bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Subsurface Scattering for Materials With High Scattering Distances
Authors: Maisch Sebastian , Ropinski Timo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractExisting algorithms for rendering subsurface scattering in real time cannot deal well with scattering over longer distances. Kernels for image space algorithms become very large in these circumstances and separation does not work anymore, while geometry‐based algorithms cannot preserve details very well. We present a novel approach that deals with all these downsides. While for lower scattering distances, the advantages of geometry‐based methods are small, this is not the case anymore for high scattering distances (as we will show). Our proposed method takes advantage of the highly detailed results of image space algorithms and combines it with a geometry‐based method to add the essential scattering from sources not included in image space. Our algorithm does not require pre‐computation based on the scene's geometry, it can be applied to static and animated objects directly. Our method is able to provide results that come close to ray‐traced images which we will show in direct comparisons with images generated by PBRT. We will compare our results to state of the art techniques that are applicable in these scenarios and will show that we provide superior image quality while maintaining interactive rendering times.
Polysomnography in children with obstructive sleep apnoea and neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Chandrakantan Arvind , Patel Deep , Glaun Mica , Mehta Deepak , Musso Mary F. , Patel Amee , Adler Adam C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe neurocognitive associations in paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) are well known; however, whether polysomnographic features can predict these associations is unknown. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to compare common polysomnographic parameters in children with OSA in the presence and absence of neurocognitive dysfunction.MethodsPolysomnography data for children ages 3‐6 years with mild‐moderate OSA who as defined by AHI between 5 and 10 were analysed from a single sleep centre at a tertiary paediatric hospital from January 2016 to December 2018. The following parameters were identified: arousals per hour, percentage of time asleep, apnoea‐hypopnoea index (AHI), oxygen desaturation nadir during sleeps, baseline oxygen saturation during sleep, time spent with SpO2 less than 90%, maximum transcutaneous CO2, per cent of the total sleep time spent with TcCO2 greater than 50 mmHg, age, body mass index (BMI), gender and type of disability in the neurocognitive dysfunction group. Neurocognitive diagnoses were recorded. Those with syndromic comorbidities were excluded. The study cohort was then compared to a cohort of 200 subjects with OSA and no neurocognitive disorders matched for age, gender and BMI. A paired column analysis by chi‐squared analysis was then undertaken between the two groups.ResultsA total of 200 children were identified (126 males and 74 females) in the neurocognitive dysfunction group (OSA with neurocognitive dysfunction) and compared with 200 children in the control group (OSA without neurocognitive dysfunction) (113 males and 87 females). There were no statistical differences between groups.ConclusionCommonly used polysomnographic indices are not predictive of neurocognitive dysfunction in paediatric OSA.
The Role of Animacy in Children's Interpretation of Relative Clauses in English: Evidence From Sentence–Picture Matching and Eye Movements
Authors: Macdonald Ross , Brandt Silke , Theakston Anna , Lieven Elena , Serratrice Ludovica 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSubject relative clauses (SRCs) are typically processed more easily than object relative clauses (ORCs), but this difference is diminished by an inanimate head‐noun in semantically non‐reversible ORCs (“The book that the boy is reading”). In two eye‐tracking experiments, we investigated the influence of animacy on online processing of semantically reversible SRCs and ORCs using lexically inanimate items that were perceptually animate due to motion (e.g., “Where is the tractor that the cow is chasing”). In Experiment 1, 48 children (aged 4;5–6;4) and 32 adults listened to sentences that varied in the lexical animacy of the NP1 head‐noun (Animate/Inanimate) and relative clause (RC) type (SRC/ORC) with an animate NP2 while viewing two images depicting opposite actions. As expected, inanimate head‐nouns facilitated the correct interpretation of ORCs in children; however, online data revealed children were more likely to anticipate an SRC as the RC unfolded when an inanimate head‐noun was used, suggesting processing was sensitive to perceptual animacy. In Experiment 2, we repeated our design with inanimate (rather than animate) NP2s (e.g., “where is the tractor that the car is following”) to investigate whether our online findings were due to increased visual surprisal at an inanimate as agent, or to similarity‐based interference. We again found greater anticipation for an SRC in the inanimate condition, supporting our surprisal hypothesis. Across the experiments, offline measures show that lexical animacy influenced children's interpretation of ORCs, whereas online measures reveal that as RCs unfolded, children were sensitive to the perceptual animacy of lexically inanimate NPs, which was not reflected in the offline data. Overall measures of syntactic comprehension, inhibitory control, and verbal short‐term memory and working memory were not predictive of children's accuracy in RC interpretation, with the exception of a positive correlation with a standardized measure of syntactic comprehension in Experiment 1.
