bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEX INVERSION IN CULTIVATED MUSSELS MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS LAM. (CRIMEA, BLACK SEA) UNDER INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
Authors: Chelyadina Natalya , Pospelova Natalya , Popov Mark , Smyrnova Ludmila , Kharchuk Irina , Ryabushko Vitaliy 
Published: April 2020

In the last decade, there has been a shift in the sex ratio of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Black Sea towards increase of males. In modern literature, focus is mainly on mechanisms of sex inheritance in mussels and hormonal regulation of the reproduction, and there is no information on sex inversion in M. galloprovincialis under the influence of environmental factors. The goal of this work is to establish the fact of sex change in mussels cultivated near the coast of Crimea under the influence of some external environmental factors. We establish that mussels change sex from female to male, but some specimens become hermaphrodites, with their fraction reaching 13%. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, mussel females change sex, and their mortality rises up to 69%. In water areas subject to anthropogenic impact, the proportion of sex inversion in the mollusks may be as high as 58%. The influence of various adverse environmental factors on sex inversion in mussel females is unequal, and its strength decreases in the following order: diesel fuel > hypoxia > anionic detergents > starvation.
Pengaruh Kemandirian Belajar Siswa Terhadap Prestasi Belajar di SDN 03 Limboto Barat Kabupaten Gorontalo
Authors: Uki Finartin , Ilham Asni 
Published: April 2020

<p>Permasalahan yang menjadi fokus penelitian ini adalah rendahnya prestasi belajar siswa SDN 03 limboto Barat. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SDN 03 Limboto Barat dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemandirian belajar siswa terhadap prestasi belajar. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah angket dan studi dokumen. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan ialah analisis regresi dan korelasi. Anggota populasi pada penelitian ini berjumlah 130 orang, sampel yang digunakan diambil dari populasi tersebut dengan menggunakan teknik <em>Proportionate Sratified Random Sampling</em> yaitu 34 siswa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bentuk persamaan regresi linier sederhana Ŷ = 34,96 + 0,58X sehingga dapat disimpulkan variabel X (Kemandirian Belajar) diikuti variabel Y (Prestasi belajar siswa). Kemudian dari hasil perhitungan koefisien korelasi diperoleh r= 0,852 dengan koefisien determinasi r<sup>2</sup>= 0,7259. Uji signifikan koefisien korelasi memperoleh hasil perhitungan diperoleh harga t hitung sebesar = 9,22 sedangkan dari daftar distribusi t pada taraf 5% diproleh t daftar = 1,69. Ternyata harga t hitung lebih besar dari t daftar, atau harga t hitung berada di luar daerah penerimaan Ho. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ho ditolak dan menerima Ha, dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh antara kemandirian belajar dengan prestasi belajar siswa.</p>
A Critical Review on Haratala (An Arsenical Compound)
Authors: Wadnerwar Nilima N , Rajput Dhiraj Singh , Deshmukh Akhilesh A , Gaikwad Apurva 
Published: April 2020

Background:

Haratala is described as the Dhatu visha and it contains arsenic and sulfur. Arsenic is a heavy metal that may lead to acute or chronic heavy metal toxicity. Although Haratala is effective and popular as Rasamanikya, it is not used as Rasayana or therapeutic drug in routine practice either in pure or in Bhasma form. It is used as a main drug or an auxiliary drug to prepare formulation.

Aim:
To focus on the various utilities of Haratala, so that it can be safely used in the clinical practice in a wide range of indications.

Review results:
In the literature available, it is observed that along with therapeutic utility of Haratala, Haratala Bhasma is used as Rasayana. But arsenic present in Haratala may cause toxicity if shodhana and marana of Haratala are not conducted properly. It is observed from the previous research that shodhana may enhance the synergistic effect of Haratala in cellular apoptosis for the treatment of leukemia. Marana may provide safer bioassimilability before their use in most of the formulations in which it may act as an antagonist and subside the toxicity of the formulations.

Conclusion:

Haratala Bhasma is indicated in various disease conditions. Hence, it can be used as Avasthika Rasayana. But during its use, safety of the drug should be ensured by following proper shodhana and marana procedures.

