bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Mask Resellers Punished in Canada
Authors: Kiang Milton 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In times of pandemics or natural catastrophes, prices of commodities, such as water, food and medicines, tend to shoot up, in response to a surge in demand and depleting supplies. The government, in its misguided efforts to maintain “price affordability”, imposes price controls and anti-price-gouging legislation and bans the reselling of food and medical supplies. These interventions in the free market are the exact opposite of what the government should do, if it wants to ensure that enough commodities go to people who need them, that people do not hoard all available goods on grocery shelves, and most importantly, that suppliers have the incentive to produce more goods to meet current and future demand at market prices.
Problems With the Notion of Freedom and Voluntariness in Right Libertarianism
Authors: Wysocki Igor 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this short paper, we investigate the problems with the employment of the notion of freedom and voluntariness in libertarianism. We pretend to demonstrate that these two, as conceived of by libertarians, figure in as the main issue when it comes to justifying its major institutions, say: bequeathing, gifts, transactions (or what they label as “voluntary transfer”). The difficulty here boils down to the fact that a purely rights-based idea of freedom and voluntariness, the pretentions of Nozick notwithstanding, cannot do alone, since it is the consideration whether we do something (e.g. bequeath, donate etc.) voluntarily (or freely) (in a non-moralized sense) that could account for the rights redistribution. Therefore, it seems that – at least sometimes – the notion of voluntariness (or freedom) is prior to the notion of rights.
The (RE)Production of Meritocracy: Challenges from the Romanian Higher Education System Under Neoliberalism
Authors: Gavriş Alexandru 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The paper follows the institutionalization of meritocracy in the Romanian higher education. Using the Romanian experience, the study explores the setting of meritocracy, highlights the revised institutional genesis that led to the adoption of a so-called post-traditional approach, and it reviews the deployment of practices that steered higher education in Romania. In support to these, a reflective stance is employed alongside secondary sources to scrutinize the techniques of control and practices which inform institutional evolution. The research attempts to shed light on the increase of doctrinal entrenchment through which meritocracy justifies academic stratification in a pauper system aspiring to world-class recognition.
Estimate Attraction Rate for Shopping Centers
Authors: Asmael Noor Moutaz , Kadhim Noor 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In developing countries like Baghdad, it has seen high growth of urbanization accompanied by the high trip rate, which conduces increased vehicle traffic and human traffic. One of the major problems is the increase in traffic congestion of unplanned development of various structures at various locations. Four-step demand models are important in planning and forecasting future demand. Trip generation is an important step when planning urban infrastructure. In this study, three shopping centers (AL Mansour mall, Babylon mall, and al Waha mall) were selected, trip attraction rates were calculated using two approaches (trip rate analysis method, and Regression analysis method). The number of persons entering and exiting the site for every 15-minute interval during peak hours is estimated. This research considers various physical characteristics of shopping centers, gross floor area (GFA), number of employees and the number of stores in the shopping center. From the data analysis, good relations exist between the dependent variable (trip rate) and various independent variables, and the developed trip rate per GFA per 1000 m2 is 133 person trips and various trip rates are presented through this study.
Logistics Audit in a Transport Company
Authors: Zmeškal Ekaterina , Majerčák Jozef , Šperka Adrián 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Logistics audit is an effective tool of logistics management of a company, which serves to analyze and control the efficient and economic implementation of logistics activities. Today, more and more companies apply logistics audit in their practice, because it appears to be a very effective tool in today’s turbulent business environment. Such a tool assesses the state and performance of the management of the company’s logistics activities. The logistics audit determines changes and settings of individual processes that will lead to an increase in the quality and performance of the logistics system as a whole. Which means increasing the competitiveness of the company. The article focuses specifically on the application of logistics audit within the transport company. Because so far this tool has been applied mainly in the conditions of manufacturing companies and focused on optimizing the logistics of production processes. The article describes the procedure of performing a logistics audit and analyzes the main processes in a transport company.
Effects of Hematocrit on Blood Flow Through A Stenosed Human Carotid Artery
Authors: Onitilo Sefiu , Usman Mustapha , Daniel Deborah 
Published: August 2020

