bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS PROSES BERPIKIR MATEMATIS PESERTA DIDIK DALAM MENYELESAIKAN MASALAH APLIKASI TURUNAN
Authors: Astriyani Arlin 
Published: May 2020

Setiap peserta didik memiliki kemampuan yang berbeda-beda dalam memecahkan masalah tergantung dari jenis kecerdasan yang dimilikinya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis proses berpikir matematis peserta didik menyelesaikan masalah aplikasi turunan. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek penelitian ini terdiri satu orang peserta didik yang dengan rerata hasil belajar paling tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses berpikir proses berpikir matematis peserta didik dalam menyelesaikan masalah aplikasi turunan menggunakan beberapa tahap penyelesaian berupa : (1) menggaris bawahi apa yang diketahui dalam soal cerita, (2) menghubungkan apa yang diketahui dalam soal dengan apa yang ditanyakan, (3) Mengolah informasi yang diperoleh dari soal, sehingga akan lebih mudah dalam menyelesaikan masalah aplikasi turunan.
Microsimulation for demography
Authors: Lomax Nik , Smith Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Background: Microsimulation consists of a set of techniques for estimating characteristics and modelling change in populations of individuals.
Aims: To demonstrate how microsimulation can be used by demographers who want to undertake population estimates and projections.
Data and methods: We use data from the 2011 United Kingdom (UK) Census of population to create a synthetic population by age, sex and ethnic group. Static and dynamic microsimulations and the visualisation of results are undertaken using the statistical package R. The code and data used in the static and dynamic microsimulation are available via a GitHub repository.
Results: A synthetic population in 2011 by age, sex and ethnicity was produced for the East London Borough of Tower Hamlets, estimated from two Census tables. A population projection was produced for each of these age, sex and ethnicity groups to 2021. We used a projection of the Bangladeshi population to visualise population growth by Middle-layer Super Output Area (MSOA) and to produce a population pyramid of estimates in 2021.
Conclusions: We argue that microsimulation is an adaptable technique which is well suited to demography, for both population estimation and projection. Although our example is applied to the East London Borough of Tower Hamlets, the approach could be readily applied in Australia, or any other country.
Calculating a deprivation index using census data
Authors: Norman Paul , Berrie Laurie , Exeter Daniel J 
Published: May 2020

Background Deprivation indexes have widespread use in academic research and in local and national government applications. It is useful for people to understand their construction and to be able to calculate their own measures. Aims We provide an overview of the background to area based deprivation measures. We detail and explain a series of steps taken to calculate a deprivation index for small areas in Australia. Data and methods We use data from Australia’s 2016 Census of Population and Housing for the SA2 level of geography. After defining the set of variables used as inputs, we emulate the steps taken to calculate other census based deprivation indexes. Results The resulting scheme correlates closely with an official, but more sophisticated deprivation measure, suggesting that simple schemes have utility. Conclusions There are choices to be made for input variables and for some of the detail of the calculations. Researchers can follow the steps we describe to develop their own measures.
Changing education, changing fertility: a decomposition of completed fertility in Australia
Authors: Gray Edith , Evans Ann 
Published: May 2020

