bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inductively coupled plasma with mass-spectrometry method development and validation for gadolinium in gadolinium-based contrast agents of pharmaceutical formulations
Authors: Kona Subramanya Srinivas , Changali Mallesh , Kalva Mahesh , Lakka Narasimha Swamy 
Published: June 2020

Gadolinium-based contrast agent interacts with the human body temporarily and improves the pictures of inside of the body produced by magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, X-rays and ultrasound and it also helps to distinguish the normal from abnormal conditions. In this study, the authors developed a simple, rapid, reliable and robust inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry method for estimation of gadolinium in gadolinium-based contrast agents to check the drug quality and ensure the patient safety. The samples were digested at 160°C using the microwave digestion system and the gadolinium was extracted in 0.4% (w/w) nitric acid. Interference of deposited gadolinium on sample cone and skimmer cone were investigated and evaluated. The developed method was validated as per ICH Q2 (R1) guideline and USP<730>. The precision was evaluated with six independent assays of gadolinium in each gadolinium-based contrast agent. The test method was found linear (r2 > 0.999) with five different levels covered from 25~200%, and accurate, mean recoveries were 92.5~107.5% at three different levels covered from 50~150%. The robustness was performed by changing the nitric acid concentration (0.4±0.04%, w/w) in diluent system. This method is suitable to quantitatively determine the amount of gadolinium in gadolinium-based contrast agent of drug products in presence of excipients used in formulation and also in drug substance.
Dynamics of environmental conditions during the decline of a Cymodocea nodosa meadow
Authors: Najdek Mirjana , Korlević Marino , Paliaga Paolo , Markovski Marsej , Ivančić Ingrid , Iveša Ljiljana , Felja Igor , Herndl Gerhard J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. The dynamics of the physicochemical and biological
parameters were followed during the decline of a Cymodocea nodosa meadow in the northern
Adriatic Sea from July 2017 to October 2018. During the regular growth of
C. nodosa from July 2017 to March 2018, the species successfully adapted to the changes in
environmental conditions and prevented H2S accumulation by its
reoxidation, supplying the sediment with O2 from the water column
and/or leaf photosynthesis. The C. nodosa decline was most likely triggered in April 2018 when light availability to the plant was drastically reduced due to
increased seawater turbidity that resulted from increased terrigenous input,
indicated by a decrease in salinity accompanied with a substantial increase
in particulate matter concentration, combined with resuspension of sediment
and elevated autotrophic biomass. Light reduction impaired photosynthesis of
C. nodosa and the oxidation capability of belowground tissue. Simultaneously, a
depletion of oxygen due to intense oxidation of H2S occurred in the
sediment, thus creating anoxic conditions in most of the rooted areas. These
linked negative effects on the plant performance caused an accumulation of
H2S in the sediments of the C. nodosa meadow. During the decay of aboveground and
belowground tissues, culminating in August 2018, high concentrations of
H2S were reached and accumulated in the sediment as well as in bottom
waters. The influx of oxygenated waters in September 2018 led to the
re-establishment of H2S oxidation in the sediment and remainder of the
belowground tissue. Our results indicate that if disturbances of
environmental conditions, particularly those compromising the light
availability, take place during the recruitment phase of plant growth when
metabolic needs are at a maximum and stored reserves minimal, a sudden and
drastic decline of the seagrass meadow occurs.
Large-scale englacial folding and deep-ice stratigraphy within the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Ross Neil , Corr Hugh , Siegert Martin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. It has been hypothesized that complex englacial structures identified within the East Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets are generated by (i) water freezing to the ice sheet base and evolving under ice flow, (ii) deformation of ice of varying rheology, or (iii) entrainment of basal material. Using ice-penetrating radar, we identify a widespread complex of deep-ice facies in West Antarctica that exist in the absence of basal water. These deep-ice units are extensive, thick (>500 m), and incorporate multiple highly reflective englacial layers. At the lateral margin of an enhanced flow tributary of the Institute Ice Stream, these units are heavily deformed and folded by the action of lateral flow convergence. Radar reflectivity analysis demonstrates that the uppermost reflector of the deep-ice package is highly anisotropic, due to abrupt alternations in crystal orientation fabric, and consequently will have a different rheology to the ice above and below it. Deformation and folding of the deep-ice package is an englacial response to the combination of laterally-convergent ice flow and the physical properties of the ice column.
Combined Effects of Telehealth and Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy for Individuals with Chronic Hemiparesis
Authors: Smith Mary Ann , Tomita Machiko R. 
Published: June 2020

