bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volunteering for the Health of the Public
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the importance of volunteering in facilitating healthy aging. There is a strong link between volunteering and good health. Formal volunteering has been associated with reduced mortality and increased self-rated health and physical function. Indeed, a 2018 research suggests that those who have the greatest health vulnerabilities are, in fact, most likely to experience positive health benefits from volunteering. How does volunteering help? It can increase physical activity, social engagement, and brain stimulation. It may decrease social isolation, as new friendships emerge from the shared experience of volunteering. Moreover, it can promote confidence and enhance one’s sense of meaning and purpose. Volunteering might be particularly beneficial to cognitive functioning because it allows older adults to engage in, and master, complex tasks, many of which might be new to them.
Toward a Muscular Public Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses why public health persists in suggesting courses of actions for the entire population, to be taken on a population’s behalf. The answer is simple: public health professionals know best for populations; individuals know best for themselves. After assembling incontrovertible evidence, public health providers try to universalize its application for the good of all. Society entrusts public health to understand what is in the public good and to act on it. Therefore, when public health providers know the healthiest answer, they should be relentless in seeking its implementation. It is up to society to decide if public health should or should not be in a position to flex its muscles. However, when public health providers see the opportunity to improve the public’s health, which derives from the combination of evidence and public agreement, they should act, even in the absence of consensus.
Police and the Public’s Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how police work shapes the health context of cities and neighborhoods, and affects the lives and behaviors of countless citizens. While there has been much concern in recent years about how some police activity has harmed health, particularly among minority communities, police have the potential to improve the health of the communities they serve. Police beat work is filled with low-intensity interactions in which officers serve as problem-solvers; these problems often involve public health. Police are first responders to opioid overdoses; they also intercede in intimate partner violence, and they engage with the homeless. As such, leveraging police involvement into better health outcomes could go a long way toward helping people solve these crises. Increasingly, large cities are developing crisis intervention teams (CITs) to improve safety and divert individuals from criminal justice involvement.
What Is Practice Research and Why Is It Important
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model discusses the evolving definition of practice research. It highlights the need to identify ways to improve practice in the complex situations that characterize human services, by developing knowledge that emerges directly from everyday practice. Practice research often focuses on the relationships between service providers and service users, between service providers and their managers, between agency-based service providers and community advocacy and support groups, and between agency managers and policymakers. The chapter outlines the “practice” and “research” components of practice research, the role of theory, and the importance of local context in shaping specific approaches to practice research. It provides an overview of the university-agency partnership that provided the platform for carrying out the studies described in the volume, and offers perspectives on the related phenomena associated with learning organizations and evidence-informed practice.
Learning from the Managers of Human Service Organizations
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model focuses on the experiences and perspectives of human service agency managers. It describes a multiphase study examining the experiences of public and nonprofit managers involved in human services contracting. The study aimed to further our understanding of the accountability and service coordination challenges that these cross-sectoral relationships pose for managers, especially in the context of increasingly complex human service delivery systems. This study integrated case studies, a multi-county survey, and review of contract documents. The chapter also describes a second study that sought to inform managerial practice by examining managerial perspectives and experiences related to evidence-informed practice, using a multi-county survey incorporating closed and open-ended questions. Principles for practice research relate to the study design process, recruitment of study participants, engagement of agency staff, and translation of implications into concrete practice recommendations.
Practice Research and Related Methodologies
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model describes the array of research methods employed in practice research as a foundation for distinguishing this approach from other applied research frameworks. Chapter 9 builds upon the preceding chapters and provides a comparative analysis of the differences and similarities between practice research and the basic elements of participatory action research and program evaluation and intervention research. It describes and compares approaches to research question formulation, sources of literature and practice wisdom, data collection tools, data analysis and interpretation processes, research dissemination processes, and knowledge development processes. With these common components in mind, the analysis also addresses the key concepts of principles, process challenges, methodological challenges, and success factors that are associated with each of the frameworks.
