bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caesarean birth by maternal request: a poorly understood phenomenon in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Harrison Margo S , Garces Ana , Figueroa Lester , Esamai Fabian , Bucher Sherri , Bose Carl , Goudar Shivaprasad , Derman Richard , Patel Archana , Hibberd Patricia L , Chomba Elwyn , Mwenechanya Miusaku , Hambidge Michael , Krebs Nancy F 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
While trends in caesarean birth by maternal request in low- and middle-income countries are unclear, age, education, multiple gestation and hypertensive disease appear associated with the indication when compared with caesarean birth performed for medical indications.

Methods
We performed a secondary analysis of a prospectively collected population-based study of home and facility births using descriptive statistics, bivariate comparisons and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression.

Results
Of 28 751 patients who underwent caesarean birth and had a documented primary indication for the surgery, 655 (2%) were attributed to caesarean birth by maternal request. The remaining 98% were attributed to maternal and foetal indications and prior caesarean birth. In a multilevel mixed effects logistic regression adjusted for site and cluster of birth, when compared with caesareans performed for medical indications, caesarean birth performed for maternal request had a higher odds of being performed among women ≥35 y of age, with a university or higher level of education, with multiple gestations and with pregnancies complicated by hypertension (P &lt; 0.01). Caesarean birth by maternal request was associated with a two-times increased odds of breastfeeding within 1 h of delivery, but no adverse outcomes (when compared with women who underwent caesarean birth for medical indications; P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
Caesarean performed by maternal request is more common in older and more educated women and those with multifoetal gestation or hypertensive disease. It is also associated with higher rates of breastfeeding within 1 h of delivery.
Community health worker-led ART delivery improved scheduled antiretroviral drug refill among men who have sex with men in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Ibiloye Olujuwon , Akande Patrick , Plang Jwanle , Emerenini Franklin , Omole Temiwoluwa , Osindero Olusola , Decroo Tom 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Stigma affects access and treatment outcomes in men who have sex with men. We assessed the effect of novel community health worker-led antiretroviral therapy delivery (CLAD).

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of routinely collected data was conducted. We used the t-test to compare the mean adherence to scheduled drug refill appointments before and after implementing CLAD.

Results
The mean adherence to drug refill was 1.4 (±0.7 SD) of monthly scheduled refills before CLAD and 4.7 (±1.2 SD) of monthly refills in CLAD (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
The CLAD model was more effective for drug refill appointments than a regular HIV clinic.
Rewriting the human genome, rewriting human rights law? Human rights, human dignity, and human germline modification in the CRISPR era
Authors: van Beers Britta C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In most legal orders, human germline modification is either prohibited or severely restricted. A recurring thought in these legal frameworks is that heritable genome editing would result in practices that are at odds with principles of human rights, such as dignity, justice, and equality. However, now that CRISPR is bringing heritable genome editing within human reach, the question has risen as to whether these human rights bans still make sense. The call is growing louder to lift the ban on heritable genome editing for therapeutic purposes as soon as the technology is safe for introduction in the clinic. This article critically examines these recent proposals from a human rights perspective. First, it examines the question as to how realistic the proposed distinction between the therapeutic and the nontherapeutic uses of human germline modification is in the CRISPR era. Second, it argues that these proposals rely on a one-dimensional understanding of the meaning of human rights for this issue. Finally, it suggests that this one-dimensional understanding paves the way for a regime of self-regulation by the scientific community that leaves little room for public debate on the question as to whether or how human germline modification fits in the long-term aspirations of society.
Size as a Proxy for Survival in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes
Authors: Jeffrey Gutiérrez Eileen H , Walker Kathleen R , Ernst Kacey C , Riehle Michael A , Davidowitz Goggy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the primary vector of dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. Infection with the dengue virus alone occurs in an estimated 400 million people each year. Likelihood of infection with a virus transmitted by Ae. aegypti is most commonly attributed to abundance of the mosquito. However, the Arizona-Sonora desert region has abundant Ae. aegypti in most urban areas, yet local transmission of these arboviruses has not been reported in many of these cities. Previous work examined the role of differential Ae. aegypti longevity as a potential explanation for these discrepancies in transmission. To determine factors that were associated with Ae. aegypti longevity in the region, we collected eggs from ovitraps in Tucson, AZ and reared them under multiple experimental conditions in the laboratory to examine the relative impact of temperature and crowding during development, body size, fecundity, and relative humidity during the adult stage. Of the variables studied, we found that the combination of temperature during development, relative humidity, and body size produced the best model to explain variation in age at death.
El mosquito Aedes aegypti es el vector primario de los virus de dengue, fiebre amarilla, chikungunya y Zika. Solamente las infecciones con los virus de dengue ocurren en aproximadamente 400 millones de personas cada año. La probabilidad de infección con un virus transmitido por Ae. aegypti es frecuentemente atribuido a la abundancia del mosquito. No obstante, la región del desierto de Arizona-Sonora tiene una abundancia de Ae. aegypti en la mayoría de las áreas urbanas, pero la transmisión local de estos arbovirus no ha sido reportada en muchas de estas ciudades. Trabajos previos han examinado el rol de las diferencias de longevidad en Ae. aegypti como explicación potencial por estas discrepancias en la transmisión. Para determinar que factores fueron asociados con longevidad en Ae. aegypti en la región, colectamos huevos de ovitrampas en Tucson, Arizona y los criamos debajo de múltiples condiciones experimentales en el laboratorio para examinar el impacto relativo de temperatura y competencia para nutrición durante desarrollo, tamaño del cuerpo, capacidad reproductiva, y humedad relativa durante adultez. De las variables estudiados, encontramos que la combinación de temperatura durante desarrollo, humedad relativa, y tamaño del cuerpo produjo el mejor modelo para explicar variación en edad al tiempo de la muerte.
Optimizing Components of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool for Acute Concussion Assessment
Authors: Garcia Gian-Gabriel P , Yang Jing , Lavieri Mariel S , McAllister Thomas W , McCrea Michael A , Broglio Steven P ,   on behalf of the CARE Consortium Investigators
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) could be improved by identifying critical subsets that maximize diagnostic accuracy and eliminate low information elements.OBJECTIVETo identify optimal SCAT subsets for acute concussion assessment.METHODSUsing Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (CARE) Consortium data, we compared student-athletes’ and cadets’ preinjury baselines (n = 2178) with postinjury assessments within 6 h (n = 1456) and 24 to 48 h (n = 2394) by considering demographics, symptoms, Standard Assessment of Concussion (SAC), and Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) scores. We divided data into training/testing (60%/40%) sets. Using training data, we integrated logistic regression with an engineering methodology—mixed integer programming—to optimize models with ≤4, 8, 12, and 16 variables (Opt-k). We also created models including only raw scores (Opt-RS-k) and symptom, SAC, and BESS composite scores (summary scores). We evaluated models using testing data.RESULTSAt <6 h and 24 to 48 h, most Opt-k and Opt-RS-k models included the following symptoms: do not feel right, headache, dizziness, sensitivity to noise, and whether physical or mental activity worsens symptoms. Opt-k models included SAC concentration and delayed recall change scores. Opt-k models had lower Brier scores (BS) and greater area under the curve (AUC) (<6 h: BS = 0.072-0.089, AUC = 0.95-0.96; 24-48 h: BS = 0.085-0.093, AUC = 0.94-0.95) than Opt-RS-k (<6 h: BS = 0.082-0.087, AUC = 0.93-0.95; 24-48 h: BS = 0.095-0.099, AUC = 0.92-0.93) and summary score models (<6 h: BS = 0.14, AUC = 0.89; 24-48 h: BS = 0.15, AUC = 0.87).CONCLUSIONWe identified SCAT subsets that accurately assess acute concussion and improve administration time over the complete battery, highlighting the importance of eliminating “noisy” elements. These findings can direct clinicians to the SCAT components that are most sensitive to acute concussion.
What Interventions Do Physical Therapists Provide for Patients With Cardiorespiratory Conditions, Neurological Conditions, and Conditions Requiring Acute Hospital Care? A Systematic Review
Authors: Zadro Joshua R , Cheng Sonia , O’Keeffe Mary , Maher Christopher G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to determine what percentages of physical therapists provide interventions that are of high value, low value, or unknown value for cardiorespiratory conditions, neurological conditions, or conditions requiring acute hospital care. Whether an intervention was considered high or low value was determined by reference to guidelines or systematic reviews.

Methods
Searches of numerous databases were performed by combining terms synonymous with “practice patterns” and “physical therapy” until April 2018. Studies that investigated what interventions physical therapists provide for any cardiorespiratory condition, neurological condition, or condition requiring acute hospital care through surveys and audits of clinical notes were included. Through the use of medians and interquartile ranges, the percentages of physical therapists who provided interventions that were of high value, low value, or unknown value were summarized.

Results
Twenty-six studies were included. The median percentages of physical therapists who provided interventions of high, low, and unknown value for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ranged from 78% to 96%, 67% to 100%, and 56% to 91%, respectively. These percentages ranged from 61% to 97%, 87% to 98%, and 83% to 98% for adults who were critically ill in intensive care units; 70% to 93%, 38% to 50%, and 8% to 95% before or after cardiac/thoracic surgery; 25% to 96%, 23% to 84%, and 96% for acute stroke; and 11% (high value) and 13% (unknown value) for Parkinson disease, respectively.

Conclusions
This review found patterns of physical therapist practice for cardiorespiratory conditions, neurological conditions, and conditions requiring acute hospital care that were both evidence based and not evidence based. A concern is that a substantial percentage of physical therapists provided interventions that were of low or unknown value despite the availability of high-value interventions.

Impact
This systematic review is the first, to our knowledge, to summarize the percentage of physical therapist treatment choices that were high versus low value for cardiorespiratory conditions, neurological conditions, and conditions requiring acute hospital care. The findings highlight areas of practice where low-value care could be replaced with high-value care—such as in the management of patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or who are in intensive care—and identify an urgent need to develop and test strategies to ensure that patients with these conditions receive the interventions most likely to improve their outcomes.
Adhatoda Vasica rescues the hypoxia dependent severe asthma symptoms and mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Gheware Atish , Panda Lipsa , Khanna Kritika , Bhatraju Naveen Kumar , Jain Vaibhav , Sagar Shakti , Kumar Manish , Singh Vijay Pal , Kannan S , Subramanian V , Mukerji Mitali , Agrawal Anurag , Prasher Bhavana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSevere asthma is a chronic airway disease that exhibits poor response to conventional asthma therapies. Growing evidence suggests that elevated hypoxia increases the severity of asthmatic inflammation among patients and in model systems. In this study, we elucidate the therapeutic effects and mechanistic basis of Adhatoda Vasica (AV) aqueous extract on mouse models of acute allergic as well as severe asthma subtypes at physiological, histopathological, and molecular levels. Oral administration of AV extract attenuates the increased airway resistance and inflammation in acute allergic asthmatic mice and alleviates the molecular signatures of steroid (dexamethasone) resistance like IL-17A, KC, and HIF-1α (hypoxia inducible factor-1alpha) in severe asthmatic mice. AV inhibits HIF-1α levels through restoration of expression of its negative regulator-PHD2 (prolyl hydroxylase domain-2). Alleviation of hypoxic response mediated by AV is further confirmed in the acute and severe asthma model. AV reverses cellular hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in human bronchial epithelial cells - evident from bioenergetic profiles and morphological analysis of mitochondria. In silico docking of AV constituents reveal higher negative binding affinity for C and O-glycosides for HIF-1α, IL-6, Janus kinase 1/3, TNF-α and TGF-β-key players of hypoxia-inflammation. This study for the first time provides a molecular basis of action and effect of AV whole extract that is widely used in Ayurveda practice for diverse respiratory ailments. Further, through its effect on hypoxia-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, the study highlights its potential to treat severe steroid-resistant asthma.Significance StatementSevere asthma is a global health concern with a large fraction unresponsive to current treatment modalities involving corticosteroids. Recent findings suggest that elevated hypoxia has a critical role in severity of asthma. Here, we report therapeutic treatment with aqueous extract of Adhatoda Vasica (AV), an ayurvedic medicine, attenuates sever steroid insensitive asthmatic features in mice. The observed effects of AV are through inhibition of hypoxic response, both in vivo and in vitro. AV also reverses mitochondrial dysfunction, a key consequence associated with hypoxia, and asthma. This study highlights the translational potential of AV for the treatment of severe asthma and provides opportunities for its usage in other disease conditions where hypoxia is pertinent.
Cotton growth, yield, quality and boron distribution as affected by soil-applied boron in calcareous saline soil
Authors: Atique-ur-Rehman  , Qamar Rafi , Hussain Abid , Sardar Hassan , Sarwar Naeem , Javeed Hafiz Muhammad Rashad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBoron (B) is deficient in the calcareous, Typic Haplocambid soils of cotton growing belt of Pakistan, and thus is a vital reason for less cotton yield in the region. In order to investigate the growth and quality alterations associated with soil applied B on cotton (cv. CIM-616 and CIM-600) an experiment was conducted. Boron was applied at 0.00, 2.60, 5.52, 7.78 and 10.04 mg B kg−1of soil using borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O), in a complete randomized design with factorial arrangement with four replications. Results revealed that soil applied B @ 2.60 mg B kg−1of soil significantly (P≤0.05) improved cotton growth, yield, quality and B distribution among different parts. Different growth and yield parameters like plant height, leaf area, number of bolls, boll size and weight, seed cotton yield, photosynthesis, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, GOT, staple length and fiber fineness and strength except B uptake by roots, seed, leaves and stalk plant body which was significantly increased with B (10.04 mg B kg−1) in both cultivars of cotton, but the degree of effects was varied between cultivars. The results indicated that studied traits of both cultivars were significantly (P≤0.05) decreased in B-deficient stressed treatments. Between hybrids, CIM-600 produced significantly (P≤0.05) maximum recorded parameters under 2.60 mg B kg−1application compared than CIM-616. Our findings confirm that the adequate level of B (2.60 mg B kg−1) had pronounced effects on various growth, yield, physiological and fiber quality associated traits, as compared to B uptake traits of cotton cultivars.
Lipid Droplet-Anchored Mitochondria Are More Sensitive to Cold in Brown Adipocytes
Authors: Hammad Mirza Ahmed , Cui Liujuan , Zhang Shuyan , Liu Pingsheng 
Published: April 2020

SummaryBrown adipose tissue (BAT) are specialized for uncoupled heat production through mitochondria fueled majorly from fatty acids (FA) of lipid droplets (LDs). How the interaction between the two organelles contributes the generation of heat remains elusive. Here we report that LD-anchored mitochondria (LDAM) were observed in BAT of mice raised at three different temperatures, 30°C, 23°C, and 6°C. The biochemical analyses including Western blotting and electron transport chain subunits showed that LDAM were functional at given temperatures. Comparative proteomics analysis was conducted and revealed that these LDAM had protein level differences from cytoplasmic mitochondria (CM) at different temperatures. Higher expressions of proteins at low temperature were observed for i) FA β-oxidation in LDAM including FA synthesis, and uncoupling, ii) pseudo-futile cycle in CM, and iii) two shuttle systems; glycerol 3-phosphate in both CM and LDAM, and citrate malate in CM. Together, these results suggest that LDs and LDAM are a preorganized and functional organelle complex that permits the rapid response to cold environment.
Calcium spikes accompany the cleavage furrow ingression and cell separation during fission yeast cytokinesis
Authors: Poddar Abhishek , Sidibe Oumou , Ray Aniruddha , Chen Qian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe role of calcium signaling during cytokinesis has long remained ambiguous. The studies of embryonic cell division discovered that calcium concentration increases transiently at the division plane just before the cleavage furrow ingression, leading to the hypothesis that these calcium transients trigger the contractile ring constriction. However, such calcium transients have only been found in animal embryos and their function remains controversial. Here we explored cytokinetic calcium transients in the model organism fission yeast. We adopted GCaMP, a genetically encoded calcium indicator, to determine the intracellular calcium level. We validated GCaMP as a highly sensitive calcium indicator which allowed us to capture the calcium transients stimulated by osmotic shocks. To identify calcium transients during cytokinesis, we first identified a correlation between the intracellular calcium level and cell division. Next, we discovered calcium spikes at the start of the cleavage furrow ingression and the end of the cell separation using time-lapse microscopy to. Inhibition of these calcium spikes slowed down the furrow ingression and led to frequent lysis of the daughter cells. We conclude that like the larger animal embryos fission yeast triggers cytokinetic calcium transients which promote the ring constriction and daughter cell integrity (194).Highlight summary for TOCCalcium rises transiently at the division plane during embryonic cell cytokinesis, but the conservation and function of such calcium transients remain unclear. We identified similar calcium spikes during fission yeast cytokinesis and demonstrated that these spikes promote the contractile ring constriction and the daughter cell integrity (257).
Emotion regulation in service encounters: are customer displays real?
Authors: Lee Shin-Yiing , Sweeney Jillian C. , Soutar Geoffrey Norman 
Published: April 2020

PurposeDespite recognition of the importance of emotions and emotion regulation in service encounters, emotion regulation has been generally studied from an employee perspective. This study investigated customer emotion regulation behaviours (CEREBs) in face-to-face service encounters; arguing for a more nuanced approach through an emotion regulation matrix representing the playing up and downplaying of positive or negative emotions. Motivational factors and service-related situational conditions that influence the likelihood of emotion regulation were also examined.Design/methodology/approachFour focus groups and the critical incident technique method were used to obtain data from people who had interacted with service employees within the previous six months.FindingsThere was support for emotion regulation in the four facets of the emotion regulation matrix. Five CEREB dimensions, including verbal behaviours and facial expressions, were evident. Motivational factors and situational conditions that impacted on customer emotion regulation in service encounters were also identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings were based on two qualitative methods. A quantitative approach should be used to further validate the suggested framework.Originality/valueMost research on emotion regulation has focused on employees. We examined the phenomenon from a customer viewpoint and in a service encounter context. As customers are not bound by employment rules and conventions, a wider range of emotion regulation behaviours were found. The study used the four-faceted emotion regulation matrix to investigate this, developing a conceptual framework that provides a foundation for future research.
Relational dialectics: researching change in intercultural families
Authors: Rogan Donal , Hopkinson Gillian , Piacentini Maria 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to adopt a relational dialectics analysis approach to provide qualitative depth and insight into the ways intercultural families manage intercultural tensions around consumption. The authors pay particular attention to how a relational dialectics analysis reveals a relational change in the family providing evidence to demonstrate how a family’s unique relational culture evolves and transitions.

Design/methodology/approach
Qualitative insights from a relational-dialectic analysis on 15 intercultural families are used to illustrate the interplay of stability with instability in the management of intercultural dialectic tensions within these families.

Findings
Intercultural dialectical interplay around food consumption tensions are implicit tensions in the household’s relational culture. Examples of dialectical movement indicating relational change are illustrated; this change has developmental consequences for the couples’ relational cultures.

Research limitations/implications
This study provides qualitative insights on relational dialectics in one intercultural family context and reveals and analyses the dialectical dimensions around consumption in the context of intercultural family relationships. The research approach could be considered in other intercultural and relational contexts.

Practical implications
Family narratives can be analysed within the context of two meta-dialectics that directly address how personal relationships evolve; indigenous dialectic tensions within a family can also be identified.

Originality/value
This paper demonstrates the qualitative value of a relational dialectics analysis in revealing how food consumption changes within families are the result of reciprocal or interdependent learning, which has consequences for relational change.