bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Frankfurter in Königsberg: Prolegomenon to any Future non-metaphysical Kant
Authors: Finlayson James Gordon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article I press four different objections on Forst’s theory of the ‘Right to Justification’. These are (i) that the principle of justification is not well-formulated; (ii) that ‘reasonableness and reciprocity’, as these notions are used by Rawls, are not apt to support a Kantian conception of morality; (iii) that the principle of justification, as Forst understands it, gives an inadequate account of what makes actions wrong; and (iv) that, in spite of his protestations to the contrary, Forst’s account veers towards a version of moral realism that isprima facieincompatible with Kantian constructivism. I then evaluate Forst’s theory in the light of a distinction made by Sharon Street between restricted and unrestricted constructivism. I show that Forst has reason to deny that it is either the one or the other, but he is not able to show that it is both or neither. I conclude that the arguments Forst advances in support of his constructivist theory of the right to justification entail that it is a metaphysical and comprehensive conception in the relevant, Rawlsian sense. Forst’s theory of the right to justification therefore fails to fulfil one of the main stated aims.
Seeing Blue in Black and White: Race and Perceptions of Officer-Involved Shootings
Authors: Jefferson Hakeem , Neuner Fabian G. , Pasek Josh 
Published: December 2020

Following racially charged events, individuals often diverge in perceptions of what happened and how justice should be served. Examining data gathered shortly after the 2014 shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri alongside reactions to a novel officer-involved shooting, we unpack the processes by which racial divisions emerge. Even in a controlled information environment, white Americans preferred information that supported claims of a justified shooting. Conversely, Black Americans preferred information that implied that the officer behaved inappropriately. These differences stemmed from two distinct processes: we find some evidence for a form of race-based motivated reasoning and strong evidence for belief updating based on racially distinct priors. Differences in summary judgments were larger when individuals identified strongly with their racial group or when expectations about the typical behaviors of Black Americans and police diverged. The findings elucidate processes whereby individuals in different social groups come to accept differing narratives about contentious events.
Three strategies to track configurations over time with Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Verweij Stefan , Vis Barbara 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) – a configurational research approach – has become often-used in political science. In its original form, QCA is relatively static and does not analyze configurations over time. Since many key questions in political science – and other social sciences – have a temporal dimension, this is a major drawback of QCA. Therefore, we discuss and compare three QCA-related strategies that enable researchers to track configurations over time: (1) Multiple Time Periods, Single QCA; (2) Multiple QCAs, Different Time Periods; and (3) Fuzzy-Set Ideal Type Analysis. We use existing datasets to empirically demonstrate and visualize the strategies. By comparing the strategies, we also contribute to existing overviews on how to address time in QCA. We conclude by formulating an agenda for the further development of the three strategies in applied research, in political science and beyond.
Evolution of perinatal outcomes and sociodemographic variables in Chile (1996–2017)
Authors: Mardones Francisco , Acuña José 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe evolution of birth weight (BW), birth length (BL), and gestational age at delivery (GAD) and their correlation with various maternal sociodemographic variables were studied in Chilean newborns from years 1996 to 2017. A slight decrease in the mean values of these perinatal outcomes was observed; however, their risk sub-categories increased significantly, especially for GAD, indicating an important deterioration. GAD was strongly correlated with BW and BL. In the contingency tables, all sociodemographic variables, with the exemption of sex, had a higher proportion of early term 37–38-week and late pre-term 34–36-week newborns in women with a higher socioeconomic level; the strongest positive association was observed between mother’s years of education and the GAD risk category 37–38 weeks. Different maternal factors, such as a higher frequency of cesarean sections, including either obesity presence or smoking habit, could be influencing presented results.
