bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offshore Brownfield Slipover Platforms Installation Studies
Authors: Selvaraj Ramesh , Vergil Contraes Geovanni , Karuppusamy Kandasamy K. , Kamal Faris Ragheb , Takieddine Ousama Halim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Oil and GAS operators planned to upgrade several existing oil production facilities. The existing jackets are demolished and removed from the seabed with only the conductor wells being retained from the facility. The existing offshore oil and gas platforms could be enhanced to operate for some more years.
The jacket piles from 1.5m below seabed will be cut and together with the jacket demolished. The remainder of the piles below seabed will be left in situ. A new 4-leg standard jacket will be slipped over the existing wells. New conductor wells are to be added to the new jackets. The new jacket will be piled to the seabed with new piles. During design it will be ensured that the new piles do not clash with the exiting piles below seabed. The new jackets the geometric Centre coordinates will be dependent on the existing well layout and the location of additional wells. The jacket locations will be checked for clashes with the existing abandoned piles and feasibility of installing new wells.
The focus of this paper is on the strategies applied in executing Brownfield works for many offshore platforms in Arabian Gulf by National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC). The case study demonstrates the installation of new four legged Simplified, Standardized and SIMOPS jacket structures onto existing wells using a simplified design approach, standardized seafastening arrangements that requires less offshore work, minimal interface and operations shutdown of live equipment.
To ensure the safe and minimized risk installation operation of Slip over jackets at the existing offshore filed, the cost effective installation methods were devised and implemented to have the successful installation of slip over jackets. These installation strategies help EPC contractor achieve the early completion of the jacket installation in a cost effective way. This strategy places the companies in a better shape such that after the price fluctuation periods, they will be more prepared to face new challenges in developing new fields that will improve their bottom lines and be leaner in their operations. Hence, Operators and EPC Contractors tend to focus on cost efficient and sustainable approaches that will maintain the profit margin and gain competitive advantage.
Digitalization and Remote Monitoring for CP and Chemical Injection in Gas Asset to Enhance Facilities Integrity
Authors: Al-Ghaferi Mohamed Mubarak , Al Janahi Mohammed Ibrahim , Al Jaberi Fawzi Omar , Albadi Mohamed Mubarak , Al Ameri Mohamed Saeed , Al Hosani Ayesha Ibrahim , Shivade Vijay , Zaidan Hassan Khamis , Abual-Haj Osama Diab , Konkati Sarath 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
ADNOC Onshore is operating Habshan gas production field on behalf of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). The gas reservoir production zones were developed under different project phases. The field has 250 gas (production and injection) wells, which are placed and located in approximately 1200 square kilometers. All gas wells are designed to have SCADA system to monitor, operate and control the wellhead control systems.
Current practice within ADNOC Onshore is to carry out monitoring for Cathodic Protection (CP) of well casing and Chemical Injection (CI) surveys on quarterly basis, this is carried out by mobilizing entire crews physically (visiting every single location) and reporting findings/conditions in order to carry out preventive maintenance and necessary repairs.
The aim of the project is to establish a remote monitoring system utilizing the existing Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) setup in order to monitor the applied corrosion controls, CP and CI injection systems. Based on the implemented modification, essential information was collected, intensive review and analysis were performed and revealed that the system is functioning perfectly as per the operation's requirement for both (CP & CI).
This approach forms a vital aspect of the integrity management of the asset by monitoring the effectiveness of the applied corrosion controls, in addition, the implementation will help Operations to optimize resources, efficiently monitor, maintain, and ensure safety of the facilities and its integrity. Moreover, the implemented method will drastically reduce the associated travelling risk, limiting exposure to the harsh environment (Desert) and potential cost saving.
Real-Time Automated Event Detection Framework for Electrical Submersible Pumps
Authors: Nguyen Nam , Subervie Yves-Marie , Chong Jonathan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In artificial lift systems, electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) are often closely monitored due to the relatively high costs of unintended shutdowns and failure. ESP surveillance can range from local alarms and trips using simple logic rules, to full-fledged 24/7 surveillance centers with dedicated experts monitoring the pump and well behavior. These experts are tasked with preventing mis-operation to maximize uptime and ESP run life. Although monitoring has shown tangible results in improving overall ESP operation, a major challenge is the ability to scale up the level of surveillance performance required and maximizing the benefits over a large fleet of assets in a cost-effective manner. With the digitalization trend, the amount of sensor data is increasing, and many systems are equipped with three to five alarm states applied to each measurement. In addition, tighter bounds are required to track the desired ESP operating region, but this often results in a very large volume of notifications and threshold alarms that need to be managed as operational strategies and well conditions evolve over time.
