bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE LAW
Authors: Tărchilă Petru 
Published: February 2020

The entire community acted according to these rules because their disobedience had an influence on the survival of the entire community, as they had a powerful mystical and religious character. Sanction measures evolved along with the evolution of communities and they were applied to individuals who disobeyed and broke these rules. Thus, the first forms of human community used the death penalty (blood revenge[1]) as means of punishment for serious violation of the rules of coexistence. Later on, death penalty was replaced by the individual`s expulsion from the community and as communities evolved, material redemption was used instead of expulsion. The first judicial norms (the germs of law) developed among these social cohabitation, organization and behaviour rules. Judicial norms differed from other rules due to their compulsory character and by appeal to the coercive force of the community when they were broken by certain individuals. The change of social, customized norms into judicial norms and the emergence of law as independent entity take place along with the occurrence of state and public power rooted in the Greek – Roman Antiquity. It has been set that law is a social phenomenon incidental to human society; thus, Romans have expressed this statement through the phrase: “ubi societas, ibi jus”, namely law occurs along with the society. Law, like society is not a static, immutable entity issued once and for all; they are under constant development and social-historical evolution. As social phenomenon, social law experiences a constant historical evolution, bearing the mark of historical periods and cultural, spiritual and religious features of nations. [1][1] see I. Craiovan, Teoria generala a dreptului, Ed. Sibila, Craiova, 2009, pp. 11-15.
Afrodescendientes, racialización y políticas de las sensibilidades en Argentina
Authors: Cervio Ana Lucía 
Published: February 2020

Este artículo indaga algunas conexiones entre políticas de las sensibilidades y prácticas de racialización. Tomando por caso la problemática de afrodescendientes en Argentina, el propósito general es ofrecer una discusión sobre las sensibilidades, entendidas como estructuras del sentir que traducen las tramas de la dominación social en la vida cotidiana. Desde esta perspectiva, interesa analizar cómo las sensibilidades interceden en las prácticas de racialización que acompañan y hacen posible el desarrollo capitalista en sus aspiraciones neocoloniales. Asumir este posicionamiento teórico supone considerar que las sensibilidades regulan, entre otros aspectos, los modos racializados de observar/sentir/percibir el mundo que tienen los sujetos, y que se ponen en juego en forma radical en contextos interculturales.
Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, en primer lugar, se presenta el abordaje teórico-epistémico que orienta al análisis, discutiendo un conjunto de inflexiones analíticas que conectan las prácticas de racialización con las políticas de las sensibilidades. Seguidamente, con base en un análisis documental-bibliográfico, se exploran las clasificaciones raciales y sociales operantes en Argentina, indagando en los procesos de subalternidad configurados en torno a la figura del “negro” desde el surgimiento del Estado-Nación hasta la actualidad. Se concluye que el “maniqueísmo categorial” imperante en las clasificaciones raciales, junto con la “negrificación” del mundo subalterno que se afianza desde mediados del siglo XX, tornan relevante la discusión sobre la interculturalidad como problema epistémico y proyecto político.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN KONSEP DAN STRUKTUR PENGETAHUAN MAHASISWA SERTA PERBAIKANNYA MENGGUNAKAN WAWANCARA BERBASIS KONFLIK KOGNITIF PADA TOPIK IKATAN KIMIA
Authors: Sudana Yuski , Subandi Subandi , Santoso Aman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract: Analysis of Students’ Misconceptions and Knowledge Structure and Their Improve­ments Using Cognitive Conflict-Based Interview on Chemical Bond Topic. The aims of this mixed-method study are to investigate (1) the types of students’ misconceptions in chemical bonding topics, measured using a two-tier diagnostic test as well as a concept-map test, (2) the students’ knowledge structures, and (3) the effectiveness of cognitive-conflict based interviews to remedy students’ miscon­ceptions and to improve the level of students’ knowledge structures. This study involved the first-semester students majoring in chemistry. The results show that (1) there are 10 types of students’ mis­conceptions in chemical bonding topics, with the conformity level of misconception identification of 50.94% (moderate) between the concept-map test and the two-tier diagnostic test is (2) most of the stu­dents (66.67%) have a low level of knowledge structures, and (3) cognitive-conflict based interviews are found to be effective in dealing with students’ misconceptions and in improving their knowledge structures.Abstrak: Analisis Kesalahan Konsep dan Struktur Pengetahuan Mahasiswa Serta Perbaikannya Menggunakan Wawancara Berbasis Konflik Kognitif pada Topik Ikatan Kimia. Tujuan pene­litian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) jenis-jenis kesalahan konsep mahasiswa pada topik ikatan kimia, baik yang diidentifikasi menggunakan tes two tier, maupun yang menggunakan tes peta konsep (2) struktur pengetahuan mahasiswa, dan (3) keefektifan wawancara berbasis konflik kognitif dalam mem­perbaiki kesalahan konsep dan struktur pengetahuan mahasiswa. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian campuran (mixed-methods) dengan subject penelitian adalah mahasiswa semester 1 jurusan kimia yang telah memperoleh materi ikatan kimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat 10 jenis kesalahan konsep mahasiswa pada topik ikatan kimia, tingkat kesesuaian identifikasi kesalahan konsep menggunakan tes peta konsep dengan tes diagnostik two-tier rata-rata sebesar 50,94% (sedang), (2) se­bagian besar mahasiswa (66,67%) memiliki struktur pengetahuan yang rendah dan dan (3) wawancara berbasis konflik kognitif efektif dalam memperbaiki kesalahan konsep dan struktur pengetahuan maha­siswa.
Estados hiperandrogénicos: revisión de la literatura
Authors: Villarreal-Tordecilla Gustavo Alfonso 
Published: February 2020

