bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminists I
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by feminism. I then discuss the place of property in the earliest feminist texts—of Mary Astell and Mary Wollstonecraft—where it is associated, above all, with the institution of marriage. In early feminist texts, the oppression of women is often likened to (or identified with) chattel slavery. This is clear, for example, in the work of John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor and in the historical materialist accounts of Friedrich Engels and August Bebel. The single most remarkable treatment of property in feminist texts comes in Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. Built around a critique of Engels and Bebel, de Beauvoir argues that the will to acquire property (including property in women) is a characteristic of men’s behaviour which goes all the way down and all the way back—and which must change if men and women are to forge a new and more equal relationship. A key component of contemporary feminist work on property is the emphasis upon the lived experience of gendered inequality in the ownership of property. The final third of this chapter reviews the evidence of an earnings gap, a poverty gap, and an assets gap between men and women.
Fellowship and Freedom
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This is the first modern study of the Fellowship of Merchant Adventurers—sixteenth-century England’s premier trading company—in its final century of existence as a privileged organization. Over this period the company’s main trade, the export of cloth to northwest Europe, was overshadowed by rising traffic with the wider world, whilst its privileges were continually criticized in an era of political revolution. But the company and its membership were not passive victims of these changes; rather, they were active participants in the commercial and political dramas of the century. Using thousands of neglected private merchant papers, the book views the company from the perspective of its members, in the process bringing to life the complex social worlds of early modern merchants. It addresses the challenge of maintaining corporate unity in the face of internal disagreements and external attacks. It restores the centrality of the Merchant Adventurers within three important historical narratives: England’s transition from the margins to the centre of the European, and later global, economy; the rise and fall of the merchant corporation as a major form of commercial government in premodern Europe; and the political history of the corporation in an era of state formation and revolution.
Conclusion
Authors: Leng Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion considers the significance of the decline of the Company of Merchant Adventurers in light of the broader structural changes that English overseas commerce underwent in the early modern period. It argues that, although the Company of Merchant Adventurers can not straightforwardly be associated with a precapitalist commercial order rendered irrelevant by the emergence of capitalism, the story of the Company’s decline does cast light on a process of commercial restructuring which involved the breakdown of certain boundaries, geographical and occupational, and the possibility of new synergies. These changes had implications for the role and career of the overseas merchant, and the place of merchant companies in structuring access to foreign trade. Survival for merchant companies depended on their ability to attract and accommodate new members and retain their loyalty, as well as to survive external attack. Changes within the Merchant Adventurers’ ranks made this increasingly difficult, and the Company’s failure to maintain its privileges was in part a consequence of the dissolution of the social system of its trade.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the 1920s and 1930s radio was transnational in its reach and appeal, attracting distant listeners and encouraging hopes that broadcasting would foster international understanding and world peace. This chapter connects the themes of the book to broader currents in historical writing, exploring how international broadcasting relates to histories of internationalism, radio, sound, and listening. It introduces the concepts of ‘wireless internationalism’ and ‘distant listening’. It argues that British broadcasting was profoundly influenced by the European context, as well as by links with the US. It discusses the key sources used in the book and outlines the content of the main chapters of the book. It examines contemporary thinking about propaganda and national projection.
The Lonely Listener in the Bush
Authors: Potter Simon J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The BBC Empire Service was established in 1932 and primarily sought to serve white expatriates scattered across British colonies in Africa and Asia. It provided a selection of programmes taken from its home services, augmented with specially produced and recorded material, and based decisions on what to broadcast largely on feedback provided by its listeners. This chapter challenges the assumption that the interwar BBC was largely uninterested in what its audience thought, and that it gave listeners what it thought they should have rather than what they wanted. It also questions the belief that the BBC was intent on the ‘uplift’ of audiences and thus focused on providing high culture. For the Empire Service concentrated on offering light music, light talks, and light entertainment. Listeners were thought to be tired after a day spent working in hot climates, and lonely and thus requiring something that reminded them of ‘home’. The BBC knew it also had to compete with other international broadcasters for the attention of overseas audiences. Special production techniques were developed in an attempt to overcome the problems associated with short-wave reception and ensure that programmes were comprehensible and enjoyable. Big Ben became the aural signature of the Empire Service. However, by the late 1930s many critics were questioning whether it was wise to devote so much of the BBC’s resources to this tiny audience, and whether BBC international broadcasts should instead be seeking to project Britain to larger and more important audiences across the world.
