bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Stability of Selenites and Selenates in Feed Premixes as a Function of Water Activity
Authors: Eisenberg Sylvan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sodium selenite is more hygroscopic than sodium selenate. It is, therefore, more likely to dissolve when dispersed in feeds of relatively high water activity. When dissolved, it may form selenious acid and disperse as a vapor. This is easily demonstrated by mounting a filter paper wetted with a reagent such as ascorbic acid over the subject feed, but not in contact with it. The paper turns brown as elemental selenium is formed from reduction of the vapor. Analysis of the paper ensures that the brown is indeed selenium. Though premixes are generally low enough in moisture content to ensure stability of the selenites, this is not true of many feeds. The water activities of a number of feeds, feed premixes, and feed ingredients have been determined instrumentally and compared to those of saturated solutions of sodium selenite and sodium selenate. There is no question that the selenite often dissolves with the potential to react and, in so doing, loses its nutritional function.
Validation of RAPID' Staph for Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in Foods
Authors: Lauer Wendy F , Gary Sandrine M T , Patel Asmita 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
RAPID' Staph (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is a medium for differentiation and enumeration of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus in food. RAPID'Staph medium is based on a Baird Parker formula optimized for the detection and enumeration of S. aureus in 24 h. The principle of the medium relies on the capacity of S. aureus to reduce tellurite (production of black colonies) and to provoke proteolysis of egg yolk (production of clear halo around the colony). Four foods (pasteurized whole milk, custard pie, processed ham, and smoked salmon) were selected to compare the performance of RAPID' Staph agar to AOAC Official Method 975.55. Method comparison studies demonstrated excellent agreement between the methods. Inclusivity and exclusivity rates of the medium were 100%. RAPID' Staph agar performed as expected when minor procedural variations were introduced, validating the ruggedness of the method. There was no difference in performance between the dehydrated and ready-to-use formulations of the media.
Improved Determination of Isolated trans Isomers in Edible Oils by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Using Spectral Reconstitution
Authors: de Voort Frederik R van , Sedman Jacqueline , Hussain Sherazi Syed Tufail 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A substantially more sensitive and accurate alternative to the single-bounce attenuated total reflectance (SB-ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method of AOAC/American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) was developed for determination of isolated trans isomers, based on transmission measurements using a technique called spectral reconstitution (SR). The method involves the 1:1.5 dilution of an oil with odorless mineral spirits (OMS) containing a spectralmarker. The resulting reduction in sample viscosity facilitates the use of a transmission flow cell, with the spectralmarker serving to determine the precise dilution ratio. This allows the spectral contributions of the OMS to be eliminated and a facsimile of the neat oil spectrum to be mathematically reconstituted. The transmission- SR (T-SR) procedure was initially evaluated relative to SB-ATR to track changes in the trans content of mixtures of unhydrogenated canola and a highly hydrogenated sunflower oil (030% trans). The results indicated that the T-SR procedure had the potential to serve as the basis of an accurate quantitative method. A subsequent T-SR calibration based on the spectral ratioing principle of the SB-ATR AOAC/AOCSmethod was developed by gravimetrically adding trielaidin (04%) to extra virgin olive oil (EVO), producing an excellent linear response with a standard deviation (SD) of &lt;0.04% trans. Subsequent comparison of SB-ATR and T-SR calibrations developed for 5 oils of different types, each spiked with low levels of trielaidin (01.2% trans), clearly indicated that SB-ATR was signal-limited, whereas the T-SR procedure performed well. The EVO calibration was subsequently used to predict the added trans content of these spiked oils, after the spectrum of the corresponding unspiked oil had been ratioed out. The resulting plot of predicted versus added trans was linear, with a slope of 1.02 and an overall SD of &lt;0.05% trans. When the spectra of these oils were ratioed against the spectrum of EVO, the trans predictions for some of the oils were offset by 23 percentage points, emphasizing the need for the appropriate trans-free reference oil to perform accurate analyses. If the latter condition is met, then T-SR provides a very simple technique, with the potential for automation, for analysis of oils by transmission spectroscopy, with approximately 20 the sensitivity of the AOAC/AOCS SB-ATR method.
