bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demography and population parameters of two species of eristaline flower flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalini)
Authors: Campoy Andrés , Sáez Lidia , Pérez‐Bañón Celeste , Rojo Santos 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe importance of eristaline flies (Diptera, Syrphidae, Eristalini) as pollinators in natural ecosystems and for agricultural crops is well known. However, in‐depth studies on the life cycle of most of these species have yet to be carried out. The aim of this research was to study the life cycle of Eristalis tenax (Linnaeus, 1758) and Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli, 1763) in order to improve the current rearing system employed at the University of Alicante. The results were analysed using the age‐stage, two‐sex life table method. As one of the main results, the mean duration of the life history of E. tenax and E. aeneus was 46.06 and 65.12 days (d), respectively. The most critical step for both species was found at the beginning of the larval stage (first instar), when the highest mortality was recorded. Population parameters were also analysed and compared. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), the finite rate of increase (λ), the net reproductive rate (R0) and the mean generation time (T) were 0.09 (d−1), 1.09 (d−1), 42.11 offspring and 40.97 d, in the case of E. aeneus and 0.05 (d−1), 1.05 (d−1), 23.13 offspring and 59.23 d, in the case of E. tenax. These results indicate that the current rearing system is more efficient for E. aeneus, which displays a faster population growth. However, some modifications need to be implemented to improve the production of E. tenax.
Nonstandard Work Schedules and Father Involvement Among Resident and Nonresident Fathers
Authors: Pilarz Alejandra Ros , Cuesta Laura , Drazen Yonah 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe authors examined associations between resident and nonresident fathers' nonstandard work schedules, work hours, and their level of involvement with their young children in the United States.BackgroundNonstandard work schedules may negatively impact father involvement either directly by reducing fathers' availability or indirectly by taking a toll on their well‐being. Prior research on nonstandard schedules and father involvement has focused on two‐parent households, yet nonstandard schedules may pose similar or greater challenges to nonresident fathers.MethodUsing data on 1,598 resident and 759 nonresident fathers from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, we estimated regression models to test associations between fathers' nonstandard work schedules, work hours, and fathers' involvement—accessibility, engagement, and responsibility—controlling for confounding factors and using residualized change models. For nonresident fathers only, we estimated associations between nonstandard schedules, work hours, and child support.ResultsAmong nonresident fathers, working evenings was associated with lower engagement relative to working standard hours only and other nonstandard schedules, and in some models, working a variable schedule was associated with greater responsibility relative to other nonstandard schedules. Among resident fathers, working any nonstandard schedule versus standard hours only was associated with greater responsibility, and total work hours were negatively associated with each measure of involvement.ConclusionThe findings suggest that fathers' work schedules may be an important factor in understanding resident and nonresident fathers' involvement with their young children.
Where does the forest come back from? Soil and litter seed banks and the juvenile bank as sources of vegetation resilience in a semiarid Neotropical forest
Authors: Lipoma María Lucrecia , Fortunato Valentina , Enrico Lucas , Díaz Sandra 
Published: November 2019

AbstractQuestions: The existence of reservoirs from which dominant plants recruit after disturbances is a key factor in ecosystem resilience. With this in mind, we ask the following qestion: where do woody species regenerate from in the semiarid Neotropical Chaco forest? Is land use affecting the floristic composition of biodiversity reservoirs? Are the soil and litter seed banks and the juvenile bank potential sources of resilience of these forests in the face of different land‐use regimes?Location: Chancaní, Northwestern Córdoba, Argentina.Methods: We selected four ecosystem types subjected to increasing long‐term land‐use intensity: primary forest (no land use in the last 50 years), secondary forest (low land‐use intensity), closed species‐rich shrubland (moderate land‐use intensity), and open shrubland (high land‐use intensity). We monitored four sites per ecosystem type where we recorded adults, saplings and seedlings of all woody species. We collected litter and soil samples that were processed in the laboratory for taxonomic identification and germination of seeds. We compared the floristic composition of the soil and litter banks, as well as of the juvenile bank (“biodiversity reservoirs”) with that of established vegetation of the primary forest, considered as the reference ecosystem. We also compared the established vegetation from sites under land use with that of the primary forest.Results: Woody species were scarcely represented in the soil, but very well represented in the litter and the juvenile banks from different ecosystem types. These two reservoirs showed high similarity with the established vegetation of the primary forest. However, as land‐use intensity increased, similarity between the reservoirs and the established vegetation of the primary forest decreased.Conclusion: Litter and juvenile banks, but not the soil bank, are the main reservoirs for the recruitment of new individuals of woody species in the Chaco forest. However, the ability of these reservoirs to act as sources of resilience decreases as land use intensifies.
