bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Disorders
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
At the “age of the brain,” one would expect the public to view psychiatric disorders as “diseases like all others.” But mental illness still carries a significant social stigma that deprives them of employment, housing, and social opportunities. Invoking the brain as the source of disease helps reduce stigma, but it elicits curious fatalistic reactions. People believe that if the disease is “in the brain,” then it is more severe, incurable, and resistant to psychotherapy. And it is not only the general public that is taken by such misconceptions. Patients believe the same, and so do even trained clinicians. Why do psychiatric disorders elicit such persistent misconceptions? No one would shun a cancer patient because she has a tumor in her breast. Why shun the sufferer of a disorder that ravages the brain? And why believe brain diseases are incurable? This chapter traces the misconceptions of brain disorders to the core knowledge of Dualism and Essentialism. Dualism prompts us to presume that the mind and matter don’t mix and match; if the disease is “in your brain matter,” then, in our intuitive psychology, ephemeral “talk therapy” won’t do. Essentialism further compels us to believe that what’s “in” our material body is innate, hence, immutable, so biology is truly destiny. Thus, the same core knowledge principles that plague our self-understanding in health also derail our reasoning about psychiatric disease.
Once We’re No More
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Woody Allen has famously said he is not afraid of dying; he just doesn’t want to be there when it happens. It’s no wonder his words struck a chord—“not being” is a scary proposition. Yet many Americans believe that their psyches will persist after the demise of their bodies. And it’s not only religious devotees who believe in the afterlife; young children say the same, and so do adults and children in other societies, including even those who are self-described “extinctivists.” Our afterlife beliefs, however, are remarkably inconsistent. On the one hand, we state that some aspects of our minds are immaterial, inasmuch as they survive our bodies. But on the other hand, we believe that some of these seemingly immaterial properties of the dead act like matter; for example, they are contagious, much like germs or excrement. Chapter 14 considers our views of what happens once we are no more. We will see that the collision between Dualism and Essentialism—the twin forces that stir up our misconceptions about our origins—are also responsible for these mistaken beliefs about our demise.
Why It All Matters
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
It appears that the Ancient Greeks were right in their fear of blindness, caves, and shadows. We are indeed blind, or at the very least, seriously nearsighted. And all these errors in our understanding of human nature emerge from a single source—human nature itself. Although we cannot entirely shed off our biological shackles, recognizing these constraints matters. First, blindness interferes with reasoning about topics that are at the heart of our social and political life, and it derails scholarly discussion of some of the key questions in the history of ideas. Blindness is also in the air. In an era of “fake news,” the systematic spreading of misinformation, and the denial of science, there is no better place to start clearing the public sphere than from within. The third, and most important reason to face our blindness is that we, as the storytellers, care about our stories—they define who we are, personally and collectively, and blindness is our way. While we are bound to think in the shadows of core knowledge, we are not necessarily doomed to utter darkness. Core knowledge is only one component in the rich suite of mechanisms that comprise human cognition; other rational capacities exist, and they allow us to look within, recognize the conspiracy, and begin to counteract it. Our path out of the cave begins with careful self-inspection. Perhaps this book could be a guide.
The Irish Buddhist
Authors: Turner Alicia , Cox Laurence , Bocking Brian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Irish Buddhist tells the story of a poor Irishman who worked his way across America as a migrant worker, became one of the very first Western Buddhist monks, and traveled the length and breadth of Asia, from Burma and present-day Thailand to China and Japan, and from India and Sri Lanka to Singapore and Australia. Defying racial boundaries, he scandalized the colonial establishment of the 1900s. As a Buddhist monk, he energetically challenged the values and power of the British empire. U Dhammaloka was a radical celebrity who rallied Buddhists across Asia, set up schools, and argued down Christian missionaries—often using Western atheist arguments. He was tried for sedition, tracked by police and intelligence services, and “died” at least twice. His early years and final days are shrouded in mystery, despite his adept use of mass media. His story illuminates the forgotten margins and interstices of imperial power, the complexities of class, ethnicity, and religious belonging in colonial Asia, and the fluidity of identity in the high Victorian period. Too often, the story of the pan-Asian Buddhist revival movement and Buddhism’s remaking as a world religion has been told “from above,” highlighting scholarly writers, middle-class reformers, and ecclesiastical hierarchies. By contrast, Dhammaloka’s adventures “from below” highlight the changing and contested meanings of Buddhism in colonial Asia. They offer a window into the worlds of ethnic minorities and diasporas, transnational networks, poor whites, and social movements, all developing different visions of Buddhist and post-imperial modernities.
