bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Making Research More Accessible to Dental Students
Authors: Edmunds Ryan K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreasing student involvement in research has potential rewards for both faculty and students. Both groups have demands on their time, interest, and commitment that frequently result in low student research activity. Dental schools can make research more accessible to students by increasing student understanding of the importance of research, establishing rotating research positions, providing compensation, pursuing projects that interest students, and providing time in the curriculum for research by restructuring the basic sciences curriculum during the first two years of dental school. No attempt to make the research process easier or more accessible should compromise the integrity of the scientific process, but increasing students’ research involvement will pay long‐term dividends for dental schools and the profession.
Cancer Therapy‐Related Oral Mucositis
Authors: Redding Spencer W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOral mucositis is a common side effect of cancer therapies, particularly radiation therapy for head and neck cancer and various forms of chemotherapy. It commonly results in severe oral pain that can compromise the duration and success of cancer management. Hospitalizations are common because patients lose the ability to take anything by mouth due to severe pain and must have alimentation supported during this period. Pain management usually requires potent narcotic analgesia. Cancer therapy‐related oral mucositis is commonly described as the most significant and debilitating acute complication associated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Until recently, cancer therapy‐induced oral mucositis was thought to be a process involving the epithelium only. Evidence is building that the process of oral mucositis involves far more than just the epithelium, but includes multiple cellular processes of the submucosa as well. Many strategies have been evaluated to prevent oral mucositis, but the data is confusing since it is often conflicting. Therapy with the growth factor, KGF1, appears promising, as it is the only medication currently approved by the FDA. A multifaceted approach that targets the entire mucositis process will probably be needed to optimize overall prevention.
Dental Student Enrollment and Graduation: A Report by State, Census Division, and Region
Authors: Byck Gayle R. , Kaste Linda M. , Cooksey Judith A. , Chou Chiu‐Fang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to provide descriptive data on the presence of dental schools, dental school graduates, instate enrollment, and interstate dental education agreements for U.S. states, districts, and regions. This information may be helpful in deciding to open or maintain a dental school. Data from the American Dental Association (ADA), American Dental Education Association (ADEA), and U.S. Census Bureau were used to conduct cross‐sectional comparisons for states, census divisions, and regions for 2000. In 2000, there were fifty‐four dental schools in thirty‐two states and the District of Columbia. Total graduation across 1990–2000 was 43,289 dentists. Over half (56 percent) of the graduates were from public schools. The distribution of schools and graduates differed by geographic region. Alaska, Utah, Hawaii, and Nebraska were outliers with respect to high and low numbers of dental schools in states, in‐state enrollment, and dentists to population. U.S. states, districts, and regions vary widely on the number of dental schools, dentists to population, first‐year dental school enrollees, and dental school graduates. Further assessment on additional factors such as dental health provider shortage areas, state oral health status, and attractiveness of locations to dentists is needed to more fully understand the impact of these factors.
Radiographs Associated with One Episode of Orthodontic Therapy
Authors: Hujoel Philippe , Hollender Lars , Bollen Anne‐Marie , Young John D. , McGee Molly , Grosso Alex 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObtaining lifetime diagnostic radiation histories in head and neck cancer studies is often challenging due to the almost universal lack of centralized registries on X‐ray utilization in medicine and dentistry. Both the common nature of orthodontics and the young age at which orthodontics typically occurs make it important to quantify what diagnostic radiographs are typically taken during orthodontic therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the number and type of radiographic films associated with one episode of orthodontic therapy in an educational setting. Charts stored in an orthodontic clinic at one academic setting were randomly sampled, and the type and number of radiographic examinations were tallied for the 325 individuals who were in orthodontic therapy for at least one year. Being under orthodontic therapy for one or more years was associated with a median number of seven extra‐oral radiographs and twenty‐four intra‐oral radiographic films. The extra‐oral radiographs included three panoramic radiographs and three cephalometric radiographs. Less than 10 percent of the variability was explained by factors such as age, gender, calendar year, surgical orthodontic therapy, and duration of therapy. Head and neck cancer etiology studies should take into account the ionizing radiation during episodes of orthodontic care. The substantial variability in radiographic practices in orthodontics could be reduced by research into clinical utility and by establishing guidelines.
