bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Was the pope to blame? Statistical powerlessness and the predictive policing of micro‐scale randomized control trials
Authors: Taylor Ralph B. , Ratcliffe Jerry H. 
Published: July 2020

Research SummaryHinkle et al. (2013) highlighted a statistical powerlessness problem in hot‐spots policing experiments in midsized cities with moderate property crime rates. The current work demonstrates that this problem is less readily resolved than previously suspected. It reviews results from a predictive policing randomized control trial in a large city with property crime rates higher than Chicago or Los Angeles. It reports, for the first time, a graphical analysis indicating the marked car patrol intervention, practically effective at the 500′ by 500′ (mission) grid level, three grids per shift, likely had a district‐wide impact on reducing reported property crime. In addition, it reviews results of a series of thought experiments exploring statistical power impacts of four modified experimental designs. Only one alternative design, with spatially up‐scaled predictive policing mission areas and concomitantly higher property crime prevalence rates, produced acceptable statistical power levels. Implications follow for current theoretical confusion in community criminology about concentration effects and units of analysis, and how models organize impacts across those different units. Implications follow for practice amid ongoing concerns about whether predictive policing works and, if it did, how to gauge its impacts and social justice costs.Policy ImplicationsThe current work brings to the fore important questions beyond “does predictive policing work?” Can we design predictive policing randomized experiments capable of showing statistical effectiveness? Furthermore, if we can, and if those studies include larger mission areas than the micro‐scaled geographic grids used so far, how do we integrate social justice concerns into effectiveness metrics given the broader segments of communities likely affected?
Applying f4‐statistics and admixture graphs: Theory and examples
Authors: Lipson Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA popular approach to learning about admixture from population genetic data is by computing the allele‐sharing summary statistics known as f‐statistics. Compared to some methods in population genetics, f‐statistics are relatively simple, but interpreting them can still be complicated at times. In addition, f‐statistics can be used to build admixture graphs (multi‐population trees allowing for admixture events), which provide more explicit and thorough modelling capabilities but are correspondingly more complex to work with. Here, I discuss some of these issues to provide users of these tools with a basic guide for protocols and procedures. My focus is on the kinds of conclusions that can or cannot be drawn from the results of f4‐statistics and admixture graphs, illustrated with real‐world examples involving human populations.
The role of accounting quality in corporate liquidity management
Authors: Li Wulung 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the role of accounting quality in accessing credit lines for liquidity purposes. While the literature suggests that firms should meet liquidity needs through credit lines and not cash holdings, some firms rely on cash instead because of limited access to credit markets. I find low accruals quality firms use less credit lines and hold more cash. This relationship is more pronounced when firms are financially distressed, when credit markets are tightening, and during the 2007–2008 financial crisis. The spread and the use of cash flow covenants in credit lines are two channels through which accruals quality affects liquidity choice.
High suicide rates during psychiatric inpatient stay and shortly after discharge
Authors: Madsen T. , Erlangsen A. , Hjorthøj C. , Nordentoft M. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveOver recent decades, intense efforts to address suicides in psychiatric admitted people have been initiated. The aim was to calculate suicide rates, rate ratios, population attributable risks (PAR) and trends among people admitted to or recently discharged from psychiatric wards.MethodsUsing a cohort design, we obtained nationwide register data on 6 292 932 individuals aged 15+ living in Denmark during 1995–2016. Of these, 178 703 (5.73%) males and 201 033 females (6.33%) had been admitted to psychiatric hospital. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were obtained using Poisson regression analyses while adjusting for age and calendar period. Trends were assessed using joinpoint analyses.ResultsIn total, 15 075 persons died by suicide, of which 6174 had been psychiatrically admitted. Among males, the suicide rate during the first week of admission and after discharge was 3409 and 3148 per 100 000 person‐years, respectively. The corresponding values for females were 1267 and 1631. Generally, estimated suicide rates were highest in those with affective or anxiety stress disorders. During first week of hospitalization, the IRR was 237 for males and of 322 for females when compared with those never hospitalized. In first week after discharge, the IRR was 225 and 425 for males and females, respectively. PAR estimates indicated 6% of male suicides and 13% of female suicides attributes to first week of admission and discharge. The inpatient suicide rate decreased annually 2.5% until 2009 followed by a 7.5% annual percentage increase. The suicide rate after discharge decreased steadily annually over the study period.ConclusionDespite finding declining post‐discharge suicide rates, the period surrounding a psychiatric admission was still associated with extremely high suicide rates.