Determination of Tianeptine in Tablets by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Ulu Sevgi Tatar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of tianeptine (Tia) in tablets. The method is based on derivatization of Tia with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NBD-Cl). A mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile10 mM orthophosphoric acid (pH 2.5; 77 + 23) was used at a flow rate of 1 mL/min on a C18 column. The Tia-NBD derivative was monitored using a fluorescence detector, with emission set at 520 nm and excitation at 458 nm. Gabapentin was selected as an internal standard. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the concentration range of 45300 ng/mL. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was 10 ng/mL at a signal-to-noise ratio of 4. The lower limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 45 ng/mL. The relative standard values for intra- and interday precision were &lt;0.46 and &lt;0.57%, respectively. The recovery of the drug samples ranged between 98.89 and 99.85%. No chromatographic interference from the tablet excipients was found. The proposed method was validated in terms of precision, robustness, recovery, LOD, and LOQ. All the validation parameters were within the acceptance range. The proposed method was applied for the determination of Tia in commercially available tablets. The results were compared with those obtained by an ultraviolet spectrophotometric method using t- and F-tests.
Determination of Methylcellulose and Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Food Gums in Food and Food Products: Collaborative Study
Authors: Harfmann Robert G , Deshmukh Balasaheb K , Conklin Jerry , Turowski Maciej , Lynch Stephanie ,   Collaborators:, Butler B H , Chiu M , Cittadino J , Kotvas M , Kuriyedath R , Larson B , Nabak J , Okot-Kotber M , Post B , Reif K , Shen H , Spence W B , Thomsen A , Valley K , Villoria M , Zielinski J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was performed to determine the reproducibility of a method for the determination of methylcellulose (MC) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in food. These widely used food gums possess unusual solubility characteristics and cannot accurately be determined by existing dietary fiber methods. The new method uses the enzyme-digestion procedure of AOAC Official Method 991.43. Digestate solutions must be refrigerated to fully hydrate MC or HPMC. The chilled solutions are filtered and analyzed by size-exclusion liquid chromatography. Collaborating laboratories received 28 samples containing MC or HPMC in the range of 0100%. The sample set included blind duplicates of 5 food matrixes (bread, milk, fish, potato, and powdered juice drink). Cochran and Grubbs tests were used to eliminate outliers. For food samples containing MC, values for within-laboratory precision, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr), ranged from 4.2 to 16%, and values for among-laboratories precision, reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR), ranged from 11 to 20%. For HPMC samples, RSDr values ranged from 6.4 to 27%, and RSDR values ranged from 17 to 39%. Recoveries of MC and HPMC from the food matrixes ranged from 78 to 101%. These results show acceptable precision and reproducibility for the determination of MC and HPMC, for which no Official AOAC Methods exist. It is recommended that this method be adopted as AOAC Official First Action.
Determining the Variability Associated with Testing Shelled Corn for Aflatoxin Using Different Analytical Procedures in Louisiana in 1998
Authors: Park Douglas L , Whitaker Thomas B , Simonson Janet , Morris Hershel F , Durr Bobby , Njapau Henry 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The number of elevator facilities with laboratories to test shelled corn for aflatoxin on site is increasing. The inherent difficulty in accurately determining the true aflatoxin concentration of a lot of corn may have serious implications. Deviations from the true value are of even greater significance at busy locations where a high throughput is desired. This study was instituted to measure (1) the differences in aflatoxin test results between elevator laboratories and the Louisiana Agricultural Chemistry (LAC) laboratory and (2) the variability in aflatoxin test results associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analysis of shelled corn at such locations. One hundred lots of shelled corn from 10 elevators in Louisiana were analyzed for aflatoxin using the Aflatest method (at elevators and at the LAC laboratory) and high-performance column liquid chromatography (HPLC; LAC laboratory only). Mean aflatoxin levels determined at elevator laboratories were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) lower from those obtained in the LAC laboratory using the Aflatest method. Overall, Aflatest method results were lower than those obtained by HPLC. This difference may be attributed to analyst technical dexterity, difficulty in providing careful attention to detail in a high throughput environment, and/or substandard facilities found at elevators. The total variance was partitioned into the combined sampling plus subsampling variance and analytical variance. The sampling and sample preparation steps accounted for about 91.5% of the total variability. When using the HPLC analytical method, the analytical step contributed only 8.5% to the total variance.
