bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemic Self-Trust: It's Personal
Authors: Dormandy Katherine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhat is epistemic self-trust? There is a tension in the way in which prominent accounts answer this question. Many construe epistemic trust in oneself as no more than reliance on our sub-personal cognitive faculties. Yet many accounts – often the same ones – construe epistemic trust in others as a normatively laden attitude directed at persons whom we expect to care about our epistemic needs. Is epistemic self-trust really so different from epistemic trust in others? I argue that it is not. We certainly do rely on our cognitive faculties to achieve epistemic ends; but I argue that we also have the normatively rich sort of epistemic trust in ourselves. Moreover, there is a theoretical need for this normatively rich notion of epistemic self-trust: positing it yields the best account of how we secure important epistemic goods, including knowledge and recognition as knowers. I argue this by giving an account of epistemic trust in others and showing that it can be generalized to epistemic trust in oneself.
Researching U.S. Federal Law: a Primer
Authors: Zubrow Marcia Singal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article is designed for law librarians based outside the United States. The paper, written by Marcia Zubrow, provides basic information about the United States legal system and its sources. This background foundation to the article is important in understanding how to effectively use the two major U.S. databases, Lexis and Westlaw. The author describes the contents of the two databases within the context of the background information. Search techniques, including advance searching strategies, are described.
High‐Density Magnetospheric He+ at the Dayside Magnetopause and Its Effect on Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Haaland S. , Tenfjord P. , Paschmann G. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Malaspina D. , Kim M. J. , Trattner K. J. , Petrinec S. M. , Giles B. L. , Goldstein J. , Burch J. L. , Strangeway R. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObservations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are used to quantify the maximum effect of magnetospheric H+ and He+ on dayside magnetopause reconnection. A data base of current‐sheet crossings from the first 2 years of the MMS mission is used to identify magnetopause crossings with the highest He+ concentrations. While all of these magnetopause crossings exhibit evidence of plasmaspheric plume material, only half of the crossings are directly associated with plasmaspheric plumes. The He+ density varies dramatically within the magnetosphere adjacent to the magnetopause, with density variations of an order of magnitude on timescales as short as 10 s, the time resolution of the composition instrument on MMS. Plasma wave observations are used to determine the total electron density, and composition measurements are used to determine the mass density in the magnetosheath and magnetosphere. These mass densities are then used with the magnetic field observations to determine the theoretical reduction in the reconnection rate at the magnetopause. The presence of high‐density plasmaspheric plume material at the magnetopause causes transient reductions in the reconnection rate of up to ∼40%.
Synchronization of Earthquake Cycles of Adjacent Segments on Oceanic Transform Faults Revealed by Numerical Simulation in the Framework of Rate‐and‐State Friction
Authors: Wei Meng , Shi Pengcheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSynchronization behavior of large earthquakes (rupture of nearby faults close in time for many cycles) has been reported in many fault systems. The general idea is that the faults in the system have similar repeating intervals and are positively coupled through stress interaction. However, many details of such synchronization remain unknown. Here, we built a numerical model in the framework of rate‐and‐state friction to simulate earthquake cycles on the west Gofar fault, East Pacific Rise. Our model consists of two seismic patches separated by a barrier patch, which are constrained by seismic observations. We varied the parameters in the barrier to understand its role on earthquake synchronization. First, we found that when the barrier is relatively weak, synchronization can be achieved by afterslip or post‐seismic creep in the barrier patch. Second, static stress transfer can lead to synchronization, opposite to the suggestion by Scholz (2010, https://doi.org/10.1785/0120090309), which was based on results from a spring‐slider model using rate‐and‐state friction. Third, the width of the barrier is more important than its strength. When the barrier is narrow enough (no more than half the width of the seismic patch in our model), the system can achieve synchronization even with a very strong barrier. Fourth, for certain simulations, the interaction between the two seismic patches promotes partial rupture in the seismic patches and leads to complex behavior: the system switches from synchronized to unsynchronized over 10–20 cycles.
