bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angular momentum transport, layering, and zonal jet formation by the GSF instability: non-linear simulations at a general latitude
Authors: Barker A J , Jones C A , Tobias S M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We continue our investigation into the non-linear evolution of the Goldreich–Schubert–Fricke (GSF) instability in differentially rotating radiation zones. This instability may be a key player in transporting angular momentum in stars and giant planets, but its non-linear evolution remains mostly unexplored. In a previous paper we considered the equatorial instability, whereas here we simulate the instability at a general latitude for the first time. We adopt a local Cartesian Boussinesq model in a modified shearing box for most of our simulations, but we also perform some simulations with stress-free, impenetrable, radial boundaries. We first revisit the linear instability and derive some new results, before studying its non-linear evolution. The instability is found to behave very differently compared with its behaviour at the equator. In particular, here we observe the development of strong zonal jets (‘layering’ in the angular momentum), which can considerably enhance angular momentum transport, particularly in axisymmetric simulations. The jets are, in general, tilted with respect to the local gravity by an angle that corresponds initially with that of the linear modes, but which evolves with time and depends on the strength of the flow. The instability transports angular momentum much more efficiently (by several orders of magnitude) than it does at the equator, and we estimate that the GSF instability could contribute to the missing angular momentum transport required in both red giant and subgiant stars. It could also play a role in the long-term evolution of the solar tachocline and the atmospheric dynamics of hot Jupiters.
AcrFinder: genome mining anti-CRISPR operons in prokaryotes and their viruses
Authors: Yi Haidong , Huang Le , Yang Bowen , Gomez Javi , Zhang Han , Yin Yanbin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Anti-CRISPR (Acr) proteins encoded by (pro)phages/(pro)viruses have a great potential to enable a more controllable genome editing. However, genome mining new Acr proteins is challenging due to the lack of a conserved functional domain and the low sequence similarity among experimentally characterized Acr proteins. We introduce here AcrFinder, a web server (http://bcb.unl.edu/AcrFinder) that combines three well-accepted ideas used by previous experimental studies to pre-screen genomic data for Acr candidates. These ideas include homology search, guilt-by-association (GBA), and CRISPR-Cas self-targeting spacers. Compared to existing bioinformatics tools, AcrFinder has the following unique functions: (i) it is the first online server specifically mining genomes for Acr-Aca operons; (ii) it provides a most comprehensive Acr and Aca (Acr-associated regulator) database (populated by GBA-based Acr and Aca datasets); (iii) it combines homology-based, GBA-based, and self-targeting approaches in one software package; and (iv) it provides a user-friendly web interface to take both nucleotide and protein sequence files as inputs, and output a result page with graphic representation of the genomic contexts of Acr-Aca operons. The leave-one-out cross-validation on experimentally characterized Acr-Aca operons showed that AcrFinder had a 100% recall. AcrFinder will be a valuable web resource to help experimental microbiologists discover new Anti-CRISPRs.
Conserved unique peptide patterns (CUPP) online platform: peptide-based functional annotation of carbohydrate active enzymes
Authors: Barrett Kristian , Hunt Cameron J , Lange Lene , Meyer Anne S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The CUPP platform includes a web server for functional annotation and sub-grouping of carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes) based on a novel peptide-based similarity assessment algorithm, i.e. protein grouping according to Conserved Unique Peptide Patterns (CUPP). This online platform is open to all users and there is no login requirement. The web server allows the user to perform genome-based annotation of carbohydrate active enzymes to CAZy families, CAZy subfamilies, CUPP groups and EC numbers (function) via assessment of peptide-motifs by CUPP. The web server is intended for functional annotation assessment of the CAZy inventory of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms from genomic DNA (up to 30MB compressed) or directly from amino acid sequences (up to 10MB compressed). The custom query sequences are assessed using the CUPP annotation algorithm, and the outcome is displayed in interactive summary result pages of CAZymes. The results displayed allow for inspection of members of the individual CUPP groups and include information about experimentally characterized members. The web server and the other resources on the CUPP platform can be accessed from https://cupp.info.
E-cigarettes: The Long-Term Liberal Perspective
