bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amur tiger stripes: individual identification based on deep convolutional neural network
Authors: SHI Chunmei , LIU Dan , CUI Yonglu , XIE Jiajun , ROBERTS Nathan James , JIANG Guangshun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe automatic individual identification of Amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) is important for population monitoring and making effective conservation strategies. Most existing research primarily relies on manual identification, which does not scale well to large datasets. In this paper, the deep convolution neural networks algorithm is constructed to implement the automatic individual identification for large numbers of Amur tiger images. The experimental data were obtained from 40 Amur tigers in Tieling Guaipo Tiger Park, China. The number of images collected from each tiger was approximately 200, and a total of 8277 images were obtained. The experiments were carried out on both the left and right side of body. Our results suggested that the recognition accuracy rate of left and right sides are 90.48% and 93.5%, respectively. The accuracy of our network has achieved the similar level compared to other state of the art networks like LeNet, ResNet34, and ZF_Net. The running time is much shorter than that of other networks. Consequently, this study can provide a new approach on automatic individual identification technology in the case of the Amur tiger.
Salt Flushing, Salt Storage, and Controls on Selenium and Uranium: A 31‐Year Mass‐Balance Analysis of an Irrigated, Semiarid Valley
Authors: Bern Carleton R. , Holmberg Michael J. , Kisfalusi Zachary D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSalinity, selenium, and uranium pose water‐quality challenges for the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado and other rivers that support irrigation in semiarid regions. This study used 31 years of continuous discharge and specific conductance (SC) monitoring data to assess interannual patterns in water quality using mass balance on a 120‐km reach of river. Discrete sampling data were used to link the SC records to salinity, selenium, and uranium. Several important patterns emerged. Consumptive use reduced discharge by a median value of 33% and drove corresponding increases in salinity and uranium concentrations. Increased water availability for irrigation from rainfall and upstream snowpack in 1995–1999 flushed additional salinity and uranium into the river in 1996–2000; average annual total dissolved solids (salinity) concentrations increased 25%, and loads increased 131%. Smaller flushing events have occurred, sometimes lagging an increase in water availability by about one year. The pattern indicates flushing of salts temporarily stored, evaporatively concentrated, or of geologic origin. Mobilization of selenium from the reach was minor compared to salinity and uranium, and net selenium removal from the river was suggested in some years. Several processes related to irrigation could be removing selenium. The results provide context for efforts to improve water quality in the Arkansas River and rivers in other semiarid regions.
Quality and access – Early experience of implementing a virtual stereotactic chart round across a national network
Authors: Fitzgerald Rhys , Pryor David , Aland Trent , Anderson Lee , Knesl Marcel , Fong Andrew , Lunn Dominic , Oar Andrew , Jackson James , Foote Matthew 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionStereotactic radiation therapy is a highly specialised technique which requires careful and structured implementation. As part of a national stereotactic programme implementation, protocols were developed and a national stereotactic chart round was formed, which strongly recommended attendance and presentation of all cases before treatment. Herein, we describe our experiences launching a national chart round and its importance in a stereotactic programme.MethodStereotactic chart rounds were held via videoconference between July 2018 and July 2019. Data collected included attendances, patient‐related information including, diagnosis, clinical background, treatment intent, prescribed dose and fractionation and technical approach. Consensus recommendations regarding changes to treatment approaches were also recorded.ResultsFor the 12 months recorded, there were 1126 attendances, from 144 individual attendees, across 21 locations. In total, 285 cases (237 new cases, and 48 re‐presentations) were presented by 27 radiation oncologists (ROs) from 13 different locations. From the cases presented, 65 changes were recommended from 53 patients (22.3%), including 27 (11.4%) changes to contours, 18 (7.6%) changes to dose prescription/fractionation, 9 (3.8%) changes to plan dosimetry, 1 (0.4%) changes to treatment technique and 10 (4.2%) recommendations for which stereotactic radiation therapy was not advised. A significant inverse relationship was found between frequency of recommended changes and the individual RO’s stereotactic case load (P < 0.002).ConclusionThe implementation of a national stereotactic chart held via videoconference has ensured national protocol compliance across the network of locations. Furthermore, the chart rounds have allowed the entire multidisciplinary team to be provided with mentorship and guidance. Increasing number of cases presented was associated with lower rates of recommended changes highlighting the impact of experience and the need for continued mentorship.
