bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do fiscal rules reduce government borrowing costs in developing countries?
Authors: Thornton John , Vasilakis Chrysovalantis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe examine whether adopting a numerical fiscal rule framework to guide fiscal policy helped reduce the cost of borrowing by governments in a sample of 61 low‐ and middle‐income countries for 1985–2017, 24 of which adopted such rules. We address the self‐selection problem of policy adoption by applying a variety of propensity score matching methods and show that the average treatment effect of fiscal rules on government borrowing costs is quantitatively quite large and statistically significant in rule adopting countries. We also find that the presence of institutional arrangements to strengthen fiscal rules results in a larger reduction in borrowing costs than is the case without these arrangements, which is consistent with strong rules adding to the credibility of the fiscal policy framework.
Non‐GAAP earnings disclosure post 2010 SEC regulation change
Authors: Henry Theresa F. , Weitz Rob R. , Rosenthal David A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, we explore the disclosure of non‐GAAP earnings by large, publicly traded companies, and the possible impact of the 2010 change in Regulation G and S‐K on corporate reporting behavior. The reporting of non‐GAAP earnings measures is not required for public companies, nor are these measures audited. There exists considerable leeway in the manner and extent to which companies can report and calculate non‐Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) earnings. Not surprisingly, non‐GAAP reporting standards are a concern for regulators trying to uphold the consistency and comparability of financial reporting. We collected the fourth quarter earnings releases of Standard and Poor's (S&P) 100 companies for the years 2010 through 2016 to study their reported annual non‐GAAP earnings disclosures, if any. Adjustments made to GAAP earnings were classified into eight common categories (e.g., Restructuring Charges, Tax Related Benefits/Charges) in order to calculate the magnitude, materiality, and nature of the adjustments reported. Our analysis shows that the number of companies reporting non‐GAAP earnings increased over our period of study, with a significant increase occurring after the 2010 liberalization of the Regulation G rules. We found an increase in all categories of adjustments and that most were −10% to +10% of net income. The median values of adjustments were positive in almost all the categories indicating non‐GAAP adjustments generally increase non‐GAAP net earnings. We observed many instances of companies reporting the same category of non‐GAAP earnings over multiple years. Further, we find that companies that do not report non‐GAAP earnings have higher market capitalizations than non‐GAAP earnings reporters. This study contributes to the research of non‐GAAP earnings reporting with an extensive analysis of the disclosure, the nature and magnitude of adjustments companies report, and the characteristics of those companies that choose to disclose.
Cover Image, Volume 95, Issue 1
Authors: Mohan Harshavardhan , Lim Jeong‐Muk , Lee Se‐Won , Cho Min , Park Yool‐Jin , Seralathan Kamala‐Kannan , Oh Byung‐Taek 
Published: December 2019

The cover image is based on the Research Article V2O5/RGO/Pt nanocomposite on oxytetracycline degradation and pharmaceutical effluent detoxification by Mohan, H et al., DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6238.
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Therapeutic implications of circadian clocks in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Chang Yu Chen , Kim Jin Young 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCircadian clocks, endogenous oscillators generating daily biological rhythms, have important roles in the nervous system to control diverse cellular processes—not only in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), where the master clocks reside to synchronize all circadian clocks in the body but also in other non‐SCN areas. Accumulating evidence has shown relationships between circadian abnormalities (e.g., sleep disturbances and abnormal rest–activity rhythms) and disease progressions in various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease. Although circadian abnormalities were frequently considered as consequences of disease onsets, recent studies suggest altered circadian clocks as risk factors to develop neurodegenerative diseases via altered production or clearance rates of toxic metabolites like amyloid β. In this review, we will summarize circadian clock‐related pathologies in the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the central nervous system, AD and PD. Then, we will introduce the current clinical trials to rescue circadian abnormalities in AD and PD patients. Finally, a discussion about how to improve targeting circadian clocks to increase treatment efficiencies and specificities will be followed. This discussion will provide insight into circadian clocks as potential therapeutic targets to attenuate onsets and progressions of neurodegenerative diseases.
