bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete NMR assignment and analysis of molecular structural changes of β–O–4 lignin oligomer model compounds in organic media with different water content
Authors: Tokunaga Yuki , Nagata Takashi , Kondo Keiko , Katahira Masato , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The conformation of lignin in solvents is major key factors governing the physicochemical properties of aromatic polymers. However, the conformational changes of lignin in good and poor solvents is not clearly understood at the molecular level. In this study, short- (DP 2.77) and long-chain (DP 4.49) lignin oligomer model compounds composed solely of interunit β–O–4 bonds with a narrow polydispersity were synthesized, and their NMR spectra were recorded to evaluate the molecular structural changes induced by addition of water to an organic solvent. The spectral signals were completely assigned in DMSO-d
6 and D2O by applying 2D 1H–13C HSQC, HMBC, and long-range heteronuclear single quantum multiple bond correlation (LR-HSQMBC). The conformation of the long- and short-chain lignin models were analyzed by 2D 1H–1H ROESY. In all the solvent systems, consisting of DMSO-d
6 and containing 0–90% volume of acetic acid-d

4
buffer in D2O (pD 5.0), the lignin models were found to have folded conformations, but more compact structures were observed in D2O compared with DMSO-d
6.
Mechanisms of liquid imbibition in Douglas-fir inferred from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance methods
Authors: Nguyen Dang Mao , Care Sabine , Courtier-Murias Denis , Zhou Meng , Coussot Philippe 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study aims at identifying the mechanisms of oil and water imbibition in heartwood and sapwood of Douglas-fir through a combination of original experiments with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation measurements for oil and free water, and deformation measurements for bound water. Experiments by weighing are performed to verify whether the imbibition process is also consistent with Washburn law. All the results are discussed taking into account the structure of wood (tubular tracheids closed at their tips, but possibly connected to each other via open pits on the side faces) and the preparation of samples. The observation of relatively fast oil flow imbibition confirms that sapwood exhibits a connected hydraulic network through which a liquid can a priori flow and climb along the structure. However, the spontaneous water imbibition is strongly damped by its very poor wetting when in contact with cell-walls only partially saturated with bound water, so that the diffusion of bound water control the uptake dynamics. However, due to preferentially closed pits, the heartwood does not exhibit a continuous hydraulic network and water essentially penetrates into wood by diffusion through the cell walls.
Co-curing of epoxy resins with aminated lignins: insights into the role of lignin homo crosslinking during lignin amination on the elastic properties
Authors: Ott Marcus W. , Dietz Christian , Trosien Simon , Mehlhase Sabrina , Bitsch Martin J. , Nau Maximilian , Meckel Tobias , Geissler Andreas , Siegert Gregor , Huong Jasmin , Hertel Brigitte , Stark Robert W. , Biesalski Markus 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
To improve the reactivity of lignin for incorporation into high value polymers, the introduction of amines via Mannich reaction is a commonly used strategy. During this functionalization reaction, intra- as well as intermolecular lignin–lignin crosslinking occurs, which can vastly change the elastic properties of the lignin, and therefore, the properties of the resulting polymer. Therefore, the molecular structure of the amine that is used for such a lignin functionalization may be of great importance. However, the relationship between the molecular structure of the amine and the elastic properties of the lignin-based polymer that is generated thereof, has not been fully understood. Herein, this relationship was investigated in detail and it was observed that the molecular flexibility of the amines plays a predominant role: The use of more flexible amines results in an increase in elasticity and the use of less flexible amines yields more rigid resin material. In addition to the macroscopic 3-point bending flexural tests, the elastic modules of the resins were determined on the nanometer scale by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the PeakForce tapping modus. Thus, it could be demonstrated that the intrinsic elasticities of the lignin domains are the main reason for the observed tendency.
Effectiveness of nutrition education in improving fruit and vegetable consumption among selected college students in urban Puducherry, South India. A pre-post intervention study
Authors: Patel Namita , Lakshminarayanan Subitha , Olickal Jeby Jose 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
World Health Organization (WHO) suggests intake of five servings (400 g) of fruits and vegetables (F&V) per day to ensure an adequate dietary fibre and to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. Risk factor survey of Non-Communicable Diseases (2007–08), reports that only 1% population in Tamil Nadu, South India consumed more than five servings a day. So we aimed to assess the effectiveness of nutrition education in improving the daily intake of fruit and vegetable servings and stage of behaviour change among college students.

Methods
A pre-post intervention study was conducted among undergraduate students from two selected women’s colleges in urban Puducherry, South India during September–October 2019. The two English departments were randomly allocated into intervention group (IG), control group (CG) and 75 students in each group were chosen by systematic random sampling. IG received 30 min of nutrition education programme; which includes importance and minimum daily intake of fruits & vegetables, local availability, cost and awareness about myths and misconceptions. CG received pamphlets regarding healthy dietary intake. Knowledge regarding portion sizes, average daily servings of fruit & vegetable intake and stage of behaviour change were assessed at baseline and after one month of intervention.

