bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Yes, Security, there is security. But other than that, nothing.’: An empirical inquiry into the ‘everyday (in)security’ of Syrian and Iraqi urban refugees in Jordan
Authors: Ajil Ahmed , Jendly Manon , Campistol Mas Claudia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractScholarship on security has recently seen a shift from traditionally state-centric, elitist and objectivist conceptions of ‘security’ towards human-centred perspectives, which put emphasis on forms of ‘vernacular’ and ‘everyday’ security, and promote bottom-up empirical inquiries to further our understand of what security looks like ‘from below’. There remains, however, a dearth of empirical material exploring ‘everyday security’. In this paper, we are studying the ‘everyday security’ of a particularly securitized group, namely refugees. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted between 2016 and 2017 with 23 Syrian and Iraqi urban refugees living in the Jordanian cities of Amman and Mafraq. We analyse how they understand and perceive their own (in)security: we do so by focusing, retrospectively, on the factors and events that led up to their flight from their home country (‘pre-flight period’) on the one hand and those shaping their present life in exile in Jordanian urban areas (‘post-flight period’) on the other. Our findings indicate that, while pre-flight insecurity is mostly defined around existential threats to physical integrity, post-flight insecurity is shaped by a more diffuse form of insecurity, resulting from the legal, economic, social and political limbo they are stuck in.
Methylephedrine-induced heart failure in a habitual user of paediatric cough syrup: a case report
Authors: Suzuki Moeko , Higashi Haruhiko , Ikeda Shuntaro , Yamaguchi Osamu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
For relief of cold symptoms, methylephedrine is considered to be safer than ephedrine, particularly when used at the predetermined dose. It is often present in various over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for cold, including paediatric cough syrups.

Case summary
A 52-year-old man presented with worsening dyspnoea and anorexia for 2 weeks. He was a night shift worker and had been habitually taking large doses of methylephedrine-containing paediatric cough syrup for 20 years for sleep averting. On admission, his chest X-ray revealed pulmonary congestion and electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia with left-axis deviation. Echocardiography revealed diffuse hypokinesis with a reduced ejection fraction (EF) of 25%. The B-type natriuretic peptide level was elevated to 1092 ng/L. Even after treatment with low-dose dobutamine and furosemide in intensive care unit, right-heart catheterization demonstrated a ‘wet and cold’ profile. Coronary angiography revealed normal coronary arteries. Pathological examination by endomyocardial biopsy revealed cardiomyocyte hypertrophy with moderate interstitial and replacement fibrosis. In addition, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed diffuse hypokinesis with mid-wall late gadolinium enhancement, which suggested fibrosis. Discontinuation of the cough syrup and optimal medical treatment with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a β blocker resulted in improvement in the heart failure symptoms to New York Class Association Class II. The EF also improved to 50% at 4 months after discharge.

Discussion
Methylephedrine is considered to have adrenergic effects; it has milder side effects on the cardiovascular system than ephedrine. However, the long-lasting excessive intake of methylephedrine, even through OTC paediatric cough syrups, has the potential to cause heart failure.
Prescription of oral anticoagulants and antiplatelets for stroke prophylaxis in atrial fibrillation: nationwide time series ecological analysis
Authors: Wu Jianhua , Alsaeed Eman S , Barrett James , Hall Marlous , Cowan Campbell , Gale Chris P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
To investigate trends in the prescription of oral anticoagulants (OACs) and antiplatelet agents for atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results
Prescription data for 450 518 patients with AF from 3352 General Practices in England, was obtained from the GRASP-AF registry, 2009–2018. Annualized temporal trends for OAC and antiplatelet prescription were reported according to eligibility based on stroke risk (CHADS2 or CHA2DS2-VASc scores ≥1 or &gt;2, respectively). From 2009 to 2018, the prevalence of AF increased from 1.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–1.7%] to 2.4% (2.3–2.5%), and for those with AF the proportion prescribed OAC increased from 47.6% to 75.0% (P-trend &lt; 0.001; relative risk 1.57, 95% CI 1.55–1.60) and for antiplatelet decreased from 37.4% to 9.2% (P-trend &lt; 0.001). In early-years (2009–2013), eligible patients aged ≥80 years were less likely to be prescribed OAC than patients aged &lt;80 years [odds ratio (OR) 0.55, 95% CI 0.51–0.59 for CHADS2≥1 in 2009] (all P-trends &lt; 0.001). This ‘OAC prescription gap’ reduced over the study period (OR 0.93, 0.90–0.96 in 2018). Whilst the prescription of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) as a proportion of all OAC increased from 0.1% (95% CI 0.0–0.2%) in 2011 to 58.8% (58.4–59.2%) in 2018, it was inversely associated with patient age (P-trend &lt; 0.001) and their risk of stroke.

