bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
91 Electronic probes for assessment of changes in gastrointestinal microbiome in nursery pigs
Authors: Carter Scott D , Cardwell Kitty , Camacho Andres Espindola , Lara Ishtar Silva 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Gut microbiota play an important role in extraction, synthesis and absorption of nutrients. Commensal bacteria prevent pathogenic bacteria colonization and maintain intestinal epithelium integrity. The most common families of commensal bacteria in nursery pigs are Prevotellaceae, Clostridiaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, Lachnospitaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Ruminicoccaceae and Streptoccocaceae. Understanding the microbial abundance shifts that causes health disruption leading to diarrhea and stunted growth performance can be of great benefit for developing mitigation strategies. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology facilitates metagenomic approaches, developing sequencing profile representing any and all organisms within a sample. Electronic-probe Diagnostic Nucleic acid Analysis (EDNA) is a bioinformatic tool originally developed to detect species-specific plant pathogen targets in metagenomic databases. EDNA has been shown to reduce time to detect microbial signatures in large metagenomic sequence data. However, it has not previously been used as a metagenomic tool for assessing microbiome composition at the family level. Therefore, a metagenomic sequencing based in silico detection of gut microbiota using E-probes of the seven most common commensal families was developed and further validated in vitro. E-probes were designed from the selected families as follows, Prevotellaceae (89,565), Clostridiaceae (58,554), Erysipelotrichaceae (195), Lachnospitaceae (87), Lactobacillaceae (211,507), Ruminicoccaceae (14,575) and Streptoccocaceae (54,632). Fecal metagenomes of nursery pigs from 0, 7, 14, and 21 d were used to validate the E-probes. The hits were able to detect the relative abundance variations of the 4-time periods. The results between hits and reads were as follows, Prevotellaceae (r2 = 0.98), Clostridiaceae (r2 = 0.99), Erysipelotrichaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lachnospitaceae (r2 = 0.99), Lactobacillaceae (r2 = 0.91), Ruminicoccaceae (r2 = 0.99) and Streptoccocaceae (r2 = 0.98). These results validate in silico usage of E-probes to detect the relative abundance variations in gut microbiota. Further in vitro validation will be performed to assess the microbial changes related to diet in nursery pigs.
45 Effect of Increasing Corn Silage Inclusion in Finishing Diets with or Without Tylosin on Performance and Liver Abscesses
Authors: Wilson Hannah C , Boyd Bradley M , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Elevating corn silage inclusion in finishing diets has been investigated and suggests feeding more silage in farming and feeding operations improves profitability, despite decreased gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F). Feeding more silage may decrease liver abscesses and the need for antibiotic control of abscesses. A finishing study was conducted to assess the impact of silage inclusion in finishing diets to reduce the incidence of liver abscesses in beef cattle. A total of 640 (BW = 334 ± 25 kg) steers were utilized in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design with two levels of corn silage (15 and 45%, diet DM), with or without tylosin for control of abscesses. This study utilized 32 pens of cattle with 20 steers per pen and 8 pens per treatment. There was an interaction for liver abscesses (P = 0.05) and a tendency for an interaction for performance (P = 0.10) between silage and tylosin inclusion but not for carcass traits (P ≥ 0.20). Cattle fed 15% corn silage had the greatest incidence of liver abscesses (34.5%) compared to other treatments (P = 0.05), and abscess rate was decreased to 19% if tylosin was fed. Feeding 45% silage was also effective at lowering liver abscess rates which were 12.4% regardless of whether an antibiotic was fed. Feeding corn silage at 45% of diet DM was as effective as feeding an antibiotic to cattle on 85% concentrate diets. Feeding corn silage at greater inclusions decreased ADG (P ≤ 0.01) but increased final body weight when fed to an equal fatness. However, feeding corn silage at 45% was more economical compared to feeding 15% corn silage, especially at higher corn prices, provided shrink is well managed. Feeding elevated concentrations of corn silage may be an economically viable method to control liver abscesses without antibiotic use.
