bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanization drives convergence in soil profile texture and carbon content
Authors: Herrmann Dustin L , Schifman Laura A , Shuster William D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Urban development has driven extensive modification of the global landscape. This shift in land use and land cover alters ecological functioning, and thereby affects sustainable management agendas. Urbanization fundamentally reshapes the soils that underlay landscapes, and throughout the soil profile, extends impacts of urbanization far below the landscape surface. The impacts of urbanization on deeper soils that are beyond the reach of regular land management are largely unknown, and validation of general theories of convergent ecosystem properties are thwarted by a dearth of both level of measurement effort and the substantial heterogeneity in soils and urban landscapes. Here, we examined two soil properties with strong links to ecological functioning—carbon and mineral-fraction particle size—measured in urban soils, and compared them to their pre-urbanization conditions across a continental gradient encompassing global soil diversity. We hypothesized that urbanization drove convergence of soils properties from heterogeneous pre-urban conditions towards homogeneous urban conditions. Based on our observations, we confirm the hypothesis. Both soil carbon and particle size converged toward an intermediate value in the full data distribution, from pre-urban to urban conditions. These outcomes in urban soils were observed to uniformly be fine textured soils with overall lower carbon content. Although these properties are desirable for supporting urban infrastructure (e.g. buildings, pipes), they constrain the potential to render ecosystem services. Since soil profile texture and carbon content were convergent and observed across 11 cities, we suggest that these property profiles can be used as a universal urban soil profile to: 1) provide a clear prediction for how urbanization will shift soil properties from pre-urban conditions, 2) facilitate the adoption of commonly-accepted soil profiles for process models, and 3) offer a reference point to test against urban management strategies and how they impact soil resources.
The Ising correlation C(M, N) for ν = −k
Authors: Boukraa S , Maillard J-M , McCoy B M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We present Painlevé VI sigma form equations for the general Ising low and high temperature two-point correlation functions C(M, N) with M ⩽ N in the special case ν = −k where ν = sinh 2E

