bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended perfusion protocol for MS lesion quantification
Authors: Kontopodis Eleftherios , Marias Kostas , Manikis Georgios C. , Nikiforaki Katerina , Venianaki Maria , Maris Thomas G. , Mastorodemos Vasileios , Papadakis Georgios Z. , Papadaki Efrosini 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study aims to examine a time-extended dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) protocol and report a comparative study with three different pharmacokinetic (PK) models, for accurate determination of subtle blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This time-extended DCE-MRI perfusion protocol, called Snaps, was applied on 24 active demyelinating lesions of 12 MS patients. Statistical analysis was performed for both protocols through three different PK models. The Snaps protocol achieved triple the window time of perfusion observation by extending the magnetic resonance acquisition time by less than 2 min on average for all patients. In addition, the statistical analysis in terms of adj-R
2 goodness of fit demonstrated that the Snaps protocol outperformed the conventional DCE-MRI protocol by detecting 49% more pixels on average. The exclusive pixels identified from the Snaps protocol lie in the low k
trans range, potentially reflecting areas with subtle BBB disruption. Finally, the extended Tofts model was found to have the highest fitting accuracy for both analyzed protocols. The previously proposed time-extended DCE protocol, called Snaps, provides additional temporal perfusion information at the expense of a minimal extension of the conventional DCE acquisition time.
The will of young minors in the terminal stage of sickness: A case report
Authors: Fedeli Piergiorgio , Giorgetti Sergio , Cannovo Nunzia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In Italy, both parents have parental responsibility, so they have the power to give or withhold consent to medical procedures on their children.

Methods
The present work reports the case of a 5-year-old boy diagnosed with neuroblastoma in the right adrenal loggia, who underwent several chemotherapy treatments that prolonged his life until the age of 10. Informed consent for treatments was requested exclusively of the parents, without taking into consideration the minor’s will, not even when he asked for increased pain relief medication instead of other palliative treatments.

Results
The authors thought it interesting to examine the case in the light of new Italian legislation on informed consent and to verify whether it promotes greater participation of minors in healthcare choices, given that the issue of acquisition of informed consent is becoming increasingly broad and complex.

Conclusion
The case examined here indicates that current Italian legislation, even including the modifications introduced, does not allow for concrete and active participation of minors, especially those under the age of 12, in the discussion of choices about their health, not even in choices regarding the end of life, and not even when the minor manifests a mature capacity for discernment.
Identification of the hub genes RUNX2 and FN1 in gastric cancer
Authors: Han Chao , Jin Lei , Ma Xuemei , Hao Qin , Lin Huajun , Zhang Zhongtao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
This study identified key genes in gastric cancer (GC) based on the mRNA microarray GSE19826 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and preliminarily explored the relationships among the key genes.

Methods
Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained using the GEO2R tool. The functions and pathway enrichment of the DEGs were analyzed using the Enrichr database. Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) were established by STRING. A lentiviral vector was constructed to silence RUNX2 expression in MGC-803 cells. The expression levels of RUNX2 and FN1 were measured. The influences of RUNX2 and FN1 on overall survival (OS) were determined using the Kaplan–Meier plotter online tool.

Results
In total, 69 upregulated and 65 downregulated genes were identified. Based on the PPI network of the DEGs, 20 genes were considered hub genes. RUNX2 silencing significantly downregulated the FN1 expression in MGC-803 cells. High expression of RUNX2 and low expression of FN1 were associated with long survival time in diffuse, poorly differentiated, and lymph node-positive GC.

