bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coherent synthetic aperture imaging for visible remote sensing via reflective Fourier ptychography
Authors: Xiang Meng , Pan An , Zhao Yiyi , Fan Xuewu , Zhao Hui , Li Chuang , Yao Baoli 
Published: November 2020

Synthetic aperture radar can measure the phase of a microwave with an antenna, which cannot be directly extended to visible light imaging due to phase lost. In this Letter, we report an active remote sensing with visible light via reflective Fourier ptychography, termed coherent synthetic aperture imaging (CSAI), achieving high resolution, a wide field-of-view (FOV), and phase recovery. A proof-of-concept experiment is reported with laser scanning and a collimator for the infinite object. Both smooth and rough objects are tested, and the spatial resolution increased from 15.6 to 3.48 µm with a factor of 4.5. The speckle noise can be suppressed obviously, which is important for coherent imaging. Meanwhile, the CSAI method can tackle the aberration induced from the optical system by one-step deconvolution and shows the potential to replace the adaptive optics for aberration removal of atmospheric turbulence.
Estimating the effect of pretreatment loss to follow up on TB associated mortality at public health facilities in Uganda
Authors: Zawedde-Muyanja Stella , Musaazi Joseph , Manabe Yukari C. , Katamba Achilles , Nankabirwa Joaniter I. , Castelnuovo Barbara , Cattamanchi Adithya 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) mortality estimates derived only from cohorts of patients initiated on TB treatment do not consider outcomes of patients with pretreatment loss to follow-up (LFU). We aimed to assess the effect of pretreatment LFU on TB-associated mortality in the six months following TB diagnosis at public health facilities in Uganda.

Methods
At ten public health facilities, we retrospectively reviewed treatment data for all patients with a positive Xpert®MTB/RIF test result from January to June 2018. Pretreatment LFU was defined as not initiating TB treatment within two weeks of a positive test. We traced patients with pretreatment LFU to ascertain their vital status. We performed Kaplan Meier survival analysis to compare the cumulative incidence of mortality, six months after diagnosis among patients who did and did not experience pretreatment LFU. We also determined the health facility level estimates of TB associated mortality before and after incorporating deaths prior to treatment initiation among patients who experienced pretreatment LFU.

Results
Of 510 patients with positive test, 100 (19.6%) experienced pretreatment LFU. Of these, we ascertained the vital status of 49 patients. In the six months following TB diagnosis, mortality was higher among patients who experienced pretreatment LFU 48.1/1000py vs 22.9/1000py. Hazard ratio [HR] 3.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] (1.61–6.30). After incorporating deaths prior to treatment initation among patients who experienced pretreatment LFU, health facility level estimates of TB associated mortality increased from 8.4% (95% CI 6.1%-11.6%) to 10.2% (95% CI 7.7%-13.4%).

Conclusion
Patients with confirmed TB who experience pretreatment LFU have high mortality within the first six months. Efforts should be made to prioritise linkage to treatment for this group of patients. Deaths that occur prior to treatment initation should be included when reporting TB mortality in order to more accurately reflect the health impact of TB.
Race, explicit racial attitudes, implicit racial attitudes, and COVID-19 cases and deaths: An analysis of counties in the United States
Authors: Cunningham George B. , Wigfall Lisa T. 
Published: November 2020

Objectives
To examine the potential moderating effects of explicit racial attitudes and implicit racial attitudes on the relationship between percent of Black county residents and COVID-19 cases and deaths.

Methods
We collected data from a variety of publicly available sources for 817 counties in the US. (26% of all counties). Cumulative COVID-19 deaths and cases from January 22 to August 31, 2020 were the dependent variables; explicit racial attitudes and implicit racial attitudes served as the moderators; subjective poor or fair health, food insecurity, percent uninsured, percent unemployed, median family income, percent women, percent of Asian county resident, percent of Hispanic county residents, and percent of people 65 or older were controls.

Results
The percent of Black county residents was positively associated with COVID-19 cases and deaths at the county level. The relationship between percent of Black residents and COVID-19 cases was moderated by explicit racial attitudes and implicit racial attitudes.

