bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is Enhanced Under Desiccated Culture Conditions
Authors: Menschner Leonhard , Falke Uta , Konrad Peter , Toepfner Nicole , Berner Reinhard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStreptococcus pyogenes or Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections are the leading cause of bacterial tonsillopharyngitis. The bacterium can survive and persist within the human host for a long time as it is observed in up to 40% of the population who are considered as carriers. Recurrent tonsillopharyngitis is a particular problem in children which is caused either by relapses due to failed bacterial clearance or by reinfection. A prolonged survival in tonsillar crypts or on inanimate surfaces might be sources for reinfection. We therefore examined 64 clinical GAS isolates from children with tonsillopharyngitis for their long-term survival under either liquid or desiccated culture conditions. After 6 weeks, the overall GAS survival rate was 400-fold increased under desiccated culture conditions compared to liquid culture conditions, but varied depending on the emm-type between 20-fold (emm4) and 14000-fold (emm3). The survival rates of isolates from emm75 were significantly lower which is probably due to their production of hydrogen peroxide up to fatal doses. No hydrogen peroxide production could be detected for other emm-types. Furthermore, 11 isolates from patients with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis were compared to isolates of the same emm-type from patients with single episodes of tonsillopharyngitis. A significant elevated pH value and an increased survival rate for isolates from patients with recurrent infections were observed. In conclusion, significant differences in long-term survival of different GAS isolates as well as survival under desiccated culture conditions might contribute to both failed bacterial clearance and reinfection in patients with recurrent tonsillopharyngitis.
Polar bear denning distribution in the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Florko Katie R. N. , Derocher Andrew E. , Breiter C-Jae C. , Ghazal Maha , Hedman Daryll , Higdon Jeff W. , Richardson Evan S. , Sahanatien Vicki , Trim Vicki , Petersen Stephen D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDeclines in Arctic sea ice associated with climate change have resulted in habitat loss for ice-adapted species, while facilitating increased human development at higher latitudes. Development increases land-use and shipping traffic, which can threaten ecologically and culturally important species. Female polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and cubs are susceptible to disturbance during denning; a better understanding of denning habitat distribution may aid management. We compiled existing location data on polar bear denning (n = 64 sources) in Canada between 1967 and 2018, including traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) studies, government and consultant reports, peer-reviewed scientific articles, and unpublished data acquired through data-sharing agreements. We synthesized these data to create a map of known denning locations. Most coastal regions in northern Canada supported denning, but large areas exist where denning is unreported. Gaps remain in the knowledge of polar bear denning in Canada and filling these will aid the conservation and management of polar bears in a changing Arctic.
Does sleep contribute to the consolidation of motor memory?
Authors: Maltry Laura , Ohlendorf Daniela , Bendels Michael , Groneberg David A. , Mickel Christoph 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
It has been assumed that sleep promotes consolidation in motor learning; however, some publications have questioned its supposed effect. Differentiated statements on the subject are difficult because the conglomerate of influencing factors is large. The fact that memory, sleep, consolidation and motor task can be considered generic terms for different processes also contributes to the complexity.

Objective
The aim of this literature overview is to clarify the terminology and to describe what is known about how sleep contributes to the consolidation of motor memory regarding the different characteristics of consolidation and motor tasks.

Methods
A first literature screening in PubMed included the terms consolidation, sleep, memory, motor learning and memory in various combinations. Furthermore, keywords describing distinct parts of the generic terms were used for searching.

Results
The current evidence for the dependency of the different neurophysiological characteristics of the generic terms on sleep is presented including resulting contradictions and methodological criticism. Based on the literature, the question whether sleep promotes consolidation can only be answered in reductionist approaches and for individual influencing factors. The results even suggest that improvements in exercise quality may have been achieved through errors in study design, which, however, may lead to recommendations for future studies.