Authors: Grill Kalle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe debate for and against making e-cigarettes available to smokers is to a large extent empirical. We do not know the long-term health effects of vaping and we do not know how smokers will respond to e-cigarettes over time. In addition to these empirical uncertainties, however, there are difficult moral issues to consider. One such issue is that many smokers in some sense choose to smoke. Though smoking is addictive and though many start young, it does not seem impossible to plan for and implement cessation. Yet many choose not to do so and we arguably have some reason to respect this choice. I propose that liberal opposition to strict tobacco control, based on respect for choice, is mitigated when e-cigarettes are available, since they are such a close substitute. Making e-cigarettes available to smokers might therefore not only enable switching in practice, but may make tougher tobacco control more justified. Another moral issue is that making e-cigarettes widely available might induce many people to vape, who would otherwise have neither vaped nor smoked. If this is so, the price of using e-cigarettes to accelerate smoking cessation may be a long-term vaping epidemic. Since vaping is less harmful than smoking, both individuals and society will have less reason to end this epidemic and so it may endure longer than the smoking epidemic would otherwise have done. This raises further questions around the weighing of reduced harm to current smokers against increased harm to future vapers.Implications: Because they are a close substitute, e-cigarettes makes tougher tobacco control more morally and politically feasible. Because e-cigarettes are less harmful than combustibles, making them available may accelerate smoking cessation but also lead to a long-term vaping epidemic, as we have less reason to combat vaping, once established. Moral evaluation of this possible scenario requires considering at least three things: (1) the cost of addiction to autonomy, in addition to health effects, (2) possible distributional effects due to differences between current smokers and future vapers, and (3) the fact that a possible vaping epidemic affects mainly future people and future society.
Rejecting rejections—seeking acceptance of experimental economics in economics journals
Authors: Svorenčík Andrej 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses a central question of the experimental turn in economics: how a relatively small group of experimental economists in the 1970s and 1980s managed to convince editors and referees of leading economics journals of the merits of the experimental method. The consequence of this was that, by the early 1990s, experimental economics research became a standard feature of economics journals and of the economics mainstream. I draw on a unique—and, to this date, never utilized—corpus of referee reports (and related correspondence) by Charles Plott, one of the leading pioneers of experimental economics. His publication corpus is used as a case study of how experimental economists sought acceptance in economics journals. I describe a set of nine strategies that he and other early experimental economists used to convince journal editors and referees who had no direct experience with conducting economic experiments of the merits of the experimental method.
Parallel Evolution of Bower-Building Behavior in Two Groups of Bowerbirds Suggested by Phylogenomics
Authors: Ericson Per G P , Irestedt Martin , Nylander Johan A A , Christidis Les , Joseph Leo , Qu Yanhua 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The bowerbirds in New Guinea and Australia include species that build the largest and perhaps most elaborately decorated constructions outside of humans. The males use these courtship bowers, along with their displays, to attract females. In these species, the mating system is polygynous and the females alone incubate and feed the nestlings. The bowerbirds also include 10 species of the socially monogamous catbirds in which the male participates in most aspects of raising the young. How the bower-building behavior evolved has remained poorly understood, as no comprehensive phylogeny exists for the family. It has been assumed that the monogamous catbird clade is sister to all polygynous species. We here test this hypothesis using a newly developed pipeline for obtaining homologous alignments of thousands of exonic and intronic regions from genomic data to build a phylogeny. Our well-supported species tree shows that the polygynous, bower-building species are not monophyletic. The result suggests either that bower-building behavior is an ancestral condition in the family that was secondarily lost in the catbirds, or that it has arisen in parallel in two lineages of bowerbirds. We favor the latter hypothesis based on an ancestral character reconstruction showing that polygyny but not bower-building is ancestral in bowerbirds, and on the observation that Scenopoeetes dentirostris, the sister species to one of the bower-building clades, does not build a proper bower but constructs a court for male display. This species is also sexually monomorphic in plumage despite having a polygynous mating system. We argue that the relatively stable tropical and subtropical forest environment in combination with low predator pressure and rich food access (mostly fruit) facilitated the evolution of these unique life-history traits. [Adaptive radiation; bowerbirds; mating system, sexual selection; whole genome sequencing.]
Quo vadis trust business, or why regulation blurs the view
Authors: of Liechtenstein H S H Prince Michael 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The financial services industry, and in particular the trust business industry, has been severely affected by regulations in recent years. The worrying thing about it is that the industry’s focus is being shifted away from the clients and their needs. This article aims at bringing back into focus what the trust business is all about and what the core competencies of trustees are.
Multimodality treatment for localized gastric cancer: state of the art and new insights
Authors: Petrillo Angelica , Smyth Elizabeth C. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
Surgery represents the only curative approach for resectable gastric cancer. However, rates of recurrence remain high. This review summarizes the state of the art and future perspectives regarding perioperative, neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for localized gastric cancer with insights regarding precision medicine.

