bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Going with the Flow: Tunable Flow‐Induced Polymer Mechanochemistry
Authors: Willis‐Fox Niamh , Rognin Etienne , Baumann Christoph , Aljohani Talal A. , Göstl Robert , Daly Ronan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMechanical forces can drive chemical transformations in polymers, directing reactions along otherwise inaccessible pathways, providing exciting possibilities for developing smart, responsive materials. The state‐of‐the‐art test for solution‐based polymer mechanochemistry development is ultrasonication. However, this does not accurately model the forces that will be applied during device fabrication using processes such as 3D printing or spray coating. Here, a step is taken toward predictably translating mechanochemistry from molecular design to manufacturing by demonstrating a highly controlled nozzle flow setup in which the shear forces being delivered are precisely tuned. The results show that solvent viscosity, fluid strain rate, and the nature of the breaking bond can be individually studied. Importantly, it is shown that the influence of each is different to that suggested by ultrasonication (altered quantity of chain breakage and critical polymer chain length). Significant development is presented in the understanding of polymer bond breakage during manufacturing flows to help guide design of active components that trigger on demand. Using an anthracene‐based mechanophore, the triggering of a fluorescence turn‐on is demonstrated through careful selection of the flow parameters. This work opens the avenue for programmed chemical transformations during inline manufacturing processes leading to tunable, heterogeneous final products from a single source material.
A Rapid and Ultrasensitive Thrombin Biosensor Based on a Rationally Designed Trifunctional Protein
Authors: Zhang Huayue , Yang Lu , Zhu Xiaqing , Wang Yanyan , Yang Haitao , Wang Zefang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRapid and sensitive detection of thrombin is imperative for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of thrombin‐related diseases. Here, an ultrasensitive and rapid thrombin biosensor is developed based on rationally designed trifunctional protein HTs, comprising three functional units, including a far‐red fluorescent protein smURFP, hydrophobin HGFI, and a thrombin cleavage site (TCS). smURFP is used as a detection signal to eliminate any interference from the autofluorescence of sample matrix to increase detection sensitivity. HGFI serve as an adhesive unit to allow rapid immobilization of HTs on a multiwall plate. The TCS linking HGFI and smURFP function as a sensing element to recognize and detect thrombin. HTs immobilization is symmetrically optimized and characterized. Thrombin assay reveals the specific recognition of active thrombin in samples and the hydrolysis of the immobilized HTs, resulting in a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the sample in a thrombin concentration‐dependent manner. The limit of detection (LOD) is as low as 0.2 am in the serum. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the lowest LOD ever reported for any thrombin biosensor. This study sheds light on the engineering of multifunctional proteins for biosensing.
Hydrogen‐Substituted Graphdiyne Ion Tunnels Directing Concentration Redistribution for Commercial‐Grade Dendrite‐Free Zinc Anodes
Authors: Yang Qi , Guo Ying , Yan Boxun , Wang Changda , Liu Zhuoxin , Huang Zhaodong , Wang Yukun , Li Yiran , Li Hongfei , Song Li , Fan Jun , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrent aqueous Zn batteries (ZBs) seriously suffer from dendrite issues caused by rough electrode surfaces. Despite significant efforts in prolonging lifespan of these batteries, little effort has been devoted to dendrite elimination in commercial‐grade cathode loading mass. Instead, demonstrations have only been done at the laboratory level (≤2 mg cm−2). Additionally, new dilemmas regarding change of the proton‐storage behavior and interface pulverization have emerged in turn. Herein, hydrogen‐substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY), with sub‐ångström level ion tunnels and robust chemical stability, is designed as an artificial interface layer to address these issues. This strategy prolongs the symmetric cell lifespan to >2400 h (100 days), which is 37 times larger than without protection (63 h). The simulation of dual fields reveals that HsGDY can redistribute the Zn2+ concentration field by spatially forcing Zn2+ to deviate from the irregular electric field. During practical use, the as‐assembled full batteries deliver a long lifespan 50 000 cycles and remain stable even at a commercial‐grade cathode loading mass of up to 22.95 mg cm−2. This HsGDY‐protection methodology represents great progress in Zn dendrite protection and demonstrates enormous potential in metal batteries.
