bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Approaches
Authors: Mackenzie J. Lachlan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAll functional approaches share the conviction that the structure of languages and their historical development are strongly impacted by the cognitive properties of language users, the social relations between them, and the spatio-temporal and socio-cultural contexts in which they operate. This chapter describes how functionalism has impinged on the study of English grammar and covers the interrelations of discourse and grammar, various corpus- and usage-based approaches, the influence of processing considerations, the hierarchical organization of the clause, information structure, the noun phrase, and the contributions of language typology. The grammatical analysis of English has been enriched by the insight that its structures are bound up with our ability to participate in dialogues, to construct written texts, to surmize the state of mind of our conversational partner, to modulate our formulations to maximize politeness, and to use different registers or dialects in different social contexts.
Grammar and Lexis
Authors: Schönefeld Doris 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with lexis and grammar and discusses the relationship between them from the perspective of a selected number of specific, formal and functional, linguistic theories. The assumptions held can basically be associated with two positions. One considers the two phenomena as distinct parts of language (dual-system theories, representative of formalist frameworks), and the other suggests that lexicon and grammar are gradient phenomena sitting on a continuum (single-system models, representative of functional approaches). Both positions are elaborated and evaluated as to how well observations from language use fit into them. The existence of lexical and grammatical units (having different properties) as well as many ‘mixed’ units containing lexical and grammatical elements (exhibiting properties of both) suggest no clear dividing line between lexis and grammar. Instead, their relation can be understood in terms of Aarts’ (2007a: 163) ‘intersective gradience’, as intersecting sets of properties rather than intersecting categories.
Grammar and the Use of Data
Authors: Sprouse Jon , Schütze Carson 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter is intended to serve as a jumping-off point for thinking about the use of data in grammatical theories, for both linguists and non-linguists. Five types of linguistic data are discussed—corpus data, acceptability judgements, reading time measures (eye-tracking and self-paced reading), electrophysiological data (EEG and MEG), and haemodynamic data (specifically, fMRI)—with a particular focus on the logic necessary to link each data type to predictions made by grammatical theories (linking hypotheses). The chapter also covers the empirical and logical challenges facing each data type, in an attempt to encourage closer ties among researchers using each of the data types.
Conceptualizations of Grammar in the History of English Grammaticology
Authors: Thomas Margaret 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs one way to survey the long and diversified history of the study of English grammar, Chapter 1 presents five case studies of scholars’ different conceptualizations of a fundamental matter on which any grammar-writer must take a stand. That matter is the question of what language material a grammar must account for, and what a legitimate source of that material is. The case studies span two hundred years of analysis of English, from Lindley Murray through Henry Sweet, Otto Jespersen, and Randolph Quirk to Noam Chomsky—each of whom established a distinctive grammaticological stance, designed to satisfy a distinctive understanding of the identity and provenance of the data a grammarian works with. The chapter compares treatment of one particular construction, the English ‘double negative’, as a microcosm of differences across the five case studies.
In Ancient Rome
Authors: Howley Joseph 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The history of reading in antiquity is wholly dependent on literary sources that must be read with care; one misinterpreted passage can enable an entire misguided history. This is the case with Augustine’s account of Ambrose reading silently, and the tenacious misapprehension that such reading was impossible in antiquity. Another reading of the passage points not to reading’s physical mechanics but to its psychological unknowability, and the distance that reading creates between subjects whether in the same room or at a historical distance. This should prompt us to consider other unknowable or invisible aspects of ancient Roman reading, like its dependence on enslaved labor, ubiquitous but almost never described. The unknowability of ancient reading invites us to consider its cultural idiosyncrasy; that idiosyncrasy, in turn, provides exciting new points of contact with our current age of digital reading.
Enumerative
Authors: Piper Andrew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Enumerative reading is the attempt to account for quantity when we read. It entails a wide variety of practices that can range from accounting for the significance of numbers within texts, the number of texts themselves, to the numbers of words, or entities that populate texts. It activates three primary dispositions that each have significant genealogies within the humanities that I outline here. The first is self-reflexivity: enumeration makes us aware of the elements upon which our judgments and attachments to texts are made. Second, enumerative reading is translational in nature. It orients us to the movement between different sign systems. Finally, enumerative reading is synoptic. It aims to generalize and in so doing be active in the world. By way of illustration, I undertake an enumerative reading of the semantics of reading in a collection of ca. 6,500 novels published since the nineteenth century.
Neuroscience
Authors: Armstrong Paul B. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The claims that literary critics and theorists make about language, reading, emotions, and the social powers of literature are based on assumptions about cognition that can and should be tested against the relevant science. The findings of contemporary neuroscience will not settle all disputes about such matters, but the acceptance of some empirically tested postulates about the workings of the brain may at least rule some mistaken views out of bounds. The current scientific consensus is that language is a “bio-cultural hybrid” that develops through the interaction of inherited functions and anatomical structures in the brain with culturally variable experiences of communication and education. Any claims for cognitive or linguistic universality need to square with our bio-cultural hybridity. Brain-based, embodied cognitive processes constrain our experiences with literature, but they do not completely prescribe our responses or predetermine the effects of reading on our lives.
Mindreading and Social Status
Authors: Zunshine Lisa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
