bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domain walls in ferroelectrics
Authors: Mantri Sukriti , Daniels John 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSpontaneous unit‐cell deformation accompanies spontaneous polarization in perovskite ferroelectrics, thereby making it energetically favorable for domain walls to form on particular planes that satisfy mechanical compatibility. Historically, domain walls are found analytically, solving for walls with compatible strains within the wall plane. However, analytical solutions do not give any information about relative energetics of nonideal domain walls. Here, the orientation of the most favorable domain walls and the relative energetics of nonideal domain walls are predicted by calculating strain mismatch and charge discontinuity over all possible domain wall orientations. This is done for common ferroelectric phase symmetries of tetragonal, rhombohedral, orthorhombic, and monoclinic type. In tetragonal and rhombohedral symmetry, the domain walls are independent of any external stimulus as long as the symmetry is maintained. In orthorhombic and monoclinic symmetry, the orientation of certain mechanically permissible domain walls changes with temperature and/or electric field as the unit cell distorts, while others do not. Additionally, in monoclinic systems, domain wall planes are shown to exist that are not perfectly permissible but are very close to permissible, thus, these walls were not found by prior analytical methods. The visualization of strain compatibility of all the domain walls makes it easy to see precisely on which planes domain walls are expected or not expected and how the domain walls change their orientation under the effect of external stimulus. Such an analysis can also be used to investigate the relative and changing energetics of nonideal domain walls in systems under thermal, compositional, electrical, and mechanical stimuli.
Erosion behavior of Y2O3 in fluorine‐based etching plasmas: Orientation dependency and reaction layer formation
Authors: Kindelmann Moritz , Stamminger Mark , Schön Nino , Rasinski Marcin , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Hausen Florian , Bram Martin , Guillon Olivier 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEven though advanced ceramics are widely applied as consumables in semiconductor etching processes, the erosion mechanisms and connected surface phenomena are not fully understood. Through the interaction with reactive species and ion bombardment during the plasma exposure, oxide ceramic materials like Y2O3 are eroded by a physicochemical mechanism. In this study, fundamental phenomena of surface‐plasma interactions were investigated directly at the surface as well as in the near‐surface region after exposure to fluorine‐based etching plasmas. A straightforward re‐localization technique was used to investigate the microstructural features before and after the plasma exposure for up to 2 hours. Electron microscopy methods (scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction) were coupled with atomic force microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to study the surface topography and the corresponding reaction layer. Direct correlation of the microstructure before plasma exposure with the surface topography reveals a novel orientation‐dependent erosion mechanism that forms plateau‐like structures. Furthermore, the in‐depth analysis of the near‐surface area highlights the influence of the applied bias voltage on the physical damage and chemical gradient formation due to plasma exposure. The combined investigation of surface morphology and near‐surface properties reveals new fundamental aspects of the erosion behavior of polycrystalline yttria in CF4‐based etching plasmas.
Boron nitride adsorbents with sea urchin‐like structures for enhanced adsorption performance
Authors: Liu Zhaowei , Zhao Kang , Li Dan , Tang Yufei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWater pollution, especially caused by organic pollutants, seriously affects people's health and even threatens life. Boron nitride (BN) adsorbents with unique sea urchin‐like structures were fabricated after low‐temperature treatment, freeze–drying, and high‐temperature calcination. Results indicated that the sea urchin‐like structure was a combination of fibers spreading outward from the center to its surroundings. As the temperature difference was gradually increased in the low‐temperature treatment, the diameter of the sea urchin‐like structure decreased and the Brunner‐Emmett‐Teller surface area increased. The adsorbents showed efficient adsorption rates and excellent reusability for dyes and antibiotics. Specifically, the maximum adsorption capacities for methylene blue and tetracycline were higher than those described in most of the literature, reaching 592.37 and 369.79 mg/g, respectively. This may have be attributed to the sea urchin‐like structure of the porous fibers able to trap organic pollutants in the center, which showed strong intermolecular interactions with organic pollutants, that is, π–π bond binding force and acid‐base complexation. The obtained BN adsorbents with sea urchin‐like structures have great applicability in areas where organic pollutant adsorption is prevalent.
