bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are there viable chemical and non-chemical alternatives to the use of conventional insecticides for the protection of young trees from damage by the large pine weevil Hylobius abietis L. in UK forestry?
Authors: Willoughby Ian H , Moore Roger , Moffat Andrew J , Forster Jack , Sayyed Imam , Leslie Kerstin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In UK forestry, the synthetic pyrethroid insecticides alpha-cypermethrin and cypermethrin have been used for many years to provide protection for young trees planted on restock sites from damage by the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis L. However, concerns over the toxicity of these insecticides to aquatic life if misused have led to a search for alternative forms of protection. This paper describes a detailed programme of efficacy experiments undertaken between 2009 and 2015 to find replacements for these products. Over 50 combinations of chemical and non-chemical approaches were tested on 16 different sites. Of the alternative synthetic insecticides tested, applications of 0.037 g a.i. stem−1 acetamiprid provided high levels of protection from Hylobius browsing damage on young Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) trees, without causing any phytotoxic symptoms, and gave comparable levels of protection to those achievable using alpha-cypermethrin or cypermethrin. Acetamiprid is less toxic to aquatic life than alpha-cypermethrin or cypermethrin and has not been linked to bee decline. Applications of 0.0129 g a.i. stem−1 chlorantraniliprole also showed promise, and this relatively low toxicity non-neonicotinoid insecticide merits further study. Although imidacloprid and thiacloprid also provided good levels of protection, their use in forests is not now permitted due to concerns over their potential impacts on bees and drinking water, respectively. Whilst the natural product insecticide spinosad, and the entomopathogenic fungal control agent Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin, gave only limited protection in our work, they may have some future potential if methods of deployment can be improved. Other chemical and non-chemical approaches tested, but found to be largely ineffective in UK conditions, included the natural product insecticides azadirachtin, maltodextrin and pyrethrins, the synthetic insecticides lambda-cyhalothrin and spirotetramat and a wide range of repellents, flexible stem coatings and physical barrier products. However, we conclude that physical barrier sleeves such as MultiPro® and BioSleeve® may have a limited role as a partial substitute for the use of insecticides in the UK in some circumstances, but only if on-site populations of Hylobius are predicted to be low.
The Effects of Housing Cost Burden and Housing Tenure on Moves to a Nursing Home Among Low- and Moderate-Income Older Adults
Authors: Jenkins Morales Meghan , Robert Stephanie A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
In the United States, a growing number of older adults struggle to find affordable housing that can adapt to their changing needs. Research suggests that access to affordable housing is a significant barrier to reducing unnecessary nursing home admissions. This is the first empirical study we know of to examine whether housing cost burden (HCB) is associated with moves to nursing homes among older adults.

Research Design and Methods
Data include low- and moderate-income community-dwelling older adults (N = 3,403) from the nationally representative 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study. HCB (≥30% of income spent on mortgage/rent) and housing tenure (owner/renter) are combined to create a 4-category housing typology. Multinomial logistic regression models test (a) if renters with HCB are most likely (compared with other housing types) to move to a nursing home over 3 years (2015–2018) and (b) if housing type interacts with health and functioning to predict moves to a nursing home.

Results
Across all models, renters with HCB had the greatest likelihood of moving to a nursing home. Moreover, self-rated health, physical capacity, and mental health were weaker predictors of nursing home moves for renters with HCB.

Discussion and Implications
Results suggest that older renters with HCB are most likely to experience unnecessary nursing home placement. The growing population of older renters experiencing HCB may not only signal a housing crisis, but may also challenge national efforts to shift long-term care away from nursing homes and toward community-based alternatives.
Studying human reproductive biology through single-cell analysis and in vitro differentiation of stem cells into germ cell-like cells
Authors: Li Lin , Yang Risako , Yin Chenghong , Kee Kehkooi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnderstanding the molecular and cellular mechanisms of human reproductive development has been limited by the scarcity of human samples and ethical constraints. Recently, in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into germ cells and single-cell analyses have opened new avenues to directly study human germ cells and identify unique mechanisms in human reproductive development.OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALEThe goal of this review is to collate novel findings and insightful discoveries with these new methodologies, aiming at introducing researchers and clinicians to the use of these tools to study human reproductive biology and develop treatments for infertility.SEARCH METHODSPubMed was used to search articles and reviews with the following main keywords: in vitro differentiation, human stem cells, single-cell analysis, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, germ cells and other key terms related to these subjects. The search period included all publications from 2000 until now.OUTCOMESSingle-cell analyses of human gonads have identified many important gene markers at different developmental stages and in subpopulations of cells. To validate the functional roles of these gene markers, researchers have used the in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent cells into germ cells and confirmed that some genetic requirements are unique in human germ cells and are not conserved in mouse models. Moreover, transcriptional regulatory networks and the interaction of germ and somatic cells in gonads were elucidated in these studies.WIDER IMPLICATIONSSingle-cell analyses allow researchers to identify gene markers and potential regulatory networks using limited clinical samples. On the other hand, in vitro differentiation methods provide clinical researchers with tools to examine these newly identify gene markers and study the causative effects of mutations previously associated with infertility. Combining these two methodologies, researchers can identify gene markers and networks which are essential and unique in human reproductive development, thereby producing more accurate diagnostic tools for assessing reproductive disorders and developing treatments for infertility.
Quantitative Analysis of Food Additives in a Beverage using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Diode Array Detection Coupled with Chemometrics
Authors: Aksu Dönmez Özlem , Dinç-Zor Şule , Aşçı Bürge , Bozdoğan Abdürrezzak E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
In many countries, the levels of synthetic food additives causing harm to humans have been determined and their use has been controlled by legal regulations. Sensitive, accurate and low-cost analysis methods are required for food additive determination.

