxillary approach through inferior orbital fissure (ETOA), to the anterolateral skull base for assisting preoperative planning.Design & ParticipantsAnatomical dissections were performed in four adult cadaveric heads bilaterally using three endoscopic transmaxillary approaches described above.SettingSkull Base Laboratory at the National Defense Medical Center.Main outcome measuresThe area of exposure, angles of attack and depth of surgical corridor of each approach were measured and obtained for statistical comparison.ResultsThe ETOA had significantly larger exposure over middle cranial fossa (731.40 ± 80.08 mm2) than contralateral EEA (266.60 ± 46.74 mm2) and Caldwell‐Luc approach (468.40 ± 59.67 mm2). In comparison with contralateral EEA and Caldwell‐Luc approach, the ETOA offered significantly greater angles of attack and shorter depth of surgical corridor (P < .05 for all comparisons).ConclusionsThe ETOA is the superior choice for target lesion occupying multiple compartments with its epicentre located in the middle cranial fossa or superior portion of infratemporal fossa.
Utility of the Mansoura Numeroalphabetic Constipation Score in detection of obstructed defaecation syndrome and prediction of the outcome of treatment
Authors: Emile S. , Shalaby M. , Elshobaky A. , Khafagy W. , Farid M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimThorough assessment of obstructed defaecation syndrome (ODS) is imperative for the selection of treatment options. The present study aimed to examine the utility of the Mansoura Numeroalphabetic Constipation Score (MNCS) in distinguishing patients with ODS from healthy control subjects and in predicting the outcome of treatment of ODS.MethodsPatients with ODS associated with anterior rectocele and/or rectoanal intussusception were assessed with the MNCS at the first visit to the clinic. All patients were offered conservative treatment for 3 months and patients who improved were continued on conservative treatment for six more months while patients who failed were treated surgically. The MNCS was reassessed at the end of follow‐up in both groups. A cohort of healthy controls was compared to ODS patients with regard to age, sex and baseline MNCS.ResultsIn all, 124 ODS patients and 53 healthy controls were included. The ODS patients had a significantly higher baseline MNCS than controls (9.5 ± 1.5 vs 0.76 ± 0.71, P < 0.0001). Forty of 124 patients improved after conservative management and showed a significant decrease in MNCS (6.9 ± 1.08 to 3.1 ± 1.2, P < 0.0001). Eighty‐four (67.8%) patients failed to respond to conservative measures and were surgically treated, 77 (91.6%) of whom showed significant improvement in symptoms postoperatively while seven (8.4%) failed to improve; the difference in postoperative MNCS between the two groups was significant.ConclusionThe MNCS successfully distinguished ODS patients from controls and was able to predict the outcome of ODS treatment.
Through‐the‐scope esophageal stent for the relief of malignant dysphagia: Results of a multicentric study (with video)
Authors: Mangiavillano Benedetto , Auriemma Francesco , Bianchetti Mario , Mantovani Nicola , Pilati Stefano , Reggio Dario , Barletti Claudio , Forcignanò Edoardo , Pentassuglia Giuseppe , Arezzo Alberto , Cavargini Elena , Fabbri Carlo , Mezzanzanica Miriam , De Luca Luca , Conigliaro Rita , Repici Alessandro 
Published: April 2020

Background and aimIn presence of malignant dysphagia, in patients unfit for surgery, the placement of a self‐expandable metal stent (SEMS) represents a safe and effective palliative treatment. Esophageal stents (ES) present an over‐the‐wire mechanism where the stent is deployed under X‐ray control. Recently a through‐the‐scope (TTS) ES was launched. The aim of our retrospective study is to assess the technical and clinical success of the new TTS‐ES.Materials and methodsPatients with malignant dysphagia caused by esophageal cancer or ab‐extrinsic compression, who underwent TTS esophageal stent in six Italian endoscopic referral centers, were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsA total of 40 patients were enrolled. TTS stent placement was successful in 39/40 patients (97.5%). 31 patients had an Ogilvie score of 4, nine an Ogilvie 3. After 2 weeks from stent placement 29 reported Ogilvie score of 0, eight a score of 1. None of the patients developed retrosternal pain requiring drugs. No patient experienced perforation, bleeding or migration. A total of seven patients (18%) developed dysphagia as late adverse event (AE).ConclusionThrough‐the‐scope ES presented less AEs, in terms of bleeding and perforation, if compared to the previous published data. An anti‐migration system could be helpful, especially when the stent is placed for “ab‐extrinseco” malignant dysphagia.
