bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities And Examples For Remote Microscopy Including Digital Image Acquisition, Transfer, and Archiving
Authors: Daberkow I , Schierjott M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recent developments promise the possibility to externally control every aspect of microscopes through a computer interface. In combination with high-resolution cameras and feedback to the microscope, this can be leveraged to create highly automatic routines, e.g., to remotely correct astigmatism. Together with the development of fast computer networks this creates a new branch of microscopy, the so-called “telemicroscopy”. The goal of telemicroscopy is the control of a microscope over a large distance including the transfer of images with an acceptable repetition rate. A big advantage for electron microscopy in particular is the possibility of having access to expensive and well-equipped microscopes. In the field of light microscopy the branch “telemedicine” was created, meaning the “virtual” presence of a colleague or specialist for discussion or diagnosis.
Using transmission electron microscopy as an example, the history and special requirements for automation and telemicroscopy will be discussed. In the late 80's the first TEM with a remote control was revealed. Shortly thereafter, first automatic functions for defocus control and astigmatism correction were developed using a video camera as electronic image converter.
The Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory
Authors: Wright Michael C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Materials Microcharacterization Collaboratory (MMC) was created last year as a pilot project within the US Department of Energy's DOE2000 program. The DOE2000 program has three main goals: improved ability to solve DOE's complex scientific problems, increased R&D productivity and efficiency, and enhanced access to DOE resources by R&D partners. One of the strategies to meet these goals is the construction of national collaboratories. These provide integration on the Internet of unique or expensive DOE research facilities and expertise for remote collaboration, experimentation, production, software development, modeling, or measurement. In addition, collaboratories will benefit researchers by providing tools for video conferencing, shared data-viewing, and collaborative analysis. Cooperative pilots projects, jointly funded by DOE2000 and a scientific program area, are expected to lead to clear success in the scientific environment: they are to provide new capabilities and to increase the efficiency of doing the work (e.g., reduce travel, increase communication, provide for sharing of data among formerly disparate environments).
A Testbed for Automated Acquistion From a TEM
Authors: Potter CS , Carragher B , Chu H , Frey B J , Josephs R , Lin C , Kisseberth N , Miller KL , Nahrstedt K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We are developing a testbed for automated identification of specimens, and acquisition of high resolution images for 3D macromolecular EM. Several software package which have been developed specifically for acquisition of tomographic data sets have illustrated the benefits of automation. These software packages require the user to identify a specimen of interest and then automatically acquire a single tilt series from the identified specimen. The testbed we are developing will provide a generalized system for specimen identification, image acquisition and image quality assessment. The goals of the testbed are to provide a system that will acquire EM images unattended by an operator.
The testbed integrates a computer controlled TEM with a distributed real-time image processing environment. Computerized control and image acquisition from the TEM uses the emScope software package (1). This is coupled to existing image processing software packages and new software tools developed specifically for this project.
Telemicroscopy: Development of a Collaboratory for Microscopic Digital Anatomy
Authors: Ellisman M H , Hadida M , Greer D , Wong M , Lindsey S , Peltier S , Young SJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Our original “Telemicroscopy” project has now been expanded into a project in which we aim to provide a “Collaboratory for Microscopic Digital Anatomy” (CMDA) Tools being developed will provide a researcher at a remote site distributed interaction with unique instrumentation for data acquisition, as well as significantly enhanced capabilities to derive and analyze 3D data by accessing high performance computers. Initial focus is on the collection and analysis of data from a unique IVEM located at the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research (NCMIR). The NCMIR instrument is one of a few IVEMs in the USA made available to the biological research community by the National Center for Research Resources of the National Institutes of Health. This particular instrument was specially designed to obtain images from thick specimens containing substantial 3D structure. Because of the characteristics of the EM, images acquired represent two dimensional projections of the 3D structure within the specimen.
A Generic Protocol for Controlling an SEM over a TCP/IP Link
Authors: Ritchie Nicholas W M , Woods Paul V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In recent years, a number of different groups(1) have investigated and reported on implementing Web-based controls for SEMs and TEMs. Through telemicroscopy, as the field is often known, they have demonstrated that expensive microscopy resources can be shared and the experience of remote experts utilized in an efficient, cost-effective manner. Up to this point most technological demonstrations of telemicroscopy have been implemented as retrofits to existing microscopes. As retrofits, these demonstrations had limitations which a system designed from day one as a networked instruments could avoid. present here details of an ongoing project at R.J. Lee Instruments to redesign the software interface to our Personal SEM product around a TCP/IP link between the SEM hardware and the user interface. All communications between the SEM and console, including commands and image data are transmitted over a single 10-BaseT Ethernet link using the connection-oriented TCP protocol.
