bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence in colonoscopy ‐ Now on the market. What's next?
Authors: Mori Yuichi , Neumann Helmut , Misawa Masashi , Kudo Shin‐ei , Bretthauer Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAdoption of artificial intelligence (AI) in clinical medicine is revolutionizing daily practice. In the field of colonoscopy, major endoscopy manufacturers have already launched their own AI products on the market with regulatory approval in Europe and Asia. This commercialization is strongly supported by positive evidence that has been recently established through rigorously designed prospective trials and randomized controlled trials. According to some of the trials, AI tools possibly increase the adenoma detection rate by roughly 50% and contribute to a 7–20% reduction of colonoscopy‐related costs. Given that reliable evidence is emerging, together with active commercialization, this seems to be a good time for us to review and discuss the current status of AI in colonoscopy from a clinical perspective. In this review, we introduce the advantages and possible drawbacks of AI tools and explore their future potential including the possibility of obtaining reimbursement.
Adverse event rates in the retrospective cohort study of safety of paediatric soft contact lens wear: the ReCSS study
Authors: Chalmers Robin L , McNally John J , Chamberlain Paul , Keay Lisa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo ascertain the safety of soft contact lens (SCL) wear in children through a retrospective chart review including real‐world clinical practice settings.MethodsThe study reviewed clinical charts from 963 children: 782 patients in 7 US eye care clinics and 181 subjects from 2 international randomised clinical trials (RCTs). Subjects were first fitted while 8–12 years old with various SCL designs, prescriptions and replacement schedules, and observed through to age 16. Clinical records from visits with potential adverse events (AEs) were electronically scanned and reviewed to consensus by an Adjudication Panel.ResultsThe study encompassed 2713 years‐of‐wear and 4611 contact lens visits. The cohort was 46% male, 60% were first fitted with daily disposable SCLs, the average age at first fitting was 10.5 years old, with a mean of 2.8 ± 1.5 years‐of‐wear of follow‐up observed. There were 122 potential ocular AEs observed from 118/963 (12.2%) subjects; the annualised rate of non‐infectious inflammatory AEs was 0.66%/year (95% CI 0.39–1.05) and 0.48%/year (0.25–0.82) for contact lens papillary conjunctivitis. After adjudication, two presumed or probable microbial keratitis (MK) cases were identified, a rate of 7.4/10 000 years‐of‐wear (95% CI 1.8–29.6). Both were in teenage boys and one resulted in a small scar without loss of visual acuity.ConclusionThis study estimated the MK rate and the rate of other inflammatory AEs in a cohort of SCL wearers from 8 through to 16 years of age. Both rates are comparable to established rates among adults wearing SCLs.
The association between body temperature and electrocardiographic parameters in normothermic healthy volunteers
Authors: Fienieg Bart , Hassing Gerardus J. , van der Wall Hein E. C. , van Westen Gerard J. P. , Kemme Michiel J. B. , Adiyaman Ahmet , Elvan Arif , Burggraaf Jacobus , Gal Pim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies reported that hypo‐ and hyperthermia are associated with several atrial and ventricular electrocardiographical parameters, including corrected QT (QTc) interval. Enhanced characterization of variations in QTc interval and normothermic body temperature aids in better understanding the underlying mechanism behind drug induced QTc interval effects. The analysis’ objective was to investigate associations between body temperature and electrocardiographical parameters in normothermic healthy volunteers.MethodsData from 3023 volunteers collected at our center were retrospectively analyzed. Subjects were considered healthy after review of collected data by a physician, including a normal tympanic body temperature (35.5‐37.5°C) and in sinus rhythm. A linear multivariate model with body temperature as a continuous was performed. Another multivariate analysis was performed with only the QT subintervals as independent variables and body temperature as dependent variable.ResultsMean age was 33.8 ± 17.5 years and mean body temperature was 36.6 ± 0.4°C. Body temperature was independently associated with age (standardized coefficient [SC] = −0.255, P < .001), female gender (SC = +0.209, P < .001), heart rate (SC = +0.231, P < .001), P‐wave axis (SC = −0.051, P < .001), J‐point elevation in lead V4 (SC = −0.121, P < .001), and QTcF duration (SC = −0.061, P = .002). In contrast, other atrial and atrioventricular (AV) nodal parameters were not independently associated with body temperature. QT subinterval analysis revealed that only QRS duration (SC = −0.121, P < .001) was independently associated with body temperature.ConclusionBody temperature in normothermic healthy volunteers was associated with heart rate, P‐wave axis, J‐point amplitude in lead V4, and ventricular conductivity, the latter primarily through prolongation of the QRS duration.
