bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Upper Devonian to Lower Carboniferous Billefjorden Group on Bjørnøya, Svalbard, and Its North‐Eastern Greenlandic Provenance
Authors: Janocha Julian , Grundvåg Sten‐Andreas , Stockli Daniel F. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, we document changes in detrital zircon ages in the upper Devonian (Famennian) to lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) Billefjorden Group on Bjørnøya, the southernmost island of Svalbard. This alluvial, coal‐bearing clastic succession is widely distributed across the archipelago and the Barents Shelf. The sediments were deposited in subsidence‐induced lowlands that formed just after regional post‐Caledonian collapse‐related extension, which created the classical ‘Old Red Sandstone’ basins during the Devonian, and prior to localised rift‐basin development in the middle Carboniferous (Serpukhovian–Moscovian). Moreover, the succession is little affected by Ellesmerian compressional deformation, which occurred in the latest Devonian. However, little is known of the provenance and regional sediment routing in this tectonically transitional period between the post‐Caledonian structuring events in the Devonian and the middle Carboniferous rifting. It has previously been invoked that a regional fault running parallel to the western Barents Shelf margin, the West Bjørnøya Fault, controlled sedimentation in the area. Here, we combine detrital zircon U–Pb ages and sedimentological data to investigate stratigraphic provenance variations and test whether tectonics controlled deposition of the Billefjorden Group on Bjørnøya. Sedimentological investigations demonstrate changes in fluvial style with intercalations between successions dominated by meandering channel fills and abundant overbank fines to sandstone‐dominated sheet‐like successions of braided stream origin. Palaeocurrent data show that two competing drainage directions accompany the changes in fluvial architecture. Northeasterly transport directions, recorded in the braided stream deposits, indicate possible fault‐transverse drainage. The detrital zircon content in these deposits indicates sourcing from Caledonian terranes in Northeast Greenland. Northwest‐oriented transport directions, measured in the meandering channel deposits, are inferred to represent axially positioned drainage systems. These may have been sourced from either Northeast Greenland, a more localised source, or Baltica. The latter would require long‐distance sourcing, which, given the tectonic setting of the region, seems unlikely. Although our sedimentological observations point to syn‐tectonic deposition, this is not clearly captured in the detrital zircon data, suggesting a common source for the Late Devonian–Mississippian fluvial systems of Bjørnøya. Thus, combined with previously published provenance data from Svalbard and Greenland, we demonstrate that the East Greenland Caledonides formed a long‐lived and significant source area which provided sediments to nearby basins from the Devonian to the Early Cretaceous.
Persist or resist: Immune checkpoint inhibitors in EGFR‐mutated NSCLC
Authors: Zhu Pengcheng , Li Zhitong , Sun Yuxiang , Liu Tongyan , Yin Rong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAlthough epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs), especially third‐generation TKIs, have significantly improved the progression‐free survival and overall survival of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR mutation, TKI resistance is inevitable for most patients. Over the past few years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have significantly improved the survival for EGFR‐wild type NSCLC patients. However, no significantly improved benefits were observed with ICI monotherapy in EGFR‐mutated patients. EGFR‐mutated NSCLC shows more heterogeneity in tumor mutational burden (TMB), programmed cell death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), and immune microenvironment characteristics. Whether ICIs are suitable for EGFR‐mutated NSCLC patients remains to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized clinical trials of ICIs or combined therapy in EGFR‐mutated NSCLC patients. We further discussed the factors determining the efficacy of ICIs in EGFR‐mutated NSCLC patients, the mutation subtypes and microenvironment characteristics of potential responders. More importantly, we provided insights into areas worth further investigation in the future.
Discovery of Voreloxin as a Dual‐Selective Stabilizer for c‐Myc/Bcl‐2 G‐Quadruplexes in Leukemia
Authors: Yin Jiacheng , Jia Pingting , Qu Xinxin , Han Zheng , Yao Longsheng , Wang Shangzhao , Gao Jian 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTOverexpression of c‐Myc is a key factor in the development of leukemia and other malignancies, highlighting the urgent need for novel drugs to inhibit c‐Myc protein levels. DNA G‐quadruplexes (G4) have emerged as potential regulatory targets for c‐Myc expression. Previous studies identified trovafloxacin, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, as a novel c‐Myc G4 stabilizer. In this study, virtual screening based on structural similarity led to the identification of nine derivatives of trovafloxacin, among which voreloxin exhibited potent cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma cells and showed promising therapeutic efficacy in leukemia cells. FRET assays demonstrated that voreloxin specifically stabilized the G4 structures of c‐Myc and Bcl‐2, with minimal effects on the G4 structures of other oncogenes. Moreover, voreloxin significantly reduced the expression levels of c‐Myc and Bcl‐2 in THP‐1 and MOLM‐13 cells. Molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and MM/GBSA calculations further confirmed the stable binding of voreloxin to both c‐Myc and Bcl‐2 G4s, primarily driven by π‐π stacking and hydrogen bonding interactions. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of G4‐targeting drugs for cancer therapy.
