bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of dual energy CT in clinical practice: A pictorial essay
Authors: Sanghavi Parang S , Jankharia Bhavin G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn dual-energy CT (DECT), two different x-ray spectra are used to acquire two image datasets of the same region, to allow the analysis of energy-dependent changes in the attenuation of different materials. Each type of material demonstrates a relatively specific change in attenuation between images obtained with a high-energy spectrum and those obtained with a low-energy spectrum. Based on the relatively specific change in attenuation with two different energies, material composition information can be obtained to allow tissue characterization. The DECT ability of material differentiation allows bone removal in various CT angiography studies and bone marrow edema depiction, while with material optimization, metal artefacts can be significantly reduced to almost nil. DECT allows material separation to differentiate uric acid crystals from calcium to determine the composition of urinary calculi and to diagnose gout. Using the DECT ability of material decomposition, iodine maps can be generated, which are useful in the evaluation of any enhancing lesion in the body without the need to obtain a plain scan and allow perfusion maps to be created in cases of pulmonary thromboembolism.
Pós-graduação stricto sensu e educação básica: que relação é essa?
Authors: Oliveira Dayse Kelly Barreiros de , Silva Kátia Augusta Curado Pinheiro Cordeiro da , Moura Ellen Michelle Barbosa de 
Published: October 2019

