bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentence-initial time adverbials in English
Authors: Mišić Ilić Biljana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe article deals with sentence-initial time adverbials in English declarative sentences. Theoretically, it is grounded in functionally-oriented and discourse-based studies, trying to combine the study of syntactic structure, information structure, information flow, and cognitive-pragmatic aspects of discourse construction and interpretation. The aim is to examine some regularities regarding the interplay of their syntactic and pragmatic characteristics and their textual and pragmatic discourse functions. The corpus-based research includes several parameters: (1) syntactic – the form and functional subtype of initial time adverbials, and the syntactic structure of the sentences containing them; (2) pragmatic – related to the information status of initial time adverbials; (3) textual – dealing with semantic, formal and functional similarities between the initial time adverbials and the sentences containing them, and other adverbials and structures in the relevant language segment, as well as with the position of the initial time adverbials in the text. The identified discourse functions (textual and pragmatic) of the initial placement of time adverbials include linking with the previous and following text, rearranging the functional elements within a sentence, temporal scene-setting, creating two especially prominent positions in a sentence, signaling segment boundaries of textual units, etc. It is suggested that particular discourse functions, rather than being associated with one of the parameters examined, actually depend on the interrelatedness of several of them.
On the formation of a conjecturing clause-taking predicate in Modern Chinese
Authors: Long Haiping , Wu Fang , Ursini Francesco , Qin Zhijun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article claims that the conjecturing clause-taking huaiyi predicate in Modern Chinese (e.g.
Renmen huaiyi zheming taoyi de jingcha hen keneng canyu le zheqi anjian. ‘People
conjecture that the escaped policeman had probably been involved in the case.’) is actually a parenthetical
structure. Diachronically, it does not develop from an NP-taking huaiyi predicate (e.g. Wo hen
huaiyi zhe ge shuofa. ‘I doubt the statement a lot.’) or a doubting clause-taking
huaiyi predicate (e.g. Du Yifu changchang huaiyi ta yu erzi you guo nazhong ge’ermen
yiqi de shiguang. ‘Du Yifu often doubted that he had had times of buddy loyalty with his son.’). Rather,
it develops from a prosodically separated conjecturing huaiyi predicate. The goal of this paper is to show that
its formation did not follow the commonly accepted matrix clause pathway, whereby a parenthetical clause-taking predicate develops
from a corresponding matrix clause structure. Instead, it followed a hypothesized conjoining pathway, which involves the loss of a
phonetic gap between a prosodically separated huaiyi predicate and the clause with which it occurs.
Organic models for measuring Spanish learners’ linguistic complexity
Authors: Collentine Joseph , Collentine Karina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Second language acquisition (SLA) researchers measure linguistic complexity to assess pedagogical effectiveness and depict development (Norris & Ortega, 2009). Yet, from linguistic and cognitive perspectives, commonly used approaches oversimplify complexity. Furthermore, such approaches do not consider the morphological complexities of a highly inflected L2 like Spanish. Norris and Ortega (2009) encourage SLA researchers to develop empirically and theoretically valid measures of linguistic complexity through an organic (i.e., iterative and data-driven) investigative process; resulting models should be multidimensional and developmentally sensitive. This study delineates three multidimensional models of Spanish L2 linguistic complexity based on a principal component analysis of a corpus of learners participating in a task-based activity at the beginning, intermediate, and advanced levels of university instruction.
Degree, time and focus
Authors: Escalona Torres Juan M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper applies theories from historical pragmatics to trace the syntactic and semantic changes of a poco (today meaning ‘in a short time’) from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. The data shows that during this period the structure shifts from being a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun phrase to being an autonomous adverb. In its adverbial form, it gains wider scope, modifying structures beyond the noun phrase. Along with this syntactic change, a poco retains its degree modification properties over the centuries. However, the scales a poco evaluates extend from objectively measurable concepts such as time and space to subjective concepts such as time elapsed between events, approximation to completion of an event or minimization of focus among alternatives.
Neural evidence for the processing of referential ambiguity and referential failure in Spanish
Authors: Feroce Nick , Fiorentino Robert , Covey Lauren , Gabriele Alison 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The present study uses event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine how native Spanish speakers comprehend overt pronouns in two referentially challenging contexts: sentences in which a pronoun has two gender-matching antecedents (referential ambiguity), and sentences in which there are no gender-matching antecedents (referential failure). Participants read these sentences for comprehension while their brain activity was recorded. Results revealed a sustained positivity for referentially ambiguous pronouns, in contrast to a sustained negativity observed in previous studies of English and Dutch, and a positivity (P600) for referential failure, in line with previous studies. There was no relationship between ERPs and working memory measures. These results suggest that speakers of different languages may differ in how they process referential ambiguity, but not referential failure.
Surviving Limburg and Hollandic dialect features and what they have in common
Authors: Hinskens Frans 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Two studies of processes of dialect levelling are presented. The first one concerns a divergent local Limburg dialect of Dutch. The second study concerns 15 local Hollandic dialects, spoken in the northwestern corner of the country. Whereas the Limburg study is based on data from the author’s fieldwork recordings, the Hollandic investigation is based on questionnaire data from two huge (equally fieldwork-based) projects. The Limburg study focusses on 20 dialect features (in the phonological, morphological and syntactic modules) and allows for apparent time comparisons, while the Hollandic research permits real time comparisons of the variation in 7 features in the phonological and morphosyntactic components. For both studies the data were elicited from individual speakers. The dialects in both areas appear to arrive at their own unique selection of non-standard features. Despite the many differences and despite the fact that the dialect situations differ in several respects, the findings of both studies converge in the sense that the resistant phenomena share properties pertaining to their relative geographical distribution, their socio-emblematic nature and, internally, to the architecture of language components, the conditioning/regularity of the phenomena as well as their mutual coherence, both structurally and statistically.
German regiolects and socio-cultural identity
Authors: Kehrein Roland 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Dynamic linguistic processes between the old German local dialects and the much younger German standard language are currently being studied intensely, revealing some clear results: The structures of the vertical variation spaces differ according to the dialect area. These different shapes can basically be explained by a linguistic factor, the relationship between Standard German and the different dialects. This relationship determines the type and number of non-standard variants remaining in the speakers’ best attempts to pronounce Standard German. These variants form the basic linguistic inventory of the intermediate regiolect varieties. On the basis of further studies reciprocal effects between variety use and other forms of social action can be observed, resulting in a high amount of stability of the intermediate regiolect varieties.
From dialect to standard: Facilitating and constraining factors
Authors: Cerruti Massimo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with the selection of morphosyntactic features in Italo-Romance. Firstly, a brief overview will be provided of the language space between traditional dialects and the standard variety of Italian, with particular emphasis on how this space is shaped differently across Italo-Romance. Next, the main dynamics underlying the inclusion of dialect features within the standard will be considered through the analysis of a representative case, i.e. the behaviour of the Italian negative particle mica (< Latin MICAM ‘crumb’) in declarative clauses. Drawing on both previous literature and corpus-based data, the focus will fall on the reasons why some uses of mica are selected as standard and others are not. Special attention will be paid to the role of salience as both a facilitating and a constraining factor.
Language variation and maintenance in Cypriot Romeika
Authors: Ioannidou Elena , Christodoulou Charalambos , Neokleous Theoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper adopts a social networks approach to investigate language variation and maintenance in Cypriot Romeika, a Greek variety spoken by an enclave community of Turkish Cypriots situated in the north of Cyprus. The variety, which has been in isolation for many decades due to political reasons, did not undergo the koineisation processes that took place in Cypriot Greek and thus not only has it preserved “archaic” phenomena that are unavailable in the Cypriot Greek koine, but it also includes several intradialectal geographical isoglosses that were available prior to koineisation. This paper presents the history of the community and its language and discusses why this linguistic situation has voided the processes of koineisation at work in the rest of the Greek-speaking parts of the island. It further explores the sociolinguistic factors involved in language maintenance, including the strong ties between language and identity, and the use of Cypriot Romeika as the language of the home, as well as the attitudes of its speakers towards the Cypriot Greek koine.
A criterion for covariance in complex sequential growth models
Authors: Surya Sumati , Zalel Stav 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The classical sequential growth model for causal sets provides a template for the dynamics in the deep quantum regime. This growth dynamics is intrinsically temporal and causal, with each new element being added to the existing causal set without disturbing its past. In the quantum version, the probability measure on the event algebra is replaced by a quantum measure, which is Hilbert space valued. Because of the temporality of the growth process, in this approach, covariant events (or observables) are measurable only if the quantum measure extends to the associated sigma algebra of events. This is not always guaranteed. In this work we find a criterion for extension (and thence covariance) in complex sequential growth models for causal sets. We find a large family of models in which the measure extends, so that all covariant events/observables are measurable.
Calibration of the laser displacement sensor and integration of on-site scanned points
Authors: Kou Meng , Wang Gang , Jiang Cheng , Li Wen-long , Mao Jin-cheng 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
On-site inspection with a laser displacement sensor installed on the spindle of a three-axis machine tool has found a wide range of applications in industrial processes. The calibration of the beam direction and the integration of the on-site scanned points are crucial for the measurement of free-form surfaces. This paper presents a method to calibrate the unit direction vector of the laser beam and integrate the on-site scanned points based on a standard ball. By scanning the fixed ball, a group of nonlinear equations is constructed. The nonlinear equations are solved by the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm to get the unit direction vector of the laser beam and the center position of the standard ball. Then the coordinate transformation parameters between the world coordinate system and the sensor coordinate system are calculated. The scanned points from different coordinate systems are transformed into the world coordinate system by the coordinate transformation. The method simplifies the traditional calibration process and realizes the integration of the multi-angle scanned points on a three-axis machine tool. The feasibility and effectiveness of this method are verified through simulation and practical experiment. By comparing fitting value under different measuring conditions with the nominal, the measurement parameters including the incident angle and the scan depth are optimized. In the experiment, the measurement accuracy of this method reaches 0.02 mm.
Climate change alters flood magnitudes and mechanisms in climatically-diverse headwaters across the northwestern United States
Authors: S Chegwidden Oriana , Rupp David E , Nijssen Bart 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Flooding caused by high streamflow events poses great risk around the world and is projected to increase under climate change. This paper assesses how climate change will alter high streamflow events by changing both the prevalence of different driving mechanisms (i.e. ‘flood generating processes’) and the magnitude of differently generated floods. We present an analysis of simulated changes in high streamflow events in selected basins in the hydroclimatically diverse Pacific Northwestern United States, classifying the events according to their mechanism. We then compare how the different classes of events respond to changes in climate at the annual scale. In a warmer future, high flow events will be caused less frequently by snowmelt and more frequently by precipitation events. Also, precipitation-driven high flow events are more sensitive to increases in precipitation than are snowmelt-driven high flow events, so the combination of the increase in both frequency and magnitude of precipitation-driven high flow events leads to higher flood likelihood than under each change alone. Our comparison of the results from two emissions pathways shows that a reduction in global emissions will limit the increase in magnitude and prevalence of these precipitation-driven events.
