bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of eNOS by L-NAME resulting in rat hind limb developmental defects through PFKFB3 mediated angiogenetic pathway
Authors: Wu Ziqiang , Yao Huan , Xu Huan , Wang Yang , Hu Wangming , Lou Guanhua , Zhang Lingling , Huang Cong , Jiang Cen , Zhou Shiyi , Shi Yaping , Chen Xiongbing , Yang Lan , Xu Yiming , Wang Yong 
Published: October 2020

Abstractl-arginine/NOS/NO signaling pathway plays a critical role in controlling variety of vascular diseases. However, whether NOS inhibition by L-NAME suppresses late embryonic development is undefined. The aim of this study is to determine whether NOS inhibition by L-NAME is critical for late embryonic rat hind limb development. The pregnant rat at E13.5 administrated L-NAME by consecutive intraperitoneal injection. The embryos been harvested from E16.5 to E 20.5. Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining, Immunofluorescence and Immunohistochemistry performed to determine hind limb Vasculogenesis, HUVEC culture, Adenoviral PFKFB3 infection, Real time PCR and western blot were performed to determine whether l-arginine/NOS/NO pathway controlling late embryonic hind limb development through PFKFB3 mediated angiogenetic pathway. NOS inhibition by L-NAME resulting in late embryonic hind limb developmental defects characterized by severe hemorrhage. The in vivo studies showed that NOS inhibition strongly suppressed hind limb angiogenetic remodeling by impairing differentiation of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, and extracellular matrix synthesis. For underlie mechanism, our studies indicated that L-NAME treatment dramatically suppresses PFKFB3 expression in hematopoietic progenitor cells, tubulogenetic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Knockdown of PFKFB3 dramatically inhibits the expression of angiogenetic genes, as well as tubulogenesis and extracellular matrix related genes. Taken together, our data in this study demonstrated that l-arginine-eNOS-NO pathway is important for rat hind limb development during late embryonic stage. This could be both a useful animal model and a promising therapeutic treatment for defects of late embryonic developmental hind limbs.
Copper-azide nanoparticle: a ‘catalyst-cum-reagent’ for the designing of 5-alkynyl 1,4-disubstituted triazoles
Authors: Nandi Debkumar , Perla Venkata K. , Ghosh Sarit K. , Arderne Charmaine , Mallick Kaushik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA single pot, wet chemical route has been applied for the synthesis of polymer supported copper azide, CuN3, nanoparticles (CANP). The hybrid system was used as ‘catalyst-cum-reagent’ for the azide-alkyne cyclo-addition reaction to construct triazole molecules using substituted benzyl bromide and terminal alkyne. The electron donating group containing terminal alkyne produced 5-alkynyl 1,4-disubstituded triazole product whereas for alkyne molecule with terminal electron withdrawing group facilitate the formation of 1,4-disubstituted triazole molecule.
Brain–computer interface‐based single trial P300 detection for home environment application
Authors: Shukla P. , Chaurasiya R. , Verma S. 
Published: October 2020

P300 speller‐based brain–computer interface (BCI) is an immediate correspondence between the human brain and computer that depends on the translation of mind reactions produced by the stimulus of a subject utilising the P300 speller. No muscle movements are required for this communication. As a P300 paradigm, a novel 2 × 3 matrix consisting of visual home appliances is proposed, which helps disabled people ease their lives by accessing mobile, light, fan, door, television, electric heater etc. In most of the current P300‐based BCIs, 5–15 trials work better and the low information transfer rate (ITR) is a major issue in its adaptation in real‐time. The objective of this Letter is to improve accuracy as well as an ITR for real‐time home appliance control applications. To address this, the authors proposed a single trial weighted ensemble of compact convolution neural network and obtained an ITR of 46.45 bits per minute and an average target appliance accuracy of 93.22% for the BCI‐based home environment system. The experimental findings confirmed the feasibility of the proposed method and thus can provide guidance for future use of the system for paralysed patients.
