bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Intake and Prevalence of Dental Caries among Five-Year-Old Children in Urban and Rural Areas of Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya
Authors: Wakhungu Hillary K. , Were Gertrude M. , Serrem Charlotte A. , Kibosia Caroline J. 
Published: August 2020

Dental caries is a major public health problem associated with diet and nutrition affecting 60-90% of children globally with the burden in both industrialized and less industrialized countries undergoing nutrition transition. The aim of this study was to assess the relation between the dietary intake and nutritional status on dental caries prevalence of 5-year-old school children in urban and rural areas of Uasin-Gishu County. In this study, 382 five year old children and their parents/caregivers were sampled from urban and rural schools in Uasin-Gishu County to participate in the study. Dental caries status was assessed based on the criteria proposed by WHO for oral health surveys. Structured questionnaires was used to gather information on demographic and socio-economic status. A quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on dietary intake. Dietary intake data was analyzed using ENA for SMART computer programmes and the rest of the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21 (2007). The prevalence of dental caries stood at 39.3% with a mean dft of 1.55 and 60.7% being dental caries free. Children met their nutrient requirements for protein, vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus, but did not meet the requirements for energy, folate, vitamin A, and iron. Many children from urban than rural areas consumed sweets/candies at 33.5% and 15.3% respectively. Children from urban areas (288) had the highest mean dft of 1.83±1.37 while those from rural areas (154) had a mean dft score of 1.16±1.13. This was significantly different (p<0.05). Overweight was higher in the urban population compared to the rural population at 13.64% and 8.96% respectively. The prevalence of underweight was higher in rural areas at 10.7%, stunting at 14.6% and wasting at 6.8%. There is inadequate intake of Energy, Vitamin A and Iron in the diet consumed by the 5-year-old which might be contributing to dental caries prevalence both in the urban and rural areas of Uasin – Gishu County, Kenya. Children should be fed on nutrient rich foods and cariogenic foods should be consumed occasionally.
Preference, Voluntary Feed Intake, and Digestibility of Sheep Fed Untreated Rice Straw and Supplemented with Sole or Combined Fodder Tree Leaves
Authors: Idan F. , Adogla-Bessa T. , Amaning-Kwarteng K. 
Published: August 2020

Three experiments were conducted to measure the preference, voluntary feed intake (VFI), and digestibility of forest type (FT) sheep fed untreated rice straw (RS) and supplemented with either sole or combined fodder tree leaves [Leucaena (L), Samanea (S) or Gliricidia (G) and their equal combinations]. The preference index (PI) was determined by consumption difference of the three fodder tree leaves (FTL), using 12 FT sheep (6 rams and 6 ewes of average weight 17.0 ± 1 kg). The sheep were offered the FTL in a cafeteria-style, and the consumption within the first 1 h was used to rank them. The sheep showed marked preference (P < 0.0001) for Leucaena over either Samanea or Gliricidia. The PI followed this order: Leucaena > Samanea > Gliricidia. For the VFI study, a total of 24 FT sheep (16 rams and 8 ewes) of average weight 17.0 ± 1.0 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments were T1 (100% urea-ammoniated straw), T2 (RS + 100% L), T3 (RS + 100% S), T4 (RS + 100% G), T5 (RS + 50% L: 50% S), T6 (RS + 50% L: 50% G), T7 (RS + 50% G: 50% S), T8 (RS + 33% L: 33% G: 33% S). There were significant differences in the total and straw DM intakes. Total DM intake ranged from (523 to 694 g/d) whilst straw DM intake ranged from (430 to 692 g/d). The highest (P < 0.0001) total and straw DM intake were observed in sheep fed T8 and T1 diets compared to the other treatment diets. Feeding sole Gliricidia resulted in the lowest straw and total DM intakes but combining it with either Leucaena or Samanea improved intakes. In the digestibility study, 16 rams (average weight = 17.0 ± 1.0 kg) and same treatments for the VFI study were used to determine DM digestibility (DMD) and digestible organic matter in dry matter (DOMD). The DMD values ranged from 52.50% to 67.20 % while the DOMD was between 55.14 and 70.36%. Feeding T1 resulted in the highest (P = 0.027) DMD, and (P < 0.0001) DOMD but combining the FTL improved DMD and DOMD for the supplemented diets. The results of the study indicated that feeding combined FTL (3 FTL) resulted in a similar performance as that of the urea-ammoniated straw and could be used a low-cost protein supplement for sheep on low-quality roughage.
Unilateral Extensive Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer in a Child
Authors: Saleh Rafidah Md , Munaaim Maimunah Abdul 
Published: August 2020

