bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ti3C2Tx MXene Sponge Composite as Broadband Terahertz Absorber
Authors: Shui Wenchao , Li Jianmin , Wang Hao , Xing Yang , Li Yilei , Yang Qinghui , Xiao Xu , Wen Qiye , Zhang Huaiwu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTerahertz (THz) absorption technology is promising in radar stealth, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and the upcoming 6G communication. However, the most popular metamaterial‐based THz absorbers suffer from complex fabrication process and/or narrowband characteristics. Here, a broadband, lightweight, and hydrophobic THz absorber is realized based on Ti3C2Tx MXene sponge foam (MSF) that is obtained by using a dip‐coating method. Due to the macroscopic impedance matching to free space and various microscopic morphologies of metallic Ti3C2Tx flakes inside porous architecture, the obtained MSF, with only 2 mm thickness, shows almost no THz reflection (minimum ≈ 0.00003%) and high THz absorption over 99.99% under the 100% qualified frequency bandwidth ranging from 0.3 to 1.65 THz. The new strategy of combining large‐pore‐size porous architecture with MXene‐like 2D metallic flakes paves a way to achieving high performance THz absorber with minimal thickness, which is of significance in electromagnetic stealth, shielding, and beyond.
Probing the Importance of Charge Balance and Noise Current in WSe2/WS2/MoS2 van der Waals Heterojunction Phototransistors by Selective Electrostatic Doping
Authors: Ra Hyun‐Soo , Jeong Min‐Hye , Yoon Taegeun , Kim Seungsoo , Song Young Jae , Lee Jong‐Soo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHeterojunction structures using 2D materials are promising building blocks for electronic and optoelectronic devices. The limitations of conventional silicon photodetectors and energy devices are able to be overcome by exploiting quantum tunneling and adjusting charge balance in 2D p–n and n–n junctions. Enhanced photoresponsivity in 2D heterojunction devices can be obtained with WSe2 and BP as p‐type semiconductors and MoS2 and WS2 as n‐type semiconductors. In this study, the relationship between photocurrent and the charge balance of electrons and holes in van der Waals heterojunctions is investigated. To observe this phenomenon, a p‐WSe2/n‐WS2/n‐MoS2 heterojunction device with both p–n and n–n junctions is fabricated. The device can modulate the charge carrier balance between heterojunction layers to generate photocurrent upon illumination by selectively applying electrostatic doping to a specific layer. Using photocurrent mapping, the operating transition zones for the device is demonstrated, allowing to accurately identify the locations where photocurrent generates. Finally, the origins of flicker and shot noise at the different semiconductor interfaces are analyzed to understand their effect on the photoresponsivity and detectivity of unit active area (2.5 µm2, λ = 405 nm) in the p‐WSe2/n‐WS2/n‐MoS2 heterojunction device.
Optically Controllable 2D Material/Complex Oxide Heterointerface
Authors: Liu Tao , Han Cheng , Xiang Du , Han Kun , Ariando Ariando , Chen Wei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHeterostructures play a vital role in functional devices on the basis of the individual constituents. Non‐conventional heterostructures formed by stacking 2D materials onto structurally distinct materials are of great interest in achieving novel phenomena that are both scientifically and technologically relevant. Here, a heterostructure based on a 2D (molybdenum ditelluride) MoTe2 and an amorphous strontium titanium oxide (a‐STO) thin film is reported. The heterostructure functions as a high‐performance photodetector, which exhibits anomalous negative photoresponse in the pristine device due to the scattering effect from the light‐induced Oδ‐ ions. The photoresponsivity and the specific detectivity are found to be >104 AW‐1 and >1013 Jones, respectively, which are significantly higher than those in standard MoTe2 devices. Moreover, through tuning the light programming time, the photodetection behavior of the MoTe2/a‐STO heterostructure experiences a dynamic evolution from negative to positive. This is due to the optically controllable modulation of the interfacial states, which is further confirmed by the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurements. It is envisioned that the 2D material/a‐STO heterostructure could be a potential platform for exploring new functional devices.
Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Power Generation from Both Ion Diffusion by Temperature Fluctuation and Hole Accumulation by Temperature Gradient
Authors: Cheng Hanlin , Ouyang Jianyong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThermoelectric materials can be utilized to directly convert heat into electricity. This is particularly important for harvesting waste heat that is abundant on earth. But their thermoelectric performance is still not high enough for practical heat‐to‐electricity conversion after being studied for about 200 years. Instead of enhancing the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric materials, a significant improvement in heat harvesting by constructing a hybrid ionic/electronic thermoelectric converter (HTEC) is demonstrated. The device consists of an electronic unit and an ionic unit. The electronic unit is made of a thermoelectric polymer, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and the ionic unit is composed of an ionogel. In addition to the heat‐to‐electricity conversion by the electronic unit from a temperature gradient due to the Seebeck effect, the ionic unit can generate electricity from temperature fluctuations owing to thermal ionic diffusion (Soret effect). The power generation can be many times more than the control thermoelectric generator using PEDOT:PSS. Because the temperature of waste heat usually fluctuates, the HTECs can give rise to much higher heat‐to‐electricity power conversion than normal thermoelectric generators with electronic conductors only.
Novel homozygous variant of carbonic anhydrase 8 gene expanding the phenotype of cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and disequilibrium syndrome subtype 3
Authors: Paternoster Lionel , Soblet Julie , Aeby Alec , De Tiège Xavier , Goldman Serge , Yue Wyatt W. , Coppens Sandra , Smits Guillaume , Vilain Catheline , Deconinck Nicolas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe report the case of an 11‐year‐old Syrian girl born to consanguineous parents, who presents an ataxic gait from early childhood. On clinical examination, she presented a severe static ‐ kinetic cerebellar syndrome, walking without support is possible for short distances only. Strikingly, three consecutive MRIs did not show any sign of cerebellar abnormalities, but a brain positron emission tomography (PET) using [18F]‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) demonstrated a clear decrease in glucose metabolism in the cerebellum as well as the anterior and medial temporal lobe bilaterally. A clinical exome analysis identified a novel homozygous c.251A > G (p.Asn84Ser) likely pathogenic variant in the carbonic anhydrase 8 (CA8) gene. CA8 mutations cause cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and disequilibrium syndrome subtype 3 (CAMRQ3), a rare genetically autosomal recessive disorder, only described in four families, so far with the frequent observation of quadrupedal gait. The proband differed with other reported CA8 mutations by the absence of clear cerebellar signs on brain MRI and the presence of focal seizures. This report expands the clinical spectrum associated with mutations in CA8 and illustrates the possible discrepancy between (mild) neuro‐radiological images (MRI) and (severe) clinical phenotype in young individuals. In contrast, the observation of clear cerebellar abnormal metabolic findings suggests that the FDG‐PET scan may be used as an early marker for hereditary ataxia.
Multidisciplinary aortopathy clinics: A systematic scoping review of the literature and evaluation of patient experiences from a newly started clinic in Norway
Authors: Bathen Trine , Krohg‐Sørensen Kirsten , Lidal Ingeborg B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundInternational guidelines recommend hereditary thoracic aortic diseases (HTADs) to be managed in multidisciplinary aorta clinics.AimTo study HTAD patient's experiences with a aortopathy clinic in Norway and to review the literature on aortopathy clinics.Methods(a) A systematic scoping review of research on multidisciplinary clinics for HTADs. (b) A cross‐sectional postal questionnaire study to investigate patient experiences with the health‐services. Fifty consecutive patients from the aortopathy clinic and 50 controls in usual care were invited to participate.ResultsThe review identified eight publications on aortopathy clinics. Although the papers were not judged for quality, these showed promising results from such clinics in terms of diagnostics and increased adherence to guideline‐directed therapy. The survey constituted thirty‐seven (74%) patients and 22 (44%) controls who responded to postal questionnaires. Both groups reported delays in diagnostics and follow‐up appointments prior to the start of the clinic. Patients indicated high satisfaction with the aortopathy clinic, whereas controls reported poor coordination of medical follow‐up. Individuals in both groups struggled with disease self‐management.ConclusionNorwegian patient experiences found the aortopathy clinic beneficial. According to studies included in the review, disease management in aortopathy clinics may improve patient satisfaction, diagnostics and follow‐up. Effect studies may further document the benefits of clinic organization, treatment, cost‐efficiency and patient experiences.
