bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishment of Humanized Mice from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or Cord Blood CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Immune‐Oncology Studies Evaluating New Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Verma Bhavna , Wesa Amy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe clinical success of immune checkpoint modulators and the development of next‐generation immune‐oncology (IO) agents underscore the need for robust preclinical models to evaluate novel IO therapeutics. Human immune system (HIS) mouse models enable in vivo studies in the context of the HIS via a human tumor. The immunodeficient mouse strains NOG (Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug) and triple‐transgenic NOG‐EXL [Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg (SV40/HTLV‐IL3, CSF2)], which expresses human IL‐3 and GM‐CSF, allow for human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell (huCD34+ HSC) engraftment and multilineage immune cell development by 12 to 16 weeks post‐transplant and facilitate studies of immunomodulatory agents. A more rapid model of human immune engraftment utilizes peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transplanted into immunodeficient murine hosts, permitting T‐cell engraftment within 2 to 3 weeks without outgrowth of other human immune cells. The PBMC‐HIS model can be limited due to onset of xenogeneic graft‐versus‐host disease (xGVHD) within 3 to 5 weeks post‐implantation. Host deficiency in MHC class I, as occurs in beta‐2 microglobulin knockout in either NOG or NSG mice, results in resistance to xGVHD, which permits a longer therapeutic window. In this article, detailed processes for generating humanized mice by transplantation of HSCs from cord blood–derived huCD34+ HSCs or PBMCs into immunodeficient mouse strains to respectively generate HSC‐HIS and PBMC‐HIS mouse models are provided. In addition, the co‐engraftment and growth kinetics of patient‐derived and cell line–derived xenograft tumors in humanized mice and recovery of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes from growing tumors to evaluate immune cell subsets by flow cytometry are described. © 2020 The Authors.Basic Protocol 1: Establishment of patient‐derived xenograft tumors in CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell–humanized miceBasic Protocol 2: Establishment of patient‐derived xenograft tumors in peripheral blood mononuclear cell–humanized miceSupport Protocol 1: Flow cytometry assessment of humanization in miceSupport Protocol 2: Flow cytometry assessment of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor‐bearing humanized mouse models
Tracing Sweetgum Lignin's Molecular Properties through Biorefinery Processing
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Narron Robert H. , Han Qiang , Park Sunkyu , Chang Hou‐min , Jameel Hasan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChanges to the molecular properties of lignin over the course of biorefinery processing were investigated by using sweetgum as a feedstock. Hydrothermal pretreatment has been used because it is an economically attractive, green process. Three representative biorefinery lignin preparations were obtained, with about 70 % yield based on raw lignin. The three fractions included soluble lignin adsorbed on resin (XADL), solvent‐extracted lignin (HTCELp), and an additional ball‐milled residual lignin (HTRELp). By comparing the raw and biorefinery lignin preparations, it can be concluded that lignin undergoes both degradation and condensation throughout the various stages of the hydrothermal‐based biorefinery process. The two fractions made soluble by biorefinery processing, XADL and HTCELp, were found to be low‐molecular‐weight degradation products enriched with free phenolic hydroxyl groups. In addition, about 15 % of noncondensed phenolic units were involved in condensation reactions. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that at least about 28 % of β‐O‐4′ substructures were cleaved. Hibbert's ketones were identified in XADL and HTRELp, which provided evidence of lignin undergoing acidolysis. The contents of β‐5′ and β‐β′ did not change significantly upon biorefinery processing. Finally, episyringaresinol was detected in XADL and HTCELp. It is hoped that these findings will help to further demonstrate the specific effects of biorefinery processing on lignin in hardwood and facilitate its utilization to improve biorefinery economics.
Reduced brain cell proliferation following somatic injury is buffered by social interaction in electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus
Authors: Dunlap Kent D. , Vergara Margarita M. , Corbo Joshua H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn many species, the negative effects of aversive stimuli are mitigated by social interactions, a phenomenon termed social buffering. In one form of social buffering, social interactions reduce the inhibition of brain cell proliferation during stress. Indirect predator stimuli (e.g., olfactory or visual cues) are known to decrease brain cell proliferation, but little is known about how somatic injury, as might occur from direct predator encounter, affects brain cell proliferation and whether this response is influenced by conspecific interactions. Here, we assessed the social buffering of brain cell proliferation in an electric fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus, by examining the separate and combined effects of tail injury and social interactions. We mimicked a predator‐induced injury by amputating the caudal tail tip, exposed fish to paired interactions that varied in timing, duration and recovery period, and measured brain cell proliferation and the degree of social affiliation. Paired social interaction mitigated the negative effects of tail amputation on cell proliferation in the forebrain but not the midbrain. Social interaction either before or after tail amputation reduced the effect of tail injury and continuous interaction both before and after caused an even greater buffering effect. Social interaction buffered the proliferation response after short‐term (1 d) or long‐term recovery (7 d) from tail amputation. This is the first report of social buffering of brain cell proliferation in a non‐mammalian model. Despite the positive association between social stimuli and brain cell proliferation, we found no evidence that fish affiliate more closely following tail injury.
