bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Approaches for Sports Performance: How Far Away Are We?
Authors: Joyner Michael J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHumans vary in their ‘natural ability’ related to sports performance. One facet of natural ability reflects so-called intrinsic ability or the ability to do well with minimal training. A second facet of natural ability is how rapidly an individual adapts to training; this is termed trainability. A third facet is the upper limit achievable after years of prolonged intense training; this represents both intrinsic ability and also trainability. There are other features of natural ability to consider, for example body size, because some events, sports, or positions favor participants of different sizes. In this context, the physiological determinants of elite endurance performance, especially running and cycling, are well known and can be used as a template to discuss these general issues. The key determinants of endurance performance include maximal oxygen uptake $$(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\hbox{max} } )$$

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, the lactate threshold, and running economy (efficiency in the case of cycling or other sports). In this article, I use these physiological determinants to explore what is known about the genetics of endurance performance. My main conclusion is that at this time there are very few, if any, obvious relationships between these key physiological determinants of performance and DNA sequence variation. Several potential reasons for this lack of relationship will be discussed.
Does Hypohydration Really Impair Endurance Performance? Methodological Considerations for Interpreting Hydration Research
Authors: James Lewis J. , Funnell Mark P. , James Ruth M. , Mears Stephen A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The impact of alterations in hydration status on human physiology and performance responses during exercise is one of the oldest research topics in sport and exercise nutrition. This body of work has mainly focussed on the impact of reduced body water stores (i.e. hypohydration) on these outcomes, on the whole demonstrating that hypohydration impairs endurance performance, likely via detrimental effects on a number of physiological functions. However, an important consideration, that has received little attention, is the methods that have traditionally been used to investigate how hypohydration affects exercise outcomes, as those used may confound the results of many studies. There are two main methodological limitations in much of the published literature that perhaps make the results of studies investigating performance outcomes difficult to interpret. First, subjects involved in studies are generally not blinded to the intervention taking place (i.e. they know what their hydration status is), which may introduce expectancy effects. Second, most of the methods used to induce hypohydration are both uncomfortable and unfamiliar to the subjects, meaning that alterations in performance may be caused by this discomfort, rather than hypohydration per se. This review discusses these methodological considerations and provides an overview of the small body of recent work that has attempted to correct some of these methodological issues. On balance, these recent blinded hydration studies suggest hypohydration equivalent to 2–3% body mass decreases endurance cycling performance in the heat, at least when no/little fluid is ingested.
The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes
Authors: De Souza Mary Jane , Koltun Kristen J. , Williams Nancy I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Female Athlete Triad represents three interrelated conditions of (i) low energy availability (energy deficiency), presenting with or without disordered eating, (ii) menstrual dysfunction, and (iii) poor bone health, each of which can exist along a continuum of severity ranging from mild and moderate subclinical health concerns to severe clinical outcomes, including eating disorders, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. This review provides a brief overview of the Female Athlete Triad, including updating the current thinking regarding energy availability and how it relates to reproductive function, and sets the stage for an initial working model of a similar syndrome in males that will be based on currently available evidence and will later be defined and referred to as a Male Athlete Triad by the newly re-named Female and Male Athlete Triad Coalition. A primary focus of this paper will be on the physiology of each Triad model with an emphasis on low energy availability and its role in reproductive function, with a brief introduction on its effects on bone health in men. From the data reviewed, (i) a specific threshold of energy availability below which menstrual disturbances are induced is not supported; (ii) it appears that the energetic, reproductive, and bone systems in men are more resilient to the effects of low energy availability compared to those of women, requiring more severe energetic perturbations before alterations are observed; and (iii) it appears that recovery of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis can be observed more quickly in men than in women.
The Teleos and the Anatomy of the Rule of Law in EU Infringement Procedures
Authors: Śledzińska-Simon Anna , Bárd Petra 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The article proves a long-lasting legacy of Martin Krygier’s work on the rule of law. Taking the European Union as a case study, and specifically—the recent infringement action concerning the judicial independence in Poland, the article addresses the point (teleos) of the rule of law, the conditions the institutions need to fulfill to make this point, and institutional measures that help to meet these conditions in the EU as a whole and its Member States. It argues that the rule of law can be achieved via various paths, but there is general agreement on when its basic elements such as the guarantees against arbitrary removal of judges are missing. Therefore, it concludes, the EU does not need to determine the anatomy of national institutions, but it needs to remain vigilant against such modifications that put at risk the effectiveness of EU law, and the judicial protection of individual rights in particular.
