bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material Origins of a Data Journey in Ocean Science: How Sampling and Scaffolding Shape Data Practices
Authors: Halfmann Gregor 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the epistemological relevance of material interactions during the early stages of a data journey. It shows that processes taking place when research technology makes physical contact with the objects targeted in research endeavours shape the subsequent data journeys and the practices of creating scientific knowledge. The chapter is based on a case study of ecological monitoring in ocean sciences and zooms in on the practice of sampling the oceans’ ecosystems with mechanical sampling devices that are towed regularly by commercial ships. I propose an understanding of materiality as the integration of physical matter from various sources so as to constitute a new entity, in this case a research sample containing plankton organisms. The material integration is followed by material continuity, the preservation of the sample throughout several if not all stages of the research process without a change of medium. This two-fold understanding is an attempt to ground the notion of “materiality” epistemologically rather than ontologically. As shown with empirical examples, material interactions are the origin of resistances or challenges which unfold throughout the research process as scientists intend to create knowledge by manipulating and analysing physical objects. The scientific practices are shaped by investigating, resolving, and working around these challenges.
What Data Get to Travel in High Energy Physics? The Construction of Data at the Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Karaca Koray 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn present-day high-energy physics experiments, experimenters need to make various judgments in order to design automated data processing systems within the existing technical limitations. In this chapter, as a case study, I consider the automated data acquisition system used in the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN, where the Higgs boson was discovered in 2012. I show that the design of this system involves both theoretical and experimental judgments each of which has different functions in the initial data journey through which usable data are constructed out of collision events detected by the ATLAS detector. I also explore what requirements the foregoing judgments impose on the LHC data in terms of usability, mobility and mutability. I argue that in present-day HEP experiments these aspects of data are distinct but related to each other due to the fact that they are subjected to some common requirements imposed by the theoretical and experimental judgments involved in the design of data acquisition systems.
Data Journeys Beyond Databases in Systems Biology: Cytoscape and NDEx
Authors: Bechtel William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter investigates how data travels beyond databases in cell biology by focusing on Cytoscape, a platform that has been developed to represent networks, and NDEx, a database that allows for the reuse of network representations. I begin with a brief review of the databases that have been developed for data involving, for example, protein-protein interactions, that are relational and hence productively represented in networks. Given the amount of data stored in modern databases, raw network representations are typically hairballs that provides researchers little useful information other than that lots of things interact. Cytoscape was created by systems biologists to facilitate moving beyond hairballs to informative representations. It provides tools for clustering nodes and annotating them according to what is known about the objects represented. I provide examples of how Cytoscape has been deployed to develop new knowledge about biological mechanisms. Cytoscape has been made freely available, and I describe how a large interational community of researchers has created Apps that enable researchers to make a number of more specialized inferences. NDEx, created by members of the same research lab, serves as an Expo for networks—researchers can share networks they have developed and other researchers can search for networks and made them the basis for further incorporation of data or analyses.
Controversy and Conversation: The Relationship Between the Humanities and the Sciences
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter reconsiders the two cultures debate. In contrast to the misrepresentative, yet pervasive, perception that the sciences and the humanities are fundamentally in opposition, I propose a more nuanced history of these disciplines. This is achieved through investigating the discourse between the sciences and the humanities through examples of cross-disciplinary debate. Returning to the Snow-Leavis debate reveals how rhetorical intervention can alter public perception and how opposition can be a productive site for articulation. However, analysis of Matthew Arnold and Thomas H. Huxley’s exchange serves as a reminder of the many values that scientists and humanities scholars share. The chapter recognises the significance of both how the humanities are represented and who it is that articulates values within and outside of higher education.
The Relationship Between Academic Fiction and Academic Life
Authors: Bulaitis Zoe Hope 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses fictional representations of the humanities within literature in order to establish a vantage point to assess alternative routes for valuation beyond economic narratives. The chapter provides examples of how academic fiction explores the discursive potential of the novel and provokes imaginative responses with which to address contemporary changes. Three literary investigations offered a series of reflections that challenge the myopic narrative of economic value and open up imaginative spaces in which to consider the strengths and limitations of a liberal education. From George Eliot’sMiddlemarchand Thomas Hardy’sJude the Obscureto contemporary fiction in Zadie Smith’sOn Beautyand A. S. Byatt’sPossession,the chapter surveys key themes in valuing the humanities through fictional worlds.
Discrete beliefs space and equilibrium: a cautionary note
Authors: Berardi Michele 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBounded rationality requires assumptions about ways in which rationality is constrained and agents form their expectations. Evolutionary schemes have been used to model beliefs dynamics, with agents choosing endogenously among a limited number of beliefs heuristics according to their relative performance. This work shows that arbitrarily constraining the beliefs space to a finite (small) set of possibilities can generate artificial equilibria that can be stable under evolutionary dynamics. Only when “enough” heuristics are available are beliefs in equilibrium not artificially constrained. I discuss these findings in light of an alternative approach to modelling beliefs dynamics, namely, adaptive learning.
Making a decision about surgery for female urinary incontinence: a qualitative study of women’s views
Authors: Lynch Rebecca , Toozs-Hobson Philip , Duckett Jonathan , Tincello Douglas , Cohn Simon 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
This qualitative interview study explores aspects women with urinary incontinence(UI) reflect upon when considering whether or not to have surgery. Conducted prior to the recent mesh pause in the UK, the article provides insights for current and future approaches to shared decision-making.