An ethical analysis of obesity as a determinant of pediatric heart transplant candidacy
Authors: Berkman Emily , Wightman Aaron , Friedland‐Little Joshua M. , Albers Erin L. , Diekema Douglas , Lewis‐Newby Mithya 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundInclusion of BMI as criterion in the determination of heart transplant candidacy in children is a clinical and ethical challenge. Childhood obesity is increasing and children with heart disease are not spared. Currently, many adult heart transplant centers consider class II obesity and higher (BMI > 35 kg/m2) to be a relative contraindication for transplantation due to risk of poor outcome after transplant. No national guidelines exist regarding consideration of BMI in pediatric heart transplant and outcomes data are limited. This leaves decisions about transplant candidacy in obese pediatric patients to individual institutions or on a case‐by‐case basis, allowing for bias and inequity.MethodsWe review (a) the prevalence of childhood obesity, including among heart transplant candidates, (b) the lack of existing BMI guidelines, and (c) relevant literature on BMI and pediatric heart transplant outcomes. We discuss the ethical considerations of using obesity as a criterion using the principles of utility, justice, and respect for persons.ResultsExisting transplant outcomes data do not show that obese children have different or poor enough outcomes compared to non‐obese children to warrant exclusion. Moreover, obesity in the United States is unequally distributed by race and socioeconomic status. Children already suffering from health disparities are therefore doubly penalized if obesity denies them access to life‐saving transplant.ConclusionInsufficient data exist to support using any BMI cutoff as an absolute contraindication for heart transplant in children. Attention should be paid to health equity issues when considering excluding a patient for transplant based on obesity.
Transcription factors as key molecular target to strengthen the drought stress tolerance in plants
Authors: Manna Mrinalini , Thakur Tanika , Chirom Oceania , Mandlik Rushil , Deshmukh Rupesh , Salvi Prafull 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAmid apprehension of global climate change, crop plants are inevitably confronted with a myriad of abiotic stress factors during their growth that inflicts a serious threat to their development and overall productivity. These abiotic stresses comprise extreme temperature, pH, high saline soil, and drought stress. Among different abiotic stresses, drought is considered the most calamitous stressor with its serious impact on the crops' yield stability. The development of climate‐resilient crops that withstands reduced water availability is a major focus of the scientific fraternity to ensure the food security of the sharply increasing population. Numerous studies aim to recognize the key regulators of molecular and biochemical processes associated with drought stress tolerance response. A few potential candidates are now considered as promising targets for crop improvement. Transcription factors act as a key regulatory switch controlling the gene expression of diverse biological processes and, eventually, the metabolic processes. Understanding the role and regulation of the transcription factors will facilitate the crop improvement strategies intending to develop and deliver agronomically‐superior crops. Therefore, in this review, we have emphasized the molecular avenues of the transcription factors that can be exploited to engineer drought tolerance potential in crop plants. We have discussed the molecular role of several transcription factors, such as basic leucine zipper (bZIP), dehydration responsive element binding (DREB), DNA binding with one finger (DOF), heat shock factor (HSF), MYB, NAC, TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP), and WRKY. We have also highlighted candidate transcription factors that can be used for the development of drought‐tolerant crops.
