bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of dental enamel defects amongst undergraduate dental students—a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Masri Abdul Azim bin Haji Awang , Khang Kevin Koay Yung , Shen Leon Low Wei , Ekambaram Manikandan , Loch Carolina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroduction/ObjectivesEnamel defects are disturbances in the quantity or quality of enamel, due to disruption or damage to the enamel organ during amelogenesis. The correct diagnosis of enamel defects is critical as diverse management options could be required for different conditions. Difficulties in diagnosis can happen, because these defects may have similar clinical presentations. This study evaluated the diagnostic skills in enamel defects of dental students of a prominent Australasian school.MethodsA questionnaire consisting of clinical photographs of the affected teeth/dentition in multiple views and four standardised questions for each case of enamel defect were given to Year 4 and Year 5 students.ResultsLocalised/Chronological Hypoplasia had the lowest percentage of correct diagnosis (20.5%), whilst Enamel White Spot Lesions (EWSLs) had the highest (85%). Localised/Chronological Hypoplasia had the lowest aetiology score (20.5%), and the highest was obtained for EWSLs (85%). In regard to which question to ask to gain insight into the conditions, Enamel Hypomineralisation/MIH had the lowest score for both Year 4 and Year 5 respondents (35.4% and 21.3%). Most respondents agreed more teaching in this topic was needed, with further clinical sessions to observe the enamel defects, workshops/seminars, lectures and student‐driven presentations suggested.ConclusionFinal‐year dental students showed variable knowledge in diagnosis, aetiology and clinical management of enamel defects. Further didactic and clinical teaching should be incorporated in the undergraduate curriculum on this topic .
Overconfidence in visual perception in parkinson's disease
Authors: Halperin Orly , Karni Roie , Israeli‐Korn Simon , Hassin‐Baer Sharon , Zaidel Adam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIncreased dependence on visual cues in Parkinson's disease (PD) can unbalance the perception‐action loop, impair multisensory integration, and affect everyday function of PD patients. It is currently unknown why PD patients seem to be more reliant on their visual cues. We hypothesized that PD patients may be overconfident in the reliability (precision) of their visual cues. In this study we tested coherent visual motion perception in PD, and probed subjective (self‐reported) confidence in their visual motion perception. Twenty patients with idiopathic PD, 21 healthy aged‐matched controls and 20 healthy young adult participants were presented with visual stimuli of moving dots (random dot kinematograms). They were asked to report: (1) whether the aggregate motion of dots was to the left or to the right, and (2) how confident they were that their perceptual discrimination was correct. Visual motion discrimination thresholds were similar (unimpaired) in PD compared to the other groups. By contrast, PD patients were significantly overconfident in their visual perceptual decisions (p = .002 and p < .001 vs. the age‐matched and young adult groups, respectively). These results suggest intact visual motion perception, but overestimation of visual cue reliability, in PD. Overconfidence in visual (vs. other, e.g., somatosensory) cues could underlie increased visual dependence and impaired multisensory/sensorimotor integration in PD. It could thereby contribute to gait and balance impairments, and affect everyday activities, such as driving. Future work should investigate and compare PD confidence in somatosensory function. A better understanding of altered sensory reliance might open up new avenues to treat debilitating PD symptoms.
