bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant transcriptional changes in mature daughter Varroa destructor mites during infestation of different developmental stages of honeybees
Authors: Wu Jiangli , Elsheikha Hany M , Tu Yangyang , Getachew Awraris , Zhou Huaiyu , Zhou Chunxue , Xu Shufa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundVarroa destructor is considered a major cause of honeybee (Apis mellifera) colony losses worldwide. Although V. destructor mites exhibit preference behavior for certain honeybee lifecycle stages, the mechanism underlying host finding and preference remains largely unknown.ResultsBy using a de novo transcriptome assembly strategy, we sequenced the mature daughter V. destructor mite transcriptome during infestation of different stages of honeybees (brood cells, newly emerged bees and adult bees). A total of 132 779 unigenes were obtained with an average length of 2745 bp and N50 of 5706 bp. About 63.1% of the transcriptome could be annotated based on sequence homology to the predatory mite Metaseiulus occidentalis proteins. Expression analysis revealed that mature daughter mites had distinct transcriptome profiles after infestation of different honeybee stages, and that the majority of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of mite infesting adult honeybees were down‐regulated compared to that infesting the sealed brood cells. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses showed that a large number of DEGs were involved in cellular process and metabolic process, suggesting that Varroa mites undergo metabolic adjustment to accommodate the cellular, molecular and/or immune response of the honeybees. Interestingly, in adult honeybees, some mite DEGs involved in neurotransmitter biosynthesis and transport were identified and their levels of expression were validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR).ConclusionThese results provide evidence for transcriptional reprogramming in mature daughter Varroa mites during infestation of honeybees, which may be relevant to understanding the mechanism underpinning adaptation and preference behavior of these mites for honeybees. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Novel piperazine‐tailored ursolic acid hybrids as significant antibacterial agents targeting phytopathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri probably directed by activation of apoptosis
Authors: Wang Pei‐Yi , Xiang Meng , Luo Min , Liu Hong‐Wu , Zhou Xiang , Wu Zhi‐Bing , Liu Li‐Wei , Li Zhong , Yang Song 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDInduced apoptosis is an effective technique that can reprogram cellular physiological and pathological processes to eradicate undesirable cells using their innate systems. Inspired by this, numerous apoptosis inducers have been developed to treat animal diseases, especially in the anticancer field. However, few studies have reported on the development of inductive agents that attack plant pathogens by activation of apoptosis. With the aim of exploring and discovering apoptosis inducers that target phytopathogens, a cluster of piperazine‐tailored ursolic acid (UA) hybrids was systematically fabricated.RESULTSIn vitro testing showed that the title molecules could inhibit the growth of two intractable bacterial strains, defined as Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and X. axonopodis pv. citri. The corresponding lowest EC50 values were 0.37 and 1.08 μg mL−1, which exceed those of UA (>400 μg mL−1) and positive controls. Moreover, compounds 5u and 5v could manage bacterial blight in vivo using pot experiments. Flow cytometer analysis indicted that the title compounds could induce distinct apoptotic behaviors on tested bacteria. In‐depth study revealed that the introduction of designed compounds could reduce the enzyme activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase, subsequently leading to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species.CONCLUSIONThis study promoted the development of apoptosis initiators for managing bacterial infections in agriculture by an innovative mode of action. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Autophagy contributes to resistance to the oxidative stress induced by pine reactive oxygen species metabolism, promoting infection by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Liu Hong‐Bin , Rui Lin , Feng Ya‐Qi , Wu Xiao‐Qin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAutophagy plays an important role in eukaryotes. We investigated its role in the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), to find promising control strategies against PWD.RESULTSWe analysed the expression levels of PtRBOH1 and PtRBOH2, which regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, in Pinus thunbergii and the expression of three autophagy genes, BxATG5, BxATG9 and BxATG16, in PWN by quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), and measured the content of H2O2, the main product of ROS metabolism, in pine stem. There was a correlation between the expression of autophagy genes in PWN and pine ROS metabolism during early infection. We also found that oxidative stress induces autophagy in PWN according to qRT‐PCR, transmission electron microscopy and Western blot analyses. Inhibition of autophagy by 3‐methyladenine or silencing of the autophagy genes BxATG9 and BxATG16 in PWN showed that autophagy is essential for feeding, fecundity, egg hatching and survival of PWN under oxidative stress, confirming the importance of autophagy in the antioxidant defences of PWN. Similarly, we demonstrated that autophagy contributes to the virulence of PWN. Moreover, PWN likely ameliorates oxidative damage by enhancing the activities of the peroxidase and catalase antioxidant pathways when autophagy is inhibited.CONCLUSIONAutophagy contributes to resistance to the oxidative stress induced by pine ROS metabolism, thus promoting infection by PWN. Our findings clarify the defence mechanisms of PWN and the pathogenesis of PWD, and provide promising hints for control of PWD by blocking autophagy. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Critical appraisal of Bayesian dynamic borrowing from an imperfectly commensurate historical control
