bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization Q‐Exactive high‐resolution mass spectrometry for doping control
Authors: Ishii Hideaki , Shibuya Mariko , Leung Gary Ngai‐Wa , Yamashita Shozo , Yamada Masayuki , Kushiro Asuka , Kasashima Yoshinori , Okada Jun , Kawasaki Kazumi , Kijima‐Suda Isao 
Published: December 2020

RationaleThe use of GW1516, a peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPAR δ) agonist, is strictly prohibited in both horseracing and equestrian competitions. However, little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported metabolic study of GW1516 in equine urine.MethodsUrine samples obtained from a thoroughbred after nasoesophageal administration with GW1516 were protein‐precipitated and the supernatants were subsequently analyzed by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐HRMS) with a Q‐Exactive mass spectrometer. Monoisotopic ions of GW1516 and its metabolites were monitored from the full‐scan mass spectral data of pre‐ and post‐administration samples. A quantification method was developed and validated to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516, its sulfoxide, and its sulfone in equine urine.ResultsGW1516 and its nine metabolites [including GW1516 sulfoxide, GW1516 sulfone, 5‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methyl‐2‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenyl)thiazole (HMTT), methyl 4‐methyl‐2‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylate (MMTC), 4‐methyl‐2‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid (MTTC), and M1 to M4] were detected in post‐administration urine samples. GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone showed the longest detection times in post‐administration urine samples and were therefore recommended as potential screening targets for doping control purposes. Quantitative analysis was also conducted to establish the excretion profiles of GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone in urine.ConclusionsFor the purposes of doping control of GW1516, the GW1516 sulfoxide and GW1516 sulfone metabolites are recommended as the target analytes to be monitored in equine urine due to their high specificities, long detection times (1 and 4 weeks, respectively), and the ready availability of their reference materials.
Evaluating consumer environmental behavior for sustainable development: A confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Rasool Shahid , Rehman Aisha , Cerchione Roberto , Centobelli Piera 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite there are several contributions on the relationship between various aspects of consumer behavior and environmental awareness, further research is required to analyze consumer behavior in the domain of cigarette butts littering. The aim of this study is to examine the role of feared self and environmental awareness constructs as significant antecedents of consumer behavior, as well as the impact of congruity between feared self and environmental awareness. This study utilizes structural equation modeling (SEM). Specifically, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to test the construct measures of the structural model and path model analysis to test the hypotheses of the structural model. The hypothesized model was tested using primary data. The main findings are consistent with the hypothesized model and highlight a positive influence of feared self on cigarette butts littering behavior, whereas congruity of feared self and environmental awareness do not have an impact on cigarette butts littering behavior. These results may draw the attention of practitioners, academicians, and policy‐makers for environmentally responsible guidance as well as consumer awareness programs for sustainable development.
Intercalated phases of transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Wang Ziying , Li Runlai , Su Chenliang , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) play host to a wide range of novel topological states, such as quantum spin Hall insulators, superconductors, and Weyl semimetals. The rich polymorphism in TMDs suggests that phase engineering can be used to switch between different charge order states. Intercalation of atoms or molecules into the van der Waals gap of TMDs has emerged as a powerful approach to modify the properties of the material, leading to phase transition or the formation of substoichiometric phases via compositional tuning, thus broadening the electronic and optical landscape of these materials for a wide range of applications. Here, we review the current efforts in the preparation of intercalated TMD. The challenges and opportunities for intercalated TMDs to create a new device paradigm for material science are discussed.
Evaluating and understanding the outcomes of the South African National Drug Master Plan 2013–2017: A systems‐based integrative propositional analysis application
