bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Support for the Death Penalty in China: Less from the Populace but More from Elites
Authors: Liu John Zhuang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article is the first to report the nationwide public support rate for the death penalty in China. Using a national representative sample with 31,664 respondents, it shows that 68 per cent of China's citizens are for the death penalty, while 31 per cent are opposed to it. These numbers suggest that support for capital punishment in China, although strong, is much weaker than in some other East Asian jurisdictions and less than first assumed by commentators. However, contrary to previous notions that public support for the death penalty derives from uninformed popular prejudice, it is the elites in China – i.e. those who receive higher education – who are more in favour of the death penalty. Further empirical analyses suggest that this is not because of political ideology or fear of crime. Rather, the reason is likely that the elites know fewer, and sympathize less with, criminal offenders, who generally come from underprivileged groups. These findings challenge a range of prevailing perceptions of public attitudes to the death penalty in China, especially the culture explanation for the Chinese public's punitiveness, and have important policy implications.
Image Processing of Electron Micrographs of Ordered Biomacromolecular Assemblies
Authors: Aebi U. 
Published: June 2020

When protein subunits assemble jin vivo or in vitro into ordered supramolecular structures of well defined size and shape (e.g. virus shells, contractile filaments, microtubules, parts of bacterial cell walls and cell membranes, enzyme complexes) their number and long range order are often insufficient for structure determination to be carried out by the methods of protein crystallography. Instead a direct image of these structures may be recorded with an electron microscope.Unlike an X-ray diffraction pattern, an electron micrograph contains both amplitude and phase information about the specimen. However the structurally useful part of the electron microscopic data is often underexploited (e.g., because of a poor signal-to-noise ratio) or stored in a way which cannot easily be assessed by the naked eye (e.g. because of the contrast transfer characteristic and the considerable depth of focus of the imaging system).
Electron Microscopy of Hemocyanins from Arthropods and Molluscs:
Assembly, Dissociation and Re-assembly
Authors: Bruggen E.F.J. Van 
Published: June 2020

Hemocyanins are copper containing respiratory proteins, which occur
freely dissolved in the hemolymph of invertebrate species belonging to the
phyla Arthropods and Molluscs. Their molecular weights are ranging from
450,000 to 9,000,000 dependent on the biological origin. They are remarkable
in the variety of subunit aggregates they form. They dissociate reversibly
into oligomeric and monomeric structures when the environmental conditions
such as pH and ionic strength are changed (Van Holde and van Bruggen,
1971).
This article will focus its attention to the role played by electron
microscopy in the elucidation of the assembly, dissociation and reassembly
of various hemocyanins.
Microtubules and Filaments in Blood Platelets
Authors: Behnke O. , Tranum-Jensen J. 
Published: June 2020

Within the last decade the mammalian blood platelet has enjoyed a
rapidly increasing popularity as a research object. It is widely appreciated
that platelets are multifunctional, and that they play a role in a variety
of physiological and pathological processes besides their main function: the
formation and consolidation of a haemostatic plug (for a recent monograph,
and for references, see Gordon, 1976).
The platelet is an anucleate piece of cytoplasm, pinched off from
megakaryocytes (MK) in the bone marrow or in the circulation (Tinggaard
Petersen, 1974). Vital microscopy has shown that in the circulation the
platelet is disc-shaped, that it normally does not stick to endothelium or
to other blood cells, and that it is the least deformable cell in blood -
the latter observation does suggest the presence of a rigid skeleton in the
platelet cytoplasm.
High Resolution Side-Entry Goniometer
Authors: Honda T. , Watanabe H. , Ohi K. , Watanabe E. , Kokubo Y. 
Published: June 2020

