bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F3 Layer Characteristics Revealed by the Jicamarca Incoherent Scatter Radar: First Results
Authors: Venkatesh K. , Patra A. K. , Reinisch B. W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we present a systematic study on the characteristics and evolution of the F3 layer using the Jicamarca incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observations made during 2014–2018. These results are also compared with those obtained from collocated digisonde observations in an effort to understand the F3 layer in more detail. The purpose of the comparison is twofold: first is to see how the digisonde observations compare with those of ISR, and second is to see to what extent our understanding on the F3 layer is observationally complete. The basic characteristics of the F3 layers observed by digisonde and ISR are found to compare well. When the F3 layer becomes topside ledge, which was missed by the digisonde, ISR observations provided vital information in characterizing such F3 layers. Importantly, the ISR capability to observe the F3 layer irrespective of its density being lower or higher than that of the F2 layer could help understand the evolution of F3 layer. The occurrence statistics show two distinct maxima, one centered on 11:00 LT and the other centered on 18:00 LT quite consistent with earlier report. While the first peak is found to be consistent with model prediction, we suggest that the second peak is governed by quiet time height varying zonal electric field linked with sunset electrodynamics. Results presented and discussed here based on ISR observations are first of its kind and reveal the behavior and evolution of the F3 layer not reported before.
Reconnection‐Driven Dynamics at Ganymede's Upstream Magnetosphere: 3‐D Global Hall MHD and MHD‐EPIC Simulations
Authors: Zhou Hongyang , Tóth Gábor , Jia Xianzhe , Chen Yuxi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe largest moon in the solar system, Ganymede, is the only moon known to possess a strong intrinsic magnetic field and a corresponding magnetosphere. Using the latest version of Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF), we study the upstream plasma interactions and dynamics in this sub‐Alfvénic system. Results from the Hall magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and the coupled MHD with embedded particle‐in‐cell (MHD‐EPIC) models are compared. We find that under steady upstream conditions, magnetopause reconnection occurs in a nonsteady manner, and the energy partition between electrons and ions is different in the two models. Flux ropes of Ganymede's radius in length form on the magnetopause at a rate about 3 min and create spatiotemporal variations in plasma and field properties. Upon reaching proper grid resolutions, the MHD‐EPIC model can resolve both electron and ion kinetics at the magnetopause and show localized nongyrotropic behavior inside the diffusion region. The estimated global reconnection rate from the models is about 80 kV with 60% efficiency, and there is weak evidence of ∼1 min periodicity in the temporal variations due to the dynamic reconnection process.
Dual roles of chromatin remodeling protein BRG1 in angiotensin II-induced endothelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Li Zilong , Kong Xiaochen , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Yangxi , Yu Liming , Guo Junli , Xu Yong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEndothelial–mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is considered one of the processes underlying tissue fibrosis by contributing to the pool of myofibroblasts. In the present study, we investigated the epigenetic mechanism whereby angiotensin II (Ang II) regulates EndMT to promote cardiac fibrosis focusing on the role of chromatin remodeling protein BRG1. BRG1 knockdown or inhibition attenuated Ang II-induced EndMT, as evidenced by down-regulation of CDH5, an endothelial marker, and up-regulation of COL1A2, a mesenchymal marker, in cultured vascular endothelial cells. On the one hand, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited by Sp1 to the SNAI2 (encoding SLUG) promoter to activate SNAI2 transcription in response to Ang II stimulation. Once activated, SLUG bound to the CDH5 promoter to repress CDH5 transcription. On the other hand, BRG1 interacted with and was recruited by SRF to the COL1A2 promoter to activate COL1A2 transcription. Mechanistically, BRG1 evicted histones from the target promoters to facilitate the bindings of Sp1 and SRF. Finally, endothelial conditional BRG1 knockout mice (CKO) exhibited a reduction in cardiac fibrosis, compared to the wild type (WT) littermates, in response to chronic Ang II infusion. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that BRG1 is a key transcriptional coordinator programming Ang II-induced EndMT to contribute to cardiac fibrosis.