Conclusions
Implicit racial attitudes can take on a shared property at the community level and effectively explain racial disparities. COVID-19 cases are highest when both the percent of Black county residents and implicit racial attitudes are high.
Non-antibiotic medication use in an Indonesian community cohort 0–18 months of age
Authors: At Thobari Jarir , Satria Cahya Dewi , Ridora Yohanes , Watts Emma , Handley Amanda , Standish Jane , Bachtiar Novilia S. , Buttery Jim P. , Soenarto Yati , Bines Julie E. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundRational medication use for treatment is mandatory, particularly in children as they are vulnerable to possible hazards of drugs. Understanding the medication use pattern is of importance to identify the problems of drug therapy and to improve the appropriate use of medication among this population.MethodsA post-hoc study of the RV3-BB Phase IIb trial to children aged 0–18 months which was conducted in Indonesia during January 2013 to July 2016. Any concomitant medication use and health events among 1621 trial participants during the 18 months of follow-up were documented. Information on medication use included the frequency, formulation, indication, duration of usage, number of regimens, medication types, and therapeutic classes.ResultsThe majority of participants (N = 1333/1621; 82.2%) used at least one non-antibiotic medication for treatment during the 18-month observation period. A total of 7586 medication uses were recorded, mostly in oral formulation (90.5%). Of all illnesses recorded, 24.7% were treated with a single drug regimen of non-antibiotic medication. The most common therapeutic classes used were analgesics/antipyretics (30.1%), antihistamines for systemic use (17.4%), cough and cold preparations (13.5%), vitamins (8.6%), and antidiarrheals (6.6%). The main medication types used were paracetamol (29.9%), chlorpheniramine (16.8%), guaifenesin (8.9%), zinc (4.6%), and ambroxol (4.1%). Respiratory system disorder was the most common reason for medication use (51.9%), followed by gastrointestinal disorders (19.2%), pyrexia (16.9%), and skin disorders (7.0%).ConclusionA large number of children were exposed to at least one medication during their early life, including those where evidence of efficacy and safety in a pediatric population is lacking. This supports the need for further research on pediatric drug therapy to improve the appropriate use of medication in this population.
Anti-Fandom: Dislike and Hate in the Digital Age, Melissa A. Click (ed.) (2018)
Authors: Sheldon Zachary 
Published: November 2020

Review of: Anti-Fandom: Dislike and Hate in the Digital Age, Melissa A. Click (ed.) (2018)
New York: New York University Press, 352 pp.,
ISBN 978-1-47985-104-1, p/bk, $30.00
VARIABILITY OF THE CONTENT OF FLAVONOIDS AND POLYSACCHARIDES OF BIDENS CERNUA HERB.
Authors: Karazhan Natal'ya Valer'yevna 
Published: November 2020

The aim of the research was to study the variability of the content of polysaccharides and flavonoids of Bidens cernua herb, depending on the terms of harvesting, drying conditions and place of growth on the territory of the Republic of Belarus. It was shown that the maximum polysaccharide content was observed in the phase of budding and mass flowering of the plant. Unlike polysaccharides, the content of flavonoids in the budding phase was significantly lower than in the mass flowering phase (p<0.05), which accounts for the maximum content of flavonoids, and in particular, luteolin-7-O-glucoside. The highest polysaccharide content was noted for raw plant materials undergone natural drying or at 40 and 60 °C without ventilation. An increase in the drying temperature or the use of ventilation during drying led to a significant decrease in the content of this group of biologically active substances. The content of flavonoids of Bidens cernua herb, dried at elevated temperature with ventilation, regardless of the drying temperature used, was higher than the content of this group of biologically active substances in comparison with samples of raw plant materials subjected to natural drying (p<0.05). A higher flavonoid content was also noted for Bidens cernua herb, dried without ventilation at 40 and 60 °C. The content of polysaccharides and flavonoids of Bidens cernua herb, depending on the harvesting region, varied between 35.64–90.52 mg/g and 23.11–49.86 mg/g, respectively, and was most dependent on the amount of precipitation per year region. Based on the results obtained, it is recommended to harvest Bidens cernua herb during mass flowering and to dry at 40 °C without ventilation.
METHOD FOR QUANTIFYING THE AMOUNT OF PHENYLPROPANOIDS IN STEVIA RAW MATERIALS
Authors: Kurdyukov Evgeniy Evgen'yevich , Vodop'yanova Ol'ga Aleksandrovna , Mitishev Aleksandr Vladimirovich , Moiseev Yakov Petrovich , Semenova Elena Fedorovna 
Published: November 2020