Objective
In this study, a fast high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) analytical methodology for quantification of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, ponceau 4R, and carmoisine in a beverage was proposed.

Methods
Partial least squares (PLS) and principal component regression (PCR) multivariate calibration methods applied to chromatograms with overlapped peaks were used to establish a green and smart method with short isocratic elution. A series of synthetic solutions including different concentrations of analytes were used to test the prediction ability of the developed methods.

Conclusions
The average recoveries for all target analytes were in the range of 98.27–101.37% with average relative prediction errors of less than 3%. The proposed chemometrics-assisted HPLC-DAD methods were implemented to a beverage successfully. Analysis results from sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, ponceau 4R, and carmoisine in a beverage by PLS-2 and PCR were statistically compared with conventional HPLC.

Highlights
The HPLC methods coupled with the PLS-2 and PCR algorithm could provide a simple, quick and accurate strategy for simultaneous determination of sodium benzoate, potassium sorbate, ponceau 4R, and carmoisine in a beverage sample.
Gastroenterology Practitioner and Trainee Numbers in Canada 2018: Annual Report From the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology
Authors: Leddin Desmond , Carroll Matthew , Gillis Cory , Cehovin Adria 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
It is necessary for health planners, educators and physician and patient organizations to be aware of trends in gastroenterologist (GI) numbers in order to ensure that patients have timely access to care.

Methods
The number of GIs in practice and the number of trainees in the specialty was determined for 2018 using three national databases compared with previous years.

Results
In 2018, there were 787 GIs in Canada, which equated to 2.1 GIs per 100,000 population. There are marked differences between provinces with numbers ranging from 1.1 to 2.9 per 100,000. There are 53 GIs specializing in pediatric GI care. Forty-six per cent of practitioners under the age of 35 years are female. Seventy-two residents are training in adult GI and six in pediatrics. Approximately 75% of fellows in adult and pediatric GI are training on temporary visas. The number of adult GIs is decreasing despite increasing national population growth and service demand. The numbers of trainees in both adult and pediatric GI are lower than in 2010. If these trends continue, wait times for GI care, which are already poor, will likely increase further.

Conclusions
Continued monitoring of human resource numbers, patient access to care and validation of current data is required.
The purpose of this report is to present the number of gastroenterologists (GIs), both in practice and in training, in Canada for 2018. We also wished to examine the 2018 numbers by province and gender, compare the 2018 numbers with those of previous years and describe the practice settings and organization.
The United Kingdom’s Coronavirus Act, deprivations of liberty, and the right to liberty and security of the person
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In response to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic the UK government has passed the Coronavirus Act 2020 (CA). Among other things, this act extends existing statutory powers to impose restrictions of liberty for public health purposes. The extension of such powers naturally raises concerns about whether their use will be compatible with human rights law. In particular, it is unclear whether their use will fall within the public heath exception to the Article 5 right to liberty and security of the person in the European Convention of Human Rights. In this paper, I outline key features of the CA, and briefly consider how the European Court of Human Rights has interpreted the public health exception to Article 5 rights. This analysis suggests two grounds on which restrictions of liberty enforced some under the CA might be vulnerable to claims of Article 5 rights violations. First, the absence of specified time limits on certain restrictions of liberty means that they may fail the requirement of legal certainty championed by the European Court in its interpretation of the public health exception. Second, the Coronavirus Act’s extension of powers to individuals lacking public health expertise may undermine the extent to which the act will ensure that deprivations of liberty are necessary and proportionate.
Impact of the Withdrawal of Palivizumab Immunoprophylaxis on the Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Hospitalizations Among Infants Born at 33 to 35 Weeks’ Gestational Age in the Province of Quebec, Canada: The RSV-Quebec Study
Authors: Papenburg Jesse , Defoy Isabelle , Massé Edith , Caouette Georges , Lebel Marc H 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Infants born at 33–35 completed weeks’ gestational age (wGA) aged &lt;6 months at the start of or born during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) season and classified as moderate/high risk of severe RSV disease were included in a palivizumab RSV prophylaxis program in the province of Quebec, Canada, until 2014–2015. We assessed the impact of withdrawal of this indication on lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI)/RSV hospitalizations (H) in this population.

