bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Moisture Loss During Storage on New Growth of Conifer Seedlings
Authors: Lefevre Roy E. , Cameron Arthur C. , Curtis Peterson N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The relationship between moisture loss from bare-root 2-year-old seedlings of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens glauca Engelm.) and percent survival and performance after extended storage at 0°C (32°F) was investigated. Moisture loss was examined by percent weight loss and moisture content (g H2O/g FW) during postharvest handling and storage. To generate different levels of moisture loss, seedlings were stored in various packages that differed in water permeability with a 0 and 1 day delay at 20°C (68°F) prior to 5 or 7 months of storage at 0°C (32°F). Depending on treatment, percent weight loss of seedlings varied from 0 to 60% and seedling survival ranged from 0 to 100%. When percent weight loss was below 25% all bare-root seedlings survived 5 and 7 months storage. Seedlings expressed a great degree of tolerance to desiccation stress, as demonstrated by those few which survived nearly 60% weight loss. Between 20 and 40% weight loss there was no direct relationship between moisture loss and percent survival. Bare-root Colorado Spruce seedlings grew with 100% survival following 5 and 7 months storage at 0°C (32°F) if packaged in either unsealed perforated or nonperforated polyethylene film.
Response of Periwinkle to Composted Sewage Sludge Used as a Soil Amendment
Authors: Devitt D.A. , Morris R.L. , Bowman D.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the effects of composted sewage sludge as a soil amendment on growth and mineral composition of ‘Bright Eyes’ periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Dn.). Three desert soils (loamy sand, sandy loam, clay) were amended with two different composted sewage sludges (city and county) at rates of 0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60% by volume. Plants were grown in the amended soils for four months. Composted city sludge had a positive effect on size, growth rate and number of flowers per plant in all three soils. Plants grown in soils amended with the county sludge grew poorly and developed an interveinal chlorosis. Tissue analysis suggested chlorosis was due to a calcium-induced manganese deficiency. Whole plant tissue Mn declined to as low as 23 mg/kg when the calcium in the soil extract exceeded 25 meq/liter.
Sumagic (Uniconazole) Enhances Flowering of ‘Shishi-Gashira’ Camellia
Authors: Keever Gary J. , McGuire John A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of Camellia sasanqua Thunb. [C. hiemalis Nakai] ‘Shishi-Gashira’ was either unaffected or was inhibited by single foliar sprays of Sumagic (uniconazole), while flower number was significantly greater. A 5 ppm spray of (Sumagic) uniconazole increased flower number 53% without influencing growth indices, days to flower or flower diameter. A 20 ppm spray increased flower number 113% without affecting days to flower or flower diameter; however, growth indices were reduced up to 21%.
Shade Tree Growth and Nutritional Status as Influenced by Fabric Container and Trickle Fertigation
Authors: Chong Calvin , Lumis Glen P. , Cline Robert A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five species of landscape shade trees, when grown in fabric containers, showed small but significant reductions in caliper and height compared to field-grown control trees after each of 3 growing seasons, 1988–1990. Reductions also were observed in certain leaf nutrients: N and Ca after the second year, and P and K after the third year. There were increased levels of leaf Mn (1989), Zn (1990), and starch (1989). Trees of all species receiving 5.7 L (1.5 U.S. gal) of water per day plus 200 ppm of supplementary N applied twice weekly had consistently larger caliper after each of the 3 growing seasons and tended to have higher leaf Mn content after the second year. There was inconsistent, little, or no difference in height, or in other leaf nutrients, due to fertigation treatments or to irrigation alone.
Asexual Propagation of Shepherdia canadensis and S. rotundifolia
Authors: Krishnan Sarada , Hughes Harrison 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Shepherdia canadensis and S. rotundifolia were asexually propagated by hardwood cuttings and aseptic micropropagation. S. canadensis showed greatest rooting of 46.5% with 0.3% IBA. S. rotundifolia showed greater proliferation in woody plant media (WPM) with 0.89 μM BA and optimum rooting in WPM with 5.4 μM NAA.
