bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing superluminous supernovae and long gamma-ray bursts as potential birthplaces of repeating fast radio bursts
Authors: Hilmarsson G H , Spitler L G , Keane E F , Athanasiadis T M , Barr E , Cruces M , Deng X , Heyminck S , Karuppusamy R , Kramer M , Sathyanarayanan S P , Venkatraman Krishnan V , Wieching G , Wu J , Wucknitz O 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) and long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) have been proposed as progenitors of repeating fast radio bursts (FRBs). In this scenario, bursts originate from the interaction between a young magnetar and its surrounding supernova remnant (SNR). Such a model could explain the repeating, apparently non-Poissonian nature of FRB121102, which appears to display quiescent and active phases. This bursting behaviour is better explained with a Weibull distribution, which includes parametrization for clustering. We observed 10 SLSNe/LGRBs for 63 h, looking for repeating FRBs with the Effelsberg 100-m radio telescope, but have not detected any bursts. We scale the burst rate of FRB121102 to an FRB121102-like source inhabiting each of our observed targets, and compare this rate to our upper burst rate limit on a source by source basis. By adopting a fiducial beaming fraction of 0.6, we obtain 99.99 per cent and 83.4 per cent probabilities that at least one, and at least half of our observed sources are beamed towards us, respectively. One of our SLSN targets, PTF10hgi, is coincident with a persistent radio source, making it a possible analogue to FRB121102. We performed further observations on this source using the Effelsberg 100-m and Parkes 64-m radio telescopes. Assuming that PTF10hgi contains an FRB121102-like source, the probabilities of not detecting any bursts from a Weibull distribution during our observations are 14 per cent and 16 per cent for Effelsberg and Parkes, respectively. We conclude by showing that a survey of many short observations increases burst detection probability for a source with Weibull distributed bursting activity.
Host galaxy properties and environment of obscured and unobscured X-ray selected active galactic nuclei in the COSMOS survey
Authors: Bornancini C , García Lambas D 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse different photometric and spectroscopic properties of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and quasars (QSOs) selected by their mid-IR power-law and X-ray emission from the COSMOS survey. We use a set of star-forming galaxies as a control sample to compare with the results. We have considered samples of obscured (HR &gt; −0.2) and unobscured (HR &lt; −0.2) sources including AGNs with LX &lt; 1044 erg s−1, as well as QSOs (LX &gt; 1044 erg s−1) with 1.4 ≤ z ≤ 2.5. We also study the typical environment of these samples, by assessing neighbouring galaxy number density and neighbour properties such as colour, stellar mass, and star formation rate. We find that the UV/optical and mid-infrared colour distribution of the different AGN types differ significantly. Also, we obtain most of AGNs and QSOs to be more compact when compared to the sample of SF galaxies. In general we find that the stellar mass distribution of the different AGN sample are similar, obtaining only a difference of $\Delta \overline{\mathrm{log}M}=0.3$ dex (M⊙) between unobscured and obscured QSOs. Obscured and unobscured AGNs and QSOs reside in different local environment at small (rp &lt; 100 kpc) scales. Our results support previous findings where AGN type correlates with environment. These differences and those found in AGN host properties cast out the simplest unified model in which obscuration is purely an orientation effect.
Runaway GC Evolution in Gerbil Genomes
Authors: Pracana Rodrigo , Hargreaves Adam D , Mulley John F , Holland Peter W H 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecombination increases the local GC-content in genomic regions through GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC). The recent discovery of a large genomic region with extreme GC-content in the fat sand rat Psammomys obesus provides a model to study the effects of gBGC on chromosome evolution. Here, we compare the GC-content and GC-to-AT substitution patterns across protein-coding genes of four gerbil species and two murine rodents (mouse and rat). We find that the known high-GC region is present in all the gerbils, and is characterized by high substitution rates for all mutational categories (AT-to-GC, GC-to-AT, and GC-conservative) both at synonymous and nonsynonymous sites. A higher AT-to-GC than GC-to-AT rate is consistent with the high GC-content. Additionally, we find more than 300 genes outside the known region with outlying values of AT-to-GC synonymous substitution rates in gerbils. Of these, over 30% are organized into at least 17 large clusters observable at the megabase-scale. The unusual GC-skewed substitution pattern suggests the evolution of genomic regions with very high recombination rates in the gerbil lineage, which can lead to a runaway increase in GC-content. Our results imply that rapid evolution of GC-content is possible in mammals, with gerbil species providing a powerful model to study the mechanisms of gBGC.
