bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rayleigh Wave Attenuation Tomography in the Crust of the Chinese Mainland
Authors: Zhou Lianqing , Song Xiaodong , Yang Xiaoning , Zhao Cuiping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, we report a first major effort to measure surface wave amplitudes and to map attenuation structures of the Chinese mainland with dense modern broadband seismic networks in the country. We developed a method of phase‐matched filtering to automatically extract fundamental‐mode Rayleigh waves and to measure the spectral amplitudes. The results are compatible with those from the previous manual method with great improvement in efficiency. Using the automatic method, we extracted a large quantity of the amplitudes of Rayleigh waves at periods of 10 and 20 s recorded by 141 broadband stations from the China Digital Seismograph Network and 656 broadband stations from the China Regional Seismic Network. We performed tomographic inversions using the method of two‐station amplitude ratios and obtained images of the surface wave attenuation maps at periods of 10 and 20 s for the Chinese mainland. The tomographic model resolution reaches 1–2° in central and eastern China, 3–5° in western China, and 5° in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and northeastern China. The tomographic results demonstrate good correspondence with geological structures. The distribution of strong historical earthquakes indicates that in the Chinese mainland, these earthquakes occurred mainly in high‐attenuation areas or the junctions between high‐ and low‐attenuation areas.
An Analysis of Trouvelot's Auroral Drawing on 1/2 March 1872: Plausible Evidence for Recurrent Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Bhaskar Ankush , Hayakawa Hisashi , Oliveira Denny M. , Blake Sean , Silverman Sam M. , Ebihara Yusuke 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis work examines Trouvelot's observations and drawing of an auroral display during the night of 1 March 1872. It is known that the auroral oval moves equatorward to midlatitude and even low latitude during large geomagnetic storms. Trouvelot's graphical record of the great aurora on 1 March 1872 has been often cited as a remarkable example of a midlatitude aurora, although it is puzzling that this apparently occurred on a geomagnetically quiet day. Kataoka et al. (2019, JSWSC, 9, A16) even criticised this as a dating error. Here, we investigate Trouvelot's descriptions and available geomagnetic measurements in detail. Our analysis shows that the original date of Trouvelot's auroral drawing is most probably accurate in local time. Moreover, Trouvelot's descriptions and the observational site show that the auroral visibility fell at the beginning of 2 March 1872 in Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Consulting simultaneous variations of magnetograms at Helsinki and Greenwich, we found that the nightside aurora specifically coincides with the initial phase of the storm (substorm) and suggests a close association with a substorm triggered by sudden magnetospheric compression. This case study shows that short geomagnetic storms can be overlooked in a daily aa index and they can also cause midlatitude aurorae. Moreover, we found ≈27‐day intervals between this storm, the extreme storms on 4–6 February 1872, and another “bright aurora” that was reported on 6 January 1872. Based on their intervals, these midlatitude aurorae have probably resulted from recurrent solar activity.
Cross‐Shore Structure of Tidally Driven Alongshore Flow Over Rough Bathymetry
Authors: Amador A. , Arzeno I. B. , Giddings S. N. , Merrifield M. A. , Pawlak G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA tidally driven alongshore flow on the western coast of O'ahu Hawai'i is examined using velocity measurements from an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) along with time series observations of the alongshore pressure gradient. Depth‐averaged velocities over the forereef shelf are reconstructed from AUV‐based velocity observations as a function of cross‐shore distance assuming a sinusoidal tidal periodicity. Ensemble phase averages of the alongshore pressure gradient and velocities from multiple AUV surveys reveal characteristics akin to an oscillatory boundary layer, with the nearshore flow leading the offshore flow in phase and with a corresponding velocity attenuation at shallower depths. Analysis of the depth‐averaged alongshore momentum equation indicates that the cross‐shore structure and evolution of the tidal boundary layer is well described by a balance between the local acceleration, the barotropic pressure gradient, and bottom drag. This primary balance allows estimation of the drag coefficient as a function of cross‐shore distance over depths spanning from 24 to 6 m. Results indicate that drag coefficients range from 0.004 to 0.010 [±0.002] over a 600 m cross‐shore forereef section. These estimates are in good agreement with previous results obtained at the 12 m isobath using fixed observations and compare favorably with roughness estimates from LIDAR and AUV‐based mapping. Roughness data suggest that larger scales, with wavelengths of O(10 m), play a more significant role than smaller meter‐scale roughness in determining the drag on the tidal flow.