Lateral Structural Variation of the Lithosphere‐Asthenosphere System in the Northeastern to Eastern Iranian Plateau and Its Tectonic Implications
Authors: Wu Zimu , Chen Ling , Talebian Morteza , Wang Xu , Jiang Mingming , Ai Yinshuang , Lan Haiqiang , Gao Yifan , Khatib Mohammad Mahdi , Hou Guangbing , Chung Sun‐Lin , Liang Xiaofeng , Zhao Liang , Naimi‐Ghassabian Nasser , Xiao Wenjiao , Zhu Rixiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Iranian plateau is a natural laboratory for deciphering the lithospheric deformation and deep dynamics in response to the Neo‐Tethyan subduction and subsequent Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision. Here we used S‐wave receiver function data from a dense seismic array to construct the structural image of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system across the northeastern to eastern Iranian plateau. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is consistently imaged, being relatively flat at 80–90 km depth in eastern Iran, but deepening northward to ∼120 km depth beneath the Kopeh Dagh‐Turan platform boundary with an overall “root‐like” shape in northeastern Iran. A shallower (<45 km) and a deeper Moho (∼50–55 km) are also observed beneath eastern and northeastern Iran, respectively, suggesting similar crustal deformation to mantle lithosphere but different patterns laterally. Moreover, a strong positive velocity discontinuity (PVD) is detected at ∼170 km depth beneath eastern Iran, possibly representing the base of an asthenospheric low‐velocity layer (LVL). Waveform modeling reveals large velocity contrasts of ∼4%–6% over a depth range of less than 30 and 20 km, respectively, across the LAB and the asthenospheric PVD. Combining our new results with geological and petrological constraints, we deduced that the asthenospheric LVL contains a small amount of melt, with sharp boundaries separating from the nearly melt‐free lithosphere above (LAB) and deeper mantle below (PVD). The observed structural variations of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system across the study region may result from the complex lithospheric deformation in response to the Arabia‐Eurasia collision and effects of multiple tectono‐thermal events associated with the earlier Neo‐Tethyan subduction.
Snow on Arctic Sea Ice in a Warming Climate as Simulated in CESM
Authors: Webster M. A. , DuVivier A. K. , Holland M. M. , Bailey D. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarth system models are valuable tools for understanding how the Arctic snow‐ice system and the feedbacks therein may respond to a warming climate. In this analysis, we investigate snow on Arctic sea ice to better understand how snow conditions may change under different forcing scenarios. First, we use in situ, airborne, and satellite observations to assess the realism of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) in simulating snow on Arctic sea ice. CESM versions one and two are evaluated, with V1 being the Large Ensemble experiment (CESM1‐LE) and V2 being configured with low‐ and high‐top atmospheric components. The assessment shows CESM2 underestimates snow depth and produces overly uniform snow distributions, whereas CESM1‐LE produces a highly variable, excessively‐thick snow cover. Observations indicate that snow in CESM2 accumulates too slowly in autumn, too quickly in winter‐spring, and melts too soon and rapidly in late spring. The 1950–2050 trends in annual mean snow depths are markedly smaller in CESM2 (−0.8 cm decade−1) than in CESM1‐LE (−3.6 cm decade−1) due to CESM2 having less snow overall. A perennial, thick sea‐ice cover, cool summers, and excessive summer snowfall facilitate a thicker, longer‐lasting snow cover in CESM1‐LE. Under the SSP5‐8.5 forcing scenario, CESM2 shows that, compared to present‐day, snow on Arctic sea ice will: (1) undergo enhanced, earlier spring melt, (2) accumulate less in summer‐autumn, (3) sublimate more, and (4) facilitate marginally more snow‐ice formation. CESM2 also reveals that summers with snow‐free ice can occur ∼30–60 years before an ice‐free central Arctic, which may promote faster sea‐ice melt.
Coherent suppression of backscattering in optical microresonators
Authors: Svela Andreas Ø. , Silver Jonathan M. , Del Bino Leonardo , Zhang Shuangyou , Woodley Michael T. M. , Vanner Michael R. , Del’Haye Pascal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs light propagates along a waveguide, a fraction of the field can be reflected by Rayleigh scatterers. In high-quality-factor whispering-gallery-mode microresonators, this intrinsic backscattering is primarily caused by either surface or bulk material imperfections. For several types of microresonator-based experiments and applications, minimal backscattering in the cavity is of critical importance, and thus, the ability to suppress backscattering is essential. We demonstrate that the introduction of an additional scatterer into the near field of a high-quality-factor microresonator can coherently suppress the amount of backscattering in the microresonator by more than 30 dB. The method relies on controlling the scatterer position such that the intrinsic and scatterer-induced backpropagating fields destructively interfere. This technique is useful in microresonator applications where backscattering is currently limiting the performance of devices, such as ring-laser gyroscopes and dual frequency combs, which both suffer from injection locking. Moreover, these findings are of interest for integrated photonic circuits in which back reflections could negatively impact the stability of laser sources or other components.
Distinct ecotypes within a natural haloarchaeal population enable adaptation to changing environmental conditions without causing population sweeps
Authors: Viver Tomeu , Conrad Roth E , Orellana Luis H , Urdiain Mercedes , González-Pastor José E , Hatt Janet K , Amann Rudolf , Antón Josefa , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T , Rosselló-Móra Ramon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Microbial communities thriving in hypersaline brines of solar salterns are highly resistant and resilient to environmental changes, and salinity is a major factor that deterministically influences community structure. Here, we demonstrate that this resilience occurs even after rapid osmotic shocks caused by a threefold change in salinity (a reduction from 34 to 12% salts) leading to massive amounts of archaeal cell lysis. Specifically, our temporal metagenomic datasets identified two co-occurring ecotypes within the most dominant archaeal population of the brines Haloquadratum walsbyi that exhibited different salt concentration preferences. The dominant ecotype was generally more abundant and occurred in high-salt conditions (34%); the low abundance ecotype always co-occurred but was enriched at salinities around 20% or lower and carried unique gene content related to solute transport and gene regulation. Despite their apparent distinct ecological preferences, the ecotypes did not outcompete each other presumably due to weak functional differentiation between them. Further, the osmotic shock selected for a temporal increase in taxonomic and functional diversity at both the Hqr. walsbyi population and whole-community levels supporting the specialization-disturbance hypothesis, that is, the expectation that disturbance favors generalists. Altogether, our results provide new insights into how intraspecies diversity is maintained in light of substantial gene-content differences and major environmental perturbations.
Quorum sensing provides a molecular mechanism for evolution to tune and maintain investment in cooperation
Authors: Bruger Eric L , Snyder Daniel J , Cooper Vaughn S , Waters Christopher M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As selection frequently favors noncooperating defectors in mixed populations with cooperators, mechanisms that promote cooperation stability clearly exist. One potential mechanism is bacterial cell-to-cell communication, quorum sensing (QS), which can allow cooperators to prevent invasion by defectors. However, the impact of QS on widespread maintenance of cooperation in well-mixed conditions has not been experimentally demonstrated over extended evolutionary timescales. Here, we use wild-type (WT) Vibrio campbellii that regulates cooperation with QS and an unconditional cooperating (UC) mutant to examine the evolutionary origins and dynamics of novel defectors during a long-term evolution experiment. We found that UC lineages were completely outcompeted by defectors, whereas functioning QS enabled the maintenance of cooperative variants in most WT populations. Sequencing evolved populations revealed multiple luxR mutations that swept the UC lineages. However, the evolution of mutant lineages with reduced levels of bioluminescence (dims) occurred in many WT lineages. These dim variants also decreased other cooperative phenotypes regulated by QS, including protease production, indicating they result from changes to QS regulation. This diminished investment phenotype optimizes a tradeoff between cooperative input and growth output and suggests that decreasing the cost of QS could be a favorable strategy for maintaining the cooperative behaviors it regulates.