Phase evolution, crystal structure, and microwave dielectric properties of gillespite‐type ceramics
Authors: Song Xiao‐Qiang , Lei Wen , Wang Fei , Chen Tao , Ta Shi‐Wo , Fu Zhen‐Xiao , Lu Wen‐Zhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA gillespite‐structured MCuSi4O10 (M = Ba1‐xSrx, Sr1‐xCax) ceramics with tetrahedral structure (P4/ncc) were prepared by solid‐state reaction method. X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) were employed to study the phase synthesis process of BaCuSi4O10. Pure BaCuSi4O10 phase was obtained at 1075°C and decomposed into BaSiO3, BaCuSi2O6, and SiO2 when calcined at 1200°C. The relationships between the crystal structure and microwave dielectric properties of MCuSi4O10 ceramics were revealed based on the Rietveld refinement and P‐V‐L complex chemical bond theory. The dielectric constant (εr) decreased linearly with decreasing total bond susceptibility and ionic polarizability. Quality factor (Q × f) was closely dependent on bond strength and lattice energy. The temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) was controlled by the stability of [CuO4]6− plane in MCuSi4O10. Optimum microwave dielectric properties were obtained for SrCuSi4O10 when sintered at 1100°C for 3 hours with a εr of 5.59, a Q × f value of 82 252 GHz, and a τf of −41.34 ppm/°C. Thus, SrCuSi4O10 is a good candidate for millimeter‐wave devices.
Collaboration is Uncomfortable
Authors: Newman Terri 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArtist/Teacher/Researcher: I see this identity as one of collaborations. It is one that I share with my colleagues and students. Each day, with others we question, develop, think, create and rebound ideas, changing and moulding them, as we do materials and matter, backwards and forwards, in dialogue with one another. In the absence of these interactions, alone in my flat, I've been thinking of the comfort that comes from not having my ideas challenged, although we continue our learning digitally, it feels stunted. Without our community we must travel a road upon which our own ideas are absolute and this I believe limits the learning experience. It is being outside of one's comfort zone, having ones ideas challenged and being asked to see something differently that I believe is at the core to learning, but it comes at the cost of feeling uncomfortable.
Volumetric changes at implant sites: A systematic appraisal of traditional methods and optical scanning‐based digital technologies
Authors: Tavelli Lorenzo , Barootchi Shayan , Majzoub Jad , Siqueira Rafael , Mendonça Gustavo , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate techniques for assessing soft tissue alterations at implant sites and compare the traditionally utilized methods to the newer three‐dimensional technologies emerging in the literature.Materials and MethodsA comprehensive search was performed to identify interventional studies reporting on volumetric changes at implant sites following different treatments.ResultsSeventy‐five articles were included the following: 30 used transgingival piercing alone, one utilized calliper, six with ultrasonography, six on cone‐beam computed tomography, and 32 utilized optical scanning and digital technologies. Optical scanning‐based digital technologies were the only approach that provided ‘volumetric changes,’ reported as volumetric variation in mm3, or the mean distance between the surfaces/mean thickness of the reconstructed volume. High variability in the digital analysis and definition of the region of interest was observed. All the other methods reported volume variation as linear dimensional changes at different apico‐coronal levels. No studies compared volumetric changes with different approaches.ConclusionsDespite the emergence of optical scanning‐based digital technologies for evaluating volumetric changes, a high degree of variation exists in the executed workflow, which renders the comparison of study results not feasible. Establishment of universal guidelines could allow for volumetric comparisons among different studies and treatments.