How chimpanzees and children perceive other species’ bodies: Comparing the expert effect
Authors: Gao Jie , Tomonaga Masaki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHuman adults are better at recognizing upright bodies than inverted bodies. This inversion effect is also found for objects with which they have expertise, which is called the expert effect. This study aims to investigate its evolutionary and developmental aspects by testing humans’ closest relatives, chimpanzees, and preschool children. Chimpanzees show the inversion effect to chimpanzee bodies, but it is not clear how they perceive other species’ bodies. We tested seven chimpanzees in matching‐to‐sample tasks on touch screens using upright and inverted stimuli, and examined their accuracy and response time. In a previous study, they did not show the inversion effect for bipedal humans in unfamiliar postures, but here in this study they showed it to bipedal humans with familiar postures or crawling postures. This suggests the existence of the expert effect in non‐human primates, and that visual or embodied experience is needed to invoke it. It is also supported by the inversion effect they exhibit for horses who share quadrupedal postures, but which they have never seen. Additionally, for conspecifics, the inversion effect was shown regardless of the postures. We tested 33 preschool children using a similar method. They showed the inversion effect to human bodies, but not houses, suggesting the configural processing for bodies, which is found to be stable at the preschool stage. They also showed the inversion effect for chimpanzees and horses, indicating the important role of experience in shaping the ways of object processing.
Temporal representation impairment in developmental dyslexia for unisensory and multisensory stimuli
Authors: Gori Monica , Ober Kinga M. , Tinelli Francesca , Coubard Olivier A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDyslexia has been associated with a problem in visual–audio integration mechanisms. Here, we investigate for the first time the contribution of unisensory cues on multisensory audio and visual integration in 32 dyslexic children by modelling results using the Bayesian approach. Non‐linguistic stimuli were used. Children performed a temporal task: they had to report whether the middle of three stimuli was closer in time to the first one or to the last one presented. Children with dyslexia, compared with typical children, exhibited poorer unimodal thresholds, requiring greater temporal distance between items for correct judgements, while multisensory thresholds were well predicted by the Bayesian model. This result suggests that the multisensory deficit in dyslexia is due to impaired audio and visual inputs rather than impaired multisensory processing per se. We also observed that poorer temporal skills correlated with lower reading skills in dyslexic children, suggesting that this temporal capability can be linked to reading abilities.
The Samagra anti‐poverty programme in Madhya Pradesh: Integrating household data, overcoming silo‐problems and leaving nobody behind
Authors: Sharma Aruna , Copestake James , James Michelle 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMotivationTo “leave nobody behind” a state must maintain a comprehensive database of individuals and households within its jurisdiction. Such a database can also assist in overcoming silo‐based fragmentation in government anti‐poverty programmes and services. We explore the process of establishing such a database through a case study of the Samagra programme in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.Research questionsHow was Samagra conceived and implemented, given the political, administrative and technical challenges confronting large data and programme consolidation in the public sector? What are the benefits and potential risks to rationalizing social protection programmes of this kind?ApproachThe article is an extended case study based on the main author’s experience and reflection as a leading participant in Samagra. It also draws on official evaluations of Samagra.FindingsSamagra demonstrates that it is feasible to rationalize siloed social protection programmes. It also demonstrates the scope for shifting welfare provision from being demand‐led to entitlement‐based. The successful establishment of Samagra arose from a shared narrative of improvement at state, national and global levels, strong political and administrative leadership at the state level, and the potential for relatively quick and substantial budgetary pay‐offs. The efficiency gains achieved must be balanced against risks arising from the state’s centralization of data.Policy implicationsThe Samagra model is already being emulated in other states across India, and there is also scope for other countries to learn from it, particularly those with fragmented social protection systems. While holding out the promise of leaving fewer citizens behind in pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) the approach also accentuates the need to strengthen the governance and public accountability of consolidated data, particularly when linked to public entitlements.
The distributive impact of terms of trade shocks: The case of the oil price changes in Russia
Authors: Bussolo Maurizio , Luongo Patrizia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe halving of oil prices, during a short period between 2014 and 2015, has generated major terms of trade losses for oil exporting countries. This terms of trade shock has economy‐wide effects and significant distributive impacts. This paper, using a macro‐micro simulation model, describes and quantifies the channels of transmission from the drop of oil prices, to changes in welfare distribution at the household level for the case of the Russian Federation. The oil price reduction generates a reverse Dutch disease impacting sectoral employment, factor returns and consumption prices. It causes a contraction of employment and wages in more skill‐intensive (non‐tradable) sectors, and a reduction in consumption prices that is more pronounced for non‐food than for food goods. When these shifts are mapped to changes in incomes at the micro level, all households are affected. Poverty rates increase by 1 to 4 percentage points, depending on the poverty line used. At the US$ 10 a day threshold, 4.1 million additional people fall into poverty. Along the consumption distribution, richer people are affected more than those in the bottom 40%. However, this minor progressive impact may be reversed due to increases in unemployment and cuts in social programmes.
