bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOIN RAISONNABLE ET CRÉDIT DOCUMENTAIRE
Authors: Baccar Jamel 
Published: September 2020

La question du standard requis pour l’examen des documents présentés dans le cadre d’un crédit documentaire était et continue d’être à l’origine d’une grande controverse. Opter pour un standard souple ou un standard rigide a fait diviser la doctrine ainsi que la jurisprudence depuis longtemps.
Le standard du soin raisonnable imaginé comme solution adéquate au problème, et inséré au sein des Règles et Usances Uniformes Relatives aux Crédits Documentaires depuis la reforme de 1962, s’est avéré insatisfaisant. Il prête, par son élasticité, à des interprétations subjectives divergentes voire contradictoires.
La Chambre de Commerce Internationale n’a pas tardé à apporter les correctifs nécessaires afin de combler les faiblesses du standard du soin raisonnable. Les différents correctifs proposés n’ont pas échappé à la critique et ont été voués à l’échec.
L’étude de cette question permettra de conclure que seul un standard objectif est susceptible de résoudre de façon définitive la question de l’examen de la conformité des documents, standard qui demeure toujours souhaitable.
L’ACTUALITÉ DU PRINCIPE DU RÈGLEMENT PACIFIQUE DES DIFFÉRENDS : ESSAI DE CONTRIBUTION JURIDIQUE À LA NOTION DE PAIX DURABLE
Authors: Chicot Pierre-Yves 
Published: September 2020

La régulation de la société internationale repose sur la création et l’application du droit international dont l’un des principes fondamentaux est le règlement pacifique des différends. La paix, définie comme l’absence de guerre constitue depuis longtemps un des grands défis que doit relever le droit international. Bien que la guerre soit consubstantielle à l’humanité, la paix apparaît toutefois comme s’inscrivant dans le champ du toujours possible. En effet, il existe des valeurs qui font l’objet de consensus universel, telle la protection des droits de l’homme. Par ailleurs, la tentative de communautarisation des intérêts de la société internationale met en évidence les efforts déployés par la communauté internationale des États pour garder intacte le caractère juridique contraignant du principe du règlement pacifique des différends de façon à maintenir la guerre dans l’espace du « hors la loi ». Le passage de la nature (de guerre) à la culture (de la paix) implique la mise en oeuvre de voies et moyens largement identifiables et identifiés. Il s’agit de maintenir et de renforcer la catégorie des normes du jus cogens tout en les assortissant de moyens efficaces en vue de garantir leur respect. Le désarmement ainsi que la juridictionnalisation croissante de la vie internationale, à travers notamment la Cour internationale de Justice et la Cour pénale internationale participent de la consistance de la notion de paix durable.
AUT DEDERE AUT JUDICARE: CONSTITUTIONAL PROHIBITIONS ON EXTRADITION AND THE STATUTE OF ROME
Authors: Rabbat Paul 
Published: September 2020

In many States, the ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court raises the issue of the statute’s compatibility with certain dispositions of the national constitution. The potential issues of constitutional incompatibility are generally within one of the following categories: prohibitions on extradition, constitutional immunities from criminal prosecution, prohibitions on life imprisonment and concerns as to due process. The scope of this paper is limited to the first of these issues. The ICC will not prosecute individuals in absentia and will rely heavily on State cooperation to gain physical custody of suspects. In the author’s view, this reality renders the removal of impediments to prosecution all the more essential.
The prohibition on extradition sits at the extreme end of a spectrum of provisions relative to mobility rights afforded to citizens within a great number of national constitutions. These dispositions vary in intensity. While some simply assert the citizens’ right to move about the national territory and to enter or leave it freely, others aim explicitly at shielding citizens from prosecution in external jurisdictions. After examining the respective ways in which States have addressed potential impediments to the surrender of individuals to the ICC, the author makes a case for constitutional amendment in order to ensure full compliance.
The role of m6A-related genes in the prognosis and immune microenvironment of pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tang Rong , Zhang Yiyin , Liang Chen , Xu Jin , Meng Qingcai , Hua Jie , Liu Jiang , Zhang Bo , Yu Xianjun , Shi Si 
Published: September 2020

Background
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is among the most lethal diseases and has a dismal prognosis; however, efficient treatment is currently limited. Several studies have observed epigenetic variation during tumorigenesis, suggesting the potential role of RNA methylation, especially N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, as a novel epigenetic modification mediating PAAD prognosis.

Methods
The expression levels of m6A-related genes were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) projects, and the findings were validated in four Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets. A predictive model was constructed using a lasso regression and evaluated by a survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve. Consensus clustering identified two distinct subgroups with different immune activity signatures based on the expression pattern of m6A-related genes. The relationship between the mutation state of m6A-related genes and infiltration of immune cells was established and visualized using Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (https://cistrome.shinyapps.io/timer/).