O artigo tem como objetivo compreender como as ações governamentais têm materializado a articulação entre pós-graduação em educação Stricto Sensu e educação básica no que diz respeito à formação de professores através da discussão acerca da relação entre a formação stricto sensu e a formação continuada de professores que atuam na educação básica. As inquietações que levaram à escrita deste artigo foram as questões relativas ao papel da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES); aos objetivos dos Programas de Pós-graduação em Educação (PPGE) em relação à formação dos seus discentes; à compreensão da diferença entre o mestrado profissional e acadêmico em termos de proposta para formação stricto sensu do professor da educação básica, em relação aos regimentos dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu em educação. Para possibilitar a investigação proposta fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática e análise de documentos do Ministério da Educação (MEC), da CAPES e dos programas de pós-graduação stricto sensu. Como considerações é possível inferir que existem ações que materializam possíveis articulações entre a pós-graduação stricto sensu e a educação básica, bem como instituições que já trazem em seus regimentos essa questão. Porém, ainda há um longo caminho a ser trilhado na aproximação entre universidade e escola.
Dividend payout ratio follows a Tweedie distribution: international evidence
Authors: Dragotă Victor , Pele Daniel Traian , Yaseen Hanaan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Dividend policy is still a largely discussed issue in corporate finance literature. One of the main indicators used in analysing the dividend policy is the dividend payout ratio. Using a database consisting of 12,085 companies operating in 73 countries, for the period 2008–2014, the authors found that the dividend payout ratio follows a Tweedie distribution, and not a normal one. This distribution is stable over time for the entire analysed period. In addition, it describes the case of almost all the countries included in the sample. Thus, a better estimation of the probability that dividend payout ratio is lower or higher than a benchmark can be provided. Also, an analysis of dividend policy, distinctly considering payer versus non-payer companies, can offer additional important information for both practitioners and academics.
Effects of stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) on sulfate formation: a sensitivity analysis during summertime in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China
Authors: Liu Lang , Bei Naifang , Wu Jiarui , Liu Suixin , Zhou Jiamao , Li Xia , Yang Qingchuan , Feng Tian , Cao Junji , Tie Xuexi , Li Guohui 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Sulfate aerosols have profound impacts on the climate,
ecosystem, visibility, and public health, but the sulfate formation pathway
remains elusive. In the present study, a source-oriented WRF-Chem model is
applied to simulate a persistent air pollution episode from 4 to 15 July 2015 in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH), China, to study the contributions of four
pathways to sulfate formation. When comparing simulations to
measurements in BTH, the index of agreement (IOA) of meteorological
parameters, air pollutants, and aerosol species generally exceeds 0.6. On
average in BTH, the heterogeneous reaction of SO2 involving aerosol
water and the SO2 oxidation by OH constitutes the two most important
sulfate sources, with a contribution of about 35 %–38 % and
33 %–36 %, respectively. Primary sulfate emissions account
for around 22 %–24 % of the total sulfate concentration. SO2
oxidation by stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs) also plays an
appreciable role in sulfate formation, with a contribution of around
9 % when an upper limit of the reaction rate constant of sCIs with SO2
(κsCI+SO2=3.9×10-11 cm3 s−1) and
a lower limit of the reaction rate constant of sCIs with H2O (κsCI+H2O=1.97×10-18 cm3 s−1) are
used. Sensitivity studies reveal that there are still large uncertainties
in the sulfate contribution of SO2 oxidation by sCIs. The sulfate
contribution of the reaction is decreased to less than 3 % when κSCI+SO2 is decreased to 6.0×10-13 cm3 s−1.
Furthermore, when κsCI+H2O is increased to 2.38×10-15 cm3 s−1 based on the reported ratio of κSCI+H2O to κSCI+SO2 (6.1×10-5), the
sulfate contribution becomes insignificant at less than 2 %. Further studies
need to be conducted to better determine κsCI+SO2 and
κsCI+H2O to evaluate the effects of sCI chemistry on
sulfate formation.
Detection and attribution of flood trends in Mediterranean basins
Authors: Tramblay Yves , Mimeau Louise , Neppel Luc , Vinet Freddy , Sauquet Eric 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Floods have strong impacts in the Mediterranean region and there are concerns about a possible increase in their intensity due to climate
change. In this study, a large database of 171 basins located in southern
France with daily discharge data with a median record length of 45 years is
considered to analyze flood trends and their drivers. In addition to
discharge data, outputs of precipitation, temperature, evapotranspiration
from the SAFRAN reanalysis and soil moisture computed with the ISBA land
surface model are also analyzed. The evolution of land cover in these basins
is analyzed using the CORINE database. The trends in floods above the
95th and 99th percentiles are detected by the Mann–Kendall test
and quantile regression techniques. The results show that despite the
increase in extreme precipitation reported by previous studies, there is no
general tendency towards more severe floods. Only for a few basins is the
intensity of the most extreme floods showing significant upward trends.
On the contrary, most trends are towards fewer annual flood occurrences
above both the 95th and 99th percentiles for the majority of
basins. The decrease in soil moisture seems to be an important driver for
these trends, since in most basins increased temperature and
evapotranspiration associated with a precipitation decrease are leading to
a reduction in soil moisture. These results imply that the observed
increase in the vulnerability to these flood events in recent decades is
mostly caused by human factors such as increased urbanization and population
growth rather than climatic factors.
Simulation of fragmental rockfalls detected using terrestrial laser scans from rock slopes in south-central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Sala Zac , Hutchinson D. Jean , Harrap Rob 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Rockfall presents an ongoing challenge to the safe
operation of transportation infrastructure, creating hazardous conditions
which can result in damage to roads and railways, as well as loss of life.
Rockfall risk assessment frameworks often involve the determination of
rockfall runout in an attempt to understand the likelihood that rockfall
debris will reach an element at risk. Rockfall modelling programs which
simulate the trajectory of rockfall material are one method commonly used to
assess potential runout. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of
a rockfall simulation prototype which uses the Unity 3D game engine. The
technique is capable of simulating rockfall events comprised of many mobile
fragments, a limitation of many industry standard rockfall modelling
programs. Five fragmental rockfalls were simulated using the technique, with
slope and rockfall geometries constructed from high-resolution terrestrial
laser scans. Simulated change detection was produced for each of the events
and compared to the actual change detection results for each rockfall as a
basis for testing model performance. In each case the simulated change
detection results aligned well with the actual observed change in terms of
location and magnitude. An example of how the technique could be used to
support the design of rockfall catchment ditches is shown. Suggestions are
made for future development of the simulation technique with a focus on
better informing simulated rockfall fragment size and the timing of
fragmentation.
Full-waveform inversion of short-offset, band-limited seismic data in the Alboran Basin (SE Iberia)
Authors: Gras Clàudia , Dagnino Daniel , Jiménez-Tejero Clara Estela , Meléndez Adrià , Sallarès Valentí , Ranero César R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract. We present a high-resolution P-wave velocity model of the sedimentary cover
and the uppermost basement to ∼3 km depth obtained by
full-waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data acquired with a
6 km long streamer in the Alboran Sea (SE Iberia). The inherent
non-linearity of the method, especially for short-offset, band-limited
seismic data as this one, is circumvented by applying a data processing or modelling sequence consisting of three steps: (1) data
re-datuming by back-propagation of the recorded seismograms to the
seafloor; (2) joint refraction and reflection travel-time tomography
combining the original and the re-datumed shot gathers; and (3) full-waveform inversion of the
original shot gathers using the model obtained by travel-time tomography as
initial reference. The final velocity model shows a number of geological structures that
cannot be identified in the travel-time tomography models or easily
interpreted from seismic reflection images alone. A sharp strong velocity
contrast accurately defines the geometry of the top of the basement.
Several low-velocity zones that may correspond to the abrupt velocity
change across steeply dipping normal faults are observed at the flanks of
the basin. A 200–300 m thick, high-velocity layer embedded within
lower-velocity sediment may correspond to evaporites deposited during the
Messinian crisis. The results confirm that the combination of data
re-datuming and joint refraction and reflection travel-time inversion
provides reference models that are accurate enough to apply full-waveform inversion to
relatively short offset streamer data in deep-water settings starting at
a field-data standard low-frequency content of 6 Hz.
An Analysis on the Effects of Economic Conditions on Investment Behavior: Focusing on Level of Finance Knowledge, Income-Expenditure Balance and Liquidity Constraints
Authors: Han Kil Woo , Park Sang-Bum 
Published: October 2019