Accuracy of Signs and Symptoms for the Diagnosis of Community‐acquired Pneumonia: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Ebell Mark H. , Chupp Hulme , Cai Xinyan , Bentivegna Michelle , Kearney Maggie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundCommunity‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important source of morbidity and mortality. However, overtreatment of acute cough illness with antibiotics is an important problem, so improved diagnosis of CAP could help reduce inappropriate antibiotic use.MethodsThis was a meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies of patients with clinically suspected pneumonia or acute cough that used imaging as the reference standard. All studies were reviewed in parallel by two researchers and quality was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 criteria. Summary measures of accuracy included sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, the diagnostic odds ratio, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) and were calculated using bivariate meta‐analysis.ResultsWe identified 17 studies, of which 12 were judged to be at low risk of bias and the remainder at moderate risk of bias. The prevalence of CAP was 10% in nine primary care studies and was 20% in seven emergency department studies. The probability of CAP is increased most by an abnormal overall clinical impression suggesting CAP (positive likelihood ratio [LR+] = 6.32, 95% CI = 3.58 to 10.5), egophony (LR+ = 6.17, 95% CI = 1.34 to 18.0), dullness to percussion (LR+ = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.14 to 5.30), and measured temperature (LR+ = 2.52, 95% CI = 2.02 to 3.20), while it is decreased most by the absence of abnormal vital signs (LR− = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.48). The overall clinical impression also had the highest AUROCC at 0.741.ConclusionsWhile most individual signs and symptoms were unhelpful, selected signs and symptoms are of value for diagnosing CAP. Teaching and performing these high value elements of the physical examination should be prioritized, with the goal of better targeting chest radiographs and ultimately antibiotics.
Tissue‐resident CD8+T memory cells with unique properties are present in human decidua during early pregnancy
Authors: Huang Xixi , Liu Lu , Xu Chunfang , Peng Xiandong , Li Dajin , Wang Li , Du Meirong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractProblemResident memory T (TRM) cells reside in the uterus during pregnancy may play an important role in balancing maternal‐fetal tolerance with anti‐infectious immunity. Although CD8+TRM and decidual CD8+T cells have been extensively characterized, the properties of decidual CD8+TRM (dTRM) cells remain poorly defined.Method of studyWe investigated the heterogeneity, phenotypes, and functions of dTRM cells, and compared the proportion of dTRM cells between normal pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) using flow cytometry. Moreover, we cocultured peripheral CD8+T (CD8+pT) cells with trophoblast, or decidual stomal cells (DSCs) in the presence or absence of anti‐TGF‐β antibody or TGF‐β type I receptor inhibitor to explore the effects of maternal‐fetal environment on decidual CD8+TRM cell formation.ResultsWe found that CD69+CD103+TRM cells were abundant in CD8+dT cells but not in CD4+dT cells with effector‐memory (EM, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotypes. The percentage of dTRM cells from RSA patients was significantly higher than that from normal pregnancy. Furthermore, dTRM cells showed increased expressions of chemokine receptors, T‐cell exhaustion‐related molecules, and produced more anti‐inflammatory cytokines and effector cytokines upon stimulation. Moreover, DSCs produced a considerable level of TGF‐β and upregulated CD103 expression on CD69+CD8+pT cells, which can be significantly reversed by blocking TGF‐β receptor.ConclusionOur findings demonstrate that TRM cells with unique properties are present in the decidua during human early pregnancy. They possess an enhanced capacity to produce effector cytokines and regulatory molecules, which might be important in the balance between maternal‐fetal immune tolerance and the capacity to aggressively respond to infections.
