bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of maternal B12 supplementation in vegetarian women for improving infant neurodevelopment: protocol for the MATCOBIND multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nagpal Jitender , Mathur Manu Raj , Rawat Swapnil , Nagrath Deepti , Lee Charlotte , Singhal Atul , Heys Michelle , Cortina Borja Mario , Augustin Katrin , Gautam Jageshwor , Pant Rajendra , Swabey Laura , Lakhanpaul Monica 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionVitamin B12 deficiency is widely prevalent across many low- and middle-income countries, especially where the diet is low in animal sources. While many observational studies show associations between B12 deficiency in pregnancy and infant cognitive function (including memory, language and motor skills), evidence from clinical trials is sparse and inconclusive.Methods and analysisThis double-blind, multicentre, randomised controlled trial will enrol 720 vegetarian pregnant women in their first trimester from antenatal clinics at two hospitals (one in India and one in Nepal). Eligible mothers who give written consent will be randomised to receive either 250 mcg methylcobalamin or 50 mcg (quasi control), from enrolment to 6 months post-partum, given as an oral daily capsule. All mothers and their infants will continue to receive standard clinical care. The primary trial outcome is the offspring’s neurodevelopment status at 9 months of age, assessed using the Development Assessment Scale of Indian Infants. Secondary outcomes include the infant’s biochemical B12 status at age 9 months and maternal biochemical B12 status in the first and third trimesters. Maternal biochemical B12 status will also be assessed in the first trimester. Modification of association by a priori identified factors will also be explored.Ethical considerations and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved by ethical committees at each study site (India and Nepal) and at University College London, UK. The study results will be disseminated to healthcare professionals and academics globally via conferences, presentations and publications. Researchers at each study site will share results with participants during their follow-up visits.Trial registration numberCTRI/2018/07/015048 (Clinical Trial Registry of India); NCT04083560 (ClinicalTrials.gov)
Social inequalities in low birthweight outcomes in Sri Lanka: evidence from the Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Authors: Abeywickrama Gayathri , S Padmadas Sabu , Hinde Andrew 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate social inequalities underlying low birthweight (LBW) outcomes in Sri Lanka.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study used the Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 2016, the first such survey to cover the entire country since the Civil War ended in 2001.ParticipantsBirthweight data extracted from the child health development records available for 7713 babies born between January 2011 and the date of interview in 2016.Outcome measuresThe main outcome variable was birth weight, classified as LBW (≤2500 g) and normal.MethodsWe applied random intercept three-level logistic regression to examine the association between LBW and maternal, socioeconomic and geographic variables. Concentration indices were estimated for different population subgroups.ResultsThe population-level prevalence of LBW was 16.9% but was significantly higher in the estate sector (28.4%) compared with rural (16.6%) and urban (13.6%) areas. Negative concentration indices suggest a relatively higher concentration of LBW in poor households in rural areas and the estate sector. Results from fixed effects logistic regression models confirmed our hypothesis of significantly higher risk of LBW outcomes across poorer households and Indian Tamil communities (AOR 1.70, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.83, p<0.05). Results from random intercept models confirmed there was substantial unobserved variation in LBW outcomes at the mother level. The effect of maternal biological variables was larger than that of socioeconomic factors.ConclusionLBW rates are significantly higher among babies born in poorer households and Indian Tamil communities. The findings highlight the need for nutrition interventions targeting pregnant women of Indian Tamil ethnicity and those living in economically deprived households.
