bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Romanticism on the Rocks
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence of mountaineering’s demanding physical activities and challenging situations on Romantic-period literature, contesting later constructions of ‘Romanticism’ that see the period’s response as essentially imaginative and transcendent. It investigates the development of rock climbing from the 1790s to the 1820s, examining the activities and writings of a number of pioneer climbers. It then focuses on William Wordsworth’s and Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s climbing writing, showing how the specific physical activities, environment, and emotions involved in climbing were productive of visionary states. It investigates Wordsworth’s presentation of the role of ‘fear’ in his mountain-based development in The Prelude. The chapter concludes with an examination of Coleridge’s mountaineering writings, exploring the relationship between mountaineering and writing, the poet’s attitude to risk, and his ambivalent construction of his mountaineering identity.
‘I was a bauld craigsman’
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Walter Scott played a major role in popularizing mountain-based adventure, particularly through his best-selling novels. Examining the dramatic rock-climbing episodes in The Antiquary, The Pirate, and Anne of Geierstein, this chapter argues that Scott helped turn rock-climbing into a pursuit undertaken for pleasure, and reconstructed the figure of the climber from one associated with particular occupations, such as fowling, into a heroic identity to which his readers could aspire. Unlike many of the other period’s writers, Scott resisted the allure of the mountaineer, whom he associated with less civilized communities. Rather, Scott embodied a redefined manliness in his ‘cragsman’ heroes, whom he constructed against a range of other masculinities, one of which was that of the mountaineer. The chapter explores how Scott helped create the identity of the heroic recreational climber and provided what many contemporaries regarded as the authentic articulation of the climbing experience.
An Ocean Untouched and Untried
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This is a study of the translation and reception of the Roman historian Livy in early-modern England. The work examines the four Tudor translations of Livy’s history of Rome, the Ab Urbe Condita, into the English vernacular during the sixteenth century and their engagements with the most pressing political and cultural debates of the day, from Henrician appropriations of Hannibal to arguments over the status of women. The first chapter examines Livy’s initial reception into print in Europe, outlining the attempts of his earliest editors to impose a critical order onto his enormous work. The subsequent chapters consider the respective translations undertaken by Anthony Cope, William Thomas, William Painter, and Philemon Holland, situating them among the wider trends in Classical Reception during the early-modern era. Each translation is compared in detail with the Latin original, highlighting the changes Livy’s history experienced in the process of translation. The study considers how these translations responded to and were shaped by the most recent developments in European scholarship on Livy’s history and classical historiography more generally. So too the study examines Livy’s impact on more popular forms of English literature during the Renaissance, especially the works of Shakespeare. Ultimately this research demonstrates that Livy played a fundamental though underexplored role in the development of vernacular literature, historiography, and political thought in early-modern England.
Introduction
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Introduction offers an outline of Livy’s life, classical reputation, and particular style of historiography. The study is then situated amid the major recent works on Classical Reception and Translation Studies, identifying its main contributions to the field. The introduction also sets out the main critical impulses at the heart of this monograph. Much like recent works on classical reception in English literature, this study of Livy’s early-modern reception is concerned with exploring how the classical work enriched the native tradition, uncovering the ways in which the AUC pushed literature in the English vernacular in new and politically challenging directions. And while giving deserved attention to the political and cultural contexts from which each of these translations emerged, this study, as the introduction explains, also attempts also to offer a detailed comparison of the Latin original with the English version, tracing the shifts in meaning and emphasis across the linguistic divide.
The European Reception of Livy (1469–1600)
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores Livy’s early reception and translation in Renaissance Europe, examining the first, key decades in which the history reached a wider audience through its publication on the continent. The chapter first examines the literary fame enjoyed by Livy in Europe towards the end of the fifteenth century as well as the attempts of his earliest editors in print to impose some kind of critical order onto this monolithic work. The focus then moves to the first vernacular translations of Livy to have appeared in Europe, including the first renderings of the history into French and Italian. The final section considers the various translation styles at work in early-modern England and how these manifest themselves in each of the sixteenth-century translations of Livy.
