bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing catastrophic out-of-pocket payments in Ethiopia’s health system
Authors: Obse Amarech G. , Ataguba John E. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Providing adequate financial protection for all remains an essentialaspect of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). In Ethiopia, although the government has introduced reforms, out-of-pocket (OOP) spending accounts for 37% of current health expenditure in 2016. This is considered high enough to lead to financial catastrophe—a situation where a household spends more than a given fraction of its expenditure (or capacity to pay) OOP on health services. This study assessedfinancial catastrophe resulting from OOP health spending in Ethiopia.
Methods: Data come fromthe Ethiopian Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2010/11 with about 28,000 households. The incidence and intensity of catastrophic spending were estimated using rank-dependent thresholds that are different depending on household income levels—the thresholds become lower for low-income households. Initial thresholds used ranged between 5% and 25% of total household expenditure, and between 20% and 40% of household non-food expenditure. Concentration indices are used to assess whether financial catastrophe is more prevalent among the poor or rich.
Results: Atthe 10% initial threshold of total household expenditure, financial catastrophe was estimated at 4.08%, translating to over 668,000 households. At an initial threshold of 40% of total household non-food expenditure, about 0.82% or about 133,600 households incurred financial catastrophe, paying more thantheir rank-dependent thresholds. Financialcatastrophe was more prevalent among poorer and urban households, butthere was a mixed pattern across Ethiopia’s 11 regions.
Conclusion: Financialcatastrophe resulting from paying OOP for health services exists in Ethiopia, affecting over 100,000 households. The low incidence compared to other studies may suggest that government’s initiatives like the fee-waiver and exemption systems have been successful, but the prevalence of financial catastrophe among the poor may signify that more is needed to achieve universal financial protection in Ethiopia.
Keywords: Universal health coverage; financial catastrophe; Ethiopia
Efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agent monotherapy for IgA nephropathy: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Han Shisheng , Yao Tianwen , Lu Yan , Chen Min , Xu Yanqiu , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe efficacy and safety of immunosuppressive agent monotherapy were evaluated for Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) using a network meta-analysis approach based on randomised controlled trials (RCTs).MethodsPubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, and the Web of Science were systematically searched for RCTs published before October 2019 using immunosuppressive agents for treating IgAN. Quality assessments were performed according to the Cochrane Handbook. Pooled relative risks (RRs) or standard mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for discrete or continuous variables, respectively. The primary outcomes were clinical remission, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and serious adverse events (SAEs); the secondary outcomes were urinary protein excretion and serum creatinine. Data were synthesised by the random-effects model.ResultsTwenty-five RCTs with 2005 participants were deemed to be eligible, and six medications were evaluated: corticosteroids, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), tacrolimus (TAC), cyclosporine (CsA), leflunomide (LEF), and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). Compared to supportive care alone, steroids (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.17–1.93), MMF (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.15–3.65), TAC (RR 3.67, 95% CI 1.06–12.63), and HCQ (RR 3.25, 95% CI 1.05–10.09) each significantly improved clinical remission rates; only steroids reduced the risk of ESRD (RR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12–0.98), but the SAEs were significantly higher than those in the control group (RR 2.90, 95% CI 1.37–6.13). Furthermore, steroids, LEF, and HCQ showed lower proteinuria in the pairwise meta-analysis. There was no evidence of different effects of the therapies on serum creatinine levels. The effect of MMF, whereby it induced remission, was reversed when excluding studies with follow-up of fewer than two years in the sensitivity analysis (RR 1.41, 95% CI 0.40–4.92). The anti-proteinuric effect of TAC was reversed three months after discontinuing medication; the long-term effects of HCQ could not be evaluated due to the short follow-up.ConclusionsCorticosteroids might induce remission and increase renal survival in IgAN; however, the adverse reactions should be considered. TAC, LEF, HCQ, and MMF, might improve remission of proteinuria when treating IgAN, but showed no superiority compared to steroids, and the long-term effects require further study.
Type D personality and its impact on patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lin Yi-Hsin , Chen Di-An , Lin Chemin , Huang Hsuan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Type D personality (TDP) has been recognized as a risk factor for many diseases. Researches in association with TDP and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were limited. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TDP, also to assess the relationship between TDP and perceived stress, self-efficacy, self-care behaviors, and psychological distress on Taiwanese patients with T2DM.Methods: 198 patients with T2DM were recruited consecutively from the department of endocrinology of a regional hospital in Taipei, Taiwan from December 2017 to April 2018. The participants completed questionnaires containing questions about sociodemographic characteristics, TDP, illness-related stress, self-efficacy, execution of diabetes management and emotional distress. Their medical records were reviewed for biomedical data.Results: 41.4% of the 198 patients had TDP. Controlling for sociodemographic factors, patients with TDP were reported significantly poorer on glycemic control than those without this personality (P<0.05). Compared to those without TDP, the results showed significantly higher levels of perceived stress (P<0.001) and psychological distress (anxiety and depression) (P<0.001), as well as significantly lower levels of self-efficacy (P<0.001) and self-care behaviors (P<0.001) on patients with TDP. TDP is positively correlated with perceived stress and psychological distress. It is negatively correlated with self-efficacy and self-care behavior scores.Discussion: This study provides the evidence linking TDP with poor glycemic control, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors, as well as high perceived stress and psychological distress, which highlights the screening of TDP and the specific needs for the care among T2DM patients with TDP.
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers in relation to patient contact
Authors: Shih Hsin-I , Shen Fan-Ching , Lee Yun-Ju , Hsu Hsiang-Chin , Wu Chiu-Hui , Chang Chia-Ming , Chi Chia-Yu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background : Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major public health concern worldwide. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are an important source of transmission of MRSA. We conducted a prospective study to define the frequency of S. aureus nasal colonization and emphasize on the carriage of MRSA in HCWs in relation to the intensity of patient contact.

Methods: To evaluate the prevalence of S. aureus carriage and the relevance of transmission from community to the hospital, MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) nasal colonization in selected HCWs was compared. These included an emergency department, intensive care unit, out-of-hospital care emergency medical technicians and students, and a long-term care facility (LTCF). The MRSA isolates were further identified by their microbiological and molecular characteristics.

Results: S. aureus was isolated from 63 of 248 HCWs (25.4%). The overall MRSA nasal carriage rate was 15/248, 6%. Most MRSA carriers were female (14/15, 93.3%), and HCWs who had worked for ≥5 years (11/15, 73.3%). LTCFs had the highest prevalence (3/25, 12%). In contrast, the overall carriage of MSSA was 48/248, 19.4%, and most carriers worked for ≥5 years (25/48, 52.1%). Hospital nurses had the highest rate of MSSA carriage (22/103, 21.4%). Most of the MRSA isolates were SCC mec IV/ST59 or ST45 (60%), and were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (53%). Only one MRSA was chlorhexidine resistant. All produced low level of biofilms.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates hospital nurses have highest S. aureus nasal carriage, whereas HCWs worked in the LTCFs have the highest prevalence of nasal MRSA colonization. The differences in the characteristics of MRSA and MSSA nasal carriage among HCWs highlights the importance on inclusion of all strains of S. aureus in surveillance and infection control programs.
Lingbaoite, AgTe3, a new silver telluride from the Xiaoqinling gold district, central China
Authors: Jian Wei , Mao Jingwen , Lehmann Bernd , Li Yanhe , Ye Huishou , Cai Jianhui , Li Zongyan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Lingbaoite, AgTe3, is a new silver telluride discovered in the S60 gold-bearing quartz vein, Xiaoqinling gold district, central China. The new mineral is named after Lingbao city, the municipality of which covers a major part of the Xiaoqinling gold district. Lingbaoite is only microscopically visible and occurs within pyrite as small composite inclusions (&lt;50 μm) that commonly consist of lingbaoite, sylvanite, and chalcopyrite, and locally of bornite, galena, altaite, and stützite. The largest lingbaoite grain is about 30 × 12 μm in size. At least two stages of gold and telluride mineralization are recognized in the lingbaoite-bearing sample set. The first stage is characterized by the deposition of lingbaoite, native tellurium, and sylvanite, within the commonly observed mineral assemblages of lingbaoite + sylvanite + chalcopyrite and sylvanite + native tellurium + stützite. The second stage is characterized by the deposition of Bi-bearing minerals and native gold, within the commonly observed mineral assemblages of rucklidgeite + altaite + volynskite ± hessite ± petzite and rucklidgeite + gold ± altaite.
Lingbaoite is opaque and exhibits no internal reflections. In plane-polarized reflected light, lingbaoite shows a creamy yellow reflection color. The calculated density is 7.06 g/cm3. Seventeen WDS spot analyses from 17 different lingbaoite grains gave an empirical formula of Ag0.946Fe0.134Cu0.008Pb0.003 Te2.841S0.067. When considering Ag and Te as the only two essential structural components, the empirical formula is Ag1.00Te3.00.
The EBSD and SAED data confirm the structural identity of lingbaoite and synthetic AgTe3. Synthetic AgTe3 is trigonal, space group R3m, with a = 8.645 Å, c = 5.272 Å, V = 341.2 Å3, and Z = 3. The unit-cell parameters of lingbaoite are: a = 8.60 (5) Å, c = 5.40 (18) Å, V = 346 (9) Å3, and Z = 3. Synthetic AgTe3, and by analog lingbaoite, can be viewed as silver-stabilized cubic tellurium, which is an ordered (1:3 Ag:Te) analog of the α-polonium structure (i.e., simple cubic crystal structure). Synthetic AgTe3 becomes a stable phase at above 0.4 GPa, but can also occur in a metastable state at atmospheric pressure.
Lingbaoite probably formed through the cooling of polymetallic melt droplets within the hydrothermal system. Lingbaoite and associated minerals (e.g., sylvanite, native tellurium) reveal a previously unrecognized but perhaps common magmatic-hydrothermal process in the Xiaoqinling gold district, which precedes the precipitation of native gold, suggesting that gold mineralization in the Xiaoqinling gold district involves multiple superimposed processes of gold enrichment.
Petrogenetic insights from chromite in ultramafic cumulates of the Xiarihamu intrusion, northern Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Song Xie-Yan , Wang Kai-Yuan , Barnes Stephen J. , Yi Jun-Nian , Chen Lie-Meng , Schoneveld Louise E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChromite is one of the earliest crystallized minerals from mafic melts and has been used as an important “petrogenetic indicator.” Its composition may be modified by interaction with intercumulate melt and adjacent minerals. Thus, chromite in mafic-ultramafic rocks contains clues to the geochemical affinity, evolution, and mantle source of its parent magmas. The Devonian Xiarihamu intrusion, located in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt in the northern Tibet Plateau, China, hosts a very large disseminated Ni-Co sulfide deposit. This study focuses on geochemistry of the chromite enclosed in olivine of ultramafic rocks of the intrusion. Enrichments in Mg and Al in the rim of the chromite indicate only minor effects of alteration on the compositions of the chromite. The chromites enclosed in the olivines with forsterite percentage (Fo) lower than 87 are characterized by large variations in major and trace elements, such as large ranges of Cr·100/(Cr+Al) (Cr# = 15–47), Mg·100/(Mg+Fe2+) (Mg# = 41–65), and Al2O3 (= 26–53 wt%) as well as 380–3100 ppm V, 70–380 ppm Ga, and 1100–16300 ppm Zn. The chromites display positive correlations between Cr/(Cr+Al) and Ti, Mn, V, Ga, and Sc, inconsistent with fractional crystallization but indicative of an interaction between the chromites, intercumulate melts and hosting minerals. In contrast, chromites hosted in olivine with Fo &gt; 87 in harzburgite have small variations in Cr# (ranging from 37 to 41), Mg# (48 to 51), and Al2O3 (30 to 35 wt%) as well as restricted variation in trace elements, indicating relatively weak interaction with trapped liquid and adjacent phases; these compositions are close to those of the most primitive, earliest crystallized chromites. The most primitive chromite has similarities with chromite in mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) in TiO2 and Al2O3 contents (0.19–0.32 and 27.9–36.3 wt%, respectively) and depletion of Sc and enrichment of Ga and Zn relative to MORB chromite. The geochemistry of the chromite indicates a partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle that was modified by melts derived from the subduction slab at garnet-stable pressures.
Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals with different swelling properties
Authors: Li Shangying , He Hongping , Tao Qi , Zhu Jianxi , Tan Wei , Ji Shichao , Yang Yiping , Zhang Chaoqun 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Kaolinization of 2:1 type clay minerals commonly occurs in the supergene environments of the Earth, which plays critical roles in many geochemical and environmental processes. However, the transformation mechanism involved and the specific behavior of 2:1 type swelling and non-swelling clay minerals during kaolinization remain poorly understood. In this study, laboratory experiments on the kaolinization of montmorillonite (swelling), illite (non-swelling), and rectorite (partially swelling) were carried out to investigate the kaolinization mechanism of 2:1 type clay minerals and to evaluate whether swelling and non-swelling layers of 2:1 type clay minerals perform differently or not in their kaolinization processes. The results show that montmorillonite, illite, and rectorite in acidic Al3+-containing solutions can be transformed into kaolinite, whereas such transformation is hard to take place in Al3+-free solutions. Part of the Al3+ in the solutions was exchanged into the interlayer spaces of swelling clay minerals at the early stage and resulted in the formation of hydroxy-aluminosilicate (HAS) interlayers, but they show no influence on the transformation process. Interstratified kaolinite-smectite (K-S), kaolinite-illite (K-I), and kaolinite-rectorite (K-R) formed as the intermediate phases during the transformations of the three different precursor minerals, respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that 2:1 type clay minerals, including both swelling and non-swelling ones, can be transformed into kaolinite via a local dissolution-crystallization mechanism, which starts mainly from the layer edges rather than the basal surfaces. Due to different dissolution rates from domain to domain within a precursor mineral particle, the layers with a low dissolution rate become “splints,” while the dissolved elements are concentrated between two “splints,” leading to precipitation of kaolinite along the basal surfaces of precursor minerals. The size and stacking order of the newly formed kaolinite strongly depend on the morphology and property of the precursor minerals. These findings not only are of importance for better understanding the transformation procedures between different clay minerals and the mechanisms involved but also provide new insights for well understanding mineral-water interactions that are central to all geochemical processes.
Role Colour Plays in Influencing Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Rajain Pallavi , Rathee Rupa 
Published: January 2020

