bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significant expression of FURIN and ACE2 on oral epithelial cells may facilitate the efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 entry
Authors: Zhong Mei , Lin Bing-peng , Gao Hong-bin , Young Andrew J , Wang Xin-hong , Liu Chang , Wu Kai-bin , Liu Ming-xiao , Chen Jian-ming , Huang Jiang-yong , Lee Learn-han , Qi Cui-ling , Ge Lin-hu , Wang Li-jing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundLeading to a sustained epidemic spread with >2,000,000 confirmed human infections, including >100,000 deaths, COVID-19 was caused by SARS-CoV-2 and resulted in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis, which brought more challenges to the patient’s treatment. The S-glycoprotein, which recognized as the key factor for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the cell, contains two functional domains: an ACE2 receptor binding domain and a second domain necessary for fusion of the coronavirus and cell membranes. FURIN activity, exposes the binding and fusion domains, is essential for the zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, it has been reported that ACE2 is likely to be the receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In addition, FURIN enzyme and ACE2 receptor were expressed in airway epithelia, cardiac tissue, and enteric canals, which considered as the potential target organ of the virus. However, report about the expression of FURIN and ACE2 in oral tissues was limited.MethodsIn order to investigate the potential infective channel of new coronavirus in oral cavity, we analyze the expression of ACE2 and FURIN that mediate the new coronavirus entry into host cells in oral mucosa using the public single-cell sequence datasets. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining experiment was performed to confirm the expression of ACE2 and FURIN in the protein level.ResultsThe bioinformatics results indicated the differential expression of ACE2 and FURIN on epithelial cells of different oral mucosal tissues and the proportion of FURIN-positive cells was obviously higher than that of ACE2-positive cells. IHC experiments revealed that both the ACE2-positive and FURIN-positive cells in the target tissues were mainly positioned in the epithelial layers, partly expressed in fibroblasts, which further confirm the bioinformatics results.ConclusionsBased on these findings, we speculated that SARS-CoV-2 could effectively invade oral mucosal cells though two possible routes: binding to the ACE2 receptor and fusion with cell membrane activated by FURIN protease. Our results indicated that oral mucosa tissues are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, which provides valuable information for virus-prevention strategy in clinical care as well as daily life.
Lysosomal nucleotide metabolism regulates ER proteostasis through mTOR signaling
Authors: Mak Keng Hou , Zhao Qian , Hu Pei-Wen , Au-Yeung Chi-Lam , Yang Jin , Duraine Lita , Yu Yong , Abu-Remaileh Monther , Sabatini David , Wang Jue D. , Wang Meng C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOrganelles in eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized to carry out different functions, and require specific mechanisms governing their coordination. Two of these organelles, the lysosome and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), play crucial roles in regulating cellular homeostasis and organismal health. The lysosome contains various enzymes devoted to the hydrolysis of specific substrates, and dysfunctions of these hydrolases and their related metabolic processes are implicated in many diseases1. On the other hand, ER is essential for protein synthesis and utilizes quality control mechanisms to maintain proteostasis. The metabolic status of the lysosome is now known to actively influence nuclear transcription and mitochondrial signaling2–4. However, whether and how mechanistically lysosomal metabolic activities regulate ER proteostasis remain unclear. Here, we reported that RSH-1, theCaenorhabditis elegansRelA/SpoT Homolog (RSH) protein, carries a lysosomal NADPH phosphatase activity and acts through the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling to regulate ER proteostasis. We discovered that RSH-1 is localized to the lysosome. Its mutation reduces NADPH hydrolysis by the lysosome, leading to a protection against ER stress-induced lethality. We further revealed that this ER stress tolerance requires lysosomal vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (v-ATPase), and Rag GTPases and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) in the mTOR signaling pathway. Through transcriptome analysis, we discovered that the S6K activation by the RSH-1 mutation increases the basal expression of X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) and peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases, which is necessary for improving ER proteostasis. Moreover, we demonstrated the lysosomal localization of RSH-1 mammalian homolog and its conserved role in regulating mTOR signaling. Together, our findings reveal the key role of a specific lysosomal nucleotide hydrolase in regulating organellar coordination and also signaling mechanisms underlying this active regulation, and suggest that diseases resulted from deficiency in lysosomal hydrolases may be attributed to the distortion of signal transduction and organelle homeostasis.