Maladaptive but malleable: Gender‐science stereotypes emerge early but are modifiable by language
Authors: Wang Michelle M. , Cardarelli Amanda , Brenner Jonah , Leslie Sarah‐Jane , Rhodes Marjorie 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGender‐science stereotypes emerge early in childhood, but little is known about the developmental processes by which they arise. The present study tested the hypothesis that language implying scientists are a special and distinct kind of person contributes to the development of gender‐science stereotypes, even when it does not communicate stereotypic content. One cross‐sectional and two longitudinal studies with racially and geographically diverse children (primarily from the United States; ages 4–5; N = 872, tested 2020–2022) revealed that gender stereotypes about science versus art (a) emerge before elementary school, (b) arise from commonplace identity‐emphasizing language, especially among girls, and (c) can be durably disrupted by subtle changes to language. This study identifies a promising way to counteract stereotypes at their roots.
How ‘the System’ Affects job Satisfaction and Intention to Stay or Leave—A Qualitative Study Among Child Welfare and Protection Workers in Norway
Authors: Nilsen Kristel Høie , Lauritzen Camilla , Vis Svein Arild , Iversen Anita 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis article presents the findings of a study examining the factors that influence the intentions of Norwegian child welfare and protection workers to either remain in or leave their positions. It explores the elements that sustain their motivation and commitment, as well as those that contribute to their sense of challenge during difficult times. The study involved group interviews with 11 experienced workers, all of whom expressed a profound, idealistic passion for child welfare and protection as the primary driver for their continued engagement in a demanding and intricate field. Concurrently, they voiced their frustration with systemic inefficiencies that obstruct their ability to perform their duties effectively. The study highlights the significance of effective leadership and collegial support as key factors that help these professionals cope with the challenges posed by an underperforming system.
[genus]_[species]; Presenting phylogenies to facilitate synthesis
Authors: Chesters Douglas , Bossert Silas , Orr Michael C. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEach published phylogeny is a potential contribution to the synthesis of the Tree of Life and countless downstream projects. Steps are needed for fully synthesizable science, but only a minority of studies achieve these. We here review the range of phylogenetic presentation and note aspects that hinder further analysis. We provide simple suggestions on publication that would greatly enhance utilizability, and propose a formal grammar for phylogeny terminal format. We suggest that each published phylogeny should be accompanied by at minimum the single preferred result in machine readable tree (e.g. Newick) form in the supplement, a simple task fulfilled by fewer than half of studies. Further, the tree should be clear from the file name and extension; the orientation (rooted or unrooted) should match the figures; terminals labels should include genus and species IDs; underscores should separate strings within‐field (instead of white spaces); and if other informational fields are added these should be separated by a unique delimiting character (we suggest multiple underscores or the vertical pipe character, |) and ordered consistently. These requirements are largely independent of phylogenetic study aims, while we note other requirements for synthesis (e.g. removal of species repeats and uninformative terminals) that are not necessarily the responsibility of authors. Machine readable trees show greater variation in terminal formatting than typical phylogeny images (owing presumably to greater scrutiny of the latter), and thus are complex and laborious to parse. Since the majority of existing studies have provided only images, we additionally review typical variation in plotting style, information that will be necessary for developing the automated phylogeny transcription tools needed for their eventual inclusion in the Tree of Life.
Scope of practice: A discussion of non‐physician providers in care management
Authors: Plemmons Alicia 
Published: December 2024

AbstractScope of practice is a phrase used to describe the types of services that can be performed by non‐physician healthcare providers. In the United States, the range of services a practitioner may offer is not determined by representatives of the profession, but instead through a state‐level legislative process. Researchers in this space have focused on understanding the effects of these state policies on the accessibility, quality, and cost‐effectiveness of healthcare for patients. As the physician shortage grows, understanding areas where non‐physician providers can bridge this care gap presents potential solutions to healthcare barriers. This introduction outlines the themes of the issue, what has been done in the literature, what is yet to be done, and the current conversation within state and federal legislatures.