24 Determining the phosphorus release of Smizyme TS G5 2,500 phytase in nursery pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Faser Jill M , Guo Baolin L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two nursery trials (DNA 241×600) with 320 or 280 pigs, respectively (initially 10 kg) were used to determine the available P (aP) release curve for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 (Origination, Inc., Saint Paul, MN). Pigs were weaned at approximately 21-d of age, randomly allotted to pens based on initial body weight (BW) and fed a common diet. On d 21 post-weaning, pens were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 8 (Exp. 1) or 7 (Exp. 2) dietary treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 8 pens/treatment. Treatments were formulated to include increasing aP from either inorganic P (0.12%, 0.18%, or 0.24% in Exp. 1 and 0.11%, 0.19%, or 0.27% in Exp. 2 from monocalcium P) or increasing phytase (150, 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 FTU/kg in Exp. 1 and 250, 500, 1000, or 1,500 FTU/kg in Exp. 2). Prior to beginning the 21-d studies, all pigs were fed the lowest inorganic P diet for a 3-d period. At the conclusion of the experiments, the pig closest to the pen mean BW was euthanized and the right fibula was collected to determine bone ash. In both experiments, pigs fed increasing aP from inorganic P had increased (linear, P&lt; 0.01) ADG, G:F, and final BW. Additionally, pigs fed diets with increasing phytase had increased (Exp. 1 linear, P&lt; 0.01, Exp. 2 linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. The aP release increased for ADG (Exp. 1 linear, P&lt; 0.01; Exp. 2 linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.01), G:F (linear, P&lt; 0.01), and bone ash percent (Exp. 1 linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05; Exp. 2 linear, P&lt; 0.01) up to the highest phytase inclusion. When combining the release values from Exp. 1 and 2, the release equations for Smizyme TS G5 2,500 are aP=(0.197×FTU)÷(584.956+FTU), aP=(0.175×FTU)÷(248.348+FTU), and aP=(0.165×FTU)÷(178.146+FTU) for ADG, G:F, and bone ash percent, respectively.
219 Effects of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzyme activities of lamb offspring
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Keomanivong Faithe E , Bjertness Jena L , Caton Joel S , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction and rumen-protected arginine supplementation on post-ruminal digestive enzymes in lambs, 31 multiparous, Rambouillet ewes were allocated to one of three dietary treatments at 54 d of gestation. Dietary treatments were 100% of nutrient requirements (control, CON; n=11), 60% of control (restricted, RES; n=10), or RES plus a rumen-protected arginine supplement dosed at 180 mg/kg BW once daily (RES-ARG; n=10). At parturition, lambs were immediately removed from dams and reared independently. Milk-replacer and alfalfa hay + creep feed was offered for ad libitum intake. At day 54 of age, lambs were slaughtered and the pancreas and small intestine were collected. Pancreatic (α-amylase, trypsin) and small intestinal (maltase, glucoamylase, sucrase, isomaltase, lactase) digestive enzyme activities were assayed. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS with treatment and fetal sex included in the model statement. Contrast statements were used to determine differences between means for effects of restriction (CON vs. RES and RES-ARG) and rumen-protected arginine supplementation (RES vs. RES-ARG). There was no influence (P≥0.32) of maternal nutrient restriction or rumen-protected arginine supplementation on pancreatic or small intestinal protein concentrations. No treatment effects were observed (P≥0.14) for enzymes involved in starch digestion including pancreatic α-amylase and small intestinal maltase, glucoamylase, and isomaltase. Sucrase activity was undetected in the small intestine of lambs across all treatments. Maternal nutrient restriction tended to increase (P=0.09) pancreatic trypsin specific activity in lambs. Lactase specific activity in the small intestine of lambs tended to decrease (P=0.08) with maternal nutrient restriction. Rumen-protected arginine supplementation to gestating ewes did not influence (P≥0.19) digestive enzyme activities of lamb offspring. These data suggest that maternal nutrient restriction may result in increased pancreatic trypsin activity of lambs to potentially compensate for inadequate pre-natal nutrient supply.