Tele-Tutoring - From Learning to Earning
Authors:   West Greene School District Team,   RJ Lee Group Team, Koshinski L S , Weinrich L T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The West Greene School District (WGSD) in southwestern Pennsylvania has been extremely aggressive in providing exceptional educational opportunities to its students which come primarily from a rural, small-town and post-industrial mining community. The five school systems serving Greene County have been linked with multiple T-l lines making special interest courses available to all students through a sophisticated distancelearning facility. The goals of this program are multiple including motivating students to pursue advanced education, especially in mathematics, computer sciences, engineering, and the basic sciences; enriching the educational experience beyond that commonly available to students in rural communities; and improving the general attractiveness of the region for business growth.
RJ Lee Group (RJLG) is a small business located about 60 miles northeast of Greene County specializing in solving materials-related problems. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is often one of the methods used by RJLG.
A Multi-Instrument Virtual Collaborative Environment VIA the Worldwide-Web at Nist
Authors: Thorne B B , Steel E B , Fahey A J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Control of electron microscopes by a remote networked computer system has been implemented successfully in a variety of ways including via the World Wide Web (WWW). This approach works well with users who are familiar with the operation of the instrument and are experienced microscopists. However, many of our collaborations involve other scientists or engineers looking to us for analytical expertise. In order to accommodate collaborators with a broad range of skills and to allow them to interact remotely, in near-real time with a scientist operating an instrument, we have implemented a Virtual Collaborative Environment (VCE) based on a WWW server and the use of the server-push protocol.
The system developed at NIST is a frames-based WWW page that is presented to the user with an index of instruments on the left side (FIG.l), live video pages to the right side, and a download area (via ftp) toward the bottom for data and high resolution images.
Televisualization: An Aid To Collaborative Research In Molecular Structure Biology
Authors: Schmid M F , Matsudaira P , Dougherty M T , Sherman M B , Henn C , Chiu W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Collaboration between local microscopists and image processing specialists, and their remote biological colleagues, has been hampered by the difficulty of i) transferring the three-dimensional reconstructions of macromolecules resulting from the cryomicroscopy and image processing, ii) viewing the results in a meaningful way, and iii) communicating the results and the interpretations derived therefrom to each other.
The acrosomal process is an intracellular quasi-crystalline organelle in the head of the sperm of the horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. It consists of 100 - 130 actin-scruin filaments packed together in a pseudo-hexagonal lattice and is up to 60 μm long with a diameter of 0.1 μm. Scruin-scruin interactions are responsible for cross-linking the actin filaments together in the bundle. Our goal was to reveal interfilament interactions in the bundle. We have taken tilt series images in the electron microscope to reconstruct its three-dimensional structure at 45 Å resolution.
Design and Implementation of a Laboratory-Wide Image Management System Based on Microsoft Windows NT and Optical Storage Technology
Authors: Rick McGill  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The advent of digital imaging in microscopy has inspired many changes to the conventional generation and presentation of photographic image data. The demise of the photographic darkroom is a direct result of the prolific electronic image format. Digital images offer extensive flexibility with respect to image manipulation and analysis, duplication, technical presentations, and data transfer to remote locations. With this advance to digital technology come new obstacles for the "traditional" microscopy laboratory to hurdle once this technology is implemented. A few of these obstacles include data storage and retrieval systems, networking of analytical instruments, and adequate software for image manipulation.
The intent of this presentation is to introduce the analytical community to a successful implementation of a laboratory-wide image management system, specifically, the strategies behind the concept and completion of the system and successes gained therefrom.
Real-Time Remote Control of a Scanning Electron Microscope Across the vBNS/Internet 2
Authors: Mansfield John F , Adamson Andy , Coffman Kevin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To introduce engineering undergraduates to microstructural characterization in the scanning electron microscope, The Department of Materials Science and Engineering (MS&E) at The University of Michigan has developed the Teaching SEM. This instrument, based on a Philips XL30 SEM and located in the teaching laboratories, may be controlled from a lecture theater or classroom virtually anywhere on the University campus via a combination of the campus computing network and the campus cable television network. The use of the campus cable TV network is a limitation. Many areas of the University have Internet connections, but no cable connections. A number of local schools have expressed an interest in incorporating use of this system into their classes. The current work seeks to eliminate the cable TV network and send both the control and video signals over the Internet.