Multi‐scale climate processes and rainfall variability in Sumatra and Malay Peninsula associated with ENSO in boreal fall and winter
Authors: Qian Jian‐Hua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on seasonal rainfall variability over Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula (SMP) has been investigated from the perspective of multi‐scale physical processes, especially the diurnal cycle and daily weather types (WTs). Observations indicate that the rainfall variability associated with ENSO is not spatially coherent in the SMP in both September–November (SON) and December–February (DJF). Among the five WTs, there are more WT2 and fewer WT3 in the SON period of El Niño years, thus the seasonal rainfall anomaly pattern is similar to that of WT2, with wet anomalies in the western Malay Peninsula and northern Sumatra, and dry anomalies in southern Sumatra. In DJF of El Niño years, there is an area of wet anomalies in the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula and in central Sumatra, and slightly dry anomalies in the central Malay Peninsula and in northern Sumatra due to more days of WT4 and fewer days of WT3 and WT5. In the early northeast monsoon season (December–January) when the Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is still north of or nearby the equator, the El Niño‐enhanced easterly wind anomaly at 850 hPa favours more frequent WT4 with more zonally oriented east‐northeasterly winds. This facilitates the propagation of rainfall from the area of above‐normal SSTs in the southern South China Sea towards Singapore and the adjacent seas, thus producing above‐normal rainfall. In February, however, more frequent WT4 will not enhance rainfall in the vicinity of Singapore because the ITCZ has already moved to the Southern Hemisphere, and the upstream area in the South China Sea is quite dry.
Layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly of a novel covalent organic frameworks microextraction coating for analyzing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aqueous solutions via gas chromatography
Authors: Tian Yuan , Hou Yuxia , Yu Quan , Wang Xiaohao , Tian Mengkui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this study, a new covalent organic framework, consisting of tetra(4‐aminophenyl)porphyrin and tris(4‐formyl phenyl)amine, was layer‐by‐layer immobilized on stainless‐steel wire as a coating for microextraction. The fabrication process was easy and controllable under mild conditions. The as‐grown fiber was applied to extract polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution via head‐space solid‐phase microextraction. Furthermore, it was analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. A wide linear range (0.1–50 µg/L), low limits of detection (0.006–0.024 µg/L, signal‐to‐noise ratio = 3), good repeatability (intra‐fiber, n = 6, 3.1–8.50%), and reproducibility (fiber to fiber; n = 3, 5.79–9.98%), expressed as relative standard deviations, demonstrate the applicability of the newly developed coating. This new material was successfully utilized in real sample extraction with a satisfactory result. Potential parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including extraction temperature and extraction time, salt concentration, agitation speed, sample volume, desorption temperature, and time, were also optimized and discussed.
Cropland abandonment altered grassland ecosystem carbon storage and allocation and soil carbon stability in the Loess Hilly Region, China
Authors: Xu Hongwei , Wang Xiukang , Qu Qing , Zhai Jiaying , Song Yahui , Qiao LeiLei , Liu Guobin , Xue Sha 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDetermining changes in grassland ecosystem carbon (C) storage and soil C stability after cropland abandonment is important for estimating the regional C budget and global C cycle. However, the understanding of ecosystem C storage and allocation and soil C stability along the grassland restoration chronosequence is insufficient. Thus, grasslands with different recovery years (0, 2, 5, 8, 11, 15, 18, 26, and 30 years) were chosen to monitor the dynamics of grassland ecosystem C storage, vegetation biomass C storage, soil C storage, and soil C stability in different soil depths, as well as a natural grassland (NG) reference. The results showed that aboveground biomass (AGB), belowground biomass (BGB), soil C storage, ecosystem C storage, the very labile fraction of oxidizable C (C1) (0–0.3 m layers), the labile fraction of oxidizable C (C2) (0–0.3 m layers), and the C management index increased with the recovery years. The vegetation species richness (R), vegetation species evenness (E), and vegetation species diversity (H′) initially increased, peaking at 18a and then decreasing with recovery years, but the soil C stability index (SI) at 0–0.3 m decreased over time. Additionally, the AGB, BGB, litter biomass (LB), R, H′, ecosystem C storage, and SI (0–0.3 m and 0.5–1.0 m layers) of 30‐year grassland (GL30) showed no significant differences relative to those found in the NG. Furthermore, the soil C sequestration rate decreased with decreasing soil depth, while the soil C stability increased. These results suggest an optimistic outlook for the recovery of ecosystem C, but the soil C under these conditions is unstable, posing a risk to soil C sequestration in abandoned cropland on the Loess Plateau without appropriate management.
