bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Southeast Asia
Authors: Wain Alexander 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoutheast Asia’s Islamic archaeology remains unexplored and poorly understood. A perception even persists amongst some scholars that the region does not constitute fertile ground for the archaeologist, with its high humidity destroying valuable remains. This chapter, however, demonstrates that Southeast Asia is home to a fascinating array of early Islamic artifacts. Focusing on the sites of four early Southeast Asian Islamic kingdoms, namely Barus, Lambri, Samudera-Pasai, and Brunei, this chapter considers their archaeology in the context of recent claims that Muslims from China were involved in the region’s Islamization. Consonant with conversion, the chapter demonstrates that all four locations did indeed experience a connection of some sort with China. Most notably, all the sites (except Samudera-Pasai, for which no systematic ceramic evidence is available) yielded considerable amounts of Chinese pottery, pre-modern China’s principal export item. Three of the sites, Lambri, Samudera-Pasai, and Brunei, also witnessed the utilization of numerous Chinese artistic motifs in association with their earliest Islamic artifacts. Most strikingly, however, Brunei provides strong evidence not only of a much earlier sultanate than previously suspected but also of a direct connection with the major Chinese port of Quanzhou. While continually stressing that the presence of Chinese trade items and/or cultural influences does not establish a Chinese (Muslim or otherwise) presence at the examined locations, they do demonstrate that Southeast Asia’s first Muslim kingdoms emerged within an environment suffuse with Chinese trade goods and at a time when Chinese cultural influences were being freely adopted by the local Muslim population.
Heritage in Context
Authors: Rabbat Nasser 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe meaning and scope of heritage are far from settled in the contemporary Middle East, as both history and geography are being contested, reclaimed, and reconfigured. Inspired by European models yet fueled by resistance to European colonialism, heritage preservation prompted a protracted contest between traditionalism and modernism in the past century. What began as an antiquarian interest in preserving historic monuments evolved into a more holistic understanding of the import of the built heritage in recent decades. Yet the historic cities still suffer from chronic problems of poverty, overcrowding, and neglect, as well as new problems resulting from manipulated planning and real estate capitalism, which accelerated the erosion of the civic qualities that were slowly acquired over the past two centuries. To rescue these old cities, a new conceptualizing of heritage is needed that builds on the thinking that has evolved in the last decade on the right to the city.
War and Recovery
Authors: Mulder Stephennie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines history and scholarship on the theme of war and recovery in Islamic lands from the end of the 19th to the early 20th century. It argues that the dominant universalist model of archaeological heritage preservation, wherein heritage is envisioned as a property-based model belonging “to all humankind,” has in fact been an important motivation for the destruction of heritage in wartime and in the alienation of local communities from their heritage following reconstruction. Archaeologists, as researchers on the past who can assist in shaping the narratives of the present, should instead work to understand local models of heritage and support communities traumatized by war to rebuild in ways that serve local needs first. Often, postwar reconstruction has only multiplied the trauma of people in the aftermath of conflict. However, if sites damaged by war are rebuilt in an inclusive manner, reconstruction has the potential to be a genuinely healing act of resistance to the violence perpetrated during wartime.
Iraq
Authors: Northedge Alastair 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter surveys the most important trends in Islamic archaeology in Iraq, with a special focus on urban development and the industries associated with urbanization. The origins of new urbanism at the beginning of Islam lay in Arabia. The major difference in the new amsar was the need to settle large numbers of fighters (muqatila), registered in the diwan, around a core of mosque and palace. There was also a related model of a princely urban settlement. This was known commonly as a madina, though not always. The two lines came together in the foundation of Baghdad, with direct imitations at al-Rafiqa and the Octagon of Qadisiyya. The most extensive case is at Samarra (836–892), where, however, the model of the Baghdad suburb is used (rabad).
Islamic Heritage in Three Peninsulas
Authors: Carvajal López José C. , Živković Jelena , Aljawabra Alkindi , Lababidi Rim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis text is a reflection about the development of Islamic heritage in three different peninsulas where Islam has played an important role in the past: Qatar, Iberia, and the Balkans. The selection of these three spaces responds to the experience and academic specialization of the authors. There is a necessary simplification of the themes discussed due to the wide amount of information that has been used in the text, which includes a wide variety of approaches from different regions, languages, and traditions of scholarship. The aim of this exercise is to offer a comparative perspective that shows the complications and chances inherent to the definition of Islamic heritage beyond the limits of given communities and territories.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Walker Bethany J. , Insoll Timothy , Fenwick Corisande 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe following Foreword, written by the three co-editors of this Handbook, situates the field of Islamic archaeology as it is practiced today in the larger study of the Islamic world. It also positions this Handbook in a growing body of scholarship on the archaeology of Islam. The special challenges faced by a newly emerging field, and one that is concerned with relatively recent historical periods and is quite literally global in scale, is presented in honest debate. The relationships of Islamic archaeology with Islamic art history and Islamic history are problematized, and the conceptual problems of Islamization and periodization explicated are and explored. The Foreword closes with a justification for the global scale of this Handbook, which determines its geographical organization.
Egypt
Authors: Gascoigne Alison L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter situates Egypt within wider debates arising from the field of Islamic archaeology and provides an overview of the current state of our knowledge based on diverse categories of archaeological evidence. Its overall aim is to argue for more diverse intellectual approaches—socially and scientifically aware and theoretically embedded—to be incorporated into archaeological activity in the country in place of those more closely related to the discipline of art history. The chapter starts with a consideration of evidence from a chronological perspective, noting the current relative lack of focus on the Ayyubid, Mamluk, and Ottoman periods. An inevitably brief digression follows on rural archaeology, for which minimal evidence has been uncovered. Evidence for domestic activity, trade and production, and funerary practices is outlined with a particular focus on artifactual material. The chapter also considers the growth and development of urban centers, both capital and provincial, under Islamic rule. Overall, the chapter highlights a need for a more sustained focus on Egypt’s Islamic-era/medieval archaeology for its own sake, rather than as either the inheritance of the classical world or the foundations of the early modern state.
The association between alcohol consumption and self-reported current depression among adults residing in Brazil
Authors: Oancea S C , de Oliveira G D , Sukumaran P , Vogeltanz-Holm N , Nucci L B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between binge and heavy drinking and self-reported current depression (SRCD) in a representative population-based sample of adults residing in Brazil.