Enhanced PeriOperative Care and Health protection programme for the prevention of surgical site infections after elective abdominal surgery (EPOCH): study protocol of a randomised controlled, multicentre, superiority trial
Authors: de Jonge Stijn W , Wolfhagen Niels , Boldingh Quirine JJ , Bom Wouter J , Posthuma Linda M , Scheijmans Jochem CG , van der Leeuw Bart MF , van der Hoeven Joost AB , Hering Jens Peter , Sonneveld Dirk JA , van Geffen Otto E , Hendriks Eduard R , Kluyver Ewoud B , Demirkiran Ahmet , van Lonkhuijzen Luc RCW , Slotema Thomas , Draaisma Werner A , Koopman Seppe JSHA , van Rossem Charles C , Over Linda M , van Duijvendijk Peter , Dijkgraaf Marcel GW , Hollmann Markus W , Boermeester Marja A 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionSurgical site infections (SSI) are a common postoperative complication. During the development of the new WHO guidelines on SSI prevention, also in the Netherlands was concluded that perioperative care could be optimised beyond the current standard practice. We selected a limited set of readily available, cheap and evidence-based interventions from these new guidelines that are not part of standard practice in the Netherlands and formulated an Enhanced PeriOperative Care and Health bundle (EPOCH). Here, we describe the protocol for an open-label, randomised controlled, parallel-group, superiority trial to test the effect of the EPOCH bundle added to (national) standard care in comparison to standard care alone on the incidence of SSI.Methods and analysisEPOCH consists of intraoperative high fractional inspired oxygen (0.80); goal-directed fluid therapy; active preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative warming; perioperative glucose control and treatment of severe hyperglycaemia (>10 mmoll-1) and standardised surgical site handling. Patients scheduled for elective abdominal surgery with an incision larger than 5 cm are eligible for inclusion. Participants are randomised daily, 1:1 according to variable block sizes, and stratified per participating centre to either EPOCH added to standard care or standard care only. The primary endpoint will be SSI incidence according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition within 30 days as part of routine clinical follow-up. Four additional questionnaires will be sent out over the course of 90 days to capture disability and costs. Other secondary endpoints include anastomotic leakage, incidence of incisional hernia, serious adverse events, hospital readmissions, length of stay and cost effectiveness. Analysis of the primary endpoint will be on an intention-to-treat basis.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is granted by the Amsterdam UMC Medical Ethics Committee (reference 2015_121). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and summaries shared with stakeholders. This protocol is published before analysis of the results.Trial registration numberRegistered in the Dutch Trial Register: NL5572.
Can video consultations replace face-to-face interviews? Palliative medicine and the Covid-19 pandemic: rapid review
Authors: Sutherland Anna Elizabeth , Stickland Jane , Wee Bee 
Published: May 2020

During the Covid-19 pandemic, a strategy to minimise face-to-face (FtF) visits and limit viral spread is essential. Video consultations offer clinical assessment despite restricted movement of people.We undertook a rapid literature review to identify the highest currently available level of evidence to inform this major change in clinical practice. We present a narrative synthesis of the one international and one national guideline and two systematic reviews—all published within the last 18 months.The global evidence appears to support video consultations as an effective, accessible, acceptable and cost-effective method of service delivery. Organisations must ensure software is simple, effective, reliable and safe, with the highest level of security for confidentiality.Although video consultations cannot fully replace FtF, they can radically reduce the need for FtF and the risk of Covid-19 spread in our communities while maintaining high standards of care. For patient safety, it will be critical to follow the WHO guidance regarding: a standard operating procedure; clinical protocols for when video consultations can (and cannot) be used; policies to ensure equity of access in disadvantaged populations; adequate staff training; and administrative support to coordinate appointments.
How to renormalize integral equations with singular potentials in effective field theory
Authors: Epelbaum E. , Gasparyan A. M. , Gegelia J. , Meißner Ulf-G. , Ren X.-L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe briefly review general concepts of renormalization in quantum field theory and discuss their application to solutions of integral equations with singular potentials in the few-nucleon sector of the low-energy effective field theory of QCD. We also describe a particular subtractive renormalization scheme and consider a specific application to a toy-model with a singular potential serving as its effective field theoretical leading-order approximation.