Conclusion
Between 2009 and 2018, in England, the use of OAC for stroke prophylaxis in AF increased, with DOAC accounting for over half of OAC uptake in 2018. Despite a reduction in the OAC-prescription gap, a new paradox exists relating to DOAC prescription for the elderly and those at higher risk of stroke.
A model for the atmospheric shock wave produced by a strong volcanic explosion
Authors: Dragoni Michele , Santoro Dalila 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARY
Atmospheric shock waves are a common phenomenon in explosive volcanic eruptions. We consider the motion of a spherical shock wave generated by a point source in the strong shock approximation. The shock front corresponds to discontinuities in the gas velocity, density, pressure and temperature, which are calculated as functions of the energy of the explosion. The problem is solved analytically for the distributions of velocity, density, pressure and temperature in the atmosphere as functions of the distance from the source. The motion of the shock wave being supersonic, the solution is valid for a few seconds after the explosion, corresponding to a distance of few kilometres. The acoustic effect of the shock wave, expressed by the peak sound pressure level, is calculated and may reach hundreds of decibels. The pressure waveform that could be recorded in the vicinity of the volcano is calculated and compared with typical waveforms in weak shock conditions. The change in the refractive index of air due to density inhomogeneity is calculated and the conditions under which a condensation cloud is formed behind the shock front are investigated.
Pmp22 super-enhancer deletion causes tomacula formation and conduction block in peripheral nerves
Authors: Pantera Harrison , Hu Bo , Moiseev Daniel , Dunham Chris , Rashid Jibraan , Moran John J , Krentz Kathleen , Rubinstein C Dustin , Won Seongsik , Li Jun , Svaren John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCopy number variation of the peripheral nerve myelin gene Peripheral Myelin Protein 22 (PMP22) causes multiple forms of inherited peripheral neuropathy. The duplication of a 1.4 Mb segment surrounding this gene in chromosome 17p12 (c17p12) causes the most common form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A, whereas the reciprocal deletion of this gene causes a separate neuropathy termed hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). PMP22 is robustly induced in Schwann cells in early postnatal development, and several transcription factors and their cognate regulatory elements have been implicated in coordinating the gene’s proper expression. We previously found that a distal super-enhancer domain was important for Pmp22 expression in vitro, with particular impact on a Schwann cell-specific alternative promoter. Here, we investigate the consequences of deleting this super-enhancer in vivo. We find that loss of the super-enhancer in mice reduces Pmp22 expression throughout development and into adulthood, with greater impact on the Schwann cell-specific promoter. Additionally, these mice display tomacula formed by excessive myelin folding, a pathological hallmark of HNPP, as have been previously observed in heterozygous Pmp22 mice as well as sural biopsies from patients with HNPP. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which smaller copy number variations, not including the Pmp22 gene, are sufficient to reduce gene expression and phenocopy a peripheral neuropathy caused by the HNPP-associated deletion encompassing PMP22.
Can Unified Medical Language System–based semantic representation improve automated identification of patient safety incident reports by type and severity?
