bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UPGRADING OF MAGMATIC SULFIDES, REVISITED
Authors: Mungall James E. , Christopher Jenkins M. , Robb Samuel J. , Yao Zhuosen , Brenan James M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There has been vigorous debate for several decades about whether the extreme enrichments of platinum group elements (PGEs) in some magmatic sulfide deposits could have resulted from simple equilibration of sulfide liquid with silicate melt. Key examples include the Ni-Cu-Pd mineralization in the Norilsk mining camp, the UG2 and Merensky reef Pt-Pd deposits in the Bushveld Complex, the Pd-rich J-M reef of the Stillwater Complex, and the Skaergaard Pd-Au mineralization. It was argued historically that the observed PGE tenors in these latter deposits are too high to be consistent with simple equilibration of sulfide and silicate melt. A commonly cited mechanism for increasing PGE tenor in magmatic sulfide is the upgrading of initially low tenor sulfide by allowing a small volume of sulfide to react with successive batches of fresh, previously undepleted silicate magma. Here we review several previous models for sulfide upgrading in light of recent changes in accepted values of the partition coefficients governing PGE exchange between sulfide and silicate, and we critically examine the physical scenarios implicit in each previous model. We show that, although sulfide upgrading may occur in natural settings such as fractional melting of the mantle, during the formation of sulfide accumulations from magmas it is unlikely to have effects that can be distinguished from simple one-stage batch equilibration. Even the most PGE-rich deposits currently known have compositions that can easily be accounted for by the simple one-stage batch process, with the possible exception of the Skaergaard Pd mineralization. It is generally not possible to use the measured composition of accumulations of magmatic sulfide to infer that sulfide upgrading has or has not occurred.
Genesis of As-Pb-Rich Supergene Mineralization: The Tazalaght and Agoujgal Cu Deposits (Moroccan Anti-Atlas Copperbelt)
Authors: Verhaert Michèle , Madi Atman , El Basbas Abdelaziz , Elharkaty Mohamed , Oummouch Abdellah , Oumohou Lahcen , Malfliet Annelies , Maacha Lhou , Yans Johan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the Moroccan Anti-Atlas, sulfide deposits hosted by Neoproterozoic to Cambrian formations underwent significant weathering, leading to the formation of supergene profiles. In the Tazalaght Cu-As deposit, three mineralogical steps are distinguished: (1) the replacement of hypogene sulfides (chalcopyrite, pyrite, tennantite) by supergene sulfides (bornite, chalcocite) in the large cementation zone; (2) the formation of oxidized minerals (malachite, azurite, olivenite, and chenevixite, mainly) in a more oxidizing and neutral environment; and (3) the precipitation of goethite, hematite, and quartz in the gossan. In the Cu-As-Pb-V deposit of Agoujgal, the mineralogical units are spatially less confined than at Tazalaght. The narrow cementation zone hosts chalcocite, resulting from the weathering of hypogene chalcopyrite, pyrite, tennantite and galena, while the much more extended and diversified oxidized zone is rich in Cu and Pb carbonates, arsenates, sulfates, phosphates, vanadates, and oxides. Goethite, hematite, mottramite, and late calcite occur in the gossan. Both deposits are characterized by As-rich secondary ores that were formed through similar processes, despite some mineralogical and chemical variations highlighting the influence of the host rocks on weathering. The restricted oxidized mineralization at Tazalaght and the Agoujgal cementation zone most likely arise from the contrasting omnipresence of quartzite at Tazalaght that could not enable a fast and effective neutralization of the fluid’s acidity, and the large amounts of dolomitic host rocks that could be dissolved at Agoujgal. At both sites, the weathering of tennantite through a boxwork texture records the transition from the cementation zone (chalcocite), the oxidized zone (arsenates), and the gossan, and reflects the fluids evolution with time.
The new international restorative justice framework: reviewing three years of progress and efforts to promote access to services and cultural change
Authors: Marder Ian D. 