Results
Fourteen of twenty-one m6A-related genes were differentially expressed between PAAD and normal tissues in TCGA-GTEx cohort. Among these genes, HNRNPC, IGF2BP2 and YTHDF1 were further validated in four GEO datasets. Moreover, an m6A-based model exhibited moderate accuracy in predicting overall survival in PAAD samples. Additionally, potential m6A modification targets were screened by selecting genes from a set of 23,391 genes that not only harbored the most m6A-modified sites but also showed a robust correlation with PAAD survival. Moreover, we correlated the expression level of m6A-related genes with the immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer for the first time. Specifically, both arm-level gain and deletion of ALKBH5 decreased the infiltration of CD8+T cells (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusion
Collectively, our findings suggest a novel anticancer strategy for restoring balanced RNA methylation in tumor cells and guide clinical physicians in developing a new practical approach for considering the impact of related genes on prognosis.
A Comparative Study on the Use of Social Media, Reading Habits and Academic Performance of Secondary School Students
Authors: Nnaji P. T. , Okpuzor V. N. , Morka E. 
Published: September 2020

Aim: A comparative study was conducted on how the use of social media affects the reading habit and academic performance of secondary school students.
Study Design: The study adopted the descriptive survey research design to help elicit data from the target population through questionnaire, observations and interview instruments.
Methodology: The questionnaires were randomly administered to both male and female students.
Results: Social media is a great digital platform for learning and obtaining current information. There are consequences attached to the proper use and misuse among adolescent students. More than 50% of social media operators in secondary schools are users of Facebook. 58 out of 75 students who scored “A” grade in their favourite subject operated social media. 67.23% of the total respondents who use the social media didn’t score an “A” grade in their favourite subject. Students who operated more than one social media network scarcely scored an “A” grade. Only 3.5% of students spent up to 4 hours of reading every day. 46.5% read for 2-3 hours and 36.5% read for an hour. 11.5% read for 30munites while 2% read for less than 30 minutes.
Conclusion: Students should be properly guided and given an adequate orientation before providing them with electronic devices like smart phones. Teachers should be encouraged to join large student groups. Off-topics and non-academic discussions should be curtailed.
Garden Cress Seeds a Promising Alternative for the Development of Nutrient Dense Muffins
Authors: John Josephine , Rani Varsha , Sangwan Veenu , Sonia . , Reena . 
Published: September 2020

Aims: Garden cress seeds are highly nutritious super grain, that possess galactogogue, antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, hepatoprotective activities and also suitable for celiac patients as they do not contain gluten. This study was conducted to develop and evaluate nutrient rich muffins supplemented with GCS, so as to utilize their full potential.
Study Design: Control muffins were developed using refined flour as a basic ingredients which was replaced with 10, 20 and 30% of GCS in experimental muffins.
Methodology: GCS were roasted at 150°c for five minutes to remove the peppery after taste. Roasted GCS were used to develop muffins. Control and experimental muffins were evaluated for sensory characteristics and nutritional parameters (proximate composition, dietary fiber, total and in vitro bio-accessible minerals, phytic acid and antioxidants).
Results: Muffins supplemented with 10 and 20% of GCS scored higher than the control muffins for sensory parameters i.e. colour, texture, aroma, taste and overall acceptability however muffins supplemented with 30 GCS scored slightly lower than the control muffins. Both the experimental and control muffins adjudged between ‘liked moderately’ to ‘liked very much’ by the judges. The contents of protein (13.23-15.59%), fat (20.57-20.99), ash (1.77-2.64%), total dietary fiber (7.98-12.37%), total calcium (91.32-155.99 mg/100 g) and iron (4.83-8.06 mg/100 g) and antioxidants were increased significantly in all the three levels (type-I, type-II and type-III) of GCS supplemented muffins.
Conclusion: Nutrient dense muffins with superior nutritional quality can be developed using GCS up to 20 % without compromising sensory acceptability. Consumption of nutrient dense muffins may be beneficial in combating PEM and iron deficiency anaemia in growing children and pregnant and lactating women in India.
The Allure of Abdominal Scarification (`UDE`) among the Esan Tribe in South-South Nigeria – A Prospective Analysis
Authors: Salami T. A. T. , Irekpita E. , Emorinken A. , Oseni T. I. A. , Akinkugbe A. A. , Oziegbe O. E. , Agbebaku F. O. 
Published: September 2020

