bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Pronunciation Dictionaries of Contemporary German: The Concepts of Phonetic Standard and Differences in Specific Phonetic Issues
Authors: Nycz Krzysztof , Tęcza Zygmunt 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of the following paper is to discuss some phonetics-based differences between four modern pronunciation dictionaries of the German language: Großes Wörterbuch der deutschen Aussprache (1982), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (2009), DUDEN Aussprachewörterbuch (2000) and DUDEN Aussprachewörterbuch (2015). First, attention is paid to the concept of phonetic standard declared by the respective dictionary authors. After that, a number of specific phonetic issues are outlined which pinpoint some striking divergences between the dictionaries under analysis. The divergences occur in description and interpretation of certain phenomena in the field of vowels (diphthongs, half-long vowels, vocalic reductions), consonants (the /r/ allophones, affricates, consonant assimilations) as well as suprasegmental features (word stress marking).
Assessing the adherence to guidelines in the management of croup in Australian children: a population-based sample survey
Authors: Prentice Bernadette , Moloney Susan , Hort Jason , Hibbert Peter , Wiles Louise K , Molloy Charlotte J , Arnolda Gaston , Ting Hsuen P , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Jaffe Adam 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective
To determine the extent to which care received by Australian children presenting with croup is in agreement with Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs).

Design
Retrospective population-based sample survey. Croup clinical indicators were derived from CPGs.

Data sources/study setting
Medical records from three healthcare settings were sampled for selected visits in 2012 and 2013 in three Australian states.

Data collection
Data were collected by nine experienced paediatric nurses, trained to assess eligibility for indicator assessment and adherence to CPGs. Surveyors undertook criterion-based medical record reviews using an electronic data collection tool.

Results
Documented guideline adherence was lower for general practitioners (65.9%; 95% CI: 60.8–70.6) than emergency departments (91.1%; 95% CI: 89.5–92.5) and inpatient admissions (91.3%; 95% CI: 88.1–93.9). Overall adherence was very low for a bundle of 10 indicators related to assessment (4.5%; 95% CI: 2.4–7.6) but higher for a bundle of four indicators relating to the avoidance of inappropriate therapy (83.1%; 95% CI: 59.5–96.0).