Dried stevia leaves (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) were used as objects of research. Four samples of stevia raw materials of different origin were studied: No. 1 (Russia, Penza region), No. 2 (Russia, Republic of Crimea), No. 3 (Paraguay), No. 4 (India). The purpose of this work is to develop a method for quantifying the amount of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves.
Quantitative determination of the amount of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves by direct spectrophotometry was carried out. Thin-layer chromatography was used to confirm the presence of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves. The presence of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaf extracts was confirmed by direct spectrophotometry, the analytical maxima of the compounds studied were determined – 290 and 330 nm. The optimal conditions of extraction of phenylpropanoids from raw materials of this plant (extractant – ethyl alcohol 70%; ratio "raw material–extractant" – 1 : 100; extraction time – 45 min; the degree of grinding of raw materials – 1.0 mm). It was determined that the error of a single determination of the content of phenylpropanoids in stevia leaves with a confidence probability of 95% is ±0.44%. It was found that the content of phenylpropanoids in stevia varies in the range of 6.73–10.51%.
INVESTIGATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF COMPLEXATION OF MANGANESE (II) IONS WITH DIHY-DROQUERCETIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Stolpovskaya Yelena Vladimirovna , Trofimova Natalya Nikolaevna , Babkin Vasily Anatolyevich , Khutsishvili Spartak Spiridonovich , Zhitov Roman Georgievich , Chuparina Yelena Vladimirovna , Maltsev Artem Sergeevich 
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this work was to study and optimize the complexation reaction of Mn2+ ions with flavonoid dihydroquercetin (DHQ) in aqueous solutions. It was found that the interaction of DHQ (0.015–0.030 M) with manganese (II) salts at molar ratios of DHQ : Mn2+ from 1 : 1 to 1 : 3 at pH 6.9–7.9 leads to the formation of a complex compound (CC) with a stoichiometric ratio of metal : flavonoid ligand (Met : L) 1 : 1. The conditions for the complexation of Mn2+ ions with dihydroquercetin at laboratory conditions optimized for the yield of the product, are proposed. The maximum yield of the complex (95%) was achieved at the interaction of DHQ with Mn(CH3COO)2∙4H2O under conditions: pH 7.7, 70 °C, the reaction time was 15 min, the molar ratio of the initial reagents DHQ: Mn2+ was 1 : 1.5, the initial concentrations were 0.020 M DHQ and 0.030 M Mn2+. The most probable composition of the complex with the determination of the amount of bound water [MnL(OH)(H2O)2] and the structure of the complex were established using the data of thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), confirmed by the data of total reflection X-ray fluorescence analysis (TXRF), and EPR spectroscopy data.
OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY OF PEGANUM HARMALA L. ROOTS
Authors: Adekenov Sergazy Mynzhasarovich , Khabarov Il'ya Anatol'yevich , Iskakov Adaybek 
Published: November 2020