Intra‐familial health polarisation: how diverse health concerns become barriers to health behaviour change in families with preschool children and emerging obesity
Authors: Hoeeg Didde , Christensen Ulla , Grabowski Dan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn a disadvantaged rural area in Denmark, severe challenges have been identified concerning overweight and obesity in families with preschool‐age children. The present paper examines how families with young children and emerging obesity issues perceive ‘healthy living’ and barriers to practising it. Using data from qualitative workshops with families and professionals working with them, we reveal health perceptions and related family dynamics. Drawing on P. Bourdieu's theory of habitus and ‘tastes of necessity’, K.L. Frohlich et al.'s notion of ‘collective lifestyles’ and E. Lindbladh and C. H. Lyttken's theory of preconditions for health behaviour change and reactions to risk‐related information, we analyse how risk perceptions and related health practices within the families are influenced by the local contexts in the disadvantaged area under study. Despite shared perceptions of ‘healthy living’, we found that diverse health‐risk perceptions created family dynamics in which parents performed opposed health behaviours, which became a huge barrier to becoming a healthier family. Based on our theoretical approach, we propose that risk perceptions and reactions are highly context dependent, as illustrated in both micro‐contexts (family dynamics) and the macro‐context (the disadvantaged area).
Hierarchical networks of food exchange in the black garden antLasius niger
Authors: Quque Martin , Bles Olivier , Bénard Annaëlle , Héraud Amélie , Meunier Bastien , Criscuolo François , Deneubourg Jean‐Louis , Sueur Cédric 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn most eusocial insects, the division of labor results in relatively few individuals foraging for the entire colony. Thus, the survival of the colony depends on its efficiency in meeting the nutritional needs of all its members. Here, we characterize the network topology of a eusocial insect to understand the role and centrality of each caste in this network during the process of food dissemination. We constructed trophallaxis networks from 34 food‐exchange experiments in black garden ants (Lasius niger). We tested the influence of brood and colony size on (i) global indices at the network level (i.e., efficiency, resilience, centralization, and modularity) and (ii) individual values (i.e., degree, strength, betweenness, and the clustering coefficient). Network resilience, the ratio between global efficiency and centralization, was stable with colony size but increased in the presence of broods, presumably in response to the nutritional needs of larvae. Individual metrics highlighted the major role of foragers in food dissemination. In addition, a hierarchical clustering analysis suggested that some domestics acted as intermediaries between foragers and other domestics. Networks appeared to be hierarchical rather than random or centralized exclusively around foragers. Finally, our results suggested that networks emerging from social insect interactions can improve group performance and thus colony fitness.
Resting metabolic rates increase with elevation in a mountain‐dwelling lizard
Authors: PLASMAN Melissa , BAUTISTA Amando , McCUE Marshall D. , DÍAZ DE LA VEGA‐PÉREZ Aníbal H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIndividuals that inhabit broad elevational ranges may experience unique environmental challenges. Because temperature decreases with increased elevation, the ectotherms living at high elevations have to manage limited activity time and high thermoregulatory effort. The resting metabolic rate (RMR) of a postabsorptive animal is related to its total energy requirements as well as many other fitness traits. Mesquite lizards (Sceloporus grammicus) living on La Malinche Volcano, Mexico, inhabit a wide elevational range with some populations apparently thriving above the tree line. We measured the RMR of lizards from different elevations (i.e., 2,600, 3,200, and 4,100 m) at four ecologically relevant temperatures (i.e., 15, 25, 30, and 35 °C) and found that RMR of mesquite lizards increased with temperature and body mass. More importantly, lizards from the high‐elevation population had mass specific RMR that was higher at all temperatures. While the higher RMRs of high‐elevation populations imply higher metabolic costs at a given temperature these lizards were also smaller. Both of these traits may allow these high elevation populations to thrive in the face of the thermal challenges imposed by their environment.
