bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketones can become the major fuel source for the heart but do not increase cardiac efficiency
Authors: Ho Kim L , Karwi Qutuba G , Wagg Cory , Zhang Liyan , Vo Katherina , Altamimi Tariq , Uddin Golam M , Ussher John R , Lopaschuk Gary D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Aims
Ketones have been proposed to be a ‘thrifty’ fuel for the heart and increasing cardiac ketone oxidation can be cardioprotective. However, it is unclear how much ketone oxidation can contribute to energy production in the heart, nor whether increasing ketone oxidation increases cardiac efficiency. Therefore, our goal was to determine to what extent high levels of the ketone body, β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), contributes to cardiac energy production, and whether this influences cardiac efficiency.

Methods and results
Isolated working mice hearts were aerobically perfused with palmitate (0.8 mM or 1.2 mM), glucose (5 mM) and increasing concentrations of βOHB (0, 0.6, 2.0 mM). Subsequently, oxidation of these substrates, cardiac function, and cardiac efficiency were assessed. Increasing βOHB concentrations increased myocardial ketone oxidation rates without affecting glucose or fatty acid oxidation rates where normal physiological levels of glucose (5 mM) and fatty acid (0.8 mM) are present. Notably, ketones became the major fuel source for the heart at 2.0 mM βOHB (at both low or high fatty acid concentrations), with the elevated ketone oxidation rates markedly increasing tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, producing a large amount of reducing equivalents and finally, increasing myocardial oxygen consumption. However, the marked increase in ketone oxidation at high concentrations of βOHB was not accompanied by an increase in cardiac work, suggesting that a mismatch between excess reduced equivalents production from ketone oxidation and cardiac adenosine triphosphate production. Consequently, cardiac efficiency decreased when the heart was exposed to higher ketone levels.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that while ketones can become the major fuel source for the heart, they do not increase cardiac efficiency, which also underscores the importance of recognizing ketones as a major fuel source for the heart in times of starvation, consumption of a ketogenic diet or poorly controlled diabetes.
RGPDB: database of root-associated genes and promoters in maize, soybean, and sorghum
Authors: Moisseyev Gleb , Park Kiyoul , Cui Alix , Freitas Daniel , Rajagopal Divith , Konda Anji Reddy , Martin-Olenski Madalayne , Mcham Mackenzie , Liu Kan , Du Qian , Schnable James C , Moriyama Etsuko N , Cahoon Edgar B , Zhang Chi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRoot-associated genes play an important role in plants. Despite the fact that there have been studies on root biology, information on genes that are specifically expressed or upregulated in roots is poorly collected. There exist very few databases dedicated to genes and promoters associated with root biology, preventing effective root-related studies. Therefore, we analyzed multiple types of omics data to identify root-associated genes in maize, soybean, and sorghum and constructed a comprehensive online database of these genes and their promoter sequences. This database creates a pivotal platform capable of stimulating and facilitating further studies on manipulating root growth and development.
The Role of Psychological and Social Well-being on Physical Function Trajectories in Older Adults
Authors: Saadeh Marguerita , Welmer Anna-Karin , Dekhtyar Serhiy , Fratiglioni Laura , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Psychological and social well-being are emerging as major determinants in preserving health in old age. We aimed to explore the association between these factors and the rate of decline in physical function over time in older adults.

Methods
Data were gathered from the Swedish National study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K). The study population consisted of 1,153 non-demented, community-dwelling men and women free from multimorbidity or impairments in basic or instrumental activities of daily living at baseline. They were followed over 12 years to capture the rate of decline in physical function, which was measured by combining data on walking speed, balance, and chair stands. The association between baseline psychological and social well-being and decline in physical function was estimated through linear mixed models, after multiple adjustments including personality and depressive symptoms.

