bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of aromatherapy, massage and reflexology in people with palliative care needs: A systematic review
Authors: Candy Bridget , Armstrong Megan , Flemming Kate , Kupeli Nuriye , Stone Patrick , Vickerstaff Victoria , Wilkinson Susie 
Published: October 2019

Background: Aromatherapy, massage and reflexology are widely used in palliative care. Despite this, there are questions about their suitability for inclusion in clinical guidelines. The need to understand their benefits is a public priority, especially in light of funding pressures. Aim: To synthesise current evidence on the effectiveness of aromatherapy, massage and reflexology in people with palliative care needs. Design: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials (PROSPERO CRD42017081409) was undertaken following international standards including Cochrane guidelines. The quality of trials and their pooled evidence were appraised. Primary outcomes on effect were anxiety, pain and quality-of-life. Data sources: Eight citation databases and three trial registries were searched to June 2018. Results: Twenty-two trials, involving 1956 participants were identified. Compared with a control, four evaluated aromatherapy, eight massage and six reflexology. A further four evaluated massage compared with aromatherapy. Trials were at an unclear risk of bias. Many had small samples. Heterogeneity prevented meta-analysis. In comparison with usual care, another therapy or an active control, evidence on the effectiveness of massage and aromatherapy in reducing anxiety, pain and improving quality-of-life was inconclusive. There was some evidence (low quality) that compared to an active control, reflexology reduced pain. Conclusions: This review identified a relatively large number of trials, but with poor and heterogeneous evidence. New clinical recommendations cannot be made based on current evidence. To help provide more definitive trial findings, it may be useful first to understand more about the best way to measure the effectiveness of these therapies in palliative care.
A pilot exploratory study comparing the King-Devick test (KDT) during and between migraine attacks
Authors: Chiang Chia-Chun , Starling Amaal J , Buras Matthew R , Golafshar Michael A , VanderPluym Juliana H 
Published: October 2019

Background The King-Devick test is a timed rapid number naming task that involves complex cerebral functions. The objective of this pilot exploratory study is to determine whether there is a difference in the King-Devick test during a migraine attack compared to the interictal phase. Methods We evaluated 29 adult subjects with migraine with aura or migraine without aura. For each participant, we performed King-Devick tests during migraine attacks and interictal phases. Subjects served as their own controls. Results The King-Devick test was slower during the migraine attack compared to the interictal baseline (median 4.6 sec slower, p < 0.001). The slowing of the King-Devick test during migraine attack was more prominent in those with migraine with aura compared to subjects with migraine without aura (median 7.5 vs. 2.8 sec, p = 0.028). Conclusions This exploratory, observational study shows changes in the King-Devick test during migraine compared to the interictal phase. Future studies are required to determine if the King-Devick test may be used as a rapid and simple tool to objectively characterize migraine-associated disability.
Type I interferon gene signature test–low and –high patients with systemic lupus erythematosus have distinct gene expression signatures
Authors: Brohawn PZ , Streicher K , Higgs B W , Morehouse C , Liu H , Illei G , Ranade K 
Published: October 2019

