Validating the map of current semi-natural ecosystem types in Germany and their upscaling using the Kellerwald-Edersee National Park as an example
Authors: Nickel Stefan , Schröder Winfried , Völksen Barbara 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Implementation Action 5 of the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020 includes that Member States map and assess the state of ecosystems and their services in their national territory. A fundamental component of the respective methodology developed in Germany is the classification of semi-natural ecosystems. In this context, this study aims to examine the quality and re-usability of the map of current semi-natural ecosystem types (cEsT) in Germany (1: 500,000; Jenssen et al. in Forschungsvorhaben 3710 83 214, UBA-FB 001834. UBA-Texte 87/2013. Dessau, Textband + 9 Anhänge, 381 S, 2013; Schröder et al. in Sci Total Environ 521–522:108–122, 2015, in Abschlussbericht Forschungsvorhaben UFOPLAN 3713 83 254 im Umweltforschungsplan des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit, Bd. 1:1–493 + 7 Anhänge, Bd. 2:1–343, Bd. 3:1–303. Dessau, 2018]) as well as the cEsT map of the Kellerwald National Park (1: 25,000).

Results
Based on DIN EN ISO 19113 and (DDGI in Qualitätsmodell für die Beschreibung von Geodaten (PAS 1071:2007-10), Beuth Verlag, Berlin, 14 S. + Anh, 2007), the positional accuracy (absolute positional accuracy) and thematic accuracy (classification correctness) were quantitatively determined. For this purpose, a comparison was made with geometrical data of well-known positional accuracy such as ATKIS-DLM (Hesse), mapping of biotopes and habitat types (Hesse, Germany), current vegetation surveys from the Kellerwald National Park (Hesse; permanent random sample inspection, own survey) as well as vegetation surveys available Germany-wide after 1990 from the database of the Institute of Forestry Eberswalde (Waldkunde-Institut Eberswalde; W.I.E.). The map of cEsT Germany has an absolute positional accuracy of ± 42.29 m (≈ ± 42 m) and has been classified correctly by about 30%. Another approximately 35% are ecologically similar to the existing forest ecosystem types (together 65%). In a further approximately 15%, the ecosystem types were correctly classified, but only occur as accompanying ecosystem types. About 15% occurred as an ecologically related accompanying ecosystem type (together 30%). 5% of the spatial objects were mapped incorrectly. In the Kellerwald National Park (1: 25,000), about 22% of the cEsT were classified correctly. Misclassifications on both scale levels concerned the assignments to the elevation levels (e.g., Eb-5n-C2 instead of D1-5n-C2) and, respectively, to the humus species (e.g., Eb-5n-D1 instead of Eb-5n-D1a). The main reason for misclassifications can be seen in high thematic differentiation of the ecosystem classification according to Jenssen et al. (2013). The biotope and habitat mappings are, due to their generally lower thematic differentiation, more appropriate for a falsification than for a verification of the cEsT approach. However, the spatial information content is valuable for comparisons with regard to the occurrence of cEsT as the main or concomitant ecosystem type.

Conclusions
The correctness of the classification can best be verified by vegetation samplings, but only at the site level. Any deviations found could then be used to improve the quality of the cEsT mapping, particularly at the regional level (1:5000 to 1:25,000). In principle, the use of the identification key for forest and forest ecosystem types (Schröder et al. 2018, vol. 3) is recommended for mapping on a regional scale.