bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restoration and Renewal? West Germany since 1945
Authors: Perkins John 
Published: July 2002

A. J. Nicholls, The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945–1990 (London: Longman, 1997), 341 pp. ISBN 0–582–49230–0 PPR; 0582–4931–9 CSD. Hb £44. Pb £14.99.Gerhard A. Ritter, Über Deutschland: Die Bundesrepublik in der deutschen Geschichte (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1998), 303 pp., DM 39 80, ISBN 3–406–44039–8.Rebecca L. Boehling, A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reforms and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany, Monographs in German History 2 (Providence RI and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996). 301 pp., IBSN 1–571–81035–8.Anne Sa'adah, Germany's Second Chance: Trust, Justice, and Democraticization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 352 pp., £24.95, ISBN 0–674–35111–8.Volker Hentschel, Ludwig Erhard, die ‘Soziale Marktwirtschaft’ und das Wirtschaftswunder: Histo-risches Lehrstück oder Mythos. (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1998), 95 pp., IBSN 3–416–02761–2.Robert G. Moeller, ed., West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). 462 pp., IBSN 0–472–09648–6 (hb), 0–472–06648–X (pb.). Peter James, ed., Modern Germany (London & New York: Routledge, 1998), 220 pp., IBSN 0–415–15034–5.For those who for whatever reason acquire an interest, the study of Germany since 1945 has to begin somewhere. It is hard to conceive of a more elementary introduction than that edited by Peter James and comprising the contributions of colleagues in the Department of German at the University of Northumbria plus his own. Although ‘aimed at all those who have an interest in life and society in modern Germany’, it is basically an introductory text for first-year students of German Studies. According to the editor of the slim volume, ‘Clearly the text is not intended to be exhaustive’; although one of the contributions, according to the blurb, claims to provide an ‘in-depth treatment of Germany's coming to terms with its past’ - within sixteen pages!
Simultaneous Visualization of Peroxisomes and Cytoskeletal Elements Reveals Actin and Not Microtubule-Based Peroxisome Motility in Plants,
Authors: Mathur Jaideep , Mathur Neeta , Hülskamp Martin 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Peroxisomes were visualized in living plant cells using a yellow fluorescent protein tagged with a peroxisomal targeting signal consisting of the SKL motif. Simultaneous visualization of peroxisomes and microfilaments/microtubules was accomplished in onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells transiently expressing the yellow fluorescent protein-peroxi construct, a green fluorescent protein-mTalin construct that labels filamentous-actin filaments, and a green fluorescent protein-microtubule-binding domain construct that labels microtubules. The covisualization of peroxisomes and cytoskeletal elements revealed that, contrary to the reports from animal cells, peroxisomes in plants appear to associate with actin filaments and not microtubules. That peroxisome movement is actin based was shown by pharmacological studies. For this analysis we used onion epidermal cells and various cell types of Arabidopsis including trichomes, root hairs, and root cortex cells exhibiting different modes of growth. In transient onion epidermis assay and in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, an interference with the actin cytoskeleton resulted in progressive loss of saltatory movement followed by the aggregation and a complete cessation of peroxisome motility within 30 min of drug application. Microtubule depolymerization or stabilization had no effect.
Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with Increased Resistance to Growth Inhibition by Indoleacetic Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates
Authors: Campanella J. J. , Ludwig-Mueller J. , Town C. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that are resistant to growth inhibition by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-phenylalanine have been isolated. Both mutants were 2- to 3-fold more resistant than wild type to inhibition by IAA-phenylalanine, IAA-alanine, and IAA-glycine in root growth assays. The mutant icr1 (but not icr2) also shows some resistance to IAA-aspartate. Studies using 3H-labeled IAA-phenylalanine showed that the uptake of conjugate from the medium by icr1 was the same as wild type and was reduced by about 25% in icr2. No differences in hydrolysis of the exogenous conjugate were detected between the mutants and their wild-type parents. There was no significant metabolism of the IAA released from the [3H]IAA-phenylalanine, whereas exogenous [3H]IAA was rapidly metabolized to two unidentified products considerably more polar than IAA. Analysis of a cross between icr1 and icr2 indicated that these mutations were at distinct loci and that their effects were additive, and preliminary mapping data indicated that icr1 and icr2 were located at the top and bottom of chromosome V, respectively.
