bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Settlements and the Heritage Dilemma in Manila
Authors: Pante Michael D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis essay reflects on the problematic relationship between informal settlements and built heritage in Metro Manila, Philippines. Trained as a historian with scholarly and middle‐class socio‐civic sensibilities, I am oriented toward the preservation of historically significant structures. Such a seemingly safe positionality, however, is often made problematic by the reality of informal settlers occupying heritage sites, especially in the bustling cities of Asia’s so‐called “developing economies.” This complexity goes beyond finding the right balance between preserving mementos from the past and the material needs of the present. One cannot simply take a stance privileging socioeconomic provision over historical conservation, or vice‐versa, without accounting for class positionality, competing definitions of heritage, state‐capital relations, and the varying degrees and modalities of agency exercised by informal settlers. This paper foregrounds the ongoing struggle of informal settlers in Intramuros, Manila’s centuries‐old, Spanish walled city, by historicizing its “decline” from being a colonial nerve center to an area of blight. At present, these long‐time residents, who also provide the necessary labor for the tourism industry that sustains Intramuros, find it increasingly difficult to maintain their communities, even as tourist arrivals and the revenue they generate keep growing in number. Their situation provides insights that can deepen—and even unsettle—our understanding of this brewing tension between crumbling markers of the past and the present‐day inhumane housing conditions of our cities’ marginalized people.
The Growth of Children's Semantic and Phonological Networks: Insight From 10 Languages
Authors: Fourtassi Abdellah , Bian Yuan , Frank Michael C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildren tend to produce words earlier when they are connected to a variety of other words along the phonological and semantic dimensions. Though these semantic and phonological connectivity effects have been extensively documented, little is known about their underlying developmental mechanism. One possibility is that learning is driven by lexical network growth where highly connected words in the child's early lexicon enable learning of similar words. Another possibility is that learning is driven by highly connected words in the external learning environment, instead of highly connected words in the early internal lexicon. The present study tests both scenarios systematically in both the phonological and semantic domains across 10 languages. We show that phonological and semantic connectivity in the learning environment drives growth in both production‐ and comprehension‐based vocabularies, even controlling for word frequency and length. This pattern of findings suggests a word learning process where children harness their statistical learning abilities to detect and learn highly connected words in the learning environment.
Association between CYP2C19 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to high‐altitude pulmonary edema
Authors: He Xue , Bai Mei , Guan Xiwen , Zheng Jianwen , He Yongjun , Yuan Dongya , Jin Tianbo , Wang Li 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionHigh‐altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is caused by the interaction of both genetic and environmental risk factors.ObjectivesIn this study, we aimed to explore whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) inCYP2C19gene influenced the HAPE susceptibility in the Chinese Han population.MethodsWe recruited 238 cases and 230 controls between January 2018 and October 2018 from the Affiliated Hospital of Xizang Minzu University. The relationship betweenCYP2C19gene polymorphisms and HAPE was studied by association analysis. Genotyping was performed using the Agena MassARRAY platform and the statistical analysis was performed using Chi‐squared test, independent samplettest, genetic model analysis and haplotype analysis.ResultsThe main finding of our study showed that rs4494250 inCYP2C19gene was associated with an increased risk of HAPE at age >32 years in the log‐additive model (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.05‐3.09,P = 0.033). Also, it was observed to be associated with a reduced risk of HAPE at age ≤2 years in the dominant model (A/G‐A/A vs G/G, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.31‐0.97,P = 0.038) and in the log‐additive model (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35‐0.96,P = 0.033).ConclusionOur findings demonstrated thatCYP2C19genetic variants were associated with risk of developing HAPE in Han Chinese population.
A call to action: Feasible strategies to reduce the discard of transplantable kidneys in the United States
Authors: Stewart Zoe A. , Shah Shimul A. , Formica Richard N. , Kandaswamy Raja , Paramesh Anil S. , Friedman Jessica , Squires Ronald , Cooper Matthew , Axelrod David A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChanges to the United States kidney allocation system targeted at reducing organ discard have failed to improve organ utilization. High Kidney Donor Profile Index kidneys continue to be discarded at high rates as a result of the regulatory and financial barriers to widespread utilization of these organs. However, there are potential changes to clinical practice that could improve organ utilization. Expediting the time from initial offer to final organ acceptance would reduce cold ischemic time and should improve utilization. Implementation of procurement biopsy standards to avoid biopsy of low risk organs may prevent organ discards due to inaccurate data or excessive cold ischemia time. Further, standardization of procurement biopsy pathological interpretation coupled with electronic accessibility would enable early acceptance of difficult to transplant organs. These changes to allocation practice patterns are vital given proposals to expand the geographic sharing of deceased donor kidneys. Implementation of new allocation policies must be evaluated to ensure they result in higher transplant rates and acceptable post‐transplant outcomes.
