bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the effect of milk composition and milking season on quality characteristics of chhana
Authors: Chakraborty Purba , Singh Tejvir , Shivhare Uma Shanker , Basu Santanu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe quality characteristics of chhana varied due to the milk composition (cow‐, buffalo‐, and mixed‐ milk) which in turn was affected by the milking season (summer and winter). Upon heating and acidification of milk samples water holding phenomena and denatured protein association within and with other components lead to variation in both macroscale properties (color, texture, and rheology) and molecular bonding patterns (FTIR character). Yield, lightness (L* value), textural firmness, and elastic modulus of chhana increased with increasing proportion of buffalo milk in mixed milk due to higher total solids and less moisture content in both the seasons. Total protein, fat, water, and interaction between them and extent of hydrogen bonding significantly affected the rheological and textural properties of chhana samples.
Treatment outcomes and costs of a simplified antiviral treatment strategy for hepatitis C among monoinfected and HIV and/or hepatitis B virus‐co‐infected patients in Myanmar
Authors: Min Thaung Yin , Chasela Charles S. , Chew Kara W. , Minior Thomas , Lwin Aye A. , Sein Yi Y. , Drame Ndeye , Marange Fadzai , van der Horst Charles , Thwin Hnin T. , Freiman Morgan J , Gandhi Malini M. , Bijl Murdo , Wose Kinge Constance , Rosen Sydney , Thura Si , Mohamed Sofiane , Xulu Thembisile , Naing Aung Y. , Barralon Matthiue , Cavenaugh Clint , Kyi Khin P. , Sanne Ian ,   for EQUIP Health
Published: September 2020