An observer‐based fault tolerance control system with a static filter and its application to high‐rise buildings
Authors: Chen Chao‐Jun , Li Zuo‐Hua , Teng Jun , Wu Qing‐Gui , Lin Bei‐Chun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article proposes a fault tolerance control (FTC) system that composes of a state observer and a static filter, which can eliminate the adverse effects of sensor failures on the active mass damper control system of high‐rise buildings and realize fault detection and isolation. First, the accurate acceleration responses are obtained through a static filter that is used for minimizing the differences between the estimated and actual feedback signals. The key point is transformed into a gain optimization problem solved by a linear matrix inequality approach. Then, a state observer uses the detected and isolated acceleration responses as the feedback signals to estimate the whole states, which are used to calculate the control forces. Finally, a new observer‐based FTC system is accomplished for high‐rise buildings. To verify its effectiveness, the proposed methodology is applied to a numerical example and an experimental system. The results demonstrate that the fault tolerance controller has a good performance and stable control parameters, which provides good potential for structural vibration control of high‐rise buildings.
Magnetization influence analysis of the casing and drill pipe in shale gas dual horizontal well Rotating Magnet Ranging System drilling process
Authors: Wu Pan , Wei Minghui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRotating Magnet Ranging System (RMRS) is one of the core guiding technologies for shale gas extraction, and its magnetic measurement data will inevitably be affected by the downhole magnetic objects in the target magnetic field. The casing and drill pipe, which are apt to be magnetized by the magnetic sub, are major influencing factors of the measurement results. In order to study the influence comprehensively, a dual horizontal well RMRS drilling model is established. Based on static magnetic dipole theory, the magnetic field distribution equation of the low‐rotational magnetic sub is deduced and characterized. Firstly, the casing and drill pipe were segmented into ring, layer, and block volume elements. Then according to the dynamic magnetic dipole field distribution equation, the magnetic field strength of the magnetic source at the volume element (equivalent magnetic dipole) and the sensor was calculated, as well as the magnetic strength of independent magnetization field and superposition magnetization field of casing and drill pipe at the sensor position. Finally, the effectiveness of the numerical method results was verified by outdoor experiments, and the shielding effect of the static magnetic shielding on the external magnetic field of casing was preliminarily analyzed. The research results indicate that the magnetic sub has a strong magnetization effect on the casing and drill pipe. The magnetization field of the casing is about 2.39 times stronger than that of the drill pipe, and they will seriously affect the sensor measurement data. When the well spacing is small, the magnetization field waveform will be distorted. With the increase of the well spacing d, the waveform gradually changes sinusoidally, the fluctuation period of the magnetization field also gradually becomes twice (d > 1.5 m) that of the magnetic source, and the peak value of the magnetization field decreases exponentially. A preliminary analysis of the magnetic shielding of casing revealed that the magnetic shielding would cause great attenuation to the strength of the magnetic source. The numerical simulation proposed in this paper provides a theoretical basis for the error analysis of RMRS, which is of great significance for measurement correction and accuracy improvement.
Comparative analysis of a Sisko nanofluid over a stretching cylinder through a porous medium
Authors: Bisht Ankita , Sharma Rajesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present article examines the Sisko nanofluid flow and heat transfer through a porous medium due to a stretching cylinder using Buongiorno's model for nanofluids. Suitable similarity transformations are used to transform the governing boundary layer equations of fluid flow into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The finite difference method is used to solve coupled nonlinear differential equations with MATLAB software. The impact of different parameters viz., the Sisko material parameter, porosity parameter, curvature parameter, thermophoresis parameter, and Brownian diffusion parameter on the velocity and temperature distribution are presented graphically. Moreover, the effect of the involved parameters on the heat transfer rate is also studied and presented through table values. It is noticed from the numerical values that the porosity parameter reduces the velocity while enhancing the temperature. The curvature parameter enhances the velocity throughout the fluid regime and reduces the temperature near the surface while enhancing the temperature far away from the surface. The study reveals that the thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion parameters that characterize the nanofluid flow reduce the wall heat transfer rate, while the curvature parameter enhances it. This investigation of wall heating/cooling has essential applications in solar porous water absorber systems, chemical engineering, metallurgy, material processing, and so forth.
