bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of prior general anesthesia or sedation and antiseizure drugs on the diagnostic utility of wireless video electroencephalography in dogs
Authors: Parmentier Thomas , Monteith Gabrielle , Cortez Miguel A. , Wielaender Franziska , Fischer Andrea , Jokinen Tarja S. , Lohi Hannes , Sanders Sean , Sammut Veronique , Tai Tricia , James Fiona M. K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAmbulatory wireless video electroencephalography (AEEG) is the method of choice to discriminate epileptic seizures from other nonepileptic episodes. However, the influence of prior general anesthesia (GA), sedation, or antiseizure drug (ASD) on the diagnostic ability of AEEG is unknown.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe use of sedation/GA or ASD treatment before AEEG recording may affect the diagnostic ability of AEEG and the time to first abnormality on AEEG.AnimalsA total of 108 client‐owned dogs undergoing ambulatory AEEG for paroxysmal episodes.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Proportions of diagnostic AEEG and time to first abnormality were compared between dogs that received sedation/GA or neither for instrumentation as well as dogs receiving at least 1 ASD and untreated dogs.ResultsAmbulatory EEG was diagnostic in 60.2% of all dogs including 49% of the sedation/GA dogs and 68% of dogs that received neither (odds ratio [OR], 2.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02‐5.00; P = .05). The AEEG was diagnostic in 51% of dogs receiving at least 1 ASD and 66% of untreated dogs (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 0.9‐4.3; P = .11). No difference was found in time to first abnormality between sedation/GA or neither or ASD‐treated or untreated dogs (P = .1 and P = .3 respectively). Ninety‐five percent of dogs had at least 1 abnormality within 277 minutes.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceSedation/GA and concurrent ASD administration were not identified as confounding factors for decreasing AEEG diagnostic capability nor did they delay the time to first abnormality. A 4‐hour minimal recording period is recommended.
Does harvest affect genetic diversity in grey wolves?
Authors: Ausband David E. , Waits Lisette 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHarvest can affect vital rates such as reproduction and survival, but also genetic measures of individual and population health. Grey wolves (Canis lupus) live and breed in groups, and effective population size is a small fraction of total abundance. As a result, genetic diversity of wolves may be particularly sensitive to harvest. We evaluated how harvest affected genetic diversity and relatedness in wolves. We hypothesized that harvest would (a) reduce relatedness of individuals within groups in a subpopulation but increase relatedness of individuals between groups due to increased local immigration, (b) increase individual heterozygosity and average allelic richness across groups in subpopulations and (c) add new alleles to a subpopulation and decrease the number of private alleles in subpopulations due to an increase in breeding opportunities for unrelated individuals. We found harvest had no effect on observed heterozygosity of individuals or allelic richness at loci within subpopulations but was associated with a small, biologically insignificant effect on within‐group relatedness values in grey wolves. Harvest was, however, positively associated with increased relatedness of individuals between groups and a net gain (+16) of alleles into groups in subpopulations monitored since harvest began, although the number of private alleles in subpopulations overall declined. Harvest likely created opportunities for wolves to immigrate into nearby groups and breed, thereby making groups in subpopulations more related over time. Harvest appears to affect genetic diversity in wolves at the group and population levels, but its effects are less apparent at the individual level given the population sizes we studied.
The route to your roots: New ethnic symbols in the age of the genome
Authors: Carlson Hannah 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study assesses the recent surge in popularity for genetic “ancestry” testing in the United States and what significance this has for Americans' use of symbolic ethnicities. Specifically, this study evaluates how commercial genetic tests allow for new engagement with a symbolic ethnicity and ethnic symbols (Gans, 1979). This study draws upon interviews, attendance of a genealogical conference and a virtual ethnography to support its arguments. The possibility of reification of ethnic, national and racial categories is discussed, alongside a discussion of the way genetic populations are technologically produced. This study draws upon the concepts of affiliative ethnicity (Jimenez, 2010); affiliative self‐fashioning (Nelson, 2008); geneticized identities (Roth & Ivemark, 2018) and Waters' Ethnic Options to argue that DTC genetic ancestry tests allow for a new type of play with ethnic symbols, resulting in cognizant engagement with symbolic ethnicities among Americans who take a genetic test with identity aspirations.
