bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updating the Burn Center Referral Criteria: Results From the 2018 eDelphi Consensus Study
Authors: Bettencourt Amanda P , Romanowski Kathleen S , Joe Victor , Jeng James , Carter Jeffrey E , Cartotto Robert , Craig Christopher K , Fabia Renata , Vercruysse Gary A , Hickerson William L , Liu Yuk , Ryan Colleen M , Schulz John T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Existing burn center referral criteria were developed several years ago, and subsequent innovations in burn care have occurred. Coupled with frequent errors in the estimation of extent of burn injury and depth by referring providers, patients are both over and under-triaged when the existing criteria are used to support patient care decisions. In the absence of compelling clinical trial data on appropriate burn patient triage, we convened a multidisciplinary panel of experts to execute an iterative eDelphi consensus process to facilitate a revision. The eDelphi process panel consisted of n = 61 burn stakeholders and experts and progressed through four rounds before reaching consensus on key clinical domains. The major findings are that 1) burn center consultation is strongly recommended for all patients with deep partial-thickness or deeper burns ≥ 10% TBSA burned, for full-thickness burns ≥ 5% TBSA burned, for children and older adults with specific dressing and medical needs, and for special burn circumstances including electrical, chemical, and radiation injuries; 2) smaller burns are ideally followed in burn center outpatient settings as soon as possible after injury, preferably without delays of a week or more; 3) frostbite, Stevens–Johnson syndrome/TENS, and necrotizing soft-tissue infection patients benefit from burn center treatment; and 4) telemedicine and technological solutions are of likely benefit in achieving this standard. Unlike the original criteria, the revised consensus-based guidelines create a framework promoting communication so that triage and treatment are specifically tailored to individual patient characteristics, injury severity, geography, and the capabilities of referring institutions.
Insects Associated to Crime Scenes in the Northeast of Brazil: Consolidation of Collaboration Between Entomologists and Criminal Investigation Institutes
Authors: Meira L M R , Barbosa T M , Jales J T , Santos A N , Gama R A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In Brazil, many studies on Forensic Entomology analyze the activity and succession of flies in animal models. Data on human corpses are always collected and evaluated in isolated cases. This study aimed to list the insect species associated with crime scenes investigated by the Technical-Scientific Institute of criminal expertise of the State of Rio Grande do Norte (ITEP-RN), in the Northeast of Brazil, a region exposed to high homicide rates. In total, 10 cases were investigated, of which 50% were in the initial stage of decomposition. The examined bodies were colonized by species of three orders of insects, Diptera, Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. The order Diptera represented 96% of the total insects, being represented by the following species: Chrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and Cochliomyia macellaria, (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae); Musca domestica (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Muscidae); and unidentified females of the Sarcophagidae family. Among beetles, the occurrence of Dermestes maculatus (DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), Necrobia rufipes (De Geer) (Coleoptera: Cleridae), and Onthophagus sp. (Scarabaeidae), as well as unidentified specimens of the families Tenebrionidae and Histeridae were recorded. In addition, specimens of Ectatomma sp. (Formicidae) were also recorded. Considering that the Rio Grande do Norte state presents a high homicide rate and the last cadaver study was conducted over a decade ago, these records update the list of species associated with cadaveric decomposition and contribute to consolidate forensic entomology in the Northeast region.
Meningococcal and pneumococcal carriage in Hajj pilgrims: findings of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Badahdah Al-Mamoon , Bakarman Marwan A , Khatami Ameneh , Tashani Mohamed , Barasheed Osamah , Alfelali Mohammad , Azeem Mohammad I , Bokhary Hamid , Soltan Osama , Lahra Monica M , Jeoffreys Neisha , Kok Jen , Dwyer Dominic E , Booy Robert , Rashid Harunor ,   the Hajj Research Team
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Intense congestion during the Hajj pilgrimage amplifies the risk of meningococcal carriage and disease, and there have been many meningococcal outbreaks reported amongst pilgrims. Thus, a strict vaccination policy is enforced by the host country and either polysaccharide or conjugate quadrivalent meningococcal vaccines are mandatory. However, unlike conjugate vaccines, the polysaccharide vaccine is not thought to reduce pharyngeal carriage of meningococci.

