bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abiotic Mixing‐Dependent Reaction in a Laboratory Simulated Hyporheic Zone
Authors: Santizo Katherine Y. , Widdowson Mark A. , Hester Erich T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGroundwater (GW) contaminants upwelling toward surface water (SW) can attenuate in the hyporheic zone, with dissolved oxygen (DO) frequently controlling the attenuation. In a laboratory mesocosm, we induced downwelling of SW into the sediments to create a hyporheic flow cell (HFC). We added DO to downwelling SW and sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) to anoxic upwelling GW to induce an abiotic mixing‐dependent reaction along the mixing zone between the HFC and upwelling GW. Using planar optodes and SO4measurements, we observed movement of the DO mixing zone (oxic front position), extent of DO mixing (mixing zone thickness), and location of MD reaction (SO4peak concentration). Oxic front position and mixing zone thickness were stable during nonreactive control experiments, indicating that dispersion of DO across the mixing zone had come into equilibrium with supply of DO to the mixing zone. By contrast, mixing zone thickness shrank over time during the reaction experiments, as MD reaction consumed DO in the mixing zone. The decrease in mixing zone thickness for the reaction experiments indicates steeper DO gradients and greater dispersion (transport) limitation, quantified by Damköhler numbers farther above unity. Maximum SO4concentrations always occurred further from the center of the HFC (i.e., more toward surrounding upwelling GW) than did the oxic front. In most riverbeds, transport and mixing dynamics are thus superimposed upon existing hydraulic dynamics, with implications for monitoring and attenuation of contaminants.
How to Tailor My Process‐Based Hydrological Model? Dynamic Identifiability Analysis of Flexible Model Structures
Authors: Pilz Tobias , Francke Till , Baroni Gabriele , Bronstert Axel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the field of hydrological modeling, many alternative representations of natural processes exist. Choosing specific process formulations when building a hydrological model is therefore associated with a high degree of ambiguity and subjectivity. In addition, the numerical integration of the underlying differential equations and parametrization of model structures influence model performance. Identifiability analysis may provide guidance by constraining the a priori range of alternatives based on observations. In this work, a flexible simulation environment is used to build an ensemble of semidistributed, process‐based hydrological model configurations with alternative process representations, numerical integration schemes, and model parametrizations in an integrated manner. The flexible simulation environment is coupled with an approach for dynamic identifiability analysis. The objective is to investigate the applicability of the framework to identify the most adequate model. While an optimal model configuration could not be clearly distinguished, interesting results were obtained when relating model identifiability with hydro‐meteorological boundary conditions. For instance, we tested the Penman‐Monteith and Shuttleworth & Wallace evapotranspiration models and found that the former performs better under wet and the latter under dry conditions. Parametrization of model structures plays a dominant role as it can compensate for inadequate process representations and poor numerical solvers. Therefore, it was found that numerical solvers of high order of accuracy do often, though not necessarily, lead to better model performance. The proposed coupled framework proved to be a straightforward diagnostic tool for model building and hypotheses testing and shows potential for more in‐depth analysis of process implementations and catchment functioning.
C-Peptide and leptin system in dichorionic, small and appropriate for gestational age twins—possible link to metabolic programming?
Authors: Lewandowski Krzysztof C. , Biesiada L. , Grzesiak M. , Sakowicz A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChildren born small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of future glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes, possibly after due intrauterine metabolic programming. Soluble leptin receptor (SLR) limits leptin access to signal-transducing membrane receptors. The present study examines whether SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) twins differ with regard to their C-peptide, glucose and leptin systems. The markers C-peptide, glucose, fetal leptin, and SLR in cord blood were assessed in children from dichorionic twin pregnancies at delivery. In 32 cases, weight differed by >15% between twins: one demonstrated Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) (<10th percentile-SGA), while the other did not (AGAI). The other 67 pairs presented appropriate weight for gestational age (AGAII). Placental leptin and placental leptin receptor content were also assessed. Despite the same concentrations of glucose, the SGA twins maintained a higher level of C-peptide [44.48 pmol/l vs. 20.91 pmol/l, p < 0.05] than the AGAI co-twins, higher HOMA index, calculated as [C-peptide] x [Glucose] (p = 0.045), in cord blood, and a higher level of SLR [SGA vs AGAI—mean: 28.63 ng/ml vs. 19.91 ng/ml, p < 0.01], without any differences in total leptin (p = 0.37). However, SGA placentas demonstrated higher leptin level [130.1 pg/100 g total protein vs 83.8 pg/100 g total protein, p = 0.03], without differences in placental leptin receptor (p = 0.66). SGA/IUGR twins demonstrate relative insulin resistance accompanied by decreased fetal and increased placental leptin signaling. We speculate that relative insulin resistance and changes in the leptin system might be the first evidence of processes promoting deleterious metabolic programming for post-natal life.
