bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daily Step Count and Postprandial Fat Metabolism
Authors: BURTON HEATH M. , COYLE EDWARD F. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Two benefits of acute exercise are the next day’s lowering of the postprandial plasma triglyceride response to a high-fat meal and increased fat oxidation. However, if activity levels (daily steps) are very low, these acute adaptations to exercise do not occur. This phenomenon has been termed “exercise resistance.” This study sought to systematically reduce daily step number and identify the range of step counts that elicit “exercise resistance.”

Methods
Ten participants completed three, 5-d trials in a randomized, crossover design with differing levels of step reduction. After 2 d of controlled activity, participants completed 2 d of LOW, LIMITED, or NORMAL steps (2675 ± 314, 4759 ± 276, and 8481 ± 581 steps per day, respectively). Participants completed a 1-h bout of running on the evening of the second day. High-fat tolerance tests were performed on the next morning, and postprandial responses were compared.

Results
After LOW and LIMITED, postprandial incremental area under the curve (AUC) of plasma triglyceride was elevated 22%–23% compared with NORMAL (P < 0.05). Whole body fat oxidation was also significantly lower (16%–19%, P < 0.05, respectively) in LOW and LIMITED compared with NORMAL. No significant differences were found between LOW and LIMITED.

Conclusion
Two days of step reduction to approximately 2500–5000 steps per day in young healthy individuals impairs the ability of an acute bout of exercise to increase fat oxidation and attenuate postprandial increases in plasma triglycerides. This suggests that “exercise resistance” occurs in individuals taking approximately 5000 or fewer steps per day, whereas 8500 steps per day protects against exercise resistance in fat metabolism. It seems that fat metabolism is influenced more by the inhibitory effects of inactivity than by the stimulating effects derived from 1 h of moderate-intensity running.
Muscle Typology of World-Class Cyclists across Various Disciplines and Events
Authors: Lievens Eline , Bellinger Phillip , Van Vossel Kim , Vancompernolle Jan , Bex Tine , Minahan Clare , Derave Wim 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Classic track-and-field studies demonstrated that elite endurance athletes exhibit a slow muscle typology, whereas elite sprint athletes have a predominant fast muscle typology. In elite cycling, conclusive data on muscle typology are scarce, which may be due to the invasive nature of muscle biopsies. The noninvasive estimation of muscle typology through the measurement of muscle carnosine enabled to explore the muscle typology of 80 world-class cyclists of different disciplines.

Methods
The muscle carnosine content of 80 cyclists (4 bicycle motor cross racing [BMX], 33 track, 8 cyclo-cross, 24 road, and 11 mountain bike) was measured in the soleus and gastrocnemius by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and expressed as a z-score relative to a reference population. Track cyclists were divided into track sprint and endurance cyclists based on their Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) ranking. Moreover, road cyclists were further characterized based on the percentage of UCI points earned during either single and multistage races.

Results
BMX cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of 1.33) are characterized by a faster muscle typology than track, cyclo-cross, road, and mountain bike cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of −0.08, −0.76, −0.96, and −1.02, respectively; P < 0.05). Track cyclists also possess a faster muscle typology compared with mountain bikers (P = 0.033) and road cyclists (P = 0.005). Moreover, track sprinters show a significant faster muscle typology (carnosine aggregate z-score of 0.87) compared with track endurance cyclists (carnosine aggregate z-score of −0.44) (P < 0.001). In road cyclists, the higher the carnosine aggregate z-score, the higher the percentage of UCI points gained during single-stage races (r = 0.517, P = 0.010).

Conclusions
Prominent differences in the noninvasively determined muscle typology exist between elite cyclists of various disciplines, which opens opportunities for application in talent orientation and transfer.
The Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Low Energy Availability in a Male Combat Sport Athlete
Authors: LANGAN-EVANS CARL , GERMAINE MARK , ARTUKOVIC MARIO , OXBOROUGH DAVID L. , ARETA JOSÉ L. , CLOSE GRAEME L. , MORTON JAMES P. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low energy availability (EA) on health and performance indices associated with the Male Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) models.

Methods
Over an 8-wk period, a male combat sport athlete adhered to a phased body mass (BM) loss plan consisting of 7-wk energy intake (EI) equating to resting metabolic rate (RMR) (1700 kcal·d−1) (phase 1), 5 d of reduced EI (1200–300 kcal·d−1) before weigh-in (phase 2), and 1 wk of ad libitum EI postcompetition (phase 3). EA fluctuated day by day because of variations in exercise energy expenditure. Regular assessments of body composition, RMR, cardiac function, cardiorespiratory capacity, strength and power, psychological state and blood clinical chemistry for endocrine, bone turnover, hydration, electrolyte, renal, liver, and lipid profiles were performed.

