bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Provision of rapid and specific ex vivo diagnosis of central nervous system lymphoma from rodent xenograft biopsies by a fluorescent aptamer
Authors: Georges Joseph , Qi Xiaodong , Liu Xiaowei , Zhou Yu , Woolf Eric C. , Valeri Amber , Al-Atrache Zein , Belykh Evgenii , Feuerstein Burt G. , Preul Mark , Scheck Adrienne C. , Reiser Mark , Anderson Trent , Gopez Jonas , Appelt Denah , Yocom Steven , Eschbacher Jennifer , Yan Hao , Nakaji Peter 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
Differentiating central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma from other intracranial malignancies remains a clinical challenge in surgical neuro-oncology. Advances in clinical fluorescence imaging contrast agents and devices may mitigate this challenge. Aptamers are a class of nanomolecules engineered to bind cellular targets with antibody-like specificity in a fraction of the staining time. Here, the authors determine if immediate ex vivo fluorescence imaging with a lymphoma-specific aptamer can rapidly and specifically diagnose xenografted orthotopic human CNS lymphoma at the time of biopsy.

METHODS
The authors synthesized a fluorescent CNS lymphoma-specific aptamer by conjugating a lymphoma-specific aptamer with Alexa Fluor 488 (TD05-488). They modified human U251 glioma cells and Ramos lymphoma cells with a lentivirus for constitutive expression of red fluorescent protein and implanted them intracranially into athymic nude mice. Three to 4 weeks postimplantation, acute slices (biopsies, n = 28) from the xenografts were collected, placed in aptamer solution, and imaged with a Zeiss fluorescence microscope. Three aptamer staining concentrations (0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 μM) and three staining times (5, 10, and 20 minutes) followed by a 1-minute wash were tested. A file of randomly selected images was distributed to neurosurgeons and neuropathologists, and their ability to distinguish CNS lymphoma from negative controls was assessed.

RESULTS
The three staining times and concentrations of TD05-488 were tested to determine the diagnostic accuracy of CNS lymphoma within a frozen section time frame. An 11-minute staining protocol with 1.0-μM TD05-488 was most efficient, labeling 77% of positive control lymphoma cells and less than 1% of negative control glioma cells (p < 0.001). This protocol permitted clinicians to positively identify all positive control lymphoma images without misdiagnosing negative control images from astrocytoma and normal brain.

CONCLUSIONS
Ex vivo fluorescence imaging is an emerging technique for generating rapid histopathological diagnoses. Ex vivo imaging with a novel aptamer-based fluorescent nanomolecule could provide an intraoperative tumor-specific diagnosis of CNS lymphoma within 11 minutes of biopsy. Neurosurgeons and neuropathologists interpreted images generated with this molecular probe with high sensitivity and specificity. Clinical application of TD05-488 may permit specific intraoperative diagnosis of CNS lymphoma in a fraction of the time required for antibody staining.
Targeting CD146 using folic acid–conjugated nanoparticles and suppression of tumor growth in a mouse glioma model
Authors: Fukui Naoki , Yawata Toshio , Nakajo Takahito , Kawanishi Yu , Higashi Youichirou , Yamashita Tatsuyuki , Aratake Takaaki , Honke Koichi , Ueba Tetsuya 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are responsible for tumor initiation, therapeutic resistance, and recurrence. CD146 is mainly expressed in dividing GSCs and regulates cell cycle progression. However, the evaluation of the efficacy of targeted therapy against CD146 in vivo remains to be investigated. In this study, the authors aimed to develop gene therapy targeting GSCs using chitosan oligosaccharide lactate (COL) nanoparticles (NPs) conjugated with folic acid–polyethylene glycol (FA-PEG-COL NPs) for in vitro and in vivo delivery of CD146 small-interfering RNA (siCD146) and to determine the effect of CD146 knockdown on tumor growth.

