bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Treatise
Authors: Wilf Steven 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The legal treatise is a subject with a pedigree. Previous essays by A. W. B. Simpson, Morton Horwitz, Angela Fernandez and Markus Dubber, and Christopher Tomlins identify different ways that the treatise genre captures the essence of existing law and aspirations. Disembarking from these important contributions, this chapter draws upon such diverse fields as the history of the book, literary genre studies, information management, and the sociology of knowledge. It underscores the multiplicity of the treatise’s genre ecosystem. The legal treatise simultaneously serves as a site for the production of knowledge, a stepping stone or even substitute for codes, fabricated order, a mechanism for establishing authorial authority, a professional talisman, a technic of systematizing and organizing information, a legitimization of existing norms, and a means of constructing a national jurisprudence akin to the way a dictionary might define a national language. Focusing largely on common law treatises of the long nineteenth century, it interrogates how these competing goals might exist within a single literary artifact. What pressures threaten to unravel the legal treatise’s claims to monumental authority? And how can its power erode? The chapter’s salient contribution will be its highlighting the importance of time. The legal treatise is a genre which simultaneously asserts its place as a summa of legal knowledge and—as the commonplace historical introduction often underscores—while continuing to be subject to countless revisions. It is a text readied for obsolescence. Beneath the treatise’s façade of professional authority lies a profound anxiety about its own timelessness.
Personhood
Authors: Frow John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Legal personhood is distinct from and dependent on ordinary understandings of what it means to be a human person. Yet not every human being is a person (slaves are not, for example), and there are some non-human entities (such as corporations) which are. The legal category of the person is thus at once continuous and discontinuous with that of the natural person, designating a subject of rights and duties along a spectrum from full to very partial personhood. Moreover, the mode of being of natural persons is by no means self-evident, because the status of the “natural” person is itself constituted by a juridical demarcation of the boundaries of embodied human being and by distinct institutional and practical conditions of constitution, and natural persons are not necessarily coextensive with their bodies. While Western models of personhood are based on the coherence and continuity of the self as rational or ethical substance, quite different ways of understanding personhood are found in other cultures, where persons may be taken to be the sum of their social relations or of the exchange of substances between their bodies and the rest of the social and material world. Similarly, in most cultures persons are constituted by their relation to the generations of the dead from whom they inherit, to the gods, and to the unborn descendants to whom property and some of the components of kinship (a name, a status, a genetic inheritance) are to be passed on.
The Neo-Assyrian Empire through a Postcolonial Lens
Authors: Marzouk Safwat 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This essay provides an overview of the Neo-Assyrian imperial ideology (ca. 934–609 bce) including how religion and politics intertwine, and how the images of self and other are constructed in this imperial ideology. This overview is followed by a discussion of how the biblical traditions of Isaiah and Deuteronomy responded to the Assyrian empire. Isaiah of Jerusalem (1-39) and the book of Deuteronomy subvert the Assyrian empire by way of mimicking its imperial discourse in order to underline the sovereignty of YHWH and in order to call the people of Judah to trust in their God. The essay then moves on to discuss how the books of Nahum and Jonah offer different perspectives on the notions of decolonization by way of bringing the divine judgment as in the case of Nahum or by way of calling the Ninevites to repent as in the case of Jonah.
Humanism and Music
Authors: Driscoll Christopher M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between humanism and music, giving attention to important theoretical and historical developments, before focusing on four brief case studies rooted in popular culture. The first turns to rock band Modest Mouse as an example of music as a space of humanist expression. Next, the chapter explores Austin-based Rock band Quiet Company and Westcoast rapper Ras Kass and their use of music to critique religion. Last, the chapter discusses contemporary popular music created by artificial intelligence and considers what non-human production of music suggests about the category of the human and, resultantly, humanism. These case studies give attention to the historical and theoretical relationship between humanism and music, and they offer examples of that relationship as it plays out in contemporary music.
The evolution of protein domain repertoires: Shedding light on the origins of the Herpesviridae family
Authors: Brito Anderson F , Pinney John W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Herpesviruses (HVs, Family: Herpesviridae) have large genomes that encode hundreds of proteins. Apart from amino acid mutations, protein domain acquisitions, duplications and losses are also common modes of evolution. HV domain repertoires differ across species, and only a core set is shared among all species, aspect that raises a question: How have HV domain repertoires diverged while keeping some similarities? To answer such question, we used profile Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to search for domains in all possible translated open reading frames (ORFs) of fully sequenced HV genomes. With at least 274 domains being identified, we built a matrix of domain counts per species, and applied a parsimony method to reconstruct the ancestral states of these domains along the HV phylogeny. It revealed events of domain gain, duplication, and loss over more than 400 millions of years, where Alpha-, Beta-, and GammaHVs expanded and condensed their domain repertoires at distinct rates. Most of the acquired domains perform ‘Modulation and Control’, ‘Envelope’, or ‘Auxiliary’ functions, categories that showed high flexibility (number of domains) and redundancy (number of copies). Conversely, few gains and duplications were observed for domains involved in ‘Capsid assembly and structure’, and ‘DNA Replication, recombination and metabolism’. Among the forty-one primordial domains encoded by Herpesviridae ancestors, twenty-eight are still found in all present-day HVs. Because of their distinct evolutionary strategies, HV domain repertoires are very specific at the subfamily, genus and species levels. Differences in domain composition may not only explain HV host range and tissue tropism, but also provide hints to the origins of HVs.
Decision aids in anesthesia: do they help?
Authors: Southerland Warren A. , Beight Leah J. , Shapiro Fred E. , Urman Richard D. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose of review
Patient decision aids are educational tools used to assist patients and clinicians in healthcare decisions. As healthcare moves toward patient-centered care, these tools can provide support to anesthesiologists by facilitating shared decision-making.

