bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of International Migration in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from the Maritime Sector, c. 1700–1800
Authors: Klein Alexander , van Lottum Jelle 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThis article offers the first multivariate regression study of international migration in early modern Europe. Using unique eighteenth-century data about maritime workers, we created a data set of migration flows among European countries to examine the role of factors related to geography, population, language, the market, and chain migration in explaining the migration of these workers across countries. We show that among all factors considered in our multivariate analysis, the geographical characteristics of the destination countries, size of port towns, and past migrations are among the most robust and quantitatively the most important factors influencing cross-country migration flows.
Boundary Layer Parameterizations to Simulate Fog Over Atlantic Canada Waters
Authors: Chen Changshuo , Zhang Minghong , Perrie William , Chang Rachel , Chen Xianyao , Duplessis Patrick , Wheeler Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this study, a series of fog events that occurred near Halifax, Canada, during 20 June to 31 July 2016 are investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model Version 3.8.1 (WRF), in comparison with in situ and satellite remotely sensed observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. We evaluate five planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes available in WRF. Results show that these five PBL schemes lead to overestimates in liquid water content, especially the nonlocal schemes, and that they are biased early, in terms of the predicting the onset of fog, and late, in terms of fog dissipation, although their spatial patterns of fog are in good agreement with those suggested by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer imagery. The Kunkel equation is used to calculate visibility, based on WRF modeling of liquid water content. Comparisons with observed visibility show that this methodology sometimes fails to predict fog dissipation. We present a modification of this formulation for visibility that shows improved agreement with observations and more accurate fog dissipation. Continued improvements in the PBL scheme and visibility parameterization are needed for more accurate fog prediction.
Quantifying the Probability and Causes of the Surprisingly Active 2018 North Atlantic Hurricane Season
Authors: Saunders M. A. , Klotzbach P. J. , Lea A. S. R. , Schreck C. J. , Bell M. M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe 2018 North Atlantic hurricane season was a destructive season with hurricanes Florence and Michael causing significant damage in the southeastern United States. In keeping with most destructive hurricane seasons, basinwide tropical cyclone activity was above average in 2018—by ~25% for named storm numbers, hurricane numbers, and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE). In contrast to this above‐normal activity, the August–September tropical environmental fields that explain ~50% of the variance in Atlantic basin hurricane activity between 1950 and 2017 anticipated a well below‐average 2018 hurricane season. The surprisingly large mismatch between the observed and replicated levels of hurricane activity in 2018 is an extreme example of the uncertainty inherent in seasonal hurricane outlooks and highlights the need for these outlooks to be issued in terms of probability of exceedance. Such probabilistic information would better clarify the uncertainty associated with hurricane outlooks to the benefit of users. With retrospective knowledge of the August–September 2018 key tropical environmental fields, the chance that the observed 2018 Atlantic hurricane activity would occur is about 5%. The reasons for the surprisingly high hurricane activity in 2018 are a hurricane outbreak in early September and, in particular, the occurrence of unusually high tropical cyclone activity in the subtropical North Atlantic. The hyperactive subtropical activity was not anticipated because contemporary statistical models of seasonal Atlantic hurricane activity lack skill in anticipating subtropical ACE compared to tropical ACE.
Cloud Characteristics and Radiation Forcing in the Global Land Monsoon Region From Multisource Satellite Data Sets
Authors: Zhang Baichao , Guo Zhun , Zhang Lixia , Zhou Tianjun , Hayasaka Tadahiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe global land monsoon region has the highest land cloud amount in the world affecting two thirds of the world's population. Understanding the characteristics of cloud‐radiation relies heavily on satellite data set, while few studies have addressed the advantages and weaknesses of current existing satellite data sets in estimating the cloud‐radiation characteristics over global land monsoon regions. Multisource satellite data sets are used in this study to show the cloud characteristics in different monsoon regions. We find that all satellite data sets consistently show a peak of cloud fraction, cloud top height and cloud radiation forcing during summer over the global land monsoon regions. A regional difference in cloud characteristics is observed from multisource data sets. The seasonal cycle of cloud amount in the North American monsoon region is relatively smaller than that of the other monsoon regions. High‐level clouds dominate the North African monsoon, while Low‐level clouds dominate the Asian monsoon. The cloud properties and their radiative forcings revealed by four cloud‐parameter data sets with multispectral imagers, that is, International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP)‐D2, ISCCP‐H, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)‐MYD, and MODIS‐MOD, are similar to one another, except stronger short‐wave cloud radiative forcing in ISCCP‐FD. Multidata comparison confirmed the climate and seasonal cycles of cloud characteristics in this study, demonstrating a better representation of cloud vertical structure in CloudSat over global land monsoon region.
