bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projection range of eDNA analysis in marshes: a suggestion from the Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) inhabiting the Kushiro marsh, Japan
Authors: Takeshita Daiki , Terui Shigeharu , Ikeda Kousuke , Mitsuzuka Takashi , Osathanunkul Maslin , Minamoto Toshifumi 
Published: August 2020

Background
Freshwater ecosystems are rapidly declining. The Siberian salamander (Salamandrella keyserlingii) which inhabits the Kushiro marsh in Hokkaido, Japan has lost some habitat due to human activity. There are many challenges associated with conventional monitoring methods, including cost, the need for specialist personnel, environmental impact, and ability to detect the presence of this species; thus, we investigated the feasibility of using environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis to detect its presence and identify its breeding grounds.

Methods
We performed tank experiments to confirm eDNA emission from egg sacs, larvae, and adult Siberian salamanders in the water. We also performed water sampling and visual observation of egg sacs in the Kushiro marsh during the end of the breeding season and the larval season.

Results
The tank experiments found eDNA emission from all growth stages. It also implied concentrated emissions just after spawning and after hatching, and limited emissions during the incubation phase in egg sacs. We also detected eDNA in the field, likely reflecting the distribution of egg sacs or larvae. Combining this data with visual observations, it was determined that the eDNA results from the field were best explained by the number of egg sacs within 7–10 m of the sampling point.

Conclusions
The results of this investigation show that the breeding sites and habitats of marshland species can successfully be monitored using eDNA analysis. They also suggest that the eDNA results from the marshes may reflect the biomass that is in close range to the sampling point. These results support the increased use of eDNA analysis in marshes and provide knowledge that could improve the interpretation of future results.
Lights Out. The Chloroplast Under Attack During Phytoplasma Infection?
Authors: Janik Katrin , Mittelberger Cecilia , Moser Mirko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Phytoplasma infections lead to high economic losses in different crops worldwide. The array of symptoms induced by an infection depends on the causative phytoplasma species and the infected plant host. The symptom of yellowing or chlorosis is common and characteristic for all so far known phytoplasma diseases. Yellowing and chlorosis indicate that the chloroplast and its components are affected during phytoplasma infection and indeed, perturbations of the photosynthetic apparatus and carbohydrate metabolic pathways of the host plant are the most prominent alterations seen in diverse phytoplasma pathosystems. Even though the role of the chloroplast and its function as a target in effector‐mediated plant pathologies becomes more evident, its importance during phytoplasma infection remains elusive. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge of the chloroplast role in plant immunity, and why it is an interesting target for phytoplasma. A special focus will be on pathogen effectors that directly target the chloroplast. On this basis, we propose three hypotheses about the potential role of this organelle in phytoplasma infection. The aim of this article is to motivate research to experimentally test these hypotheses and provide important information that goes beyond the mere description of physiological changes seen during phytoplasmal infections.
Charge‐Carrier Trapping and Radiative Recombination in Metal Halide Perovskite Semiconductors
Authors: Trimpl Michael J. , Wright Adam D. , Schutt Kelly , Buizza Leonardo R. V. , Wang Zhiping , Johnston Michael B. , Snaith Henry J. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Herz Laura M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTrap‐related charge‐carrier recombination fundamentally limits the performance of perovskite solar cells and other optoelectronic devices. While improved fabrication and passivation techniques have reduced trap densities, the properties of trap states and their impact on the charge‐carrier dynamics in metal‐halide perovskites are still under debate. Here, a unified model is presented of the radiative and nonradiative recombination channels in a mixed formamidinium‐cesium lead iodide perovskite, including charge‐carrier trapping, de‐trapping and accumulation, as well as higher‐order recombination mechanisms. A fast initial photoluminescence (PL) decay component observed after pulsed photogeneration is demonstrated to result from rapid localization of free charge carriers in unoccupied trap states, which may be followed by de‐trapping, or nonradiative recombination with free carriers of opposite charge. Such initial decay components are shown to be highly sensitive to remnant charge carriers that accumulate in traps under pulsed‐laser excitation, with partial trap occupation masking the trap density actually present in the material. Finally, such modelling reveals a change in trap density at the phase transition, and disentangles the radiative and nonradiative charge recombination channels present in FA0.95Cs0.05PbI3, accurately predicting the experimentally recorded PL efficiencies between 50 and 295 K, and demonstrating that bimolecular recombination is a fully radiative process.
