bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overview of the current concepts in the management of arteriovenous malformations of the brain
Authors: Unnithan A K A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is a lack of consensus in the management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain since ARUBA (A Randomised trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous malformations) trial showed that medical management is superior to interventional therapy in patients with unruptured brain AVMs. The treatment of brain AVM is associated with significant morbidity.Objectives and methodsA review was done to determine the behaviour of brain AVMs and analyse the risks and benefits of the available treatment options. A search was done in the literature for studies on brain AVMs. Descriptive analysis was also done.ResultsThe angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and inflammatory cytokines are involved in the growth of AVMs. Proteinases such as matrix metalloproteinase-9 contribute to the weakening and rupture of the nidus. The risk factors for haemorrhage are prior haemorrhage, deep and infratentorial AVM location, exclusive deep venous drainage and associated aneurysms. The advancements in operating microscope and surgical techniques have facilitated microsurgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery causes progressive vessel obliteration over 2–3 years. Endovascular embolisation can be done prior to microsurgery or radiosurgery and for palliation.ConclusionsSpetzler-Martin grades I and II have low surgical risks. The AVMs located in the cerebellum, subarachnoid cisterns and pial surfaces of the brainstem can be treated surgically. Radiosurgery is preferable for deep-seated AVMs. A combination of microsurgery, embolisation and radiosurgery is recommended for deep-seated and Spetzler-Martin grade III AVMs. Observation is recommended for grades IV and V.
Simulation of bunched electron-beam acceleration by the cylindrical TE113 microwave field
Authors: Orozco E. A. , González J. D. , Beltrán J. R. , Vergara V. E. 
Published: February 2020

We report a detailed simulation of a bunched electron-beam accelerated in a TE[Formula: see text] cylindrical cavity immersed in a static inhomogeneous magnetic field using a relativistic full electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC). This type of acceleration concept is known as Spatial AutoResonance Acceleration (SARA) in which the magnetic field profile is such that it keeps the electron-beam in the acceleration regime along their trajectories. In this work, the numerical experiments are carried out including a bunched electron-beam with the concentrations in the range [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] in a TE[Formula: see text] cylindrical microwave field, at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and an amplitude of 15 kV/cm. The electron energy reaches values up to 250 keV without significant unfocusing effect that can be used as a basis to produce hard X-ray. Additionally, a comparison between the data obtained from the full electromagnetic PIC simulations and the results derived from the relativistic Newton–Lorentz equation in a single particle approximation is carried out.
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized by Natural Biopolymer Arabinogalactan
Authors: Demchenko A. G. , Sadykova V. S. , Lyundup A. V. , Sedyakina N. E. , Gromovykh T. I. , Feldman N. B. , Ananyan M. A. , Lutsenko S. V. 
Published: February 2020

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction of silver nitrate using arabinogalactan polysaccharide as a reducing agent and a stabilizer. The average size of nanoparticles, obtained by analyzing TEM-images, was 10.8[Formula: see text]nm; zeta potential [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]mV. A study of the sol by electron diffraction showed that silver in the sample is in metallic form. The resulting preparation of silver nanoparticles showed both antibacterial and antifungal activity. A pronounced antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles was demonstrated both in relation to conditionally pathogenic gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and B. coagulans) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Silver nanoparticles also possess antifungal activity against macromycete Fomitopsis sp., as well as two strains of micromycetes Trichoderma citrinoviride and Fusarium sporotrichioides. Using the methods of light and fluorescence microscopy, MTT-analysis and Real-time cell analysis, the cytotoxic activity of silver nanoparticles was investigated on HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It was demonstrated that nanoparticles cause a suppression of cell metabolic and proliferative activity, as well as dose-dependent induction of cell death (average relative EC[Formula: see text] value was [Formula: see text]g/ml). The preparation of silver nanoparticles stabilized by arabinogalactan can be used in medicine, as a potential antimicrobial and antitumor agent.
Resenha de 'Sociologia Política das Instituições Judiciais', de Fabiano Engelmann (Org.)
Authors: Bento Juliane Sant’Ana 
Published: February 2020