Distinct effects of asthma and COPD comorbidity on disease expression and outcome in patients with COVID‐19
Authors: Song Jia , Zeng Ming , Wang Hai , Qin Chuan , Hou Hong‐Yan , Sun Zi‐Yong , Xu San‐Peng , Wang Guo‐Ping , Guo Cui‐Lian , Deng Yi‐Ke , Wang Zhi‐Chao , Ma Jin , Pan Li , Liao Bo , Du Zhi‐Hui , Feng Qi‐Miao , Liu Yang , Xie Jun‐Gang , Liu Zheng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe impacts of chronic airway diseases on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are far from understood.ObjectiveTo explore the influence of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comorbidity on disease expression and outcomes, and the potential underlying mechanisms in COVID‐19 patients.MethodsA total of 961 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with a definite clinical outcome (death or discharge) were retrospectively enrolled. Demographic and clinical information were extracted from the medical records. Lung tissue sections from patients suffering from lung cancer were used for immunohistochemistry study of angiotensin‐converting enzyme II (ACE2) expression. BEAS‐2B cell line was stimulated with various cytokines.ResultsIn this cohort, 21 subjects (2.2%) had COPD and 22 (2.3%) had asthma. After adjusting for confounding factors, COPD patients had higher risk of developing severe illness (OR: 23.433; 95% CI 1.525‐360.135; P < .01) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (OR: 19.762; 95% CI 1.461‐267.369; P = .025) than asthmatics. COPD patients, particularly those with severe COVID‐19, had lower counts of CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and B cells and higher levels of TNF‐α, IL‐2 receptor, IL‐10, IL‐8, and IL‐6 than asthmatics. COPD patients had increased, whereas asthmatics had decreased ACE2 protein expression in lower airways, compared with that in control subjects without asthma and COPD. IL‐4 and IL‐13 downregulated, but TNF‐α, IL‐12, and IL‐17A upregulated ACE2 expression in BEAS‐2B cells.ConclusionPatients with asthma and COPD likely have different risk of severe COVID‐19, which may be associated with different ACE2 expression.
2Reflecting on Positionality: Archaeological Heritage Praxis in Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Fryer Tiffany C. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article I argue for a renewed engagement with the concept ofpositionalityin archaeology. I provide a brief history of thinking about the idea of subject position in archaeology, focusing specifically on researcher subjectivity rather than that of past persons. The discussion highlights some of the strands of archaeological thinking where positionality has figured prominently in investigative and interpretative strategies: namely, intersectional, relational, and community‐based archaeologies. I then offer three examples from research in Quintana Roo, Mexico that speak to the ways that grappling with positionality has influenced my and my collaborators’ agendas and goals related to the commemoration of the heritage of the Maya Social War (Caste War of Yucatan).
Motivational school climate and teachers' achievement goal orientations: A hierarchical approach
Authors: Dickhäuser Oliver , Janke Stefan , Daumiller Martin , Dresel Markus 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundTeachers' achievement goal orientations are known to affect teachers' beliefs and behaviour. In contrast, we know relatively little on how school climate is associated with teachers' achievement goals, even though theoretical ideas can be derived from self‐determination theory and empirical research on the impact of goal structures. The few studies that exist on the issue are limited as analyses were only conducted at the individual level and subsequent findings can, thus, not be interpreted as climate effects.AimWe aimed to overcome this shortcoming by analysing associations between teachers' perception of school motivational climate and their achievement goal orientations at individual and at school level. We postulated that at school level a school's learning goal structure, autonomy‐supportive leadership, positive feedback culture, and a collaborative climate would be associated with teachers' learning goal orientation, whereas a school's performance goal structure was supposed to align with teachers' performance (approach and avoidance) goal orientation.SampleA total of 532 teachers from 40 different schools filled out questionnaires on their achievement goal orientations and aspects of their work context.MethodsWe used hierarchical linear modelling to analyse effects at individual and at school level.ResultsTeachers' learning goal orientations and their performance avoidance goal orientations varied significantly across schools. Positive perceptions of schools' feedback culture at school level corresponded positively with learning goal orientations, and collaborative climate was negatively associated with performance (approach and avoidance) goal orientations.ConclusionsThe results underline the importance of schools' motivational climate for teacher motivation and provide a starting point for developing strategies of workplace development.
