bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
509. The Prevalence of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in a Community Hospital Setting
Authors: Lewis Sally , Wulf Jenny , Jaffri Anwer 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Carbapenems are bactericidal β-lactam antibiotics with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. The emergence of carbapenem resistance, specifically carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae (CRE), has left few viable treatment options. Multiple factors contribute to overutilization of carbapenems. At Union Hospital, in Terre Haute, Indiana, carbapenems are utilized for patients with a documented anaphylactic allergy to penicillins and cephalosporins and are the drug of choice for the treatment of ESBL infections. The overuse and inappropriate use of carbapenems plus increasing resistance has contributed to the development of CRE and other multi-drug-resistant organisms. Thus, an examination of resistance patterns was conducted at a smaller level in a community hospital.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted to examine carbapenem resistance patterns at Union Hospital. Patients with a CRE diagnosis from June 2017 to July 2018 were included. Data analysis examined baseline characteristics, culture site, presence of carbapenamase production, treatment agent, and patient outcome. An assessment of true infection vs. colonization was conducted for all positive CRE cultures.

Results
Fifty-three patients were identified with a culture-proven CRE diagnosis. CRE was isolated from the following sites: urine, sputum, bronchial wash, blood, and tissue/wound culture. True infection was identified in 32 cases. For the 18 cases with likely colonization, urine was the most common site. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common organism identified with carbapenem-resistance. Fluoroquinolones, either alone or in combination with other agents, were the most commonly used agents to treat CRE infection. The average duration of targeted antibiotic therapy was 9 days. Mortality rates at 30 and 90 days were 10% and 14%, respectively.

Conclusion
The prevalence of CRE infections is on the rise, and may be a result of increased broad-spectrum antibiotic use combined with inappropriate carbapenem use. Unconventional agents, such as fluoroquinolones, are being utilized to manage patients with documented CRE infection at Union Hospital.