Jiamusi pulsar observations
Authors: Wang P. F. , Han J. L. , Han L. , Cai B. Y. , Wang C. , Wang T. , Chen X. , Zhou D. J. , Yu Y. Z. , Han J. , Xu J. , Gao X. Y. , Hong T. , Hou L. G. , Dong B. 
Published: October 2020

Aims. Most pulsar nulling observations have been conducted at frequencies lower than 1400 MHz. We aim to understand the nulling behaviors of pulsars at relatively high frequencies, and to decipher whether or not nulling is caused by a global change in the pulsar magnetosphere.
Methods. We used the Jiamusi 66 m telescope to observe 20 bright pulsars at 2250 MHz with unprecedented lengths of time. We estimated the nulling fractions of these pulsars, and identified the null and emission states of the pulses. We also calculated the nulling degrees and scales of the emission-null pairs to describe the distributions of emission and null lengths.
Results. Three pulsars, PSRs J0248+6021, J0543+2329, and J1844+00, are found to null for the first time. The details of null-to-emission and emission-to-null transitions within the pulse window are observed for the first time for PSR J1509+5531, which is a low-probability event. A complete cycle of long nulls with timescales of hours is observed for PSR J1709−1640. For most of these pulsars, the K-S tests of nulling degrees and nulling scales reject the hypothesis that null and emission are caused by random processes at high significance levels. Emission-null sequences of some pulsars exhibit quasi-periodic, low-frequency or featureless modulations, which might be related to different origins. During transitions between emission and null states, pulse intensities have diverse tendencies for variation. Significant correlations are found between respectively nulling fraction, nulling cadence, and nulling scale and the energy loss rate of the pulsars. Combined with the nulling fractions reported in the literature for 146 nulling pulsars, we find that statistically large nulling fractions are more tightly related to pulsar period than to characteristic age or energy-loss rate.
Interdisziplinäre Empfehlungen zur Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen Nierenzellkarzinoms
Authors: Miller Kurt , Bergmann Lothar , Doehn Christian , Grünwald Viktor , Gschwend Jürgen E. , Ivanyi Philipp , Keilholz Ulrich , Kuczyk Markus A. 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Prognose von Patienten mit metastasiertem Nierenzellkarzinom (mRCC) hat sich dank neuer Therapien deutlich verbessert. Überlebenszeiten von mehr als zweieinhalb Jahren sind realistisch. Immuntherapiekombinationen mit Checkpoint-Inhibitoren (CPI) oder dem Tyrosinkinaseinhibitor Axitinib sind neue Standards in der Erstlinientherapie und haben die Monotherapie mit Tyrosinkinase-Inhibitoren weitgehend verdrängt.Für die Erstlinientherapie des mRCC sind Ipilimumab + Nivolumab (intermediäres und hoges Risiko) und Pembrolizumab + Axitinib sowie Avelumab + Axitinib für alle Risikogruppen zugelassen. Darüber hinaus stehen Sunitinib, Pazopanib, Tivozanib, Cabozantinib (intermediäres und hohes Risiko), die Kombination Bevacizumab + Interferon-alpha sowie Temsirolimus (hohes Risiko) zur Verfügung.Sunitinib und Pazopanib haben eine Zulassung auch für die Zweitlinientherapie – bei Pazopanib gilt diese für den Einsatz nach Zytokinen. Für Nivolumab und Cabozantinib wurde in der Zweitlinientherapie ein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil gegenüber Everolimus gezeigt. Die Kombination Lenvatinib + Everolimus sowie Axitinib sind weitere für die Zweitlinie zugelassene Substanzen. Everolimus als Monotherapie ist durch die neuen Optionen in der Zweitlinie abgelöst worden.Die Frage nach der optimalen Sequenztherapie muss aufgrund des Einzugs von CPI in die Erstlinie neu diskutiert werden, da die meisten Optionen nach Versagen einer VEGF-gerichteten TKI-Therapie geprüft wurden. Solange hierzu keine validen Studien oder Biomarker vorliegen, müssen andere Kriterien für die Therapieentscheidung herangezogen werden.Ziel eines interdisziplinären RCC-Expertengesprächs war es, gemeinsame Therapieempfehlungen auf Basis der aktuell publizierten Daten und der eigenen klinischen Erfahrung für den Praxisalltag abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse werden in dieser Publikation vorgestellt.