Recent findings
Recent research has shown that patient decision aids are beneficial in the clinical setting for patients and physicians. Studies have shown that patients feel better informed, have better knowledge, and have less anxiety, depression, and decisional conflict after using patient decision aids. In addition, a structured approach for the development of patient decision aids in the field of anesthesia has been established.

Summary
Patient decision aids can support patient-centered care delivery and shared decision-making, especially in the field of anesthesia. Current research involves implementing the use of patient decision aids in the discussion for monitored anesthesia care. Further development of quality metrics is needed to improve the decision aids and maximize decision quality.
Predicting postoperative complications and mortality after acetabular surgery in the elderly: A comparison of risk stratification models
Authors: Kim Chang-Yeon , Trivedi Nikunj N. , Sivasundaram Lakshmanan , Ochenjele George , Liu Raymond W. , Vallier Heather 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Geriatric acetabular fractures are becoming increasingly common. Surgeons must balance the long-term benefits of surgery with the risk of postoperative complications. Several risk stratification models have been adapted to assist surgeons with this decision-making. We compared the accuracy of the Elixhauser Comorbidity Measure (ECM), the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the Combined Comorbidity Score (CCS) for predicting adverse events and postoperative discharge destination after surgical treatment of geriatric patients with acetabular fractures.

Methods:
A search of the National Inpatient Sample for patients over the age of 65 yr who had fixation of an acetabular fracture between 2002 and 2014 was undertaken. Logistic regression models of basic demographic variables and the ECM, CCI, or the CCS were used to predict inpatient mortality, complications, extended length of stay, and discharge disposition. The predictive discrimination of each model was evaluated using the C-statistic.

Results:
A total of 2,497 patients were identified. The model using demographic variables and the CCS outperformed the corresponding ECM and CCI models, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.829 for mortality (compared to 0.791 and 0.689, respectively), 0.791 for cardiac complications (compared to 0.694 and 0.704, respectively), 0.789 for renal complications (compared to 0.787 and 0.683, respectively), and 0.760 for pulmonary complications (compared to 0.750 and 0.662, respectively).

