bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical CO2 reduction to high-concentration pure formic acid solutions in an all-solid-state reactor
Authors: Fan Lei , Xia Chuan , Zhu Peng , Lu Yingying , Wang Haotian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractElectrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to liquid fuels is currently challenged by low product concentrations, as well as their mixture with traditional liquid electrolytes, such as KHCO3 solution. Here we report an all-solid-state electrochemical CO2RR system for continuous generation of high-purity and high-concentration formic acid vapors and solutions. The cathode and anode were separated by a porous solid electrolyte (PSE) layer, where electrochemically generated formate and proton were recombined to form molecular formic acid. The generated formic acid can be efficiently removed in the form of vapors via inert gas stream flowing through the PSE layer. Coupling with a high activity (formate partial current densities ~450 mA cm−2), selectivity (maximal Faradaic efficiency ~97%), and stability (100 hours) grain boundary-enriched bismuth catalyst, we demonstrated ultra-high concentrations of pure formic acid solutions (up to nearly 100 wt.%) condensed from generated vapors via flexible tuning of the carrier gas stream.
Image polaritons in boron nitride for extreme polariton confinement with low losses
Authors: Lee In-Ho , He Mingze , Zhang Xi , Luo Yujie , Liu Song , Edgar James H. , Wang Ke , Avouris Phaedon , Low Tony , Caldwell Joshua D. , Oh Sang-Hyun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPolaritons in two-dimensional materials provide extreme light confinement that is difficult to achieve with metal plasmonics. However, such tight confinement inevitably increases optical losses through various damping channels. Here we demonstrate that hyperbolic phonon polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride can overcome this fundamental trade-off. Among two observed polariton modes, featuring a symmetric and antisymmetric charge distribution, the latter exhibits lower optical losses and tighter polariton confinement. Far-field excitation and detection of this high-momenta mode become possible with our resonator design that can boost the coupling efficiency via virtual polariton modes with image charges that we dub ‘image polaritons’. Using these image polaritons, we experimentally observe a record-high effective index of up to 132 and quality factors as high as 501. Further, our phenomenological theory suggests an important role of hyperbolic surface scattering in the damping process of hyperbolic phonon polaritons.
Chemical instability at chalcogenide surfaces impacts chalcopyrite devices well beyond the surface
Authors: Colombara Diego , Elanzeery Hossam , Nicoara Nicoleta , Sharma Deepanjan , Claro Marcel , Schwarz Torsten , Koprek Anna , Wolter Max Hilaire , Melchiorre Michele , Sood Mohit , Valle Nathalie , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Babbe Finn , Spindler Conrad , Cojocaru-Miredin Oana , Raabe Dierk , Dale Phillip J. , Sadewasser Sascha , Siebentritt Susanne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe electrical and optoelectronic properties of materials are determined by the chemical potentials of their constituents. The relative density of point defects is thus controlled, allowing to craft microstructure, trap densities and doping levels. Here, we show that the chemical potentials of chalcogenide materials near the edge of their existence region are not only determined during growth but also at room temperature by post-processing. In particular, we study the generation of anion vacancies, which are critical defects in chalcogenide semiconductors and topological insulators. The example of CuInSe2photovoltaic semiconductor reveals that single phase material crosses the phase boundary and forms surface secondary phases upon oxidation, thereby creating anion vacancies. The arising metastable point defect population explains a common root cause of performance losses. This study shows how selective defect annihilation is attained with tailored chemical treatments that mitigate anion vacancy formation and improve the performance of CuInSe2solar cells.
