bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-biennial oscillation disrupted by abnormal Southern Hemisphere stratosphere
Authors: Anstey James , Banyard Tim , Butchart Neal , Coy Lawrence , Newman Paul , Osprey Scott , Wright Corwin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a repeating cycle of tropical stratosphere winds reversing direction from eastward to westward roughly every 14 months. Discovered independently by British and American scientists the QBO continued uninterrupted for 27 cycles from 1953 until February 2016 when a westward jet unexpectedly formed in the lower stratosphere during the eastward phase. This disruption is attributed to unusually high wave-momentum fluxes from the Northern Hemisphere. A second, similar, QBO disruption occurred during the 2019/2020 northern winter though wave fluxes from the Northern Hemisphere were weak. Here we show that this latest disruption to the regular QBO cycling was stronger than that seen in 2016 and resulted from horizontal momentum transport from the Southern Hemisphere during abnormal winter conditions. In both disruptions the normal downward progression of the QBO halts and the eastward shear zone above the disruption moves upward assisted by stronger tropical upwelling during the boreal winter. The predictable signal associated with the QBO's quasi-regular phase progression is permanently lost during disruptions and the oscillation reemerges after a few months significantly shifted in phase from what would be expected if the phase had progressed uninterrupted. We infer from an increased wave-momentum flux into equatorial latitudes seen in model climate projections supporting the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment that disruptions to the QBO are likely to be more common in future. Consequently, we anticipate that in future the QBO will be a less reliable source of predictability on lead times extending out to several years than it currently is.
Behavioral appraisal by implementing a short sequence of stress resolves adaptively changed stress gains
Authors: Lee Eun-Hwa , Park Jin-Young , Kwon Hye-jin , Han Pyung-Lim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chronic stress produces adaptive changes in the brain via the cumulative action of glucocorticoids, which causes psychiatric illnesses such as depression. Here we show that a behavioral method implementing weak stress does not strengthen but resolves existing stress gains. Chronic stress produces persistent depressive behaviors in mice, and repeated daily treatment with 5-min restraint produces antidepressive effects. Repeated treatment with low-dose glucocorticoids mimics the anti-depressive effects of weak stress. Repeated weak stress or low-dose glucocorticoid treatment distinctively activates the prelimbic cortex (PL), and reverses the stress-induced altered gene expression profiles. Chemogenetic inhibition of PL outputs projecting to the nucleus accumbens, basolateral amygdala, or bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) dissipates antidepressive effects of weak stress, but only the PL-to-BNST circuit produces changes in dysregulated glucocorticoid release. Our results suggest that behavioral appraisal by implementing weak stress can resolve adaptively altered stress gains and rectify stress-induced depressive behaviors.
An Empirical Model to Estimate the Effect of Social Distance Levels on COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Tabesh Hamed , Saki Azadeh , Saki Rozita 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The implementation of social distancing measures for controlling the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) in different countries has not been at the same level due to differences in policies, economies, and cultures. Hence, the effect of this pandemic on different aspects of societies varies depending on several factors.In this study, we found that the speed of disease transmission is directly related to the odds of being exposed to the disease in the society, that is directly related to the level of practicing social distancing measures. We introduced the weekly growth ratio (WGR) index and proposed an experimental rule model to monitor the current level of social distancing and predict the levels of intervention so as to reduce the WGR and control the sequential peaks. Our model showed that the minimum level of practicing social distancing in the community should be 80% to control the first peak of the disease; but after controlling the first peak, maintaining 50% of social distancing policies continuously keeps the number of cases/deaths constant and prevents the occurrence of a new peak.
