bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fully superconducting machine for electric aircraft propulsion: study of AC loss for HTS stator
Authors: Weng Fangjing , Zhang Min , Lan Tian , Wang Yawei , Yuan Weijia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Fully superconducting machines provide the high power density required for future electric aircraft propulsion. However, superconducting windings generate AC losses in AC electrical machine environments. These AC losses are difficult to eliminate at low temperatures, and they add an extra burden to the aircraft cooling system. Due to the heavy cooling penalty, AC loss in the HTS stator is one of the key topics in HTS machine design. In order to evaluate the AC loss of superconducting stator windings in a rotational machine environment, we designed and built a novel axial-flux high temperature superconducting (HTS) machine platform. The AC loss measurement is based on the calorimetric boiling-off of liquid nitrogen. Both total AC loss and magnetisation loss in the HTS stator are measured under the condition of a rotational magnetic field. This platform represents a key element in studying ways to minimise AC losses in an HTS stator, in order to maximise the efficiency of fully HTS machines.
Dephasing–rephasing dynamics of one-dimensional tunneling quasicondensates
Authors: Tononi A , Toigo F , Wimberger S , Cappellaro A , Salasnich L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We study the quantum tunneling of two one-dimensional quasi-condensates made of alkali-metal atoms, considering two different tunneling configurations: side-by-side and head-to-tail. After deriving the quasiparticle excitation spectrum, we discuss the dynamics of the relative phase following a sudden coupling of the independent subsystems. In particular, we calculate the coherence factor of the system, which, due to the nonzero tunneling amplitude, it exhibits dephasing–rephasing oscillations instead of pure dephasing. These oscillations are enhanced by a higher tunneling energy, and by higher system densities. Our predictions provide a benchmark for future experiments at temperatures below T ≲ 5 nK.
Multi-decadal shoreline change in coastal natural world heritage sites – a global assessment
Authors: Sabour Salma , Brown Sally , Nicholls Robert J , Haigh Ivan D , Luijendijk Arjen P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Natural World Heritage Sites (NWHS), which are of Outstanding Universal Value, are increasingly threatened by natural and anthropogenic pressures. This is especially true for coastal NWHS, which are additionally subject to erosion and flooding. This paper assesses shoreline change from 1984 to 2016 within the boundaries of 67 designated sites, providing a first global consistent assessment of its drivers. It develops a transferable methodology utilising new satellite-derived global shoreline datasets, which are classified based on linearity of change against time and compared with global datasets of geomorphology (topography, land cover, coastal type, and lithology), climate variability and sea-level change. Significant shoreline change is observed on 14% of 52 coastal NWHS shorelines that show the largest recessional and accretive trends (means of −3.4 m yr−1 and 3.5 m yr−1, respectively). These rapid shoreline changes are found in low-lying shorelines (<1 m elevation) composed of unconsolidated sediments in vegetated tidal coastal systems (means of −7.7 m yr−1 and 12.5 m yr−1), and vegetated tidal deltas at the mouth of large river systems (means of −6.9 m yr−1 and 11 m yr−1). Extreme shoreline changes occur as a result of redistribution of sediment driven by a combination of geomorphological conditions with (1) specific natural coastal morphodynamics such as opening of inlets (e.g. Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve) or gradients of alongshore sediment transport (e.g. Namib Sea) and (2) direct or indirect human interferences with natural coastal processes such as sand nourishment (e.g. Wadden Sea) and damming of river sediments upstream of a delta (e.g. Danube Delta). The most stable soft coasts are associated with the protection of coral reef ecosystems (e.g. Great Barrier Reef) which may be degraded/destroyed by climate change or human stress in the future. A positive correlation between shoreline retreat and local relative sea-level change was apparent in the Wadden Sea. However, globally, the effects of contemporary sea-level rise are not apparent for coastal NWHS, but it is a major concern for the future reinforcing the shoreline dynamics already being observed due to other drivers. Hence, future assessments of shoreline change need to account for other drivers of coastal change in addition to sea-level rise projections. In conclusion, extreme multi-decadal linear shoreline trends occur in coastal NWHS and are driven primarily by sediment redistribution. Future exacerbation of these trends may affect heritage values and coastal communities. Thus shoreline change should be considered in future management plans where necessary. This approach provides a consistent method to assess NWHS which can be repeated and help steer future management of these important sites.
