bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioinspired Gyrotropic Metamaterials with Multifarious Wave Adaptability and Multifunctionality
Authors: Huang Lingxi , Duan Yuping , Liu Jia , Zeng Yuansong , Ma Guojia , Pang Huifang , Gao Shaohua , Zhang Weiping 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElectromagnetic wave loss caused by rotating polarization of chiral structures has long been considered as a disadvantage in transmission, detection, etc., however, it can be turned to benefit in microwave absorbing materials to enhance absorption. Herein, inspired by the chiral structure of jeweled beetles, gyrotropic metamaterials (MMs) are designed and prepared, and experimentally demonstrate the enhanced microwave absorption by rotating polarization; the bandwidth of absorptivity greater than 80% (reflection loss, RL ≤ −7 dB) covers the entire 4–18 GHz frequency range under an ultralow surface density of 1.45 kg m−2; the mechanism analyzed and verified by simulation models demonstrates this a universal method. A new paradigm of MMs fabricated by high entropy alloy (HEA) is offered in this work, which increases the freedom of MM design and promotes the integration of material science and physics. Multifarious wave adaptability and multifunctionality achieved by integrated HEA unit cell and foamed polyurethane realize ultrasonic and water wave absorption, as well as impact and corrosion resistance. These designs hold great promise for facilitating functionally integrated materials for stealth technology, antiterrorist, encryption, sensing, and photon detection.
In Situ Reaction Induced Core–Shell Structure to Ultralow κlat and High Thermoelectric Performance of SnTe
Authors: Li Sihui , Xin Jiwu , Basit Abdul , Long Qiang , Li Suwei , Jiang Qinghui , Luo Yubo , Yang Junyou 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLead‐free chalcogenide SnTe has been demonstrated to be an efficient medium temperature thermoelectric (TE) material. However, high intrinsic Sn vacancies as well as high thermal conductivity devalue its performance. Here, β‐Zn4Sb3 is incorporated into the SnTe matrix to regulate the thermoelectric performance of SnTe. Sequential in situ reactions take place between the β‐Zn4Sb3 additive and SnTe matrix, and an interesting “core–shell” microstructure (Sb@ZnTe) is obtained; the composition of SnTe matrix is also tuned and thus Sn vacancies are compensated effectively. Benefitting from the synergistic effect of the in situ reactions, an ultralow κlat ≈0.48 W m−1 K−1 at 873 K is obtained and the carrier concentrations and electrical properties are also improved successfully. Finally, a maximum ZT ≈1.32, which increases by ≈220% over the pristine SnTe, is achieved in the SnTe‐1.5% β‐Zn4Sb3 sample at 873 K. This work provides a new strategy to regulate the TE performance of SnTe and also offers a new insight to other related thermoelectric materials.
Recent Advances in Rechargeable Magnesium‐Based Batteries for High‐Efficiency Energy Storage
Authors: Guo Ziqi , Zhao Shuoqing , Li Tiexin , Su Dawei , Guo Shaojun , Wang Guoxiu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBenefiting from higher volumetric capacity, environmental friendliness and metallic dendrite‐free magnesium (Mg) anodes, rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are of great importance to the development of energy storage technology beyond lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, their practical applications are still limited by the absence of suitable electrode materials, the sluggish kinetics of Mg2+ insertion/extraction and incompatibilities between electrodes and electrolytes. Herein, a systematic and insightful review of recent advances in RMBs, including intercalation‐based cathode materials and conversion reaction‐based compounds is presented. The relationship between microstructures with their electrochemical performances is comprehensively elucidated. In particular, anode materials are discussed beyond metallic Mg for RMBs. Furthermore, other Mg‐based battery systems are also summarized, including Mg–air batteries, Mg–sulfur batteries, and Mg–iodine batteries. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of Mg‐based energy storage technology and could offer new strategies for designing high‐performance rechargeable magnesium batteries.