Clinical significance:
Studies should be conducted to observe its efficacy in healthy individuals as Rasayana and in patients of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) as an adjuvant drug.
A Comprehensive Review of Karavīra
Authors: Patel Vivek K , Acharya Rabinarayan , Patel Bhupesh R 
Published: April 2020

Background:
Karavīra, though considered as Upviṣa, has been a part of Ayurvedic pharmacopoeia for treating many diseases. As a drug, karavīra and its various parts have been utilized in different dosage forms against various disease conditions through external and internal application. Classical texts are written at different time periods, since the origin of Āyurveda. These information have not been critically reviewed and published in a compiled format. A systematic review regarding the identification and use of this classical drug is the need of time.

Aim:
To have a comprehensive review on karavīra like classification, synonyms, pharmacological properties, actions, varieties, and formulations containing karavīra or its parts as an ingredient from different classical texts and to present them in a systematic manner.

Results:
After review, different opinions are found about the types of karavīra based on their flower color. Various synonyms are attributed to describe its morphological as well as pharmacological characters. Ayurvedic classics classified karavīra in varga based on various criteria. karavīra has been used as an ingredients in 222 formulations having external and internal uses. Nerium oleander L. and Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum. are source plants of karavīra reported for their therapeutic value and various pharmacological activities. All parts of these plants are having toxic properties because of their phytoconstituents present in them.

Conclusion:
karavīra described in classical texts of Āyurveda by using various synonyms, their varieties, varga, their rasapancaka, karma, and a wide range of therapeutic importance in 222 formulations to combat 62 diseased conditions. Maximum formulations are indicated in the treatment of Kuṣṭha. Maximum dosage forms are Taila. External application of karavīra are found more as compared to internal application, which may be due to its poisonous character.
Observation on Single-plant Therapy (Ekala Dravya Chikitsa) among Folk Healers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: Mane Santosh S , Sinimol Thekkekkootthumughath P , Masram Pravin R , Rath Chinmay , Susmitha Bonthu , Gaur Sugriv K , Srikanth Narayanam , Tripathi Ashish Kumar , Kamble Mayur Y , Rattna Joseph GV 
Published: April 2020

Introduction:
The collection and documentation of folklore claims of the native population of Andaman and Nicobar Islands including tribes are very essential as these claims can pave the path for new drug discovery. The concept of treating a disease by using a single plant or utilizing it as health supplements are rapidly spreading all over the world and it is widely practiced by physicians.

Objectives:
This study sought to document the distinct plant species used in treatment by the native and tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Materials and methods:
During the year 2013 to 2016, a total of 23 periodical surveys of 75 forest beats of Andaman and Nicobar Islands were conducted and 62 local traditional folk healers were interviewed as per the questionnaire based on ethnomedicinal, survey protocol.

Observations:
One hundred and forty-one folklore claims related to single-herbal remedies were registered which comprises 103 medicinal plant species used to treat 47 different diseases. Maximum numbers of species, i.e., 13 are utilized to cure abdominal pain followed by 12 species for headache and 11 species for fever.