Methods
The sample for this study was based on the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey. SRCD was accessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8), a valid eight-item depression measure for population-based studies instrument. The association between binge/heavy drinking and SRCD was investigated using weighted and adjusted multivariable logistic regression models.

Results
Out of the final study sample of 59 399 Brazilians, 47.2% were young adults, 34.6% were middle age adults and 52.4% were females. The prevalence of binge drinking was 13.8%, of heavy drinking was 3.2% and SRCD was 7.6%. There was a significant weighted and adjusted association between binge drinking and SRCD among young and middle age females (OR = 1.5, 95% CI:1.1–2.0 and OR = 0.6, 95% CI:0.4–0.8, respectively) and between heavy drinking and SRCD among young and middle age males (OR = 1.8, 95% CI:1.2–2.8 and OR = 2.5, 95% CI:1.5–4.1, respectively).

Conclusions
The possible protective factor of binge drinking for SRCD among middle-aged Brazilian females needs to be further investigated and understood. Longitudinal research is needed to provide further evidence of associations found in this study.
Preexposure prophylaxis strategies for African–American women affected by mass incarceration
Authors: Adams Joëlla W. , Khan Maria R. , Bessey S.E. , Friedman Samuel R. , McMahon James M. , Lurie Mark N. , Galea Sandro , Marshall Brandon D.L. 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
We aimed to determine the effectiveness of various preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prescription strategies for African–American women impacted by mass incarceration within an urban setting.

Design:
An agent-based model was utilized to evaluate prevention strategies in an efficient, ethical manner. By defining agents, their characteristics and relationships, we assessed population-level effects of PrEP on HIV incidence.

Methods:
We tested hypothetical PrEP prescription strategies within a simulation representing the African–American population of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Four strategies were evaluated: PrEP for women meeting CDC indicators regarding partner characteristics, PrEP for women with a recently incarcerated male partner, PrEP for women with a recently released male partner and couples-based PrEP at time of release. Interventions occurred alongside scale-up of HAART. We evaluated reductions in HIV transmissions, the number of persons on PrEP needed to avert one HIV transmission (NNT) and the resulting proportions of people on PrEP.

Results:
Scenarios prescribing PrEP based on criminal justice system involvement reduced HIV transmissions. The NNT ranged from 147 (couples-based scenario) to 300 (recently released scenario). The percentage of the female population covered by PrEP at any one time ranged from 0.14% (couples-based) to 10.8% (CDC-based). CDC-guideline scenarios were consistently less efficient compared to the justice-involved interventions.

