bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LIMITATIONS OF NORMATIVE ETHICS: ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN KIM STANLEY ROBINSON’S 2312
Authors: K Rajesh , V Rajasekaran 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of the study: The present study mainly argues the limitations of normative ethics and analyzes the anthropocentrism in Kim Stanley Robinson’s 2312 based on the actions or duties of the characters.
Methodology: The article used normative ethics as a methodology. Normative ethics is the study of ethical actions that has certain rules and regulations about how we ought to do and decide. So, this study has chosen a normative ethic that consists of three ethical theories Utilitarian approach, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics to judge duties that are right and wrong.
Main Findings: As a result, normative ethics compact with a one-dimensional approach. All three ethics deal with its own specific code of ethics. Utilitarianism has focused on good outcomes. Kantian ethics has paid attention to good rules with duty. Virtue ethics focused on the good people but all three theories have a strong common objective of focusing on only human beings (sentient entities) and omit other entities (plants and animals). So all normative ethics have certain limitations and do their duties without thinking about consequences and situations. In conclusion, this code of normative ethics has provoked as anthropocentric. In addition that Swan’s actions and the rational behavior made her miserably failed in Mercury through the construction of the biome and creation of quantum computers. So this cause, in the end, the space people want to move from space to earth to rebuild the biome.
Applications of this study: The prudent study analyses the normative ethics in a detailed manner under the Utilitarian approach, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics. These philosophical domains can be benefitted for researchers to practice and implement during the research process in Humanities and Social Sciences especially.
Novelty/Originality of this study: The study analyzed the anthropocentric attitude of the character Swan in 2312 based on her actions or duties through the code of normative ethics (Utilitarianism, Kantian ethics and Virtue ethics).
The selection pressure on the neuraminidase gene of influenza viruses isolated in Ukraine from 2009 to 2015
Authors: Babii Svetlana V. , Leibenko Liudmyla V. , Radchenko Larysa V. , Golubka Olga S. , Teteriuk Nataliia V. , Mironenko Alla P. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
A broad range of naturally occurring antigenic variants of the influenza virus is caused by its rapid evolutionary variability. The survival of viable influenza virus variants occurs through natural selection. The treatment of influenza infection with modern antiviral drugs – neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors – leads to the occurrence of mutations in the NA gene, which thereby result in the emergence of virus resistance to these drugs. The goal of this study was to determine the selection pressure on the NA protein of influenza viruses isolated in Ukraine from 2009 to 2015. The main method for assessing the selection pressure on proteins is to quantify the ratio of substitution rates at nonsynonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. With the help of this method, we showed that only a few codons in the NA gene were under positive selection resulting in mutations at the following sites: for influenza A viruses of the A(H1N1)pdm09 subtype – site 40, for viruses of the A(H3N2) subtype – sites 93 and 402, for Influenza B viruses of the B/Yamagata lineage – sites 74, 99, and 268, and for the viruses of the B/Victoria lineage – sites 358, 288, and 455. These sites are not associated with the NA active site, transmembrane domain, or the antigenic sites of this protein. We concluded that NA inhibitors are not a significant factor in the process of selection of the influenza viruses in Ukraine because the sites associated with the resistance of influenza viruses to NA inhibitors were not affected by positive selection. This finding could be explained by the limited use of NA inhibitors for the treatment of influenza infections in Ukraine.
Profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks In Indonesia
Authors: Tho'in Muhammad 
Published: December 2019

This study aims to determine the profitability of Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia reviwed from the effect of NPF ratio and CAR ratio as intervening variable to ROA ratio in 2014-2016. The sampling technique of this research uses purposive sampling with the criteria of Islamic Commercial Banks which are registered in Financial Services Authority during period 2014 until 2016 and Islamic Banks which are consistently publish quarterly report period 2014-2016. The results show that there are 10 BUS with quarterly data amounting to 120. This method of this research uses calculating path analysis method with the help of SPSS 23 program. The test that has been done shows that the NPF ratio has significant effect to ROA ratio which means that the bigger NPF ratio, the bigger cost of eliminating the financing reserve which resulted the income of Islamic commercial bank is decreasing, so it will have an impact to the decrease of ROA ratio. The NPF ratio significantly influences the CAR ratio, which means that the greater financing risk faced by Islamic commercial banks will increase the formation of allowance for earning assets losses from the equity held, thereby reducing the share of equity which is the component of the capital adequacy. CAR ratios are able to mediate an indirect effects of NPF ratios to ROA ratios.[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profitabilitas bank umum syariah di Indonesia yang ditinjau dari pengaruh rasio NPF dan rasio CAR sebagai variabel intervening terhadap rasio ROA pada tahun 2014-2016. Teknik pengambilan sampel penelitian ini menggunakan purposive sampling dengan kriteria Bank Umum Syariah yang terdaftar di Otoritas Jasa Keuangan selama periode 2014 hingga 2016 dan Bank Syariah yang secara konsisten menerbitkan laporan triwulanan periode 2014-2016. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 10 BUS dengan data triwulanan sebesar 120. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis jalur kalkulasi dengan bantuan program SPSS 23. Pengujian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa rasio NPF berpengaruh signifikan terhadap rasio ROA yang berarti bahwa semakin besar rasio NPF, semakin besar biaya menghilangkan cadangan pembiayaan yang mengakibatkan pendapatan bank umum syariah menurun, sehingga akan berdampak terhadap penurunan rasio ROA. Rasio NPF secara signifikan mempengaruhi rasio CAR, yang berarti bahwa semakin besar risiko pembiayaan yang dihadapi oleh bank umum syariah akan meningkatkan pembentukan penyisihan kerugian aset produktif dari ekuitas yang dimiliki, sehingga mengurangi bagian ekuitas yang merupakan komponen dari kecukupan modal . Rasio CAR mampu memediasi efek tidak langsung dari rasio NPF ke rasio ROA.]
Ekonomi Syariah Berbasis Entrepreneurship Center
Authors: Wadhan Wadhan 
Published: December 2019

This research aims to examine the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship center laboratory availability at the STAIN Pamekasan Sharia Economics Study Program. This research is a descriptive quantitative research. The purpose of research in general is to describe systematically, factually, and accurately about the facts and nature of the population. Said descriptive because the research aims to make a careful assessment of the phenomenon of perception of students of Islamic Economics Study Program regarding the availability of entrepreneurship centers for all entrepreneurship courses in the semester even 2017/2018Based on the results of the study that the effectiveness of the entrepreneurship laboratory center must be supported by the time available in the teaching and learning process in the laboratory, the average number of classes taught by lecturers in entrepreneurship courses, and the maximum ability of classes in a day in teaching entrepreneurship and most respondents answered two or just three times the maximum ability of class in a day. In addition, it must also be supported by facilities available in the entrepreneurship center laboratory such as adequate space, computers as required software, air conditioners, considering that in our place the climate is very hot, LCD as an adequate device to support laboratory activities and practical tools others that support the creation of an adequate entrepreneurship center laboratory.[Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas ketersedian laboratorium entrepreneurship center di Program Studi Ekonomi Syariah STAIN Pamekasan. Penelitian ini adalah merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif. Tujuan penelitian secara umum adalah untuk mendeskripsikan secara sistematis, faktual, dan akurat mengenai fakta dan sifat populasi. Dikatakan diskriptif karena penelitian bertujuan untuk melakukan penilaian secara cermat terhadap fenomena persepsi mahasiswa Prodi Studi Ekonomi Syariah berkenaan dengan tersedianya entrepreneurship center untuk seluruh mata kuliah kewiraushaan pada semester genap tahun 2017/ 2018. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa efektivitas laboratorium entreprenneurship center harus di dukung oleh waktu yang tersedia dalam proses belajar mengajar di laboratorium, rata-rata jumlah kelas yang diampu oleh dosen dalam mata kuliah kewirausahaan, dan kemampuan maksimal kelas dalam sehari dalam mengajar kewirausahaan dan kebanyakan responden menjawab dua atau tiga kali saja kemampuan maksimal kelas dalam sehari. Selain itu juga harus didukung oleh fasilitas yang tersedia di laboratorium entrepreneurship center seperti ruangan yang memadai, komputer sebagai perangkat lunak yang dibutuhkan, AC mengingat di tempat kita ini iklimnya sangat panas, LCD sebagai perangkat yang memadai untuk menunjang aktivitas laboratorium serta alat-alat praktik yang lain yang mendukung terciptanya laboratorium entrepreneurship center yang memadai.]