NCAPG confers trastuzumab resistance via activating SRC/STAT3 signaling pathway in HER2-positive breast cancer
Authors: Jiang Lili , Ren Liangliang , Chen Han , Pan Jinyuan , Zhang Zhuojun , Kuang Xiangqin , Chen Xuhong , Bao Wenhao , Lin Chun , Zhou Zhongqiu , Huang Danping , Yang Jianan , Huang Hongbiao , Wang Lan , Hou Ning , Song Libing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHER2+ breast cancer (BC) is characterized by rapid growth, early recurrence, early metastasis, and chemoresistance. Trastuzumab is the most effective treatment for HER2+ BC and effectively reduces the risk of recurrence and death of patients. Resistance to trastuzumab results in cancer recurrence and metastasis, leading to poor prognosis of HER2+ BC. In the present study, we found that non-structural maintenance of chromosome condensin 1 complex subunit G (NCAPG) expression was highly upregulated in trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ BC. Ectopic NCAPG was positively correlated with tumor relapse and shorter survival in HER2+ BC patients. Moreover, overexpression of NCAPG promoted, while silencing of NCAPG reduced, the proliferative and anti-apoptotic capacity of HER2+ BC cells both in vitro and in vivo, indicating NCAPG reduces the sensitivity of HER2+ BC cells to trastuzumab and may confer trastuzumab resistance. Furthermore, our results suggest that NCAPG triggers a series of biological cascades by phosphorylating SRC and enhancing nuclear localization and activation of STAT3. To summarize, our study explores a crucial role for NCAPG in trastuzumab resistance and its underlying mechanisms in HER2+ BC, and suggests that NCAPG could be both a potential prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target to effectively overcome trastuzumab resistance.
The longevity-associated variant of BPIFB4 improves a CXCR4-mediated striatum–microglia crosstalk preventing disease progression in a mouse model of Huntington’s disease
Authors: Di Pardo Alba , Ciaglia Elena , Cattaneo Monica , Maciag Anna , Montella Francesco , Lopardo Valentina , Ferrario Anna , Villa Francesco , Madonna Michele , Amico Enrico , Carrizzo Albino , Damato Antonio , Pepe Giuseppe , Marracino Federico , Auricchio Alberto , Vecchione Carmine , Maglione Vittorio , Puca Annibale A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe longevity-associated variant (LAV) of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing family B member 4 (BPIFB4) has been found significantly enriched in long-living individuals. Neuroinflammation is a key player in Huntington’s disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder caused by neural death due to expanded CAG repeats encoding a long polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein (Htt). Herein, we showed that striatal-derived cell lines with expanded Htt (STHdh Q111/111) expressed and secreted lower levels of BPIFB4, when compared with Htt expressing cells (STHdh Q7/7), which correlated with a defective stress response to proteasome inhibition. Overexpression of LAV-BPIFB4 in STHdh Q111/111 cells was able to rescue both the BPIFB4 secretory profile and the proliferative/survival response. According to a well-established immunomodulatory role of LAV-BPIFB4, conditioned media from LAV-BPIFB4-overexpressing STHdh Q111/111 cells were able to educate Immortalized Human Microglia—SV40 microglial cells. While STHdh Q111/111 dying cells were ineffective to induce a CD163 + IL-10high pro-resolving microglia compared to normal STHdh Q7/7, LAV-BPIFB4 transduction promptly restored the central immune control through a mechanism involving the stromal cell-derived factor-1. In line with the in vitro results, adeno-associated viral-mediated administration of LAV-BPIFB4 exerted a CXCR4-dependent neuroprotective action in vivo in the R6/2 HD mouse model by preventing important hallmarks of the disease including motor dysfunction, body weight loss, and mutant huntingtin protein aggregation. In this view, LAV-BPIFB4, due to its pleiotropic ability in both immune compartment and cellular homeostasis, may represent a candidate for developing new treatment for HD.