In this paper, the effects of hematocrit of red blood cells on blood flow through a stenosed human carotid artery was considered by taking blood as a Newtonian fluid. The governing equations on blood flow were derived. The mathematical content involved in the equations are the variables of interest such as number of stenosis , percentage of hematocrit of red blood cells in the blood, flow rate, wall shear stress, and viscosity of the blood. Guided by medical data collected on the constraint of blood flow in stenosed human carotid arteries, the governing equations were used to check the effects of pressure gradient, wall shear stress, velocity, and volumetric flow rate of blood in the human carotid arteries. Also, the one-dimensional equation for the steady and axially symmetric flow of blood through an artery was transformed using Einsteinâ€™s coefficient of viscosity and hematocrit of red blood cells with the help of the boundary conditions. The effects of hematocrit on the blood flow characteristics are shown graphically and discussed briefly. It was discovered that the resistance increases as the level of hematocrit increases. Also, the wall shear stress decreases with the increase in the hematocrit level of the red blood cells.
Irregular Migration and Its Impact on Refugee Rights
Authors: Mohammed Neamat M. S. 
Published: August 2020

Migration is linked to its general concept and is closely related to the right of the person to freedom of movement and choice of residence inside the borders of each state and the right to leave any country and return to it, including the state. Human migratory movements have become more complex and have taken various forms and means.
At the same time, successive waves of refugee movements and their attempts to reach a safe haven away from the dangers that forced them to leave their countries and seek asylum. For this reason, international attention has been growing by international organizations and countries in following up the problems of irregular migration and confronting the negative consequences of it. The literature of the United Nations, in particular, organizations working in this regard and countries have adopted the term irregular migration because of its characters.
Addressing the problem of irregular migration with specific rules and clear international mechanisms contributes significantly to the protection of refugees and the promotion of their rights in transit countries or in the countries of destination in which they will settle, and to clarify it’s essential and important role in this regard with the provisions of the international conventions and declarations guaranteeing human rights and protecting them in such cases. In order to clarify such issues, we have chosen to explore the subject in three sections:
The first deals with the legal concept of immigration, the legal basis for its treatment and the rights enjoyed by the irregular migrant; The second section deals with the definition of asylum and its legal basis and the rights enjoyed by refugees in order to reach the most important aspects of discrimination between them; In the third section to prevent confusion between the status of migrants and refugee status, the effects of irregular migration on the asylum and refugee system and the international treatment of irregular migration and its impact on refugee rights.
THE SEMIOTICS OF BANYAN TREE SPACES IN DENPASAR, BALI
Authors: Wijaya I Kadek Merta 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The concept of Banyan space (spaces under Banyan tree) possesses both secular and ritual values. Secular values are related to the use of space for socio-economic activities, such as trading to others and meeting with friends. Ritual values are related to activities that take place around the Banyan tree as an expression of belief on the tree’s “tenget” (sacred) values. Secular and ritual values create the concept of space on Banyan tree, based on the elements of space and the conception used of these spaces. A system of signs (signifier and signified) mark the values or meanings of “sekala” and “niskala” space. This research aims to find out the elements that create the “sekala” and “niskala” space by analysing the space system of signifier and signified. “Sekala” is tangible or visible space which can be perceived by five senses. “Niskala” is intangible or invisible space, yet it exists and Balinese Hindus believe in its presence. The research focuses on the system of activities from selected cases by purposive sampling using qualitative naturalistic method and approach. The results of this research emphasize that (1) there are elements (signifier and signified) that create the “sekala” and “niskala” space and (2) there are normative and scientific concepts of Banyan trees as the background for the creation of the “sekala” and niskala space.