Referência completa da obra: Engelmann, Fabiano (Org.). Sociologia Política das Instituições Judiciais. Porto Alegre. Editora da UFRGS/CEGOV, 2017. 276 p. Disponível em: https://www.ufrgs.br/cegov/publicacao/v/95?n=Sociologia_Pol%C3%ADtica_das_Institui%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Judiciais. Acesso em: 10 de agosto de 2019.
Nonprofit Finance: A Synthetic Review
Authors: Calabrese Thad D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe field of finance is concerned with the management of money and how and where such funds are acquired and used. This article reviews the broad literature on finance related to nonprofit and voluntary organizations, identifies gaps in knowledge, and proposes potential avenues for future researchers. It examines in detail the sources of funds for nonprofit organizations, especially nonprofit agencies—including issues around revenue portfolios and interactions, the uses of these funds—with an emphasis on incentives faced by nonprofit organizations around financial disclosures, the benefits and problems of slack resources and profits, and issues of capital structure in nonprofit organizations.
Parametric Subharmonic Instability of the Semidiurnal Internal Tides at the East China Sea Shelf Slope
Authors: Yang Wei , Wei Hao , Zhao Liang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOn the basis of measurements from an observing mooring system, the observational evidence of parametric subharmonic instability (PSI) that transfers energy from semidiurnal internal tides (ITs) to the subharmonic waves at the East China Sea continental shelf slope is presented for the first time. Although the mooring station is very close to the energetic semidiurnal IT generation site, about 76% of the observed shear variance is contained in the near-inertial band, which is found to have comparable upward- and downward-propagating energy components. Bispectra and bicoherence estimates further confirm the occurrence of PSI transferring energy from the low-mode M2 ITs (vertical wavelength of ~1000 m) to high-mode subharmonic waves (vertical wavelength of ~200 m). The calculated energy transfer rate reveals an averaged net value of ~5 × 10−9 W kg−1. Strong temporal variation of is found that is not exactly in phase with the semidiurnal energy flux. After looking into the local vorticity fields, it is strongly suggested that the varying background relative vorticity associated with the evolving Kuroshio has modified the efficiency of PSI at the mooring location through changing the local effective inertial frequency.
Prognostic value of MELD‐XI score in patients referring to the emergency department with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Çelik Olgun , Çiftci Orçun , Müderrisoğlu İbrahim Haldun 
Published: February 2020