Methods
We conducted a 4-year, retrospective, cohort study in 25 Quebec hospitals (2 seasons with and 2 without palivizumab prophylaxis for moderate- to high-risk infants). Our primary outcome was LRTI/RSV-H incidence. We compared LRTI/RSV-H incidence before (2013–2015; seasons 1 + 2 [S1/2]) and after (2015–2017; S3/4) the change in indication.

Results
We identified 6457 33–35 wGA births. LRTI/RSV-H occurred in 105/3353 infants (3.13%) in S1/2 and 130/3104 (4.19%) in S3/4. Among LRTI/RSV-H, 86.4% were laboratory-confirmed RSV-H. Adjusting for sex, wGA, and birth month, S3/4 was significantly associated with increased LRTI/RSV-H incidence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.76) but not with laboratory-confirmed RSV-H (aOR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.90–1.58). Mean duration of LRTI/RSV-H was 5.6 days; 22.6% required intensive care unit admission. Comparing S3/4 with S1/2, infant percentage with LRTI/RSV-H classified as moderate/high risk increased from 27.8% to 41.9% (P = .11).

Conclusions
In a province-wide study, we observed a significant increase in LRTI/RSV-H incidence among infants born at 33–35 wGA in the 2 years after withdrawal of RSV prophylaxis.
The Effects of Limited Work Opportunities on Transitions to Adulthood among Young Refugees in Uganda and Jordan
Authors: Shand Wayne , van Blerk Lorraine , Prazeres Laura , Bukenya Badru , Ibrahim Rawan , Hunter Janine , Essaid Aida A , Kasirye Rogers 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Young people constitute more than half of global refugee populations, yet there is limited research into the impact of displacement on transitions into adult life. With the average period of protracted displacement extending beyond 20 years, insight is needed into how the experience of being a refugee shapes the expectations and lives of young people. This article examines the effects of weak and restricted labour markets on the transitions of young refugees into adulthood. Drawing from research undertaken with displaced children and youth in Uganda and Jordan, the article explores how a lack of work opportunities affects individual ability to achieve financial independence and, more widely, to obtain the social recognition associated with adulthood. The research finds how a dependence on precarious work and the effects of legal restrictions on employment curtail transitions to adulthood, highlighting the importance of national and humanitarian policy support to help young refugees establish stable livelihoods.
The use of dorsoradial forearm flap for the treatment of dorsal hand defect
Authors: Karakol Perçin , Sezgiç Melihcan , Tatar Burak Ergün , Gelbal Caner , Uslu Can 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Generally dorsal hand defects are often closed with a flap. Dorsoradial forearm artery flap has generally been used in thumb defects; however, it can also be used in the reconstruction of dorsal hand defects thanks to its wide rotation arc and appropriate pedicle length. In this case report, we presented the outcome of a case where the dorsoradial forearm flap was applied to treat the dorsal hand defect. A 27-year-old patient was admitted to emergency room with trauma on hand. Fixation of metacarpal bone fractures was performed. The dorsoradial forearm flap was elevated and inserted in order to close an opening exposing bones and tendons in the dorsum of hand. There was no complication with flap viability in the postoperative period. Patient’s joint range of motion and vital functions were acceptable. Dorsoradial forearm flap, which is generally used in thumb reconstruction, can also be used in dorsal hand defects.
Who wrote Wuthering Heights?
Authors: McCarthy Rachel , O'Sullivan James 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Emily Brontë published Wuthering Heights in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. It was not until the later second edition, published after Emily’s death, that she was credited as the novel’s author. Those Victorian attitudes towards women which compelled Brontë to publish as Bell have not been wholly eradicated, with her legitimacy as the sole author being called into question by male commentators at several junctures since. Their claim is that Emily’s brother Branwell is the real author of Wuthering Heights. Using stylometry, a computer-assisted technique which measures the likely author of a text, this brief experiment demonstrates that it is highly unlikely that Branwell Brontë contributed to the writing of Wuthering Heights, and that Emily, as generally considered, is the novel’s sole author. Furthermore, considering a number of limitations with the corpus being tested, this study provides a good and necessary example of stylometry in practice, and how such an experiment should be conducted in less-than-ideal circumstances.
