bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old Foes, New Allies
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After establishing a base at Veracruz, the Cortés expedition began their march inland to the heart of the Aztec Empire. This chapter focuses on the initial encounter between the expedition and the Tlaxcalteca, who would eventually become the key Mesoamerican allies to Spanish efforts at toppling the Aztecs, as well as in continued conquests throughout Mesoamerica, creating New Spain in the process. Yet first, the Tlaxcalteca and allied Otomis from Tlaxcala’s northern frontier fought fiercely with the foreigners, including weeks of fighting at Tecoac and Tzompantepec. The Tlaxcalteca had resisted incorporation into the Aztec Triple Alliance empire through a mix of military resistance and by organizing themselves into one of the most inclusive and collective states of the Precolumbian Americas, which provided incentives for fighting bravely. They eventually made the strategic decision that by joining the Spaniards they could topple the existing political order in their favor. The first offensive of the joint Spanish-Tlaxcalteca force was aimed at Cholula, on the way to entering the Mexica-Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
Forging a New Spain
Authors: Carballo David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Histories of the conquest often end with the fall of Tenochtitlan, but the forging of New Spain required decades of continued military invasions in which central Mexicans, in particular, played leading roles. This chapter examines how the Tlaxcalteca and other Native allies petitioned the Spanish Crown for certain rights and privileges, as a form of negotiation within a system of domination and oppression, even sailing across the Atlantic to Spain multiple times to do so in person. Imperial rule and religious conversion could occasionally be challenged or proactively shaped by Mesoamericans, generating hybrid forms of religious belief, public spectacles, art, architecture, diet, and personal adornment, all inscribed on Mexico’s natural and cultural landscape. Such exchanges also crossed the Atlantic, and eventually the Pacific, to begin a truly global world history.
queerqueen
Authors: Maree Claire 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Queerqueen examines the editing and writing of queer excess into Japanese popular culture through mediatization of queerqueen styles. The book illustrates how a diversity of gender identifications, sexual orientations, and discursive styles are packaged together as if to form a homogenous character—the queerqueen. In a range of genres from conversational dialogue books to lifestyle television and animations, queerqueen styles are configured as crossing into popular media via the body of the authentically “queer male,” whose “authentic” speech is produced spontaneously without scripting. Editorial interventions enacted through the collaborative language labor of stenographers and record makers, graphic designers and illustrators, and editorial teams (re)trace the sonic qualities of the queerqueen. Through visual mimesis, contemporaneous citational practices, and the mobilization of nostalgia, queerqueen styles are enregistered as talk that is inherently excessive and in need of containment. Editorial acts of containment such as self-censorship simultaneously expose the sexualized nature of gendered norms of talk in Japanese. It is also here that possible spaces for dissent open up through contestation of the limits to excess. The visual and sonic crossings of gender norms unsettle heteronormative mapping of speech styles onto statically gendered bodies. Strategic use of a variety of linguistic resources such as hyper-masculine forms and hyper-politeness exposes the veneers of technologies that seek to regiment excess. Analysis of the inscription of queerqueen styles reveals metapragmatic stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and desire that are essential to the business of mainstream entertainment.
Culpability and Breach of Trust
Authors: Heffer Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out a framework for analyzing the relative culpability of the breach of trust represented by willfully insincere and/or epistemically negligent discourse. Given that blameworthiness is usually linked with intentionality, the chapter begins by arguing in favor of culpable ignorance. After illustrating why an analysis of the degree of culpability is necessary for the framework, it is argued that we can best establish degree of culpability by considering the gravity of the breach of trust involved. Nine contextually based trust-related dimensions are proposed (e.g. the vulnerability of the hearer, the institutional power of the speaker, and the perceived harm that might result from the untruthful discourse), and it is suggested that the ethical breach might be aggravated or attenuated accordingly. Finally the chapter considers further aggravating and mitigating circumstances that need to be taken into account when making a final ethical judgement of the discursive act of untruthfulness.
Scandal
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the concept of sex scandals as they are commonly treated in current scholarship. The two most dominant models view them as (a) moments of social harm caused by a leader’s moral failure (case studies include the scandals of Larry Craig, David Petraeus, and John Edwards); or (b) violations of social norms regarding gender, race, and class (as exemplified by Bill Clinton in the Monica Lewinsky scandal). Yet the chapter’s main case study is Donald Trump. Trump’s white, sexual persona boosted his political appeal and impacted his rhetoric in the 2016 campaign, particularly in his gendered and sexed speech regarding Hillary Clinton. In light of Trump, a third model is proposed that understands sex scandals as specifically nationalist events that draw on the aforementioned identity categories of gender, race, and sexual orientation in determining who can be considered a national icon.