Keywords: sekala space, niskala space, secular and ritual values, signifier and signified space
PENGARUH MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING (PBL) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIS SISWA
Authors: Harisantoso John , Surur Miftahus , Suhartini Suhartini 
Published: August 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya perbedaan kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa, antara siswa yang menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan model pengajaran langsung. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen semu dengan menggunakan desain non-equivalent control group design. Populasi penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI SMK Khamas Asembagus. Instrument yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data adalah hasil uji pre-test dan uji post-test. Uji instrument meliputi uji validitas menggunakan metode Prearson Product Moment, uji homogenitas menggunakan Alpha Crounbach dan tingkat kesukaran soal. Uji prasyarat meliputi uji normalitas menggunakan metode Kolmogrof-Smirnov dan uji homogenitas, dengan α=0,05. Pengujian signifikan peneliti menggunakan uji t-test. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa 3,297 > 1,671. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan kemampuan pemecahan masalah siswa pada mata pelajaran matematika khususnya pelajaran matriks antara yang menggunakan model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dengan Model Pengajaran langsung. Berdasarkan nilai rata-rata siswa setelah perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen sebesar 8,2 dan kelas eksperimen sebesar 7,22, artinya kelas eksperimen lebih tinggi dari kelas kontrol.
Tata Kelola Administrasi Desa dalam Pemanfaatan Sistem Aplikasi Komputer
Authors: Basir Muhammad Askal , Gunawan Indra , Nazila Wa Ode , Hadmar Ahmad Muhardin 
Published: August 2020

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat (PKM) ini diselenggarakan di Desa Bahari Kecamatan Sampolawa Kabupaten Buton Selatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan Participatory Learning And Action (PLA) atau Proses Belajar dan Praktek secara Partisipatif. Tujuan dari pengabadian masyarakat dilaksanakan yaitu 1) Untuk memberikan pendampingan pembinaan tata administrasi desa menggunakan teknologi (Computer) kepada aparatur desa. 2) Untuk memberikan pemahaman kepada para aparatur desa terkait administrasi pemerintahan desa yang baik dan benar sebagai basis data dan informasi terdepan dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan dan pembangunan desa di Desa Bahari. Hasil kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yaitu 1) Aparatur Desa Bahari telah memahami penataan Administrasi Pemerintahan Desa yang baik dan benar sesuai dengan pedoman yang tertuang dalam Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri Nomor 47 tahun 2016. 2) Aparatur Desa Bahari telah mengetahui tata cara pembuatan dan pengisian administrasi pemerintahan desa menggunakan Computer, dan dapat mempraktekkannya dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan. Kata Kunci: Tata Kelola Administrasi Desa, Sistem Aplikasi Computer
Knowledge on Toothbrush Contamination and Disinfection Practice among Students of a Dental Institution in Nepal
Authors: Dahal Srijana , Poudel Prakash , Adhikari Shradha , Acharya Pratikshya , Dhakal Samikshya , Giri Simran 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Toothbrush is the most common oral hygiene aid used by millions of people all around the world. Toothbrushes can either be discarded at an interval of three months or can be disinfected by different methods.
Objective: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge on toothbrush contamination and practice of disinfection among dental students and interns of a dental institution of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 212 undergraduate dental students and interns of Kathmandu Medical College, Duwakot, Nepal using a self-administered questionnaire. Mean, standard deviation, percentage were calculated for descriptive statistics.
Results: Mean age of the study participants was 21.28±1.897 years. Most of the interns 18 (69.2%) had some knowledge regarding toothbrush cleaning and disinfection. Majority of the participants 186 (87.73%) reported bacteria as most susceptible microorganisms causing toothbrush contamination and sharing the toothbrush as common mode of transmission of infection. Most of them, 147 (69.34%) did not have any idea about toothbrush disinfection methods for general population. However, they felt it necessary in special needs patients.
Conclusion: This study concluded that there is variable knowledge regarding toothbrush contamination and disinfection practice among undergraduate dental students and interns due the difference in their academic level and experience in the clinical work
Supporting Newcomer Children’s Language Awareness, Incidental Language Learning, and Identity Negotiation through the Multilingual Linguistic Landscape: An Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Tjandra Christina 
Published: August 2020