Improving soil quality for higher grain yields in Chinese wheat and maize production
Authors: Pan Junxiao , Shang Yiwei , Zhang Wen Jie , Chen Xinping , Cui Zhenling 
Published: December 2019

AbstractImproved soil quality is required to sustainably achieve food security. Although the recycling of organic materials to fields is considered a key practice for improving soil quality, the effects of this procedure on productivity shows inconsistent results from strongly positive to negative. A long‐term field experiment was conducted over six crop seasons to test the hypothesis that large improvements in grain yield and soil quality of organic recycling could be achieved under high‐yielding management practices. The performance parameters of crop and soil were examined after applying two different organic amendment treatments: the continual application of manure in each season (chemical fertilizer [CF] + manure), and one application of a large volume of peat and vermiculite (PV; CF + PV); controls received CF only. All three treatments were applied at an optimal N rate with high‐yield management procedures. Treatments with organic soil amendments increased grain yields by 2.5–2.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1 compared with CF alone. These high‐yield plots had higher levels of soil organic carbon (65.3–111.0% higher), less bulk density (7.2–13.8% lower), and a larger proportion of macroaggregates in the topsoil. Compared with CF + manure treatment, the CF + PV produced similarly improved yields and soil properties, but the soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial community structure (including richness and diversity) differed between treatments. The recycling of organic materials was found to reduce farm profitability due to increases in material costs and labour. Our study provides an opportunity to increase both productivity and soil quality under integrated management, and the data will help adequately inform policies and strategic plans for food security and land use.
A computer‐aided diagnosis system for differentiation and delineation of malignant regions on whole‐slide prostate histopathology image using spatial statistics and multidimensional DenseNet
Authors: Chen Chiao‐Min , Huang Yao‐Sian , Fang Pei‐Wei , Liang Cher‐Wei , Chang Ruey‐Feng 
Published: December 2019

PurposeProstate cancer (PCa) is a major health concern in aging males, and proper management of the disease depends on accurately interpreting pathology specimens. However, reading prostatectomy histopathology slides, which is basically for staging, is usually time consuming and differs from reading small biopsy specimens, which is mainly used for diagnosis. Generally, each prostatectomy specimen generates tens of large tissue sections and for each section, the malignant region needs to be delineated to assess the amount of tumor and its burden. With the aim of reducing the workload of pathologists, in this study, we focus on developing a computer‐aided diagnosis (CAD) system based on a densely connected convolutional neural network (DenseNet) for whole‐slide histopathology images to outline the malignant regions.MethodsWe use an efficient color normalization process based on ranklet transformation to automatically correct the intensity of the images. Additionally, we use spatial probability to segment the tissue structure regions for different tissue recognition patterns. Based on the segmentation, we incorporate a multidimensional structure into DenseNet to determine if a particular prostatic region is benign or malignant.ResultsAs demonstrated by the experimental results with a test set of 2,663 images from 32 whole‐slide prostate histopathology images, our proposed system achieved 0.726, 0.6306, and 0.5209 in the average of the Dice coefficient, Jaccard similarity coefficient, and Boundary F1 score measures, respectively. Then, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the proposed classification method were observed to be 95.0% (2544/2663), 96.7% (1210/1251), 93.9% (1334/1412), and 0.9831, respectively.DiscussionsWe provide a detailed discussion on how our proposed system demonstrates considerable improvement compared with similar methods considered in previous researches as well as how it can be used for delineating malignant regions.
