bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Persistence of Jewish Theocracy
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the place of the idea of the halakhic state in Israel today, and how the legacy of its early years has contributed to ongoing tensions in Israeli society. Decades after it was crafted by religious Zionist leaders in the early years of the state, the ideology of the halakhic state emerged even more strongly at the end of the twentieth century and the goal of halakhic supremacy became an ever more salient point of contention between religious and secular Israelis. The chapter challenges the common assumption that there was an abrupt change in religious Zionist attitudes, from accommodation to confrontation, after 1967, arguing instead that the more assertive stance of religious Zionists after 1967 would not have been possible without the earlier ideological groundwork laid by Isaac Herzog and his supporters. The chapter also puts the history of religious Zionism into conversation with recent scholarship on religion and state more globally and tentatively suggests how a fuller understanding of the history of the halakhic state might help alleviate social conflict in Israel today.
Come Out, Come Out, Whoever You Are
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This book examines how and why people use the concept of coming out as a certain kind of person to resist stigma and collectively mobilize for social change. It examines how the concept of coming out has taken on different meanings as people adopt it for varying purposes—across time, space, and social context. Most other books about coming out—whether fiction, academic, or memoir—focus on the experience of gay men and lesbians in the United States. This is the first book to examine how a variety of people and groups use the concept of coming out in new and creative ways to resist stigma and mobilize for social change. It examines how the use of coming out among American lesbians, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer (LGBTQ+) people has shifted over time. It also examines how four diverse US social movements—including the fat acceptance movement, undocumented immigrant youth movement, the plural-marriage family movement among Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, and the #MeToo movement—have employed the concept of coming out to advance their cause. Doing so sheds light on these particular struggles for social recognition, while illuminating broader questions regarding social change, cultural meaning, and collective mobilization.
Producing a Sense of Linked Fate
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Mormon fundamentalist polygamists. Unlike the groups featured in previous chapters, Mormon fundamentalist polygamists are socially disconnected from the LGBTQ+ rights movement, socially conservative, and disapproving of homosexuality. Yet, by talking of coming out as polygamist, they liken their “lifestyle” to that of gay men and lesbians. This chapter argues that this has been facilitated by talk, among powerful people and institutions, of polygamy and same-sex marriage as analogous—leading many Mormon fundamentalist polygamists to support the legalization of same-sex marriage to create a legal pathway for polygamy. For a small minority of Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, a sense of linked fate with members of sexual minorities seems also to be generating some degree of solidarity with members of sexual minorities. This chapter examines how Mormon fundamentalist polygamists distance themselves from the most notorious polygamist sects, while insisting that polygamy can help women balance work and family.
Airing Dirty Laundry and Squealing on Pigs
Authors: Saguy Abigail C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of coming out tactics to draw attention to sexual violence—focusing on the internet-based #MeToo movement that began in 2017. It shows how the internet-based #MeToo built not only on Tarana Burke’s earlier offline Me Too movement, but also on the Clothesline Project, Take Back the Night marches, and “slutwalks.” It examines the extent to which each of these movements has I dentified the issue of sexual violence versus the identity of the victim, perpetrator, or both. It shows how and why the act of naming one’s harasser, assaulter, or rapist has been controversial—hearkening back to debates over outing in the 1990s. While some worry that people will be falsely accused, others argue that the cards are stacked against victims of sexual abuse and that they need to use whatever means possible to protect and defend themselves.
An Athenian in Crete
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Plato’s depiction in the Laws of an Athenian abroad, specifically in the land of Crete, roughly during the time leading up to the Peloponnesian War. Challenging traditional readings of the Laws as offering a blueprint for Plato’s second-best or more practical political regime, it argues that the dialogue depicts an Athenian Stranger’s attempt to help two old men from the “armed camps” of Crete and Sparta recognize the contradiction in their laws’ singular focus on war against foreigners yet neglect of the conflict within the souls of their own citizens. It takes a foreigner to expose this internal contradiction because Cretans and Spartans value tradition so deeply that they encourage their citizens to sing in unison, rather than cultivate the harmony that derives from the informed acceptance of a belief. Ultimately, the city in speech of Magnesia represents a compromise between Athenian and Spartan and Cretan culture.
