bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analytic framework for conceptualisations of disease: nine structuring questions and how some conceptualisations of Alzheimer’s disease can lead to ‘diseasisation’
Authors: Zeiler Kristin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccording to the US National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) should be understood as a biological construct. It can be diagnosed based on AD-characteristic biomarkers only, even if AD biomarkers can be present many years before a person experiences any symptoms of AD. The NIA-AA’s conceptualisation of AD radically challenges past AD conceptualisations. This article offers ananalytic framework for the clarification and analysis of meanings and effects of conceptualisations of diseases such as that of AD. This framework consists of nine questions that allows us to determine how the conceptualisations of diseases, such as that of AD, link or decouple the following terms to/from each other: screening, diagnosis, pathology, disease (along the lines of what have been labelled as “biological-physiological” or “normative” conceptions of disease in philosophy of medicine), symptoms, and illness. It also includes questions regarding how specific decouplings open up for new categories through which people can understand themselves in new ways, and what spaces of possibilities specific conceptualisations (and their decouplings and linkages) open to. The article shows how specific decouplings/linkages can open up not only for the phenomena of pathologisation but also for a distinct, but related phenomenon here termed as diseasisation.
Sense of coherence and psychological well-being among coronary heart disease patients: a moderated mediation model of affect and meaning in life
Authors: Krok Dariusz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere are credible data that the indirect relationship of sense of coherence with well-being can involve potential mediation and moderation mechanisms related to emotional and meaning-oriented factors. The self-concordance model provides a theoretical framework through which these associations can be examined. The current research explored whether the relationship between sense of coherence and well-being in people with coronary heart disease can be mediated by affect and simultaneously moderated by meaning in life. A total of 176 patients with coronary heart disease completed four questionnaires. Positive and negative affect turned out to mediate, though differently, the relationship between feelings of coherence and well-being. Furthermore, meaning in life moderated the indirect effect of sense of coherence to well-being only through positive affect. This confirmed the validity of a moderated mediation model of affect and meaning in life in associations between sense of coherence and well-being in people with coronary heart disease problems.
Pellets from Biogas Digestates: A Substantial Source of N2O Emissions
Authors: Petrova Ioana Petrova , Ruser Reiner , Guzman-Bustamante Ivan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The field application of pellets from biogas residues resulted in high N2O emissions which could not yet be parametrized through soil drivers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine potential N2O production from pellets themselves. N2O and CO2 release from the pure pellet body (in form of intact, crushed or finely ground pellets produced from biogas digestates) were measured during the first seven days after pellet wetting under constant laboratory conditions. Three pellet water contents were examined: 47, 62 and 72% water of the total fresh pellet weight. Additional replicates of similarly wetted intact pellets were used to determine NH4+, NO3− and DOC contents on days 0, 1 and 4 of incubation. Two further treatments of wet intact pellets (62% moisture) were sterilized prior or after moistening to investigate the emissions’ origin. N2O release was found to increase with decreasing pellet size fraction. A maximum of N2O fluxes within all three fractions was determined at 62% moisture, whereas lowest fluxes were measured at 72% moisture. The cumulative N2O emissions over seven days ranged between 1 µg N2O–N g−1 pellet (intact pellets at 72% moisture) and 166 µg N2O–N g−1 pellet (finely ground pellets at 62% moisture). In general, our findings indicate that denitrification was the main factor for N2O emissions, driven by indigenous microbial communities already present in the pellets. The results show that the N2O emissions released by the pellets themselves can explain a major portion of the N2O fluxes measured in situ.

Graphic Abstract
Friction and wear behavior of different seal materials under water-lubricated conditions
Authors: Zhao Weigang , Zhang Guoyuan , Dong Guangneng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe shaft mechanical face seal in a high-speed turbopump of a liquid rocket engine often operates under extremely harsh conditions. For example, a low-temperature and low-viscosity fluid (such as liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen) is used as a lubricant. The performance of the seal rings, especially the friction and wear behavior, directly determines whether the seal functions normal. In this study, the friction and wear behavior of several ring materials are tested using a pin-on-disk tribo-tester, and the wear morphology of the ring is investigated. The friction coefficients (COFs) and mass-wear rates under dry-friction and water-lubricated conditions, which are used to simulate low-viscosity conditions, are obtained. The results show that at a pressure-velocity (PV) value of 2.4 MPa·(m/s), the COF between the copper graphite (stator) and copper-chrome alloy disk (rotor) is low (with a value of 0.18) under the dry-friction conditions, and the 5-min wear mass of the copper graphite is approximately 2 mg. Under the water-lubricated conditions, compared with other materials (such as copper-chrome alloy, S07 steel, alumina ceramic coating, and nickel-based calcium fluoride), the S07 steel with a diamond-like carbon film is preferred for use in a high-speed turbopump under extreme conditions. The results of this study can provide theoretical and experimental guidance in the design of mechanical face seals in liquid rocket engines.
