bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the London Smoking Cessation Transformation Programme: a time–series analysis
Authors: Jackson Sarah E. , Beard Emma , West Robert , Brown Jamie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and aimNational social marketing campaigns have been shown to promote smoking cessation in England. There is reason to believe that regional and city‐wide campaigns can play a valuable role in reducing smoking prevalence over and above any national tobacco control activity. This study aimed to assess the impact of the London Smoking Cessation Transformation Programme, a multi‐component citywide smoking cessation programme, on quit attempts and quit success rates.Design and SettingInterrupted time–series analyses, using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and generalized additive models (GAM) of population trends in the difference between monthly quit attempts and quit success rates among smokers who made a quit attempt in London versus the rest of England before and during the first year of the programme.ParticipantsA total of 55 528 past‐year adult smokers who participated in a monthly series of nationally representative cross‐sectional surveys in England between November 2006 and August 2018. Twelve and a half per cent of smokers lived in London (intervention region) and 87.5% lived in the rest of England (control region).MeasurementsMonthly prevalence of quit attempts and quit success rates among smokers who made a quit attempt.FindingsThe monthly difference in prevalence of quit attempts in London compared with the rest of England increased by 9.59% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.35–14.83, P < 0.001] from a mean of 0.04% pre‐intervention to 9.63% post‐intervention. The observed increase in success rates among those who tried was not statistically significant (B = 4.72; 95% CI = –2.68 to 12.11, P = 0.21); Bayes factors indicated that these data were insensitive. GAM analyses confirmed these results.ConclusionThe promotion of the London Smoking Cessation Transformation Programme during September 2017 was associated with a significant increase in quit attempts compared with the rest of England. The results were inconclusive regarding an effect on quit success among those who tried.
Searching for meso‐level superordinate identities: An assessment of managerial value orientations across six industries
Authors: Weber James 
Published: December 2020

