bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of radiation therapy on cerebral cortical thickness in glioma patients: Treatment-induced thinning of the healthy cortex
Authors: Nagtegaal Steven H J , David Szabolcs , Snijders Tom J , Philippens Marielle E P , Leemans Alexander , Verhoeff Joost J C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
With overall survival of brain tumors improving, radiation induced brain injury is becoming an increasing issue. One of the effects of radiation therapy (RT) is thinning of the cerebral cortex, which could be one of the factors contributing to cognitive impairments after treatment. In healthy brain, cortex thickness varies between 1 and 4.5 mm. In this study, we assess the effect of RT on the thickness of the cerebral cortex and relate the changes to the local dose.

Methods
We identified 28 glioma patients with optimal scan quality. Clinical CTs and MRIs at baseline and 1 year post-RT were collected and coregistered. The scans were processed via an automated image processing pipeline, which enabled measuring changes of the cortical thickness, which were related to local dose.

Results
Three areas were identified where significant dose-dependent thinning occurred, with thinning rates of 5, 6, and 26 μm/Gy after 1 year, which corresponds to losses of 5.4%, 7.2%, and 21.6% per 30 Gy per year. The first area was largely located in the right inferior parietal, supramarginal, and superior parietal regions, the second in the right posterior cingulate and paracentral regions, and the third almost completely in the right lateral orbital frontal region.

Conclusions
We have identified three areas susceptible to dose-dependent cortical thinning after radiation therapy. Should future prospective studies conclude that irradiation of these areas lead to cognitive decline, they need to be spared in order to prevent this debilitating consequence of treatment.
Decreased Outpatient Fluoroquinolone Prescribing Using a Multimodal Antimicrobial Stewardship Initiative
Authors: Lin Kevin , Zahlanie Yorgo , Ortwine Jessica K , Mang Norman S , Wei Wenjing , Brown L Steven , Prokesch Bonnie C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Fluoroquinolones are antibiotics prescribed in the outpatient setting, though they have serious side effects. This study evaluates the impact of stewardship interventions on total and inappropriate prescribing of fluoroquinolones in outpatient settings in a large county hospital and health system.

Methods
In an effort to decrease inappropriate outpatient fluoroquinolone usage, a multimodal antimicrobial stewardship initiative was implemented in November 2016. Education regarding the risks, benefits, and appropriate uses of fluoroquinolones was provided to providers in different outpatient settings, Food and Drug Administration warnings were added to all oral fluoroquinolone orders, an outpatient order set for cystitis treatment was created, and fluoroquinolone susceptibilities were suppressed when appropriate. Charts from October 2016, 2017, and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed if the patient encounter occurred in primary care clinics, emergency departments, or urgent care centers within Parkland Health & Hospital System and a fluoroquinolone was prescribed. Inappropriate use was defined as a fluoroquinolone prescription for cystitis, bronchitis, or sinusitis in a patient without a history of Pseudomonas aeruginosa or multidrug-resistant organisms and without drug allergies that precluded use of other oral antibiotics.

Results
Total fluoroquinolone prescriptions per 1000 patient visits decreased significantly by 39% (P &lt; .01), and inappropriate fluoroquinolone use decreased from 53% to 34% (P &lt; .01). More than 90% of inappropriate fluoroquinolone prescriptions were given for cystitis, while bronchitis and sinusitis accounted for only 4.4% and 1.6% of inappropriate indications, respectively.

Conclusion
A multimodal stewardship initiative appears to effectively reduce both total and inappropriate outpatient fluoroquinolone prescriptions.
Impact of Mandatory Infectious Diseases Consultation and Real-time Antimicrobial Stewardship Pharmacist Intervention on Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Bundle Adherence
Authors: Arensman Kellie , Dela-Pena Jennifer , Miller Jessica L , LaChance Erik , Beganovic Maya , Anderson Morgan , Rivelli Anne , Wieczorkiewicz Sarah M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of infectious diseases consultation (IDC) and a real-time antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) review on the management of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB).

Methods
This retrospective study included adult inpatients with SAB from January 2016 to December 2018 at 7 hospitals. Outcomes were compared between 3 time periods: before mandatory IDC and AMS review (period 1), after mandatory IDC and before AMS review (period 2), and after mandatory IDC and AMS review (period 3). The primary outcome was bundle adherence, defined as appropriate intravenous antimicrobial therapy, appropriate duration of therapy, appropriate surveillance cultures, echocardiography, and removal of indwelling intravenous catheters, if applicable. Secondary end points included individual bundle components, source control, length of stay (LOS), 30-day bacteremia-related readmission, and in-hospital all-cause mortality.

