bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’État face à ses agents : la question statutaire dans le débat politique sous la III e République (1870-1940)
Authors: Bouchard Laurent 
Published: May 2020

La problématique du statut de la fonction publique occupe l’espace politique français depuis le développement d’une bureaucratie administrative au xix e siècle. Face à l’absence de règles juridiques générales, tous les régimes successifs vont ainsi s’interroger sur la pertinence d’une démarche visant à fixer un statut légal à leurs agents publics. L’émergence progressive d’un État-providence, essentiellement sous la iii e République, renforce encore ces interrogations. Au cœur des préoccupations sur le sens et la nature de l’action de l’État, cette question stratégique conjugue cependant des exigences contradictoires. D’un côté, un besoin croissant d’efficacité pour les gouvernants face à la hausse des dépenses publiques ; et, de l’autre, les revendications corporatistes puis syndicales d’agents aspirant à plus de sécurité juridique. Pouvant permettre un compromis, l’idée d’un statut légal va ainsi se heurter à une hostilité mutuelle grandissante entre ces différents « corps » de l’État. Largement héritées des conceptions administratives napoléoniennes, faisant de l’administratif l’outil docile du politique, ces oppositions empêcheront jusqu’à la fin du régime la formation d’une majorité parlementaire malgré la multiplicité des tentatives. Il fallut donc attendre le consensus des mouvements de résistance à la Libération pour que ce « serpent de mer » de la vie politique française trouve sa concrétisation avec la loi du 19 octobre 1946.
Analyse de l’évolution de l’appareil gouvernemental central en Chine
Authors: Ma Liang , Christensen Tom 
Published: May 2020

La structure des institutions politiques et administratives est importante pour la réalisation des objectifs publics. Elle n’est cependant pas figée : elle peut évoluer en raison de processus environnementaux et culturels, ou sous l’effet de changements de direction. Les changements structurels dans l’appareil gouvernemental central figurent en bonne place dans le courant de littérature récent sur la réforme et le changement, mais on sait peu de choses sur les changements structurels dans les contextes autres que ceux des démocraties occidentales. Dans le présent article, nous analysons les principaux types de changements structurels survenus au cours des 70 dernières années dans l’appareil gouvernemental central en Chine, de même que les raisons possibles à leur origine. Nous observons des profils intéressants de changements structurels en accord avec les évolutions administratives. Grâce aux perspectives multiples de la théorie de l’organisation, ceux-ci peuvent s’expliquer principalement par les cycles politiques ou les mesures prises par les responsables centraux, mais ils ont aussi été influencés par des éléments culturels, la croissance économique et la transformation sociétale. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Nous analysons les principaux profils de la restructuration organisationnelle du gouvernement central chinois opérée entre 1949 et 2016. Il apparaît que les cycles politiques et la réforme et le développement économiques sont les principaux facteurs de l’évolution structurelle. Les résultats indiquent que si la volonté politique des hauts dirigeants joue un rôle décisif dans la conduite des réformes structurelles, les réformes institutionnelles ne dépassent généralement pas encore le stade du discours et du symbolisme, et ne transforment pas de manière substantielle le paysage de l’architecture gouvernementale. Les réformes structurelles durables sont difficiles à bien mettre en œuvre, ce qui laisse penser que d’autres solutions sont peut-être nécessaires pour simplifier les processus administratifs et améliorer la coordination entre les agences.
Propos sur Le Visible et l’invisible de Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Vieira António 
Published: May 2020

L’auteur tisse un commentaire à propos du livre inachevé et posthume de Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le Visible et l’invisible , et met l’accent sur le primat qu’y joue la perception en tant qu’outil décisif pour le dévoilement de l’Être et la quête de la connaissance : l’œil et le langage doivent s’articuler sous l’égide de la « foi perceptive », pour scruter la part d’invisible qui se cache dans l’Être.
Rancangan Proteksi Otomatis menggunakan Motion Detector, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), dan CCTV Berbasis SMS Gateway di Laboratorium Airfield Lighting System Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya
Authors: Kustori Kustori 
Published: May 2020

Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya memiliki Laboratorium Airfield Lighting System yang sudah menggunakan Fingerprint dalam pengoperasiannya, tetapi karena kurangnya pengawasan terhadap suatu alat yang akan dipinjam mengakibatkan hilangnya barang atau peralatan yang ada pada laboratorium.
Permasalahan yang dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah belum adanya pengawasan terhadap peminjaman alat yang ada pada laboratorium Airfield Lighting System serta kurangnya sisi keamanan pada laboratorium. Penulisan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang suatu sistem proteksi otomatis pada laboratorium Airfield Lighting System Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya dengan menggunakan Motion Detector sebagai pendeteksi gerakan manusia, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) sebagai pendeteksi peralatan dan CCTV sebagai Monitor keadaan yang ada pada laboratorium. Pengontrolan dilakukan secara wireless yaitu dengan menggunakan media Short Message Service (SMS).
Hasil dari rancangan ini adalah terciptanya suatu alat bantu untuk memonitor peminjaman alat yang ada pada laboratorium dan menambah sistem keamanan untuk mencegah terjadinya pencurian pada laboratorium Airfield Lighting System
Editorial - Contra la hegemonía del diseño: un inventario de tácticas
Authors: Rispoli E. R. , Morant Mara Martínez 
Published: May 2020

Después de haber explorado, en el primer monográfico, las posibilidades intrínsecas de la materia y de los objetos, Inmaterial desplaza su interés hacia las implicaciones sociales, culturales y políticas del trabajo del diseñador poniendo el foco, en este segundo número, en la tensión entre lo que se sitúa dentro y fuera de lo que podrá definirse hegemonía en diseño
Technical note: Long-term probe misalignment and proposed quality control using the heat pulse method for transpiration estimations
Authors: Larsen Elisabeth K. , Palau Jose Luis , Valiente Jose Antonio , Chirino Esteban , Bellot Juan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Transpiration is a crucial component in the hydrological cycle and a key
parameter in many disciplines like agriculture, forestry, ecology and
hydrology. Sap flow measurements are one of the most widely used approaches
to estimate whole-plant transpiration in woody species; this is due to their
applicability in different environments and in a variety of species as well
as the fact that continuous high temporal resolution measurements of this parameter are possible.
Several techniques have been developed and tested under different climatic
conditions and using different wood properties. However, the scientific
literature also identifies considerable sources of error when using sap flow
measurements that need to be accounted for, including probe misalignment, wounding,
thermal diffusivity and stem water content. This study aims to explore
probe misalignment as a function of time in order to improve measurements during
long-term field campaigns (>3 months). The heat ratio method
(HRM) was chosen because it can assess low and reverse flows. Sensors were
installed in four Pinus halepensis trees for 20 months. The pines were located in a
coastal valley in south-eastern Spain (39∘57′45′′ N
1∘8′31′′ W) that is characterised by a Mediterranean climate. We
conclude that even small geometrical misalignments in the probe placement
can create a significant error in sap flow estimations. Additionally, we
propose that new statistical information should be recorded during the
measurement period which can subsequently be used as a quality control of the sensor
output. The relative standard deviation and slope against time of the averaged
v1v2 were used as quality indicators. We conclude that no
general time limit can be set regarding the longevity of the sensors, and this threshold
should rather be determined from individual performance over time.
Kwaliteit en gebruik van ex ante evaluatie
Authors: Herweijer Michiel 
Published: May 2020

