bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uvulars and uvularization in Tangut phonology
Authors: Gong Xun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tangut, a mediaeval Qiangic language (Sino-Tibetan family) distinguishes three grades (děng
等). The traditional Sofronov-Gong reconstruction of this
distinction postulates different degrees of medial yod: Grade I {-Ø-}, Grade II {-i-}, Grade III
{-j-}. The yods, however, are not supported by the transcriptional evidence. Based on cognates between Tangut
and Rgyalrongic languages, this study proposes the uvularization hypothesis: Tangut syllables have contrastive
uvularization. Grade I/II syllables are uvularized, while Grade III syllables are plain. For phonological velars, uvularized
syllables trigger a uvular allophone, while plain syllables trigger a velar allophone. Tangut uvularization is an instance of a
common typological feature in Qiangic languages, that of Guttural Secondary Vocalic Articulations (GSVA),
variously termed uvularization, velarization, tenseness, or Retracted Tongue Root (RTR). Recognizing Tangut
grades as a case of Qiangic GSVA has far-ranging potential consequences for Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics.
A revisit to the [Num-Cl-Modifier-de-N]/ [Modifier-de-Num-Cl‑N] variation in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Jin Jing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the licensing condition of the [Num(eral)-Cl(assifier)-Mod(ifier)-de-N(oun)] / [Mod-de-Num-Cl‑N] variation in Mandarin Chinese. It is observed that this variation represents a complex interface phenomenon in the nominal domain, which is subject to the semantic condition concerning the i(ndividual)-level/​s(tage)-level nature of the modifier contained on the one hand, and the discourse-related condition concerningcontrastive topic(ct) on the other. Based on this, at the syntax-semantics interface level, this paper proposes a division of the syntactic domain of adnominal modification to account for the discrepancy between i‑level and s‑level modifiers in terms of their capability in forming [Mod-de-Num-Cl‑N] in the neutral context. In the meanwhile, at the syntax-discourse interface level, in light of the interface-induced analysis pursued byNeeleman & Van de Koot (2008)andHorvath (2010), it is claimed that the word order of [Mod-de-Num-Cl‑N] could be adopted as a linguistic device to encodectwithin the nominal domain in Mandarin Chinese, in which case the ordering of [Mod-de-Num-Cl‑N] is licensed for the purpose of establishing a transparent mapping between syntactic configuration and information structure.
Local active isolation of the AEI-SAS for the AEI 10 m prototype facility
Authors: Kirchhoff R , Mow-Lowry C M , Bergmann G , Hanke M M , Koch P , Köhlenbeck S M , Leavey S , Lehmann J , Oppermann P , Wöhler J , Wu D S , Lück H , Strain K A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
High precision measurements in various applications rely on active seismic isolation to decouple the experiment from seismic motion; therefore, closed feed-back control techniques such as sensor blending and sensor correction are commonly implemented. This paper reviews the active isolation techniques of the Albert Einstein Institute seismic attenuation system (AEI-SAS). Two approaches to improve the well known techniques are presented. First, the influence of the sensor basis for the signal-to-noise ratio in the chosen coordinate system is calculated and second, a procedural optimization of blending filters to minimize the optical table velocity is performed. Active isolation techniques are adapted to the mechanical properties and the available sensors and actuators of the AEI-SAS. The performance of the final isolation is presented and limitations to the isolation are analyzed in comparison to a noise model. The optical table motion reaches approximately

8
×
1

0

−
10

m
/

H
z

at 1 Hz, reducing the ground motion by a factor of approximately 100.
Multiple-fibre interferometry setup for probe sample interaction measurements in atomic force microscopy
Authors: Klapetek Petr , Yacoot Andrew , Hortvík Václav , Duchoň Václav , Dongmo Herve , Řeřucha Šimon , Valtr Miroslav , Nečas David 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) often relies on the assumption that cantilever bending can be described by simple beam theory and that the displacement of the tip can be evaluated from the cantilever angle. Some more advanced metrological instruments use free-space or fibre interferometers for measuring the position of the cantilever apex directly, thereby simplifying the metrology traceability chain. The next logical development, covering measurements of both the cantilever apex position and its deformation due to lateral forces acting during different AFM measurement regimes, is presented in this paper. It is based on using a set of closely packed fibre interferometers that can be used to determine localised bending of the cantilever at different positions along the cantilever. This can be used for detection of cantilever deformation beyond classical beam theory, and can yield both better understanding of sources of uncertainty in individual AFM force–distance measurements and more accurate scanning in constant height mode in high-speed AFM applications.