Results
A total of 579 patients met inclusion criteria for analysis. Complete bundle adherence was 65% in period 1 (n = 241/371), 54% in period 2 (n = 47/87), and 76% in period 3 (n = 92/121). Relative to period 3, bundle adherence was significantly lower in period 1 (odds ratio [OR], 0.58; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37–0.93; P = .02) and period 2 (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.20–0.67; P = .0009). No difference in bundle adherence was noted between periods 1 and 2. Significant differences were seen in obtaining echocardiography (91% vs 83% vs 100%; P &lt; .001), source control (34% vs 45% vs 45%; P = .04), and hospital LOS (10.5 vs 8.9 vs 12.0 days; P = .01). No differences were noted for readmission or mortality.

Conclusions
The addition of AMS pharmacist review to mandatory IDC was associated with significantly improved quality care bundle adherence.
Disseminated Nocardia beijingensis Masquerading as Pulmonary Tuberculosis in a Patient With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Bertrán-López Jovanna , Abbott Andrew , Archibald Lennox K , Benninger Lauryn , Lascano Jorge , Kalyatanda Gautam 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Case of disseminated Nocardia beijingensis, initially diagnosed and treated by health department as tuberculosis, presented with worsening symptoms and new lesions. Adjustment to antinocardial treatment resulted in significant clinical and radiographic improvement. Maintain a high index of suspicion for Nocardia in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis with worsening lesions despite therapy.
Introduction
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter establishes the significance of Pal Joey in its own time by delving into the more controversial aspects of the show and its reception. The unconventional qualities of Pal Joey begin with its setting (a “cheap” nightclub in the South Side of Chicago), its cynicism, and its sexually frank characters. Its brazen depiction of flawed people—desperately grasping for a more secure class position, for fame, for sex, or for love—divided critics; on one hand, Pal Joey was praised for its depiction of seemingly real-to-life people. On the other hand, critics questioned the merits of giving these characters time on stage. This chapter ends with a consideration of Pal Joey’s unsettled canonic status and its role in reinforcing aesthetic values that hardened in the mid-twentieth century, and still inform the reception of musical theater.
Rodgers and Hart’s Boldest Venture
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
One of the crowning jewels in Rodgers and Hart’s post-Hollywood partnership, Pal Joey was purportedly their favorite show together. By the time of Pal Joey, Rodgers and Hart had written over thirty musicals together and had standardized their working process. This chapter traces the progress from bold idea to finished score, with attention paid to revisions, additions, and other subsequent changes as the score moved from sketch, to previews, to the Broadway premiere. This chapter also looks closely at the collaborative process, giving due credit to the other members of the show’s creative team, including John O’Hara, producer/director George Abbott, and choreographer Robert Alton.
I Could Write a Book (Musical)
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Pal Joey’s book numbers. This type of integrated song was not new to Broadway, or to the shows of Rodgers and Hart. The degree to which these songs lend sympathy to hard-to-like characters, however—characters who might otherwise be dismissed as mere cutouts of pulp-fiction villains—is remarkable. These songs helped balance O’Hara’s hard-boiled book, giving the audience the opportunity to identify with a group of character types they would otherwise be wary of associating with. The unconventional nature of many of the book songs, however, which critique, mock, and upend traditional musical comedy tropes, made way for a new critical discourse concerning musical theater.
The Women of Pal Joey
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Pal Joey features four female character archetypes: the shrewd, wealthy woman of taste; the sleazy nightclub chorine; the innocent ingénue; and the hard-boiled reporter. All four of these types had appeared on Broadway (and in film) before. In Pal Joey two of them—the ingénue, Linda, and the nightclub singer, Gladys—are parodies. Linda serves as a foil to the typical ingénue trope, and doesn’t develop as a character. Gladys is a stereotype, albeit a funny one, of the tough-talking nightclub chanteuse. Vera is, truly, the only female character in Pal Joey to be afforded a complex inner life. The character Melba, however, offers the audience shrewd commentary on the conventions that Pal Joey sends up. This chapter looks specifically at the character Vera, played by Vivienne Segal, and the song “Zip,” sung by the character Melba and performed by Jean Casto and Elaine Stritch.
Joey Dances
Authors: Lindberg Julianne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In musical theater criticism, dance is too often considered secondary to the total effect of a show. In Pal Joey, dance did much more than tell a story—it viscerally engaged the audience; dynamized the space of the stage, the theater, and the diegetic world of the musical; and, quite literally, stopped the show. Without choreographer Robert Alton and the original Joey, Gene Kelly, Pal Joey might well have been unpalatable to audiences. Dance saved the show from the danger of being too “straight” in regard to book, and too unpleasant in regard to character and situation. But because of the lack of dance criticism during the period, many critics, and subsequently historians, have focused almost solely on the music and the book to explain its success and influence. This chapter will attempt to give dance its due in regard to the legacy of Pal Joey.
Introduction