Authors: Harun Nusrat , Liu Chunyan , Kim Mi‐Ok 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBayesian dynamic borrowing designs facilitate borrowing information from historical studies. Historical data, when perfectly commensurate with current data, have been shown to reduce the trial duration and the sample size, while inflation in the type I error and reduction in the power have been reported, when imperfectly commensurate. These results, however, were obtained without considering that Bayesian designs are calibrated to meet regulatory requirements in practice and even no‐borrowing designs may use information from historical data in the calibration. The implicit borrowing of historical data suggests that imperfectly commensurate historical data may similarly impact no‐borrowing designs negatively. We will provide a fair appraiser of Bayesian dynamic borrowing and no‐borrowing designs. We used a published selective adaptive randomization design and real clinical trial setting and conducted simulation studies under varying degrees of imperfectly commensurate historical control scenarios. The type I error was inflated under the null scenario of no intervention effect, while larger inflation was noted with borrowing. The larger inflation in type I error under the null setting can be offset by the greater probability to stop early correctly under the alternative. Response rates were estimated more precisely and the average sample size was smaller with borrowing. The expected increase in bias with borrowing was noted, but was negligible. Using Bayesian dynamic borrowing designs may improve trial efficiency by stopping trials early correctly and reducing trial length at the small cost of inflated type I error.
The practice of responsible research and innovation in “climate engineering”
Authors: Low Sean , Buck Holly Jean 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSunlight reflection and carbon removal proposals for “climate engineering” (CE) confront governance challenges that many emerging technologies face: their futures are uncertain, and by the time one can discern their shape or impacts, vested interests may block regulation, and publics are often left out of decision‐making about them. In response to these challenges, “responsible research and innovation” (RRI) has emerged as a framework to critique and correct for technocratic governance of emerging technologies, and CE has emerged as a prime case of where it can be helpfully applied. However, a critical lens is rarely applied to RRI itself. In this review, we first survey how RRI thinking has already been applied to both carbon removal and sunlight reflection methods for climate intervention. We examine how RRI is employed in four types of activities: Assessment processes and reports, principles and protocols for research governance, critical mappings of research, and deliberative and futuring engagements. Drawing upon this review, we identify tensions in RRI practice, including whether RRI forms or informs choices, the positionalities of RRI practitioners, and ways in which RRI activities enable or disable particular climate interventions. Finally, we recommend that RRI should situate CE within the long arc of sociotechnical proposals for addressing climate change, more actively connect interrogations of the knowledge economy with reparative engagements, include local or actor‐specific contexts, design authoritative assessments grounded in RRI, and go beyond treating critique and engagement as “de facto” governance.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > Private Governance of Climate Change
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Large‐eddy simulations of the evolution of imposed turbulence in forced boundary layers in a very long domain
Authors: Eriksson Ola , Nilsson Karl , Breton Simon‐Philippe , Ivanell Stefan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe technique of using imposed turbulence in combination with a forced boundary layer in order to model the atmospheric boundary layer is analyzed for a very long domain using large‐eddy simulations with different combinations of prescribed velocity profiles and pregenerated turbulence fields based on the Mann model. The ambient flow is first studied in the absence of wind turbines. The velocity profiles undergo a transition throughout the domain with a velocity increase of 10% to 15% close to the ground far downstream in the domain. The turbulence characteristics close to the turbulence plane are, as expected, similar to those of the added Mann turbulence. The turbulence will then undergo a transition throughout the domain to finally reach a balance with the shear profile at a certain downstream distance. This distance is found to depend on the turbulence level of the added Mann turbulence planes. A lower Mann turbulence level generally results in a shorter “balancing” distance. Secondly, a row of 10 turbines is imposed in the simulations at different distances from the plane of turbulence in order to determine how the distance affects wake conditions and power production levels. Our results show that a “balancing” distance is needed between the turbulence plane and the first turbine in the row in order to ensure nonchanging ambient conditions throughout the turbine row. This introduces an increase in the computational costs. The computational cost for the forced boundary technique is normally lower compared with using precursor simulations, for longer domains; however, this needs to be verified further.
Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources: Developing Future Agricultural Leaders
Authors: Weeks William G. , Weeks Penny Pennington 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe agricultural leadership discipline is rooted in public speaking and parliamentary procedure instruction for the youth members of 4‐H and FFA. In the mid‐1960s, the focus shifted to include collegiate level academic programs serving future agricultural leaders and has grown to include programs at 26 land‐grant institutions.
Business Leadership Education: Beyond Position and Profit
Authors: Dust Scott B. , Gerhardt Megan W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOver time, the study of business and management has become increasingly specialized, to the point where leadership is understood to be a process, not a position. To understand how to teach this “influence process” perspective of leadership, we outline three priorities—rigor, reality, and relevance—and begin a conversation on challenges and opportunities for business leadership educators.
Engineering: Moving Leadership From the Periphery to the Core of an Intensely Technical Curriculum
Authors: Klassen Mike , Reeve Doug , Evans Greg J. , Rottmann Cindy , Sheridan Patricia K. , Simpson Annie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEngineering is developing extensive leadership education, supporting future professional engineers to engage with others in solving complex sociotechnical problems. A contemporary challenge is to integrate leadership learning into foundational coursework requirements.
On scalar radiation
Authors: Fiol Bartomeu , Martínez-Montoya Jairo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We discuss radiation in theories with scalar fields. Our key observation is that even in flat spacetime, the radiative fields depend qualitatively on the coupling of the scalar field to the Ricci scalar: for non-minimally coupled scalars, the radiative energy density is not positive definite, the radiated power is not Lorentz invariant and it depends on the derivative of the acceleration. We explore implications of this observation for radiation in conformal field theories. First, we find a relation between two coefficients that characterize radiation, that holds in all the conformal field theories we consider. Furthermore, we find evidence that for a 1/2-BPS probe coupled to $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills, and following an arbitrary trajectory, the spacetime dependence of the one-point function of the energy momentum tensor is independent of the Yang-Mills coupling.
Generalized Euler index, holonomy saddles, and wall-crossing
Authors: Ghim Dongwook , Hwang Chiung , Yi Piljin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We formulate Witten index problems for theories with two supercharges in a Majorana doublet, as in d = 3 $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 theories and dimensional reduction thereof. Regardless of spacetime dimensions, the wall-crossing occurs generically, in the parameter space of the real superpotential W. With scalar multiplets only, the path integral reduces to a Gaussian one in terms of dW, with a winding number interpretation, and allows an in-depth study of the wall-crossing. After discussing the connection to well-known mathematical approaches such as the Morse theory, we move on to Abelian gauge theories. Even though the index theorem for the latter is a little more involved, we again reduce it to winding number countings of the neutral part of dW. The holonomy saddle plays key roles for both dimensions and also in relating indices across dimensions.
