bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Post-operative Sensitivity in Composite Resin Restorations Using Total-etch and Self-etch Adhesive in Posterior Teeth
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Hussain Samreen , Abdullah Faryal , Baloch Jiand , Soomro Zaheer Ahmed , Sheikh Abubakar , Khan Shoaib 
Published: December 2020

Aims: Over the period of time lot of advancement has been done in the field of dentistry. In spite of these newer materials and improvement in the properties of composite material post-operative sensitivity is still a major concern for a dentist after composite restoration placement. Dentine bonding agents; dentine adhesives are either a “total-etch technique” or “self-etch technique” which bond to the tooth structure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of self -etch and total-etch with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. Self-etching adhesives are used to prevent postoperative sensitivity when used before placing posterior resin-based composite restorations. The purpose of this study was to see whether self-etch adhesive would result in less postoperative sensitivity than a total-etch adhesive; Total Etch adhesive would result in a better enamel marginal integrity than Self Etch Adhesive.
Study Design: Clinical Trial.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry, Fatima Jinnah Dental College between October 2019 – February 2020.
Methodology: Sample size was calculated using a WHO sample size determination for health studies software using power 80% and the level of significance 5%. Sample size was calculated in accordance with the literature review. The sample size required was 32 in each group. Sample technique was Non-probability purposive sampling. Total 62 teeth were restored (molars and premolars) 32 in each group, age range 18 to 40 years. Cross tab made for the pain score between self-etch and total etch or pain comparison. Man Whitney test was applied. Both adhesives were handled and applied according to manufacturer’s instructions. The patients were carefully examined at recall appointments at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 3 months.
Results: Total 62 teeth were restored (molars and premolars) 32 in each group. On the basis of frequency and percentage clinically significant difference was found but no significance was found. Patients were evaluated before treatment, 2 weeks after treatment and 3 months after treatment. When compared the sensitivity severity with self-etch technique 19.4% had moderate sensitivity before treatment which was reduced to 0% after 2 weeks and 3 months. While in total etch technique there was 16.1% sensitivity preoperatively which was reduced to 3.2% and 6.5% after 2 weeks and 3 months respectively.
Conclusion: There is lesser degree of sensitivity when total etch technique was used under composite in comparison to self-etch.
Smart Polymers for Microscale Machines
Authors: Tan Liyuan , Davis Aaron C. , Cappelleri David J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMicroscale machines are able to perform a number of tasks like micromanipulation, drug‐delivery, and noninvasive surgery. In particular, microscale polymer machines that can perform intelligent work for manipulation or transport, adaptive locomotion, or sensing are in‐demand. To achieve this goal, shape‐morphing smart polymers like hydrogels, liquid crystalline polymers, and other smart polymers are of great interest. Structures fabricated by these materials undergo mechanical motion under stimulation such as temperature, pH, light, and so on. The use of these materials renders microscale machines that undergo complex stimuli‐responsive transformation such as from planar to 3D by combining spatial design like introducing in‐plane or out‐plane differences. During the past decade, many techniques have been developed or adopted for fabricating structures with smart polymers including microfabrication methods and the well‐known milestone of 4D printing, starting in 2013. In this review, the existing or potential active smart polymers that could be used to fabricate active microscale machines to accomplish complex tasks are summarized.
An Ultrahigh‐Field‐Tailored T1–T2 Dual‐Mode MRI Contrast Agent for High‐Performance Vascular Imaging
Authors: Wang Jin , Jia Yinhang , Wang Qiyue , Liang Zeyu , Han Guangxu , Wang Zejun , Lee Jiyoung , Zhao Meng , Li Fangyuan , Bai Ruiliang , Ling Daishun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe assessment of vascular anatomy and functions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical for medical diagnosis, whereas the commonly used low‐field MRI system (≤3 T) suffers from low spatial resolution. Ultrahigh field (UHF) MRI (≥7 T), with significantly improved resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio, shows great potential to provide high‐resolution vasculature images. However, practical applications of UHF MRI technology for vascular imaging are currently limited by the low sensitivity and accuracy of single‐mode (T1 or T2) contrast agents. Herein, a UHF‐tailored T1–T2 dual‐mode iron oxide nanoparticle‐based contrast agent (UDIOC) with extremely small core size and ultracompact hydrophilic surface modification, exhibiting dually enhanced T1–T2 contrast effect under the 7 T magnetic field, is reported. The UDIOC enables clear visualization of microvasculature as small as ≈140 µm in diameter under UHF MRI, extending the detection limit of the 7 T MR angiography. Moreover, by virtue of high‐resolution UHF MRI and a simple double‐checking process, UDIOC‐based dual‐mode dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI is successfully applied to detect tumor vascular permeability with extremely high sensitivity and accuracy, providing a novel paradigm for the precise medical diagnosis of vascular‐related diseases.
