bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Glutaraldehyde Disinfectant Against Cryptosporidium parvum in the Presence of Various Organic Soils
Authors: Wilson James , Margolin Aaron B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The opportunistic protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum is highly resistant to disinfectants, including those specifically used for processing reused medical equipment in hospitals. C. parvum oocysts were dried onto glass and steel grooved penicylinders and challenged with 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution in the presence of 3 types of soil with exposures at 10 min, 90 min, and 10 h. The influence of organic soils on disinfection was measured with 5% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 10% FBS, and 5 mg mucin/mL. An in vitro excystation procedure and cell culture infection assay were used to determine survivability of oocysts after the germicide challenge. In the presence of organic soil, all oocysts removed from carriers excysted and infected cell monolayers after all germicide contact times. However, excystation was observed only from oocysts that received no protection from organic soil after 10 h exposure. In these samples, no infection was observed in the cell monolayers. The results of this research demonstrate the importance of thorough cleaning of medical equipment before disinfection.
Determination of Phenolic Compounds in Dietary Supplements and Tea Blends Containing Echinacea by Liquid Chromatography with Coulometric Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Luo Wenhong , Ang Catherina Y W , Gehring Theresa A , Heinze Thomas M , Lin Lawrence J , Mattia Antonia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analytical methodologies with ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography (LC) were developed for the determination of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements containing Echinacea. The phenolic compounds determined by these methods included caftaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cynarin, echinacoside, and cichoric acid. Samples from tablets, capsules, and bags of tea blends were extracted by sonication for ≤30 min with methanol–water (60 + 40). The extracts were centrifuged and filtered, and the filtrates were diluted and analyzed by LC using a reversed-phase column and coulometric electrochemical (EC) detection. The mobile phase was acetonitrile–ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.5 (15.3 + 84.7) containing tetrabutyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate as an ion-pairing reagent. Extraction conditions (e.g., composition of the extraction solvent and sonication time) were optimized for different types of samples. Intra- and interday analytical variations were determined, and intraday analyses were performed by 2 independent analysts using 2 different LC systems. Results were generally comparable. The LC method with EC detection showed better sensitivity and selectivity when compared with LC with ultraviolet detection, although results were similar for the 2 methods for major compounds, i.e., caftaric acid, echinacoside, and cichoric acid. The identities of these major compounds found in samples were confirmed by LC/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.
Simultaneous Determination of Eleven Dyes and Their Aluminum Lakes in Drugs
Authors: Ishikawa Fusako , Shigeoka Sutemi , Nagashima Machiko , Takahashi Misako , Kamimura Hisashi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A 3-step extraction method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 11 dyes and their aluminum lakes in drugs. The dyes were first extracted with warm water (approximately 60°C) and were cleaned up by solid-phase extraction with a tC18 cartridge. Aluminum lake dyes that remained in the precipitate were extracted with 0.02M NaOH. Aluminum in the dye lakes was reextracted into the organic layer with acetylacetone–butyl acetate (1 + 9, v/v), as an acetylacetone chelate, and was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The dye portions of the aluminum lakes remained in the aqueous layer and were cleaned up in the same way as the dyes. The dyes and the dye portions of the aluminum lakes were quantified by ion–pair liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector within 20 min. The recoveries of dyes from drug fortified at 10 μg of each dye per pill were 87.0–102.2%, and the recoveries of dyes from drugs fortified at 50 μg of each dye lake per pill were 82.9–101.6%, except for recoveries of indigo carmine. In 40 ethical and over-the-counter drugs, dyes that were not indicated in the package insert information for drugs were detected in 5 samples. The highest amount of dye found in a drug was 1169.5 μg erythrosine, which was detected in a capsule of antibiotic. Aluminum lake dyes were detected in 8 samples of various dosage forms.