Biomimetic Multiscale Hierarchical Topography Enhances Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Yang Liangliang , Ge Lu , Zhou Qihui , Mokabber Taraneh , Pei Yutao , Bron Reinier , van Rijn Patrick 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe interface between materials and cells plays a critical role in many biomedical applications. Inspired by the hierarchical architecture of collagen, most abundant structure in the extracellular matrix (ECM), a multiscale hierarchical topography is designed to mimic the collagen nano/micro hierarchical topography. It is hypothesized that the ECM topography affects osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells but until now, it cannot be studied without the biochemical and mechanical influences of the ECM. The multiscale hierarchical topography is achieved by innovatively using sequentially aligned topography preparation via a silicone stretch‐oxidation‐release method and imprinting lithography. The anisotropically hierarchical topography influences stem cell morphology, orientation, and osteogenic differentiation. Intriguingly, the design resembling that of assembled collagen, exhibits the highest degree of osteogenesis. The hierarchical topotaxis effects are further exemplified by the enhanced vinculin expression, cell contractility, and more pronounced nuclear translocation of Yes‐associated protein with the collagen‐mimicking topography, indicative for enhanced osteogenesis. The developed multiscale hierarchical system provides insights into the importance of specific biological ECM‐like topography by decoupling the biochemical influence. Various diseases, cancer, osteoarthritis, and fibrosis display impaired ECM structures, and therefore this system may have a great potential for tissue engineering approaches and developing in vitro disease models.
Structure and Nonequilibrium Heat‐Transfer of a Physisorbed Molecular Layer on Graphene
Authors: Wit Bareld , Bunjes Ole , Wenderoth Martin , Ropers Claus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe structure of a physisorbed sub‐monolayer of 1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene (bpe) on epitaxial graphene is investigated by low‐energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. Additionally, nonequilibrium heat‐transfer between bpe and the surface is studied by ultrafast low‐energy electron diffraction. Bpe arranges in an oblique unit cell which is not commensurate with the substrate. Six different rotational and/or mirror domains, in which the molecular unit cell is rotated by 28 ± 0.1° with respect to the graphene surface, are identified. The molecules are weakly physisorbed, as evidenced by the fact that they readily desorb at room temperature. At liquid nitrogen temperature, however, the layers are stable and time‐resolved experiments can be performed. The temperature changes of the molecules and the surface can be measured independently through the Debye–Waller factor of their individual diffraction features. Thus, the heat flow between bpe and the surface can be monitored on a picosecond timescale. The time‐resolved measurements, in combination with model simulations, show the existence of three relevant thermal barriers between the different layers. The thermal boundary resistance between the molecular layer and graphene is found to be 2 ± 1 × 10−8 K m2 W−1.
Stretchable and High‐Adhesive Plasmonic Metasheet Using Al Subwavelength Grating Embedded in an Elastomer Nanosheet
Authors: Kumagai Hayato , Fujie Toshinori , Sawada Kazuaki , Takahashi Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPlasmonic metasurfaces have attracted much attention for use in device applications over the past decade. Dynamic color tuning (DCT), where the displacement of periodic nanostructures is controlled to generate different colors in real time, is one of the great possibilities of plasmonic metasurfaces for optical strain sensors or display devices. In this study, an Al metasurface embedded in an elastomer nanosheet with film thickness 400 nm is fabricated by means of sacrificial release using a polyvinyl alcohol sacrificial layer. This plasmonic metasheet shows not only the seven colors produced by surface plasmons, but also DCT by stretching the elastomer nanosheet. Each pixel, designed with a grating period of 300–600 nm, emits the bright colors expected in electromagnetic simulation. Moreover, stretching the plasmonic metasheet demonstrates DCT from 495 to 660 nm in the visible light range. The freestanding metasheet with maximum thickness 400 nm may be easily integrated into any active device by post‐processing transfer. Stretching the metasheet requires an estimated × 10−3 lower force than previously reported for plasmonic metasurfaces, owing to a film thickness of only several hundreds of nanometers. These results facilitate the realization of microdevices with novel capabilities based on plasmonic metamaterials.