AbstractAccess to hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing and treatment is limited in Myanmar. We assessed an integrated HIV and viral hepatitis testing and HCV treatment strategy. Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) ± weight‐based ribavirin for 12 weeks was provided at three treatment sites in Myanmar and sustained virologic response (SVR) assessed at 12 weeks after treatment. Participants co‐infected with HBV were treated concurrently with tenofovir. Cost estimates in 2018 USD were made at Yangon and Mandalay using standard micro‐costing methods.803 participants initiated SOF/VEL; 4.8% were lost to follow‐up. SVR was achieved in 680/803 (84.6%) by intention‐to‐treat analysis. SVR amongst people who inject drugs (PWID) was 79.7% (381/497), but 92.5% among PWID on opioid substitution therapy (OST) (74/80), and 97.4% among non‐PWID (298/306). Utilizing data from 492 participants, of whom 93% achieved SVR, the estimated average cost of treatment per patient initiated was $1030 (of which 54% were medication costs), with a production cost per successful outcome (SVR) of $1109 and real‐world estimate of $1250. High SVR rates were achieved for non‐PWID and PWID on OST. However, the estimated average cost of the intervention (under the assumption of no genotype testing and reduced real‐world effectiveness) of $1250/patient is unaffordable for a national elimination strategy. Reductions in the cost of antivirals and linkage to social and behavioural health services including substance use disorder treatment to increase retention and adherence to treatment are critical to HCV elimination in this population.
Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in dogs attending primary‐care practice
Authors: Schofield Imogen , Brodbelt David C. , Niessen Stijn J. M. , Church David B. , Geddes Rebecca F. , Kennedy Noel , O'Neill Dan G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundNovel methods to aid identification of dogs with spontaneous Cushing's syndrome are warranted to optimize case selection for diagnostics, avoid unnecessary testing, and ultimately aid decision‐making for veterinarians.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo develop and internally validate a prediction tool for dogs receiving a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome using primary‐care electronic health records.AnimalsThree hundred and ninety‐eight dogs diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome and 541 noncase dogs, tested for but not diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome, from a cohort of 905 544 dogs attending VetCompass participating practices.MethodsA cross‐sectional study design was performed. A prediction model was developed using multivariable binary logistic regression taking the demography, presenting clinical signs and some routine laboratory results into consideration. Predictive performance of each model was assessed and internally validated through bootstrap resampling. A novel clinical prediction tool was developed from the final model.ResultsThe final model included predictor variables sex, age, breed, polydipsia, vomiting, potbelly/hepatomegaly, alopecia, pruritus, alkaline phosphatase, and urine specific gravity. The model demonstrated good discrimination (area under the receiver operating curve [AUROC] = 0.78 [95% CI = 0.75‐0.81]; optimism‐adjusted AUROC = 0.76) and calibration (C‐slope = 0.86). A tool was developed from the model which calculates the predicted likelihood of a dog having Cushing's syndrome from 0% (score = −13) to 96% (score = 10).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceA tool to predict a diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome at the point of first suspicion in dogs was developed, with good predictive performance. This tool can be used in practice to support decision‐making and increase confidence in diagnosis.
RNA2‐encoded VP37 protein ofBroad bean wilt virus 1is a determinant of pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and a suppressor of post‐transcriptional gene silencing
Authors: Carpino Caterina , Ferriol Safont Inmaculada , Elvira‐González Laura , Medina Vicente , Rubio Luis , Peri Ezio , Davino Salvatore , Galipienso Torregrosa Luis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBroad bean wilt virus 1(BBWV‐1, genusFabavirus, familySecoviridae) is a bipartite, single‐stranded positive‐sense RNA virus infecting many horticultural and ornamental crops worldwide. RNA1 encodes proteins involved in viral replication whereas RNA2 encodes two coat proteins (the large and small coat proteins) and two putative movement proteins (MPs) of different sizes with overlapping C‐terminal regions. In this work, we determined the role played by the small putative BBWV‐1 MP (VP37) on virus pathogenicity, host specificity, and suppression of post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). We engineered a BBWV‐1 35S‐driven full‐length cDNA infectious clone corresponding to BBWV‐1 RNA1 and RNA2 (pBBWV1‐Wt) and generated a mutant knocking out VP37 (pBBWV1‐G492C). Agroinfiltration assays showed that pBBWV1‐Wt, as the original BBWV‐1 isolate, infected broad bean, tomato, pepper, andNicotiana benthamiana,whereas pBBWV1‐G492C did not infect pepper and tomato systemically. Also, pBBWV1‐G492C induced milder symptoms in broad bean andN. benthamianathan pBBWV1‐Wt. Differential retrotranscription and amplification of the (+) and (−) strands showed that pBBWV1‐G492C replicated in the agroinfiltrated leaves of pepper but not in tomato. All this suggests that VP37 is a determinant of pathogenicity and host specificity. Transient expression of VP37 through a potato virus X (PVX) vector enhanced PVX symptoms and induced systemic necrosis associated with programmed cell death inN. benthamianaplants. Finally, VP37 was identified as a viral suppressor of RNA silencing by transient expression inN. benthamiana16c plants and movement complementation of a viral construct based on turnip crinkle virus (pTCV‐GFP).
Automated and accurate segmentation of leaf venation networks via deep learning
Authors: Xu Hao , Blonder Benjamin , Jodra Miguel , Malhi Yadvinder , Fricker Mark 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Leaf vein network geometry can predict levels of resource transport, defence and mechanical support that operate at different spatial scales. However, it is challenging to quantify network architecture across scales due to the difficulties both in segmenting networks from images and in extracting multiscale statistics from subsequent network graph representations.

Here we developed deep learning algorithms using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automatically segment leaf vein networks. Thirty‐eight CNNs were trained on subsets of manually defined ground‐truth regions from >700 leaves representing 50 southeast Asian plant families. Ensembles of six independently trained CNNs were used to segment networks from larger leaf regions (c. 100 mm2). Segmented networks were analysed using hierarchical loop decomposition to extract a range of statistics describing scale transitions in vein and areole geometry.

The CNN approach gave a precision‐recall harmonic mean of 94.5% ± 6%, outperforming other current network extraction methods, and accurately described the widths, angles and connectivity of veins. Multiscale statistics then enabled the identification of previously undescribed variation in network architecture across species.

