bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot Tap Coupon Drop and Drag Test
Authors: Huang Hannah , SanJuan Riverol Elvis , Saunders Joseph , Zhang Shenwei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents an experimental study to investigate the potential damage to the pipeline from large-diameter hot tap coupon drop during hot tap activities. To this end, a hot tap coupon drop and drag test is designed to simulate the hot tap coupon drop and travelling process, and is conducted in a shop with two NPS 36 pipe joints to examine the extent of damage from the hot tap coupon contacting with the internal pipe surface and travelling along the pipeline. After the drop test was completed, Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) tool pull test on one joint and Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) measurement test for both joints were performed. The experimental results substantiated safe operation of the carrier pipeline subsequent to hot tap coupon drop event and affirmed adequacy of using MFL in-line inspection (ILI) technology to monitor the carrier pipeline.
Applying Advanced Machine Learning to Enhance Indication Discrimination and Data Analysis Results in Ultrasound Crack Diagnosis Surveys
Authors: Träumner Katja , Ferrer Victor , Mas Ricard , Notheisen Achim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In-line inspection (ILI) ultrasound for crack detection is a well-established inspection method providing pipeline vendors with a high probability of detection, identification, and sizing, and a low rate for unnecessary digs. In recent years, manual data analysis work by human analysts has been increasingly supported by algorithms, especially in terms of anomaly detection and classification. More recently, conventional rule-based algorithms are being replaced by algorithms based on machine learning, which can deliver deeper logical connections from the data itself and provide higher efficiency.
However, the industry is still cautious about adding extensive automation to the processes. Although, the advantages for pipeline vendors of a higher degree of automation are clear: results are more robust and consistent, the human impact is reduced and the achievable times for priority notifications and final reports can be reduced. Discriminating non-relevant anomalies allows highly skilled human analysts to focus on complex situations, which leads to more reliable results in complex defect and pipeline geometries.
In this paper, we will present a successfully applied anomaly discriminator based on machine learning (ML) to reduce the initial false positive rate from a previous automatic detection algorithm in ultrasonic crack technology. The goal of this paper is to achieve a deeper understanding of new algorithmic possibilities and how they are integrated into ILI analysis processes to successively build up trust and reveal their high potential to accomplish better and faster outcomes.
Evaluation of Composite Crack Arrestor Design for Running Ductile Fractures on High Pressure Pipelines
Authors: Rebrov Kirill , Wilson Josh , Baraniecki Kurt 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The topic of running ductile fracture arrest has seen renewed emphasis in the transmission pipeline industry as high-pressure pipelines transporting natural gas or CO2, operating under a variety of conditions, can potentially be susceptible to running ductile fracture. This is less of a concern for pipelines transporting liquids (such as oil), where the content’s rapid decompression behavior does not leave much energy for driving a running ductile fracture. Pipelines repurposed for transportation of dense phase CO2 are particularly susceptible to the threat of running ductile fracture due to the specific properties of CO2 and the existing transmission lines. Further, high-pressure natural gas transmission lines, the focus of this effort, can also be vulnerable to running ductile fracture. A number of methodologies have historically been deployed to combat this threat, including the use of pipe material with sufficient toughness to arrest a running fracture or the installation of pipe joints with greater wall thicknesses at designated intervals along the pipeline. Another methodology involves the installation of externally applied crack arrestors. Using non-metallic composite materials for these externally applied arrestors has the potential to provide substantial cost advantages over other methods and has led to significant interest in employing this advancing technology. Despite the growing interest, the pipeline industry has not achieved consensus on the most appropriate design methodology for composite crack arrestors.
This paper presents the results and findings of a study that reviewed several design approaches for composite crack arrestors. The primary goal was to achieve an optimized design that minimizes the material requirements of a composite crack arrestor, while still achieving fracture arrest. A large diameter gas transmission pipeline operating at an elevated MAOP was used as the operating asset. Two different methods were evaluated in the study. The first approach targeted a “soft” arrest that would slow the progression of the fracture and limit the potential for pipe “ring-off”. A second approach was examined that did not consider the mode of arrest. The Battelle Two-Curve Method (BTCM) was used to assess the likelihood of running ductile fracture for the subject pipeline.
