bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Un concept contre-révolutionnaire : la « politique historique » en Pologne
Authors: Łuczewski Michał , Deleixhe Thibault 
Published: April 2020

Ce texte entreprend une analyse sémantique du concept de politique historique qui constitue une importante clé de compréhension des transformations sociales de la III e République de la Pologne et de la modernité en général. Le concept de politique historique fut popularisé à la fin des années 1990 par des intellectuels liés au Club Varsovien de la Critique Historique (WKKP) avant d’obtenir une résonance plus large en tant que l’un des piliers de la révolution sémantique initiée par le parti Droit et Justice dans les années 2003 – 2005. L’expression de l’institutionnalisation de ce concept fut l’ouverture en 2004 du Musée de l’Insurrection de Varsovie dont des membres du WKKP furent les co-auteurs. Le concept de politique historique apparut dans un contexte de critique de la modernité et de rupture caractéristique avec le passé auquel le concept de politique historique préférait le futur. Ce concept avait une dimension moderne : en tendant vers la transformation révolutionnaire du réel, il faisait le choix du futur sans pour autant rompre avec le passé, mais en revenant à lui.
La politique publique de l’Histoire et le « bon changement » en Pologne
Authors: Behr Valentin 
Published: April 2020

Cet article est consacré aux évolutions de la politique historique polonaise depuis 2015 et la victoire électorale du parti PiS (Droit et Justice). Il se concentre sur l’Institut de la mémoire nationale (IPN), principal outil de la politique historique. L’article présente d’abord l’histoire erratique de l’IPN et la façon dont les partis politiques investissent cet enjeu de politique publique. Le PiS se distingue ici par sa volonté de capter les ressources de l’IPN à son profit. Dans un second temps, l’article met en évidence les éléments qui attestent d’une évolution de la politique historique dans un sens univoque. C’est notamment le cas pour le thème des « relations polono-juives » au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, avec la révision de la loi sur l’IPN adoptée en 2018 afin de défendre la « réputation » de la Pologne. L’article s’achève sur l’évocation des clivages corporatifs, au sein de la profession des historiens, exacerbés depuis 2015.
Le procès en révision de la condamnation de Jeanne d’Arc (1450-1456) : raisons, obstacles, procédure, résultats
Authors: Contamine Philippe 
Published: April 2020

La sentence du tribunal d’inquisition présidée par Pierre Cauchon, évêque de Beauvais, qui livra Jeanne d’Arc au bras séculier, donc au bûcher, fut promulguée à Rouen le 30 mai 1431. Elle fut aussitôt exécutée. Des indices existent montrant que plusieurs, d’emblée, ne crurent pas à la culpabilité de la condamnée. Apparemment, Charles VII ne fut pas de ceux-là. Il fallut attendre 1450 pour qu’enfin il se laissât persuader que son honneur, à lui le roi très chrétien, était engagé. D’où un ensemble de démarches qui aboutit le 7 novembre à l’ouverture d’un procès en révision, et cela sur l’ordre de la papauté. Le cas est exceptionnel dans les annales de l’inquisition médiévale. Deux arguments jouèrent en faveur de la Pucelle : pour le pape, elle avait demandé à se soumettre à son autorité suprême, et pour le roi, elle ne l’avait jamais désavoué. Formellement, on ne savait pas quel en serait le résultat. La révision s’acheva par la sentence du 7 juillet 1456 qui annulait, sans surprise et sans plus, la condamnation de 1431. Jeanne d’Arc et sa famille retrouvaient leur bonne renommée. Et indirectement, l’honneur de Charles VII se voyait restauré, dans une relative discrétion.
L’expertise en écritures dans l’histoire judiciaire : l’affaire Dreyfus
Authors: Chauleur Andrée 
Published: April 2020