COVID19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients
Authors: Fogarty Helen , Townsend Liam , Ni Cheallaigh Cliona , Bergin Colm , Martin‐Loeches Ignacio , Browne Paul , Bacon Christopher L. , Gaule Richard , Gillett Alexander , Byrne Mary , Ryan Kevin , O’Connell Niamh , O’Sullivan Jamie M. , Conlon Niall , O'Donnell James S. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAlthough the pathophysiology underlying severe COVID19 remains poorly understood, accumulating data suggest that a lung‐centric coagulopathy may play an important role. Elevated D‐dimer levels which correlated inversely with overall survival were recently reported in Chinese cohort studies. Critically however, ethnicity has major effects on thrombotic risk, with a 3–4‐fold lower risk in Chinese compared to Caucasians and a significantly higher risk in African‐Americans. In this study, we investigated COVID19 coagulopathy in Caucasian patients. Our findings confirm that severe COVID19 infection is associated with a significant coagulopathy that correlates with disease severity. Importantly however, Caucasian COVID19 patients on low molecular weight heparin thromboprophylaxis rarely develop overt disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In rare COVID19 cases where DIC does develop, it tends to be restricted to late‐stage disease. Collectively, these data suggest that the diffuse bilateral pulmonary inflammation observed in COVID19 is associated with a novel pulmonary‐specific vasculopathy termed pulmonary intravascular coagulopathy (PIC) as distinct to DIC. Given that thrombotic risk is significantly impacted by race, coupled with the accumulating evidence that coagulopathy is important in COVID19 pathogenesis, our findings raise the intriguing possibility that pulmonary vasculopathy may contribute to the unexplained differences that are beginning to emerge highlighting racial susceptibility to COVID19 mortality.
Chronology and climate sensitivity of the post‐LGMglaciation in the Dunagiri valley, Dhauliganga basin, Central Himalaya, India
Authors: Kumar Vinit , Shukla Tanuj , Mishra Ajai , Kumar Anil , Mehta Manish 
Published: April 2020

In this study, we reconstruct the style and timing of the late Quaternary glaciation pattern in a monsoon‐influenced precipitation‐deprived region (Dhauliganga basin) of the Central Himalaya, India. We present detailed glacial geomorphological mapping, aided by topographic maps, satellite data, Google Earth images, global positioning system survey, and fieldwork (2012–2016), supported by optically stimulated luminescence dating. Our estimations for the magnitude and timing of glaciations in the Dunagiri Glacier valley suggest five sets of glacial advances. The oldest and most extensive glaciation in the valley is Dunagiri Glacial Stage‐I (DGS‐I), represented by a discontinuous moraine ridge that extends down to ~10 km (~2700 m a.s.l.) from the present‐day snout and formed 13±3 ka ago. TheDGS‐IIstage is present in the form of a small moraine ridge (~3000 m a.s.l.) that formed 10±2 ka ago. TheDGS‐IIIandDGS‐IVglacial stages are 5–6 and 3.5 ka old, respectively. The youngest stage (DGS‐V) of glaciation belongs to the neoglaciation episode ~1 ka old.DGS‐I was the most extensive glaciation in the valley and corresponds to the global Last Glacial Maximum. The glaciation pattern has been correlated with the estimates of present‐day glacial sensitivity to climate and explained as forcing factors sensitive to temperature and/or precipitation changes in the region. The observations based on prevailing climate correlations aided with available glacial chronologies underline the fact that the glacial valleys situated in precipitation‐deprived regions have preserved a delayed response of glaciations to regional climatic events. Estimates for the timing and pattern of glaciation in the present study suggest a different glacial response for modern climatic changes than previously assumed. We suggest that individual glacier advances differ regionally and, therefore, should not be interpreted as being reflective of a change in the whole geographical belt.
