bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical variation in shallow and deep soil moisture in an apple orchard in the loess hilly–gully area of north China
Authors: Song Xiaolin , Gao Xiaodong , Zou Yufeng , Chau Henry , Wu Pute , Zhao Xining , Siddique Kadambot H. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDeep soil (>2 m) moisture is relatively stable water that supports tree growth and water management in the loess hilly–gully area of China. Characterizing the spatial variation of deep soil moisture is important for water management in apple orchards. Using a space‐for‐time substitution approach, we analysed the spatial variation of soil moisture content (θ) in 0–8 m soil profiles in a dry year (2015, precipitation: 392 mm) in rainfed apple (Malus pumila Mill.) orchards of various ages (mainly established in 2009, 2006, 2003, 1997 and 1994). The soil moisture surveys revealed: (a) four soil layers according to soil moisture distribution characteristics at 0–8.0 m depth: shallow rapidly changing layer (0–0.6 m), rainfall redistribution layer (0.6–2.0 m), transition layer (2.0–4.0 m) and stable layer (4.0–8.0 m); (b) the most critical zone for water consumption is the 0.6–2.0 m soil layer, with the lowest θ in the orchards, while water in the 4.0–8.0 m soil layer remained stable; and (c) significant (p < .01) positive correlations between θs in the 0.6–2.0 m, 2.0–4.0 m and 4.0–8.0 m layers. In addition, the θs showed a significant (p < .01) negative relationship with orchard age in the deep soil layers (>2 m), and especially in the 0.6–2.0 m soil layer. Therefore, effective water management through various water regulation measures at the 0.6–2.0 m soil layer is essential for the sustainable development of apple orchards and reducing drought stress on the Loess Plateau and, potentially, other semi‐arid orchards.
Spatio‐temporal variation of near‐surface soil water content in China from 1988 to 2016
Authors: Liao Kaihua , Liu Ya , Zhu Qing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe near‐surface soil water content (SWC) can reflect the agricultural drought levels. In addition, understanding the historical trends of near‐surface SWC change in China is an important step in combating climate change. The monthly near‐surface SWC data set during 1988–2016 published by the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative were used in this study to analyse the variations of SWC in whole China and its seven natural divisions. Results indicated South and Central China had higher SWC than others because of their larger precipitation amounts. Significant (p < .05) decreasing trend in temporal SWC was found in Northeast China, which is related to the significant (p < .05) decreasing trend in the aridity index. However, significant (p < .01) increasing trends were found in Northwest China and Qing‐Tibet, which may be associated with the climate change (e.g., the ice and snow melting caused by increase of air temperature) and human activities (e.g., tillage and vegetation restoration). The monthly SWC in all divisions and whole China showed a main period scale (corresponding to peak values of wavelet variance) of about 225 months and 2 dry‐wet cycles. From 2016, the next 5–6 years are likely to be the wet years. The findings are of great significance to the management of soil water resources in China under global change.
Complementing the European earth observation and geographic information body of knowledge with a business‐oriented perspective
Authors: Hofer Barbara , Casteleyn Sven , Aguilar‐Moreno Estefanía , Missoni‐Steinbacher Eva‐Maria , Albrecht Florian , Lemmens Rob , Lang Stefan , Albrecht Jochen , Stelmaszczuk‐Górska Martyna , Vancauwenberghe Glenn , Monfort‐Muriach Aida 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA body of knowledge (BoK) is an inventory of knowledge or concepts of a domain that serves as a reference vocabulary for various purposes, such as the development of curricula, the preparation of job descriptions, and the description of occupational profiles. To fulfill its purpose, a BoK needs to be up‐to‐date and ideally widely accepted by academia as well as the private and public sectors. This article presents the initiative taken in the Earth observation and geographic information (EO*GI) domain to provide a current, comprehensive education‐ and business‐oriented EO*GI BoK called EO4GEO BoK. In particular, an approach to strengthen the business‐oriented perspective in the EO4GEO BoK is presented. This approach is based on the analysis of professional tasks and the mapping of these tasks to concepts and skills contained in the BoK. A critical reflection of the proposed approach that is based on the experiences gained during a workshop complements this article.
