bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation Of Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) And Electron Energy Loss Spectrometry (EELS) For Studies Of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Authors: Pope Robert K , Daulton Tyrone L , Ray Richard I , Little Brenda J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is of wide concern in marine and non-marine environments. Biofilms and corrosion products associated with microorganisms cause numerous problems in aqueous environments, such as increased fluid frictional resistance, reduced heat transfer, and many types of corrosion, all of which can lead to failure of materials. Corrosion of metals has been extensively examined using TEM, but examination of MIC with TEM has only just begun (Blunn, 1986; Chio, 1996). Previous studies examining microbial colonization of copper surfaces and distribution throughout corrosion products demonstrate copper immobilization by bacterial biofilms (Blunn, 1987). In the current study, Pseudomonasputida attachment to corroding iron particles was examined in a sealed environmental cell in a JEOL 3010 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
Iron filings were produced from carbon steel (C1010) using 600 grit sandpaper, collected with a teflon coated magnet, degreased in acetone and sterilized in ethanol. Filings were incubated in distilled water until corrosion was visible under a dissecting microscope.
Microscopy and Microanalysis of Plutonium Metal, Alloys and Oxides or the Problem With Pu
Authors: Lakis Rollin E , Storey Bradford G , Davis Charles C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Plutonium (Pu), with an atomic number of 94, is the highest atomic number naturally occurring element on Earth. It is formed when naturally occurring Uranium 238 captures a neutron that can be created by spontaneous fission and alphaneutron reactions. The natural abundance of terrestrial Pu is very small; its concentration is about one part in 10 of the uranium present in naturally occurring uranium ores. The first man-made plutonium was produced at the University of California cyclotron and identified on February 23, 1941. Just a few months after the first Pu was produced it became clear how metallurgically complex this material is. Plutonium is known to have six allotropes (crystalline forms) at atmospheric pressure, between room temperature and 640°C, the melting point of the pure metal. This is the largest number of allotropes known for any element.
Useful Lead and Bismuth Standards for Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis
Authors: Marinenko R B , Windsor E S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Lead and bismuth standards for quantitative electron probe microanalysis have always been a problem due to mechanical polishing and surface oxidation upon atmospheric exposure. Some Pb and Bi compounds, such as the selenides and tellurides, can be obtained commercially as solid pieces that are large enough to be mounted as useful standards, but they can also form non-stoichiometric solid solutions. This paper is a description of the initial work done on the testing of some selenides and tellurides to evaluate their usefulness as standards for quantitation. In addition, improved procedures for preparing the Pb and Bi element and compound specimens are being used to reduce surface oxidation. Primarily Pb samples were evaluated here, but the project will be extended in the future to include more Bi materials.
Experimental
Most specimens were mounted in silver epoxy in multi-element mounts that were repolished according to the description below. Additional specimens of PbTe, PbSe, and Pb were mounted in epoxy for this work.
HARECX Measurements of Electron Channeling Effects on Quantitative AEM-Based XEDS
Authors: Zaluzec Nestor J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It has been long known that orientation effects in crystalline materials can influence characteristic x-ray emission and microanalysis. Most of the recent studies have concentrated upon using the phenomenon to perform site specific distributions of impurity elements in ordered compounds using the ALCHEMI methodology. For the most part, it has been asserted that increasing the parameters of thickness, orientation and beam convergence effectively averages out these effects. Using High Angular Resolution Electron Channeling X-ray Spectroscopy (HARECXS) we have carefully measured the phenomenon in a number of ordered systems and find that it must be considered in many cases.
All experimental measurements presented here were conducted on a Philips EM 420T analytical electron microscope. The instrument was operated in the TEM mode, at 120 kV using a LaB6 electron source. The characteristic x-ray emission was measured using an ED AX ultra thin window Si(Li) detector having a FWHM of ∼ 145 eV at Mn Ka.