North American temperate conifer (Tsuga canadensis) reveals a complex physiological response to climatic and anthropogenic stressors
Authors: Rayback Shelly A. , Belmecheri Soumaya , Gagen Mary H. , Lini Andrea , Gregory Rachel , Jenkins Catherine 
Published: July 2020

Summary

Rising atmospheric CO2 (ca) is expected to promote tree growth and lower water loss via changes in leaf gas exchange. However, uncertainties remain if gas‐exchange regulation strategies are homeostatic or dynamical in response to increasing ca, as well as evolving climate and pollution inputs.

Using a suite of tree ring‐based δ13C‐derived physiological parameters (Δ13C, ci, iWUE) and tree growth from a mesic, low elevation stand of canopy‐dominant Tsuga canadensis in north‐eastern USA, we investigated the influence of rising ca, climate and pollution on, and characterised the dynamical regulation strategy of, leaf gas exchange at multidecadal scales.

Isotopic and growth time series revealed an evolving physiological response in which the species shifted its leaf gas‐exchange strategy dynamically (constant ci; constant ci/ca; constant ca − ci) in response to rising ca, moisture availability and site conditions over 111 yr. Tree iWUE plateaued after 1975, driven by greater moisture availability and a changing soil biogeochemistry that may have impaired a stomatal response.

Results suggested that trees may exhibit more complex physiological responses to the changing environmental conditions over multidecadal periods, and complicating the parameterisation of Earth system models and the estimation of future carbon sink capacity and water balance in midlatitude forests and elsewhere.
Neighbourhood speed limit and childhood obesity
Authors: Luo Miyang , Li Hanqi , Pan Xiongfeng , Fei Teng , Dai Shaoqing , Qiu Ge , Zou Yuxuan , Vos Heleen , Luo Jiayou , Jia Peng 
Published: July 2020

SummaryAs an important factor for neighbourhood walkability, the speed limit in the neighbourhood may influence children's physical activity (PA) outdoors, especially active transport, and further their weight status. This review aimed to systematically evaluate the association between neighbourhood speed limit and obesity‐related behaviours and outcomes among children and adolescents. PubMed, Embase and Web of Science were systematically searched for relevant studies published from the inception of the database to 1 January 2019. Sixteen studies were included, with 13 cross‐sectional studies and three longitudinal studies. Speed limit was measured as the percentage/number of high‐speed roads, perception of safe driving speed, perception of speeding and use of traffic‐calming tools in the neighbourhood. Eleven studies measured the use of active transport as the outcome of interest, and seven studies measured PA directly. Eleven studies revealed an association between a lower speed limit and increased PA, whereas one study showed a negative association, and three studies reported non‐significant associations. Only one study associated speed limit with weight status, which reported a non‐significant association. This review generally supported a negative association between speed limit and PA among children and adolescents. More studies are needed to examine their causality, as well as the association between speed limit and weight status, in order to increase the impact of this research area on public health policy making.
Oral manifestations related to malaria: A systematic review
Authors: Shuai Yi , Liu Bingyao , Zhou Guilong , Rong Liang , Niu Chunzi , Jin Lei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo generalize the oral manifestations related to malaria and discuss their clinical significance for health professionals.Materials and MethodsThe bibliographic databases of Public MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were employed to retrieve publications online from January 1781 to August 2019. Original research articles, clinical trials, and case reports published in English were included.ResultsA small number of studies reported oral manifestations of malaria (n = 29), including gingival bleeding, glossitis, oral ulcer, abnormal oral pigmentation, pericoronitis, herpes labialis, herpes gingivostomatitis, bitter taste, sore throat, Burkitt lymphoma of the jaw, alveolar bone resorption, and enamel hypoplasia.ConclusionOral manifestations may be important indicators for identification of malaria. Dental and general professionals should pay more attention to oral manifestations in malaria cases, and guide them for specialized examination, diagnosis, and management.