Objectives Type I interferon (IFN) is implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis. We aimed to identify type I IFN signaling-dependent and -independent molecular pathways in a large population of patients with SLE. Methods Baseline blood samples from adult patients with moderate to severe SLE from two Phase IIb studies (NCT01438489, n = 265; NCT01283139, n = 416) were profiled using whole transcriptome array analyses. Type I IFN gene signature (IFNGS) test status (high or low) was determined using a validated qualitative polymerase chain reaction–based test. IFN-type-specific signatures were developed by stimulating healthy blood with IFN-β, IFN-γ, IFN-λ, IFN-ω, or pooled IFN-α. These, and multiple literature-derived cell type and cytokine pathway signatures, were evaluated in individual and pooled study populations. A Fisher’s exact test was used for associations, adjusted for false discovery rate. Results Whole blood samples from IFNGS test–high patients were enriched versus IFNGS test–low patients for CD40L signaling ( Q < 0.001), CXC cytokine ( Q < 0.001), TLR8-mediated monocyte activation ( Q < 0.001), IgG ( Q < 0.001), major histocompatibility complex class I ( Q < 0.001), and plasma cell ( Q < 0.001) gene expression signatures. IFNGS test–low patients had significant enrichment of eosinophil ( Q < 0.001), IFN-γ-specific ( Q = 0.005), and T-cell or B-cell ( Q < 0.001) signatures. Similar enrichment profiles were demonstrated in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis. Conclusions IFNGS test–high patients overexpressed many gene signatures associated with SLE pathogenesis compared with IFNGS test–low patients, reflecting broad immune activation. These results provide new insights into the molecular heterogeneity underlying SLE pathogenesis, highlighting shared mechanisms beyond type I IFN, across several autoimmune diseases. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01438489 and NCT01283139.
Intra- and inter-rater reliability in the cross-sectional area of feline lumbar epaxial musculature evaluated via abdominal CT scan
Authors: Rayhel Laura H , Quimby Jessica M , Green Eric M , Parker Valerie J , Bai Shasha 
Published: October 2019

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra- and inter-rater reliability of epaxial muscle cross-sectional area measurement on feline CT images and to determine the relationship between normalized epaxial muscle area (EMA) and subjective muscle condition score (MCS). Methods Feline transverse CT images including the junction of the 13th thoracic vertebrae/13th rib head were retrospectively reviewed. Right and left epaxial muscle circumference and vertebral body height were measured and an average normalized EMA (ratio of epaxial area:vertebral height) was calculated for each image. Measurements were performed by three individuals blinded to the clinical data and were repeated 1 month later. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of EMA was assessed with concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and Bland–Altman analysis was performed to assess bias and limits of agreement (LoA) between and within observers at different time points. In cats for which MCS data were available, EMA was compared between differing MCSs via the Kruskal–Wallis test, with Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon rank-sum post-hoc analysis. Results In total, 101 CT scans met the inclusion criteria for reliability analysis, 29 of which had muscle condition information available for analysis. Intra-rater EMA CCC ranged from 0.84 to 0.99 with minimal bias (range –0.16 to 0.08) and narrow LoA. Inter-rater EMA CCC ranged from 0.87 to 0.94, bias was larger (range –0.46 to 0.66) and LoA were wider when assessed between observers. Median EMA was significantly lower in cats with severe muscle atrophy (2.76, range 1.28–3.96) than in all other MCS groups ( P <0.0001 for all comparisons). Conclusions and relevance Measurement of EMA on CT showed strong intra-rater reliability, and median EMA measurements were significantly lower in cats with severe muscle wasting, as assessed on physical examination. Further studies correlating EMA to lean muscle mass in cats are needed to determine whether this method may be useful to quantify muscle mass in patients undergoing a CT scan.
Can you tell by their English if they can speak Welsh? Accent perception in a language contact situation
Authors: Mayr Robert , Roberts Llian , Morris Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Aims: The purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of accent perception in language contact situations in which monolingual speakers of a contact variety and bilinguals live in the same community. Design: We investigated the English accents of monolinguals and bilinguals from the same area in South-West Wales, and listeners’ perceptions thereof, in three inter-related studies. Data: In Study 1, an accent perception experiment, participants from four different listener groups were asked to differentiate English monolinguals and Welsh–English bilinguals on the basis of short English speech samples. In Study 2, the same participants’ views about differences between the accentual features of monolinguals and bilinguals were examined in individual structured interviews. Finally, in Study 3, the speech samples from the accent perception experiment were analysed phonetically based on the accentual features mentioned in Study 2. Findings: Study 1 revealed that monolinguals and bilinguals can be identified above chance based on their English accent, but performance was unexceptional. Identification was better with greater accent familiarity, but unrelated to the listener’s ability to speak Welsh. Study 2 revealed the specific segmental and suprasegmental features that the listeners considered indicative of monolingual and bilingual speakers’ English accents, while Study 3 showed that only some of the listeners’ views are consistent with the production data from Study 1. Originality: This paper is the first to examine whether monolinguals and bilinguals from a bilingual area with historical language contact can be identified on the basis of their majority language accent, and on what grounds these identifications are made. Implications: This research shows that settings in which minority-language features originate from both historical language contact and individual bilingualism yield subtle accentual differences in the majority language between monolinguals and bilinguals to which even listeners from the same accent background may not be responsive.
Implicit gender bias among US resident physicians
Authors: Hansen Matt , Schoonover Amanda , Skarica Barbara , Harrod Tabria , Bahr Nathan , Guise Jeanne-Marie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to characterize implicit gender bias among residents in US Emergency Medicine and OB/GYN residencies.

