bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban metabolism: measuring the Kaunas city sustainable development
Authors: Feiferytė – Skirienė A , Čepeliauskaitė G , Stasiškienė Ž 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Urban metabolism seeks to assess the amount of resources produced, consumer and disposed of in the city. Material and energy flow analysis becomes an important tool to understand the city’s environment and propose the more sustainable urban design and planning to improve residents’ health, ensure sustainable production and consumption. The purpose of this study is to measure the changes in Kaunas city material and energy use in period from 2010 to 2018. Kaunas city urban metabolism analysis is based on energy production and outflows data analysis with the city’s waste management analysis from an urban metabolism perspective. To understand the city social and economic transformation, it is also including social and economic aspects analysis. Research results have revealed better living conditions and a growing economy increase energy production and demand, construction materials, and waste flows along with rising environmental issues. Air pollution analysis has shown that SO2, CO2, NO2 and O3 emissions in the city remain stable. The paper helps to understand the importance of assessing city’s environmental impact and highlights the necessity of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) implementation.
Lessons from co-designing a resource-recovery game for collaborative urban sanitation planning
Authors: Billger M. , Kain J.-H. , Niwagaba C.B. , McConville J.R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to describe the development of an innovative planning tool to promote the knowledge and collaboration needed to overcome challenges in the sanitation sector. A serious game was designed to share knowledge about resource recovery and support attitude-change and collaboration between stakeholders. This study documents the co-design process of game development from conception based on a set of specifications the game should achieve, through iterative testing with relevant stakeholders as players. The resulting prototype of the game showed that it was not possible to include all the original desired specifications in the final game. Stakeholders found that the game was engaging, stimulated creativity and achieved its goal.
Cards for circularity: Towards circular design in practice
Authors: Dokter G , Stijn A Van , Thuvander L , Rahe U 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The transition towards a Circular Economy (CE) in the built environment is crucial to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Theoretical frameworks and methods for circular design have been developed. Yet, there is a lack of knowledge on circular design in practice and how circular design thinking can be supported. This study aims to provide insights on circular design in practice and how this can be supported through circular design methods. First, we reviewed existing circular design methods and developed a card-based circular design tool. Next, an interactive survey and design workshop using the tool was carried out with 12 design experts to gather knowledge on circular design in practice. Finally, we derive key learnings that can support the development of circular design methods and advancement of CE in practice. Overall, circular design remains highly conceptual and is challenging due to the interconnectedness of parameters and temporal aspects such as product life cycle. Designers need ways of educating and convincing stakeholders on the value and feasibility of circular design. Advancing the CE in practice requires circular design methods that help to contextualize the design process and reduce complexity, and examples are needed of how CE can be implemented in practice.
The level of knowledge, use and acceptance of LCA among designers in Germany: A contribution to IEA EBC Annex 72
Authors: Lützkendorf T , Balouktsi M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Architects and engineers have become more concerned about the environmental consequences of their design solutions. Knowledge about Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is crucial for the necessary building sector decarbonisation, as well as for mitigating other negative environmental impacts. In Germany, designers’ attitudes towards LCA have not been analysed since 2005. However, since then, certain developments – such as the establishment of the sustainability assessment systems BNB and DGNB – have taken place. In 2019, as part of the project IEA EBC Annex 72, a survey was conducted amongst designers in Germany. The paper presents the current status to identify the progress being made since 2005 and provides recommendations to overcome barriers to LCA dissemination. The results show that although German designers are currently doing a lot with regard to environmental performance assessment, the most critical aspects are considered in a more qualitative way, except for the mandatory operational energy performance calculations. LCA-know-how and application still lags behind expectation. To support an increased use of LCA during building design, not only the provision of related data and design/assessment tools is necessary, but also the establishment of standards and regulations. The latter will drive the also necessary client demand.
