bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simplified Calculation of the Average Number of Radicals Per Particle in Emulsion Polymerization: Effect of Particle Nucleation and Coagulation Rates
Authors: Herrera‐Ordonez Jorge 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe solutions available for the well‐known Smith–Ewart recurrence equation (assuming size monodispersity) for calculating the average number of radicals per particle () do not consider the contribution of nucleation and coagulation of active particles. Notwithstanding this limitation, they are often used to calculate in simplified mathematical models for commercial simulation software of industrial processes or for process control purposes. In this work, algebraic equations to calculate for 0–1 systems that consider such contributions are developed. It is found that in the nucleation stage under typical conditions of emulsion polymerization, if nucleation and coagulation of particles are not considered in the calculation of , it could lead to large errors although its effect still needs to be evaluated in other relevant process parameters as well. However, such significant error could be present for a case of study where secondary nucleation and limited coagulation is experimentally detected.
Synthesis, characterization, gas sensing, and electrical property evaluation of polyaniline/copper‐alumina nanocomposites
Authors: Menon Sankar S. , Thomas Meenu , Ramesan Manammel T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA series of organic‐inorganic hybrid of polyaniline (PANI)/copper‐alumina (Cu‐Al2O3) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization technique. The structural, morphological and thermal properties of PANI with different contents of nano Cu‐Al2O3 were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscope (HR‐TEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimteric analysis. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss and the AC conductivity were measured using a dielectric analyzer in a frequency ranging from 100 Hz to 1 MHz. Also, current (I)‐voltage (V) characteristics and gas sensing performance of the composites were studied in detail. The FTIR spectra of composite exhibited the IR band of nanoparticles in the macromolecular chain of PANI. The XRD pattern showed the systematic arrangement of Cu‐Al2O3 particles in the molecular structure of polyaniline. The SEM and TEM images indicated that the nanoparticles were sheathed by polyaniline. DSC results showed that incorporation of Cu‐Al2O3 accelerated the glass transition temperature of PANI. TG analysis demonstrated the enhancement in thermal stability of PANI/Cu‐Al2O3 nanocomposite relative to the base polymer. Conductivity studies showed that both AC and DC conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss increased with increase in the concentration of nanoparticles up to 5 wt%. Similarly, the ammonia gas sensing behavior of nanocomposites was also improved by the addition of Cu‐Al2O3 nanoparticles.
Functionalized graphene oxide as coupling agent for graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites
Authors: Yu Zeyang , Drzal Lawrence T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe interface design plays a crucial role in developing superior mechanical performance of graphene nanoplatelets (GnP)/epoxy composite. Here, graphene oxide (GO) was applied as the coupling agent, because of π‐π interaction it formed with GnP and its rich surface functional groups. GO‐GnP couple was prepared and further it was treated separately with two diamines with different chain length (p‐phenylenediamine [PPDA] and Jeffamine D2000) producing functionalized GO‐GnP couple (f‐(GO‐GnP)). The chemical bonds formed between the amine functional groups on GO surface and epoxy resin during the curing process providing strong sheet/matrix interfacial adhesion. GO‐GnP/f‐(GO‐GnP) filler with two different weight ratios between GO and GnP (1:10 and 1:50) used as the fillers for preparing epoxy based composite with 0.43 and 0.86 wt% filler loading. For the tensile modulus, PPDA‐f‐(GO‐GnP: 1:10) sample gave ~40% improvement under 0.43 wt%, while at 0.86 wt%, the reinforcing result raised up to ~60% for PPDA‐f‐(GO‐GnP:1:50) sample. GO‐GnP couple/functionalized GO‐GnP couple gave up to ~110% improvement in toughness compared to simply using GnP at 0.86 wt% filler loading.
