bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in an HIV patient was diagnosed by 3 times lumbar punctures and 2 times brain biopsies
Authors: Wang Mengyan , Zhang Zhongdong , Shi Jinchuan , Liu Hong , Zhang Binhai , Yan Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProgressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system caused by JC virus (JCV) and is difficult to diagnose. We report on a male HIV-positive patient with PML finally diagnosed by 3 times lumbar punctures and 2 times brain biopsies. Negative results of JCV-PCR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) do not rule out the diagnosis of PML when clinical manifestations and neuroimaging features suspected PML. It is necessary to obtain new CSF and make repeat tests and even perform brain biopsy.
Spinal adhesive arachnoiditis: three case reports and review of literature
Authors: Jurga Szymon , Szymańska-Adamcewicz Olga , Wierzchołowski Wojciech , Pilchowska-Ujma Emilia , Urbaniak Łukasz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpinal adhesive arachnoiditis is a rare pathology involving pia mater of the spinal cord and nerve roots. It can potentially lead to disability—many patients end up wheelchair-bound due to subsequent paraparesis. It is an infrequent but possible cause of lower extremities weakness in patients with a history of spinal surgery, epidural anaesthesia, myelography or spinal tumors. Three patients, one male and two females, admitted to our unit due to paraparesis presented at least one of the above mentioned risk factors. Each of them had a severe course of illness—progressive paresis of lower extremities. All above cases were diagnosed with spinal adhesive arachnoiditis confirmed with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan—the most sensitive and specific diagnostic tool. Despite conservative treatment and intensive rehabilitation none of the presented patients preserved the ability to mobilise independently. Considering spinal adhesive arachnoiditis in patients with paraparesis and history of typical risk factors should be included in clinical diagnostic procedure.
(Neuro)Inflammatory Component May Be a Common Factor in Chronic Widespread Pain and Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Stehlik Romana , Ulfberg Jan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Recent studies have linked fibromyalgia (nociplastic pain) and depression to neuroinflammation. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is highly prevalent in CWP (chronic widespread pain) and FMS (fibromyalgia syndrome) as well as in depression. This review focuses on evidence in the relationship between CWP and RLS and possible common pathophysiological mechanisms.

Recent Findings
CWP is chronic pain spread over various locations of the body and is a cardinal sign of fibromyalgia. Poor sleep quality is a common symptom in fibromyalgia as well as high levels of fatigue, poor cognition, and other associated features which include depression, headache, and abdominal pain. Evidence for a bilateral relationship between pain and sleep deficit is robust. The latest research focus is not only on insomnia symptoms in chronic pain but also on other types of sleep disorders such as RLS which is characterized by complaints of an “urge to move” frequently associated with dysesthesias. These sensations can also have painful characteristics. Thus, there is a possible overlap between these two entities. The high prevalence of RLS (33–54%) in CWP has been shown in several studies. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind CWP and RLS are still not completely known, but there is a rising amount of evidence on proinflammatory and neuroinflammatory processes in CWP. In RLS, there are links to dopaminergic dysfunction and more generally to monoaminergic dysfunctional circuits, BID (brain iron deficiency), altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, and genetic traits. Depression is a common comorbidity as well in CWP as RLS, and proinflammatory mechanisms have also been demonstrated in this condition.

