bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Dichlorocyanomethyl‐Functionalized Oxindoles by Cascade Reactions Initiated by Copper(I)‐Catalytically Generated Dichlorocyanomethyl Radical
Authors: Che Fengrui , Zhong Jiangbin , Yu Linhan , Ma Chaopeng , Yu Chunzheng , Wang Maorong , Hou Zhichen , Zhang Yuexia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn efficient and convenient protocol for synthesis of dichlorocyanomethyl‐functionalized oxindoles through the cascade reactions of dichlorocyanomethyl radical with N‐arylacrylamides is reported. The electrophilic dichlorocyanomethyl radical, which is generated from readily available trichloroacetonitrile via a copper‐catalyzed single‐electron transfer (SET) process, undergoes radical addition with the electron‐deficient C=C bonds of N‐arylacrylamides, followed by intramolecular cyclization, to provide dichlorocyanomethyl‐functionalized oxindoles. No external oxidant is needed in this transformation.magnified image
Probing the Effective Young's Modulus of ‘Magic Angle’ Inspired Multi‐Functional Twisted Nano‐Heterostructures
Authors: Mukhopadhyay T. , Mahata A. , Naskar S. , Adhikari S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) materials are crucially important nanomaterials because of their exciting multi‐functional properties. However, a single layer of 2D materials may not have a certain property adequately, or multiple application‐specific properties simultaneously to the desired and optimal level. For mitigating this lacuna, a new trend has emerged recently to develop nano‐scale engineered heterostructures by stacking multiple layers of different 2D materials, wherein each of the layers could also be twisted. The vast advantage of combining single layers of different 2D materials with different twisting angles has dramatically expanded this research field well beyond the scope of considering a 2D material mono‐layer, leading to a set of multifunctional physical properties corresponding to each possible combination of number of layers, different 2D materials therein, stacking sequence and the twisting angle of each layer. Effective mechanical properties such as Young's moduli are generally of utmost importance for analyzing the viability of such engineered nano‐heterostructures in various nanoelectromechanical applications. Efficient closed‐form generic formulae are proposed for the effective Young's moduli of twisted multi‐layer heterostructures. Based on this physics‐based analytical approach, a wide range of insightful new results are presented for twisted heterostructures, covering mono‐planar and multi‐planar configurations with homogeneous and heterogeneous atomic distributions.
Hybrid Color Filters for Multispectral Imaging
Authors: He Xin , Liu Yajing , Beckett Paul , Uddin Md Hemayet , Nirmalathas Ampalavanapillai , Unnithan Ranjith Rajasekharan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMultispectral cameras capture images in multiple wavelengths in narrow spectral bands. They offer advanced sensing well beyond normal cameras and many single‐sensor‐based multispectral cameras are commercialized aimed at a broad range of applications, such as agroforestry research, medical analysis, and so on. However, the existing single‐sensor‐based multispectral cameras require accurate alignment to overlay each filter on image sensor pixels, which makes their fabrication very complex, especially when the number of bands is large. This paper demonstrates a new filter technology using a hybrid combination of single plasmonic layer and dielectric layers by computational simulations. A filter mosaic of various bands with narrow spectral width can be achieved with single run manufacturing processes (i.e., exposure, development, deposition, and other minor steps) regardless of the number of bands.
Tunable Electronic Properties and Potential Applications of BSe/XS2 (X=Mo, W) van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Dingbo , Gao Qiang , Chen Yuanzheng , Xia Yudong , Wang Hui , Wang Hongyan , Ni Yuxiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConstructing van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures by using different 2D materials is an effective strategy to overcome the shortcoming of single 2D materials. Recently, a novel 2D material boron selenide (BSe) has been predicted, holding a hexagonal structure similar to 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). In this paper, the MoS2/BSe, and WS2/BSe heterostructures are therefore constructed, finding that they are type‐II band alignment semiconductors with bandgaps of 1.46 and 1.73 eV, respectively. Moreover, an indirect‐to‐direct bandgap transition, and a band alignment transition can be achieved by applying the perpendicular external electric fields to the vdW heterostructures. In addition, the two built heterostructures have a good optical absorption (104), a broad optical absorption, and one competitive power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). The results also show that the PCE of the MoS2/BSe heterostructures can be improved by increasing the number of BSe layers (11.63% for MoS2–2BSe and 13.55% for MoS2–3BSe). This study provides a practical way for BSe/TMDs vdW heterostructures in optoelectronic applications.
