bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of xylan and mannan in gut health of monogastric animals
Authors: Tiwari Utsav P. , Fleming Stephen A. , Abdul Rasheed Muhammed S. , Jha R. , Dilger Ryan N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractApart from its role as a digestive and absorptive organ, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a vital immune organ that encompasses roughly 70 % of the total immune cells of the body. As such, the physical, chemical and nutrient composition of the diet influences overall GI function, effectively as an immune organ. With the improvement in feed technology, agro-industrial co-products that are high in fibre have been widely used as a feed ingredient in the diets of pigs and poultry. Arabinoxylan (AX) and mannan are the most abundant hemicellulosic polysaccharides present in cereal grain and co-product ingredients used in the livestock industry. When monogastric animals consume diets containing high amounts of AX and mannans, stimulation of GI immune cells may occur. This involves the activation of several cellular and molecular pathways of the immune system and requires a considerable amount of energy and nutrients to be expended by the animal, which may ultimately influence overall health and growth performance of animals. Therefore, a better understanding of the role of AX and mannan in immune modulation will be helpful in modulating untoward GI immune responses, thereby minimising nutrient and energy expenditure toward this effort. This review will summarise pertinent research on the role of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides containing AX and mannans in immune modulation in order to preserve gut integrity.
What the past can say about the present and future of fire
Authors: Marlon Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWildfires are an integral part of most terrestrial ecosystems. Paleofire records composed of charcoal, soot, and other combustion products deposited in lake and marine sediments, soils, and ice provide a record of the varying importance of fire over time on every continent. This study reviews paleofire research to identify lessons about the nature of fire on Earth and how its past variability is relevant to modern environmental challenges. Four lessons are identified. First, fire is highly sensitive to climate change, and specifically to temperature changes. As long as there is abundant, dry fuel, we can expect that in a warming climate, fires will continue to grow unusually large, severe, and uncontrollable in fire-prone environments. Second, a better understanding of “slow” (interannual to multidecadal) socioecological processes is essential for predicting future wildfire and carbon emissions. Third, current patterns of burning, which are very low in some areas and very high in others—are often unprecedented in the context of the Holocene. Taken together, these insights point to a fourth lesson—that current changes in wildfire dynamics provide an opportunity for paleoecologists to engage the public and help them understand the potential consequences of anthropogenic climate change.
Deciphering the geodynamic evolution of the Dinaric orogen through the study of the ‘overstepping’ Cretaceous successions
Authors: Nirta Giuseppe , Aberhan Martin , Bortolotti Valerio , Carras Nicolaos , Menna Francesco , Fazzuoli Milvio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlong the Dinaric–Hellenic orogen, the Late Jurassic – Early Cretaceous ophiolite obduction over the Adria continental margin was sealed by sedimentation of clastic terrestrial deposits rapidly followed by a widespread carbonate platform system since the Early Cretaceous period. These Cretaceous sediments presently crop out over areas of varying extension, from several hundred kilometre wide undeformed continuous covers to small-scale tectonic slivers involved in the tectonic stack following the latest Cretaceous–Palaeogene collision. These deposits are unconformably sedimented above the units formed by the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous nappe stacking above the eastern Adria continental margin. We studied these deposits in a large area between western Serbia and eastern Bosnia. In the studied area, these deposits are divided into three lithostratigraphic groups according to their age, depositional environment and type of underlying basement. The Mokra Gora Group sediments (upper Aptian–Maastrichtian) were deposited on top of previously obducted and weathered ophiolites, the Kosjerić Group (Cenomanian–Campanian) overlies composite tectonic units comprising obducted ophiolites and their underlying continental basement portions, while the Guča Group (Campanian–Maastrichtian) exclusively rests on top of continental basement. The reconstructed sedimentary evolution of these groups, together with the comparison with the syn- and post-obduction deposits at the front of the ophiolitic nappe(s) in a wider area of the internal Dinarides (e.g. Pogari Group and Bosnian flysch), allowed us to clarify the obduction mechanisms, including their tectonic context, the changes in depositional environments and the timing of depositional and tectonic events, and, in a wider view, shed light on the geodynamic evolution of the Dinaric belt.
Share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India
Authors: Shukla Ankita , Jain Anrudh K. , Acharya Rajib , Ram F. , Mozumdar Arupendra , Kumar Abhishek , Mondal Subrato , Saggurti Niranjan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite persistent efforts, unmet need for contraceptives in India has declined only slightly from 14% to 13% between 2005–06 and 2015–16. Many women using a family planning method discontinue it without switching to another method and continue to have unmet need. This study quantified the share of current unmet need for modern contraceptive methods attributed to past users of these methods in India. Data were drawn from two rounds of the National Family Health Survey conducted in 2005–06 and 2015–16. Using information on women with current unmet need, and whether they used any modern method in the past, the share of past users with current unmet need for modern methods was calculated. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Among 46 million women with unmet need, 11 million were past users of modern methods in 2015–16. The share of current unmet need attributed to past users of modern contraceptive methods declined from 27% in 2005–06 to 24% in 2015–16. Share of current unmet need attributed to past users was associated with reversible method use. This share rose with increased use of modern reversible methods. With the Indian family planning programme’s focus on increasing modern reversible method use, the share of unmet need attributed to past users of modern methods is likely to increase in the future. The programme’s emphasis on continuation of contraceptive use, along with bringing in new users, could be one of the key strategies for India to achieve the FP2020 goals.