A hyaluronic acid‐based filler reduces lipolysis in human mature adipocytes and maintains adherence and lipid accumulation of long‐term differentiated human preadipocytes
Authors: Nadra Karim , André Mathilde , Marchaud Emmanuelle , Kestemont Philippe , Braccini Frédéric , Cartier Hugues , Kéophiphath Mayoura , Fanian Ferial 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe beneficial role of subcutaneous adipose tissue in skin rejuvenation derived from its capacity to fill the under‐layer volumes but also from its ability to regulate the extracellular matrix production by dermis fibroblasts. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the extracellular matrix, is a commonly used injectable dermal filler showing excellent efficiencies to maintain tissue augmentation even after its biodegradation. To improve their stability, the HA molecules can also be “cross‐linked” to each other. The effects of cross‐linked HA‐based fillers on the dermal structure are well known. For safety reasons, most of the physicians prefer to use the blunt cannula for injections. However, evidences showed that the cannula could not be located in the dermis, but it passes through immediate hypodermis and the long‐lasting effect of cross‐linked HA‐based fillers may be related to its effects on adipose tissue. To test whether cross‐linked HA has a direct effect on human adipocytes, we treated isolated adipocytes and precursors cells from human skin donors with cross‐linked HA. Biochemical and cellular analysis demonstrated that treatment by cross‐linked HA showed beneficial effects on differentiated cell adherence and survival as well as reduced basal and induced lipolysis in fully mature adipocytes. Taken together, these data showed that cross‐linked HA promoted cell adherence and preserved the adipogenic capacity of preadipocytes during prolonged cell culture, bringing additional evidences of the beneficial role of cross‐linked HA‐based fillers in maintenance of the subcutaneous fat mass. This first study could defend a preventive approach to facial volume loss during natural aging.
A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trial of skin‐lightening cream containing lycopene and wheat bran extract on melasma
Authors: Bavarsad Neda , Mapar Mohammad Ali , Safaezadeh Mona , Latifi Seyed Mahmoud 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveMelasma is an acquired hyperpigmentation disorder, and reactive oxygen species play important role in regulating melanin synthesis. Lycopene is one of the most effective oxygen neutralizers among tomato‐derived carotenoids. Also, hydroquinone is a compound that has been used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation by mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition and can be found in wheat.MethodsAn appropriate cream formulation containing 0.05% tomato lycopene and 3.45% wheat bran extract was prepared, and physicochemical characterization was performed. The prepared formulations were applied twice a day for three months in combination with SPF = 30 sunscreen by 22 patients diagnosed with melasma. MASI score in two groups was evaluated at weeks 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 and 1 month after the treatment.ResultsThe prepared formulation shows smooth and homogeneous appearance with suitable spreadability and viscosity. The MASI score of intervention group from the sixth week until the end of the treatment was significantly decreased compared to the onset of the treatment (P < .05), and the mean difference of the MASI score and the rate of skin discoloration in intervention group (0.53 ± 0.47 and 3.73 ± 1.90, respectively) were significantly higher than in placebo group (0.14 ± 0.20 and 0.91 ± 0.07, respectively; P < .05). Size of melasma during the study was decreased significantly from 6.59 ± 3.47 to 5.97 ± 3.83 (P < .05).ConclusionThe data of mean difference of the MASI score indicated skin improvement in intervention group. Meanwhile, no recurrence was observed one month after the end of the treatment. These data suggest that the prepared formulation containing lycopene and wheat bran extract is safe and could be promising as an efficacious cosmetic treatment.