International prescribing patterns and polypharmacy in older people with advanced chronic kidney disease: results from the European Quality study
Authors: Hayward Samantha , Hole Barnaby , Denholm Rachel , Duncan Polly , Morris James E , Fraser Simon D S , Payne Rupert A , Roderick Paul , Chesnaye Nicholas C , Wanner Christoph , Drechsler Christiane , Postorino Maurizio , Porto Gaetana , Szymczak Maciej , Evans Marie , Dekker Friedo W , Jager Kitty J , Caskey Fergus J ,   the EQUAL Study investigators
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundPeople with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of polypharmacy. However, no previous study has investigated international prescribing patterns in this group. This article aims to examine prescribing and polypharmacy patterns among older people with advanced CKD across the countries involved in the European Quality (EQUAL) study.MethodsThe EQUAL study is an international prospective cohort study of patients ≥65 years of age with advanced CKD. Baseline demographic, clinical and medication data were analysed and reported descriptively. Polypharmacy was defined as ≥5 medications and hyperpolypharmacy as ≥10. Univariable and multivariable linear regressions were used to determine associations between country and the number of prescribed medications. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine associations between country and hyperpolypharmacy.ResultsOf the 1317 participants from five European countries, 91% were experiencing polypharmacy and 43% were experiencing hyperpolypharmacy. Cardiovascular medications were the most prescribed medications (mean 3.5 per person). There were international differences in prescribing, with significantly greater hyperpolypharmacy in Germany {odds ratio (OR) 2.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73–4.37]; P &lt; 0.001, reference group UK}, the Netherlands [OR 1.91 (95% CI 1.32–2.76); P = 0.001] and Italy [OR 1.57 (95% CI 1.15–2.15); P = 0.004]. People in Poland experienced the least hyperpolypharmacy [OR 0.39 (95% CI 0.17–0.87); P = 0.021].ConclusionsHyperpolypharmacy is common among older people with advanced CKD, with significant international differences in the number of medications prescribed. Practice variation may represent a lack of consensus regarding appropriate prescribing for this high-risk group for whom pharmacological treatment has great potential for harm as well as benefit.
Involvement of BGLU30 in Glucosinolate Catabolism in the Arabidopsis Leaf under Dark Conditions
Authors: Morikawa-Ichinose Tomomi , Miura Daisuke , Zhang Liu , Kim Sun-Ju , Maruyama-Nakashita Akiko 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSLs) are secondary metabolites that play important roles in plant defense and are suggested to act as storage compounds. Despite their important roles, metabolic dynamics of GSLs under various growth conditions remain poorly understood. To determine how light conditions influence the levels of different GSLs and their distribution in Arabidopsis leaves, we visualized the GSLs under different light conditions using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging. We observed the unique distribution patterns of each GSL in the inner regions of leaves and marked decreases under darkness, indicating light conditions influenced GSL metabolism. GSLs are hydrolyzed by a group of ß-glucosidase (BGLU) called myrosinase. Previous transcriptome data for GSL metabolism under light and dark conditions have revealed the highly induced expression of BGLU30, one of the putative myrosinases, which is also annotated as Dark INducible2, under darkness. Impairment of the darkness-induced GSL decrease in the disruption mutants of BGLU30, bglu30, indicated that BGLU30 mediated GSL hydrolysis under darkness. Based on the GSL profiles in the wild-type and bglu30 leaves under both conditions, short-chain GSLs were potentially preferable substrates for BGLU30. Our findings provide an effective way of visualizing GSL distribution in plants and highlighted the carbon storage GSL function.
Behavioral interventions for sleep disturbances in children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Phillips Natalie L , Moore Teleri , Teng Arthur , Brookes Naomi , Palermo Tonya M , Lah Suncica 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Sleep disturbances are common and associated with negative functional and health consequences in children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders (NNDDs) and represent an important potential target for behavioral interventions. This systematic review examined the efficacy of behavioral sleep interventions (BSIs) for children with NNDDs and comorbid sleep disturbances.

