bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitutionality of Mandatory Vaccinations: Eliminating Exemptions
Authors: Lee Conner 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Life-threatening diseases have been the biggest fear of individuals dating back to the beginning of time. Taking the lives of millions, it was almost inevitable that one disease or another would completely knock out the human population. Fortunately, Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine in 1796 to combat a deadly smallpox outbreak. The creation of vaccinations is among the greatest achievements in the history of public health. Today, there are few measures that compare with the amount of lives saved due to vaccines. In fact, many life-threatening diseases in the United States have been reduced by more than 99%. In addition to saving the lives of children, there have been a drastic economic benefit as well that has resulted in our society saving almost $69 billion. The benefits of vaccinations have not gone unnoticed by legislatures. Today, all 50 states have enacted some form of compulsory vaccinations for children who plan on attending school in order to decrease the spread of diseases among our youth.
Let’s Make a (Smart) Deal: Biodiplomacy in the Age of Trump
Authors: Hearn Noah Blaine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
North Korea poses significant risks to national security as it continues to develop weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). On February 28, 2019, United States President Donald Trump announced that he would be departing his second summit with Kim Jong Un without having reached a deal regarding the denuclearization of North Korea. This anticlimactic outcome followed weeks of media buildup surrounding the two leaders’ meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam; however, negotiators from both countries have pledged to continue their efforts at crafting a deal. As they continue this endeavor, those with a seat at the negotiating table must recognize that the most prudent path forward for the United States is to ensure that any such disarmament deal also address North Korea’s capacity to develop of biological weapons (BWs) in addition to nuclear and chemical capabilities as part of a comprehensive strategy.
Relationship between trough level of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib and nilotinib) and BCR-ABL ratios in an Indonesian chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) population
Authors: Suprapti Budi , Andarsari Mareta Rindang , Hapsari Pharmasinta Putri , Khotib Junaidi , Suharjono  , Bintoro Siprianus Ugroseno Yudho 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Among Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients treated with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI-imatinib-nilotinib), some showed a suboptimal response. Based on pharmacokinetic studies, TKI trough level (

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

) is associated with clinical outcomes, reflected by the BCR-ABL ratio. However, the interindividual pharmacokinetic variability of imatinib and nilotinib is found to be moderate–high. This study aims to analyze the relationship between TKI

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

and BCL-ABL ratio in chronic-phase CML patients.

Methods
Cross-sectional study to CML chronic-phase patients treated with imatinib 400 mg daily or nilotinib 400 or 800 mg daily for ≥12 months. The exclusion criteria were therapy discontinuation within 29 days (imatinib) or 8 days (nilotinib) before the sampling day. Blood samples were drawn 1 h before the next dose. Imatinib-nilotinib

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

and BCR-ABL ratio were measured using HPLC and RT-qPCR. The relationship was analyzed using bivariate correlation Spearman’s rho test.

Results
Twenty-three imatinib and 11 nilotinib patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean imatinib and nilotinib

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

were 1,065.46 ± 765.71 and 1,445 ± 1,010.35 ng/mL respectively. There were large interindividual variations in both groups (71.87% vs. 69.88%). Half of the patients in each group were found to reach

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

target (≥1.000 ng/mL, imatinib; ≥800 ng/mL nilotinib), but only 12 (35,29%) of them result in BCR-ABL ratio ≤0.1%.

C

m
i
n

∞

${C}_{min}\hat{\infty }$

imatinib was found to be significantly associated with BCR-ABL ratio. But, not with the nilotinib group.

Conclusions
There were high interindividual variations of imatinib and nilotinib correlated with BCR-ABL ratio, but no correlation in nilotinib.
Food-added azodicarbonamide alters haematogical parameters, antioxidant status and biochemical/histomorphological indices of liver and kidney injury in rats
Authors: Olofinnade Anthony T. , Onaolapo Adejoke Y. , Onaolapo Olakunle J. , Olowe Olugbenga A. , Adeyeba Oluwaseyi A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Azodicarbonamide (ADA) is a dough enhancer currently used as a replacement for potassium bromate in the process of bread-making in countries such as Nigeria. However, comprehensive information on the toxicological profile of ADA is not readily available. The present study investigated the toxicological effects of ADA in rats.

Methods
Twenty-four adult rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six rats each. Animals in group A served as the control (administered standard diet), whereas animals in groups B, C and D were fed ADA in food at 1, 2 and 4%, respectively. Standard or ADA diet was fed to the animals daily for a period of 28 days. Body weight was measured weekly, whereas food and water consumption was measured daily. On day 28, animals were fasted overnight after which they were euthanised. Blood samples taken were used for assessment of fasting blood glucose, haematological parameters, serum lipids, antioxidant status, lipid peroxidation status, electrolytes and urea, plasma proteins and biochemical parameters of liver and kidney injury. The liver and kidneys were then excised and processed for general histological study.