Caries Risk Assessment in an Educational Environment
Authors: Doméjean‐Orliaguet Sophie , Gansky Stuart A. , Featherstone John D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study was designed to assess, retrospectively using dental records, the impact on the management of dental caries of new caries risk assessment (CRA) forms and procedures introduced into a predoctoral dental school clinic. Of 3,659 patients with a new patient visit (NPV) and baseline exam (BE) in the two‐year period of July 2003 through June 2005, 69 percent (n= 2,516) had a baseline CRA. “Visible cavitation or caries into dentin by radiograph” was significantly correlated to most items included in the CRA form, for example, “frequent between meal snack of sugars/cooked starch” (p<0.001), “inadequate saliva flow” (p=0.03), and “deep pits and fissures or developmental defects” (p<0.001). Fluoride toothpaste use (odds ratio, OR=0.7) was negatively related to cavitation risk while “readily visible heavy plaque on teeth” (OR=2.0), “frequent between meal snack of sugars/cooked starch” (OR=1.6), “interproximal enamel lesions or radiolucencies” (OR=11.8), and “white spots or occlusal discoloration” (OR=1.50) were positively related. CRA use at follow‐up, the use of bacterial tests, antibacterial therapy, and specific patient recommendations were all very low. While the content and usefulness of the CRA procedures were validated, the study highlighted the difficulties of implementing such programs in educational establishments even with an extensive student didactic program and faculty training.
Efficacy of a Geriatric Oral Health CD as a Learning Tool
Authors: Teasdale Thomas A. , Shaikh Mehtab 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo better prepare professionals to meet the needs of older patients, a self‐instructional computer module on geriatric oral health was previously developed. A follow‐up study reported here tested the efficacy of this educational tool for improving student knowledge of geriatric oral care. A convenience sampling procedure was used. Sample size calculation revealed that fifty‐six subjects were required to meet clinical and statistical criteria. Paired t‐test addressed our hypothesis that use of the educational tool is associated with improvement in knowledge. Fifty‐eight first‐year dental students and nine third‐year medical students completed the pre‐intervention test and were given the CD‐based educational tool. After seven days, all participants completed the post‐intervention test. Knowledge of geriatric oral health improved among the sixty‐seven students included in this study (p=0.019). When stratified on the basis of viewing the CD‐ROM, the subgroup of thirty‐eight students who reported not actually reviewing the CD‐ROM had no change in their knowledge scores, while the subgroup of twenty‐nine students who reported reviewing the CD had a significant improvement in test scores (p<0.001). Use of a self‐instructional e‐learning tool in geriatric oral health is effective among those students who choose to employ such tools.
Oral Brush Biopsy Technique Instruction Outcomes for Senior Dental Students
Authors: Hall David L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractComputerized oral brush biopsy became commercially available in 1999. The objectives of this study were to provide senior dental students with the clinical competency to perform oral brush biopsy and to evaluate the extent to which students used this technique and the outcomes of their biopsy techniques. During the 2004–05 academic year, 114 senior dental students at The Ohio State University College of Dentistry participated in a brush biopsy instructional program. Brush biopsy training was part of their outreach and engagement experience. Technique instruction included 1) completion of thirteen interactive online educational modules, 2) discussion of a written protocol including clinical photographs and an oral pathology position paper, and 3) performance of a trial demonstration brush biopsy on each other. Eighty‐one students submitted brush biopsies on clinical patients. Lesions were found in approximately one out of every twenty patients. Seventy‐four biopsy results (91 percent) were diagnostic although seventeen (21 percent) were limited by suboptimal cellular representation and seven (9 percent) were inadequate. The high percentage (71 percent) of students who actually applied their training in a true clinical setting indicates that the program was successful in providing dental students the information necessary to perform this procedure on their own. However, the number of incomplete specimens suggests the need for technique refinement and additional clinical experience.
A Model of Dental Public Health Teaching at the Undergraduate Level in Peru
Authors: Bernabé Eduardo , Bernal Juan B. , Beltrán‐Neira Roberto J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere has been a growing interest among dental educators regarding the opportunities offered by community‐based dental education as a means to allow dental students to assume their role as health professionals in the real world. Although several dental schools have integrated community‐based education into their curricula, most have not engaged their students in the development of competencies to address dental health needs at the community level. The purpose of this article is to discuss the teaching‐learning experiences in dental public health at the undergraduate level in the Faculty of Stomatology at the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (FS‐UPCH) in Lima, Peru. The teaching‐learning activities in dental public health at the FS‐UPCH consist of two well‐defined stages: experiences in low‐income urban communities and experiences in low‐income rural communities. Both stages have been designed to make it possible for students to acquire competency in addressing oral health needs at the community level as well as to enlarge and deepen their knowledge about the social and health situation in Peru. In community‐based dental education, students are not only placed in community settings to treat individual patients, but also challenged to consider dental public health issues, including the administrative aspects of dental services.
