bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALYSIS OF THE COVARIANCE STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL RIDGE COUNTS IN THE OFFSPRING OF MONOZYGOTIC TWINS
Authors: Cantor Rita M , Nance Walter E , Eaves Lindon J , Winter Phyllis M , Blanchard Marsha M 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Improved methods for analysis of covariance structures now permit the rigorous testing of multivariate genetic hypotheses. Using Jöreskog's Lisrel IV computer program we have conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of dermal ridge counts on the individual fingers of 509 offspring of 107 monozygotic twin pairs. Prior to the initiation of the model-fitting procedure, the sex-adjusted ridge counts for the offspring of male and female twins were partitioned by a multivariate nested analysis of variance yielding five 10 ×10 variance-covariance matrices containing a total of 275 distinctly observed parameters with which to estimate latent sources of genetic and environmental variation and test hypotheses about the factor structure of those latent causes. To provide an adequate explanation for the observed patterns of covariation, it was necessary to include additive genetic, random environmental, epistatic and maternal effects in the model and a structure for the additive genetic effects which included a general factor and allowed for hand assymmetry and finger symmetry. The results illustrate the value of these methods for the analysis of interrelated metric traits.
A TAXONOMIC APPROACH TO EVALUATION OF THE CHARGE STATE MODEL USING TWELVE SPECIES OF SEA ANEMONE
Authors: McCommas Steven A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The charge-state model of electrophoretic variation was tested by comparing the distances between nearest electromorphs of five enzyme loci within polymorphic species and among pooled species of sea anemone. If the charge-state model is generally true, and in particular if it allows linear distance between electromorphs to be used as a measure of genetic distance, then electromorphs of different species should be on the same "mobility ladder". Therefore, distances between adjacent electromorphs should be approximately equal for the two sets of comparisons. It was found that distances between adjacent electromorphs for each locus were significantly smaller for the pooled comparisons than within polymorphic species. Thus, it was concluded that much of the variation detected among different species does not conform to the charge-state model, and therefore that distance between electromorphs per se would not be a good measure of genetic distance. However, the charge-state model does appear to adequately account for most of the variation existing as common polymorphisms within species, or between very closely related species. Possible reasons for this apparent difference in the nature of the variation seen within and among species are discussed.
EFFECTS OF THE SEX RATIO ORGANISM ON IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF DROSOPHILA EMBRYONIC CELLS
Authors: Koana Takao , Miyake Tadashi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Effects of Sex Ratio Organism (SRO) on the development of embryonic cells of Drosophila melanogaster were studied in vitro. The single embryo culture technique and a histochemical staining method were employed to distinguish male embryo cultures from female ones. SRO-infected Zwn females were crossed to wild-type males, and their embryos were separately dissociated and cultured in vitro. Cell growth and differentiation in each culture were examined by phase contrast microscopy and described both qualitatively and quantitatively. Neurons, imaginal disk cells and plasmatocyte-like cells barely differentiated in male (Zwn/Y) cultures, whereas muscle and fatbody cells were not so severely affected. These symptoms were generally specific to male cultures. Female (Zwn/+) cultures were relatively normal. These observations are consistent with the results of mosaic analysis. The susceptibility of cells to SRO is discussed in relation to the dose of X chromosome in the cells.
THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG CYTOPLASMS OF TRITICUM AND AEGILOPS SPECIES. II. ON THE ORIGIN OF POLYPLOID WHEAT CYTOPLASMS AS SUGGESTED BY CHLOROPLAST DNA RESTRICTION FRAGMENT PATTERNS
Authors: Tsunewaki Koichiro , Ogihara Yasunari 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In attempts to identify the phylogenetic donors of cytoplasm to Emmer-Dinkel and Timopheevi groups of wheat (Triticum), and the Aegilops kotschyi-Ae. variabilis complex, the restriction fragment patterns of chloroplast DNAs of representative species were compared with those of their putative diploid ancestors. The following seven restriction enzymes were used; BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, KpnI, PstI, SmaI and XhoI. The restriction fragment patterns of an Emmer and a Dinkel (common) wheat were identical with those of Ae. longissima, and different from those of Ae. aucheri, Ae. bicornis, Ae. searsii, Ae. sharonensis, Ae. speltoides, and T. urartu by 4 to 12 fragments. The restriction fragment patterns of a Timopheevi wheat were identical with those of Ae. aucheri, and different from those of all other diploids by four to nine fragments. The restriction fragment patterns of Ae. variabilis were identical to those of Ae. bicornis and Ae. searsii, and different from those of all other species. Thus, we have concluded that Ae. longissima, Ae. aucheri and Ae. bicornis (or Ae. searsii) were the cytoplasm donors to the Emmer-Dinkel and the Timopheevi groups, and the Ae. kotschyi-Ae. variabilis complex, respectively. A diphyletic origin of Emmer and Timopheevi groups is supported by the present results.
HIDDEN ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATION AT THE XANTHINE DEHYDROGENASE LOCUS IN A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Ann Buchanan Barbara , Johnson Diana L E 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Sixty-two isochromosomal lines of D. melanogaster were screened for cryptic electrophoretic variation at the xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) locus. Sequential polyacrylamide vertical slab gel electrophoresis was performed using four electrophoretic criteria. A total of 15 classes of electromorphs were revealed. D. melanogaster appears to exhibit as much polymorphism at this locus as other extensively studied Drosophila species.—No evidence for loci on the X or second chromosomes which modified XDH mobility was found. Six of the electromorphs were mapped to the Xdh (ry) structural locus. Eight of the remaining nine classes exhibited mobility variation consistent with structural variation at the Xdh locus. The final class exhibited aberrant patterns and is under further study.
GENETIC AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE LOCUS vnd IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: White Kalpana , DeCelles Normand L , Enlow Thomas C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Genetic and developmental analysis of an X-linked vital locus vnd was undertaken. Embryos hemizygous for the original allele vnd did not hatch and exhibited a disorganized ventral nervous system (VNS). The mutation maps in the region 1B6-7 to 1B9-10, a subregion of an area previously shown to be essential to normal neural development. In this paper, we report isolation of five new alleles at the locus vnd. Genetic complementation analysis of all mutations at the vnd locus, with lethal alleles at adjacent loci, indicates that all lesions at the locus vnd affect only one vital gene function in the region. Four of the five alleles are embryonic lethal; one allele is subvital and behaves like an hypomorphic mutation. Hemizygous embryos for three of the four embryonic lethal alleles were inspected in histological sections; all exhibited disorganized VNS similar to the original allele. The developmental analysis in gynandromorphic genetic mosaics shows that (1) vnd + gene function is not essential in most imaginal-disc cell derivatives, (2) only about 30% of the mosaic zygotes survive as adults, (3) mosaic zygotes with mutant tissue close to the head cuticle are least likely to survive, and (4) mutant tissue in the thoracic ganglion in the adult is not necessarily lethal. The mosaic data are consistent with the vnd + gene function being necessary in neural cells derived from the anterioventral region of the blastoderm.
GENE IDENTITY AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS IN THE FINITE ISLAND MODEL
Authors: Takahata Naoyuki 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A formula for the variance of gene identity (homozygosity) was derived for the case of neutral mutations using diffusion approximations for the changes of gene frequencies in a subdivided population. It is shown that when gene flow is extremely small, the variance of gene identity for the entire population at equilibrium is smaller than that of the panmictic population with the same mean gene identity. On the other hand, although a large amount of gene flow makes a subdivided population equivalent to a panmictic population, there is an intermediate range of gene flow in which population subdivision can increase the variance. This increase results from the increased variance between colonies. In such a case, each colony has a predominant allele, but the predominant type may differ from colony to colony. The formula for obtaining the variance allows us to study such statistics as the coefficient of gene differentiation and the correlation of heterozygosity. Computer simulations were conducted to study the distribution of gene identity as well as to check the validity of the analytical formulas. Effects of selection were also studied by simulations.
A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE CHROMOSOMAL REGION SURROUNDING THE α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Kotarski Michael A , Pickert Sally , MacIntyre Ross J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The chromosomal region surrounding the structural gene for α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGpdh, 2-20.5) of Drosophila melanogaster has been studied in detail. Forty-three EMS-induced recessive lethal mutations and five previously identified visible mutations have been localized within the 25A-27D region of chromosome 2 by deficiency mapping and in some cases by a recombination analysis. The 43 lethal mutations specify 17 lethal loci. ?Gpdh has been localized to a single polytene chromosome band, 25F5, and there apparently are no lethals that map to the αGpdh locus.
VIRILITY DEFICIENCY AND THE SEX-RATIO TRAIT IN DROSOPHILA PSEUDOOBSCURA. I. SPERM DISPLACEMENT AND SEXUAL SELECTION
Authors: Wu Chung-I 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The Sex-Ratio (SR) phenomenon is associated with the X chromosome of many species of Drosophila. Males carrying SR transmit predominantly sperm bearing the X chromosome. SR, therefore, has a very significant advantage in segregation. This paper provides an experimental analysis of the role of virility selection in preventing the fixation of SR. SR males are found to suffer substantial virility reduction when mated with nonvirgin females but not with virgin females. The reduced virility arises because they are weaker in sperm displacement and are discriminated against by nonvirgin females. The virility deficiency of SR males is even more severe at low temperatures.
Decrypting healed fault zones: how gouge production reduces the influence of fault roughness
Authors: McBeck Jessica , Mair Karen , Renard François 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYTwo key parameters control the localization of deformation and seismicity along and surrounding crustal faults: the strength and roughness of the pre-existing fault surface. Using 3-D discrete element method simulations, we investigate how the anisotropy and amplitude of roughness control the mechanical behaviour of healed faults within granite blocks during quasi-static triaxial compression. We focus on models in which the uniaxial compressive strength of the healed faults is about 25 per cent of that strength of the surrounding host rock. These models provide insights into the evolution of fracture network localization, fault roughness, gouge production, fault slip and stress concentrations along initially healed faults of varying roughness. In contrast to expectations, the uniaxial compressive strengths of models that host faults with root-mean-squared roughness amplitudes of 0.2–1.4 mm do not vary more than the change produced by variations in particle packing. To assess if this lack of influence arises from the evolving roughness of the faults, we track the roughness amplitudes parallel and perpendicular to the downdip direction throughout fault failure and slip. The de facto roughness does not provide an explanation for the lack of influence of roughness on compressive strength because the roughness of the faults does not evolve to similar values with slip. Rather, smoother faults remain smoother than rougher faults throughout the simulation. However, the rougher faults produce larger volumes of gouge than the smoother faults. The gouge lubricates the fault and thereby reduces the influence of roughness on compressive strength. These observations suggest that fault topography and the asperities that build this topography do not exert a significant impact on deformation. To quantify the influence of asperities on slip, we calculate correlation coefficients between the fault surface topography and components of the slip vectors. The observed negative correlation coefficients between the fault topography and fault-plane parallel slip quantify the degree to which asperities slow slip in the downdip direction. The observed positive correlation coefficients between the topography and fault-plane perpendicular movement quantify the degree to which asperities promote opening. Thus, this analysis shows how asperities control slip by acting as speed bumps that hinder fault-plane parallel slip and promote fault-plane normal opening as the healed faults slide. The asperities do not significantly control fault movement during the unlocking and failure of the healed faults, but only following the peak axial stress as the faults slide and damage zones develop. These models thus provide unparalleled access to the dynamics of reactivated healed faults.
Anti-libidinal Interventions and Human Rights
Authors: Forsberg Lisa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anti-libidinal interventions (ALIs) are used in several jurisdictions to reduce male sex offenders’ libido. One common objection to these interventions holds that when offenders are either required to undergo them or offered to undergo them as an alternative to continued incarceration, ALIs violate recipients’ human rights. In this article, I examine this objection, which I call the human rights objection to ALIs, in relation to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Specifically, I examine the objection to ALIs in relation to Articles 3, 8 and 12 ECHR, which are the rights proponents of the human rights objection have identified as most relevant. I argue that the human rights objection in its current form fails to establish that ALIs violate recipients’ ECHR rights in respect of all these Articles.
Brain Activity of Benzoate, a D-Amino Acid Oxidase Inhibitor, in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Lane Hsien-Yuan , Tu Cheng-Hao , Lin Wei-Che , Lin Chieh-Hsin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Current anti-dementia drugs cannot benefit mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Sodium benzoate (a D-amino acid oxidase [DAO] inhibitor) has been found to improve the cognitive function of patients with early-phase Alzheimer’s disease (mild Alzheimer’s disease or MCI). However, its effect on brain function remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of benzoate on functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with amnestic MCI.

Methods
This was a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that enrolled 21 patients with amnestic MCI and allocated them randomly to either of 2 treatment groups: (1) benzoate group (250–1500 mg/d), or (2) placebo group. We assessed the patients’ working memory, verbal learning and memory, and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and regional homogeneity (ReHo) maps at baseline and endpoint.

Results
Resting-state ReHo decreased in right orbitofrontal cortex after benzoate treatment but did not change after placebo. Moreover, after benzoate treatment, the change in working memory was positively correlated with the change in ReHo in right precentral gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus; and the change in verbal learning and memory was positively correlated with the change in ReHo in left precuneus. In contrast, after placebo treatment, the change in working memory or in verbal learning and memory was not correlated with the change in ReHo in any brain region.

Conclusion
The current study is the first to our knowledge to demonstrate that a DAO inhibitor, sodium benzoate herein, can alter brain activity as well as cognitive functions in individuals with MCI. The preliminary finding lends supports for DAO inhibition as a novel approach for early dementing processes.
Applications of symmetry in point–line–plane frameworks for CAD
Authors: Fowler Patrick W , Guest Simon D , Owen John C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Computer-aided design (CAD) typically deals with geometries (points, lines, and planes) subject to constraints on distances and angles. Simple counting of freedoms and constraints, as used in the analysis of engineering structures, also provides a useful condition on the residual freedoms of a CAD drawing. Here, we derive general symmetry-extended counting equations to account more fully for the balance of freedoms and constraints in 2D point–line and 3D point–line–plane frameworks. General forms are given for symmetries of the freedoms of points, lines, and planes, and constraints based on distances and angles. The resulting toolkit can be used to give stronger conditions on dimensioning of CAD drawings. This importation to CAD of a physical point of view, in which residual freedoms correspond to the mechanisms and redundant constraints to the states of self-stress of a structure composed of bodies and joints, can often reveal hidden freedoms and redundancies in CAD systems. Point-group symmetry is not a panacea: Mechanisms that depend on specific geometries may escape detection by symmetry alone. One systematic limitation of this type is proved for polyhedra with planar faces and prescribed edge lengths.
Antiurolithic efficacy of a phenolic rich ethyl acetate fraction of the aerial parts of Aerva lanata (Linn) Juss. ex Schult. in ethylene glycol induced urolithic rats
Authors: Mandal Bitasta , Madan Swati , Ahmad Sayeed , Sharma Arun K , Ansari Mohd Hafizur Rehman 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The study was carried out to evaluate the in vivo antiurolithic efficaciousness of an ethyl acetate fraction of Aerva lanata (EAFAL) derived from the hydromethanolic extract of its aerial parts (HMEAL).

Methods
In vivo pharmacological potency of EAFAL was assessed by ethylene glycol (EG) induced urolithiasis model in male Wistar albino rats. Urine samples of the animals were analysed for physical parameters, stone promoters, inhibitors along with an evaluation of the biochemical parameters of serum and kidneys. Histopathological investigation of the kidneys was done. The fraction was further subjected to LC-MS and HPLC for its phytochemical evaluation.

Key findings
EAFAL demonstrated a significant antiurolithic effect by a restoration of the balance between urinary promoters and inhibitors along with an amelioration of the urinary pH. The abnormally elevated levels of serum nitrogenous substances, calcium, albumin, globulin, total protein along with altered renal calcium, oxalate and uric acid were also alleviated significantly followed by an improvement of the histopathological aberrancies. Phytochemical analysis showed evidence of phenolic components and flavonoids.

Conclusions
The current findings prove the beneficial role of phenolic and flavonoid rich EAFAL in ameliorating urolithiasis induced abnormalities of urine, serum and kidneys.
‘Zion, Memory and Hope of All Ages’: Nina Davis Salaman’s Romantic-Zionist Poetry
Authors: Devine Luke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the romantic-Zionist poetry of Nina Davis Salaman, contextualising it alongside other fin-de-siècle Zionist poets to argue that she too similarly adopted bibliocentric, prophetic, and diasporic perspectives, particularly themes associated with the medieval Andalusian poetry of Judah Halevi. In doing so, Salaman, much like other Anglo-Jewish women writers, defined her own subjectivity in the context of nostalgic, romanticising religious and nationalistic discourses. However, uniquely, Salaman’s poetry adopts not only the themes of medieval Andalusian verse yearning for Zion-Jerusalem and the land of Israel, but also, as she put it, its diasporic ‘clothing of metre and rhyme’. Indeed, Salaman’s romantic poetry is populated with intertextual links recalling the biblical Prophets and Halevi’s exilic poetry, which offer historical and scriptural substantiation to support contemporaneous Zionist discourses. Songs of Many Days draws equally on her underlying belief that ‘metre and rhyme’, including in her own poetry, are a feature of diasporic existence.
John Rechy’s Sodomites
Authors: Ernest Samuel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Current church debates and queer scholarship unearth Sodom as a site for contesting the relationships between sexuality, religion, queerness, and destruction. In John Rechy’s novels City of Night and Numbers, the Sodom story provides an archetype for the books’ hustler narrators, whose insatiable desires draw them repeatedly back into ‘the city of night of the soul’, and ultimately, oblivion. Drawing on Heather Love and Catherine Keller, I read Rechy as adapting the Sodom story rather than rejecting it in favour of progress or liberation, as do many queer biblical interpreters and theologians. Rechy’s hustlers display a sodomitic subjectivity in their refusal to be whole, which has made his relation to gay/queer and Chicanx literary canons uneasy. Precisely in his ‘backwardness’, Rechy illustrates how theological categories continue to shape gay/queer identities in the 20th century and today.
The strange case of the transient HBL blazar 4FGL J1544.3−0649
Authors: Sahakyan N , Giommi P 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a multifrequency study of the transient γ-ray source 4FGL J1544.3−0649, a blazar that exhibited a remarkable behaviour raising from the state of an anonymous mid-intensity radio source, never detected at high energies, to that of one of the brightest extreme blazars in the X-ray and γ-ray sky. Our analysis shows that the averaged γ-ray spectrum is well described by a power law with a photon index of 1.87 ± 0.04, while the flux above 100 MeV is (8.0 ± 0.9) × 10−9 photon cm−2 s−1, which increases during the active state of the source. The X-ray flux and spectral slope are both highly variable, with the highest 2–10 keV flux reaching (1.28 ± 0.05) × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1. On several observations, the X-ray spectrum hardened to the point implying as SED peak moving to energies larger than 10 keV. As in many extreme blazars the broad-band spectral energy distribution can be described by a homogeneous one-zone synchrotron-self-Compton leptonic model. We briefly discuss the potential implications for high-energy multimessenger astrophysics in case the dual behaviour shown by 4FGL J1544.3−0649 does not represent an isolated case, but rather a manifestation of a so far unnoticed relatively common phenomenon.