bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern‐based calibration of cellular automata by genetic algorithm and Shannon relative entropy
Authors: Momeni Ehsan , Antipova Anzhelika 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile cellular automata (CA) are considered an effective algorithm to model urban growth, their precise calibration can be challenging. The Shannon relative index (SRI) is an indicator of urban sprawl accounting for dispersion or concentration of built‐up/non‐built‐up areas. This study uses SRIs directly in the calibration of CA as patterns, applying a genetic algorithm (GA). Moreover, the kappa coefficient is used in the calibration process. CA was calibrated using data for 2001 and 2006 and validated using 2011 data to model urban growth in Shelby County, TN. Results indicate that the kappa coefficient achieves the highest value using the proposed method (89.48%) compared with a GA without patterns (86.15%, which underestimates 32.22 km2) or logistic regression (85.83%, which underestimates 36.76 km2). A more precise calibration of urban growth using the proposed method helps city planners to provide more realistic models for the future of the region.
Successful implementation of preventive measures leads to low relevance of SARS‐CoV‐2 in liver transplant patients: Observations from a German outpatient department
Authors: Ossami Saidy Ramin Raul , Globke Brigitta , Pratschke Johann , Schoening Wenzel , Eurich Dennis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundImmunosuppressed liver transplant (LT) patients are considered to be at high risk for any kind of infection. What the outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) means for the transplant cohort is a question that, as of now, cannot easily be answered. Data on prevalence, relevance of the novel virus, and clinical course of the infection in stable LT patients are limited.MethodsNasopharyngeal swabs were performed in our outpatient department during the shutdown between March and April 2020 in Germany.ResultsThe prevalence of SARS‐CoV‐2 was 3%. Three out of a cohort of 101 LT patients were asymptomatic for respiratory diseases. Respiratory complaints were common and not associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The overall monthly mortality rate was 0.22% and did not show alterations during the shutdown in Germany.ConclusionsIf preventive measures are applied, LT patients do not seem to be at a higher risk for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Telemedicine in the outpatient setting may help to maintain distance and to reduce direct patient contact. However, standard of care must be guaranteed for patients with relevant comorbidities in spite of pandemics, because complications may arise from preexisting conditions.
Safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for the treatment of canine thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Lee Ber‐In , LaRue Susan M. , Seguin Bernard , Griffin Lynn , Prebble Amber , Martin Tiffany , Leary Del , Boss Mary‐Keara 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThyroid carcinoma develops spontaneously in dogs, with only 25% to 50% of cases amenable to surgery at diagnosis. Local control for unresectable tumours can be provided with external beam radiotherapy. The aim of this retrospective study is to describe the safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for treatment of canine thyroid carcinoma. Twenty‐three dogs met inclusion criteria; median tumour volume before SBRT was 129.9 cm3(range, 2.7‐452.8 cm3). Sixteen patients (70%) had unresectable tumours. Pulmonary metastasis was present or suspected in 10 patients (44%) before SBRT. Patients were prescribed 15 to 40 Gy to targeted tumour volume in one to five fractions. Twenty patients evaluated had overall response rate of 70% (complete response, n = 4; partial response, n = 10). Thirteen out of sixteen (81%) symptomatic patients had clinical improvement within a median time of 16 days (range, 2‐79 days). Median progression free survival (MPFS) was 315 days. Median survival time (MST) was 362 days. Nine patients (39%) had grade 1 acute radiation toxicity. Three patients had grade 1 late radiation toxicity (two leukotrichia and one [4%] with intermittent cough). Responders had significantly longer MPFS (362 vs 90 days; HR 4.3; 95% CI 1.4‐13.5;P= .013) and MST (455 vs 90 days; HR 2.9; 95% CI 1‐8.4;P= .053). Presenting with metastasis was not a significant negative prognostic factor (MST 347 vs 348 days without metastasis;P= .352). SBRT is a safe and effective treatment modality for non‐resectable canine thyroid carcinoma.
E‐cigarettes, nicotine, the lung and the brain: multi‐level cascading pathophysiology
Authors: Herman Melissa , Tarran Robert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTobacco smoking is highly addictive and causes respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease and multiple types of cancer. Electronic‐cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) are non‐combustible tobacco alternatives that aerosolize nicotine and flavouring agents in a propylene glycol–vegetable glycerine vehicle. They were originally envisaged as a tobacco cessation aid, but whether or not they help people to quit tobacco use is controversial. In this review, we have compared and contrasted what is known regarding the effects of nicotine on the lungs vs. the effects of nicotine in the brain in the context of addiction. Critically, both combustible tobacco products and e‐cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive, plant‐derived alkaloid that binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Nicotine's reinforcing properties are primarily mediated by activation of the brain's mesolimbic reward circuitry and release of the neurotransmitter dopamine that contribute to the development of addiction. Moreover, nicotine addiction drives repeated intake that results in chronic pulmonary exposure to either tobacco smoke or e‐cigarettes despite negative respiratory symptoms. Beyond the brain, nAChRs are also highly expressed in peripheral neurons, epithelia and immune cells, where their activation may cause harmful effects. Thus, nicotine, a key ingredient of both conventional and electronic cigarettes, produces neurological effects that drive addiction and may damage the lungs in the process, producing a complex, multilevel pathological state. We conclude that vaping needs to be studied by multi‐disciplinary teams that include pulmonary and neurophysiologists as well as behaviourists and addiction specialists to fully understand their impact on human physiology.
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The effect of diaphragm fatigue on the multidimensional components of dyspnoea and diaphragm electromyography during exercise in healthy males
Authors: Boyle Kyle G. , Mitchell Reid A. , Ramsook Andrew H. , Schaeffer Michele R. , Koehle Michael S. , Sheel A. William , Guenette Jordan A. 
Published: June 2020

Key points
Diaphragm fatigue may increase the intensity (sensory dimension) and unpleasantness (affective dimension) of dyspnoea, which may partially explain why diaphragm fatigue negatively affects exercise performance.
We hypothesized that diaphragm fatigue would negatively affect exercise performance via increases in both the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnoea, and that the increase in dyspnoea would be mechanistically linked to an increase in diaphragmatic EMG (EMGdi), a surrogate measure of neural respiratory drive.
Fatiguing the diaphragm prior to exercise reduced cycling performance and increased both the intensity and unpleasantness of dyspnoea. The change in submaximal dyspnoea unpleasantness was significantly correlated with the change in cycling performance.
Pre‐fatigue of the diaphragm did not increase EMGdi during exercise and is therefore unrelated to the increase in either the sensory or affective dimension of exertional dyspnoea.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effect of diaphragm fatigue on the multidimensional components of dyspnoea and diaphragm electromyography (EMGdi) during cycling. Sixteen healthy males (age = 27 ± 5 yr, = 45.8 ± 9.8 ml kg−1 min−1) completed two high‐intensity, time‐to‐exhaustion cycling tests in randomized order: (i) inspiratory pressure threshold loading (PTL) prior to exercise to induce diaphragm fatigue (pre‐DF) and (ii) no PTL (control). Diaphragm fatigue after PTL was confirmed via cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Dyspnoea intensity and unpleasantness were measured throughout exercise with the 0–10 category‐ratio Borg scale and following exercise using the Multidimensional Dyspnoea Profile (MDP). EMGdi was continuously recorded via a multipair oesophageal electrode catheter. Time‐to‐exhaustion decreased with pre‐DF vs. control (9.0 ± 5.5 vs. 10.7 ± 7.5 min, P = 0.023). Pre‐DF increased dyspnoea intensity ratings by 0.6 ± 1.0 Borg 0–10 units at the highest equivalent submaximal exercise time (HESET) a participant could achieve in both conditions (P = 0.020). Dyspnoea unpleasantness ratings increased with pre‐DF by 0.5 ± 1.0, 0.7 ± 1.2 and 0.9 ± 1.4 (all P < 0.05) Borg 0–10 units during the 2nd, 3rd and 4th minutes of exercise, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the change in breathing unpleasantness ratings at HESET and the change in time‐to‐exhaustion (r = 0.66, P = 0.006). The immediate perception domain, a combination of peak unpleasantness and specific dyspnoea descriptor intensity ratings, was the only component of the MDP that was significantly increased with pre‐DF (4.3 ± 1.9 vs. 3.6 ± 1.8, P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in EMGdi. In conclusion, diaphragm fatigue has negative effects on multiple domains of dyspnoea, which may partially explain why exercise performance decreases with it.
Ciber riesgos: Su dimensión social, funcional y etica
Authors: Signorino Barbat Andrea 
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo no pretende ser un enfoque tradicional referido a nuevas tecnologías -si podemos referirnos así en un tema relativamente actual-, en el sentido de presentar las tecnologías aplicadas a seguros y sus riesgos, o comentar sus virtudes y defectos, o explicar los tipos de Ciber riesgos existentes, sino que pretende aproximar el tema en forma general al lector y reflexionar sobre los Ciber riesgos en sentido amplio. En esta línea, analizaré este tipo de riesgos clasificados metodológicamente en tres dimensiones que he dado en llamar dimensión social, funcional y ética. La dimensión social refiere a los riesgos que las tecnologías y el mundo cibernético implican para el consumidor – asegurado en el contexto del entramado social-, la dimensión funcional, implica los riesgos que se presentan para las empresas aseguradoras en su gestión interna- y la dimensión ética, -tal vez la más trascedente, refiere a los peligros que el Ciber mundo puede generar para las personas en su individualidad, como seres humanos, si los riesgos implicados no son adecuadamente manejados, regulados o contextualizados-.
Los seguros de responsabilidad civil de base reclamación (claims made) y los desafíos de su aplicación en el Derecho Portugués: el caso de la responsabilidad ambiental
Authors: Assunção Soares Patricia 
Published: June 2020

El propósito de este estudio es investigar lo contracto del seguro de responsabilidad civil de base reclamación y los desafíos que plantea su aplicación, aplicándolo al instituto de la responsabilidad ambiental, en el sistema legal portugués. La opción por el instituto y la relevancia del su análisis se justifica debido a la naturaleza de los siniestros y daños que poden surgir de la responsabilidad ambiental y por las circunstancias que caracterizan la consecuente reclamación.
En una breve descripción, nuestro estudio se dirige específicamente al análisis del contenido de la cláusula claims made, a la legalidad de su contenido normativo, al impacto de esta cláusula en la determinación del concepto de reclamación, a determinación del momento del ocurrencia da misma y su alcance objetivo y subjetivo, terminando con hipótesis prácticas relativas a la responsabilidad ambiental, que nos permiten probar, en la práctica, las conclusiones extraídas en la presente investigación.
Nuestra análisis en el sistema legal portugués resultó en la conclusiones siguientes: el contenido normativo de la cláusula claims made cuando se aplica a los casos relacionados con responsabilidad ambiental que examinamos, no merece censura legal, que el concepto de siniestro se identifica con la exteriorización de los hechos del asegurado para el asegurador y el conocimiento del asegurador y que la determinación del momento del reclamación coincide con la citación judicial del asegurado en caso del reclamación judicial.
La subrogación en el contrato de seguro análisis jurisprudencial
Authors: Novoa Hernández Juliana María 
Published: June 2020

El presente trabajo aborda distintos problemas jurídicos que han surgido en torno a la aplicación de la subrogación legal del contrato de seguro. Con el análisis de estos temas controversiales se pretende obtener una visión panorámica de la problemática, sin aspirar a dar respuestas definitivas se quiere otorgar elementos de análisis que faciliten la resolución de casos análogos al conocer el escenario de cada una de las problemáticas.
Los temas que se abordarán son los siguientes: (1) Alcance de la expresión “hasta concurrencia del importe” del art. 1096 del Código de Comercio en el cual se regula la subrogación en el contrato de seguro; (2) Legitimación de las administradoras de riesgos laborales para subrogarse en las acciones de la víctima una vez a pagado las prestaciones económicas y ha reconocido la pensión de sobrevivientes; (3) Requisitos que debe reunir el pago efectuado por la aseguradora a título de indemnización del siniestro para que el mismo dé lugar a la subrogación.
Combining Direct and Indirect User Data for Calculating Social Impact Indicators of Products in Developing Countries
Authors: Stringham Bryan J. , Smith Daniel O. , Mattson Christopher A. , Dahlin Eric C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Evaluating the social impacts of engineered products is critical to ensuring that products are having their intended positive impacts and learning how to improve product designs for a more positive social impact. Quantitative evaluation of product social impacts is made possible through the use of social impact indicators, which combine the user data in a meaningful way to give insight into the current social condition of an individual or population. Most existing methods for collecting these user data for social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product (e.g., interviews, surveys, and observational studies). These interactions produce high-fidelity data that help indicate the product impact but only at a single snapshot in time and are typically infrequently collected due to the large human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. In this article, a framework is proposed that outlines how low-fidelity data often obtainable using remote sensors, satellites, or digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, infrequently collected data to enable continuous, remote monitoring of engineered products via the user data. These user data are critical to determining current social impact indicators that can be used in a posteriori social impact evaluation. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to collect data for calculating several social impact indicators related to water hand pumps in Uganda. Key to this example is the use of a deep learning model to correlate user type (man, woman, or child statured) with the raw hand pump data obtained via an integrated motion unit sensor for 1200 hand pump users.
Topology Optimization of Multimaterial Thermoelectric Structures
Authors: Xu Xiaoqiang , Wu Yongjia , Zuo Lei , Chen Shikui 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A large amount of energy from power plants, vehicles, oil refining, and steel or glass making process is released to the atmosphere as waste heat. The thermoelectric generator (TEG) provides a way to reutilize this portion of energy by converting temperature differences into electricity using Seebeck phenomenon. Because the figures of merit zT of the thermoelectric materials are temperature-dependent, it is not feasible to achieve high efficiency of the thermoelectric conversion using only one single thermoelectric material in a wide temperature range. To address this challenge, the authors propose a method based on topology optimization to optimize the layouts of functional graded TEGs consisting of multiple materials. The multimaterial TEG is optimized using the solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) method. Instead of dummy materials, both the P-type and N-type electric conductors are optimally distributed with two different practical thermoelectric materials. Specifically, Bi2Te3 and Zn4Sb3 are selected for the P-type element while Bi2Te3 and CoSb3 are employed for the N-type element. Two optimization scenarios with relatively regular domains are first considered with one optimizing on both the P-type and N-type elements simultaneously, and the other one only on single P-type element. The maximum conversion efficiency could reach 9.61% and 12.34% respectively in the temperature range from 25 °C to 400 °C. CAD models are reconstructed based on the optimization results for numerical verification. A good agreement between the performance of the CAD model and optimization result is achieved, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Development of Cost Effective Data Acquisition System to Evaluate the Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal Systems
Authors: Franklin J. Charles , Chandrasekar M. , Mattius D. Ansalam 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The thermal and electrical performance of the solar photovoltaic (PV) panel of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PVT) air system is determined experimentally in the present work. For this purpose, a data acquisition system was developed indigenously using ATMEL MEGA 2560 and ATMEL 328 microcontrollers. The parameters measured were PV panel surface temperature, inlet and outlet air temperatures, PV current, and voltage. The parameters were also compared with those of a reference PV system to demonstrate the effect of cooling of PV panel on its electrical power output. The experiments were performed in the locality of Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India (11 deg N latitude, 79 deg E longitude) and the working of the PV data acquisition was tested for a period of 3 months from February to April 2017. The results indicate acceptable working of the indigenously developed PV/PVT data acquisition system.