Clinical efficiency and patient preference of digital and conventional workflow for single implant crowns using immediate and regular digital impression: A meta‐analysis
Authors: de Oliveira Nathalia R. Cunha , Pigozzo Monica N. , Sesma Newton , Laganá Dalva Cruz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether digital workflow gives better results than the conventional one in the single implant crowns, when analyzing the impression time, patient preference, time efficiency, and adjustment time.Material and methodsMEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane were searched and supplemented via hand search up to June 19, 2019. Only clinical trials assessing conventional versus digital workflows for single implant crowns were included. Impression time was evaluated using random effects meta‐analysis, while patient preference, adjustment time, and time efficiency were reported descriptively.ResultsAmong 1,334 publications identified, ten studies were included. The random effects models revealed statistically significant reduction in time in the digital impression group when compared to the conventional group by the mean meta‐analysis (MD: 8.22 [95% CI: 5.48, 10.96]). Analysis from immediate digital impression versus conventional (MD: 3.84 [95% CI: 3.30, 4.39]) and regular digital impression versus conventional (MD:10.67 [95% CI: 5.70, 15.65]) showed statistically significant reduction in time on using the digital impression. Impression time in the digital process ranged between 6 min 39 s and 20 min, whereas for conventional, it was between 11.7 and 28.47 min. Patients showed greater preference for digital impression. Adjustment time in the digital process ranged between 1.96 and 14 min, whereas for conventional, it was between 3.02 and 12 min. Time efficiency in the digital process ranged between 36.8 and 185.4 min, whereas for conventional, it was between 55.6 and 332 min.ConclusionThe digital workflow has demonstrated better clinical efficiency considering impression time, patient preference, and time efficiency. According to the adjustment time, different results were presented.
Molecular and clinical characterization of PARP9 in gliomas: A potential immunotherapeutic target
Authors: Xu Hao , Chai Songshan , Wang Yihao , Wang Jiajing , Xiao Dongdong , Li Junjun , Xiong Nanxiang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundGlioma is a primary malignancy of the central nervous system (CNS). As biomedicine advances, an efficient molecular target is urgently needed for the diagnosis and treatment of glioma. Meanwhile, several studies have demonstrated that glioma development is closely related to immunity. PARP9 is an inactive mono‐ADP‐ribosyltransferase belonging to the poly‐ADP ribosyltransferase (ARTD) family. In this article, we aimed to reveal the relationship between PARP9 and glioma and explore the potential prognostic value and immunotherapeutic targetability of PARP9 in glioma.MethodsPARP9 transcript levels were analyzed with TCGA and GEO databases. The clinicopathological information of patients with glioma in the TCGA database and gene expression profiles were analyzed to determine the relationship between the expression of PARP9 and clinicopathologic characteristics. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, univariate Cox regression analysis, and multivariate Cox regression analysis were used for survival analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used for bioinformatics analysis. Correlation analysis explored the relationships between PARP9, infiltrating inflammatory immune cells, and immune checkpoint molecules.ResultsPARP9 is highly expressed in glioma, and high expression of PARP9 is associated with poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological features. Bioinformatics analysis showed that some immune‐related pathways were closely associated with high expression of PARP9. Correlation analysis indicated that PARP9 was closely related to inflammatory and immune responses, high immune cell infiltration, and immune checkpoint molecules.ConclusionsPARP9 may serve as an unfavorable prognosis predictor for glioma and a potential immunotherapeutic target.
Accessibility of ‘essential’ alcohol in the time of COVID‐19: Casting light on the blind spots of licensing?
Authors: Reynolds Joanna , Wilkinson Claire 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAmong the Australian and UK governments' responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic has been the designation of outlets selling alcohol for off‐premise consumption as ‘essential’ services, allowing them to remain open while pubs, hotels and restaurants have been forced to close. In a context of restrictions on movement outside the home in both countries, and where alcohol providers are trying to find new ways to reach their customers, this may lead to an intensification of the social and health harms associated with home drinking. By examining the current situation in both Australia and the UK, we argue that heightened risks from home drinking amid COVID‐19 bring into sharp focus long‐standing weaknesses within licensing systems in both countries: the regulation of off‐premise outlets to minimise harms from drinking at home. We call for critical conversations on how licensing systems should be revised to take more responsibility for protecting people from the health and social harms associated with home drinking, both under COVID‐19 and in the future.