Feet‐to‐Feet‐Connected Multitopic Resorcinarene Macrocycles
Authors: Shimoyama Daisuke , Haino Takeharu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe past three decades have witnessed extraordinary advances in the preparation of macrocycles from a resorcinarene platform. Bridging two or more resorcinarene units through multipoint connections produces multitopic resorcinarene‐based hosts. The unique properties arising from multivalency offer diverse applications, such as molecular flasks, molecular machines, and supramolecular polymers. The face‐to‐face connection of two or more resorcinarenes results in a convergent, expanded guest binding space in which many large guests can be accommodated. In contrast, the feet‐to‐feet connection provides an extroverted, ditopic feature that can lead to different applications. Herein, we highlight the synthesis of extroverted, multitopic resorcinarene macrocycles and discuss their fascinating functions, such as molecular recognition, allosteric guest binding, and supramolecular polymerization.
Validation and utility of a body condition scoring system for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Reamer Lisa A. , Neal Webb Sarah J. , Jones Rebekah , Thiele Erica , Haller Rachel L. , Schapiro Steven J. , Lambeth Susan P. , Hanley Patrick W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObesity is a problem in captive chimpanzee colonies that can lead to increased risk for disease; therefore, implementation of effective weight management strategies is imperative. To properly implement a weight management program, captive managers should be able to noninvasively identify and assess overweight or obese individuals. Traditional means of categorizing obese individuals involve sedating the animals to obtain body weights or skin fold measurements. The current study aimed to validate a noninvasive, subjective body condition score (BCS) system for captive chimpanzees. The system utilizes a 10‐point scale, with one rated as “emaciated,” five as “normal,” and 10 as “extremely obese.” Between 2013 and 2014, 158 chimpanzees were weighed and scored using this system (a) while sedated and (b) while awake in their social group within 1–3 days of sedation (“In‐group” ratings). We found high inter‐rater reliability between In‐group raters, as well as between sedated and In‐group scores. BCSs, which require observation only, were significantly positively correlated with weight (an objective measure of obesity often requiring anesthetization), supporting the scale's validity. The BCS system identified 36 individuals as “overweight,” while the use of weights alone identified only 26 individuals as “overweight.” Furthermore, the BCS system was able to classify individuals of the same sex and weight as having different BCSs, ranging from normal to overweight. Lastly, using focal animal behavioral observations from 2016 to 2018 (N = 120), we found that In‐group BCS predicted individual levels of inactive behavior more than 2 years later, demonstrating the predictive validity of the scale. These results illustrate the utility of the BCS system as a noninvasive, reliable, and valid technique that may be more sensitive than traditional methods in identifying and quantifying obesity in chimpanzees. This system can be a useful tool for captive managers to monitor and manage the weight of chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates.
Ontogenetic changes in magnitudes of integration in the macaque skull
Authors: Jung Hyunwoo , Simons Evan , von Cramon‐Taubadel Noreen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesMagnitudes of morphological integration may constrain or facilitate craniofacial shape variation. The aim of this study was to analyze how the magnitude of integration in the skull of Macaca fascicularis changes throughout ontogeny in relation to developmental and/or functional modules.Materials and methodsGeometric morphometric methods were used to analyze the magnitude of integration in the macaque cranium and mandible in 80 juvenile and 40 adult M. fascicularis specimens. Integration scores in skull modules were calculated using integration coefficient of variation (ICV) of eigenvalues based on a resampling procedure. Resultant ICV scores between the skull as a whole, and developmental and/or functional modules were compared using Mann–Whitney U tests.ResultsResults showed that most skull modules were more tightly integrated than the skull as a whole, with the exception of the chondrocranium in juveniles without canines, the chondrocranium/face complex and the mandibular corpus in adults, and the mandibular ramus in all juveniles. The chondrocranium/face and face/mandibular corpus complexes were more tightly integrated in juveniles than adults, possibly reflecting the influences of early brain growth/development, and the changing functional demands of infant suckling and later masticatory loading. This is also supported by the much higher integration of the mandibular ramus in adults compared with juveniles.DiscussionMagnitudes of integration in skull modules reflect developmental/functional mechanisms in M. fascicularis. However, the relationship between “evolutionary flexibility” and developmental/functional mechanisms was not direct or simple, likely because of the complex morphology, multifunctionality, and various ossification origins of the skull.