The Irish Buddhist Wins Burmese Hearts
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the period 1900–2, discussing the ordination and early Burmese career as a monk of the Irish Buddhist U Dhammaloka. It addresses the religious politics of his higher ordination, offers a detailed account of his prestigious ordination ceremony and examines the meaning of his monastic name “Dhammaloka.” During successful tours of rural Burma in the two years after his ordination Dhammaloka rapidly became a celebrity monk, drawing audiences of thousands with his call to revitalize Buddhism and his challenges to Christian missionaries. The chapter sets Dhammaloka in the wider context of the Burmese Buddhist politics of the day and assesses the extent to which he became a characteristic Theravada monk despite his Irish origins.
Trampling on Our Religion
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In 1901, within a year of his ordination and appearance on the public stage, the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka initiated conflict around an issue that would become central to Burmese nationalism in subsequent years. Europeans wearing shoes on Buddhist pagodas was both a sign of disrespect from a Burmese point of view, and fundamental to preserving racial hierarchies from a colonial point of view. Dhammaloka’s successful thematizing of the issue gave rise to a very public conflict with the authorities, and helped to make him a celebrity monk. The chapter examines how the conflict developed, explores the colonial and racial politics of footwear, and notes its wider impact.
Dhammaloka’s Last Years and a Mysterious Death
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the radical Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka’s trial for sedition in Moulmein and subsequent court appeal in Rangoon, setting these in the wider context of Burmese, Indian, and imperial politics. It explores the reasons for his apparent flight to Australia after his binding-over was completed, attempts by the Burmese police to pursue him there, and the report of his death in Melbourne. It also explores his connections with Australian Theosophy and temperance and a possible link to Thursday Island. The chapter reflects on Dhammaloka’s significance in terms of his personal consistency as a Buddhist, the challenge social movements in his time faced in trying to see beyond the horizon of colonialism, and the plebeian cosmopolitanism exemplified by Dhammaloka himself, which would soon become forgotten with the rise of ethnically based nation-states.
Polish Ham and the Southern Strategy
Authors: Matzko Paul 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Rapid growth of right-wing radio in the early 1960s sparked a wave of grassroots activism. One such example is the Polish ham boycott of 1962, in which a Miami chiropractor’s protest was amplified by the Radio Right until it became a nationwide movement dominated by suburban housewife protestors. Their boycott “card parties” convinced the biggest retailers in the country to stop selling goods imported from Communist countries in Eastern Europe, giving a black eye to the John F. Kennedy administration, which had organized the trade deal. The stories of some of the individual women involved epitomize the power of housewife populism in post–World War II consumer culture and show the mobilizing power of radio. In addition, while the Radio Right had an audience among suburbanites across the nation, it grew most rapidly in the Deep South, playing an important role in convincing white segregationists to switch parties from Democrat to Republican.
Russia, the Rent-Seeking Revisionist
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on how Russia, the most land-oriented Arctic littoral state, responded to the shock. This chapter analyzes how Russia’s political economy has influenced its foreign policy preferences. Specifically, this chapter illuminates how Russia’s economy and ruling elites came to depend on income from natural resources. This dependence drove Russia’s rulers to have a stronger interest in securing control over resource-rich territory, which, in turn, explains why they dramatically increased their Arctic military presence following the shock. The chapter chronicles Russia’s dual-track policy of simultaneously pursuing its claims through international institutions and gunboat diplomacy. These findings reveal that Russia invested more in increasing its Arctic military activity and force structure than any other Arctic state. This chapter affirms the book’s core theoretical prediction: the more economically dependent states are on natural resources, the stronger their interest in securing control over additional resources.
God at War
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book explores the dark attraction between religion and warfare and explains why religion needs war and war needs religion. Virtually every religious tradition leaves behind it a bloody trail of stories, legends, and images of war, and most wars call upon the divine for blessings in battle. This book probes the remarkably similar alternative realities that are created in the human imagination by both religious ideas and images of war in response to crises both personal and social. Based on the author’s thirty years of fieldwork interviewing activists involved in religious-related terrorist movements around the world, this book explains why desperate social conflict and personal fears lead to extremes of both religion and war, and why invariably God is thought to be engaged in battle.
The Odd Appeal of War
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 questions why we often think of war when confronted with an extreme social anomaly or some inexplicable crisis. The chapter begins with a discussion of the 9/11 attacks and the immediate response of many Americans (including President George W. Bush) that the country was at war. This began the idea of a war on terror, an idea that was similar to Al-Qaeda’s idea of war on America, as both born out of a sense of social chaos and a threatened conquering by a shadowy enemy. War is an imagined alternative reality. Examples in culture include computer games, novels, and religious mythology. The etymology of the word “war” is based on the old English werra, meaning “chaos,” “confusion.”