A parametric study was performed to assess the influence of various operating conditions on the decompression curve for the projected gas composition. Additionally, a literature review was conducted to compare existing arrestor designs, validation efforts, and appropriate BTCM modifiers. This research shows the feasibility of implementing composite crack arrestors to achieve either “soft” or “hard” arrest of a running ductile fracture in high-pressure pipelines. Both design methods considered possess notable advantages over traditional methods.
Use of Communication Cable for Geohazard Monitoring and Event Early Detection: The Transportadora Del Perú Case Study
Authors: Ravet Fabien , Mas Fillol Ricard , Melo Alberto , Oliveros Francisco , Grecco Cristian , Rochat Etienne 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Optical fiber cables (OFC) are well known for their long distance and high-speed transmission capabilities. OFC are often the communication backbone of hydrocarbon transportation systems that carries the operating companies Information Technologies and SCADA services. In some cases, part of the fibers is also used to bring internet services to isolated communities. As an example, the Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) system has about 790 km of cables laid in its Right of Way (ROW) that have been in use since the beginning of its operation in 2004. More recently, OFCs have started to be used as sensors. In these applications, an Optical Fiber Communication Cable (OFCC) can be applied as a continuous temperature sensor to detect intrusion, leak and erosion. A dedicated Strain Measuring Cable (SMC) can also be spliced to the OFCC for monitoring landslides and subsidence in areas of special interest. In case of large ground displacements, it is common to observe induced deformation on the OFCC. Integrated to a pipeline integrity monitoring system, the OFC solution improves the early detection of potential risks and allows the implementation of protection or mitigation measures.
The current work describes the retrofitting of 256km of the TGP backbone which included a pilot project over 18 km of ROW section composed of a mix of OFCC and SMC. In addition, a detailed and experimental study of the sensitivity of OFCC to environmental stresses was conducted to validate the approach. The full-scale installation of the system along the 256km stretch comprising the geographical area of the Amazon rainforest and part of the Andes Mountain range was completed at the end of 2022. The installation of this technique was timely to increase monitoring and surveillance during the 2022–2023 and 2023–2024 rainy seasons, which is the most complicated season for infrastructures crossing the Andes. Several events have been detected early enough to allow the implementation of preventive measures. The system demonstrated its effectiveness in operability, complementarity with other geotechnical monitoring systems and follow-up of the stability condition of the ROW in the instrumented section.
Rupture Proof CO2 Pipelines by Design – Not by Chance
Authors: Wilkowski Gery , Twombly Elizabeth , Hioe Yunior 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
CO2 pipelines are being proposed for CCS of anthropogenic CO2. CO2 can be transported by pipelines in gaseous or liquid (dense-phase) states. In the dense-phase state, the traditional fracture control design procedure frequently requires such a high toughness for axial ductile fracture arrest in the pipe body that crack arrestors are needed. Even if material could be procured to meet the regulatory arrest criterion, such design conditions might result in an undesirable double-ended full-bore for hazard analysis. The full-bore opening from a pipe rupture can involve significant safety risk to the population along the right-of-way, as was experienced in the Denbury CO2 pipeline failure.
An alternative design of a dense-phase CO2 pipeline that can prevent large openings/ruptures from happening was explored in this paper. With this design criterion, a new CO2 pipeline can become “Rupture-Proof”, and evaluations to date have shown that the hazard zone could be reduced by a factor of ∼100.
The “Rupture-Proof” design for a CO2 line involves two modifications to the traditional pipeline design. The first design modification is to ensure that there is a “Quick Crack Arrest” of any potential axial flaw. With the appropriate thickness and material toughness specification, the crack would only propagate a few inches, ergo the “Quick Crack Arrest.” The material aspects for the quick axial crack arrest require understanding of the material developments over the decades, and as shown there are four different types of line pipe behavior when conducting ductile fracture control analyses. An assessment of more recent CO2 full-scale burst tests in the UK is presented to show a more precise way of determining the arrest toughness for axial ductile fracture control. Using the best of the current material types, the methodology for a “quick crack arrest design” procedure was found viable with sample calculations.
The second modification is to eliminate the circumferential pipe break at a girth weld, like what occurred at Denbury. From work done in the nuclear piping industry for repair of circumferential flaws in girth welds, a modest change to the weld cross-sectional geometry can make it so that even with large unintentional girth weld defects or undermatched weld metal, the girth weld would not fracture, and the rest of the pipe body could take the longitudinal strain.
