bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
46 Effect of the addition of α-tocopherol to in vitro maturation media of bovine oocytes
Authors: Pérez Theisy P Acosta 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
α-tocopherol is known to be a powerful antioxidant, in this regard, it was added to bovine oocyte in vitro maturation media to evaluate its effect on oocyte maturation. Oocytes (n = 624) aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows were classified by quality and divided in four categories according to cytoplasm appearance and cumulus cells layers. Oocytes were washed in TCM-199 supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and FSH, then distributed in maturation media (TCM-199 supplemented with FBS, FSH and gentamicin). Three experimental groups of α-tocopherol (50, 100 and 200 mM) and a control group without α-tocopherol were used. Maturation was carried 22 h at 38.5°C in a 5% CO2 atmosphere. Oocytes were examined to determine cumulus expansion as categorical data (expansion or no expansion), as well as cumulus expansion Index (CEI). For CEI determination oocytes were graded 0 to 4, being 0 those with null expansion and 4 those with a noticeable cell expansion, then the number of oocytes were multiplied by the grade given and a sum of the totals was obtained, the new total was divided by the total of oocytes in the group and the result obtained corresponded to the CEI of the group. Results were analyzed with Chi Square test (for maturation rates) and an ANOVA (for the CEI) using the SAS system, data are presented as mean ± standard error. There was no statistical difference between control and α-tocopherol groups (P &gt;0.05). Numerically, the control group showed a higher maturation rate (100%) and obtained a higher CEI (2.44±0.20), followed by the 50 mM group (98.16%; 2.39±0.13), the groups 200 mM (97.40%; 2.00±0.14) and 100 mM (96.25%; 2.06±0.24) were the lowest. The addition of the minimum concentration (50 mM) of α-tocopherol to the maturation media could improve maturation rates without exposing oocytes to toxic effects.
70 Effects of the addition of Moringa oleifera seed extract to in vitro maturation of bovine oocyte media and its antimicrobial activity
Authors: Pérez Theisy P Acosta 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Moringa oleifera seed extract was added to the in vitro maturation media of bovine oocytes as an alternative antibiotic to evaluate its effect on the oocyte maturation and its antimicrobial activity. Oocytes (n = 405) were recovered from ovaries from slaughtered cows, classified by quality and divided in four categories according to the cytoplasm appearance and cumulus cells layers. Oocytes were washed four times in TCM-199 supplemented with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and FSH, then placed in maturation media, which contained TCM-199 supplemented with FBS, FSH and the corresponding treatments: TCM-199+gentamicin (Control), TCM-199 without antibiotic (Test), moringa (M) 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/mL. After 22 h at 38.5°C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere, oocytes were examined to determine cumulus expansion (as categorical results yes or no) and cumulus expansion Index (CEI). Additionally, 400 µL of used maturation media was retrieved and stored for the antimicrobial activity tests in agar cultures. Evaluation of the cultures for colony-forming units (CFU) was done at 24 and 48 h post culture. Results were analyzed with Chi Square test (for expansion rates) and an ANOVA (for the CEI and CFU) using the SAS system, data are presented as mean ± standard error. Statistically, there was no difference between treatments (P &gt;0.05). Numerically M 1.0 and Test obtained the highest maturation rate (96.43%; 96.20%). M 1.0 and Control showed the highest CEI (2.26±0.21; 2.25±0.26). For the CFU count, Control showed the lowest result at 24 and 48 h post culture (0.00 ± 0.00; 0.11 ± 0.33), as M 10.0 showed the highest result at both 24 and 48 h (2.00 ± 3.60; 2.55 ± 4.58). The addition M 1.0 mg/mL to the maturation media is an alternative for the use of conventional antibiotics without decreasing maturation rates.