The Mystery of the Benzene‐Oxide/Oxepin Equilibrium—Heavy‐Atom Tunneling Reversed by Solvent Interactions
Authors: Schleif Tim , Prado Merini Melania , Sander Wolfram 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe equilibrium between benzene oxide (1) and oxepin (2) is of large importance for understanding the degradation of benzene in biological systems and in the troposphere. Our studies reveal that at cryogenic temperatures, this equilibration is governed by rare heavy‐atom tunneling. In solid argon at 3 K, 1 rearranges to 2 via tunneling with a rate constant of approximately 5.3×10−5 s−1. Thus, in a nonpolar environment, 2 is slightly more stable than 1, in agreement with calculations at the CCSD(T) level of theory. However, if the argon is doped with 1 % of H2O or CF3I as typical hydrogen or halogen bond donors, respectively, weak complexes of 1 and 2 are formed, and now 2 is tunneling back to form 1. Thus, by forming non‐covalent complexes, 1 becomes slightly more stable than 2 and the direction of the heavy‐atom tunneling is reversed.
Uniform macroporous amidoximated polyacrylonitrile monoliths for gallium recovery from Bayer liquor
Authors: Zhang Han , Peng Xuesong , Shi Guangda , Yan Wu , Liang Mei , Chen Yang , Heng Zhengguang , Zou Huawei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEfficient recovery of gallium from aqueous solution remains a problem to be solved in industry. Here a novel crosslinked monolith based on polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl sulfoxide (C‐PAN) was prepared by thermally induced phase separation and supercritical CO2 extraction drying technology. The influences of dissolution temperature and exchange solvents with different solubility parameters on the pore structure of C‐PAN were systematically studied. It was found that the pore diameter decreased with the decrease of dissolution temperature and the increase of Δδ between exchange solvent and PAN. Meanwhile, the C‐PAN with a small and dense pore structure showed better mechanical strength. Thereafter, the Ga3+ adsorption ability of amidoximated monolith (C‐PAO) in simulated Bayer liquor was determined by batch tests. In the case of using methanol as the exchange solvent, the kinetic and equilibrium inspection study illustrated that both physical and chemical adsorption are present due to the multiscale and interconnected structure and the amidoxime groups. The adsorption capacity of C‐PAO monolith toward gallium was 15.8 mg/g, with the equilibrium time as fast as 140 min, which can meet the requirement for the rapid extraction of gallium from Bayer liquor. It is expected that our work can provide some new ideas for fabricating gallium adsorbents.
Biopolymers as sustainable metal bio‐adhesives
Authors: Maiti Binoy , Abramov Alex , Finn M. G. , Díaz David Díaz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe describe the use of biopolymers, such as sodium alginate, as an sustainable adhesive binder for several metals and high‐density polyethylene. A standard pull test and peel test was performed with disks, made of different material and size. Adhesive failure was investigated by varying the amount of applied alginate solution, drying time, drying temperature, effect of surface area, and the nature of the adherend. Alginate adhesion was remarkably strong, relatively general, and sensitive to the presence of water. A brief comparison with other biopolymers is also provided.
Synthesis, characterization, and biological studies of chalcone derivatives containing Schiff bases: Synthetic derivatives for the treatment of epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Koçyiğit Ümit M. , Gezegen Hayreddin , Taslimi Parham 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, first, Schiff base‐containing chalcone derivatives were synthesized. The human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoenzymes I and II were then purified from human erythrocytes using Sepharose‐4B‐l‐tyrosine‐sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. In addition, the inhibitory effects of the newly synthesized compounds on the activities of hCA and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were investigated in vitro, using the esterase and acetylcholine iodide method. The IC50 values were determined and the Ki values of AChE and hCA activities were calculated from the Lineweaver–Burk graphs determined in this study. The hCA I isoform was inhibited by these chalcone derivatives containing Schiff bases (3a–j and 5a–f) in low nanomolar levels, whose Ki values ranged between 141.88 ± 24.10 and 2,234.47 ± 38.11 nM. Against the physiologically dominant isoform hCA II, the compounds demonstrated Ki values varying from 199.31 ± 40.45 to 602.79 ± 263.22 nM. Also, these compounds effectively inhibited AChE, with Ki values ranging from 20.41 ± 6.04 to 125.94 ± 23.88 nM. According to these results, the newly synthesized molecules were found to be potent inhibitors of these enzymes.
Parent‐implemented brief functional analysis in the home
Authors: Gerow Stephanie , Rivera Gabby , Radhakrishnan Supriya , Davis Tonya N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, feasibility, and social validity of a parent‐implemented brief functional analysis in the home. Three toddlers with developmental delay and their mothers participated in the study. The brief functional analysis required 2.4–3.5 hr to complete and parents rated the assessment positively on a social validity questionnaire. Following the brief functional analysis, treatment evaluations were conducted using single‐case research designs. Results suggest that parent‐implemented brief functional analysis in homes can lead to the development of an effective intervention. These results, along with previous research, indicate practitioners working in homes should consider brief functional analysis, when appropriate.
Allylsilane Reagent‐Controlled Divergent Asymmetric Catalytic Reactions of 2‐Naphthoquinone‐1‐methide
Authors: Lin Xiangfeng , Liu Yan , Li Can 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHerein, the first allylsilane reagent‐controlled divergent asymmetric Hosomi–Sakurai conjugate allylation and hetero‐Diels–Alder (HDA) with 2‐naphthoquinone‐1‐methide (2‐Nap‐Q‐1‐M) under the catalysis of ScIII/Feng ligand complex is reported. With these methods, a variety of uniquely substituted chiral allyl‐functionalized diaryl compounds and naphthopyran products were obtained in a straightforward and highly stereoselective (up to 96.5:3.5 e.r.) manner under mild conditions. Moreover, it is demonstrated that 2‐Nap‐Q‐1‐M can serve as an efficient diene for a side asymmetric Diels–Alder (D‐A) reaction. This principle can provide a straightforward access to hydrophenalene in an optically active form, which represents a structural core of various natural products and bioactive molecules.
Estimation of nonparametric additive models with high order spatial autoregressive errors
Authors: Xu Guoying , Bai Yang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, we propose nonparametric generalized method of moments estimation for nonparametric additive models with high order spatial autoregressive dependence. The estimation procedure is derived in three steps by combining a spline‐backfitting method with generalized moment conditions that relieve correlations within the dependent variables. Consistency and asymptotic normality are demonstrated under mild conditions. Specifically, compared with estimators of nonparametric functions that ignore cross‐sectional dependence in errors, the resultant estimators that consider the error term are asymptotically more efficient and achieve the well‐known oracle properties. Simulation studies investigating the finite sample performance of the estimation procedure confirm the validity of our asymptotic theory. An application to the Boston housing data serves as a practical illustration.
Retracted: Evaluation of user concentration in ubiquitous and cognitive artificial intelligence‐assisted English online guiding system integrating face and eye movement detection
Authors: Liu Lu , Peng Nan 
Published: August 2020

SummaryIn recent years, artificial intelligence technology has made significant breakthroughs. Big data, cloud computing, speech recognition, deep learning, and so on have become new hot spots after the Internet of things. The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology promotes the innovation of foreign language teaching ideas and learning methods. The new ecology and new paradigm of foreign language guiding must be reconstructed. The biggest difference between the Internet of things and the Internet is that the Internet of things is directly connected with all kinds of sensors. It does not need people to input information through the keyboard but automatically obtain information and carry out automatic processing. The deep integration of smart classroom and English online teaching will help to promote the reform and innovation of English teaching and provide a new way for the development of English online teaching. In this paper, we analyze the fusion of face recognition technology and eye tracking system and analyze the user focus evaluation theory in the Internet of things environment. Based on the above technology, this paper proposes an online English teaching user focus evaluation system in the context of artificial intelligence.
“Single‐cell pattern” of adenocarcinoma cells in effusion cytology: Morphologic challenges of lung cancer
Authors: Guleria Prerna , Barwad Adarsh , Malik Prabhat S. , Madan Karan , Jain Deepali 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundLung adenocarcinomas present as tight clusters and three‐dimensional balls in effusion specimens. Unlike carcinomas of breast and stomach where singly lying malignant cells are seen in effusion samples, lung adenocarcinomas usually show cohesive morphology. This single‐cell pattern may also be confused with reactive mesothelial cells. We studied the frequency of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with single‐cell pattern cytomorphology in pleural effusion specimens.Materials and MethodsAll cases reported as either suspicious or positive for malignancy on pleural effusion cytology (PFC) over the past 1 year were retrieved. The clinical details were obtained from requisition forms. Cases with predominant single‐cell pattern, clinically suspicious of carcinoma lung were segregated. These were de‐stained and immunocytochemistry (ICC) for TTF‐1 was performed.ResultsOf 103 cases reported as either suspicious or positive for malignancy on PFC, 29 had a predominant single‐cell pattern. Of these, 13 (44.8%) were primary lung carcinoma. The rest were metastasis from ovary (5; 17.2%), breast (2; 6.9%), stomach (2; 6.9%), lymphoma (1; 3.5%), and Ewing's sarcoma (1; 3.5%). Five (17.2%) were those with unknown primary. All cases of lung carcinoma were positive for TTF‐1 ICC.ConclusionSingle‐cell pattern of pulmonary adenocarcinoma is commoner than popularly believed. This pattern may be difficult to differentiate from carcinoma cells of other sites as well as from reactive mesothelial cells. A high degree of suspicion is therefore needed to perform relevant ICC to clinch the correct diagnosis.
Initial evaluation of the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire – 2
Authors: Vowles Kevin E. , Kruger Eric S. , Bailey Robert W. , Sowden Gail , Ashworth Julie , Hickman Jayne , McCracken Lance M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGreater acceptance of chronic pain is associated with lesser levels of pain‐related distress and disability and better overall functioning. Pain acceptance is most often assessed using the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), which includes both an eight‐item short form (CPAQ‐8) and a twenty item parent measure (CPAQ‐20). This study derived a two‐item CPAQ for use in busy clinical settings and for repeated measurement during treatment, the CPAQ‐2. An Item Response Theory (IRT) approach was used to identify the strongest items from the CPAQ‐20, one from each of its two subscales. Next, regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the utility of the CPAQ‐2 by examining variance accounted for in the CPAQ‐8, CPAQ‐20, and in measures of depression, pain‐related fear, physical disability, and psychosocial disability. Four clinical databases were combined (N = 1,776) for the analyses. Items 9 and 14 were identified as the strongest CPAQ‐20 items in the IRT analyses. The sum score of these two items accounted for over 60% of the variance in the CPAQ‐8 and CPAQ‐20. Furthermore, this score accounted for significant variance in measures of depression, pain‐related fear, physical disability, and psychosocial disability after controlling for data collection method (i.e. in clinic or online), participant age, education, pain duration and usual pain. Finally, the amount of variance accounted for by the CPAQ‐2 was comparable to that accounted for by both the CPAQ‐8 and CPAQ‐20. These results provide initial support for the CPAQ‐2 and suggest that it is well‐suited as a brief assessment of chronic pain acceptance.SignificanceThe most frequently used measure of pain acceptance is the CPAQ, which includes both an eight‐item short form, the CPAQ‐8, and a longer twenty item parent measure, the CPAQ‐20. The present study sought to derive a two‐item measure of the CPAQ for use in busy clinical settings and for repeated measurement during treatment, the CPAQ‐2. An IRT approach was used to identify the strongest items from the CPAQ‐20, one from each of its two subscales in a large sample of 1,776 individuals with chronic pain. The two item measure accounted for significant variance in measures of depression, pain‐related fear, physical disability, and psychosocial disability. The brief measure will be useful in assessing pain acceptance in busy clinical setting and longitudinal designs.
