bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Theory of International Business Strategy
Authors: Narula Rajneesh , Verbeke Alain , Yuan Wenlong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIs there a unifying theory of international business (IB) strategy? If so, what might it look like? This chapter describes the key ingredients of such theory. These ingredients, we propose, constitute the foundation for further analysis of IB strategy. We incorporate both the traditional ingredients of IB strategy perspectives and significant extensions to theory developed in the past two decades. The chapter highlights the importance of multinational enterprises (MNEs) engaging in resource recombination—as opposed to simply utilizing extant reservoirs of resource bundles and capabilities, also called firm-specific advantages (FSAs)—to manage their operations in complex and often highly dynamic home and host environments. The chapter zooms in on the role played by generic behavioral drivers, such as bounded rationality and bounded reliability. Generic behavioral challenges are present in most, if not all, IB strategy decisions. Finally, the significance of a unifying conceptual framework for better understanding MNE strategy is discussed.
Internationalization of Family Firms
Authors: Kano Liena , Verbeke Alain , Ciravegna Luciano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe infuse new internalization theory (NIT) with insights from family firm research, specifically, micro-foundational drivers of family managers’ decision-making such as socio-emotional wealth (SEW) preferences and bifurcation bias. We argue that the international governance of family firms is best explained through a model that combines efficiency-based logic (rooted in NIT) and affect-based logic (rooted in SEW). Such explanation expands the boundaries of NIT by addressing both international competitive success of family firms vis-à-vis their non-family counterparts and their divergence from efficient international governance and consequent failure in host markets. Disciplined pursuit of functional (as opposed to dysfunctional) aspects of SEW can facilitate the firm’s ability to economize on bounded rationality and reliability and create an environment conducive to value generation in host markets. However, unconstrained pursuit of SEW will lead to governance inefficiencies. Family firms can enhance the functional impact of SEW by implementing anticipative, large-scale strategies to economize on bifurcation bias. Ultimately, the main prediction of NIT holds—only efficient governance will be sustained in the long run.
Subsidiaries as Sources for Learning in Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Andersson Ulf , Forsgren Mats , Holm Ulf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the beginning of the twenty-first century, Andersson, Forsgren, and Holm (2001, 2002) published two highly cited articles on the relationship between network embeddedness and the evolution of multinational enterprise (MNE) subsidiary roles. These articles paved the way for research examining the importance of market knowledge acquired by an MNE subsidiary through being embedded in local networks, which would, in time, be expected to positively influence the competence development of other MNE units. The present chapter presents an overview of the key contributions of these seminal papers, followed by a discussion about the theoretical and empirical advancements concerning the relationship between embeddedness and subsidiary competence development. We provide suggestions around how to conceptualize competence development and knowledge transfer in relation to subsidiary external embeddedness and highlight areas where more research is needed.
Location and International Strategy Formation
Authors: Mudambi Ram 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
By now, it is generally accepted that the two key dimensions of international business (IB) strategy are location and control. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) must therefore decide where to locate their international operations and how to control their activities there. Virtually every research question associated with IB strategy is related to one or both of these dimensions. This chapter will focus on the location dimension, while recognizing that the control dimension is its ever-present complement. Historically, MNEs expanded into international locations in order to seek local, natural resources unavailable in their home countries. However, at present, it is the MNEs’ search for knowledge resources that dominates their location strategies. Over the last decade, the rise of global value chains (GVCs) has become one of the primary factors motivating scholars to integrate insights from IB and economic geography to develop a more holistic view of the location dimension of MNE strategy. We discuss the evolution of key intellectual ideas in the area of IB location strategies to then propose a future research agenda.
Ethics
Authors: Phillips-Hutton Ariana , Nielsen Nanette 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Despite its lengthy history and ongoing vitality, tracing the relationship between music and ethics as a distinct field remains challenging. This chapter offers an overview of several historical strands of thought on music and ethics before engaging in more depth with recent studies in both musicological and philosophical literatures. It seeks to develop a new model for thinking about the relationship between music and ethics, or what it calls a musical ethics. This consensual model considers the musical experience as relational and intuitive, and as an embodied and emergent social practice that highlights questions of (inter)subjectivity and agency. The chapter argues that thinking of musical ethics foregrounds the benefit of rigorous interdisciplinary consideration of music and ethics as an integrated field of inquiry and highlights the intertwining concerns as well as distinctive characteristics of the constituent parts of this field. It closes with an illustration of the musical ethics model via an analysis of singer-songwriter Imogen Heap’s 2005 hit song “Hide and Seek” before drawing out some of the implications of this work for future research.
Improvisation
Authors: Benson Bruce Ellis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Contrary to many popular and even official definitions, improvisation is possible only by way of musicians being situated within an improvisational tradition and working with pre-existing musical elements. It is never purely spontaneous. This chapter argues that improvisation is grounded in everyday, practical human activity which is itself—more broadly—improvisational in nature. We improvise on the basis of what Aristotle terms phronesis, practical wisdom or the ability to act appropriately in a given situation. As something we do together, improvisation is fundamentally an ethical phenomenon. In this chapter, improvisation is seen as a musical dialogue that requires “taste” both for its aesthetic beauty and its ethical engagement. At its core is respect for the tradition in which it arises, for other people with whom one improvises, and for those who improvise by listening.
Popular Music
Authors: Gracyk Theodore 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to determine whether there is a principled distinction between popular music and other music. Rejecting a quantitative interpretation of “popular” as anything that is widely enjoyed, this essay defends a model in which popular music stands in a contrastive relationship to so-called “art” music, where particular examples of either may possess greater or lesser quantitative popularity. The essay outlines the significant historical precedent for understanding the contrast as one between two musical cultures, differing with respect to functionality, accessibility, and ease of comprehension. This approach has the additional advantage of explaining why popular music was so frequently marginalized within aesthetic theory, which privileged modes of appreciation aligned with art music, and then concludes by reflecting on recent signs of a more receptive attitude as philosophers of music increasingly grant that music aesthetics is an impoverished and myopic enterprise if it neglects popular music.