In-Flight Detection of Vibration Anomalies in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Banerjee Portia , Okolo Wendy A. , Moore Andrew J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOwing to the frequency of occurrence and high risk associated with bearings, identification, and characterization of bearing faults in motors via nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have been studied extensively, among which vibration analysis has been found to be a promising technique for early diagnosis of anomalies. However, a majority of the existing techniques rely on vibration sensors attached onto or in close proximity to the motor in order to collect signals with a relatively high SNR. Due to weight and space restrictions, these techniques cannot be used in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), especially during flight operations since accelerometers cannot be attached onto motors in small UAVs. Small UAVs are often subjected to vibrational disturbances caused by multiple factors such as weather turbulence, propeller imbalance, or bearing faults. Such anomalies may not only pose risks to UAV’s internal circuitry, components, or payload, they may also generate undesirable noise level particularly for UAVs expected to fly in low-altitudes or urban canyon. This paper presents a detailed discussion of challenges in in-flight detection of bearing failure in UAVs using existing approaches and offers potential solutions to detect overall vibration anomalies in small UAV operations based on IMU data.
Late Devonian fossils and position of the Frasnian-Famennian boundary in the Foreknobs Formation of Virginia and West Virginia
Authors: Rossbach Thomas J. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The Upper Devonian Foreknobs Formation is a series of sandstones and siltstones that outcrops in the central Appalachian Basin from Pennsylvania south into Virginia and West Virginia. The Foreknobs Formation is generally regarded as the delta slope portion of the Catskill clastic wedge (= Catskill delta) occurring between the dark marine lithologies of the underlying Brallier and Scherr Formations and the younger fluvial red beds and conglomerates of the overlying Hampshire Formation. Progradational and retrogradational pulses of the clastic wedge are recorded in the alternating siltstones and sandstones before grading into nonmarine lithologies at its top. Well-preserved fossils are very abundant within the Foreknobs Formation. They have aided in locating the Frasnian-Famennian Stage boundary and have provided important information regarding its namesake extinction event. The progradation of the clastic wedge during Foreknobs Formation deposition allowed for both shallow- and deep-water environments to exist up to and across the Frasnian-Famennian boundary, which may have contributed to some uncertainty in correlating the lithostratigraphic position of the boundary with the biostratigraphic signature of the extinction event.
Temporal variations in the dynamic evolution of an overriding plate: Evidence from the Wulong area in the eastern North China Craton, China
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Zhu Guang , Xiao Shiye , Su Nan , Liu Cheng , Wu Xiaodong , Yin Hao , Li Yunjian , Lu Yuanchao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The evolution of overriding-plate deformation, and the mechanisms responsible for this deformation, are debated. One area where these processes can be investigated is the eastern North China Craton (NCC) in China, which was situated in an overriding-plate position relative to the subducting Paleo-Pacific Plate during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Here we constrain the structural evolution of the Jurassic and Cretaceous using new structural, stress field, and geochronological data from the Wulong area. The results show that the first phase of deformation (D1) produced a series of SE-dipping reverse shear zones and parallel folds in response to NW-SE shortening at 157–146 Ma (Late Jurassic). Based on microscopic observations and quartz c-axis analysis, it is suggested that the temperature during D1 deformation was 500 ± 50 °C. A second phase of contractional deformation (D2) at 146–132 Ma (earliest Early Cretaceous) gave rise to numerous NE-SW–striking sinistral faults and shear zones. The majority of D2 structures display ductile fabrics in the southwest of the Wulong area and brittle deformational features in the northeast, thus indicating enhanced exhumation in the former area. Microstructures of D2 sinistral shear zones indicate deformation temperatures of 300–400 °C. Inversion of fault slip data from the sinistral faults demonstrate that N-S compression was responsible for the D2 structures. The third phase of deformation (D3) was related to WNW-ESE extension during the middle to late Early Cretaceous (132–100 Ma). This extensional phase produced a series of NE-SW–striking normal faults and reactivated pre-existing structures. Dikes and plutons were emplaced during the D3 deformation, synchronous with the peak destruction of the NCC. Our results indicate that the eastern NCC showed temporal variations in stress and strain during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Consistent with the slab-driven model, we suggest that this behavior represents the response of the overriding-plate to changes in subduction kinematics.