Holding water with capacity to target porosity
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOptimizing soil microbial activity requires an equal balance between water‐ and air‐filled porosity, that is, 50% water‐filled pore space (WFPS). However, many soil biological investigations report water as some fraction of water‐holding capacity (WHC). This study was conducted to fill a quantitative gap between WFPS and WHC. Soil samples (n = 198) from 10 eastern U.S. states and one state in Brazil provided a wide distribution of clay (0.064–0.487 kg kg−1) and soil organic C (SOC, 5.2–52.0 g kg−1) concentrations (5–95% range). Gravimetric soil water content (SWC) was determined at WHC and at saturation. Both clay and SOC concentrations strongly influenced SWC; the effect of SOC was strongest and nonlinear. To achieve 50% WFPS, gravimetric SWC was 0.69 ± 0.10 times that of WHC and 0.59 ± 0.03 times that of saturation. For soil biological assays, 50% WFPS could be accurately and simply achieved with calculations using gravimetric SWC at saturation multiplied by 0.59.
Spontaneous Generation of Carrier Electrons at the Interface between Polycrystalline ZnO and Amorphous InGaZnO4
Authors: Krahl Fabian , Wu Yuzhang , Cho Hai Jun , Karppinen Maarit , Ohta Hiromichi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe interface between two materials can be expected to show exotic optical, electrical, and thermal transport properties due to the difference in chemical bonding and chemical potential. However, in conventional material systems, the volume fraction of the interface is small compared to bulk, and interfacial properties are thus difficult to utilize. In this regard, multilayered films are essential to increase the volume fraction of interfaces and functionalize their properties. Here it is shown that carrier electrons can be generated spontaneously at the interface between polycrystalline ZnO and amorphous (a‐) InGaZnO4. The electron transport properties are measured of multilayered films composed of c‐axis oriented polycrystalline ZnO and a‐InGaZnO4 with varying interface density (d−1). Although the carrier concentrations of both ZnO and a‐InGaZnO4 are less than 5 × 1019 cm−3, the n increases with d−1 and exceedes 1020 cm−3. The relatively large interface thermal resistance between ZnO and a‐InGaZnO4 (1.35 m2 K GW−1) indicates the existence of a large difference in the chemical bonding and the chemical potential and thus conduction electrons would accumulate at the interface.
Tailoring the Switching Dynamics in Yttrium Oxide‐Based RRAM Devices by Oxygen Engineering: From Digital to Multi‐Level Quantization toward Analog Switching
Authors: Petzold Stefan , Piros Eszter , Eilhardt Robert , Zintler Alexander , Vogel Tobias , Kaiser Nico , Radetinac Aldin , Komissinskiy Philipp , Jalaguier Eric , Nolot Emmanuel , Charpin‐Nicolle Christelle , Wenger Christian , Molina‐Luna Leopoldo , Miranda Enrique , Alff Lambert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis work investigates the transition from digital to gradual or analog resistive switching in yttrium oxide‐based resistive random‐access memory devices. It is shown that this transition is determined by the amount of oxygen in the functional layer. A homogeneous reduction of the oxygen content not only reduces the electroforming voltage, allowing for forming‐free devices, but also decreases the voltage operation window of switching, thereby reducing intra‐device variability. The most important effect as the dielectric becomes substoichiometric by oxygen engineering is that more intermediate (quantized) conduction states are accessible. A key factor for this reproducibly controllable behavior is the reduced local heat dissipation in the filament region due to the increased thermal conductivity of the oxygen depleted layer. The improved accessibility of quantized resistance states results in a semi‐gradual switching both for the set and reset processes, as strongly desired for multi‐bit storage and for an accurate definition of the synaptic weights in neuromorphic systems. A theoretical model based on the physics of mesoscopic structures describing current transport through a nano‐constriction including asymmetric potential drops at the electrodes and non‐linear conductance quantization is provided. The results contribute to a deeper understanding on how to tailor materials properties for novel memristive functionalities.
