bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of VIDAS® Immuno-Concentration Salmonella/VIDAS Salmonella Immunoassay Method for Detection of Salmonella in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Lepper Wendy A , Schultz Ann M , Curiale Michael S , Johnson Ronald L ,   Collaborators:, Agin J , Campbell S , Carver C , Cherney D , Copeland F , Ekholm D , Eklund C , Gangar V , Gardner F , Herbst K , High E , Kallstrom C , Lee J , Lucas J , Lyons W , Maselli M , Miele M , Muehlenkamp E , Muzzy T , Nutsch A , Parra G , Post L , Ryser E , Schultz A , Scorah C , Shebuski J , Shields J , Smith J , Smith M , Stawick B , Trefla J , Vasavada P C , Vought K , Williams J , Witt J , Woodruff T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The VIDAS Immuno-concentration Salmonella (ICS)/VIDAS Salmonella (SLM) immunoassay method for the detection of Salmonella was compared to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)/AOAC culture method in a collaborative study. Thirty-two laboratories participated in the evaluation. Each laboratory tested one or more of the 6 test products: milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg, soy flour, ground black pepper, and ground raw turkey. The 2 methods were in agreement for 1266 of the 1440 samples. Of the 174 samples not in agreement, 69 were VIDAS ICS/SLM-positive and BAM/AOAC-negative and 105 were VIDAS ICS/SLM-negative and BAM/AOAC-positive.
Multielement Analysis of Housewares and Other Food-Related Items by a 241Am Radioisotope X-Ray Fluorescence Transportable Spectrometer and Handheld Analyzers
Authors: Anderson David L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Radioisotopic X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (RXRFS) performed with an analyzer based on a 241Am excitation source was investigated as a potential field method for screening housewares for the presence of toxic elements. A compact system based on commercially available detection and multichannel analyzer components was used to measure surface concentrations of Au, Ba, Bi, Cd, Ce, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, La, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Zn, and Zr in a wide variety of housewares and other food-related items. Certified reference material solders, glasses, and paint films and well-characterized oven-fired test tile glazes, solders, and metal can seams were analyzed to determine element sensitivities and analytical limits and to demonstrate the accuracy of the instrument. With analysis times of 3–5 min, the analyzer demonstrated 3σ limits of detection of ≤100 μg/cm2 for elements with Z = 40–65 and Z &gt; 70. Very good accuracy was demonstrated for glaze and thin-sample analyses, whereas analysis was possible for solders and metal can seams with greater uncertainties (20–40%). Two commercially available handheld RXRFS analyzers, evaluated as part of the study, yielded results that agreed well with those obtained with the 241Am-based RXRFS system.
Effectiveness of Universal Pre-enrichment Broth for Recovery of Salmonella from Selected Dairy Foods
Authors: Hammack Thomas S , Amaguaña R Miguel , Johnson Mildred L , Andrews Wallace H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The relative efficiencies of 2 Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) pre-enrichments, lactose broth (LAC) and brilliant green water (BGW), were compared with Universal Pre-enrichment (UP) broth for the recovery of individual Salmonella serovars from instant nonfat dry milk (NFDM), dry whole milk (DWM), lactic casein (LC), and liquid whole milk (LWM). BGW was compared with UP broth for the analysis of NFDM and DWM but not with the other 2 matrixes. LAC was compared with UP broth for the analysis of LC and LWM. UP broth was made both from a commercial dehydrated preparation (UPC) and from individual ingredients (UPI). Bulk quantities of the selected dairy foods were inoculated with Salmonella serovars at levels intended to produce fractionally positive results, where at least half of the test portions analyzed, with one of the methods being evaluated, would be shown to be Salmonella-positive. For NFDM, in 6 of 9 experiments, with 2 different Salmonella serovars, BGW was significantly more productive than either UPI or UPC broth (p &lt; 0.05). Salmonella was recovered from 118 of 180 test portions with BGW, from 25 of 180 test portions with UPC, and from 14 of 180 test portions with UPI. For DWM, in 2 of 4 experiments, with 2 different Salmonella serovars, BGW was significantly more productive than either UPI or UPC broth (p &lt; 0.05). Salmonella was recovered from 67 of 80 test portions with BGW, from 36 of 80 test portions with UPC, and from 37 of 80 test portions with UPI. For LWM, in 9 of 9 experiments, with 3 different Salmonella serovars, there were no significant differences among the broths. Salmonella was recovered from 120 of 180 test portions with LAC, from 135 of 180 test portions with UPC, and from 129 of 180 test portions with UPI. For LC, in 5 of 7 experiments, with 2 different Salmonella serovars, both UPI and UPC broth were significantly more productive than LAC (p &lt; 0.05). Salmonella was recovered from 42 of 140 test portions with LAC, from 114 of 140 test portions with UPC, and from 114 of 140 test portions with UPI. In addition, overall results showed that UPC and UPI broths were equivalent for the recovery of Salmonella from the foods tested, without regard to their performance in comparison with either LAC or BGW.