The aim of this work is to develop an effective and economical technology for extracting the sum of extractive substances from raw materials of Peganum harmala L. roots by percolation method.
The plant material is the roots of Peganum harmala L., collected in October 2017 in the vicinity of the village of Akshi (Almaty region, Kazakhstan). Maceration was carried out on the pilot unit ERSND-1 (Karaganda, Kazakhstan). Percolation was carried out on extractor P-250 (Tomsk, Russia). Quantitative analysis of the content of harmine in the amount of extractive substances was determined by HPLC with a UV-detector method.
Various factors affecting the efficiency of extracting the sum of alkaloids from the roots of Peganum harmala L. by maceration and percolation method are reviewed and compared in this work. It has been established that percolation is the preferred extraction method for the sum of extractive substances, which makes it possible to reduce the extraction process by 5 times compared to maceration. The optimal processing parameters and grinding of raw materials of Peganum harmala L. roots, as well as the technological parameters of extraction, providing a quantitative yield of the sum of alkaloids were established.
The studies show the promise of using the percolation method and the need for further work on the implementation of the developed technology for the extraction of Peganum harmala L. alkaloids in the production of the substance of the neurotropic drug "Harmine hydrochloride".
Craig's Contradictory Kalam: Trouble at the Moment of Creation
Authors: Wielenberg Erik 
Published: November 2020

William Lane Craig’s much-discussed kalam cosmological argument for God’s existence is intended to provide support for a particular theistic explanation of the origin of the universe. I argue here that Craig’s theistic account of the origin of the universe entails two contradictions and hence should be rejected. The main contribution of the paper is the identification of some relatively straightforward but previously unrecognized problems in Craig’s hypothesis that the beginning of the universe was a temporal effect of a timeless personal cause.
Arrangement of Excitatory Synaptic Inputs on Dendrites of the Medial Superior Olive
Authors: Callan Alexander R. , Heß Martin , Felmy Felix , Leibold Christian 
Published: November 2020

Neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO) detect 10 µs differences in the arrival times of a sound at the two ears. Such acuity requires exquisitely precise integration of binaural synaptic inputs. There is substantial understanding of how neuronal phase locking of afferent MSO structures, and MSO membrane biophysics subserve such high precision. However, we still lack insight into how the entirety of excitatory inputs is integrated along the MSO dendrite under sound stimulation. To understand how the dendrite integrates excitatory inputs as a whole, we combined anatomic quantifications of the afferent innervation in gerbils of both sexes with computational modeling of a single cell. We present anatomic data from confocal and transmission electron microscopy showing that single afferent fibers follow a single dendrite mostly up to the soma and contact it at multiple (median 4) synaptic sites, each containing multiple independent active zones (the overall density of active zones is estimated as 1.375 per μm2). Thus, any presynaptic action potential may elicit temporally highly coordinated synaptic vesicle release at tens of active zones, thereby achieving secure transmission. Computer simulations suggest that such an anatomic arrangement boosts the amplitude and sharpens the time course of excitatory postsynaptic potentials by reducing current sinks and more efficiently recruiting subthreshold potassium channels. Both effects improve binaural coincidence detection compared with single large synapses at the soma. Our anatomic data further allow for estimation of a lower bound of 7 and an upper bound of 70 excitatory fibers per dendrite.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPassive dendritic propagation attenuates the amplitude of postsynaptic potentials and widens their temporal spread. Neurons in the medial superior olive, with their large bilateral dendrites, however, can detect coincidence of binaural auditory inputs with submillisecond precision, a computation that is in stark contrast to passive dendritic processing. Here, we show that dendrites can counteract amplitude attenuation and even decrease the temporal spread of postsynaptic potentials, if active subthreshold potassium conductances are triggered in temporal coordination along the whole dendrite. Our anatomic finding that axons run in parallel to the dendrites and make multiple synaptic contacts support such coordination since incoming action potentials would depolarize the dendrite at multiple sites within a brief time interval.
Golgi-Dependent Copper Homeostasis Sustains Synaptic Development and Mitochondrial Content
Authors: Hartwig Cortnie , Méndez Gretchen Macías , Bhattacharjee Shatabdi , Vrailas-Mortimer Alysia D. , Zlatic Stephanie A. , Freeman Amanda A. H. , Gokhale Avanti , Concilli Mafalda , Werner Erica , Sapp Savas Christie , Rudin-Rush Samantha , Palmer Laura , Shearing Nicole , Margewich Lindsey , McArthy Jacob , Taylor Savanah , Roberts Blaine , Lupashin Vladimir , Polishchuk Roman S. , Cox Daniel N. , Jorquera Ramon A. , Faundez Victor 
Published: November 2020