79 Effects of dietary net energy and neutral detergent fiber levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing finishing pigs
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine , Cast Wayne , Orlando Uislei , Gonçalves Márcio , Zhou Xun , Young Malachy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding different net energy (NE) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on performance of growing-finishing pigs from 30- to 135-kg. A total of 2,058 barrows and gilts (PIC 380×Camborough, initial BW 33.4±0.60 kg) were used in a 97-d growth trial with 21 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were formulated to contain 2.11, 2.21, 2.32, 2.42, 2.53, 2.63, and 2.73 Mcal NE/kg; and 24.2, 19.7, 15.1, 10.6, 10.2, 9.8, and 9.5% NDF throughout the experiment. Wheat, wheat byproducts, barley, rye, peas, fababeans, and canola oil were used with NRC (2012) loading values to achieve the treatments. Dietary lysine levels were set to meet PIC2016 lysine requirements for finishing gilts. Experimental data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models and linear and quadratic polynomial contrasts were built with pen as the experimental unit. Increasing NE or decreasing NDF improved (linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), carcass ADG, and carcass G:F (Table 1); but reduced (linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI). Comparing to pigs fed 2.42 Mcal/kg diet (energy equivalent to a corn-soybean meal diet), even though those fed 2.11 Mcal/kg diet had 8.7% increment on ADFI, daily NE intake was still 5.4% less. Hot carcass weight, backfat depth, and carcass yield increased (linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) and lean yield decreased (linear and quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary NE and decreasing NDF. No evidence for differences (P &gt;0.10) were observed for loin depth. Removal and mortality rate was reduced (quadratic, P&lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary NE and decreasing dietary NDF. In summary, increasing dietary NE while reducing dietary NDF resulted in improvements on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and removal and mortality rate.
167 Analysis of variation in net energy prediction of feed ingredients fed to swine
Authors: Aldenhoven Noud , Gutierrez Nestor A , Jaworski Neil W , van Laar Harmen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Precision of NRC and CVB net energy (NE) prediction equations was investigated by taking into account natural and analyzed variation of the chemical components (e.g., moisture, protein, starch, NDF, ADF, sugars, fat) for six feed ingredients used in swine diets. Precision is defined as the variation of the NE formula given the variation of its chemical components. Stochastic variables were substituted for the component values and the variation in nutrient composition was algebraically, not statistically, propagated to the NE value for both equations. This was done both, for the naturally occurring variation as published in CVB, and for a range of analytical variation values associated with wet chemistry analysis based on a range of values obtained by published ring-tests. Consequently, variation of the NE value and the contribution to variation of each chemical component in the NE equation were calculated. The variation of NE prediction using CVB is lower than using NRC. The main contributor for increased variation of the NRC NE is the NDF fraction. Whereas in CVB, this is replaced by the NSP fraction which is computed as a residue from the other chemical component values, forcing the sum of the composition to add to 100%. Furthermore, it was determined that analyzing all nutrients, in particular NDF and ADF, did not always reduce the variation of the NE equations. In conclusion, analytical variation, especially fiber analysis, must be critically examined and, preferably, sum to 100% to increase precision in the prediction of NE in feed ingredients. Otherwise, the use of a residue fraction, although nutritionally difficult to justify, actually increased precision in the NE equations. Note that it is unfair to compare both NE formulas based on precision alone. An interesting follow-up question is to take accuracy also into account when comparing CVB and NRC.
