bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Filling OpenStreetMap data gaps in rural Nepal: a digital youth internship and leadership Programme
Authors: Khanal Kshitiz , Budhathoki Nama Raj , Erbstein Nancy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCrowdsourced, open geospatial data such as the data compiled through OpenStreetMap have proven useful in addressing humanitarian, disaster and development needs. However, the existing ways in which volunteers engage in OpenStreetMap have inherent limitations that lead to critical data gaps in economically underdeveloped countries and regions. Various initiatives that target specific geospatial data gaps and engage volunteers for longer periods have emerged to overcome these limitations, yet there has been limited in-depth study of such targeted mapping initiatives. This article reports the findings from Digital Internship and Leadership (DIAL), a programme designed to fill data gaps in rural Nepal by engaging young people in mapping rural Nepal by integrating targeted mapping, a virtual internship strategy and youth leadership development. The findings suggest the potential benefits of targeted mapping initiatives embedded in youth leadership internship programmes to address those critical data gaps.
First method for dissolving zinc thiazole and re-evaluation of its antibacterial properties against rice bacterial blight disease
Authors: Chen Xian , Zhou Lan , Laborda Pedro , Zhao Yancun , Li Kaihuai , Liu Fengquan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Rice bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), is one of the most destructive diseases in rice-growing regions worldwide. Zinc thiazole is a novel bactericide and has been applied for BB control for 10 years. However, zinc thiazole is highly insoluble in water and in most organic solvents. In this work, we found for the first time that zinc thiazole can be dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and the solubility of zinc thiazole in DMSO is more than 20 mg/mL. Dissolved zinc thiazole at 25 μg/mL significantly inhibited the growth of Xoo by 58.81%. Interestingly, zinc thiazole at 25 μg/mL enhanced the cell division and altered the cell wall integrity of Xoo. The application of dissolved zinc thiazole at 100 μg/mL reduced the incidence of rice bacterial blight (BB) by providing 64.71% control efficacy, while zinc thiazole as suspension concentrate (SC) at 100 μg/mL only provided 43.42% control efficacy. Taken together, this study provides for the first time a method for dissolving zinc thiazole, and may help to better understand the antibacterial mechanism of zinc thiazole.
Differential diagnosis between epileptic seizures and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures based on semiology
Authors: Xiang Xiaohui , Fang Jiajia , Guo Yi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures present as paroxysmal symptoms and signs mimicking epileptic seizures. The gold standard test is the synchronous recording by video, electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram. However, video electroencephalogram is not available at many centers and not entirely independent of semiology. Recent studies have focused on semiological characteristics distinguishing these two circumstances. Clinical signs and symptoms provide important clues when making differential diagnosis. The purpose of this review is to help physicians differentiating psychogenic nonepileptic seizures better from epileptic seizures based on semiology, and improve care for those patients.
Preventive Role of Vitamin D Supplementation for Acute Phase Reaction after Bisphosphonate Infusion in Paget’s Disease
Authors: Merlotti Daniela , Rendina Domenico , Muscariello Riccardo , Picchioni Tommaso , Alessandri Mario , De Filippo Gianpaolo , Materozzi Maria , Bianciardi Simone , Franci Maria Beatrice , Lucani Barbara , Cenci Simone , Strazzullo Pasquale , Nuti Ranuccio , Gennari Luigi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
Intravenous aminobisphosphonates (N-BPs) can induce an acute phase reaction (APR) in up to 40% to 70% of first infusions, causing discomfort and often requiring intervention with analgesics or antipyretics.

Objective
Our aim was to explore the risk factors of APR in a large sample of patients with Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) and to assess the possible preventive effects of vitamin D administration.

Methods
An observational analysis was performed in 330 patients with PDB at the time of N-BP infusion. Then, an interventional study was performed in 66 patients with active, untreated PDB to evaluate if vitamin D administration (oral cholecalciferol 50 000 IU/weekly for 8 weeks before infusion) may prevent APR.