Results
Higher levels of psychological (β = .007; p = .037) and social (β = .008; p = .043) well-being were significantly associated with a decreased rate of decline in physical function over the follow-up. There was a significant three-way interaction between psychological well-being*time*sex (female vs male) (β = .015; p = .047), showing that a slower decline in physical function was observed only among women and not in men. The association was strongest for individuals with high levels of both psychological and social well-being (β = .012; p = .019).

Conclusion
High levels of psychological and social well-being may slow down the age-related decline in physical function, which confirms the complexity of older adults’ health, but also points towards new preventative strategies.
The compatibility of open/free licences: a legal imbroglio
Authors: Bernelin Margo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Thirty years ago, in February 1989, the first ‘free licence’ was created: the GNU-GPL licence. Since then the number of free and open licences has grown exponentially with both private and public actors publishing their own legal document. In plain language, a licence is a document that grants a permission to do something, to perform an action. When it comes to licences covering a creation (eg a software), such a document is a contract listing the permissions and prohibitions, ie the rights and obligations of both the licensor and the licensee with regard to the creation. Usually, such licences include an extensive list of permissions and some prohibitions. However, this list of authorizations and prohibitions might defer from one licence to another, creating thus compatibility issues among them. Moreover, some licences might contradict the licensee’s domestic law. As a result, the reliance on open/free licences covered content for Big Data analysis is in a legal jeopardy. This article will review those difficulties and critically analyse the legal and technical remedies to it.
Driving Impairment Cases Involving Etizolam and Flubromazolam
Authors: Rohrig Timothy P , Osawa Kei A , Baird Tyson R , Youso Kimberly B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study describes 12 cases of drivers stopped for impaired driving, where a designer benzodiazepine was detected, specifically etizolam or flubromazolam. Etizolam was detected in three cases, with blood concentrations ranging from 40 to 330 ng/mL. Two of these cases had low concentrations of methamphetamine and/or amphetamine, and in the third case tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was detected. Flubromazolam was detected in nine cases; in all cases, at least one other drug was detected, with THC being the most prevalent. The mean blood concentration of flubromazolam was 16.3 ng/mL and had a median concentration of 17.0 ng/mL, ranging from 7.0 to 31 ng/mL. The low concentrations of designer benzodiazepines that produce pharmacological effects may allow many of these drugs to go undetected using routine testing in laboratories; therefore, it is necessary to include these novel compounds within validated analytical methods to reduce the chance of reporting false negative results. The prevalence in which laboratories are detecting the presence of novel benzodiazepines in impaired drivers illustrates the increased threat to public safety. These case studies demonstrate the importance of investigating agencies and forensic laboratories to be vigilant in monitoring the emerging novel psychoactive substances in their region.
Financial Stability Regulation under Borrowing and Liquidity Externalities
Authors: Lutz Flora , Pichler Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe study financial stability regulation in an environment with pecuniary externalities and where banks face both a liability choice (between private money creation and long-term borrowing) and an asset choice (between liquid and illiquid investments). Return risk on illiquid assets gives rise to liquidity risk, because banks that learn to have low future returns find themselves unable to roll over “money-like” debt. Privately optimal borrowing and investment decisions by banks lead, in general, to socially inefficient outcomes. The nature of inefficiency depends critically on the degree to which liquidity risk is systemic: When risk is highly systemic, banks hold the socially optimal amount of liquid assets, but create an excessive amount of money and overinvest in risky assets; when risk is not highly systemic, banks hold too little liquidity, create insufficient private money, and underinvest in risky assets. Quantity- and price-based regulations to address the identified inefficiencies are discussed.
Mass surveillance in the age of COVID-19
Authors: Ram Natalie , Gray David 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Epidemiological surveillance programs such as digital contact tracing have been touted as a silver bullet that will free the American public from the strictures of social distancing, enabling a return to school, work, and socializing. This Article assesses whether and under what circumstances the United States ought to embrace such programs. Part I analyzes the constitutionality of programs like digital contact tracing, arguing that the Fourth Amendment’s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures may well regulate the use of location data for epidemiological purposes, but that the legislative and executive branches have significant latitude to develop these programs within the broad constraints of the ``special needs'' doctrine elaborated by the courts in parallel circumstances. Part II cautions that the absence of a firm warrant requirement for digital contact tracing should not serve as a green light for unregulated and mass digital location tracking. In light of substantial risks to privacy, policy makers must ask hard questions about efficacy and the comparative advantages of location tracking versus more traditional means of controlling epidemic contagions, take seriously threats to privacy, tailor programs parsimoniously, establish clear metrics for determining success, and set clear plans for decommissioning surveillance programs.
