bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six Natural Phenylethanoid Glycosides: Total Synthesis, Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities
Authors: Shu Penghua , Zhang Lingxiang , Liu Anqi , Li Junping , Liu Qing , Sun Na , Zhang Yanling , Wei Xialan , Cui Mengyao , Ju Zhiyu , Xu Zhihong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTotal synthesis of six natural phenylethanoid glycosides (PhEGs) has been accomplished. Key steps in the divergent synthesis strategy involved glycosylation based on trichloroacetimidate donors, and one‐pot removal of benzyl and 4,6‐O‐benzylidene acetal groups by hydrogenation over Pd/C. Among them, four natural PhEGs, scroside D (2), rebouoside B (3), ginkgoside C (4), and ginkgoside D (5) were synthesized for the first time. In the subsequent antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities evaluation, all compounds showed strong DPPH radical scavenging activities, and compounds 1–2, 5–6 exhibited obvious inhibitory activities against mushroom tyrosinase.
Synthesis of Chiral α‐Trifluoromethyl α,α‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids and Conformational Analysis of L‐Leu‐Based Peptides with (R)‐ or (S)‐α‐Trifluoromethylalanine
Authors: Ueda Atsushi , Ikeda Misuzu , Kasae Takuya , Doi Mitsunobu , Demizu Yosuke , Oba Makoto , Tanaka Masakazu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVarious racemic α‐trifluoromethyl α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids were synthesized by the reaction of methyl 3,3,3‐trifluoropyruvate imines with Grignard reagents. The optical resolution of racemates using (R)‐1,1’‐bi‐2‐naphthol {(R)‐BINOL} esters gave optically active α‐trifluoromethylated α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acids, such as α‐trifluoromethylalanine (αCF3Ala), α‐trifluoromethylleucine (αCF3Leu), and α‐trifluoromethylphenylalanine (αCF3Phe). The optically active (R)‐ or (S)‐αCF3Ala was incorporated into the L–Leu‐based pentapeptides, and their preferred conformation in solution and in the crystal state was studied by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) absorption, nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) NMR, and circular dichroism (CD) spectra, as well as X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Both L–Leu‐based peptides with (R)‐ or (S)‐αCF3Ala formed right‐handed 310‐helical structures. Both peptide‐backbones at the N‐terminal residues 1–3 were very similar, but the φ and ψ torsion angles of residues 4 and 5 between peptides with (R)‐ or (S)‐ αCF3Ala were different.
In Situ Oxygen Doping of Monolayer MoS2 for Novel Electronics
Authors: Tang Jian , Wei Zheng , Wang Qinqin , Wang Yu , Han Bo , Li Xiaomei , Huang Biying , Liao Mengzhou , Liu Jieying , Li Na , Zhao Yanchong , Shen Cheng , Guo Yutuo , Bai Xuedong , Gao Peng , Yang Wei , Chen Lan , Wu Kehui , Yang Rong , Shi Dongxia , Zhang Guangyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 2D semiconductors, doping offers an effective approach to modulate their optical and electronic properties. Here, an in situ doping of oxygen atoms in monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is reported during the chemical vapor deposition process. Oxygen concentrations up to 20–25% can be reliable achieved in these doped monolayers, MoS2‐xOx. These oxygen dopants are in a form of substitution of sulfur atoms in the MoS2 lattice and can reduce the bandgap of intrinsic MoS2 without introducing in‐gap states as confirmed by photoluminescence spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy. Field effect transistors made of monolayer MoS2‐xOx show enhanced electrical performances, such as high field‐effect mobility (≈100 cm2 V−1 s−1) and inverter gain, ultrahigh devices’ on/off ratio (>109) and small subthreshold swing value (≈80 mV dec−1). This in situ oxygen doping technique holds great promise on developing advanced electronics based on 2D semiconductors.
Solid‐State Low‐Temperature Thermoresponsive and Reversible Color Changes of Conjugated Polymer in Layered Structure: Beyond Infrared Thermography
Authors: Watanabe Kei , Imai Hiroaki , Oaki Yuya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEmergence of thermoresponsive and reversible color changes at low temperature is a challenging target. In general, it is not easy to induce sufficient dynamic motion of rigid molecules including chromophore at a lower temperature. The present work shows unusually low‐temperature color‐change properties originating from the dynamic motion of rigid conjugated polymer in solid state. The layered composites of polydiacetylene (PDA) and guest l‐arginine (L‐Arg) (PDA‐(L‐Arg)) exhibit temperature‐responsive gradual color changes with reversibility in the range of 123–333 K in solid crystalline state. The dynamic properties are induced by gradual and reversible distortion of the π‐conjugated main chain in response to temperature. The tuned flexibility of the layered structure facilitates motion of the rigid π‐conjugated molecule at low temperature. The PDA‐(L‐Arg)‐coated substrates are applied to visualization and quantification of 2D and 3D temperature distributions generated by cooling with liquid nitrogen. These thermographic devices afford to image lower temperature range than typical infrared thermography. The present work indicates potentials of layered architectures with tunable flexibility for emergence of dynamic properties.