A Rights-Based Approach to Youth Sexting: Challenging Risk, Shame, and the Denial of Rights to Bodily and Sexual Expression Within Youth Digital Sexual Culture
Authors: Setty Emily 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEducational interventions on youth sexting often focus on individual sexters or would-be sexters, and are driven by the aim of encouraging young people to abstain from producing and sharing personal sexual images. This approach has been criticised for failing to engage with the complex sociocultural context to youth sexting. Drawing upon qualitative group and one-to-one interviews with 41 young people aged 14 to 18 living in a county in south-east England, I explore young people’s perceptions and practices surrounding sexting. By taking a grounded theory approach to the research, I reveal how young people’s shaming of digitally mediated sexual self-expression shaped and was shaped by a denial of rights to bodily and sexual autonomy and integrity. This denial of rights underpinned harmful sexting practices, including violations of privacy and consent, victim blaming, and bullying. I conclude that responses to youth sexting should attend to this broader youth cultural context, emphasise the roles and responsibilities of bystanders, and encourage a collectivist digital sexual ethics based upon rights to one’s body and freedom from harm (Albury,New Media and Society19(5):713–725, 2017; Dobson and Ringrose,Sex Education16(1):8–21, 2015).
The path forward in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics: Reevaluating the amyloid cascade hypothesis
Authors: Tolar Martin , Abushakra Susan , Sabbagh Marwan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDevelopment of disease‐modifying treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been challenging, with no drugs approved to date. The failures of several amyloid‐targeted programs have led many to dismiss the amyloid beta (Aβ) hypothesis of AD. An antiamyloid antibody aducanumab recently showed modest but significant efficacy in a phase 3 trial, providing important validation of amyloid as a therapeutic target. However, the inconsistent results observed with aducanumab may be explained by the limited brain penetration and lack of selectivity for the soluble Aβ oligomers, which are implicated as upstream drivers of neurodegeneration by multiple studies. Development of agents that can effectively inhibit Aβ oligomer formation or block their toxicity is therefore warranted. An ideal drug would cross the blood‐brain barrier efficiently and achieve sustained brain levels that can continuously prevent oligomer formation or inhibit their toxicity. A late‐stage candidate with these attributes is ALZ‐801, an oral drug with a favorable safety profile and high brain penetration that can robustly inhibit Aβ oligomer formation. An upcoming phase 3 trial with ALZ‐801 in APOE4/4 homozygous patients with early AD will effectively test this amyloid oligomer hypothesis.
Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative Generation Program: Development of an APOE genetic counseling and disclosure process in the context of clinical trials
Authors: Langlois Carolyn M. , Bradbury Angela , Wood Elisabeth M. , Roberts J. Scott , Kim Scott Y.H. , Riviere Marie‐Emmanuelle , Liu Fonda , Reiman Eric M. , Tariot Pierre N. , Karlawish Jason , Langbaum Jessica B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionAs the number of Alzheimer's disease (AD) prevention studies grows, many individuals will need to learn their genetic and/or biomarker risk for the disease to determine trial eligibility. An alternative to traditional models of genetic counseling and disclosure is needed to provide comprehensive standardized counseling and disclosure of apolipoprotein E (APOE) results efficiently, safely, and effectively in the context of AD prevention trials.MethodsA multidisciplinary Genetic Testing, Counseling, and Disclosure Committee was established and charged with operationalizing the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative (API) Genetic Counseling and Disclosure Process for use in the API Generation Program trials. The objective was to provide consistent information to research participants before and during the APOE counseling and disclosure session using standardized educational and session materials.ResultsThe Genetic Testing, Counseling, and Disclosure Committee created a process consisting of eight components: requirements of APOE testing and reports, psychological readiness assessment, determination of AD risk estimates, guidance for identifying providers of disclosure, predisclosure education, APOE counseling and disclosure session materials, APOE counseling and disclosure session flow, and assessing APOE disclosure impact.DiscussionThe API Genetic Counseling and Disclosure Process provides a framework for large‐scale disclosure of APOE genotype results to study participants and serves as a model for disclosure of biomarker results. The process provides education to participants about the meaning and implication(s) of their APOE results while also incorporating a comprehensive assessment of disclosure impact. Data assessing participant safety and psychological well‐being before and after APOE disclosure are still being collected and will be presented in a future publication.