Anthony Cope’s Livy
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores how Sir Anthony Cope (1486/7–1551) translated Livy’s account of the Second Punic War for his The Historie of Two the Moste Noble Capitaines of the Worlde (1544), showcasing the martial prowess of Scipio and his Carthiginian opponent, Hannibal. Cope deliberately reworked the third decade as a commentary on contemporary foreign policy and war with Scotland. Cope, as this chapter explores, imbued his translation with a diplomatic lexicon which was becoming standardized under Henry VIII. By doing so, Cope produced a translation which supported the official Henrician view that all peaceful avenues of negotiation with Scotland had been exhausted. The struggles between Rome and Carthage thus became, in Cope’s hands, an endorsement of Henry’s renewal of hostilities with Scotland, complementing wider trends in Tudor Propaganda. In Cope’s Livy, as in Henrician England, there are limits to diplomacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Philo John-Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The conclusion draws together the main themes and concerns of the book: namely how the translation and application of Livy in Tudor England was intricately connected to the most pressing political and cultural concerns of the day. So too it reflects on Livy’s impact on the vernacular literatures of the period, including William Painter’s novellas and Shakespeare’s poetry and prose. It also underlines the fact that, rather than a diminishing interest in Livy, the seventeenth century saw the historian at the heart of the constitutional debates underpinning the English Civil War. The translation of Livy in the early-modern period, as the conclusion underlines, functioned not only as a reflection of the political concerns of the moment, but also as an active attempt to reshape, refashion, and urge forward those concerns. Though Livy’s part in the Classical Reception of the early-modern era is sometimes underplayed, it would be difficult to exaggerate the importance of Livy’s contribution to the culture and politics of sixteenth-, and indeed seventeenth-, century England.
The Prudential Value of Autonomy
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The principle of respect for autonomy is undeniably afforded particular salience in Western bioethics. At least part of the reason for this is that autonomy is often understood to have a central role in the good life. In this chapter, the author argues that autonomy does not have merely instrumental prudential value; instead, autonomy is at least partly constitutive of well-being, since there is a special value in living a life that is one’s own. He defends a well-known argument that speaks in favour of this conclusion, before going on to consider the value of different elements of autonomy, according to the framework adopted in this book. The author concludes by assessing how autonomy can conflict with other central values in bioethics, and how the claim that autonomy has significant prudential value has important implications for how we should understand the concept of beneficence in bioethics.
Great Britain, International Law, and the Evolution of Maritime Strategic Thought, 1856–1914
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The book addresses the interaction between international maritime law and maritime strategy in a historical context, arguing that both international law and maritime strategy are based on long-term state interests. Great Britain as the predominant sea power in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries shaped the relationship between international law and maritime strategy like no other power. The book explores how Great Britain used international maritime law as an instrument of foreign policy to protect its strategic and economic interests, and how maritime strategic thought evolved in parallel to the development of international legal norms. The book offers an analysis of British state practice as well as an examination of the efforts of the international community to codify international maritime law in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. As the predominant sea power and also the world’s largest carrier of goods, Great Britain had to balance its interests as both a belligerent and a neutral power. With the growing importance of international law in international politics, the book examines the role of international lawyers, strategists, and government officials who shaped state practice. Great Britain’s neutrality for most of the period between 1856 and 1914 influenced its state practice and its perceptions of a future maritime conflict. Yet, the codification of international maritime law at The Hague and London conferences at the beginning of the twentieth century demanded a reassessment of Great Britain’s legal position.
Introduction
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Introduction provides an outline of the theme of the book, explaining the focus on state practice, custom, and the codification of international maritime law. State practice and custom were important reference points for the codification of international maritime law, and William E. Hall’s definition of international law serves as a starting point for the reflection on the importance of state practice for the making of international law. History was also an important reference point for early international lawyers, and Theodore D. Woolsey’s explanation helps to understand the close relationship between history and law more generally. The history of international law has become a vibrant research area in recent decades thanks to Martti Koskenniemi, whose works have contributed to the understanding of the construction of a legal argument and the philosophical basis of international law.
The Law of Neutrality and State Practice
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how Great Britain applied and implemented its neutrality policy after 1870, building a coherent state practice based on its Foreign Enlistment Act. Several case studies from various conflicts after 1870 highlight the main areas of dispute between neutral Great Britain and belligerent powers, dealing with the sale of ships, coaling, contraband, and the destruction of ships. More broadly, the chapter shows the challenges which Great Britain faced in the application of its domestic legislation. It shows the important role of the Foreign Office and the Law Officers of the Crown in dealing with these matters, and how they shaped the understanding of neutrality more generally.