Some Problems with the Anti‐Luminosity‐Argument
Authors: Vanrie Wim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractI argue that no successful version of Williamson's anti‐luminosity‐argument has yet been presented, even if Srinivasan's further elaboration and defence is taken into account. There is a version invoking a coarse‐grained safety condition and one invoking a fine‐grained safety condition. A crucial step in the former version implicitly relies on the false premise that sufficient similarity is transitive. I show that some natural attempts to resolve this issue fail. Similar problems arise for the fine‐grained version. Moreover, I argue that Srinivasan's defence of the more contentious fine‐grained safety condition is also unsuccessful, again for similar reasons.
Association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in a Turkish population
Authors: Kirik Fatma Esin , Ülger Mahmut , Tezcan Ülger Seda , Aslan Gönül 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsThe objective of this study was to determine the association of TNF‐α −308 G/A, IFN‐γ +874 T/A, IL‐12B + 1188 A/C, IL‐10 −1082 G/A and IL‐4 −590 C/T polymorphisms with susceptibility to CL.Methods and ResultsA total of 55 CL patients and 110 controls from Sanlıurfa province of Turkey were included to this study. Polymorphisms were genotyped by ‘polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP)’ and ‘amplification refractory mutation system‐PCR (ARMS‐PCR)’ methods. A statistically significant difference was noted in the allele (P < .001,P = .002) and genotype (P < .001,P = .001,) frequencies of TNF‐α −308 G/A and IL‐4 −590 C/T, respectively. TNF‐α 308 GG versus GA genotype (OR = 19.556 [95% CI 8.310‐46.019]P < .001), GG versus GA + AA genotype (OR = 20.444 [95% CI 8.707‐48.004]P < .001) and G versus A allele (OR = 6.968 [95% CI 3.903‐12.440]P < .001) revealed significant association with CL. IL‐4 −590 CC versus TT + CT genotype (OR = 2.049 [95% CI 1.025‐4.096],P = .041) and C versus T allele (OR = 2.441 [95% CI 1.355‐4.396],P = .002) revealed significant association with CL.ConclusionOur study indicates that TNF‐α 308 G/A and IL‐4‐590 C/T polymorphisms are significantly associated with susceptibility to CL. Individuals carrying A allele at TNF‐α promoter −308 position and T allele at IL‐4 promoter −590 position are at a higher risk for CL.
Price and Lead time Disclosure Strategies in Inventory Systems
Authors: Kostami Vasiliki 
Published: July 2020

We consider a firm that faces the following pricing and leadtime disclosure decision. Either, (i) offer the same price to all arriving customers and disclose no leadtime information, in which case customers know only an expected leadtime, or, (ii) vary the price dynamically based on the current inventory status, and disclose leadtime information dynamically. The second option allows the firm to offer a price discount for a long leadtime, and to offer a short leadtime when it has a large inventory. In order to determine which pricing and leadtime disclosure policy attains higher maximum profit, we formulate and solve a Markov decision problem for each policy and compare the two solutions. The comparison suggests that, typically, there is a critical inventory level, above which static pricing and no leadtime disclosure yields higher profit, and, below that level, dynamic pricing and leadtime disclosure yields a higher profit. We also identify certain situations where the static policy leads to profits at least as large as those under the dynamic policy for any state, and we examine the price differences between the two policies. Finally, the structure of the solution is similar to the situation where the system manager can pause the production process, except that now this extra lever partly mitigates the superiority of the static policy.
Adaptive governance for the Internet of Things: Coping with emerging security risks
Authors: Brass Irina , Sowell Jesse H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive innovation known for its socio‐economic potential, but also for generating unprecedented vulnerabilities and threats. As a dynamic sociotechnical system, the IoT comprises well‐known cybersecurity risks and endemic uncertainties that arise as IoT adoption increases and the system evolves. We highlight the impact of these challenges by analyzing how insecure IoT devices pose threats to both consumer protection and the Internet's infrastructure. While recent regulatory responses are starting to target IoT security risks, crucial deficiencies – especially related to the feedback necessary to keep pace with emerging risks and uncertainties – must be addressed. We propose a model of adaptive regulatory governance that integrates the benefits of centralized risk regulatory frameworks with the operational knowledge and mitigation mechanisms developed by epistemic communities that manage day‐to‐day Internet security. Rather than focusing on the choice of regulatory instruments, this model builds on the “planned adaptive regulation” literature to highlight the need to systematically plan for a knowledge‐sharing interface in regulatory governance design for disruptive technologies, facilitating the feedback necessary to address evolving IoT security risks.
Can medicinal mushrooms have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against COVID‐19 and its pneumonic superinfection and complicating inflammation?
Authors: Hetland Geir , Johnson Egil , Bernardshaw Soosaipillai V. , Grinde Bjørn 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMedicinal mushrooms have documented effects against different diseases, including infections and inflammatory disorders. The related Basidiomycota Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM), Hericium erinaceus (HE), and Grifola frondosa (GF) have been shown to exert antimicrobial activity against viral agents, Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Since the mechanism is immunomodulatory and not antibiotical, the mushrooms should be active against multi‐drug resistant microbes as well. Moreover, since these Basidiomycota also have anti‐inflammatory properties, they may be suited for treatment of the severe lung inflammation that often follows COVID‐19 infection. An AbM‐based mushroom extract (Andosan™), also containing HE and GF, has been shown to significantly reduce bacteraemia and increase survival in mice with pneumococcal sepsis, and to improve symptoms and quality of life in IBD patients via an anti‐inflammatory effect. Hence, such mushroom extracts could have prophylactic or therapeutic effect against the pneumonic superinfection and severe lung inflammation that often complicates COVID‐19 infection. Here, we review antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory properties of AbM, HE and GF mushrooms, which could be used for the battle against COVID‐19.
Fiscal discipline and exchange rates: Does politics matter?
Authors: Jalles Joao Tovar , Mulas‐Granados Carlos , Tavares José 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe look at the effect of exchange rate regimes on fiscal discipline, taking into account the effect of underlying political conditions. We present a model where strong politics (defined as policymakers facing longer political horizon and higher cohesion) are associated with better fiscal performance, but fixed exchange rates may revert this result and lead to less fiscal discipline. We confirm these hypotheses through regression analysis performed on a panel sample covering 79 countries from 1975 to 2012. Our empirical results also show that the positive effect of strong politics on fiscal discipline is not enough to counter the negative impact of being at/moving to fixed exchange rates. Our results are robust to a number of sensitivity checks, including the use of different estimators, alternative proxies for fiscal discipline and sub‐sample analysis.
Attitude strength: Distinguishing predictors versus defining features
Authors: Luttrell Andrew , Sawicki Vanessa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAttitudes play a fundamental role in many aspects of social psychology, but researchers have long recognized that attitudes vary in their susceptibility to change and their influence on behavior and cognitive processes. This insight lies at the heart of attitude strength, which is defined as an attitude's durability and impact. A variety of attitude attributes such as certainty and ambivalence have been shown to correlate with these aspects of attitude strength, which has made for some confusion as to what variables define strong attitudes versus predict an attitude's strength. In this article, we highlight this distinction between predictors and defining features of strength and review recent programs of research demonstrating the independence of strength‐related attitude attributes and attitude strength itself. Specifically, although some attitude attributes are associated with the attitude's durability and impact, there are conditions under which those attributes fail to predict attitude strength or even have the opposite effects. Throughout, this review reveals nuances in the attitude strength literature and provokes new questions for future inquiry.
Nickel contamination of laterite soil by hydraulic fracturing flowback water: Geochemical behaviour and policy implications
Authors: Wang Li , Yang Xinxin , Liu Weijiang , Liu Mingzhu , Chen Honghan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccidental flowback water spills can cause serious soil pollution. Nickel (Ni) is one of the common heavy metal components in flowback water. However, the behaviour and mechanism of Ni in flowback water in dolomite‐derived laterite soil are poorly understood. In this study, laterite soils were selected from a Cambrian dolomite strata in China. Column experiments and synthetic flowback water were used to investigate the mobilization of Ni. The results indicated that Ni behaviour was affected by the ionic strength and soil carbonate content. In laterite soil with a low dolomite content, as the pH of the solution decreases and the ionic strength increases, the positive charge on the soil surface increases, and chlorocomplexation reactions and competitive adsorption are enhanced, ultimately promoting the migration of Ni. The recovery rate increased from 10% to 61% for the soil with 3% dolomite. In laterite soil with a high dolomite content, the formation of Ni‐Ca carbonate double salt and Ni‐Al‐‐layered double hydroxides severely inhibits the migration of Ni. The maximum recovery rate was 13%. A multireaction and transport model that accounts for linear equilibrium, nonlinear kinetics and irreversible kinetic mechanisms was effective in describing the breakthrough curves for the two laterite soil columns and capturing the effect of the solution composition on Ni transport. These results are helpful in understanding and predicting Ni's fate in the flowback water accidentally spilled into the surrounding laterite soil area, and provide references for soil pollution management policies under shale gas development.
A convolutional neural network approach to predict non‐permissive environments from moderate‐resolution imagery
Authors: Goodman Seth , BenYishay Ariel , Runfola Daniel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractConvolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with satellite imagery have been successfully used to generate measures of development indicators, such as poverty, in developing nations. This article explores a CNN‐based approach leveraging Landsat 8 imagery to predict locations of conflict‐related deaths. Using Nigeria as a case study, we use the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data (ACLED) dataset to identify locations of conflict events that did or did not result in a death. Imagery for each location is used as an input to train a CNN to distinguish fatal from non‐fatal events. Using 2014 imagery, we are able to predict the result of conflict events in the following year (2015) with 80% accuracy. While our approach does not replace the need for causal studies into the drivers of conflict death, it provides a low‐cost solution to prediction that requires only publicly available imagery to implement. Findings suggest that the information contained in moderate‐resolution imagery can be used to predict the likelihood of a death due to conflict at a given location in Nigeria the following year, and that CNN‐based methods of estimating development‐related indicators may be effective in applications beyond those explored in the literature.
The brassinosteroid‐responsive xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in lateral root development under salt stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Xu Peipei , Fang Shan , Chen Haiying , Cai Weiming 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYLateral roots (LRs) are the main component of the root system architecture in Arabidopsis. The plasticity of LR development has an important role in improving plant survival in response to the external environment. Previous studies have revealed a number of genetic pathways that control plant growth in response to environmental stimuli. Here, we find that the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase 19 (XTH19) and XTH23 genes are involved in LR development under salt stress. The density of LRs was decreased in the xth23 single mutant, which was also more sensitive to salt than the wild type, and the xth19xth23 double mutant exhibited additive downregulated LR initiation and salt sensitivity compared with the single mutant. On the contrary, constitutive overexpression of XTH19 or XTH23 caused increased LR densities. Furthermore, XTH19 and XTH23 were induced by salt via the key brassinosteroid signaling pathway transcription factor BES1. In addition, we found that 35S::BES1 increased salt tolerance and the phenotype of xth19xth23 & 35S::BES1 was partially complementary to the wild‐type level. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that BES1 acts directly upstream of XTH19 and XTH23 to control their expression. Overall, our results revealed that XTH19 and XTH23 are involved in LR development via the BES1‐dependent pathway, and contribute to LR adaptation to salt.