bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting explanation back into “inference to the best explanation”
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany philosophers argue that explanatoriness plays no special role in confirmation – that “inference to the best explanation” (IBE) incorrectly demands giving hypotheses extra credit for their potential explanatory qualities beyond the credit they already deserve for their predictive successes. This paper argues against one common strategy for responding to this thought – that is, for trying to fit IBE within a Bayesian framework. That strategy argues that a hypothesis’ explanatory quality (its “loveliness”) contributes either to its prior probability or to its likelihood. This paper argues that this strategy fails because it must give different treatments to two hypotheses that are unlovely for the very same reason. The strategy therefore loses the insight into scientific reasoning that its reconstruction in terms of IBE is supposed to provide. The paper then provides a Bayesian account of the confirmatory role of explanatoriness that represents explanatory quality as having an impact in the same place for two hypotheses that are unlovely for the very same reason. This approach works by “putting explanation back into IBE” – that is, by invoking hypotheses that refer explicitly to scientific explanation and by invoking the agent's background opinions regarding the kind of explanation that the evidence is liable to have. On this approach, there is no list of “explanatory virtues” the possession of which always helps to make an explanation better. Rather, for different facts, there are different characteristics that our background knowledge of other explanations gives us some reason to expect the given fact's explanation to possess.
The role of TLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB pathway in periodontitis‐induced liver inflammation of rats
Authors: Yue Yiyun , Liu Xinchan , Li Yan , Xia Boyuan , Yu Weixian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to clarify the immune mechanism of hepatic injury induced by periodontitis using a rat model.MethodsTwenty‐four SPF male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control group (CG) and periodontitis group (PG). In order to induce experimental periodontitis, we tied the wire ligature around bilateral maxillary first molar of rats. After 8 weeks, the following indicators were valued: gingival index, tooth mobility, probing pocket depth; indexes about oxidative stress and circulating biomarkers; bone retraction by micro‐CT analysis; Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differential protein‐88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) by qRT‐PCR and Western blotting; tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) by qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemical staining; inflammation of periodontal and hepatic tissues by histopathological observation.ResultsPeriodontal indicators and micro‐CT results showed the raised levels of inflammatory response and bone retraction in PG compared with CG. The mRNA and protein levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF‐κB, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 have indicated high values in PG versus CG. Histopathological analysis revealed a correlation between periodontitis and hepatic injury.ConclusionTLR4/MyD88/NF‐κB pathway may play a role in periodontitis‐induced liver inflammation of rats.
Compliance, efficacy, and safety of subcutaneous and sublingual immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Liu Wenlong , Zeng Qingxiang , He Chunhui , Chen Rongshan , Tang Yiquan , Yan Shengbao , Luo Xi , Luo Renzhong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough previous studies had confirmed the effectiveness and safety of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), respectively, direct head‐to‐head comparison of SCIT vs SLIT is sparse. We aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and compliance of SCIT and SLIT in allergic rhinitis (AR) children.MethodsThis study is a prospective, open‐label, and single‐center study performed between June 2017 and June 2018. A total of 325 children were grouped into SLIT, Alutard (SCIT1), and NovoHelisen Depot (NHD) (SCIT2) according to the parents’ wishes. The adherence and reasons for dropout were recorded. The efficacy of SLIT and SCIT was evaluated by a combined symptom medication score. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded and graded during the whole treatment.ResultsThe compliance rate was higher in the SCIT group compared with the SLIT group (P < .05). The total nasal symptom score (TNSS), rescue medication score (RMS), and symptom medication score (SMS) after 6‐month, 12‐month, and 2‐year treatment were lower in the SCIT group compared with the SLIT group (P < .05). But the scores between the Alutard and NHD groups were not significantly different. The occurrence of AEs in the SCIT group was significantly higher compared with the SLIT group (P < .05).ConclusionOur results suggested SCIT is more effective compared with SLIT to a certain degree, whereas SLIT had less AEs compared with SCIT. The AIT routes can be chosen according to personal specific conditions.
Hegel, grandfather of disjunctivism
Authors: Sanguinetti Federico 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I shall investigate whether Hegel can be considered as a sort of ancestor of McDowell’s disjunctivism. If this hypothesis turns out to be plausible, then the paper offers two gains. On the one hand, it offers an innovative interpretation of the way in which Hegel conceives of our sensible epistemic access to the world. On the other hand, McDowell's own claim that his own theoretical proposal has a Hegelian sound is supported by a previously unexplored argument. I organize my analysis into three parts: I sketch McDowell’s version of disjunctivism (Section 2); I analyze some passages from Hegel that I believe are important for showing some similarities between his and McDowell’s argumentative strategy (Section 3); in the conclusion (Section 4), I highlight a number of core features that Hegel seems to share with McDowell’s disjunctivism and I submit that they are sufficient to label Hegel the “grandfather” of McDowell's disjunctivism.