Uncovering patterns of freshwater positive interactions using meta‐analysis: Identifying the roles of common participants, invasive species and environmental context
Authors: Albertson Lindsey K. , MacDonald Michael J. , Tumolo Benjamin B. , Briggs Michelle A. , Maguire Zachary , Quinn Sierra , Sanchez‐Ruiz Jose A. , Veneros Jaris , Burkle Laura A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPositive interactions are sensitive to human activities, necessitating synthetic approaches to elucidate broad patterns and predict future changes if these interactions are altered or lost. General understanding of freshwater positive interactions has been far outpaced by knowledge of these important relationships in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. We conducted a global meta‐analysis to evaluate the magnitude of positive interactions across freshwater habitats. In 340 studies, we found substantial positive effects, with facilitators increasing beneficiaries by, on average, 81% across all taxa and response variables. Mollusks in particular were commonly studied as both facilitators and beneficiaries. Amphibians were one group benefiting the most from positive interactions, yet few studies investigated amphibians. Invasive facilitators had stronger positive effects on beneficiaries than non‐invasive facilitators. We compared positive effects between high‐ and low‐stress conditions and found no difference in the magnitude of benefit in the subset of studies that manipulated stressors. Future areas of research include understudied facilitators and beneficiaries, the stress gradient hypothesis, patterns across space or time and the influence of declining taxa whose elimination would jeopardise fragile positive interaction networks. Freshwater positive interactions occur among a wide range of taxa, influence populations, communities and ecosystem processes and deserve further exploration.
Quantifying the risk of disease reactivation after interferon and glatiramer acetate discontinuation in multiple sclerosis: The VIAADISC score
Authors: Bsteh Gabriel , Hegen Harald , Riedl Katharina , Altmann Patrick , Auer Michael , Berek Klaus , Di Pauli Franziska , Ehling Rainer , Kornek Barbara , Monschein Tobias , Rinner Walter , Schmied Christiane , Wurth Sebastian , Zebenholzer Karin , Zinganell Anne , Zrzavy Tobias , Zulehner Gudrun , Deisenhammer Florian , Rommer Paulus , Leutmezer Fritz , Berger Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeThere is a lack of evidence guiding discontinuation of disease‐modifying therapy (DMT) in relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS). Thus, the objective of this study was to generate and validate a risk score for disease reactivation after DMT discontinuation in RMS.MethodsWe drew a generation and validation dataset from two separate prospectively collected observational databases including RMS patients who received interferon‐β or glatiramer acetate for ≥12 months, then discontinued DMT for ≥6 months and had ≥2 years of follow‐up available. In the generation sample (n = 168), regression analysis was performed to identify clinical or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables independently predicting disease reactivation after DMT discontinuation. A predictive score was calculated using the variables included in the multivariable model and applied to the validation sample (n = 98).ResultsThe variables included in the final model as independent predictors of disease reactivation were age at discontinuation, MRI activity at discontinuation, and duration of clinical stability (all p < 0.001). The resulting score was able to robustly identify patients at high (83%–85%), moderate (36%–38%), and low risk (7%) of disease reactivation within 5 years after DMT discontinuation in both cohorts.ConclusionsThe composite VIAADISC score is a valuable tool to inform and support patients and neurologists in the process of decision making to discontinue injectable DMTs.
Repurposing Risograph Machines: The Allure of Small‐Scale Printmaking in the Era of Big Data
Authors: LEE JOYCE S. 
Published: December 2020

Paper documents are increasingly being replaced with digital files, infinitely replicable for seemingly no cost. Yet I've always felt the pull of paper, with a personal affinity for physical books and a background in magazine production. Through my recreational publishing practice, I learn of the “riso” or risograph, a duplicating machine increasingly adopted by Bay Area artists and technology corporations alike. Upon first glance, most risograph models resemble familiar Xerox machines, with their boxy, gray exteriors, protruding buttons, and hinged tops that cover glass beds for scanning.Through my own experiences and interviews with subject matter experts, however, I come to understand the allure of the risograph: its temperamental nature as an analog machine and the uniquely “human” quality of the prints it renders. I posit the risograph's popularity is a response to technological advances and resulting societal changes, acting as a reprieve to digital modes of aesthetic and community engagement. The rise of the risograph machine thus suggests both the appeal and the limits of scale: its origins as a low‐cost printer among artists highlight the draw of multiplicity, whereas its adoption among tech companies, ironically, suggest the limits of seemingly infinite content and growth.
