bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Learning Gauged Supergravity
Authors: Krishnan Chethan , Mohan Vyshnav , Ray Soham 
Published: March 2020

AbstractType IIB string theory on a 5‐sphere gives rise to gauged supergravity in five dimensions. Motivated by the fact that this is the context of the most widely studied example of the AdS/CFT correspondence, we undertake an investigation of its critical points. The scalar manifold is an coset, and the challenge is that it is 42‐dimensional. We take a Machine Learning approach to the problem using TensorFlow, and this results in a substantial increase in the number of known critical points. Our list of 32 critical points contains all five of the previously known ones, including an supersymmetric point identified by Khavaev, Pilch and Warner.
Computational Studies on the Interaction of Formaldehyde Vapor with δ‐Phosphorene Nanosheet: A DFT Insight
Authors: Sabitha Ramasamy , Nagarajan Veerappan , Chandiramouli Ramanathan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe investigated the electronic properties and the structural firmness of δ‐phosphorene nanosheet (δ‐P) based on density functional theory. δ‐P shows semiconductor nature with a band gap of 0.363 eV. We used δ‐P sheets to adsorb formaldehyde vapors. The adsorption energy infers the physisorption type of interaction between formaldehyde and δ‐P. The charge transfer analysis reveals that δ‐P acts as acceptor of electrons. The density of state spectrum and band structure maps shows the variation in the energy bandgap of δ‐P, which results from the adsorption of formaldehyde. Also, a noticeable variation in the electron densities has been observed due to formaldehyde interaction with δ‐P. Thus, the result shows that δ‐P sheets can be used as a base substrate for formaldehyde vapors.
Surface Engineering of Organic Polymers by Photo‐induced Free Radical Coupling with p‐Dimethylaminophenyl Group as A Synthesis Block
Authors: Liao Qingyu , Chen Dong , Zhang Xianhong , Ma Yuhong , Yang Biao , Zhao Changwen , Yang Wantai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis contribution presents a versatile strategy to transfer unactivated surface C–H bonds of polymeric substrates to C–R–F groups (R stands for a spacer and F stands for functional group) by UV light‐assisted surface free radical coupling. With p‐dimethylaminophenyl radical as a building block, various reactive groups, such as –CHO, –SH, –B(O)OH, –CN and –SO3−, are successfully grafted onto typical commercial polymer substrates including biaxially oriented polypropylene, polyethylene phthalate, ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and dimethyl silicone rubber. Fluorencence microscope images, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV‐vis and fluorescence spectra support that the above functional groups are covalently bonded to the polymer substrates. The concentration of the reactive groups immobilized on the different substrates is in the order of 10−8 to 10−7 mmol mm−2 determined by UV‐vis spectrometry. In addition, as a proof‐of‐concept, the introduced functional groups are demonstrated by their special reactions, for example, –CHO reacting with –NH2 to synthesize Schiff base, –SH to detect silver ions, and the complexes of –C=N and Zn2+ to degrade Rhodamine B. The results indicate that one can fabricate an integrated molecular library on the surface of polymeric substrates at the molecular level by selecting the building blocks.
Effect of the Post‐Treatment of HZSM‐5 on Catalytic Performance for Methanol to Aromatics
Authors: Li Hui , Dong Peng , Ji Dong , Zhao XinHong , Li Chunqiang , Cheng Chunhui , Li Guixian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe preparation of aromatic by methanol was the most effective way for rational utilization of resources. However, the catalyst for MTA reaction has not yet been successfully studied. Therefore, highly active and shape‐selective HZSM‐5 zeolite‐based catalysts were designed and synthesized by post‐treatments of desilication, dealumination, surface‐passivation and hydrothermal treatment tuning pore structure and acid amount and acid concentration of catalysts. XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, NH3‐TPD and Py‐IR were used for research and analysis the structure‐activity relationship between the catalysts and MTA reaction. The results showed that the total acid amount of catalyst shown a significant role in increasing the BTX selectivity. The selectivity of aromatics increased from 33 % to 58.1 % after hydrothermal treatment compared to the parent HZSM‐5 zeolite due to the decreased of total acid amount. Nevertheless the weak acid sites were crucial in increasing the p‐xylene selectivity. The selectivity of p‐xylene reached 63.8 % and 70.1 % after hydrothermal treatment and surface‐passivation due to the increased of weak acid sites, respectively. Modified HZSM‐5 zeolite‐base catalysts showed good application prospects in producing aromatics from methanol.