Decreased bioefficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets and the resurgence of malaria in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Vinit Rebecca , Timinao Lincoln , Bubun Nakei , Katusele Michelle , Robinson Leanne J. , Kaman Peter , Sakur Muker , Makita Leo , Reimer Lisa , Schofield Louis , Pomat William , Mueller Ivo , Laman Moses , Freeman Tim , Karl Stephan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPapua New Guinea (PNG) has the highest malaria transmission outside of Africa. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are believed to have helped to reduce average malaria prevalence in PNG from 16% in 2008 to 1% in 2014. Since 2015 malaria in PNG has resurged significantly. Here, we present observations documenting decreased bioefficacy of unused LLINs with manufacturing dates between 2013 and 2019 collected from villages and LLIN distributors in PNG. Specifically, we show that of n = 167 tested LLINs manufactured after 2013, only 17% are fulfilling the required World Health Organisation bioefficacy standards of ≥ 80% 24 h mortality or ≥ 95% 60 min knockdown in bioassays with pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles farauti mosquitoes. In contrast, all (100%, n = 25) LLINs with manufacturing dates prior to 2013 are meeting these bioefficacy standards. These results suggest that decreased bioefficacy of LLINs is contributing to the malaria resurgence in PNG and increased scrutiny of LLIN quality is warranted.
Broadband infrared LEDs based on europium-to-terbium charge transfer luminescence
Authors: Joos Jonas J. , Van der Heggen David , Martin Lisa I. D. J. , Amidani Lucia , Smet Philippe F. , Barandiarán Zoila , Seijo Luis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEfficient broadband infrared (IR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are needed for emerging applications that exploit near-IR spectroscopy, ranging from hand-held electronics to medicine. Here we report broadband IR luminescence, cooperatively originating from Eu2+ and Tb3+ dopants in CaS. This peculiar emission overlaps with the red Eu2+ emission, ranges up to 1200 nm (full-width-at-half-maximum of 195 nm) and is efficiently excited with visible light. Experimental evidence for metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) luminescence is collected, comprising data from luminescence spectroscopy, microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy. State-of-the-art multiconfigurational ab initio calculations attribute the IR emission to the radiative decay of a metastable MMCT state of a Eu2+-Tb3+ pair. The calculations explain why no MMCT emission is found in the similar compound SrS:Eu,Tb and are used to anticipate how to fine-tune the characteristics of the MMCT luminescence. Finally, a near-IR LED for versatile spectroscopic use is manufactured based on the MMCT emission.
Immunostimulatory and anti-tumor metronomic cyclophosphamide regimens assessed in primary orthotopic and metastatic murine breast cancer
Authors: Khan Kabir A. , Ponce de Léon José L. , Benguigui Madeleine , Xu Ping , Chow Annabelle , Cruz-Muñoz William , Man Shan , Shaked Yuval , Kerbel Robert S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe impressive successes of immune checkpoint blockade antibodies to treat various types of cancer are limited to minor subsets of patients. Combination therapy strategies, including with chemotherapy, are being explored to possibly improve the efficacy of immunotherapies. Here we report results regarding the use of an immunostimulatory regimen of metronomic cyclophosphamide (CTX). We show that in orthotopic models of syngeneic murine triple-negative breast cancer (EMT6), CTX administered at 140 mg/kg every 6 days (CTX140 1q6d) is superior at inhibiting primary tumor growth when compared to maximum tolerated dose or daily oral (continuous) low-dose CTX. In SCID or SCID beige mice, anti-tumor effects of CTX140 1q6d are reduced, reinforcing the therapeutic contribution of the adaptive and innate immune systems. In a second breast cancer model (SP1-AC2M2), CTX140 1q6d again showed clear superiority in anti-tumor effects, causing complete tumor regressions; however, these mice were not protected from subsequent tumor re-challenge, suggesting absence of immune memory. We also show that in an aggressive and metastatic cisplatin-resistant variant (EMT6-CDDP), CTX140 1q6d is superior and invokes an influx of intra-tumoral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CTX increases expression of tumor cell PD-L1; however, when combined with concomitant PD-L1 antibody therapy none of the CTX regimens showed increased benefit. This work sheds light on the potential use of metronomic CTX for the treatment of breast cancer, in particular using the quasi-weekly regimen, but also underscores the complexity of the anti-tumor mechanisms and potential to improve immune checkpoint therapy efficacy.