What does it mean for one fictional character to be more complex than another? One way to define complexity is to look at characters’ ability to reflect upon their own and other people’s mental states, that is, their ability to embed their own and other’s thoughts and feelings on a higher level. Taking as its starting point studies which have shown that people in weaker social positions engage in more active and perceptive attribution of mental states than people in stronger social positions, this chapter suggests that works of fiction can either follow or invert this real-life association, correlating their characters’ capacity for embedment with their relative social standing. Using case studies from English, Chinese, and Russian literary traditions, this chapter argues that cognition and ideology are bound with each other in a variety of historically specific forms, and that a cognitive-literary inquiry is thus fundamentally a historicist inquiry.
Consciousness
Authors: Kuzmičová Anežka 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter revisits three common ideas about how our consciousness works when we read fiction. First, the chapter contests the notion that the reading consciousness is a container of sorts, containing a circumscribed amount of textual stimulus. Second, an argument is presented against the view that readers abstract their personal concerns away in reading, and that they do so with benefit. Third, the chapter shows how the reading consciousness encompasses rather than excludes the physical situation and environment of reading. For each idea revisited, the chapter discusses practical implications for how reading could be taught, assessed, and staged in educational settings.
Interfaced
Authors: Emerson Lori 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This essay discusses the flexibility of the term “interface” and argues that an approach that draws from media studies, literature, and the arts provides a unique perspective to work with and against the grain of contemporary, ubiquitous, nearly invisible interfaces to (frequently) blackboxed digital technologies; media studies and literature and the arts can reveal the ways in which these interfaces too often foreclose on our access to information, knowledge, and creativity, and they can also re-insert values such as accessibility, transparency, and configurability, if not into the design of interfaces themselves, then at least into our experience of these interfaces.
In the Custom House
Authors: Hofmeyr Isabel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In port cities, Customs and Excise fulfilled a number of literary functions. Their officials checked books to see that they were not pirated, seditious, or obscene, and they hence involved themselves in the protocols of copyright and censorship. This article examines the forms of reading associated with these activities and it argues that these modes of readings were shaped by the dockside procedures and routines that governed the work of Customs examiners. Customs officials functioned like dockside ontologists, assigning objects to categories for purposes of tariff duties. In doing so, they paid extensive attention to the nature, weight, composition, and marking of these objects, apprenticing themselves to the material properties of the commodities that passed through their jurisdiction. Their methods of reading were governed by object rather than text and were hence object-oriented.
Neuroimaged
Authors: Phillips Natalie , Mejeur Cody , Klamer Melissa , Smith Karah , Antonnuci Salvatore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Literary scholars have long known that reading can create worlds, make us feel, and even change our minds. Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience reveal the regions and networks of the brain that facilitate these reading processes. Using several studies of literature, poetry, and music conducted at the Digital Humanities and Literary Cognition lab at Michigan State University, this chapter demonstrates how we can bring together literary and neuroscientific understandings of reading to better grasp how we read, including how we read differently. In particular, fMRI allows us to see how our brain activity and engagement with literature while reading changes dramatically over time, and how our feelings and interpretations emerge dynamically in the moment-to-moment reading of the text. Beyond helping us understand the processes of reading better, reading in a scanner also presents an opportunity to rethink what reading is and looks like in an increasingly digital world.
Distant
Authors: Treharne Elaine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the phenomenal book in the medieval period to discover ways in which the medieval manuscript was conceived and understood by its producers and multiple users. Of prime significance in this study is the aspect of “distant reading”—how audiences participated in making meaning when the book to which they had access was intended to be “enjoyed” from afar, perhaps read or displayed at some distance. Even as this mode of participation must have been most common, the paper then discusses the haptic and kinaesthetic nature of the book, clearly perceived to be a major component of the manuscript judging by the dominance of images from the long medieval period in which the book is held, touched, and interacted with.
“The Yankees, Señor General, Are Not Like Us:” Vallejo, Bancroft, and the Construction of California History
Authors: Beebe Rose Marie , Senkewicz Robert M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo and Hubert Howe Bancroft. Vallejo was one of the most important contributors to Bancroft’s massive History of California. He entrusted to Bancroft thirty-six volumes of primary source documents and his own five-volume manuscript on California history. He also encouraged other Californios to share their own family documents with Bancroft and to provide oral histories of the Mexican era. Vallejo believed that he was working in partnership with Bancroft, who would in turn compose a sensitive and community-based account of pre-U.S. California. But Vallejo was deeply upset about Bancroft’s finished product, which he believed deliberately suppressed the Hispanic contribution. The conflict between Vallejo and Bancroft lays bare a series of issues revolving around inclusion, omission, and the nature of historical authority that have remained crucial in the construction of Western history.
Outcomes-Based Selection Into Medical School: Predicting Excellence in Multiple Competencies During the Clinical Years
Authors: Schreurs Sanne , Cleutjens Kitty B.J.M. , Cleland Jennifer , oude Egbrink Mirjam G.A. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
Medical school selection committees aim to identify the best possible students and, ultimately, the best future doctors from a large, well-qualified, generally homogeneous pool of applicants. Constructive alignment of medical school selection, curricula, and assessment with the ultimate outcomes (e.g., CanMEDS roles) has been proposed as means to attain this goal. Whether this approach is effective has not yet been established. The authors addressed this gap by assessing the relationship between performance in an outcomes-based selection procedure and performance during the clinical years of medical school.

