bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PLATON: use of romiplostim to treat chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Mihaylov Georgi , Skopec Barbara , Sninska Zuzana , Tzvetkov Nikolai , Cerna Olga , Ivanushkin Vladlen , Niepel Daniela , Björklöf Katja , Černelč Peter 
Published: February 2020

SummaryChronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease involving the formation of antibodies to thrombocytes, leading to increased platelet destruction and chronic thrombocytopenia. Additionally, impaired platelet production is due to relative thrombopoietin deficiency. Romiplostim, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, normalized platelet counts in affected patients in randomized controlled trials and real-world observational studies. The present study collected real-world practice data from Central and Eastern Europe, i.e. Slovakia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Russia, and Czech Republic, between December 2010 and July 2017. This was an ambidirectional observational, noninterventional cohort study within the approved romiplostim indication. One-hundred patients were analyzed. Prior to romiplostim start, 98% had received other ITP medications and, in the prior 6 months, 40% had experienced bleeding events. Romiplostim was started 1.92 years (median) after ITP diagnosis. The median mean on-study dose was 2.62 µg/kg/week. During romiplostim treatment, platelet counts rapidly normalized to >50 × 109/L, 20% of patients experienced bleeding events (none grade 3/4), and 13% required splenectomy. At the end of study, 25% of patients were in remission. One patient experienced serious adverse drug reactions (thrombosis, dysphagia), none were fatal. In conclusion, romiplostim dosing, effectiveness and safety in these unselected ITP patients seemed comparable with observations in clinical trials and similarly designed observational studies.
Aluminium in Brain Tissue in Non-neurodegenerative/Non-neurodevelopmental Disease: A Comparison with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Linhart C. , Davidson D. , Pathmanathan S. , Kamaladas T. , Exley C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHuman exposure to aluminium is a burgeoning issue. The brain is a sink for systemically available aluminium and a putative target of neurotoxicity. An increasing number of studies continue to confirm the presence of aluminium in human brain tissue though primarily in relation to donors who have died of a neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental disorder. Herein, we have measured aluminium in brain tissue in donors who died of a specific disease or condition though without showing any neurodegeneration. The donors were diagnosed as not suffering from multiple sclerosis. Herein, these novel data are compared with recent data on aluminium in brain tissue in multiple sclerosis. Brain tissues from all four lobes were obtained from the Multiple Sclerosis Society Tissue Bank. Tissues were digested using microwave-assisted acid digestion and their aluminium content was measured by transversely heated graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Both are established methods in our laboratory. Detailed statistical analyses were used to compare new data with recent data for multiple sclerosis. Aluminium was found in brain tissue in each donor with a high proportion of measurements (189/291) being below 1.00 μg/g dry weight. The data for all cases (median and IQR) were 0.74 (0.48–1.28), 1.23 (0.62–1.63), 0.84 (0.45–1.14) and 1.01 (0.62–1.65) μg/g dry weight for occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal lobes, respectively. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between aluminium content of brain tissue and the age of donor. Comparison of data for this non-multiple sclerosis group with brain aluminium data for donors dying with a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis showed that the latter had a statistically significant higher content of brain aluminium. The data reinforce a previous conclusion that the aluminium content of brain tissue in multiple sclerosis is elevated and support the suggestion that human exposure to aluminium may have a role to play in the aetiology of multiple sclerosis.