Objetivos: realizar una revisión de la fisiopatología, la etiología, el cuadro clínico, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los estados hiperandrogénicos.Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en PubMed/Medline para recopilar información publicada tanto en inglés como en español desde el año 1990 a 2009. Después, se eligieron artículos de investigación en hiperandrogenismo que evaluaran la fisiopatología, la etiología, el cuadro clínico, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los estados hiperandrogénicos, usando finalmente resúmenes para llevar a cabo el análisis.Resultados: el exceso de andrógenos se puede producir por una alteración en el transporte, en la respuesta final, por el bloqueo de su transformación en estrógenos y por la administración exógena. Asimismo, éstos tienen su origen principalmente en los ovarios y las glándulas suprarrenales, expresándose clínicamente en tres aspectos diferentes: unidad pilosebácea y desórdenes reproductivos y metabólicos. Estos estados repercuten negativamente a nivel estético, reproductivo, metabólico y cardio vascular, por lo cual es necesario realizar un perfil hormonal y estudios de imagen con el fin de obtener un diagnóstico. Además, en algunas entidades existe un tratamiento específico, mientras que en otras el manejo está orientado a la sintomatología predominante.Conclusiones: la fisiopatología y la etiología del exceso de andrógenos son muy variadas. Debido al cuadro clínico y a las consecuencias que esta entidad genera, se requiere estudio y manejo multidisciplinario.
Perbandingan Tingkat Pemahaman Asma’ul Husna antara Metode Hanifida dengan Metode Konvensional bagi Siswa SMA
Authors: Julinah Julinah 
Published: February 2020