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 serves as a viable target against pulmonary fibrosis by modulating β-catenin signaling
Authors: Hu Yinan , Yu Jun , Wang Qi , Zhou Qing , Deng Yanhan , Liu Juan , Zhang Lei , Xu Yongjian , Xiong Weining , Wang Yi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal interstitial lung disease with limited therapeutic options. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5) performs a variety of functions. However, its role in IPF remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that the levels of ACP5 were increased in IPF patient samples and mice with bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. In particular, higher levels of ACP5 were noted in the sera of IPF patients with a diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) less than 40% of the predicted value. Additionally, Acp5 deficiency protected mice from BLM-induced lung injury and fibrosis and reduced the differentiation and proliferation of fibroblasts. Mechanistic studies revealed that Acp5 was upregulated by TGF-β1 in a TGFβR1/Smad3-dependent manner, after which Acp5 dephosphorylated p-β-catenin at Ser33 and Thr41, inhibiting the degradation of β-catenin and subsequently enhancing β-catenin signaling in the nucleus, which promoted the differentiation and proliferation of fibroblast. Notably, the treatment of mice with BLM-induced fibrosis with Acp5 siRNA-loaded liposomes robustly reversed lung fibrosis. Collectively, these data indicate that Acp5 plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of pulmonary fibrosis; therefore, strategies aimed at silencing Acp5 could be novel therapeutic approaches against pulmonary fibrosis in a clinical setting.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization/Intermolecular Cycloaddition Cascade: Fast Track to Polycarbocycles and Mechanistic Insights
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Hong Kemiao , Pei Chao , Zhou Su , Hu Wenhao , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Xu Xinfang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Herein we report a gold-catalyzed cascade protocol for the assembly of polycarbocyclic frameworks in high yields under mild reaction conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that the unique β-aryl gold-carbene species, generated via gold-promoted 6-endo-dig diazo-yne cyclization, is the key intermediate in this reaction, followed by a [4 + 2]-cycloaddition with external alkenes. In comparison to the well-documented metal carbene cycloadditions, this is the first example of the carbene intermediate to serve as a 4-C synthon in a cycloaddition reaction. A variety of elusive π-conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons (CPHs) with multiple substituents are readily accessible from the initially generated products by a mild oxidation procedure.
The Novel Biomarkers-Based HALP (Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte And Platelet)-Prognostic Model For Acute And Subacute Patients With Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Li Shen , Liu Kai , Gao Yuan , Zhao Lu , Fang Hui , Zhang Rui , Liu Hongbing , Zhao Jiawei , Xia Zongping , Xu Yuming , Song Bo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the prognosis values of HALP in acute or subacute cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), to explore the new prognostic model for CVST.Methods: Consecutive patients who were diagnosed as having acute and subacute CVST were retrospectively investigated. We determined the patients' functional outcomes by modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between factors and poor functional outcomes. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was estimated to evaluate the ability of markers and models in predicting clinical prognosis. The prognostic model was presented as nomogram. In addition, the decision curve analysis (DCA) was used to analyze the benefit of this model. Furthermore, survival curves were described by the Kaplan‑Meier analysis. Results: A total of 270 patients were included of which 31 had poor outcome. Multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated HALP (OR=0.978, 95%CI: 0.958-0.999, P=0.039) was a protective predictor of outcome. The AUC of HALP was 0.749 (95% CI: 0.633-0.865, P=0.044). DCA demonstrated that this model significantly improved risk prediction at threshold probabilities of CVST at 0 to 85%. Patients with higher HALP (P=0.006) presented higher overall survival rates. Conclusions: HALP may be a potential protective marker in acute and subacute CVST patients. The new prognostic model with HALP had potentially better value for Chinese CVST patients.