Conclusion
No final statement can be made on the subject at this time; however, at least it can be considered as evidence-based that sleep does not harm motor memory consolidation.
Grow fast at no cost: no evidence for a mortality cost for fast early-life growth in a hunted wild boar population
Authors: Veylit Lara , Sæther Bernt-Erik , Gaillard Jean-Michel , Baubet Eric , Gamelon Marlène 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFrom current theories on life-history evolution, fast early-life growth to reach early reproduction in heavily hunted populations should be favored despite the possible occurrence of mortality costs later on. However, fast growth may also be associated with better individual quality and thereby lower mortality, obscuring a clear trade-off between early-life growth and survival. Moreover, fast early-life growth can be associated with sex-specific mortality costs related to resource acquisition and allocation throughout an individual’s lifetime. In this study, we explore how individual growth early in life affects age-specific mortality of both sexes in a heavily hunted population. Using longitudinal data from an intensively hunted population of wild boar (Sus scrofa), and capture–mark–recapture–recovery models, we first estimated age-specific overall mortality and expressed it as a function of early-life growth rate. Overall mortality models showed that faster-growing males experienced lower mortality at all ages. Female overall mortality was not strongly related to early-life growth rate. We then split overall mortality into its two components (i.e., non-hunting mortality vs. hunting mortality) to explore the relationship between growth early in life and mortality from each cause. Faster-growing males experienced lower non-hunting mortality as subadults and lower hunting mortality marginal on age. Females of all age classes did not display a strong association between their early-life growth rate and either mortality type. Our study does not provide evidence for a clear trade-off between early-life growth and mortality.
Size segregation in compressible granular shear flows of binary particle systems
Authors: Gilberg Dominik , Steiner Konrad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the modelling and simulation of segregation in granular materials. The basis is a hydrodynamic model for granular material flows, which is extended to capture the dynamic process of segregation in shear flows of systems with small and large particles. The granular flow equations consist of a set of compressible Navier–Stokes-like equations as well as an equation for the granular temperature. With the help of the granular temperature equation, the granular flow equations are able to cover a wide range of regimes, starting from dilute to arresting flows. However, this paper focuses on dry granular shear flows. It extends this hydrodynamic system in a dense shear flow regime by a segregation equation using the framework of mixture theory. Special focus is lain on the segregation direction. A procedure from mechanics is adapted to obtain the segregation direction from the granular flow system independent of the choice of the coordinate system. In particular, this is done in three-dimensional space. Due to the compressibility of the granular flow system and the structure of the derived segregation equation, solving the segregation equation requires special numerical treatment. Therefore, a suitable numerical scheme is presented which prevents the system from reaching unphysical states.
Resectional surgery for malignant disease of abdominal digestive organs is not surgery of the organ itself, but also that of the mesenteric organ
Authors: Bunni J. , Coffey J. C. , Kalady M. F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite large strides in molecular oncology, surgery remains the bedrock in the management of visceral cancer. The primacy of surgery cannot be understated and a mesenteric (i.e. ontogenetic) approach is particularly beneficial to patients. Heald greatly advanced the management of rectal cancer with his description of the anatomical foundation of total mesorectal excision (TME), dramatically improving outcomes worldwide with this mesenteric-based approach. Moreover, complete mesocolic excision (CME) based on similar principles is becoming popular. Introduced by Hohenberger, CME resembles TME insofar as it emphasises strictly anatomical dissection along embryological planes to detach an intact (i.e. “complete”) mesentery with peritoneal envelope. CME also incorporates “central” vascular ligation (CVL) which broadly correlates with the “D3 lymphadenectomy” of Eastern literature. As many surgeons already practise anatomical and mesenteric-based surgery, it is unclear how the putative benefits of CME (including CVL) arise. Herein, we argue that these may relate to a more extensive resection of the mesentery, and thus mesenteric tumour deposits within the connective tissue lattice of the mesentery, and not necessarily the lymphadenectomy alone. We believe the connective tissue interface between the bowel wall and mesentery provides an alternative mode of spread of pathogenic elements. Whilst this remains a suggestion only, it would explain the histological independence of tumour deposits and why a greater mesenterectomy could be associated with benefits in survival. If this argument holds, it follows that resectional surgery for digestive organ malignancy is not surgery of the organ itself (or lymphatics only), but also that of the contiguous mesentery.
Application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on the raceway design for the cultivation of microalgae: a review
Authors: Kusmayadi Adi , Suyono Eko Agus , Nagarajan Dillirani , Chang Jo-Shu , Yen Hong-Wei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Microalgae are a potential solution to supersede fossil fuels and produce renewable energy. The major obstacle to the commercialization of microalgae-based biofuels is the high production cost, including nutritional requirements, photobioreactor design, and downstream processes. As for the photobioreactor design, open ponds have been adopted by major commercial plants for their economic advantages. Raceway is a popular type among open ponds. Nevertheless, the fluid dynamics of the raceway operation is quite complex. Software simulation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics is an upcoming strategy for optimizing raceway design. The optimization intends to affect light penetration, particle distribution, mass transfer, and biological kinetics. This review discusses how this strategy can be helpful to design a highly productive raceway pond-based microalgal culture system.
New insights into the air gap conditioning effects during the dry-jet wet spinning of an ionic liquid-cellulose solution
