bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Error estimates for fully discrete BDF finite element approximations of the Allen–Cahn equation
Authors: Akrivis Georgios , Li Buyang 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For a class of compatible profiles of initial data describing bulk phase regions separated by transition zones, we approximate the Cauchy problem of the Allen–Cahn (AC) phase field equation by an initial-boundary value problem in a bounded domain with the Dirichlet boundary condition. The initial-boundary value problem is discretized in time by the backward difference formulae (BDF) of order $1\leqslant q\leqslant 5$ and in space by the Galerkin finite element method of polynomial degree $r-1$, with $r\geqslant 2$. We establish an error estimate of $O(\tau ^q\varepsilon ^{-q-\frac 12}+h^{r}\varepsilon ^{-r-\frac 12}+{e}^{-c/\varepsilon })$ with explicit dependence on the small parameter $\varepsilon$ describing the thickness of the phase transition layer. The analysis utilizes the maximum-norm stability of BDF and finite element methods with respect to the boundary data, the discrete maximal $L^p$-regularity of BDF methods for parabolic equations and the Nevanlinna–Odeh multiplier technique combined with a time-dependent inner product motivated by a spectrum estimate of the linearized AC operator.
Strongly Peaking Representations and Compressions of Operator Systems
Authors: Davidson Kenneth R , Passer Benjamin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We use Arveson’s notion of strongly peaking representation to generalize uniqueness theorems for free spectrahedra and matrix convex sets that admit minimal presentations. A fully compressed separable operator system necessarily generates the $C^*$-envelope and is such that the identity is the direct sum of strongly peaking representations. In particular, a fully compressed presentation of a separable operator system is unique up to unitary equivalence. Under various additional assumptions, minimality conditions are sufficient to determine a separable operator system uniquely.
Temporal and Microspatial Heterogeneity in Transmission Dynamics of Coendemic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum in Two Rural Cohort Populations in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Rosas-Aguirre Angel , Guzman-Guzman Mitchel , Chuquiyauri Raul , Moreno Marta , Manrique Paulo , Ramirez Roberson , Carrasco-Escobar Gabriel , Rodriguez Hugo , Speybroeck Niko , Conn Jan E , Gamboa Dionicia , Vinetz Joseph M , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Malaria is highly heterogeneous: its changing malaria microepidemiology needs to be addressed to support malaria elimination efforts at the regional level.

Methods
A 3-year, population-based cohort study in 2 settings in the Peruvian Amazon (Lupuna, Cahuide) followed participants by passive and active case detection from January 2013 to December 2015. Incidence and prevalence rates were estimated using microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results
Lupuna registered 1828 infections (1708 Plasmodium vivax, 120 Plasmodium falciparum; incidence was 80.7 infections/100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] , 77.1–84.5). Cahuide detected 1046 infections (1024 P vivax, 20 P falciparum, 2 mixed); incidence was 40.2 infections/100 person-years (95% CI, 37.9–42.7). Recurrent P vivax infections predominated onwards from 2013. According to PCR data, submicroscopic predominated over microscopic infections, especially in periods of low transmission. The integration of parasitological, entomological, and environmental observations evidenced an intense and seasonal transmission resilient to standard control measures in Lupuna and a persistent residual transmission after severe outbreaks were intensively handled in Cahuide.

Conclusions
In 2 exemplars of complex local malaria transmission, standard control strategies failed to eliminate submicroscopic and hypnozoite reservoirs, enabling persistent transmission.
Cyanoacrylate Nail Glue and the Pajama Catalyst
Authors: Rich Harvey , Cubitt Jonathan J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nail glues are routinely used for the application of false nails and are readily available for unrestricted purchase from highstreet and online retailers. We present the case of a young lady who accidentally spilled her nail glue on to her cotton pajama trouser leg setting off a violent exothermic reaction that resulted in a full-thickness burn injury to her foot. She ultimately went on to require surgical debridement and skin grafting. We intend to remind both healthcare workers and members of the public that while nail glue alone in contact with the skin is relatively harmless, contact together with natural fibers such as cotton clothing produces a dangerous chemical reaction, which is too often underestimated and can lead to serious burn injuries. Our patient and the surgical team agree that more must be done to raise awareness of the risks these products pose, and retailers must ensure consumers are responsibly informed.
