bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamical behaviour of non‐linear quantum ion acoustic wave in weakly magnetized electron–positron–ion plasma
Authors: Roy Debasish , Sahu Biswajit 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn order to investigate the propagation characteristics of linear and non‐linear ion acoustic waves (IAWs) in electron–positron–ion quantum plasma in the presence of external weak magnetic field, we have used a quantum hydrodynamic model, and degenerate statistics for the electrons and positrons are taken into account. It is found that the linear dispersion relation of the IAW was modified by the externally applied magnetic field. By using the reductive perturbation technique, a gyration‐modified Korteweg‐de Vries equation is derived for finite amplitude non‐linear IAWs. Time‐dependent numerical simulation shows the formation of an oscillating tail in front of the ion acoustic solitons in the presence of a weak magnetic field. It is also seen that the amplitude and width of solitons and oscillating tails are affected by the relevant plasma parameters such as quantum diffraction, positron concentration, and magnetic field. We have performed our analysis by extending it to account for approximate soliton solution by asymptotic perturbation technique and non‐linear analysis via a dynamical system approach. The analytical results show the distortion of the shape of the localized soliton with time, and the non‐linear analysis confirms the generation of oscillating tails.
Magnetoacoustic waves with effect of arbitrary degree of temperature and spin degeneracy in electron‐positron‐ion plasmas
Authors: Ali Safdar , Ahmad Mushtaq , Ikram Muhammad 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe linear properties of magnetosonic waves are studied in nearly degenerate and nearly non‐degenerate quantum plasmas composed of electrons, positrons and ions in the presence of spin‐ effect. Using the fluid equations, a generalized dispersion relation for perpendicular and oblique propagation is derived. It is found that degree of temperature and spin degeneracy modify the dispersive properties of the given modes. The results of analysis are beneficial for understanding the collective phenomena in dense quantum astrophysical plasmas.
Studies on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone and detection of novel long term metabolites for doping control analysis
Authors: Piper Thomas , Fusshöller Gregor , Schänzer Wilhelm , Lagojda Andreas , Kuehne Dirk , Thevis Mario 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe anabolic‐androgenic steroid methylstenbolone (MSTEN; 2α,17α‐dimethyl‐17β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐1‐en‐3‐one) is available as a so‐called designer steroid or nutritional supplement. It is occasionally detected in doping control samples, predominantly tested and confirmed as the glucuronic acid conjugate of methylstenbolone. The absence of other meaningful metabolites reported as target analytes for sports drug testing purposes can be explained by the advertised metabolic stability of methylstenbolone. In 2013, a first investigation into the human metabolism of methylstenbolone was published, and two hydroxylated metabolites were identified as potential targets for initial testing procedures in doping controls. These metabolites were not observed in recent doping control samples that yielded adverse analytical findings for methylstenbolone, and in the light of additional data originating from a recent publication on the in vivo metabolism of methylstenbolone in the horse, revisiting the metabolic reactions in humans appeared warranted. Therefore, deuterated methylstenbolone together with hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) in combination with high accuracy/high resolution mass spectrometry were employed. After oral administration of a single dose of 10 mg of doubly labeled methylstenbolone, urine samples were collected for 29 days. Up to 40 different deuterated methylstenbolone metabolites were detected in post‐administration samples, predominantly as glucuronic acid conjugates, and all were investigated regarding their potential to prolong the detection window for doping controls. Besides methylstenbolone excreted glucuronidated, three additional metabolites were still detectable at the end of the study on day 29. The most promising candidates for inclusion into routine sports drug testing methods (2α,17α‐dimethyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3β,17β‐diol and 2α,17α‐dimethyl‐5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3α,17β‐diol) were synthesized and characterized by NMR.
Phylogenetic structure and formation mechanism of shrub communities in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Zheng Ying , Dong Lei , Li Zhiyong , Zhang Jinghui , Li Zijing , Miao Bailing , Jia Chengzhen , Liang Cunzhu , Wang Lixin , Li Frank Yonghong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe mechanisms of species coexistence within a community have always been the focus in ecological research. Community phylogenetic structure reflects the relationship of historical processes, regional environments, and interactions between species, and studying it is imperative to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of community composition and biodiversity. We studied the phylogenetic structure of the shrub communities in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau. First, the phylogenetic signals of four plant traits (height, canopy, leaf length, and leaf width) of shrubs and subshrubs were measured to determine the phylogenetic conservation of these traits. Then, the net relatedness index (NRI) of shrub communities was calculated to characterize their phylogenetic structure. Finally, the relationship between the NRI and current climate and paleoclimate (since the Last Glacial Maximum, LGM) factors was analyzed to understand the formation and maintenance mechanisms of these plant communities. We found that desert shrub communities showed a trend toward phylogenetic overdispersion; that is, limiting similarity was predominant in arid and semiarid areas of the Mongolian Plateau despite the phylogenetic structure and formation mechanisms differing across habitats. The typical desert and sandy shrub communities showed a significant phylogenetic overdispersion, while the steppified desert shrub communities showed a weak phylogenetic clustering. It was found that mean winter temperature (i.e., in the driest quarter) was the major factor limiting steppified desert shrub phylogeny distribution. Both cold and drought (despite having opposite consequences) differentiated the typical desert to steppified desert shrub communities. The increase in temperature since the LGM is conducive to the invasion of shrub plants into steppe grassland, and this process may be intensified by global warming.
Using environmental DNA metabarcoding to map invasive and native invertebrates in two Great Lakes tributaries
Authors: Mychek‐Londer Justin G. , Balasingham Katherine D. , Heath Daniel D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundAquatic invasive species (AIS) threaten ecosystems and native species.MethodsTo determine spatial distributions of at‐risk native taxa and AIS in two biologically diverse Laurentian Great Lakes tributaries, we extracted environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples and used a universal PCR primer set targeting the CO1 gene for metabarcoding of selected taxa. We sampled 43 sites for eDNA in each of the Grand and Sydenham rivers in southwestern Ontario.ResultsWe assigned sequences to 49 taxa at the species level and four mollusks to genus level. Detected AIS included two oligochaete worms (Branchiura sowerbyi,Potamothrix moldaviensis), a freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbyi), a calanoid copepod (Skistodiaptomus pallidus), and a bivalve dreissenid mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). All but D. r. bugensis were previously unreported in these tributaries. Detected native mollusks included one globally endangered species the rayed bean (Villosa fabalis), one provincially listed threatened species the maple leaf mussel (Quadrula quadrula), and several other at‐risk and unique mollusk species of special interest in Ontario, Canada, and the United States (e.g.,Sphaerium fabale,Pyganodon grandis). At several sampling sites in each river, AIS eDNA overlapped with or was near to sites with detections of at‐risk native mollusks. Most AIS and some native taxa demonstrated clustered detection patterns within each river. However, in some cases, independent detections of individual species occurred at individual sites within each river that were relatively far apart. Our findings should be interpreted with some caution due to the limitations of the aquatic “universal” primer set and the availability of comprehensive reference sequence databases.ConclusionResults from eDNA metabarcoding in our study helped reveal invertebrate AIS and at‐risk species distributions and will help direct approaches for conserving biodiversity in each of these Great Lakes tributaries.
How do we optimize message matching interventions? Identifying matching thresholds, and simultaneously matching to multiple characteristics
Authors: Joyal‐Desmarais Keven , Rothman Alexander J. , Snyder Mark 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMatching the content of persuasive messages to the characteristics (e.g., motives, personality) of people receiving them is a widely used technique to improve persuasion. However, little is known about how to optimize matching beyond simply using the technique. We propose that matching interventions can be strengthened by matching messages to multiple characteristics at a time, and introduce the concept of matching thresholds to improve the way interventionists assign messages. Matching thresholds are defined as the points along characteristics where people change from being most responsive to one message type to another. We provide statistical and methodological tools to estimate matching thresholds, and evaluate these tools in two simulation studies. We then report an online experiment (N = 568) where we find an advantage for simultaneously matching messages to two characteristics (promotion focus and interdependent self‐construal) and provide estimates of the matching thresholds to guide the assignment of gain/loss frames and independence/interdependence appeals.
Policy, governing and politicality
Authors: Hoppe Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis Forum contribution takes a critical look at 'policy', 'policymaking' and 'governing' as key concepts in policy studies. I briefly peruse the historical etymology of 'policy' to unearth root meanings that, jointly, make up the 'signature' of policy in the language used by observers, practitioners and citizens. Next, I discuss the relation between 'policy' and 'governing'. In a normative conclusion I reflect on the possibility of problematisation as source for a less depoliticised, more democratic post policy centered way of governing.
The antiepileptic effect of Gastrodiae Rhizoma through modulating overexpression of mTOR and attenuating astrogliosis in pilocarpine mice model
Authors: Yip Ka Lai , Koon Chi Man , Chen Zi Yi , Chook Ping , Leung Ping Chung , Schachter Steven , Leung Wai Hong , Mok Chung Tong , Leung Howan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of water extract of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) on the development of acquired temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and on regulating the expression of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and semaphorin 3F (SEMA3F).MethodsA pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) model was adopted to precipitate injury in the limbic systems. GR and carbamazepine (CBZ) treatments were given to mice for 14 days prior to SE induction to demonstrate the antiepileptic effects and continued for 5 more days to illustrate the effects on histologic studies.ResultsOur results consolidated that GR treatment (92.1 minutes) could delay the SE onset in comparison with the control group (61.5 minutes, P = .041). Fewer mice had reached SE with GR treatment (41.7%) when compared with the control group (83.3%, P = .044). GR treatment (2.1 hours/mouse) could suppress the number of acute seizures in post‐SE survival mice when compared with the control group (4.5 hours/mouse, P < .001). The effects of GR treatment were elucidated with the mechanism of actions. GR treatment reduced the overexpression of mTOR (0.27 vs 0.67 AU/mg protein, P = .047). GR treatment increased the underexpression of SEMA3F (0.51 vs 0.16 µg/mg protein, P = .034). In the histochemical study of microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2) staining, our results showed that GR prevented neuronal loss in the GR treatment group (64.8% positively stained pixel area) as compared with the control group (59%, P = .014) in the hippocampus. In glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining, the severity of astrogliosis was mitigated by the GR treatment (4.1% positively stained pixel area) when compared to the control group (5.6%, P = .047) in the hippocampus.SignificanceThese results provide preclinical evidence to support the use of GR, which could suppress acute seizures and relieve pathological changes in pilocarpine‐induced TLE mice. We demonstrated that the antiepileptic effects of GR could be accompanied by mTOR reduction and astrogliosis attenuation.
Multiobjective optimization‐based radio resource allocation and sharing algorithm for D2D‐based V2V communication
Authors: Feki Souhir , Belghith Aymen , Zarai Faouzi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVehicular communication systems have recently attracted a lot of attention because of their potential to improve road efficiency, comfort, and safety. In this paper, we investigate the resource management problem for device‐to‐device–based vehicle‐to‐vehicle communication. A multiobjective radio resource allocation and sharing algorithm is proposed based on a swarm intelligence algorithm called ant colony optimization (ACO). First, for the resource allocation process, three objective functions are formulated to maximize the users' transmission capacity, reduce the mobile transmission power, and minimize the intracell interference. Second, for the resource sharing process, we define two objective functions to optimize the resource utilization and reduce the intercell interference. Finally, a weighted sum method is used to join these objective functions and define one multiobjective optimization problem. The ACO algorithm is used to determine the Pareto optimal solution. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs well and achieves promising performance in terms of network sum rate, packet drop rate, average queuing delay, resource utilization, and mobile's transmission power.
Natural flavor ester synthesis catalyzed by lipases
Authors: Bayout Ikram , Bouzemi Nassima , Guo Na , Mao Xiangzhao , Serra Stefano , Riva Sergio , Secundo Francesco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn spite of the fact that several flavors and fragrances are obtained either by chemical synthesis or by extraction from plants, the application of biocatalysis for the sake of a safe and productive pathway by more sustainable chemical processes is the main alternative. The current study focuses on the synthesis of three flavor esters, namelycis‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate, 2‐phenylethyl acetate, and methyl phenylacetate,viatransesterification and esterification of the natural corresponding alcohols or acids. The impact of optimizing variables that influence this lipase‐catalyzed synthesis, such as enzyme formulations, solvent‐free media, and acetylating agents, is crucial to achieving higher conversions. The enzymatic transesterification using Novozym 435 affordedcis‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl, and 2‐phenylethyl acetates with high yields (>90%) in green solvents. Similar results were obtained in solvent‐free system, which is more economic for the scaling up of this synthesis. In the case of esterification reactions, the removal of water, formed as a by‐product, with the use of Aquasorb enhanced the conversions as in the case of methyl phenylacetate attained with a conversion of 89% in the presence of Novozym 435. However, this effect was not observed in the larger scale reaction (with 0.85 mol ofcis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol). Instead, the efficient strategy of gradual addition of acetic acid has proven to significantly improve the yield ofcis‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate (from 2% up to about 80% in the case of the preparative reaction with 100 mL substrate). Box‐Behnken analysis was also performed to identify the lowest amount of acetylating agent and the shorter time to obtain the highest conversion ratio. This analysis showed that a triacetin/alcohol molar ratio of 1 and 1.75 can be sufficient to obtain a conversion >90% and up to 95%, forcis‐3‐hexen‐1‐yl acetate and 2‐phenylethyl acetate, respectively, similarly to what is obtained with higher triacetin/alcohol molar ratios and comparable reaction time.
Influence of growth temperature on thermal tolerance of leading foodborne pathogens
Authors: Kim Chyer , Alrefaei Rana , Bushlaibi Mariam , Ndegwa Eunice , Kaseloo Paul , Wynn Crystal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccurate prediction of the thermal destruction rate of foodborne pathogens is important for food processors to ensure proper food safety. When bacteria are subjected to thermal stress during storage, sublethal stresses and/or thermal acclimation may lead to differences in their subsequent tolerance to thermal treatment. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the thermal tolerance of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus that are incubated during overnight growth in tryptic soy broth at four temperatures (15, 25, 35, and 45°C). Following incubation, the bacteria were subjected to thermal treatments at 55, 60, and 65°C. At the end of each treatment time, bacterial survival was quantified and further calculated for the thermal death decimal reduction time (D‐value) and thermal destruction temperature (z‐value) using a linear model for thermal treatment time (min) vs. microbial population (Log CFU/ml) and thermal treatment temperature (°C) vs. D‐value, respectively, for each bacterium. Among the four bacterial species, E. coli generally had longer D‐values and lower z‐values than did other bacteria. Increasing patterns of D‐ and z‐values in Listeria were obtained with the increment of incubation temperatures from 15 to 45°C. The z‐values of Staphylococcus (6.19°C), Salmonella (6.73°C), Listeria (7.10°C), and Listeria (7.26°C) were the highest at 15, 25, 35, and 45°C, respectively. Although further research is needed to validate the findings on food matrix, findings in this study clearly affirm that adaptation of bacteria to certain stresses may reduce the effectiveness of preservation hurdles applied during later stages of food processing and storage.
Physicochemical, nutritional, and quality parameters of salted semidried mullet (Chelon haematocheilus) prepared with different processing methods
Authors: Jo Hee Geun , Kim Min Ji , Moon Bo Yeong , Sin Yong Sik , Lee Kyoung Seon , Cheong Sun Hee 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe mullet (Chelon haematocheilus) is a cosmopolitan coastal species. It is often consumed as a sliced raw fish in Korea and as a dried and salted fish roe in several countries, including the southeastern United States and Japan. In this study, to optimize traditional processing of salted semidried mullet (SSDM) for the development of high‐quality products, nine different types of traditional process were applied, and quality changes including physicochemical, nutritional, and sanitary properties were observed. The approximate composition of SSDM was as follows: moisture, 66.1% to 71.8%; ash, 1.65% to 3.75%; crude protein, 16.12% to 18.09%; and crude lipid, 1.11% to 2.07%. The salinity, water activity (Aw), color parameters, peroxide value (POV), acid value (AV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) contents in fresh mullet (FM) and different SSDM groups were affected by different processing techniques including salt concentration and drying methods. In particular, the salinity was significantly increased, whereas the Aw was significantly decreased in all SSDM groups compared to those of FM group. In both FM and SSDM groups, the AV, POV, and TBA values gradually increased with prolonged storage and crude fat content; however, they were not affected by salinity. The amino and fatty acid content also varied depending on the processing method; however, the composition and protein patterns were similar among the groups. The total aerobic bacterial numbers of all SSDM groups were also influenced by different processing methods. The microbial numbers in the mullet after salted semidried treatment were markedly lower than in the FM group during refrigerated storage for 14 days. Therefore, salted semidried treatment for mullet show extended shelf life and improved microbiological safety and biochemical parameters during refrigerated storage.
Attributable Fractions of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease for Mortality in the United States: Results From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey With 27 Years of Follow‐up
Authors: Alvarez Christian S. , Graubard Barry I. , Thistle Jake E. , Petrick Jessica L. , McGlynn Katherine A. 
Published: November 2019

Background and Aims
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) encompasses a range of conditions, from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Studies in the United States have reported an increased mortality risk among individuals with NAFLD; therefore, the population attributable fractions (PAFs) for mortality were examined.

Approach and Results
A total of 12,253 adult individuals with ultrasound assessment of NAFLD from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and mortality follow‐up through 2015 were included in the analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to estimate multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for NAFLD in association with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality. Overall, sex‐ and race/ethnicity‐specific PAFs and 95% CIs were estimated. In the current study, presence of NAFLD was associated with a 20% increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08, 1.34). The overall PAF for all‐cause mortality associated with NAFLD was 7.5% (95% CI, 3.0, 12.0). The PAF for diabetes‐specific mortality was 38.0% (95% CI, 13.1, 63.0) overall, 40.8% (95% CI, 2.1, 79.6) in men, and 36.8% (95% CI, 6.6, 67.0) in women. The PAF for liver disease (LD)‐specific mortality was notably higher in men (68.3%; 95% CI, 36.3, 100.0) than women (3.5%; 95% CI, −39.7, 46.8). In the race‐specific analysis, the PAFs of NAFLD for all‐cause mortality (9.3%; 95% CI, 4.0, 14.6) and diabetes‐specific mortality (44.4%; 95% CI, 10.8, 78.0) were significantly greater than zero only for whites.

Conclusions
In the United States, approximately 8% of all‐cause mortality and more than one‐third of LD‐ and diabetes‐specific deaths are associated with NAFLD. With these high percentages, efforts are needed to reduce the burden of NAFLD in the United States.