bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of pre-main sequence stellar evolution on mid-plane snowline locations and C/O in planet forming discs
Authors: Miley James M , Panić Olja , Booth Richard A , Ilee John D , Ida Shigeru , Kunitomo Masanobu 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the impact of pre-main sequence stellar luminosity evolution on the thermal and chemical properties of disc mid-planes. We create template disc models exemplifying initial conditions for giant planet formation for a variety of stellar masses and ages. These models include the 2D physical structure of gas as well as 1D chemical structure in the disc mid-plane. The disc temperature profiles are calculated using fully physically consistent radiative transfer models for stars between 0.5 and 3 M⊙ and ages up to 10 Myr. The resulting temperature profiles are used to determine how the chemical conditions in the mid-plane change over time. We therefore obtain gas and ice-phase abundances of the main carbon and oxygen carrier species. While the temperature profiles produced are not markedly different for the stars of different masses at early stages (≤1 Myr), they start to diverge significantly beyond 2 Myr. Discs around stars with mass ≥1.5 M⊙ become warmer over time as the stellar luminosity increases, whereas low-mass stars decrease in luminosity leading to cooler discs. This has an observable effect on the location of the CO snowline, which is located &gt;200 au in most models for a 3 M⊙ star, but is always within 80 au for 0.5 M⊙ star. The chemical compositions calculated show that a well-defined stellar mass and age range exists in which high C/O gas giants can form. In the case of the exoplanet HR8799b, our models show that it must have formed before the star was 1 Myr old.
Pulsar glitches in a strangeon star model. II. The activity
Authors: Wang W H , Lai X Y , Zhou E P , Lu J G , Zheng X P , Xu R X 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Glitch is supposed to be a useful probe into pulsar’s interior, but the underlying physics remains puzzling. The glitch activity may reflect a lower limit of the crustal moment of inertia in conventional neutron star models. Nevertheless, its statistical feature could also be reproduced in the strangeon star model, which is focused here. We formulate the glitch activity of normal radio pulsars under the framework of starquake of solid strangeon star model, the shear modulus of strangeon matter is constrained to be $\mu \simeq 3\times 10^{34}~\rm erg\,cm^{-3}$, consistent with previous work. Nevertheless, about ten times the shift in oblateness accumulated during glitch interval is needed to fulfill the statistical observations. The fact that typical glitch sizes of two rapidly evolving pulsars (the Crab pulsar and PSR B0540-69) are about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the Vela pulsar, significantly lower than the oblateness change they can supply, indicates probably that only a part of oblateness change is relieved when a pulsar is young. The unreleased oblateness and stress may relax as compensation in the following evolution. The small glitch sizes and low glitch activity of the Crab pulsar can be explained simultaneously in this phenomenological model. Finally, we obtain energy release to be $\Delta E\sim 2.4\times 10^{40}~\rm erg$ and $\Delta E\sim 4.2\times 10^{41}~\rm erg$ for typical glitch size of Δν/ν ∼ 10−6 (Vela-like) and ∼10−8 (Crab-like). The upcoming SKA may test this model through the energy release and the power-law relation between the reduced recovery coefficient $Q/|\dot{\nu }|^{1/2}$ and Δν/ν.