Features of the thermal structure of reaction waves in the Ti - Mo – N2 system
Authors: Gabbasov R M , Salamatov V G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The thermal structure of filtration combustion waves in the metallic Mo – Ti system in nitrogen is studied by dynamic color pyrometry. It’s shown that the combustion of the samples is conducted in the surface mode. This mode is characterized by the propagation of a reaction wave in a narrow near-surface layer of the sample followed by the penetration of combustion from the surface to the centre. The peculiarities of combustion observed are the presence of local reaction sources in the surface reaction wave and the complex three-dimensional structure of the temperature field in the reaction wave (local reaction source – surface reaction wave - inside reaction wave). The measurements have shown that with increasing nitrogen pressure, the maximum temperature inside the sample rises by 200 K.
Mathematical model for mechanical treatment of a reactive binary mixture passivated by inert material
Authors: Lapshin O. V. , Ivanova O.V. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A macroscopic mathematical model was built to theoretically study the mechanical treatment of a reactive solid mixture passivated by an inert substance milled from the walls of a mill chamber and grinding bodies. The model includes equations for the rate of chemical transformations, change in the mass of substances involved in the mechanical treatment, dynamics of excess energy in components and a reaction product. The process is considered to be isothermal. An equation is derived to obtain the function of the interphase, which is a superposition for the grinding of components and their passivation with an inert substance. The dynamics of the chemical transformation depth, the amount of a milled inert substance, the function of the interphase and reactivity of the mixture versus the mechanical treatment time are numerically calculated. The final fraction of the reaction product in the mechanically treated powder mixture is found as a function of the parameter characterizing the level of slagging of reagents with an inert substance. Based on the constructed calculation diagrams, it is shown that depending on the parameters determining the mechanical treatment, different modes that characterize either activation or passivation of chemical interaction in the reactive powder mixture were found.
Mathematical model of gas-free combustion of a binary powder mixture with allowance Marangoni convection
Authors: Prokof’ev V.G. , Lapshin O V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A macroscopic mathematical model has been developed for the gas-free combustion of a binary reaction mixture with allowance for thermocapillary convection of a low-melting reagent. The model includes equations as follows: mass balance of reaction substances, chemical transformation, melt motion, thermal conductivity. Melt formed during the melting of one of the components is believed to move in the porous carcass of the mixture due to thermocapillary forces. The dynamics of changes in temperature, chemical conversion depth, melt fraction and porosity are numerically calculated in a gasless combustion wave. Depending on the main parameters characterizing the process, conductive, convective, and mixed modes of synthesis front propagation are revealed. Analytical relationships are derived to estimate the combustion rate for these modes. An approximate criterion that reveals the synthesis mode from the structural and physicochemical parameters of the binary mixture is found.
Quasilinear systems of Jordan block type and the mKP hierarchy
Authors: Xue Lingling , Ferapontov E V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Hydrodynamic type systems in Riemann invariants arise in a whole range of applications in fluid dynamics, Whitham averaging procedure, differential geometry and the theory of Frobenius manifolds. In this paper we discuss parabolic (Jordan block) analogues of diagonalisable systems. Our main observation is that integrable quasilinear systems of Jordan block type are parametrised by solutions of the modified Kadomtsev–Petviashvili hierarchy. Such systems appear naturally as degenerations of quasilinear systems associated with multi-dimensional hypergeometric functions, in the context of parabolic regularisation of the Riemann equation, as finite-component reductions of hydrodynamic chains, and as hydrodynamic reductions of linearly degenerate dispersionless integrable PDEs in multi-dimensions.