The role of multimodality imaging in the diagnosis of left ventricular noncompaction
Authors: Rao Karan , Bhaskaran Ashwin , Choudhary Preeti , Tan Timothy C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLeft ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is a heterogeneous entity and, in reality, a likely spectrum of disease which is clinically associated with arrhythmia, thromboembolic complications and sudden cardiac death. With the emergence of cardiac MRI (cMRI), the phenotype is increasingly more prevalent, resulting in clinical uncertainty regarding prognosis and management. The currently accepted hypothesis suggests an early embryonic arrest of the normal, sequential myocardial compaction process. LVNC is observed in isolation or in association with congenital heart disease, neuromuscular disease or a vast array of genetic cardiomyopathies. Definition of the entity varies among international society guidelines with differences both within and between imaging modalities, predominantly echocardiography and cMRI. Long‐term prognostic data are emerging but due to the intrinsic variability in reported prevalence, selection bias and lack of pathological to prognostic correlation, there are many uncertainties regarding clinical management. This review seeks to clarify the role of multimodality imaging in diagnosis and management of the disease. We discuss the sensitivity and specificity of the current diagnostic criteria, as well as the nuances in diagnosis using the available imaging modalities.
The cost of dental trauma management: A one‐year prospective study in children
Authors: Bani‐Hani Thikrayat Gh. , Olegário Isabel C. , O'Connell Anne C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsManagement of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) can be expensive and time‐consuming, yet very few studies have addressed the cost of their management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total cost and the number of visits required to treat dental injuries to permanent incisors in children and adolescents over a 1‐year period.Materials and MethodsNinety‐five children with at least one traumatic dental injury to their permanent incisors were enrolled and managed according to the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines. Injuries were grouped into complex (n = 74) and non‐complex injuries (n = 21) and divided by the date of injury. Total cost was the sum of the direct (capital, staff, materials and laboratory fees) and indirect costs (travel, childcare and missed working hours). All data were collected prospectively through hospital records and questionnaires at each visit over one year. Data were analysed using a linear regression model for the cost and the number of visits. Logistic regression was used to analyse differences between complex and non‐complex injuries (α = 5%).ResultsThe mean total cost for complex and non‐complex injuries was €1687.9 and €1350.8, respectively. The treatment of non‐complex injuries was cheaper than for complex injuries (P = .047). The cost of follow‐up visits 4 years after the injury was significantly lower when compared to the treatment during the first year (P = .002). Travelling longer distances (>50 km) for treatment increased the overall cost of the treatment. There was no difference in the number of visits required for complex (mean = 5.6) and non‐complex (mean = 4.9) injuries, but there were significantly fewer visits required in year 4 onwards (P < .001).ConclusionComplex injuries presented a higher treatment cost, but the number of visits required was the same when compared to non‐complex injuries over the 1‐year evaluation. Further research in this area is encouraged to add to the limited available data.
Citizen Science, the Body of Christ, and Testimonial Epistemology
Authors: Friedrich Benedikt , Reichel Hanna , Renkert Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHow does explicit theological knowledge emerge out of communal practices, who is involved in its production, and what are its procedures? These are neither neutral nor arbitrary methodological questions; they are themselves deeply theological. Digital innovations and the subsequent transformations of society and academia invite us to redefine the work of theology. Epistemologically drawing on a theology of the cross and centring the communal nature and vulnerable existence of the witnessing community, we develop a model of doing theology that is collaborative and exploratory within the medial transformations of the digital age. Taking cues from participatory research conceptions of “citizen science,” we propose going toward and beyond a “citizen theology.” We need the courage to conceive of a theology that is ultimately centreless. Therefore, we cannot aspire to testimonially responsible forms of doing theology without striving for epistemic justice and diaconal empowerment at a global level. The “distributed theology” we envision promotes global (catholic), decentral (apostolic), and communal (local) forms of knowledge production by the whole of the body of Christ in ever more distributed ways.