Dust continuum, CO, and  [C i] 1 − 0 lines: self-consistent H2 mass estimates and the possibility of globally CO-‘dark’ galaxies at z = 0.35
Authors: Dunne L , Maddox S J , Vlahakis C , Gomez H L 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We present Atacama Large Millimetre Array observations of a small but statistically complete sample of 12 250-μm-selected galaxies at z = 0.35 designed to measure their dust submillimeter continuum emission as well as their  $\rm {^{12}CO(1-0)}$ and atomic carbon  [C i](3P1−3P0) spectral lines. This is the first sample of galaxies with global measures of all three H2-mass tracers and that shows star formation rates (4–26 $\rm M_{\odot}$ yr−1) and infrared luminosities ($1\!-\!6\times 10^{11}\,\rm L_{\odot}$) typical of star-forming galaxies in their era. We find a surprising diversity of morphology and kinematic structure; one third of the sample have evidence for interaction with nearby smaller galaxies, several sources have disjoint dust and gas morphology. Moreover, two galaxies have very high  $L^{\prime }_{\rm C\,{\small I}}$ / $L^{\prime }_{\rm {CO}}$ ratios for their global molecular gas reservoirs; if confirmed, such extreme intensity ratios in a sample of dust-selected, massive star-forming galaxies present a challenge to our understanding of interstellar medium. Finally, we use the emission of the three molecular gas tracers, to determine the carbon abundance,  $\rm {X_{C\,{\small I}}}$ , and CO–$\rm {H_2}$ conversion  αCO in our sample, using a weak prior that the gas-to-dust ratio is similar to that of the Milky Way for these massive and metal-rich galaxies. Using a likelihood method that simultaneously uses all three gas tracer measurements, we find mean values and errors on the mean of $\langle\alpha _{\rm {CO}}\rangle = 3.0\pm 0.5\, \rm {M}_{\odot }\, (\rm{K}\, \rm{kms}^{-1}\, \rm{pc}^2)^{-1}$ and $\langle \rm{X}_{\rm{CI}} \rangle =1.6\pm 0.1\times 10^{-5}$ (or $\alpha _{\rm{CI}} = 18.8\,\rm {M}_{\odot }\, (\rm{K}\, \rm{kms}^{-1}\, \rm{pc}^2)^{-1}$) and $\delta _{\rm {GDR}} = 128\pm 16$ (or $\alpha _{850} = 5.9\times 10^{12}\, \rm {W}\, \rm{Hz}^{-1}\,\rm {M}_{\odot }\,^{-1}$), where our starting assumption is that these metal-rich galaxies have an average gas-to-dust ratio similar to that of the Milky Way centred on $\rm{\delta} _{\rm {GDR}} =135$.
The weak imprint of environment on the stellar populations of galaxies
Authors: Trussler James , Maiolino Roberto , Maraston Claudia , Peng Yingjie , Thomas Daniel , Goddard Daniel , Lian Jianhui 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the environmental dependence of the stellar populations of galaxies in Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS DR7). Echoing earlier works, we find that satellites are both more metal-rich (&lt;0.1 dex) and older (&lt;2 Gyr) than centrals of the same stellar mass. However, after separating star-forming, green valley, and passive galaxies, we find that the true environmental dependence of both stellar metallicity (&lt;0.03 dex) and age (&lt;0.5 Gyr) is in fact much weaker. We show that the strong environmental effects found when galaxies are not differentiated result from a combination of selection effects brought about by the environmental dependence of the quenched fraction of galaxies, and thus we strongly advocate for the separation of star-forming, green valley, and passive galaxies when the environmental dependence of galaxy properties are investigated. We also study further environmental trends separately for both central and satellite galaxies. We find that star-forming galaxies show no environmental effects, neither for centrals nor for satellites. In contrast, the stellar metallicities of passive and green valley satellites increase weakly (&lt;0.05 and &lt;0.08 dex, respectively) with increasing halo mass, increasing local overdensity and decreasing projected distance from their central; this effect is interpreted in terms of moderate environmental starvation (‘strangulation’) contributing to the quenching of satellite galaxies. Finally, we find a unique feature in the stellar mass–stellar metallicity relation for passive centrals, where galaxies in more massive haloes have larger stellar mass (∼0.1 dex) at constant stellar metallicity; this effect is interpreted in terms of dry merging of passive central galaxies and/or progenitor bias.