Transurethral resection in women with symptomatic keratinizing squamous metaplasia of urinary bladder: A retrospective study of 92 cases
Authors: Wang Huan , Chong Tie , Tang Xiu‐Ying , Zheng Wen‐Bo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the efficacy of transurethral resection (TUR) on relieving urinary symptoms in patients with keratinizing squamous metaplasia (KSM) of the urinary bladder.MethodsData were analyzed from a retrospective study of patients receiving transurethral bipolar plasma resection (bi‐TUR) treatment for symptomatic KSM. Urinary symptoms were assessed by the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and a numeric rating scale pain score. Efficacy was assessed using the IPSS to determine changes from baseline in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Self‐reported quality of life (QoL) was assessed by the last question of the IPSS questionnaire.ResultsA total of 92 female patients were included in the analysis. The median age was 42 years. LUTS, pain, and hematuria were the most common symptoms that affected patients. The median follow‐up duration was 51 months. There were significant improvements in LUTS from baseline IPSS after TUR (P < .001). The percentage of the patients with moderate to severe LUTS went down from 52.2% to 18.5%. The median Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)‐11 pain score reduced from 3 at baseline to 0 at the last visit. Twenty‐one out of 40 patients reported that the pain symptoms disappeared completely. No patients reported hematuria symptoms at the final follow‐up. Improvement of self‐reported QoL was significant (P < .001). A total of 57.6% of patients reported an improvement, 26.1% of patients reported no improvement, and 16.3% reported deterioration.ConclusionsBi‐TUR therapy significantly relieved urinary symptoms in women with KSM. Improvement of QoL was acceptable with a success rate of 57.6%. Considering the very low complication rate, our study supported bi‐TUR as an alternative treatment for patients who are resistant to medical therapy.
2015–16 ENSO contributed reduction in oil sardines along the Kerala coast, south‐west India
Authors: Shetye Suhas S. , Kurian Siby , Gauns Mangesh , Vidya Pottekkatt Jayapalan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFishery along the west coast of India largely depends on pelagic fish such as oil sardines, which are dominant during the south‐west monsoon. However, the response of sardine population to the warming caused by the climatic events such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is poorly studied. Here, we hypothesize that the ENSO‐related changes in biogeochemistry can adversely affect the oil sardines. We have used biogeochemical data collected along the Kerala coast during September 2015 (ENSO year) and September 2017 (a normal year) supported by catch per unit effort (CPUE) and fishery landing data to show the ENSO‐related bio‐physical dynamics and its impact on the oil sardine population along the south‐west coast of India. During the 2015 ENSO year, upwelling velocity decreased minimizing cooling of surface waters and resulted with an increase in sea surface temperature (SST) (~1.8°C). Consequent decrease in nutrient levels favoured nano‐phytoplankton and pico‐phytoplankton. On the other hand, during September 2017 when the ENSO effect was nullified, the decreased SST and availability of nutrients in the euphotic zone resulted in the dominance of micro‐phytoplankton. The hydrographic conditions (reduction in upwelling intensity), and reduction in micro‐phytoplankton abundance and zooplankton density in turn perhaps affected the fishery potential of the region. Oil sardines population (along the west coast) collapsed from 1.55 lakh tones (2014) to 0.46 lakh tones during 2015–2016 ENSO event, while in 2017 the conditions become favorable and their population was back to normal (1.27 lakh tones). Our results are in close agreement with our hypothesis and suggest that ENSO events could reduce phytoplankton productivity and disrupt the food chain, which in turn can affect the oil sardine population along the west coast of India.