Telehealth use allows improved access to services and results in potential cost savings. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a combined modified Constrained Induced Movement Therapy (mCIMT) program using telehealth and in-person sessions, for participants with higher (Group 1) and lower (Group 2) functional ability of the hemiparetic upper extremity. Using a pre-experimental design with a 6-week intervention, 28 participants were assessed twice on use of upper extremity via subjective and objective measures. For the Motor Activity Log, the amount of use and quality of use were significant for Groups 1 and 2. Significant improvements were shown on the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), the Fugl-Meyer UE, and the Functional Independence Measure (FIM) for both groups except for the strength subtest on the WMFT and the timed portion for Group 1. Percentages of attendance for telehealth and in-person sessions were also compared. Telehealth sessions had a higher attendance rate (84.5%) than in-person sessions (75.3%) (p=.004). The combined mCIMT program of telerehabilitation and in-person group sessions was effective in improving functional ability after a stroke.
European Union strategic autonomy and Mongolia
Authors: Tsermaa Lkham 
Published: June 2020

Under the objective to ensure its strategic autonomy set in 2016, the European Union is undertaking changes in common foreign and security policy, defense, economic and technological areas. In this article, the author not only examines these changes, but also expresses her views on how they may affect the relations between Mongolia and the EU.
Европын холбооны стратегийн бие даасан байдал ба Монгол улс
Хураангуй: Европын Холбоо (ЕХ) нь гадаад тааламжгүй нөхцөл байдлын улмаас 2016 оноос хойш стратегийн бие даасан байдлаа хангах зорилго тавин ажиллаж, нэгдсэн гадаад бодлого, аюулгүй байдлын бодлого, батлан хамгаалах, эдийн засаг, технологийн салбарт томоохон өөрчлөлтийг хийж байна. Уг өгүүлэлд эдгээр өөрчлөлтийн талаар авч үзэхээс гадна энэ нь Монгол Улс ба ЕХ-ны хоёр талын харилцаанд ямар байдлаар нөлөөлөх боломжтой талаар өөрийн санал дүгнэлтийг хийх болно.
Түлхүүр үгс: Европын Холбоо, стратегийн бие даасан байдал, Монгол Улс ба Европын Холбооны хамтын ажиллагаа
Antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on Enterococcus faecalis in endodontics: A systematic review
Authors: Al Nesser Salma Fuad , Bshara Nada George , Adıgüzel Özkan 
Published: June 2020

Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the in vitro antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on Enterococcus faecalis during root canal treatment.
Methods: An electronic databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, Health Advance) was performed (last updated was 1st April 2019). The reference lists of the included studies were hand-searched. Randomized in vitro studies that compared sodium hypochlorite gel to solution as a root canal irrigant were included. No limitation on publication date.
Results: Out of 20741 articles, only two studies with 116 human teeth were included in this review. The studies showed 50% high risk of bias, and 50% medium risk of bias for the included studies. Both sodium hypochlorite gel and solution had some bacterial growth inhibition over E. faecalis. The heterogeneity in methodology of the included studies and the lack of high evidence led to contradictory results. However, sodium hypochlorite solution was better in enhancing the antibacterial effect according to the robust study.
Conclusion: There is insufficient reliable evidence about the antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on enterococcus faecalis. Although the robust study included in this review revealed that sodium hypochlorite gel is less efficient than the solution as a root canal irrigant, further studies are needed to consider the most effective type, concentration, duration and treatment protocols in enhancing the antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite.
How to cite this article: Al Nesser S, Bshara N, Adıgüzel Ö. Antibacterial effect of sodium hypochlorite gel on Enterococcus faecalis in endodontics: A systematic review. Int Dent Res 2020;10(1):22-29. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2020.vol10.no1.3

