bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Puzzle of Counterproliferation
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A brief introduction describes the scope of the project, the key questions, and why they deserve attention. It focuses specifically on two important questions: why would states opt to end their nuclear weapons pursuit and which set of policy levers is most likely to succeed in achieving this outcome? Second, this chapter presents the core argument in brief: the decision to end a nuclear program is significantly impacted by external factors. Further, it presents the existing literature—both scholarship examining nuclear decision-making as well as the research on inducements in international relations—that is used as the foundation for the analysis. Lastly, it defines nuclear reversal and establishes a framework for analyzing its variation, introduces the utility of bargaining with rewards and sanctions. It concludes by providing an overview of the entire book project and brief introductions of each chapter.
Theory of Nuclear Reversal
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the core theoretical framework in this study: an analysis of nuclear reversal at the systemic level and the conditions under which the international community is able to induce a proliferator to abandon a nascent nuclear program. Specifically, it introduces a novel theoretical approach that highlights the necessity to negotiate with both positive and negative inducements in the shadow of military force. In addition to including the core hypotheses for empirical testing, it includes a discussion of probabilistic conditions to help examine a broader set of proliferation cases. These conditions include the impact of leadership change on the association between inducements and nuclear reversal, as well as how a proliferator’s relationship with the United States influences the likelihood of nuclear reversal. It concludes with potential limitations and overarching policy implications of the framework.
Evidence from the Historical Record
Authors: Mehta Rupal N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a series of quantitative, large-n analyses of nuclear reversal that test the core propositions and hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. It expands on existing work to systematically examine all states that engaged in nuclear weapons activity. It overviews the data on rewards (political, military, or economic) and punishments (economic or military) for analysis. It presents several statistical tests of the six hypotheses derived in Chapter 2. Using a time-series panel study that incorporates a variety of model specifications examining the impact of inducements on nuclear reversal, it finds significant support for the theoretical framework introduced earlier. Further, it finds support for the probabilistic conditions that examines special circumstances of leadership change and nuclear reversal among allies and adversaries. Appendix 3.1 presents a battery of robustness checks to provide additional support for the findings.
Fixing Testadura’s Error
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 returns to the puzzle of locating art. It explores a range of case studies which demonstrate how categorizing an artwork guides attention and shapes perception. The discussion thereby demonstrates that knowledge of normative conventions governing artistic appreciation shapes the perception of artworks. The psychology and neuroscience of perception can be used to model and explain these processes. The diagnostic recognition framework for engaging art therefore obviates the common perceptual mechanisms, dissolves the normative dimension of appreciation arguments, and points toward a resolution of the puzzle of locating art.
The Past, Present, and Future of the Canon of Ancient Anatolian Art
Authors: Helft Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Scholarship on the ancient Near East has not yet considered how the formation of a discrete set of objects and monuments has shaped our understanding of Anatolian civilizations. This chapter explores this issue by “testing” the canon of ancient Anatolian art and archaeology, with a focus on art. What is the canon, how was it formed, and does it meet the needs of today’s art historians and archaeologists? This exercise makes clear that the lists of Anatolian objects and sites chosen for modern consumption are the result of Mesopocentric viewpoints on the one hand, and of Turkish nationalist agendas on the other. For the canon of ancient Anatolia to more accurately represent the diversity of Anatolian cultures, the current canon needs to shed its Mesopotamian baggage and be more geographically and typologically inclusive. This chapter also advocates for a move away from comparisons between canons (which have contributed to a derivative view of ancient Anatolian art) and toward a thematic view. A case study on the topos of the hunt is meant to reset the relationship between the Anatolian and Mesopotamian canons and demonstrate the potential for more conceptual approaches to reinvigorate the canon for the future.
Past Resurrections
Authors: Chalabi Tamara 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the growing need to work with antiquity through contemporary art in order to engage wider audiences with heritage. All too often archaeology is seen through a vague prism of heritage that is disconnected from the present, but working with present-day artists, especially from areas of conflict, interacting with “heritage” offers a dynamic and much-needed exchange. Today, the lauded role of the artist in a society in which the art world is an ever-growing platform can allow for a different conversation on heritage than the current one, which is more limited to dry, policy-related agency papers or the less accessible academic world of Art History and Archaeology. While issues of identity and national, racial, and geographic delineations are so contested today, antiquity—rather than serving to enrich debates—has mostly been too remote in the discussion or consciousness to have the nuanced impact that it can through contemporary art.