Unexpectedly curved spines in a Cambrian trilobite: considerations on the spinosity in Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatus sp. nov. from the Anti-Atlas, Morocco, and related Cambrian ellipsocephaloids
Authors: Geyer Gerd , Pais Miguel Caldeira , Wotte Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe new ellipsocephaloid trilobite speciesKingaspidoides spinirecurvatushas a spectacular morphology because of a unique set of two long and anteriorly recurved spines on the occipital ring and the axial ring of thoracic segment 8. Together with the long genal spines this whimsical dorsally directed spine arrangement is thought to act as a non-standard protective device against predators. This is illustrated by the body posture during different stages of enrolment, contrasting with the more sophisticated spinosities seen in later trilobites, which are discussed in brief.Kingaspidoides spinirecurvatusfrom the lower–middle Cambrian boundary interval of the eastern Anti-Atlas in Morocco has been known for about two decades, with specimens handled as precious objects on the fossil market. Similar, but far less spectacular, spine arrangements on the thoracic axial rings are known from other ellipsocephaloid trilobites from the Anti-Atlas of Morocco and the Franconian Forest region of Germany. This suggests that an experimental phase of spine development took place within theKingaspidoidesclade during the early–middle Cambrian boundary interval.
Methylene blue-loaded niosome: preparation, physicochemical characterization, and in vivo wound healing assessment
Authors: Farmoudeh Ali , Akbari Jafar , Saeedi Majid , Ghasemi Maryam , Asemi Neda , Nokhodchi Ali 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFollowing skin injury, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during the inflammatory phase can cause tissue damage and delay in wound healing. Methylene blue (MB) decreases mitochondrial ROS production and has antioxidant effects. The authors aimed to prepare MB-loaded niosomes using the ultra-sonication technique as a green formulation method. A Box–Behnken design was selected to optimize formulation variables. The emulsifier to cholesterol ratio, HLB of mixed surfactants (Span 60 and Tween 60), and sonication time were selected as independent variables. Vesicle size, zeta potential (ZP), and drug entrapment capacity percentage were studied as dependent variables. The optimized formulation of niosomes showed spherical shape with optimum vesicle size of 147.8 nm, ZP of − 18.0 and entrapment efficiency of 63.27%. FTIR study showed no observable interaction between MB and other ingredients. In vivo efficacy of optimized formulation was evaluated using an excision wound model in male Wistar rat. Superoxide dismutase (SOD, an endogenous antioxidant) and malondialdehyde (MDA, an end product of lipid peroxidation) levels in skin tissue samples were evaluated. After 3 days, MDA was significantly decreased in niosomal gel-treated group, whereas SOD level was increased. Histological results indicate rats that received niosomal MB were treated effectively faster than other ones.
Regularity results for solutions of linear elliptic degenerate boundary-value problems
Authors: El Baraka A. , Masrour M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe give an a-priori estimate near the boundary for solutions of a class of higher order degenerate elliptic problems in the general Besov-type spaces $$B^{s,\tau }_{p,q}$$

