bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological nitrification inhibition in the rhizosphere: determining interactions and impact on microbially mediated processes and potential applications
Authors: Nardi Pierfrancesco , Laanbroek Hendrikus J , Nicol Graeme W , Renella Giancarlo , Cardinale Massimiliano , Pietramellara Giacomo , Weckwerth Wolfram , Trinchera Alessandra , Ghatak Arindam , Nannipieri Paolo 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTNitrification is the microbial conversion of reduced forms of nitrogen (N) to nitrate (NO3−), and in fertilized soils it can lead to substantial N losses via NO3− leaching or nitrous oxide (N2O) production. To limit such problems, synthetic nitrification inhibitors have been applied but their performance differs between soils. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the occurrence of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI), a natural phenomenon according to which certain plants can inhibit nitrification through the release of active compounds in root exudates. Here, we synthesize the current state of research but also unravel knowledge gaps in the field. The nitrification process is discussed considering recent discoveries in genomics, biochemistry and ecology of nitrifiers. Secondly, we focus on the ‘where’ and ‘how’ of BNI. The N transformations and their interconnections as they occur in, and are affected by, the rhizosphere, are also discussed. The NH4+ and NO3− retention pathways alternative to BNI are reviewed as well. We also provide hypotheses on how plant compounds with putative BNI ability can reach their targets inside the cell and inhibit ammonia oxidation. Finally, we discuss a set of techniques that can be successfully applied to solve unresearched questions in BNI studies.
Human Spermatogenesis Tolerates Massive Size Reduction of the Pseudoautosomal Region
Authors: Fukami Maki , Fujisawa Yasuko , Ono Hiroyuki , Jinno Tomoko , Ogata Tsutomu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mammalian male meiosis requires homologous recombination between the X and Y chromosomes. In humans, such recombination occurs exclusively in the short arm pseudoautosomal region (PAR1) of 2.699 Mb in size. Although it is known that complete deletion of PAR1 causes spermatogenic arrest, no studies have addressed to what extent male meiosis tolerates PAR1 size reduction. Here, we report two families in which PAR1 partial deletions were transmitted from fathers to their offspring. Cytogenetic analyses revealed that a ∼400-kb segment at the centromeric end of PAR1, which accounts for only 14.8% of normal PAR1 and 0.26% and 0.68% of the X and Y chromosomes, respectively, is sufficient to mediate sex chromosomal recombination during spermatogenesis. These results highlight the extreme recombinogenic activity of human PAR1. Our data, in conjunction with previous findings from animal studies, indicate that the minimal size requirement of mammalian PARs to maintain male fertility is fairly small.
Measuring the effect of interpersonal communication on awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 among rural communities in Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Ezeah Gregory , Ogechi Eucharia Okwumba , Ohia Nkiru Christiana , Celestine Gever Verlumun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Awareness and knowledge have been identified as essential requirements to successfully combat the global threat which COVID-19 currently poses. Rural communities are particularly at risk because of their low socio-economic status and high illiteracy level. There is currently uncertainty regarding how to effectively raise awareness about the pandemic and educate rural communities about it. In this study, we tested the effectiveness of interpersonal communication in awareness creation and knowledge about COVID-19 among rural communities in a developing country. We tested three hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The sample size was made up 470 participants. The questionnaire served as the instrument for data collection. In the analysis of data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results demonstrate that interpersonal communication is effective in creating awareness about COVID-19 among rural communities. It was also found that interpersonal communication was effective in improving knowledge about the pandemic among rural communications. We explored the implications of these findings on healthcare delivery.
Computational fluid dynamics of internal mammary artery–left anterior descending artery anastomoses
Authors: Kanzaki Tomohito , Numata Satoshi , Yamazaki Sachiko , Ikemoto Koki , Hohri Yu , Yaku Hitoshi , Itatani Keiichi , Nakajma Shunsuke , Takahashi Akihiko 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to elucidate the remodelling of the internal mammary artery (IMA)–left anterior descending artery anastomosis and compare 2 different anastomosis techniques (end-to-side versus side-to-side) using computational fluid dynamics.

METHODS
This study included 9 patients. Computed tomography (CT) angiography was performed immediately after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and at 3–6 months later. The computational fluid dynamics models were made using the CT data. The pulsatile 3-dimensional blood flow was achieved with the finite volume method to evaluate the postoperative morphological and haemodynamic changes at the anastomosis in each patient. Flow velocity distribution, wall shear stress (WSS) and its fluctuation oscillatory shear index were measured.

