bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-gene phylogeny of the genusArthroderma: Basis for future taxonomic studies
Authors: Hainsworth Steven , Kučerová Ivana , Sharma Rahul , Cañete-Gibas Connie F , Hubka Vit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractArthroderma is the most diverse genus among dermatophytes encompassing species occurring in soil, caves, animal burrows, clinical material and other environments. In this study, we collected ex-type, reference and authentic strains of all currently accepted Arthroderma species and generated sequences of three highly variable loci (ITS rDNA, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α). The number of accepted species was expanded to 27. One novel species, A. melbournense (ex-type strain CCF 6162T = CBS 145858T), is described. This species was isolated from toenail dust collected by a podiatrist in Melbourne, during an epidemiological study of four geographical regions of Eastern Australia. Trichophyton terrestre, Chrysosporium magnisporum, and Chrysosporium oceanitis are transferred to Arthroderma. Typification is provided for T. terrestre that is not conspecific with any of the supposed biological species from the former T. terrestre complex, that is, A. insingulare, A. lenticulare and A. quadrifidum. A multi-gene phylogeny and reference sequences provided in this study should serve as a basis for future phylogenetic studies and facilitate species identification in practice.Lay abstractThe genus Arthroderma encompasses geophilic dermatophyte species that infrequently cause human and animal superficial infections. Reference sequences from three genetic loci were generated for all currently accepted Arthroderma species and phylogeny was constructed. Several taxonomic novelties are introduced. The newly provided data will facilitate species identification and future taxonomic studies.
The variable radio counterpart of Swift J1858.6-0814
Authors: van den Eijnden J , Degenaar N , Russell T D , Buisson D J K , Altamirano D , Armas Padilla M , Bahramian A , Castro Segura N , Fogantini F A , Heinke C O , Maccarone T , Maitra D , Miller-Jones J C A , Muñoz-Darias T , Özbey Arabacı M , Russell D M , Shaw A W , Sivakoff G , Tetarenko A J , Vincentelli F , Wijnands R 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Swift J1858.6-0814 is a transient neutron star X-ray binary discovered in 2018 October. Multiwavelength follow-up observations across the electromagnetic spectrum revealed many interesting properties, such as erratic flaring on minute time-scales and evidence for wind outflows at both X-ray and optical wavelengths, strong and variable local absorption, and an anomalously hard X-ray spectrum. Here, we report on a detailed radio observing campaign consisting of one observation at 5.5/9 GHz with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, and nine observations at 4.5/7.5 GHz with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. A radio counterpart with a flat to inverted radio spectrum is detected in all observations, consistent with a compact jet being launched from the system. Swift J1858.6-0814 is highly variable at radio wavelengths in most observations, showing significant variability when imaged on 3-to-5-min time-scales and changing up to factors of 8 within 20 min. The periods of brightest radio emission are not associated with steep radio spectra, implying they do not originate from the launching of discrete ejecta. We find that the radio variability is similarly unlikely to have a geometric origin, be due to scintillation, or be causally related to the observed X-ray flaring. Instead, we find that it is consistent with being driven by variations in the accretion flow propagating down the compact jet. We compare the radio properties of SwiftJ1858.6-0814 with those of Eddington-limited X-ray binaries with similar X-ray and optical characteristics, but fail to find a match in radio variability, spectrum, and luminosity.
Luminous blue variable candidates in M31
Authors: Sarkisyan A , Sholukhova O , Fabrika S , Bizyaev D , Valeev A , Vinokurov A , Solovyeva Y , Kostenkov A , Malanushenko V , Nedialkov P 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We study five luminous blue variable (LBV) candidates in the Andromeda galaxy and one more (MN112) in the Milky Way. We obtain the same-epoch near-infrared (NIR) and optical spectra on the 3.5-m telescope at the Apache Point Observatory and on the 6-m telescope of the SAO RAS. The candidates show typical LBV features in their spectra: broad and strong hydrogen lines, He i, Fe ii, and [Fe ii] lines. We estimate the temperatures, reddening, radii and luminosities of the stars using their spectral energy distributions. Bolometric luminosities of the candidates are similar to those of known LBV stars in the Andromeda galaxy. One candidate, J004341.84+411112.0, demonstrates photometric variability (about 0.27 mag in the V band), which allows us to classify it as an LBV. The star J004415.04+420156.2 shows characteristics typical of B[e] supergiants. The star J004411.36+413257.2 is classified as a Fe ii star. We confirm that the stars J004621.08+421308.2 and J004507.65+413740.8 are warm hypergiants. We obtain for the first time the NIR spectrum of the Galactic LBV candidate MN112. We use both optical and NIR spectra of MN112 for comparison with similar stars in M31 and notice identical spectra and the same temperature in J004341.84+411112.0. This allows us to confirm that MN112 is an LBV, which should show its brightness variability in longer time span observations.
Galactic ionizing photon budget during the epoch of reionization in the Cosmic Dawn II simulation
Authors: Lewis Joseph S W , Ocvirk Pierre , Aubert Dominique , Sorce Jenny G , Shapiro Paul R , Deparis Nicolas , Dawoodbhoy Taha , Teyssier Romain , Yepes Gustavo , Gottlöber Stefan , Ahn Kyungjin , Iliev Ilian T , Chardin Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Cosmic Dawn II yields the first statistically meaningful determination of the relative contribution to reionization by galaxies of different halo mass, from a fully coupled radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of the epoch of reionization large enough (∼100 Mpc) to model global reionization while resolving the formation of all galactic haloes above ${\sim}10^8 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. Cell transmission inside haloes is bi-modal – ionized cells are transparent, while neutral cells absorb the photons their stars produce – and the halo escape fraction fesc reflects the balance of star formation rate (SFR) between these modes. The latter is increasingly prevalent at higher halo mass, driving down fesc (we provide analytical fits to our results), whereas halo escape luminosity, proportional to fesc × SFR, increases with mass. Haloes with dark matter masses within $6\times 10^{8} \, {\rm M}_{\odot }\lt M_{\rm halo}\lt 3 \times 10^{10} \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ produce ∼80 per cent of the escaping photons at z = 7, when the universe is 50 per cent ionized, making them the main drivers of cosmic reionization. Less massive haloes, though more numerous, have low SFRs and contribute less than 10 per cent of the photon budget then, despite their high fesc. High-mass haloes are too few and too opaque, contributing &lt;10 per cent despite their high SFRs. The dominant mass range is lower (higher) at higher (lower) redshift, as mass function and reionization advance together (e.g. at z = 8.5, xH i = 0.9, $M_{\rm halo}\lt 5\times 10^9 \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ haloes contributed ∼80 per cent). Galaxies with UV magnitudes MAB1600 between −12 and −19 dominated reionization between z = 6 and 8.