Quality and use of ex-ante evaluation
Large government investments are regularly preceded by an ex-ante evaluation. This article examines the quality of two ex-ante studies and considers the use made by administrators and representatives of the people of these ex-ante studies. In both cases it concerned qualitatively sound ex-ante studies. In both cases, these studies also demonstrably affected the debate about these investment plans in the people’s representations. But there was no question of power-free decision making. In both cases, the representatives of the people were put under great pressure. Not only was there time pressure. The public debate came late. The use of sound ex-ante studies is not only an investment in rationality, but is also accompanied by political-strategic manoeuvring. The relevance of this article to practitioners is that it (a) contains four reasonable requirements that the representative may make of each ex-ante study offered by the executive board; (b) also shows that an ex-ante analysis on which important decisions are based should not be characterised by secret parts or by undefined assumptions and an ex-ante analysis must be transparent; and (c) demonstrates it is important as a representative to be tenacious, to keep a firm hand and not to decide before all questions have been answered and a full list of safeguards is on the table.
Het spel en de knikkers: ervaren rechtvaardigheid in vier lokale participatieprocessen
Authors: Bleijenberg Christine , Renes Reint Jan , Aarts Noëlle , Moons Jonas 
Published: May 2020

The game and the marbles: experienced justice in four local participation processes
Designing and implementing participation processes that are perceived as meaningful by both municipalities and citizens requires insight into the assessment by participants. In this study the theory of experienced procedural justice is applied in the context of citizen participation. To gain insight into the importance of the outcome and the course of the process in the assessment by participants, the authors have used survey research to collect data from four different participation processes in a Dutch municipality (Delft). The results of this explorative study show that the respondents rate the participation processes in which they have participated as reasonably fair. There is a fair process effect when respondents experienced the process as fair and their confidence in the municipality increases, even if the outcome is unfavourable for them. For practitioners, this study shows that the dimensions of procedural justice, namely respect, having a voice and explanation, are guiding principles for the design and implementation of participation processes. There is still much to be achieved, especially when it comes to being given an explanation, so information about the decision-making process and accountability for the substantive choices that have been made. Finally, regular evaluation research is needed to set up participation processes that tie in with what participants think is important.
De lokale Facebookpagina als café
Authors: Bantema Willem 
Published: May 2020

The local Facebook page as a café: a discussion about the existence of public places on the internet and their regulation
Mayors struggle with their role in the digital and online domain. One of the aspects they encounter is online positioning. Positioning is an important factor in public order enforcement. Mayor Femke Halsema of Amsterdam recently indicated that she is not only responsible for public order, but also for virtual public space. This contribution elaborates on online positioning and specifically on whether social media pages can be considered as public spaces. The analysis, which includes recent research in this area, shows that the definition of ‘public order and public space’ in the Dutch Municipalities Act certainly offers scope for an expansion to online places. The way in which internet users deal with data in practice does not stand in the way of this possibility. At the same time, it appears that online spaces differ from physical spaces, especially in the sense that positioning is difficult. Case law from Dutch criminal law shows that, in addition to the place, it is primarily the public reach and effect that determine whether or not it concerns a public expression. In addition to complex positioning online, there are other compelling arguments for not using the legal powers of mayors for maintaining public order on public spaces online.
Ruim baan voor de WHOA
Authors: Schreurs Ph.W. 
Published: May 2020

Ruim baan voor de WHOA
Nederland loopt zijn grote achterstand op herstructureringsgebied in. De WHOA is een evenwichtig en breedgedragen wetsvoorstel waarmee bedrijven in moeilijkheden kunnen worden gered. In deze column wordt betoogd dat het instrument in de komende crisis eigenlijk niet kan worden gemist. De recent ingediende amendementen kunnen beter worden bewaard voor een volledige herziening van het insolventierecht.
Pädagogik, disciplinary institutionalization and dictatorships: on the history of a disciplinary field and its problems
Authors: Canales Serrano Antonio Francisco 
Published: May 2020

This essay reflects on the questions posed by historical research regarding the institutionalization of educational sciences and Pädagogik, on the occasion of the publication of the book Education and «Pädagogik»: philosophical and historical reflections (Central, Southern and South-Eastern Europe), edited by Blanka Kudláčová and Andrej Rajský. In a first part, the essay deals with the problems of translating into English the concepts used to account for European continental cases and the dangers of misrepresenting their historical logic. A second part focuses on the discussion of the chapters of the book and defends the need to advance in a theoretical framework on the boundary between science and politics in the case of dictatorships and o allow for the experience of the former communist countries to be included.
CONSTANT OF ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION OF LITHIUM, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM SULPHATES IN AQUEOUS ETHANOL SOLUTIONS
Authors: Borisov Ivan M. , Nabiev Azamdzhon A. M. 
Published: May 2020