In this study, we investigated the factors that influence investor's propensity to invest which called investment behavior. Factors known to have an impact on individual investment decisions are psychological and cognitive errors, socioeconomic and environmental factors, and financial, economic and environmental factors. Among those factors, financial and environmental factors including the level of knowledge in terms of financial economy, harmonization of income and expenditure, and liquidity constraints are empirically investigated. Among the personal factors the liquidity constraints has been turned out to have significant impact on decision-making about investments.
The findings that liquidity constraints have an impact on the investment behavior and there are differences between investment behaviors according to the purposes of investment, and the liquidity constraints has impact on them have significant meanings. Generally, investment behaviors are kinds of inherent characteristics, in other words, hard to be changed or affected. But the study results indicate that investment behaviors can be affected personal economic conditions.
So, when advices or consulting regarding investments is made, not only the person’s investment behavior but also the person’s economic conditions, especially if the person is under liquidity constraints should be considered. Also, investors should take into accounts his or her economic conditions when making investment decisions.
The EU Response to the Trade in Conflict Minerals from Central Africa
Authors: Königs Tomas , Wahedi Sohail , Waterbolk Tjalling 
Published: October 2019

The EU Response to the Trade in Conflict Minerals from Central Africa
The trade in conflict minerals has led to the eruption and conservation of conflicts and gross violations of human rights, in particular in the central African region. In response, various public and private entities have taken measures to counter this development. The purpose of this essay is to analyze how the European Union, in light of its promotion of corporate social responsibility, should regulate the behaviour of multinational companies dealing with minerals from conflict-ridden areas. In light of recent initiatives taken by the UN, the United States and the mineral-extraction industry, it is examined whether the EU should adopt public regulation or whether it should continue its promotion of private self-regulatory regimes. The authors argue that the EU should promote regulation at the level that provides the strongest incentive for companies to comply with their duties. This article shows that both private and public regulation have their limitations in regulating the trade in conflict minerals and that the EU should thus adopt a mix of both. In doing so, the development of transparency norms can be delegated to companies, stakeholders and other affected parties, while the EU could provide for an effective accountability mechanism to enforce these norms.
La contribution des institutions régionales à la gestion des talents : regards sur la grappe aérospatiale de Montréal
Authors: Emilien Blandine , Lévesque Christian , Morissette Lucie , Perez-Lauzon Sara 
Published: October 2019

