bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociology of the Sacred
Authors: Moebius Stephan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes three key stages in the development of the sociology of the sacred: the Durkheim school, the Collège de Sociologie, and the work of Hans Joas. First, it shows that the Collège de Sociologie was deeply influenced by the Durkheimians’ studies on religion and the gift but interpreted them in a very specific way. Whereas the Collège and the Durkheim school agree on the importance of the sacred for social cohesion, they disagree on other important theoretical, methodological, and political issues. Second, it compares Hans Joas’s studies on sacralization processes to the Durkheimian sociology of religion and the sacred sociology of the Collège. It argues that Joas’s analyses, even though they are inspired by Durkheim, in particular go beyond the Durkheim school and the Collège in three respects: (a) they provide an account of the articulation of the experience of the sacred; (b) they ground sacralization processes in a theory of action; and (c) they contextualize sacralization processes in terms of a sociology of institutions and power.
The Role of Lawyers in Education Reform
Authors: Parisi Chiara , Edley Christopher 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Lawyers make significant contributions to education reform efforts, as do community members and professionals from various other fields. This chapter outlines and distinguishes both the venues in which and ways that lawyers add value to education reform. First, it lays out the education reform landscape and highlights the policy-influencing occupations that lawyers can have within it. Because lawyers are found both outside and within the government system at the federal, state, and local levels and in the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, they have wide-ranging potential for impact. Second, the chapter explains the unique way a lawyer’s skills and way of thought influence and improve education reform. When lawyers are involved, an education reform initiative is likely to thoughtfully consider all perspectives, bridge expertise to the law, choose the right legal path, and engage in strategic communications and public support efforts.
The Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy
Authors: Herrmann Janne Rothmar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the right to avoid procreation and the regulation of pregnancy from a European perspective. The legal basis for a right to avoid procreation can be said to fall within the scope of several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), an instrument that is binding for all European countries. Here, Article 12 of the ECHR gives men and women of marriageable age the right to marry and found a family in accordance with the national laws governing this right. However, Article 12 protects some elements of the right not to procreate, but for couples only. The lack of common European consensus in this area highlights how matters relating to the right to decide on the number and spacing of children touch on aspects that differ from country to country even in what could appear to be a homogenous region. In fact, the cultural, moral, and historical milieus that surround these rights differ considerably with diverse national perceptions of the role of the family, gender equality, religious and moral obligations, and so on.
Sexual Stratification and Sexual Agency Among Low-Income Girls in an Andean City
Authors: Yon Leau Carmen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes the results of ethnographic research into the ways in which sexuality and social hierarchies and inequalities interact in the experiences of low-income female youth who participated in a sexual and reproductive rights project in poor neighborhoods in Ayacucho, Peru. Following Gayle Rubin, it studies sexuality as a structure that organizes relationships with their own particularities and forms of oppression, a structure that in turn interacts with those of gender, age, social class, and ethnicity. The study also explores forms of gender agency, as well as female teenagers’ cultural logics related to sexual risks and sexual rights. It follows conceptual orientations of practice theory, seeking to contribute to discussions of female youth agency.
The Rise and Retreat of the Armed Forces
Authors: Pérez Orlando J. , Pestana Randy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The armed forces of Central America predate the development of the modern nation-state. It is difficult to understand the political and social history of the region without examining the role of the military. Strong men leading local armed militias emerged out of the ashes of the Spanish Empire to rule the newly independent nations. As military institutions developed, an alliance between the armed forces and powerful economic elites sought to govern the nation-states by suppressing and exploiting popular sectors often through brutal repression. Authoritarianism and economic underdevelopment led to multiple uprisings which helped shape the nature of politics and democratic governance in contemporary Central America. In explaining this we explore the evolution of the armed forces, focusing particular attention on the political influence of the military in the development of the modern nation-state, and on the process of democratization in the late twentieth century. We then examine the role the United States has played in promoting and sustaining military rule. Finally, we analyze the consequences of late-twentieth-century peace processes on the retreat of military power and on the building of democracy.
El Salvador
Authors: Ching Erik 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