İSLÂM MEDENİYETİNİN BÜTÜNLÜKLÜ, KAPSAYICI VE DİĞER MEDENİYETLERLE ETKİLEŞİME AÇIK YAPISI
Authors: MACİT Abdulkadir 
Published: December 2019

Öz: Son iki asırdır dünyaya egemen olan modernizm iktisadi, siyasi ve içtimai eşitsizlikler üretmekte; insanlığın ihtiyaç duyduğu adaleti getirmek bir yana zulmün ve ifsadın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Bu temel ile birlikte Batılılar, İslam dünyasının tahrifatı ve ardından işgali neticesinde modernitenin unsurları olan hümanist, rasyonel, sekülarist, ilerlemeci ve pozitif bilim anlayışını İslâm dünyasına zerk etmişlerdir. Bütün bunlardan dolayı Müslümanlar birkaç asırdır bir aşağılık kompleksi ve özgüven problemi içinde yaşamaktadır. Modernitenin insanlığa verdiği bu zararlar Müslümanların ilmî sahadan geri çekilmesiyle de katlanarak artmaktadır. Bu artışı durdurmak için insanlığın modernite ile birlikte kopardığı hakikatlere yeniden bir dönüş gerekmektedir. Sorunun çözümü için öncelikle insanlık tarihinde 800 yıl büyük bir rol oynayan bir medeniyetin mensubu olan insanların, bütün bunların nasıl olduğunu ortaya koyması ve bu medeniyeti geliştiren bilginleri, ekolleri ve süreçleri bilmeleri gerekmektedir. Bunun için eğitim ve kültür algısında eğitim kurumlarında verilenlerden daha öte makro bir anlayış geliştirmek zorunluluğu bulunmaktadır. Eğitimden kastedilen salt sistematik örgün bir talim değil, zihniyetlerin her yaşta ıslah edilmesi ve modernitenin ifsadına maruz bırakılmamasıdır. Geçerli bir ilmî perspektif için çağın ilmî gelişmelerini de takip etmek gerekmektedir. Elbette bu yapılırken ne moderniteye göre (muhafazakâr modernleşme çabaları) ne onun için (batıcı modernleşme çabaları) ne de ona karşı (muhafazakâr çabalar) tavır içine girmeden İslam’da özgün olanı ortaya koyabilir, ayrıca modern olan da kullanılabilir ise modernitenin ifsadı izale edilmiş olacaktır. Zira Müslümanlar uygarlık kurduklarında kendilerinden önceki bütün tecrübelerden faydalandılar. Kendilerini onlara göre veya karşı durmak zorunda konumlandırmadılar. O süreçte dünya toplumlarından bilinçli olarak beslendiklerini kavramamız gerekmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: İslâm, Teâti, Fuat Sezgin, İslâm, Teâti, Fuat Sezgin, Muhammed Hamidullah, .
TEFSİRİN MAHİYETİNE DAİR TARTIŞMALARDA İBN HALDÛN VE MOLLA FENÂRÎ MUKAYESESİ
Authors: SEVİNÇ Sümeyye 
Published: December 2019

Tefsirin mahiyeti, İslâm ilim geleneğinin gerek
klasik gerekse çağdaş döneminde tartışma konusu olmuştur. Bu bağlamda tefsirin
bir ilim olmadığını ileri süren yaklaşıma muhalif olarak tefsirin müstakil bir
ilim olduğu yaklaşımı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu iki yaklaşıma ilaveten tefsirin
kendine özgü bir ilim olduğuna dair bir üçüncü yaklaşım tartışmaya yön
vermiştir. Bu araştırmada, zikri geçen üçüncü yaklaşımı Osmanlı Devleti’nin
kuruluş döneminde belirgin bir şekilde yansıtan Molla Fenârî ve onun
çağdaşı İbn Haldûn’un tefsire dair
görüşleri mukayese edilmektedir. Her iki âlim de tefsire dair görüşlerini,
eserlerinin mukaddimelerinde ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışmada, İbn Haldûn’un
tarihi olarak bilinen Kitâbü’l-‘İber’in giriş bölümü olan Mukaddime’si ve Molla Fenârî’nin Aynü’l-a‘yân adlı eserinin
mukaddime kısmı çerçevesinde tefsirin diğer ilimler içerisindeki yeri ele
alınmaktadır. Her iki müellif de tefsirin kendine mahsus yapısı sebebiyle küllî
kaidelerinin bulunmadığını düşünmektedir. Fakat İbn Haldûn tefsiri rivâyet ve
dil ile sınırlamakta, buna karşın Molla Fenârî ise tefsire rivâyet ve dilin
ötesinde belirli şartlar dâhilinde geniş bir anlam alanı açmaktadır. Netice
itibariyle söz konusu iki âlim, tefsirin kendine özgü nasıl bir yapı arz
ettiğini farklı açılardan göstermiş bulunmaktadır.
