bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different absorption and metabolism of ginsenosides after the administration of total ginsenosides and decoction of Panax ginseng
Authors: Liu Jihua , Li Ting , Wang Jia , Zhao Chunfang , Geng Cong , Meng Qin , Du Guangguang , Yin Jianyuan 
Published: March 2020

RationalePanax ginseng C.A. Meyer (PG), which contains polysaccharides and ginsenosides as the major bioactive components, has been used to promote health and treat diseases for thousands of years in China. Total ginsenosides were extracted from a decoction of Panax ginseng (GD), which included both ginsenosides and polysaccharides, and dissolved in water to obtain a total ginsenosides aqueous solution (TGAS). To study their absorption and metabolism, the pharmacokinetics (PK) and metabolites of ginsenosides in vivo were investigated after the administration of GD and TGAS.MethodsRat and mice plasma samples were collected after the administration of GD and TGAS. Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used with the UNIFI platform to identify metabolites in the plasma sample. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a noncompartmental method in the Drug and Statistics software package.ResultsThirty ginsenoside metabolites were identified in mice plasma, of which only seven were found in the rat plasma after the administration of GD. The PK of ginsenosides Rb1, Rc, and Rd were also determined after the oral administration of GD and TGAS and showed significant differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters.ConclusionsThere was no difference in the biotransformation pathways after the oral administration of GD and TGAS, indicating that there was no influence of polysaccharides on the biotransformation of ginsenosides in vivo. However, the pharmacokinetic parameters were different after the administration of GD and TGAS, possibly because of the polysaccharides in GD. This study should be of significance in exploring the basis of PG bioactivities and lays the foundation for the further development of new drugs using PG.
Preparation and Application of Lignin‐Based Epoxy Resin from Pulping Black Liquor
Authors: Zhu Yanchao , Li Zheng , Wang Xiaofeng , Ding Na , Tian Yumei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the present work, lignin was isolated from pulping black liquor. Selective precipitation was achieved by adding hydrochloricacid to adjust pulping black liquor pH from 1 to 5. Reaction pH, reaction temperature and the content of lignin were investigated in the total process. A considerable increase in the amount of precipitate was observed while pH was decreasing. Lignin obtained from pulping black liquor had been used as the reactant to partly replace bisphenol A in preparing epoxy resins with different lignin additives at 90 °C. The mechanical and the thermal properties of cured lignin‐based epoxy resins were compared with those at different contents of lignin and reaction temperatures with ethylenediamine as the curing agent. The cured lignin‐based epoxy resins with 20 wt. % lignin at 90 °C showed the highest viscosity up to 396 MPa⋅s. We had successfully got good performance lignin‐based epoxy resin.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Transformations of Size‐Sorted Graphene Oxide during Simulated Digestion and Its Toxicological Assessment against an In Vitro Model of the Human Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: Bitounis Dimitrios , Parviz Dorsa , Cao Xiaoqiong , Amadei Carlo A. , Vecitis Chad D. , Sunderland Elsie M. , Thrall Brian D. , Fang Mingliang , Strano Michael S. , Demokritou Philip 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the last decade, along with the increasing use of graphene oxide (GO) in various applications, there is also considerable interest in understanding its effects on human health. Only a few experimental approaches can simulate common routes of exposure, such as ingestion, due to the inherent complexity of the digestive tract. This study presents the synthesis of size‐sorted GO of sub‐micrometer‐ or micrometer‐sized lateral dimensions, its physicochemical transformations across mouth, gastric, and small intestinal simulated digestions, and its toxicological assessment against a physiologically relevant, in vitro cellular model of the human intestinal epithelium. Results from real‐time characterization of the simulated digestas of the gastrointestinal tract using multi‐angle laser diffraction and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy show that GO agglomerates in the gastric and small intestinal phase. Extensive morphological changes, such as folding, are also observed on GO following simulated digestion. Furthermore, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that GO presents covalently bound N‐containing groups on its surface. It is shown that the GO employed in this study undergoes reduction. Toxicological assessment of the GO small intestinal digesta over 24 h does not point to acute cytotoxicity, and examination of the intestinal epithelium under electron microscopy does not reveal histological alterations. Both sub‐micrometer‐ and micrometer‐sized GO variants elicit a 20% statistically significant increase in reactive oxygen species generation compared to the untreated control after a 6 h exposure.