Constants of electrolytic dissociation of the lithium, sodium and potassium sulphates in aqueous ethanol solutions at 25 °C were determined by conductometric method. Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4 were shown to decrease their ability to dissociation. It is generally accepted that the degree of electrolytic dissociation of electrolytes in a solution depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Water and ethanol differ greatly in their dielectric constant. For this reason, it is possible to prepare the solvent with different dielectric permittivity by changing the alcohol content in a mixture with water, thus, influencing the equilibrium state of the salt in solution. Therefore, in water-ethanol solutions with an increase in the alcohol content, sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium should exhibit the properties of a weak electrolyte. In this case, the dependence of the molar conductivity on the concentration of sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium in water-ethanol solutions will have a different appearance. Indeed, with an increase in the alcohol content in aqueous ethanol solutions, the molar conductivity decreases due to a decrease in the degree of electrolytic dissociation. With a decrease in the salt concentration in the solution, the molar electrical conductivity increases, approaching λ0, for both water and water-alcohol solutions. As it follows from the obtained data, the dependence of λ on the total concentrations of Li2SO4, Na2SO4, K2SO4) for the water solution with a high correlation coefficient is transformed into a straight line in the coordinates of the Kolraush equation since the sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium act as strong electrolytes in the aqueous medium. For water-ethanol solutions, a high correlation coefficient in the coordinates of the equation 4λ3· C0(M2SO4)2 = КDIS · λ03 - КDIS - λ02·λ is observed in the case of [C2H5OH]> 50% of the volume. This means that in these solutions lithium, sodium and potassium sulphates exhibit the properties of a weak electrolyte. When the alcohol content is from 10% to 40% by volume, sulfates of lithium, sodium and potassium are medium-strength electrolyte and, therefore, low correlation coefficients are characteristic of transformations in the coordinates of the equations Kohlrausch and 4λ3· C0(M2SO4)2 = КDIS · λ03 - КDIS - λ02·λ.
FEATURES OF ULTRASONIC SPLITTING OF THERMALLY EXPANDED GRAPHITE
Authors: Zhanakhova Anastasiya N. , Dyskina Bariya Sh. , Negutorov Nikolay V. , Pykhova Nadezhda V. 
Published: May 2020

Thermally expanded graphite is obtained from crucible graphite by treatment with oleum in the presence of an oxidizing agent. The obtained samples of thermally expanded graphite were subjected to ultrasonic dispersion (splitting up) in four liquid media (water, toluene, benzene, acetone). It was shown that in the process of ultrasonic dispersion (splitting), the initial thermally expanded graphite is split into plates with a thickness of several tens to hundreds of nanometers. However, the plates are not single, but are in chaotic clusters with each other. The free bonds of carbon atoms, which are located at the edges of the plates, can play an important role in chemical processes and in the adsorption of substances on the surface of particles of split graphite. It was found that a high degree of perfection of the crystal structure, which is typical of the original graphite, is retained during ultrasonic treatment as compared with mechanical splitting. The change in the specific surface of graphite samples is presented. The main increase in the specific surface of the particles during ultrasonic splitting is created by increasing the area of the surfaces formed during interplanar splitting of graphite plates. Based on the comparison of this parameter, the effect of the used liquids on the splitting process is considered. The high values of the specific surface of the samples split in benzene and toluene are explained by the low values of the surface tension. The good wettability of the graphite surface with benzene, toluene and acetone compared with water allows these liquids to penetrate deep into the pores of graphite. Due to this, maximum splitting is achieved with ultrasonic processing of the mixture. Conclusions on the choice of the optimal liquid medium for dispersing graphite are made.
La participation des entités contestées aux compétitions mondiales de football organisées par la FIFA et la CONIFA : quelles conséquences sur la (non-)reconnaissance du statut d’État ?
Authors: Lodie Alexandre 
Published: May 2020