Explaining our Reliability
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Benacerraf–Field Challenge – i.e., the reliability challenge. It argues that neither Benacerraf’s formulation of the challenge, nor any simple variations on it, satisfies key constraints which have been placed on it. It then turns to more promising analyses, in terms of sensitivity and safety. The challenge to show that our beliefs are sensitive is widely supposed to admit of an evolutionary answer in the mathematical case, but not in the moral. The chapter argues that it does not, but that, even if it did, this is an inadequate formulation of the challenge. But understanding the reliability challenge as the challenge to show that our beliefs are safe is more promising. The chapter shows that whether this challenge is equally pressing in the moral and mathematical cases depends on whether “realist pluralism” is equally viable in the two areas.
Conclusion
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion suggests a general partition of areas of philosophical interest into those which are more like mathematics and those which are more like morality. In the former category are questions of possibility, grounding, essence, logic, and mereology. In the latter are questions of epistemology, political philosophy, aesthetics, and prudential reasoning. The chapter argues that the former questions are like the question of whether the Parallel Postulate is true, qua a pure mathematical conjecture. By contrast, practical questions are immune to deflation in this way. The conclusion is that the objective questions in the neighborhood of questions of modal metaphysics, grounding, nature, and so forth are practical. Practical philosophy should, therefore, take center stage.
Desires of the Spirit
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of the Holy Spirit in the transformation and sanctification of Christians. It argues that accounts of sanctification that build upon the idea of an instantaneous implantation of new moral powers in the Christian upon receipt of the Spirit have significant problems. It then turns to Augustine’s theology of delight and desire to provide an alternative theology of sanctification that is experientially and affectively more persuasive. The second half of the chapter shows that this “affective Augustinian” approach has a number of further advantages. It can account for the fact that sanctifying experience of the Spirit exhibits variability and that human beings are often a mystery to themselves; it can affirm a qualified role for practice and habituation in Christian sanctification without overestimating the transformative power of Christian practice; and it directs attention to the social as well as materially and culturally embedded dimensions of sanctification. The chapter concludes by arguing that an “affective Augustinian” vision of Christian transformation can also account effectively and compassionately for the persistence of sin in Christians.
Conclusion
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This conclusion reflects on the wider implications of the book’s focus on the connections between doctrines, affects, and experiences. It summarizes the methodological approach described and deployed in earlier chapters, and indicates a number of directions for future work that could make use of this methodological toolkit. It then sites the pneumatological and affective soteriology proposed in Chapters 4 and 5 as charting a new path forward within a contemporary Protestant theological landscape hitherto dominated by the vision of Karl Barth, on the one hand, and “Protestant Thomism” on the other.
Quantities as Determinables
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
On the determinable/determinate model, a quantity like mass is a determinable that requires further determination by one of its determinates, where the latter are typically thought to be its magnitudes. This chapter argues that the determinable/determinate model does not provide a good fit for quantities. Instead of focusing on the vertical relation of determination, we should pay attention to the horizontal relations between magnitudes. Such relations, in particular ordering relations, can also explain the single value principle. Similarity relations among magnitudes, by contrast, are not sufficient to establish the metric relations characteristic of quantities.
Quantitative Attributes or Measurable Concepts
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Should we ask whether an attribute is quantitative, or is it enough to show that its concept is measurable? This question is at the heart of the dispute between (restrictive) measurement realists and (typically permissive) operationalists.This chapter tries to disentangle this question from broader issues of scientific realism and argues in favour of restrictive realism. Quantitativeness is a feature of attributes, not concepts, and measurability of a concept is neither necessary nor sufficient to guarantee quantitativeness. Realism about quantitativeness is epistemically risky, just like realism everywhere else, since its commitments go beyond what is strictly observable.
Ontologies for Quantities
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents and evaluates different proposals for an ontology of quantities. It contrasts, on the one hand, ontologies based on Platonic or Aristotelian universals with those based on particulars, and on the other hand ontologies based on finite domains with those based on infinite domains The latter difference is taken to be more decisive and the chapter argues in favour of infinite domains for quantities. Platonic universals, space-time substantivalism, and quality spaces each provide infinite domains for quantities. This chapter favours the quality spaces approach, according to which each quantity is a quality space and (determinate) quantity values are (determinate) locations in quality spaces.
Fundamental Structure for Quantities
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Both comparativists and sophisticated substantivalists accept that there are many equivalent numerical representations of quantities, or conversely, that no numerical representation is distinguished. But whereas comparativists seem committed to offering a reduced theory, which only trades in relational facts as fundamental facts, sophisticated substantivalism appears to offer a different kind of response. This difference in approach is best understood at the level of meta-metaphysics as a difference between those who seek out fundamental or intrinsic explanations and those who see no need to find such explanations. This chapter investigates how these strategies play out when RTM is taken to be the reduced theory for quantities and argues that RTM does not lend itself easily to fundamental or intrinsic explanations. The main difficulty is that even a retreat to purely relational facts does not avoid arbitrariness.
The Ecology of English Time
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
At a time when the English landscape was mobilized—both materially and in the cultural imagination—for fighting the Second World War, Virginia Woolf and T. S. Eliot fashioned their most ‘English’ works, Between the Acts (1941) and Four Quartets (1935–42) respectively. Building on extant scholarship surrounding the writers’ temporal and environmental concerns, Chapter 6 provides an alternative account of the writers’ supposed national insularity as one inflected by pacifist and internationalist motivations. Tracing the study of ecology as it was historically intertwined with cosmopolitical inquiry in the twentieth century, the chapter reveals ways in which the writers’ late modernist works uphold Anglocentric exceptionalism but, also, provide diversified understandings of time and place to convey international belonging.
Children of the Ruins
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores anxieties surrounding war-torn childhood, both in terms of juvenile delinquency and as a metaphor for uncertain post-war reconstruction. Films were especially evocative in this respect: they captured not only the faces of war-traumatized children but the material ruins which often became their playgrounds and homes before these were cleared away. Alberto Cavalcanti’s and Humphrey Jennings’s films highlighted the tensions underpinning the use of youth as a national metaphor. But it is Ealing Studios’ first feature films, Hue and Cry (1947) and Passport to Pimlico (1949), despite being seen as nostalgic depictions of the People’s War, that best capture the ambivalent ways in which youth represented and problematized visions of the national future in ruins.
Coda
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The coda briefly recapitulates the central concerns of this book by discussing Second World Wartime in relation to the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing from Ernst Bloch’s conception of time as a river, and Walter Benjamin’s theory of historical materialism, it discusses why post-war literature and culture looked back to the wartime period through the trope of unexploded bombs, which functioned as mnemonic time capsules. It ends by considering Second World Wartime’s broader relationship to the later chronophobia of the Cold War, when advancements in nuclear technology created a newly fraught relationship between anticipation and retrospection.
The Political Construction of a Coordinated Political Economy
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The first chapter motivates the book’s central research question: how did the German variant of capitalism emerge, and what today is its central functioning logic? The chapter argues that past and recent accounts of Germany’s economic performance and economic policy have failed to fully explain how long-term stable economic coordination could have evolved in as large a country as Germany, and that this has also translated into an often biased view of Germany’s current economic policies. The chapter sketches the basic argument of the book—namely that the German welfare state was the prime means of economic coordination for unions and employers, labor and capital—and situates it in two relevant literatures: the Varieties of Capitalism literature on the one hand and the Comparative Welfare State literature on the other. The chapter also presents an overview of the book.
Modell Deutschland as an Interdenominational Compromise
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 argues that the cooperation in the interwar period between, economically, unions and employers and, politically, between Social and Christian Democracy, estranged the liberal Protestant camp from its former pet project, social reform. An important consequence of this estrangement was the birth of ordoliberalism. Ordoliberalism, however, was much less influential in the postwar period than usually claimed. It legitimized a politics of non-intervention, which rather left a void for the corporate actors to fill, so it involuntarily furthered corporatism, not liberalism. Otherwise it provided the inability of the central state to actively manage the economy with a post hoc ideological justification. Thus, Germany’s postwar compromise was “bipolar,” combining corporatist cooperation between capital and labor, heavily reliant on the organizational and material resources of the welfare state, with a central government with limited capacity for macroeconomic steering and without the means of credibly issuing promises of full employment (as the main difference in comparison to the Scandinavian cases).
Can Scanlonian Contractualism Save Us from Aggregation?
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers Scanlonian contractualism as presented in T. M. Scanlon’s What We Owe to Each Other. Scanlonian contractualism requires us to assess whether an action could reasonably have been rejected from an ex post epistemic perspective—that is to say, after the actual consequences of the act are known. For decisions made under epistemic certainty as to outcomes, the ex post perspective presents no difficulty, because it is identical to the ex ante perspective from which we necessarily act. Once epistemic uncertainty is introduced into the ex ante viewpoint, however, ex post contractualism cannot supply action-guiding norms, because by the time we know the consequence of our actions it is too late to act otherwise. Viewing choices under uncertainty from an ex ante perspective, one is led inexorably to some form of aggregation.
Can Contractualism Be Saved?
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, a number of scholars sympathetic to Scanlonian contractualism have sought to rescue it from the paradox created by Scanlon’s original ex post version: that the wrongness of an act depends on its consequences. Their proposed solution, “ex ante contractualism,” retains the most distinctive feature of Scanlonian contractualism, the maximin rule embedded in Scanlon’s Greater Burden Principle, but applies it to expected rather than actual outcomes. That change in epistemic perspective eliminates the paradox at the heart of ex post contractualism. But it introduces a number of equally serious problems that limit its application to a small set of stylized cases that have colonized the philosophical laboratory but are rarely encountered outside of it.
Wilt Chamberlain Revisited
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In Anarchy, State, and Utopia, Nozick relies on his principle of Justice in Transfer to explain why the state may not tax income from labor or property. Applying Justice in Transfer to his famous Wilt Chamberlain example, he argues that Wilt owns the money he was paid to play basketball because it was voluntarily transferred to him by his fans, who owned it themselves. Nozick’s argument confuses two questions: whether someone owns the market value of his labor or property, and if so, whether he has a right to transfer that value to someone else, as a gift or exchange. Nozick’s argument goes only to the second question. But the state’s right to tax Wilt on his earnings turns on the first, and in particular on whether owners are entitled to the scarcity rents that accrue to their property or talent.
Current Views on the Nature and Origins of Central Banks
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 first restates the present dominant view on the nature and origin of central banking, which can be summarized as follows: (1) Defining central banking is ‘by no means straightforward’; (2) the Riksens Ständers Bank and the Bank of England would have been the first sort-of central banks; (3) early central banks did not have a policy mandate and the orientation towards public objectives would go back only to the nineteenth century; (4) there has been no concept of central banking before 1800; (5) early central banking developed out of the largest commercial banks; (6) the lender of last resort (LOLR) would have developed only in the second half of the nineteenth century or even later. Second, the chapter reviews a recent literature which started again to question this view. It is explained how this book will take up the challenge to correct the myth about the origins of central banking.
Issuing Financial Money of Ultimate Quality
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The essence of central banking is the issuance of central bank money—being itself defined as dominant financial money used at a large scale for payments and being of the highest possible credit and liquidity quality amongst all financial assets, such that payment through it is accepted as settlement of any other financial claim. This chapter elaborates on the nature of central bank money and reviews the pre-1800 theory and practice of central bank money issuance. It is shown that the nature of central bank money and its benefits were well understood by early authors. Moreover, the 25 central banks that issued (or at least aimed at) issuing central bank money before 1800 are introduced. The types of central bank money (deposits, banknotes, certificates of deposits) are briefly reviewed.
Lending to Private Borrowers and Other Private Assets
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter recalls the economic rationale of central bank lending to private borrowers (Section 4.1) and argues that the recent literature has often underestimated the importance of such lending by early central banks, without this implying that central banks were really competing with ‘commercial’ banks (Section 4.2). Finally, it illustrates pre-eighteenth-century awareness of the subject by reviewing the literature of the time (Section 4.3). Lending of central banks to private borrowers had a number of advantages relevant as of the first centuries of central banking: (1) providing an option for granular asset diversification and expansion, allowing thereby also to increase the monetary base; (2) generating income with limited risks; (3) improving the availability and pricing of loans for private debtors; (4) anchorizing the central bank in society. Lending to private borrowers took in particular the form of Lombard and discount operations.