bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Nerve Blockade with Combined Standard and Liposomal Bupivacaine in Major Lower‐Extremity Amputation
Authors: Dumitrascu Catalina I. , Warner Nafisseh S. , Stewart Thomas M. , Amundson Adam W. , Bruns Danette L. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schulte Phillip J. , Smith Mark M. , Brown Michael J. , Niesen Adam D. , Mantilla Carlos B. , Warner Matthew A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOptimizing perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing major lower‐extremity amputation remains a considerable challenge. The utility of liposomal bupivacaine as a component of peripheral nerve blockade for lower‐extremity amputation is unknown.MethodsWe conducted an observational study comparing three different perioperative analgesic techniques for adults undergoing major lower‐extremity amputation under general anesthesia between 2012 and 2017 at an academic medical center: (1) no regional anesthesia, (2) peripheral nerve blockade with standard bupivacaine, and (3) peripheral nerve blockade with a mixture of standard and liposomal bupivacaine. The primary outcome of cumulative opioid oral morphine milligram equivalent utilization in the first 72 hours postoperatively was compared across groups utilizing multivariable linear regression.ResultsA total of 631 unique anesthetics were included for 578 unique patients, including 416 (66%) without regional anesthesia, 131 (21%) with peripheral nerve blockade with a mixture of standard and liposomal bupivacaine, and 84 (13%) with peripheral nerve blockade with standard bupivacaine alone. Cumulative morphine equivalents were lower in those receiving peripheral nerve blockade with combined standard and liposomal bupivacaine compared with those not receiving regional anesthesia (multiplicative increase 0.67; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.90; P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in opioid utilization between peripheral nerve blockade groups (P = 0.59).ConclusionsPeripheral nerve blockade is associated with reduced opioid requirements after lower‐extremity amputation compared with general anesthesia alone. However, the incorporation of liposomal bupivacaine is not significantly different to blockade employing only standard bupivacaine.
Impact of governmental regulations on compliance with MMR immunizations in Northern California
Authors: Blackshire La Cole , Iyiegbuniwe Emmanuel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveCalifornia's Senate Bill 277 (SB277) was mandated to reduce the prevalence of measles by eliminating personal belief exemptions. This study evaluated seven county‐level records to determine the impact of SB277 on immunizations among kindergarteners in Northern California.DesignThis study used a quantitative postintervention secondary data analysis.SampleThis study included three kindergarten schools in seven Northern California counties during three academic years from 2015 to 2019.MeasurementsSixty‐three previously collected school measurements involving 4,626 students were included in a secondary analysis. The study used grouped logistic regression to evaluate the variations in immunization compliance records (2015–16 vs. 2017–18 and 2018–19) among kindergartners in seven counties.ResultsThis study found no significant differences in (1) overall county‐level measures and (2) the likelihood that kindergartners would be current with measles–mumps–rubella (MMR; OR = 1.12, CI = 0.79–1.62) or be up‐to‐date with five immunizations (OR = 1.08, CI = 0.77–1.52) post‐SB277 versus pre‐SB277.ConclusionThis study showed that SB277 had a small clinical but nonstatistically significant impact on kindergartners' up‐to‐date with up‐to‐date rates of compliance with five immunizations and those current with two doses of MMR in seven Northern California counties. Despite the passing of SB277, vaccine‐hesitant parents have continued to seek alternatives to immunizations.
Congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats: 123 cases
Authors: Saraiva Inês Q. , Delgado Esmeralda 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveProvide epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats.Animals studiedA population of 32 974 dogs and 13 977 cats that presented for consultation at the veterinary teaching hospital.ProceduresMedical records from 2011 to 2018 were reviewed. A retrospective and prospective epidemiological clinical study addressing congenital ocular malformations was conducted. Signalment, medical history, reason for presentation, clinical findings, vision impairment, and treatment options were analyzed.ResultsFrom the total of cases analyzed, 103 dogs (0.3%) and 20 cats (0.1%) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of dogs were mixed breed, the most common breed being the French Bulldog, while the majority of cats were European domestic shorthair. The median age of diagnosis was 12 months for dogs and 6 months for cats. Sex predisposition was not found. The most frequently identified abnormalities were as follows: congenital cataract (dogs: 31.1%; cats: 30.0%), microphthalmia (dogs: 35.0%, cats: 25.0%), and persistent pupillary membrane (dogs: 27.2%, cats: 40.0%). Some of the concurrently observed malformations were significantly associated. A statistically significant association was found between ocular dermoids and the French Bulldog breed (P < .001).ConclusionsEven though congenital ocular malformations are uncommon, knowledge about their prevalence is important, since they can cause vision impairment or even blindness. Moreover, some human ocular disease phenotypes are similar to the ones presented by dogs and cats, so they can be used as models to investigate pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.