Analyzing relationship between user‐generated content and local visual information with augmented reality‐based location‐based social networks
Authors: Liu Chengbi , Fuhrmann Sven 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLocation‐based social networks (LBSNs) have become an important source of spatial data for geographers and GIScientists to acquire knowledge of human–place interactions. A number of studies have used geotagged data from LBSNs to investigate how user‐generated content (UGC) can be affected by or correlated with the external environment. However, local visual information at the micro‐level, such as brightness, colorfulness, or particular objects/events in the surrounding environment, is usually not captured and thus becomes a missing component in LBSN analysis. To provide a solution to this issue, we argue in this study that the integration of augmented reality (AR) and LBSNs proves to be a promising avenue. In this first empirical study on AR‐based LBSNs, we propose a methodological framework to extract and analyze data from AR‐based LBSNs and demonstrate the framework via a case study with WallaMe. Our findings bolster existing psychological findings on the color–mood relationship and display intriguing geographic patterns of the influence of local visual information on UGC in social media.
Process evaluation for the delivery of a water, sanitation and hygiene mobile health program: findings from the randomised controlled trial of the CHoBI7 mobile health program
Authors: Islam Bhuyian Md. Sazzadul , Saxton Ronald , Hasan Khaled , Masud Jahed , Zohura Fatema , Monira Shirajum , Kumar Biswas Shwapon , Tasdik Hasan M. , Parvin Tahmina , Minhaj Ismat , Md. Zillur Rahman Kazi , Papri Nowshin , Rashid Mahamud‐ur , Sharin Lubaba , Teman Alana , Thomas Elizabeth D. , Alland Kelsey , Labrique Alain , Sack David A. , Perin Jamie , Alam Munirul , George Christine Marie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe Cholera‐Hospital‐Based Intervention for 7‐days (CHoBI7) mobile health (mHealth) program delivers mobile messages to diarrhoea patient households promoting water treatment and handwashing with soap. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the CHoBI7 mHealth program demonstrated this intervention was effective in significantly reducing diarrhoea and stunting amoung young children. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation of the CHoBI7 mHealth program in delivering mHealth messages during this RCT.Methods517 diarrhoea patient households with 1777 participants received weekly text, voice and interactive voice response (IVR) messages from the CHoBI7 mHealth program over the 12‐month program period. The program process evaluation indicators were the following: the percentage of CHoBI7 mHealth messages received and fully listened to by program households (program fidelity and dose), and household members reporting receiving and sharing an mHealth message from the program in the past two weeks (program reach).ResultsNinety two percent of text messages were received by program households. Eighty three percent of voice and 86% of IVR messages sent were fully listened to by at least one household member. Eighty one percent of IVR quiz responses from households were answered correctly. Program households reported receiving a CHoBI7 mHealth message in the past two weeks at 79% of monthly household visits during the 12‐month program. Seventy seven percent of participants reported sharing a program message with a spouse, 55% with a neighbour and 49% with a child during the program period.ConclusionThere was high fidelity, dose and reach of mobile messages delivered for the CHoBI7 mHealth program. This study presents an approach for process evaluation that can be implemented to evaluate future mHealth programs.