AbstractValues research generally confirms that personally held values influence an individual's decision processes and behavior. Yet this academic research often is limited to the individual or organizational level of analysis. This study utilizes social identity and personal values theories to search for the presence of superordinate identities emerging at the meso level from six different industries. The six selected industries—accounting, banking, construction, education, energy, and manufacturing—represent a mix of highly respected and disrespected industries, as well as industries that have an ethical professional association and those that do not. Results provide evidence of meso‐level superordinate identities, distinguishing managers' personal value orientations from a generalized population, and across the six selected industries. Implications emanating from this research for the human resource practitioners and academic scholars are discussed.
The vicious cycle of dental fear at age 31 in a birth cohort in Southern Brazil
Authors: Silveira Ethieli R. , Cademartori Mariana G. , Schuch Helena S. , Corrêa Marcos B. , Ardenghi Thiago M. , Armfield Jason , Horta Bernardo L. , Demarco Flavio F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis longitudinal study assessed the prevalence of dental fear in adulthood and the association with socio‐economic, behavioural and clinical variables. Also, the existence of a vicious cycle of dental fear was tested.MethodsA random sample of adults (n = 535) from the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Brazil, was selected. Socio‐economic data, behavioural characteristics and clinical variables were collected during different cohort waves. Oral health data were collected at ages 15, 24 and 31 years old, using questionnaires and oral examination. Dental fear (the outcome) was assessed by the question: ‘Are you afraid of going to the dentist?’, with possible responses: dichotomized into ‘No’ or ‘A little/Yes/A lot’. Exposure variables were as follows: dental visit in the last years (at the ages 15 and 31); caries experience (DMFT ≥ mean) at the ages 15 and 31; the trajectory of caries prevalence from 15 to 31 years old; dental pain in the last six months in the two ages evaluated; and self‐rated oral health at age 31. Several multivariable Poisson regression models were used to investigate the association between each of the exposure variables and dental fear.ResultsDental fear prevalence was 22.1%, and it was more prevalent among non‐white individuals and females. After controlling for potential confounders, dental fear was more likely to be reported by those individuals who had dental pain or a higher prevalence of dental caries at the age 15. Dental fear was also associated with a worse trajectory of dental caries, negative self‐rated oral health at age 31 and with not having visited the dentist in the last year (at the age 31). Results supported the proposed vicious cycle of dental fear.ConclusionsDental fear in adulthood was related to exposures occurring across the lifecourse. Also, it was possible to observe the occurrence of the vicious cycle of dental fear in the 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Therefore, preventive measures during different periods of the life course are required to prevent dental fear and adulthood.
Experienced support from family, school and friends among students in out‐of‐home care in a school‐based community survey
Authors: Tordön Rikard , Sydsjö Gunilla , Bladh Marie , Svanström Jennie , Svedin Carl Göran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractYouth in out‐of‐home care have elevated risks for adverse events and detrimental circumstances possibly affecting their development. Responses from 311 students in out‐of‐home care (OHC) were compared with peers living in birth parent care (BPC) and in single birth parent care (sBPC) in a regional school survey, directed to students in compulsory school eighth year and upper secondary school second year. Results indicate OHC students to experience less satisfaction with friends, leisure time, and families. They state less trust in support from friends and families but a more similar level to teachers, counsellors or nurses. OHC students also express being more exposed to abusive experiences online and perceive less sense of security at home and in school. We conclude that welfare institutions need to recognize the components in building trust and safety for students in OHC and that school and other professional institutions have an important role in serve resilience and promote well‐being for children in OHC.
Care(ful) relationships: Supporting children in secure care
Authors: Ellis Katie , Curtis Penny 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSecure children's homes are used to accommodate children aged 10–16 under two main categories; while half are sentenced after committing a serious offence, the other half are placed because there are serious concerns around their safety in the community. Secure children's homes are prized within the secure estate, and they administer complex therapeutic support to ‘the most vulnerable’ young people, however little is known about the experiences of those employed to work in such spaces. This paper shares findings from PhD research conducted in one secure children's home over 1 year. Data presented are drawn from sensitive ethnographic fieldwork and in‐depth interviews with residential staff and residents in the home. Although young people's views are important, we concentrate here on the perspectives of residential staff to share their reflections of delivering ‘care’ and the strategies used to manage successful relationships within a secure setting. We conclude that residential staff tread a fine line between creating emotional closeness while maintaining physical distance and that they are sometimes unable to return the intensity of feeling that residents' direct towards them. We recommend that all residential staff receive regular and detailed supervision to provide opportunity to request support when necessary.
The Threshold Effect of Factor Price Distortion on Technological Content of Exports: Evidence from China
Authors: Pi Jiancai , Song Daqiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing panel data from 31 provinces in China, covering the period from 2003 to 2017, this article analyzes the threshold effect of factor price distortion on the technological content of exports. The results show that factor price distortion does not necessarily impede improvement in the quality of the technological content of exports. Instead, the adverse effect can be weakened when the value of per capita GDP is higher than RMB13,154 or the value of FDI goes beyond RMB480.9 billion. This is because a high regional economic development level alleviates the adverse effect of factor price distortion on the technological content of exports. Our results are robust when the dependent variable and sample years are changed. This article also addresses the endogeneity issue. We also consider the underlying mechanism through which factor price distortion affects the technological content of exports.
Too Connected to Fail? Evidence from a Chinese Financial Risk Spillover Network
Authors: Chen Yu , Hu Jie , Zhang Weiping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on volatility spillover effects and considers the issue of how to measure the connectedness of networks among financial firms. To assess the network connectedness of firms from different industries, we proposed a novel procedure and applied it to 20 leading financial institutions from four industries in China's stock markets. The results show that the total connectedness of the Chinese financial system was much higher during the stock market crisis between June 2015 and February 2016 than during stable periods of economic development. This analysis can be used to determine which firms play a dominant role in risk transmission throughout the entire system. It is suggested that the government should provide targeted regulatory policies to particular types of firms.
The Impacts of Highly Resourced Vocational Schools on Student Outcomes in China
Authors: Li Guirong , Xu Jiajia , Li Liying , Shi Zhaolei , Yi Hongmei , Chu James , Kardanova Elena , Li Yanyan , Loyalka Prashant , Rozelle Scott 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPolicymakers in developing countries have prioritized the mass expansion of vocational education and training (VET). This study examines whether the quality of VET in developing countries increases by investing greater resources per student. To achieve this goal, we examine the impacts of attending model schools (which have far more resources per student) on a range of student cognitive, non‐cognitive, and behavioral outcomes. Using representative data from a survey of approximately 12,000 VET students from China, multivariate regression and propensity score matching analyses show that attending model vocational high schools do not benefit student outcomes, despite their substantially greater resources.
Preventive interventions targeting cannabis use and related harms in people with psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: Coronado‐Montoya Stephanie , Morissette Florence , Abdel‐Baki Amal , Fischer Benedikt , Côté José , Ouellet‐Plamondon Clairélaine , Tremblay Laurence , Jutras‐Aswad Didier 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimWhile most users will not experience severe adverse health outcomes from cannabis, it can be associated with negative outcomes in people with psychosis. People with psychosis who use cannabis have more severe psychiatric symptoms, higher rates of hospitalization, and diminished psychosocial functioning compared to those who do not use cannabis. Most studies of people with psychotic disorders have focused on cannabis use treatments and only a few on preventive interventions for cannabis. This systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive interventions focusing on cannabis use for people with psychosis.MethodsWe searched CINAHL Plus, EBM reviews, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycInfo and PubMed databases for controlled studies assessing the effects of preventive interventions on cannabis use and related harms in people with psychosis. We conducted the search using a combination of the following concepts: cannabis, psychosis, intervention and prevention. Risk of bias was assessed.ResultsThe search yielded 11 460 unique studies. Of these, five studies met our eligibility criteria. None of the studies demonstrated clear efficacy of prevention interventions in reducing cannabis use, and none measured cannabis‐related harms. All studies had high risk of bias.ConclusionThe small number of studies and the considerable risk of bias made it difficult to conclude whether any of the existing interventions were promising. With increased acceptance and accessibility of cannabis due to liberalizing cannabis policies, it is imperative to improve the evidence base for preventive interventions, in particular their effectiveness in decreasing the risk of cannabis‐related harms in people with psychosis.
β‐catenin regulates FOXP2 transcriptional activity via multiple binding sites
Authors: Richter Gesa , Gui Tianshu , Bourgeois Benjamin , Koyani Chintan N. , Ulz Peter , Heitzer Ellen , von Lewinski Dirk , Burgering Boudewijn M. T. , Malle Ernst , Madl Tobias 
Published: December 2020