Results
BM was reduced over the 8-wk period by 13.5% (72.5 to 62.7 kg). No consequences of Male Athlete Triad or RED-S were evident during phase 1, where mean daily EA equated to 20 kcal·kg·fat free mass (FFM)−1·d−1 (range, 7 to 31 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1) and BM and fat mass (FM) losses were 6.5 and 4.4 kg, respectively. However, consequences did present in phase 2 when mean daily EA was consistently <10 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1, as evidenced by alterations to endocrine hormones (e.g., testosterone <5 nmol.L−1) and reduced RMR (−257 kcal·d−1).

Conclusion
Data demonstrate that 7 wk of daily fluctuations in EA equating to a mean value of 20 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1 permits reductions of BM and FM without perturbations to physiological systems associated with the Male Athlete Triad and RED-S. By contrast, a subsequent period of five consecutive days of EA <10 kcal·kg FFM−1·d−1 induced consequences of Male Athlete Triad and RED-S.
Blood Flow Restriction Combined with Electrical Stimulation Attenuates Thigh Muscle Disuse Atrophy
Authors: SLYSZ JOSHUA T. , BOSTON MATTHEW , KING ROBERT , PIGNANELLI CHRISTOPHER , POWER GEOFFREY A. , BURR JAMIE F. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) combined with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on skeletal muscle mass and strength during a period of limb disuse.

Methods
Thirty healthy participants (22 ± 3 yr; 23 ± 3 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to control (CON; n = 10), BFR alone (BFR; n = 10), or BFR combined with EMS (BFR + EMS; n = 10). All participants completed unloading of a single leg for 14 d, with no treatment (CON), or while treated with either BFR or BFR + EMS (twice daily, 5 d·wk−1). BFR treatment involved arterial three cycles of 5-min occlusion using suprasystolic pressure, each separated by 5 min of reperfusion. EMS (6 s on, 15 s off; 200 μs; 60 Hz; 15% maximal voluntary contraction [MVC]) was applied continuously throughout the three BFR cycles. Quadriceps muscle mass (whole-thigh lean mass via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and vastus lateralis [VL] muscle thickness via ultrasound) and strength (via knee extension MVC) were assessed before and after the 14-d unloading period.

Results
After limb unloading, whole-thigh lean mass decreased in the control group (−4% ± 1%, P < 0.001) and BFR group (−3% ± 2%, P = 0.001), but not in the BFR + EMS group (−0.3% ± 3%, P = 0.8). VL muscle thickness decreased in the control group (−4% ± 4%, P = 0.005) and was trending toward a decrease in the BFR group (−8% ± 11%, P = 0.07) and increase in the BFR + EMS group (+5% ± 10%, P = 0.07). Knee extension MVC decreased over time (P < 0.005) in the control group (−18% ± 15%), BFR group (−10% ± 13%), and BFR + EMS group (−18% ± 15%), with no difference between groups (P > 0.5).

Conclusion
Unlike BFR performed in isolation, BFR + EMS represents an effective interventional strategy to attenuate the loss of muscle mass during limb disuse, but it does not demonstrate preservation of strength.
Reliability and Validity of Self-reported Muscle-strengthening Exercise in the Cancer Prevention Study-3
Authors: Subbiah Krishnaveni , Rees-Punia Erika , Patel Alpa V. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
This study examined the 1-yr reliability and construct validity of survey items relating to time spent on muscle-strengthening exercise (MSE) in a subset of a large prospective cohort.

Methods
Participants (n = 293 men, 433 women; age, 32–73 yr) were selected from the Cancer Prevention Study-3. Information was collected using a 1-yr presurvey and postsurvey and four 7-d diaries throughout the year. The presurvey and postsurveys collected time spent on MSE in two ways: one question captured MSE activities performed during a typical 24-h period (24-h survey), and another question captured leisure-time physical activities performed in hours per week and months per year (LTPA survey). Time spent on MSE using the LTPA survey was calculated for individual MSE items and summed for total MSE time. One-year reliability was assessed by comparing the responses between the presurvey and postsurvey using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Construct validity was assessed by computing Spearman’s correlation coefficients between responses from the postsurvey items and the diary. Additional analyses were conducted to examine whether reliability or validity varied by sociodemographic factors.

Results
Reliability estimates for all MSE items were moderate (≥0.40) or strong (≥0.60) overall and across demographic strata. Reliability estimates were strongest for total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.71–0.78) compared with the 24-h survey (0.59; 95% CI, 0.54–0.64). In contrast, the validity estimates were similarly strong for the total MSE on the LTPA survey (Spearman ρ = 0.71; 95% CI, 0.67–0.75) and the 24-h survey (Spearman ρ = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.64–0.72).

