bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justifying New Rights: Affectedness, Vulnerability, and the Rights of Peasants
Authors: Heri Corina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOver the last decades, various groups seeking international legal recognition of new human rights claims have succeeded in their endeavors. Some movements have crafted such convincing demands that their participation has even become an implicit condition of the legitimacy of the resulting human rights documents. But what are the bases of claims for new human rights, and how do they help to confront the argument that human rights’ expansion also entails their dilution? This Article explores narratives based on two different concepts, namely the political-science concept of affectedness and the legal-ethical concept of vulnerability. It does so by drawing on the process for the recognition of peasant human rights at the United Nations. The Article explores what it understands as the peasant critique of existing human rights by looking at the differences and interrelations between affectedness and vulnerability-based argumentation. It argues that an approach premised purely on affectedness, and thus focused on participation, is less empowering than one that includes a regard for vulnerability, which serves as a heuristic device for identifying and challenging inequalities, demands substantive outcomes, and can serve to craft a convincing theoretical account of human rights protections.
Legendierte Polizeikontrollen: Judgment from the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) of April 26, 2017, 2 StR 247/16
Authors: Karbe Dorothee , Jawurek Charlotte , Sarder Philipp 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe German police stopped and searched a car crossing the border from the Netherlands and thereby detected large quantities of drugs. What sounds like a standard procedure is actually a very controversial case recently heard at the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof; BGH), dealing with so called legendierte Polizeikontrollen. These are apparently random police checks that are, in reality, well prepared and specifically targeted at the subject of the police check due to ongoing investigations. This case raised the issue of lawful evidence gathering by the police when pursuing both preventive and repressive objectives, as well as the question of the subsequent exploitation in court of the evidence obtained. Addressing issues of the utmost significance, such as the circumvention of the rights of the accused, this BGH judgment was critically reviewed among legal scholars.
Pushing the boundaries of diode-pumped solid-state lasers for high-energy applications
Authors: Banerjee Saumyabrata , Mason Paul , Phillips Jonathan , Smith Jodie , Butcher Thomas , Spear Jacob , De Vido Mariastefania , Quinn Gary , Clarke Danielle , Ertel Klaus , Hernandez-Gomez Cristina , Edwards Chris , Collier John 
Published: May 2020

We report on the successful demonstration of a 150 J nanosecond pulsed cryogenic gas cooled, diode-pumped multi-slab Yb:YAG laser operating at 1 Hz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest energy ever recorded for a diode-pumped laser system.
The Newly-Recognised Refugees Most at Risk of Homelessness in England
Authors: MITTON LAVINIA 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe contribution of this paper is to analyse statistical data to assess whether homelessness among people who have recently been granted refugee status in England is concentrated amongst particular groups of these refugees. The methodology was quantitative analysis using logistic regression of the Home Office’s Survey of New Refugees (SNR), which they carried out in 2005-7. We tested the relative role played by pre-migration demographic factors, post-migration life experience factors, and government immigration policy in accounting for patterns found, and drew on literature to interpret the meaning of our statistical results. Our analysis clearly suggests that refugee and asylum policy contribute to homelessness among newly-recognised refugees. This interpretation is supported by the qualitative evidence from services providing assistance to refugees, and evidence put to the All Party Parliamentary Group on Refugees (2017). Action to address the housing problems of refugees moving on from accommodation provided for asylum seekers should be considered a high policy priority, albeit that associations between homelessness, household size, and age also present intervention opportunities.
The experience of animal therapy in residential aged care in New Zealand: a narrative analysis
Authors: Wong Gemma , Breheny Mary 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnimal therapy has been shown to have both physiological and psychological benefits for older people, including improvements in outlook and social interaction. Volunteer-led animal visitation programmes are common within residential aged care facilities in New Zealand. Visits by animals and handlers are intended to improve the quality of life of people in residential care. Very little research has been conducted on the informal animal visitation programmes typical in care facilities in New Zealand. This project examined the experience of animal therapy in two residential aged care homes that receive animal visits from an animal welfare organisation. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven older people about their experiences of the programme and analysed using narrative analysis. Three overarching narratives were identified: animal therapy as a fleeting pleasure, residential care as a sad environment, and identity outside residential care as highly valued. Older people in residential care do value animal therapy, but it is narrated as a fleeting pleasure, rather than having a long-lasting or far-reaching impact on the daily experience of residential care. In some ways, the structure of the animal therapy programme may underscore the challenges to everyday autonomy and identity experienced in residential aged care. These findings can be used to develop animal visiting programmes which recognise the importance of a valued social identity in later life.
