bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early-life antibiotic use and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: results of a discordant twin study
Authors: Slob Elise M A , Brew Bronwyn K , Vijverberg Susanne J H , Dijs Talitha , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E M , Koppelman Gerard H , Bartels Meike , Dolan Conor V , Larsson Henrik , Lundström Sebastian , Lichtenstein Paul , Gong Tong , Maitland-van der Zee Anke H , Kraneveld Aletta D , Almqvist Catarina , Boomsma Dorret I 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Development of the gut-brain axis in early life may be disturbed by antibiotic use. It has been hypothesized that this disturbance may contribute to development of neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. We aimed to assess the association between antibiotic use in early life and the risk of developing attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder, while controlling for shared genetic and environmental factors in a discordant twin design.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study in twins (7–12 years; 25 781 twins) from the Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and a replication study in the Childhood and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS; 7946 9-year-old twins). Antibiotic use was recorded before age 2 years. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder were parent-reported in the Netherlands Twin Register and register-based in the Childhood and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden.

Results
Early-life antibiotic use was associated with increased risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder development [pooled odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.17] and autism spectrum disorder (pooled OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.25) in a case-control design. When restricting to monozygotic twin pairs discordant for the outcome, associations disappeared for both disorders in both cohorts (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.48-1.69 and OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.37-1.76, and autism spectrum disorder OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.38-1.16 and OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.02-4.50, respectively).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the association between early-life antibiotic use and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity and autism spectrum disorder may be confounded by shared familial environment and genetics.
Multisectoral Approach to Address Chikungunya Outbreaks Driven by Human Mobility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Rashad , Fouque Florence , Mahdy Mohammed A K , Zhong Qingxia , Al-Eryani Samira M A , Alkwri Abdulsamad , Beier John C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The role of human mobility in the epidemiology of emerging Aedes-transmitted viral diseases is recognized but not fully understood. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine how human mobility patterns are driving chikungunya outbreaks.

Methods
Literature was systematically reviewed for studies on chikungunya prevalence in countries/territories with high-level evidence of human mobility-driven outbreaks, based on: (1) emergence of chikungunya outbreaks with epidemic chikungunya virus genotypes among displaced/migrant populations and their hosting communities; and (2) identification of imported index case(s) with epidemic genotypes phylogenetically related to the genotypes circulating during emerging or subsequent outbreaks.

Results
The meta-analysis of extracted prevalence data revealed that a large proportion of the population in countries/territories afflicted by outbreaks is still at risk of infection during future outbreaks. On the other hand, approximately one-half of suspected chikungunya cases could be infected with other co-circulating acute febrile illnesses.

Conclusions
We discussed in this paper how human mobility-driven chikungunya outbreaks can be addressed, and how the involvement of several sectors in addition to the health sector in multisectoral approaches (MSAs) is important for prevention and control of chikungunya and other Aedes-transmitted arboviral outbreaks.
The Politics of Aspiration
Authors: Finnemore Martha , Jurkovich Michelle 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAspiration is an essential component of politics. It articulates goals, affirms identities and values, and structures action at all levels of social life. Yet political scientists have spent little time theorizing aspiration—what it is, how it relates to other concepts, and the kinds of effects it creates. In this article, we develop the concept theoretically and argue that aspiration creates a distinct “aspirational politics” that differs from our international relations models of both norm-driven social activism and interest-driven rational choice. We identify three core features of aspiration that undergird its theoretical utility: lofty goals, change over time, and transformation through imagination. In the hands of skilled political actors, aspiration does essential work in both facilitating agreement and mobilizing social action that create change in the world. However, aspiration also has a dark side and can be manipulated to dodge accountability, postpone action, and serve private, rather than public, goals.
