bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociolinguistics and everyday (in)securitization
Authors: Rampton Ben , Charalambous Constadina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThisJournal of Sociolinguisticsdialogue starts from the perception that existential threats to national security have become an increasingly pervasive concern in daily life, spreading fear and suspicion through civil society. Communicative practices play a central role in these processes of (in)securitization, but sociolinguists appear to have paid them less attention than they deserve. So in what follows, six researchers discuss the significance of (in)securitization for our everyday experience and the implications for sociolinguistic theory and research.The dialogue opens with Ben Rampton and Constadina Charalambous, who introduce the concept of (in)securitization from International Relations (IR) research and sketch potential connections and challenges to standard sociolinguistic theories and concepts. Then the four papers that follow pick this up from different angles in different geographic locations. Ariana Mangual Figueroa discusses (in)securitization’s radical impact on research relationships in ethnography, focusing on the US. Zeena Zakharia addresses the effects of large‐scale conflict on language education, both in the US and in Lebanon. Erez Levon considers the connections between nationalism and sexuality, bringing in the strategies with which gay and lesbian Israelis navigate the insecuritizing discourses they encounter. Then Rodney Jones discusses the interactional dynamics of surveillance, moving between police encounters and the internet to show the thin line between protection and precarity. At the end of the dialogue, we address three questions, collaboratively reaffirming the urgency of these issues, the significance of (in)securitization in everyday communicative practice, and the ramifications for sociolinguistics.
Effect of rain on absorption after transdermal application of flunixin in calves
Authors: Altenbrunner‐Martinek Birgit , Witek Martin , Koppatz Karl , Freissmuth Michael , Kraft Alinta , Sutter Charlene , Torres Siddartha , Gelfert Christian , Wittek Thomas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFlunixin is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) that has anti‐inflammatory, anti‐pyretic, and analgesic effects. Recently, a novel transdermal formulation was developed (Finadyne® Transdermal, MSD Animal Health) and is now the first NSAID registered to be administered as a pour‐on product in cattle. According to the manufacturer's instructions, the pour‐on product should be applied only to dry skin and exposure to rain should be avoided for at least 6 hr after application. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of simulated exposure to light or heavy rain on flunixin absorption and bioavailability within the first 4 hr after administration. Therefore, an isocratic HPLC method was developed to quantify flunixin concentrations in bovine serum by UV detection. Light rain decreased flunixin absorption only when rain started immediately after flunixin administration, while light rain starting more than 30 min after administration of flunixin had no effect on absorption. Absorption and bioavailability of flunixin was impacted under simulated heavy rain conditions, when exposure to rain occurred within one hour after the application of the pour‐on formulation, but not later.
Maternal MUAC and fetal outcome in an Indian tertiary care hospital: A prospective observational study
Authors: Vasundhara Donugama , Hemalatha Rajkumar , Sharma Saurabh , Ramalaxmi Baru Anantha , Bhaskar Varanasi , Babu JagJeevan , Kankipati Vijaya Radha Krishna , Mamidi RajaSriswan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStudies to date demonstrated the relatedness of mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement of pregnant women to their anthropometry/weight. Hence, the objective was to determine whether maternal MUAC at different gestational age predicted birthweight, and if so, to identify which cut‐offs provided the best prediction of low birthweight (LBW) in pregnant women cohort. A total of 928 pregnant women, free of any obstetrical and medical complications known to affect fetal growth, were followed from 20 to 24 weeks' gestation till delivery. Weight, height, and MUAC were determined for the pregnant women, and gestational age along with newborns anthropometry was collected. The mean birthweight was 2.6 ± 0.460 kg. Maternal age, height, weight, MUAC (three time points), gestational age at delivery, and post‐natal weight showed positive correlation with birthweight, crown heel length, and head circumference of the neonates. The cut‐off limit with the best sensitivity–specificity (54.0 and 59.8, respectively) for MUAC was 23 cm, whereas maternal weight of 55 kg had sensitivity and specificity of 62.5 and 59.9 for predicting LBW. Maternal weight of 55 kg and MUAC value of 23 cm had almost similar sensitivity and specificity for predicting LBW. MUAC (≤23 cm) can be considered as a potential indicator of LBW where weighing of pregnant women is not feasible or when presentation for antenatal care is late, especially where pre‐pregnancy weights are not available.