Published: November 2020

The new international restorative justice framework: reviewing three years of progress and efforts to promote access to services and cultural change
The years 2018-2020 saw a number of new international legal instruments and guidelines relating to restorative justice. In 2018, a landmark Recommendation adopted by the Council of Europe and a Resolution by the Organization of American States encouraged its use in their regions. In 2019, the Milquet Report proposed amending a European Union Directive to promote restorative justice as a diversion from court, while in 2020, the European Union adopted a new Victims’ Strategy, and the United Nations published a revised Handbook on Restorative Justice Programmes. This article identifies and analyses the principal developments in this new international framework. It demonstrates the growing consensus on the potential applicability of restorative justice for all types of offences, and the emerging recognition that restorative justice should aim to satisfy the needs of all participants. It also explores statements endorsing the use of restorative justice beyond the criminal procedure and advising criminal justice institutions to utilise restorative principles to inform cultural change. The paper concludes that implementing international policies domestically requires justice reform advocates to build strong, trusting relationships, and organise inclusive partnerships, with all those who hold a stake in the development of restorative justice.
Existence, Uniqueness and Approximate Solutions of Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations
Authors: Harir Atimad , Melliani Said , Saadia Chadli Lalla 
Published: November 2020

In this paper, the Cauchy problem of fuzzy fractional differential equations Tγut=Ftut, ut0=u0, with fuzzy conformable fractional derivative (γ-differentiability, where γ∈01) are introduced. We study the existence and uniqueness of solutions and approximate solutions for the fuzzy-valued mappings of a real variable, we prove some results by applying the embedding theorem, and the properties of the fuzzy solution are investigated and developed. Also, we show the relation between a solution and its approximate solutions to the fuzzy fractional differential equations of order γ.
LE CONFLIT DES CODES ET DES CLASSES DANS LA HÉRONNIÈRE ET LA SOEUR DE JUDITH DE LISE TREMBLAY
Authors: Lapointe Martine-Emmanuelle 
Published: November 2020

Parus respectivement en 2003 et en 2007, La héronnière et La soeur de Judith de Lise Tremblay reposent sur la confrontation de langages, de visions du monde et d’esthétiques qui témoignent de l’écart entre la ville et la région, entre le propre et l’étranger, entre la culture populaire et la culture lettrée. En découle un conflit des codes et des classes qui, en dépit de la violence qu’il manifeste souvent de manière implicite, ne permet pas de faire triompher la morale de la ville, voire de la bourgeoisie cultivée, sur celle de la région, mais plutôt de mettre au jour leur caractère irréconciliable. L’analyse s’intéressera plus particulièrement aux effets pernicieux de la logique marchande et des « liens économiques » (La héronnière, 2003, p. 71) sur les relations sociales que présentent les deux textes. Il s’agira notamment de réfléchir à la manière dont se font et se défont les échanges affectifs dans des univers fictionnels où la réussite individuelle se mesure le plus souvent à l’aune de critères extérieurs, considérés comme superficiels par les différentes instances narratives.
Políticas públicas para a cultura e a gestão dos equipamentos teatrais: o Teatro Nacional D. Maria II em Lisboa
Authors: Borges Vera 
Published: November 2020

Este artigo apresenta as linhas gerais dos paradigmas das políticas públicas europeias para a cultura, e discute quais são as novas missões e geografias dos equipamentos culturais. Um breve snapshot de trabalho sociológico recente contribui para ilustrar as relações microdinâmicas das trajetórias individuais de carreira e das organizações culturais. Mostra-se a cultura como ferramenta produtiva capaz de revelar não só as motivações intrínsecas e os recursos pessoais dos atores envolvidos, como também as implicações destes enquanto agentes produtores da visão do mundo inerente às políticas públicas.
Wing morphological responses to latitude and colonisation in a range expanding butterfly
Authors: Taylor-Cox Evelyn D. , Macgregor Callum J. , Corthine Amy , Hill Jane K. , Hodgson Jenny A. , Saccheri Ilik J. 