Acceptor Derivatization of the 4CzIPN TADF System: Color Tuning and Introduction of Functional Groups
Authors: Hundemer Fabian , Graf von Reventlow Lorenz , Leonhardt Céline , Polamo Mika , Nieger Martin , Seifermann Stefan M. , Colsmann Alexander , Bräse Stefan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe demonstrate modular modifications of the widely employed emitter 2,4,5,6‐tetra(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN) by replacing one or both nitrile acceptors with oxadiazole groups via a tetrazole intermediate. This allows the introduction of various functional groups including halides, alkynes, alkenes, nitriles, esters, ethers and a protected amino acid while preserving the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties. The substituents control the emission maximum of the corresponding emitters, ranging between 472–527 nm, and show high solid‐state photoluminescence quantum yields up to 85 %. The TADF emission of two compounds, 4CzCNOXDtBu and 4CzdOXDtBu, a mono‐ and a bis‐oxadiazole substituted 4CzIPN is characterized in detail by time‐ and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence. Solution‐processed OLEDs comprising 4CzCNOXDtBu and 4CzdOXDtBu show a significant blue‐shift of the emission compared to the reference 4CzIPN, with external quantum efficiencies of 16 %, 5.9 % and 17 % at 100 cd m−2, respectively.
Prenatal imaging features and postnatal outcomes of isolated fetal duplex renal collecting system: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bascietto Francesca , Khalil Asma , Rizzo Giuseppe , Makatsariya Alexander , Buca Danilo , Silvi Claudia , Ucci Matteo , Liberati Marco , Familiari Alessandra , D'Antonio Francesco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo perform a systematic review of studies reporting the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated duplex collecting system (DCS).MethodsInclusion criteria were studies reporting the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated DCS, defined as DCS not associated with other major structural anomalies at the time of diagnosis. The outcomes observed were: imaging features of DCS on prenatal ultrasound, associated anomalies detected exclusively at prenatal follow‐up ultrasound and at birth, abnormal karyotype, symptoms at birth (including vesicoureteral reflux [VUR] and urinary tract infections [UTI]), need for and type of surgical approach, complications after surgery, and accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in correctly identifying this anomaly.ResultsEleven studies (284 fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of DCS) were included. On ultrasound, DCS was associated with ureterocele in 70.7% and with megaureter in 36.6% of cases. Worsening of pelvic/ureteric dilatation was reported to occur in 41.3% of fetuses. At birth, 4.3% of fetuses affected by DCS showed associated renal anomalies. After birth, VUR and UTI presented in 51.3% and 21.7% of children respectively, while 33.6% required surgery. Prenatal diagnosis of DCS was confirmed in 90.9% of included cases.ConclusionDCS diagnosed prenatally is associated with a generally good outcome. Prenatal ultrasound has a good diagnostic accuracy, while detailed postnatal assessment is required in order to identify associated renal anomalies.
Content Evaluation of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Residency Websites
Authors: Patel Shiv J. , Abdullah Mohammed S. , Yeh Peter C. , Abdullah Zainub , Jayaram Prathap 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundProspective Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R) applicants commonly view residency program websites to make informed decisions about where to submit their applications. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of the availability and accessibility of online content for PM&R residency programs.ObjectiveTo evaluate the comprehensiveness of PM&R residency websites to inform prospective applicants about the information readily available to them and identify deficient areas for program directors to address.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of residency program websites using quantitative and descriptive statistics.SettingWorld Wide Web (Internet).Subjects87 PM&R civilian residency program websites listed on the Fellowship and Residency Electronic Interactive Database (FREIDA).Main Outcome MeasurementsThe presence or absence of 25 predetermined criteria on residency program websites.ResultsThe individual residency program websites had a mean ± SD of 12.3 ± 4.3 (49.1%) of the 25 criteria sought. The programs ranged from having as few as one to as many as 19 of the 25 criteria. Twenty programs had 9 or fewer criteria, 35 programs had 10 to 14 criteria, 31 programs had 15 to 18 criteria, and one program had 19 criteria available online. No PM&R residency website had all 25 criteria. There was a significant association between a program's Doximity ranking as top 20 or not and the citation of published research projects by faculty on a PM&R website (P = .026), but the other 24 criteria had no significant associations.ConclusionsMost PM&R residency websites currently do not include comprehensive information about their programs for prospective applicants.