Authors: Guizani Chamseddine , Nieminen Kaarlo , Rissanen Marja , Larkiala Sauli , Hummel Michael , Sixta Herbert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we report new results related to the development of a novel regenerated cellulose fiber process of the Lyocell type, denoted Ioncell™, and characterized by the use of a powerful direct cellulose solvent, 1,5-diaza- bicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium acetate ([DBNH][OAc]) a superbase-based ionic liquid (IL). The focus of this work is on the effects of air gap conditioning (AGC) during the dry-jet wet spinning operation. The installation of an AGC system on the spinning line led to significant improvements of the fiber properties. The fiber titer variation decreased significantly, and the fiber toughness increased by approximately 50% when controlling the temperature and the relative humidity in the airgap using a convective air flow. The presence of water vapor in the air stream was a determinant factor for the improvement of the fiber elongation. The interaction of water vapor with the spinning dope was investigated using dynamic vapor sorption. The diffusion coefficient of water vapor inside the dope could be identified from those experiments and used in a numerical simulation model of the heat and water vapor transfer in the air gap between the spinning dope and the surrounding air. The experimental and simulation results suggest that dope convective cooling and surface hydration lead to a higher fiber toughness.
Buchanan at the American Founding: the constitutional political economy of a republic of equals and unequals
Authors: Meadowcroft John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractJames M. Buchanan cited the American Founding as an important inspiration for his constitutional vision. Buchanan and the Founders shared a belief in the moral equality of persons and a conviction that social order could be built upon a nexus of contract and exchange. The early revolutionaries were inspired by the classical republican ideal of impartial government serving the public interest, but Buchanan and the later Founders did not believe that relying on political actors to pursue the common good would avert tyranny. Buchanan’s insistence on unanimous constitutional agreement highlights the fact that the Constitutional Convention did not obtain the consent of the black Americans who constituted close to one-fifth of the population, but to whom the Founders did not extend the principle of moral equality. Accordingly, Buchanan’s work leads to an appreciation of the Founders as an archetype of the constitutional mentality that he advocated throughout his work, but also to an understanding that the Founding fell short of his ideal of genuinely consensual politics. The practical import of Buchanan’s work therefore is to facilitate the evaluation of real-world politics—in this case, America’s Founding and subsequent political development—and to point the way towards future reforms informed by a constitutional mentality.
Autotuning based on frequency scaling toward energy efficiency of blockchain algorithms on graphics processing units
Authors: Stachowski Matthias , Fiebig Alexander , Rauber Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnergy-efficient computing is especially important in the field of high-performance computing (HPC) on supercomputers. Therefore, automated optimization of energy efficiency during the execution of a compute-intensive program is desirable. In this article, a framework for the automatic improvement of the energy efficiency on NVIDIA GPUs (graphics processing units) using dynamic voltage and frequency scaling is presented. As application, the mining of crypto-currencies is used, since in this area energy efficiency is of particular importance. The framework first determines the energy-optimal frequencies for each available currency on each GPU of a computer automatically. Then, the mining is started, and during a monitoring phase it is ensured that always the most profitable currency is mined on each GPU, using optimal frequencies. Tests with different GPUs show that the energy efficiency, depending on the GPU and the currency, can be increased by up to 84% compared to the usage of the default frequencies. This in turn almost doubles the mining profit.
Slippery Wood: Low Friction and Low Wear of Modified Beech Wood
Authors: Waßmann O. , Ahmed S. I.-U. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the tribological and related properties of naturally modified beech wood (Fagus sylvatica). The modifications were performed on steamed beech wood using a variety of treatments consisting of drying, heating in an aqueous solution, impregnation with liquefied animal glue as well as beeswax followed by compression and various combinations thereof. Results indicate that an impregnation in liquefied animal glue followed by mechanical compression to 62% of the original volume leads to an increase in hardness of more than 160% as compared to steamed beech wood alone. The frictional properties of this natural polymer were further examined by sliding the wood samples against 100Cr6 (DIN 1.3505) steel spheres. Beeswax-impregnated and compressed samples showed a reduction in friction of 90% compared to steamed beech wood, with values in the regime of PTFE, over a sliding distance of 10 km with a normal load of 10 N and sliding speed of 0.1 m/s. Unlike PTFE, the low friction was also accompanied by a low specific wear rate of around 3.9 × 10−7 mm3/N m. This study demonstrates the enormous potential of modified woods as an all-natural, non-toxic, renewable, and biodegradable material to replace synthetic polymers in technical applications with practically no environmental loading.
Correlation of Residual Stresses and Coating Properties in Arc-Sprayed Coatings on Different Substrates for Maritime Applications
Authors: Hauer Michél , Krebs Sebastian , Kroemmer Werner , Henkel Knuth-Michael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractArc spraying is a cost-effective technology, which is determined by a few key factors. It is already established for corrosion protection of large structures and thus considered for restoration of eroded ship rudders and propellers by depositing typical propeller materials. The main parameters like arc current, gas type/flow or process kinematics strongly influence the residual stresses in these coatings, which in turn affect coating properties. In past investigations, it was shown that this impact could be modified by using alternative gas mixtures or changing the heat input in the process. However, the mentioned studies neglect the influence of the substrate, since solely steel substrates were used. In consequence, propeller alloys CuAl9Ni5Fe4Mn (Ni-Al bronze) and CuMn13Al8Fe3Ni2 (Mn-Al bronze) were now arc-sprayed onto bronze substrates while using the same parameters and kinematics as in the past. For reproducible results, the residual stresses within the coatings were measured by novel incremental hole drilling method based on electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) and correlated with the other coating properties. In comparison with spraying onto steel, the same conditions led to reduced Young’s moduli, lower tensile stresses and improved cavitation erosion resistance, while other properties like hardness and electrical conductivity showed varying trends.
The Japanese Breast Cancer Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for systemic treatment of breast cancer, 2018 edition
Authors: Shimoi Tatsunori , Nagai Shigenori E. , Yoshinami Tetsuhiro , Takahashi Masato , Arioka Hitoshi , Ishihara Mikiya , Kikawa Yuichiro , Koizumi Kei , Kondo Naoto , Sagara Yasuaki , Takada Masahiro , Takano Toshimi , Tsurutani Junji , Naito Yoichi , Nakamura Rikiya , Hattori Masaya , Hara Fimikata , Hayashi Naoki , Mizuno Toshiro , Miyashita Minoru , Yamashita Nami , Yamanaka Takashi , Saji Shigehira , Iwata Hiroji , Toyama Tatsuya 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We present the English version of The Japanese Breast Cancer Society (JBCS) Clinical Practice Guidelines for systemic treatment of breast cancer, 2018 edition.

