bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On geopolitics and education: Interventions, possibilities, and future directions
Authors: Nguyen Nicole 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this article, I survey the rapidly developing literature on the symbiotic relationship between the education sector and geopolitics. Scholars across disciplines increasingly have studied how schools are implicated in and affected by broader geopolitical goals, particularly related to territorial security and national defense. Given the range of disciplinary interventions from international relations to education studies, discussions on the school‐geopolitics nexus often have been isolated and placed in relationship to other disciplinary conversations, forestalling rich cross‐disciplinary engagements to advance theorizations on the relationship between education and geopolitics. This review article, therefore, places studies on schools and geopolitics in conversation with each other and plots future directions for this emerging subfield. In doing so, I call on geographers to further engage the multi‐scalar analytics of feminist geopolitics, which can generate a more nuanced understanding of the school‐geopolitics nexus by more fully accounting for how geopolitical processes are differentially experienced, negotiated, and contested and for how the education sector itself maintains its own internal logics and contradictions irreducible to the external forces exerted on it.
Genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes: patient recommendations for improved risk communication
Authors: Pollard Samantha , Kalloger Steve , Weymann Deirdre , Sun Sophie , Nuk Jennifer , Schrader Kasmintan A. , Regier Dean A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundMulti‐gene panel testing is replacing single‐gene testing for patients with suspected hereditary cancer syndromes. The detection of a hereditary cancer syndrome allows tested individuals to initiate enhanced primary and secondary prevention efforts—where available—with a view to reduce disease burden. Current policy prevents testing programmes from communicating genetic test results with potentially affected family members, yet it is well documented that tested individuals face multiple challenges in initiating such discussions with relatives.ObjectiveIn response to this challenge, we sought patient recommendations about how to improve genetic risk communication to enhance interfamilial discussions about primary and secondary disease prevention.DesignWe conducted 25 semi‐structured interviews with individuals who received genetic testing through British Columbia’s Hereditary Cancer Program between 2017 and 2018. Interviews were professionally transcribed and analysed using a constant comparative approach.ResultsParticipants described difficulty engaging in conversations with relatives who were resistant to receiving genetic risk information, when communicating with younger relatives and where participants reported strained familial relationships. Participants recommended that testing facilities provide a summary of results and implications and that resources be made available to prepare patients for challenging discussions with family members.DiscussionOur study demonstrates that individuals undergoing genetic testing for suspected hereditary cancer syndromes would benefit from additional supportive resources alongside genetic counselling. Providing this on‐going support will enhance the accurate and transparent communication of risk to facilitate the uptake of cascade testing and enhanced prevention strategies.
Identification and characterization of troponin genes in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Liang H.‐F. , Li J. , Li X.‐D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTroponin complex comprises three subunits, namely troponin C (TpnC), troponin I (TpnI) and troponin T (TpnT), and regulates the contraction of striated muscle. We found that the locust Locusta migratoria genome has one TpnT gene (LmTpnT), one TpnI gene (LmTpnI) and three TpnC genes (LmTpnC1, LmTpnC2 and LmTpnC3). Through alternative splicing, LmTpnT and LmTpnI potentially encode two and eight isoforms, respectively. The flight muscle and the jump muscle of L. migratoria express an identical LmTpnT isoform, but different LmTpnC isoforms and LmTpnI isoforms. LmTpnC2 and LmTpnC3 both contain highly conserved residues essential for calcium binding in the EF‐hand II and IV, thus belonging two‐site isoform. LmTpnC1 contains non‐conserved substitutions in the EF‐hand II and all highly conserved residues for calcium binding in the EF‐hand IV. Mutagenesis and tyrosine fluorescence spectroscopic analysis show that both the EF‐hand II and IV of LmTpnC1 can serve as calcium‐binding site. Therefore, all three LmTpnC isoforms belong to two‐site isoform. This is in contrast to the situation in the insect with asynchronous flight muscle, which expresses both one‐site isoform and two‐site isoform of TpnC. Those results suggest that the origination of insect asynchronous flight muscle is associated with the emergence of one‐site isoform of TpnC.