A New Generation of Platinum‐Copper Electrocatalysts with Ultra‐Low Concentrations of Platinum for Oxygen‐Reduction Reactions in Alkaline Media
Authors: Parkash Anand , Jia Zhou , Tian Tang , Ge Zhang , Yu Chen , Chunli Xu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn order to reduce the cost and enhance the performance of the cathode catalyst for fuel cell, support‐less, ultra‐low Pt contents based nanostructured platinum copper (Pt−Cu) nanoparticles (NPs), with differential Pt‐contents, were prepared using CTAB‐reduction approach and avoiding utilization of high Pt contents, while keeping high electrocatalytic activity and durability. The novelty of present work lies in the suggested synthesis method for support‐free Pt−Cu NPs with lower Pt loadings (0.04‐0.25 wt.%). Pt0.25Cu NPs (Eo 0.98 V vs. RHE) exhibits high ORR performance compared to Pt/C (20 wt.%) (Eo 0.97 V vs. RHE). The synthesis method of our Pt−Cu NPs will find wide application in the preparation of bimetallic nanocatalysts.
Hydroxypropyl β‐Cyclodextrin Solubilizing Hydrophobic Initiator to Initiate Copper‐Mediated RDRP of NIPAM in Aqueous Media
Authors: Lu Hang , Gao Ming , Song Ronghao , Ye Lin , Zhang Ai‐Ying , Feng Zeng‐Guo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe copper mediated reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Cu0‐RDRP) can realize the precise synthesis of vinyl polymers in aqueous media. To our best of knowledge, there are few hydrophobic initiators directly utilized to perform the aqueous Cu0‐RDRP because the heterogeneity usually causes the polymerization to go out of control. This article first describes a very small number of hydroxylpropyl β‐cyclodextrins (HP‐β‐CDs) enabling to solubilize a bifunctional hydrophobic initiator tetraethylene glycol bis(2‐bromoisobutyrate) (T2B) into water to initiate the homogeneous Cu0‐RDRP of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) giving rise to well‐defined poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM). The solubilization action is arisen from the inclusion complexation of HP‐β‐CDs with T2B as evidenced by 2D NOESY and 2D DOSY NMR analyses. Furthermore these entrapped HP‐β‐CDs show little effect on the polymerization process as they all skip off the initiator at the very beginning of the polymerization as determined by GPC and 1H NMR measurements.
Melamine‐Induced N,S‐Codoped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Tian Wen‐Wen , Ren Jin‐Tao , Lv Xian‐Wei , Gao Li‐Jiao , Yuan Zhong‐Yong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractExploring an efficient strategy to enhance the catalytic oxygen reduction performance of carbon‐based catalysts is of great significance in the field of electrocatalysis. In this work, through a facile polymerization‐carbonization approach under the regulation of melamine, N,S‐codoped hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets with controllable morphology are fabricated by using polyaniline as the precursor. The resultant catalysts have favorable features of the synergetic effect of N,S co‐doping and the advanced structural property with high specific surface area and hierarchical pore structure, contributing to an encouraging onset potential (Eonset = 0.94 V) in alkaline media, comparable to that of Pt/C catalysts, as well as excellent electrochemical stability and methanol tolerance. By rationally adjusting the experimental parameters, the mechanism of melamine on the formation of final porous nanosheet structure during high‐temperature pyrolysis is clarified, and the optimal experimental conditions for the superior catalysts are also discussed. Furthermore, a rechargeable Zn‐air battery constructed with the resulting materials exhibits desirable performance with low charge‐discharge gap and impressive life‐span. This contribution would supply some novel inspiration to design carbon‐based materials with desired features for energy‐related technologies.
Calcium Carbide as Acetylene Source in Cascade Assemblies of Hydroxypyrrolines and 3H‐Pyrroles from Ketoximes
Authors: Shabalin Dmitrii A. , Dubovtsev Alexey Yu. , Schmidt Elena Yu. , Trofimov Boris A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTwo types of rare five‐membered aza‐heterocycles, namely 3,3‐disubstituted‐3H‐pyrroles and 5‐hydroxypyrrolines, were synthesized from calcium carbide and available sec‐alkyl (het)aryl ketoximes in the MOH/DMSO (M=Na, K) superbase systems. In contrast to the known procedures implemented with acetylene gas, the modified method is expedient and much safer that makes these intriguing aza‐heterocycles accessible for any laboratory without facilities working with acetylene gas.