An analytical electron microscope equipped with a side-entry goniometer
(SEG) has recently become more widespread than a conventional electron
microscope by the following reasons: (1) a variety of specimen holders, (2)
large tilting angle with eucentricity. However, the resolution of SEG-system
is about 0.4 nm, whereas the resolution of 0.25 nm or less can be obtained
by an electron microscope equipped with a top-entry goniometer
(TEG)1).
Factors determining the resolution of an electron microscope are (1) the
aberration coefficients of the objective lens, (2) stability of exciting
currents, (3) illumination angle of the electron beam on the specimen, (4)
energy spread of the electron beam, and ( 5) vibration and specimen drift.
It has been usually difficult to observe high resolution images during use
of the SEG system, because of the aberration coefficients of the objective
lens, vibration and specimen drift. In order to obtain a resolution of less
than 0.3 nm with SEG system at 200 kV, both of spherical and chromatic
aberration coefficients should be reduced less than 2 mm. Moreover, relative
amplitude of vibration between the specimen and pole pieces should be less
than a half value of resolution limit. The image drift should be less than
0.02 nm/sec, because the exposure time usually required for photographing a
high resolution image is about 5 second.
Application of the Stem Optimum Imaging Method on a Biological
Macromolecule
Authors: Ohtsuki M. , Crewe A.V. 
Published: June 2020

We have used the STEM optimum imaging method in which we employ an
optimum magnification (scan size, D) for given electron probe size (δ). This
can be written as D=420δ (Nyquist rate), when a micrograph is taken at 1024
scan lines [1], Over sampling (D<420δ) or under sampling (D>420δ) in
biological scanning transmission electron microscopy may cause the following
problems: (1) In the case of over sampling, an area of a specimen will be
scanned too many times so that the effects of radiation damage will be
increased; (2) when a micrograph is taken at under sampling conditions, we
may be observing only part of a specimen in which electron probe scans with
an open space between each scan line.
In practice we try to obtain a micrograph with the optimum imaging
conditions (D=420δ) followed by an optical reconstruction procedure using a
low-pass spatial filter. Only spatial frequency information lower than
<(2d)-1 produces the reconstructed image, where
d is the spacing between scan lines. Figure 1 shows the filtering procedure
in which a STEM micrograph of 30 Å-thick amorphous carbon film taken at
D=3700 Å and δ = 8.8Å was used for the illustration. The corresponding
optical diffraction pattern is shown in (b) where the location of the
low-pass filter is indicated. Figure 1(c) shows the reconstructed image of
(a) which consists of the spatial frequency of
<(7.2Å)-1
Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis of Ti Alloys
Authors: Rhodes C. G. 
Published: June 2020

This paper discusses the results of a systematic study of the effect of
subtransus (below the β/α+β phase boundary) heat treatments on
microstructure and mechanical properties in two α+β titanium alloys.
Quantitative X-ray microanalysis was used to measure the compositions of the
alpha and beta phases in order to evaluate their influence on mechanical
properties.
Ti-6A1-4V and Ti-4.5A1-5Mo-l.5Cr were treated to produce a
microstructure consisting of equiaxed primary alpha-phase grains separated
by a continuous beta phase matrix. The two parameters evaluated in this work
were (1) volume fractions and (2) compositions of the alpha and beta phases.
Measurement of volume fractions was straightforward; however, the
measurement of the compositions of the two phases required development of a
reliable comparative quantitative X-ray microanalytic technique for thin
foil analysis using a conventional transmission electron microscope with
STEM capability. Although our X-ray energy dispersive system included a
typical thin foil computer program, it was not used because of the error
introduced by estimating factors such as foil thickness and phase
density.
Defect Structure of Deformed Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Hibbs M.K. , Sinclair R. 
Published: June 2020

In an effort to optimize both the hardness and toughness of carbides
used in cemented cutting tools, a project has been undertaken to relate
variations in these mechanical properties to the defect structure of
deformed WC and (W,Ti)C. This paper describes the defects in stoichiometric
WC as revealed by TEM studies. Possible relationships between them and the
atomic configuration and bonding in the material will be discussed.
WC has a hexagonal unit cell with W atoms at the 0,0,0 position and C
atoms at the 1/3,2/3,1/2 position. The c/a ratio is approximately unity with
a=2. 91Å and c=2.84Å. Although the basal plane is the close-packed plane,
the slip plane has been determined by other workers and confirmed by this
study to be {1010}.
Scan Conversion and Noise Reduction Using a Framestore
Authors: Boyes E. D. , Kellar P. R. N. , Goringe M. J. , Dixon-Brown G. 
Published: June 2020