Interactive Nano Visualization for Science and Engineering Education-Scanning Probe Microscope on the Web
Authors: Ramakrishna BL , Razdan A , Sun J , Ong E , Garcia A A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The integration of nano-science and technology concepts into upper-division high school and lower-division college curricula will require innovative educational approaches that will help students understand the structures and properties of matter on a scale below 100 nanometers, i.e., the nanoscale. This Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science and Engineering Education (IN-VSEE) project will create a consortium of university and industry researchers, community college and high school science faculty, computer scientists and museum educators with a common vision of creating an interactive World Wide Web (WWW) site to develop a new educational thrust based on remote operation of advanced microscopes and nanofabrication tools coupled to powerful surface characterization methods. The centerpiece of this project is the web-based operation of the revolutionary scanning probe microscope (SPM), which has evolved rapidly into a relatively simple, yet powerful, technique capable of imaging and manipulating materials at resolutions down to the atomic scale.
Towards Sub-Ångstrom Resolution With A 200 Kv TEM By Means of a Cs-Corrector and a Computer Controlled Alignment Procedure
Authors: Haider M , Uhlemann S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
One of the most difficult problems on the way to sub-Ångstrom resolution at a medium accelerating voltage of about 200 kV, the correction of the spherical aberration, has been solved. Already more than fifty years ago, Scherzer showed that the two major axial aberrations, the chromatic and the spherical aberration, can be corrected by a suitable combination of electrostatic and/or magnetic multipole elements. Due to the availability of high-coherent electron sources with a small relative energy width DE/E the necessity of correcting the chromatic aberration can be avoided.
Our solution for spherical aberration correction follows a suggestion by Rose. It is based on two electromagnetic hexapoles and four additional lenses. The principle by which correction is achieved is based on the fact that the primary aberrations of second order of the first hexapole are compensated by the second hexapole element.
Acquisition and Processing of Large Dynamic Range Digital Images
Authors: Hunt J A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Acquisition of large dynamic range information is important for optimizing the performance of SEM’s, TEM’s, and other microscopies. The majority of digital imaging performed in desktop publishing and other consumer markets today is limited to 8-bit resolution, and these technologies are often modified for use in electron microscopy (EM). The limitations of these techniques are clearly evident in many EM situations despite the fact that human visual system is not equipped to differentiate more than 2^5 gray levels. The most common case is when a user seeks to view information hidden in both the image's dark levels and in the brightest levels. If multiple images at different detection levels are required despite digital processing then the image information is being limited by the digitization resolution.
Digitization is the process of converting a signal from the analog form that originates from our microscope detectors to a digital form that is suitable for processing within computers.
Edge Sharpening For Unbiased Edge Detection in Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) Images
Authors: Raj P Markondeya , Dunn Stanley M , Cannon W Roger 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mathematical representation of particle orientation and shape can show quantitative differences in particle morphology and microstructures of ceramic green bodies with apparently equiaxed powders. In this work, fourier descriptors and moment invariants were used to quantify the shape of ceramic particles and identify their orientation. Edges constitute a significant portion of the information contained in these images, and hence edge detection forms an important issue in these image processing algorithms.
A Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM, Leo 982) was used to collect images of various ceramic green bodies in order to assess the ceramic particle shape and orientation. The images were collected and displayed as rectangular pixels on the microscope monitor which were then stored as square pixels (square-pixel-interpolation). Application of various edge detection algorithms on the stored images show strong bias to edges in the direction perpendicular to the scanning direction.
Extracting Objects with Adaptive Segmentation Techniques: Going Beyond Intensity Thresholding
Authors: Eggleston Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In designing automated systems for interpretation of micrographs, it is often the goal to separate and discern various objects within the image data. After segmentation, measurements of the objects, called features, can then be calculated and used for process or statistical analysis. Simple segmentation schemes based on single threshold operations, often lack the sophistication to deal with intricate or subtle details of the image data, or require user intervention in the threshold selection process. This talk will present and discuss advanced techniques which adapt to the data, and which can operate autonomously without human supervision.
Segmentation is a process which transforms pixel based image data into symbolic descriptors representing groups of pixel elements. These descriptors are called objects and take the form of lines, regions, polygons, points, windows of interests, or other unique representations. Most laboratory image analysis software packages utilize segmentation schemes based on the principle of intensity analysis.
Digital Image Acquisition and Presentation for High Resolution SEM
Authors: Chen Ya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Images obtained from an analog SEM are traditionally viewed and recorded from a cathode-ray tube (CRT). Many laboratories use instant film (e.g. Polaroid #52, #55 instant film) to justify image quality and obtain permanent image quickly. Digital imaging provides an alternative approach for image acquisition and recording. One major advantage of digital SEM is image averaging that allows one to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) from a noisy quick-scan image to reduce charging. SEM signal yield is proportional to incident beam intensity, image acquisition time or duration of beam interaction with specimen (dwell time). The higher beam intensity, or longer the dwell time, the more signal generated. However, for high-resolution SEM imaging, the beam dose and dwell time are limited by drafting, radiation damage, and contamination. Therefore high-resolution biological SEM images invariably have poor SNR.