Dolomitic Lime Particle Size and Container Medium pH
Authors: Leda Carol E. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Boxwood liners, Buxus sempervirens ‘Suffruticosa’, were container-grown for two years in a pine bark/peat moss medium amended with various particle sizes of dolomitic limestone. Adjustment of pH was more effectively accomplished with the finer particles. All treatments resulted in greater plant growth than the untreated control. A surface application of a commercially available pulverized dolomitic limestone was also effective in increasing the pH above the control treatment, and plants grown with the surface applied treatment were as large as any of the incorporated treatments.
Sensitivity of Calonectria pseudonaviculata, the Pathogen of Boxwood Blight, to Strobilurin and Demethylation Inhibitor Fungicides in Connecticut1
Authors: Maurer K. , Cowles R. S. , LaMondia J. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Calonectria pseudonaviculata (Lombard, Crous, Wingfield & Wingfield) causes a severe blight disease on boxwood known as “boxwood blight”. Three isolates: 11-9-4a and CTWH1 - wild types from Connecticut landscapes, and FC1 - an isolate of 11-9-4a that was selected for ability to grow on up to 250 μg a.i./ml pyraclostrobin fungicide, were evaluated for sensitivity to nine fungicides belonging to the demethylation inhibitor ([DMI] propiconazole, tebuconazole, triflumizole, myclobutanil, tetraconazole) and strobilurin (pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, kresoxim-methyl) groups. The effects of fungicides on mycelial growth and conidial germination were analyzed using in vitro assays. All DMI fungicides strongly inhibited radial growth, but did not prevent conidial germination. Of the strobilurins, only pyraclostrobin inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination of the 11-9-4a and CTWH1 isolates within label use rates. Pyraclostrobin, kresoxim-methyl, and trifloxystrobin inhibited mycelial growth for 11-9-4a and pyraclostrobin and kresoxim-methyl for CTWH1. All strobilurin fungicides inhibited the conidial germination of 11-9-4a and FC1; only pyraclostrobin affected CTWH1. FC1 and CTWH1 exhibited reduced sensitivity to strobilurin fungicides for mycelial growth. For effective control of mycelial growth and conidial germination, and to reduce the risk of resistance development, fungicides from both FRAC groups should be used and integrated with other best management practices.
Index words: fungicide resistance; Buxus; chemical disease management.
Chemicals used in this study: azoxystrobin (Heritage 50 WG); kresoxim-methyl (Cygnus 50 WG); myclobutanil (Rally 40WSP); propiconazole (Procon-Z 14.3 L); pyraclostrobin (Insignia 20 WG); tebuconazole (Torque 38.7 SC); tetraconazole (Minerva 11.6 SC); trifloxystrobin (Flint 50 WG); triflumizole (Procure 480 SC).
Species used in this study: boxwood (Buxus L.); boxwood blight (Calonectria pseudonaviculata).
Influence of Substrate Physical Properties on Container Weed Germination
Authors: Altland James E. , Boldt Jennifer K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractContainer nursery substrates in the central and eastern U.S. are composed primarily of pine bark with lesser percentages of other amendments, including sphagnum peatmoss. Peatmoss is often amended from 0% to 40% (by vol.) to increase the water holding capacity of the substrate. The objective of this research was to determine how a pine bark substrate amended with sphagnum peatmoss affects creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) germination in containers with or without applications of pendimethalin herbicide. Increasing percentage of peatmoss increased the water holding capacity of the substrate; however, water availability on the substrate surface where weed seed germinate and establish was the same in all substrates. Substrates with varying levels of sphagnum peatmoss only slightly affected weed germination. While sphagnum peat moss can be used to increase the water holding characteristics of a substrate, changes in bulk substrate physical properties will not affect herbicide performance or weed germination on the substrate surface.Index words: Herbicide, irrigation, substrate, porosity, weed control.Chemicals used in this study: pendimethalin (Pendulum 2G).Species used in this study: creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata L.) (OXACO).