Testing Green Coffee for Ochratoxin A, Part I: Estimation of Variance Components
Authors: Vargas Eugenia A , Whitaker Thomas B , Santos Eliene A , Slate Andrew B , Lima Francisco B , França Regina C A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The variability associated with testing lots of green coffee beans for ochratoxin A (OTA) was investigated. Twenty-five lots of green coffee were tested for OTA contamination. The total variance associated with testing green coffee was estimated and partitioned into sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances. All variances increased with an increase in OTA concentration. Using regression analysis, mathematical expressions were developed to model the relationship between OTA concentration and the total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances. The expressions for these relationships were used to estimate the variance for any sample size, subsample size, and number of analyses for a specific OTA concentration. Testing a lot with 5 μg/kg OTA using a 1 kg sample, Romer RAS mill, 25 g subsamples, and liquid chromatography analysis, the total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances were 10.75 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 65.6%), 7.80 (CV = 55.8%), 2.84 (CV = 33.7%), and 0.11 (CV = 6.6%), respectively. The total variance for sampling, sample preparation, and analytical were 73, 26, and 1%, respectively.
Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Apple Juice by Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection after Extraction by Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion
Authors: Hu Xiaozhong , Jianxin Yu , Zhigang Yan , Lansun Ni , Yanfei Lin , Peng Wang , Jing Li , Xin Huang , Xiaogang Chu , Yibin Zhang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A multiresidue method is described for the analysis of 106 multiclass pesticides (organochlorine, organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethroid, and triazine classes) in apple juice in a single injection. The determination procedure was based on matrix solid-phase dispersion of juice on diatomaceous earth in a glass column and subsequent extraction with a mixture of hexane–dichloromethane (1 + 1) at a flow rate of 5 mL/min. The analytes were determined by capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and confirmed by their retention times and ion ratios. The coefficients of variation for analysis of samples fortified over the range of 0.01–0.2 mg/kg were 1.62 to 18.4%, and the recoveries for all analytes were between 70 and 110%.
Determination of Egg Proteins in Snack Food and Noodles
Authors: Williams Kristina M , Westphal Carmen D , Shriver-Lake Lisa C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Egg is one of the 5 major allergenic foods that are responsible for more than 3/4 of food allergies in children. Food-allergic responses can be controlled by avoidance of the offending foods. The applicability of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit for the detection of egg in food products such as cookies, crackers, pretzels, salad dressings, and raw and cooked noodles was evaluated. A preliminary evaluation of an antibody-based biosensor was also performed. A National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) whole dried egg powder reference material, SRM 8415, was used as a standard. A homogeneous and stable aqueous egg suspension was prepared for the evaluation of the performance of the Veratox for Egg Allergen Test (Neogen Corp., Lansing, MI). This test does not detect egg yolk proteins. Each gram of the aqueous dried egg suspension contained 643 μg whole dried egg, 0.5 mg thimerosal, and 2.5 mg bovine serum albumin. When cookies, crackers, salad dressings, noodles, and ice cream were spiked at a level of 24 mg/kg SRM 8415, recoveries for whole egg averaged about 28%. All foods containing egg as indicated on the ingredient label were found positive by the Veratox test. No false positives occurred in samples that did not contain eggs. Similar results were obtained using the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) array biosensor, an evanescent wave fluoroimmunosensor. Results for cooked noodles showed that they contained &lt;1% of the egg found in uncooked noodles. A comparison of extracts from cooked and uncooked noodles by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) revealed differences in protein profiles. The boiling of the noodles could have reduced the immunoreactivity of the egg proteins to the antibodies used in the kit or rendered the egg proteins nonextractable.