Conclusion
High RUNX2 and FN1 expression were associated with poor OS in patients with GC. RUNX2 can negatively regulate the secretion of FN1, and both genes may serve as promising targets for GC treatment.
Is Access Enough? Interrogating the Influence of Money and Power in Shaping Information
Authors: Perry Heather Brodie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAccess to information encourages innovation and leads to participation in society of individuals. The emergence of Open Access supports the inclusion of all, including the voices of the traditionally marginalized, yet access alone is insufficient to enable consumers to effectively use information. Power structures can influence the information available and silence opposing viewpoints. Industry disinformation can influence viewpoints and shape policy in ways that can be detrimental to individuals and the community. Information consumers may not possess the competence required to navigate the complex information ecosystem to find the accurate, high-quality, resources required to meet their need. Libraries have a role in assisting consumers develop the critical evaluation capabilities essential to the exercise of informed skepticism when evaluating truth claims. Access is essential; however, without the knowledge to determine the quality and validity of information, a consumer can be misled in ways that can cause harm to themselves and society.
The YouTube Algorithm and the Alt-Right Filter Bubble
Authors: Bryant Lauren Valentino 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe YouTube algorithm is a combination of programmed directives from engineers along with learned behaviors that have evolved through the opaque process of machine learning which makes the algorithm’s directives and programming hard to understand. Independent tests to replicate the algorithm have shown that the algorithm has a strong bias towards right-leaning politics videos, including those racist views expressed by the alt-right community. While the algorithm seems to be pushing users towards the alt-right video content merely in an attempt to keep users in a cycle of video watching, the end result makes YouTube a powerful recruiting tool for Neo-Nazis and the alt-right. The filter bubble effect that this creates pushes users into a loop that reinforces radicalism instead of level-headed factual resources.
Pulp and paper industry wastewater treatment: use of microbes and their enzymes
Authors: Ram Chhotu , Rani Pushpa , Gebru Kibrom Alebel , Mariam Abrha Mebrhit G 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPulp and paper industry is coming under one of the most water polluting industries, and generated wastewater is highly toxic in nature. The paper mill requires huge quantity (~50–60 m3of water to produce one ton of paper) of water, and accordingly huge quantity of chemical contaminated wastewater is discharged. The paper mill effluents have identified 240–250 chemicals in different stages of paper making. Various chemical constituents such as high chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, AOX, chlorinated compounds, color, suspended materials, lignin and their derivatives are released in the wastewater. The present review study is focused on the paper mill processes, wastewater generation and its effective treatment by microorganisms. The biological treatment has been identified as cost-effective and eco-friendly methods for the degradation of xenobiotic compounds for paper mill wastewater. Various studies have been performed so far to investigate the complex nature of wastewater by the application of bacteria, fungi and their enzymes at industrial scale. Therefore, the article discussed the importance of biological method as an effective technique for the degradation of paper mill wastewater.
Sounds in the classroom: Auditory context-dependent memory in school-aged children
Authors: Ostendorf Anna L. , Schlüter Helge , Hackländer Ryan P. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractContext-dependent memory (CDM) is the effect whereby information is retrieved more accurately in the presence of the contextual information that was present during encoding than in the absence of that contextual information. Most previous CDM experiments have focused on spatial location, but contexts such as sights, smells, and sounds have also been shown to be effective mnemonic cues, although the research is more limited. In relation to auditory contexts, much of the previous research has focused on music and on adults. We were interested in determining whether auditory CDM effects could be found in a classroom setting in school-aged children using background noises. Across two experiments we found that the reinstatement of the auditory context improved memory performance for 2nd, 3rd, and 5th grade students. Sounds, not just musical pieces, are stored in memory and can be effective contextual mnemonic cues. Further, (auditory) CDM effects can be found in young children. Teachers should be aware of the influence of contextual auditory cues in the classroom setting, and how this information is stored along with the focus of the teaching lesson.
Erzeugung künstlicher Datensätze zum Training konvolutionaler neuronaler Netze für die spektrale Entmischung
Authors: Anastasiadis Johannes , Benzing Philipp , Puente León Fernando 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der Daten zum Training von künstlichen neuronalen Netzen für die spektrale Entmischung erzeugt werden. Dies hat den Vorteil, dass nur Spektren der beteiligten Reinstoffe und, je nach verwendetem Modell, wenige Mischspektren zur Bestimmung der Parameter an realen Daten zur Verfügung stehen müssen. Daraus können mit Hilfe von Mischmodellen, die auch direkt zur Entmischung herangezogen werden können, große Mengen an Spektren zum Trainieren erzeugt werden. Im Gegensatz zum direkten Einsatz der Mischmodelle, wo von einem Spektrum pro Reinstoff ausgegangen wird, wird hier die Spektrenvariabilität berücksichtigt, indem unterschiedliche Spektren desselben Reinstoffs genutzt werden. Dabei wird die Eigenschaft künstlicher neuronaler Netze ausgenutzt, aussagekräftige Merkmale auf Basis großer Datenmengen lernen zu können.
An Amuletic Papyrus from Theban Tomb 233 and the Four

