bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic state surveillance: Challenging the notion of agency in human rights
Authors: Kosta Eleni 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the extent to which current interpretations of the notion of agency, as traditionally perceived under human rights law, pose challenges to human rights protection in light of algorithmic surveillance. After examining the notion of agency under the European Convention on Human Rights as a criterion for applications' admissibility, the paper looks into the safeguards of notification and of redress – crucial safeguards developed by the Court in secret surveillance cases – which are used as examples to illustrate their insufficiency in light of algorithmic surveillance. The use of algorithms creates new surveillance methods and challenges fundamental presuppositions on the notion of agency in human rights protection. Focusing on the victim status does not provide a viable solution to problems arising from the use of Artificial Intelligence in state surveillance. The paper thus raises questions for further research concluding that a new way of thinking about agency for the protection of human rights in the context of algorithmic surveillance is needed in order to offer effective protection to individuals.
Probabilistic Analysis of Dam Accidents Worldwide: Risk Assessment for Dams of Different Purposes in OECD and Non‐OECD Countries with Focus on Time Trend Analysis
Authors: Kalinina Anna , Spada Matteo , Burgherr Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study presents probabilistic analysis of dam accidents worldwide in the period 1911–2016. The accidents are classified by the dam purpose and by the country cluster, where they occurred, distinguishing between the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and nonmember countries (non‐OECD without China). A Bayesian hierarchical approach is used to model distributions of frequency and severity for accidents. This approach treats accident data as a multilevel system with subsets sharing specific characteristics. To model accident probabilities for a particular dam characteristic, this approach samples data from the entire data set, borrowing the strength across data set and enabling to model distributions even for subsets with scarce data. The modelled frequencies and severities are combined in frequency‐consequence curves, showing that accidents for all dam purposes are more frequent in non‐OECD (without China) and their maximum consequences are larger than in OECD countries. Multipurpose dams also have higher frequencies and maximum consequences than single‐purpose dams. In addition, the developed methodology explicitly models time dependence to identify trends in accident frequencies over the analyzed period. Downward trends are found for almost all dam purposes confirming that technological development and implementation of safety measures are likely to have a positive impact on dam safety. The results of the analysis provide insights for dam risk management and decision‐making processes by identifying key risk factors related to country groups and dam purposes as well as changes over time.
Updated Characterization of Post‐OPV Cessation Risks: Lessons from 2019 Serotype 2 Outbreaks and Implications for the Probability of OPV Restart
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A. , Pallansch Mark A. , Cochi Stephen L. , Kovacs Stephanie D. , Wassilak Steven G. F. , Thompson Kimberly M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAfter the globally coordinated cessation of any serotype of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), some risks remain from undetected, existing homotypic OPV‐related transmission and/or restarting transmission due to several possible reintroduction risks. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) coordinated global cessation of serotype 2‐containing OPV (OPV2) in 2016. Following OPV2 cessation, the GPEI and countries implemented activities to withdraw all the remaining trivalent OPV, which contains all three poliovirus serotypes (i.e., 1, 2, and 3), from the supply chain and replace it with bivalent OPV (containing only serotypes 1 and 3). However, as of early 2020, monovalent OPV2 use for outbreak response continues in many countries. In addition, outbreaks observed in 2019 demonstrated evidence of different types of risks than previously modeled. We briefly review the 2019 epidemiological experience with serotype 2 live poliovirus outbreaks and propose a new risk for unexpected OPV introduction for inclusion in global modeling of OPV cessation. Using an updated model of global poliovirus transmission and OPV evolution with and without consideration of this new risk, we explore the implications of the current global situation with respect to the likely need to restart preventive use of OPV2 in OPV‐using countries. Simulation results without this new risk suggest OPV2 restart will likely need to occur (81% of 100 iterations) to manage the polio endgame based on the GPEI performance to date with existing vaccine tools, and with the new risk of unexpected OPV introduction the expected OPV2 restart probability increases to 89%. Contingency planning requires new OPV2 bulk production, including genetically stabilized OPV2 strains.
Superconsistent Estimation of Points of Impact in Non-Parametric Regression with Functional Predictors
Authors: Poß Dominik , Liebl Dominik , Kneip Alois , Eisenbarth Hedwig , Wager Tor D. , Barrett Lisa Feldman 
Published: July 2020

SummaryPredicting scalar outcomes by using functional predictors is a classical problem in functional data analysis. In many applications, however, only specific locations or time points of the functional predictors have an influence on the outcome. Such ‘points of impact’ are typically unknown and must be estimated in addition to estimating the usual model components. We show that our points-of-impact estimator enjoys a superconsistent rate of convergence and does not require knowledge or pre-estimates of the unknown model components. This remarkable result facilitates the subsequent estimation of the remaining model components as shown in the theoretical part, where we consider the case of non-parametric models and the practically relevant case of generalized linear models. The finite sample properties of our estimators are assessed by means of a simulation study. Our methodology is motivated by data from a psychological experiment in which the participants were asked to rate their emotional state continuously while watching an affective video eliciting a varying intensity of emotional reactions.