An Efficient Acetalization Method for Biomass‐Derived Furfural with Ethanol Using γ‐Al2O3‐Supported Catalysts
Authors: Castellanos‐Blanco Nahury , Taborda Gonzalo , Cobo Martha 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the mono and bimetallic catalysts of Rh, Pt and Ni supported on γ‐Al2O3were tested for the selective acetalization of furfural to produce furfural diethyl acetal in a mixture containing furfural diluted in ethanol. Ni1.5Rh1.5/γ‐Al2O3exhibited the highest catalytic activity among all the tested catalysts, with an 85% furfural conversion and 100% furfural diethyl acetal selectivity at 100 °C and 30 min of reaction. Catalyst characterization showed that Ni1.5Rh1.5/γ‐Al2O3presented particle sizes smaller than 1.2 nm, and the active metals were partially oxidized (RhIIIand NiII). A direct correlation between conversion and weak acidity of mono and bimetallic catalysts was obtained. Interestingly, despite exhibiting strong acidity, γ‐Al2O3alone was little active in the process, which evidenced the role of the metal in acetalization of furfural into ethanol.In‐situDRIFTS experiments indicated that furfural is easily adsorbed onto these small particles as Niδ+‐(η1‐O,C‐FFR) and Rhδ+‐ethoxide species and rapidly transforms into furfural diethyl acetal and water. The catalyst was recycled four times, with a loss in catalytic activity of approximately 19%. The Ni1.5Rh1.5/γ‐Al2O3catalyst was also successfully applied in the condensation of a variety of biomass derivatives.
Chemical and Colloidal Dynamics of MnO2 Nanosheets in Biological Media Relevant for Nanosafety Assessment
Authors: Gray Evan P. , Browning Cynthia L. , Vaslet Charles A. , Gion Kyle D. , Green Allen , Liu Muchun , Kane Agnes B. , Hurt Robert H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany layered crystal phases can be exfoliated or assembled into ultrathin 2D nanosheets with novel properties not achievable by particulate or fibrous nanoforms. Among these 2D materials are manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets, which have applications in batteries, catalysts, and biomedical probes. A novel feature of MnO2 is its sensitivity to chemical reduction leading to dissolution and Mn2+ release. Biodissolution is critical for nanosafety assessment of 2D materials, but the timing and location of MnO2 biodissolution in environmental or occupational exposure scenarios are poorly understood. This work investigates the chemical and colloidal dynamics of MnO2 nanosheets in biological media for environmental and human health risk assessment. MnO2 nanosheets are insoluble in most aqueous phases, but react with strong and weak reducing agents in biological fluid environments. In vitro, reductive dissolution can be slow enough in cell culture media for MnO2 internalization by cells in the form of intact nanosheets, which localize in vacuoles, react to deplete intracellular glutathione, and induce cytotoxicity that is likely mediated by intracellular Mn2+ release. The results are used to classify MnO2 nanosheets within a new hazard screening framework for 2D materials, and the implications of MnO2 transformations for nanotoxicity testing and nanosafety assessment are discussed.
Effects of metformin on recognition memory and hippocampal neuroplasticity in rats with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Muñoz‐Arenas Guadalupe , Pulido Guadalupe , Treviño Samuel , Vázquez‐Roque Rubén , Flores Gonzalo , Moran Carolina , Handal‐Silva Anabella , Guevara Jorge , Venegas Berenice , Díaz Alfonso 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MS) is a health problem that is characterized by body fat accumulation, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia; recently, it has been demonstrated that MS also damages memory processes. The first‐line drug in the treatment of MS and type 2 diabetes mellitus is metformin, which is an antihyperglycemic agent. This drug has been shown to produce neuroprotection and to improve memory processes. However, the mechanism involved in this neuroprotection is unknown. A 90‐day administration of metformin improved the cognitive processes of rats with MS as evaluated by the novel object recognition test, and this finding could be explained by an increase in the neuronal spine density and spine length. We also found that metformin increased the immunoreactivity of synaptophysin, sirtuin‐1, AMP‐activated protein kinase, and brain‐derived neuronal factor, which are important plasticity markers. We conclude that metformin is an important therapeutic agent that increases neural plasticity and protects cognitive processes. The use of this drug is important in the minimization of the damage caused by MS.