Summary
The association between CWP and RLS is shown to be high and the pathogenesis of both conditions is still not completely understood. Recent research is focusing on proinflammatory and neuroinflammatory processes, not uniquely emerging in fibromyalgia/CWP, but inflammatory features have been found in depression as well as in sleep deficit. Proinflammatory/neuroinflammatory processes may be an underlying, common factor in both CWP and RLS that future research should investigate further.
Aerodynamic efficacy of adding yaw-wise rotational degree of freedom to an airplane flap
Authors: Chiba Kazuhisa , Komatsu Tatsuro , Ito Takeshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study scrutinized the aerodynamic change of adding a yaw-wise rotational degree of freedom to a single slotted flap of airplane via computational fluid dynamic analyses. Existing slotted flaps have spanwise constant gaps and are disharmonious with the 3D nature of the flow field. A flap geometry and its angle condition are sensitive to aerodynamic performance; small variations in them must be useful in aerodynamic improvement. To add the yaw-wise rotation to a flap is a lower hurdle than to attain other high-lift systems. Therefore, after defining a simple configuration consisting of a fuselage, a wing, and a single slotted flap, we investigated the mesh dependency to consider the diversity in flow phenomena precisely; we examined the effect of the yaw-wise rotation for the flap on improving the whole lift. To place the flap at suitable yaw-wise rotation angles consequently effected raising the lift. We revealed the physical mechanism that accelerating the fluid in the gap between the wing and the flap changes the separation structure on the flap upper surface and grows the lift.
Data Monitoring for the Chinese Clinical Trials of Remdesivir in Treating Patients with COVID-19 During the Pandemic Crisis
Authors: Shih Weichung J. , Yao Chen , Xie Tai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTwo phase-III, double-blind, randomized clinical trials of remdesivir plus SOC (standard of care) versus placebo plus SOC have been conducted in Wuhan hospitals by Chinese investigators during the urgent COVID-19 epidemic [ClincalTrials.gov NCT04257656 and NCT04252664]. These trials have been highly anticipated worldwide. We expect investigators of the trials will soon report the clinical and laboratory findings from the medical perspective. This manuscript provides documentary style information on the process of monitoring key data and making recommendations to the sponsor and investigators based on analytical insights when dealing with the emergent situation from the statistical viewpoint. Having monitored data sequentially from 237 patients, we comment on the strength and weakness of the study design and suggest the treatment effect of remdesivir on severe COVID-19 cases. Our experience with using the Dynamic Data Monitoring (DDM) tool has demonstrated its efficiency and reliability in supporting DSMB’s instantaneous review of essential data during the emergent situation. DDM, when used properly by disciplined statisticians, has shown its capability of exploring the trial data flexibly and, in the meantime, protecting the trial’s scientific integrity.
Early pubertal maturation and externalizing behaviors: Examination of peer delinquency as mediator and cognitive flexibility as a moderator
Authors: Stepanyan Sofia T. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Cheong Yeram , Hastings Paul D. , Zahn‐Waxler Carolyn , Klimes‐Dougan Bonnie 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionWhile peer delinquency is a known mediator between early pubertal timing and externalizing behaviors, little is known about factors that could protect against the adverse influence of peer delinquency. This study assesses the possible moderating role of cognitive flexibility, which is one index of executive functioning that facilitates flexible and adaptive responses to challenging situations. We assessed the interactive influence of peer delinquency and cognitive flexibility in the association between pubertal maturation and externalizing behaviors in boys and girls.MethodParticipants were 220 adolescents (111 boys) from the United States, between the ages of 11 and 16 years (M = 13.2, SD = 1.53) who participated in the Adolescent Emotion Study (AES).ResultsFindings from the cross‐sectional path modeling analyses provided evidence for the mediating role of peer delinquency for boys and girls, indicating that early maturing adolescents tend to affiliate with delinquent peers, which in turn exacerbates externalizing problems. Additionally, the moderating role of cognitive flexibility was also demonstrated for both boys and girls. Region of significance tests revealed that relatively well‐developed cognitive flexibility skills could protect against the adverse influences of peer delinquency, whereas lower levels could exacerbate those negative influences.ConclusionThese findings suggest that involvement with deviant peers increases vulnerability for both early maturing boys and girls. Additionally, cognitive flexibility was an important moderating factor for adolescents, such that youths with less developed skills would be at a higher risk for psychopathology, whereas those with better development could be protected.
The incidence and factors associated with intraoperative nausea and vomiting during cesarean section under spinal anesthesia, July 2019. An institution based cross sectional study
Authors: Ashagrie Henos Enyew , Filatie Tesera Dereje , Melesse Debas Yaregal , Mustefa SalhYalew 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Nausea and vomiting is vested in two separate units in the medulla, the chemo receptor trigger zone and the vomiting center. Intra-operative nausea and vomiting during spinal anesthesia for caesarean section are very common and unpleasant event with an incidence of up to 80%. It causes significant distress to the patient and also interferes with the surgical procedure.

Objective:
The study was conducted to assess the incidence and associated factors of intra-operative nausea and vomiting during caesarean section under spinal anesthesia.

Method:
Observational study was conducted from March 20th to May30th 2019 on 373 pregnant mothers who delivered with caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Statistical analysis was performed using statistical package for social science version 20. The Odds ratios and 95% confidence interval, bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were used to assess the association between dependent and independent variables.

Result:
Among 384 eligible participants, 373 women were involved in the study with the response rate of 97.14%. Out of the total respondents, 152 (40.8%) of them experienced intra-operative nausea and vomiting and 69 (18.5%) of them experienced both nausea and vomiting. Hypotension (AOR = 3.949, 95% CI = 2.098–7.432), intra-operative pain (AOR = 6.152, 95% CI = 2.970–12.745), body mass index >35 kg/m2 (AOR = 4.491, 95% CI = 1.010–19.962) and high risk pregnancy (AOR = 2.222 95% CI = 1.006–4.910) were significantly associated with the occurrence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting.

Conclusion:
The incidence of intra-operative nausea and vomiting was 18.5%. This is a significant intraoperative morbidity that shouldn't be overlooked and needs appropriate intervention according to institutional protocols.