The first dual-phase xenon TPC equipped with silicon photomultipliers and characterisation with $$^{37}\hbox {Ar}$$
Authors: Baudis L. , Biondi Y. , Galloway M. , Girard F. , Hochrein S. , Reichard S. , Sanchez-Lucas P. , Thieme K. , Wulf J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFor the first time, a small dual-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time projection chamber was equipped with a top array of silicon photomultipliers for light and charge readout. Here we describe the instrument in detail, as well as the data processing and the event position reconstruction algorithms. We obtain a spatial resolution of $$\sim 1.5\,\text {mm}$$∼1.5mm in the horizontal plane. To characterise the detector performance, we show calibration data with internal $$^{83\text {m}}\hbox {Kr}$$83mKr and $$^{37}\hbox {Ar}$$37Ar sources, and we detail the production of the latter as well as its introduction into the system. We finally compare the observed light and charge yields down to electronic recoil energies of $$2.82\,\text {keV}$$2.82keV to predictions based on NEST v2.0.
Spin oscillations of neutrinos scattered off a rotating black hole
Authors: Dvornikov Maxim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpin oscillations of neutrinos, gravitationally scattered off a black hole (BH), are studied. The cases of nonrotating and rotating BHs are analyzed. We derive the analytic expressions for the transition and survival probabilities of spin oscillations when neutrinos interact with these gravitational backgrounds. The obtained transition probabilities depend on the impact parameter, as well as the neutrino energy and the particle mass. We find that there is a possibility of spin oscillations of ultrarelativistic neutrinos scattering off a rotating BH. Then, considering the neutrino scattering off BH surrounded by background matter, we derive the effective Schrödinger equation for spin oscillations. The numerical solution of this equation is obtained in the case of a supermassive BH with a realistic accretion disk. Spin effects turn out to be negligible in the neutrino scattering in the Schwarzschild metric. In the Kerr metric, we find that the observed neutrino fluxes can be reduced almost 10% because of spin oscillations when ultrarelativistic neutrinos experience gravitational scattering. The neutrino interaction with an accretion disk results in the additional modification of the intensities of outgoing neutrino fluxes. We consider the applications of the obtained results for the neutrino astronomy.
Baryon production at LHC experiments: average pt of hyperons versus energy
Authors: Piskounova Olga I. 
Published: May 2020

This paper examines the transverse momentum spectra of baryons in the multiparticle production at modern colliders in the frameworks of Quark–Gluon String Model (QGSM). It discusses: (i) the difference in [Formula: see text] hyperon spectra at proton–antiproton versus proton–proton reactions on previous colliders; (ii) the difference in hyperon spectra between the experiments on colliders of low energies and the results from modern machines; (iii) the growth of average transverse momenta of [Formula: see text] hyperon with the energies of proton–proton collisions up to [Formula: see text] TeV of LHC experiments. This analysis of baryon spectra led to the following conclusions. First, the fragmentation of antidiquark–diquark side of one-pomeron diagram makes the major contribution to baryon production spectra in the asymmetric [Formula: see text] reaction. Second, the average [Formula: see text]’s of hyperons in [Formula: see text] collisions steadily grow with energy in the range from [Formula: see text] GeV to 7 TeV. The additional conclusion is the following: since no dramatic changes have been seen in the characteristics of baryon production, the hadroproduction processes do not cause the “knee” in the cosmic ray proton spectra at the energies between Tevatron collider and LHC.
Decelerating to accelerating scenario for Bianchi type-II string Universe in f(R,T)-gravity theory
Authors: Garg Priyanka , Pradhan Anirudh , Zia Rashid , Zeyauddin Mohd. 
