bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal arterial blood gas values during delivery: Effect of mode of delivery, maternal characteristics, obstetric interventions and correlation to fetal umbilical cord blood
Authors: Zaigham Mehreen , Helfer Sara , Kristensen Karl Heby , Isberg Per‐Erik , Wiberg Nana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionObstetricians routinely use biochemical parameters from non‐pregnant women to assess the condition of the laboring mother. However, it is well known that pregnancy leads to significant physiological changes in most organ systems. The aim of this study was to determine normal values for maternal arterial blood gases during vaginal deliveries as compared with control values from planned cesarean sections. We also wanted to elucidate the effect of various maternal characteristics, mode of delivery and obstetric interventions on blood gas values.Material and methodsWe carried out a randomly selected, prospective‐observational cohort study of 250 women undergoing vaginal delivery and 58 women undergoing planned cesarean section at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.ResultsWe found significant differences for gestational age, parity, umbilical venous blood pH, pCO2 and lactate values between the two study groups (P < .005). Significantly lower pH, pCO2, pO2 and sO2 were found in mothers delivering vaginally. Higher base deficit, hemoglobin, bilirubin, potassium, glucose and lactate were found in vaginal deliveries than in planned cesarean sections (P < .02). Maternal body mass index (BMI), smoking and hypertension were not significantly correlated to acid base parameters in women with vaginal deliveries. On the other hand, multiple regression showed significant associations for the use of epidural anesthesia on maternal pH (P < .05) and pO2 (P < .01); and synthetic oxytocin on pCO2 (P = .08), glucose (P < .00) and lactate (P < .02) levels in maternal arterial blood. Maternal arterial pH, pCO2 and lactate values correlated significantly to values in venous umbilical cord blood (P < .000).ConclusionsMaternal arterial blood gas parameters varied significantly according to mode of delivery, the use of epidural anesthesia and synthetic oxytocin.
Review article: bugs, inflammation and mood—a microbiota‐based approach to psychiatric symptoms in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Thomann Anne K. , Mak Joyce W. Y. , Zhang Jing Wan , Wuestenberg Torsten , Ebert Matthias P. , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Bernstein Çharles N. , Reindl Wolfgang , Ng Siew C. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryBackgroundPsychiatric co‐morbidities including depression and anxiety are common in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Emerging evidence suggests that interactions between the gut microbiota and brain may play a role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric symptoms in IBD.AimTo review the literature on microbiota‐brain‐gut interactions in gut inflammation, psychosocial stress and mental disorders and to discuss the putative mediating role of gut microbiota in the development of psychiatric symptoms or co‐morbidities in IBD.MethodsA literature search was conducted on Ovid and Pubmed to select relevant animal and human studies reporting an association between IBD, mental disorders and gut microbiota.ResultsGut microbial alterations are frequently reported in subjects with IBD and with mental disorders. Both have been associated with reduced faecal bacterial diversity, decreased taxa within the phylum Firmicutes and increased Gammaproteobacteria. In animal studies, microbial perturbations induce behavioural changes and modulate inflammation in mice. Anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviours in animals can be transferred via faecal microbiota. In humans, modulation of the gut microbiota with probiotics is associated with behavioural and mood changes. Recent data show correlations in changes of faecal and mucosal microbiota and psychological distress in patients with IBD independent of disease activity.ConclusionBoth IBD and mental disorders are associated with gut microbial alterations. Preclinical and preliminary human studies have shown a mediating role of the gut microbiota in intestinal inflammation and anxiety, depression and stress. Targeting the gut microbiota may represent a useful therapeutic approach for the treatment of psychiatric co‐morbidities in IBD.
The Comprehension Boost in Early Word Learning: Older Infants Are Better Learners
Authors: Bergelson Elika 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent research has revealed that infants begin understanding words at around 6 months. After that, infants’ comprehension vocabulary increases gradually in a linear way over 8–18 months, according to data from parental checklists. In contrast, infants’ word comprehension improves robustly, qualitatively, and in a nonlinear way just after their first birthday, according to data from studies on spoken word comprehension. In this review, I integrate observational and experimental data to explain these divergent results. I argue that infants’ comprehension boost is not well‐explained by changes in their language input for common words, but rather by proposing that they learn to take better advantage of relatively stable input data. Next, I propose potentially complementary theoretical accounts of what makes older infants better learners. Finally, I suggest how the research community can expand our empirical base in this understudied area, and why doing so will inform our knowledge about child development.