Methods
We conducted a survey of all allopathic Emergency Medicine and OB/GYN residency programs including questions about leadership as well as an implicit association test (IAT) for unconscious gender bias. We used descriptive statistics to analyze the Likert-type survey responses and used standard IAT analysis methods. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to identify factors that were associated with implicit bias. We conducted a subgroup analysis of study sites involved in a multi-site intervention study to determine if responses were different in this group.

Results
Overall, 74% of the programs had at least one respondent. Out of 14,234 eligible, 1634 respondents completed the survey (11.5%). Of the five sites enrolled in the intervention study, 244 of 359 eligible residents completed the survey (68%). Male residents had a mean IAT score of 0.31 (SD 0.23) and females 0.14 (SD 0.24), both favoring males in leadership roles and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.01). IAT scores did not differ by postgraduate year (PGY). Multivariable analysis of IAT score and participant demographics confirmed a significant association between female gender and lower IAT score. Explicit bias favoring males in leadership roles was associated with increased implicit bias favoring males in leadership roles (r = 0.1 p < 0.001).

Conclusions
We found that gender bias is present among US residents favoring men in leadership positions, this bias differs between male and female residents, and is associated with discipline. Implicit bias did not differ across training years, and is associated with explicit bias.
Electrical resistivity contrasts in the geotechnical assessment of iron caves, N4EN mine, Carajás, Brazil
Authors: Barbosa Marcelo Roberto , Braga Marco Antonio , da Gama Maria Filipa Perez , de Paula Rafael Guimarães , Brandi Iuri Viana , de Oliveira Dias Leonardo Santana 
Published: October 2019

Although environmental laws and regulations vary among countries regarding natural caves near mine operations, all caves require studies for safety, preservation, and/or operational licensing purposes. Therefore, understanding the cave’s stability features and their risks of collapse are important considerations for mining companies. A near-surface electric resistivity survey applied to natural caves in the surroundings of an iron mine in Carajás, state of Pará, Brazil, identified three electrical patterns as indicative of points/zones of cave ceiling lithostructural weaknesses and instabilities: (1) low-resistivity contrast, in which the signatures abruptly pass to a low resistivity ([Formula: see text]) within a high-resistivity domain ([Formula: see text]), (2) high-intermediate resistivity contrast, a transition zone at the edge of the cave between a high resistivity at the center of the cave and a resistivity of approximately 900 ohm-m in the background, and (3) angular-resistivity contrast, a zone in which the section indicates vertical geometric patterns. We found five examples of these types of anomalies. When mining operations occurred closer to a known cave, a total of 15 rock falls were mapped. We found that 11 of these (73%) had geoelectrical anomalies similar to the patterns that we identified. These results contribute to improving the predictability of cave damage and its monitoring issues in which caves should be preserved during mining operations in their vicinity.
The Founding and Fracturing of the Mosquito Confederation: Zambos, Tawiras, and New Archival Evidence, 1711–1791
Authors: Mendiola Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to assess the political, diplomatic, and ethnic dynamics of the Mosquito Kingdom, an Afro-indigenous alliance based along Central America's Caribbean coast, during the eighteenth century. Drawing from new archival sources—most notably those of the National Archives of Costa Rica—this essay first examines the political organization of the Mosquitos, demonstrating that early leaders consolidated their authority by unifying different factions into a powerful confederation with expansionist tendencies. This essay then presents new evidence against the hypothesis that ethnic rivalry was a major source of factional conflict within the kingdom and thereby calls for a reexamination of the causes of the confederation's descent into civil war in 1791.
European Auteurs Revisit the Western: Thomas Bidegain’sLes Cowboysand Valeska Grisebach’sWestern
Authors: Morari Codruţa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe classical film western enacts the myth of American manifest destiny, codifying and promulgating stories of the conquest of the West. Subsequent so-called revisionist westerns, of which John Ford’s The Searchers (1956) is the preeminent example, call this triumphal master narrative into question and probe the darker sides of American expansionism. Recent returns to the western by European auteurs both revisit the classic western and revise its revisionist extensions, foregrounding experiences of sociopolitical crisis, displacement, and disintegration of values such as community and home in an age of transnationalism and globalism. Focusing on two productions that self-consciously redeploy the western’s legacy, Thomas Bidegain’s Les Cowboys (2015) and Valeska Grisebach’s Western (2017), as well as some related examples, this article scrutinizes the myths of the genre and their enduring contemporary relevance.
Class Relations: Diagnoses of the Present in the Films of Julian Radlmaier and Max Linz
Authors: Pantenburg Volker 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article examines the work of Max Linz and Julian Radlmaier, two German directors born in the mid-1980s. It traces their academic and practical training in film studies and film directing and highlights their aesthetic and political approach as an attempt to counter the cinema of the Berlin School. Amalgamating various German and international influences, from Christoph Schlingensief, Alexander Kluge, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder (Linz) to Roberto Rossellini, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and the classical avant-gardes of the 1920s (Radlmaier), their student shorts and feature films combine a playful eclecticism with an acute sense of contemporary political issues like precarious working conditions, gentrification, and the commodification of art and culture.
Architectures of Images, Avalanches of Memory: Dominik Graf’s Urban Essay Films
Authors: Frahm Laura A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article sheds light on Dominik Graf’s long-standing and often-overlooked engagement with the essay film since the mid-1990s. The article contends that his urban essays, his cinema and television essays, and his commemorative essays are driven by a reconstructive impetus that takes stock of the state of German cities, German media, and German society from the viewpoint of their “end.” In reading these three variations of his essay films as “architectures of images,” the article presents Graf and his collaborators as “collectors” and “combiners,” who not only (re)construct highly layered works out of archival materials that activate multiple public and personal histories at once but also elicit a larger reflection on the potential of moving images to capture these layered histories in their constant transformation.
Ethnic and age differences in right-left breast asymmetry in a large population-based screening population
Authors: Hudson Sue M , Wilkinson Louise S , Denholm Rachel , De Stavola Bianca L , dos-Santos-Silva Isabel 
Published: October 2019

Objective:
Exposure to sex hormones is important in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and inability to tolerate such exposure may be reflected in increased asymmetrical growth of the breasts. This study aims to characterize, for the first time, asymmetry in breast volume (BV) and radiodense volume (DV) in a large ethnically diverse population.

Methods:
Automated measurements from digital raw mammographic images of 54,591 cancer-free participants (aged 47–73) in a UK breast screening programme were used to calculate absolute (cm3) and relative asymmetry in BV and DV. Logistic regression models were fitted to assess asymmetry associations with age and ethnicity.

Results:
BV and DV absolute asymmetry were positively correlated with the corresponding volumetric dimension (BV or DV). BV absolute asymmetry increased, whilst DV absolute asymmetry decreased, with increasing age (P-for-linear-trend &lt;0.001 for both). Relative to Whites, Blacks had statistically significantly higher, and Chinese lower, BV and DV absolute asymmetries. However, after adjustment for the corresponding underlying volumetric dimension the age and ethnic differences were greatly attenuated. Median relative (fluctuating) BV and DV asymmetry were 2.34 and 3.28% respectively.

Conclusion:
After adjusting for the relevant volumetric dimension (BV or DV), age and ethnic differences in absolute breast asymmetry were largely resolved.

Advances in knowledge:
Previous small studies have reported breast asymmetry—breast cancer associations. Automated measurements of asymmetry allow the conduct of large-scale studies to further investigate these associations.
Music in mechanically ventilated stroke patients
Authors: Olson DaiWai M , Perera Anjali , Atem Folefac , Wagner Audra S , Zanders Michael , Venkatachalam Aardhra M , Stutzman Sonja E 
Published: October 2019

Background: Music as a therapeutic intervention for critically ill stroke patients has not been adequately researched. This may be related to a limited number of tools being available to measure the hypnotic response when patients cannot respond verbally. This pilot study examines the feasibility of bispectral index (BIS) monitoring to study music as a stress-reduction intervention in the neurocritical care setting. Methods: This prospective, randomised, crossover, pilot study enrolled 30 patients. On each of two consecutive days, patients were randomised to either 1 hour of silence followed by a crossover to 1 hour of music, or the reverse (music then silence). BIS values were recorded to evaluate stress and agitation before, during and after the 2-hour study period. Results: There were no reported adverse events, supporting feasibility of this pilot intervention. BIS values were sampled once every 6 seconds during the 2-hour study period. There was a statistically significant difference in BIS scores between the music and no music group (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The use of neurofunction monitors to assess response to music is feasible during the critical care phase for patients with stroke. Additional studies should focus on genre, timing and route of delivery for music as an intervention.
Role of Nanomedicine in Redox Mediated Healing at Molecular Level
Authors: Adhikari Aniruddha , Mondal Susmita , Darbar Soumendra , Kumar Pal Samir 
Published: October 2019

AbstractNanomedicine, the offspring born from the marriage of nanotechnology and medicine, has already brought momentous advances in the fight against a plethora of unmet diseases from cardiovascular and neurodegenerative to diabetes and cancer. Here, we review a conceptual framework that will provide a basic understanding about the molecular mechanism of action of a therapeutic nanomaterial inside biological milieu. In this review, we highlight how the catalytic nature of a transition metal oxide nanomaterial influences the cellular redox homeostasis, supports the cellular antioxidant defence system and reactivates the reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated signalling to perform normal cell functions like cell cycle, differentiation, apoptosis, inflammation, toxicity, and protein interactions. With numerous examples, we describe the redox modulatory nature of d-block metal oxide nanomaterials and their biomimetic nanozyme activities to protect the mitochondria, the cellular redox mediator which prevents an organism from various diseases. This knowledge will be useful to design new nanomaterials capable of intracellular redox modulation, which in turn can be effective therapeutic agents for treatment of various unmet diseases that are beyond the ability of modern synthetic medicine.
Sonographic visibility of cannulas using convex ultrasound transducers
Authors: Rumble Stephen , Schmitz Georg , Dencks Stefanie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The key for safe ultrasound (US)-guided punctures is a good visibility of the cannula. When using convex transducers for deep punctures, the incident angle between US beam and cannula varies along the cannula leading to a complex visibility pattern. Here, we present a method to systematically investigate the visibility throughout the US image. For this, different objective criteria were defined and applied to measurement series with varying puncture angles and depths of the cannula. It is shown that the visibility not only depends on the puncture angle but also on the location of the cannula in the US image when using convex transducers. In some image regions, an unexpected good visibility was observed even for steep puncture angles. The systematic evaluation of the cannula visibility is of fundamental interest to sensitise physicians to the handling of convex transducers and to evaluate new techniques for further improvement.