bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fusion breeding as an approach to sustainable energy
Authors: Manheimer Wallace 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines an approach for sustainable energy called fusion breeding. This is the use of 14 meV fusion neutrons to breed fuel for thermal nuclear reactors. Currently thermal nuclear reactors use for fuel, only the isotope of uranium, 235U, which is 0.7% of the total resource. In order for nuclear power to be sustainable, it is necessary to breed nuclear fuel (233U or 239Pu) from fertile material (238U or 232Th). This resource could supply tens of terawatts for thousands of years. By any reasonable criterion, it both sustainable and carbon free. While most efforts at breeding envision fission reactors of one type or another, fusion is also a possible approach to breeding. Not only that, fusion has many advantages as a route for breeding that fission simply does not have. This article makes the case for fusion breeding.
Five steps to beating ransomware's five-minute warning
Authors: Lock Matt 
Published: November 2020

When ransomware strikes an IT network, there is precious little time to react. Indeed, some accounts by IT professionals put it at less than five minutes. At that speed it is next to impossible using manual methods to stop ransomware propagating throughout an IT system. Firms need to work on the assumption that they will be attacked at some point, and so need to put in place measures that will help them survive an attack with as little damage as possible, says Matt Lock at Varonis. When ransomware strikes an IT network there is precious little time to react. Indeed, some accounts by IT professionals put it at less than five minutes. At that speed it is next to impossible to stop ransomware propagating throughout an IT system using manual methods.
Palaeomagnetism of the uppermost carbonate units of the Purana basins in southern India: new demagnetization results from the Kaladgi and Bhima basins, Karnataka
Authors: Wabo Herve , De Kock Michiel Olivier , Beukes Nicolas Johannes , Hegde Venkatraman Seetaram 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFour unconformity-bound sequences can be identified in the Purana successions in southern India, of which the third sequence (Sequence III) has the widest distribution. Sequence III contains deep-water carbonate units with consistent sedimentological characteristics across the subcontinent. The current extent of field relationships and existing ages has not allowed the correlation and chronology of these carbonates to be established conclusively. Palaeomagnetism may help resolve this essential question for the Purana sedimentation. Here, we report new palaeomagnetic results (HIG+/– pole: 21.7° N, 81.1° E, radius of cone of 95% confidence A95 = 15.9°) from Sequence III carbonates in the Kaladgi (Badami Group) and Bhima (Bhima Group) basins. The HIG+/– magnetization, revealed after the removal of secondary magnetizations that include a present-day field and an Ediacaran–Cambrian overprint, is interpreted to be primary based on its dissimilarity to known younger magnetizations, the presence of distinctly different magnetic components in sites and a positive reversal test. Our HIG+/– pole differs from the c. 1.4 Ga pole and various c. 1.1 Ga and younger poles. Instead, it overlaps with the Harohalli dyke pole that was long considered to be c. 823 Ma in age, but has recently been suggested to be much older with an age of c. 1192 Ma. We therefore consider the uppermost carbonate beds of Badami and Bhima groups to have been deposited during late Mesoproterozoic times. A critical evaluation of parameters from which an earlier Neoproterozoic age for these carbonates was established indicates that the available 40Ar/39Ar, Rb–Sr and U–Pb ages in the Kaladgi and Bhima basins could reflect the timing of post-depositional alteration events.
Food preferences determine human–elephant coexistence in African woodlands
Authors: Montero-Botey María , San Miguel Alfonso , Perea Ramón 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHuman–elephant coexistence remains a major conservation and livelihood challenge across elephantLoxodonta africanarange in Africa. This study investigates the extent of elephant crop damage on 66 farms in the Selous–Niassa corridor (Tanzania), to search for potential management solutions to this problem. We found that the relative abundance of highly preferred crops (area covered by preferred crops divided by the total area of each farm) was by far the most important factor determining crop damage by elephants. Eighteen crop types were ranked according to their preference by elephants. Sweet potatoes, bananas, peanuts, onions, pumpkins and maize were the most preferred crops, with maize the most common crop among those highly preferred. On average elephants damaged 25.7% of the cultivated farmland they entered. A beta regression model suggests that a reduction in the cultivation of preferred crops from 75 to 25% of the farmland area decreases elephant crop damage by 64%. Water availability (distance to the nearest waterhole) and the presence of private investors (mostly hunting tourism companies) were of lower importance in determining elephant crop damage. Thus, damage by elephants increased with shorter distances to waterholes and decreased in areas with private investors. However, further studies are required, particularly of the perceived costs and benefits of elephants to local communities. Farm aggregation and the use of non-preferred crops that also require less water would potentially reduce elephant damage but would be a major lifestyle change for some local communities.