Disclosures
All authors: No reported disclosures.
Evolution of Islamic Law in the 20th Century: The Conception of Collective Ijtihād in the Debate Between Muslim Scholars
Authors: Makhlouf Ahmed Gad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In order to meet the demands of modern life and its complexities, Muslim scholars developed in the 20th century a new instrument of Islamic legal finding, namely al-ijtihād al-jamāʿī [collective independent legal reasoning (ijtihād)]. The latter serves at present as a basis for the technical work within various institutions of contemporary Islamic law, in particular the fiqh academies. This article examines collective ijtihād as a newly developed concept of modern Islamic Law. By focusing on discussions among contemporary Muslim scholars about this concept, I aim to outline certain theoretical characteristics and a methodological framework for collective ijtihād. Furthermore, this article describes positions taken by Muslim scholars concerning the legitimacy and the probative value (ḥujjiyya) of collective ijtihād.
Bridging a Divide: A Faith-Based Perspective on Anti-Discrimination Law
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
High-profile litigation in various jurisdictions has drawn attention to situations where conflict arises between the requirements of anti-discrimination law and the religious beliefs and practices of individuals and organizations. Although these disputes reflect genuine disagreements, this article argues that, in addition to litigation, other facets of the relationship between faith and anti-discrimination law need to be considered. Taking Catholic Social Teaching as a case study, the article explores anti-discrimination law through a theological lens. In this example, it identifies significant common ground where religious beliefs are congruent with anti-discrimination law, even if areas of divergence are also present. The article concludes that further exploration of law and theology could make a contribution to fostering a more constructive relationship between faith and anti-discrimination law.
Enhanced root exudation of mature broadleaf and conifer trees in a Mediterranean forest during the dry season
Authors: Jakoby Gilad , Rog Ido , Megidish Shacham , Klein Tamir 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Root exudates are part of the rhizodeposition process, which is the major source of soil organic carbon (C) released by plant roots. This flux of C is believed to have profound effects on C and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. The quantity of root exudates depends on the plant species, the period throughout the year, and external biotic and abiotic factors. Since root exudates of mature trees are difficult to collect in field conditions, very little is known about their flux, especially in water-limited ecosystems, such as the seasonally hot and dry Mediterranean maquis. Here, we collected exudates from DNA-identified roots in the forest from the gymnosperm Cupressus sempervirens L. and the evergreen angiosperm Pistacia lentiscus L. by 48-h incubations on a monthly temporal resolution throughout the year. We examined relationships of the root exudate C flux to abiotic parameters of the soil (water content, water potential, temperature) and atmosphere (vapor pressure deficit, temperature). We also studied relationships to C fluxes through the leaves as indicators of tree C balance. Root exudation rates varied significantly along the year, increasing from 6 μg C cm −2 root day−1 in both species in the wet season to 4- and 11-fold rates in Pistacia and Cupressus, respectively, in the dry season. A stepwise linear mixed-effects model showed that the three soil parameters were the most influential on exudation rates. Among biotic factors, there was a significant negative correlation of exudation rate with leaf assimilation in Cupressus and a significant negative correlation with leaf respiration in Pistacia. Our observation of enhanced exudation flux during the dry season indicates that exudation dynamics in the field are less sensitive to the low tree C availability in the dry season. The two key Mediterranean forest species seem to respond to seasonal changes in the rhizosphere such as drying and warming, and therefore invest C in the rhizosphere under seasonal drought.
Minimum spring temperatures at the provenance origin drive leaf phenology in sugar maple populations
Authors: Guo Xiali , Khare Siddhartha , Silvestro Roberto , Huang Jianguo , Sylvain Jean-Daniel , Delagrange Sylvain , Rossi Sergio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Late frost can cause damage to trees, especially to the developing bud of broadleaf species in spring. Through long-term adaptation, plants adjust leaf phenology to achieve an optimal trade-off between growing season length and frost avoidance. In this study, we aim to assess ecotypic differentiation in leaf development of sugar maple populations planted in a common garden. A total of 272 sugar maple seedlings from 29 Canadian provenances were planted at the northern boundary of the natural range, and the phenological phases of bud and leaf development were monitored during spring 2019. The wide geographical area under evaluation showed a complex seasonal pattern of temperature, with spring warming occurring later in the north and close to the sea. Overall, leaf development lasted between 20 and 36 days, from the end of May to end of June. We observed different timings and rates of leaf development among provenances, demonstrating the occurrence of ecotypes in this species. Minimum April temperatures of the original sites were able to explain such differences, while maximum April temperatures were not significant. Seedlings from sites with colder minimum April temperatures completed leaf development earlier and faster. On average, leaf development diverged by up to 6 days among provenances, with minimum April temperatures ranging from −3 to 3 °C. Our results demonstrated that the avoidance of late spring frost is a driving force of leaf development in sugar maple populations. In the colder sites, the growing season is a limiting factor for tree growth. Thus, when thermal conditions become favorable in spring, an earlier growth reactivation and high metabolic activity ensure a fast leaf emission, which maximizes the period available for photosynthesis and growth. These patterns demonstrate the long-term phenological adaptation of sugar maple populations to local climatic conditions and suggest the importance of frost events for leaf development.
8Poetics
Authors: Dowling Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys scholarship in poetics published in 2019 that engages with concepts of ‘world’. I begin from the contention that poetics scholarship is at a crossroads: while questions of race, nation, and politics were often cast aside in poetry criticism of the late twentieth century in favor of considerations of modernist lineages and philosophical approaches to language, new work in poetics increasingly prioritizes the discussion of racial capitalism, colonialism, and dispossession. The review is divided into four sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Poetry and the World, which considers three works that discuss poetry in relationship to world literature; 3. Worlds of Poetry, which examines three works that consider the so-called poetry world; and 4. Conclusion. The works discussed in this review include two scholarly monographs, a collection of experimental essays by a poet-critic and translator, an introduction to poetry by a poet and literary critic, a short polemic by a poet-critic and ethnic studies scholar, and a journal article exemplifying what I take to be the most significant new direction in poetics scholarship, namely the re-evaluation of apparently abstract, depersonalized formal and generic categories through the analytic of race.
Case Report: Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage after Chiropractic Manipulation of the Neck
Authors: El Hamichi Sophia , Graversen Veronica Kon , Gold Aaron S. , Latiff Azeema , Murray Timothy G. 
Published: July 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
The case report highlights the possible complications of undergoing neck manipulation within a critical time period after intravitreal injection.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to describe a case of traumatic hemorrhagic choroidal detachment after cervical manipulation during a chiropractic treatment session.

CASE REPORT
A 43-year-old male patient with a history of complex rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair and recurrent cystoid macular edema presented with decreased vision and sudden pain in the right eye after chiropractic manipulation of the neck, status post-intravitreal injection of triamcinolone, which was performed earlier that day. Vision in the right eye was hand motion and 20/20 in the left eye. IOPs were 8 and 11 mmHg, respectively. Slit lamp examination of the right eye revealed blood-tinged steroid residues in the anterior chamber. There was no view to the posterior pole. Ultrasonography showed a lobulated mass with heterogeneous echogenicity consistent with a large hemorrhagic choroidal detachment. No central kissing was observed. Left eye examination was unremarkable.