Post‐transplant survey to assess patient experiences with donor‐derived HCV infection
Authors: Prakash Katya , Ramirez‐Sanchez Claudia , Ramirez Sydney I. , Logan Cathy , Law Nancy , Mekeel Kristin , Pretorius Victor , Aslam Saima 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite increased utilization of hepatitis C virus‐infected (HCV+) organs for transplantation into HCV‐uninfected recipients, there is lack of standardization in HCV‐related patient education/consent and limited data on financial and social impact on patients.MethodsWe conducted a survey on patients with donor‐derived HCV infection at our center transplanted between 4/1/2017 and 11/1/2019 to assess: why patients chose to accept HCV+ organ(s), the adequacy of their pre‐transplant HCV education and informed consent process, financial issues related to copays after discharge, and social challenges they faced.ResultsAmong 49 patients surveyed, transplanted organs included heart (n = 19), lung (n = 9), kidney (n = 11), liver (n = 4), heart/kidney (n = 4), and liver/kidney (n = 2). Many recipients accepted an HCV‐viremic (HCV‐V) organ due to perceived reduction in waitlist time (n = 33) and/or trust in their physician's recommendation (n = 29). Almost all (n = 47) felt that pre‐transplant education and consent was appropriate. Thirty patients had no copay for direct‐acting antivirals (DAA) for HCV, including 21 with household income <$20 000; seven had copays of <$100 and one had a copay >$1000. Two patients reported feeling isolated due to HCV infection and eight reported higher than anticipated medication costs. Patients’ biggest concern was potential HCV transmission to partners (n = 18) and family/friends (n = 15). Overall almost all (n = 47) patients reported a positive experience with HCV‐V organ transplantation.ConclusionWe demonstrate that real‐world patient experiences surrounding HCV‐V organ transplantation have been favorable. Almost all patients report comprehensive HCV‐related pre‐transplant consent and education. Additionally, medication costs and social isolation/exclusion were not barriers to the use of these organs.
Washed red cells: theory and practice
Authors: Cardigan Rebecca , New Helen V. , Tinegate Hazel , Thomas Stephen 
Published: July 2020

Washing of red cells is sometimes performed to reduce allergic reactions due to contaminating plasma proteins or to reduce the concentration of potassium accumulating in the supernatant of red cells during storage as an alternative to transfusion of fresher red cells in patients at risk of hyperkalaemia. There are a variety of methods for washing red cells, and the laboratory data suggest that variables such as age of red cell before washing, washing method and solution, storage medium and length of storage time after washing can all effect the final red cell quality. Studies suggest that washing removes 90–95% plasma, but the proportion of units below 0·05 mg/dl IgA (equivalent to IgA deficient) is variable dependent upon methods used. Although potassium levels are reduced immediately following washing, the rate of leakage following subsequent storage is method‐dependent, requiring careful consideration of shelf life if potassium reduction is the goal. Other markers of red cell quality such as haemolysis are negatively impacted by washing so a reduced shelf life compared to standard red cells is appropriate, especially following irradiation. Data from animal models and clinical studies on possible additional benefits of washing, such as reduced lung or kidney injury, are mixed, ranging from some benefit to some harm, and further studies are warranted.
Traumatic medial luxation of the triceps brachii tendon with medial subluxation of the elbow joint in a dog
Authors: Sasaki Akari , Honnami Muneki , Mochizuki Manabu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the surgical reduction of luxation of the triceps brachii tendon in a dog.AnimalOne 2.5‐year‐old 2.58 kg castrated male toy poodle.Study designClinical case report.MethodsThe dog displayed intermittent, non–weight bearing lameness of the right forelimb for approximately 18 months before presenting at the veterinary medical center. Medial subluxation of the right elbow joint was detected by palpation. The Campbell test was consistent with an increased range of motion during supination. At ultrasonographic examination, medial luxation of the triceps brachii tendon was noted, whereas collateral ligaments appeared normal. No skeletal deformities were found on radiographs of the right forelimb. The luxation of the triceps brachii tendon was surgically corrected with antirotational suture, a stopper pin, medial retinaculum release, and imbrication of the lateral retinaculum.ResultsThe right triceps brachii tendon and elbow joint were successfully reduced. Gait returned to normal by 55 days postoperatively. No implant failure or recurrence were observed 3.5 years after surgery.ConclusionSurgical reduction of a luxation of the triceps brachii tendon in a dog resolved lameness and restored the range of motion of the affected elbow, leading to good long‐term outcome.