Comparison of Quinone‐Based Catholytes for Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries and Demonstration of Long‐Term Stability with Tetrasubstituted Quinones
Authors: Gerken James B. , Anson Colin W. , Preger Yuliya , Symons Peter G. , Genders J. David , Qiu Yang , Li Wenzhen , Root Thatcher W. , Stahl Shannon S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuinones are appealing targets as organic charge carriers for aqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs), but their utility continues to be constrained by limited stability under operating conditions. The present study evaluates the stability of a series of water‐soluble quinones, with redox potentials ranging from 605–885 mV versus NHE, under acidic aqueous conditions (1 m H2SO4). Four of the quinones are examined as cathodic electrolytes in an aqueous RFB, paired with anthraquinone‐2,7‐disulfonate as the anodic electrolyte. The RFB data complement other solution stability tests and show that the most stable electrolyte is a tetrasubstituted quinone containing four sulfonated thioether substituents. The results highlight the importance of substituting all C–H positions of the quinone in order to maximize the quinone stability and set the stage for design of improved organic electrolytes for aqueous RFBs.
Body size at birth in babies born during World War II: The evidence from Poland
Authors: Liczbińska Grażyna , Králík Miroslav 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of the study was to determine whether exposure of pregnant women to stresses caused by World War II (WWII) negatively affected pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.MethodsIndividual medical documents deposited in the Gynaecology and Obstetrics Clinic of Medical University, Poznań (1934‐1943; N = 7058) were evaluated. These were divided into two birth cohorts: before WWII and during it. Frequency tables were constructed for the numbers of pregnancy outcomes: miscarriages, stillbirths, live births, and neonatal deaths, according to the period of birth and sex of a child. The numbers of recorded days were standardized and the numbers of cases per day were computed. Statistical differences in the averages (medians) between periods and years under study were tested. Birth weight, length, and body mass index (BMI) were compared according to the periods related to WWII.ResultsSignificant differences in proportions of males, females, and subjects with unknown sex were found between the periods: a higher proportion of males and different structure of/within negative outcomes were found during WWII. Children born during WWII were heavier and longer than those born before it.ConclusionsAs an explanation, adverse conditions of WWII, related to the psychological stress and food shortages, could have influenced greater elimination of fetuses and neonates of male sex during pregnancy and shortly after delivery. Higher average body size in newborns recorded during WWI could be explained by a hidden process of increased early prenatal mortality of weaker individuals, differences in average gestation length between the periods, differences in parity, or some undocumented differences in social/ethnic composition of the sample.
Severe SOPH syndrome due to a novel NBAS mutation in a 27‐year‐old woman—Review of this pleiotropic, autosomal recessive disorder: Mystery solved after two decades
Authors: Lacassie Yves , Johnson Britt , Lay‐Son Guillermo , Quintana Rita , King Andrew , Cortes Fanny , Alvarez Cecilia , Gomez Ricardo , Vargas Alfonso , Chalew Stuart , King Alejandra , Guardia Sylvia , Sorensen Ricardo U. , Aradhya Swaroop 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAutosomal recessive SOPH syndrome was first described in the Yakuts population of Asia by Maksimova et al. in 2010. It arises from biallelic pathogenic variants in the NBAS gene and is characterized by severe postnatal growth retardation, senile facial appearance, small hands and feet, optic atrophy with loss of visual acuity and color vision, and normal intelligence (OMIM #614800). The presence of Pelger‐Hüet anomaly in this disorder led to its name as an acronym for Short stature, Optic nerve atrophy, and Pelger‐Hüet anomaly. Recent publications have further contributed to the characterization of this syndrome through additional phenotype–genotype correlations. We review the clinical features described in these publications and report on a 27‐year‐old woman with dwarfism with osteolysis and multiple skeletal problems, minor anomalies, immunodeficiency, diabetes mellitus, and multiple secondary medical problems. Her condition was considered an unknown autosomal recessive disorder for many years until exome sequencing provided the diagnosis by revealing a founder disease‐causing variant that was compound heterozygous with a novel pathogenic variant in NBAS. Based on the major clinical features of this individual and others reported earlier, a revision of the acronym is warranted to facilitate clinical recognition.