Cis-Acting Elements Essential for Light Regulation of the Nuclear Gene Encoding the A Subunit of Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Park S. C. , Kwon H. B. , Shih M. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We report the characterization of cis-acting elements involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapA) that encodes the A subunit of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our previous deletion analyses indicate that the -277 to -195 upstream region of GapA is essential for light induction of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. This region contains three direct repeats with the consensus sequence 5[prime]-CAAATGAA(A/G)A-3[prime] (Gap boxes). Our results show that 2-bp substitutions of the last four nucleotides (AA or GA) of the Gap boxes by CC abolish light induction of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in vivo and affect binding of the Gap box binding factor in vitro. We have also identified an additional cis-acting element, AE (Activation Element) box, that is involved in regulation of GapA. A combination of a Gap box trimer and an AE box dimer can confer light responsiveness on the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter containing the -92 to +6 upstream sequence, whereas oligomers of Gap boxes or AE boxes alone cannot confer light responsiveness on the same promoter. These results suggest that Gap boxes and AE boxes function together as the light-responsive element of GapA.
Differential Patterns of Expression of the Arabidopsis PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE Phytochrome Genes
Authors: Goosey L. , Palecanda L. , Sharrock R. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana phyB, phyD, and phyE phytochrome apoproteins show higher amino acid sequence similarity to each other than to phyA or phyC, they are the most recently evolved members of this photoreceptor family, and they may interact in regulating photomorphogenesis. The expression patterns of translational fusions of the 5[prime] upstream regions of the PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE genes to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence were compared. PD-GUS and PE-GUS fusions were 5- to 10-fold less active than a PB-GUS fusion, but all three promoter regions drove expression of the reporter gene in all stages of the plant's life cycle. Over the first 10 d of seedling growth, the PHYB and PHYD promoters were more active in the dark than in the light, whereas the opposite was true of the PHYE promoter. Unlike the PB-GUS construct, which was expressed in most parts of seedlings and mature plants, the PD-GUS and PE-GUS transgenes showed differential expression, notably in leaves, flower organs, and root tips. Tissue sections showed that the three promoters are coexpressed in at least some leaf cells. Hence, the PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE genes differ in expression pattern but these patterns overlap and interaction of these receptor forms within individual cells is possible.
Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)1
Authors: Wustman Brandon A. , Lind Jan , Wetherbee Richard , Gretz Michael R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Achnanthes longipes is a marine, biofouling diatom that adheres to surfaces via adhesive polymers extruded during motility or organized into structures called stalks that contain three distinct regions: the pad, shaft, and collar. Four monoclonal antibodies (AL.C1–AL.C4) and antibodies from two uncloned hybridomas (AL.E1 and AL.E2) were raised against the extracellular adhesives of A. longipes. Antibodies were screened against a hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble-fraction. The hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble fraction was fractionated to yield polymers in three size ranges: F1, ≥ 20,000,000Mr; F2, ≅100,000Mr; and F3, &lt;10,000Mr relative to dextran standards. The ≅100,000-Mr fraction consisted of highly sulfated (approximately 11%) fucoglucuronogalactans (FGGs) and low-sulfate (approximately 2%) FGGs, whereas F1 was composed of O-linked FGG (F2)-polypeptide (F3) complexes. AL.C1, AL.C2, AL.C4, AL.E1, and AL.E2 recognized carbohydrate complementary regions on FGGs, with antigenicity dependent on fucosyl-containing side chains. AL.C3 was unique in that it had a lower affinity for FGGs and did not label any portion of the shaft. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocytochemistry indicated that low-sulfate FGGs are expelled from pores surrounding the raphe terminus, creating the cylindrical outer layers of the shaft, and that highly sulfated FGGs are extruded from the raphe, forming the central core. Antibody-labeling patterns and other evidence indicated that the shaft central-core region is related to material exuded from the raphe during cell motility.