Conclusion:
Expanding PrEP for African–American women and their male partners affected by incarceration should be considered in national HIV prevention goals and correctional facilities leveraged as intervention sites. Partner characteristics in the current CDC indications may be more effective and efficient if guidelines considered criminal justice involvement.
Harpoon Suicide Attempt: A Dramatic Experience of the Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Guerra Raphael Capelli , Câmara Gustavo de Quadros , Mendes Bruno Coelho , Hochuli-Vieira Eduardo , Pereira Rodrigo dos Santos 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Craniofacial harpoon injuries are extremely rare, especially when caused by attempted suicide. The approach to surgical removal becomes dependent on the characteristics of the device, with or without barbs on the spear, and its path, which presents with significant changes between accidents and suicide attempts. This report presents the successful treatment carried out in a dramatic case of harpoon suicide attempt. The approaches to complete and cautious removal of the spear from the occipital region, reconstruction of the orbital cavity, evisceration of the left eyeball due to amaurosis and psychiatric follow-up were successful, which allowed the restoration of the patient's physical and mental health.
Beyond the World Health Organization classification of central nervous system tumors 2016: what are the new developments for gliomas from a clinician's perspective?
Authors: Weller Michael , Reifenberger Guido 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
The World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors was revised in 2016 to include molecular biomarkers that are important for tumor classification and clinical decision making. Thereafter, the cIMPACT-NOW initiative further refined CNS tumor classification through a series of recommendations likely to shape the upcoming WHO classification 2021.

Recent findings
Mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 or 2 genes continue to play a major role in glioma classification. Among IDH-mutant gliomas, loss of ATRX expression identifies IDH-mutant astrocytomas without necessity for 1p/19q codeletion testing. The nomenclature for IDH-mutant glioblastoma has been changed to astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, WHO grade 4, with CDKN2A homozygous deletion representing a novel molecular marker for these tumors. IDH-wildtype astrocytomas that lack microvascular proliferation or necrosis but exhibit telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutation, epidermal growth factor receptor amplification, and/or a +7/−10 genotype are now classified as IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. H3.3 G34-mutant diffuse hemispheric gliomas have been proposed as a new entity separate from IDH-wildtype glioblastoma.

