bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic performance of ultrasound to differentiate perforated from non‐perforated paediatric appendicitis: A narrative review
Authors: Conwell Nancy K. , Kennedy Narelle J. , Quinton Ann E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAppendicitis is the most common reason for urgent paediatric surgery, with significantly higher rates of appendiceal perforation in young children. Distinct management plans are required for perforated and non‐perforated appendicitis and thus accurate differentiation is crucial. Ultrasound is a safe imaging modality that avoids ionising radiation exposure to children and is useful for diagnosis of appendicitis. The aim of this review is to explore the diagnostic performance of ultrasound for detecting perforated paediatric appendicitis and to determine the sonographic findings useful for distinguishing perforated from non‐perforated appendicitis in the paediatric population. Ultrasound demonstrates high specificity ranging from 90% to 100%, but low sensitivity ranging from 23% to 44% for differentiating perforated from non‐perforated appendicitis in children. Sonographic findings significantly associated with perforated paediatric appendicitis include an abscess, loculated or complex intraperitoneal fluid, an appendicolith, dilated bowel and thickening of the terminal ileum, all of which demonstrate high specificity but low sensitivity. The high specificity of ultrasound indicates that it is a useful diagnostic tool to rule out perforated appendicitis and differentiate it from non‐perforated appendicitis in children.
Speciation in Cisco with Emphasis on Secondary Contacts, Plasticity, and Hybridization
Authors: Eshenroder Randy L. , Jacobson Peter C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Cisco Coregonus artedi is a planktivorous fish that is widely distributed in lakes across glaciated areas of North America. With retreat of Laurentide ice, Cisco dispersed from refugia into a vast network of meltwater (proglacial) lakes that eventually receded, stranding populations in depressions—today’s lakes. Refugial populations also colonized lakes that fell outside of the footprint of a proglacial lake. These two types of Cisco lakes, those inside the footprint of a proglacial lake and those outside the footprint, though uncounted, number in the high hundreds or more. All 53 lakes reported to contain sympatric forms of Cisco occur in previously inundated lakes; no sympatric forms occur in lakes that were not inundated. We reviewed Laurentide zoogeography to assess whether secondary contacts in the proglacial lakes were extensive enough to account for the distribution of sympatric lakes. We concluded that secondary contacts had been more extensive in the proglacial lakes than detected in genetic studies of Cisco. We inferred that secondary contacts in the proglacial lakes resulted in more plastic, diverse phenotypes than were found in lakes not inundated and that these phenotypes were more capable of divergence than were phenotypes inhabiting lakes not inundated. Secondary contacts in the proglacial lakes appear to have been limited to shallow‐water forms of Cisco. Deepwater forms likely did not evolve until after the proglacial lakes receded, as meltwater appears to have been trophically unsuitable for pelagic fishes like Cisco. Cisco are assumed to have colonized meltwater lakes by “hopscotching” between inlets, thereby avoiding prolonged existence in meltwater. Sympatric populations of Cisco are rare in comparison with the number of allopatric populations, even in inundated lakes, indicating that divergence occurs under specialized conditions. Canalization appears to have diminished the evolvability of contemporary forms as compared to their ancestors. Hybridization within Cisco species pairs appears to be the norm and is aggravated by anthropogenically induced events.
Chinese cross‐border mergers and acquisitions in the developing world: Is Africa unique?
Authors: Gunessee Saileshsingh , Hu Shuang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChina has emerged as an important partner for Africa. Not surprisingly, Chinese business and investment relations with Africa have been growing. This article contends that Africa offers a different proposition to Chinese business interests in non‐African developing economies. In this optic, it takes a “comparative” institution‐based view treating factors that determine Chinese multinationals' cross‐border merger and acquisition (CBMA) decisions as comparatively different for Africa to the rest of the developing world. From a panel data estimation of the number of Chinese CBMAs from 2007 to 2016, we find among market size, natural resources, strategic assets, labor productivity, and institutional governance, only natural resources and market size have a distinctive effect, with Chinese investors being more attracted to African natural resources than the African market. The drive for natural resources provides impetus for Chinese MNEs to choose CBMAs over greenfield investment, and through majority ownership to exercise control. Our inference is that Africa is “significantly” different from other developing regions, in terms of CBMAs, as Chinese multinationals have a strong motive to control access to natural resources.