Results
The results showed that repeated administration of ADA was associated with dose-related decrease in weight gain, decrease in overall food consumption, decreased superoxide dismutase activity/glutathione level and increased lipid peroxidation. There was also biochemical and morphological evidence of liver and kidney injury.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that food-added ADA could be injurious to the body cells and organs in rats.
Could Anise decrease the intensity of premenstrual syndrome symptoms in comparison to placebo? A double-blind randomized clinical trial
Authors: Farahmand Maryam , Khalili Davood , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Amin Gholamreza , Negarandeh Reza 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) has a high prevalence among women of reproductive ages but despite its high prevalence, it has no determined and absolute treatment, so far. So, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect Pimpinella Anisum (Anise) with placebo on the intensity of the symptoms of PMS.

Methods
The present study was a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. College students who were suffering from PMS and had the inclusion criteria were selected and randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (Anise) and control (placebo). Participants in the intervention group, received 110 mg capsules of Anise three times day (a total dose of 330 mg per day); the control group received similar capsules with the same dosing that contained starch. Consumption of the capsules was started 7 days before the start of the menstruation and continued until 3 days after, which was a total of 10 days during two consecutive menstruation cycles. The intensity of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was measured using Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). To compare the intensity of the symptoms between the two study groups, generalized estimating equation statistical method was used.

Results
Eventually, sixty-seven 18–35 year old college students who were suffering from premenstrual syndrome were enrolled in the study. Comparing the mean score of the intensity of the syndrome between the two groups after the first and the second menstruation cycles showed a decrease in the intervention group to 13.9 (p-value<0.001; 95% CI: 16.5,−11.4) and 9.8 (p-value<0.001; 95% CI: 12.4,−7.3), respectively.

Conclusion
Results of the study showed that, in general, Anise was effective in decreasing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in comparison to placebo.
Structural characterization, antioxidant, and antibiofilm activities of Coffea canephora green seeds
Authors: Aissaoui Mohammed , Rahmoun Mohammed Nadjib , Latrache Hassan , Barek Said , Elassri Ayoub , Bensouici Chawki , El Haci Imad Abdelhamid , Choukchou-Braham Noureddine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
In order to explore Coffea canephora green seeds as natural extract for application in the functional-food industry, we focused this study to the evaluation of the antioxidant and the antiadhesion effect of C. canephora green seeds extracts.

Methods
The analysis of C. canephora green seeds extracts was carried out by RP-HPLC-PDA. These extracts were screened for antioxidant activities by ABTS and phenanthroline assays. The antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution method against three reference bacteria. The inhibition of bacterial adhesion at 1/8 MIC was carried out against three reference bacteria.

Results
The RP-HPLC-PDA revealed the presence of gallic acid, vanillin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and P-coumaric acid. The n-buatnol extract have the highest activity ABTS assays (3.96 ± 0.08 μg/mL). For this extract, the A0.5 was 1.90 ± 0.05 μg/mL for phenanthroline assay. The n-butanol extract and the methanolic extract have the higher antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (40 µg/mL).At MIC/8, the extracts of C. canephora showed 70% higher antidhesive activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923.

Conclusions
Our finding provides an effective and specific new approach to the search of antioxidant and antiadhesive compounds for different uses.
Finite simple exceptional groups of Lie type in which all subgroups of odd index are pronormal
Authors: Kondrat’ev Anatoly S. , Maslova Natalia V. , Revin Danila O. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A subgroup H of a group G is said to be pronormal in G if H and

H
g

{H^{g}}

are conjugate in

〈
H
,

H
g

〉

{\langle H,H^{g}\rangle}

for every

g
∈
G

{g\in G}

.
In this paper, we determine the finite simple groups of type

E
6

⁢

(
q
)

{E_{6}(q)}

and

E
6

2

⁢

(
q
)