Lors de l’affaire Dreyfus, vingt-deux experts en écritures ont été convoqués. Au procès de condamnation, quatre des cinq experts en écritures désignés confirment que le bordereau découvert par le service des renseignements est de la main de Dreyfus, qui est alors dégradé et déporté en Guyane le 21 décembre 1895. En 1899, lors du procès en révision devant le conseil de guerre, à Rennes, d’autres experts interviennent et attribuent l’écriture du bordereau à Esterhazy qui a avoué. On voit l’influence qu’exercent le contexte antisémite et la pression de l’Armée sur les experts : l’expertise en écritures est loin d’être une science exacte.
Les Fleurs du Mal de Baudelaire ou l’impossible réhabilitation ?
Authors: Salas Denis 
Published: April 2020

Certaines pièces de son recueil Les Fleurs du Mal ayant offensé « la morale publique », Baudelaire sera condamné en 1857 au terme d’un procès mené par le procureur Pinard. Il sera réhabilité par la justice à titre posthume en 1949. Pourtant, on se demandera ici si ce ne sont pas les magistrats plus que le poète qui se rachètent eux-mêmes de cette condamnation peu glorieuse. En un siècle en effet, la postérité a définitivement consacré le portrait du poète maudit dans notre imaginaire collectif. Ainsi, sa condamnation est devenue consubstantielle à sa consécration littéraire. Et sa réhabilitation – au demeurant tardive et ambiguë – ne peut que tomber dans l’oubli.
Le « Rapport annuel de la Cour de cassation » par Raymond Lindon, et son évolution
Authors: Denizot Aude 
Published: April 2020

Le « Rapport annuel de la Cour de cassation » est institué par un décret du 22 septembre 1967. C’est à Raymond Lindon que l’on confie la tâche de rédiger ce document. Il s’en acquitte avec enthousiasme et brio. Œuvre scientifique, ouvrage de doctrine, tribune politique, panorama de jurisprudence, recueil d’anecdotes…, avec Raymond Lindon, le « Rapport » est bien plus qu’un simple rapport.
Dating of Caves by Cosmogenic Nuclides: Method, Possibilities, and the Siebenhengste Example
Authors: Häuselmann Philipp , Granger Darryl E. 
Published: April 2020

Kozmični žarki povzročajo nastanek kozmogenih nuklidov na površini zemlje in tik pod njo. Za datiranje jamskih sedimentov sta posebej pomembna 10Be in 26Al, ki nastajata v kremenu. Ko je kamen na površini in izpostavljen kozmičnemu sevanju, nastajata v stalnem razmerju. Ko ga zanese v podzemlje, se tvorba kozmogenih nuklidov ustavi, nadaljuje pa se njihov radioaktivni razpad. Ker 26 Al razpada hitreje, lahko iz razmerja med njima izračunamo čas, ki je potekel odkar je kremen pod zemljo. Metodo lahko uporabimo na sedimentih, ki so pokopani oziroma v jami med 0.1 in 5 milijoni let. Na ta način lahko v idealnih primerih izračunamo hitrost vrezovanja dolin. Z opisano metodo smo določili starost najstarejših delov sistema Siebenhengste v Švici. Najstarejši sediment je star 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma in nakazuje, da je na tem območju potekalo zakrasevanje že v pliocenu. Cosmic rays produce nuclides at and near the Earthʼs surface. 10Be and 26Al in quartz are of particular interest for dating cave sediments. These two nuclides are produced at the surface at a fixed ratio. If the quartz is carried from the surface into a cave, the sediment is shielded from additional cosmogenic nuclide production, and the inherited 10Be and 26Al decay radioactively. Because 26Al decays more rapidly than 10Be, the ratio of these two nuclides indicates the time since the sediment was washed underground. The burial dating method can be applied to sediments in the age range of approximately 0.1 to 5 Ma. In ideal cases, we get information about valley lowering rates. If the provenance of the sediment is known, averaged erosion rates of the source area can be estimated. The oldest cave phases of the Siebenhengste system, Switzerland, were dated using cosmogenic nuclides. The oldest sediment is 4.4 ± 0.6 Ma and thus indicates Pliocene karstification of the Siebenhengste.
Ob simpoziju Dnevi Maksa Pleteršnika: Od Megiserja do elektronske izdaje Pleteršnikovega slovarja (11.–12. 9. 2007) – Pripomba k referatu Nanike Holz in Simona Kreka Je v slovenščini kaj novega?
Authors: Gložančev Alenka , Kostanjevec Polona 
Published: April 2020