MBNL1 reverses the proliferation defect of skeletal muscle satellite cells in myotonic dystrophy type 1 by inhibiting autophagy via the mTOR pathway
Authors: Song Kai-Yi , Guo Xiu-Ming , Wang Hui-Qi , Zhang Lei , Huang Si-Yuan , Huo Ying-Chao , Zhang Gang , Feng Jin-Zhou , Zhang Rong-Rong , Ma Yue , Hu Qing-Zhe , Qin Xin-Yue 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSkeletal muscle atrophy is one of the clinical symptoms of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). A decline in skeletal muscle regeneration is an important contributor to muscle atrophy. Skeletal muscle satellite cells (SSCs) drive skeletal muscle regeneration. Increased autophagy can reduce the proliferative capacity of SSCs, which plays an important role in the early regeneration of damaged skeletal muscle in DM1. Discovering new ways to restore SSC proliferation may aid in the identification of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of skeletal muscle atrophy in DM1. In the pathogenesis of DM1, muscleblind-like 1 (MBNL1) protein is generally considered to form nuclear RNA foci and disturb the RNA-splicing function. However, the role of MBNL1 in SSC proliferation in DM1 has not been reported. In this study, we obtained SSCs differentiated from normal DM1-04-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), DM1-03 iPSCs, and DM1-13-3 iPSCs edited by transcription activator-like (TAL) effector nucleases (TALENs) targeting CTG repeats, and primary SSCs to study the pathogenesis of DM1. DM1 SSC lines and primary SSCs showed decreased MBNL1 expression and elevated autophagy levels. However, DM1 SSCs edited by TALENs showed increased cytoplasmic distribution of MBNL1, reduced levels of autophagy, increased levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and improved proliferation rates. In addition, we confirmed that after MBNL1 overexpression, the proliferative capability of DM1 SSCs and the level of phosphorylated mTOR were enhanced, while the autophagy levels were decreased. Our data also demonstrated that the proliferative capability of DM1 SSCs was enhanced after autophagy was inhibited by overexpressing mTOR. Finally, treatment with rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor) was shown to abolish the increased proliferation capability of DM1 SSCs due to MBNL1 overexpression. Taken together, these data suggest that MBNL1 reverses the proliferation defect of SSCs in DM1 by inhibiting autophagy via the mTOR pathway.
Der Sachverständige im Straf- und Vollstreckungsverfahren. Auftrag, Qualifikation, Kompetenzabgrenzung
Authors: Müller Jürgen L. , Briken Peer , Dreßing Harald , Muysers Jutta , Hill Andreas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe amendment to the law of forced detention in psychiatric hospitals has strengthened the role of experts in criminal law proceedings. Experts have specific specialist knowledge and exert a guarantor function in relation to the court. These interdisciplinary processes hold risks that have to be encountered by critical interaction preserving boundaries between different disciplines and competencies. Transgressing competencies and violating boundaries can result in intrusions upon fundamental rights of those affected that may also raise liability questions. This article discusses the framework of this interdisciplinary cooperation, in particular the relevance of competence boundaries in criminal court proceedings
The Effects of Antepartum Depressive Symptoms on Postcesarean Opioid Consumption
Authors: Walker Zachary , Perkins Callie , Harper Lorie , Jauk Victoria , Szychowski Jeff M. , Mazzoni Sara 
Published: July 2020

Objective The study aimed to test the hypothesis that higher Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores are associated with increased pain scores and opioid use during postpartum hospitalization following cesarean section.
Study Design We conducted a retrospective cohort of English or Spanish-speaking women ≥18 years who had prenatal care for a singleton gestation and delivered by cesarean at ≥36 weeks within a tertiary center during 2017. Exclusions included women with fetal anomalies, intrauterine fetal demise, sickle cell disease, previously diagnosed pain disorders (e.g., chronic pain or fibromyalgia), substance use disorder (based on documented prescription or use of methadone or buprenorphine), or reoperation during hospital stay. Women without an EPDS recorded antenatally were also excluded. Major depressive symptoms (MDS) were defined as a documented antenatal EPDS ≥12. Women with and without MDS were compared, and multivariable linear regression models were generated to evaluate associations between MDS status and both pain scores and opioid use.