Spontaneous Antiferromagnetic Ordering in a Single Layer of (BETS)2GaCl4 Organic Superconductor
Authors: Hassanien Abdou , Zhou Biao , Kobayashi Akiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractScanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy are presented to study the interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in a single‐layer organic d‐wave superconductor (BETS)2GaCl4 on Ag(111). Antiferromagnetic molecular chains of GaCl4 are spontaneously formed within (BETS)2GaCl4 superconducting single layer due to shortages of BETS dimers. Below transition temperature of 7 K, the superconducting order masks the antiferromagnetic order and dominates the electronic properties, showing a ubiquitous gap over the entire island with proximity effect across the island/Ag(111) interface. These features gradually decay with the rise in temperature giving way to a Kondo dip on GaCl4 chains, with additional inelastic vibronic features on (BETS)2GaCl4 stripes. The concurrent absence of these signals below Tc may be related to a renormalization process where both phonon and antiferromagnetic fluctuation exhibit a cooperative existence to mediate superconductivity in such d‐wave superconductors.
Detachable Flexible ISFET‐Based pH Sensor Array with a Flexible Connector
Authors: Honda Satoko , Shiomi Mao , Yamaguchi Takafumi , Fujita Yusuke , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji , Takei Kuniharu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFlexible sensors that can detect different types of stimuli simultaneously from any surface are attractive in many fields, including the Internet of Things. An important function of a flexible sensor sheet is multiple sensing without sacrificing mechanical flexibility, conformability, and device cost on the macroscale. This study proposes a macroscale detachable pH sensor array consisting of a disposable pH sensitive membrane sheet and a reusable flexible transistor array via a flexible electrical connector. Mechanical flexibility and stable electrical connection are realized by a soft Ag electrode and sticky polydimethylsiloxane/polyethylenimine layer for the connector. After laminating the two sheets, a fundamental study reveals a sensitivity of about 66.5 mV per pH. Although a small potential change in the pH membrane is observed as the temperature changes, the pH value can be monitored using the detachable flexible transistor‐based pH sensor sheet with a sufficient resolution. As a proof‐of‐concept for solution diffusion monitoring using the pH change, a 5 × 5 array sensor sheet is successfully demonstrated. The sensor array can measure the pH distribution with a different pH diffuses into a solution bath within a few seconds.
Alternate wetting and drying reduces aquifer withdrawal in Mississippi rice production systems
Authors: Atwill R. Lee , Krutz L. Jason , Bond Jason A. , Golden Bobby R. , Spencer G. Dave , Bryant Corey J. , Mills Brian E. , Gore Jeff 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWater level declines in the Mississippi River Valley Alluvial Aquifer (MRVAA) are attributed largely to withdrawals for rice (Oryza sativa L.) irrigation. This study was performed to determine if alternative irrigation strategies for rice could reduce withdrawal from the MRVAA without having an adverse effect on yield and profitability. Research was conducted at 19 on‐farm locations across the Delta region of Mississippi from 2014 through 2016 to determine the effects of irrigation water management practice, i.e., conventional flood via cascade (CONV), multiple side inlet (MSI), and MSI coupled with alternate wetting and drying (AWD), on aquifer withdrawal, rough rice grain yield, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and net returns above irrigation costs. Compared to CONV and MSI, up to 39% less water was applied to AWD (P ˂ .0001). Rice grain yield for AWD was not different from either CONV or MSI (P = .1343), despite substantial reductions in water use. Relative to standard irrigation strategies, AWD maintained or increased net returns up to $238 ha−1 for pumping depths from 5.5 m to 122 m and diesel prices from $0.42 L−1 to $0.98 L−1 (P ≤ .0003). Irrigation water use efficiency was up to 59% greater for AWD relative to conventional systems due to the positive effects of the former on water use while maintaining yield (P = .0034). These data demonstrate that AWD can reduce withdrawal from the MRVAA while maintaining or improving yield and net returns relative to irrigation strategies currently employed across the midsouthern USA rice belt.