BASE Jumping Fatalities Between 2007 and 2017: Main Causes of Fatal Events and Recommendations for Safety
Authors: Bouchat Pierre , Brymer Eric 
Published: November 2019

Introduction BASE (buildings, antennae, span, earth) jumping involves jumping from fixed objects with a parachute. This practice is associated with fatal events. Despite considerable evolution in BASE jump practice over the past years, fatalities have increased. Identifying the main causes of fatal events and recommending processes to reduce fatalities is vital for safe BASE jumping practice. Methods In an effort to capture worldwide cases between 2007 and 2017, we identified and classified on a Haddon matrix each fatal event from the BASE jumping fatality list. Although not devoid of limitations, this is the most comprehensive list of BASE jumping fatal events and the main source of information on BASE-related fatalities for BASE jump participants. Results The report noted 223 fatalities, 197 of them being cliff jumps. In addition, 137 fatal jumps were wingsuit jumps. Impact and object strike were the main cause of fatal event (96%). Human factors leading to fatality were mostly low pull/no pull (64%) and bad exits (15%). Equipment factors included off-heading openings, twists, and pilot chute entanglement. Environmental factors included strong wind, poor visibility, and water. Conclusions BASE jump practice has undergone radical transformations in the last 10 y, especially linked to the mountain environment and the use of wingsuits. These factors were linked to most fatal events. Key recommendations are basic practical measures, such as ground preparation and equipment checks, and deep technical and personal knowledge that involves regular engagement and significant introspection.
Improvised vs Standard Cervical Collar to Restrict Spine Movement in the Backcountry Environment
Authors: Porter Anne , Difrancesca Matthew , Slack Sean , Hudecek Laura , McIntosh Scott E. 
Published: November 2019

Introduction To compare the effectiveness of a molded fleece jacket with that of a standard cervical collar at limiting movement of the cervical spine in 3 different directions. Methods This is a prospective study using 24 healthy volunteers to measure cervical flexion/extension, rotation, and lateral flexion with both the fleece collar and the standard cervical collar. A hand-held goniometer was used for measurements. The results were then analyzed for the 3 independent movements using a noninferiority test. Results The fleece collar was determined to be noninferior at limiting the designated motions. Comfort was greater while wearing the improvised fleece collar. Conclusions Our small study demonstrated that mountain travelers and rescuers may be able to use an improvised fleece jacket collar in place of a standard collar if spine trauma is suspected after a backcountry accident. Further research should examine different types of improvised collars, their ability to remain in place over extended evacuations, and when to apply collars to backcountry patients.
Evaluating the Economic Viability of Public Investments in Tourism
Authors: Banerjee Onil , Cicowiez Martin , Moreda Adela 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVarious methods have been applied to evaluating the economic viability of public investments in tourism. In this article, we capitalize on the strengths of computable general equilibrium and cost-benefit analytical techniques and develop an integrated approach to evaluating public investments in tourism. We apply the approach to the evaluation of a US$6.25 million investment in tourism in Uruguay from the perspective of a multilateral development bank and a beneficiary government. These perspectives differ in a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) due to the timing of the costs incurred. The integrated approach is powerful in that it captures first and subsequent rounds of investment impacts of benefits and costs; resource diversion and constraints are accounted for, and the estimation of benefits is consistent with the welfare economics underpinnings of CBA.
The revised Permian genusDagmaritaReitlinger, 1965 (Dagmaritinae, Foraminifera) and its phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Gennari Valerio , Rettori Roberto 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAmong Permian smaller foraminifers, the genusDagmaritais one of the most studied due to its worldwide distribution. The detailed study of the Zal (NW Iran) and Abadeh (Central Iran) stratigraphic sections led to redescription of the genusDagmaritaand its taxonomic composition. InDagmarita, a peculiar generic morphological character, represented by a secondary valvular projection, has been detected for the first time among globivalvulinid foraminifers. The phylogeny ofDagmarita, and in particular its ancestorSengoerina, is discussed and the new species,D.ghorbaniin. sp. andD.zalensisn. sp., are introduced. Analogies and differences among all the species belonging toDagmaritaare highlighted and morphological features of the new taxa are shown in 3D reconstructions, useful for understanding differently oriented sections of the specimens in thin section.UUID:http://zoobank.org/3d8eb14c-7757-4cbd-877c-4bacd2d156da
Phonological memory problems are magnified in children from language minority homes when predicting reading disability
Authors: HARDY Lindsay M. , BANKER Sarah , TOMB Meghan , CHA Yoochai , ZHANG Irene , THOMAS Lauren , ALGERMISSEN Molly , PEVERLY Stephen T. , NOBLE Kimberly G. , MARGOLIS Amy E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChildren from language minority (LM) environments speak a language at home that differs from that at school, are often from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds, and are at risk for reading impairment. We evaluated the main effects and interaction of language status and phonological memory and awareness on reading disorder in 352 children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. A significant phonological memory by language status interaction indicated that phonological memory problems were magnified in predicting reading impairment in children from LM versus English dominant (ED) homes. Among children without reading disorder, language minority status was unrelated to phonological processing.