Football – Novel Approaches to Tackle Diabetes
Authors: Müssig Karsten , Adamek Henning E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBalanced diet and regular physical activity are of key importance to the prevention of the development and progression of non-communicable diseases. In 2050, 50% of the European population is expected to be obese. Cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancer, as well as joint impairments, will further increase. Therefore, programmes are critical to the improvement of the population’s health status in the long run. New ways have to be found that allow addressing more people than with the current approaches. Football has a great potential to attract people at risk for or with already existing non-communicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, to participate in health-promoting programmes. The novel football version, walking football was developed for elderly players, aiming at avoiding injuries and physical overload. The present article gives a brief overview on the metabolic effects of recreational football, particularly walking football, as well as health-promoting programmes offered by professional football clubs in humans at risk for or with already existing non-communicable diseases.
Practical Transition-Metal-Free Protodeboronation of Arylboronic Acids in Aqueous Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Li Minxin , Tang Yanling , Mao Zewei , Gao Jinchun , Rao Gaoxiong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA concise and practical method was developed for the protodeboronation of arylboronic acids under mild conditions in aqueous NaClO at 100 °C. The strategy is low-cost, transition-metal-free, and base-free.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of 4,5-Dihydroimidazo[1,5-b]pyrazol-6-ones
Authors: Guirado Antonio , Vera María , Martiz Bruno , Ródenas Francisco , Sandoval José A. , Alarcón Enrique , Bautista Delia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of previously unattainable 2,5-disubstituted 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-b]pyrazol-6-ones has been developed. Electrochemical reductions of readily available 2,2,2-trichloroethylideneacetophenones were followed by reaction with hydrazine, leading to 3-aryl-5-dichloromethyl-2-pyrazolines. These were treated with isocyanates to obtain the corresponding aminocarbonyl derivatives, which were found to be able to form an otherwise almost inaccessible imidazo[1,5-b]pyrazole ring system via a one-step reaction involving internal condensation followed by hydrogen chloride elimination and aromatization. The molecular­ structures of 2-(4-methylphenyl)-5-tosyl-4,5-dihydro­imidazo[1,5-b]pyrazol-6-one, 5-dichloromethyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-p-tolylpyrazole-1-carboxamide, and 5-(4-bromophenyl)-2-p-tolyl-4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-b]pyrazol-6-one were determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Whose morality? Which rationality? Challenging artificial intelligence as a remedy for the lack of moral enhancement
Authors: Serafimova Silviya 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMoral implications of the decision-making process based on algorithms require special attention within the field of machine ethics. Specifically, research focuses on clarifying why even if one assumes the existence of well-working ethical intelligent agents in epistemic terms, it does not necessarily mean that they meet the requirements of autonomous moral agents, such as human beings. For the purposes of exemplifying some of the difficulties in arguing for implicit and explicit ethical agents in Moor’s sense, three first-order normative theories in the field of machine ethics are put to test. Those are Powers’ prospect for a Kantian machine, Anderson and Anderson’s reinterpretation of act utilitarianism and Howard and Muntean’s prospect for a moral machine based on a virtue ethical approach. By comparing and contrasting the three first-order normative theories, and by clarifying the gist of the differences between the processes of calculation and moral estimation, the possibility for building what—one might call strong “moral” AI scenarios—is questioned. The possibility of weak “moral” AI scenarios is likewise discussed critically.
Mechanical design of apertures and the infolding of pollen grain
Authors: Božič Anže , Šiber Antonio 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Pollen carries male plant genetic material encapsulated in a hard protective shell containing flexible, soft regions—apertures. The mechanical design of the shell regulates how the pollen grain folds into itself upon dehydration, which often occurs once it becomes exposed to the environment. We investigate folding pathways of pollen grains by studying elastic deformations of inhomogeneous thin shells. Different pathways are governed by the interplay between the elastic properties of the hard and soft regions of the pollen shell and by the aperture shape, number, and size. We delineate regions of mechanical parameters of the pollen grain which lead to complete closure of all apertures, thus reducing water loss and presenting evolutionary viable solutions to the infolding problem.