Nature
Authors: Smith Stephen Decatur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay explores ways in which a notion of “weak nature” drawn from certain strains of recent philosophy (especially works by Adrian Johnston and Leonard Lawlor) might be mobilized in critical engagements with contemporary and historical writings on music and sound. To thematize nature’s weakness in this context means to understand ecological phenomena as rooted in contingency, transience, non-identity, and non-presence. Through readings of texts by Timothy Morton, Charles O. Nussbaum, Gary Tomlinson, and G. W. F. Hegel, this essay shows how philosophical thought on music often works to deny or foreclose nature’s weakness, rooting accounts of musical experience or music history (including music’s deep evolutionary history) in visions of nature as consistent, gapless, and present. This same inquiry, however, suggests that musical thought that gives fuller rein to nature’s inconsistency can do greater justice to the spectra of difference that range across the many phenomena of musicking.
Making Sense
Authors: Bowie Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The existing forms of “philosophy of music” may not always be adequate to the task of making sense of music. Music is usually regarded in such philosophy as an object like any other that is to be explained by analysing the concepts we use to talk about it. The philosophical sense which is generated by music may not be reducible to concepts, because it is only manifest in active participation in music. This essay outlines often neglected developments in modern philosophy, in which the expressive dimensions of language are given full weight, rather than the essence of language being regarded as residing in its representational aspect. Focusing on the expressive dimensions of language opens up ways of thinking about the relationship between music and verbal language that can have major consequences for how we think about philosophy.
Beauty
Authors: Zangwill Nick , Hinton Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A philosopher and a musicologist each discuss musical beauty from their own disciplinary perspective. Both authors devote attention to Eduard Hanslick’s On The Musically Beautiful (1854) as a key starting point. The philosopher draws on Hanslick’s idea of musical beauty in order to consider and defend its application to a broad repertory of music, while the musicologist contextualizes Hanslick’s thinking in the history of aesthetic discourse. In combination, they provide the reader with a transdisciplinary account of contested issues in the aesthetics of music, including the relationships between the sublime and the agreeable, the subjective and objective, and form and content, as well as the roles of emotion, pleasure, and play in formulating aesthetic value.
Analytic Philosophy of Music
Authors: Davies David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Analytic philosophy of music is identified in terms of its being oriented towards, and drawing upon resources available in, a particular historical tradition. A brief historical overview of contemporary analytic philosophy of music is provided, beginning with the work of Goodman and Wollheim in philosophy of art more generally. Treatments of two central themes are explored in greater depth: the nature of musical expression, and the ontological status of musical works and the relationships in which they stand to musical performances. Platonist and materialist musical ontologies are surveyed, as is the significance of authentic performance in the classical paradigm. In the final section, actual and possible engagements between analytic philosophy of music and studies of music in other philosophical and disciplinary traditions are considered. Traditions discussed include phenomenology, “performance” philosophy, cognitive science, and musicology. Particular attention is paid to the importance of grounding philosophical reflections on music in the diversity of musical practice.
Emotion
Authors: Spitzer Michael , Matravers Derek 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the expression of emotion by music, the most interesting of the relations between music and the emotions. It is written from the dual perspective of Anglo-American philosophy and of musicology. The former focuses on the conceptual analysis of emotion, the latter on the underlying causes of the listeners’ experience. The theories of Stephen Davies and Jerrold Levinson are considered and criticized, and recent work in the psychology of music is examined in the light of the pioneering account of expression from Leonard Meyer. Finally, there is some speculation as to the future of work in this area.
Expectations
Authors: Judge Jenny , Nanay Bence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Almost every facet of the experience of musical listening—from pitch, to rhythm, to the experience of emotion—is thought to be shaped by the meeting and thwarting of expectations. On the assumption that these components of the phenomenal character of musical experience are indeed shaped by expectations rather than some other kind of mental state (an assumption we do not challenge in this chapter), it is unclear what kind of mental states these expectations are. In particular, it is unclear what their format is, and whether they are conscious or unconscious. The chapter distinguishes between different modes of musical listening, arguing that expectations play different roles in each, and pointing to the need for increased collaboration between music psychologists and philosophers in order to arrive at a more detailed characterization of conscious musical experience and the role of expectations therein than has previously been offered.
Response to Christopher Peacocke: Perception
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aestheticians set out principled ways of thinking about music, but usually at the expense of the inclusive approach demanded by today’s pluralistic musical culture. In this response I welcome the openness of Peacocke’s approach, suggesting some relational properties of music additional to those he discusses: the “topics” of eighteenth-century music, which condense metaphorical “hearing-as” into historical stereotypes; performance style, which always involves reference to or play with other styles; the constructions of social relationship that music affords, whether real or imagined; and history, which raises the issue of the relationship between aesthetics and the historical other. When Peacocke, like other aestheticians, says “we hear structure”, who are “we”? And who does “we” exclude? If we define music as “ours” in relation to historical or cultural others, can there actually be an aesthetics that is both principled and inclusive?
Patterns of Sitting, Standing, and Stepping After Lower Limb Amputation
Authors: Miller Matthew J , Blankenship Jennifer M , Kline Paul W , Melanson Edward L , Christiansen Cory L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The objectives of this study were to describe sitting, standing, and stepping patterns for people with lower limb amputation (LLA) and to compare sitting, standing, and stepping between people with dysvascular LLA and people with traumatic LLA.