Results
In a retrospective study, APR occurred in 47.6% and 18.3% of naive or previously treated patients, respectively. Its prevalence progressively increased in relation to the severity of vitamin D deficiency, reaching 80.0% in patients with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels below 10 ng/mL (relative risk (RR) = 3.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.8–4.7, P &lt; .0001), even in cases previously treated with N-BPs. Moreover, APR occurred more frequently in patients who experienced a previous APR (RR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.5–5.2; P &lt; .001) or in carriers of SQSTM1 mutation (RR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.3–4.2; P = .005). In the interventional study, vitamin D supplementation prevented APR in most cases, equivalent to a RR of 0.31 (95% CI 0.14–0.67; P &lt; .005) with respect to prevalence rates of the observational cohort. A similar trend was observed concerning the occurrence of hypocalcemia.

Conclusions
The achievement of adequate 25OHD levels is recommended before N-BP infusion in order to minimize the risk of APR or hypocalcemia in PDB.
MRI Reveals Human Brown Adipose Tissue Is Rapidly Activated in Response to Cold
Authors: Oreskovich Stephan M , Ong Frank J , Ahmed Basma A , Konyer Norman B , Blondin Denis P , Gunn Elizabeth , Singh Nina P , Noseworthy Michael D , Haman Francois , Carpentier Andre C , Punthakee Zubin , Steinberg Gregory R , Morrison Katherine M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Context
In rodents, cold exposure induces the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the induction of intracellular triacylglycerol (TAG) lipolysis. However, in humans, the kinetics of supraclavicular (SCV) BAT activation and the potential importance of TAG stores remain poorly defined.

Objective
To determine the time course of BAT activation and changes in intracellular TAG using MRI assessment of the SCV (i.e., BAT depot) and fat in the posterior neck region (i.e., non-BAT).

Design
Cross-sectional.

Setting
Clinical research center.

Patients or Other Participants
Twelve healthy male volunteers aged 18 to 29 years [body mass index = 24.7 ± 2.8 kg/m2 and body fat percentage = 25.0% ± 7.4% (both, mean ± SD)].

Intervention(s)
Standardized whole-body cold exposure (180 minutes at 18°C) and immediate rewarming (30 minutes at 32°C).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and T2* of the SCV and posterior neck fat pads. Acquisitions occurred at 5- to 15-minute intervals during cooling and subsequent warming.

Results
SCV PDFF declined significantly after only 10 minutes of cold exposure [−1.6% (SE: 0.44%; P = 0.007)] and continued to decline until 35 minutes, after which time it remained stable until 180 minutes. A similar time course was also observed for SCV T2*. In the posterior neck fat (non-BAT), there were no cold-induced changes in PDFF or T2*. Rewarming did not result in a change in SCV PDFF or T2*.

Conclusions
The rapid cold-induced decline in SCV PDFF suggests that in humans BAT is activated quickly in response to cold and that TAG is a primary substrate.
Hyperthermia for deep seated tumours – possibilities of heating with capacitive devices
Authors: Курпешев О. , Kurpeshev O. , ван дер Зее Я. , van der Zee J. , Кавагнаро М. , Cavagnaro M. 
Published: October 2019

The review examines the general principles of capacitive electromagnetic hyperthermia (EMHT), the distribution of electromagnetic energy in various experimental models and in patients’ tumors, the design features of applicators from various capacitive hyperthermic systems and their role in achieving hyperthermic mode in tumors of deep localization. In classical capacitive EMHT, the main obstacle in achieving the required temperature in such tumors is overheating of the subcutaneous fatty tissue under the electrodes. For some capacitive hyperthermic systems, the heating of adipose tissues is enhanced due to the fact that the applicator design does not conform to certain technical requirements. In capacitive EMHT at frequencies of 8–13.56 MHz, obtaining the minimum hyperthermic mode is possible with output powers of 500–800 W, maximum – 1000–1200 W and above. The results of the use of various hyperthermic capacitive systems in patients with malignant tumors of internal organs are analyzed.
Actual Problems and Perspectives of the Application of Nuclear Medicine Techniques in the Diagnostic and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Analytical Review
Authors: Бушманов Андрей , Bushmanov Andrey , Клементьева О. , Klement'eva O. , Лабушкина А. , Labushkina A. , Тултаев А. , Tultaev A. , Корсунский В. , Korsunskiy V. , Кузнецова О. , Kuznetsova O. 
Published: October 2019