Akh-spirits
Authors: Ockinga Boyo G. , Fischer-Elfert Hans-Werner 
Published: June 2020

Summary
Publication of an amuletic papyrus of the early post-Ramesside Period found in the tomb of Saroy (TT233) invoking the protection of the four akh-spirits. The text, which is the earliest attested to specify the names of the spirits, is analysed in the context of the known parallel texts and of the references to the four spirits.
Priests Petitioning the Police (P.Brit.Mus. EA 10650)
Authors: Winkler Andreas 
Published: June 2020

Summary
The article contains the edition and discussion of a rarely encountered form of petition (ꜥn-smy) from the Ptolemaic Fayum, which today is kept by the British Museum in London. The text was submitted by a lesonis of Soknebtunis to the chief of police in Mouchis. The document concerns a dispute between two priests from two different localities, Kerkeneith and Tebtunis, over agricultural lands and a harvest. The text is not only an addition to the small corpus of such petitions but also informs about juridical, economic, and religious life in the Fayum under the Ptolemies. It furthermore sheds light on business connections among members of various crocodile priesthoods in the Fayum.
Shock-tube study of the decomposition of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane
Authors: Sela Paul , Peukert Sebastian , Herzler Jürgen , Schulz Christof , Fikri Mustapha 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Shock-tube experiments have been performed to investigate the thermal decomposition of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4, Si4O4C8H24) and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3, Si3O3C6H18) behind reflected shock waves by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and high-repetition-rate time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HRR-TOF-MS) in a temperature range of 1160–1600 K and a pressure range of 1.3–2.6 bar. The main observed stable products were methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), ethane (C2H6), acetylene (C2H2) and in the case of D4 pyrolysis, also D3 was measured as a product in high concentration. A kinetics sub-mechanism accounting for the D4 and D3 gas-phase chemistry was devised, which consists of 19 reactions and 15 Si-containing species. The D4/D3 submechanism was combined with the AramcoMech 2.0 (Li et al., Proc. Combust. Inst. 2017, 36, 403–411) to describe hydrocarbon chemistry. The unimolecular rate coefficients for D4 and D3 decomposition are represented by the Arrhenius expressions k
total/D4(T) = 2.87 × 1013 exp(−273.2 kJ mol−1/RT) s−1 and k
total/D3(T) = 9.19 × 1014 exp(−332.0 kJ mol−1/RT) s−1, respectively.
10 Tips for strategic public relations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sévigny Alex , Lamonica Tristan 
Published: June 2020