Endogenous mRNA Triggered DNA‐Au Nanomachine for In Situ Imaging and Targeted Multimodal Synergistic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yu Sha , Zhou Yang , Sun Yao , Wu Shaojun , Xu Tingting , Chang Yu‐Chung , Bi Sai , Jiang Li‐Ping , Zhu Jun‐Jie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe development of versatile nanotheranostic platforms that integrate both diagnostic and therapeutic functions have always been an intractable challenge in precise cancer treatment. Herein, an aptamer‐tethered deoxyribonucleic acids‐gold particle (Apt‐DNA‐Au) nanomachine has been developed for in situ imaging and targeted multimodal synergistic therapy of mammary carcinoma. Upon specifically internalized into MCF‐7 cells, the tumor‐related TK1 mRNA activates the Apt‐DNA‐Au nanomachine by DNA strand displacement cascades, resulting in the release of the fluorophore and antisense DNA as well as the aggregation of AuNPs for in situ imaging, suppression of survivin expression and photothermal therapy, respectively. Meanwhile, the controlled released drugs are used for chemotherapy, while under the laser irradiation the loaded photosensitizer produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) for photodynamic therapy. The results confirm that the proposed Apt‐DNA‐Au nanomachine provides a powerful nanotheranostic platform for in situ imaging‐guided combinatorial anticancer therapy.
1,5,7‐Triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene Enhances Activity of Peroxide Intermediates in Phosphine‐Free α‐Hydroxylation of Ketones
Authors: Wang Yongtao , Lu Rui , Yao Jia , Li Haoran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe critical role of double hydrogen bonds was addressed for the aerobic α‐hydroxylation of ketones catalyzed by 1,5,7‐triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec‐5‐ene (TBD), in the absence of either a metal catalyst or phosphine reductant. Experimental and theoretical investigations were performed to study the mechanism. In addition to initiating the reaction by proton abstraction, a more important role of TBD was revealed, that is, to enhance the oxidizing ability of peroxide intermediates, allowing DMSO to be used rather than commonly used phosphine reductants. Further characterizations with nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) confirmed the presence of double hydrogen bonds between TBD and the ketone, and kinetic studies suggested the attack of dioxygen on the TBD‐enol adduct to be the rate‐determining step. This work should encourage the application of TBD as a catalyst for oxidations.
Fabrication of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/amine modified carbon nanotube composite films for rapid chromate removal
Authors: Aydin Yasar Andelib 
Published: December 2020

AbstractComposite adsorbent films with amine and hydroxyl functionalities were synthesized from chitosan (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and amine‐modified carbon nanotubes (a‐MWCNT) by solvent casting method. Weight proportions of CS to PVA and weight percent of a‐MWCNT were optimized to achieve highest chromate removal capacity. Structural characteristics of the composites were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Accordingly, incorporation of a‐MWCNT to CS/PVA structure resulted in the generation of nanochannels, which enhanced adsorption capacity. Moreover, the composite comprising 0.4% wt. a‐MWCNT provided over 99% of Cr (VI) removal from 50 mg L−1 Cr (VI) solution within five minutes of contact time. Redlich–Peterson and Radke–Prausnitz isotherm models provided the highest conformity to adsorption data. Maximum chromate sorption capacity of CS/PVA/a‐MWCNT composite film was determined as 134.2 mg g−1 being 172% higher than that of CS/PVA. Regeneration was best achieved in 1.0 M NaOH and the composite was shown to retain at least 70% of its original capacity after five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles.