A qualitative exploration of escalation of care in the acute ward setting
Authors: Ede Jody , Jeffs Emma , Vollam Sarah , Watkinson Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground“Failure to Rescue” includes failing to prevent avoidable patient deterioration and death. Despite its use, delays in care escalation still affect patient outcomes.Aims and ObjectiveThe aim of this qualitative service evaluation was to map the barriers and facilitators to the escalation of care in the acute ward setting and identify those that are modifiable.DesignA total of 55 hours of qualitative observations were completed to capture care escalation events. These were conducted at two hospital sites in one National Health Service trust.MethodsObservations were iterative, with research team meetings being used to discuss the data and future methods. Field notes were analysed thematically by two researchers, extracting data on barriers and facilitators to escalation of care.ResultsClinical nursing staff challenged the sensitivity and specificity of Early Warning Scores, describing tool failings in certain clinical scenarios. Staff did not escalate based on the alerting Early Warning Scores alone but used other clinical factors, such as bleeding, which are not necessarily captured in the scoring systems. Staff frequently did not re‐escalate low‐level scores. Patient and non‐patient factors identified as posing barriers to escalation were complex care needs, patient outlier status, and involvement of multiple care teams. Factors negatively affecting the chain of communication during escalation were team tension, staffing levels, and inadequate handover.ConclusionThis service evaluation identified barriers and facilitators to the escalation of care in the acute ward setting. Unlike other studies, we found that re‐escalation or tracking of deterioration was problematic. Patients identified as being at a higher risk of escalation failure included complex patients, outliers, and patients with multiple care teams.Relevance to clinical practiceThis service evaluation demonstrates continuing health care communication barriers. Patient groups (complex patients and outliers) risk process failures during escalation. This can be applied in clinical practice by staff anticipating problems in these patients, documenting clear escalation pathways.
Nasal high‐flow oxygen in pediatric anesthesia and airway management
Authors: Humphreys Susan , Schibler Andreas 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNasal High‐Flow (NHF) is weight‐dependent in children, aimed to match peak inspiratory flow and thereby deliver an accurate FiO2 with a splinting pressure of 4‐6 cm H2O. During apnea in children, NHF oxygen can double the expected time to desaturation below 90% in well children but there is no ventilatory exchange; therefore, children do not “THRIVE”. Total intravenous anesthesia competency to maintain spontaneous breathing is an important adjunct for successful NHF oxygenation technique during anesthesia. Jaw thrust to maintain a patent upper airway is paramount until surgical instrumentation occurs. There is no evidence to support safe use of NHF oxygen with LASER use due to increased risk of airway fire.
Emergency intubation of children outside of the operating room
Authors: Long Elliot , Barrett Michael J. , Peters Cheryl , Sabato Stefan , Lockie Francis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntubation of children outside of the operating room is performed infrequently and is often associated with life‐threatening adverse events. This review aims to clarify the contributors to adverse events encountered during intubations outside of the operating room and provide preventative strategies. The primary contributors to adverse events during non‐operating room intubations are physiologically and situationally difficult airways; anatomically difficult airways are rare. Systems‐based changes, including a shared mental model, standardization in equipment and its location, checklist use, physiological resuscitation prior to resuscitation, dose titration of induction agent, multi‐disciplinary team training in the technical and nontechnical aspects of non‐operating room intubation, debrief post–real and simulated events, and regular audit of performance all reduce life‐threatening intubation‐related adverse events in children. Intubation of children outside of the operating room may be performed safely through engagement of all critical care specialties, shared learning, and focus on patient‐centered care delivery.
Young people’s trauma‐related cognitions before and after cognitive processing therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: König Julia , Kopp Brigitte , Ziegelmeier Angela , Rimane Eline , Steil Regina , Renneberg Babette , Rosner Rita 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesCognitive processing therapy (CPT) is a psychotherapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with a broad evidence base. Change in trauma‐related cognitions is considered its primary working mechanism. When trying to integrate a traumatic event into existing cognitive schemas, the adaptive mechanism is changing the schema (accommodation). However, PTSD patients frequently either change their schemas too much (over‐accommodation), or cognitively distort the event (assimilation). We aimed to test the hypothesized connections between the three types of cognition and symptom load.DesignThis study adds to the literature using ‘impact statements’, essays on their trauma‐related thoughts written by patients at the beginning and end of CPT, to investigate cognitive change and its relationship to symptomatic outcome.MethodsWe analysed statements written by 31 adolescents and young adults who received developmentally adapted CPT (a longer treatment where CPT is the core component) in a randomized controlled trial.ResultsAs expected, post‐CPT statements contained more accommodated and fewer over‐accommodated and assimilated clauses than pre‐CPT statements. Correlations between cognition frequencies and concurrent symptom load were as expected for assimilation, and, in part, over‐accommodation and accommodation. Decreased PTSD and depressive symptoms were correlated with increased accommodated thoughts. For over‐accommodation and assimilation, however, expected correlations could not be shown.ConclusionsOur results support the notion that cognitive change is an important mechanism of change in CPT in a sample of younger, non‐English‐speaking clients.
