bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Moral Entrepreneurs to Moral Advocates
Authors: Lohne Kjersti 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A sociology of punishment for international criminal justice enables attention to the norms, morals, and values at play in the motivational dynamics of penal reforms. At the same time, these cultural forces must be analysed against the background of social organization and structure, indeed, as to what enables people to think and feel in certain ways and to promote policies in accordance with their sensibilities. As such, this chapter explores international criminal justice as a field replete with cosmopolitan sensibilities, but also of lifestyles, qualifications, and restraints. Finding that international criminal justice is perceived as a cosmopolitan expression of social justice, the first part conceptualizes human rights NGOs working in international criminal justice as global moral entrepreneurs and shows how they use humanist discourses to promote global justice-making through law, turning them into advocates of international criminal justice. Balancing claims to authority in the field, the NGOs have to navigate between being ‘insiders’ as experts and ‘outsiders’ that can claim moral authority. The analysis draws on scholarship inspired by Bourdieu and is put to work on transnational fields, enabling attention to what is often downplayed in studies of international law, namely class. As such, the chapter inquires into whose imaginations of global justice become part of its materiality, finding that advocates of humanity predominantly belong to a class of transnational western professionals.
Towards a Sociology of Punishment for International Criminal Justice
Authors: Lohne Kjersti 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The final chapter situates some of the book’s major findings within contemporary resistance towards international criminal justice as global justice. It addresses how current pushback against international criminal justice is not only part of the story of the breaking of the universal and the move towards a multipolar, or a multiregional, system of international relations; pushback is also a result of the unevenness, tensions, and disconnections as revealed throughout the book’s analysis. Criminal justice has materialized transnationally with transnational agents and with ideas of criminal justice as part of a narrative of civilization circulating between borders. Therefore the book concludes by sketching out some key orientations for a sociology of punishment beyond the nation state.
Prologue
Authors: Steiner Henry J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
What kinds of limits on observance or enforcement of international human rights inform this field? What, why, and how do they limit? This chapter explores the variety of these limits through three illustrations. (1) The very treaty definition of the right may set forth justifications for limiting its application. (2) A comparison of international human rights with more traditional treaty subjects like trade or commerce suggests the distinctive problems in trying to ensure that treaty parties observe their commitments to respect rights. Such difficulties limit and lengthen the processes of enforcement of rights. (3) Economic and social rights draw growing attention in a number of states, either by their incarnation in a leading Covenant or by their influence in state constitutions. Current debates inquire as to whether courts can play a larger role in their enforcement, or whether traditional notions of democracy may block certain types of recourse to the judiciary and thus limit paths towards enforcement.
Reason, Faith, and Feelings
Authors: Gearty Conor 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The principle of requiring executive power to be justified works well where that justification is rooted in reasoned argument, and it is even more effective when it is also required to be tested against substantive human rights principles. But what happens when the justification supplied for coercive action by a state is rooted in a socio-legal tradition that is not rooted in the liberal and constitutionalist tradition? In such circumstances the power may continue to be mediated by law but the veneer of legality and of human rights compliance will be thin indeed. Judicial decisions drawn from the UK and the European Court of Human Rights are deployed to demonstrate the point and so to highlight one of the difficulties about mapping Dyzenhaus’s argument onto the politics that we encounter today rather than the politics we would like to have.
Political Limits of International Human Rights
Authors: Çalı Başak 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the political limits of international human rights, but disagrees with the realist international relations and the Western hegemony approaches as to how we may locate and problematize such limits. A key objection that the chapter makes to realists and the Western hegemony approach is their static conception of human rights. Contrary to the view that human rights is a gift of Western powers to the rest, the chapter proposes to conceive contemporary human rights as a multiple authored transnational practice that challenges power not only in the rest but also in the West. Yet, human rights, conceived in this dynamic and transformative way, are not free from political limits. Limits to contemporary human rights can best be located in two places: the majoritarian objection to human rights domestically and the global resistance to regulate corporate powers for human rights abuses.
Between the Margins and the Mainstream
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary , Chinkin Christine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the conceptual limits of the field of women’s rights. It identifies two main currents of activity in the field: the elaboration of human rights standards, particularly through the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women of 1979; and the development of the ‘Women, Peace and Security’ agenda by the UN Security Council since 2000. Both areas are limited in their understandings of the diverse lives of women. The chapter argues that campaigns for the recognition of women’s rights shuttle between the mainstream and the margins of international law and that the structural bases of women’s disadvantage remain obscured in both locations.
