bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Cohorts
Authors: Barnbaum Deborah R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Some people with cognitive disabilities are perceived to have compromised autonomy and thus unable to consent to research participation. Individuals without cognitive disabilities are assumed to have the capacity to consent, despite falling prey to errors such as the therapeutic misconception, unrealistic optimism, or a lack of appreciation. The distinction between conceptual errors made by presumably “typical” individuals and those made by individuals with cognitive impairments may not be so different, and differences that do exist not so profound. Best practices call for a “meeting in the middle”—a recognition that “typical” individuals are not nearly as autonomous as we first think, and that the autonomy of “atypical” individuals is not as compromised as first appears. Two objections to this conclusion are addressed: exploitation, and a history of research abuses. Respecting persons with cognitive impairments means recognizing that their imperfect autonomy is not dissimilar from the imperfect autonomy of others.
Autism, Autonomy, and Research
Authors: Richman Kenneth A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses ethical issues for informed consent when recruiting autistic participants for research. The process of informed consent for participation in research involves some abilities, such as dialogue and understanding the intentions of the researchers, that can be especially challenging when autistic individuals are being asked to participate. This chapter reviews these abilities, and suggests ways to provide meaningful support to promote autonomy and help researchers meet their responsibilities. Beyond these more general challenges, it explores Hans Jonas’s suggestion that true informed consent for research requires that participants identify with the goals of the researchers. Given the plurality of perspectives on how to respond to autism, Jonas’s ideas point to additional ethical concerns that can arise when autistic people are recruited for research on autism.
Recognizing the Voices of All Children, Including Those with “Cognitive Impairments,” in Research
Authors: Montreuil Marjorie , Teachman Gail , Carnevale Franco A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Research ethics norms are primarily centered on respect for autonomy operationalized through informed consent. Significant ethical challenges can arise when conducting research with persons who have “cognitive impairments” that may limit their decisional autonomy. These challenges are additionally complex in research involving children with “cognitive impairments.” We outline dominant norms in pediatric research ethics, highlight current debates regarding these norms, and discuss considerations that arise when conducting research with ”cognitively impaired” children. Building on interdisciplinary research in childhood ethics, the authors argue for a shift in childhood research ethics norms toward participatory approaches anchored in the recognition of all children’s voices and agential capacities. Concrete strategies for recognizing agency in research with “cognitively impaired” children are shared. Rather than presenting a limitation for research with children, “cognitive impairment” affords opportunities to consider how to better recognize agency in research with all children.
Assuming Capacity
Authors: Kohler Anne 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on the successful inclusion of adolescents and adults with Down syndrome (DS) in a long-term ethnographic research project focusing on the clinical, social, and familial experiences and explores how the voices and opinions of those with DS can be leveraged to shift existing policy conversations. The three key methodological interventions are: (1) adapted photovoice, (2) assisted interviewing, and (3) the employment of a research assistant who has DS. In addition to documenting the adaptation of research methodology to suit the needs of interlocutors with intellectual disabilities, a feminist care ethics lens is used to argue that social scientists ought to examine normative assumptions about personhood and narrative that underlie existing research methods. These methodological innovations are transferable to research participants with a wide range of intellectual disabilities and can aid in conducting ethical participatory research among people with cognitive differences.
Differing Understandings of Informed Consent
Authors: Trammell Jack 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As research and exploration in the area of intellectual and profound disabilities expands, the need for a more nuanced definition of consent is becoming increasingly apparent. Although it is a reasonable assumption that people with disabilities are deserving of the same rights and protections that have been more readily afforded to others, the reality has been quite the opposite. Changing the paradigm requires challenging ethical and methodological assumptions.
Introduction
Authors: Sperling Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of suicide tourism. Suicide tourism involves travel by a suicidal individual from one jurisdiction to another, in which the individual will be assisted in their suicide by some other person. There are four characteristics of death tourism that explain why people seek such services: first, the procedures may be illegal in their home countries; second, the person seeks to take care of unfinished business either in their personal life or in the business of ending their lives; third, the person seeks a final solution—not a medical fix or a way to prolong or improve the quality of life; or, fourth, they seek the romantic idealism of ‘death with dignity’, where the deathbed is a romantic notion of a death free from pain and suffering. The chapter then analyses the legality of suicide tourism and its moral standing.