Enlarged Nonclosure of Surface Energy Balance With Increasing Atmospheric Instabilities Linked to Changes in Coherent Structures
Authors: Gao Zhongming , Liu Heping , Chen Xingyuan , Huang Maoyi , Missik Justine E. C. , Yao Jingyu , Arntzen Evan , Mcfarland Douglas P. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe nonclosure of surface energy balance remains an outstanding problem in eddy covariance (EC) measurements of land‐surface fluxes of heat, water vapor, and CO2. Here data collected from an EC tower over a semiarid sagebrush ecosystem indicate that under unstable atmospheric conditions, the nonclosure becomes increased with increasing instability, consistent with many other studies. It is demonstrated that the increased nonclosure is not caused by the inadequate sampling of large‐scale turbulent motions using a 30‐min averaging interval, though the scales of turbulent motions dominating sensible and latent heat fluxes become enlarged with increasing instability. Quadrant analysis is then used to reveal that the flux contributions from ejections remain nearly constant with increasing instability, whereas the flux contributions from sweeps are reduced and their time fractions increase. Our results imply that the increased nonclosure of surface energy balance is associated with changes in turbulent structures including their dominant time scales and flux contributions of ejections and sweeps as the atmospheric instability increases, which require further studies using vertically distributed observations and/or large eddy simulations.
Promoting Equity and Resilience: Wellness Navigators’ Role in Addressing Adverse Childhood Experiences
Authors: Barnett Miya L. , Kia-Keating Maryam , Ruth Andria , Garcia Mayra 
Published: June 2020

Objective: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have demonstrable negative effects on long-term physical and mental health. Racial and ethnic minority children disproportionally experience ACEs due to the impacts of structural inequality and discrimination, which could drive health disparities. Pediatric settings offer an opportune context to address ACEs and improve health equity, and to link families to the necessary resources to promote resilience. Wellness navigators (WNs), who can reflect patients’ cultural, linguistic, and other shared characteristics, have the potential to improve patient care and integrated behavioral health services to mitigate the public health impact of ACEs. In the current study, bilingual and bicultural WNs helped to deliver ACEs screening and response to predominately Latinx patients in a pediatric service setting. Methods: Quantitative data on referrals made by WNs and qualitative interviews were analyzed to understand the role of WNs in ACEs screening. Results: Among families (infants and caregivers) that screened positive for ACEs, WNs addressed social determinants of health and, based on individual needs assessments, made referrals to community resources in over half of the cases. Insurance, childcare, and housing were the most frequent referral sources. WNs supported caregivers in initiating services with 94% of the referrals that were made. Qualitative interviews with medical providers and caregivers underscored WNs’ role in the ACEs screening process. Implications for ACEs screening, trauma-responsive pediatric care, and integrating WNs into an integrated behavioral health team are discussed. Implications for Impact Statement WNs play an important role in providing linkages to social services in response to ACEs screening within pediatric practices. Task-sharing between WNs and professional behavioral health providers can help address health disparities for low-income Latinx families impacted by childhood adversity.