The impact of water deficit and heat stress combination on the molecular response, physiology, and seed production of soybean
Authors: Cohen Itay , Zandalinas Sara I , Fritschi Felix B. , Sengupta Soham , Fichman Yosef , Azad Rajeev K. , Mittler Ron 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA combination of drought and heat stress, occurring at the vegetative or reproductive growth phase of many different crops can have a devastating impact on yield. In soybean (Glycine max), a considerable effort has been made to develop genotypes with enhanced yield production under conditions of drought or heat stress. However, how these genotypes perform in terms of growth, physiological responses, and most importantly seed production, under conditions of drought and heat combination is mostly unknown. Here, we studied the impact of water deficit and heat stress combination on the physiology, seed production, and yield per plant of two soybean genotypes, Magellan and Plant Introduction (PI) 548313, that differ in their reproductive responses to heat stress. Our findings reveal that although PI 548313 produced more seeds than Magellan under conditions of heat stress, under conditions of water deficit, and heat stress combination its seed production decreased. Because the number of flowers and pollen germination of PI 548313 remained high under heat or water deficit and heat combination, the reduced seed production exhibited by PI 548313 under the stress combination could be a result of processes that occur at the stigma, ovaries and/or other parts of the flower following pollen germination.
Negative impact of long‐term exposure of salinity and drought stress on native Tetraena mandavillei L.
Authors: Alam Hasnain , Khattak Jabar Z. K. , Ksiksi Taoufik S. , Saleem Muhammad H. , Fahad Shah , Sohail Hamza , Ali Qasim , Zamin Muhammad , El‐Esawi Mohamed A. , Saud Shah , Jiang Xue , Alwahibi Mona S. , Alkahtani Jawaher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTetraena mandavillei L. is a perennial shrub native to the Middle Eastern countries of Asia, which is extensively regarded as a drought‐tolerant plant. However, the plant reduces growth and biomass when grown in high concentrations of sodium chloride in the soil. We conducted a pot experiment to influence the negative impact of different levels of salinity (0, 10, and 20 dSm−1) and drought stress (100, 80, 60, and 40% water field capacity), to study different growth‐related parameters, physiological alterations and ion uptake by T. mandavillei. Both salinity and drought stress caused a negative impact by affecting several attributes of T. mandavillei, but the plants showed some resistance against drought stress conditions in terms of growth and biomass. In addition to that, we noticed that a combinatorial and individual impact of drought and salinity stress decreased photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters in T. mandavillei. Results also depicted that the combination of the abiotic stress conditions drought and salinity induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), indicating that the plants undergo oxidative damaged. However, due to the active plant defense system, the plant enhanced its performance under abiotic stress conditions, but due to the severe drought condition (40% water field capacity), a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the activities of antioxidant compounds was caused. Furthermore, osmolytes also increased under both salinity and drought stress conditions in this study. Our results also showed that increased salinity and drought stress in the soil caused a significant increase in sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl−) ions in roots and shoots of T. mandavillei. In contrast to that, the contents of Calcium (Ca2+) and potassium (K+) were decreased in all organs of the plants with increasing levels of salinity and drought stress. Taken together, T. mandavillei can be classified as a facultative halophyte with the ability to tolerate drought stress and using salt accumulation mechanisms to tolerate salinity stress.
Correcting Misclassification Errors in Crowdsourced Ecological Data: A Bayesian Perspective
Authors: Santos-Fernandez Edgar , Peterson Erin E. , Vercelloni Julie , Rushworth Em , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many research domains use data elicited from ‘citizen scientists’ when a direct measure of a process is expensive or infeasible. However, participants may report incorrect estimates or classifications due to their lack of skill. We demonstrate how Bayesian hierarchical models can be used to learn about latent variables of interest, while accounting for the participants’ abilities. The model is described in the context of an ecological application that involves crowdsourced classifications of georeferenced coral-reef images from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. The latent variable of interest is the proportion of coral cover, which is a common indicator of coral reef health. The participants’ abilities are expressed in terms of sensitivity and specificity of a correctly classified set of points on the images. The model also incorporates a spatial component, which allows prediction of the latent variable in locations that have not been surveyed. We show that the model outperforms traditional weighted-regression approaches used to account for uncertainty in citizen science data. Our approach produces more accurate regression coefficients and provides a better characterisation of the latent process of interest. This new method is implemented in the probabilistic programming language Stan and can be applied to a wide number of problems that rely on uncertain citizen science data.