h
/k

B

T/sinh 2E

v
/k

B

T. More specifically four different non-linear ODEs depending explicitly on the two integers M and N emerge: these four non-linear ODEs correspond to distinguish respectively low and high temperature, together with M + N even or odd. These four different non-linear ODEs are also valid for M ⩾ N when ν = −1/k. For the low-temperature row correlation functions C(0, N) with N odd, we exhibit again for this selected ν = −k condition, a remarkable phenomenon of a Painlevé VI sigma function being the sum of four Painlevé VI sigma functions having the same Okamoto parameters. We show in this ν = −k case for T < T
c and also T > T
c, that C(M, N) with M ⩽ N is given as an N × N Toeplitz determinant.
InGaAs x-ray photodiode for spectroscopy
Authors: Whitaker M D C , Lioliou G , Krysa A B , Barnett A M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A prototype In0.53Ga0.47As p+-i-n+ x-ray photodiode, fabricated from material grown by metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy, was investigated as a novel detector of x-rays. The detector was connected to a custom low-noise charge sensitive preamplifier and standard readout electronics to produce an x-ray spectrometer. The detector and preamplifier were operated at a temperature of 233 K (−40 °C). An energy resolution of 1.18 keV ± 0.06 keV Full Width at Half Maximum at 5.9 keV was achieved. This is the first time InGaAs (GaInAs) has been shown to be capable of spectroscopic photon counting x-ray detection.
Study on the mechanism of forming silver nanoparticles on micron-scale flake silver powder
Authors: Tang Lin , Gan Guoyou , Yu Xianglei , Liu Chengbin , Cheng Junhua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Due to the high conductivity and stability of silver, silver ink has been widely used in the field of printed electronics. However, since mechanical strain would cause the contact between key particles to be broken. Recently, higher requirements have been put on the bending resistance of silver paste. In this experiment, by preparing Ag NPs: Ag Flakes composite materials of 20:80 and 30:70 respectively, a new method for preparing stable modified flake silver powder is proposed, and the attachment and growth methods of Ag NPs reduced on micron flake silver powder is discussed. Flake silver powder, dispersant and reducing agent are added to the silver-ammonia complex, and the nano-silver particles are reduced on the flake silver powder by controlling the reaction conditions. When Ag+: Ag Flakes in the solution is 30:70, there is a clear interface between the silver particles and the silver flakes, and the size distribution range is between 10 and 100 nm; when Ag+: Ag Flakes is 20:80, the distance between the nano-silver particles and the silver plate crystal plane is about 0.222 nm and 0.260 nm, these spacings represent the (1–12) and (004) planes of Ag, respectively. The reduced silver particles grow on the surface of the silver sheet, the size is about 5 ∼ 60 nm, and form a sheet-point combination of shaped silver powder, which can be used to make conductive silver paste with cost and performance competitiveness. The reaction can be completed at room temperature (5 ∼ 25 °C) and atmospheric pressure (80 ∼ 100 kPa), the operation is simple, the reaction time is short, and it has a positive effect on the commercial production of printable highly conductive silver paste.
Effect of background fluctuation on velocity diagnostics by Mach probe
Authors: WEI Yunxiao , GAO Zhe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The effect of background fluctuation on velocity diagnostics is discussed and studied. The kinetic theory of Mach probe (MP) and the theory of BGK mode are combined to evaluate how the measurement of MP is affected by electrostatics fluctuation. It is found that the quantity of speed by the MP model is closer to the effective velocity in the picture of momentum flux rather than the real mean velocity, while, with high fluctuation, the fitting parameter of MP’s exponential formula should be corrected.
Cigarette Smoking and Minority Stress Across Age Cohorts in a National Sample of Sexual Minorities: Results From the Generations Study
Authors: Gordon Allegra R , Fish Jessica N , Kiekens Wouter J , Lightfoot Marguerita , Frost David M , Russell Stephen T 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Sexual minority populations in the United States have persistently higher rates of cigarette use than heterosexuals, partially driven by exposure to minority stressors (e.g., discrimination and victimization). Little is known about cigarette use across cohorts of sexual minority adults who came of age in distinctly different sociopolitical environments.

Purpose
To examine cigarette use and minority stressors across three age cohorts of U.S. sexual minority adults.

Methods
We used data from the Generations Study, a nationally representative sample (N = 1,500) of White, Black, and Latino/a sexual minority adults in three age cohorts (younger: 18–25 years; middle: 34–41 years; and older: 52–59 years). Survey data were collected from March 2016 to March 2017. We used sex-stratified logistic regression models to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between age cohort, minority stressors (discrimination and victimization), and two indicators of cigarette smoking (lifetime use and current use).

Results
Prevalence of current cigarette use in each age cohort was high (younger: 20%; middle: 33%; and older: 29%). Relative to the younger cohort, men and women in the middle- and older-age cohorts had significantly higher odds of lifetime and current smoking (e.g., men, current, aOR [95% CI]: middle = 2.47 [1.34, 4.52], older = 2.85 [1.66, 4.93]). Minority stressors were independently associated with higher odds of current smoking; when victimization was included, the magnitude of the association between age cohort and current smoking was diminished but remained significant.

Conclusions
Smoking cessation interventions must consider the role of minority stress and the unique needs of sexual minority people across the life course.
Brazil and the multipolar world
Authors: Pereira Anthony W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
‘Brazil and the multipolar world’ examines Brazil’s foreign policy tradition. Brazil has a strong diplomatic tradition that emphasizes moderation, the peaceful resolution of conflicts, and Brazil’s ability to seek consensus by maintaining dialogue with almost all other states. Indeed, Brazil usually positions itself in favour of moderate reform of the institutions of global governance and as a gentle critic of the inequalities and injustices of the international system. The chapter then describes Brazilian contributions to global politics in areas such as international development, the environment, security, and global health. It also looks at the rupture promoted by the Bolsonaro administration in 2019.
Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction looks at different schools of philosophy and classic philosophical problems, via readings from Plato, Hume, Hobbes, Descartes, and early Buddhist writers. Could a philosopher today be asking the same questions about the self as David Hume or the early Buddhists? What were Descartes and Nietzsche trying to prove? Most people have a philosophy, in terms of a general picture of what they think the world is like and what values they live by. Are we all philosophers, and why are we more comfortable with some philosophical ideas than others? How should we live? What should we do, and how do we make these choices?
Freedom of the will
Authors: Craig Edward 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Do we have free will? ‘Freedom of the will’ starts by looking at Descartes, whose theology encouraged him to believe that he had free will. His thoughts may have been given by God, but he had the power to assent to them. Hegel’s metaphysics can teach us about his account of freedom. His predecessor Kant was possessed by the idea of moral obligations. Hegel argued that we are free, but that the decisions we make are the result of an idea, reason, or spirit. Finally, there is determinism—the idea that things happen because of causal chains—and compatibilism, the belief that free will and determinism are mutually compatible.
Correlated Brain Indexes of Semantic Prediction and Prediction Error: Brain Localization and Category Specificity
Authors: Grisoni Luigi , Tomasello Rosario , Pulvermüller Friedemann 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With strong and valid predictions, grasping a message is easy, whereas more demanding processing is required in the absence of robust expectations. We here demonstrate that brain correlates of the interplay between prediction and perception mechanisms in the understanding of meaningful sentences. Sentence fragments that strongly predict subsequent words induced anticipatory brain activity preceding the expected words; this potential was absent if context did not strongly predict subsequent words. Subjective reports of certainty about upcoming words and objective corpus-based measures correlated with the size of the anticipatory signal, thus establishing its status as a semantic prediction potential (SPP). Crucially, there was an inverse correlation between the SPP and the N400 brain response. The main cortical generators of SPP and N400 were found in inferior prefrontal cortex and posterior temporal cortex, respectively. Interestingly, sentence meaning was reflected by both measures, with additional category-specific sources of SPPs and N400s falling into parieto-temporo-occipital (visual) and frontocentral (sensorimotor) areas for animal- and tool-related words, respectively. These results show that the well-known brain index of semantic comprehension, N400, has an antecedent with different brain localization but similar semantic discriminatory function. We discuss whether N400 dynamics may causally depend on mechanisms underlying SPP size and sources.
Changing Epidemiology and Decreased Mortality Associated With Carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative Bacteria, 2000–2017
Authors: Babiker Ahmed , Clarke Lloyd G , Saul Melissa , Gealey Julie A , Clancy Cornelius J , Nguyen M Hong , Shields Ryan K 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) continue to present a global healthcare crisis. We aimed to identify emerging trends of CRGNB over nearly 2 decades and describe the impact of CRGNB on patient outcomes.

Methods
Patients from whom CRGNB were isolated between 2000 and 2017 were included in the study. Carbapenem resistance was defined by the most recent breakpoints and applied across the study period. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were retrieved from the electronic health record.

Results
A total of 94 888 isolates from 64 422 patients were identified; 9882 (10%) isolates from 4038 patients were carbapenem-resistant. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most common CRGNB each year. The second most common CRGNB emerged in waves over time. Carbapenem daily defined doses increased in parallel with CRGNB rates (R2 = 0.8131). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 19%, which decreased from 24% in 2000 to 17% in 2017 (P = .003; R2 = .4330). Among patients with CRGNB bloodstream infections (n = 319), overall 30- and 90-day mortality rates were 27% and 38%, respectively. Charlson score (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.11 per point), intensive care unit residence (aOR, 7.32), and severe liver disease (aOR, 4.8.4) were independent predictors of 30-day mortality, while receipt of transplantation was associated with lower rates of death (aOR, 0.39). Among patients admitted between 2011 and 2017 (n = 2230), 17% died during hospitalization, 32% were transferred to long-term care facilities, and 38% were discharged home.

Conclusions
CRGNB emerged in waves over time, causing high rates of mortality. Despite increasing rates of CRGNB, overall patient outcomes have improved, suggesting that recognition and novel therapeutics have made a major impact.
Compassionate Use of Remdesivir in Pregnant Women With Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Burwick Richard M , Yawetz Sigal , Stephenson Kathryn E , Collier Ai-Ris Y , Sen Pritha , Blackburn Brian G , Kojic E Milunka , Hirshberg Adi , Suarez Jose F , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E , Marks Kristen M , Mazur Shawn , Big Cecilia , Manuel Oriol , Morlin Gregory , Rose Suzanne J , Naqvi Mariam , Goldfarb Ilona T , DeZure Adam , Telep Laura , Tan Susanna K , Zhao Yang , Hahambis Tom , Hindman Jason , Chokkalingam Anand P , Carter Christoph , Das Moupali , Osinusi Anu O , Brainard Diana M , Varughese Tilly A , Kovalenko Olga , Sims Matthew D , Desai Samit , Swamy Geeta , Sheffield Jeanne S , Zash Rebecca , Short William R 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRemdesivir is efficacious for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adults, but data in pregnant women are limited. We describe outcomes in the first 86 pregnant women with severe COVID-19 who were treated with remdesivir.MethodsThe reported data span 21 March to 16 June 2020 for hospitalized pregnant women with polymerase chain reaction–confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and room air oxygen saturation ≤94% whose clinicians requested remdesivir through the compassionate use program. The intended remdesivir treatment course was 10 days (200 mg on day 1, followed by 100 mg for days 2–10, given intravenously).ResultsNineteen of 86 women delivered before their first dose and were reclassified as immediate “postpartum” (median postpartum day 1 [range, 0–3]). At baseline, 40% of pregnant women (median gestational age, 28 weeks) required invasive ventilation, in contrast to 95% of postpartum women (median gestational age at delivery 30 weeks). By day 28 of follow-up, the level of oxygen requirement decreased in 96% and 89% of pregnant and postpartum women, respectively. Among pregnant women, 93% of those on mechanical ventilation were extubated, 93% recovered, and 90% were discharged. Among postpartum women, 89% were extubated, 89% recovered, and 84% were discharged. Remdesivir was well tolerated, with a low incidence of serious adverse events (AEs) (16%). Most AEs were related to pregnancy and underlying disease; most laboratory abnormalities were grade 1 or 2. There was 1 maternal death attributed to underlying disease and no neonatal deaths.ConclusionsAmong 86 pregnant and postpartum women with severe COVID-19 who received compassionate-use remdesivir, recovery rates were high, with a low rate of serious AEs.
Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidance on the Treatment of Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Difficult-to-Treat Resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa)
Authors: Tamma Pranita D , Aitken Samuel L , Bonomo Robert A , Mathers Amy J , van Duin David , Clancy Cornelius J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Antimicrobial-resistant infections are commonly encountered in US hospitals and result in significant morbidity and mortality. This guidance document provides recommendations for the treatment of infections caused by extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with difficult-to-treat resistance (DTR-P. aeruginosa).

Methods
A panel of 6 infectious diseases specialists with expertise in managing antimicrobial-resistant infections formulated common questions regarding the treatment of ESBL-E, CRE, and DTR-P. aeruginosa infections. Based on review of the published literature and clinical experience, the panel provide recommendations and associated rationale for each recommendation. Because of significant differences in the molecular epidemiology of resistance and the availability of specific anti-infective agents globally, this document focuses on treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections in the United States.

Results
Approaches to empiric treatment selection, duration of therapy, and other management considerations are briefly discussed. The majority of guidance focuses on preferred and alternative treatment recommendations for antimicrobial-resistant infections, assuming that the causative organism has been identified and antibiotic susceptibility testing results are known. Treatment recommendations apply to both adults and children.

Conclusions
The field of antimicrobial resistance is dynamic and rapidly evolving, and the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant infections will continue to challenge clinicians. This guidance document is current as of 17 September 2020. Updates to this guidance document will occur periodically as new data emerge. Furthermore, the panel will expand recommendations to include other problematic gram-negative pathogens in future versions. The most current version of the guidance including the date of publication can be found at www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/amr-guidance/.
Optimal Threshold of Controlled Attenuation Parameter for Detection of HIV-Associated NAFLD With Magnetic Resonance Imaging as the Reference Standard
Authors: Ajmera Veeral H , Cachay Edward R , Ramers Christian B , Bassirian Shirin , Singh Seema , Bettencourt Richele , Richards Lisa , Hamilton Gavin , Middleton Michael , Fowler Katie , Sirlin Claude , Loomba Rohit 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is an ultrasound-based point-of-care method to quantify liver fat; however, the optimal threshold for CAP to detect pathologic liver fat among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH) is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to identify the diagnostic accuracy and optimal threshold of CAP for the detection of liver-fat among PLWH with magnetic resonance imaging proton-density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF) as the reference standard.

Methods
Patients from a prospective single-center cohort of PLWH at risk for HIV-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) who underwent contemporaneous MRI-PDFF and CAP assessment were included. Subjects with other forms of liver disease including viral hepatitis and excessive alcohol intake were excluded. Receiver operatic characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed to identify the optimal threshold for the detection of HIV-associated NAFLD (liver fat ≥ 5%).

Results
Seventy PLWH (90% men) at risk for NAFLD were included. The mean (± standard deviation) age and body mass index were 48.6 (±10.2) years and 30 (± 5.3) kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of HIV-associated NAFLD (MRI-PDFF ≥ 5%) was 80%. The M and XL probes were used for 56% and 44% of patients, respectively. The area under the ROC curve of CAP for the detection of MRI-PDFF ≥ 5% was 0.82 (0.69–0.95) at the cut-point of 285 dB/m. The positive predictive value of CAP ≥ 285 dB/m was 93.2% in this cohort with sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 78.6%.

Conclusions
The optimal cut-point of CAP to correctly identify HIV-associated NAFLD was 285 dB/m, is similar to previously published cut-point for primary NAFLD and may be incorporated into routine care to identify patients at risk of HIV-associated NAFLD.
Myocardial damage assessed by late gadolinium enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in cancer patients treated with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab
Authors: Modi Kalpit , Joppa Stephanie , Chen Ko-Hsuan Amy , Athwal Pal Satyajit Singh , Okasha Osama , Velangi Pratik S , Hooks Matthew , Nijjar Prabhjot S , Blaes Anne H , Shenoy Chetan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
In cancer patients with cardiomyopathy related to anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab, data regarding late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging are confusing. The prevalence ranges from 0% to 30% and the patterns are ill-defined. Whether treatment with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab is associated with LGE is unclear. We aimed to investigate these topics in a large cohort of consecutive cancer patients with suspected cardiotoxicity from anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab.

Methods and results
We studied 298 patients, analysed the prevalence, patterns, and correlates of LGE, and determined their causes. We compared the findings with those from 100 age-matched cancer patients who received neither anthracyclines nor trastuzumab. Amongst those who received anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab, 31 (10.4%) had LGE. It had a wide range of extent (3.9–34.7%) and locations. An ischaemic pattern was present in 20/31 (64.5%) patients. There was an alternative explanation for the non-ischaemic LGE in 7/11 (63.6%) patients. In the age-matched patients who received neither anthracyclines nor trastuzumab, the prevalence of LGE was higher at 27.0%, while the extent of LGE and the proportion with ischaemic pattern were not different.

Conclusion
LGE was present in only a minority. Its patterns and locations did not fit into a single unique profile. It had alternative explanations in virtually all cases. Finally, LGE was also present in cancer patients who received neither anthracyclines nor trastuzumab. Therefore, treatment with anthracyclines and/or trastuzumab is unlikely to be associated with LGE. The absence of LGE can help distinguish anthracycline- and/or trastuzumab-related cardiomyopathy from unrelated cardiomyopathies.