Control of salinity stratification on recent increase in tropical cyclone intensification rates over the postmonsoon Bay of Bengal
Authors: Fan Kaigui , Wang Xidong , He Zikang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study explores the variability of tropical cyclone (TC) intensification rates (IRs) in the postmonsoon Bay of Bengal (BoB) for the satellite period of 1980–2015. It is found that both number of rapid intensification (RI) events and magnitude of IRs show a robust increase, with a northeastward shift of intensification events. Analyses show that the temporal variability of sea surface temperature dominated the IR variability during 1980–1997. However, the thick barrier layer in the northern BoB was considerably responsible for IR variability during 1998–2015, which significantly contributed to the IR increase. Due to more intensification events occurring over the northeastern region in two recent decades, the thick barrier layer with strong salinity stratification in the northern BoB limits TC-induced sea surface cooling and in turn favors TC intensification. This study has an important implication that air–sea coupled climate model need to realistically simulate upper ocean salinity variability on projecting TC intensity change over the BoB.
Hydro-climatic controls explain variations in catchment-scale nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Scaini Anna , Zamora David , Livsey John , Lyon Steve W , Bommarco Riccardo , Weih Martin , Jaramillo Fernando , Manzoni Stefano 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The efficiency of fertilizer conversion to harvestable products is often low in annual crops such that large amounts of nutrients are lost from fields with negative consequences for the environment. Focusing on nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE: the ratio of N in harvested products over the sum of all N inputs), we propose that hydrological controls can explain variations in NUE, because water mediates both the uptake of N by plants and N leaching. We assess these controls at the catchment scale, at which the water balance can be constrained by precipitation and runoff data and NUE can be quantified with census data. With this approach we test the hypotheses that a higher evaporative ratio (ET/P: the ratio of evapotranspiration over precipitation) increases N retention, thereby increasing NUE both across catchments at a given time and through time. With data from 73 catchments in the United States, encompassing a wide range of pedoclimatic conditions for the period 1988–2007, we apply a linear mixed effect model to test the effect of ET/P on NUE. Supporting our hypotheses, ET/P was positively related to NUE, and NUE increased through time. Moreover, we found an interaction between ET/P and time, such that the ET/P effect on NUE decreased in the period 1998–2007. We conclude that climatic changes that increase ET/P without negatively affecting yields, will increase N retention in the examined catchments.
Non-climatic component provoked substantial spatiotemporal changes of carbon and water use efficiency on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Dong Gang , Zhao Fangyuan , Chen Jiquan , Zhang Yaoqi , Qu Luping , Jiang Shicheng , Ochirbat Batkhishig , Chen Jingyan , Xin Xiaoping , Shao Changliang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Understanding the joint impact of anthropologic and climatic changes on ecosystem function and dynamics is among the frontiers in global environmental change studies. Carbon and water balances are especially crucial to the sustainable ecosystem and functional returns in sensitive regions such as the Mongolian Plateau. In this study, the significance of non-climatic component (NCC) on carbon and water use efficiency (CUE and WUE) is quantified among the ecosystem types on the Mongolian Plateau. We mapped the spatial gradients of carbon/water balance and delineated the hotspots of NCC-driven CUE and WUE for 2000–2013 using gross and net primary production (GPP and NPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) products derived from the MODIS databases. Significantly higher CUE and WUE values were found in Mongolia (MG) than in Inner Mongolia (IM) due to both climatic forcing (CF) and NCC. NCC was found to dominate the changes in CUE and WUE in the steppes on the plateau by over 16% and 22%, respectively, but with spatially uneven distributions. NCC-driven WUE values were much higher than those driven by CF. The hotspots for NCC-driven CUE did not overlap with those of WUE, with CUE hotspots concentrated in the east of MG and northeast of IM; WUE hotspots were found in the central and Khangai regions of MG and eastern regions of IM. The NCC-driven CUE area in MG was from population growth and the industrial shares in gross domestic product, while the NCC-driven WUE area was due to livestock growth in MG but driven by the growth of cultivated lands in IM. In sum, we conclude that NCC provoked substantial spatiotemporal changes on carbon and water use. CF and NCC effects on carbon and water balance varied in space, by ecosystem type, and between the two political entities.