Vacancy‐Induced Antibacterial Activity of XS2–y Quantum Dots against Drug‐Resistant Bacteria for Treatment of Bacterial Keratitis
Authors: Li Huiyuan , Wang Xiao , Zhao Xiaofei , Li Guanhua , Pei Fengyan , Zhang Han , Tan Yang , Chen Feng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDue to the widespread antibiotic‐resistant microbes and the slow development in antibiotics, innovative new antibacterial agents are eagerly desired to control infection in the resistance era. Here, it is demonstrated that the antibacterial ability against drug‐resistant bacteria can be endowed to transition metal dichalcogenides (XS2, X = Mo/W) quantum dots by sulfur vacancies, and their application in bacterial keratitis. The sulfur vacancies are generated by the ion irradiation with the controlled influences, which ensures the one‐way electron transport from the external environment to XS2 leading to a strong reactive oxygen speciesindependent oxidative stress. With the concentration of 140 µg mL−1 of XS2–0.1 quantum dots, the sterilization efficiency of Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus more than 99.9% within 20 min at room temperature in the dark is realized. For biomedical application against bacterial keratitis, it is observed that the occurrence of severe clinical manifestation like ocular perforation can be prevented. This work demonstrates the vacancy as a novel, simple, and effective strategy to tune XS2 as the antibacterial agent with a fast response and no reliance on light that has significant potential therapeutic effects on clinical drug resistant bacterial keratitis.
Development of a questionnaire on teachers' knowledge of language as an epistemic tool
Authors: Fulmer Gavin W. , Hwang Jihyun , Ding Chenchen , Hand Brian , Suh Jee K. , Hansen William 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report on the development of a new instrument for measuring teachers' knowledge of language as an epistemic tool in science classes. Language is essential for science learning, as all learning requires the use of language to constitute one's own ideas and to engage with others' ideas. Teachers with knowledge of language as an epistemic tool can recognize the ways that language allows students to generate and validate knowledge for themselves, rather than to replicate canonical knowledge transmitted by other sources. We used a construct‐driven development approach with iterations of domain analysis, item revision, teacher feedback, expert review, and item piloting to address the content, substance, and structure aspects of validity. Data from 158 preservice and in‐service teachers on 27 preliminary items were collected. Findings from Rasch measurement modeling indicate a single dimension fits the items well and can distinguish teachers of higher and lower knowledge. We revised and selected 15 items for an updated instrument. This contributes to ongoing measurement projects and provides a potential instrument for future, broader use by the field to gauge teachers' knowledge of language as an epistemic tool.
Valorization of waste polyethylene by blending with ethylene‐vinylacetate and incorporating a new type of compatibilizer
Authors: Simon‐Stőger Lilla , Varga Csilla 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNowadays polyethylene is one of the polymers produced in the greatest volume and the amount of generated waste high‐density polyethylene (w‐HDPE) is significant as well. Valorization and recycling of w‐HDPE can be realized by blending with different types of polymers and/or elastomers for example, ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA). For the purpose of boosting of interfacial interactions between these two polymers experimental olefin‐maleic‐anhydride based additives have been incorporated into the blends after optimization of the processing temperature. Impact and tensile tests have been carried out in our research work besides microscopy measurements and investigation of the effects of additive structure by FT‐IR and rheology. At higher processing temperature (220°C) both tensile properties and Charpy impact strength were increased, latter one improved by 245% measured at 5°C while elongation at break enhanced by 182% with incorporation of some experimental additives compared to the neat 70/30 w‐HDPE/EVA. Changes in the hydrocarbon molecular chains of experimentally compatibilized blends were observed based on FT‐IR results and rheological measurements. It can be concluded that one of the most basic notions of sustainability, the 4R's (reduce, recycle, reuse, recover) has been satisfied in a successful way.