Outlining where humans live, the World Settlement Footprint 2015
Authors: Marconcini Mattia , Metz-Marconcini Annekatrin , Üreyen Soner , Palacios-Lopez Daniela , Hanke Wiebke , Bachofer Felix , Zeidler Julian , Esch Thomas , Gorelick Noel , Kakarla Ashwin , Paganini Marc , Strano Emanuele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman settlements are the cause and consequence of most environmental and societal changes on Earth; however, their location and extent is still under debate. We provide here a new 10 m resolution (0.32 arc sec) global map of human settlements on Earth for the year 2015, namely the World Settlement Footprint 2015 (WSF2015). The raster dataset has been generated by means of an advanced classification system which, for the first time, jointly exploits open-and-free optical and radar satellite imagery. The WSF2015 has been validated against 900,000 samples labelled by crowdsourcing photointerpretation of very high resolution Google Earth imagery and outperforms all other similar existing layers; in particular, it considerably improves the detection of very small settlements in rural regions and better outlines scattered suburban areas. The dataset can be used at any scale of observation in support to all applications requiring detailed and accurate information on human presence (e.g., socioeconomic development, population distribution, risks assessment, etc.).
The identification of candidate effective combination regimens for pancreatic cancer using the histoculture drug response assay
Authors: Jun Eunsung , Park Yejong , Lee Woohyung , Kwon Jaewoo , Lee Song , Kim Moon Bo , Lee Ji Sun , Song Ki Byung , Hwang Dae Wook , Lee Jae Hoon , Hoffman Robert M. , Kim Song Cheol 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe prognosis for patients with pancreatic cancer is extremely poor, as they are resistant to first line chemotherapy. The long-term goal of this study was to identify effective combination chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer using pancreatic cancer surgical specimens in the histoculture drug response assay (HDRA) based on three-dimensional culture of tumour fragments, which maintains nature tumour histology in vitro. From 2015 to 2017, the HDRA was performed with tumour specimens from 52 pancreatic cancer patients from Asan Medical Hospital. First, combination drug regimens showed higher drug efficacy and less patient variation than single drugs. Initially, 5-Fluorouracil(5-FU)/Belotecan/Oxaliplatinum and Tegafur/Gimeracil (TS-1)/Oxaliplatinum/Irinotecan were found to be effective. Second, we were able to correlate the efficacy of some drugs with tumour stage. Third, when designing new combination regimens containing 5-FU or gemcitabine, we could identify more effective drug combinations. This is the first study to demonstrate usefulness of the HDRA for pancreatic cancer. Using this technique, we could identify novel candidate combination drug regimens that should be effective in treating pancreatic cancer.
The relationship between mucosal inflammatory cells, specific symptoms, and psychological functioning in youth with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Singh Meenal , Singh Vivekanand , Schurman Jennifer V. , Colombo Jennifer M. , Friesen Craig A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBoth mucosal inflammation and psychologic dysfunction have been implicated in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). While some relationships between inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) and depression have been reported in adults with IBS, relationships between inflammation and psychologic function have not been studied in children and adolescents. The aims of the current study were to: (1) assess densities of colonic mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells in youth with IBS; and, (2) explore relationships between these cells and specific IBS symptoms and psychologic functioning. Utilizing previously obtained biopsies from the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities were determined for mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells, respectively, in 37 youth with IBS and 10 controls. In IBS patients, densities were assessed in relation to specific IBS symptoms and in relation to self-report anxiety and depression scores. In both the descending and rectosigmoid colons, densities of mast cells, eosinophils, and TH17 cells were higher in IBS patients as compared to controls. In IBS patients, rectosigmoid mast cell density was higher in those reporting pain relief with defecation. Also, in IBS patients, rectosigmoid eosinophilia was associated with higher anxiety scores and eosinophil density correlated with depression scores. In the descending colon, eosinophil and mast cell densities both correlated with depression scores. In conclusion, mucosal inflammation (mast cells and eosinophils) is associated with pain relief with defecation and with anxiety and depression in youth with IBS.