The economic value of tropical forests in meeting global climate stabilization goals
Authors: Fuss Sabine , Golub Alexander , Lubowski Ruben 
Published: December 2020

Non-technical summaryConserving tropical forests has many benefits, from protecting biodiversity, sustaining indigenous and local communities, and safeguarding climate. To achieve the ambitious climate goals of the Paris Agreement, forest protection is essential. Yet deforestation continues to diminish the world's forests. Halting this trend is the objective of the international framework for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+). While previous studies have demonstrated the contribution of tropical forests to mitigate climate change, here we show that tropical forest protection can ‘flatten the curve’ of the costs of transition to climate stability, estimating tens of trillions of dollars in policy cost savings.
Coverage of Robin Williams' Suicide in Australian Newspapers
Authors: Pirkis Jane , Currier Dianne , Bryant Marc , Bartlett Sara , Sinyor Mark , Spittal Matthew J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Background: Australia's Mindframe guidelines provide media professionals with advice on ways to safely report on suicide. Aims: We aimed to examine the extent to which Australian newspaper articles on Robin Williams' suicide conformed to the Mindframe recommendations. Method: We searched Factiva for relevant articles appearing in Australian newspapers during the 5 months following Williams' death on August 11, 2014. We retrieved the text of these articles from Factiva and, wherever possible, sourced scanned copies from the National Library of Australia. Trained coders rated the articles for quality, using a 10-item coding framework derived from the Mindframe guidelines. Results: Our search yielded 303 articles. In general, there were high levels of adherence to the Mindframe guidelines, with 67% of articles adhering to at least eight (80%) of the Mindframe guidelines. Limitations: We may have missed some articles and the coders' task involved some subjective judgments. Conclusion: Australian newspaper reporting of Robin Williams' suicide was largely consistent with the Mindframe guidelines. In particular, there was good adherence to recommendations designed to minimize the risk of imitative acts, which is positive. The poorer performance of articles in terms of recommendations to do with public education about suicide may be a missed opportunity.
Concentrated Slip and Low Rupture Velocity for the May 20, 2012, MW5.8, Po Plain (Northern Italy) Earthquake Revealed From the Analysis of Source Time Functions
Authors: Convertito Vincenzo , Pino Nicola Alessandro , Piccinini Davide 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe analyse the rupture properties of the May 20, 2012, MW5.8, Po Plain (Northern Italy) earthquake by using two different modeling procedures based on the source time functions: a forward modeling and a global inversion Bayesian method. While the forward modeling allows to retrieve general information on the source characteristics, the global inversion allows to explore a substantially larger number of possible solutions, with more parameters, providing a quantitative estimate of the misfit. We invert for the spatial slip distribution and for the rupture velocity on a planar fault model. The unknown slip is given at the nodes of the subfaults (control points) and then given at the elementary subfaults through a bilinear interpolation. The number of control points is progressively increased to move from a high‐ to low‐wavelength description of final slip on the fault plane. The optimal model parameter set is chosen according to the Akaike Information Criterion. The uncertainty on the slip distribution and rupture velocity has been estimated by a statistical analysis of the model ensemble and, in particular, through the weighted mean model and the standard deviation. We find that the most earthquake slip occurred in the regions located northeast and southwest of the hypocenter, consistent with the forward modeling. Moreover, we find a low rupture propagation velocity (0.4 compressional Mach number) similarly to what has been observed for the close 29 May, MW5.6, and radiation efficiency suggesting that half of the strain energy was used to create new fracture.
