bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between decline in estimated or measured glomerular filtration rate and 16-year postrenal transplant outcome
Authors: Delay Agnes , Moranne Olivier , Fafin Coraline , Mariat Christophe , Alamartine Eric , Delanaye Pierre , Maillard Nicolas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline ≥30% over 2 years can substitute for the conventional ‘doubling of serum creatinine’ to predict end-stage renal disease in patients with native kidneys. While chronic kidney disease trajectory is less predictable in transplanted patients, recent data have suggested that similar GFR decline might be an acceptable surrogate for long-term transplant outcome. We sought (i) to confirm the prognostic value of an early GFR decline in kidney transplant recipients and (ii) to determine whether using direct measurement of GFR with inulin improves the performance of this surrogate.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed all recipients transplanted between 1989 and 2000 in our centre, with inulin-measured and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI)-estimated GFR at 1 and 5 years post-transplant, and evaluated the performance [time-dependent area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC) and subdistribution hazard ratio (sdHR) with competing risk model] of GFR change to predict graft failure and all-cause mortality.

Results
Out of 417 kidney transplant recipients, 116 patients had lost their graft and 77 had died 16 years after transplantation. While being significantly associated with graft failure [sdHR = 2.37 (95% confidence interval 1.47–3.83)], CKD-EPI-GFR decline ≥30% failed to appropriately predict long-term graft survival (C-statistics of 0.63). Concordance between inulin-GFR and CKD-EPI-GFR to detect similar GFR change was only 53%. Inulin-GFR change was, however, not a better predictor (C-statistics of 0.59). Comparable results were observed for mortality.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that early GFR decline is a poor surrogate for long-term transplant outcome, even when change in GFR is directly measured by a reference method.
Functional diversity of small-mammal postcrania is linked to both substrate preference and body size
Authors: Weaver Lucas N , Grossnickle David M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSelective pressures favor morphologies that are adapted to distinct ecologies, resulting in trait partitioning among ecomorphotypes. However, the effects of these selective pressures vary across taxa, especially because morphology is also influenced by factors such as phylogeny, body size, and functional trade-offs. In this study, we examine how these factors impact functional diversification in mammals. It has been proposed that trait partitioning among mammalian ecomorphotypes is less pronounced at small body sizes due to biomechanical, energetic, and environmental factors that favor a “generalist” body plan, whereas larger taxa exhibit more substantial functional adaptations. We title this the Divergence Hypothesis (DH) because it predicts greater morphological divergence among ecomorphotypes at larger body sizes. We test DH by using phylogenetic comparative methods to examine the postcranial skeletons of 129 species of taxonomically diverse, small-to-medium-sized (&lt;15 kg) mammals, which we categorize as either “tree-dwellers” or “ground-dwellers.” In some analyses, the morphologies of ground-dwellers and tree-dwellers suggest greater between-group differentiation at larger sizes, providing some evidence for DH. However, this trend is neither particularly strong nor supported by all analyses. Instead, a more pronounced pattern emerges that is distinct from the predictions of DH: within-group phenotypic disparity increases with body size in both ground-dwellers and tree-dwellers, driven by morphological outliers among “medium”-sized mammals. Thus, evolutionary increases in body size are more closely linked to increases in within-locomotor-group disparity than to increases in between-group disparity. We discuss biomechanical and ecological factors that may drive these evolutionary patterns, and we emphasize the significant evolutionary influences of ecology and body size on phenotypic diversity.
Effects of nitric oxide treatment on flavour compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during storage
Authors: Zhang Peiyu , Sun Haoyue , Fang Ting , Zhao Yaoyao , Duan Yuquan , Lin Qiong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is sold well for its unique flavour and nutritional benefits. However, the mushroom flavour deteriorates quickly during storage because of its delicate structure and high moisture. In this study, the effects of nitric oxide (NO) application on flavour compounds and antioxidant enzyme activities of stored button mushrooms were investigated. The button mushrooms were immersed in the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (15 μmol/L) for 3 min and then stored under the condition of 4 °C, 90% relative humidity for 12 days. Results showed that the treated mushrooms have reduced weight loss rate, uniform white colour, and higher firmness during storage. Compared to the control, the ketones, alcohols, esters, and aldehydes in the NO-treated button mushroom increased sharply at 3 days of storage and then showed a continuing decline trend, except ester compounds which reached the peak value at 6 days of storage. In addition, NO treatment increased the total phenolics and catalase activity and inhibited the polyphenol oxidase activity in the stored button mushroom. These results indicated that NO treatment is an alternative storage technology to enhance antioxidant capacity and maintain flavour and consumer acceptance of stored button mushroom.
Genomic Copy Number Variation Study of Nine Macaca Species Provides New Insights into Their Genetic Divergence, Adaptation, and Biomedical Application
Authors: Li Jing , Fan Zhenxin , Shen Feichen , Pendleton Amanda L , Song Yang , Xing Jinchuan , Yue Bisong , Kidd Jeffrey M , Li Jing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) can promote phenotypic diversification and adaptive evolution. However, the genomic architecture of CNVs among Macaca species remains scarcely reported, and the roles of CNVs in adaptation and evolution of macaques have not been well addressed. Here, we identified and characterized 1,479 genome-wide hetero-specific CNVs across nine Macaca species with bioinformatic methods, along with 26 CNV-dense regions and dozens of lineage-specific CNVs. The genes intersecting CNVs were overrepresented in nutritional metabolism, xenobiotics/drug metabolism, and immune-related pathways. Population-level transcriptome data showed that nearly 46% of CNV genes were differentially expressed across populations and also mainly consisted of metabolic and immune-related genes, which implied the role of CNVs in environmental adaptation of Macaca. Several CNVs overlapping drug metabolism genes were verified with genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction, suggesting that these macaques may have different drug metabolism features. The CNV-dense regions, including 15 first reported here, represent unstable genomic segments in macaques where biological innovation may evolve. Twelve gains and 40 losses specific to the Barbary macaque contain genes with essential roles in energy homeostasis and immunity defense, inferring the genetic basis of its unique distribution in North Africa. Our study not only elucidated the genetic diversity across Macaca species from the perspective of structural variation but also provided suggestive evidence for the role of CNVs in adaptation and genome evolution. Additionally, our findings provide new insights into the application of diverse macaques to drug study.
Age-Related Hearing Loss, Late-Life Depression, and Risk for Incident Dementia in Older Adults
Authors: Brewster Katharine K , Hu Mei-Chen , Zilcha-Mano Sigal , Stein Alexandra , Brown Patrick J , Wall Melanie M , Roose Steven P , Golub Justin S , Rutherford Bret R 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Hearing loss (HL), late-life depression, and dementia are 3 prevalent and disabling conditions in older adults, but the interrelationships between these disorders remain poorly understood.

