bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Troponin and Other Biomarker Levels and Outcomes Among Patients Hospitalized With COVID‐19: Derivation and Validation of the HA
2
T
2
COVID‐19 Mortality Risk Score
Authors: Manocha Kevin K. , Kirzner Jared , Ying Xiaohan , Yeo Ilhwan , Peltzer Bradley , Ang Bryan , Li Han A. , Lerman Bruce B. , Safford Monika M. , Goyal Parag , Cheung Jim W. 
Published: October 2020

Background
The independent prognostic value of troponin and other biomarker elevation among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are unclear. We sought to characterize biomarker levels in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19 and develop and validate a mortality risk score.

Methods and Results

An observational cohort study of 1053 patients with COVID‐19 was conducted. Patients with all of the following biomarkers measured—troponin‐I, B‐type natriuretic peptide, C‐reactive protein, ferritin, and
d
‐dimer (n=446) —were identified. Maximum levels for each biomarker were recorded. The primary end point was 30‐day in‐hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression was used to construct a mortality risk score. Validation of the risk score was performed using an independent patient cohort (n=440). Mean age of patients was 65.0±15.2 years and 65.3% were men. Overall, 444 (99.6%) had elevation of any biomarker. Among tested biomarkers, troponin‐I ≥0.34 ng/mL was the only independent predictor of 30‐day mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 4.38;
P
<0.001). Patients with a mortality score using hypoxia on presentation, age, and troponin‐I elevation, age (HA
2
T
2
) ≥3 had a 30‐day mortality of 43.7% while those with a score <3 had mortality of 5.9%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the HA
2
T
2
score was 0.834 for the derivation cohort and 0.784 for the validation cohort.

Conclusions
Elevated troponin and other biomarker levels are commonly seen in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19. High troponin levels are a potent predictor of 30‐day in‐hospital mortality. A simple risk score can stratify patients at risk for COVID‐19–associated mortality.
Spillover Effects of Early-Life Medical Interventions
Authors: Daysal N. Meltem , Simonsen Marianne , Trandafir Mircea , Breining Sanni 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We investigate the effects of early-life medical treatments on the treated children and their families. We use a regression discontinuity design that exploits changes in medical treatments across the very low birth weight (VLBW) cutoff. Using administrative data from Denmark, we establish that VLBW children have better health and higher test scores. We find that these benefits spill over to other family members: mothers enjoy better mental health, and siblings have higher test scores. Maternal mental health improvements seem to be driven by better focal child health and sibling spillovers by improved interactions within the family and parental compensating behavior.
“Let Me Take a Selfie”: Implications of Social Media for Public Perceptions of Wild Animals
Authors: Lenzi Christian , Speiran Siobhan , Grasso Chiara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Social media is a powerful tool for sharing information and awareness campaigns concerning environmental issues, especially as they pertain to the conservation of wild, nonhuman animals (henceforth, “animals”). This form of online engagement is a double-edged sword, however, since it can facilitate the legal and illegal trade of wild species, and promote harmful tourism encounters with wild animals. This review spans multiple disciplines and presents some key literature to date examining how public perceptions of wild animals are influenced by social media. This includes discussions of “viral” videos, “wildlife selfies,” changing trends in animal encounters at wildlife tourism destinations, and the influence of social media on the wildlife trade. Avenues for future research are suggested with urgency; the adverse effects of social media are understudied, yet bear serious consequences for the individual welfare and species conservation of wild animals.
“Confine Your Women!”: Diachronic Development of Islamic Interpretive Discourse on the Creation of Woman
Authors: von Schöneman Katja 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article explores the diachronic development of Islamic interpretive discourse on the Qurʾanic passage khalaqakum min nafsin wāḥidatin wa-khalaqa minhā zawjahā, present in the first verse of Sūrat al-Nisāʾ and conventionally understood as the creation of the primeval couple, Adam and Eve. The analyses, performed within a theoretical framework of feminist discourse analysis, focus on ten medieval Sunni commentaries (tafāsīr) from the late third/ninth to the ninth/fifteenth centuries. The study reveals that the concept of nafs wāḥida, single soul, was interpreted as the first man, Adam, and the mate created from this soul, zawj, as Eve, the latter being created from the former’s rib in all the exegetic accounts examined. These elaborated exegetic suppositions on human creation were strengthened throughout the classical period of tafsīr. Interpretive information both accumulated and transformed in Islamic interpretive tradition through three discursive stages, characterised as normativisation, consolidation, and expanding the concept.
No edge effect on quantity of prey captured in the forest-dwelling tetragnathid orb spider Metellina mengei
Authors: Richards Madeline A. , Hesselberg Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Among the most damaging anthropogenic effects for ecosystems is habitat fragmentation. One of its consequences is the creation of edges, which results in more exposed habitats that have different ecological and behavioural effects on the different species that live there. However, the nature and magnitude of these effects remain unknown for most of the animals and plants inhabiting these edge habitats. This study intends to determine if quantity of prey capture by a woodland population of the orb spider Metellina mengei is subjected to edge effects. By observing the prey capture of this species at edge and interior locations of a woodland, we found no significant effects of edge on the number of prey captured or the average prey length. Instead, we found that inclination of the web, but not web area or other measured web parameters, had a significant effect on prey capture. Therefore, this species of spider may be minimally affected by its location within the woodland and more affected by its surrounding microhabitat, which raises the possibility that non-specialised invertebrate predators could be less impacted by fragmentation than generally recognised.
Applicability of the 2017 FIDIC Red Book in Civil Law Jurisdictions
Authors: Al-Hyari Omar Hisham 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In 2017, the FIDIC launched a new edition of its Red Book—a recommended construction-related contract for building and engineering works designed by the employer. The roots of this book were influenced by the common law legal system, whereas many countries follow the civil law legal system. Amongst the latter countries is the United Arab Emirates, which has attracted construction parties from all over the world. Those who wish to use the Red Book amongst such parties should be acquainted with the local limitations on its applicability. Such acquaintance can provide them with a proper understanding of their rights and obligations. This article discusses these limitations using the doctrinal research method, which included, inter alia, an examination of all relevant decisions by local higher courts during the 2009-2019 period. The discussion shows that such limitations can be confronted owing to conflicts with local judicial jurisprudence and/or mandatory statutory provisions.
Revisiting the Causal Connection between the Great Salinity Anomaly of the 1970s and the Shutdown of Labrador Sea Deep Convection
Authors: Kim Who M. , Yeager Stephen , Danabasoglu Gokhan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA) of the 1970s is the most pronounced decadal-scale low-salinity event observed in the subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA). Using various simulations with the Community Earth System Model, here we offer an alternative view on some aspects of the GSA. Specifically, we examine the relative roles of reduced surface heat flux associated with the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and extreme Fram Strait sea ice export (FSSIE) in the late 1960s as possible drivers of the shutdown of Labrador Sea (LS) deep convection. Through composite analysis of a long control simulation, the individual oceanic impacts of extreme FSSIE and surface heat flux events in the LS are isolated. A dominant role for the surface heat flux events for the suppression of convection and freshening in the interior LS is found, while the FSSIE events play a surprisingly minor role. The interior freshening results from reduced mixing of fresher upper ocean with saltier deep ocean. In addition, we find that the downstream propagation of the freshwater anomaly across the SPNA is potentially induced by the persistent negative NAO forcing in the 1960s through an adjustment of thermohaline circulation, with the extreme FSSIE-induced low-salinity anomaly mostly remaining in the boundary currents in the western SPNA. Our results suggest a prominent driving role of the NAO-related heat flux forcing for key aspects of the observed GSA, including the shutdown of LS convection and transbasin propagation of low-salinity waters.
Measurement of Small-Scale Surface Velocity and Turbulent Kinetic Energy Dissipation Rates Using Infrared Imaging
Authors: Metoyer Shelby , Barzegar Mohammad , Bogucki Darek , Haus Brian K. , Shao Mingming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractShort-range infrared (IR) observations of ocean surface reveal complicated spatially varying and evolving structures. Here we present an approach to use spatially correlated time series IR images, over a time scale of one-tenth of a second, of the water surface to derive underlying surface velocity and turbulence fields. The approach here was tested in a laboratory using grid-generated turbulence and a heater assembly. The technique was compared with in situ measurements to validate our IR-derived remote measurements. The IR-measured turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation rates were consistent with in situ–measured dissipation using a vertical microstructure profiler (VMP). We used measurements of the gradient of the velocity field to calculate TKE dissipation rates at the surface. Based on theoretical and experimental considerations, we have proposed two models of IR TKE dissipation rate retrievals and designed an approach for oceanic field IR applications.
The Impact of Height-Independent Errors in State Variables on the Determination of the Daytime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Depth Using the Bulk Richardson Approach
Authors: Lee Temple R. , Pal Sandip 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRawinsonde observations have long been used to estimate the atmospheric boundary layer depth (BLD), which is an important parameter for monitoring air quality, dispersion studies, weather forecast models, and inversion systems for estimating regional surface–atmosphere fluxes of tracers. Although many approaches exist for deriving the BLDs from rawinsonde observations, the bulk Richardson approach has been found to be most appropriate. However, the impact of errors in the measured thermodynamic and kinematic fields on the estimated BLDs remains unexplored. We argue that quantifying BLD error (δBLD) estimates is equally as important as the BLDs themselves. Here we quantified δBLD by applying the bulk Richardson method to 35 years of rawinsonde data obtained from three stations in the United States: Sterling, Virginia; Amarillo, Texas; and Salt Lake City, Utah. Results revealed similar features in terms of their respective errors. A −2°C bias in temperature yielded a mean δBLD ranging from −15 to 200 m. A +2°C bias in temperature yielded a mean δBLD ranging from −214 to +18 m. For a −5% relative humidity bias, the mean δBLD ranged from −302 to +7 m. For a +5% relative humidity bias, the mean δBLD ranged from +2 to +249 m. Differences of ±2 m s−1 in the winds yielded BLD errors of ~±300 m. The δBLD increased as a function of BLD when introducing errors to the thermodynamic fields and decreased as a function of BLD when introducing errors to the kinematic fields. These findings expand upon previous work evaluating rawinsonde-derived δBLD by quantifying δBLD arising from rawinsonde-derived thermodynamic and kinematic measurements. Knowledge of δBLD is critical in, for example, intercomparison studies where rawinsonde-derived BLDs are used as references.
Effect of evening light exposure on sleep in bipolar disorder: A longitudinal analysis for repeated measures in the APPLE cohort
Authors: Esaki Yuichi , Obayashi Kenji , Saeki Keigo , Fujita Kiyoshi , Iwata Nakao , Kitajima Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Sleep disturbance, a core feature of bipolar disorder, is associated with residual mood symptoms, mood episode recurrence and suicide ideation. We investigated the effect of evening light exposure on sleep in patients with bipolar disorder. Methods: In this longitudinal analysis, we measured the sleep parameters of 207 outpatients with bipolar disorder using actigraphy at their homes for seven consecutive nights. We measured the white-light illuminance and the irradiance of each wavelength during the 4 hours before each participant’s bedtime. We used mixed-effect linear regression analysis for repeated measures to evaluate the effect of evening light exposure on subsequent sleep parameters. Results: The median white-light illuminance was 25.8 lux (interquartile range, 12.9–50.1 lux). In a multivariable model adjusted for potential confounders, we found higher white-light illuminance to be significantly associated with lower sleep efficiency (per log lux: 95% confidence interval = [−1.328, −0.133]; p = 0.017), prolonged sleep-onset latency (95% confidence interval = [0.006, 0.172]; p = 0.035) and longer wake after sleep onset (95% confidence interval = [1.104, 4.459]; p = 0.001). This effect size was larger in the younger age group (aged < 44 years) stratified by median age. Higher irradiance of the blue wavelength range was significantly associated with longer wake after sleep onset, a result similar to those for the green and red wavelength ranges. Conclusion: We observed significant associations between evening light exposure and subsequent sleep in patients with bipolar disorder. The effects of various light wavelengths on sleep in bipolar disorder require further investigation.
Anger and confrontation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national cross-sectional survey in the UK
Authors: Smith Louise E , Duffy Bobby , Moxham-Hall Vivienne , Strang Lucy , Wessely Simon , Rubin G James 
Published: October 2020

Objectives To investigate factors associated with anger or confronting others due to COVID-19. Design Online cross-sectional survey. Setting Data were collected between 17 and 20 July 2020. Participants A total of 2237 participants living in the UK aged 16–75 years. Main outcome measures Reporting having had arguments, felt angry or fallen out with others because of COVID-19. Reporting having confronted or reported someone to the authorities, or that you had been confronted or reported to the authorities, for not wearing a face covering; not keeping your distance from others or being in too large a group; or alternatively following recommended measures too carefully. We used logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with anger and confrontation. Results Most participants reported having had arguments, feeling angry or fallen out with others because of COVID-19 (56%, n = 1255). Twenty-two percent (n = 500) of participants reported that they had confronted or reported someone. Fourteen percent (n = 304) of participants reported that they had been confronted or reported by someone. Confronting someone, having been confronted and feeling angry or having had arguments were strongly associated with each other. Anger and confrontation were associated with younger age, greater likelihood of experiencing significant financial difficulties due to the pandemic, greater perceived risk of COVID-19 and getting information about COVID-19 from social media. Conclusions Measures put in place to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have caused considerable strain. Increased support, clear messaging on the rationale for easing restrictions and combatting misinformation on social media may all help decrease tension.
First-degree atrioventricular block in acute anterior myocardial infarction
Authors: Zabeh Arvin , Jahanafrouz Masoumeh , Kazemi Babak , Pourafkari Leili , Davarmoin Ghiti , Separham Ahmad 
Published: October 2020

