bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orienting to Open Adoption, Considering Contact, and Reflecting on Race
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth look at the preadoption stage, outlining parents’ different approaches to open adoption. Some parents oriented to open adoption relatively easily, whereas others hesitated or immediately placed caveats on the level of openness they would consider with regard to birth parents. Adoption programming, exposure to other families in open adoption, and other experiences ultimately caused shifts in many participants’ views of openness. Some participants concluded that they would not actually be willing to pursue an adoption with expectant parents who were uninterested in some level of contact. In addition to considering participants’ desired level of contact with the birth family, this chapter also considers their openness regarding children’s race. Openness regarding contact and race are two of the most significant dimensions of prospective adopters’ decision making and in part determine what placements are possibilities for them. Finally, this chapter also considers parents’ openness with respect to a potential child’s prenatal drug and alcohol exposure.
Hugo Münsterberg's Psychology and Law
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The German American psychologist Hugo Münsterberg’s 1908 book, On the Witness Stand, is widely regarded as “founding” the modern field of psychology and law. The purpose of the present volume is twofold: first, to summarize the chapters and conclusions of On the Witness Stand, making Münsterberg’s insights available to a new generation of scholars and students; and second, to present the “state of the science” on the very issues that Münsterberg raises. These issues continue to be of great importance to the field and the contemporary criminal justice system: eyewitness memory, deception detection, false confessions, suggestibility, hypnotism, and the causes of criminal behavior. Thus, the book provides a historical perspective, as well as a contemporary, comprehensive review of topics that remain central to the discipline of psychology and law. In essence, each chapter asks, “What have we learned about this topic in the 110 years since Münsterberg first wrote about it? Has subsequent research shown him to be right or wrong?” Each chapter summarizes the content of Münsterberg’s corresponding chapter, interleaved with a contemporary assessment of the topic.
Untrue Confessions
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Münsterberg frames this chapter by discussing a notorious Chicago case where he received considerable criticism for arguing that the defendant—who was subsequently convicted and executed—had confessed falsely. He presents a number of reasons why suspects might confess to crimes they did not commit, such as instrumental efforts to obtain promised rewards or avoid punishment, or genuinely coming to believe that one did indeed commit the crime. It is yet another example of Münsterberg’s prescience in including this topic, as there is a growing awareness of the false confession phenomenon in both the psychological and legal communities. The last decade or so has seen an explosion of research and policy statements that examine the factors embedded in American criminal procedure, especially interrogation techniques, that may lead innocent people to implicate themselves in crimes they did not commit.
Hypnosis and Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Münsterberg acknowledges the relationship between hypnosis and suggestibility and addresses popular misconceptions about hypnosis, individual differences in hypnotizability, and the relationship between hypnotism and crime. In the contemporary literature, there is little dispute that hypnosis is a useful mnemonic technique in some respects, but that it also has the potential to increase memory errors, primarily due to suggestibility. Consequently, although case law on the admissibility of hypnotically refreshed testimony varies across jurisdictions, courts are generally skeptical when it comes to allowing witnesses to testify about events that they remembered with the aid of hypnosis. Nonetheless, the public has misconceptions about the practice and effectiveness of hypnosis. This chapter briefly summarizes the law on hypnotically refreshed testimony; addresses the pros and cons of using hypnosis as a memory improvement device in forensic contexts; and discusses popular beliefs about hypnosis and such beliefs’ implications for trial outcomes.
The Prevention of Crime
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In his final chapter, Münsterberg moves from the psychological questions of earlier chapters to the questions of how to prevent crime and whether criminals are “born” or “made.” The psychology of crime, with its implications for prevention, treatment, and punishment, is a large question that continues to be of interest to psychologists, sociologists, criminologists, and policymakers. This chapter focuses on the two main issues that Münsterberg raises: the “nature-versus-nurture” question regarding criminality and the related question of criminal responsibility. Research shows that criminal behavior, especially for crimes involving violence, has significant biological as well as environmental components. Both biological and environmental factors have implications for criminal responsibility—if one commits a crime because his brain or history of conditioning predisposed him to it, should he be held accountable for it? This chapter discusses questions related to criminal responsibility in the context of the relevant legal standards and psychological research.