Femtosecond X‐Ray Diffraction of Laser‐Shocked Forsterite (Mg2SiO4) to 122 GPa
Authors: Kim Donghoon , Tracy Sally J. , Smith Raymond F. , Gleason Arianna E. , Bolme Cindy A. , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Appel Karen , Speziale Sergio , Wicks June K. , Berryman Eleanor J. , Han Sirus K. , Schoelmerich Markus O. , Lee Hae Ja , Nagler Bob , Cunningham Eric F. , Akin Minta C. , Asimow Paul D. , Eggert Jon H. , Duffy Thomas S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe response of forsterite, Mg2SiO4, under dynamic compression is of fundamental importance for understanding its phase transformations and high‐pressure behavior. Here, we have carried out an in situ X‐ray diffraction study of laser‐shocked polycrystalline and single‐crystal forsterite (a‐, b‐, and c‐orientations) from 19 to 122 GPa using the Matter in Extreme Conditions end‐station of the Linac Coherent Light Source. Under laser‐based shock loading, forsterite does not transform to the high‐pressure equilibrium assemblage of MgSiO3 bridgmanite and MgO periclase, as has been suggested previously. Instead, we observe forsterite and forsterite III, a metastable polymorph of Mg2SiO4, coexisting in a mixed‐phase region from 33 to 75 GPa for both polycrystalline and single‐crystal samples. Densities inferred from X‐ray diffraction data are consistent with earlier gas‐gun shock data. At higher stress, the response is sample‐dependent. Polycrystalline samples undergo amorphization above 79 GPa. For [010]‐ and [001]‐oriented crystals, a mixture of crystalline and amorphous material is observed to 108 GPa, whereas the [100]‐oriented forsterite adopts an unknown phase at 122 GPa. The first two sharp diffraction peaks of amorphous Mg2SiO4 show a similar trend with compression as those observed for MgSiO3 in both recent static‐ and laser‐driven shock experiments. Upon release to ambient pressure, all samples retain or revert to forsterite with evidence for amorphous material also present in some cases. This study demonstrates the utility of femtosecond free‐electron laser X‐ray sources for probing the temporal evolution of high‐pressure silicate structures through the nanosecond‐scale events of shock compression and release.
The Birth of a Hawaiian Fissure Eruption
Authors: Houghton B. F. , Tisdale C. M. , Llewellin E. W. , Taddeucci J. , Orr T. R. , Walker B.H. , Patrick M. R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMost basaltic explosive eruptions intensify abruptly, allowing little time to document processes at the start of eruption. One opportunity came with the initiation of activity from fissure 8 (F8) during the 2018 eruption on the lower East Rift Zone of Kīlauea, Hawaii. F8 erupted in four episodes. We recorded 28 min of high‐definition video during a 51‐min period, capturing the onset of the second episode on 5 May. From the videos, we were able to analyze the following in‐flight parameters: frequency and duration of explosions; ejecta heights; pyroclast exit velocities; in‐flight total mass and estimated mass eruption rates; and the in‐flight total grain size distributions. The videos record a transition from initial pulsating outgassing, via spaced, but increasingly rapid, discrete explosions, to quasisustained, unsteady fountaining. This transition accompanied waxing intensity (mass flux) of the F8 eruption. We infer that all activity was driven by a combination of the ascent of a coupled mixture of small bubbles and melt, and the buoyant rise of decoupled gas slugs and/or pockets. The balance between these two types of concurrent flow determined the exact form of the eruptive activity at any point in time, and changes to their relative contributions drove the transition we observed at early F8. Qualitative observations of other Hawaiian fountains at Kīlauea suggest that this physical model may apply more generally. This study demonstrates the value of in‐flight parameters derived from high‐resolution videos, which offer a rapid and highly time‐sensitive alternative to measurements based on sampling of deposits posteruption.
Present‐Day Kinematics in Southeastern Tibet Inferred From GPS Measurements
Authors: Wang Wei , Qiao Xuejun , Ding Kaihua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuantifying the regional kinematics is critical for understanding the deformation mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, we construct an elastic block model using a dense GPS velocity field to derive the fault slip rates in SE Tibet. We uncover good agreement between GPS and late Quaternary slip estimates, suggesting that the GPS slip rates estimated from our model can represent the long‐term fault motions in SE Tibet. Specifically, our model shows that the slip along the Xianshuihe fault increases from west to east, which may result from the initiation of the Longriba fault. The Litang, Zhongdian, and Xiaojiang faults and the faults bounding the Lijiang block exhibit extensional motions, in agreement with the regional tectonics and earthquake focal mechanisms. In the regions north of the Red River fault whose kinematics can be described through the rotations of subblocks with small residuals, the fault motions agree with focal mechanism patterns and tectonic block models. In regions south of the Red River fault, the right‐lateral shearing among the Red River, Lancang and Sagaing faults appears to explain the first‐order deformation features. However, the relatively large residuals and complex tectonic setting suggest that various other factors, such as asthenospheric flow and the subduction of the Burma plate may also influence the deformation. Thus, a single model extended to interpret all the geodynamic features in SE Tibet, especially south of the Red River fault, may be overly simple, and the extent to which each factor contributes to this deformation requires further study.