B

p
,
q

s
,
τ

. This paper extends the results found in Hölder spaces $$C^s$$

C
s

, Sobolev spaces $$H^s$$

H
s

and Besov spaces $$B^s_{p,q}$$

B

p
,
q

s

, to the more general framework of Besov-type spaces.
Effect of Antimony on Graphite Growth in Ductile Iron
Authors: Dekker Lutz , Tonn Babette , Lilienkamp Gerhard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAntimony is used in ductile cast iron melts to avoid graphite degenerations like exploded graphite and chunky graphite. However, the effect of Sb in the melt on the crystallization of ductile cast iron is still unknown, therefore the aim of our investigations. The current study presents thermodynamic calculations showing that at the beginning of the eutectic solidification, Mg3Sb2 is formed. Furthermore, the amount of Sb increases in the austenite and decreases in the remaining melt during solidification. An experiment was conducted, in which a higher amount of Sb than usual was added to a ductile iron melt. In the microstructure of the Sb-containing sample, a higher graphite precipitate count was measured than in the reference sample without Sb. The graphite spheroids of the Sb-containing sample show an almost perfect roundness and a very smooth surface. However, lamellar outgrowths from the graphite spheroids were also observed. Using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it could be shown that Sb-containing phases have been formed, which are located in the pearlitic matrix and also in graphite spheroids. As a result of spectroscopic investigations, it can be assumed that Sb-containing phases act as nucleant for graphite nucleation. Further investigations by Auger electron spectroscopy showed that a thin layer of Sb at the interface between graphite and matrix has been formed. It seems that this layer constricts the diffusion of carbon to the spheroidal graphite and acts as a surfactant favoring a layer-by-layer growth of the graphite spheroids.
Data, Data Banks and Security
Authors: Albrecht Hans-Jörg 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe article discusses different examples of data-driven policing, its legal provisions and effects on a society’s understanding of public security. It distinguishes between (a) the collection of classical data such as fingerprints or DNA, which serve to identify suspects and to collect evidence, (b) the processes and the impetus of big data, and (c) the networking of files from different security authorities. Discussing systematic forecasting tools, the article works out a significant difference between the prediction of incidents such as home burglary in the case of predictive policing, and the identification of individuals deemed to be at risk of involvement in various forms of crime in the case of risk control programs. Data and personality protection are interrelated issues.
How dieting might make some fatter: modeling weight cycling toward obesity from a perspective of body composition autoregulation
Authors: Jacquet Philippe , Schutz Yves , Montani Jean-Pierre , Dulloo Abdul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe notion that dieting makes some people fatter has in the past decade gained considerable interest from both epidemiological predictions and biological plausibility. Several large-scale prospective studies have suggested that dieting to lose weight is associated with future weight gain and obesity, with such predictions being stronger and more consistent among dieters who are in the normal range of body weight rather than in those with obesity. Furthermore, the biological plausibility that dieting predisposes people who are lean (rather than those with overweight or obesity) to regain more body fat than what had been lost (referred to as fat overshooting) has recently gained support from a re-analysis of data on body composition during weight loss and subsequent weight recovery from the classic longitudinal Minnesota Starvation Experiment. These have revealed an inverse exponential relationship between the amount of fat overshot and initial adiposity, and have suggested that a temporal desynchronization in the recoveries of fat and lean tissues, in turn residing in differences in lean-fat partitioning during weight loss vs. during weight recovery (with fat recovery faster than lean tissue recovery) is a cardinal feature of fat overshooting. Within a conceptual framework that integrates the relationship between post-dieting fat overshooting with initial adiposity, the extent of weight loss and the differential lean-fat partitioning during weight loss vs. weight recovery, we describe here a mathematical model of weight cycling to predict the excess fat that could be gained through repeated dieting and multiple weight cycles from a standpoint of body composition autoregulation.
Structure and plasticity of silent synapses in developing hippocampal neurons visualized by super-resolution imaging
Authors: Xu Cheng , Liu Hui-Jing , Qi Lei , Tao Chang-Lu , Wang Yu-Jian , Shen Zeyu , Tian Chong-Li , Lau Pak-Ming , Bi Guo-Qiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExcitatory synapses in the mammalian brain exhibit diverse functional properties in transmission and plasticity. Directly visualizing the structural correlates of such functional heterogeneity is often hindered by the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional optical imaging techniques. Here, we used super-resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) to resolve structurally distinct excitatory synapses formed on dendritic shafts and spines. The majority of these shaft synapses contained N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) but not α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), suggesting that they were functionally silent. During development, as more spine synapses formed with increasing sizes and expression of AMPARs and NMDARs, shaft synapses exhibited moderate reduction in density with largely unchanged sizes and receptor expression. Furthermore, upon glycine stimulation to induce chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP), the previously silent shaft synapses became functional shaft synapses by recruiting more AMPARs than did spine synapses. Thus, silent shaft synapse may represent a synaptic state in developing neurons with enhanced capacity of activity-dependent potentiation.
Human occupation of northern India spans the Toba super-eruption ~74,000 years ago
Authors: Clarkson Chris , Harris Clair , Li Bo , Neudorf Christina M. , Roberts Richard G. , Lane Christine , Norman Kasih , Pal Jagannath , Jones Sacha , Shipton Ceri , Koshy Jinu , Gupta M. C. , Mishra D. P. , Dubey A. K. , Boivin Nicole , Petraglia Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIndia is located at a critical geographic crossroads for understanding the dispersal ofHomo sapiensout of Africa and into Asia and Oceania. Here we report evidence for long-term human occupation, spanning the last ~80 thousand years, at the site of Dhaba in the Middle Son River Valley of Central India. An unchanging stone tool industry is found at Dhaba spanning the Toba eruption of ~74 ka (i.e., the Youngest Toba Tuff, YTT) bracketed between ages of 79.6 ± 3.2 and 65.2 ± 3.1 ka, with the introduction of microlithic technology ~48 ka. The lithic industry from Dhaba strongly resembles stone tool assemblages from the African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and Arabia, and the earliest artefacts from Australia, suggesting that it is likely the product ofHomo sapiensas they dispersed eastward out of Africa.
Human FCHO1 deficiency reveals role for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in development and function of T cells
Authors: Łyszkiewicz Marcin , Ziętara Natalia , Frey Laura , Pannicke Ulrich , Stern Marcel , Liu Yanshan , Fan Yanxin , Puchałka Jacek , Hollizeck Sebastian , Somekh Ido , Rohlfs Meino , Yilmaz Tuğba , Ünal Ekrem , Karakukcu Musa , Patiroğlu Türkan , Kellerer Christina , Karasu Ebru , Sykora Karl-Walter , Lev Atar , Simon Amos , Somech Raz , Roesler Joachim , Hoenig Manfred , Keppler Oliver T. , Schwarz Klaus , Klein Christoph 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is critical for internalisation of molecules across cell membranes. The FCH domain only 1 (FCHO1) protein is key molecule involved in the early stages of CME formation. The consequences of mutations in FCHO1 in humans were unknown. We identify ten unrelated patients with variable T and B cell lymphopenia, who are homozygous for six distinct mutations in FCHO1. We demonstrate that these mutations either lead to mislocalisation of the protein or prevent its interaction with binding partners. Live-cell imaging of cells expressing mutant variants of FCHO1 provide evidence of impaired formation of clathrin coated pits (CCP). Patient T cells are unresponsive to T cell receptor (TCR) triggering. Internalisation of the TCR receptor is severely perturbed in FCHO1-deficient Jurkat T cells but can be rescued by expression of wild-type FCHO1. Thus, we discovered a previously unrecognised critical role of FCHO1 and CME during T-cell development and function in humans.
Observation of a thermoelectric Hall plateau in the extreme quantum limit
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Wang Peipei , Skinner Brian , Bi Ran , Kozii Vladyslav , Cho Chang-Woo , Zhong Ruidan , Schneeloch John , Yu Dapeng , Gu Genda , Fu Liang , Wu Xiaosong , Zhang Liyuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe thermoelectric Hall effect is the generation of a transverse heat current upon applying an electric field in the presence of a magnetic field. Here, we demonstrate that the thermoelectric Hall conductivity αxy in the three-dimensional Dirac semimetal ZrTe5 acquires a robust plateau in the extreme quantum limit of magnetic field. The plateau value is independent of the field strength, disorder strength, carrier concentration, or carrier sign. We explain this plateau theoretically and show that it is a unique signature of three-dimensional Dirac or Weyl electrons in the extreme quantum limit. We further find that other thermoelectric coefficients, such as the thermopower and Nernst coefficient, are greatly enhanced over their zero-field values even at relatively low fields.
The complex genetic landscape of familial MDS and AML reveals pathogenic germline variants
Authors: Rio-Machin Ana , Vulliamy Tom , Hug Nele , Walne Amanda , Tawana Kiran , Cardoso Shirleny , Ellison Alicia , Pontikos Nikolas , Wang Jun , Tummala Hemanth , Al Seraihi Ahad Fahad H. , Alnajar Jenna , Bewicke-Copley Findlay , Armes Hannah , Barnett Michael , Bloor Adrian , Bödör Csaba , Bowen David , Fenaux Pierre , Green Andrew , Hallahan Andrew , Hjorth-Hansen Henrik , Hossain Upal , Killick Sally , Lawson Sarah , Layton Mark , Male Alison M. , Marsh Judith , Mehta Priyanka , Mous Rogier , Nomdedéu Josep F. , Owen Carolyn , Pavlu Jiri , Payne Elspeth M. , Protheroe Rachel E. , Preudhomme Claude , Pujol-Moix Nuria , Renneville Aline , Russell Nigel , Saggar Anand , Sciuccati Gabriela , Taussig David , Toze Cynthia L. , Uyttebroeck Anne , Vandenberghe Peter , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Ripperger Tim , Steinemann Doris , Wu John , Mason Joanne , Page Paula , Akiki Susanna , Reay Kim , Cavenagh Jamie D. , Plagnol Vincent , Caceres Javier F. , Fitzgibbon Jude , Dokal Inderjeet 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe inclusion of familial myeloid malignancies as a separate disease entity in the revised WHO classification has renewed efforts to improve the recognition and management of this group of at risk individuals. Here we report a cohort of 86 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) families with 49 harboring germline variants in 16 previously defined loci (57%). Whole exome sequencing in a further 37 uncharacterized families (43%) allowed us to rationalize 65 new candidate loci, including genes mutated in rare hematological syndromes (ADA,GP6, IL17RA, PRF1andSEC23B), reported in prior MDS/AML or inherited bone marrow failure series (DNAH9,NAPRT1and SH2B3) or variants at novel loci (DHX34) that appear specific to inherited forms of myeloid malignancies. Altogether, our series of MDS/AML families offer novel insights into the etiology of myeloid malignancies and provide a framework to prioritize variants for inclusion into routine diagnostics and patient management.
Enhancing the current density of a piezoelectric nanogenerator using a three-dimensional intercalation electrode
Authors: Gu Long , Liu Jinmei , Cui Nuanyang , Xu Qi , Du Tao , Zhang Lu , Wang Zheng , Long Changbai , Qin Yong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe low output current density of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) severely restricts their application for ambient mechanical energy harvest. This has been a key challenge in the development of PENG. Here, to conquer this, based on a piezoelectric material with high piezoelectric coefficient (Sm-PMN-PT), a new design of PENG with a three-dimensional intercalation electrode (IENG) is proposed. By creating many boundary interfaces inside the piezoelectric material, the total amount of surface polarization charges increased, which contributes to an increased current density. The IENG can output a maximum peak short-circuit current of 320 μA, and the corresponding current density 290 μA cm−2 is 1.93 and 1.61 times the record values of PENG and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), respectively. It can also charge a 1 μF capacitor from 0 V to 8 V in 21 cycles, and the equivalent surface charge density 1690 μC m−2 is 1.35 times the record value of TENG.
A potassium chloride to glycine betaine osmoprotectant switch in the extreme halophile Halorhodospira halophila
Authors: Deole Ratnakar , Hoff Wouter D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHalophiles utilize two distinct osmoprotection strategies. The accumulation of organic compatible solutes such as glycine betaine does not perturb the functioning of cytoplasmic components, but represents a large investment of energy and carbon. KCl is an energetically attractive alternative osmoprotectant, but requires genome-wide modifications to establish a highly acidic proteome. Most extreme halophiles are optimized for the use of one of these two strategies. Here we examine the extremely halophilic Proteobacterium Halorhodospira halophila and report that medium K+ concentration dramatically alters its osmoprotectant use. When grown in hypersaline media containing substantial K+ concentrations, H. halophila accumulates molar concentrations of KCl. However, at limiting K+ concentrations the organism switches to glycine betaine as its major osmoprotectant. In contrast, the closely related organism Halorhodospira halochloris is limited to using compatible solutes. H. halophila performs both de novo synthesis and uptake of glycine betaine, matching the biosynthesis and transport systems encoded in its genome. The medium K+ concentration (~10 mM) at which the KCl to glycine betaine osmoprotectant switch in H. halophila occurs is near the K+ content of the lake from which it was isolated, supporting an ecological relevance of this osmoprotectant strategy.
Multiple time-scale beats in aurora: precise orchestration via magnetospheric chorus waves
Authors: Hosokawa K. , Miyoshi Y. , Ozaki M. , Oyama S.-I. , Ogawa Y. , Kurita S. , Kasahara Y. , Kasaba Y. , Yagitani S. , Matsuda S. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Kataoka R. , Shiokawa K. , Raita T. , Turunen E. , Takashima T. , Shinohara I. , Fujii R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe brightness of aurorae in Earth’s polar region often beats with periods ranging from sub-second to a few tens of a second. Past observations showed that the beat of the aurora is composed of a superposition of two independent periodicities that co-exist hierarchically. However, the origin of such multiple time-scale beats in aurora remains poorly understood due to a lack of measurements with sufficiently high temporal resolution. By coordinating experiments using ultrafast auroral imagers deployed in the Arctic with the newly-launched magnetospheric satellite Arase, we succeeded in identifying an excellent agreement between the beats in aurorae and intensity modulations of natural electromagnetic waves in space called “chorus”. In particular, sub-second scintillations of aurorae are precisely controlled by fine-scale chirping rhythms in chorus. The observation of this striking correlation demonstrates that resonant interaction between energetic electrons and chorus waves in magnetospheres orchestrates the complex behavior of aurora on Earth and other magnetized planets.