METHODS
To examine the uptake of NPs by tumor cells, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and in vivo imaging were performed. The knockdown effect of siCD146 was measured by western blot and water-soluble tetrazolium salt–8 assay in mouse glioma cells. The efficacy of siRNA therapy–targeted GSCs was evaluated by monitoring tumor growth through in vivo imaging and histological analysis.

RESULTS
In vivo accumulation of the FA-PEG-COL NPs in subcutaneous and intracranial gliomas following NP administration via a mouse tail vein was observed. Additionally, in vitro delivery of siCD146 ionically cross-linked NPs, reduced CD146 levels, and suppressed growth in the glioma tumor sphere. Evaluation of the in vivo therapeutic effects of siCD146–cross-linked NPs in a mouse glioma model revealed significant suppression of intracranial tumor growth, with complete removal of the tumor observed in some mice on histological examination. Furthermore, delivery of siCD146 significantly reduced the Ki-67 index in residual tumor tissues relative to that in control mice.

CONCLUSIONS
CD146 is a potential therapeutic target, and folic acid–conjugated NPs delivering siRNA may facilitate gene therapy in malignant gliomas.
Motoric impairment versus iron deposition gradient in the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Huang Weiyuan , Ogbuji Richard , Zhou Liangdong , Guo Lingfei , Wang Yi , Kopell Brian H. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) signal gradient of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and motor impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).

METHODS
All PD patients who had undergone QSM MRI for presurgical deep brain stimulation (DBS) planning were eligible for inclusion in this study. The entire STN and its three functional subdivisions, as well as the adjacent white matter (WM), were segmented and measured. The QSM value difference between the entire STN and adjacent WM (STN-WM), between the limbic and associative regions of the STN (L-A), and between the associative and motor regions of the STN (A-M) were obtained as measures of gradient and were input into an unsupervised k-means clustering algorithm to automatically categorize the overall boundary distinctness between the STN and adjacent WM and between STN subdivisions (gradient blur [GB] and gradient sharp [GS] groups). Statistical tests were performed to compare clinical and image measurements for discrimination between GB and GS groups.

RESULTS
Of the 39 study patients, 19 were categorized into the GB group and 20 into the GS group, based on quantitative cluster analysis. The GB group had a significantly higher presurgical off-medication Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Part III score (51.289 ± 20.741) than the GS group (38.5 ± 16.028; p = 0.037). The GB group had significantly higher QSM values for the STN and its three subdivisions and adjacent WM than those for the GS group (p < 0.01). The GB group also demonstrated a significantly higher STN-WM gradient in the right STN (p = 0.01). The GB group demonstrated a significantly lower L-A gradient in both the left and the right STN (p < 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Advancing PD with more severe motor impairment leads to more iron deposition in the STN and adjacent WM, as shown in the QSM signal. Loss of the STN inner QSM signal gradient should be considered as an image marker for more severe motor impairment in PD patients.
Chronicling the philanthropic arm of neurological surgery: a review of the growth and development of the Neurosurgery Research & Education Foundation
Authors: Agarwal Nitin , Luy Diego D. , Bonaminio Joanne M. , Philips Chris A. , Dattomo Kathryn A. , Heary Robert F. , Branch Charles L. , Robertson Jon H. , Groff Michael W. , Haid Regis W. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVEThe Neurosurgery Research & Education Foundation (NREF), previously known as the Research Foundation of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS), was established in 1980 to encourage and facilitate innovation through financial support to young neurosurgeons in the process of honing their competencies in neurosciences and neurological surgery. This article provides a historical overview of NREF, its mission, and charitable contributions and the ever-expanding avenues for neurosurgeons, neurosurgical residents and fellows, and medical students to supplement clinical training and to further neurosurgical research advances.METHODSData were collected from the historical archives of the AANS and NREF website. Available data included tabulated revenue, geographic and institutional records of funding, changes in funding for fellowships and awards, advertising methods, and sources of funding.RESULTSSince 1984, NREF has invested more than $23 million into the future of neurosurgery. To date, NREF has provided more than 500 fellowship opportunities which have funded neurosurgeons’ education and research efforts at all stages of training and practice.CONCLUSIONSNREF is designed to serve as the vehicle through which the neurosurgical community fosters the continued excellence in the care of patients with neurosurgical diseases.
Patient and parental assessment of factors influencing the choice of treatment in pediatric hydrocephalus
Authors: Tamber Mandeep S. , Naftel Robert P. 
Published: August 2020