Overexpression of a Homeobox Gene, LeT6, Reveals Indeterminate Features in the Tomato Compound Leaf1
Authors: Janssen Bart-Jan , Lund Lance , Sinha Neelima 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has a unipinnate compound leaf. In the developing leaf primordium, major leaflet initiation is basipetal, and lobe formation and early vascular differentiation are acropetal. We show that engineered alterations in the expression of a tomato homeobox gene, LeT6, can cause dramatic changes in leaf morphology. The morphological states are variable and unstable and the phenotypes produced indicate that the tomato leaf has an inherent level of indeterminacy. This is manifested by the production of multiple orders of compounding in the leaf, by numerous shoot, inflorescence, and floral meristems on leaves, and by the conversion of rachis-petiolule junctions into “axillary” positions where floral buds can arise. Overexpression of a heterologous homeobox transgene,kn1, does not produce such phenotypic variability. This indicates that LeT6 may differ from the heterologouskn1 gene in the effects manifested on overexpression, and that 35S-LeT6 plants may be subject to alterations in expression of both the introduced and endogenous LeT6genes. The expression patterns of LeT6 argue in favor of a fundamental role for LeT6 in morphogenesis of leaves in tomato and also suggest that variability in homeobox gene expression may account for some of the diversity in leaf form seen in nature.
Ascorbic Acid Metabolism in Pea Seedlings. A Comparison ofd-Glucosone, l-Sorbosone, andl-Galactono-1,4-Lactone as Ascorbate Precursors1
Authors: Pallanca Jane E. , Smirnoff Nicholas 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
l-Ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulates in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings during germination, with the most rapid phase of accumulation coinciding with radicle emergence. Monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbic acid reductase were active in the embryonic axes before AsA accumulation started, whereas AsA oxidase and AsA peroxidase activities increased in parallel with AsA. Excised embryonic axes were used to investigate the osone pathway of AsA biosynthesis, in whichd-glucosone and l-sorbosone are the proposed intermediates. [U-14C]Glucosone was incorporated into AsA and inhibited the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose (Glc) into AsA. A higher d-glucosone concentration (5 mm) inhibited AsA accumulation. l-Sorbosone did not affect AsA pool size but caused a small inhibition in the incorporation of [U-14C]Glc into AsA. Oxidase and dehydrogenase activities capable of converting Glc or Glc-6-phosphate to glucosone were not detected in embryonic axis extracts. The osones are therefore unlikely to be physiological intermediates of AsA biosynthesis. l-Galactono-1,4-lactone, recently proposed as the AsA precursor (G.L. Wheeler, M.A. Jones, N. Smirnoff [1998] Nature 393: 365–369), was readily converted to AsA by pea embryonic axes. Although l-galactono-1,4-lactone did not inhibit [14C]Glc incorporation into AsA, this does not mean that it is not a precursor, because competition between endogenous and exogenous pools was minimized by its very small pool size and rapid metabolism.
Evidence for an Inorganic Carbon-Concentrating Mechanism in the Symbiotic DinoflagellateSymbiodiniumsp.
Authors: Leggat William , Badger Murray R. , Yellowlees David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe presence of a carbon-concentrating mechanism in the symbiotic dinoflagellateSymbiodinium sp. was investigated. Its existence was postulated to explain how these algae fix inorganic carbon (Ci) efficiently despite the presence of a form II Rubisco. When the dinoflagellates were isolated from their host, the giant clam (Tridacna gigas), CO2 uptake was found to support the majority of net photosynthesis (45%–80%) at pH 8.0; however, 2 d after isolation this decreased to 5% to 65%, with HCO3 − uptake supporting 35% to 95% of net photosynthesis. Measurements of intracellular Ciconcentrations showed that levels inside the cell were between two and seven times what would be expected from passive diffusion of Ci into the cell. Symbiodinium also exhibits a distinct light-activated intracellular carbonic anhydrase activity. This, coupled with elevated intracellular Ci and the ability to utilize both CO2 and HCO3 − from the medium, suggests thatSymbiodinium sp. does possess a carbon-concentrating mechanism. However, intracellular Ci levels are not as large as might be expected of an alga utilizing a form II Rubisco with a poor affinity for CO2.