Employing immunohistochemical staining to labial minor salivary gland biopsies from patients with Sjogren's syndrome increases diagnostic certainty
Authors: Trivedi Apoorva , Cornejo Kristine M. , O'Donnell Patrick , Dresser Karen , Deng April 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSjogren's syndrome (SjS) is an autoimmune disease characterized clinically by dry eyes and dry mouth, and histopathologically by lymphocytic infiltrates in the salivary glands. Labial minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB) is a major diagnostic test for SjS, deemed positive by a focus score of ≥1, meaning that ≥50 lymphocytes were found in 4 mm2 tissue on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained slides. The diagnosis can be challenging, and the above diagnostic criteria has low and variable sensitivity.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study on MSGBs done for possible SjS. We compared the percent of MSGBs which met the histologic criteria by H&E stain alone and that with the addition of CD45, CD3, and CD20 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for these patients. A total of 45 cases with complete data were analyzed.ResultsThirty‐five of the 45 patients had the diagnosis of Sjogren's syndrome (SjS+) based on ACR criteria. However, based on H&E staining alone, only 22/35 cases (63%) met the histologic criteria. After adding IHC staining with CD45, CD3, and CD20 to MSGBs of SjS + patients, 29/35 (83%) cases met the histological criteria for SjS. All MSGBs from patients without SjS had no significant lymphocyte infiltrate on either H&E or IHC stains.ConclusionsImmunohistochemical better identifies lymphocytic infiltrates in MSGB and increases diagnostic certainty. Due to high cost, their use should be restricted to cases where there is high clinical suspicion of SjS and negative H&E evaluation alone, or if the diagnosis is uncertain.
Subsidizing heterogeneous higher education systems
Authors: Hatsor Limor , Zilcha Itzhak 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn many countries, there is an ongoing debate on the public funding of the higher education (HE) system. Our goal is to examine the theoretical justification for the establishment of HE institutions and analyze the self‐selection of students under different policies of student subsidies. We study nonstationary equilibria of an overlapping‐generation economy in a hierarchical education system. Given the capacity constraints of Universities, we explore the impact of adding new institutions, to be called Colleges, to the HE system, focusing on three issues. Given that Colleges are less productive and less selective than Universities: (a) Should the government establish Colleges? (b) Should the government divert funds from Universities to Colleges? On the basis of long‐run economic growth considerations, we obtain positive answers to both questions. (c) Then, we compare several policies of student subsidies across the board. Our results suggest that much caution is needed in the implementation of student subsidies. Specifically, targeting subsidies to the highly‐ranked students in each institution may distort their self‐selection across institutions and downgrade the human capital accumulation in the economy. To offset this distortion in the demand for HE it may be useful to target subsidies to the low‐ranked students in each institution. Our model also accounts for several stylized facts over time: (1) the increase in the number of institutions and students, (2) the decline in College admission standards, and (3) the decline in public budget per student and the corresponding increase in out‐of‐pocket student payments.
The potential use of Bayesian Networks to support committee decisions in programmatic assessment
Authors: Zoanetti Nathan , Pearce Jacob 
Published: November 2020

AbstractContextThe benefits of programmatic assessment are well‐established. Evidence from multiple assessment formats is accumulated and triangulated to inform progression committee decisions. Committees are consistently challenged to ensure consistency and fairness in programmatic deliberations. Traditional statistical and psychometric techniques are not well‐suited to aggregating different assessment formats accumulated over time. Some of the strengths of programmatic assessment are also vulnerabilities viewed through this lens. While emphasis is often placed on data richness and considered input of qualified experts, committees reasonably wish for practical, defensible solutions to these challenges.MethodsWe draw upon on existing literature regarding Bayesian Networks (BN), noting their utility and application in educational systems. We provide illustrative examples of how they could potentially be used in contexts that embed programmatic principles. We show a simple BN for a knowledge domain before presenting a full‐scale ‘proof of concept’ BN to support committee decisions. We zoom in on one ‘node’ to demonstrate the capacity of incorporating disparate evidence throughout the network.ConclusionsBayesian Networks offer an approach that is theoretically well‐supported for programmatic assessment. They can aid committees in managing evidence accumulation, help them make inferences under conditions of uncertainty, and buttress decisions by adding a layer of defensibility to the process. They are a pragmatic tool adding value to the programmatic space by applying a complementary statistical framework. We see four major benefits of BNs in programmatic assessment: BNs allow for visual capturing of evidentiary arguments by committees during decision‐making; ‘recommendations’ from probabilistic pathways can be used by committees to confirm their qualitative judgments; BNs can ensure precedents are maintained and consistency occurs over time; and the imperative to capture data richness is maintained without resorting to questionable methodological strategies such as adding qualitatively different things together. Further research into their feasibility and robustness in practice is warranted.