The Tomographic Atom Probe: A New Dimension In Material Analysis
Authors: Deconihout B , Pareige P , Blavette D , Bostel A , Menand A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Today material science requires the use of increasingly powerful tools in material analysis. The last twenty years have witnessed the development of a number of analytical techniques. However, among these techniques, only a few allow observation and analysis of materials at the nanometer level ; one can mention scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy loss spectrometry (STEM-EELS), SIMS and atom-probe techniques. In the STEM combined with electron energy loss spectrometry the spatial resolution can be better than one nanometer on a wide scanning area. However the in-depth spatial resolution is limited by the specimen thickness and therefore strongly depends on samples preparation. On the contrary, In SIMS techniques the in-depth spatial resolution can be as good as one nanometer but the lateral resolution is set by the ion beam diameter.
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy of High Resistivity Materials
Authors: Sijbrandij S J , Larson D J , Miller M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the atom probe has proved to be a powerful tool for studying nanometer-sized compositional fluctuations in a wide range of metallic alloys but has had only limited applications to semiconductors and ceramics. One of the primary reasons for this difference is the higher resistivity of semiconducting and ceramic specimens. Because of this high resistivity, the high voltage field evaporation pulse is attenuated before it reaches the apex of the specimen thereby making the pulse ineffective for field evaporation. Experiments have demonstrated that both variants of the voltagepulsed atom probe (i.e., those instruments in which the field evaporation pulse is applied directly to the specimen and those in which the negative pulse is applied to a counter electrode in front of the specimen) are equally affected. In this overview, the limits of applicability of the voltage-pulsed atom probe to high resistivity materials are examined.
Phase Separation and Precipitation in a PH 17-4 Stainless Steel By Prolonged Aging At 400 °C
Authors: Murayama M , Katayama Y , Hono K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Precipitation-hardened stainless steels are important structural materials in a variety of industrial applications in aircraft, chemical and power plants. These steels have a combination of good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and simple fabrication process. Precipitation reaction in a PH 17-4 stainless steel which contains approximately 3 wt.% of Cu begins with formation of coherent copper-rich precipitate, which subsequently transform to incoherent fee Cu by further aging. By prolonged aging at 400 °C, embrittlement occurs as hardening progresses. Both the coarsening of Cu and the decomposition of the martensite matrix could be the reasons for this embrittlement. Thus, this study attempted to clarify the phase separation and the precipitation processes in a PH 17-4 stainless steel on prolonged aging by atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM), in order to understand the mechanism of the degradation of mechanical properties by long term medium temperature aging.
Apfim and HREM Studies of Nanocomposite Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
Authors: Hono K , Ping D H , Ohnuma M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Atom probe field ion microscopy is the most suitable technique for determining local chemical composition changes during nanocrystallization processes of amorphous alloys. In this talk, we report atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM) and high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) studies on nanocrystallization processes in Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu soft magnet and Fe-Nd-B-Co-Ga exchange spring magnet.
Fe or Co based alloys with nanocrystalline microstructure show excellent permeability because the net magnetocrystalline anisotropy is significantly reduced when the grain size becomes smaller than the ferromagnetic exchange length. Fe-Si-B-Nb-Cu alloy is the pioneering nanocrystalline soft magnetic material invented by Yoshizawa et al. in 1988 [1]. Our previous works [2,3] reported evidence for clustering of Cu prior to the onset of the crystallization reaction. However, in the previous studies, it was not confirmed that these Cu clusters work as heterogeneous nucleation sites for a-Fe primary crystals.
Field Ion Microscopy of Multilayer Film Devices
Authors: Larson D J , Petford-Long A K , Cerezo A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Control and optimization of materials’ properties will increasingly depend on the ability to tailor both the structure and chemical composition of the materials at the nanoscale level (100 nm and less). One specific class of “nanostructured” materials is the multilayer film (MLF) structure, which is formed by alternate deposition of two or more different elements or compounds and has a wide range of applications in, for example, the field of data recording and storage. In order to understand MLF structures well enough to improve and optimize their properties, characterization at the atomic level with regard to both structure and chemistry is essential. Interface quality is one of the most important parameters due to the possibility of intermixing between layers. It is thus desirable to obtain information about the interface morphology in these materials at the highest possible resolution.