Recent findings
Perioperative chemotherapy with FLOT has significantly improved outcomes for non-Asian patients with resectable gastric cancer, removing the role for anthracyclines. Preliminary results demonstrate that the perioperative approach is an option for Asian patients; however, long-term outcomes are awaited. For adjuvant treatment in Asian gastric cancer patients, S-1 as well as docetaxel may be a new treatment option. In this context, the right selection of patients is crucial. Among several biomarkers, microsatellite instability/mismatch repair deficiency has been linked with a lack of benefit from chemotherapy as well as better prognosis.

Summary
Multimodality treatment represents the standard of care for resectable gastric cancer. Perioperative chemotherapy with FLOT is the standard treatment in western countries; in patients who are not suitable for triplet, a platinum-fluoropyrimidine doublet can be considered. In Asian countries, adjuvant chemotherapy based on fluoropyrimidine monotherapy or in association with oxaliplatin/docetaxel are options. Validation of prognostic and predictive biomarkers is needed in order to improve patient selection.
Association of serum uric acid with thyroid function in health check-up participants
Authors: Wang Xiao-Jun , Qian Xi-Wen , Zhang Xu , Han Li , Zheng Yu-Qi , Wu Tao , Qin Guo-You , Ye Zhi-Bin , Xiao Jing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The relationship of uric acid (UA) with the thyroid function among healthy individuals remains unclear. We aimed to examine the relationship between UA contents and thyroid hormone levels in healthy Chinese individuals.

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study of 1186 Chinese adults (736 men and 450 women) who underwent a health check-up at the Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University (Shanghai, China) between January 1, 2010 and July 31, 2018. Clinical and thyroid hormone levels were compared in different UA groups (in male and menopause women groups, MG1: UA < 5 mg/dL; MG2: 5 mg/dL ≤ UA< 7 mg/dL; and MG3: UA ≥ 7 mg/dL; in female groups, FG1 to FG3 represent the UA levels of <4 mg/dL, 4 mg/dL ≤ UA< 6 mg/dL, and ≥6 mg/dL, respectively). In addition, natural cubic spline regression, together with Pearson correlation analysis, was performed in investigating the correlation of UA with thyroid hormones.

Results
After adjusting for confounding factors, low levels of UA (for males, UA < 5.30 mg/dL; for females, UA < 4.05 mg/dL) were negatively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3) both in men and women. UA levels between 4.83 and 6.06 mg/dL may act to protect FT3 in women, while UA levels between 6.39 and 7.09 mg/dL may protect FT3 in men. FT3 levels of low-range UA group reduced compared with mid-range UA and the high-range UA groups in both men and women.

Conclusions
Our results provide epidemiologic evidence to support the negative correlation between low UA contents and FT3 in the Chinese Han population, suggesting that the reduced UA contents may serve as the risk factor to predict poor thyroid function in Chinese individuals.
Transverse vs. parasagittal in-plane approaches in ultrasound-guided paravertebral block using a microconvex probe
Authors: Fujii Tasuku , Shibata Yasuyuki , Shinya Sonoe , Nishiwaki Kimitoshi 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND
Several approaches have been proposed for ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block, but the best approach remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE
We compared two ultrasound-guided in-plane approaches using a microconvex probe, transverse and parasagittal. We assessed whether either approach would facilitate successful catheter placement in the paravertebral space.

DESIGN
Randomised controlled trial.

SETTING
University hospital, July 2015 to March 2016.

PATIENTS
Sixty patients scheduled to undergo thoracotomy were randomly allocated into two groups.

INTERVENTIONS
A microconvex probe was placed transversely between adjacent ribs (transverse) or sagittally between adjacent transverse processes (parasagittal). When the Tuohy needle reached the paravertebral space, a catheter was inserted to a depth of 4 cm. Then, 0.5-ml radiocontrast was injected through the catheter under fluoroscopy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was successful catheter placement in the paravertebral space; secondary outcomes were 0 to 100 mm visual analogue scale pain score and morphine consumption in the first 24 h.

RESULTS
All patients received the allocated paravertebral block. Correct catheter placement occurred in 23 (77%) and 24 patients (80%) using the transverse (n=30) and parasagittal approaches (n=30), respectively (P = 1.00). Five patients were excluded due to changes in surgical procedure. Postoperative pain, represented by median [IQR] visual analogue scale score, was 19.5 [12 to 25] at rest and 55 [44 to 77] on movement with the transverse approach (n=28) vs. 22 [12 to 33.5] at rest and 59 [41.5 to 75] on movement with the parasagittal approach (n=27) (P = 0.57 at rest, P = 0.76 on movement). Median morphine consumption was 11.5 [5 to 21] and 11 [5 to 18] mg in the transverse and parasagittal approaches, respectively (P = 0.99).

CONCLUSION
There were no clinically significant differences between approaches for continuous ultrasound-guided thoracic paravertebral block using a microconvex probe, and both approaches achieved a high rate of correct catheter placement.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
UMIN Clinical Trials Registry identifier: UMIN000015988.
Diagnosing endometriosis before laparoscopy: radiologic tools to evaluate the disease
Authors: Tavcar Jovana , Loring Megan , Movilla Peter R. , Clark Nisse V. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
The current gold standard for diagnosing endometriosis is laparoscopy with tissue biopsy. This review presents new evidence regarding advanced imaging for more optimal clinical assessment and preoperative evaluation for endometriosis.

