bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction Effect of Ni-Zn By Electrodeposition from Aqueous Acid Solutions
Authors: Addi Yassine 
Published: February 2020

The electrodeposition of Zn-Ni is classified by Brenner (1) as anomalous codeposition, because zinc, the less noble metal, is preferentially deposited to nickel the more noble metal. The inhibition of H+ reduction occurs with increasing Zn ions concentration in solution (2). Anomalous codeposition is favored in chloride medium and inhibited in boric acid (3).
The reaction kinetic of Zn-Ni codéposition was investigated in acid solutions .The effects of solution composition and pH were analyzed. The inhibition of H+ reduction occurs with increasing Zn ions concentration in solution. Increasing pH values causes Zn deposition during Ni-Zn codeposition. Anomalous codeposition is favored in chloride medium and inhibited in boric acid. When alloy deposition becomes the main process, the interfacial pH is governed by the individual metal deposition that controls the kinetic behavior. The interfacial pH increases during separate Ni deposition, meaning that it occurs with simultaneous consumption of H+. Anomalous codeposition process is not due to a saturation of species at the electrode surface. Results show that it is possible to obtain alloys rich in either nickel or zinc , from an acidic solution,depending on the Ni/Zn concentration ration. For Ni/Zn concentration ratios in the range of 1-5, zinc rich alloys are obtained despite Zn is the less noble metal and even when it is present lower concentrations than nickel. For the highest Ni/Zn concentrations ratio ≥100, the formation of the alloy occurs by a normal deposition, resulting in Ni-rich alloys.
Boric acid extends the proton discharge potential to more cathodic values. Thus it can reduce anomalous codeposition since the presence of 0,8M of acid reduces the intensity of the peak corresponding to δ phase that is rich in zinc and enhances the intensity of γ phase containing more nickel than the δ phase.
Impact of Processing Conditions on Oxygen Vacancies in Ga-Doped Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte Using Tof-SIMS
Authors: Nabi Nomaan , Aguadero Ainara 
Published: February 2020

Currently a vast amount of research into fast lithium ion conductors is taking place for application into solid electrolytes. The most attractive compositions being from the garnet family with the chemical composition of Li7La3Zr2O12 [1]. LLZO has high lithium ion mobility at room temperature, a large electrochemical window which allows high voltage cathodes to be employed and good stability with lithium metal anodes. Typically, LLZO is doped at the lithium position with donor cations these include Al3+and Ga3+ which provide stability of the cubic crystal phase thus allowing Li+ mobility in three dimensions. The mobility for Ga-LLZO has been reported to be above 10-3 S.cm-1 [2], [3] this is the composition that will be mainly focused on in the poster.
Preliminary investigations have shown that due to lithium loss during high processing temperatures oxygen vacancies are formed because of the charge compensation mechanism[4]. The quantification of oxygen vacancies as an affect of the processing conditions and it effect on the conductivity of oxygen and lithium ions have been investigated in this work using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cell cycling.
The affect of different densification atmospheres (Ar, Vac, and O2) on oxygen vacancies are measured using 18O isotopic labelling coupled with the Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) to assess which results in a higher degree of oxygen defects. This work will be correlated with lithium defect chemistry and mobility to understand the lithium critical current density for dendrite growth which are detrimental to battery life.
References
[1] R. Murugan, V. Thangadurai, and W. Weppner, ‘Fast Lithium Ion Conduction in Garnet-Type Li7La3Zr2O12 **’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., vol. 46, pp. 7778–7781, 2007.
[2] C. Bernuy-lopez, W. Manalastas, J. Miguel, A. Aguadero, F. Aguesse, and J. A. Kilner, ‘Atmosphere Controlled Processing of Ga-Substituted Garnets for High Li-Ion Conductivity Ceramics’, Chem. Mater., vol. 26, pp. 3610–3617, 2014.
[3] D. Rettenwander et al., ‘Structural and Electrochemical Consequences of Al and Ga co-substitution in Li La Zr O Solid Electrolytes Structural and Electrochemical Consequences of Al and Ga co- substitution in Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes’, Chem. Mater., vol. 28, pp. 2384–2392, 2016.
[4] M. Kubicek et al., ‘Oxygen Vacancies in Fast Lithium-Ion Conducting Garnets’, Chem. Mater., vol. 29, p. 7189−7196, 2017.
Rare-Earth Metal Doping into Lithium Stuffed Garnet-Type Electrolytes for Next Generation, Solid State, Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Stockham Mark , Dong Bo , Slater Peter Raymond 
Published: February 2020