Conclusions:
The CCS was the best predictive model for assessing postoperative complications, followed by the ECM then CCI. Our results may assist in preoperative decision-making for geriatric patients with acetabular fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Long-term results of antibiotic spacers for the infected total knee: A retrospective case-control study
Authors: Virk Sohrab S. , Drain Joseph P. , Melaku Mikhail S. , Glassman Andrew H. , Granger Jeffrey F. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Surgery to treat deep space infections in total knee arthroplasty can be associated with significant medical comorbidities. A tibiofemoral intramedullary nail with antibiotic cement (nonarticulating spacers) often is used to eradicate infection while allowing a patient to avoid the potential disadvantages of an above-knee amputation.

Methods:
A retrospective review of clinical data was performed on all patients treated with a nonarticulating antibiotic spacer from 2010 to 2014. Operative notes, progress reports, laboratory, and microbiology results were collected and analyzed for our cohort of patients.

Results:
Thirty patients were included within this report of results. The average age was 62.70 yr old (±12.17, min=39, max=86), and the average body mass index was 35.48 (±9.43). Fifty percent were men (15/30), and 56.67% (17/30) of patients had diabetes mellitus. A large portion of patients (20%; 6/30) originally presented to the intensive care unit with septic arthritis and 33.33% (10/30) were septic on arrival. Prior to static spacer placement, 86.67 (26/30) of patients had a previous surgical procedure to attempt to eradicate infection. The average follow-up was 16.82 mo (±12.80 mo), and the most common organism causing the index infection was methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). At final follow-up, 83.33% (15/18) of patients living with a nonarticulating spacer were able to ambulate with the spacer.

Conclusions:
Nonarticulating antibiotic spacers offer a viable treatment option to stabilize a knee with significant soft-tissue injury and bone loss from explant procedures for infection.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Do current comorbidity indices accurately predict adverse events after operative fixation of hip fractures? A retrospective database review
Authors: Sivasundaram Lakshmanan , Kim Chang-Yeon , Trivedi Nikunj N. , Ahn Nicholas U. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The incidence of hip fractures continues to grow due in part to an aging population and increasing activity levels. With the potential implementation of bundled-care payment models for the operative fixation of hip fractures, a metric that accurately predicts postoperative length of stay and adverse events would allow for adjustments in bundled payments for “high-risk” patients.

Methods:
A retrospective review of the National Inpatient Sample was performed to identify patients with a femoral neck fracture or intertrochanteric femoral fracture between 2002-2014. Multivariable logistic regression models, with either the Elixhauser Comorbidity Measure (ECM) or Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) were created to predict inpatient mortality and adverse events. A base model that just contained patient demographic characteristics also was evaluated. Last, a combined model that used each index, along with the base model was created. The predictive discrimination of each model was evaluated using the C-statistic.

Results:
A total of 477,648 hip fractures were identified. The mean age of our cohort was 82.3±7.3 yr, with an inpatient mortality rate of 2.2%. The model incorporating the base demographic variables and ECM provided the best predictive models, with a C-statistics of 0.767 for inpatient mortality, 0.713 for cardiac complications, 0.818 for pulmonary complications, 0.818 for renal complications, and 0.615 for thromboembolic complications.

Conclusions:
A combined model that includes basic demographic variables and the ECM outperforms either the CCI or ECM in isolation for predicting inpatient mortality and adverse events after hip fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Impact of the Inclusion of C2 in Posterior Cervical Fusions for Cervical Myelopathy on Sagittal Cervical Alignment
Authors: Woodroffe Royce W. , Helland Logan , Hollatz Chanse , Piscopo Anthony , Close Liesl N. , Nourski Kirill V. , Viljoen Stephanus V. , Grossbach Andrew J. , Hitchon Patrick W. 
Published: January 2020

Study Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective:
To determine the impact of including C2 in posterior fusions on radiographic parameters of cervical alignment in cervical spondylotic myelopathy.

Summary of Background Data:
Despite the use of posterior instrumentation and arthrodesis after cervical laminectomy, loss of lordosis and the development of kyphosis are prevalent. Inadequate cervical lordosis and other measures of sagittal cervical alignment have been shown to correlate with disability, general health scores, and severity of myelopathy. The role of C2 in the posterior tension band, which maintains sagittal alignment, differs from the subaxial spine, as it is the insertion point for erector spinae muscles that play a critical role in maintaining posture.