Effects of Kampo therapy on prognosis in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (report 1)
Authors: Homma Yukihiko , Ohtsuka Yoshinori 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimWe retrospectively examined the effects of Kampo therapy on survival rate in patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), who were treated in our institute for over 40 years, from 1978 to 2018.MethodMain phenotype of IIPs was IPF (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis) and f‐NSIP (nonspecific interstitial pneumonia). Fifty‐nine (37 men, 22 women) patients were included in this study with an average age at onset of 63.6 years. Kampo formulas were prescribed according to the patients' pathophysiological characteristics. A combination of saireito plus keishibukuryogan was one of the most frequently used formulas prescribed for IIPs. Saireito, which suppresses inflammation in various diseases, is usually used for hypochondriac discomfort and distension and keishibukuryogan is used for elimination of blood stasis.ResultsThe median survival time with Kampo therapy was 169.6 months (95% CI: 119.5–219.8). Adding this median survival time to the average age at onset (63.6 years old) of this study group gives an age of 77.8, which is close to the average life span of the Japanese.ConclusionThis result is better than the expected period of survival (median survival) in previously published studies. This result suggests the efficacy of Kampo therapy for IIPs, especially IPF and f‐NSIP.
Genomic prediction of maternal haploid induction rate in maize
Authors: Almeida Vinícius Costa , Trentin Henrique Uliana , Frei Ursula Karoline , Lübberstedt Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenomic prediction (GP) might be an efficient way to improve haploid induction rate (HIR) and to reduce the laborious and time‐consuming task of phenotypic selection for HIR in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study, we evaluated GP accuracies for HIR and other agronomic traits of importance to inducers by independent and cross‐validation. We propose the use of GP for cross prediction and parental selection in the development of new inducer breeding populations. A panel of 159 inducers from Iowa State University (ISU set) was genotyped and phenotyped for HIR and several agronomic traits. The data of an independent set of 53 inducers evaluated by the University of Hohenheim (UOH set) was used for independent validation. The HIR ranged from 0.61 to 20.74% and exhibited high heritability (0.90). High cross‐validation prediction accuracy was observed for HIR (r = 0.82), whereas for other traits it ranged from 0.36 (self‐induction rate) to 0.74 (days to anthesis). Prediction accuracies across different sets were higher when the larger panel (ISU set) was used as a training population (r = 0.54). The average HIR of the 12,561 superior predicted progenies (μSP) ranged from 1.00–18.36% and was closely related to the corresponding midparent genomic estimated breeding value (GEBV). A predicted genetic variance (VG) of reduced magnitude was observed in the twenty crosses with highest midparent GEBV or μSP for HIR. Our results indicate that although GP is a useful tool for parental selection, decisions about which cross combinations should be pursued need to be based on optimal trade‐offs between maximizing both μSP and VG.
Liouville type Theorems for the 3D stationary Hall‐MHD equations
Authors: Li Zhouyu , Niu Pengcheng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to establish the Liouville type theorems for the stationary Hall‐MHD equations on . We prove that the velocity and magnetic fields, belonging to some Lorentz spaces, must be zero. In particular, we also show Liouville type results for 3D stationary Navier‐Stokes equations. Our results extend and generalize previous result contained in Kozono, et al., (2017) [15].
Interaction between a screw dislocation and a completely coated semi‐infinite anticrack
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe use complex variable methods to derive analytic solutions to the problem associated with the interaction between a screw dislocation and a completely coated semi‐infinite anticrack. The two sides of the anticrack or rigid line inclusion are perfectly bonded to the surrounding coating, which is also perfectly bonded to its neighboring matrix. The screw dislocation can be located anywhere in the composite structure. We obtain explicit expressions for the resultant stress intensity factor characterizing the square root singularity in the stress distribution at the anticrack tip, the resultant anticrack contraction force, which is always negative, and the image force acting on the screw dislocation.