The Morality of Suicide Tourism
Authors: Sperling Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the morality of suicide tourism. There are three general arguments in support of suicide tourism: the argument based on the right to die; the argument based on free movement; and the argument based on humanitarian aid. Suicide tourism provides individuals with freedom and choice in exercising their right to die, which should receive greater weight than is the case under its current moral and legal standing. This chapter looks at how these advantages correspond to peoples' right to free movement which is more secured and valued in a globalized world and can also be supported by a revised—and more courageous—interpretation of the moral duty to provide humanitarian aid to citizens of less permissive states. It concludes that while the justifications for suicide tourism are powerfully convincing, those against it suffer from theoretical problems and, in some cases, cannot necessarily be supported by empirical evidence.
Points of Contact
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses where and how interaction between Romans and Italians occurred. An important location for interaction may have been the colonies settled by the Romans throughout Italy. Many Italians also lived in these towns, which thus served as meeting places between Romans and Italians. Seasonal migration for work and transhumant pasturing created further contacts between different peoples. Finally, economic interaction also occurred at sanctuaries, seasonal fairs, and permanent marketplaces, which often served as regional economic centres. Furthermore, chapter 2 will discuss non-economic types of interaction between Romans and Italians, especially social relations and military service. This will give a general impression of the type and frequency of interactions between Romans and Italians.
Consequences of Interaction
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 investigates the long-term consequences of the association between Rome and the Italians. This chapter looks at changes in institutions and laws that occurred in the Republican period, as well as systems of weights, measures, and coinage, which varied widely throughout Italy. Secondly, this chapter discusses how wealth was invested in public and private building in Italy. Next, chapter 4 also looks in more detail at cultural and linguistic changes in Italy in the Republican period. Furthermore, the chapter discusses the concept of Italia and of an Italian identity, which emerged in the third and second centuries. Finally, this chapter discusses the attempts of the Romans to maintain the Italians’ loyalty, by making sure the benefits of association with Rome outweighed the disadvantages.
From Economic to Political Integration
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 investigates the reasons for growing Italian discontent in the second century. This chapter traces the disadvantages that the Italians experienced because they did not have Roman citizenship, both with regard to prejudice from Romans, as well as negative effects on the economic position of the Italians. Rome was reluctant to share the Roman citizenship and its material benefits with the Italians. This dissatisfaction eventually culminated in the Social War of 91–88. This chapter argues that economic considerations played a larger role in the outbreak of the war than is usually assumed. The Italians were granted Roman citizenship after the Social War, but this was not the final culmination of the process of cultural change. Roman citizenship was itself an impulse for further cultural integration, as Italians now actively strove to associate themselves with Rome.
General Conclusions
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of this book. It reviews how economic activities carried out by Italians contributed to the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman framework. Throughout the Republican period, Italians had been able to profit from the expansion of the Roman dominion in the Mediterranean; through overseas trade and commercial agriculture they had gained significant wealth, which they invested in the Italian landscape. They were often ahead of Romans when it came to engagement with Hellenistic culture. However, their economic prosperity and cultural sophistication did not lead to civic equality with Roman citizens, nor to equal opportunities to exploit the territories that the Italians had conquered under Rome’s lead. Eventually, the Italians rebelled against Rome in the Social War (91–88 bc), after which they were granted citizenship. The grant of citizenship stimulated further integration, in the economic, political, social, and cultural senses, between Romans and Italians.
Patterns of health inequalities
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 (‘Patterns of health inequalities’) sets the scene for the rest of the book, by explaining the measurement of health inequalities and by providing a profusely illustrated overview of inequalities in morbidity and mortality by education and occupational class in 30 European countries. It shows that health inequalities are a generalized phenomenon affecting young and old, men and women, and all aspects of health, but with important differences by age, gender, and type of health problem. It shows that health inequalities are present in all European countries, but with striking variations between countries, suggesting that there is great scope for reducing health inequalities. It also shows that although health inequalities are persistent, they are also highly dynamic, with relative inequalities often increasing and absolute inequalities sometimes declining over time. This chapter includes a comparison with other high-income countries (United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea).
