bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Section VIII: Division 2–Alternative Rules
Authors: Osage David A. , Rodery Clay D. , Pastor Thomas P. , Brown Robert G. , Henry Philip A. , Sowinski James C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers alternative rules to the construction of pressure vessels under Section VIII, Division 2. The Section is made up of nine parts and the organization within each part is as follows: rules and requirements, nomenclature, tables, figures, normative annexes, and informative annexes. Part 1 contains general requirements addressing the following subjects: reference standards, units of measurement, tolerances, and technical inquiries. Part 2 consolidates the responsibilities and duties of the User, Manufacturer, and Authorized Inspector. It also contains general requirements for report forms and maintenance of records. Part 3 contains all requirements related to materials of construction and is organized in a similar fashion to Part AM of VIII-2. The coverage includes materials permitted for construction of vessel parts, and supplemental requirements for ferrous materials, Cr–Mo steels, Q and T steels with enhanced tensile properties, nonferrous metals, and boltings and castings. The requirements of Part 4 provide design rules for commonly used pressure vessel shapes under pressure loading and, within specified limits, rules or guidance for treatment of other loadings. Design requirements for the application of the design-by-analysis methodology in VIII-2 are described in Part 5. Detailed design procedures utilizing the results from a stress analysis are provided to evaluate components for plastic collapse, local failure, buckling, and cyclic loading. Part 6 consolidates the various fabrication requirements from old VIII-2 and VIII-1. Part 7 contains the requirements for examination during construction of pressure vessels. Part 7A covers the responsibilities and duties for inspection and examination during construction of pressure vessels. Part 8, which contains the rules pertaining to the pressure testing of the vessel following completion of fabrication, describes requirements for hydrostatic testing and pneumatic testing. The requirements for overpressure protection of vessels built in accordance with this VIII-2 are provided in Part 9.
Compromised Dynamic Postural Stability Under Increased Load Carriage Magnitudes
Authors: LaGoy Alice D. , Johnson Caleb , Allison Katelyn F. , Flanagan Shawn D. , Lovalekar Mita T. , Nagai Takashi , Connaboy Chris 
Published: January 2020

Warfighter performance may be compromised through the impact of load carriage on dynamic postural stability. Men and women may experience this impact to differing extents due to postural stability differences. Therefore, the authors investigated the effect of load magnitude on dynamic postural stability in men and women during a landing and stabilization task. Dynamic postural stability of 32 subjects (16 women) was assessed during the unilateral landing of submaximal jumps under 3 load conditions: +0%, +20%, and +30% body weight. Dynamic postural stability was measured using the dynamic postural stability index, which is calculated from ground reaction force data sampled at 1200 Hz. Two-way mixed-measures analysis of variance compared dynamic postural stability index scores between sexes and loads. Dynamic postural stability index scores were significantly affected by load (P = .001) but not by sex or by the sex by load interaction (P > .05). Dynamic postural stability index scores increased between the 0% (0.359 ± 0.041), 20% (0.396 ± 0.034), and 30% (0.420 ± 0.028) body weight conditions. Increased load negatively affects dynamic postural stability with similar performance decrements displayed by men and women. Men and women warfighters may experience similar performance decrements under load carriage conditions of similar relative magnitudes.
The role of HIV viral load in mathematical models of HIV transmission and treatment: a review
Authors: Glass Tracy , Myer Landon , Lesosky Maia 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionHIV viral load (VL) is accepted as a key biomarker in HIV transmission and pathogenesis. This paper presents a review of the role of VL testing in mathematical models for HIV prevention and treatment.MethodsA search for simulation models of HIV was conducted in PubMed, yielding a total of 1210 studies. Publications before the year 2000, studies involving animals and analyses that did not use mathematical simulations were excluded. The full text of eligible articles was sourced and information about the intervention and population being modelled, type of modelling approach and disease monitoring strategy was extracted.Results and discussionA total of 279 studies related to HIV simulation models were included in the review, though only 17 (6%) included consideration of VL or VL testing and were evaluated in detail. Within the studies that included assessment of VL, routine monitoring was the focus, and usually in comparison to alternate monitoring strategies such as clinical or CD4 count-based monitoring. The majority of remaining models focus on the impact or delivery of antiretroviral therapy (n=68; 27%), pre-exposure prophylaxis (n=28; 11%) and/or HIV testing (n=24; 9%) on population estimates of HIV epidemiology and exclude consideration of VL. Few studies investigate or compare alternate VL monitoring frequencies, and only a small number of studies overall (3%) include consideration of vulnerable population groups such as pregnant women or infants.ConclusionsThere are very few simulations of HIV treatment or prevention that include VL measures, despite VL being recognised as the key determinant of both transmission and treatment outcomes. With growing emphasis on VL monitoring as key tool for population-level HIV control, there is a clear need for simulations of HIV epidemiology based on VL.
Legislative landscape for traditional health practitioners in Southern African development community countries: a scoping review
Authors: Abrams Amber Louise , Falkenberg Torkel , Rautenbach Christa , Moshabela Mosa , Shezi Busisiwe , van Ellewee Suné , Street Renee 
Published: January 2020

Background and objectivesGlobally, contemporary legislation surrounding traditional health practitioners (THPs) is limited. This is also true for the member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The main aim of this study is to map and review THP-related legislation among SADC countries. In order to limit the scope of the review, the emphasis is on defining THPs in terms of legal documents.MethodsThis scoping review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews methods. Two independent reviewers reviewed applicable legal definitions of THPs by searching the Southern African Legal Information Institute (SAFLII) database in April 2018 for legislation and bills. To identify additional legislation applicable in countries not listed on SAFLII and/or further relevant SADC legislation, the search engines, Google and PubMed, were used in August 2018 and results were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Full texts of available policy and legal documents were screened to identify policies and legislation relating to the regulation of THPs. Legislation was deemed relevant if it was a draft of or promulgated legislation relating to THPs.ResultsFour of 14 Southern African countries have legislation relating to THPs. Three countries, namely South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe, have acknowledged the roles and importance of THPs in healthcare delivery by creating a council to register and formalise practices, although they have not operationalised nor registered and defined THPs. In contrast, Tanzania has established a definition couched in terms that acknowledge the context-specific and situational knowledge of THPs, while also outlining methods and the importance of local recognition. Tanzanian legislation; thus, provides a definition of THP that specifically operationalises THPs, whereas legislation in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe allocates the power to a council to decide or recognise who a THP is; this council can prescribe procedures to be followed for the registration of a THP.ConclusionsThis review highlights the differences and similarities between the various policies and legislation pertaining to THPs in SADC countries. Legislation regarding THPs is available in four of the 14 SADC countries. While South Africa, Tanzania, Namibia and Zimbabwe have legislation that provides guidance as to THP recognition, registration and practices, THPs continue to be loosely defined in most of these countries. Not having an exact definition for THPs may hamper the promotion and inclusion of THPs in national health systems, but it may also be something that is unavoidable given the tensions between lived practices and rigid legalistic frameworks.
Lithium for Fracture Treatment (LiFT): a double-blind randomised control trial protocol
Authors: Nam Diane , Balasuberamaniam Phumeena , Milner Katrine , Kunz Monica , Vachhani Kathak , Kiss Alex , Whyne Cari 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionFracture healing can fail in up to 10% of cases despite appropriate treatment. While lithium has been the standard treatment for bipolar disorder, it may also have a significant impact to increase bone healing in patients with long bone fractures. To translate this knowledge into clinical practice, a randomised clinical trial (RCT) is proposed.Methods and analysisA multicentre double blind, placebo-controlled RCT is proposed to evaluate the efficacy of lithium to increase the rate and predictability of long bone fracture healing in healthy adults compared to lactose placebo treatment. 160 healthy individuals from 18 to 55 years of age presenting with shaft fractures of the femur, tibia/fibula, humerus or clavicle will be eligible. Fractures will be randomised to placebo (lactose) or treatment (300 mg lithium carbonate) group within 2 weeks of the injury. The primary outcome measure will be radiographic union defined as visible callus bridging on three of the four cortices at the fracture site using a validated radiographic union score. Secondary outcome measures will include functional assessment and pain scoring.Ethics and disseminationParticipant confidentiality will be maintained with publication of results. Research Ethics Board Approval: Sunnybrook Research Institute (REB # 356–2016). Health Canada Approval (HC6-24-C201560). Results of the main trial and secondary endpoints will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02999022.
Predictors of cerebrovascular event reoccurrence in patients with depression: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Cai Wa , Mueller Christoph , Shetty Hitesh , Perera Gayan , Stewart Robert 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesTo identify predictors of recurrent cerebrovascular morbidity in a cohort of patients with depression and a cerebrovascular disease (CBVD) history.MethodsWe used the Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre Case Register to identify patients aged 50 years or older with a diagnosis of depressive disorder between 2008 and 2017 and a previous history of hospitalised CBVD. Using depression diagnosis as the index date we followed patients until first hospitalised CBVD recurrence or death due to CBVD. Sociodemographic data, symptom and functioning scores of Health of the Nation Outcome Scales, medications and comorbidities were extracted and modelled in multivariate survival analyses to identify predictors of CBVD reoccurrence.ResultsOf 1292 patients with depression and CBVD (mean age 75.6 years; 56.6% female), 264 (20.4%) experienced fatal/non-fatal CBVD recurrence during a median follow-up duration of 1.66 years. In multivariate Cox regression models, a higher risk of CBVD recurrence was predicted by older age (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) (p=0.002), physical health problems (moderate to severe HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.45 to 4.19) (p=0.001), anticoagulant (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.93) (p=0.041) and antipsychotic medication (HR, 0.66; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.99) (p=0.047). Neither depression severity, mental health symptoms, functional status, nor antidepressant prescribing were significantly associated with CBVD recurrence.ConclusionsApproximately one in five patients with depression and CBVD experienced a CBVD recurrence over a median follow-up time of 20 months. Risk of CBVD recurrence was largely dependent on age and physical health rather than on severity of depressive symptoms, co-morbid mental health or functional problems, or psychotropic prescribing.
Efficacy of adjunctive azithromycin versus single-dose cephalosporin prophylaxis for caesarean scar defect: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Cai Yanqing , Pan Hongjie , Zhang Jian , Cheng Weiwei , Shi Yiru , Zeng Min , Shi Liye , Yu Jin , Shen Ying , Chen Shan , Zhu Qian , Mol Ben W , Huang Ding 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionPerioperative infections may be considered predictors of caesarean scar defect (CSD), and multidose antibiotics have a protective effect against CSD. However, the ability of adjunctive azithromycin combined with cephalosporin to reduce the prevalence of CSD remains unclear. The planned study aims to clarify the protective effect of antibiotics against CSD and to assess the effectiveness of adjunctive azithromycin prophylaxis for CSD.Methods and analysisThis study is a double-blind, parallel-control randomised clinical trial that will be carried out at the International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital. A total of 220 eligible patients will be randomised (1:1) to receive either adjunctive azithromycin or single-dose cephalosporin 30 min before the incision. The evaluation criteria are the prevalence and characteristics of CSD as assessed by transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) and saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) at 42 days, 6 months and 12 months after delivery. The primary outcome will be the prevalence of CSD, and the characteristics of CSD will be assessed by TVU and SIS 42 days after delivery; all other outcomes are secondary.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol received authorisation from the Medical Research Ethics Committee of International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital on 25 April 2018 (approval no. GKLW2017-84). The findings will be reported in peer-reviewed publications and presentations at international scientific meetings.Trial registration numberChiCTR-INR-17013272.
Barriers to access of healthcare services by the immigrant population in Scandinavia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Appoh Lily , Felix Franca , Pedersen Preben Ulrich 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionAccess to healthcare services for legal immigrants in Scandinavia is part of the policy agenda of the various governments as they strive to provide equal healthcare services to its citizens. Legal immigrants have the same rights as natives; however, studies have shown that there are inequalities in access to healthcare services between legal immigrants and natives. The extent of access depends on several factors, including organisational, social, financial and cultural factors. The lack of these factors acts as a barrier to access of healthcare services. The aim of this review is to map and report the evidence available on the barriers to access of healthcare services by legal immigrants in Scandinavia.Methods and analysisWe will adopt the six-stage framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley: (1) identifying the research question(s); (2) searching for relevant studies; (3) selecting studies; (4) charting the data; (5) collating, summarising and reporting the results; (6) conducting consultation exercises refined by Levacet aland the Joanna Briggs Institute. The search strategy for this scoping review will involve electronic databases including Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, Ovid EMBASE, PubMed and Google Scholar, in addition to grey literature from websites of relevant organisations. Data will be extracted and charted by two independent reviewers. A narrative summary of the findings will be presented.Ethics and disseminationThis is a review of the literature and all data will be obtained from publicly available materials; therefore, ethics approval is not required. The findings from this study will be disseminated as publications in peer-reviewed journals, at relevant national and international conferences, and as presentations to the health authorities in several municipalities in the Trøndelag region of Norway.
Dementia among migrants and ethnic minorities in Italy: rationale and study protocol of the ImmiDem project
Authors: Canevelli Marco , Lacorte Eleonora , Cova Ilaria , Cascini Silvia , Bargagli Anna Maria , Angelici Laura , Giusti Angela , Pomati Simone , Pantoni Leonardo , Vanacore Nicola 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionDue to the ongoing demographic and epidemiological transitions, estimating the phenomenon of dementia in migrants and minority groups, exploring its characteristics and challenges and implementing dedicated healthcare policies, constitute emerging and urgent matters for Western countries. In the present paper we describe the rationale and design of the ‘Dementia in immigrants and ethnic minorities living in Italy: clinical-epidemiological aspects and public health perspectives” (ImmiDem) project.Methods and analysisThree main aims will be pursued by the ImmiDem project. First, a survey of all Italian dementia services will be conducted with dedicated questionnaires in order to estimate and describe the proportion and characteristics of migrants seeking help for cognitive disturbances. The different clinical approaches for diagnosing dementia and the challenges encountered in the assessment of cognitive functioning and in the provision of care in these groups of individuals will also be investigated. Second, record linkage procedures of data routinely collected in regional Health Information Systems will be conducted in order to identify and monitor migrant individuals with dementia living in the Lazio region. Third, tailored national and local care-coordination pathways and/or good practices dedicated to migrants affected by dementia and cognitive disorders will be identified and promoted.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Italian National Institute of Health (protocol 10749; 5 April 2018). The project was launched in November 2018 and will end in November 2021. The findings of the project will be disseminated through scientific peer-reviewed journals as well as to the public via the Dementia Observatory website (https://demenze.iss.it).
Developing a framework to incorporate real-world evidence in cancer drug funding decisions: the Canadian Real-world Evidence for Value of Cancer Drugs (CanREValue) collaboration
Authors: Chan Kelvin , Nam Seungree , Evans Bill , de Oliveira Claire , Chambers Alexandra , Gavura Scott , Hoch Jeffrey , Mercer Rebecca E , Dai Wei Fang , Beca Jaclyn , Tadrous Mina , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee 
Published: January 2020

Background
Oncology therapy is becoming increasingly more expensive and challenging the affordability and sustainability of drug programmes around the world. When new drugs are evaluated, health technology assessment organisations rely on clinical trials to inform funding decisions. However, clinical trials are not able to assess overall survival and generalises evidence in a real-world setting. As a result, policy makers have little information on whether drug funding decisions based on clinical trials ultimately yield the outcomes and value for money that might be expected.

Objective
The Canadian Real-world Evidence for Value of Cancer Drugs (CanREValue) collaboration, consisting of researchers, recommendation-makers, decision makers, payers, patients and caregivers, are developing and testing a framework for Canadian provinces to generate and use real-world evidence (RWE) for cancer drug funding in a consistent and integrated manner.

Strategy
The CanREValue collaboration has established five formal working groups (WGs) to focus on specific processes in the generation and use of RWE for cancer drug funding decisions in Canada. The different RWE WGs are: (1) Planning and Drug Selection; (2) Methods; (3) Data; (4) Reassessment and Uptake; (5) Engagement. These WGs are acting collaboratively to develop a framework for RWE evaluation, validate the framework through the multiprovince RWE projects and help to integrate the final RWE framework into the Canadian healthcare system.

Outcomes
The framework will enable the reassessment of cancer drugs, refinement of funding recommendations and use of novel funding mechanisms by decision-makers/payers across Canada to ensure the healthcare system is providing clinical benefits and value for money.
Factors affecting utilisation of traditional Korean medical services by privately insured persons: a retrospective study using Korean Health Panel Survey (KHPS)
Authors: Jung Boyoung , Kim Juchul , Ha In-Hyuk , Lee Jinho 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThis study aimed to use the Korean Health Panel Survey (KHPS) data to identify the key factors that influence decisions regarding the use of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) by privately insured persons.DesignA retrospective study on episodic KHPS data from 2009 to 2013.SettingNationwide-based survey using the KHPS data.ParticipantsThe study included outpatients aged ≥20 years who had used private medical insurance at least once during the 5 years of the survey. After excluding cases where TKM was not used and those with missing values, this study ultimately included 1874 patients.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe main dependent variable was TKM utilisation (number of outpatient visits and outpatient costs of TKM). We used multiple linear regression analysis to identify determinants of TKM while controlling for clustered errors.ResultsApproximately 6.1% (1874) of all doctor visits (30 982) were characterised as TKM services. For therapeutic purposes, TKM visits increased despite not being guaranteed in private health insurance (coefficient=3.0, p=0.045) and TKM outpatient costs decreased (coefficient=−0.3, p=0.001). Women used more therapeutic TKM services than men (coefficient=2.8, p<0.001). Older patient groups used more therapeutic TKM services than younger patient groups (coefficient=11.5, p=0.012), but paid less on outpatient costs than younger groups (coefficient=−1.0, p=0.001). For preventive services, sex and age were not statistically significant factors. Regardless of the purpose of the visit, the more chronic diseases, the more people who have previously experienced TKM service use more TKM services (p<0.001).ConclusionsDespite a policy to reduce services that are not guaranteed by private health insurance, the increase in the number of outpatient visits for uncovered therapeutic TKM services implies a high public need for TKM in Korea.