bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operando
Electrochemical Dilatometry of Si-Based Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Rodrigues Prado Andressa Yasmim , Rodrigues Marco-Tulio , Trask Stephen E. , Shaw Leon , Abraham Daniel P. 
Published: December 2020

Silicon is a promising next-generation anode material for Li-ion batteries, given its high specific capacity, abundance and low working potential. However, its application in commercial cells has been hindered by the large volumetric changes that occur during the Li (de)alloying process. While theoretical calculations predict that the full lithiation of a silicon particle would lead to ~300% expansion,1 experiments suggest that the material can undergo even larger dimensional variations due to morphological changes during repeated cycling.2 Most of the degradation mechanisms associated with Si-based electrodes, which are responsible for the poor cycling stability and rapid capacity decay, derive from the cyclic swelling/contraction effect. Understanding how the particle-level expansion projects into the electrode scale is hence a very relevant topic, specifically considering that composite electrodes are a complex combination of pores and both active and inactive materials.
In this study, we use operando electrochemical dilatometry to quantify the thickness variation of Si-based electrodes during cycling. An example plot from a 70 wt% Si electrode is shown in Figure 1. The electrode expands to 300% of its initial thickness upon full lithiation. However, the swelling shows a nonlinear behavior being much slower during the initial 1000 mAh/g. At this point, the thickness change is only 17% although ~40% of the electrode capacity is utilized. During this regime, porosity and particle rearrangement within the anode may be able to partially accommodate the particles expansion. Past this stage, however, there is a steep increase in electrode dilation, which often results in coating delamination, as confirmed by post-mortem inspections.
Such quantitative analyses provide important insights into the relationship between electrode capacity and expansion. More importantly, these results can be applied to inform cell design, provide guidelines for selection of cell cutoff voltages, and estimate the effect of anode utilization on cell performance. Obtaining reliable dilatometry information is challenging: hence, strategies for designing experiments that yield reproducible results will also be discussed during the presentation.

REFERENCES

1. Kim et al., Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115, 2514 (2011).

2. Wetjen et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 165, A1503 (2018).
Acknowledgement: We are grateful for support from B. Cunningham at the U.S. DOE Office of Vehicle Technology. This document has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Figure 1
Investigation of Post-Bond Distortion in Direct Wafer Bonding
Authors: Ip Nathan , Nagata Atsushi , Kohama Norifumi , Wada Norio , Motoda Kimio 
Published: December 2020

As device sizes continue to shrink, accurate alignment in semiconductor wafer bonding process becomes more important. In the case of two patterned wafers directly bonded together, proper alignment of the electrical connections between the two bonding surfaces is critical. Misalignment between the wafers during bonding may lead to degraded electrical performance or even device failure. In the case of a patterned wafer directly bonded onto a blank carrier wafer, the relative displacement along the bonded interface is important for subsequent steps. This relative displacement contributes to overlay error in lithography steps. Furthermore, as device density continues to increase, pre-bond wafer shapes become more complex while warp magnitude increases. The distortion contribution from pre-bond wafer shapes becomes more significant as a result. Therefore, it is important to understand the direct wafer bonding distortion mechanics to reduce the yield impact of the process.
This paper develops a mechanics model to study wafer bonder performance. An axisymmetric solid mechanics model simulates the wafer bonding dynamics by using a rate-dependent adhesion model. This simulation model includes calibration parameters to tune against experimental results. Using the optimized calibration parameters, an extended 3D simulation model studies more complex phenomena. This paper will report the simulation results that include local variations in wafer properties, clamping and thermal fluctuation effects. Distortion impact due to pre-bond wafer shapes, such as the relative contributions from the pre-bond wafer pair, is also discussed.
The results of this model can enable improved hardware optimization to address stricter distortion requirements. This model can optimize key hardware features in lieu of large number of wafer tests to minimize the cost of development. Using this model, target performance can be achieved with fewer hardware iterations and reduce development time. Bonder recipes can also be designed and optimized to account for pre-bond wafer characteristics.
(Invited) Low Temperature Wafer-Level Cu-in-Sn Solid-Liquid Interdiffusion Bonding
Authors: Ross Glenn , Vuorinen Vesa , Paulasto-Kröckel Mervi 
Published: December 2020