Simultaneous Determination of Dapsone and Pyrimethamine by Derivative Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Toral M Inés , Tassara Andrés , Soto César , Richter Pablo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and fast method was developed for the simultaneous determination of dapsone and pyrimethamine by first-order digital derivative spectrophotometry. Acetonitrile was used as a solvent to extract the drugs from the pharmaceutical formulations, and the samples were subsequently evaluated directly by digital derivative spectrophotometry. The simultaneous determination of both drugs was performed by the zero-crossing method at 249.4 and 231.4 nm for dapsone and pyrimethamine, respectively. The best signal-to-noise ratio was obtained when the first derivative of the spectrum was used. The linear range of determination for the drugs was from 6.6 × 10−7 to 2.0 × 10−4 and from 2.5 × 10−6 to 2.0 × 10−4 mol/L for dapsone and pyrimethamine, respectively. The excipients of commercial pharmaceutical formulations did not interfere in the analysis. Chemical and spectral variables were optimized for determination of both analytes. A good level of repeatability, 0.6 and 1.7% for dapsone and pyrimethamine, respectively, was observed. The proposed method was applied for the simultaneous determination of both drugs in pharmaceutical formulations.
Enumeration of Total Aerobic Microorganisms in Foods by SimPlate® Total Plate Count–Color Indicator Methods and Conventional Culture Methods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Feldsine Philip T , Leung Stephanie C , Lienau Andrew H , Mui Linda A , Townsend David E ,   Collaborators:, Arling V , August L , Barham D , Bohnert M , Boville A , Brookman S , Chavey C , Clements S , Davis R , Devane S , Dissel S , Gartside S , Hagel D , Hernandez C , Hopkins S , Howell M , Humbert F , Hunsucker J , Jackson J , Koch S , Kuber C , Lamb J , Lewis L , Lightfoot B , Lin W , Musch S , Nieves K , Poumeyrol M , Qvist S , Rice J , Solis D , Terry J , in’t Veld P , Voermans R , Warburton D , Welch J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The relative efficacy of the SimPlate® Total Plate Count–Color Indicator (TPC–CI) method (SimPlate 35°C) was compared with the AOAC Official Method 966.23 (AOAC 35°C) for enumeration of total aerobic microorganisms in foods. The SimPlate TPC–CI method, incubated at 30°C (SimPlate 30°C), was also compared with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 4833 method (ISO 30°C). Six food types were analyzed: ground black pepper, flour, nut meats, frozen hamburger patties, frozen fruits, and fresh vegetables. All foods tested were naturally contaminated. Nineteen laboratories throughout North America and Europe participated in the study. Three method comparisons were conducted. In general, there was &lt;0.3 mean log count difference in recovery among the SimPlate methods and their corresponding reference methods. Mean log counts between the 2 reference methods were also very similar. Repeatability (sr) and reproducibility (sR) standard deviations were similar among the 3 method comparisons. The SimPlate method (35°C) and the AOAC method were comparable for enumerating total aerobic microorganisms in foods. Similarly, the SimPlate method (30°C) was comparable to the ISO method when samples were prepared and incubated according to the ISO method.
Analysis of Scutellaria lateriflora and Its Adulterants Teucrium canadense and Teucrium chamaedrys by LC–UV/MS, TLC, and Digital Photomicroscopy
Authors: Gafner Stefan , Bergeron Chantal , Batcha Laura L , Angerhofer Cindy K , Sudberg Sidney , Sudberg Élan M , Guinaudeau Hélène , Gauthier Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Methods using liquid chromatography with UV detection (LC–UV), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and digital photomicroscopy were developed to distinguish between the different species of Scutellaria lateriflora L. and its adulterants Teucrium canadense L. and T. chamaedrys L. Chemically, the 70% ethanol extract of S. lateriflora is characterized by the presence of flavonoids—predominantly baicalin, lateriflorin, dihydrobaicalin, and baicalein. The major compounds of the 70% ethanol extract of T. canadense are phenylpropanoids, with verbascoside as the most prominent, and a variable amount of teucrioside. Teucrioside is the major compound in T. chamaedrys, but it is not present in S. lateriflora. The presence of phenylpropane glycosides can therefore be used to distinguish between the S. lateriflora L. and the two Teucrium species by LC–UV and TLC. The abundant strap-shaped tri-chomes on the stem, as well as bristle-like tri-chomes on the leaf, are typically seen microscopically for T. canadense, whereas the waxy cuticle with numerous glandular scales is found in T. chamaedrys. These cell structures were used to determine the adulteration of S. lateriflora crude herb with either of the two Teucrium species.
Quantitative Analysis of Forskolin in Coleus forskohlii (Lamiaceae) by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Schaneberg Brian T , Khan Ikhlas A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid method was developed for the evaluation of forskolin in Coleus forskohlii Briq. (Lamiaceae). Forskolin was quantitated in the root and stem of dried C. forskohlii and in 17 market products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with a photodiode array detector at 210 nm. The temperature was held constant at 30°C, and the retention time of forskolin was approximately 6.8 min. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile by sonication. The precision of the method was confirmed by a standard deviation &lt;5.0% (n = 3), and forskolin recovery was 99.1%. Limit of detection was 1.5 μg/mL, and the response was linear through zero from 6.3 to 630 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9998. Identity of the marker compound was confirmed by an LC/mass spectrometry experiment. The method was successful in the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the marker compound in C. forskohlii plant material and in market products claiming to contain C. forskohlii.
Determination of Ephedra Alkaloids by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sullivan Darryl , Wehrmann James , Schmitz John , Crowley Richard , Eberhard Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In conjunction with an AOAC Task Group on dietary supplements, a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was validated for measurement of 6 major alkaloids in raw ephedra sinica herb, ephedra extracts, ephedra tablets, complex dietary supplements containing ephedra, and a high-protein drink mix containing ephedra. The amount of ephedrine-type alkaloids present was determined by LC with mass selective detection. Six replicates of each matrix were analyzed on 3 separate occasions. The presence of 6 ephedrine-type alkaloids was detected at a level &gt;0.5 μg/g based on a 0.5 g sample. The standard curve range for this assay is from 0.02 to 1.0 μg/mL. Appropriate dilutions covered a wide range of specific alkaloid concentrations. The calibration curves for all 6 analytes had correlation coefficients &gt;0.995.
Determination of Omeprazole in Bulk and Injectable Preparations by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Schubert Alexandre , Werle Almeci L , Schmidt Cleber A , Codevilla Cristiane , Bajerski Lisiane , Chiappa Ricardo , Cardoso Simone G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An accurate, simple, reproducible, and sensitive liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of omeprazole in powder for injection and in pellets. The analyses were performed at room temperature on a reversed-phase C18 column of 250 × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size. The mobile phase, composed of methanol–water (90 + 10, v/v), was pumped at a constant flow rate of 1.5 mL/min. Detection was performed on a UV detector at 301 nm. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, and ruggedness. The response was linear in the range 32–48 μg/mL (r2 = 0.9976). The relative standard deviation values for intra-and interday precision studies were 1.22 and 1.56% for injectable and 2.13 and 2.45% for pellets, respectively. Recoveries ranged between 95.81 and 100.48%.
Clay-Based Affinity Probes for Selective Cleanup and Determination of Aflatoxin B1 Using Nanostructured Montmorillonite on Quartz
Authors: Huebner Henry J , Phillips Timothy D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate the selective cleanup and determination of aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) from contaminated media. Composite adsorbents were formulated from calcium montmorillonite clay, which possesses a high affinity and enthalpy of adsorption for AfB1. Nanostructuring techniques were used to construct various formulations of the clay-based composite media. In AfB1 adsorption studies with prototypical affinity columns, these composites offered narrowly defined, reproducible capacity ranges. Composite recoveries of AfB1 from spiked grains exhibited linear trends that correlated well with the range of spike levels. Composite columns provided lower recoveries of AfB1 from naturally contaminated corn than did immunoaffinity columns; however, recoveries were consistent and purified extracts were free of inter-fering compounds, as determined by liquid chro-matography with fluorescence detection.
Immunochemical-Based Method for Detection of Hazelnut Proteins in Processed Foods
Authors: Ben Rejeb Samuel , Abbott Michael , Davies David , Querry Jessica , Cléroux Chantal , Streng Christine , Delahaut Philippe , Yeung Jupiter M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent as-a say (ELISA) was developed to detect hazelnut by using polyclonal antibodies generated against a protein extract of roasted hazelnut. No cross-reactivity was observed in tests against 39 commodities, including many common allergens, tree nuts, and legumes. Hazelnut protein standard solutions at 0.45 ng/mL [inhibition con-centration (IC80) of the competitive test] were clearly identified by the ELISA. An extraction and quantification method was developed and optimized for chocolate, cookies, breakfast cereals, and ice cream, major food commodities likely to be cross-contaminated with undeclared hazelnut during food processing. No sample cleanup was re-quired when extracts were diluted 10-fold. Recovery results were generated with blank matrixes spiked at 4 levels from 1 to 10 μg/g hazelnut protein. With the developed extraction and sample handling procedure, hazelnut proteins were recovered at 64–83% from chocolate and at 78–97% from other matrixes. A confirmatory technique was developed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western transfer. The developed methods were applied to a small market survey of chocolate products and al-lowed the identification of undeclared hazelnut in these products.
Determination of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methoxybenzaldehyde in Roots of Decalepis hamiltonii (Wight & Arn.) and Hemidesmus indicus R.Br.
Authors: Nagarajan Subban , Jagan Mohan Rao Lingamallu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The roots of Decalepis hamiltonii and Hemidesmus indicus are aromatic and possess the crystalline compound 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde as the major compound (&gt;90%) in their volatile oils. A gas chromatographic procedure was developed for the assay of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde in both fresh and dried roots of different origin. Benzyl butyrate was used as the internal standard. Among the methods tried, steam hydrodistillation was suitable for extraction of the volatile oils. The quantity of this aromatic compound varied from 0.03 to 0.54%.
Comparison Between a Bioassay and Liquid Chromatography– Fluorescence–Mass Spectrometryn for the Determination of Incurred Enrofloxacin in Whole Eggs
Authors: Donoghue Dan J , Schneider Marilyn J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare a bioassay with a liquid chromatography–fluorescence–mass spectrometryn method for detection of enrofloxacin (ENRO) in incurred eggs. The bioassay developed by our laboratories involves an agar diffusion microbiological method using Klebsiella pneumoniae as an indicator organism. Results demonstrate that both methods are capable of detecting incurred fluoroquinolone residues in eggs. During the 3-day dosing period of hens (Days 1–3) and following drug withdrawal (Days 5, 7, and 9), both of these methods were able to detect incurred ENRO in eggs above the zero tolerance established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The LC–fluorescence–MSn method has the benefit of providing confirmation for fluoroquinolones, while the bioassay may be used as an effective, rapid screening method for detection of fluoroquinolone residues in eggs.
Sample Preparation for Determination of Macrocyclic Lactone Mycotoxins in Fish Tissue, Based on On-Line Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion and Solid-Phase Extraction Cleanup Followed by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Laganà Aldo , Bacaloni Alessandro , Castellano Maryanna , Curini Roberta , De Leva Ilaria , Faberi Angelo , Materazzi Stefano 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) on-line with a solid-phase extraction (SPE) cleanup process followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) is presented for the determination of 3 macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in fish tissues: zearalenone, α-zearalenol, and β-zearalenol. The sample was prepared in a device that used a reversed-phase material (C18) or a normal-phase material (neutral alumina) as a matrix dispersing agent, and a graphitized carbon black cartridge was used for sequential cleanup by SPE. LC/MS/MS was used for selective determination. Isocratic elution with acetonitrile–methanol–water was used for LC separation; for MS/MS, 2 types of interfaces (a pneumatically assisted electrospray ionization interface or an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface) were evaluated and compared in terms of the intensity of the total ion current produced by each analyte. The use of highly selective MSPD on-line with SPE for sample preparation before analysis allowed the removal of interfering matrix compounds `present in tissue extracts that would otherwise cause severeionization suppression of zearalenone and its metabolites during the ionization process. Average recoveries at 100 ng/g were between 83 and 103% with C18 and ≥67% with neutral alumina; the relative standard deviations were &lt;11% with C18 and &lt;18% with alumina. The limits of detection ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 ng/g. Sample preparation is simple to perform, no special technical equipment is required, and solvent volumes are minimal.