El Salvador stands out as exceptional in the history of modern Latin America for some tragic reasons: its duration of military rule (1931–1979), the scale of its government-ordered mass execution of citizens (1932), and its distinctly brutal civil conflict (1980–1992). These episodes, and many others like them, are the consequence of modern El Salvador’s history as a deeply divided society. This division has its origins in a racially charged ethnic differentiation coming out of the colonial era, which then survived into the twentieth century as conflict between ethnically homogenous classes. Consequently, shared concepts of the public good have been all too rare. Instead, rivaling stakeholders have defined politics as a zero-sum game, such that any sacrifice on one group’s part is seen inherently as an advantage for a rival. In general, El Salvador has been a place where authoritarian conservatives have won the day, meaning the people who wish to maintain their privilege and preserve the status quo have successfully done so, but not without facing significant challenges and having to grant some concessions along the way.
Whole-exome sequencing in a patient with synchronous triple primary malignancies involving lung cancer: a case report
Authors: Li Dan , Yu Min , Zhou Ping , Yang Jie , Wang Yongsheng 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The incidence of multiple primary malignancies (MPMs) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, however, the genetic pathogenesis is largely unknown on account of rare cases, especially for those patients who are diagnosed with three or more tumors. Under these circumstances, whole-exome sequencing (WES) may help to provide more comprehensive genomic information and guidance to proper therapeutic strategies. Here, we presented a rare case of a 66-year-old Chinese male patient who was diagnosed with synchronous triple primary malignancies: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), lung adenocarcinoma (LA), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tumors were surgically removed within 3 months. WES was performed when the patient suffered from cancer recurrence and tumor-specific neoantigens were predicted. Each tumor displayed a distinct somatic mutation profile, providing direct evidence of independent origins. No shared driver gene mutation or neoantigen was detected among the three tumors. Two germline alterations of cancer susceptibility genes—SPINK1 c.194 + 2T&gt;C and JAK3 c.425G&gt;A were identified. This case is the first report of synchronous primary triple cancers covering the esophagus, lung, and liver. Our findings highlight the complexities of MPMs that even when under identical germline genetic backgrounds, the occurrence of MPMs can be a random event and driven by distinct somatic gene mutations. Synchronous multiple primary cancers that originated from different organs may not have common therapeutic gene targets, and it can be difficult to find a treatment to cover all the tumors.
UNWEIGHTED DONALDSON–THOMAS THEORY OF THE BANANA 3-FOLD WITH SECTION CLASSES
Authors: Leigh Oliver 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe further the study of the Donaldson–Thomas theory of the banana 3-folds which were recently discovered and studied by Bryan [3]. These are smooth proper Calabi–Yau 3-folds which are fibred by Abelian surfaces such that the singular locus of a singular fibre is a non-normal toric curve known as a ‘banana configuration’. In [3], the Donaldson–Thomas partition function for the rank 3 sub-lattice generated by the banana configurations is calculated. In this article, we provide calculations with a view towards the rank 4 sub-lattice generated by a section and the banana configurations. We relate the findings to the Pandharipande–Thomas theory for a rational elliptic surface and present new Gopakumar–Vafa invariants for the banana 3-fold.
CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS FROM PUBLIC MOBILE SYSTEMS USING THE TIME-AVERAGED AND INTEGRAL-BASED MEASURE
Authors: Šuka Darko , Pejović Predrag , Simić-Pejović Mirjana 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since radio frequency (RF) signals from public mobile systems are stochastic and exhibit large temporal variations, the results of measurements, typically E field measurements, are time dependent and highly variable. Therefore, any 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place may not be so reliable when it comes to determine long-term exposure levels. Specifically, the results of such short-term exposure assessments can be both under- or overestimated depending on whether the extreme value is caught during the measurement time. Because the RF range is active 24 h a day, the authors suggest that the monitoring process should cover the same time period. To evaluate the variability of measurement results, the analysis in this paper was conducted through descriptive statistics of the 24-h instantaneous, time-averaged and integral-based values. By applying the 24-h time-averaged and integral-based measure on a 24-h data set of measurements, the variability of daily exposure could be reduced to ±20% of the mean week value obtained either with the time-averaged or integral-based measure.
The Effects of Early Mobilization on Patients Requiring Extended Mechanical Ventilation Across Multiple ICUs
Authors: Escalon Miguel X. , Lichtenstein Ann H. , Posner Elliot , Spielman Lisa , Delgado Andrew , Kolakowsky-Hayner Stephanie A. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
1) To successfully implement early mobilization of individuals with prolonged mechanical ventilation in multiple ICUs at a tertiary care hospital and 2) to reduce length of stay and improve quality of care to individuals in the ICUs.