Dynamics of Purging, Loading and Venting of Compressor Casing and Piping Between Unit Isolation Valves in Natural Gas Compressor Stations
Authors: Hartloper Colin , Botros Kamal K. , Leung Teresa , Lu Jason , Szuch Greg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Purging, loading and venting are unsteady processes required prior to the start-up (in the case of purging and loading) or shut-down (in the case of venting) of compressor units on gas transmission systems. Compressor stations have valves on the suction and discharge of the unit for isolation purposes and incorporate small diameter lines (a bypass line on the unit suction isolation valve and a blowdown line upstream of the unit discharge isolation valve) to facilitate the purging, loading and venting of the total volume between the valves, including the compressor casing. Flow rates through these small diameter lines are typically limited by a control valve and/or a restricting orifice on the line. Correctly designing for such flow rates is necessary to achieve design objectives such as purging efficiently, effectively and safely or venting at the maximum permissible depressurization rate established by compressor original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). This paper describes a dynamic model used to calculate the purging, loading and venting of compressor units. The model accounts for the dynamics and thermodynamics in two parts: one for the total volume (defined as the volume between the unit’s suction and discharge valve, including the compressor casing), and one for the purge, load and vent lines. The total volume model balances the mass and energy flow into and out of the total volume to calculate the instantaneous gas pressure in the compressor casing. The purge, load and vent line model identifies the choke location along each line and calculates the instantaneous mass flow rate, taking into account each line’s control-valve open position. The paper compares the model results to plant data from compressor stations and offers insights into the relationship between parameters such as purge time, purge pressure, load time and depressurization rate.
A Practical Approach to Interpretation and Consideration of Tool Tolerance for In-Situ Strength Testing
Authors: Mittelstadt Benjamin C. , Nicholson Matthew , Delong Terry , Jimenez Brian , Zmud Robert 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper outlines a methodology for employing in-situ test results, considering measurement tolerances, to reliably validate material grades as part of the Material Verification Program for MAOP reconfirmation. It addresses the recent amendments in 49 CFR 192 and the accompanying FAQs by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). These revisions mandate material testing, as stipulated in 49 CFR 192.607, in certain scenarios where U.S. pipeline operators do not have complete, traceable, and verifiable records of physical pipeline characteristics, including diameter, wall thickness, seam type, and grade. The proposed methodology, which aligns with the requirements of 49 CFR 192.607(d), ensures conservative accounting for measurement inaccuracies and uncertainties, providing a practical approach to comply with regulatory standards to verify pipe grade.
To meet the material testing requirement, pipeline operators are using recently developed in-situ and nondestructive testing in lieu of destructive methods whenever possible. The results provide a measurement of the yield strength of the steel and may then be used as an input to determine pipe grade. Pipe grade is considered one of the most challenging material attributes to determine using non-destructive methods for strength measurement due to measurement variability and overlap of actual material strengths between different grades that is allowable in API Specification 5L.
The purpose of the material verification as related to §192.624 MAOP reconfirmation is not to identify the actual yield strength of the pipe but instead to use estimates of yield strength based on established test methods to identify the grade. Pipeline engineering methods rely upon conservative models (i.e., equations) for design and defect assessment. Inputs to these models (e.g., yield strength, wall thickness, diameter) have known variability that is already accounted for by the inherent conservatism of the models. The conservatism of these models is discussed to demonstrate that the precise identification of yield strength is not necessary if the pipe can be demonstrated to be consistent with an expected grade.
Advanced Assessment of Pipeline Subjected to Downslope Movements at River Crossing: Effect of Concrete Coating
Authors: Fredj Abdelfettah 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The long linear nature of buried pipelines results in the risk of interaction with a range of geotechnical hazards including downslope movements at pipeline stream and river crossings. Ground movement induced by these geotechnical hazards can subject a pipeline to displacement controlled axial, lateral, vertical and bending loading. These geotechnical hazards can result in the accumulation of axial tensile and compressive strains in the pipe. Therefore, calculation of pipe strain demand and strain capacity considering the site condition and the appropriate slope movement mechanism is necessary in assessing the pipeline integrity to support maintenance management.
It is a common practice to use weight concrete coating to provide negative buoyancy for river crossing application. The pipeline concrete coating design may extend to the toe of the slope and end adjacent to the pipeline location experiencing displacement (bending deformations). The discontinuity of the concrete coating may result in strain concentration at the end of the concrete coating when the pipeline is subject to plastic deformation. To address this without exaggerating the stiffening effect of the concrete, it is necessary to account for pipe concrete coating properties and for the slip between the concrete-pipe interface.