Accuracy improvement of a white-light spectral interferometer using a line-by-line spectral calibration method
Authors: Guo Tong , Zhao Guanhua , Tang Dawei , Weng Qianwen , Gao Feng , Jiang Xiangqian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Smile distortion caused by aberration of the optical system is the key factor that affects the spectral calibration of a white-light spectral interferometer. To improve the accuracy of surface metrology, this paper proposes a novel calibration approach based on a line-by-line method. An acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) is adopted for the wavelength scanning process during calibration. By fitting sufficient calibration data, a more accurate relationship between wavelength and pixel position can be obtained. The simulation results show that the accuracy of surface metrology has different sensitivities to the coefficients of the calibration equation, and that the effect of smile distortion becomes more severe as the optical path difference increases. The presence of smile distortion is confirmed in the calibration experiment of a home-built white-light spectral interferometer. Subsequently, a silicon wafer and a standard step of 1.806 ± 0.011 μm are tested using the calibrated metrology system. The measurement results demonstrate that the line-by-line calibration method performs well in correcting spectral distortion and can improve the measurement accuracy of surface profile.
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in mice uncovers 13 testis- or epididymis-enriched genes individually dispensable for male reproduction†
Authors: Sun Jiang , Lu Yonggang , Nozawa Kaori , Xu Zoulan , Morohoshi Akane , Castaneda Julio M , Noda Taichi , Miyata Haruhiko , Abbasi Ferheen , Shawki Hossam H , Takahashi Satoru , Devlin Darius J , Yu Zhifeng , Matzuk Ryan M , Garcia Thomas X , Matzuk Martin M , Ikawa Masahito 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeveloping a safe and effective male contraceptive remains a challenge in the field of medical science. Molecules that selectively target the male reproductive tract and whose targets are indispensable for male reproductive function serve among the best candidates for a novel non-hormonal male contraceptive method. To determine the function of these genes in vivo, mutant mice carrying disrupted testis- or epididymis-enriched genes were generated by zygote microinjection or electroporation of the CRISPR/Cas9 components. Male fecundity was determined by consecutively pairing knockout males with wild-type females and comparing the fecundity of wild-type controls. Phenotypic analyses of testis appearance and weight, testis and epididymis histology, and sperm movement were further carried out to examine any potential spermatogenic or sperm maturation defect in mutant males. In this study, we uncovered 13 testis- or epididymis-enriched evolutionarily conserved genes that are individually dispensable for male fertility in mice. Owing to their dispensable nature, it is not feasible to use these targets for the development of a male contraceptive.
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome-edited mice reveal 10 testis-enriched genes are dispensable for male fecundity
Authors: Park Soojin , Shimada Keisuke , Fujihara Yoshitaka , Xu Zoulan , Shimada Kentaro , Larasati Tamara , Pratiwi Putri , Matzuk Ryan M , Devlin Darius J , Yu Zhifeng , Garcia Thomas X , Matzuk Martin M , Ikawa Masahito 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs the world population continues to increase to unsustainable levels, the importance of birth control and the development of new contraceptives are emerging. To date, male contraceptive options have been lagging behind those available to women, and those few options available are not satisfactory to everyone. To solve this problem, we have been searching for new candidate target proteins for non-hormonal contraceptives. Testis-specific proteins are appealing targets for male contraceptives because they are more likely to be involved in male reproduction and their targeting by small molecules is predicted to have no on-target harmful effects on other organs. Using in silico analysis, we identified