Accuracy from the slot: Evaluating draft selections in the National Hockey League
Authors: Farah Lou , Baker Joseph 
Published: November 2020

The National Hockey League (NHL) entry draft is a process wherein teams make sequential selections from a pool of eligible players. Given the young age of prospects, drafting requires long‐term forecasting of future performance under a high level of uncertainty. This study assessed the selection accuracy across all seven rounds of the draft, as well as between lottery and non‐lottery picks within the first round. NHL performance data were collected for all forwards (N = 956) and defensemen (N = 558) drafted between 2007 and 2014. In both groups, Kruskal‐Wallis H tests conducted between draft rounds revealed a significant, relatively strong, overall effect of draft order on future performance. However, Mann‐Whitney U post‐hoc tests showed projecting future performance of forwards was only accurate in the first two rounds, while for defensemen, selection was only accurate in the first round. Moreover, forwards selected with lottery picks in the first round outperformed their non‐lottery peers offensively but not defensively. As for defensemen, those selected with lottery picks did not differ from their non‐lottery peers in offensive or defensive performance. Our findings highlight substantial inaccuracies in the NHL draft, particularly past the first two rounds of selection. We offer multiple possible explanations driving such inaccuracies that could form the basis for further work in this area.
Resource allocation strategies among vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and defense during growing season of Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb.
Authors: Tang Mingze , Zhao Wei , Xing Ming , Zhao Jiaxin , Jiang Zhang , You Jian , Ni Biao , Ni Yuanbo , Liu Chengbai , Li Jiangnan , Chen Xia 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYNatural plants must actively allocate their limited resources for survival and reproduction. Although vegetative growth, sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction and defense are all basic processes in the life cycle of plants, the strategies used to allocate resources between these processes are poorly understood. These processes are conspicuous in naturally grown Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb., which makes it a suitable study subject. Here, the morphology, dry matter, total organic carbon, total nitrogen and aconitum alkaloid levels of shoot, principal root (PR) and lateral roots were measured throughout the growing season. Then, transcriptome and metabolite content analyses were performed. We found that vegetative growth began first. After vegetative growth ceased, sexual development began. Flower organ development was accompanied by increased photosynthesis and the PR consumed temporarily stored resources after flower formation. Asexual propagule development initiated earlier than sexual reproduction and kept accumulating resources after that. Development was slow before flower formation, mainly manifesting as increasing length; then, after flower formation it accelerated via enhanced material transport and accumulation. Defense compounds were maintained at low levels before flowering. In particular, the turnover of defense compounds was enhanced before and after flower bud emergence, providing resources for other processes. After flower formation, defense compounds were accumulated. The pattern found herein provides a vivid example for further studies on resource allocation strategies. The exciting finding that the PR, as a more direct storage site for photosynthate, is a buffer unit for resources, and that defense compounds can be reused for other processes, suggests a need to explore potential mechanisms.
Sex differences in diaphragmatic fatigue: Effects of hypoxia during inspiratory loading
Authors: Archiza Bruno , Reinhard Paige A. , Welch Joseph F. , Sheel A. William 
Published: November 2020

Key points
Under normoxic conditions, both healthy female and male diaphragms fatigue at a similar degree when matched for absolute diaphragmatic work during inspiratory loading.
We investigated whether similarities in diaphragm fatigability persist under acute hypoxic conditions.
We found that, in acute hypoxia, fatigue of the diaphragm is greater in women compared to men, whereas the magnitude of fatigue in normoxia did not differ between sexes.
When matched for maximal diaphragm strength, women and men had a similar pressor response to work‐matched inspiratory loading, independent of oxygen availability.