Some results on $$\mathcal {L}$$-commutative semigroups
Authors: Gigoń Roman S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe prove first that every$$\mathcal {H}$$H-commutative semigroup is stable. Using this result [and some results from the standard text (Nagy, Special classes of semigroups, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 2001)], we give two equivalent conditions for a semigroup to be an archimedean$$\mathcal {H}$$H-commutative semigroup containing an idempotent element. It turns out that this result can be partially extended to$$\mathcal {L}$$L-commutative semigroups and quasi-commutative semigroups.
Diagnostic Performance of Neck Ultrasonography in the Preoperative Evaluation for Extrathyroidal Extension of Suspicious Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Ramundo Valeria , Di Gioia Cira Rosaria Tiziana , Falcone Rosa , Lamartina Livia , Biffoni Marco , Giacomelli Laura , Filetti Sebastiano , Durante Cosimo , Grani Giorgio 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundA preoperative neck ultrasound (US) is recommended for all patients with suspected thyroid cancer, to identify features potentially changing surgical extent. The extrathyroidal extension (ETE) is considered an indication for total thyroidectomy, but there is limited consensus on its US definition, and the interobserver reliability is low. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of neck US for ETE before surgery and to estimate the diagnostic performance of different US findings, evaluated during real‐time examinations.MethodsPatients referred to surgery between November 1, 2015, and May 31, 2019, for a suspicious thyroid cancer underwent a preoperative neck US, with systematic assessment for ETE. Three definitions were tested: very restrictive (capsular disruption with suspicious images of surrounding tissues invasion), restrictive (including also capsular abutment with evidence of capsular disruption), and nonrestrictive (capsular abutment is sufficient). Histopathology report of ETE involving at least soft tissues was considered positive. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated.ResultsThe study cohort included 128 patients, with 102 (79.7%) confirmed malignancies, and 44 (43.1%) histological ETE. The nonrestrictive definition had good sensitivity (86.4%) but low specificity (29.8%), with an NPV of 80.6%; the restrictive definition had higher specificity (81%), while the very restrictive had specificity and PPV of 100%.ConclusionsA more extensive surgical approach should not be based on US suspicion of ETE alone, with the possible exception of gross invasion appearance. The absence of any sign of ETE, on the other hand, has a substantial negative predictive value.
Management of functional neurological disorder
Authors: Gilmour Gabriela S. , Nielsen Glenn , Teodoro Tiago , Yogarajah Mahinda , Coebergh Jan Adriaan , Dilley Michael D. , Martino Davide , Edwards Mark J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFunctional neurological disorder (FND) is a common cause of persistent and disabling neurological symptoms. These symptoms are varied and include abnormal control of movement, episodes of altered awareness resembling epileptic seizures and abnormal sensation and are often comorbid with chronic pain, fatigue and cognitive symptoms. There is increasing evidence for the role of neurologists in both the assessment and management of FND. The aim of this review is to discuss strategies for the management of FND by focusing on the diagnostic discussion and general principles, as well as specific treatment strategies for various FND symptoms, highlighting the role of the neurologist and proposing a structure for an interdisciplinary FND service.
The membrane of Liliequist—a safe haven in the middle of the brain. A narrative review
Authors: Volovici V. , Varvari I. , Dirven C. M. F. , Dammers R. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
The membrane of Liliequist is one of the best-known inner arachnoid membranes and an essential intraoperative landmark when approaching the interpeduncular cistern but also an obstacle in the growth of lesions in the sellar and parasellar regions. The limits and exact anatomical description of this membrane are still unclear, as it blends into surrounding structures and joins other arachnoid membranes.

Methods
We performed a systematic narrative review by searching for articles describing the anatomy and the relationship of the membrane of Liliequist with surrounding structures in MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar. Included articles were cross-checked for missing references. Both preclinical and clinical studies were included, if they detailed the clinical relevance of the membrane of Liliequist.

Results
Despite a common definition of the localisation of the membrane of Liliequist, important differences exist with respect to its anatomical borders. The membrane appears to be continuous with the pontomesencephalic and pontomedullary membranes, leading to an arachnoid membrane complex around the brainstem. Furthermore, Liliequist’s membrane most likely continues along the oculomotor nerve sheath in the cavernous sinus, blending into and giving rise to the carotid-oculomotor membrane.

Conclusion
Further standardized anatomical studies are needed to clarify the relation of the membrane of Liliequist with surrounding structures but also the anatomy of the arachnoid membranes in general. Our study supports this endeavour by identifying the knowledge hiatuses and reviewing the current knowledge base.