Seismic Moment Evolution During Hydraulic Stimulations
Authors: Bentz Stephan , Kwiatek Grzegorz , Martínez‐Garzón Patricia , Bohnhoff Marco , Dresen Georg 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAnalysis of past and present stimulation projects reveals that the temporal evolution and growth of maximum observed moment magnitudes may be linked directly to the injected fluid volume and hydraulic energy. Overall evolution of seismic moment seems independent of the tectonic stress regime and is most likely governed by reservoir specific parameters, such as the preexisting structural inventory. Data suggest that magnitudes can grow either in a stable way, indicating the constant propagation of self‐arrested ruptures, or unbound, for which the maximum magnitude is only limited by the size of tectonic faults and fault connectivity. Transition between the two states may occur at any time during injection or not at all. Monitoring and traffic light systems used during stimulations need to account for the possibility of unstable rupture propagation from the very beginning of injection by observing the entire seismicity evolution in near‐real time and at high resolution for an immediate reaction in injection strategy.
Tropical Rains Controlling Deposition of Saharan Dust Across the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: van der Does Michèlle , Brummer Geert‐Jan A. , van Crimpen Fleur C. J. , Korte Laura F. , Mahowald Natalie M. , Merkel Ute , Yu Hongbin , Zuidema Paquita , Stuut Jan‐Berend W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMineral dust plays an important role in the atmospheric radiation budget as well as in the ocean carbon cycle through fertilization and by ballasting of settling organic matter. However, observational records of open‐ocean dust deposition are sparse. Here, we present the spatial and temporal evolution of Saharan dust deposition over 2 years from marine sediment traps across the North Atlantic, directly below the core of the Saharan dust plume, with highest dust fluxes observed in summer. We combined the observed deposition fluxes with model simulations and satellite observations and argue that dust deposition in the Atlantic is predominantly controlled by summer rains. The dominant depositional pathway changes from wet deposition in summer to dry deposition in winter. Wet deposition has previously been suggested to increase the release of dust‐derived nutrients and their bioavailability, which may be a key contributor to surface‐ocean productivity in remote and oligotrophic parts of the oceans.
Comment on Two Papers About the Generalized Complementary Evaporation Relationships by Crago et al.
Authors: Liu Wenzhao , Zhou Haixiang , Han Xiaoyang , Li Zhi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCrago et al. published two papers in Water Resources Research in 2016 and 2018, respectively, which discussed recent generalized complementary evaporation relationships; they recommended that the lower boundary condition of the Generalized Nonlinear Advection‐Aridity (GNAA) model proposed by Brutsaert (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017720) should be modified to y = 0 at x = xmin, where xmin∈[0,1]. First, it is shown herein that the rescaled complementary relationship (CR) y = X, proposed by Crago et al., does not advance the analysis forward, but that instead the rescaling is tantamount to a reversion to an earlier linear and more traditional asymmetric complementary model, in which the parameter b is a function of xmin. In fact, at xmin = 0, y = X the rescaled formulation becomes physically unrealistic. The second part of this comment deals with the extended quartic form of GNAA model. The nature of the adjustable parameter c in this extended formulation is further explored, and it is shown that while its lower limit is −1, calibration with actual data can result in values in excess of 2. Such calibration allows then the estimation of xmin as a function of c, that is, xmin = f (c). This way, in addition to satisfying the original four boundary conditions, the extended GNAA model also satisfies the boundary condition of y = 0 at x = xmin. The physical variables affecting the nature of the parameter c and its relationship with Epo/Epmax will require further investigation.
