bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in SADC Mediation and Long-Term Conflict Transformation
Authors: Deleglise Dimpho 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While mediation efforts cannot lead to holistic societal transformations overnight, this chapter argues that the Southern African Development Community (SADC) has singularly failed to lay the groundwork for such transformations in its region. In reviewing the cases of SADC mediation and involvement in Lesotho, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe, the chapter probes why the organization has been unable to fulfill its long-term agenda for sustainable peace. To improve its prospects, SADC should seek to support long-term solutions which hinge both on the demilitarization of politics and investment in effective institutions of participation and development. The chapter uses as its departure point the systemic conflict transformation (SCT) framework to explain how SADC might achieve what is referred to in academic literature as “positive peace.”
The International Criminal Court’s Impact on Peacebuilding in Africa
Authors: Clark Phil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the International Criminal Court (ICC) and its intersections with two widespread domestic conflict resolution processes in Africa: national amnesties and peace negotiations. In doing so, it connects to two overarching scholarly and policy debates, namely the appropriateness and legality of amnesties as opposed to prosecutions for suspected perpetrators of international crimes, and the “peace versus justice” debate over whether the threat of prosecution imperils peace negotiations that involve high-level atrocity suspects. This chapter focuses on the ICC’s first two—and therefore most developed—situations in northern Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with secondary reference to Rwanda, South Sudan, and other conflict-affected states in Africa. The chapter concludes with some lessons from the ICC’s interventions for recrafting international criminal justice in support of the wider pursuit of peace.
Conclusion
Authors: McNamee Terence , Muyangwa Monde 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Reflecting on the key insights and cross-cutting themes to emerge from the book, The Conclusion observes that the challenge of how to rebuild society following conflict has not become easier over time. It suggests that at thematic and country-level, the sheer complexity of the task at hand is understated, nor is their clarity on what successful peacebuilding looks like. Should we be guided by whether a society has been able to return to stability, which permits people to get on with their lives? Or must it entail some resolution of the underlying causes of conflict? The Conclusion affirms that more work needs to be done in three common areas of concern in peacebuilding worldwide—poor understanding of context, lack of local ownership and leadership, and inadequate collaboration—as well as several areas specific to Africa, notably is the mismatch between the pan-African ideal of self-reliance and the heavy dependency on external (non-African) funding.
The Economics of Peacebuilding: International Organizations for Dealing with Victor and Vanquished
Authors: Songwe Vera 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on the sharply contrasting experiences of both the League of Nations and the United Nations in the twentieth century in order to highlight the importance of the economic dimension to peace building. In doing so, this chapter questions the conventional wisdom and practice that only after peace is fully restored in a conflict environment can the focus shift to economic development. With special reference to the cases of Guinea Bissau, Cote d’Ivoire and Sudan, it suggests that the insistent, quasi-dogmatic priority given to sequencing actions in this way has served to undermine many peace-building processes before they even begin. At the heart of most of Africa’s largely internal conflicts are the economic imbalances and weaknesses evident in all states on the continent. Just as peace was built in war-shattered Europe through a massive reconstruction plan, the chapter argues that peace-building solutions in Africa must give much greater weight to the economic dimension.
Religion and Peacebuilding in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ludovic, S. J. Lado Tonlieu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the contribution of religion to peacebuilding in Sub-Saharan Africa. An overview of the complex and evolving religious landscape of Africa today, where Christianity and Islam coexist alongside African traditional religions, is followed by an exploration of the intersection of secular and faith-based processes of peacebuilding in what remains a profoundly religious continent. Thirdly, this chapter probes the different ways religion has been appropriated or justified in the service of terror, notably in the case of the Central African Republic. Lastly, the chapter considers how religion-based efforts to mitigate conflict in Africa can be made more effective, especially Muslim-based initiatives, given the disproportionate impact on Africa’s Muslims.
A one parameter family of Calabi-Yau manifolds with attractor points of rank two
Authors: Candelas Philip , de la Ossa Xenia , Elmi Mohamed , van Straten Duco 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the process of studying the ζ-function for one parameter families of Calabi-Yau manifolds we have been led to a manifold, first studied by Verrill, for which the quartic numerator of the ζ-function factorises into two quadrics remarkably often. Among these factorisations, we find persistent factorisations; these are determined by a parameter that satisfies an algebraic equation with coefficients in ℚ, so independent of any particular prime. Such factorisations are expected to be modular with each quadratic factor associated to a modular form. If the parameter is defined over ℚ this modularity is assured by the proof of the Serre Conjecture. We identify three values of the parameter that give rise to persistent factorisations, one of which is defined over ℚ, and identify, for all three cases, the associated modular groups. We note that these factorisations are due a splitting of Hodge structure and that these special values of the parameter are rank two attractor points in the sense of IIB supergravity. To our knowledge, these points provide the first explicit examples of non-singular, non-rigid rank two attractor points for Calabi-Yau manifolds of full SU(3) holonomy. The values of the periods and their covariant derivatives, at the attractor points, are identified in terms of critical values of the L-functions of the modular groups. Thus the critical L-values enter into the calculation of physical quantities such as the area of the black hole in the 4D spacetime. In our search for additional rank two attractor points, we perform a statistical analysis of the numerator of the ζ-function and are led to conjecture that the coefficients in this polynomial are distributed according to the statistics of random USp(4) matrices.
Short-distance HLbL contributions to the muon anomalous magnetic moment beyond perturbation theory
Authors: Bijnens Johan , Hermansson-Truedsson Nils , Laub Laetitia , Rodríguez-Sánchez Antonio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe hadronic light-by-light contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment depends on an integration over three off-shell momenta squared ($$ {Q}_i^2 $$Qi2) of the correlator of four electromagnetic currents and the fourth leg at zero momentum. We derive the short-distance expansion of this correlator in the limit where all three$$ {Q}_i^2 $$Qi2are large and in the Euclidean domain in QCD. This is done via a systematic operator product expansion (OPE) in a background field which we construct. The leading order term in the expansion is the massless quark loop. We also compute the non-perturbative part of the next-to-leading contribution, which is suppressed by quark masses, and the chiral limit part of the next-to-next-to leading contributions to the OPE. We build a renormalisation program for the OPE. The numerical role of the higher-order contributions is estimated and found to be small.
Nuclear modification factors for jet fragmentation
Authors: Caucal P. , Iancu E. , Mueller A. H. , Soyez G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Using a recently-developed perturbative-QCD approach for jet evolution in a dense quark-gluon plasma, we study the nuclear modification factor for the jet fragmentation function. The qualitative behaviour that we find is in agreement with the respective experimental observations in Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC: a pronounced nuclear enhancement at both ends of the spectrum. Our Monte Carlo simulations are supplemented with analytic estimates which clarify the physical interpretation of the results. The main source of theoretical uncertainty is the sensitivity of our calculations to a low-momentum cutoff which mimics confinement. To reduce this sensitivity, we propose a new observable, which describes the jet fragmentation into subjets and is infrared-and-collinear safe by construction. We present Monte Carlo predictions for the associated nuclear modification factor together with their physical interpretation.
Phenomenology of magnetic black holes with electroweak-symmetric coronas
Authors: Bai Yang , Berger Joshua , Korwar Mrunal , Orlofsky Nicholas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Magnetically charged black holes (MBHs) are interesting solutions of the Standard Model and general relativity. They may possess a “hairy” electroweak-symmetric corona outside the event horizon, which speeds up their Hawking radiation and leads them to become nearly extremal on short timescales. Their masses could range from the Planck scale up to the Earth mass. We study various methods to search for primordially produced MBHs and estimate the upper limits on their abundance. We revisit the Parker bound on magnetic monopoles and show that it can be extended by several orders of magnitude using the large-scale coherent magnetic fields in Andromeda. This sets a mass-independent constraint that MBHs have an abundance less than 4 × 10−4 times that of dark matter. MBHs can also be captured in astrophysical systems like the Sun, the Earth, or neutron stars. There, they can become non-extremal either from merging with an oppositely charged MBH or absorbing nucleons. The resulting Hawking radiation can be detected as neutri- nos, photons, or heat. High-energy neutrino searches in particular can set a stronger bound than the Parker bound for some MBH masses, down to an abundance 10−7 of dark matter.
A cut finite element method for a model of pressure in fractured media
Authors: Burman Erik , Hansbo Peter , Larson Mats G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe develop a robust cut finite element method for a model of diffusion in fractured media consisting of a bulk domain with embedded cracks. The crack has its own pressure field and can cut through the bulk mesh in a very general fashion. Starting from a common background bulk mesh, that covers the domain, finite element spaces are constructed for the interface and bulk subdomains leading to efficient computations of the coupling terms. The crack pressure field also uses the bulk mesh for its representation. The interface conditions are a generalized form of conditions of Robin type previously considered in the literature which allows the modeling of a range of flow regimes across the fracture. The method is robust in the following way: (1) Stability of the formulation in the full range of parameter choices; and (2) Not sensitive to the location of the interface in the background mesh. We derive an optimal order a priori error estimate and present illustrating numerical examples.
Bacteria associated with cockroaches: health risk or biotechnological opportunity?
Authors: Guzman Juan , Vilcinskas Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cockroaches have existed for 300 million years and more than 4600 extant species have been described. Throughout their evolution, cockroaches have been associated with bacteria, and today Blattabacterium species flourish within specialized bacteriocytes, recycling nitrogen from host waste products. Cockroaches can disseminate potentially pathogenic bacteria via feces and other deposits, particularly members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but also Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium species, and thus, they should be cleared from sites where hygiene is essential, such as hospitals and kitchens. On the other hand, cockroaches also carry bacteria that may produce metabolites or proteins with potential industrial applications. For example, an antibiotic-producing Streptomyces strain was isolated from the gut of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana. Other cockroach-associated bacteria, including but not limited to Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Pseudomonas species, can also produce bioactive metabolites that may be suitable for development as pharmaceuticals or plant protection products. Enzymes that degrade industrially relevant substrates, or that convert biomasses into useful chemical precursors, are also expressed in cockroach-derived bacteria and could be deployed for use in the food/feed, paper, oil, or cosmetics industries. The analysis of cockroach gut microbiomes has revealed a number of lesser-studied bacteria that may form the basis of novel taxonomic groups. Bacteria associated with cockroaches can therefore be dangerous or useful, and this review explores the bacterial clades that may provide opportunities for biotechnological exploitation.