Methods
Qualitative in-depth interviews of 28 patients referred to secondary care for stress and mixed UI who were considering UI surgery. Participants were recruited from four urogynaecology clinics in the Midlands and South England, UK. Interviews were conducted in clinics, in patient homes, and by telephone. Data analysis was based on the constant comparative method.

Results
Participants’ accounts comprised three key concerns: their experience of symptoms, the extent to which these impacted a variety of social roles and demands, and overcoming embarrassment. Accounts drew on individual circumstances, values, and concerns rather than objective or measurable criteria. In combination, these dimensions constituted a personal assessment of the severity of their UI and hence framed the extent to which women prioritized addressing their condition.

Conclusions
Acknowledging women’s personal accounts of UI shifts the concept of ‘severity’ beyond a medical definition to include what is important to patients themselves. Decision-making around elective surgery must endeavour to link medical information with women’s own experiences and personal criteria, which often change in priority over time. We propose that this research provides insight into how the controversy around the use of mesh in the UK emerged. This study also suggests ways in which facilitating shared decision-making should be conducted in future.
Qualitative faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for diagnosing colorectal cancer in patients with histories of rectal bleeding in primary care: a cohort study
Authors: Högberg Cecilia , Gunnarsson Ulf , Cronberg Olof , Thulesius Hans , Lilja Mikael , Jansson Stefan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Rectal bleeding is considered an alarm symptom for colorectal cancer (CRC) but it is common and mostly caused by benign conditions. Qualitative faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for occult blood have been used as diagnostic aids for many years in Sweden when CRC is suspected. The study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of FITs requested by primary care physicians for patients with and without histories of rectal bleeding, in the diagnosis of CRC.

Methods
Results of all FITs requested in primary care for symptomatic patients in the Örebro region during 2015 were retrieved. Data on each patient’s history of rectal bleeding was gathered from electronic health records. Patients diagnosed with CRC within 2 years were identified from the Swedish Cancer Register. The analysis focused on three-sample FITs, the customary FIT in Sweden.

Results
A total of 4232 patients provided three-sample FITs. Information about the presence/absence of rectal bleeding was available for 2027 patients, of which 59 were diagnosed with CRC. For 606 patients with the presence of rectal bleeding, the FIT showed sensitivity 96.2%, specificity 60.2%, positive predictive value 9.8% (95% CI 6.1–13.4) and negative predictive value 99.7% (95% CI 99.2–100) for CRC. For 1421 patients without rectal bleeding, the corresponding figures were 100%, 73.6%, 8.3% (95% CI 5.6–10.9) and 100% (95% CI 99.6–100).

Conclusion
The diagnostic performance of a qualitative three-sample FIT provided by symptomatic patients in primary care was similar for those with and without a history of rectal bleeding. FITs seem useful for prioritising patients also with rectal bleeding for further investigation.
Photochemistry differs between male and female Juniperus communis L. independently of nutritional availability
Authors: Rabska Mariola , Robakowski Piotr , Ratajczak Ewelina , Żytkowiak Roma , Iszkuło Grzegorz , Pers-Kamczyc Emilia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Key message
Juniperus communis males are better adapted than females to changing, seasonal environmental conditions due to their higher photosynthetic capacity and the higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments in their needles. Males cope with ROS more efficiently than females having greater carotenoids concentration in needles.

Abstract
In dioecious woody plants, females often exhibit greater reproductive effort than male plants and as a result, they can be more vulnerable to different stressors. We hypothesized that female plants of J. communis L. could have a lower photochemical capacity and a higher level of antioxidant enzyme activity and that these differences between males and females would be more pronounced under conditions where nutrient availability is limited. We also assume that additional stressors connected with different seasons would increase those differences. Male and female plants of J. communis growing in fertilized or non-fertilized soils were used to test this hypothesis. The effect of fertilization and sex on photochemical parameters derived from chlorophyll a fluorescence light curves, and on the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments in needles, was determined in different seasons within 2 years. To assess the tolerance of male and female plants to the nutrient deficit, antioxidant enzyme activity, and the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined. Results revealed sex-related differences in photochemical parameters, level of antioxidant enzyme activity, H2O2 levels, the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, and in the leaf mass-to-area ratio. This indicates that J. communis males could be better adapted than females to changing, seasonal environmental conditions due to their higher photosynthetic capacity, as reflected by their higher ETRmax, and a higher concentration of photosynthetic pigments in their needles. The sex-related differences concerning photosynthetic capacity and stress response found in our study are constitutive traits of each sex and are genetically based as they occurred independently of fertilization.
Management of patients with magnetically controlled growth rods amidst the global COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Hothi Harry , Tucker Stewart , Shafafy Masood , Nnadi Colin , Cheung Kenneth M. C. , Dal Gal Elisabetta , Tognini Martina , Henckel Johann , Skinner John , Hart Alister 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction
At the time of writing, we are all coping with the global COVID-19 pandemic. Amongst other things, this has had a significant impact on postponing virtually all routine clinic visits and elective surgeries. Concurrently, the Magnetic Expansion Control (MAGEC) rod has been issued with a number of field safety notices and UK regulator medical device alerts.

Methods
This document serves to provide an overview of the current situation regarding the use of MAGEC rods, primarily in the UK, and the impact that the pandemic has had on the management of patients with these rods.

Results and Conclusion
The care of each patient must of course be determined on an individual basis; however, the experience of the authors is that a short delay in scheduled distractions and clinic visits will not adversely impact patient treatment. The authors caution against a gap in distractions of longer than 6 months and emphasise the importance of continued remote patient monitoring to identify those who may need to be seen more urgently.
Charge-Order Phase Transition in the Quasi One-Dimensional Organic Conductor $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$
Authors: Majer Lena Nadine , Miksch Björn , Lesseux Guilherme Gorgen , Untereiner Gabriele , Dressel Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLow-dimensional organic conductors show a rich phase diagram, which has, despite all efforts, still some unexplored regions. Charge ordered phases present in many compounds of the $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2X$$

(TMTTF)
2

X

family are typically studied with their unique electronic properties in mind. An influence on the spin arrangement is, however, not expected at first glance. Here, we report temperature and angle dependent electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements on the quasi one-dimensional organic conductor $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$

(TMTTF)
2

NO
3

. We found that the $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {NO}}_3$$

(TMTTF)
2

NO
3

compound develops a peculiar anisotropy with a doubled periodicity ($$ab'$$

a

b
′

-plane) of the ESR linewidth below about $$T_{\text {CO}}= ({250\pm 10})~\hbox {K}$$

T
CO

=

(

250
±
10

)

K

. This behavior is similar to observations in the related compounds $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2X$$

(TMTTF)
2

X

($$X = {\hbox {PF}}_6$$

X
=

PF
6

, $${\hbox {SbF}}_6$$

SbF
6

and $${\hbox {AsF}}_6$$

AsF
6

), where it has been attributed to relaxation processes of magnetically inequivalent sites in the charge-ordered state. For the structural analogous $${\hbox {(TMTTF)}}_2 {\hbox {ClO}}_4$$

(TMTTF)
2

ClO
4

, known for the absence of charge order, such angular dependence of the ESR signal is not observed. Therefore, our ESR measurements lead us to conclude that a charge-order phase is stabilized in the title compound below $$T_{\text {CO}} \approx 250~\hbox {K}$$

T
CO

≈
250

K

.
The Immune Microenvironment in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: on Subsets and Subsites
Authors: Wondergem Niels E. , Nauta Irene H. , Muijlwijk Tara , Leemans C. René , van de Ven Rieneke 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To understand why some patients respond to immunotherapy but many do not, a clear picture of the tumor microenvironment (TME) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is key. Here we review the current understanding on the immune composition per HNSCC subsite, the importance of the tumor’s etiology and the prognostic power of specific immune cells.

Recent Findings
Large cohort data are mostly based on deconvolution of transcriptional databases. Studies focusing on infiltrate localization often entail small cohorts, a mixture of HNSCC subsites, or focus on a single immune marker rather than the interaction between cells within the TME.

Summary
Conclusions on the prognostic impact of specific immune cells in HNSCC are hampered by the use of heterogeneous or small cohorts. To move forward, the field should focus on deciphering the immune composition per HNSCC subsite, in powered cohorts and considering the molecular diversity in this disease.
The Role of Rituximab in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Bromberg Jacoline E. C. , van der Meulen Matthijs , Doorduijn Jeanette K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is still under debate. One of the issues is the role of rituximab in improving the outcome. Here, we summarize the existing evidence, and comment on the literature on this topic.

Recent Findings
Two randomized controlled studies have been published recently, with conflicting results. Although the evidence of the benefit of rituximab is limited, it is already incorporated into many treatment regimens, both in studies and in standard clinical practice.