Methods
N = 8529 participants ≥60 years who were free of cognitive impairment at baseline were analyzed from National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. Participants had either No HL, Untreated HL, or Treated HL. Primary outcomes included depression (15-item Geriatric Depression Scale ≥5) and conversion to dementia. A longitudinal logistic model was fit to examine the association between HL and changes in depressive symptoms across time. Two Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine HL and the development of dementia: Model A included only baseline variables and Model B included time-varying depression to evaluate for the direct effect of changes in depression on dementia over time.

Results
Treated HL (vs no HL) had increased risk for depression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.54, p = .02) and conversion to dementia (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.03–1.62, p = .03). Baseline depression was a strong independent predictor of conversion to dementia (HR = 2.32, 95% CI = 1.77–3.05, p &lt; .0001). Development/persistence of depression over time was also associated with dementia (HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.47–2.42, p &lt; .0001), but only accounted for 6% of the direct hearing–dementia relationship (Model A logHR = 0.26 [SE = 0.12] to Model B logHR = 0.24 [SE = 0.12]) suggesting no significant mediation effect of depression.

Conclusions
Both HL and depression are independent risk factors for eventual conversion to dementia. Further understanding the mechanisms linking these later-life disorders may identify targets for early interventions to alter the clinical trajectories of at-risk individuals.
Helping Amid the Pandemic: Daily Affective and Social Implications of COVID-19-Related Prosocial Activities
Authors: Sin Nancy L , Klaiber Patrick , Wen Jin H , DeLongis Anita 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have prompted more engagement in prosocial activities, such as volunteering and support transactions. The day-to-day affective and social implications of these activities for adults of different ages are unknown. The current study examined associations of daily prosocial activities with affective and social well-being, and whether these associations varied by age.

Research Design and Methods
Participants ages 18–91 in Canada and the United States (N = 1,028) completed surveys for 7 consecutive evenings about their daily experiences of COVID-19-related prosocial activities (formal volunteering, support provision, support receipt), positive and negative affect, and satisfaction with social activities and relationships. Analyses were conducted using multilevel modeling and accounted for a range of potential confounding factors (e.g., sociodemographics, work, family, caregiving, daily stressors).