Conclusion
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses how Plato’s portrayal of foreigners as gadflies can contribute to contemporary debates on cultural diversity. It begins by laying out four major reasons for supporting cultural diversity within the scholarship. While each of these reasons tells part of the story of why cultural diversity is valuable, the image of “Plato’s caves” helps to tell the part that is often overlooked. Simply put, Plato shows how cross-cultural engagement can help one cultivate Socratic wisdom, or awareness of one’s ignorance. This means that cross-cultural engagement is vital for democratic citizens, as democracy’s downfall into tyranny takes place when citizens develop intellectual hubris. Ultimately, Plato’s likening of cross-cultural engagement to the liberating sting of the Socratic “gadfly” reveals that the proper object of our aversion is not diversity but, rather, the fear of education that prevents us from appreciating the epistemological value of exposure to cultural diversity.
Sergio Leone
Authors: Uva Christian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Spectacle, myth, fable. These are the main categories that have traditionally defined Sergio Leone’s cinematic production, but it is necessary to underline how much they are fueled by a profound, layered political interest. Leone’s cinema bears witness to a critical outlook both on the subjects it showcases and on its representational means. Far from any militancy and escaping ideological classifications, Leone’s perspective is problematic and unreconciled: it is grounded in the coexistence of different elements in a state of perennial productive tension and instability. The adjective “political” takes on a deeper meaning when it is used to denote the director’s ability to narrate and interpret key aspects of Italian national identity and history. The abstract quality of his production relies on an original use of different genres, particularly sword-and-sandal and the Spaghetti Western, which allowed Leone to insert frequent symbolic references to both history and then-current events. On the stylistic level, his constant disobedience to classical models and his need to revolutionize forms were motivated by an authorial desire to make films politically, though still within a conception of cinema as an industrial spectacle.
Wednesday’s Children
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
During the Progressive Era, nonprofit organizations were the basis for child welfare, promoting the creation of the Children’s Bureau. Title IV of the Social Security Act established that the government would provide cash benefits and social services for poor children. The absence of rigorous research in child welfare contributed to disproportionality in care, accounting for Jane Crow. Varied funding match rates contributed to elaborate fiscal arrangements between state and federal governments as well as incentives to place children in foster care. Yet, the Perry Preschool project, the Nurse-Family Partnership, and the Abecedarian Project emerged, demonstrating the value of field experiments.
Poor Policy
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Neoliberalism provided the rationale for reviewing public assistance with unintended effects. In anticipation of the 1996 welfare reform, state welfare waivers provided a verdant environment for assessing alternatives to Aid to Families with Dependent Children. Field experiments became the default to determine program efficacy and efficiency. Subsequently, research demonstrated that “work first” was superior to “human capital development” strategies. Virtually all of the research on welfare waivers was conducted by private research firms. Welfare reform had two undesirable consequences: diverting cash from welfare families to professional service providers and denying benefits for families unable to make the transition from welfare to work.
Starving the Beast
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The evolution of the Chicago school of economics and public choice theory provided an alternative to Keynesian economics, which had served as the basis for financing the welfare state. Accordingly, Grover Norquist established Americans for Tax Reform to contain taxes, denying the welfare state essential revenues. Despite the success of the antitax movement, unanticipated problems became evident: the expansion of tax expenditures exacerbated inequality and skyrocketed public debt. Behavioral economics emerged as a research-based alternative to conventional economic theory.
Nurse-Family Partnership
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
David Olds developed nurse home visiting as an intervention for poor, first-time mothers. As demonstrated by three randomized trials in Elmira, Memphis, and Denver, the Nurse-Family Partnership became the basis for significant federal funding under the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program. The transition from pilot program to federal legislation included tiered funding, by which programs demonstrated by Randomized Controlled Trials were prioritized over those with less empirical support.
The Abecedarian Project
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Craig Ramey, a psychologist, organized the Abecedarian project in North Carolina to determine the benefits of intensive preschool. Subsequently deployed in eight cities, Abecedarian showed that preschool programs lasting several hours daily can mitigate the disadvantages attendant on poverty. Significantly, Abecedarian serves as a comparison for Head Start, providing justification for reforming that program. Embraced by Nobel laureate, James Heckman, Early Childhood Education became a benchmark for progressive policy reform.