Topology dependence of on-demand ride-sharing
Authors: Manik Debsankha , Molkenthin Nora 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTraffic is a challenge in rural and urban areas alike with negative effects ranging from congestion to air pollution. Ride-sharing poses an appealing alternative to personal cars, combining the traffic-reducing ride bundling of public transport with much of the flexibility and comfort of personal cars. Here we study the effects of the underlying street network topology on the viability of ride bundling analytically and in simulations. Using numerical and analytical approaches we find that system performance can be measured in the number of scheduled stops per vehicle. Its scaling with the request rate is approximately linear and the slope, that depends on the network topology, is a measure of the ease of ridesharing in that topology. This dependence is caused by the different growth of the route volume, which we compute analytically for the simplest networks served by a single vehicle.
Travel Time and Source Variation Explain the Molecular Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter in an Alpine Stream Network
Authors: Peter H. , Singer G. , Ulseth A. J. , Dittmar T. , Prairie Y. T. , Battin T. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStreams and rivers are important components of the carbon cycle as they transport and transform dissolved organic matter (DOM). Using high‐resolution Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, we studied the spatial distribution of DOM at the molecular level at more than 100 sites across a stream network during summer and winter baseflow. We developed a model approximating the time DOM spent in the fluvial network, a key constraint on the biogeochemical processing of DOM. Discharge‐weighted travel time explained the compositional changes of DOM, which differed markedly in summer and winter. We attribute these seasonal differences to variation in source material, putatively reflecting the dynamics of freshly produced DOM in summer and DOM with an imprint of leaf litter in winter. Hydrological mixing was an important driver of the spatial dynamics of DOM. From the convergence rate of DOM compound intensities to the network‐wide average, we inferred the spatial distribution of sources within the catchment. Finally, we estimated network‐wide apparent mass transfer coefficients (vf app) of individual DOM compounds, which describe the vertical velocity at which DOM compounds are removed by biotic and abiotic processes. We identified the oxidative state of carbon as an important factor explaining vf app, which we consequently attribute to biological uptake of thermodynamically favorable DOM compounds. This work contributes to our understanding of the spatial processes, temporal constraints, and chemical properties of DOM that regulate the transformation and diagenesis of DOM at the fluvial network scale.
Single Tests of Thermocline Dwelling Foraminifera Globorotalia inflata as Recorder of Upper Water Column Structure off Mauritania (NW Africa): Methodology and Paleoceanographic Use
Authors: Johnstone Heather J. H. , Kuhnert Henning , Bickert Torsten , Romero Oscar , Pälike Heiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThermocline‐dwelling foraminifera calcify over a depth range of several hundred meters; analysis of individual shells therefore allows insight to the hydrography of the upper water column. We analyzed δ18O, δ13C, and Mg/Ca of individual tests of the planktonic foraminifera Globorotalia inflata from a sediment core (GeoB7926‐2) obtained from 20°N in the eastern tropical Atlantic. To facilitate sample throughput, tests were cleaned before Mg/Ca analysis using a pipette robot. The eight samples came from five time periods with contrasting climate states. Median reconstructed temperatures were lowest during the warmth of the Bølling Allerød BA) (11.8°C), while highest temperatures (>14°C) were recorded during the cold periods of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), late Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), and the Younger Dryas (YD). Southward shift in the subtropical gyre during Northern Hemisphere cold periods and modulation by upwelling could explain the temperature change but not all of the salinity change. δ18Oseawater‐IVC indicated that salinity was higher than the global average during the LGM, with very high salinity excursions in HS1 and a smaller excursion in the YD. The upwelling signature was most strongly imprinted on range in δ13C. The large changes in salinity and δ13C between time slices cannot be explained by upwelling intensity but indicate the presence of a very saline water mass, with low δ13C, in the eastern North Atlantic subsurface during Northern Hemisphere cold periods.
