bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Networks
Authors: Skarbek David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers men’s prisons in England, which rely on decentralized institutions to govern social and economic life. Prisoners affiliate with people from their hometowns and sometimes even the same housing estates. They do not rely on organized, racially segregated prison gangs, like those found in many U.S. men’s prisons. Instead, because of the small size of prisons and pre-existing social networks, norm-based governance works effectively. This chapter examines studies from maximum- and medium-security prisons to test these claims. The governance theory explains why there is less racial segregation, few to no prison gangs, and less violent harassment of sex offenders.
Teleology in Aristotle
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Aristotle’s theory of natural teleology, especially as it features in his natural philosophy and biology. After a brief examination of Aristotle’s famous exhortation to his students about the value of studying sublunary living beings, the chapter offers a concise characterization of his conception of natural teleology in terms of the goal-directed (“crafting”) actions of immanent, internal natures, a discussion of Aristotle’s most explicit defense of teleology in the Physics, and an overview of the role teleology plays in his accounts of animal generation and sexual reproduction and in his explanations of why animals have the parts and features they have.
Parental Behavior
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes the types of parental behavior that can occur in vertebrates: maternal, paternal, and alloparental behavior. The dominant form of parental behavior in mammals is a uniparental maternal care system, where the mother raises her offspring by herself. A mother can form either a nonselective or selective bond with her infants, depending on the maturity of her infants at birth. A biparental care system, in which both maternal and paternal behavior occur, is present in about 5% of mammalian species. Approximately 3% of mammalian species exhibit a cooperative breeding system, where some offspring remain in their social group and help their parents raise subsequent offspring. The parental behavior of these helpers is referred to as alloparental behavior. The occurrence of paternal and alloparental behavior shows that alternative mechanisms, not requiring pregnancy and parturition, can evolve which allow for these forms of parental behavior.
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 describes the hormones that promote the immediate onset of maternal behavior at parturition, drawing on research from rats, rabbits, sheep, mice, and nonhuman primates. The critical hormones include rising levels of estradiol, prolactin, and placental lactogens that occur near the end of pregnancy on a background of progesterone withdrawal. In contrast to the onset of maternal behavior, due to maternal experience, its maintenance does not require hormones. Laboratory strains of female mice, produced by inbreeding and selective breeding, are anomalous in that they do not require pregnancy hormones to show prompt maternal behavior when presented with conspecific infants under low-stress conditions. However, the physiological events of late pregnancy boost maternal motivation in these mice to allow for effective maternal behavior in challenging environments. The same processes operate in species that exhibit naturally occurring alloparental behavior, such as marmosets, where such behavior has evolved by natural selection.
Brain Mechanisms Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the roles of oxytocin (OT) and olfaction in the maternal behavior of nonhuman mammals. It also presents an overview of brain anatomy. In concert with pregnancy hormones, the release of OT into the brain, derived from the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, stimulates the onset of maternal behavior. Although OT is not required for the maintenance of maternal behavior, it does enhance maternal behavior during the postpartum period in challenging environments by decreasing anxiety and increasing maternal motivation. OT, in the absence of pregnancy hormones, may also enhance maternal responsiveness in alloparents. For many postpartum mammals, maternal motivation is under multisensory control, and olfaction is not required, although it is necessary for maternal selectivity in sheep. In contrast, for laboratory mice, olfaction is essential for maternal motivation. For virgin female rats and rabbits, olfactory input from pups inhibits maternal behavior, but this inhibition is eliminated at parturition.
Central Neural Circuits Regulating Maternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 reviews the brain circuits that regulate maternal behavior in nonhuman mammals. The medial preoptic area (MPOA) is essential for both the onset and maintenance of maternal behavior. Hormones and oxytocin act on the MPOA to stimulate the onset of maternal behavior. The neurotransmitters contained within MPOA neurons that may regulate maternal behavior are described, as are several neural inputs to the MPOA that regulate its output. A defensive neural circuit that inhibits maternal behavior in most virgin female mammals is described. MPOA output stimulates maternal behavior by depressing the defensive circuit while also activating neural circuits that underpin maternal motivation. MPOA output to the mesolimbic dopamine system is essential for appetitive maternal responses, while its output to the periaqueductal gray regulates consummatory responses. Synaptic plasticity within the MPOA-to-mesolimbic DA circuit is involved in the development of an enduring mother–infant bond.
