bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability Requirements for Scintillation Counters Used in Radioactivity Logging
Authors: Youmans Arthur , Monaghan Ralph 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 231–234.

Abstract
General principles of scintillation counter-type instruments for radioactivity logging are discussed and the various possible causes for instability are examined.
It is shown how instrumentation problems are solved. Means are discussed for minimizing drift and instability due to "fatigue" of the photomultiplier tube and neutron activation of the crystals.

Introduction
Neutron and gamma-ray logs made with logging instruments employing scintillation counters are now routinely available from most of the logging service companies. The superior characteristics of scintillation counters by comparison with older types of detectors promises to bring about important improvements in quantitative interpretation of radioactivity logs. Moreover, new types of logs can be made with scintillation counters which are not possible with other detectors. But in spite of the obvious superiority of these counters with respect to efficiency, speed, and versatility, they suffer from a number of inherent difficulties and weaknesses. Unless these inherent difficulties are fully recognized and satisfactorily overcome by sound engineering of the associated instrumentation, scintillation counter logs are particularly likely to exhibit drift and instability of sensitivity. This defect in logs when they are intended for quantitative interpretation is intolerable and more than outweighs any advantages over the older type of instrumentation when the latter is operating correctly.

Scintillation Counter Operation
In general all radioactivity logging instruments consist of a detector sensitive to gamma radiation or to neutron radiation coming from the strata. This radioactivity is either due to naturally decaying radioactive elements in the rock, radioactivity induced in the rock by a neutron source in the instrument, or scattering by the rock of neutrons or gamma rays coming from a source in the instrument.
In the scintillation counter the gamma radiation or neutron radiation reacts with the scintillation phosphor to produce light pulses. These light pulses are then converted to amplified electrical pulses by the multiplier phototube.
Interpretation of the Induction-Electrical Log in Fresh Mud
Authors: Dumanoir J.L. , Tixier M.P. , Martin Maurice 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 202–217.

Introduction
The induction-electrical log is a combination of a SP curve, a short normal curve, and an induction log; all three logs being recorded simultaneously in a single run. The spacing of the short normal is 16 in. The induction log is designated as 5FF40, which means that the sonde involves five coils and a focusing system, and that the distance between the main coils is 40 in.
Examples of induction-electrical logs are shown in Figs. 13 and 15. The right-hand track contains the induction conductivity curve. The scale of this curve is linear with the units of conductivity, i.e., mhos/m or millimhos/m (mmhos/m), increasing from right to left. The same curve can be read in the reverse direction as a resistivity log, with a hyperbolic scale.
In the middle track, the solid curve represents the short normal. (An amplified short normal is also shown in Fig. 15). The dotted curve is the resistivity curve of the induction log, i.e., the reciprocal of the conductivity curve, recorded with the same linear scale as the short normal. The SP is in the left-hand track.
In this combination, the SP curve and the 16-in. normal are the essential correlation curves, as in the conventional electrical log. The induction log provides a more accurate and detailed record of formation boundaries than the conventional log, especially in hard rock territories. Furthermore, the induction-electrical log makes possible the determination of fluid content, particularly in thin beds - at least qualitatively and very often quantitatively. In such thin beds, because of the adverse effect of the adjacent formations, the responses of the conventional devices are generally doubtful and/or incomplete. Another advantage of the new combination is that the induction log is little affected by the presence of thin hard streaks interbedded within the permeable sections, whereas such occurrences are the cause of serious distortions of the long normal and lateral curves.
Laminar Flow of Drilling Mud Due to Axial Pressure Gradient and External Torque
Authors: Paslay P.R. , Slibar A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 210, 1957, pages 310–317.

Abstract
Using three-dimensional, stress-deformation rate equations for a Bingham plastic, an approximate solution for the laminar flow of drilling mud between the drill pipe and casing is given for the case when the velocity gradients due to axial flow are large compared to velocity gradients due to rotation.