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we have discussed string cosmological model within the framework of [Formula: see text] theory of gravity in homogeneous but anisotropic Bianchi Type-II space-time. We have considered cosmic string as a source of energy–momentum tensor. We get the solution of the corresponding field equations by assuming deceleration parameter [Formula: see text], which is time-dependent (here, [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are arbitrary constants). This particular form of scale factor enables us to explain the two scenarios, (i) By using recent constraints ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) from supernovae type Ia union data (Cunha, Kinematic constraints to the transition redshift from supernovae type Ia union data, Phys. Rev. D 79 (2009) 047301), we find the values of arbitrary constants [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for which we have derived a cosmological model showing accelerating expansion universe ([Formula: see text]) only throughout the evolution and (ii) By using the recent constraints ([Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text]) from SNIa data in combination with BAO and CMB observations (Giostri et al. From cosmic deceleration to acceleration: new constraints from SN Ia and BAO/CMB, J. Cosmol. Astrophys. 3 (2012) 27), we find the values of arbitrary constants for which we have derived a cosmological model with phase transition from early decelerating ([Formula: see text]) to the present accelerating ([Formula: see text]) universe. Also, for the model, we have evaluated and discussed the various physical and kinematic parameters. We have also shown the variation of these cosmological parameters graphically for specific values of the constants. The stability and physical viability are also discussed for the derived models using some recently developed diagnostic tools.
Flow Hydrodynamic Characteristics in the Dam-Break Induced Wave Tip Region
Authors: Wu Danhong , Shen Jia , Liu Haijiang 
Published: May 2020

Traditional models assuming a vertically uniform structure of the horizontal flow velocity and neglecting the vertical velocity distribution cannot accurately describe the complex boundary layer flow features in the dam-break induced wave tip region. Based on the assumption that the horizontal velocity profile in the wave tip region follows a vertically parabolic distribution with shear extending to the water surface, new solutions for the hydrodynamic characteristics in the wave tip region were derived with respect to the simplified force balance or the steady momentum equation, respectively. The force balance-based models show the relation between water depth [Formula: see text] and distance from the tip [Formula: see text] in the wave tip region as [Formula: see text], whereas a complex and implicit [Formula: see text] relation is confirmed after applying the momentum equation. Comparing with other models, the present momentum equation-based model gives the best agreements with experiments, which can illustrate the general spatial distribution of the wave profile in the wave tip region. Model predicted characteristics of surface particles’ motion are consistent with the experimental observation of Baldock et al. ([ 2014 ] “Flow convergence at the tip and edges of a viscous swash front — experimental and analytical modeling,” Coast Eng. 88, 123–130). As for the vertical velocity distribution in the wave tip region (being downward direction), it increases monotonically from the bed to the water surface and its magnitude increases when approaching the wave tip. Taking into account the relative streamline distribution and total flow field feature in the wave tip region, the present model can reproduce the uniform flow convergence pattern at the wave tip front, as experimentally observed in Baldock et al. [ 2014 ].
Spatially Resolved Spectroscopic Properties of Low-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
Authors: Sánchez Sebastián F. 
Published: May 2020

I review the spatially resolved spectroscopic properties of low-redshift star-forming galaxies (and their retired counterparts) using results from the most recent optical integral field spectroscopy galaxy surveys. First, I briefly summarize the global spectroscopic properties of these galaxies, discussing the main ionization processes and the global relations described by the star-formation rates, gas-phase oxygen abundances, and average properties of their stellar populations (age and metallicity) in comparison with the stellar mass. Second, I present the local distribution of the ionizing processes down to kiloparsec scales, and I show how the global scaling relations found using integrated parameters (like the star-formation main sequence, mass–metallicity relation, and Schmidt–Kennicutt law) have local/resolved counterparts, with the global ones being, for the most part, just integrated/average versions of the local ones. I discuss the local/resolved star-formation histories (SFHs) and chemical-enrichment histories and their implications on the inside-out growth of galaxies. Third, I present the radial distributions of the surface densities of the properties explored globally and how they depend on the integrated galaxy properties.In conclusion, I find that the evolution of galaxies is mostly governed by local processes but clearly affected by global ones: ▪  Many global scaling relations present resolved counterparts (verified down to kiloparsec scales) that can explain them as well as the observed radial gradients in galaxies. ▪  These relations are consequences of the local SFHs, the narrow range of the depletion times, and a local metal enrichment. ▪  Deviations from these relations are due to dynamical and mixing processes, local exchange of gas (inflows, outflows, and fountains), depletion time differences, and/or differences in the resolved SFHs. ▪  Ionization happens at local scales that may be driven by different physical processes, and it cannot be clearly understood using purely integrated quantities. The dominant ionization in galaxies has a stellar origin.