OBJECTIVEChoosing between competing options (shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy) for the management of hydrocephalus requires patients and caregivers to make a subjective judgment about the relative importance of risks and benefits associated with each treatment. In the context of this particular decision, little is known about what treatment-related factors are important and how they are prioritized in order to arrive at a treatment preference.METHODSThe Hydrocephalus Association electronically distributed a survey to surgically treated hydrocephalus patients or their families. Respondents rated the importance of various surgical attributes in their decision-making about treatment choice, and also indicated their preference in hypothetical scenarios involving a trade-off between potential risks and benefits of treatment. Rank-order correlations were used to determine whether certain predictor variables affected the rating of factors or hypothetical treatment choice.RESULTSEighty percent of 414 respondents rated procedural risks, minimizing repeat surgery, and improving long-term brain function as being very or extremely important factors when deciding on a treatment; 69% rated the need to implant a permanent device similarly. Parent-respondents rated procedural risks higher than patient-respondents. A majority of respondents (n = 209, 54%) chose a procedure with higher surgical risk if it meant that implantation of a permanent device was not required, and respondents were more likely to choose this option if they discussed both treatment options with their surgeon prior to their initial intervention (Spearman rho 0.198, p = 0.001).Although only 144 of 384 total respondents (38%) chose a less established operation if it meant less repeat surgery, patient-respondents were more likely to choose this option compared to parent-respondents (Spearman rho 0.145, p = 0.005). Likewise, patient-respondents were more likely than parent-respondents to choose an operation that involved less repeat surgery and led to worse long-term brain function (Spearman rho 0.160, p = 0.002), an option that was chosen by only 23 (6%) of respondents overall.CONCLUSIONSThis study is the first exploration of patient/parental factors that influence treatment preference in pediatric hydrocephalus. Procedural risks, minimizing repeat operations, and the desire to maximize long-term cognitive function appeared to be the most important attributes that influenced treatment decisions that the survey respondents had made in the past. Patients and/or their caregivers appear to see some inherent benefit in being shunt free. It appears that fear of multiple revision operations may drive treatment choice in some circumstances.
Análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas de amostras de água mineral
Authors: Maro Kelly de Freitas , Pires Christiano Vieira , Junqueira Mateus da Silva , Macedo Maria Clara Coutinho , Silva Luana Sousa 
Published: August 2020

A água de abastecimento público do município de Sete Lagoas (MG) é caracterizada como dura devido às características calcárias do subsolo, gerando um sabor desagradável e ocasionando um elevado consumo de água mineral engarrafada. A grande variedade de marcas disponíveis no município gera questionamentos sobre a qualidade das mesmas. Sendo assim, este trabalho objetivou avaliar as características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e verificar as informações de rotulagem em amostras de água mineral envasadas em volume de 20 litros comercializadas no município de Sete Lagoas-MG. Foram em analisadas em triplicata 18 amostras diferentes. A determinação de coliformes totais, termotolerantes, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa foi realizada através da técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP) e a contagem de Enterococcus sp. pelo método da membrana filtrante. As análises de dureza e alcalinidade total foram realizadas pelo método volumétrico com indicador visual, a concentração dos minerais (cálcio, magnésio, sódio e potássio) por espectrometria de absorção atômica e a medida de pH utilizando um medidor de pH. Verificou-se que oito amostras apresentaram-se impróprias para o consumo, sendo que, sete apresentaram contaminação por Enterococcus sp. e três por P. aeruginosa. O pH, a dureza e a alcalinidade estavam de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos para águas potáveis. Para a maioria das amostras os valores encontrados para os minerais analisados variaram bastante quando comparados com o declarado no rótulo. Concluiu-se que algumas marcas estavam em desacordo, seja por questão microbiológica ou físico-química. Fiscalização, análises periódicas e aplicação de boas práticas são fundamentais para que sejam fornecidas água mineral de qualidade adequada para o consumo humano.
Effectivenes Education For Diabetic Melitus Management In Elderly With Diabetic Melitus
Authors: Lilyana Maria Theresia Arie , Pae Kristina 
Published: August 2020