Simplified Predictive Model for Downhole Pressure Surges During Tripping Operations Using Power Law Drilling Fluids
Authors: Krishna Shwetank , Ridha Syahrir , Vasant Pandian , Ilyas Suhaib Umer , Ofei Titus Ntow 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Surge/swab pressure is a crucial parameter that provokes well-control problems such as fluid loss, fractured formations, fluid influx, and kick. Thus, a precise estimation of differential pressure is required to evade any unforeseen drilling difficulties. The existing predictive models are based on narrow-slot approximation methods and consider the effect of drilling string axial movement on downhole pressure surges. However, it ignores the impact on the boundaries of the annular fluid velocity zone by the tripping velocity. In this research, a simplified model is developed using the flow velocity profile generated in the annulus by the tripping operation and the concentric annular Couette fluid flow phenomena for power-law fluid. A comparative study is performed with the existing analytical models and the experimental data to validate the developed model. The obtained results are convincingly in good agreement with the analytical and experimental data. A parametric study is performed to identify the effect of various parameters on surge/swab pressure. It is found that the diameter ratio has a significant impact on pressure differential with the increase in the tripping velocity. The fluid behavior index exhibits a considerable effect, and fluid consistency index shows a minor effect on the surge pressure gradient. The simplified developed model requires less numerical analysis to determine the outcomes for varying industrial applications, especially petroleum drilling operations.
Study on Limit Load of Orthotropic Cylindrical Pipe Under Different Combined Load Conditions
Authors: Xu Min , Wen Jian-bin , Zhao Yu-jie , Zhou Chang-Yu , He Xiao-hua 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In engineering, many pressure pipes are made of steels with good plasticity, which are subject to internal pressure, axial force, shear force, bending moment, torsion moment or their combined loads. The plastic limit load is an important indicator of the load capacity of pressure pipe. According to Hill yield function, the theoretical solutions of limit load of orthotropic cylindrical pipe under various combined loads under internal pressure, axial force, shear force, torsion moment, and bending moment have been derived on the basis of elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model. The effects of radial stress on different combined limit loads of cylindrical pipe are explored and these results show that the radial stress should be considered about the limit load calculation especially for thick-walled cylindrical pipe. The interactions of various load combination are analyzed in detail and drawn with the interaction curves. For isotropic cylindrical pipe, the limit load increases with the yield strength. For the orthotropic cylindrical pipe, the limit loads of cylindrical pipe under axial force, bending moment, shear force, and torsion moment without internal pressure are only related to the axial yield strength. The limit bending moment is mainly dependent on the axial yield strength when internal pressure is lower, while the impact of the circumferential yield strength of orthotropic cylindrical pipe is obvious when internal pressure is some higher. When the axial yield strength of orthotropic cylindrical pipe is the same, the circumferential yield strength can enhance the limit axial load, limit torsion moment, and limit shear load. Under the different load conditions including internal pressure, bending moment, axial force, shear force, and torsion moment or their combined loads, the relation of limit bending moment with yield strength ratio is diverse, which is decide by the load combination, the circumferential yield strength, and the axial yield strength.
Part-Scale Finite Element Modeling of the Selective Laser Melting Process With Layer-Wise Adaptive Remeshing for Thermal History and Porosity Prediction
Authors: Olleak Alaa , Xi Zhimin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Predicting the part thermal history during the selective laser melting (SLM) process is critical to understand the influence of the process parameters to the part quality. Existing finite element based thermal analysis is mainly associated with simplifications in mesh configuration, heat source model, and domain size. The proposed work presents an efficient adaptive remeshing technique that enables part-scale SLM process simulations and helps reduce model size without sacrificing accuracy. The proposed work enables the part-scale simulation computationally efficient using existing commercial solvers. In this paper, the SLM process simulation for an entire part was developed considering different process parameters. The model predicts the influence of the process parameters on part thermal history, melt pool statistics, and lack-of-fusion porosity. The predicted results find an agreement with the experimental results in literature. Furthermore, the remeshing technique is demonstrated to be more computationally efficient than the existing element death and birth approach and also shows clear advantages compared with existing adaptive remeshing approaches.