208 Do prediction equations with high R-squared in low sample size studies have high predictive ability?
Authors: Serão Nick , Petry Amy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of R-squared as a measurement of prediction in regression is a common practice in animal nutrition studies. Generally, studies use data used to estimate the prediction equation to calculate the R-squared of the equation, which does not represent prediction. The objective was to evaluate the predictive ability of prediction equations using independent datasets. Data were simulated in based on previously reported prediction equations for ADG in nursery pigs: 152 + 195(SID_Lysine%). A completely randomized design with SID_Lysine% levels of 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4% was used. Data were simulated for three CVs representing low, moderate, and high variation in ADG, for low number of replicates per treatment (RepTreat; 4 to 10, every 2). Data were simulated and analyses performed 300 times for each scenario. Prediction equations were estimated for each scenario when significant effect of SID_Lysine% was followed by a significant orthogonal contrast testing the linear effect of SID_Lysine% (P-value&lt; 0.05), and their R-squared were calculated (R2_training). The prediction equation was used to test the fit of the other datasets, and their R-squared were calculated and averaged for each prediction equation (R2_prediction). The relationship between R2_training and R2_prediction was assessed through Spearmen’s correlation and regression of R2_prediction on R2_training, across scenarios. The R2_training and R2_prediction averages were similar with 94.5% and 93.9%, 66.0% and 63.5%, and 46.1% and 42.7%, for low, moderate, and high CVs, respectively. The rank-correlation between R2_training and R2_prediction increased with CV: 0.23, 0.67, and 0.77, for low, moderate, and high CV, respectively. From regression analysis of R2_prediction on R2_training, as CV increased bias increased, with prediction equations with greater R2_training overestimating R2_prediction, and prediction equations with lower R2_training underestimating R2_prediction. These results indicate that in small sample sizes (≤10 per treatment), as CV increases, models with high R-squared are overestimated, and are not as predictable.
171 Young Scholar Presentation: Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis influenced intestinal health and metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , He Yijie , Xiong Xia , Ehrlich Amy , Li Xunde , Raybould Helen , Atwill Edward Robert , Maga Elizabeth , Jørgensen Jens , Liu Yanhong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is growing evidence to support the beneficial effects of supplementing direct-fed microbials (DFM) on performance, health status, and immune responses of weaned pigs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis (DSM 25841) on growth performance, diarrhea, gut permeability, immunity and metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic F18 Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli infection reduced (P &lt; 0.05) growth performance and intestinal villi height, whereas increased (P &lt; 0.05) diarrhea and permeability in the jejunum compared with non-challenged control. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis linearly enhanced average daily gain of E. coli infected pigs (d 0 to 5 post-inoculation (PI), P &lt; 0.05; d 0 to 11 PI, P = 0.058). Inclusion of high dose Bacillus subtilis reduced (P &lt; 0.05) jejunal permeability on d 5 and d 11 PI compared with the E. coli challenged control. E. coli challenged control pigs up-regulated (P &lt; 0.05) the mRNA expression of SLC5A10 and MUC2 on d 5 PI, but down-regulated (P &lt; 0.05) expression of SLC5A10, MUC2, and CLDN1 on d 11 PI in jejunal mucosa. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis linearly up-regulated (P &lt; 0.05) the mRNA expression of CFTR and ZO1 on d 5 PI and SLC5A10 and MUC2 on d 11 PI in jejunal mucosa of E. coli infected pigs. E. coli infection increased (P &lt; 0.05) the mRNA expression of several immune genes in the ileal mucosa, while inclusion of Bacillus subtilis linearly down-regulated gene expression of IL1A on d 5 PI (P = 0.07) and IL6 on d 11 PI (P &lt; 0.05) in ileal mucosa of E. coli infected pigs. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis modified (Fold change &gt; 1.5; FDR &lt; 0.20) metabolomic profiles in colon digesta, related to pathogenesis and amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, supplementation of Bacillus subtilis enhanced growth rate, improved gut health, and modified metabolomic profiles of weaned pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic E. coli.
181 Effects of Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic on energy and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs
Authors: Zhu Jinlong , Shurson Gerald C , Whitacre Lynsey , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , Urriola Pedro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic (AOP, Amaferm®) on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed high fiber diets. Eighteen growing barrows (initial BW = 50.60 ± 4.90 kg) were surgically equipped with a T-cannula at the distal ileum. Three diets were formulated by including 29.65% corn-distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), 36.65% rice bran (RB) or 24.59% wheat middlings (WM) in corn and soybean meal-based diets to meet nutrient requirements for 50 to 75 kg growing pigs. Three additional diets were formulated by supplementing 0.05% AOP at the expense of corn in DDGS (DDGS + AOP), RB (RB + AOP), and wheat middlings (WM + AOP) diets. Pigs were allotted randomly to a triplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with 6 diets and 2 successive periods. Feces and ileal digesta were collected for 2 d after a 21 d adaptation period, and nutrient content was analyzed to calculate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids was calculated by correcting AID with basal endogenous amino acid losses determined from the same set of pigs. Supplementation of 0.05% AOP increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of DM, GE, CP, NDF, and ash in DDGS, RB, and WM diets. Diet DE was 35 kcal/kg greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed AOP supplemented diets compared with those fed diets without AOP. Pigs fed DDGS+AOP diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) AID of ether extract compared to those fed DDGS diet. However, supplementation of AOP did not (P &gt; 0.05) affect AID of GE, DM, CP, NDF, ash or SID of amino acids. In conclusion, supplementation of AOP in high fiber diets containing DDGS, RB, or WM increased total tract energy value and nutrient digestibility.