Prostate cancer screening and treatment: where have we come from and where are we going?
Authors: Albertsen Peter C. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the current prostate cancer screening and treatment paradigm in light of recently published long‐term results of major screening and treatment trials.MethodsHistorical review of the evolution of the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer followed by a detailed summary of the findings and differences among the three major screening trials and the three major treatment trials.ResultsProstate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing can identify clinically significant prostate cancer and has produced a significant stage shift and is the likely explanation for the decline in prostate cancer mortality. Unfortunately, PSA testing predominantly identifies low‐grade disease that is unlikely to progress during a patient’s lifetime leading to substantial diagnosis of indolent disease. Treatment with radical prostatectomy (RP) appears to benefit primarily younger men (aged <65 years) with intermediate‐grade disease. Too few men with low‐grade disease benefit from RP to justify intervening in all. Unfortunately, high‐grade prostate cancer often progresses despite surgery and radiation.ConclusionThe primary PSA testing paradigm is wrong. Rather than attempting to identify all prostate cancers as early as possible, testing objectives should shift towards identifying men likely to harbour clinically significant disease. These are the men who appear to benefit from early diagnosis and intervention, including the earlier use of antiandrogen therapy prior to widespread metastases.
Quantitative analyses of cirques on the Faroe Islands: evidence for time transgressive glacier occupation
Authors: Wallick Keyleigh N. , Principato Sarah M. 
Published: July 2020

This study presents the first analysis of ice‐free cirques on the Faroe Islands using a Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Automated Cirque Metric Extraction (ACME) tool. The length, width, area, circularity, mean aspect, mean slope, and elevation range, minimum, and maximum were calculated using ACME. Cirque distance to coastline was measured using ArcGIS. A total of 116 cirques were identified. Mean cirque length is 950 m and mean cirque width is 890 m. Average cirque area is 0.8 km2 and mean elevation is 386 m a.s.l. The modal orientation of the aspect of cirques is north‐northeast, with a vector mean of 7° and mean resultant length of 0.09. Aspect data have large dispersion, which shows evidence of cloudy ablation seasons in the past. The dispersion in aspect may also be related to the time transgressive nature of glacier occupation in these cirques. Past equilibrium‐line altitudes (ELAs) of cirque glaciers reconstructed with the minimum point method resulted in a mean palaeo‐ELA of 213 m a.s.l. Positive, linear relationships are observed between palaeo‐ELA and cirque distance to coastline. There are at least two possible interpretations of this relationship: (i) that the cirque formation is dependent on pre‐existing topography with cirques forming at the head of valleys, which occurs at higher elevations further inland, and (ii) that this relationship demonstrates the importance of access to moisture for glacier survival. A combination of both interpretations is also possible. Positive linear relationships are also observed between longitude and palaeo‐ELA indicative of palaeo‐precipitation patterns along an east–west gradient. Cirques on the Faroe Islands are smaller in length and width and present at lower elevations compared to cirques located in other regions of the world. The timing of glacial occupation in these cirques is not known, and the landforms likely formed over multiple glaciations.