We are reporting a case of an incidental finding of an extensive Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fiber Layers (MRNFL) in a healthy 12-year-old Malay boy. The child did not complain of any blurring of vision until he accidentally closed his seeing eye. On examination, the right visual acuity was 6/6 while the left visual acuity was 6/150. There was no Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD). The anterior segment was unremarkable. The fundus of the right eye was normal with a pink optic disc with CDR of 0.4, however, the left eye showed extensive MRNFL involving the whole fundus but sparing the macula. The subjective refraction of the right eye was Plano with 6/6 vision, while the left was –5.50/-1.50x50 with a vision of 6/150. Bjerrum of the right eye was normal but the left eye showed tunnel field at around 20 degrees with 2mm target size. His Humphrey Visual Field (HVF) 30-2, for the right eye, was normal with MD -0.90 while the left eye showed a generalized reduction of the field with MD of -20.23. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) of the right eye was normal while the affected eye showed thickening of the RNFL at the peripheral. The other layers of the retina and the foveal region of anatomy were somehow preserved. The axial length of the right eye was 24.10mm while the left eye was 28.06mm. MRNFL is a benign condition. It is commonly seen as a streak of whitish patch starting from the optic disc extending to the retina following the arcuate nerve fiber layer pattern, however, extensive myelinated retinal nerve fiber layer involving the whole retina was not very common and usually associated with amblyopia, axial myopia, and squint. Even though mostly benign and solitary, MNFL can be associated with other systemic condition, therefore, clinicians must rule out other systemic diseases.
Magnesium Functions as Superior Co-factor for Measuring Reverse Transcriptase Activity of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV
Authors: Islam Salequl , Ali Moni Mohammad , Tanaka Atsushi , Hoshino Hiroo 
Published: August 2020

This study compared different detection methods of human/simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections in the cell line systems; notably, i) Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), ii) integrated proviral DNA detection, iii) detection of syncytia, iv) measurement of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity. RTs of various retroviruses require cations, including Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+, for their enzyme-activities. The study further compared the roles of Mg2+ and Mn2+ as cofactors for RT activities of freshly harvested HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV. The NP-2/CD4/coreceptor cells were seeded for overnight and infected with viral inoculums at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) 1.0. The cells were passaged regularly in a 2-3 days interval and maintained up to 2 weeks. Infected cells were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Multinucleated giant cells (MGC) in syncytia were quantified by Giemsa-staining. Proviral DNA was detected by PCR, and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity was measured. Two different cations, Mg2+ and Mn2+ were used as cofactors for RT assay. We found all the strains of HIV-1, HV-2 and SIV to infection in the cell line conveniently. IFA had identified all the viral infections in the infected cells. Proviral DNA detection, syncytia formation was observed in the infected cells. We found a better performance of Mg2+ as cofactor over Mn2+ in RT assay for HIV-1, HIV-2, SIV. Different four detection techniques of HIV/SIV infections show high level of agreement in the NP-2-based cell line system. Mg2+ remains a better cofactor for RT.
Axiology of the Province Phenomenon in Russian Mass Media of the Beginning of the 21<sup>st</sup> Century
Authors: Parshina O. D. , Ivanyan E. P. 
Published: August 2020

The article presents the results of a study of value meanings of the province phenomenon in the discursive environment of the Russian mass media at the beginning of the 21st century. The basic semantics of the Russian lexeme provintsiya is described based on the data of the explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. The analysis is made of adjectival and verbal combinations selected by a continuous sampling method from the materials of the National Corpus of the Russian Language. The categories based on which the value semantics of the province in time and space are identified are defined. In accordance with the established categories, the selected adjectival and predicative combinations were distributed, and their estimation scaling was performed in relation to positive and negative evaluation. It is established that at the beginning of the 21st century the texts of mass media record changes in the value layer of ideas about the province in the language consciousness of modern Russian speakers. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of the axiological component of the lexeme provintsiya, a decrease in negative ratings was recorded with a simultaneous increase in positive ratings since 2006 for adjectival combinations and since 2004 for predicative ones. Dynamic changes in the evaluative meanings accompanying the word provintsiya in the media discourse can be considered as a reflection of the changing role and status of the province in the socio-cultural space of Russia.
Preposition Repetition in Phrases with Homogeneous Parts of a Sentence in Business Texts of the 18<sup>th</sup> Century
Authors: Ulitova A. S. 
Published: August 2020

The question of dialect differences in the use of homogeneous parts of a sentence and prepositions in business texts of the 18th century is considered. Attention is paid to the factors that influenced the preposition repetition in such groups. The results of comparative analysis of peripheral (in particular, Chelyabinsk) and Moscow business texts of the 18th century are presented. The question is raised whether the syntactic role of words in the group under study affected the preposition repetition. Special attention is paid to the duplication of the preposition in a number of stable expressions typical for the business usage of the 18th century. For the first time, the task is to identify differences in the use of repeated prepositions in business texts that relate to different territories. The relevance of the research is due to the fact that it draws readers’ attention to a new aspect in the history of the formation of Russian language norms. It is proved that in the business texts of the 18th century, which have different origins, territorial affiliation was not a decisive factor. The author points out that along with the place where the document was written, the author’s preferences, the functioning of prepositions in formula expressions, the syntactic role of homogeneous members, and the genre of the document may have influenced the duplication of the preposition.
About Lexical Differences between Old Shtokavian Croatian and New Shtokavian Serbian Dialects
Authors: Yakushkina E. I. 
Published: August 2020