Pilomatricoma with florid osseous metaplasia: A common tumor with rare histopathological finding
Authors: Bharti Sushma , Nalwa Aasma , Rajendran Madhubala , Rao Meenakshi , Elhence Poonam Abhay 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPilomatricoma, also known as calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, is a common benign skin adnexal tumor with differentiation toward hair cortex cells, commonly seen in head and neck region of children. It is usually solitary. Herein, we present a rare case of pilomatricoma with extensive osseous metaplasia as a thigh swelling in an adult female, considered clinically to be a sebaceous cyst. Florid osseous metaplasia is extremely rare in cases of pilomatricoma. To date, fewer than 10 cases of pilomatricoma with extensive osseous metaplasia at different sites have been reported in the English literature.
What is the role of PIWI family proteins in adult pluripotent stem cells? Insights from asexually reproducing animals, planarians
Authors: Kashima Makoto , Agata Kiyokazu , Shibata Norito 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPlanarians have a remarkable regenerative ability owing to their adult pluripotent stem cells (aPSCs), which are called “neoblasts.” Planarians maintain a considerable number of neoblasts throughout their adulthood to supply differentiated cells for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and asexual reproduction (fission followed by regeneration). Thus, planarians serve as a good model to study the regulatory mechanisms of in vivo aPSCs. In asexually reproducing invertebrates, such as sponge, Hydra, and planaria, piwi family genes are the markers most commonly expressed in aPSCs. While piwi family genes are known as guardians against transposable elements in the germline cells of animals that only sexually propagate, their functions in the aPSC system have remained elusive. In this review, we introduce recent knowledge on the PIWI family proteins in the aPSC system in planarians and other organisms and discuss how PIWI family proteins contribute to the regulation of the aPSC system.
Rapid photogrammetry of morphological traits of free‐ranging moths
Authors: Mungee Mansi , Athreya Ramana 
Published: July 2020

Photogrammetric studies of free‐ranging animals are limited to mammals and birds. Recent advances in insect photogrammetry, including 3D imaging, are entirely associated with museum specimens.
We present a rapid, simple, accurate, and inexpensive morphometric method targeting thousands of free‐ranging insects attracted to light screens using images taken without collecting a specimen or even constraining the individual in any manner. A reference grid printed on the screen is used to calibrate the images for shape and size without prior knowledge of the camera‐subject configuration. The method requires only inexpensive, off‐the‐shelf, consumer equipment, and freely available programming (R statistical language) and image processing (ImageMagick) tools.
We demonstrate the efficacy of the method using a dataset of 3675 images of free‐ranging hawkmoths (Lepidoptera:Sphingidae) imaged in natural repose on a screen. We show that this method introduces no bias and has a high degree of correspondence with traditional morphometry using collected specimens. We also propose error metrics, which quantify the calibration quality and identify images with poor data.
Although this method is particularly suited for the hyperdiverse moth community, which dominates the dynamics of many terrestrial ecosystems, it can be used for other phototropic taxa identifiable on an image to (morpho)‐species. It will help in accumulating reliable trait data from hundreds of thousands of individual insects without any expenditure on specimen collection. It is particularly suited for studies which require multi‐epoch, multi‐locate sampling like investigations into ecosystem stability, climate change, and community assembly.
Effects of carrion decomposition on litter arthropod assemblages
Authors: Sawyer Samantha J. , Bloch Christopher P. 
Published: July 2020

Many organisms contribute to the decomposition of carrion. For arthropods, many studies focus on the necrophagous community, those directly consuming carrion.Necrophagous arthropods use carrion as a shelter or food source. Therefore, carrion generally increases the abundance and biodiversity of necrophagous species. However, it is unclear if carrion has similar effects on detrital communities.This study examines changes in community structure and composition of necrophilous and detrital communities over the course of decomposition.Five pig head carrion were placed at least 7 m apart under cages in temperate mixed forest. Leaf litter was sampled 0 m, 1.5 m, and 3 m from each carrion weekly during summer, and monthly during autumn, until the first frost. Arthropods were extracted from leaf litter by using Berlese funnels.At the carrion site, necrophagous insects increased in abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity during decomposition, and all decreased after dry decay.Detritus arthropods displayed a sharp increase in abundance during advanced decay, decreasing during dry decay, and a general increase over time for species richness and diversity.In conclusion, carrion can influence the surrounding, non‐necrophagous arthropod community, highlighting the need to investigate carrion effects beyond typical necrophagous species to have a more holistic understanding of carrion ecology.
