bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Song Pattern Variation in the Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza belli): Dialects or Epiphenomena?
Authors: Wiens John A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
I investigated variation in the songs of Sage Sparrows (Amphispiza belli) breeding in the northwestern Great Basin over a 3-yr period. Individuals sang a single song type, which did not change during the day, through the breeding season, or between years. Although different individuals and populations differed in song parameters such as duration, delivery rate, and notes and note types per song, these variations exhibited no overall patterns with respect to geography or habitat. Similarity matrices based upon the sequential arrangement of note types in songs were used to draw comparisons within and between populations. Within-population vocal similarity of individuals varied considerably, from populations in which most neighboring individuals sang similar or identical songs to situations in which most individuals sang quite different songs; in one population, song variation was arrayed in "neighborhoods" of 3-5 individuals sharing similar songs, which differed markedly from those of adjacent clusters of individuals.
Song variation between populations was significantly greater than that within populations. Some populations located close to one another shared many song elements and patterns, but other nearby populations were totally different and showed greater similarity with populations located some distance away. The degree of song similarity between populations was neither a simple function of the physical distance between the populations, nor was it related to the distribution of topographic barriers in this region. Populations with greater between-individual dissimilarity in song patterns were also more variable from one year to the next and occurred in habitats of lower vegetation stature and greater patchiness. Generally, however, the patterns of vocal variation within and between populations were unrelated to features of habitat structure, to the densities of Sage Sparrows or of other coexisting species, or to avian community attributes.
I suggest that Sage Sparrows may have a simple, single-song repertoire because the song serves simple functions, and selection favoring a more elaborate song may be absent. The variety of patterns of within- and between-population vocal similarity may be associated with differences in population turnover rates, song ontogeny, dominance relationships, and dispersal, all of which require documentation to establish the foundations of vocal variation in this system (and others). The variety of population patterns, however, argues against a simplistic categorization of this species as dialectal or nondialectal. Much of the variation that is expressed may be a consequence of chance events and represents "epiphenomena" that are random with respect to natural selection.
Diabetes medications and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study of patients with diabetes
Authors: Brauer Ruth , Wei Li , Ma Tiantian , Athauda Dilan , Girges Christine , Vijiaratnam Nirosen , Auld Grace , Whittlesea Cate , Wong Ian , Foltynie Tom 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The elevated risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with diabetes might be mitigated depending on the type of drugs prescribed to treat diabetes. Population data for risk of Parkinson’s disease in users of the newer types of drugs used in diabetes are scarce. We compared the risk of Parkinson’s disease in patients with diabetes exposed to thiazolidinediones (glitazones), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors, with the risk of Parkinson’s disease of users of any other oral glucose lowering drugs. A population-based, longitudinal, cohort study was conducted using historic primary care data from The Health Improvement Network. Patients with a diagnosis of diabetes and a minimum of two prescriptions for diabetes medications between January 2006 and January 2019 were included in our study. The primary outcome was the first recording of a diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease after the index date, identified from clinical records. We compared the risk of Parkinson’s disease in individuals treated with glitazones or DPP4 inhibitors and/or GLP-1 receptor agonists to individuals treated with other antidiabetic agents using a Cox regression with inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores. Results were analysed separately for insulin users. Among 100 288 patients [mean age 62.8 years (standard deviation 12.6)], 329 (0.3%) were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease during the median follow-up of 3.33 years. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease was 8 per 10 000 person-years in 21 175 patients using glitazones, 5 per 10 000 person-years in 36 897 patients using DPP4 inhibitors and 4 per 10 000 person-years in 10 684 using GLP-1 mimetics, 6861 of whom were prescribed GTZ and/or DPP4 inhibitors prior to using GLP-1 mimetics. Compared with the incidence of Parkinson’s disease in the comparison group (10 per 10 000 person-years), adjusted results showed no evidence of any association between the use of glitazones and Parkinson’s disease [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–1.63; P = 0.467], but there was strong evidence of an inverse association between use of DPP4 inhibitors and GLP-1 mimetics and the onset of Parkinson’s disease (IRR 0.64; 95% CI 0.43–0.88; P &lt; 0.01 and IRR 0.38; 95% CI 0.17–0.60; P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Results for insulin users were in the same direction, but the overall size of this group was small. The incidence of Parkinson’s disease in patients diagnosed with diabetes varies substantially depending on the treatment for diabetes received. The use of DPP4 inhibitors and/or GLP-1 mimetics is associated with a lower rate of Parkinson’s disease compared to the use of other oral antidiabetic drugs.