This practical paper enumerates 10 tips for strategic communciations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Driven by data, the tips focus on knowing your audience, having empathy for what they are going through and having an understanding of how people’s perception of the relative value of mainstream media and social media as information sources has changed during the pandemic crisis. The paper emerged from a podcast interview organized by Dave Scholz at Léger with Alex Sévigny which focused on the rise of social media that happened during the pandemic, caused by the widespread and sudden movement to working from home across the economy.
©Journal of Professional Communication, all rights reserved.
The Reuniens and Rhomboid Nuclei Are Required for Acquisition of Pavlovian Trace Fear Conditioning in Rats
Authors: Lin Yu-Ju , Chiou Ruei-Jen , Chang Chun-hui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe reuniens (Re) and rhomboid (Rh) nuclei (ReRh) of the midline thalamus interconnects the hippocampus (HPC) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Several studies have suggested that the ReRh participates in various cognitive tasks. However, little is known about the contribution of the ReRh in Pavlovian trace fear conditioning, a procedure with a temporal gap between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US), and therefore making it harder for the animals to acquire. Because the HPC and mPFC are involved in trace, but not delay, fear conditioning and given the role of the ReRh in mediating this neurocircuitry, we hypothesized that ReRh inactivation leads to a learning deficit only in trace conditioning. In a series of experiments, we first examined the c-Fos expression in male Long–Evans rats and established that the ReRh was recruited in the encoding, but not the retrieval phase, of fear memory. Next, we performed behavioral pharmacology experiments and found that ReRh inactivation impaired only the acquisition, but not the consolidation or retrieval, of trace fear. However, although the ReRh was recruited during the encoding of delay fear demonstrated by c-Fos results, ReRh inactivation in any phases did not interfere with delay conditioning. Finally, we found that trace fear acquired under ReRh inactivation reprised when the ReRh was brought off-line during retrieval. Together, our data revealed the essential role of the ReRh in a learning task with temporally discontinuous stimuli.
Identification of Mouse Claustral Neuron Types Based on Their Intrinsic Electrical Properties
Authors: Graf Martin , Nair Aditya , Wong Kelly L.L. , Tang Yanxia , Augustine George J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough its dense connections with other brain areas suggests that the claustrum is involved in higher-order brain functions, little is known about the properties of claustrum neurons. Using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in acute brain slices of mice, we characterized the intrinsic electrical properties of more than 300 claustral neurons and used unsupervised clustering of these properties to define distinct cell types. Differences in intrinsic properties permitted separation of interneurons (INs) from projection neurons (PNs). Five subtypes of PNs could be further identified by differences in their adaptation of action potential (AP) frequency and amplitude, as well as their AP firing variability. Injection of retrogradely transported fluorescent beads revealed that PN subtypes differed in their projection targets: one projected solely to subcortical areas while three out of the remaining four targeted cortical areas. INs expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) formed a heterogenous group. PV-INs were readily distinguishable from VIP-INs and SST-INs, while the latter two were clustered together. To distinguish IN subtypes, an artificial neural network was trained to distinguish the properties of PV-INs, SST-INs, and VIP-INs, as independently identified through their expression of marker proteins. A user-friendly, machine-learning tool that uses intrinsic electrical properties to distinguish these eight different types of claustral cells was developed to facilitate implementation of our classification scheme. Systematic classification of claustrum neurons lays the foundation for future determinations of claustrum circuit function, which will advance our understanding of the role of the claustrum in brain function.
Functional glucosamine-iron oxide nanocarriers
Authors: Rivera Luis M. R. , Machado Julhyana G. , Chandra Mathpal Mohan , Chaves Natalia L. , Gregurec Danijela , Báo Sônia N. , Paterno Leonardo G. , Moya Sergio E. , Azevedo Ricardo B. , Soler Maria A. G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Uremic Toxic Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Mediated by AhR Activation Leads to Cognitive Impairment during Experimental Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Bobot Mickaël , Thomas Laurent , Moyon Anaïs , Fernandez Samantha , McKay Nathalie , Balasse Laure , Garrigue Philippe , Brige Pauline , Chopinet Sophie , Poitevin Stéphane , Cérini Claire , Brunet Philippe , Dignat-George Françoise , Burtey Stéphane , Guillet Benjamin , Hache Guillaume 
Published: June 2020

Significance Statement
Uremic toxicity may play a role in the elevated risk of developing cognitive impairment observed in patients with CKD. Some uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate, are agonists of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The authors found that cognitive impairment in three models of CKD in rats is correlated with serum levels of indoxyl sulfate as well as blood-brain barrier disruption as detected by SPECT/CT imaging. Using AhR−/− knockout mice, the authors described for the first time that indoxyl sulfate–induced activation of AhR is responsible for blood-brain barrier disruption. These findings demonstrate that blood-brain barrier disruption seems to be an important mechanism involved in cognitive impairment in the context of CKD and that AhR may be a promising therapeutic target to prevent cognitive impairment in CKD.