Attitudes and Awareness of Final‐Year Predoctoral Dental and Medical Students to Medical Problems in Dentistry
Authors: Gill Yehuda , Scully Crispian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn increasing proportion of the population is medically compromised. Dental and medical staff need to communicate and cooperate to afford these patients the best possible health care. In this study, the attitude towards and awareness of medical problems were examined in final‐year predoctoral (undergraduate) dental and in final‐year medical students. The results revealed that most dental students felt their knowledge of and training in medical problems in dentistry to be moderate to good. In contrast, most medical students thought both their knowledge and training in medical problems in dentistry to be only poor to moderate. Dental students rated the importance of medical problems in dentistry higher than did medical students.
Revisiting the National Board Dental Examination
Authors: Neumann Laura M. , MacNeil R. Lamont 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe National Board Dental Examination (NBDE) assists state boards of dentistry in determining the qualifications of dentists for initial licensure. This article explains the purpose and rationale for the policies and procedures that guide the NBDE. These examinations have been used for a number of purposes well beyond the assessment of the knowledge and abilities for entry‐level dental practice. The article explores the uses and misuses of the National Boards and the relationship between dental licensure examinations and dental curricula. For National Board examinations to remain current and relevant, they must be consistent with standards and best practices for high‐stakes testing, and they must focus on competencies and critical thinking skills essential for future practice. The National Board examinations have the potential to stimulate and support curricular reform through collaborative efforts of educators and practitioners who support the test development and standard‐setting processes of the examinations.
Dental Insurance: Will It Help or Hinder Adoption of Caries Management Practices?
Authors: Anderson Maxwell H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhether public or private dental insurance will provide benefits for caries management practices is a business decision. The foundation for this decision is multifactorial and continually changing as the values of the purchasers and health care consumers evolve. Understanding the dynamics involved in allocating finite health care resources will help those who advocate for caries management inform decision makers about the potential benefits of these strategies.
Comparison of Tactile Discrimination Associated with Varying Weights of Explorers
Authors: Simmer‐Beck Melanie , Branson Bonnie G. , Mitchell Tanya Villalpando , Holt Lorie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe prevalence of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders in dental hygienists is significantly higher than that of the general population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of explorer weight on dental and dental hygiene students’ tactile discrimination when exploring. A randomized controlled clinical trial utilizing a dual dependent statistical design was used to collect data on a convenience sample of forty‐eight (n=48) dental hygiene students beginning their senior year of their curriculum. Tactile discrimination was measured by having twenty‐four experimental subjects (using a lightweight 0.4 ounce explorer) and twenty‐four control subjects (using a heavier 1.0 ounce explorer) delineate the coarseness of varying textures of sandpaper in an apparatus that provided a blinded environment. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics, chi square tests, and independent sample t‐test were computed. Results did not display statistically significant differences between groups. Descriptive statistics illustrated that students using lightweight explorers were better able to delineate between textures. One exception to this finding was with very similar textures, where heavier explorers provided superior tactile discrimination. Overall, the weight of the explorer does not affect students’ tactile discrimination abilities.
Incorporating Leadership Knowledge and Skills into the Dental Education Community
Authors: Slavkin Harold C. , Lawrence Lisa 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLeadership has been studied for the past four decades with an emphasis upon leadership and the transformation of various cultures, especially within the private sector. It is also becoming evident that leaders and leadership skills are often derived from core personal values and perceptions of what is and what could be. This summary describes an eleven‐week selective course termed “Dean's Leadership Course” at the School of Dentistry at the University of Southern California. This selective course (a non‐credit elective learning opportunity outside the formal curriculum) recruits a modest team of learners consisting of faculty, staff, and students and approaches leadership within the context of a “learning organization” coupled with case‐based and problem‐based learning. At the conclusion of this eleven‐week course, participants are granted continuing education credit. This summary encourages others in dental education to consider the compelling opportunity to nurture and cultivate leadership within the university dental school environs.