Highlights:
Visitor Incidents in Western Australian Protected Areas, 2011–2017
Authors: Gstaettner Anna Maria 
Published: August 2020

Introduction Protected areas in Western Australia are a significant resource base for nature-based tourism and recreation. Visitor incidents are of special interest to managers of these areas because of concerns regarding public safety. The ongoing monitoring and analysis of visitor incidents plays a major role in reducing incident occurrence. Methods Incident data recorded by the Parks and Wildlife Service from July 2011 to June 2017 were analyzed for an overview of trends and patterns of incident occurrence. For parks with the highest incident frequency, the level of risk experienced by visitors, combining incident probability and severity, was determined. Results A total of 459 visitor incidents were recorded, 77±11 per year. Minor incidents accounted for 48% of incidents, 43% were major, and 8% were fatal. Trip/Slip incidents were most frequent. Fatalities were mostly falls from a height or water-related incidents. Karijini National Park (highest number of incidents) and Ningaloo (highest number of fatalities) were identified as priority areas for managing visitor risk. The greatest individual visitor risk values were calculated for Mitchell River and Karijini national parks. Conclusions Recreational injuries are of great concern to the Parks and Wildlife Service in Western Australia. Quantifying and categorizing visitor incidents helps in understanding the trends and patterns of incident occurrence in protected areas, and priority areas for targeted visitor risk management intervention can be identified.
Outcomes from an infectious disease physician-guided evaluation of hospitalized persons under investigation for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a large US academic medical center
Authors: Dugdale Caitlin M. , Turbett Sarah E. , McCluskey Suzanne M. , Zachary Kimon C. , Shenoy Erica S. , Ciaranello Andrea L. , Walensky Rochelle P. , Rosenberg Eric S. , Anahtar Melis N. , Hooper David C. , Hyle Emily P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe describe an approach to the evaluation and isolation of hospitalized persons under investigation (PUIs) for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at a large US academic medical center. Only a small proportion (2.9%) of PUIs with 1 or more repeated severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) after a negative NAAT were diagnosed with COVID-19.
Misvaluation and Corporate Inventiveness
Authors: Dong Ming , Hirshleifer David , Teoh Siew Hong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe test how market overvaluation affects corporate innovation. Estimated stock overvaluation is strongly associated with measures of innovative inventiveness (novelty, originality, and scope), as well as research and development (R&D) and innovative output (patent and citation counts). Misvaluation affects R&D more via a nonequity channel than via equity issuance. The sensitivity of innovative inventiveness to misvaluation increases with share turnover and overvaluation. The frequency of exceptionally high innovative inputs/outputs increases with overvaluation. This evidence suggests that market overvaluation may generate social value by increasing innovative output and encouraging firms to engage in “moon shots.”
Prolonged intra-operative thermal exposure in endoscopic ear surgery: is it really safe?
Authors: Das A , Mitra S , Agarwal P , Sengupta A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess change in temperature, audiometric outcomes and post-operative complications following exposure to different light sources during endoscopic ear surgery.MethodA total of 64 patients diagnosed with chronic otitis media with central perforation and pure conductive hearing loss underwent endoscopic type 1 tympanoplasty. The patients were randomised into two groups based on the light source used: xenon or light-emitting diode. Temperature was measured using a K type thermocouple at the promontory and round window niche. Mean temperature change with respect to operating time, mean audiometric change, incidence of vomiting in the first 24 hours, vertigo and tinnitus at the end of the first week were observed.ResultsMean temperature change showed a statistically significant difference with increasing length of operating time with the xenon light source and when the two light sources were compared for a particular time interval. Mean audiometric change showed statistically significant deterioration at higher frequencies (4, 6 and 8 kHz) with the xenon light source but only at 8 kHz for the light emitting diode source. When the mean audiometric change was compared between light sources for a particular frequency, statistical significance was found at 4, 6 and 8 kHz. Post-operative complications were vomiting, vertigo and tinnitus (p-values of 0.042, 0.099 and 0.147, respectively, between two groups).ConclusionLight emitting diodes are associated with less significant middle-ear temperature rises and audiometric changes at higher frequencies when compared to xenon light sources. Hence, xenon should be replaced with cooler light sources.
Livestock ownership and anaemia in Sub-Saharan African households
Authors: Acharya Yubraj , Yang Di , Jones Andrew D 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine the association between livestock ownership and Hb concentration of women of child-bearing age (WCBA) and preschool-aged children in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).Design:A prospective analysis of publicly available cross-sectional data, using linear and logistic regressions controlling for potential confounders.Setting:Twenty-eight countries in SSA.Participants:162 305 WCBA and 118 607 children aged 6–59 months.Results:More than half of WCBA (62·5 %) and children (58 %) belonged to households that owned livestock. The average altitude-adjusted blood Hb concentration for WCBA and children was 12.23 and 10·24 g/dL, respectively. In adjusted models, higher number of livestock owned was associated with lower Hb concentration for children but not for WCBA. The magnitude of the association for children was small, with one additional unit of livestock owned reducing Hb concentration by 0·001 g/dL. Higher numbers of cattle, cows and bulls, sheep, and goats were associated with lower Hb concentration for both groups. The number of certain categories of livestock owned was associated with the consumption of relevant foods by children. There was no association between the consumption of animal-source foods and Hb concentration or between livestock ownership and diarrhoeal diseases or fever among children.Conclusions:Livestock ownership in SSA had a net negative association with the Hb concentration of children and no association with that of WCBA. The results highlight the need for research aimed at clarifying the mechanisms linking livestock ownership and nutritional status, and identifying entry points for leveraging livestock ownership to improve the health of women and children in SSA.