Introduction
The fact that drilling mud can be treated, to a first approximation, as a Bingham plastic has been established by several investigators. A Bingham plastic is a material that is rigid until a certain combination of stresses exceeds a critical value. When the stresses are sufficiently high to initiate flow, the reduced stresses have a constant ratio to the corresponding deformation rates at each point.
Prediction of pressure and torque requirements to produce the desired flow of the material have been made by analytical solutions due to Bingham, Reiner, and Buckingham. One part of the present means of calculation that requires clarification is the flow between the drill pipe and casing. Present methods treat the flow resulting from the rotation of the drill pipe separate from the flow produced by the axial pressure gradient.
Since the non-linear behavior of a Bingham plastic implies that solutions cannot be superposed, the present analytical investigation was undertaken to obtain a solution to the problem of combined axial and tangential flow.
Equations have been proposed for the three-dimensional flow of a Bingham plastic and it has been shown that the proposed equations lead to the usual solutions from the one-dimensional theory. Applying these equations to the flow between two concentric cylinders the problem of axial flow only and tangential flow only have been solved. In addition to the separate problems of axial and tangential flow between concentric cylinders, the authors have determined the relationship between external torque on the inside cylinder and axial pressure gradient necessary to initiate flow. The solution given in Ref. 14 points out the complexity of the present problem.
Age-related Differences in Breast Cancer Mortality according to Race/Ethnicity, Insurance, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Miguel Yazmin San , Gomez Scarlett Lin , Murphy James D. , Schwab Richard B. , McDaniels-Davidson Corinne , Canchola Alison J. , Molinolo Alfredo A. , Nodora Jesse N. , Martinez Maria Elena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose We assessed breast cancer mortality in older versus younger women according to race/ethnicity, neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES), and health insurance status. Methods The study included female breast cancer cases 18 years of age and older, diagnosed between 2005 and 2015 in the California Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to generate hazard ratios (HR) of breast cancer specific deaths and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for older (60+ years) versus younger (<60 years) patients separately by race/ethnicity, nSES, and health insurance status. Results Risk of dying from breast cancer was higher in older than younger patients after multivariable adjustment, which varied in magnitude by race/ethnicity (P-interaction<0.0001). Comparing older to younger patients, higher mortality differences were shown for non-Hispanic white (HR=1.43; 95% CI, 1.36-1.51) and Hispanic women (HR=1.37; 95% CI, 1.26-1.50) and lower differences for non-Hispanic blacks (HR=1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.31) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (HR=1.15; 95% CI, 1.02-1.31). HRs comparing older to younger patients varied by insurance status (P-interaction<0.0001), with largest mortality differences observed for privately insured women (HR=1.51; 95% CI, 1.43-1.59) and lowest in Medicaid/military/other public insurance (HR=1.18; 95% CI, 1.10-1.26). No age differences were shown for uninsured women. HRs comparing older to younger patients were similar across nSES strata. Conclusion Our results provide evidence for the continued disparity in black-white breast cancer mortality, which is magnified in younger women. Moreover, insurance status continues to play a role in breast cancer mortality, with uninsured women having the highest risk for breast cancer death, regardless of age.
A Global Health Capstone: An Innovative Educational Approach in a Competency-Based Curriculum for Medical Students
Authors: Chamberlain Stacey , Gonzalez Nicole , Dobiesz Valerie , Edison Marcia , Lin Janet , Weine Stevan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Global health educational programs for medical and public health professionals have grown substantially in recent years. The University of Illinois Chicago College of Medicine (UICOM) began a global medicine (GMED) program for selected students in 2012 and has since graduated four classes. As part of the four-year curriculum, students complete a longitudinal global health capstone project. This paper describes the global health capstone project as an innovative educational tool within a competency-based curriculum. Methods The authors define and describe the longitudinal global health capstone including specific requirements, student deliverables, and examples of how the global health capstone may be used as part of a larger curriculum to teach the competency domains identified by the Consortium of Universities for Global Health. The authors also reviewed the final capstone projects for 35 graduates to describe characteristics of capstone projects completed. Results The global health capstone was developed as one educational tool within a broader global health curriculum for medical students. Of the 35 capstones, 21 projects involved original research (74%), and 25 involved international travel (71%). Nine projects led to a conference abstract/presentation (26%) while five led to a publication (14%). Twenty-one projects (60%) had subject matter-focused faculty mentorship. Conclusions A longitudinal global health capstone is a feasible tool to teach targeted global health competencies and can provide meaningful opportunities for research and career mentorship. Further refinement of the capstone process is needed to strengthen mentorship, and additional assessment methods are needed.
Cardiovascular magnetic resonance 4D flow analysis has a higher diagnostic yield than Doppler echocardiography for detecting increased pulmonary artery pressure
Authors: Ugander Martin , Ramos João G. , Fyrdahl Alexander , Wieslander Björn , Reiter Gert , Reiter Ursula , Jin Ning , Maret Eva , Eriksson Maria , Caidahl Kenneth , Sörensson Peder , Sigfridsson Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background : Pulmonary hypertension is definitively diagnosed by the measurement of mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure (mPAP) using right heart catheterization. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) four-dimensional (4D) flow analysis can estimate mPAP from blood flow vortex duration in the PA, with excellent results. Moreover, the peak systolic tricuspid regurgitation (TR) pressure gradient (TRPG) measured by Doppler echocardiography is commonly used in clinical routine to estimate systolic PA pressure. This study aimed to compare CMR and echocardiography with regards to quantitative and categorical agreement, and diagnostic yield for detecting increased PA pressure.
Methods : Consecutive clinically referred patients (n=60, median [interquartile range] age 60 [48–68] years, 33% female) underwent echocardiography and CMR at 1.5T (n=43) or 3T (n=17). PA vortex duration was used to estimate mPAP using a commercially available time-resolved multiple 2D slice phase contrast three-directional velocity encoded sequence covering the main PA. Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography was performed to measure TR and derive TRPG. Diagnostic yield was defined as the fraction of cases in which CMR or echocardiography detected an increased PA pressure, defined as vortex duration ≥15% of the cardiac cycle (mPAP ≥25 mmHg) or TR velocity >2.8 m/s (TRPG >31 mmHg).