A Novel Culturing Chip (cChip) Can Facilitate Culturing of Unculturable Bacteria From Aquatic Environment
Authors: Lodhi Adil Farooq , Zhang Ying , Adil Maria , Deng Yulin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Culturing the unculturable microorganisms is an important aspect of microbiology. Once cultured the unculturable microorganisms can be a source of useful antibiotics, enzymes etc. Several studies have been conducted on culturing the unculturable microorganisms from soil. But little knowledge exists about culturing such bacteria from aquatic environment. Therefore, in this study we designed a novel culturing chip (cChip) to facilitate the growth of unculturable aquatic bacterial community. cChip was optimized for microbial growth using known bacteria in the lab, later, microbes from a freshwater lake were concentrated (instead of using the traditional dilution method) and inoculated in cChip before incubating the chip in simulated lake environment. Then further sub-culturing was done on laboratory media. The field samples were also analyzed using traditional culturing and metagenomics for a comparison. Results: Metagenomics analysis showed that 832 microbial species were present in the samples belonging to five different phyla, that is, Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia. However, traditional culturing yielded only 36 isolates that belonged to four different phyla, that is, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Culturing through cChip yielded 154 isolates belonging to five different phyla, that is, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes. Out of these 154 cChip isolates, 45 were previously uncultured bacteria having a 16S rRNA gene similarity from 91.35 % to 98.7 % to their closest relatives according to NCBI GenBank. Conclusion: This study shows that culturing microorganisms in the cChip from aquatic environment using concentration process before performing the traditional petri plate culturing can result in the successful growth of unculturable bacteria. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study conducted for successful exploration of unculturable aquatic microbial community. This study can have a significant impact on our understanding of the techniques that can be applied for exploring the unexplored microbiome from diverse environments. We also hypothesize that certain modifications in the manufacturing material, keeping the design and techniques of this study intact can result in the application of this technique from gut microbiome to extremophiles in the environment.
Carbon Fluxes Over an Even-Aged Pure Masson pine (Pinus Massoniana) Stand
Authors: Tan Zheng-Hong , Ding Fang-Jun , Liu Yan-Hui , Wu Peng , Zhao Wen-Jun , Yu Rui , Jiang Long , Yang Lian-Yan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) is a tree species widely planted in central and south China. In the present pioneer study, we reported about our two years of carbon flux observations over an even-aged pure Masson pine stand. Light intensity could explain nearly half (47%) of the variance in daytime net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Daytime dark respiration was lower than nighttime NEE, suggesting a possible effect of light inhibition on respiration. The mean annual NEE was -557 g C m-2 yr-1, which indicated that this stand is a medium to large carbon sink. This NEE estimates were defensive because we checked the data with thorough quality controls and in consistency with previous independent estimates. An unexpected seasonal pattern of NEE was observed with a clear reduction around the transitional period between summer and autumn (around July). This NEE reduction is probably a consequence of water stress induced stomatal control, and not of a decrease in light intensity. The updated optimal stomatal theory did not provide the best description of stomatal control in relation to photosynthesis. Whether this is a new emergent property of the ecosystem scale needs further investigation.
Circulating Exosomal MicroRNAs as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma
Authors: Cao Di , Jiang Yu , Cao Xia , Li Mao , Jing Caixia , Feng Yu , Xu Juan , Zheng Yuhuan , Kang Deying , Xu Caigang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for a variety of tumors but have not yet been tested in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here we sought to determine whether circulating exosomal miRNAs are differentially expressed in the blood of DLBCL patients compared with those in the blood of non-DLBCL patients with lymphoma and healthy subjects. In addition, we sought to explore whether circulating exosomal miRNAs could be used as prognostic predictors for DLBCL patients. Methods: Circulating exosomal miRNAs were isolated and used to perform miRNA expression profiling using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) based on Exiqon microarray from 10 DLBCL patients and 5 healthy subjects. Using qRT-PCR, miRNA candidates were first evaluated in the testing stage (24 DLBCL patients vs. 24 healthy subjects) and further confirmed in validation stage(99 DLBCL patients vs. 65 healthy subjects). Meanwhile, we also explored miRNAs concentrations in 29 non-DLBCL lymphoma cases, which were enrolled as concurrent control in this study. And lastly, relationships between miRNA level and patient outcomes including overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were studied. Results: Five circulating exosomal miRNAs (miR-379-5p, miR-135a-3p, miR-4476, miR-483-3p and miR-451a) were differently expressed in DLBCL patients compared with healthy controls. The 5-miRNA panel enabled us to predicted the probability of a diagnosis of DLBCL with an area under curve(AUC) of 0.863. Four circulating exosomal miRNAs (miR-379-5p, miR-135a-3p, miR-155-5p and miR-451a) were differently expressed between DLBCL patients and concurrent controls, the AUC of this 4-miRNA panel in distinguishing DLBCL patients from concurrent controls was 0.775. One miRNA, namely miR-451a, was significantly associated with both PFS and OS of DLBCL patients in the univariate analysis, and still statistically significant after adjusting for the International Prognostic Index(IPI) in the multivariate analysis. The combination of circulating miR-451a with IPI had a better predication for PFS and OS. Conclusions: Our study suggested subsets of circulating exosomal miRNAs could be useful noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of DLBCL and the use of circulating exosomal miRNA improves the identification of patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL with poor outcomes.