In the presented review of publications, together with a brief analysis of the incidence, risk factors for the occurrence and methods of diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), current problems and prospects for the application of nuclear medicine methods in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease are indicated. Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors of the liver and is characterized by a rapidly progressing course with an unfavorable life expectancy. A variety of clinical manifestations of the disease creates certain difficulties in the early diagnosis of HCC. Although HCC screening is most commonly used to determine the level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), ultrasound (US), bolus CT and MRI, experience in the use of radionuclide imaging diagnostics, including positron emission tomography, is important in clinical practice (PET), which, not being the main method of primary diagnosis of HCC, however, confirmed their relevance in the differential diagnosis between a benign tumor and metastasis with unclear diagnostic data, as well as in the process of monitoring treatment and in the diagnosis of distant metastases. Conceptual issues in determining the treatment strategy of patients with HCC, depending on the staging of the disease, the prospects for optimizing treatment strategies and traditional methods of treating HCC in detail and in depth are covered in various publications, including publications of domestic authors. Based on this, the authors of the article limited themselves to a brief analysis of the use of embolization and radiation therapy methods for treating HCC, the active development of which in the last decade, as well as promising early results of treatment, suggest that radiation therapy can be considered as the main treatment method for HCC traditional methods.
Further study and development of radionuclide methods for the diagnosis and therapy of HCC, as well as the search and study of new radiopharmaceuticals for diagnosis and regional intraarterial radiotherapy is one of the promising directions in modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
The Ratio between Absorbed Dose, Kerma and Ionization Kerma for Small-size Fields
Authors: Климанов В. , Klimanov V. , Галяутдинова Ж. , Galyautdinova Zh. , Колыванова М. , Kolyvanova M. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: Research of the relationships between spatial distributions in water of the main dosimetric values, namely the absorbed dose, kerma and ionization kerma, for small-size fields with a circular cross section created by divergent beams of bremsstrahlung spectrum with a maximum energy of 6 MeV.
Material and methods: Using the Monte-Carlo method with the codes EGSnrc and MCNP4C2, calculations were carried out for these distributions in a water phantom for beam radii on the phantom surface from 0.1 to 3.0 cm and for depths up to 40 cm. The ratio at depths up to 5 cm, where there is a so-called build-up area, is studied in particular detail.
Results: The results of calculations show that the ratio of ionization kerma to kerma for such beams at depths up to 40 cm is practically constant and equal to 0.9930 ± 0.0005. The ratio of the absorbed dose to the ionization kerma, in contrast to conventional square beams with a cross-sectional area  20 cm2, is much less than unity at radii of 1 cm at all the depths considered.
Conclusion: The data obtained show that the relationship between absorbed dose, kerma and ionization kerma for photon fields produced by beams of small cross sections is very different from that for traditional beams. This circumstance should be taken into account when conducting dosimetry of small fields.
Analysis of the Bremsstrahlung Photons Flux and the Neutrons Beams during the Operation of the Medical Electron Accelerator
Authors: Лыкова Е. , Lykova E. , Желтоножская М. , Zheltonozhskaya M. , Смирнов Ф. , Smirnov F. , Руднев П. , Rudnev P. , Черняев А. , Chernyaev A. , Чешигин И. , Cheshigin I. , Яценко В. , Yatsenko V. 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To estimate the contribution of the secondary neutron flux to the total radiation flux during the operation of Trilogy linear medical accelerator and Varian’s Clinac 2100 accelerator for assessment of impact on the health of patients and medical personnel.
High-energy linear accelerators operating at energies higher than 8 MeV generate neutron fluxes when interacting with accelerator elements and with structural materials of the room for treating patients. Neutrons can form at the accelerator head (target, collimators, smoothing filter, etc.), the procedure room, and directly in the patient’s body.
Because of the high radiobiological hazard of neutron radiation, its contribution to the total beam flux, even at a level of few percent, substantially increases the dose received by the patient.
Material and methods: Secondary neutron fluxes were investigated during the process of the linear medical accelerators Trilogy and Clinac 2100 of Varian operation by the photoactivation method using (γ, n) and (n, γ) reactions on the detection target of natural 181Ta. In addition, measurements of neutron spectra were carried out directly in the room during the operation of a medical accelerator using a spectrometer-dosimeter SDMF-1608.
Results: It was determined that the neutron flux on the tantalum target is 16 % of the gamma-ray flux on the same target when the accelerator is operated with a 18 MeV bremsstrahlung energy and 5 % when the accelerator is operated with a 20 MeV excluding thermal neutrons.
Conclusion: Finally, it may be noted that, taking into account the coefficient of relative biological efficiency (RBE) of neutron radiation for neutrons with energies of 0.1–200 keV equal to 10 compared with the RBE coefficient for gamma quanta (equal to 1), even preliminary analysis demonstrates significant underestimation of the contribution of neutrons dose to the total dose received by the patient in radiation therapy using bremsstrahlung of 18 and 20 MeV.
Clinical Guideline Highlights for the Hospitalist: Clostridium difficile Infections in Children
Authors: Rogers Amanda , ElKadri Abdul 
Published: October 2019