Effect Gamma rays effect on Wear rate and Hardness of ( Ep-SiC ) Nanocomposites for Industrial applications
Authors: Aobaid A K , Alqaisy T Y 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The aim of this research is to measure the hardness and wear rate for epoxy resin as a base material, nano ceramic powder (SiC) with particle size ( 64.85nm ), were used as a reinforcement materials in composites preparation in different weight fractures (2%, 4%, 6%), hand-casting method was used in preparation the research samples, Mechanical properties were measured after irradiation of gamma rays emitted from the CO60 with energy rate of 1.33MeV and different irradiation doses (6,8,10) KGy. The results showed an increase in the hardness values after the irradiation compared with the results before irradiation while wear test showed a decrease in the values in normal conditions compare with the result after irradiation.
Assessment of natural radioactivity hazards in selected water samples collected from northern regions of Oman
Authors: Al-Harmali A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This study explores the radioactivity hazards in water samples collected from the Northern regions of Oman. The naturally occurring radioactive nuclides of the main series, 238U, 232Th, 235U and 40k have been studied by means of low level gamma spectroscopy. Majority of the studied valleys (wadis) are descending from Super Hajar Mountains either towards its east part (coastal area) or the west part (desert). Water samples were analyzed by applying the same analysis technique and ranges of concentrations of 238U, 232Th, 235U and 40K were found to be (0.35-1.7), (<DL-0.17), (0.01-0.18) and (0.26-0.91) all in Bq.L-1 respectively. The radiological hazards, D, HR and Raeq were calculated and found at ranges (0.21-7.94) nGy/h, (3.0-9.0)*10−4 mSv/yr and (0.02-3.6) Bq.L−1 respectively. The Hin, Hex and Iγr results were less than 1. The assessment of radioactivity in water samples showed values lower than world-wide average according to (WHO. The results indicate that the radiation hazard from naturally and artificially radionuclides in water samples from the area studied in this current work is barely significant.
Investigation of the existence of new nuclear magic number in even-even O isotopes using shell model and Hartree–Fock Bogoliubov method
Authors: Allawi Redhab A , Alzubadi Ali A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the present work, the features of some excited states in some even–even 14-26O isotopes have been investigated. The aim is to predict the evaluated existence of magic numbers in these isotopes using shell model and Hartree-Fock Bogoliubov method based on SLy4, SkC, SkD Skyrme parameterizations. In particular, root mean square radius, binding energies, one and two neutron separation energies, pairing gaps, transition probabilities, excitation energies, energy levels, transition densities and quadrupole deformation parameters have been investigated. The results are compared with the available experimental data.
Study of effect reinforcement by coconut fiber on some mechanical and physical properties of thermoset polymer
Authors: Hashim S. M , Salih W. B 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a polymeric composite consisting of unsaturated polyester resin as a base material reinforced with coconut fiber was produced by volumetric fractions percentage ( 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3% ) of coconut fiber and at room temperature. The properties of compressive strength, hardness and thermal conductivity of the composite material were studied. The results showed an improvement in the mechanical properties ( compressive strength and hardness ) while the thermal conductivity values decreased with the increase of the volumetric fraction of the fibers. The heat insulation of the composite material is increased with the increase of the volumetric fracture of the fiber..
Study of the Spectroscopic Performance of Laser Produced CdTe, and CdTe:Ag Plasma
Authors: Naeema N , Kudher A , Mohammed Ghuson H 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article, plasma parameters [((Te) electron temperature, (ne) electron density, (fp) Plasma frequency, (λD) Debye length, and (ND) Debye number], were studied by using a spectrometer that collects the laser spectrum produces cadmium telluride Plasma in different energies. As well as for CdTe: Ag for different card ratios. The electron temperature results for the CdTe range (0.699-0.738 ) ev also has an electron density of ( 2.867-4.430)* 1018Cm −3 was measured under vacuum up to 2.5 x 10−2 mbar. As well as for CdTe:AgTe range (0.738, 0.606) and ne range(4.430-4.691) )* 1018 Cm −3.The properties of CdTe and CdTe: Ag were determined throughoptical transmission method using the ultraviolet spectral spectrum inside range 190-1100 nm.