Methods
The JBCS formed a task force to update the JBCS Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2015 edition, according to Minds Handbook for Clinical Practice Guideline Development 2014. First, we set multiple outcomes for each clinical question (CQ). Next, quantitative or qualitative systematic review was conducted for each of the multiple outcomes, and the strength of recommendation for the CQ was taken into consideration during meetings, with the aim of finding a balance between benefit and harm. Finalized recommendations from each session were confirmed through discussion and voting at the recommendation decision meeting.

Results
The recommendations, the strength of recommendation and the strength of evidence were determined based on systemic literature reviews and the meta-analyses for each CQ.

Conclusion
The JBCS updated the Clinical Practice Guidelines for systemic treatment of breast cancer.
Nanoscale All-Oxide-Heterostructured Bio-inspired Optoresponsive Nociceptor
Authors: Karbalaei Akbari Mohammad , Hu Jie , Verpoort Francis , Lu Hongliang , Zhuiykov Serge 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRetina nociceptor, as a key sensory receptor, not only enables the transport of warning signals to the human central nervous system upon its exposure to noxious stimuli, but also triggers the motor response that minimizes potential sensitization. In this study, the capability of two-dimensional all-oxide-heterostructured artificial nociceptor as a single device with tunable properties was confirmed. Newly designed nociceptors utilize ultra-thin sub-stoichiometric TiO2–Ga2O3 heterostructures, where the thermally annealed Ga2O3 films play the role of charge transfer controlling component. It is discovered that the phase transformation in Ga2O3 is accompanied by substantial jump in conductivity, induced by thermally assisted internal redox reaction of Ga2O3 nanostructure during annealing. It is also experimentally confirmed that the charge transfer in all-oxide heterostructures can be tuned and controlled by the heterointerfaces manipulation. Results demonstrate that the engineering of heterointerfaces of two-dimensional (2D) films enables the fabrication of either high-sensitive TiO2–Ga2O3 (Ar) or high-threshold TiO2–Ga2O3 (N2) nociceptors. The hypersensitive nociceptor mimics the functionalities of corneal nociceptors of human eye, whereas the delayed reaction of nociceptor is similar to high-threshold nociceptive characteristics of human sensory system. The long-term stability of 2D nociceptors demonstrates the capability of heterointerfaces engineering for effective control of charge transfer at 2D heterostructured devices.
A Case Study on Co-designing Digital Games with Older Adults and Children: Game Elements, Assets, and Challenges
Authors: Havukainen Martti , Laine Teemu H. , Martikainen Timo , Sutinen Erkki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDigital games have traditionally been targeted at younger generations, although the proportion of older adult players is increasing. However, the design processes of digital games often do not consider the special needs of older adults. Co-design is a potential method to address this, but there is little research on co-designing games with older adults. In our study, we proposed a co-design process model that considers the intergenerational perspective. Using this model, eight older adults (two males and six females aged 47–80) and 22 sixth graders (11 males and 11 females aged 12–13) co-designed a digital game. The content of the game was based on old concepts used by the designers during their childhood. Similarly, game content involving new words and concepts were produced by the sixth graders. We collected data using semi-structured interviews and observations during the co-design process over a period of 24 months and then processed the data using grounded theory. The results indicated that the older adults identified seven game elements as essential to make games fun—appearance and aesthetics, competition, manageability of gameplay, social impact, familiarity, unpredictability, and intergenerational gameplay. Furthermore, we identified six assets that older adults have as game co-designers and five challenges that co-designing games with older adults may entail.