Discussion:
Among the 103 plant species, 85 species have been quoted in the texts of Ayurveda and the remaining 18 plants have been also defined as folk medicine in other literature of plant studies. However, this study highlights their utilization in common disease by the native and tribal folk healers of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Conclusion:
This study gives immense output on the use of the individual medicinal plant in varied systemic and local diseases from the folk healers of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Organized and constructive information incorporated in this article may aid in conducting further pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies on reported claims to confirm their therapeutic efficacy and utility.
Nerve growth factor treatment of adult rats selectively enhances innervation of urinogenital tract rather than vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Milner P. , Crowe R. , Fernyhough P. , Diemel L.T. , Tomlinson D.R. , Burnstock G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFollowing treatment of adult rats with nerve growth factor (0.5 mg/rat, three times a week for 3 weeks), the innervation of cardiovascular and urinogenital tract smooth muscle was investigated using immunoassay and immunohistochemical techniques. Substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide levels were increased in the vas deferens, but not in the atria or femoral artery. Neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide levels were unchanged. In penile tissues, there was a marked increase in the density of substance P‐, calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐, neuropeptide Y‐, tyrosine hydroxylase‐ and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐containing nerves innervating the urethra and in SP‐containing nerves in the tunica with little change in the innervation of the deep dorsal vein and artery and corpus cavernosum. In the bladder, there was increased innervation of the detrusor by neuropeptide Y‐ and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide‐containing nerves, but a decrease in innervation by substance P‐containing nerves in the trigone. There were no changes in the density of innervation of the femoral artery after nerve growth factor treatment. Thus, in the mature rat, sensory and sympathetic nerves innervating urinogenital tract smooth muscle appear to be more responsive to exogenous nerve growth factor than those innervating cardiovascular smooth muscle. This may reflect an ongoing requirement of plasticity of innervation in the urinogenital tract of the sexually mature animal.
Routine colposcopic evaluation of patients with persistent inflammatory cellular changes on Pap smear
Authors: Seçkin N.C. , Turhan N.Ö. , Özmen Ş. , Ersan F. , Avşar F. , Üstün H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess the rate of undetected dysplasia in patients with two consecutive reports of inflammatory cellular changes without atypia on Pap smears despite anti‐inflammatory therapy. Method: A prospective randomized study. Result: 2798 premenopausal non‐pregnant patients were evaluated by Pap smears of the cervix. Of these, 397 (14.2%) were reported as ‘inflammatory cellular changes’. A total of 238 (8.5%) had persistent inflammatory changes without atypia despite the anti‐inflammatory therapy. Fourteen patients refused colposcope. The mean age and parity of the remaining 224 patients were 30.2 ± 6.3 (18–46) and 1.7 ± 2.3 (0–6), respectively. When these patients underwent colposcopically‐directed biopsies of the cervix, in 51 (22.7%) patients human papillomavirus lesions, dysplasia and in situ cancer were noted. Mean age, parity, age of marriage, prevalence of smoking and contraceptive methods of the two groups of patients (173 vs. 51) did not show statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Colposcopically‐directed biopsies of the cervix are indicated even when inflammatory cellular changes without atypia persist despite therapy.
National audit on the practice and training in breech deliveries in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sharma J.B , Newman M.R , Boutchier J.E , Williams A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To assess training in breech delivery in the United Kingdom at the level of registrar. Method: Three hundred and nineteen registrars in obstetrics and gynecology in the United Kingdom replied to a postal questionnaire. Results: The various indications of cesarean section in breech presentation answered by respondents were: pre‐term labor, pelvimetric measurement of inlet/outlet less than 11.5 cm, primigravida, no spontaneous labor, estimated fetal weight less than 2.5 kg or more than 3.5 kg, non‐progression of labor in active phase, non‐delivery after one hour of active pushing in second stage. A total of 190 respondents (60%) felt that they had been given sufficient training in vaginal breech delivery but only 125 respondents (39%) had the training in the United Kingdom. Conclusion: There is a high rate of cesarean section in breech presentation due to inadequate training of junior staff in vaginal breech delivery.
Microglial development is altered in immature spinal cord by exposure to radiation
Authors: Gilmore Shirley Ann , Sims Terry J. , Davies David L. , Durgun M.Barbaros 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrevious studies in this laboratory have documented that the microglial environment of the immature spinal cord is altered by exposure to ionizing radiation. As a result, the lumbosacral spinal cord is markedly depleted of both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, while leaving axons and the overall cytoarchitecture intact. The status of the microglia in the irradiated region is unknown and is of interest given the interactions between microglia and astrocytes recently elucidated by others. This study uses both in vivo and in vitro approaches to examine the microglial population in normal and irradiated immature spinal cord. The lectin, Griffonia (Bandeiraea) simplicifolia, was selected since it marks microglia both in paraffin embedded sections and in cell cultures. Light microscopic examination of spinal cord sections revealed a reduced microglial population in the irradiated region when compared to littermate controls, and a change in morphology of the remaining microglia to that described by others as “activated”. Cultures prepared from lumbosacral spinal cords harvested from 3‐day‐old rats within 2–4 hr following irradiation were compared with cultures derived from their non‐irradiated littermates after 8 days in vitro. Cultures from the irradiated spinal cords revealed trends similar to those observed in vivo, i.e. a reduced microglial population and altered morphology. Although all glial cell types were reduced in cultures from irradiated spinal cords, the few microglia present were usually positioned atop astrocytes. The consistency of reduction in all glial populations in this model shows the microglia to be a novel microenvironment for further studies of roles of microglia within the spinal cord.
δ1‐OPIOID receptor‐mediated controlofacetylcholine (ACh) release in human neocortex slices
Authors: Feuerstein T.J. , Albrecht C. , Wessler I. , Zentner J. , Jackisch R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn slices of human neocortex, prelabelled with [3H]‐choline, the release of [3H]‐acetylcholine reflects the evoked release of endogenous acetylcholine whichwaselicited by the same electrical stimulation paradigm. [3H]‐Acetylcholine releasewasdepressed by the δ‐opioid receptor agonist d‐Pen2‐d‐Pen5‐enkephalin. When the nerve endings were depolarized byelevatingextracellular potassium the evoked [3H]‐acetylcholine release was similarlydepressed by d‐Pen2‐d‐Pen5‐enkephalin in theabsence, but notin the presence, of tetrodotoxin which blocks action potential propagation.Therefore, the δ‐opioid receptor inhibiting [3H]‐acetylcholine release should notbe located tocholinergic nerve terminals, but rather to interneurons. The somatostatin2receptorpartial agonist octreotide per se did not influence action potential‐evoked [3H]‐acetylcholine release, but prevented the inhibition of release of [3H]‐acetylcholine byd‐Pen2‐d‐Pen5‐enkephalin.Similarly, the δ1‐opioid receptor antagonist 7‐benzylidenenaltrexon perse did notinfluence [3H]‐acetylcholine release, but prevented of the inhibition ofrelease by d‐Pen2‐d‐Pen5‐enkephalin.From the presentfindings we conclude : (1) The evoked release of [3H]‐acetylcholine from humanneocortex slices reflects the release of endogenous acetylcholine.(2) It is inhibited in an indirectmanner by opioid receptors of the δ1‐subtype,which (3) are not localized oncholinergic axon terminals but on soma and dendrites ofsomatostatin‐containing interneurons,where they inhibit somatostatin release. (4) Theseinterneurons innervate cholinergic nerveendings in the human neocortex and appear to facilitateacetylcholine release via somatostatin2 receptors.
Bradykinin infusion in chronic cardiac failure and the effects of captopril
Authors: Maguire S.M. , McAuley D. , McGurk C. , Nugent A.G. , Johnston G.D. , Nicholls D.P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackground:Patients with chronic cardiac failure (CCF) have abnormal vascular responses. Bradykinin (BK) is thought to contribute to the vasodilator effects of ACE inhibitors, but the effect of BK itself in patients with CCF has not been examined.Methods:We studied the responses to infused BK at 10, 30 and 100 pmol min−1 in patients with CCF (n‐10) and controls (n‐10). The slope of the dose‐response curve was used for comparisons between the groups. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by venous occlusion plethysmography.Results:Following BK, vasodilatation was observed in both groups as the slopes were positive in all, but the difference between the groups was not significant (P‐0.77). The study was repeated with the co‐administration of 4 μmol min−1 of NG‐monomethyl l‐arginine (l‐NMMA). The vasodilator response to BK was reduced in both groups, and the effect was somewhat greater in the patient group (P‐0.23). The vasodilator response to the endothelium‐independent vasodilator sodium nitroprusside was slightly less in the patient group (P‐0.08). The patients only then underwent repeat infusion of BK before and after a single oral dose of captopril 12.5 mg or placebo. Following captopril, the vasodilator response to BK was unchanged when compared to placebo (difference between slopes, P‐0.53).Conclusions:BK produces dose‐dependent vasodilatation in both patients with CCF and controls; there was no difference in the responses, which were antagonised by l‐NMMA and therefore in part NO (endothelium)‐dependent. The responses were also unchanged after administration of an ACE inhibitor (captopril).
WOMEN'S EXPERIENCES OF TRANSFER FROM A MIDWIFE‐LED TO A CONSULTANT‐LED MATERNITY UNIT IN THE UK DURING LATE PREGNANCY AND LABOR
Authors: Walker Jan , Psychol C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTPurpose: This study explored the experiences of women who were transferred from a midwife‐led to a distant consultant obstetric unit before or during labor.Background: Little attention is given to the psychological impact of transfer, particular when it takes place prior to labor.Method: Narrative and progressively focused interviews were conducted with 18 women who faced or experienced transfer prior to or during labor. The data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach.Results: The core category in the transferred group was loss. This related to loss of choice, control, continuity, and support and was associated with anger and resentment. Distress appeared most common when transfer took place late in a healthy pregnancy when the mother recognized no risk to the baby.Conclusions: More attention needs to be paid to the psychological impact of transfer from midwife‐led to consultant‐led care, particularly where this involves a change of location or midwife.
Improvement in MR quality control workflow and outcomes with a web‐based database
Authors: Yang Xiangyu , Little Kevin , Jiang Xia , Hintenlang David 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurposeTo describe a custom‐built, web‐based MR Quality Control (QC) database, and to assess its impact on the QC workflow and outcomes in a large U.S. academic medical center.MethodsThe MR QC database was built with Microsoft Access 2010 and published on a Microsoft Sharepoint website owned and maintained by the authors' institution. Authorized users can access the database remotely with mainstream web browsers on any institutional computers. QC technologists were granted access to add, review, and print daily and weekly QC records. Qualified medical physicists (QMPs) were granted additional access to edit, review, and approve existing QC records and to change tolerance limits. A macro was utilized to conduct an automatic weekly review of QC status and to email the results to a QMP. This web‐based QC database was implemented on 17 clinical MRIs at the authors' institution. Weekly ACR QC findings within one year before and after implementation were compared.ResultsWe analyzed 158 QC issues detected by the web‐based database and 127 QC issues identified in conventional paper records before we implemented the database. The web‐based database significantly reduced the number of QC issues due to technologist error (before/after: 59/24 cases, P < 0.0001) but did not affect the number of QC issues related to scanner performance (before/after: 49/46 cases, P = 1). Further analysis revealed that the web‐based database significantly reduced the average time for the QMPs to identify a QC issue (before/after: 177 ± 110/2 ± 2 days, P < 0.0001) and time to correction (before/after: 81 ± 102/7 ± 8 days, P < 0.0001). The correction rate also significantly increased (before/after: 22%/99%, P < 0.0001).ConclusionThe web‐based QC database provides a positive impact on our MR QC workflow and outcomes. It simplifies QC workflow, enables early detection of quality issues, and facilitates quick resolution of problems that may affect the quality of clinical MRI studies.
Integrated analysis and network pharmacology approaches to explore key genes of Xingnaojing for treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wang Meixia , Wang Shouyong , Li Yong , Cai Gaomei , Cao Min , Li Lanfang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD), as a neurodegenerative condition, is one of the leading causes of dementia. Our study aims to explore the key genes of Xingnaojing (XNJ) for treatment of AD by integrated microarray analysis and network pharmacology.MethodsThe differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in AD compared with normal control. According to these DEGs, we performed the functional annotation, protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction. The network pharmacology was used to explore the potential targets of XNJ in the treatment of AD. The expression level of selected candidate genes was validated by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR).ResultsA total of 1,424 DEGs (620 genes were upregulated and 804 genes were downregulated) between AD and normal control were obtained. The functional annotation results displayed that neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, Estrogen signaling pathway and notch signaling pathway were significantly enriched pathways in AD. Comparing the target genes of four active ingredients, a total of 16 shared genes were found. Among which, HTR2A and ADRA2A were also enriched in pathway of neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction. The expression of 4 DEGs (SORCS3, HTR2A, NEFL, and TAC1) was validated by qRT‐PCR. Except for TAC1, the other 3 DEGs in AD were consistent with our integrated analysis.ConclusionsThe results of this study may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of AD and indicate potential therapeutic targets for AD.