Methods
A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and CENTRAL was conducted in April 2019. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of BSI for children with NNDDS were included. Meta-analysis and GRADE quality ratings were performed on sleep and secondary functional outcomes (cognition, academics, and behavior).

Results
Nine RCTs were identified (n = 690; Mage = 8.39 ± 2.64years; 71.11% male). The quality of the evidence was predominantly rated as moderate. Posttreatment improvements in sleep were found on self-reported sleep disturbances (total sleep disturbance [standardized mean difference, i.e. SMD = 0.89], night wakings [SMD = 0.52], bedtime resistance [SMD = 0.53], parasomnias [SMD = 0.34], sleep anxiety [SMD = 0.50]) and self-reported sleep patterns (sleep duration [SMD = 0.30], sleep onset duration [SMD = 0.75]) and (2) objectively measured actigraphic sleep patterns (total sleep time [MD = 18.09 min; SMD = 0.32], sleep onset latency [MD = 11.96 min; SMD = 0.41]). Improvements in sleep (self-reported, not actigraphy) were maintained at follow-up, but few studies conducted follow-up assessments resulting in low-quality evidence. Reduction in total behavioral problems (SMD = 0.48) posttreatment and attention/hyperactivity (SMD = 0.28) at follow-up was found. Changes in cognition and academic skills were not examined in any studies.

Conclusions
BSIs improve sleep, at least in the short term, in children with NNDDs. Benefits may extend to functional improvements in behavior. More rigorous RCTs involving placebo controls, blinded outcome assessment, longer follow-up durations, and assessment of functional outcomes are required.
Unifying and defining ‘dishonesty’ in the law of trusts
Authors: Jiang Zixin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this article, I argue that ‘dishonesty’ should be unified and defined in the law of trusts. I argue: (1) the UK Supreme Court in Ivey v Genting Casinos was correct to reject the Ghosh test for dishonesty and to endorse the Royal Brunei test for all legal contexts; (2) the present law on trustee exemption clauses is inconsistent with Ivey, and Walker v Stones must accordingly be overruled; (3) the subjective factors relevant to dishonesty are reducible to a person’s intentions and beliefs; and (4) ‘dishonest’ assistance of a breach of trust should be defined more precisely in terms of what knowledge is required to hold a defendant liable.
Camelina sativa cake for broiler chickens: effects of increasing dietary inclusion on clinical signs of toxicity, feed disappearance, and nutrient digestibility
Authors: Oryschak Matthew A , Christianson Colleen B , Beltranena Eduardo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The effect of feeding diets with increasing dietary inclusions of Camelina sativa cake (CC; 22% ether extract, 34% crude protein) on safety, feed disappearance, and nutrient digestibility was evaluated in a 42-day (d) broiler study. Day-old male chicks (Ross 308; n = 744) were divided among 24 test cages in a randomized complete block design with six replicate cages per dietary regimen. Dietary regimens consisted of feeding test diets containing 0, 8, 16, or 24% CC over three growth phases of 2-week duration each. Diets fed from d 14–21 included an indigestible marker. Pen body weight, feed added, and leftover orts for each phase were measured on d 0, 14, 28, and 42 to calculate average daily feed disappearance, average daily weight gain, and gain-to-feed ratio. On d 14, 28, and 42, three broilers per test cage were euthanized by intravenous injection. A gross post mortem examination was conducted and select organs were weighed. Blood was drawn from broilers removed on d 42 to measure serum parameters. Excreta from d 19 to 21 and ileal digesta (10 birds per cage) on d 21 were collected to yield a single pooled sample of each per test cage. Dietary CC inclusion up to 24% did not affect broiler mortality or the incidence of abnormal gross findings. Differences (P &lt; 0.05) in serum levels of P, uric acid, T3, and T4 are explained by differential digestible nutrient intake among broilers fed increasing CC inclusion levels. Organ weight as proportion of body weight was not affected by treatment, except for pancreas on d 28 and 42, which both linearly increased (P &lt; 0.01) with increasing CC inclusion. Daily feed disappearance did not differ among CC inclusion levels for the overall 42-d study. Increasing dietary CC inclusion level linearly reduced nutrient digestibility of test diets (P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, CC is a safe feedstuff for broilers that can be fed at dietary inclusions up to and including 24% without adverse effects on broiler health.
Outcomes of Integrase Inhibitor–based Antiretroviral Therapy in a Clinical Cohort of Treatment-experienced Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With HIV Infection
Authors: Levy Matthew E. , Griffith Caleb , Ellenberger Nicole , Monroe Anne K. , Castel Amanda D. , Rakhmanina Natella ,   on behalf of the DC Cohort Executive Committee
Published: March 2020

Background:
Data on integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) use in children, adolescents and young adults with HIV are limited. We evaluated virologic and safety outcomes following INSTI initiation among treatment-experienced children, adolescents and young adults.