RESULTS
No early or mid-term graft occlusion was observed in the study series. In the side-to-side anastomosis, pouch formation at the distal end of IMA caused a vortex flow with low WSS immediately after CABG. However, at 3–6 months after surgery, this pouch disappeared. As a result, the laminar straight flow with uniform WSS distribution was achieved inside the anastomosis. In the end-to-side anastomosis, the anastomosis shape was remodelled, resulting in a laminar flow pattern with uniform WSS distribution. A patchy high oscillatory shear index was detected at the IMA wall on the top of anastomosis in either anastomosis techniques immediately after the surgery, but it disappeared at 3–6 months after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS
Regardless of the anastomosis technique used, a successful remodelling of the IMA–left anterior descending artery anastomosis shape was achieved a few months after surgery, resulting in a straightforward flow streamline, with uniform WSS distribution and minimal oscillatory shear index.
Immunodietica: interrogating the role of diet in autoimmune disease
Authors: Gershteyn Iosif M , Burov Andrey A , Miao Brenda Y , Morais Vasco H , Ferreira Leonardo M R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Diet is an environmental factor in autoimmune disorders, where the immune system erroneously destroys one’s own tissues. Yet, interactions between diet and autoimmunity remain largely unexplored, particularly the impact of immunogenetics, one’s human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele make-up, in this interplay. Here, we interrogated animals and plants for the presence of epitopes implicated in human autoimmune diseases. We mapped autoimmune epitope distribution across organisms and determined their tissue expression pattern. Interestingly, diet-derived epitopes implicated in a disease were more likely to bind to HLA alleles associated with that disease than to protective alleles, with visible differences between organisms with similar autoimmune epitope content. We then analyzed an individual’s HLA haplotype, generating a personalized heatmap of potential dietary autoimmune triggers. Our work uncovered differences in autoimmunogenic potential across food sources and revealed differential binding of diet-derived epitopes to autoimmune disease-associated HLA alleles, shedding light on the impact of diet on autoimmunity.
From hospital to post-acute care organizations: the relationship between patient experience and health recovery
Authors: Do Nascimento Generosa , Guilherme Nunes Francisco , Anderson Janet E 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To determine to what extent patient health status and recovery in post-acute care organizations (PACO) is related to patient experience of the discharge process from hospital and to patient experience while staying in these facilities.

Design
Longitudinal study of patients discharged from hospitals to PACO.

Setting
12 hospitals and 14 PACO Portuguese organizations.

Participants
181 patients participated in the both stages of data gathering.

Main Outcome Measures
Patients’ physical and mental health status was measured through the 36-item short form health survey scale. The experience of transition from hospital to PACO was measured with the Care Transition Measure. The Picker Adult In-Patient Questionnaire was used to measure patients’ experience in these organizations.

Results
Patients reporting better physical condition in PACO had a better experience on discharge [b = 0.21, 95% confidence interval, CI (0.10, 0.31)] and perceive fewer problems inside facilities [b = − 0.19, 95% CI (−0.31, 0.08)]. The experience in PACO is significantly related to patients’ mental health status [b = − 0.47, 95% CI (−0.59, − 0.36)]. Patients showing higher levels of physical recovery had a better experience on discharge [b = − 0.18, 95% CI (0.08, 0.28)], while those registering better mental recovery experienced fewer problems during their stay [b = − 0.41, 95% CI (−0.52, − 0.30)].

Conclusions
PACO play a key role in maintaining and promoting patients’ health, and this goal is influenced by their experience both in the transition from hospitals to PACO and while staying in these facilities.
Novel IncFII plasmid harbouring blaNDM-4 in a carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli of pig origin, Italy
Authors: Diaconu Elena L , Carfora Virginia , Alba Patricia , Di Matteo Paola , Stravino Fiorentino , Buccella Carmela , Dell’Aira Elena , Onorati Roberta , Sorbara Luigi , Battisti Antonio , Franco Alessia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To the best of our knowledge, we describe the first evidence in Europe of an MDR, blaNDM-4-positive Escherichia coli isolated from a food-producing animal, harboured by a novel IncFII plasmid of which we report the complete sequence.

Methods
One blaNDM-4-positive E. coli isolated in 2019 from the caecal contents of a fattening pig in Italy was in-depth characterized by combined bioinformatic analysis of Oxford Nanopore long reads and Illumina short reads, for in silico typing, determination of the blaNDM-4 genetic context and full reconstruction of the blaNDM-4–carrying plasmid.

Results
The isolate belonged to ST641 and to the genoserotype O108:H23 and tested positive for different virulence genes and plasmid replicons. The MDR phenotype of resistance to all β-lactams, carbapenems, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was mediated by blaTEM-1B, blaNDM-4, sul1/sul3 and dfrA12, respectively. The blaNDM-4 gene was harboured by a novel 53 043 bp IncFII plasmid (pMOL412_FII) composed of four main genetic regions, including an MDR region (MRR-NDM-4) of 16 kb carrying blaNDM-4 and several antimicrobial resistance genes located in a class 1 integron. pMOL412_FII was closely related to another ∼90.3 kb plasmid (pM109_FII) harbouring blaNDM-4 in an E. coli isolated from a human patient in Myanmar.