Lithium stuffed garnet-type materials are promising candidates for solid state electrolytes to be used in next generation, all solid state, lithium ion batteries. However, despite significant work, there are still issues to solve, such as improving the conductivity, preventing Li dendrite growth, and reducing the electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance. There is consequently a need to investigate additional doping strategies in these garnet materials.
This work investigates doping a variety of rare-earth metals into the garnet type Li5+yLa3(Nb/Ta)2-xLnxO12 (Ln = rare earth metal, 0 > x = < 2), in order to both increase the Li content and the unit cell size, so as to enhance the Li ion conductivity. We also investigate the effect of this doping strategy on the reaction with moisture. The possible incorporation of such dopants into the high Li content Li7La3(Zr/Hf)2O12 systems is also investigated.
Phenothiazine-Based Redox Polymers As Cathode-Active Materials in Li/Organic Batteries
Authors: Kolek Martin , Otteny Fabian , Perner Verena , Esser Birgit , Winter Martin , Bieker Peter 
Published: February 2020

The rising demand for energy storage is increasing the research on so-called next generation or beyond lithium ion battery technologies.[1] The most promising candidates are lithium metal-based batteries (LMBs) with the Li/S battery as the most advanced example.[2] Even though LMBs show a high energy storage ability, the sluggish kinetics combined with safety concerns keeps the field open for alternative battery principles. One of these are organic-based materials which offer a great opportunity for the next generation of energy storage.[3] Their energy densities are mostly lower compared to their inorganic counterparts, but the ability of fast electron transfer and therefore high kinetics leads to an increased power density (e.g. 33.6 kW kg−1[4] vs. common battery materials, e.g. 4.75 kW kg−1[5]).
Redox polymers are one of the most versatile organic-based materials for energy storage as they show decreased solubility and offer countless possibilities for modifications of the polymeric backbone and the side chains, while the polymer itself can be conjugated or non-conjugated.[6]
Herein, we present a non-conjugated redox polymer with a substituted poly(vinylene) backbone.[7] The redox active side chain consists of a methyl phenothiazine moiety and undergoes an one-electron transfer process during oxidation and forms a radical cation. This oxidation is accompanied by an anion insertion into the polymeric structure.
Due to a π-π-interaction between the side chains this polymer is able to enable long-term cycling with increased C-rates resulting in an ultra high cycling stability of 10,000 cycles with a capacity retention of 93%. In this work, we will describe these interactions and verify them with spectroscopic methods like EPR- and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Additionally, density functional theory calculations (DFT) are shown which support the strong stabilizing effect of the π-π-interactions in this organic material.[7] Beside the mechanistic studies on molecular scale, we will comment further on the mechanism on the macroscopic electrode level. Here, we performed microscopic (SEM, LSM) and spectroscopic experiments (XPS, UV/Vis) to uncover the unique cycling behavior of PVMPT.[8] Finally, we will present an approach to increase the cycling capacity of the material and discuss the influence on the stabilizing interactions.[9]

References:

[1] Chu, S. et al., Nat. Mater. 2016, 16, 16.
[2] Placke, T. et al., J Solid State Electrochem
2017, 21 (7), 1939-1964.
[3] Schon, T. B. et al., Chem. Soc.
Rev. 2016, 45 (22), 6345-6404.
[4] Ni, W. et al., RSC Advances
2015, 5 (12), 9221-9227.
[5] Agostini, M. et al., Sci. Rep.
2017, 7 (1), 1104.
[6] Muench, S. et al., Chem. Rev.
2016, 116 (16), 9438-9484.
[7] Kolek, M. et al., Energy Environ. Sci.
2017, 10 (11), 2334-2341.
[8] Kolek, M. et al., Chem. Mater.
2018, 30 (18), 6307-6317.
[9] Otteny, F. et al., Adv. Energy Mater.
2018, 8, 1802151.
(Invited) Understanding the Factors Affecting the Performance of Li-Metal/Garnet Interfaces with Surface Analysis Techniques
Authors: Brugge Rowena H , Pesci Federico M , Cavallaro Andrea , Chater Richard John , Aguadero Ainara 
Published: February 2020