Clearance of amyloid‐beta with bispecific antibody constructs bound to erythrocytes
Authors: Taylor Ronald P. , Lindorfer Margaret A. , Atkinson John P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe propose use of bispecific monoclonal antibody (mAb) complexes bound to erythrocytes to redress the lack of efficacy of anti‐amyloid beta mAbs in Alzheimer's disease treatment. Our paradigm leverages erythrocyte complement receptor 1 to promote rapid and quantitative removal of amyloid beta from the circulation, and its subsequent removal from the brain as well.
Developing Adaptive Expertise at Facilitating Dialogic Text Discussions
Authors: Zook‐Howell Dena , Matsumura Lindsay Clare , Walsh Marguerite W. , Correnti Richard , Bickel Donna DiPrima 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFacilitating rigorous and interactive (dialogic) classroom text discussions that build reading comprehension skills requires advanced forms of expertise and skills. The authors describe three different ways that discussions can evolve when practicing teachers take up the work of making their discussions more dialogic. The authors then describe some ways that teachers can reflect on these challenges to support professional learning and enhance classroom text discussion quality.
Becoming Brave Spellers
Authors: Schrodt Katie , FitzPatrick Erin , Elleman Amy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch has indicated that adding mind‐set and self‐regulation strategy instruction to the writers’ workshop framework may improve motivation, independence, and academic success in young writers. Invented spelling can strengthen the relation between phonological and orthographic representations. The authors examined the impact of growth mind‐set instruction on writing using a strategy of “brave spelling” to encourage students to use invented spelling skills to increase the sophistication of their writing. The authors combined research on invented spelling and growth mind‐set to create unique lesson plans focused on the development of word‐reading skills, alphabetic knowledge, and phonological awareness. In 10 weeks, 12 kindergartners bravely spelled 240 different words that conventionally contain five or more letters. This research was incorporated into the “brave spelling” lesson plan. The authors explore how creating a culture of brave spellers is one strategy for helping students write any words they can imagine.
High‐throughput computational design of halide perovskites and beyond for optoelectronics
Authors: Li Yuheng , Yang Kesong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHalide perovskites have attracted great interest as promising next‐generation materials in optoelectronics, ranging from solar cells to light‐emitting diodes. Despite their exceptional optoelectronic properties and low cost, the prototypical organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites suffer from toxicity and low stability. Therefore, it is of high demand to search for stable and nontoxic alternatives to the hybrid lead halide perovskites. Recently, high‐throughput computational materials design has emerged as a powerful approach to accelerate the discovery of new halide perovskite compositions or even novel compounds beyond perovskites. In this review, we discuss how this approach discovers halide perovskites and beyond for optoelectronics. We first overview the background of halide perovskites and methodologies in high‐throughput computational design. Then, we focus on materials properties for different optoelectronic applications, and how they are assessed with materials descriptors. Finally, we review different studies in terms of specific materials types to discuss their design principles, screening results, and experimental verification.This article is categorized under:
Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
Electronic Structure Theory > Density Functional Theory
Concluding Discussion: The Past, Present, and Future of Technical Universities
Authors: Broström Anders , Geschwind Lars , Larsen Katarina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHigher education institutions identified as ‘technical universities’ enjoy considerable status in many countries. Yet studies of boundary negotiations from a range of settings suggest that opportunities to transform into a broader, research-based university often takes precedence over the alternative vision of remaining or moving towards becoming a focused technical university. In this chapter, we discuss alternative explanations for the lacklustre appeal of the latter type of institutional template, and outline a roadmap for how the historical legacy of the technical university may be cultivated.
