bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
197 Effect of a SARA challenge diet on chewing behavior and rumino-reticular short chain fatty acid concentrations in dairy cows
Authors: Rivera-Chacon Raul , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Ricci Sara , Petri Renee M , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Intensive dairy production systems encourage feeding of high-concentrate diets to increase milk production efficiency. However, there is limited information regarding the effect of a SARA challenge diet on chewing behavior and rumino-reticular short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration. The objective of this study was to evaluate chewing activity and SCFA production in the rumen and reticulum, using nine ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows. Preceding the trial, cows were transitioned from 100% forage to 65% DM concentrate over eight days. Trial day 1 began once cows reached 65% DM concentrate and monitoring during 23 days. RumiWatch halters were used to monitor chewing activity. SCFA analysis was conducted on rumen and reticulum fluid collected 4 hours after feeding using gas chromatography. Data were analyzed with SAS, with the fixed effect of days and cow as random effect. There was an increase in DM intake during the first four hours after feeding: 1.97 and 2.25 ± 0.12 kg for day 1 and 23, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). There was no difference in rumination time (P = 0.16) with 29 ± 8.5 minutes during the first four hours of feeding. However, chewing index (P = 0.08) tended to decrease from 36.7 to 29.4 ± 4.4 minutes of chewing/kg of DM for day 1 and 23, respectively. Moreover, on day 1, propionate increased from 19.9 ± 1.02 to 20.1 ± 1.02% and from 24.04 ± 0.93 to 25.4 ± 1.02% compared to day 23 for rumen and reticulum, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, from day 1 to day 23, the rumen and reticulum acetate/propionate ratio declined from 3.2 ± 0.15 and 3.1 ± 0.1, to 2.5 ± 0.15, respectively, and reticulum SCFA decreased from 87 to 67 µmol/g, respectively. Overall, there was no effect of the 23-day SARA challenge diet on chewing activity. However, there was a reduction of SCFA concentration in reticulum, which may be due to enhanced SCFA absorption or increased feed bolus neutralizing capacity.
195 Using phytogenics to improve energy-corrected milk
Authors: Ramirez Shelby M , Gott Paige N , Schwandt Erin F , Tacconi Antonia , Murugesan G Raj 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Phytogenic feed additives are plant-derived products that have beneficial properties on inflammation, digestion, and rumen function. These benefits are of particular interest in lactating dairy cows due to the increased pressure on efficiency in milk production. Therefore, three studies over approximately 3,100 cows were conducted to determine the effect of Digestarom® Dairy (DD; BIOMIN America, Inc.) on milk production and components in lactating dairy cows at commercial dairies. Each study was comprised of two treatment groups: 1) basal diet (CON) and 2) basal diet + DD, 2 g/h/d. Treatment groups were fed for 28, 140, and 180 d for trials (T) 1, 2, and 3, respectively. For 3 lactation groups (LACT): 1, 2, and 3, daily total weight for milk and test day fat and protein were collected and energy-corrected milk (ECM) calculated to adjust milk yield to a standard 3.5% and 3.2% fat and protein, respectively. Data were analyzed as repeated measures within trial and LACT with diet as a fixed effect using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. In T3, LACT1 DD had increased (P &lt; 0.10) milk, reduced (P &lt; 0.05) protein, and numerically improved fat and ECM compared with CON. In T2, LACT2 DD had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) milk, but numerically improved fat and thus ECM compared with CON. Overall, ECM was on average across trials, numerically improved in DD by 0.64, 0.30, and 2.06 kg for LACT1, LACT2, and LACT3, respectively compared with CON. The DD benefit in ECM was primarily due to the numerical improvement in fat content across LACT and trials compared to CON. Fluid milk was improved by DD most in younger LACT groups; however, fat and ECM had the greatest improvement by DD in older LACT groups. Digestarom® Dairy may be a viable option for dairy producers seeking to improve their fat content and energy-corrected milk.