Forty Years of the Four Principles: Enduring Themes from Beauchamp and Childress
Authors: Shea Matthew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis special issue commemorates the 40th anniversary of Tom Beauchamp and James Childress’s Principles of Biomedical Ethics with a collection of original essays addressing some of the major themes in the book. It opens with intellectual autobiographies by Beauchamp and Childress themselves. Subsequent articles explore the topics of common morality, specification and balancing of moral principles, virtue, moral status, autonomy, and lists of bioethical principles. The issue closes with a reply by Beauchamp and Childress to the other authors.
Conclusion
Authors: El Far Ahmed 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizses the legal questions discussed and the findings of each question examined. In order to examine whether abuse of rights can be considered a general principle of law, the principle’'s recognition in all systems of law is not required. As a legal principle, its recognition and application naturally varies from one jurisdiction to another. Similarly, the manner in which the principle is regulated and applied by courts may vary. Nevertheless, the importance of endorsing a general principle of abuse of rights is not only mandated by its role in ensuring the administration of justice, but also owing to its comprehensiveness and its ability to remedy forms of abuse that other rules fail to remedy. The chapter then provides recommendations and considerations, the adherence to which may limit the rising phenomenon of abuse in international arbitration.
Association Between Musculoskeletal Injuries and the Canadian Armed Forces Physical Employment Standard Proxy in Canadian Military Recruits
Authors: Chassé Etienne , Laroche Marie-Andrée , Dufour Carole-Anne , Guimond Renaud , Lalonde François 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionMusculoskeletal injuries (MSKIs) and recruitment are major challenges faced by modern military forces. The Canadian Armed Forces uses a physical employment standard (PES) proxy to determine occupational fitness and job suitability. It is unknown whether the performance on the PES proxy can be also used as predictor of MSKIs. The purpose of this study was to investigate for relationships between age, sex, body composition, aerobic fitness, performance on the Canadian Armed Forces PES proxy (FORCE evaluation), and risk of sustaining a MSKI requiring intervention in the Training Rehabilitation Program (MSKI-TRP1) during Canadian Basic Military Qualification.Materials and MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of MSKIs in recruits introduced in the Training Rehabilitation Program (TRP1) in 2016 and 2017. A two-tailed t-test and a multivariate stepwise logistic regression were completed to investigate the interrelationships of sex, age, FORCE performance (20 m rushes, sandbag lift, intermittent loaded shuttles, sandbag drag) and health-related characteristics (waist circumference, predicted peak oxygen consumption [$\dot{V}$O2peak]), and odds for sustaining a MSKI-TRP.ResultsThe MSKI-TRP1 intervention rate observed was 4.3%. Rehabilitation duration was an average (SD) of 87 (76) days; nearly 80% of MSKI-TRP were lower body injuries. MSKI-TRP recruits were older, had a lower score on FORCE, and had a larger mean waist circumference and lower $\dot{V}$O2peak than non-TRP1 recruits (all P &lt; 0.01). Recruits with performance lower than 1 SD below mean on the 20 m rushes, intermittent loaded shuttle, or sandbag drag were 2.69 (1.89–3.83), 2.74 (1.91–3.95), and 2.26 (1.52–3.37) times more likely to sustain a MSKI-TRP1, respectively (all P &lt; 0.01). Recruits with $\dot{V}$O2peak lower than 1 SD below mean were also 2.19 (1.30–3.70) times more likely to sustain a MSKI-TRP. Neither sex, age, nor waist circumference impacted the risk of MSKI-TRP1 when controlling for FORCE performance.ConclusionsThe Canadian Armed Forces PES proxy performance can be used to assess the odds of sustaining a MSKI-TRP1 in Canadian military recruit training.
Negative Fragment Answers
Authors: Weir Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the interaction of negation with fragment answers. The ability to use negative concord items as fragment answers has been taken as evidence of their having an inherent negative force; this chapter considers positions for and against this view, and what kind of assumptions (for the licensing of NCIs and/or for the interpretation of elliptical structure in fragments) would be required on each view, as well as considering the implications of double-negation readings for NCI fragments, and the availability of NPI fragments. The chapter also investigates the cooccurrence of a negator with a fragment answer (as in Who ate the cake?—Not John, anyway), exploring what ramifications such structures have for the syntax of fragments, and in particular for the choice between sententialist (elliptical) and non-sententialist analyses of fragments.
Racial disparities in knowledge, attitudes and practices related to COVID-19 in the USA
Authors: Alobuia Wilson M , Dalva-Baird Nathan P , Forrester Joseph D , Bendavid Eran , Bhattacharya Jay , Kebebew Electron 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Recent reports indicate racial disparities in the rates of infection and mortality from the 2019 novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]). The aim of this study was to determine whether disparities exist in the levels of knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAPs) related to COVID-19.

