bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Fiber: The Influence of Definition on Analysis and Regulation
Authors: DeVries Jonathan W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since 1953 when the term “dietary fiber” was coined, there has been concern about accurately defining this macronutrient component of the human diet. Proper and adequate analytical methodology and food labeling regulations are dependent upon an accurate definition. Health impact studies also depend upon an accurate and meaningful definition along with relevant methodology to provide data of adequate quality for epidemiological and clinical studies. The scientific communities associated with dietary fiber within AOAC INTERNATIONAL have been the leaders in bringing consensus to the dietary fiber definition and method validation for over a quarter of a century. The consensus definition and subsequent methodology have served as the base for regulations worldwide with regard to dietary fiber labeling and health claims. Recently, there has been renewed interest in reviewing the dietary fiber definition and updating it if the review indicates such a need. The American Association of Cereal Chemists completed an effort that provides a continuum for the historical scientific and regulatory efforts while allowing for inclusion of future discoveries into a framework based upon the knowledge gained in the past. Such a definition will provide for transparent and workable regulations with regard to dietary fiber, and will allow the dietary fiber scientific community of AOAC to validate relevant methods. The Food Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has published a set of definitions disconnected from the historical scientific base that do not provide a relevant basis for either adequate methodology, health studies or workable regulations.
Resistant Starch: Metabolic Effects and Potential Health Benefits
Authors: Higgins Janine A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although there is strong evidence that the amount and type of fat in the diet can have dramatic effects on metabolism, the case for carbohydrate subtypes influencing metabolic parameters is emerging. By definition, resistant starch (RS) is any starch that is not digested in the small intestine but passes to the large bowel. Here, RS is a good substrate for fermentation which gives rise to an increase in short-chain fatty acid production. The differing rates of absorption between RS and digestible starch are thought to denote their differential metabolic responses. RS intake is associated with several changes in metabolism which may confer some health benefits. RS intake seems to decrease postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses, lower plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, improve whole body insulin sensitivity, increase satiety, and reduce fat storage. These properties make RS an attractive dietary target for the prevention of diseases associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance as well as the development of weight loss diets and dietary therapies for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. This review analyzes the body of literature examining the metabolic effects of RS consumption and discusses possible mechanisms whereby increased short-chain fatty acid production in the bowel could account for some of these effects. The effects of RS in the large bowel per se are the topic of other reviews and are not addressed in this paper.
Multicenter Validation of PCR-Based Method for Detection of Salmonella in Chicken and Pig Samples
Authors: Malorny Burkhard , Cook Nigel , D'Agostino Martin , De Medici Dario , Croci Luciana , Abdulmawjood Amir , Fach Patrick , Karpiskova Renata , Aymerich Teresa , Kwaitek Krysztof , Kuchta Tomas , Hoorfar Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As part of a standardization project, an interlaboratory trial including 15 laboratories from 13 European countries was conducted to evaluate the performance of a noproprietary polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method for the detection of Salmonella on artificially contaminated chicken rinse and pig swab samples. The 3 levels were 1–10, 10–100, and 100–1000 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 mL. Sample preparations, including inoculation and pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW), were performed centrally in a German laboratory; the pre-PCR sample preparation (by a resin-based method) and PCR assay (gel electrophoresis detection) were performed by the receiving laboratories. Aliquots of BPW enrichment cultures were sent to the participants, who analyzed them using a thermal lysis procedure followed by a validated Salmonella-specific PCR assay. The results were reported as negative or positive. Outlier results caused, for example, by gross departures from the experimental protocol, were omitted from the analysis. For both the chicken rinse and the pig swab samples, the diagnostic sensitivity was 100%, with 100% accordance (repeatability) and concordance (reproducibility). The diagnostic specificity was 80.1% (with 85.7% accordance and 67.5% concordance) for chicken rinse, and 91.7% (with 100% accordance and 83.3% concordance) for pig swab. Thus, the interlaboratory variation due to personnel, reagents, thermal cyclers, etc., did not affect the performance of the method, which will be proposed as part of a developing international PCR standard.