Injection of oral medication into the skin confirmed by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Flint Rachel L. , Gelman Ari , Chiricosta Francis M. , Strausborger Stacy , Lewin‐Smith Michael , Cho Sunghun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract“Skin popping” refers to the practice of injecting drugs, most commonly heroin, subcutaneously or into granulation tissue. Pharmaceutical tablets meant for oral consumption are modified into solutions for injection. Excipients—inactive substances that serve as vehicles for medication—are often not filtered out before injection and result in abscess formation, granulomatous inflammation, and scarring. Common excipients used in the production of pharmaceutical tablets include starch, microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate, silica, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Identification of these exogenous materials is valuable in confirming the diagnosis of skin popping, especially when patients may not be forthcoming about their drug use. We present a case of subcutaneous oral medication injection in which PVP and cellulose were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Considering the variable cutaneous manifestations of injection drug abuse, recognition of histopathologic and chemical characteristics of exogenous material from oral medications is helpful for diagnosis and intervention.
Shapiro xanthogranuloma: An essential diagnosis for dermatologists and dermatopathologists to recognize to avoid misdiagnosis of a hematopoietic malignancy in infants and neonates
Authors: Esmaeili Melody , Fischer Andrew S. , Khurana Michele , Gru Alejandro A. , Yan Albert C. , Rubin Adam I. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Shapiro xanthogranuloma is a histopathologic form of xanthogranuloma that shows closely packed monomorphous cells, which can extend into the subcutaneous fat; it usually lacks routine diagnostic features of xanthogranuloma. Herein we describe two cases of Shapiro xanthogranuloma occurring in a neonate and in an infant, which were initially thought to be hematologic malignancies. One patient's presentation as a “blueberry muffin baby” added to the diagnostic confusion. Pediatric dermatologists, dermatologists, and dermatopathologists need to be aware of the Shapiro xanthogranuloma and its clinicopathologic features to avoid misdiagnosis of a hematopoietic malignancy in neonates and infants.
Zytokine der IL‐17‐Familie bei der Psoriasis
Authors: Lauffer Felix , Eyerich Kilian , Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Asadullah Khusru , Beissert Stefan , Ghoreschi Kamran , Schön Michael P. 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungVerschiedene Immunzellen und ihre Botenstoffe beeinflussen die Pathogenese der Psoriasis. Den Zytokinen der IL‐17‐Familie kommt dabei eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Neben IL‐17A, das eine zentrale Rolle bei der Pathogenese der Psoriasis spielt, wirken weitere Mitglieder der IL‐17‐Familie ebenfalls proinflammatorisch. Diese Arbeit gibt einen kurzen aktuellen Überblick über die Immunpathogenese der Psoriasis im Hinblick auf die sechs IL‐17‐Subtypen, insbesondere über ihre physiologischen und pathogenen Eigenschaften sowie ihre Bedeutung für die Psoriasis‐Therapie.