Comparison of Vertical Surface Deformation Estimates Derived From Space‐Based Gravimetry, Ground‐Based GPS, and Model‐Based Hydrologic Loading Over Snow‐Dominated Watersheds in the United States
Authors: Yin Gaohong , Forman Barton A. , Loomis Bryant D. , Luthcke Scott B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpatiotemporal variability in Earth's terrestrial water storage (TWS) causes changes in surface deformation. The potential for using ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) vertical displacement observations for estimating TWS is explored through a comparison of vertical displacements derived from space‐based gravimetric retrievals, ground‐based GPS, and model‐based hydrologic estimates. The study presented here focuses on two snow‐dominated basins in the Western United States for the years 2003–2016. Seasonal variations are observed in the vertical displacements derived from all three data sets, and the variation is coherent with the changes in hydrologic loading. Good consistency is observed between any two of the three data sets with gravimetric retrievals and hydrologic model estimates providing the highest level of agreement (i.e., all examined stations with correlation coefficient R > 0.70). Vertical displacements derived from gravimetric retrievals and ground‐based GPS yielded R > 0.70 for more than 89% of the stations. In addition, it is found that both GPS‐derived and space‐based, gravimetry‐derived vertical displacements clearly reflected the impact of climate variation (i.e., heavy precipitation during 2010–2011 winter followed by prolonged drought). Vertical displacements derived from the hydrologic model highlighted the relatively large precipitation convergence phase during late 2010 to early 2011 at some stations but not the prolonged drought that followed. The results indicate that ground‐based GPS observations of vertical displacement have the capability to capture variations in TWS changes, which can be systematically merged in conjunction with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) into a land surface model to improve TWS estimates in a follow‐up study.
Supershear Frictional Ruptures Along Bimaterial Interfaces
Authors: Shlomai H. , Adda‐Bedia M. , Arias R. E. , Fineberg Jay 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe experimentally and analytically explore supershear ruptures that are excited at the onset of frictional motion within “bimaterial interfaces,” frictional interfaces formed by contacting bodies having different elastic (or geometric) properties. Our experiments on PMMA blocks sliding on polycarbonate show that the structure, transition sequence, and range of existence of such supershear ruptures are highly dependent on their propagation direction relative to the slip direction in the softer of the two materials. These properties are characterized for both the positive (parallel) and negative (antiparallel) propagation directions. An analytic, fracture‐mechanics based description of supershear ruptures is derived. The theory quantitatively predicts both supershear structure and the allowed propagation range of supershear ruptures. The latter compares well with both the experimentally observed supershear ruptures in the negative direction as well as localized slip pulses in the positive direction, whose propagation speed lies between the shear velocities of both materials. Supershear ruptures in the positive direction, which are composed of trains of propagating slip pulses, evade this theoretical description.
A Moist Physics Parameterization Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Han Yilun , Zhang Guang J. , Huang Xiaomeng , Wang Yong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCurrent moist physics parameterization schemes in general circulation models (GCMs) are the main source of biases in simulated precipitation and atmospheric circulation. Recent advances in machine learning make it possible to explore data‐driven approaches to developing parameterization for moist physics processes such as convection and clouds. This study aims to develop a new moist physics parameterization scheme based on deep learning. We use a residual convolutional neural network (ResNet) for this purpose. It is trained with 1‐year simulation from a superparameterized GCM, SPCAM. An independent year of SPCAM simulation is used for evaluation. In the design of the neural network, referred to as ResCu, the moist static energy conservation during moist processes is considered. In addition, the past history of the atmospheric states, convection, and clouds is also considered. The predicted variables from the neural network are GCM grid‐scale heating and drying rates by convection and clouds, and cloud liquid and ice water contents. Precipitation is derived from predicted moisture tendency. In the independent data test, ResCu can accurately reproduce the SPCAM simulation in both time mean and temporal variance. Comparison with other neural networks demonstrates the superior performance of ResNet architecture. ResCu is further tested in a single‐column model for both continental midlatitude warm season convection and tropical monsoonal convection. In both cases, it simulates the timing and intensity of convective events well. In the prognostic test of tropical convection case, the simulated temperature and moisture biases with ResCu are smaller than those using conventional convection and cloud parameterizations.
Alleviation of an Arctic Sea Ice Bias in a Coupled Model Through Modifications in the Subgrid‐Scale Orographic Parameterization
Authors: Gastineau Guillaume , Lott François , Mignot Juliette , Hourdin Frederic 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn climate models, the subgrid‐scale orography (SSO) parameterization imposes a blocked flow drag at low levels that is opposed to the local flow. In IPSL‐CM6A‐LR, an SSO lift force is also applied perpendicular to the local flow to account for the effect of locally blocked air in narrow valleys. Using IPSL‐CM6A‐LR sensitivity experiments, it is found that the tuning of both effects strongly impacts the atmospheric circulation. Increasing the blocking and reducing the lift lead to an equatorward shift of the Northern Hemisphere subtropical jet and a reduction of the midlatitude eddy‐driven jet speed. It also improves the simulated synoptic variability, with a reduced storm‐track intensity and increased blocking frequency over Greenland and Scandinavia. Additionally, it cools the polar lower troposphere in boreal winter. Transformed Eulerian Mean diagnostics also show that the low‐level eddy‐driven subsidence over the polar region is reduced consistent with the simulated cooling. The changes are amplified in coupled experiments when compared to atmosphere‐only experiments, as the low‐troposphere polar cooling is further amplified by the temperature and albedo feedbacks resulting from the Arctic sea ice growth. In IPSL‐CM6A‐LR, this corrects the warm winter bias and the lack of sea ice that were present over the Arctic before adjusting the SSO parameters. Our results, therefore, suggest that the adjustment of SSO parameterization alleviates the Arctic sea ice bias in this case. However, the atmospheric changes induced by the parametrized SSO also impact the ocean, with an equatorward shift of the Northern Hemisphere oceanic gyres and a weaker Atlantic meridional overturning circulation.