A real-time automated event detection engine framework processes ESP downhole, surface, and electrical sensor data to detect and identify potentially harmful patterns as required by the real time surveillance workflow. The engine is fully automated and can operate without any human interaction, adapting itself to each of the wells it monitors. Therefore, it does not require manual fine-tuning of parameters for each of the wells as required by the traditional multi-level threshold alarms method or other approaches such as fuzzy logic weights to capture relative importance. The engine is a plug-and-play engine that can be deployed on the edge or in the cloud. Notably, the engine is robust to noise and capable of discriminating various types of sensor failures, instrumentation noise, and harmful ESP conditions such as low-flow conditions, while reducing false or unnecessary alarms to an acceptable minimum. Engineered with the optimum balance between domain understanding and machine learning, the engine exploits complex correlations between measurements to provide a single diagnosis/output to end users, instead of multiple alarms per measurement as commonly used today. This engine has been extensively tested both offline and in real-time conditions on active wells and has dramatically improved the efficiency of existing surveillance approaches.
Effect of Total Acid Number and Recovery Mode on Low-Salinity EOR in Carbonates
Authors: Uetani Takaaki , Kaido Hiromi , Yonebayashi Hideharu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the main reason behind two low-salinity waterflooding (LSW) coreflood tests, that failed to demonstrate promising EOR response; additional oil recovery factors by the tertiary LSW injection were only +2% and +4% OOIP. We suspected either the oil composition (lack of acid content) or the recovery mode (tertiary mode) was inappropriate. Therefore, we repeated the experiments using acid-enriched oil sample and we injected LSW in both secondary and tertiary modes. The result showed that the low-salinity effect was substantially enhanced; additional oil recovery factor by the tertiary LSW injection jumped to +23%. Moreover, it was also found that the secondary LSW injection was more efficient than the tertiary LSW injection, especially in the acid-enriched oil reservoir. In summary, the total acid number (TAN) and the recovery mode appear to be the key successful factors for LSW in our carbonate system.
Challenges and Mitigation of Static and Dynamic Modelling for Single Well Structures, Onshore Abu-Dhabi
Authors: Ebeid Mahmoud , Eriavbe Francis , Al Khatib Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduaction
In a newly discovered field in the south east of Abu Dhabi, ten Thammama reservoirs were penetrated using a single well and how accurate an understanding of a reservoir and the uncertainties remaining can be assessed by a single well penetrating an accumulation of Hydrocarbon is a frequent question for companies planning to develop new, small reservoirs. The answer depends on how much data the single well got and the other information available about the reservoir and analogue reservoirs. When it comes to Modelling a reservoir that has only been pierced by one well, the assurance on the robustness of the available information is necessary in order to identify gaps and areas of uncertainty and then seek the means to minimize them.
X-1 well drilled at the Crest of the structure and the location defined by utilizing leatest 3D seismic cube and the total depth 11500 ft RTKB. It was penetrated in the Lower Cretaceous sequence including ten reservoirs which are trapped by 4way dip closure. All the main reservoirs were tested in X-1 well and produced with an oil rate of 370 - 4,370 BOPD (30° - 32° API)
An analytical "Lambda" Saturation Height Function was developed and implemented in order to overcome the absence of MICP data for initialization stage of Dynamic Modelling. Numerous choices made to develop a family of models that represents the range of reservoir possibilities. Uncertainty analysis including Analog Data from nearby fields utilized to rank the range of outcomes and prioritize obtaining additional information.
This paper highlight a case study of a three onshore Abu Dhabi discovered structures addressing mitigations toward the challenges to draw a solid conclusion with single well modelling when it comes for development decision by Stakeholders at later stage. Further, the methodology as applied to the case study in this paper, allows identification of the range of outcomes and ranks the additional requirements, ranging from acquiring new Seismic data to drilling new wells, which guide for the next steps to a management decision to develop the reservoir or not.
Marginal Field Development – Challenges in Fiscal Oil Allocation
Authors: Maheshwari Nitin , Bani Malek Matar , Alseiari Abdulla 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economic development of marginal oil fields usually requires utilization of nearby existing processing facilities to minimize Capital and Operational Expenses. However, tie-back of multi-phase well fluid to other existing processing facilities has challenges in fiscal oil allocation among various Shareholders. This paper presents the fiscal oil allocation experience in development of marginal fields, wherein well fluid is tied-back to existing facilities for further processing and export.