Background: The practice of inflicting cuts (incisions) on the anterior abdominal wall to treat splenomegaly of various causes is a very common one in some parts of Edo State, Nigeria. Such incisions may result in several complications including sepsis (especially in children who are the major targets); massive blood loss leading to symptomatic anemia that may require blood transfusions or lead to death and massive keloidal growth as sequelae in some of the patients. This practice is a long-term practice of the Esan people of the central part of Edo State Nigeria. This study aims to identify the factors that continue to make this practice attractive to members of the community, the common complications encountered, and how to develop an advocacy tool for health education and promote the health-seeking behavior of the populace.
Methods: This was a prospective community based cross-sectional descriptive study that was conducted in all the 5 Esan speaking local government areas of Edo State where this practice is very common. The study was done between January 2017 and June 2018. Participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire by previously trained researchers, after pretesting and validation. The questionnaire was administered on 700 adults, however, 500 were returned. The data obtained were summarized as frequencies and percentages.
Results: The majority of the participants were middle-aged. Ninty-five percent (95%) of respondents were aware of the practice of abdominal scarification and 80% of them think it is effective. It was mainly carried out by herbalists in 95% of the respondents. Half of the respondents were unaware of any complications associated with the procedure.
Conclusion: Abdominal scarification is a common practice among the Esan people of south-south Nigeria. They believe it's effective, affordable, and risk-free. This is despite the availability of effective alternatives in orthodox medicine. There is, therefore, a need for advocacy and health education considering the dangers and complications associated with the practice.
Ameliorative Effect of Administering Avocado (Persea americana) Leaf Extract on Lead Acetate Toxicity in the Brain-cerebellum of Albino Rats
Authors: Isaac Ubi Essien 
Published: September 2020

Aim: To investigate whether the aqueous extract of avocado leaves can be used in alternative medicine for the remediation or treatment of lead poisoning in the brain.
Study Design: Pure Experiment, using animal models.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria; between January 2019 and June 2019.
Methodology: Twenty albino Wistar rats including both male and female, and weighing around 155 g were randomly assigned to four groups (designated as A,B,C and D), with each group consisting of five animals. While group A served as the control, group B was administered a daily dose of 500 mg/kg body weight of avocado leaf extract, group C received 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate, and group D was given 150 mg/kg body weight per day of lead acetate and immediately followed with 500 mg/kg body weight/day of the avocado leaf extract. Treatments were given once daily through the oral route using a syringe with attached micropipette tube for 15 days, while the animals had access to water and chow ad libitum. The rats were euthanized on the 16th day by cervical dislocation and the cranial cavity was carefully exposed in order to dissect the brain and to obtain tissue samples from the cerebellum, which were then prepared for microscopic examination using routine histological techniques, with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains.
Results: The findings showed the extract to be ameliorative by reducing histomorphological distortions of lead acetate toxicity in the brain, and thus caused moderate regeneration of the cerebellar tissue.
Conclusion: The outcome of this research therefore indicates that the avocado leaf extract has medicinal potentials and could serve as an herbal remedy in the alternative treatment of lead poisoning.
Effect of Methanolic Extract of Caryota no Seed on Geotactic Behaviour and Fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Maduagwuna Chinonye A. , Omale Simeon , Etuh Monday A. , Gyang Steven S. 
Published: September 2020

Aims: To investigate the effect of the methanolic extracts of Caryota no (CN) seeds negative geotaxis, fecundity and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) using Drosophila melanogaster (DM). Study Design: Experimental design.
Place and Duration: Sample: African Centre of Excellence for Phytomedicine Research and Development, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State Nigeria between June 2018 and February 2019 Methodology: 50 flies were exposed in each vial to the following concentrations: 300 mg, 350 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg and 600 mg of methanolic extracts in 5 replicates for 7 days with daily recording of mortality. Total protein assays were carried out by Randox method from the supernatant from homogenized whole flies. In vivo antioxidant activity study was conducted by measuring level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activity from supernatants of whole fly homogenates using a spectrophotometer at specific wavelengths over a 2 minute duration. The values were derived as part of the total protein value. Negative geotaxis was done by the climbing assay and fecundity was examined by rate of emergence of larva after exposure of the flies to treatment. The statistical difference among test groups was presumed at P < .05.
Results: The methanolic extract of CN caused nonsignificant (P = .33) decrease in total protein levels compared to the control. There were also nonsignificant decreases in AChE (P = .30) activity, negative geotactic (P = .80) behaviour and nonsignificant increase in fecundity (P = .17) in the methanolic extract-treated flies compared to the controls.
Conclusion: It can therefore be concluded that the methanolic extract of Caryota no nonsignificantly improved fertitity and reduced negative geotaxis and AChE activity in DM.
Case Fatality in COVID-19; a District Perspective
Authors: Khan Hamzullah , Shah Faridullah , Khan Khalid , Abuzar . 
Published: September 2020