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic syndrome due to impaired amount and function of insulin which causes high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Chronic hyperglycemia that occurs in DM can cause both microvascular and macrovascular complications, so the ability to manage DM is needed to prevent it. The focus of this research is the ability to manage DM for the elderly after getting education about DM management from various sources of information. A qualitative phenomenological design was chosen to obtain individual and in-depth information. Four participants were determined by purposive sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted using a recording device, a semi-structured interview guide, and field notes. Colaizzi's approach Qualitative content analysis produces themes: The information sources of DM management; The DM management that has been done; and The DM education form that they expected. This study concludes that based on information that the participant gives, management of DM are obtained by consumption hypoglycemic therapy and diet routinely to stay in a healthy condition, physical activities such as exercise carried out according to participant conditions, and another method of therapies is based on the participant experience and habits as a result of complications that occur for example hypoglycemia. Recommendation for the next research is an effective education for the elderly is needed to improve their ability to manage chronic illness such as DM.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, education, DM management, elderly
Thyroid metastasis from tonsil carcinoma: a rare presentation.
Authors: Pérez Quintero R , Rodríguez Padilla Á , Morales Martín G , Escoresca Suárez I 
Published: August 2020

Resumen

Las metástasis a la glándula tiroides son extremadamente raras, y particularmente de los carcinoma de cabeza y cuello. La afectación tiroidea puede ser identificada durante la estadificación del tumor primario o como masa cervical de nueva aparición. La evaluación preoperatoria es similar al estudio de una lesión primaria del tiroides.

Presentamos un caso de metástasis tiroidea por carcinoma de amigdala. El objetivo de nuestro artículo es analizar las características patológicas, examen, tratamiento y seguimiento.
Isomers of Hydrogenated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Explain the Presence of Infrared Bands in the 3 μm Region
Authors: Pla Paula , Wang Yang , Martín Fernando , Alcamí Manuel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A large number of hydrogenated coronene, circumcoronene, and circumcircumcoronene isomers have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations. The computation of their IR spectra puts forward significant differences between the different isomers in the 3 μm region and shows that hydrogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can account for the aromatic infrared bands resulting from the absorption of light by the interstellar medium. In particular, the intense 3.3 μm band, as well as the weak features observed at 3.40, 3.46, 3.51, and 3.56 μm are reasonably reproduced by the present calculations. The latter two are only observed when hydrogenation takes place in tertiary carbon atoms, showing that the frequencies at which these IR bands appear are a consequence of their position and chemical environment within the molecule.
Herschel SPIRE Discovery of Far-infrared Excess Synchrotron Emission from the West Hot Spot of the Radio Galaxy Pictor A
Authors: Isobe Naoki , Sunada Yuji , Kino Motoki , Koyama Shoko , Tashiro Makoto , Nagai Hiroshi , Pearson Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A far-infrared counterpart to the west hot spot of the radio galaxy Pictor A is discovered with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging REceiver (SPIRE) on board Herschel. The color-corrected flux density of the source is measured as 70.0 ± 9.9 mJy at the wavelength of 350 μm. A close investigation into its radio-to-optical spectrum indicates that the mid-infrared excess over the radio synchrotron component, detected with Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and Spitzer, significantly contributes to the far-infrared band. Thanks to the SPIRE data, it is revealed that the spectrum of the excess is described by a broken power-law model subjected to a high-energy cutoff. By applying the radiative cooling break under continuous energy injection (Δα = 0.5), the broken power-law model supports an idea that the excess originates in 10 pc scale substructures within the hot spot. From the break frequency,