We provide a LeafVeinCNN software package to enable multiscale quantification of leaf vein networks, facilitating the comparison across species and the exploration of the functional significance of different leaf vein architectures.
Phosphate‐solubilising microorganisms for improved crop productivity: a critical assessment
Authors: Raymond Nelly S. , Gómez‐Muñoz Beatriz , van der Bom Frederik J. T. , Nybroe Ole , Jensen Lars S. , Müller‐Stöver Dorette S. , Oberson Astrid , Richardson Alan E. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryPhosphate‐solubilising microorganisms (PSM) are often reported to have positive effects on crop productivity through enhanced phosphorus (P) nutrition. Our aim was to evaluate the validity of this concept. Most studies that report ‘positive effects’ of PSM on plant growth have been conducted under controlled conditions, whereas field experiments more frequently fail to demonstrate a positive response. Many studies have indicated that the mechanisms seen in vitro do not translate into improved crop P nutrition in complex soil–plant systems. Furthermore, associated mechanisms are often not rigorously assessed. We suggest that PSM do not mobilise sufficient P to change the crops’ nutritional environment under field conditions. The current concept, in which PSM solubilise P ‘for the plant’ should thus be revised. Although PSM have the capacity to solubilise P to meet their own needs, it is the turnover of the microbial biomass that subsequently provides P to plants over a longer time. Therefore, the existing concept of PSM function is unlikely to deliver a reliable strategy for increasing crop P nutrition. A further mechanistic understanding is needed to determine how P mobilisation by PSM as a component of the whole soil community can be manipulated to become more effective for plant P nutrition.
Characterization of defensive cadinenes and a novel sesquiterpene synthase responsible for their biosynthesis from the invasive Eupatorium adenophorum
Authors: Liu Yan , Luo Shi‐Hong , Hua Juan , Li De‐Sen , Ling Yi , Luo Qian , Li Sheng‐Hong 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Eupatorium adenophorum is a malignant invasive plant possessing extraordinary defense potency, but its chemical weaponry and formation mechanism have not yet been extensively investigated.

We identified six cadinene sesquiterpenes, including two volatiles (amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol) and four nonvolatiles (9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone, muurol‐4‐en‐3,8‐dione, 9‐oxo‐ageraphorone and 9β‐hydroxy‐ageraphorone), as the major constitutive and inducible chemicals of E. adenophorum. All cadinenes showed potent antifeedant activity against a generalist insect Spodoptera exigua, indicating that they have significant defensive roles.

We cloned and functionally characterized a sesquiterpene synthase from E. adenophorum (EaTPS1), catalyzing the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol, which were purified from engineered Escherichia coli and identified by extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. EaTPS1 was highly expressed in the aboveground organs, which was congruent with the dominant distribution of cadinenes, suggesting that EaTPS1 is likely involved in cadinene biosynthesis. Mechanical wounding and methyl jasmonate negatively regulated EaTPS1 expression but caused the release of amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol. Nicotiana benthamiana transiently expressing EaTPS1 also produced amorpha‐4,7(11)‐diene and (–)‐amorph‐4‐en‐7‐ol, and showed enhanced defense function.

The findings presented here uncover the role and formation of the chemical defense mechanism of E. adenophorum – which probably contributes to the invasive success of this plant – and provide a tool for manipulating the biosynthesis of biologically active cadinene natural products.
OsWRKY21 and OsWRKY108 function redundantly to promote phosphate accumulation through maintaining the constitutive expression of OsPHT1;1 under phosphate‐replete conditions
Authors: Zhang Jun , Gu Mian , Liang Ruisuhua , Shi Xinyu , Chen Lingling , Hu Xu , Wang Shichao , Dai Xiaoli , Qu Hongye , Li Huanhuan , Xu Guohua 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Plant Phosphate Transporter 1 (PHT1) proteins, probably the only influx transporters for phosphate (Pi) uptake, are partially degraded on sufficient Pi levels to prevent excessive Pi accumulation. Therefore, the basal/constitutive expression level of PHT1 genes is vital for maintaining Pi uptake under Pi‐replete conditions.

Rice (Oryza sativa) OsPHT1;1 is a unique gene as it is highly expressed and not responsive to Pi, however the mechanism for maintaining its basal/constitutive expression remains unknown. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we identified and functionally characterised the transcription factors maintaining the basal/constitutive expression of OsPHT1;1.

OsWRKY21 and OsWRKY108 interact within the nucleus and both bind to the W‐box in the OsPHT1;1 promoter. Overexpression of OsWRKY21 or OsWRKY108 led to increased Pi accumulation, resulting from elevated expression of OsPHT1;1. By contrast, oswrky21 oswrky108 double mutants showed decreased Pi accumulation and OsPHT1;1 expression in a Pi‐dependent manner. Moreover, similar to ospht1;1 mutants, plants expressing the OsWRKY21–SRDX fusion protein (a chimeric dominant suppressor) were impaired in Pi accumulation in Pi‐replete roots, accompanied by downregulation of OsPHT1;1 expression.

Our findings demonstrated that rice WRKY transcription factors function redundantly to promote Pi uptake by activating OsPHT1;1 expression under Pi‐replete conditions, and represent a novel pathway independent of the central Pi signalling system.
Dietetic management of obesity and severe obesity in children and adolescents: A scoping review of guidelines
Authors: Alman Kim L. , Lister Natalie B. , Garnett Sarah P. , Gow Megan L. , Aldwell Katharine , Jebeile Hiba 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis scoping review describes current guidelines for the dietary management of pediatric obesity and severe obesity. Guidelines were identified via electronic searches of six databases, grey literature, and reference lists and included international clinical practice guidelines (n = 21), position papers (n = 5), and scientific/consensus statements (n = 2) produced by professional bodies and/or expert panels. All recommend multicomponent lifestyle interventions including diet, physical activity, and behavior modification as first‐line treatment. Most guidelines (n = 21) recommend weight loss as a treatment goal for children and adolescents with obesity and associated comorbidities or severe obesity; 15 recommend using dietary approaches. Fourteen of 28 guidelines refer to the management of severe obesity, 10 refer to dietary approaches, and seven recommend using intensive dietary approaches. Dietary approaches to weight loss focus on caloric restriction (n = 14) with some guidelines recommending very low‐energy diet (n = 4), protein‐sparing modified fast (n = 2), and very low‐carbohydrate/ketogenic diets (n = 2). A stronger evidence base is required for dietary management of pediatric obesity and severe obesity to improve consistency in future guidelines. Guidance on the use of dietary approaches, beyond caloric restriction, and in line with the growing evidence base on novel dietary approaches is required to facilitate personalized care and optimal patient outcomes.
Do looks constitute our perceptual evidence?
Authors: Ghijsen Harmen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany philosophers take experience to be an essential aspect of perceptual justification. I argue against a specific variety of such an experientialist view, namely, the Looks View of perceptual justification, according to which our visual beliefs are mediately justified by beliefs about the way things look. I describe three types of cases that put pressure on the idea that perceptual justification is always related to looks‐related reasons: unsophisticated cognizers, multimodal identification, and amodal completion. I then provide a tentative diagnosis of what goes wrong in the Looks View: it ascribes a specific epistemic role to beliefs about looks that is actually fulfilled by subpersonal perceptual processes.
Reasoning with heuristics
Authors: Karlan Brett 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhich rules should guide our reasoning? Human reasoners often use reasoning shortcuts, called heuristics, which function well in some contexts but lack the universality of reasoning rules like deductive implication or inference to the best explanation. Does it follow that human reasoning is hopelessly irrational? I argue: no. Heuristic reasoning often represents human reasoners reaching a local rational maximum, reasoning more accurately than if they try to implement more ‘ideal’ rules of reasoning. I argue this is a genuine rational achievement. Our ideal rational advisors would advise us to reason with heuristic rules, not more complicated ideal rules. I argue we do not need a radical new account of epistemic norms to make sense of the success of heuristic reasoning.
Fifty years of deleterious external engagement with sub‐Saharan African states
Authors: Feinberg Seth L. , Dalquest Delaney , Myers Rachel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSince the end of the colonial era the majority of sub‐Saharan African nations have stagnated or declined on key measures of stability and well‐being. Despite numerous foreign interventions in the form of aid, trade, technical assistance, and military support, students and scholars of modern Africa must recognize that foreign powers have consistently failed in their efforts to prop up, stabilize, and maintain independent nation states. A holistic view of more than 50 years of support for dictatorships, inequitable trade deals, resource extraction, conflict intervention, debt entrapment, and attempts at regime change raises the question as to whether foreign interventions were intentionally disruptive. Modern African nations struggle at the bottom of demographic health and well‐being indicators, and conflicting foreign involvements have often stymied the growth of institutions that serve the majority of citizens' democratic, legal, and financial needs for promoting equitable and sustainable growth.
Association of the areas over and under the lymphocyte curve with cytomegalovirus reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kimura Shun‐ichi , Nakamura Yuhei , Kawamura Masakatsu , Takeshita Junko , Kawamura Shunto , Yoshino Nozomu , Misaki Yukiko , Yoshimura Kazuki , Matsumi Shimpei , Gomyo Ayumi , Akahoshi Yu , Tamaki Masaharu , Kusuda Machiko , Kameda Kazuaki , Wada Hidenori , Sato Miki , Tanihara Aki , Nakasone Hideki , Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe retrospectively compared the impact of the areas over and under the lymphocyte curve (L_AOC vs L_AUC) on cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).MethodsAmong 394 consecutive patients who underwent their first allogeneic HSCT at our center between 2007 and 2018, 301 patients met the inclusion criteria. L_AOC was calculated as the area over the lymphocyte curve during lymphopenia (absolute lymphocyte count [ALC] <700/μL). We calculated L_AOC and L_AUC from day 0 to day 15 (L_AOC15, L_AUC15) and from day 0 to day 30 (L_AOC30, L_AUC30).ResultsCMV antigenemia was defined as more than 3 cells/2 slides by the C10/11 method and detected in 204 cases (CMV reactivation) at a median of 39 days after HSCT. Although there were significant differences in L_AOC15, L_AOC30, L_AUC15, and L_AUC30 between patients with and without CMV reactivation, there was no difference in accuracy for predicting CMV reactivation between L_AOC and L_AUC. In a multivariate analysis, L_AOC15 and L_AUC15 were each identified as independent predictive factors for CMV reactivation, along with advanced age and CMV serostatus. However, ALC at day 14 or day 21 was as accurate as area‐based indexes such as L_AOC15 and L_AUC15. L_AOC15 and L_AUC15 were significantly associated with longer duration of anti‐CMV antiviral therapy while ALC was not.ConclusionsL_AOC15 and L_AUC15 had similar impacts on CMV reactivation. Although these area‐based indexes were not superior to ALC for predicting CMV reactivation, they might predict patients who need longer duration of antiviral therapy more accurately.
A split strategy to prevent cytomegalovirus after kidney transplantation using prophylaxis in serological high‐risk patients and a pre‐emptive strategy in intermediate‐risk patients: Combining the best of two options?
Authors: Hellemans Rachel , Wijtvliet Veerle , Bergs Kristof , Philipse Ester , Vleut Rowena , Massart Annick , Couttenye Marie‐Madeleine , Matheeussen Veerle , Abramowicz Daniel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCytomegalovirus (CMV) remains an important challenge after kidney transplantation. Current Transplantation Society International Consensus Guidelines recommend antiviral prophylaxis or pre‐emptive therapy for high‐risk CMV‐seronegative recipients with a CMV‐seropositive donor (D+/R−) and moderate‐risk CMV‐seropositive recipients (R+). However, a split strategy according to CMV serostatus is not specifically mentioned.MethodsWe evaluated a split strategy to prevent CMV infection after kidney transplantation in which D+/R− patients received valganciclovir (VGC) prophylaxis for 200 days, and R + patients were treated pre‐emptively according to CMV DNAemia. Patients were followed until 1‐year post‐transplant.ResultsBetween April 2014 and March 2018, 40 D+/R− and 92 R + patients underwent kidney transplantation. Forty‐six percent received antithymocyte globulin (ATG) induction, and 98% was treated with calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolic acid (MPA), and steroids. No D+/R− patient developed CMV disease during prophylaxis (median 200 days), but 15% developed post‐prophylaxis or late‐onset disease. Fifty‐three percent developed neutropenia during prophylaxis, including 16/40 (40%) grade 3 or 4 neutropenia requiring reduction/discontinuation of MPA (30%) and/or VGC (35%), and an occasional need for granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (5%). In the R + group, 40% received antiviral therapy for a median duration of 21 days; 5% developed early‐onset CMV disease. Only 5% developed neutropenia. D+/R + status (hazard ratio (HR) 2.09,P = .004) and ATG use (HR 2.81, P < .0001) were risk factors for CMV reactivation.ConclusionsProphylaxis leads to acceptable CMV control in high‐risk patients but comes with a high risk of neutropenia. Pre‐emptive therapy is effective and limits drug exposure in those at lower risk of CMV.