L’auteure explore la perspective qu’ont les enfants nouveaux arrivants apprenant la langue anglaise sur leur paysage linguistique ainsi que l’interprétation qu’ils en font. Elle se penche au surplus sur la mesure dans laquelle les activités axées sur le paysage linguistique influencent la conscience linguistique et l’apprentissage de ces élèves, leurs négociations identitaires et leur sentiment d’appartenance. La participation des élèves comme cochercheurs permet à l’auteure d’adopter une méthodologie créative qu’elle applique au moyen d’activités en classe, notamment des photos prises par les enfants, des analyses VLP (visuelles, lexicales et pragmatiques), des conversations sur la recherche et la création d’art visuel (conception de cartes) utilisé comme texte d’identité. Les résultats incluent 1) les types de paysage linguistique qui attirent les enfants, 2) les interprétations que donnent les élèves de leurs paysages linguistiques multilingues et 3) l’influence des activités spécifiquement conçues pour cette recherche sur les processus de construction de sens, l’apprentissage des langues, la conscience linguistique et le positionnement identitaire. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats obtenus laissent croire que l’augmentation du nombre de signalisations multilingues favorise la conscience linguistique des enfants apprenant la langue anglaise, renforce leur identité et leur sentiment d’appartenance, et permet l’apprentissage incident de la langue première (L1) et de la langue seconde (L2).
Fellowship, gender, and scholarly productivity: trends among academic neurosurgeons in the US
Authors: Behmer Hansen Rosemary T. , Silva Nicole A. , Cuevas Rebecca , Cerasiello Samantha Y. , Richardson Angela M. , Mammis Antonios , Nanda Anil 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
Current data on fellowship choice and completion by neurosurgical residents are limited, especially in relation to gender, scholarly productivity, and career progression. The objective of this study was to determine gender differences in the selection of fellowship training and subsequent scholarly productivity and career progression.

METHODS
The authors conducted a quantitative analysis of the fellowship training information of practicing US academic neurosurgeons. Information was extracted from publicly available websites, the Scopus database, and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Open Payments website.

RESULTS
Of 1641 total academic neurosurgeons, 1403 (85.5%) were fellowship trained. There were disproportionately more men (89.9%) compared to women (10.1%). A higher proportion of women completed fellowships than men (p = 0.004). Proportionally, significantly more women completed fellowships in pediatrics (p < 0.0001), neurooncology (p = 0.012), and critical care/trauma (p = 0.001), while significantly more men completed a spine fellowship (p = 0.012). Within those who were fellowship trained, the academic rank of professor was significantly more commonly held by men (p = 0.001), but assistant professor was held significantly more often by women (p = 0.017). The fellowships with the largest mean h-indices were functional/stereotactic, pediatrics, and critical care/trauma. Despite more women completing neurooncology and pediatric fellowships, men had significantly greater h-indices in these subspecialties compared to women. Women had more industry funding awards than men in pediatrics (p < 0.0001), while men had more in spine (p = 0.023).

CONCLUSIONS
Women were found to have higher rates for fellowship completion compared with their male counterparts, yet had lower scholarly productivity in every subspecialty. Fellowship choice remains unequally distributed between genders, and scholarly productivity and career progression varies between fellowship choice.
EKSPLORASI MATERIAL GLULAM PADA PERANCANGAN SHELTER MENGGUNAKAN SALURAN KREATIVITAS FOCUS ON MATERIAL
Authors: Nareswarananindya Nareswarananindya 
Published: August 2020