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, we have identified for the first time in Europe an NDM-producing Enterobacterales in livestock and resolved the complete sequence of the novel pMOL412_FII plasmid harbouring blaNDM-4 in an MRR. A global One Health approach, comparing genomic data from different sources and geographical areas, may help to trace back and control possible plasmid-borne carbapenemase gene transmission between animals and humans and along the food chain at international level.
Recognizing Laboratory Medicine's Collaborative Role in Identifying and Eliminating Health Disparities
Authors: Wheeler Sarah E , Hasskamp Joanne H , Peck Palmer Octavia M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
A health disparity is a health outcome that presents in a lesser or greater extent between populations. Health disparities in diseases are products of complex interactions between social, economic, and to a lesser extent, biological factors and can be mediated by structural racism and discriminatory policies. The objective of this review is to understand how both laboratorians and nonlaboratorians think about the relationship between laboratory medicine and health disparities and to highlight ways in which laboratory medicine can play a role in eliminating health disparities.

Content
We developed an electronic survey from which we selected the top responses reported by the 215 participants to frame a discussion around why laboratorians perceive health disparities exists, and how they can reduce health disparities

Summary
We found that both laboratorians and nonlaboratorians feel that laboratory medicine can and should play a role in reducing health disparities using many tools already in use in the clinical laboratory. The skills of laboratory workers in data generation, the establishment of reference ranges, control over the presentation of laboratory results, generation of test menus, and the development of novel diagnostics may impact health disparities. Laboratorians' responses in our survey indicated that they felt that they could reduce health disparities by using laboratory data to proactively track in cooperation with healthcare providers individuals with chronic conditions to prevent acute events, ensuring gender and ethnic diversity in new clinical trials, including appropriate curriculum in laboratory medicine training, using equations and reference intervals based on physiological differences and participating in unconscious bias training.
Bacterial communities associated to the urethra of healthy gilts and pregnant sows undergoing different reproductive protocols
Authors: Torres Luque Andrea , Fontana Cecilia , Pasteris Sergio E , Bassi Daniela , Cocconcelli Pier S , Otero María C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nowadays, it is known that the urogenital microbiota plays a key role in the urinary health of mammalians. Despite the urinary infections affect the health and the welfare of breeding sows, the urethral microbiota of healthy sows remains unknown. Therefore, this work evaluates the urethral bacterial communities of healthy gilts and sows to determine the presence of Enterobacteriaceae populations, and the structure of this microbiota in gilts (G) and pregnant (P) sows. Samples were collected by scraping the urethral mucosa of G (n = 9) and P sows, which included natural mating (NM, n = 9) and artificial inseminated (AI, n = 7) sows. Samples were analyzed by culture-dependent techniques and 16S-rRNA gene high-throughput-sequencing. All females were positive for Enterobacteriaceae culture, without significant differences (Kruskal–Wallis) between G and P groups (median values: 2.78 and 3.09 log CFU/mL, respectively; P = 0.497). Also, the rate of Enterobacteriaceae/total mesophilic microorganisms was individually calculated, without significant differences between G and P sows (median values: 0.61 and 0.66, respectively; P = 0.497). When analyzing the bacterial communities, it was found similar richness in G, NM, and AI; however, diversity was lower in P sows than G (Mann Whitney/Kruskal–Wallis test, P &lt; 0.01). The dominating phyla that constituted a “core microbiome” included Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, which were common for all the studied females. The relative abundance for phyla, families, and genera was estimated, and Firmicutes was significantly higher in NM than AI sows (P = 0.02, Mann–Whitney/Kruskal Wallis test for univariate statistical comparisons); Pseudomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae were higher in AI than in NM (Mann–Whitney/Kruskal–Wallis, P &lt; 0.05). Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas were among the dominant genera; however, only Pseudomonas sp. was significantly higher in AI than NM (Mann–Whitney/Kruskal–Wallis, P = 0.006). The results represent the first evidence about the existence of a urethral microbiota that includes Enterobacteriaceae, as well as the patterns of this microbiota in G and P sows. The knowledge of this urethral microbiota might allow for future research to develop innovative protocols to restore and/or preserve the healthy ecology of the urinary microbiome to prevent diseases ensuring the welfare of breeding sows.
Postmortem Drug Redistribution: A Compilation of Postmortem/Antemortem Drug Concentration Ratios