Objective:We aimed to evaluate Model for End‐stage Liver Disease excluding international normalized ratio (MELD‐XI) score for prediction of 30‐day in‐hospital mortality in a cohort of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction.Methods:The medical records of a total of 256 patients admitted with ST elevation myocardial infarction to the emergency department between January 2015 and January 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 111 patients were found eligible for the study. MELD‐XI score was analyzed and compared on the basis of survival status.Results:A total of 111 patients with a mean age of 62.5 ± 2.55 years were included in the study. In total, 81% (n = 90) of the patients were male and 19% (n = 21) were female. The mean MELD‐XI score of the patients was 10.1 ± 1.1. A total of 12 patients (12.9%) died within 30 days after hospitalization. The median MELD‐XI score of the patients who died in the hospital was significantly higher than the patients survived (11.0 (10.5–11.6) vs 9.5 (9.4–13.8); p < 0.01). However, Gensini score was not significantly different between the surviving and deceased patients (p > 0.05). MELD‐XI score was significantly correlated to left ventricular ejection fraction (r = −232, p < 0.01), and both parameters and age were significant independent predictors of in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio: 1.73, 95% confidence interval: 1.25–2.39, p < 0.05; odds ratio: 0.89, 95% confidence interval: 0.81–0.99, p < 0.05; and odds ratio: 1.07, 95% confidence interval: 0.99–1.15, p < 0.05, respectively). A MELD‐XI cut‐off point of 10 had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 78.8% for in‐hospital mortality (area under receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.92, 95% confidence interval: 0.87–0.97, p < 0.05). A survival analysis based on a MELD‐XI threshold of 10 revealed that the patients in the high‐MELD‐XI group had a significantly worse in‐hospital survival (log rank test p < 0.001).Conclusion:MELD‐XI score is a useful tool for in‐hospital mortality prediction in patients referring to emergency medicine with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction.
pH- and acoustic-responsive platforms based on perfluoropentane-loaded protein nanoparticles for ovarian tumor-targeted ultrasound imaging and therapy
Authors: Li Jianping , Ji Hong , Jing Yong , Wang Shiguang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this study, we developed a multifunctional ultrasound (US) therapeutic agent that encapsulates perfluoropentane (PFP) into ferritin (FRT) and conjugates the tumor-targeting molecule folic acid (FA) (FA-FRT-PFP). The prepared FA-FRT-PFP had an average particle diameter of 42.8 ± 2.5 nm, a zeta potential of − 41.1 ± 1.7 mV and shows good stability in physiological solution and temperatures. FRT is a pH-sensitive cage protein that, at pH 5.0, disassembles to form pores that can load PFP. The adjustment to neutral pH closes the pores and encapsulates the PFP inside the FRT to form nanoparticles. At pH 5.0, 3 min of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU, 2 W/cm2) significantly enhanced the US signal of FA-FRT-PFP through the acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) effect. Under identical conditions, 4 min of LIFU irradiation caused the bubbles generated by FA-FRT-PFP to break. FA-FRT-PFP could be efficiently targeted into ovarian cancer cells and significantly enhanced the US contrast of FA-FRT-PFP after 3 min of LIFU irradiation. After 4 min of LIFU irradiation, cell viability significantly decreased due to necrosis, likely due to the FA-FRT-PFP mediated release of PFP in the acidic environment of lysosomes after entering the tumor cells. PFP is then transformed into bubbles that burst under LIFU irradiation, forming physical shock waves that lead to the destruction of the cell structure and necrosis, achieving tumor treatment. Taken together, this demonstrates that FA-FRT-PFP is both a novel and promising US theranostics agent for future clinic application.
Diagnostic value of serum soluble triggering expressed receptor on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) in suspected sepsis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Chang Wei , Peng Fei , Meng Shan-Shan , Xu Jing-Yuan , Yang Yi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
We aim to synthesize the up-to-date studies to investigate the diagnostic value of serum soluble triggering expressed receptor on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM-1) in suspected sepsis.

Results
A total of 19 studies with 2418 patients were finally enrolled in the meta-analysis. The pooled sensitivity was 0.82 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.89), specificity 0.81 (95% CI 0.75 to 0.86), positive likelihood ratio 4.3 (95% CI 3.02 to 6.12), negative likelihood ratio 0.22 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.35), diagnostic odds ratio 20 (95% CI 9 to 41) and AuROC 0.88 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.91). The meta-regression analysis revealed that the sample size, reference standard description, prevalence of sepsis in the trials and consecution of patient recruitment might be the source of heterogeneity.

Conclusions
The serum sTREM-1 had a moderate ability in diagnosis in suspected sepsis based on the current studies. However, more large-scale studies were needed to further evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sTREM-1.
Optimal duration of Vitamin K antagonists anticoagulant therapy after venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Wang Wei , Su Yang , Wu Chunyan , Sun Yuxi , Dai Neng , Chen Wei , Zhang Jie , Xu Yawei , Brindis Ralph G. , Xu Dachun , Li Jue 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy for patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains highly uncertain in clinical practice. It is essential to accurately assess the effect of anticoagulant therapy in reducing recurrent VTE against the risk of inducing major bleeding.

Methods
Randomized controlled trials were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane library, reporting rates of recurrent VTE and major bleeding in patients taking Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) with VTE and comparing different durations.