Did Neandertals have large brains? Factors affecting endocranial volume comparisons
Authors: VanSickle Caroline , Cofran Zachary , Hunt David 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesCommon wisdom in paleoanthropology is that Neandertals had bigger brains than recent humans. Here we tested the hypothesis that there is no difference in brain size between Neandertals and recent humans while accounting for methodological variation and the makeup of both the Neandertal and recent human samples.Materials and MethodsWe examined endocranial volume (ECV) derived from virtually reconstructed endocasts of 11 Neandertals, six of which had associated femoral head diameters (FHD). Our recent human comparative dataset consisted of virtually measured ECV and associated FHD from 94 recent humans from the Robert J. Terry Anatomical Collection (63 male, 31 female). ECV of Neandertals and recent humans was compared using bootstrap resampling, repeating the analysis for two groupings of Neandertals (all and classic) and for three groupings of recent humans (all, males, and females). To examine brain size scaling, we completed an ordinary least squares regression of log (ECV) against log (FHD) for Neandertals and recent humans.ResultsThe results of the bootstrap resampling analyses indicated that Neandertals only had significantly larger ECV when compared with recent human females. The regression between ECV and FHD suggested that Neandertals fall within the range of variation for larger humans.DiscussionOur results demonstrate that Neandertals do not have uniquely large brains when compared with recent humans. Their brain size falls in the large end of the recent human range of variation, but does not exceed it. These results have implications for future research on Neandertal encephalization.
Preparing the health‐care system to pay for new Alzheimer's drugs
Authors: Lin Pei‐Jung , Cohen Joshua T. , Neumann Peter J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiogen's announcement last fall that it will seek U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for its Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment, aducanumab, 7 months after the drug was declared a failure, buoyed patients and families, but put health payers and policymakers on alert. Whether aducanumab succeeds, other disease‐modifying therapies for AD will follow, and the health‐care system is unprepared for the reimbursement and access challenges. Novel AD therapies are much needed, but we cannot assume substantial cost offsets. With forethought and preparation, however, the health‐care system can accommodate new AD drugs. First, we urge the use of cost‐effectiveness of new Alzheimer's treatments as a starting point for setting value‐based prices. Second, payments for new AD therapies should ideally incorporate a performance warranty, which helps apportion risk associated with initial therapy value estimates between drug manufacturers and payers. Third, we urge consideration of “subscription” payment agreements to address system affordability issues.
A Robust Au−C≡C Functionalized Surface: Toward Real‐Time Mapping and Accurate Quantification of Fe2+ in the Brains of Live AD Mouse Models
Authors: Zhang Chuanping , Liu Zhichao , Zhang Limin , Zhu Anwei , Liao Fumin , Wan Jingjing , Zhou Jian , Tian Yang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDescribed here is that Au−C≡C bonds showed the highest stability under biological conditions, with abundant thiols, and the best electrochemical performance compared to Au−S and Au−Se bonds. The new finding was also confirmed by theorical calculations. Based on this finding, a specific molecule for recognition of Fe2+ was designed and synthesized, and used to create a selective and accurate electrochemical sensor for the quantification of Fe2+. The present ratiometric strategy demonstrates high spatial resolution for real‐time tracking of Fe2+ in a dynamic range of 0.2–120 μM. Finally, a microelectrode array with good biocompatibility was applied in imaging and biosensing of Fe2+ in the different regions of live mouse brains. Using this tool, it was discovered that the uptake of extracellular Fe2+ into the cortex and striatum was largely mediated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) through the CREB‐related pathway in the brain of a mouse with Alzheimer's disease.