The Behavioral Effects of (Unenforceable) Contracts†
Authors: Starr Evan , Prescott J J , Bishara Norman 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Do contracts influence behavior independent of the law governing their enforceability? We explore this question in the context of employment noncompetes using nationally representative data for 11,500 labor force participants. We show that noncompetes are associated with reductions in employee mobility and changes in the direction of that mobility (i.e., toward noncompetitors) in both states that do and do not enforce noncompetes. Decomposing mobility into job offer generation and acceptance, we detect no evidence of differences in job search, recruitment, or offer activity associated with noncompetes. Rather, we find that employees with noncompetes—even in states that do not enforce them—frequently point to their noncompete as an important reason for declining offers from competitors. Our data further show that these employees’ beliefs about the likelihood of a lawsuit or legal enforcement are important predictors of their citing a noncompete as a factor in their decision to decline competitor offers.
Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) and Biomes in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
Authors: Barrios Suellem Petilim Gomes , Pereira Luciana Escalante , Casaril Aline Etelvina , Infran Jucelei de Oliveira Moura , Fernandes Wagner de Souza , Oshiro Elisa Teruyia , Galati Eunice Aparecida Bianchi , Graciolli Gustavo , Paranhos Filho Antônio Conceição , de Oliveira Alessandra Gutierrez 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is an important region of South America regarding leishmaniasis, with the great diversity of sandflies reported since 1938 and wide biodiversity represented by its biomes (Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Pantanal). A checklist of sandflies is presented here for the state and respective biomes. The data base was compiled from primary and secondary data. The primary data collection involved automatic light traps at Miranda–Abobral Pantanal subregion and in subregion Baixa Nhecolância of Pantanal. The secondary data were obtained from entomology scientific collections and a literature review of articles from 1938 to 2019, including entomological museum collections. A total of 71 species were reported, belonging to 14 genera and 13 subgenera, in 61 municipalities of the state, including the type locality of 9 species, and the first report of Lutzomyia cruzi (Mangabeira 1938), vector of Leishmania infantum (Nicolle 1937), in the Pantanal region of Miranda–Abobral. Other vector species, Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (Mangabeira 1942), Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia antunesi (Coutinho 1939), Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912), Nyssomyia neivai (Pinto 1926), and Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939), are reported in the entire area of the state. Maps containing the distribution of sandflies on Mato Grosso do Sul biomes were produced. The eclecticism of the species in relation to their ecotypes was observed, with several species using the three biome types as habitats and breeding sites.
Parental Experiences of Adolescent Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Loades Maria E , James Venessa , Baker Laura , Jordan Abbie , Sharma Aditi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Cancer-related fatigue is common, disabling, and chronic, but professional help is not necessarily sought. Parents can support symptom management and facilitate help-seeking. This study explored parental experiences of their adolescent’s cancer-related fatigue and what they do to help.

Methods
Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 parents of 17 adolescents aged 12–18 who were previously diagnosed with cancer. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

Results
Three high-order themes were generated. Firstly, “fatigue is inevitable and unpredictable.” This encompassed parental perceptions of fatigue as variable, distinct from normal tiredness, and linked to sleep and mood. Fatigue was seen as arising from cancer, which rendered parents helpless. Secondly, “fatigue is disruptive to normal life” beyond cancer treatment, which is contrary to expectations. Thirdly, parents managed fatigue by trying to balance the adolescent’s desires for normality and their own perception of what is realistic with encouraging activities, and by seeking support from others.

Conclusions
Parents see adolescent cancer-related fatigue as multi-faceted and experience it as unpredictable and attributed to cancer. They struggle to distinguish normal adolescent behavior from problematic fatigue, and to balance supporting and empowering the adolescent to live life to the fullest whilst also being realistic about the limitations imposed by fatigue and the benefits of activity. Parents try to manage fatigue practically but want more information about adolescent cancer-related fatigue to help establish their own and their adolescent’s expectations.