The Consequences of the Destruction of Syrian Heritage on the Syrian Identity and Future Generations
Authors: Kanjou Youssef 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a lament on the tremendous material and human losses from war in Syria. Palmyra and the Old City of Aleppo are two disastrous examples. The sites of Mari, Ebla, and Emar have been looted, and archaeological investigations have ceased. All of this desecration deprives Syrians of knowledge about their identity. What are the underlying causes of this massive destruction of cultural heritage? One is the legalistic and alienating way the government preserved and presented antiquities, leaving people with little agency or understanding of their heritage. During the recent war, antiquities have been exploited by extremists for propaganda purposes to gain monetary and ideological support. At this critical juncture, it is important to educate Syrians about their heritage so that they will appreciate and protect it. Syrian school children currently have no such opportunity. History tells us, however, that Syria has the resources to recover and prosper again.
The Assyrians: Then and Now
Authors: Shamon Ramsen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter results from the author’s experience growing up in the Assyrian diaspora where he learned to love and appreciate his ancient heritage. He interviews Assyrians living in the United States, Europe, and Iraq. They discuss the relevance of their cultural heritage in response to questions focusing on canonical monuments, such as the Assyrian lamassu the Code of Hammurabi, as well as the destruction of artifacts and monuments by ISIS. Among the interviewees, there is great pride in their ancient heritage, which they understand to have universal significance, and museums around the world are revealed to serve as important points of connection between today’s Assyrians and their material heritage.
Bringing the Past to a Living Room Near You
Authors: Topçuoğlu Oya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Museum shops everywhere sell merchandise inspired by artifacts in museum collections. But to access this merchandise one must visit the museum itself or its website. What if people encountered elegant objects exquisitely decorated with imagery from world-renowned artifacts and archaeological sites from their own lands when they went shopping for teacups or salad bowls? Would it enhance their understanding, change their perception, or increase their interest in their country’s past? This chapter explores the use of archaeological heritage in Turkey in the creation of the “Anatolian Civilizations” and “World Heritage” collections by Paşabahçe, Turkey’s first and the world’s third largest producer of glassware. Embodying the company’s mission to “preserve Anatolia’s cultural heritage for future generations,” these collections of decorative objects representing canonical artifacts and ancient sites from Anatolia aim to introduce the region’s archaeological heritage to a wider audience. However, produced in limited editions with price tags between $75 and $350, they are within the reach of only a small, educated, urban group.
Meaningful Inefficiencies
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Public trust in civic organizations is low. And many public-serving organizations assume that greater efficiency will build trust. As a result, they are quick to adopt new technologies to enhance what they do. However, efficiency, in the sense of charting a path to a goal with the least amount of friction, can sometimes be at odds with the goal of building trust. This book is about those practices that challenge the normative applications of “smart technologies” in order to build or repair trust with publics. Based on over 60 interviews with change makers in public-serving organizations throughout the United States, as well as detailed case studies, this book provides a practical and deeply philosophical picture of civic life in transition. It is a book about design, but not necessarily about designers. Without coordinating, these civic designers embedded within organizations have adopted an approach to public engagement we call “meaningful inefficiencies,” or the deliberate design of less efficient over more efficient means of achieving some ends. This book illustrates how civic designers are creating meaningful inefficiencies in less than ideal conditions and encourages a rethinking of how innovation within public-serving organizations is understood, applied, and sought after. Different from market innovation, civic innovation is not just about invention and novelty; it is concerned with building communities around novelty, and cultivating deep and persistent trust. It involves a plurality of publics (not just a single public good); it creates the conditions for those publics to play; and it results in people caring for the world.
A Tear in the Fabric of Time
Authors: Carlson Hasler Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the archive as a critical feature of the ancient Near Eastern political landscape. The need to collect and preserve documents is endemic to many first millennium empires, not only for pragmatic purposes of organizing information, but in order to emblemize cultural power. This ancient symbolism of power through the archive is comparable, though not identical, to contemporary notions of archive, especially within literary and postcolonial discourses. The point is not that the communities that produced Ezra-Nehemiah replicated such power on an imperial scale but rather that archives—on a variety of scales and in a range of forms—preserve, and indeed produce, institutional memory and signal cultural vitality.