Ob simpoziju Dnevi Maksa Pleteršnika: Od Megiserja do elektronske izdaje Pleteršnikovega slovarja (11.–12. 9. 2007) – Pripomba k referatu
Nanike Holz in Simona Kreka Je v slovenščini kaj novega?
Effect of Backrest Elevation on the Development of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Grap Mary Jo , Munro Cindy L. , Hummel Russell S. , Elswick R.K. , McKinney Jessica L. , Sessler Curtis N. 
Published: April 2020

• Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation. Backrest position and time spent supine are critical risk factors for aspiration, increasing the risk for pneumonia. Empirical evidence of the effect of backrest positions on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, especially during mechanical ventilation over time, is limited.• Objective To describe the relationship between backrest elevation and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia.• Methods A nonexperimental, longitudinal, descriptive design was used. The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was used to determine ventilator-associated pneumonia. Backrest elevation was measured continuously with a transducer system. Data were obtained from laboratory results and medical records from the start of mechanical ventilation up to 7 days.• Results Sixty-six subjects were monitored (276 patient days). Mean backrest elevation for the entire study period was 21.7°. Backrest elevations were less than 30° 72% of the time and less than 10° 39% of the time. The mean Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score increased but not significantly, and backrest elevation had no direct effect on mean scores. A model for predicting the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score at day 4 included baseline score, percentage of time spent at less than 30° on study day 1, and score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, explaining 81% of the variability (F=7.31, P=.003).• Conclusions Subjects spent the majority of the time at backrest elevations less than 30°. Only the combination of early, low backrest elevation and severity of illness affected the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
American Association Of Critical-Care Nurses’ National Survey of Facilities and Units Providing Critical Care
Authors: Kirchhoff Karin T. , Dahl Nancy 
Published: April 2020

• Background Little information is available nationally about critical care units and nurses. What is known about nurses in hospitals is generally not broken down among all the specialties.
• Objectives To describe issues of workforce, compensation, and care specific to critical care units and nurses who work in them.
• Methods The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses conducted a survey of randomly selected facilities with critical care units in the United States. Facilities were solicited via e-mail to respond to a survey on the World Wide Web and provide information on operations, evaluations, nursing staff reimbursement and incentives, staffing, and quality indicators. Responding facilities also provided contact information for units in the facilities. Those units were surveyed about operations, acuity systems, staffing, policies on visitation and end-of-life care, administrative structure, documentation, certification, professional advancement, vacancy/floating, staff satisfaction, orientation, association membership, wages, advanced practice nursing, and quality indicators.
• Results The initial response rate (120 of 658 eligible facilities) was 18.2%, and 300 of 576 solicited units nominated by the facilities responded, yielding a 52.1% response rate for the second phase.
• Conclusions These survey data define the scope and intensity of services offered and provide more specific figures about staffing issues and unit practices than has been accessible before. Healthcare providers may use this information for benchmarking purposes, especially for instances in which the tables provide data for each particular type of critical care unit.
Weaning Readiness and Fluid Balance in Older Critically Ill Surgical Patients
Authors: Epstein Carol Diane , Peerless Joel R. 
Published: April 2020