Schistosoma mansoni eggs induce Wnt/β-catenin signaling and activate the protooncogene c-Jun in human and hamster colon
Authors: Weglage Jakob , Wolters Friederike , Hehr Laura , Lichtenberger Jakob , Wulz Celina , Hempel Felix , Baier Anne , Quack Thomas , Köhler Kernt , Longerich Thomas , Schramm Gabriele , Irungbam Karuna , Mueller Heike , von Buelow Verena , Tschuschner Annette , Odenthal Margarete , Drebber Uta , Arousy Maha El , Ramalho Leandra N. Z. , Bankov Katrin , Wild Peter , Pons-Kühnemann Jörn , Tschammer Jonas , Grevelding Christoph G. , Roeb Elke , Roderfeld Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSchistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, with considerable morbidity in parts of the Middle East, South America, Southeast Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, and particularly also in Europe. The WHO describes an increasing global health burden with more than 290 million people threatened by the disease and a potential to spread into regions with temperate climates like Corsica, France. The aim of our study was to investigate the influence of S. mansoni infection on colorectal carcinogenic signaling pathways in vivo and in vitro. S. mansoni infection, soluble egg antigens (SEA) and the Interleukin-4-inducing principle from S. mansoni eggs induce Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the protooncogene c-Jun as well as downstream factor Cyclin D1 and markers for DNA-damage, such as Parp1 and γH2a.x in enterocytes. The presence of these characteristic hallmarks of colorectal carcinogenesis was confirmed in colon biopsies from S. mansoni-infected patients demonstrating the clinical relevance of our findings. For the first time it was shown that S. mansoni SEA may be involved in the induction of colorectal carcinoma-associated signaling pathways.
A new two‐stage method for single image rain removal
Authors: Zhu Jian , Liu Peiyu , Luo Yu , Ling Jie , Wu Enhua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCompared with video de‐raining, single image de‐raining is more technically difficult due to the lack of temporally redundant information. This paper proposes a new two‐stage method for single image de‐raining. In the first stage, the authors develop an effective two‐step model to detect the rain streaks by taking pixel intensity, and direction of rain streaks as priors. In the second stage, the rain repair process is performed at the patch level. The authors first define a way to search for similar patches of each patch, and then group the similar patches together to form a matrix. Finally, a low‐rank matrix completion technique is utilized to recover the rain‐stained pixels based on the rain map obtained from the first stage. Compared with several state‐of‐the‐art methods, authors' proposed method is competitive in terms of the abilities of removing rain streaks, and preserving image details.
Fractional‐order generalized Laguerre moments and moment invariants for grey‐scale image analysis
Authors: Benouini Rachid , Batioua Imad , Zenkouar Khalid , Najah Said 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHere, a new set of fractional‐order moments, named fractional‐order generalized Laguerre moments (FGLM), is introduced. These proposed moments are defined on the Cartesian coordinate system and their basis functions are represented by the fractional‐order generalized Laguerre polynomials. Contrary to the classical Chebyshev, Legendre and Gegenbauer moments, which provide only global feature, our proposed FGLM have the ability to extract both global and local features. Moreover, a new set of rotation, scale and translation invariants of the FGLM, is derived and introduced for image classification and invariant pattern recognition. Just as important, we have presented a systematic parameter selection method for finding the optimal fractional parameter values with respect to pattern recognition applications. Finally, several recursive methods for reducing the computation time of our proposed invariants are also provided in this study. Therefore, to demonstrate the performance of the introduced fractional‐order moments and moment invariants, a number of experimental analysis are performed in terms of global and local features extraction, robustness to noise, invariance to geometric deformations, object recognition and computational speed. The presented theoretical and experimental results clearly show that the proposed fractional‐order moments and their corresponding invariants could be extremely useful in the field of image analysis.
Eine Trendanalyse von über 190 000 Onlinebewertungen von Orthopäden über die letzten 11 Jahre
Authors: Meszmer Nina 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Die Zielsetzung dieser Studie bestand darin, Onlinebewertungen von Orthopäden über die letzten 11 Jahre am Beispiel des am häufigsten frequentierten Arztbewertungsportals jameda zu analysieren. Dabei sollte zudem ermittelt werden, ob ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl an abgegebenen Bewertungen und der Durchschnittsnote der Orthopäden besteht.