The prognostic impact of variant allele frequency (VAF) in TP53 mutant patients with MDS: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Deng Jili , Wu Xia , Ling Yantao , Liu Xiaoyan , Zheng Xue , Ye Wu , Gong Yuping 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTumor protein p53 (TP53) is frequently expressed in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Studies have already reported the poor prognostic impact of TP53 gene mutations in MDS patients. However, parts of this subgroup of patients with low‐risk MDS still have relatively better survival and longer remission times. Therefore, we performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the prognostic difference intra‐gene of variant allele frequency (VAF). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS), and event‐free survival (EFS) was selected as the secondary endpoint. We extracted the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for OS and EFS from univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. A total of 4003 MDS patients and 1278 TP53‐mutated patients from 13 cohorts of 11 studies up to February 24, 2020, were included in our meta‐analysis. Pooled HRs suggested that a high mutant VAF had an adverse impact on OS (HR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.48‐3.01, P < .0001) but no impact on EFS (HR = 15.57, 95% CI: 0.75‐324.44, P = .003) in MDS patients. Twenty percent is a proper threshold to set (HR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.31‐3.13, P = .001) and is a rough line between high clone burden and low clone burden, while 40% is an exact cutoff point (HR = 2.11, 95% CI: 1.26‐3.55, P < .0001) to guide diagnosis and treatment. Beyond the traditional binary classification of gene mutation, we aimed to find a way to divide mutant molecular markers more specifically by VAF to provide clinical therapeutic values. Our meta‐analysis indicates that a high VAF is an independent, adverse prognostic factor for OS in TP53 mutant MDS patients. Patients with mediate/low‐frequency parts who could be treated like wide‐type patients have relatively better survival and may choose allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as conditions permitting. Further prospective studies are needed in the future, and a large subgroup analysis of the same cutoff point subgroups is needed to obtain a more reliable basis for the impact of other mutant gene VAFs on the prognosis of MDS.
Using accounting‐based and loan‐related information to estimate the cure probability of a defaulted company
Authors: Lohmann Christian , Ohliger Thorsten 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe cure of a defaulted company has important implications for the estimation of the loss given default. In this study, we estimate the probability of a defaulted company being cured using data on a large international sample of defaulted companies. More specifically, we examine whether historic accounting information on a defaulted company and loan‐related information are associated with that company's probability of being cured. The main finding of our analysis is that both accounting‐based and loan‐related independent variables increase the validity of cure prediction models.
When, why and how tumour clonal diversity predicts survival
Authors: Noble Robert , Burley John T. , Le Sueur Cécile , Hochberg Michael E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe utility of intratumour heterogeneity as a prognostic biomarker is the subject of ongoing clinical investigation. However, the relationship between this marker and its clinical impact is mediated by an evolutionary process that is not well understood. Here, we employ a spatial computational model of tumour evolution to assess when, why and how intratumour heterogeneity can be used to forecast tumour growth rate and progression‐free survival. We identify three conditions that can lead to a positive correlation between clonal diversity and subsequent growth rate: diversity is measured early in tumour development; selective sweeps are rare; and/or tumours vary in the rate at which they acquire driver mutations. Opposite conditions typically lead to negative correlation. In cohorts of tumours with diverse evolutionary parameters, we find that clonal diversity is a reliable predictor of both growth rate and progression‐free survival. We thus offer explanations—grounded in evolutionary theory—for empirical findings in various cancers, including survival analyses reported in the recent TRACERx Renal study of clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma. Our work informs the search for new prognostic biomarkers and contributes to the development of predictive oncology.
New insights into the mechanisms behind mechanical itch
Authors: Sakai Kent , Akiyama Tasuku 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGentle tactile stimuli, such as insects crawling on the skin, can cause itching sensation called mechanical itch. Recent studies have begun to shed light on the neural mechanisms of mechanical itch. Interestingly, the neural pathway for mechanical itch is apparently different from that for chemical itch triggered by the activation of pruriceptors with various mediators. Mechanical itch dysesthesia is frequently seen in patients with chronic itch. Mechanisms of this dysesthesia are plausibly involved in central sensitization. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of mechanical itch under normal and pathological conditions.