Häufigkeiten muskuloskelettaler Symptome und Erkrankungen in der bevölkerungsbezogenen NAKO Gesundheitsstudie
Authors: Schmidt Carsten Oliver , Günther Klaus-Peter , Goronzy Jens , Albrecht Katinka , Chenot Jean-François , Callhoff Johanna , Richter Adrian , Kasch Richard , Ahrens Wolfgang , Becher Heiko , Berger Klaus , Brenner Hermann , Fischer Beate , Franzke Claus-Werner , Hoffmann Wolfgang , Holleczek Bernd , Jaeschke Lina , Jenning Carsten , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Kaaks Rudolf , Keil Thomas , Kluttig Alexander , Krause Gérard , Kuß Oliver , Leitzmann Michael , Lieb Wolfgang , Linseisen Jakob , Löffler Markus , Meinke-Franze Claudia , Meisinger Christa , Michels Karin B. , Mikolajczyk Rafael , Obi Nadia , Peters Annette , Pischon Tobias , Schikowski Tamara , Schipf Sabine , Specker Christof , Völzke Henry , Wirkner Kerstin , Zink Angela , Sander Oliver 
Published: March 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Muskuloskelettale Symptome und Erkrankungen sind in der Bevölkerung sehr weit verbreitet und verursachen hohe Kosten in Gesundheitswesen und Volkswirtschaft.

Ziel der Arbeit
Die Häufigkeit muskuloskelettaler Symptome und Erkrankungen aus den Bereichen Rückenschmerzen, Osteoporose, Arthrose und Arthritis wurde auf Basis von Daten der bevölkerungsbasierten NAKO Gesundheitsstudie beschrieben.

Material und Methoden
Die Daten wurden in der ersten Hälfte der NAKO-Basiserhebung von März 2014 bis März 2017 bei Erwachsenen im Alter von 20–75 Jahren erhoben. In die Analysen gingen Daten von 101.779 Interviewteilnehmenden sowie von 9370 Teilnehmenden aus zwei klinischen Untersuchungen ein. Mittels der klinischen Handuntersuchung wurden tastbar geschwollene Gelenke sowie auf Druck schmerzhafte Gelenke identifiziert. Die Winkelstuhluntersuchung lieferte Daten zu Ruheschmerzen am Knie- und Hüftgelenk. Häufigkeiten wurden auf die deutsche Standardbevölkerung 2011 gewichtet.

Ergebnisse
In den Selbstberichten der Teilnehmenden im Interview wurden am häufigsten jemals diagnostizierte andauernde Rückenschmerzen (22,5 %) und Arthrosen (20,6 %) angegeben, seltener Osteoporose (2,9 %) und rheumatoide Arthritis (1,9 %). In der Handuntersuchung wurden bei 6,0 % Schmerzen an mindestens einem Fingergelenk festgestellt. Laut Winkelstuhluntersuchung waren 8,2 % von einem Ruheschmerz in mindestens einem Knie betroffen sowie 5,1 % an der Hüfte. Frauen berichteten insgesamt häufiger muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen und Symptome als Männer, der Anteil Betroffener nahm mit dem Alter deutlich zu.

Diskussion
Die Ergebnisse belegen die große Verbreitung vieler muskuloskelettaler Erkrankungen. Die berichtete Beschwerdelast ist mit Ergebnissen aus früheren bevölkerungsbezogenen Erhebungen vergleichbar.
Time- and temperature-dependent postmortem concentration changes of the (synthetic) cannabinoids JWH-210, RCS-4, as well as ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol following pulmonary administration to pigs
Authors: Schaefer Nadine , Kröll Ann-Katrin , Körbel Christina , Laschke Matthias W. , Menger Michael D. , Maurer Hans H. , Meyer Markus R. , Schmidt Peter H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn forensic toxicology, interpretation of postmortem (PM) drug concentrations might be complicated due to the lack of data concerning drug stability or PM redistribution (PMR). Regarding synthetic cannabinoids (SC), only sparse data are available, which derived from single case reports without any knowledge of dose and time of consumption. Thus, a controlled pig toxicokinetic study allowing for examination of PMR of SC was performed. Twelve pigs received a pulmonary dose of 200 µg/kg BW each of 4-ethylnaphthalene-1-yl-(1-pentylindole-3-yl)methanone (JWH-210), 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-indole-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol via an ultrasonic nebulizer. Eight hours after, the pigs were put to death with T61 and specimens of relevant tissues and body fluids were collected. Subsequently, the animals were stored at room temperature (n = 6) or 4 °C (n = 6) and further samples were collected after 24, 48, and 72 h each. Concentrations were determined following enzymatic cleavage and solid-phase extraction by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry applying the standard addition approach. High concentrations of the parent compounds were observed in lung, liver, kidney and bile fluid/duodenum content as well as brain. HO-RCS-4 was the most prevalent metabolite detected in PM specimens. In general, changes of PM concentrations were found in every tissue and body fluid depending on the PM interval as well as storage temperature.