Influence of titanium oxide additions with co2 laser treatment on the microstructural properties of glazes layer-dental zirconia ceramics
Authors: Salman Z A , Zaidan Sh A , Hubeatir K A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the effect of CO2 laser on the glazes layer-dental zirconia ceramics after adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the glazes and study the its improvement. The specimens has been prepared by using CAD/CAM dental machine and sintered at 1530°C. Then the surface was glazed by VITA Glaze with (5% and 10%) of nano-TiO2 additions. The glaze layer were irradiated by continuous CO2 laser of 15Watt as indicated power. It was found that the main phases of the ceramic substrate are tetragonal zirconia with a percentage of alumina in the corundum phase. The glazing of the ceramic substrate led to a change in the X-ray diffraction pattern by the emergence of new phases, thus changing the crystallite size and percentage of lattice strain. The change in grain size measured by AFM technique, ranging from 88.46 nm to nm 62.18 in addition to changing surface roughness due to the emergence of centers of nuclei and grain growth. Moreover, the addition of TiO2 and laser irradiation changed the residual stresses on the surface, and this was reflected in the increasing hardness values from 575 kg/mm2 to 1215 kg/mm2 after added 5% TiO2 with laser treatment. Generally, addition of 5% TiO2 is better than 10% in terms the structure of the glaze layer surface and hardness, as the additions of 10% need a higher glazing temperature.
Structural and optical properties of Ag2S nanotubes prepared by laser ablation in liquid
Authors: Rawdhan Hanan A. , Ahmed Duha S. , Ismail Raid A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Synthesis of Ag2S nanotubes (NTs) by laser ablation of silver target in Thiourea (Tu) aqueous solution without using catalyst was demonstrated. The structure, morphology, size and elemental composition of Ag2S NTs were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the Ag2S NTs are crystalline with monoclinic phase. The optical energy gap of Ag2S NTs is around 1.6 eV at fluence 4.7 Jcm−2. Transmission electron microscope TEM investigation reveals the formation of NTs Ag2S morphologies with the diameter of 26-30 nm and lengths of 200-400 nm. Raman spectra of Ag2S nanorods show the presence of active Raman peaks indexed to Ag modes and the stretching bending Ag-S bonds and 2LO mode of Ag2S.
Adopting Texture Features to Detect and Recognize Brain Tumors in Magnetic Resonance Images
Authors: Derea Aya S , Abbas Heba Kh , Al-Saleh Anwar H , Mohamad Haidar J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The detection and recognition of tumor have a very important role in many applications of medical imaging. The use of computer in this process required high accuracy as it relates to human life especially that the error rate should be as low as possible. In this paper, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images are tested using image processing (segmentation-based threshold) and supervised classification (minimum distance) to detect the region of interest. The location of the tumor is located using histogram algorithm with run length features. The geometric measurements calculated to identify tumors dimensions, location, volume and area. The results were highly efficient and highly accurate to determine the location and dimensions of the tumor.
Using spatial analysis techniques to Preparing maps for distribution of pollutant concentrations in Shatt al-Arab waters in November 2015
Authors: Khanger E.F. , Al Razaq B. A. , Ismail R. R. , Rasheed Z. F. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Water has a great self-generating capacity that can neutralize the polluting interventions carried out by humans. However, if human activities continue this uncontrolled and unsustainable exploitation of this resource, this regenerating capacity shall fail and it will be jeopardized definitively. Shatt Al-Arab River in South of Iraq. It has an active role in providing water for irrigation, industry, domestic use and a commercial gateway to Iraq. in the last five years Shatt Al-Arab suffered from a rise in pollutants due to the severe decline in sewage networks, irregular networks and pesticide products, as well as the outputs of factories and companies that find their way to water sources and lead to a widespread collapse of water quality. In present work, by using Data observation with the integration between remote sensing and GIS techniques to prepare maps of the distribution of concentration materials in Shatt al-Arab River south of the province of Basra in January 2015 to determine the level of pollution in the river. These include pH, dissolved oxygen (DO2), phosphates (PO4), nitrates (NO3), calcium, magnesium, potassium, Total soluble solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) as well as alkaline salts (ALK.) The quality of polluted water has been observed at the sites of the study due to the increase in wastewater flowing into the river, especially river branches and the illegal discharges of industrial waste and sewage. In addition to the severe shortage of water levels in the last five years.
