bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postbiotics produced by lactic acid bacteria: The next frontier in food safety
Authors: Moradi Mehran , Kousheh Seyedeh Alaleh , Almasi Hadi , Alizadeh Arash , Guimarães Jonas T. , Yılmaz Nurten , Lotfi Anita 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere are many critical challenges in the use of primary and secondary cultures and their biological compounds in food commodities. An alternative is the application of postbiotics from the starter and protective lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The concept of postbiotics is relatively new and there is still not a recognized definition for this term. The word “postbiotics” is currently used to refer to bioactive compounds, which did not fit to the traditional definitions of probiotics, prebiotics, and paraprobiotics. Therefore, the postbiotics may be presently defined as bioactive soluble factors (products or metabolic byproducts), produced by some food‐grade microorganisms during the growth and fermentation in complex microbiological culture (in this case named cell‐free supernatant), food, or gut, which exert some benefits to the food or the consumer. Many LAB are considered probiotic and their postbiotic compounds present similar or additional health benefits to the consumer; however, this review aimed to address the most recent applications of the postbiotics with food safety purposes. The potential applications of postbiotics in food biopreservation, food packaging, and biofilm control were reviewed. The current uses of postbiotics in the reduction and biodegradation of some food safety‐related chemical contaminants (e.g., biogenic amines) were considered. We also discussed the safety aspects, the obstacles, and future perspectives of using postbiotics in the food industry. This work will open up new insights for food applications of postbiotics prepared from LAB.
CRISPR/Cas9‐based knockout reveals that the clock gene timeless is indispensable for regulating circadian behavioral rhythms in Bombyx mori
Authors: Nartey Moses Addo , Sun Xia , Qin Sheng , Hou Cheng‐Xiang , Li Mu‐Wang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCircadian rhythms, which are ubiquitous and adaptive, occur across all species, from microbes to humans, in which they organize and modify behavior and physiology. timeless (tim) is a canonical clock gene. The core composition of the Drosophila melanogaster endogenous circadian clock has been extensively investigated; however, in lepidopteran insects, including Bombyx mori, the mechanism is complicated and little is known regarding the participation of tim in the negative feedback loop responsible for behavioral activities. To arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the role of tim in the B. mori endogenous circadian clock, we exploited the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 gene editing system. We attempted to elucidate the functions of tim in the circadian clock of B. mori using Bmtim mutants. The knockouts affected two circadian behavioral activities: adult emergence and embryo hatching rhythms. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that tim‐knockouts induced relative reductions in the expression levels, and thereby the oscillation amplitudes, of Bmper and Bmclk messenger RNAs during both the photophase and scotophase. Additionally, the daily rhythmic expression of Bmdbt was upregulated in the photophase and downregulated in the scotophase in a tim‐knockout. Our study reveals that tim is integral to the B. mori circadian clock and may be involved in regulating eclosion and hatching rhythms.
The demand‐boost theory of exclusive dealing
Authors: Calzolari Giacomo , Denicolò Vincenzo , Zanchettin Piercarlo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article unifies various approaches to the analysis of exclusive dealing that so far have been regarded as distinct. The common element of these approaches is that firms depart from efficient pricing, raising marginal prices above marginal costs. We show that with distorted prices, exclusive dealing can be directly profitable and anticompetitive provided that the dominant firm enjoys a competitive advantage over rivals. The dominant firm gains directly, rather than in the future, or in adjacent markets, thanks to the boost in demand it enjoys when buyers sign exclusive contracts. We discuss the implication of the theory for antitrust policy.
Modified Collardversusend‐to‐side hand‐sewn anastomosis for cervical anastomosis afterMcKeownesophagectomy
Authors: Li Xiao‐Kun , Xu Yang , Cong Zhuang‐Zhuang , Luo Jing , Zhou Hai , Ji Sai‐Guang , Diao Yi‐Fei , Wu Wen‐Jie , Qiang Yong , Qian Jian‐Jun , Shen Yi 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundAccording to previously published studies, esophagectomy with modified Collard anastomosis has been reported to have low incidences of anastomotic leak and stricture. However, the optional anastomotic method after esophagectomy is still controversial. We conducted this study to compare the incidence of postoperative anastomotic stricture formation and dysphagia over three years after an esophagectomy with modified Collard anastomosis (MC) or end‐to‐side (ETS) hand‐sewn anastomosis. Meanwhile, the early postoperative anastomotic leakage and other complications, hospital stay and 30‐ and 90‐day mortality were also evaluated.MethodsThe clinical data of 905 patients undergoing McKeown esophagectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The rate of postoperative stricture formation after three years was demonstrated by stricture‐free survival which is the primary end‐point of this study. The incidence of dysphagia, first time of onset of stricture and number of dilatations were also recorded during follow‐up.ResultsThe incidence of anastomotic leak tended to be higher in the MC group compared with that in the ETS group (13.0% vs. 8.7%,P= 0.064). The rates of anastomotic stricture in the MC group were significantly less than in the ETS group (P= 0.004). The number of dilatations in the MC group were significantly greater than those in the ETS group (2.34 vs.2.46,P= 0.011).ConclusionsA modified Collard cervical esophagogastric anastomosis was associated with lower rates of anastomotic stricture and dysphagia, compared with ETS hand‐sewn anastomosis. However, the modified Collard anastomosis is accompanied by an increased anastomotic leakage rate.