184 Effects of phytogenic feed additives and Ractopamine HCl on growth performance and carcass characteristics in grow-finish pigs
Authors: Zheng Lan , Ramirez Shelby , Raj Murugesan G , Hendel Erika , Tacconi Antonia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a phytogenic feed additive (PFA-F, Digestarom® Finish, BIOMIN America Inc.) on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs compared to a control, two commercial PFA products (A and B), and a ractopamine feeding program. Two hundred pigs (Choice Genetics, BW = 24.88 ± 0.53 kg) were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments and fed diets based on 4 dietary phases. Dietary treatments consisted of: CON, a corn-soybean meal based diet; RAC, 4.5 ppm Ractopamine HCl was added into CON for the last 21 d; PFA-A (commercial product A) was added into CON when pigs reached 90 kg of BW; PFA-B (commercial product B) was added into CON from 75 kg of BW; PFA-F was added into CON from the beginning (25 kg of BW). Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded at the end of each phase, and carcass traits were measured at the end of the trial. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. No differences were observed from phase 1 to phase 3 among the treatments. At the end of phase 4, RAC had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) BW than the CON, PFA-A, or PFA-B (127.5 vs.123.1 or 121.5 kg); however, no difference between RAC and PFA-F in BW (127.5 vs.124.0 kg) was found. Pigs fed PFA-F had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) hot carcass weight than those of fed CON or PFA-B (93.0 vs. 88.8 or 88.8 kg). No differences were found in lean percentage, fat depth, and loin depth among the treatments. In conclusion, PFA-F (Digestarom Finish) supplementation resulted in similar growth performance and hot carcass weight when compared to a Ractopamine feeding program during the grow-finish period, whereas either commercial product A or B had significantly lower performance than feeding Ractopamine.
261 Increasing dietary amylose reduces rate of starch digestion and increases microbial fermentation in weaned pigs
Authors: Tan F P Y , Wang L F , Beltranena E , Zijlstra R T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beneficial effects of SCFA in modulating gut health stimulated interest on dietary strategies to increase intestinal microbial activity and digesta SCFA. Amylose has lower apparent ileal digestibility (AID) than amylopectin. In the large intestine, undigested starch is fermented by microbes producing SCFA. The objective was to determine effects of increasing dietary amylose on starch flow and metabolite profile along the intestinal tract in weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n=32; initial BW, 8.4 kg) were randomly allocated to 4 diets containing 67% starch with 0, 20, 35, or 70% amylose in a randomized complete block design. On day 21, pigs were euthanized to collect digesta and feces for evaluating starch digestion and metabolite profiles. Apparent hindgut fermentation (AHF) was calculated as apparent total tract digestibility minus AID. Feed intake was 12% lower (P &lt; 0.05) and growth rate was 18% lower (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed 70% amylose than pigs fed 0, 20, or 35% amylose. Feed efficiency was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed with 35% amylose. The AID of starch was 44% lower (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed 70% amylose. Starch was completely digested by the proximal colon in pigs fed 0, 20, or 35% amylose, but AHF of starch was 14% greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed 70% amylose. Increasing dietary amylose did not alter digesta SCFA in the small intestine, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) digesta SCFA in the cecum, specifically acetate and total SCFA, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) propionate and valerate in all sections of the colon. In conclusion, increasing dietary amylose in weaned pigs stimulated hindgut fermentation of starch with a corresponding increase in digesta total SCFA in the cecum and colon. Optimizing dietary amylose may exert its effect as dietary prebiotic while promoting an optimal growth rate in young pigs.