Published: November 2020

Populations undergoing rapid climate-driven range expansion experience distinct selection regimes dominated both by increased dispersal at the leading edges and steep environmental gradients. Characterisation of traits associated with such expansions provides insight into the selection pressures and evolutionary constraints that shape demographic and evolutionary responses. Here we investigate patterns in three components of wing morphology (size, shape, colour) often linked to dispersal ability and thermoregulation, along latitudinal gradients of range expansion in the Speckled Wood butterfly (Pararge aegeria) in Britain (two regions of expansion in England and Scotland). We measured 774 males from 54 sites spanning 799 km with a 10-year mean average temperature gradient of 4 °C. A geometric morphometric method was used to investigate variation in size and shape of forewings and hindwings; colour, pattern, and contrast of the wings were examined using a measure of lightness (inverse degree of melanism). Overall, wing size increased with latitude by ∼2% per 100 km, consistent with Bergmann’s rule. Forewings became more rounded and hindwings more elongated with history of colonisation, possibly reflecting selection for increased dispersal ability. Contrary to thermal melanism expectations, wing colour was lighter where larvae developed at cooler temperatures and unrelated to long-term temperature. Changes in wing spot pattern were also detected. High heterogeneity in variance among sites for all of the traits studied may reflect evolutionary time-lags and genetic drift due to colonisation of new habitats. Our study suggests that temperature-sensitive plastic responses for size and colour interact with selection for dispersal traits (wing size and shape). Whilst the plastic and evolutionary responses may in some cases act antagonistically, the rapid expansion ofP. aegeriaimplies an overall reinforcing effect between these two mechanisms.
Geometrical Engineering of Giant Optical Dichroism in Rippled MoS2 Nanosheets
Authors: Mennucci Carlo , Mazzanti Andrea , Martella Christian , Lamperti Alessio , Bhatnagar Mukul , Lo Savio Roberto , Repetto Luca , Camellini Andrea , Zavelani‐Rossi Margherita , Molle Alessandro , Buatier de Mongeot Francesco , Della Valle Giuseppe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA cost effective method to tailor the optical response of large‐area nanosheets of 2D materials is described. A reduced effective metalayer model is introduced to capture the key‐role of the out‐of‐plane component of the dielectric tensor. Such a model indicates that the optical extinction of 2D materials can be strongly altered by controlling the geometry at the local (i.e., subwavelength) scale. In particular, a giant linear optical dichroism at normal incidence is demonstrated, with major features around the excitonic peaks, that can be tailored by acting on the average curvature and slope of the nanosheets. The approach is experimentally demonstrated in few‐layer MoS2 grown by chemical vapor deposition on cm‐scale anisotropic nanopatterned substrates prepared by a self‐assembling technique, based on defocused ion beam sputtering. Major variations in the photoluminescence spectrum as a function of the average curvature and slope are also revealed. A full‐vectorial numerical study beyond the effective metalayer model and comprising strain effects induced by the geometry turns out to be consistent with such a complex scenario. The results demonstrate that the extrinsic geometrical engineering definitely opens viable way to tailor the optical properties and modulate bandgap of low dimensional materials.
Recent Progress in Organic Photodetectors and their Applications
Authors: Ren Hao , Chen Jing‐De , Li Yan‐Qing , Tang Jian‐Xin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganic photodetectors (OPDs) have attracted continuous attention due to their outstanding advantages, such as tunability of detecting wavelength, low‐cost manufacturing, compatibility with lightweight and flexible devices, as well as ease of processing. Enormous efforts on performance improvement and application of OPDs have been devoted in the past decades. In this Review, recent advances in device architectures and operation mechanisms of phototransistor, photoconductor, and photodiode based OPDs are reviewed with a focus on the strategies aiming at performance improvement. The application of OPDs in spectrally selective detection, wearable devices, and integrated optoelectronics are also discussed. Furthermore, some future prospects on the research challenges and new opportunities of OPDs are covered.