The ability of colours to attract attention has been used for a long time by marketers to gain customer’s attention. A product with attractive packaging is bound to lure customers and stand apart from other products kept on the shelf. It has been found in several studies that if there is a mismatch in representation of colour associations the colour becomes an eyesore. Therefore, the present study was conducted to understand the role colour plays in influencing consumer behaviour. For this an online survey form was circulated among respondents to study their colour preferences. It was found that yellow colour was preferred the least and blue the most. There were significant differences in choices made by the two genders. The results indicated that colour influenced customer’s decision and brand recall while making purchases. It was also found that there was significant difference among respondents regarding purchase of warm and cool colours as well as warm and neutral colours.
Social Construction Fandom as Cultural Industry Marketing of JKT 48 Fan Group
Authors: Mulyana Ahmad , Briandana Rizki , Ningrum Dwi Anggraini Puspa 
Published: January 2020

The aim of this research is to analyzed the social construction of marketing of the JKT48 fandom group in the context of the cultural industry context. The culture industry can be interpreted as cultural production and consumption or contribution to cultural production. This reality is one of the popular culture products which is quite popular with a group of JKT 48 fans. This study uses a case study method with interview and observation as data collection technique. The results show that the social construction of fandom is formed on the same interest in a cultural form. The presence of JKT48 gives a new color in forming a subculture about the concept of become a fan as a consumer of popular culture. This relates to the marketing of a culture as a form of cultural industry as a contribution in cultural production.
Loan-to-Value Policy and Property Loans Risk in Conventional Commercial Banks of Indonesia
Authors: Sasikirono Nugroho , Sudana I Made , Sumanto Syelma , Meidiaswati Harlina 
Published: January 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of loan-to-value (LTV) policy on bank’s property loan risk of Indonesia. This study utilizes a purposive sampling method and multiple linear regression analysis techniques. The number of samples in this study is 66 banks with 563 observations data. The results show that bank’s property loan risk, which is proxied by the NPL ratio of property loans, is lower in the LTV tightening policy period than the easing period. We utilize some control variables in this study: inflation, gross domestic product growth, property loan growth, and bank size. Inflation, property loan growth, and bank size have a significant positive effect on non-performing loans, while gross domestic product growth has a significant negative effect.
Stakeholder Analysis on Indonesian E-Commerce Taxation
Authors: Setiawan Amelia , Maratno Sylvia Fettry Elvira , Rahayu Puji Astuti , Dewanti Monica Paramita Ratna Putri 
Published: January 2020