A Constitution for Israel According to the Torah
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the new legal centralism that Herzog brought to religious Zionism in Palestine and Israel. He composed the draft of a constitution for Israel that was based on traditional Jewish law (halakha). To allow halakha to be more suited to the needs of a modern democracy, he used inventive interpretations of precedent to make halakha more egalitarian and more acceptable to people who were not Orthodox Jews. He also created a vision of halakha that conformed to the theoretical framework of modern European legal centralism. These changes are understood against the backdrop of European colonialism. Herzog’s adoption of European jurisprudence was similar to the intellectual strategies of many nationalist leaders, who resorted to European modes of thought in their struggle against European colonial rule.
Modernizing the Chief Rabbinate
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the effects of legal centralization on the institutions and procedures of the Chief Rabbinate of Palestine and, after 1948, Israel. An institution established by the British Mandate, the Chief Rabbinate became far more powerful in the late 1940s and early 1950s, under the tenure of Isaac Herzog and Benzion Ousiel. During that time, a series of reforms were enacted that imported the structure and procedures of modern European law into the Israeli rabbinate. As part of these reforms, regional rabbinical courts were, under protest, made subordinate to a rabbinical court of appeals in Jerusalem and made subject to new procedural rules. Rabbinical enactments were crafted to create a uniformity of practice among Israel’s diverse Jewish communities. At the same time, rabbinical court rulings were published for the first time in the format of secular law reports and rabbinical committees composed halakhic law books, in the model of modern legal codes, which they intended to be the law for all citizens of Israel.
“Gentile Courts” in a Jewish State
Authors: Kaye Alexander 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
After failing to impose halakha as the law of Israel, religious Zionists had to negotiate between their desire for the successful establishment of the state and their sense that the state had abandoned the Torah. To do so, they interpreted halakhic precedent in a way that endorsed the state and its institutions but did not concede their pursuit of halakhic law. In the 1950s, Shaul Yisrael and other rabbis argued that the biblical monarchy could serve as a model for a Jewish democratic government. But while their innovative interpretations endorsed Israel’s government, they often condemned Israel’s courts and judges at the same time. Many religious Zionist rabbis considered these courts, even though they were run mainly by Jews, to be classified as “Gentile courts” according the halakha, and prohibited Jews to use them. Although this prohibition was generally observed in the breach, it underlined the antagonism between the state’s legal institutions and Jewish religious leaders.
Setting the Stage
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Most readers of Plato are familiar with the cave allegory, which compares human beings to prisoners in a cave whose only notion of reality consists of shadows they see projected on the wall. Building on arguments that the cave represents the polis, or political community, this chapter brings to light various indications in Plato’s Republic that each polis creates its own unique version of the cave. Hence, there is not merely one cave, but rather an entire world of cave-like polities. Three major implications emerge from recognizing Plato’s vision of the world as a world of caves: (a) Plato’s view of the world is much more egalitarian than traditionally believed; (b) Plato recognizes that no culture is homogenous; and (c) Plato sees the potential in cross-cultural interaction for intellectual liberation.
Socrates the Foreigner?
Authors: LeMoine Rebecca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates why Socrates, an Athenian, presents himself as a foreigner in the Phaedrus. It argues that Socrates’ puzzling presentation of himself as a foreigner helps his interlocutor Phaedrus become more aware of how engagement with foreigners can help us see ourselves in a different light, making the familiar seem strange. By then mirroring Phaedrus’ reaction to the speech of the foreigner Lysias, Socrates helps Phaedrus see the tension implanted in him through his Athenian upbringing to, on the one hand, admire and learn from foreigners and, on the other, to dominate and steal from them. The dialogue’s critique of Athenian imperialism helps to explain why the dialogue ends with an Egyptian myth that critiques the art of writing. Plato’s engagement with this foreign discourse reveals that, like his teacher Socrates as portrayed in the dialogues, he takes seriously the provocation to self-examination that can arise from cross-cultural engagement.
Drinking for speaking
Authors: Hoey Elliott M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes conversations where people are drinking in order to show how they coordinate speaking and drinking. It reviews research on multi-activity and drinking and builds a case for looking at the coordination of social interaction and drinking behaviors. The analysis provides a quantitative summary of where people initiate the act of drinking with respect to interaction; qualitative analyses of where non-speaking and speaking participants initiate drinking; and how participants resolve the conflict that arises when they are selected to speak next in the middle of a drinking action. The analysis concludes with a discussion of modality and action construction, and the discussion summarizes the findings and connects them to lapses, multi-activity, and social action.
