bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian approach to longitudinal craniofacial growth: The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study
Authors: Sherwood Richard J. , Oh Hee Soo , Valiathan Manish , McNulty Kieran P. , Duren Dana L. , Knigge Ryan P. , Hardin Anna M. , Holzhauser Christina L. , Middleton Kevin M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEarly in the 20th century, a series of studies were initiated across North America to investigate and characterize childhood growth. The Craniofacial Growth Consortium Study (CGCS) combines craniofacial records from six of those growth studies (15,407 lateral cephalograms from 1,913 individuals; 956 females, 957 males, primarily European descent). Standard cephalometric points collected from the six studies in the CGCS allows direct comparison of craniofacial growth patterns across six North American locations. Three assessors collected all cephalometric points and the coordinates were averaged for each point. Twelve measures were calculated from the averaged coordinates. We implemented a multilevel double logistic equation to estimate growth trajectories fitting each trait separately by sex. Using Bayesian inference, we fit three models for each trait with different random effects structures to compare differences in growth patterns among studies. The models successfully identified important growth milestones (e.g., age at peak growth velocity, age at cessation of growth) for most traits. In a small number of cases, these milestones could not be determined due to truncated age ranges for some studies and slow, steady growth in some measurements. Results demonstrate great similarity among the six growth studies regarding craniofacial growth milestone estimates and the overall shape of the growth curve. These similarities suggest minor variation among studies resulting from differences in protocol, sample, or possible geographic variation. The analyses presented support combining the studies into the CGCS without substantial concerns of bias. The CGCS, therefore, provides an unparalleled opportunity to examine craniofacial growth from childhood into adulthood.
Cranial synchondroses of primates at birth
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Reynolds Rebecca L. , Mano Nanami , Wood Brody J. , Oladipupo Lanre , Hughes Gabriel K. , Corbin Hayley M. , Taylor Jane , Ufelle Alexander , Burrows Anne M. , Durham Emily , Vinyard Christopher J. , Cray James J. , DeLeon Valerie B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCranial synchondroses are cartilaginous joints between basicranial bones or between basicranial bones and septal cartilage, and have been implicated as having a potential active role in determining craniofacial form. However, few studies have examined them histologically. Using histological and immunohistochemical methods, we examined all basicranial joints in serial sagittal sections of newborn heads from nine genera of primates (five anthropoids, four strepsirrhines). Each synchondrosis was examined for characteristics of active growth centers, including a zonal distribution of proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes, as well as corresponding changes in matrix characteristics (i.e., density and organization of Type II collagen). Results reveal three midline and three bilateral synchondroses possess attributes of active growth centers in all species (sphenooccipital, intrasphenoidal, presphenoseptal). One midline synchondrosis (ethmoseptal) and one bilateral synchondrosis (alibasisphenoidal synchondrosis [ABS]) are active growth centers in some but not all newborn primates. ABS is oriented more anteriorly in monkeys compared to lemurs and bushbabies. The sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis (SES) varies at birth: in monkeys, it is a suture‐like joint (i.e., fibrous tissue between the two bones); however, in strepsirrhines, the jugum sphenoidale is ossified while the mesethmoid remains cartilaginous. No species possesses an SES that has the organization of a growth plate. Overall, our findings demonstrate that only four midline synchondroses have the potential to actively affect basicranial angularity and facial orientation during the perinatal timeframe, while the SES of anthropoids essentially transitions toward a “suture‐like” function, permitting passive growth postnatally. Loss of cartilaginous continuity at SES and reorientation of ABS distinguish monkeys from strepsirrhines.
Functional Redox‐Active Molecular Tunnel Junctions
Authors: Han Yingmei , Nijhuis Christian A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRedox‐active molecular junctions have attracted considerable attention because redox‐active molecules provide accessible energy levels enabling electronic function at the molecular length scales, such as, rectification, conductance switching, or molecular transistors. Unlike charge transfer in wet electrochemical environments, it is still challenging to understand how redox‐processes proceed in solid‐state molecular junctions which lack counterions and solvent molecules to stabilize the charge on the molecules. In this minireview, we first introduce molecular junctions based on redox‐active molecules and discuss their properties from both a chemistry and nanoelectronics point of view, and then discuss briefly the mechanisms of charge transport in solid‐state redox‐junctions followed by examples where redox‐molecules generate new electronic function. We conclude with challenges that need to be addressed and interesting future directions from a chemical engineering and molecular design perspectives.
Mapping potable reuse survey data using spatial statistics to inform tailored education and outreach
Authors: Cruz Maurice P. , Scruggs Caroline E. , Distler Lauren N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis research describes geospatial analyses of water‐related knowledge and opinion data on potable water reuse collected through a large‐scale public survey of water utility customers in Albuquerque, New Mexico. We identify key geographic areas, or statistically significant “hotspots,” of public distrust in the local water utility provider, public willingness (or lack thereof) to accept potable water reuse, and lack of knowledge or misconceptions about water‐related issues and climate change. By combining public survey data, geographic information system software, and spatial statistics for hotspot analyses, we introduce a tailored outreach method to identify geographic locations for targeted outreach and education on water‐related issues. This new approach to analyzing survey data is a promising dimension of water management, and the method could be important for tackling other resource management issues in additional cities or regions as well.
Implementing Ozone‐BAC‐GAC in potable reuse for removal of emerging contaminants
Authors: Vaidya Ramola , Wilson Christopher A. , Salazar‐Benites Germano , Pruden Amy , Bott Charles 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRemoval of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is an important consideration in potable reuse. The effectiveness of ozonation, biologically activated carbon (BAC) filtration, and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption was assessed in the removal of 96 CECs. During phase 1, O3/total organice carbon (TOC) was varied between 0 and 1.5. Ozone was successful in removing CECs, achieving a total CEC concentration of 20.5 μg/L at an O3/TOC of 1.5 compared with 70 μg/L in absence of ozone. CECs such as iohexol, meprobamate, sucralose and flame retardants, tris(2‐carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) were detected in the ozone effluent even at the highest ozone dose. BAC filters did not contribute measurably to CEC removal, while the 20‐min empty bed contact time (EBCT) GAC removed 57.6% of the influent CEC concentration, even though the adsorption capacity had been exerted through previous operation. During phase 2, the average O3/TOC ratio was 0.64, and the impact of new GAC media on CEC removal was studied. EBCT was maintained at 15 min for both GAC contactors, while the used GAC (133,600 bed volume [BV]) was replaced with new media in one GAC contactor. The GAC with new media removed CECs below the limit of quantitation, up to 10,000 BV, while removal decreased to 70% after 20,000 BV, with seven CECs—sucralose, iohexol, acesulfame‐k, meprobamate, cotinine, primidone, and acetaminophen—being detected. Ozone doses for CEC removal and BV needed for adsorption of CECs on activated carbon can be determined from this study. Thus, the results from this study can help design and optimize ozone, BAC, and GAC systems used for potable reuse to target the removal of specific CECs.
The overexpression of AUF1 in colorectal cancer predicts a poor prognosis and promotes cancer progression by activating ERK and AKT pathways
Authors: Tian Xin‐Yuan , Li Jin , Liu Teng‐Hui , Li Dan‐Ni , Wang Jing‐Jing , Zhang He , Deng Zhou‐Lu , Chen Fu‐Jun , Cai Jian‐Ping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAUF1 is one of the AU‐rich binding proteins, which promotes rapid ARE‐mRNA degradation. Recently, it has been reported that AUF1 is involved in regulating the antioxidant system because of its capacity to bind specifically to RNA containing oxidized bases and degrade oxidized RNA. Many antioxidant proteins have been reported to be overexpressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), however, the role of AUF1 in the progression of CRC has not been explored.MethodsThe expression level of AUF1 protein in human CRC cell lines and CRC tissues was detected by western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC. The effects of AUF1 knockdown on CRC cell proliferation, migration, invasion and changes in the signaling pathways were evaluated using a cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8), Transwell assays and western blotting. Subcutaneous xenograft tumor model was employed to further substantiate the role of AUF1 in CRC.ResultsAUF1 protein was upregulated in CRC tissues and CRC cells, and high expression of AUF1 was significantly associated with advanced AJCC stage (P = .001), lymph node metastasis (P = .007), distant metastasis (P = .038) and differentiation (P = .009) of CRC specimens. CRC patients with the high expression of AUF1 had an extremely poor prognosis. The knockdown of AUF1 suppressed CRC cell line proliferation, migration and invasion, inhibited CRC cells tumorigenesis and growth in nude mice, and reduced phosphorylated‐ERK1/2 and phosphorylated AKT in CRC cells.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that AUF1 is probably involved in the progression of CRC via the activation of the ERK1/2 and AKT pathways. AU‐rich RNA‐binding factor 1 could be used as a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
Relating amylose and protein contents to eating quality in 105 varieties of Japonica rice
Authors: Liu Qiuyuan , Tao Yu , Cheng Shuang , Zhou Lei , Tian Jinyu , Xing Zhipeng , Liu Guodong , Wei Haiyan , Zhang Hongcheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesIn rice, amylose and protein are the main factors that influence eating quality. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the ranges in amylose and protein variation on rice eating quality and to explore the characteristics of amylose and protein in high eating‐quality rice varieties. A total of 105 japonica rice varieties (lines) from the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River were studied.FindingsWhen amylose content (AC) ranged from 7.35% to 19.98% and protein content (PC) ranged from 6.04% to 9.32%, amylose and protein were significantly (p < .01) negatively correlated with rice appearance, adhesiveness, balance degree, and taste value, and significantly (p < .01) positively correlated with hardness. However, when AC varied between 7.35% and 12.50% or between 14.11% and 19.98%, the eating characteristics had no significant correlation with AC; instead, they were significantly correlated with protein content (PC). PC had no significant influence on eating characteristics when it ranged from 7.86% to 9.32%. To improve eating quality (i.e., taste value > 60), PC in varieties with high AC (14.11%–19.98%) should be < 6.98%, and AC in varieties with high PC (7.86%–9.32%) should be < 12.67%.ConclusionsThe results showed that the relationships among AC, PC, and eating quality were affected by the ranges of AC and PC variation. Rice varieties of the low amylose and low protein (LALP) combination should be the best choice for the high eating‐quality variety in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River.Significance and noveltyAmylose and protein should be considered as the primary and secondary screening indices, respectively, in the selection and breeding of good eating‐quality rice varieties.
Silylene‐Bridged Tetranuclear Palladium Cluster as a Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Yanagisawa Chikako , Yamazoe Seiji , Sunada Yusuke 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA planar tetranuclear palladium cluster was obtained from the reaction of a cyclotetrasilane with [Pd(CNtBu)2]3. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and DFT calculations revealed that the tetranuclear framework of the cluster was supported effectively by the bridging organosilylene ligand. Although [Pd(CNtBu)2]3 as well as mononuclear palladium bis(silyl) complex, cis‐Pd(SiMePh2)2(CNtBu)2, do not act as the effective catalyst, the planar tetranuclear palladium cluster acts as an efficient catalyst for the hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes including sterically hindered tri‐ and tetra‐substituted alkenes.
Multivariate classification of Southern Brazilian table wines
Authors: Hansen Lucas , Ferrão Marco Flôres 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this work, we evaluated the performance of several classifiers (supervised Kohonen self‐organizing maps (KSOMs), soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA), k‐nearest neighbors (kNN), and partial least squares with discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) in the multiclass classification of Southern Brazilian table wines based on their physicochemical data. We also employed an unsupervised KSOM for the exploratory analysis of our data and compared its performance to that of PCA in this same task. All methods tested here presented a non‐error rate (NER) and accuracy equal to or higher than 67% in the classification of the samples, having PLS‐DA achieved an NER of 86% in classifying the samples from the test set and accuracy of 83% in classifying the samples from the training set. However, the best overall classification performance (when classification performances in training, cross‐validation, and test sets are taken into account) in terms of NER and accuracy was that of SIMCA. Regarding the unsupervised analysis of the data, principal component analysis (PCA) provided a better separation of the samples and more convenient visualization of relationships between variables, and between variables and samples, than unsupervised KSOMs.
Biorefinery Zeitz of the Südzucker Group – Status Quo and Future Perspectives
Authors: Kunz Sebastian , Wach Wolfgang , Kraus Wolfgang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDue to the long history of the Südzucker Group in sugar production, the company owns key know‐how in processing biomass. In the last decades, the product portfolio was extended from sugar to various products such as ethanol, starch, proteins, or glucose syrups. This article presents Zeitz as the largest production site of the Südzucker Group today. The historical development is described and the synergies between the different units from which the location benefits today as a highly integrated site. Recent R&D activities are presented, and existing technologies are discussed as future perspectives to further develop Zeitz.
Analytical and clinical validation of pairwise microRNA expression analysis to identify medullary thyroid cancer in thyroid fine‐needle aspiration samples
Authors: Ciarletto Andrea M. , Narick Christina , Malchoff Carl D. , Massoll Nicole A. , Labourier Emmanuel , Haugh Keith , Mireskandari Alidad , Finkelstein Sydney D. , Kumar Gyanendra 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundMedullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an aggressive malignancy originating from the parafollicular C cells. Preoperatively, thyroid nodule fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and pathogenic gene mutations are definitive in approximately one‐half of cases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, noncoding, single‐stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression, a characteristic that confers the potential for identifying malignancy. In the current study, the authors hypothesized that differential pairwise (diff‐pair) analysis of miRNA expression levels would reliably identify MTC in FNA samples.MethodsThe relative abundance of 10 different miRNAs in total nucleic acids was obtained from ThyraMIR test results. Diff‐pair analysis was performed by subtracting the critical threshold value of one miRNA from the critical threshold values of other miRNAs. Next‐generation sequencing with the ThyGeNEXT panel identified oncogenic gene alterations. The discovery cohort consisted of 30 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms, including 4 cases of MTC. After analytical validation, clinical validation was performed using 3 distinct cohorts (total of 7557 specimens).ResultsIn the discovery cohort, 9 diff‐pairs were identified as having significant power using the Kruskal‐Wallis test (P < .0001) to distinguish MTC samples from non‐MTC samples. The assay correctly classified all MTC and non‐MTC samples in the analytical validation study and in the 3 clinical validation cohorts. The overall test accuracy was 100% (95% confidence interval, 99%‐100%). In indeterminate FNAC samples, the sensitivity of the diff‐pair analysis was greater than that of the MTC‐specific mutation analysis (100% vs 25%; P = .03).ConclusionsPairwise miRNA expression analysis of ThyraMIR results were found to accurately predict MTC in thyroid FNA samples, including those with indeterminate FNAC findings.