Factors associated with age of death in sudden unexpected infant death
Authors: Allen Kelty , Anderson Tatiana M. , Chajewska Urszula , Ramirez Jan‐Marino , Mitchell Edwin A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to systematically analyse the pregnancy, birth and demographic‐related factors associated with age of death in sudden unexpected infant death (SUID).MethodsData were analysed from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Cohort Linked Birth/Infant Death data set (2011‐2013; 11 737 930 live births). SUID was defined as deaths from sudden infant death syndrome, ill‐defined causes, or accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed. There were 9668 SUID cases (7‐364 days; gestation >28 weeks; 0.82/1000 live births). The odds of death at different ages were compared to determine which variables significantly affect the SUID age of death.ResultsForty‐three features indicated a significant change in age of death with two main patterns: (a) younger chronologic age at death was associated with maternal smoking and factors associated with lower socio‐economic status, and (b) older age was associated with low birthweight, prematurity and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. However, when age was corrected for gestation, these factors were associated with younger age.ConclusionFactors that varied with age of death are well‐documented risk factors for SUID. The majority of these risk factors were associated with younger age at death after allowing for gestational age at birth.
Pretreatment HIV drug resistance predicts accumulation of new mutations in ART‐naïve Ugandan children
Authors: Soeria‐Atmadja Sandra , Amuge Pauline , Nanzigu Sarah , Bbuye Dickson , Rubin Johanna , Eriksen Jaran , Kekitiinwa Adeodata , Obua Celestino , Gustafsson Lars L. , Navér Lars 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the prevalence of pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) and its association with virologic outcomes after 24 weeks of antiretroviral therapy (ART), within an urban cohort of Ugandan children.MethodsProspective observational study. Baseline and 24‐week assessments of viral load (VL) and genotypic drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI) were performed.ResultsNinety‐nine ART‐naïve children (3‐12 years) initiated efavirenz‐based ART 2015‐2016 and 18/90 (20%) had baseline NRTI/NNRTI associated drug resistance mutations (DRMs). By 24 weeks, 72/93 (77%) children had VL < 40 copies/mL and a total of 23 children had DRMs. Children with PDR accumulated new DRMs with a mean number (SD) of 1.4 (2.35) new mutations compared to 0.26 (0.98) in 67 children with wild‐type virus (P = .003). High pretreatment VL and PDR (number of baseline DRMs) predicted viremia (P = .003; P = .023) as well as acquired drug resistance (P = .02; P = .04).ConclusionPretreatment drug resistance to NNRTI/NRTI was common among ART‐naïve Ugandan children and predicted viremia and new resistance mutations after only 24 weeks of efavirenz‐based therapy. PDR may compromise long‐term ART outcomes—especially when access to resistance testing and VL monitoring is poor. The long‐term importance of PDR for non‐NNRTI‐based regimens needs further evaluation.
Theory of Mind and diverse intelligences in 4‐year‐olds: Modelling associations of false beliefs with children’s numerate‐spatial, verbal, and social intelligence
Authors: Osterhaus Christopher , Putnick Diane L. , Kristen‐Antonow Susanne , Kloo Daniela , Bornstein Marc H. , Sodian Beate 
Published: April 2020

Theory of Mind (ToM) and the structure of intelligence were investigated in 115 4‐year‐olds. Specifically, we asked whether children’s intelligence involves both general and specific aspects and whether standard ToM measures of false belief can serve as indicators of social intelligence. Psychometric intelligence and children’s domain‐specific understanding of number concepts and of mental states (false belief) were measured in the laboratory; communication and social skills were assessed through mothers’ report. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed poor fit for a one‐factor model, but good fit for a model with three correlated factors, suggesting that children’s intelligence involves both general and specific aspects. Numerate‐spatial and verbal intelligence were correlated (.70), and social intelligence correlated to a stronger degree with verbal (.66) than with numerate‐spatial intelligence (.37). Laboratory assessment of false belief and mothers’ reports about children’s social skills loaded on a single factor, pointing to real‐world consequences of ToM abilities.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

The structure of intelligence in 4‐year‐olds comprises domain‐general and domain‐specific dimensions.