Contact inequality: first contact will likely be with an older civilization
Authors: Kipping David , Frank Adam , Scharf Caleb 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFirst contact with another civilization, or simply another intelligence of some kind, will likely be quite different depending on whether that intelligence is more or less advanced than ourselves. If we assume that the lifetime distribution of intelligences follows an approximately exponential distribution, one might naively assume that the pile-up of short-lived entities dominates any detection or contact scenario. However, it is argued here that the probability of contact is proportional to the age of said intelligence (or possibly stronger), which introduces a selection effect. We demonstrate that detected intelligences will have a mean age twice that of the underlying (detected + undetected) population, using the exponential model. We find that our first contact will most likely be with an older intelligence, provided that the maximum allowed mean lifetime of the intelligence population, τmax, is ≥ e times larger than our own. Older intelligences may be rare but they disproportionately contribute to first contacts, introducing what we call a ‘contact inequality’, analogous to wealth inequality. This reasoning formalizes intuitional arguments and highlights that first contact would likely be one-sided, with ramifications for how we approach SETI.
A practical support vector regression algorithm and kernel function for attritional general insurance loss estimation
Authors: Kwasa Shadrack , Jones Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to derive a simple, implementable machine learning method for general insurance losses. An algorithm for learning a general insurance loss triangle is developed and justified. An argument is made for applying support vector regression (SVR) to this learning task (in order to facilitate transparency of the learning method as compared to more “black-box” methods such as deep neural networks), and SVR methodology derived is specifically applied to this learning task. A further argument for preserving the statistical features of the loss data in the SVR machine is made. A bespoke kernel function that preserves the statistical features of the loss data is derived from first principles and called the exponential dispersion family (EDF) kernel. Features of the EDF kernel are explored, and the kernel is applied to an insurance loss estimation exercise for homogeneous risk of three different insurers. Results of the cumulative losses and ultimate losses predicted by the EDF kernel are compared to losses predicted by the radial basis function kernel and the chain-ladder method. A backtest of the developed method is performed. A discussion of the results and their implications follows.
Marine Sediment Characterized by Ocean‐Bottom Fiber‐Optic Seismology
Authors: Spica Zack J. , Nishida Kiwamu , Akuhara Takeshi , Pétrélis François , Shinohara Masanao , Yamada Tomoaki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Sanriku ocean‐bottom seismometer system uses an optical fiber cable to guarantee real‐time observations at the seafloor. A dark fiber connected to a Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) interrogator converted the cable in an array of 19,000 seismic sensors. We use these measurements to constrain the velocity structure under a section of the cable. Our analysis relies on 24 hr of ambient seismic field recordings. We obtain a high‐resolution 2‐D shear‐wave velocity profile by inverting multimode dispersion curves extracted from frequency‐wave number analysis. We also produce a reflection image from autocorrelations of ambient seismic field, highlighting strong impedance contrasts at the interface between the sedimentary layers and the basement. In addition, earthquake wavefield analysis and modeling help to further constrain the sediment properties under the cable. Our results show for the first time that ocean‐bottom DAS can produce detailed images of the subsurface, opening new opportunities for cost‐effective ocean‐bottom imaging in the future.
Spatial and Temporal Development of Incipient Dunes
Authors: Gadal C. , Narteau C. , Ewing R. C. , Gunn A. , Jerolmack D. , Andreotti B. , Claudin P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn zones of loose sand, wind‐blown sand dunes emerge due the linear instability of a flat sedimentary bed. This instability has been studied in experiments and numerical models but rarely in the field, due to the large time and length scales involved. We examine dune formation at the upwind margin of the White Sands Dune Field in New Mexico (USA), using 4 years of lidar topographic data to follow the spatial and temporal development of incipient dunes. Data quantify dune wavelength, growth rate, and propagation velocity and also the characteristic length scale associated with the growth process. We show that all these measurements are in quantitative agreement with predictions from linear stability analysis. This validation makes it possible to use the theory to reliably interpret dune‐pattern characteristics and provide quantitative constraints on associated wind regimes and sediment properties, where direct local measurements are not available or feasible.