What Does a Scientific Paper Say?
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how and when a group of researchers decide the time is right to write a paper, the reasons for writing a paper, and what the paper must say. Key characteristics of a scientific paper that inform its structure are used to introduce the sections of a modern paper and explain their functions. This approach allows a logical exploration of the sections of a scientific paper and their function. In addition, this chapter considers the effective presentation of scientific evidence, in terms of construction of effective figures and tables.
The Perils of Peer Review
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the detailed stages of publication of a scientific paper, starting with selection of journal by authors and submission of papers. The system architecture and roles of editors, editorial boards, and referees are examined, and the nature of the review process is discussed, including potential pitfalls, ethical considerations, possible outcomes, and the interactions between authors and journals. The significance of rejection of papers (and famous cases of papers that were first rejected by journals) is explored, and the steps following acceptance of a paper, right through to proof correction and publication, explained. In addition, future developments being evaluated today, such as postpublication (or even preresearch) peer review, are discussed.
Ethics and Integrity in Scientific Communication
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Today, a major consideration in scientific publishing is obviously ethical issues or those relating to research integrity, and key concepts around falsification, fabrication, and plagiarism are explored in this chapter, in terms of defining key principles for good research practice underpinned by the highest standards of integrity, as is expected of all researchers today. There have been many high-profile cases of controversies involving scientific papers, and key case studies are described. In addition, issues such as failure to acknowledge conflicts of interest for the authors (e.g., the Lancet study by Wakefield et al. on the link between the MMR vaccine and autism) are discussed. Likely future trends including the nature of the refereeing process and the access to experimental data are explored, and a key focus is on the rights and responsibilities of authors and coauthors.
Conferences and Presentations
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As well as producing scientific papers, researchers communicate in many different ways, some written (e.g., reports, theses) and others nonwritten (e.g., presentations, posters). This chapter focuses specifically on making a successful scientific presentation to a professional audience, and the differences in approach from writing to verbal presentation. The chapter explores key themes, in particular focusing on the need for a presenter to put themselves in advance into the seat of an audience member, and prepare with a view to what they wish someone in that seat to get from the experience (my primary principle of all forms of communication is “first, and last, consider your audience”). Tips and advice for preparing a presentation, from layout to delivery, and presented, along with advice on the preparation of scientific posters.
Expanding the Comfort Zone
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the modern scientific world, it is recognized that all researchers need to be able to explain their research to audiences other than those who are expert in the field, and that different skills and approaches are needed to be able to explain complex research to a range of audiences of different levels and backgrounds. In this chapter, key approaches to doing this successfully, whether in written or oral form, are explored, with examples to illustrate points. In addition, the place and use of alternative forms of communication of scientific information (e.g., social media) are discussed, as well as ideas such as competitions whereby students “dance their PhD” or present a “three-minute thesis,” and the writing of popular science articles and books. A final important part of this chapter concerns the relationships between scientists and the media, and the occasional conflicts between reporting of science through professional means and that in the media.
Communication across a Career in Science
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The goals and needs of a researcher in terms of publication and communication change from their first efforts as a graduate student to future professional careers up to the level of distinguished professors, including the type of publication strategy to adopt, and the growing responsibility to “give something back” to the field in terms of mentoring, reviewing, and editing as a career develops. This chapter explores these aspects of a career in science, as well as other professional types of writing, such as edited books and textbooks.
Some Final Thoughts
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This short final chapter draws together key conclusions from the preceding chapters to finish the book with some short conclusions. We reflect on the personal characteristics typical of a scientist and the way in which they are trained to know that their work is not complete until it has been passed on and made an impact, and how those who follow a career in science know that this is a key way in which their careers will be judged. The benefits of a career in science are considered, but placed alongside the responsibilities and expectations in terms of integrity and trust. Finally, the central role of communication in science, the theme for the book as a whole, is emphasized once again.