Background The expansion of education in Australia, particularly for women, is one of the most significant social changes of the last five decades. The relationship between education and fertility has been widely studied, showing that increases in higher education for women are consistently associated with lower fertility. Given the close link between education and fertility, this paper questions what effect the changing educational profile of Australian women has had on overall fertility trends. Aims This paper investigates the effect of the increase in education on completed fertility by decomposing the change in overall completed fertility into two components: (1) change in completed fertility as a result of the proportion of women in different education categories and, (2) changes in completed fertility of women in each education category. Data and methods The study uses 2016 Census data on the number of children ever born of five cohorts of women born between 1952 and 1976. Decomposition is used to distinguish the effects of the two components. Results The educational composition of women in these cohorts is dramatically different, with an increasing number of women having completed tertiary education in later cohorts. Completed fertility has also changed across successive cohorts. We find that for the earliest cohorts most of the decline is due to declines in completed fertility within education categories, but for later cohorts the decline is attributable to increases in the proportion of women with higher levels of education. Conclusions Despite tertiary education becoming much more common, fertility within this group remains lower than other education groups. While other countries have seen a narrowing of the gap in fertility rates between education groups, this pattern is not found in Australia.
Constraints on Nonlinear Tides due to p–g Mode Coupling from the Neutron Star Merger GW170817
Authors: Reyes Steven , Brown Duncan A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
It has been suggested by Weinberg et al. that an instability due to the nonlinear coupling of a neutron star’s tide to its p- and g-modes could affect the gravitational-wave phase evolution of a neutron star binary. Weinberg suggests that this instability can turn on as the gravitational waves pass through the sensitive band of ground-based detectors, although the size of the effect is not known. The discovery of the binary neutron star merger GW170817 provides an opportunity to look for evidence of nonlinear tides from p–g mode coupling. We compute Bayesian evidences that compare waveform models that include the p–g mode coupling with models that do not. We find that the consistency between GW170817 signal and the p–g mode model reported by Abbott et al. is due to a degeneracy between the phenomenological waveform used to model the effect of nonlinear tides and the standard post-Newtonian waveform. We investigate the consistency of the GW170817 signal with regions of the parameter space where the effect of nonlinear tides is not degenerate with the standard model. Regions of the nonlinear tide parameter space that have a fitting factor of less than 99% (98.5%) are disfavored by a Bayes factor of 15 (25). We conclude that regions of the parameter space where nonlinear tides produce a measurable effect are strongly disfavored and improved theoretical modeling will be needed if future observations are to constrain nonlinear tides from p–g mode coupling in neutron stars.
Thirty Years of Radio Observations of Type Ia SN 1972E and SN 1895B: Constraints on Circumstellar Shells
Authors: Cendes Y. , Drout M. R. , Chomiuk L. , Sarbadhicary S. K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We have imaged 35 yr of archival Very Large Array observations of the nearby (d
L = 3.15 Mpc) Type Ia supernovae SN 1972E and SN 1895B between 9 and 121 yr post-explosion. No radio emission is detected, constraining their radio luminosities to be L