Locomotor sensitization modulates voluntary self‐administration of methamphetamine inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Rigo Franka , Filošević Ana , Petrović Milan , Jović Katarina , Andretić Waldowski Rozi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAs complexities of addictive behaviors cannot be fully captured in laboratory studies, scientists use simple addiction‐associated phenotypes and measure them in laboratory animals. Locomotor sensitization, characterized by an increased behavioral response to the same dose of the drug, has been extensively used to elucidate the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of neuronal plasticity. However, to what extent it contributes to the development of addiction is not completely clear. We tested if the development of locomotor sensitization to methamphetamine affects voluntary self‐administration, and vice versa, in order to investigate how two drug‐associated phenotypes influence one another. In our study, we used the genetically tractable model organism,Drosophila melanogaster, and quantified locomotor sensitization and voluntary self‐administration to methamphetamine using behavioral tests that were developed and adapted in our laboratory. We show that flies express robust locomotor sensitization to the second dose of volatilized methamphetamine, which significantly lowers preferential self‐administration of methamphetamine. Naive flies preferentially self‐administer food with methamphetamine over plain food. Exposing flies to volatilized methamphetamine after voluntary self‐administration abolishes locomotor sensitization. We testedperiodnull (per01) mutant flies and showed that they do not develop locomotor sensitization, nor do they show preferential self‐administration of methamphetamine. Our results suggest that there may be partially overlapping neural circuitry that regulates the expression of locomotor sensitization and preferential self‐administration to methamphetamine and that this circuitry requires a functionalpergene.
Adjudicating Indigeneity: Anthropological Testimony in the Inter‐American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Loperena Christopher A. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIn 2014, the Inter‐American Court of Human Rights heard two cases concerning the alleged complicity of Honduran state institutions in the violation of Garifuna communal property rights. Garifuna, a people of mixed Arawak, Carib, and African descent, are one of nine officially recognized “ethnic groups” in Honduras. Yet the state has repeatedly denied their status as a pueblo originario—a people native to Honduras—thus calling into question the lawfulness of their claims to national territory. I draw on my experience serving as an expert witness to analyze the role of cultural evidence in the legitimization of Garifuna rights claims, and how specifically ethnographic treatments of Indigenous cultural practices are circumscribed within dominant juridical interpretive frameworks and modes of recognition. The judgment, issued in October 2015, repeatedly deployed anthropological concepts and insights to bind Indigenous subjectivity to the land, thereby deepening essentialized notions of Garifuna ethnic and racial difference. This article probes the challenges of presenting cultural evidence in a court of law and the limited political potential of witnessing, which, I argue, stem from the ways in which anthropological and legal ways of knowing coarticulate.
Using and Refusing the Law: Indigenous Struggles and Legal Strategies after Neoliberal Multiculturalism
Authors: Hale Charles R. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThis article begins with the contention that the three‐decade era of neoliberal multiculturalism is coming to an end. During that time, Indigenous peoples in Latin America gained a wide array of rights grounded in cultural difference by occupying spaces opened through the multicultural turn and using counterhegemonic strategies to push beyond their intended limits. Struggles in the judicial arena, and the accompanying work of the anthropological expert witness, played a crucial role in these strategies. I argue that the emerging era of racial retrenchment requires recalibration, starting with critical reflection on the counterhegemonic, and probing of alternative strategies, one of which I summarize with the phraseusing and refusing the law. I draw on my participation in two moments of activist research in the legal arena—the 2003 landmark caseAwas Tingni v. the State of Nicaragua, and a recent study of the relationship between Mapuche Indigenous people and the forest industry in southern Chile—as grounding. I conclude that while these two strategies and their associated sensibilities do stand in tension, they will need one another, as we seek effective means to contest the fierce onslaught of violence, marginalization, and roll‐back of rights for Indigenous peoples, and more broadly. [judicial pluralism, autonomy, Indigenous rights]
Reconstruction of the aorto‐iliac segment in occlusive disease using the AFX unibody graft
Authors: Arnold Angie , Delaney Christopher L. , Wong Yew T. , Wise Nadia , Puckridge Phillip J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe endovascular era has evolved the treatment of aorto‐iliac occlusive disease (AIOD). Many institutions now use minimally invasive techniques including kissing iliac stents and covered endovascular reconstruction of the aortic bifurcation. These negate the high morbidity of open surgical reconstruction but do not allow for a crossover approach to treat infra‐inguinal disease. The AFX stent does both by anatomically reconstructing the bifurcation in AIOD despite being marketed for aneurysmal aortic disease. This large, single‐centre case series assesses the outcomes of treatment of AIOD using the AFX stent.MethodsPatients with AIOD who presented to our institution between September 2016 and August 2018 were considered for AFX stenting if kissing iliac stents extending into the aorta or aortobifemoral bypass was required. Patient, treatment and outcome data were recorded with a primary outcome of primary patency at 12 months.ResultsAFX stenting was performed in 29 patients, with an average age of 69 years, 52% (15/29) patients had critical limb ischaemia. Technical success occurred in 100% of patients with clinical success in 96% (28/29). There were no cases of 30 day and 3 (10%) cases of 12 month mortality, 2 (7%) major and 7 (24%) minor complications arose. Median length of stay was 3 days. Primary patency at 12 months was 100% (n = 24).ConclusionAFX stenting is a safe with satisfactory early results for the treatment of AIOD. The minimally invasive technique and preservation of cross‐over approach makes AFX stenting a considered option for the treatment of AIOD.