The General Council of the Bar: a Note on its History
Authors: Hatcher Mark 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article, written by Mark Hatcher, provides an overview of the background and achievements of the Bar Council, the professional body for barristers in England and Wales, since its formation in 1894. It traces the early years of the council and its expansion after the second world war, following the growth in legal aid and other post-war reconstruction measures. It describes changes in the structure and organisation of the Bar Council culminating in the implementation of reforms which followed the Legal Services Act 2007, which resulted in the separation of representation of the Bar from regulation of the profession which was delegated to the Bar Standards Board in 2006. It concludes with an overview of the key issues that are driving the Bar Council's activity to promote the Bar's high quality specialist advocacy and advisory services, and to promote access to justice for all.
Global Attribution of Runoff Variance Across Multiple Timescales
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Qiang , Feng Shuyun , Gu Xihui , Singh Vijay P. , Sun Peng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPrevious findings on the relative importance of driving factors to runoff have been controversial, and the relative contribution of driving factors behind the temporal variance of runoff (Rv) still remains unquantified at a global scale. Here, we present a new framework to quantify the driving factors behind Rv globally by decomposing Rv into the temporal variance of precipitation (P), potential evapotranspiration (E0), total water storage change (∆S), and other factors (represented by n in Budyko equation), such as climate seasonality, land cover, and human impact, at intra‐annual, interannual, and multiannual timescales. The results reveal that P controls Rv at different timescales in most parts of the globe. P has distinctly larger impacts on Rv in humid basins at the multiannual scale, while other factors have larger impacts in arid basins. We highlight the different impacts of driving factors on Rv at multiple timescales, which contradicts previous global assessments that assess the relative importance by sensitivity.
Modeling Radar Albedos of Laboratory‐Characterized Particles: Application to the Lunar Surface
Authors: Virkki Anne K. , Bhiravarasu Sriram S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe analyze lunar images obtained by the Mini Radio Frequency instrument onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to interpret the anomalous radar scattering observed in some lunar craters. We compare the radar signatures of the crater floors to those of the regions external to the crater rim and show that there is a systematic difference between the radar albedo trends of the two regions. Using numerical simulations to compute radar scattering properties of rock and ice particles, we demonstrate that the difference is caused partly by the near‐surface bulk volume density or the underlying fine‐grained regolith and partly by the shape and size distributions of centimeter‐to‐decimeter‐scale rubble. We show that while the size distribution of wavelength‐scale particles plays the major role in the observed radar albedos, if the size distribution is fixed, the particle shapes can play a greater role than the composition; therefore, the icy material is indistinguishable from silicate‐rich material unless the abundance of ice in the particles plays a major role in the shape of the particles.
High‐Resolution Gravity Field Models from GRAIL Data and Implications for Models of the Density Structure of the Moon's Crust
Authors: Goossens S. , Sabaka T. J. , Wieczorek M. A. , Neumann G. A. , Mazarico E. , Lemoine F. G. , Nicholas J. B. , Smith D. E. , Zuber M. T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present our latest high‐resolution lunar gravity field model of degree and order 1200 in spherical harmonics using Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) data. In addition to a model with the standard spectral Kaula regularization constraint, we determine models by applying a constraint based on topography called rank‐minus‐one (RM1). The new models using this RM1 constraint have high correlations with topography over the entire degree range by design. The RM1 models allow the determination of apparent crustal densities at all spatial scales (called effective density) covered by the model, whereas the Kaula‐constrained model can only be used globally up to spherical harmonic degree 700. We find that the effective density spectrum has a smaller slope for the high degrees when compared to the medium degrees. We interpret this as indicative of a global average surface density, as opposed to an ever‐decreasing effective density as one approaches the surface. We use the RM1 models to derive maps of lateral and vertical density variations in the lunar crust. These models allow us to increase the resolution of this analysis compared to previous studies, by increasing the degree range over which to fit theoretical models of vertical density variations, and by decreasing the size of the spherical caps used in a localized analysis. Several regions on the Moon, such as South Pole‐Aitken and Mare Orientale, are distinct from their surroundings in terms of surface densities. The RM1 models are especially valuable in (localized) spectral studies of the structure of the lunar crust.