Building Organizational Supports for Research-minded Practitioners
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 of Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model discusses issues and strategies related to providing organizational supports for practitioners in order to facilitate their engagement in practice research. The chapter describes: (1) the emerging organizational context for evidence-informed practice and practice research; (2) an evolving definition of the elements of a research-minded practitioner, which include curiosity, critical reflection, and critical thinking; (3) a beginning framework for conceptualizing relevant organizational supports; and (4) case examples of organizational supports provided by national organizations in the United Kingdom. The chapter concludes with an emerging set of lessons learned and questions to guide future practice research efforts.
A Framework for Teaching Practice-based Research
Authors: Michael Austin , Carnochan Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Practice Research in the Human Services: A University-Agency Partnership Model makes clear that as the art and science of practice research evolve, equal attention needs to be paid to educating the next generation of social work practitioners about various ways to incorporate practice research into their daily work. Students are expected to integrate their understanding of practice methods with their understanding of research methods, and to incorporate service user perspective. This chapter begins by exploring the implications of practice research with respect to service delivery and the changing nature of practice. It pays special attention to service users as a foundation for building a framework to guide the teaching/learning of practice research. The chapter concludes with a teaching case that illustrates an application of the framework as well as the implications for practice and future research.
Articulating a Thought
Authors: Alshanetsky Eli 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The book examines how we make our thoughts clear to ourselves in the process of putting them into words. As philosophers and cognitive scientists have emphasized, articulating a thought can be astoundingly easy. We generally have no trouble expressing complex ideas that we have never considered before. But not always: a far less noted fact is that articulating a thought can sometimes be extremely hard. Our difficulties in articulating thoughts pervade many aspects of philosophical inquiry as well as many ordinary situations. We may face them in articulating an objection in a seminar, an insight into a movie, or a sudden realization about a friend. An important feature of these thoughts is that we often articulate them in order to find out what they are. In many cases, we would not bother articulating our thoughts if we already had this knowledge. Yet, when we find the right words, we can often immediately tell that they express our thought. So how do we manage to recognize the formulations of our thoughts, in the absence of prior knowledge of what we are thinking? And why is it that producing a public language formulation contributes in any way to the private undertaking of getting clear on our own thoughts?
Reading Plato’s Mind
Authors: Brennan Tad 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes two Platonic interests in self-knowledge: the ‘thin’ self-knowledge that a human being is a rational soul using its body as a tool (the Delphic self-knowledge made prominent in the Phaedrus, First Alcibiades, and elsewhere), and the ‘thick’ self-knowledge of the particular accidental psychological profile of an individual. The two are contrasted in four ways: the thin applies to the entire species, makes no reference to irrational parts, offers no etiology of contingencies, and makes no special use of first-personal knowledge; the thick applies to individuals, incorporates details about the irrational soul, explains the individual through a narrative of the events that shaped them, and is first-personal in making the object of self-knowledge identical with the subject of that self-knowledge. This richer, thicker form of self-knowledge is illustrated with extensive examples from the Republic and Seventh Letter.
The First Scottish Enlightenment
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Traditional accounts of the Scottish Enlightenment present the half-century or so before 1750 as, at best, a not yet fully realized precursor to the era of Hume and Smith, at worst, a period of superstition and religious bigotry. This is the first book-length study to systematically challenge that notion. Instead, it argues that the era between approximately 1680 and 1745 was a ‘First’ Scottish Enlightenment, part of the continent-wide phenomenon of Early Enlightenment and led by the Jacobites, Episcopalians, and Catholics of north-eastern Scotland. It makes this argument through an intensive study of the dramatic changes in historiographical practice which took place in Scotland during this era, showing how the documentary scholarship of Jean Mabillon and the Maurists was eagerly received and rapidly developed in Scottish historical circles, resulting in the wholesale demolition of the older, humanist myths of Scottish origins and their replacement with the foundations of our modern understanding of early Scottish history. This volume accordingly challenges many of the truisms surrounding seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Scottish history, pushing back against notions of pre-Enlightenment Scotland as backward, insular, and intellectually impoverished and mapping a richly polymathic, erudite, and transnational web of scholars, readers, and polemicists. It highlights the enduring cultural links with France and argues for the central importance of Scotland’s two principal religious minorities—Episcopalians and Catholics—in the growth of Enlightenment thinking. As such, it makes a major intervention in the intellectual and cultural histories of Scotland, early modern Europe, and the Enlightenment itself.