Immunizations in immunocompromised patients: a guide for dermatologists
Authors: Mohme Sophia , Schmalzing Marc , Müller Cornelia S.L. , Vogt Thomas , Goebeler Matthias , Stoevesandt Johanna 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe increasingly frequent use of immunomodulatory agents in dermatology requires the observance of specific recommendations for immunization. These recommendations are developed and regularly updated by the German Standing Committee on Vaccination (STIKO), an independent advisory group at the Robert Koch Institute. Dermatological patients on immunosuppressive treatment should ideally receive all vaccinations included in the standard immunization schedule. Additionally, it is recommended that they also undergo vaccination against the seasonal flu, pneumococci, and herpes zoster (inactivated herpes zoster subunit vaccine for patients ≥ 50 years). Additional immunizations againstHaemophilus influenzaetype B, hepatitis B and meningococci may be indicated depending on individual comorbidities and exposure risk. Limitations of use, specific contraindications and intervals to be observed between vaccination and immunosuppression depend on the immunosuppressive agent used and its dosing. Only under certain conditions may live‐attenuated vaccines be administered in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Given its strong suppressive effect on the humoral immune response, no vaccines – except for flu shots – should be given within six months after rituximab therapy.This CME article presents current recommendations on immunization in immunocompromised individuals, with a special focus on dermatological patients. Its goal is to enable readers to provide competent counseling and to initiate necessary immunizations in this vulnerable patient group.
Die Bedeutung von Ganzkörperfotografie und sequenzieller digitaler Dermatoskopie bei der Überwachung von Patienten mit erhöhtem Melanomrisiko
Authors: Deinlein Teresa , Michor Carina , Hofmann‐Wellenhof Rainer , Schmid‐Zalaudek Karin , Fink‐Puches Regina 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleVor dem Hintergrund steigender Inzidenzraten beim malignen Melanom kommt der Prävention eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. Wichtige Risikofaktoren sind multiple Nävi und ein Melanom in der Anamnese. Für die betroffenen Patienten ist ein zweistufiger Algorithmus, bestehend aus Ganzkörperfotografie (total body photography [TBP]) und sequenzieller digitaler Dermatoskopie (SDD), ein hilfreiches diagnostisches Verfahren.Patienten und MethodenUm die Aussagekraft des zweistufigen Algorithmus zu bewerten, führten wir eine retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie über einen Zeitraum von sechs Jahren durch. Die Fälle wurden auf der Grundlage verschiedener dermatoskopischer Muster beurteilt und mit der neuesten Version von SPSS statistisch ausgewertet.ErgebnisseEs wurden 6020 dermatoskopische Fotografien von 214 Patienten in die Studie aufgenommen. Die mittleren Untersuchungsabstände bei TBP und SDD betrugen 16,9 Monate (SD ± 1,43 Monate) beziehungsweise 9,9 Monate (SD ± 1,68 Monate).Die number needed to excise (NNE) betrug 4,6 und die number needed to monitor 548. Die Exzisionen erfolgten hauptsächlich, weil dynamische Veränderungen beobachtet worden waren. Insgesamt wurden elf Melanome mit einer durchschnittlichen Tumordicke von 0,44 mm (SD ± 0,15 mm; Bereich 0,2–0,6 mm) entdeckt.SchlussfolgerungenDie Tumordicke invasiver Melanome von weniger als 0,6 mm zeigt, dass es sich um eine effektive Strategie bei der Früherkennung von Melanomen handelt. Die niedrige number needed to excise lässt auf eine Minimierung der Exzisionen benigner Nävi schließen.
A novel index combining diastolic and systolic tissue Doppler parameters for predicting cardiac resynchronization therapy response
Authors: Ari Selma , Ari Hasan , Tütüncü Ahmet , Çamci Sencer , Vatansever Ağca Fahriye , Melek Mehmet 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveIdentification of patients who are nonresponders to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with the use of simple and objective parameters may be helpful in tailoring treatment. The aim of this study is to investigate whether E/(Ea × Sa) could be a predictor of CRT nonresponders (E = early diastolic transmitral velocity, Ea = early diastolic mitral annular velocity, Sa = systolic mitral annular velocity).MethodsIn total, 53 heart failure patients were evaluated for this study, and 33 patients were included according to the study criteria. Before and 6 months after CRT‐D(CRT with a defibrillator) implantation, E, Ea, and Sa were determined at the medial and lateral mitral annular sites, and the average values were obtained. E/(Ea × Sa) was calculated (medial, lateral, average). The patients were followed for 6 months to monitor their CRT response. A responder was defined as a patient with a reduction in end‐systolic volume of ≥15% and an increase in 6‐minute walking distance of 50 m.ResultsAt a 6‐month follow‐up, 24 (72.7%) of the 33 patients responded to CRT. At the 6‐month follow‐up, in the responder group, the E/Ea ratio, lateral mitral, and average E/(Ea × Sa) indices were significantly reduced (P < .01 for all). The baseline lateral mitral, medial mitral, and average E/(Ea × Sa) indices were significantly lower in the responder group than in the nonresponder group (P ≤ .01 for all). The receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that all the E/(Ea × Sa) indices predict the CRT nonresponder patients. The AUC values were 0.89 (lateral E/(Ea × Sa)), 0.85 (average E/(Ea × Sa)), and 0.77 (medial E/(Ea × Sa)) (P ≤ .01 for all).ConclusionWe found that the E/(Ea × Sa) index is a novel predictor of CRT nonresponder patients.