Near-infrared emission in Er:ZnO thin films with embedded Si nanoparticles synthesized by ion implantation
Authors: Li Kaikai , Yu Shuang , Ma Changsheng , Lu Fei , Liu Kaijing , Xu Yuhang , Ma Changdong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Er-doped ZnO thin films on a SiO2/Si substrate were fabricated by radio frequency magnetron sputtering, in which embedded Si nanoparticles (NPs) were formed by ion implantation and subsequent thermal annealing. The effects of Si NPs on the Er photoluminescence (PL) at 1.54 μm were investigated. In addition to the typical emission at 1.54 μm from Er3+, a new 1.16-μm emission peak was also observed after a thermal treatment. Further annealing resulted in shift of emission intensity between the 1.16- and 1.54-μm luminescence features. The observed Si nanoparticles (NPs) were ∼4 nm in diameter. The formation of new components Zn2SiO4 and Er2Si2O7 was also presented in this study. The 1.16-μm luminescence is attributed to the Si NPs, and the suppression of Si NPs related emission is caused by consumption of Si in the formation of Er silicate and zinc silicide and the energy transfer between Si NPs and Er3+. The intensity of Er3+ related 1.54-μm PL can be modulated by the Si NPs fabricated by implantation and optimizing the annealing condition.
Analytical modelling of quantum capacitance and carrier concentration in Archimedean zigzag SiC nanoscrolls
Authors: Hassanzadazar Mina , Hadidi Khayrollah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Considering the ongoing miniaturization of electronic devices using new categories of nanomaterials, particular importance should be given to the quantum confinement effects in advanced fabrication processes. This paper presents a new analytical model of the quantum capacitance for zigzag silicon doped graphene nanscrolls,SiCNSs. Although, studying the electronic properties and synthesis methods of SiC-based nanostructures has drawn great research attention in recent years, no analytical model or numerical simulation for quantum capacitance and carrier concentration has been conducted concerning the SiC nanoscrolls so far. In this study, the quantum capacitance model of zigzag SiCNSs is presented for both degenerate and non-degenerate regimes considering the effects of different structural parameters. In the degenerate regime, the zigzag SiCNS shows a constant quantum capacitance value of 4.75 × 10–11 F m−1 (47.5 pF m−1) while for non-degenerate regime it follows exponential behaviour. The dominancy of the quantum capacitance of SiCNSs at different levels of concentration is compared in this study. The investigation also highlights the variations of the density of states and carrier concentration with respect to the length and chirality. Presented results suggest that synthesis of SiCNSs possesses a range of potential technological applications as supercapacitors and the channel or interconnections in transistors in the new generation of the nanodevices.
Physical Work Demands of Childcare Workers in Denmark: Device-Based Measurements and Workplace Observations Among 199 Childcare Workers from 16 Day Nurseries
Authors: Holtermann Andreas , Fjeldstad Hendriksen Peter , Greby Schmidt Kathrine , Jagd Svendsen Malene , Nørregaard Rasmussen Charlotte Diana 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Childcare workers in Denmark have high prevalence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) and sickness absence, but the existing knowledge of their physical work demands is limited, hampering preventive initiatives. This study aimed to assess the physical work demands with accelerometers and workplace observations of childcare workers handling children age 0–3.

Methods
Data collection consisted of an electronic survey, anthropometric measurements, accelerometer measurements providing information of physical activity types and postures with Acti4 software from five consecutive workdays, as well as 4-h visual workplace observation per childcare worker from 16 Danish nurseries.

Results
In total, 199 childcare workers were enrolled in the study. A total of 4181 working hours of accelerometer measurements and 722 h of workplace observations were carried out. Accelerometer measurements showed that they spent about half of the working day (44.8%) in sedentary postures, and the rest standing (22.8%), moving (13.0%), walking (14.6%), running (0.1%), and climbing stairs (0.7%), with 4.1% in knee straining postures (kneeling and squatting) and 4.3% forward trunk inclination &gt;60°. Workplace observations showed that they carried children 1.8% of the working hours.

Conclusions
Physical work demands of Danish childcare workers are characterized by about half of the workday being sedentary, and the remaining of the workday being quite evenly distributed between standing and dynamic activities, with low exposures to carrying children. Their exposure to forward bending of the trunk and knee straining postures could impose a risk for MSP and sickness absence, and preventive initiatives should be considered.