Tool Path Optimization for Robotic Surface Machining by Using Sampling-Based Motion Planning Algorithms
Authors: Lu Lei , Zhang Jiong , Tian Xiaoqing , Han Jiang , Wang Hao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper develops a tool path optimization method for robotic surface machining by sampling-based motion planning algorithms. In the surface machining process, the tool-tip position needs to strictly follow the tool path curve and the posture of the tool axis should be limited in a certain range. But the industrial robot has at least six degrees-of-freedom (Dof) and has redundant Dofs for surface machining. Therefore, the tool motion of surface machining can be optimized using the redundant Dofs considering the tool path constraints and limits of the tool axis orientation. Due to the complexity of the problem, the sampling-based motion planning method has been chosen to find the solution, which randomly explores the configuration space of the robot and generates a discrete path of valid robot state. During the solving process, the joint space of the robot is chosen as the configuration space of the problem and the constraints for the tool-tip following requirements are in the operation space. Combined with general collision checking, the limited region of the tool axis vector is used to verify the state’s validity of the configuration space. In the optimization process, the sum of the path length of each joint of the robot is set as the optimization objective. The algorithm is developed based on the open motion planning library (OMPL), which contains the state-of-the-art sampling-based motion planners. Finally, two examples are used to demonstrate the effiectiveness and optimality of the method.
Occupational distribution of metabolic syndrome prevalence and incidence differs by sex and is not explained by age and health behavior: results from 75 000 Dutch workers from 40 occupational groups
Authors: van Zon Sander K R , Amick III Benjamin C , de Jong Trynke , Brouwer Sandra , Bültmann Ute 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionThis study examines the association between 40 occupational groups and prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS), separately for male and female workers, and whether age and health behaviors can explain the association.Research design and methodsData from 74 857 Lifelines Cohort and Biobank Study participants were used to regress occupational group membership, coded by Statistics Netherlands, on the prevalence and incidence of MetS using logistic and Cox regression analyses. MetS diagnosis was based on physical examinations, blood analysis, and recorded medication use. Information on age, smoking status, physical activity, diet and alcohol consumption was acquired using questionnaires.ResultsBaseline MetS prevalence was 17.5% for males and 10.6% for females. During a median 3.8 years of follow-up, MetS incidence was 7.8% for males and 13.2% for females. One occupational group was associated with an increased MetS risk in both sexes. Six additional occupational groups had an increased risk for MetS among men, four among women. Highest risks were found for male ‘stationary plant and machine operators’ (HR: 1.94; 95% CI 1.26 to 3.00) and female ‘food preparation assistants’ (HR: 1.80; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.22).ConclusionsFindings suggest that occupational group matters for men and women in MetS development, and that differences in MetS prevalence across occupations are not merely a reflection of selection of metabolically unhealthy workers into specific occupations. The striking sex differences in the occupational distribution of MetS indicate that preventive measures should, with some exceptions, target men and women separately.
Realist Evaluation of Autism ServiCe Delivery (RE-ASCeD): which diagnostic pathways work best, for whom and in what context? Protocol for a rapid realist review
Authors: Abrahamson Vanessa , Zhang Wenjing , Wilson Patricia , Farr William , Male Ian 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionThe National Health Service (NHS) Long-Term Plan (2019) acknowledges that children and young people with suspected autism wait too long for diagnostic assessment and sets out to reduce waiting times. However, diagnostic pathways vary with limited evidence on what model works best, for whom and in what circumstances. The National Autism Plan for Children (2003) recommended that assessment should be completed within 13 weeks but referral to diagnosis can take as long as 799 days.This Rapid Realist Review (RRR) is the first work package in a national programme of research: a Realist Evaluation of Autism ServiCe Delivery (RE-ASCeD). We explore how particular approaches may deliver high-quality and timely autism diagnostic services for children with possible autism; high quality is defined as compliant with National Institute for Heath and Care Excellence (2011) guidelines, and timely as a pathway lasting no more than one calendar year, based on previous work.Methods and analysisRRR is a well-established approach to synthesising evidence within a compressed timeframe to identify models of service delivery leading to desired outcomes. RRR works backwards from intended outcomes, identified by NICE guidelines and the NHS England Long-Term Plan. The focus is a clearly defined intervention (the diagnostic pathway), associated with specific outcomes (high quality and timely), within a particular set of parameters (Autism and Child & Adolescent Mental Health services in the UK). Our Expert Stakeholder Group consists of policymakers, content experts and knowledge users with a wide range of experience to supplement, tailor and expedite the process. The RRR is consistent with Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) and includes identifying the research question, searching for information, quality appraisal, data extraction, synthesising the evidence, validation of findings with experts and dissemination.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval not required. Findings will inform the wider RE-ASCeD evaluation and be reported to NHS England.Trial registration numberNCT04422483. This protocol relates to Pre-results.