PKR kinase directly regulates tau expression and Alzheimer's disease‐related tau phosphorylation
Authors: Reimer Lasse , Betzer Cristine , Kofoed Rikke Hahn , Volbracht Christiane , Fog Karina , Kurhade Chaitanya , Nilsson Emma , Överby Anna K. , Jensen Poul Henning 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDeposition of extensively hyperphosphorylated tau in specific brain cells is a clear pathological hallmark in Alzheimer's disease and a number of other neurodegenerative disorders, collectively termed the tauopathies. Furthermore, hyperphosphorylation of tau prevents it from fulfilling its physiological role as a microtubule‐stabilizing protein and leaves it increasingly vulnerable to self‐assembly, suggestive of a central underlying role of hyperphosphorylation as a contributing factor in the etiology of these diseases. Via in vitro phosphorylation and regulation of kinase activity within cells and acute brain tissue, we reveal that the inflammation associated kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), directly phosphorylates numerous abnormal and disease‐modifying residues within tau including Thr181, Ser199/202, Thr231, Ser262, Ser396, Ser404 and Ser409. Similar to disease processes, these PKR‐mediated phosphorylations actively displace tau from microtubules in cells. In addition, PKR overexpression and knockdown, respectively, increase and decrease tau protein and mRNA levels in cells. This regulation occurs independent of noncoding transcriptional elements, suggesting an underlying mechanism involving intra‐exonic regulation of the tau‐encoding microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT) gene. Finally, acute encephalopathy in wild type mice, induced by intracranial Langat virus infection, results in robust inflammation and PKR upregulation accompanied by abnormally phosphorylated full‐length‐ and truncated tau. These findings indicate that PKR, independent of other kinases and upon acute brain inflammation, is capable of triggering pathological modulation of tau, which, in turn, might form the initial pathologic seed in several tauopathies such as Alzheimer's disease and Chronic traumatic encephalopathy where inflammation is severe.
Endogenous YAP1 activation drives immediate onset of cervical carcinoma in situ in mice
Authors: Nishio Miki , To Yoko , Maehama Tomohiko , Aono Yukari , Otani Junji , Hikasa Hiroki , Kitagawa Akihiro , Mimori Koshi , Sasaki Takehiko , Nishina Hiroshi , Toyokuni Shinya , Lydon John P. , Nakao Kazuwa , Wah Mak Tak , Kiyono Tohru , Katabuchi Hidetaka , Tashiro Hironori , Suzuki Akira 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCervical cancer (CC) is usually initiated by infection with high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV). The HPV E6 and E7 proteins target p53 and RB, respectively, but other cellular targets likely exist. We generated uterus‐specific MOB1A/B double KO (uMob1DKO) mice, which immediately developed cervical squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Mutant cervical epithelial cells showed YAP1‐dependent hyperproliferation, altered self‐renewal, impaired contact inhibition, and chromosomal instability. p53 activation was increased in uMob1DKO cells, and additional p53 loss in uMob1DKO mice accelerated tumor invasion. In human CC, strong YAP1 activation was observed from the precancerous stage. Human cells overexpressing HPV16 E6/E7 showed inactivation of not only p53 and RB but also PTPN14, boosting YAP1 activation. Estrogen, cigarette smoke condensate, and PI3K hyperactivation all increased YAP1 activity in human cervical epithelial cells, and PTPN14 depletion along with PI3K activation or estrogen treatment further enhanced YAP1. Thus, immediate CC onset may initiate when YAP1 activity exceeds an oncogenic threshold, making Hippo‐YAP1 signaling a major CC driver.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase 3 study of tivantinib in Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Morimoto Manabu , Moriguchi Michihisa , Izumi Namiki , Takayama Tetsuji , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Hino Keisuke , Oikawa Takayoshi , Chiba Tetsuhiro , Motomura Kenta , Kato Junko , Yasuchika Kentaro , Ido Akio , Sato Takashi , Nakashima Daisuke , Ueshima Kazuomi , Ikeda Masafumi , Okusaka Takuji , Tamura Kazuo , Furuse Junji 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA previous randomized phase 2 study of hepatocellular carcinoma revealed that the c‐Met inhibitor tivantinib as second‐line treatment significantly prolonged progression‐free survival in a subpopulation whose tumor samples highly expressed c‐Met (MET‐high). Accordingly, this phase 3 study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tivantinib as a second‐line treatment for Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma. This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was conducted at 60 centers in Japan. Hepatocellular carcinoma patients with one prior sorafenib treatment and those with MET‐high tumor samples were eligible for inclusion. Registered patients were randomly assigned to either the tivantinib or placebo group at a 2:1 ratio and were treated with twice‐a‐day oral tivantinib (120 mg bid) or placebo until the discontinuation criteria were met. The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival while the secondary endpoints included overall survival and safety. Between January 2014 and June 2016, 386 patients provided consent, and 195 patients were randomized to the tivantinib (n = 134) or placebo (n = 61) group. Median progression‐free survival was 2.8 (95% confidence interval: 2.7‐2.9) and 2.3 (1.5‐2.8) mo in the tivantinib and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.52‐1.04, P = .082). Median overall survival was 10.3 (95% confidence interval: 8.1‐11.6) and 8.5 (6.2‐11.4) mo in the tivantinib and placebo group, respectively (hazard ratio = 0.82, 95% confidence interval: 0.58‐1.15). The most common tivantinib‐related grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia (31.6%), leukocytopenia (24.8%), and anemia (12.0%). This study did not confirm the significant efficacy of tivantinib as a second‐line treatment for Japanese patients with MET‐high hepatocellular carcinoma. (NCT02029157).