Results
Older age predicted more frequent formal volunteering, as well as more support provision and support receipt due to COVID-19. In particular, middle-aged and older adults provided more emotional support than younger adults, middle-aged adults provided the most tangible support, and older adults received the most emotional support. All three types of prosocial activities were associated with higher positive affect and greater social satisfaction on days when they occurred. Providing COVID-19-related support further predicted lower same-day negative affect. Age did not significantly moderate these associations.

Discussion and Implications
Older age was related to more frequent engagement in prosocial activities during the COVID-19 crisis. These activities were associated with improved daily affective and social well-being for adults of all ages.
3D Imaging and metabolomic profiling reveal higher neuroactive kavalactone contents in lateral roots and crown root peels of Piper methysticum (kava)
Authors: Jaiswal Yogini S , Yerke Aaron M , Bagley M Caleb , Ekelöf Måns , Weber Daniel , Haddad Daniel , Fodor Anthony , Muddiman David C , Williams Leonard L 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Kava is an important neuroactive medicinal plant. While kava has a large global consumer footprint for its clinical and recreational use, factors related to its use lack standardization and the tissue-specific metabolite profile of its neuroactive constituents is not well understood.

Results
Here we characterized the metabolomic profile and spatio-temporal characteristics of tissues from the roots and stems using cross-platform metabolomics and a 3D imaging approach. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed the highest content of kavalactones in crown root peels and lateral roots. Infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) imaging revealed a unique tissue-specific presence of each target kavalactone. X-ray micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated that lateral roots have morphological characteristics suitable for synthesis of the highest content of kavalactones.