Garnet-type electrolytes have received great attention in the development of the next generation of solid state batteries based on Li-metal anodes because of their adequate Li conductivity (greater than 1 mS cm-1 at room temperature)1–3 and stability against Li metal4. However, their applicability has been hindered due to major issues related to stability and degradation phenomena that need understanding and addressing.
The wide-ranging literature and lack of consensus with respect to the performance of garnets, in terms of Li conductivity (mS-10mS reported), polarisation resistance with Li metal (kW-W) and critical current density for dendrite formation (mA-mA) can be correlated to a lack of consistency in controlling the processing conditions for the material. This has a knock-on effect on the microstructure, local chemical composition of bulk, surfaces and grain boundaries and can also induce degradation phenomena such as segregation of secondary phases or moisture reactivity. All these parameters have a direct impact on the Li-ion dynamics in these systems, leading to significant implications on the cell performance in terms of power density and cycle life.
In this work, we use a combination of 6Li-isotopic labelling, surface analysis techniques and electrochemistry to understand factors limiting the performance of garnet electrolytes when using Li metal as an anode. Three main effects will be discussed here; first, we analyse the effect of Li-H exchange due to moisture reactivity on the Li mobility at the interface with Li metal and in the bulk of the electrolyte5; second, we study the effect of local chemical inhomogeneity on the critical current density for dendrite formation6 and finally, we analyse possible ways to reveal Li-ion mobilities within grain, grain boundaries and interfaces using 6Li isotopic labelling and in situ techniques.
Our main results highlight the complexity of these systems and propose new in situ techniques to gain a deeper understanding of the processes taking place. In this regard, we introduce a novel and beyond state of the art dual secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) aimed at innovative 3D chemical and microstructural analysis with in operando capabilities.
(1) Bernuy-lopez, C. et al.
Chem. Mater.
2014, 26, 3610–3617.
(2) El Shinawi, H.; Janek, J. J. Power Sources
2013, 225, 13–19.
(3) Rettenwander, D et al.
Inorg. Chem.
2014, 53 (12), 6264–6269.
(4) Thangadurai V., D. et al. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2015, 6, 292–299.
(5) Brugge R. et al. Chem. Mater. 2018, 30, 3704
(6) Pesci F. et al. J. Mat. Chem A. 2018, 6, 19817
Solid-State Lithium and Li-Ion Batteries with Solid Nano-Composite Electrolytes
Authors: Debucquoy Maarten , Mees Maarten J. , Sagara Akihiko , Remizov Sergey , Chen Xubin , Gandrud Knut Bjarne , Put Brecht , Kaneko Yukihiro , Vereecken Philippe M. 
Published: February 2020

Solid electrolytes with a Li-ion conductivity exceeding 1 mS/cm are a prerequisite to enable solid-state Li-ion batteries. In solid composite electrolytes (SCEs), the interface between an ionic conductor and a dielectric matrix can be engineered to enhance this ionic conductivity. The solid composite electrolyte developed at imec contains a monolithic, mesoporous, silica matrix filled with a non-volatile ionic liquid and an organic Li-salt. This composite material is made by a sol-gel process, similar to that for ionogels, with that difference that no acid is used but water. The resulting aqueous gel is carefully dried from water and solvents, resulting in the solid nano-composite electrolyte where the ionic liquid and the lithium salt are confined in the pores and channels of the mesoporous silica matrix. The slow sol-gel reaction and drying allows the adsorption of an ordered molecular layer on the fully hydrolyzed silica surface. Interfacial ice layers induce strong adsorption and ordering of the ionic liquid molecules through H-bonding, rendering them immobile and solid-like as for the interfacial ice layer itself. The dipole over the adsorbate results in solvation of the Li+ ions for enhanced conduction. We demonstrate that when the silica surface is appropriately hydroxylated, the Li-ion conductivity of the nano-SCE can be several times higher than that of the pure ionic liquid electrolyte itself. By this process solid nano-SCEs with conductivities between 0.4 and 8 mS/cm have been synthesized, using TFSI- and FSI-based ionic liquid electrolytes.
Battery cells can be made by impregnating the liquid sol-gel precursor solution inside the powder-based electrodes, very similar to the application of liquid electrolytes. As our precursor solution does not contain corrosive acid compounds such as formic acid, which is typically proposed as catalyst in literature recipes, we can deposit the solution directly on and into the porous electrodes. The sol-gel reaction and drying take place in-situ inside the electrodes allowing the nano-SCE to fill the empty spaces and providing an all-around contact with the active material. As such, we are able to realize functional solid-state cells with the TFSI- and FSI-based nano-SCE. Not only low voltage cells with LFP and LTO electrodes, but also high voltage cells with NCA and Li metal or Li alloy electrodes are demonstrated (Fig 1a and b). C-rate and cycling performance of these solid-state cells with the nano-SCE are given.

Figure 1
Lithium Metal Protection through Flexible Composite Electrolyte with Immobilized Anions
Authors: Zhang Qiang 
Published: February 2020

Li metal electrode is regarded as a “Holy Grail” anode for next-generation batteries due to its extremely high theoretical capacity and lowest reduction potential. Unfortunately, uncontrolled dendrite growth leads to serious safety issues. This work realizes a dendrite-free Li metal anode by introducing anion-immobilized composite solid electrolyte, where anions are tethered to polymer chains and ceramic particles. Immobilized anions contribute to uniform distribution of Li ions and dendrite-free Li deposition. The flexible electrolyte can be applied in all-solid-state Li metal batteries with excellent specific capacities. This work demonstrates a concept to adjust ion distribution based on solid-state electrolytes for safe dendrite-free Li anodes, paving the way to practical Li metal batteries.
References
1. Zhao CZ, Zhang XQ, Cheng XB, Zhang R, Xu R, Chen PY, Peng HJ, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) 2017, 114, 11069-11074.
2. Zhao CZ, Chen PY, Zhang R, Chen X, Li BQ, Zhang XQ, Cheng XB, Zhang Q. Science Advances 2018, 4, eaa3446.
3. Zhang XQ, Zhao CZ, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. Engineering 2018, 4, 831-847.
4. Yan C, Yao YX, Chen X, Cheng XB, Zhang XQ, Huang JQ, Zhang Q. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2018, 57, 14055–14059.
Effects of 7°C environmental temperature acclimation during a 3-week training period
Authors: Shute Robert , Marshall Katherine , Opichka Megan , Schnitzler Halee , Ruby Brent , Slivka Dustin 
Published: February 2020

Cold environmental temperatures during exercise and recovery alter the acute response to cellular signaling and training adaptations. Approximately 3 wk is required for cold temperature acclimation to occur. To determine the impact of cold environmental temperature on training adaptations, fitness measurements, and aerobic performance, two groups of 12 untrained male subjects completed 1 h of cycling in 16 temperature acclimation sessions in either a 7°C or 20°C environmental temperature. Fitness assessments before and after acclimation occurred at standard room temperature. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after training to assess molecular markers related to mitochondrial development. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α ( PGC-1α) mRNA was higher in 7°C than in 20°C in response to acute exercise before training ( P = 0.012) but not after training ( P = 0.813). PGC-1α mRNA was lower after training ( P < 0.001). BNIP3 was lower after training in the 7°C than in the 20°C group ( P = 0.017) but not before training ( P = 0.549). No other differences occurred between temperature groups in VEGF, ERRα, NRF1, NRF2, TFAM, PINK1, Parkin, or BNIP3L mRNAs ( P > 0.05). PGC-1α protein and mtDNA were not different before training, after training, or between temperatures ( P > 0.05). Cycling power increased during the daily training ( P < 0.001) but was not different between temperatures ( P = 0.169). V̇o2peak increased with training ( P < 0.001) but was not different between temperature groups ( P = 0.460). These data indicate that a 3-wk period of acclimation/training in cold environmental temperatures alters PGC-1α gene expression acutely but this difference is not manifested in a greater increase in V̇o2peak and is dissipated as acclimation takes place. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examines the adaptive response of cellular signaling during exercise in cold environmental temperatures. We demonstrate that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α mRNA is different between cold and room temperature environments before training but after training this difference no longer exists. This initial difference in transcriptional response between temperatures does not lead to differences in performance measures or increases in protein or mitochondria.
Habitual Fish Consumption, n‐3 Fatty Acids, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipoprotein Subfractions in Women
Authors: Amigó Nuria , Akinkuolie Akintunde O. , Chiuve Stephanie E. , Correig Xavier , Cook Nancy R. , Mora Samia 
Published: February 2020

Background
Supplementation with omega‐3 (n‐3) fatty acid or dietary fish may protect against atherosclerosis, but the potential mechanisms are unclear. Prior studies found modest triglyceride‐lowering effects and slight increases in LDL (low‐density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Limited evidence has examined n‐3 effects on more detailed lipoprotein biomarkers.

Methods and Results

We conducted a study of 26 034 healthy women who reported information on fish and n‐3 intake from a 131‐item food‐frequency questionnaire. We measured plasma lipids, apolipoproteins, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy lipoproteins and examined their associations with dietary intake of fish, total n‐3, and the n‐3 subtypes (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and α‐linolenic acids). Top‐ versus bottom‐quintile intake of fish and n‐3 were significantly associated with lower triglyceride and large VLDL (very‐low‐density lipoprotein) particles. Fish intake, but not total n‐3, was positively associated with total cholesterol,
LDL
cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, and larger
LDL
size, but only α‐linolenic acid was associated with lower
LDL
cholesterol. Total n‐3, docosahexaenoic acid, and α‐linolenic acid intake were also positively associated with larger HDL (high‐density lipoprotein) size and large
HDL
particles. High eicosapentaenoic acid intake was significantly associated with only a decreased level of
VLDL
particle concentration and
VLDL
triglyceride content. The n‐3 fatty acids had some similarities but also differed in their associations with prospective cardiovascular disease risk patterns.

Conclusions
Higher consumption of fish and n‐3 fatty acids were associated with multiple measures of lipoproteins that were mostly consistent with cardiovascular prevention, with differences noted for high intake of eicosapentaenoic acid versus docosahexaenoic acid and α‐linolenic acid that were apparent with more detailed lipoprotein phenotyping. These hypothesis‐generating findings warrant further study in clinical trials.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
00000479.
Visualizing the Invisible: Performing Chaos Theory
Authors: Weitkamp Emma 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Edward Lorenz, a pioneering figure in the field of chaos theory, coined the phrase “butterfly effect” and posed the well-known question “Does the flap of a butterfly's wings in Brazil set off a tornado in Texas?” In posing the question, Lorenz sought to highlight the intrinsic difficulty of predicting the long-term behavior of complex systems that are sensitive to initial conditions, for example, the weather and climate; these systems are often referred to as chaotic. Taking Lorenz's butterfly as a starting point, the author's science theater project Chaos Cabaret seeks to explore the nuances of chaos theory through performance and music.
Mountain-Wave Turbulence Encounter of the Research Aircraft HALO above Iceland
Authors: Bramberger Martina , Dörnbrack Andreas , Wilms Henrike , Ewald Florian , Sharman Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStrong turbulence was encountered by the German High-Altitude Long-Range Research Aircraft (HALO) at flight level 430 (13.8 km) on 13 October 2016 above Iceland. In this event the turbulence caused altitude changes of the research aircraft of about 50 m within a period of approximately 15 s. Additionally, the automatic thrust control of the HALO could not control the large gradients in the horizontal wind speed and, consequently, the pilot had to switch off this system. Simultaneously, the French Falcon of Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement (SAFIRE), flying 2 km below HALO, also encountered turbulence at almost the same location. On that day, mountain-wave (MW) excitation and propagation was favored by the alignment of strong surface winds and the polar front jet. We use a combination of in situ observations, ECMWF and empirical turbulence forecasts, and high-resolution simulations to characterize the observed turbulent event. These show that a pronounced negative vertical shear of the horizontal wind favored overturning and breaking of MWs in the area of the encountered turbulence. The turbulent region was tilted upstream and extended over a distance of about 2 km in the vertical. The analyses suggest that HALO was flying through the center of a breaking MW field while the French Falcon encountered the lower edge of this region. Surprisingly, the pronounced gradients in the horizontal wind speeds leading to the deactivation of the automatic thrust control were located north of the breaking MW field. In this area, our analysis suggests the presence of gravity waves that could have generated the encountered modulation of the horizontal wind field.