ADAM12 is a costimulatory molecule that determines Th1 cell fate and mediates tissue inflammation
Authors: Liu Yawei , Bockermann Robert , Hadi Mahdieh , Safari Iman , Carrion Belinda , Kveiborg Marie , Issazadeh-Navikas Shohreh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)12 was previously found to be expressed in T cells in the inflamed brain. However, the function of ADAM12 in T-cell responses in general and in tissue inflammation has not been examined. Here, we studied the role of ADAM12 in T-cell responses, fate determination on activation, and its functions in T cells to mediate tissue inflammation. We identified ADAM12 as a costimulatory molecule that is expressed on naive T cells and downregulated on stimulation. ADAM12 mimics CD28 costimulatory signaling to activate and induce the proliferation of T-helper 1 (Th1) cells. Monoclonal ADAM12 Fab antibodies trigger T-cell activation by amplifying TCR signaling to stimulate T-bet-mediated IFNγ production. Lack of genomicADAM12and its knockdown in T cells diminished T-bet and IFNγ production in Th1 cells, whereas other T cells, including Th17 cells, were unaffected. ADAM12 had similar functions in vivo on myelin antigen (MOG35–55)-induced T-cell activation. We found that genetic loss ofADAM12profoundly alleviated Th1-mediated neuroinflammation and thus disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a model of multiple sclerosis. Transcriptomic profiling of MOG35–55-specific ADAM12−/−T cells revealed differentially expressed genes that are important for T-cell activation, proliferation, and costimulatory signaling and Th1 pathogenicity, consistent with their inability to cause T-cell-mediated skin inflammation in a model of adoptive delayed-type hypersensitivity. We conclude that ADAM12 is a T-cell costimulatory molecule that contributes to the pathogenesis of tissue inflammation and a potential target for the treatment of Th1-mediated diseases.
The lateral septum mediates kinship behavior in the rat
Authors: Clemens Ann M. , Wang Hong , Brecht Michael 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEvolutionary theory and behavioral biology suggest that kinship is an organizing principle of social behavior. The neural mechanisms that mediate kinship behavior are, however, not known. Experiments confirm a sibling-approach preference in young rat pups and a sibling-avoidance-preference in older pups. Lesions of the lateral septum eliminate such kin preferences. In vivo juxta-cellular and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the lateral septum show multisensory neuronal responses to kin and non-kin stimuli. Non-kin odor-responsive neurons are located dorsally and kin-odor responsive neurons are located ventrally in the lateral septum. With development, the fraction of kin-responsive lateral septal neurons decrease and ongoing firing rates increase. Lesion effects, developmental changes and the ordered representation of response preferences according to kinship—an organization we refer to as nepotopy—point to a key role of the lateral septum in organizing mammalian kinship behavior.
Structure of the polymerase ε holoenzyme and atomic model of the leading strand replisome
Authors: Yuan Zuanning , Georgescu Roxana , Schauer Grant D. , O’Donnell Michael E. , Li Huilin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe eukaryotic leading strand DNA polymerase (Pol) ε contains 4 subunits, Pol2, Dpb2, Dpb3 and Dpb4. Pol2 is a fusion of two B-family Pols; the N-terminal Pol module is catalytic and the C-terminal Pol module is non-catalytic. Despite extensive efforts, there is no atomic structure for Pol ε holoenzyme, critical to understanding how DNA synthesis is coordinated with unwinding and the DNA path through the CMG helicase-Pol ε-PCNA clamp. We show here a 3.5-Å cryo-EM structure of yeast Pol ε revealing that the Dpb3–Dpb4 subunits bridge the two DNA Pol modules of Pol2, holding them rigid. This information enabled an atomic model of the leading strand replisome. Interestingly, the model suggests that an OB fold in Dbp2 directs leading ssDNA from CMG to the Pol ε active site. These results complete the DNA path from entry of parental DNA into CMG to exit of daughter DNA from PCNA.
DNA double-strand breaks induce H2Ax phosphorylation domains in a contact-dependent manner
Authors: Collins Patrick L. , Purman Caitlin , Porter Sofia I. , Nganga Vincent , Saini Ankita , Hayer Katharina E. , Gurewitz Greer L. , Sleckman Barry P. , Bednarski Jeffrey J. , Bassing Craig H. , Oltz Eugene M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEfficient repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) requires a coordinated DNA Damage Response (DDR), which includes phosphorylation of histone H2Ax, forming γH2Ax. This histone modification spreads beyond the DSB into neighboring chromatin, generating a DDR platform that protects against end disassociation and degradation, minimizing chromosomal rearrangements. However, mechanisms that determine the breadth and intensity of γH2Ax domains remain unclear. Here, we show that chromosomal contacts of a DSB site are the primary determinants for γH2Ax landscapes. DSBs that disrupt a topological border permit extension of γH2Ax domains into both adjacent compartments. In contrast, DSBs near a border produce highly asymmetric DDR platforms, with γH2Ax nearly absent from one broken end. Collectively, our findings lend insights into a basic DNA repair mechanism and how the precise location of a DSB may influence genome integrity.
