bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of long solids retention time activated sludge process for rural residential community
Authors: Campbell Ken , Wang Jianmin , Tucker Robert , Struemph Chris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost rural communities in the United States are facing increasingly rigorous effluent criteria, especially ammonia, for their wastewater treatment facilities. A new baffled bioreactor (BBR) technology, which employs a preanoxic activated sludge process operated with a long solids retention time (SRT), was installed in a small community in Missouri to address the more stringent effluent limits. In a recent full‐year normal operation cycle (2018), the average effluent concentrations of BOD5, TSS, and ammonia‐nitrogen were 3.2, 2.2, and 0.5 mg/L, respectively, with removal efficiencies of 96%, 85%, and 98%, respectively. All these parameters were significantly better than their respective permit limits. The long SRT afforded an enhanced factor of safety for the process, conferring the ability to nitrify at sustained ambient temperatures as low as −22°C. Long SRT also resulted in significant reductions in waste sludge production, resulting in dramatically reduced operational costs for sludge handling. Ultimately, the long SRT activated sludge process afforded the ability to meet stringent effluent quality standards including ammonia and the numerous unique challenges that are inherent to small flows.Practitioner points

Small community hydraulic and mass loadings are highly variable and difficult to quantify during facility design.

A long SRT activated sludge process warrants superior performance and enhanced factor of safety.

The long SRT process with preanoxic zones generated no excess sludge during the extended operation period, significantly simplifying plant operation.

Long SRT process is well suited to accommodate wastewater variability associated with small communities while maintaining superior treatment quality.
Personal Narrative: Out of the Mikvah, into the World
Authors: Mirvis Tova 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this personal essay, Tova Mirvis describes her religious evolution concerning the Jewish ritual of mikvah, or women’s immersion into a bath to attain a state of ritual purity. Her initiation begins before her wedding night, when she is accompanied by her mother to the mikvah to be purified before having sex for the first time. The practice continues each month, at the conclusion of her menstrual period. As the years go by, Mirvis begins to experience doubt about her religious observance in general and adherence to the practice of mikvah in particular, chafing at the requirement to ‘cleanse’ herself monthly. Mirvis writes that her discomfort over time leads her to experiment with other forms of ritual immersion and, eventually, she leaves the religious world that had been so central to her.
(In)Visible Bleeding: The Menstrual Concealment Imperative
Authors: Wood Jill M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWood offers a new conceptual framework, “the menstrual concealment imperative”, to explain how women’s internalization of menstrual discourse contributes to their disembodiment and self-objectification through menstrual “management”. This chapter critiques the medical system and menstrual hygiene industry for the (bio)medicalization of menstruation that establishes women as diseased and as unable to know their bodies. Wood suggests that women’s vigilance about menstrual concealment is not freely chosen, but a required self-disciplinary practice rooted in menstrual discourse that characterizes menstruation as stigmatized, taboo, and therefore shrouded in secrecy. The concealment imperative is a form of social control and a body project that keeps women disembodied and objectified. As a conceptual tool it has implications to understand the various ways that women’s bodies are regulated both at individual and social levels.
“You Will Find Out When the Time Is Right”: Boys, Men, and Menstruation
Authors: Erchull Mindy J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews the scant amount of research that exists about the relationship that boys and men—who are not menstruators—have with menstruation. In looking at this relationship, Erchull sheds light on how boys and men learn about menstruation, what they actually know about it, and what beliefs and attitudes they hold about both menstruation and menstruators. The author pays special attention to fathers and the role they can play in educating their children about menstruation. Erchull concludes that, while there are still many questions and much to be learned, the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes that boys and men hold about menstruation influence them in their interactions with menstruators.
Policy and Practice Pathways to Addressing Menstrual Stigma and Discrimination
Authors: Patkar Archana 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Patkar traces the efforts in various countries to break the silence and stigma surrounding menstruation and to develop national policies on menstrual hygiene. She argues that changes in social norms, institutions, and behaviors linked to taboo topics are best facilitated by simple, evidence-based policies anchored in voice and participation. She asserts that men are willing and essential agents of change for gender equality when presented with pragmatic problems and implementable solutions. Basic noncontroversial and essential services and infrastructure, such as taps and toilets, serve as powerful entry points to articulating, exploring, and addressing wider gender and exclusion issues. Drawing on her experiences working with governments in Africa and Asia and reflecting on her journey over the past decades, Patkar outlines a methodology and pathway to transform the silence around menstruation into policy and action.
Bleeding in Jail: Objectification, Self-Objectification, and Menstrual Injustice
Authors: Roberts Tomi-Ann 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this first-person recollection, Roberts describes in frank detail an expert witness in a civil rights case on behalf of former inmates subjected to a strip and body cavity search in a women's jail. As Roberts relates, the procedure was monitored by female deputies and conducteden masse, and those who were menstruating had to remove their soiled tampons or pads in front of the group and, in some cases, bleed down their legs and onto the floor. Deputies are alleged to have verbally abused the inmates during the procedure. This case, Roberts says, has opened her eyes to the ways the shame and disgust that menstruation engenders gets deployed to debase disenfranchised women. Roberts asserts that this is a uniquely misogynist form of punishment, meted out by and against bodies and minds that have been colonized by objectification and self-objectification, becoming a grotesque platform to dehumanize women who land on the wrong side of the law and who live in bodies that menstruate.
The Messy Politics of Menstrual Activism
Authors: Bobel Chris , Fahs Breanne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, Bobel and Fahs first describe a brief history of menstrual activism alongside its more recent iterations in both policy and radical social activism. They review the collective call to reduce stigma and shame around menstruation as part of the enduring project of loosening the social control of women’s bodies. The authors then turn to an analysis of menstrual humor, menstrual art, and menstrual activism today, respectively. This is followed by an examination of the hazards and possibilities of doing menstrual activist work, including politics of menstrual language and the trivializations and hostilities that can plague this work. Finally, Bobel and Fahs offer a politically charged outline for the future of menstrual activism.
Transnational Engagements: Women’s Experiences of Menopause
Authors: Perianes Milena Bacalja , Kissling Elizabeth Arveda 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Perianes and Kissling examine informal interviews about menopause experiences and discourse conducted among participants in four nations: British-Iranian Shardi Nahavandi interviewed her Persian mother; Swetha Sridhar interviewed her mother and grandmother, all currently from different regions of India; Ursula Maschette Santos spoke with three women from her community in São Paulo, Brazil; and Jennifer Poole conducted a focus group discussion with 17 participants of the NGO Medical Services Pacific in Fiji, which included six men. Noting that each nation and community has its own norms and traditions, the authors find common themes of ambivalence around aging, community silence about menopause, and insufficient education or preparation for the menopause transition.
Superorganisms of the Protist Kingdom: A New Level of Biological Organization
Authors: Lamża Łukasz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe concept of superorganism has a mixed reputation in biology—for some it is a convenient way of discussing supra-organismal levels of organization, and for others, little more than a poetic metaphor. Here, I show that a considerable step forward in the understanding of superorganisms results from a thorough review of the supra-organismal levels of organization now known to exist among the “unicellular” protists. Limiting the discussion to protists has enormous advantages: their bodies are very well studied and relatively simple (as compared to humans or termites, two standard examples in most discussions about superorganisms), and they exhibit an enormous diversity of anatomies and lifestyles. This allows for unprecedented resolution in describing forms of supra-organismal organization. Here, four criteria are used to differentiate loose, incidental associations of hosts with their microbiota from “actual” superorganisms: (1) obligatory character, (2) specific spatial localization of microbiota, (3) presence of attachment structures and (4) signs of co-evolution in phylogenetic analyses. Three groups—that have never before been described in the philosophical literature—merit special attention: Symbiontida (also called Postgaardea), Oxymonadida and Parabasalia. Specifically, it is argued that in certain cases—forBihospites bacatiandCalkinsia aureus(symbiontids),Streblomastix strix(an oxymonad),Joenia annectensandMixotricha paradoxa(parabasalids) andKentrophoros(a ciliate)—it is fully appropriate to describe the whole protist-microbiota assocation as a single organism (“superorganism”) and its elements as “tissues” or, arguably, even “organs”. To account for this level of biological complexity, I propose the term “structured superorganism”.
Finite Element Error Estimates on Geometrically Perturbed Domains
Authors: Minakowski Piotr , Richter Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe develop error estimates for the finite element approximation of elliptic partial differential equations on perturbed domains, i.e. when the computational domain does not match the real geometry. The result shows that the error related to the domain can be a dominating factor in the finite element discretization error. The main result consists of $$H^1$$