Teaching Alternatives to the Standard Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block in Dental Education: Outcomes in Clinical Practice
Authors: Johnson Thomas M. , Badovinac Rachel , Shaefer Jeffry 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSurveys were sent to Harvard School of Dental Medicine students and graduates from the classes of 2000 through 2006 to determine their current primary means of achieving mandibular anesthesia. Orthodontists and orthodontic residents were excluded. All subjects received clinical training in the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block and two alternative techniques (the Akinosi mandibular block and the Gow‐Gates mandibular block) during their predoctoral dental education. This study tests the hypothesis that students and graduates who received training in the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block, the Akinosi mandibular block, and the Gow‐Gates mandibular block will report more frequent current utilization of alternatives to the conventional inferior alveolar nerve block than clinicians trained in the conventional technique only. At the 95 percent confidence level, we estimated that between 3.7 percent and 16.1 percent (mean=8.5 percent) of clinicians trained in using the Gow‐Gates technique use this injection technique primarily, and between 35.4 percent and 56.3 percent (mean=47.5 percent) of those trained in the Gow‐Gates method never use this technique. At the same confidence level, between 0.0 percent and 3.8 percent (mean=0.0 percent) of clinicians trained in using the Akinosi technique use this injection clinical technique primarily, and between 62.2 percent and 81.1 percent (mean=72.3 percent) of those trained in the Akinosi method never use this technique. No control group that was completely untrained in the Gow‐Gates or Akinosi techniques was available for comparison. However, we presume that zero percent of clinicians who have not been trained in a given technique will use the technique in clinical practice. The confidence interval for the Gow‐Gates method excludes this value, while the confidence interval for the Akinosi technique includes zero percent. We conclude that, in the study population, formal clinical training in the Gow‐Gates and Akinosi injection techniques lead to a small but significant increase in current primary utilization of the Gow‐Gates technique. No significant increase in current primary utilization of the Akinosi technique was found.
The Virtual Child: Evaluation of an Internet‐Based Pediatric Behavior Management Simulation
Authors: Boynton James R. , Green Thomas G. , Johnson Lynn A. , Nainar S.M. Hashim , Straffon Lloyd H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article describes an Internet‐based instructional tool designed to give predoctoral dental students a virtual simulation of clinical pediatric dentistry to develop their pediatric behavior management knowledge. Effectiveness of this tool was evaluated using two consecutive classes of junior dental students. The control group was exposed to the traditional behavior management curriculum (two lectures) in a spring term course. The next class of dental students was exposed to the two lectures and, in addition, completed the behavior management simulation during the following spring term. Both groups completed a two‐part examination (objective section=18 questions; open‐ended section=responses to a clinical situation) designed to test their behavior management knowledge. The simulation group performed significantly better in both parts of the examination (objective section: p=.028; open‐ended section: p=.012). The simulation was evaluated by students and perceived by most to be an effective addition to the curriculum. It was concluded that the experimental behavior management simulation, when added to the traditional lecture curriculum, improved pediatric behavior management knowledge in predoctoral dental students.
Western Australian Dental Graduates’ Perception of Preparedness to Practice: A Five‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Arena Gina , Kruger Estie , Holley David , Millar Samantha , Tennant Marc 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe School of Dentistry in Western Australia developed a pregraduation intern year in which final‐year students, having completed their didactic education, undertook a focused clinical experiential program (CEP) over an extended year. This program was implemented for the first time in 2002. The aim of this study was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the curriculum as perceived by graduates and to compare the perceptions of those graduates who did the CEP to those who did not. A survey with questions based on the graduate outcomes of the dental school was mailed to all graduates from 2000, 2001 (did not complete CEP), and 2004 (completed CEP). The response rate was 66 percent (n=57) and included twenty‐nine respondents who graduated before implementation of the CEP and twenty‐eight who completed the CEP. Most respondents (80 percent) were in the twenty to twenty‐nine age group, and there were slightly more males (53 percent). Learning outcome items with the highest mean scores were practicing universal precautions (4.2), behaving ethically (4.2), and demonstrating a satisfactory level of core dental knowledge (4.2). Practical skills outcomes with the highest scores were amalgam restorations (4.3), anterior endodontics (4.3), and single crowns (3.9). When comparing the respondents who did CEP (51 percent) with those who did not (49 percent), there were few significant differences. The general findings from this survey were that most graduates, whether completing the CEP or not, perceived themselves to be prepared, competent, and confident to practice as dentists and were most confident in managing problems that they most frequently encountered during training.