bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence Imaging of Gas Injection From Fuel Valves for Large Bore Natural Gas Engines
Authors: Olsen Daniel B. , Mastbergen Dan B. , Willson Bryan D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Investigations of the fuel injection process for large bore natural gas engines are performed on an off-engine test fixture. Two types of fuel injectors are studied, a low pressure (0.39 MPa) and a high pressure (3.5 MPa) gas injection valve. Planar laser induced fluorescence is implemented to image fuel jet concentration. The fuel jet from each injector is imaged from the start of injection though their valve-open duration. Effects of injection pressure, piston interaction, and injection event repeatability are investigated. The results are related to previous engine studies of high pressure fuel injection and Schlieren photography of in-cylinder events on a Cooper-Bessemer GMV large bore natural gas engines. The images indicate that the low pressure valve achieves more effective mixing during jet penetration. The high pressure injection event shows relatively little mixing during jet penetration. However, the high pressure jet has much more energy when it impinges on the piston. It is evident that the important time for mixing using high pressure injection occurs after piston impingement.
Development of a Phenomenological Combustion Simulation for a Dual Fuel Engine
Authors: Liu Yafeng , Bell Stuart R. , Midkiff K. Clark 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A phenomenological cycle simulation for a dual fuel engine has been developed to mathematically simulate the significant processes of the engine cycle, to predict specific performance parameters for the engine, and to investigate approaches to improve performance and reduce emissions. The simulation employs two zones (crevice and unburned) during the processes of exhaust, intake, compression before fuel injection starts, and expansion after combustion ends. From the start of fuel injection to the end of combustion, several, zones are utilized to account for crevice flow, diesel fuel spray, air entrainment, diesel fuel droplet evaporation, ignition delay, flame propagation, and combustion quenching. The crevice zone absorbs charge gas from the cylinder as pressure increases, and releases mass back into the chamber as pressure decreases. Some crevice mass released during late combustion may not be oxidized, resulting in emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide. Quenching ahead of the flame front may leave additional charge unburned, yielding high methane emissions. Potential reduction of engine-out NOx emissions with natural gas fueling has also been investigated. The higher substitution of natural gas in the engine produces less engine-out NOx emissions. This paper presents the development of the model, baseline predictions, and comparisons to experimental measurements performed in a single-cylinder Caterpillar 3400 series engine.
A Stochastic Simulation of an HCCI Engine Using an Automatically Reduced Mechanism
Authors: Soyhan Hakan Serhad , Løvås Terese , Mauss Fabian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines are a promising alternative to the existing Spark Ignition Engines and Compression Ignition Engines. In an HCCI engine, the premixed fuel/air mixture ignites when sufficiently high temperature and pressure is reached. The entire bulk will auto-ignite at almost the same time because the physical conditions are similar throughout the combustion chamber. Therefore it is a justified assumption to consider the chemical reactions to be the rate-determining step for the ignition process. This gives us the opportunity to formulate a simple zero-dimensional model with detailed chemical kinetics for the calculations of the ignition process. Ignition calculations using this model have predicted a high sensitivity to fluctuations in temperature and fuel compositions. These predictions have later been confirmed by experiments.
Partially stirred plug flow reactor (PaSPFR) can be used to conquer the assumption of homogeneity. The assumption is replaced by that of statistical homogeneity and thus statistical fluctuations caused by inhomogeneities can be studied. However, the CPU-time needed for this approach is increased considerably and the usage of mechanism reduction becomes evident.
In this paper, we demonstrate how a reduced mechanism for natural gas as fuel is derived automatically. The original mechanism by Warnatz (589 reactions, 53 species) is first reduced to a skeletal mechanism (481 reactions, 43 species). By introduction of the quasi steady state assumption, the skeletal mechanism is reduced further to 23 species and 20 global reactions. The accuracy of the final mechanism is demonstrated using the stochastic reactor tool for an HCCI engine.
Hydrogen Peroxide Effect on HCCI Performance
Authors: Uykur Cüneyt , Zuccato Andrew L. , Reader Graham T. , Ting David S.-K. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Methane fueled Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion is investigated using detailed kinetic modeling. Control of heat release rate is identified as the biggest challenge against HCCI operation. A new control strategy, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) addition, along with intake mixture preheating, is proposed to resolve this problem. A single-zone perfectly stirred reactor type formulation is employed with detailed chemical kinetic mechanism to predict homogeneous gas-phase chemical kinetics. The effects of H2O2 addition on the performance parameters of a methane-fueled HCCI engine are simulated. The results show that HCCI performance can be improved radically by the addition of H2O2 since it lowers the ignition delay time substantially. The resulting NOx concentration in high IMEP operating conditions is significantly less than that emitted from conventional internal combustion engines. Possibility of increasing NOx emissions with increasing initial temperature has been shown. Reduction in carbon monoxide emission is predicted with the addition of H2O2 via the increased hydroxyl chemistry. More flexible control of HCCI operation is possible by regulating the amount of H2O2 added.
Dynamic Response of Automotive Catalytic Converters to Variations in Air-Fuel Ratio
Authors: Shamim Tariq , Medisetty Vishnu C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The automotive catalytic converters, which are employed to reduce engine exhaust emissions, operate in transient conditions under all modes of operation. The fluctuation in air-fuel ratio is a major contributor to these transients. The consideration of these transients is essential in accurate modeling of catalyst operation during actual driving conditions. In this work, a numerical investigation is carried out to comprehend the dynamic response of three-way catalytic converters subjected to changes in air-fuel ratio. The mathematical model considers the coupling effect of heat and mass transfer with the catalyst reactions as exhaust gases flow through the catalyst. The converter dynamic response is studied by considering a converter operating under steady conditions, which is suddenly subjected to air-fuel ratio variations. Two types of imposed fluctuations (sinusoidal and step changes) are considered. The catalyst response is predicted by using a detailed chemical mechanism. The paper elucidates the effect of air-fuel modulations on the catalyst HC, CO, and NO conversion efficiencies.
Development of an EGR Distribution Prediction Method Using Three-Dimensional Flow Analysis and its Application
Authors: Yoshizawa Koudai , Mori Kouji , Matayoshi Yutaka , Kimura Shuji 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A multidimensional computational fluid dynamics (CED) method has been used to improve the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) distribution in the intake manifold. Since gas flow in the intake system is affected by intake pulsation caused by the gas exchange process, a pulsation flow simulation is used. A one-dimensional gas exchange calculation is combined with three-dimensional intake gas flow to simulate pulsation flow. This pulsation flow simulation makes it possible to predict the EGR distribution. The gas flow in the intake system was analyzed in detail. It was found that a reverse flow region formed downstream of the throttle valve. The size and shape of the reverse flow region greatly depend on the engine operating conditions. With a conventional EGR system, it is difficult to distribute EGR uniformly under various engine operating conditions. A new EGR system that uses a spiral flow to mix the fresh air and EGR gas has been developed to obtain a uniform EGR distribution. As a result of adopting this system, a uniform EGR distribution is obtained regardless of the engine operating conditions. This spiral flow EGR system was applied to a low-emission vehicle (LEV) put on the Japanese market.
Inertial Impaction-Dominated Diesel Particle Collection in Filters With Rectangular Fibers
Authors: Chen S. , Cheung C. S. , Chan C. K. , Zhu C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For the control of particulate emission from diesel engines, particulate filter is of great importance. Fibrous filter is one of the most common filters due to its simplicity in structure and low cost in manufacturing. In this paper, filters with rectangular fibers are studied numerically, in which the filter is simulated as a staggered array of parallel rectangular fibers placed transverse to the flow. Two-dimensional flow field is obtained by solving the Navier-Stokes equations with the finite volume method Particle trajectories are then calculated by solving the corresponding Lagrangian equation of motion to obtain the collection efficiency of filters. The simulation considers particle capture mechanisms of interception and inertial impaction. The effects of fiber aspect ratio, filter packing density, particulate size on the collection efficiency of a rectangular fiber are also numerically determined.
Using Co-Simulation Methods to Establish Variable Valve Actuation Hardware Specifications and Control Strategies
Authors: Burk Reinhard , Jacquelin Frederic , Wakeman Russell 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the increasing recognition that variable valve actuation (VVA) in its various forms is a powerful tool for optimizing the performance of internal combustion engines, more and more production systems are being designed and implemented throughout the industry. However, as these control systems become more capable of altering lift, timing, duration, and even the number of valve events, the complexity of designing algorithms and calibrating them becomes enormous. In addition, without prior knowledge of an engine’s response to these algorithms, designing a cost-effective mechanism which provides adequate but not over-reaching capability is difficult.
Ricardo has developed methodology for timestep coupled simulations which enables the use of one-dimensional (1-D) gas dynamics simulation of engine performance (WAVE™) coupled to a simulation of the valve actuation mechanism constructed in MATLAB® and AMESim®. This arrangement allows valve motion input to the 1-D code to be controlled either manually or by a VVA controller simulation, allowing such engine parameters as torque, fuel consumption, NVH, and EGR rates to be monitored as a function of valve timing strategy.
This method allows the examination of such engine development concerns as tolerances, valve velocities and accelerations, and interactions with other engine controls to be studied without the costs, leadtimes, or hardware reliability problems that are associated with prototyping a VVA system. In addition, the interfacing of the valve control/engine performance simulation combination with the Design of Experiments optimization software iSIGHT allows the control system space to be explored automatically, without the brute force numerical search required to examine all permutations of the control strategies. The output of this procedure is an array of requirements which can be quickly translated into a specification document which will guide hardware and controls design efforts.
Investigation of Acceleration of Turbocharged Diesel Engine
Authors: Hribernik Ales , Bombek Gorazd , Trenc Ferdinand 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Acceleration of a 4-cylinder, 7-litre, turbocharged diesel engine has been investigated by the means of experimental and analytical procedure. The engine acceleration on a test stand has been tested using standard dynamometer which has been controlled by a computer. All measurements have been performed at the maximum fuel rack position, however the courses of engine load have been varied. Engine speed, dynamometer load, in-cylinder pressure and boost pressure-time history, have been measured during acceleration in order to acquire the data for validation of engine acceleration model. A non-linear, transient, multi-cylinder, turbocharged, diesel engine simulation has been developed for predictions of instantaneous engine and turbocharger speed and torque. The foundation of the model is a thermodynamic, steady state diesel engine simulation. The transient extension of the original model represents the diesel engine as a non-linear, dynamic system. The predictions of engine simulation model agree fairly well with experimental results and may be used for case studies of engine acceleration. As an example the model has been used to study the influence of manifold-pressure compensator (LDA-system) on the acceleration of turbocharged diesel engine. The original LDA-system has been modified and the comparison of the results predicted by the application of original and modified LDA system has been done.
Simulation of Cylinder Bore Surface Finish Parameters to Improve Laboratory-Scale Friction Tests in New and Used Diesel Oil
Authors: Blau Peter J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The development of alloys, coatings, surface treatments, and lubricants for improved cylinder liners and rings has historically included friction and wear testing. The correlation of results from motored engines or laboratory-scale tribotests with those from full-scale, fired engines remains a subject of contention. Attempts to develop valid engine wear simulators have met with varying degrees of success. Complexities in understanding and duplicating the relevant contact conditions in fired engines have challenged the designers of sub-scale, simulative laboratory tests. The current paper describes one aspect of this problem; namely, simulating the cylinder bore surface finish for use in bench tests. A rapid method to prepare cast iron test specimens that have similar surface roughness parameters to a production cast iron cylinder liner has been developed. To compare the sliding response of simulated liners with actual liners, cast iron specimens were friction-tested in both new and used 15W40 commercial diesel engine oil, in mineral oil, and without liquid lubrication. A reciprocating, ball-on-flat testing machine was used with test lengths that ranged from 100 to 20,000 cycles. Kinetic friction coefficient data compared favorably between the simulated cylinder liner specimens and actual cylinder liner segments. The friction coefficients obtained in tests with different lubricants on the simulated surfaces were related through a second-degree polynomial to the change in arithmetic average roughness that occurred during running-in. Additional elements of the fired engine environment will be added in the next stages of this research to determine the degree of complexity that is needed to obtain increasingly better simulations.
Engine Friction Characteristics Under Cold Start Conditions
Authors: Shayler Paul J. , Burrows John A. , Tindle Clive R. , Murphy Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Most studies of engine friction have been carried out at fully-warm operating conditions. Relatively little attention has been given to frictional losses when the engine is running cold, although these can be considerably higher and have a strong influence both on cold-start characteristics and fuel consumption during warm-up. The losses which effect the indicated load on the engine are rubbing losses and loads associated with driving auxiliaries. The equivalent frictional mean effective pressures (fmep) are generally highest during the first seconds of engine operation. These decay rapidly onto a characteristic variation which depends upon oil viscosity, and which fmep follows throughout the warm-up period. The oil viscosity can be evaluated at the bulk temperature of oil in the sump or main gallery.
Breakdown motoring tests have been carried out on a series of diesel engines to examine how the friction contribution of various sub-assemblies in the engine contribute to the total and how this varies with temperature and speed. Tests were carried out using a compact cold cell and engine motoring facility. The engine was cold soaked to a target test temperature and then motored to a target speed and the variation of motoring torque recorded. Sets of tests were carried out at several stages of breaking the engine down. This enables the contributions due to the valve train, piston and big end assembly, crankshaft, fuel injection pump, and auxiliary load to be determined.
Modeling of Axial and Circumferential Ring Pack Lubrication
Authors: Ejakov Mikhail A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The ring-pack lubrication is a complicated physical process involving multiple physical phenomena. This paper presents an attempt to model the ring-pack lubrication in three-dimensional space, considering the ring-bore structure interaction, bore distortion, ring-twist, piston secondary motion, non-Newtonian lubricant behavior, and ring/bore asperity contacts.
The physics of the model includes the interface between the structure of the ring, oil lubricant, and the structure of the cylinder liner. The ring is modeled as a three-dimensional FEA model with the nodes along the ring circumference. The ring face orientation changes circumferentially depending on ring geometry as well as piston tilt angle and three-dimensional ring twist angle at every crank angle degree. The oil lubrication is modeled with the Reynolds equation with shear thinning and temperature dependent oil viscosity and with or without the flow factors. The cylinder liner description allows three-dimensional bore distortion and ring/liner asperity contact to be modelled. The key of the analysis is solving simultaneously at every crank angle increment a set of coupled linear and non-linear equations of ring structure, ring face lubrication, bore distortion, and asperity contact. The model predicts variations of the ring-pack lubrication in the axial and circumferential directions.
Using the hydrodynamic lubrication model coupled with the asperity contact model allows calculations of the friction forces due to asperity contact (boundary and mixed lubrication) and oil film interactions (hydrodynamic and mixed lubrication). The transition from hydrodynamic lubrication to boundary lubrication through mixed lubrication is determined interactively based on ring / liner surface properties, ring loads, and lubrication properties. The new friction sub-module calculates axial and circumferential variation of both types of friction forces as well as total friction. The asperity contact induced friction forces and asperity contact pressure can further be used for ring wear calculations.
The developed model has been applied to determine the performance of a production engine ring-pack. The influence of different phenomena affecting the ring-pack performance has been analyzed and compared.
Investigation of a In-Line Oil-Cleaning Device for 4-Stroke Locomotive Diesel Engine Use
Authors: Su Fan , Payne Malcolm , Vasquez Manuel , Taghizadeh Aref 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tests have been performed on a single-cylinder medium-speed diesel research engine (SCRE-251) to investigate the possibility of using an in-line oil-cleaning device (IOD) on diesel locomotive engines for improving engine performance and exhaust emissions. The engine was operated at full load for both the baseline and with IOD test. Engine fuel consumption and emission data were obtained at different engine operating time. The effects of the device on engine combustion process were determined by analyzing recorded engine cylinder pressure data. Oil samples were taken during the test to monitor changes in oil properties. The engine test results showed that the device reduced engine fuel consumption by up to 2% of the baseline results. Average CO and smoke of the device were lower and average NOx of the device was higher than that of baseline. The trends of changes of fuel consumption and emissions are consistent with Taylor’s [1] investigations. Engine oil analysis indicated that the viscosity, TAN and TBN data of the IOD test changed slightly with increasing oil-aging time.
Design and Construction of a Large Bore Engine Flow Bench to Experimentally Determine Port Discharge Coefficients for Better Prediction of Airflow
Authors: Chapman Kirby S. , Brentano Traci L. , Malicke Dustin , Brown Jacob 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the design and preliminary construction of a large bore engine cylinder flow bench. The flow bench is designed to experimentally determine the discharge coefficients of large bore engine ports and valves. The discharge coefficients are an integral part in modeling and predicting the airflow through an engine system. This information can be used by designers to better match turbochargers and intercoolers to engines, and can also provide critical information to enhance the accuracy of the Turbocharger-Reciprocating Engine Computer Simulation (T-RECS) that is currently under development at Kansas State University (KSU).
Large bore engine cylinders are typically are 35–56 cm (14–22 in.) in diameter, and the engines they occupy have power outputs ranging 745–3730 kW (1000–6000 hp). In general, the majority of these engines were built in the 1940–1950’s. The importance of predicting the airflow rate through these engines has become paramount due to increasingly stringent EPA emission regulations.
Supercharging of SI Engines Using a New Kind of Screw-Type Supercharger
Authors: von Rueden K. , Pucher H. , Nickel J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In result of the permanent endeavor to reduce fuel consumption of vehicle engines, nowadays the implementation of downsizing concepts is being enforced. Thereby the desired nominal engine power can be produced by an engine with lower displacement operating with correspondingly higher charging pressure. Mechanical supercharging as well as turbocharging can be considered as a suitable supercharging method.
This paper reports on experimental and simulation results regarding the stationary and transient operation of a four-stroke cycle SI passenger car engine supercharged by a new type of screw-type supercharger. In this manner the load control of the SI engine is performed by a supercharger internal slide valve system. Thus not only the throttling losses will be reduced noticeably, but also expansion work can be regained by this supercharger under certain operating conditions. The results obtained will be compared with those of the turbocharged reference engine.
Swirl Turbocharging Exhaust System and its Application Study
Authors: Liu Huimeng , Liu Yongchang , Cao Li 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A novel modular single exhaust manifold called swirl turbocharging exhaust system is described. The flow field was modeled and compared with the flow behavior in MPC system. Numerical calculation results of the manifold flow show that its flow field characteristics were different from that of the MPC’s. To investigate the efficient two swirl turbocharging exhaust systems were designed and applied to two turbocharged diesel engines respectively. The test results reveal that both engines with the new type turbocharging system have promising performance.