Neue Entwicklungen im Bereich der geotextilen Betonmattentechnologie zur Deckwerksgestaltung
Authors: Wilke Markus , Derksen Jan , Ebbert Simon , Harnisch Jörg 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGeotextile Betonmatten weisen eine mehr als 50‐jährige Historie auf. Ihre ursprüngliche Anwendung wurde sowohl für den Küsten‐ und Binnenwasserbau als auch für den Gebirgsbachverbau dokumentiert. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre ist der Einsatz von Betonmatten für die verschiedensten Anwendungen, mit einem Schwerpunkt für Kanalauskleidungen, wieder vermehrt zu beobachten. Trotz des jahrzehntelangen Einsatzes und der weltweiten Akzeptanz des Systems gibt es hinsichtlich der grundlegenden Funktionsmechanismen immer noch gewisse Fragestellungen zu klären. Dieser Fachbeitrag erläutert die Grundlagen der Betonmattentechnologie und beschreibt die prinzipielle Wirkungsweise, welche durch großmaßstäbliche Vier‐Punkt‐Biegeversuche, durchgeführt an der Fachhochschule Münster, illustriert werden. Darüber hinaus werden die an der Rheinisch‐Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen ausgeführten Untersuchungen zur hydraulischen Rauheit beschrieben und deren Versuchsergebnisse dokumentiert. Weitere kürzlich abgeschlossene Prüfungen, z. B. Eislastversuche in Russland, vervollständigen den Überblick an wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen. Abschließend wird die Anwendung der Betonmatten als Deckwerkssystem für Kanäle, Wasserstraßen und Überströmstrecken anhand ausgeführter Projekte veranschaulicht.
Infinitesimal calculus: A blunder in mathematics?
Authors: Fazarinc Zvonko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article reveals the fact that considerable study time invested into acquisition of proficiency in infinitesimal calculus leaves behind only the ability to tackle problems of order four or less. Today's problems reaching into orders of thousands are being handled by clever computer‐based algorithms seldom addressed in high school or college. Yet, the calculus teaching will persist as long as physics and some other natural science teachers start their lectures with a differential equation. An alternative method, preparing high school students for serious problem‐solving abilities, is presented with examples. References provided, many published by this author, do apply the method to a broad range of natural sciences.
Improvement of Graphite Interfacial Stability in All‐Solid‐State Cells Adopting Sulfide Glassy Electrolytes
Authors: Maresca Giovanna , Tsurumaki Akiko , Suzuki Naoki , Tsujimura Tomoyuki , Aihara Yuichi , Assunta Navarra Maria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA study on the interfacial properties between a solid glassy electrolyte, LiI‐Li3PS4 (LPSI), and graphite (MAG) composite electrodes was carried out with the aim of reducing or even eliminating the irreversible capacity during the 1st charge‐discharge cycle. The performances of all‐solid‐state MAG|LPSI|Li cells were compared with those of conventional liquid cells. To reinforce a well‐distributed conductive path in MAG as well as at the MAG/LPSI interface, the type of electron conducting additive and the pressure during cell preparation were optimized. Specific functions of the conducting additive were demonstrated, where the sub‐micrometric carbon fibers allowed better galvanostatic performance in the solid‐state configuration by virtue of their high aspect ratio. The coulombic efficiency of solid‐state cells was improved from 46 to 99 % and the reversible capacity value from 100 to 270 mAh g−1, by increasing the pressure from 2 to 4 ton. The interfacial stability of LPSI was also evaluated by impedance spectroscopy of MAG|MAG and Li|Li cells over time. Although ionic resistance of LPSI was higher than a conventional liquid electrolyte, LPSI exhibited controlled interfacial resistance.
