bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Synergy Approach To investigate the developmental trends of Solar Energy
Authors: Su Yi-Huei , Wu Jung-Hua 
Published: January 2020

In recent years, electricity generation using solar energy has become a popular trend. At present, the solar energy output value of China, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU28) together account for more than 70% of the total global output value; therefore, these nations have a significant influence on future development of solar energy technologies.
In this study, we analyzed data, including those for patents; key technology; output value; trade surpluses (deficits); research and development (R&D) funds and manpower; energy density, and publications in journals, and collected data related to solar energy use in these countries to analyze trends in its use by applying the synergy theory. The subsystems investigated include the industry, government, and academic, and the study period was 2005–2015. We also integrated resources and linked application statuses to track applications by the considered subsystems.
The following results were obtained at the end of this study:
(1) Development of solar energy use technology has slowed down in the EU28, is growing in China, and has plateaued in the US. In terms of trends in synergy, the EU28 showed growth up to 2013, after which a rapid decline was observed; an overall growth trend was observed in China; and a plateau in the was noted in the US after 2011.
(2) Overall, variations in these trends reduced across the industry subsystems affecting decision-making in companies. Overall investment in research and development (R&D) by the government has plateaued. There appeared to be a growth in the academic subsystems, with the number of studies on solar energy increasing.
(3) Patents and published journal articles indicate that, in the EU28, research on key technology for solar energy use has been dominated by theory. However, in China and the US, research is mainly focused on the application of such technology.
The observed trends for solar energy technologies in the study areas. However, the environment for the solar energy use can change; it is recommended that future research take market considerations into account to better understand the trends in the development of solar energy technologies.
Improve subsequent leaching efficiency and extraction rate of germanium in optical fibre cables with pre-treatment
Authors: Chen Wei-Sheng , Chang Bi-Cheng , Shuai Chih-kang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Germanium is an important and rare material which widely used in fibre optic industry, accounting for about 40% of the total germanium product usage. Due to the rarity of germanium, developing an effective recycling process of recovering germanium metal from waste fibre optical cables is significant. Fibre optical cables was arranged to do characteristic analysis, pre-treatment and dissolution in this study. In the characteristic analysis, the content of germanium dioxide in the glass fibre was 0.15%, and the remaining components were all silicon dioxide. In the pre-treatment part, it consists of two steps which are the solvent treatment and roasting. At the solvent treatment step, glass fibre can be separated by acetone with a concentration of more than 50% and ethanol with concentration of more than 75%. At the roasting step, NaOH was used as a roasting additive. Adding 5 molar ratio of NaOH/SiO2 at 500 °C for 2 hours can totally convert the optical fibre into the silicate. After roasting, it could be leaching by dilute H2SO4 and its leaching rate is higher than 99.5%. This study can provide a process to recovery germanium from optical fibre effectively. According to the optimal conditions, the recovery of germanium could be up to 99%.
Recovery of valuable metal from Photovoltaic solar cells through extraction
Authors: Chen Wei-Sheng , Chen Yen-Jung , Yueh Kai-Chieh , Cheng Chii-Pwu , Chang Tien-Chin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The installation of PV modules was 97.9GW and the accumulation volume of PV device was 500GW in 2018 According to the research, the accumulation of waste modules will reach to 8600 tons in 2030 as the result of the life expectancy of PV modules. Moreover, Crystalline-Silicon solar panels account for 90% of the waste. This study recycles photovoltaic solar cells by leaching and extraction. According to the analyst, Silicon cells content 90% of Si, 0.7% of Ag, and 9.3% of Al. Silicon cells were leached by 4M nitric acid at 80°C for 4 hours then 3M sodium hydroxide at 70°C for 3 hours, and the leaching efficiency were 99.7% of Ag, and 99.9% of Al, respectively. Leaching process separated Silicon from others metal. Na-Cyanex 272 in kerosene was employed to separate Al from Ag. The efficiency of extraction is 96%. After the process of extraction, 1M hydrochloride acid was employed to strip Al from the organic solvent. The efficiency of stripping is 99.9%. After extraction process, Ag was remained in the aqueous phase and precipitated to AgCl. In conclusion, this study shows the optimal parameters of the leaching steps, extraction steps, precipitation and vaccum concentration to get the product. The recovery of Si and Ag were 99.5% and 98% respectively.