Computing schizophrenia: ethical challenges for machine learning in psychiatry
Authors: Starke Georg , De Clercq Eva , Borgwardt Stefan , Elger Bernice Simone 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent advances in machine learning (ML) promise far-reaching improvements across medical care, not least within psychiatry. While to date no psychiatric application of ML constitutes standard clinical practice, it seems crucial to get ahead of these developments and address their ethical challenges early on. Following a short general introduction concerning ML in psychiatry, we do so by focusing on schizophrenia as a paradigmatic case. Based on recent research employing ML to further the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of schizophrenia, we discuss three hypothetical case studies of ML applications with view to their ethical dimensions. Throughout this discussion, we follow the principlist framework by Tom Beauchamp and James Childress to analyse potential problems in detail. In particular, we structure our analysis around their principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, respect for autonomy, and justice. We conclude with a call for cautious optimism concerning the implementation of ML in psychiatry if close attention is paid to the particular intricacies of psychiatric disorders and its success evaluated based on tangible clinical benefit for patients.
Judaeo-Christian faith as trust and loyalty
Authors: PACE MICHAEL , MCKAUGHAN DANIEL J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDisputes over the nature of faith, as understood in the Judaeo-Christian tradition, sometimes focus on whether it is to be identified exclusively with trust in God or with loyalty/fidelity to God. Drawing on recent work on the semantic range of the Hebrewʾĕmûnâand Greekpistislexicons, we argue for a multidimensional account of what it is to be a person of faith that includes trust and loyalty in combination. TheTrust-Loyaltyaccount, we maintain, makes better sense of the faith of exemplars, including Abraham, and fits well with the biblical language of faith. Further, a normatively appropriate combination of trust and loyalty towards others is a recognizable social virtue, aimed at promoting flourishing relationships. Finally, we consider how to make sense of ancient and modern exemplars of faith who protest against God, such as Job and Elie Wiesel, and argue that theTrust-Loyaltyview is uniquely well suited to accommodate them.
Preventing diabetic retinopathy by mitigating subretinal space oxidative stressin vivo
Authors: Berkowitz Bruce A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPatients with diabetes continue to suffer from impaired visual performance before the appearance of overt damage to the retinal microvasculature and later sight-threatening complications. This diabetic retinopathy (DR) has long been thought to start with endothelial cell oxidative stress. Yet newer data surprisingly finds that the avascular outer retina is the primary site of oxidative stress before microvascular histopathology in experimental DR. Importantly, correcting this early oxidative stress is sufficient to restore vision and mitigate the histopathology in diabetic models. However, translating these promising results into the clinic has been stymied by an absence of methods that can measure and optimize anti-oxidant treatment efficacyin vivo.Here, we review imaging approaches that address this problem. In particular, diabetes-induced oxidative stress impairs dark–light regulation of subretinal space hydration, which regulates the distribution of interphotoreceptor binding protein (IRBP). IRBP is a vision-critical, anti-oxidant, lipid transporter, and pro-survival factor. We show how optical coherence tomography can measure subretinal space oxidative stress thus setting the stage for personalizing anti-oxidant treatment and prevention of impactful declines and loss of vision in patients with diabetes.
Health systems strengthening to optimise scale-up in global mental health in low- and middle-income countries: lessons from the frontlines. A re-appraisal
Authors: Petersen I. , van Rensburg A. , Gigaba S. G. , Luvuno Z. B. P. , Fairall L. R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Against the backdrop of mounting calls for the global scaling-up of mental health services – including quality care and prevention services – there is very little guidance internationally on strategies for scaling-up such services. Drawing on lessons from scale-up attempts in six low- and middle-income countries, and using exemplars from the front-lines in South Africa, we illustrate how health reforms towards people-centred chronic disease management provide enabling policy window opportunities for embedding mental health scale-up strategies into these reforms. Rather than going down the oft-trodden road of vertical funding for scale-up of mental health services, we suggest using the policy window that stresses global policy shifts towards strengthening of comprehensive integrated primary health care systems that are responsive to multimorbid chronic conditions. This is indeed a substantial opportunity to firmly locate mental health within these horizontal health systems strengthening funding agendas. Although this approach will promote systems more enabling of scaling-up of mental health services, implications for donor funders and researchers alike is the need for increased time commitments, resources and investment in local control.
Prevalence of depression, anxiety and suicide among men who have sex with men in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wei D. , Wang X. , You X. , Luo X. , Hao C. , Gu J. , Peng S. , Yang X. , Hao Y. , Silenzio Vincent M. B. , Li J. , Hou F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Aims
Chinese men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk for depression, anxiety and suicide. The estimated prevalence of these problems is essential to guide public health policy, but published results vary. This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms and suicide among Chinese MSM.