Identification of genomic regions related to age at first calving and first calving interval in water buffalo using single‐step GBLUP
Authors: de Araujo Neto Francisco Ribeiro , Takada Luciana , dos Santos Daniel Jordan Abreu , Aspilcueta‐Borquis Rusbel Raul , Cardoso Diercles Francisco , do Nascimento André Vieira , Leão Karen Martins , de Oliveira Henrique Nunes , Tonhati Humberto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Brazil, water buffaloes have been used to produce milk for mozzarella cheese production. Consequently, the main selection criterion applied for the buffalo genetic improvement is the estimated mozzarella yield as a function of milk, fat and protein production. However, given the importance of reproductive traits in production systems, this study aimed to use techniques for identifying genomic regions that affect the age at first calving (AFC) and first calving interval (FCI) in buffalo cows and to select candidate genes for the identification of QTL and gene expression studies. The single‐step GBLUP method was used for the identification of genomic regions. Windows of 1 Mb containing single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were constructed and the 10 windows that explained the greatest proportion of genetic variance were considered candidate regions for each trait. Genes present into the selected windows were identified using the UOA_WB_1 assembly as the reference, and their ontology was defined with the Panther tool. Candidate regions for both traits were identified on BBU 3, 12, 21 and 22; for AFC, candidates were detected on BBU 6, 7, 8, 9 and 15 and for first calving interval on BBU 4, 14 and 19. This study identified regions with great contribution to the additive genetic variance of age at first calving and first calving interval in the population of buffalo cows studied. The ROCK2, PMVK, ADCY2, MAP2K6, BMP10 and GFPT1 genes are main candidates for reproductive traits in water dairy buffaloes, and these results may have future applications in animal breeding programs or in gene expression studies of the species.
Living in the Shadow of the Past: Financial Profiles and Well‐Being*
Authors: Clark Andrew E. , D'Ambrosio Conchita , Zhu Rong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe consider the link between individual financial profiles over time and well‐being, as measured by life satisfaction. In particular, we look at annual self‐reported financial worsening and improvement information for more than 25,000 individuals in Australian panel data from 2002 to 2017. We first find that satisfaction falls (rises) with a contemporaneous major financial worsening (improvement), with the largest correlation seen to be with financial worsening. Second, the experience of these financial events in the past continues to be linked to current well‐being. Last, only the order of financial‐improvement spells relates to well‐being: a given number of past years where finances deteriorated has the same association with current well‐being whether the deterioration occurred in one continuous spell or was interrupted. We show that these associations are heterogeneous over the distribution of well‐being.
A multi‐motive framework for predicting variability in self‐enhancement
Authors: Lynch Bridget P. , vanDellen Michelle R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe desire to feel positively about the self is frequently studied. However, most work has investigated these self‐enhancing behaviors as a binary choice: to enhance or not to enhance? We propose a novel framework for investigating a more nuanced decision: with a seemingly endless supply of self‐enhancing behaviors, how do people determine engagement in a self‐enhancing behavior among their options? We frame the perceived self‐esteem boost of a strategy is just one antecedent of the probability of acting on a given enhancing behavior. We present a conceptual framework that represents engagement with a strategy based on a weighting of the perceived costs and benefits to other motivations. We then provide examples of how the framework functions regarding commonly studied motivations (e.g., consistency, belonging). Next, we detail how our framework can predict self‐enhancement strategies (e.g., self‐promotion, comparison, association) typically observed in the literature. We also discuss how situations and individual differences may work in the context of this framework. We hope this framework will inspire future research into engagement in and selection of self‐enhancement strategies.
Nexus Between Governance and Socioeconomic Factors on Public Service Fragility in Asian Economies
Authors: Abbas Hafiz Syed Mohsin , Gillani Samreen , Ullah Saif , Raza Muhammad Ahsan Ali , Ullah Atta 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveThis article examines the impact of internal factors such as governance and state fragility on institutional quality in terms of public service fragility (PSF) in Asian economies.MethodThis study used the PSF as dependent variables in Asian economies from 2008 to 2018 and applied a two‐step generalized method of moment estimation; government effectiveness (GE), regulatory control (RC), demographic pressure (DP), and Human Capital Index (HCI) as explanatory variables, with population growth and GDP growth rate as control variables.ResultsThe results show that DPs have significant impacts on PSF, while GE, RC, and efficient human capital utilization have insignificant impacts on PSF.ConclusionBased on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that DP has a significant impact on public service delivery in Asia compared to other socioeconomic factors. However, with the implication of effective governance policies and by maximum human capital utilization, public services can be improved.
Anxious About Social Violence: The Emotional Underpinnings of Support for Gun Control
Authors: Filindra Alexandra , Collingwood Loren , Kaplan Noah J. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveWe theorize that anxiety (fear) related to mass shootings and social violence increases support for gun control among the American public.MethodsWe support our theory with a regression discontinuity analysis based on an actual mass shooting, observational analyses from the same data set testing the relationship between fear and support for gun control, and two survey experiments that prime anxiety in the context of mass shootings and social violence.FindingsWe show that support for gun control increased on the day after an actual mass shooting. Observational analysis shows a positive correlation between fear of crime and support for gun control. One priming experiment shows that inducing anxiety about mass shootings increases support for gun control. A second priming experiment shows that exposure to a story about social violence activates anxiety and also increases support for gun control.ConclusionsOur analyses show that anxiety related to mass shootings and mass violence increases support for gun control.
Structured reflection on shared decision making
Authors: Leyland Rachel , Heath Miranda , Neve Hilary , Maynard Veronica 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYBackgroundShared decision making (SDM), whereby patients and clinicians work collaboratively to make health care decisions, brings multiple benefits. It has, however, been slow to integrate into clinical practice. There are some examples of SDM being embedded and evaluated within medical undergraduate curricula but, despite role models being important in promoting students’ patient‐centred attitudes, these examples do not involve students reflecting on clinicians’ use of SDM in practice.MethodsWe undertook a qualitative evaluation of a small group educational intervention. A key element was the students’ use of a structured reflective template, drawing on the SHARE (seek, help, assess, reach, evaluate) SDM tool, to analyse examples of clinicians using SDM in practice critically. We undertook a thematic analysis of students’ completed templates and evaluated their engagement with the SHARE tool.FindingsA total of 44 templates were analysed. Four main themes were identified, including new learning about SDM, noticing and deconstructing SDM, participants’ responses to SDM and struggles in learning. Students were positive about SHARE and used it to critique experiences and suggest specific ways that clinicians could have improved SDM.DiscussionA structured training intervention that promotes critical reflection on clinical role models can help to shift undergraduate medical students’ understanding of, and attitudes towards, SDM. The ethical arguments for SDM, evidence for its benefits and the alignment of SDM with participants’ own core values appeared to help achieve student ‘buy in’. Students struggled with notions of power, risk and time constraints, and empathised with both patients and clinicians. They highlighted the scarcity of SDM in practice.
Pre‐Schoolers’ Vision for Liveable Cities: Creating ‘Care‐Full’ Urban Environments
Authors: Ergler Christina R. , Freeman Claire , Guiney Tess 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough children of all ages have the right to participate in urban planning projects, pre‐literate children’s voices are absent from urban debates. In this paper, we explore pre‐schoolers’ experiences in, and expectations for, their city by drawing on a participatory research project that used neighbourhood walks and a tile‐based mapping exercise. Findings suggest that young children, although largely absent from planning, policy or child‐friendly city discourses, nonetheless, deeply engage with and value their city and its human and non‐human inhabitants. In our study pre‐schoolers from Dunedin, New Zealand created an urban environment which cares for their citizens by being safe, socially and physically connected and has destinations, amenities and services available for all ages and abilities. We argue in this paper that pre‐schoolers created not only cities based on their own experiences, but ‘care‐full’ cities that ensure the liveability, flourishing and wellbeing for humans and non‐humans.
Room semantics inference using random forest and relational graph convolutional networks: A case study of research building
Authors: Hu Xuke , Fan Hongchao , Noskov Alexey , Wang Zhiyong , Zipf Alexander , Gu Fuqiang , Shang Jianga 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSemantically rich maps are the foundation of indoor location‐based services. Many map providers such as OpenStreetMap and automatic mapping solutions focus on the representation and detection of geometric information (e.g., shape of room) and a few semantics (e.g., stairs and furniture) but neglect room usage. To mitigate the issue, this work proposes a general room tagging method for public buildings, which can benefit both existing map providers and automatic mapping solutions by inferring the missing room usage based on indoor geometric maps. Two kinds of statistical learning‐based room tagging methods are adopted: traditional machine learning (e.g., random forests) and deep learning, specifically relational graph convolutional networks (R‐GCNs), based on the geometric properties (e.g., area), topological relationships (e.g., adjacency and inclusion), and spatial distribution characteristics of rooms. In the machine learning‐based approach, a bidirectional beam search strategy is proposed to deal with the issue that the tag of a room depends on the tag of its neighbors in an undirected room sequence. In the R‐GCN‐based approach, useful properties of neighboring nodes (rooms) in the graph are automatically gathered to classify the nodes. Research buildings are taken as examples to evaluate the proposed approaches based on 130 floor plans with 3,330 rooms by using fivefold cross‐validation. The experiments conducted show that the random forest‐based approach achieves a higher tagging accuracy (0.85) than R‐GCN (0.79).
Charged residues at the pore extracellular half of the glycine receptor facilitate channel gating: a potential role played by electrostatic repulsion
Authors: Tian Yao , Chen Shijie , Shan Qiang 
Published: August 2020

Key points
The Arg271Gln mutation of the glycine receptor (GlyR) causes hereditary hyperekplexia.
This mutation dramatically compromises GlyR function; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet known.
This study, by employing function and computation methods, proposes that charged residues (including the Arg residue) at the pore extracellular half from each of the five subunits of the homomeric α1 GlyR, create an electrostatic repulsive potential to widen the pore, thereby facilitating channel opening.
This mechanism explains how the Arg271Gln mutation, in which the positively charged Arg residue is substituted by the neutral Gln residue, compromises GlyR function.
This study furthers our understanding of the biophysical mechanism underlying the Arg271Gln mutation compromising GlyR function.
AbstractThe R271(19′)Q mutation in the α1 subunit of the glycine receptor (GlyR) chloride channel causes hereditary hyperekplexia. This mutation dramatically compromises channel function; however, the underlying mechanism is not yet known. The R271 residue is located at the extracellular half of the channel pore. In this study, an Arg‐scanning mutagenesis was performed at the pore extracellular half from the 262(10′) to the 272(20′) position on the background of the α1 GlyR carrying the hyperekplexia‐causing mutation R271(19′)Q. It was found that the placement of the Arg residue rescued channel function to an extent inversely correlated with the distance between the residue and the pore central axis (perpendicular to the plane of the lipid bilayer). Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the placed Arg residues from each of the five subunits of the homomeric α1 GlyR create an electrostatic repulsive potential to widen the pore, thereby facilitating channel opening. This hypothesis was quantitatively verified by theoretical computation via exploiting basic laws of electrostatics and thermodynamics, and further supported by more experimental findings that the placement of another positively charged Lys residue or even a negatively charged Asp residue also rescued channel function in the same manner. This study provides a novel mechanism via which charged residues in the pore region facilitate channel gating, not only for the disease‐causing 19′R residue in the GlyR, but also potentially for charged residues in the same region of other ion channels.
Relating Bone Strain to Local Changes in Radius Microstructure Following 12 Months of Axial Forearm Loading in Women
Authors: Mancuso Megan E. , Troy Karen L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Work in animal models suggests that bone structure adapts to local bone strain, but this relationship has not been comprehensively studied in humans. Here, we quantified the influence of strain magnitude and gradient on bone adaptation in the forearm of premenopausal women performing compressive forearm loading (n = 11) and nonloading controls (n = 10). High resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT) scans of the distal radius acquired at baseline and 12 months of a randomized controlled experiment were used to identify local sites of bone formation and resorption. Bone strain was estimated using validated finite element (FE) models. Trabecular strain magnitude and gradient were higher near (within 200 μm) formation versus resorption (p &lt; 0.05). Trabecular formation and resorption occurred preferentially near very high (&gt;95th percentile) versus low (&lt;5th percentile) strain magnitude and gradient elements, and very low strain elements were more likely to be near resorption than formation (p &lt; 0.05). In the cortical compartment, strain gradient was higher near formation versus resorption (p &lt; 0.05), and both formation and resorption occurred preferentially near very high versus low strain gradient elements (p &lt; 0.05). At most, 54% of very high and low strain elements were near formation or resorption only, and similar trends were observed in the control and load groups. These findings suggest that strain, likely in combination with other physiological factors, influences adaptation under normal loads and in response to a novel loading intervention, and represents an important step toward defining exercise interventions to maximize bone strength.