Evaluating the Performance of Sampling Plans to Detect Hypoglycin A in Ackee Fruit Shipments Imported into the United States
Authors: Whitaker Thomas B , Saltsman Joyce J , Ware George M , Slate Andrew B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hypoglycin A (HGA) is a toxic amino acid that is naturally produced in unripe ackee fruit. In 1973, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) placed a worldwide import alert on ackee fruit, which banned the product from entering the United States. The FDA has considered establishing a regulatory limit for HGA and lifting the ban, which will require development of a monitoring program. The establishment of a regulatory limit for HGA requires the development of a scientifically based sampling plan to detect HGA in ackee fruit imported into the United States. Thirty-three lots of ackee fruit were sampled according to an experimental protocol in which 10 samples, i.e., ten 19 oz cans, were randomly taken from each lot and analyzed for HGA by using liquid chromatography. The total variance was partitioned into sampling and analytical variance components, which were found to be a function of the HGA concentration. Regression equations were developed to predict the total, sampling, and analytical variances as a function of HGA concentration. The observed HGA distribution among the test results for the 10 HGA samples was compared with the normal and lognormal distributions. A computer model based on the lognormal distribution was developed to predict the performance of sampling plan designs to detect HGA in ackee fruit shipments. The performance of several sampling plan designs was evaluated to demonstrate how to manipulate sample size and accept/reject limits to reduce misclassification of ackee fruit lots.
Determination of the Cross-Reactivities for -Zearalenol, -Zearalenol, Zearalanone, -Zearalanol, and -Zearalanol on Three Commercial Immunoaffinity Columns Targeting Zearalenone
Authors: Erbs Marianne , Hartmann Nccolo , Bucheli Thomas D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Immunoaffinity extraction has become increasingly important as a sample preparation and cleanup method in mycotoxin analysis. In this study, the antibody specificities of 3 commercial immunoaffinity columns (IACs) targeting zearalenone (ZON) were compared for -zearalenol, -zearalenol, zearalanone, -zearalanol, and -zearalanol. The recoveries of ZON and its 5 analogs were determined in triplicate when extracted from 10 mL circumneutral river water samples spiked with 20 ng analyte individually or in a mixture. The analytes were analyzed by means of electrospray ionization liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using deuterated internal standards for quantitation. Recoveries ranged from 69 to 115% for all analytes with relative standard deviations of 139%. Cross-reactivities for the analogs were &gt;80% when applied both individually and in a mixture. No significant competition effects were observed when the compounds were applied as a multianalyte mixture well below the stated IAC capacities. The results obtained here demonstrate that all IACs tested are highly cross-reactive towards the 5 ZON derivatives and may be applied for their simultaneous extraction or cleanup.