Methods
A single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial amongst pilgrims from Saudi Arabia and Australia during the Hajj seasons of 2016–2017 was conducted to compare MenACWY-Conjugate vaccine with MenACWY-Polysaccharide vaccine, to determine if the conjugate vaccine is more effective in reducing asymptomatic carriage of meningococci, and whether the effect may be long-standing. Oropharyngeal swabs were obtained pre-, immediately post- and 6–11 months following completion of Hajj and tested for the presence of meningococci.

Results
Amongst 2000 individuals approached, only 1146 participants aged 18–91 (mean 37.6) years agreed to participate and were randomized to receive either the polysaccharide (n = 561) or the conjugate (n = 561) vaccine, 60.8% were male, and 93.5% were from Saudi Arabia. Amongst oropharyngeal swabs obtained before Hajj, only two (0.2%) tested positive for Neisseria meningitidis. Similarly, meningococci were identified in only one sample at each of the post-Hajj and late follow-up visits. None of the carriage isolates were amongst the serogroups covered by the vaccines. A post hoc analysis of the third swabs revealed that 22.4% of all participants (50/223) were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae nucleic acid.

Conclusion
The low overall carriage rate of meningococci found amongst Hajj pilgrims in 2016 and 2017 demonstrates a successful vaccination policy, but neither supports nor refutes the superiority of meningococcal conjugate ACWY vaccine over the polysaccharide vaccine against carriage. Although an association could not be established in this study, molecular epidemiology would help to establish the role of Hajj in facilitating transmission of pneumococci and inform vaccination policy.
The stellar variability noise floor for transiting exoplanet photometry with PLATO
Authors: Morris Brett M , Bobra Monica G , Agol Eric , Lee Yu Jin , Hawley Suzanne L 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
One of the main science motivations for the ESA PLAnetary Transit and Oscillations (PLATO) mission is to measure exoplanet transit radii with 3 per cent precision. In addition to flares and starspots, stellar oscillations and granulation will enforce fundamental noise floors for transiting exoplanet radius measurements. We simulate light curves of Earth-sized exoplanets transiting continuum intensity images of the Sun taken by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) instrument aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to investigate the uncertainties introduced on the exoplanet radius measurements by stellar granulation and oscillations. After modelling the solar variability with a Gaussian process, we find that the amplitude of solar oscillations and granulation is of order 100 ppm – similar to the depth of an Earth transit – and introduces a fractional uncertainty on the depth of transit of 0.73 per cent assuming four transits are observed over the mission duration. However, when we translate the depth measurement into a radius measurement of the planet, we find a much larger radius uncertainty of 3.6 per cent. This is due to a degeneracy between the transit radius ratio, the limb darkening, and the impact parameter caused by the inability to constrain the transit impact parameter in the presence of stellar variability. We find that surface brightness inhomogeneity due to photospheric granulation contributes a lower limit of only 2 ppm to the photometry in-transit. The radius uncertainty due to granulation and oscillations, combined with the degeneracy with the transit impact parameter, accounts for a significant fraction of the error budget of the PLATO mission, before detector or observational noise is introduced to the light curve. If it is possible to constrain the impact parameter or to obtain follow-up observations at longer wavelengths where limb darkening is less significant, this may enable higher precision radius measurements.
Simulated synchrotron emission for the Tycho’s supernova remnants: an asymmetric initial mass model
Authors: Moranchel-Basurto A , Velázquez P F , Ares de Parga G , Reynoso E M , Schneiter E M , Esquivel A 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We have performed 3D magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) numerical simulations with the aim of exploring the scenario in which the initial mass distribution of a supernova (SN) explosion is anisotropic. The purpose is to analyse if this scenario can also explain the radio-continuum emission and the expansion observed in young supernova remnants (SNRs). To study the expansion, synthetic polarized synchrotron emission maps were computed from the MHD simulations. We found a good agreement (under a number of assumptions) between this expansion study and previous observational results applied to Tycho’s SNR, which represents a good example of asymmetric young SNRs. Additionally, both the observed morphology and the brightness distribution are qualitatively reproduced.
Surface brightness fluctuation spectra to constrain stellar population properties