Cinema as Object II
Authors: Walley Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines works of expanded cinema that emphasize another, somewhat different “sculptural” property—cinema’s spatial dimension. Such works heighten awareness of cinema’s spatial dimension, blurring the line between temporal and spatial arts in a way similar to minimalist sculpture. The major form here is film installation, which, rather than exploding the cinematic apparatus as the object-based works of chapter 4 do, brings that apparatus out of the dark, presenting it for contemplation and analysis in a way that conventional film exhibition intentionally thwarts. The sculptural characteristics of such works often requires that they be exhibited in gallery spaces, which suggests that they are “intermedial” hybrids of cinema and sculpture. But this hybridity is only apparent; in fact, these works were asserted and understood within the context of avant-garde film culture as “cinematic.” In examining these types of expanded work, this chapter considers key historical factors during both the early-to-mid ’70s and the last two decades. During the 1960s and ’70s, the attention given to cinema’s physical properties, including the space of exhibition, was related to the anti-illusionist aims of avant-garde filmmakers for whom “materiality” included the space of cinematic exhibition and the ideological ramifications of that space. More recently, the impending obsolescence of analog film and the presumed ephemerality of digital media have resulted in the former’s physical “object”–properties taking on new meaning and importance.
The Doctrine of Occasionalism
Authors: Platt Andrew R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains the doctrine of occasionalism. Section 1.1 unpacks the occasionalist claim that God is the only efficient cause, by explaining the concept of an efficient cause, as it was typically understood in medieval and early modern texts. Section 1.2 contrasts occasionalism with a theory of divine providence developed by Thomas Aquinas, which says that God “concurs” with the actions of created substances. Section 1.3 clarifies the difference between occasionalism and the Thomistic theory of divine concurrence using the notion of a causal power: According to this analysis, occasionalism entails that created substances do not have intrinsic active causal powers. Malebranche expresses this claim by saying that created beings are “occasional causes” that merely “give occasion” to God’s actions. However, section 1.4 argues that there is also a Scholastic tradition that uses terms such as “occasion” and “occasional cause” to refer to a type of true efficient cause.
Cartesian Physics
Authors: Platt Andrew R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that Descartes’ physics is compatible with the Thomistic theory of divine concurrence. Descartes holds that God preserves bodies in existence, continually recreating them in different positions over time. Section 2.1 argues that it follows that (on Descartes’ view) God causes all the motions that occur in the world. Some of Descartes’ interpreters take Descartes’ physics to imply that mere bodies do not have any motive force or power, that is, any ability either to move themselves, or to cause motion in other bodies. Descartes’ physics thus seems to imply body–body occasionalism. Yet sections 2.2 and 2.3 show that Descartes is not committed to this conclusion. Instead, section 2.3 argues that Descartes thinks that bodies are “secondary causes” of motion that have active causal powers. Section 2.4 shows how this concurrentist reading of Descartes’ physics is consistent with his conception of body as extended substance.
AABA and Strophic Forms
Authors: Nobile Drew 
Published: August 2020

This chapter investigates the structure and expressive content of rock songs without choruses. Those that contain verses and bridges follow AABA form, and those that contain only verses follow strophic form. The chapter looks at the types of verses found in these forms (overwhelmingly sectional verses, especially following an srdc layout), as well as methods of creating large-scale coherence without a focal chorus section. Finally, the chapter looks at issues in AABA form, including B A fusion, where a single section functions as contrasting bridge and recapitulatory A, and chorus-like B sections, where the functional bridge suggests some elements of chorus function.
The Political Theology of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 tracks the way American political elites talked about justice and punishment before and during the rise of mass incarceration. The authors show how these concepts were once closely connected with the religious imagination. When that link was severed, justice was reduced to the proper functioning of the law, to a criminal justice system, and a new set of ideas and institutions promoting law and order and victims’ rights took over. The chapter demonstrates how, at the level of political rhetoric, religion—along with economics and race—was essential for promoting incarceration as the sole mechanism for effecting justice.
Introduction
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the subject of conversion by considering issues, themes, theories, and methods in the study of Christian conversion. Conversion is movement from something to something. Its process is dynamic and multifaceted and raises a number of questions: Is the change intellectual, social, psychological, moral, or some combination? Is it an event or a process? Who defines conversion—the scholar, the religious community, the convert? Examining conversion over two millennia of Christian history complicates matters even more, for the meaning of the word and the concept itself varies from person to person, from group to group, and from setting to setting. This chapter examines various theoretical models of conversion (Lewis Rambo’s seven stages, the “conversion motifs” of John Lofland and Norman Skonovd, Henri Gooren’s “conversion career,” and others) and applies these models to a single conversion narrative. The chapter concludes by highlighting a number of broad themes found in the chapters ahead.
The Early Church through Constantine (100–337)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Christian growth and conversion in the early church period. Due to the lack of textual, inscriptional, and archaeological evidence, the second and third centuries are perhaps the most difficult period to account for the spread of Christianity and the nature of conversion. Nevertheless, historians have proposed and debated the many external and internal factors that contributed to Christian growth to the point where, by the mid-fourth century, Christians constituted a majority population in the Roman Empire. Following a general discussion of reasons for Christian growth and expansion, the chapter turns to the varied conversion experiences in the lives of Justin Martyr, Tatian, Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Cyprian of Carthage and concludes with an analysis of the much-debated conversion of Emperor Constantine.
English Protestantism (1520–1700)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines conversion from the English Reformers to John Bunyan. Beginning with William Tyndale’s translation and annotations of the New Testament, the early evangelical movement promoted a religious culture that uplifted conversion as an ideal of Christian life. By the end of the sixteenth century, Puritan practical divinity represented the first concerted effort to make conversion the standard that separated true Christianity from its counterfeits. In journals, diaries, treatises, and autobiographies, Puritans scrutinized their spiritual state and described conversion as a profound, overwhelming, totally transforming experience. In preaching and catechizing, they uplifted conversion as the sine qua non of the Christian life. Their rhetoric of conversion, including their detailed morphologies of conversion, became a ubiquitous feature of Protestant discourse in the seventeenth century. By century’s end, not only in England but also on the Continent and in New England, a reformulated understanding of conversion transcended ecclesiastical structures and increasingly centered on the individual’s direct relationship to God.
American Evangelicalism in Black and White (1750–Present)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with an examination of the evangelical movement among African Americans, including the testimonies of ex-slaves and the spiritual autobiographies of George White and Jarena Lee. It then considers the role of conversion in the Second Great Awakening. Although there was no overarching unity to this awakening, the revival profoundly shaped an emerging generic Protestant evangelicalism. However, not all were pleased with this age of revivalism. John Williamson Nevin and Horace Bushnell, two products of the revival, eventually became its most vociferous critics and questioned the notion of instantaneous conversions. In the industrial age, Walter Rauschenbusch articulated a view of conversion as social reconstruction, and in the twentieth century, Billy Graham appeared as the charismatic champion of “born-again” religion. The chapter concludes with a discussion of young evangelicals who questioned the individualistic emphasis of evangelical conversion and of others who left the evangelical fold and converted to Catholicism or Orthodoxy.
Protestants and Pentecostals in Latin America (1900–Present)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The growth of evangelicalism in Latin America, largely of the Pentecostal type, is a recent phenomenon. After half a century of relative dormancy, Pentecostalism exploded during the last three decades of the twentieth century, reshaping the Latin American religious landscape that for nearly four centuries had been monopolized by the Catholic Church. This chapter explores the origins and growth of Pentecostalism in Latin America, first in its Protestant expression, then in its spread within the Catholic Church. Basic to both is the necessity of a conversion experience followed by a receptivity to the transformative work of the Holy Spirit. As a movement and religious phenomenon, the impact of Pentecostalism has been enormous. Particular attention is given to theoretical models proposed to explain Pentecostal conversions.
Catholic East and Pentecostal West (1800–Present)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The first part of this chapter examines Catholic missions among the Maasai, with particular attention given to the perennial issues raised by Vincent Donovan in his book Christianity Rediscovered. After a cursory examination of the role of missionary education as a vehicle of conversion, the discussion returns to the Maasai and, in particular, to the attraction of the Christian message to women. The second part of the chapter revisits West Africa with a brief glimpse of the Aladura movement in Yorubaland (Nigeria) before taking up Nigeria’s Pentecostal explosion in the mid-1970s. Expressed in multitudinous forms and organizations, the emergence of Spirit-centered movements took place within a local context of socioeconomic and political upheaval and a larger global context of exposure to modernizing influences, particularly those emanating from North American Pentecostalism. In addition to attracting young adults, women find that Pentecostalism is a boon to stable marriages and family life.