Differentially heated cubical cavity using energy pathlines and field synergy
Authors: Rani Hari P. , Koragoni Naresh , Narayana Vekamulla 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe article deals with the natural convective flow of air in a cubical cavity which is analyzed numerically. Isothermal temperature is maintained on the vertical walls where the temperature of the left wall is more than the right wall and all other walls are assumed to be kept insulated. In this present article, upwind, QUICK, SUPERBEE, and self‐filtered central differencing schemes are compared based on their accuracy and computational time with a numerical example. An attempt has been made to analyze the flow behavior inside the cavity using vortex corelines, streamlines, isotherms energy pathlines, and field synergy by varying the Rayleigh number (Ra) from 103 to 106. In the vicinity of isothermal vertical walls, the velocity, and temperature boundary layers become thinner as Ra increases. The energy pathlines are in oscillating nature when Ra increases to 105 and above. The field synergy principle implies by improving the synergy between the velocity and temperature, the heat transfer gets enhanced with the less increased flow resistance.
Isotopic variation in groundwater across the conterminous United States – Insight into hydrologic processes
Authors: Stahl Mason O. , Gehring Jaclyn , Jameel Yusuf 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGroundwater supplies a significant proportion of water use in the United States and is critical to the maintenance of healthy ecosystems and environmental processes, thus characterizing aquifer hydrology is important to managing and preserving these resources. While groundwater isotopes provide insight into hydrologic and ecologic processes, their application is limited to where measurements exist. To help overcome this limitation, we used the random forest algorithm to develop a predictive model for shallow groundwater isotopes in the conterminous United States. Our model uses environmental variables (e.g. temperature, elevation, precipitation isotopes) as predictors. We used our model to develop the first shallow groundwater isoscape of δ2H and δ18O for the conterminous United States. We describe the patterns in groundwater isotopes using both observations and our modelled isoscape. We find that throughout much of the Eastern United States, groundwater isotopes are close to annual amount weighted precipitation, while groundwater isotopes are significantly depleted relative precipitation across much of the High Plains and Western United States. Furthermore, we compare the observations compiled for this study to isotopes of precipitation, which allows us to determine the relative recharge efficiency (i.e. ratio of groundwater recharge to precipitation) between seasons and the proportion of annual recharge that occurs in a given season. Our findings suggest that winter recharge is generally more efficient than summer recharge; however, the dominant recharge season is more varied as it is the product of both seasonal recharge efficiency and the seasonal timing of precipitation. Parts of the central United States have summer dominant recharge, which is likely the result of heavy summer precipitation/nocturnal summer precipitation. Interestingly, parts of coastal California appear to have summer dominant recharge, which we suggest could be due to recharge from fog‐drip. Our results summarize spatial patterns in groundwater isotopes across the conterminous United States, provide insight into the hydrologic processes affecting shallow groundwater, and are valuable information for future ecologic and hydrologic studies.
Cognitive Ergonomics: Supporting Effective Use of Predictive Analytics Using Ethical Mental Frameworks
Authors: Colver Mitchell 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs we become increasingly acquainted with the rich opportunities that analytics systems can provide, there is a commensurate need to consider the extent to which analytics tools are effectively integrated, with proper training, into the day‐to‐day functioning of higher education professionals. This chapter explores the extent to which predictive analytics can be properly scaffolded using robust cognitive ergonomics—mental frameworks of ethical and appropriate use—to support successful deployment of analytics in higher education.
Drainage and ecological service of irrigation schemes in China*
Authors: Ding Kunlun , Chang Xiaomin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe farmland drainage plays an important role for the sustainable development of agriculture and ecology in China. More attention needs to be given to the impact of farmland drainage on agriculture, ecology and food security. This paper mainly presents and analyses the following aspects related to farmland drainage in China: i) current situation and existing problems; ii) theory and practice; iii) demand and prospects in future
Switch, a new intervention that targets motivational negative symptoms in people with schizophrenia: An uncontrolled pilot study
Authors: Thonon Bénédicte , Levaux Marie‐Noëlle , Della Libera Clara , Larøi Frank 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivePeople diagnosed with schizophrenia experience difficulties in their daily life, which is best explained by motivational negative symptoms. This study explores the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of Switch, a new multifactorial intervention that targets motivational deficits.MethodEight participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder followed around 30 individual sessions of Switch over 12 months. Participants and their informants were interviewed at baseline (T0), at 6 months (T1), at the end of the intervention (T2), and at 6 months follow‐up (T3).ResultsT0–T1 paired sample t tests showed large improvements on motivational deficits, general negative symptoms, and apathy and functional outcomes (both as rated by informants). At T2 and T3, moderate to large improvements were maintained. Switch was well accepted by participants.ConclusionsThis preliminary investigation provides evidence that Switch may be a feasible, acceptable, and effective intervention specifically designed to target motivational deficits and improve daily functioning.