Child mouthing of soil and presence of animals in child sleeping spaces are associated with growth faltering among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)
Authors: Monira Shirajum , Bhuyian Md. Sazzadul Islam , Parvin Tahmina , Uddin Ismat Minhaj , Zohura Fatema , Hasan M. Tasdik , Biswas Shwapon K. , Hasan Khaled , Masud Jahed , Rashid Mahamud‐ur , Rahman Zillur , Papri Nowshin , Rafique Raisa , Islam Aminul , Barman Indrajeet , Jubyda Fatema Tuz , Johura Fatema‐Tuz , Sultana Marzia , Sanin Kazi Istiaque , Sack David A. , Perin Jamie , Alam Munirul , Marie George Christine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the study was to investigate potential risk factors for growth faltering among children under 5 years of age.MethodWe conducted a prospective cohort study of 553 children under 5 years from diarrhoea patient households in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Height and weight measurements were obtained at baseline and at a 12‐month follow‐up. Caregivers of young children were administered a monthly questionnaire on household sociodemographic characteristics and hygiene practices.ResultsChildren with caregiver reports of mouthing soil at the majority of household visits had a significant reduction in their height‐for‐age z‐scores (HAZ) from baseline to the 12‐month follow‐up (ΔHAZ: −0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.51, −0.05)). A significant reduction in HAZ was also observed for children in households with animals in their sleeping space (ΔHAZ: −0.37 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.04)).ConclusionThese findings provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that child mouthing of soil and the presence of animals in the child’s sleeping space are potential risk factors for growth faltering among young children. Interventions are urgently needed to provide clean play and sleeping spaces for young children to reduce exposure to faecal pathogens through child mouthing.
Study of Tribological Properties of Multilayer Ti/TiN Coating Containing Stress Absorbing Layers
Authors: Kashyap Amod , Harsha A. P. , Barshilia Harish C. , Bonu Venkataramana , Kumar V. Praveen , Singh Ranjan K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Titanium (Ti)/titanium nitride (TiN) ultrathin multilayer coating was deposited on 100Cr6 substrates to investigate the friction and wear behavior in the presence of paraffin oil as a lubricant. The coating architecture was designed by adding thick stress absorbing layers (SAL ∼320 nm) in between the ultrathin Ti/TiN (3.5/4 nm) multilayer structure. The SAL reduces the residual stress in the coating. The coating had a NaCl type of structure, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the preferential crystallographic orientation of TiN along [111] direction. The tribological properties of the nanostructured coating were evaluated under reciprocating sliding conditions at varying loads (2 and 7 N), and temperature (30 and 100 °C) against 100Cr6 steel balls using paraffin oil as a lubricant. There was no considerable change in the coefficient of friction (COF) at different testing parameters. However, there was a significant drop in wear volume at high-temperature testing conditions. The worn tracks were analyzed for their morphology and elemental composition through scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and Raman spectroscopy.
A Numerical Prediction on the Transient Response of a Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Freak Waves
Authors: Li Yan , Qu Xiaoqi , Liu Liqin , Xie Peng , Yin Tianchang , Tang Yougang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Simulations are conducted in time domain to investigate the dynamic response of a spar-type floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) under the freak wave scenarios. Toward this end, a coupled aero-hydro-mooring in-house numerical code is adopted to perform the simulations. The methodology includes a blade-element-momentum (BEM) model for simulating the aerodynamic loads, a nonlinear model for simulating the hydrodynamic loads, a nonlinear restoring model of Spar buoy, and a nonlinear algorithm for simulating the mooring cables. The OC3 Hywind spar-type FOWT is adopted as an example to study the dynamic response under the freak wave conditions, meanwhile the time series of freak waves are generated using the random frequency components selection phase modulation method. The motion of platform, the tension applied on the mooring lines, and the power generation performance are documented in several cases. According to the simulations, it is indicated that when a freak wave acts on the FOWT, the transient motion of the FOWT is induced in all degrees-of-freedom, as well as the produced power decreases rapidly. Furthermore, the impact of freak wave parameters on the motion of FOWT is discussed.