Results
There was a significant increase in knowledge regarding portion sizes (28– 64%) after intervention in IG (p<0.001) compared to CG (24– 40%). The knowledge regarding the required number of servings of fruits (27–56%) and vegetables (15–58%) also increased significantly (p<0.001) in the IG. Intake of fruits, vegetables and juices in the last 24 h were significantly increased in IG compared to CG (p<0.001). There was a significant increase (p=0.002) in contemplation and preparation stage (13–34%) in IG after intervention.

Conclusions
A well designed nutrition education programme is an effective tool in promoting healthy eating habits among adolescents. It enabled a significant increase in knowledge regarding portion sizes of F&V and daily intake of fruits and vegetables.
The correlation of Internet addiction towards adolescents’ social interaction
Authors: Yusuf Ah. , Rachmawati Praba Diyan , Rachmawati Diana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Internet addiction is a pathological condition that drives a person to use technology excessively. Internet addiction can cause problems among adolescents to lose interest in everyday life and triggers social interaction problems. Aim: explaining the correlation between Internet addiction and adolescents’ social interaction.

Methods
This study was a correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Respondents in this study were high school adolescents aged 15–18 years (n=215). The independent variable used in this study was Internet addiction and dependent variable was adolescents’ social interaction (social interaction between adolescents and parents, peer, school environment and community). The level of Internet addiction was measured by the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Kimberly S. Young and Griffiths. The data obtained were analyzed using the Spearman rho.

Results
There was a significant that relationship between adolescent Internet addiction and interaction with parents (r=−0.568; p=0.000), peers (r=−0.587; p=0.000), and school environment (r=−0.213; p=0.002) but there was no relation between Internet addiction towards social interaction of adolescents with the community (r=−0, 090; p=0.191).

Conclusions
This study showed that Internet addiction could affect adolescent social interactions with parents, peers and their interactions in the school environment.
Ameliorative effect of Neera, nonfermented coconut inflorescence sap, on cisplatin-induced renal toxicity by abating oxidative stress
Authors: Silpa Prabha , Meera Nair , Shaji Edappilly M. , Indu Muralidharan S. , Kuzhivelil Balu T. , Babu Thekkekara D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives

Neera, nonfermented coconut inflorescence sap (NFCIS) from unopened spadix of Cocos nucifera L., is a well-known traditional beverage. But, scientific reports on its health benefits are limited. NFCIS is reported to exhibits free radical scavenging activity, and its chemical composition is found promising. In the present study, the effect of NFCIS on alleviating cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was analyzed in mice.

Methods
The renal toxicity was induced by cisplatin (16 mg/kg b.wt. ip) in Swiss albino mice. The antioxidant activity of NFCIS was evaluated by nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate–induced superoxide radical generation in mice peritoneal macrophages. Total polyphenolic content of sap was determined using Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The phytochemicals present in NFCIS was identified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.

Results
NFCIS was found to scavenge nitric oxide (NO) radicals (IC50 = 32 ± 2.47 μL/mL) and shown to inhibit superoxide (SO) generation (53.5 ± 2.1%) in macrophages. High polyphenolic content (193 µg gallic acid/mL) was determined in the sap. The FT-IR spectrum of NFCIS revealed the presence of several phytochemicals indicate its pharmaceutical and nutritional value. Cisplatin-induced hike in urea, creatinine and lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased to 65.16, 87.74 and 53.41% by NFCIS, respectively. Hb (42.37%) and total count (72.81%) were also found to be increased. Additionally, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione was enhanced to 53.06, 40, 52.22 and 38.49%, respectively.

Conclusions
Results indicate that NFCIS effectively alleviates cisplatin-mediated renal toxicity by its antioxidant activity.
Determining the Number of Factors in Static Approximate Factor Models Using Discrete Fourier Transforms and Pseudo-Eigenvalues
Authors: Ruan Weihua , Hou Qian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the applications of discrete Fourier transforms in identification of the number of common factors of static approximate factor models. We report and explain the effects of discrete Fourier transforms to matrices, and show how the effects can be used to improve the performance of a number of eigenvalue-based estimators. In addition, we develop a set of pseudo-eigenvalues using cross-sectional discrete Fourier transforms, and use them to develop new estimators. Mathematical proofs of the consistency of the new estimators are provided, and Monte Carlo experiments are conducted to compare the new estimators with some existing ones in the literature.
Der Wirtschaftshistorische Ausschuss des Vereins für Socialpolitik
Authors: Hesse Jan-Otmar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Economic History Committee of the Verein für Socialpolitik was founded 70 years ago as the first interest group for economic and social history in Germany. As did its five counterparts of other subfields in economics, the committee aimed at intensifying academic exchange in this field. Furthermore, it served as a lobby organisation for the discipline in the fast changing politics of higher education in Germany. It therefore can be considered as an important step in the discipline’s professionalization. The article gives a brief overview of the development of economic history in Germany starting with the Historical School at the end of the 19th century. The second part is dedicated to the institutional and academic history of the committee using archival documentation.
Irreducible representations of Braid group 𝐵𝑛 of dimension 𝑛 + 1
Authors: Sysoeva Inna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We prove that there are no irreducible representations of