Some domain‐specific dimensions are numerate‐spatial, verbal, and social intelligence.

What does this study add?

Theory of Mind emerges as an aspect of children’s social intelligence.

Social intelligence (including Theory of Mind) is related to children’s numerate‐spatial abilities.
The genetic landscapes of urological cancers and their clinical implications in the era of high‐throughput genome analysis
Authors: Light Alexander , Ahmed Aamir , Dasgupta Prokar , Elhage Oussama 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveWith the advent of high‐throughput genome analysis, we are increasingly able to sequence and hence understand the pathogenic processes underlying individual cancers. Recently, consortiums such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) have performed large‐scale projects to this end, providing significant amounts of information regarding the genetic landscapes of several cancers.Patients and MethodsWe performed a narrative review of studies from the TCGA and other major studies. We aimed to summarise data exploring the clinical implications of specific genetic alterations, both prognostically and therapeutically, in four major urological cancers. These were renal cell carcinoma, muscle‐invasive bladder cancer/carcinoma, prostate cancer, and testicular germ cell tumours.ResultsWith these four urological cancers, great strides have been made in the molecular characterisation of tumours. In particular, recent studies have focussed on identifying molecular subtypes of tumours with characteristic genetic alterations and differing prognoses. Other prognostic alterations have also recently been identified, including those pertaining to epigenetics and microRNAs. In regard to treatment, numerous options are emerging for patients with these cancers such as including immune checkpoint inhibition, epigenetic‐based treatments, and agents targeting MAPK, PI3K, and DNA repair pathways. There are a multitude of trials underway investigating the effects of these novel agents, the results of which are eagerly awaited.ConclusionsAs medicine chases the era of personalised care, it is becoming increasingly important to provide individualised prognoses for patients. Understanding how specific genetic alterations affects prognosis is key for this. It will also be crucial to provide highly targeted treatments against the specific genetics of a patient’s tumour. With work performed by the TCGA and other large consortiums, these aims are gradually being achieved. Our review provides a succinct overview of this exciting field that may underpin personalised medicine in urological oncology.
Intra‐operative fluorescence angiography is reproducible and reduces the rate of anastomotic leak after colorectal resection for cancer: a prospective case‐matched study
Authors: Wojcik M. , Doussot A. , Manfredelli S. , Duclos C. , Paquette B. , Turco C. , Heyd B. , Lakkis Z. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimIntra‐operative fluorescence angiography (IOFA) with indocyanine green provides information on tissue perfusion that may help prevent an anastomotic leak (AL). The aim of this study was to assess the impact of IOFA on outcomes after left‐sided colonic or low anterior resection with anastomosis for colorectal cancer.MethodsAll patients with left‐sided colonic or rectal cancer, operated between June 2017 and December 2018, were prospectively included. IOFA has been routinely implemented since May 2018. Reproducibility of IOFA, after a 1:1 matching for relevant clinical risk factors of AL, was studied in patients with IOFA (IOFA+) and without IOFA (IOFA−). Outcomes were compared in terms of postoperative events such as clinically relevant AL as the primary end‐point.ResultsIn the IOFA+ group, changing of the initially planned colon transection due to inadequate perfusion occurred in five out of 46 patients (10.9%). Agreement between intra‐operative assessment and postoperative blind review of IOFA was deemed strong (Cohen’s kappa index 0.893, 95% CI 0.788–0.998, P < 0.001). Among 111 patients, 42 matched patients were included in each group. There was significantly more clinically relevant AL in the IOFA− group compared to the IOFA+ group (16.7% vs 2.4%, P = 0.026) involving significantly more anastomotic dehiscence which required re‐intervention (19% vs 2.4%, P = 0.014). Additionally, more descending colon ischaemia/necrosis was observed in the IOFA− group compared with the IOFA+ group (9.5% vs 0%, P = 0.040).ConclusionIn this prospective case‐matched study, IOFA decreased the occurrence of clinically relevant AL due to necrosis of the descending colon or anastomosis. Upon blind review, perfusion assessment using IOFA was reproducible.