‘I'm going to live my life for me’: trans ageing, care, and older trans and gender non-conforming adults’ expectations of and concerns for later life
Authors: Willis Paul , Raithby Michele , Dobbs Christine , Evans Elizabeth , Bishop Jenny-Anne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile research on the health and wellbeing of older lesbian, gay and bisexual adults is gradually expanding, research on older trans and gender non-conforming (TGNC) adults lags behind. Current scholarship about this group raises important questions about the intersection of ageing and gender identity for enhancing care and support for older TGNC adults and the lack of preparedness of health and social professionals for meeting these needs. In this paper, we examine the accounts of 22 TGNC individuals (50–74 years) on the topic of ageing and unpack their concerns for and expectations of later life. We present qualitative findings from a study of gender identity, ageing and care, based in Wales, United Kingdom. Data were generated from two-part interviews with each participant. Four key themes are identified: (a) facilitative factors for transitioning in mid- to later life; (b) growing older as a new lease of life; (c) growing older: regrets, delays and uncertainties; and (d) ambivalent expectations of social care services. We argue that growing older as TGNC can be experienced across a multitude of standpoints, ranging from a new lease of life to a time of regret and uncertainty. We critically discuss emergent notions of trans time, precarity and uncertainty running across participants’ accounts, and the implications for enhancing recognition of gender non-conformity and gender identity in social gerontology.
Using a Redundant User Interface in Teleoperated Surgical Systems for Task Performance Enhancement
Authors: Torabi Ali , Khadem Mohsen , Zareinia Koroush , Sutherland Garnette Roy , Tavakoli Mahdi 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYThe enhanced dexterity and manipulability offered by master–slave teleoperated surgical systems have significantly improved the performance and safety of minimally invasive surgeries. However, effective manipulation of surgical robots is sometimes limited due to the mismatch between the slave and master robots’ kinematics and workspace. The purpose of this paper is first to formulate a quantifiable measure of the combined master–slave system manipulability. Next, we develop a null-space controller for the redundant master robot that employs the proposed manipulability index to enhance the performance of teleoperation tasks by matching the kinematics of the redundant master robot with the kinematics of the slave robot. The null-space controller modulates the redundant degrees of freedom of the master robot to reshape its manipulability ellipsoid (ME) towards the ME of the slave robot. The ME is the geometric interpretation of the kinematics of a robot. By reshaping the master robot’s manipulability, we match the master and slave robots’ kinematics. We demonstrate that by using a redundant master robot, we are able to enhance the master–slave system manipulability and more intuitively transfer the slave robot’s dexterity to the user. Simulation and experimental studies are performed to validate the performance of the proposed control strategy. Results demonstrate that by employing the proposed manipulability index, we can enhance the user’s control over the force/velocity of a surgical robot and minimize the user’s control effort for a teleoperated task.
Canadian cost-effectiveness model of BRCA-driven surgical prevention of breast/ovarian cancers compared to treatment if cancer develops
Authors: Hurry Manjusha , Eccleston Anthony , Dyer Matthew , Hoskins Paul 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesTo assess the cost effectiveness from a Canadian perspective of index patient germline BRCA testing and then, if positive, family members with subsequent risk-reducing surgery (RRS) in as yet unaffected mutation carriers compared with no testing and treatment of cancer when it develops.MethodsA patient level simulation was developed comparing outcomes between two groups using Canadian data. Group 1: no mutation testing with treatment if cancer developed. Group 2: cascade testing (index patient BRCA tested and first-/second-degree relatives tested if index patient/first-degree relative is positive) with RRS in carriers. End points were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) and budget impact.ResultsThere were 29,102 index patients: 2,786 ovarian cancer and 26,316 breast cancer (BC). Using the base-case assumption of 44 percent and 21 percent of women with a BRCA mutation receiving risk-reducing bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and risk-reducing mastectomy, respectively, testing was cost effective versus no testing and treatment on cancer development, with an ICER of CAD 14,942 (USD 10,555) per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY), 127 and 104 fewer cases of ovarian and BC, respectively, and twenty-one fewer all-cause deaths. Testing remained cost effective versus no testing at the commonly accepted North American threshold of approximately CAD 100,000 (or USD 100,000) per QALY gained in all scenario analyses, and cost effectiveness improved as RRS uptake rates increased.ConclusionsPrevention via testing and RRS is cost effective at current RRS uptake rates; however, optimization of uptake rates and RRS will increase cost effectiveness and can provide cost savings.
Tight typings and split bounds, fully developed
Authors: ACCATTOLI BENIAMINO , GRAHAM-LENGRAND STÉPHANE , KESNER DELIA 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Multi types – aka non-idempotent intersection types – have been used. to obtain quantitative bounds on higher-order programs, as pioneered by de Carvalho. Notably, they bound at the same time the number of evaluation steps and the size of the result. Recent results show that the number of steps can be taken as a reasonable time complexity measure. At the same time, however, these results suggest that multi types provide quite lax complexity bounds, because the size of the result can be exponentially bigger than the number of steps. Starting from this observation, we refine and generalise a technique introduced by Bernadet and Graham-Lengrand to provide exact bounds. Our typing judgements carry counters, one measuring evaluation lengths and the other measuring result sizes. In order to emphasise the modularity of the approach, we provide exact bounds for four evaluation strategies, both in the λ-calculus (head, leftmost-outermost, and maximal evaluation) and in the linear substitution calculus (linear head evaluation). Our work aims at both capturing the results in the literature and extending them with new outcomes. Concerning the literature, it unifies de Carvalho and Bernadet & Graham-Lengrand via a uniform technique and a complexity-based perspective. The two main novelties are exact split bounds for the leftmost strategy – the only known strategy that evaluates terms to full normal forms and provides a reasonable complexity measure – and the observation that the computing device hidden behind multi types is the notion of substitution at a distance, as implemented by the linear substitution calculus.
Twiddler’s syndrome with occult lead insulation damage in a child with epicardial pacemaker leads
Authors: Kramer Peter , Berger Felix , Peters Björn 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe present a rare case of incidentally diagnosed Twiddler’s syndrome in a child 7 years after implantation of a dual-chamber pacemaker system with epicardial leads. During revision, an insulation defect of the ventricular lead was evident, despite unremarkable prior pacemaker lead testing. The lead was repaired and a new generator was suture-fixated to prevent re-occurrence of generator manipulation.
Expired Measures, Excess Duty Drawbacks and Causation: The Appellate Body Report in EU–PET (Pakistan)
Authors: Gnutzmann-Mkrtchyan Arevik , Van Damme Isabelle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Appellate Body report in EU–PET (Pakistan) raises distinct questions regarding the need for findings in relation to expired measures, the conditions under which duty drawback schemes may constitute subsidies and the causation methodology to apply under the SCM Agreement. We conclude that the report offers no clear guidance on whether the function and design of WTO dispute settlement require or preclude findings in case of expired measures. We welcome the Appellate Body's conclusion that, in case of duty drawback schemes, the financial contribution element of the subsidy is limited to the excess remission or drawback of import charges. Finally, although the Appellate Body rightly found that authorities are free to choose the methodology for the causation analysis provided that the analysis is complete and objective, the methodology used by the investigating authority in this case shows a number of deficiencies that were not recognized by the Appellate Body.
The Influence of Disturbance Dynamo Electric Field in the Formation of Strong Sporadic E Layers Over Boa Vista, a Low‐Latitude Station in the American Sector
Authors: Resende L. C. A. , Shi J. K. , Denardini C. M. , Batista I. S. , Nogueira P. A. B. , Arras C. , Andrioli V. F. , Moro J. , Da Silva L. A. , Carrasco A. J. , Barbosa P. F. , Wang C. , Liu Z. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study analyzes strong sporadic E layer (Es) formation in Boa Vista (BV, 2.8°N, 60.7°W, dip: 18°), a low‐latitude region in the Brazilian sector, which occurred far after the onset of a magnetic storm recovery phase. Such occurrences were observed during seven magnetic storms with available data for BV. Thus, the ionospheric behavior on days around the magnetic storm that occurred on 20 January 2016 was investigated to search for possible explanations. This analysis indicated that the probable mechanism acting during the Es layer strengthening is the zonal westward electric field caused by a disturbance dynamo. The same evidence was also observed in two other magnetic storms at the same location. Hence, a numerical model of the E region dynamics, called MIRE (Portuguese acronym for E Region Ionospheric Model), was used to confirm whether the disturbance dynamo could cause the Es layer intensification. The inputs for the model were the electric field deduced from the vertical drift and the wind components provided by GSWM‐00 model. The simulations indicate that the Es layer density is significantly enhanced when the zonal electric field is present compared to the reference scenario with only the winds. Therefore, it is concluded that the disturbance dynamo electric field is the likely cause of the strong Es layers in the analyzed cases. Finally, the combined results from the model and observational data seem to contribute significantly to advance our understanding of the role of the electric fields in the Es layer formation at low latitudes.
New Modes and Mechanisms of Long‐Term Ionospheric TEC Variations From Global Ionosphere Maps
Authors: Calabia Andres , Jin Shuanggen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe ionosphere is very active and complex due to photo‐ionization from the solar activity, while traditional empirical models can only give a rough description of its actual variations. Nowadays, global ionosphere maps (GIMs) derived from denser Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) world‐tracking data provide an excellent total electron content (TEC) data set for global ionospheric research and modeling. In this paper, long‐tern variations of 16‐year (2003–2018) TEC time series from GIMs are investigated by using the principal mode analysis (PCA) technique. We analyze the resulting modes in the time‐spectral domain and parameterize the main contributions in terms of solar and magnetospheric forcing, local solar time (LST), and annual variations. The results show that the TEC variability is strongly dependent on the geographical location of the Earth's magnetic field, and the Earth's diurnal rotation modulates its spatial patterns of variability. The latitudinal asymmetry in the global distribution of TEC variations is due to the effects caused by the irregular shape of the Earth's magnetic field along with its diurnal rotation. The analyses of residuals show that periodicities are correlated to the solar wind speed and magnetospheric forcing, especially those located near the southern dip pole at the night side. Furthermore, we found a TEC anomaly at about 15° from the South magnetic dip at the night side, more prominent around 52°S 155°E.