The transcription factor forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is a highly conserved key regulator of embryonal development. The molecular mechanisms of how FOXP2 regulates embryonal development, however, remain elusive. Using RNA sequencing, we identified the Wnt signaling pathway as key target of FOXP2‐dependent transcriptional regulation. Using cell‐based assays, we show that FOXP2 transcriptional activity is regulated by the Wnt coregulator β‐catenin and that β‐catenin contacts multiple regions within FOXP2. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we uncovered the molecular details of these interactions. β‐catenin contacts a disordered FOXP2 region with α‐helical propensity via its folded armadillo domain, whereas the intrinsically disordered β‐catenin N terminus and C terminus bind to the conserved FOXP2 DNA‐binding domain. Using RNA sequencing, we confirmed that β‐catenin indeed regulates transcriptional activity of FOXP2 and that the FOXP2 α‐helical motif acts as a key regulatory element of FOXP2 transcriptional activity. Taken together, our findings provide first insight into novel regulatory interactions and help to understand the intricate mechanisms of FOXP2 function and (mis)‐regulation in embryonal development and human diseases.DatabaseExpression data are available in the GEO database under the accession number GSE138938.
Rock glaciers and paraglacial features influence stream invertebrates in a deglaciating Alpine area
Authors: Brighenti Stefano , Tolotti Monica , Bertoldi Walter , Wharton Geraldene , Bruno Maria Cristina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Climate change and progressive glacier loss are leading to rapid ecological shifts in alpine aquatic systems. Rock glaciers and paraglacial features such as proglacial lakes, moraines, and taluses can alter the gradients of glacial influence along alpine river networks, but the ecological responses are still understudied.

We investigated benthic invertebrate communities of different stream types (upper kryal, lower kryal, glacio‐rhithral, krenal, and rock glacial) within a deglaciating area of the Italian Alps (Solda and Zay sub‐catchments). Alpha‐ (Shannon index and taxa richness) and β‐diversity (i.e. nestedness and turnover), production (abundance, biomass), average body mass of invertebrate taxa, and functional feeding groups were used to analyse the influence of habitat conditions on invertebrate communities in different microhabitats (mineral substrates, bryophytes, Hydrurus foetidus). We defined an index of habitat mildness based on water temperature, channel stability, turbidity, and organic detritus, to measure the difference in community metrics over a gradient of habitat amelioration, driven by the mixing of distinct stream types and their interactions with paraglacial features.

While diversity proxies showed an asymptotic behaviour along the gradient, the quantitative metrics peaked at intermediate mildness. Peaks of invertebrate biomass/abundance were recorded at the glacio‐rhithral station below the talus. Highest average body mass occurred at Zay, specifically at the rock glacial stream, and at the lower kryal stations influenced by the lake/moraine and the rock glacier. The moraine outflow showed unexpected high biomass/abundance values of shredders and grazers, that were supported by a high epilithic production. Bryophytes acted as local scale multipliers of mildness as they stored more detritus, and hosted higher biomass/abundance of invertebrates and, in particular, of gatherer–collectors.

Beta‐diversity, driven by the turnover component, was positively related to different habitat mildness of the sampling stations. Although influenced by distinct lentic/lotic conditions, rock glacial streams hosted several taxa typical of glacio‐rhithral and krenal stations, alongside large numbers of Diamesa (Chironomidae), a genus typical of kryal habitats.

Under progressive deglaciation, rock glaciers and paraglacial features influence the invertebrate communities of alpine river networks. As they host a high number of taxa dwelling in non‐glacial locations, rock glacial streams may act as stepping stones facilitating invertebrate colonisation following glacier retreat. After glacier loss, rock glacial streams may represent climate refugia for cold adapted taxa and/or kryal specialists, because the slow thawing of their ice might sustain cold water conditions for a longer period of time.
Reducing Groundwater Pumping Cost Using Alternate Pulsed Pumping
Authors: Nagkoulis Nikolaos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with water pumping cost minimization, in a confined infinite aquifer, proposing an alternate pulsed pumping schedule. The transient flow analysis is conducted for two wells with equal pumping rates. Specifically, two pumping schedules are analytically compared. In the first case, well users pump simultaneously, and in the second one they cooperate so that they pump alternately. This paper proves that the proposed alternate pumping schedule works as a stabilizer, reducing the high hydraulic drawdowns values, regardless of the aquifer characteristics. Moreover, pumping alternately is better in terms of pumping cost, compared to simultaneous pumping, though benefit become negligible as distance between wells becomes large. Two simplified equations are proposed, one to find the difference of the hydraulic drawdowns between the two pumping schedules and the other one to find the economic benefit of each well from cooperation. The equations are finally applied to a number of cases and their results are compared to the results obtained from an algorithm created to calculate the hydraulic drawdowns and the pumping cost, using the Theis equation. The results can be very useful in irrigation scheduling, as they can be applied to systems of well users/farmers, to reduce pumping cost.
Hepatocyte CD1d protects against liver immunopathology in mice with schistosomiasis japonica
Authors: Lei Zhigang , Tang Rui , Qi Qianqian , Gu Pan , Wang Junling , Xu Lei , Wei Chuan , Pu Yanan , Qi Xin , Chen Ying , Yu Beibei , Yu Yanxiong , Chen Xiaojun , Zhu Jifeng , Li Yalin , Zhou Sha , Su Chuan 
Published: December 2020

SummarySchistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with over 250 million people infected worldwide. The main clinically important species Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) and Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) cause inflammatory responses against tissue‐trapped eggs, resulting in formation of granulomas mainly in host liver. Persistent granulomatous response results in severe fibrosis in the liver, leading to irreversible impairment of the liver and even death of the host. CD1d, a highly conserved MHC class I‐like molecule, is expressed by both haematopoietic and non‐haematopoietic cells. CD1d on antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) of haematopoietic origin presents pathogen‐derived lipid antigens to natural killer T (NKT) cells, which enables them to rapidly produce large amounts of various cytokines and facilitate CD4+ T helper (Th) cell differentiation upon invading pathogens. Noteworthy, hepatocytes of non‐haematopoietic origin have recently been shown to be involved in maintaining liver NKT cell homeostasis through a CD1d‐dependent manner. However, whether hepatocyte CD1d‐dependent regulation of NKT cell homeostasis also modulates CD4+ Th cell responses and liver immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis remains to be addressed. Here, we show in mice that CD1d expression on hepatocytes was decreased dramatically upon S. japonicum infection, accompanied by increased NKT cells, as well as upregulated Th1 and Th2 responses. Overexpression of CD1d in hepatocytes significantly decreased local NKT numbers and cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐13), concomitantly with downregulation of both Th1 and Th2 responses and alleviation in pathological damage in livers of S. japonicum‐infected mice. These findings highlight the potential of hepatocyte CD1d‐targeted therapies for liver immunopathology control in schistosomiasis.
Efficient multiscale strategy for toughening HfB2 ceramics: A heterogeneous ceramic–metal layered architecture
Authors: Bai Yuhang , Zhang Baoxi , Du Huiling , Cheng Laifei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA multiscale structural design was innovatively adopted herein to increase the toughness of monolithic HfB2 ceramics. SiC whiskers (SiCw) and graphene oxide (GO) were used as fillers for the HfB2 matrix, whereas a ductile W foil was introduced as an interlayer to synthesize laminated HfB2‐SiCw‐rGO/W ceramics. Monolithic HfB2‐SiCp (particulate) and laminated HfB2‐SiCp/W ceramics were prepared using the same routes and used as controls. Following tape casting and spark plasma sintering at 1800°C, the toughness of the prepared laminated HfB2‐SiCw‐rGO/W samples was increased to 14.2 ± 0.6 MPa·m1/2, with minimal sacrifice in flexural strength (421 ± 16 MPa). Morphological analysis of the fracture surface revealed the synergistic effects of micro‐toughening (including bridging and pullout of whiskers and rGO) and macro‐toughening (including crack deflection, bifurcation, and delamination) mechanisms responsible for improving the fracture toughness of the laminated HfB2‐SiCw‐rGO/W composites.