Results Of the 891 women meeting other inclusion criteria, 676 (76%) had documented antenatal EPDS scores, and 104 (15.4%) of those had MDS. Women with MDS were more likely to be use tobacco and have general anesthesia for cesarean delivery, but groups were otherwise similar. Women with MDS reported higher daily and average pain scores postpartum (2.4 vs. 1.7 average; p < 0.001). Women with MDS used more morphine milligram equivalents (MME) each day during their postpartum hospitalization, leading to a higher total MME use (121 mg [60.5–214.5] vs. 75 mg [28.5–133.5], p < 0.001).
Conclusion We found an association between antepartum depressive symptoms and acute pain after cesarean delivery leading to increased opioid use. Given the current focus on opioid stewardship, further research into this association, exploration of tailored pain control, and determining whether treatment of antepartum MDS reduces postpartum pain, and therefore opioid use, will be of the utmost priority.
Key Points
Generation of aryl radicals by redox processes. Recent progress in the arylation methodology
Authors: Bugaenko Dmitry I. , Volkov Alexey A. , Karchava Alexander V. , Yurovskaya Marina A. 
Published: July 2020

Arylation methods based on the generation and use of aryl radicals have been a rapidly growing field of research in recent years and currently represent a powerful strategy for carbon – carbon and carbon – heteroatom bond formation. The progress in this field is related to advances in the methods for generation of aryl radicals. The currently used aryl radical precursors include aryl halides, aryldiazonium and diaryliodonium salts, arylcarboxylic acids and their derivatives, arylboronic acids, arylhydrazines, organosulfur(II, VI) compounds and some other compounds. Aryl radicals are generated under mild conditions by single electron reduction or oxidation of precursors induced by conventional reagents, visible light or electric current. A crucial role in the development of the radical arylation methodology belongs to photoredox processes either catalyzed by transition metal complexes or organic dyes or proceeding without catalysts. Unlike the conventional transition metal-catalyzed arylation methods, radical arylation reactions proceed very often at room temperature and have high functional group tolerance. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this review covers the most important advances of the current decade in the generation and synthetic applications of (het)aryl radicals. Examples of reactions are given and mechanistic insights are highlighted.The bibliography includes 341 references.
Recent advances in chemistry of high-spin nitrenes
Authors: Chapyshev Sergei V. , Korchagin Denis V. , Misochko Evgenii Ya. 
Published: July 2020

Experimental and theoretical studies on aromatic nitrenes bearing from three to six unpaired electrons and having quartet, quintet, sextet or septet ground spin states, published in the last 15 years are analyzed. A comparative analysis of the magnetic properties of high-spin nitrenes and all other known high-spin organic molecules is performed. Promising areas of practical application of high-spin nitrenes as molecular magnets and as qubits and qudits for quantum computations are discussed.The bibliography includes 214 references.
Aerosols enhance cloud lifetime and brightness along the stratus-to-cumulus transition
Authors: Christensen Matthew W. , Jones William K. , Stier Philip 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceAll cloud droplets on Earth form from tiny airborne particles known as aerosols. Additional aerosols from anthropogenic activity have produced more cloud droplets but at smaller sizes. The smaller, more numerous droplets in clouds do not collide as effectively, therefore resulting in less precipitation. Using a combination of time-lapse satellite imagery and air mass trajectory modeling, we show that aerosols can enhance cloud fraction and extend the lifetime of overcast cloud fields primarily under stable atmospheric conditions as typically found off the west coasts of subtropical stratocumulus-dominated regions. Longer-lived clouds have a stronger cooling influence on climate and therefore, need to be correctly parameterized in atmospheric models so that accurate projections of climate change can be achieved.
Plato’s cube and the natural geometry of fragmentation
Authors: Domokos Gábor , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Kun Ferenc , Török János 
Published: July 2020

Significance
We live on and among the by-products of fragmentation, from nanoparticles to rock falls to glaciers to continents. Understanding and taming fragmentation is central to assessing natural hazards and extracting resources, and even for landing probes safely on other planetary bodies. In this study, we draw inspiration from an unlikely and ancient source: Plato, who proposed that the element Earth is made of cubes because they may be tightly packed together. We demonstrate that this idea is essentially correct: Appropriately averaged properties of most natural 3D fragments reproduce the topological cube. We use mechanical and geometric models to explain the ubiquity of Plato’s cube in fragmentation and to uniquely map distinct fragment patterns to their formative stress conditions.