Background There is paucity of data regarding the prognostic implications of first-degree atrioventricular block in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction as a distinct group. The aim of this study was to elucidate the association of prolonged PR interval with hospital clinical outcomes in patients with treated with thrombolysis. Methods Three hundred consecutive patients with a first acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing thrombolysis between October 2017 and March 2018, were retrospectively enrolled in this study. They were divided into two groups based on PR interval on admission: PR interval ≤200 ms, and PR interval > 200 ms. Hospital mortality and complications were compared between the 2 groups. Results Of the 300 patients, 26 (8.66%) had first-degree atrioventricular block on initial presentation. Overall, hospital death occurred in 20 (6.66%) patients. Patients with PR interval > 200 ms had a higher hospital mortality rate (26.9%) than those without (4.7%, p < 0.001). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, only left ventricular systolic function and PR interval were independent predictors of hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.031; 95% confidence interval: 1.008–1.056, p = 0.009 for PR interval). Conclusion In patients with a first acute anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with thrombolysis, first-degree atrioventricular block was associated with increased hospital mortality and a worse prognosis.
Early invasive strategy for non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials
Authors: Li Ying , Wang Cuancuan , Nan Yue , Zhao Hui , Cao Zhongnan , Du Xinping , Wang Kuan 
Published: October 2020

Objective Patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) benefit from coronary intervention, but the optimal timing for an invasive strategy is not well defined. This study aimed to determine whether an early invasive strategy (<12 hours) is superior to a delayed invasive strategy. Methods Twelve studies of nine randomized, controlled trials of 8586 patients were included. Results There were no significant differences in all-cause death (risk ratio [95% confidence interval]) (0.90, [0.77–1.06), re-myocardial infarction (re-MI) (0.95 [0.70–1.29]), major bleeding (0.97 [0.77–1.23]), and refractory ischemia (0.74 [0.53–1.05]) when we compared use of early and delayed invasive strategies. Furthermore, analysis of the effect of the chosen strategy on high-risk patients showed that the rate of composite death or re-MI was significantly decreased in patients with either a Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score >140 or with elevated troponin levels (risk ratio 0.82 [0.72–0.92]; risk ratio 0.84 [0.76–0.93], respectively). Conclusions This meta-analysis shows that an early angiographic strategy does not improve clinical outcome in patients with NSTE-ACS. An early invasive strategy might reduce the rate of composite death or re-MI in high-risk patients with GRACE risk scores >140 or elevated cardiac markers.
Adequacy of Peritoneal Dialysis in Children: Consider the Membrane for Optimal Prescription
Authors: Fischbach Michel , Dheu Celine , Seugé–Dargnies Laure , Delobbe Jean François 
Published: October 2020

The peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription should be adequate before being optimal. The peritoneal membrane is a dynamic dialyzer: the surface area and the vascular area both have recruitment capacity. At bedside, prescription is based mainly on tolerance of the prescribed fill volume, and therefore a too-small fill volume is often prescribed. A too-small fill volume may lead to a hyperpermeable exchange, with potentially enhanced morbidity—or even mortality—risks. Better understanding of the peritoneal membrane as a dynamic dialysis surface area allows for an individually adapted prescription, which is especially suitable for children on automated PD. Fill volume should be scaled for body surface area (mL/m2) and, to avoid a hyperpermeable exchange, for a not-too-small amount. Fill volume enhancement should be conducted under clinical control and is best determined by intraperitoneal pressure measurement in centimeters of H2O. In children 2 years of age and older, a peak fill volume of 1400 – 1500 mL/m2 can be prescribed in terms of tolerance, efficiency, and peritoneal membrane recruitment. Dwell times should be determined individually with respect to two opposing parameters: • Short dwell times provide adequate small-solute clearance and maintain the crystalloid osmotic gradient (and, thereby, the ultrafiltration capacity). • Long dwell times enhance phosphate clearance, but can lead to dialysate reabsorption. The new PD fluids (that is, those free of glucose degradation products, with a neutral pH, and not exclusively lactate-buffered) appear to be the best choice both in terms of membrane recruitment and of preservation of peritoneal vascular hyperperfusion.
Survival Analysis: Comparing Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chiu-Ching , Cheng Kuang-Fu , Wu Hong-Dar Isaac 
Published: October 2020

⋄ Objectives Comparisons of survival in patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and on hemodialysis (HD) have been conducted in many Western countries, but publications on this subject in Asian populations are scarce. The present study estimated the survival and the relative mortality hazard for HD and PD patients in Taiwan. ⋄ Methods Incident end-stage renal disease patients reported to the Taiwan Renal Registry during 1995 – 2002 were included in the study. Patients had to be 20 years of age or older and had to have survived for the first 90 days on dialysis. A total of 45 820 incident HD and 2809 incident PD patients formed the study population. Patients on PD were treated mainly with traditional glucose-based solutions. Using an intent-to-treat analysis, the Cox proportional hazards (CPH) model was applied to identify the factors that predict survival by treatment modality. Subgroup analyses were conducted by stratifying patients according to sex, comorbidity, age, and diabetes status. Kaplan–Meier estimates were used to explore the survival of HD and PD patients. Adjustments were implemented using the CPH model. ⋄ Results The overall 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, 5-year and 10-year survival rates for PD patients were 89.8%, 77.6%, 67.6%, 55.5%, and 35% respectively. The equivalent survival rates for HD patients were 87.5%, 76.6%, 68.1%, 54.3%, and 33.8%. The differences were not statistically significant ( p = 0.125). The CPH analysis stratified by diabetes status and age revealed that PD patients 55 years of age or younger and nondiabetic had a lower mortality ratio (MR) of 0.94. But the MR increased to 1.31 for nondiabetic patients older than 55. The MR for PD versus HD further increased to 1.72 for diabetic patients 55 years of age or younger, and to 1.99 for diabetic patients older than 55. ⋄ Conclusions After adjusting for both demographic and clinical case-mix differences, PD and HD patients were observed to have similar long-term survival. Subgroup analyses revealed that, among diabetic patients and patients older than 55, those on HD experienced better survival than did those on PD.