Increases in Water Potential Gradient Reduce Xylem Conductivity in Whole Plants. Evidence from a Low-Pressure Conductivity Method
Authors: Brodribb Tim J. , Hill Robert S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A new method using hydrostatic suctions (less than 0.02 MPa) was used to measure whole-root conductivity (K r) in saplings of two angiosperm pioneer trees (Eucalyptus regnans and Toona australis) and two rainforest conifers (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides and Nageia fleurii). The resultant K r was combined with measurements of stem and leaf hydraulic conductivity to calculate whole-plant conductivity and to predict leaf water potential (Ψl) during transpiration. At normal soil temperatures there was good agreement between measured and predicted Ψl during transpiration in all species. Changes in the soil-to-leaf water potential gradient were produced by root chilling, and in three of the four species, changes in Ψlcorresponded to those expected by the effect of increased water viscosity on K r. In one species, however, root chilling produced severe plant wilting and a decline in Ψl significantly below the predicted value. In this species Ψl decreased to a value close to, or below, the Ψl at 50% xylem cavitation. It is concluded that decreased whole-plant conductivity in T. australisresulted from a decrease in xylem conductivity due to stress-induced cavitation.
Changes in Photosynthetic Carbon Flow in Transgenic Rice Plants That Express C4-Type Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase from Urochloa panicoides
Authors: Suzuki Shoichi , Murai Nobuhiko , Burnell James N. , Arai Masao 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A cDNA encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) of Urochloa panicoides (a PCK-type C4 plant) was expressed in rice (Oryza sativa cv Tsukinohikari) plants under the control of the promoter of a maize (Zea mays) gene for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate, orthophosphate dikinase with the transit peptide of the small subunit of Rubisco. Crude extracts prepared from the green leaves of transgenic plants had high PCK activity and the newly expressed PCK was localized in chloroplasts. In labeling experiments with 14CO2 up to 20% of the radioactivity was incorporated into 4C compounds (malate, oxaloacetate, and aspartate) in excised leaves of transgenic plants, as compared with about 1% in excised leaves of control plants. There was a positive correlation between PCK activity and the extent of labeling of 4C compounds. When l-[4-14C]malate was fed to excised leaves the extent of incorporation of radioactivity into sucrose was 3-fold greater in transgenic plants than in control plants and the level of radiolabeled aspartate was significantly lower in transgenic plants. These results indicate that the ectopic expression of PCK in rice chloroplasts was able partially to change the carbon flow in mesophyll cells into a C4-like photosynthetic pathway. Such a strategy appears to provide a possible method for enhancing the photosynthetic capacity of C3 plants.
Expression and Processing of a Hormonally Regulated β-Expansin from Soybean
Authors: Downes Brian P. , Steinbaker C. Ryan , Crowell Dring N. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Expansin proteins are essential components of acid-induced cell wall loosening in plants. β-Expansins, which constitute a subfamily of related expansin proteins, include the group I grass pollen allergens. To provide a better description of β-expansin expression, we have characterized a cytokinin-inducible β-expansin from soybean (Glycine max cv Mandarin) called Cim1. Our results demonstrate that the hormones cytokinin and auxin act synergistically to induce the accumulation and proteolytic processing of Cim1. Carboxyl terminal truncation of a 35-kD form of Cim1 is predicted to remove the putative cellulose binding domain from the amino terminal cysteine-rich domain, resulting in a 20-kD form of the protein. Furthermore, the identical amino termini of the 35- and 20-kD forms of Cim1 correspond to a position 11 amino acids downstream of the predicted signal sequence cleavage site, suggesting proteolysis of a short amino terminal propeptide after removal of the signal peptide. This propeptide fragment contains a consensus site for N-glycosylation and our data suggest that it is glycosylated by a tunicamycin-sensitive mechanism in cultured soybean cells. The onset of Cim1 expression correlates with increased growth of soybean cultures. Ultimately, Cim1 is rapidly and specifically proteolyzed as soybean cultures reach stationary phase. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that β-expansin proteins are extensively modified by post-translational N-glycosylation and proteolysis.