Objectives: To determine the case fatality rate of COVID-19 by evaluating the data of Patients died due to COVID-19.
Materials and Methods: A total of 243 patients with PCR done from the government designated Public health research laboratory of Khyber Medical University were included in a cross sectional comparative study. Chi-square test, risk analysis, probability testing and survival analysis using Kaplan Meir test was done on data sheet prepared in SPPS version 25 in accordance with the objectives of the study.
Results: Out of total 243 patients, 165 (67.90%) were negative by PCR testing and 78 (32.09%) were COVID-19 positive. The Mean age with SD was 36+17 years. Out of total 178 (73.3%) were males and 65 (26.7%) were females. 34 (13.99%) had age more than 55 years, where 4/5 (80%) of the deaths were recorded. The relationship of an increase in age with rate of mortality was statistically significant (p=0.001). The over all probability of death in our population in age more than 55 years is 24 times higher (OR=24,95CI: 2.6-221.24) with relative risk of 1.1 (rr=1.11, 95CI:1-1.24). Mortality rate was 6.41%. A significant correlation of mortality with case positivity (p=0.003) with relative risk of 1.06 (rr=1.06, 95CI: 1.008-1.13). Three out of 5 of the COVID-19 positive deceased had cardiac diseases and 2/5 had respiratory disease/viral pneumonia. Using Kaplan Meir test, the survival graphs of COVID positive vs COVID negative cases had similar pattern that shows the mortality rate in the positive cases was not solely due to COVID-19, but has aggravated the pre-existing illness to cause death.
Conclusion: The mortality rate was 6.41%, more in age>55 years (80%) and almost all the deceased had chronic co-morbid conditions like CAD, CCF and COPD at time of presentation. COVID-19 is not the sole killer, it contributes killing in immune-deficient patients.
Metal‐Catalyzed Hydroboration Reactions of Alkyne and Subsequent Asymmetric Transformation
Authors: Guo Jun , Lu Zhan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Hydroboration of alkynes provides a most straightforward, atom‐economical, and convenient methodology to access alkenylboronic esters which have a wide range of applications in organic synthesis. Several efficient successful metal‐catalyzed methods have been developed for selective hydroboration of alkynes through steric and electronic effects, as well as through efficient design of the nature of the ligand coordinating the metal. This chapter mainly covers the metal‐catalyzed hydroboration reactions of alkynes and subsequent asymmetric transformations (such as hydrogenation, hydroboration, hydrosilylation, and hydroallylation).
The Chemistry of Boron Enolate: Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Abiko Atsushi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Fifty years have passed since the first boron enolate appeared in the literature. Important paradigm shifting achievements were frequent in this subject. In the 1970s, Mukaiyama demonstrated the applicability of boron enolates in directed aldol reactions. In the 1980s, Masamune and Evans independently developed highly efficient and practical asymmetric aldol reactions to provide powerful tools in organic synthesis. Significance of these achievements includes the establishment of the new concept of double asymmetric synthesis as a reliable tool for controlling stereochemistry. Since the 1990s, transition metals are introduced to organoboron chemistry, and the scope of the boron enolate chemistry has been expanded. The feasibility of using boron compounds in transition metal chemistry has been widely demonstrated, including in the isolation of
C
‐bound boron enolates. The
C
‐bound boron enolates, which used to be considered as transient species, are now recognized as important players in the boron enolate chemistry.

Advances of the preparation of boron enolates and their applications to organic synthesis are reviewed.
Physical Activity Patterns in People With Inflammatory Arthritis Indicate They Have not Received Recommendation‐Based Guidance From Health Care Providers
Authors: Freid Lauren M. , Ogdie Alexis , Baker Joshua F. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveObjectives of this study were to describe exercise patterns among patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) in four recommended domains (Aerobic, Resistance, Flexibility, Balance), identify exercise barriers and facilitators, and explore patients’ perceptions of interactions with rheumatology providers about exercise.MethodsPatients with IA at a single academic medical center were invited to complete a survey about exercise. Patients were recruited for a paper‐based survey prior to appointments or a web‐based study through the electronic health record if they had been seen in the practice within the past year. Respondents reporting minimum aerobic exercise plus at least one other domain were categorized as “Active,” and the remaining as “Inactive.” Survey responses were compared between groups.ResultsOf 1113 invited, 108 completed the survey. Among these, 60 (56%) reported aerobic exercise, 44 (41%) flexibility, 42 (39%) resistance, and 18 (17%) balance. Forty‐three (40%) were categorized as active, 65 (60%) inactive. The active group had lower body mass index, lower reported disease activity, and fewer comorbidities. Active patients reported more self‐efficacy, prioritized exercise, improved energy, exercising for weight control, and exercise before arthritis diagnosis (all P < .05). The inactive group cited finances, pain, fatigue, and potentially worsening arthritis as barriers (all P < .05). Most understood the benefits of exercise. Few perceived that exercise recommendations were addressed by their providers.ConclusionApproximately half of patients reported regular aerobic exercise; fewer regularly engaged in other types of physical activity. Patients do not perceive they have received exercise guidance from providers, which suggests an opportunity for more prescriptive exercise discussions.