City Environmental Footprint: insights and application of an innovative LCA-based method to evaluate urban environmental impacts
Authors: Mirabella Nadia , Allacker Karen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In 2015, the United Nations chose cities as target of the 11th Sustainable Development Goals, which aims to ‘make cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable’. However, few quantitative methodologies can tackle the sustainability challenge and support cities in this transition. In order to comply with UN SDGs, the City Environmental Footprint (City EF) has been developed. Being systemic and systematic, its aim is the holistic assessment of urban environmental impacts (up to 18), as result of activities performed in key urban sectors (built environment, waste and water management, mobility, production and consumption sectors) by its main stakeholders (e.g. residents, but also important local entities etc.). This facilitates the identification of major hotspots and drivers of impacts in the city, and, based on these, areas of priority interventions and proposals for alternative scenarios. The City EF follows an enhanced LCA-based approach where specific methodological improvements are proposed, both system-related (city as object of investigation), than methodology-related (LCA as effective methodology). Furthermore, a first application of City EF was performed on the city of Leuven (Belgium) to test the method, and its feasibility. The aims of the present contribution are threefold: i) an overview of the City EF, its methodological proposals for urban footprinting, and how it accomplishes to the tasks; ii) provide insights about its first application to the city of Leuven; iii) and critical reflections for future applications, including identified working points and potential research outlooks.
Footprints of failure: Quantifying carbon impacts of roof leakages in a single-family residential building
Authors: Andenæs Erlend , Kvande Tore , Bohne Rolf André 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals of climate change mitigation and sustainable cities, low-carbon or carbon-negative buildings are becoming increasingly common. The buildings are planned to compensate for the embodied energy in their materials by using low-emission materials and generating emission-free energy. Embodied energy is minimized while energy generation is maximized. However, embodied energy calculations seldom consider the risk of building defects that require repairs or early replacement of building elements. As such, a building’s sustainability is often calculated under the assumption that significant defects do not happen, which is known to rarely be the case. In this article, the material and monetary costs of repairing building defects are analysed. Findings suggest that certain building defects, like major roof leaks, have a significant carbon footprint. A large portion of this footprint can be attributed to the drying of the building after a leak is discovered. Building defects are common enough that the risk should not be neglected in life cycle analyses. Likewise, measures taken to reduce the risk of building defects, such as avoiding design solutions known to pose difficulties, may be considered as means to improve the sustainability of a building as well as reducing economic costs.
Dynamic life cycle assessment of straw-based renovation: A case study from a Portuguese neighbourhood
Authors: Göswein V , Pittau F , Silvestre J D , Freire F , Habert G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Action is needed to mitigate climate change. As the building sector is one of the main contributors to energy consumption, renovation of existing buildings is a key strategy. However, for a drastic greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reduction, sensible material solutions are required. Bio-based products seem to be a promising alternative thanks to carbon sequestration in the new biomass, which needs to be regrown for substitution. The conventional life cycle assessment (LCA) framework seems unsuited to model temporal emissions and carbon uptake of such solutions. Dynamic LCA (DLCA), which models temporal aspects, is more appropriate to evaluate the environmental performance of bio-based products. Moreover, the different dynamic drivers of urban building stocks should be included to allow for informed material choices. A new methodology is proposed, integrating DLCA with material flow analysis (MFA) considering a dynamic renovation rate. The global warming potential over time of the thermal retrofit of a Lisbon neighbourhood with a straw-based technology is assessed. The results highlight the importance of the end of life scenario, greatly influencing the results in the mid- to long term. Increased renovation rates can yield higher carbon storage benefits. However, if accompanied by technological solutions that rely on carbon intensive materials, e.g. finishing, this can lead to increased embodied carbon emissions in the transition period.
A reverse engineering approach for low environmental impact earth stabilization technique
Authors: Cicek B , Martins N P , Brumaud C , Habert G , Plötze M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The major drawbacks of earth such as low water stability and moderate strength have led mankind to stabilize the earth. It has been developed as a vernacular technique in different civilizations. Since then, the focus was mainly on gypsum, lime, or pozzolan stabilization. Recently, cement has become one of the commonly used additives in earth stabilization, which consequently reduce the environmental advantage of earth.
This paper deals with a reverse engineering approach for low environmental impact earth stabilization technique, aiming the replacement of cement in earth stabilization.
Various earth-mixtures were done to investigate the performance of this technique. Water contact behaviour and compressive strength of the stabilized earth specimens was determined. Moreover, the characterization of the stabilization effect has been performed through X-ray powder diffraction patterns (XRD) and clearly identify the production of ettringite using very low CO2 intensive raw materials. Furthermore, the carbon footprint of the stabilized earth-mix has been determined with the help of LCA (life cycle assessment) calculation. The laboratory analyses on this mix-design have proven a high water-resistance and the results show a remarkable increase in compressive strength. Finally, these results open a new avenue for earth stabilization and secure the implementation of this material in the conventional construction industry.