Can post-mortem MRI be used as a proxy for in vivo? A case study
Authors: Boon Baayla D C , Pouwels Petra J W , Jonkman Laura E , Keijzer Matthijs J , Preziosa Paolo , van de Berg Wilma D J , Geurts Jeroen J G , Scheltens Philip , Barkhof Frederik , Rozemuller Annemieke J M , Bouwman Femke H , Steenwijk Martijn D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPost-mortem in situ MRI has been used as an intermediate between brain histo(patho)logy and in vivo imaging. However, it is not known how comparable post-mortem in situ is to ante-mortem imaging. We report the unique situation of a patient with familial early-onset Alzheimer’s disease due to a PSEN1 mutation, who underwent ante-mortem brain MRI and post-mortem in situ imaging only 4 days apart. T1-weighted and diffusion MRI was performed at 3-Tesla at both time points. Visual atrophy rating scales, brain volume, cortical thickness and diffusion measures were derived from both scans and compared. Post-mortem visual atrophy scores decreased 0.5–1 point compared with ante-mortem, indicating an increase in brain volume. This was confirmed by quantitative analysis; showing a 27% decrease of ventricular and 7% increase of whole-brain volume. This increase was more pronounced in the cerebellum and supratentorial white matter than in grey matter. Furthermore, axial and radial diffusivity decreased up to 60% post-mortem whereas average fractional anisotropy of white matter increased approximately 10%. This unique case study shows that the process of dying affects several imaging markers. These changes need to be taken into account when interpreting post-mortem MRI to make inferences on the in vivo situation.
Scope of biodiesel from oils of woody plants: a review
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Non-edible oils obtained from chosen non-conventional woody plants are considered as potential raw materials for biodiesel production. These plants mostly grow in wastelands. Structural characteristics of these oils as raw material are very much in tune with the properties of biodiesel such as long-chain hydrocarbon, having an adequate level of unsaturation with branched chain. Four primary methods are being followed to make biodiesel from vegetable oil. They are direct use through blending, microemulsion, thermal cracking (pyrolysis) and transesterification. Non-edible oil would eliminate the issue of food vs fuel. The biodiesel manufactured from oils of woody plants may partially reduce the demand for liquid-fuel energy and addresses the environmental consequences of using fossil fuels. Oil from a total of 17 species of woody plants (Angiosperms) belonging to 14 families are considered in this paper. The habit, habitat and geographical distribution of each species are also presented. The physico-chemical properties of their oil, with special reference to the fatty-acid profile that ultimately decides the characteristics of the biodiesel prepared from them, are reviewed.
Early Parosmia Signs and Affective States Predict Depression and Anxiety Symptoms 6 Months After a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lecuyer Giguere Fanny , Jobin Benoit , Robert Joëlle , Bastien Laurianne , Giguère Jean-François , De Beaumont Louis , de Guise Elaine , Frasnelli Johannes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This longitudinal study aimed to evaluate qualitative (parosmia) and quantitative (hyposmia/anosmia) olfaction 2–4 weeks (baseline) and 6 months (follow-up) after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). We further evaluated the predictive value of baseline depression, anxiety, and olfaction scores on depression and anxiety at follow-up. At baseline, olfactory function and affective state were assessed in 107 participants (53 patients with mTBI; 54 healthy controls). At follow-up, data were collected on 71 participants (32 patients and 39 controls). Both at baseline and follow-up, patients with mTBI showed more signs of parosmia, depression, and anxiety compared with controls. However, patients did not, neither at baseline nor follow-up, show quantitative olfactory impairment. Moreover, although baseline scores of depression and anxiety helped predict the development of symptoms of depression and anxiety at follow-up, adding parosmia scores to the prediction model significantly increased the amount of explained variances. Clinicians should implement affective and olfactory evaluation to predict patients’ affective outcome.