The article deals with lexical differences between two Shtokavian Serbo-Croatian dialects: the dialect of the village Siche (Slavonia, Croatia) which belongs to archaic Slavonian dialect, and the dialect of the village of Gospodjinci (Voyvodina, Serbia) belonging to the innovative Shumadia-Voyvodina dialect. The study is actual because there are no dialect atlases of Serbo-Croatian territory and detailed descriptions of lexical features of different Shtokavian dialects. The study uses the lexical material collected specially on the base of the questionnaire of the Serbian-Croatian dialect Atlas. The article compares the differential vocabulary of questionnaires from two named villages. The analysis shows that the main part of differential lexems in two dialects are loan words, mainly of Turkish origin, which replaced in the Voyvodina dialect the Slavic words preserved in Slavonia. Among the lexical differences there are a number of proto-Slavic synonyms, which presumably contrasted various proto-Serbo-Croatian dialects at the beginning of the second Millennium. The words of later origin based on Slavic roots are not very important in the lexical opposition of the two dialects. From geolingustic point of vew Slavonian and Voyvodina dialects present an opposition of Western and Eastern Shtokavian.
Genre Features and Types of Adyghe Toponymic Legends
Authors: Kudaeva Z. Zh. , Khagozheeva L. S. 
Published: August 2020

The article examines the Adyghe toponymic traditions. The relevance of the work is that it addresses one of the complex theoretical problems of modern Russian folklore — the definition of differentiating genre features of works of oral folk prose. The authors proceed from the fact that the identification of genre characteristics of Adyghe toponymic legends should contribute to the creation of a generalizing genre system of Adyghe folk non-fairy prose. The novelty of the research consists in determining the genre features of Adyghe toponymic legends and their classification. In the continuum of Adyghe toponymic traditions, two groups are distinguished: the traditions of the first group are archaic, they tell about the events of the distant past and are known throughout the entire ethnic territory. It is shown that the plot of this type of legend is expanded, complicated and includes a number of additional motives — the history of migration and settlement of the current territories by the people, genealogical excursions. It is noted that another group of toponymic legends is associated with events of the recent past and has a narrow local connectedness. The marker of historical authenticity of the described facts and events is an indication of real historical persons who act as characters in the legend. It is argued that the plot of this type of legend is not developed, they are usually one-episode, and the area of distribution of this group of legends is usually limited to one locality.
Semantic Studies of Organisation and Functioning of Mental Lexicon
Authors: Belov V. A. 
Published: August 2020

The review article discusses the key problems of semantic organization of the mental lexicon. It is understood as a dynamic, cognitively organized semantic network of lexical units. The paper presents the characteristics of the main models of semantic organization of mental vocabulary, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. It is noted that currently connectionist models are developing most actively. Among them there are the following: the small world network, which considers a certain fragment of the lexicon; thesaurus models that combine all units of the lexicon; computational and distributive models that build relationships between a large number of units based on corpus data about shared usage. The author analyses the sources of information about the organization of the mental lexicon, among which the leading position is occupied by the results of associative experiments and priming. It is revealed that research is also carried out on the subjects’ intuitive assessments of word similarity, analysis of unintentional speech errors. Neuropsychological technologies are used to study the mental lexicon. The problem of semantic relations in the mental lexicon, which are described using a “spatial” metaphor, is discussed separately: semantic proximity is considered as a distance or a vector.
Red Guard Movement in the First Years of “Cultural Revolution” in China (1966—1967): View of Domestic and Foreign Researchers
Authors: Bondareva V. V. 
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the first years of “the cultural revolution” in China (1966—1967), characterized by high revolutionary activity of students and school youth, organized into groups of “red guards”, who were distinguished in their actions by extreme cruelty and fanaticism. From this point of view, the destructive actions of the red guards, which were of a terrorist and mass nature, highlight the main direction of their revolutionary strike, which was inflicted on the party and state apparatus of China. Mao Zedong is presented as the initiator of a mass movement of red guards who used monstrous terrorist methods to fight his opposition and all, from their point of view, not enough politically conscious elements. The hongweibing movement, considered as an instrument of Mao Zedong’s struggle with the opposition, allows to reveal in the course of research the personal qualities of a leader who, in the name of establishing his own cult, was not afraid to deliberately plunge the entire country into mass and deeply disorderly turmoil. The detailed description of Mao Zedong’s personal attitude to what is happening, based on documentary sources, reveals the deeply dictatorial and anti-democratic nature of his power, which was asserted in the first years of “the cultural revolution” with the help of the red guards movement.
Media Representation of the Pandemic: a Metaphorical Image of War (based on American Newspapers)
Authors: Dankova N. S. , Krekhtunova E. V. 
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the media representation features of the situation of coronavirus infection spread. The material was articles published in American newspapers. It is shown that the metaphorical model "War" is widely used in media coverage of the pandemic. The relevance of the work is due to the ability of the media to influence the mass consciousness. The methodological basis of the research is formed by critical discourse analysis, which establishes the connection between language and social reality. The article provides an overview of works devoted to the study of metaphor. The theoretical foundations for the study of metaphorical modeling are given. In the course of the analysis, the linguistic means of updating the metaphorical model "War" were revealed. The authors note that this metaphorical model is represented by such frames as “War and its characteristics”, “Participants in military action”, “War zone”, “Enemy actions”, “Confronting the enemy”. It is shown that modern reality is presented in the media as martial law, the coronavirus is positioned in the media as a cruel and merciless enemy seeking to take over the world, the treatment of the disease is represented as a fight against the enemy. It is concluded that the use of the metaphorical model "War" is one of the ways to conceptualize the spread of coronavirus.
Tips for Transplanting Tissue Cultured Plants1,2
Authors: Brainerd Kim E. , Fuchigami Les H. 
Published: August 2020