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Method for Detection of Bovine Materials in Foodstuffs
Authors: Gao Hong-Wei , Zhang Da-Bing , Pan Ai-Hu , Liang Wan-Qi , Liang Cheng-Zhu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Rapid identification of bovine materials in animal foodstuffs is essential for effective control of a potential source of bovine spongiform encephalophathy. A convenient polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay was developed for detection and identification of a bovine-specific genomic DNA sequence in foodstuffs. Simultaneously the assay assessed the DNA quality of the experiment system by amplification of a highly conserved eucaryotic DNA region of the 18-S ribosomal gene, helping to check the reliability of the test result. The amplified bovine-specific PCR product was a genomic DNA fragment of lactoferrin, a low copy gene that was different from a commonly used bovine-specific mitochondria sequence for identification of bovine materials. The specificity of this method was confirmed by the absence of detectable homologous PCR product using reference foodstuff samples that lacked bovine-derived meat and bonemeals, or genomic DNA samples from vertebrates whose offals are commonly included in animal feeds. This method could detect the presence of bovine material in foodstuffs when the samples contained &gt;0.02% bovine-derived meat and bone meal. Furthermore, it was not affected by prolonged heat treatment. The specificity, convenience, and sensitivity of this method suggest that it can be used for the routine detection of bovine-derived materials.
3M™ Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count Plate Method for the Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in Selected Dairy Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Silbernagel Karen M , Jechorek Robert P , Carver Charles N , Horter Barbara L , Lindberg Kathryn G ,   Collaborators:, Aleo V , Anderson G , Bannach B , Bulthaus M , Cha K , Dixon K , Hemming B , Horter B , Iannucci; M , Johnson A , Johnson K , Kaufer A , Kemp S , King J , Kupski B , Kusch S , Luebbert B , Lyke H , Makepeace; C , Otten N , Schomogy T , Strand S , Xiong C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The 3M™ Petrifilm™ Staph Express Count plate method was compared with AOAC Official Method 975.55 for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in selected foods. Five foods—ice cream, raw milk, yogurt, whey powder, and cheese—were analyzed for S. aureus by 12 collaborating laboratories. For each food tested, the collaborators received 8 blind test samples consisting of a control sample, a low inoculation level, a medium inoculation level, and a medium inoculation level with background flora, each in duplicate. The mean log10 counts for the methods were comparable for all 5 foods. The repeatability and reproducibility variances of the 24 h Petrifilm Staph Express Count plate method were similar to those of the 72 h standard method.
Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Alkaloids Precipitable with Dragendorff's Reagent in Plant Materials
Authors: Sreevidya Narasimhan , Mehrotra Shanta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid, easy, and simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the estimation of total alkaloids precipitated by Dragendorff's reagent (DR) in plant materials. It is based on the formation of yellow bismuth complex in nitric acid medium with thiourea. The yellow-colored complex formed obeys Lambert-Beer's law in the concentration range of 0.06–50 μg/mL with λmax at 435 nm. Using this method, the alkaloidal percentage of certain alkaloids (ajamalicine, papaverine, cinchonine, piperine, berberine) and some plant materials containing alkaloids (Berberis aristata, Solanum nigrum, and Piper longum) were determined. The method was compared with other methods. It can be used for routine analysis of commercial samples by industries dealing with herbal drugs for standardization of plant materials containing alkaloids and for alkaloid-containing pharmaceutical products.