Developing a Measure of the Impact of COVID‐19 Social Distancing on Household Conflict and Cohesion
Authors: Behar‐Zusman Victoria , Chavez Jennifer V. , Gattamorta Karina 
Published: July 2020

This report introduces the COVID‐19 Family Environment Scale (CHES), which aims to measure the impact of social distancing due to COVID‐19 on household conflict and cohesion. Existing measures do not capture household experiences relevant to the pandemic, in which families are largely confined to their homes while sharing a life‐threatening situation. Using best practice guidelines, we developed a pool of items and revised them with review by a panel of experts, and cognitive interviewing with community respondents. We administered the CHES by online survey to 3,965 adults. The CHES consists of 15 items for each of two subscales, household conflict (α = .847) and household cohesion (α = .887). Exploratory factor analysis yielded two factors, corresponding to the intended conflict and cohesion items, which accounted for 29% of variance. Confirmatory factor analysis partially supported the 2‐factor model (RMSEA = .057; CFI = .729, TLI = .708, and SRMR = .098). The CHES also contains 25 optional items to describe respondent and household characteristics, and household‐level COVID‐19 exposure. The CHES, publicly available athttps://elcentro.sonhs.miami.edu/research/measures-library/covid-19/index.html, provides a tool for measuring the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on important determinants of resilience in the face of major stressful events. Further work is needed to address the factor structure and establish validity of the CHES.
The colorful versatility of adipocytes: white‐to‐brown transdifferentiation and its therapeutic potential in humans
Authors: Maurer Stefanie , Harms Matthew , Boucher Jeremie 
Published: July 2020

Brown and brite adipocytes contribute to energy expenditure through nonshivering thermogenesis. Though these cell types are thought to arise primarily from the de novo differentiation of precursor cells, their abundance is also controlled through the transdifferentiation of mature white adipocytes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of white‐to‐brown transdifferentiation, as well as the conversion of brown and brite adipocytes to dormant, white‐like fat cells. Converting mature white adipocytes into brite cells or reactivating dormant brown and brite adipocytes has emerged as a strategy to ameliorate human metabolic disorders. We analyze the evidence of learning from mice and how they translate to humans to ultimately scrutinize the relevance of this concept. Moreover, we estimate that converting a small percentage of existing white fat mass in obese subjects into active brite adipocytes could be sufficient to achieve meaningful benefits in metabolism. In conclusion, novel browning agents have to be identified before adipocyte transdifferentiation can be realized as a safe and efficacious therapy.
The structure of a novel membrane‐associated 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase fromGluconacetobacter diazotrophicus(Gd6PGD) reveals a subfamily of short‐chain 6PGDs
Authors: Sarmiento‐Pavía Pedro D. , Rodríguez‐Hernández Annia , Rodríguez‐Romero Adela , Sosa‐Torres Martha E. 
Published: July 2020

The enzyme 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of 6‐phosphogluconate to ribulose‐5‐phosphate. It represents an important reaction in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, producing a ribose precursor essential for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis. We succeeded, for the first time, to determine the three‐dimensional structure of this enzyme from an acetic acid bacterium,Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus(Gd6PGD). ActiveGd6PGD, a homodimer (70 kDa), was present in both the soluble and the membrane fractions of the nitrogen‐fixing microorganism. TheGd6PGD belongs to the newly described subfamily of short‐chain (333 AA) 6PGDs, compared to the long‐chain subfamily (480 AA; e.g.,Ovis aries, Homo sapiens). The shorter amino acid sequence inGd6PGD induces the exposition of hydrophobic residues in the C‐terminal domain. This distinct structural feature is key for the protein to associate with the membrane. Furthermore, in terms of function, the short‐chain 6PGD seems to prefer NAD+over NADP+, delivering NADH to the membrane‐bound NADH dehydrogenase of the microorganisms required by the terminal oxidases to reduce dioxygen to water for energy conservation.EnzymeECnonbreakingspace1.1.1.343.DatabaseStructural data are available in PDB database under the accession number6VPB.
Retail and Place Attractiveness: The Effects of Big‐Box Entry on Property Values
Authors: Daunfeldt Sven‐Olov , Mihaescu Oana , Öner Özge , Rudholm Niklas 
Published: July 2020

The opponents of big‐box entry argue that large retail establishments generate a variety of negative externalities. The advocates, on the contrary, argue that access to a large retail market not only delivers direct economic benefits, but also a variety of positive spill‐over effects, and therefore, can be considered a consumer amenity that increases the attractiveness of the entry location. To test the validity of these competing arguments, we use the entry of IKEA in Sweden as a quasi‐experiment and investigate if increased access to retail is associated with place attractiveness, where attractiveness is proxied by residential property values. We find that entry by IKEA increases prices of the properties sold in the entry cities by, on average, 4.2% or 62,980 SEK (approximately 6,600 USD), but such an effect is statistically insignificant for the properties in the immediate vicinity of the new IKEA retail trade area. We also observe an attenuation of the effect with distance from the new IKEA store, where the properties located 10 km away experience a 2% price increase. Our results indicate that large retailers have the potential to increase place attractiveness, but perhaps not in the immediate vicinity of the new establishment.