Results : Both CMR and echocardiography showed normal PA pressure in 39/60 (65%) patients and increased PA pressure in 9/60 (15%) patients, overall agreement in 48/60 (80%) patients, kappa 0.49 (95% confidence interval 0.27-0.71). CMR had a higher diagnostic yield for detecting increased PA pressure compared to echocardiography (21/60 (35%) vs 9/60 (15%), p<0.001). In cases with both an observable PA vortex and measurable TR velocity (34/60, 56%), TRPG was correlated with mPAP (R 2 =0.65, p<0.001).
Conclusions : There is good quantitative and fair categorical agreement between estimated mPAP from CMR and TRPG from echocardiography. CMR has higher diagnostic yield for detecting increased PA pressure compared to echocardiography, potentially due to a lower sensitivity of echocardiography in detecting increased PA pressure compared to CMR, related to limitations in the ability to adequately visualize and measure the TR jet by echocardiography. Future comparison between echocardiography, CMR and invasive measurements are justified to definitively confirm these findings.
Outcomes of Patients with Initially Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma who did not Benefit from Resection: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Garnier Jonathan , Ewald Jacques , Marchese Ugo , Gilabert Marine , Launay Simon , Moureau-Zabotto Laurence , Poizat Flora , Giovannini Marc , Delpero Jean-Robert , Turrini Olivier 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The current study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of patients with unresectable non-metastatic locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LAPA) who did not benefit from resection considering the treatment strategy in the clinical settings. Methods: Between 2010 and 2017, a total of 234 patients underwent induction chemotherapy for LAPA that could not be treated with surgery. After oncologic restaging, continuous chemotherapy or chemoradiation (CRT) was decided for patients without metastatic disease. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to determine overall survival (OS), and the Wilcoxon test to compare survival curves. Multivariate analysis was performed using the stepwise logistic regression method. Results: FOLFIRINOX was the most common induction regimen (168 patients, 72%), with a median of 6 chemotherapy cycles and resulted in higher OS, compared to gemcitabine (19 vs. 16 months, hazard ratio (HR)=1.2, 95% confidence interval: 0.86–1.6, P =.03). However, no difference was observed after adjusting for age (≤75 years) and performance status score (0–1). At restaging, 187 patients (80%) had non-metastatic disease: CRT was administered to 126 patients (67%) while chemotherapy was continued in 61 (33%). Patients who received CRT had characteristics comparable to those who continued with chemotherapy, with similar OS. They also had longer progression-free survival (median 13.3 vs. 9.6 months, HR=1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1–1.9, P <.01) and limited short-term treatment-related toxicity. Conclusions: The median survival of patients who could not undergo surgery was 19 months. Hence, CRT should not be eliminated as a treatment option and may be useful as a part of optimised sequential chemotherapy for both local and metastatic disease.
Genome-wide identification of diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) family genes influencing milk production traits in buffalo
Authors: Liu Jiajia , Wang Zhiquan , Li Jun , Li Hui , Yang Liguo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: The diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) are a vital group of enzymes in catalyzing triacylglycerol biosynthesis. DGAT genes like DGAT1 and DGAT2 , have been identified as two functional candidate genes affecting milk production traits, especially for fat content in milk. Buffalo milk is famous for its excellent quality, which is rich in fat and protein content. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize DGAT family genes in buffalo and to find candidate markers or DGAT genes influencing lactation performance.
Results: We performed a genome-wide study and identified eight DGAT genes in buffalo. All the DGAT genes classified into two distinct clades (DGAT1 and DGAT2 subfamily) based on their phylogenetic relationships and structural features. Chromosome localization displayed eight buffalo DGAT genes distributed on five chromosomes. Collinearity analysis revealed that the DGAT family genes were extensive homologous between buffalo and cattle. Afterward, we discovered genetic variants loci within the genomic regions that DGAT genes located in buffalo. Seven haplotype blocks were constructed and were associated with buffalo milk production traits. Single marker association analyses revealed four most significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mainly affecting milk protein percentage or milk fat yield in buffalo. Genes functional analysis indicated that these DGAT family genes could influence lactation performance in the mammal through regulating lipid metabolism.
Conclusion: In the present study, we performed a comprehensive analysis for the DGAT family genes in buffalo, which including identification, structural characterization, phylogenetic classification, chromosomal distribution, collinearity analysis, association analysis, and functional analysis. These findings provide useful information for an in-depth study to determine the role of DGAT family gens play in the regulation of milk production and milk quality improvement in buffalo.
Path analysis of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women based on protection motivation theory
Authors: Kaviani Abdol-Hossain , Khorsandi Mahboobeh , Roozbahani Nasrin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Determining the factors that affect the adoption of preventive behaviors that can reduce the risk of skin cancer is an important first step for designing interventions promoting these behaviors. The present study was conducted aimed to path analysis of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women based on protection motivation theory.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 230 rural women in the west of Iran were selected randomly. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic information and structures of protection motivation theory by interview with rural women and then analyzed using SPSS 22 and LISREL8.8.
Results: In relation with skin cancer preventive behaviors, 27.8% of women wore sun-blocking clothing when working under the sun, 21.7% used sunscreen cream, 5.7% wore cap and 4.8 wore gloves and sunglasses. Protection motivation theory and per capita income explained 76% of motivation variance and 25% of the variance of skin cancer preventive behaviors. Response efficacy structure was the strongest predictor of the motivation of protection (0/001> p, ß= -0.44) and per capita income (0/001> p, ß= -0.34) and motivation (0/001> p, ß= -0.33) were the strongest predictors of these behaviors.
Conclusions: This study showed that protection motivation theory is efficient in predicting preventive behaviors of skin cancer and promoting interventions of the behaviors can be designed and implemented by this theory. It is also necessary to perform proper planning in promoting these behaviors in people with low per-capita income.
Impact of superimposed nephrological care to guidelines-directed management by primary care physicians of patients with stable chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Saudan Patrick , Ponte Belen , Marangon Nicola , Martinez Chantal , Berchtold Lena , Jaques David , Ernandez Thomas , De Seigneux Sophie , Carballo Sebqastian , Perneger Thomas , Martin Pierre-Yves 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Optimal clinical care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaboration between primary care physicians (PCP) and nephrologists. We undertook a randomised trial to determine the impact of superimposed nephrologist care compared to guidelines-directed management by PCPs in CKD patients after hospital discharge.