• BackgroundFew studies address predictors for successful weaning of older adults from mechanical ventilation.
• ObjectiveTo develop a clinical profile of older patients who are successfully weaned from long-term mechanical ventilation.
• MethodsForty patients in the trauma and surgical intensive care unit who were at least 60 years old were enrolled in the study after 3 days of active weaning and were monitored daily until successfully weaned or until the end of the 14-day study. Hemodynamic and gas exchange variables, fluid balance, oxygen cost of breathing, and scores on the Burns Weaning Assessment Program were analyzed.
• ResultsCompared with patients who were not weaned, successfully weaned patients required mechanical ventilation for 5.3 days, started active weaning earlier (mean 10.7 vs 14.5 days, P = .04), had lower mean negative daily fluid balances in the beginning (−0.394 vs 1.107 L, P = .004), and had lower mean net cumulative fluid balances (6.856 vs 16.212 L) at the time of enrollment. They also maintained both a lower mean net cumulative fluid balance (10.753 vs 25.049 L, P= .02) and a negative daily fluid balance (−0.389 vs 1.904 L, P = .03) throughout. Their mean central venous pressure decreased over time and was significantly lower (P&lt;.001).
• ConclusionPersistent positive fluid balance in older surgical patients is associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation. Estimates of fluid balance might be useful in weaning older patients from long-term mechanical ventilation.
Measuring Intensive Care Nurses’ Perspectives on Family-Centered End-of-Life Care: Evaluation of 3 Questionnaires
Authors: Downey Lois , Engelberg Ruth A. , Shannon Sarah E. , Curtis J. Randall 
Published: April 2020

• Background Attempts to improve end-of-life care increasingly focus on family-centered care, but few validated assessment tools exist.
• Objectives To evaluate 3 new short questionnaires measuring nurses’ perspectives on family-centered end-of-life care in the intensive care unit and to show the usefulness of the questionnaires.
• Methods Principal components analysis of data from 141 critical care nurses evaluating care given to families of 218 patients was used to develop domain scores for number of nursing activities with each family, number of barriers experienced, and nurses’ satisfaction that the family’s needs were met. Random effects models were used to test associations between critical care processes and outcome.
• Results Nursing activities fell into 2 domains: general and culture-related communication/support. Barriers consisted of 2 domains: patient/family barriers and system/team barriers. Meeting the needs of patients’ families represented a single dimension. In a path model based on domain scores, general activities had significant associations with both nurse communication and meeting families’ needs; patient/family barriers, with nurse communication; and nurse and physician communication, with meeting families’ needs. In a path model based on total activities and barriers scores, total activities and total barriers had significant associations with nurse communication ratings and meeting families’ needs. Patients’ and nurses’ characteristics were not significant independent predictors of meeting the needs of patients’ families.
• Conclusions The 3 questionnaires provide a consistent, valid picture of nurses’ perspectives on family-centered critical care and may be useful in evaluating family care processes and outcomes and in targeting areas for improvement.
Hemodynamic Changes During Discontinuation of Mechanical Ventilation in Medical Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Frazier Susan K. , Stone Kathleen S. , Moser Debra , Schlanger Rebecca , Carle Carolyn , Pender Lauren , Widener Jeanne , Brom Heather 
Published: April 2020

• Background Cardiac dysfunction can prevent successful discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Critically ill patients may have undetected cardiac disease, and cardiac dysfunction can be produced or exacerbated by underlying pathophysiology.
• Objective To describe and compare hemodynamic function and cardiac rhythm during baseline mechanical ventilation with function and rhythm during a trial of continuous positive airway pressure in medical intensive care patients.
• Methods A convenience sample of 43 patients (53% men; mean age 51.1 years) who required mechanical ventilation were recruited for this pilot study. Cardiac output, stroke volume, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac rhythm, and plasma catecholamine levels were measured during mechanical ventilation and during a trial of continuous positive airway pressure.
• Results One third of the patients had difficulty discontinuing mechanical ventilation. Successful patients had significantly increased cardiac output and stroke volume without changes in heart rate or arterial pressure during the trial of continuous positive airway pressure. Unsuccessful patients had no significant changes in cardiac output, stroke volume, or heart rate but had a significant increase in mean arterial pressure. The 2 groups of patients also had different patterns in ectopy. Concurrently, catecholamine concentrations decreased in the successful patients and significantly increased in the unsuccessful patients during the trial.
• Conclusions Patterns of cardiac function and plasma catecholamine levels differed between patients who did or did not achieve spontaneous ventilation with a trial of continuous positive airway pressure. Cardiac function must be systematically considered before and during the return to spontaneous ventilation to optimize the likelihood of success.
Use of Local Anesthesia for Arterial Punctures
Authors: Hudson Timothy L. , Dukes Susan F. , Reilly Karen 
Published: April 2020

