bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Research Review of the Takfir of Muslim States in the Light of Sharia
Authors: Muhammad Saeed  , Syed Abd ul Ghaffar Bukhari  
Published: December 2020

The issue of 'Performing Takfir' has become a hot research area during present times, It's a very sensitive topic. The Islamic Sharia has ordained one to be very cautious on declaring Takfir upon a nominated individual, only the people who are firmly established in knowledge can declare takfir on a nominated person, which will be based on the principles of Islam.
When Islam emphasis this much high level of caution in performing Tafir upon an individual person, then how critical will it be to declare takfir on state's, leaders and the communities.This is the reason one can find chapters written in the Islamic jurisprudence books (fiqhi books)on the subject of Dar-ul-Islam (land of Islam) and Dar-ul-Kufr (land of disbelief).
In this article the topic of takfir has been discussed thoroughly and the position has been made clear about when a islamic state or a community turns in to a Dar-ul-Kufr (land of disbelief).In the following knowledge based article the topic has been fully explained in detail by using the works and opinions of Islamic Jurists (experts in islamic law) and the most predominant view of this issue has been covered.
Remembering the Forgotten Differences of Men and Women:
Authors: Farooq Muhammad 
Published: December 2020

Gender differences and their depiction has been a rich debate for last few decades in Gender Studies. Feminists often argue that men and women should not be segregated as they are equal and must entertain equal privileges. On the other hand, anti-feminists believe that men are superior to women. The current paper aims at exploring differences between men and women and hence it chiefly rings round three primary resources of discussion regarding gender differences. Firstly, it rests on Jordan Peterson’s claim that men and women are not the same and would not be the same; but it does not mean that women should be treated unfairly. In this regard, it brings to the light gender related factors such as Five Big Personality traits i.e. Openness to experience, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism, which have different degrees and levels in men and women. Secondly, it discusses gender differences in John Gray’s Men are from Mars Women are from Venus. In this connection, it explores differences between men and women in term of language, psychology, coping with stress and their life on two different planets; Mars and Venus as Martians and Venusians. Finally it discusses gender differences mentioned in the Holy Quran. In this context, the selected verses of the holy Quran show that men and women are created differently, they are different in many ways such as biologically, psychologically, physically and in term of responsibilities. The study has shown that men and women have various differences which are essentials and nature-constructs rather social and cultural. So, the fight for sustaining equality between them in every walk of life is unachievable and not sustainable. Therefore, for a peaceful world men and women have to recall and sustain the differences they have in their respective essences.
MODERN PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FISHERY SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN ECONOMY AND WAYS TO SOLVE THEM
Authors: Sauskan Vladimir , Arkhipov Aleksandr , Osadchii Viktor 
Published: December 2020

This review article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the main publication
of the national fisheries industry – the magazine "Fisheries", which is a chronicle of
the formation and development of the fishing industry in our country. The authors
of the article believe that the current problems of sustainable development of the
fisheries sector of the Russian economy and ways to solve them are very relevant
for our country, and are included in the range of topics regularly covered by the
magazine. The transition to market relations in the fishing industry has made
mass oceanic fishing, mainly of relatively low-value hydrobionts in remote areas,
economically inefficient. To resolve the accumulated problems in the fisheries
sector of the Russian economy, a number of important documents were adopted,
including the "Strategy for the development of the Russian fisheries sector until
2030" was approved in 2019. The implementation of the "Strategy 2030" should
contribute to the restoration and further development of the domestic fisheries
sector of the Russian Federation at the current stage of development.
MICOLETZKYIA LONGISPICULA HUANG &amp; CHENG, 2011 (NEMATODA: PHANODERMATIDAE) IN TURKEY: FIRST RECORD OUTSIDE THE TYPE LOCALITY
Authors: Ürkmez Derya , Sezgin Murat 
Published: December 2020

In this paper Micoletzkyia longispicula Huang & Cheng, 2011 (Nematoda: Phanodermatidae) in Turkey is reported from Turkey.
Toward making sexual and gender diverse populations count in Australia
Authors: Lyons Anthony , Anderson Joel , Rasmussen Mary Lou , Gray Edith 
Published: December 2020