Year Up
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Gerald Chertavian extrapolated from being a Big Brother by developing an internship program for minority, inner-city youth. Through socialization, training, and internships with corporate sponsors, Year Up demonstrates an innovative strategy for workforce training, which had come under review when conventional government training initiatives failed. Committed to documenting outcomes, Year Up embeds randomized controlled trials in organizational operations to continuously improve training. Another youth training initiative, Per Scholas, also integrates randomized trials in its operations.
Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Established by Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee at MIT, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) initially focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in developing countries. In 2013, J-PAL pivoted to mount RCTs in North America, evaluating the Oregon Medicaid program and developing an expansive study of the Nurse-Family Partnership in South Carolina. As a means to expand the talent pool of development practitioners, J-PAL developed a MicroMasters for students available worldwide. In order to extend RCTs, J-PAL introduced a Local and State Innovations Initiative, providing funding and technical assistance to encourage organizations serving the poor to mount field experiments.
Up$tart
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Up$tart bundles applications for social benefits—Pell Grants, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program—in order to generate income for poor students, increasing their likelihood of graduating from college. In addition to increasing student income, Up$tart indirectly raises significantly revenues for financially stressed institutions of higher education. Because poverty afflicts minorities of color disproportionately, Up$tart promises to accelerate the upward mobility of African American, Hispanic, and Native American students. Bundling benefit applications is also applicable for other fields of activity where silo programs impede benefit take-up rates.
Silver Bullets and Other Obstacles
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The prospects for reorienting social programs for residents of flyover country diminish as the left wing of the Democratic Party proposes programs that are ruinously expensive and fail to resonate with working-class voters. A key issue of the 2016 presidential election was the influence of cartels that favor professionals over workers without a college degree. Thus, proposals like a universal basic income, Medicare for All, and free public college are likely to alienate blue-collar voters.
Innovation
Authors: Stoesz David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Evidence-based policy can serve as a disruptive innovation if it is modified in accord with the circumstances of the typical agency director. Behavioral economics has implications for introducing RCTs in social care, addressing the inertia that typifies community based services. Four recommendations can make RCTs more visible and instrumental in policy reform: (1) deploying innovations to rural areas and small towns and testing them rigorously, (2) altering federal tiered funding so that half of allocations are for programming demonstrated by multiple RCTs, (3) modifying MIT’s MicroMasters for domestic programming, and (4) developing a “randomista” award for researchers making substantial contributions to the evidence-based policy movement. Collaboration between private and public sectors will be essential for expanding the evidence-based policy movement.
The Idea of Cognition and Absolute Method
Authors: Ng Karen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 completes the interpretation of the Logic offered in this book by taking up the final chapters of that text on “The Idea of Cognition” and “The Absolute Idea.” The logical form of life enables and constrains the activities of theoretical and practical cognition, and this chapter argues that cognition is understood by Hegel to be the result of life’s self-division from itself, a result of the Idea “doubled.” As self-conscious life, theoretical and practical cognition produce various self-conceptions, which have various limitations and powers. These limitations are overcome by the unity of theoretical and practical cognition. The chapter concludes with a discussion of absolute method as the ongoing dialectic between life and cognition. It argues that method is “unbounded,” and provides a discussion of the role of beginning and dialectic in Hegel’s method.
Lapsing out of talk
Authors: Hoey Elliott M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes three general ways that participants arrive at a place where conversation stops. It first describes how the Sacks, Schegloff, and Jefferson turn-taking system produces lapses, and points out several deficiencies in the model. The analysis examines a range of situations and activities where conversation lapses, and divides them into three main types: lapses as the relevant cessation of talk, lapses as allowable silence, and lapses as the conspicuous absence of talk. In the course of the analysis and in the discussion, the chapter addresses the matter of gaps versus lapses, the importance of bodily conduct and activities, and the relationship of lapses to turn-taking and sequence organization.
Conceptualizing and Mapping Informality
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains how informal organizations are conceptualized in the book. It also maps temporal and geographic trends. It starts by explaining the idea of a formal international organization and uses this idea as a model to illustrate the contrasting features of informal organizations. The chapter then reviews what are called the distinct “functional properties” and “domestic implications” of formal and informal organizations, which are central for understanding the different theories that have been offered. The final part of the chapter explains how the concept of an informal organization has been operationalized and used to generate a database of informal institutions. Descriptive statistics are presented that help scholars to visualize the institutional terrain any theory of informality must explain. These reveal the extraordinary growth of informal organizations since the end of World War II, as well as the central role of states in North America and Western Europe in that growth.