The 2010 Catastrophic Forest Fires in Russia: Consequence of Rural Depopulation?
Authors: Nefedova Tatiana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCatastrophic forest fires hit the European part of Russian Federation during summer 2010 as result of a two-month-long period with temperatures above the average by 10 °C coupled with an unusually long drought period. Even though forest fires are usual for Russia, these are typically located in the sparsely populated Asian part of the country. As a consequence of the 2010 summer fires in the densely populated European part of Russia, the mass media poured forth reports of burning forests, villages, victims, about lost crops by fires. The situation was further dramatized by the fact that the extreme smoke from these fires reached Moscow. Seventeen million people lived in the regions where the state of emergency has been declared, and another 10 million in Moscow suffered from smoke. Over one-third of the population of the Russian Federation lived in those regions where the fires were very intense in summer 2010. Still, the main question remained after the disaster which I attempt to answer in this chapter; was the heat the only cause?
The Net Generation’s Stories: A Typology
Authors: Schachtner Christina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, the empirical data are presented as a typology of narratives in which experiences and activities in virtual space and the real world are interwoven, along with ideas and wishes for the future, what has happened in the past, and what is happening in the present. They run like a subterranean web through the narrators’ lives, initiating patterns of thinking and doing which revolve around a specific focus. The following types of narrations were identified: stories about interconnectedness, self-staging, supplying and selling, managing boundaries, and transformation, as well as setting out and breaking away.
Narrative Production of Culture
Authors: Schachtner Christina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the abstract to chapter 2, the reference was added for authors mentioned explicitly in the text. To round off the work, the network actors’ narratives are discussed against the background of an increase in cross-border encounters as expedited by transnational digital technologies, for example. The “translational turn” is taken as a starting point for inferring the future challenges to a form of narrative which should be in a position to create narrative spaces. Cultural theorist Homi K. Bhabha designates such narrative locations as the “Third Space” (The location of culture. London: Routledge (1994)).
Target-Setting Emissions Trading Program in Saitama Prefecture: Impact on CO2 Emissions in the First Compliance Period
Authors: Hamamoto Mitsutsugu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates whether the Target-Setting Emissions Trading (TSET) Program launched in 2011 by Saitama Prefecture in Japan had an impact on CO2 emissions during the first compliance period. Facility-level data are used to estimate the causal relationship between implementation of the program and changes in CO2 emissions. The results indicate that the TSET Program spurred emission reduction efforts. In addition, this chapter shows that the TSET Program also functioned as an incentive for facilities that are not covered by the program to lower their energy consumption. These findings indicate that the TSET Program succeeded in encouraging emission reduction efforts by the facilities, even though the program includes no penalty for facilities that do not meet emission goals.
Geometrical framework for picture changing operators in the pure spinor formalism
Authors: Mikhailov Andrei , Zavaleta Dennis 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is well known in NSR string theory, that vertex operators can be constructed in various “pictures”. Recently this was discussed in the context of pure spinor formalism. NSR picture changing operators have an elegant super-geometrical interpretation. In this paper we provide a generalization of this super-geometrical construction, which is also applicable to the pure spinor formalism.
Emergency Carotid Endarterectomy Instead of Carotid Artery Stenting Reduces Delayed Hemorrhage in Thrombectomy Stroke Patients
Authors: Singh Raveena , Dekeyzer Sven , Reich Arno , Kotelis Drosos , Gombert Alexander , Wiesmann Martin , Nikoubashman Omid 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Data in the literature suggest that thrombectomy with emergency carotid artery stenting (CAS) in acute stroke is associated with an increased hemorrhage rate. As we perform thrombectomy with the patient under general anesthesia, we avoid emergency CAS and perform emergency carotid endarterectomy (CEA) as an alternative to CAS in the same anesthesia session in our angiography suite whenever needed and possible.