Background
Uremic toxicity may play a role in the elevated risk of developing cognitive impairment found among patients with CKD. Some uremic toxins, like indoxyl sulfate, are agonists of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is widely expressed in the central nervous system and which we previously identified as the receptor of indoxyl sulfate in endothelial cells.

Methods
To characterize involvement of uremic toxins in cerebral and neurobehavioral abnormalities in three rat models of CKD, we induced CKD in rats by an adenine-rich diet or by 5/6 nephrectomy; we also used AhR−/− knockout mice overloaded with indoxyl sulfate in drinking water. We assessed neurologic deficits by neurobehavioral tests and blood-brain barrier disruption by SPECT/CT imaging after injection of 99mTc-DTPA, an imaging marker of blood-brain barrier permeability.

Results
In CKD rats, we found cognitive impairment in the novel object recognition test, the object location task, and social memory tests and an increase of blood-brain barrier permeability associated with renal dysfunction. We found a significant correlation between 99mTc-DTPA content in brain and both the discrimination index in the novel object recognition test and indoxyl sulfate concentrations in serum. When we added indoxyl sulfate to the drinking water of rats fed an adenine-rich diet, we found an increase in indoxyl sulfate concentrations in serum associated with a stronger impairment in cognition and a higher permeability of the blood-brain barrier. In addition, non-CKD AhR−/− knockout mice were protected against indoxyl sulfate–induced blood-brain barrier disruption and cognitive impairment.

Conclusions
AhR activation by indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin, leads to blood-brain barrier disruption associated with cognitive impairment in animal models of CKD.
Modernización del bioterio de producción del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel”
Authors: Moya-Acosta Manuel , Esteves-Guerra Carmen , Sifones-Díaz Freddy , Fernández Rafael 
Published: June 2020

Propósito: el uso de animales para investigaciones biomédicas y producción de reactivos, requiere del cumplimiento de estrictas normas internacionales estandarizadas, para garantizar resultados experimentales confiables, reproducibles y comparables. El bioterio de producción del Instituto Nacional de Higiene “Rafael Rangel” (INHRR) presentaba fallas en su infraestructura, con equipos que habían superado su tiempo de vida útil, cuyo mantenimiento deficiente y ausencia de reposición, resultaban en mayor concentración de amoníaco, incremento de la humedad relativa por encima del 70 % y malos olores concomitantes.
Temas: en 2016 se decidió la ejecución de un Plan de Desarrollo de la Planta Física de 1200 m2, con la finalidad de adecuar sus instalaciones mejorar las condiciones sanitarias y optimizar los procesos y flujos a efecto de para garantizar la calidad, cantidad y el manejo adecuado de los animales empleados como sustratos biológicos.
Desarrollo: a partir del estudio y evaluación de posibles alternativas, la edificación fue modificada en su infraestructura, acabados, redistribución de servicios, incorporación de equipos de tecnología de punta, y sistemas de ventilación y bioseguridad, en cumplimiento de las Normas COVENIN e ISO 9001:2015.
Conclusiones: la infraestructura y barreras sanitarias que fueron creadas o modificadas, permiten el flujo unidireccional para el ingreso en áreas limpias y la separación efectiva de estos espacios, con el área de lavado, garantizando mayor seguridad en el núcleo de fundación, de acuerdo con las normas internacionales para la producción de animales de laboratorio. Así, el bioterio pasó de la clasificación microbiológica de Animales Convencionales a la condición de Animales Convencionales controlados con Barreras Sanitarias.