Perioperative nurses’ experiences in relation to surgical patient safety: A qualitative study
Authors: Peñataro‐Pintado Ester , Rodríguez Encarna , Castillo Jordi , Martín‐Ferreres María Luisa , De Juan María Ángeles , Díaz Agea José Luis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSurgical patient safety remains a concern worldwide as, despite World Health Organization recommendations and implementation of its Surgical Safety Checklist, adverse events continue to occur. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the views and experiences of perioperative nurses regarding the factors that impact surgical patient safety. Data were collected through five focus groups involving a total of 50 perioperative nurses recruited from four public hospitals in Spain. Content analysis of the focus groups yielded four main themes: personal qualities of the perioperative nurse, the surgical environment, safety culture, and perioperative nursing care plans. One of the main findings concerned barriers to the exercise of leadership by nurses, especially regarding completion of the Surgical Safety Checklist. Some of the key factors that impacted the ability of perioperative nurses to fulfil their duties and ensure patient safety were the stress associated with working in the operating room, time pressures, and ineffective communication in the multidisciplinary team. Targeting these aspects through training initiatives could contribute to the professional development of perioperative nurses and reduce the incidence of adverse events by enhancing the surgical safety culture.
Interaction between IgA and gut microbiota and its role in controlling metabolic syndrome
Authors: Guo Jielong , Han Xue , Huang Weidong , You Yilin , Jicheng Zhan 
Published: November 2020

SummaryImmunoglobulin A (IgA) is the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype secreted into the mucosal tissues, mainly intestinal mucus. Humans can produce several grams of IgA every day, accounting for three quarters of the body's total immunoglobulin content. IgA, together with mucus and antimicrobial peptides, forms the first line of defence for intestinal epithelial cells, protecting them from a significant number of intestinal antigens. IgA also plays a principal role in controlling the gut microbiota (GM), and disruption in IgA can result in dysbiosis, such as the enrichment of Proteobacteria, which are generally bound by IgA. Proteobacteria overexpansion is also usually seen in obesity and colitis. Consistent with this, IgA dysfunction frequently results in metabolic syndrome (MetS), including conditions such as obesity, adiposity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. In contrast, enhanced IgA function can improve, and even prevent, MetS. Interactions among IgA, GM, and metabolism provide a promising avenue to combat MetS.
MiR‐646 regulates proliferation and migration of laryngeal carcinoma through the PI3K/AKT pathway via targeting GPX1
Authors: Yuan Xuanju , Liu Yufeng , Chen E. , Wang Junhua , Deng Shouping , Chen Ping , Wang Xianhe , Deng Shouheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLaryngeal cancer is a common type of head and neck malignancy. microRNA is implicated in the development and progression of various tumours. The present study aimed to explore the potential roles and mechanisms of miR‐646 in laryngeal carcinoma cells. We detected the expression of miR‐646 and observed that miR‐646 was reduced in laryngeal cell lines. Subsequently, the proliferation, migration and invasion of TU212 and TU686 cells were evaluated using CCK‐8 assays, cell proliferation ELISA BrdU and transwell assays after transfection with miR‐646 mimic. Overexpression of miR‐646 attenuated the proliferative and invasive abilities of TU212 and TU686 cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed that glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) is a direct target of miR‐646. Interestingly, restoration of GPX1 promoted cell proliferation and migration, and reversed the biological activities of miR‐646 in cell proliferation and migration. It is worth noting that miR‐646 overexpression blocked the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway, and this was partly abrogated by GPX1. 740Y‐P, a PI3K agonist abolished the effects of miR‐646 on cell proliferation and invasion. Taken together, miR‐646 prohibited the proliferation and invasion of laryngeal carcinoma cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway via targeting GPX1.