Behavioural effects of extracellular matrix protein Fras1 depletion in the mouse
Authors: Kalpachidou Theodora , Makrygiannis Apostolos K. , Pavlakis Evangelos , Stylianopoulou Fotini , Chalepakis Georges , Stamatakis Antonios 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFras1 is an extracellular protein of the basement membranes that surround embryonic epithelia, choroid plexuses and meninges in foetal mouse brain. Depletion of Fras1 in knockout mice results in sub‐epidermal blistering and fusion of eyelids and digits as well as malformation of lungs and kidneys. Mutations in the human counterpart FRAS1 are responsible for the Fraser Syndrome with clinical manifestations similar to the murine phenotype. In addition, brain deformities or mental impairments have occasionally been reported in patients with Fraser Syndrome. In the present study, we explored the possible involvement of Fras1 in brain function, analysing its expression pattern in mouse brain and investigating aspects of Fras1−/− mice behaviour, related to the function of brain regions expressing Fras1. Transcripts were detected in choroid plexuses and in certain brain regions including cortical, hippocampal and amygdalar areas in juvenile mice. Behavioural tests revealed that Fras1−/− mice exhibit impaired egocentric spatial memory, aberrant olfactory learning and memory, markedly reduced fear memory in an auditory fear conditioning task, as well as reduced anxiety expression in open field and elevated plus maze tests. Moreover, the extracellular matrix organization has been severely affected in cortical and subcortical areas as demonstrated by Wisteria floribunda agglutinin immunolabelling. The widespread detection of Fras1 transcripts in the brain of both pre‐ and postnatal mice, as well as the behavioural and cellular disturbances exhibited by Fras1−/− adult mice provide evidence for the involvement of Fras1 in brain organization and function.
Fatal intracranial haemorrhage occurring after oral anticoagulant treatment initiation for secondary stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Tsivgoulis G. , Katsanos A. H. , Seiffge D. J. , Paciaroni M. , Wilson D. , Koga M. , Macha K. , Cappellari M. , Kallmünzer B. , Polymeris A. A. , Toyoda K. , Caso V. , Werring D. J. , Engelter S. T , De Marchis G. M. ,   RAF, RAF‐DOAC, CROMIS‐2, SAMURAI, NOACISP, Erlangen, Verona registry collaborators
Published: April 2020

Background and purposeIn this pooled analysis of seven multicentre cohorts potential differences were investigated in the incidence, characteristics and outcomes between intracranial haemorrhages (ICHs) associated with the use of non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC‐ICH) or with vitamin K antagonists (VKA‐ICH) in ischaemic stroke patients after oral anticoagulant treatment initiation for atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsData from 4912 eligible AF patients who were admitted in a stroke unit with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack and who were treated with either VKAs or NOACs within 3 months post‐stroke were included. Fatal ICH was defined as death occurring during the first 30 days after ICH onset. A meta‐analysis of available observational studies reporting 30‐day mortality rates from NOAC‐ICH or VKA‐ICH onset was additionally performed.ResultsDuring 5970 patient‐years of follow‐up 71 participants had an ICH, of whom 20 were NOAC‐ICH and 51 VKA‐ICH. Patients in the two groups had comparable baseline characteristics, except for the higher prevalence of kidney disease in VKA‐ICH patients. There was a non‐significant higher number of fatal ICH in patients with VKAs (11 events per 3385 patient‐years) than in those with NOACs (three events per 2623 patient‐years; hazard ratio 0.32, 95% confidence interval 0.09–1.14). Three‐month functional outcomes were similar (P > 0.2) in the two groups. The meta‐analysis showed a lower 30‐day mortality risk for patients with NOAC‐ICH compared to VKA‐ICH (relative risk 0.70, 95% confidence interval 0.51–0.95).ConclusionsNon‐vitamin K oral anticoagulants for intracranial haemorrhages and VKA‐ICH occurring during secondary stroke prevention of AF patients have comparable baseline characteristics and outcomes except for the risk of fatal ICH within 30 days, which might be greater in VKA‐ICH.
Cognition Beyond the Human: Cognitive Psychology and the New Animism
Authors: ojalehto mays bethany , Seligman Rebecca , Medin Douglas L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present a new account of the cognitive commitments at stake in animist epistemologies. We use field‐based cognitive experiments to contribute to anthropological theories of the new animism, focusing on concepts of nonhuman agency afforded on one animist framework, that of the Ngöbe of Panama. Results from multiple studies using converging methods indicate that Ngöbe individuals have access to an ecocentric conceptual framework within which agency is inferred on the basis of interactions and relationships (what we term “folkcommunication”). This account represents an alternative to what has often been assumed (by both psychologists and anthropologists) to be a universal conceptual framework of anthropocentric folkpsychology where agency is inferred on the basis of mental states. Further experiments show that the Ngöbe framework supports sophisticated inferences about ecological behavior and that conceptual models exhibit important within‐culture variability. Intervening in debates about the nature of animism, we contend that a satisfying theory must account for the productive dimension of animist frameworks and be equipped to discriminate between anthropomorphic and ecocentric conceptual reasoning. Folkcommunication does so by accounting for the cognitive foundations of animism in terms of an ecologically centered perspective—offering a fresh point of departure for understanding Indigenous animisms.