Time trends analysis of statin prescription prevalence, therapy initiation, dose intensity, and utilization
Authors: Liu Yujuan , Lv Xiaoqun , Xie Ning , Fang Zhonghong , Ren Weifang , Gong Yuan , Jin Yan , Zhang Jun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background Statin remains a mainstay in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Statin utilization has evolved over time in many countries, but data on this topic from China are quite limited. This study aimed to investigate the changing trends of statins prescription, as well as detail the statin utilization through a successive longitudinal study. Methods Prescription database was established based on electronic health records retrieved from the hospital information system of Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University from January 2012 to December 2018 in Shanghai, China. The prescription rates and proportions of different statin types and doses among all patients were examined. Sub-analyses were performed when stratifying the patients by age, gender, dose intensity, and preventative intervention. Results During the study period, a total of 51,083 patients, who were prescribed for statins, were included in this study (mean [SD] age, 59.78 [±13.16] years; 53.60% male, n =27, 378). The overall statins prescription rate in which patients increased from 2012 (1.24%, 95% CI: 1.21%-1.27) to 2018 (3.16%, 95% CI: 3.11%-3.20%), P <0.001. Over 90% of patients were given a moderate dose of statins. Our study has witnessed a significant rise in statin therapy in primary and secondary prevention. Patients with a history of coronary and cerebrovascular events (over 32%) were more likely to be prescribed with statins for preventative intervention. Conclusions In conclusion, statins were frequently prescribed and steadily increased over time. However, in clinical practice, statins prescription rate in patients may be sub-optimal in local residents. A coordinated effort among the patient, clinical pharmacist, stakeholders and health system is still needed to improve statin utilization. Keywords: statins, prevalence, cardiovascular disease, initiation, preventative intervention.
Monoglucosyl rutin facilitates recovery from eyestrain in visual display terminal users: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study
Authors: Ashigai Hiroshi , Kanaya Tomoka , Fujii Hitomi , Kawachi Yasuji , Kajita Masayoshi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
BackgroundEyestrain is a serious quality of life problem, especially in the workplace. In particular, work at visual display terminals (VDTs) is a common cause of eyestrain. Currently, there are many workers who work at VDTs and tend to feel eyestrain. Rutin, derived from various food plants such as the Japanese pagoda tree (Styphnolobium japonicum), is a known polyphenol compound. Monoglucosyl rutin (MGR) is a highly water-soluble α-glucose adduct of rutin. Previous studies have demonstrated that rutin improved dry eye and also affected the microvascular blood flow in animal experiments. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that MGR could alleviate eyestrain caused by work at VDTs. In this clinical study, we evaluated whether MGR could improve eyestrain in healthy adults.MethodsThis study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Twenty healthy Japanese adults who tended to feel eyestrain were recruited to participate. During the first test period, the participants were asked to drink either a test food containing 377 mg of MGR or a placebo food without MGR. After the food intake, the participants did personal computer work at VDT for 30 min and then relaxed for 20 min. We evaluated the participants’ eyestrain using an objective parameter (high-frequency component 1, HFC1) and subjective parameters (visual analog scale). After 7 days, for the second test period, the participants consumed an alternate food following the same protocol as during the first test period. ResultsThe objective parameter of eyestrain (HFC1) was significantly lower in the MGR group than that in the placebo group. The subjective parameters of eyestrain and waist stiffness were improved in the MGR group in comparison with those in the placebo group.ConclusionsMGR supplementation has the potential to objectively and subjectively improve eyestrain symptoms due to VDT use.