In training emergency physicians the carotid artery Doppler with passive leg raise, does previous sonographic experience influence scan time and competency?
Authors: Osgood Robert , Mohan Sangeeth , John Lisa , Stirling Erin , Stirling Scott 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundDetermination of fluid responsiveness (FR) associated with intravascular fluid resuscitation in hypotensive patients poses a challenge, with current best evidence methods fraught with poor retest reliability and difficulty in image acquisition (Osman, Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 64; Marik, Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2642). Doppler carotid blood flow with passive leg raise (PLR) is a recent modality for determining FR (Marik, Chest 2013; 143: 364).PurposeThis study aimed to determine whether emergency physicians with limited ultrasound experience can reliably acquire this skill.MethodThis prospective study recruited 60 emergency physicians with varying experience, who underwent a 3‐step learning programme. Participants performed carotid velocity time integral (VTi) Doppler on healthy subjects, followed by repeat measurements in the PLR position. A 16‐point checklist and time recorded were assessed for each sonographer, with each participant completing a post‐study questionnaire to evaluate perceived competence and ease of skill acquisition.ResultsOf the 60 emergency physicians recruited, 37 (61.6%) were inexperienced and 23 (38.4%) were experienced. Against the 16‐point assessment, 61% completed assessment without any errors. Fifty‐six out of 60 (94.3%) completed the assessment to acceptable standard with errors recognised and corrected, and four participants (6.7%) made critical errors without correction (Figure 1). Average (±SEM) total scan time was 4:52 ± 0:19, with no significant difference found between inexperienced and experienced groups.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated feasibility to train emergency physicians, demonstrating that average FR assessment was obtained within 5 min, with no difference between prior experience in scan quality/time taken. 94% completed the scan to acceptable standards, demonstrating ease of carotid Doppler flow with PLR to provide critical information in management of the hypotensive patient.
High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Anatase TiO2 Nanopyramid Arrays with an Oriented Electric Field
Authors: Lv Yinhua , Yuan Ruihan , Cai Bing , Bahrami Behzad , Chowdhury Ashraful Haider , Yang Chi , Wu Yihui , Qiao Qiquan , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Zhang Wen‐Hua 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOne‐dimensional (1D) nanostructured oxides are proposed as excellent electron transport materials (ETMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs); however, experimental evidence is lacking. A facile hydrothermal approach was employed to grow highly oriented anatase TiO2 nanopyramid arrays and demonstrate their application in PSCs. The oriented TiO2 nanopyramid arrays afford sufficient contact area for electron extraction and increase light transmission. Moreover, the nanopyramid array/perovskite system exhibits an oriented electric field that can increase charge separation and accelerate charge transport, thereby suppressing charge recombination. The anatase TiO2 nanopyramid array‐based PSCs deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of approximately 22.5 %, which is the highest power conversion efficiency reported to date for PSCs consisting of 1D ETMs. This work demonstrates that the rational design of 1D ETMs can achieve PSCs that perform as well as typical mesoscopic and planar PSCs.
Building an Air Stable and Lithium Deposition Regulable Garnet Interface from Moderate‐Temperature Conversion Chemistry
Authors: Duan Hui , Chen Wan‐Ping , Fan Min , Wang Wen‐Peng , Yu Le , Tan Shuang‐Jie , Chen Xiang , Zhang Qiang , Xin Sen , Wan Li‐Jun , Guo Yu‐Guo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGarnet‐type electrolytes suffer from unstable chemistry against air exposure, which generates contaminants on electrolyte surface and accounts for poor interfacial contact with the Li metal. Thermal treatment of the garnet at >700 °C could remove the surface contaminants, yet it regenerates the contaminants in the air, and aggravates the Li dendrite issue as more electron‐conducting defective sites are exposed. In a departure from the removal approach, here we report a new surface chemistry that converts the contaminants into a fluorinated interface at moderate temperature <180 °C. The modified interface shows a high electron tunneling barrier and a low energy barrier for Li+ surface diffusion, so that it enables dendrite‐proof Li plating/stripping at a high critical current density of 1.4 mA cm−2. Moreover, the modified interface exhibits high chemical and electrochemical stability against air exposure, which prevents regeneration of contaminants and keeps high critical current density of 1.1 mA cm−2. The new chemistry presents a practical solution for realization of high‐energy solid‐state Li metal batteries.