Authors: Vazdekis A , Cerviño M , Montes M , Martín-Navarro I , Beasley M A 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new set of surface brightness fluctuation (SBF) spectra computed with the E-MILES stellar population synthesis models. The model SBF spectra cover the range λλ1680–50 000 at moderately high resolution, all based on extensive empirical stellar libraries. The models span the metallicity range $-2.3\le \mbox{$\mbox{[M/H]}$}\le +0.26$ for a suite of intial mass function types with varying slopes. These predictions can complement and aid fluctuation magnitude studies, permitting a first-order approximation by applying filter responses to the SBF spectra to obtain spectroscopic SBF magnitudes. We provide a recipe for obtaining the latter and discuss their uncertainties and limitations. We compare our spectroscopic SBF magnitudes to photometric data of a sample of early-type galaxies. We also show that the SBF spectra can be very useful for constraining relevant stellar population parameters. We find small (&lt;5 per cent) mass fractions of extremely metal-poor components ($\mbox{$\mbox{[M/H]}$}\lt -1$) on the top of the dominant, old, and metal-rich stellar population. These results put stringent constraints on the early stages of galaxy formation in massive elliptical galaxies. This is remarkable given the high degree of degeneracy of the standard spectral analysis to such metal-poor stellar populations in the visible and in the near-infrared. The new SBF models show great potential for exploiting ongoing surveys, particularly those based on narrow-band filters.
Statistical separation of weak gravitational lensing and intrinsic ellipticities based on galaxy colour information
Authors: Tugendhat Tim M , Reischke Robert , Schäfer Björn Malte 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Intrinsic alignments of galaxies are recognized as one of the most important systematic in weak lensing surveys on small angular scales. In this paper, we investigate ellipticity correlation functions that are measured separately on elliptical and spiral galaxies, for which we assume the generic alignment mechanisms based on tidal shearing and tidal torquing, respectively. Including morphological information allows to find linear combinations of measured ellipticity correlation functions that suppress the gravitational lensing signal completely or which show a strongly boosted gravitational lensing signal relative to intrinsic alignments. Specifically, we find that (i) intrinsic alignment spectra can be measured in a model-independent way at a significance of Σ ≃ 60 with a wide-angle tomographic survey such as Euclid’s, (ii) the underlying intrinsic alignment model parameters can be determined at per cent-level precision, (iii) this measurement is not impeded by misclassifying galaxies and assuming a wrong alignment model, (iv) parameter estimation from a cleaned weak lensing spectrum is possible with almost no bias, and (v) the misclassification would not strongly impact parameter estimation from the boosted weak lensing spectrum.
The Myrosinases TGG1 and TGG2 Function Redundantly in Reactive Carbonyl Species Signaling in Arabidopsis Guard Cells
Authors: Rhaman Mohammad Saidur , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Nakamura Yoshimasa , Munemasa Shintaro , Murata Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Myrosinase (β-thioglucoside glucohydrolase, enzyme nomenclature, EC 3.2.1.147, TGG) is a highly abundant protein in Arabidopsis guard cells, of which TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly in abscisic acid (ABA)- and methyl jasmonate-induced stomatal closure. Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones, which function downstream of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the ABA signalling pathway in guard cells. Among the RCS, acrolein is the most highly reactive, which is significantly produced in ABA-treated guard cells. To clarify the ABA signal pathway downstream of ROS production, we investigated the responses of tgg mutants (tgg1-3, tgg2-1 and tgg1-3 tgg2-1) to acrolein. Acrolein induced stomatal closure and triggered cytosolic alkalization in wild type (WT), tgg1-3 single mutants and in tgg2-1 single mutants, but not in tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ induced stomatal closure and cytosolic alkalization not only in WT but also in all of the mutants. Acrolein- and Ca2+-induced stomatal closures were inhibited by an intracellular acidifying agent, butyrate, a Ca2+ chelator, ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and a Ca2+ channel blocker, LaCl3. Acrolein induced cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]cyt) elevation in guard cells of WT plants but not in the tgg1-3 tgg2-1 double mutants. Exogenous Ca2+ elicited [Ca2+]cyt elevation in guard cells of WT and tgg1-3 tgg2-1. Our results suggest that TGG1 and TGG2 function redundantly, not between ROS production and RCS production, but downstream of RCS production in the ABA signal pathway in Arabidopsis guard cells.
The contribution of age and obesity to the number of painful joint sites in individuals reporting osteoarthritis: a population-based study
Authors: Badley Elizabeth M , Wilfong Jessica M , Yip Calvin , Millstone Dov B , Perruccio Anthony V 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the association of OA risk factors with number of painful joint sites in a representative population sample.