In vivopharmacodynamics of new-generation β-lactamase inhibitor taniborbactam (formerly VNRX-5133) in combination with cefepime against serine-β-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Abdelraouf Kamilia , Almarzoky Abuhussain Safa , Nicolau David P 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesCefepime/taniborbactam is a cephalosporin/cyclic boronate β-lactamase inhibitor combination under development for the treatment of infections due to MDR Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using a neutropenic murine thigh infection model, we aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic index, relative to taniborbactam exposure, that correlated most closely with the efficacy of the cefepime/taniborbactam combination and the magnitude of index required for efficacy against serine-β-lactamase-producing strains.MethodsTwenty-six clinical Enterobacterales (expressing ESBLs, plasmid-mediated AmpC and/or carbapenemases of classes A or D; cefepime/taniborbactam combination MICs 0.06–16 mg/L) and 11 clinical P. aeruginosa (AmpC overproducing or KPC expressing; cefepime/taniborbactam combination MICs 1–16 mg/L) were evaluated. A cefepime human-simulated regimen (HSR) equivalent to a clinical dose of 2 g q8h as a 2 h infusion was given in combination with taniborbactam for 24 h. For a subset of P. aeruginosa isolates, a sub-therapeutic cefepime exposure was utilized.ResultsDose-fractionation studies revealed that dosing frequency had no impact on taniborbactam potentiation of cefepime activity. Relative to the initial bacterial burden, the median taniborbactam fAUC0–24/MIC associated with 1 log kill in combination with the cefepime HSR for Enterobacterales and P. aeruginosa isolates was 2.62 and 0.46, respectively. In combination with sub-therapeutic cefepime, the median taniborbactam fAUC0–24/MIC associated with 1 and 2 log kill against AmpC-overproducing P. aeruginosa was 2.00 and 3.30, respectively, relative to the bacterial burden in the cefepime-treated groups. The taniborbactam HSR (equivalent to 0.5 g q8h as a 2 h infusion) was adequate to attain ≥1 log reduction against all test isolates.ConclusionsOur data show that the cefepime/taniborbactam combination (2 g/0.5 g q8h as a 2 h infusion) exerts potent in vivo activity against cefepime-resistant isolates, including serine-carbapenemase producers.
Determining sample size and length of follow-up for smartphone-based digital phenotyping studies
Authors: Barnett Ian , Torous John , Reeder Harrison T , Baker Justin , Onnela Jukka-Pekka 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveStudies that use patient smartphones to collect ecological momentary assessment and sensor data, an approach frequently referred to as digital phenotyping, have increased in popularity in recent years. There is a lack of formal guidelines for the design of new digital phenotyping studies so that they are powered to detect both population-level longitudinal associations as well as individual-level change points in multivariate time series. In particular, determining the appropriate balance of sample size relative to the targeted duration of follow-up is a challenge.Materials and MethodsWe used data from 2 prior smartphone-based digital phenotyping studies to provide reasonable ranges of effect size and parameters. We considered likelihood ratio tests for generalized linear mixed models as well as for change point detection of individual-level multivariate time series.ResultsWe propose a joint procedure for sequentially calculating first an appropriate length of follow-up and then a necessary minimum sample size required to provide adequate power. In addition, we developed an accompanying accessible sample size and power calculator.DiscussionThe 2-parameter problem of identifying both an appropriate sample size and duration of follow-up for a longitudinal study requires the simultaneous consideration of 2 analysis methods during study design.ConclusionThe temporally dense longitudinal data collected by digital phenotyping studies may warrant a variety of applicable analysis choices. Our use of generalized linear mixed models as well as change point detection to guide sample size and study duration calculations provide a tool to effectively power new digital phenotyping studies.