220 Evaluating LactoPlan for milk replacer inclusion as a direct fed microbial for neonatal calves
Authors: Casper David P , Acharya Ishwary P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
LactoPlan™ is a direct fed microbial (DFM) produced by a proprietary solid-state fermentation process using an unique strain of lactobacillus plantarum which is shelf and heat-stable. The hypothesis was feeding LP will ease transitioning from milk replacer (MR) to calf starter (CS) by improving gut health, appetite, and minimize health challenges due to pathogens and stress. The objective was to evaluate LP in a MR feeding program. Sixty 2-to-5-d-old Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of three treatments using a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) Control: No LP fed; 2) LP1: LP fed at 4 g/calf/d; and 3) LP2: LP fed at 8 g/calf/d. Calves were fed at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water and 22% CP calf starter (CS). The MR feeding phase was 42 d of the 56 d experiment. Calves fed LP2 gained more (P &lt; 0.05) BW (33.0, 36.9 and 37.7 for Control, LP1, and LP2, respectively) than calves fed Control, with calves fed LP1 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.05). The 0 to 42 d (MR feeding phase) ADG (562.9, 595.9, and 655.7 g/d) and 0 to 56 d ADG (588.6, 658.4, and673.0 g/d were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed LP2 than calves fed Control, with calves fed LP1 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.05). The 56 d CS intake was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among calves fed all treatments (66.3, 69.0, and 72.5 kg/ 56 d), which resulted in greater feed efficiency (0.50, 0.53, 0.52 kg gain/kg DMI) for calves fed LP1 compared with calves fed Control, with calves fed LP2 being intermediate and similar (P &gt; 0.05). This study demonstrates that feeding neonatal calves LP can increase growth performance and feed efficiency when fed at the appropriate inclusion rates.
186 Hormone content of anabolic implants differentially affects plasma and liver trace mineral concentrations
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Reichhardt Caleb C , Thornton Kara J , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Forty-eight commercial Angus steers (327 ± 25 kg) were utilized to determine effects of varying implant hormone composition on liver and plasma trace mineral concentrations. Implant (IMP) treatments (n = 12/treatment) included: no implant (CON), estradiol (E2; Compudose; 25.7 mg estradiol; Elanco Animal Health; Greenfield, IN), trenbolone acetate (TBA; Finaplix H; 200 mg trenbolone acetate; Merck Animal Health; Madison, NJ), and a combination of estradiol and trenbolone acetate (ETBA Revalor-S; 24 mg estradiol + 120 mg trenbolone acetate; Merck Animal Health). Cattle were fed forage-based step up rations throughout the sampling period. Plasma samples were collected on d 0, 2, 10 and 30, with liver biopsies collected on d 2 and 10. Data were analyzed with ProcMixed of SAS with fixed effect of IMP. Contrast statements for each treatment vs CON were developed. Plasma trace mineral analysis utilized repeated measures (repeated effect = day). No IMP × Day effects (P ≥ 0.18) on plasma trace mineral were observed. Day 2 liver Zn and Cu and d 10 liver Mn were lesser (P ≤ 0.04) for TBA implanted steers than CON and d 2 liver Mn tended to be lesser (P = 0.06). The Mn response may reflect changes in protein metabolism due to TBA. However, E2 and ETBA tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.07) d 10 liver Fe concentrations than CON while plasma Fe was unaffected (P ≥ 0.75) by E2, TBA, or ETBA. Both d 2 liver and plasma Zn were lesser for ETBA than CON (P ≤ 0.04) likely driven by the TBA in the implant. Implant contrasts did not affect (P ≥ 0.13) other plasma or liver trace mineral concentrations. These data indicate implant strategies, and thus hormones differentially influence trace mineral metabolism in feedlot steers, which may have implications for diet formulation.
210 Effects of supplementing calcium salts of fatty acids during late gestation on beef cow performance and offspring pre-weaning performance
Authors: Shao Taoqi , Neira Lucas T , Shike Daniel W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to investigate the effects of late-gestation supplementation of Ca salts of fatty acids to beef cows on cow performance and offspring pre-weaning growth performance. One hundred and ninety fall-calving, Angus Simmental cows were ranked by BW, BCS, and age. Cows were randomly assigned into 12 endophyte-infected, tall fescue pastures (4 pastures/treatment; 15–16 cows/pasture). Cows were fed an isocaloric supplement with soybean hulls mixed with: whole-shelled corn (CON), 155 g/cow/d of EnerGII (SFA/MUFA), or 40 g/cow/d of Strata 120 g/cow/d of Prequel (PUFA) during the last 83 4.9 d of gestation. Cow BW and BCS were measured at the initial, middle point, and end of supplementation, as well as at breeding and weaning. Milk yield was evaluated by weigh-suckle-weigh technique at 675.0 d postpartum. Steers were weaned at 174 5.0 d of age. Growth performance, milk, and blood parameters were analyzed with MIXED and reproductive data were analyzed with GLIMMIX procedures of SAS. The BW and BCS of the cows were not different (P 0.19) from trial initiation through weaning. Birth BW of the steers was not different (P = 0.62). The AI or overall pregnancy rates were not different (P 0.88). There was no difference (P 0.12) in milk yield or components. However, C15:0 and total n-3 fatty acids in milk from dams supplemented with PUFA was greater (P 0.05) than CON, while SFA/MUFA was intermediate and not different than the others. There was no difference (P = 0.83) for weaning BW of the steers. In conclusion, late-gestation supplementation of Ca salts of PUFA had no effect on cow BW, BCS, or milk yield, but increased total n-3 fatty acids in milk. Neither birth BW nor weaning BW of steers were affected by maternal fatty acid supplementation.