The aims of the study are: 1) Determining the level of understanding of the Divine Name for students taught using methods hanifida. 2) Determining the level of understanding of the Divine Name for students taught using conventional methods. 3) Knowing a significant difference in the level of understanding of the Divine Name for the students taught with hanifida method and the students taught by conventional method. This research is a quantitative research design that uses one-group comparative pretest posttest design. The research approach used in this study is a comparative approach by comparing the 2 methods used as an experiment. The population in this study were all students of SMA Negeri 3 Samarinda counted 1010. The taking sampling technique used is purposive sampling, i.e. taking class X IPA 1 IPA 2, both classes were sampled by reason of that class have been using hanifida method and conventional method in learning process about the Divine Name in the subject matter of Islamic Religion. Data collection technique used is observation and objective tests. Techniques used in data prerequisite test analysis is normality test, homogeneity test, chi square and hypothesis testing. The results of this study is that the level of understanding of the Divine Name by students taught by using hanifida is very effective. This is proofed by the findings that the average score of conventional method is lower than using hanifida method. The score is 72.13% for and 81.57%.
Keterampilan Dasar Mengajar Mahasiswa Program Studi PGMI IAIN Samarinda: Studi pada Mahasiswa yang Mengajar di Sekolah Dasar dan Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Samarinda
Authors: Kadir Marniati , Rukiyah Ity 
Published: February 2020

The research is about basic skills of teaching of Islamic Elementary School Teacher Education (PGMI) Department of Samarinda. The research objective is to describe the ability of basic skills of teaching of PGMI students who have taught at elementary school and Islamic Elementary School of Samarinda in academic year 2017-2018. The skills include the skill of opening and closing the lesson, explaining, giving affirmation, having variation, asking and organizing the class. The research method is a descriptive method. The data collection technique is using the methods of observation, interview, and documentation. Then, the data is analyzed descriptively through percentage and the ideal average of each component of the basic skills of teaching. Based on the research result, it can be concluded that the ability of basic skills of teaching are on a good criteria, they are: the skill of opening and closing the lesson (the average score is 26,25 or 72,91%), affirmation skill (the average score is 19,52 or 69,91%), asking skill (the average score is 17,75 or 73,95%), and the skill of organizing the class (the average score is 26,50 or 73,61%), and there are two skills in the category of enough, they are explaining skill (the average score is 17,37 or 62,03%) and having variation skill (the average score is 17,00 or 60,70%). Next is needed a more comprehensive study related to the students’ skill at the department of PGMI, so that the information and the findings will be a consideration in the efforts of increasing the students competency of PGMI department of IAIN Samarinda.
Comparison of Chemical-Component Transport in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Using Dual-Porosity and Multiple-Interacting-Continua Models
Authors: Al-Rudaini Ali , Geiger Sebastian , Mackay Eric , Maier Christine , Pola Jackson 
Published: February 2020

SummaryWe propose a workflow to optimize the configuration of multiple-interacting-continua (MINC) models and overcome the limitations of the classical dual-porosity (DP) model when simulating chemical-component-transport processes during two-phase flow. Our new approach captures the evolution of the saturation and concentration fronts inside the matrix, which is key to design more effective chemical enhanced-oil-recovery (CEOR) projects in naturally fractured reservoirs. Our workflow is intuitive and derived from the simple concept that fine-scale single-porosity (SP) models capture fracture/matrix interaction accurately; it can hence be easily applied in any reservoir simulator with MINC capabilities. Results from the fine-scale SP model are translated into an equivalent MINC model that yields more accurate results compared with a classical DP model for oil recovery by spontaneous imbibition; for example, in a water-wet (WW) case, the root-mean-square error (RMSE) improves from 0.123 to 0.034. In general, improved simulation results can be obtained when selecting five or fewer shells in the MINC model. However, the actual number of shells is case specific. The largest improvement in accuracy is observed for cases where the matrix permeability is low and fracture/matrix transfer remains in a transient state for a prolonged time. The novelty of our approach is the simplicity of defining shells for a MINC model such that the chemical-component-transport process in naturally fractured reservoirs can be predicted more accurately, especially in cases where the matrix has low permeability. Hence, the improved MINC model is particularly suitable to model chemical-component transport, key to many CEOR processes, in (tight) fractured carbonates.
Pressure Transients in Reservoirs with Stochastic Fractal Geometry Patterns
Authors: Abbaszadeh Maghsood 
Published: February 2020