Conclusions
Most visits for croup were characterized by appropriate treatment in all healthcare settings. However, most children had limited documented clinical assessments, and some had unnecessary tests or inappropriate therapy, which has potential quality and cost implications. Universal CPG and clinical assessment tools may increase clinical consistency.
Detection of Stress Induced by Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Using Multispectral Imagery from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Marston Zachary P D , Cira Theresa M , Hodgson Erin W , Knight Joseph F , Macrae Ian V , Koch Robert L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a common pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabales: Fabaceae), in North America requiring frequent scouting as part of an integrated pest management plan. Current scouting methods are time consuming and provide incomplete coverage of soybean. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are capable of collecting high-resolution imagery that offer more detailed coverage in agricultural fields than traditional scouting methods. Recently, it was documented that changes to the spectral reflectance of soybean canopies caused by aphid-induced stress could be detected from ground-based sensors; however, it remained unknown whether these changes could also be detected from UAV-based sensors. Small-plot trials were conducted in 2017 and 2018 where cages were used to manipulate aphid populations. Additional open-field trials were conducted in 2018 where insecticides were used to create a gradient of aphid pressure. Whole-plant soybean aphid densities were recorded along with UAV-based multispectral imagery. Simple linear regressions were used to determine whether UAV-based multispectral reflectance was associated with aphid populations. Our findings indicate that near-infrared reflectance decreased with increasing soybean aphid populations in caged trials when cumulative aphid days surpassed the economic injury level, and in open-field trials when soybean aphid populations were above the economic threshold. These findings provide the first documentation of soybean aphid-induced stress being detected from UAV-based multispectral imagery and advance the use of UAVs for remote scouting of soybean aphid and other field crop pests.
Presidential Address: Aspirations, Social Norms, and Development
Authors: La Ferrara Eliana 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
I study the role of aspirations in economic development drawing on the existing theoretical and empirical literature and provide some new empirical findings using individual level data on aspirations across countries. After discussing the relationship between aspirations and individual investments, I present estimates on the correlates and determinants of students’ aspirations in the OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment data. I focus in particular on socioeconomic status, inequality, and institutional features that lead to horizontal segregation of education systems. I then address the question of whether and how aspirations can be changed, covering recent policy interventions that leverage psychological factors, stereotypes and norms, and material endowments.
Astrocytes in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: An In Situ MicroRNA Study
Authors: Rao Vijayaraghava T S , Fuh Shih-Chieh , Karamchandani Jason R , Woulfe John M J , Munoz David G , Ellezam Benjamin , Blain Manon , Ho Ming-Kai , Bedell Barry J , Antel Jack P , Ludwin Samuel K 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAstrocytes are increasingly recognized as active contributors to the disease process in multiple sclerosis (MS), rather than being merely reactive. We investigated the expression of a selected microRNA (miRNA) panel that could contribute both to the injury and to the recovery phases of the disease. Individual astrocytes were laser microdissected from brain sections. We then compared the miRNAs’ expressions in MS and control brain samples at different lesional stages in white versus grey matter regions. In active MS lesions, we found upregulation of ischemia-related miRNAs in white but not grey matter, often with reversion to the normal state in inactive lesions. In contrast to our previous findings on MS macrophages, expression of 2 classical inflammatory-related miRNAs, miRNA-155 and miRNA-146a, was reduced in astrocytes from active and chronic active MS lesions in white and grey matter, suggesting a lesser direct pathogenetic role for these miRNAs in astrocytes. miRNAs within the categories regulating aquaporin4 (-100, -145, -320) and glutamate transport/apoptosis/neuroprotection (-124a, -181a, and -29a) showed some contrasting responses. The regional and lesion-stage differences of expression of these miRNAs indicate the remarkable ability of astrocytes to show a wide range of selective responses in the face of differing insults and phases of resolution.
Wrist Injury in Deployed U.S. Marine—How to Maintain the Mission
Authors: Franssen Nathan T , Carpenter Robert J , Stuart Sean M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Wrist pain commonly affects military members and while most instances are benign, some require urgent orthopedic attention to prevent permanent loss of function. A 27-year-old male Marine while deployed presented with wrist pain after a seemingly benign fall during recreation. Radiographs were initially read as unremarkable and treated as a sprain. Though when reviewed by the Shock Trauma Platoon physicians, a perilunate dislocation was noted. After unsuccessful closed attempts to reduce injury, the Marine was sent to orthopedic surgery and underwent open reduction internal fixation and required a subsequent closed reduction and percutaneous pinning. Perilunate dislocations are uncommon but are among the most severe types of wrist injuries. This case is a reminder that proper evaluation of all injuries is critical. Proper evaluation of wrist injuries includes an attentive physical exam and careful examination of the radiographs; paying close attention to Gilula arcs and collinearity of the radius, lunate, and capitate. Prompt recognition and referral to specialty care for definitive treatment are important to maximize functional outcomes.
Protein Structural Information and Evolutionary Landscape by In Vitro Evolution
Authors: Fantini Marco , Lisi Simonetta , De Los Rios Paolo , Cattaneo Antonino , Pastore Annalisa 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Protein structure is tightly intertwined with function according to the laws of evolution. Understanding how structure determines function has been the aim of structural biology for decades. Here, we have wondered instead whether it is possible to exploit the function for which a protein was evolutionary selected to gain information on protein structure and on the landscape explored during the early stages of molecular and natural evolution. To answer to this question, we developed a new methodology, which we named CAMELS (Coupling Analysis by Molecular Evolution Library Sequencing), that is able to obtain the in vitro evolution of a protein from an artificial selection based on function. We were able to observe with CAMELS many features of the TEM-1 beta-lactamase local fold exclusively by generating and sequencing large libraries of mutational variants. We demonstrated that we can, whenever a functional phenotypic selection of a protein is available, sketch the structural and evolutionary landscape of a protein without utilizing purified proteins, collecting physical measurements, or relying on the pool of natural protein variants.
Improving State-Level Influenza Surveillance by Incorporating Real-Time Smartphone-Connected Thermometer Readings Across Different Geographic Domains
Authors: Miller Aaron C , Peterson Ryan A , Singh Inder , Pilewski Sarah , Polgreen Philip M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Timely estimates of influenza activity are important for clinical and public health practice. However, traditional surveillance sources may be associated with reporting delays. Smartphone-connected thermometers can capture real-time illness symptoms, and these geo-located readings may help improve state-level forecast accuracy.

Methods
Temperature recordings were collected from smart thermometers and an associated mobile phone application. Using temperature recordings, we developed forecasting models of real-time state-reported influenza-like illness (ILI) 2 weeks before the availability of published reports. We compared time-series models that incorporated thermometer readings at various levels of spatial aggregation and evaluated out-of-sample model performance in an adaptive manner comparing each model to baseline models without thermometer information.

Results
More than 12 million temperature readings were recorded from over 500,000 devices from August 30, 2015 to April 15, 2018. Readings were voluntarily reported from anonymous device users, with potentially multiple users for a single device. We developed forecasting models of real-time outpatient ILI for 46 states with sufficient state-reported ILI data. Forecast accuracy improved considerably when information from thermometers was incorporated. On average, thermometer readings reduced the squared error of state-level forecasting by 43% during influenza season and more than 50% in many states. In general, best-performing models tended to result from incorporating thermometer information at multiple levels of spatial aggregation.