Lithogenic Particle Transport Trajectories on the Northwest Atlantic Margin
Authors: Hwang Jeomshik , Blusztajn Jurek , Giosan Liviu , Kim Minkyoung , Manganini Steven J. , Montluçon Daniel , Toole John M. , Eglinton Timothy I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe neodymium isotopic composition of the detrital (lithogenic) fraction (εNd‐detrital) of surface sediments and sinking particles was examined to constrain transport trajectories associated with hemipelagic sedimentation on the northwest Atlantic margin. The provenance of resuspended sediments and modes of lateral transport in the water column were of particular interest given the energetic hydrodynamic regime that sustains bottom and intermediate nepheloid layers over the margin. A large across‐margin gradient of ∼5 εNd units was observed for surface sediments, implying strong contrasts in sediment provenance, with εNd‐detrital values on the lower slope similar to those of “upstream regions” (Scotian margin) under the influence of the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). Sinking particles collected at three depths at a site (total water depth, ∼3,000 m) on the New England margin within the core of the DWBC exhibited a similarly large range in εNd‐detrital values. The εNd‐detrital values of particles intercepted at intermediate water depths (1,000 and 2,000 m) were similar to each other but significantly higher than those at 3,000 m (∼50 m above the seafloor). These observations suggest that lithogenic material accumulating in the upper two traps was primarily advected in intermediate nepheloid layers emanating from the adjacent shelf, while that at 3,000 m is strongly influenced by sediment resuspension and along‐margin, southward lateral transport within the bottom nepheloid layer via entrainment in the DWBC. Our results highlight the importance of both along‐ and across‐margin sediment transport as vectors for lithogenic material and associated organic carbon transport.
Emissions of Reactive Nitrogen From Western U.S. Wildfires During Summer 2018
Authors: Lindaas Jakob , Pollack Ilana B. , Garofalo Lauren A. , Pothier Matson A. , Farmer Delphine K. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Campos Teresa L. , Flocke Frank , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Montzka Denise D. , Tyndall Geoffrey S. , Palm Brett B. , Peng Qiaoyun , Thornton Joel A. , Permar Wade , Wielgasz Catherine , Hu Lu , Ottmar Roger D. , Restaino Joseph C. , Hudak Andrew T. , Ku I‐Ting , Zhou Yong , Sive Barkley C. , Sullivan Amy , Collett Jeffrey L. , Fischer Emily V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReactive nitrogen (Nr) within smoke plumes plays important roles in the production of ozone, the formation of secondary aerosols, and deposition of fixed N to ecosystems. The Western Wildfire Experiment for Cloud Chemistry, Aerosol Absorption, and Nitrogen (WE‐CAN) field campaign sampled smoke from 23 wildfires throughout the western U.S. during summer 2018 using the NSF/NCAR C‐130 research aircraft. We empirically estimate Nr normalized excess mixing ratios and emission factors from fires sampled within 80 min of estimated emission and explore variability in the dominant forms of Nr between these fires. We find that reduced N compounds comprise a majority (39%–80%; median = 66%) of total measured reactive nitrogen (ΣNr) emissions. The smoke plumes sampled during WE‐CAN feature rapid chemical transformations after emission. As a result, within minutes after emission total measured oxidized nitrogen (ΣNOy) and measured total ΣNHx (NH3 + pNH4) are more robustly correlated with modified combustion efficiency (MCE) than NOx and NH3 by themselves. The ratio of ΣNHx/ΣNOy displays a negative relationship with MCE, consistent with previous studies. A positive relationship with total measured ΣNr suggests that both burn conditions and fuel N content/volatilization differences contribute to the observed variability in the distribution of reduced and oxidized Nr. Additionally, we compare our in situ field estimates of Nr EFs to previous lab and field studies. For similar fuel types, we find ΣNHx EFs are of the same magnitude or larger than lab‐based NH3 EF estimates, and ΣNOy EFs are smaller than lab NOx EFs.
First Observations of Elves and Their Causative Very Strong Lightning Discharges in an Unusual Small‐Scale Continental Spring‐Time Thunderstorm
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Kašpar Petr , Popek Martin , Pizzuti Andrea , Spurný Pavel , Borovička Jiří , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Manninen Jyrki , Macotela Edith L. , Zacharov Petr , Lán Radek , Uhlíř Luděk , Diendorfer Gerhard , Bennett Alec , Füllekrug Martin , Slošiar Rudolf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe show for the first time that elves can be produced by an unusual small‐scale continental spring‐time thunderstorm. The storm occurred in Central Europe, covered a very small area of ∼50 × ∼30 km and lasted only for ∼4 h on April 2, 2017. The fraction of intense positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning strokes was unusually high, reaching 55%, with a mean peak current of 64 kA. The peak currents of return strokes (RS) associated with elves exceeded ∼300 kA. Elves and their causative RS have been observed with different optical and electromagnetic recordings. Signatures of ionospheric disturbances indicating the presence of elves were found in measurements of displacement currents, ionospheric reflections of sferics and man‐made narrow‐band transmissions. All these electromagnetic observations coincide with four optical detections of elves and strongly suggest the occurrence of two more elves later in the decaying phase of the storm. Surprisingly, the same electromagnetic measurements indicate that other strong strokes did not produce any elves. Our simulation results show that the formation of an elve is not only determined by the high‐peak current of their causative strokes but that it is also controlled by the conductivity of the lightning channels and velocity of the current wavefront. We hypothesize that because of a lower conductivity of RS lightning channels and/or slower current waves only very strong strokes with peak currents above ∼300 kA might have been capable to produce observable elves during this thunderstorm.
Aircraft‐Based Observations of Ozone‐Depleting Substances in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere in and Above the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Adcock Karina E. , Fraser Paul J. , Hall Brad D. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Lee Geoffrey , Montzka Stephen A. , Oram David E. , Röckmann Thomas , Stroh Fred , Sturges William T. , Vogel Bärbel , Laube Johannes C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent studies show that the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone (ASMA) transports emissions from the rapidly industrializing nations in Asia into the tropical upper troposphere. Here, we present a unique set of measurements on over 100 air samples collected on multiple flights of the M55 Geophysica high altitude research aircraft over the Mediterranean, Nepal, and Northern India during the summers of 2016 and 2017 as part of the European Union project StratoClim. These air samples were measured for 27 ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs), many of which were enhanced above expected levels, including the chlorinated very short‐lived substances, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), 1,2‐dichloroethane (CH2ClCH2Cl), and chloroform (CHCl3). CH2Cl2 mixing ratios in the tropopause region were 65–136 parts per trillion (ppt) in comparison to previous estimates of mixing ratios in the tropical tropopause layer of 30–44 ppt in 2013–2014. Backward trajectories, calculated with the trajectory module of the chemistry‐transport model CLaMS and driven by the ERA5 reanalysis, indicate possible source regions of CH2Cl2 in South Asia. We derived total equivalent chlorine (ECl), and equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC) and found that these quantities were substantially higher than previous estimates in the literature. EESC at mean age‐of‐air of 3 years based on the 2016 measurements was 1,861–1,872 ppt in comparison to a previously estimated EESC of 1,646 ppt. Our findings show that the ASMA transports larger than expected mixing ratios of long‐lived and very short‐lived ODSs into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, likely leading to an impact on the stratospheric ozone layer.