August Krogh's theory of muscle microvascular control and oxygen delivery: a paradigm shift based on new data
Authors: Poole David C. , Pittman Roland N. , Musch Timothy I. , Østergaard Leif 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAugust Krogh twice won the prestigious international Steegen Prize, for nitrogen metabolism (1906) and overturning the concept of active transport of gases across the pulmonary epithelium (1910). Despite this, at the beginning of 1920, the consummate experimentalist was relatively unknown worldwide and even among his own University of Copenhagen faculty. But, in early 1919, he had submitted three papers to Dr Langley, then editor ofThe Journal of Physiologyin England. These papers coalesced anatomical observations of skeletal muscle capillary numbers with O2diffusion theory to propose a novel active role for capillaries that explained the prodigious increase in blood‐muscle O2flux from rest to exercise. Despite his own appraisal of the first two papers as “rather dull” to his friend, the eminent Cambridge respiratory physiologist, Joseph Barcroft, Krogh believed that the third one, dealing with O2supply and capillary regulation, was“interesting”. These papers, which won Krogh an unopposed Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1920, form the foundation for this review. They single‐handedly transformed the role of capillaries from passive conduit and exchange vessels, functioning at the mercy of their upstream arterioles, into independent contractile units that were predominantly closed at rest and opened actively during muscle contractions in a process he termed ‘capillary recruitment’. Herein we examine Krogh's findings and some of the experimental difficulties he faced. In particular, the boundary conditions selected for his model (e.g. heavily anaesthetized animals, negligible intramyocyte O2partial pressure, binary open‐closed capillary function) have not withstood the test of time. Subsequently, we update the reader with intervening discoveries that underpin our current understanding of muscle microcirculatory control and place a retrospectroscope on Krogh's discoveries. The perspective is presented that the imprimatur of the Nobel Prize, in this instance, may have led scientists to discount compelling evidence. Much as he and Marie Krogh demonstrated that active transport of gases across the blood‐gas barrier was unnecessary in the lung, capillaries in skeletal muscle do not open and close spontaneously or actively, nor is this necessary to account for the increase in blood‐muscle O2flux during exercise. Thus, a contemporary model of capillary function features most muscle capillaries supporting blood flow at rest, and, rather than capillaries actively vasodilating from rest to exercise, increased blood‐myocyte O2flux occurs predominantly via elevating red blood cell and plasma flux in already flowing capillaries. Krogh is lauded for his brilliance as an experimentalist and for raising scientific questions that led to fertile avenues of investigation, including the study of microvascular function.image
Robot Collision Detection Without External Sensors Based on Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Zhang Tie , Ge Peizhong , Zou Yanbiao , He Yingwu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To ensure the human safety in the process of human–robot cooperation, this paper proposes a robot collision detection method without external sensors based on time-series analysis (TSA). In the investigation, first, based on the characteristics of the external torque of the robot, the internal variation of the external torque sequence during the movement of the robot is analyzed. Next, a time-series model of the external torque is constructed, which is used to predict the external torque according to the historical motion information of the robot and generate a dynamic threshold. Then, the detailed process of time-series analysis for collision detection is described. Finally, the real-machine experiment scheme of the proposed real-time collision detection algorithm is designed and is used to perform experiments with a six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) articulated industrial robot. The results show that the proposed method helps to obtain a detection accuracy of 100%; and that, as compared with the existing collision detection method based on a fixed symmetric threshold, the proposed method based on TSA possesses smaller detection delay and is more feasible in eliminating the sensitivity difference of collision detection in different directions.
Late Quaternary slip rate of the Aksay segment and its rapidly decreasing gradient along the Altyn Tagh fault
Authors: Liu Jinrui , Ren Zhikun , Zheng Wenjun , Min Wei , Li Zhigang , Zheng Gang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractConstraining the fault slip rate on a fault can reveal the strain accumulation and partitioning pattern. The Aksay segment, the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh fault, as the starting area where the slip rate of the Altyn Tagh fault decreases, is a strain partitioning zone. The spatial and temporal distribution of its fault slip rate is of great significance to clarify the strain-partitioning pattern of the eastern Altyn Tagh fault. In this study, we determined the slip rates at four sites along the Aksay segment. The results demonstrated that the slip rate decreases dramatically, with an overwhelmingly high slip gradient of ∼9.8 mm/yr/100 km (a 9.8 mm/yr reduction of slip rate occurs over a distance of 100 km) within a distance of ∼50 km. The slip rate gradient along strike at the Aksay segment is four times that of the Subei segment to the eastward termination of the Altyn Tagh fault. Our results indicate that the slip rate gradient along the Altyn Tagh fault is not uniform and decreases eastward with variable slip rate gradients on different segments, resulting in the uplift of the mountains oblique to the Altyn Tagh fault.
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by regulating the translocation of GLUT4 in mouse adipocytes
Authors: Gong Yan-Ju , Feng Ying , Cao Yuan-Yuan , Zhao Jia , Wu Wei , Zheng Ya-Yun , Wu Jia-Rui , Li Xin , Yang Gui-Zhi , Zhou Xue 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveGlucose disposal by insulin-responsive tissues maintains the body glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance leads to a risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Insulin stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) vesicles from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane to facilitate glucose uptake. However, the underlying mechanisms of GLUT4 vesicle translocation are not well defined. Here we show the role of huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) in GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes and the pathogenesis of T2DM.Research design and methodsThe parameters for glucose metabolism including body weight, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were assessed in wild-type (WT) andHap1+/-mice. HAP1 protein expression was verified in adipose tissue.Hap1mRNA and protein expression was monitored in adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle translocation and glucose uptake were detected using immunofluorescence techniques and quantified in primary adipocytes fromHap1-/-mice. The interaction between HAP1 and GLUT4 was assessed by immunofluorescence colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells and adipose tissue. The role of sortilin in HAP1 and GLUT4 interaction was approved by co-immunoprecipitation and RNA interference.ResultsThe expression ofHap1mRNA and protein was detected in WT mouse adipose tissue and downregulated in adipose tissue of HFD-induced diabetic mice.Hap1+/-mice exhibited increased body weight, pronounced glucose tolerance and significant insulin intolerance compared with the WT mice. HAP1 colocalized with GLUT4 in mouse adipocytes and cotransfected HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle translocation and glucose uptake were defective inHap1-/-adipocytes. Finally, sortilin mediated the interaction of HAP1 and GLUT4.ConclusionsOur study showed that HAP1 formed a protein complex with GLUT4 and sortilin, and played a critical role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes. Its downregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Raised inflammatory markers as a predictor of one-year mortality: a cohort study in primary care in the UK using electronic health record data
Authors: Watson Jessica , Whiting Penny , Salisbury Chris , Banks Jonathan , Hamilton Willie 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesIdentification of patients at increased mortality risk is important in the context of increasing multimorbidity and an ageing population, to help facilitate the planning and delivery of services. The aim of this study was to examine 1-year all-cause mortality in a cohort of primary care patients in whom inflammatory markers including C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity (PV), had been tested.DesignObservational cohort study using general practitioner Electronic Health Records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, with linkage to Office for National Statistics (ONS) Death Registry.SettingUK Primary Care.Participants159 325 patients with inflammatory marker tests done in 2014 and 39 928 age, sex and practice-matched controls without inflammatory marker testing. ONS Death registry data were available for 109 966 participants.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOne-year mortality in those with raised inflammatory markers compared with normal inflammatory markers and untested controls. Subanalyses stratified 1-year mortality by age group, gender and cause of death.ResultsPatients with a raised inflammatory marker (n=47 797) had an overall 1-year all-cause mortality of 6.89%, compared with 1.41% in those with normal inflammatory markers (p<0.001) and 1.62% in untested controls. A raised CRP is associated with the highest mortality rate at 8.76% compared with 4.99% for ESR and 4.66% for PV. One-year mortality is higher in men with a raised inflammatory marker compared with women (9.78% vs 5.29%). The C-statistic of a simple mortality prediction model containing age, sex and CRP test result is 0.89.ConclusionsInflammatory markers are a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in primary care, with a C-statistic comparable to several previously developed frailty indices. Future research should consider the added value of CRP testing, in combination with other risk factors, to improve prediction of mortality in primary care. Evidence- based interventions for frailty are needed alongside predictive tools.