Calling Solomon’s Bluff: Ethics, Aspect‐Perception and the Unity of the Tractatus
Authors: Campbell Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, I consider how we ought to read the aspect‐perception passages in the Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus (TLP) in the light of its ethics. I engage with a recent proposal, of Genia Schönbaumsfeld's, that we should replace the TLP account of aspect‐perception with that which Wittgenstein puts forward in the Philosophical Investigations (PI). I show that, far from helping us to grasp the ethical vision contained in the TLP, this proposal obscures it. I go on to draw some conclusions from this as to how to read the TLP in its relation to Wittgenstein's other work.
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma‐derived extracellular vesicles educate macrophages to promote tumours progression by increasing PGC‐1β
Authors: Liu Wenjian , Zhu Mengyuan , Wang Hua , Wang Weida , Lu Yue 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTumour‐associated macrophages (TAMs) comprise an important part of the tumour microenvironment and play a key role in malignant tumours progression. Tumour‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) modulated TAMs polarization and reprogrammed TAMs to influence the progression of various tumours. Here, we hypothesized that diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)‐derived EVs can regulate macrophages polarization and thus contribute to tumour progression. Our results demonstrated that EVs, released from DLBCL, augment the M2 polarization effects of macrophages. Moreover, conditional medium derived from macrophages by DLBCL‐derived EVs stimulation revealed the superior effects of promoting tumour proliferation, migration and invasion. Further analysis demonstrated that DLBCL‐derived EVs regulated the metabolism of macrophages by increasing the expression of PGC‐1β protein, thereby reprogramming the macrophage phenotype of promoting tumour progression. In conclusion, our findings signify that the DLBCL‐derived EVs mediated the increasing of functional PGC‐1β protein in macrophages to promote the tumour progression.
The impact of product subsidies on plant‐level total factor productivity in Britain, 1997–2014
Authors: Harris Richard , Moffat John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe United Kingdom’s imminent departure from the European Union provides the opportunity for a more selective industrial strategy. This paper therefore analyses the effect of product subsidies on productivity in British manufacturing plants between 1997 and 2014 in order to provide evidence on the desirability of extending their use. The results suggest that low rates of subsidization had either a positive or no effect but higher rates had a negative effect on total factor productivity in some sectors. This implies that increasing the generosity of subsidies does not offer a means of improving the UK’s productivity performance.
The Normative Force of Logical and Probabilistic Reasoning in Improving Beliefs
Authors: Strössner Corina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThere is a deep tension between logical and probabilistic norms of belief. This article illustrates the normative force that is associated with these frameworks by showing how rather unrestricted belief bases can be improved by undergoing logical and probabilistic reflection. It is argued that probabilistic reasoning accounts for the reliability of the conclusions one can draw from the beliefs. Most importantly, reliability commands us to care for the increasing uncertainty of conjunctions of beliefs. Deductive logic captures the agent's commitment towards all conclusions of her beliefs. In other words, it seems that commitment forces the agent to believe conclusions, which reliability tells her to view with scepticism. This conflict is resolved by arguing that commitment merely forces the agent to find the logical conclusions of her beliefs acceptable, not necessarily to believe them. This demands consistency but no deductive closure. Furthermore, it is shown that by restoring consistency, a straightforward connection between high subjective probability and full belief is undermined. Finally, the article delineates how this approach deals with the lottery paradox and the preface paradox.
Reassessing the foreign ownership wage premium in Germany
Authors: Egger Hartmut , Jahn Elke , Kornitzky Stefan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper evaluates the effect of foreign takeover on wages of workers in German establishments, using rich linked employer–employee data from 2003 to 2014. To identify a causal effect of foreign takeover, we combine propensity‐score matching with a difference‐in‐difference estimator. We find that a takeover by a foreign investor leads to a wage premium of 4.0 log points in the year after ownership change, which further increases to 6.3 log points 3 years after acquisition. The wage premium is largest for high‐skilled workers, which is consistent with three theoretical arguments, namely rent appropriation by managers, technology protection and training on new technology. We also show that the wage premium does not pick up an exporter effect due to a platform investment of the foreign owner, that it takes about 4 years before it fully develops, that it does not vanish after foreign divestment and that the wage increase is specific to foreign acquisition instead of ownership change per se.
Jehovah's Witnesses and transfusion: where do we stand in Europe?
Authors: Loix Sébastien , Henin Pierre , Descamps Olivier , Reusens Isabelle 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTransfusion refusal expressed by Jehovah's Witnesses has always been questioning for medical community. However, abundant literature exists treating about how to manage difficult medical bleeding situations in Jehovah's witnesses, there is a few information available on the legal and ethical aspects of transfusion refusal. Since 1994, Europe has putted a spotlight on patient's right. The question of patient's autonomy and consent have taken a predominant place in care. In order to summarize the actual situation in Europe, this work intends to draw a global view on legal, ethical and medical aspects of transfusion refusal expressed by Jehovah witnesses.