Not all rights are created equal: A loss–gain frame of investor rights and human rights
Authors: Broude Tomer , Henckels Caroline 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInternational investment tribunals often use the language of ‘rights’ to characterize foreign investors’ claims against host states, evoking the language of human rights and, in some cases, appearing to conflate the two concepts. We investigate the cognitive framing of the relationship between investor rights and human rights in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS), as characterized by investment tribunals. We first establish that arbitrators (and scholars and counsel) tend to characterize investor claims as rights claims in general and property rights claims in particular, even if this normative basis is far from precise. Second, building on behavioural economics and cognitive psychology, we argue that this characterization places human rights considerations at a structural disadvantage in ISDS. Investor rights are perceived by arbitrators as endowments that are possessed and that risk being lost, while the human rights of host state populations are viewed as aspirational demands that might only be fully realized in the future. Thus, governmental actions interfering with investments are perceived by arbitrators as actual losses, while competing human rights claims are perceived as potential gains or demands. Following prospect theory, the former (certain losses) will usually be weighed more heavily in a decision-making calculus than the latter (possible gains). This loss–gain frame provides a cognitive explanation for the prevalence of arbitral decisions that prefer investor claims over human rights, a phenomenon that is highly problematic in times in which the legitimacy of the ISDS system rests on its ability to consider the rights of non-investors.
Communicating with parents of children with trisomy 13 or 18 who seek cardiac interventions
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Lantos John , Hauschild Kelly , Hammel James , Birge Nicole , Janvier Annie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis case report shares the story of a family who sought care elsewhere after their daughter was denied cardiac surgery in their home state because she had trisomy 18. This case report recommends case-by-case assessment of cardiac surgical interventions for children with trisomy 13 or 18 as informed by review of goals, assessment of comorbidities, and literature-informed practice. Coordinated care planning and interdisciplinary communication are relevant in cardiac surgical considerations for children with these underlying genetic conditions.
Outcomes of management of major aortopulmonary collaterals for pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect
Authors: Zhao Dong , Yang Keming , Feng Wei , Li Shoujun , Yan Jun , Hua Zhongdong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term survival and different management of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries in patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries.Methods:From November, 2009 to October, 2018, a total of 98 consecutive patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect, major aortopulmonary collateral arteries, and hypoplastic pulmonary arteries treated with modified Blalock–Taussig shunt or right ventricle–pulmonary artery connection were included. Fifty-five patients who received occlusion or ligation of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries during or after palliative procedure were occlusion group, and the other 43 patients were no occlusion group. The early and late outcomes were compared.Results:The mean duration of follow-up was 30.9 months in no occlusion group and 49.8 months in the occlusion group (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that only no occlusion of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries was predictive of total mortality (Hazard Ratio: 4.42, 95% CI: 1.27 to 15.42, p = 0.02). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves confirmed that patients without occlusion of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries demonstrated worse survival as compared with the occlusion group (p = 0.013). The Kaplan–Meier survival curves of patients who underwent different palliative procedures showed no differences.Conclusions:For patients with pulmonary atresia, ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries when a primary repair is not feasible, those without occlusion of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries have a higher risk of death following an initial palliative procedure compared with patients who underwent occlusion of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries. The occlusion of major aortopulmonary collateral arteries is not associated with a higher rate of complete repair or better improvement of pulmonary artery growth.
Characters and Creatures
Authors: Jaffe Audrey 
Published: November 2020

Humans not only err, they often err willingly and explicitly, for both pleasure and edification. We accordingly “find” faces everywhere . . . most frequently, in the “faces” in paintings. And if we look at stars, clouds, and shadows we can find anything we want to find, so great is the indeterminacy of such finding places and so willing are we, for certain purposes, to accept the most minimal likenesses as “like.”Adena Rosmarin, The Power of Genre (1985)Adena Rosmarin's comment is part of a wider discussion of E. H. Gombrich's idea of the role of “schema” in perceptions of art—a concept he uses to explain, among other things, how it is that observers can perceive a face in a collection of lines and dots, and, more generally, why it makes sense to say that all art begins not with nothing but with something. A snowman starts with the schema that is snow, for example, and we “work the snow and balance the shapes till we recognize a man.” And not only do we work the snow to achieve some approximation of human faces and bodies, but we find human characteristics in—or, more accurately, make characters out of—all sorts of things, living and not. Certainly, we project character onto living nonhumans, such as cats, dogs, birds, and plants, imagining that they share our feelings of love, loneliness, and desire, but we also assign character and characteristics to inanimate objects and assorted phenomena: ships, cars, and hurricanes all get names; we may talk to the toaster, or grumble at a shoelace that, we imagine, stubbornly refuses—refuses!—to untie. Thus it is hardly surprising that literary characters, intended expressly as vehicles for imaginative occupation, take on a similarly outsize quality in our psyches. Words on a page, constructions of language, they invite us to consider them as soulmates and doppelgängers; nightmare—or perhaps ideal—versions of parents, brothers, sisters, friends, and selves: the families we might have chosen if we could; the me (or not me) nobody knows.