H
1

- and $$L^2$$

L
2

-error estimates for the Laplace problem. Theoretical considerations are validated by a computational example.
Use of translational modeling and simulation for quantitative comparison of PF-06804103, a new generation HER2 ADC, with Trastuzumab-DM1
Authors: Betts Alison , Clark Tracey , Jasper Paul , Tolsma John , van der Graaf Piet H. , Graziani Edmund I. , Rosfjord Edward , Sung Matthew , Ma Dangshe , Barletta Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA modeling and simulation approach was used for quantitative comparison of a new generation HER2 antibody drug conjugate (ADC, PF-06804103) with trastuzumab-DM1 (T-DM1). To compare preclinical efficacy, the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship of PF-06804103 and T-DM1 was determined across a range of mouse tumor xenograft models, using a tumor growth inhibition model. The tumor static concentration was assigned as the minimal efficacious concentration. PF-06804103 was concluded to be more potent than T-DM1 across cell lines studied. TSCs ranged from 1.0 to 9.8 µg/mL (n = 7) for PF-06804103 and from 4.7 to 29 µg/mL (n = 5) for T-DM1. Two experimental models which were resistant to T-DM1, responded to PF-06804103 treatment. A mechanism-based target mediated drug disposition (TMDD) model was used to predict the human PK of PF-06804103. This model was constructed and validated based on T-DM1 which has non-linear PK at doses administered in the clinic, driven by binding to shed HER2. Non-linear PK is predicted for PF-06804103 in the clinic and is dependent upon circulating HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) concentrations. The models were translated to human and suggested greater efficacy for PF-06804103 compared to T-DM1. In conclusion, a fit-for-purpose translational PK/PD strategy for ADCs is presented and used to compare a new generation HER2 ADC with T-DM1.
Can Individual Agency Compensate for Background Disadvantage? Predicting Tertiary Educational Attainment among Males and Females
Authors: Schoon Ingrid , Cook Rose 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAdolescent agency has been identified as a central aspect in the study of social mobility and status attainment. There is however still a lack of understanding of (a) how different SES dimensions influence the expression of multiple dimensions of agency; (b) the interplay of SES and adolescent agency in shaping adult outcomes; and (c) variations in these associations by gender. Focusing on educational mobility, this study adopts a multiple exposure multiple outcome approach specifying the associations between multiple SES dimensions and multiple indicators of domain-specific agency and their relative role as predictors of educational attainment, also testing for potential gender differences. The study draws on data collected for the nationally representative Longitudinal Study of Young People in England, comprising 6719 individuals born in 1989/90 (48% female; 85% first generation students; 15% ethnic minority status). The findings show that multiple SES indicators independently influence the expression of different agency dimensions, in particular regarding educational intentions and success expectations. Moreover, multiple dimensions of education-related agency are significant predictors of enrolment in university by age 20 and degree completion by age 25, after controlling for family SES, ethnicity, and prior academic attainment. The evidence points to mainly independent agency effects and provides some support for compensatory effects regarding school engagement. Although females report higher levels of education-related agency, the manifestation of agency benefits both males and females equally. The findings suggest that critical insights into social mobility processes can be gained when using more complex models that take into account multiple dimensions of SES and agency and their interactions over time.
Urban flooding in Britain: an approach to comparing ancient and contemporary flood exposure
Authors: O’Shea T. E. , Lewin J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing modified UK Environment Agency Flood Estimation Handbook techniques, inundation extent and likely flood hydrographs for 0.1% probability annual return periods are compared for twelve Roman town sites in the UK, both at the present day and for simulated Roman catchment conditions. Eight of the study sites appear to have suffered minimal urban flood liability as occupied in the Roman period. The exceptions were Canterbury, York, Leicester, and Chichester. It is reasonable to expect flood characteristics to have changed subsequently in response to transformations in catchment land use, urban expansion, wetland reclamation, and floodway engineering. However, modelling results suggest limited differences in flood flows attributable to such factors. Greater present-day urban damage liability essentially results from floodplain urban extension. There are also contrasts between sites: those Roman towns lying on floodplains themselves, rather than on slightly elevated terraces (Canterbury, Chichester), are dominated by groundwater regimes with attenuated flood peaks. Taken together, these results suggest some Roman awareness of the actualities of urban flood liability at the time. Site sensitivity has not been carried forward as urban expansion has flourished, especially from the nineteenth century with suburban and industrial expansion. The straightforward mapping approach here suggested should in future take account of multiple century-scale hydroclimatic changes, morphological river channel and floodplain transformations over similar time periods, and on-going improvements to inundation modelling.
Conflict in Political Liberalism: Judith Shklar’s Liberalism of Fear
Authors: Kaufmann Katharina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRealists and non-ideal theorists currently criticise Rawlsian mainstream liberalism for its inability to address injustice and political conflict, as a result of the subordination of political philosophy to moral theory (Bernard Williams), as well as an idealising and abstract methodology (Charles W. Mills). Seeing that liberalism emerged as a theory for the protection of the individual from conflict and injustice, these criticisms aim at the very core of liberalism as a theory of the political and therefore deserve close analysis. I will defend Judith N. Shklar’sliberalism of fearas an answer to these challenges. I will argue that theliberalism of fearmaintains realism’s conflictual and inherently political thrust while also integrating a perspective on injustice. I will defend the claim that in contrast to the two aforementioned criticisms, theliberalism of feardevelops its own normative standard from which political arrangements can be assessed. It does so by replacing the idealising approach to political philosophy with a non-utopian methodology, which opens a negative perspective on what is to be avoided in the political sphere, and how to detect and deal with injustice. Due to this standard, it is a liberal theory that is uniquely able to meet the realist and non-ideal challenge.
Composite-Based Path Modeling for Conditional Quantiles Prediction. An Application to Assess Health Differences at Local Level in a Well-Being Perspective
Authors: Davino Cristina , Dolce Pasquale , Taralli Stefania , Vistocco Domenico 
Published: July 2020