Catecholaminergic Modulation of Semantic Processing in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Tan Yingying , Hagoort Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Catecholamine (CA) function has been widely implicated in cognitive functions that are tied to the prefrontal cortex and striatal areas. The present study investigated the effects of methylphenidate, which is a CA agonist, on the electroencephalogram (EEG) response related to semantic processing using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover, within-subject design. Forty-eight healthy participants read semantically congruent or incongruent sentences after receiving 20-mg methylphenidate or a placebo while their brain activity was monitored with EEG. To probe whether the catecholaminergic modulation is task-dependent, in one condition participants had to focus on comprehending the sentences, while in the other condition, they only had to attend to the font size of the sentence. The results demonstrate that methylphenidate has a task-dependent effect on semantic processing. Compared to placebo, when semantic processing was task-irrelevant, methylphenidate enhanced the detection of semantic incongruence as indexed by a larger N400 amplitude in the incongruent sentences; when semantic processing was task-relevant, methylphenidate induced a larger N400 amplitude in the semantically congruent condition, which was followed by a larger late positive complex effect. These results suggest that CA-related neurotransmitters influence language processing, possibly through the projections between the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, which contain many CA receptors.
Social Capital and Large-Scale Agricultural Investments: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Khadjavi Menusch , Sipangule Kacana , Thiele Rainer 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Following the 2007–8 global food crisis, agricultural producers have invested in large tracts of land in developing countries. We investigate how the arrival of large-scale farms changes inter-personal trust and reciprocity, important components of social capital, in traditional villages. We elicit trust and reciprocal behaviour in villages that lie near large-scale farms and compare them with villages at a distance. Our data reveal greater trust in villages close to large-scale farms. Reciprocity is more frequent after farm employment. These results are likely driven by communal coping and reputation building. A natural field measure shows that trust correlates with public good sharing.
Improvement of the objective function in the velocity structure inversion based on horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquake ground motions
Authors: Rong Mianshui , Li Xiaojun , Fu Lei 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYGiven the improvements that have been made in the forward calculations of seismic noise horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (NHVSRs) or earthquake ground motion HVSRs (EHVSRs), a number of HVSR inversion methods have been proposed to identify underground velocity structures. Compared with the studies on NHVSR inversion, the research on the EHVSR-based inversion methods is relatively rare. In this paper, to make full use of the widely available and constantly accumulating strong-motion observation data, we propose an S-wave HVSR inversion method based on diffuse-field approximation. Herein, the S-wave components of earthquake ground motion recordings are considered as data source. Improvements to the objective function has been achieved in this work. An objective function with the slope term is introduced. The new objective function can mitigate the multisolution phenomenon encountered when working with HVSR curves with multipeaks. Then, a synthetic case is used to show the verification of the proposed method and this method has been applied to invert underground velocity structures for six KiK-net stations based on earthquake observations. The results show that the proposed S-wave EHVSR inversion method is effective for identifying underground velocity structures.
Lysine acetylation regulates the RNA binding, subcellular localization and inclusion formation of FUS
Authors: Arenas Alexandra , Chen Jing , Kuang Lisha , Barnett Kelly R , Kasarskis Edward J , Gal Jozsef , Zhu Haining 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the preferential death of motor neurons. Approximately 10% of ALS cases are familial and 90% are sporadic. Fused in sarcoma (FUS) is a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein implicated in familial ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The physiological function and pathological mechanism of FUS are not well understood, particularly whether post-translational modifications play a role in regulating FUS function. In this study, we discovered that FUS was acetylated at lysine-315/316 (K315/K316) and lysine-510 (K510) residues in two distinct domains. Located in the nuclear localization sequence, K510 acetylation disrupted the interaction between FUS and Transportin-1, resulting in the mislocalization of FUS in the cytoplasm and formation of stress granule-like inclusions. Located in the RNA recognition motif, K315/K316 acetylation reduced RNA binding to FUS and decreased the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions. Treatment with deacetylase inhibitors also significantly reduced the inclusion formation in cells expressing ALS mutation P525L. More interestingly, familial ALS patient fibroblasts showed higher levels of FUS K510 acetylation as compared with healthy controls. Lastly, CREB-binding protein/p300 acetylated FUS, whereas both sirtuins and histone deacetylases families of lysine deacetylases contributed to FUS deacetylation. These findings demonstrate that FUS acetylation regulates the RNA binding, subcellular localization and inclusion formation of FUS, implicating a potential role of acetylation in the pathophysiological process leading to FUS-mediated ALS/FTD.