In vivo assembly of aspartate transcarbamoylase from fragmented and circularly permuted catalytic polypeptide chains
Authors: Ni Xinhai , Schachman Howard K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrevious studies on Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) demonstrated that active, stable enzyme was formed in vivo from complementing polypeptides of the catalytic (c) chain encoded by gene fragments derived from the pyrBI operon. However, the enzyme lacked the allosteric properties characteristic of wild‐type ATCase. In order to determine whether the loss of homotropic and heterotropic properties was attributable to the location of the interruption in the polypeptide chain rather than to the lack of continuity, we constructed a series of fragmented genes so that the breaks in the polypeptide chains would be dispersed in different domains and diverse regions of the structure. Also, analogous molecules containing circularly permuted c chains with altered termini were constructed for comparison with the ATCase molecules containing fragmented c chains. Studies were performed on four sets of ATCase molecules containing cleaved c chains at positions between residues 98 and 99, 121 and 122, 180 and 181, and 221 and 222; the corresponding circularly permuted chains had N termini at positions 99, 122, 181, and 222. All of the ATCase molecules containing fragmented or circularly permuted c chains exhibited the homotropic and heterotropic properties characteristic of the wild‐type enzyme. Hill coefficients (nH) and changes in them upon the addition of ATP and CTP were similar to those observed with wild‐type ATCase. In addition, the conformational changes revealed by the decrease in sedimentation coefficient upon the addition of a bisubstrate analog were virtually identical to that for the wild‐type enzyme. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that neither the breakage of the polypeptide chains nor the newly formed covalent bond between the termini in the wild‐type enzyme had a significant impact on the thermal stability of the assembled dodecamers. The studies demonstrate that continuity of the polypeptide chain within structural domains is not essential for the assembly, activity, and allosteric properties of ATCase.
A Practical Technique to Estimate the Formation Thickness of a Kicking Zone
Authors: Samuel G. Robello , Engler Thomas , Miska Stefan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCharacterization of formation while drilling continues to be a challenge to the engineers. When a well kicks while drilling, evaluation of pore pressure and the corresponding kill mud density is of critical importance for the safety of the drilling crew and mechanical integrity of the wellbore. Besides the estimation of these parameters, it will be beneficial to estimate the thickness of the kicking formation prior to drilling. This helps to drill safely and carefully through the potentially active kicking formation. In this paper, it is shown how to calculate the thickness of the kicking zone with the limited information available at the time of an oil/gas kick. A method of data analysis (obtained on a kicking well) to estimate the formation thickness of the kicking zone is presented. Illustrative examples including actual field cases are described and analyzed.
Subharmonic and Chaotic Motions of a Hybrid Squeeze-Film Damper-Mounted Rigid Rotor With Active Control
Authors: Chen Chieh-Li , Yau Her-Terng , Li Yunhua 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The hybrid squeeze-film damper bearing with active control is proposed in this paper. The pressure distribution and the dynamics of a rigid rotor supported by such bearing are studied. A PD (proportional-plus-derivative) controller is used to stabilize the rotor-bearing system. Numerical results show that, due to the nonlinear factors of oil film force, the trajectory of the rotor demonstrates a complex dynamics with rotational speed ratio s. Poincare´ maps, bifurcation diagrams, and power spectra are used to analyze the behavior of the rotor trajectory in the horizontal and vertical directions under different operating conditions. The maximum Lyapunov exponent and fractal dimension concepts are used to determine if the system is in a state of chaotic motion. Numerical results show that the maximum Lyapunov exponent of this system is positive and the dimension of the rotor trajectory is fractal at the nondimensional speed ratio s=3.0, which indicate that the rotor trajectory is chaotic under such operation condition. In order to avoid the nonsynchronous chaotic vibrations, an increased proportional gain is applied to control this system. It is shown that the rotor trajectory will leave chaotic motion to periodic motion in the steady state under control action.