NMR relaxation times for soil texture estimation in the laboratory: A comparison to the laser diffraction and sieve–pipette methods
Authors: Peng Yonghui , Keating Kristina , Myers D. Brenton 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time (T2) distributions are well known to be linked to the pore size distribution and show promise as a method of estimating soil texture. As traditional laboratory methods used for soil texture estimates in soil science are generally time consuming, in this study, we explore an alternative approach based on NMR T2 distributions to estimate the soil texture of water‐saturated soil samples collected from three field sites. Using two T2 cut‐off times, T2a and T2b, the T2 distribution of a soil was partitioned into three regions, short, intermediate and long relaxation times, each of which represents the fraction of clay, silt and sand, respectively. Two approaches for determining the cut‐off times were used: the first used T2 cut‐off times determined from the data from all sites and the second used site‐specific T2 cut‐off times. The NMR estimates of soil texture were compared to measurements of soil texture made using the sieve–pipette method and laser diffraction particle size analysis (LDPSA). The results show that there is no universal cut‐off time for estimating the clay, silt and sand fractions based on the NMR T2 distributions. The accuracy of NMR measurements to estimate the soil texture depends on the magnetic susceptibility of the measured material. For soils with low magnetic susceptibility (<2 × 10−4 SI) using site‐specific cut‐off times, the NMR‐derived soil texture (root mean squared error [RMSE] = 9.43%) more closely matches the soil texture measured from the sieve–pipette method than the soil texture determined using LDPSA (RMSE = 11.88%). However, the NMR estimate of soil texture breaks down for soils with high magnetic susceptibility (>4 × 10−4 SI). These results suggest that the NMR method can provide reasonable estimates of the soil texture for soils with low magnetic susceptibility.Highlights
No universal cut‐off time exists for estimating the clay, silt and sand fraction based on the NMR T2 distributions.
NMR can provide better estimates of clay, silt and sand fractions for soils with low magnetic susceptibility than LDPSA.
Site‐specific cut‐off times are determined through comparison between NMR data and sieve–pipette measurements.
NMR yields reasonable estimates of the soil texture for soils with low magnetic susceptibility.
A European Academy of Neurology guideline on medical management issues in dementia
Authors: Frederiksen K. S. , Cooper C. , Frisoni G. B. , Frölich L. , Georges J. , Kramberger M. G. , Nilsson C. , Passmore P. , Mantoan Ritter L. , Religa D. , Schmidt R. , Stefanova E. , Verdelho A. , Vandenbulcke M. , Winblad B. , Waldemar G. 
Published: July 2020

Background and purposeDementia is one of the most common disorders and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality and decreased quality of life. The present guideline addresses important medical management issues including systematic medical follow‐up, vascular risk factors in dementia, pain in dementia, use of antipsychotics in dementia and epilepsy in dementia.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was carried out. Based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, we developed a guideline. Where recommendations based on GRADE were not possible, a good practice statement was formulated.ResultsSystematic management of vascular risk factors should be performed in patients with mild to moderate dementia as prevention of cerebrovascular pathology may impact on the progression of dementia (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia (without previous stroke) and atrial fibrillation should be treated with anticoagulants (weak recommendation). Discontinuation of opioids should be considered in certain individuals with dementia (e.g. for whom there are no signs or symptoms of pain or no clear indication, or suspicion of side effects; Good Practice statement). Behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia should not be treated with mild analgesics (weak recommendation). In all patients with dementia treated with opioids, assessment of the individual risk–benefit ratio should be performed at regular intervals. Regular, preplanned medical follow‐up should be offered to all patients with dementia. The setting will depend on the organization of local health services and should, as a minimum, include general practitioners with easy access to dementia specialists (Good Practice statement). Individuals with dementia and agitation and/or aggression should be treated with atypical antipsychotics only after all non‐pharmacological measures have been proven to be without benefit or in the case of severe self‐harm or harm to others (weak recommendation). Antipsychotics should be discontinued after cessation of behavioral disturbances and in patients in whom there are side effects (Good Practice statement). For treatment of epilepsy in individuals with dementia, newer anticonvulsants should be considered as first‐line therapy (Good Practice statement).ConclusionThis GRADE‐based guideline offers recommendations on several important medical issues in patients with dementia, and thus adds important guidance for clinicians. For some issues, very little or no evidence was identified, highlighting the importance of further studies within these areas.