Thermal capacities: system or process properties?
Authors: Anacleto Joaquim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We discuss the definitions of thermal capacities and make clear that these quantities are system properties. This clarification is pertinent since, in an initial approach to this topic, thermal capacities are defined by resorting to heat, which is not a system property, but a process property. Obtaining a system property from a process property is usually done by restricting its definition to particular processes, which is neither educationally attractive nor necessary. Furthermore, it is shown that dissipative work is as required as heat in defining a system property, but this fact is repeatedly ignored in the literature. For illustrative purposes, the formalism is then applied to a general process carried out by an ideal gas. Beyond scientific aspects, this work has a significant educational nature, as it may help dispel some misunderstandings related to the concepts covered herein.
Design and implementation of dual pressure variation chambers for bone conduction microphone
Authors: You Bo-Cheng , Lo Sung-Cheng , Chan Chun-Kai , Li Cheng-Syun , Ho Hsien-Lung , Chiu Shih-Chia , Hsieh Guan-Hong , Fang Weileun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study presents a bone conduction microphone (BCM) to detect the variation of air pressure resulted from the skull vibration. The presented BCM consists of a commercial MEMS microphone, the sensing circuits, the bulk metal, the deformable polymer diaphragm, and two printed circuit board (PCB) covers. In this design, two chambers and a vibrating spring-mass structure are hermetic sealed by two PCB covers. As the spring-mass structure vibrates, the pressure of one chamber will increase and that of another will decrease. Thus, the vibration could introduce a higher pressure load as well as a larger sensing signal for the BCM. In application, the device with the dimensions of 3.5 × 2.65 × 1.48 mm3 is implemented. Measurements show the device has a sensitivity of −38.8 dBV, THD < 0.48% at 1 kHz with 1 g excitation, and ±5 dB bandwidth for 100 Hz∼6.7 kHz. Frequency responses of different samples show good repeatability. Furthermore, air leakage effect and crosstalk of the skull vibration sensing module have also been investigated in this paper. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the presented BCM.
Diamond-gold nanohybrids – an enhanced cathode material for field electron emitter applications
Authors: Sankaran Kamatchi Jothiramalingam , Kurian Joji , Sundaravel Balakrishnan , Nan Lin I- , Haenen Ken 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis work aims to review the enhancement of electrical conductivity and field electron emission (FEE) properties of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films as a function of gold ion implantation content. Au has been employed in UNCD films as an implanted species as well as an interlayer between diamond film and substrate. In the initial part of the review UNCD films are briefly introduced. The focus is on their FEE properties and multiple strategies employed for enhancing these properties using ion-implantation with the goal to obtain a better cathode material. A comparison of the characteristics of the UNCD films implanted with Au and other species after studying the modification of the microstructure and emission properties of the Au-implanted UNCD films is then provided. Subsequently, the use of a thin Au coating on silicon substrates covered by UNCD or hybrid granular structured diamond films is discussed. The Si diffusion through the Au-Si eutectic interface results in a SiC layer. This facilitates the nucleation of diamond clusters, thereby suppressing the development of the carbon layer which is amorphous and electrically resistive, resulting in improved FEE characteristics. Finally, in the third and final part, the combined effects of Au-ion implantation (including multi-energy Au ion implantation) and Au-interlayer is discussed. Based on the obtained results, the catalytic activity of gold for improving the electrical conductivity and the FEE properties of diamond films is highlighted.