Observer-Based Nonlinear Decoupling Control for Two-Joint Manipulator Systems Driven by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Zhao Ling , Liu Xin , Wang Tao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) are an important type of bionic actuators for high power-to-weight ratio and good flexibility. However, nonlinearities always exist in systems driven by PAMs, which should be dealt with to obtain good performances during position control. In this paper, a nonlinear state error feedback controller (NSEFC) is presented to obtain good position accuracy for a two-joint manipulator system driven by PAMs. The two-joint manipulator system has nonlinearities, which come from friction, hysteresis, uncertainties of model, loss of piping pressure, coupling between two joints, and so on. A nonlinear extended state observer (ESO) is designed to estimate the nonlinearities in the two-joint manipulator system. Both the effectiveness of the nonlinear ESO and stability of the two-joint manipulator system are given by Lyapunov approaches. Experimental results are obtained to show that the position accuracy of the two-joint manipulator system is improved based on the proposed method in this paper.
Using Cluster Analysis and Dynamic Programming for Demand Response Applied to Electricity Load in Residential Homes
Authors: Chanpiwat Pattanun , Gabriel Steven A. , Moglen Rachel L. , Siemann Michael J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper develops means to analyze and cluster residential households into homogeneous groups based on the electricity load. Classifying customers by electricity load profiles is a top priority for retail electric providers (REPs), so they can plan and conduct demand response (DR) effectively. We present a practical method to identify the most DR-profitable customer groups as opposed to tailoring DR programs for each separate household, which may be computationally prohibitive. Electricity load data of 10,000 residential households from 2017 located in Texas was used. The study proposed the clustered load-profile method (CLPM) to classify residential customers based on their electricity load profiles in combination with a dynamic program for DR scheduling to optimize DR profits. The main conclusions are that the proposed approach has an average 2.3% profitability improvement over a business-as-usual heuristic. In addition, the proposed method on average is approximately 70 times faster than running the DR dynamic programming separately for each household. Thus, our method not only is an important application to provide computational business insights for REPs and other power market participants but also enhances resilience for power grid with an advanced DR scheduling tool.
Representative Volume Element for Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Using Stochastic Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Sanei Seyed Hamid Reza , Doles Randall 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study is to present a representative volume element (RVE) for nanocomposites with different microstructural features using a stochastic finite element approach. To that end, computer-simulated microstructures of nanocomposites were generated to include a variety of uncertainty present in geometry, orientation, and distribution of carbon nanotubes. Microstructures were converted into finite element models based on an image-based approach for the determination of elastic properties. For each microstructure type, 50 realizations of synthetic microstructures were generated to capture the variability as well as the average values. Computer-simulated microstructures were generated at different length scales to determine the change in mechanical properties as a function of length scale. A representative volume element is defined at a length scale beyond which no change in variability is observed. The results show that there is no universal RVE applicable to all properties and microstructures; however, the RVE size is highly dependent on microstructural features. Microstructures with agglomeration tend to require larger RVE. Similarly, random microstructures require larger RVE when compared with aligned microstructures.
Density Variation in the Expanded Polystyrene Foam of Bicycle Helmets and Its Influence on Impact Performance
Authors: Kroeker Shannon G. , Özkul Muammer Ç. , DeMarco Alyssa L. , Bonin Stephanie J. , Siegmund Gunter P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Bicycle helmets attenuate head impacts using expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam liners. The EPS density plays a key role in determining the helmet and head response during an impact. Prior pilot work in our lab showed that EPS density varied by up to 18 kg/m3 within a single helmet, and thus the purpose of this study was to quantify the regional density variations within and between helmets and to establish how these variations influence helmet impact performance. We evaluated 10–12 samples of two traditional and two bicycle motocross (BMX) bicycle helmets with EPS liners. The bulk liner density and density of 16–19 cores extracted from specific locations on each sample were measured. Additional samples of two of these helmet models were then impacted at 3.0, 6.3, and 7.8 m/s to determine the relationship between local EPS density and helmet impact performance. We found that density varied significantly within each sample in all helmet models and also varied significantly between samples in three helmet models. The density variations were not symmetric across the midline in two of the four helmet models. The observed density variations influenced the helmets' impact performance. Our data suggest that variations in peak headform acceleration during impacts to the same location on different samples of the same helmet model can be partially explained by density differences between helmet samples. These density variations and resulting impact performance differences may play a role in a helmet's ability to mitigate head injury.