Strategically Modulating Carriers and Excitons for Efficient and Stable Ultrapure‐Green Fluorescent OLEDs with a Sterically Hindered BODIPY Dopant
Authors: Song Xiaozeng , Zhang Dongdong , Zhang Yuewei , Lu Yang , Duan Lian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUltrapure colors are vital for displays to obtain the highly desired wide color‐gamut. Till now, only boron‐dipyrromethene derivatives (BODIPYs) have demonstrated ultrapure full‐colors but suffer from low excitons utilization efficiency as dopants in organic light‐emitting diodes. It is proposed here that with a thermally activated delayed fluorophore to sensitize BODIPYs, all excitons can be recycled, which, still, is challenged by exciton loss through Dexter energy transfer (DET) from sensitizer to dopant and direct charge trapping on BODIPYs. Hence, a sterically hindered BODIPY‐type dopant with a bulk substituent on the meso‐position is developed to suppress DET, exhibiting a high photo‐luminance quantum yield of 98% and a small full width at half maximum of 28 nm. Moreover, the device structure is elaborately designed, successfully modulating carriers and excitons to avoid charge trapping on dopant and also trigger multiple‐sensitizing processes to reduce exciton loss. Consequently, a state‐of‐the‐art maximum external quantum efficiency/power efficiency of 19.0%/85.7 lm W−1 are realized together with an ultrapure‐green emission of Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinates of (0.26, 0.67) and a long half‐lifetime of 2947 h at an initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2.
New Class of Ni‐Rich Cathode Materials Li[NixCoyB1−x−y]O2 for Next Lithium Batteries
Authors: Ryu Hoon‐Hee , Park Nam‐Yung , Yoon Dae Ro , Kim Un‐Hyuck , Yoon Chong S. , Sun Yang‐Kook 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA new class of layered cathodes, Li[NixCoyB1−x−y]O2 (NCB), is synthesized. The proposed NCB cathodes have a unique microstructure in which elongated primary particles are tightly packed into spherical secondary particles. The cathodes also exhibit a strong crystallographic texture in which the a–b layer planes are aligned along the radial direction, facilitating Li migration. The microstructure, which effectively suppresses the formation of microcracks, improves the cycling stability of the NCB cathodes. The NCB cathode with 1.5 mol% B delivers a discharge capacity of 234 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and retains 91.2% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles (compared to values of 229 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 78.8% for pristine Li[Ni0.9Co0.1]O2). This study shows the importance of controlling the microstructure to obtain the required cycling stability, especially for Ni‐rich layered cathodes, where the main cause of capacity fading is related to mechanical strain in their charged state.
Engagement and Workplace Satisfaction of Emergency Medicine Faculty in the United States
Authors: Lucas Raymond , Dandar Valerie , Scott James 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to determine the drivers of workplace satisfaction and attrition for emergency medicine (EM) faculty in U.S. medical schools.MethodsDimensions of workplace satisfaction measured in the Association of American Medical Colleges StandPoint Faculty Engagement Survey from 36 U.S. Liaison Committee on Medical Accreditation–accredited medical schools were analyzed by multiple regression analysis to determine the factors associated with overall workplace satisfaction and intention to leave. These were compared to faculty from non‐EM clinical departments.ResultsIn total, 737 EM faculty (response rate 66%) completed the survey. Over 50% of EM faculty are less than 45 years old, of junior rank, and on a nontenure track, different than non‐EM colleagues. Overall satisfaction with one's department as a place to work was 76% and one's medical school as a place to work was 69%, similar to other clinical faculty. Overall satisfaction is 87% for EM faculty with a formal mentor compared to 68% for those who do not. One's nature of work, departmental governance, collegiality and collaboration, and the clinical practice environment are significant factors in overall workplace satisfaction. EM faculty spend significantly more time on teaching and administrative tasks and less time on research than non‐EM faculty. Overall functioning of the ED and ability to provide high‐quality care in their practice environment is lower for EM than non‐EM faculty. Survey dimensions were poor predictors of intention to leave.ConclusionsOverall EM faculty have high workplace satisfaction similar to other specialties. Ensuring strong departmental leadership, improving the clinical practice environment, and increasing access to a formal mentor may be effective strategies to improve workplace satisfaction for EM faculty.