Authors: Wang Ying , Coiera Enrico , Magrabi Farah 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe study sought to evaluate the feasibility of using Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic features for automated identification of reports about patient safety incidents by type and severity.Materials and MethodsBinary support vector machine (SVM) classifier ensembles were trained and validated using balanced datasets of critical incident report texts (n_type = 2860, n_severity = 1160) collected from a state-wide reporting system. Generalizability was evaluated on different and independent hospital-level reporting system. Concepts were extracted from report narratives using the UMLS Metathesaurus, and their relevance and frequency were used as semantic features. Performance was evaluated by F-score, Hamming loss, and exact match score and was compared with SVM ensembles using bag-of-words (BOW) features on 3 testing datasets (type/severity: n_benchmark = 286/116, n_original = 444/4837, n_independent =6000/5950).ResultsSVMs using semantic features met or outperformed those based on BOW features to identify 10 different incident types (F-score [semantics/BOW]: benchmark = 82.6%/69.4%; original = 77.9%/68.8%; independent = 78.0%/67.4%) and extreme-risk events (F-score [semantics/BOW]: benchmark = 87.3%/87.3%; original = 25.5%/19.8%; independent = 49.6%/52.7%). For incident type, the exact match score for semantic classifiers was consistently higher than BOW across all test datasets (exact match [semantics/BOW]: benchmark = 48.9%/39.9%; original = 57.9%/44.4%; independent = 59.5%/34.9%).DiscussionBOW representations are not ideal for the automated identification of incident reports because they do not account for text semantics. UMLS semantic representations are likely to better capture information in report narratives, and thus may explain their superior performance.ConclusionsUMLS-based semantic classifiers were effective in identifying incidents by type and extreme-risk events, providing better generalizability than classifiers using BOW.
Identification of Unique 4-Methylmethcathinone (4-MMC) Degradation Markers in Putrefied Matrices†
Authors: Trujillo Uruena Melissa , York Rebekah , Philp Morgan , Kuzhiumparambil Unnikrishnan , Wei Zhiwen , Yun Keming , Fu Shanlin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Drug degradation as a consequence of putrefactive bacterial activity is a well-known factor that affects the identification and quantitation of certain substances of forensic interest. Current knowledge on putrefaction-mediated degradation of drugs is, however, significantly lacking. This study aimed to investigate the degradation of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC or mephedrone) and to detect its degradation products in putrefied biological matrices containing 4-MMC. The bacteria species Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus vulgaris were grown in brain-heart infusion broth, spiked with 4-MMC and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Postmortem human blood and fresh porcine liver macerate were also left to putrefy in sample tubes at room temperature for 1 week. Structural elucidation was based on modern spectroscopic analyses including the use of high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All four putrefactive bacteria were capable of degrading 4-MMC extensively under the experimental conditions explored. Of particular interest was the discovery of a novel degradation product common to all four bacterial species, which was assigned as 2-hydroxy-1-(4-methylphenyl)propan-1-one (HMP) based on the spectroscopic data. This degradation product was detectable in both postmortem human blood and porcine liver samples. The stability of the identified degradation products, especially HMP, should be further investigated to assess their validity of serving as marker analytes for monitoring 4-MMC in postmortem toxicology.
The Ability of the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Acquire and Transmit Rickettsia rickettsii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), the Agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Stanley Hannah M , Ford Shelby L , Snellgrove Alyssa N , Hartzer Kris , Smith Emily B , Krapiunaya Inna , Levin Michael L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe invasive Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, was first detected in the United States in 2017. It has since been found in 12 states, and there is concern that the tick’s parthenogenetic ability and wide variety of host species may allow for broader dissemination. Of the tick-borne diseases endemic to the United States, Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), a rapidly progressive and potentially fatal disease caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, is the most severe. There is considerable geographical overlap between spotted fever rickettsioses cases, which include RMSF, and the currently known distribution of H. longicornis, providing the potential for this tick to encounter this pathogen. We have evaluated the ability of H. longicornis to acquire and transmit R. rickettsii under laboratory conditions. Haemaphysalis longicornis as larvae and nymphs acquired the pathogen while feeding on infected guinea pigs. The infection persisted through every life stage, all of which were able to transmit R. rickettsii to naïve hosts. The pathogen was also transmitted at a low frequency between generations of H. longicornis through the ova. While H. longicornis was demonstrated to be a competent vector for R. rickettsii under laboratory conditions, the probability of its involvement in the maintenance and transmission of this pathogen in nature, as well as its potential impact on human health, requires further study.