N, S Co‐Doped Porous Carbon from Antibiotic Bacteria Residues Enables a High‐Performance FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O Cathode for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Jing , Zhou Xiangyang , Wang Qian , Luo Chucheng , Yang Juan , Tang Jingjing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O is considered as a potential candidate cathode material owing to the special structure with one‐dimension (1D) tunnel. However, its practical application is hindered by the poor electric conductivity. In this work, FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O embedded into N, S co‐doped porous carbon (NSPC) derived from antibiotic bacterial residues was synthesized by a facile wet‐impregnation method. Close contact of FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O nanoparticles with NSPC can provide the rapid electron conduction channel and keep the structural stability, which endows that FeF3 ⋅ 0.33H2O@NSPC electrode achieves excellent cycling performance with a reversible capacity of 164.5 mAh g−1 at 40 mA g−1 after 100 cycles between 2.0 and 4.5 V and good rate performance. This study offers a new method for high‐value utilization of antibiotic bacteria residues (ABRs) for application in energy storage.
Donor–Acceptor Interactions Induced Interfacial Synthesis of an Ultrathin Fluoric 2D Polymer by Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Sun Qingzhu , Pan Qingyan , Ban Yanqi , Liu Hui , Fan Chunyan , Sun Lishui , Zhao Yingjie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional polymers (2DPs) have attracted much interest due to their unique 2D atomic‐thick covalent network with periodically linked monomers. The preparation of mono‐ or few‐layered 2DPs with highly ordered structures is still a big challenge. Herein, we report a preparation of ultrathin 2DP film based on photo‐triggered [2+2] cycloaddition at the air/water interface. The pre‐assembly process induced by the D–A interactions before the polymerization plays a key role in constructing the highly ordered structure. The precise structure and chemical compositions of the continuous 2DP films were proved by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), Tip‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (TERS) and molecular‐mechanics‐based structural simulation.
A Generalized Contact Modification for Fixed‐Bed Reactor CFD Simulations
Authors: Eppinger Thomas , Wehinger Gregor D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractParticle‐resolved CFD simulations provide detailed insights into fixed‐bed reactors. One of the remaining challenges is the generation of high‐quality computational cells, which is especially challenging near particle‐particle contacts. This contribution presents a generalized and automated contact modification independent of the particle shape by introducing a defined gap of 1 % of the particle diameter. This approach is successfully demonstrated for non‐spherical cylinders, hollow and multi‐hole cylinders, and a novel particle shape in terms of radial void fraction, pressure drop and an illustrative heat transfer study.
Process design of a continuous biotransformation with in situ product removal by cloud point extraction
Authors: Fellechner Oliver , Smirnova Irina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this work, a continuous, heterogeneous extractive biocatalysis was realized with penicillin G hydrolysis as a model reaction. Therefore, commercially available structured packing CY from Sulzer were coated with enzyme‐containing gels and their catalytic activity was examined. Thereby, the potential of aqueous micellar two‐phase systems (ATPMS) as an extraction medium was evaluated. Triton X‐114 was used as model surfactant. It was found that the separation efficiency of the packing is not affected by the coating and ATPMS allows for a good separation yield. With these results, different process concepts for the continuous, heterogeneous extractive biocatalysis were compared. Overall, a countercurrent process with side inlet ( = 78.1% ± 1.3%) has shown a great potential for a selective product separation and thus, higher yields in comparison to a monophasic batch operation ( = 51.9% ± 0.6%) as well as a biphasic batch operation ( = 67.6% ± 1.0%, wTriton X‐114 = 5%) were achieved.