GUIDELINE TITLEClinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA).RELEASE DATEFebruary 15, 2018PRIOR VERSIONS:• Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, et al; Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010; 31:431‐55.• Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, et al. Clostridium difficile‐associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:459‐477.DEVELOPERIDSA and SHEA.FUNDING SOURCESupport for this guideline was provided by the IDSA and SHEA.TARGET POPULATIONChildren and adults with Clostridium difficile infections.
Hospitalists as Triagists: Description of the Triagist Role across Academic Medical Centers
Authors: Velásquez Sadie Trammell , Wang Emily S , White Andrew A , Chadha Jagriti , Mader Michael , Leykum Luci K , Pugh Jacqueline 
Published: October 2019

From the hospitalist perspective, triaging involves the evaluation of a patient for potential admission to an inpatient service. Although traditionally done by residents, many academic hospitalist groups have assumed the responsibility for triaging. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of 235 adult hospitalists at 10 academic medical centers (AMCs) to describe the similarities and differences in the triagist role and assess the activities and skills associated with the role. Eight AMCs have a defined triagist role; at the others, hospitalists supervise residents/advanced practice providers. The triagist role is generally filled by a faculty physician and shared by all hospitalists.We found significant variability in verbal communication practices (P = .02) and electronic communication practices (P < .0001) between the triagist and the current provider (eg, emergency department, clinic provider), and in the percentage of patients evaluated in person (P < .0001). Communication skills, personal efficiency, and systems knowledge are dominant themes of attributes of an effective triagist.
Precise immunomodulation of the M1 to M2 macrophage transition enhances mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis and differs by sex
Authors: Nathan Karthik , Lu Laura Y. , Lin Tzuhua , Pajarinen Jukka , Jämsen Eemeli , Huang Jhih-Fong , Romero-Lopez Monica , Maruyama Masahiro , Kohno Yusuke , Yao Zhenyu , Goodman Stuart B. 
Published: October 2019

Objectives Up to 10% of fractures result in undesirable outcomes, for which female sex is a risk factor. Cellular sex differences have been implicated in these different healing processes. Better understanding of the mechanisms underlying bone healing and sex differences in this process is key to improved clinical outcomes. This study utilized a macrophage–mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) coculture system to determine: 1) the precise timing of proinflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage transition for optimal bone formation; and 2) how such immunomodulation was affected by male versus female cocultures. Methods A primary murine macrophage-MSC coculture system was used to demonstrate the optimal transition time from M1 to M2 (polarized from M1 with interleukin (IL)-4) macrophages to maximize matrix mineralization in male and female MSCs. Outcome variables included Alizarin Red staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and osteocalcin protein secretion. Results We found that 96 hours of M1 phenotype in male cocultures allowed for maximum matrix mineralization versus 72 hours in female cocultures. ALP activity and osteocalcin secretion were also enhanced with the addition of IL-4 later in male versus female groups. The sex of the cells had a statistically significant effect on the optimal IL-4 addition time to maximize osteogenesis. Conclusion These results suggest that: 1) a 72- to 96-hour proinflammatory environment is critical for optimal matrix mineralization; and 2) there are immunological differences in this coculture environment due to sex. Optimizing immunomodulation during fracture healing may enhance and expedite the bone regeneration response. These findings provide insight into precise immunomodulation for enhanced bone healing that is sex-specific. Cite this article: K. Nathan, L. Y. Lu, T. Lin, J. Pajarinen, E. Jämsen, J-F. Huang, M. Romero-Lopez, M. Maruyama, Y. Kohno, Z. Yao, S. B. Goodman. Precise immunomodulation of the M1 to M2 macrophage transition enhances mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis and differs by sex. Bone Joint Res 2019;8:481–488. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.810.BJR-2018-0231.R2.
O PET geografia da UFRN e a sua contribuição na formação profissional
Authors: Maia Antonia Rosimeire Pinheiro , Dozena Alessandro , Medeiros Breno de Lima Garcia , Cruz Dara Emanuella Rodrigues de Freitas , Santos Daniel Carlos Alves , Félix Felipe Silveira , Santos Jéssica Alves dos , Nascimento Jucielma Fonseca do , Soares Larícia Gomes , Barros Luana de Holanda Viana , Maciel Lucas Bezerra , Miranda Marcellus Silva Arruda , Fernandes Nilvan Alves , Santos Vinícius Mendes dos 
Published: October 2019