“The communication and support from the health professional is incredibly important”: A qualitative study exploring the processes and practices that support parental decision‐making about postmortem examination
Authors: Lewis Celine , Riddington Megan , Hill Melissa , Bevan Charlotte , Fisher Jane , Lyas Lucy , Chalmers Ann , Arthurs Owen J. , Hutchinson John C. , Chitty Lyn S. , Sebire Neil 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundConsent rates for postmortem (PM) examination in the perinatal and paediatric setting have dropped significantly in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Western Europe. We explored the factors that act as facilitators or barriers to consent and identified processes and practices that support parental decision‐making.MethodsA qualitative study conducted with bereaved parents, parent advocates, and health care professionals in the United Kingdom. Analysis was conducted on 439 free‐tect comments within a cross‐sectional survey, interviews with a subset of 20 survey respondents and 25 health professionals, and a focus group with five parent advocates.ResultsThree broad parental decision‐making groups were identified: 1, “Not open to postmortem examination”; 2, “Consent regardless of concerns”; and 3, “Initially undecided.” Decisional drivers that were particularly important for this “undecided” group were “the initial approach,” “adjustment and deliberation,” “detailed discussion about the procedure,” and “formal consent.” The way in which these were managed by health care staff significantly impacted whether those parents' consented to PM, particularly for those who are ambivalent about the procedure.ConclusionsWe propose a set of recommendations to improve the way PM counselling and consent is managed. Adopting such measures is likely to lead to improved family experience and more consistent and high‐quality discussion regarding PM.
Kältere Winter durch abnehmendes arktisches Meereis
Authors: Dethloff Klaus , Handorf Dörthe , Jaiser Ralf , Rinke Annette 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungDie Arktis stellt einen Brennpunkt der globalen Klimaänderung dar. Das gekoppelte Klimasystem besteht aus verschiedenen Elementen von lokalen über regionale bis zu planetaren Raum‐ und Zeitskalen. Nichtlineare Wechselwirkungen zwischen diesen und ihre Rolle für die arktische Verstärkung sind bisher nur unzureichend verstanden und in Klimamodellen nur sehr rudimentär berücksichtigt. Im Mittelpunkt kontroverser Diskussionen steht der Einfluss von Phasen mit geringer und hoher arktischer Meereisbedeckung auf die atmosphärische Wechselwirkung zwischen der Arktis und mittleren Breiten. Der rekonstruierte arktische Meereisrückgang seit Beginn der Satellitenbeobachtungen 1979 kann die beobachtete winterliche Erwärmung der Arktis und die damit verbundene Abkühlung in mittleren Breiten reproduzieren. Beteiligt sind verschiedene, hochgradig nichtlineare Prozesse, die der Artikel vorstellt. Simulierte regionale Auswirkungen des Treibhauseffektes für zukünftige Klimaszenarien sind zudem stark vom verwendeten Klimamodell und den darin enthaltenen Beschreibungen lokaler Prozesse abhängig, also nach wie vor mit großen Unsicherheiten behaftet.
Eine Halbleiter‐Tinte für die Zukunft
Authors: Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Olthof Selina , Dyakonov Vladimir 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungDas Forschungsgebiet der Perowskit‐Halbleiter entwickelt sich rasant. Ein Vorteil besteht darin, dass sich damit Solarzellen und optoelektronische Bauelemente von der Fotodiode bis zum Laser einfach aus einer Lösung herstellen lassen. Damit ist zum Beispiel die Herstellung durch Drucken einer „Solarzellentinte“ möglich. Der geringe Energiebedarf durch niedrige Prozesstemperaturen verkürzt zudem die Energierückgewinnungszeit drastisch im Vergleich zu konventionellen Solarzellen. Obwohl noch eine junge Technologie, erreichen Perowskit‐Solarzellen bereits heute Wirkungsgrade bis etwa 25 % und sind damit auf Augenhöhe mit konventionellen Dünnschichttechnologien. Ein weiterer Vorteil besteht darin, dass sich die Bandlücke durch chemische Modifikation einfach an Anwendungen anpassen lässt. Zu den Herausforderungen der Forschung zählen noch die geringe Lebensdauer und chemische Langzeitstabilität sowie die Suche nach ungiftigen Ersatzstoffen für das Blei. Kommerzielle Anwendungen sind bereits absehbar.