SUMMARY
This paper presents pressure transient behavior in reservoirs with stochastic fractal geometry patterns. When a fractal object is embedded in an Euclidean porous medium, permeability and porosity variations in the medium are power functions of radial distance from wells. A three-region composite model, where the middle region is fractal, is proposed for these systems and an analytical solution for pressure transients is derived. A field pressure buildup test from a reservoir with deep damage problems is analyzed by this composite fractal model.
Pressure transients in 1-D heterogeneous reservoirs with statistical fractal correlation functions of fractional Brownian motion (fBm) and fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) are also studied, using a radially multicomposite model. Well test-derived effective permeabilities of multiple heterogeneity realizations are found to be close to the harmonic average of permeability distributions.
An Engineering Appraisal of Small Diameter Hole Drilling in Soft Rock Operations
Authors: Faulk J.H. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 207, 1956, pages 80–87.Paper presented at Petroleum Branch Fall Meeting in New Orleans, Oct. 2–5, 1955.

Abstract
An examination is made of the various factors influencing drilling rate and drill bit life in various diameter holes. It is concluded that drill bits in the size range 4 3/4 to 6 1/4 in can be used to attain substantially the same daily drilling progress as conventional size bits of soft rock drilling operations.
An examination of the most important factors influencing "hazard of losing the hole" in the different hole sizes results in the conclusion that the smaller hole sizes can probably be drilled at reasonably low risk. However, this risk will be somewhat greater in the smaller diameter holes, requiring that special drilling and mud engineering practices be used to make small diameter holes practicable in soft rock drilling operations.
An engineering analysis is made of the power and hydraulic requirements of several drill string-hole size combinations to test the feasibility of drilling small diameter holes in soft rock areas. Large economies in rig power requirements appear possible by drilling smaller size holes in these operations.

Introduction
For many years the industry has talked about and made sporadic attempts to exploit small diameter holes. Lack of sufficient technological progress was apparently responsible for many earlier failures. The industry now is re-examining the utility of small diameter holes in the light of substantial technical advances made in recent years. Faced with increasing cost of finding reserves and with proration after developing them, the industry must either develop methods of economizing or receive a lower rate of return on investments. Small diameter holes appear to involve an attractive method of economizing. Our objective is to determine if this is technically possible in soft rock operations. Soft rock, as used in this report refers to those formations of a "drillability" corresponding to that of all Gulf Coast formations shallower than and frequently including much of the Eocene rock system.
An Accelerated Squeeze-Cementing Technique
Authors: Dumbauld G.K. , Perry D. , Binkley G.W. , Brooks F.A. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 207, 1956, pages 25–29.

Abstract
A new cementing technique has been developed which is particularly applicable to permanent-type well completion operations. The technique makes use of the accelerating effect of calcium chloride on setting time and strength development of cement cake deposited in squeeze cementing. An unique feature is that the accelerator is applied after the unaccelerated cement slurry has been squeezed and the excess has been reversed from the well.
Laboratory data on the accelerating effect of calcium chloride applied to the filter cakes of three low-water-loss cementing compositions demonstrate that the procedure results in relatively rapid development of strength and impermeability of the cement cake. Simulated squeeze-cementing tests made in the laboratory likewise corroborated the practicality of the procedure. The laboratory tests showed that a newly developed oil-emulsion cementing composition is more susceptible to acceleration of set than are modified cements containing high percentages of bentonite.
The acceleration procedure has been used successfully in field operations.

Introduction

Nature of Problem
In squeeze-cementing operations, a substantial amount of time is consumed in waiting on the cement to develop strength after it has been squeezed into the well. Frequently, an interval of 18 to 24 hours or longer is required for the development of strength sufficient to prevent failure of the cement during subsequent operations in the well. Reduction of this waiting-on-cement time offers appreciable savings both in time and in money.
A particular type of squeeze-cementing operation to which an increasing amount of attention has been given is encountered in permanent-type well completion operations wherein perforations are to be squeezed off. In this procedure, it is customary to pump the cement slurry down the tubing and out into the perforated section through a retractable extension pipe. Squeeze pressure is then applied, which forces the cement slurry into the perforations and causes the build-up of a compact filter cake of cement within the perforations. The excess slurry remaining in the hole is then removed by reverse circulation. The extension pipe is then retracted, and, if a new interval is to be perforated, a perforating gun is run through the tubing. The newly perforated interval may then be tested by swabbing.
Gas Drive and Gravity Drainage Analysis for Pressure Maintenance Operations
Authors: Shreve D.R. , Welch L.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 207, 1956, pages 136–143.