Presumed generalised seizure following caudal epidural administration of morphine and detomidine in a pony
Authors: Tallon R. , McMillan M. , Ho N. , Dunkel B. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryA 9‐year‐old show pony mare became acutely lame following removal of a bone sequestrum of the distal phalanx of the right thoracic limb. The mare also suffered from ongoing right dorsal colitis secondary to previous long‐term nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. To avoid further NSAID use, a protocol for caudal epidural administration of morphine and detomidine in an increased volume was used to provide analgesia to the thoracic limbs. A total volume of 50 mL (0.2 mL/kg bwt) was administered over approximately 90 s. Immediately following the injection, the pony collapsed into lateral recumbency and experienced an apparent generalised seizure characterised by loss of consciousness and frantic paddling of all four limbs. The pony recovered rapidly without intervention, and no residual neurological deficits were noted. The epidural analgesia resulted in a marked improvement in comfort levels. The speed of injection is thought to have caused a change in epidural and intracranial pressures resulting in a generalised seizure and highlights the importance of administering large volumes slowly.
Endoscopic sealing of a chronic bronchopleural fistula using acrylate co‐monomer glue
Authors: Madsen K. , de Bont M. P. , Palmers K. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryA bronchopleural fistula (BPF) consists of a direct communication between the bronchial tree and the pleural space, which can develop secondary to (pleuro) pneumonia. Thoracotomy has been reported as a viable treatment option in cases of nonresponsive pleuropneumonia, pleural abscess formation and necrotising pneumonia. The presence of a BPF can delay and even prevent healing of the thoracotomy site, with clinical signs of coughing and putrid purulent nasal discharge often seen. In this case report, we describe the diagnosis and localisation of a bronchopleural fistula using retrograde instillation of methylene blue through the thoracotomy site, followed by the successful closure of the BPF using endoscopic application of acrylate co‐monomer glue (Glubran 2®).
Spatial evaluation of knowledge spillover benefits in China’s free trade zone provinces and cities
Authors: Li Haoqiang , Chen Jihong , Wan Zheng , Zhang Huaxin , Wang Maoxin , Bai Yun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChina has established several free trade zones (FTZs) in recent years, which are becoming new drivers of growth for regional economic development. As the FTZ reform deepens, protecting intellectual property rights and improving application systems have become important for encouraging innovation in FTZs. To understand the knowledge spillover effects in different FTZs, this paper selects indicators at different levels of knowledge evaluation and uses the 2017 data of the provinces and cities where the first three batches of FTZs set up by China are located as samples to perform empirical analysis on knowledge spillover effects with a corrected spatial knowledge spillover model. According to the evaluation, the spatial knowledge spillover effects vary among FTZs—the spatial knowledge spillover effects of economically developed regions are smaller (0.0421), while their spillover effects on other FTZs are bigger (0.0795). In addition, the knowledge spillover effects of adjacent FTZ provinces and cities are significantly greater; the spatial spillover effects of southeastern coastal FTZ provinces and cities are more than those of central and western regions as well as northeastern provinces and cities (0.0795; 0.0533; 0.0672). This study is helpful for governments and policy makers to develop appropriate incentive policies for knowledge innovation targeting the knowledge spillover characteristics of different FTZs.