Activation of municipal solid waste incineration ashes for green concrete
Authors: Zhang Emma Qingnan , Glikson Arnaud , Menéndez Sara López , Tang Luping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to the variable characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes and the lack of coherent standards and regulations, a majority of MSWI ashes is landfilled currently. It is an urgent issue that the significant amount of residue MSWI ashes need to be better handled and reused as a renewable source. MSWI ashes have great potential to be utilized as a cementitious replacement material in concrete mixing, which is beneficial for both promoting MSWI ash reuse and reducing cement consumption. However, there are major challenges associated with MSWI ash reuse, including the presence of lack of efficient approach to restore the reactivity of MSWI ashes as a binding agent, because such ashes are usually low in reactivity or even inert. This study aims to develop an effective and reliable activation method to enable the pozzolanic and hydraulic properties of MSWI ashes. A novel activation methodology by means of physiochemical treatments, including particle size reduction and high pH activator was proposed to increase the reactivity of such bottom ashes. A rapid test method, namely solution test, was developed to test the potential reactivity after the activation. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and ion chromatography (IC) were employed to evaluate the degree of reactivity. The results showed that the physicochemical treatment can indeed increase the reactivity of MSWI ashes. Compared to the existing test protocols using normal activator the new solution test can more effectively examine the latent pozzolanic activities of MSWI ashes. The successful application of the proposed activation methodology together with the developed solution test could turn those “inert or low reactivity” to-be-landfilled ashes into an active binding agent as a cement replacement material, which would contribute greatly to recycle and reuse of waste materials and reduce CO2 emission.
Cross-laminated timber constructions in a sustainable future – transition to fossil free and carbon capture technologies
Authors: Tellnes Lars G. F. , Saxegård Simon A. , Johnsen Fredrik Moltu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cross laminated timber (CLT) has recently increased in use as a building material for low carbon design and is often applied in small and multi-story buildings. Several studies have shown lower fossil related greenhouse gas emission than alternatives, but the life cycle emissions vary substantially between different CLT producers. These emissions are mainly indirect and thus climate change mitigation could reduce these emissions. Previous research shows that that biofuels and carbon capture and storage (CCS) are technologies that have the potential to reduce the climate impacts of the CLT life cycle. This study assesses the impacts on climate change from CLT with these technologies within the framework of environmental product declarations (EPD). In the short run, switching to fossil free fuels provides a reduction in the carbon footprint of CLT. In the long run, CCS at the end-of-life of CLT buildings can provide a net negative carbon footprint over the life cycle. This assessment on the use of CLT is mainly related to the Sustainable Development Goal SDG9 Industries, innovation and infrastructure and the indicator for CO2 emissions per value added, so the assessment in this paper is mainly focused on this goal. SDG7 on affordable and clean energy and SDG15 Life on land are also relevant.
Supply-chain collective action towards zero CO2 emissions in infrastructure construction: mapping barriers and opportunities
Authors: Rootzén Johan , Karlsson Ida , Johnsson Filip , Kadefors Anna , Uppenberg Stefan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Successful decarbonisation of the supply chains for buildings and infrastructure, including the production of basic materials, will involve the pursuit - in parallel – of measures to ensure circularity of material flows, measures to improve material efficiency, and to radically reduce CO2 emissions from basic materials production. Emphasis in this work has been on how “intangible” factors such as implicit or explicit constraints within organisations, inadequate communication between actors in the supply chain, overly conservative norms or lack of information, hinder the realisation of the current carbon mitigation potential. Although this work draw primarily from experiences in Sweden and other developed economies we believe the focus on innovations in the policy arena and efforts to develop new ways of co-operating, coordinating and sharing information between actors (SDG17) and on practices and processes that could enable more sustainable resource use in infrastructure construction may be of relevance also elsewhere. Not the least, since there are still many regions of the world where much of the infrastructure to provide basic services remains to be built (SDG6-7, SDG9, SDG11) a challenge that must be handled in parallel with efforts to reduce/erase the climate impact from infrastructure construction (in line with the Paris Agreement and SDG13).
Hoppet - the first fossil-free preschool
Authors: Fahlén E , Högberg A , Ingelhag G , Ljungstedt H , Lundström H , Perzon M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The building sector give rise to one fifth of the Swedish greenhouse gas emissions. This sector needs a climate shift to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Local municipalities play an important role in this shift and the City of Gothenburg has therefore initiated an innovation project, Hoppet - the first fossil-free preschool. The purpose is to highlight the climate issue and inspire the industry to develop new fossil-free products and processes as well as promoting existing ones. Hoppet is an initiative leading the way towards a fossil-free society in Gothenburg City, Sweden and the world.