ν,8.5GHz < 6.0 × 1023 erg s−1 Hz−1 45 yr post-explosion and L

ν,8.5GHz < 8.9 × 1023 erg s−1 Hz−1 121 yr post-explosion, respectively. These limits imply a clean circumstellar medium (CSM), with n < 0.9 cm−3 out to radii of a few ×1018 cm, if the SN blast wave is expanding into uniform density material. We also constrain the presence of CSM shells surrounding the progenitor of SN 1972E. We rule out essentially all medium and thick shells with masses of 0.05–0.3 M
⊙ at radii between ∼1017 and 1018 cm, and thin shells at specific radii with masses down to ≲0.01 M
⊙. These constraints rule out swaths of parameter space single and double degenerate progenitor scenarios, including recurrent nova, core-degenerate objects, ultra-prompt explosions, and white dwarf (WD) mergers with delays of a few hundred years between the onset of merger and explosion. Allowed progenitors include WD–WD systems with a significant (>104 yr) delay from the last episode of common envelope evolution and single degenerate systems undergoing recurrent nova—provided that the system has been in the nova phase for ≳104 yr, such that a large (>1018 cm) cavity has been evacuated. Future multi-epoch observations of additional intermediate-aged SNe Ia will provide a comprehensive view of the large-scale CSM around these explosions.
A Small-scale Filament Eruption Inducing a Moreton Wave, an EUV Wave, and a Coronal Mass Ejection
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Yan Xiaoli , Kong Defang , Xue Zhike , Yang Liheng , Li Qiaoling 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
With the launch of the Solar Dynamic Observatory, many extreme ultraviolet (EUV) waves have been observed during solar eruptions. However, joint observations of Moreton and EUV waves are still relatively rare. We present an event in active region NOAA 12740 wherein a small-scale filament eruption simultaneously results in a Moreton wave, an EUV wave, and a coronal mass ejection. First, we find that some dark elongated lanes or filamentary structures in the photosphere that exist under the small-scale filament drift downward; this manifests as the small-scale filament emerging and lifting up from the subsurface. Second, combining simultaneous observations in different EUV and Hα passbands, we study the kinematic characteristics of Moreton and EUV waves. Comparable propagation velocities and similar morphologies of the Moreton and different-passband EUV wave fronts were obtained. We deduce that Moreton and different-passband EUV waves are the perturbations in different temperature-associated layers induced by a coronal magnetohydrodynamic shock wave. We also find refracted, reflected, and diffracted phenomena during the propagation of the EUV wave. By using power-law fittings, the kinematic characteristics of unaffected, refracted, and diffracted waves were obtained. The extrapolation field derived by the potential field source surface model manifests as an interface between different magnetic systems (magnetic separatrix), resulting in the refraction, reflection, and deviation of the EUV wave.
Intrusion of Magnetic Peninsula toward the Neighboring Opposite-polarity Region That Triggers the Largest Solar Flare in Solar Cycle 24
Authors: Bamba Yumi , Inoue Satoshi , Imada Shinsuke 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The largest X9.3 solar flare in solar cycle 24 and the preceding X2.2 flare occurred on 2017 September 6, in the solar active region NOAA 12673. This study aims to understand the onset mechanism of these flares via analysis of multiple observational data sets from the Hinode and Solar Dynamics Observatory and results from a nonlinear force-free field extrapolation. The most noticeable feature is the intrusion of a major negative-polarity region, appearing similar to a peninsula, oriented northwest into a neighboring opposite-polarity region. We also observe proxies of magnetic reconnection related to the intrusion of the negative peninsula: rapid changes of the magnetic field around the intruding negative peninsula; precursor brightening at the tip of the negative peninsula, including a cusp-shaped brightening that shows a transient but significant downflow (∼100 km s−1) at a leg of the cusp; a dark tube-like structure that appears to be a magnetic flux rope that erupted with the X9.3 flare; and coronal brightening along the dark tube-like structure that appears to represent the electric current generated under the flux rope. Based on these observational features, we propose that (1) the intrusion of the negative peninsula was critical in promoting the push-mode magnetic reconnection that forms and grows a twisted magnetic flux rope that erupted with the X2.2 flare, and (2) the continuing intrusion progressing even beyond the X2.2 flare is further promoted to disrupt the equilibrium that leads the reinforcement of the magnetic flux rope that erupted with the X9.3 flare.
Creation and Evolution of Impact-generated Reduced Atmospheres of Early Earth
Authors: Zahnle Kevin J. , Lupu Roxana , Catling David C. , Wogan Nick 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The origin of life on Earth seems to demand a highly reduced early atmosphere, rich in CH4, H2, and NH3, but geological evidence suggests that Earth's mantle has always been relatively oxidized and its emissions dominated by CO2, H2O, and N2. The paradox can be resolved by exploiting the reducing power inherent in the “late veneer,” i.e., material accreted by Earth after the Moon-forming impact. Isotopic evidence indicates that the late veneer consisted of extremely dry, highly reduced inner solar system materials, suggesting that Earth's oceans were already present when the late veneer came. The major primary product of reaction between the late veneer's iron and Earth's water was H2. Ocean-vaporizing impacts generate high pressures and long cooling times that favor CH4 and NH3. Impacts too small to vaporize the oceans are much less productive of CH4 and NH3, unless (i) catalysts were available to speed their formation, or (ii) additional reducing power was extracted from pre-existing crustal or mantle materials. The transient H2–CH4 atmospheres evolve photochemically to generate nitrogenated hydrocarbons at rates determined by solar radiation and hydrogen escape, on timescales ranging up to tens of millions of years and with cumulative organic production ranging up to half a kilometer. Roughly one ocean of hydrogen escapes. After the methane is gone, the atmosphere is typically H2- and CO-rich, with eventual oxidation to CO2 rate-limited by water photolysis and hydrogen escape.
Flare Rate Thresholds for Patient Assessment of Disease Activity States in Gout
Authors: Taylor William , Dalbeth Nicola , Saag Kenneth G. , Singh Jasvinder A. , Rahn Elizabeth J. , Mudano Amy S. , Chen Yi-Hsing , Lin Ching-Tsai , Tan Paul , Louthreno Worawit , Vazquez-Mellado Janitzia , Hernández-Llinas Hansel , Neogi Tuhina , Vargas-Santos Ana B. , Castelar-Pinheiro Geraldo , Chaves-Amorim Rodrigo B. , Uhlig Tillman , Hammer Hilde B. , Eliseev Maxim , Perez-Ruiz Fernando , Cavagna Lorenzo , McCarthy Geraldine M. , Stamp Lisa K. , Gerritsen Martijin , Fana Viktoria , Sivera Francisca , Gaffo Angelo L. 
Published: May 2020

Objective.To determine the relationship between gout flare rate and self-categorization into remission, low disease activity (LDA), and patient acceptable symptom state (PASS).Methods.Patients with gout self-categorized as remission, LDA, and PASS, and reported number of flares over the preceding 6 and 12 months. Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between being in each disease state (LDA and PASS were combined) and flare count, and self-reported current flare. A distribution-based approach and extended Youden index identified possible flare count thresholds for each state.Results.Investigators from 17 countries recruited 512 participants. Remission was associated with a median recalled flare count of zero over both 6 and 12 months. Each recalled flare reduced the likelihood of self-perceived remission compared with being in higher disease activity than LDA/PASS, by 52% for 6 months and 23% for 12 months, and the likelihood of self-perceived LDA/PASS by 15% and 5% for 6 and 12 months, respectively. A threshold of 0 flares in preceding 6 and 12 months was associated with correct classification of self-perceived remission in 58% and 56% of cases, respectively.Conclusion.Flares are significantly associated with perceptions of disease activity in gout, and no flares over the prior 6 or 12 months is necessary for most people to self-categorize as being in remission. However, recalled flare counts alone do not correctly classify all patients into self-categorized disease activity states, suggesting that other factors may also contribute to self-perceived gout disease activity.
Is Open Visitation Really “Open” in Adult Intensive Care Units in the United States?
Authors: Milner Kerry A. , Goncalves Susan , Marmo Suzanne , Cosme Sheri 
Published: May 2020

Background
Evidence indicates that open visitation in adult intensive care units is a best practice for patient- and family-centered care, and nurses substantially influence such visitation patterns. However, it is unclear whether intensive care units in Magnet and Pathway to Excellence (MPE) facilities nationwide implement this in practice.

Objective
To describe current national visitation practices in adult intensive care units and determine whether they have changed since the last national study, which used data from 2008 to 2009.

Methods
From February through April 2018, websites of MPE hospitals were reviewed in order to identify their adult intensive care unit visitation policy. If this information was unavailable online, the hospital was telephoned to obtain the policy. From May through August 2018, follow-up telephone calls were made to hospitals that reported open visitation, during which intensive care unit nurses at the hospitals were asked to verify that the policy did not restrict visiting hours or the number, type, or age of visitors.

Results
Among the 536 MPE hospitals contacted, 51% (n = 274) indicated that they allowed open visitation. Further examination, however, revealed that 64% (n = 175) restricted the number (68.2%), age (59.5%), or type (4.4%) of visitors, or visiting hours (19.8%). Only 18.5% of MPE hospitals (n = 99) allowed unrestricted visitation.