Methods
We compared 27 thrombectomy patients with emergency CEA and 62 thrombectomy patients with emergency CAS and glycoprotein (Gp) IIb/IIIa inhibitors and/or dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in the same time span.

Results
The symptomatic hemorrhage rate was 0% (0/27) in the CEA group and 8% (5/62) in the CAS group (p = 0.317). The parenchymal hemorrhage rate (PH2) was 7% (2/27) in the CEA group and 16% (10/62) in the CAS group (p = 0.333). Both cases of PH2 in the CEA group occurred during the intervention and were diagnosed on immediate postinterventional imaging, whereas in the CAS group only 2/10 cases of PH2 occurred during the intervention and the remaining 8 PH2 occurred within 3 days after the intervention (p = 0.048). Clinical outcome at 90 days was comparable with 39% of CEA and 51% of CAS patients achieving good clinical outcome (modified Rankin scale, mRS 0–2, p = 0.452).

Conclusion
The use of CEA is a feasible alternative to CAS in acute stroke and has the advantage that DAPT/GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors are not needed. All PH2 in CEA patients occurred during the intervention, implying that hemorrhage in this group is likely to be caused by reperfusion injury, whereas delayed hemorrhage is likely to be caused by DAPT/GpIIb/IIIa inhibitors.
Somatische Erkrankungen Wohnungsloser in Deutschland. Ein narratives Literaturreview der Jahre 2009–2019
Authors: Schindel Daniel , Kleyer Christine , Schenk Liane 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In Deutschland leben Schätzungen zufolge zwischen 337.000 und 650.000 wohnungslose Menschen in gesundheitlich zumeist prekärer Lage. Studien zu ihrer Gesundheit sind selten und methodisch heterogen. Bisherige Übersichtsarbeiten fokussierten auf psychische Erkrankungen.

Fragestellung
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, einen Überblick über die aktuelle Forschung zu somatischen Erkrankungen von Wohnungslosen in Deutschland zu geben.

Methoden
Auf Grundlage einer systematischen Literaturrecherche für die Jahre 2009–2019 werden methodisches Vorgehen, Stichprobenzugang und Rekrutierung sowie die berichteten Gesundheitsaspekte betrachtet.

Ergebnisse
Es wurden 8 Journalbeiträge mit Peer-Review identifiziert. Häufig wurde der Begriff „Wohnungslosigkeit“ nicht operationalisiert. Im Durchschnitt waren die Wohnungslosen 40,9–67 Jahre alt, der Frauenanteil lag bei 0–35,3 %. Der Stichprobenzugang erfolgte in Unterkünften und im Rahmen medizinischer Angebote. Eine Rekrutierungsstrategie war ein modifiziertes Schneeballsystem („respondent driven sampling“) in Verbindung mit Anreizen (Incentives). Häufig wurden Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (17–37,2 %), Erkrankungen des Muskel-Skelett-Systems (≥20 %) sowie der Atemwege (7–24 %) berichtet. Abhängig vom Ort der Rekrutierung traten vermehrt Infektionskrankheiten auf (Tuberkulose, Hepatitis B und C).