Assessment of three-dimensional acetabular coverage angles
Authors: Upasani Vidyadhar V , Bomar James D , Bandaralage Harsha , Doan Joshua D , Farnsworth Christine L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to report the inter- and intra-observer reliability of a computerized objective technique to quantify patient-specific acetabular morphology. We describe the use of and provide the software code for a technique to better define the location and magnitude of acetabular pathology. We have developed software code that allows the end user to obtain detailed measurements of the acetabulum using traditional computed tomography data. We provide the code and detailed instructions on how to use it in this article. The methodology was validated by having an unbiased observer (that was not involved in this project but has been trained in this software measurement methodology) to perform the entire acquisition, reconstruction and analysis procedure and compare their measurements to the measurements of one of the authors. The author then repeated the procedure 2 months later to determine intra-observer reliability. Inter- and intra-observer reliability for version, tilt, surface area and total acetabular coverage angles ranged from an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.805 to 0.997. The method provided in this manuscript gives a reproducible objective assessment of three-dimensional (3D) acetabular morphology that can be used to assist in the diagnosis of hip pathology and to compare the morphological parameters of subjects with and without hip pathology. It allows a surgeon to understand the 3D shape of each individual’s acetabulum, share these findings with patients and their parents to demonstrate the magnitude and location of the clinical abnormality and perform patient-specific surgical corrections to optimize the shape and coverage of the hip.
A new species of Rhagomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from southeastern Ecuador
Authors: Moreno Cárdenas Pablo A , Tinoco Nicolás , Albuja Luis , Patterson Bruce D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
During a faunal survey in the foothills of the Ecuadoran Andes southwest of the Cordillera del Cóndor, a mouse of uncertain affinities was taken in a fishing net. Various external characters suggested that it was a member of the genus Rhagomys, previously unrecorded in Ecuador. Comparisons with the external, cranial, and dental morphology both of Rhagomys rufescens and R. longilingua identified a number of unique characters, including its long, narrow rostrum and incisive foramina and the reduced anterolingual conule on its M1 procingulum. We describe the mouse as a new species of Rhagomys; both its morphology and molecular analyses suggest that it is sister to R. longilingua. This record of Rhagomys in southern Ecuador extends the known distribution of the genus 700 km northward and adds yet another genus and species to Ecuador’s extensive list of rodent species.
Powering galactic superwinds with small-scale AGN winds
Authors: Costa Tiago , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new implementation for active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback through small-scale, ultrafast winds in the moving-mesh hydrodynamic code arepo. The wind is injected by prescribing mass, momentum, and energy fluxes across a spherical boundary centred on a supermassive black hole according to available constraints for accretion disc winds. After sweeping-up a mass equal to their own, small-scale winds thermalize, powering energy-driven outflows with dynamics, structure, and cooling properties in excellent agreement with those of analytic wind solutions. Momentum-driven solutions do not easily occur, because the Compton cooling radius is usually much smaller than the free-expansion radius of the small-scale winds. Through various convergence tests, we demonstrate that our implementation yields wind solutions, which are well converged down to the typical resolution achieved in cosmological simulations. We test our model in hydrodynamic simulations of isolated Milky Way – mass galaxies. Above a critical AGN luminosity, initially spherical, small-scale winds power bipolar, energy-driven superwinds that break out of the galactic nucleus, flowing at speeds $\gt 1000 \rm \, km \, s^{-1}$ out to $\sim 10 \, \rm kpc$. These energy-driven outflows result in moderate, but long-term, reduction in star formation, which becomes more pronounced for higher AGN luminosities and faster small-scale winds. Suppression of star formation proceeds through a rapid mode that involves the removal of the highest density, nuclear gas, and through a slower mode that effectively halts halo gas accretion. Our new implementation makes it possible to model AGN-driven winds in a physically meaningful and validated way in simulations of galaxy evolution, the interstellar medium and black hole accretion flows.