The prognostic role of serum uric acid levels in preeclampsia: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Bellos Ioannis , Pergialiotis Vasilios , Loutradis Dimitrios , Daskalakis Georgios 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis meta‐analysis aims to compare serum uric acid levels among preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women across the various trimesters and provide a summary of the effect size of this biomarker in predicting adverse pregnancy outcomes. MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar databases were systematically searched from inception. Observational studies were held eligible if they reported serum uric acid among preeclamptic and healthy pregnant women. Meta‐analysis was conducted regarding uric acid concentration, diagnostic accuracy, and association with perinatal outcomes. The credibility of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. The analysis included 196 studies, comprising 39 540 women. Preeclampsia was associated with significantly elevated uric acid levels during the 1st (mean difference [MD]: 0.21 mg/dL, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.06‐0.35) trimester, 2nd (MD: 1.41 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.78‐2.05) trimester, and 3rd (MD: 2.26 mg/dL, 95% CI: 2.12‐2.40) trimester. Higher uric acid was estimated for severe preeclampsia, eclampsia, and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet syndrome. The sensitivity for adverse perinatal outcome prediction ranged from 67.3% to 82.7% and the specificity from 47.7% to 70.7%. In conclusion, it is suggested that serum uric acid levels are increased in preeclampsia and can be used to predict disease severity and pregnancy complications. Future prospective studies should verify these outcomes, assess the optimal cutoffs, and incorporate uric acid to combined predicting models.
Seizure‐induced impairment in neuronal ketogenesis: Role of zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein in mitochondria
Authors: Tan Changhong , Liu Xi , Peng Wuxue , Wang Hui , Zhou Wen , Jiang Jin , Wei Xin , Mo Lijuan , Chen Yangmei , Chen Lifen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKetone bodies (KBs) were known to suppress seizure. Untraditionally, neurons were recently reported to utilize fatty acids and produce KBs, but the effect of seizure on neuronal ketogenesis has not been researched. Zinc‐α2‐glycoprotein (ZAG) was reported to suppress seizure via unclear mechanism. Interestingly, ZAG was involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation and thus may exert anti‐epileptic effect by promoting ketogenesis. However, this promotive effect of ZAG on neuronal ketogenesis has not been clarified. In this study, we performed immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to identify potential interaction partners with ZAG. The mechanisms of how ZAG translocated into mitochondria were determined by quantitative coimmunoprecipitation after treatment with apoptozole, a heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) inhibitor. ZAG level was modulated by lentivirus in neurons or adeno‐associated virus in rat brains. Seizure models were induced by magnesium (Mg2+)‐free artificial cerebrospinal fluid in neurons or intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. Ketogenesis was determined by cyclic thio‐NADH method in supernatant of neurons or brain homogenate. The effect of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ (PPARγ) on ZAG expression was examined by Western blot, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and chromatin immunoprecipitation qRT‐PCR. We found that seizure induced ketogenesis deficiency via a ZAG‐dependent mechanism. ZAG entered mitochondria through a HSC70‐dependent mechanism, promoted ketogenesis by binding to four β‐subunits of long‐chain L‐3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HADHB) and alleviated ketogenesis impairment in a neuronal seizure model and pentylenetetrazole‐kindled epileptic rats. Additionally, PPARγ activation up‐regulated ZAG expression by binding to promoter region of AZGP1 gene and promoted ketogenesis through a ZAG‐dependent mechanism.