Pharmacokinetic study of polymyxin B in healthy subjects and subjects with renal insufficiency
Authors: Fang Yu‐Wei , Huang Chien‐Hsien , Jang Tsrang‐Neng , Lin Shih‐Sen , Wang Jing‐Tong , Huang Yen‐Ta , Tsai Ming Hsien 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPolymyxin B is a viable option for treating antibiotic‐resistant infections; however, current data on its pharmacokinetics, particularly in patients with renal insufficiency, remain inconclusive and necessitates further investigation. To address this gap, we conducted an open‐label, single‐center, single‐dose, parallel‐group pharmacokinetic study. Participants received an intravenous dose of 0.75 mg/kg of polymyxin B and were categorized based on their renal function: those with normal function (creatinine clearance [CLcr] ≥ 90 mL/min), mild renal insufficiency (CLcr 60–89 mL/min), and end‐stage kidney disease patients on intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) (CLcr < 10 mL/min). The pharmacokinetic parameters assessed included the area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cmax), clearance rate (CL), volume of distribution (Vz), and half‐life (t1/2). Results indicated that subjects with mild renal insufficiency exhibited pharmacokinetic profiles similar to healthy individuals. Nevertheless, in patients undergoing long‐term IHD, we observed significant differences: the AUC was 58% higher, Cmax was 29% lower, CL was 42% lower, Vz was 60% larger, and t1/2 was extended by 10 h compared to healthy controls. Secondary outcomes revealed good tolerability of polymyxin B across all groups, with no serious adverse effects related to renal function. In summary, while kidney function may have a slight impact on the pharmacokinetic of polymyxin B, it does not compromise the drug's therapeutic effectiveness.
Capital market distortions and skills demand in a transitional economy: The case of Vietnam
Authors: Phan Diep , Coxhead Ian 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe model and investigate differences in factor demand by private and state‐owned enterprises in Vietnam, an economy in transition, to market‐driven growth. We postulate that state firms, who have privileged access to financial capital and face lower borrowing costs, choose technologies that are capital intensive and demand more skilled labour, a complementary input, while private firms rely on low‐technology methods and less‐skilled labour. Propositions generated by the model are supported by analysis using data from Vietnam's enterprise census. Because the private sector is by far the larger employer, a more level capital market playing field would likely raise aggregate demand for skills, thereby strengthening incentives to invest in higher education.
The Effects of Hybridization and Parasite Infection on the Survival and Behaviour of Endangered Landlocked Salmon Subject to Predation—Implications for Genetic Rescue
Authors: Eronen Aslak , Janhunen Matti , Hyvärinen Pekka , Kortet Raine , Karvonen Anssi 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTA prerequisite of genetic rescue in endangered and genetically depauperate populations is to pre‐evaluate between possible pros and cons of hybridization for the life history and survival of the target population. We hybridized the critically endangered Saimaa landlocked salmon (Salmo salar m. sebago) with one of its geographically closest relatives, anadromous Baltic salmon from River Kymijoki. In two similar experiments, conducted in semi‐natural streams during overwintering (at age 1.5) and in early summer (age 2+), we studied how hybridization and eye parasite infection (Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) affected survival from predation by Northern pike (Esox lucius). Additionally, we recorded movements of the juvenile salmon using passive integrated telemetry to gain insights into the effect of hybridization and infection on antipredatory behaviour (movement activity and habitat use). Among the uninfected groups, we found significantly lower mortality of hybrid salmon (mortality ± S.E. 14.5% ± 5.4%) compared to purebred landlocked salmon (37.2% ± 9.4%), supporting a positive effect of hybridization under predation risk. This benefit, however, was cancelled out by the parasite infection, which impaired vision and increased the susceptibility to predation. The negative effects of infection were particularly pronounced in the anadromous salmon due to lower infection resistance, compared to the landlocked salmon. Hybridization per se did not affect the activity levels of salmon, but overwintering activity correlated positively with eye cataract coverage, and summer activity was highest in anadromous salmon. These results demonstrate that controlled supplementation of a small animal population with genetically more diverse hybrids could entail both positive and negative implications, at least in the first crossbred generation.
More and more pleiotropy within the IL‐6 family of cytokines
Authors: Rose‐John Stefan , Jones Simon A. 
Published: December 2024

Historically, cytokines belonging to the gp130 family bind to specific ligand‐binding receptors that stimulate cell signaling through a receptor complex comprising gp130 or gp130 together with another structurally related signaling receptor. However, recent findings increasingly dispel these stereotypes and suggest that the receptor specificity of gp130‐activating cytokines is less strict than originally assumed. Weitz et al. now provide the latest example of this pleiotropy and report that human interleukin‐6 can bind and stimulate signaling via the interleukin‐11 receptor. Possible biological and therapeutic consequences of these findings are discussed.