Effects of military life on changes in body mass index of enlisted men: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lee Bb Ni , Bae S W , Oh S Y , Yoon J H , Roh J , Won J U 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundObesity is a serious health problem with an incidence that is increasing rapidly. Enlisted men are a distinctive group characterised by 24-hour community-living and are likely to experience changes in body weight as a result of regular diet and exercise during enlistment.MethodsThis study reviewed data from the Second Military Health Survey. Changes in body mass index (BMI) before and during military service were analysed using paired t-test. We calculated OR and 95% CI for factors affecting weight improvement during military service through logistic regression.ResultsThe mean BMI in the underweight group increased by 5.87 kg/m2 during service, while that in the normal weight group increased by 1.18 kg/m2. In contrast, the mean BMI in the overweight group decreased by 5.47 kg/m2 during service. The OR for an improved BMI in the subjective good health group compared with the subjective poor health group was statistically significant (OR=1.71, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.87). The OR for an improved BMI was significantly higher in the group with three or more times per week of strength training than in the group with one to two times per week of strength training, and was higher among the marines compared with the Army soldiers (OR=1.48, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.12 and OR=2.15, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.32, respectively).ConclusionsStrength training showed a statistically significant increase in BMI during military service. Furthermore, the BMI of men who were underweight before their service increased, while it decreased among those who were overweight.
Scalar perturbations in f(T) gravity using the $$1 + 3$$ covariant approach
Authors: Sahlu Shambel , Ntahompagaze Joseph , Abebe Amare , de la Cruz-Dombriz Álvaro , Mota David F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe cosmological scalar perturbations of standard matter are investigated in the context of extended teleparallelf(T) gravity theories using the$$1+3$$1+3covariant formalism. After a review of the background gravitational field equations off(T) gravity and the introduction of the covariant perturbation variables, the usual scalar and harmonic decomposition have been performed, and the analysis of the growth of the density contrasts in the quasi-static approximation for two non-interacting fluids scenarios, namely torsion-dust and torsion-radiation mixtures is presented for the genericf(T) gravity theory. Special applications to two classes off(T) gravity toy models, namely$$f(T) = \mu T_0 \Big (\frac{T}{T_0}\Big )^n$$f(T)=μT0(TT0)nand$$f(T) = T+ \mu T_0 \Big (-\frac{T}{T_0}\Big )^n$$f(T)=T+μT0(-TT0)n, have then been made within the observationally viable regions of their respective parameter spaces, and the growth of the matter density contrast for both torsion-dust and torsion-radiation epochs of the Universe has been examined. The exact solutions of the dust perturbations, with growing amplitudes in cosmic time, are obtained for some limiting cases ofn. Similarly, the long- and short-wavelength modes in the torsion-radiation case are treated, with the amplitudes either oscillating or monotonically growing with time. Overall, it is noted thatf(T) models contain a richer set of observationally viable structure growth scenarios that can be tested against up-and-coming observational data and can accommodate currently known features of the large-scale structure power spectrum in the general relativistic and$$\varLambda CDM$$ΛCDMlimits.
Fabrication and thermal optimization of H+-implanted k9 glass waveguides
Authors: Liu Chun-Xiao , Chen Jing-Yi , Zhang Jie , Zhang Liao-Lin 
Published: May 2020

The k9 glass emerges as the promising host for the waveguide formation, owing to its unique optical properties. Ion implantation is a powerful technique for the fabrication of optical waveguides. In this work, the 400-keV proton implantation at a dose of [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] was performed on the k9 glass to manufacture optical waveguide. Continuous annealing treatment at intervals of [Formula: see text] was used to enhance the guiding performances of the waveguide. The dark-mode spectrum and the refractive index profile of the waveguide were obtained by a prism coupling system and a reflectivity calculation method, respectively. The near-filed intensity distribution was measured by an end-face coupling equipment. The results suggest that the light field can be confined within the waveguide layer.