Authors: Mantinieks Dylan , Gerostamoulos Dimitri , Glowacki Linda , Di Rago Matthew , Schumann Jennifer , Woodford Noel W , Drummer Olaf H 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Postmortem drug redistribution (PMR) is a well-known phenomenon in forensic toxicology with implications for medico-legal death investigations. Paired antemortem (AM) specimen and postmortem (PM) mortuary admission femoral blood drug concentrations from 811 coronial cases were used to construct a retrospective compilation of PM/AM drug concentration ratios for 42 parent drugs and metabolites. The median PM/AM ratios for all antidepressants were &gt; 1 and consistent with PMR In contrast, the median PM/AM ratios of most benzodiazepines were &lt; 1. The antipsychotics were varied (0.63–3.3) and suggest the mixed effects of PMR and drug instability. Amphetamines exhibited no trends (0.90–0.95) and are likely confounded by many factors. The PM/AM ratios of cardiovascular drugs, opioids and other drugs are also reported. This research represents an expansive retrospective compilation of paired AM and PM drug concentrations for many toxicologically relevant drugs. While the median PM/AM ratios demonstrate some drug-dependent trends, there was no obvious relationship between AM specimens and PM femoral blood taken at mortuary admission.
Sublethal effects of three insecticides on fitness parameters and population projection ofBrevicoryne brassicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Mahmoodi Leila , Mehrkhou Fariba , Guz Nurper , Forouzan Maryam , Atlihan Remzi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), is one of the major insect pests of cole crops in Iran. In most instances outbreaks are normally kept under control by application of insecticides. In this study, the sublethal effects (LC30) of three insecticides, acetamiprid, buprofezin, and thiamethoxam-lambda cyhalothrin, (TLC) were evaluated on the population growth rate of the progeny of insecticide-treated cabbage aphid adults. The age-stage, two-sex life table method was used to analyze the collected data. The results indicated that the insecticide applications affected the duration of the preadult period, their survival, reproduction, life span/longevity, and consequently, the population growth rate of the F1 generation. The indicators of the greatest sublethal effects were noted in the progeny of the TLC-treated adults. These included the lowest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and the longest mean generation time (T). The highest values of r, λ, R, and the lowest value of T occurred in the control group followed by, in order, the acetamiprid and buprofezin groups. These research findings will be useful in the development and implementation of future aphid management programs.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus–associated Acute Otitis Media in Infants and Children
Authors: Phillips Matthew , Finelli Lyn , Saiman Lisa , Wang Chengbin , Choi Yoonyoung , Patel Janak 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDespite recent declines in the incidence of acute otitis media (AOM), more than 5 million cases and 5–6 million primary AOM visits still occur in young children in the United States, resulting in $4.4 billion direct medical costs annually. Our aims in this review are to describe the role of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the etiology of AOM, discuss the prospect of prevention of RSV-associated AOM through immunization, and suggest future research strategies to assess the impact of immunization on RSV-associated AOM.
Case Report: COVID-19 Patient With Chief Complaint of Anosmia and Ageusia; a Unique Perspective on Atypical Symptomatology and Management in the Military
Authors: Smith L T Alicia C , Hodges C D R James , Pratt Molly , Porter Ian M 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
A novel corona virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, found in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has since spread to multiple continents and has been implicated in thousands of deaths. This pandemic—causing virus has been initially described (corona virus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) with the presentation of fever, cough, and shortness of breath. The majority of studies published have been conducted on inpatient cases and a shortage of tests has encouraged screening only of patients with classic presentation. A positive COVID-19 case of a healthy military male, with the chief complaint of anosmia and ageusia, instigated local re-evaluation of the screening protocol for possible COVID-19 patients. Multiple studies in Europe have implicated anosmia and ageusia as symptoms associated with COVID-19, and subsequently, anosmia and ageusia have been added to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention screening guidelines as well. There should be a higher index of suspicion when evaluating a patient with high-risk activities, travel, and atypical symptoms. More studies need to be conducted with a healthy outpatient population to further understand this disease and decrease its impact.
From Translation to Transmission: A Chapter in the Odyssey of Maurice Samuel
Authors: Levenson Alan T 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A reassessment of Maurice Samuel (1895–1972), author, translator, polemicist, and Zionist is long overdue. One of the most productive and durable of the group dubbed by historian Carole Kessner as The “Other” New York Jewish Intellectuals, Samuel may be characterized as a public intellectual who was content with making his marks in primarily Jewish contexts and without the anxieties of alienation characteristic of his more celebrated contemporaries. This essay addresses the role he played in conveying works from German, French, Hebrew, and Yiddish to an American audience. Four particular tensions receive attention: (1) the interplay between author and translator; (2) the relationship of a multilingual translator to the various source languages; (3) the inadequacy of the term translation for describing Samuel’s agenda; and (4) the reception of his pivotal works on the Yiddish authors Sholom Asch, Sholom Aleichem, and Y.L. Peretz. Samuel’s contributions invite reconsideration of our assumptions about the means and ends of cultural transmission in a modern context. I argue that Samuel’s works merit a better reputation, and that he has earned a place as one of twentieth-century American Jewry’s cultural heroes.