Anxiety Reduction and Maternal Aggression in Postpartum Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the neural mechanisms that regulate the decrease in anxiety and increase in maternal aggression that co-occur in postpartum mammals. Too much anxiety antagonizes maternal aggression. Therefore, postpartum anxiety reduction promotes maternal aggression. The neural circuitry of maternal aggression includes projections from the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus to the periaqueductal gray and to other brainstem sites. Anxiety-related behaviors are mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) neurons, and the projection of central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) CRF neurons to the dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved. Neural circuits are described to show how enhanced CRF release can depress maternal aggression. These circuits are typically downregulated in postpartum females, and oxytocin (OT) is involved. OT exerts anxiolytic effects and one mechanism of OT action is to depress the output of CeA.
Alloparental Behavior and Paternal Behavior in Nonhuman Mammals
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines alloparental and paternal behavior. Although these behaviors are rare in mammals, their occurrence indicates that parental behavior can occur in the absence of pregnancy and parturition. For mammals of both sexes, dual brain circuits affect whether parental behavior occurs: An inhibitory defensive circuit (anterior hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus projections to periaqueductal gray), and an excitatory parental circuit (medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine system, and the oxytocin system). When alloparental behavior occurs, either through experimental genetic selection (virgin female laboratory house mice) or through natural selection (prairie voles, marmosets), the defensive circuit has been downregulated and the parental circuit has been upregulated by such selection. When paternal behavior occurs, either naturally (California mice, dwarf hamsters) or experimentally (laboratory rats and house mice), copulation with a female and remaining with her through parturition depresses the male’s defensive circuitry while activating his parental circuitry.
The Parental Brain in Humans
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 reviews the human parental brain. Most functional magnetic resonance imaging research has examined the maternal brain, with some research on the paternal brain. Although woman show allomaternal behavior, defensive neural circuits may depress maternal responsiveness under certain conditions. The subcortical circuits associated with human maternal behavior match those in nonhuman mammals and include medial preoptic area, mesolimbic dopamine, amygdala, and oxytocin neural systems. Interacting with these subcortical circuits are cortical regions, including dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and anterior insula, that are involved in maternal cognitions, empathy, emotions, and emotion regulation. The medial prefrontal cortex connects some of these cortical regions with the subcortical circuitry so that maternal cognitions and emotions can be translated into appropriate maternal behavior. The poor maternal behavior associated with postpartum depression may result from dysfunctions within these circuits, and alterations in corticotropin-releasing factor and OT may be involved.
Development of the Parental Brain in Humans
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 deals with the development of the parental brain in humans, emphasizing experiential influences on the intergenerational continuity of maternal behavior: A history of experiencing childhood maltreatment (CMT; maternal neglect and/or abuse) is associated with alterations in the development of the child’s parental brain, which may lead to subsequent deficits in its maternal behavior. The manner in which parents treat their children may affect the development of neural systems (a) that regulate emotionality, with poor parental care resulting in deficits in emotion regulation, and (b) that underpin maternal motivation, love, and empathy, with poor parental care decreasing these processes. Alterations in the development of medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala, mesolimbic dopamine, oxytocin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and serotonin neural systems are involved, as are epigenetic effects. Not all mothers who experience CMT become poor mothers, and the involvement of gene by environment interactions are highlighted.
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Parental Brain
Authors: Numan Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 presents evolutionary perspectives on the parental brain. First, the evolution of neural modifications to the parental brain that may have allowed for the emergence of alloparental behavior is re-examined. Second, evidence is presented for the proposal that the parental brain provided the foundation or template for the evolution of other types of strong prosocial bonds in mammals, such as the pair bond that occurs in biparental monogamous species, and the hyper-cooperation and hyper-prosociality directed toward in-group members, as opposed to out-group members, that occur in human societies. With respect to the latter, neural mechanisms associated with alloparenting and cooperative breeding may have served as a preadaptation. Neural models, along with evidence, are presented to show how cortical and subcortical parental brain circuits may have been appropriated and utilized by natural selection to result in the evolution of high levels of prosociality within human social groups.