Synergistic Covalent and Supramolecular Polymers for Mechanically Robust but Dynamic Materials
Authors: Zhang Zhaoming , Cheng Lin , Zhao Jun , Wang Lei , Liu Kai , Yu Wei , Yan Xuzhou 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNature has engineered delicate synergistic covalent and supramolecular polymers (CSPs) to achieve advanced life functions, such as the thin filaments that assist in muscle contraction. Constructing artificial synergistic CSP materials with bioinspired mechanically adaptive features, however, represents a challenging goal. Here, we report an artificial CSP system to illustrate the integration of a covalent polymer (CP) and a supramolecular polymer (SP) in a synergistic fashion, along with the emergence of notable mechanical and dynamic properties which are unattainable when the two polymers are formed individually. The synergistic effect relies on the peculiar network structures of the SP and CPs, which endow the resultant CSPs with overall improved mechanical performance in terms of the stiffness, strength, stretchability, toughness, and elastic recovery. Moreover, the dynamic properties of the SP, including self‐healing, stimuli‐responsiveness, and reprocessing, are also retained in the CSPs, thus leading to their application as programmable and tunable materials.
Performance evaluation of an air breathing–direct methanol fuel cell with different cathode current collectors with liquid electrolyte layer
Authors: Boni Muralikrishna , Srinivasa Rao S. , Naga Srinivasulu G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDevelopment of possible technologies for the generation of green energy is the focus of research worldwide. Fuel cells are a promising option in this regard. Out of the various categories of fuel cells, air breathing–direct methanol fuel cells (AB‐DMFCs) are finding a prominent place as an electric power source for charging of compact electronic devices. In AB‐DMFC, the design and construction of the cathode current collector is very crucial, since the cathode current collector performs important functions in the fuel cell operation such as collecting the electrons, facilitating the flow of oxygen for the cathode reaction and evacuating the water bubbles formed at the cathode side. An ideal current collector improves the cell performance multifold. The present paper deals about the performance of an AB‐DMFC fitted with three different cathode current collector designs, viz., a wire mesh current collector (WMCC) made of SS316L, WMCC with a supporting plate (SP) and a perforated current collector (PCC) with an open ratio of 45.40%. A single serpentine flow channel engraved on a graphite plate was used as the anode flow channel plate. Experimental investigations are carried out to examine the impact of the cathode current collector design on the performance of AB‐DMFC and also by varying the operating parameters of methanol flow rate and concentration. The next stage of the experiments are carried out with the addition of a liquid electrolyte layer (LE), which is kept between two half Membrane Electrode Assemblies. Experimental results reveal that the LE layer enhances the fuel cell performance compared to conventional AB‐DMFC.
Bio‐based flexible polyurethane foam synthesized from palm oil and natural rubber
Authors: Jaratrotkamjorn Ruedee , Tanrattanakul Varaporn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs environment friendly polymers are required to reduce the green‐house gas emissions and global warming, bio‐based polyurethane foam (PUF) is attracting interest from the industrial sector and researchers. Bio‐based polyols for PUF have been synthesized from various renewable resources, mostly plant oils. The present study explored a novel bio‐based PUF produced from a mixture of bio‐based polyols synthesized from palm oil and natural rubber. Palm oil‐based polyol (POP) was synthesized via an epoxidation reaction of double bonds of palm oil followed by complete oxirane ring‐opening. Hydroxy telechelic natural rubber (HTNR) was synthesized by oxidative degradation using periodic acid and sodium borohydride. For comparison, two diisocyanates were used: toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate. POP and HTNR were miscible and all PUFs showed polyhedral semi‐closed cells and hardness was in the flexible foam range. One possible application of the novel PUF could be thermal insulation.