Quantitative phosphoproteomics to unravel the cellular response to chemical stressors with different modes of action
Authors: Sampadi Bharath , Pines Alex , Munk Stephanie , Mišovic Branislav , de Groot Anton J. , van de Water Bob , Olsen Jesper V. , Mullenders Leon H. F. , Vrieling Harry 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDamage to cellular macromolecules and organelles by chemical exposure evokes activation of various stress response pathways. To what extent different chemical stressors activate common and stressor-specific pathways is largely unknown. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to compare the signaling events induced by four stressors with different modes of action: the DNA damaging agent: cisplatin (CDDP), the topoisomerase II inhibitor: etoposide (ETO), the pro-oxidant: diethyl maleate (DEM) and the immunosuppressant: cyclosporine A (CsA) administered at an equitoxic dose to mouse embryonic stem cells. We observed major differences between the stressors in the number and identity of responsive phosphosites and the amplitude of phosphorylation. Kinase motif and pathway analyses indicated that the DNA damage response (DDR) activation by CDDP occurs predominantly through the replication-stress-related Atr kinase, whereas ETO triggers the DDR through Atr as well as the DNA double-strand-break-associated Atm kinase. CsA shares with ETO activation of CK2 kinase. Congruent with their known modes of action, CsA-mediated signaling is related to down-regulation of pathways that control hematopoietic differentiation and immunity, whereas oxidative stress is the most prominent initiator of DEM-modulated stress signaling. This study shows that even at equitoxic doses, different stressors induce distinctive and complex phosphorylation signaling cascades.
Beurteilung der Betreuung dementer Patienten im allgemeinärztlichen Hausbesuch
Authors: Lenz Fabian , Schübel Jeannine , Neumann Robert , Bergmann Antje , Voigt Karen 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDemenzpatienten (DP) sind eine besondere Herausforderung für das Gesundheitssystem. Auf sie entfallen 5 % der Gesamtausgaben im Gesundheitswesen. Die krankheitsbedingten Defizite und der damit verbundene Versorgungsbedarf führen dazu, dass viele Patienten nicht mehr in der eigenen Häuslichkeit leben können und auf die Versorgung in Pflegeheimen (PH) angewiesen sind.FragestellungWie wird die gesamtheitliche Betreuung von DP im Hausbesuch (HB) eingeschätzt?Hat die regionale Lage Einfluss auf die Wohnsituation bei DP?Material und MethodenIm Rahmen von SESAM‑5 wurden von 303 sächsischen Hausarztpraxen in einem Zeitraum von einem Jahr 4286 HB mittels Fragebogen dokumentiert und sowohl inhaltliche als auch strukturelle Merkmale erfasst.ErgebnisseDie Prävalenz von Demenz bei HB-Patienten betrug 27,5 %. Von diesen bewohnten 72,6 % ein PH oder betreutes Wohnen. Das medizinische Personal schätzte die gesamtheitliche Betreuung von DP im PH signifikant besser ein als in der eigenen Häuslichkeit. Diese Diskrepanz fiel im Vergleich von ländlichen und städtischen Gebieten noch deutlicher aus, obwohl in städtischen Gebieten signifikant mehr Patienten in PH wohnten (27 % vs. 51 %).DiskussionDie Betreuung dementer HB-Patienten wird vom versorgenden Personal überwiegend als gut eingeschätzt, wobei diese bei DP im PH vergleichsweise besser bewertet wird als in der eigenen Häuslichkeit. Dies kann durch einen hohen Versorgungsbedarf der DP erklärt werden. Der Kontrast zwischen ruralen und städtischen Gebieten ist durch infrastrukturelle, aber auch durch organisatorische Unterschiede in ländlichen Bereichen erklärbar, wo signifikant häufiger eine Mitbetreuung durch Angehörige erfolgt. Da bei DP kognitive Defizite im Vordergrund stehen, könnten alternative Wohnformen zukünftig mehr in den Fokus rücken.