Exendin‐4‐based imaging in endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia cohort: A tertiary Endocrine centre experience
Authors: Garg Robin , Shah Ravikumar , Tiwari Ankita , Purandare Nilendu , Lele Vikram R. , Malhotra Gaurav , Verma Priyanka , Gosavi Vikrant , Dalvi Abhay , Kumar Jaiswal Sanjeet , Patil Virendra , Ramteke‐Jadhav Swati , Lila Anurag , Shah Nalini , Bandgar Tushar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractContextInsulinoma needs accurate preoperative localization for minimally invasive surgery. Exendin‐4‐based imaging has shown promising results.ObjectiveTo evaluate performance parameters of exendin‐4‐based imaging in insulinoma localization and compare with other imaging modalities.DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional study.PatientsWe report 14 patients with endogenous hyperinsulinemic hypoglycaemia (EHH) managed at our centre; in whom, the final diagnosis was insulinoma (n = 11), Munchausen syndrome (MS) (n = 2) and inconclusive (n = 1). Retrospective reporting of CECT, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and 68Ga‐NODAGA‐exendin‐4‐PET/CT was done. With per‐lesion analysis, performance parameters were calculated for the histopathological diagnosis of insulinoma.Main Outcome MeasuresTrue positive (TP), false positive (FP), false negative (FN), true negative (TN), sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) for insulinoma localization.ResultsIn our cohort, 12 histopathologically proven insulinoma lesions [(TP): 11 primary lesions, 1 metastasis] were detected in 11 patients, whereas two patients had MS (TN). Sn and PPV were 75% and 100%, 33.3% and 80% and 83.3% and 71.4% for CECT, 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and 68Ga‑NODAGA‑exendin‑4‐PET/CT, respectively. With exendin‐4‐based imaging, FP uptake in normal pancreatic tissue and FN results in the pancreatic tail lesion was seen. In one patient, TN result suggested the correct diagnosis of MS.Conclusion68Ga‑NODAGA‑exendin‑4‐PET/CT has higher sensitivity than 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET/CT and CECT for insulinoma localization. FP uptake in normal pancreas and FN result in tail lesions are limitations of currently utilized exendin‐4‐based imaging.
The Philadelphia Look: Exploring Urban Place‐Making through Street Style Photography
Authors: Luvaas Brent 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIs there a Philadelphia look, a shared sartorial sensibility that is distinctive to this city and nowhere else? Does a city imprint itself upon its residents in some discernible, observable way? Are Philadelphians actively engaged in a communal project of place‐making through their everyday practices of dress? And if so, what does that project look like? What kinds of aesthetics does it produce, reproduce, and combine?These are some of the questions I have pondered these last five years as I have combed the streets of Philadelphia, taking hundreds of photographs of “stylish” pedestrians in their everyday attire. It is also a question I have frequently asked the people I photograph. This photo essay explores the question through thirty black and white, head‐to‐toe portraits of Philadelphians, taken on alleys, sidewalks, and roadways throughout the city, and it uses quotes from my street interviews with them to gesture toward this aesthetic commonality‐in‐the‐making. The question of “what is the Philadelphia look?” it suggests, is one that can only be addressed visually. The photographs presented demonstrate the very elusiveness and slipperiness of Philadelphia's style, a categorical refusal to be categorized that somehow, perhaps paradoxically, produces its own patterned repetitions, its own assemblages of themes, moods, and attitudes that cohere, however temporarily, into something resembling a “look.”