Apparent Tolerance of Low Water Availability in Temperate Asian Bamboos1
Authors: Smith Melissa C. , Mack Richard N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Suitable plant water dynamics and the ability to withstand periods of low moisture input facilitate plant establishment in seasonally arid regions. Temperate bamboos are a major constituent of mixed evergreen and deciduous forests throughout temperate East Asia but play only an incidental role in North American forests and are altogether absent in the Pacific Northwest forest. Many bamboo species are classified as mesic or riparian, but none are considered drought tolerant. To assess their ability to withstand low water, we subjected five Asian temperate and one North American temperate bamboo species to three irrigation treatments: 100%, 50%, and 10% replacement of water lost through evapotranspiration. Plants were irrigated every four days over a 31-day period. Plant response to treatments was measured with stomatal conductance, leaf xylem water potentials, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Pleioblastus distichus and Pseudosasa japonica showed significant reductions in conductance between high and low irrigation treatments. Sasa palmata had significantly lower stomatal conductance in all treatments. Pleioblastus chino displayed significantly higher iWUE in the mid irrigation treatment and Arunindaria gigantea displayed significantly lower iWUE than P. chino and S. palmata in the low irrigation treatment. The Asian bamboo species examined here tolerate low water availability and readily acclimate to different soil moisture conditions.
Index words: Temperate bamboos, irrigation response, stomatal conductance, intrinsic water use efficiency.
Species used in this study: Giant Cane [Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl.]; Pleioblastus chino (Franchet & Savatier) Makino; Pleioblastus distichus (Mitford) Nakai; Pseudosasa japonica (Makino); Sasa palmata (Bean) Nakai.
Influence of Essential Oils on Post-infection Botrytis Damage in Cut Roses1
Authors: Bergmann Ben A. , Dole John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We assessed the degree to which 16 post-infection treatments controlled Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.) damage in cut roses (Rosa × hybrida). Additional experiments examined whether essential oils (EO) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) leaf (CLO), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb.) bud (CBO), and thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (TO) could reduce damage in Botrytis-infected cut roses. The 16 treatments applied to ‘Light Orlando' cut roses differed in reducing Botrytis damage and causing phytotoxicity damage. Only the synthetic fungicide fludioxonil [applied as 0.23 g · L−1 (0.00024 oz · fl oz−1) Medallion®] resulted in the desirable combination of greatly reduced stem termination frequency due to Botrytis damage and relatively minor flower phytotoxicity. When applied to cut rose ‘Freedom' or cultivars with light colored flowers (‘Cool Water', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany'), all EO aqueous solutions caused pronounced phytotoxicity damage, but only TO reduced Botrytis damage significantly compared to untreated flowers. Roses exposed to EO vapor rather than an aqueous solution tended to exhibit less phytotoxicity. Vapors of CLO and CBO tended to reduce Botrytis damage less and caused greater flower phytotoxicity than TO vapor and aqueous fludioxonil. Thyme oil vapor exposures of 4.6 and 9.1 ppm warrant further investigation.
Index words: Botrytis blight, Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., cut flowers, floriculture, fungicide, gray mold, Rosa × hybrida.
Chemicals used in this study: Bacillus subtilis (Cease®), bleach (Clorox®), chlorothalonil (Daconil®), copper sulphate (Phyton® 27), fenhexamide (Elevate®), fludioxonil (Medallion®), hydrogen peroxide (ZeroTol® 2.0), iprodione (Chipco® 26019 Flo), potassium bicarbonate (Milstop®), pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Pageant® Intrinsic®).
Species used in this study: Rose (Rosa × hybrida) ‘Cool Water', ‘Freedom', ‘Jessika', ‘Polar Star', ‘Tiffany', Botrytis (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr.).