Can Religion Cure War?
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Since war and religion are similar conceptual entities—imagined views of alternative reality—the question this chapter explores is whether either will ever wither away or cease interacting with the other. This chapter begins with the case of the Moro movement in the Philippines and how peace began to descend upon the region in part by transforming images of warfare into peaceful struggle and reverting religious images into the traditional mythology of religious activity. There are several ways that religion can play a positive role in lessening the violence of war: by limiting war as the ethical idea of a just war suggests; by treating war metaphorically, as in the war on poverty; or in the symbolic displacement of violence that war images provide. More likely images of war and religion will persist in our culture and in personal imaginations. As long as we understand that these are imagined constructs and contain them within our own imagination, and make a clear distinction between the mundane worlds and the alternatives, we will be able to abide the continuation of these two creative though potentially destructive ways of perceiving the world.
American Christianity, White Supremacy, and Racial Innocence
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Racism is not a simply a character flaw or extremist conduct; racism is the centuries-old system of social organization that has marked people with dark skin as available for exploitation—for advantage-taking of their lands, labor, bodies, cultures, and so forth. “White supremacy” refers not only to the grossest forms of racist terrorism but also to the entire system of ideas, beliefs, and practices that give white people better chances based on perceived skin color and ancestry. This chapter reviews American Christian theology, history, US law, and critical race theory to frame an assessment of white American Christianity’s failure to grapple with anti-Black racism as a moral issue.
Originalism, Infallibility, and the Institutionalization of White Supremacy
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
When a predominantly white religious community casts its lots, chooses whiteness, and designates its Black scapegoats, history shows that it attributes these outcomes to the will of God. White Christians begin to tell themselves that although Black suffering is regrettable, it is inevitable. Predominantly white institutions assume the facade of inevitability and timelessness and the exclusion of Black people hardens into a self-perpetuating fact. This chapter examines how systematic theologies produced by American Protestant “fundamentalists” and Mormon theologians alike contributed to the erasure of histories of Black exclusion and normalized anti-Black racism as timeless, essential, and originating with God. This in turn contributed to the institutionalization of anti-Black segregation and discrimination in Church bureaucracies.
Refusing Conformity through Creativity in Nietzsche
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
While Tocqueville and Mill show us the value of fostering nonconformity within democratic societies, Nietzsche reminds us that there is nothing inherently democratic about nonconformity. According to Nietzsche, creativity and democracy are underwritten by distinct subjectivities—radical uniqueness and moral equality, respectively—that point to distinct sources of authority. While creativity centers on individual authority, democracy consists in collective authority. Thus divergent subjectivities underwrite creativity and democracy, and Nietzsche sees that these subjectivities inevitably conflict with one another. His rejection of democracy for the sake of creativity therefore reveals an irreducible tension between democracy and creativity, emphasizing the indispensability of moral and political equality to democracy. To the extent that we are committed to democracy, the ideal of nonconformity cannot be absolute.
Scrupulosity, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and Ritual
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Scrupulosity is a form of OCD involving hyperconscientiousness about moral and religious obligations. Scrupulous individuals accord their thoughts great moral and causal significance. They agonize about their inability to control problematic, intrusive, obsessive thoughts, especially about hazards. Thoughts about hazards are not dysfunctional. They arise in the general population at reproductively significant stages in life. The inability to control such thoughts, however, is dysfunctional. The scrupulous compulsively perform rituals and pursue reassurance, which are always undone by their intolerance of uncertainty and the impossibility of definitively establishing the absence of dangers empirically. The “Protestant order of salvation” is but one example of how religions can domesticate scrupulosity. Some religions’ doctrines about moral thought-action fusion and all religious rituals constitute representations and forms of behavior that temporarily evoke strikingly similar obsessions and compulsions in normal religious participants that deplete their cognitive resources, rendering them susceptible to the imposition of conventional interpretations.