The Banality of Humanity (as an Absolute)
Authors: Traisbach Knut 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a comment on a reflection by Frédéric Mégret on the limits of the laws of war. It proposes a jurisprudence of limits that focuses less on absolute ideals but on the compromising and enabling space ‘in-between’ these absolutes. Relying on Hannah Arendt’s views on different conceptions of humanity, the comment critically engages with a thinking in terms of inherent opposing interests and oscillations between them. A conception of limits as reproducing inherent absolutes is disabling and passive. Instead, limits can be understood as facilitating a space that enables us to judge and to act, also through compromise. International humanitarian law and international human rights law, perhaps more than other areas of international law, depend on preserving and actively seeking this politically relevant space.
Where are the Limits of Human Rights? Four Schools, Four Complementary Visions
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This comment makes sense of Delmas-Marty’s contribution by elaborating further the author’s four-school human rights model. It is surmised that as a predominantly natural scholar, Delmas-Marty is inclined to approach the limits of human rights as unfortunate ‘mishaps’—and to hold a universal view of the history of human rights. By contrast, Dembour’s arguable strong affiliation to the discourse school leads her to highlight human rights’ inherent defects—and historical failures. A deliberative scholar would tend to envisage the proper domain of human rights as restricted to political governance—and to produce human rights’ histories with a strong institutional focus. Finally, a protest scholar would expect human rights to be hijacked by the elite and to fail to produce the emancipatory results they promise—thus producing a history where the limited results which are achieved need to be constantly renewed.
Strategizing for Human Rights: From Ideals to Practice
Authors: Johnson Douglas A. , Sikkink Kathryn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter argues that committing our professional futures to human rights struggles requires not only moral commitment but also the sense that we are being effective and strategic in our approaches to change making. The contribution discusses how to think strategically and apply that thinking to practical situations that are still active arenas of conflict over ideals of justice and present us with complex realities of power imbalance. Focusing on this kind of strategic and outcome oriented human rights practice, the chapter suggests strategies to broaden our understanding of available tactics, use tactical mapping and other strategizing tools to be more effective in an active human rights struggle, and apply analytic frameworks that help us think through the acceptable balance between risk and success in making social change.
Primates of the past
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, a mummified monkey’s paw causes big trouble; a bushbaby eyes a wicked witch; and a monkey pigs out on fresh berries. But mainly we consider memories that evolved in early primates. As these ancestors adapted to a life in the trees, they became a lot like us. They developed forward-facing eyes and grasping hands; guided reaching movements with vision; moved themselves with their legs; and had a large brain. New cortical areas helped these ancestors survive by using new memories: of how to reach accurately while perched on swaying branches; of the precise amount of force needed to grasp valuable items; of the location and value of items hidden in a clutter of branches and leaves; and of objects and actions linked to a hidden food item’s desirability.
A Proportionality Theory of IO Emergency Powers
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 develops a proportionality theory of IO emergency powers to account for the variable outcomes of normalization (ratchets) and containment (rollbacks). It posits that IO exceptionalism creates distributional consequences at the level of political autonomy that are positive for the governors and negative for the governed. Since IO authority is dependent on its general recognition by the rule-addressees, the states and supranational actors in authority need to be able to justify their measures as proportionate, or else the delegitimation attempts by their opponents threaten to undermine the authority. Ratchets and rollbacks are thus conceived as the product of rhetorical legitimation struggles among the holders and the addressees of IO emergency powers that revolve around the normative standard of proportionality. The chapter derives a set of testable hypotheses from the proportionality model and provides alternative explanations based on variations of rational institutionalism that focus on state power and institutional design.
Prestige
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the background developed in the second chapter, this chapter examines specifically online phenomena, scrutinizing the role of influencers, celebrities, and famous people in general. Cultural evolutionists talk about prestige bias in this regard: one can make use of signs of deference, respect, or simply check from whom other people are learning, and choose those individuals as cultural models. This tendency gives us today, in large and opaque networks of cultural transmission—the story goes—the celebrities “famous for being famous,” if not the danger of radical proselytism from charismatic leaders. We will see, however, that experiments and data tell something more nuanced: celebrities’ influence works only in specific conditions and it is far from being a blind force. Recent internet trends, such as the rise of micro-influencers, figures who are expert in their domain, and who can engage in direct relationship with their followers, are consistent with this picture.
Popularity
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The tendency to copy the majority is the topic of the fourth chapter. The fact that online popularity produces long-tailed distributions is often presented as an argument to show the power of online social influence. However, long-tailed distributions are a trademark of many cultural domains, from first names to dog breeds. In addition, these distributions do not necessarily imply the existence of an individual-level tendency to prefer popular things, but they can be the result of bare availability: the more examples of an item, the more likely we will encounter it, and the more likely we will become interested in it. Conformity is next considered: as defined in cultural evolution, conformity implies an effective tendency to copy the majority. As for celebrities, various experiments are reviewed, and the author defends a view for which conformity is far from automatic, as it interacts with many other psychological tendencies. How digital technologies permit radically new forms of popularity advertisements, from the real-time quantification of “likes” in social media to the explosion of consumer reviews, or top-lists of virtually everything, is also examined and discussed in relation to cultural evolution theory.
Cumulation
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 considers what cultural evolutionists call cumulative cultural evolution, that is, the idea that culture increases in complexity. For a cultural domain being defined as cumulative, it needs to show accumulation (more traits), improvement (traits are more efficient), and ratcheting (new traits build on previous innovations). The author proposes that this is not a necessary outcome, and that different domains show different signs of cumulation. It is suggested that the fidelity and the hyper-availability provided by digital media allow for more cumulation in domains where it was limited before. Not surprisingly, they also allow for the retention of vast amounts of useless information—junk culture. A central challenge for the coming years is thus finding efficient mechanisms of online cultural selection. Algorithmic selection is finally discussed, along with how mainstream criticisms, such as the fact that algorithms are biased or opaque to users, are not decisive arguments against their efficacy and utility.
The Pacific Problem
Authors: Heere Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the emergence of Japan as a leading naval power influenced thinking on security and defence throughout the ‘British world’. It concentrates on Australia and New Zealand, where a mixture of strategic anxiety and racial panic fed powerful calls to shore up national defence. In the years after the Russo-Japanese War, as anti-Japanese rhetoric hung heavy in the air, both dominions introduced compulsory military training, sought to establish autonomous naval forces, and demanded a greater degree of imperial protection. As the chapter shows, fear of Japan became a powerful factor in shaping Australasian ideas of nationhood and empire, increasingly recast in militarist, racialized terms. It explores a number of episodes in which these efforts collided, at both an ideological and political level, with Britain’s own strategic priorities: the visit of the American ‘Great White Fleet’ to New Zealand and Australia; the ‘dreadnought scare’ of 1909; and the subsequent imperial defence conference.
The Earliest Toasts
Authors: Guerra-Doce Elisa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The taste for alcohol is not exclusive to humans, as some other animal species are attracted to ripe fruits and nectar due to the natural occurrence of ethanol. However, what makes Homo sapiens different is their capacity to produce alcoholic beverages. From the Neolithic, if not earlier, the production of alcoholic drinks is documented, and this production ensured the supply of alcohol. Consequently, alcohol consumption was no longer sporadic and occasional. This process ran in parallel to the development of specific alcohol-related equipment, and organized drinking patterns gradually became more and more formalized. Its use has depended not only on its effects, mainly its capacity to enhance sociability, but also on historical, economic, and religious factors. The aim of this chapter is to search for the origins of this dynamic in prehistoric Europe from an archaeological perspective in order to explore the foundations of the cultural construction of alcohol.
Uncorking the Past
Authors: McGovern Patrick E. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To substantiate and illustrate the centrality of molecular archaeology in bridging the divide between the natural sciences and the humanities, this chapter draws upon laboratory research on ‘fermentation’ and ‘ancient medicine’. Fermentation is probably the first energy system on Earth, which is embodied in the physiology of all animals including humans. It is probably the first biotechnology discovered and utilized by our species. In short, humans coevolved with microorganisms, then harnessed them to our purposes in many innovative ways—to provide alcohol as an energy source and for dissolving botanical compounds which have medicinal properties. Arguably, the most important fermentation system used by humankind was to make fermented beverages. As the universal medicine, social lubricant, mind-altering substance, religious symbol, artistic inspiration, and highly valued commodity, fermented beverages around the world became the focus of religious cults, pharmacopoeias, cuisines, economies, and society.
Feasting and its Role in Human Community Formation
Authors: Dunbar Robin I.M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Feasting (the social consumption of food and alcoholic beverages) has long been a feature of human social life. Although the fermentation of alcoholic beverages probably dates back only as long as substantive vessels have been available (and hence probably much less than 100 000 years), it is likely that social feeding first emerged around 400 000 years ago when humans first mastered control over fire. It seems that feasting activates the same neurobiological mechanism that underpins social bonding in primates and humans, thereby adding to the list of behaviours that humans use for these purposes. The chapter presents data from two national stratified surveys (one for eating socially and the other for drinking socially) and show that both play an important role in facilitating our social networks, our sense of satisfaction with life, and engagement with our local communities. Since social networks are the single most important factor influencing our happiness, health, and well-being, feasting is likely to play a crucial role by determining the size of our social networks.
Hierarchy, American Identity, and Support for Anti-Poverty Efforts
Authors: Theiss-Morse Elizabeth , Gonzalez Frank J. , O’Toole Alison 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNational identity can encourage social cohesion and a shared sense of identity leading citizens to want to help, support, and trust one another. However, it can also lead to marginalization and even oppression. This chapter examines the consequences of national identity for Americans’ views toward income inequality and poverty. It proposes a broad theoretical framework for predicting when national identity will lead individuals to support or oppose redistributive policies. This framework is tested using a nationally representative survey and a laboratory experiment. The results suggest that American identity can be associated with lower levels of concern about income inequality and opposition to poverty alleviating policies. However, this relationship is moderated by implicit associations. The more individuals make an implicit association between wealth and being ‘American’, the more national identity leads to conservative attitudes regarding income inequality and poverty. These findings suggest national identity can be oppressive when individuals perceive a certain characteristic, in this case wealth, as a fundamental aspect of being a ‘true’ American.
Argumentative Contexts of National Identity Definition
Authors: Pehrson Samuel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPeople define the membership of their national groups in a variety of more or less inclusive ways. This has implications for how immigrants and minority groups are treated. Traditionally, variation national boundaries has been understood as a distinction between ethnic and civic nationalism. However, despite a developed empirical literature, it is difficult to find strong defenders of this distinction or its ability to capture the empirical reality of popular conceptions of nationhood. This chapter explores some of the deficiencies of the ethnic–civic distinction, arguing that these problems arise because when people report the importance of various criteria to national belonging, they are not selecting from philosophically derived ideal types on nationhood but rather are positioning themselves within the particular and local debates about nationality relevant in their time and place. The chapter proposes a situated and bottom-up investigation of how national boundaries are constructed and contested in particular places and how this differs across what this chapter will call ‘argumentative contexts’.
Liberal Nationalism and Symbolic Religious Establishment
Authors: Laborde Cécile , Lægaard Sune 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe chapter examines whether religious markers can legitimately be part of a state supported national identity by considering symbolic religious establishment involving state endorsement of religion. The liberal neutralist position—rejecting any state endorsement of culture or religion—and the liberal culturalist position—allowing culture but not religion to be endorsed by the state—are mistaken.The chapter argues for a disaggregation approach that views religion (and culture) as phenomena with several dimensions, each raising different issues of legitimacy. The chapter considers arguments for symbolic religious establishment based on claims that it does not alienate religious minorities, is liberal in content, and draws on cultural rather than theological dimensions of religion. Therefore, while the disaggregation approach in principle allows for state support for a national identity with religious elements, especially in cases of vestigial establishment, actual cases of symbolic religious establishment, especially cases of neo-establishment, often fail at the bar of equal inclusion.
The Natural World
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Much of the second book of the Oneirocritica is dedicated to an enormous panorama of the natural world, beginning with weather-signs (particularly fire and thunderbolts), before turning to a long and fabulously rich account of the animal kingdom and the natural world more generally (the sea, farming and plants, rivers and land), articulated around the human exploitation of that world (hunting, fishing, farming). This chapter describes Artemidorus’ conception of non-human nature and its associated symbolism, with a particular emphasis on his utilitarian assumptions concerning both animals and plants. His taxonomy of animals is explored in detail, with a focus on degrees of anthropomorphism (with birds at one end of the spectrum, fish at the other.)