Patients and Methods:
This study compares the radiographic outcomes of sagittal balance between 2 cohorts of patients who underwent posterior cervical decompression and fusion for cervical myelopathy over a 12-year period at a single institution. Demographic and surgical characteristics were collected using the electronic medical record of patients undergoing posterior cervical fusions (PCF) which included the axis [axial fusion (AF)] and those that were subaxial fusions (SAF). Radiographic measurements included preopertaive and postoperative C2–C7 lordosis (CL), C2–C7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA), and T1 slope (T1S).

Results:
After review of the electronic medical records, 229 patients were identified as having PCF and decompression for treatment of myelopathy. One hundred sixty-seven patients had AF, whereas 62 had SAF. PCF resulted in loss of CL in both cohorts. Although there was no statistical difference in postoperative CL, there was a significant increase in SVA (P<0.001) and T1S (P<0.001) with AF.

Conclusions:
PCF often result in loss of lordosis. When compared with SAF, inclusion of C2 into the fusion construct may result in worsened sagittal balance, increasing the SVA and T1S.
Do Surgical Site Infection Rates Differ Among Microscope-assisted Versus Loupe-assisted Lumbar Discectomies?
Authors: Omar Adan , Ecternacht Scott , Kurucan Etka , Jubril Ayodeji , Mesfin Addisu 
Published: January 2020

Study Design:
Retrospective study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to compared surgical site infection (SSI) rates between patients under lumbar discectomy with an operative microscope versus surgical loupes.

Summary of Background Data:
Lumbar decompressions for herniated disks or lumbar stenosis are common spine procedures. Some studies have raised the concern that drape contamination of the operative microscope may be an additional risk for SSIs. We hypothesize that the use of the operative microscope for lumbar decompression procedures does not increase infection rates.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort analysis was performed on patients undergoing lumbar spinal decompressions via microscopic assistance (MA) or loupe assistance (LA) by 2 orthopedic spine surgeons at a tertiary academic medical center. Patients treated from November, 2012 to October, 2016 were enrolled. Variables including age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status, length of surgery, intraoperative complications, estimated blood loss, and postoperative SSIs within 30 days were collected.

Results:
A total of 225 patients were included in the study. Sixty-three patients underwent LA lumbar decompression, and 162 underwent MA lumbar decompression. There were 72 female individuals/90 male individuals in the MA group and 31 female individuals/33 male individuals in the LA group. The MA was significantly older 45.2 versus 40.4 in LA, P-value of 0.02 and had a significantly higher body mass index (30.64 vs. 27.79, P<0.002). SSI rates were not significantly different, MA 3.7% (6/162) and LA 7.9% (5/63), P-value of 0.14. The MA group had a significantly longer operative time (92 vs. 50 min, P<0.001). Dural tears rates were 3.1% in MA and 1.6% in LA, P-value of 0.3 and were associated with longer operative time in the MA group, 162.2 versus 90.2 minutes, P-value of <0.0001. Multivariate regression analysis did not identify any significant differences between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
The use of the operative microscope had similar infection rates as LA microdiscectomies. In academic institutions, the operative microscope may allow more opportunities for residents or fellows to partake/assist in the procedure as compared with LA procedures.
The Effect of Footprint Mismatch on Heterotopic Ossification After Cervical Disk Replacement
Authors: Guo Qian , Fang Zhong , Guan Hanfeng , Xiong Wei , Li Feng 
Published: January 2020

Study Design:
This was a retrospective study.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to analyze risk factors of heterotopic ossification (HO) after cervical disk replacement (CDR) and evaluate the effect of footprint mismatch on HO.

Summary of Background Data:
Incidence of HO after CDR is high, but the exact related factors have not been fully elucidated.