Conclusion
This study suggests a lack of progress toward implementing open visitation in adult intensive care units nationwide. Research on MPE hospitals that have adopted truly open visitation policies is needed to identify successful methods for implementing and sustaining open visitation.
Dissection ofAnoplophora glabripennis(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) larval tissues for physiological and molecular studies
Authors: Torson Alex S. , Des Marteaux Lauren E. , Bowman Susan , Zhang Meng Lei , Ong Kevin , Doucet Daniel , Sinclair Brent J. , Roe Amanda D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany biological processes are partitioned among organs and tissues, necessitating tissue-specific or organ-specific analysis (particularly for comparative -omics studies). Standardised techniques for tissue identification and dissection are therefore imperative for comparing among studies. Here we describe dissection protocols for isolating six key tissues/organs from larvae of the Asian longhorned beetle,Anoplophora glabripennis(Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): the supraoesophageal ganglion, posterior midgut, hindgut, Malpighian tubules, fat body, and thoracic muscle. We also describe how to extract haemolymph and preserve whole larvae for measurements such as protein, lipid, and carbohydrate content. We include dissection protocols for both fresh-killed and previously frozen specimens. Although this protocol is developed forA. glabripennis, it should allow standardised tissue collection from larvae of other cerambycids and be readily transferrable to other beetle taxa with similar larval morphology.
Extracellular ATP Augments Antigen-Induced Murine Mast Cell Degranulation and Allergic Responses via P2X4 Receptor Activation
Authors: Yoshida Kazuki , Ito Masa-aki , Sato Naoko , Obayashi Kosuke , Yamamoto Kimiko , Koizumi Schuichi , Tanaka Satoshi , Furuta Kazuyuki , Matsuoka Isao 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Extracellular ATP released from stimulated and/or damaged cells modulates physiological responses via stimulation of various purinoceptors. We previously showed that ATP potentiated the Ag-induced mast cell (MC) degranulation via purinoceptors pharmacologically similar to the ionotropic P2X4 receptor. In this study, we investigated the role of P2X4 receptor in MC degranulation induced by stimulation of IgE-FcεRI complex with Ag, using bone marrow–derived MCs (BMMCs) prepared from wild type and P2X4 receptor–deficient (P2rx4−/−) mice. ATP significantly increased Ag-induced degranulation in BMMCs prepared from wild type mice. This effect of ATP was reduced in BMMCs prepared from P2rx4−/− mice. The potentiating effect of ATP was restored by expressing P2X4 receptor in P2rx4−/− BMMCs. The P2X4 receptor–mediated effects were maintained even after differentiating into the connective tissue-type MCs. P2X4 receptor stimulation did not affect the Ag-induced Ca2+ response but enhanced Ag-induced early signals, such as tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk and phospholipase C-γ. Interestingly, these effects of ATP on Syk phosphorylation were not impaired by pretreatment with Cu2+, an inhibitor of the P2X4 receptor channel, or removal of external Ca2+, suggesting that a mechanisms other than Ca2+ influx through ion channel activity may be involved. In vivo experiments revealed that systemic and intradermal passive anaphylaxis responses were significantly alleviated in P2rx4−/− mice. Taken together, the present data suggest that the P2X4 receptor plays an essential role in ATP-induced upregulation of MC degranulation in response to Ag, and also contributes to the Ag-induced allergic response in vivo.
Suppression of Mll1-Complex by Stat3/Cebpβ–Induced miR-21a/21b/181b Maintains the Accumulation, Homeostasis, and Immunosuppressive Function of Polymorphonuclear Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhiqian , Huang Xu , Wang Enlin , Huang Yugang , Yang Rongcun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), which exerts its H3K4 methyltransferase activity by interacting with WDR5, ASH2L, and RBBP5, plays a pivotal role in regulating hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Disrupting the integrity of MLL1-complex has been reported to be associated with acute leukemia. However, the exact role of MLL1-complex in myeloid cells is unknown. In this study, microarray analysis revealed that the core components of the Mll1-complex, Wdr5, Ash2l, and Mll1, were concurrently downregulated by tumor-secreted factors as well as GM-CSF + IL-6 during the accumulation and activation of murine myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). These changes were further validated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting both in vitro and in vivo. The expression levels of WDR5 and ASH2L were also significantly decreased in bone marrow MDSCs of lung cancer patients compared with that of healthy controls. Functionally, ectopic expression of Wdr5, Ash2l, and Mll1 (C terminus) reversed the accumulation and function of GM-CSF + IL-6–induced as well as tumor-cocultured polymorphonuclear MDSCs (PMN-MDSCs) by promoting them to differentiate into mature neutrophil-like cells. Mechanistically, GM-CSF + IL-6–activated Stat3 and Cebpβ synergistically induced the expression of miR-21a, miR-21b, and miR-181b, and thus inhibited the expression of Wdr5, Ash2l, and Mll1 by targeting to their 3′ untranslated regions, respectively. Furthermore, knockdown of these microRNAs also suppressed the expansion and function of GM-CSF + IL-6–induced PMN-MDSCs. Taken together, our findings indicate that the Stat3/Cebpβ–miR-21a/b/181b–Mll1-complex axis may play a critical role in PMN-MDSC expansion, activation, and differentiation, and this axis may provide an effectively immunological therapeutic approach for patients with cancer or other immunological diseases.
Freedom of lawyers to provide services under directive 77/2491
Authors: Siman Michael 
Published: May 2020

The following article deals with one of the different forms of free movement of lawyers in the EU, i.e. the freedom to provide services on a temporary basis. The relevant primary law alongside the applicable legislation, as interpreted by the Court in its case-law, is analysed. Special attention is paid to certain peculiarities of cross-border provision of services by lawyers, in particular the respect of rules of professional conduct.