Summary
These changes increase diagnostic accuracy and refine clinical care by changing treatment recommendations, for example for patients with IDH-wildtype astrocytomas showing molecular features of glioblastoma. They also have major implications for clinical trial design.
Race/Ethnic Disparities in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Northern Manhattan Study
Authors: Wright Clinton B. , DeRosa Janet T. , Moon Michelle P. , Strobino Kevin , DeCarli Charles , Cheung Ying Kuen , Assuras Stephanie , Levin Bonnie , Stern Yaakov , Sun Xiaoyan , Rundek Tatjana , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Sacco Ralph L. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVEEstimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia in the racially and ethnically diverse community-based Northern Manhattan Study cohort and examine sociodemographic, vascular risk factor, and brain imaging correlates.METHODSCases of MCI and probable dementia were adjudicated by a team of neuropsychologists and neurologists and prevalence was estimated across race/ethnic groups. Ordinal proportional odds models were used to estimate race/ethnic differences in prevalence rates for MCI or probable dementia adjusting for sociodemographic variables (model 1), model 1 plus potentially modifiable vascular risk factors (model 2), and model 1 plus structural imaging markers of brain integrity (model 3).RESULTSThere were 989 participants with cognitive outcome determinations (mean age 69 ± 9 years; 68% Hispanic, 16% Black, 14% White; 62% women; mean (±SD) follow-up five (±0.6) years). Prevalence rates for MCI (20%) and probable dementia (5%) were significantly different by race/ethnicity even after accounting for age and education difference across race-ethnic groups; Hispanic and Black participants had greater prevalence rates than Whites. Adjusting for sociodemographic and brain imaging factors explained the most variance in the race/ethnicity associations. White matter hyperintensity burden explained much of the disparity between Black and White, but not between Hispanic and White, participants.CONCLUSIONSIn this diverse community-based cohort, white matter hyperintensity burden partially explained disparities in MCI and dementia prevalence in Black but not Hispanic participants compared to Whites. Longer follow-up and incidence data are needed to further clarify these relationships.
COVID-19 detection on IBM quantum computer with classical-quantum transfer learning
Authors: Acar Erdi , Yilmaz İhsan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiagnose the infected patient as soon as possible in the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak which is declared as a pandemic by the world health organization (WHO) is extremely important. Experts recommend CT imaging as a diagnostic tool because of the weak points of the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). In this study, the detection of COVID-19 from CT images, which give the most accurate response in a short time, was investigated in the classical computer and firstly in quantum computers. Using the quantum transfer learning method, we experimentally perform COVID-19 detection in different quantum real processors (IBMQx2, IBMQ-London and IBMQ-Rome) of IBM, as well as in different simulators (Pennylane, Qiskit-Aer and Cirq). By using a small number of data sets such as 126 COVID-19 and 100 Normal CT images, we obtained a positive or negative classification of COVID-19 with 90% success in classical computers, while we achieved a high success rate of 94-100% in quantum computers. Also, according to the results obtained, machine learning process in classical computers requiring more processors and time than quantum computers can be realized in a very short time with a very small quantum processor such as 4 qubits in quantum computers. If the size of the data set is small; Due to the superior properties of quantum, it is seen that according to the classification of COVID-19 and Normal, in terms of machine learning, quantum computers seem to outperform traditional computers.
A fair efficacy formula for assessing the effectiveness of contact tracing applications
Authors: Fowler Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMobile contact tracing apps have been developed by many countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Trials have focussed on unobserved population trials or staged scenarios aimed to simulate real life. No efficacy measure has been developed that assesses the fundamental ability of any proximity detection protocol to accurately detect, measure, and therefore assess the epidemiological risk that a mobile phone owner has been placed at. This paper provides a fair efficacy formula that can be applied to any mobile contact tracing app, using any technology, allowing it’s likely epidemiological effectiveness to be assessed. This paper defines such a formula and provides results for several simulated protocols as well as one real life protocol tested according to the standard methodology set out in this paper. The results presented show that protocols that use time windows greater than 30 seconds or that bucket their distance analogue (E.g. RSSI for Bluetooth) provide poor estimates of risk, showing an efficacy rating of less than 6%. The fair efficacy formula is shown in this paper to be able to be used to calculate the ‘Efficacy of contact tracing’ variable value as used in two papers on using mobile applications for contact tracing [6]. The output from the formulae in this paper, therefore, can be used to directly assess the impact of technology on the spread of a disease outbreak. This formula can be used by nations developing contact tracing applications to assess the efficacy of their applications. This will allow them to reassure their populations and increase the uptake of contact tracing mobile apps, hopefully having an effect on slowing the spread of COVID-19 and future epidemics.
Synthetic Reproduction and Augmentation of COVID-19 Case Reporting Data by Agent-Based Simulation
Authors: Popper Nikolas , Zechmeister Melanie , Brunmeir Dominik , Rippinger Claire , Weibrecht Nadine , Urach Christoph , Bicher Martin , Schneckenreither Günter , Rauber Andreas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe generate synthetic data documenting COVID-19 cases in Austria by the means of an agent-based simulation model. The model simulates the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a statistical replica of the population and reproduces typical patient pathways on an individual basis while simultaneously integrating historical data on the implementation and expiration of population-wide countermeasures. The resulting data semantically and statistically aligns with an official epidemiological case reporting data set and provides an easily accessible, consistent and augmented alternative. Our synthetic data set provides additional insight into the spread of the epidemic by synthesizing information that cannot be recorded in reality.
Methadone Distribution Trends from 2017-2019 in the United States
Authors: Furst John A. , Mynarski Nicholas J. , McCall Kenneth L. , Piper Brian J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveMethadone is an evidence based treatment for opioid use disorder and is also employed for acute pain. The primary objective of this study was to explore methadone distribution patterns between the years 2017 and 2019 across the United States (US). This study builds upon previous literature that has analyzed prior years of US distribution patterns, and further outlines regional and state specific methadone trends.MethodsThe Drug Enforcement Administration’s Automated Reports and Consolidated Ordering System (ARCOS) was used to acquire the number of narcotic treatment programs (NTPs) per state and methadone distribution weight in grams. Methadone distribution by weight, corrected for state populations, and number of NTPs were compared from 2017 to 2019 between states, within regions, and nationally.ResultsBetween 2017 and 2019, the national distribution of methadone increased 12.30% for NTPs but decreased 34.57% for pain, for a total increase of 2.66%. While all states saw a decrease in distribution for pain, when compared regionally, the Northeast showed a significantly smaller decrease than all other regions. Additionally, the majority of states experienced an increase in distribution for NTPs and most states demonstrated a relatively stable or increasing number of NTPs, with an 11.49% increase in NTPs nationally. The number of NTPs per 100K in 2019 ranged from 2.08 in Rhode Island to 0.00 in Wyoming.ConclusionAlthough methadone distribution for OUD was increasing in the US, there were pronounced regional disparities.