Circ_0030998 Promotes Tumor Proliferation and Angiogenesis by Sponging miR-567 to Regulate VEGFA in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Jin Longyang , Han Chao , Zhai Tianyu , Zhang Xiaoyu , Chen Chun , Lian Lei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Accumulating studies have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel class of noncoding RNAs, are involved in pathological processes, especially in the development of cancers. But the roles of circRNAs in CRC are largely unknown.MethodsThe microarray data GSE138589 was analyzed and qRT-PCR was performed to screen out the circRNA with the highest upregulated level in CRC. QRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of genes in different tissues or cells. RNA-FISH was conducted to identify the subcellular localization of Circ_0030998. In vitro and in vivo assays were performed to determine the effect of Circ_0030998 on the CRC cells proliferation and angiogenesis. The relationships of Circ_0030998, miR-567 and VEGFA were predicted and validated using bioinformatic tools, RIP and luciferase assays.ResultsWe identified a novel circRNA, Circ_0030998, was upregulated in CRC tissues and cells, and its upregulation was related with poor prognosis in CRC patients. Circ_0030998 promoted CRC cells proliferation and angiogenesis. RNA-FISH showed that Circ_0030998 was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of CRC cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that Circ_0030998 acted as a miR-567 sponge to relieve its inhibitory effect on VEGFA. Rescue assays validated that Circ_0030998 functioned in CRC cells proliferation and angiogenesis relying on VEGFA.ConclusionsThe present study clarified the Circ_0030998/miR-567/VEGFA regulation axis and indicated that Circ_0030998 could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
A Novel Immune Classification Reveals Distinct Immune Escape Mechanism and Genomic Alterations: Implications for Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Zaoqu , Zhang Yuyuan , Shi Chengcheng , Zhou Xueliang , Xu Kaihao , Jiao Dechao , Sun Zhenqiang , han xinwei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe tumor immunological microenvironment (TIME) has a prominent impact on prognosis and immunotherapy. However, the heterogeneous TIME and the mechanisms by which TIME affects immunotherapy have not been elucidated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsA total of 2195 eligible HCC patients from TCGA and GEO database were collected. We comprehensively explored the different heterogeneous TIME phenotypes and its clinical significance. The potential immune escape mechanisms and what genomic alterations may drive the formation of different phenotypes were further investigated.ResultsWe identified three phenotypes in HCC: TIME-1, the “immune-deficiency” phenotype, with immune cell depletion and proliferation; TIME-2, the “immune-suppressed” phenotype, with being in immunosuppressive states; TIME-3, the “immune-activated phenotype”, with abundant leukocytes infiltration and immune activation. The prognosis and sensitivity to both sorafenib and immunotherapy differed among the three phenotypes. We also underlined the potential immune escape mechanisms: lack of leukocytes and defective tumor antigen presentation capacity in TIME-1, increased immunosuppressive cells in TIME-2, and rich in immunoinhibitory molecules in TIME-3. The different phenotypes also demonstrated specific genomic events: TIME-1 characterized by TP53, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, AXIN1 and FOXD4 alterations; TIME-2 characterized by significant alteration patterns in the PI3K pathway; TIME-3 characterized by ARID1A mutation. Besides, the TIME index (TI) was proposed to quantify TIME infiltration pattern, and it was a superior prognostic and immunotherapy predictor. ConclusionsWe identified three TIME phenotypes with different clinical outcomes, immune escape mechanisms and genomic alterations in HCC, which could present strategies for improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. TI as a novel prognostic and immunotherapeutic signature that could guide personalized immunotherapy and clinical management of HCC.