CONCLUSIONS
With the increasing use of complementary and alternative medicine, a better understanding of potential complications to raise awareness is becoming essential.
Randomized Clinical Trial of Near Visual Performance with Digital Devices Using Spherical and Toric Contact Lenses
Authors: Logan Anna-Kaye M. , Datta Ananya , Skidmore Kelsea , Tomiyama Erin S. , Hu Chuan , Chandler Moriah A. , Procopio Bryan , Bhadane Minal , Benoit Julia S. , Ritchey Eric R. , Wolffsohn James S. , Richdale Kathryn 
Published: July 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Visual demands today incorporate a significant amount of time using digital devices. Results of this randomized crossover study of spherical and toric contact lenses demonstrated that participants were able to read smaller print size more comfortably and preferred toric contact lenses when using digital devices.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to assess how toric contact lens correction affects subjective and objective outcomes of astigmatic patients using real-world digital devices.

METHODS
Adult participants, aged between 20 and 38 years with −0.75 to −1.50 D of astigmatism were enrolled in this double-masked randomized crossover 10-day study of Alcon Dailies Aqua Comfort Plus Sphere and Toric (Alcon, Geneva, Switzerland) contact lenses. Electronic high- and low-contrast near logMAR visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were tested. Reading performance was assessed using custom iPad applications; one used a reading sentences test, whereas the other analyzed zoom, contrast, and distance with website-based articles. Participants completed the Near Activity Visual Questionnaire and stated their preferred contact lens correction.

RESULTS
Thirty seven participants were screened, 35 participants were enrolled, and 34 participants completed the study. Toric lens correction improved near high- and low-contrast visual acuity by 0.5 to 1 full line (P < .0001) and allowed participants to read one line smaller text on the iPad (P = .01). Participants increased the zoom 11% (P = .004) and the contrast 4% (P = .006) more with spherical lenses while reading articles. Participants held the iPad at approximately the same distance, about 33 cm (P = .63). Eighty five percent of participants preferred the toric correction (P < .0001). Participants reported improved satisfaction with toric lens correction (P = .0002) and noticed the most benefit with tasks such as reading small print and labels/instructions.

CONCLUSIONS
This study used digital devices to demonstrate realistic benefits of toric contact lens designs for astigmatic patients.
Is There a Coexistence of Peritemporal Wormian Bones and Congenital Aural Atresia?
Authors: Saylisoy Suzan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this study, the percent of wormian bones in congenital aural atresia group was higher than healthy group, when tested by the Fisher exact test, there appeared to be no significant statistical difference. However, in congenital aural atresia surgery, surgical manipulation can dislodge these bones causing injury to the surrounding structures. Therefore, the radiologists should report the presence of wormian bones in the peritemporal area.
Creating a safe workplace by universal testing of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and healthcare workers in the electrophysiology unit having no symptoms of COVID-19: a multi-center experience
Authors: Mohanty Sanghamitra , Lakkireddy Dhanunjaya , Trivedi Chintan , MacDonald Bryan , Mayedo Angel , Rocca Domenico G Della , Gopinathannair Rakesh , Gallinghouse G J , Biase Luigi Di , Horton Rodney , Canby Robert , Natale Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus cases continue to surge, the urgent need for universal testing to identify positive cases for effective containment of this highly contagious pandemic has become the center of attention worldwide. However, in spite of extensive discussions, very few places have even attempted to implement it. We evaluated the efficacy of widespread testing in creating a safe workplace in our healthcare community including staff and patients.Furthermore, we assessed the rate of new infections in patients undergoing electrophysiology (EP) procedure, to see if identification and exclusion of positive cases facilitated establishment of a risk-free operating environment.MethodsUniversal testing was conducted in subjects with no symptoms of COVID-19 including patients and their caregivers and staff in our electrophysiology units along with the Emergency Medical Service (EMS) staff (n=1670)ResultsOf 1670, 758 (45.4%) were EP patients, and the remaining 912 were caregivers, EMS staff and hospital staff from EP clinic and lab. Viral-RNA test revealed 64 (3.8%) positives in the population. A significant increase in the rate of positives was observed from April to June, 2020 (p=0.02). Procedures of positive cases (n=31) were postponed until they tested negative at retesting on day 14. Staff testing positive (n=33) were retested before going back to work after 2 weeks. Because of suspected exposure, 67 staff were retested and source was traced. No new infections were reported in patients during the hospital stay or within 2-weeks after the procedure.ConclusionUniversal testing to identify positive cases was helpful in creating and maintaining a safe working environment without exposing patients and staff to new infections in the EP unit at the hospital.Trial Registration Numberclinicaltrials.gov: NCT04352764
Elevated DNA Methylation Gestational Age is Associated with the Risk of Later Bipolar Disorder and Anorexia Nervosa in Twins
Authors: Søholm Hansen Christine , Starnawska Anna , Drong Alexander Werner , Weinsheimer Shantel Marie , Bækvad-Hansen Marie , Helenius Dorte , Giørtz Pedersen Marianne , Bøcker Pedersen Carsten , Mortensen Preben Bo , Christiansen Michael , Hougaard David Michael , Lindgren Cecilia , Werge Thomas Mears , Bybjerg-Grauholm Jonas , Demur Alfonso Buil 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundFoetal development indicates the risk of later disease, but has only been associated with few psychiatric disorders. An aggregated molecular marker of development - DNA methylation based estimates of gestational age (DNAmGA) adjusted for GA, can be indicative of foetal health and development. Twins have the same chronological GA and monozygotic (MZ) twins share genetic liability. We leveraged this to examine whether DNAmGA in neonates associate with later psychiatric disorder, independent of chronological GA, maternal characteristics, genetic influences, and shared environmental factors.MethodWe estimated DNAmGA in 260 MZ and 396 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, later diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, affective/depressive mood disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or anorexia. DNAmGA was tested for association with psychiatric outcome by mean discordant twin differences and by linear mixed model (LMM), adjusting for relatedness and potential confounders.ResultsWe found elevated DNAmGA to associate with anorexia between discordant DZ and MZ twins (0.74 weeks, 95%CI[0.34:1.14] and 0.28 weeks, 95%CI[0.04:0.53], respectively), and with bipolar disorder between discordant MZ twins (0.85 weeks, 95%CI[0.16:1.53]). Elevated DNAmGA associated significantly with both in the LMM analysis (0.56 weeks, 95%CI[0.32:0.83] and 0.89 weeks, 95%CI[0.32:1.51], respectively).ConclusionsElevated DNAmGA is associated with two later onset psychiatric disorders in twins, and thus supports a developmental origin of disease. This association was not confounded by variation in conventional measures of foetal development nor genetic liability. We therefore propose that a novel molecular marker of development, can differentiate between later psychiatric outcome in newborn twins.
Development of a new system for reducing the temperature increase during the positioning of spoilers using pneumatic artificial muscle (PAM)
Authors: Soylak Mustafa , Bakır Mustafa 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The usage of pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) is becoming increasingly widespread across a variety of industries because of its advantages such as its lightness and its ability to generate a huge amount of force using the fewest components. The purpose of this paper is to develop a piece of hardware to minimize and equally distribute the thermal changes on the surface of a PAM when positioning using PAMs. A classic PAM and a PAM that contains the hardware suggested for tasks, such as the positioning of spoilers decelerating control surfaces for aircrafts, were compared experimentally.