Methods
Systematic searches of EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang databases with languages restricted to Chinese and English for studies published before 10 September 2019 on the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts among Chinese MSM. Studies that were published in the peer-reviewed journals and used validated instruments to assess depression and anxiety were included. The characteristics of studies and the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms, suicidal ideation, suicide plans and suicide attempts were independently extracted by authors. Random-effects modelling was used to estimate the pooled rates. Subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression were conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. This study followed the PRISMA and MOOSE.

Results
Sixty-seven studies were included. Fifty-two studies reported the prevalence of depressive symptoms, with a combined sample of 37 376 people, of whom 12 887 [43.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI), 38.9–47.5] reported depressive symptoms. Twenty-seven studies reported the prevalence of anxiety symptoms, with a combined sample of 10 531 people, of whom 3187 (32.2%; 95% CI, 28.3–36.6) reported anxiety symptoms. Twenty-three studies reported the prevalence of suicidal ideation, with a combined sample of 15 034 people, of whom 3416 (21.2%; 95% CI, 18.3–24.5) had suicidal ideation. Nine studies reported the prevalence of suicide plans, with a combined sample of 5271 people, of whom 401 (6.2%; 95% CI, 3.9–8.6) had suicide plans. Finally, 19 studies reported the prevalence of suicide attempts, with a combined sample of 27 936 people, of whom 1829 (7.3%; 95% CI, 5.6–9.0) had attempted suicide.