Vom Staubkorn zum Planetesimal
Authors: Blum Jürgen 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungDurch astronomische Beobachtungen, numerische Simulationen und Laborexperimente sind wir erstmals in der Lage, ein in sich geschlossenes Bild der Entstehung der ersten größeren Körper in jungen Planetensystemen zu zeichnen. Mikroskopisch kleine Staubpartikel verklumpen durch haftende Stöße zu millimeter‐ bis zentimetergroßen Agglomeraten. Weiteres Wachstum ist dann wegen einer ganzen Reihe physikalischer Prozesse extrem unwahrscheinlich. Aber es wurden mehrere Prozesse identifiziert, welche die Staubklumpen lokal so stark konzentrieren können, dass die kollektive Schwerkraftwirkung der Teilchen einen gravitativen Kollaps ermöglicht und sie sich zu Planetesimalen zusammenballen. Kometen sind möglicherweise die einzig verbliebenen Planetesimale. Dies bestätigte die Rosetta‐Mission zum Kometen Tschurjumow‐Gerassimenko.
Lichtschnelles Nervennetz
Authors: Feldmann Johannes , Pernice Wolfram H. P. 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungVorgestellt wird ein rein optisches künstliches neuronales Netzwerk, das aus vier Neuronen und 60 Synapsen besteht. Es kann einfache Mustererkennungsaufgaben mit optischen Signalen durchführen. Seine einmal eingestellten synaptischen Gewichtungen sind in Phasenwechselmaterialien als nichtflüchtige Speicher geschrieben. Solche lichtbasierten Systeme der Künstlichen Intelligenz haben das Potenzial, zukünftig optische Signale wie Bilder von Überwachungskameras direkt, ohne Umwege über elektrische Signale, schnell und effizient zu verarbeiten. Sie ermöglichen in Zukunft effizientere Prozessoren für neuromorphe Aufgaben wie Muster‐ und Spracherkennung. Zudem sind sie ein erster Schritt hin zu Rechnerarchitekturen, die dem biologischen Gehirn nachempfunden sind.
Tetraarylphosphonium perfluorocyclobutyl polyelectrolyte with low critical surface energy, high thermal stability, and high alkaline resistance
Authors: Wan Wang , Bedford Monte S. , Smith Rhett C. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTTwo tetraarylphosphonium polyelectrolytes having perfluorocyclobutyl units in their backbones have been prepared in which the counteranion is either bromide (PFP·Br) or bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide (PFP·NTf2). These polymers exhibit high thermal stability as assessed by thermogravimetric analysis, with a decomposition temperature of 460 °C for PFP·NTf2. Even after heating at 300 °C for 72 h, PFP·NTf2 shows no signs of degradation detectable by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. As is typical for many tetraarylphosphonium species, films of these polymers can be quite resistant to degradation by alkaline solution. Upon alkaline challenge by exposure to 6 M NaOH at 65 °C for 24 h, for example, only 16% of the phosphonium centers in PFP·NTf2 are degraded, making PFP·NTf2 one of the most alkaline‐stable phosphonium polymers to date. Despite having ionic backbones, PFP·Br and PFP·NTf2 exhibit very low critical surface energies of 26.1 and 22.9 mJ m−1, respectively. These values are on par with the values for poly(vinylene fluoride) and dimethylsiloxane. Such low surface energy polycations capable of high alkaline stability may find application as components of alkaline fuel cell membranes. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2267–2272
A novel combined treatment for plasminogen deficiency with lung involvement
Authors: Kilinc Ayse A. , Tarcin Gurkan , Kurugoglu Sebuh , Schuster Volker , Cokugras Haluk , Celkan Tiraje 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlasminogen deficiency is characterized by fibrin‐rich pseudomembrane formation on all mucosal surfaces, particularly the conjunctiva. Respiratory system involvement is common; fibrin often obstructs the upper or lower respiratory tract, causing death. Although many treatments have been applied, no definitive treatment (especially of the respiratory involvement) yet exists. Although excision of tracheobronchial tree membranes affords temporary improvement, this should be performed only for patients in severe respiratory distress; the procedure triggers fibrin redeposition.Here, we share our experience with an 8‐year‐old plasminogen‐deficient female with severe lung involvement; we successfully delivered local tissue plasminogen activator followed by nebulized fresh frozen plasma.