Background Comprehensive data on gender and sexual identity is critical for the planning and delivery of health, education, and social support services. This paper examines ways in which sexual and gender diverse populations are being counted in research, with a view to informing discussions about how to represent these populations in future research.
Aims To examine approaches used for the collection of data from sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia.
Data and methods We reviewed nine examples of large national surveys conducted in Australia over the past ten years and compared the approaches used for collecting data on gender and sexual identity.
Results A diversity of approaches and a range of limitations were identified in how these diverse populations are counted. The proportions of survey respondents across sex, gender and sexual identity categories, and the types of categories, were also found to vary across studies.
Conclusions There is currently no consistent approach for collecting data involving sexual and gender diverse populations in Australia despite the need for large-scale surveys that reflect sexual and gender diversity. This paper identifies conceptual and methodological questions for consideration when planning how to capture diversity related to gender and sexual identity.
An Integrated Analysis with Predictions on the Architecture of the τ Ceti Planetary System, Including a Habitable Zone Planet
Authors: Dietrich Jeremy , Apai Dániel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

τ
Ceti is the closest single Sun-like star to the solar system and hosts a multiplanet system with four confirmed planets. The possible presence of additional planets, especially potentially habitable worlds, remains of great interest. We analyze the structure of the τ
Ceti planetary system via the DYNAMITE algorithm, combining information from exoplanet population statistics and orbital dynamics with measurements of this specific system. We also expand DYNAMITE to incorporate radial velocity information. Our analysis suggests the presence of four additional planets, three of which match closely with the periods of three tentative planet candidates reported previously. We also predict at least one more planet candidate with an orbital period between ∼270 and 470 days, in the habitable zone for τ
Ceti. Based on the measured

values of the confirmed planets, we also assess the possible masses and nature of the detected and undetected planets. The least massive planets and candidates are likely to be rocky, while the other planets and candidates could either be rocky or contain a significant gaseous envelope. The radial velocity observable signature from the predicted habitable zone planet candidate would likely be at or just above the noise level in current data, but should be detectable in future extremely high-precision radial velocity and direct-imaging studies.
The Thermodynamics of Rotating Black Hole Star Clusters
Authors: Gruzinov Andrei , Levin Yuri , Zhu Jiarong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rotating star clusters near supermassive black holes are studied using Touma–Tremaine thermodynamics of gravitationally interacting orbital ellipses. A simple numerical procedure for calculating thermodynamic equilibrium states for an arbitrary distribution of stars over masses and semimajor axes is described. Spontaneous symmetry breaking and breakdown of thermodynamics at low positive temperatures are rigorously proven for nonrotating clusters. Rotation is introduced through a second temperature-like parameter. Both axially symmetric and lopsided rotational equilibria are found; the lopsided equilibria precess with the angular velocity that is given by the ratio of the two temperatures. The eccentric stellar disk in the nucleus of the Andromeda galaxy may be an example of a lopsided thermodynamic equilibrium of a rotating black hole star cluster. Stellar-mass black holes occupy highly eccentric orbits in broken-symmetry star clusters, and form flattened disklike configurations in rotating star clusters. They are attracted to orbits that are stationary in the frame of reference rotating with the angular velocity of the cluster. In spherical clusters, stellar-mass black holes’ orbits are significantly more eccentric than those of the lighter stars if the temperature is negative and more circular if the temperature is positive. Finally, we note that planets, comets, dark matter particles, and other light bodies tend to form a spherically symmetric nonrotating subcluster with maximum-entropy eccentricity distribution