A broader picture
Authors: Mackenbach Johan P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 (‘A broader picture’) first discusses why not only health inequalities, but also social inequality is so persistent. After reviewing sociological theories from both the ‘functionalist’ and ‘conflict’ traditions, it chooses a middle road which acknowledges the ineradicable nature of social inequality. It then describes recent trends in welfare state reform, and identifies several areas, such as pensions and active labour market policies, where more attention to health inequalities is required. It also evaluates the common intuition that health inequalities are ‘unjust’, by applying five theories of justice (‘equality of welfare’, ‘capabilities approach’, ‘luck egalitarianism’, ‘justice as fairness’, and ‘equality of opportunity’). It concludes that, although health inequalities are not simply a form of social injustice, there are several compelling reasons to reduce health inequalities, including avoiding accumulation of disadvantage, solidarity with the less well-off, and reducing costs to society.
‘À deux doigtz prés de la mort’
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter tackles perhaps the most salient near-shipwreck in Renaissance French literature to the modern reader: Rabelais’s storm scene of the Quart Livre, situating it between two of its closest relatives within the broader family of Renaissance shipwreck texts: one of them familiar, the other perhaps less so. First, some important features of one of Rabelais’s major sources (Erasmus’s ‘Naufragium’ dialogue) are set out, both in order to show how the latter responds to the ship of fools tradition, and to establish the ways in which it too establishes conventions for writing about shipwreck. The reading of the famous Rabelaisian storm scene itself is focussed on the figure of Panurge, arguing that it is this character more than any other element that sets Rabelais’s (near-)shipwreck scene apart from its Renaissance relatives. Staying with Panurge, we then turn to what may be thought of as a rewriting or re-imagining of the Quart Livre storm scene: the beaching of the Thalamège in the Cinquiesme Livre. In this third section, the dynamics of co-operation may be seen to inform our understanding of shipwreck survival (whether in the sense of narrowly avoiding it, or of recovering from it) both as it is dramatised directly in Rabelais’s text(s), and as it, in turn, stages the relationship between author, text, and reader.
Conclusion
Authors: Oliver Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
From the midst of France’s civil wars, and in their aftermath, the constellation of shipwreck, its victims, and its spectators is re-imagined in theatrical terms. Famously employed by Agrippa d’Aubigné in his Tragiques to disabuse complacent speculators of their illusion of distance from the disaster of civil catastrophe, the dramatic potential of earlier shipwreck texts is more fully realised in theatrical and meta-theatrical terms, as explored in this Conclusion. But whereas the shipwreck of Shakespeare’s Tempest demonstrates the power of compassion to produce embodied affect in its spectator, conversely a French tragedy that dramatizes a real-life tale of Portuguese shipwreck explores the troubling possibility of the spectacle failing to touch its intended audience. Drawing together the study’s thematic strands of corporality and narrative with this theatrical aspect, and pointing to questions of compassion and ethical responsibility that hold new weight in the light of Europe’s twenty-first-century refugee crisis, the Conclusion points to the new narrative position of shipwreck in the early decades of the seventeenth century: it lies at the beginning of the story, and begs the question of how readers, spectators, and their communities will respond.
To Be a Christ
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As assistant editor, then editor of the Pall Mall Gazette from 1880 to 1888, W. T. Stead pioneered what became known as the ‘New Journalism’, or journalism with a mission. The chapter considers Stead’s three major newspaper campaigns of the 1880s—for improved working-class housing, for sending General Gordon to the Sudan to achieve a just peace, and for exposing and ending child prostitution—with the latter ‘Maiden Tribute’ campaign leading to the ‘martyrdom’ of his trial and imprisonment. It also explores Stead’s involvement in the Irish land war and the ‘Bloody Sunday’ riots at London’s Trafalgar Square, and his friendship with Annie Besant. Underlying his crusading journalism were Stead’s religious beliefs, his sense of the editor’s desk as his pulpit, and of the editor as preacher and prophet, calling on people to follow the example of Christ in sacrificing self-interest and actively working for social reform and social justice.
The Great Pacifist, 1894–1912
Authors: Brown Stewart J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
From the mid-1890s, W. T. Stead fervently took up the cause of world peace; the peace campaign, inspired by his Christian faith, became his most prominent public activity of his final years. His peace activism included a leading role in opposing the South African War of 1899–1902, a role that made him for a time arguably the most hated person in Britain. He also took a prominent role in promoting the international peace conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. Through his peace commitments Stead become an increasingly international figure, who from about 1903 moved beyond his former belief in the divine mission of the ‘English-speaking race’—now to denounce ‘pseudo-scientific’ racism, to call for justice for victims of Western imperialism in Africa and India, and to promote ideas of world federation.