Scaling Experience Measurement: Capturing and Quantifying User Experiences across the Real Estate Journey
Authors: HAZEN REBECCA J , MANGUM GENNY , SOUHLAS TOM 
Published: December 2020

Zillow is undergoing a major evolution, transitioning from serving as the world's largest digital marketplace for real estate advertising into an end‐to‐end platform to support customers across the phases of buying, selling, and renting homes. As Zillow expands into more transactional spaces, the company has recognized the need to develop a clear and actionable understanding of users and their experiences as they interact with our products and services. To address this need, we set out to establish an Experience Measurement program to provide organization‐wide visibility into how well our Zillow experiences meet users’ needs and expectations as they progress through their real estate journey. This program will enable teams to gain insights at the intersection of attitudinal and behavioral experience data and lead us to our end goal of empowering informed decision‐making across all levels of the experience and organization.In this paper, we provide an overview of our approach to establishing an Experience Measurement program at Zillow. We focus on a small subset of Experience Outcomes (XOs) in an initial feasibility study to develop a program that would scale and drive impact in assessment and decision making across lines of business. Finally, we share lessons learned throughout the process of developing and validating the framework and discuss the impact of this work on current and future organizational outcomes.
Remdesivir potently inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 through covalent modifications: signifying strong drug‐drug interactions
Authors: Shen Yue , Eades William , Yan Bingfang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRemdesivir was recently approved to treat COVID‐19. While this antiviral agent delivers clinical benefits, several safety concerns in many cases have been raised. This study reports that remdesivir at nanomolar concentrations inhibits carboxylesterase‐2 (CES2) through covalent modifications. CES2 is a major drug‐metabolizing enzyme. The combination of high potency with irreversible inhibition concludes that cautions must be exercised when remdesivir is used along with drugs hydrolyzed by CES2.
Fracture mechanics‐based criteria for fatigue fracture of rolling bearings under the influence of defects
Authors: Watanuki Daisuke , Tsutsumi Masako , Hidaka Hideyuki , Wada Kentaro , Matsunaga Hisao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFatigue tests were carried out on real bearings with various types of artificial defects on their outer‐ring raceways. Finite element analysis (FEM) revealed that the stress intensity factor (SIF) ranges and stress ratios were complex and variable, depending on the gap fittings between the outer rings and housings, as well as on the sizes of the initial defects, both of which influenced the fatigue thresholds of the bearings. In order to establish a comprehensive evaluation of fatigue limits under several combinations of bearing geometries and defect sizes, fatigue crack‐growth thresholds were also measured at different stress ratios by focusing on crack‐closure behaviour. Based on all of the analytical and experimental results, fracture mechanics‐based criteria were proposed for the assessment of fatigue fracture in rolling bearings.
Motherhood and guilt in a pandemic: Negotiating the “new” normal with a feminist identity
Authors: Whiley Lilith A. , Sayer Hazel , Juanchich Marie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMothers who work and identify as feminists have been thrust into a new ”COVID‐19 normal,” finding themselves taking on roles that are “at odds” with their feminist identity (i.e., the bulk of more “traditional” stay‐at‐home parenting, homeschooling, and domestic chores), while simultaneously navigating the expectations of neoliberal careerism embedded within female emancipation discourses that have been so hard‐won. In this piece, we draw on critical femininities to highlight how these identities are embedded in several push–pull discourses that simultaneously resonate and discord, and show that these understandings are difficult to detangle from neoliberal social constructions and expectations that have women self‐policing even their inner psyche lest we become “bad” feminists. Furthermore, we acknowledge how our sensemaking in this paper and our experiences are rooted in (and limited by) the socioeconomic privileges of being western white middle‐class cis‐gender women in predominantly non‐precarious positions—indeed, mothers who work are not a homogenous group and the many different voices reflect different levels of job security.