Modularity and evolution of flower shape: the role of function, development, and spandrels inErica
Authors: Reich Dieter , Berger Andreas , von Balthazar Maria , Chartier Marion , Sherafati Mahboubeh , Schönenberger Jürg , Manafzadeh Sara , Staedler Yannick M. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryFlowers have been hypothesized to contain either modules of attraction and reproduction, functional modules (pollination‐effecting parts) or developmental modules (organ‐specific). Do pollination specialization and syndromes influence floral modularity?In order to test these hypotheses and answer this question, we focused on the genusErica: we gathered 3D data from flowers of 19 species with diverse syndromes via computed tomography, and for the first time tested the above‐mentioned hypotheses via 3D geometric morphometrics. To provide an evolutionary framework for our results, we tested the evolutionary mode of floral shape, size and integration under the syndromes regime, and – for the first time – reconstructed the high‐dimensional floral shape of their most recent common ancestor.We demonstrate that the modularity of the 3D shape of generalist flowers depends on development and that of specialists is linked to function: modules of pollen deposition and receipt in bird syndrome, and access‐restriction to the floral reward in long‐proboscid fly syndrome. Only size and shape principal component 1 showed multiple‐optima selection, suggesting that they were co‐opted during evolution to adapt flowers to novel pollinators. Whole floral shape followed an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (selection‐driven) evolutionary model, and differentiated relatively late.Flower shape modularity thus crucially depends on pollinator specialization and syndrome.
The Historical Presidency: The Nixon Act
Authors: Jacobson Zachary Jonathan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractScholars are accustomed to viewing Ronald Reagan the politician through the prism of his career as a Hollywood actor. The presidency, Lou Cannon wrote, was Reagan’s “role of a lifetime.” Less often appreciated is that Richard Nixon, too, was the quintessential actor, transforming time and again to reinvent himself as the “new” Nixon and the new “new” Nixon. He was the eager “boy wonder.” He was the fierce Red‐baiter. He was the revered elder statesman. For more than half a century, scholars have sought to locate which was the “real Nixon.” The exercise has proven elusive, for Nixon became a secretive president not simply for security or trickery but because he hid himself. In this essay, I look to leave Nixon both more and less legible. I have found that by shifting over and over, in hiding, in acting, in playing each role, Nixon became unknowable.
A Bayesian Spatial Categorical Model for Prediction to Overlapping Geographical Areas in Sample Surveys
Authors: Bakar Shuvo K. , Biddle Nicholas , Kokic Philip , Jin Huidong 
Published: November 2019

SummaryMotivated by the Australian National University poll, we consider a situation where survey data have been collected from respondents for several categorical variables and a primary geographic classification, e.g. postcode. Here, a common and important problem is to obtain estimates for a second target geography that overlaps with the primary geography but has not been collected from the respondents. We examine this problem when areal level census information is available for both geographic classifications. Such a situation is challenging from a small area estimation perspective for several reasons: there is a misalignment between the census and survey information as well as the geographical classifications; the geographic areas are potentially small and so prediction can be difficult because of the sparse or spatially missing data issue; and there is the possibility of non-stationary spatial dependence. To address these problems we develop a Bayesian model using latent processes, underpinned by a non-stationary spatial basis that combines Moran's I and multiresolution basis functions with a small but representative set of knots. The study results based on simulated data demonstrate that the model can be highly effective and gives more accurate estimates for areas defined by the target geography than several existing models. The model also performs well for the Australian National University poll data to predict on a second geographic classification: statistical area level 2.