A Trophic and Non‐Trophic Seasonal Interaction Network Reveals Potential Management Units and Functionally Important Species
Authors: Daly Ella Z. , Brock‐Fisher Taylor M. , Frost Carol M. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAimUnderstanding the organisation of the wide variety of ecological interactions is crucial to advancing our understanding and management of real ecosystems. We aimed to compile a ‘complete’ network of tetrapod trophic and non‐trophic interactions for the entire North American boreal forest biome that could be analysed to gain insights into community organisation and function. In particular, we aimed to identify functionally important units (modules) and species within the boreal network, and to compare how these changed seasonally and with different types of ecological interactions.LocationBoreal North America.Time Period1950–present.Major Taxa StudiedTetrapods.MethodsWe compiled published ecological interactions for boreal tetrapods into a food web (trophic interactions) and a network containing trophic and non‐trophic interactions (‘inclusive network’). We partitioned interactions by season, creating four networks representing the two network types per season. We examined how the modular structure, composition of modules, assortativity of species' attributes within modules and importance of different species compared across these networks.ResultsWe compiled a dataset of 5037 ecological interactions amongst 421 boreal tetrapod species. Most of these interactions (87%) occur in summer. The summer and winter boreal food webs and inclusive networks are modular (i.e., contain subsets of species interacting more with each other than with species outside of the subset). The winter networks have more modules than the summer networks. Several species attributes explain which species assort together into modules, including physical and behavioural traits, taxonomic class and trophic niche. Seven species were functionally important across at least two of three measures: module hubs, centrality or responsible for the greatest network changes, with other species being important within certain seasons or interaction contexts.Main ConclusionsPotential conservation management units (modules) exist in the boreal network, and module membership likely indicates tighter dynamic coupling in winter than in summer.
Land‐Use Impacts on Plant Functional Diversity Throughout Europe
Authors: Rosa Francesca , van Bodegom Peter M. , Hellweg Stefanie , Pfister Stephan , Biurrun Idoia , Boch Steffen , Chytrý Milan , Ćušterevska Renata , Fratte Michele Dalle , Damasceno Gabriella , Garbolino Emmanuel , Lenoir Jonathan , Ozinga Wim A. , Penuelas Josep , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Schrodt Franziska , Uogintas Domas , Byun Chaeho , Dolezal Jiri , Dziuba Tetiana , Hérault Bruno , Martín‐Forés Irene , Niinemets Ülo , Peyre Gwendolyn , Scherer Laura 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAimGlobal biodiversity loss resulting from anthropogenic land‐use activities is a pressing concern, requiring precise assessments of impacts at large spatial extents. Existing models mainly focus on species richness and abundance, lacking insights into ecological mechanisms and species' roles in ecosystem functioning. To bridge this gap, we conducted an extensive analysis of the impact of human land use on vascular plant functional diversity across diverse land‐use classes and bioregions in Europe, comparing it to traditional metrics.LocationEurope.Time Period1992–2019.Major Taxa StudiedVascular plants.MethodsIntegrating extensive databases of vegetation plots with spatial data on land use and land cover, we paired plots from areas actively used and modified by humans with plots from natural habitats under similar environmental conditions. Using species occurrences and traits, in each plot we computed three complementary functional diversity metrics (functional richness, evenness and divergence), species richness and abundance. We assessed the impact of land use by comparing the metrics in the paired plots.ResultsOur findings revealed that, compared to natural habitats, anthropogenic land use exhibits lower functional richness and divergence but higher functional evenness across most land‐use classes and bioregions. The response of functional richness was more marked than the other two metrics and especially pronounced in croplands and urban areas and in northern bioregions. Functional richness exhibited a pattern that did not fully overlap with the trend in species richness, providing useful complementary information.Main ConclusionsWe provide a large‐scale precise assessment of anthropogenic land‐use impacts on functional diversity across Europe. Our findings indicate that: (i) human disturbance significantly alters plant functional diversity compared to natural habitats; (ii) this alteration goes in the direction of functional homogenisation within sites; (iii) functional diversity metrics complement traditional metrics by offering deeper insights into the ecological mechanisms in response to anthropogenic land use.
HUMAN RIGHTS IN A GLOBAL WORLD: RACIALISATION AND RELIGION IN RATHLEF'S DIE MOHRINN ZU HAMBURG AND ZIEGLER'S DIE MOHRINN1
Authors: Nitschke Claudia 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn Rathlef's and Ziegler's plays the need for human rights becomes tangible through the seemingly Other, disrupting the quotidian order of the (bourgeois) realm. The plays explore racial premises placed in close relationship with intertextual correlates, in particular bourgeois tragedies where the female protagonists embody complex moral values in a challenging environment: both plays under scrutiny here similarly rely on the moral impeccability of their Black protagonists to promote the idea of universal human rights. Moral performance and deficiency as well as perfectibility become an intrinsic part of humanness, which resonates with the nascent notion of Herder's ‘Humanität’ (understood as a common property inherent in human beings but in need of being cultivated and brought out). The article analyses the dynamic of these developmental arguments and seeks to show how these notions of a morally charged ‘Humanität’ offer a different, transcendent and in many ways transcultural starting point for the discussion of human rights: human rights emanating from the ‘Humanität’ inherent in all people can be regarded as universal in these plays precisely because they transcend specific sovereign realm(s) and political rights regimes dominant in the eighteenth century.