Genotyping on the ark: A synthesis of genetic resources available for species in zoos
Authors: Jensen Evelyn L. , McClenaghan Beverly , Ford Brett , Lentini Andrew , Kerr Kevin C. R. , Russello Michael A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing molecular genetic information to guide population management can improve the sustainability of species in captivity. However, empirical population genetics has not been commonly applied to species management programs in zoos. One limitation may be the availability of genetic resources (e.g., markers, primers, etc.) for species held in zoos. To assess the extent to which species held in zoos have been studied using population genetics in the wild, we conducted a systematic literature review of close to 8,000 papers. We synthesized information on the availability and scale of population genetics studies across amphibian, bird, mammal, and reptile species held in zoos, and discussed their potential for informing ex situ management. We found that more than half of the species in zoos (52%) already have some genetic markers described in the literature specific for them, or a congeneric species, that could be further developed to aid the management of zoo populations, and the accumulation of these resources has been steady over the past decades. Furthermore, the proportion of species with genetic resources is even higher (62%) for species that are being managed through a formal breeding program in zoos. Our study provides encouraging results for captive program managers interested in integrating population genetics into ex situ management strategies.
Composite operators near the boundary
Authors: Procházka Vladimír , Söderberg Alexander 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We use renormalization group methods to study composite operators existing at a boundary of an interacting conformal field theory. In particular we relate the data on boundary operators to short-distance (near-boundary) divergences of bulk two-point functions. We further argue that in the presence of running couplings at the boundary the anomalous dimensions of certain composite operators can be computed from the relevant beta functions and remark on the implications for the boundary (pseudo) stress-energy tensor. We apply the formalism to a scalar field theory in d = 3−𝜖 dimensions with a quartic coupling at the boundary whose beta function we determine to the first non-trivial order. We study the operators in this theory and compute their conformal data using 𝜖 −expansion at the Wilson-Fisher fixed point of the boundary renormalization group flow. We find that the model possesses a non-zero boundary stress-energy tensor and displacement operator both with vanishing anomalous dimensions. The boundary stress tensor decouples at the fixed point in accordance with Cardy’s condition for conformal invariance. We end the main part of the paper by discussing the possible physical significance of this fixed point for various values of 𝜖.
On Subadditive Functions Bounded Above on a “Large” Set
Authors: Bingham Nicholas H. , Jabłońska Eliza , Jabłoński Wojciech , Ostaszewski Adam J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt is well known that boundedness of a subadditive function need not imply its continuity. Here we prove that each subadditive function $$f:X\rightarrow {\mathbb {R}}$$f:X→R bounded above on a shift–compact (non–Haar–null, non–Haar–meagre) set is locally bounded at each point of the domain. Our results refer to results from Kuczma’s book (An Introduction to the theory of functional equations and inequalities. Cauchy’s equation and Jensen’s inequality, 2nd edn, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, 2009, Chapter 16) and papers by Bingham and Ostaszewski [Proc Am Math Soc 136(12):4257–4266, 2008, Aequationes Math 78(3):257–270, 2009, Dissert Math 472:138pp., 2010, Indag Math (N.S.) 29:687–713, 2018, Aequationes Math 93(2):351–369, 2019).
Cutaneous warmth, but not touch, increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity during a muscle fatigue hand-grip task
Authors: Ackerley Rochelle , Sverrisdόttir Yrsa B. , Birklein Frank , Elam Mikael , Olausson Håkan , Krämer Heidrun H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn homeostasis, somatosensory C fibre afferents are hypothesised to mediate input to the brain about interactions with external stimuli and sympathetic efference provides the output that regulates bodily functions. We aimed to test this hypothesis and whether different types of innocuous somatosensory input have differential effects. Healthy volunteers performed a muscle fatigue (hand-grip) task to exhaustion, which produces increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), as measured through microneurography. Participants completed the muscle fatigue task without concurrent cutaneous sensory stimulation (control) or we applied skin warming (heat pack) as a C fibre stimulation, slow brush stroking as C and Aβ fibre stimulation, or vibration as Aβ fibre stimulation, to the participant’s forearm. We also measured heart rate, the duration of the hand-grip task, and ratings of pain at the end of the task. Concurrent skin warming showed increased MSNA compared to the other conditions. Tactile stimuli (brushing, vibration) were not significantly different to the control (no intervention) condition. Warming increased the pain from the muscle contraction, whereas the tactile stimuli did not. We interpret the effect of warming on MSNA as providing relevant afferent information during muscle contraction, which needed to be counteracted via vasoconstriction to maintain homeostasis. Brushing and vibration were less homeostatically relevant stimuli for the muscle contraction and hence had no significant effect. The findings add sensory specificity to our current understanding of homeostatic regulation through somatosensory afferent and sympathetic efferent pathways.
Packing Tree Degree Sequences
Authors: Gollakota Aravind , Hardt Will , Miklós István 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA degree sequence is a list of non-negative integers, $${D = d_1, d_2, \ldots , d_n}$$D=d1,d2,…,dn. It is called graphical if there exists a simple graph G such that the degree of the ith vertex is $$d_i$$di; G is then said to be a realization of D. A tree degree sequence is one that is realized by a tree. In this paper we consider the problem of packing tree degree sequences: given k tree degree sequences, do they have simultaneous (i.e. on the same vertices) edge-disjoint realizations? We conjecture that this is true for any arbitrary number of tree degree sequences whenever they share no common leaves (degree-1 vertices). This conjecture is inspired by work of Kundu (SIAM J Appl Math 28:290–302, 1975) that showed it to be true for 2 and 3 tree degree sequences. In this paper, we give a proof for 4 tree degree sequences and a computer-aided proof for 5 tree degree sequences. We also make progress towards proving our conjecture for arbitrary k. We prove that k tree degree sequences without common leaves and at least $$2k-4$$2k-4 vertices which are not leaves in any of the trees always have edge-disjoint tree realizations. Additionally, we show that to prove the conjecture, it suffices to prove it for $$n \le 4k - 2$$n≤4k-2 vertices. The main ingredient in all of the presented proofs is to find rainbow matchings in certain configurations.
Dietary intake of choline and phosphatidylcholine and risk of type 2 diabetes in men: The Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Virtanen Jyrki K. , Tuomainen Tomi-Pekka , Voutilainen Sari 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate associations of total dietary choline intake and its major dietary form, phosphatidylcholine, with type 2 diabetes risk.MethodsWe included 2332 men aged 42–60 years at baseline in 1984–1989 from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in eastern Finland. Dietary intakes were assessed with 4-d food recording at baseline. Type 2 diabetes diagnosis was based on self-administered questionnaires, fasting and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose measurements, or by record linkage to national health registries. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for statistical analysis.ResultsDuring the mean 19.3-year follow-up, 432 men had type 2 diabetes diagnosis. After multivariable adjustments, those in the highest vs. lowest choline intake quartile had 25% (95% CI 2–43%) lower relative risk(Ptrend across quartiles = 0.02) and those in the highest vs. lowest phosphatidylcholine quartile had 41% (95% CI 22–55%) lower relative risk (Ptrend < 0.001) of type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsHigher choline intake, especially phosphatidylcholine, was associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk among men.
Fertility navigators in female oncofertility care in an academic medical center: a qualitative evaluation
Authors: van den Berg M. , Nadesapillai S. , Braat D. D. M. , Hermens R. P. M. G. , Beerendonk C. C. M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To explore patients’ and professionals’ experiences with fertility navigators in female oncofertility care.

Methods
Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with nine female cancer patients and six healthcare professionals to explore their experiences. They were recruited from an academic medical center (referral clinic for female fertility preservation care). Data were analyzed using the concepts of grounded theory.

Results
Patients were satisfied about the supportive role of the fertility navigator in their fertility preservation process: fertility navigators added value as they became “familiar faces” and provided information, emotional support, personal care, and served as patients’ primary contact person. The fertility navigators had a pleasant collaboration with professionals and supported professionals by taking over tasks. To improve the role of fertility navigators, it was suggested that they should always be present in fertility preservation counseling, and attention should be paid to their availability to improve continuity of care.

Conclusion
Fertility navigators provide personal care, improve satisfaction in patients in their oncofertility process, and support professionals. The overview of issues that need to be addressed when assigning fertility navigators in female oncofertility care combined with the improvement suggestions could be used by other centers when considering implementing fertility navigators.
Gaining advantage by winning contests
Authors: Clark Derek J. , Nilssen Tore , Sand Jan Yngve 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe consider a principal who faces many identical competitors, and who can distribute a prize fund over two consecutive contests. The winner of contest one gains an advantage in contest two where his effort is more productive than all rivals. We identify a tipping point for the productivity parameter, below which it is optimal for an effort-maximizing principal to place the whole prize in the second contest. Above this level, a single symmetric contest is preferred. The institution chosen depends inextricably upon the number of competitors and their valuation of future gains and costs. We identify the optimal setting of the productivity parameter, showing that introducing asymmetry can increase total efforts by as much as one quarter compared to a single symmetric contest.
Consumption of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: a Pilot Study
Authors: Lam Alexandra P. , Moeller Sebastian , Speitling Christine , Lam Martin C. , Philipsen Alexandra , Müller Helge H. O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for substance abuse and addiction. Synthetic cannabinoids (SC) have gained rising importance as their consumption increased rapidly in the last few years. However, SC consumption in patients with adult ADHD has not been investigated yet. A prospective clinical pilot study was conducted, including 60 adults with ADHD, assessing the prevalence of SC consumption and its associations with psychiatric comorbidities and patient characteristics. A drug consumption survey was utilized to investigate the use of SC and other drugs. Current ADHD symptoms were evaluated via ADHD Self-Rating Scale (ADHD-SR) and retrospective childhood ADHD symptom severity via Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS-k) questionnaire. A positive lifetime prevalence of SC consumption was found in 15.0% of the analyzed sample. SC consumption was significantly associated with current smoking, lifetime use of natural cannabis (NC), cocaine, amphetamines, and benzodiazepines. Lifetime NC consumption was indicated by 65.0% and found to antecede SC use in adult ADHD patients. Logistic regression analysis identified substance use disorder and male sex as predictive for SC consumption. Patients with history of SC use scored significantly higher in both WURS-k and ADHD-SR questionnaire compared with nonusers and suffered significantly more frequently from psychiatric comorbidities. Main side-effects of SC included gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. SC consumption in adults with ADHD is frequent and associated with stronger ADHD symptom severity. Given the underestimated dangerous effects and related comorbidities, SC use should be subject to scrutiny by clinicians treating ADHD patients. More studies are needed to further elucidate the impact of SC use in ADHD.
Coloured Noise from Stochastic Inflows in Reaction–Diffusion Systems
Authors: Adamer Michael F. , Harrington Heather A. , Gaffney Eamonn A. , Woolley Thomas E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we present a framework for investigating coloured noise in reaction–diffusion systems. We start by considering a deterministic reaction–diffusion equation and show how external forcing can cause temporally correlated or coloured noise. Here, the main source of external noise is considered to be fluctuations in the parameter values representing the inflow of particles to the system. First, we determine which reaction systems, driven by extrinsic noise, can admit only one steady state, so that effects, such as stochastic switching, are precluded from our analysis. To analyse the steady-state behaviour of reaction systems, even if the parameter values are changing, necessitates a parameter-free approach, which has been central to algebraic analysis in chemical reaction network theory. To identify suitable models, we use tools from real algebraic geometry that link the network structure to its dynamical properties. We then make a connection to internal noise models and show how power spectral methods can be used to predict stochastically driven patterns in systems with coloured noise. In simple cases, we show that the power spectrum of the coloured noise process and the power spectrum of the reaction–diffusion system modelled with white noise multiply to give the power spectrum of the coloured noise reaction–diffusion system.
Drilling stuck pipe classification and mitigation in the Gulf of Suez oil fields using artificial intelligence
Authors: Elmousalami Haytham H. , Elaskary Mahmoud 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDeveloping a reliable classification model for drilling pipe stuck is crucial for decision-makers in the petroleum drilling rig. Artificial intelligence (AI) includes several machine learning (ML) algorithms that are used for efficient predictive analytics, optimization, and decision making. Therefore, a comparison analysis for ML models is required to guide practitioners for the appropriate predictive model. Twelve ML techniques are used for drilling pipe stuck such as artificial neural networks, logistic regression, and ensemble methods such as scalable boosting trees and random forest. The drilling cases of the Gulf of Suez wells are collected as an actual dataset for analyzing the ML performance. The key contribution of the study is to automate pipe stuck classification using ML algorithms and mitigate the pipe stuck cases using the genetic algorithm optimization. Out of 12 AI techniques, the results presented that the most reliable algorithm was extremely randomized trees (extra trees) with 100% classification accuracy based on testing dataset. Moreover, this research presents a public open dataset for the drilled wells at the Gulf of Suez to be used for the future experiments, algorithms’ validation, and analysis.
Wo Populisten zu Hause sind
Authors: Weidacher Georg 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungPopulisten konstituieren rhetorisch ein ›Volk‹, für das sie in einer von ihnen postulierten Auseinandersetzung mit der ›Elite‹ und mit ›Anderen‹, z. B. Migranten, eintreten können. Speziell für rechtspopulistische Parteien wie die FPÖ ist die Nutzung eines spezifischen Konzepts vonheimatein zentrales Element dieser Strategie. Ausgehend von einem schon vorhandenen Heimat-Begriff wird das Konzept perspektivisch ausgerichtet, ideologisch passend gemacht und rhetorisch-propagandistisch instrumentalisiert. Wie dabei vorgegangen wird, wird im Zuge der Analyse exemplarischer, zum Teil multimodaler Kommunikate der FPÖ aufgezeigt.
Measurement and Simulation of Biocontamination in an Enclosed Habitat
Authors: Salmela Anniina , Kulmala Ilpo , Karvinen Aku , Taillebot Virginie , Weiss Peter , Gobert Thibaud , Berthier Audrey , Guarnieri Vincenzo , Raffestin Stephanie , Pasanen Pertti 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMicrobial aerosols can be used as model particles for examining the dispersion and deposition of particles as well as assessing the reliability of the simulation methods. For example, the computational fluid dynamics model (CFD) can be used in the evaluation of indoor microbial contamination and the possible spread of harmful microbes in spaces with high densities of people or in special hermetic environments. The aim of this study was to compare the results of the CFD simulation, which predicts the deposition of biological particles on the surfaces of a spacecraft, and real particle deposition, usingBacillus licheniformis/aeriusbacterium particles as the model organism. The results showed that the particles were mainly deposited on floor surfaces, but also onto the supply air diffusers, where bacterial concentrations were higher than on the wall and ceiling surfaces. The CFD simulation showed similar trends with actual particle dispersal, conducted in this experiment withBacillusparticles.