Bu Haseer field is one of the marginal field in the offshore concession area of Al Yasat Petroleum Operations Company. Due to low oil production, standalone development of Bu Haseer field was not economical. Therefore, well-fluid from Bu Haseer fields is tied-back to existing facilities at Das Island. During the initial phase of production, well fluid from Bu Haseer field was measured using Multi-Phase Flow Meter (MPFM) prior to tie-back to the existing facility. Fiscal allocation of Bu Haseer oil production was based on MPFM measurement and converting the measured oil flow at operating conditions to stock tank conditions using PVT correlations. However, oil measurement using MPFM does not meet the accuracy acceptable for custody transfer, thereby not realizing the full commercial value of the production.
Measurement accuracy is improved by installing a dedicated separator to partially stabilize the oil, and measure the separated oil flow as single phase using Custody Transfer Meter, complying with API MPMS (Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards). The separated oil is pumped through Custody Transfer Meter, to avoid flashing across Custody Meter, which would have otherwise impacted its measurement accuracy. To convert the fiscally measured partially stabilized oil to fully stabilized oil at stock tank conditions, a Shrinkage Factor is applied to account for dissolved gases at separator operating condition. Shrinkage Factor is a function of separator operating pressure, temperature and well fluid composition; which could vary during operations as well as with producing life. Estimation of Shrinkage Factor becomes more challenging when production is from multiple reservoirs sources and downstream crude stabilization process parameters vary. A pre-defined algorithm for Shrinkage Factor is configured in flow computer considering all credible operating modes.
Measurement of multi phase well fluid or partially stabilized oil is usually not recognized in the industry for fiscal allocation, mainly due to measurement inaccuracies and uncertainty in estimation of shrinkage. This paper presents Al Yasat operating experience and challenges with partially stabilized oil measurement and methodology implemented for estimating the oil shrinkage for fiscal allocation.
Refinery Digital Transformation: Driving an End-to-End Value Chain Optimization Strategy with AI and Prescriptive Models
Authors: Gulati Harpreet Gulati , McMullen Joseph McMullen , Awad Mohamad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives/Scope: Please list the objectives and/or scope of the proposed paper. (25–75 words)
The intent of this paper is to recognize and address the challenges that downstream companies face across their value chain including a history of having siloed businesses processes that have created ‘value leaks’. We propose an unified operations management approach that orchestrates all activities across the value chain as part of an enterprise digital transformation strategy. Business process can be deeply transformed when operations, supply chain and process optimization are connected in a collaborative environment.

Methods, Procedures, Process: Briefly explain your overall approach, including your methods, procedures and process. (75–100 words)
Refineries are at different stages in their digital transformation journey and have built their business workflows over many years across multiple point solutions.
We propose a digital transformation strategy for operations across five key characteristics, that is:

Results, Observations, Conclusions: Please describe the results, observations and conclusions of the proposed paper. (100–200 words)
Across a refinery's value chain there are significant benefits that can be realized by approaching digital transformation across their operations enabling end-to-end value chain optimization including:

Novel/Additive Information: Please explain how this paper will present novel (new) or additive information to the existing body of literature that can be of benefit to and/or add to the state of knowledge in the petroleum industry. (25–75 words)
This paper is novel as it takes a wholistic look at a refinery operations value chain and eliminating existing value leaks end-to-end. It recognizes how existing systems have been built-up on outdated technology and siloed business process and proposes a path forward bringing operations, supply chain and process optimization together as a key element of a digital transformation strategy. The paper also explores how AI & prescriptive models pave the future for optimization.
Novel Approach to Estimate Water Saturation Behind Casing Using Carbon Oxygen Data: Challenges and a Case Study in Abu-Dhabi Onshore Reservoirs
Authors: Abdel Aziz Ahmed S , El Wazeer Fathy , Odom Richard , Malalur Sanjeev 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Carbon-Oxygen ratio measurements are advantageous for calculation of water saturation behind casing in situations where the normal pulsed neutron sigma log fails to do so. Examples include reservoirs stimulated by acids or those having fresh water.
Carbon steel casing commonly used to inhibit corrosion processes. In most cases, the carbon content in the steel material is an unknown parameter that can contaminate the accuracy of the C/O measurement. Another challenge, particularly in Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) reservoirs, is the high salinity of the formation water (typically 200 Kppm NaCl) where Chlorine makes more gamma rays per neutron compared to other elements and can interfere with the oxygen accuracy. In this paper, we propose methods and workflows to assure the accuracy of oil saturation from C/O measurements.