Rare genetic diseases preponderantly affect the nervous system causing neurodegeneration to neurodevelopmental disorders. This is the case for both Menkes and Wilson disease, arising from mutations in ATP7A and ATP7B, respectively. The ATP7A and ATP7B proteins localize to the Golgi and regulate copper homeostasis. We demonstrate genetic and biochemical interactions between ATP7 paralogs with the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex, a Golgi apparatus vesicular tether. Disruption ofDrosophilacopper homeostasis by ATP7 tissue-specific transgenic expression caused alterations in epidermis, aminergic, sensory, and motor neurons. Prominent among neuronal phenotypes was a decreased mitochondrial content at synapses, a phenotype that paralleled with alterations of synaptic morphology, transmission, and plasticity. These neuronal and synaptic phenotypes caused by transgenic expression of ATP7 were rescued by downregulation of COG complex subunits. We conclude that the integrity of Golgi-dependent copper homeostasis mechanisms, requiring ATP7 and COG, are necessary to maintain mitochondria functional integrity and localization to synapses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMenkes and Wilson disease affect copper homeostasis and characteristically afflict the nervous system. However, their molecular neuropathology mechanisms remain mostly unexplored. We demonstrate that copper homeostasis in neurons is maintained by two factors that localize to the Golgi apparatus, ATP7 and the conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex. Disruption of these mechanisms affect mitochondrial function and localization to synapses as well as neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest communication between the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria through homeostatically controlled cellular copper levels and copper-dependent enzymatic activities in both organelles.
Unraveling the Molecular Players at the Cholinergic Efferent Synapse of the Zebrafish Lateral Line
Authors: Carpaneto Freixas Agustín E. , Moglie Marcelo J. , Castagnola Tais , Salatino Lucia , Domene Sabina , Marcovich Irina , Gallino Sofia , Wedemeyer Carolina , Goutman Juan D. , Plazas Paola V. , Elgoyhen Ana Belén 
Published: November 2020

The lateral line (LL) is a sensory system that allows fish and amphibians to detect water currents. LL responsiveness is modulated by efferent neurons that aid in distinguishing between external and self-generated stimuli, maintaining sensitivity to relevant cues. One component of the efferent system is cholinergic, the activation of which inhibits afferent activity. LL hair cells (HCs) share structural, functional, and molecular similarities with those of the cochlea, making them a popular model for studying human hearing and balance disorders. Because of these commonalities, one could propose that the receptor at the LL efferent synapse is a α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). However, the identities of the molecular players underlying ACh-mediated inhibition in the LL remain unknown. Surprisingly, through the analysis of single-cell expression studies andin situhybridization, we describe that α9, but not the α10, subunits are enriched in zebrafish HCs. Moreover, the heterologous expression of zebrafish α9 subunits indicates that homomeric receptors are functional and exhibit robust ACh-gated currents blocked by α-bungarotoxin and strychnine. In addition,in vivoCa2+imaging on mechanically stimulated zebrafish LL HCs show that ACh elicits a decrease in evoked Ca2+signals, regardless of HC polarity. This effect is blocked by both α-bungarotoxin and apamin, indicating coupling of ACh-mediated effects to small-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (SKs) channels. Our results indicate that an α9-containing (α9*) nAChR operates at the zebrafish LL efferent synapse. Moreover, the activation of α9* nAChRs most likely leads to LL HC hyperpolarization served by SK channels.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe fish lateral line (LL) mechanosensory system shares structural, functional, and molecular similarities with those of the mammalian cochlea. Thus, it has become an accessible model for studying human hearing and balance disorders. However, the molecular players serving efferent control of LL hair cell (HC) activity have not been identified. Here we demonstrate that, different from the hearing organ of vertebrate species, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor composed only of α9 subunits operates at the LL efferent synapse. Activation of α9-containing receptors leads to LL HC hyperpolarization because of the opening of small-conductance Ca2+-activated potassium channels. These results will further aid in the interpretation of data obtained from LL HCs as a model for cochlear HCs.