To Make a Rainbow
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Turning to thoughts of God’s activity in nature, in Chapter 4 we take emergence as the broadest expression of God’s work (and play!) in the cosmos. Biological evolution and the rise of consciousness are striking instances. The worldly ambience of the Book of Esther, where God, notoriously, remains offstage, affords precious insights as to the interplay of divine and human agency. Across the warp of history we weave the weft. Freedom is the watchword of God’s covenant. We did not create ourselves, but we do, in some measure, chart our own course. Understanding how God might work through nature, not against it, is critical to adult religiosity. We cannot confine divine action to the neverland of sacred history or let superstition displace personal piety and responsibility. The capricious gods are vanished. We cannot restore them to the domain from which natural science and its ancient, often unacknowledged ally, natural theology, have banished them.
“As Far as Human Prudence Could Insure”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Despite ample opportunity, Chief Justice Marshall did not build on McCulloch v. Maryland to engage in nation-building through his constitutional decisions. In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Marshall construed the term “commerce” to include navigation, and struck down a state monopoly over steamboat travel. Gibbons is widely understood as an expansive interpretation of the Commerce Clause that joins McCulloch in establishing the constitutional foundations of broad federal legislative powers. Yet Gibbons made no mention of McCulloch and marked a significant retreat from McCulloch’s conception of implied powers. Indeed, from McCulloch’s issuance in 1819 to the end of Marshall’s life in 1835, the Marshall Court never cited McCulloch’s discussions of constitutional interpretation, nationalist constitutional theory, or implied powers. Marshall’s studied refusal to endorse implied commerce powers is best explained as resulting from his desire to keep the Court out of the two incendiary issues of constitutional politics: internal improvements and slavery.
“The Government of All”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
After being buried by the late Marshall and Taney Courts, McCulloch v. Maryland experienced the beginnings of a revival during Reconstruction. McCulloch’s principles of nationalism, implied powers, and the capable Constitution seemed to have triumphed in the Civil War, offering potentially useful guidance in reconstructing the divided nation. A McCulloch revival occurred in Congress, but not, curiously, in the Supreme Court. After initial success, Reconstruction’s great experiment in integrating black citizens into the constitutional order ended with the slowly unfolding tragedy of abandonment of black Americans to their fate at the hands of white supremacist governments in the southern states. The Court in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) contributed to this abandonment when it ignored McCulloch, just as it had done under the Marshall and Taney Courts, by refusing to acknowledge Congress’s implied powers to legislate for racial equality under the Fourteenth Amendment and the other Reconstruction Amendments.
“It Is a Constitution We Are Expounding”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The thirty-odd years from the New Deal turnaround to the late 1960s represented a high-water mark for McCulloch v. Maryland. For the first time, the Supreme Court fully applied McCulloch to the Commerce Clause and the Reconstruction Amendments, and removed the concept of reserved state powers as a barrier to implied powers under these constitutional provisions. The post–New Deal Court recognized Congress’s authority to regulate virtually all aspects of the national economy and to legislate race relations and other issues of civil rights. Prior to 1941, the Court had limited McCulloch’s applicability to the Commerce Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment by subjecting the legislative powers of Congress to implied limitations arising out of the Tenth Amendment doctrine of reserved state powers. With the Tenth Amendment constraint removed, McCulloch for the first time was being applied to something like its full potential.
Extremism Rising
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Chapter 1, the reader is introduced to the current context within which right-wing extremism in Europe occurs. The chapter begins with a discussion of the changing political and economic environments within Europe and the United States that have increased the appeal and expression of right-wing views over the past decade. Issues discussed include ramifications of globalization, refugee migration into Europe, populism, the electoral success of right-wing parties, and the history of national socialism in Germany. The actual extent of right-wing militancy is juxtaposed to the relatively modest concern expressed toward right-wing, relative to Islamic extremism. Finally, the reader is introduced to the specific conceptual approach taken by the authors in examining German right-wing extremism.
Entry into the Extreme Right
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines what motivated the interviewees to join extreme right-wing groups and organizations. Analyses revealed that the most common soon-to-be-extremist was someone who was socially frustrated, although there were no consistent culprits responsible for their distress. It turns out that individuals joined the extreme milieu because they viewed it as place where they could find significance and acceptance—where they could be seen as idealistic revolutionaries and belong to a group that gave them purpose. Analyses further revealed the social network component of radicalization, in that the vast majority of those interviewed were introduced to Far Right organizations through various social connections. Specific analysis is applied to understand how the social aspect of radicalization occurred and the role of the hate music scene in facilitating this process. Connections are drawn to previous work with both Far Right and other extremists that addressed those processes.
The Origin and Structure of Sovietology
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
American academic study of the Soviet economy was created to help parry the strategic challenge of the USSR and received lifetime government support for reasons of national security. The military sector of the economy was one of the most important topics that the sponsors of Sovietology expected it to address. To understand how the field dealt with this task, I describe its organization. The minuscule size of Sovietology meant that there were not enough specialists to cover the range of problems arising in the analysis of a modern economy. Some sub-fields were the sole preserve of a single researcher, resulting in lack of debate. Most of the debates that did occur were between American Sovietologists and outsiders of various kinds. These characteristics of the field reduced the reliability of findings and resulted in fragmentation, when mutually exclusive propositions were held at the same time.
Planning the Baby
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The American Revolution brought with it not just a visionary new form of government but also the radical new sensibility that individuals might reasonably strive to have control over their fate. Women began to imagine smaller families and to make explicit plans to limit the size of their families. This shift in intention came long before any meaningful innovations in contraceptive technology or knowledge. During the nineteenth century, couples used crude means—withdrawal, douching, abortion, and abstinence—to carry out their newfound intentions to become the masters of their reproductive destiny. In the twentieth century, modern birth control made fine-grained control of fertility more practical, and couples’ expectations and intentions ramped up accordingly. This new intention to control fertility, realized with ever-greater precision using sophisticated new modes of contraception, eventually resulted in an unrealistic expectation of near-perfect control of conception and pregnancy outcomes.
Uncertainty in Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Contrary to what lay people may expect, uncertainty is inherent in science. Scientists admit that and recognize the difficulties in dealing with uncertainties inherent in the respective procedures. These uncertainties are a cause for concern and a motivation to improve these procedures; however, they are often mistakenly considered by lay people to devalue the respective scientific findings and conclusions. Climate change denialists, anti-vaxxers, and anti-evolutionists make this mistake, whereas uncertainties that arise in genetic testing and forensic science are often completely disregarded. However, these are all solid scientific domains despite limitations due to inherent uncertainties. The respective uncertainties can be expressed in the form of probabilities, and everyone needs to understand what these entail. However, it seems that people often misunderstand probabilities because of the way they are presented.
In Science We Trust—Or Don’t We?
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Scientists are experts in their respective domains because they have the knowledge, credentials, experience, and affirmation of their peers. They are, therefore, the experts when it comes to scientific matters. But individual scientists cannot know everything. Consequently, what matters is not the views of individual scientists but the collective and consensus view of the scientific community. However, the public is divided on the issue of whether to trust science and scientists. Polls in the United States show that scientists are relatively highly respected compared to other professionals, but, at the same time, about half of the people only have some trust in scientists. Worse than that, political orientation rather than science knowledge seems to have a major impact on attitudes toward science. Finally, even though there is a consensus view among scientists on topics like climate change, the public perception is that scientists are divided on such issues.
Uncertainty in Scientific Explanations
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
One of the chief aims of science is understanding. The primary way that we achieve understanding of natural phenomena is by constructing explanations of how and why the phenomena occur as they do. The explanations provided by science are inherently uncertain. Due to the complexity of the phenomena being explained and our limitations as humans, scientists rely on models when constructing explanations. By their vary nature, models are uncertain because they essentially involve idealizations (abstractions or distortions of the facts) for the purpose of simplification. Although scientists legitimately infer that the best explanation of a given phenomenon is true, this method of inference is always uncertain for at least two reasons. The first is simply that the data being explained are limited (i.e., there is always more data that could have been gathered). The second is that there are always alternative explanations that might later be discovered.
The Grammar of Criminal Law
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book is an invitation to readers interested in the future of international cooperation to master the 12 basic dichotomies of international criminal law. The book foresees a growing interest in international order and cooperation following the current preoccupation, in Europe as well as the United States, with national self-interest. By emphasizing basic dichotomies, for example, acts vs. omissions and causation vs. background conditions, the book reinforces the jurisprudential foundations of international criminal law and also provides an easy way to master the details of the field.
Introduction
Authors: Mukherjee Anit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the central claims in the book. It begins by describing some recent vignettes in India’s civil–military relations, which convey the disquiet and its recurring crises. Next, it presents the main argument of this book—India’s pattern of civil–military relations has had an adverse impact on the variables associated with military effectiveness. The pattern, termed an “absent dialogue,” emerges from different factors but, in effect, results in creating strong silos between civilians and the military. Thereafter, the chapter explains why these conditions persist. It then highlights the relevance of this book. The penultimate section describes the sources and methodology, and the chapter concludes with an overview of the rest of the chapters in this book.
Conclusion
Authors: Mukherjee Anit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The concluding chapter revisits some of the main arguments in this book. It begins by examining the relevance of the absent dialogue framework in describing India's civil–military relations. It thereafter examines whether this framework is unique to India or if resonates with larger debates sorrouding democratic civilian control. Thereafter, relying on insights from India, it revisits the theoretical debates and the problems associated with democratic control and military effectiveness. In terms of theoretical implications, the chapter rejects the Huntingtonian notion of “objective control” and instead argues in favor of what Eliot Cohen calls the “unequal dialogue.” The penultimate section discusses avenues for further research, and the chapter concludes by discussing the prospects for change in India’s pattern of civil–military relations.
Chance in the World
Authors: Hoefer Carl 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This book argues that objective chance, or probability, should not be understood as a metaphysical primitive, nor as a dispositional property of certain systems (“propensity”). Given that traditional accounts of objective probability in terms of frequencies are widely agreed to be also untenable, there is a clear need for a new account that can overcome the problems of older views. A Humean, reductive analysis of objective chance is offered, one partially based on the work of David Lewis, but diverging from Lewis’ approach in many respects. It is shown that “Humean objective chances” (HOCs) can fulfill the role that chances are supposed to play of being a guide to one’s subjective expectations. In a chapter coauthored by Roman Frigg, HOC is shown to make sense of physics’ uses of objective probabilities, both in statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics. And in the final chapter, the relationship between chance and causation is analyzed; it is argued that there is no direct connection between causation and objective chance, but that, instead, causation is related to subjective probability.
Political and Technological Changes That Created Jon Stewart and Bill O’Reilly
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the regulatory, political, and technological changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s that set the stage for the television satire and outrage programming of the early 2000s. It summarizes the story of the deregulation of the American media industry and argues that the resulting increased demand for profits from television news eroded the journalistic mission. It also explains the roots of political polarization in the United States, from social and cultural shifts to changes in the party nominating processes and to the increased role of soft (and dark) money in elections. The chapter chronicles the history of the cable television industry and how the proliferation of channels in the 1980s upended the economics of media, erasing the concept of the “mass audience” in favor of smaller niche audiences defined by psychographics and sociodemographics.
Outrage and Satire as Responses and Antidotes
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how conservative outrage programming and liberal satire were articulated as reactions to perceived problematic aspects of the political information environment in the 1990s. Both genres were fueled by the political polarization and media distrust that had exploded in the last third of the twentieth century. And both genres were made possible by new media technologies of the late 1990s. In the face of political polarization and a reduction of trust in journalism, conservative talk radio’s Rush Limbaugh and Fox News’s Roger Ailes created programming to deconstruct the ideological bias they perceived in mainstream news. Meanwhile, comedians worked to deconstruct the bias that they saw in the profit-driven news of that era; not an ideological bias but a bias in favor of strategy, spin, and partisan jargon.