To lower the dependence on carbon, examples of a process that uses the ratio of the Oxygen window to the total inelastic gamma counts are demonstrated. The responses of other inelastic data including the total inelastic count rate and the ratio of inelastic to capture can be scaled as water saturation as a secondary quality control method. Examples of C/O processing with chlorine corrections are also demonstrated.
Data from two wells with consistent reservoir parameters (porosity, rock, wellbore, etc.) are used to demonstrate the proposed techniques. This data is augmented with computer models and analysis to understand the various steps in the workflow. The proposed technique has been applied with acceptable saturation results behind carbon steel in acid stimulated reservoirs, with high salinity water.
This paper provides a solution to estimate water saturation behind carbon steel casings in acid stimulated reservoirs and with high salinity water. We have developed workflows as best practices to assure the accuracy of Carbon/Oxygen oil saturation measurements.
Muscle-Derived Stem Cells Combined With Nerve Growth Factor Transplantation in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Rats
Authors: Fang Jianxiong , Liu Haosheng , Liu Tianqi , Zhang Zhenhui , Zhao Chao , Peng Tianming , Li Yong , Wang Qianqian , Chen Hanzhong , Li Teng , Huang Shang , Pu Xiaoyong , Liu Jiumin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the efficacy of muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) combined with nerve growth factor (NGF) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in rats. Methods: MDSCs were isolated and extracted from 90 SD rats, and the stem cell characteristics of the cells were identified using flow cytometry. NGF overexpression plasmid was coated with adenovirus and qRT-PCR was applied to verify adenovirus transfection efficiency. The rat models of SUI were constructed and randomly divided into five groups: control group, PBS group, MDSCs+oe-NGF group, MDSCs+vector group, and MDSCs group. After 8 weeks of feeding, the effect of MDSCs combined with NGF on repairing SUI in rats was detected by measuring the leakage point pressure (LPP) rats and Masson staining of rat urethral sections. The expression of NGF and VEGF was detected by western blot and IHC staining. Results: Flow cytometry results showed that the isolated MDSCs had stem cell characteristics and good purity. NGF mRNA was significantly upregulated in MDSCs after transfection with adenovirus coated with NGF plasmid. Compared with the control group, the LPP and the ratio of muscle fibers/collagen fibers were significantly increased in the MDSCs treated groups, with the highest increase in the MDSCs + oe-NGF group. Western blot and IHC results showed that compared with the control group, the expression of NGF and VEGF in the urethral tissues in the MDSCs treated groups were significantly up-regulated, with the highest increase in the MDSCs + oe-NGF group. Conclusion: MDSCs alone can improve SUI in rats, while MDSCs combined with NGF is more effective in the treatment of SUI rats by up-regulating VEGF.
Myeloid cell dynamics correlate with clinical outcomes of severe coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Takano Tomohiro , Matsumura Takayuki , Adachi Yu , Terahara Kazutaka , Moriyama Saya , Onodera Taishi , Nishiyama Ayae , Kawana-Tachikawa Ai , Miki Shoji , Hosoya-Nakayama Kaori , Nakamura-Hoshi Midori , Seki Sayuri , Tachikawa Natsuo , Yoshimura Yukihiro , Miyata Nobuyuki , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Sasaki Hiroaki , Miyazaki Kazuhito , Kinoshita Noriko , Sudo Tsutomu , Akiyama Yutaro , Sato Rubuna , Suzuki Tadaki , Matano Tetsuro , Takahashi Yoshimasa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An expanded myeloid cell compartment is a hallmark of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); however, it remains unclear whether myeloid cells are beneficial or detrimental to the clinical outcome. Here, we tracked cellular dynamics of myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) subsets and examined whether any of them correlate with disease severity and prognosis by flow cytometric analysis of blood samples from COVID-19 patients. We observed that polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSCs, rather than other MDSC subsets, transiently expanded in severe cases but not in mild or moderate cases. Notably, this subset was selectively expanded in survivors of severe cases and diminished during recovery. Analysis of plasma cytokines/chemokines revealed that interleukin-8 increased prior to PMN-MDSC expansion in survivors and returned to basal levels during the recovery phase. In contrast, interleukin-6 and interferon--induced protein 10 were abundantly induced in non-survivors, suggesting possible downstream targets for the immunosuppressive effects of the MDSC subset. Our data indicate that increased cellularity of PMN-MDSCs might be beneficial for the clinical outcome and could be useful as a possible predictor of prognosis in cases of severe COVID-19.