Alleviation of salt-induced exacerbation of cardiac, renal, and visceral fat pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome by surgical removal of subcutaneous fat
Authors: Aoyama Kiyoshi , Komatsu Yuki , Yoneda Mamoru , Nakano Shiho , Ashikawa Sao , Kawai Yumeno , Cui Xixi , Ikeda Katsuhide , Nagata Kohzo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Evidence suggests that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) should be considered as distinct types of white fat. Although VAT plays a key role in metabolic syndrome (MetS), the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) has been unclear. DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of MetS, develop adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation to similar extents in SAT and VAT. We have now investigated the effects of salt loading and SAT removal on cardiac, renal, and VAT pathology in DS/obese rats.

Methods
DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of inguinal SAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age. They were provided with a 0.3% NaCl solution as drinking water or water alone for 4 weeks from 9 weeks of age.

Results
Salt loading exacerbated hypertension, insulin resistance, as well as left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction in DS/obese rats. It also reduced both SAT and VAT mass but aggravated inflammation only in VAT. Although SAT removal did not affect LV hypertrophy in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated hypertension, insulin resistance, and LV injury as well as restored fat mass and alleviated inflammation and the downregulation of adiponectin gene expression in VAT. In addition, whereas salt loading worsened renal injury as well as upregulated the expression of renin–angiotensin-aldosterone system-related genes in the kidney, these effects were suppressed by removal of SAT.

Conclusions
SAT removal attenuated salt-induced exacerbation of MetS and LV and renal pathology in DS/obese rats. These beneficial effects of SAT removal are likely attributable, at least in part, to inhibition of both VAT and systemic inflammation.
Cortisol reactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa after stress induction
Authors: Schmalbach Ileana , Herhaus Benedict , Pässler Sebastian , Runst Sarah , Berth Hendrik , Wolff-Stephan Silvia , Petrowski Katja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is a need of experimental studies on biomarkers in patients with anorexia nervosa (PAN), especially in the context of stress, in order to foster understanding in illness maintenance. To this end, the cortisol response to an acute stressor was investigated inn = 26 PAN(BMI: 19.3 ± 3.4 kg/m2), age, and gender matched ton = 26 healthy controls (HC; BMI: 23.08 ± 3.3 kg/m2). For this purpose, salivary cortisol parameters were assessed in two experimental conditions: (1) rest/no intervention and (2) stress intervention (TSST; Trier Social Stress Test). In addition, psychological indicators of stress were assessed (Primary Appraisal Secondary Appraisal, Visual Analogue Scale, and Trier Inventory for the assessment of Chronic Stress), as well as psychological distress, depression, and eating disorder (ED) symptoms. A 2 × 2 × 8 ANOVA demonstrated elevated cortisol levels in PANin the resting condition. In the stress intervention no significantgroupeffect in terms ofcortisol(F(1, 50) = 0.69;p = 0.410;$$\eta _p^2 = 0.014$$ηp2=0.014). A significantcondition(F(1, 50) = 20.50;p = 0.000;$$\eta _p^2 = 0.291$$ηp2=0.291) andtimeeffect (F(2.71, 135.44) = 11.27;p = 0.000;$$\eta _p^2 = 0.20$$ηp2=0.20) were revealed, as well as two significant interaction effects. First:Condition × group(F(1, 50) = 4.17,p = 0.046;$$\eta _p^2 = 0.077$$ηp2=0.077) and second:Condition × time(F(2.71, 135.44) = 16.07,p = 0.000,$$\eta _p^2 = 0.24.