Profiling astrophysically relevant MgC4H chains. An attempt to aid astronomical observations
Authors: Bâldea Ioan 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we report results of an extensive theoretical study on MgC4H chains conducted at DFT and CCSD(T) levels motivated by the recent discovery of this species in IRC+10216. A detailed characterization of both neutral and charged species is presented, which include structural, chemical bonding and vibrational properties, rotational, centrifugal distortion and Watson l-type doubling constants, dipole moments, Fermi contact, and spin-rotation constants. In addition, we present ab initio estimates needed for subsequent astrochemical evolution modelling (e.g. dissociation energies, acidity, electron attachment, and ionization energies and related chemical reactivity indices). Possible formation pathways are also discussed. They comprise exchange, (radiative) association, dissociative recombination, and ion neutralization reactions. As an important result aiming at stimulating further observational searching, we suggest that MgC4H− anions should also be observable via rovibrational spectroscopy. The reason is twofold: (i) Neutral MgC4H0 chains possess a sufficiently large dipole moment consistent with dipole-bound anion states and large electron attachment cross-sections. (ii) MgC4H− anions possess a dipole substantially larger than MgC4H0 neutrals (and also larger than that estimated earlier for the longest astronomically detected C8H− anion). This makes MgC4H− anion intensities in rovibrational spectrum experimentally accessible even in the unlikely case of a relative abundance MgC4H−/MgC4H0 comparable to that of CH4, whose anion has the lowest relative abundance observed so far in space because weakly polar C4H0 chains do not support dipole-bound anion states. A suggestion on why, counterintuitively, the MgC2H abundance found in IRC+10216 was lower than that of the longer MgC4H is also presented.
New methods for identifying Lyman continuum leakers and reionization-epoch analogues
Authors: Katz Harley , Ďurovčíková Dominika , Kimm Taysun , Rosdahl Joki , Blaizot Jeremy , Haehnelt Martin G , Devriendt Julien , Slyz Adrianne , Ellis Richard , Laporte Nicolas 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Identifying low-redshift galaxies that emit Lyman continuum radiation (LyC leakers) is one of the primary, indirect methods of studying galaxy formation in the epoch of reionization. However, not only has it proved challenging to identify such systems, it also remains uncertain whether the low-redshift LyC leakers are truly ‘analogues’ of the sources that reionized the Universe. Here, we use high-resolution cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulations to examine whether simulated galaxies in the epoch of reionization share similar emission line properties to observed LyC leakers at z ∼ 3 and z ∼ 0. We find that the simulated galaxies with high LyC escape fractions (fesc) often exhibit high O32 and populate the same regions of the R23–O32 plane as z ∼ 3 LyC leakers. However, we show that viewing angle, metallicity, and ionization parameter can all impact where a galaxy resides on the O32–fesc plane. Based on emission line diagnostics and how they correlate with fesc, lower metallicity LyC leakers at z ∼ 3 appear to be good analogues of reionization-era galaxies. In contrast, local [S ii]-deficient galaxies do not overlap with the simulated high-redshift LyC leakers on the S ii Baldwin–Phillips–Terlevich (BPT) diagram; however, this diagnostic may still be useful for identifying leakers. We use our simulated galaxies to develop multiple new diagnostics to identify LyC leakers using infrared and nebular emission lines. We show that our model using only [C ii]158 μm and [O iii]88 μm can identify potential leakers from non-leakers from the local Dwarf Galaxy Survey. Finally, we apply this diagnostic to known high-redshift galaxies and find that MACS 1149_JD1 at z = 9.1 is the most likely galaxy to be actively contributing to the reionization of the Universe.
The collapse and expansion regimes of photoevaporated clumps
Authors: Raga A C , Cantó J , Estrella-Trujillo D , Velázquez P F 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a model for dense clumps in photoionized regions in the ‘cometary plasmon’ regime. We consider that as these plasmons accelerate outwards from the external ionizing photon source (as a result of the back-reaction of the photoevaporated wind from the clumps), they move into regions of decreasing external ionizing photon fluxes (resulting from the geometrical dilution of the ionizing radiation, and possibly also from absorption due to intervening material). We find the presence of two regimes: a ‘vanishing plasmon’ regime, in which the clump rapidly accelerates, compresses, and becomes fully photoionized without travelling far from the photon source, and an ‘expanding plasmon’ regime, in which the clump travels over a considerable radial domain, and expands as a result of the lower impinging ionizing photon fluxes (before eventually decreasing in size and becoming fully photoionized). Interestingly, the cometary clumps of the Helix nebula are at the boundary between these two regimes, and therefore correspond to clumps that travel over a relatively extended radial domain while keeping an approximately constant size.