High-performance position-sensitive detector based on the lateral photoelectrical effect of two-dimensional materials
Authors: Hu Chang , Wang Xianjie , Song Bo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and transition-metal chalcogenides have been extensively studied because of their superior electronic and optical properties. Recently, 2D materials have shown great practical application in position-sensitive detectors (PSDs), originating from the lateral photoelectrical effect of the materials or junctions. The high position sensitivity and ultrafast photoresponse of PSDs based on 2D materials, especially compatibility with Si technology, may enable diverse optoelectronic applications. In this review, recent studies of PSDs based on 2D materials are summarized, providing a promising route for high-performance PSDs.
Brief ex vivo Fas-ligand incubation attenuates GvHD without compromising stem cell graft performance
Authors: Levy-Barazany Hilit , Shachnai-Pinkas Liat , Rodionov Galina , Saar Alex , Rosenzwaig Michal , Gez Liron , Rodin Anastasia , Marelly Nitzan , Abraham Michal , Mishalian Inbal , Wildbaum Hila , Katz Tamar , Baar Yuval , Yarkoni Shai , Bakimer-Kleiner Ronit , Peled Amnon , Zuckerman Tsila , Stein Jerry 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGraft versus host disease (GvHD) remains a limiting factor for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are major components of the hematopoietic G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood cell (MPBC) graft. Here we show that a short incubation (2 h) of MPBCs with hexameric Fas ligand (FasL) selectively induces apoptosis of specific donor T cell subsets and APCs but not of CD34+cells. FasL treatment preferentially induces apoptosis in mature T cell subsets which express high levels of Fas (CD95), such as T stem cell memory, T central memory, and T effector memory cells, as well as TH1 and TH17 cells. Anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated T cells derived from FasL-treated-MPBCs express lower levels of CD25 and secrete lower levels of IFN-γ as compared to control cells not treated with FasL. FasL treatment also induces apoptosis of transitional, naïve, memory and plasmablastoid B cells leading to a reduction in their numbers in the graft and following engraftment in transplanted mice. Most importantly, ex vivo treatment of MPBCs with FasL prior to transplant in conditioned NOD-scid IL2Rγnull(NSG) mice prevented GvHD while preserving graft versus leukemia (GvL) effects, and leading to robust stem cell engraftment.
Representation of visual uncertainty through neural gain variability
Authors: Hénaff Olivier J. , Boundy-Singer Zoe M. , Meding Kristof , Ziemba Corey M. , Goris Robbe L. T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUncertainty is intrinsic to perception. Neural circuits which process sensory information must therefore also represent the reliability of this information. How they do so is a topic of debate. We propose a model of visual cortex in which average neural response strength encodes stimulus features, while cross-neuron variability in response gain encodes the uncertainty of these features. To test this model, we studied spiking activity of neurons in macaque V1 and V2 elicited by repeated presentations of stimuli whose uncertainty was manipulated in distinct ways. We show that gain variability of individual neurons is tuned to stimulus uncertainty, that this tuning is specific to the features encoded by these neurons and largely invariant to the source of uncertainty. We demonstrate that this behavior naturally arises from known gain-control mechanisms, and illustrate how downstream circuits can jointly decode stimulus features and their uncertainty from sensory population activity.
Yield strength and misfit volumes of NiCoCr and implications for short-range-order
Authors: Yin Binglun , Yoshida Shuhei , Tsuji Nobuhiro , Curtin W. A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe face-centered cubic medium-entropy alloy NiCoCr has received considerable attention for its good mechanical properties, uncertain stacking fault energy, etc, some of which have been attributed to chemical short-range order (SRO). Here, we examine the yield strength and misfit volumes of NiCoCr to determine whether SRO has measurably influenced mechanical properties. Polycrystalline strengths show no systematic trend with different processing conditions. Measured misfit volumes in NiCoCr are consistent with those in random binaries. Yield strength prediction of a random NiCoCr alloy matches well with experiments. Finally, we show that standard spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations of misfit volumes are not accurate for NiCoCr. This implies that DFT may be inaccurate for other subtle structural quantities such as atom-atom bond distance so that caution is required in drawing conclusions about NiCoCr based on DFT. These findings all lead to the conclusion that, under typical processing conditions, SRO in NiCoCr is either negligible or has no systematic measurable effect on strength.