Faro Waste Rock Project: Characterizing Variably Saturated Flow Behavior Through Full‐Scale Waste‐Rock Dumps in the Continental Subarctic Region of Northern Canada Using Field Measurements and Stable Isotopes of Water
Authors: Bao Zhongwen , Blowes David W. , Ptacek Carol J. , Bain Jeff , Holland Steven P. , Wilson David , Wilson Ward , MacKenzie Peter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUnderstanding water flow through variably saturated waste‐rock dumps is important for determining the extent of sulfide‐mineral oxidation, contaminant loadings, and impacts of waste‐rock effluent on groundwater and surface‐water quality. To better understand water flow within full‐scale waste‐rock dumps in the continental subarctic region of Northern Canada, a field experiment was undertaken at the Main and Intermediate Dumps at the Faro Mine Complex, Yukon Territory. Here we present results from an investigation of the hydrological behavior and quantification of the factors controlling water flow through unsaturated waste‐rock dumps and the impacts on long‐term drainage water quality. The results suggest that flow through the fine matrix materials was the dominant flow mechanism, with possible preferential flow through macropores and ponding/runoff during intense infiltration events (i.e., snowmelt and intense rainfall). Cross δ18O‐δ2H plots of pore water collected from near‐surface waste‐rock samples suggested that evaporation at the surface of the dumps occurred during precipitation‐free periods in the summer. Depth profiles of δ18O and δ2H of pore water extracted from core samples provided indications of internal evaporation within the waste‐rock dumps and pore‐water displacement mainly in response to summer rainfall events (rather than snowmelt). Mixing calculations using δ18O and δ2H show that 76–95% of pore water present in the waste‐rock matrix was derived from summer rainfall, leading to lower concentrations of dissolved constituents in the summer effluent, and vice versa in winter. The results will inform cover design and remediation options for the waste‐rock dumps at the Faro Mine Complex.
Gastrointestinal tract modeling using organoids engineered with cellular and microbiota niches
Authors: Min Sungjin , Kim Suran , Cho Seung-Woo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe recent emergence of organoid technology has attracted great attention in gastroenterology because the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can be recapitulated in vitro using organoids, enabling disease modeling and mechanistic studies. However, to more precisely emulate the GI microenvironment in vivo, several neighboring cell types and types of microbiota need to be integrated into GI organoids. This article reviews the recent progress made in elucidating the crosstalk between GI organoids and components of their microenvironment. We outline the effects of stromal cells (such as fibroblasts, neural cells, immune cells, and vascular cells) on the gastric and intestinal epithelia of organoids. Because of the important roles that microbiota play in the physiology and function of the GI tract, we also highlight interactions between organoids and commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms and viruses. GI organoid models that contain niche components will provide new insight into gastroenterological pathophysiology and disease mechanisms.
Molecular elucidating of an unusual growth mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in confined space
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhi Yuchun , Wei Yingxu , Zhang Wenna , Liu Zhiqiang , Huang Jindou , Sun Tantan , Xu Shutao , Lin Shanfan , He Yanli , Zheng Anmin , Liu Zhongmin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExtension and clustering of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are key mechanistic steps for coking and deactivation in catalysis reactions. However, no unambiguous mechanistic picture exists on molecule-resolved PAHs speciation and evolution, due to the immense experimental challenges in deciphering the complex PAHs structures. Herein, we report an effective strategy through integrating a high resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry with isotope labeling technique. With this strategy, a complete route for aromatic hydrocarbon evolution is unveiled for SAPO-34-catalyzed, industrially relevant methanol-to-olefins (MTO) as a model reaction. Notable is the elucidation of an unusual, previously unrecognized mechanistic step: cage-passing growth forming cross-linked multi-core PAHs with graphene-like structure. This mechanistic concept proves general on other cage-based molecule sieves. This preliminary work would provide a versatile means to decipher the key mechanistic step of molecular mass growth for PAHs involved in catalysis and combustion chemistry.