Numerical and experimental study of ion exchange in porcelain tiles
Authors: Dal Bó Marcelo , Cargnin Maykon , Souza Bruna N. de , das Neves Wenceslau F. , Fredel Márcio C. , Hotza Dachamir 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecently ion exchange, also known as chemical tempering, has been applied to strengthening of porcelain tiles based on the substitution of ions present in the material by larger ones. This paper investigates the chemical tempering in industrial porcelain tiles by the variation of process parameters such as temperature, immersion time, and chemical composition of the porcelain tile. Furthermore, a numerical simulation of the ionic diffusion process was applied. Using a design of experiments approach, the results show that the temperature and the chemical composition primarily affected the flexural strength of the tile. The largest increment obtained was 37% resulting in a porcelain tile with flexural strength of 73 MPa after chemical tempering. Through numerical simulation, it was possible to estimate a diffusion coefficient of potassium ions equal to 1.25 × 10−14 m2·s−1 into the porcelain tile microstructure. This value is about 10 times higher than the diffusion coefficient in glasses.
Consumer financial literacy and the efficiency of mortgage‐related decisions: New evidence from the Panel Study of Income dynamics
Authors: Bialowolski Piotr , Cwynar Andrzej , Xiao Jing Jian , Weziak‐Bialowolska Dorota 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study evaluated the link between financial literacy and household mortgage decisions. To this end, the longitudinal data set for the U.S. population from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) was used. Evidence for links between financial literacy levels and (1) mortgage uptake, (2) mortgage interest rates and (3) mortgage refinancing decisions were examined using the two waves (2015 and 2017) of PSID data, combined with the 2016 PSID supplementary questionnaire examining the measured financial literacy of household members. Our results revealed a positive link between financial literacy and mortgage possession and, additionally, between financial literacy and the subsequent decision to take out a mortgage. Moreover, higher financial literacy scores were associated with lower mortgage interests and a greater likelihood of mortgage refinancing. On average, a household that refinanced its mortgage was able to reduce its interest rate by almost 0.7 percentage points, providing evidence of the positive role of financial literacy in securing better mortgage terms.
Implementation of photographic triage in a paediatric dental, orthodontic, and maxillofacial department during COVID‐19
Authors: Davies Anna , Howells Ryan , Lee Sharon M. G. , Sweet Chris J. , Dominguez‐Gonzalez Susana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDuring the COVID‐19 pandemic, limitations were placed on face‐to‐face encounters in dentistry and oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in order to promote physical distancing and reduce viral propagation. To facilitate continued assessment of dental, orthodontic, and maxillofacial emergencies, a photographic triage system was initiated at Alder Hey Children's Hospital (AHCH). We will discuss the benefits this system offers at a patient, clinician, departmental, and NHS service level.AimTo share our experience of photographic triage during the first 3 months of COVID‐19 lockdown, lessons learned, and recommendations.DesignProspective data collection over 3 months.Results220 photographic referrals were received, and swelling (30%) and dental trauma (27%) were the most common presenting complaints. 57% of referrals were not seen, 23% were seen semi‐urgently, and 20% booked for outpatient review. Of those seen, 7 children were seen elsewhere and 44 were seen face‐to‐face at AHCH, with 8 being admitted.ConclusionPhotographic triage reduced physical encounters and proved useful in training junior staff, assessment of new patient referrals, and first on‐call from home. Implementation should be considered throughout dental, orthodontic, and OMFS departments nationwide. In the event of a COVID‐19 resurgence or emergence of a new pandemic, photographic triage could facilitate physical distancing and service provision.