{{}^{2}E_{6}(q)}

in which all the subgroups of odd index are pronormal.
Thus, we complete a classification of finite simple exceptional groups of Lie type in which all the subgroups of odd index are pronormal.
Growth rate for endomorphisms of finitely generated nilpotent groups
Authors: Fel’shtyn Alexander , Jo Jang Hyun , Lee Jong Bum 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We prove that the growth rate of an endomorphism of a finitely generated nilpotent group is equal to the growth rate of the induced endomorphism on its abelianization, generalizing the corresponding result for an automorphism in [T. Koberda, Entropy of automorphisms, homology and the intrinsic polynomial structure of nilpotent groups, In the Tradition of Ahlfors–Bers. VI, Contemp. Math. 590, American Mathematical Society, Providence 2013, 87–99].
The methods of dynamical reconstruction of an input in a system of ordinary differential equations
Authors: Maksimov Vyacheslav I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the paper, for systems described by ordinary differential equations a review of algorithms of dynamical input reconstruction by results of inaccurate observations of its solutions is given. The problem under discussion is referred to the class of dynamical inverse problems. The proposed algorithms are stable with respect to informational noises and computational errors. They are based on the combination of methods of the theory of ill-posed problems and the theory of feedback control. The essence of the methodology underlying the algorithms suggested in the paper consists in the representation of a reconstruction algorithm in the form of a feedback control algorithm for a certain artificial dynamical system, a model; such an algorithm, whose output is the realization of the control in the model, is dynamical by its definition.
Circular Microchannel Heat Sink Optimization Using Entropy Generation Minimization Method
Authors: Kumar Krishan , Kumar Rajan , Bharj Rabinder Singh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The performance of the microchannel heat sink (MCHS) in electronic applications needs to be optimized corresponding to the number of channels (N). In this study optimization of the number of channels corresponding to the diameter of the microchannel (

D

N

{D_{N}}

) using an entropy generation minimization approach is achieved for the MCHS used in electronic applications. The numerical study is performed for constant total heat flow rate

(

q

˙

t
o
t

)

({\dot{q}_{tot}})

and total mass flow rate

(

m

˙

t
o
t

)

({\dot{m}_{tot}})

. The results indicate that the dominance of frictional entropy generation (

S

g
e
n
,
F
r

{S_{gen,Fr}}

) increases with the reduction in diameter. However, the entropy generation due to heat transfer (

S

g
e
n
,
H
T

{S_{gen,HT}}

) decreases with the reduction in diameter. Therefore, the optimum diameter (

D

∗

{D^{\ast }}

) is calculated corresponding to the minimum total entropy generation (

S

g
e
n
,
t
o
t
a
l

{S_{gen,total}}

) for the optimum number of channels (

N

∗

{N^{\ast }}

). Furthermore, the entropy generation number (

N

S

{N_{S}}

) and Bejan number (

B
e

Be

) are also calculated.
Fibroblast growth factor 23 and its role in phosphate homeostasis in growing children compared to adults
Authors: Jeddi Marjan , Heidari Maryam , Hatami Neda , Ranjbar Omrani Gholam Hossein 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Phosphate is essential for skeletal mineralization, which is regulated by parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Serum phosphate is physiologically higher in younger children, but factors that contribute to this physiological state are poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate phosphate and its regulators in children compared with adults.

Materials and methods
The participants were children aged 3–11 years and adults older than 20 years of age. Biochemical parameters including calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, FGF23, and vitamin D were measured. Fractional excretion of phosphate was calculated, using serum and urine phosphate and creatinine.

Results
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 children (mean age: 9.0 ± 2.1) and 44 adults (mean age: 38.9 ± 11.1). The children had higher serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and FGF23 (p < 0.001), but fractional excretion of phosphate was greater in adults (14.1 ± 5.7, 11.4 ± 4.4, p = 0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.7 to −0.2). Of all individuals, 61.8% had vitamin D deficiency. By multiple regression analysis, entering age, calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D level, the only independent predictor of FGF23 was 1, 25 dihydroxy-vitamin D3 (β: 0.78, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.5–1.1, R2: 0.59 for children, and β: 0.59, p < 0.001, 95% CI: 0.5–1.4, R2: 0.45 for adults).

Conclusion
As far as we know, there is little information regarding the role of FGF23 in physiologic state. In this cross-sectional study no association was found between FGF23 and urinary phosphate excretion in growing children. Further studies with more detail are essential to evaluate phosphate homeostasis during childhood.
Individualized birth length and head circumference percentile charts based on maternal body weight and height
Authors: Voigt Manfred , Meyer-Kahrweg Lena Marie , Landau-Crangle Erin , So Hon Yiu , Däbritz Jan , Rochow Markus , Kunze Mirjam , Rochow Niels 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesMeasurement of birth length and birth head circumference is part of the newborn assessment. Both measurements aid in distinguishing between proportionate and disproportionate small and large for gestational age newborns. It had been shown that birth weight is related to maternal height and weight. This study aims to analyze birth length and birth head circumference percentiles based on maternal stature.MethodsThis observational study analyzed birth length and birth head circumference percentiles of 2.3 million newborns stratified by maternal height and weight from the first obstetric assessment. Percentiles were calculated for sex and 22–43 gestational weeks for all infants. Eighteen subgroups based on six maternal height and three weight strata were defined and percentiles calculated from 32 to 42 gestational weeks using GAMLSS package for R.ResultsNewborns of mothers with height <158 cm and weight <53 kg (short stature) had a rate of preterm birth of 9%, compared to 5% in the tall stature group (height >177 cm, weight >79 kg). Small stature mothers were 1.7 years younger. Birth length differed by several centimeters for the same percentiles between groups of short and tall stature mothers, whereas birth head circumference differed up to 1.2 cm. The largest deviation of birth length was between the 97th percentiles. For male newborns born at term, birth length at the 97th percentile differed by 3.2 cm, at the 50th percentile by 2.7 cm and at the third percentile by 2.5 cm.ConclusionsBirth length and birth head circumference are related to maternal height and weight. To more completely assess newborns, the maternal size should be considered.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes among pregnant women with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Nicholls-Dempsey Laura , Czuzoj-Shulman Nicholas , Abenhaim Haim Arie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction marked by weakness and fatiguability of skeletal muscle. MG has an unpredictable course in pregnancy. Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of MG on maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods
Using the United States’ Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2015, we conducted a retrospective cohort study consisting of women who delivered during that period. Multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for baseline maternal demographics and comorbidities, were used to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes among pregnancies in women with and without MG.

Results
During the study period, 974 deliveries were to women diagnosed with MG. Women with MG were more likely to be older, African American, obese, have Medicare insurance and be discharged from an urban teaching hospital. Women with MG were also more likely to have chronic hypertension, pre-gestational diabetes, hypothyroidism, and chronic steroid use. Women with MG were at greater risk for acute respiratory failure (OR 13.7, 95% CI 8.9–21.2) and increased length of hospital stay (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9–3.3). No significant difference was observed in the risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes, caesarean section or instrumental vaginal delivery. Neonates of women with MG were more likely to be premature (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.8).

Conclusions
MG in pregnancy is a high-risk condition associated with greater risk of maternal respiratory failure and preterm birth. Management in a tertiary care center with obstetrical, neurological, anesthesia and neonatology collaboration is recommended.
Professionally responsible advocacy for women and children first during the COVID-19 pandemic: guidance from World Association of Perinatal Medicine and International Academy of Perinatal Medicine
Authors: Chervenak Frank A. , McCullough Laurence B. , Grünebaum Amos , Bornstein Eran , Sen Cihat , Stanojevic Milan , Degtyareva Marina , Kurjak Asim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The goal of perinatal medicine is to provide professionally responsible clinical management of the conditions and diagnoses of pregnant, fetal, and neonatal patients. The New York Declaration of the International Academy of Perinatal Medicine, “Women and children First – or Last?” was directed toward the ethical challenges of perinatal medicine in middle-income and low-income countries. The global COVID-19 pandemic presents common ethical challenges in all countries, independent of their national wealth. In this paper the World Association of Perinatal Medicine provides ethics-based guidance for professionally responsible advocacy for women and children first during the COVID-19 pandemic. We first present an ethical framework that explains ethical reasoning, clinically relevant ethical principles and professional virtues, and decision making with pregnant patients and parents. We then apply this ethical framework to evidence-based treatment and its improvement, planned home birth, ring-fencing obstetric services, attendance of spouse or partner at birth, and the responsible management of organizational resources. Perinatal physicians should focus on the mission of perinatal medicine to put women and children first and frame-shifting when necessary to put the lives and health of the population of patients served by a hospital first.
Evaluating the effectiveness of different network flow motifs in association football
Authors: Håland Else Marie , Wiig Astrid Salte , Hvattum Lars Magnus , Stålhane Magnus 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn association football, a network flow motif describes how distinct players from a team are involved in a passing sequence. The flow motif encodes whether the same players appear several times in a passing sequence, and in which order the players make passes. This information has previously been used to classify the passing style of different teams. In this work, flow motifs are analyzed in terms of their effectiveness in terms of generating shots. Data from four seasons of the Norwegian top division are analyzed, using flow motifs representing subsequences of three passes. The analysis is performed with a generalized additive model (GAM), with a range of explanatory variables included. Findings include that motifs with fewer distinct players are less effective, and that motifs are more likely to lead to shots if the passes in the motif utilize a bigger area of the pitch.
Syntax in morphological guise: Interrogative verbal morphology in Abaza
Authors: Arkadiev Peter M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAbaza, a polysynthetic ergative Northwest Caucasian language, possesses a typologically unique system of forming content questions by means of inflectional marking in the verb. I offer a detailed description of this peculiar system, showing how it is grounded in the more general pattern of encoding relativization by means of prefixes forming part of the basic cross-referencing paradigms. I also discuss a tentative diachronic scenario, explaining how at least a subpart of the synthetic interrogative marking in Abaza (and its close relative Abkhaz) could have emerged via univerbation of pseudocleft focus constructions.