Methods:
The DC Cohort is a multicenter observational study of individuals receiving HIV care in Washington, DC. This analysis included treatment-experienced participants 0–24 years of age who initiated an INSTI during 2011–2017. Viral suppression (VS) and safety outcomes were quantified. Differences in VS by age, sex and CD4 count were assessed using Kaplan-Meier curves.

Results:
Of 141 participants (median age 20 years; 35% <18 years; 60% male; 89% Black; 62% perinatally-infected), 35% had VS and 65% lacked VS on INSTI initiation. Dolutegravir was the most commonly prescribed INSTI (55%). Among participants without VS at INSTI initiation, 46% achieved VS after a median of 2.7 months. Participants 13–24 (vs. 0–12) years old (P = 0.011) and participants with CD4 counts <350 (vs. >500) cells/μL were less likely to achieve VS (P < 0.001). Among participants with VS at INSTI initiation, 51% sustained VS through a median of 11.0 months of follow-up; of the 49% with transient viremia, 77% later achieved VS again. There were no safety concerns associated with the use of INSTIs.

Conclusions:
More than half of treatment-experienced children, adolescents and young adults with detectable viremia at INSTI initiation did not achieve VS, while half of those with prior VS experienced transient viremia. Further evaluation of long-term outcomes associated with INSTI use among children, adolescents and young adults is warranted.
Dosing of Antimicrobials in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Stark Ashley , Childers Julie , England Morgan , Clark Reese H. , Laughon Matthew , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , Benjamin Daniel K. , Smith P. Brian , Wade Kelly , Greenberg Rachel G. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
We sought to compare meropenem and fluconazole dosing in the neonatal intensive care unit with recommendations based on published pharmacokinetic (PK) studies in infants.

Methods:
We performed an observational cohort study of infants <90 days postnatal age who received a course of meropenem or fluconazole who were treated in neonatal intensive care units managed by the Pediatrix Medical Group (1997–2016). We defined any dose amount from 80% to 120% of the published recommendation to constitute an appropriate dose of either antimicrobial. We calculated the percentage of appropriately dosed courses overall and by discharge year. We then evaluated the change in appropriate dosing over time using a nonparametric test of trend to evaluate the proportion of appropriately dosed courses of each antimicrobial by discharge year.

Results:
A total of 3608 infants were administered 2025 courses of meropenem and 1201 courses of fluconazole. Of all meropenem courses, 32% were dosed appropriately (increased significantly over time; P = 0.01), while 17% of fluconazole courses were dosed appropriately (increased significantly over time; P = 0.01). Median dosing for both meropenem and fluconazole was at or below recommendations; therefore, under-dosing was more common.