Conclusion
Local forecasts of current influenza activity, measured by outpatient ILI, can be improved by incorporating real-time information from mobile-devices. Information aggregated across neighboring states, regions, and the nation can lead to more reliable forecasts, benefiting local surveillance efforts.
Moral Error Theory Without Epistemic Error Theory: Scepticism About Second-Personal Reasons
Authors: Cosker-Rowland Rach 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProponents of the epistemic companions in guilt argument argue that we should reject the moral error theory because it entails that there are no epistemic reasons. In this paper, I investigate whether a plausible version of the moral error theory can be constructed that does not entail an error theory about epistemic reasons. I argue that there are no irreducibly normative second-personal reasons even if there are irreducibly normative reasons. And epistemic reasons are not second-personal reasons. In this case, a plausible version of the moral error theory can be constructed that does not entail an error theory about epistemic reasons if facts and claims about morality entail facts and claims about irreducibly normative second-personal reasons. And, as I explain, there is a good case that facts and claims about morality do entail facts and claims about irreducibly normative second-personal reasons.
Voluntary folic acid fortification levels of food staples in Ireland continue to decline: further implications for passive folic acid intakes?
Authors: Egan Elizabeth , Kelly Frances , Sweeney Mary Rose 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Ireland previously had widespread voluntary fortification but research at Dublin City University carried out in 2014 by our research group demonstrated a major decline in the number of food staples fortified with folic acid in Irish supermarkets over the previous 10 years. The aim of the study was to repeat the audit conducted 3 years ago to compare the levels of folic acid fortification of foodstuffs over this time-frame.

Methods
Over a period of 8-weeks between June and August 2017, the nutrition labels of all foodstuffs that might typically be fortified with micronutrients for sale in the supermarkets with the majority of market share in Ireland were examined. The amount of added folic acid detailed on the label was compared with those captured in 2014.

Results
In total, 1081 products with added micronutrients were examined. In percentage terms, there has been a decline of Folic Acid (FA) fortified products within the food groups—spreads, breads, cereals, cereal snacks, milks, fruit juices, yogurts/yogurt drinks and energy drinks since 2014.

Discussion
The number of food staples fortified with FA continues to decline demonstrating that voluntary fortification in Ireland is no longer an effective measure for passively augmenting the folic acid levels of consumers.
In vitro and in situ techniques yield different estimates of ruminal disappearance of barley
Authors: DeFeo Mary E , Shampoe Kelsey V , Carvalho Pedro H V , Silva Flavia A S , Felix Tara L 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectives were to compare in vitro and in situ disappearance of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch of traditional (unprocessed and rolled) and hulless (unprocessed) barley. Experiment 1: three barley sources were compared using in vitro techniques. The sources were: 1) traditional barley that was not processed, 2) traditional barley processed through a roller mill, and 3) hulless barley that was not processed. For in vitro incubation, each barley source was ground through a 1-mm screen. Ground barley sources were weighed into bags (25 micron porosity) and incubated in ruminal fluid from two steers fed 80% rolled corn for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, or 72 h. Intact bags were assayed for NDF; remaining bags were opened and the residual was removed and analyzed to determine disappearance of DM and starch. Experiment 2: the barley sources used in Exp. 1 were compared using in situ techniques. For in situ analysis, each barley source was ground in a Wiley mill with no screen to mimic mastication. Artificially masticated samples were weighed into Dacron bags (50 ± 10 micron porosity) and incubated in eight ruminally fistulated steers (n = 8) for 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Residual contents were analyzed to determine in situ disappearance of DM, NDF, and starch. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS (9.4 SAS Institute, Cary, NC) with repeated measures. DM disappearance was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for hulless barley in vitro and for rolled barley in situ, regardless of time postincubation. For both trials, NDF disappearance was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for hulless barley, regardless of time postincubation. Starch disappearance at all time points was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for rolled barley in situ. Starch disappearance was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for hulless barley at 6 h of in vitro incubation compared to rolled and unprocessed barley, whereas starch disappearance in vitro was comparable (P = 0.60) between barley sources. When the grains were compared in vitro, minor differences were noted, presumably because barley sources were finely ground prior to incubation. Compared to in vitro estimates, in situ techniques had greater variation in ruminal degradation estimates. Differences observed between in situ and in vitro techniques are driven largely by differences between the procedures. Although laboratory methods are widely used to estimate ruminal degradation, these techniques did not provide comparable estimates of ruminal degradation of barley.
Association between water and sanitation service levels and soil-transmitted helminth infection risk factors: a cross-sectional study in rural Rwanda
Authors: Mather William , Hutchings Paul , Budge Sophie , Jeffrey Paul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are one of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in the world. Drug treatment is the preferred method for infection control yet reinfection occurs rapidly, so water and sanitation represent important complementary barriers to transmission.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted to observe STH risk factors in rural Rwandan households in relation to the Sustainable Development Goal for water and sanitation service levels. Survey and observation data were collected from 270 households and 67 water sources in rural Rwanda and were processed in relation to broader risk factors identified from the literature for the role of water and sanitation in STH infection pathways.