Methods: Stage 3b-4 CKD patients were enrolled during a hospitalization and randomised in two arms: Co-management by PCPs and nephrologists (interventional arm) versus management by PCPs with written instructions and consultations by nephrologists on demand (standard care). Our primary outcome was death or rehospitalisation within the 2 years post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes were: urgent renal replacement therapy (RRT), decline of renal function and decrease of quality of life at 2 years.

Results: From November 2009 to the end of June 2013, we randomised 242 patients. Mean follow-up was 51 + 20 months. Survival without rehospitalisation, GFR decline and elective dialysis initiation did not differ between the two arms. Quality of life was also similar in both groups . Compared to randomised patients, those who either declined to participate in the study or were previously known by nephrologists had a worse survival.

Conclusion: These results do not demonstrate a benefit of a regular renal care compared to guided PCPs care in terms of survival or dialysis initiation in CKD patients. Increased awareness of renal disease management among PCPs may be as effective as a co-management by PCPs and nephrologists in order to improve the prognosis of moderate-to-severe CKD.
Comparison of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living assessment by face-to-face or telephone interviews: A randomized, crossover study
Authors: Dauphinot Virginie , Boublay Nawèle , Moutet Claire , Achi Sarah , Bathsavanis Anthony , Krolak-Salmon Pierre 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background The functional autonomy assessment is essential to manage patients with a neurodegenerative disease, but its evaluation is not always possible during a consultation. To optimize ambulatory autonomy assessment, we compared the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaire collected by telephone and face-to-face interviews.Methods A randomized, crossover study was carried-out among patients attending a memory clinic (MC). The IADL questionnaire was collected for patients during telephone and face-to-face interviews between nurses and patients’caregivers. The agreement between the two methods was measured using the proportion of participants giving the same response, Cohen’s Kappa, intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient, and Bland and Altman method. The associations between patients’ characteristics, events occurring between the two assessments, and agreement were assessed.Results Among the 292 patients (means±SD age 81.5±7, MMSE 19.6±6, 39.7% with major neurocognitive disorders) analyzed, the proportion of agreement between the two modes was 89.4% for the total IADL score. Weighted Kappa coefficent was 0.66 and ICC score was 0.91 for total IADL score. The mean difference between the IADL score by telephone or face-to-face was 0.32. Overall, 96.9% of measures lay within the 95% limits of agreement. The occurrence of fall was less likely associated with the probability to lie within the 95% limits of agreement (OR=0.07[0.02-0.27]).Conclusion The administration of IADL by telephone with the caregiver appears to be an acceptable method of assessment for MC patients compared to face-to-face interview. The events such as falls which could occur in a time close to the evaluation should be reported.