Abflussentstehung – wie aus Niederschlag Abfluss wird
Authors: Seibert Simon P. , Auerswald Karl 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungOberflächenabfluss entsteht durch Regen, wenn die Rückhaltemöglichkeiten auf Pflanzen und Bodenoberfläche erschöpft sind und die Infiltrationsrate kleiner als die Regenintensität wird. Um für planerische Fragen mit überschaubarem Aufwand die Abflussreaktion abzuschätzen, haben sich stark vereinfachte Verfahren etabliert. Empfohlen und genauer vorgestellt wird eine Weiterentwicklung des Curve-Number-Verfahrens. Letztes ist einfach, weltweit etabliert und für Planungszwecke hinreichend genau. Eine wesentliche Neuerung ist, dass monatliche Werte unterschiedlicher Ackerkulturen unter deutschen Anbaubedingungen und von Grünland, Wald, Siedlungs- und Verkehrsflächen vorgestellt werden. Sie verbessern nicht nur die Abbildung mittlerer Bedingungen, die für Planungszwecke relevant sind, sondern erlauben auch eine Modellierung des Jahresverlaufs, der sich unweigerlich durch die Bewirtschaftung, sich ändernde Bodenfeuchte und sich ändernde Bodenbedeckung ergibt. Damit kann auch die Wirkung von Ansatzpunkten zur Reduktion des Abflussvolumens quantitativ abgeschätzt werden, die in der Landnutzung, der Flächenparzellierung und der landwirtschaftlichen Bewirtschaftungspraxis vorhanden sind. Darüber hinaus werden Empfehlungen zur Wahl geeigneter Bemessungsniederschläge in ländlichen Gebieten gegeben.
Abflusskonzentration – wie Abfluss in der Fläche gebündelt und beschleunigt wird
Authors: Seibert Simon P. , Auerswald Karl 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der Wasserscheide bis in die größeren Gewässer bündelt sich Oberflächenabfluss zunehmend entlang des Fließpfades und beschleunigt dabei. Die allgemeinen Grundprinzipien und Einflussgrößen dieser Beschleunigung werden vorgestellt, typische Abflussformen und Fließpfade in kleinen, ländlichen Einzugsgebieten erläutert und die hydraulischen Grundlagen und Methoden zur Berechnung von Fließgeschwindigkeit und Fließzeit beschrieben.
Unerkannte letale idiopathische Riesenzellmyokarditis – ein Fallbericht
Authors: Birngruber C. G. , Hochscheid C. , Dettmeyer R. B. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungMyokarditiden stellen nach der hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie und der stenosierenden Koronararteriensklerose die dritthäufigste Ursache des plötzlichen Herztodes dar. Die Klinik der Myokarditis ist wie ihr Verlauf äußerst variabel, und ihr Therapieerfolg hängt stark von der Ätiologie und somit einer umfassenden diagnostischen Abklärung ab. Zum Goldstandard gehört nach wie vor die Endomyokardbiopsie, deren Ergebnisse bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Therapieplanung haben können. Vorgestellt wird der Fall einer 35 Jahre alt gewordenen Frau, bei der zu Lebzeiten eine chronisch aktive lymphozytäre Myokarditis mit Nachweis des humanen Herpesvirus 6 (HHV 6) diagnostiziert wurde. Acht Monate nach der Diagnose verstarb sie unerwartet. Die Obduktion mit nachfolgender histopathologischer Aufarbeitung der Myokardproben erbrachte den Nachweis einer Riesenzellmyokarditis, die als Differenzialdiagnose zu Lebzeiten nicht gestellt worden war. Der Fall verdeutlicht die Problematik der Diagnosestellung zu Lebzeiten, wenn Myokardproben nicht repräsentativ sind zum Nachweis der Grunderkrankung und illustriert die autoptischen Befunde dieser seltenen Form der Myokarditis.
Percutaneous Cholecystostomy Placement in Cases of Non‐operative Cholecystitis: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Gandhi Karan , Du Plessis Rimon , Klopper Juan , Kloppers Christo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute (calculous) cholecystitis (AC) is an extremely common surgical presentation, managed by cholecystectomy. Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is an alternative; however, its safety and efficacy, along with subsequent cholecystectomy, are underreported in South Africa, where patients often present late and access to emergency operating theatre is constrained. The aim of the study was to demonstrate the outcomes of PC in patients with AC not responding to antimicrobials.Materials and methodsA retrospective cohort review of patient records, who underwent PC in Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, between May 2013 and July 2016, was performed. Patients with PC for malignancy or acalculous cholecystitis were excluded. Technical success, clinical response, procedure‐related morbidity and mortality were recorded. Interval LC parameters were investigated.ResultsTechnical success and clinical improvement was seen in 29 of 37 patients (78.38%) who had PC. Malposition (8.11%) was the most common complication. Two patients required emergency surgery (5.4%), while one tube was dislodged. Median tube placement duration was 25 days (range 1–211). Post‐procedure, 16 patients (43.24%) went on to have LC, of which 50% (eight patients) required conversion to open surgery and 25% (four) had subtotal cholecystectomy. Median surgical time was 130 min. There were no procedure‐related mortalities but eight patients (21.62%) died in the 90‐day period following tube insertion.ConclusionIn patients with AC, PC is safe, with high technical success and low complication rate. Subsequent cholecystectomy should be performed, but is usually challenging. The requirement for PC may predict a more complex disease process.
Oceanic sediment accumulation rates predicted via machine learning algorithm: towards sediment characterization on a global scale
Authors: Restreppo Giancarlo A. , Wood Warren T. , Phrampus Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObserved vertical sediment accumulation rates (n = 1031) were gathered from ~ 55 years of peer reviewed literature. Original methods of rate calculation include long-term isotope geochronology (14C,210Pb, and137Cs), pollen analysis, horizon markers, and box coring. These observations are used to create a database of global, contemporary vertical sediment accumulation rates. Rates were converted to cm year−1, paired with the observation’s longitude and latitude, and placed into a machine learning–based Global Predictive Seabed Model (GPSM). GPSM finds correlations between the data and established global “predictors” (quantities known or estimable everywhere, e.g., distance from coastline and river mouths). The result, using a k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm, is a 5-arc-minute global map of predicted benthic vertical sediment accumulation rates. The map generated provides a global reference for vertical sedimentation from coastal to abyssal depths. Areas of highest sedimentation, ~ 3–8 cm year−1, are generally river mouth proximal coastal zones draining relatively large areas with high maximum elevations and with wide, shallow continental shelves (e.g., the Gulf of Mexico and the Amazon Delta), with rates falling exponentially towards the deepest parts of the oceans. The exception is Oceania, which displays significant vertical sedimentation over a large area without draining the large drainage basins seen in other regions. Coastal zones with relatively small drainage basins and steep shelves display vertical sedimentation of ~ 1 cm year−1, which is limited to the near shore when compared with shallow, wide margins (e.g., the western coasts of North and South America). Abyssal depth rates are functionally zero at the time scale examined (~ 10−4 cm year−1) and increase one order of magnitude near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and at the Galapagos Triple Junction.
Outcomes after appendectomy in children with acute appendicitis treated at a tertiary paediatric centre: results from a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Knaapen Max , van Amstel Paul , van Amstel Tim , The Sarah-May M. L. , Bakx Roel , van Heurn Ernest L. W. E. , Gorter Ramon R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeIn general, an appendectomy is presumed to have a limited burden of disease. However, in current literature, reported complication rates vary. This study aims to provide additional insights in the incidence of post-appendectomy complications in children with acute appendicitis.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included children (0–17 years old) that underwent appendectomy at our tertiary referral centre for suspected acute appendicitis (January 2011–December 2018). Children referred to our centre, and those that underwent non-operative treatment were excluded. Post-appendectomy complications were recorded from electronic medical charts using predefined definitions and classified as severe (Clavien-Dindo III–IV) or less severe (Clavien-Dindo I–II).ResultsA total of 131 children were included. Simple and complex appendicitis was diagnosed in 66 (50%) and 60 (46%) children, respectively. A non-inflamed appendix was seen in five (4%) children. One or more complications were identified in 33 (25%) patients. Eight (12%) children with simple appendicitis developed a complication, three of these were severe. In children with complex appendicitis, 23 (38%) children developed a complication, 14 of these were severe.ConclusionThis study shows a high rate of complications compared with current literature, both in children with simple and complex appendicitis. This is probably the result of our definition of complications and being a tertiary referral centre receiving more severe appendicitis cases. However, these results still show that appendectomy is not always a routine procedure with only few complications. Substantiating the need to keep optimizing treatment for children with appendicitis.
Do isolates from pharyngeal and rectal swabs match blood culture bacterial pathogens in septic VLBW infants? A pilot, cross-sectional study
Authors: Capasso Letizia , Maddaluno Sergio , Coppola Clara , Dolce Pasquale , di Cola Giuseppe Schiano , Sierchio Enrico , Borrrelli Angela Carla , Bagattini Maria , Esposito Eliana Pia , Zarrilli Raffaele , Antonaki Eleni , Catania Maria Rosaria , Raimondi Francesco 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSerial body site swabbing is used to monitor horizontal spread of aggressive bacterial species in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Since colonization/carriage is thought to precede systemic infection, one might expect to retrieve colonizing pathogens from blood cultures. This hypothesis, however, has not been fully investigated in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants that are at high sepsis’ risk. The primary outcome was, in a population of VLBW infants with late-onset sepsis, the matching between blood culture results and pathogens isolated from rectal and nose/pharyngeal surveillance swabs in the preceding 2 weeks. The secondary outcomes were the site of swabbing and time interval from colonization to blood culture positivity. Out of 333 VLBW neonates, 80 (24%) were diagnosed with bacterial sepsis. In 46 (57%) neonates, the blood culture showed the same pathogen species cultured from a swab. Of these, 30 were isolated from infants with both body sites colonized with an average time interval of 3.5 days; 2/16 were isolated from rectal swabs and 14 /16 from nose/pharyngeal samples.Conclusion: Our data show a fair correspondence between bacteria colonizing the nasopharynx and/or the rectum and pathogens later isolated from blood cultures. This association depends on the swabbing site, number of sites, and pathogen species. Although these data constitute valuable results, they are not sufficient for providing the sole base of a thoughtful clinical decision.

What is Known:• Body site’s colonization may precede systemic infection.• Little is known on this mechanism in VLBW infants that are at higher sepsis’ risk.What is New:•Colonizing bacteria partially correspond to pathogens of blood cultures in VLBW infants with sepsis.• Correspondence depends on swabbing site, number of sites, and pathogen species.
Smoking habits and detection rate of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and incidence rate of subarachnoid haemorrhage in Norway between 2008 and 2015
Authors: Majewska Paulina , Gulati Sasha , Øie Lise , Salvesen Øyvind , Müller Tomm B. , Solheim Ole 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the detection rate of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) and incidence of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) in relation to the rapidly changing smoking rates in Norway between 2008 and 2015.

Methods
The registry-based study included all patients (≥ 16 years old) admitted to a hospital in Norway between 2008 and 2015 with a primary diagnosis of aneurysmal SAH or an outpatient diagnosis of UIAs. Age group–specific and total detection rate of UIAs and incidence rate of SAH over the years were calculated. Age group–specific data on smoking habits was retrieved from a national annual survey representative of the whole Norwegian population.

Results
The rate of daily smokers decreased by 48% between 2008 and 2015. The detection rate of UIAs decreased by 47% from 17.3 in 2008 to 9.3 per 100,000 persons in 2015, and the incidence of SAH decreased by 30% from 11.3 in 2008 to 7.9 per 100,000 persons in 2015. The average annual decline in prevalence of daily smoking, UIA detection rate, and SAH incidence was 6.9%, 6.7%, and 4.3% per year, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that the correlation between the decline in estimated daily smoking rates and decline in detection rate of UIAs (hazard ratio 52.5 CI = (14.9,∞), p < 0.00001) and incidence of SAH (hazard ratio 11.8 CI=(5.6,32.5), p < 0.00001) are statistically significant. The association is particularly strong in young and middle-aged cohorts (< 66 years old).

Conclusion
It is likely that reducing cigarette smoking on a population-based level strongly reduces the rates of UIAs and SAH.