Coupling Automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction with Transmission Electron and Atomic Force Microscopies
Authors: Schwartz AJ , Kumar M , Bedrossian PJ , King WE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Grain boundary network engineering is an emerging field that encompasses the concept that modifications to conventional thermomechanical processing can result in improved properties through the disruption of the random grain boundary network. Various researchers have reported a correlation between the grain boundary character distribution (defined as the fractions of “special” and “random” grain boundaries) and dramatic improvements in properties such as corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, creep, etc. While much early work in the field emphasized property improvements, the opportunity now exists to elucidate the underlying materials science of grain boundary network engineering. Recent investigations at LLNL have coupled automated electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)5 and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to elucidate these fundamental mechanisms.
An example of the coupling of TEM and EBSD is given in Figures 1-3. The EBSD image in Figure 1 reveals “segmentation” of boundaries from special to random and random to special and low angle grain boundaries in some grains, but not others, resulting from the 15% compression of an Inconel 600 polycrystal.
Use of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Technique in Characterization of 6XXX Aluminum Alloy Extrusions
Authors: Claves Steven R , Misiolek Wojciech Z , Van Geertruyden William H , Williams David B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD) is an important tool for analyzing the crystal grain orientation of a microstructure and can be used to formulate conclusions about microtexture, texture determined from individual grains. This technique has been used to study a 6xxx series aluminum alloy's response to the deformation of the extrusion process. Extrusion is the process by which a billet of material is forced, under high pressure, through a die. The material undergoes a significant decrease in cross sectional area, and is formed into a shape equivalent to the geometry of the die orifice. Different bearing lands are shown in shown in Figure 1. These surfaces form the part, and are designed to control the metal flow making it uniform through the die, thus yielding good mechanical properties. This research was focused on the resultant microstructure. The shaded regions of Figure 2 show the two surface regions where EBSD measurements were taken.
TEM & Computer Analysis of Crystallographic Orientation Ratio in [1120]-Co Films on [002]-Cr Films Grown on Mechanically Textured Substrates
Authors: MoberlyChan Warren J , Dorsey P , He L , Zhang M , Lairson B , Lu M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Circumferential mechanical texture (scratches) of hard drive substrates has improved head/media tribology; however, it has also been advantageous to the development of OR (Orientation Ratio) for longitudinal media. The magnetic dipoles prefer to circumferentially align with texture, which matches the direction heads read/write. The corrugated nature of films sputtered on fine texture scratches leads to an anisotropic stress state in the films, especially for those deposited at temperatures above ambient; and OR has been attributed to this anisotropic stress. A review article discusses possible causes of the OR such as: self-shadowing due to the texture lines during deposition, circumferential c-axis alignment, shape anisotropy of media grains, and magnetostrictive effects. Another work listed two requirements for OR: &lt;&gt; Co crystallographic growth texture in addition to circumferential texture scratches. The same study considered frequencies and depths of the texture scratches, and concluded that OR increased as the ratio of depth/frequency increased, rather than just as a function of Ra alone.
Alpha 1 Integrin and Collagen Type III in C2C12 Cell Lines
Authors: DiLullo C , Malsbury J , Mattioli P M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In nascent cultured primary chick skeletal myocytes, a l integrin is observed to have a punctate distribution. As early as day 3 in culture, however, it can be found to reorganize into periodic doublet bands. Subsequent to a l integrin reorganization, collagen type III has been found to colocalize with these periodic α l integrin bands. The coordinated appearance of these two proteins is suggestive of a possible regulatory role for one or both proteins in muscle development.
To ascertain whether this same αl integrin/collagen type III reorganization occurs in muscle cell lines, differentiating myocytes from the C2C12 cell line were examined for the temporal appearance and localization of both proteins. Cultured C2C12 cells were immunofluorescently labeled with antibodies to al integrin, collagen type III and other muscle specific proteins on days 1, 3, 6, 9 and 11 after growth medium was replaced with differentiation medium.
