bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platelets as Central Actors in Thrombosis—Reprising an Old Role and Defining a New Character
Authors: Stevens Hannah , McFadyen James D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPlatelets have long been considered simple anucleate cells that rapidly adhere and aggregate at sites of vascular injury. However, recent in vivo experimental data have shed new light on the platelet response to vascular injury. These data have unexpectedly revealed that platelet thrombus formation is a highly dynamic process and yields a platelet thrombus with a distinct hierarchical structure composed of a “core” of highly activated platelets and a “shell” of platelets in a low activation state. This has given rise to the concept that therapeutic targeting of the propagating thrombus shell may hold promise as a means to target thrombosis while sparing hemostasis. While platelets have been historically considered central to arterial thrombosis, they have been traditionally viewed as minor contributors to the formation of venous thrombosis. However, this concept has recently been challenged with the emergence of a large body of evidence highlighting the important proinflammatory function of platelets. The proinflammatory function of platelets is afforded by their ability to induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation, enhance leucocyte recruitment, and secrete granular contents such as high mobility group protein B1 and polyphosphate. These proinflammatory processes trigger coagulation, via the intrinsic pathway, and are central to the formation of venous thrombosis, a condition now appreciated to be a form of sterile inflammation. These data now place platelets at the center stage in orchestrating the thromboinflammatory response underpinning venous thrombosis and have provided new hope that novel platelet-targeted therapeutics may represent a safe and effective approach to prevent venous thrombosis.
Speaking of trauma: the race talk, the gun violence talk, and the racialization of gun trauma
Authors: Armstrong Madison , Carlson Jennifer 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper considers the intersection of race and gun violence through the lens of trauma. We focus on two high-profile cases of gun violence: the state-deemed justifiable homicide of Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, on February 26, 2012 and the active shooting that took place at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on February 14, 2018. These cases illustrate not just how people in the US experience gun violence in racially divergent ways (as existing literature suggests) but also how people—particularly parents—manage the anticipation of gun violence and its trauma. To this end, we develop the concept of “anticipatory trauma” and illustrate it by analyzing a set of social practices that have emerged surrounding gun violence: parents’ conversations with their children aimed at explaining and addressing their children’s unique risk of gun violence. Building on existing literature on “the Talk” among African American parents, we analyze a racial bifurcation in how parents talk about gun violence. Specifically, we detail “the Race Talk” (in relation to the Trayvon Martin case) and “the Gun Violence Talk” (in relation to the Parkland case), which differentially construct children’s vulnerability, the social phenomena that render them vulnerable, and the appropriate solutions for addressing that vulnerability. Without understanding anticipatory trauma as a racialized phenomenon, we risk leveling the gun violence debate—and creating gun policy that is neither politically meaningful nor practically effective for addressing the broad but complex issue of gun violence.
Superman vs. Nick O’Teen: anti-smoking campaigns and children in 1980s Britain
Authors: Mold Alex , Elizabeth Hannah 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn December 1980, the Health Education Council launched a campaign designed to discourage children from taking up smoking. Advertisements on TV and in comics and magazines featured a battle between Superman and the evil Nick O’Teen as he attempted to recruit children to his army of smokers. Children were also encouraged to join Superman in his fight by signing a pledge not to smoke, in return for which they received a poster and badges featuring the superhero. This article examines the design, production, delivery and reception of the Superman vs. Nick O’Teen campaign in order to probe the multi-faceted nature of the making of healthy publics in 1980s Britain. Children constituted a particularly problematic public. On the one hand, they were thought to be vulnerable and easily led towards unhealthy lifestyle choices. But on the other, children were also recognised as agents who might convince adults, as well as their peers not to smoke. This ambivalent conceptualisation of the child as a potential victim of malign influences, or potential rational agent and force for good, is typical of the 1980s, a time when the meanings of the child as consumer, agent, and citizen were undergoing increased ideological debate. This campaign also took place as ideas about health education, its place within public health policy and practice, and its relationship with the public, were in flux. The battle between Superman and Nick O’Teen was thus not just about smoking, but about particular ways of seeing and interacting with healthy (and unhealthy) publics.
Definitions, methods, and applications in interpretable machine learning
Authors: Murdoch W. James , Singh Chandan , Kumbier Karl , Abbasi-Asl Reza , Yu Bin 
Published: October 2019

SignificanceThe recent surge in interpretability research has led to confusion on numerous fronts. In particular, it is unclear what it means to be interpretable and how to select, evaluate, or even discuss methods for producing interpretations of machine-learning models. We aim to clarify these concerns by defining interpretable machine learning and constructing a unifying framework for existing methods which highlights the underappreciated role played by human audiences. Within this framework, methods are organized into 2 classes: model based and post hoc. To provide guidance in selecting and evaluating interpretation methods, we introduce 3 desiderata: predictive accuracy, descriptive accuracy, and relevancy. Using our framework, we review existing work, grounded in real-world studies which exemplify our desiderata, and suggest directions for future work.
