bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo Anti‐Toxoplasma activity of Dracocephalum kotschyi essential oil
Authors: Khamesipour Faham , Razavi Seyed Mostafa , Hejazi Seyed Hossein , Ghanadian Seyed Mustafa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite of worldwide importance, responsible for toxoplasmosis in homeotherms. Although treatment options are readily available, most drugs often cause serious side effects. Extracts of Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi) have shown significant pharmacological activity against various parasites, viruses, and bacteria. In this study, we evaluated the anti‐T. gondii activity in vitro and in vivo of D. kotschyi essential oil. The thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used to assess the anti‐T. gondii activity and cytotoxicity of the essential oil. The presence of T. gondii was observed by Giemsa staining, and the viability was evaluated by the trypan blue staining method. Furthermore, the survival rate of acutely infected mice was evaluated by intraperitoneal injecting of the essential oil (50, 100, and 200 mg kg−1 day−1) for five days after infection with 2 × 104 tachyzoites. Essential oil, negative, and positive controls that showed the best toxoplasmacidal activity were assayed in triplicate at each concentration. The essential oil exhibited the highest anti‐Toxoplasma activity with a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 9.94 ± 0.38 µg, with a selectivity index of 2.463. On Vero cells, the CC50 of the oil was 24.49 ± 0.96 µg and exhibited a significant anti‐Toxoplasma activity. Moreover, the treatment by essential oil significantly increased the survival rate compared to untreated infected control. In conclusion, the essential oil might be a useful compound, and with more testing, it may be an excellent alternative to standard chemical drugs in the treatment of toxoplasmosis.
Fingerprinting hydrological and biogeochemical drivers of freshwater quality
Authors: Heathwaite Ann Louise , Bieroza Magdalena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the interplay between hydrological flushing and biogeochemical cycling in streams is now possible owing to advances in high‐frequency water quality measurements with in situ sensors. It is often assumed that storm events are periods when biogeochemical processes become suppressed and longitudinal transport of solutes and particulates dominates. However, high‐frequency data show that diel cycles are a common feature of water quality time series and can be preserved during storm events, especially those of low‐magnitude. In this study, we mine a high‐frequency dataset and use two key hydrochemical indices, hysteresis and flushing index to evaluate the diversity of concentration‐discharge relationships in third order agricultural stream. We show that mobilization patterns, inferred from the hysteresis index, change on a seasonal basis, with a predominance of rapid mobilization from surface and near stream sources during winter high‐magnitude storm events and of delayed mobilization from subsurface sources during summer low‐magnitude storm events. Using dynamic harmonic regression, we were able to separate concentration signals during storm events into hydrological flushing (using trend as a proxy) and biogeochemical cycling (using amplitude of a diel cycle as a proxy). We identified three groups of water quality parameters depending on their typical c‐q response: flushing dominated parameters (phosphorus and sediments), mixed flushing and cycling parameters (nitrate nitrogen, specific conductivity and pH) and cycling dominated parameters (dissolved oxygen, redox potential and water temperature). Our results show that despite large storm to storm diversity in hydrochemical responses, storm event magnitude and timing have a critical role in controlling the type of mobilization, flushing and cycling behaviour of each water quality constituent. Hydrochemical indices can be used to fingerprint the effect of hydrological disturbance on freshwater quality and can be useful in determining the impacts of global change on stream ecology.
Farmers can substantially deploy irrigation potential through improved management environment: enabling factors of farmers' involvement in resource‐efficient irrigation management
Authors: Salman Maher , Fertő Imre , Alobid Mohannad , Pék Éva 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe poor performance of government‐managed irrigation systems still spills over into developing countries despite numerous attempts to improve efficiency through management transfer to farmers. Weak engagement of farmers in management is identified as one of the underlying causes of poor performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine the factors determining farmers' engagement in irrigation management in the Mubuku smallholder scheme, Uganda. The paper presents an assessment of the governing institutions through a qualitative method and a quantitative analysis to identify enabling factors of famers' engagement in management. As results, the paper argues that the current institutional setting of the scheme is only partially in line with predefined principles of self‐governing irrigation schemes. Farmers are not considered as creating a two‐tiered management structure due to the weak enforcement mechanism towards free‐riders, insufficient monitoring of resources and activities, lack of effective means of conflict resolution, an underdeveloped de facto institution and lack of organizational layers. Based on a farmers' survey, the outputs of semi‐parametric (SML) and semi‐non‐parametric (SNP) models indicate that education and household size have a significant and positive impact on farmers' engagement in management, while land size large enough to require employees has a negative and significant impact on engagement.
Effect of Single Versus Multiple Fractures on Systemic Bone Loss in Mice
Authors: Zhang Chenggui , Zhu Junxiong , Jia Jialin , Guan Zhiyuan , Sun Tiantong , Zhang Wang , Yuan Wanqiong , Wang Hong , Leng Huijie , Song Chunli 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Systemic bone loss after initial fracture contributes to an increased risk of secondary fracture. Clinical research has revealed an association between the risk of future fracture and the number or magnitude of prior fractures. However, the change in systemic bone mass after single versus multiple fractures is unknown. We used ipsilateral femur and tibia fractures as multiple fractures and a femur or tibia fracture as a single fracture to investigate the influence of single versus multiple fractures on systemic bone mass. Seventy-two adult male C57BL/6J mice underwent transverse osteotomies of the ipsilateral femur and/or tibia with subsequent internal fixation. The dynamic change of in vivo whole-body BMD was assessed at 4 days, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after fracture. The microstructure of the L5 vertebral body and contralateral femur was assessed using micro-CT (μCT) and biomechanical tests (vertebral compression test and three-point bending test) at 2 and 4 weeks. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, sequential fluorescence labeling, and systemic inflammatory cytokines were also quantified. A greater decrease in whole-body BMD was observed after multiple than single fractures. The trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness of the L5 vertebral body were significantly reduced. There were no significant differences in cortical thickness, trabecular bone microstructure, or bone strength in the contralateral femur. At 4 days and 2 weeks, we observed significant increases in the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. We also observed an increase in the osteoclast number of the L5 vertebral body at 4 days. These data indicate that systemic bone loss might increase with the number or severity of prior fractures, and the mechanism may be partly associated with an increased osteoclast number and a more severe inflammatory response. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Forty‐Fourth ASPEN Presidential Address: The 2020 Overture—A New Tune for the Future
Authors: Chan Lingtak‐Neander 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe provision of safe nutrition care to patients is the fundamental vision of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Yet we are facing important challenges in our field and society, requiring us to reflect, rethink, and adjust to make new breakthroughs to meet the needs for the future. In developing new plans to address these challenges, we must focus on 2 critical elements: people and the scientific process. Government and organizations cannot carry on their missions without people. But with the challenges of healthcare finance, biotechnology disruption, the desire to facilitate knowledge transfer and now the impact of the global pandemic, we need to develop a forward‐thinking and sustainable approach to connect people and foster continued learning. Burnout is a recognized occupational problem that affects providers and researchers across all disciplines. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has amplified the challenges associated with burnout. Supporting the needs and promoting the well‐being of people, therefore, are critical to move forward successfully. At the same time, the scientific advances in our field rely on sound scientific principles and integrity. Information overload, pressure to produce immediate outcomes (such as cost‐saving initiatives), and misinformation can compromise the scientific process and research evidence. The two common missteps that affect researchers, clinicians, and administrators include premature factulation and binary thinking. We will discuss how these missteps can occur and the approaches to minimize their influence in making sound decisions and policies to meet the future's needs.
Clinical Swallowing Profile Change in HNC Patients Treated with C/RT
Authors: Im Ikjae , Carnaby Giselle D. , Takahashi Noriaki , Dungan Sarah , Crary Michael A. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives/HypothesisTo demonstrate utility of the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability‐Cancer (MASA‐C) to describe change in swallowing ability in a cohort of HNC patients from pre‐C/RT to post‐C/RT to follow up at 3 months post‐C/RT. An exploratory analysis compared patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) only to patients treated with chemoradiation (CRT).Study DesignProspective Cohort.MethodsThe MASA‐C and Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) were completed on 85 HNC patients within the first 5 days of CRT initiation, at the completion of C/RT (6 weeks), and 3 months after completion of C/RT. MASA‐C total scores and clinical profiles were used to describe change in swallowing performance at each time point.ResultsMASA‐C and FOIS scores were significantly lower at 6 weeks and 3 months compared to baseline. Patients treated with CRT demonstrated more frequent and more severe dysphagia. Post C/RT items demonstrating the most deterioration included taste, diet level, oral mucosa, saliva, weight loss, and pharyngeal functions. Significant recovery was observed between 6 weeks and 3 months on both the MASA‐C and FOIS. MASA‐C items revealing the greatest recovery included taste, diet level, oral mucosa, tongue movement, weight loss, oral transit, voice, and pharyngeal phase. Few significant differences were noted between RT and CRT cases at 3 months.ConclusionsSwallowing functions deteriorate significantly following C/RT with incomplete recovery at 3 months. Few differences were noted between RT and CRT treated patients at 3 months. Clinical profiling with the MASA‐C provides a standard, simple method to document swallow function change over time in these patients.Level of Evidence2 Laryngoscope, 131:E1873–E1880, 2021
Predictors of Completion of Sublingual Immunotherapy
Authors: Hura Nanki , Song Sophia , Kamil Rebecca J. , Pierre Gerdline , Lin Sandra Y. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesSublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has emerged as an effective treatment alternative to subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) given its improved safety profile and more convenient dosing. However, SLIT still relies on daily dosing for many years to optimize effectiveness. This study sought to investigate factors that influence patient completion of SLIT.MethodsWe performed an institutional retrospective review of patients who received SLIT (2008–2020). Completion was defined as completing at least 36 months of SLIT. Patient demographics and characteristics, including the number of allergens treated, history of asthma and sinus surgery, number of clinic visits, and total time undergoing SLIT, were documented. Multivariate models were used to analyze predictors of SLIT completion. Subgroup analysis was performed among pediatric patients and patients who discontinued SLIT.ResultsOf the 404 total patients, 249 (61.6%) discontinued, 47 (11.6%) completed, and 108 (26.7%) were currently undergoing SLIT. The mean duration of therapy was 11.2 months for those who discontinued and 49.4 months for patients who completed SLIT. The odds of SLIT completion were twice as high with each additional clinic visit (P < .001), and twice as high when the dosage was increased during therapy (P = .06). Pediatric patients younger than age 12 with a history of asthma were over five times more likely to complete therapy (P = .045). Patients with more clinic visits (P < .001) and higher associated costs (P = .003) were less likely to be lost to follow‐up.ConclusionIncreasing the frequency of clinic visits, improving therapy availability, and mitigating concerns about clinical efficacy may increase patient completion of SLIT.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:E2111–E2115, 2021
Change in surgeon for revision rhinoplasty: The impact of patient demographics and surgical technique on patient retention
Authors: Crawford Kayva L. , Lee Jason H. , Panuganti Bharat A. , Burton Brittany N. , Jafari Aria , Hom David B. , Watson Deborah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesA subset of patients who require revision rhinoplasty will change surgeons for their second procedure. We sought to investigate the rate of surgeon change and identify associated predictors using a population‐based, ambulatory surgery database.Methods/study designIn this retrospective review, 9172 rhinoplasty procedures over a 5‐year period were analyzed using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Florida State Ambulatory Surgery and Services Database (SASD). We identified 380 patients who had at least two rhinoplasty procedures between 2009 and 2014. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of patients changing surgeons for their second documented rhinoplasty.ResultsAmong the 380/8531 (4.4%) patients who underwent a revision rhinoplasty, 117/380 (30.8%) patients changed surgeons for their subsequent procedure within a 5‐year period. Multivariable logistic regression identified a lower likelihood of surgeon change in patients undergoing functional or cosmetic cartilage grafting procedures (OR 0.342, 95%CI 0.155‐0.714, P = .006) and in patients who self‐paid for their procedure (OR 0.476, 95%CI 0.225‐0.984, P = .048). One hundred twenty‐four patients underwent a cosmetic revision rhinoplasty and were twice as likely to change surgeons as those who underwent functional revision rhinoplasty (OR 2.042 95%CI 1.046‐4.050, P = .038). Time elapsed (>2 years) was positively correlated with likelihood of surgeon change (OR 1.236, 95%CI 1.153‐1.333, P < .001).ConclusionIn our analysis, 30.8% of patients changed surgeons for their revision rhinoplasty. Cartilage grafting at the time of index procedure and cash payment correlated with a decreased likelihood of surgeon change. Patients were more likely to change surgeons with increased time elapsed or for an aesthetic revision. Clarifying features associated with surgeon change may help improve patient satisfaction and retention.
A functional learning health system in Japan: Experience with processes and information infrastructure toward continuous health improvement
Authors: Soejima Hidehisa , Matsumoto Kautarou , Nakashima Naoki , Nohara Yasunobu , Yamashita Takanori , Machida Jiro , Nakaguma Hideki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction and definition of the term Learning Health System (LHS) appears to have occurred initially around 2007. Prior to this and the introduction of electronic health records (EHR), a predecessor could be found in the Clinical Pathways concept as a standard medical care plan and a tool to improve medical quality. Since 1997, Japan's Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital (SKH) has been studying and implementing Clinical Pathways. In 2010, they implemented EHR, which facilitated the collection of structured data in common templates that aligned with outcome measurements defined through Japan's Society of Clinical Pathways. For each patient at this hospital, variances from the desired outcomes have been recorded, producing volumes of structured data in formats that could readily be aggregated and analyzed. A visualization tool was introduced to display graphs on the home page of the EHR such that each patient can be compared to similar patients. Knowledge learned from patient care is shared regularly through Clinical Pathways meetings that are supported by all staff within the hospital. The SKH experience over the past two decades is worth exploring further in the context of the development of a fully functional LHS and the attributes/characteristics thereof. In this report, the SKH experience and processes are compared with previously published attributes of a fully functional LHS (ie, characteristics of an LHS that can indicate maturity). Specific examples of the SKH system are detailed with respect to leveraging knowledge gained to change performance that improves patient care as prescribed by learning health cycles. The SKH experience and its information infrastructure and culture exemplify a functional LHS, which is now being expanded to additional hospitals with the hope that it can be scaled and serve as a solid platform for measures aimed at improving medical care, thus establishing broader and more global learning health systems.
Electrochemical approaches towards sensing viruses: A mini review
Authors: Santhanam Kalathur S. V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis mini review focusses the development of electrochemical sensors for a variety of viruses, for example, West Nile virus, dengue (DENV‐2, DENV‐3, DENV‐4), human phenotypes, H5N1, human norovirus, Japanese encephalitis (JEV), diarrhoea virus and rotavirus. These sensors are classified into four types based on Faradaic current measurement, impedance, conductivity and the current flow in a field effect transistor. While the first two have been well investigated, the latter two albeit in preliminary stages show great promise. Their simplicity, precision, sensitivity and rapid analysis make them valuable over conventional methods. The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) can be assayed in 20 min with detection limit of 1 pg/ml. The combination of biology with chemistry and material science could be utilized to develop disposable sensors for the rapid detection of SARS‐CoV‐2, a virus that has caused havoc around the globe.
Longitudinal measurement invariance and stability of individual interest across a 16‐week introductory animal sciences course
Authors: Erickson MaryGrace , Wattiaux Michel A. , Karcher Elizabeth L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEducators often compare quantitative scores on motivational traits across time (e.g., pre‐ and post‐semester), yet few studies have examined the longitudinal measurement equivalence of such traits or described typical trajectories. Our research explored the longitudinal measurement of individual interest in two cohorts of an introductory animal sciences course across four measurement occasions during a 16‐week semester. First, we modified an existing individual interest scale and validated it within our population (CFI = 1.00, SRMR = .02, RMSEA = .05). Second, we established partial scalar invariance across measurement occasions through nested model comparisons. Third, we described the trajectory of individual interest with latent growth curve models (LGCM). Individual interest started high for both cohorts (intercepts = 65.02, 61.06 on a scale from 0 [low] to 70 [high] for Fall 2018 and Spring 2019, respectively). Individual interest followed a curvilinear pattern in Fall 2018; however, no significant shape trends described Spring 2019 data. Overall, our results show that individual interest can be measured equivalently across a semester; however, it follows heterogenous trajectories. Further research is needed to improve the sensitivity of individual interest scales within high‐interest populations and relate heterogenous interest trajectories to classroom experiences.
A joint industry‐sponsored data monitoring committee model for observational, retrospective drug safety studies in the real‐world setting
Authors: Major‐Pedersen Atheline , McCullen Mary Kate , Sabol Mary Elizabeth , Adetunji Omolara , Massaro Joseph , Neugut Alfred I. , Sosa Julie Ann , Hollenberg Anthony N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo share better practice in establishing data monitoring committees (DMCs) for observational, retrospective safety studies with joint‐industry sponsorship.MethodsA DMC model was created to monitor data from an observational, retrospective, post‐authorization safety study investigating risk of medullary thyroid cancer in patients treated with long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (LA GLP‐1RAs) (NCT01511393). Sponsors reviewed regulatory guidelines, best practice and sponsors' standard operation procedures on DMCs. Discussions were held within the four‐member consortium, assessing applicability to observational, retrospective, real‐world studies. A DMC charter was drafted based on a sponsor‐proposed, adapted DMC model. Thereafter, a kick‐off meeting between sponsors and DMC members was held to receive DMC input and finalize the charter.ResultsDue to this study's observational, retrospective nature, assuring participant safety – central for traditional explanatory clinical trial models – was not applicable to our DMC model. The overall strategy and key indication for our real‐world model included preserving study integrity and credibility. Therefore, DMC member independence and their contribution of expert knowledge were essential. To ensure between‐sponsor data confidentiality, all study committees/corporations and sponsors, besides the DMC, received blinded data only (adapted to refer to data blinding that revealed the specific marketed LA GLP‐1RA/sponsor). Communication and blinding/unblinding of these data were facilitated by the contract research organization, which also provided crucial operational oversight.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, we have established the first DMC model for joint industry‐sponsored, observational, retrospective safety studies. This model could serve as a precedent for others performing similar post‐marketing, joint industry‐sponsored pharmacovigilance activities.