The Point of Justice
Authors: Forst Rainer 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
John Rawls famously claimed that “the accidents of natural endowment and the contingencies of social circumstance” are “arbitrary from a moral point of view.” Luck egalitarians believe that a conception of justice that eliminates the effects of circumstance but not of choice captures that intuition better than Rawls’s own principles of justice. This chapter argues that the opposite is the case. We can learn from Rawls that one cannot overcome moral arbitrariness in social life by using a morally arbitrary distinction between choice and circumstance. Furthermore, the chapter argues that the incompatibility between these two approaches points to a deeper difference between a deontological and a teleological paradigm that is crucial for the debate between relational and nonrelational notions of political and social justice.
The Roles of Rights
Authors: Owens David 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter aims to clarify the moral foundations of private law’s response to wrongs, as well as the underlying deontic structure of relationships of right, duty, wrong, and remedy in ethics and in law. It begins by introducing the idea of ethical individualism. Ethical individualism implies that: duties are individuated, individuation of duties entails that the right-holder will ordinarily enjoy certain powers in relation to the normative significance of wrongs that they suffer, and the morally salient facts about right-holders that justify their rights are such as to require special consideration of the right-holder in the discharge of individuated duties. This chapter presents some important refinements on ethical individualism and registers some caveats to accounts of civil wrongs which expressly or impliedly endorse it. One refinement explains variability in the law’s recognition of normative powers in right-holders. Another refinement this chapter discusses is in relation to the analysis of rights and powers at issue in third-party beneficiary arrangements.
Tort Law, Expression, and Duplicative Wrongs
Authors: Stark Findlay 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines puzzles that arise when both tort law and criminal law admonish the selfsame wrongs. It considers these “duplicative wrongs.” Engaging with the recent work of Scott Hershovitz, who draws insight from expressive theories of criminal law to defend an expressive theory of tort law, the chapter argues that Hershovitz cannot borrow from criminal law’s expressivism as straightforwardly as he suggests. According to expressive theories of criminal law, criminal sanctions send a message of condemnation. This chapter posits that, to the extent that tort law sends the message of wrongdoing rather than of condemnation, tort law may well need to designate new torts to properly calibrate its messaging. It cannot simply adopt criminal law’s denominations because that would risk undermining the condemnatory messages that criminal law sends. Any new expressive torts, this chapter concludes, must therefore be cast in tort law’s own terms.
Expectations
Authors: Rocca Della 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
How should parents manage their children’s use of digital devices? Why do parents hope for so much from the digital world and yet fear it? The rights and wrongs of “digital parenting” are hotly contested within families, among policymakers, and in the media? To answer these questions, this chapter introduces fieldwork grounded in the day-to-day experiences of families. We argue that “digital parenting” has become a crucial means by which society explores pressing dilemmas over how to live, what constitutes well-being, and what a “good life” is. The chapter explores how parents look backward to their childhood to reflect on how they were parented, and then forward to the conditions in which their children might themselves parent in the future. We begin by positioning parenting conceptually in relation to theories of late modernity and the risk society, but find we must give more emphasis to the importance of established (if changing) social structures and persistent social inequalities. Throughout the book, we reveal how it is through their everyday practices that families navigate between present desires and material constraints. The chapter then introduces three distinct genres for “digital parenting”—embrace, balance, and resist—as a way of understanding the particular constellations of practices, values, and imaginaries that are threaded throughout the stories of individuals and families that follow.
Social Inequality
Authors: Rocca Della 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the experiences of families living in very different circumstances, many of whom are engaging in what has been described as “intensive parenting.” Here we argue that it is not only privileged families but also, indeed, families from across the social spectrum that now invest in the kinds of “concerted cultivation” practices through which parents try to realize the future they imagine for their children, including through embrace of digital technologies. Examining distinctive intersections of cultural and economic capital in a global city like London complicates standard linear classifications of households—including an emergent category of educated but low-income families who seek especially creative ways of engaging with digital technologies. While the case studies of diverse families challenge existing interpretations of class and parenting, we nonetheless show how privilege remains important in shaping the unequal opportunities enabled by digital technology.
Bridging the Divide
Authors: Apostolopoulos Yorghos 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes the volume and describes its organization. It begins by delving into the limitations of the prevailing reductionist paradigm in population health science and the need for a transition from a typically risk factor–based science to a science that recognizes the whole and relationships among parts of pressing population health problems. Next, it walks readers through distinctions between public and population health on the one hand and key concepts of complexity on the other, while offering a shared understanding of population health science and complex systems science. The chapter also lays out the design of and potential audiences for this book.