Diskussion
Studien zur somatischen Gesundheit Wohnungsloser sind häufig selektiv. Überrepräsentiert erscheinen Personen, die älter sind, unteren Bildungsgruppen angehören oder in deutschen Großstädten lebende Männer. Der Begriff „Wohnungslosigkeit“ wird nicht einheitlich verwendet. Im Vergleich mit repräsentativen Bevölkerungsdaten für Deutschland werden erhöhte Erkrankungsrisiken beobachtet. Kohortencharakteristika können diese nur bedingt erklären. Biografische und intersektionale Ansätze werden benötigt, um die multiplen und kumulativen Belastungslagen zu erfassen.
Getting into the engine room: a blueprint to investigate the shadowy steps of AI ethics
Authors: Rochel Johan , Evéquoz Florian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEnacting an AI system typically requires three iterative phases where AI engineers are in command: selection and preparation of the data, selection and configuration of algorithmic tools, and fine-tuning of the different parameters on the basis of intermediate results. Our main hypothesis is that these phases involve practices with ethical questions. This paper maps these ethical questions and proposes a way to address them in light of a neo-republican understanding of freedom, defined as absence of domination. We thereby identify different types of responsibility held by AI engineers and link them to concrete suggestions on how to improve professional practices. This paper contributes to the literature on AI and ethics by focusing on the work necessary to configure AI systems, thereby offering an input to better practices and an input for societal debates.
Effects of blocking mGluR5 on primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortical neuronal firing and working memory performance
Authors: Yang Sheng-Tao , Wang Min , Galvin Veronica , Yang Yang , Arnsten Amy F. T. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Rationale
Metabotropic glutamate type 5 receptor (mGluR5) antagonists are under development for treating cognitive disorders such as Fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease, largely based on success in mouse models, where post-synaptic mGluR5 stimulation weakens synaptic functions in hippocampus. However, human trials of mGluR5 antagonists have yet to be successful. This may be due in part to the differing effects of mGluR5 in hippocampus vs. prefrontal cortex, as mGluR5 are primarily post-synaptic in rodent hippocampus, but are both pre- and post-synaptic in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical (dlPFC) circuits known to subserve working memory.

Objectives and methods
The current study examined the effects of the selective mGluR5 negative allosteric modulator, MTEP (3-((2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine hydrochloride), on neuronal firing and working memory performance in aging rhesus monkeys with naturally occurring impairments in neuronal firing and cognitive performance.

Results
We found that iontophoresis of MTEP directly onto dlPFC “Delay cells” had an inverted U dose-response, where low doses tended to enhance task-related firing, but higher doses suppressed neuronal firing. Similar effects were seen on cognitive performance following systemic MTEP administration (0.0001–0.1 mg/kg), with MTEP producing erratic dose-response curves. In the subset of monkeys (50%) that showed replicable improvement with MTEP, co-administration with the mGluR5 PAM, CDPPB (3-Cyano-N-(1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)benzamide), blocked MTEP beneficial effects, consistent with mGluR5 actions.

Conclusions
The mixed effects of MTEP on cognitive performance may arise from opposing actions at pre- vs. post-synaptic mGluR5 in dlPFC. These data from monkeys suggest that future clinical trials should include low doses, and identification of potential subgroup responders.
Short and long-arm fiberglass cast immobilization for displaced distal forearm fractures in children: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Seiler Michelle , Heinz Peter , Callegari Alessia , Dreher Thomas , Staubli Georg , Aufdenblatten Christoph 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate whether short-arm fiberglass cast (SAC) immobilization provides fracture stabilization comparable to that of long-arm cast (LAC) treatment of displaced distal forearm fractures after closed reduction in paediatric patients.

Methods
A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of children aged four to 16 years (mean 9.9 years) was designed with a sample of 120 children, whose size was set a priori, with 60 treated with SAC and 60 with LAC. The primary outcome was fracture stability and rate of loss of reduction. The secondary outcome analysis evaluated duration of analgesic therapy, restriction in activities of daily life, and the duration until patients regained normal range of motion in the elbow.

Results
No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in loss of reduction or duration of analgesic therapy. In contrast, the duration until normal range of motion in the elbow was regained was significantly longer in the LAC group (median 4.5 days, P < 0.001). Restriction in activities of daily life did not differ significantly between the two groups except for the item “help needed with showering in the first days after trauma” (SAC 60%, LAC 87%, P = 0.001).

Conclusion
Fracture immobilization with short-arm fiberglass cast in reduced distal forearm fractures is not inferior to long-arm casts in children four years and older, excluding completely displaced fractures. Furthermore, short-arm casting reduces the need for assistance during showering.

Trial registration
NCT03297047, September 29, 2017