Authors: de Wee Guswin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA balanced approach using an integrated combination of strategies, namely, demand reduction, supply reduction and harm reduction, was suggested to be implemented in a balanced way to the policy vision of a South Africa ‘free of substance abuse’. Responding on the call for a comprehensive review of the National Drug Master Plan 2013–2017 to ensure consistency in policy approach, this article explores the integrative propositional analysis (IPA)‐based analysis to evaluate ‘how systemic’ and integrated were the policy strategies applied. The analysis draws insights from the internal consistency of the policy and provides complementary evidence on the systemic breakdown of the policy, which correlates with previous studies. The findings are indicative of the usefulness of the IPA‐based tools to more pragmatically develop policy that better reflects the systemic/integrated relationship of the three strategies based on their conceptual systemic integrity. This research has implications for interdisciplinary scholars and practitioners, of policy and theory.
Evaluating forensic DNA evidence: Connecting the dots
Authors: Meakin Georgina E. , Kokshoorn Bas , van Oorschot Roland A. H. , Szkuta Bianca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTechnological developments within the field of forensic genetics have enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of DNA testing tremendously and have broadened the applications of biological evidence in criminal investigations. Evaluation and communication of the evidential findings within criminal cases have not maintained the same pace, which has largely stemmed from a failure to adopt a standardized approach within and across the various fields of forensic science. Within forensic biology, this has led to unjustified opinions on the weight of the evidence and occurrences of the association fallacy, when the weight of evidence given propositions at one level of the hierarchy of propositions is inappropriately transposed to a higher level. We further define the association fallacy to include the terms, “source level fallacy” and “activity level fallacy,” to enable the forensic science community to better identify and address issues in biological evidence evaluation. It is important to understand these concepts and their causes, and in doing so, identify potential avenues to avoid these fallacies in forensic science casework. These avenues include training and education of forensic and legal professionals, as well as research into transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery (TPPR) of DNA and biological evidence in general.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Biology > Interpretation of Biological Evidence
A General Synthetic Route to NHC‐Phosphinidenes: NHC‐mediated Dehydrogenation of Primary Phosphines
Authors: Werner Luis , Horrer Günther , Philipp Michael , Lubitz Katharina , Kuntze‐Fechner Maximilian W. , Radius Udo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe dehydrocoupling of primary phosphines with N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to yield NHC‐phosphinidenes is reported. The reaction of two equivalents of the NHCs Me2Im (1,3‐dimethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), Me4Im (1,3,4,5‐tetramethylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene), iPr2Im (1,3‐di‐iso‐propylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) and Mes2Im (2,4,6‐trimethylphenylimidazolin‐2‐ylidene) with PhPH2 and MesPH2 led to the NHC stabilized phosphinidenes (NHC)PAr: (iPr2Im)PPh (1), (Mes2Im)PPh (2), (Me4Im)PPh (3), (Mes2Im)PMes (4), (Me2Im)PMes (5), (Me4Im)PMes (6) and (iPr2Im)PMes (7). The reaction of tBuPH2 with two equivalents of the NHCs afforded the corresponding NHC stabilized parent phosphinidenes (NHC)PH: (iPr2Im)PH (8), (Mes2Im)PH (9) and (Me4Im)PH (10). Reaction of 1 with oxygen and sulfur led to isolation of iPr2Im‐P(O)2Ph (11) and iPr2Im‐P(S)2Ph (12), whereas the reaction with elemental selenium and tellurium gave (NHC)PPh cleavage with formation of (iPr2Im)Se (13), iPr2ImTe (14) and different cyclo‐oligophosphines. Furthermore, the complexes [{(iPr2Im)PPh}W(CO)5] (15), [Co(CO)2(NO){(iPr2Im)PPh}] (16) and [(η5‐C5Me5)Co(η2‐C2H4){(iPr2Im)PPh}] (17) have been prepared starting from 1 and a suitable transition metal complex precursor. The complexes 16 and 17 decompose in solution upon heating to ca. 80 °C to yield the NHC complexes [Co(iPr2Im)(CO)2(NO)] and [(η5‐C5Me5)Co(iPr2Im)(η2‐C2H4)] with formation of cyclo‐oligophosphines. The reaction of 1 with [Ni(COD)2] afforded the diphosphene complex [Ni(iPr2Im)2(trans‐PhP=PPh)] 18.
Predictors of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with chronic right ventricular pacing
Authors: Rath Benjamin , Willy Kevin , Wolfes Julian , Ellermann Christian , Reinke Florian , Köbe Julia , Eckardt Lars , Frommeyer Gerrit 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The benefits of de novo cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in patients with QRS-prolongation and impaired left-ventricular function (LVEF) are well established. Current guidelines also recommend CRT-upgrade in patients requiring permanent or frequent right ventricular pacing (RVP) with symptomatic heart failure and reduced LVEF. Whereas several predictors of response to de novo CRT-implantation such as female gender, QRS-duration, non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) are known due to large prospective trials, similar factors regarding CRT-upgrade are currently lacking.