187 Utilizing Working Groups to Provide Hands-On Learning Opportunities for Experienced Beef Cattle Producers
Authors: Vining Timothy P , Jacobs Joshua L , Marks Marty L , Thompson Gerald L , Mullenix Mary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Systems 360° Working Group program was created for experienced beef cattle producers who desired to learn more about timely topics related to beef cattle production than could be covered in a single night meeting. To aid in developing these working groups, the Alabama Extension Animal Science and Forages Team developed curriculum regarding grazing management, watering systems, marketing, handling facilities, and animal management. Regional animal science and forages agents then coordinated planned visits to producer farms and Auburn University research centers that highlighted specific management practices surrounding these topics, and facilitated group discussion at those sites to encourage peer-to-peer learning experiences. A working group consisted of beef cattle producers (n = 10–25 participants per group) sharing a common interest in learning more in-depth about strategies to improve their respective operations. Four working groups were organized in different regions of Alabama and met five times throughout 2018–2019. The closing survey (n = 50 responses) for the working groups indicated that 100% of participants felt this program met expectations, and given the opportunity they would join another working group. Overall, 94% of respondents indicated that they planned to adopt one of more of the management practices discussed in the group in the next 12 months. Top practices that producers planned to implement included improved winter grazing strategies, rotational stocking, water resource management and testing, and facilities design/animal handling. Producers indicated that they learned the most from farm-visits and speakers/discussion leaders as part of the program. Participants reported that knowledge gained from this program could potentially lead to a total farm economic impact averaging $6,095 per operation. These data indicate that Systems Working Groups are an effective means to disseminate knowledge, engage producers in peer-based learning opportunities and improve herd profitability among experienced beef cattle producers.
3 Addressing Food Animal Veterinary Services Shortages Through Veterinary Continuing Education Courses: A New Role for Extension as a Bridge Between Veterinary and Agriculture Communities
Authors: Ward Heidi M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Food animal veterinary services are in demand due to regulatory changes that require more veterinary oversight in animal agriculture. The USDA identifies 13 counties in Arkansas as having food animal veterinary shortages. In response, the University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service developed the Food Animal Medicine Workshop Series to train veterinarians in food animal medicine with the goal of encouraging veterinarians and their staff to provide more food animal services. The workshops are funded by the USDA NIFA Veterinary Services Grant Program, which allows for monthly continuing education (CE) courses for a two year period. Topics covered to date include: how to integrate backyard poultry into your practice, pharmaceutical use in food animal medicine, the Veterinary Feed Directive and the future of antimicrobial use in food animal medicine, infectious diseases in food animals, current issues and advances in food animal wellbeing, small ruminant medicine, cattle medicine, honey bee medicine, field services, and field necropsy. 171 veterinarians have attended the workshops, with an average class size of 18. All participants were awarded CE credits by the Arkansas Veterinary Medical Examining Board. Surveys were given to participants at the end of each course. A Likert scale was used to measure responses to statements about the workshop with 1 being “strongly disagree”, 2 being “disagree”, 3 being “agree” and 4 being “strongly agree”. Participants gave an average score of 3.9 when asked if their knowledge increased from the workshop, an average score of 3.8 when asked if they would attend future workshops in the series, and an average score of 3.2 when asked if they would incorporate what they learned into their practices. Information from the surveys indicates that the workshops are achieving the goal of increasing food animal services. A future survey of attendees will measure the actual increase in such services.