Recent findings
A systematic approach to the imaging evaluation of endometriosis using transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging has been proposed by expert groups and societies. Evidence suggests that new imaging techniques improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and facilitate improved preoperative mapping of endometriotic lesions.

Summary
The clinical diagnosis of endometriosis, including new structured imaging protocols and techniques, is paramount in an initial evaluation. If surgery is indicated, clinical examination and imaging should provide sufficient information to anticipate the extent of surgery, properly counsel the patient, and when appropriate, refer to a minimally invasive gynecologic surgery specialist or assemble a multidisciplinary team.
Hypertension in obesity
Authors: Mendoza Michael F. , Kachur Sergey M. , Lavie Carl J. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
The obesity epidemic is progressively affecting majority of individuals worldwide leading to many adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. Increasingly concerning among them is obesity hypertension (HTN). In this review, we delve into the physiology and therapeutic options in obesity HTN as we discuss the implications of obesity HTN on society.

Recent findings
Obesity is the most common cause of primary HTN and is directly proportional to increases BMI. The significance of adiposity in obesity HTN centers on humoral mechanisms via stimulation of the renal-angiotensin system, leptin activity, sympathetic overdrive, and proinflammatory processes that potentiate vascular remodeling, which results in a higher incidence of the progression of many known serious cardiovascular diseases. Although lifestyle and medical therapies have been recommended for obesity and its sequelae, continued global progression of this disease has driven the development of newer therapies such as carotid baroreflex activation therapy, renal denervation, and selective leptin receptor antagonism.

Summary
The pathophysiology of obesity HTN has not yet been fully elucidated despite it being one of the oldest known diseases to mankind. Major efforts to understand obesity HTN endures, paving opportunities for newer and possibly superior therapeutic options
Trabecular microbypass stent implantation in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma: long-term results
Authors: Ferguson Tanner J. , Swan Russell J. , Bleeker Adam , Dockter Zachary , Karpuk Kayla L. , Schweitzer Justin , Ibach Mitch , Berdahl John P. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of an iStent trabecular microbypass stent in combination with cataract surgery in pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PXG).

Setting:
Private practice, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.

Design:
Retrospective, consecutive case series.

Methods:
Eyes with a preoperative diagnosis of PXG implanted with a single iStent trabecular microbypass stent with concomitant cataract surgery were included. Performance outcome measures included intraocular pressure (IOP) and number of glaucoma medications. Safety outcomes included intraoperative or postoperative complications and the need for secondary procedures.

Results:
The series included 117 eyes. IOP was reduced by 25% to 15.3 ± 3.7 mm Hg at 5 years postoperatively from 20.5 ± 6.6 mm Hg at baseline. The statistically significant (P < .01) 36% reduction in medication use through 36 months was not sustained, and medication use was unchanged from baseline (1.4 ± 1.0) at 5 years postoperatively (1.3 ± 1.1) (P > .05). At 5 years, 52% of eyes had an IOP of 15 mm Hg or lesser, increased from 22% at baseline. There were no severe postoperative complications; 5 eyes (4%) underwent an additional glaucoma procedure.

Conclusions:
Implantation of a trabecular microbypass stent with concomitant cataract surgery provided a sustained reduction in IOP up to 5 years postoperatively. The long-term safety profile of the device in this population was excellent with a low rate of postoperative IOP spikes and low percentage of eyes undergoing a secondary procedure.
Predictors, incidence, and prognostic significance of PR interval prolongation in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Xue Yuzhou , Shen Jian , Liu Gang , Zhou Qi , Zhou Wei , Luo Suxin 
Published: May 2020

Object
The relationship between PR interval prolongation during hospitalization and long-term prognosis in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of PR interval prolongation in a prospective cohort of patients with post-STEMI.

Methods
The values of ionized calcium were calculated as the mean level of two measurements during hospitalization. Variables from univariate analysis associated with PR interval prolongation were included in a multivariable logistic regression analysis using forward stepwise elimination to determine PR prolongation predictors.

Results
Among 915 patients with STEMI consecutively enrolled in this study, 87 (9.5%) patients developed first-degree atrioventricular block (PR interval prolongation >200 ms]. Lower calcium values during hospitalization, higher age, and male sex were strongly correlated with the development of PR interval prolongation. During the median follow-up period of 31 months (interquartile range: 22–39 months), 64 all-cause deaths (endpoint) were registered. After adjusting for confounding covariates via Cox regression analyses, PR interval prolongation was independently associated with poorer outcomes (hazard ratio 5.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.85–15.62; P = 0.002).

Conclusion
Prolongation of the PR interval is an independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with STEMI during hospitalization.