Structural and Thermochronologic Constraints on the Cenozoic Tectonic Development of the Northern Indo‐Burma Ranges
Authors: Haproff Peter J. , Odlum Margaret L. , Zuza Andrew V. , Yin An , Stockli Daniel F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe ~1,500‐km‐long, north trending Eastern Flanking Belt of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogenic system is located along the eastern margin of the Indian subcontinent. Although the belt is a key element of the Cenozoic India‐Asia collisional zone, its tectonic evolution remains poorly understood. This lack of knowledge has impacted our ability to differentiate between competing hypotheses for the evolution of the India‐Asia collision. To address this problem, we integrate constraints on the structural framework and magnitude of Cenozoic shortening strain with thermochronology of the northernmost segment of the belt located directly southeast of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis (i.e., the northern Indo‐Burma Ranges). The study area exposes a southwest directed thrust belt that is bounded by the Indian craton in the west and the right‐slip Jiali fault zone in the east. New and existing (U‐Th)/He and 40Ar/39Ar thermochronologic data indicate that thrust‐related cooling occurred from ~36 Ma in the northeast to ~5.6 Ma in the southwest. Episodes of out‐of‐sequence thrusting occurred at ~30–20, ~14–12, and ~11–6 Ma within the thrust belt. Restoration of the thrust belt yields a minimum horizontal shortening of ~280 km (~86%). These results combined with (1) the recorded local absence of several major Himalayan‐Tibetan lithologic units (i.e., Tethyan Himalayan Sequence, Greater Himalayan Sequence, and southern Gangdese batholith) and (2) the southward decrease in the thrust‐belt width (33–5 km) suggest a complex history of thrusting in the northern Indo‐Burma Ranges and an spatial increase in Cenozoic crustal shortening and/or continental underthrusting from west to east across the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.
Severe Hypocalcemia and Transient Hypoparathyroidism After
Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Authors: Tharmalingam Senthuran , Reddy Sanjay , Sharda Pankaj , Koch Christian A. 
Published: August 2020

Dear Editors,Hypocalcemia is not unusual in patients hospitalized for critical illness and has
also been described after general surgery in addition to head and neck surgical
procedures 1
2
3. Hypocalcemic events commonly
occur in the setting of massive blood transfusion, albumin deficiency, vitamin D
deficiency, and/or hypomagnesemia. In the absence of these factors, only
slight decreases in calcium levels within the normal range have been reported during
surgical procedures 1. Cytoreductive surgery
with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) causing asymptomatic
hypocalcemia has only been reported in two previous studies 4
5.
The etiology is unclear. We here report a patient who developed severe symptomatic
hypocalcemia likely as a result of a profound inflammatory reaction with transient
hypoparathyroidism after HIPEC.
The Lateral Orbitotomy Approach for Intraorbital Lesions
Authors: Lee Ryan P. , Khalafallah Adham M. , Gami Abhishek , Mukherjee Debraj 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe lateral orbitotomy approach (LOA) was first described by Kronlein in 1888 and has since been subject to many modifications and variations. When considering orbital approaches, the location of the pathology is often more important in decision making than the type of pathology. The LOA is best suited for access to intraconal and extraconal lesions lateral to the optic nerve. Pathologies treated via the LOA include primary orbital tumors, extraorbital tumors with local extension into the orbit, and distantly metastatic lesions to the orbit. These all often initially manifest with vision loss, oculomotor deficits, or proptosis. The expertise of a multidisciplinary team is needed to execute safe and effective treatment. Collaboration between many specialties may be required, including ophthalmology, neurosurgery, otolaryngology, plastic surgery, oncology, and anesthesiology.The modern technique involves either a lateral canthotomy or eyelid crease incision with removal of the lateral orbital wall. It affords many advantages over a pterional craniotomy, primarily a lower approach morbidity and superior cosmetic outcomes. Reconstruction is fairly simple and the rate of complications—vision loss and extraocular muscle palsy—are low and infrequently permanent. Deep orbital apex location and intracranial extension have traditionally been considered limitations of this approach. However, with increased surgeon comfort, modern technique, and the adoption of endoscopy, these limits have expanded to even include primarily intracranial pathologies. This review details the LOA, including the general technique, its indications and limitations, reconstruction considerations, complications, and recent data from case series. The focus is on microscopic access to intraorbital lesions.