Performing a Renunciative Unity
Authors: French Nathan S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For Jihadi-Salafi jurists and authors, the contemporary global system of nation-states and those Muslim-majority governments and nations supporting its continuance bear responsibility for the suffering and oppression faced by contemporary Muslim communities. This chapter argues that Jihadi-Salafi debates on creed (ʿaqīda) and methodology (minhāj) provide an interpretation of the causes of suffering and evil in the world—a theodicy—and contend that these are best addressed through a mode of self-renunciation patterned on the beliefs and practices of the earliest communities of Muslim faith (the Salaf). Traditions of self-renunciation (zuhd) are not unique to Jihadi-Salafis and have long been present in discussions of jihad—dating to the Kitab al-Jihad of ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Mubarak (d. 797). Framing this discussion are the anthropological, sociological, and philosophical theories of religion offered by Richard Valantasis, Peter Berger, Michel Foucault, and Gavin Flood.
Intentional Suffering
Authors: French Nathan S. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter, along with the next, provides a comprehensive analysis of Jihadi-Salafi jurisprudence on the question of martyrdom-seeking operations (al-amaliyyat al-istishhadiyya), often referred to as suicide bombings in the West. Central to this analysis is an application of the theories of renunciation and subjectivity underlying the Jihadi-Salafi creed and methodology. For Jihadi-Salafi jurists, what separates suicidal ideation from a martyr’s intention (niyya) is a question of one’s individual subjective identity. A martyr must not have concern for the world (dunyā) or possess any improper desire for material wealth or comfort. Instead, a martyrdom seeker must undertake the act intending it for God alone. The legal texts defending martyrdom operations, the chapter concludes, reveal that Jihadi-Salafis appropriate as their ideal precedents for these operations the actions of the Salaf as well as the actions of early Muslim renunciants such as ʿAbd Allah ibn al-Mubarak (d. 181/797), author of the earliest known work on jihad.
Introduction
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Introduction situates the 15-M movement within contemporary debates about the crisis of democracy and the possibilities for progressive pro-democracy movements to regenerate democracy in the context of the twin crises of democracy and capitalism. It lays out the key questions and theoretical framework within which to understand the movement, engaging with critical democratic theory and social movement theory. It argues that as an influential, potent, sustained, and impactful pro-democracy movement, 15-M offers an excellent case study within which to examine contemporary debates about the relation between social movements and democracy. At the same time, as an autonomous movement, it defies common sense and (most) scholarly understandings of what makes a social movement “successful.” How and why it succeeded despite not meeting what are considered the necessary requirements forms the basis of the book’s contribution and steers us toward a new way of understanding the power and possibilities of autonomous movements today.
Spanish Democracy and 15-M
Authors: Flesher Fominaya Cristina 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1, “Spanish Democracy and 15-M,” explores the political opportunities provided by the historical, cultural, and economic context in which the movement emerged. It argues that translating economic grievances into sustained mobilization and protest requires the concerted effort of collective actors, as the variance in levels of mobilization across different European countries similarly affected by the crisis/austerity shows. It shows how in Spain one of the key strategies of the 15-M movement was to contest hegemonic narratives about the inevitability of the crisis and austerity, and the necessity of passing the costs of private bank bailouts onto the public. By framing the “democratic deficit” (i.e., the corrupt and uncaring political class) as responsible for both the crisis and its effects, the movement provided a powerful impetus for mobilization against both the economic-financial crisis and the legitimation crisis of “really existing” democracy. This ability to mobilize counter-hegemonic narratives helps explain different collective responses to similar material and political contexts; in other words, it helps make sense of why effective contestation can be found in some contexts (e.g., Spain) but not in others hit equally as hard (e.g., Ireland).
Chicago 1945
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This first chapter describes a 1945 Youth for Christ rally of 75,000 evangelicals at Soldier Field in Chicago. Sponsored by the “Business World” committee, a group of entrepreneurs who manufactured glass, roofing supplies, and iron, the religious event combined the most salient characteristics of postwar evangelicalism: religious piety, free enterprise, anticommunism, and patriotism. These characteristics animated the evangelistic and social activism of member institutions in the National Association of Evangelicals in the years after its 1942 founding and the triumph of World War II. Calling themselves “new evangelicals,” their ambitions became important geopolitically, as missionaries and soldiers sought to free souls, people, and enterprise around the world in the service of Christian Americanism.
Boston 2045
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The global encounter continues apace. Not only are American evangelicals fanning out throughout the world, but immigrants are moving into the United States. Some come with hopes of revitalizing the American church. Though underreported because of its origin among nonwhite populations, New England has been the home of a spiritual awakening called the “quiet revival.” Tightened borders and persistent racial separation limit immigrant influence at present. But the synergy of the Immigration Act of 1965, the Evangelical Immigration Roundtable, and the southernization of global Christianity is accelerating the global reflex as 2045, the year the United States may become a minority-majority nation, approaches.