Pathogenic POGZ mutation causes impaired cortical development and reversible autism-like phenotypes
Authors: Matsumura Kensuke , Seiriki Kaoru , Okada Shota , Nagase Masashi , Ayabe Shinya , Yamada Ikuko , Furuse Tamio , Shibuya Hirotoshi , Yasuda Yuka , Yamamori Hidenaga , Fujimoto Michiko , Nagayasu Kazuki , Yamamoto Kana , Kitagawa Kohei , Miura Hiroki , Gotoda-Nishimura Nanaka , Igarashi Hisato , Hayashida Misuzu , Baba Masayuki , Kondo Momoka , Hasebe Shigeru , Ueshima Kosei , Kasai Atsushi , Ago Yukio , Hayata-Takano Atsuko , Shintani Norihito , Iguchi Tokuichi , Sato Makoto , Yamaguchi Shun , Tamura Masaru , Wakana Shigeharu , Yoshiki Atsushi , Watabe Ayako M. , Okano Hideyuki , Takuma Kazuhiro , Hashimoto Ryota , Hashimoto Hitoshi , Nakazawa Takanobu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPogo transposable element derived with ZNF domain (POGZ) has been identified as one of the most recurrently de novo mutated genes in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability and White-Sutton syndrome; however, the neurobiological basis behind these disorders remains unknown. Here, we show that POGZ regulates neuronal development and that ASD-related de novo mutations impair neuronal development in the developing mouse brain and induced pluripotent cell lines from an ASD patient. We also develop the first mouse model heterozygous for a de novo POGZ mutation identified in a patient with ASD, and we identify ASD-like abnormalities in the mice. Importantly, social deficits can be treated by compensatory inhibition of elevated cell excitability in the mice. Our results provide insight into how de novo mutations on high-confidence ASD genes lead to impaired mature cortical network function, which underlies the cellular pathogenesis of NDDs, including ASD.
c-FLIP is crucial for IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46+ ILC development and protection from intestinal inflammation in mice
Authors: Bank Ute , Deiser Katrin , Plaza-Sirvent Carlos , Osbelt Lisa , Witte Amelie , Knop Laura , Labrenz Rebecca , Jänsch Robert , Richter Felix , Biswas Aindrila , Zenclussen Ana C. , Vivier Eric , Romagnani Chiara , Kühl Anja A. , Dunay Ildiko R. , Strowig Till , Schmitz Ingo , Schüler Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNKp46+ innate lymphoid cells (ILC) modulate tissue homeostasis and anti-microbial immune responses. ILC development and function are regulated by cytokines such as Interleukin (IL)−7 and IL-15. However, the ILC-intrinsic pathways translating cytokine signals into developmental programs are largely unknown. Here we show that the anti-apoptotic molecule cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is crucial for the generation of IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46+ ILC1, including conventional natural killer (cNK) cells, and ILC3. Cytokine-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) precedes up-regulation of c-FLIP, which protects developing NKp46+ ILC from TNF-induced apoptosis. NKp46+ ILC-specific inactivation of c-FLIP leads to the loss of all IL-7/IL-15-dependent NKp46+ ILC, thereby inducing early-onset chronic colitis and subsequently microbial dysbiosis; meanwhile, the depletion of cNK, but not NKp46+ ILC1/3, aggravates experimental colitis. In summary, our data demonstrate a non-redundant function of c-FLIP for the generation of NKp46+ ILC, which protect T/B lymphocyte-sufficient mice from intestinal inflammation.
Wounding triggers MIRO-1 dependent mitochondrial fragmentation that accelerates epidermal wound closure through oxidative signaling
Authors: Fu Hongying , Zhou Hengda , Yu Xinghai , Xu Jingxiu , Zhou Jinghua , Meng Xinan , Zhao Jianzhi , Zhou Yu , Chisholm Andrew D. , Xu Suhong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOrganisms respond to tissue damage through the upregulation of protective responses which restore tissue structure and metabolic function. Mitochondria are key sources of intracellular oxidative metabolic signals that maintain cellular homeostasis. Here we report that tissue and cellular wounding triggers rapid and reversible mitochondrial fragmentation. Elevated mitochondrial fragmentation either in fzo-1 fusion-defective mutants or after acute drug treatment accelerates actin-based wound closure. Wounding triggered mitochondrial fragmentation is independent of the GTPase DRP-1 but acts via the mitochondrial Rho GTPase MIRO-1 and cytosolic Ca2+. The fragmented mitochondria and accelerated wound closure of fzo-1 mutants are dependent on MIRO-1 function. Genetic and transcriptomic analyzes show that enhanced mitochondrial fragmentation accelerates wound closure via the upregulation of mtROS and Cytochrome P450. Our results reveal how mitochondrial dynamics respond to cellular and tissue injury and promote tissue repair.