AbstractIn normoxia, women and men display a comparable magnitude of diaphragmatic fatigue (DF) after work‐matched inspiratory loading. Whether these sex similarities are maintained under acute hypoxic conditions is unknown. We investigated the influence of acute hypoxia during work‐matched inspiratory pressure‐threshold loading (PTL) on DF in healthy women (n = 8) and men (n = 8). Two 5 min isocapnic PTL tasks targeting a transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) of 92 cmH2O in normoxia and hypoxia (8% O2) were performed on separate days (≥48 h). DF was quantified by twitch Pdi (Pdi,tw) via cervical magnetic stimulation post‐PTL. Women and men had similar maximal Pdi (Pdi,max; women: 171 ± 16, men: 178 ± 20 cmH2O) and relative target workload (women: 54 ± 5%, men: 53 ± 6% Pdi,max). The absolute cumulative diaphragmatic work did not differ between sexes in normoxia (women: 12,653 ± 1796 cmH2O s−1, men: 13,717 ± 1231 cmH2O s−1; P = 0.202) or hypoxia (women: 11,624 ± 1860 cmH2O s−1, men: 12 722 ± 1502 cmH2O s−1; P = 0.189). In normoxia, the magnitude of reduction in Pdi,tw post‐PTL was similar between sexes (women: –21.1 ± 8.4%, men: –22.5 ± 4.9 %; P = 0.193); however, a higher degree of DF was observed in women compared to men following PTL in acute hypoxia (women: −27.6 ± 7.7%, men: −23.4 ± 9.6%, P = 0.019). We conclude that the female diaphragm is more susceptible to fatigue after inspiratory loading under acute hypoxic conditions. This finding may be related to sex differences in diaphragm muscle metabolism, such as fibre type composition, contractile properties, substrate utilisation and blood perfusion.
Aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death in young competitive athletes in the USA: a 4-year prospective study
Authors: Peterson Danielle F , Kucera Kristen , Thomas Leah Cox , Maleszewski Joseph , Siebert David , Lopez-Anderson Martha , Zigman Monica , Schattenkerk Jared , Harmon Kimberly G , Drezner Jonathan A 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the aetiology and incidence of sudden cardiac arrest and death (SCA/D) in US competitive athletes.MethodsProspective surveillance was conducted from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2018 through the National Center for Catastrophic Sports Injury Research in collaboration with national sports organisations. Autopsy reports, death certificates, and medical records were reviewed by an expert panel to determine aetiology. Athlete participation statistics from the National Federation of State High School Associations and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) were used to calculate incidence rates per athlete-years (AY). Comparisons of incidence rates were calculated using incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% CIs.Results331 cases of confirmed SCA/D (158 survivors; 173 fatalities) were identified; 15.4% in middle school, 61.6% in high school and 16.6% in college and professional athletes. Average age was 16.7 (11–29) years, and the majority were in male (83.7%), basketball (28.7%) or American football (25.4%) athletes. Common causes included hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (20.6%), idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy (13.4%), coronary artery anomalies (12.0%) and autopsy-negative sudden unexplained death (9.6%). Coronary anomalies were more common in middle school athletes (28%), while cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, arrhythmogenic, dilated, non-compaction or restricted) accounted for 47% of cases in college and professional athletes. Incidence was higher in male versus female athletes at the high school (1:43 932 AY (95% CI 1:38 101 to 1:50 907) vs 1:203 786 AY (95% CI 1:145 251 to 1:293 794); IRR 4.6 (95% CI 3.1 to 7.2)) and NCAA (1:34 906 AY (95% CI 1:25 385 to 1:49 173) vs 1:123 278 AY (95% CI 1:66 078 to 1:249 853); IRR 3.5 (95% CI 1.5 to 9.5)) levels. African American male NCAA Division I basketball players had the highest annual incidence rate of SCA/D (1:2087 AY (95% CI 1:1073 to 1:4 450)).ConclusionsCardiomyopathies account for nearly half of SCA/D cases in college and professional athletes, while coronary artery anomalies play a more prominent role than expected in middle school athletes. Over half of SCA cases in athletes result in sudden death, calling for improved prevention strategies.