Conclusions:
There was marked discordance between actual fluconazole and meropenem dosing and dosing recommendation in PK publications, yet adherence to PK-based doses showed improvement over time.
24th World Congress of Dermatology
Authors: Coyner Theresa , Nicol Noreen Heer , Inabinet Robin , Jellerichs Bradley , Aldredge Lakshi 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The 24th World Congress of Dermatology was held in Milan, Italy, on June 11–15, 2019, under the auspices of the International League of Dermatological Societies. The Dermatology Nurses' Association and the British Dermatological Nursing Group, both sister societies of the International League of Dermatological Societies, coordinated a nursing scientific program and a half-day leadership meeting held during the World Congress. Overview of the nursing scientific program and outcomes of the half-day leadership meeting are described.
Metal artifact reduction of orthopedics metal artifact reduction algorithm in total hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Zhang Kesong , Han Qing , Xu Xiaolin , Jiang Hao , Ma Lin , Zhang Yong , Yang Kerong , Chen Bingpeng , Wang Jincheng 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate metal artifact reduction effect of orthopedics metal artifact reduction (O-Mar) algorithm in computer tomography (CT) image of patients who have undergone total hip arthroplasty (THA) or total knee arthroplasty (TKA).
35 cases of patients who underwent TKA or THA have been recruited in this study. CT image of hip or knee joint was obtained with Philips 256-row CT scanner. Tube voltages of 120 and 140 kilovolt peak (KVP) were set. Afterwards, CT image was reconstructed by O-Mar algorithm to reduce metal artifact. Grade of image quality and severity of metal artifact would be taken into qualitative evaluation. While, quantitative evaluation mainly included measurement of metal artifact volume and 2D measurement of average CT value in region of interest (ROI). The visibility of interface between bone–prostheses was also estimated.
Result of qualitative analysis indicated that score of CT quality was improved and grade of metal artifact was decreased significantly with O-Mar. Quantitative analysis illustrated that volume of beam-hardening (B-H) metal artifact decreased remarkably after reconstruction of O-Mar (P < .001). In addition, O-Mar algorithm reduced 83.3% to 83.7% volume of photon-starvation (P-S) metal artifact. As for result of 2D measurement, CT value in ROI was closer to standard value in O-Mar group CT image (P < .001). Meanwhile, error of CT value also decreased significantly after reconstruction of O-Mar algorithm. Visibility rate of bone–prosthesis interface improved from 34.3% (Non-O-Mar) to 66.7% (O-Mar).
O-Mar algorithm could significantly reduce metal artifact in CT image of THA and TKA in both 2D and three-dimensional (3D) level. Therefore, better image quality and visibility of bone–prostheses interface could be presented. In this study, O-Mar was proved as an efficient metal artifact reduction method in CT image of THA and TKA.
Effect of different high altitudes on vascular endothelial function in healthy people
Authors: Fan Ning , Liu Cun , Ren Ming 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background:
The aim of the study was to provide a theoretical basis for the early diagnosis and prediction of acute altitude sickness, to provide a better entry mode for healthy people from plain areas to plateau areas, and to preliminarily clarify the possible mechanism of this approach.

Methods:
We measured endothelin-1 (ET-1), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nitric oxide (NO), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) levels in each sample and determined flow-mediated dilation (FMD) values using a portable OMRON color Doppler with a 7.0- to 12.0-MHz linear array probe. We used the Lewis Lake score to diagnose acute mountain sickness (AMS) and to stratify the disease severity.

Results:
We found no cases of AMS at any of the studied elevation gradients. We found significant differences in FMD values between individuals when at 400 m above sea level and when at 2200, 3200, and 4200 m above sea level (P < .05) but found no significant differences among those at 2200, 3200, and 4200 m. Our variance analysis showed that serum ET-1, VEGF, ADMA, NO, and HIF-1 levels in individuals at ≥3000 m and those at subplateau and plain areas (<3000 m) significantly differed (P < .05). The level of these factors also significantly differed between individuals at elevation gradients of plateau areas (3260 m vs 4270 m) (P < .05). We found no significant differences in serum ET-1, VEGF, and ADMA levels between individuals at the plateau (2260 m) and plain (400 m) areas (P > .05). NO and HIF-1 levels were significantly different in serum samples from individuals between the plateau (2260 m) and plain (400 m) areas (P < .05). However, with increasing altitude, the NO level gradually increased, whereas ET-1, ADMA, VEGF, and HIF-1 levels showed a decreasing trend. With the increase of altitude, there is no correlation between the trend of FMD and hematologic-related factors such as VEGF, NO, and HIF-1.

Conclusion:
A healthy young male population ascending to a high-altitude area experiences a low incidence of AMS. Entering an acute plateau exposure environment from different altitude gradients may weaken the effect of acute highland exposure on vascular endothelial dysfunction in healthy individuals. Changes in serum ET-1, VEGF, ADMA, NO, and HIF-1 levels in healthy young men may be related to the body's self-regulation and protect healthy individuals from AMS. A short stay in a subplateau region may initiate an oxygen-free preconditioning process in healthy individuals, thereby protecting them from AMS. Noninvasive brachial artery endothelial function test instead of the detection of invasive hematologic-related factors for early diagnosis and prediction of the occurrence and severity of acute high-altitude disease is still lack of sufficient theoretical basis.