When is Access to Political Capital Gendered? Lessons from the Czech Parliament
Authors: Smrek Michal 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article compares access to bill making and senior legislative offices among male and female MPs when their respective parties are in government or in opposition. Using an original dataset with all Czech MPs elected between 1996 and 2017, the article finds that female legislators face a more restricted access to these important legislative assignments when their party is part of government and when their value as a means of generating political capital is high. This points to the specific conditions under which female MPs might be arbitrarily held back by their parties in the parliamentary workplace.
Randomizing Religion: the Impact of Protestant Evangelism on Economic Outcomes*
Authors: Bryan Gharad , Choi James J , Karlan Dean 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe study the causal impact of religiosity through a randomized evaluation of an evangelical Protestant Christian values and theology education program delivered to thousands of ultrapoor Filipino households. Six months after the program ended, treated households have higher religiosity and income; no statistically significant differences in total labor supply, consumption, food security, or life satisfaction; and lower perceived relative economic status. Exploratory analysis suggests that the income treatment effect may operate through increasing grit. Thirty months after the program ended, significant differences in the intensity of religiosity disappear, but those in the treatment group are less likely to be Catholic and more likely to be Protestant, and there is some mixed evidence that their consumption and perceived relative economic status are higher.
Watering Down Environmental Regulation in China*
Authors: He Guojun , Wang Shaoda , Zhang Bing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article estimates the effect of environmental regulation on firm productivity using a spatial regression discontinuity design implicit in China's water quality monitoring system. Because water quality readings are important for political evaluations and the monitoring stations only capture emissions from their upstream regions, local government officials are incentivized to enforce tighter environmental standards on firms immediately upstream of a monitoring station, rather than those immediately downstream. Exploiting this discontinuity in regulation stringency with novel firm-level geocoded emission and production data sets, we find that immediate upstream polluters face a more than 24% reduction in total factor productivity (TFP), and a more than 57% reduction in chemical oxygen demand emissions, as compared with their immediate downstream counterparts. We find that the discontinuity in TFP does not exist in nonpolluting industries, only emerged after the government explicitly linked political promotion to water quality readings, and was predominantly driven by prefectural cities with career-driven leaders. Linking the TFP estimate with the emission estimate, a back-of-the-envelope calculation indicates that China's water regulation efforts between 2000 and 2007 were associated with an economic cost of more than 800 billion Chinese yuan.
Addressing inequities in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality: research and policy recommendations
Authors: Wang Monica L , Behrman Pamela , Dulin Akilah , Baskin Monica L , Buscemi Joanna , Alcaraz Kassandra I , Goldstein Carly M , Carson Tiffany L , Shen Megan , Fitzgibbon Marian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is the greatest global public health crisis since the 1918 influenza outbreak. As of early June, the novel coronavirus has infected more than 6.3 million people worldwide and more than 1.9 million in the United States (US). The total number of recorded deaths due to COVID-19 are growing at an alarming rate globally (³383,000) and nationally (³109,000) Evidence is mounting regarding the heavier burden of COVID-19 infection, morbidity, and mortality on the underserved populations in the US. This commentary focuses on this global health pandemic and how mitigation of the virus relies heavily on health behavior change to slow its spread, highlighting how the pandemic specifically affects the most socially and economically disadvantaged populations in the US. The commentary also offers short, intermediate and long-term research and policy focused recommendations. Both the research and policy recommendations included in this commentary emphasize equity-driven: (1) research practices, including applying a social determinants and health equity lens on monitoring, evaluation, and clinical trials activities on COVID-19; and (2) policy actions, such as dedicating resources to prioritize high-risk communities for testing, treatment, and prevention approaches and implementing organizational, institutional, and legislative policies that address the social and economic barriers to overall well-being that these populations face during a pandemic. It is our hope that these recommendations will generate momentum in delivering timely, effective, and lifesaving changes.
Mechanistic Investigations Support Liver Safety of Ubrogepant
Authors: Smith Brenda , Rowe Josh , Watkins Paul B , Ashina Messoud , Woodhead Jeffrey L , Sistare Frank D , Goadsby Peter J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Small-molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have demonstrated therapeutic efficacy for the treatment of migraine. However, previously investigated CGRP receptor antagonists, telcagepant and MK-3207, were discontinued during clinical development because of concerns about drug-induced liver injury. A subsequent effort to identify novel CGRP receptor antagonists less likely to cause hepatotoxicity led to the development of ubrogepant. The selection of ubrogepant, following a series of mechanistic studies conducted with MK-3207 and telcagepant, was focused on key structural modifications suggesting that ubrogepant was less prone to forming reactive metabolites than previous compounds. The potential for each drug to cause liver toxicity was subsequently assessed using a quantitative systems toxicology approach (DILIsym) that incorporates quantitative assessments of mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of bile acid homeostasis, and oxidative stress, along with estimates of dose-dependent drug exposure to and within liver cells. DILIsym successfully modeled liver toxicity for telcagepant and MK-3207 at the dosing regimens used in clinical trials. In contrast, DILIsym predicted no hepatotoxicity during treatment with ubrogepant, even at daily doses up to 1000 mg (10-fold higher than the approved clinical dose of 100 mg). These predictions are consistent with clinical trial experience showing that ubrogepant has lower potential to cause hepatotoxicity than has been observed with telcagepant and MK-3207.
Severe Coronavirus Infections in Pregnancy
Authors: Galang Romeo R. , Chang Karen , Strid Penelope , Snead Margaret Christine , Woodworth Kate R. , House Lawrence D. , Perez Mirna , Barfield Wanda D. , Meaney-Delman Dana , Jamieson Denise J. , Shapiro-Mendoza Carrie K. , Ellington Sascha R. 
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To inform the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, we conducted a systematic literature review of case reports of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes COVID-19, during pregnancy and summarized clinical presentation, course of illness, and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes.

DATA SOURCES:
We searched MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov from inception to April 23, 2020.

METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION:
We included articles reporting case-level data on MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women. Course of illness, indicators of severe illness, maternal health outcomes, and pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from included articles.

TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS:
We identified 1,328 unique articles, and 1,253 articles were excluded by title and abstract review. We completed full-text review on 75, and 29 articles were excluded by full-text review. Among 46 publications reporting case-level data, eight described 12 cases of MERS-CoV infection, seven described 17 cases of SARS-CoV infection, and 31 described 98 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical presentation and course of illness ranged from asymptomatic to severe fatal disease, similar to the general population of patients. Severe morbidity and mortality among women with MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including pregnancy loss, preterm delivery, and laboratory evidence of vertical transmission, were reported.

CONCLUSION:
Understanding whether pregnant women may be at risk for adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes from severe coronavirus infections is imperative. Data from case reports of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SAR-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy are limited, but they may guide early public health actions and clinical decision-making for COVID-19 until more rigorous and systematically collected data are available. The capture of critical data is needed to better define how this infection affects pregnant women and neonates. This review was not registered with PROSPERO.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound for Confirmation of Nasogastric and Orogastric Tube Placement in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Claiborne Mary Kate , Gross Toni , McGreevy Jon , Riemann Monique , Temkit M'hamed , Augenstein Julie 
Published: June 2020

Objectives
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) as an alternative imaging modality to confirm proper placement for nasogastric tubes (NGTs) and orogastric tubes (OGTs) in pediatric patients.