Ubiquitous electronics is the seamless integration of smart systems into our everyday life and a cornerstone of the trillion-sensor vision. Wafer level bonding though 3D-integration could enable multi-sensor fusion with logic in a vertical high-speed package. However, such complex levels of integration require a robust understanding of the manufacturing processes influence on sensitive Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), such as residual stresses and trace impurities.
One promising wafer-level bonding method is Solid Liquid Interdiffusion (SLID) bonding, often referred to Transient Liquid-Phase (TLP) bonding. A reliable Cu-Sn SLID bonding at 320ºC has been demonstrated on numerous occasions. However, sub 250ºC bonding temperatures are of significant interest due to low processing temperatures and subsequent low thermally induced Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) induced global and local residual stresses.
This presentation reviews the recent results on Low Temperature (LT) Cu-In-Sn SLID process from Aalto University that exploits the In-Sn eutectic composition enabling low temperature processing, which results in a wafer-level bond with a high re-melting temperature of >600°C.
The outcomes of this work demonstrate: (i) an optimised LT-SLID process including processing parameters, (ii) resulting microstructural evolution and (iii) mechanical reliability (pre- and post-thermal annealing), such as tensile measurements and fracture surface analysis, to assess the LT-SLID bond stability.

Figure 1
An Advanced Iron-Chromium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: LI Liyu 
Published: December 2020

Nowadays, the electricity generation cost using renewable resources has been reduced to such a low level that it is possible to replace most fossil fuel-based energy with renewables in the near future. However, the intermittent property with most renewables, such as solar and wind, requires vast amount, flexible and affordable energy storage products. None of the current widely used energy storage technologies can meet these requirements.
An aqueous-based true redox flow battery has many unique advantages, such as long lifetime, safe, non-capacity decay, minimal disposal requirement, and flexible power and energy design. All these make it a great candidate for the vast renewable energy storage market. The key issue with this technology is the cost and availability of the energy-storage media. Due to the limited vanadium resources, it is very difficult for the vanadium-based redox flow battery to be widely used for fast-growing renewable energy storage market.
Iron-chromium redox flow battery was invented by Dr. Larry Thaller’s group in NASA more than 45 years ago. The unique advantages for this system are the abundance of Fe and Cr resources on earth and its low energy storage cost. Even for a mixed Fe/Cr system, the electrolyte raw material cost can still be less than 10$/kWh. The major issue with this system is the continuous capacity decay due to hydrogen generation, which makes this system impractical for long-term operations.
Here we report our recent results on this system. By using a special system design, the hydrogen generation level was largely reduced, down to less than 0.25% per full cycle. A capacity recovery system was successfully developed, which can compensate the system capacity loss due to hydrogen generation. More than 1000 cycles of operation have been carried out using a system with a kW-scale stack and 100 L electrolyte over a few months. Stable system capacity and stable continuous operation were successfully achieved.
With these results, a containerized product is proposed. For a 20’ ISO container-sized product, the deliverable energy is 250 kWh, and the normal and maximum discharge powers are 25 and 50 kW respectively. The cost for such a product is lower than 80$/kWh, and the energy storage cost using this product is less than $0.02/kWh (assuming the product has 15 yr lifetime, and it operates 300 full cycle per year). With this energy storage cost, it is possible to achieve our ambitious 100% renewable energy goal in the near future.
Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Structural Batteries for Drones
Authors: Jin Jangik , Trott Grace , Rahn Christopher , Hollinger Adam S 
Published: December 2020

The increasing use of battery-powered multirotor aircraft for industrial applications has allowed for advancements in a wide range of fields. These aircraft, however, have limited payloads and shorter endurance and range than fuel-powered conventional aircraft. To extend these key performance metrics, we have developed an optimized structural battery that uses commercially available battery cells as load bearing and power source elements for weight critical applications. Multifunctional lithium-based batteries have been previously proposed for the efficient use of space and mass in electric vehicles [1]. Lithium batteries offer an energy density high enough for most small multirotor flight applications [2], however these batteries often constitute a significant portion of the aircraft’s mass. This implementation is proposed to decrease the structural frame mass and thus increase multirotor performance characteristics such as payload capacity and flight time [3].
In this work, structural lithium-ion batteries were integrated into the design of a commercial drone to improve hover time. Hover tests were first performed with the original lithium polymer batteries for comparison purposes. Battery voltage was measured every 2 minutes to monitor voltage decrease versus hover time. With no payload, the original hover time of the drone was 34 minutes. For payloads of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kg, hover times decreased to 28.7, 22.7, and 19.1 minutes, respectively. Standard 18650 cylindrical battery cells (Panasonic NCR18650B) were then integrated into the carbon fiber arms of the drone, to replace the original lithium polymer batteries. This design modification reduced the weight of the drone from 1242 g to 848 g, while also improving the structural integrity of the carbon fiber arms. For both designs, the velocity of the drone was related to the impact force experienced in the case of a crash. The carbon fiber arms would fracture at 4 m/s when hollow, and 7 m/s when reinforced with lithium-ion batteries. Hover tests for this modified design are being performed currently, and times are expected to be on the order of 40% longer [4]. Ongoing efforts to investigate the relationship between the intensity of power usage and the angular inertia of the drone will help to characterize the optimal battery distribution.
[1] Zhang YC, Ma J, Singh AK, et al. (2017) Multifunctional structural lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 28: 1603-1613.
[2] Vikstrom, H.; Davidsson, S.; Hook, M., Lithium availability and future production outlooks. Applied Energy 2013, 110, 252-266.
[3] Dughir, C.; Ieee, Power wire thickness influence on the multicopters flight time. 2016 12th Ieee International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (Isetc'16) 2016, 239-242.
[4] Hollinger AS, McAnallen DR, Brockett MT, DeLaney SC, Ma J, Rahn CD. Cylindrical lithium‐ion structural batteries for drones. International Journal of Energy Research. 2020; 44:560–566.