A robust Th-azole framework for highly efficient purification of C2H4 from a C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture
Authors: Xu Zhenzhen , Xiong Xiaohong , Xiong Jianbo , Krishna Rajamani , Li Libo , Fan Yaling , Luo Feng , Chen Banglin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeparation of C2H4 from C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture with high working capacity is still a challenging task. Herein, we deliberately design a Th-metal-organic framework (MOF) for highly efficient separation of C2H4 from a binary C2H6/C2H4 and ternary C2H4/C2H2/C2H6 mixture. The synthesized MOF Azole-Th-1 shows a UiO-66-type structure with fcu topology built on a Th6 secondary building unit and a tetrazole-based linker. Such noticeable structure, is connected by a N,O-donor ligand with high chemical stability. At 100 kPa and 298 K Azole-Th-1 performs excellent separation of C2H4 (purity > 99.9%) from not only a binary C2H6/C2H4 (1:9, v/v) mixture but also a ternary mixture of C2H6/C2H2/C2H4 (9:1:90, v/v/v), and the corresponding working capacity can reach up to 1.13 and 1.34 mmol g−1, respectively. The separation mechanism, as unveiled by the density functional theory calculation, is due to a stronger van der Waals interaction between ethane and the MOF skeleton.
Structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary coupling between GPCRs and the Gi/o family
Authors: Kim Hee Ryung , Xu Jun , Maeda Shoji , Duc Nguyen Minh , Ahn Donghoon , Du Yang , Chung Ka Young 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHeterotrimeric G proteins are categorized into four main families based on their function and sequence, Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11, and G12/13. One receptor can couple to more than one G protein subtype, and the coupling efficiency varies depending on the GPCR-G protein pair. However, the precise mechanism underlying different coupling efficiencies is unknown. Here, we study the structural mechanism underlying primary and secondary Gi/o coupling, using the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor type 2 (M2R) as the primary Gi/o-coupling receptor and the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR, which primarily couples to Gs) as the secondary Gi/o-coupling receptor. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry and mutagenesis studies reveal that the engagement of the distal C-terminus of Gαi/o with the receptor differentiates primary and secondary Gi/o couplings. This study suggests that the conserved hydrophobic residue within the intracellular loop 2 of the receptor (residue 34.51) is not critical for primary Gi/o-coupling; however, it might be important for secondary Gi/o-coupling.
The Fire and Tree Mortality Database, for empirical modeling of individual tree mortality after fire
Authors: Cansler C. Alina , Hood Sharon M. , Varner J. Morgan , van Mantgem Phillip J. , Agne Michelle C. , Andrus Robert A. , Ayres Matthew P. , Ayres Bruce D. , Bakker Jonathan D. , Battaglia Michael A. , Bentz Barbara J. , Breece Carolyn R. , Brown James K. , Cluck Daniel R. , Coleman Tom W. , Corace R. Gregory , Covington W. Wallace , Cram Douglas S. , Cronan James B. , Crouse Joseph E. , Das Adrian J. , Davis Ryan S. , Dickinson Darci M. , Fitzgerald Stephen A. , Fulé Peter Z. , Ganio Lisa M. , Grayson Lindsay M. , Halpern Charles B. , Hanula Jim L. , Harvey Brian J. , Kevin Hiers J. , Huffman David W. , Keifer MaryBeth , Keyser Tara L. , Kobziar Leda N. , Kolb Thomas E. , Kolden Crystal A. , Kopper Karen E. , Kreitler Jason R. , Kreye Jesse K. , Latimer Andrew M. , Lerch Andrew P. , Lombardero Maria J. , McDaniel Virginia L. , McHugh Charles W. , McMillin Joel D. , Moghaddas Jason J. , O’Brien Joseph J. , Perrakis Daniel D. B. , Peterson David W. , Prichard Susan J. , Progar Robert A. , Raffa Kenneth F. , Reinhardt Elizabeth D. , Restaino Joseph C. , Roccaforte John P. , Rogers Brendan M. , Ryan Kevin C. , Safford Hugh D. , Santoro Alyson E. , Shearman Timothy M. , Shumate Alice M. , Sieg Carolyn H. , Smith Sheri L. , Smith Rebecca J. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Stuever Mary , Stevens Jens T. , Stoddard Michael T. , Thies Walter G. , Vaillant Nicole M. , Weiss Shelby A. , Westlind Douglas J. , Woolley Travis J. , Wright Micah C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWildland fires have a multitude of ecological effects in forests, woodlands, and savannas across the globe. A major focus of past research has been on tree mortality from fire, as trees provide a vast range of biological services. We assembled a database of individual-tree records from prescribed fires and wildfires in the United States. The Fire and Tree Mortality (FTM) database includes records from 164,293 individual trees with records of fire injury (crown scorch, bole char, etc.), tree diameter, and either mortality or top-kill up to ten years post-fire. Data span 142 species and 62 genera, from 409 fires occurring from 1981-2016. Additional variables such as insect attack are included when available. The FTM database can be used to evaluate individual fire-caused mortality models for pre-fire planning and post-fire decision support, to develop improved models, and to explore general patterns of individual fire-induced tree death. The database can also be used to identify knowledge gaps that could be addressed in future research.
A cognitive profile of multi-sensory imagery, memory and dreaming in aphantasia
Authors: Dawes Alexei J. , Keogh Rebecca , Andrillon Thomas , Pearson Joel 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFor most people, visual imagery is an innate feature of many of our internal experiences, and appears to play a critical role in supporting core cognitive processes. Some individuals, however, lack the ability to voluntarily generate visual imagery altogether – a condition termed “aphantasia”. Recent research suggests that aphantasia is a condition defined by the absence of visual imagery, rather than a lack of metacognitive awareness of internal visual imagery. Here we further illustrate a cognitive “fingerprint” of aphantasia, demonstrating that compared to control participants with imagery ability, aphantasic individuals report decreased imagery in other sensory domains, although not all report a complete lack of multi-sensory imagery. They also report less vivid and phenomenologically rich autobiographical memories and imagined future scenarios, suggesting a constructive role for visual imagery in representing episodic events. Interestingly, aphantasic individuals report fewer and qualitatively impoverished dreams compared to controls. However, spatial abilities appear unaffected, and aphantasic individuals do not appear to be considerably protected against all forms of trauma symptomatology in response to stressful life events. Collectively, these data suggest that imagery may be a normative representational tool for wider cognitive processes, highlighting the large inter-individual variability that characterises our internal mental representations.
Analysis of the genes controlling three quantitative traits in three diverse plant species reveals the molecular basis of quantitative traits
Authors: Zhang Meiping , Liu Yun-Hua , Xu Wenwei , Smith C. Wayne , Murray Seth C. , Zhang Hong-Bin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMost traits of agricultural importance are quantitative traits controlled by numerous genes. However, it remains unclear about the molecular mechanisms underpinning quantitative traits. Here, we report the molecular characteristics of the genes controlling three quantitative traits randomly selected from three diverse plant species, including ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer), fiber length in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.) and grain yield in maize (Zea mays L.). We found that a vast majority of the genes controlling a quantitative trait were significantly more likely spliced into multiple transcripts while they expressed. Nevertheless, only one to four, but not all, of the transcripts spliced from each of the genes were significantly correlated with the phenotype of the trait. The genes controlling a quantitative trait were multiple times more likely to form a co-expression network than other genes expressed in an organ. The network varied substantially among genotypes of a species and was associated with their phenotypes. These findings indicate that the genes controlling a quantitative trait are more likely pleiotropic and functionally correlated, thus providing new insights into the molecular basis underpinning quantitative traits and knowledge necessary to develop technologies for efficient manipulation of quantitative traits.