The epidermis coordinates thermoresponsive growth through the phyB-PIF4-auxin pathway
Authors: Kim Sara , Hwang Geonhee , Kim Soohwan , Thi Thom Nguyen , Kim Hanim , Jeong Jinkil , Kim Jaewook , Kim Jungmook , Choi Giltsu , Oh Eunkyoo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn plants, an elevation in ambient temperature induces adaptive morphological changes including elongated hypocotyls, which is predominantly regulated by a bHLH transcription factor, PIF4. Although PIF4 is expressed in all aerial tissues including the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundle, its tissue-specific functions in thermomorphogenesis are not known. Here, we show that epidermis-specific expression of PIF4 induces constitutive long hypocotyls, while vasculature-specific expression of PIF4 has no effect on hypocotyl growth. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses reveal that auxin-responsive genes and growth-related genes are highly activated by epidermal, but not by vascular, PIF4. Additionally, inactivation of epidermal PIF4 or auxin signaling, and overexpression of epidermal phyB suppresses thermoresponsive growth, indicating that epidermal PIF4-auxin pathways are essential for the temperature responses. Further, we show that high temperatures increase both epidermal PIF4 transcription and the epidermal PIF4 DNA-binding ability. Taken together, our study demonstrates that the epidermis regulates thermoresponsive growth through the phyB-PIF4-auxin pathway.
Nanoscale triboelectrification gated transistor
Authors: Bu Tianzhao , Xu Liang , Yang Zhiwei , Yang Xiang , Liu Guoxu , Cao Yuanzhi , Zhang Chi , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTribotronics has attracted great attention owing to the demonstrated triboelectrification-controlled electronics and established direct modulation mechanism by external mechanical stimuli. Here, a nanoscale triboelectrification-gated transistor has been studied with contact-mode atomic force microscopy and scanning Kevin probe microscopy. The detailed working principle was analyzed at first, in which the nanoscale triboelectrification can tune the carrier transport in the transistor. Then with the manipulated nanoscale triboelectrification, the effects of contact force, scan speed, contact cycles, contact region and charge diffusion on the transistor were investigated, respectively. Moreover, the manipulated nanoscale triboelectrification serving as a rewritable floating gate has demonstrated different modulation effects by an applied tip voltage. This work has realized the nanoscale triboelectric modulation on electronics, which could provide a deep understanding for the theoretical mechanism of tribotronics and may have great applications in nanoscale transistor, micro/nano-electronic circuit and nano-electromechanical system.
Transcriptome analysis of life stages of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, to improve insect crop production
Authors: Oppert Brenda , Perkin Lindsey C. , Lorenzen Marcé , Dossey Aaron T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo develop genetic resources for the improvement of insects as food, we sequenced transcripts from embryos, one-day hatchlings, three nymphal stages, and male and female adults of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. A draft transcriptome was assembled from more than 138 million sequences combined from all life stages and sexes. The draft transcriptome assembly contained 45,866 contigs, and more than half were similar to sequences at NCBI (e value < e−3). The highest sequence identity was found in sequences from the termites Cryptotermes secundus and Zootermopsis nevadensis. Sequences with identity to Gregarina niphandrodes suggest that these crickets carry the parasite. Among all life stages, there were 5,042 genes with differential expression between life stages (significant at p < 0.05). An enrichment analysis of gene ontology terms from each life stage or sex highlighted genes that were important to biological processes in cricket development. We further characterized genes that may be important in future studies of genetically modified crickets for improved food production, including those involved in RNA interference, and those encoding prolixicin and hexamerins. The data represent an important first step in our efforts to provide genetically improved crickets for human consumption and livestock feed.