Design:
Comparative effectiveness cohort study based on a quality improvement project.

Setting:
Five ICUs at a tertiary care hospital.

Patients:
A total of 541 mechanically ventilated patients over a 2-year period (2014–2015): 280 and 261, respectively. Age ranged from 19 to 94 years (mean, 63.84; sd, 14.96).

Interventions:
A hospital-based initiative spurred development of a multidisciplinary team, tasked with establishing early mobilization in ICUs.

Measurements and Main Results:
Early mobilization in the ICUs was evaluated by the number of physical therapy consults, length of stay, individual treatment sessions utilizing functional outcomes, and follow-up visits. Implementation of an early mobilization protocol across all ICUs led to a significant increase in the number of physical therapy consults, a significant decrease in ICU and overall lengths of stay, significantly shorter days to implement physical therapy, and a significantly higher physical therapy follow-up rate.

Conclusions:
Mobilizing individuals in an intensive care setting decreases length of stay and hospital costs. With an interdisciplinary team to plan, implement, and evaluate stages of the program, a successful early mobilization program can be implemented across all ICUs simultaneously and affect change in patients who will require prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Conversion methods for modified Jaffe reaction assays of serum creatinine
Authors: Laszczyńska Olga , Azevedo Ana , Ferreira-Almeida Manuel , Guimarães João T. , Severo Milton 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background:
Modifications in Jaffe serum creatinine (sCr) assays question the suitability of the results for direct comparison.

Methods:
sCr in adult in-patients was routinely measured either by SRM 909-standardized/noncompensated (method A) or isotope dilution mass spectrometry traceable/compensated method (reference). We converted values by method A into values by the reference using a formula provided by the manufacturer [Beckman Coulter (BC)] and traditional equating methods.

Results:
The BC-based conversion and linear equating resulted in underestimated sCr values, whereas equipercentile equating (EE) provided sCr with not significantly different distribution from the reference values. Proportions of patients with renal impairment did not differ between the reference and EE-converted sCr, as opposed to BC-recalculated values. Three percent of patients were classified into better renal function category when applying BC versus EE conversion.

Conclusions:
Equipercentile equation was a more accurate method for recalculation of sCr obtained from different Jaffe reaction assays than the linear equating or the BC linear formula. This study emphasizes the importance of the derivation sample specificity when applying research results to other real-world populations.
Outcomes Following LSVT BIG in a Person With Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Case Report
Authors: Fillmore Shannon , Cavalier Gianna , Franke Holly , Hajec Marissa , Thomas Anthony , Moriello Gabriele 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
There is no literature exploring physical therapy interventions for individuals with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). There are parallels between symptoms of iNPH and Parkinson disease (PD), suggesting that similar interventions may be beneficial. An approach that promotes recalibration of movements to produce bigger motions (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG [LSVT BIG]) is an evidence-based intervention for individuals with PD, which could potentially improve function in individuals with iNPH. This case report documents functional outcomes of LSVT BIG in an individual with iNPH.

Case Description:
The participant was a 62-year-old man with a 16-year history of iNPH. He demonstrated hypokinesia, impaired balance, and cognitive deficits. These resulted in frequent falls and limited community ambulation.

Intervention:
The participant completed the standardized 4-week LSVT BIG program in addition to 5 tune-up sessions 7 months later. Outcome measures included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), TUG cognitive and manual, Activities-Specific Balance and Confidence (ABC) scale, Five Times Sit to Stand (5TSTS) test, and a timed floor transfer.

Outcomes:
Improvements, exceeding minimal detectable change values, were noted on the BBS and the ABC scale immediately following intervention. Scores declined at 4-month follow-up, but BBS scores increased again after the tune-up sessions. Quicker floor transfer times were also noted. There were no changes in TUG, TUG cognitive and manual, or 5TSTS times.

Discussion:
Therapists may wish to consider the use of the LSVT BIG program in persons with iNPH; however, a longer program and/or regular tune-up sessions may be necessary for best outcomes.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A315).
Improving Serious Illness Care for Surgical Patients
Authors: Lee Katherine C. , Walling Anne M. , Senglaub Steven S. , Bernacki Rachelle , Fleisher Lee A. , Russell Marcia M. , Wenger Neil S. , Cooper Zara 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
Develop quality indicators that measure access to and the quality of primary PC delivered to seriously ill surgical patients

Summary of Background Data:
PC for seriously ill surgical patients, including aligning treatments with patients’ goals and managing symptoms, is associated with improved patient-oriented outcomes and decreased healthcare utilization. However, efforts to integrate PC alongside restorative surgical care are limited by a lack of surgical quality indicators to evaluate primary PC delivery.