Methods
We analyzed data from 1216 adults in the March 2020 Kaiser Family Foundation ‘Coronavirus Poll’, to determine levels of KAPs across different groups. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to identify predictors of KAPs.

Results
In contrast to White respondents, Non-White respondents were more likely to have low knowledge (58% versus 30%; P &lt; 0.001) and low attitude scores (52% versus 27%; P &lt; 0.001), but high practice scores (81% versus 59%; P &lt; 0.001). By multivariate regression, White race (odds ratio [OR] 3.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70–5.50), higher level of education (OR 1.80; 95% CI: 1.46–2.23) and higher income (OR 2.06; 95% CI: 1.58–2.70) were associated with high knowledge of COVID-19. Race, sex, education, income, health insurance status and political views were all associated with KAPs.

Conclusions
Racial and socioeconomic disparity exists in the levels of KAPs related to COVID-19. More work is needed to identify educational tools that tailor to specific racial and socioeconomic groups.
Scelidosaurus harrisonii(Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Norman David B 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA layer of keratinous scutes encased the skull of Scelidosaurus. The neurocranium and the associated principal sensory systems of this dinosaur are described. The cranial musculature is reconstructed and a subsequent functional analysis suggests that jaw motion was orthal, allowing pulping of vegetation and some high-angle shearing between opposing teeth. Wishboning of the lower jaw was enabled by transverse displacement of the quadrates, and the long-axis mandibular torsion that occurred during the chewing cycle was permitted by flexibility at the dentary symphysis. Limb proportions and pectoral and pelvic musculature reconstructions suggest that Scelidosaurus was a facultative quadruped of ‘average’ locomotor ability. It retained some anatomical features indicative of a bipedal-cursorial ancestry. Hindlimb motion was oblique-to-parasagittal to accommodate the girth of the abdomen. Scelidosaurus used a combination of costal and abdominally driven aspiration. The hypothesis that respiration was an ‘evolutionary driver’ of opisthopuby in all dinosaurs is overly simplistic. A critical assessment of datasets used to analyse the systematics of ornithischians (and thyreophoran subclades) has led to a revised dataset that positions Scelidosaurus as a stem ankylosaur, rather than a stem thyreophoran. The value of phylogenetic definitions is reconsidered in the light of the new thyreophoran cladogram.
Factors Associated With Maternal and Neonatal Interventions at the Threshold of Viability
Authors: Hajdu Sierra A. , Rossi Robert M. , DeFranco Emily A. 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To quantify the influence of maternal sociodemographic, medical, and pregnancy characteristics on decisions to offer or receive antepartum and neonatal interventions with deliveries occurring at 22–23 weeks of gestation.