Validation of RAPID'E. coli 2 for Enumeration and Differentiation of Escherichia coli and Other Coliform Bacteria in Selected FoodsPerformance-Tested MethodSM 050601
Authors: Lauer Wendy F , Martinez Frederic L , Patel Asmita 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
RAPID'E. coli 2 agar (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) is a chromogenic medium for differentiation and enumeration of E. coli and non-E. coli coliform bacteria in food. The principle of RAPID'E. coli 2 medium relies on simultaneous detection of 2 enzymatic activities, -d-glucuronidase (GLUC) and -d-galactosidase (GAL). Coliforms, other than E. coli (GAL+/GLUC), form blue to green colonies, whereas, specifically, E. coli (GAL+/GLUC+) form violet colonies. Eleven foods (raw ground beef, raw boneless pork, fermented sausage, processed ham, processed turkey, frozen turkey breast, raw ground chicken, cottage cheese, ricotta cheese, raw milk, and dry infant formula) were validated, comparing the performance of RAPID'E. coli 2 agar to the reference method AOAC 966.24. Two sample incubation temperatures were evaluated, 37 and 44C, testing a mixture of naturally and artificially contaminated foods. If naturally contaminated food was not available, thematrix was artificially inoculated with one E. coli strain and one non-E. coli coliform strain. Method comparison studies demonstrated some statistical differences between the 2 methods, which are expected when a plating method is compared to a most probable number method. Inclusivity and exclusivity rates of the medium were 99 and 94, respectively. The RAPID'E. coli 2 method was shown to be stable when minor variations were introduced.
Direct Method for Determination of Sudan I in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and D&C Orange No. 4 by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Petigara Bhakti R , Scher Alan L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed to determine parts-per-million and higher levels of Sudan I, 1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol, in the disulfo monoazo color additive FD&C Yellow No. 6 and in a related monosulfo monoazo color additive, D&C Orange No. 4. Sudan I, the corresponding unsulfonated monoazo dye, is a known impurity in these color additives. The color additives are dissolved in water and methanol, and the filtered solutions are directly chromatographed, without extraction or concentration, by using gradient elution at 0.25 mL/min. Calibrations from peak areas at 485 nm were linear. At a 99 confidence level, the limits of determination were 0.008 g Sudan I/mL (0.4 ppm) in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and 0.011 g Sudan I/mL (0.00011) in D&C Orange No. 4. The confidence intervals were 0.202 0.002 g Sudan I/mL (10.1 0.1 ppm) near the specification level for Sudan I in FD&C Yellow No. 6 and 20.0 0.2 g Sudan I/mL (0.200 0.002) near the highest concentration of Sudan I found in D&C Orange No. 4. A survey was conducted to determine Sudan I in 28 samples of FD&C Yellow No. 6 from 17 international manufacturers over 3 years, and in a pharmacology-tested sample. These samples were found to contain undetected levels (16 samples), 0.59.7 ppm Sudan I (0.010.194 g Sudan I/mL in analyzed solutions; 11 samples including the pharmacology sample), and 10 ppm Sudan I (0.2 g Sudan I/mL; 2 samples). Analyses of 21 samples of D&C Orange No. 4 from 8 international manufacturers over 4 years found Sudan I at undetected levels (8 samples), 0.0005 to &lt;0.005 Sudan I (0.05 to &lt;0.5 g Sudan I/mL in analyzed solutions; 3 samples, including a pharmacology batch), 0.005 to &lt;0.05 Sudan I (0.5 to &lt;5 g Sudan I/mL; 9 samples), and 0.18 Sudan I (18 g Sudan I/mL; 1 sample).
Validation of a Dissociation Enhanced Lanthanide Fluorescence Immunoassay for the Screening of 17 -Estradiol in Bovine Serum According to European Union Decision 2002/657/EC
Authors: Scalas Daniela , Squadrone Stefania , Gili Marilena , Marchis Daniela , Prearo Marino , Abete Maria Cesarina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A validation study was carried out in order to evaluate the performances of a dissociation enhanced lanthanide fluorescence immunoassay (DELFIA) for rapid screening of 17 -Estradiol in bovine serum. This validation was performed according to European Union (EU) Decision 2002/657/EC, which establishes criteria and procedures for determination of detection capability (CC), selectivity/specificity, and applicability/ruggedness/stability for qualitative screening tests. To determine these performance characteristics, 20 blank serum samples of cattle were collected and spiked with 17 -Estradiol at 40 pg/mL, corresponding to the maximum residue limit permitted by Italian legislation. According to the EU Decision CC criterion, spiked samples must have &lt;5 probability to be classified as a false negative. 17 -Estradiol was detected in each spiked sample, and the CC results were &lt;40 pg/mL. There was also no observed interference effect due to chemically related substances or from the matrix. Moreover, slight variations of some critical factors in the DELFIA procedure, deliberately introduced for ruggedness evaluation, did not result in any negative effect on the 17 -Estradiol detection. The proposed method is suitable for qualitative screening analysis of 17 -Estradiol according to EU performance requirements.