Psychiatric epidemiological survey of university students in Botswana: rationale and methods of the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS)
Authors: Maphisa J Maphisa , Mogotsi Opelo Petunia , Machola Olorato Khumo , Maswabi Keamogetse Metlha , Motsamai Tiro Bright , Mosupiemang Boitshepo 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundWhile the burden of disease attributable to mental disorders in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) is lower than high-income countries, there is recognition that the dearth of evidence from the LMICs may underestimate the actual prevalence and burden associated with mental disorders. Such is likely the case for Botswana where there has been no nationally representative data on the prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders or even a subgroup estimation of mental disorders in the country. Thus, the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS) aims to estimate the prevalence and identify predictors of symptoms of mental disorders among university students in Botswana to add to the evidence and contribute to the country’s health service planning.MethodsThe YMHS is a cross-sectional study of youth (18–29 years) attending six large universities (accounting for nearly half of the tertiary student population) in Botswana. A stratified sampling procedure with proportionate allocation and selection is used to select a representative sample of 1308 participants. An online survey comprising of a battery of reliable and validated self-report measures of symptoms of mental disorders is used. A developmental psychopathology framework is used in identifying the risk factors of mental disorders. Participant recruitment will span over 4 months beginning in February 2020.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethics approval from the University of Botswana Institutional Review Board, and the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Participants will be provided with feedback of their own results. Aggregated findings will be disseminated to stakeholders in the tertiary education and health sector in Botswana, and through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and the media.
Expression and clinical significance of a new neuroendocrine marker secretagogin in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Yu Li , Suye Suye , Huang Rui , Liang Qinchun , Fu Chun 
Published: October 2020

AimsTo explore the expression of secretagogin (SCGN) in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix and analyse its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis.MethodsFrom January 2010 to December 2017, 44 patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma undergoing surgery were included in the study group, and 55 patients with cervical non-neuroendocrine carcinoma (including 30 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 25 cases of cervical adenocarcinoma) undergoing surgery were included in the control group. Immunohistochemical staining of SCGN was performed in both groups and compared with three common neuroendocrine markers, chromogranin A, synaptophysin (Syn) and CD56 in the study group. Detailed clinicopathological data of the two groups were analysed, and the patient survival in the study group was followed up.ResultsThe positive expression of SCGN in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was 65.9% (29/44), 8% (2/25) and 0%, respectively. The positive expression of SCGN in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma was significantly higher than that in cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (χ2=44.5, p<0.001). There were no statistical differences among the positive expression of SCGN and three common neuroendocrine markers (p>0.05 for all). The intensity of SCGN staining in patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in patients without lymph node metastasis (p=0.020). However, there was no significant association between SCGN expression and survival among patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma (p=0.633).ConclusionsSCGN is a new neuroendocrine marker for cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma, whose expression correlates with lymph node metastasis.
Clinical, FDG-PET and molecular markers of immune checkpoint inhibitor response in patients with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Weppler Alison M , Pattison Andrew , Bhave Prachi , De Ieso Paolo , Raleigh Jeanette , Hatzimihalis Athena , Gill Anthony J , Balachander Shiva , Callahan Jason , Chua Margaret , Au-Yeung George , McArthur Grant A , Hicks Rodney J , Tothill Richard W , Sandhu Shahneen 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundMetastatic Merkel cell carcinoma (mMCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine malignancy of the skin with a poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have shown substantial efficacy and favorable safety in clinical trials.MethodsMedical records of patients (pts) with mMCC treated with ICIs from August 2015 to December 2018 at Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre in Australia were analyzed. Response was assessed with serial imaging, the majority with FDG-PET/CT scans. RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry for PD-L1, CD3 and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) on tumor samples was performed.Results23 pts with mMCC were treated with ICIs. A median of 8 cycles (range 1 to 47) were administered, with treatment ongoing in 6 pts. Objective responses (OR) were observed in 14 pts (61%): 10 (44%) complete responses (CR) and 4 (17%) partial responses (PR). Median time to response was 8 weeks (range 6 to 12) and 12-month progression-free survival rate was 39%. Increased OR were seen in pts aged less than 75 (OR 80% vs 46%), no prior history of chemotherapy (OR 64% vs 50%), patients with an immune-related adverse event (OR 100% vs 43%) and in MCPyV-negative tumors (OR 69% vs 43%). Pts with a CR had lower mean metabolic tumor volume on baseline FDG-PET/CT scan (CR: 35.7 mL, no CR: 187.8 mL, p=0.05). There was no correlation between PD-L1 positivity and MCPyV status (p=0.764) or OR (p=0.245). 10 pts received radiation therapy (RT) during ICI: 4 pts started RT concurrently (OR 75%, CR 50%), 3 pts had isolated ICI-resistant lesions successfully treated with RT and 3 pts with multisite progression continued to progress despite RT. Overall, 6 pts (26%) had grade 1–2 immune-related adverse events.ConclusionICIs showed efficacy and safety in mMCC consistent with trial data. Clinical and imaging predictors of response were identified.