Interfacial Strain Release from the WS2/CsPbBr3 van der Waals Heterostructure for 1.7 V Voltage All‐Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Qingwei , Duan Jialong , Yang Xiya , Duan Yanyan , Tang Qunwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPerovskite lattice distortion induced by residual tensile strain from the thermal expansion mismatch between the electron‐transporting layer (ETL) and perovskite film causes a sluggish charge extraction and transfer dynamics in all‐inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because of their higher crystallization temperatures and thermal expansion coefficients. Herein, the interfacial strain is released by fabricating a WS2/CsPbBr3 van der Waals heterostructure owing to their matched crystal lattice structure and the atomically smooth dangling bond‐free surface to act as a lubricant between ETL and CsPbBr3 perovskite. Arising from the strain‐released interface and condensed perovskite lattice, the best device achieves an efficiency of 10.65 % with an ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage of 1.70 V and significantly improved stability under persistent light irradiation and humidity (80 %) attack over 120 days.
Structural Phase Transitions of a Molecular Metal Oxide
Authors: Fujibayashi Masaru , Watari Yu , Tsunashima Ryo , Nishihara Sadafumi , Noro Shin‐ichiro , Lin Chang‐Gen , Song Yu‐Fei , Takahashi Kiyonori , Nakamura Takayoshi , Akutagawa Tomoyuki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe structural phase of a metal oxide changes with temperature and pressure. During phase transitions, component ions move in multidimensional metal–oxygen networks. Such macroscopic structural events are robust to changes in particle size, even at scales of around 10 nm, and size effects limiting these transitions are particularly important in, for example, high‐density memory applications of ferroelectrics. In this study, we examined structural transitions of the molecular metal oxide [Na@(SO3)2(n‐BuPO3)4MoV4MoVI14O49]5− (Molecule 1) at approximately 2 nm by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The Na+ encapsulated in the discrete metal‐oxide anion exhibited a reversible order–disorder transition with distortion of the Mo–O molecular framework induced by temperature. Similar order–disorder transitions were also triggered by chemical pressure induced by removing crystalline solvent molecules in the single‐crystal state or by substituting the countercation to change the molecular packing.
Cellular‐ and Subcellular‐Targeted Delivery Using a Simple All‐in‐One Polymeric Nanoassembly
Authors: Gao Jingjing , Dutta Kingshuk , Zhuang Jiaming , Thayumanavan S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNanocarrier‐mediated drug delivery is a promising strategy to maximize the power of chemotherapy and minimize side effects. However, current approaches show insufficient drug‐loading capacity and inefficient drug release, and require complex modification processes. Attempts to enhance one of these features often compromise other merits. We describe here a block copolymer assembly system that combines desirable characteristics. The design of self‐immolative and crosslinkable hydrophobic moieties offer stable and high encapsulation. Redox‐triggerable polymer self‐immolation promotes drug release by switching the hydrophobic core into completely hydrophilic chains. The reactive amine handles, presented on their surface, allow “plug to direct” modification with targeting ligands. Functionalized nanoassemblies have been programmed to target specific subcellular compartments. The simplicity, versatility, and efficacy of the system open up possibilities for an all‐in‐one delivery system.
A Two‐Dimensional Metal–Organic Polymer Enabled by Robust Nickel–Nitrogen and Hydrogen Bonds for Exceptional Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Liubin , Ni Youxuan , Hou Xuesen , Chen Li , Li Fujun , Chen Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOrganic electrode materials suffer from low electronic conductivity and poor structure stability. Herein, a metal–organic polymer, Ni‐coordinated tetramino‐benzoquinone (Ni‐TABQ), is synthesized via d–π hybridization. The polymer chains are stitched by hydrogen bonds to feature as a robust two‐dimensional (2D) layered structure. It offers both electron conduction and Na+ diffusion pathways along the directions of the polymer chains and the hydrogen bonds. With both the conjugated benzoid carbonyls and imines as the redox centers for the insertion and extraction of Na+, the Ni‐TABQ delivers high capacities of about 469.5 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and 345.4 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1. The large capacities are sustained for 100 cycles with almost 100 % coulombic efficiencies. The exceptional electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique 2D electron conduction and Na+ diffusion pathways enabled by the robust Ni–N and hydrogen bonds.