Yield response of wheat grown under periodic heat stress imposed by using mini heat tents
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Sandhu Sandeep S. , Sharma Sandeep 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHeat stress is a major factor affecting growth and productivity of wheat. A study was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, India with an objective to find out the impact of periodic (15 days) heat stress in wheat grown under natural field conditions. The heat stress treatments consisted of control (no heat stress), heat stress during 0–15, 16–30, 31–45, 46–60, 61–75, 76–90, 91–105, 106–120, 121–135, 136 days after sowing (DAS) to harvest. Heat stress (seasonal average maximum temperature higher than optimum temperature by 4.3 and 2.7°C during 2016–2017 and 2017–2018, respectively) was imposed by using mini heat tents made of galvanized iron pipes covered with transparent polyethene sheets. The mini heat tents were installed for 15 days duration in the plots according to the treatments and were removed at the end of 15th day. On the next day, they were installed in plots of the next treatment level. Heat tents were never installed on control plots. Increase in temperature in the mini heat tents was not controlled and was allowed to increase naturally. However, the excessive heating in the tents was prevented by opening the southern side during day time. Heat stress resulted in a significant increase in the membrane injury index and a decrease in chlorophyll content. Heat stress reduced the activity of dehydrogenase in rhizosphere and bulk soil. Heat stress from 76–90 and 91–105 DAS significantly reduced the ear length and number of grains ear‐1. Heat stress during 106–120 and 121–135 DAS decreased thousand grain weight significantly. Application of heat stress between 61–75, 76–90, 91–105, 106–120 and 121–135 DAS decreased grain yield significantly by 16.0, 19.8, 22.1, 16.4 and 14.8% during 2016–2017 and 11.8, 15.3, 18.8, 13.9 and 12.6% during 2017–2018, respectively, as compared to that obtained under control conditions. Apart from effects of heat stress on crops, the present study also highlights the design and possibility of using cost‐effective, small size and portable mini heat tents for conducting heat stress studies in different field crops.
Structural and microstructural features of lead‐free BNT–BT thin films: Nanoscale electromechanical response analysis
Authors: Mendez‐González Yanela , Ferri Anthony , Lima Elton C. , Hamieh Ahmad , Remiens Denis , Peláiz‐Barranco Aimé , Silva Atair C. , de los Santos Guerra José 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe structural, microstructural, and electromechanical properties have been investigated at the nanoscale, as a function of the lanthanum concentration, in Bi0.506Na0.46Ba0.08–3x/2LaxTiO3 (x = 0, 2 and 3 at %) (BNLBT–x) lead‐free thin films. The structural characterization, investigated from X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy, confirmed the formation of the perovskite structure and suggests the coexistence of both antiferroelectric (tetragonal) and ferroelectric (rhombohedral) phases. The surface morphology, characterized by atomic force microscopy, has shown a dense and crack‐free nanostructured surface for all the studied compositions, noting that the increase in the lanthanum content promoted a decrease in both the grain size and surface roughness. PFM imaging analyses have evidenced the ferroelectric domain structure over the surface, as well as the presence of non–piezoelectric regions attributed to the antiferroelectric phase. PFM spectroscopy measurements revealed a reliable switching behavior for locally probed ferroelectric domains, yielding a noticeable local piezoactivity, which indeed shows to increase with the increase in the doping content. The static domain wall was also analyzed in terms of the nanoscale domain structure, and the obtained dimensionality indicated a local electric field‐induced structural disorder. The clear local piezo/ferroelectric nature highlighted on the studied materials underlines the potential for applications of the BNLBT–x films for their integration into advanced electronic nanodevices.
Processing and thermal properties of mayenite electride
Authors: Mackey Jon , Back Tyson , Berger Marie‐Hélène , Sayir Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA mayenite‐based electride is being considered for field emitter applications where it will be critical to have a good understanding of processing repeatability and thermal properties. This paper focuses on the details of processing of mayenite compounds in a strongly reducing graphite environment to form an electride solid‐solution phase as Ca12Al14O32(C2,O2)1‐x(e2)x. The work reports, in addition to processing details, several thermal properties. The electride phase was found to have coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 7e‐6 K−1, thermal diffusivity between 0.0063 and 0.0102 cm2/s, and thermal conductivity between 1.9 and 3.1 W m−1 K−1. Rattling motion of O2− or C22− ions in cage structure has been suggested to explain low thermal conductivity of the electride phase.