Low-frequency observations of the Giant Radio Galaxy NGC 6251
Authors: Cantwell T M , Bray J D , Croston J H , Scaife A M M , Mulcahy D D , Best P N , Brüggen M , Brunetti G , Callingham J R , Clarke A O , Hardcastle M J , Harwood J J , Heald G , Heesen V , Iacobelli M , Jamrozy M , Morganti R , Orrú E , O’Sullivan S P , Riseley C J , Röttgering H J A , Shulevski A , Sridhar S S , Tasse C , Van Eck C L 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We present LOFAR observations at 150 MHz of the borderline FRI/FRII giant radio galaxy NGC 6251. This paper presents the most sensitive and highest-resolution images of NGC 6251 at these frequencies to date, revealing for the first time a low-surface-brightness extension to the northern lobe, and a possible backflow associated with the southern lobe. The integrated spectra of components of NGC 6251 are consistent with previous measurements at higher frequencies, similar to results from other LOFAR studies of nearby radio galaxies. We find the outer structures of NGC 6251 to be either at equipartition or slightly electron dominated, similar to those of FRII sources rather than FRIs; but this conclusion remains tentative because of uncertainties associated with the geometry and the extrapolation of X-ray measurements to determine the external pressure distribution on the scale of the outer lobes. We place lower limits on the ages of the extension of the northern lobe and the backflow of the southern lobe of t ≳ 250 Myr and t ≳ 210 Myr respectively. We present the first detection of polarisation at 150 MHz in NGC 6251. Taking advantage of the high Faraday resolution of LOFAR, we place an upper limit on the magnetic field in the group of B &lt; 0.2 (ΛB/10 kpc)−0.5 μG for a coherence scale of ΛB &lt; 60 kpc and B &lt; 13 μG for ΛB = 240 kpc.
LOFAR detectability of prompt low-frequency radio emission during gamma-ray burst X-ray flares
Authors: Starling R L C , Rowlinson A , van der Horst A J , Wijers R A M J 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The prompt emission in long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) arises from within relativistic outflows created during the collapse of massive stars, and the mechanism by which radiation is produced may be either magnetically or matter dominated. In this work, we suggest an observational test of a magnetically dominated Poynting flux model that predicts both γ-ray and low-frequency radio pulses. A common feature among early light curves of long GRBs are X-ray flares, which have been shown to arise from sites internal to the jet. Ascribing these events to the prompt emission, we take an established Swift XRT flare sample and apply a magnetically dominated wind model to make predictions for the timing and flux density of corresponding radio pulses in the ∼100–200 MHz band observable with radio facilities such as LOFAR. We find that 44 per cent of the X-ray flares studied would have had detectable radio emission under this model, for typical sensitivities reached using LOFAR’s rapid response mode and assuming negligible absorption and scattering effects in the interstellar and intergalactic medium. We estimate the rate of Swift GRBs displaying X-ray flares with detectable radio pulses, accessible to LOFAR, of order seven per year. We determine that LOFAR triggered observations can play a key role in establishing the long debated mechanism responsible for GRB prompt emission.
Measuring the eccentricity of binary black holes in GWTC-1 by using the inspiral-only waveform
Authors: Wu Shichao , Cao Zhoujian , Zhu Zong-Hong 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
In this article, we estimate the eccentricity of 10 binary black holes (BBHs) in the Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog GWTC-1 by using the inspiral-only BBH waveform template EccentricFD. First, we test our method with simulated eccentric BBHs. Afterwards we apply the method to real BBH gravitational-wave data. We find that the BBHs in GWTC-1, with the exception of GW151226, GW170608 and GW170729, show very small eccentricity. Their upper limits on eccentricity range from 0.033–0.084 with 90 per cent credible interval at a reference frequency of 10 Hz. For GW151226, GW170608 and GW170729, the upper limits are higher than 0.1. The relatively large eccentricity of GW151226 and GW170729 is probably due to ignoring χeff and the low signal-to-noise ratio, and GW170608 is worthy of follow-up research. We also point out the limitations of the inspiral-only non-spinning waveform template in eccentricity measurement. Measurement of BBH eccentricity helps us to understand its formation mechanism. With an increase in the number of BBH gravitational-wave events and a more complete eccentric BBH waveform template, this will become a viable method in the near future.