bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Considering Familiarity as a Dependent Variable
Authors: Pozzulo Joanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses familiarity as a dependent variable, specifically focusing on memory errors that may occur when an eyewitness makes a familiarity judgment after witnessing a crime. The chapter highlights the link between familiarity memory errors and wrongful conviction. The chapter describes various factors within the justice system that may lead to familiarity errors, such as the concept of the mugshot commitment effect, mere prior exposure effects, and the presence of a bystander during the commission of the crime. Next, the chapter describes why familiarity errors occur and how they may be prevented by considering issues with source monitoring, unconscious transference, and stereotyping. Finally, the chapter describes other ways in which familiarity may lead to a wrongful conviction, such as alibis from familiar others.
Settler Relations and Identities in Colonial Algeria
Authors: Veugelers John W.P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the origins and evolution of settler identity in colonial Algeria. Dealing with the years between 1830 and 1939, it examines the process by which Europeans of diverse origins gradually merged into a distinct people, the French of Algeria. The settlers defined themselves in opposition to the native Arabs and Berbers. The Jews of Algeria were in-between: non-Muslims caught between the Christian and Muslim inhabitants of the colony. Even before World War II, native intellectuals and religious leaders were calling for liberal reforms. Social conditions (residential segregation, inequality in education, linguistic and religious differences, and avoidance of mixed marriages) kept colonizer and colonized apart. The Europeans of Algeria considered themselves French, but their identification with the metropole remained contingent.
Concluding Thoughts: Expanding the Frontier
Authors: O’Brien Catherine A. , Leigh Irene W. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this chapter, the coeditors, both of whom are deaf, present their thoughts related to where we are now in terms of understanding deaf identities and what possible future trends might emerge. Most of the authors represented in the book are deaf, and many bring their own experiences to bear on what they report. Studies on the intersectionalities of one’s culture (e.g., country of birth, language, people of color) with other factors in one’s life (deafness, hearing status of parents, refugee status, LGBTQ, etc.) would be most welcome. Several authors suggested continuations of projects in which they are currently involved, such as studies of children with cochlear implants as they become adults and developing strategies for helping language-deprived deaf refugees in unfamiliar countries. The coeditors sincerely thank all who contributed.
Rethink Where and How We Build
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Communities tend to learn things the hard way, reacting in the wake of disasters rather than in anticipation of them. Virtually all existing infrastructure was designed to withstand the extremes that we have experienced in the past. Historically, scientists could not project the impacts of climate change with much precision, so our existing design choices and plans for infrastructure have largely ignored the risks posed by those impacts. This chapter identifies strategies that communities and individuals can adopt now to strengthen their building practices to endure new extremes driven by a changing climate. Among other things, it analyzes how improving building codes and standards and insisting on wiser land-use policies, especially in the absence of a “no more” moment, can serve as a bulwark against the destruction that climate-fueled disasters bring.
Lawyer Up
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Media attention has focused most intently on lawsuits seeking to force action to cut greenhouse-gas emissions and to hold fossil-fuel companies to account. Even if the courts fail to resolve the essential challenge of cutting greenhouse-gas emissions, they will surely find themselves enmeshed in litigation for years over who pays for the damage. In courtroom after courtroom, judges will reach decisions that can contribute to or hinder resilience. This chapter explores how litigation over the harm caused by climate change impacts could offer greater clarity on who should pay for the damages and thereby spur decisions to invest in resilience on a large scale. As the severity and frequency of climate change-related damages grow, corporate directors and officers, architects, engineers, manufacturers, and others who have a duty to consider foreseeable harm and to manage the risk, will likely find themselves on the receiving end of litigation alongside fossil fuel companies and governments.
Relocate People to Safer Ground
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Whether the world is prepared for it or not, climate change will drive large-scale migration. The impacts of climate change—both slow-onset changes, such as sea-level rise and drought, and sudden-onset events, such as extreme storms and wildfires—push people from their homes. Managed well, migration can yield enormous benefits, offering greater opportunities for those who relocate and injecting new talent and energy into receiver communities. But climate change threatens to unleash “disruptive migration,” that is, sudden migration that could strain social, economic, and political stability. The task ahead in the face of climate change is to encourage managed, gradual migration that minimizes disruption, moves people out of harm’s way, and turns displacement into economic opportunity. This chapter outlines the strategies and tools that exist to make this possible.