166 The effects of feeding lasalocid in combination with zeranol implants on performance and carcass traits in hair sheep
Authors: Lippy Brittany A , Wilson Blake K , Fitch Jerry , Mafi Gretchen G , Crosswhite Justin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary inclusion of lasalocid in combination with zeranol implants on the performance and carcass characteristics of hair sheep. Thirty wether hair lambs (BW = 25.8 + 4.6 kg) were stratified by BW and BCS and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design. The treatments included no implant or ionophore (CON); and the experimental treatment, receiving the ionophore lasalocid (Bovatec® 91; Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI) and anabolic zeranol implants (Ralgro®; MSD Animal Health, Spartan, RSA; LZ). Lambs on the LZ treatment received 12 mg of zeranol on d 0, 56, and 112, unless lambs were harvested prior to day 112, and consumed an average of 35 mg per day of lasalocid. Lambs had ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the experiment and were housed in individual, slatted floor pens. Performance data were collected on d 0, 14, 28, 56, 84, and at harvest. After d 84, harvest dates were selected and lambs were harvested by block based on proximity to ideal harvest weight and fat thickness. Lasalocid in the diet combined with zeranol implants increased final BW by 14.2% in comparison to CON (P &lt; 0.01). Overall ADG was increased by 36.2% (P &lt; 0.01), and overall G:F was improved by 24.4% for LZ when compared to CON (P = 0.01). There was no difference in overall DMI between treatments (P = 0.13). Hot carcass weight (HCW; P &lt; 0.01), and loin eye area (LEA; P &lt; 0.01) were also greater for the LZ treatment. Dietary inclusion of lasalocid in combination with zeranol implants improved overall BW, ADG, and feed efficiency as well as HCW and LEA in hair sheep.
83 Evaluation of feeding immunoglobulin-Y to Holstein feeder cattle for the control of liver abscesses & reduction of macrolide-resistant bacteria dissemination
Authors: Stotz Miranda K , Murillo Diego Casas , Henry Darren D , Crossland Whitney L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite the regular use of macrolide-antibiotics in the diets of feedlot cattle, liver abscesses persist representing a financial burden to both pre- and post-mortem sectors of the beef industry. Alternative strategies, which simultaneously address liver infections and reduce the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, are needed. An immunoglobulin-Y (IGY) product, developed to target Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes, was evaluated for the control of liver abscesses and its effect on macrolide-resistant Enterococcus growth from feces. Sixty-four Holstein steers (Initial BW= 384± 13.5kg) consuming a finishing diet (90% concentrate) for 188 days (Final BW= 660± 42 kg) were used in a completely randomized design where steer was experimental unit and treatments included: TYL (Tylosin phosphate fed at 90mg/hd/day; n = 32) or IGY (fed at 2.5g/hd/day; n= 32). Feed intake was recorded daily and BW was recorded every 28 days until slaughter. After 150 d on treatment fecal samples were randomly obtained from each treatment group four times (n = 40) and cultured on bile-esculine agar enriched with 8 μg/mL of erythromycin. Continuous variables of feedlot growth performance, carcass data and bacterial growth were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of steer or sampling day, respectively. Ordinal carcass data were analyzed using the FREQ procedure of SAS observing the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel value. Treatment did not affect DMI (P= 0.21), ADG (P = 0.50) or G:F (P = 0.36). Treatment neither affected hot carcass weight (P = 0.37) nor longissimus muscle area (P = 0.25). However, TYL resulted in greater back fat thickness than IGY (0.32 vs. 0.23 in.; P &lt; 0.02) and consequently greater numerical yield grade (P &lt; 0.02). Quality grade was not affected by treatment (P = 0.65). No treatment difference was observed for liver abscesses prevalence (TYL=63% vs. IGY=52%; P = 0.40) or severity (P = 0.23). There was a greater proportion of erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus growth for TYL than IGY (42.6 vs. 21.9%; P &lt; 0.04). Specifically formulated IGY feed additives may be viable alternatives to antibiotics in feedlot cattle diets.