Results
Eleven RCTs with 3109 participants utilizing varied durations were included in the meta-analysis. Longer VKA therapy was associated with significantly lower rates of VTE recurrence compared with shorter duration of VKA therapy (OR 0.75, 95%CI 0.57–0.99), with significant difference noted in major bleeding risk (OR 2.31, 95%CI 1.17–4.56). During anticoagulation duration, patients treated by 6-month VKA had higher risk of major bleeding compared with 3-month VKA regimen (OR 33.45, 95%CI 2.00–559.67).

Conclusions
Regimen longer than 6 months did not show statistical elevation of major bleeding risk. VKA treatment strongly reduces the risk of recurrent VTE during anticoagulation therapy. The absolute risk of recurrent VTE declines over time while the risk for major bleeding after 6 months’ treatment did not demonstrate a continuous significant increase with extended duration of VKA therapy.
Hyperhomocysteinemia accompany with metabolic syndrome increase the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy in rural Chinese
Authors: Yu Shasha , Chen Yintao , Yang Hongmei , Guo Xiaofan , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Yingxian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
To investigate the influence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) on left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in residents in rural Northeast China.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional baseline data analysis of 6837 subjects (mean age: 54 ± 10 years) recruited from a rural area of China. Anthropometric indicators were measured according to standard methods. MetS was defined by the modified ATP III criteria. HHcy was defined according to the WHO standard: an Hcy level > 15 μmol/L representing HHcy. Four groups were defined: non-HHcy & non-MetS, HHcy & non-MetS, MetS & non-HHcy and HHcy & MetS.

Results
The left ventricular mass index for height2.7 (LVMH2.7) in both sexes was significantly higher in the HHcy & MetS group than in the non-HHcy & non-MetS group (females: 51.23 ± 16.34 vs. 40.09 ± 10.55 g-2.7, P < 0.001; males: 48.67 ± 12.24 g-2.7 vs. 42.42 ± 11.38 g-2.7, P < 0.001). A similar result was observed in those groups when using the left ventricular mass index (LVMI) for body surface area to define LVH (females: 103.58 ± 31.92 g− 2 vs. 86.63 ± 20.47 g− 2, P < 0.001; males: 106.10 ± 24.69 g− 2 vs. 98.16 ± 23.29 g− 2, P < 0.001). The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the HHcy & MetS group had a higher risk of LVH than the other three groups (OR: 1.628 for LVMI, P < 0.001, OR: 2.433 for LVMH2.7, P < 0.001). Moreover, subjects in the HHcy & non-MetS group [OR (95% CI): 1.297 (1.058, 1.591) for LVMI, P < 0.05; OR (95% CI): 1.248 (1.044, 1.492) for LVMH2.7, P < 0.05] also had a statistically greater risk of LVH than subjects in the non-HHcy & non-MetS group. The HHcy & non-MetS group was also found to be significantly and independently associated with LVH.

Conclusion
Hyperhomocysteinemia has an independent effect on LVH. The combined effect of MetS and hyperhomocysteinemia might increase the strength of the abovementioned effects.
Metformin improves lipid metabolism and reverses the Warburg effect in a canine model of chronic atrial fibrillation
Authors: Liu Yaozhong , Bai Fan , Liu Na , Zhang Baojian , Qin Fen , Tu Tao , Li Biao , Li Jiayi , Ma Yingxu , Ouyang Feifan , Liu Qiming 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Previous studies demonstrated impaired lipid metabolism and augmented aerobic glycolysis in AF. The authors aimed to investigate whether the use of metformin, an AMPK activator, could reverse this metabolic remodeling in chronic AF and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
We conducted chronic AF animal models with 18 beagle dogs and divided them into SR (pacemaker implanted without pacing), AF (pacemaker implanted with sustained pacing at a frequency of 400 beats/min for 6 weeks), and metformin+AF group (daily oral administration of metformin was initiated 1 week before surgery and continued throughout the study period). After electrophysiological measurements, the left atrial appendage tissue samples were taken from the beating heart for further analysis. Protein expression, histological analysis, and biochemical measurements were conducted.