Factors associated with childhood anaemia in Afro-descendant communities in Alagoas, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Haroldo da Silva , Santos Laíse Gabrielly Matias de Lima , Ferreira Carla Mariana Xavier , Kassar Samir Buainain , dos Santos Tamara Rodrigues , Vasconcelos Nancy Borges Rodrigues , de Assunção Monica Lopes , Cardoso Marly Augusto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate factors associated with anaemia in preschool children.Design:A home survey was conducted in 2018. Anaemia in children (capillary blood Hb level < 110 g/l) was the outcome, and socio-economic, demographic and health factors of the mother and child were the independent variables. The measure of association was the prevalence ratio, and its 95 % CI was calculated using Poisson’s regression with robust variance and hierarchical selection of independent variables.Setting:Afro-descendants communities living in the state of Alagoas, northeast Brazil.Participants:Children aged 6–59 months and their mothers (n 428 pairs).Results:The prevalence of child anaemia was 38·1 % (95 % CI 33·5, 42·7). The associated factors with child anaemia were male sex, age < 24 months, larger number of residents at home (> 4), relatively taller mothers (highest tertile) and higher z-score of BMI for age, after further adjustment for wealth index, vitamin A supplementation in the past 6 months and clinical visit in the last 30 d.Conclusions:The high prevalence of anaemia observed reveals a relevant public health problem amongst children under five from the quilombola communities of Alagoas. Considering the damage caused to health and multiplicity of risk factors associated with anaemia, the adoption of intersectoral strategies that act on modifiable risk factors and increase vigilance concerning those that are not modifiable becomes urgent.
Low-loss and tunable millimeter-wave filters using spherical dielectric resonators
Authors: Dey Utpal , Marin Julio Gonzalez , Hesselbarth Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMillimeter-wave band-pass filters using spherical dielectric resonators are presented. The dielectric spheres are sandwiched between metal plates and are excited by a simple microstrip line structure on a thin-film circuit board. As such, these filters could also be implemented in the back-end-of-line layers of an integrated circuit. A single resonator, based on a diameter 0.6 mm alumina ceramic sphere, is shown to resonate with high unloaded Q-factor of 750 at 170 GHz. A three-sphere band-pass filter is measured showing <5 dB insertion loss and 0.4% bandwidth at 170 GHz. A concept for mechanically tuning of a two-sphere band-pass filter is demonstrated for a filter operating around 105 GHz. The measured filter shows approximately 5 dB insertion loss and <0.5% bandwidth and its passband can be varied over 3 GHz of frequency, or 3%. Technological challenges are discussed.
Effect of environmental factors on the germination and emergence of drunken horse grass (Achnatherum inebrians)
Authors: Yue Yonghuan , Jin Guili , Lu Weihua , Gong Ke , Han Wanqiang , Liu Wenhao , Wu Xueer 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrunken horse grass [Achnatherum inebrians(Hance) Keng] is a perennial poisonous weed in western China. A comprehensive understanding of the ecological response ofA. inebriansgermination to environmental factors would facilitate the formulation of better management strategies for this weed. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of various abiotic factors, including temperature, light, water, pH, and burial depth, on the germination and seedling emergence ofA. inebrians. The seeds germinated at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 C and in alternating-temperature regimes of 15/5, 20/10, 25/15, 30/20, 35/25, and 40/30 C, and the germination percentages under constant and alternating temperatures ranged from 51% to 94% and 15% to 93%, respectively. Maximum germination occurred at a constant temperature of 25 C, and germination was prevented at 45/35 C. Light did not appear to affect germination. The germination percentage of seeds was more than 75% in the pH range of 5 to 10, with the highest germination percentage at pH 6. The seeds germinated at osmotic potentials of 0 MPa to −1.0 MPa, but decreasing osmotic potential inhibited germination, with no germination at −1.2MPa. After 21 d of low osmotic stress, the seeds that did not germinate after rehydration had not lost their vitality. The seedling emergence percentage was highest (90%) when seeds were buried at 1 cm, but declined with increasing burial depth, with no emergence at 9 cm. Deep tillage may be effective in limiting the germination and emergence of this species. The results of this study provide useful information on the conditions necessary forA. inebriansgermination and provide a theoretical basis for science-based prediction, prevention, and control of this species.