Elektrokatalyse einzelner, auf der Spitze einer Kohlenstoff‐Nanoelektrode platzierter Co3O4‐Nanopartikel
Authors: Quast Thomas , Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Saddeler Sascha , Wilde Patrick , Chen Yen‐Ting , Schulz Stephan , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNanoelektrochemische Werkzeuge sind entscheidend für das Verständnis bei der Untersuchung einzelner Katalysatornanopartikel. Die Bestimmung der intrinsischen elektrokatalytischen Aktivität eines einzelnen, wohldefinierten Co3O4‐Nanopartikels, das auf einer kohlenstoffbasierten Nanoelektrode immobilisiert ist, wird mittels einer effizienten SEM‐gesteuerten Robotertechnik zur Aufnahme und Platzierung eines einzelnen Katalysatorpartikels auf einer modifizierten Oberfläche einer Kohlenstoffnanoelektrode ermöglicht. Die stabile Nanoeinheit wird mittels SEM und TEM mikroskopisch untersucht und anschließend elektrochemisch charakterisiert. Die hexagonförmigen Co3O4‐Nanopartikel zeigen eine größenabhängige elektrochemische Aktivität und weisen eine sehr hohe katalytische Aktivität für die Sauerstoffentwicklungsreaktion mit einer Stromdichte von bis zu 11.5 Acm−2 bei 1.92 V (vs. RHE) und einer Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit von 532±100 s−1 bei 1.92 V (vs. RHE) auf.
Molecular Sensors Operating by a Spin‐State Change in Solution: Application to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Salaam Jeremy , Rivat Madleen , Fogeron Thibault , Hasserodt Jens 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent proposals for molecular switches are reviewed that adopt a different spin state before and after the encounter with an analyte (metabolite) or physical stimulus (light). Spin‐state switching has significant potential to provide molecular MRI with a first line of probes operating by an off/on mode. Past efforts to design MRI sensors relied on strategies other than spin‐switching and thus mostly comprised probes only modulating the signal before and after encounter with the analyte (X%‐on/Y%‐on). The article thus essentially treats small‐molecule metal ion chelates, i.e. coordination compounds. Initially, a comprehensive treatment of design considerations for optimal spin‐state switches is furnished. The article then enters into a treatment of reported examples of spin‐state switches according to three response mechanisms: 1) changes in the redox state of the metal center; 2) changes in coordination geometry; and 3) modification of the surrounding ligand field, either by peripheral interaction with the analyte, or by replacement of a coordinating ligand by another.
Effect of sulfur in different valence on flame retardance of epoxy resin for light emitting diode
Authors: Luo Chaoyun , Nan Chuang , Zuo Jiandong , Lin Feng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA novel phosphorus/nitrogen‐containing flame retardant (DOPO‐AM) was synthesized by 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) and acrylamide (AM) and its chemical structure was characterized. DOPO‐AM was added into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA) with curing agentm‐xylylenediamine (MXDA)to prepare flame retarded epoxy resin to reduce the possibility of fire. The compounds with different valences sulfur respectively replace partial DGEBA resin to study the effects of sulfur valences on the flame retardance of epoxy resins. The results indicated that DOPO‐AM had excellent flame retardance for epoxy resin. When phosphorus content was only 0.75%, DGEBS resin containing DOPO‐AM achieved the limiting oxygen index value of 34.55% and vertical burning test (UL‐94) V‐0 rating. Although sulfur element is help for refractive index of epoxy resin, sulfur element in three kinds of valences all weaken the flame retardant of epoxy resin. Improving phosphorus content is help for the synergistic effect of PN and PNS. Moreover, the flame retardance is not proportional to sulfur valence, sulfide with +2 valence had the best flame retardance. However, +6 valence sulfonic with strong oxidation effect worsen the flame retardant. Simultaneous thermal analysis of thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter and scanning electronic microscopy photographs verified the above conclusion.
An Investigation of the Dynamic Thiol/Disulfide Homeostasis, As a Novel Oxidative Stress Plasma Biomarker, in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Efe Ayşegül , Neşelioğlu Salim , Soykan Ayla 
Published: November 2020

We aimed to investigate the role of impaired oxidant‐antioxidant homeostasis on the etiopathogenesis of autism with a novel oxidative stress (OS) marker, dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis (DTDH), and relationship between the symptom severity and markers. A total of 60 children with ASD aged 3–10 years and 54 unaffected children were investigated for the plasma DTDH parameters. A sociodemographic‐data form, K‐SADS‐PL, Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Abnormal Behavior Checklist, Autism Behavior Checklist, and a developmentally appropriate IQ test were administered to all participants. Distortion of DTDH to the OS‐side in the autism group was determined with lower plasma levels of native and total thiol, in contrast to a higher disulfide and thiol oxidation–reduction ratio. However, biomarkers had no correlation with the symptom severity of autism. Cutoff values for each parameter on the ROC curve might be useful to predict ASD and each DTDH biomarker was detected as an independent predictor of ASD. The present study demonstrated a disturbed redox status and absence of an expected compensatory increase in antioxidant response in a pediatric sample of ASD by measuring dynamic oxidation/reduction shifts with a novel, practical and reproducible analytical technique, and contributes to data regarding oxidative hypothesis on autism and raises the question of the place of antioxidants in autism treatment. Our results may suggest predictive usefulness of the plasma DTDH biomarkers in ASD, despite the study being conducted with a modestly small sample size that makes further research with a larger replication sample necessary to substantiate the findings.Lay SummaryDynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis is a novel plasma marker used to determine the oxidative stress which is a natural result of disequilibrium between the oxidants and antioxidants in the human body. There is increasing interest regarding a central biological linking role of oxidative stress among the other etiological factors of autism. Our findings on the disturbed plasma dynamic thiol/disulfide homeostasis in children with autism and the absence of an expected antioxidant response against increased oxidative stress supports the data concerning the role of oxidative stress on the etiology of autism and the need of further research on the place of antioxidants in autism treatment.
Flexible and Wearable Power Sources for Next‐Generation Wearable Electronics
Authors: Fan Xiayue , Liu Bin , Ding Jia , Deng Yida , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Wenbin , Zhong Cheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInvited for this month's cover picture is the group of Cheng Zhong. The cover picture shows the coming new era of flexible and wearable power sources for next‐generation wearable electronics. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/batt.202000115.
A whole‐brain modeling approach to identify individual and group variations in functional connectivity
Authors: Zhao Yi , Caffo Brian S. , Wang Bingkai , Li Chiang‐Shan R. , Luo Xi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResting‐state functional connectivity is an important and widely used measure of individual and group differences. Yet, extant statistical methods are limited to linking covariates with variations in functional connectivity across subjects, especially at the voxel‐wise level of the whole brain. This paper introduces a modeling approach that regresses whole‐brain functional connectivity on covariates. Our approach is a mesoscale approach that enables identification of brain subnetworks. These subnetworks are composite of spatially independent components discovered by a dimension reduction approach (such as whole‐brain group ICA) and covariate‐related projections determined by the covariate‐assisted principal regression, a recently introduced covariance matrix regression method. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach using a resting‐state fMRI dataset of a medium‐sized cohort of subjects obtained from the Human Connectome Project. The results suggest that the approach may improve statistical power in detecting interaction effects of gender and alcohol on whole‐brain functional connectivity, and in identifying the brain areas contributing significantly to the covariate‐related differences in functional connectivity.
Altered functional activity in bipolar disorder: A comprehensive review from a large‐scale network perspective
Authors: Yoon Sujung , Kim Tammy D. , Kim Jungyoon , Lyoo In Kyoon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundGrowing literature continues to identify brain regions that are functionally altered in bipolar disorder. However, precise functional network correlates of bipolar disorder have yet to be determined due to inconsistent results. The overview of neurological alterations from a large‐scale network perspective may provide more comprehensive results and elucidate the neuropathology of bipolar disorder. Here, we critically review recent neuroimaging research on bipolar disorder using a network‐based approach.MethodsA systematic search was conducted on studies published from 2009 through 2019 in PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles that utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging technique to examine altered functional activity of major regions belonging to a large‐scale brain network in bipolar disorder were selected.ResultsA total of 49 studies were reviewed. Within‐network hypoconnectivity was reported in bipolar disorder at rest among the default mode, salience, and central executive networks. In contrast, when performing a cognitive task, hyperconnectivity among the central executive network was found. Internetwork functional connectivity in the brain of bipolar disorder was greater between the salience and default mode networks, while reduced between the salience and central executive networks at rest, compared to control.ConclusionThis systematic review suggests disruption in the functional activity of large‐scale brain networks at rest as well as during a task stimuli in bipolar disorder. Disrupted intra‐ and internetwork functional connectivity that are also associated with clinical symptoms suggest altered functional connectivity of and between large‐scale networks plays an important role in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.