The growth of Indonesian online trading activities is predicted to be extremely high because of the huge number of internet users in Indonesia. This is perceived as a great chance to enter the online commercial trading market. The online marketplace makes it easy to buy and sell goods and services efficiently. However, there is little consideration on the taxation aspect of e-commerce transaction in Indonesia. This study analyzed Indonesian e-commerce taxation based on main group of stakeholders. The literature review is conducted to get comprehensive understanding on common e-commerce taxation. The analysis of e-commerce taxation grasps the comparison of practices between developed and developing countries. In order to get more depth understanding in Indonesian e-commerce taxation, questionnaires distributed to main group of stakeholders. The result has shown that the regulation applied for e-commerce transaction is considered sufficient. However, improvement on the e-commerce tax compliance of related parties must be enforced.
In SilicoStudy of Potential Cross-Kingdom Plant MicroRNA Based Regulation in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Elias Marjanu Hikmah , Nordin Noraziah , Hamid Nazefah Abdul 
Published: January 2020

Background:Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is associated with the BCRABL1 gene, which plays a central role in the pathogenesis of CML. Thus, it is crucial to suppress the expression of BCR-ABL1 in the treatment of CML. MicroRNA is known to be a gene expression regulator and is thus a good candidate for molecularly targeted therapy for CML.Objective:This study aims to identify the microRNAs from edible plants targeting the 3’ Untranslated Region (3’UTR) of BCR-ABL1.Methods:In this in silico analysis, the sequence of 3’UTR of BCR-ABL1 was obtained from Ensembl Genome Browser. PsRNATarget Analysis Server and MicroRNA Target Prediction (miRTar) Server were used to identify miRNAs that have binding conformity with 3’UTR of BCR-ABL1. The MiRBase database was used to validate the species of plants expressing the miRNAs. The RNAfold web server and RNA COMPOSER were used for secondary and tertiary structure prediction, respectively.Results:In silico analyses revealed that cpa-miR8154, csi-miR3952, gma-miR4414-5p, mdm-miR482c, osa-miR1858a and osa-miR1858b show binding conformity with strong molecular interaction towards 3’UTR region of BCR-ABL1. However, only cpa-miR- 8154, osa-miR-1858a and osa-miR-1858b showed good target site accessibility.Conclusion:It is predicted that these microRNAs post-transcriptionally inhibit the BCRABL1 gene and thus could be a potential molecular targeted therapy for CML. However, further studies involving in vitro, in vivo and functional analyses need to be carried out to determine the ability of these miRNAs to form the basis for targeted therapy for CML.
Internet Addiction in India: Its Current Prevalence and Psychological and Complementary Treatment Techniques
Authors: Aziz Namra , Wal Ankita , Wal Pranay , Bhalla Rupa 
Published: January 2020

Background:
In this technical era, undoubtedly, the internet has brought a great revolution
worldwide. Smartphones and technology-mediated social networking sites have caused a drastic
increase in internet usage in all age groups of people. This has caused internet captivity leading
to its addiction.

Objective:
The paper focussed on the mediators and predictors of internet addiction in India in all
age groups of people. Its long-term solutions, i.e. psychological and complementary treatments were
focussed that work on personal level rather than disease level.

Methods:
An extensive literature review was done on the prevalence of the internet and its psychological
and complementary treatment. The possible non-pharmacological treatment, specifically
cognitive behaviour treatment, art and music therapy, internet fasting and cosmic medicine were
focussed on its efficient improvement in one’s health.

Conclusion:
As evident from our study, internet addiction is one of the growing challenges of
health complications in all age groups of people. The mainly discussed psychological and complementary
treatments of internet addiction have ample opportunity of seeking betterment with healthy
social and mental well being.