Bacterial immunotherapy for cancer induces CD4-dependent tumor-specific immunity through tumor-intrinsic interferon-γ signaling
Authors: Antonelli Anthony C. , Binyamin Anna , Hohl Tobias M. , Glickman Michael S. , Redelman-Sidi Gil 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) therapy is one of the oldest tumor immunotherapies, but its mechanism remains unknown. Herein we show that BCG therapy induces tumor-specific T cell-dependent immunity that is predominantly mediated by CD4 T cells in a manner distinct from other tumor immunotherapies. These immunologic insights may allow investigation into biomarkers that could predict the efficacy of BCG in human cancer patients.
Reconfigurable microbots folded from simple colloidal chains
Authors: Yang Tao , Sprinkle Brennan , Guo Yang , Qian Jun , Hua Daoben , Donev Aleksandar , Marr David W. M. , Wu Ning 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Most microscale swimmers and some larger animals utilize long filaments or slender bodies for propulsion, since one-dimensional chains are the simplest structure that can be bent, twisted, braided, or folded into a wide range of geometrically or topologically complex morphologies. Inspired by this, here, we fabricate flexible magnetic colloidal chains that can enable significant freedom of morphology change and motion using an applied precessing magnetic field. As a result of their reconfigurability, these systems can switch propulsion mode from free swimming to surface-enabled translation, enabling navigation through complex 3D environments such as channels that mimic arteries, veins, and capillaries. The demonstrated shape change and adaptability are ubiquitous in natural systems and are necessary for microbot navigation in complex environments.
V1 neurons encode the perceptual compensation of false torsion arising from Listing’s law
Authors: Khazali Mohammad Farhan , Ramezanpour Hamidreza , Thier Peter 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Eye movements have three degrees of freedom, the ability to move horizontally, vertically, and torsionally. Eye movements serving the fovea strictly control eye torsion. The amount of torsion associated with a particular eye position is specified by Listing’s law. Because of prior knowledge of the torsion set by Listing’s law, we perceive the world as upright although its retinal image may be tilted by varying degrees. We first show that also monkeys use a torsion prior to ensure a veridical perceptual reinterpretation of image tilt. We then demonstrate that this reinterpretation is a consequence of the fact that V1 neurons use the torsion prior to adjust their orientation preferences and to reposition their receptive fields relative to the retina.
Cavity molecular dynamics simulations of liquid water under vibrational ultrastrong coupling
Authors: Li Tao E. , Subotnik Joseph E. , Nitzan Abraham 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Strong coupling between a vibrational molecular peak and a cavity mode is known to lead to interesting spectroscopic features and even the modification of ground-state chemistry from small molecules to enzyme. Here, we develop a simulation tool for modeling such vibrational strong (and ultrastrong) coupling at the interface between optics, chemistry, and biology. With liquid water as an example, our simulation not only reveals an asymmetric Rabi splitting in the infrared spectrum, but also captures cavity modification of the dynamic properties of water.
Cryo-EM analysis of a membrane protein embedded in the liposome
Authors: Yao Xia , Fan Xiao , Yan Nieng 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Membrane proteins (MPs), encoded by ∼30% of the coding genes, play vital roles in numerous physiological processes. MPs are targets of more than half of the FDA-approved drugs. High-resolution structural studies of functional membrane proteins under near-physiological conditions are required to provide an in-depth mechanistic understanding and to facilitate drug discovery. To embed the proteins into liposomes represents a strategy to mimic native membrane conditions. Here we present a convenient workflow for cryo-EM analysis of liposome-embedded MPs using the prototypal protein AcrB. Our method sets the foundation for future investigation of MPs in the presence of electrochemical gradients and for the understanding of the interdependence of integral or peripheral MPs and various membrane properties.