Methods
Analysis of the 2009 Survey on Living with Chronic Diseases in Canada – Arthritis Component (n = 1614) for respondents reporting symptomatic OA. Variables: painful joints sites (hands, wrists, elbows, shoulders, hips, knees, ankles, feet, back, neck), joint symptom duration, sociodemographic characteristics, smoking, comorbidities and BMI. Zero-truncated negative binomial regressions were used to investigate the association between number of painful joint sites and the variables. Generalizability of findings was assessed by a similar analysis in a clinical hip/knee OA sample.

Results
The sample comprised 73% women and 56% were aged &lt;65 years. The mean number of painful joint sites was 3.8: 84% reported pain at ≥2 sites, and 45% at ≥4 sites. Age, BMI, education and smoking were not associated with the number of joint sites. Significant associations were found with being female [rate ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% CI 1.09, 1.39], having more comorbidities (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.07, 1.15) and longer symptom duration (RR = 1.16, 95% CI 1.09, 1.24), although the increase in joint sites with duration was small. Similar regression results were found with the clinical OA sample.

Conclusion
The lack of an association of age and BMI (obesity) with number of painful joint sites in OA raises questions about the role of these risk factors and our understanding of OA as a multi-joint disease. Filling this knowledge gap is critical to making progress with defining OA phenotypes and identifying potential aetiological mechanisms.
Mobile Phone Contamination in Clinical Environments ‘The True Extent’
Authors: Simmonds Rebecca , Hayhust Emma 
Published: March 2020

Smart phones are integral , especially within healthcare. However, there are increasing concerns regarding their contamination and potential infection control risk. Bacteria under selective pressure can rapidly acquire resistant mechanisms leading to the assumption; mobile phones used within clinical environment may harbour bacteria associated with a higher infection mortality rate.
Using next generation sequencing technology, characterise the true extent of bacterial contamination on mobile phones of hospital staff and determine the presence of multi-drug resistant bacteria associated with hospital acquired infections.
DNA was extracted from the swab tips of 450 Particpant’s mobile phones. 16S rRNA primers were used to characterise and compare the microbiome on devices from the hospital staff and a control group. Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis underwent Kirby Baur disc diffusion.
Results The microbiome revealed the extent of contamination far exceeds anything previously reported. In particular, gram-negative bacteria (including several important potential pathogens) were grossly under detected. 198 bacteria genus were discovered on mobile phones of which 34 were unique to the hospital. Differences were also detected between hospital departments. MRSA, VRSA and VRE were only detected within the hospital group.
Our results indicate traditional culture-dependent swabbing methods don’t provide an accurate account of mobile phone contamination. This may also be true in other areas relevant to infection control. Used within clinical environments could expose patients to unknown levels of multi drug resistant bacteria. Decontamination between patient contact should be a necessity to prevent the undermining of hand hygiene and the transmission of MDR bacteria.
Antimicrobial stewardship ward rounds led by junior members of the healthcare team improve patient care
Authors: Hamilton Ashley Ryan , Rogers Benedict 
Published: March 2020

Background
Reported Antimicrobial Stewardship (AMS) ward rounds and review initiatives utilise consultant microbiologists or consultant ID physicians with or without senior antimicrobial pharmacists (AMP). There is sparse evidence regarding AMS ward rounds led by more junior members of staff.
Methods
AMS ward rounds were launched on the acute medical unit at Leicester Royal Infirmary, attended by a band 7 AMP and an Infectious Diseases registrar (ST3-5). Patient details and recommendations were recorded for each patient seen and followed-up to determine if recommendations were followed and the impact on treatment duration (TD), length of stay (LOS), and 28-day readmission rate (RR).