A Double-Line Sequential Injection System for the Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Zinc in Waters
Authors: Morais Inês P A , Souto M Renata S , Rangel António O S S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A double-line sequential injection system was developed for the spectrophotometric determination of several metal ions in waters. The proposed double-line configuration was used to enable adding sample and chromogenic reagents as merging zones. The methodology was applied to the spectrophotometric determination of copper, iron, manganese, and zinc in samples of diverse origins at the range of 0.15–5.00, 0.10–10.0, 0.48–4.00, and 0.11–5.00 mg/L, respectively. Different chromogenic reagents and detection wavelengths were used. The chromogenic reagents for iron and manganese were 1,10-phenanthroline and formaldoxime, respectively. Copper and zinc were both determined using the analytical reagent zincon. Analytical characteristics of the methodology, such as manifold parameters, buffer pH, and reagent concentrations were optimized, and interference of some of the metal ions commonly present in water sample was assessed. Results of the analysis were in agreement with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Repeatability, expressed as the relative standard deviation for 10 consecutive injections of water samples, was lower than 6%. The determination rate was approximately 36/h.
Determination of Methylbenzoquate in Premixes and Animal Feeds Using Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Douša Michal , Lemr Karel , Stránský Zdeněk 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A rapid analytical procedure was developed and tested for routine identification and quantification of methylbenzoquate in feeds by liquid chromatography (LC). The ground feed samples were extracted using methanol–water (80 + 20, v/v) at 65°–70°C in a water bath for premixes and in dichloromethane at 45°C in a water bath for final feeds, respectively. The extract of final feeds was cleaned using solid-phase extraction on silica columns. Both the final feed and premix extracts were analyzed by reversed-phase LC on a NovaPak C18 column (3.9 × 150 mm; 4 μm) with methanol-acetonitrile-water-phosphoric acid (340 + 350 + 308 + 2, v/v) as mobile phase. Fluorescence detection was performed at excitation and emission wavelengths of 265 and 390 nm, respectively. Alternatively, post-column addition sulfuric acid solution was used to decrease the determination limit. The recovery of methylbenzoquate, in a concentration range of 0.5–10 mg/kg, was 105.0 ± 7.3%. The limit of quantitation, based on a signal-to-noise ratio of 10:1, was 48 μg/kg. The developed LC method was tested in an interlaboratory study. The interlaboratory repeatibility for both samples ranged from 7.1 to 10.6%; the interlaboratory reproducibility ranged from 11.7 to 15.2%. With the post-column addition of sulfuric acid, the limit of quantification was decreased by a factor of 50. Overall, the developed method is highly selective and can be used in routine analysis.