Carrier-potential interaction for high-Tc superconductivity
Authors: Pan Hui 
Published: May 2020

The origin of high-temperature superconductivity has been widely debated since its discovery. Here, a model based on the interaction between carrier and local potential is proposed to reveal the mechanism. In this model, the potential that is analogous to the lattice point is composed of localized charges, whose vibration mediates the coupling of mobile carriers. A Hamiltonian that describes the vibration, coupling and various interactions among the ordered potentials and carriers is established. By analyzing the Hamiltonian, it is found that the vibration of local potential and the interactions, which are dependent on the carrier density, control the transition temperature. We show that the transition temperature is high if the local potential is composed of electrons and the mobile carrier is hole because of the strong coupling between them. By replacing the local potential with lattice point, the proposed model is equivalent to that in the BCS theory. Therefore, our model may provide a general theoretical description on the superconductivity.
Factors Associated with Renal Outcomes in an Inception Cohort of Biopsy-proven Lupus Nephritis Patients
Authors: Ho Roy Tsz Chung , Leung Moon Ho 
Published: May 2020

Objective: To identify the clinical factors associated with renal response and flare in lupus nephritis (LN).Methods: All 115 patients with biopsy-proven LN diagnosed between January 2002 and June 2015 in a tertiary centre comprised of an inception cohort that was followed up until February 2017. Baseline demographic, clinical parameters, renal biopsy histology, induction and maintenance immunosuppressive therapies, complete renal response (CRR), creatinine doubling, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), renal flares and infections were retrieved and analyzed with univariate log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression.Results: At the time of the first renal biopsy, the age of patients was 38 ± 12.2 years (mean ± standard deviation), 90% female and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease duration 46 months (median); 67.0% were LN class IV or class IV + V. Patients were followed up for 104 ±49 months after biopsy. At months 3, 6, 12 and 24, a cumulative 25%, 46%, 66% and 76% of patients had achieved CRR, respectively. However, 49.5% who had CRR experienced [Formula: see text]1 infection of renal flare, with cumulative risk of 5%, 17%, 25% and 43% at year 1, 2, 3 and 5, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that nephrotic syndrome ([Formula: see text] = 0.03) and delay of renal biopsy [Formula: see text]2 months from the onset of LN ([Formula: see text] ¡ 0.01) were negatively associated with CRR. Hydroxychloroquine use was beneficial in attaining CRR ([Formula: see text] = 0.03, hazard ratio = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.04, 2.80) and preventing renal flare ([Formula: see text] = 0.01, odds ratio = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29, 0.88). By the end of the study, 80% of patients remained in CRR though 10.4% patients ended up in ESRD (all class IV), 8.7% died and 28.7% had [Formula: see text]1 infection episode requiring hospitalization.Conclusion: Most LN patients could achieve CRR after immunosuppressive therapy but renal flares were common over time. Infective complications were fairly frequent but the incidence of ESRD was low. The use of hydroxychloroquine was associated with better renal response and fewer flares.
The changing role of Geological Surveys: introduction
Authors: Hill Philip R. , Lebel Daniel , Hitzman Murray , Smelror Morten , Thorleifson Harvey 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This volume is a collection of papers authored by senior managers and heads of Geological Survey organizations (GSOs) from around the world in an attempt to provide a benchmark on how GSOs are responding to national and international needs in a rapidly changing world. GSOs face an uncertain future and need to understand global trends. Whereas population trends are somewhat predictable, societal responses to change are much less so and technological change is fundamentally disruptive and chaotic. As countries adopt sustainable development principles and the public becomes increasingly (but not necessarily reliably) informed about environmental issues using social media, the integration of resource development and environmental stewardship becomes increasingly important. GSOs will continue to provide key information about Earth systems, natural hazards and climate change in this context. This introduction comprises a short review of the global trends affecting GSOs, a snapshot of the state of GSOs, examples of how GSOs are adapting their activities to the modern world, including the growing use of big data, and an examination of international collaboration between GSOs. The time is perhaps ripe to reinforce international collaborations through a global network of GSOs. To achieve this will require leadership and a focus on the big picture of global sustainability.