Concentrations of Cortical GABA and Glutamate in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kolodny Tamar , Schallmo Michael‐Paul , Gerdts Jennifer , Edden Richard A. E. , Bernier Raphael A. , Murray Scott O. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe balance of excitation and inhibition in neural circuits is hypothesized to be increased in autism spectrum disorder, possibly mediated by altered signaling of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), yet empirical evidence in humans is inconsistent. We used edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to quantify signals associated with both GABA and the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in multiple regions of the sensory and sensorimotor cortex, including primary visual, auditory, and motor areas in adult individuals with autism and in neurotypical controls. Despite the strong a priori hypothesis of reduced GABA in autism spectrum disorder, we found no group differences in neurometabolite concentrations in any of the examined regions and no correlations of MRS measure with psychophysical visual sensitivity or autism symptomatology. We demonstrate high data quality that is comparable across groups, with a relatively large sample of well‐characterized participants, and use Bayesian statistics to corroborate the lack of any group differences. We conclude that levels of GABA and Glx (glutamate, glutamine, and glutathione) in the sensory and sensorimotor cortex, as measured with MRS at 3T, are comparable in adults with autism and neurotypical individuals. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1111‐1129. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay Summaryγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the human brain, respectively, and their balanced interaction is necessary for neural function. Previous research suggests that the GABA and glutamate systems might be altered in autism. In this study, we used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the sensory areas in the brains of young adults with autism. In contradiction to the common hypothesis of reduced GABA in autism, we demonstrate that concentrations of both GABA and glutamate, in all the brain regions examined, are comparable in individuals with autism and in neurotypical adults. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental regulation, total factor productivity, and enterprise duration: Evidence from China
Authors: Ai Hongshan , Hu Shenglan , Li Ke , Shao Shuai 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnvironmental regulation has been confirmed to have an important impact on enterprise productivity, which is regarded as a crucial factor of enterprise duration. However, existing studies have paid little attention to how environmental regulation affects enterprise duration. Using firm‐level data from the Chinese Industrial Enterprises Database (2003–2007) and the stochastic frontier analysis method, we estimate enterprise total factor productivity (TFP) and its four decomposed components (scale efficiency change, technological change, factor allocation efficiency change, and technical efficiency change). Meanwhile, we adopt a comprehensive index to measure the environmental regulation intensity. Furthermore, we use the linear probability model and the proportional hazards model to investigate the effect of environmental regulation on enterprise duration through the mediating role of enterprise TFP. The results show that although environmental regulation per se negatively impacts on enterprise duration, environmental regulation can present a synthetic positive effect on enterprise duration due to its positive effect on enterprise TFP. Specifically, environmental regulation significantly mitigates the scale efficiency and technical efficiency of regulated enterprises. It also stimulates regulated enterprises' technological innovation and improves their factor allocation efficiency. In addition, state‐owned and large‐scale enterprises are more malleable when facing environmental regulations. We propose that the government should encourage enterprises to innovate and improve the allocation efficiency of production factors, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling environmental pollution in stages while extending enterprise duration.
The Quest for Xenobiotic Enzymes: From New Enzymes for Chemistry to a Novel Chemistry of Life
Authors: Vornholt Tobias , Jeschek Markus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnzyme engineering has made impressive progress in the past decades, paving the way for the widespread use of enzymes for various purposes. In contrast to “classical” enzyme engineering, which focuses on optimizing specific properties of natural enzymes, a more recent trend towards the creation of artificial enzymes that catalyze fundamentally distinct, new‐to‐nature reactions is observable. While approaches for creating such enzymes differ significantly, they share the common goal of enabling biocatalytic novelty to broaden the range of applications for enzymes. Although most artificial enzymes reported to date are only moderately active and barely function in vivo, they have the potential to endow cells with capabilities that were previously out of reach and thus herald a new wave of “functional xenobiology”. Herein, we highlight recent developments in the field of artificial enzymes with a particular focus on challenges and opportunities for their use in xenobiology.