216 Autolysed yeast supplementation in finishing beef steers diets during feedlot
Authors: Neumann Mikael , Bonato Melina A , Borges Liliana L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, the ingestive behavior, the apparent digestibility of the feed, and the carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers during feedlot under different inclusions of autolyzed yeast (AY). For this, 36 ½ Angus steers (average BW 330 kg and 11 months of age), were distributed in a completely randomized way, consisting of three treatments and six replications (of two animals each): T1 - Control; T2 – AY 4g (diet with 4 g/animal/day of AY Saccharomyces cerevisiae product RumenYeast®), and T3 – AY 7g (diet with 7 g/animal/day of RumenYeast®), for 105 days, being 14 days of adaptation, two periods of 28 days and 1 of 35 days. The performance was evaluated, as well as the apparent digestibility of the diet, at the end of the 1st and 3rd periods with the total collection of feces. The carcass gain in the period was also calculated, and the thickness of fat on the Longissimus dorsi muscle was measured, as well as on the front, side, and back, using a digital caliper. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared to 5% of significance. The supplementation of AY 4g promoted higher daily BWG and better FCR during the adaptation feedlot period (P &lt; 0.05), and the AY 7g did not differ from the other treatments. The animals that received AY ended up with higher fat thickness in the carcass than the control group (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent digestibility of diets containing AY was higher than the control diet (P &lt; 0.05). Based on these results, the supplementation of AY 4g yielded positive results in the initial phase of the feedlot, improved the apparent digestibility of DM, and resulted in better carcass finishing.
185 Effect of zinc source and implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and tissue mineral concentrations in finishing beef steers
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Boyer Angela , Nuzback Dennis , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 126-d study utilized 72 Angus-cross steers (411 ± 16 kg) in a 3 × 2 factorial to examine the effects of Zn source and implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and tissue Zn concentrations. All steers received 70 mg Zn/kg dry matter (DM) from ZnSO4 + 30 mg Zn/kg DM from one of three sources: zinc hydroxychloride (ZnHC), zinc glycinate (ZnG), or zinc sulfate (ZnS). Implant (IMP) strategies included: no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-IS and Component TE-200 (IS/200) on d 0 and 57, respectively. Steers were blocked by weight into pens of 6 and fed a dry rolled corn-based diet via GrowSafe bunks. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS, with fixed effects of Zn, IMP, and the interaction. Liver and muscle collected on d -5, 14, 71, and 120 were analyzed for Zn concentration and data were analyzed as repeated measures (repeated effect = day). Steer was the experimental unit (n = 12/treatment). Final body weight and overall average daily gain tended to be decreased for ZnHC compared to ZnS, with ZnG intermediate within IS/200 (Zn × IMP; P ≤ 0.07). No interaction was observed for overall G:F or DM intake (P ≥ 0.41), but both were greater for implanted steers (P ≤ 0.01), while overall G:F was improved for ZnS compared to ZnHC and ZnG (P = 0.02). Carcass characteristics were unaffected by Zn × IMP or Zn source (P ≥ 0.12), but IS/200 improved HCW, DP, and REA (P ≤ 0.01). Implant increased liver Zn (P = 0.02) concentrations. Within IS/200 ZnG tended to have greater muscle Zn than ZnS while ZnHC was intermediate (Zn × IMP; P = 0.09), potentially indicating differences in availability of Zn source to growing muscle. These data suggest Zn source and implant influence performance and tissue Zn concentrations.
229 The effects of direct-fed microbial with and without monensin plus tylan on performance, feed efficiency and feeding behavior patterns in feedlot steers
Authors: Hall Megan N , Carstens Gordon E , Kerley Monty , Wottlin Lauren 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of DFM with and without Monensin plus Tylan on feed efficiency and feeding behavior patterns in steers. Crossbred steers (n = 125; BW = 303 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial design: (1) control (no feed additives), (2) DFM only (25 g/d; Natur’s Way), (3) Monensin (40 g/ton) plus Tylan only (MON) and (4) DFM and MON. In pens with GrowSafe feedbunks, steers were fed the grower diet for 14 d and transitioned to a finisher diet on 16 d. During the grower/transition phase, MON-fed steers had 9.5% higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and improved F:G (7.8 vs 8.94; P = 0.06) and RFI (-0.28 vs 0.27 kg/d; P &lt; 0.01) vs CON-fed steers. DFM-fed steers had lower (P &lt; 0.01) ADG, but similar F:G and RFI than CON-fed steers. Daily variances of bunk-visit event frequencies were reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in MON- vs CON-fed steers. During the finisher period, MON x DFM interactions (P &lt; 0.10) were observed for ADG and F:G. MON-fed steers had numerically improved F:G (5%) when DFM was excluded, but not when DFM was included. MON-fed steers had lower RFI (P &lt; 0.01; -0.23 vs 0.23 kg/d), whereas DFM-fed steers had higher RFI (P &lt; 0.01) compared to respective controls. MON-fed steers ate less (P &lt; 0.01) DMI, spent 9% more (P &lt; 0.05) time consuming meals and had 14% slower (P &lt; 0.01) meal eating rate then CON-fed steers. The DFM did not positively affect feed efficiency. Although the magnitude of improvement in feed efficiency due to MON was small, results demonstrated that MON may minimize digestive upsets by reducing daily variation in feeding behavior during diet transition and slow meal-eating rate on high-grain diets.
232 Effects of bismuth subsalicylate and encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on beef cattle performance and liver mineral concentration
Authors: Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Doblado Andrea M Osorio , Urso Phil , Crossland Whitney L , de Araujo Rafael Canonenco , Henry Francine , Sarturi Jhones Onorino , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Henry Darren D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effects of bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) and encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on feedlot beef cattle performance and liver mineral concentration were evaluated. Two hundred Angus steers (BW = 385 ± 27 kg) were used in a randomize complete block design (block = BW) and allocated to 50 pens (4 steers/pen) where treatments were randomly assigned as follows: CTL (urea at 0.70%, 0.28% ruminally available sulfur [RAS]), NIT (eCAN at 2.0%, 0.28% RAS), UBS (urea at 0.70%, BSS at 0.33%, 0.28% RAS), NITBS (eCAN at 2.0%, BSS at 0.33%, 0.28% RAS), and LOW-S (urea at 0.70%, 0.14% RAS). Steers were fed for 171 d and weighed every 35 d. Dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded weekly. Liver biopsies were taken on d -5 and 124 from the same randomly selected animal per pen. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used with the fixed effect of BSS, eCAN, S, BSS × CAN, and the random effect of block. Cattle consuming urea as non-protein nitrogen source (NPNS) had greater final body weight (FBW; P = 0.045) than cattle consuming eCAN. There was a NPNS effect where eCAN reduced DMI (P &lt; 0.001) and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.041), but did not affect feed efficiency (G:F; P = 0.876). There was a tendency for BSS to reduce DMI (P = 0.095), but not affect ADG (P = 0.436) or G:F (P = 0.876). The effect of S was also observed (P = 0.042) where LOW-S cattle consumed less feed than CTL. A reduction of final liver Cu concentration was observed (P = 0.042) where BSS reduced the concentration of Cu by 58%. Bismuth subsalicylate did not affect cattle performance; however, it might be detrimental to cattle consuming low Cu diets.
391 Linking Nutrition, Production, and Environmental Aspects of Ruminant Livestock Production
Authors: Archibeque Shawn L , Dillon Jasmine A , Johnson Kristen A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The relationship between nutrition, production and environmental aspects of ruminant livestock production systems is a complex and highly nuanced subject that has long suffered from oversimplification and assumptions associated within these practices. However, with the advent of new and evolving models and a growing understanding of these complexities and their interactions with each other, there has been a large and welcome growth in recent literature regarding new and emerging technologies, and insights that will allow for appropriate and impactful changes in livestock management that will affect overall change for the benefit of society as a whole. The primary means through which environmental impacts may be modified are separated into four distinct, but interconnected mechanisms, which include 1) improvements in use of dietary nutrients, 2) use of dietary additives that impact certain functions in the digestive tracts of the animal, 3) improvements in genetics, and 4) improvements in productive efficiency. While it is obvious that there are significant overlaps between these practices, it is imperative to consider all these aspects to prevent “leakage” of impacts to other industries and processes. In this presentation, we will review recent developments in all of these areas with a specific emphasis on the use of energy in ruminant production systems.
242 Development of image analysis pipeline to predict body weight in pigs
Authors: Yu Haipeng , Lee Kiho , Morota Gota 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Average daily gain can reflect the growth rates, diet efficiency, and current health status of livestock species such as pigs. However, labor-based measurement of body weights (BW) is intensive and may induce stress to pigs. Therefore, we developed an automatic 3D image-based computer vision system to predict BW. We employed the Intel RealSense depth camera D435 to capture the RGB and depth images of eight pigs from nursery to finishing phases across two months. During the experiment, each pig was video recorded for around 3 mins per day, with six frames per second, and manually weighed using an electronic scale. The recording resulted in around 1,080 images for each pig per day. We developed an image processing pipeline using OpenCV-Python. Specifically, each pig within the image was segmented by a thresholding algorithm, and a contour box of the pig was identified to extract width and length. The depth of the pig was captured by an active infrared stereo sensor using the Intel RealSense software development kit 2.0. The volume of the pig was derived by multiplying length, width, and depth. We processed frame by frame, and the third quantile of these morphological image descriptors was used as the image-derived measures for each pig. The Pearson correlation coefficients between scale-based BW records and morphological image descriptors were 0.314 (length), 0.512 (width), 0.881 (depth), and 0.579 (volume). A goodness of fit obtained by fitting multiple linear regression by regressing the BW records from the electronic scale on the morphological image descriptors was 0.8 in R2. Overall, depth, width, and volume seem to be more correlated with BW records. We conclude that our proposed 3D computer vision system could potentially provide an effective way to predict the BW of pigs.
250 Key drivers of a new multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex value for growing-finishing pigs: energy or amino acids?
Authors: Jlali Maamer , Gracia Marta Isabel , Perez Héctor , Casabuena Óscar , Cozannet Pierre , Preynat Aurélie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of reductions in energy and amino acids on the efficacy of supplementing corn-wheat-soybean meal diets with a multi-carbohydrase and phytase complex (MCPC) on growth performance and ATTD of energy and nutrients. A total of 700 pigs (BW = 29.5; SD = 4.2 kg) were housed in 70 pens and fed 5 diets (14 pens/diet). Diets were positive control (PC); and negative control 1 (NC1) or negative control 2 (NC2) without or with MCPC. The PC diet was adequate in nutrients according to NRC (2012). Relative to this PC diet, both NC diets were similarly reduced in digestible P (-0.134% unit) and calcium (-0.12% unit) and were differently reduced in NE and dig. AA (NC1 = -173 kcal/kg and -5% dig. AA and NC2 = -124 kcal/kg and -7% dig. AA). Fecal samples were collected from each pen at around 50 kg of BW. Final BW, ADG and feed conversion ratio were impaired (P &lt; 0.05) with the lower nutrient specifications (NC1 and NC2) in comparison with the PC diet. ADFI did not differ among treatments. MCPC supplementation improved the final BW (+2.2%, P = 0.05), ADG (+2.8%, P = 0.05) and feed conversion ratio (-3.3%, P = 0.001). Compared with PC diet, ATTD of DM, OM, CP, EE, energy, Ca and P were reduced in pigs fed NC diets (P &lt; 0.05). The addition of MCPC improved the ATTD of DM (P = 0.001), OM (P = 0.02), CP (P &lt; 0.0001), energy (P = 0.01), Ca (P &lt; 0.0001), and P (P &lt; 0.0001). The present study indicates that the MCPC supplementation was efficient to compensate the dietary protein and amino acid reductions (up to 7%). However, the reduction in dietary energy should be limited below 5% to guarantee feed efficiency and optimal performance.