Analysis of the Decadal Kinematic Characteristics of the Daguangbao Landslide Using Multiplatform Time Series InSAR Observations After the Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Luo Xingjun , Wang Changcheng , Long Yan , Yi Zhonghai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Daguangbao landslide was the largest landslide triggered by the “5.12” Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake. This landslide is among the few superlarge‐scale landslides of 1 billion m3 magnitude worldwide. As the landslide accumulation represents a potential hazard, long‐term monitoring and geological interpretation of the Daguangbao landslide is important to reveal the postsliding deformation characteristics and laws of this landslide type. To study the kinematic characteristics 10 years postearthquake, the landslide accumulation deformation was monitored in two stages using different data sets and processing methods. First, regarding the deformation 2 years postearthquake, we selected PALSAR‐1 data (21 October 2008 to 14 March 2011) and obtained the LOS (line of sight) direction time series deformation of the landslide using the Small BAseline Subset (SBAS) algorithm. Second, for the last 4.5 years of deformation, Sentinel‐1 data sets (26 November 2015 to 8 June 2020) in two ascending and one descending path are experimentally used. The vertical and east‐west deformations during this period are obtained. Thickness, topography, precipitation, and other factors are combined to analyze the landslide accumulation deformation. The landslide accumulation volume decreases under gravitational influence, shrinkage is accelerated under precipitation influence, and periodic fluctuations occur, which lag precipitation changes. The maximum vertical direction deformation rate is below 80 mm/year, and the deformation magnitude in the east‐west direction is approximately ±35 mm/year. Local deformation is still affected by the surface slope and aspect, and the overall landslide accumulation movement trend involves gathering of the eastern and western parts toward the middle. In the observation window, with the stabilization of accumulation, the deformation tends decrease.
Stability and Evolution of Fallen Particles Around the Surface of Asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Amarante A. , Winter O. C. , Sfair R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, we study the dynamics of particles around Bennu. The goal is to understand the stability, evolution, and final outcome of the simulated particles around the asteroid. According to the results, the particle sizes can be divided into two main groups depending on their behavior. Particles smaller than a centimeter are quickly removed from the system by solar radiation pressure, while the dynamics of particles larger than a few centimeters is dominated by the gravitational field of Bennu. Because of its shape and spin period, Bennu has eight equilibrium points around it. The structure of the phase space near its equatorial surface is directly connected to these equilibrium points. Therefore, we performed numerical simulations to obtain information about the orbital evolution near the equilibrium points. The results show that most of the particles larger than a few centimeters fall in the equatorial region close to the Kingfisher area or close to the region diametrically opposite to it. In contrast, almost none of these particles fall in the equatorial region close to the Osprey area. In addition, we also performed computational experiments considering a spherical cloud of particles initially orbiting Bennu. Most of the particles in prograde orbits fall on the surface within our integration period, which was limited to 1.14 years. The particles preferentially fall near high‐altitude regions at low equatorial latitudes and close to the north pole. The mid‐latitudes are those more depleted of falls, as in the Nightingale and Sandpiper areas.
FinIrrSDA: A 3‐D Model for Magnetic Shape and Distribution Anisotropy of Finite Irregular Arrangements of Particles With Different Sizes, Geometries, and Orientations
Authors: Biedermann Andrea Regina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe magnetic anisotropy carried by strongly magnetic particles such as magnetite or ferrofluid‐filled pores is generally composed of shape anisotropy and distribution anisotropy. Their relative importance in rocks depends on numerous factors and has been discussed controversially. A major challenge in estimating their contributions so far has been that models for distribution anisotropy only exist for regular arrangements of equal particles along lines or in planes. Because magnetite grains or pores in rocks display wide ranges of orientations, shapes, and sizes in generally irregular arrangements, new models are needed to describe distribution anisotropy for more realistic grain and pore assemblies. The model presented in this study, FinIrrSDA, calculates shape and distribution anisotropy for finite irregular assemblies of unequal particles with different orientations. Input parameters are provided as a table with x, y, and z coordinates of the particle centers and the lengths and orientations of the major, intermediate, and minor axes of best fit ellipsoids. The model output consists of two susceptibility tensors: (1) the shape anisotropy tensor and (2) the total tensor combining shape and distribution anisotropies. FinIrrSDA can be applied to a wide range of input data sets, including known structures of synthetic samples, particle analyses from tomography data, and, subject to certain assumptions, 2‐D images. The model will hopefully increase our understanding of the interplay between shape and distribution anisotropies in natural rocks and facilitate future interpretations of both the magnetic anisotropy carried by magnetite grains and magnetic pore fabrics.