Conclusions
The CPS-3 surveys have acceptable 1-yr reliability and validity for self-reported time spent on MSE. Reliability and validity estimates are acceptable across all sociodemographic subgroups.
Nutritional Care in Relation to COVID-19
Authors: Delaney Emer 
Published: October 2020

The following article was written after the initial wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. On reflection of clinical practice during this time, it was noted by the ICU team that the majority of ventilated patients appeared to have lost weight during their stay. Unfortunately, there was no ability to weigh patients during the pandemic, so this weight loss was a subjective observation. Regardless, this observation lead the ICU dietitian to retrospectively audit prescribed versus delivered feed. It was found that only 10% of admissions received the prescribed daily volume of feed within the first 7 days of admission. A further 6% of admissions were within 10% of achieving daily prescribed target volumes. The main reasons for this were proning patients, high gastric residual volumes and the overwhelming nature of the pandemic. Three areas of practice have been highlighted that will improve feed delivery should a second wave occur. 1. A nasojejunal team comprising 20 members of the ICU multidiciplinary team will be established to insert bedside nasojejunal tubes in all ICU patients on admission. 2. All proned patients will be enterally fed and practice adjusted as per British Dietetic Association recommendations. 3. The international enteral feeding guidelines regarding hypocaloric feeding for the first 7 days will not be followed due to minimal clinical evidence for the ICU COVID-19 demographic.
Intramedullary compression screw fixation of metacarpal and phalangeal fractures
Authors: Guidi Marco , Frueh Florian S. , Besmens Inga , Calcagni Maurizio 
Published: October 2020

The intramedullary headless compression screw (IMCS) technique represents a reliable alternative to percutaneous Kirschner-wire and plate fixation with minimal complications. Transverse fractures of the metacarpal shaft represent a good indication for this technique. Non-comminuted subcapital and short oblique fractures can also be treated with IMCS. This technique should not be used in the presence of an open epiphysis, infection and, most of all, in subchondral fractures, because of the lack of purchase for the head of the screw. A double screw construct is recommended for comminuted subcapital fractures of the metacarpal to avoid metacarpal shortening. IMCS can even be applied for peri-articular fractures of the proximal third of the phalanx and in some multi-fragmentary proximal and middle phalangeal fractures. Usually the intramedullary screws are not removed. The main indications for screw removal are joint protrusion, infection and screw breakage after new fracture. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:624-629. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190068
Trends in the treatment of infected knee arthroplasty
Authors: Tözün Ismail Remzi , Ozden Vahit Emre , Dikmen Goksel , Karaytuğ Kayahan 
Published: October 2020

Essential treatment methods for infected knee arthroplasty involve DAIR (debridement, antibiotics, and implant retention), and one and two-stage exchange arthroplasty. Aggressive debridement with the removal of all avascular tissues and foreign materials that contain biofilm is mandatory for all surgical treatment modalities. DAIR is a viable option with an acceptable success rate and can be used as a first surgical procedure for patients who have a well-fixed, functioning prosthesis without a sinus tract for acute-early or late-hematogenous acute infections with no more than four weeks (most favourable being < seven days) of symptoms. Surgeons must focus on the isolation of the causative organism with sensitivities to bactericidal treatment as using one-stage exchange. One-stage exchange is indicated when the patients have: minimal bone loss/soft tissue defect allowing primary wound closure, easy to treat micro-organisms, absence of systemic sepsis and absence of extensive comorbidities. There are no validated serum or synovial biomarkers to determine optimal timing of re-implantation for two-stage exchange. Antibiotic-free waiting intervals and joint aspiration before the second stage are no longer recommended. The decision to perform aspiration should be made based on the index of suspicion for persistent infection. Re-implantation can be performed when the treating medical team feels that the clinical signs of infection are under control and serological tests are trending downwards. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:672-683. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190069
Total hip arthroplasty for sickle cell osteonecrosis: guidelines for perioperative management
Authors: Hernigou Philippe , Housset Victor , Pariat Jacques , Dubory Arnaud , Flouzat Lachaniette Charles Henri 
Published: October 2020

The prognosis of sickle cell disease (SCD) has greatly improved in recent years, resulting in an increased number of patients reporting musculoskeletal complications such as osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) can be utilized to alleviate the pain associated with this disease. Although it is well known that hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis (AVN) in SCD may represent a challenge for the surgeon, complications are frequent, and no guidelines exist to prevent these complications. Because patients with SCD will frequently undergo THA, we thought it necessary to fulfil the need for guidance recommendations based on experience, evidence and agreement from the literature. For all these reasons this review proposes guidelines that provide clinicians with a document regarding management of patients with SCD in the period of time leading up to primary THA. The recommendations provide guidance that has been informed by the clinical expertise and experience of the authors and available literature. Although this is not a systematic review since some papers may have been published in languages other than English, our study population consisted of 5,868 patients, including 2,126 patients with SCD operated on for THA by the senior author in the same hospital during 40 years and 3,742 patients reported in the literature.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:641-651. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190073
Diversity in orthopaedics and traumatology: a global perspective
Authors:   The International Orthopaedic Diversity Alliance
Published: October 2020