Major histocompatibility complexes are up‐regulated in glomerular endothelial cells via activation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase in 5/6 nephrectomy mice
Authors: Zhu Dong , Tang Qunye , Yu Baixue , Meng Mei , Liu Wenjie , Li Jiawei , Zhu Tongyu , Vanhoutte Paul M. , Leung Susan W.S. , Zhang Yi , Shi Yi 
Published: August 2020

Background and PurposeThis study aims to explore the mechanism underlying the up‐regulation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins in glomerular endothelial cells in 5/6 nephrectomy mice.Experimental ApproachC57/BL6 mice were randomly allocated to sham‐operated (2K) and 5/6 nephrectomy (5/6Nx) groups. Mouse splenic lymphocytes, from either syngeneic or allogeneic background, were injected into 5/6Nx mice after total body irradiation. Human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs) were cultured for experiments in vitro. Western blots, PCR, immunohistochemical and fluorescent staining were used, along with assays of tissue cytokines, lymphocyte migration and renal function.Key ResultsFour weeks after nephrectomy, expression of both mRNA and protein of MHC II, CD80, and CD86 were increased in 5/6Nx glomerular endothelial cells. After total body irradiation, 5/6Nx mice injected with lymphocytes from Balb/c mice, but not those from C57/BL6 mice, exhibited increased creatinine levels, indicating that allograft lymphocyte transfer impaired renal function. In HGECs, the protein levels of MHC and MHC Class II transactivator (CIITA) were increased by stimulation with TNF‐α or IFN‐γ, which promoted human lymphocytes movement. These increases were reduced by JNK inhibitors. In the 5/6Nx mice, JNK inhibition down‐regulated MHC II protein in glomerular endothelial cells, suggesting that JNK signalling participates in the regulation of MHC II protein.Conclusion and ImplicationsChronic inflammation in mice subjected to nephrectomy induces the up‐regulation of MHC molecules in glomerular endothelial cells. This up‐regulation is reduced by inhibition of JNK signalling.
Satisfaction and acceptability of paediatric weight management services amongst parents and carers: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: McMaster Caitlin M. , Cohen Jennifer , Alexander Shirley , Neal Renee , Gow Megan L. , Calleja Elizabeth , Signorelli Christina , Tan Eng Joo , Williams Kathryn , Sim Kyra , Leong Gary , Baur Louise A. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryTo optimize treatment for children and adolescents with obesity and minimize attrition, consideration of parents' engagement and satisfaction with paediatric weight management services is crucial. The aim of this study was to conduct a mixed‐methods evaluation of parental acceptability and satisfaction of available paediatric weight management services in New South Wale, Australia's most populous state. Parents/carers referred to one of six weight management services between March 2018 and July 2019 were invited to participate. The study involved: (a) surveys and one‐on‐one phone interviews to assess overall satisfaction, acceptability of service design and delivery, treatment expectations, and service accessibility, strengths, weaknesses and areas of improvement; (b) a survey to determine costs to families of attending the service; and (c) a survey assessing families' reasons for treatment non‐attendance. N = 146 participants completed the survey to assess service satisfaction and acceptability and 37 of these also participated in phone interviews. Ninety‐three per cent were satisfied with the overall care they received and patient weight loss/cessation of weight gain and improvement in the family's overall health were rated as the most valued changes. Content analysis of interviews highlighted participants' recognition of positive changes achieved during treatment and appreciation of the resources provided, and the encouraging/empathetic nature of staff. The most common reasons for treatment attrition were difficulty in accessing the weight management service and flexibility of appointment times. Findings from this study can be utilized in future planning and development of paediatric weight management services to facilitate integrated, responsive and effective care of children and adolescents with obesity.
Oral hypofunction and its association with frailty in community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Nonoyama Toshiya , Tsushita Kazuyo , Arai Hidenori , Matsushita Kenji , Uchibori Noriyasu 
Published: August 2020

AimThis large epidemiological survey of older people examined oral hypofunction and the relationship between oral hypofunction and frailty.MethodsParticipants were community‐dwelling adults aged 65–85 years in Japan. The oral function evaluation included seven items (oral hygiene, oral dryness, occlusal force, tongue–lip motor function, tongue pressure, masticatory function and swallowing function), and oral hypofunction was defined as having abnormalities in at least three of these items. The frailty status was classified into three categories (robust, pre‐frail and frail) according to the total Kihon Checklist score. We analyzed 978 subjects with complete data. The relationship between oral function and frailty status was analyzed using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses.ResultsApproximately 60% of the older adults had oral hypofunction. The multivariate odds ratios (ORs) for a pre‐frail or frail status were significantly higher for older people with reduced occlusal force, reduced tongue–lip motor function and deteriorated swallowing function than in those without deterioration of those items. Of the oral function items, swallowing function was most strongly associated with the frailty status, and the ORs (95% confidence interval [CI]) for deteriorated swallowing function in pre‐frail and frail patients were 6.4 (3.9–10.8) and 10.2 (5.4–19.1), respectively. Those with oral hypofunction had significantly higher adjusted ORs for pre‐frail (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–2.0) and frail (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.5) statuses.ConclusionMany community‐dwelling older people have reduced oral function or oral hypofunction, which is significantly associated with frailty in older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 917–926.
Transnational governance in motion: Regional development banks, power politics, and the rise and fall of South America's infrastructure integration
Authors: Agostinis Giovanni , Palestini Stefano 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnder what conditions does one transnational governance mode evolve into another? Under what conditions does a transnational governance initiative break down? The article addresses these questions through the analysis of the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA), showing how delegation, orchestration, and intergovernmental (direct) governance can be linked to one another, creating a chain of governance modes in motion. By reconstructing IIRSA's trajectory, we illuminate the orchestrating role of regional development banks, and explore the conditions leading to the breakdown of transnational governance. The article contributes to the indirect governance literature by complementing prevailing functionalist accounts with a power‐based perspective that underlines the impact of intergovernmental conflicts and power asymmetries on transnational governance. The article also bridges the gap between the international relation governance scholarship and comparative regionalism, providing new insights on the logics of transnational governance in world regions characterized by limited state capacities.
The comparative study of China's mega‐city regions: A perspective of competitiveness
Authors: Zhang Fan , Lou Xiyang , Ning Yuemin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMega‐city regions (MCRs) have emerged as the main spatial form of China's new urbanization strategy and become the basic spatial units participating in global and regional competition. However, MCRs are not equally capable of boosting regional economic development due to their different levels of development. Therefore, this paper adopts the concept of competitiveness as both a theoretical framework and an empirical model to evaluate the development status of China's MCRs. Based on a review of the existing literature, this paper proposes a multi‐tier evaluation system to calculate the competitiveness of 13 MCRs. The chosen indicators come from the six perspectives of economic development, human resources, infrastructural accessibility, integration into the global economy, capacity for scientific and technological innovation, and sustainable development. The results show that there are great disparities and regional inequalities in competitiveness across different MCRs. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing–Tianjin–Tangshan MCRs are the first‐tier MCRs with the highest levels of development and have significant global influence as well. Chengdu–Chongqing, Shandong Peninsula, South‐central Liaoning, and Wuhan belong to the second‐tier of MCRs that show partial advantages and have significant regional influence. The remaining regions belong to the third‐ or fourth‐tier of MCRs that have relatively weak competitiveness. The competitiveness of MCRs largely depends on the concentration of core elements in core cities.
EFFICIENCY OF WAGE BARGAINING WITH ON‐THE‐JOB SEARCH
Authors: Cai Xiaoming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article studies efficiency in a general class of search models where both unemployed and employed workers search for better jobs and can meet multiple firms simultaneously. Employers can respond to outside offers and wages are a weighted average of the productivities of the current employer and a credible poaching firm. I derive a condition that balances firms' bargaining power and their meeting externality. This condition ensures efficiency of both worker turnover and firm entry. Finally, the efficiency condition unifies and extends many of the results on the efficiency of equilibrium search models.