, even if their host cluster is rotating and lopsided.
An Analytical Treatment for Particle Acceleration at Shocks inside Coronal Mass Ejections near 1 au
Authors: Li G. , Lugaz N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present an analytical treatment for time-dependent diffusive shock acceleration at shocks inside magnetic clouds (MCs) observed near 1 au. The model includes the effects of (i) spatial diffusion of test particles upstream and downstream of the shock, (ii) proton advection with the plasma inside MCs, (iii) a reflecting boundary at distance L upstream of the shock to mimic the boundary of the MCs, and (iv) particle leakage out of the system at a constant rate, possibly through open field lines introduced by magnetic reconnection between the closed field lines of the MC and open field lines in the corona or heliosphere. The analysis reveals that the mean time for accelerating particles from p
0 to p is naturally reduced if the MC characteristic length is much smaller than the spatial diffusion length of energetic protons upstream of the shock. However, because most shocks inside MCs observed at 1 au are located in the back half of the MC, the time that the shock has propagated into the MCs is not sufficient to cause significant SEP enhancement—even with a reflecting boundary—if particles are only injected from the low-beta plasma inside MCs. To cause large SEP enhancements inside the shock–MC structure, magnetic reconnection at the back MC is essential to allow particles energized by the shock prior to its interaction with the MC to enter the MC. These particles consequently become the seed energetic protons that are reaccelerated at the shock inside MC.
Simultaneous Multicolor Observations of Starlink’s Darksat by the Murikabushi Telescope with MITSuME
Authors: Horiuchi Takashi , Hanayama Hidekazu , Ohishi Masatoshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present the SDSS g′-, the Cousins R
c-, and I
c-band magnitudes and associated colors of Starlink's STARLINK-1113 (one of the standard Starlink satellites) and 1130 (Darksat) with a darkening treatment to its surface. Using the 105 cm Murikabushi telescope/MITSuME, simultaneous multicolor observations for the above satellites were conducted four times: on 2020 April 10 and May 18 (for Darksat), and 2020 June 11 (for Darksat and STARLINK-1113). We found that (1) the SDSS g′-band apparent magnitudes of Darksat (6.95 ± 0.11–7.65 ± 0.11 mag) are comparable to or brighter than that of STARLINK-1113 (7.69 ± 0.16 mag), (2) the shorter the observed wavelength is, the fainter the satellite magnitudes tend to become, (3) the reflected flux by STARLINK-1113 is extremely (>1.0 mag) redder than that of Darksat, (4) there is no clear correlation between the solar phase angle and orbital altitude-scaled magnitude, and (5) by flux model fitting of the satellite trails with the blackbody radiation, it is found that the albedo of Darksat is about half that of STARLINK-1113. In particular, result (1) is inconsistent with previous studies. However, considering both solar and observer phase angles and atmospheric extinction, the brightness of STARLINK-1113 can be drastically reduced in the SDSS g′ and the Cousins R
c band. Simultaneous multicolor–multispot observations of more than three colors would give us more detailed information regarding the impact of low-Earth-orbit satellite constellations.
NuSTAR Non-detection of a Faint Active Galactic Nucleus in an Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxy with Kpc-scale Fast Wind
Authors: Chen Xiaoyang , Ichikawa Kohei , Noda Hirofumi , Kawamuro Taiki , Kawaguchi Toshihiro , Toba Yoshiki , Akiyama Masayuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Large-scale outflows are generally considered to be possible evidence that active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can severely affect their host galaxies. Recently, an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) at z = 0.49, AKARI J0916248+073034, was found to have a galaxy-scale [O iii]
λ
5007 outflow with one of the highest energy-ejection rates at z < 1.6. However, the central AGN activity estimated from its torus mid-infrared (MIR) radiation is weak relative to the luminous [O iii] emission. In this work we report the first NuSTAR hard X-ray follow-up of this ULIRG to constrain its current AGN luminosity. The intrinsic 2–10 keV luminosity shows a 90% upper limit of 3.0 × 1043 erg s−1 assuming Compton-thick obscuration (N
H = 1.5 × 1024 cm−2), which is only 3.6% of the luminosity expected from the extinction-corrected [O iii] luminosity. Using the NuSTAR observation, we successfully identify that this ULIRG has a very extreme case of X-ray deficit among local ULIRGs. A possible scenario to explain the drastic decline in both the corona (X-ray) and torus (MIR) is that the primary radiation from the AGN accretion disk is currently in a fading status, as a consequence of a powerful nuclear wind suggested by powerful ionized outflow in a galaxy scale.
What Does It Mean to be a “Depleted” Comet? High Spectral Resolution Observations of the Prototypical Depleted Comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner from the McDonald Observatory
Authors: Cochran Anita L. , Nelson Tyler , McKay Adam J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present high spectral resolution optical observations of comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner from six nights in 2018. The observations were obtained with the Tull Coudé Spectrograph on the 2.7 m Harlan J. Smith Telescope of the McDonald Observatory. This comet’s spectrum shows strong depletions in C2, C3, CH, and NH2 relative to CN. We explore what it means for a comet to be depleted and show that all of the species are present in the spectrum at similar relative line intensities within a a molecular band compared with a typical comet. The depletions represent a much lower abundance of the species studied.
Oralités de résistance et oralités joyeuses
Authors: Vinson Marie-Christine 
Published: December 2020

En 1924 est inaugurée L’Heure joyeuse, la première bibliothèque pour enfants créée en France. Les bibliothécaires s’appellent Claire Huchet, Marguerite Gruny et Mathilde Leriche. Formée à L’Heure joyeuse, Jacqueline Dreyfus travaille à la petite bibliothèque de Ménilmontant et dans les années 1930 à la section jeunesse de la bibliothèque de la rue Fessart. Ces pionnières ont laissé des documents qui rendent compte des difficultés rencontrées par les jeunes usagers dans leurs processus d’acculturation à la culture écrite. Il faut, dans la salle de lecture, devenir un lecteur intéressé par les livres et actif dans la communauté des lecteurs ; et lors des heures du conte, il faut cette fois devenir un auditeur attentif à la performance de la conteuse et participer aux mondes imaginaires qui sont offerts de vive voix. Devenir lecteurs, devenir auditeurs suscitent chez les enfants et les adolescents concernés des résistances fortes et des compromis mais aussi, dans certains cas, des adhésions enthousiastes. Ces résistances prennent souvent des formes diverses et réactives d’oralités juvéniles. Ces oralités contestataires ou indisciplinées font ainsi irruption dans le monde de la bibliothèque. Elles en bousculent l’ordre et parfois elles en carnavalisent presque les règles. Quand ces oralités se font joyeuses, elles disent l’anticipation des chances de profit culturel qui se manifestent à travers les régulations entre pairs et la self‑discipline. Elles s’expriment aussi dans l’abandon émotif et le silence profond des auditeurs pris dans les rets du récit et sous le charme de la conteuse. Mais ce passage des oralités de résistance aux oralités joyeuses est, pour certains jeunes usagers, un passage toujours renégocié, jamais totalement acquis.
A Case for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase–Targeted Therapy for Infectious Disease
Authors: Adefemi Folayemi , Fruman David A. , Marshall Aaron J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
PI3Ks activate critical signaling cascades and have multifaceted regulatory functions in the immune system. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations in the PI3Kδ isoform have revealed that this enzyme can substantially impact immune responses to infectious agents and their products. Moreover, reports garnered from decades of infectious disease studies indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of the PI3K pathway could potentially be effective in limiting the growth of certain microbes via modulation of the immune system. In this review, we briefly highlight the development and applications of PI3K inhibitors and summarize data supporting the concept that PI3Kδ inhibitors initially developed for oncology have immune regulatory potential that could be exploited to improve the control of some infectious diseases. This repurposing of existing kinase inhibitors could lay the foundation for alternative infectious disease therapy using available therapeutic agents.
Gross Margin Analysis of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Genotypes As Influenced By Sowing Dates
Authors: Görkem ÖRÜK  , Nizamettin TURAN  
Published: December 2020

In this study the economic performance of different sowing times of alfalfa cultivars were examined. Plots were established in 2015-2017 period, in the area of Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Field Crops,in Turkey. The randomized split block experimental design with three replications was applied in the study. Main plots were consisted from the genotypes and the subplots were consisted from the sowing times. The experimental material comprised of four alfalfa genotypes, three different planting times. The gross margin analysis were used to analyse the data for the study. Gross margin, indicator per unit area was used to evaluate of production success level and compare economic efficiency of different dates of planting for alfalfa genotypes. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test used for data normality test and analysis of variance used to analyze the differences between group means. As a result, maximum gross margin was obtanied at Magnum V planted on 5th April (D2) in 2017, while Nimet planted on 30th April (D3) in 2015 have the minimum gross margin (-13.61).
Siirt Ekolojik Koşullarında Ekmeklik ve Makarnalık Buğdayda Uygun Ekim Zamanının Belirlenmesi
Authors: Çağdaş Can TOPRAK  , Fatih ÇIĞ  , Yeşim TOĞAY  
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışma Siirt ekolojik koşullarında ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinde uygun ekim zamanını belirlemek amacıyla 2015-2016 yetiştirme sezonunda yürütülmüştür. Araştırma materyali olarak bölgede yoğun olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan ekmeklik buğday (Ceyhan 99) ve makarnalık buğday (Artuklu) çeşitleri kullanılarak, 5 farklı zamanda (1 Ekim, 15 Ekim, 1 Kasım, 15 Kasım ve 25 Kasım) ekim yapılmıştır. Çalışmada bitki boyu, başak Boyu, metrekaredeki başak sayısı, başakta tane Sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı, biyolojik verim, tane verimi, hasat indeksi, kardeş sayısı,10 başak ağırlığı ve hektolitre ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre incelenen kriterler arasında bulunan bitki boyu, başak boyu, bardeş bayısı, betrekaredeki başak sayısı, başakçık sayısı, başakta tane sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı ve biyolojik verim değerleri arasinda istatistiksel olarak önemli farklar bulunmuştur. İncelenen karakterler arasında en yüksek tane verimi değeri Artuklu buğday çeşidinde II. ekim zamanında 908.97 kg/da ve Ceyhan 99 buğday çeşidinden III. ekim zamanından 866.00 kg/da olarak elde edilmiştir. Bu araştırma sonucunda Siirt ekolojik koşullarında en uygun ekim zamanının ekmeklik buğdayda 28 Ekim; makarnalık buğdayda ise 14 Ekim tarihinde olduğu ortaya konulmuştur.
EFFECT OF MUTRAMARGAGATA UTTARBASTI WITH ASHWAGANDHA TAIL IN MUTRAVAHA SROTODUSHTI W.S.R. TO STRESS INCONTINENCE- A CASE STUDY
Authors: Patil Netra K  , Dandekar Pranali N  
Published: December 2020

Woman, a pillar of strength is always like a lantern in night. Being a creator of life, female plays a wide range of roles in her entire lifespan. Woman’s health is an important aspect in progress & maintenance of wealth for her own family, society and ultimately nation. Woman is as delicate as flower. During different stages of life, she may suffer from various diseases and conditions that affect her physical and emotional well - being which in turn alter her quality of life. Stress incontinence is one of the gynaecological conditions mostly in reproductive as well as postmenopausal age group. It adversely affects physiological as well as psychological health of female & even interfers with the professional life. Most of women feel inconvenience specially in their day to day activities either due to frequent vulval pads they need to use or frequent changing of undergarments. So, it is major problem in front of women and ultimately gynaecologists
Stress urinary incontinence is an involuntary escape of urine from the external urinary meatus due to sudden rise in Intra Abdominal Pressure. Women can’t have any natural control on it. Due to it, escape of urine while sneezing, coughing or laughing occurs. It is common condition affecting 25-40% of women. Conservative & surgical methods are available for its management. But due to some drawbacks we need to explore and use Ayurvedic treatments given in Samhitas.
Ayurvedic texts has described Uttarbasti in detail. When it is given per urethra as indicated in texts, may help in curing certain diseases related to Apana Kshetra. Stress incontinence can be correlated with Alpalpa Mutrapravrutti in Mutravaha Srotodushti. So, attempt is made to cure stress incontinence with the help of Mutramargagata Uttarbasti.