Effect of technology application of NOx removal by O3 on fly ash concentration
Authors: Jianfeng Wang , Lei Gong , Peiqi Liu , Ximing Hu , Yue Zhu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An experimental study was carried out on the concentration of dust in flue gas from the outlet of desulphurization system under the conditions of different ammonia and ozone recharge, When the dust samples were dried at different temperatures, the mass concentration of dust was quite different. Analysis of samples by TG-DSC and XPS, It was concluded that the great change in the mass concentration of soot is mainly due to the influence of the combined denitrification process of SNCR and O3 on the composition of the original flue gas. The formation of Soluble salt was carried by droplets in the flue gas and retained on the filter membrane. It led to a great change in the concentration of dust. The main substances of the soluble salt were carbonic acid, ammonium nitrate and calcium nitrate.
Effects of Friction Pressure on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Friction Welded T92/Super304H Dissimilar Steel Weld Joints
Authors: Li Debiao , Lu Yuan , Chen Mo , Sun Yaqin , Wang Lining , Ding Cong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the T92 martensitic steel and the Super304H austenitic steel were welded by continuous drive friction welding technique. The friction welding joints exhibited good mechanical and metallurgical properties. The influence of friction pressure on the microstructures and mechanical properties of T92/Super304H dissimilar steel joints was investigated. With an increase in the friction pressure, the grains in the welding zone and the heat affected zone didn’t grow up and the number of second-phase particles precipitates increased. The Vickers hardness increased and the impact toughness decreased, the tensile fracture and fracture location didn’t change.
Assessment of Creep Rupture Properties of Friction Welded Super304H/T92 Steel Weld Joints
Authors: Lu Yuan , Zhang Jianlong , Li Debiao , Bi Cheng , Sun Fuyang , Yang Yang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The T92 martensitic and Super304H austenitic dissimilar steels welded joints were always encountered in the super critical boilers. The isothermal method was used to assess the creep rupture strength of weld joints. With the higher loading stress, the transcrystalline fracture was the rupture mode of creep specimens, and results in forming dimples. With the higher loading stress, the transcrystalline fracture was the rupture mode of creep specimens and results in forming dimples. With the lower loading stress, creep cavities joined each other along the grain boundary, the creep rupture was the rupture mode of creep specimens and results in cleavage rupture.
Design and optimization of mixing structure of fully premixed surface burner
Authors: Yongtang Wang , Hui Wang , Zhenglu Sun , Li Liu , Yunxin Shi , Penghua Qiu , Aihua Dong , Kaixiang Zhao , Hong Liu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper disassembles a brand of fully premixed surface burners, designs a new type of air-fuel mixing structure through literature survey, and uses Fluent software to simulate the prototype and new type of mixing structure through numerical simulation. The simulation of the mixing was carried out. Through comparative analysis, the relevant structural parameters were changed and the new mixing structure was optimized and verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the new mixing structure proposed in this paper has a better effect on mixing, and some rules affecting the mixing are obtained.
Validation of Unipolar Diffusion Charging Models for Spherical and Agglomerated Nanoparticles
Authors: Su Lipeng , Du Qian , Wen Jiwang , Ou Qisheng , Pui David Y.H. , Gao Jianmin , Dong Peng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An ion-jet diffusion charger was used in this study to investigate the diffusion charging of spherical and agglomerated nanoparticles, and validate corresponding theoretical models. Results show that the limiting-sphere model and White’s theory could preferably predict the diffusion charging of spherical particles, compared with other models. As to agglomerated particles, it is affected by primary particle size and sintered morphology to some extent. Especially for loose agglomerate which is point-to-point contact, obviously more charges could be acquired at same mobility diameter in unipolar diffusion charger. In addition, it was validated that all of Chang’s theory, normalized capacitance model and collision kernel model are in good agreement with experiments results. Chang’ theory and normalized capacitance model, however, are more concise and could be used to evaluate diffusion charging of non-spherical particles in real occasions.