$$ηp2=0.24.). In terms of AUCG, no significant differences between both groups were exhibited. Regardless, significant results were evinced in terms of an increase (AUCi:F(1, 50) = 20.66,p = 0.015,$$\eta _p^2 = 0.113$$ηp2=0.113), baseline to peak (+20 min post-TSST:t5 = 16.51 (9.02),p = 0.029) and reactivity (MPAN = 0.73 vs.MHC = 4.25,p = 0.036). In addition, a significant correlation between AUCGand BMI:r(24) = −0.42,p = 0.027 was demonstrated, but not between AUCiand BMI (r(24) = −0.26,p = 0.20). Psychological indices suggested higher levels of chronic and perceived stress in PANrelative to HC. However, stress perception in the stress condition (VAS) was comparable. Additional analyses demonstrated that ED-symptoms are highly correlated with psychological distress and depression, but not with BMI. In addition, it could be demonstrated that reactivity is rather related to ED-symptoms and psychological burden than to BMI. In conclusion, PANshowed elevated basal cortisol levels at rest and exhibited a blunted cortisol reactivity to the TSST as evinced by salivary cortisol parameters. Further, it was shown that weight recovery influences reversibility of hypercortisolemia, i.e., cortisol levels normalize with weight gain. However, HPAA (hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis) irregularities in terms of reactivity persist even at a BMI ≤ 19.3 (±3.4). Our data suggest that pronounced psychological burden in PAN, have a greater impact on the HPAA functionality (secondary to the ED) than BMI itself.
A machine-learning framework for robust and reliable prediction of short- and long-term treatment response in initially antipsychotic-naïve schizophrenia patients based on multimodal neuropsychiatric data
Authors: Ambrosen Karen S. , Skjerbæk Martin W. , Foldager Jonathan , Axelsen Martin C. , Bak Nikolaj , Arvastson Lars , Christensen Søren R. , Johansen Louise B. , Raghava Jayachandra M. , Oranje Bob , Rostrup Egill , Nielsen Mette Ø. , Osler Merete , Fagerlund Birgitte , Pantelis Christos , Kinon Bruce J. , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Hansen Lars K. , Ebdrup Bjørn H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe reproducibility of machine-learning analyses in computational psychiatry is a growing concern. In a multimodal neuropsychiatric dataset of antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia patients, we discuss a workflow aimed at reducing bias and overfitting by invoking simulated data in the design process and analysis in two independent machine-learning approaches, one based on a single algorithm and the other incorporating an ensemble of algorithms. We aimed to (1) classify patients from controls to establish the framework, (2) predict short- and long-term treatment response, and (3) validate the methodological framework. We included 138 antipsychotic-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia patients with data on psychopathology, cognition, electrophysiology, and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Perinatal data and long-term outcome measures were obtained from Danish registers. Short-term treatment response was defined as change in Positive And Negative Syndrome Score (PANSS) after the initial antipsychotic treatment period. Baseline diagnostic classification algorithms also included data from 151 matched controls. Both approaches significantly classified patients from healthy controls with a balanced accuracy of 63.8% and 64.2%, respectively. Post-hoc analyses showed that the classification primarily was driven by the cognitive data. Neither approach predicted short- nor long-term treatment response. Validation of the framework showed that choice of algorithm and parameter settings in the real data was successfully guided by results from the simulated data. In conclusion, this novel approach holds promise as an important step to minimize bias and obtain reliable results with modest sample sizes when independent replication samples are not available.
The clinical significance of oestrogen receptor expression in breast ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Miligy Islam M. , Toss Michael S. , Shiino Sho , Oni Georgette , Syed Binafsha M. , Khout Hazem , Tan Qing Ting , Green Andrew R. , Macmillan R. Douglas , Robertson John F. R. , Rakha Emad A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Oestrogen receptor (ER) in invasive breast cancer (BC) predicts response to endocrine therapy (ET) and provides prognostic value. In this study, we investigated the value of ER expression in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in terms of outcome and the impact on ET decision.

Methods
In total, 643 pure DCIS, diagnosed at Nottingham University Hospitals, were assessed for ER. Clinicopathological data were correlated against ER status, together with assessment of recurrence rate.