Silver‐Mediated Growth of Chiral Ag/Au‐Cysteine Hybrid Nanospheres with Giant Chiroptical Response
Authors: Liu Huali , Li Zhen , Yan Yan , Zhao Jiaqi , Wang Yu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe chiral Ag/Au‐cysteine hybrid nanospheres (HNSs) have been prepared by using cysteine (Cys) as an inductive agent via wet chemistry methods. Unlike the case of the dipole approximation, the circular dichroism spectra can be divided into two components: 1) one region associated with the interband absorption enhanced optical activity of structural arrangement of Cys molecules at 200–320 nm; 2) another region corresponding to a ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer mixed with ligand‐to‐metal‐metal charge transfer excitation due to the synergetic interplay of the electrostatic interaction between Cys side chains and the Au(I)⋅⋅⋅Au(I) aurophilic attraction in the Au(I)‐Cys complexes, located at 350–400 nm. The chiroptical response increases dramatically with increasing the concentration of Au from 0.1 to 1.56 × 10−3 m, and subsequently decreases with further increasing the concentration of Au from 3.12 to 12.5 × 10−3 m, which is similar to the sergeants and soldiers effect of chiral polymer materials. Furthermore, the circinate‐like morphology of the alloyed nanospheres is strongly dependent on the presence of Ag and the chiral bimetal HNSs present excellent enantioselective recognition for amino acids in catalytic electrochemical reactions due to the specific activity and chiral active spots.
Development of sheet‐enhanced technique (Set) method for matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry
Authors: Nakashima Yuko , Eto Fumihiro , Ishihara Kazuku , Yamazaki Fumiyoshi , Sato Shumpei , Sakurai Takanobu , Kahyo Tomoaki , Setou Mitsutoshi 
Published: December 2019

RationaleThe key to successful experiments in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI‐IMS) is to apply the matrix uniformly to the sample. With the development of automated equipment, uniform matrix application has made great progress while the sample preparation required to acquire a better image becomes complicated.MethodsThe approach is to apply the matrix uniformly to tape and adhere it to the tissue section. We call this the sheet‐enhanced technique (Set) method.ResultsThe Set method promotes ionization of biomolecules as well as the spray method. This procedure does not require the preparation and application of a matrix solution for each experiment, dramatically reducing the time and effort of matrix deposition.ConclusionsIn the present study, we have developed the Set method as a new matrix application method. The method promotes ionization of biomolecules as well as the spray method for MALDI‐IMS.
Effects of gonadotropin administration on clinical outcomes in clomiphene citrate‐based minimal stimulation cycle IVF
Authors: Karakida Shinya , Ezoe Kenji , Fukuda Junichiro , Yabuuchi Akiko , Kobayashi Tamotsu , Kato Keiichi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeExogenous gonadotropins (EGn) have been used occasionally in clomiphene citrate (CC)‐based minimal stimulation cycles to compensate insufficient secretion of endogenous gonadotropin; however, the effectiveness of EGn supplementation remains unknown. In the present study, we assessed whether EGn improved pregnancy outcomes in CC‐based minimal stimulation cycles.MethodsA total of 223 patients treated with CC and EGn (CC‐EGn group) were matched one to one to patients treated with CC only (CC group) by propensity score matching. Embryonic and pregnancy outcomes were retrospectively compared between the groups.ResultsThe numbers of retrieved oocytes, fertilized oocytes, cleaved embryos, and cryopreserved blastocysts were increased in the CC‐EGn group compared with the CC group. However, the cumulative live birthrate was comparable between the two groups. Although the increased number of retrieved oocytes was correlated significantly with improvement of the cumulative live birthrate in both groups, the correlation tended to be lower in the CC‐EGn group than in the CC group (odds ratio, 1.193 vs 1.553).ConclusionsIn CC‐based minimal stimulation cycles, the stimulation should be started with CC only, and EGn administration should be scheduled only if insufficient secretion of endogenous gonadotropin is observed in the late follicular phase.