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
The Complexity of Criminal Liability of AI Systems
Authors: Osmani Nora 
Published: June 2020

Technology is advancing at a rapid pace. As we anticipate a rapid increase in artificial intelligence (AI), we may soon find ourselves dealing with fully autonomous technology with the capacity to cause harm and injuries. What then? Who is going to be held accountable if AI systems harm us?Currently there is no answer to this question and the existing regulatory framework falls short in addressing the accountability regime of autonomous systems. This paper analyses criminal liability of AI systems, evaluated under the existing rules of criminal law. It highlights the social and legal implications of the current criminal liability regime as it is applied to the complex nature of industrial robots. Finally, the paper explores whether corporate liability is a viable option and what legal standards are possible for imposing criminal liability on the companies who deploy AI systems.The paper reveals that traditional criminal law and legal theory are not well positioned to answer the questions at hand, as there are many practical problems that require further evaluation. I have demonstrated that with the development of AI, more questions will surface and legal frameworks will inevitably need to adapt. The conclusions of this paper could be the basis for further research.
Practitioner Due Diligence: Real-World Lumacaftor/Ivacaftor Use
Authors: Stephan Emily M. , Nemastil Christopher J. , Salvator Ann , Gemma Susan , Dilaveris Clarissa J. , Rice Anne , Sakellaris Kelly T. , Novak Kimberly J. , McCoy Karen S. 
Published: June 2020

OBJECTIVE Previous trials evaluated the efficacy of lumacaftor/ivacaftor in Phe508del homozygotes. These trials are limited by manufacturer sponsorship and were conducted under strict protocol. Additionally, this therapy is costly and does not allow for reduction in daily cystic fibrosis therapies. This study assessed the efficacy of lumacaftor/ivacaftor therapy and its effect on health care utilization in a real-world setting.
METHODS Retrospective chart review comparing the first 12 months of therapy to the 24 months prior was conducted to evaluate the impact of lumacaftor/ivacaftor on pulmonary function following a streamlined process for therapy introduction. The impact on body mass index and healthcare utilization were also evaluated. The following measurements were assessed: percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second, body mass index and z-scores, number of admissions, length of stay, number of emergency department visits.
RESULTS Mean ppFEV1 was improved for the first 12 months on lumacaftor/ivacaftor treatment when compared with the 24 months prior: 78.8 (95% CI: 72.6, 84.9) vs 76.2 (95% CI: 70.1, 82.3) (p = 0.03). Body mass index significantly improved (patients ≥20 years), but improvement in BMI z-score (patients &lt;20 years) was not significant. Number of admissions and LOS were significantly decreased, but ED visits were not.
CONCLUSIONS Lumacaftor/ivacaftor is effective for improving ppFEV1 and BMI and for reducing health care utilization. However, this small reduction does not overcome the financial cost of treatment. Long-term outcomes and use must be studied to determine the overall effect of this therapy on cystic fibrosis interventions and their costs.
Microenvironment-related gene TNFSF13B predicts poor prognosis in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Jiang Mingzhe , Lin Jiaxing , Xing Haotian , An Jun , Yang Jieping , Wang Biao , Yu Meng , Zhu Yuyan 
Published: June 2020

Background
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) affects the genitourinary system. Although treatment of KIRC in early stages can be highly successful, this type of cancer is difficult to detect until later stages of disease that are less easily treatable. Previous studies have focused on tumor cells, but have ignored the contributions of the tumor microenvironment.