Our previous studies observed that a lack of closure of in vitro stomata causes water stress in low humidity environments, and that the stomatal closure mechanism develops during acclimatization. The objectives of this study were to determine if a structural or physiological difference prevented in vitro stomatal closure, and whether the duration for acclimatization depends on humidity, foliar application of ABA, darkness, or a high CO2 atmosphere.
Stomatal anatomy of in vitro and greenhouse acclimatized leaves were examined with light and scanning electron microscopy. No structural differences which could prevent closure of in vitro stomata were observed. At 30 to 40% relative humidity (RH), 4 to 5 days were necessary for acclimatization, i.e., ability for stomata to close; at 65% RH, 2 days were needed. Stomata in the culture environment did not acclimatize.
Results of these studies should aid nurserymen by improving the last stage of culture to minimize the time needed to acclimatize in vitro plants.
Influence of Herbicides on Shipping Quality of Landscape Plants
Authors: Hubbard Joanna , Whitwell Ted , Kelly John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Japanese barberry ‘Crimson Pygmy’, Crape myrtle ‘Byers Hardy Lavender’ and azalea ‘Girard Scarlet’ were treated with either Southern weedgrass control (pendimethalin) at 3.4 kg a.i./ha (3.3 a.i.lb/A) or Ornamental Herbicide-2 (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin) at 3.4 kg a.i./ha (3.3 lb a.i./A) or 6.7 kg a.i./ha (6.6 lb a.i./A) prior to simulated shipping in an enclosed environment. No injury was observed on any plants as a result of herbicide treatments.
Structure and Market Organization of Florida's Landscape Plant Industry
Authors: Hodges Alan , Haydu John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive survey of the Florida landscape plant nursery industry was conducted in 1989 in order to document its characteristics. Responses to a mailed-out questionnaire were received from 104 firms. Questions addressed in the survey included product sales, marketing practices, distribution areas, pricing and exchange arrangements. Sales reported by responding firms totaled $125 million, representing an estimated 59% of total industry sales. Current problems of the industry are discussed in relation to its structural characteristics: larger firms as compared to smaller firms had higher labor productivity, more seasonal sales, greater emphasis on container production rather than field production, more deciduous products, more distant and indirect market outlets, and more negotiable sales arrangements with a higher percentage of repeat customers. Also, within the past decade, an increasing proportion of Florida's landscape plants have been marketed within the state, while the share of sales to other states has been decreasing. At the same time, exports to other countries have increased substantially.
Growth and Visual Responses of Three Southwestern Acer Taxa to High-Salt Irrigation Water
Authors: Hatter Marvin D. , Morgan David L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of irrigation water high in soluble salts on the establishment of three species of maple trees in a Southwestern landscape were determined. Thirty Drummond red maple, Caddo sugar maple and bigtooth maple trees were irrigated during a 15-month period with either municipal water (pH 7.9, EC=952–1197 mg/l) or rainwater (pH 6.0, EC = 8.4 mg/l) after planting in containers of sandy clay loam soil. Trees of all species irrigated with rainwater had greater height and caliper increases, and better visual appearances than did those watered with municipal water. The Caddo and bigtooth maples were visually superior to the Drummond red maples. Frequency of irrigation had no effect on any measured plant responses, and no differences in leaf areas due to irrigation source or frequency were found.