Erich2, Glt6d1, Prss58, Slfnl1, Sppl2c, Stpg3, Tex33, and Tex36 as testis-abundant genes in both mouse and human. The genes, 4930402F06Rik and 4930568D16Rik, are testis-abundant paralogs of Glt6d1 that we also discovered in mice but not in human, and were also included in our studies to eliminate the potential compensation. We generated knockout (KO) mouse lines of all listed genes using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Analysis of all of the individual KO mouse lines as well as Glt6d1/4930402F06Rik/4930568D16Rik TKO mouse lines revealed that they are male fertile with no observable defects in reproductive organs, suggesting that these 10 genes are not required for male fertility nor play redundant roles in the case of the 3 Glt6D1 paralogs. Further studies are needed to uncover protein function(s), but in vivo functional screening using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is a fast and accurate way to find genes essential for male fertility, which may apply to studies of genes expressed elsewhere. In this study, although we could not find any potential protein targets for non-hormonal male contraceptives, our findings help to streamline efforts to find and focus on only the essential genes.
Considering the Case for Diversity in Natural Resources
Authors: Batavia Chelsea , Penaluna Brooke E , Lemberger Thea Rose , Nelson Michael Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlthough there is widespread support for diversity in natural resources, diversity is valued for different reasons. It is important to understand and critically examine these reasons, to ensure diversity efforts express clear thinking and appropriate motivations. We compiled recent (2000–2019) diversity literature in fisheries, forestry, range, and wildlife, and used a qualitative coding procedure to identify reasons articulated in support of diversity. We developed a subset of these reasons into formal arguments to assess their underlying beliefs and assumptions. Our analysis reveals a high frequency of instrumental arguments emphasizing the benefits of diversity for natural resources. Drawing on the large body of interdisciplinary diversity scholarship outside natural resources, we discuss the challenges and potential risks of predicating the case for diversity largely on instrumental arguments. We encourage natural resources communities to expand the diversity discourse by engaging with themes developed in interdisciplinary diversity literatures, including equity, social justice, and intersectionality.
Neural Correlates of Voice Perception in Newborns and the Influence of Preterm Birth
Authors: Adam-Darque Alexandra , Pittet Marie P , Grouiller Frédéric , Rihs Tonia A , Leuchter Russia Ha-Vinh , Lazeyras François , Michel Christoph M , Hüppi Petra S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMaternal voice is a highly relevant stimulus for newborns. Adult voice processing occurs in specific brain regions. Voice-specific brain areas in newborns and the relevance of an early vocal exposure on these networks have not been defined. This study investigates voice perception in newborns and the impact of prematurity on the cerebral processes. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and high-density electroencephalography (EEG) were used to explore the brain responses to maternal and stranger female voices in full-term newborns and preterm infants at term-equivalent age (TEA). fMRI results and the EEG oddball paradigm showed enhanced processing for voices in preterms at TEA than in full-term infants. Preterm infants showed additional cortical regions involved in voice processing in fMRI and a late mismatch response for maternal voice, considered as a first trace of a recognition process based on memory representation. Full-term newborns showed increased cerebral activity to the stranger voice. Results from fMRI, oddball, and standard auditory EEG paradigms highlighted important change detection responses to novelty after birth. These findings suggest that the main components of the adult voice-processing networks emerge early in development. Moreover, an early postnatal exposure to voices in premature infants might enhance their capacity to process voices.
Effect of drug dose and timing of treatment on the emergence of drug resistance in vivo in a malaria model
Authors: Acosta Mónica M , Bram Joshua T , Sim Derek , Read Andrew F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background and objectives
There is a significant interest in identifying clinically effective drug treatment regimens that minimize the de novo evolution of antimicrobial resistance in pathogen populations. However, in vivo studies that vary treatment regimens and directly measure drug resistance evolution are rare. Here, we experimentally investigate the role of drug dose and treatment timing on resistance evolution in an animal model.