Authors: Howell Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The introduction presents the broader context of both religion on television and the particular approach that this volume takes to its study: a production studies approach based in theories of television studies. Throughout, it establishes the significance of studying the discourses—utterances, practices, and ideologies—that shape how Christianity is represented on television and the production culture that creates that representation. The introduction also lays out the four-part structure of the book that details the four different approaches to positioning Christianity’s use in serial dramas over a twenty-year span: establishing white Christianity’s middlebrow associations, distancing through place and race, displacement through genre, and ultimately acknowledging and using as edgy content.
Southern Realism
Authors: Howell Charlotte E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Friday Night Lights (NBC, 2006–2011) and Rectify (SundanceTV, 2013–2016) exemplified containing Christianity’s middlebrow appeal through displacement onto the cultural specificity of a realistically portrayed American South within a quality television drama. These two shows represent Christianity as both the dominant faith of their characters and as a characteristic part of Southern culture. Creatives used the milieu of an “authentic” American South to shift religion away from themselves and their quality-audience expectations, maintaining acceptability within the dominant non-Christian culture of television production. This displacement safely contained religion within the creatives’ production culture, allowing them to acknowledge Christianity’s religious content, but only within the peculiar particularity of the American South.
An Ethic of Responsibility
Authors: Norris Kristopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins the constructive turn in the book and outlines the contours and substance of an ethic of responsibility. The chapter begins by noting the impotence of efforts at “racial reconciliation” and offers the idea of “original sin” as a more accurate lens for addressing whiteness. The failure of white churches and theologians to reckon with the power of whiteness suggests the need for a new approach: an ethic of responsibility built upon the shared commitments of Cone and Hauerwas, and their mutual appeal to Dietrich Bonhoeffer, as well as the criticisms and corrections that black liberation theology directs at white theology. As a process of formation, an ethic of responsibility promotes radical, communal action to confront through material practices the wicked problem of whiteness, while also recognizing the lingering challenges of whiteness within a broken and wounded body of Christ.
Remembrance, Repentance, Reparation
Authors: Norris Kristopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This final chapter fleshes out an ethic of responsibility in practical terms through three church practices: remembrance, repentance, and reparation. It calls the white church to, first, remember and memorialize its role in the invention of white supremacy. Next, white churches must engage in acts of public repentance of their continued complicity and silence in the face of racism. Finally, white Christianity must confront the racial damage it has inflicted through concrete actions of reparation—politically, financially, and spiritually. The chapter offers empirical examples of churches engaging each these practices as well as notes the difficult work that lies ahead in the struggle against white supremacy.
The Blind Storyteller
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Do newborns think? Do they know that 3 is greater than 2? Do they prefer right to wrong? What about emotions? Do newborns recognize happiness or anger? If they do, then how are our inborn thoughts and feelings encoded in our bodies? Could they persist after we die? Going all the way back to ancient Greece, human nature and the mind–body link are the topics of age-old scholarly debates. But laypeople also have strong opinions about such matters. Most people believe, for example, that newborn babies don’t know the difference between right and wrong—such knowledge, they insist, can only be learned. For emotions, they presume the opposite—that our capacity to feel fear, for example, is both inborn and embodied. These beliefs are stories we tell ourselves about what we know and who we are. They reflect and influence our understanding of ourselves and others, and they guide every aspect of our lives. In a twist that could have come out of a Greek tragedy, Berent proposes that our errors are our fate. These mistakes emanate from the very principles that make our minds tick: Our blindness to human nature is rooted in human nature itself. An intellectual journey that draws on philosophy, anthropology, linguistics, cognitive science, and Berent’s own cutting-edge research, The Blind Storyteller grapples with a host of provocative questions, from why we are so infatuated with our brains to what happens when we die. The end result is a startling new perspective on our humanity.
Know Thyself
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Remy, the Harvard Humanities cat, spends his days amidst Harvard’s academic towers, blissfully oblivious to his intellectual surroundings. It is obvious to us that Remy suffers certain cognitive limitations of which he is entirely unaware. After all, we are humans, whereas Remy was born a cat. That a pet might experience a certain level of cognitive blindness is an idea we accept with equanimity. But we are far less comfortable with the thought that we might suffer from similar cognitive limitations ourselves. Logic, however, compels us to entertain this as a distinct possibility. Having recognized that biology can innately limit other species’ cognitions and that we too are biological kinds, blindness could very well obscure human minds. Fear of blindness goes throughout our intellectual history all the way to the ancient Greeks. In this book, we see that, just as the Greek feared, we are oblivion to our own human nature, and our blindness is in our fate. It emanates from human nature itself.
Object and Number
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To put our antinativist intuitions in perspective, the next three chapters examine in greater detail whether some aspects of knowledge are in fact innate. Chapter 3 reviews infants’ early understanding of the physical world. For example, can a newborn tell that his mother is a single object, not a collection of parts? We will see that people’s notion of an object is complex—we assume that objects are cohesive (moving objects don’t spontaneously disintegrate in mid-air), that they move only by contact, and once contacted, they move continuously (rather than come “on” and “off,” or venture off a different path). Moreover, our intuitive notion of an “object” is demonstrably far richer than what our senses suggest. Remarkably, newborn infants know the same and so do several other species. Infants (and nonhuman animals) also have an implicit notion of number. When presented with small sets of objects (up to about four), young infants can implicitly track their precise number, and they can even add and subtract. Another numeric system allows humans and nonhumans alike to recognize the numericities of large sets by comparing their ratios (e.g., 6 vs. 12 objects). The early emergence of these capacities and their parallels in nonhuman species suggests that they are likely grounded in ancient evolutionarily principles that are innate.
The Social World
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a very brief overview of the social capacities of young infants. Specifically, we the author ask whether infants instinctively know that (human) agents are distinct from objects. new see that newborn infants spontaneously imitate agents; they follow their gaze, and they selectively respond to human faces, but not objects. A few months later, infants also seem to know that (unlike objects), the behavior of agents is driven by their beliefs and goals, and they spontaneously prefer “good” agents (those that help others) to “bad” ones (those that hinder others from attaining their goals). These results suggest that young infants possess intuitive knowledge of psychology, distinct from their naïve physics.
The Tempest Is Brewing
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhy are people biased against innate knowledge? We first review several previous proposals; each of these theories has merits, but they cannot explain the results from the previous chapter. We thus outline a novel theory that links our antinativist intuitions to two principles of core knowledge—Dualism and Essentialism. This chapter considers each of these principles and reviews some of the evidence in their support. Of particular interest is whether these principles could be innate in humans. Here, the jury is still out, but there is some evident to suggest that they could well be universal and inborn. We will next see how Dualism and Essentialism collide to form a perfect epistemic storm. If, per Dualism, knowledge is immaterial, whereas if per Essentialism, innate biological traits must be material, it follows that knowledge cannot be innate.
It’s in My Bones
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
When I point to an object, you and I can agree on what it is (a red, round cup). How does our brain (matter) represent such notions? And how do we (distinct material bodies) apparently converge so we can talk about the same things? Cognitive scientists and philosophers have long assumed that people share abstract concepts (e.g., a cup); to explain how such abstract concepts can give rise to thinking, they further proposed the computational theory of mind. But theories of “embodied cognition” assert that cognition is all “in people’s bones.” What we know as a cup is not an abstract notion but rather the bodily experiences of our sensory and motor interactions with a cup—its shiny color, how it feels in our hands, the smoothness of its surface, its weight, and shape. I suggest that “Embodiment” is alluring because it promises to resolve the mysteries of Dualism (how can material bodies encode the immaterial notion of a cup?) and the origins of ideas (how do we all converge on an understanding that allows us to talk about the same things?). The solution is strikingly simple—just remove the “mind” from the equation. If there is no (immaterial) knowledge, then we no longer need to worry about how knowledge arises from the body and how knowledge can be learned. As discussed in the previous chapter, people erroneously believe that “if it’s in my body” then “it’s inborn.” Dualism and essentialism thus explain some of the lure of embodied cognition.
Insane About the Brain
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As the discoveries from neuroscience pour in, the newspaper headlines capture our imagination. They announce that “Musicians’ Brains Really Work Differently” and promise to tell us “How Learning a New Language Actually Rewires the Brain.” What is this hype all about? Do you really need a brain scan to tell that a musician’s brain is different than a nonmusician’s? Cann’t you hear the difference right from the first sound? And don’t we all know that learning a language happens “up north”? It is not the science or technology that attracts our attention, nor is it their aesthetics. Images of genes, proteins, and viruses have no less scientific significance and visual appeal, but they don’t mesmerize us in the same way. Yet we incorrectly believe that evidence from neuroscience is stronger than the results from cognitive experiments. In fact, people fall for “brain stories” even when these accounts are clearly fallacious. Why do we blindly follow the brain? This chapter traces the allure of neuroscience to Dualism. The Dualist view condemns us to an eternal state of wonder because we fail to grasp how “thinking” (e.g., of a cup) can command changes in our material body (e.g., I move my hand to grab it)—how the immaterial mind can effect change in matter. Brain scans alleviate the dissonance by presenting us with tangible proof that thinking is material. The mind–body dissonance that plagues our reasoning about our healthy selves also derails our reasoning about a number of psychiatric conditions, discussed in the next chapters.