Methods
Participants with dysvascular or traumatic LLA were included if their most recent LLA was at least 1 year earlier, they were ambulating independently with a prosthesis, and they were between 45 and 88 years old. Sitting, standing, and stepping were measured using accelerometry. Daily sitting, standing, and stepping times were expressed as percentages of waking time. Time spent in bouts of specified durations of sitting (&lt;30, 30–60, 60–90, and &gt;90 minutes), standing (0–1, 1–5, and &gt;5 minutes), and stepping (0–1, 1–5, and &gt;5 minutes) was also calculated.

Results
Participants (N = 32; mean age = 62.6 [SD = 7.8] years; 84% men; 53% with dysvascular LLA) spent most of the day sitting (median = 77% [quartile 1 {Q1}–quartile 3 {Q3} = 67%–84%]), followed by standing (median = 16% [Q1–Q3 = 12%–27%]) and stepping (median = 6% [Q1–Q3 = 4%–9%]). One-quarter (median = 25% [Q1–Q3 = 16%–38%]) of sitting was accumulated in bouts of &gt;90 minutes, and most standing and stepping was accrued in bouts of &lt;1 minute (standing: median = 42% [Q1–Q3 = 34%–54%]; stepping: median = 98% [Q1–Q3 = 95%–99%]). Between-etiology differences included proportion of time sitting (traumatic: median = 70% [Q1–Q3 = 59%–78%]; dysvascular: median = 79% [Q1–Q3 = 73%–86%]) and standing (traumatic: median = 23% [Q1–Q3 = 16%–32%]; dysvascular: median = 15% [Q1–Q3 = 11%–20%]).

Conclusion
Participants had high daily volumes of long durations of sitting. Further, these individuals accumulated most physical activity in bouts of &lt;1 minute.

Impact
High levels of sedentary behavior and physical inactivity patterns may place people with LLA at greater mortality risk relative to the general population. Interventions to minimize sedentary behaviors and increase physical activity are potential strategies for improving poor outcomes of physical therapy after LLA.
The impact of household energy poverty on the mental health of parents of young children
Authors: Mohan G 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Energy poverty, typified by cold homes and/or an inability to afford energy bills, presents risks to the mental health of occupants. Parents of young children may be especially susceptible to a mental health toll from energy poverty since they have a significant care obligation and spend much of their day at home.