Utilizing Biotechnology in Producing Fats and Oils with Various Nutritional Properties
Authors: Flickinger Brent D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The role of dietary fat in health and wellness continues to evolve. In today's environment, trans fatty acids and obesity are issues that are impacted by dietary fat. In response to new information in these areas, changes in the amount and composition of edible fats and oils have occurred and are occurring. These compositional changes include variation in fatty acid composition and innovation in fat structure. Soybean, canola, and sunflower are examples of oilseeds with varied fatty acid composition, including mid-oleic, high-oleic, and low-linolenic traits. These trait-enhanced oils are aimed to displace partially hydrogenated vegetable oils primarily in frying applications. Examples of oils with innovation in fat structure include enzyme interesterified (EIE) fats and oils and diacylglycerol oil. EIE fats are a commercial edible fat innovation, where a lipase is used to modify the fat structure of a blend of hard fat and liquid oil. EIE fats are aimed to displace partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in baking and spread applications. Diacylglycerol and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-based oils are commercial edible oil innovations. Diacylglycerol and MCT-based oils are aimed for individuals looking to store less of these fats as body fat when they are used in place of traditional cooking and salad oils.
Detection and Characterization of cry1Ac Transgene Construct in Bt Cotton: Multiple Polymerase Chain Reaction Approach
Authors: Singh Chandra K , Ojha Abhishek , Kachru Devendra N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To comply with international labeling regulations for genetically modified (GM) crops and food, and to enable proper identification of GM organisms (GMOs), effective methodologies and reliable approaches are needed. The spurious and unapproved GM planting has contributed to crop failures and commercial losses. To ensure effective and genuine GM cultivation, a methodology is needed to detect and identify the trait of interest and concurrently evaluate the structural and functional stability of the transgene insert. A multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach was developed for detection, identification, and gene stability confirmation of cry1Ac transgene construct in Bt cotton. As many as 9 samples of Bt cotton hybrid seeds comprising 3 approved Bt hybrids, MECH-12Bt, MECH-162Bt, MECH-184Bt, and a batch of 6 nonapproved Bt hybrids were tested. Initially, single standard PCR assays were run to amplify predominant GM DNA sequences (CaMV 35S promoter, nos terminator, and npt-II marker gene); a housekeeping gene, Gossypium hirsutum fiber-specific acyl carrier protein gene (acp1); a trait-specific transgene (cry1Ac); and a sequence of 7S 3 transcription terminator which specifically borders with 3 region of cry1Ac transgene cassette. The concurrent amplification of all sequences of the entire cassette was performed by 3 assays, duplex, triplex, and quadruplex multiplex PCR assays, under common assay conditions. The identity of amplicons was reconfirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion profile. The 2 distinct transgene cassettes, cry1Ac and npt-II, of the Bt cotton were amplified using the respective forward primer of promoter and reverse primer of terminator. The resultant amplicons were excised, eluted, and purified. The purified amplicons served as template for nested PCR assays. The nested PCR runs confirmed the transgene construct orientation and identity. The limit of detection as established by our assay for GM trait (cry1Ac) was 0.1. This approach can be adopted as a standard procedure for complete molecular characterization of Bt cotton. These assays will be of interest and use to importers, breeders, research laboratories, safety regulators, and food processors for detection of cry1Ac bearing GMOs.