The Fall of the Ancient Monarchy
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter recovers the first major assault on Scotland’s humanist history, its myth of an Ancient Monarchy in the 1680s and the subsequent, increasingly probing challenges which were directed against it in the wake of revolution. The authority of historians such as Hector Boece and George Buchanan was no longer sufficient to protect them from challenges based upon new and more sophisticated interpretations of medieval texts. In particular, Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh’s high-profile dispute with English and Irish scholars such as William Lloyd, Edward Stillingfleet, and Roderick O’Flaherty is identified as a turning point in the development of Scottish historiographical practice.
Scotland Illustrated
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores national and local geographies, challenging older views of this period as a geographically impoverished caesura between the monumental achievements of the 1662 Atlas Maior and the 1791 First Statistical Account. Instead, it argues, geographical scholarship was very much alive during the Early Enlightenment, but was undergoing rapid and unpredictable change as scholars brought new methodologies and new mentalities to bear on a traditional, humanist discipline. It identifies Sir Robert Sibbald as a key figure in early Enlightenment geographical thought while also recovering the works of the forgotten geographers and antiquaries Alexander Keith and Thomas Orem.
Pedigrees and Proof
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the methods and motivations of a discipline often dismissed as the driest of dry and antiquarian pursuits: genealogy. It reveals that, far from being intellectually vapid, genealogical scholarship was intimately connected to the development of the Stuart state and the transmission of French textual scholarship to Scotland. It offered a proving ground for the new practices of archival research and could practically demonstrate the value of the new scholarship in a field of study whose application was widely seen to be both immediate and essential in a kin-based society.
Fighting with Canon
Authors: Jackson Williams Kelsey 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Early Enlightenment was, in many ways, a time of reckoning and wrestling with Scotland’s humanist past and this was no different for those Scots attempting to build, rebuild, or deconstruct their nation’s literary heritage. This chapter explores a series of canon-building efforts during this period, all growing out of the much older dispute between Scottish and Irish scholars over their shared Gaelic heritage, but all also partaking of new, Enlightened forms of literary scholarship and textual editing to create a distinctive canon of Scottish writers. Key figures discussed include Robert Freebairn, Thomas Ruddiman, Robert Sibbald, and Pierre Bayle.
Doing the Dirty Job
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a more historical and sociological perspective on the inclusionary and exclusionary effects of criminal law, determining who is inside and who is outside the polity’s ‘civil order’. In so doing, the chapter draws upon Lindsay Farmer’s work which tracks shifts in the structure and content of criminal law with shifting notions of ‘civil order’. The resulting analysis illuminates the shifting social functions of criminalization during different historical phases, especially as it relates to migration control and labour market governance. Legal norms have both reflected and constructed political and social boundaries, often based around racialized notions of ‘good’ and ‘bad’ migrants. The most recent phase of criminal law intervention conjoins highly deregulated labour markets and highly juridified migration regimes. This has been linked to the rise of populism and more authoritarian and nationalistic forms of statecraft. Nevertheless, this chapter asserts that we should avoid determinism in reading these historical shifts.
The Double Occupancy Problem
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Imagine a time machine travels back in time in the same way it persists into the future (i.e. by persisting backwards). For instance, this is how time machines move through time in H.G. Wells’s The Time Machine. Such a machine would have a problem: immediately upon moving back in time it would collide with its earlier self. This is the ‘Double Occupancy Problem’. Using the notions introduced in Chapters 1–3, this chapter explains how to avoid this ‘Double Occupancy Problem’: such time machines can travel back in time just as long as they are both in motion and move back in time bit by bit.
Impossability Theory
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
My preferred solution to the Grandfather Paradox is to say that time travellers have the ability to do the metaphysically impossible (and so I can kill my grandfather), even though they never will. This requires physical possibility to outstrip metaphysical possibility. This chapter argues that, given the dialectic one must be in when considering the Grandfather Paradox, it’s reasonable to assume just that. It then argues that, given that assumption, impossability theory follows. The rest of the chapter explains Jack Spencer’s argument for the same conclusion, before discussing how impossability theory can be applied to a selection of paradoxes other than the Grandfather Paradox, and which have nothing to do with time travel.