The Hague and London Conferences and the Rise of an International Legal Order
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 deals with the codification of international maritime law at the second Hague peace conference and the London naval conference. In addition, it is concerned with Great Britain’s position on the process of codification, as well as how Great Britain shaped an international legal order as guidance in a future maritime conflict. As the foremost sea power at the time, Great Britain not only possessed the most comprehensive state practice on international maritime law but also significantly influenced the process of codification. The chapter illuminates Great Britain’s preparatory work for the conferences and evaluates the importance of state practice for the process of codification. The three topics which were particularly important for Great Britain are treated in detail in this chapter: blockade, contraband, and neutrality. Although the Declaration of London provided a comprehensive legal framework, it also illustrated the challenges and limitations of codification with regard to a future maritime conflict.
A Bank with a Divided Mandate
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the two mandates of Norges Bank. In autumn of 1818, Norges Bank began providing ordinary services to the public, discounting bills and lending directly against real estate. The institution was now both the nation’s bank of issue and its sole bank. Expectations of what the bank was to achieve pulled in two diametrically opposed directions. On the one hand, the bank was to take control of the inflated monetary system and bring the value of money back to par, namely the silver value guarantee issued when the Storting established the bank in 1816. Based on both contemporary and modern wisdom, this would speak in favour of tightening the money supply. On the other hand, the bank was to meet the country’s considerable need for credit, which would speak in favour of adding liquidity. However, a desire to supply more credit to farmers, merchants, timber traders, and others competed with the long-term goal of returning money to par. Indeed, the reason why the road to par became so long and winding has to do with the desire to supply the nation with credit: both the money supply and credit volumes were expanded repeatedly to meet the country’s borrowing needs.
A Relieved Norges Bank
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the emergence of financial institutions that would cater to individuals and businesses, which relieved Norges Bank of some of its tasks such as providing short-term business credit and long-term mortgage loans. Both private banks and government lending institutions were established within a framework of close cooperation between government officials and private operators. At the same time as new institutions were born, the dividing lines between Norges Bank and the government’s role in financial markets became more clear. The chapter then looks at developments up to 1857, a year that was dominated by a deep crisis in Western economies. Norges Bank had established broad contact directly with international finance houses and was better equipped structurally and intellectually to cope with external crises that spilled over into the Norwegian economy.
Gold and Coins in the Age of Standardization
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the changeover from a silver standard to a gold standard for the Norwegian monetary system. On 8 May 1873, after a long and heated debate, the Storting decided to establish a new metal basis for the Norwegian monetary system, by transitioning from silver to gold. In the same resolution, the Storting rejected the proposal to join Sweden and Denmark in a monetary union. The gold standard eventually prevailed, thanks to Great Britain’s financial weight and pragmatic arguments regarding gold’s superiority to silver as a basis for metal-based monetary systems. However, the larger dream, partly forgotten because it did not materialize, was the establishment of a universal coin (universal coinage), intended to give all people access to the same monetary unit for cross-border payments. In its first round, this initiative was aborted as a result of international events and national politics. Two years later, as a strictly regional solution, Norway finally joined its two neighbouring countries in the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Along with two other national banks, Norges Bank contributed to the ever-expanding monetary union in its area of influence and improved it with new and efficient ways of settling payments, the main objective being the promotion of trade.
Blurring the Borders
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the criticism of Norges Bank’s role during the First World War. In particular, historian and economist Wilhelm Keilhau severely criticized Norges Bank in his comprehensive review of economic policy during the war. Keilhau commented that, together with the captains of finance, the central bank contributed to ‘the destruction of the Norwegian monetary system, which the first generation after 1814 had made tremendous sacrifices to establish and which had been in pristine order for 62 years’. By suspending the banks’ obligation to redeem banknotes for gold, and then issuing massive amounts of notes, in addition to the financing of and integration into government activities, Norges Bank’s monetary policy has been largely held responsible for the sharp rise in inflation and krone depreciation—and by implication for the strongly criticized parity policy of the 1920s. As a non-belligerent country, one would have thought that the mandate for Norges Bank’s activities would have remained more or less intact. The chapter explains why that did not come to be.