Key points
• Members of the Enterobacteriaceae are the most frequently cultivated bacteria from cockroaches.
• Cultivation-independent studies have revealed a diverse community, led by the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes.
• Although cockroaches may carry pathogenic bacteria, most strains are innocuous and may be useful for biotechnological applications.
Impact of age and sex correction on the diagnostic performance of dopamine transporter SPECT
Authors: Schmitz-Steinkrüger Helen , Lange Catharina , Apostolova Ivayla , Mathies Franziska L. , Frings Lars , Klutmann Susanne , Hellwig Sabine , Meyer Philipp T. , Buchert Ralph 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The specific binding ratio (SBR) of 123I-FP-CIT (FP-CIT) in the putamen decreases with age by about 5% per decade and most likely is about 10% higher in females. However, the clinical utility of age and sex correction of the SBR is still a matter of debate. This study tested the impact of age and sex correction on the diagnostic performance of the putamen SBR in three independent patient samples.

Methods
Research sample: 207 healthy controls (HC) and 438 Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Clinical sample A: 183 patients with neurodegenerative parkinsonian syndrome (PS) and 183 patients with non-neurodegenerative PS from one site. Clinical sample B: 84 patients with neurodegenerative PS and 38 patients with non-neurodegenerative PS from another site. Correction for age and sex of the putamen SBR was based on linear regression in the HC or non-neurodegenerative PS, separately in each sample. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used as performance measure.

Results
The putamen SBR was higher in females compared to males (PPMI: 14%, p < 0.0005; clinical sample A: 7%, p < 0.0005; clinical sample B: 6%, p = 0.361). Age-related decline of the putamen SBR ranged between 3.3 and 10.4% (p ≤ 0.019). In subjects ≥ 50 years, age and sex explained < 10% of SBR between-subjects variance. Correction of the putamen SBR for age and sex resulted in slightly decreased AUC in the PPMI sample (0.9955 versus 0.9969, p = 0.025) and in clinical sample A (0.9448 versus 0.9519, p = 0.057). There was a small, non-significant AUC increase in clinical sample B (0.9828 versus 0.9743, p = 0.232).

Conclusion
These findings do not support age and sex correction of the putaminal FP-CIT SBR in the diagnostic workup of parkinsonian syndromes. This most likely is explained by the fact that the proportion of between-subjects variance caused by age and sex is considerably below the symptom threshold of about 50% reduction in neurodegenerative PS.
A systematic review of the surgical anatomy of the orbital apex
Authors: Engin Ӧ. , Adriaensen G. F. J. P. M. , Hoefnagels F. W. A. , Saeed P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The orbital apex is the narrowest part of the orbit, housing the link between the intracranial cavity and orbit. Knowledge of orbital apex anatomy is crucial to selecting a surgical approach and reducing the risk of complications. Our purpose is to summarize current knowledge on surgical anatomy and attempt to reach a consensus on definition of the orbital apex.

Methods
The online databases of Embase, the Cochrane library, Web of Science and PubMed (MEDLINE) were queried in a comprehensive bibliographic search on the (surgical) anatomy of the orbital apex and consisted of a combination of two subjects, using indexed terms and free text: “Orbital Apex” and “Orbital Anatomy.”

Results
A total of 114 relevant papers were included in this review. Numerous anatomical variations are described in the literature. Variations of the optic canal include duplication (0.64%) and keyhole anomaly (2.65%). Variations in pneumatization of the anterior clinoid process were unilateral in almost 10%, bilateral in 9%, and normal in 72%. A rare variant of the superior orbital fissure (SOF) is Warwick’s foramen, which appears as if the lowest portion of the SOF was separated from the main fissure by a transverse bony bridge.