Single Molecule Manipulation and Sensing with the Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Lindsay SM , Leuba S H , Zlatanova J , Karymov M A , Bash R , Liu Y-Z , Lohr D , Harrington R E , Cui XD , Zarate X , Perez E , Moore A , Moore TA , Gust D , Sankey OF , Thomfor J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) can be used both to manipulate molecules and to make measurements on individual molecules. Here, we describe manipulation of chromatin constructs as an example of the first type of measurement, and electronic measurements on single molecules as an example of the second type.
An AFM was used to both image and stretch single synthetic chromatin fibers consisting of twelve core nucleosomes with no linker histones. Peaks in the force-curves are attributed to sequential detachment of nucleosomes from the glass support (Figure 1). The short distances between peaks and reversibility of the pulling process show that the nucleosomes remain intact even at tensions on the order of 350 picoNewtons (pN). This is more than an order of magnitude larger than the force required to de-spool histone octamers from the nucleosomal DNA in laser optical tweezer measurements made with longer molecules, suggesting that loading rates and sample size are important factors in determining the force required to break inter-molecular bonds.
Elucidating Nature's Secrets for Creating Extraordinary Biomaterials: How far Have We Come?
Authors: Smith Bettye L , Viani Mario , Thompson James , Hansma Paul K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nature produces exquisite structures under ambient conditions using raw materials found in its immediate environment. Examples of naturally resilient materials seem nearly infinite and include (but not limited to) strong composites like seashells and tough fibers like spider dragline silk, which has a breakage energy per unit weight two orders of magnitude greater than high tensile steel.
These natural processes and the resulting materials are ultimately biodegradable and Eco-friendly. Scientists have been interested in nature's designs and processes for hundreds of years. The result of these studies has led to many unique synthetic materials such as KEVLAR™, styrofoam, PLEXIGLAS™, etc. Unfortunately, our “man-made” materials are usually produced under harsh conditions such as high temperatures or under vacuum. Rarely are these processes and the resulting products environmentally friendly.
In order to mimic nature's designs, researchers have attempted to understand its basic mechanisms for making these resilient materials by studying the starting materials that nature produces.
Loading-Rate Dependent Cell Injury: A Design Criterion for Engineered Tissue Constructs
Authors: Barbee Kenneth A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells experience a wide range of mechanical stimuli in vivo, including dynamic stretching and time-varying shear stress due to pulsatile blood flow. Under physiologic conditions, these hemodynamic forces constitute an important component of the cells' environment and are necessary for the normal maintenance of the structure and function of the vessel wall. Implantation of artificial vascular graft materials can significantly alter the mechanical environment of the cell. Furthermore, an important design criterion for engineered tissue constructs is the production of a mechanical environment that, ideally, stimulates normal growth and structural adaptation and. At least, avoids extremes in mechanical loading that might cause cellular trauma. In this paper, we investigate the mechanical loading conditions associated with normal and pathological mechanotransduction and cellular injury with an emphasis on the loading rate dependence of the cellular responses.
A custom designed cone-and-plate device] allows arbitrary cone velocity waveforms to be generated.
Phase-Separated Morphologies in Poly(Psuedo Amino Acid)-PEG Blends and Copolymers for Tissue-Scaffolding Applications
Authors: Prayoonthong P , Taylor J , Libera M , Jaffe M , Kohn J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Central to the successful advance of tissue engineering (e.g. 1, 2) is the development of highly engineered materials which trigger particular body responses to regenerate specific tissue or sets of tissue. Such properties as hydrophilicity, hydrolytic susceptibility, and protein-recognition behavior are critical to the success of tissue scaffolds. Poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG] is often introduced into scaffold polymers to tune hydrolytically controlled properties. Relatively little is known about the local morphology and nature of phase separation in these systems, however. This research studies the development of phase-separated morphology in blends and randommultiblock copolymers of a tyrosine-based poly(psuedo amino acid) [poly(DTE carbonate)] and PEG 1000 (fig. 1). This system exhibits attractive biocompatability, strength and modulus, and resorption behavior which can be controlled by main-chain and pendant-chain chemistries (3, 4).