Methods and results
We examine 114 patients 3–6 months after CRT-upgrade due to frequent RVP (> 50%) and symptomatic heart failure. Response to CRT was evaluated by improvement in NYHA class referring to the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire. Only cardiomyopathy type and use of Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor had an impact on response to CRT-upgrade in a linear regression model. Patients with NICM presented a greater responder rate than patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) (80.4 vs. 60.3%, p < 0.05). Other traditional response predictors in de novo CRT recipients (e.g. QRS-width, female gender) showed no effect on CRT-response in this cohort.

Conclusion
Only underlying heart disease (NICM vs. ICM) and the use of ACE inhibitor were significant predictors of response to CRT-upgrade. In contrast to de novo CRT-recipients, where pre-implant QRS-duration is a key predictor, QRS-duration during RV-pacing has no significant impact on CRT-response in this cohort.

Graphic abstract
Assessment of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in German national ice hockey players preparing for the world championship
Authors: Hof zum Berge Annika , Loch Fabian , Schwarzenbrunner Karl , Ferrauti Alexander , Meyer Tim , Pfeiffer Mark , Kellmann Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Objectives were to examine subjective sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the German ice hockey junior national team prior to the world championship to identify athletes of concern and areas of optimization with the intention of equally preventing injury and enhancing performance.

Methods
Twenty-one athletes (Mage = 18.5 ± 0.6 years, Mheight = 181.7 ± 4.3 cm, Mweight = 81.4 ± 7.1 kg), playing for national (n = 13) and international (n = 8) home clubs, answered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) before training camp (T1, day 1) and prior to tournament (T2, day 11).

Results
Overall, 9 players at T1 and 7 at T2 were identified as bad sleepers (PSQI > 5), while high sleepiness (ESS > 10) was found for 6 athletes at each measurement time. Group means and standard deviations reduced descriptively for PSQI (T1 = 5.38 ± 2.31, T2 = 4.57 ± 2.36) and ESS (T1 = 9.24 ± 3.74, T2 = 8.48 ± 3.28). Tendential differences were visible for PSQI in international-based players (Z = −1.7, p = 0.09) and ESS in first-national-league players (Z = −1.73, p = 0.08) over time. Higher PSQI values for international-based players (6.25 ± 2.6) were found compared to first-national-league (5.83 ± 1.60) and lower-league players (4.00 ± 2.08), with large effect sizes for lower-league compared to international (d = 0.95) and national players (d = 0.98) at T1 and small effect sizes compared to first-league players (d = 0.24) at T2.