154 The effect of number of cattle per pen on stocker cattle health and performance
Authors: Midkiff Kirsten A , Karisch Brandi , Woolums Amelia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to: 1) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on BRD morbidity and mortality; and 2) to examine the effect of number of stocker cattle in a receiving pen on cattle performance. Crossbred steers of unknown origin and history (n = 200) were purchased from auction barns in the southern portion of the United States. Cattle were stratified by weight and assigned to either a small (10 head/pen) or large (50 head/pen) treatment on arrival. Calves were assigned to 1 of 3 large pens or 1 of 5 small pens. Cattle were observed daily for clinical signs of BRD and treated if rectal temperature ≥40°C. Body weight was collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42, and 56. Rectal temperature was collected at arrival. Days-at-risk for BRD was the number of days from arrival until a calf: (1) was first diagnosed with BRD; (2) died; or (3) finished the trial. Treatment effects on BRD incidence and performance were tested using Poisson distribution and logistic regression using GLIMMIX or linear regression using MIXED procedure of SAS, respectively, accounting for clustering by pen. Mortality was analyzed using the LOGISTIC function with Firth’s penalized likelihood. There were 8,698 total days at risk and overall incidence density was 7.82 BRD cases per 1,000 calf days. Overall morbidity totaled 32.5% with 5.5% mortality. No difference among treatment was observed for morbidity, mortality, or performance. Cattle with fever on arrival were 1.125 times more likely to contract BRD (P ˂ .0001). The number of BRD treatments received had an effect on ADG at d 0–14 (P ˂ .0001), 0–28 (P ˂ .0001), and 0–60 (P ˂ .0001), with ADG decreasing as number of treatments increased. In summary, fever on arrival affected BRD incidence, and number of treatments cattle received affected growth throughout the trial.
163 The effects of energy and lasalocid supplementation on forage intake and energetics of cattle grazing wheat pasture
Authors: Pickett Autumn T , Kegley Elizabeth , Beck Paul A , Gunter Stacey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cattle grazing wheat have the potential to gain BW exceptionally well, but excessive nitrogen intake results in increased excretion and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Supplemental grain with the addition of an ionophore given to ruminants grazing wheat is a potential practice for producers to increase nitrogen efficiency while decreasing GHG emissions. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to quantify the effects of energy and lasalocid supplementation on nutrient intake, respiratory gas fluxes, and performance of grazing cattle. Heifers (n = 18) were used in a 49-d experiment that consisted of two 21-d blocks with 7 d between them (initial BW=311±17.3 kg and 339±16.7 kg, Block 1 and 2, respectively). Heifers were assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments; no supplement (Control, n = 6), 2.95 kg control feed/d (Energy, n = 6), or 2.95 kg feed with lasalocid/d (Lasalocid, n = 6). Cattle grazed an 8.1-ha paddock of winter wheat and had access to a GreenFeed system used to quantify the respiratory gas fluxes (CH4, CO2, and O2). Cattle were weighed on d 0 and 21 of each block, on d 15 to 21 cattle were gathered every 12 h and fecal samples were collected. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED in SAS. Methane emissions were not affected (P = 0.58) by treatment, but supplemented cattle had greater (P = 0.04) CO2 emissions and O2 consumption (P = 0.03). Hence, ADG tended to be greater for supplemented cattle (P = 0.09) compared with Control (1.22 and 1.00 kg, respectively), but no effect (P = 0.88) was observed for the Lasalocid. Fecal output was greater for supplemented cattle (P &lt; 0.01), but forage intake was lower (P &lt; 0.01) and nutrient intake was higher (P &lt; 0.01) for supplemented cattle compared to Control. Supplemented cattle had lower forage intake with greater CO2 emissions and O2 consumption, but the Lasalocid did not affect any parameter.