Europe represents true diversity, with cultural, linguistic and geopolitical variation spanning a large geographical area. Politics for many of its 750 million inhabitants revolves around the European Union (EU) and its 27 member states. The overarching goal of the EU is to promote peace and the values of the union (inclusion, tolerance, justice, solidarity and non-discrimination).1,2 EFORT was created to connect orthopaedic associations across Europe, fostering relationships between member countries that celebrated diversity and facilitated the exchange of knowledge. Whilst the global landscape changes and politics attempts to interfere in how we live our lives, it is important to remember that a strong organization is a diverse one that evolves over time. Various initiatives exist across the global landscape to support diversity in terms of culture; gender; black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) groups; disability groups; lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (or questioning) and others (LGBTQ+); and the ‘ageing’ surgeon. This article explores the creation of some of these initiatives and how they have been supported by different orthopaedic organizations. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:743-752. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200022
Pig Ear Extraction Based on an Improved Active Contour Model
Authors: Chen Songnan , Tang Mengxia , Kan Jiangming 
Published: October 2020

Abstract.With the integration and scale of pig breeding, the frequency of some diseases is also increasing. To automatically detect porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) during the pig cultivation process, this article proposes an improved method for pig ear extraction that is based on the active contour model. Firstly, we use the Gaussian scale space filtering and piecewise linear transformation algorithm to highlight the target zones of interest. Secondly, we use a randomly picked ear image point to reconstruct the image region and combine the active contour model to coarse segment the ear image. Finally, by taking advantage of the modified active contour model, the method precisely extracts the pig ear image. The experimental result shows that the proposed method can achieve better segmentation results. The segmentation accuracy of the image of pig contains only one ear can exceed 90%, and the accuracy of the image of pig contains two ears is greater than 85%. Keywords: Active contour model, Ear extraction, Image enhancement, Spline interpolation.
Effect of Rice Chilling on Drying, Milling, and Quality Characteristics
Authors: Shafiekhani Soraya , Atungulu Griffiths G 
Published: October 2020

HighlightsThis study experimentally simulated drying of rough rice subjected to various cold storage/chilling conditions.The rice was dried using slightly-heated air and high temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems.The moisture removal, drying rate constant, material state transition, milling and quality characteristics of rice upon drying conditions was investigated.The study provides important reference information for growers and rice processors using the relatively new rice cooling technology.Abstract. High temperature (field heat) and moisture content of freshly harvested rough rice promote excessive respiration and microbial growth. Therefore, the rice risks significant deterioration of quality due to delayed drying at peak harvest time when drying capacity becomes limited. The U.S. rice industry has identified that cooling/chilling the rice prior to drying to remove the excess heat, immediately after harvest, significantly preserves the quality of milled rice. This study experimentally simulated drying of rough rice after cold storage/chilling. The rice was dried using slightly-heated air and high temperature air with procedures set to mimic those practiced by commercial systems. Rough rice at moisture contents (MCs) of 16%, 19%, and 21% (wet basis) were stored at storage temperature (Ts) of 10°C, 15°C, and 20°C for up to 4 months. Following retrieval, the samples were dried at drying temperature (Td) of 35°C, 45°C, and 60°C and relative humidity (RH) of 20%. Each drying run comprised of two 20-min drying passes with the rice tempered at the drying Td for a duration of 4 h following every drying pass. Following the drying, the rice was conditioned in an equilibrium MC chamber (T=26°C, RH=56%) to 12.5% MC and then milled to evaluate milled rice yield and quality characteristics. The highest percentage points of MC removal (6.77% points) occurred following drying at air temperature of 60°C for samples with initial MC at 21% and stored at 20°C. Drying with air at 60°C decreased head rice yield (HRY) especially for samples with initial MC at 21% and stored at 10°C (HRY=51.4% versus those at 45°C and 35°C, HRY=55.95% and HRY=58.8%, respectively). Drying air temperatures studied (35°C, 45°C, 60°C) had no significant effect of causing discoloration of samples within the range of the studied initial MCs and storage temperatures. Peak and final viscosities of samples with different initial MCs (16%, 19%, and 21%) stored at 20°C followed by high temperature air drying (60°C) were significantly different from those of samples stored at 10°C and 15°C. The results provided insight into the drying, milling, and quality characteristics of rice after cold storage/chilling. The information provide foundation for development of new recommendations to improve quality of milled rice. Keywords: Conventional drying, Cooling/chilling, Milling quality, Rough rice, Storage.