Method
Two groups of students were compared: (1) those admitted into Maastricht University Medical School via an outcomes-based selection procedure and (2) those rejected through this procedure who were admitted into the program through a national, grade-point-average-based lottery. The authors compared performance scores of students from the 2 groups on all 7 CanMEDS roles, using assessment data gathered during clinical rotations. The authors examined data from 3 cohorts (2011–2013).

Results
Students admitted through the local, outcomes-based selection procedure significantly outperformed the initially rejected but lottery-admitted students in all years, and the differences between groups increased over time. The selected students performed significantly better in the CanMEDS roles of Communicator, Collaborator, and Professional in the first year of clinical rotations; in these 3 roles—plus Organizer—in the second year; and in 2 additional roles (Advocate and Scholar—all except Medical Expert) at the end of their clinical training.

Conclusions
A constructively aligned selection procedure has increasing predictive value across the clinical years of medical school compared with a GPA-based lottery procedure. The data reported here suggest that constructive alignment of selection, curricula, and assessment to ultimate outcomes is effective in creating a selection procedure predictive of clinical performance.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN AQUEOUS VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR LEVEL AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Ichiyama Yusuke , Sawada Tomoko , Sawada Osamu , Ito Yuka , Kakinoki Masashi , Obata Shumpei , Saishin Yoshitsugu , Ohji Masahito 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
The aim of the current study was to investigate the correlation between the pretreatment aqueous level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and clinical activity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Methods:
Patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated by intravitreal ranibizumab injections and followed for 12 months were included in the current study. The treatment regimen consisted of three consecutive monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections (loading treatment) followed by a pro re nata (PRN) treatment regimen. The aqueous VEGF levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using aqueous humor samples obtained just before the first intravitreal ranibizumab injections.

Results:
Sixty-four eyes of 64 patients were included in the current study. The mean number of intravitreal ranibizumab injections during 12 months was 4.6 ± 1.4, and 17 eyes had no recurrence after loading treatment. The mean aqueous VEGF level was significantly higher in eyes with recurrence after loading treatment than in eyes without recurrence (107.6 vs. 83.8 pg/mL, respectively; P = 0.04) and significantly higher in eyes with recurrence within 3 months after loading treatment than in other eyes (114.9 vs. 86.7 pg/mL, respectively; P < 0.01).

Conclusion:
Pretreatment aqueous VEGF level was significantly correlated with the likelihood of recurrence in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The measurement of pretreatment aqueous VEGF level may be useful to determine the best treatment options for patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
Acceptability of Acute and Maintenance Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Bai Yuanhan , Yang Haichen , Chen Guanjie , Gao Keming 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Purpose/Background
The aim of the study was to estimate and rank the risk for the discontinuation due to adverse events (DAEs), 7% or more weight gain (WG), and somnolence during the acute and maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with a mood stabilizer or an antipsychotic monotherapy.

Methods/Procedures
The search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and clinicaltrials.gov from the inception to December 31, 2018, provided 32 studies in mania, 16 in bipolar depression, and 13 in maintenance. Data of DAEs, WG, and somnolence from each study were extracted. The risk for these variables of an active treatment relative to placebo was estimated with a number needed to harm (NNH) as a single study and pooled sample.