Keeping Governments at Bay
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, two of the most important informal organizations in the field of global finance are investigated: the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). Functionalist and power-based theories have already been offered to explain these institutions. This chapter shows that they do not tell the whole story. Independent agencies played a prominent role in leading cooperation in these cases. While functional considerations were relevant, these agencies generally preferred informal varieties of cooperation because these preserved their independence more effectively. These preferences were also widely shared, despite the fact that there were quite significant differences in power and fairly high levels of conflict across states at certain points. Power-based approaches have difficulty explaining these processes, but the two-step theory can account for these patterns quite well.
Clashing over Competition
Authors: Roger Charles B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores a more recent example of informal cooperation: the International Competition Network (ICN). This is an informal organization that arose in the early 2000s to address global antitrust issues. It is widely viewed as successful, and functionalist theorists believe that they can explain its emergence quite well. Not so. In fact, there was considerable disagreement over whether antitrust issues are best addressed in an informal forum, like the ICN, or should be delegated to a formal organization: the World Trade Organization (WTO). This difference is somewhat puzzling for the two-step theory, because independent agencies on both sides of the Atlantic were the primary actors involved. But the chapter shows that this puzzle dissolves once one considers patterns of politicization: where politicization was greater, actors embraced formality; where it was lower, a preference for informality was maintained. Ultimately, power was essential for determining whose preference held sway.
The Day Satan Came to Oklahoma
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a summary and legal analysis of attempts to install monuments of the Ten Commandments on capitol grounds in Oklahoma and Arkansas and The Satanic Temple’s offer to erect a statue of the Satanic deity Baphomet next to these monuments. The author frames battles over the Baphomet statue as part of a larger pattern of “socially engaged Satanism” in which Satanists are increasingly taking their activities into the public square. The rise of socially engaged Satanism is attributed to demographic changes associated with the decline of white Christian hegemony in America. This decline has inspired state actions such as erecting Ten Commandments monuments meant to re-enforce the claim that America is a Christian nation. These actions have triggered a backlash from Satanists. In closing, the chapter argues that religious Satanism should be studied because Satanists affect our national conversation about such topics as religion and religious freedom.
Origins and History of The Satanic Temple
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical overview of The Satanic Temple from its foundation as a political action held in Tallahassee, Florida, in 2013 to the formation of a National Council with a physical headquarters and a system of chapters throughout the United States and abroad. The chapter describes the formation of the religion’s creed (The Seven Tenets), its campaign to prevent corporal punishment in public schools, its campaign to implement an After School Satan Club (ASSC) in schools throughout the United States, and its attempt to install a Satanic monument to honor military veterans at a park in Belle Plaine, Minnesota.
The Satanic Reformation
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Members of The Satanic Temple have presented themselves as “nice” Satanists who advance the values of compassion and social justice. This move has earned them scorn from some more traditional Satanic groups, notably the Church of Satan founded by Anton LaVey, which has accused The Satanic Temple’s members of being fake Satanists and plagiarizing everything that LaVey built. This chapter suggests that there is no objectively authentic form of Satanism and that Satanism is better understood as what Benedict Anderson called “an imagined community.” Thus a variety of sources can be invoked to form models of what Satanism is or ought to be. In redefining Satanism, The Satanic Temple and other socially engaged Satanic groups have looked past LaVey to the Satan portrayed by nineteenth-century Romantics. They argue that works by Byron and Shelley represent an older mode of Satanism that is compatible with their values of compassion and egalitarianism.
Satanic Bake Sales
Authors: Laycock Joseph P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Many of The Satanic Temple’s campaigns invoke the idea that Satanists are perceived as evil and attempt to leverage this perception toward their political ends. This chapter analyzes three different strategies through which The Satanic Temple invokes and challenges conventional notions of evil. One strategy is performance art that seeks to reframe old debates about topics such as abortion through transgressive street theater. A second strategy involves demanding the same access in public schools and other government institutions that Christians enjoy. Often, the presence of Satanists in these spaces is so intolerable that Christians would rather forfeit their own access rather than share it with Satanists. A third strategy is engaging in philanthropy such as charity drives or adopting highways. The Satanic Temple’s critics seemed disturbed by Satanists doing charitable work precisely because such activity threatens traditional models of good and evil.