Methods:
We developed a set of 27 preliminary indicators that measured palliative processes of care across the surgical episode, including goals of care, decision-making, symptom assessment, and issues related to palliative surgery. Then using the RAND-UCLA Appropriateness method, a 12-member expert advisory panel rated the validity (primary outcome) and feasibility of each indicator twice: (1) remotely and (2) after an in-person moderated discussion

Results:
After 2 rounds of rating, 24 indicators were rated as valid, covering the preoperative evaluation (9 indicators), immediate preoperative readiness (2 indicators), intraoperative (1 indicator), postoperative (8 indicators), and end of life (4 indicators) phases of surgical care.

Conclusions:
This set of quality indicators provides a comprehensive set of process measures that possess the potential to measure high quality PC for seriously ill surgical patients throughout the surgical episode
Nano short peptide nutrition intervention on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Zelin , Yang Lin , Zhang Tianping 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundThe continuous outbreak of COVID-19 poses a devastating threat to the global public health, and there’s no special therapeutic drugs. This paper is to explore the effect of high fiber whey short peptide enteral nutrition on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19, to find ways to prevent patients from progressing to severe illness, and to reduce the harm of epidemic situation to human beings.MethodsThe course of fighting against COVID-19 in our hospital for 49 days was reviewed. Three nutritional interventions including five-step nutrition treatment, 46early intervention of whole protein, and high fiber whey short peptide intervention were conducted consecutively.The effect of high fiber whey short peptide on nutrition, immune function and prognosis of patients with COVID-19 was compared with that of whole protein intervention.ResultsHigh fiber whey short peptide group when compared with whey protein group, can significantly improve prealbumin in patients with covid-19, improve the negative nitrogen balance of patients, and reduce the average period of turning negative by 39.06%.ConclusionHigh fiber whey short peptide can significantly improve the recovery speed of patients with covid-19.Fundingnone
Low-Dose Whole-Lung Radiation for COVID-19 Pneumonia: Planned Day-7 Interim Analysis of an Ongoing Clinical Trial
Authors: Hess Clayton B. , Buchwald Zachary S. , Stokes William , Switchenko Jeffrey M. , Nasti Tahseen H. , Weinberg Brent D. , Steinberg James P. , Godette Karen D. , Murphy David , Ahmed Rafi , Curran Walter J. , Khan Mohammad K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with advanced age and comorbidities face higher risk of death from COVID-19, especially once ventilator-dependent. Respiratory decline in COVID-19 is mediated by a pneumonic aberrant immune cytokine storm. Low-dose radiation was used to treat pneumonia in the pre-antibiotic era. Radiation immunomodulatory effects may improve outcomes in COVID-19.MethodsWe performed a single-institution phase I/II trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of single-fraction, low-dose, whole-lung radiation for COVID-19 pneumonia. Eligible patients were hospitalized, had radiographic pneumonic infiltrates, required supplemental oxygen, and were clinically deteriorating.ResultsOf nine patients screened, five were treated with whole-lung radiation from April 2328, 2020 and followed for 7 days. Median age was 90 (range 64-94); four were nursing home residents with multiple comorbidities. Within 24 hours of radiation, three patients (60%) weaned from supplemental oxygen to ambient air, four (80%) exhibited radiographic improvement, and median Glasgow coma score improved from 10 to 14. A fourth patient (80% overall recovery) weaned from oxygen at hour 96. Mean time to clinical recovery was 35 hours. There were no acute skin, pulmonary, GI, GU toxicities.ConclusionsIn a small pilot trial of five oxygen-dependent patients with COVID-19 pneumonia, low-dose whole-lung radiation led to rapid improvement in clinical status, encephalopathy, and radiographic infiltrates without acute toxicity or worsening the cytokine storm. Low-dose whole-lung radiation appears to be safe, shows early promise of efficacy, and warrants larger prospective trials.Lay SummaryResearchers at Emory University have completed treatment of cohort 1 of a pilot trial of low-dose lung irradiation for COVID-19 pneumonia. Five residents of nursing or group homes with COVID-19 outbreaks were hospitalized after testing positive for COVID-19. Each had pneumonia visible on chest x-ray, required supplemental oxygen, and had clinically declined. A single treatment of low-dose (1.5 Gy) radiation to both lungs was delivered over 10-15 minutes. Within 24 hours, four patients rapidly improved their breathing, recovering at an average of 1.5 days (range 3 to 96 hours), and had either been discharged (three) or were preparing for discharge (one) by day 14. Blood tests and repeat imaging confirmed that low-dose radiation appeared safe and effective in reducing their COVID-19 symptoms. Further trials are warranted.