Effects of Growing Season, Plant Stage of Development, and Substrate Drench Applications of Paclobutrazol as Compared to a Daminozide Standard on Growth and Flowering of Gerbera Daisy ‘Bright Red with Light Eye'1
Authors: Chen Y. , Kessler J.R. , Keever G.J. , Fain G.B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPaclobutrazol substrate drenches at 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 ppm were compared to a 2,500 ppm daminozide foliar spray standard in two finishing seasons (fall 2015 and spring 2016) and at two application stages for plant size control and improved market quality of ‘Bright Red with Light Eye' Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook. f. ‘Bright Red with Light Eye') in 12.7cm (5 in) pots. Stage 1 was when the majority of plants had roots to the bottom of the substrate, and stage 2 was 2 weeks later. A consumer preference survey assessed purchasing preference when plants had two or three open flowers. Plant size index, foliage height, peduncle length, flower diameter, and quality rating at first flower decreased linearly while days to first flower increased quadratically with increasing paclobutrazol concentration, regardless of stage or season. Paclobutrazol applications delayed flowering, and decreased flower diameter and flower and bud counts, but these differences were small and not considered of practical importance. Based on quality rating at first flower and survey results, a 1 or 2 ppm paclobutrazol drench produced the most marketable plants in fall, and 0, 1, 2, or 3 ppm produced the most marketable plants in spring.Index words: plant growth retardant, B-Nine, Bonzi, greenhouse productionChemicals used in this study: B-Nine (daminozide) [butanedioic acid mono (2,2- dimethylhydrazide)] and Bonzi (paclobutrazol) [(±)-(R*,R*)-β-[(4-Chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1- dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol]Species used in this study: ‘Bright Red with Light Eye' Gerbera daisy (Gerbera jamesonii Hook. f. ‘Bright Red with Light Eye')
Process Analysis of the Hot Plate Welding of Drive Belts
Authors: Wałęsa Krzysztof , Malujda Ireneusz , Talaśka Krzysztof , Wilczyński Dominik 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Most industrial machines use belt transmission for power transfer. These mechanisms often use the round belts of several millimetres in diameter that are made of thermoplastic elastomers, especially polyurethane. Their production process calls for bonding the material, which is often performed by hot plate butt welding. In order to achieve proper design of an automatic welding machine, the authors analysed the hot plate welding process of round belts. This process consists of five phases. It is necessary to recognize all the physical phenomena that occur during welding, especially those connected with thermomechanical properties of material. This knowledge is necessary to determine the temperature distribution during each step of the process. The paper presents a standard welding cycle together with an explanation of the physical phenomena in each phase. An analysis of these fundamentals will be used to derivate the function of temperature distribution during all process phases. In addition, some assumptions for calculation of temperature distribution and some fundamental physic correlations were presented.
Characteristics of illegal inland fishing according to the opinions of Polish fisheries guards
Authors: Mickiewicz Maciej , Wołos Arkadiusz , Trella Marek 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Poaching is still a great problem in Poland. Officers of the fisheries guard from three regions in northeast Poland rich in natural inland waters were surveyed. The most frequent type of poaching encountered by the officers was that practised by recreational fishers using rods (ranking of 4.4 points on a scale of 0–5) followed by poaching stemming from poverty or unemployment (3.4 points), and poaching by professional fishermen was ranked the lowest (1.5 points). Organized poaching was identified as the most dangerous for ichthyofauna (42% of responses), followed by poaching by recreational fishers (28%) and poaching stemming from poverty or unemployment (23%). According to the officers surveyed, the species that were targeted by poachers most frequently were the predators: pike, Esox lucius (98% of responses), European eel, Anguilla anguilla, pikeperch, Sander lucioperca and perch, Perca fluviatilis.
Assessment of the Effects of Sugarcane Straw Addition to the Flocculation/Coagulation Process on Vinasse Concentration
Authors: Sica Pietro , Carvalho Renan , Beltrame Hélder , Baptista Antonio Sampaio 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Vinasse is the main by-product of ethanol production. In 2005, its application was regulated in the state of Sao Paulo, so if it is to be applied to the fields, its volume must meet the established concentration regulations. Straw contains one-third of sugarcane calorific value and can be used for cogeneration. For these purposes, the project objective was to assess the effects of straw on the concentration of vinasse solids through physical and chemical processes, so its concentrated form could be used as biomass for cogeneration. For that, different concentrations of straw, ferric sulphate, and ferric chloride were used. Turbidity reduction was the parameter analysed. Both reagents were effective in reducing the turbidity. The 200 ppm of ferric chloride and 0.25% straw content reduced the turbidity by 55.02% and 400 ppm of ferric sulphate and 0.25% of straw reduced it by 57.96%. The addition of straw showed no significant effect in terms of the turbidity reduction, however, both best treatments had 0.25% straw content addition in it. Straw can be used to concentrate vinasse, contributing to the efficiency of the process and increasing the energy potential of the concentrated solids.