Conspicuous fabrications
Authors: Kraatila Elise 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
It has become an increasingly common suggestion that we are currently living in a ‘post-truth’ world, where
compelling storytelling has usurped the place of empirical facts in determining our shared social reality. The impression of
reality becoming endlessly mutable by storytelling is bolstered by the idea of narratives as mediators of human experience,
developed across humanities and social sciences, becoming part of a popularized post-truth discourse. In this discourse, stories
are viewed as tools for constructing the world, and attributed power to create their own truths. I argue that the challenge for
meaningful communication posed by this sentiment can be uniquely and effectively confronted in speculative storytelling, and
especially currently enormously popular fantasy fiction. By creating thought experiments in conspicuously fabricated settings,
fantasy stories highlight storytelling as a means for coming to terms with different realities – and provide their audiences with
tools for critically examining and challenging the post-truth discourse.
“I can tell the difference between fiction and reality”
Authors: Browse Sam , Hatavara Mari 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article approaches fictionality as a set of semiotic strategies prototypically associated with fictional forms of storytelling (Hatavara & Mildorf, 2017b). Whilst these strategies are strongly associated with fiction, they might also be used in non-fictional and ontologically ambivalent contexts to create ‘cross-fictional’ rhetorical effects. We focus on the representation of thought and consciousness. Using the concept of ‘mind style’ (Fowler, 1977,1996;Leech & Short, 1981;Semino, 2007), we investigate the linguistic representation of the internal monologue of British Prime Minister, Theresa May, in a satirical newspaper article. The stylistic analysis of the PM’s mind style facilitates an account of the elaborate and nuanced mixing of May and the author’s ideological perspectives throughout the piece. We argue that this cross-fictional, stylistic approach better accounts for the satirical effects of fictionality in the text than those placing a premium on authorial intention and the invented nature of the narrative discourse.
The rhetoric of factuality in narrative
Authors: Björninen Samuli 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe article presents a method for studying the factuality of narrative as a rhetoric. The need for such a method is apparent in the so-called post-truth climate, which sees us witnessing debates about semantic chimeras like “alternative facts” and “fake news.” The article arrives at its method by tackling challenges arising both in narrative theory and in fictionality studies. This involves developing models that let us take into account both the effects of local discursive features and the “macrogeneric” and “generic” frames guiding expectations about how communication is meant to work. The method is used in analysis of one of the controversial stories by the journalist Claas Relotius, who is currently being investigated in the forgery scandal of the magazineDer Spiegel.
A new paradigm for the dynamics of the early Universe
Authors: Tucker R W , Walton T J , Arrayás M , Trueba J L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper invokes a new mechanism for reducing a coupled system of fields (including Einstein’s equations without a cosmological constant) to equations that possess solutions exhibiting characteristics of immediate relevance to current observational astronomy.
Our approach is formulated as a classical Einstein-vector-scalar-Maxwell-fluid field theory on a spacetime with three-sphere spatial sections. Analytic cosmological solutions are found using local charts familiar from standard LFRW cosmological models. These solutions can be used to describe different types of evolution for the metric scale factor, the Hubble, jerk and de-acceleration functions, the scalar spacetime curvature and the Kretschmann invariant constructed from the Riemann–Christoffel spacetime curvature tensor. The cosmological sector of the theory accommodates a particular single big-bang scenario followed by an eternal exponential acceleration of the scale factor. Such a solution does not require an externally prescribed fluid equation of state and leads to a number of new predictions including a current value of the ‘jerk’ parameter, ‘Hopfian-like’ source-free Maxwell field configurations with magnetic helicity and distributional ‘bi-polar’ solutions exhibiting a new charge conjugation symmetry.
An approximate scheme for field perturbations about this particular cosmology is explored and its consequences for a thermalisation process and a thermal history are derived, leading to a prediction of the time interval between the big-bang and the decoupling era. Finally it is shown that field couplings exist where both vector and scalar localised linearised perturbations exhibit dispersive wave-packet behaviours. The scalar perturbation may also give rise to Yukawa solutions associated with a massive Klein–Gordon particle. It is argued that the vector and scalar fields may offer candidates for ‘dark-energy’ and ‘dark-matter’ respectively.
Influence of the magnet aspect ratio on the dynamic stiffness of a rotating superconducting magnetic bearing
Authors: Espenhahn Tilo , Wunderwald Florian , Möller Marcel , Sparing Maria , Hossain Mahmud , Fuchs Günter , Abdkader Anwar , Cherif Chokri , Nielsch Kornelius , Hühne Ruben 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rotating superconducting bearings promise great potential in applications due to their frictionless operation. However, these bearings show a lower dynamic stiffness and damping coefficient compared to ball bearings. In this paper we studied a bearing consisting of a fixed YBCO ring and a rotating magnet above the superconductor. The influence of the magnet aspect ratio on the dynamic stiffness of the bearing was investigated in order to find an optimized size. To change the aspect ratio, we kept the inner diameter of the ring constant and reduced the outer diameter while increasing the ring height. In addition to these magnets, one magnet with a reduced cross-sectional area was studied. The aspect ratio selection was based on preliminary magnetic flux density simulations, which compared the magnetic flux density distribution and the potential radial force for different aspect ratios.
To conduct the measurements, the field-cooled magnets were displaced in a lateral direction and then released, resulting in a damped oscillation. The dynamic stiffness constants were calculated for each bearing from the relation of three axis acceleration measurements for different field cooling heights. The comparison of the stiffness constants for the different bearings revealed an optimal aspect ratio for the given YBCO ring. This optimum is almost independent from the cooling height. The comparison between the two magnet rings with similar diameters and different heights was similar for the bearing characteristics at a low cooling height, whereas a significant reduction of stiffness was observed with a larger cooling distance. The difference is bigger for the magnet with a reduced height. The optimal aspect ratio as well as the stiffness dependence on the cross-sectional area was confirmed by simulations of the magnetic flux density distribution.
Four-point transient potential drop measurements on metal plates
Authors: Persvik Øyvind , Zhang Zhiliang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The transient potential drop method is based on measurement of the transient voltage on the surface of a conductor due to the injection of a pulsed current. In this paper, we consider an approximate analytical model for four-point transient potential drop measurements on plates that are thin compared to the probe separation. Experimental results show good agreement with the theory for measurements made on non-magnetic and ferromagnetic plates when an exponentially rising pulsed current is used as a source. To demonstrate possible applications of the theory we consider measurement of the conductivity and relative permeability of the materials as well as plate thickness.
Terahertz shielding properties of aero-GaN
Authors: Braniste Tudor , Zhukov Sergey , Dragoman Mircea , Alyabyeva Liudmila , Ciobanu Vladimir , Aldrigo Martino , Dragoman Daniela , Iordanescu Sergiu , Shree Sindu , Raevschi Simion , Adelung Rainer , Gorshunov Boris , Tiginyanu Ion 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The electrodynamic properties of the first aero-material based on compound semiconductor, namely of Aero-GaN, in the terahertz frequency region are experimentally investigated. Spectra of complex dielectric permittivity, refractive index, surface impedance are measured at frequencies 4–100 cm−1 and in the temperature interval 4–300 K. The shielding properties are found based on experimental data. The aero-material shows excellent shielding effectiveness in the frequency range from 0.1 to 1.3 THz, exceeding 40 dB in a huge frequency bandwidth, which is of high interest for industrial applications. These results place the aero-GaN among the best THz shielding materials known today.
Bumblebee hair motion in electric fields
Authors: Koh KL , Montgomery C , Clarke D , Morley EL , Robert D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bees have been observed to detect and learn the presence of weak electric fields in various behavioural experiments in the lab. The electro-sensitivity of bumblebees has also been suggested to be important for pollination. However, the structure and function of electro-sensory organs are yet to be described. Bees, like other arthropods, are known to have evolved various mechanoreceptors. Antennae and hairs have mechanosensory functions and have been shown to respond to weak electric fields. Current proposals posit that hairs and antennae can act as electromechanical sensors. To investigate this hypothesis, the mechanical response of bumblebee hairs stimulated by an electric field was measured using microscanning laser Doppler vibrometry. Hair vibration velocity is shown to be proportional to charge triboelectrically deposited on the bee and the effect of polarisation charge is seen to be negligible. Hair motion due to acoustic stimuli is also measured and compared to hair electromechanical response. Preliminary results show that the electro-sensitivity of charged bee hairs is comparable to hair sensitivity to acoustic stimuli.
Fluid Viscosity and Corresponding Effects on Fluid flow, Velocity Magnitude and Electric Field Distribution in Electrohydrodynamic Jetting.
Authors: Aramide Babatunde , Jayasinghe Suwan , Ventikos Yiannis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The phenomenon of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jetting is affected by both the flow and electric properties of the dielectric fluid. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach has been used to analyse the resultant effect of fluid viscosity on EHD flows. This study looks at the unique effect of fluid viscosity on the flow profile, velocity magnitude and the electric field distribution. It is very difficult to experimentally study these relationships, but CFD provides insights that can open the world of Electrohydrodynamics to new levels of applications; as this will give an idea of how to manipulate the jet formation. Viscosity has been highlighted as one of the key parameters that aid jet elongation and stability. Therefore, the necessity to study its role. Most studies have been carried out experimentally, but this paper provides computation insights. To solve the multiphase problem, a finite volume method using the Volume of Fluid approach for capturing the shape of the interface was used for the investigation. The leaky dielectric model which describes the process solves the combination of the Charge Transport Model and Navier-Stokes equations simultaneously. The transient liquid-gas interface tracking was achieved using the VOF technique. Among many other features observed, the results showed that it takes more time for the electric field to overcome the opposing surface tension of the solution at higher viscosity than at lower viscosity. Higher electric field magnitudes/strength were observed for the fluid of lower viscosity than that of the higher viscosity. Also, an increase in the viscosity reduces the droplet size/jet diameter.
A kinetic model for the electrostatic spark discharge in atmospheric-pressure air
Authors: Ohsawa A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a 0-D kinetic model of electrostatic spark discharges consisting of the time-dependent Boltzmann equation of electrons, a discharge-circuit equation, and heavy particles’ kinetic equations to investigate the energy-transfer mechanisms from the electrostatic energy given to the energy of gases by the spark discharge. In this report, the model is applied to the discharges in atmospheric-pressure air under optimum conditions corresponding for the minimum ignition energies of the typical flammable gases, hydrogen, ethylene and propane, in three types of explosion groups for gases.
Can Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive electronic devices be damaged by electrostatic fields?
Authors: Smallwood Jeremy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In recent years the susceptibility of ElectroStatic Discharge Sensitive devices (ESDS) to electrostatic fields has been questioned. This paper proposes that very high impedance voltage sensitive ESDS such as MOSFETs or MOS capacitors can be damaged due external field changes without making contact with other conductors in the presence of the field. A simple electronic model is proposed. In a practical evaluation of this risk, discharges are demonstrated to occur due changing external fields, as a result of breakdown of a voltage sensitive structure in a high impedance circuit with one terminal continuously grounded.
Charge distribution and discharge current analysis with charged connector pins
Authors: Tamminen Pasi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Electronic components and electromechanics can get static charges during handling and discharge on a printed circuit board when assembled. This study focuses on charged connector metal pins with less than 2 pF source capacitance. A charge distribution, rise time, and shape of the discharge current waveform is studied by using co-simulations between frequency domain finite element method and SPICE time domain circuits. Results show that the current rise time can be less than 10 ps and mainly depends on the inductance of the discharge path when the initial charging voltage is constant. The frequency response of the 3D object defines the shape of the discharge current waveform together with the series inductance and resistance of the discharge path.
Measurement of electric fields of charged spray clouds of conductive liquids in free space and in a conductive vessel
Authors: Baumann F , Esslinger J , Möckel D , Thedens M , Losert O 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The process of spraying liquids generated electrical charges. The question therefore arises as to whether this electrostatic charge represent an ignition hazard when an explosive mixture is present. This hazard occurs when cleaning vessels, in which an explosive mixture is formed by residues of easily flammable liquids or the cleaning medium itself. Although measurement techniques and methods exist for detecting this electrostatic charging process, they have not been sufficiently scientifically proven. The Chilworth JCI 131 adverse conditions field meter is to be used to measure the electrostatic charging of sprayed liquids. It shall be validated by measuring the electric field strength of a flat spray water jet in low-pressure range (8 bar) charged by contact charging and accumulation of free electrons of a commercial, insulated arranged electrostatic spraying system (up to - 90 kV). A flat-jet nozzle is selected which atomizes the spray jet, which serves as the measuring surface, sufficiently large. This arrangement is further investigated in a 1 m3 stainless steel IBC. The investigations presented are part of a project aiming to extend the scope of the German Technical Rules for Hazardous Substances (TRGS) of TRGS 727, which regulate avoiding ignition hazards resulting from electrostatic charging. The aim is to reach an understanding that allows provisions for safe cleaning of “small” and “medium-sized” containers up to 50 m3. This project is funded by DGUV (German Social Accident Insurance) and partners from the industry.