Characterization of nickel oxide nanocatalyst electrodes for an alkaline fuel cell
Authors: Ali N. A. , Mohammed H. J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper had been studied the characterization of the nanocatalyst (NiO) Mesh electrodes. For fuel cell. The catalyst is prepared and also the electrodes The structural were studied through the analysis of X-ray diffraction of the prepared nanocatalyst for determining the yielding phase and atomic force microscope to identify the roughness of prepared catalyst surface, Use has been nanocatalyst led to optimization of cell voltage, current densities & power for a fuel cell.
Effect of RTV Silicon Rubber on Some Mechanical Properties of Epoxy/Polyester Polymer Blends
Authors: Farhan Ahmed J , Jaffer Harith I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this research the epoxy/RTVsilicon rubber and unsaturated polyester / RTVsilicon rubber blends were prepared by adding varying weight (3,5, 7,10 and 20)% of (SR ) to either of EP and UPE resins.The aim of research to analyze effect of RTV silicone rubber composition (3, 5, 7, 10 and 20) wt% of the mechanical properties of the epoxy and unsaturated polyester. Mechanical propertiessuch as impact strength, shore D hardness, young modulusand flexural strength were tested.The experimental results showed that the specimensof EP/SR and UPE/SR blends have a maximum values of impact strength (8.13 KJ/m2 and 11.91 KJ/m2) at the addition of 10% SR and 5% SR respectively.Hardness No. decreased slightly when the content of SR increased at a range of 3% to 20% in both of EP/SR and UPE/SR.Also flexural strength decreased rapidly when the content of SR increased at a range of 3% to 20% in both of EP/SR and UPE/SR.
Annealing temperature effects on the performance of the perovskite solar cells
Authors: Al-Mousoi A. K. , Mehde M. S. , Al-Gebori A. M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this work, perovskite solar cells were fabricated with one-step method by using spin coating technique. These solar cells were in the structure form of FTO/compactTiO2/mesoporousTiO2/CH3NH3PbI3/Au. Different annealing temperatures were applied to investigate the effect of the annealing temperature on the properties of the fabricated solar cells since it lead to affect the crystallization degree of the CH3NH3PbI3 layer. Three temperatures were used for annealing the perovskite layer typically: 60°C, 80°C and 100°C and the best result found at 100 °C where the efficiency was 5.68%, FF = 0.55, Jsc = 12.637 mA/cm2 and Voc = 0.817 V.
A novel Software Tool for Sizing Off-Grid PV System and PV/Diesel Hybrid System
Authors: Hashim Saja Majeed , Abdulateef Osamah Fadhil , Mustafa Falah I. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The design of graphical user interface programming is for sizing the components of a stand-alone PV system and PV-Diesel hybrid power system based on Iraq conditions. This software program presents as a guideline tool for photovoltaic system integrated depends on the input data by the user to give correct results according to the weather condition of solar radiation of Iraq, with less time and effort. A stand-alone solar system design model applied firstly, on a software program is to provide the load with energy 300Wh/day. Secondly, as an experimental application, to identify the appropriate factors that must be entered in the program from average solar irradiation and safety factor, by test the performance of the photovoltaic solar system, where the generation energy rate by the solar module was 381Wh and the consumption energy rate was 250.33Wh during the working period. The system will suffer from a lack of power generation if solar irradiation is not high enough or in case of weather conditions change.
Building a spin coater device for thin-film preparation
Authors: Ali F H 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A low cost, simple design of the rotary spindle (spin-coater) is described in this research. This simple coating system is used as thin films deposition device for microscope slide (75*25) mm. The easily system can be built by electronics and machine. Designed with a brushless engine with Arduino Uno, designed for speed control. The rotational speed ranges from 350 to 10,000 rpm to give us many thickness according to the materials used. In our design, the rotational speed is controlled manually by the variable resistor.