Results
ER positivity was observed in 74% (475/643) of cases. ER positivity was associated with clinicopathological variables of good prognosis; however, outcome analysis revealed that ER status was not associated with local recurrence. In the intermediate- and high-grade ER-positive DCIS, 58% (11/19) and 63% (15/24) of the recurrences were invasive, respectively, comprising 7% and 6% of all ER-positive DCIS, respectively. Invasive recurrence in low-grade DCIS was infrequent (2%), and none of these patients died of BC. The ER status of the recurrent invasive tumours matched the primary DCIS ER status (94% in ipsilateral and 90% of contralateral recurrence).

Conclusion
The strong correlation between DCIS and invasive recurrence ER status and the clinical impact of ET justify discussion of the use of ET in ER-positive DCIS treated by breast-conserving surgery. The excellent outcome of low-grade DCIS, which was almost always ER-positive, does not, in the opinion of authors, justify the use of risk-reducing ET. Therefore, the decision on ET for DCIS should be personalised and consider grade, ER status and other characteristics.
An in vivo strategy for knockdown of circular RNAs
Authors: Pamudurti Nagarjuna Reddy , Patop Ines Lucia , Krishnamoorthy Aishwarya , Ashwal-Fluss Reut , Bartok Osnat , Kadener Sebastian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExonic circular RNAs (circRNAs) are highly abundant RNAs generated mostly from exons of protein-coding genes. Assaying the functions of circRNAs is not straightforward as common approaches for circRNA depletion tend to also alter the levels of mRNAs generated from the hosting gene. Here we describe a methodology for specific knockdown of circRNAs in vivo with tissue and cell resolution. We also describe an experimental and computational platform for determining the potential off-target effects as well as for verifying the obtained phenotypes. Briefly, we utilize shRNAs targeted to the circRNA-specific back-splice junction to specifically downregulate the circRNA. We utilized this methodology to downregulate five circRNAs that are highly expressed in Drosophila. There were no effects on the levels of their linear counterparts or any RNA with complementarity to the expressed shRNA. Interestingly, downregulation of circCtrip resulted in developmental lethality that was recapitulated with a second shRNA. Moreover, downregulation of individual circRNAs caused specific changes in the fly head transcriptome, suggesting roles for these circRNAs in the fly nervous system. Together, our results provide a methodological approach that enables the comprehensive study of circRNAs at the organismal and cellular levels and generated for the first time flies in which specific circRNAs are downregulated.
Cataract management in children: a review of the literature and current practice across five large UK centres
Authors: Self J. E. , Taylor R. , Solebo A. L. , Biswas S. , Parulekar M. , Dev Borman A. , Ashworth J. , McClenaghan R. , Abbott J. , O’Flynn E. , Hildebrand D. , Lloyd I. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCongenital and childhood cataracts are uncommon but regularly seen in the clinics of most paediatric ophthalmology teams in the UK. They are often associated with profound visual loss and a large proportion have a genetic aetiology, some with significant extra-ocular comorbidities. Optimal diagnosis and treatment typically require close collaboration within multidisciplinary teams. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. A variety of surgical techniques, timings of intervention and options for optical correction have been advocated making management seem complex for those seeing affected children infrequently. This paper summarises the proceedings of two recent RCOphth paediatric cataract study days, provides a literature review and describes the current UK ‘state of play’ in the management of paediatric cataracts.
Electronic correlations and flattened band in magnetic Weyl semimetal candidate Co3Sn2S2
Authors: Xu Yueshan , Zhao Jianzhou , Yi Changjiang , Wang Qi , Yin Qiangwei , Wang Yilin , Hu Xiaolei , Wang Luyang , Liu Enke , Xu Gang , Lu Ling , Soluyanov Alexey A. , Lei Hechang , Shi Youguo , Luo Jianlin , Chen Zhi-Guo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe interplay between electronic correlations and topological protection may offer a rich avenue for discovering emergent quantum phenomena in condensed matter. However, electronic correlations have so far been little investigated in Weyl semimetals (WSMs) by experiments. Here, we report a combined optical spectroscopy and theoretical calculation study on the strength and effect of electronic correlations in a magnet Co3Sn2S2. The electronic kinetic energy estimated from our optical data is about half of that obtained from single-particle ab initio calculations in the ferromagnetic ground state, which indicates intermediate-strength electronic correlations in this system. Furthermore, comparing the energy and side-slope ratios between the interband-transition peaks at high energies in the experimental and single-particle-calculation-derived optical conductivity spectra with the bandwidth-renormalization factors obtained by many-body calculations enables us to estimate the Coulomb-interaction strength (U ∼ 4 eV) in Co3Sn2S2. Besides, a sharp experimental optical conductivity peak at low energy, which is absent in the single-particle-calculation-derived spectrum but is consistent with the optical conductivity peaks obtained by many-body calculations withU ∼ 4 eV, indicates that an electronic band connecting the two Weyl cones is flattened by electronic correlations and emerges near the Fermi energy in Co3Sn2S2. Our work paves the way for exploring flat-band-generated quantum phenomena in WSMs.