Results
104 patient reviews were recorded, of which 87% received at least one recommendation regarding their care (median 2, SD±1.4, Range 0-6), totalling 224 recommendations. Change of antimicrobial was advised for 35 patients (33.7%), whereas stopping antimicrobials was recommended for 18 patients (17.3%). Parenteral to enteral switch was recommended for 12.5% of patients. Although all contributions supported AMS, 41.2% also supported medicines optimisation. An alternative diagnosis was also suggested in 15 patients (14.4%).
All patients were followed-up. Ward clinicians changed treatment in line with recommendations in 70.6% of instances. There was no difference in TD, median LOS was 12-hours shorter for patients whose treatment was changed in line with recommendations, and RR was 9.5% lower for those whose treatment changed in line with recommendations.

Conclusion
Junior staff provide valuable input regarding patient care and optimising antimicrobial therapy. There was a trend towards shorter LOS and reduced RR.
The link between ocular infection with non-chlamydial bacteria and trachomatous eye changes
Authors: Walker-Jacobs Abigail , Derrick Tamsyn , Ramadhani Athumani , Mafuru Elias , Massae Patrick , Malisa Aiweda , Mtuy Tara , Burton Matthew , Holland Martin 
Published: March 2020

Introduction Globally, C. trachomatis is the leading infectious cause of blindness. There is evidence to suggest that trachomatous inflammation may be linked to ocular infection with other pathogenic organisms.
Methods Conjunctival swab samples from 472 Tanzanian children who participated in a 4-year longitudinal study were analysed using optimised duplex qPCR assays to assess carriage of H. influenzae, CNS, S. pneumoniae and Adenovirus spp. in each sample. The presence of C. trachomatis (Ct) in the conjunctiva had previously been recorded. Logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age and sex, was performed to identify associations between the prevalence of bacterial infection and (1) progressive scarring trachoma, and (2) active trachoma (defined as the presence of follicular trachoma (TF) or trachomatous inflammation (TI)).
Results Logistic regression identified no significant associations between (1) progressive scarring trachoma and Ct;and (2) progressive scarring trachoma and non-chlamydial bacterial infection. Active trachoma was only associated with conjunctival infection with H. influenzae. Logistic regression found that patients with ocular H. influenzae infection were more likely to demonstrate clinically-graded active trachoma (TF + TI) (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.11 – 3.56, p = 0.023). Individual analyses of TF or TI and their associations with H. influenzae found (1) a strong association between ocular H. influenzae infection and TF (OR = 2.21, p = 0.0095); (2) no association between ocular H. influenzae infection and TI (OR = 2.19, p = 0.19).
Conclusion These results indicate that H. influenzae might contribute to the TF phenotype. TF is widely used to assess population levels of trachoma.
Campylobacter lari associated Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Taynton Thomas , Beard Chris , Hamilton David 
Published: March 2020

Campylobacter lariis a rare cause of extraintestinal infection in humans. There has only been one prior case report of prosthetic joint infection in an immunocompetent adult, which was rapidly fatal. We can identify no previous case reports of successful management of this condition.
We discuss our management of a 63 year old stable manager that presented with 1 week history of right prosthetic knee pain and swelling. Following two washouts the patient underwent a first-stage revision of his knee. Post-operative antibiotic choice was empirical, and 28-day outcome has been promising, with complete resolution of inflammatory markers and resolution of symptoms. Outcome following planned second-stage revision will be discussed at FIS 2019.