Setiap material memiliki karakteristik yang dapat dieksplorasi dan digunakan sebagai saluran kreativitas dalam merancang bangunan. Proses eksplorasi material tersebut harus dapat mendukung efisiensi penggunaan sumber daya dalam keseluruhan daur hidup (life cycle) bangunan, mulai dari pemilihan material, desain, konstruksi, pemeliharaan, hingga pembongkaran. Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) merupakan salah satu material alternatif dari bahan dasar kayu yang dapat diperbaharui dan memiliki low embodied energy. Dengan menggunakan saluran kreativitas focus on material, karakteristik dari glulam digunakan sebagai pendekatan merancang bangunan. Tipe bangunan yang digunakan sebagai obyek eksplorasi adalah bangunan sederhana non-ruang, yaitu shelter (naungan). Proses rancang menggunakan Cyclical Design Process yang terdiri dari tahap analisis, sintesis, dan evaluasi yang dilakukan berulang-ulang hingga mendapat rancangan paling yang optimal. Tahap analisis data dari glulam, shelter, dan focus on material dilakukan untuk menghasilkan kriteria desain yang akan digunakan untuk menghasilkan beberapa alternatif rancangan pada tahap sintesis. Beberapa alternatif rancangan tersebut kemudian di evaluasi pada tahap evaluasi untuk mendapatkan rancangan yang paling sesuai. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah rancangan skematik bangunan shelter dengan bentuk single curve dan double curve yang tersusun dari konfigurasi monomaterial elemen-elemen glulam berukuran 60x60 cm menggunakan sambungan takik.
Microbiota: a Sword that Breaks Through Diabetes
Authors: Dai Zhu Jiang , Zhang Jing Qiu , Wu Qi , Fang Hui Wen , Tang Dong , Wang Dao Rong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract:
Diabetes are a group of metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia that is a major public health problem. Middle-aged and elderly people are at the highest risk of type 2 diabetes, but younger cases are now being diagnosed with greater frequency. Numerous clinical studies have reported that the behavior of the intestinal microbiota may affect the development of metabolic disorders in humans, including obesity and diabetes. This review describes the relationship between the gut microbiota and diabetes, and discusses the possible mechanisms underlying their involvement in the development of type 1 diabetes, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. By better understanding the intestinal microbiota, it may become possible to treat diabetes and obesity by manipulating the gut microbes through probiotics and dietary changes, fecal microbiota transplantation, or surgical approaches.
Sinop Karasu Çayı fizikokimyasal özellikleri ve mikrobiyolojik kirliliğinin araştırılması
Authors: Gündoğdu Ayşe , Çarlı Uğur 
Published: August 2020

Amaç: Kentleşmenin ve sosyoekonomik faaliyetlerin her geçen gün artması, evrende doğal kaynakların kirlenmesine ve bozulmasına neden olmaktadır. Çalışma, Karadeniz Bölgesi'ndeki Küre Dağları'nın Gündüzlü Ormanlarından doğan ve Sinop'un 8 km batısındaki Akliman sahilinden Karadeniz'e dökülen Karasu Çayı’nın su kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Karasu Çayı’nın sıcaklık, karbondioksit, pH, alkalinite, çözünmüş oksijen, iletkenlik, oksidasyon-redüksiyon potansiyeli, klorür, biyolojik oksijen ihtiyacı, amonyum azotu, hidrojen sülfür, organik madde, toplam askıda katı madde parametreleri ile Toplam koliform ve Fekal koliform değerleri Mayıs 2014'ten Nisan 2015'e kadar her ay takip edilerek mevsimsel durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Karasu Çayı’nın Toplam koliform ve Fekal koliform yükü en düşük kış mevsiminde (4. istasyon), en yüksek yaz mevsiminde (1. istasyon) tespit edilmiştir. Su örneklerinin analizi BOI5, NH4+-N, OM, Toplam koliform ve Fekal koliform ortalama değerlerinin mevsimler ve istasyonlar arasında istatistiksel farklılıkları anlamlı (P &lt;0.05) bulunmuştur. Ayrıca sıcaklık, CO2, pH, ÇO, alkalinite ve H2S değerleri mevsimler arası önemli ölçüde farklılık gösterirken (P &lt;0.05), istasyonlar arası farklılık (P &gt;0.05) olmamıştır. Genel Yorum: Araştırma sonuçları Yerüstü Su Kalitesi Yönetmeliği ile karşılaştırıldığında nehir suyunun Toplam koliform (I.-II. Sınıf) ve Fekal koliform (II.-III. Sınıf) yükünün sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Su kaynağının ÇO değerinin düşük ve H2S, F. Koliform değerlerinin yüksek değerlerde seyrettiği belirlenmiştir. Bu durumun su kaynağında ötrofikasyonun başlamasına ya da artışına sebep olabilme ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir. Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilirliklerini sağlayabilmek için, sucul ortamların daha fazla bozulmalarının engellenmesi gerekmekte ve su kaynaklarının korunmasının sağlanması, konunun ön plana çıkarılmasıyla mümkün olabilir.