Results
A significant association between higher water and sanitation service levels and lower STH infection risk profiles was found for both water and sanitation. However, variability existed within service level classifications.

Conclusions
Greater granularity within service level assessments is required to more precisely assess the efficacy of water and sanitation interventions in reducing STH infection risks.
Estimating Treatment Effects with Big Data When Take-up is Low: An Application to Financial Education
Authors: Lara Ibarra Gabriel , McKenzie David , Ruiz-Ortega Claudia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Low take-up of interventions is a common problem faced by evaluations of development programs. A leading case is financial education programs, which are increasingly offered by governments, nonprofits, and financial institutions, but which often have very low voluntary participation rates. This poses a severe challenge for randomized experiments attempting to measure their impact. This study uses a large experiment on more than 100,000 credit card clients in Mexico. The study shows how the richness of financial data allows combining matching and difference-in-difference methods with the experiment to yield credible measures of impact, even with take-up rates below 1 percent. The findings show that a financial education workshop and personalized coaching result in a higher likelihood of paying credit cards on time, and of making more than the minimum payment, but do not reduce spending, resulting in higher profitability for the bank.
Development and evaluation of an early menopause question prompt list
Authors: Yeganeh Ladan , Khan Nadia N. , Boyle Jacqueline A. , Gibson-Helm Melanie , Teede Helena , Vincent Amanda J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective:
A question prompt list (QPL)—a structured list of questions—assists women in acquiring relevant information and facilitates communication with healthcare providers (HPs). This study aims to co-develop an early menopause (EM) QPL and assess its acceptability and feasibility.

Methods:
This three-phase study consisted of a survey to inform QPL development, interviews to explore acceptability, and clinical pilot-testing to assess feasibility. Participants included: 263 survey respondents with EM, 18 women interviewed, and 11 women and 6 HPs in pilot-testing. Main outcome measures were: survey—perceptions regarding communication with HPs, likeliness to use a QPL and QPL topics; interviews—QPL user-friendliness and acceptability; pilot study—women's QPL use, perceived helpfulness and future use, and HPs’ perceived acceptability. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, logistic regression, and thematic analysis.

Results:
Women's perceived communication difficulties most commonly related to sexual function (50.6%), vaginal/urinary symptoms (43%), and psychological effects (41.1%). Most women (67.3%) indicated they were very likely to use an EM QPL. EM symptoms, effects, and management were considered very important/essential QPL topics (>80%). Interviewed women perceived the QPL as comprehensive, user-friendly, informative, and empowering. Most pilot study women asked 1 to 2 questions (73%), perceived the QPL as helpful (100%), and would use it again (81.8%). HPs reported that the QPL helped patients to ask questions and initiate discussion about important and sensitive issues.

Conclusions:
Women with EM have unmet information and communication needs, and are supportive of a comprehensive EM QPL. The EM QPL was perceived as an acceptable and feasible resource for women to use during medical consultations.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A484.
The Role of Sex on Early Cochlear Implant Outcomes
Authors: Raymond Mallory J. , Ballestas Samir A. , Wise Justin C. , Vivas Esther X. 
Published: October 2019

Objective:
To determine the presence of sex differences in cochlear implant outcomes.

Study Design:
Retrospective chart review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Adult patients having undergone cochlear implantation from 2009 to 2017.

Intervention(s):
Standard electrode length cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
AzBio scores in quiet of the implanted ear at the 1 to 3 months and 6 to 9 months postoperative time points.

Results:
Of 55 patients with complete demographic and speech recognition testing, 36.4% (n = 20) were men. The mean age at time of surgery was 59.81 ± 16.54 years and the mean duration of hearing loss was 26.33 ± 18.54 years; there was no significant difference between men and women. The mean preoperative AzBio score was 11 ± 15.86% and there was no difference between men and women. Through 2 (sex) × 3 (time point) analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), there was no main effect of sex (F[1, 48] = 0.74, p = 0.39, η
2 = 0.02) on postoperative AzBio scores, but there was a significant sex by time point interaction, (F[1.77, 85.03] = 4.23, p = 0.02, η
2 = 0.08). At the 1 to 3 months postoperative time point, women exhibited higher relative improvement in AzBio scores than men (67 ± 27% versus 55 ± 31%). Further, this relative improvement increased and remained significant at the 6 to 9 months postoperative time point (women: 71 ± 22% versus 58 ± 30%).

Conclusions:
Sex may play a role in early speech recognition outcomes after adult cochlear implantation.