Lapse resolution
Authors: Hoey Elliott M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes lapse resolution, or the ways in which speakers restart conversational interaction after a momentary lapse. It points out the practical issue is that participants have “nothing” to do next, which is what resulted in the lapse. The analysis then proceeds to describe three alternatives for “where” to go after a lapse: 1) indicate that ending the interaction is relevant; 2) continue or pick up with something that can be traced to previous discourse; or 3) start up with some completely new course of action or activity. These demonstrate the ways in which people draw on the structure of the conversation, the things which were located in the interaction-so-far, the things which they brought to the interaction, and the situated environment itself as resources for lapse resolution. Suggestive quantitative evidence is provided for a preference for continuation after a lapse.
Political Leadership Performance in a Mediatized World
Authors: Sørensen Eva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Political communication is becoming increasingly mediatized. Mediatization refers both to a gradual increase in the role of the media in political communication and the spillover effects that this increase has had on the way politics takes place and is organized and relatedly, the performance of political leadership. Of particular importance for political leadership styles is the surge of drama politics, the fragmentation of political communication and the active role of citizens in political communication. Chapter 9’s typology of democratic political leadership performance lays the ground for an analysis of how paternalist, populist, engaged, and interactive political leadership styles are affected by the increased mediatization. The analysis suggests that an interactive political leadership style is more viable than the other three political leadership styles to patterns of mediatization in the age of governance.
A Window of Opportunity for Prevention Policy Design
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Prevention appears to be ‘an idea whose time has come’, but the idea is vague. Prevention is a broad concept that represents many ways to define problems and seek to solve them, while preventive policymaking often seems to involve the complete reform of government. Indeed, it is such a wide-ranging idea that it can cover the entirety of social policy and policymaking. Yet, policy studies demonstrate that the scope for major policy change is limited to a small number of areas. Further, many governance reform agendas have come and gone without making an impact. It is far more difficult to identify that the ‘time has come’ for specific policy solutions. Instead, we would expect few problems to receive sufficient attention to prompt major change, and to conclude that policy is as much about the changes that governments don’t make. We use ‘multiple streams analysis’ to demonstrate this difference between heightened attention to a vague idea versus the selection of specific policy solutions and policymaking reforms. We identify two very different categories of ‘window of opportunity’. The first is a single opportunity to select a vague solution to a confusing problem. The second is a series of opportunities to select more specific policy instruments with reference to specific people and problems. We use Social Construction and Policy Design to show how policymakers combine emotion and evidence to make those choices and sell them with reference to ‘target populations’.
Environmental and Systemic Effects on Prevention Policy
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Policy actors may combine cognition and emotion to simplify their choices, or turn a complex problem into a small number of issues and objectives. However, they do so in an environment that remains complex and affects the impact of any policy. Policymakers try to deliver policy in environments containing many policymakers and influencers spread across many levels and types of government, operating in many organizations and networks with their own rules and language, and responding in different ways to relevant socio-economic conditions and events. Or, policymaking takes place in a ‘complex system’ that can amplify or dampen policymaker energy, and policy outcomes can ‘emerge’ at local levels, often despite central government attempts to control them. Consequently, it is relatively straightforward to identify central government policies, as collections of statements of intent and policy instruments, but difficult to predict or track their effects. Instead, policy theories and concepts help us understand the impact of choice in a ‘multi-centric’ policymaking environment.
The Scottish Government’s Decisive Shift to Prevention
Authors: Cairney Paul , St Denny Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Scottish Government faces the same ‘prevention puzzle’ as the UK government, but often argues that it deals with it in different ways. Some of this potential distinctiveness relates to a Scottish ‘policy style’ or ‘approach’, in which it encourages relatively consensual policy consultation and delivery. However, as Chapter 4 suggests, a lot of the ‘Scottish approach’ is aspirational. Further, many policymaking differences relate to the size of the Scottish Government, its responsibilities, and the scale of its task. If we account for such differences, the Scottish and UK governments often seem to respond in similar ways to the dilemmas posed by multi-centric policymaking and Westminster-style accountability. In the absence of clear and systematic differences between them, we need to produce empirical analysis of how each government: (a) makes sense of prevention policy, and (b) produces models of preventive policymaking. In that context, the Scottish Government experience provides a rich source of case study evidence on how governments address policy problems, and how territorial governments act while operating within wider multi-level systems.