Investor protection and cost of debt: Evidence from dividend commitment in firm bylaws
Authors: Yang Dan , Cheng Linyin , Wang Guojun , Wang Yuetang , Zhang Lu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis study seeks to explore a new type of investor protection mechanism—dividend commitment in firm bylaws—that has emerged from a new Chinese dividend regulation. Dividend commitment, forcing firms to make an explicit commitment to maintain a given dividend level, may affect the benefit and risk of debtholders and, accordingly, their required returns.Research Findings/InsightsUsing a sample of Chinese listed firms between 2006 and 2017, we find a significantly lower cost of debt for high‐commitment firms than for low‐commitment firms. The differences are pronounced for firms that actively respond to the regulation, those that operate in a weaker information environment, those that suffer from higher agency costs due to insider control, and those with lower debt ratios.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsThis study provides empirical evidence of the economic consequences of dividend commitment. The results suggest that dividend commitment is associated with changes in the benefits and risks of debtholders and that such an association is conditional on firm‐level factors; thus, the findings contribute to investor protection theory.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study provides insights to policy makers interested in evaluating investor protection in an emerging economy. The results highlight the financial implications of an innovative investor protection mechanism.
Impact of a multidisciplinary multimodal opioid minimization initiative in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Rohan Vinayak S. , Taber David J. , Patel Neha , Perez Caroline , Pilch Nicole , Parks Sara , Bolin Eric , Nadig Satish N. , Baliga Prabhakar K. , Fleming James N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOpioid use after kidney transplant has been shown to be a risk factor for chronic opioid use, which leads to an increased risk of mortality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early impact of a multimodal pain regimen and education quality improvement program on opioid use after kidney transplant 2 months after implementation. This was a retrospective, single‐center analysis of post‐operative opioid use, comparing the average daily Morphine milligram equivalents (MME) of the patients who received education on opioids and a multimodal pain regimen (preoperative TAP/QL block, scheduled APAP and gabapentin) compared to a historical control group. Despite having no differences in pre‐transplant opioid exposure, daily and overall inpatient opioid utilization was significantly reduced in the multimodal pain protocol cohort (38.6 vs 8.0 MME/day; P < .001); 5% of patients in the multimodal pain protocol cohort were discharged with an opioid prescription, compared to 96% of controls (P < .001). Our early results demonstrate that a multimodal pain protocol can effectively and dramatically reduce short‐term opioid utilization in kidney transplant recipients.
Role of hematopoietic cell transplantation in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Hashmi Hamza , Nishihori Taiga 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe use of all trans‐retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide combination as the induction regimen for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has revolutionized the management and outcomes of this disease. Modern risk‐adapted frontline therapy has provided excellent therapeutic results. However, significant numbers of APL patients relapse after frontline therapy, and the optimal management strategy for relapsed APL, specifically the role and type of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) are still to be defined. Both autologous and allogeneic HCTs are associated with durable remission and prolonged survival when utilized in appropriate disease settings. Once remission has been achieved, consolidation with autologous HCT for APL patients with negative minimal residual disease (MRD) status, and with allogeneic HCT for APL patients with positive MRD status appear to offer the best long‐term outcomes. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of existing literature on the efficacy of HCT in treatment of relapse/refractory APL and we discuss the appropriate use of this modality.
Hematopoietic cell transplantation for Diamond Blackfan anemia: A report from the Pediatric Group of the Brazilian Bone Marrow Transplantation Society
Authors: Darrigo Luiz Guilherme , Loth Gisele , Kuwahara Cilmara , Vieira Ana , Colturato Vergilio , Rodrigues Ana Luiza , Arcuri Leonardo , Fernandes Juliana , Macedo Antonio , Tavares Rita , Gomes Alessandra , Ribeiro Lisandro , Seber Adriana , Zecchin Victor , de Souza Mair , Calixto Rodolfo , Pasquini Ricardo , Flowers Mary , Rocha Vanderson , Bonfim Carmem 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze the outcomes of children with Diamond‐Blackfan anemia (DBA) treated in Brazil with hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT).MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 44 pediatrics patients transplanted between 1990 and 2018. The median age of patients was 5 years, and 57% were male. Twenty‐five received their first HCT from an HLA‐matched sibling donor (MSD), 12 from a HLA matched unrelated bone marrow donor (MUD 10/10, n = 12) and 7 other HLA mismatched donors (MMD).ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 4 years, estimate 5‐year overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 70%, 80% for MSD group, 73% for MUD, and 29% for MMD. Thirty‐eight out of the 44 evaluable patients engrafted successfully. Primary and secondary graft failure was observed in five and three patients, respectively. Rates of grade II‐IV and III‐IV acute graft‐versus‐host disease (aGVHD) were 25% and 18%, respectively. Nine patients developed chronic GVHD (cGVHD).ConclusionOverall survival rates observed after HLA matched donors transplant for DBA were comparable to those reported from higher‐income countries and international registries.
Lower bioenergetic costs but similar immune responsiveness under a heat wave in urban compared to rural damselflies
Authors: Tüzün Nedim , Stoks Robby 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that the widespread phenotypic changes in response to urbanization may reflect adaptations caused by rapid evolutionary processes driven by urban‐related stressors. Compared to increased habitat fragmentation and pollution, adaptations towards another typical urban‐related stressor, that is higher and longer lasting very high temperatures (heat waves), are much less studied. Notably, the sensitivities to heat waves of life‐history traits and important fitness‐related physiological traits such as immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables (energy availability, energy consumption and their balance) have never been contrasted between urban and rural populations. By conducting a laboratory common‐garden experiment, we compared effects of a simulated heat wave on life history (survival and growth rate), immune responsiveness and bioenergetic variables between three urban and three rural populations of the damselfly Coenagrion puella. Because energy‐mediated trade‐off patterns may only be detected under energetically costly manipulations, all larvae were immune‐challenged by simulating ectoparasitism by water mites. As expected, the simulated heat wave caused negative effects on nearly all response variables. The immune responsiveness, on the other hand, increased under the heat wave, consistent with a trade‐off pattern between immune function and growth, and this similarly between urban and rural populations. A key finding was that urban larvae suffered less from the simulated heat wave compared to the rural larvae in terms of a lower heat wave‐induced depletion in energy availability. This suggests an adaptation of urban populations to better cope with the stronger and more frequent heat waves in cities. Notably, this urbanization‐driven evolution in the bioenergetic variables was not apparent in the absence of a heat wave. Given that changes in energy budgets have strong fitness consequences, our findings suggest that the evolved higher ability to cope with heat waves is fundamental for the survival of urban damselfly populations.
Detection of hypoglycin A and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle tissue: Optimisation and validation of a LC‐MS–based method without derivatisation
Authors: González‐Medina Sonia , Hyde Carolyne , Lovera Imogen , Piercy Richard J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundMeasurement of hypoglycin A (HGA) and its toxic metabolite, methylenecyclopropylacetic acid (MCPA), in equine serum confirms a diagnosis of atypical myopathy (AM), a pasture‐associated toxic rhabdomyolysis with high mortality linked to the ingestion of Acer trees plant material. Supportive diagnostic tests include plasma acyl‐carnitine profiling and urine organic acid testing, but these are not specific for AM. Previously reported HGA and MCPA analytical techniques used liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) with a derivatising step, but the latter prolongs testing and increases costs.ObjectivesTo develop a rapid LCMS method for detection of serum and tissue HGA and MCPA that enables expedited diagnosis for horses with AM.Study designAnalytical test validation.MethodsValidation parameters to industry standards using as criteria precision, accuracy, linearity, reproducibility and stability in analyte‐spiked samples were calculated on 9‐calibration points and 3 different validation concentrations in both serum and muscle tissue.ResultsThe test was successfully validated for the detection of HGA and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle. Test linearity was excellent (r2 = .999), accuracy was very good for both analytes (93%‐108%), precision did not exceed 10% coefficient of variation and reproducibility met the requirements of the Horwitz equation. Stability was unaffected by storage at a range of temperatures.Main limitationsThe spectrum of the tested analytes was limited to only two relevant analytes in favour of a quick and easy analysis. Linearity of the muscle method was not evaluated as calibration curves were not produced in this matrix.ConclusionWe report an optimised, simplified and validated method for detection of HGA and MCPA‐carnitine in equine serum and muscle suitable for rapid diagnosis of suspected AM cases. The serum‐based test should also enable risk assessment of toxin exposure in cograzing horses and assessment of horses with undiagnosed myopathies, while the tissue detection test should help to confirm cases post‐mortem and to determine toxin distribution, metabolism and clearance across different tissues.
Localisation of cannabinoid and cannabinoid‐related receptors in the equine dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Chiocchetti Roberto , Rinnovati Riccardo , Tagliavia Claudio , Stanzani Agnese , Galiazzo Giorgia , Giancola Fiorella , Silva Margherita De , Capodanno Ylenia , Spadari Alessandro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundGrowing evidence recognises cannabinoid receptors as potential therapeutic targets for pain. Consequently, there is increasing interest in developing cannabinoid receptor agonists for treating pain. As a general rule, to better understand the actions of a drug, it would be of extreme importance to know the cellular distribution of its specific receptors. The localisation of cannabinoid receptors in the dorsal root ganglia of the horse has not yet been investigated.ObjectivesTo localise the cellular distribution of canonical and putative cannabinoid receptors in the equine cervical dorsal root ganglia.Study designQualitative and quantitative immunohistochemical study.MethodsCervical (C6‐C8) dorsal root ganglia were collected from six horses (1.5 years of age) at the slaughterhouse. The tissues were fixed and processed to obtain cryosections which were used to investigate the immunoreactivity of canonical cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1R) and 2 (CB2R), and for three putative cannabinoid‐related receptors: nuclear peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα), transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and serotonin 5‐HT1a receptor (5‐HT1aR).ResultsThe neurons showed immunoreactivity for CB1R (100%), CB2R (80% ± 13%), PPARα (100%), TRPA1 (74% ± 10%) and 5‐HT1aR (84% ± 6%). The neuronal satellite glial cells showed immunoreactivity for CB2R, PPARα, TRPA1 and 5‐HT1aR.Main limitationsThe low number of horses included in the study.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the expression of cannabinoid receptors in the sensory neurons and glial cells of the dorsal root ganglia. These findings could be of particular relevance for future functional studies assessing the effects of cannabinoids in horses to manage pain.
Post‐operative pain behaviour associated with surgical castration in donkeys (Equus asinus)
Authors: de Oliveira Maria Gláucia Carlos , Luna Stelio P. L. , Nunes Talyta Lins , Firmino Paulo R. , de Lima Amara Gyane A. , Ferreira Josiel , Trindade Pedro H. E. , Júnior Raimundo A. B. , de Paula Valéria Veras 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic.ObjectivesTo identify the responses of donkeys before and after surgical pain.Study designProspective, short‐term longitudinal pre‐ and post‐intervention observations.MethodsForty adult donkeys underwent surgical castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaiphenesin/thiopental IV and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane and local anaesthetic blockade. Four hours after recovery from anaesthesia, flunixin meglumine 1.1 mg/kg, dipyrone 10 mg/kg and morphine 0.2 mg/kg IV were administered. Behavioural responses exhibited by the animals housed in individual stalls were recorded in four 30‐min videos: before castration (M0), and 3.5‐4.0 hours (M1), 5.5‐6.0 hours (M2) and 23.5‐24.0 hours after recovery from anaesthesia (M3). To exclude the influence of insects, the behaviour of six apparently pain‐free donkeys was compared with and without the presence of faeces and urine in the stall.ResultsWhen compared with presurgical baseline behaviours (M0), after surgery (M1) donkeys raised their pelvic limbs more (P = .003). When compared with M1, after analgesia (M2), the median frequencies of ear movements (44 vs 16; P < .001), head shaking (7 vs 1; P < .001), head turning (5 vs 0; P < .001) and lifting of the both limbs (7 vs 0; P = .008) decreased; feeding (0 vs 29; P < .001) and water intake (0 vs 0, range 0‐1 vs 0‐7; P = .05) increased. The dirty stall increased tail (53 vs 80; P = .03), head (16 vs 30; P = .03) and ear movements (50 vs 78; P = .04).Main limitationsThe dirty stall and presence of insects possibly contributed to the expression of behaviours unrelated to pain.ConclusionLifting the pelvic limbs was the only specific pain behaviour after castration in donkeys. Analgesia restored appetite and water intake and reduced the frequency of head shaking and turning, ear movement and lifting the limbs. Tail, head and ear movements are unspecific responses related both to pain and a dirty stall, and are confounding factors when pain is assessed in donkeys in the presence of insects.
Stimulation of isoprene emissions and electron transport rates as key mechanisms of thermal tolerance in the tropical species Vismia guianensis
Authors: Rodrigues Tayana B. , Baker Christopher R. , Walker Anthony P. , McDowell Nate , Rogers Alistair , Higuchi Niro , Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Jardine Kolby J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTropical forests absorb large amounts of atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis, but high surface temperatures suppress this absorption while promoting isoprene emissions. While mechanistic isoprene emission models predict a tight coupling to photosynthetic electron transport (ETR) as a function of temperature, direct field observations of this phenomenon are lacking in the tropics and are necessary to assess the impact of a warming climate on global isoprene emissions. Here we demonstrate that in the early successional species Vismia guianensis in the central Amazon, ETR rates increased with temperature in concert with isoprene emissions, even as stomatal conductance (gs) and net photosynthetic carbon fixation (Pn) declined. We observed the highest temperatures of continually increasing isoprene emissions yet reported (50°C). While Pn showed an optimum value of 32.6 ± 0.4°C, isoprene emissions, ETR, and the oxidation state of PSII reaction centers (qL) increased with leaf temperature with strong linear correlations for ETR (ƿ = 0.98) and qL (ƿ = 0.99) with leaf isoprene emissions. In contrast, other photoprotective mechanisms, such as non‐photochemical quenching, were not activated at elevated temperatures. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis repressed Pn at high temperatures through a mechanism that was independent of stomatal closure. While extreme warming will decrease gs and Pn in tropical species, our observations support a thermal tolerance mechanism where the maintenance of high photosynthetic capacity under extreme warming is assisted by the simultaneous stimulation of ETR and metabolic pathways that consume the direct products of ETR including photorespiration and the biosynthesis of thermoprotective isoprenoids. Our results confirm that models which link isoprene emissions to the rate of ETR hold true in tropical species and provide necessary “ground‐truthing” for simulations of the large predicted increases in tropical isoprene emissions with climate warming.