Conclusion
Findings emphasize great vulnerability and individuality and underline the importance of intraindividual sleep monitoring to meet the requirements needed to equally obtain health and enhance overall performance.
COVID-19 and the taxation of professional athletes’ image rights
Authors: Carrick Sarah 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has raised and will continue to raise issues for sport for some time to come. In particular, the pressure put on athletes by politicians to take wage deductions and wage deferrals has caused controversy. This scrutiny of athletes’ tax affairs is not unusual, given the particular and somewhat constant media focus, coupled with HMRC’s ‘Football Compliance Project’ regarding footballer’s use of image rights companies to make tax deductions. This focus often presents footballers in an unflattering light. However, the purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the issues regarding athlete image rights are generally not due to overly sophisticated or overt actions by footballers and/or their agents but are the consequence of a convoluted system of taxation. Ultimately, HMRC guidance allows athletes to exploit an ‘image right’ to make tax savings. This ‘image right’ does not exist in law. Thus, this article will show that the current controversy surrounding footballers and their tax affairs is not a novel concept and that in the context of image rights athletes, clubs and agents have been forced to navigate a system of tax which is confusing, at best. In short, the issues surrounding footballers and image rights are due to the fact that ‘image rights’ are protected in one area of law yet do not exist in another.
China’s Stance on Investor-State Dispute Settlement: Evolution, Challenges, and Reform Options
Authors: Li Yuwen , Bian Cheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChina is one of the most active states in concluding bilateral investment treaties (BITs) globally. Its BITs can be categorized into three generations based on the homogeneity of the investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS) provisions within each generation. The China–EU Comprehensive Agreement on Investment and the China–US BIT under negotiation are expected to inaugurate a fourth generation, although China’s stance on ISDS in both treaties remains indeterminate. This article elaborates on the distinctive characteristics of ISDS provisions by mapping three generations of Chinese BITs, presenting the challenges that these ISDS provisions have brought to light in investor-state adjudication as well as in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative, and expounding on China’s policy options in ISDS reform. The on-going intense debate on ISDS reform presents China with an opportunity to shift from its traditional role of a rule-taker to a rule-maker in redesigning the ISDS mechanism. However, China’s current policy and practice do not demonstrate an ambition for such a transformation. Looking forward, it may well be in China’s long-term interest to endorse a Multilateral Investment Court as vigorously advocated by the EU.
Time-delay interferometry
Authors: Tinto Massimo , Dhurandhar Sanjeev V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEqual-arm detectors of gravitational radiation allow phase measurements many orders of magnitude below the intrinsic phase stability of the laser injecting light into their arms. This is because the noise in the laser light is common to both arms, experiencing exactly the same delay, and thus cancels when it is differenced at the photo detector. In this situation, much lower level secondary noises then set the overall performance. If, however, the two arms have different lengths (as will necessarily be the case with space-borne interferometers), the laser noise experiences different delays in the two arms and will hence not directly cancel at the photo detector. To solve this problem, a technique involving heterodyne interferometry with unequal arm lengths and independent phase-difference readouts has been proposed. It relies on properly time-shifting and linearly combining independent Doppler measurements, and for this reason it has been called time-delay interferometry (TDI). This article provides an overview of the theory, mathematical foundations, and experimental aspects associated with the implementation of TDI. Although emphasis on the application of TDI to the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna mission appears throughout this article, TDI can be incorporated into the design of any future space-based mission aiming to search for gravitational waves via interferometric measurements. We have purposely left out all theoretical aspects that data analysts will need to account for when analyzing the TDI data combinations.
Radium traffic: radiation, science and spiritualism in early twentieth-century Japan
Authors: Nakao Maika 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe emergence of modern health-related commodities and tourism in the late Meiji and Taishō eras (1900s–1920s) was accompanied by a revival of spiritualist religions, many of which had their origins in folk belief. What helped this was the people’s interpretation of radiation. This article underscores the linkages between radiation, science and spiritualism in Japan at the time of modernisation and imperialism. In the early twentieth century, the general public came to know about radiation because it was deemed to have special efficacy in healing the human body. In Japan, the concept of radiation harmonised with both Western culture and Japanese traditional culture. One can see the fusion of Western and traditional culture both in people’s lives and commercial culture through the popularity and availability of radium hot springs and radioactive commodities. Radium hot springs became fashionable in Japan in the 1910s. As scholars reported that radium provided the real potency of hot springs, local hot springs villages seized on the scientific explanation and connected their developments with national policies and industries. This paper illustrates how the discourse about radium, which came from the field of radiation medicine, connected science and spiritualism in modern Japan.
A great race of drinkers? Irish interpretations of alcoholism and drinking stereotypes, 1945–1975
Authors: Mauger Alice 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFrom the 1930s, psychiatrists and sociologists documented the prevalence of Irish alcohol-related psychiatric admissions in the United States. These studies seemed to suggest that the Irish, as a race, had a remarkable relationship with drink, therefore reinforcing the enduring ‘drunken Irish’ stereotype. By the 1960s, the alleged Irish susceptibility to alcoholism gained increasing attention from researchers and officials in Ireland itself. Significantly, this renewed awareness coincided with a shift in Ireland’s place on the international landscape and was intertwined with the broader social, cultural and political environment. While anxieties about the apparently rising incidence of alcoholism and alcohol-related harm were not unique to Ireland, the specific cultural meanings attached to excessive drinking in a nation internationally renowned for this problem mapped onto shifting international frameworks, informing medical perceptions and shaping policy developments. This article explores expert and official interpretations of alcoholism and the ‘drunken Irish’ stereotype from 1945 to 1975. This period saw a number of important developments, including the introduction of the Irish Mental Treatment Act of 1945, the establishment of the Irish National Council on Alcoholism in 1966 and the creation of specialist alcohol treatment facilities in several psychiatric hospitals. In the same era, the contexts for understanding problem drinking began to shift from the disease concept of alcoholism towards the public health perspective on alcohol. As will be argued, in Ireland, these frameworks were coloured by concerns that social and cultural factors were contributing to rising levels of alcohol consumption and psychiatric admissions for alcoholism.
[TIBULLUS] 3.7.175: AN EMENDATION
Authors: Kayachev Boris 
Published: December 2020

The anonymous panegyrist concludes his prediction of Messalla's future achievements by prophesying that, after his deeds are duly honoured with triumphs, Messalla will be titled the Great (175–6):ergo ubi praeclaros poscent tua facta triumphos, 175solus utroque idem diceris magnus in orbe.175 praeclaros A: per claros Scaliger | poscent A: ierint F: tulerint Dyer: cierint Lachmann: noscent uel scierint Postgate: peperint NenciniLine 175 contains a well-known textual problem: A (cod. Ambrosianus R. 26 sup., the oldest complete manuscript, apparently the archetype of all complete manuscripts) offers a text that is linguistically unobjectionable, but produces a weak sense; F (Fragmentum Cuiacianum, the only other independent witness, no longer extant) seems to express a more appropriate idea, but in a way that is not idiomatic. Hence the conjectures.