Powers-Based Causation
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 6 offers an account of causation in terms of interacting powers. It is argued that powers-based causation takes as its relata large states of affairs whose operative elements are collections of powers. These collections—or constellations as they are called—involve sets of reciprocal powers that mutually produce further states, their manifestations. The model of causation in terms of constellation–manifestation pairs rejects an understating of powers as agent or patient, and relegates talk of triggers or stimuli to mere epistemic devices. It is further argued that powers-based causation makes causation necessary. The chapter closes by considering how powers-based causation handles those aspects of causation typically associated with our folk concept.
Causal Oddities
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 7 dives deeper into the examination of powers-based causation, with particular focus on those aspects of causation that are largely ignored by mainstream discussions and folk theories. Thinking about causation in terms of the interactions of powers brings to light the importance of these overlooked features. In particular, the chapter argues that causes can have as effects states that are (type-)identical with those that cause them, that the effects of causation do not have to be changes (and often are not; this concerns static manifestations), and that there is a kind of causation that is restricted to the history of individual particulars (known as ‘immanent causation’). Issues regarding the nature of stimuli are also considered, as well as the possibility of causes that are simultaneous with their effects.
A Dormitive Virtue?
Authors: Williams Neil E. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChapter 9 considers objections to the account of persistence offered in chapter 8. The bulk of the chapter is taken up with the question of explanatory significance: according to the objection from dormitive virtues, powers cannot properly be said to be explanatory. In response, it is argued that causal explanations must reflect the ontological facts, and therefore that explanations are ontology-relative. Consequently, on the assumption that the correct ontology is one that countenances fundamental causal powers, powers come out as explanatory. Powers-based explanations—in the right contexts—are thus vindicated. Further objections regarding the possibility of random creation and gunk are considered.
‘Generous, Selfless, Civilizing’
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter reveals the colonial dimension of Franco’s social state. Spain’s African colonies were geographically tiny, but were of extraordinary symbolic value for the Franco regime. Despite the brutality and neglect which characterized Spanish colonial rule, it sought to promote Francoist Spain as a responsible European colonial power committed to African development. Social experts were at the heart of this process. Their professional training and research in the fields of colonial and tropical medicine brought them into contact with international networks of European and North American colleagues. This chapter explores the international and inter-imperial dimensions of Spanish colonial health, charting both its ambitions and its failures. In doing so, it sheds new light on the entangled histories of international and colonial health, and of imperialism and internationalism more generally.
Epilogue and Conclusion
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Integrating the history of Franco’s Spain into the history of twentieth-century internationalism sheds new light on both subjects. The importance of international cooperation, international organizations, and international networks for Francoist elites reflects the extent to which Spanish nationalism during the early Franco era was framed and shaped by the history of internationalism. And examining the perspective of experts from an authoritarian nationalist regime serves to broaden and deepen our understanding of the fascist, right-wing, and conservative ‘dark side’ of internationalism. The Epilogue explores how the international activities of Spanish social experts developed after 1959. A new generation increasingly accepted the immutability of the post-war international system, seeking to adapt Spain to the world rather than adapting the world to Spain. They were even more internationally active than the previous generation, but were no longer necessarily ‘Franco’s internationalists’.
Introduction
Authors: Brydan David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book and its core arguments. It introduces the history of Franco’s Spain, the nature of the regime, the idea of the Francoist ‘social state’, and Spain’s relationship with foreign powers and international organizations during the 1940s and 1950s. It introduces the history of internationalism and the scholarship surrounding it, exploring how the case of Spain furthers our understanding of the contested nature of internationalism, the continuities between pre- and post-1945 internationalism, and the role of technical experts and expertise. It also provides an overview of the book’s chapters, its use of sources, and its chronology.
Arranging Daily Gifts of Devotion
Authors: Lysack Krista 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining some of the ways that Victorian readers inscribed, marked, and altered devotional books. Some kept albums, scrapbooks, and commonplace books in order to pluck and transplant, as it were, verse from original sources to their own blank books, while others annotated the pages of existing books or wrote lengthy dedications. Even as readers were engaged in their own tactile interactions with devotional texts, the religious publishing marketplace was emulating these material reading practices as though they were a form of domestic handicraft, as in Frances Ridley Havergal’s Four-Fold Counsel tetralogy, a series of botanically inspired devotional gift books. Another of Havergal’s popular gift book sets, known as the Royal Series, is instructive, moreover, of how the material organization of devotional books could make a gift-time of daily reading.