Conclusion
The definition of the orbital apex varies in the literature, and further research would most likely identify additional variations. A universal definition reporting these variations and pathology and imaging findings is essential for determining the optimal surgical approach to the orbital apex.
Participation of the HIM1 gene of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the error-free branch of post-replicative repair and role Polη in him1-dependent mutagenesis
Authors: Alekseeva E. A. , Evstyukhina T. A. , Peshekhonov V. T. , Korolev V. G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn eukaryotes, DNA damage tolerance (DDT) is determined by two repair pathways, homologous repair recombination (HRR) and a pathway controlled by the RAD6-epistatic group of genes. Monoubiquitylation of PCNA mediates an error-prone pathway, whereas polyubiquitylation stimulates an error-free pathway. The error-free pathway involves components of recombination repair; however, the factors that act in this pathway remain largely unknown. Here, we report that theHIM1gene participates in error-free DDT. Notably, inactivationRAD30gene encoding Polη completely suppresseshim1-dependent UV mutagenesis. Furthermore, data obtained show a significant role of Polη inhim1-dependent mutagenesis, especially at non-bipyrimidine sites (NBP sites). We demonstrate thathim1mutation significantly reduces the efficiency of the induction expression ofRNRgenes after UV irradiation. Besides, this paper presents evidence that significant increase in the dNTP levels suppresshim1-dependent mutagenesis. Our findings show that Polη responsible forhim1-dependent mutagenesis.
Can 3D-printing avoid discomfort-related implant removal in midshaft clavicle fractures? A four-year follow-up
Authors: van Doremalen Rob F. M. , van der Linde Rens A. , Kootstra Jan J. , van Helden Sven H. , Hekman Edsko E. G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Due to the variation in shape and curvature of the clavicle, plates often have to be adjusted during surgery to acquire a good fit. Poorly fitted plates can cause discomfort, eventually requiring implant removal. 3D-printed replicas of the fractured clavicle can assist in planning of the surgical approach, plate selection and, if necessary, adjustment of the plate prior to surgery. We hypothesized this method of preoperative preparation would reduce implant-related discomfort resulting in a reduced reoperation rate

Materials and methods
In a prospective cohort study, perioperative plate handling and clavicle fixation were timed and follow-up data were collected from participants undergoing operative treatment for a midshaft clavicle fracture. The control group (n = 7) received conventional surgery with standard precontoured plates. For the intervention group (n = 7), 3D-printed replicas of the fractured clavicle and a mirrored version of the healthy contralateral clavicle were available prior to surgery for planning of the surgical approach, and for plate selection and contouring. Primary outcome was reoperation rate due to implant-related discomfort. Secondary outcomes were complications and time differences in the different surgical phases (reduction, fixation and overall operation time)

Results
More participants in the control group had the plate removed due to discomfort compared to the intervention group (5/7 vs. 0/6; P = 0.012). One participant was excluded from the intervention group due to a postoperative complication; an infection occurred at the implant site. No relevant time difference in surgical plate handling was found between both groups.

Conclusions
Preoperative preparation using 3D-printed replicas of the clavicle fracture may reduce implant removal caused by plated-related discomfort. No relevant effect on surgery time was found.

Trial registration
Registered with ‘toetsingonline.nl’, trial number NL51269.075/14, 17-02-2015
Is the axial length a risk factor for post-LASIK myopic regression?
Authors: Gab-Alla Amr A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To assess the relationship between the axial length and post-LASIK regression in myopic patients.

Methods
This is a retrospective case series study conducted at a private eye centre, Ismailia, Egypt. The clinical records of the patients, who experienced LASIK to correct myopia from January 2016 to January 2018, were analysed for myopic regression. The patients were operated on, examined, and followed-up 1 year by one surgeon (AAG).

Results
This study included 1219 patients (2316 eyes) with myopia. Mean ± SD of pre-operative spherical equivalent (SE) was − 4.3 ± 2.1D, range (− 0.50 to − 10.0D). Mean ± SD age of the patients was 26.4 ± 6.8 years, range (21 to 50 years). Male to female ratio was 30.5 to 69.5%. The cumulative incidence rate of myopic regression according to the medical records of the patients was 25.12% (582 eyes out of total 2316 eyes) along the 2 years of this study (12.6% per year). Of the total patients, 14.94% had pre-operative high myopia, 35.84% had pre-operative moderate myopia, and 49.2% had pre-operative low myopia. Of the patients with myopic regression, 52.6% had pre-operative high myopia, 34% had pre-operative moderate myopia, and 13.4% had pre-operative low myopia. The mean ± SD of the axial length of the patients with myopic regression was 26.6 ± 0.44 mm, range (26.0 to 27.86 mm), while the mean ± SD of the axial length of other patients with stable refraction was 24.38 ± 0.73 mm, range (22.9 to 25.9 mm) (t test statistic = 69.3; P value < 0.001).

Conclusions
Pre-operative high axial length increases the risk of myopic regression after LASIK.