Hoppet will be built with minimal climate impact and no fossil resources, as far as possible. This includes everything from production and transport of materials to energy used in the building.
The fossil content and climate impact of traditionally built preschools have been calculated as a benchmark for Hoppet. More than 70 % of the 250 building products in a traditionally built preschool has a petroleum-based content, eg plastics. The climate impact of the building products in a traditionally built preschool was calculated to about 390 kg CO2-eq./m2 gross area.
The design phase of first Hoppet preschool started in the autumn 2019 and, before materials are chosen, calculations of the actual climate impact are made. Examples of climate calculations and strategies for material selection for Hoppet are presented as well as ongoing and future work for fossil-free construction.
For more than two years, the project has scouted for new innovative materials and old techniques in order to build fossil-free. Finding fossil-free and climate neutral products has been challenging. Product development and innovation are key issues for fossil-free construction, as well as communication and collaboration within the construction industry. Five important strategies for the transition into a fossil-free society have been identified; biobased building products, reused and recycled building products, minimized material usage, fossil-free construction site and a product life cycle perspective.
Holistic sustainable material process – potential in local resources
Authors: Röstlund I , Björling N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The construction and transformation of the built environment is a key factor in the transition to a sustainable future. The interest in material’s role in this transition increased in the last few years, especially in regard to embodied energy in the construction phase. This is however only a small part of the societal and environmental impact caused by the material chain. Because the material practice in todays globalised world is increasingly complex and materials should be considered cultural artefacts that are part of ecological, social and economic systems. In this article the concept of a holistic sustainable material practice is discussed from the perspective of a relocalised material process. The concept of landscapes and social-ecological systems is used to frame this process and allows discussion of opportunities and challenges within such a process. This has been achieved through literature studies and by using Regenerative Sustainability and Circular Economy as theoretical framework. The article has explored the relocalisation of the material process from the perspective of Sweden, though many of the aspects discussed can be applied in other contexts.
Urban Living with Nature: Design for Human-nature Interactions in Communal Green Spaces at Residential High-rises
Authors: Tony Ip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The higher we live from ground level, the more disconnected we feel from the natural environment and community. Compared with people residing away from the metropolitan area, urban dwellers lack personal and open space and may seek room to escape from the hustle and bustle of the city. A new typology of sky gardens has been driving designs of residential high-rises to offer communal green spaces at high levels. Its potential benefits consist of improving human thermal comfort and urban microclimate; promoting social cohesion by serving as a community green space. It would provide a place for individuals escaping from the busy city life, improve the community integration for all age groups and improve the health and well-being of residents. In addition, it may enable and raise awareness of intimate contact with nature.
Sustainable Workplace in Kyoto – ‘Kyo-sei’ in Society 5.0
Authors: Kojio R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
At Takenaka Studio in Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), as a design workshop of the faculty of Architecture and Sustainable Design, I selected the area in the middle of Kyoto, Japan for the projects to design today’s ‘sustainable workplaces’. While examining the current situation of the city as well as the urban structure and context from old age, the students gave forms to a space to work/live together in Kyoto of today and proposed several new ways of co-working/living in Society 5.0, where the co-existence of diversified population is essential and we’ve tried to achieve not only SDGs 11: Sustainable cities, but also 3: Well-being for all ages as well as 9: Resilient infrastructure for fostering innovation.
Modularized cyber-physical system as an enabler of interoperable and collective approach for responsive cities
Authors: Yashiro Tomonari 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the relevance between the sustainable built environment and cyber-physical system (CPS) that are now surrounding us. Previous research suggests that CPS has the potential to enhance the performance to achieve SDGs. However, from the aspect of open building theory, there exist the problems to be solved, such as 1) restricted accessibility, 2) invisible intervention, and 3) difficulty in local customization. The paper discusses the approaches that could solve or at least mitigate the problems. Those are; 1) modularity of cyberspace that clarify accessibility by the specific social entity, 2) transparent inter-connection, and 3) context description & adaptability enhancement by interoperable modules. The paper indicates the principles of responsive cities; those are 1) fair access to the benefits generated by digital brain 2) strictly protected privacy of citizens 3) diversity by an adaptive combination to the context 4) easiness and incentive for new entrants and entrepreneurs. The principles can be satisfied by a dis-centralized system that is supported by the approaches above.