Transport of angular momentum by stochastically excited waves as an explanation for the outburst of the rapidly rotating Be star HD49330
Authors: Neiner C. , Lee U. , Mathis S. , Saio H. , Lovekin C. C. , Augustson K. C. 
Published: July 2020

Context. HD 49330 is an early Be star that underwent an outburst during its five-month observation with the CoRoT satellite. An analysis of its light curve revealed several independent p and g pulsation modes, in addition to showing that the amplitude of the modes is directly correlated with the outburst.
Aims. We modelled the results obtained with CoRoT to understand the link between pulsational parameters and the outburst of this Be star.
Methods. We modelled the flattening of the structure of the star due to rapid rotation in two ways: Chandrasekhar-Milne’s expansion and 2D structure computed with ROTORC. We then modelled κ-driven pulsations. We also adapted the formalism of the excitation and amplitude of stochastically excited gravito-inertial modes to rapidly rotating stars, and we modelled those pulsations as well.
Results. We find that while pulsation p modes are indeed excited by the κ mechanism, the observed g modes are, rather, a result of stochastic excitation. In contrast, g and r waves are stochastically excited in the convective core and transport angular momentum to the surface, increasing its rotation rate. This destabilises the external layers of the star, which then emits transient stochastically excited g waves. These transient waves produce most of the low-frequency signal detected in the CoRoT data and ignite the outburst. During this unstable phase, p modes disappear at the surface because their cavity is broken. Following the outburst and ejection of the surface layer, relaxation occurs, making the transient g waves disappear and p modes reappear.
Conclusions. This work includes the first coherent model of stochastically excited gravito-inertial pulsation modes in a rapidly rotating Be star. It provides an explanation for the correlation between the variation in the amplitude of frequencies detected in the CoRoT data and the occurrence of an outburst. This scenario could apply to other pulsating Be stars, providing an explanation to the long-standing questions surrounding Be outbursts and disks.
Destruction route of solid-state formamide by thermal H atoms
Authors: Suhasaria T. , Mennella V. 
Published: July 2020

Context. Formamide (NH2CHO) is one of the simplest “CHON” molecules that has been observed in different environments in space. In star-forming regions, its abundance in the gas phase is correlated to isocyanic acid (HNCO), indicating a chemical relation between the two species. Many studies have investigated the different routes for the transformation of the two species from one to the other.
Aims. We carry out an experimental analysis on the interaction of atomic H at 300 K with solid NH2CHO to probe whether HNCO can form.
Methods. The effects of H atom irradiation on NH2CHO have been analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
Results. During irradiation, a decrease in the band intensity of the C–H, C=O, and N–H modes of NH2CHO with a simultaneous increase in the N=C=O band intensity of HNCO is observed, indicating a transformation of NH2CHO to HNCO. The corresponding destruction and formation cross-sections have been estimated from the trend of the normalized column densities as a function of the H atom fluence. The transformation follows a three-step reaction sequence driven by H atom exothermic abstractions that also induce sputtering of the products. No bands of aminomethanol were detected.
Conclusions. The interaction of H atoms with NH2CHO in space can be one of the promising mechanisms to explain the chemical relation between NH2CHO and HNCO. In addition, the comparison of our results with those of other energetic processing agents suggests that H atoms play a crucial role in the destruction of NH2CHO ice in dense regions of the interstellar medium.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasound Integrated into Clinical Examination for Acute Diverticulitis: A Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Nazerian Peiman , Gigli Chiara , Donnarumma Emilia , de Curtis Ersilia , Bribani Andrea , Lanzi Sabina , Rovida Serena , Magazzini Simone , Grifoni Stefano , Perani Cristiano 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose Diverticulitis is a common cause of abdominal pain and CT scan is commonly used for its diagnosis in the emergency department (ED). The diagnostic performance of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) integrated into a clinical exam for diverticulitis is still not established. We evaluate the accuracy of clinical-sonographic assessment for the diagnosis of diverticulitis and whether POCUS could improve the selection of patients needing CT scan for complicated diverticulitis.
Materials and Methods This is a multicentric observational study involving adult patients suspected of having diverticulitis presenting at 4 EDs. 21 sonographer physicians were asked to diagnose diverticulitis and complicated diverticulitis based on clinical-sonographic assessment. The final diagnosis was established by two reviewers, blinded to POCUS, based on data collected during the one-month follow-up comprehensive CT scan.
Results Among 393 enrolled patients, 218 (55.5 %) were diagnosed with diverticulitis and 33 (8 %) had complicated diverticulitis. The time to diagnosis by the sonographer physicians was shorter compared to standard care (97 ± 102 vs. 330 ± 319 minutes, p < 0.001). Clinical-sonographic assessment showed optimal sensitivity (92.7 %) and specificity (90.9 %) for diverticulitis. However, the sensitivity (50 %) for complicated diverticulitis was low. The sonographer physician would have proceeded to CT scan in 194 (49.4 %) patients and the CT scan request compared to the final diagnosis of complicated diverticulitis demonstrated 94 % sensitivity.
Conclusion Clinical-sonographic assessment is rapid and accurate for the diagnosis of diverticulitis. Even if POCUS has low sensitivity for complicated diverticulitis, it can be used to safely select patients needing CT.
Anpassungsstörung, Depression, Stresssymptome, Corona
bezogene Sorgen und Bewältigungsstrategien während der Corona
Pandemie (COVID-19) bei Schweizer Klinikpersonal
Authors: Krammer Sandy , Augstburger Roland , Haeck Martina , Maercker Andreas 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Studien aus dem internationalen Raum weisen auf eine
erhöhte psychische Belastung des Klinikpersonals während der
Corona Pandemie (COVID-19) hin. Dies ist die erste Studie, die psychische
Belastung, i. e. Anpassungsstörung, Depression,
Stresssymptome und Corona bezogene Sorgen, sowie
Bewältigungsstrategien in dieser Personengruppe im deutschen
Sprachraum untersuchte.
Material und Methoden Es wurden 100 Personen, die derzeit in einer
Klinik beschäftigt sind, im April 2020 befragt. Erhoben wurden
Anpassungsstörung (ADNM-20), Depression (PHQ-9), Stresssymptome und
Bewältigungsstrategien (SCI). Vorliegend wurde der Querschnitt
ausgewertet, die Datenerhebung läuft derzeit noch, es werden
Längsschnittdaten über 15 Monate hinweg entstehen.
Ergebnisse Die Häufigkeit von Anpassungsstörung
beträgt 8% und diejenige von Depression 15%. Ein
Modell zur Vorhersage beider Störungen durch Vorbelastungen und
aktuelle Belastungen fand eine geringfügig verbesserte bessere
Vorhersageleistung für Anpassungsstörung (41%
Varianzaufklärung) als für Depression (35%). Die
Ansteckungssorge für die eigene Person fiel geringer aus als
diejenige für die Familie. Personen aus der Pflege, Personen mit
Vorbelastungen und Frauen sind am meisten belastet. Personen mit direktem
vs. ohne direktem Kontakt mit COVID-19 Patient/innen unterschieden
sich nicht.
Diskussion Das Klinikpersonal ist derzeit psychisch belastet. Das
hinsichtlich Epidemie erfahrene China hat bereits im Januar 2020 erste
Prinzipien für psychiatrische Interventionen herausgegeben. Solche
dürften für die Schweiz ebenfalls sinnvoll sein. Es bedarf
spezifischer psychotherapeutischer Interventionen, insbesondere auf
kognitive Umstrukturierung fokussierend und für den Umgang mit
Alkohol und Zigaretten sensibilisierend, um diese vulnerable und im Rahmen
der Pandemie besonders wichtige Personengruppe zu schützen.