Determination of Flavonol Aglycones in Ginkgo biloba Dietary Supplement Crude Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Single Laboratory Validation
Authors: Gray Dean , Le Vanseler Kerri , Pan Meide 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A single laboratory validation (SLV) was completed for a method to determine the flavonol aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin in Ginkgo biloba products. The method calculates total glycosides based on these aglycones formed following acid hydrolysis. Nine matrixes were chosen for the study, including crude leaf material, standardized dry powder extract, single and multiple entity finished products, and ethanol and glycerol tinctures. For the 9 matrixes evaluated as part of this SLV, the method appeared to be selective and specific, with no observed interferences. The simplified 60 min oven heating hydrolysis procedure was effective for each of the matrixes studied, with no apparent or consistent differences between 60, 75, and 90 min at 90°C. A Youden ruggedness trial testing 7 factors with the potential to affect quantitative results showed that 2 factors (volume hydrolyzed and test sample extraction/hydrolysis weight) were the most important parameters for control during sample preparation. The method performed well in terms of precision, with 4 matrixes tested in triplicate over a 3-day period showing an overall repeatability (relative standard deviation, RSD) of 2.3%. Analysis of variance testing at α = 0.05 showed no significant differences among the within- or between-group sources of variation, although comparisons of within-day (Sw), between-day (Sb), and total (St) precision showed that a majority of the standard deviation came from within-day determinations for all matrixes. Accuracy testing at 2 levels (approximately 30 and 90% of the determined concentrations in standardized dry powder extract) from 2 complex negative control matrixes showed an overall 96% recovery and RSD of 1.0% for the high spike, and 94% recovery and RSD of 2.5% for the low spike. HorRat scores were within the limits for performance acceptability, ranging from 0.4 to 1.3. Based on the performance results presented herein, it is recommended that this method progress to the collaborative laboratory trial.
Single-Laboratory Validation for the Determination of Terpene Lactones in Ginkgo biloba Dietary Supplement Crude Materials and Finished Products by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light-Scattering Detection
Authors: Croom Edward , Pace Roberto , Paletti Andrea , Sardone Nicola , Gray Dean 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A single-laboratory validation was completed for a method to determine total terpene lactones in Ginkgo biloba products. The method determines terpene lactones on the basis of the main terpene lactones (Bilobalide, Ginkgolide A, Ginkgolide B, Ginkgolide C, and Ginkgolide J) by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection after extraction. Nine matrixes were chosen for study, including crude leaf material, standardized dry powder extract, single- and multiple-entity finished products, and alcohol and glycerin tinctures. The sample purification with prepacked columns allows selective extraction of the terpene lactones with no interferences from any matrix under study. A Youden ruggedness trial testing 7 instrumental and preparation factors with the potential to affect quantitative results showed that 2 factors (volume of the column elution solvent and pH of the diluent) were the most important parameters to control during sample preparation. The method performed well in terms of precision; 4 matrixes tested in triplicate over a 3-day period showed an overall repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD) of about 3%. HorRat values were within the limits for performance acceptability, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0. Analysis of variance testing at = 0.05 showed no significant differences among the within-or between-group sources of variation, although comparison of within-day, between-day, and total precision showed that most of the RSD came from within-day determinations except those for the Ginkgo dry extract (Gb-SLV-2). Accuracy testing at 4 concentration levels of terpene lactones obtained by spiking a negative control matrix at approximately 300, 750, 1500, and 2250 g/mL gave recoveries of about 91% for the 300 g/mL level, about 98% for the 750 g/mL level, about 99% for the 1500 g/mL level, and 97% for the 2250 g/mL level with an overall recovery of 96% and an RSD of 3.2%.
Precollaborative Study of the GeneQuence® Salmonella Assay Using 24-Hour Enrichment Protocols for Detection of Salmonella spp. in Select Foods
Authors: Alles Susan , Peng Xuan , Wendorf Michael , Mozola Mark 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
New enrichment protocols are described for use with a DNA hybridization (DNAH) method for detection of Salmonella spp. in select foods. GeneQuence® Salmonella, in its original version, utilized a 3-stage enrichment of minimum 42 h duration. New 2-stage procedures of 2428 h duration are described for raw poultry, raw beef, pasteurized egg products, milk chocolate, and dry pet food. In the validation study described here, a total of 345 samples were tested by the abbreviated DNAH method in parallel with either the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA/BAM) or U.S. Department of Agriculture-Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) reference culture procedures. Results showed an overall sensitivity for the DNAH method of 97.1% (false-negative rate 2.9%). There were no false-positive results by the DNAH method; therefore the specificity was 100%. Overall agreement between the DNAH and reference culture methods was 98.5%. There were no significant differences in performance between the DNAH and reference methods for any of the foods tested as determined by Chi-square analysis. It is recommended that the DNAH method be subjected to AOAC collaborative study.