Media Prescriptions: Exploring the Therapeutic Effects of Entertainment Media on Stress Relief, Illness Symptoms, and Goal Attainment
Authors: Prestin Abby , Nabi Robin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRooted in theories of positive emotions, this research asks the question: Can media be prescribed to help mitigate the negative effects of stress on well-being? Over the course of 5 days, participants were assigned 5-minute YouTube videos pilot tested to evoke hope, amusement, or calmness. Compared to a no-message control, each media group reported reduced stress during the intervention. All groups also reported reduced stress and fewer illness symptoms a few days after the intervention’s conclusion. Although all media conditions calmed stress experiences, only the videos designed to evoke hope via underdog narratives generated increases in approach motivation and goal attainment, explained primarily by felt hope (vs. self-efficacy). This research demonstrates that positive emotions induced by media exposure can generate both psychological and physical benefits, and that discrete emotions can exert unique patterns of influence. Implications for the application of media prescriptions are considered.
Challenging diagnosis of chronic cerebral fungal infection: Value of (1→3)-ß-D-glucan and mannan antigen testing in cerebrospinal fluid and of cerebral ventricle puncture
Authors: Hobson Claire A , Desoubeaux Guillaume , Carvalho-Schneider Claudia , Destrieux Christophe , Cottier Jean-Philippe , Garot Denis , Le Brun Cécile , Maakaroun Zoha , Lemaignen Adrien , Bailly Éric , Bernard Louis 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Primary fungal infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is rare but often associated with severe prognosis. Diagnosis is complicated since cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples obtained from lumbar puncture usually remain sterile. Testing for fungal antigens in CSF could be a complementary diagnostic tool. We conducted such measurements in CSF from patients with CNS fungal infection and now discuss the usefulness of ventricular puncture. Mannan and (1→3)ß-D-glucan (BDG) testing were retrospectively performed in CSF samples from three patients with proven chronic CNS fungal infection (excluding Cryptococcus), and subsequently compared to 16 controls. Results from lumbar punctures and those from cerebral ventricles were confronted. BDG detection was positive in all the CSF samples (from lumbar and/or ventricular puncture) from the three confirmed cases. In case of Candida infection, mannan antigen measurement was positive in 75% of the CSF samples. In the control group, all antigen detections were negative (n = 15), except for one false positive. Faced with suspected chronic CNS fungal infection, measurement of BDG levels appears to be a complementary diagnostic tool to circumvent the limitations of mycological cultures from lumbar punctures. In the event of negative results, more invasive procedures should be considered, such as ventricular puncture.
Chemodynamics of barred galaxies in cosmological simulations: On the Milky Way’s quiescent merger history and in-situ bulge
Authors: Fragkoudi F , Grand R J J , Pakmor R , Blázquez-Calero G , Gargiulo I , Gomez F , Marinacci F , Monachesi A , Ness M K , Perez I , Tissera P , White S D M 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We explore the chemodynamical properties of a sample of barred galaxies in the Auriga magnetohydrodynamical cosmological zoom-in simulations, which form boxy/peanut (b/p) bulges, and compare these to the Milky Way (MW). We show that the Auriga galaxies which best reproduce the chemodynamical properties of stellar populations in the MW bulge have quiescent merger histories since redshift z ∼ 3.5: their last major merger occurs at $t_{\rm lookback}\gt 12\, \rm Gyr$, while subsequent mergers have a stellar mass ratio of ≤1:20, suggesting an upper limit of a few per cent for the mass ratio of the recently proposed Gaia Sausage/Enceladus merger. These Auriga MW-analogues have a negligible fraction of ex-situ stars in the b/p region ($\lt 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$), with flattened, thick disc-like metal-poor stellar populations. The average fraction of ex-situ stars in the central regions of all Auriga galaxies with b/p’s is 3 per cent – significantly lower than in those which do not host a b/p or a bar. While the central regions of these barred galaxies contain the oldest populations, they also have stars younger than 5 Gyr (&gt;30 per cent) and exhibit X-shaped age and abundance distributions. Examining the discs in our sample, we find that in some cases a star-forming ring forms around the bar, which alters the metallicity of the inner regions of the galaxy. Further out in the disc, bar-induced resonances lead to metal-rich ridges in the Vϕ − r plane – the longest of which is due to the Outer Lindblad Resonance. Our results suggest the Milky Way has an uncommonly quiet merger history, which leads to an essentially in-situ bulge, and highlight the significant effects the bar can have on the surrounding disc.