Materials and Methods:
Radiographic data of patients who had undergone CDR with Prestige LP or Discover prosthesis in Tongji Hospital from July 2012 to December 2015 were reviewed. HO was graded according to McAfee classification and classified according to Jin morphologic classification. Footprint matching degree was evaluated using 3-dimensional computed tomographic images. Cervical sagittal alignment, functional spinal unit height, and range of motion were measured on radiographs. Preexisting degeneration was scored using Walraevens scoring system. Postulated risk factors including general factors, cervical sagittal alignment, functional spinal unit height, range of motion, postoperative biomechanical changes, preexisting degeneration, number of surgical levels, prosthesis type, use of nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, and footprint matching degree were analyzed by first univariate tests, and then multivariate logistic regression was done to examine the relation with HO occurrence. Effect of footprint mismatch on type 1 HO of morphologic classification was evaluated.

Results:
Data of 46 patients were collected; 43 were finally evaluated with a total 57 prostheses implanted, with a mean follow-up duration of 41.16±12.49 months. No significant differences in basic characteristics existed between 2 prosthesis groups, except follow-up time. Incidence of HO was 66.7%. Mean footprint matching degree in sagittal plane was 0.877±0.068 and in coronal plane was 0.852±0.092. Mean overall footprint matching degree was 0.699±0.102 (range: 0.388–0.993). Prosthesis type and footprint matching degree were significantly related with HO among all postulated risk factors in both univariate and multivariate analyses (P<0.05); the latter had larger Exp(B). Type 1 HO occurrence significantly related with footprint mismatch.

Conclusions:
Incidence of HO after CDR was high, and serious footprint mismatch existed. HO occurrence was significantly related with prosthesis type and footprint matching degree; the latter played a more important role.
Dissecting visceral fibromuscular dysplasia reveals a new vascular phenotype of the disease: a report from the ARCADIA-POL study
Authors: Warchoł-Celińska Ewa , Pieluszczak Krzysztof , Pappaccogli Marco , Soplińska Aleksandra , Prejbisz Aleksander , Dobrowolski Piotr , Klisiewicz Anna , Kądziela Jacek , Falkowski Aleksander , Śmigielski Witold , Florczak Elżbieta , Jóźwik-Plebanek Katarzyna , Michałowska Ilona , Kabat Marek , Zgorzelski Cezary , Madej Krzysztof , Nazarewski Sławomir , Smólski Mikołaj , Olewnik Łukasz , Litwin Mieczysław , Szczerbo-Trojanowska Małgorzata , Zieniewicz Krzysztof , Drygas Wojciech , Rowiński Olgierd , Witkowski Adam , Adlam David , Van der Niepen Patricia , Persu Alexandre , Januszewicz Andrzej , Januszewicz Magdalena 
Published: January 2020

Objective:
Visceral artery fibromuscular dysplasia (VA FMD) manifestations range from asymptomatic to life-threatening. The aim of the study is to evaluate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of VA FMD.

Methods:
A total of 232 FMD patients enrolled into ongoing ARCADIA-POL study were included in this analysis. All patients underwent detailed clinical evaluation including ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, biobanking, duplex Doppler of carotid and abdominal arteries and whole body angio-computed tomography. Three control groups (patients with renal FMD without visceral involvement, healthy normotensive patients and resistant hypertensive patients) matched for age and sex were included.

Results:
VA FMD was present in 32 patients (13.8%). Among these patients (women: 84.4%), FMD lesions were more frequent in celiac trunk (83.1%), 62.5% of patients showed at least one visceral aneurysm, and five patients presented with severe complications related to VA FMD. No demographic differences were found between patients with VA FMD and individuals from the three control groups, with the exception of lower weight (P < 0.001) and BMI (P < 0.001) in VA FMD patients. Patients with FMD (with or without visceral artery involvement) showed significantly smaller visceral arterial diameters compared with controls without FMD.

Conclusion:
Patients with FMD showed smaller visceral arterial diameters when compared with patients without FMD. This may reflect a new phenotype of FMD, as a generalized arteriopathy, what needs further investigation. Lower BMI in patients with VA FMD might be explained by chronic mesenteric ischemia resulting from FMD lesions. FMD visceral involvement and visceral arterial aneurysms in patients with renal FMD are far to be rare. This strengthens the need for a systematic evaluation of all vascular beds, including visceral arteries, regardless of initial FMD involvement.