Hz, the magnetic field was estimated as B ≃ 1–4 mG. This is higher than the minimum-energy magnetic field of the substructures by a factor of 3–10. Even if the origin of the excess is larger than ∼100 pc, the magnetic field stronger than the minimum-energy field is confirmed. It is proposed that regions with a magnetic field locally boosted via plasma turbulence are observed as the substructures. The derived energy index below the break, α ∼ 0.22 (conservatively <0.42), is difficult to be attributed to the strong-shock acceleration (α = 0.5). Stochastic acceleration and magnetic reconnection are considered as a plausible alternative mechanism.
Statistical Detection of IGM Structures during Cosmic Reionization Using Absorption of the Redshifted 21 cm line by H i against Compact Background Radio Sources
Authors: Thyagarajan Nithyanandan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Detecting neutral hydrogen structures in the intergalactic medium (IGM) during cosmic reionization via absorption (21 cm forest) against a background radiation is considered independent and complementary to the three-dimensional tomography and power spectrum techniques. The direct detection of this absorption requires very bright (≳10–100 mJy) background sources at high redshifts (z ≳ 8), which are evidently rare; very long times of integration; or instruments of very high sensitivity. This motivates a statistical one-dimensional (1D) power spectrum approach along narrow sightlines but with fainter background objects (∼1–10 mJy), which are likely to be more abundant and significant contributors at high redshifts. The 1D power spectrum reduces cosmic variance and improves sensitivity especially on small spatial scales. Using standard radiative transfer and fiducial models for the instrument, the background sources, and the evolution of IGM structures during cosmic reionization, the potential of the 1D power spectrum along selected narrow directions is investigated against uncertainties from thermal noise and the chromatic synthesized point spread function (PSF) response. Minimum requirements on the number of high-redshift background sources, the telescope sensitivity, and the PSF quality are estimated for a range of instrumental, background source, and reionization model parameters. The 1D power spectrum is intrinsically stronger at higher redshifts. A ∼1000 hr observing campaign targeting ∼100 narrow sightlines to radio-faint, high-redshift background objects with modern radio telescopes, especially the Square Kilometre Array, can detect the 1D power spectrum on a range of spatial scales and redshifts, and potentially discriminate between models of cosmic reionization.
The Complex Space Weather Events of 2017 September
Authors: Hajra Rajkumar , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Lakhina Gurbax S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), magnetic clouds (MCs), sheaths, corotating interaction regions (CIRs), solar wind high-speed streams (HSSs), fast forward shocks (FSs), reverse waves (RWs), stream interfaces, and heliospheric current sheet crossings detected upstream of the Earth and their geoeffectiveness are studied during 2017 September. The most intense geomagnetic storm (SYM-H peak = −146 nT) starting on September 7 had a three-step main phase. A compound interplanetary structure resulting from an FS encountering and compressing the upstream MC southward interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) caused the first two steps of the storm. A magnetospheric supersubstorm (SSS; SML peak = −3712 nT) led to the third and most intense step. An MC portion of an ICME created an intense storm (SYM-H peak = −115 nT) on September 8. A second SSS (SML peak = −2642 nT) occurred during the main phase of this storm. Intense geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) occurred during the SSSs. Two moderate magnetic storms with peak SYM-H indices of −65 and −74 nT occurring on September 13 and 27 were caused by sheath and CIR southward IMFs, respectively. Six FSs and their associated sheaths caused sudden impulses (SI+s) of magnitude ranging from +11 to +56 nT. The shocks/sheaths led to magnetospheric relativistic electron flux decreases. The RWs caused SI−s and substorm recoveries by reducing southward IMFs. The high-intensity long-duration continuous AE activities (HILDCAAs) caused by the HSSs were related to the increase/acceleration of relativistic electron fluxes.