In Vivo Microbial Coevolution Favors Host Protection and Plastic Downregulation of Immunity
Authors: Ford Suzanne A , King Kayla C 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMicrobiota can protect their hosts from infection. The short timescales in which microbes can evolve presents the possibility that “protective microbes” can take-over from the immune system of longer-lived hosts in the coevolutionary race against pathogens. Here, we found that coevolution between a protective bacterium (Enterococcus faecalis) and a virulent pathogen (Staphylococcus aureus) within an animal population (Caenorhabditis elegans) resulted in more disease suppression than when the protective bacterium adapted to uninfected hosts. At the same time, more protective E. faecalis populations became costlier to harbor and altered the expression of 134 host genes. Many of these genes appear to be related to the mechanism of protection, reactive oxygen species production. Crucially, more protective E. faecalis populations downregulated a key immune gene, , known to be effective against S. aureus infection. These results suggest that a microbial line of defense is favored by microbial coevolution and may cause hosts to plastically divest of their own immunity.
Chronic kidney disease is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19: a call to action by the ERA-EDTA
Authors:   ERA-EDTA Council, Ortiz Alberto , Cozzolino Mario , Fliser Danilo , Fouque Denis , Goumenos Dimitrios , Massy Ziad A , Rosenkranz Alexander R , Rychlık Ivan , Soler Maria Jose , Stevens Kate , Torra Roser , Tuglular Serhan , Wanner Christoph , Gansevoort Ron T ,   ERACODA Working Group, Duivenvoorden Raphaël , Franssen Casper F M , Hemmelder Marc H , Hilbrands Luuk B , Jager Kitty J , Noordzij Marlies , Vart Priya , Gansevoort Ron T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease have been listed as risk factors for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) since the first report of the disease in January 2020. However, this report did not mention chronic kidney disease (CKD) nor did it provide information on the relevance of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or albuminuria. As the disease spread across the globe, information on larger populations with greater granularity on risk factors emerged. The recently published OpenSAFELY project analysed factors associated with COVID-19 death in 17 million patients. The picture that arose differs significantly from initial reports. For example, hypertension is not an independent risk factor for COVID-19 death [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.89], but renal disease very much is. Dialysis (aHR 3.69), organ transplantation (aHR 3.53) and CKD (aHR 2.52 for patients with eGFR &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m2) represent three of the four comorbidities associated with the highest mortality risk from COVID-19. The risk associated with CKD Stages 4 and 5 is higher than the risk associated with diabetes mellitus (aHR range 1.31–1.95, depending upon glycaemic control) or chronic heart disease (aHR 1.17). In another recent publication, the Global Burden of Disease collaboration identified that worldwide, CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for severe COVID-19. Moreover, the distribution of risk factors for COVID-19 mortality appears to be different in patients with CKD when compared with the general population. The high prevalence of CKD in combination with the elevated risk of mortality from COVID-19 in CKD necessitates urgent action for this group of patients. This article defines essential action points (summarized in Box 1), among which is advocating the inclusion of CKD patients in clinical trials testing the efficacy of drugs and vaccines to prevent severe COVID-19.
Pharmacology The Science of Drugs
Authors: Winter Jerrold 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aldous Huxley once said that man was a pharmacologist before he was a farmer. Although written records rarely go back more than 5,000 or 6,000 years, there is reason to believe that humans did indeed experience the effects of a variety of drugs much earlier, perhaps even before the rise of agriculture some 12,000 years ago in the Nile Valley. Likely drugs available to the ancients include opiates, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, cathinone, and numerous hallucinogens. But these were drugs in their crude natural forms: the opium poppy, coca leaves, hemp, khat, and a variety of other plant sources. Identification of pure chemicals and a science of drugs was much slower in coming. Pharmacology had to wait for the rise early in the 19th century of organic chemistry, largely in Germany, and physiology, chiefly in France and England. Pharmacology was born of the marriage of these two disciplines. Signifying its maturation in this country, the first department of pharmacology was established at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in 1893. Today, pharmacology is taught as a basic medical science, along with anatomy, pathology, physiology, biochemistry, and microbiology, to every medical student. Each of the drugs I mentioned earlier will be discussed in detail in the chapters that follow, but before we do this we need a basic pharmacological vocabulary and a little knowledge of how drugs act. Pharmacology deals with the interaction of chemicals with a living system: the human body. Although drugs act on every element of the body, we will be most interested in that most complex of organs, the brain. We are aware that a drug has acted upon our brains by the effects that it produces. These effects may be as direct and unequivocal as vomiting after apomorphine or convulsing after strychnine. These effects may be of such subtlety as to inspire poetry or to stimulate thoughts of God. Diffuse, relaxed pleasure or orgasmic high; tranquility or terror: Drugs can produce any of these reactions and more. Some drugs may even inspire us to love our fellow man.
Pharmacological Puritanism and the War on Drugs: All the King’s Horses and All the King’s Men . . .
Authors: Winter Jerrold 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
H. L. Mencken, arguably the leading satirist of the 20th century, said that American puritanism is characterized by the haunting fear that someone, somewhere, may be happy. If the source of that happiness is a drug, we might call it pharmacological puritanism. Followers of that faith abound, but I will mention just few. “There’s no such thing as recreational drug use” were the words of William Weld, head of the criminal division of the Attorney General’s office in 1988. A year later, in the midst of a cocaine epidemic, William Bennett, the first director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) under President George H. W. Bush, expressed dual goals. The first was to construct 95,000 more federal prison cells for drug abusers and the second to make Washington, D.C., a drug-free city. He believed that calls for legalization of any psychoactive drug to be “morally scandalous.” John Walters, director of the ONDCP during George W. Bush’s tenure as president, believed that religion is the answer to drug abuse. Lest we think that pharmacological puritanism is a dying faith, we need only recall Attorney General Jeff Sessions’ comment in 2016 that “Good people don’t smoke marijuana.” It does make me wonder where, on the good–bad spectrum, lie the tens of millions of Americans who live in states and in the District of Columbia where marijuana is legal for recreational use. Among the general population, pharmacological puritanism appears to be uncommon. A survey of American college students found that the prime motives for drug use were to help with concentration, to increase alertness, and to get high. From the United Kingdom, David Nutt, chairman of the Department of Neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London, put it this way: “Drugs are taken for pleasure.” Whatever their numbers today or in the past, it is believers in pharmacological puritanism, with the absolutism which accompanies that faith, who are major contributors to the failure of our most recent war on drugs, now nearly a half-century old.
Recursive Enumerability and Recursivity
Authors: Smullyan Raymond M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Having proved that Peano Arithmetic is incomplete, we can ask another question about the system. Is there any algorithm (mechanical procedure) by which we can determine which sentences are provable in the system and which are not? This brings us to the subject of recursive function theory, to which we now turn. we are denning a relation (or set) to be r.e. (recursively enumerable) iff it is Σ1, and to be recursive iff it and its complement are r.e. An equivalent definition of recursive enumerability is represent ability in some finitely axiomatizable system (as we will prove). Many other characterizations of recursive enumerability and recursivity can be found in the literature (cf., e.g., Kleene [1952], Turing [1936], Post [1944], Smullyan [1961], Markov [1961]), but the Σ1-characterization fits in best with the overall plan of this volume. The fact that so many different and independently formulated definitions turn out to be equivalent adds support to a thesis proposed by Church—namely that any function that is effectively calculable in the intuitive sense is a recursive function. Interesting discussions of Church’s thesis can be found in Kleene [1952] and Rogers [1967]. In this chapter, we establish a few basic properties of recursive enumerability that will be needed in just about all the chapters that follow. §1. Some Closure Properties. It will be convenient to regard sets as special cases of relations (sets are thus relations of one argument or relations of degree 1). It will be convenient to use the l-notation “λx1,...,xn : (...)”, read “the set of all n-tuples (x1,..., xn) such that (...)”. For example, for any relation λ(x1, x2, x3), the relation λx1x2x3: R(x2 x2, x3) is the set of all triples (x1,x2,x3) (of natural numbers) such that R(x2,x2,x1) holds. we sometimes write “x: (. . . )” for “λx: ( . . . ) ”.
Rheology of Block Copolymers
Authors: Han Chang Dae 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBlock copolymer consists of two or more long blocks with dissimilar chemical structures which are chemically connected. There are different architectures of block copolymers, namely, AB-type diblock, ABA-type triblock, ABC-type triblock, and AmBn radial or star-shaped block copolymers, as shown schematically in Figure 8.1. The majority of block copolymers has long been synthesized by sequential anionic polymerization, which gives rise to narrow molecular weight distribution, although other synthesis methods (e.g., cationic polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization) have also been developed in the more recent past. Owing to immiscibility between the constituent blocks, block copolymers above a certain threshold molecular weight form microdomains (10–50 nm in size), the structure of which depends primarily on block composition (or block length ratio). The presence of microdomains confers unique mechanical properties to block copolymers. There are many papers that have dealt with the synthesis and physical/mechanical properties of block copolymers, too many to cite them all here. There are monographs describing the synthesis and physical properties of block copolymers (Aggarwal 1970; Burke and Weiss 1973; Hamley 1998; Holden et al. 1996; Hsieh and Quirk 1996; Noshay and McGrath 1977). Figure 8.2 shows schematically four types of equilibrium microdomain structures observed in block copolymers. Referring to Figure 8.2, it is well established (Helfand and Wasserman 1982; Leibler 1980) that in microphase-separated block copolymers, spherical microdomains are observed when the volume fraction f of one of the blocks is less than approximately 0.15, hexagonally packed cylindrical microdomains are observed when the value of f is between approximately 0.15 and 0.44, and lamellar microdomains are observed when the value of f is between approximately 0.44 and 0.50. Some investigators have observed ordered bicontinuous double-diamonds (OBDD) (Thomas et al. 1986; Hasegawa et al. 1987) or bicontinuous gyroids (Hajduk et al. 1994) at a very narrow range of f (say, between approximately 0.35 and 0.40) for certain block copolymers. Figure 8.2 shows only one half of the symmetricity about f = 0.5. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) have long been used to investigate the types of microdomain structures in block copolymers.
Rheology of Immiscible Polymer Blends
Authors: Han Chang Dae 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The polymer industry has been challenged to produce new polymeric materials by blending two or more homopolymers or random copolymers or by synthesizing graft copolymers. To meet the challenge, various methods have been explored, namely, (1) by synthesizing a new monomer, polymerizing it, and then blending it with an existing homopolymer or random copolymer, (2) by copolymerizing existing monomers and then blending it with an existing homopolymer or random copolymer, (3) by chemically modifying an existing homopolymer or random copolymer and then blending it with other homopolymers or copolymers already available, or (4) by synthesizing new compatibilizer(s) to improve the mechanical properties of two immiscible homopolymers or random copolymers that otherwise have unacceptable mechanical properties. There are numerous monographs (Cooper and Estes 1979; Han 1984; Paul and Newman 1978; Platzer 1971, 1975; Sperling 1974; Utracki 1990) describing various aspects of polymer blends. In the 1970s, Han and coworkers (Han 1971, 1974; Han and Kim 1975; Han and Yu 1971a, 1971b, 1972; Han et al. 1973, 1975; Kim and Han 1976) conducted seminal experimental studies on the rheology of immiscible polymer blends and related the observed rheological behavior to blend morphology. Independently, in the same period, Vinogradov and coworkers (Ablazova et al. 1975; Brizitsky et al. 1978; Tsebrenko et al. 1974, 1976; Vinogradov et al. 1975) conducted a series of experimental studies relating the blend rheology to blend morphology. Van Oene (1972, 1978) also pursued, independently, experimental studies for a better understanding of rheology–morphology relationships in immiscible polymer blends. Since then, using different polymer pairs, numerous researchers have conducted experimental studies, which were essentially the same as, or very similar to, the previous experimental studies of Han and coworkers, Vinogradov and coworkers, and van Oene in the 1970s. It is fair to state that those studies in the 1980s and 1990s have not revealed any significant new findings.