The Effect of Opinion Readability on the Impact of U.S. Supreme Court Precedents in State High Courts
Authors: Fix Michael P. , Fairbanks Bailey R. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveThis article examines whether more readable U.S. Supreme Court opinions are cited with greater frequency in state courts of last resort.MethodsWe use random slope, random intercept multilevel models to analyze 30 years of state high court citations to U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions issued during the 1987–2006 terms.ResultsOur analysis reveals that opinion readability exerts a strong substantive impact on citation rates. This effect holds while accounting for a variety of factors previously shown to influence citation rates.ConclusionInstitutional constraints, workload considerations, and audience costs should lead state high courts to find clearly written opinions more attractive than jargon‐laden ones. This makes the readability of a U.S. Supreme Court precedent a useful heuristic for state courts when selecting among potential relevant precedents. As these courts play a major role in implementing U.S Supreme Court decisions, our findings indicate that the readability of U.S. Supreme Court opinions has a strong effect on their long‐term impact.
Fungal‐based bioherbicides for weed control: a myth or a reality?
Authors: Triolet M , Guillemin J‐P , Andre O , Steinberg C 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe use of bioherbicides containing fungal active ingredients or natural fungal molecules is one of the possible solutions to reduce the use of chemical products. This paper focuses on studies of bioherbicides, including both living fungi and natural fungal molecules, published in the last 45 years, and their associated weed targets; current problems in the development of bioherbicides are also discussed. Bibliometric methods based on the Web of Science database were used to analyse relevant articles published between 1973 and 2018. Overall analysis suggested that interest in bioherbicides extends over the preceding thirty years, when many potential microorganisms and natural fungal molecules were proposed. Furthermore, analysis of about 229 articles indicated an encouraging exploitable potential, although there is a real gap between the number of experimental studies and the small number of products currently on the market. A dozen fungal‐based bioherbicides are on the market in the United States and Canada, while countries, such as China and South Africa, have one, and none is available in Europe. The active ingredients in these bioherbicides are living fungi, but no fungal molecule‐based product is thus far on the market. Reasons for this gap include production hurdles, formulation process, ecological fitness, duration of herbicidal effects, and costly and time‐consuming registration procedures. However, it is clear that analysis of fungus–plant interactions provides a promising source of bioherbicides that may be applied to appropriate cropping systems for environment‐friendly, sustainable weed control.
Increased crop diversity reduces the functional space available for weeds
Authors: Pakeman R J , Brooker R W , Karley A J , Newton A C , Mitchell C , Hewison R L , Pollenus J , Guy D C , Schöb C 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThere is a drive to improve the sustainability of agricultural systems including the biodiversity component. Cultivar mixtures offer yield benefits from the same land area, but the mechanisms behind this overyielding have not been completely worked out. One potential mechanism is improved competition with weeds. We use an experimental approach of varying barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypic and phenotypic diversity to test the hypothesis that increases in diversity have an impact on weed growth strategies and community assembly, or if responses are driven by barley performance. There was no effect of increasing barley mixture diversity on weed traits, either in terms of species means or the community‐weighted mean. However, Functional Richness of the weed community decreased with increasing barley mixture diversity mainly as a result of reduced specific leaf area Functional Richness. This pattern was driven by a reduction in species richness of the weed community rather than by reduced variation within species. Whilst barley phenotype had different impacts on weed traits, there were no specific mixtures of phenotypes or genotypes that had consistent effects on community assembly or weed species responses. The competitive exclusion of weed species could have agronomic and environmental benefits, through better targeting or less frequent use of herbicides. Growing crop mixtures is one of many strategies available to improve agricultural sustainability and resilience, and one that has clear benefits.