Abstract
An analysis for predicting the behavior of reservoirs exploited by a combined gas drive and gravity drainage mechanism is presented. The method allows the prediction of gas-oil ratio, oil production rate, and cumulative oil recovery for high relief pools in which pressure is maintained either by gas injection in the crest of the structure or by a combined gas and water injection program. The reservoir is represented by a model of communicating vertical prisms, with production or injection at the upper or lower boundaries of each prism. The theory of macroscopic gravitational segregation of two fluids within a reservoir is discussed in detail for all ranges of saturation. A description of an application of the analysis to a typical field problem is also presented.

Introduction
The importance of gravity drainage as a producing mechanism has become more evident during recent years. However, many of the reservoir engineering methods which have been used in the past for predicting the behavior of reservoirs producing by this mechanism have required such drastic, simplifying assumptions that the calculated performance in some cases does not resemble the actual pool behavior.
The mechanism of fluid displacement in porous media has been described by Buckley and Leverett, and a simplified "one zone" method based on this development has been used by engineers to evaluate the performance of gravity drainage pools. Welge has modified this approach so that the calculation time has been markedly decreased. In addition, many other authors have analyzed various phases of the gravity drainage producing mechanism during the past several years.
In a high relief reservoir in which gravity may affect the recovery mechanism, there are two main types of exploitation programs which can be employed:Reservoir pressure is maintained by injecting gas into the upper portions of the reservoir. In this case gas is not released from solution and, if dynamic pressure drops are small compared to the total pressure of the system, the gas and oil may be considered to be immiscible and to have constant fluid characteristics.Reservoir pressure is not maintained and a: "natural depletion" mechanism prevails. The term "natural depletion" can be used to describe the production history of a reservoir in which a gradual decline of average pressure and the associated release of solution gas continue throughout the producing life. In this mechanism gas is released throughout the reservoir and there is a continuous change in the characteristics of both the gas and the oil phases.
Simultaneous Flow of Liquid and Gas Through Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Bertuzzi A.F. , Tek M.R. , Poettman F.H. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 207, 1956, pages 17–24.

Abstract
A method is presented for predicting pressure drop for two-phase fluid flow in horizontal pipes.
A set of 267 experimental measurements randomly sampled from approximately 1,000 measurements from various literature sources was used. Pressure gradients calculated by the procedure developed and compared with the experimental values showed a bias of +0.82 per cent and a standard deviation of 20.8 per cent.
The advantages of this method over other available methods of predicting two-phase flow pressure drop areits comparative simplicity of application,its relative independence of flow patterns,its accuracy, which on the basis of a statistical evaluation predicts pressure drop closer than other available methods, and,its ability to satisfactorily correlate laboratory data from various sources while the correlations from these sources do not appear to agree with one another.
The method has been reduced to a simplified graphical procedure, suitable for field use.
A two-phase f factor is defined and correlated with parameters involving the flowing gas-liquid mass ratio, a Reynolds number for the gas phase, and a Reynolds number for the liquid phase. The choice of parameters allows the correlation to reduce to the usual f factor plot for the limiting conditions of all gas or all liquid.

Introduction
The mechanics and characteristics of two-phase flow systems have been of interest throughout the industry for some time. In numerous engineering installations such as pipe lines, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers, two-phase flow conditions are of every day occurrence. In oil production operations it has been desirable, in some cases, to consider transporting gas and oil together in a common pipe from oil field to process plant. The trend toward centrally located stock tank batteries in oil fields has resulted in longer gathering pipelines in which more than one fluid phase is flowing.