Quick and easy? Respondent evaluations of the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak and multiple price list valuation mechanisms
Authors: Asioli Daniele , Mignani Adriana , Alfnes Frode 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article is the first to investigate respondents' ease of understanding and answering valuation questions related to the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) and multiple price list mechanisms. Using a between‐subjects design, we elicit willingness to pay (WTP) for healthy snack bars using two mechanisms, ask questions about ease of understanding and answering the valuation questions, and record the response times to the valuation questions. We do not find significant differences in estimated WTP and response times between the two methods. However, the respondents in the multiple price list (MPL) sessions found it easier to understand this mechanism and decide on a response than those in the BDM sessions. As a result of our findings, we recommend that MPL is adopted over BDM when there is limited opportunity to explain or learn the method before the valuation or when one is concerned that a complicated design can affect the willingness to participate and thereby create selection bias. Both concerns will often apply when small and medium size agribusinesses conduct market testing of their products in stores or field markets. [EconLit Citations: C18, C19, D44, Q13].
Surgical treatment for gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Eto Kojiro , Yoshida Naoya , Iwagami Shiro , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Baba Hideo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNeuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare neoplasms, with an estimated annual incidence of 6.9/100 000. They arise from cells of the diffuse endocrine system, which are mainly dispersed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI), pancreatic, and respiratory tracts. The incidence of GI‐NETs has recently begun to show a steady increase. According to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, 53% of patients with NETs present with localized disease, 20% with locoregional disease, and 27% with distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. Surgery is the mainstay for the treatment of locoregional GI‐NETs. Endoscopic resection is an option for well‐differentiated early GI‐NETs, which are thought to very rarely metastasize to lymph nodes. A lesion that is technically difficult to resect via endoscopy is an indication for local resection (partial resection without lymph node dissection). GI‐NETs with possible lymph node metastasis is an indication for enterectomy with lymph node dissection. For NETs with metastatic lesions, cytoreduction surgery can control hormonal hypersecretion and alleviate symptoms; therefore, cytoreduction surgery is recommended. The indications for surgery vary and are based on the organ where the NET arose; therefore, an understanding of the patient's clinical state and individualized treatment that is based on the characteristics of the patient's GI‐NET is needed. This review summarizes surgical treatments of GI‐NETs in each organ.
State function‐based flash specifications for open systems in the absence or presence of chemical reactions
Authors: de Azevedo Medeiros Fernando , Stenby Erling Halfdan , Yan Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiverse engineering fields require flash calculations like isothermal flash, isenthalpic flash, and isentropic flash. They can be cast as minimization of a thermodynamic state function and solved by Michelsen's Q‐function approach. Flash calculations for open systems, that is, systems where chemical potentials are specified instead of the mole numbers for some components, also belong to this scope. By analyzing the construction of Q‐functions through Legendre transforms, we extend this approach to the flash for open systems in the absence or presence of chemical reactions, resulting in general formulations for various specifications. For systems without reactions, the classical framework using mole numbers as independent variables is employed; for those with reactions, the modified‐RAND framework is employed. We present examples for open systems at constant temperature and pressure. Using the Q‐function minimization, we can solve multicomponent nonreactive or reactive systems at a specified chemical potential with quadratic convergence over a wide range of conditions.
Heat exchanger network synthesis with detailed exchanger designs: Part 1. A discretized differential algebraic equation model for shell and tube heat exchanger design
Authors: Kazi Saif R. , Short Michael , Biegler Lorenz T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new method for the detailed design of shell and tube heat exchangers is presented through the formulation of coupled differential heat equations, along with algebraic equations for design variables. Heat exchanger design components (tube passes, baffles, and shells) are used to discretize the differential equations and are solved simultaneously with the algebraic design equations. The coupled differential algebraic equation (DAE) system is suitable for numerical optimization as it replaces the nonsmooth log mean temperature difference (LMTD) term. Discrete decisions regarding the number of shells, fluid allocation, tube sizes, and number of baffles are determined by solving an LMTD‐based method iteratively. The resulting heat exchanger topology is then used to discretize the detailed DAE model, which is solved as a nonlinear programming model to obtain the detailed exchanger design by minimizing an economic objective function through varying the tube length. The DAE model also provides the stream temperature profiles inside the exchanger simultaneously with the detailed design. It is observed that the DAE model results are almost equal to the LMTD‐based design model for one‐shell heat exchangers with constant stream properties but shows significant differences when streams properties are allowed to vary with temperature or the number of shells are increased. The accuracy of the solutions and the required computational costs show that the model is well suited for solving heat exchanger network synthesis problems combined with detailed exchanger designs, which is demonstrated in Part 2 of the paper.