Damage to Archaeological Sites: Assessment Criteria and Situation in Latvia
Authors: Kairišs Andris , Oļevska Irina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of the article is to reflect the necessity of introducing objective criteria in articulating monetary value of the damage caused to archaeological sites (immovable cultural monuments) as a result of illegal activities. The research focuses on the damage assessment criteria and resulting diminishment of economic value that are used in several countries, as well as examines the key interests and stakeholders in damage assessment process and outcome. It further describes the corresponding situation in Latvia, determines the existing challenges and proposes the basis for improvement in administrative and legal procedures. Methods applied in the research are literature review, legal framework and documentary analysis, statistical analysis and elements of qualitative content analysis. International intercomparisons have been made consulting with foreign experts. The assay is mostly done from legal and socioeconomic point of view. The results of the research could be used for the purposes of amending legal regulation and damage assessment mechanisms.
Multidestination travel of the Slovenian population
Authors: Cigale Dejan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on the multidestination travel of the Slovenian population. It presents the results of a questionnaire survey that aimed to gain insight into some relevant characteristics of the travel behaviour of the Slovenian population and its links to factors that were found in previous research to be related to the incidence of multidestination travel. A destination was defined within this research as any location where an overnight stop is made. Single-destination trips prevailed. Still, a considerable percentage of respondents’ most recent trips had been multidestination trips. The greater part of them was directed to just one country within which they visited several overnight destinations. The results indicate that duration of trip, distance of destination from tourists’ residential location, familiarity of destination, travel-group size and tourists’ activities are associated with the likelihood of multidestination travel.
Expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes in ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells: effect of hypoxia and glucose deprivation
Authors: Minchenko Dmytro O. , Khita Olena O. , Tsymbal Dariia O. , Danilovskyi Serhij V. , Rudnytska Olha V. , Halkin Oleh V. , Kryvdiuk Iryna V. , Smeshkova Maria V. , Yakymchuk Mykhailo M. , Bezrodnyi Borys H. , Minchenko Oleksandr H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective. The aim of the present investigation was to study the expression of genes encoding polyfunctional proteins insulinase (insulin degrading enzyme, IDE) and pitrilysin metallopeptidase 1 (PITRM1) in U87 glioma cells in response to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling mediated by ERN1/IRE1 (endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1) for evaluation of their possible significance in the control of metabolism through ERN1 signaling as well as hypoxia, glucose and glutamine deprivations.

Methods. The expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes was studied in control and ERN1 knockdown U87 glioma cells under glucose and glutamine deprivations as well as hypoxia by quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Results. It was found that the expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes was down-regulated in ERN1 knockdown (without ERN1 protein kinase and endoribonuclease activity) glioma cells in comparison with the control glioma cells, being more significant for PITRM1 gene. We also found up-regulation of microRNA MIR7-2 and MIRLET7A2, which have specific binding sites in 3’-untranslated region of IDE and PITRM1 mRNAs, correspondingly, and can participate in posttranscriptional regulation of these mRNA expressions. Only inhibition of ERN1 endoribonuclease did not change significantly the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes in glioma cells. The expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes is preferentially regulated by ERN1 protein kinase. We also showed that hypoxia down-regulated the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes and that knockdown of ERN1 signaling enzyme function modified the response of these gene expressions to hypoxia. Glucose deprivation increased the expression level of IDE and PITRM1 genes, but ERN1 knockdown enhanced only the effect of glucose deprivation on PITRM1 gene expression. Glutamine deprivation did not affect the expression of IDE gene in both types of glioma cells, but up-regulated PITRM1 gene and this up-regulation was stronger in ERN1 knockdown cells.

Conclusions. Results of this investigation demonstrate that ERN1 knockdown significantly decreases the expression of IDE and PITRM1 genes by ERN1 protein kinase mediated mechanism. The expression of both studied genes was sensitive to hypoxia as well as glucose deprivation and dependent on ERN1 signaling in gene-specific manner. It is possible that the level of these genes expression under hypoxia and glucose deprivation is a result of complex interaction of variable endoplasmic reticulum stress related and unrelated regulatory factors and contributed to the control of the cell metabolism.