Review of flow regime in CFB standpipe and circulation rate measurement
Authors: Yang Zhao , Liu Xuemin , Qi Guoli , Dong Yong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The classification and characteristics of flow regimes in a circulating fluidized bed standpipe were briefly described. Based on the flow characteristics, several measuring methods of circulating flow rate in standpipe were introduced, including accumulation method, time-of-descent measurements, particle motion detection method, flowmeter method, and correlation method. Advantages and disadvantages of these methods were compared. It can be seen that at present, all measurement methods have some defects, which need to be further studied and improved.
Study on Agglomeration of Ultrafine Droplet Particles by Acoustic Air-jet Generators
Authors: Wu Lintao , Zhang Guangxue , Huihui Yao , Ma Zhenfang , Chi Zuohe , Liu Shengjia 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Acoustic agglomeration is a potential technology for fine particle pretreatment, but the high energy consumption restricts its industrial application. In order to develop a reliable sound source with low energy consumption, acoustic air-jet generators with frequencies ranging from 3 kHz to 8 kHz are adopted to study on the agglomeration effect of ultrafine droplet particles. The influences of frequency, flow rate and initial particle concentration on agglomeration efficiency are experimentally investigated. The results show that the acoustic frequency is a crucial factor for the agglomeration efficiency. The agglomeration efficiency of ultrafine droplet particles is higher than 55% at an optimal frequency of 6 kHz. The probability of collision between droplets increases with the increase of the initial mass concentration, which favors aerosol agglomeration. Moreover, it is shown that the sound pressure level increases with the increase of flow rate of compressed air.
Heat Transfer Calculation of Organic Heat medium Heater and Analysis of maximum film temperature
Authors: Hu Hao , Liu lianqiang , Liu Yan , Zhou Liang , Liu Yunzhou 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Medium hot oil is applied to heat transmission when accurate temperature of process is required and process should be heated homogenously and slowly in petroleum industry. Organic heat medium heater is applied to process whose outlet temperature is below 400°C. Organic heat medium heater is listed as B grade, C grade and D grade as per Boiler Safety Technical Supervision Administration Regulation. Heat transfer calculation is mentioned about Organic heat medium heater and max. Film temperature calculation is also demonstrated in order to explain deterioration of hot oil.
Simulation study of two phase flow in temperature and pressure reducing device
Authors: Xingsheng Lao , Yong Liu , Chunhui Dai , Wujun  , Wei Wang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to analyze the influence of water spray desuperheating measures on the pressure and flow velocity in the temperature and pressure reducing device, a small temperature and pressure reducing device is taken as the prototype, the grid is divided and the calculation model is established, and the flow field inside the device under different water spray conditions is simulated. The distribution of the vapor-condensate two-phase flow field in the temperature and pressure reducing device shows that the water injection measures have obvious effect of reducing the temperature, and have almost no effect on the two-phase flow pressure and flow rate fluctuation in the device.
The Range and Standards of Yang Dongfang Temporal Water Temperature Variation Angle I . Model Calculation
Authors: Yang Dongfang , Li Haixia , Ren Haoyuan , Manickam Sivakumar , Yang Dong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
According to the investigation materials about water bodies of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October 1979, this paper studies the changing process of water temperature in the surface and bottom waters. The findings show that from May to August and then to October, water temperature in the waters from inside of bay mouth to the outside forms a peak line over the time. From May to August and then to October, water temperature changes from the lowest to the highest and then drops to a relatively higher level. Based on the definition and model of Yang Dongfang temporal water temperature variation angle, the results indicate that in the water bodies of inside, around and outside of bay mouth, the Yang Dongfang temporal water temperature variation angles in the surface layer range in 75.86-78.84°from May to August, and in -70.41--77.28°from August to October. While in the bottom layer, Yang Dongfang temporal water temperature variation angle ranges in 75.47-75.61°from May to August, and in -63.99--71.27°from August to October.