Results
The AF groups showed decreased expression of FAT/CD36, CPT-1, VLCAD, increased concentration of free fatty acid and triglyceride, and increased lipid deposition. The activation of AMPK/PGC-1α/PPARα pathway was decreased. The key factors of the Warburg effect, including HIF-1α, GLUT-1, PDK1, HK, and LDH, increased in AF group compared to SR group. The expression of PDH decreased significantly, accompanied by increased atrial lactate production. The extent of fibrosis increased significantly in the left atrial appendage of AF group. dERP, ∑WOV, and AF inducibility increased while ERP decreased in AF group compared to SR group. The use of metformin attenuated all these changes effectively.

Conclusions
Metformin improves lipid metabolism and reverses the Warburg effect in chronic AF via AMPK activation. It attenuates atrial electrical and structural remodeling.
Prevalence of and characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality in a Ugandan neurology ward
Authors: Diaz Monica M. , Hu Xin , Fenton Brenda T. , Kimuli Ivan , Lee Allison , Lindsey Hayley , Bigelow Jeffrey K. , Maiser Samuel , Altalib Hamada H. , Sico Jason J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
While the burden of neurologic illness in developing countries is increasing, less is known about mortality among patients admitted to sub-Saharan African hospitals with neurologic disease. We sought to characterize the rate and patient-level predictors of in-hospital mortality in a Ugandan Neurology ward.cc.

Methods
Data was prospectively collected on 335 patients admitted to the Neurology ward of Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and multivariate COX proportional hazard modeling were used to assess survival.

Results
Within our sample (n = 307), 35.8% received no diagnosis at time of hospital admission. Stroke (27.3%), head trauma (19.6%), and malaria (16.0%) were the most common diagnoses. Among the 56 (18.5%) patients who died during the index hospitalization, the most common diagnosis at admission and at death was stroke. Adjusted regression analysis showed that patients without a diagnosis at time of death (HR = 7.01 [2.42–20.35], p < .001) and those with diagnoses of infections (HR = 5.21 [2.16–12.58], p = <.001), stroke (HR = 2.69 [1.20–6.04], p = .017), or head trauma (HR = 3.39, [1.27–9.07], p = 0.15) had worse survival.

Conclusions
In-hospital mortality affected nearly 20% of the cohort, with worse survival among those without a diagnosis and with infections, stroke, head trauma. Future work should identify reasons for increased mortality among these high-risk groups and implement targeted interventions.
The prognostic value of neuromedin U in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Li Qiao , Han Lingyu , Ruan Shengnan , Shen Shunli , Cao Qinghua , Cai Xiuqin , Yan Yuan , Peng Baogang , Hua Yunpeng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Neuromedin U (NMU) is a neuropeptide belonging to the neuromedin family. Recently, significant associations between NMU and several cancers have been reported. However, no studies have examined the association between NMU and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The purpose of this study was to examine the role of NMU in HCC.

Methods
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the level of NMU protein in the sera of patients with hepatic hemangioma and HCC. NMU and cytokine mRNA expression was assessed in HCC samples via RT-qPCR. A tissue microarray consisting of 228 HCC peri- and intra-tumor tissues was used to detect NMU expression via immunohistochemical analysis. The association between NMU expression and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazard model.

Results
The level of NMU protein was increased in the sera of HCC patients (p = 0.006). NMU was expressed in intercellular space, rather than in hepatocytes or HCC cells. The prognosis of HCC patients with high NMU expression in peri-tumor tissue was significantly poorer than that of patients with low NMU expression (OS: p = 0.002, DFS: p = 0.033). Peri-tumor NMU expression was also a significant independent prognostic factor for OS (hazard ratio: 1.541, 95% confidence interval: 1.092–2.175, p = 0.014). The level of NMU expression was positively associated with M2 macrophage percentage and the levels of type-2 inflammatory cytokines in HCC tissue.

Conclusions
NMU may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for HCC patients, although further validation is needed in the future. The activation of M2 macrophages and a type-2 inflammatory response may involve in the role of NMU in patients with HCC.