Findings/Results
For DAEs, pooled NNH ranged from 19 with carbamazepine to −21 with quetiapine-XR in mania, 11 with quetiapine-IR 600 mg/d to −37 with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in bipolar depression, and 5 with lithium to −8 with asenapine in maintenance. For WG, pooled NNH ranged from 9 with olanzapine to −78 with aripiprazole in mania, 5 with olanzapine to −112 with lithium in bipolar depression, and 4 with olanzapine to 126 with asenapine in maintenance. For somnolence, pooled NNH was from 5 with carbamazepine to 23 with cariprazine in mania, 3 with quetiapine-XR 300 mg/d to 79 with lurasidone in bipolar depression, and 11 with olanzapine to −49 with aripiprazole in maintenance.

Implications/Conclusions
All medications studied in bipolar disorder were relatively well tolerated during different phases of treatment; however, the risk for short- and long-term WG and somnolence varied widely among included psychotropics.
Composite Score for Outcome Prediction in Gynecologic Surgery Patients
Authors: Glauser Gregory , Winter Eric , Caplan Ian F. , Goodrich Stephen , McClintock Scott D. , Srinivas Sindhu K. , Malhotra Neil R. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
The LACE+ index is a well-studied metric that compacts patient data in an effort to assess readmission risk.

Purpose:
Assess the capacity of LACE+ scores for predicting short-term undesirable outcomes in an entire single-center population of patients undergoing gynecologic surgery.

Importance and Relevance to Healthcare Quality:
Proactive identification of high-risk patients, with tools such as the LACE+ index, may serve as the first step toward appropriately engaging resources for reducing readmissions.

Methods:
This study was a retrospective analysis that used coarsened exact matching. All gynecologic surgery cases over 2 years within a single health system (n = 12,225) were included for analysis. Outcomes of interest were unplanned readmission, emergency room (ER) evaluation, and return to surgery. Composite LACE+ scores were separated into quartiles and matched. For outcome comparison, matched patients were assessed by LACE+ quartile, using Q4 as the reference group.

Results:
Increasing LACE+ score reflected a higher rate of readmission (p = .003, p = .001) and visits to the ER at 30 postoperative days (p < .001).

Conclusion:
The data presented here suggest that LACE+ index is a viable metric for patient outcome prediction following gynecologic surgery.
An Imaging Stewardship Initiative to Reduce Low-Value Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Use in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Elias Richard M. , Kashiwagi Deanne , Lau Christopher , Hansel Stephanie L. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
This quality improvement initiative was aimed at reducing low-value Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) studies performed on hospital inpatients. Requests for PET-CT with a predetermined low-value indication triggered a requirement for the ordering provider to call the Nuclear Medicine radiologist to discuss the case for approval of the testing. A retrospective review of inpatient PET-CT approximately 2 years immediately before and after the implementation revealed a 20.6% decrease in scans for low-value indications after the intervention, from 0.397 to 0.315 studies per day (p < .05; CI −0.158 to −0.005). The overall daily rate of PET-CT was reduced by 23%. Of the 12 low-value indications, 7 had reduced volumes (aggregate 43 fewer scans), 1 was unchanged, and 4 showed an increase in volumes (aggregate of 10 additional scans). Several common indications for inpatient PET-CT that were not targeted for reduction by this intervention also demonstrated large decreases in volumes during the intervention.
Patient and Parent Engagement in Preoperative Telephone Call for Efficiency in Elective Surgery
Authors: Frederick Katherine 
Published: March 2020

Introducton
Late starts in the operating room (OR) create inefficiency, wasting resources including time, labor, and money. The purpose of this project was to determine how a modified preoperative telephone call could impact first-case start times, using Pareto's theory of efficiency and Homans's social exchange theory to bring the patient in as a partner in care.

Method
This preintervention–postintervention project compared telephone call methodologies and its effect on first-case start time. Previously, the OR clerk called the patient/parent and read a list of instructions. For this study, the clerk was retrained by the researcher to involve the patient/parent in the dialogue. Instead of “Be sure to do all prescribed tests ordered by physician before you come,” the language was “Did your doctor give you any instructions for Billy? Tell me about it? What have you done already?” The control group was measurement of late starts for 120 cases before the intervention and matched to 120 cases after the intervention.

Results
Statistical analysis showed a 7.5% improvement in the number of late start cases, from 31/120 to 22/120. The number of late minutes decreased from 500 to 171 (p = .010).

Discussion
As each hour in the OR is billed at approximately $3,000, implementation of this modified preoperative telephone call significantly improved operational efficiency with $0 cost to the organization. The number of late cases was decreased, and the time saved was surprisingly compelling.