À côté de la Fédération internationale de football association (FIFA) ‒ association de droit suisse chargée d’organiser les compétitions officielles de football au niveau mondial ‒ existe une autre fédération appelée Confédération des associations de football indépendantes (CONIFA). Cette dernière est une association de droit suédois qui se donne pour but d’intégrer en son sein les associations de football non affiliées à la FIFA. La constitution d’« équipes nationales » de football étant un signe symbolique fort pour l’affirmation de l’État, se pose la question de savoir si les règles d’adhésion de ces deux organisations prennent ou non en compte le caractère étatique de l’entité de rattachement des associations candidates. Le but de cette contribution sera de démontrer que si la FIFA n’intègre, par principe, que les associations de football provenant d’États reconnus, la CONIFA, quant à elle, permet l’adhésion d’entités non étatiques, dont certaines revendiquent leur indépendance en dépit d’une non-reconnaissance quasi généralisée. Les statuts de ces associations soulèvent donc des problèmes du point de vue du droit international, de nature et de degrés différents. Dans le premier cas, certaines associations ont pu adhérer à la FIFA, en dépit du statut contesté de leur État d’origine, ce qui pose de graves problèmes en termes de souveraineté, compte tenu des conséquences politiques qu’entraine une adhésion à cette organisation, considérée comme une « quasi organisation internationale ». Dans le second cas, certaines entités dont la légalité est contestable ont pu se voir attribuer le statut de membre de la CONIFA, ce qui pose non seulement la question d’une éventuelle reconnaissance implicite des entités concernées, mais également celle d’une possible violation de l’obligation de ne pas prêter aide ou assistance au maintien d’une situation violant une norme de jus cogens.
Pilot Fatigue—A Study on the Effectiveness of Flight and Duty Time Regulations for Professional Pilots in Canada
Authors: David-Cooper René 
Published: May 2020

In Canada, federal regulations govern the maximum time a professional pilot may fly an aircraft (flight time) and be on duty at his or her workplace (duty time). This report summarizes the findings of a study conducted in 2016-2017, which analyzed the effectiveness of flight and duty time (FDT) regulations for professional pilots in Canada. More specifically, this study was conducted to assess whether the current FDT regime adequately protects the safety of air crews and passengers onboard Canadian aircraft. This study focuses on Canadian operators conducting commercial operations under Part VII of the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) as aerial work, air taxi, and commuter and airline operators. It analyzes whether federal laws adequately regulate pilot fatigue and whether there are any gaps within the CARs. Because the CARs regulate FDT differently depending on the category of operator, this study also considered potential safety trends with respect to pilot fatigue in various categories of carriers; the effects of standby duty; the risks associated with being awake for extended periods of time; and whether less experienced pilots are more vulnerable to pilot fatigue in comparison to more experienced pilots. Five key informants, who worked as professional pilots in Canada, were interviewed in the course of this study to substantiate certain hypotheses. Following these interviews, this report was produced. It focuses on five aspects of FDT regulations in order to understand their positive or adverse impact on pilot fatigue: (1) work schedules; (2) pilot remuneration; (3) fatigue and stress; (4) company safety culture and work environment; and (5) industry issues.
Accueillir les publics : une voie royale vers l’altérité
Authors: de Miribel Marielle 
Published: May 2020

L’altérité est la capacité à reconnaître l’autre personne dans sa dimension unique, spécifique et inaliénable. C’est une autre personne dans sa dignité d’être humain, intrinsèquement différente de moi et sans rapport avec ma propre histoire, mes préjugés, mes croyances, mes projections plus ou moins conscientes que je fais couramment sur l’autre.
Une personne qui, par sa différence, va ouvrir ma vision du monde et élargir mes propres frontières mentales pour pouvoir l’accepter et la respecter telle qu’elle est, sans avoir aucun projet sur elle.