Methods
This was a prospective descriptive study performed at a tertiary care free-standing children's hospital. Patients 21 years and younger requiring radiographic confirmation of NGT or OGT placement were eligible for enrollment. Bedside ultrasonography examination of the epigastric area was performed by a blinded pediatric emergency medicine physician. An abdominal radiograph was obtained to confirm NGT or OGT placement in all patients.

Results
A total of 26 patients with a mean age of 2.6 years (standard deviation, 3.9 years) were enrolled. All 26 patients had x-ray confirmation of NGT and OGTs correctly placed in the stomach. Confirmation of NGT or OGT placement by ultrasound was obtained in 23 patients. For these 23 patients, POCUS agreed with radiographic findings. For 3 patients, the NGT and OGT was unable to be identified by ultrasound. The sensitivity of ultrasound for detecting a properly placed tube was 88% (95% confidence interval, 70.0%–97.6%).

Conclusions
This pilot study described ultrasound confirmation of NGT or OGT placement. If confirmed in larger studies, POCUS can be used as an objective tool for the confirmation of NGT or OGT placement in pediatric patients and limit the need for routine x-ray confirmation.
Efficacy of acupuncture and acupressure for the treatment of Raynaud’s syndrome: Protocol for a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Deng Jiawen 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTRaynaud’s syndrome is a rare vascular disorder that causes the contraction of blood vessels, usually in the fingers and toes, when there is a decrease in temperature or during emotional events. As a result, blood cannot reach the tissue in these areas, causing them to appear blue or white. It had long been speculated that acupuncture and acupressure may help mediate symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome, however no knowledge synthesis project regarding this topic had ever been conducted (to our best knowledge). We propose a meta-analysis that investigates whether the use of acupuncture or acupressure can improve symptoms of Raynaud’s syndrome. Our proposed outcomes are incidences of positive cold water immersion test, incidences of positive temperature recovery after cold water immersion tests, incidences of remission/short-term remission, number and duration of attacks per day, and outcomes relating to nailfold microcirculation examinations (including capillary blood flow velocity, capillary deformity and capillary density).
Consequences of Mismatch, Misalignment and Rotation of Toric Intraocular Lenses in Refractive Cataract Surgery Part 1. It Ain’t 30. The True Angle of Doom
Authors: Sayegh Samir I 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate that the total loss of astigmatism as a consequence of misalignment or rotation of a toric intraocular lens (tIOL) can occur much earlier than the widely believed and taught 30 degrees. To give a precise surgically useful estimate of that value. To clarify the role of mismatch and misalignment of toric intraocular lenses in cataract surgery beyond what is commonly recognized in the literature and make corresponding surgical recommendations.SettingPrivate Practice and Research Center. The EYE Center. Champaign, IL, USA.DesignFormal Analytical StudyMethodsThe astigmatism addition approach is used in its simplest form along with analytical tools to derive new results concerning mismatch, misalignment and rotation of toric intraocular lenses.ResultsThe often stated results of total loss of astigmatic correction by 30-degree rotation and 3.3 % loss per degree represent a usually poor approximation to realistic surgical cases. We show how they constitute a very special case in the context of a more general framework relevant to procedures performed by refractive cataract surgeons dealing with the surgical correction of astigmatism with tIOLs. Total loss of astigmatic correction can occur with as little as 20 degrees of misalignment and less than 10 degrees of tIOL rotation. A practical approximation for that angle of doom, Δ, in the surgically relevant range can be expressed by Δ ≈ 30 − 15 ω degrees, where is the fractional overcorrection of L, the cylinder of the tIOL, and A, the astigmatism to be corrected. Similarly for undercorrection we show that Δ ≈ 30 + 15 u degrees where represents the corresponding fractional undercorrection. That is to say the angle of doom is extended beyond the 30 degrees for cases of undercorrection of the astigmatism. We also demonstrate that overcorrection of astigmatism results in a significantly faster decline in astigmatism correction per degree of misalignment/rotation. The significant clinical implications and surgical recommendations, including for optimal degree of overcorrection, are a natural consequence of these novel results.ConclusionsTotal loss of astigmatism correction can occur at a significantly smaller angle than commonly believed and overcorrected astigmatism residual rises with tIOL misalignment or rotation significantly faster than undercorrected astigmatism. We provide the methodology and explicit solution for determining this behavior.