Quantification of palm oil bioactive compounds by ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography and chemometrics
Authors: de Souza Guedes Luciana , Santana Cesar Costapinto , Rutledge Douglas Neil , Pinto Licarion , Jardim Isabel Cristina Sales Fontes , de Melo Lucília Vilela , Beppu Marisa Masumi , Breitkreitz Márcia Cristina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLycopene, beta‐carotene, coenzyme Q10, and lutein are minor constituents of palm oil that are removed during biodiesel production to produce light‐coloured oils. With the aim to investigate the recovery of these valuable compounds, a separation method was developed to quantify carotenoids and coenzyme Q10 in palm oil by ultra‐high‐performance supercritical fluid chromatography. Due to the presence of interferents, different clean‐up procedures were evaluated; however, these approaches were ineffective and the separation method was developed without this step. The chemometric method multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares was employed to properly quantify lycopene, beta‐carotene, and coenzyme Q10 in the presence of interferents. Lutein was sufficiently resolved to be quantified by a univariate method. Lycopene concentration was below the limit of quantification 3.12 μg/mL (3.12 × 10−3 kg/m3). Beta‐carotene concentration was determined as being 183.48 ± 1.66 μg/mL (183.48 ± 1.66 × 10−3 kg/m3). Coenzyme Q10 concentration was lower than the limit of detection 4.22 μg/mL (4.22 × 10−3 kg/m3) and lutein concentration 9.24 μg/mL (9.24 × 10−3 kg/m3) was below the limit of quantification. The study showed the analytical challenges associated with the separation and quantification of minor constituents of a highly complex matrix such as palm oil and demonstrated that the recovery of beta‐carotene could be economically viable due to its wide range of application in industry.
Latent profiles of children’s autonomic nervous system reactivity early in life predict later externalizing problems
Authors: Roubinov Danielle , Tein Jenn‐Yun , Kogut Katherine , Gunier Robert , Eskenazi Brenda , Alkon Abbey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrior researchers have observed relations between children's autonomic nervous system reactivity and externalizing behavior problems, but rarely considers the role of developmentally regulated changes in children's stress response systems. Using growth mixture modeling, the present study derived profiles of parasympathetic nervous system reactivity (as indicated by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)) and sympathetic nervous system reactivity (as indicated by pre‐ejection period (PEP)) from low income, primarily Mexican American children measured repeatedly from infancy through age 5 (N = 383) and investigated whether profiles were associated with externalizing problems at age 7. Analyses identified two profiles of RSA reactivity (reactive decreasing and U‐shaped reactivity) and three profiles of PEP reactivity (blunted/anticipatory reactivity, reactive decreasing, non‐reactive increasing). Compared to children with an RSA profile of reactive decreasing, those with an RSA profile of U‐shaped reactivity had marginally higher externalizing problems, however, this difference was not statistically significant. Children who demonstrated a profile of blunted/anticipatory PEP reactivity had significantly higher externalizing problems compared to those with a profile of non‐reactive increasing, likely related to the predominantly male composition of the former profile and predominantly female composition of the latter profile. Findings contribute to our understanding of developmental trajectories of ANS reactivity and highlight the utility of a longitudinal framework for understanding the effects of physiological risk factors on later behavior problems.
Investigation of multi‐fuel combustion behavior and synergy effect using improved steady‐state discrete particle model simulation
Authors: Somwangthanaroj Surapoom , Fukuda Suneerat 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThis paper presents a simulation study of municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion using a multi‐fuel combustion model, which was an extended version from the one previously developed by the authors. The model was a steady‐state model with partial transient implementation as user‐defined functions (UDF) developed in ANSYS Fluent platform to investigate the combustion behavior of fuel interacting in the solid and gas phases. The solid phase was simulated using discrete particle model (DPM). The extended simulation model took into consideration the difference of properties and combustion characteristics of different MSW components. The main improvement was the application of a newly developed algorithm that allows the influence of the surrounding particles and environment on the simulating particle and the possible synergy between them. The combustion and furnace zone of an MSW power plant in Hatyai, Thailand was the simulated case study and the measured temperatures from various sensor locations at the plant exhaust were used for model validation. The inputs for volatile combustion were obtained from pyrolysis experiments. For compatibility with GRI‐Mech 3.0, CH3CHO and C2H2 were used to represent the tar component. In the fuel bed zone, the simulated temperatures were higher than the measured temperatures up to 36%, which were the results of the complete combustion of the simulated fuel bed at too early location on the grate. For the fluid phase, the simulated mean temperature at the locations that were not affected by fuel bed combustion was approximately 6% different from the measured values. Synergy between particles was observed and attributed to the effect of nearby particles' properties on the combustion of simulating particle.