METHODS:
This is a case–control study of U.S. live births at 22 0/7–23 6/7 weeks of gestation using National Center for Health Statistics vital statistics birth records from 2012 to 2016. We analyzed three outcomes in the treatment of periviable delivery: 1) maternal interventions (cesarean delivery, maternal hospital transfer or antenatal corticosteroid administration), 2) neonatal interventions (neonatal intensive care unit admission, surfactant administration, antibiotic administration, or assisted ventilation), and 3) combined interventions (at least one maternal and at least one neonatal intervention). Logistic regression estimated the influence of characteristics on interventions received.

RESULTS:
Of 19,844,580 U.S. live births from 2012 to 2016, 24,379 (0.12%) occurred at 22–23 weeks of gestation. Of these, 37.5% received maternal interventions, 51.7% received neonatal interventions, and 28.0% received combined interventions. Rates of births receiving at least one intervention were 38.9% and 78.3% for 22 and 23 weeks of gestation, respectively. Preeclampsia was the factor most positively associated with interventions. Other factors positively associated with interventions were increasing maternal age, Medicaid, low educational attainment, multiparity, twin gestation, and infertility treatment. Some factors had opposite influences on maternal compared with neonatal interventions. The presence of birth defects was positively associated with maternal interventions but negatively associated with neonatal interventions, whereas being of black race was negatively associated with maternal interventions but positively associated with neonatal interventions.

CONCLUSION:
Maternal and neonatal interventions occur frequently at the threshold of viability, especially at 23 weeks of gestation where the occurrence of interventions exceeds 50%. This study identifies sociodemographic and medical factors associated with using interventions with periviable deliveries. These data elucidate observed practice patterns in the management of periviable births and may assist providers in the counseling of women at risk of periviable birth.
Association of Antenatal Corticosteroids and Magnesium Sulfate Therapy With Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Extremely Preterm Children
Authors: Gentle Samuel J. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Tan Sylvia , Gargano Marissa , Ambalavanan Namasivayam , Chawla Sanjay , Bell Edward F. , Bann Carla M. , Hintz Susan R. , Heyne Roy J. , Tita Alan , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To test the primary hypothesis that extremely preterm children antenatally exposed to both magnesium sulfate and antenatal corticosteroids have a lower rate of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death compared with those exposed to antenatal corticosteroids alone.

METHODS:
This was a prospective observational study of children born at 22 0/7–26 6/7 weeks of gestation from 2011 to 2014 at Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network hospitals (N=3,093). The primary outcome was severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death at 18–26 months of corrected age follow-up based on exposure to antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate or antenatal corticosteroids alone. Secondary outcomes included components of severe neurodevelopmental impairment by exposure group and comparisons of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death between children exposed to both antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate with those exposed to magnesium sulfate alone or to neither antenatal corticosteroids nor magnesium sulfate. Logistic regression models adjusted for background characteristics.

RESULTS:
Children exposed to both antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate had a lower rate of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death (813/2,239, 36.3%) compared with those exposed to antenatal corticosteroids alone (225/508, 44.3%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.73; 95% CI 0.58–0.91), magnesium sulfate alone (47/89, 53%; aOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29–0.82), or neither therapy (121/251; 48.2%; aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.49–0.89). Similarly, children exposed to both antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate had a lower rate of death compared with either or neither therapy, but the rate of severe neurodevelopmental impairment among survivors did not differ between exposure groups.

CONCLUSION:
In children born between 22 0/7 and 26 6/7 weeks of gestation, exposure to both antenatal corticosteroids and magnesium sulfate was associated with lower rates of severe neurodevelopmental impairment or death and death compared with exposure to antenatal corticosteroids alone.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00063063.