Wild salmonids are running the gauntlet of pathogens and climate as fish farms expand northwards
Authors: Vollset Knut Wiik , Lennox Robert J , Davidsen Jan Grimsrud , Eldøy Sindre Håvarstein , Isaksen Trond E , Madhun Abdullah , Karlsson Sten , Miller Kristina M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Salmon farming has multiplied from a side business of coastal farmers to one of the world's major aquaculture species. This has dramatically altered the disease dynamics between farmed and wild salmonids. As salmon fish farming has increased, new restrictions have been enforced to combat emerging density-dependent impacts of pathogen spillover. In most northern and arctic regions, the effects of pathogens from fish farms on wild salmonids have been minimal for two key reasons: (i) relative low density of fish farms in the north and (ii) cold water temperatures. However, both factors are set to change dramatically. On one side, there is an increasing interest in utilizing northern areas for fish farming due to limited capacity for expansion in mid-latitude regions. On the other side, climate change is rapidly changing these northern ecosystems. High-latitude regions inhabit some of the largest remaining wild Atlantic salmon populations in the world along with sea trout and Arctic charr. Wild salmonids in the north have most likely seldom been exposed to high infection pressure, and we question how these populations will cope with changes that are coming. We identify 12 research questions emerging from these imminent changes and discuss methodologies for addressing them. We conclude that policies related to fish farming must consider uncertainties with respect to pathogen dynamics in the north until these research questions are fully addressed.
Role of ultra-processed food in fat mass index between 6 and 11 years of age: a cohort study
Authors: Costa Caroline dos Santos , Assunção Maria Cecília Formoso , Loret de Mola Christian , Cardoso Juliane de Souza , Matijasevich Alicia , Barros Aluísio J D , Santos Iná S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Ultra-processed food consumption and obesity have been highlighted as an important relationship to public health. We aimed to evaluate the association between ultra-processed food consumption and body fat from 6 to 11 years of age.

Methods
We assessed the association between ultra-processed food consumption (from food frequency questionnaires) and body fat (measured by air displacement plethysmography) between 6 and 11 years of age among participants of the Pelotas-Brazil 2004 Birth Cohort. The NOVA classification was used to classify foods according to the processing degree. Body fat was evaluated relative to the height using fat mass index (FMI). Generalized estimating equations were used to answer the main research question and mediation analyses were run to assess the direct and indirect effect of ultra-processed food in body fat.

Results
At fully adjusted analysis, an increase of 100 g in contribution from ultra-processed food to daily food intake at between 6 and 11 years of age was associated with a gain of 0.14 kg/m² in FMI in the same period; 58% of the total effect of ultra-processed food intake at 6 years (in grams) over the change in FMI from 6 to 11 years was mediated by its calorie content.

Conclusions
Ultra-processed food consumption was associated with an increase in body fat from childhood to early adolescence, and this association was not just due to the effect of ultra-processed food on calorie content.
Exposure to Moderate Glycosuria Induces Virulence of Group B Streptococcus
Authors: John Preeti P , Baker Brady C , Paudel Santosh , Nassour Lauren , Cagle Hayden , Kulkarni Ritwij 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To explore whether glycosuria induces virulence of uropathogens, in turn facilitating urinary tract infection (UTI), we exposed group B Streptococcus (GBS) strain 10/84 to human urine plain or with 300 mg/dL glucose (mimicking moderate glycosuria). Exposure to moderate glycosuria significantly augmented bacterial growth, kidney bacterial burden in a mouse model of ascending UTI, and virulence characteristics and expression of corresponding genes. Exposure to glycosuria increased GBS adherence to human bladder epithelial cell line and expression of corresponding PI2a fimbrial gene, antimicrobial peptide LL-37 resistance and bacterial surface charge modulating dltA, and GBS hemolytic ability and expression of genes encoding pore-forming toxins.
Determination of Imidacloprid and Benzimidazole Residues in Fruits and Vegetables by Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry after Ethyl Acetate Multiresidue Extraction
Authors: Fernández-Alba Amadeo R , Tejedor Ana , Agüera Ana , Contreras Mariano , Garrido Juan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A simple and sensitive method based on liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionization–mass spectrometry is described for the determination of 4 benzimidazole pesticides (carbendazim, thiabendazole, benomyl, and thiophanate-methyl) and imidacloprid in vegetables and fruits. Food samples were typically extracted with ethyl acetate to draw the analytes into the organic phase. No cleanup step was necessary before injection into the liquid chromatographic (LC) system with electrospray mass spectrometric detection. The analytes were separated on a reversed-phase C8LC column. Limits of detection for the compounds were in the μg/L range. Results are reported for validation studies with fortified pear and tomato samples and for residues of the target compounds found in the pesticide residue monitoring program during 1998.
