“Clinical characteristics, symptoms, management and health outcomes in 8,598 pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19 compared to 27,510 with seasonal influenza in France, Spain and the US: a network cohort analysis”
Authors: Lai Lana Yin Hui , Golozar Asieh , Sena Anthony , Margulis Andrea V. , Haro Nuria , Casajust Paula , Valveny Neus , Prats-Uribe Albert , Minty Evan P. , Ahmed Waheed-Ul-Rahman , Alshammari Thamir M , Morales Daniel R. , Alghoul Heba , Alser Osaid , Dawoud Dalia , Zhang Lin , Posada Jose D. , Shah Nigam H. , Blacketer Clair , Areia Carlos , Subbian Vignesh , Nyberg Fredrik , Lane Jennifer C E , Suchard Marc A , Gong Mengchun , Recalde Martina , Jonnagaddala Jitendra , Shah Karishma , Roel Elena , Vizcaya David , Fortin Stephen , Joanne Cheng Ru-fong , Reich Christian , Hripcsak George , Rijnbeek Peter , Ryan Patrick , Kostka Kristin , Duarte-Salles Talita , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTOBJECTIVESTo describe comorbidities, symptoms at presentation, medication use, and 30-day outcomes after a diagnosis of COVID-19 in pregnant women, in comparison to pregnant women with influenza.DESIGNMultinational network cohortSETTINGA total of 6 databases consisting of electronic medical records and claims data from France, Spain, and the United States.PARTICIPANTSPregnant women with ≥ 1 year in contributing databases, diagnosed and/or tested positive, or hospitalized with COVID-19. The influenza cohort was derived from the 2017-2018 influenza season.OUTCOMESBaseline patient characteristics, comorbidities and presenting symptoms; 30-day inpatient drug utilization, maternal complications and pregnancy-related outcomes following diagnosis/hospitalization.RESULTS8,598 women diagnosed (2,031 hospitalized) with COVID-19 were included. Hospitalized women had, compared to those diagnosed, a higher prevalence sof pre-existing comorbidities including renal impairment (2.2% diagnosed vs 5.1% hospitalized) and anemia (15.5% diagnosed vs 21.3% hospitalized).The ten most common inpatient treatments were systemic corticosteroids (29.6%), enoxaparin (24.0%), immunoglobulins (21.4%), famotidine (20.9%), azithromycin (18.1%), heparin (15.8%), ceftriaxone (7.9%), aspirin (7.0%), hydroxychloroquine (5.4%) and amoxicillin (3.5%).Compared to 27,510 women with influenza, dyspnea and anosmia were more prevalent in those with COVID-19. Women with COVID-19 had higher frequency of cesarean-section (4.4% vs 3.1%), preterm delivery (0.9% vs 0.5%), and poorer maternal outcomes: pneumonia (12.0% vs 2.7%), ARDS (4.0% vs 0.3%) and sepsis (2.1% vs 0.7%). COVID-19 fatality was negligible (N<5 in each database respectively).CONCLUSIONSComorbidities that were more prevalent with COVID-19 hospitalization (compared to COVID-19 diagnosed) in pregnancy included renal impairment and anemia. Multiple medications were used to treat pregnant women hospitalized with COVID-19, some with little evidence of benefit. Anosmia and dyspnea were indicative symptoms of COVID-19 in pregnancy compared to influenza, and may aid differential diagnosis. Despite low fatality, pregnancy and maternal outcomes were worse in COVID-19 than influenza.WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPICCompared to non-pregnant women of reproductive age, pregnant women are less likely to experience typical COVID-19 symptoms, such as fever and myalgia.Obesity, high maternal age, and comorbid hypertension and diabetes are risk factors for severe COVID-19 among pregnant women.Despite relatively high rates of pneumonia and need for oxygen supplementation, fatality rates in pregnant women with COVID-19 are generally low (<1%).WHAT THIS STUDY ADDSAlthough not often recorded, dyspnea and anosmia were more often seen in pregnant women with COVID-19 than in women with seasonal influenza, in 6 databases from 3 countries (US, France, Spain).Renal impairment and anemia were more common among hospitalized than diagnosed women with COVID-19 during pregnancy.Despite limited data on benefit-risk in pregnancy, a large number of medications were used for inpatient management of COVID-19 in pregnant women: approximately 1 in 3 received corticosteroids (some may have been given for a pregnancy-related indication rather than for COVID-19 treatment), 1 in 4 enoxaparin, and 1 in 5 immunoglobulin, famotidine and azithromycin.Compared to influenza, there was a higher frequency of pregnancy-related complications (cesarean section and preterm deliveries), as well as poorer maternal outcomes (pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, acute kidney injury, and cardiovascular and thromboembolic events) seen in pregnant women diagnosed with COVID-19.