AbstractQuantile composite-based path modeling is a recent extension to the conventional partial least squares path modeling. It estimates the effects that predictors exert on the whole conditional distributions of the outcomes involved in path models and provides a comprehensive view on the structure of the relationships among the variables. This method can also be used in a predictive way as it estimates model parameters for each quantile of interest and provides conditional quantile predictions for the manifest variables of the outcome blocks. Quantile composite-based path modeling is shown in action on real data concerning well-being indicators. Health outcomes are assessed taking into account the effects of Economic well-being and Education. In fact, to support an accurate evaluation of the regional performances, the conditions within the outcomes arise should be properly considered. Assessing health inequalities in this multidimensional perspective can highlight the unobserved heterogeneity and contribute to advances in knowledge about the dynamics producing the well-being outcomes at local level.
Ontologism in Semyon Frank
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSemyon Frank (1877–1950) opposed the Neo-Kantian School and admitted the real existence of the objects of cognition. He treated ontologism as essential to the entire movement of Russian religious philosophy. For Frank, one can only know about something thanks to the absolute, which exists prior to the knowing subject. Ontologism, affirming the priority of being over cognition, has a great significance not only for metaphysics and epistemology, but also for the philosophy of religion. In particular, Frank taught that the most privileged mode of cognition of God is intuition, an immediate experience of God or faith (the so-called living knowledge). Intuition is at the heart of the ontological proof, which can be found in St. Anselm, Descartes, and Frank himself. Frank dedicated a number of articles to this topic: “K istorii ontologicheskogo dokazatel’stva” (“On the History of the Ontological Proof,” 1915), “Ontologicheskoe dokazatel’stvo bytiya Boga” (“Ontological Proof of the Existence of God,” 1930), as well as texts recently discovered at the Bakhmeteff Archive, including “Dokazatel’stvo bytiya Boga” (“Proof of the Existence of God”). In this way, Russian ontologism leads to a new interpretation of the traditional ontological proof, one which acknowledges the existence of God, not on the basis of arguments resting on His definition, but on the basis of the intuitive recognition of His being.
Without actors, there is no action: How interpersonal interactions help to explain routine dynamics
Authors: Danner-Schröder Anja 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that it is important to gain a better understanding onhowpeopleinteractwith each other to explain routine dynamics. Thus, we propose to focus on the interpersonal interactions of actors which is not only the fact that actors interact with each other but that the manner and quality of these interactions is important to understand routine dynamics. By drawing on social exchange theory, we propose a framework that seeks to explain routine dynamics based on different relationships between actors. Building on this framework, we provide different process models indicating how routine performing and patterning is enacted due to the respective relationship of actors. Our insights contribute to research on routine dynamics by arguing (1) that actions of patterning are dependent on the relationship of actors; (2) that trust works as an enabler for creating new patterns of actions; (3) that distrust functions as an enhancer for interrupting and dissolving patterns of actions.
Stem Cell Therapy as a Treatment for Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Götherström Cecilia , Walther-Jallow Lilian 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a chronic disease with few treatment options available. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on treating OI with mesenchymal stem cells (MSC).

Recent Findings
Off-the-shelf MSC have a good safety profile and exhibit multilineage differentiation potential and a low immunogenic profile and are easy to manufacture. Their ability to migrate, engraft, and differentiate into bone cells, and also to act via paracrine effects on the recipient’s tissues, makes MSC candidates as a clinical therapy for OI. Due to their high osteogenic potency, fetal MSC offer an even higher therapeutic potential in OI compared with MSC derived from adult sources. Preclinical and initial clinical data support the use of MSC in treating OI.

Summary
The characteristics of MSC make them of great interest in treating OI. MSC may be safely transplanted via intravenous administration and show potential positive clinical effects.