Determination of Aluminium and Chromium in Slurried Baby Food Samples by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Viñas Pilar , Pardo-Martínez Mercedes , Hernández-Córdoba Manuel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine aluminium and chromium in different types of baby foods. Samples without previous treatment were introduced into the atomizer as suspensions, which were prepared in a medium containing 0.1% (w/v) Triton X-100 (for chromium) or 10% (v/v) ethanol (for aluminium), 5% (v/v) concentrated hydrogen peroxide, and 0.5% (v/v) concentrated nitric acid. The slurries were homogenized with a potter and introduced directly into the furnace. The presence of nitric acid allowed a substantial amount of analyte to be extracted to the liquid phase. No matrix effect was observed and aqueous standard solutions were used for calibration. The detection limits were 4 and 50 pg for chromium and aluminium, respectively; characteristic masses were 3.8 pg for chromium and 18 pg for aluminium. Reliability of the procedures was checked by statistically comparing the results with those obtained with a previous microwave oven mineralization stage and by analyis of several certified reference materials. Values for the aluminium content ranged between 0.4 and 3.0 μg/g, and for chromium between 0.003 and 0.06 μg/g.
Trace Analysis of Microcystins in Environmental Samples
Authors: Harada Ken-Ichi , Kondo Fumio , Tsuji Kiyomi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Microcystins, the cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by cyanobacteria such as Microcystis sp., show potent hepatotoxicity and tumor-promoting activity through inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. A toxic incident resulting in the death of 50 people in Brazil in 1996 was due to microcystins in water used for hemodialysis. Microcystins are now threatening human health and life, but many problems associated with microcystins remain unsolved. This report describes how to analyze trace amounts of microcystins in complicated matrixes such as liver tissue, lake water, and sediments.
Protein Immunoassay Methods for Detection of Biotech Crops: Applications, Limitations, and Practical Considerations
Authors: Stave James W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Immunoassay methods are available for detection and quantitation of proteins expressed by most biotechnology-derived crops in commercial production. The 2 most common test formats are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunochromatographic (lateral flow) strip tests. Two ELISA methods, one for Roundup Ready soybeans and one for MON810 Cry1Ab corn, were the subject of large international collaborative studies and were demonstrated to quantitatively determine the concentrations of biotech crops in samples of ground grain. Quantitative ELISA methods are also useful for analysis of processed fractions of agricultural commodities such as soybean toasted meal or corn flour. Both strip tests and ELISAs for biotech crops are currently being used on a large scale in the United States to manage the sale and distribution of grain. In these applications, tests are used to determine if the concentration of biotech grain is above or below specified threshold limits. Using existing U.S. Department of Agriculture sampling techniques, the reliability of the threshold determination is expressed in terms of statistical confidence rather than analytical precision. Combining the use of protein immunoassays with Identity Preservation systems provides an effective means of characterizing the raw and processed agricultural inputs to the food production system in a way that allows food producers to comply with labeling laws.
State of the Art and Limitations of Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Wiseman Gordon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Consequential to the implementation of European Commission (EC) Regulation 1139/98, EC Regulation 49/2000, and EC Regulation 50/2000 has been the need to measure accurately the levels of the genetically modified (GM) species Roundup Ready Soya and Bt 176 Maize that are present in food. Analytical methods to detect and quantitate these transgenic species have received much attention particularly with respect to the deminimus threshold of 1% for their presence in materials derived from non-GM identity-preserved (IP) supplies. The relative advantages and limitations of threshold analysis by double-competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and quantitative real-time PCR are discussed in their application to the quantitative analysis of processed foods. Consideration is also given to other factors involved in the analyses that affect the performance of quantitative procedures, and to the many uncertainties involved in the precision of a reported analytical result.
Determination of Available Phenolic Compounds in Soils by Liquid Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction
Authors: Matějíček David , Klejdus Bořivoj , Kubáň Vlastimil 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A fast, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatographic (LC) method was developed for determination of derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, 2,3,4–trihydroxybenzoic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic, caffeic, syringic, 4-coumaric, ferulic, sinapic, benzoic, 2-coumaric, cinnamic acids, and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin) in soil samples. The method for sample pretreatment is based on temperature-controlled extraction with water (pH 5.6) for 60 min. Extracts were preconcentrated and purified by solid-phase extraction on OASIS HLB sorbent, with subsequent separation and quantification of individual substances by LC with UV diode-array detection. Limits of detection (3 signal-to-noise LODs) better than 65 ng/g (dry weight) and recoveries from 88 to 99% were found for each compound at absorbance 280 nm. The method was used for determination of bioavailable phenolic compounds in different soil samples.