bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica solid particles toughening, strengthening and anti‐aging on epoxy resin
Authors: Ai Jie , Cheng Wei , Wang Peng , Qian Wei , Chen Qinhui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSolid particles used to toughen polymer can induce shear bands and crazing to release the internal stress of polymer. Herein, SiO2 particles with different sizes were prepared by sol–gel method and modified by triethylenetetramine (TETA) in water. 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt% of SiO2 and SiO2‐TETA particles are used to toughen epoxy resin (EP). They can form chemical bond with EP to heighten polymer's storage modulus and glass transition temperature. SiO2‐TETA containing active hydrogen atoms is a better cross‐linking agent than SiO2. Both SiO2 and SiO2‐TETA particles possess obvious strengthening effects on EP. Their toughening effect depends on size. The 100 nm SiO2 nanoparticles showed better toughening performance than 300 or 500 nm SiO2 particles attributing to their higher specific surface area. The impact strength of EP/SiO2‐TETA composites with 3 wt% of 100 nm particles is 16.26 kJ/m2, which is 27.67% and 8.00% higher than EP and EP/SiO2 respectively. In addition, its tensile strength is 63.13 MPa, which is higher than the other is too. The barrier effect of solid particles can effectively improve the heat and ultraviolet resistant properties of EP matrix; as a result, their anti‐aging property is improved significantly.
Betone aus Multikompositzementen mit Kalkstein und calciniertem Ton
Authors: Herget Christian , Proske Tilo , Graubner Carl‐Alexander 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEine Möglichkeit, um die mit der Betonbauweise verbundenen Treibhausgasemissionen zu reduzieren, ist die verstärkte Verwendung klinkerarmer Zemente. Allerdings stehen die klassischen Klinkersubstitutionsstoffe Steinkohlenflugasche und Hüttensand in Deutschland schon heute nicht in gewünschter Menge zur Verfügung. Daher sind kalksteinmehlreiche Bindemittel hier eine vielversprechende Option, wobei durch Zugabe von calciniertem Ton der Zementklinkergehalt weiter gesenkt werden kann. Zur Identifikation der Leistungsfähigkeit derartiger Zemente wurden Mörtel‐ und Betonproben aus Zementen mit Kalksteinmehl und unterschiedlichen calcinierten Tonen mit einer maximalen Substitutionsrate von 50 M.‐ % hinsichtlich der Frischmörteleigenschaften und auch verschiedener Festmörteleigenschaften wie Druckfestigkeit, Schwindverhalten und Karbonatisierungstiefe untersucht. Durch den kombinierten Einsatz von Kalksteinmehl und calciniertem Ton konnten gegenüber den Referenzproben aus Portlandzement (CEM I) vergleichbare 28‐d‐Druckfestigkeiten, allerdings bei verminderter Frühfestigkeit, erreicht werden. Sowohl der Widerstand gegenüber Karbonatisierung als auch die Schwindverformung sind bei gleichen Festigkeiten etwas geringer. Insgesamt wird durch die Verwendung derartiger Zementzusammensetzungen eine Minderung des Treibhauspotenzials der Betone von 40 % erreicht.
Rules of nomenclature versus principles of revision: An impudent debate
Authors: Neumann Paul E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe rules of the anatomical nomenclature are sometimes in conflict with the principles of revision of the nomenclature. This is possibly most obvious is the debate about the use of the Latin words pudendus (“shameful”) and sacer (“holy”) in the anatomical nomenclature. The principles of revision stress preservation of traditional terms even if there are etymological concerns. On the other hand, the nomenclature rules state that anatomical names should, preferably, have informative or descriptive value and that the official Latin terms are the basis for translations of the international standard terminology into modern, vernacular languages. This issue of Clinical Anatomy contains responses to the removal of the noun pudendum and the replacement of the adjective pudendus with pudendalis in the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica.
The Known and Overlooked Sides of Zeolite‐Extrudate Catalysts
Authors: Yang Keyu , Zhang Dazhi , Zou Mingming , Yu Lili , Huang Shengjun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractZeolite‐based catalysts play the essential roles in the production of fuel and commodity chemicals for the modern society. In general, the main component of zeolites powder has to be transformed into particular shapes in order to match the overall imperatives properties for the industrial applications. Shaping of zeolites catalysts was once only considered as the scale‐up or size‐enlarging processes of their innovated‐form. From the viewpoint of fundamental research, the shaping process was mainly defaulted as a mixing‐fabrication process at the macroscopic level without alterations to the intrinsic active sites at the molecular level. Such understandings have been already updated by a series of pioneering investigations by the innovative characterization techniques and methodologies. In the case of the zeolites extrudates, the mutual interactions among the binder, zeolite, and other functional additives, plus their consequences on the “new acidities” and porosities, have been unprecedentedly confirmed and visualized. Besides these significant achievements, the overlooked zeolites extrudates catalysts are related to the supported metal/metal oxide catalysts. This review further highlights the significant impacts of binders on the catalytic performance of zeolite‐based catalysts for the selected catalytic processes. The exemplary processes of hydrocarbon transformations (hydroisomerization and metathesis) show significant dependences on the introduction of binders, which are closely related with the “competitive effect” or “synergetic effect” in the dispersion or transformation of active sites for the reactions. The ever‐increasing disclosure of the overlooked sides may deepen and widen the understandings of the insights into the shaped zeolites catalysts.
Emotionen pur – auch beim digitalen Wettbewerb
Authors: Woppowa Ljuba 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDas Team „Die Salzigen TUKCars‟ von der TU Kaiserslautern sicherte sich den ersten Platz beim erstmals digitalen ChemCar‐Wettbewerb beim Jahrestreffen der ProcessNet‐Fachgemeinschaften „Prozess‐, Apparate‐ und Anlagentechnik‟. Ausgerichtet wurde der Wettb
Kompakt und Atex‐gerecht verpackt
Authors: Bennek Werner 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWasserstoff gilt als umweltfreundlicher Energieträger der Zukunft, weil er sehr flexibel einsetzbar ist, mit regenerativen Energietechnologien hergestellt werden kann und sich gut transportieren sowie speichern lässt. Bei der Verwendung von Wasserstoff in
Rührend für die Umwelt
Authors: Lindner Jörg‐Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDas weite Feld der Biogasfermenter mit den Aspekten Rührwerksaufgaben, Rheologie, Materialhandling sowie Rührelementoptimierung stellt CITplus in einer dreiteiligen Beitragsserie vor. Dieser erste Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Rühraufgaben selbst sowie
Biomethankonditionierung ohne Verdampfer
Authors: Betz Julian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBevor Biomethan an private und industrielle Abnehmer geliefert werden kann, muss erst dessen Brennwert an das Erdgasnetz angepasst werden. Hierfür wird beispielsweise das Mischersystem Prolimix der Scharr Tec GmbH & Co. KG eingesetzt, mit dem Propan über
MOF‐Derived Zinc‐Doped Ruthenium Oxide Hollow Nanorods as Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media
Authors: Zhang Heng , Wu Bin , Su Jianwei , Zhao Kunyu , Chen Liang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is highly desirable but challenging to develop active and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid media. Heteroatom incorporation is an effective strategy of defect engineering for optimizing the intrinsic electrocatalytic activities. In this research, zinc‐doped ruthenium oxide (Zn‐doped RuO2) nanorods were prepared by using the facile two‐step method. It is found that the OER activity of Zn‐doped RuO2 catalysts can be readily controlled by varying the amount of Zn dopants. The Zn‐doped RuO2 catalyst with 6.4 at.% displays the best electrocatalytic activity with a low overpotential of 206 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 49 mV dec−1 and a long‐term chronopotentiometry test at 10 mA cm−2 for 30 h towards OER in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. The enhanced OER performance may be attributed to the defective structures caused by Zn doping and the ultrasmall size of the RuO2 nanocrystals.
Giving too much and paying too little? The effect of corporate social responsibility on corporate lobbying efficacy: Evidence of tax aggressiveness
Authors: Lin Woon Leong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThough lobbying accounts for a significant proportion of corporate political expenditure, comprehensive research on its advantages is scarce. Further, research findings have been inconclusive in quantifying political lobbying expenditures' rate of return. Using data from Fortune's America's Most Admired Companies (AMAC) with publicly available financial statements for the period from 2008 to 2017, this study delved into the tax benefits of lobbying using the dynamic panel system GMM and quantile regression model. This study found strong evidence that corporate lobbying is associated with higher levels of tax aggressiveness. The results also show that firms that spend more on lobbying in a given year pay lower effective tax rates. Additionally, this study revealed that the reputational effects of corporate social responsibility lead to the increased effectiveness of corporate lobbying expenditures. Thus, political lobbying affects tax enforcement, resulting in lower tax burdens for politically active firms. These results are consistent with the conjecture that firms with high levels of social responsibility and political lobbying are more tax aggressive. This study has addressed the need to quantify the benefits of lobbying and corporate social responsibility activities, especially in terms of lower tax payments and better financial returns to shareholders while still meeting the needs of non‐owner stakeholders.
Congestive nephropathy: a neglected entity? Proposal for diagnostic criteria and future perspectives
Authors: Husain‐Syed Faeq , Gröne Hermann‐Josef , Assmus Birgit , Bauer Pascal , Gall Henning , Seeger Werner , Ghofrani Ardeschir , Ronco Claudio , Birk Horst‐Walter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVenous congestion has emerged as an important cause of renal dysfunction in patients with cardiorenal syndrome. However, only limited progress has been made in differentiating this haemodynamic phenotype of renal dysfunction, because of a significant overlap with pre‐existing renal impairment due to long‐term hypertension, diabetes, and renovascular disease. We propose congestive nephropathy (CN) as this neglected clinical entity. CN is a potentially reversible subtype of renal dysfunction associated with declining renal venous outflow and progressively increasing renal interstitial pressure. Venous congestion may lead to a vicious cycle of hormonal activation, increased intra‐abdominal pressure, excessive renal tubular sodium reabsorption, and volume overload, leading to further right ventricular (RV) stress. Ultimately, renal replacement therapy may be required to relieve diuretic‐resistant congestion. Effective decongestion could preserve or improve renal function. Congestive acute kidney injury may not be associated with cellular damage, and complete renal function restoration may be a confirmatory diagnostic criterion. In contrast, a persistently low renal perfusion pressure might induce renal dysfunction and histopathological lesions with time. Thus, urinary markers may differ. CN is mostly seen in biventricular heart failure but may also occur secondary to pulmonary arterial hypertension and elevated intra‐abdominal pressure. An increase in central venous pressure to >6 mmHg is associated with a steep decrease in glomerular filtration rate. However, the central venous pressure range that can provide an optimal balance of RV and renal function remains to be determined. We propose criteria to identify cardiorenal syndrome subgroups likely to benefit from decongestive or pulmonary hypertension‐specific therapies and suggest areas for future research.
Development and validation of a daily Injustice Experience Questionnaire
Authors: Sturgeon John , Seward Joshua , Rumble Deanna , Trost Zina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatterns of cognitive appraisal related to chronic pain may manifest differentially across time due to a variety of factors, but variability of injustice appraisals across time has not been examined. The current study details the validation of a brief, daily version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ), which measures injustice appraisals related to the experience of pain and disability.MethodsInjustice Experience Questionnaire items were adapted for daily use and evaluated using cognitive interviews, and the resulting measure was administered for 10 days to two Internet‐based samples of US adults with chronic lower back pain.ResultsStudy 1 (N = 126) refined the 12‐item IEQ measure into a six‐item short form; exploratory factor analyses suggested optimal model fit for the two‐factor model established in the original IEQ. Using confirmatory factor analyses, Study 2 (N = 131) replicated the two‐factor structure and demonstrated significant correlations of the Daily IEQ with other relevant constructs to chronic pain, such as pain catastrophizing, pain intensity, pain‐related activity and social interference, depressed mood and anxiety. Daily IEQ items showed a significant degree of clustering (intraclass correlations ranging from .577 to .735) but demonstrated sufficient variability at the daily level to allow for daily‐level analysis.ConclusionsInjustice appraisals show a sufficient degree of daily variability to warrant their measurement as a time‐varying construct. Further examination of antecedents and correlates of daily injustice appraisals, as well as their potential role as mechanisms of effect, may better explain the dynamics of affective and behavioral responses to chronic pain.SignificanceThe current study presents a validation of a daily version of the Injustice Experience Questionnaire in chronic low back pain. Results indicate that injustice appraisals vary significantly from day to day, and daily variability in injustice perception shows robust associations with pain intensity, pain‐related interference in physical and social activity, and mood in chronic low back pain. These results emphasize the importance of assessing injustice perception as a time‐varying, rather than stable construct in future empirical and clinical studies.
A numerical study on convection and diffusion of mass transfer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with orientated‐type flow channels
Authors: Chen Hao , Guo Hang , Ye Fang , Ma Chong Fang 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe transfer processes of reactants and products affect each other in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), because they have contrast transfer directions between flow channels and gas diffusion layers (GDLs). In this study, a two‐dimensional, two‐phase, non‐isothermal and steady state model is developed to analyze the species transportation behaviors through diffusion and convection in PEMFCs with orientated‐type flow channels. Five conventional shape baffles effects on mass transfers are compared, and the relationships between convection and diffusion of reactants and produced water vapor are discussed. Simulation results reveal that baffle shapes affect the mass transportation through the baffles leading angles and volumes, and larger leading angles enhance the reactants and the water vapor convective transferring into GDLs; meanwhile, larger baffle volumes enhance the reactant transferring into GDLs and water vapor transferring out from GDLs through diffusion processes. In addition, transportation processes of reactants and vapor affect each other, where more reactants convectively transferring into GDLs causes more water vapor entering GDLs; enhancing the reactants diffusively transferring into GDLs reduces water vapor diffusive transportation out from GDLs.
A comprehensive review of distribution generation integratedDCmicrogrid protection: issues, strategies, and future direction
Authors: Sarangi Swetalina , Sahu Binod Kumar , Rout Pravat Kumar 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe evolution of small‐scaled distributed generators and emerging power electronic devices opens up a new arena of power generation, distribution, and consumption. Operationally, the DC microgrid has attracted significant attention as it offers considerable safety benefits, cost‐effectiveness, energy efficiency, and reliability as compared to traditional AC microgrid systems. Looking at the protection aspects, the DC microgrid has some serious issues both for low‐voltage and mid‐voltage DC system. It needs to be focused on bidirectional power flow, non‐zero crossing point, detection and mitigation of grounding faults, high value of fault current, etc., for an adequate solution. In recent times, these issues are considered by various researchers to arrive at a robust and reliable approach toward protecting the DC microgrid. But certain important areas are still out of sight for researchers. In a blend of conventional and modern approaches, there are many hindrances in developing a flexible universal protective scheme. This work focuses on the protection aspects parallel with the challenges and tried to unearth the loopholes which open up a wider area of research to develop a more robust protective architecture. An extensive review has been done systematically and chronologically keeping in mind the DC microgrid architecture, standards, protection hurdles, traditional as well as latest protective measures, and suggested some reliable improvements. In addition, the futuristic possibility to invent a novel comprehensive approach based on the best technology and techniques is presented in a more secure, reliable, and efficient protection system to combat the power system faults, keeping in view the different modes of operation and configuration of the microgrid.
Anticipating an imminent large rock slope failure at the Hochvogel (Allgäu Alps)
Authors: Leinauer Johannes , Jacobs Benjamin , Krautblatter Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCosts for installation and maintenance of protective structures are increasing while alpine hazards progressively threaten alpine communities, infrastructure and economics. Thus, reliable process‐based anticipation and early warning strategies offer a cost‐effective and smart solution for alpine societies in the near future. However, only few comprehensive pre‐failure observations of alpine rock slopes have been reported so far. This paper demonstrates pre‐failure observations of a rapidly deforming rock mass (potentially 260,000 m3) at the Hochvogel (Allgäu Alps, 2,592 m a.s.l.) and a geotechnical monitoring and warning concept. This is implemented in the complementary multi‐method approach of the AlpSenseBench project and the basis for an effective and reliable early warning system. Since 2014, overall displacement rates in the range of 2 to 10 mm/month in the main decametre deep fracture are observed. It is expected that predictive acceleration patterns will appear in the final pre‐failure stage. A detailed knowledge of multiple anticipative signals in correlation with accelerating rock slope deformations will contribute to an advance in accuracy and reliability of rock slide early warning.
Couple stress effects on the stability of three‐component convection‐diffusion in a porous layer
Authors: Raghunatha K. R. , Shivakumara I. S. , Pallavi G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, the stability (linear and weak nonlinear) of triple‐diffusive convection in a couple stress fluid‐saturated porous layer has been studied. A normal mode analysis yields an exact dispersion equation of fourth degree, and the criterion for the onset of stationary and oscillatory convection is obtained accordingly. The numerical computations are carried out for diffusivity elements experimentally determined for an aqueousNaCl‐KCl‐Sucrosesystem. Contrary to the double‐diffusive couple stress fluid system, it is found that (i) oscillatory convection occurs even if the diffusivity ratios are greater than unity and (ii) a disconnected heart‐shaped oscillatory neutral curve exists for certain choices of physical parameters, demonstrating the requirement of three critical values of Darcy‐Rayleigh number to specify the linear instability criteria. The impact of a couple stress parameter on some of these unusual behaviors is emphasized. The cubic Landau equations are derived by performing a weak nonlinear stability analysis and the stability of stationary and oscillatory bifurcating solutions is discussed. The heat and mass transfer for stationary and oscillatory convection modes is presented, and the influence of the couple stress parameter on the same is analyzed.
Trade credit and firm profitability: Empirical evidence from India
Authors: Baker H. Kent , Pattnaik Debidutta , Kumar Satish 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe investigate the association between trade credit and firm profitability among large, Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) listed Indian corporations, identify an optimal trade credit level, and analyse how financial constraints influence the relation between trade credit and firm profitability. We use a sample of six broad non‐financial sectors, constituting over 60 industrial sub‐sectors, presented in panel form, and apply regression analysis to examine the relationship between trade credit and firm profitability. The findings suggest an inverted U‐shaped relationship between trade credit and firm profitability and support an optimal receivables and payables level. Trade credit is profitable for firms until the associated benefits exceed the costs. Breaching the optimal level affects firm profitability. The extent of the financial constraints influences the optimal level of trade credit. Knowing the relation between trade credit and firm profitability may induce managers to form proactive trade credit management policies and help investors assess firm profitability and operational risk. However, given that our study involves only large, BSE‐listed firms, generalizing the findings to other companies and settings requires caution.