Figure 1
Investigation of Rare-Earth Chalcogenide Spinel for Mg Solid State Conductors
Authors: Chen Yu , Koettgen Julius , Bartel Christopher , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: December 2020

Magnesium batteries hold potential for overcoming the safety and energy density limitations faced by Li-ion batteries. However, the development of Mg battery technology is plagued by the poor kinetics of Mg transport in solid state materials. Recently, the chalcogenide spinel structure was found to be suitable for rapid Mg2+ diffusion.[1] Based on this result we engaged in a more elaborate study of chalcogenide spinels. Seven stable MgLn2X4 (Ln = lanthanoid, X = S, Se) spinels were evaluated with density functional theory to have low barriers for Mg migration (<380 meV) and reasonable stability. Two of these materials have been synthesized and studied experimentally. We will show how the conductivity can be systematically improved by judicious choice of metal ions. In particular, the effect of large rare-earth cations on expanding the triangular anion bottleneck to reduce the migration barrier and the structure disorder phenomenon will be discussed.
Reference: [1] Canepa, P., Bo, S., Sai Gautam, G. et al. High magnesium mobility in ternary spinel chalcogenides. Nat. Commun. 8, 1759 (2017).
Synthesis and Characterization of Von Alpen-Type Nasicon Ceramic and Its Application to Rechargeable Seawater Battery
Authors: Go Wooseok , Wolfenstine Jeff , Kim Youngsik 
Published: December 2020

Rechargeable seawater battery (SWB), which utilizes naturally abundant seawater as its cathode, is having attention for a next-generation large-scale energy storage system (ESS) due to its low cost and eco-friendliness. For an effective Na+ transfer solid electrolyte for SWB, Hong-type NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) ceramic has been used because of its known high Na-ion conductivity (~3x10-4 S/cm). However, the SWB coin cell test showed that the Hong-type NASICON ceramic accounts for 62% (132Ω) of the total cell resistance (214 Ω). This has been considered as one of major drawbacks for developments of SWB technology. Hence, it has been requested to achieve higher ionic conductivity of Na-ion conducting ceramics, increasing power of the current SWB by reducing its cell ohmic resistance.
In this talk, von Alpen-type NASICON (Na3.3Zr1.55Si0.7P1.3O11) ceramic was synthesized by solid-state reaction and was observed to have ~1.0x10-3S/cm of Na-ion conductivity, which three times higher than that of Hong-type one. It was found that the von Alpen-type NASICON has more rhombohedral phases with a bigger grain size (2~6μm) compared to the major phases of Hong-type one, and additionally less secondary phases of ZrO2 were observed in the von Alpen-type NASICON. These differences were believed to be major reasons for higher Na-ion conductivity observed in von Alpen-type NASICON ceramic. These structural characteristics were also found to led to a stronger mechanical strength (50MPa) of the von Alpen-type NASICON rather than that (20MPa) of Hong-type one, which enables us to have thinner thickness (~0.5mm) of the ceramic solid electrolyte at the present work.
With the use of von Alpen-type NASICON having a higher Na-ion conductivity and thinner thickness in SWB coin cell, it shows 96% of the power increased (to 9.8 mW/cm2 from 5.1 mW/cm2 of the cell using Hong-type ceramic). More details will be reported in the talk.
Slurry Design for a Low Cost, High Capacity Magnesium Semi-Solid Flow Battery
Authors: McPhail Matt , Kumar Rajan , Subramanian Vivek 
Published: December 2020

Semi solid flow batteries (SSFB) are developed by forming suspensions of electrochemically active and conductive particles for use as an anolyte or catholyte in a redox flow battery. By utilizing micron-scale powders from mature battery chemistries in a flowable suspension, the benefits of energy-dense intercalation chemistries with the scalability of flow battery architectures can be combined for low cost electrochemical storage. Presently, a narrow set of materials has been explored, focusing on chemistries with a lithium anode. In this work, a magnesium SSFB with an optimized MoS2 cathodic slurry is demonstrated as a low cost, high material abundance alternative to lithium-based chemistries.
A mixed ionic-electronic conductive network is designed around a dual-ion (Mg, Li) electrolyte, by combining the all-phenyl complex (APC) + LiCl, MoS2, and ketjen black (KB) to form the cathodic slurry. The rheological, electrical, and electrochemical properties of MoS2-KB-APC slurries with varying compositions have been measured. Full cells, with a Mg foil anode and MoS2 slurry cathode, are shown to cycle reversibly for 20 cycles at C/5 in a non-flowing configuration, reaching 180 mAh/g discharge capacity. LiCl concentration and KB concentration are identified as critical to high capacity slurry cathodes. The relative impacts of Mg and Li ions are quantitatively analyzed, showing that both ions are reversibly intercalated during cycling. Finally, a custom flow cell is used to demonstrate 120 mAh/g discharge capacity at C/8, highlighting the flowable nature of the cathode suspension. This work provides experimental data and insight into how existing low cost material sets can be utilized in a semi solid flow battery architecture.

Figure 1
(Invited) Advanced ALD Applications
Authors: Shi Xiaoping 
Published: December 2020

CMOS device feature size down-scaling is still continuous. Nowadays it reaches 5nm and beyond. The technology development in semiconductor industry encounters many new challenges. As consequences, new materials and new techniques are required to meet the challenges.
At 45nm technology node, Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) is introduced for gate stack process. Since then ALD is being used more and more in advanced technology nodes because of its intrinsic process features, e.g. accurate thickness control and excellent step coverage etc. Especially for the reduced feature sizes, ALD exhibits as a powerful technique, not only in gate stack, but also in advanced patterning process (SADP and SAQP) and advanced metallization barrier materials etc.
Hf-based hik material deposited by ALD is widely used in logic gate stack and memory capacitor. Recently Hf-based materials are continuously getting more attentions due to its intrinsic features. It is reported that Hf-based materials can exhibit different resistor stage. Therefore it can be used as memristor in ReRAM. People also report Hf-based materials can be crystalized into orthorhombic phase and thus exhibit ferroelectric characteristics[1,3]. Based on this feature, it can be used in NCFET and FeRAM. In this paper, we can going to review the applications of Hf-based materials deposited by ALD in new memory fields.
Although device down-scaling is still going on, the challenges are tremendous. As an alternative, 3D-IC packaging, stacks different chip together and increases the packaging density and chip performance. Therefore, recently 3D-IC packaging is getting more and more attractive. However, there are many constrains in 3D-IC packaging, e.g. low thermal budget, high aspect ratio structure, excellent film quality etc.. ALD is gradually accepted in 3D-IC packaging due to its intrinsic features. In this paper, we are going to discuss some ALD applications in advanced 3D-IC packaging.
REFERENCES
[1] J. Müller et al, NanoLetters, vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 4318-4323, 2012.
[2] M. H. Lee et al, IEEE J. of the Electron Device Society, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 377-381, 2015.
[3] M. H. Lee et al, IEEE Electron Device Letter, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 294-296, 2015.
(Invited) Atomic Layer Deposition for Modification of Various 1D Nanomaterials
Authors: Macak Jan M. 
Published: December 2020

One-dimensional nanomaterials – materials with one dimension outside the nanoscale, further noted as 1D NMs – represent a class of very important nanomaterials with continuously increasing importance. Due to their intrinsic features, unique properties and diversity of functionalities, they count among the most widely studied materials nowadays. While considerable research efforts have been spent to synthesize various 1D NMs (e.g. nanopores, nanotubes or nanofibres), limited efforts have been devoted to surface modification and property tailoring of these materials.
However, it is their surface that comes into direct contact with various media (air, gases, liquids, solids) and influences the reactivity, stability and biocompatibility of these materials. The surface and aspect ratio (defined as their diameter to length ratio) influence the performance of these materials in various applications. Considering these facts, it is more relevant to tailor the surface of these materials and to be able to influence their properties and reactivity at the nanoscale, rather than to deal with tailoring their own bulk material composition.
The focus of this presentation is on the modification of two types of 1D NMs– nanotubes and nanofibers. Numerous techniques can be utilized for this purpose, such as for example wet chemical or physical deposition techniques. However, it is only the Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) that is capable of really uniform and homogenous coating of these 1D nanomaterials, in particular those of very high-aspect ratio.
The presentation will be mianly focused on modification of TiO2 nanotube layers and various nanofibers of various aspect ratios via ALD.
Experimental details and some very recent application examples [1-6] and structural characterizations of these modified materials will be discussed.

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