Methods
We analyzed KIRC gene expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas with the ESTIMATE algorithm to identify differentially expressed genes. Through protein–protein interaction network analysis, we identified clusters and picked genes from the clusters for further analysis. Differential expression, Kaplan–Meier, and univariate Cox analyses were used to select prognostic biomarkers. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) analysis were used to explore the immune characteristics of these genes as biomarkers.

Results
Through the ESTIMATE algorithm and other system biology tools, TNFSF13B was identified as a prognostic biomarker. TNFSF13B is highly expressed in tumors, and high expression of TNFSF13B leads to poor prognosis. Further GSEA and TIMER analysis revealed that the expression of TNFSF13B was related to the immune signaling pathway and lymphocyte infiltration. Our findings strongly suggest that TNFSF13B may be a potential biomarker or target related to the tumor microenvironment for KIRC.
The transmembrane supercomplex mediating the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram‐negative bacteria assumes a circular conformational change upon activation
Authors: Jin Feng 
Published: June 2020

The cell envelope of Gram‐negative bacteria is composed of the inner (plasma) and the outer membrane. In the outer membrane, the outer membrane β‐barrel proteins (OMPs) serve multiple functions. They are synthesized in the cytoplasm and finally inserted into the outer membrane through a critical and complex pathway facilitated by many protein factors. Recently, a new model for the biogenesis of OMPs in Gram‐negative bacteria was proposed, in which a supercomplex containing multiple proteins spans the inner and outer membrane, to mediate the biogenesis of OMPs. The core part of the transmembrane supercomplex is the inner membrane protein translocon and the outer membrane β‐barrel assembly machinery (BAM) complex. Some components of the supercomplex, such as the BamA subunit of the BAM complex, are essential and conserved across species. The other components, for example, the BamB subunit and the primary periplasmic chaperone SurA, are also required for the supercomplex to gain complete function and full efficiency. How BamB and SurA behave in the supercomplex, however, is less well understood. Therefore, the crosstalk between BamA, BamB and SurA was investigated mainly through in vivo protein photo‐cross‐linking experiments and protein modeling. Moreover, theoretical structures for part of the supercomplex consisting of SurA and the BAM complex were constructed. The modeling data are consistent with the experimental results. The theoretical structures computed in this work provide a more comprehensive view of the mechanism of the supercomplex, demonstrating a circular conformational change of the supercomplex when it is active.
Copper‐Mediated Diamination of Arylboronic Acids for the Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Benzimidazoles Using Trimethylsilyl Azide as the Amino Sources with Aldehydes
Authors: Xie Zeqiang , Zhou Fengtao , Ding Ke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA direct and versatile copper‐mediated three‐component reaction of arylboronic acids, trimethylsilyl azide and aldehydes for the synthesis of benzimidazoles is reported. The reaction is well tolerated by a wide range of substituted aromatic aldehydes and aromatic boronic acids to produce the corresponding benzimidazoles in moderate to high yields. Mechanism investigations demonstrated that copper‐promoted Chan‐Evans‐Lam coupling, C−H amination, and oxidative cycloaddition are involved in the tandem processes.magnified image
Nickel(II)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Desulfinylative Arylation by C−S Cleavage of Aryl Sulfoxides with Phenylboronic Acids
Authors: Yi Xiaowen , Chen Kai , Guo Junjun , Chen Wei , Chen Wanzhi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSuzuki‐Miyaura coupling of haloarenes is the most widely used protocol for the synthesis of biphenyls. Organosulfur compounds are promising electrophiles since they are abundant in nature and versatile in organic synthesis. We report here the desulfinylative Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling of aryl sulfoxides with phenylboronic acids using bench‐stable nickel/5‐(2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl)imidazolylidene[1,5‐a]pyridines as the catalyst. The ligands are readily prepared from common commercial chemicals. The method is applicable to both symmetric and unsymmetric aryl sulfoxides, and a range of biphenyls bearing various functional groups were obtained in up to 94% yield.magnified image
Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized Diazaspirocycles from 4‐Benzylideneisoxazol‐5(4H)‐one Derivatives and Isocyanoacetate Esters