A proposal to rethink agriculture in the climate calculations
Authors: Frankelius Per 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAccording to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), agriculture is a main source of negative greenhouse gases. The calculations are based on empirical facts but also, like all research, on certain perspectives or paradigms including assumptions and subjective choices of system boundaries for analysis. Greenhouse gases in relation to agriculture are often presented in diagrams showing, for example, arrows of emissions from soil, cattle, tractors, and manure storage. However, the fundament of agriculture is the photosynthesis. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is caught by crops that, in turn, produce oxygen (O2) and at the same time binds carbon (C) in roots and shoots. One part of this C transforms into soil organic C, and that is sometimes discussed in research, the public debate, and by IPCC. But the main part transforms into harvested crops, that is, cereals like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and other carbohydrate products like pea (Pisum sativum L.) or oilseed. This last‐mentioned photosynthesis effect is not, in the IPCC calculations, considered as a positive climate contribution from the agricultural sector. The consequence of this might be that policymakers will not understand the whole picture of agriculture in relation to climate effects; and therefore make decisions that affect food production, climate change, and biodiversity in a not optimal way from a holistic sustainability viewpoint.
Respirometric method for kinetic modeling of ammonium‐oxidizing and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria in a membrane bioreactor
Authors: Leyva‐Díaz Juan Carlos , Muñío Maria del Mar , Fenice Massimiliano , Poyatos José Manuel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA respirometric method for the kinetic modeling of ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was implemented in two membrane bioreactor (MBRA and MBRB) systems. These biological systems worked at mixed liquor suspended solids concentration of about 6.6 g L−1. MBRA worked at 6 hr of hydraulic retention time (HRT) and 20.7°C, while the operational conditions for MBRB were 9.5 hr of HRT and 14.7°C. Experimental data were fitted to the kinetic model with R2 values of .9320 and .9250 for MBRA and MBRB, respectively. Both systems showed similar performances regarding organic matter and nitrogen removal. However, MBRB showed highest rates of carbon source degradation and net heterotrophic bacteria growth, and MBRA had highest rates of nitrogen source degradation and net autotrophic bacteria growth. This last system was characterized by values for YAOB, YNOB, μm,AOB and μm,NOB of 1.1749 mgVSS mgN−1, 0.6473 mgVSS mgN−1, 0.3664 hr−1 and 0.1823 hr−1, respectively.
Ancient DNA reveals two paternal lineages C2a1a1b1a/F3830 and C2b1b/F845 in past nomadic peoples distributed on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Li Jiawei , Cai Dawei , Zhang Ye , Zhu Hong , Zhou Hui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesSince the third century CE, a series of nomadic tribes have been active on the eastern part of the Mongolian Plateau. Characterizing the genetic compositions of past nomadic people is significant for research on the nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe region. Ancient DNA analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of the relationship between historical and modern nomadic populations.Materials and methodsWhole‐genome shotgun sequencing and capture sequencing of the nonrecombining region of the Y chromosome were performed for six ancient Hg C2/M217 individuals. The individuals were interred at six separate sites on the Mongolian Plateau and represent dates spanning the late Neolithic to Yuan Dynasty (~3,500–700 BP).ResultsAfter NRY capture sequencing, three of the six ancient samples were attributed to C2b1b/F845 and the other three ancient samples belonged to C2a1a1b1a/F3830. Analysis of whole‐genome shotgun sequencing data shows that the ancient C2b1b/F845 individuals are closely related to She, Han and other East Asian populations, while the ancient C2a1a1b1a/F3830 individuals are more similar to modern Northeast Asian peoples, such as the Ulchi and Yakut.DiscussionHg C2/M217, widely distributed in the eastern part of the Eurasian continent, was discovered in the ancient Central Steppe and Baikal region. This study shows that there were two important subclades of Hg C2/M217 among the ancient nomadic peoples: C2a1a1b1a/F3830, which has made important genetic contributions to modern Mongolic‐ and Manchu‐speaking populations, and C2b1b/F845, which probably originated in the farming populations of southern East Asia and made certain genetic contributions to past nomadic peoples on the Mongolian Plateau.