Cadmium inhibits cell cycle progression and specifically accumulates in the maize leaf meristem
Authors: Bertels Jonas , Huybrechts Michiel , Hendrix Sophie , Bervoets Lieven , Cuypers Ann , Beemster Gerrit T S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It is well known that cadmium (Cd) pollution inhibits plant growth, but how this metal impacts leaf growth processes at the cellular and molecular level is still largely unknown. In the current study, we show that Cd specifically accumulates in the meristematic tissue of the growing maize leaf, while Cd concentration in the elongation zone rapidly declines as the deposition rates diminish and cell volumes increase due to cell expansion. A kinematic analysis shows that, at the cellular level, a lower number of meristematic cells together with a significantly longer cell cycle duration explain the inhibition of leaf growth by Cd. Flow cytometry analysis suggests an inhibition of the G1/S transition, resulting in a lower proportion of cells in the S phase and reduced endoreduplication in expanding cells under Cd stress. Lower cell cycle activity is also reflected by lower expression levels of key cell cycle genes (putative wee1, cyclin-B2-4, and minichromosome maintenance4). Cell elongation rates are also inhibited by Cd, which is possibly linked to the inhibited endoreduplication. Taken together, our results complement studies on Cd-induced growth inhibition in roots and link inhibited cell cycle progression to Cd deposition in the leaf meristem.
Haplotype-based genome-wide association increases the predictability of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) resistance in wheat
Authors: Liu Fang , Jiang Yong , Zhao Yusheng , Schulthess Albert W , Reif Jochen C 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResistance breeding is crucial for sustainable control of wheat leaf rust and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are widely used to dissect leaf rust resistance. Unfortunately, GWAS based on SNPs often explained only a small proportion of the genetic variation. We compared SNP-based GWAS with a method based on functional haplotypes (FH) considering epistasis in a comprehensive hybrid wheat mapping population composed of 133 parents plus their 1574 hybrids and characterized with 626 245 high-quality SNPs. In total, 2408 and 1 139 828 significant associations were detected in the mapping population by using SNP-based and FH-based GWAS, respectively. These associations mapped to 25 and 69 candidate regions, correspondingly. SNP-based GWAS highlighted two already-known resistance genes, Lr22a and Lr34-B, while FH-based GWAS detected associations not only on these genes but also on two additional genes, Lr10 and Lr1. As revealed by a second hybrid wheat population for independent validation, the use of detected associations from SNP-based and FH-based GWAS reached predictabilities of 11.72% and 22.86%, respectively. Therefore, FH-based GWAS is not only more powerful for detecting associations, but also improves the accuracy of marker-assisted selection compared with the SNP-based approach.