O Programa de Educação Tutorial (PET) passou por vários momentos até ser implementado nas universidades federais, sendo que algumas de suas propostas visam auxiliar e incentivar os docentes e discentes dos cursos de graduação através de projetos de pesquisas, ensino, extensão, e trabalhos realizados em grupos. Aos bolsistas selecionados pelo programa é permitido que permaneçam até concluírem os seus respectivos cursos de graduação. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo avalia a contribuição do PET na formação profissional dos bolsistas que participaram do programa no curso de Geografia da UFRN na modalidade bacharelado e licenciatura, entre os anos de 2004 e 2018. A metodologia da pesquisa que resultou nesse artigo consistiu em reuniões com o grupo PET Geografia, em pesquisas bibliográficas para elucidar as diretrizes do programa e o seu contexto histórico de formação, e a aplicação de um questionário online com o intuito de coletar dados sobre a contribuição que do PET Geografia da UFRN na formação dos graduados que passaram pelo programa. Desse modo, foi criado um roteiro com perguntas e respostas para que os ex-petianos respondessem, evidenciando o laço que alguns ainda possuem com o programa em diferentes gerações. Evidenciou-se que o Programa de Educação Tutorial em Geografia da UFR tem contribuído para a formação de profissionais e docentes qualificados, e cumprido os seus objetivos.
Autoeficacia general, ansiedad precompetitiva y sensación de fluir en jugadores (as) de balonmano de la selección nacional de Costa Rica
Authors: Gutiérrez Vargas Juan Carlos , Gutiérrez Vargas Randall , Ureña Bonilla Pedro 
Published: October 2019

El propósito de este estudio fue describir y relacionar los niveles de autoeficacia, ansiedad precompetitiva y sensación de fluir en jugadores de balonmano de la selección nacional masculina y femenina de Costa Rica durante el Torneo Internacional Feria de la Flores (Colombia 2012). En el estudio participaron 28 jugadores (14 hombres y 14 mujeres). Se aplicó la escalas de autoeficacia general, sensación de fluir y ansiedad competitiva. El valor promedio en relación con la autoeficacia fue alto (8,40). En cuanto a la sensación de fluir, los valores promedio oscilaron entre 3,41 (experiencia autotélica) y 5,78 (sensación de control). La ansiedad somática fue la más baja (hombres= 1,59 / mujeres= 1,98) y la autoconfianza la más alta (hombres= 2,99 / mujeres= 2,70). No se registró cambios significativos a lo largo de los juegos en relación con la sensación de fluir. La ansiedad experimentada por los hombres fue significativamente menor a la de las mujeres, y los niveles de autoconfianza fueron superiores en los hombres que en las mujeres. No se registró correlaciones importantes entre autoeficacia y sensación de fluir; sin embargo, la ansiedad somática mostró correlaciones significativas con algunas dimensiones de la sensación de fluir. Los datos registrados evidencian la nece sidad del trabajo psicológico, para el logro de estados psicofísicos que favorezcan el logro de rendimientos máximos.