Methodology
In a series of experiments, we measured the emergence of atovaquone-resistant mutants of Plasmodium chabaudi in laboratory mice, as a function of dose or timing of treatment (day post-infection) with the antimalarial drug atovaquone.

Results
The likelihood of high-level resistance emergence increased with atovaquone dose. When varying the timing of treatment, treating either very early or late in infection reduced the risk of resistance. When we varied starting inoculum, resistance was more likely at intermediate inoculum sizes, which correlated with the largest population sizes at time of treatment.

Conclusions and implications
(i) Higher doses do not always minimize resistance emergence and can promote the emergence of high-level resistance. (ii) Altering treatment timing affects the risk of resistance emergence, likely due to the size of the population at the time of treatment, although we did not test the effect of immunity whose influence may have been important in the case of late treatment. (iii) Finding the ‘right’ dose and ‘right’ time to maximize clinical gains and limit resistance emergence can vary depending on biological context and was non-trivial even in our simplified experiments.

Lay summary
In a mouse model of malaria, higher drug doses led to increases in drug resistance. The timing of drug treatment also impacted resistance emergence, likely due to the size of the population at the time of treatment.
Inequalities in Health and Care Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People Aged 50 and Older in the United Kingdom: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Sources of Individual Participant Data
Authors: Kneale Dylan , Thomas James , French Robert 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Modeling the health and care trajectories of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) is essential to identify inequalities and support needs, yet because of the small sample of LGB people in any one survey, current evidence relies on studies that have poor generalizability and low power. This study assesses the magnitude of health inequalities among older LGB people across 10 outcomes, informed by evidence on the health trajectories and distinct LGB history of the United Kingdom.

Method
A systematic review was conducted of representative data sources on older LGB and heterosexual people’s health and care status in the United Kingdom. Individual Participant Data (IPD) meta-analysis was employed to synthesize data from up to 25 different sources. To account for the intricacies of individual data sets, the analysis employed a two-stage approach where an odds ratio and standard error was calculated for each data set individually, before being meta-analyzed through DerSimonian and Laird random effects models.

Results
Among men aged 50+, being gay, bisexual, or having another nonheterosexual orientation is associated with an increased risk of reporting long-term illness and health-related limitations. Indicators of mental health also suggest that gay and bisexual men are more likely to report low life satisfaction and to have attempted suicide over their life time. Among women, differences are apparent with regards to self-rated health as well as with engagement with risky health behaviors.

Discussion
The findings corroborate the minority stress theory, but they also generate new questions for researchers around when and how these inequalities emerge.
Cognitive Training Attenuates Decline in Physical Function Across 10 Years
Authors: Sprague Briana N , Phillips Christine B , Ross Lesley A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Poor physical function is associated with negative health and cognitive outcomes. Although nine studies demonstrated that cognitive training reduces age-related declines in physical function, only one study has examined the effects beyond immediate posttest changes. The first aim of this study was to assess the impact of three cognitive training programs on physical function measures across 10 years and the second aim was to examine whether baseline cognitive self-efficacy or depressive symptoms moderated training effects.

Method
Using data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) randomized controlled trial, older adults in a no-contact control condition (n = 698) were compared to those receiving processing speed (n = 702), memory (n = 703), or reasoning (n = 694) training. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and dosage analyses were conducted for grip strength and Turn 360. Participants were followed up to 10 years posttest.

Results
There were no significant ITT effects of processing speed, memory, or reasoning training assignment to any physical function outcome (p &gt; .05). Dosage models indicated that there were small age-related attenuation effects in Turn 360 decline with more processing speed training (b = −.011, p &lt; .001), memory training (b = −.011, p &lt; .001), and reasoning training (b = −.012, p &lt; .001). There was no significant transfer to grip strength. These training gains were greater for those with more baseline depressive symptoms who received more processing speed training (b = −.001, p &lt; .001).

Discussion
This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of cognitive training to complex physical function across 10 years.