Essential Long‐Term Care Workers Commonly Hold Second Jobs and Double‐ or Triple‐Duty Caregiving Roles
Authors: Van Houtven Courtney Harold , DePasquale Nicole , Coe Norma B. 
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVESLong‐term care (LTC) facilities are particularly dangerous places for the spread of COVID‐19 given that they house vulnerable high‐risk populations. Transmission‐based precautions to protect residents, employees, and families alike must account for potential risks posed by LTC workersʼ second jobs and unpaid care work. This observational study describes the prevalence of their (1) second jobs, and (2) unpaid care work for dependent children and/or adult relatives (double‐ and triple‐duty caregiving) overall and by occupational group (registered nurses [RNs], licensed practical nurses [LPNs], or certified nursing assistants [CNAs]).DESIGNA descriptive secondary analysis of data collected as part of the final wave of the Work, Family and Health Study.SETTINGThirty nursing home facilities located throughout the northeastern United States.PARTICIPANTSA subset of 958 essential facility‐based LTC workers involved in direct patient care.MEASUREMENTSWe present information on LTC workersʼ demographic characteristics, health, features of their LTC occupation, additional paid work, wages, and double‐ or triple‐duty caregiving roles.RESULTSMost LTC workers were CNAs, followed by LPNs and RNs. Overall, more than 70% of these workers agreed or strongly agreed with this statement: “When you are sick, you still feel obligated to come into work.” One‐sixth had a second job, where they worked an average of 20 hours per week, and more than 60% held double‐ or triple‐duty caregiving roles. Additional paid work and unpaid care work characteristics did not significantly differ by occupational group, although the prevalence of second jobs was highest and accompanying work hours were longest among CNAs.CONCLUSIONLTC workers commonly hold second jobs along with double‐ and triple‐duty caregiving roles. To slow the spread of COVID‐19, both the paid and unpaid activities of these employees warrant consideration in the identification of appropriate clinical, policy, and informal supports. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1657‐1660, 2020.
Parenting experiences of fathers of children with autism spectrum disorder with or without intellectual disability
Authors: Rafferty D. , Tidman L. , Ekas N. V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundFathers of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) report more challenges than fathers of typically developing children, which also negatively impacts their psychological well‐being. Although not studied to the same extent in fathers of children with ASD, the challenges experienced by fathers of typically developing children have been shown to impact parenting behaviours. Many children with ASD also have intellectual disability (ID), which adds additional parenting stress. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine perceptions of parenting roles and father–child relationship quality in fathers of children with ASD and ASD/ID.MethodsTwenty‐eight fathers of children with ASD (n = 12) and ASD/ID (n = 16) completed a telephone interview. A phenomenological approach was used by two investigators to analyse the interviews. Both investigators coded the interviews and then discussed the final themes.ResultsFive major themes emerged. One theme that emerged was pre‐birth expectations, and the remaining themes related to the post‐diagnosis period: adjustments, experiences, co‐parenting and quality of father–child relationship. Both fathers of a child with ASD and ASD/ID reported on all themes.ConclusionsOverall, fathers of children with ASD and ASD/ID reported similarly on the themes that emerged. Future research with more diverse samples is needed to continue to understand the fatherhood experience. The findings of this study have implications for the development of parent‐focused programmes that are tailored to fathers' unique experiences.
Gut microbiome-mediated modulation of hepatic cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein: impact of butyrate and fructo-oligosaccharide-inulin
Authors: Walsh Jacinta , Gheorghe Cassandra E , Lyte Joshua M , van de Wouw Marcel , Boehme Marcus , Dinan Timothy G , Cryan John F , Griffin Brendan T , Clarke Gerard , Hyland Niall P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Our objective was to demonstrate microbial regulation of hepatic genes implicated in drug metabolism and transport using germ-free (GF) mice and to explore the impact of a microbial metabolite, butyrate, and a prebiotic dietary intervention on hepatic gene expression in mice.

Methods
Using reverse-transcriptase PCR, we investigated cytochrome P450 (CYP) and multidrug-resistance protein 1 (MDR1) expression in conventional, GF and colonised GF mice. To investigate the effects of butyrate, sodium butyrate (3 g/l) was administered for 21 days to conventional or GF mice. In the prebiotic study, young adult and middle-aged mice received diet enriched with 10% fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS)-inulin for 14 weeks.

Key findings
Colonisation of GF animals normalised expression of Cyp3a11 and Mdr1b to conventional levels. Butyrate upregulated Cyp2b10 in conventional mice (P &lt; 0.05) but overall did not induce widespread changes in hepatic genes. FOS-inulin increased Cyp3a13 expression and had the opposite effect on Mdr1a expression in young adult mice (P &lt; 0.05). Age, on the other hand, influenced the prebiotic effect on Cyp2a4 expression (P &lt; 0.01).

Conclusion
The expression of hepatic genes implicated in drug metabolism and transport displays sensitivity to the microbiome, microbiome-derived metabolites and a microbial-targeted intervention. Our study may provide the impetus to explore microbiota-targeted interventions in normalising host metabolic activity and reducing inter-individual variability in drug pharmacokinetics.
Pharmacokinetic study of oral amitriptyline in horses
Authors: Recchi Lucciana , Alvariza Silvana , Benech Alejandro , Ruiz Natalie , José Estradé María , Suarez Gonzalo , Crosignani Nadia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral amitriptyline in horses. Oral amitriptyline (1 mg/kg) was administered to six horses. Blood samples were collected from jugular and lateral thoracic vein at predetermined times from 0 to 24 hr after administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using noncompartmental methods. Pharmacodynamic parameters including heart rate, respiration rate, and intestinal motility were evaluated, and electrocardiographic examinations were performed in all subjects. The mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of amitriptyline was 30.7 ng/ml, time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) 1–2 hr, elimination half‐life (t1/2) 17.2 hr, area under plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) 487.4 ng ml−1 hr−1, apparent clearance (Cl/F) 2.6 L hr−1 kg−1, and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) 60.1 L/kg. Jugular vein sampling overestimated the amount of amitriptyline absorbed and should not be used to study uptake following oral administration. Heart rate and intestinal motility showed significant variation (p < .05). Electrocardiography did not provide conclusive results. Further studies are required to discern if multiple dose treatment would take the drug to steady state as expected, consequently increasing plasma concentrations.
Disruption of Plin5 degradation by CMA causes lipid homeostasis imbalance in NAFLD
Authors: Ma Shuo Y. , Sun Ke S. , Zhang Miao , Zhou Xia , Zheng Xiao H. , Tian Si Y. , Liu Yan S. , Chen Ling , Gao Xing , Ye Jing , Zhou Xin M. , Wang Jing B. , Han Ying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsThe pathological hallmark of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an imbalance in hepatic lipid homeostasis, in which lipophagy has been found to play a vital role. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.MethodsCMA activity was evaluated in liver tissues from NAFLD patients and high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. Liver‐specific LAMP2A‐knockout mice and HepG2 cells lacking LAMP2A [L2A(–) cells] were used to investigate the influence of CMA on lipolysis in hepatocytes. The expression of Plin5, a lipid droplet (LD)‐related protein, was also evaluated in human and mouse liver tissues and in [L2A(–)] cells.ResultsHere, we found disrupted CMA function in the livers of NAFLD patients and animal models, displaying obvious reduction of LAMP2A and concurrent with decreased levels of CMA‐positive regulators. More LDs and higher serum triglycerides accumulated in liver‐specific LAMP2A‐knockout mice and L2A(–) cells under high‐fat challenge. Meanwhile, deleting LAMP2A hindered LD breakdown but not increased LD formation. In addition, the LD‐associated protein Plin5 is a CMA substrate, and its degradation through CMA is required for LD breakdown.ConclusionsWe propose that the disruption of CMA‐induced Plin5 degradation obstacles LD breakdown, explaining the lipid homeostasis imbalance in NAFLD.
Cypripedium subtropicum (Orchidaceae) employs aphid colony mimicry to attract hoverfly (Syrphidae) pollinators
Authors: Jiang Hong , Kong Ji‐Jun , Chen Hsin‐Chun , Xiang Zhen‐Yong , Zhang Wei‐Ping , Han Zhou‐Dong , Liao Pei‐Chun , Lee Yung‐I 
Published: April 2020

Summary

In Orchidaceae, pollination is mostly animal‐mediated, and one‐third of species have evolved a deceptive pollination mechanism without rewards. Cypripedium is a representative lineage of nonrewarding orchids restricted to temperate regions. Cypripedium subtropicum flowers are pollinated by hoverflies and have hairy tufts that visually resemble an aphid colony covered with honey dew.

We recorded the behavior of hoverflies on the flowers, determined the breeding system of the species and the structure of hairy tufts, and investigated the roles of hairy tufts and floral volatiles in this specialized pollination by using pollination experiments, scanning electron microscopy, bioassays and chemical analyses.

The white hairy tufts covering the sidelobes of the labellum provide edible rewards and serve as crucial visual lures for hoverflies. The flowers emit primarily (E)‐β‐farnesene and a smaller amount of β‐pinene that were found to attract hoverflies.

Our results suggest that C. subtropicum uses both visual mimicry of an aphid‐colonized labellum with a reward and chemical mimicry of aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination. This is the first described example of a rewarding mimicry system in plants, where the models are animals with their secretions and the reward is similar in nutrients to that of the model mimicked.
Pilot service evaluation of a brief psychological therapy for self‐harm in an emergency department: Hospital Outpatient Psychotherapy Engagement Service
Authors: Taylor Peter J. , Fien Kirsten , Mulholland Helen , Duarte Rui , Dickson Joanne M. , Kullu Cecil 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundBrief psychological therapies may be helpful for people who have recently self‐harmed. The current paper reports on a service evaluation of a novel brief therapy service based within an Emergency Department, Hospital Outpatient Psychotherapy Engagement (HOPE) Service. This service combines elements of psychodynamic interpersonal and cognitive analytic therapy to help people who present with self‐harm‐related difficulties. The primary aim of this service evaluation was to ascertain the feasibility of HOPE in terms of attendance rates. The study also examined variables associated with engagement, and change over time in psychological distress for those attending the service.MethodThe HOPE service was evaluated over a ten‐month period. Consenting patients completed measures of psychological distress and working alliance across four therapy sessions and one follow‐up session. Measures of emotion regulation style and self‐harm function were also completed at the point of referral.ResultsEight‐nine patients were referred to the service (83 eligible referrals). Fifty‐three (64%) attended at least one therapy session. Baseline variables did not distinguish people who attended and people who did not. Psychological distress decreased significantly across the sessions. Most people reported a good working alliance with their therapist.ConclusionsThe results of this service evaluation support the feasibility of the HOPE service, demonstrating good engagement rates given the complexity of the population and context. Whilst there was evidence of reductions in distress, randomized controlled trials are needed to determine if HOPE has clinical efficacy.Practitioner points

Rates of engagement with HOPE suggest the service is feasible in an Emergency Department context

Working alliance scores were positive for the majority of patients

The HOPE service shows promise as a brief intervention for people who self‐harm but requires further evaluation

Randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the clinical efficacy of the HOPE service
Bevacizumab as a potential anti‐angiogenic therapy in schistosomiasis: A double‐edged, but adjustable weapon
Authors: Hasby Saad Marwa A. , El‐Anwar Noha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimInvestigating the anti‐angiogenic effect of bevacizumab on chronic schistosomiasis mansoni in a trial to hinder the Schistosome‐induced angiogenesis and porto‐systemic shunting complications.MethodsThe immunohistochemical expression of CD34, VEGF‐R1, PCNA and α‐SMA (angiogenesis markers) was analysed in the lung, liver and gastrointestinal junctions of chronic S mansoni infected mice after intraperitoneal injection of bevacizumab. The effect of prolonged administration of bevacizumab with praziquantel was also assessed through parasitic load, protective index, granuloma and fibrous tissue evaluation.ResultsA regression in the vascular activity and microvascular density was observed in the infected mice after receiving bevacizumab. They had a significantly less VEGF‐R1, PCNA, CD‐34 and α‐SMA expression in comparison to the infected untreated mice. The least tissue egg count was reported in mice received bevacizumab for 6 weeks (Mean = 27 120). However, they had persistent liver granulomas, and massively amalgamated fibrosis. Interestingly, the least faecal egg and tissue worms counts (Mean = 112, 13.4), and the highest protection index (39.26) were reported in mice received bevacizumab for 3 weeks, with marked granuloma, and fibrous tissue resolution.ConclusionsBevacizumab has a promising protective effect against the Schistosoma‐induced angiogenesis. As an adjuvant to praziquantel, it is important to adjust the appropriate duration of administration that achieves the best schistosomicidal effect without impeding granuloma and fibrous tissue resolution.