Simultaneous Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ezetimibe and Simvastatin in Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Oliveira Paulo Renato , Barth Thiago , Todeschini Vitor , Dalmora Sérgio luiz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of ezetimibe and simvastatin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The LC method was carried out on a Synergi fusion C18 column (150 mm 4.6 mm id) maintained at 45C. The mobile phase consisted of phosphate buffer 0.03 M, pH 4.5acetonitrile (35 + 65, v/v) run at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, and detection was made using a photodiode array detector at 234 nm. The chromatographic separation was obtained within 15.0 min, and calibration graphs were linear in the concentration range of 0.5200 g/mL. Validation parameters such as specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness were evaluated, giving results within the acceptable range for both compounds. Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied for the routine quality control analysis of pharmaceutical products.
Event-Specific Qualitative and Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods for Detection of Genetically Modified Rapeseed Ms8Rf3 Based on the Right Border Junctions
Authors: Wu Gang , Wu Yuhua , Xiao Ling , Lu Changming 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ms8Rf3 is a genetically modified rapeseed hybrid which is widely cultivated in Canada and exported to some other countries for production of foodstuffs or fodder. In this study, the genomic sequences flanking the right borders of the integrated transgenic sequences in the Ms8Rf3 genome were characterized and showed high similarities with the bacterial artificial chromosome clone of Chinese cabbage. Event-specific qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods were established with the primers and probes targeting the junction regions to produce a 123 base pair (bp) product for the Ms8 event and 92 bp for the Rf3 event. The absolute detection limit of qualitative PCR was 2.5 initial template copies for the Ms8 event and 50 copies for the Rf3 event. Quantitiative detection methods were established, with the absolute quantification limit being approximately 25 initial template copies.
Comparison of Standard Moisture Loss-on-Drying Methods for the Determination of Moisture Content of Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Ileleji Klein E , Garcia Arnoldo A , Kingsly Ambrose R P , Clementson Clairmont L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study quantified the variability among 14 standard moisture loss-on-drying (gravimetric) methods for determination of the moisture content of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The methods were compared with the Karl Fischer (KF) titration method to determine their percent variation from the KF method. Additionally, the thermo-balance method using a halogen moisture analyzer that is routinely used in fuel ethanol plants was included in the methods investigated. Moisture contents by the loss-on-drying methods were significantly different for DDGS samples from three fuel ethanol plants. The percent deviation of the moisture loss-on-drying methods decreased with decrease in drying temperature and, to a lesser extent, drying time. This was attributed to an overestimation of moisture content in DDGS due to the release of volatiles at high temperatures. Our findings indicate that the various methods that have been used for moisture determination by moisture loss-on-drying will not give identical results and therefore, caution should be exercised when selecting a moisture loss-on-drying method for DDGS.
Evaluation of Different Machines Used to Quantify Genetic Modification by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Allnutt Theodore R , Ayadi Mira , Berben Gilbert , Brodmann Peter , Lee David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Quantification of genetic modification (GM) is often undertaken to test for compliance with the European Union GM labeling threshold in food. Different control laboratories will often use common validated methods, but with different models of real-time PCR machines. We performed two separate ring trials to evaluate the relative precision and accuracy of different types of real-time PCR machines used to quantify the concentration of GM maize. Both trials used dual-labeled fluorogenic probes for quantification. The first ring trial used separate GM and reference assays (a single fluorescence channel), and the second used a combined duplex assay (two simultaneous fluorescence channels). Five manufacturers and seven modelsincluding a 96-well microtiter-plate, rotary, and portable machineswere examined. In one trial, the machine used had a significant effect on precision, but in the other it did not. Overall, the degree of variation due to the machine model was lower than other factors. No significant repeatable difference in accuracy was observed between machine models. It was not possible to use sufficient replication of machine type in each laboratory to examine all sources of variation in this study, but the results strongly indicate that factors other than machine type or manufacturer (e.g., method or laboratory) contribute more to variation in a GM quantification result.