Methodik Es erfolgte eine Analyse aller Onlinebewertungen von Orthopäden auf jameda von 2008 bis 2018. Hierbei wurden in einem ersten Schritt deskriptive Auswertungen (z. B. zur Anzahl an Bewertungen) kumulativ und für die einzelnen Jahre durchgeführt. Im zweiten Schritt wurden die Orthopäden anhand der jeweiligen Anzahl an Bewertungen für jedes Jahr in 3 Gruppen (unterdurchschnittliche/durchschnittliche/überdurchschnittliche Anzahl) eingeteilt und untersucht, ob sich die Durchschnittsnoten der 3 Gruppen signifikant unterscheiden (Kruskal-Wallis-Test, Mann-Whitney-U-Test).
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden für 8126 Orthopäden 193 787 Bewertungen mit einer Durchschnittsnote von 1,97 (SD 1,62) abgegeben. Die Durchschnittsnote der bewerteten Orthopäden verbesserte sich im Laufe der letzten 11 Jahre von 2,38 (SD 1,60) auf 2,02 (SD 0,96). Die durchschnittliche Anzahl an abgegebenen Bewertungen je Arzt lag dabei bei 23,85 (SD 32,49). Die Anzahl an Neubewertungen stieg bis zum Jahr 2017 kontinuierlich an, wobei die hinzugekommenen Neubewertungen im Jahr 2018 unter dem Vorjahresniveau blieben (33 759 vs. 34 367). Bei Orthopäden mit einer überdurchschnittlichen Anzahl an Bewertungen zeigte sich in den einzelnen Jahren zumeist eine signifikant bessere Durchschnittsnote als bei Orthopäden mit einer niedrigeren Anzahl an Bewertungen. Beispielsweise wurden im Jahr 2018 Orthopäden mit einer überdurchschnittlichen Anzahl an Bewertungen signifikant besser bewertet als Orthopäden mit einer unter- oder durchschnittlichen Anzahl an Bewertungen (1,90 vs.
2,17 vs. 2,06; p < 0,001).
Schlussfolgerung Die aktive Nutzung des Arztbewertungsportals jameda, gemessen an der Anzahl an Neubewertungen und bewerteten Orthopäden, stieg in den letzten Jahren deutlich an, wobei die Anzahl an Neubewertungen im Jahr 2018 stagnierte. Die Durchschnittsnote der Orthopäden verbesserte sich zudem im Zeitablauf, wobei Orthopäden mit einer überdurchschnittlichen Anzahl an Bewertungen besser abschneiden als Orthopäden mit einer geringeren Anzahl an Bewertungen.
Impact of Obesity on Complication Rates, Clinical Outcomes, and Quality of Life after Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Goertz Lukas , Stavrinou Pantelis , Hamisch Christina , Perrech Moritz , Czybulka Dierk-Marko , Mehdiani Kaveh , Timmer Marco , Goldbrunner Roland , Krischek Boris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Percutaneous pedicle screw fixation in obese patients remains a surgical challenge. We aimed to compare patient-reported outcomes and complication rates between obese and nonobese patients who were treated by minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF).
Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent MIS-TLIF at a single institution between 2011 and 2014. Patients were classified as obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) or nonobese (BMI < 30 kg/m2), according to their BMI. Outcomes assessed were complications, numerical rating scale (NRS) scores for back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36) scores.
Results The final study group consisted of 71 patients, 24 obese (33.8%, 34.8 ± 3.8 kg/m2) and 47 nonobese (66.2%, 25.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2). Instrumentation failures (13.6 vs. 17.0%), dural tears (17.2 vs. 4.0%), and revision rates (16.7 vs. 19.1%) were similar between both groups (p > 0.05). Perioperative improvements in back pain (4.3 vs. 5.4, p = 0.07), leg pain (3.8 vs. 4.2, p = 0.6), and ODI (13.3 vs. 22.5, p = 0.5) were comparable among the groups and persisted at long-term follow-up. Obese patients had worse postoperative physical component SF-36 scores than nonobese patients (36.4 vs. 42.7, p = 0.03), while the mental component scores were not statistically different (p = 0.09).
Conclusion Obese patients can achieve similar improvement of the pain intensity and functional status even at long-term follow-up. In patients with appropriate surgical indications, obesity should not be considered a contraindication for MIS-TLIF surgery.