B
n

{B_{n}}

of dimension

n
+
1

{n+1}

for

n
⩾
10

{n\geqslant 10}

.
A Decision Methodology for Determining Suitable Post-Disaster Accommodations: Reconsidering Effective Indicators for Decision-making Processes
Authors: Hosseini S. M. Amin , de la Fuente Albert , Pons Oriol , Mendoza Arroyo Carmen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One of the main challenges in assisting displaced persons who have lost their homes as a result of a natural hazard is the provision of adequate post-disaster accommodations, such as temporary housing. Although the need for temporary housing has increased around the world in recent years, it has been criticized on economic, environmental, and social grounds. A universal approach to post-disaster accommodations cannot successfully deal with this issue because each recovery process involves a unique set of conditions. Therefore, rather than defining a specific strategy, this study aims to present an approach capable of producing customized strategies based on contextual and social conditions. To this end, first, the main factors influencing the choice of post-disaster accommodations are identified through five case studies. It is concluded that all of the factors can be organized into three main vertices to simplify the highly complex issues involved in post-disaster accommodations. The case studies also show that the decision-making process consists of two main parts. To date, a recurring failure to distinguish between these two parts has led to unsuitable outcomes. Thus, this paper presents a new decision-making methodology, consisting of multiple steps, phases, and indicators based on the main vertices.
A 2 × 20 Gbps hybrid MDM-OFDM–based high-altitude platform-to-satellite FSO transmission system
Authors: Gomathy Vel Murugan , Sundararajan T. V. Paramasivam , Boopathi C. Sengodan , Venkatesh Kumar Pandiyan , Vinoth Kumar Krishnamoorthy , Vidyarthi Abhay , Maheswar Rajagopal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the present study, the application of free space optics (FSO) transmission system to realize a long-reach high-altitude platform (HAP)-to-satellite communication link has been exploited. High-speed information transmission without interference is accomplished using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Further, the information capacity of the proposed system is increased by employing mode division multiplexing (MDM). We have investigated the proposed MDM-OFDM-HAP-to-satellite FSO transmission system performance over varying FSO range, diameter of the receiver, pointing errors, and input power. Also, an improved transmission performance of the proposed system using a square root module is reported.
Non-classical lipoid adrenal hyperplasia presenting as hypoglycemic seizures
Authors: Garg Meenal , Chugh Vasundhara , Dutt Sharma Sunil , Mitharwal Prashant , Mangla Ankit 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Primary adrenal insufficiency is a potentially life-threatening condition that can have many underlying causes. Mutations in the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) gene produce lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia (LCAH) which usually presents in the infantile period with severe symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. Less commonly, a non-classical form is identified which may present at a later age in affected individuals. Till date, around 30 individuals with the non-classical form have been described.

Case presentation
We describe a 4-year-old 46, XX Indian girl who presented with hypoglycemic seizures and was subsequently diagnosed as non-classical LCAH on genetic analysis, with homozygous R188C mutation in the StAR gene.

Conclusions
StAR mutations may have a variety of clinical presentations and are likely under-diagnosed. Genetic diagnosis is important for treatment as well as monitoring of reproductive function.
Early postpartum discharge during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Bornstein Eran , Gulersen Moti , Husk Gregg , Grunebaum Amos , Blitz Matthew J. , Rafael Timothy J. , Rochelson Burton L. , Schwartz Benjamin , Nimaroff Michael , Chervenak Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To report our experience with early postpartum discharge to decrease hospital length of stay among low-risk puerperium patients in a large obstetrical service during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of all uncomplicated postpartum women in seven obstetrical units within a large health system between December 8th, 2019 and June 20th, 2020. Women were stratified into two groups based on date of delivery in relation to the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York (Mid-March 2020); those delivering before or during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared hospital length of stay, defined as time interval from delivery to discharge in hours, between the two groups and correlated it with the number of COVID-19 admissions to our hospitals. Statistical analysis included use of Wilcoxon rank sum test and Chi-squared test with significance defined as p-value<0.05.

Results
Of the 11,770 patients included, 5,893 (50.1%) delivered prior to and 5,877 (49.9%) delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. We detected substantial shortening in postpartum hospital length of stay after vaginal delivery (34 vs. 48 h, p≤0.0001) and cesarean delivery (51 vs. 74 h, p≤0.0001) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions
We report successful implementation of early postpartum discharge for low-risk patients resulting in a significantly shorter hospital stay during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York. The impact of this strategy on resource utilization, patient satisfaction and adverse outcomes requires further study.
The Machinery of International Law and Democratic Backsliding: The Problem of Term Limits
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Our era is one of democratic backsliding. International courts and institutions have provided some bulwark against this trend, but we are now witnessing leaders seeking to use international law to extend their power. Courts in several countries have relied on international human rights norms to facilitate term limit extensions by leaders seeking to retain power beyond what is constitutionally allowed. This Article documents these cases and calls for a more robust and substantive international law of democracy-protection.
Rights Revolution and Counter-Revolution: Democratic Backsliding and Human Rights in Hungary
Authors: Halmai Gábor 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Article discusses the democratic backsliding after 2010 in Hungary, and how it affected the state of human rights in the country, a Member State of the European Union. The main argument of the Article is that paradoxically the non-legitimate 1989 constitution provided full-fledged protection of fundamental rights, while the procedurally legitimate 2011 constitution-making resulted in curtailment of rights and their constitutional guarantees. The Article first describes the democratic transition that occurred in 1989–1990 as a rights revolution and the results of the 2011 “illiberal” constitution, called Fundamental Law, as counter-revolution. The second part of the Article illustrates the constitutional and statutory regulation of human rights protection after this “rule of law revolution,” and the activist jurisprudence of the first Constitutional Court using the concept of an “invisible constitution” to protect human rights. The third part discusses the rights provisions of the new Fundamental Law and several statutes dismantling the guarantees of human rights, with special attention to the decreased possibilities of state institutions, such as the Constitutional Court, the ordinary judiciary and ombudsmen, as well as civil society organizations to effectively protect fundamental rights. The fourth part assesses the efforts of European institutions to force the Hungarian government to comply with the human rights standards laid down in the European Convention of Human Rights and in the Treaty of the European Union. The Article concludes that neither internal nor external challenges could prevent the development of a new authoritarian regime with no guaranteed human rights.
(Non)culmination by abduction
Authors: Gyarmathy Zsófia , Altshuler Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecent literature has aimed to explain (non-)culminating accomplishment inferences, which often involve the perfective aspect, but can also involve the imperfective. The goal of our paper is to explore how these inferences come about with the Hindi perfective and the Russian imperfective. We propose thatabduction, that is, inference to the best explanation, is ideally suited for this task. We show how the occurrence of a (non-)culminated event is abduced in the relevant cases based on a semantic analysis which adopts the distinction betweenculminatedandmaximalevents, as well as a set of non-defeasible rules encoding general mereological principles. We also show how our abductive framework can take into account facts about the conversation. This, among other things, allows us to make more nuanced predictions about what speakers will infer and when, thereby addressing possible worries of overgeneralization that an abductive framework inevitably faces. We end the paper with two outstanding issues warranting further research. First, we raise questions about the nature of (non-)culminating accomplishment inferences, which have previously been taken to be conversational implicatures. Second, we take some preliminary steps towards extending our analysis to defeasible causatives in Germanic and Romance languages.
A forgotten rodent from the Garden of Eden: what really happened to the long-tailed nesokia rat in the Mesopotamian marshes?
Authors: Kryštufek Boris , Al-Sheikhly Omar F. , Lazaro Javier , Haba Mukhtar K. , Hutterer Rainer , Mousavi Sayed B. , Ivajnšič Danijel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The greater part of expected mammalian extinctions will be of smaller-bodied mammals, including rats which are more generally known only as pests and carriers of pathogens. We address the long-tailed nesokia rat, which is among the least studied Palaearctic mammals. The species is known from merely five specimens, collected between March 1974 and January 1977 within a radius of 30 km around Qurna inside the seasonally flooded Mesopotamian marshes in southern Iraq. In the 1990s, this extensive aquatic habitat has been deliberately reduced to <15% of its original area and the IUCN expressed fear that such a disaster “almost certainly” caused the extinction of the long-tailed nesokia. Although the interventions after 2003 reversed the shrinking trend and marshes started to expand, the continuous presence of the long-tailed nesokia could not be unambiguously confirmed. We provide meagre evidence suggesting that the rat might be still present in the marshes. Next, our habitat modelling shows that the area of the long-tailed nesokia might be more extensive than expected with a highly suitable habitat covering 15,650 km2 of Mesopotamian marshland in Iraq (between Basra and Salah Ad Din provinces) and the Hawizeh Marshes in the adjacent Iranian Khuzestan.