This paper presents a case study analyses of slope movement using a novel 3D continuum model to illustrate the detailed information that can be derived from geotechnical hazard simulation. The model was calibrated and validated for the assessment of pipe-soil interaction modeling of geotechnical events.
The analyses presented in this paper provide insights into the effects of ground movement on pipeline integrity near river crossing. The analyses highlight the effects of the pipe concrete weight coating on the pipeline response at the crossing that may affect the remedial action decisions.
The Creation of a New Charity Sport Event: The Case of the Canadian Cancer Society
Authors: Wood Laura , Snelgrove Ryan 
Published: December 2024

The manager of fundraising events at the Canadian Cancer Society, Hali Burton, is considering the addition of a new fundraising event for the charitable organization. Prior to making a decision, Hali evaluates the organization’s existing event portfolio, the charity fundraising landscape, and the met, and unmet motivations of event stakeholders. The case also draws attention to important factors such as organizational capacity and control over events. In developing a new event, Hali and her team need to consider the organization’s overall goals, position the event relative to its existing event portfolio and other charitable events, identify potential sponsors and host communities, and set event goals for all stakeholders, including Canadian Cancer Society. In making a recommendation for a new event, Hali and her team are tasked with following a Balanced Scorecard approach to setting event goals, including long-, medium-, and short-term goals.
Paediatric trauma and hypocalcaemia: a systematic review
Authors: Toner Mary-Beth , Coffey Michael , Nurmatov Ulugbek , Mullen Stephen 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundTrauma is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in children worldwide. While adult studies have demonstrated hypocalcaemia’s association with adverse outcomes, its impact on paediatric trauma patients remains understudied. This systematic review aims to investigate current evidence into the prevalence, clinical implications and associations of hypocalcaemia in paediatric trauma.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted searching four databases, grey literature and additional sources for original studies looking at outcomes for paediatric trauma patients with ionised calcium measurements before blood product administration. Exclusion criteria comprised studies which included patients with blood product administration prior to calcium measurement, case reports, case series, reviews and papers not available in English. The review protocol is registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42023432473. Data extraction was performed on included papers and quality assessment performed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.ResultsOf 779 initial studies, two studies met inclusion criteria for detailed analysis. Both retrospective cohort studies originated in Israel and collectively included 568 patients. Hypocalcaemia incidence ranged from 5.3% to 19.8%. Although trends towards increased mortality, blood transfusion requirements and prolonged hospital stays were observed in patients with hypocalcaemia, statistical significance was not consistently achieved.ConclusionHypocalcaemia in paediatric trauma appears reduced in incidence compared with adult populations. Limited available studies suggest potential associations with adverse outcomes, although most were not statistically significant. Studies had small patient numbers, necessitating further prospective research to facilitate a clearer understanding. Insights from such studies can guide patient management and improve outcomes in this vulnerable population.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023432473.
Effectiveness of tofacitinib in patients with ulcerative colitis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies
Authors: Lin Chien-Hung , Liu Wen-Sheng , Wan Chuan , Wang Hsin-Hui 
Published: December 2024

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the real-world effectiveness of tofacitinib for treating moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched from inception up to 18 July 2023. Reference lists of included studies were manually searched to identify potentially relevant studies not found in the databases.Eligibility criteriaEligible studies included real-world observational studies, reported in English, on patients with moderate-to-severe UC treated with tofacitinib, defined by the Partial Mayo Score. Excluded were clinical trials, reviews, letters, conference abstracts, case reports and studies involving patients with mixed Crohn’s disease.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers extracted data and recorded it in Excel. Quality assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models due to high heterogeneity across studies.Results19 studies containing a total of 2612 patients were included. Meta-analysis revealed that clinical response rates were 58% at week 8, 61% at weeks 12–16, 51% at weeks 24–26 and 51% at week 52. Clinical remission rates were 39% at week 8, 43% at weeks 12–16, 40% at weeks 24–26 and 43% at week 52. Corticosteroid-free clinical remission rates were 33% at week 8, 37% at weeks 12–16, 32% at weeks 24–26 and 40% at week 52.ConclusionThis meta-analysis of real-world studies indicates that treatment of UC with tofacitinib is associated with favourable clinical response and remission rates in the induction and maintenance phases.