TW Hya: an old protoplanetary disc revived by its planet
Authors: Nayakshin Sergei , Tsukagoshi Takashi , Hall Cassandra , Vazan Allona , Helled Ravit , Humphries Jack , Meru Farzana , Neunteufel Patrick , Panic Olja 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Dark rings with bright rims are the indirect signposts of planets embedded in protoplanetary discs. In a recent first, an azimuthally elongated AU-scale blob, possibly a planet, was resolved with ALMA in TW Hya. The blob is at the edge of a cliff-like rollover in the dust disc rather than inside a dark ring. Here we build time-dependent models of TW Hya disc. We find that the classical paradigm cannot account for the morphology of the disc and the blob. We propose that ALMA-discovered blob hides a Neptune mass planet losing gas and dust. We show that radial drift of mm-sized dust particles naturally explains why the blob is located on the edge of the dust disc. Dust particles leaving the planet perform a characteristic U-turn relative to it, producing an azimuthally elongated blob-like emission feature. This scenario also explains why a 10 Myr old disc is so bright in dust continuum. Two scenarios for the dust-losing planet are presented. In the first, a dusty pre-runaway gas envelope of a ∼40 M⊕ Core Accretion planet is disrupted, e.g., as a result of a catastrophic encounter. In the second, a massive dusty pre-collapse gas giant planet formed by Gravitational Instability is disrupted by the energy released in its massive core. Future modelling may discriminate between these scenarios and allow us to study planet formation in an entirely new way – by analysing the flows of dust and gas recently belonging to planets, informing us about the structure of pre-disruption planetary envelopes.
Dust condensation in evolving discs and the composition of planetary building blocks
Authors: Li Min , Huang Shichun , Petaev Michail I , Zhu Zhaohuan , Steffen Jason H 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Partial condensation of dust from the Solar nebula is likely responsible for the diverse chemical compositions of chondrites and rocky planets/planetesimals in the inner Solar system. We present a forward physical–chemical model of a protoplanetary disc to predict the chemical compositions of planetary building blocks that may form from such a disc. Our model includes the physical evolution of the disc and the condensation, partial advection, and decoupling of the dust within it. The chemical composition of the condensate changes with time and radius. We compare the results of two dust condensation models: one where an element condenses when the mid-plane temperature in the disc is lower than the 50 per cent condensation temperature ($\rm T_{50}$) of that element and the other where the condensation of the dust is calculated by a Gibbs free energy minimization technique assuming chemical equilibrium at local disc temperature and pressure. The results of two models are generally consistent with some systematic differences of ∼10 per cent depending upon the radial distance and an element’s condensation temperature. Both models predict compositions similar to CM, CO, and CV chondrites provided that the decoupling time-scale of the dust is of the order of the evolution time-scale of the disc or longer. If the decoupling time-scale is too short, the composition deviates significantly from the measured values. These models may contribute to our understanding of the chemical compositions of chondrites, and ultimately the terrestrial planets in the Solar system, and may constrain the potential chemical compositions of rocky exoplanets.