Research and Analysis of Energy Conservation for organic heat medium heater
Authors: Liu Yan , Xi Yanlin , Liang Zhaohui 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Organic heat medium heater is defined as boiler of B grade, C grade and D grade as per heat load and is inspected by local government. Organic heat medium heater is widely used in finery factory and chemical plant, and a large amount of energy is consumed by heater. Increasing efficiency is important for energy conservation and saving operation cost. Method of saving energy is discussed and method how to operate safely and effectively is also discussed.
Performance analysis of printed circuit heat exchanger for supercritical carbon dioxide and water
Authors: Zhang Huzhong , Cheng Keyong , Huai Xiulan , Guo Jiangfeng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Printed circuit heat exchanger could be used as pre-cooler in the supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton power cycle. Due to the drastic variations of S-CO2 properties in pre-cooler, segmental design method is used to investigate the thermal-hydraulic performance of PCHE. When the heat duty is given, the local heat transfer entropy generation number has extreme value, which appears near the intersection point of the heat capacity flow rates of both sides. In addition, the local and total entropy generation mainly depend on the local and total heat transfer entropy generation, and the flow imbalance increases entropy generation, especially under conditions of the higher local heat capacity flow rate of water.
Numerical simulation of combustion and emission of blast furnace gas boiler
Authors: Ma Xuhui , Zhang Songsong , Yu Hongling , Qi Guoli 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Taking an 110t/h full-fired blast furnace gas boiler as the research object, the numerical simulation method is used to calculate the combustion process in the furnace. The influence of flow field on combustion is analyzed, and the influence of air preheating temperature and oxygen concentration on combustion and NOx emission is discussed, which provides a theoretical basis for optimal design and reasonable operation of blast furnace gas boiler. The results indicate that with the increase of air preheating temperature and oxygen concentration, the CO consumption rate is increased, the in-furnace maximum temperature and average temperature are increased to different extents, the temperature distribution is basically unchanged, and the NOx concentration at the furnace outlet is also increased. The NOx concentration multiplies as the oxygen concentration increases.
Study on Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics Analysis of Zhundong Lignite
Authors: Wang Guanyu , Li Xianchun , Meng Fanrui , Wang Huanran 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The high moisture and low calorific value of Zhundong lignite restricts its long-distance transportation and large-scale application. In this paper, the elemental composition changes and combustion characteristics of the upgraded lignite were studied, and then the combustion reaction kinetics of the upgraded lignite was analyzed by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method. The results show that with the increase of the upgrading temperature, the content of volatiles and water in the coal decrease, which leads to an increase in the proportion of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, and a decrease in the content of hydrogen and oxygen. The thermogravimetric curve of the upgraded lignite increases between 573K and 673K as the heating rate increases due to the influence of thermal buoyancy and inhalation gain. The burnout index Hj obviously increases with the increase of the heating rate, and the burnout condition of the coal is obviously improved. The apparent activation energy obtained at the same conversion rate and decreases with the increase of the upgrading temperature, which proves that the increase of the upgrading temperature reduces the apparent activation energy of the upgraded lignite.