The nature of phase separation was studied by bright-field TEM (Philips CM30 ST; CM20 FEG TEM/STEM) using solvent-cast thin films.
New Applications of Electron Microscopy in Pharmaceuticals: Crystallinity Assessment and Polymorph Determination
Authors: Li Z G , Liang L , Harlow R L , Foris C M , Olson R E , Sielecki T M , Liu J , Vickery R D , Maurin M B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, transmission electron microscopy has been used in crystallinity assessments and unit cell parameter/polymorph determinations in solid drug substances [1,2]. Lumaxis™ (roxifiban) is a glycoprotein nb/ffla (GPHb/HIa) antagonist discovered recently at The DuPont Pharmaceuticals Company [3] currently undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of thrombotic disorders. Lumaxis™ is converted in vivo to a zwitterionic active metabolite, XV459. As reported here, we have assessed by electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction the crystallinity of XP280, the benzenesulfonate salt of XV459, and determined the unit cell parameters of SC877, the methanesulfonate salt of the methyl ester of XV459.
Crystallinity assessment. Partial or complete transformation of crystalline phases into amorphous phases can occur during production processes that may ultimately affect the activity associated with various batches of a drug [4, 5]. Whether desired or not, the amorphous content of any drug substance is thus an important issue for the pharmaceutical industry.
Correlative Neutron Activation and TEM to Determine the Uptake Mechanism and Distribution of Orally Administered Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hillyer JF , Albrecht RM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The uptake of insoluble, particulate matter through the digestive tract occurs in low quantities, and the pathway and amount of particle uptake is size dependent. Previous studies have shown that the uptake of nanoparticles occurs mainly through the Peyer's patch regions of the small intestine while micrometer sized particles enter the body by a process called persorption: the paracellular uptake of microparticles from the digestive tract into the body. These studies have also shown that translocation is largely dependent on particle size: smaller particles are more readily absorbed. Research on the use of microparticles for the oral delivery of drugs, vaccines, and DNA have shown that protein, polysaccharide, and DNA microparticle encapsulation can increase uptake and bioavailability of absorbed molecules. All of these studies have used particles with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 10 μm. Metallic colloidal gold particles can be synthesized in sizes much smaller than micro- and nanoparticles currently being tested for drug delivery.
Digital Knowledge and Diagnostic Information
Authors: Bartels Peter H , Thompson Deborah , Montironi Rodolfo , Hamilton Peter W , Mariuzzi Gian M , Silva Vinicius Duval da 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Digital representation of diagnostic imagery offers mensuration, numeric data for diagnostic clue expression, objective assessment, and the option to define standards. Quantitative measurement allows the detection and documentation of very small differences and of diagnostic information that is visually not perceived. The automated extraction of such information from microscopic imagery is beginning to yield to knowledge guided image processing and the development of image understanding systems for machine vision. In a machine vision system, knowledge guidance may be provided by an expert system that controls a top to bottom scene segmentation with constant checks on local bottom-up derived segmentation results for compliance with model specifications and final scene reconstruction. Knowledge guidance is based on a knowledge file for the fully autonomous processing of scenes from a given domain. The knowledge file includes all entities representing traditional diagnostic and histologic terms and concepts: epithelium, stroma, lumen, nucleus, secretory cell, basal cell, stroma cell, chromatin, to name a few.
Digital Imaging in Remote Control
Authors: Case Gary N , Vouk Mladen A , Mackenzie John M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the common problems with current remote control systems is the quality of the digital image that reaches the remote user. The size, resolution, refresh rate, and latency all contribute to the quality of the remote users’ experience. We are working on a series of remote control and display systems that send images over dedicated and production networks to better understand the bandwidth and quality of service issues involved. The amount of bandwidth required is a function of compression, image size and frame rate. Different operations require quite different parameters. Focusing and astigmatism correction require faster frame rates but can be performed with reduced size. Imaging can stand slower frame rates but requires high resolution. The quality of service (QoS) is a measure of latency and how consistently the network delivers the required bandwidth.
Lispix: A Public Domain Scientific Image Analysis Program for the PC and Macintosh*
Authors: Bright D S , Milans K G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
MacLispix, a public domain image processing system for the Macintosh, has been applied to a variety of image processing problems such as analysis of diffraction spots, uniform display of x-ray maps, determination of fractal dimension of particle outlines, and analysis of data cubes. Due to interest from the PC community, we have ported the software to Windows, renamed it Lispix', and distributed it for both platforms, along with example images, source and documentation.
Lispix reads TIFF files and raw files (no image header), both with pixel types of signed and unsigned 8, 16 and 32 bit integers, 4 and 8 byte IEEE standard floating point numbers, and 3x8 bit RGB color. Lispix has a variety of standard image processing operations, such as thresholding, edge finding (gradient), filtering, scaling, Linear Hough Transform, false coloring, RGB color overlays and particle measurement.
Skeletonization of Fibrin Networks
Authors: Chang S , Kulikowski C A , Dunn S M , Levy S , Weisel J W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A complex three dimensional network structure results when blood fibrin polymerizes into branching threads. To understand the rheological behavior of fibrin clots and how this behavior is associated with network morphology, one must obtain quantitative measurements of morphometric parameters of the networks (e.g., fiber diameter, distance between branching points of fibers, and branching complexity) formed under various conditions. Over the past several years, researchers have measured the parameters manually from the 3D reconstruction of networks using stereo images generated with intermediate voltage electron microscopy. Our goal is to help automate this time consuming process as much as possible, and skeletonization is a promising tool. Skeletonization is a process of transforming an object into idealized thin lines. Although various techniques for skeleton computation have been developed, most of them require explicit boundary information of the objects being skeletonized, which is not directly available from raw images.
Structure Determination of Al2CuMg Precipitates in Al-Cu-Mg Alloys by Structure Refinement and Quantitative Image Comparison
Authors: Kilaas R , Radmilovic V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Al-Cu-Mg based alloys are of significant interest for aerospace and other applications, due to their low weight, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Their mechanical properties are based on a dispersion of S-phase precipitates, which have the composition Al2CuMg. The crystal structure of this inter-metallic phase has been studied using different diffraction techniques for more than five decades. While several models have been proposed for the structure of S-phase[l], only one of the previously proposed models were found to give a reasonable fit to our experimental data. This model, shown in Fig. 1 and given by Perlitz and Westgren (PW) [2] based on X-ray diffraction data, is orthorhombic with unit cell dimensions a = 0:4 nm, b = 0.923 nm, and c = 0.714 nm, space group Cmcm, containing 16 atoms in the ratio Al:Cu:Mg = 2:1:1.
Several HREM images of S-phase precipitates located near the edge of the foil, Fig. 2, recorded along the [100]s and [010]s directions, were digitized from film and used for analysis.
On the Calculation of the Phase Shift of a Superconducting Flux Line Lattice
Authors: Beleggia M , Pozzi G , Tonomura A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently out-of-focus, low angle electron diffraction and Foucault experiments have been carried out on superconducting specimens in a range of applied magnetic fields where the fluxons form a more or less regular lattice. Let us recall that in order to describe the effect on the electron beam in a transmission experiment of a fluxon in a tilted specimen, the fluxon itself has been approximated by a suitable bundle of straight flux tubes, relying on the important result that the phase shift of the flux tube can be calculated analytically even in the tilted specimen geometry. In this way, it is only necessary to convolute this phase shift with the chosen projected magnetic field distribution (in our case a London model with a phenomenological penetration depth of 50 nm) in order to obtain a fairly realistic model. Therefore, in order to interpret the main features of the experimental results,