Analogue scan conversion has been incorporated into several dedicated
STEM systems1 to produce a composite video signal for
display on a TV monitor, with the image updated at the microscope frame scan
frequency. Greater flexibility is provided by completely digital methods
which have proved particularly useful at relatively slow scan
rates2 and recently an experimental 6-bit intensity
system for a TEM TV camera has been described by
Herrmann3.
This paper reports an experimental adaptation of a commercially
available (Microconsultants) broadcast framstore system to acquire, process
and display images, and potentially also other data, with 8-bit intensity
resolution over a wide range of scan rates. The unit that was adapted for
this purpose is a development of the standard 'Intellect' system which uses
digitally controlled 512x512 sampling of the normal analogue signals at a
rate which can be selected to be suitable for use with either TV or slow
scans of the record type. A simple hardware modification to the input
interface permits intermediate rates such as SEM visual images which have
proved to be the most useful ranges for the initial applications. The
framestore has been interfaced to a JEM100C ASID-4D Temscan and also to an
HVEM TV camera used for recording dynamic experiments. Interfacing to the
SEM control box was straightforward using the display blanking pulses with
50Ω line drivers to synchronise the rates of sampling the line and frame
scans. The original system was designed to accept only inputs to NTSC TV
standards with which the TV camera is directly compatible.
ZrO2/Zr Crystallographic Relationships for Some Anodic
Oxides
Authors: Ploc R.A. 
Published: June 2020

Several years ago, an attempt to index an electron diffraction pattern
taken from a piece of zirconium dioxide formed at 573 K in oxygen on a piece
of polyerystalline zirconium was reported. Because the mode of oxide
formation was complicated, it was necessary to write the computer program
PATTERN to simulate Selected Area electron Diffraction (SAD)
patterns.
Recently, single crystals of Zr in the [0001] orientation have been
anodized in IN KNO2 in the constant current mode to 20
volts (56 nm in thickness). The metal was electrolytically thinned and
etched away to leave an oxide window amenable to electron diffraction
experiments. Figure 1 shows the result. The oxide is predominantly cubic
with minor amounts of monoclinic αZrO2 and the sharp
spots are due to the metal. The metal/cubic oxide orientational relationship
is given by Figures 2 and 3 while that for the monoclinic oxide phase is
given by Figures 2 and 4. It is stressed that this relationship has been
determined only for the anodic oxidation of the Zr (0001).
The Effects of Methylmercury on the Dorsal Root Spinal Ganglia of the
Rat
Authors: Yip R. K. , Chang L. W. 
Published: June 2020

The neurotoxic effects of organic mercury have been well documented (1).
Dorsal root spinal ganglia (DRG) have been shown to be very vulnerable to
the neurotoxic effects of organic mercury (2-4). The relative sensitivity of
DRG neuronal cell body vs. DRG nerve fibers to mercury, however, is still
controversial (3, 4). The present study attempts to provide some
morphological evidence on the fact that the DRG nerve fibers are more
sensitive to methylmercury toxicity than the DRG neuronal bodies.
Young male CD rats (150-200 gm) were orally intubated with
methylmercuric chloride (2 mg/kg body weight) daily. Control rats were given
equal volumes of saline solution. Food and water were given ad libidum. All
the rats were sacrificed when the methylmercury (MeHg)-treated animals
showed signs of intoxication. The rats were perfused with modified
Karnovsky's fixative intracardially. DRG
(L1-L3) and their fibers were
excised. The tissues were post-fixed in 1% buffered osmium tetroxide,
dehydrated in graded ethanols and embedded in Epon-Araldite for transmission
microscopy. Semi-thick plastic sections were stained with toluidine blue for
bright field light microscopy. Selected areas of the blocks were thin
sectioned. These sections were stained with uranyl acetate and Sato's lead
citrate and examined under a Phillips 201 electron microscope.
Ultrastructural Observations of Endometrial Hyaline Accumulation in
Diethylstilbestrol-Treated Mice
Authors: Wordinger R. , Highman B. , Townsend J. , Greenman D. 
Published: June 2020

Several uterine lesions have been correlated with continuous estrogen
exposure. Accumulation of a hyaline-like material has been described by
light microscopy (1,2,3). The objective of this study was to describe the
ultrastructure of this lesion in the mouse.
All mice were of the BALB/cStCrl fC3H/Nctr strain and were
specific-pathogen-free produced from cesarean-derived parentage.
Experimental animals were fed diets containing 320 or 640 parts per billion
(ppb) diethylsti 1 bestrol (DES) dissolved in 95% ethanol and mixed in the
feed. Control animals received the same feed, but without DES. Five animals
from each experimental group, were sacrificed by ether overdose when
moribund, and ranged in age from 622 to 782 days. Tissues were fixed in
cacodylate-buffered 4% glutaraldehyde, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide,
dehydrated in ethanol, embedded in Epon-Araldite, sectioned at 100 nm,
stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined with a Philips
EM201 electron microscope. Tissues from 5 control animals were processed in
the same manner.
Electron Microscopic Study of Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Sud B. N. 
Published: June 2020

Lung biopsy of eleven year old girl with clinical diagnosis of bilateral
pneumonia was studied by light microscopy and interpreted as chronic
interstitial pneumonia with macrophages in alveoli (1). A portion of the
biopsy was processed for ultra-structural pathology.
The alveoli either appeared distended or relatively collapsed. In the
former,the type II cells revealed hyperactivity in the formation of
multilamellar bodies from multivesicular bodies (3). Alveolar macrophages
full of prominent lipid glogules (foamy macrophages) were of common
occurrence (Fig.1). Many alveoli had desquamating type II cells,showing
conversion of multilamellar bodies into homogeneous lipid globules,
suggesting their transformation into foamy alveolar macrophages. Mycoplasma
pneumoniae organisms were detected in multilamellar bodies (Fig. 2).
Interalveolar walls were thickened and showed fibrosis and infiltration with
neutrophils.
Adrenergic Regulation of “Synaptic” Ribbon Populations in the Rat
Pinealocyte
Authors: King T. S. , Holt T. M. , Dougherty W. J. 
Published: June 2020

“Synaptic” ribbons (SR) are functionally enigmatic organelles
characteristic of a number of neuroreceptor cells including the mammalian
pinealocyte. SR appear to be responsive to a number of physiological
stimuli, both normal and experimental. During the first days after birth, an
initial, non-rhythmic rise in SR numbers nocturnally and diurnally (King and
Dougherty, 1980) appeared to reflect a similar non-rhythmic increase in
norepinephrine (NE) content in the neonatal rat (Moore and Smith, 1969).
During the second postnatal week, both SR numbers (fig. 1) and NE content
developed circadian rhythms, being high nocturnally and low diurnally. Our
observations suggested that the circadian rhythm in SR numbers is regulated
or influenced directly by an adrenergic mechanism via the superior cervical
ganglia.
Morphometric analyses of SR populations in female rat pinealocytes were
performed to determine changes related to (1) continuous light, (2)
continuous darkness, (3) isoproterenol, isoproterenol-propranolol and
isoproterenol-phentolamine administration and (4) bilateral superior
cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) and SCGx-isoproterenol administration.
Comparison of this data to that obtained from SR populations during the
course of so-called “normal” 12 hours light:12 hours darkness cycles was
made (fig. 2).
Role of the Small (40S) Subunits in the Structure of the Interface of
Eukaryotic Ribosomes
Authors: Boublik M. , Robakis N. , Hellmann W. , Jenkins F. 
Published: June 2020

Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein particles which process the genetic
information coded in mRNA into protein synthesis. The analogy in function
and composition of ribosomes from various sources, both prokaryotic and
eukaryo-tic, imply a structural similarity. At present, high resolution
electron microscopy is the most direct technique with a potential to resolve
the extent of the structural homology of ribosomal particles at a
macromolecular level.
The structure of ribosomes is highly complex as a result of the large
number of their constituents. In general, 80S eukaryotic monosomes consist
of two uneven subunits - large (60S) and small (40S) - accomodating four
different RNAs and approximately 80 different proteins. Mutual orientation
of both subunits on the monosome is of particular interest because it
determines the interface, the supposed site of interactions of ribosomes
with other macro-molecules involved in peptide bond formation. Since
entrapping of the contrasting solution (0.5% aqueous uranyl acetate)
obscures all structural details in the interface, information on its
architecture is limited to an indirect reconstruction based on the
established 3-D structure of both sub-units and their mutual position after
association.
A Cryo-Transfer System for a Transmission Microscope
Authors: Hax W.M.A. , Lichtenegger S. 
Published: June 2020

The crucial step in the preparation of biological specimens is the
fixation procedure intended to preserve the momentary biochemical,
physiological and ultramorphological state of the tissue, despite any
subsequent treatment.
In principle, biological material can be fixed in a chemical or physical
way. It is well known that application of chemical fixatives followed by
conventional resin embedding techniques can cause modifications or obvious
disruption of fine structure or even loss of some cell components. This
conventional procedure may also cause loss or displacement of elements at
any stage in the preparation process. This means that microanalysis, at
least of diffusible substances, is not significant (1). Last but not least,
it should be emphasized that chemical fixation causes all normal functions
to be irreversibly destroyed from the very beginning of the preparation
procedure. Physical fixation means rapid freezing of the biological sample.
It has been amply demonstrated that freezing, when performed correctly, is a
real alternative to ensure artefact-free fixation of living tissue. This is
mainly due to the fact that the aqueous environment of the biological sample
is not disturbed when the sample is frozen. One of the main reasons why
frozen hydrated specimens are not normally directly observed in the electron
microscope, is the technical difficulty of transferring the frozen hydrated
specimen to the specimen chamber and to keep it at low temperature during
observation. This results in loss of the primary advantage of freezing since
the frozen water has to be removed from the specimen before it can be
introduced into the electron microscope.
Cell Shape Related Ultrastructural Changes of Monkey Luteal Cells in
Culture
Authors: Gulyas Bela J. 
Published: June 2020

The cellular processes that participate either in the maintenance or the
danise of the corpus luteum of the menstrual cycle are incompletely
under¬stood. Maintaining dissociated luteal cells in culture enabled us to
study some of these regulatory mechanisms in the absence of the complex in
vivo milieu. Here, we report SEM and TEM observations on cell shape related
cytoplasmic changes of monkey luteal cells maintained in culture.
The CL were obtained at mid luteal phase of the menstrual cycle of
rhesus monkeys and were dissociated in col1agenase. Dispersed luteal cells
were cultured in Costar dishes, with or without cover glass. The culture
medium, Ham's FlO and 10% fetal calf serum, was supplemented with 100 ng/ml
hCG in half of the cultures.
Cultural roots of family ties
Authors: Davis Lewis S. , Williamson Claudia R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe forward the hypothesis and empirically establish that variations in the strength of family ties are rooted in culture. In particular, we show that individualism is associated with looser family ties. We exploit the associations between contemporary individualism and historical climatic and disease environments to establish a causal relationship. At both the individual- and country-levels, we find strong support that individualism reduces family ties. The estimated effects are economically large and robust to a wide variety of potentially confounding variables.
Are Positive Interventions Always Beneficial?
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E. , Gandarillas Beatriz , Moreno Lorena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCan people improve their lives by smiling more, trying to have a better posture, and by thinking about good memories? Can individuals become more successful by deliberatively engaging in positive actions and thoughts? Do people feel better by following recommendations from naïve psychology? In the present article we discuss these questions, noting that although some popular interventions thought to be universally beneficial (e.g., inductions of happiness, self-affirmation, empowerment, self-distancing) can sometimes yield positive outcomes, at other times the outcomes can also be negative. Taking an empirical approach based on experimental evidence, we postulate that understanding the underlying processes discovered in the science of persuasion is the key for specifying why, when, and for whom these practical initiatives are more likely to work or to backfire.