Conclusions
The mental health of Chinese MSM is poor compared with the general population. Efforts are warranted to develop interventions to prevent and alleviate mental health problems among this vulnerable population.
Grounding Social Foundations for Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change
Authors: Mathias Jean‐Denis , Debeljak Marko , Deffuant Guillaume , Diemer Arnaud , Dierickx Florian , Donges Jonathan F. , Gladkykh Ganna , Heitzig Jobst , Holtz Georg , Obergassel Wolfgang , Pellaud Francine , Sánchez Angel , Trajanov Aneta , Videira Nuno 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntegrated assessment models (IAMs) are commonly used by decision makers in order to derive climate policies. IAMs are currently based on climate‐economics interactions, whereas the role of social system has been highlighted to be of prime importance on the implementation of climate policies. Beyond existing IAMs, we argue that it is therefore urgent to increase efforts in the integration of social processes within IAMs. For achieving such a challenge, we present some promising avenues of research based on the social branches of economics. We finally present the potential implications yielded by such social IAMs.
Temporal Variation and Frequency Dependence of Seismic Ambient Noise on Mars From Polarization Analysis
Authors: Suemoto Yudai , Ikeda Tatsunori , Tsuji Takeshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe applied a polarization analysis of InSight seismic data to estimate the temporal variation and frequency dependence of the Martian ambient noise field. Low‐frequency (<1 Hz) P waves show a diurnal variation in their dominant back azimuths that are apparently related to wind and the direction of sunlight in a distant area. Low‐frequency Rayleigh waves (0.25–1 Hz) show diurnal variations and a dominant back azimuth related to the wind direction in a nearby area. Low‐frequency signals that are derived mainly from wind may be sensitive to subsurface structure deeper than the lithological boundary derived from an autocorrelation analysis. On the other hand, dominant back azimuths of high‐frequency (>1 Hz) waves point toward the InSight lander, especially in daytime, indicating that wind‐induced lander noise is dominant at high frequencies. These results point to the presence of several ambient noise sources as well as geologic structure at the landing site.
A Novel Instrument for Bed Dynamics Observation Supports Machine Learning Applications in Mangrove Biogeomorphic Processes
Authors: Hu Z. , Zhou J. , Wang C. , Wang H. , He Z. , Peng Y. , Zheng P. , Cozzoli F. , Bouma T. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractShort‐term bed level changes play a critical role in long‐term coastal wetland dynamics. High‐frequency observation techniques are crucial for better understanding of intertidal biogeomorphic evolution. Here, we introduce an innovative instrument for bed level dynamics observation, that is, LSED‐sensor (Laser based Surface Elevation Dynamics sensor). The LSED‐sensors inherit the merits of the previously introduced optical SED sensors as it enables continuous high‐frequency monitoring with relatively low cost of labor and acquisition. As an iteration of the optical SED‐sensors, the LSED‐sensors avoid touching the measuring object (i.e., bed surface), and they do not rely on daylight by adapting laser‐ranging technique. Furthermore, the new LSED‐sensors are equipped with a real‐time data transmission function, enabling automatic observation networks covering multiple (remote) sites. During a 22‐day field survey in a mangrove wetland, good agreement (R2 = 0.7) has been obtained between the automatic LSED‐sensor measurement and an accurate ground‐truth measurement method, that us, Sedimentation Erosion Bars. The obtained LSED‐sensor data were subsequently used to develop machine learning predictors, which revealed the effect of vegetation is a main driver in the accumulative and daily bed level changes. We expect that the LSED‐sensors can further support machine learning applications to extract new knowledge on coastal biogeomorphic processes.
On-chip integrated optical stretching and electrorotation enabling single-cell biophysical analysis
Authors: Huang Liang , Liang Fei , Feng Yongxiang , Zhao Peng , Wang Wenhui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCells have different intrinsic markers such as mechanical and electrical properties, which may be used as specific characteristics. Here, we present a microfluidic chip configured with two opposing optical fibers and four 3D electrodes for multiphysical parameter measurement. The chip leverages optical fibers to capture and stretch a single cell and uses 3D electrodes to achieve rotation of the single cell. According to the stretching deformation and rotation spectrum, the mechanical and dielectric properties can be extracted. We provided proof of concept by testing five types of cells (HeLa, A549, HepaRG, MCF7 and MCF10A) and determined five biophysical parameters, namely, shear modulus, steady-state viscosity, and relaxation time from the stretching deformation and area-specific membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity from the rotation spectra. We showed the potential of the chip in cancer research by observing subtle changes in the cellular properties of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1)-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) A549 cells. The new chip provides a microfluidic platform capable of multiparameter characterization of single cells, which can play an important role in the field of single-cell research.
Understanding how a community-based intervention for people with spinal cord injury in Bangladesh was delivered as part of a randomised controlled trial: a process evaluation
Authors: Liu Hueiming , Hossain Mohammad Sohrab , Islam Md. Shofiqul , Rahman Md. Akhlasur , Costa Punam D. , Herbert Robert D. , Jan Stephen , Cameron Ian D. , Muldoon Stephen , Chhabra Harvinder S. , Lindley Richard I. , Biering-Sorensen Fin , Ducharme Stanley , Taylor Valerie , Harvey Lisa A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Design
Mixed methods study

Setting
Community, Bangladesh

Objectives
To understand how a community-based intervention for people with spinal cord injury (SCI) in Bangladesh was delivered as part of a randomised controlled trial and to gauge the perceptions of participants and healthcare professionals to the intervention.

Methods
A community-based intervention was administered to 204 participants as part of a large randomised controlled trial (called the CIVIC trial). Case-managers followed-up participants with regular telephone calls and home visits over the first 2 years after discharge. The following data were collected alongside the trial: (i) chart audit of telephone calls and home visits (ii) recordings of 20 telephone calls (iii) interviews with 14 Intervention participants and four healthcare professionals including three case-managers.

Results
Participants received the target number of telephone calls and home visits. Pressure injuries were identified as a problem during at least one telephone call by 43% of participants. Participants and case-managers valued regular telephone calls and home visits, and believed that calls and visits prevented complications and alleviated social isolation. Participants trusted case-managers and were confident in the care and advice provided. Case-managers expressed concerns that people with SCI in Bangladesh face many problems impacting on well-being and motivation stemming from poverty, limited employment opportunities, societal attitudes and inaccessible environments.

Conclusion
A community-based intervention involving regular telephone calls and home visits was administered as intended and was well received by the recipients of the care. Nonetheless, people with SCI in Bangladesh face economic and social problems which cannot be fully addressed by this type of intervention alone.