Cost‐effectively improving solid state drive lifetime by hierarchical redundancy and heterogeneous memories
Authors: Zhou Bin , Tan Shishi , Yu Ruirong , Wan Shenggang , Cao Qiang 
Published: October 2020

SummarySolid state drives (SSDs) built upon MLC NAND flash memories suffer from a low lifetime endurance induced by continuously scaling‐down feature sizes and increasing bit density per cell. To cost‐effectively address this problem, we propose to integrate both hierarchical data redundancy and heterogeneous flash memory techniques into the SSD, named H2‐SSD. Through deploying across‐chips data redundancy in addition to conventional in‐page error correction codes, error correction capacity, so does the lifetime endurance of H2‐SSD can be dramatically improved. Furthermore, an extra small‐size sisngle‐level cell (SLC) chip is integrated into H2‐SSD to store across‐chips parities. Due to the high program/erase performance and lifetime endurance of that SLC chip, I/O performance degradation induced by the hierarchical data redundancy can be significantly mitigated, even under strict synchronous parity update strategies. Quantitative analysis and trace‐driven simulations are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of H2‐SSD, in both the scenes with and without degraded reads. Experimental results demonstrate that H2‐SSD outperform the conventional SSD in maximum Program/Erase cycles by 23% to 178%, and suffer from negligible degradation of I/O performance in terms of both throughput and average response time in most cases.
Experimental Evidence of CO2 Photoreduction Activity of SnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Torres Juliana Arriel , Da Silva Gelson T. S. T. , Barbosa de Freitas Silva Fernando , Ribeiro Caue 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTin dioxide (SnO2) has intrinsic characteristics that do not favor its photocatalytic activity. However, we evidenced that surface modification can positively influence its performance for CO2 photoreduction in the gas phase. The hydroxylation of the SnO2 surface played a role in the CO2 affinity decreasing its reduction potential. The results showed that a certain selectivity for methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and ethylene (C2H4) is related to different SnO2 hydrothermal annealing. The best performance was seen for SnO2 annealed at 150 °C, with a production of 20.4 μmol g−1 for CH4 and 16.45 μmol g−1 for CO, while for SnO2 at 200 °C the system produced more C2H4, probably due to a decrease of surface −OH groups.
Inflammasome Assays In Vitro and in Mouse Models
Authors: Guo Haitao , Ting Jenny P.‐Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article presents assays that allow induction and measurement of activation of different inflammasomes in mouse macrophages, human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures, and mouse peritonitis and endotoxic shock models. Basic Protocol 1 describes how to prime the inflammasome in mouse macrophages with different Toll‐like receptor agonists and TNF‐α; how to induce NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, and AIM2 inflammasome activation by their corresponding stimuli; and how to measure inflammasome activation‐mediated maturation of interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐18 and pyroptosis. Since the well‐established agonists for NLRP1 are inconsistent between mice and humans, Basic Protocol 2 describes how to activate the NLRP1 inflammasome in human PBMCs. Basic Protocol 3 describes how to purify, crosslink, and detect the apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC) pyroptosome. Formation of the ASC pyroptosome is a signature of inflammasome activation. A limitation of ASC pyroptosome detection is the requirement of a relatively large cell number. Alternate Protocol 1 is provided to stain ASC pyroptosomes using an anti‐ASC antibody and to measure ASC specks by fluorescence microscopy in a single cell. Intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and inflammasome agonists will induce peritonitis, which is seen as an elevation of IL‐1β and other proinflammatory cytokines and an infiltration of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Basic Protocol 4 describes how to induce NLRP3 inflammasome activation and peritonitis by priming mice with LPS and subsequently challenging them with monosodium urate (MSU). The method for measuring cytokines in serum and through peritoneal lavage is also described. Finally, Alternate Protocol 2 describes how to induce noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation by high‐dose LPS challenge in a sepsis model. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Priming and activation of inflammasomes in mouse macrophagesBasic Protocol 2: Activation of human NLRP1 inflammasome by DPP8/9 inhibitor talabostatBasic Protocol 3: Purification and detection of ASC pyroptosomeAlternate Protocol 1: Detection of ASC speck by immunofluorescence stainingBasic Protocol 4: Activation of canonical NLRP3 inflammasome in mice by intraperitoneal delivery of MSU crystalsAlternate Protocol 2: Activation of noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome in mice by intraperitoneal delivery of LPS