Serum biomarkers of the calcium-deficient rats identified by metabolomics based on UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS
Authors: Meng Fanyu , Fan Lina , Sun Lin , Yu Qingli , Wang Maoqing , Sun Changhao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: We previously identified the urinary biomarkers to diagnose calcium deficiency and nutritional rickets by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS).To further confirm these biomarkers in vivo, we performed serum metabolomics analysis of calcium deficiency. Methods: A calcium-deficient rat model was established with a low-calcium diet for 12 weeks. Serum-metabolomics-based UPLC/Q-TOF MS/MS and multivariate statistical analysis was performed to identify the alterations in metabolites associated with calcium deficiency in rats. Results: Bone mineral density, serum parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased in the low-calcium diet group (LCG) compared to the normal calcium diet group (NCG). Serum metabolic-profiling analysis could definitively distinguish between the LCG and NCG and identified25 calcium-deficient biomarkers. Three metabolites (indoxyl sulfate, phosphate, and taurine) of the 25 biomarkers were found in our previous urinary metabolomics study of rats with a calcium deficiency and nutritional rickets. The areas under the curve (AUCs) of these three biomarkers were greater than 0.8, and the combination of any two biomarkers was higher than 0.95. Conclusion: Dietary calcium deficiency induced the alterations of metabolites in the serum of rats, and the three identified biomarkers had relatively high diagnostic values for calcium deficiency in rats.
Factors Influencing Obstetric Home Delivery and Outcome Among Women of Reproductive Age in Dusmareb District, Somalia
Authors: Jama Abdinasir Abdullahi , Arowojolu Ayodele O , Ajay IkeOluwapo O 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: Homebirth (home delivery) is a birth that takes place in a residence rather than in a hospital or a birth center. Aims: The aim of the study is to determine factors influencing obstetric home delivery and the outcomes among women of reproductive age in Dusmareb district, Somalia. Methods: The study was used a descriptive cross-sectional study in Dusamreb district of Somalia with both qualitative and quantitative techniques of data collections and random technique was used to select 228 women of reproductive age. Well-structured questionnaires were administered by the interviewer to participants who gave their consent and also two focus group discussion sessions were conducted with discussion guides. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Descriptive , and Inferential statistics were used to test association, with the level of significance set at 5%. Results: The findings of this study show that 41% have had at least one child delivery at home. The mean age of the respondents was 32.9 ± 8.1 years; 15(6.6%) had tertiary education and Women with 4 – 6 children were four times more likely to have a home delivery (OR = 3.65, p = 0.002), Women with employment were 59% less likely to have a home delivery (OR = 0.41, p = 0.009); the study also found as outcome of home delivery that 22% of the women reported their baby was not okay and have taken to hospital, while 41(73.2%) reported the child died within 28 days following delivery while 24 (42.8%), women experienced prolonged labour during their last delivery at home.in the focus group discussion the women reported that there is poor communication relationship between the mothers and health staff. Conclusion: the study is highly recommended the government to create employment for the women,also the hospital directors were recommended to monitor the relationship between the care giver and the pregnant mother.
Clinical Practice of Unsedated Colonoscopy Among the Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Xie Man , Mao Tao , Zhang Qun , Tian Zi-bin , Rao Wei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer was increased in the liver transplant recipients and clinical practice of unsedated colonoscopy among the liver transplant recipients hasn't been fully studied. Our prospective and observational study was conducted in a tertiary hospital to investigate the clinical practice of unsedated colonoscopy among the liver transplant recipients. Methods: Between June 2017 and June 2018, clinical data of the 72 liver transplant recipients received the screening colonoscopy conducted by a same endoscopists was collected. And a group of asymptomatic health examiner of same age and same gender was chosen as control group at a ratio of 1:3. Data of the colonoscopy performance, patient satisfaction and colonoscopy finding were compared between the two groups. Results: No difference was observed between the two groups in the bowel clearance ( P =0.273) , however, cecal intubation time was longer ( P =0.024) and the auxiliary abdominal compression by nurses was more frequent ( P ＜0.01) in liver transplantation group. In term of patient’s satisfaction, postprocedural visual analog scale, the willingness of repeat the same procedure and the four-point Likert scale (no pain, slight pain, moderate pain, severe pain) on the second day were comparable between the two groups. Compared with control group, the incidence of polyps was higher in the liver transplantation group (50.00% (36/72) vs37.04% (80/216), P =0.036), and the incidence of adenomatous polyps(33.33%vs 24.07%, P =0.084) and advanced polyps (11.11%vs 5.56%, P =0.094) were also higher in the liver transplantation group, but no statistical difference was observed. Conclusions: Liver transplantation mildly increases the difficulty of colonoscopy with experienced practitioners, although the patient’s satisfaction was comparable with the common people. Key words: colonoscopy, liver transplantation, visual analogue scale, polyps