Summary
The use of rituximab in PCNSL is still a matter of debate. A positive effect on the outcome is uncertain. However, there are no clinical signs of significantly increased toxicity. The uncertain positive effect should therefore be weighed against the increased costs of the treatment.
How Implicit Assumptions on the Nature of Trust Shape the Understanding of the Blockchain Technology
Authors: Jacobs Mattis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe role that trust plays in blockchain-based systems is understood and portrayed in various manners. The blockchain technology is said to enable and establish trust as well as to redirect it, to substitute for it, and to make it obsolete. Furthermore, there is disagreement on whom or what users have to trust when using the blockchain technology: (only) code, math, algorithms, and machines, or still (also) human actors. This paper hypothesizes that the divergences of the depictions largely rest on implicitly adhering to different accounts of trust. Thus, the goal of this paper is to outline how the current lack of a shared understanding of the term “trust” leads to diverging interpretations of the blockchain technology’s core features. Furthermore, it shows how this lack of common understanding obstructs scholars from referring to one another meaningfully in the discourse on blockchain technology. To do so, this paper outlines the most prominent depictions of the setup of relevant trust relationships within blockchain-based systems and traces their roots to different underlying assumptions on the nature of trust.
A quasi‐cluster randomized controlled trial of a classroom‐based mental health literacy educational intervention to promote knowledge and help‐seeking/helping behavior in adolescents
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Ojio Yasutaka , Foo Jerome Clifford , Michigami Emiko , Usami Satoshi , Fuyama Taruto , Onuma Kumiko , Oshima Norihito , Ando Shuntaro , Togo Fumiharu , Sasaki Tsukasa 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionSchool‐based education is a potentially effective approach for improving mental health literacy (MHL) in adolescents. This study evaluated the effects of the “Short MHL Program (SMHLP)”, a brief (50 min), school teacher‐led program, on MHL in adolescents in a quasi‐cluster randomized controlled trial.MethodsA total of 975 high school first graders (age 15–16) in Japan were allocated to classes such that gender and academic achievement ratios were almost equivalent at the time of admission to the high school. They were assigned at the class level to the SMHLP (n = 364 from 10 classes) or a control group (n = 611 from 17 classes). The program consisted of a 50‐minute session and was delivered by a school teacher. The students completed a self‐report questionnaire at 3 time points: pre‐, (immediately) post‐ and 2‐month follow‐up. Outcomes included “Knowledge about mental health/illnesses”, “Recognition of the necessity to seek help”, “Intention to seek help”, and “Intention of helping peers”. Mixed effects modeling was employed for analyses.ResultsScores of all outcomes were significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control group post‐intervention (p < .001). These improvements were maintained at 2‐months follow‐up for all outcomes (p < .001–.05). Questionnaire scores did not differ between groups at baseline.ConclusionsThe effect of the SMHLP was confirmed in grade 10 students. Brief, yet effective programs can be a viable option to promote understanding of mental health problems and have the potential to be incorporated into regular school curriculum. ”
Senegalese Wrestling between Nostalgia and Neoliberalism
Authors: Repinecz Jonathon 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines the cultural ambiguity of Senegalese wrestling. Certain discourses around this sport have constructed it as a nostalgic embodiment of traditional, national, or African values. At the same time, other discourses emphasize the sport’s commercialization, its embeddedness in the economics of precarity, and even its inventedness as a tradition. The case of Senegalese wrestling illustrates how traditionality is summoned and put to question in a context of socioeconomic fragmentation. Repinecz offers readings of Aminata Sow Fall’s novelL’Appel des arènes(1982), Cheikh Ndiaye’s film adaptation of the same name (2005), and Boubacar Boris Diop’s novelDoomi Golo(2003 and 2009) to illustrate this analysis.
Resident learning during a pandemic: Recommendations for training programs
Authors: Mok Garrick , Schouela Nicholas , Thurgur Lisa , Ho Michael , Hall Andrew K. , Caudle Jaelyn , Rosenberg Hans , Syed Shahbaz 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTResident education in emergency medicine (EM) relies upon a variety of teaching platforms and mediums, including real-life clinical scenarios, simulation, academic day (lectures, small group sessions), journal clubs, and teaching learners. However, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted teaching and learning, forcing programs to adapt to ensure residents can progress in their training.1 Suddenly, academic days cannot be held in person, emergency department (ED) volumes are dynamically changing, and the role of residents in ED procedures has been questioned. Furthermore, medical student rotations through the ED have been cancelled, decreasing resident exposure to undergraduate teaching. These changes to resident education threaten resident wellness and will have downstream effects on training and personal professional development. In response, programs must develop strategies to ensure that residents continue receiving high-quality training in a safe learning environment. In this review, we will cover recommended strategies put forth by two large EM programs in Ontario (Table 1).