Cette recherche examine comment les institutions contribuent, à travers un processus d’expérimentation, au développement d’une gestion des talents (GDT) au niveau régional, la faisant passer ainsi d’un bien privé à un bien collectif. Ce passage s’opère par la création d’agences, de règles formelles et informelles, ainsi que de réseaux par les parties prenantes qui cherchent à développer et attirer des talents pour l’ensemble d’un écosystème.Pour analyser cet apport des institutions à la mutualisation de la GDT, nous avons réalisé une étude de cas de la grappe aérospatiale de Montréal. S’appuyant sur une méthodologie qualitative, plus d’une centaine d’entretiens ont été réalisés entre 2005 et 2017 auprès d’informateurs-clés (représentants d’agences et d’institutions de formation), de représentants syndicaux, ainsi que de gestionnaires dans les entreprises (responsable des ressources humaines, de la production et directeurs généraux).De cette recherche se dégage trois constats. Premièrement, cette étude montre que les acteurs de la grappe aérospatiale montréalaise ont développé des pratiques de GDT qui profitent à l’ensemble des entreprises de la région. Celles-ci ont contribué à la création d’un bassin de talents diversifiés permettant de combler les besoins de main-d’oeuvre tant au niveau de la production, de la RetD que du développement de la chaîne de valeur. Deuxièmement, ces résultats démontrent que la GDT ainsi déployée au niveau régional est le résultat d’un processus d’expérimentation institutionnelle à travers lequel les acteurs déploient des stratégies pour répondre aux enjeux et défis communs qu’ils rencontrent. Troisièmement, il en ressort un modèle hybride qui se démarque du modèle dominant dans une économie libérale de marché. L’on y observe des dynamiques de collaboration durables à l’origine d’une diversification de la GDT et d’une densification institutionnelle qui permet aux acteurs de partager des pratiques, des ressources et des dispositifs liés à la GDT. Les gains sont à la fois individuels pour les entreprises, mais aussi collectifs pour l’ensemble des parties prenantes de la grappe.
Endangered Resources: The Role of Organizational Justice and Interpersonal Trust as Signals for Workplace Corruption
Authors: Neveu Jean-Pierre , Kakavand Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

This study examines workplace corruption from the perspective of individual psychological processes. Existing literature has shown how corrupt behaviours can emerge from various kinds of motivations, including manipulation, retaliation, and conformity. This research suggests yet another path, where corruption stems from a motivation to preserve resources that individuals perceive to be threatened by their professional environment. As such, the study is grounded in conservation of resources (COR) theory (Hobfoll, 1989, 2001).
We put forward an original model that introduces the notion of resource signals. An enrichment of original COR theory, resource signals correspond to individuals’ perceptions that the work environment is supportive, or, otherwise, of their need for resource development and preservation. Specifically, the study tests a moderated mediation model where a sense of mastery, a personal resource, moderates the impact of resource signals, including distributive justice, procedural justice, and interpersonal trust, on occupational corruption.
Results are drawn from a sample of French public sector employees (n = 575). They validate the hypothesized mediating role of trust between both facets of organizational justice and measures of corruption, including bribery and property deviance. An indirect negative effect, however, is strongest between procedural justice and workplace corruption. As hypothesized, a sense of mastery significantly moderates the link between trust and both corruption types.
This research contributes to both theory and practice. By integrating resource signals within a COR framework, it shows that corrupt behaviours are to be gauged against interacting motivations for preserving psychological resources. Consequently, this study also suggests that organizations should go beyond ethics and procedures, and to consider workplace corruption as a potential symptom of organizational signals perceived as threats to individuals’ valued resources.
Union and Communist Party Influences on the Environment in China
Authors: Ghorbani Majid , Gunderson Morley , Lee Byron Y. S. 
Published: October 2019