• Background Except for intravenous therapy, arterial access is the most common invasive procedure performed on critically ill patients. Arterial puncture is a source of pain and discomfort. Intradermal injection of lidocaine around the puncture site decreases the incidence and severity of localized pain when used before arterial puncture.• Objective To review the recommendations and studies related to the use of intradermal lidocaine to decrease pain during arterial punctures.• Methods Articles were identified by doing a systematic computerized search of MEDLINE (1980 to January 2006) to evaluate articles and reference lists of articles and a manual search of the references listed in original and review articles. English-language articles that evaluated any aspect of pain related to arterial puncture and cannulation, pain related to and methods of introducing lidocaine subcutaneously, and perceptions and use of local anesthesia for arterial or intravenous punctures were reviewed.• Results Except among anesthesia providers, the use of a local anesthetic before arterial puncture is not universal, contrary to the standard of practice. A number of false perceptions may prevent wider use of such anesthetics.• Conclusion Before a plan for behavior modification or policy change is recommended for use of local anesthesia to decrease pain associated with arterial puncture, further research must be done to determine nurses’ perceptions of use, actual practice, and currently established local policies.
Effect of Continuous Display of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure on Outcomes in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Kirkness Catherine J. , Burr Robert L. , Cain Kevin C. , Newell David W. , Mitchell Pamela H. 
Published: April 2020

• Background Clinical bedside monitoring systems do not provide prominent displays of data on cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). Immediate visual feedback would allow more rapid intervention to prevent or minimize suboptimal pressures.• Objective To evaluate the effect of a highly visible CPP display on immediate and long-term functional outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury.• Methods A total of 157 patients with traumatic brain injury at a level 1 trauma center who had invasive arterial blood pressure and intracranial pressure monitoring were randomized to beds with or without an additional, prominent continuous CPP display. Primary end points were scores on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOSE) and Functional Status Examination (FSE) 6 months after injury. Secondary end points were GOSE scores at discharge and 3 months after injury and FSE score 3 months after injury.• Results Although GOSE and FSE scores at 6 months were better in the group with the highly visible CPP display, the differences were not significant. Slope of recovery for GOSE and FSE over all follow-up time points did not differ significantly between groups. However, the intervention’s positive effect on odds of survival at hospital discharge was strong and significant. Within a subgroup of more severely injured patients, the intervention group was much less likely than the control group to have CPP deviations.• Conclusions The presence of a highly visible display of CPP was associated with significantly better odds of survival and overall condition at discharge.
Influence of Music on the Stress Response in Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilatory Support: A Pilot Study
Authors: Chlan Linda L. , Engeland William C. , Anthony Anita , Guttormson Jill 
Published: April 2020

• Background Music is considered an ideal therapy for reducing stress in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Previous studies of the effect of music on stress in such patients have focused solely on indirect markers of the stress response rather than on serum biomarkers.
• Objective To explore the influence of music on serum biomarkers of the stress response in patients receiving ventilatory support.
• Methods A convenience sample of 10 patients receiving mechanical ventilation was recruited from an 11-bed medical intensive care unit. Patients were randomly assigned to listen to music or to rest quietly for 60 minutes. Levels of corticotropin, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured 4 times during the 60 minutes.
• Results The levels of the 4 biomarkers of the stress response did not differ significantly between patients who listened to music and patients who rested quietly, though the levels of corticotropin and cortisol showed interesting trends.
• Conclusions Additional research is needed with a larger sample size to evaluate further the influence of music on biochemical markers of the stress response in patients receiving mechanical ventilatory support. In future studies, confounding factors such as endotracheal suctioning and administration of medications that influence the stress response should be controlled for.