Design/methodology/approach
Rapid thermal changes were detected in the classic PAM, especially at the tip of the PAM. These thermal changes decrease the positioning sensitivity and reliability, thus shortening life span of the PAMs. A component was developed that could create a circulation of air around the tip of the PAM, preventing the temperature increase caused by still air. It is installed inside the PAM and makes it possible to control the pressurized air volume in crucial areas. Shaped as a perforated metal pipe, the component was embedded inside the PAM and effects of this component were investigated.

Findings
The experiment results have shown that, thanks to the system that was developed, cool air that comes from outside is able to reach the tip of the PAM every time, thus keeping regional temperature increase to a minimum. The temperature increase in the pressurized air inlet was minimized by creating a circulation of air in the area.

Originality/value
With this study, the distribution of heat in different areas on PAM was homogenized at a low cost using the component that was developed.
A systematic literature review and analysis towards developing PPP models for delivering smart infrastructure
Authors: Jayasena Nimesha Sahani , Chan Daniel W.M. , Kumaraswamy Mohan 
Published: July 2020

PurposeRising human aspirations leading to rapid urbanisation, amidst climate changes and other environmental pressures have aggravated the needs for better-focused sustainable urban development in general as well as for smart and sustainable cities in particular. Indeed, smart infrastructure (SI) development is a prerequisite for smart cities (SCs). However, inadequate funding and expertise for such SI development pose profound challenges that may be partially addressed by mobilising private finance and efficiencies through collaborative public–private partnership (PPP) models. This paper provides a holistic review and analysis of the relevant literature, as a basis for proposing such PPP models for developing SI.Design/methodology/approachA systematic literature review helped to fulfil the aim of this paper in the first phase of the underlying longer-term study. Authoritative search engines like Scopus and Web of Science indexed articles were reviewed and analysed, 85% of these being journal articles.FindingsSCs that necessarily include SI are important in overcoming current urban challenges in developing and developed countries. Given shortfalls in traditional procurement and funding models, special PPP models are required for SI development. After identifying the relevant needs, drivers, barriers and challenges in different countries, a general indicative framework is developed to illustrate how the various interacting force fields can be harnessed to develop the envisaged PPP models that can complement non-PPP procurement models.Originality/valuePPP for SI development is a relatively new, hence, under-researched topic. This desktop review and analysis provide a useful launching pad for the development of SI through overcoming the potential challenges in traditional procurement and financial models.