The Fragility of Dignity
Authors: Killmister Suzy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter utilizes the theoretical framework developed in Chapter 1 to explain how dignity can be violated, frustrated, or destroyed. For personal dignity, violations involve forcing a person to transgress her own dignitarian standards, making her less respect-worthy in her own eyes, while frustrations involve preventing a person from upholding her own dignitarian standards, blocking an avenue for increased self-regard. Social dignity takes the same form, but with community standards taking the place of personal standards. Status dignity, by contrast, is violated when an agent is treated in ways that contravene the recognition respect she is owed in virtue of her membership in a social class, and is frustrated when she is denied access to sites where recognition respect is offered.
Dignity and Recognition
Authors: Killmister Suzy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter completes the discussion of the source and scope of individuals’ moral claims against having their dignity violated, frustrated, or destroyed, by considering status dignity. To fail to treat someone as a member of her social class ought to be treated constitutes a dignity violation; but this raises the difficult question of how individuals could have a moral claim to be treated in accordance with socially constructed norms. The answer developed in this chapter builds on the widely accepted idea of legitimate expectations: since social classes inform personal identity, we have a prima facie claim to have those identities recognized. Such claims are illegitimate, though, if granting that recognition would perpetuate the oppression of others. This will often be the case, it is argued, for claims to be recognized as members of hierarchical social classes such as race or gender.
Ancient Relativity
Authors: Duncombe Matthew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Relativity is the phenomenon that things relate to things: parents to their offspring; doubles to halves; larger things to smaller things. This book is about how ancient philosophers, particularly Plato, Aristotle, the Stoics, and Sextus Empiricus, understood this phenomenon and how their theories of relativity affected, and were affected by, their broader philosophical outlooks. Many scholars have thought that ancient thinkers were either fundamentally confused about the phenomenon of relativity, or held a view that is a trivial variation on a modern view. This book argues that neither is the case. In fact, ancient philosophers shared a close-knit family of views, referred to as ‘constitutive relativity’: a relative is not simply linked by a relation, but is constituted by it. The book shows that this view is present in Plato, and is exploited by him in some key arguments concerning the Forms and the partition of the soul. Aristotle adopts the constitutive view in his discussions of relativity in Categories 7 and the Topics, and retains the constitutive view in his later discussion in Metaphysics 5.15. The Relatives Argument of Aristotle’s lost work On Ideas also involves constitutive relativity. The book moves on to examine a complex report of Stoic relativity and the role relativity played in Stoic philosophy. Finally, the book discusses Sextus Empiricus’ way of thinking about relativity, which does not appeal to the nature of relatives, but rather to how we conceive of things as correlative.
Introduction
Authors: Cave Stephen , Dihal Kanta , Dillon Sarah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that narratives about artificial intelligence (AI) have a major impact on science, policy, and society. These imaginaries of intelligent machines matter because they form the backdrop against which AI systems are being developed, and against which these developments are interpreted and assessed. The authors show how this book explores the way AI narratives have addressed, and offer sophisticated thinking about, some of the legitimate concerns that AI technologies now raise, such as loss of skills because of automation, replacement of the workforce by machines, and their role in perpetuating systems of oppression. At the same time, this book intervenes in a landscape in which prevalent AI narratives are mistrusted or criticized, for example, for their extremism, utopian or dystopian, or for their misrepresentation of current technology, for instance, in their tendency to focus on anthropomorphic representations.
Enslaved Minds
Authors: Dihal Kanta 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Humankind has long dreamed of a life of ease, but throughout history, those who achieved such a life have done so simply by delegating their labour to an exploited underclass. Machines have taken over the worst of the manual labour, and AI is beginning to replace cognitive labour. However, endowing machines with muscle power does not carry with it the ethical considerations involved in endowing machines with mental faculties. Just as human slaves have justly rebelled against their chains, so might intelligent machines be considered justified in attempting to break free of their enslavement to humans. Using Karel Čapek’s R.U.R. (1921), Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), and Jo Walton’s Thessaly trilogy (2014–2016) as case studies, this chapter contextualizes the robot uprising in fiction against the long history of slave revolts, to show how these narratives offer us a new way to consider the enslavement and subservience of humans.