Law-of-War Precautions
Authors: Watts Sean 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
While the humanitarian benefits of precautions undertaken to protect civilians during attacks are readily apparent, the operational and legal costs of precautions in the attack are less acknowledged. This chapter traces the nearly simultaneous growth of modern military information technology and law-of-war precautions. It showcases an array of benefits and costs of advances in military information technology and highlights underappreciated but persistent obstacles to situational awareness and decision making in military operations. It then traces the development by States, and the expansion and refinement by private commentators, of an international legal obligation to take humanitarian precautions in attacks. Finally, it identifies operational costs associated with precautions as free-standing international legal obligations. This chapter advises, in light of enforcement competencies and informational realities, that States reexamine precautions and temper public expectations concerning States' willingness and ability to undertake humanitarian precautions as they consider future development of the international law of war.
Introduction
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the 21st century, the horror genre is defined across mediums, with video games, television, and internet-based forms as central to moving-image horror as is the cinema—and, further, the form and style of horror moves between mediums. This chapter establishes the current transmedial nature of moving-image horror by analyzing two recent films, Unfriended (2015) and Unfriended: Dark Web (2018). These films eschew traditional cinematic editing and camerawork in favor of a style and structure consisting of browsing, messaging, and other networked communications taking place on a single laptop screen. This chapter also introduces the book structure that centers around a movement from sensation to narrative—aesthetics of emergence and of absorption or immersion—from works that are almost exclusively shock-based to those whose interest in the genre is firmly entrenched in telling complex absorbing stories about monsters.
Shocks to the System
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers a theory of moving-image horror based in the “sensational address,” the construction of mise-en-scène around the provocation of the viewer/gamer. It builds off of the tradition of theorizing horror film spectatorship to show the commonalities between horror film viewing and playing horror games—using trailers depicting audience reactions to Paranormal Activity (2007–2009) and Saw 3D: The Final Chapter (2010) as well as reaction videos made about horror games—to analyze the effects of a sensational, physical engagement with the screen. It argues for a fundamentally ludic understanding of horror film spectatorship that places the viewing activity of the horror film spectator and the active “entanglement” of the horror gamer on a spectrum of interactivity. This chapter proposes an understanding of horror as an engagement with the inconceivable, with things we fear but cannot fully comprehend. Sensational horror translates that feeling of inconceivable horror into visceral, physical experience.
The Blackest Eyes . . . The Devil’s Eyes
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 refines the discussion of the sensational address and horror spectatorship by analyzing the first-person camerawork that I dub “Killer POV.” Killer POV—a subjective camera without a reverse shot—is at the center of many of the most influential writings on modern horror. However, these discussions often start from the assumption that the camera’s point of view produces identification with the unseen killers or monsters whose perspectives we presume to be represented. This chapter attempts to disengage our understanding of horror spectatorship from such models to provide an alternative reading of Killer POV that engages with the genre’s structures of looking and being looked at while remaining sensitive to what precisely is being communicated to viewers by these shots. Killer POV signals to the viewer the presence of a threat without displaying the killer onscreen. This chapter reads Killer POV through the lens of the sensational address, understanding it in terms of its effects on the spectator. In this reading, Killer POV does not elicit fantasies of mastery and control, but, rather, separates the dominating, sadistic look of the killer from the viewer’s powerless look at Killer POV.
Sleep Epidemiology
Authors: Duncan Dustin T. , Kawachi Ichiro , Redline Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of sleep epidemiology from a social perspective, including the ways social epidemiology can contribute to an improved understand of sleep health across populations. Beyond the topics discussed rigorously in the ensuing chapters (e.g., sleep in pregnancy, sleep among sexual and gender minorities, discrimination, stress and sleep, and neighborhoods and sleep), this chapter briefly discusses other emerging areas of sleep epidemiology such as gender and sleep, and social networks and sleep. It also describes the motivation and rationale for this book and guides the reader through the structure of the rest of the book.
Sleep Epidemiology
Authors: Redline Susan , Redline Brian , James Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter is a primer on sleep epidemiology—the methods of assessment on how sleep is measured (e.g., self-report [such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale] vs. with use of objective tools such as actigraphy); validity of sleep measurements; the different dimensions of sleep health and disorders that are of interest (e.g., sleep duration, sleep quality, sleep fragmentation, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, social jetlag, snoring, narcolepsy, etc.); general sleep biology and physiology; and why sleep matters (i.e., the epidemiologic consequences of poor sleep health, e.g., connection to other health behaviors and health outcomes such as drug use; sexual risk behaviors; depression; dietary behaviors such as sugar-sweetened beverage consumption; cardiometabolic diseases like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension; and cancer outcomes such as breast cancer).