Experimental Study of Air Slot Jet Impingement Cooling From Cylinder Placed on a Flat Plate
Authors: Ganatra Ketan Atulkumar , Singh Dushyant 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The experimental study for air slot jet impingement cooling from the heated cylinder is carried out. The heated cylinder is placed on a flat plate. The flat plate has an effective dimension as plate length (P) from heat transfer point of view. The heating of the cylindrical surface is done by providing a constant heat flux. The various parameters which affect the heat transfer from the cylinder are ReD, h/S, S/D, and P/D. The range of the parameters considered are ReD = 10,000–25,000, h/S = 4–12, S/D = 0.072–0.108, and P/D = 0–2. The effect of various parameters on heat transfer distribution (stagnation and local Nusselt number) from the cylinder is investigated. The local Nusselt number has a maximum value at θ = 0 deg and then it decreases upto θ = 180 deg. This trend is observed for all the parametric variations. The stagnation Nusselt number (Nustag) and local Nusselt number increases with the change of parameters as increase in ReD and S/D and decrease in h/S. However, Nustag remains independent with the change in P/D. The correlation for stagnation and mean Nusselt number is developed using regression analysis as a function of ReD, h/S, S/D, and P/D. The maximum error associated with the correlated value of Nustag and Num as compared with the experimental data is observed as ±13% and ±25%.
Buckling of an Elastic Plate/Layer Along a Rigid Base With Adhesion
Authors: Adams George G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
An infinitely long elastic plate/layer is under uniaxial compression with its long dimension held by adhesion to a flat rigid base without friction. A prescribed length of the plate/layer is free of adhesion. This configuration is similar to a pre-stressed elastic film for which buckling of an unbonded section is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for delamination. For that configuration, buckling occurs at the Euler buckling load of a fixed–fixed plate. Although the present study does not include friction or tangential interface stresses, the onset of buckling should be similar for these two cases. For the case of an elastic plate, a cohesive zone is used and it is found that the fixed–fixed buckling load is not attained except for extremely large values of a cohesive zone parameter. For realistic values, the buckling load is about half of that value. For the situation of an elastic layer with adhesion (without a cohesive zone), the buckling load approaches the fixed–fixed value only for very large values of the ratio of the unbonded length to the thickness.
Heat Transfer Evaluation for a Two-Pass Smooth Wall Channel: Stationary and Rotating Cases
Authors: Saravani Mandana S. , DiPasquale Nicholas J. , Abbas Ahmad I. , Amano Ryoichi S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study presents findings on combined effects of Reynolds number and rotational effect for a two-pass channel with a 180-deg turn, numerically and experimentally. To have a better understanding of the flow behavior and to create a baseline for future studies, a smooth wall channel with the square cross section is used in this study. The Reynolds number varies between 6000 and 35,000. Furthermore, by changing the rotational speed, the maximum rotation number of 1.5 is achieved. For the numerical investigation, large eddy simulation (LES) is utilized. Results from the numerical study show a good agreement with the experimental data. From the results, it can be concluded that increasing both Reynolds number and rotational speed is in favor of the heat transfer coefficient enhancement, especially in the turn region.
Exergy-Based Sustainability Analysis for Tile Production From Waste Plastics in Uganda
Authors: Balcom Paige , Carey Van P. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents an exergy-based sustainability analysis of manufacturing roof tiles from plastic waste in Uganda. This work focuses specifically on the developing country context and on utilizing waste material. A summary of the current Ugandan plastic waste situation, environmental and health issues associated with plastic waste, current means of recycling plastic waste into new products, and an analysis of the Ugandan roofing market is presented. The total exergy consumed to produce one batch of 75 tiles is over 240 MJ, the potentially recoverable exergy is nearly 17 MJ (8% of consumed exergy), and the realistic recoverable exergy is over 6.4 MJ (nearly 3% of consumed exergy). Recycling plastic waste into roof tiles saves a net 188 kg of CO2 from entering the atmosphere per batch when compared with open burning. If all of Kampala’s plastic waste was converted to roofing tiles, nearly 560 tonnes of CO2 could be saved per year.