The effect of differential accretion on the gravitational wave background and the present-day MBH binary population
Authors: Siwek Magdalena S , Kelley Luke Zoltan , Hernquist Lars 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) form as a consequence of galaxy mergers. However, it is still unclear whether they typically merge within a Hubble time, and how accretion may affect their evolution. These questions will be addressed by pulsar timing arrays (PTAs), which aim to detect the gravitational wave (GW) background (GWB) emitted by MBHBs during the last Myr of inspiral. Here, we investigate the influence of differential accretion on MBHB merger rates, chirp masses, and the resulting GWB spectrum. We evolve an MBHB sample from the Illustris hydrodynamic cosmological simulation using semi-analytical models and for the first time self-consistently evolve their masses with binary accretion models. In all models, MBHBs coalesce with median total masses up to 1.5 × 108 M⊙, up to 3−4 times larger than in models neglecting accretion. In our model with the largest plausible impact, the median mass ratio of coalescing MBHBs increases by a factor 3.6, the coalescence rate by $52.3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and the GWB amplitude by a factor 4.0, yielding a dimensionless GWB strain $A_{yr^{-1}} = 1 \times 10^{-15}$. Our model that favours accretion on to the primary MBH reduces the median mass ratio of coalescing MBHBs by a factor of 2.9, and yields a GWB amplitude $A_{yr^{-1}} = 3.1 \times 10^{-16}$. This is nearly indistinguishable from our model neglecting accretion, despite higher MBHB masses at coalescence. We further predict binary separation and mass ratio distributions of stalled MBHBs in the low-redshift Universe, and find that these depend sensitively on binary accretion models. This presents the potential for combined electromagnetic and GW observational constraints on merger rates and accretion models of MBHB populations.
Remdesivir Use Compared With Supportive Care in Hospitalized Patients With Severe COVID-19: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Kalligeros Markos , Tashima Karen T , Mylona Evangelia K , Rybak Natasha , Flanigan Timothy P , Farmakiotis Dimitrios , Beckwith Curt G , Sanchez Martha , Neill Marguerite , Johnson Jennie E , Garland Joseph M , Aung Su , Byrd Katrina M , O’Brien Thomas , Pandita Aakriti , Aridi Jad , Macias Gil Raul , Larkin Jerome , Shehadeh Fadi , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe US Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorization for remdesivir use in patients with severe COVID-19.MethodsWe utilized data from 2 quaternary acute care hospitals. The outcomes of interest were the impact of remdesivir on in-hospital death by day 28 and time to recovery, clinical improvement, and discharge. We utilized Cox proportional hazards models and stratified log-rank tests.ResultsTwo hundred twenty-four patients were included in the study. The median age was 59 years; 67.0% were male; 17/125 patients (13.6%) who received supportive care and 7/99 patients (7.1%) who received remdesivir died. The unadjusted risk for 28-day in-hospital death was lower for patients who received remdesivir compared with patients who received supportive care (hazard ratio [HR], 0.42; 95% CI, 0.16–1.08). Although this trend remained the same after adjusting for age, sex, race, and oxygen requirements on admission (adjusted HR [aHR], 0.49; 95% CI, 0.19–1.28), as well as chronic comorbidities and use of corticosteroids (aHR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.16–1.23), it did not reach statistical significance. The use of remdesivir was not associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) or liver test abnormalities. Although not statistically significant, the rate ratios for time to recovery, clinical improvement, and discharge were higher in women and black or African American patients.ConclusionsPatients on remdesivir had lower, albeit not significant, all-cause in-hospital mortality, and the use of remdesivir did not increase the risk for AKI. Promising signals from this study need to be confirmed by future placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials.