bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling Representations in Scene-selective Brain Regions Using Scene-Parsing Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Dwivedi Kshitij , Cichy Radoslaw Martin , Roig Gemma 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Visual scene perception is mediated by a set of cortical regions that respond preferentially to images of scenes, including the occipital place area (OPA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA). However, the differential contribution of OPA and PPA to scene perception remains an open research question. In this study, we take a deep neural network (DNN)-based computational approach to investigate the differences in OPA and PPA function. In a first step, we search for a computational model that predicts fMRI responses to scenes in OPA and PPA well. We find that DNNs trained to predict scene components (e.g., wall, ceiling, floor) explain higher variance uniquely in OPA and PPA than a DNN trained to predict scene category (e.g., bathroom, kitchen, office). This result is robust across several DNN architectures. On this basis, we then determine whether particular scene components predicted by DNNs differentially account for unique variance in OPA and PPA. We find that variance in OPA responses uniquely explained by the navigation-related floor component is higher compared to the variance explained by the wall and ceiling components. In contrast, PPA responses are better explained by the combination of wall and floor, that is, scene components that together contain the structure and texture of the scene. This differential sensitivity to scene components suggests differential functions of OPA and PPA in scene processing. Moreover, our results further highlight the potential of the proposed computational approach as a general tool in the investigation of the neural basis of human scene perception.
Temporal Expectations Prepare Visual Working Memory for Behavior
Authors: Jin Wen , Nobre Anna C. , van Ede Freek 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Working memory enables us to retain past sensations in service of anticipated task demands. How we prepare for anticipated task demands during working memory retention remains poorly understood. Here, we focused on the role of time—asking how temporal expectations help prepare for ensuing memory-guided behavior. We manipulated the expected probe time in a delayed change-detection task and report that temporal expectation can have a profound influence on memory-guided behavioral performance. EEG measurements corroborated the utilization of temporal expectations: demonstrating the involvement of a classic EEG signature of temporal expectation—the contingent negative variation—in the context of working memory. We also report the influence of temporal expectations on 2 EEG signatures associated with visual working memory—the lateralization of 8- to 12-Hz alpha activity, and the contralateral delay activity. We observed a dissociation between these signatures, whereby alpha lateralization (but not the contralateral delay activity) adapted to the time of expected memory utilization. These data show how temporal expectations prepare visual working memory for behavior and shed new light on the electrophysiological markers of both temporal expectation and working memory.
Diagnostic Utility of Salivary Pepsin as Compared With 24‐Hour Dual pH/Impedance Probe in Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Authors: Zhang Michael , Chia Clemente , Stanley Claire , Phyland Debra J. , Paddle Paul M. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveLaryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is defined as the retropulsion of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx, and/or nasopharynx. The 24‐hour combined hypopharyngeal‐esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance with dual pH probe (24h‐HEMII‐pH) is currently the gold standard in LPR diagnosis; however, it is invasive, user dependent, and not always tolerated. This study assesses the diagnostic utility of salivary pepsin (Peptest) at different thresholds and during symptomatic periods as compared with the 24h‐HEMII‐pH probe in diagnosing LPR.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingPrivate laryngology clinic in Melbourne, Australia.Subjects and MethodsThirty‐five patients with a clinical history and endoscopic findings of LPR were recruited and simultaneously evaluated for LPR via 24h‐HEMII‐pH probe and salivary pepsin analysis at 5 key time points over the same 24‐hour period.ResultsSalivary pepsin was 76.9% sensitive and had a positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.0% at a threshold of 16 ng/mL when compared with the 24h‐HEMII‐pH probe. If the pathologic pepsin threshold was raised to 75 ng/mL, salivary pepsin had a sensitivity of 57.7%, a specificity of 75.0%, and a PPV of 93.8%. Symptomatic testing conferred a superior specificity at 16 ng/mL (66.7%) and 75 ng/mL (100.0%) and a superior PPV at 16 ng/mL (92.3%) and 75 ng/mL (100.0%).ConclusionSalivary pepsin detection is a simpler, more cost‐effective, and less traumatic universal first‐line alternative to 24h‐HEMII‐pH probe in diagnosing LPR. Superior specificities conferring greater diagnostic value may be achieved with higher thresholds and symptomatic testing. If clinical suspicion remains high following negative salivary pepsin analysis, a 24h‐HEMII‐pH study could provide further diagnostic information.
Pediatric Aural Foreign Body Extraction: Comparison of Efficacies Among Clinical Settings and Retrieval Methods
Authors: Shih Michael , Brock Linda , Liu Yi‐Chun Carol 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy of aural foreign body (FB) extractions among medical care settings and determine if certain methods of extraction resulted in higher failure rates and procedural complications.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingEmergency departments (EDs), urgent cares (UCs), pediatric primary care providers (PCPs), and otolaryngologists (ENTs).MethodsA total of 366 pediatric patients with EAC foreign bodies at a tertiary children’s hospital and associated satellite clinics.ResultsThe ED/UCs (17.46%), PCPs (75.22%), and ENTs (94.54%) exhibited highly variable success rates for pediatric aural FB extractions. Complications were considerably higher for attempts by ED/UCs (22.22%) as compared with PCPs (2.61%) and those of unclear etiology (2.73% of all attempts). Use of balloon‐tipped catheters and adhesive‐tipped probes (eg, cyanoacrylate/superglue) for FB extraction exhibited 0% success rates with high severity of complications.ConclusionOur statistics provide an example in which ED/UCs had higher failure rates at pediatric aural FB removals when compared with PCPs and ENTs. If a single provider (PCP or ED/UC) fails to retrieve an aural FB or if the provider is not comfortable conducting the procedure, then referral to an ENT is preferable to another PCP or ED/UC. Our evidence reveals that balloon‐tipped catheters and adhesive‐tipped probes for FB removal in the pediatric population are prone to failure and higher rates/severity of complications.
The Gap Between Subjective Return to Sports and Subjective Athletic Performance Intensity After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Ohji Shunsuke , Aizawa Junya , Hirohata Kenji , Ohmi Takehiro , Koga Hideyuki , Okawa Atsushi , Jinno Tetsuya , Yagishita Kazuyoshi 
Published: September 2020

Background: On a questionnaire administered to athletes who had undergone anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), some answered “yes” to a question regarding return to sports (RTS) at the preinjury level despite having lower postoperative subjective athletic performance (PoSAP) intensity compared with preoperative levels. Purpose: To investigate the agreement between responses regarding RTS and PoSAP intensity after ACLR. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 44 individuals, 24.8 ± 18.4 months after ACLR, participated in this study. They completed a questionnaire in which PoSAP was graded as a percentage of preoperative performance level. They also gave dichotomous responses (yes/no) to the question of whether they had been able to RTS at the same level as before their injury (RTS question). Participants were divided into 2 groups according to their PoSAP scores using different cutoff values (100%, 90%, 80%, and 70%), and an exploratory analysis was conducted of the cutoff value for dividing PoSAP scores that provided the greatest agreement with the response to the RTS question. Results: The mean PoSAP score was 87.5% ± 14.9%, and 33 participants (75%) answered “yes” to the RTS question. The agreement between the PoSAP score and the RTS question was lowest when the cutoff value was 100% (κ = 0.294) and highest when the cutoff value was 80% (κ = 0.676) and 90% (κ = 0.632). Conclusion: More athletes who had undergone ACLR answered “yes” to the RTS question even when their PoSAP score was around 80%. Asking only for dichotomous responses may result in overestimating the level to which these athletes’ performance has recovered after ACLR.
Adsorption ofLippia multifloraessential oil on two surfactant-modified clays: qualitative approach
Authors: Gueu Soumahoro , Tia Vama Etienne , Bartier Danièle , Barres Odile , Soro Fatogoma Dolourou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the adsorption of an essential oil (EO) on a kaolinite-rich clay and a smectite-rich clay. The two clays were modified with a quaternary alkyl ammonium surfactant to create a lipophilic environment for better adsorption of the EO. The preparation of the clay/EO hybrids avoided the use of a slurry and organic solvent. The selected EO was that ofLippia multiflora. This EO has insecticidal properties. The surfactant was trioctyl methylammonium (TOMA). The modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The smectite-rich clay displayed greater adsorption of theL. multifloraEO compared to the kaolinite-rich clay. The interlayer space of the kaolinite-rich clay was not affected by the adsorption of the TOMA and/or EO molecules, which suggests that the adsorption in this clay took place on the external surface. By contrast, a significant increase in the interlayer space of the smectite-rich clay was observed, suggesting that the adsorption process of TOMA and/or EO took place on both the external and internal surfaces. The IR analysis showed that the surfactant loading in the interlayer space of the smectite-rich clay introduces a gauche conformation in the alkyl chains. A formulation mixing this local smectite-rich clay and theL. multifloraEO has potential for the manufacture of new biopesticides.
Identification of functional cooperative mutations of GNAO1 in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Song Lili , Yu Bo , Yang Yi , Liang Jianwei , Zhang Yingwen , Ding Lixia , Wang Tianyi , Wan Xinyu , Yang Xiaomin , Tang Jingyan , Wang Shengyue , Li Benshang , Li Yanxin , Feng Haizhong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Leukemogenesis is characterized by chromosomal rearrangements with additional molecular disruptions, yet the cooperative mechanisms are still unclear. Using whole-exome sequencing of a pair of monozygotic twins who were discordant for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with ETV6-RUNX1 (E/R) gene fusion successively after birth, we identified the R209C mutation of G protein subunit α o1 (GNAO1) as a new ALL risk loci. Moreover, GNAO1 missense mutations are recurrent in ALL patients and are associated with E/R fusion. Ectopic expression of the GNAO1 R209C mutant increased its GTPase activity and promoted cell proliferation and cell neoplastic transformation. Combined with the E/R fusion, the GNAO1 R209C mutation promoted leukemogenesis through activating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. Reciprocally, activated mTORC1 phosphorylated p300 acetyltransferase, which acetylated E/R and thereby enhanced the E/R transcriptional activity of GNAO1 R209C. Thus, our study provides clinical evidence of the functional cooperation of GNAO1 mutations and E/R fusion, suggesting GNAO1 as a therapeutic target in human leukemia.
Concomitant use of a dual Src/ABL kinase inhibitor eliminates the in vitro efficacy of blinatumomab against Ph+ ALL
Authors: Leonard Jessica T. , Kosaka Yoko , Malla Pavani , LaTocha Dorian , Lamble Adam , Hayes-Lattin Brandon , Byrd Kaelan , Druker Brian J. , Tyner Jeffrey W. , Chang Bill H. , Lind Evan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Blinatumomab is currently approved for use as a single agent in relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cytotoxicity is mediated via signaling through the T-cell receptor (TCR). There is now much interest in combining blinatumomab with targeted therapies, particularly in Philadelphia chromosome–positive ALL (Ph+ ALL). However, some second- and third-generation ABL inhibitors also potently inhibit Src family kinases that are important in TCR signaling. We combined ABL inhibitors and dual Src/ABL inhibitors with blinatumomab in vitro from both healthy donor samples and primary samples from patients with Ph+ ALL. Blinatumomab alone led to both T-cell proliferation and elimination of target CD19+ cells and enhanced production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The addition of the ABL inhibitors imatinib or nilotinib to blinatumomab did not inhibit T-cell proliferation or IFN-γ production. However, the addition of dasatinib or ponatinib inhibited T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production. Importantly, there was no loss of CD19+ cells treated with blinatumomab plus dasatinib or ponatinib in healthy samples or samples with a resistant ABL T315I mutation by dasatinib in combination with blinatumomab. These in vitro findings bring pause to the excitement of combination therapies, highlighting the importance of maintaining T-cell function with targeted therapies.
A prospective, blinded study of a PF4-dependent assay for HIT diagnosis
Authors: Samuelson Bannow Bethany , Warad Deepti M. , Jones Curtis G. , Pechauer Shannon M. , Curtis Brian R. , Bougie Daniel W. , Sharma Ruchika , Grill Diane E. , Redman Mary W. , Khalighi Parisa R. , Leger Rachel R. , Pruthi Rajiv K. , Chen Dong , Sabath Daniel E. , Aster Richard H. , Garcia David A. , Padmanabhan Anand 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a life-threatening, prothrombotic, antibody-mediated disorder. To maximize the likelihood of recovery, early and accurate diagnosis is critical. Widely available HIT assays, such as the platelet factor 4 (PF4) heparin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) lack specificity, and the gold-standard carbon 14–labeled serotonin release assay (SRA) is of limited value for early patient management because it is available only through reference laboratories. Recent studies have demonstrated that pathogenic HIT antibodies selectively activate PF4-treated platelets and that a technically simpler assay, the PF4-dependent P-selectin expression assay (PEA), may provide an option for rapid and conclusive results. Based upon predefined criteria that combined 4Ts scores and HIT ELISA results, 409 consecutive adults suspected of having HIT were classified as disease positive, negative, or indeterminate. Patients deemed HIT indeterminate were considered disease negative in the primary analysis and disease positive in a sensitivity analysis. The ability of PEA and SRA to identify patients judged to have HIT was compared using receiver operating characteristic curve statistics. Using these predefined criteria, the diagnostic accuracy of PEA was high (area under the curve [AUC], 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.87-1.0) and similar to that of SRA (AUC, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.82-1.0). In sensitivity analysis, the AUCs of PEA and SRA were also similar at 0.88 (95% CI, 0.78-0.98) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.77-0.96), respectively. The PEA, a technically simple nonradioactive assay that uses ∼20-fold fewer platelets compared with the SRA, had high accuracy for diagnosing HIT. Widespread use of the PEA may facilitate timely and more effective management of patients with suspected HIT.
3D cone-beam CT with a twin robotic x-ray system in elbow imaging: comparison of image quality to high-resolution multidetector CT
Authors: Grunz Jan-Peter , Weng Andreas Max , Kunz Andreas Steven , Veyhl-Wichmann Maike , Schmitt Rainer , Gietzen Carsten Herbert , Pennig Lenhard , Herz Stefan , Ergün Süleyman , Bley Thorsten Alexander , Gassenmaier Tobias 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Elbow imaging is challenging with conventional multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), while cone-beam CT (CBCT) provides superior options. We compared intra-individually CBCT versus MDCT image quality in cadaveric elbows.

Methods
A twin robotic x-ray system with new CBCT mode and a high-resolution clinical MDCT were compared in 16 cadaveric elbows. Both systems were operated with a dedicated low-dose (LD) protocol (equivalent volume CT dose index [CTDIvol(16 cm)] = 3.3 mGy) and a regular clinical scan dose (RD) protocol (CTDIvol(16 cm) = 13.8 mGy). Image quality was evaluated by two radiologists (R1 and R2) on a seven-point Likert scale, and estimation of signal intensity in cancellous bone was conducted. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) statistics were used.

Results
The CBCT prototype provided superior subjective image quality compared to MDCT scans (for RD, p ≤ 0.004; for LD, p ≤ 0.001). Image quality was rated very good or excellent in 100% of the cases by both readers for RD CBCT, 100% (R1) and 93.8% (R2) for LD CBCT, 62.6% and 43.8% for RD MDCT, and 0.0% and 0.0% for LD MDCT. Single-measure ICC was 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.91–0.97; p < 0.001). Software-based assessment supported subjective findings with less “undecided” pixels in CBCT than dose-equivalent MDCT (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between LD CBCT and RD MDCT.

Conclusions
In cadaveric elbow studies, the tested cone-beam CT prototype delivered superior image quality compared to high-end multidetector CT and showed a potential for considerable dose reduction.