Occupation and Loss of Autonomy
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Norges Bank during the Second World War. The Second World War came to Norway on 9 April 1940, when German forces invaded the country. This was one of the darkest days in Norwegian history, but still one of the finest in Norges Bank’s history. In the chaotic morning hours, the large gold reserve was evacuated and, by a long journey in inland Norway and along the coast, finally brought to safety overseas. However, the rest of the war, and of the first pre-war years, brought less glory to Norges Bank. Already before the gold had departed Norway, a gradual inflation of the Norwegian monetary system had started because of the Germans’ requisitions of legal tender through the central bank. In the following years, large sums of Norwegian kroner were withdrawn from Norges Bank as a part of the financing of the occupational force’s activities in Norway. This created a large liquidity surplus, which made monetary policy more or less inefficient, until the surplus was finally eliminated around 1950.
The Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Policy Up Until 1986
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies how Norges Bank came to play a central, technical role in maintaining and defending a stable krone exchange rate during the years 1946–86. This role was reflected in how the bank advised on the basis of a loyal position to the fixed krone exchange rate regime and to binding international exchange rate cooperation. In 1978, Norway backed out of the European fixed exchange rate cooperation, and during 1976–86, the krone was devalued ten times. Even though Norges Bank officially came to contribute to both recommending and carrying out this policy, the policy defied the strong ideals and viewpoints of the organization. The exchange rate policy, and the problems it led to in relation to the central bank, caused the government, in the first half of the 1980s, to push Norges Bank completely aside when it came to the shaping of Norwegian exchange rate policy. Nevertheless, much of the policy was still shaped inside the walls of the institution.
In Search of an Anchor
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter details how, in 1993, Norges Bank argued in favour of supplementing the fixed exchange rate target, and in 1997 in favour of replacing it with an inflation target, with a view to maintaining inflation at a low and stable level. The introduction of an inflation target provided Norges Bank with greater scope for the exercise of independent judgement. Controversial increases in the policy rate in 2000 and 2002 demonstrated that Norges Bank was willing to use its increased independence. Moreover, amendments to the Norges Bank Act in 2003 weakened the scope of action available to the government and parliament to influence the bank’s decisions, and the Executive Board largely became a council of economic experts. In addition, Norway’s slightly inefficient central bank organization underwent major changes, with extensive outsourcing of non-core tasks, as defined by the new guidelines.
Marvell
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 revisits the question of Marvell’s place in the Engagement controversy, to map his ambivalent use of arguments from sovereignty. It contextualizes the mode of cavaliering activism celebrated in several of Marvell’s poems within contemporary republican and Engager challenges to the royalist doctrine of passive obedience. This includes a rapprochement with, and appropriation of, Davenant. This context provides the basis for, first, a new reading of Marvell’s ‘Horatian Ode’ in comparison with the Engagers Marchamont Nedham and Anthony Ascham; and, second, a survey of Marvell’s poetic engagements with Davenant, and their political implications, in the 1650s poems ‘Tom May’s Death’, ‘Upon Appleton House’, and ‘Music’s Empire’. Marvell’s habitual emphasis on modest and participatory government is strategically suspended when he uses defactoist and absolutist arguments to magnify the personal authority of Oliver Cromwell.
Conclusion
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion briefly narrates the decline of the model for political poetry explored in this book, with the deaths of Davenant and Cowley, Charles II’s short-lived experiment with prerogative toleration in 1672, and the political divergence of Dryden and Marvell. It then draws together the forms of sovereignty explored in this book. First, it reflects on the case for reading the poets’ views as secularizing, to the limited extent that they emphasize anti-clerical erastianism. And second, it considers the flexible yet absolute form of artificial sovereignty imagined through poetic imagination.
Using informatics to guide public health policy during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA
Authors: Ronquillo Jay G , Lester William T , Zuckerman Diana M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Current and future pandemics will require informatics solutions to assess the risks, resources and policies to guide better public health decision-making.

Methods
Cross-sectional study of all COVID-19 cases and deaths in the USA on a population- and resource-adjusted basis (as of 24 April 2020) by applying biomedical informatics and data visualization tools to several public and federal government datasets, including analysis of the impact of statewide stay-at-home orders.

Results
There were 2753.2 cases and 158.0 deaths per million residents, respectively, in the USA with variable distributions throughout divisions, regions and states. Forty-two states and Washington, DC, (84.3%) had statewide stay-at-home orders, with the remaining states having population-adjusted characteristics in the highest risk quartile.

Conclusions
Effective national preparedness requires clearly understanding states’ ability to predict, manage and balance public health needs through all stages of a pandemic. This will require leveraging data quickly, correctly and responsibly into sound public health policies.