Keywords Reflecting Sepsis Presentation and Mode of Emergency Department Arrival: A Retrospective Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wallgren Ulrika Margareta , Larsson Eric , Su Anna , Short Jennifer , Järnbert-Pettersson Hans , Kurland Lisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Current sepsis screening tools rely predominantly on vital signs. Since patients with serious infections frequently present with normal vital signs there is a need for other variables to be included to detect sepsis. As a first step, it is essential to understand the clinical presentation of septic patients. The aim was to compare the prevalence of keywords reflecting the clinical presentation of sepsis and mode of arrival, among septic patients presenting to the emergency department. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional study of 479 adult septic patients. Keywords reflecting sepsis presentation upon emergency department arrival were quantified and analyzed based on mode of arrival, i.e. by emergency medical services or by other means. We adjusted for multiple comparisons by applying Bonferroni-adjusted significance levels for all comparisons. Adjustments for age, gender and sepsis severity were performed by stratification. All patients were admitted to the emergency department of Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, and discharged with an ICD-10 code compatible with sepsis between January 1stand December 31st, 2013. Results: “Abnormal breathing” (51.8% vs 20.5%, p-value <0.001), “abnormal circulation” (38.4% vs 21.3%, p-value <0.001), “acute altered mental status” (31.1% vs 13.1%, p-value <0.001) and “decreased mobility” (26.1% vs 10.7%, p-value <0.001) were more common among patients arriving by emergency medical services, while “pain” (71.3% vs 40.1%, p-value <0.001) and “risk factors for sepsis” (50.8% vs 30.8%, p-value <0.001) were more common among patients arriving by other means.Conclusions: The distribution of most keywords related to sepsis presentation was similar irrespective of mode of arrival, however, some differences were present. This information may be useful in clinical decision tools or sepsis screening tools.
Major Challenges and Barriers in Clinical Decision-making as Perceived by Emergency Medical Services Personnel: A Qualitative Content Analysis
Authors: bijani Mostafa , Abedi Saeed , Karimi Shahnaz , Tehranineshat Banafsheh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Having to work in unpredictable and critical conditions, emergency care services (EMS) personnel experience complicated situations at the scene of accidents which, inevitably, influence their clinical decisions. There is a lack of research into the challenges which these professionals encounter. Accordingly, the present study aims to explore the major challenges and barriers which affect clinical decision-making from the perspective of EMS personnel. Methods: The present study is a qualitative work with a content analysis approach. Selected via purposeful sampling, the subjects were 25 members of the EMC personnel in Iran who met the inclusion criteria. The study lasted from December 2019 to July 2020. Sampling was maintained to the point of data saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured, in-depth, individual interviews. The collected data were analyzed via qualitative content analysis. Results: 4 main categories—professional capabilities, occupational and environmental factors, inefficient organizational management, and ethical issues—and 23 subcategories were extracted from the findings of the study. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that personal and occupational factors, organizational management, and ethical issues are the most significant sources of challenge which affect the clinical decision-making and, consequently, the performance of EMC personnel at the scene of accidents. Thus, it is essential that pre-hospital emergency care managers improve the quality of EMC personnel’s clinical decision-making skills and the reliability of care provided by them by creating the right professional and organizational settings, free of occupational distress.