The Completed SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: Large-scale structure catalogues for cosmological analysis
Authors: Ross Ashley J , Bautista Julian , Tojeiro Rita , Alam Shadab , Bailey Stephen , Burtin Etienne , Comparat Johan , Dawson Kyle S , de Mattia Arnaud , du Mas des Bourboux Hélion , Gil-Marín Héctor , Hou Jiamin , Kong Hui , Lyke Brad W , Mohammad Faizan G , Moustakas John , Mueller Eva-Maria , Myers Adam D , Percival Will J , Raichoor Anand , Rezaie Mehdi , Seo Hee-Jong , Smith Alex , Tinker Jeremy L , Zarrouk Pauline , Zhao Cheng , Zhao Gong-Bo , Bizyaev Dmitry , Brinkmann Jonathan , Brownstein Joel R , Rosell Aurelio Carnero , Chabanier Solène , Choi Peter D , Chuang Chia-Hsun , Cruz-Gonzalez Irene , de la Macorra Axel , de la Torre Sylvain , Escoffier Stephanie , Fromenteau Sebastien , Higley Alexandra , Jullo Eric , Kneib Jean-Paul , McLane Jacob N , Muñoz-Gutiérrez Andrea , Neveux Richard , Newman Jeffrey A , Nitschelm Christian , Palanque-Delabrouille Nathalie , Paviot Romain , Pullen Anthony R , Rossi Graziano , Ruhlmann-Kleider Vanina , Schneider Donald P , Magaña Mariana Vargas , Vivek M , Zhang Yucheng 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We present large-scale structure catalogues from the completed extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS). Derived from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) IV Data Release 16 (DR16), these catalogues provide the data samples, corrected for observational systematics, and random positions sampling the survey selection function. Combined, they allow large-scale clustering measurements suitable for testing cosmological models. We describe the methods used to create these catalogues for the eBOSS DR16 Luminous Red Galaxy (LRG) and Quasar samples. The quasar catalogue contains 343 708 redshifts with 0.8 &lt; z &lt; 2.2 over 4808 deg2. We combine 174 816 eBOSS LRG redshifts over 4242 deg2 in the redshift interval 0.6 &lt; z &lt; 1.0 with SDSS-III BOSS LRGs in the same redshift range to produce a combined sample of 377 458 galaxy redshifts distributed over 9493 deg2. Improved algorithms for estimating redshifts allow that 98 per cent of LRG observations result in a successful redshift, with less than one per cent catastrophic failures (Δz &gt; 1000 km s−1). For quasars, these rates are 95 and 2 per cent (with Δz &gt; 3000 km s−1). We apply corrections for trends between the number densities of our samples and the properties of the imaging and spectroscopic data. For example, the quasar catalogue obtains a χ2/DoF = 776/10 for a null test against imaging depth before corrections and a χ2/DoF= 6/8 after. The catalogues, combined with careful consideration of the details of their construction found here-in, allow companion papers to present cosmological results with negligible impact from observational systematic uncertainties.
Seeing above the clouds with high-resolution spectroscopy
Authors: Gandhi Siddharth , Brogi Matteo , Webb Rebecca K 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
In the last decade, ground-based high-resolution Doppler spectroscopy (HRS) has detected numerous species in transiting and non-transiting hot Jupiters, and is ideally placed for atmospheric characterization of warm Neptunes and super Earths. Many of these cooler and smaller exoplanets have shown cloudy atmospheres from low-resolution near-infrared observations, making constraints on chemical species difficult. We investigate how HRS can improve on these given its sensitivity to spectral line cores which probe higher altitudes above the clouds. We model transmission spectra for the warm Neptune GJ 3470b and determine the detectability of H2O with the CARMENES, GIANO, and SPIRou spectrographs. We also model a grid of spectra for another warm Neptune, GJ 436b, over a range of cloud-top pressure and H2O abundance. We show H2O is detectable for both planets with modest observational time and that the high H2O abundance-high cloud deck degeneracy is broken with HRS. However, meaningful constraints on abundance and cloud-top pressure are only possible in the high-metallicity scenario. We also show that detections of CH4 and NH3 are possible from cloudy models of GJ 436b. Lastly, we show how the presence of the Earth’s transmission spectrum hinders the detection of H2O for the most cloudy scenarios given that telluric absorption overlaps with the strongest H2O features. The constraints possible with HRS on the molecular species can be used for compositional analysis and to study the chemical diversity of such planets in the future.
The wide-binary origin of the Pluto–Charon system
Authors: Rozner Mor , Grishin Evgeni , Perets Hagai B 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The Pluto–Charon binary system is the best studied representative of the binary Kuiper-belt population. Its origins are vital to understanding the formation of other Kuiper-belt objects (KBO) and binaries and the evolution of the outer Solar system. The Pluto–Charon system is believed to form following a giant impact between two massive KBOs at relatively low velocities. However, the likelihood of a random direct collision between two of the most massive KBOs is low and is further constrained by the requirement of a low-velocity collision, making this a potentially fine-tuned scenario. Here, we expand our previous studies and suggest that the proto-Pluto–Charon system was formed as a highly inclined wide-binary, which was then driven through secular/quasi-secular evolution into a direct impact. Since wide-binaries are ubiquitous in the Kuiper belt with many expected to be highly inclined, our scenario is expected to be robust. We use analytic tools and few-body simulations of the triple Sun–(proto-)Pluto–Charon system to show that a large parameter space of initial conditions leads to such collisions. The velocity of such an impact is the escape velocity of a bound system, which naturally explains the low-velocity impact. The dynamical evolution and the origins of the Pluto–Charon system could therefore be traced to similar secular origins as those of other binaries and contact-binaries (e.g. Arrokoth) and suggest that they play a key role in the evolution of KBOs.