Conclusions
These results provide mechanistic insights into the social and clinical practice of the use of only peeled roots by linking specific tissue characteristics to concentrations of neuroactive compounds.
Genes influenced by MEF2C contribute to neurodevelopmental disease via gene expression changes that affect multiple types of cortical excitatory neurons
Authors: Cosgrove Donna , Whitton Laura , Fahey Laura , Ó Broin Pilib , Donohoe Gary , Morris Derek W 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Myocyte enhancer factor 2 C (MEF2C) is an important transcription factor during neurodevelopment. Mutation or deletion of MEF2C causes intellectual disability (ID), and common variants within MEF2C are associated with cognitive function and schizophrenia risk. We investigated if genes influenced by MEF2C during neurodevelopment are enriched for genes associated with neurodevelopmental phenotypes and if this can be leveraged to identify biological mechanisms and individual brain cell types affected. We used a set of 1055 genes that were differentially expressed in the adult mouse brain following early embryonic deletion of Mef2c in excitatory cortical neurons. Using genome-wide association studies data, we found these differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to be enriched for genes associated with schizophrenia, intelligence and educational attainment but not autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For this gene set, genes that overlap with target genes of the Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) are a major driver of these enrichments. Using trios data, we found these DEGs to be enriched for genes containing de novo mutations reported in ASD and ID, but not schizophrenia. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data, we identified that a number of different excitatory glutamatergic neurons in the cortex were enriched for these DEGs including deep layer pyramidal cells and cells in the retrosplenial cortex, entorhinal cortex and subiculum, and these cell types are also enriched for FMRP target genes. The involvement of MEF2C and FMRP in synapse elimination suggests that disruption of this process in these cell types during neurodevelopment contributes to cognitive function and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders.
Use of Fresh Scalp Allografts From Living Relatives for Extensive Deep Burns in Children: A Clinical Study Over 7 Years
Authors: Shen Chuanan , Deng Huping , Sun Tianjun , Cai Jianhua , Li Dongjie , Li Ligen , He Lixia , Zhang Bohan , Li Dawei , Wang Liang , Niu Yuezeng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Conventionally, pediatric patients with major burns need frozen cadaveric allografts to save their lives. However, these allografts are insufficient in many burn units because of cultural and local governmental laws in China. This paper reported 22 pediatric patients with major burns who received fresh scalp allografts from their parents, siblings, or relatives from January 2011 to December 2017. These 22 pediatric patients sustained deep partial-thickness to full-thickness burns involving 40% total body surface area (TBSA) on average. Wounds were covered with fresh scalp allografts alone or with postage stamp autografts and fresh scalp allografts post excision. Data were collected from medical files of the treated patients, including sex, age, etiology of burn injury, abbreviated burn severity index (ABSI), and TBSA. Postoperative variables included early survival rate of skin grafts, mean time to rejection, length of hospital stay (LHS), healing time of donor sites, and follow-up complications of donors. The 1-year survival rate of the 22 pediatric patients included into the study was 100%. The early survival rate of the scalp allografts was similar to the autografts. The mean time to rejection was 15.5 ± 3.60 days. The average LHS was 58 days. All donor sites healed within 7.6 days on average, without scar formation, alopecia areata, or folliculitis. Following up data of the donors revealed a full psychological sense of accomplishment and no regrets of donating the scalp to save the burned children. Therefore, the use of fresh scalp allografts is a feasible alternative to save pediatric patients with major burns when frozen allografts are unavailable.
Do versus Don’t: The Impact of Framing on Goal-Level Setting
Authors: Tuk Mirjam A , Prokopec Sonja , Van den Bergh Bram 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The consumer behavior literature extensively studied the impact of goal setting on behavior and performance. However, much less is known about the antecedents of goal-level setting—consumers’ decision of whether to work out twice or three times per week. Consumers can decide how many goal-consistent activities to undertake (“goal-consistent decision frame”; such as exercising two days per week) or to forego (“goal-inconsistent decision frame”; such as not exercising five days per week). While objectively the same decision, we argue that these different frames impact consumers’ ambition. Making a decision to forego goal-consistent activities triggers negative, self-evaluative emotions and to compensate for these unfavorable self-evaluations, consumers set more ambitious goal levels. Across a variety of contexts, consumers are more ambitious when their focal decision is inconsistent with goal achievement. For instance, they decide to work out more often when they decide how many work-out sessions they would skip (vs. attend). The impact of goal-inconsistent decision framing is mitigated when the activity is less instrumental toward goal achievement, and when negative self-evaluative emotions are alleviated through self-affirmation.
Role and therapeutic potential of liquid–liquid phase separation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Pakravan Donya , Orlando Gabriele , Bercier Valérie , Van Den Bosch Ludo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease selectively affecting motor neurons, leading to progressive paralysis. Although most cases are sporadic, ∼10% are familial. Similar proteins are found in aggregates in sporadic and familial ALS, and over the last decade, research has been focused on the underlying nature of this common pathology. Notably, TDP-43 inclusions are found in almost all ALS patients, while FUS inclusions have been reported in some familial ALS patients. Both TDP-43 and FUS possess ‘low-complexity domains’ (LCDs) and are considered as ‘intrinsically disordered proteins’, which form liquid droplets in vitro due to the weak interactions caused by the LCDs. Dysfunctional ‘liquid–liquid phase separation’ (LLPS) emerged as a new mechanism linking ALS-related proteins to pathogenesis. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on ALS-related gene products associated with a proteinopathy and discuss their status as LLPS proteins. In addition, we highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting LLPS for treating ALS.
Uniportal VATS retrieval of an endobronchial coil migrated through pericardium
Authors: Kutywayo Kudzayi , Acharya Metesh N , Rathinam Sridhar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Endobronchial insertion of nitinol coils is a minimally invasive treatment strategy for selected patients with advanced emphysema. Although coil migration into the pleural space has been described by Marchetti et al. (Endobronchial coil penetration into the pleural space. Thorax 2018;73:890–1) [ 1], breach through the pericardium has not been reported to date.
Contested natures: conflict over caracals and cats in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli , O’Riain M Justin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the mid-2010s, residents of Atlantic Beach Golf Estate (ABGE) in peri-urban Cape Town became embroiled in a dispute over how to respond to a wild predator, the caracal (Caracal caracal) killing domestic cats (Felis catus). It was revealing of the policy challenges posed by both these predators for urban ecology, of social conflict over notions of ‘nature’, and how cats can be framed as family members worthy of protection or as a danger to wildlife themselves. Conservation authorities resisted requests for permission to capture, remove or radio-collar and monitor any caracals on the ABGE, even after a caracal entered a home and killed a cat. This contrasted with Cape Town’s policy on Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) where significant resources are allocated to reducing the spatial overlap between baboon home ranges and houses, and where negotiated protocols exist for the lethal management of individuals that persist in entering urban areas despite non-lethal deterrents. It also contrasts with the lethal management of caracals inside penguin (Spheniscus demersus) colonies. Policy towards the ABGE was shaped by its history as a security/eco-estate bordering a nature reserve, but the outcome—inconsistent policy regarding caracals that incentivises affected residents to take matters into their own hands—was sub-optimal for environmental managers, affected residents and caracals. Relatively high-income ratepayers committed to living with ‘nature’ (albeit curated) in places like ABGE are potential allies in assisting environmental officials better protect penguins and caracals, thereby facilitating more biodiverse ecologies with predators in urban Cape Town.