The outlook for diagnostic purposes of the 2019‐novel coronavirus disease
Authors: Tahmasebi Safa , Khosh Elnaz , Esmaeilzadeh Abdolreza 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAt the end of December 2019, a novel acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) appeared as the third unheard of outbreak of human coronavirus infection in the 21st century. First, in Wuhan, China, the novel SARS‐CoV2 was named by the World Health Organization (WHO), as 2019‐nCOV (COVID‐19), and spread extremely all over the world. SARS‐CoV2 is transmitted to individuals by human‐to‐human transmission leading to severe viral pneumonia and respiratory system injury. SARS‐CoV2 elicits infections from the common cold to severe conditions accompanied by lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and other organ destruction. There is a possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic cases as active carriers, in addition to symptomatic ones, which is a crucial crisis of COVID‐19 that should be considered. Hence, paying more attention to the accurate and immediate diagnosis of suspected and infected cases can be a great help in preventing the rapid spread of the virus, improving the disease prognosis, and controlling the pandemic. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and up‐to‐date overview of the different types of Clinical and Para‐clinical diagnostic methods and their practical features, which can help understand better the applications and capacities of various diagnostic approaches for COVID‐19 infected cases.
Application of Clinical Pharmacology Principles in Drug Development of Modified‐Release Products: Leveraging Exposure‐Response Information to Support Approval
Authors: AbuAsal Bilal S. , Hamed Salaheldin S. , Ahmed Mariam A. , Al‐Mansour Lana , Uppoor Ramana , Mehta Mehul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of modified‐release (MR) drug products aims to address a clinical need such as improving patient compliance. There are multiple pathways and development strategies for the registration and approval of MR products. The development strategy of an MR product is usually dependent on the availability and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) characteristics of the reference drug product, that is, an immediate‐release (IR) product or a reference MR. Compared with a reference IR product, an MR product is likely to have a different PK profile over the least common dosing time due to unequal dosing intervals. In case of differences in PK profiles between the MR product and the reference product, confirmatory efficacy and safety studies may be needed to support registration. In some cases, however, a thorough clinical PK/PD characterization may provide sufficient basis to support the approval of the proposed MR product without the need for additional safety and efficacy studies. This article summarizes the US Food and Drug Administration experience and the regulatory considerations supporting the approval of MR products in the past 6 years and discusses cases in which clinical pharmacology and PK/PD information were leveraged to support approval without the need for additional clinical studies. Details of all these cases are available in the public domain. In 2 cases a well‐characterized exposure‐response relationship provided sufficient justification that differences in the shape of the PK profiles were not clinically relevant. In the remaining 3 cases a thorough characterization of the PK profile along with a risk‐based approach provided bases for approval.
Fabrication of stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic poly(arylene ether nitrile) nanofibrous composite membranes via the one‐step co‐deposition of dopamine and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane for efficient oil‐in‐water emulsion separation
Authors: Mou Chuanlin , Hu Jiaxin , Zhan Yingqing , He Shuangjiang , Chiao Yu‐Hsuan , Zhao Shumei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe large‐scale oily wastewater from chemical industries and oil spills causes severe damage to ecosystems and affects human health. To date, plenty of superwetting membranes have been applied for efficient oil/water separation, but they still face many challenges when separating emulsified oily wastewater in harsh chemical conditions.RESULTSHerein, novel thermally and chemically stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic polymer nanofibrous composite membranes were fabricated by a facile and effective strategy. For this purpose, poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PEN) nanofibrous matting prepared from electrospinning was chosen as a supporting layer, which possessed excellent performance including anticorrosion, high thermal stability and tensile strength. Based on this, polydopamine (PDA) and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) were easily and uniformly co‐deposited onto the porous PEN supporting layer via a one‐step immersion process. The resulting PEN composite membranes possessed stable super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic properties because of strong adhesion, abundant hydrophilic groups and the hierarchical micro‐/nanostructure. Consequently, these membranes could separate various surfactant‐stabilized emulsions under low driving pressure (0.04 MPa), with high permeation flux (6121 L m−2 h−1) and oil rejection ratio (>99.63%). Furthermore, the PEN nanofibrous membranes exhibited stable super‐wetting and long‐term separation performance under harsh operating conditions.CONCLUSIONThe super‐hydrophilic/underwater super‐oleophobic PEN membranes fabricated via a facile co‐deposition strategy realized high separation efficiency, and excellent stability and antifouling property for emulsified oily wastewater under harsh operating environments, which indicated that they may have promising applications for the treatment of complicated oily wastewaters. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry