bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is it that Wittgenstein denies in his philosophy of psychology?
Authors: Schneider Hans Julius 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Taking up some of W.’s paradoxical remarks about the existence of ‘mental things’ the paper investigates, what exactly he is criticizing. After a discussion of the mistaken idea of a private baptizing of one’s own ‘mental events’ W.’s general criticism of the ‘object-and-name model’ is treated with a view on the consequences it has for our understanding of the mental. This treatment includes a discussion of figurative kinds of language use as well as a discussion of the difference between ‘things’ and ‘objects of reference’: With respect to figurative uses of language it often makes no sense to treat constituent expressions as names of objects, and not all objects of reference are things in an unproblematic ordinary-life sense. So what at first sight appears to be a limitation of our understanding of the nature of an object and consequently seems to ask for more empirical research often turns out to be a limitation of our understanding of how we use our language. The paper concludes that one important aspect of what the later W. opposes is dualism: The mental cannot be conceived of as an additional ‘something’ a description of which could be just added to a description of a person as a physical being. Thus W.’s anti-dualism can also be read as turning against a dualism in his Tractatus: The mental realm as well as other provinces of ‘the higher’ are no longer seen as areas of entities about which we have to be silent.
Wittgenstein und die Begriffe des Psychischen bei Hegel
Authors: Berg Alexander 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Wittgenstein and the Concepts of Mind in Hegel. Hegel distinguishes three main forms of the (subjective) mind – the soul, the consciousness and the spirit. He seeks to use these concepts to rediscover the meaning of Aristotle’s works on the soul (Περὶ ψυχῆς) and, at the same time, to counteract certain scientistic tendencies within the philosophy of mind. Although Wittgenstein (most likely) was not aware of these Hegelian distinctions, his own use of the concepts of mind exhibits some remarkable similarities to Hegel’s, and Wittgenstein too develops his understanding of mind by first examining the scientific psychology of his time and delineating his own position by way of contrast with it.
This article examines three areas in which Wittgenstein substantially developed his understanding of the concepts of mind. The sequence of the investigation follows the order in which these areas became significant for Wittgenstein’s thinking, and compares them in each case with the three main Hegelian forms of the concepts of mind.
„Denken wir wieder an die Intention, Schach zu spielen.“
Authors: Max Ingolf 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Let us think of the intention to play chess”. On the Role of Chess Analogies in Wittgenstein’s Philosophy starting from 1929. Chess analogies represent a neglected topic in the studies on Wittgenstein. However, already a closer look at the Philosophical Investigations shows the great variety of contexts in which there are analogies to very different aspects of chess. An examination of the entire Nachlass illustrates Wittgenstein’s ongoing interest in chess which began in 1929 and lasted until his death in 1951. The integration of a thorough analysis of the references to chess sheds new light on an adequate understanding of the transition from his early philosophy of the Tractatus logico-philosophicus to his later philosophy, especially in the years 1929 to 1931. In our language of analysis, chess is understood as a codex-based strategy game. In this context and in contrast to it, we consider selected instructive uses of chess analogies in Wittgenstein's Nachlass. By means of such analogies similarities as well as filigree or significant differences in the meanings of linguistic expressions can be very convincingly illustrated, misunderstandings can be removed and complete clarity can be attained. Starting from Wittgenstein's considerations, the method of finding and inventing chess analogies can be developed in perspective into a creative form of practice of linguistic-analytic philosophizing.
Experimental Study on Air Expansion Deformation of Composite Geomembrane under Ring-Restrained Condition
Authors: Yu Hai-rui , Li Wang-lin , Wei Ru-chun , Li Chen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The mechanical properties and failure mechanism of composite geomembrane air expansion deformation occurring in plain reservoirs or artificial lakes are investigated. Composite geomembranes are formed by the heat combination of a core geomembrane and the geotextiles on two sides. The deformation is simplified as a spherical bulging deformation under ring-restrained conditions. The experiment is performed by a self-developed apparatus. Rules of the air expansion deformation and failure are summarized, and the following conclusions are drawn. Air expansion deformation and failure belong to tensile failure, which begins at the crown top, and a typical failure mode is a crack distributed along the crown (great circle). The composite geomembrane produces synergistic deformation during the air expansion process, and the outer geotextile bears a large tensile force. The geotextile and geomembrane are broken simultaneously and are not separated during the failure process. A 34-Hz frequency is selected as the basic loading rate for the air expansion tests of the composite geomembrane; at this frequency, the bursting pressure is 3.24 MPa, and the bursting height is 26.1 mm. The tensile stress and strain curve of a composite geomembrane can be divided into four stages: elastic stage, yield stage, strengthening phase, and breaking stage. The air expansion deformation degree is inhomogeneous, at which the maximum is at the crown top and the minimum is at the ring constraint. The air expansion elongation at break is 17.3 %, which is far less than the uniaxial tensile elongation at break of 51.7 %.
Guidance on the Use of Existing ASTM Polymer Testing Standards for ABS Parts Fabricated Using FFF
Authors: Miller Arielle , Brown Celeste , Warner Grant 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
When evaluating the static mechanical performance of fused filament fabrication (FFF) polymers, researchers have conducted tensile testing using ASTM D3039, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials, and ASTM D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics. The choice of ASTM D638 versus ASTM D3039 test specimen geometry is usually based on the perceived susceptibility of the ASTM D638 test specimens to failure within the fillet radius. ASTM polymer and plastic tensile test standards define criteria for acceptably tested specimens as requiring failure inside the narrow length (i.e., ASTM D638) or outside of the grips (i.e., ASTM D3039) for the results to be considered acceptable. There has been limited published research regarding the selection of an ASTM test specimen geometry for FFF polymer materials. This study provides evidence-based guidance through the comparison of the mechanical performance and failure acceptance rates of ASTM D3039 and ASTM D638 test specimen geometries, fabricated using FFF acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The purpose of this study is to provide guidance on the use of existing ASTM polymer testing standards for additively manufactured polymers. Results indicate there is an inherent benefit to using ASTM D3039 over ASTM D638 Type I and Type IV test specimens for tensile testing. ASTM D3039 test specimens provide the most consistent failure within the test specimen’s gage length, which is attributed to the rectangular design of the test specimen. Results also indicated that, like traditionally manufactured polymer composites, there will be differences in the tensile test results (e.g., ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus) based on the different cross-sectional areas of the test specimen geometries.
Approaches to the life and influence of the Austro-American sports physician Hans Kraus (1905-1996)
Authors: Müllner Rudolf 
Published: December 2019

The Austrian physician Hans Kraus was a central figure in the founding of the American fitness movement. His life and work are to this day almost unknown both within the Austrian scientific community and to a broader public.Kraus was born in Trieste in 1905 and obtained a doctorate in medicine from the University of Vienna in 1929. Subsequently he trained as an orthopedic surgeon at the Vienna General Hospital. After the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in 1938, he flew to the United States and worked at the prestigious Columbia Presbyterian Hospital (now the New York Presbyterian Hospital). His field of research was the physical performance and fitness of the American youth. At the beginning of the 1950s Kraus noted enormous deficits compared to the European youth. This attracted much public attention and led to significant public health interventions such as the founding of the "President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports". This council should encourage the American population to engage in physical activity. In addition, Kraus gained great prominence as one of John F. Kennedy's doctors. On the occasion of his death in 1996, the New York Times described him as the "originator of sports medicine in U.S.". This study has two goals: Firstly, it will outline the migrant biography of Hans Kraus based on the work of Susan Schwartz (2005). Secondly, approaches for the classification of the scientific work of Kraus in the cultural history of fitness and physical enhancement will be presented. The theoretical background to this is Foucault's concept of biopolitics. The knowledge gained by physicians such as Kraus is interpreted as knowledge of power, which has a disciplining and regulating effect on the body and the population.
Probing Proteostatic Stress in Degenerating Photoreceptors Using Two ComplementaryIn VivoReporters of Proteasomal Activity
Authors: Dexter Paige M. , Lobanova Ekaterina S. , Finkelstein Stella , Arshavsky Vadim Y. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInherited retinal degenerations originate from mutations in >300 genes, many of which cause the production of misfolded mutant photoreceptor proteins that are ultimately degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). It was previously shown that rod photoreceptors in multiple mouse models of retinal degeneration suffer from proteostatic stress consisting of an insufficient cellular capacity for degrading UPS substrates. In this study, we focused on a specific UPS component required for the degradation of a subset of proteasome targets: the substrate-processing complex formed by the AAA+ ATPase P97/VCP and associated cofactors. To assess whether P97 capacity may be insufficient in degenerating rods, we employed two complementaryin vivoproteasomal activity reporters whose degradation is either P97-dependent or P97-independent. Retinal accumulation of each reporter was measured in two models of retinal degeneration: the transducinγ-subunit knock-out (Gγ1-/-) and P23H rhodopsin knock-in (P23H) mice. Strikingly, the patterns of reporter accumulation differed between these models, indicating that the proteostatic stress observed inGγ1-/-and P23H rods likely originates from different pathobiological mechanisms, in which UPS substrate degradation may or may not be limited by P97-dependent substrate processing. Further, we assessed whether P97 overexpression could ameliorate pathology inGγ1-/-mice, in which proteostatic stress appears to result from P97 insufficiency. However, despite P97 overexpression being aphenotypic in other tissues, the ∼2.4-fold increase in retinal P97 content was toxic to rods, which complicated the interpretation of the observed phenotype. Our results highlight the complexity of pathophysiological mechanisms related to degrading misfolded proteins in mutant photoreceptors.
Cocaine Dysregulates Dynorphin Modulation of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in the Ventral Pallidum in a Cell-Type-Specific Manner
Authors: Inbar Kineret , Levi Liran A. , Bernat Nimrod , Odesser Tal , Inbar Dorrit , Kupchik Yonatan M. 
Published: December 2019

Cocaine-driven changes in the modulation of neurotransmission by neuromodulators are poorly understood. The ventral pallidum (VP) is a key structure in the reward system, in which GABA neurotransmission is regulated by opioid neuropeptides, including dynorphin. However, it is not known whether dynorphin acts differently on different cell types in the VP and whether its effects are altered by withdrawal from cocaine. Here, we trained wild-type, D1-Cre, A2A-Cre, or vGluT2-Cre:Ai9 male and female mice in a cocaine conditioned place preference protocol followed by 2 weeks of abstinence, and then recorded GABAergic synaptic input evoked either electrically or optogenetically onto identified VP neurons before and after applying dynorphin. We found that after cocaine CPP and abstinence dynorphin attenuated inhibitory input to VPGABAneurons through a postsynaptic mechanism. This effect was absent in saline mice. Furthermore, this effect was seen specifically on the inputs from nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons expressing either the D1 or the D2 dopamine receptor. Unlike its effect on VPGABAneurons, dynorphin surprisingly potentiated the inhibitory input on VPvGluT2neurons, but this effect was abolished after cocaine CPP and abstinence. Thus, dynorphin has contrasting influences on GABA input to VPGABAand VPvGluT2neurons and these influences are affected differentially by cocaine CPP and abstinence. Collectively, our data suggest a role for dynorphin in withdrawal through its actions in the VP. As VPGABAand VPvGluT2neurons have contrasting effects on drug-seeking behavior, our data may indicate a complex role for dynorphin in withdrawal from cocaine.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ventral pallidum consists mainly of GABAergic reward-promoting neurons, but it also encloses a subgroup of aversion-promoting glutamatergic neurons. Dynorphin, an opioid neuropeptide abundant in the ventral pallidum, shows differential modulation of GABA input to GABAergic and glutamatergic pallidal neurons and may therefore affect both the rewarding and aversive aspects of withdrawal. Indeed, abstinence after repeated exposure to cocaine alters dynorphin actions in a cell-type-specific manner; after abstinence dynorphin suppresses the inhibitory drive on the “rewarding” GABAergic neurons but ceases to modulate the inhibitory drive on the “aversive” glutamatergic neurons. This reflects a complex role for dynorphin in cocaine reward and abstinence.
Taste Quality Representation in the Human Brain
Authors: Avery Jason A. , Liu Alexander G. , Ingeholm John E. , Riddell Cameron D. , Gotts Stephen J. , Martin Alex 
Published: December 2019

In the mammalian brain, the insula is the primary cortical substrate involved in the perception of taste. Recent imaging studies in rodents have identified a “gustotopic” organization in the insula, whereby distinct insula regions are selectively responsive to one of the five basic tastes. However, numerous studies in monkeys have reported that gustatory cortical neurons are broadly-tuned to multiple tastes, and tastes are not represented in discrete spatial locations. Neuroimaging studies in humans have thus far been unable to discern between these two models, though this may be because of the relatively low spatial resolution used in taste studies to date. In the present study, we examined the spatial representation of taste within the human brain using ultra-high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high magnetic field strength (7-tesla). During scanning, male and female participants tasted sweet, salty, sour, and tasteless liquids, delivered via a custom-built MRI-compatible tastant-delivery system. Our univariate analyses revealed that all tastes (vs tasteless) activated primary taste cortex within the bilateral dorsal mid-insula, but no brain region exhibited a consistent preference for any individual taste. However, our multivariate searchlight analyses were able to reliably decode the identity of distinct tastes within those mid-insula regions, as well as brain regions involved in affect and reward, such as the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala. These results suggest that taste quality is not represented topographically, but by a distributed population code, both within primary taste cortex as well as regions involved in processing the hedonic and aversive properties of taste.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe insula is the primary cortical substrate involved in taste perception, yet some question remains as to whether this region represents distinct tastes topographically or via a population code. Using high field (7-tesla), high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, we examined the representation of different tastes delivered during scanning. All tastes activated primary taste cortex within the bilateral mid-insula, but no brain region exhibited any consistent taste preference. However, multivariate analyses reliably decoded taste quality within the bilateral mid-insula as well as the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex, and bilateral amygdala. This suggests that taste quality is represented by a spatial population code within regions involved in sensory and appetitive properties of taste.
Progression from Feature-Specific Brain Activity to Hippocampal Binding during Episodic Encoding
Authors: Cooper Rose A. , Ritchey Maureen 
Published: December 2019

The hallmark of episodic memory is recollecting multiple perceptual details tied to a specific spatial-temporal context. To remember an event, it is therefore necessary to integrate such details into a coherent representation during initial encoding. Here we tested how the brain encodes and binds multiple, distinct kinds of features in parallel, and how this process evolves over time during the event itself. We analyzed data from 27 human subjects (16 females, 11 males) who learned a series of objects uniquely associated with a color, a panoramic scene location, and an emotional sound while fMRI data were collected. By modeling how brain activity relates to memory for upcoming or just-viewed information, we were able to test how the neural signatures of individual features as well as the integrated event changed over the course of encoding. We observed a striking dissociation between early and late encoding processes: left inferior frontal and visuo-perceptual signals at the onset of an event tracked the amount of detail subsequently recalled and were dissociable based on distinct remembered features. In contrast, memory-related brain activity shifted to the left hippocampus toward the end of an event, which was particularly sensitive to binding item color and sound associations with spatial information. These results provide evidence of early, simultaneous feature-specific neural responses during episodic encoding that predict later remembering and suggest that the hippocampus integrates these features into a coherent experience at an event transition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding and remembering complex experiences are crucial for many socio-cognitive abilities, including being able to navigate our environment, predict the future, and share experiences with others. Probing the neural mechanisms by which features become bound into meaningful episodes is a vital part of understanding how we view and reconstruct the rich detail of our environment. By testing memory for multimodal events, our findings show a functional dissociation between early encoding processes that engage lateral frontal and sensory regions to successfully encode event features, and later encoding processes that recruit hippocampus to bind these features together. These results highlight the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of encoding processes supporting multimodal event representations.