We examine the ways in which two major and related governmental institutions of China, the Communist Party of China (CPC) and government controlled All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), exert different effects on the attitudes and behaviour of people toward the environment. Our motivation is to see which institution is more effective in making individuals ‘aware’ of environmental issues, expressing a ‘willingness to pay’ to alleviate the problems, and ultimately to ‘act’ on the issue by altering their behaviour.Based on theories of planned behaviour and social learning, we hypothesize that membership in the CPC as well as in the ACFTU fosters an ‘awareness’ of environmental problems and a ‘willingness to make a sacrifice’ to protect the environment, but that members of the ACFTU are more likely than members of the CPC to act on the issue by altering their behaviour.We test our hypothesis based on a nationally representative sample (n = 3112) from the2010 Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS). Our results indicate that both the Party and the union have positive effects on ‘awareness’ and ‘willingness to pay’, but the union effect is generally stronger and only it (and not the Party) affects individual behaviour toward protecting the environment.Unions in China are generally regarded as having little or no independent power to organize workers and engage in free collective bargaining. Their role is to foster harmony between workers and employers and to co-opt grassroots actions, wildcat strikes and the growth of independent unions, all in the interest of fostering stability and growth. While this is undoubtedly the case, our results are consistent with an emerging view of a more variegated picture of Chinese trade unions that highlights some more positive elements, in our case, fostering ‘actions’ to improve the environment in China.
Worldwide inequality in access to full text scientific articles: the example of ophthalmology
Authors: Boudry Christophe , Alvarez-Muñoz Patricio , Arencibia-Jorge Ricardo , Ayena Didier , Brouwer Niels J. , Chaudhuri Zia , Chawner Brenda , Epee Emilienne , Erraïs Khalil , Fotouhi Akbar , Gharaibeh Almutez M. , Hassanein Dina H. , Herwig-Carl Martina C. , Howard Katherine , Kaimbo Wa Kaimbo Dieudonne , Laughrea Patricia-Ann , Lopez Fernando A. , Machin-Mastromatteo Juan D. , Malerbi Fernando K. , Ndiaye Papa Amadou , Noor Nina A. , Pacheco-Mendoza Josmel , Papastefanou Vasilios P. , Shah Mufarriq , Shields Carol L. , Wang Ya Xing , Yartsev Vasily , Mouriaux Frederic 
Published: October 2019

Background
The problem of access to medical information, particularly in low-income countries, has been under discussion for many years. Although a number of developments have occurred in the last decade (e.g., the open access (OA) movement and the website Sci-Hub), everyone agrees that these difficulties still persist very widely, mainly due to the fact that paywalls still limit access to approximately 75% of scholarly documents. In this study, we compare the accessibility of recent full text articles in the field of ophthalmology in 27 established institutions located worldwide.

Methods
A total of 200 references from articles were retrieved using the PubMed database. Each article was individually checked for OA. Full texts of non-OA (i.e., “paywalled articles”) were examined to determine whether they were available using institutional and Hinari access in each institution studied, using “alternative ways” (i.e., PubMed Central, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Online Reprint Request), and using the website Sci-Hub.

Results
The number of full texts of “paywalled articles” available using institutional and Hinari access showed strong heterogeneity, scattered between 0% full texts to 94.8% (mean = 46.8%; SD = 31.5; median = 51.3%). We found that complementary use of “alternative ways” and Sci-Hub leads to 95.5% of full text “paywalled articles,” and also divides by 14 the average extra costs needed to obtain all full texts on publishers’ websites using pay-per-view.

Conclusions
The scant number of available full text “paywalled articles” in most institutions studied encourages researchers in the field of ophthalmology to use Sci-Hub to search for scientific information. The scientific community and decision-makers must unite and strengthen their efforts to find solutions to improve access to scientific literature worldwide and avoid an implosion of the scientific publishing model. This study is not an endorsement for using Sci-Hub. The authors, their institutions, and publishers accept no responsibility on behalf of readers.