Methods
Data from the Growing Up in Ireland study inform this longitudinal analysis.

Results
A 1.64 greater odds of maternal depression were estimated for households containing young children characterized by energy poverty [P = 0.000; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.31–2.05]. For energy poor households with older children (9 years and above), the odds of maternal depression were also higher [odds ratio (OR) 1.74, P = 0.001; 95% CI: 1.27–2.39]. Fathers of young children had greater odds of depression in energy poor households (OR 1.59, P = 0.002; 95% CI: 1.19–2.12), though the deleterious effect on mental health was not statistically significant for fathers of older children.

Conclusions
Energy poverty increases the likelihood of depression in parents. These findings merit policy attention since a mental health burden is in itself important, and more widely, parental well-being can influence child development and outcomes.
Mirror, mirror on the wall: is economics the fairest of them all? An investigation into the social sciences and humanities in Vietnam
Authors: Vuong Quan-Hoang , Bui Anh-Tuan , La Viet-Phuong , Nguyen Minh-Hoang , Pham Hung-Hiep , Pham Thanh-Hang , Vu Thi-Hanh , Vuong Thu-Trang , Ho Manh-Toan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThree major scientific policies implemented in 2008, 2014, and 2017 have pushed Vietnam’s social sciences and humanities (SSH) toward higher international standards. This study uses descriptive and Bayesian approaches on a dataset of 1,564 Vietnamese authors in the 2008–18 period to understand the changes under the new policies and the remaining challenges. The findings indicate that Economics is the most productive SSH field, with 858 publications in 11 years. Even though the number of authors has risen rapidly, gender disparity is still an issue. Economics has benefitted the most from Vietnam's development, and to a lesser extent, so have Education and Social Medicine. Future policies should aim to provide an enabling environment for female and early career researchers in every SSH field in Vietnam. The study calls for responsible usage of cross-discipline publication data to maintain a transparent source of information.
No time for that now! Qualitative changes in manuscript peer review during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Horbach Serge P J M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The global Covid-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on the scientific enterprise, including scholarly publication and peer-review practices. Several studies have assessed these impacts, showing among others that medical journals have strongly accelerated their review processes for Covid-19-related content. This has raised questions and concerns regarding the quality of the review process and the standards to which manuscripts are held for publication. To address these questions, this study sets out to assess qualitative differences in review reports and editorial decision letters for Covid-19 related, articles not related to Covid-19 published during the 2020 pandemic, and articles published before the pandemic. It employs the open peer-review model at the British Medical Journal and eLife to study the content of review reports, editorial decisions, author responses, and open reader comments. It finds no clear differences between the review processes of articles not related to Covid-19 published during or before the pandemic. However, it does find notable diversity between Covid-19 and non-Covid-19-related articles, including fewer requests for additional experiments, more cooperative comments, and different suggestions to address too strong claims. In general, the findings suggest that both reviewers and journal editors implicitly and explicitly use different quality criteria to assess Covid-19-related manuscripts, hence transforming science’s main evaluation mechanism for their underlying studies and potentially affecting their public dissemination.
Salivary glands involvement: a new indicator of juvenile idiopathic oligoarticular arthritis (preliminary results)
Authors: Defabianis Patrizia , Garofalo Franco , Romano Federica 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Early diagnosis is critical to reduce long-term disability in patients with JIA by ensuring prompt treatment. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the salivary gland function in JIA, addressing specifically oligoarticular (JIA1) and polyarticular (JIA2) subtypes, compared with healthy controls. This may contribute to the identification of salivary risk indicators of the disease that may help diagnosis at an early stage or even before the onset of other clinical evidence.

Methods
Twenty-eight patients with JIA1, 28 patients with JIA2, according to the ILAR criteria, and 28 healthy controls (C) were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were any concurrent medical condition. Data on medication, dietary and oral hygiene habits were collected using a questionnaire. All patients underwent oral examination and saliva measurement.

Results
While stimulated salivary flow rate (SFR) was significantly lower in JIA1 compared with JIA2 and C (P &lt; 0.001), both salivary buffer capacity and pH were similar in the two JIA groups but statistically different from C (P = 0.002 and P = 0.010, respectively). Children with very low SFR (&lt;3.5 ml) exhibited a 16-fold higher likelihood of being affected by JIA1 rather than JIA2 (P = 0.003), while no association was observed between low flow rate and JIA subtype (P = 0.744).

Conclusion
These preliminary data suggest impairment of salivary gland function as a risk indicator for JIA1 with no association with dietary habits and drug intake.