Phase Transitions and Resilience in Physical and Psychological Health
Authors: Olde Rikkert Marcel G. M. , Schuurman Noemi , Melis René J. F. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Complexity science methods offer new opportunities for prognosis and treatment in healthcare and clinical psychology because of the increasing need for integration of the detailed knowledge of physiological and psychological subsystems and the increasing prevalence of multiple disease conditions in our aging societies. This chapter explains how the frequently occurring acute transitions and related tipping points in physical and mental processes in these populations can be monitored with time series and dynamical indicators of resilience. The authors introduce slowing down of recovery, increase in variance and autocorrelation, and increasing cross-correlation between subsystem time series as valid predictors of the proximity of tipping points in diseases such as depression, heart failure and syncope. Using wearable devices, together with these complex systems analyses, yields new methods of forecasting and may improve resilience of individual persons and their mental or physical (organ) subsystems
How Complex Systems Science Can Revolutionize Population Health Theory
Authors: Goodson Patricia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses whether and how complex systems science (CSS) can revolutionize population health theory. First, the chapter defines theory and the practice of theory-building (or theorizing); second, it outlines some of the difficulties found in current population health theorizing; lastly, it characterizes the mechanisms through which CSS can influence, change, and revolutionize current theorizing efforts. The chapter also describes two examples of scholars who used CSS to challenge currently held assumptions and reframe complex health problems. Lastly, the author addresses the implications—of adopting a CSS approach to theorizing—for practice, policy development, and training of the future public health workforce.
Designing Population Health Research Grounded in Complex Systems Science
Authors: Frerichs Leah , Smith Natalie R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There have been increasing calls to use complex systems research approaches to address pressing population health problems. To respond to this call, the authors argue that researchers must shift their thinking in how they design population health research studies. Although designing research from a complex systems approach follows the same basic steps as traditional studies that are anchored in statistical, deductive research, new elements of dynamic complexity must be taken into account. This chapter provides an overview of designing research grounded in complex systems. It details the research design steps following a complex systems approach, emphasizing the initial stages of defining and narrowing the research focus. Complex systems issues compel researchers to define objectives and ask questions about how factors such as interconnections, delays between cause and effect, and nonlinear relationships influence outcomes of interest. The initial questions subsequently shape the research design and approach, where systems mapping and computational modeling and simulation methods are often highly relevant. The chapter concludes with a discussion about the complementary and synergistic nature of complex systems and traditional research approaches.
Validation of Microsimulation Models Used for Population Health Policy
Authors: Alarid-Escudero Fernando , Gulati Roman , Rutter Carolyn M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses validation of simulation models used to inform health policy. Confidence in a model’s validity can be weaker or stronger depending on several factors. These factors include verifying whether model specifications were implemented correctly, evaluating the extent to which model-predicted results are consistent with empirical results, and examining whether model predictions are robust to alternative structural assumptions. Systematic evaluation of these factors can be used to gauge the extent to which a model is validated for a given application. It reviews types of validation, discusses the related concepts of calibration and nonidentifiability, takes a deeper dive into cancer model validation studies, and concludes with questions that consumers of models should ask (and modelers should answer) to inform judgment about a model’s fitness for purpose. Final judgments about when model results can be trusted ultimately rely on the evolving understanding of the disease and intervention effects, available data relevant to the application, and access to reporting of model validation exercises.
An Art or a Sport?
Authors: Klapper Melissa R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Most ballet students in the United States have taken class for recreational purposes rather than pre-professional training. Recitals developed as a means of giving them performance opportunities while also demonstrating their accomplishments to their families. Teachers also benefited from recitals, which allowed them to showcase their work. By the mid-twentieth century, ballet recitals were already a ritual of American life. As more girls turned to sports in the wake of Title IX, 1972 federal civil rights legislation that required equal opportunities for girls and boys in educational environments, the number of competitions for recreational ballet students increased sharply. The hope was that making ballet more sport-like and competitive would help retain girls and boys alike as students. While dance competitions remain controversial and have compounded previously existing issues of access, they are now so pervasive that they are part of the landscape of recreational as well as professional ballet.