Topological flat bands in frustrated kagome lattice CoSn
Authors: Kang Mingu , Fang Shiang , Ye Linda , Po Hoi Chun , Denlinger Jonathan , Jozwiak Chris , Bostwick Aaron , Rotenberg Eli , Kaxiras Efthimios , Checkelsky Joseph G. , Comin Riccardo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractElectronic flat bands in momentum space, arising from strong localization of electrons in real space, are an ideal stage to realize strongly-correlated phenomena. Theoretically, the flat bands can naturally arise in certain geometrically frustrated lattices, often with nontrivial topology if combined with spin-orbit coupling. Here, we report the observation of topological flat bands in frustrated kagome metal CoSn, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and band structure calculations. Throughout the entire Brillouin zone, the bandwidth of the flat band is suppressed by an order of magnitude compared to the Dirac bands originating from the same orbitals. The frustration-driven nature of the flat band is directly confirmed by the chiral d-orbital texture of the corresponding real-space Wannier functions. Spin-orbit coupling opens a large gap of 80 meV at the quadratic touching point between the Dirac and flat bands, endowing a nonzero Z2 invariant to the flat band. These findings demonstrate that kagome-derived flat bands are a promising platform for novel emergent phases of matter at the confluence of strong correlation and topology.
Turbulent hydrodynamics in strongly correlated Kagome metals
Authors: Di Sante Domenico , Erdmenger Johanna , Greiter Martin , Matthaiakakis Ioannis , Meyer René , Fernández David Rodríguez , Thomale Ronny , van Loon Erik , Wehling Tim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA current challenge in condensed matter physics is the realization of strongly correlated, viscous electron fluids. These fluids can be described by holography, that is, by mapping them onto a weakly curved gravitational theory via gauge/gravity duality. The canonical system considered for realizations has been graphene. In this work, we show that Kagome systems with electron fillings adjusted to the Dirac nodes provide a much more compelling platform for realizations of viscous electron fluids, including non-linear effects such as turbulence. In particular, we find that in Scandium Herbertsmithite, the fine-structure constant, which measures the effective Coulomb interaction, is enhanced by a factor of about 3.2 as compared to graphene. We employ holography to estimate the ratio of the shear viscosity over the entropy density in Sc-Herbertsmithite, and find it about three times smaller than in graphene. These findings put the turbulent flow regime described by holography within the reach of experiments.
Land use and pollinator dependency drives global patterns of pollen limitation in the Anthropocene
Authors: Bennett Joanne M. , Steets Janette A. , Burns Jean H. , Burkle Laura A. , Vamosi Jana C. , Wolowski Marina , Arceo-Gómez Gerardo , Burd Martin , Durka Walter , Ellis Allan G. , Freitas Leandro , Li Junmin , Rodger James G. , Ştefan Valentin , Xia Jing , Knight Tiffany M. , Ashman Tia-Lynn 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLand use change, by disrupting the co-evolved interactions between plants and their pollinators, could be causing plant reproduction to be limited by pollen supply. Using a phylogenetically controlled meta-analysis on over 2200 experimental studies and more than 1200 wild plants, we ask if land use intensification is causing plant reproduction to be pollen limited at global scales. Here we report that plants reliant on pollinators in urban settings are more pollen limited than similarly pollinator-reliant plants in other landscapes. Plants functionally specialized on bee pollinators are more pollen limited in natural than managed vegetation, but the reverse is true for plants pollinated exclusively by a non-bee functional group or those pollinated by multiple functional groups. Plants ecologically specialized on a single pollinator taxon were extremely pollen limited across land use types. These results suggest that while urbanization intensifies pollen limitation, ecologically and functionally specialized plants are at risk of pollen limitation across land use categories.