Sleep Among Working Adults
Authors: Luyster, PhD Faith S. , Baniak Lynn M. , Chasens Eileen R. , Feeley Christine A. , Imes Christopher C. , Morris Jonna L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses sleep among working-age adults (defined as roughly between 18 and 65 years old). Five markers of adulthood include (a) living alone or owning a home; (b) finding a long-term partner and living together; (c) working in a full-time, permanent job, which can involve different work environments, commuting, and shift work, and possible unemployment; (d) having children; and (d) saving for the future. This chapter discusses these markers as they relate to sleep, including changes in sleep behaviors across the lifespan in association with employment as well as shift work and the impact of cosleeping with a partner.
Race as a Social Determinant of Sleep Health
Authors: Robbins Rebecca , Seixas Azizi , Williams Natasha , Kim Byoungjun , Blanc Judite , Nunes João , Jean-Louis Girardin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on racial/ethnic disparities in sleep, including Black–White differences in sleep health using data from nationally representative data sets. It also examines reasons for racial/ethnic disparities in sleep, including measurement artifact, biological/genetic differences, and the social and economic influences that influence sleep health in racial and ethnic minorities. Some of the factors that may contribute to racial/ethnic differences in sleep health include genetic, biological, physiological, psychological, behavioral, cultural, and environmental differences across these populations The chapter draws upon intersectionality theory, a framework that acknowledges how multiple social categories (e.g., race, ethnicity, employment, socioeconomic status) intersect with macro-level phenomena and reflect multiple interlocking systems of privilege that present real consequences for sleep and health.
Sleep Among Immigrants
Authors: Lee Sunmin , Slopen Natalie , Hong Seo Young 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter highlights sleep among immigrant populations across geographies. Given that the focus of much sleep research on immigrant populations focuses on U.S. populations, that is particularly highlighted. A focus of this chapter is on the measurement of immigration and acculturation and links between sleep and stressors common in immigrant populations. Acculturation is defined and related to immigrant health, as is acculturative stress. Studies of acculturation and sleep explored include studies of adult Hispanic/Latino immigrants, adult Asian immigrants, adult immigrants from multiple origins, adolescents, adolescent Hispanic/Latino immigrants, and adolescent immigrants from multiple origins. Studies of acculturative stress and sleep are also discussed. The chapter finishes with limitations and future directions.
Housing Conditions as Environmental and Social Determinants of Sleep Health
Authors: Jackson Chandra L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The home environment is an important yet understudied determinant of sleep health. Although little is known about the living conditions that negatively affect sleep, many naturally occurring and artificial external factors in a person’s immediate physical and social sleeping environment can impact his or her sleep health and subsequent acute as well as chronic risk of disease and premature mortality. Using the socioecological model as a framework, this chapter discusses the indoor and immediate outdoor physical surroundings of spaces used for shelter including exposure to light and noise pollution, suboptimal room temperature/humidity, poor air quality, improper ventilation, and subpar mattress quality. Household crowding, safety, and housing insecurity are among social conditions of the living quarters that are also discussed as the aforementioned exposures may negatively impact sleep health across the life course. Published observational as well as experimental research findings investigating the impact of these factors on various sleep dimensions along with their potential impact on disease and mortality risk are also discussed before identifying important gaps in the current literature and providing future research directions.
What We Feel
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Before you emotionally react to, or evaluate, something, you need to pay attention to it. It needs to matter. Beginning with infants’ interactions with their caretakers, humans create shared realities with each other about what matters, what is relevant and irrelevant. It is basic to how humans connect to one another, to how they become a member of their family and their culture. It is how we learn what sound patterns (phonemes) matter in our language community. Once we pay attention to something, we also learn shared realities of how to evaluate it, whether to like or dislike it, approach it or avoid it. And it is not just the valence of things. We learn the intensity as well—how much to like it or how much to dislike it. Our shared realities with others even influence what kind of positive emotional reaction we have to something or what kind of negative reaction. When you succeed at something, do you feel happy or at ease? When you fail, do you feel sad or nervous? How you feel depends on the shared realities you have developed with others about what kind of world you live in—a world of gain and nongains or a world of losses and nonlosses. And the emotional world that you shared with a significant other can be transferred to a new person who simply resembles that significant other in some way. In these and other ways, our shared realities with others profoundly affect our life experiences.