Lynch vs transcaruncular approach: optimizing access to the lateral frontal sinus
Authors: Husain Qasim , Banks Catherine , Bleier Benjamin S. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundVisualization and instrumentation of the frontal sinus is not always possible with a Draf III or modified endoscopic Lothrop procedure (MELP), and external incisions can help augment exposure. We compare lateral frontal sinus access using only a MELP compared to the adjunctive transcaruncular approach and transcutaneous Lynch incision.MethodsTwelve cadaveric heads underwent thin‐cut computed tomography scanning. Measurement of the frontal beak, anteroposterior depth of the frontal sinus, and interorbital distance was performed. There were 4 specimens with poorly pneumatized frontal sinuses that were excluded from the study. Eight cadaveric heads (16 sides) were dissected and a MELP with bilateral transcaruncular and Lynch incisions for access to the lateral frontal sinus was performed. Under image guidance, measurements extended from the midline crista galli to the most lateral point of the frontal sinus visualized using a 0‐degree endoscope with straight suction and a 30‐degree endoscope with curved suction.ResultsThe proportion of the ipsilateral frontal sinus accessed through the contralateral nare with a 0‐degree endoscope and straight suction using a MELP only, a MELP with transcaruncular approach, and a MELP with Lynch incision, respectively, averaged 41.6%, 51.6%, and 58.9% on the right, and 48.9%, 47.1%, and 61.2% on the left. Using a 30‐degree endoscope and curved suction the proportion accessed using a MELP only, a MELP with transcaruncular approach, and a MELP with Lynch incision, respectively, increased to 76.1%, 62.6%, and 91.8% on the right, and 83.2%, 62.7%, and 88.7% on the left.ConclusionAdjunctive external approaches can improve access and instrumentation of the frontal sinus when combined with a MELP.
GGPS1 Mutations Cause Muscular Dystrophy/Hearing Loss/Ovarian Insufficiency Syndrome
Authors: Foley A. Reghan , Zou Yaqun , Dunford James E. , Rooney Jachinta , Chandra Goutam , Xiong Hui , Straub Volker , Voit Thomas , Romero Norma , Donkervoort Sandra , Hu Ying , Markello Thomas , Horn Adam , Qebibo Leila , Dastgir Jahannaz , Meilleur Katherine G. , Finkel Richard S. , Fan Yanbin , Mamchaoui Kamel , Duguez Stephanie , Nelson Isabelle , Laporte Jocelyn , Santi Mariarita , Malfatti Edoardo , Maisonobe Thierry , Touraine Philippe , Hirano Michio , Hughes Imelda , Bushby Kate , Oppermann Udo , Böhm Johann , Jaiswal Jyoti K. , Stojkovic Tanya , Bönnemann Carsten G. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveA hitherto undescribed phenotype of early onset muscular dystrophy associated with sensorineural hearing loss and primary ovarian insufficiency was initially identified in 2 siblings and in subsequent patients with a similar constellation of findings. The goal of this study was to understand the genetic and molecular etiology of this condition.MethodsWe applied whole exome sequencing (WES) superimposed on shared haplotype regions to identify the initial biallelic variants in GGPS1 followed by GGPS1 Sanger sequencing or WES in 5 additional families with the same phenotype. Molecular modeling, biochemical analysis, laser membrane injury assay, and the generation of a Y259C knock‐in mouse were done.ResultsA total of 11 patients in 6 families carrying 5 different biallelic pathogenic variants in specific domains of GGPS1 were identified. GGPS1 encodes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway, which catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, the lipid precursor of geranylgeranylated proteins including small guanosine triphosphatases. In addition to proximal weakness, all but one patient presented with congenital sensorineural hearing loss, and all postpubertal females had primary ovarian insufficiency. Muscle histology was dystrophic, with ultrastructural evidence of autophagic material and large mitochondria in the most severe cases. There was delayed membrane healing after laser injury in patient‐derived myogenic cells, and a knock‐in mouse of one of the mutations (Y259C) resulted in prenatal lethality.InterpretationThe identification of specific GGPS1 mutations defines the cause of a unique form of muscular dystrophy with hearing loss and ovarian insufficiency and points to a novel pathway for this clinical constellation. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:332–347.