Authors: Martínez‐Pardo Pablo , Laviós Adrián , Sanz‐Marco Amparo , Vila Carlos , Pedro José R. , Blay Gonzalo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEnantioenriched spirocyclic compounds bearing three contiguous stereocenters and high functionalization were obtained through a formal [3+2] cycloaddition reaction catalyzed by a cooperative system. The spiro compounds were synthesized from 4‐arylideneisoxazol‐5‐ones and isocyanoacetate esters using a bifunctional squaramide/Brønsted base organocatalyst derived from a Cinchona alkaloid and silver oxide as Lewis acid. This method afforded two out of the four possible diastereomers with good yields and high enantiomeric excess for both diastereomers.magnified image
Direct Ink Writing Based 4D Printing of Materials and Their Applications
Authors: Wan Xue , Luo Lan , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract4D printing has attracted academic interest in the recent years because it endows static printed structures with dynamic properties with the change of time. The shapes, functionalities, or properties of the 4D printed objects could alter under various stimuli such as heat, light, electric, and magnetic field. Briefly, 4D printing is the development of 3D printing with the fourth dimension of time. Among the fabrication techniques that have been employed for 4D printing, the direct ink writing technique shows superiority due to its open source for various types of materials. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art achievements about the topic of 4D printing through direct ink writing are summarized. The types of materials, printing strategies, actuated methods, and their potential applications are discussed in detail. To date, most efforts have been devoted to shape‐shifting materials, including shape memory polymers, hydrogels, and liquid crystal elastomers, showing great prospects in areas ranging from the biomedical field to robotics. Finally, the current challenges and outlook toward 4D printing based on direct ink writing are also pointed out to leave open a significant space for future innovation.
Role of inherent soil characteristics in assessing soil health across Missouri
Authors: Zuber Stacy M. , Veum Kristen S. , Myers Robert L. , Kitchen Newell R. , Anderson Stephen H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSoil health indicator values vary based on parent material, native vegetation, and other soil forming factors; therefore, useful interpretations require consideration of inherent soil characteristics. Our objective was to evaluate the distribution of soil health indicators across soil and climate gradients throughout the state of Missouri through a statewide cover crop cost‐share program. Soil samples (0–7 cm) were collected from 5,300 agricultural fields and analyzed for several soil health indicators. Comparisons were made among six regions in the state based on Major Land Resource Area and county boundaries. Results varied for soil organic carbon (C), active C, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, water stable aggregates, and cation exchange capacity by region and corresponded with soil forming factors. Interpretation of soil health indicators must account for regional factors, recognizing that areas with different inherent values have a different potential for soil health.
Direct Observation of Alternating Octahedral and Prismatic Sodium Layers in O3‐Type Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Kim Jae Chul , Kwon Deok‐Hwang , Yang Julia H. , Kim Hyunchul , Bo Shou‐Hang , Wu Lijun , Kim Haegyeom , Seo Dong‐Hwa , Shi Tan , Wang Jingyang , Zhu Yimei , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe oxygen stacking of O3‐type layered sodium transition metal oxides (O3‐NaTMO2) changes dynamically upon topotactic Na extraction and reinsertion. While the phase transition from octahedral to prismatic Na coordination that occurs at intermediate desodiation by transition metal slab gliding is well understood, the structural evolution at high desodiation, crucial to achieve high reversible capacity, remains mostly uncharted. In this work, the phase transitions of O3‐type layered NaTMO2 at high voltage are investigated by combining experimental and computational approaches. An OP2‐type phase that consists of alternating octahedral and prismatic Na layers is directly observed by in situ X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. The origin of this peculiar phase is explained by atomic interactions involving Jahn–Teller active Fe4+ and distortion tolerant Ti4+ that stabilize the local Na environment. The path‐dependent desodiation and resodiation pathways are also rationalized in this material through the different kinetics of the prismatic and octahedral layers, presenting a comprehensive picture about the structural stability of the layered materials upon Na intercalation.