Phylogenetic structure in the Sphagnum recurvum complex (Bryophyta) in relation to taxonomy and geography
Authors: Duffy Aaron M. , Aguero Blanka , Stenøien Hans K. , Flatberg Kjell Ivar , Ignatov Michael S. , Hassel Kristian , Shaw A. Jonathan 
Published: September 2020

PremiseThe Sphagnum recurvum complex comprises a group of closely related peat mosses that are dominant components of many northern wetland ecosystems. Taxonomic hypotheses for the group range from interpreting the whole complex as one polymorphic species to distinguishing 6–10 species. The complex occurs throughout the Northern Hemisphere, and some of the putative species have intercontinental ranges. Our goals were to delimit the complex and assess its phylogenetic structure in relation to morphologically defined species and intercontinental geography.MethodsRADseq analyses were applied to a sample of 384 collections from Europe, North America, and Asia. The data were subjected to maximum likelihood phylogenetic analyses and analyses of genetic structure using the software STRUCTURE and multivariate ordination approaches.ResultsThe S. recurvum complex includes S. angustifolium, S. fallax, S. flexuosum, S. pacificum, and S. recurvum as clades with little evidence of admixture. We also resolved an unnamed clade that is referred to here as S. “pseudopacificum.” We confirm that S. balticum and S. obtusum are nested within the complex. Species with bluntly acute to obtuse stem leaf apices are sister to those with acute to apiculate leaves. Most of the species exhibit some differentiation between intraspecific population systems disjunct on different continents.ConclusionsWe recognize seven species in the amended S. recurvum complex, including S. balticum and S. obtusum, in addition to the informal clade S. “pseudopacificum.” Although we detected some geographically correlated phylogenetic structure within widespread morphospecies, our RADseq data support the interpretation that these species have intercontinental geographic ranges.
Plasma marker for systemic inflammation is increased in Mexican Tarahumara following ultra‐distance running
Authors: Skottrup Peter Durand , Kallemose Thomas , Espino Diana , Infante‐Ramirez Rocio , Brage Soren , Terzic Dijana , Goetze Jens Peter , Kjaergaard Jesper , Christensen Dirk Lund 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have suggested that acute exercise‐induced cardiac and kidney damage following ultra‐distance running is low in Mexican Tarahumara even though C‐reactive protein (CRP) remained elevated 24 hours post‐race. We aimed to study if the plasma biomarker, soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), could replace or complement CRP as a systemic inflammation biomarker in Tarahumara men and women following ultra‐distance running.MethodsPlasma samples were collected pre‐race and at three to six different time points post‐race in Mexican Tarahumara competing in three independent ultramarathons; men running 78 km (GroupI, n = 9), women running 52 km (GroupII, n = 3), and men running 63 km (GroupIII, n = 10). Baseline anthropometry, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and hemoglobin were measured, aerobic fitness was estimated by submaximal step test, absolute and relative running intensity assessed using combined heart rate and accelerometry. Plasma was collected pre‐ and post‐race to analyze concentrations of suPAR, and—for women only—a panel of inflammatory, cardiac and kidney plasma biomarkers. Mixed‐effect models were used to evaluate the effect of ultramarathon running on plasma suPAR concentrations.ResultsCompared to pre‐race values, suPAR was significantly elevated in plasma <5 minutes after the three ultramarathon races (70%‐109% increase of the mean for the three groups). Furthermore, plasma suPAR remained significantly elevated up to 6 hours post‐race for all three groups of runners independent of running intensity.ConclusionsThe results suggest that suPAR can complement, but not replace CRP following ultra‐distance running in Tarahumara men and women.