What We Know
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
“I know it when I see it.” That’s what we think. But mostly we know what our shared realities have taught us, and tell us, to know. Not only do we learn from others the names for things in the world, we learn the names for traits to characterize people. We learn which traits are relevant and relevance makes these traits salient and accessible. This makes it more likely that we will see these traits in others, such as seeing people behave in a “stubborn” way even for behaviors that are ambiguous or vague. Our perceptions of a person’s behaviors can also be biased by how that person was previously characterized by someone else, such as saying this person is “warm” or “cold.” A car in an accident will be seen as going faster if someone describes the event as “smashed” versus “hit.” People who have a conversation about an event will converge over time in what they remember about the event. Group members will also converge in their judgments, creating consensual social norms. And groups can create these shared realities about the world even when the consensual belief is false. Stereotypes are an example of this. They can overgeneralize the negative characteristics of a social category, describing members as having traits that are rare and/or no more prevalent than in other social categories. Even worse, the stereotypes are treated as being simply descriptions of reality when they are actually evaluations based on the in-group’s values or standards (ethnocentrism).
What We Strive For and Value
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Humans recognize that their significant others want and expect them to be and to become a certain kind of person, and they accept these goals and standards in their own self-regulation (internalization). This is a critical and central aspect of the shared reality motivation that makes humans special motivationally, and “special” in this case means possessing something distinctive and important. Within positive and within negative child–caretaker interactions, there are different kinds of interactions that create different kinds of shared realities. One kind of interaction creates a promotion shared reality that the world is a place where nurturance, mastery, and growth can occur: Your life can get better and better. Another kind of interaction creates a prevention shared reality that you have to work to maintain or restore safety and security: Your life will remain fine if you are careful. In addition to creating different types of shared goals and standards, different kinds of child–caretaker interactions create shared goals and standards that vary in their strength. The stronger the goals and standards, the more likely a person is to attain them, but the more that person will suffer if he or she fails to attain them. And how strongly people engage in an activity and “feel right” about it depends on whether they pursued a goal in a manner that fits their goal orientation—in an eager way for promotion and in a vigilant way for prevention. Fit intensifies the value of people’s decisions and their achievements, making positives more positive and negatives more negative.
Epilogue
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The current conflicts happening around the world between people with different political views are very disturbing. They illustrate the trade-offs from shared reality that are described in this book. Each political group is stronger from its shared feelings, beliefs, and opinions. But the differences between these shared realities are tearing us apart. What can we do about it? We must find a way to create shared realities between different political groups. Where do we begin? We begin with shared relevance. Shared relevance emerges in the beginning of shared reality when infants and their caretakers signal their agreement that something is worthy of their attention. It connects the caretaker and child even if their reactions to the thing are not the same. The “mirroring” practiced by therapists with their clients communicates that the issues that matter to the client also matter to the therapist, even if the therapist does not agree with the client’s feelings on the issues. It creates a connection and trust between therapist and client. Similarly, by recognizing that they at least agree on what issues matter and deserve attention (e.g., child education), two people from different political groups can begin to connect with and trust one another. They can feel closer to each other than to a third person who thinks it is a waste of time to think about these issues because they don’t matter. We want to move beyond shared relevance to shared attitudes and beliefs, but shared relevance provides the foundation to build upon.
Introduction
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the sixteenth century, Spaniards forcibly resettled Andeans into planned towns called reducciones. Andeans adapted the political and religious institutions of the new towns, the cabildo (town council) and the cofradías (confraternities), and made them their own, organizing them by the Andean social form, the ayllu. Over time, political legitimacy and authority within towns was transferred from traditional native hereditary lords, the caciques, to the common people of the town, who called themselves the común. Although a Spanish word, común took on Andean meaning as it was the word used to translate terms for collective land and the collective people of a town. It became a recognized shorthand for a political philosophy empowering common people. In the late eighteenth-century era of Atlantic Revolutions, the común rose up against its caciques, in an Enlightenment-from-below moment of popular sovereignty.