Prediction and Analysis of Bamboo heating value Near Infrared Spectroscopy Based on Competitive Adaptive Weighted Sampling Algorithm
Authors: Jin Peiwei , Yao Yan , Qiu Qian , Liu Huijun , Liang Xiaoyu , Cai Jinhui 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
China is one of the largest bamboo producers in the world. Bamboo has the characteristics of large biomass and fast growth, which is considered to be an ideal biomass energy source. In order to satisfy the needs of modern biomass conversion processes, there is an urgent need to develop a method for rapidly determining the heating value of bamboo. In this paper, the spectral data of 80 bamboo samples were obtained by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS), and then the heating value of bamboo was measured by conventional methods. Through the analysis of bamboo sample data, the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) algorithm, and the Competitive Adaptive Weighted Sampling and PLSR combination (CARS-PLSR) algorithm were used to establish the relationship between spectral data and heating value. The results show that the number of characteristic wavelengths obtained by the CARS algorithm is 24, while the wavelength of the original medium-long wavelength band is 1320, which reduces the number of wavelengths by 98.18%, and greatly reduces the data size. In addition, the selected feature wavelengths can better reflect the key information of the bamboo spectrum, which have a better model effect than the unscreened model. In this study, the heating value index (R2c, R2p, RPD) of the CARS-PLSR model was 0.97, 0.98, and 6.22, respectively. The bamboo heat generated PLSR model was established by using the characteristic wavelength selected by CARS algorithm, which greatly simplified the complexity of the model and improved the predictive ability of the model.
An Energy Efficiency Indicator and Grading of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Authors: Chen Kelei , Qi Guoli , Liu Xueming , Zhang Jianfei , Qu Zhiguo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The shell-and-tube heat exchanger is the most commonly used heat exchange equipment in the industry. Whether shell-and-tube heat exchangers are energy-saving is of great significance for the efficient using of energy. Therefore, the corresponding evaluation system and index are needed for evaluating the heat transfer process in the shell-and-tube heat exchanger. In this paper, based on Kern method, the energy efficiency evaluation index of shell-and-tube heat exchanger suitable for oil-water working medium is derived. And the relevant database is used to obtain the overall energy efficiency distribution of the industry, which is subject to the normal distribution, finally according to the overall energy efficiency distribution, the energy efficiency of the shell-and-tube heat exchanger is graded.
Theoretical Analysis of Acid Dew Point Temperature and Vapour Condensation Characteristics of the Flue Gas
Authors: Wang Ning , Liu Xuemin , Guan Jian , Qi Guoli , Zhang Jianfei , Zhiguo Qu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Based on the gas-liquid phase equilibrium and multi-component diffusion theory, an analytical model for predicting acid dew point temperature and vapour condensation characteristics of flue gas was developed. The effects of components content, ash particle radius, wall temperature, coal-burned type and excess air ratio have been investigated. The results indicated that the acid dew point temperature and vapour condensation rate will increase with both water and sulfuric acid vapour contents increase. Vapours are not prone to condense on the ash particles when the particle radius is less than the corresponding critical condensing radius. The vapour condensation characteristics can be divided into two different stages with the wall temperature varies. The particle radius has a significant influence on the vapour condensation characteristics in the higher temperature stage. The acid dew point temperatures present significant differences for different coal-burned types, and the water vapour condensation rate is more sensitive to excess air ratio compared with the acid condensation rate.
Design-Based Thermal Efficiency Correction Method for Hot Water Boiler
Authors: Lin Wang , Chen Liu , Bing Jin , Yue Gao 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the boiler design process, the thermal efficiency of the boiler operating under specified parameters is given in accordance with the design specifications. However, under the actual operating conditions, the specified parameters in the design book cannot be met at the same time. Especially for the hot water boiler, the coal quality component and the deviation of low calorific power, the feed water temperature and the ambient temperature will directly affect the operating efficiency of the boiler. In the current boiler energy efficiency test standards, the test conditions are very demanding. It is required to be the design coal type and it also gives fluctuation ranges for several parameters that affect the boiler operation efficiency. For non-design conditions, the boiler operation condition test method can only be executed referring to the standard. However, the measured efficiency is highly variable. This paper aims to analyze and study several parameters affecting boiler efficiency based on the perspective of boiler design, and give corresponding efficiency correction method to provide reference for the correction of energy efficiency test results under non-design conditions.