Using a Collaborative, Virtual Discussion Platform to Mobilize Oncologic Expertise for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bejjani Anthony , Burt Lindsay , Washington Christina , Terao Michael , Housri Samir , Housri Nadine 
Published: September 2020

PURPOSE COVID-19 is a rapidly emerging worldwide pandemic that has drastically changed health care across the United States. Oncology patients are especially vulnerable. Novel point-of-care resources may be useful to rapidly disseminate peer-reviewed information from oncology experts nationwide. We describe our initial experience with distributing this information through a private, curated, virtual collaboration question-and-answer (Q&A) platform for oncologists. METHODS The Q&A database was queried for a 2-month period from March 12 to May 12, 2020. We collected the total number of views and unique viewers for the questions. We classified the questions according to their emphasis (practice management, clinical management, both) and disease type across radiation oncology, medical oncology, gynecologic oncology, and pediatric oncology. RESULTS Seventy-nine questions were approved, 67 of which were answered and generated 49,494 views with 5,148 unique viewers. Most discussions covered clinical management, with breast cancer being the most active disease site. Ten questions covered pediatric oncology and gynecologic oncology. Forty-seven percent of the 11,010 users of the platform visited the website during the 2-month period. CONCLUSION Discussions on the Q&A platform reached a substantial number of oncologists throughout the nation and may help oncologists to modify their treatment in real time with the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Metformin Action
Authors: LaMoia Traci E , Shulman Gerald I 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetformin is a first-line therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, due to its robust glucose-lowering effects, well-established safety profile, and relatively low cost. While metformin has been shown to have pleotropic effects on glucose metabolism, there is a general consensus that the major glucose-lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes is mostly mediated through inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis. However, despite decades of research, the mechanism by which metformin inhibits this process is still highly debated. A key reason for these discrepant effects is likely due to the inconsistency in dosage of metformin across studies. Widely studied mechanisms of action, such as complex I inhibition leading to AMPK activation, have only been observed in the context of supra-pharmacological (&gt;1 mM) metformin concentrations, which do not occur in the clinical setting. Thus, these mechanisms have been challenged in recent years and new mechanisms have been proposed. Based on the observation that metformin alters cellular redox balance, a redox-dependent mechanism of action has been described by several groups. Recent studies have shown that clinically relevant (50-100 μM) concentrations of metformin inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis in a substrate-selective manner both in vitro and in vivo, supporting a redox-dependent mechanism of metformin action. Here, we review the current literature regarding metformin’s cellular and molecular mechanisms of action.
Iskolai kötődés, iskolai klíma diák és pedagógus szemmel
Authors: Széll Krisztián , Szabó Lilla , Fehérvári Anikó 
Published: September 2020

A tanulmány többféle nézőpont elemzésére fókuszál, a tanulói és pedagógus vélemények összevetésével. Az írás alapvetően az iskolai elköteleződés, bevonódás, kötődés, légkör jellemzőivel foglalkozik, ugyanakkor kitér a kérdéskörhöz szorosan kapcsolódó egyéb területek összevetésére is, így vizsgálja a közösségi bevonódás mértékében, az iskolai célok és elvárások megítélésében, a pedagóguskompetenciák értékelésében, valamint az élettel való elégedettség és bizalom szintjében a megkérdezett tanulók és pedagógusok véleményei között tapasztalható eltéréseket. A tanulmány első része a tanulók iskolai kötődésével, a pedagógusok munka- és szervezet iránti elköteleződésével, valamint az iskolai légkörrel kapcsolatos értelmezési lehetőségeket járja körül, s kitér a témában eddig született legfontosabb empirikus kutatási eredmények ismertetésére is. A második rész ezen témakörökre fókuszálva egy, az iskolai lemorzsolódás hazai elemzését célzó komplex kutatás keretében 2018 őszén végzett tanulói és pedagógus kérdőíves adatfelvételre alapozva elemzi a tanulók (n=1 953) és a pedagógusok (n=1 136) véleménye közötti különbségeket.
Principio de autonomía: libertad de decidir Ejplo de un caso de ética medica
Authors: Vargas Mesén Jorge Andrés 
Published: September 2020

El principio de autonomía y el derecho a decidir libremente, pueden generar una situación en la que potencialmente se compromete la vida de la persona. ¿Qué posición debe tomar el clínico tratante, ante una decisión que puede poner en riesgo la vida de su paciente?
Comportamiento epidemiológico de la lepra en Costa Rica, de 2012 al 2017
Authors: Chavarria Ana Rivera , Aguirre Azálea Espinoza 
Published: September 2020

La lepra es una patología infecciosa crónica propia del ser humano, de evolución lenta, curable, producida por Mycobacterium leprae y Mycobacterium lepromatosis, que afecta principalmente a piel y sistema nervioso periférico.
Se describe algunas características epidemiológicas de la lepra en Costa Rica durante el periodo 2012-2017. Este estudio mostró una tasa de prevalencia inferior a uno por diez mil habitantes a nivel nacional. No obstante, persiste el reporte de casos nuevos en todo el país y en algunas regiones en mayor proporción que otras, lo que indica que la transmisión de la enfermedad continúa como un riesgo potencial en las familias especialmente.