SMASHing the low surface brightness SMC
Authors: Massana Pol , Noël Noelia E D , Nidever David L , Erkal Denis , de Boer Thomas J L , Choi Yumi , Majewski Steven R , Olsen Knut , Monachesi Antonela , Gallart Carme , Marel Roeland P van der , Ruiz-Lara Tomás , Zaritsky Dennis , Martin Nicolas F , Muñoz Ricardo R , Cioni Maria-Rosa L , Bell Cameron P M , Bell Eric F , Stringfellow Guy S , Belokurov Vasily , Monelli Matteo , Walker Alistair R , Martínez-Delgado David , Vivas A Katherina , Conn Blair C 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The periphery of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) can unlock important information regarding galaxy formation and evolution in interacting systems. Here, we present a detailed study of the extended stellar structure of the SMC using deep colour–magnitude diagrams, obtained as part of the Survey of the MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH). Special care was taken in the decontamination of our data from Milky Way (MW) foreground stars, including from foreground globular clusters NGC 362 and 47 Tuc. We derived the SMC surface brightness using a ‘conservative’ approach from which we calculated the general parameters of the SMC, finding a staggered surface brightness profile. We also traced the fainter outskirts by constructing a stellar density profile. This approach, based on stellar counts of the oldest main-sequence turn-off stars, uncovered a tidally disrupted stellar feature that reaches as far out as 12 deg from the SMC centre. We also serendipitously found a faint feature of unknown origin located at ∼14 deg from the centre of the SMC and that we tentatively associated with a more distant structure. We compared our results to in-house simulations of a 1 × 109 M⊙ SMC, finding that its elliptical shape can be explained by its tidal disruption under the combined presence of the MW and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Finally, we found that the older stellar populations show a smooth profile while the younger component presents a jump in the density followed by a flat profile, confirming the heavily disturbed nature of the SMC.
Hunting for the host galaxy groups of binary black holes and the application in constraining Hubble constant
Authors: Yu Jiming , Wang Yu , Zhao Wen , Lu Youjun 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The discovery of gravitational-wave (GW) signals, produced by the coalescence of stellar-mass binary black holes (SBBHs), opens a new window to study the astrophysical origins and dynamical evolutions of compact binaries. In addition, these GW events can be treated as the standard sirens to constrain various cosmological parameters. Both issues require the host identification for these GW events, with help of the spatial resolution of GW detector networks. In this paper, we investigate the capabilities of various detector networks for identifying the SBBHs’ host galaxy groups, rather than their host galaxies, which can overcome the influence of galaxies’ proper motions in dark matter haloes for measuring the cosmological parameters. In our analysis, the group catalogue of SDSS DR7 with redshift z ∈ (0.01, 0.1) is considered as an example of the application. We find that for the second-generation (2G) detector network, the host galaxy groups of around (0.7–6.9) SBBHs can be identified per year assuming all sources are $30\!-\!30\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ binaries, and that all five detectors in the network are in lock 100 per cent of the time. For the 3G detector network, this number becomes (3.9–40.0) yr−1. We also investigate the potential constraint on the Hubble constant H0 by these GW events, if their redshift information is extracted from the candidates of host galaxy groups. We find that, by 5-yr full time observations, 2G detector network is expected to give a constraint of $\Delta H_0/H_0\sim (1{{\ \rm per\ cent}},\ 4{{\ \rm per\ cent}})$, which can be more than two order smaller if considering the 3G detector network.