Impact of Tobacco Control Policies on Smoking-Related Cancer Incidence in Germany 2020 to 2050—A Simulation Study
Authors: Gredner Thomas , Niedermaier Tobias , Brenner Hermann , Mons Ute 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background:
Germany is known for its weak tobacco control. We aimed to provide projections of potentially avoidable cancer cases under different tobacco control policy intervention scenarios.

Methods:
To estimate numbers and proportions of potentially avoidable cancer cases under different policy intervention scenarios (cigarette price increases, comprehensive marketing ban, and plain packaging), we calculated cancer site–specific potential impact fractions by age, sex, and year of study period (2020–2050), considering latency periods between reduction in smoking prevalence and manifestation in declining cancer excess risks. To obtain estimates of future incident case numbers, we assumed a continuation of recent smoking trends, and combined German cancer registry data with forecasted population sizes, published effect sizes, and national daily smoking prevalence data.

Results:
Over a 30-year horizon, an estimated 13.3% (men 14.0% and women 12.2%) of smoking-related cancer cases could be prevented if a combination of different tobacco control policies were to be implemented in Germany, with repeated price increases being the most effective single policy (men 8.5% and women 7.3%). Extensive sensitivity analyses indicated that the model is fairly robust.

Conclusions:
Our results suggest that the expected cancer incidence in Germany could be considerably reduced by implementing tobacco control policies as part of a primary cancer prevention strategy.

Impact:
Our straightforward modeling framework enables a comparison of the impact of different health policy measures. To further accelerate the currently observed tentative trend of declining smoking prevalence in Germany and thereby curtail smoking-related cancer incidence, there is a great need to urgently intensify efforts in tobacco control.
Hematologic Markers and Prostate Cancer Risk: A Prospective Analysis in UK Biobank
Authors: Watts Eleanor L. , Perez-Cornago Aurora , Kothari Jaimal , Allen Naomi E. , Travis Ruth C. , Key Timothy J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackground:Risk factors for prostate cancer are not well understood. Red blood cell, platelet, and white blood cell indices may be markers of a range of exposures that might be related to prostate cancer risk. Therefore, we examined the associations of hematologic parameters with prostate cancer risk.Methods:Complete blood count data from 209,686 male UK Biobank participants who were free from cancer at study baseline were analyzed. Participants were followed up via data linkage. After a mean follow-up of 6.8 years, 5,723 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and 323 men died from prostate cancer. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression was used to estimate adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for prostate cancer incidence and mortality by hematologic parameters, and corrected for regression dilution bias.Results:Higher red blood cell (HR per 1 SD increase = 1.09, 95% CI, 1.05–1.13) and platelet counts (HR = 1.07, 1.04–1.11) were associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer. Higher mean corpuscular volume (HR = 0.90, 0.87–0.93), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (HR = 0.90, 0.87–0.93), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (HR = 0.87, 0.77–0.97), and mean sphered cell volume (HR = 0.91, 0.87–0.94) were associated with a lower prostate cancer risk. Higher white blood cell (HR = 1.14, 1.05–1.24) and neutrophil count (HR = 1.27, 1.09–1.48) were associated with prostate cancer mortality.Conclusions:These associations of blood indices of prostate cancer risk and mortality may implicate shared common causes, including testosterone, nutrition, and inflammation/infection among several others in prostate cancer development and/or progression.Impact:These associations provide insights into prostate cancer development and progression.