Cystic fibrosis newborn screening in Denmark: Experience from the first 2 years
Authors: Skov Marianne , Bækvad‐Hansen Marie , Hougaard David M. , Skogstrand Kristin , Lund Allan M. , Pressler Tania , Olesen Hanne V. , Duno Morten 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn Denmark, newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) was introduced on 1 May 2016. The implementation and results from the first 2 years of the national newborn CF screening program are presented.MethodsThe screening included immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT), followed by evaluation for the F508del mutation when a value at or above the 50 ng/mL cutoff was present. In cases with a single F508del mutation or a very high IRT value above 145 ng/mL, next‐generation sequencing of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) was performed.ResultsOf 126 522 newborn infants 126 338 were tested (99.85%), and 4730 samples (3.7%) were assessed for CFTR mutations. Twenty‐six infants were screen‐positive and referred for diagnostic follow‐up of whom 22 were confirmed to have a CF diagnosis, four had one known and one CFTR allele with unknown pathogenicity, classified as cystic fibrosis screening positive inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID), PPV 84.6%. One of the four children classified as CFSPID was later found to carry the two identified CFTR variants in cis and was reclassified as a carrier of CF. We found two false negatives; one exhibited an IRT level above the 50 ng/mL cutoff but was below the 145 ng/mL very high cutoff and with no F508del mutation present. The second false‐negative fell below the 50 ng/mL IRT cutoff but was diagnosed shortly after birth on the basis of meconium ileus. Screening sensitivity, 91.7%. Two hundred thirty‐two children were identified as carriers of CF, which is twofold above the estimated annual number of carriers. All but one carrier were heterozygous for the F508del CFTR mutation. Sixteen percent of the sequenced samples revealed rare CFTR variants, which were classified as nonpathogenic in relation to CF.ConclusionsDuring the first 2 years of NBS CF screening in Denmark, we identified close to the expected number of infants with CF using an algorithm based on IRT, presence of F508del mutation and comprehensive genetic analysis. CFSPID accounted for only a small minority, despite comprehensive CFTR sequencing, whereas more carriers than initially expected were identified.
Thermochemical spin‐orbit corrections for atomic platinum (Pt)
Authors: Irikura Karl K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn quantum chemistry calculations of molecular dissociation or atomization, the energies of many atoms require spin‐orbit corrections (SOCs). This is to compensate for the lack of spin‐orbit coupling in most calculations. Values for the corrections are normally derived from experimental atomic energy levels and their assignments to LS (Russell‐Saunders) terms. However, this procedure produces erroneous values when terms are strongly mixed, as they are in Pt. Spin‐orbit configuration interaction provides the LS‐term composition of observed energy levels. Such data are used here to obtain SOCs for valence term energies of Pt. For the ground term (3D), a correction of −3948 ± 153 cm−1 is recommended.
Stability and l2‐gain of discrete‐time switched systems with unstable modes
Authors: Wang Zi‐Ming , Wei Airong , Zhao Xudong , Li Fan 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThis paper addresses stability and l2‐gain for discrete‐time switched systems with unstable modes based on slow/fast mode‐dependent average dwell time (MDADT) switching strategies. Firstly, by employing a class of multiple discontinuous Lyapunov functions (MDLFs) and developing a kind of alternative switching signals, the sufficient conditions on stability are established for the system without external disturbances under a slow/fast MDADT switching scheme with a tighter bounds on the dwell time. Furthermore, by defining indicator functions and exploring the features of slow/fast MDADT switching, the weighted l2‐gain conditions are achieved for the system with external disturbances. Particularly, the criteria of stability and l2‐gain are also established for the corresponding discrete‐time switched linear systems with unstable modes via the MDLFs method and the slow/fast MDADT switching strategy. Finally, two numerical examples are presented to illustrate the advantages of the proposed methods.
A real‐valued auction algorithm for optimal transport
Authors: Walsh Joseph D. , Dieci Luca 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOptimal transportation theory is an area of mathematics with real‐world applications in fields ranging from economics to optimal control to machine learning. We propose a new algorithm for solving discrete transport (network flow) problems, based on classical auction methods. Auction methods were originally developed as an alternative to the Hungarian method for the assignment problem, so the classic auction‐based algorithms solve integer‐valued optimal transport by converting such problems into assignment problems. The general transport auction method we propose works directly on real‐valued transport problems. Our results prove termination, bound the transport error, and relate our algorithm to the classic algorithms of Bertsekas and Castañón.
Toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS induced liver apoptosis is regulated by complex IV subunits and reactive oxygen species generation in rats
Authors: Feng Xiujing , Zhang Haiyang , Shi Mingxian , Chen Yongping , Yang Tianyuan , Fan Honggang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn recent years, the protective effect of hydrogensulfide donor sodium hydrosulfide(NaHS) on multiple organs has been widely reported. The study aimed to explorethe effect of commonly used concentration of NaHS on theliver and its potential damage mechanism. Rats divided into 4 groups: control, NaHS I (1 mg/kg), II (3 mg/kg) and III(5 mg/kg) groups, and each group is divided into four‐timepoints (2, 6, 12, and 24 hours). Results showed that H2S concentration increased, mitochondrial complex IV activity inhibited, the COX I and IV subunits and mitochondrial apoptosis pathway‐related proteins expression increased in atime‐ and dose‐dependent manner. We confirmed that 1 mg/kg NaHS had no injuryeffect on the liver, 3 and 5 mg/kg NaHS inhibitsthe activity of mitochondrial complex IV by promoting COX I and IV subunits expression, leading to the increase in ROS and ultimately inducing apoptosis and liver injury.
Integration of fast acting energy storage systems in existing pumped‐storage power plants to enhance the system's frequency control
Authors: Pérez‐Díaz Juan I. , Lafoz Marcos , Burke Frank 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper suggests the integration of fast acting energy storage systems in existing pumped‐storage power plants as a practical solution to enhance the system's frequency control. The term “fast acting energy storage” is used in the paper to refer to, in the authors' opinion, the most suitable energy storage technologies for the purpose of frequency control, that is, flywheels and supercapacitors. The paper describes the few research works that have so far dealt with the coordination of flywheels or supercapacitors and pumped‐storage or hydropower, and compare the proposed solution with the upgrade of existing pumped‐storage power plants to allow variable speed operation. To finish, the paper describes other side benefits of the proposed solution, discusses the most important barrier for its realization and summarizes a few regulatory changes that have been recently implemented in a few electric power systems which provide some hope for the proposed solution to become a reality.This article is categorized under:
Energy Infrastructure > Systems and Infrastructure
The potential of engineered eukaryotic RNA‐binding proteins as molecular tools and therapeutics
Authors: Shotwell Carl R. , Cleary John D. , Berglund J. Andrew 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEukaroytic RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) recognize and process RNAs through recognition of their sequence motifs via RNA‐binding domains (RBDs). RBPs usually consist of one or more RBDs and can include additional functional domains that modify or cleave RNA. Engineered RBPs have been used to answer basic biology questions, control gene expression, locate viral RNA in vivo, as well as many other tasks. Given the growing number of diseases associated with RNA and RBPs, engineered RBPs also have the potential to serve as therapeutics. This review provides an in depth description of recent advances in engineered RBPs and discusses opportunities and challenges in the field.This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
RNA Methods > RNA Nanotechnology
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Foraging enrichment alleviates oral repetitive behaviors in captive red‐tailed black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus banksii)
Authors: Fangmeier Melissa L. , Burns Alicia L. , Melfi Vicky A. , Meade Jessica 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe relationship between inadequate foraging opportunities and the expression of oral repetitive behaviors has been well documented in many production animal species. However, this relationship has been less‐well examined in zoo‐housed animals, particularly avian species. The expression of oral repetitive behavior may embody a frustrated foraging response, and may therefore be alleviated with the provision of foraging enrichment. In this study, we examined the effect of different foraging‐based enrichment items on a group of captive red‐tailed black cockatoos who were previously observed performing oral repetitive behavior. A group of six cockatoos were presented with five foraging enrichment conditions (no enrichment (control), sliced cucumber, fresh grass, baffle cages, and millet discs). Baseline activity budgets were established over a 10‐day preintervention period and interventions were then presented systematically over a 25‐day experimental period. This study demonstrated that the provision of foraging interventions effectively increased the median percentage of time spent foraging compared to control conditions (range, 5.0–31.7% across interventions vs. 5.0% for control), with two of the interventions; grass and millet discs, significantly decreasing the expression of oral repetitive behaviors (control = 16.6 vs. 8.3% for both grass and millet discs). Finally, a rapid‐scoring method utilized by zookeepers during the study proved to be a useful proxy for the amount of time the cockatoos spent interacting with the foraging interventions and overall time spent foraging.