Armitage determines Piwi−piRISC processing from precursor formation and quality control to inter‐organelle translocation
Authors: Yamashiro Haruna , Negishi Mayu , Kinoshita Tatsuki , Ishizu Hirotsugu , Ohtani Hitoshi , Siomi Mikiko C 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPiwi and piRNA form the piRNA‐induced silencing complex (piRISC) to repress transposons. In the current model, Armitage (Armi) brings the Piwi–piRISC precursor (pre‐piRISC) to mitochondria, where Zucchini‐dependent piRISC maturation occurs. Here, we show that Armi is necessary for Piwi–pre‐piRISC formation at Yb bodies and that Armi triggers the exit of Piwi–pre‐piRISC from Yb bodies and the translocation to mitochondria. Piwi–pre‐piRISC resist leaving Yb bodies until Armi binds Piwi–pre‐piRISC through the piRNA precursors. The lack of the Armi N‐terminus also blocks the Piwi–pre‐piRISC exit from Yb bodies. Thus, Armi determines Piwi–piRISC processing, in a multilayered manner, from precursor formation and quality control to inter‐organelle translocation for maturation.
Die Risikotonalität deutscher Kreditinstitute in der externen Berichterstattung
Authors: Wilhelms Jan Hendrik , Wiedemann Arnd 
Published: December 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die Bedeutung der Unternehmenskommunikation ist in den letzten Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Dies gilt in besonderem Maße auch für die Kreditwirtschaft. Dieser Beitrag analysiert Unterschiede in der externen Berichterstattung der drei Bankensektoren in Deutschland, den Sparkassen, den Genossenschaftsbanken und den sonstigen Instituten mittels einer automatisierten, wörterbuchbasierten Textanalyse. Es lassen sich deutliche Unterschiede identifizieren. Insbesondere ist die Sprache der Sparkassen positiver als die der Kreditgenossenschaften.
Zusätzlich zu den üblichen Wörterbüchern für positive und negative Wörter zur Messung der Tonalität der Kommunikation wird im Rahmen dieses Beitrags ein eigenes Wörterbuch für die Kategorie „Risiko“ entwickelt und angewendet. Mit diesem kann gezeigt werden, dass Sparkassen Risikobegrifflichkeiten deutlich häufiger verwenden. Auch geht eine pessimistischere Sprache einher mit einer vermehrten Verwendung von Risikobegriffen. Rein quantitativ dominieren in der externen Berichterstattung die Risiken die sich aus der Risikoübernahme ergebenden Chancen.
Pit and fissure sealants penetration capacity and their correlation with fissure morphology
Authors: Muntean Alexandrina , Simu Meda-Romana , Suhani Raluca , Mesaros Anca Stefania 
Published: December 2019

Background and aims. Pit and fissure sealant placement corresponds to an effective approach of the prevention of caries on occlusal surfaces. Fissure morphology and dental material characteristics are the key factors for sealant effectiveness. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the penetration ability of two commercially available pit and fissure sealants.
Methods. Twenty sound human premolars extracted for orthodontic purpose have been sealed according to manufacturer’s instructions as follows: Group I (n=10), light-cured unfilled resin-based sealant, Admira Seal® (Voco GmbH); Group II (n=10), resin modified glass ionomer sealant without varnish, GC Fuji Triage® (GC Corporation). The teeth have been sectioned buccal-lingually in the middle of the occlusal surface, and the sections were examined at 40x with an inverted microscope.
Results. Penetration of the sealants was found to be greater in U-type fissure pattern (91.69%) followed by V-type (75.42%), IK-type (71.24%) and then in I-type (63.98%). The depth of penetration of GC Fuji Triage® (82.85%) demonstrated to be superior to Admira Seal® (76.28%).
Conclusion. U fissure design was more common than other fissure patterns and showed significantly higher penetration for the two type of sealants evaluated. Resin modified glass ionomer sealant used in the present study perform comparably with the filled resin sealant.