119 Palatability of Olive Pomace in Mozambique Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
Authors: Krasue Ethan , Conn Benny J , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy M , Anderson Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
By-products, such as distillers’ and brewers’ dried grains, are used in livestock rations as a source of important nutrients, cheapen feed costs, and reduce the cost of production. Olive pomace is the by-product from the production and milling of olive oil, and is a possible source of protein and energy for livestock. The objective of this study was to determine if Mozambique tilapia would consume olive pomace when mixed with commercial feed. Sixty tilapia of similar size were divided into two separate tanks, each with its own aquaponic filtration system. Ammonia, pH, nitrates, nitrites, and chlorine levels were monitored to ensure optimum water environment. Olive pomace, from a two-phase mill, has a slurry-like constancy containing approximately 50% moisture. Due to its high moisture content, the pomace was offered to the fish in a dried state and mixed with a commercial feed at a 1:1 ratio. The dried pomace immediately sank to the bottom of the tank while the commercial feed remained on the water surface and consumed by the fish. The rate of consumption of the dried pomace could not be separated from the tank sediment, and therefore was not measurable. To deter the pomace from sinking, wet pomace was mixed at a 1:1 ratio with the floating commercial feed. The wet pomace, mixed well with the commercial feed and yielded a consistent blend of pomace and feed. The moist pomace:feed blend was molded by hand into 2 ½ centimeter spheres, each weighing approximately 9.1 grams. Four spheres were dropped into each tank allowing multiple fish to feed at once. Although, the wet blended feed mixture did not float, the fish ate the feed spheres as they sank. This preliminary research illustrates the willingness of tilapia to consume olive pomace and its potential use as a feed.
27 Defining Grazing Recommendations for Alfalfa-Bermudagrass Mixtures in the Southeastern U.S
Authors: Groce Kaylyn , Tucker Jennifer J , Mason Katie , Marks Landon , Mullenix Mary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recently there has been growing interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem sustainability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has focused on management and production of stored forages, and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It is known that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall alfalfa stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency on alfalfa interseeded into bermudagrass to develop grazing management recommendations. In 2018 thirty-six alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama and Georgia in a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties utilized were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 weeks) and harvest height (5, 10, 15 cm) and plots were evaluated to determine the optimum interval in relation to sward yield, alfalfa persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. Forage yield was affected by the interaction of location with harvest frequency and height (P &lt; 0.05). At three of the four locations, overall seasonal yield from the 5cm cutting height was greatest; however, alfalfa persistence declined in these treatments throughout the season and was less than 10% at the northern locations when 2019 data collection began. Additionally, crude protein (CP) and in-vitro digestibility (IVDMD) declined throughout the season as the alfalfa presence decreased. This study is supported by funding from the USDA-NIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017).
92 Health and Performance of Ewes in Woodland and Silvopasture Systems
Authors: Ellis Nevershi , Karki Uma , Paneru Bidur , Karki Lila B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The health and performance of small ruminants can be influenced by the type of vegetation available in the grazing lands, which are evolving from conventional sole pastures to other systems containing browse species, such as pastures incorporated with browse, silvopastures, and woodlands. However, how the type of grazing lands would impact animal performance and health is not documented well. The objective of this study was to determine the health and performance of ewe lambs in southern-pine silvopastures and woodlands. The study site consisted of pine silvopastures (3 plots, 0.4-ha each) planted with different cool- and warm-season forages, and woodlands (3 plots, 0.4-ha each) having numerous understory shrubs and herbaceous species. Katahdin-St. Croix-cross ewe lambs (n = 20; live weight – 29.4±1.03 kg., 5–6 months old) were rotationally stocked in study plots (10 animals/system) from May to August 2019. Both silvopasture and woodland systems consisted of 14-year-old longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. Animal performance data [live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), FAMACHA score, and fecal egg count] were collected every 14 days and blood samples collected at the beginning and on day 80 after they were stocked in the study plots. Blood samples were analyzed for PVC using centrifuge machine and other parameters in IDEXX. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance in SAS 9.4. The silvopasture ewes gained more weight versus the woodland ewes (P &lt; 0.0001). Fecal egg count was correlated negatively with live weight and BCS and positively with FAMACHA score in both groups (P &lt; 0.05). Woodland ewes showed greater levels of RBC, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte, but less blood urea nitrogen (BUN), monocyte, and basophil than silvopasture ewes (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate that woodland ewes may need some supplement to improve their weight gain and BUN.