Method Validation for Detection and Quantification of Cocoa Butter Equivalents in Cocoa Butter and Plain Chocolate
Authors: Buchgraber Manuela , Ulberth Franz , Anklam Elke ,   Collaborators:, Bernaert H , Cleenewerck B , Hummert C , Lamoureux T , Lomnitz A , Marchioni E , Matissek; R , Medina B , Rodriguez-Estrada M T , Timms R E , Veretout O , Wachter N , Zijderfeld H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A European interlaboratory study was conducted to validate an analytical procedure for the detection and quantification of cocoa butter equivalents in cocoa butter and plain chocolate. In principle, the fat obtained from plain chocolate according to the Soxhlet principle is separated by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography into triacylglycerol fractions according to their acyl-C-numbers, and within a given number, also according to unsaturation. The presence of cocoa butter equivalents is detected by linear regression analysis applied to the relative proportions of the 3 main triacylglycerol fractions of the fat analyzed. The amount of the cocoa butter equivalent admixture is estimated by partial least-squares regression analysis applied to the relative proportions of the 5 main triacylglycerols. Cocoa butter equivalent admixtures were detected down to a level of 2% related to the fat phase, corresponding to 0.6% in chocolate (assumed fat content of chocolate, 30%), without false-positive or -negative results. By using a quantification model based on partial least-squares regression analysis, the predicted cocoa butter equivalent amounts were in close agreement with the actual values. The applied model performed well at the level of the statutory limit of 5% cocoa butter equivalent addition to chocolate with a prediction error of 0.6%, assuming a chocolate fat content of 30%.
Liquid Chromatographic Method for Nicarbazin in Broiler Feeds and Premixtures: Development, Validation, and Interlaboratory Study
Authors: de Jong Jacob , Tomassen Marinka , Driessen Jaap , Keukens Henk , Putzka Hans-Artur , Brambilla Gianfranco ,   Collaborators:, Antalick J P , Biancotto G , Brambilla G , Checa-Moreno R , Cowles J , Faggionato E , Felgueiras I , Haustraete K , Johanssen F , Margry R , Michels K , Nunes da Costa J , Putzka H A , Schreuder C , Schwadorf K , Testa C , Ubaldi A , van der Kamp H , Van Schalm K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method for nicarbazin in broiler feeds and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was an acetonitrile–methanol (1 + 1) mixture. For feedingstuffs, water was also added. The 4,4′-dinitrocarbanilide moiety of nicarbazin was detected at a wavelength of 350 nm. Recovery was ≥ 87%. At 20 mg/kg, the repeatability was 0.7% and the within-laboratory reproducibility was 2.7%. The limit of determination was &lt;20 mg/kg. Other feed additives did not interfere in the assay that proved to be applicable to broiler feeds from different European Union countries. In an interlaboratory study, 4 positive broiler feeds, 1 blank pig feed, and 1 broiler premixture were analyzed by 19 laboratories using the method developed in this study. The relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) of the feedingstuffs (20–240 mg/kg) varied between 2.6 and 10.2%. The HORRAT ranged between 0.70 and 1.22. Recoveries were 91–108%. Three laboratories detected small signals in the blind blank samples, ranging from 0.4 to 2 mg/kg. For the premixture, acceptable results for reproducibility could only be obtained after the sample weight and volume of extraction had been doubled. To avoid excessive dilution of the extracts, the range of the calibration curve had also been doubled. With this modified method, the RSDr was 5.7% and the HORRAT was 1.95 (10 laboratories).
Liquid Chromatographic Method to Determine Narasin in Feedingstuffs and Premixtures: Development, Validation, and Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Thalmann Alfred , Wagner Klaus , Tomassen Marinka , Driessen Jaap , de Jong Jacob ,   Collaborators:, Antalick J , Biancotto G , Cowles J , Felgueiras I , Haustraete K , Johannsen F , Muhonen; R , Nunes da Costa J , Pløger A , Shearan P , van der Kamp H , van Schalm K , Wagner K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method for narasin in feedingstuffs and premixtures was developed, validated, and interlaboratory studied. The extraction solvent was methanol–K2HPO4 solution (9 + 1, v/v). Narasin was detected at 600 nm after post-column derivatization with dimethylamino-benzaldehyde. Recovery was &gt;90%. The repeatability (RSDr) in feed (20–140 mg/kg) ranged between 1.2 and 10.5%; the within-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged between 2.2 and 4.9%. The limit of determination was &lt;20 mg/kg. Other feed additives did not interfere in the assay. The method showed ruggedness against changes in the composition of extraction solvent, eluent, and conditions for post-column reactions. In an interlaboratory study, 5 broiler feeds (4 positive, 1 blank) and 1 premixture were analyzed by 13 laboratories. The RSDr of the feedingstuffs (20–120 mg/kg) varied between 2.17 and 7.57%. The HORRAT ranged between 0.77 and 0.88, with recoveries between 82 and 104%. One laboratory detected small signals in the blank sample, calculated as 0.6 and 2.8 mg/kg. For the premixture, acceptable results for reproducibility could only be obtained after modification of the method: the RSDr was 4.42% and the HORRAT was 1.56 (12 laboratories).
Contribution of Sampling to the Variability of Pesticide Residue Data
Authors: Ambrus Árpád , Soboleva Eugenia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The uneven distribution of pesticide residues among the treated objects leads to an inevitable variability of pesticide residue levels measured in the samples, which may significantly contribute to the combined uncertainty of the analytical results. A total of 8844 unit-crop residue data derived from 57 lots and 19 field trials were evaluated to determine the characteristic features of residue distribution in unit crops and composite samples. The average residue levels and the corresponding coefficient of variation (CV) values obtained for individual units taken from a given lot showed wide variation from lot to lot. There was no significant difference between the CVs of residue levels in sample sets of various unit crops or composite sample populations of different sizes taken from various crops. The CV values for levels of residues taken from individual lots followed normal distribution. Very good correlation was found between the CVs of the parent and sample populations. The experimentally obtained values were very close to those expected on the basis of the central limit theorem. The estimated typical relative standard uncertainties of sampling medium-size crops for pesticide residue analysis in the cases of sample sizes of 5, 10, and 25 were 37, 25, and 16%, respectively.
Protein Quantification, Sandwich ELISA, and Real-Time PCR Used to Monitor Industrial Cleaning Procedures for Contamination with Peanut and Celery Allergens
Authors: Stephan Oliver , Weisz Nancy , Vieths Stefan , Weiser Tanja , Rabe Burghard , Vatterott Wolfgang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the United States, peanut is one of the main sources of food allergens. Similarly, celery is a common allergenic food in Western Europe. Severe allergic reactions to both foods are common. Unexpected allergic reactions can occur after the consumption of celery-and peanut-free foods as a result of inadvertent cross-contaminations during manufacturing. Therefore, in cooperation with a flavor manufacturer, we monitored the cleaning process of slurry preparation equipment with regard to contaminations of follow-up products with celery and peanut compounds. Washing water samples taken after different cleaning steps and follow-up products were analyzed for the presence of celery and peanut traces with a celery-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a peanut-specific sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PCR and ELISA were compared with a nonspecific protein assay to evaluate whether the detection of protein traces can be a fast and cost-effective method for monitoring the effectiveness of wet cleaning procedures. Additionally, the allergenic potential of the celery and peanut mush, which were used as source material, were measured by a mediator release assay using a rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cell line. In conclusion, the quantification of total protein in washing water was suitable for monitoring the cleaning process. Our study also revealed evidence that, in cases where wet cleaning is applicable, allergenic traces can be removed with high efficiency.
Identification and Estimation of the Levo Isomer in Raw Materials and Finished Products Containing Atropine and/or Hyoscyamine
Authors: Cieri Ugo R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The belladonna alkaloids atropine sulfate and hyoscyamine sulfate, occasionally used as anticholinergic and antimuscarinic agents, have identical molecular formulas but different stereo configurations. Hyoscyamine sulfate contains almost 100% of the levo isomer, whereas atropine sulfate is composed of equal parts of dextro and levo isomers. It is believed that the therapeutic properties of these alkaloids are due exclusively or primarily to the levo isomer. Currently available methods determine only the total amount of atropine (hyoscyamine) sulfate. A method has been developed and is reported for the identification and estimation of the levo and dextro isomers of atropine and hyoscyamine. Reference solutions are prepared in methanol at the following weights per 100 mL: 8.0 mg atropine sulfate; 4.0 mg hyoscyamine sulfate; 7.0 mg scopolamine hydrobromide; and 10.0 mg homatropine methylbromide. Samples of raw materials are similarly prepared in methanol, commercial products are also extracted or diluted with methanol, and solutions are filtered. Liquid chromatography is used for separations on a 25 cm Chirobiotic T2 column. The mobile phase is prepared by mixing 3.0 mL acetic acid and 2.0 mL triethylamine with 1000 mL methanol. The injection volume is 100 or 200 μL; the flow rate is about 0.35 mL/min. Fluorescence detection is at 255 nm excitation and 285 nm emission. Scopolamine hydrobromide and hyoscyamine eluted after 20 and 60 min, respectively. Atropine sulfate generated 2 peaks after 60 and 65 min. Homatropine methylbromide also produced 2 peaks after 70 and 85 min. Samples tested in this study included raw materials and commercial tablets or injections containing belladonna alkaloids. In all cases, the percentage calculated was that of the levo isomer relative to the total amount of atropine (hyoscyamine) present.
Determination of Metal Content in Valerian Root Phytopharmaceutical Derivatives by Atomic Spectrometry
Authors: Arce Silvia , Cerutti Soledad , Olsina Roberto , Gomez María R , Martínez Luis D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Phytopharmaceuticals containing Valerian are used as mild sleep-inducing agents. The elemental composition of 3 different marks of Valeriana officinalis roots commercially available in the Argentinian market, their teas, and a commercial tincture have been studied. The content of Al, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn was determined in phytopharmaceuticals by flame atomic emission/absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, and ultrasonic nebulization coupled to inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. Prior to analyses of the samples, a digestion procedure was optimized. The analytical results obtained for Fe, Al, Ca, and V in the solid sample study were within the range 100–1000 mg/kg, and for Mn, Zn, and Pb within the range 10–100 mg/kg. Cadmium was found at levels up to 0.0125 mg/kg.
Overview of Acrylamide Monitoring Databases
Authors: Lineback David , Wenzl Thomas , Ostermann Ole P , Calle Beatriz de la , Anklam Elke , Taeymans Dominique 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since high acrylamide levels in carbohydrate-rich food were reported in 2002, many research activities were started in order to gain knowledge on occurrence, formation, and prevention of this compound in food products. Among them, monitoring programs were conducted in many countries worldwide by official bodies as well as by the food industry. National and international bodies set up monitoring databases. In 2003, both the European Commission and the World Health Organization posted calls for data and placed their spreadsheets for the submission of data on the Web. The goal of the databases is to collect data for a reliable estimation of the exposure of consumers to acrylamide via the food chain. This paper describes the assessment of the data quality and outlines the composition of the data in the 2 databases, to date.
Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Vitamin B6 in Reconstituted Infant Formula: Collaborative Study
Authors: Mann Dudley L , Ware George M , Bonnin Evelyn , Eitenmiller Ronald R ,   Collaborators:, Barna Eva , Christiansen Scott , Luc De Borde Jean , DeVries Jonathan , Gilliland Pamela , Hemmer Jane , Kalman Andras , Konings Erik , Levin David , Salvati Louis , Woollard David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method was validated for the determination of total vitamin B6 in infant formula. Total vitamin B6 was quantified by converting the phosphorylated and free vitamers into pyridoxine. Pyridoxine was determined by ion pair reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection. The method was subjected to an AOAC collaborative study involving a factory-manufactured, milk- and soy-based infant formula. Each was spiked at 3 concentrations in the range of 0–1 μg/g and sent as blind duplicate to participant laboratories. Nine laboratories returned valid data which were statistically analyzed for outliers and precision parameters. The repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) ranges were 2.0–4.0 and 3.5–5.9% for fortified milk- and soy-based formulas, respectively. The reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) ranges were 8.2–8.4 and 6.7–11.2% for fortified milk- and soy-based formulas, respectively. HORRAT values ranged from 0.42 to 0.53, indicating that the precision of the method is acceptable. The mean RSDr:RSDR values were 0.60 and 0.55 for milk- and soy-based formulas, respectively. As expected, RSDs for the unfortified samples were higher, but their HORRAT values (0.81 and 2.06) helped define a realistic limit of quantitation as 0.05 μg/g. Recovery data were quantitative and varied between 81.4 and 98.0% (mean = 89.8%) for each of 6 spiked materials.
Determination of β-Agonists in Liver and Retina by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Fesser Adrian C E , Dickson Leslie C , MacNeil James D , Patterson John R , Lee Stephen , Gedir Ronald 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method for the determination of bromobuterol, cimaterol, clenbuterol, clenpenterol, hydroxymethylclenbuterol, isoxsuprine, mabuterol, ractopamine, ritrodrine, salbutamol, terbutaline, and tulobuterol residues in bovine liver and retina is reported. This procedure uses enzymatic digestion, liquid–liquid extraction, and cleanup on Oasis HLB solid-phase extraction cartridges, followed by determination of the residues by LC-tandem quadrupole MS using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in the positive ion mode. Overall average recoveries ranged from 23 to 76% for liver and 34 to 77% for retina. The mean values for samples fortified at levels between 0.5–2.0 μg/kg (liver) and 5–20 μg/kg (retina) agreed within 98–118% of the spiked levels, with coefficients of variation ranging from 6 to 20%. The decision limits, CCα, ranged from 0.1 to 0.3 μg/kg for liver, 1–3 μg/kg for retina, and detection capabilities, CCβ, from 0.2–0.5 μg/kg for liver and 2–5 μg/kg for retina.
Simultaneous Determination of Residues of Dipyrone and Its Major Metabolites in Milk, Bovine Muscle, and Porcine Muscle by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Penney Lisa , Bergeron Caralee , Coates Brent , Wijewickreme Arosha 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method for the determination of dipyrone (DIP) and the DIP-related residues 4-formylaminoantipyrine (FAA), 4-aminoantipyrine (AA), and 4-methylaminoantipyrine (MAA) in milk, bovine muscle, and porcine muscle is presented. The analytes are extracted from the sample with methanol and defatted with hexane. The methanol extracts are then concentrated and injected into the LC system. Compounds are determined by reversed-phase LC using an Inertsil ODS-3 column with ammonium formate-acetonitrile mobile phase and MS detection using positive-ion electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were linear between 0.02 and 0.20 μg/g matrix equivalent concentration for FAA, AA, and MAA, and between 0.2 and 2.0 μg/g for DIP. The relative standard deviations for measurements by the proposed method were &lt;11% for milk and porcine samples, with slightly greater variability for bovine samples. Average recoveries ranged from 82 to 128%, depending on the compound and matrix involved. The method detection limits of FAA, AA, and MAA were &lt;0.02 μg/g for all matrixes tested, while those of DIP were &lt;0.13 μg/g. The proposed method is rapid, simple, and specific, allowing a single analyst to easily prepare over 20 samples in a regular working day.