Ca2+‐dependent release of ATP from astrocytes affects herpes simplex virus type 1 infection of neurons
Authors: Li Puma Domenica Donatella , Marcocci Maria Elena , Lazzarino Giacomo , De Chiara Giovanna , Tavazzi Barbara , Palamara Anna Teresa , Piacentini Roberto , Grassi Claudio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAstrocytes provide metabolic support for neurons and modulate their functions by releasing a plethora of neuroactive molecules diffusing to neighboring cells. Here we report that astrocytes also play a role in cortical neurons' vulnerability to Herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) infection through the release of extracellular ATP. We found that the interaction of HSV‐1 with heparan sulfate proteoglycans expressed on the plasma membrane of astrocytes triggered phospholipase C‐mediated IP3‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ transients causing extracellular release of ATP. ATP binds membrane purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) of both neurons and astrocytes causing an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration that activates the Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK)‐3β, whose action is necessary for HSV‐1 entry/replication in these cells. Indeed, in co‐cultures of neurons and astrocytes HSV‐1‐infected neurons were only found in proximity of infected astrocytes releasing ATP, whereas in the presence of fluorocitrate, an inhibitor of astrocyte metabolism, switching‐off the HSV‐1‐induced ATP release, very few neurons were infected. The addition of exogenous ATP, mimicking that released by astrocytes after HSV‐1 challenge, restored the ability of HSV‐1 to infect neurons co‐cultured with metabolically‐inhibited astrocytes. The ATP‐activated, P2R‐mediated, and GSK‐3‐dependent molecular pathway underlying HSV‐1 infection is likely shared by neurons and astrocytes, given that the blockade of either P2Rs or GSK‐3 activation inhibited infection of both cell types. These results add a new layer of information to our understanding of the critical role played by astrocytes in regulating neuronal functions and their response to noxious stimuli including microbial agents via Ca2+‐dependent release of neuroactive molecules.
Creating IR and Faculty Partnerships Toward the Shared Goal of Student Success
Authors: Taylor Jason L. , Martineau Mike 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDecades of research suggest that faculty play a critical role in student learning and success, yet at many institutions, faculty are not integrated into the institutional research function. This chapter examines how institutional research and faculty can collaborate to encourage data‐informed faculty decision‐making to drive student success and continuous improvement. The chapter integrates faculty and institutional research perspectives and offers models for faculty and IR collaboration to generate and use data in meaningful and impactful ways that advance student success.
Spectroscopic characterization, DFT studies, molecular docking and cytotoxic evaluation of 4‐nitro‐indole‐3‐carboxaldehyde: A potent lung cancer agent
Authors: Christopher Jeyaseelan S. , Milton Franklin Benial A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe 4‐nitro‐1H‐indole‐carboxaldehyde (NICA) molecule was characterized experimentally using FT‐IR, FT‐Raman and UV‐Vis spectra, and it was studied theoretically using DFT calculations. The optimized structure of the NICA molecule was determined by DFT calculations using B3LYP functional with cc‐pVTZ basis set. The electron localization function (ELF) and local orbital localizer (LOL) studies were performed to visualize the electron delocalization in the molecule. The experimental and theoretical wavenumbers of the title molecule were assigned using VEDA 4.0 program. The charge delocalization and stability of the title molecule were investigated using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) and related molecular properties were calculated. UV‐Vis spectrum was calculated theoretically and validated experimentally. The reactive sites of the molecule were studied from the MEP surface and Fukui function analysis. The molecular docking analysis reveals that the NICA ligand shows better inhibitory activity against RAS, which causes lung cancer. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of the molecule against human lung cancer cell lines (A549) was determined by MTT assay. Thus, the NICA molecule can be used as a potential candidate for the development of the drug against lung cancer.