Energy consumption does not change after selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Zaino Nicole L , Steele Katherine M , Donelan J Maxwell , Schwartz Michael H 
Published: April 2020

AimTo determine whether energy consumption changes after selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) among children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodWe retrospectively evaluated net nondimensional energy consumption during walking among 101 children with bilateral spastic CP who underwent SDR (59 males, 42 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 2mo, 9y 4mo]) compared to a control group of children with CP who did not undergo SDR. The control group was matched by baseline age, spasticity, and energy consumption (56 males, 45 females; median age [5th centile, 95th centile] 5y 8mo [4y 1mo, 9y 6mo]). Outcomes were compared at baseline and follow‐up (SDR: mean [SD] 1y 7mo [6mo], control: 1y 8mo [8mo]).ResultsThe SDR group had significantly greater decreases in spasticity compared to matched controls (–42% SDR vs –20% control, p<0.001). While both groups had a modest reduction in energy consumption between visits (–12% SDR, –7% control), there was no difference in change in energy consumption (p=0.11) or walking speed (p=0.56) between groups.InterpretationThe SDR group did not exhibit greater reductions in energy consumption compared to controls. The SDR group had significantly greater spasticity reduction, suggesting that spasticity had minimal impact on energy consumption during walking in CP. These results support prior findings that spasticity and energy consumption decrease with age in CP. Identifying matched control groups is critical for outcomes research involving children with CP to account for developmental changes.
Identification lncRNA LOC102551149/miR‐23a‐5p pathway in hepatic fibrosis
Authors: Dong Zhiheng , Li Sha , Si Lengge , Ma Ruilian , Bao Lidao , Bo Agula 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundHepatic fibrosis is a worldwide incurable disease; due to the complex and unclear mechanism, there lack the effective therapeutic targets. However, the mechanism of miR‐23a‐5p underling this pathological process is largely not clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of miR‐23a‐5p in hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation.MethodsThe content of miR‐23a‐5p in hepatic fibrosis induced by N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and HSC activation induced by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) was detected by qRT‐PCR. H&E staining, Masson staining and Shear wave electrography (SWE) were used to detect the degree of hepatic fibrosis. Immunohistochemistry staining, qRT‐PCR and Western blot detect the related markers of liver fibrosis or HSC activation, as well as the related pathway genes and proteins. Dual‐luciferase reporter system verifies the interaction between miR‐23a‐5p with PTEN or miR‐23a‐5p with lncRNA LOC102551149 in HSC‐T6. siRNA and miRNA mimic transfer to HSC‐T6 to detect the function of lncRNA LOC102551149 and miR‐23a‐5p on HSC activation.ResultsAfter hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation happened, the expression of miR‐23a‐5p was up‐regulated, whereas anti‐miR‐23a‐5p can alleviate hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation. Further research shows miR‐23a‐5p can target PTEN and degrade it, causing activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Snail pathway. lncRNA LOC102551149 can be used as a competition endogenous RNA (ceRNA) targeting miR‐23a‐5p through base pairing, and siRNA LOC102551149 or exogenous miR‐23a‐5p can induce HSC activation through PI3K/Akt/mTOR/Snail pathway.ConclusionWe demonstrate mechanism pathway of miR‐23a‐5p on hepatic fibrosis and HSC activation, which may develop a therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis.