bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Kingdom to Republics, 1808–1840
Authors: Pollack Aaron 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Between 1808 and 1840, the Central American territory lived through a period of political instability, marked initially by the impacts of local revolts and the implementation of the Cádiz Constitution of 1812. With political independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Mexican Empire in 1823, the continued implementation of reformist policies established in the late eighteenth century and under Cádiz liberalism would be undertaken in a context of war. Efforts to create a Central American Federation (1823–1838) failed almost from the start, as conflicts arose among those who favored a very loose confederation and those who sought more centralization of power. Federal, state, and municipal governments acted in a context of pressures from dominant and subaltern groups, the latter empowered by their participation in war. Dominant local actors chose to engage with states to further their interests, and these would be solidified, even as the Federation was largely abandoned.
What Model of Full Communion?
Authors: Koch Kurt 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Considering where ecumenism stands today, this chapter recognizes the difficulty caused by disagreement regarding the goal of ecumenism, which itself results from a lack of ecumenical consensus on the nature of the church and its unity. The rapid rise of evangelical and Pentecostal communities is making the ecumenical situation ever more complex. Drawing especially on Jesus’ prayer for unity in John 17, the chapter outlines six dimensions of ecumenism: spiritual, somatic, Trinitarian, missionary, martyrological, and eschatological. Ecumenism must be grounded in prayer, directed towards a visible unity in reconciled diversity, focused on mission and the credibility of the church’s witness, inspired by the modern martyrs of many churches, and encouraged by the awareness that unity is ultimately God’s work that will be accomplished when Christ returns. Lessons are drawn from the story of the disciples on the road to Emmaus for how Christians should behave on the way to unity.
Political Parties and Diaspora: A Case Study of Romanian Parties’ Involvement Abroad
Authors: Borz Gabriela 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
How do parties organise for success in engaging with their diaspora? This study investigates the impact Romanian diaspora has had on national political parties. It develops an argument based on diaspora recognition, engagement and policy as implemented by old and new parties. The analysis shows that recognition of diaspora in party statutes is not a guarantee for engagement. The latter increases with the use of new online communication strategies, provided there is a demand for such communication platforms. New parties with a strong anti-corruption stance mobilise diaspora online. The policy strategy emphasises diaspora support rather than diaspora return as incumbent parties take a gradual approach based on rights and identity promotion, which increases the economic utility of the engagement. The results are based on the analysis of party statutes, governmental documents, party online communication strategies and interviews with party members.
Lateral Perturbation-Induced and Voluntary Stepping in Fallers and Nonfallers After Stroke
Authors: Gray Vicki L , Fujimoto Masahiro , Rogers Mark W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
A loss of balance poststroke from externally induced perturbations or during voluntary movements is often recovered by stepping. The purpose of this study was to characterize stepping behavior during lateral induced waist-pull perturbations and voluntary steps in community-dwelling fallers and nonfallers with chronic stroke.

Methods
This study used a cohort design. Thirty participants &gt;6 months poststroke were exposed to 24 externally triggered lateral waist-pull perturbations and 20 voluntary steps. Balance tolerance limit (BTL) (transition from single to multiple steps) and first step type were determined for the waist-pull perturbations. Step parameters of initiation time, velocity, first step length, and clearance were calculated at and above BTL and for the voluntary steps. Hip abductor/adductor torque, foot cutaneous sensation, and self-reported falls that occurred 6 months prior were evaluated.

Results
Twelve participants were classified retrospectively as fallers and 18 as nonfallers. Fallers had a reduced BTL and took more medial first steps than nonfallers. Above BTL, no between-group differences were found in medial steps. At BTL, the nonparetic step clearance was reduced in fallers. Above BTL, fallers took longer to initiate a paretic and nonparetic step and had a reduced nonparetic step length and clearance compared with nonfallers. There was a between-group difference in step initiation time for voluntary stepping with the paretic leg (P &lt; .05). Fallers had a reduced paretic abductor torque and impaired paretic foot cutaneous sensation.

Conclusion
A high fall rate poststroke necessitates effective fall prevention strategies. Given that more differences were found during perturbation-induced stepping between fallers and nonfallers, further research assessing perturbation-induced training on reducing falls is needed.

Impact
Falls assessments should include both externally induced perturbations along with voluntary movements in determining the fall risk.
The Impact of Immigration on Wages, Internal Migration, and Welfare
Authors: Piyapromdee Suphanit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article studies the impact of immigration on wages, internal migration, and welfare. Using U.S. Census data, I estimate a spatial equilibrium model where labour differs by skill level, gender, and nativity. Workers are heterogeneous in city preferences. Cities vary in productivity levels, housing prices, and amenities. I use the estimated model to assess the distributional consequences of several immigration policies. The results show that a skill selective immigration policy leads to welfare gains for low skill workers, but welfare losses for high skill workers. The negative impacts are more substantial among the incumbent high skill immigrants. Internal migration mitigates the initial negative impacts, particularity in cities where housing supplies are inelastic. However, the negative wage impacts on some workers intensify. This is because an out-migration of workers of a given type may raise the local wages for workers of that type, while reducing the local wages of workers with complementary characteristics. Overall, there are substantial variations in the welfare effects of immigration across and within cities. Further, I use the model to assess the welfare effects of the border wall between Mexico and the U.S. The results show that the potential benefits are significantly smaller than the proposed cost of construction.
The Belgian private foundation Anno 2020
Authors: Goyvaerts Gerd D , Maes Caroline 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Belgian private foundation has now been in existence for 18 years, but it is still a relatively unknown legal entity. The private foundation is, however, a suitable vehicle for wealth and inheritance planning. The foundation makes it possible to segregate assets in order to achieve a certain goal, usually family-related. The private foundation is also subject to a favourable tax regime. In addition, an important benefit is the flexibility that characterizes the private foundation. In this article, the features and benefits are explained in detail.
The CMR in the practice of Latvian courts
Authors: Fillers Aleksandrs 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR) is one of the most successful unifications of private law. However, as more States ratify the Convention, there are more courts with different legal backgrounds and differing levels of preparedness to face the challenge of applying the CMR. Even for the most advanced adjudicators, the application of the CMR is not always a simple task as there remain ambiguities about its content that divide scholars and practitioners. However, some jurisdictions are much less integrated in these debates, and this has obvious effects on their courts and the way the CMR is applied. The purpose of this article is to familiarize readers with the practice of Latvian courts applying the CMR. The CMR has a rather impressive presence in Latvian jurisprudence in terms of quantity. At the same time, courts apply it in an isolated manner, rarely consulting any doctrinal sources and never drawing inspiration from foreign case law. As a result, some of the solutions offered by Latvian courts seem extremely detached from the ‘internationally accepted’ understanding of the CMR. In fact, even simple legal questions often receive unexpected and, unfortunately, incorrect solutions. Nevertheless, some of the issues raised in these decisions are genuinely difficult to resolve and, therefore, could be useful for other jurisdictions.
Genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses in Bangladesh
Authors: Kwon Jung-Hoon , Lee Dong-Hun , Criado Miria Ferreira , Killmaster Lindsay , Ali Md Zulfekar , Giasuddin Mohammad , Samad Mohammed A , Karim Md. Rezaul , Hasan Mahmudul , Brum Eric , Nasrin Tanzinah , Swayne David E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Asian lineage A/H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in Bangladesh since 2007. Although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 HPAIVs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in Bangladesh. In this study, we identified A/H9N2 (n = 15), A/H5N1 (n = 19), and A/H5N1-A/H9N2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (Corvus splendens) in Bangladesh from 2016 to 2018. We analyzed the genetic sequences of the H5 HPAIVs, to better understand the evolutionary history of clade 2.3.2.1a viruses in Bangladesh. Although seven HA genetic subgroups (B1–B7) and six genotypes (G1, G1.1, G1.2, G2, G2.1, and G2.2) have been identified in Bangladesh, only subgroup B7 and genotypes G2, G2.1, and G2.2 were detected after 2016. The replacement of G1 genotype by G2 in Bangladesh was possibly due to vaccination and viral competition in duck populations. Initially, genetic diversity decreased after introduction of vaccination in 2012, but in 2015, genetic diversity increased and was associated with the emergence of genotype G2. Our phylodynamic analysis suggests that domestic Anseriformes, including ducks and geese, may have played a major role in persistence, spread, evolution, and genotype replacement of clade 2.3.2.1a HPAIVs in Bangladesh. Thus, improvements in biosecurity and monitoring of domestic Anseriformes are needed for more effective control of HPAI in Bangladesh.
Improving the Intensive Care Patient Experience With Virtual Reality—A Feasibility Study
Authors: Ong Triton L. , Ruppert Matthew M. , Akbar Maisha , Rashidi Parisa , Ozrazgat-Baslanti Tezcan , Bihorac Azra , Suvajdzic Marko 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Patients’ stays in the ICU are often characterized by prolonged immobility, sedation, disrupted sleep, and extended periods of pain, which put ICU patients at greater risk for ICU-acquired weakness and delirium-related mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of using meditative virtual reality to improve the hospital experience of ICU patients.

Design:
Final report of prospective observational trial.

Setting:
Surgical and trauma ICUs of the University of Florida Health, an academic hospital.

Patients:
Fifty-nine nonintubated adult ICU patients without delirium at recruitment.

Interventions:
Patients were exposed to sessions of commercially available meditative virtual reality applications focused on calmness and relaxation, performed once daily for up to 7 days.

Measurements and Main Results:
Outcome measures included pain level, pain medication administration, anxiety, depression, sleep quality, heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, delirium status, and patient ratings of the virtual reality system. Comparisons were made using paired t tests and mixed models. The virtual reality meditative intervention improved patients’ ICU experience with reduced levels of anxiety and depression; however, there was no evidence that virtual reality had significant effects on physiologic measures, pain, or sleep.

Conclusions:
The use of meditative virtual reality technology in the ICU was easily implemented and well-received by patients.
Electrocardiographic and Echocardiographic Findings in Ghanaian Female Soccer Players
Authors: Pambo Prince , Adu-Adadey Martin , Ankrah Patrina Takyi , Agbodzakey Hope , Scharhag Jürgen 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
To examine the heart of Ghanaian adult and adolescent female soccer players using electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO), and to describe typical ECG and ECHO findings in a cohort of west African female soccer players.

Design:
Cross-sectional study of ECG and ECHO performed as part of precompetition medical assessment for 3 national female football teams preparing for various Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) tournaments in 2016.

Setting:
Ghana National Football Association.

Participants:
Seventy-five female players playing for the National female football teams preparing for FIFA tournaments in 2016.

Interventions:
Precompetition medical assessment using ECGs and ECHOs.

Main Outcome Measure:
Number of athletes with abnormal ECG and ECHO findings using the International ECG Interpretation criteria.

Results:
Eight percent of the participants had T-wave inversions in lateral leads (V5–V6). Voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were present in 35% of participants. A total of 2.7% of the players had LV wall thickness (LVWT) ≥12 mm with no player exceeding 13 mm. No player had LV cavity dimension greater than 60 mm.

Conclusion:
Ghanaian female soccer players seem to have a high prevalence of LVH and repolarization change. Although LVWT up to 12 mm might be normal in this cohort, deep T-wave inversions and LVWT ≥13 mm should always be further investigated and/or undergo a long-term follow.
Predictive Factors of Fall-Related Activity Avoidance in People With Parkinson Disease—A Longitudinal Study With a 3-Year Follow-up
Authors: Nilsson Maria H. , Jonasson Stina B. , Zijlstra G. A. Rixt 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
Knowledge of predictive factors can foster the development of preventive approaches. This study examined how prevalence and severity of fall-related activity avoidance evolve over a 3-year period in people with Parkinson disease (PD). A specific aim was to identify predictive factors of fall-related activity avoidance (ie, modified Survey of Activities and Fear of Falling in the Elderly [mSAFFE] scores) after 3 years.

Methods:
The sample included 151 people with PD (mean [SD] age: 68 [8.8] years). The mSAFFE score was the dependent variable in multivariable linear regression analyses, with 17 potential predictors. On the basis of a collinearity check, 2 models studying various risk factors were developed. Model 1 included concerns about falling and model 2 walking difficulties.

Results:
After 3 years, more participants reported fall-related activity avoidance, that is, 34% versus 50% (P < 0.001). Regression model 1 explained 63% of the variance. The strongest predictive factor was concerns about falling (standardized regression coefficient, β = 0.589), followed by pain (β = 0.161), unsteadiness while turning (β = 0.137), and age (β = 0.136). These variables remained significant when adjusting for mSAFFE baseline scores.
In model 2 (explained 50% of the variance), the strongest predictive factor was perceived walking difficulties (β = 0.392), followed by age (β = 0.238), unsteadiness while turning (β = 0.198), and pain (β = 0.184). Unlike the other factors, walking difficulties were not significant when adjusting for mSAFFE baseline scores.

Discussion and Conclusions:
Fall-related activity avoidance increased over time in people with PD. If fall-related activity avoidance is to be targeted, this study suggests that interventions should address concerns about falling, pain, unsteadiness while turning, and walking difficulties.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A310).
Improving Spatiotemporal Gait Asymmetry Has Limited Functional Benefit for Individuals Poststroke
Authors: Ryan Hannah P. , Husted Carty , Lewek Michael D. 
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:
Prior literature suggests a relationship between spatiotemporal gait asymmetry and metabolic cost of walking, balance, endurance, quality of life, and physical activity in people with chronic stroke. Our purpose was to determine whether targeting spatiotemporal gait symmetry would concomitantly improve these measures.

Methods:
This study represents secondary outcome measures from a trial in which 48 participants with chronic stroke were randomized to groups that all targeted spatiotemporal gait asymmetry. Measures of balance, daily step count, endurance (6-minute walk test [6MWT), metabolic cost of walking, quality of life (Stroke Impact Scale [SIS]), and overground spatiotemporal asymmetries were collected 1 week prior to and following training. Separate analyses were performed for those who trained for spatial versus temporal asymmetry. The effect of time (pre/post) was examined for all measures and correlational analyses evaluated the potential relationships between changes in spatiotemporal asymmetry and all other measures.

Results:
Individuals who trained to target step length asymmetry improved balance, 6MWT distance, metabolic cost of walking, and SIS-Mobility. Individuals who trained to target stance time asymmetry improved balance, 6MWT distance, SIS-Mobility, and SIS-Global recovery scores. However, step length asymmetry improvements were only related to improved 6MWT distance (P = 0.025; r = −0.49). Stance time asymmetry improvements were only related to improved metabolic cost of walking (P = 0.031; r = 0.558).

Discussion and Conclusions:
Despite a targeted training approach and noted improvements in most measures, these changes did not appear to arise from improved spatiotemporal gait asymmetry. Furthermore, improvements in gait function observed in the laboratory setting did not appear to translate to increased community mobility.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A316).
Shewanella insulae sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat
Authors: Park Sooyeon , Kim In Kyu , Kim Wonyong , Yoon Jung-Hoon 
Published: June 2020

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, motile by single polar flagellum and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated JBTF-M18T, was isolated from tidal-flat sediment collected from the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JBTF-M18T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of

Shewanella

species. Strain JBTF-M18T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.1–98.8 % to the type strains of

S. loihica

,

S. aquimarina

,

S. waksmanii

and

S. marisflavi

and of less than 96.9 % to the type strains of the other

Shewanella

species. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between strain JBTF-M18T and the type strains of

S. waksmanii

and

S. loihica

were 72.0 and 89.5% and 18.9 and 38.1 %, respectively. DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain JBTF-M18T and the type strains of

S. aquimarina

and

S. marisflavi

were 14 and 19 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain JBTF-M18T from genomic sequence data was 52.9 %. Strain JBTF-M18Tcontained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and Q-7 and Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinones. It had iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain JBTF-M18T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain JBTF-M18T is separated from recognized

Shewanella

species. On the basis of the data presented, strain JBTF-M18T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus

Shewanella

, for which the name Shewanella insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JBTF-M18T (=KACC 19869T=NBRC 113583T).
Lysobacter profundi sp. nov., isolated from freshwater sediment and reclassification of Lysobacter panaciterrae as Luteimonas panaciterrae comb. nov.
Authors: Jin Chun-Zhi , Song Xiuli , Sung Yun Ju , Jin Feng-Jie , Li Taihua , Oh Hee-Mock , Lee Hyung-Gwan , Jin Long 
Published: June 2020

A polyphasic taxonomic study was carried out on strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 isolated from a 67 cm-long sediment core collected from the Daechung Reservoir at a water depth of 17 m, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. The cells of the strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed a clear affiliation of two strains with γ-Proteobacteria, which showed the highest pairwise sequence similarities to

Lysobacter hankyongensis

KTce-2T (96.5 %),

Lysobacter pocheonensis

Gsoil193T (96.3 %),

Lysobacter ginsengisoli

Gsoil 357T (96.1 %),

Lysobacter solanacearum

T20R-70T (96.1 %),

Lysobacter brunescens

KCTC 12130T (95.4 %) and

Lysobacter capsici

YC5194T (95.3 %). The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the strains formed a clear phylogenetic lineage with the genus

Lysobacter

. The major fatty acids were identified as summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1
ω9c and/or C18 : 1 10-methyl), iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0. The respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and an unidentified phospholipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was determined to be 66.8 mol% (genome) for strain CHu50b-3-2T and 66.4 mol% (HPLC) for strain CHu40b-3-1. Based on the combined genotypic and phenotypic data, we propose that strains CHu50b-3-2T and CHu40b-3-1 represent a novel species of the genus

Lysobacter

, for which the name Lysobacter profundi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CHu50b-3-2T (=KCTC 72973T=CCTCC AB 2019129T). Besides

Lysobacter panaciterrae

Gsoil 068T formed a phylogenetic group together with strain

Luteimonas aquatica

RIB1-20T (EF626688) that is clearly separated from all other known

Lysobacter

strains. Based on the phylogenetic relationships together with fatty acid compositions,

Lysobacter panaciterrae

Gsoil 068T should be reclassified as a member of the genus Luteimonas: Luteimonas aquatica comb. nov. (type strain Gsoil 068T=KCTC 12601T=DSM 17927T).