Evolution to an anisotropic band structure caused by Sn doping in Bi1.995Sn0.005Te3 single crystals
Authors: Salawu Yusuff Adeyemi , Sasaki Minoru , Kulbachinskii Vladimir Anatol’evich , Ohnishi Akimasa , Kim Heon-Jung 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Magnetotransport studies have established the existence of exotic electronic properties in materials of technological and fundamental interest. However, measurements of the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, intended to reveal information about Fermi surfaces (FSs), have mostly been carried out in magnetic fields perpendicular to the applied currents. Here, using magnetic fields not only perpendicular but also parallel to the applied currents in a given contact configuration, we investigated the anisotropic magnetotransport and the anisotropic FS properties of Bi2−x
Sn
x
Te3 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.0075) and Bi2Se3. While the magnetotransport properties of Bi2Te3 and Bi2Se3 were nearly isotropic, Bi1.995Sn0.005Te3 exhibited quite anisotropic features. These observations are attributed to the nonparabolicity of the associated bands, which evolved to more anisotropic band structures with Sn concentration. This sensitivity of the band anisotropy was rather unexpected because only a small number of dopants are known to increase disorder levels in the degenerate region. Our approach, using two different magnetic field directions in the measurements of the Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, is a simple and easily adoptable method for shedding more light on the FSs of functional materials.
Experimental demonstration of the plasma electron density diagnostics using the single-shot THz detection method
Authors: Kang Keekon , Lee Sihyeon , Jang Dogeun , Kim Jinju , Suk Hyyong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We report the first experimental demonstration of a novel plasma diagnostics method using the single-shot THz detection method. In this experiment, a broadband single THz pulse is generated by focusing two-color (400 nm and 800 nm in wavelength) laser pulses in air and the THz pulse is sent through an inductively-coupled plasma with a density of 1013–1014 cm−3 which is in the modern tokamak plasma density range. Phase shift of the THz pulse is measured by the single-shot THz detection method and the instant plasma density information is obtained from the phase shift. The result is compared with that of the existing THz time domain spectroscopy method and it is found that both results are in good agreement. It implies that the proposed method in this paper can provide a new plasma diagnostics tool which can be used for dynamically changing plasmas.
A systematic map of responses to climate impacts in urban Africa
Authors: Hunter NB , North MA , Roberts DC , Slotow R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Over time African cities and their residents have responded to climate impacts in increasingly creative ways, based on local knowledge and available resources. Overviews of adaptation policy, plans and actions have largely been lacking for Africa, particularly at the local, city level. We applied a systematic map to assess what the human responses to climate impacts are in African cities, noting the climate drivers of these actions, the range of responses, where they have taken place, and who the actors are. Standardized, pre-selected search terms were used to systematically search peer-reviewed and grey literature, using Web of Science, Scopus, and Google. Publications were screened based on pre-approved inclusion criteria, and actions described in included articles were coded using categories from key conceptual framing papers on climate change adaptation. Of 2 042 peer-reviewed and 60 grey-literature publications, 252 underwent full-text screening, with 121 included for coding. We recorded 1 504 actions, taking place in 41 cities from 21 African countries, in response to various climate drivers. Anticipatory and reactive actions were taken by actors, from individuals to international agencies, and we highlighted successful adaptations, those taking advantage of climate impacts, and maladaptive actions. Combinations of climatic and non-climatic stimuli induced adaptive responses, which were frequently based on local knowledge, and provided a base upon which government action could build. Residents of informal settlements had less adaptive capacity than those in formal settlements, and government action could build their resilience. Since development is affected by climate impacts, climate change information should be integrated into development programmes.
Advancing a transformative social contract for the environmental sciences: From public engagement to justice
Authors: Blue Gwendolyn , Davidson Debra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Taking as a starting point Jane Lubchenco’s call for a renewed social contract for environmental science, this paper advances a framework for science’s place in society in which justice is central. A social contract is a desired vision of social order that distributes rights, responsibilities, and obligations among political actors. The magnitude of global ecological change, our collective inability to address ecological crises, and populist challenges to science have renewed interest in debates about existing social contracts with science. While Lubchenco’s vision of a social contract focuses on practical ways to improve the engagement of scientists with decision-makers and citizens, we argue that to achieve the objectives laid out by Lubchenco, justice—encompassing representation, distribution, and recognition—must be at the core of science-society relations. A justice-centred social contract with science requires acknowledgement on the part of scientists, administrators, decision-makers, and citizens of the biases, inequalities and inequities contained within and advanced by academic institutions. Orienting science towards justice provides a starting point for a more diverse, inclusive, and equitable culture of publicly-funded research.