bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Onset of Autoimmune Diabetes in Children with Down Syndrome—Two Separate Aetiologies or an Immune System Pre-Programmed for Autoimmunity?
Authors: Mortimer Georgina L. , Gillespie Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewAn increased frequency of autoimmunity in children with Down syndrome (DS) is well described but few studies have investigated the underlying mechanisms. Recent immune system investigation of individuals with DS may shed light on the increased risk of autoimmune conditions including type 1 diabetes.Recent FindingsDiagnosis of type 1 diabetes is accelerated in children with DS with 17% diagnosed at, or under, the age of 2 years compared with only 4% in the same age group in the general population. Counterintuitively, children with DS and diabetes have less human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mediated susceptibility than age-matched children with autoimmune diabetes from the general population. Early onset of diabetes in DS is further highlighted by the recent description of neonatal cases of diabetes which is autoimmune but not HLA associated. There are two potential explanations for this accelerated onset: (1) an additional chromosome 21 increases the genetic and immunological risk of autoimmune diabetes or (2) there are two separate aetiologies in children with DS and diabetes.SummaryAutoimmunity in DS is an under-investigated area. In this review, we will draw on recent mechanistic studies in individuals with DS which shed some light on the increased risk of autoimmunity in children with DS and consider the current support for and against two aetiologies underlying diabetes in children with DS.
Haemodynamics of Hypertension in Children
Authors: Li Ye , Haseler Emily , Chowienczyk Phil , Sinha Manish D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To review the haemodynamic characteristics of paediatric hypertension.

Recent Findings
Pulsatile components of blood pressure are determined by left ventricular dynamics, aortic stiffness, systemic vascular resistance and wave propagation phenomena. Recent studies delineating these factors have identified haemodynamic mechanisms contributing to primary hypertension in children.

Summary
Studies to date suggest a role of cardiac over activity, characterized by increased heart rate and left ventricular ejection, and increased aortic stiffness as the main haemodynamic determinants of primary hypertension in children.
Effects on primary energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and related costs from improving energy end-use efficiency in the electrolysis in primary aluminium production
Authors: Haraldsson Joakim , Johansson Maria T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPrimary aluminium production is energy- and GHG-intensive in which electrolysis is by far the most energy- and GHG-intensive process. This paper’s aim is to study the effects on (1) primary energy use, (2) GHG emissions and (3) energy and CO2 costs when energy end-use efficiency measures are implemented in the electrolysis. Significant savings in final and primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs can be achieved by implementing the studied measures. Vertical electrode cells and the combination of inert anodes and wettable cathodes are among the measures with the highest savings in all three areas (primary energy use, GHG emissions and energy and CO2 costs). Direct carbothermic reduction is one of the measures with the highest savings in primary energy use and energy and CO2 costs. For GHG emissions, direct carbothermic reduction is the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of coal power, while inert anodes are the more beneficial choice in regions with a high proportion of low-carbon electricity. Although a company potentially can save more money by implementing the direct carbothermic reduction, the company should consider implementing the vertical electrode cells together with other energy-saving technologies since this would yield the largest GHG emission savings while providing similar cost savings as the direct carbothermic reduction. It may be necessary to impose a price on GHG emissions in order to make inert anodes cost-effective on their own, although further evaluations are needed in this regard. There is a potential to achieve carbon-neutrality in the reduction of aluminium oxide to pure aluminium.
Weak transitivity and agenda control for extended stepladder tournaments
Authors: Yang Yongjie , Dimitrov Dinko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA tournament graph over n players is weakly transitive at player p if it contains a Hamiltonian path $$\left( p_{1},p_{2}, \dots , p_{n}\right) $$

p
1

,

p
2

,
⋯
,

p
n

with $$ p_{1}=p$$

p
1

=
p

such that for all odd integers $$i\le n-2$$

i
≤
n
-
2

there is an arc from $$p_{i}$$

p
i

to $$p_{i+2}$$

p

i
+
2

. We show that weak transitivity at p suffices to make player p win any extended stepladder tournament of degree at most two.
Accident and hazard prediction models for highway–rail grade crossings: a state-of-the-practice review for the USA
Authors: Abioye Olumide F. , Dulebenets Maxim A. , Pasha Junayed , Kavoosi Masoud , Moses Ren , Sobanjo John , Ozguven Eren E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHighway–rail grade crossings (HRGCs) are one of the most dangerous segments of the transportation network. Every year numerous accidents are recorded at HRGCs between highway users and trains, between highway users and traffic control devices, and solely between highway users. These accidents cause fatalities, severe injuries, property damage, and release of hazardous materials. Researchers and state Departments of Transportation (DOTs) have addressed safety concerns at HRGCs in the USA by investigating the factors that may cause accidents at HRGCs and developed certain accident and hazard prediction models to forecast the occurrence of accidents and crossing vulnerability. The accident and hazard prediction models are used to identify the most hazardous HRGCs that require safety improvements. This study provides an extensive review of the state-of-the-practice to identify the existing accident and hazard prediction formulae that have been used over the years by different state DOTs. Furthermore, this study analyzes the common factors that have been considered in the existing accident and hazard prediction formulae. The reported performance and implementation challenges of the identified accident and hazard prediction formulae are discussed in this study as well. Based on the review results, the US DOT Accident Prediction Formula was found to be the most commonly used formula due to its accuracy in predicting the number of accidents at HRGCs. However, certain states still prefer customized models due to some practical considerations. Data availability and data accuracy were identified as some of the key model implementation challenges in many states across the country.
A novel entropy-based weighted attribute selection in enhanced multicriteria decision-making using fuzzy TOPSIS model for hesitant fuzzy rough environment
Authors: Dikshit-Ratnaparkhi Archana , Bormane Dattatraya , Ghongade Rajesh 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe existing approaches of multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) process might yield unreliable and questionable results. The notable challenges of MCDM approaches are rank reversal paradox and uncertainty. The prime inspiration for researchers is the MCDM for hesitant fuzzy sets (HFSs). In some scenarios, the decision-makers could not choose one from numerous values while expressing their preferences. HFS which is the extension of fuzzy sets (FS) is found to be helpful in solving such decision-making (DM) problems. The DM process is revolutionized with the commencement of powerful and efficient tools of data representation for expressing vagueness and uncertainty in data sets as FSs (both generalized and hesitant ones). This paper copes with one such novel approach that involves entropy-based attribute weighting, followed by an evaluation of approximate sets in the fuzzy rough framework. Correlation of the input alternatives in respect of evaluation criteria and the output class is evaluated. With the fuzzy technique for ordered preference by similarity to ideal solutions (FTOPSIS), the generated correlation matrix is utilized for calculating the degree of closeness ($$ \delta $$
δ
) of the output classes to the input alternatives. This paper made a novel contribution of performance indicator centered on FTOPSIS for the hesitant fuzzy rough domain. The proposed method’s efficiency is established through comprehensive and systematic experimentation on datasets utilized by researchers globally. The proposed algorithms prove its ability to handle datasets that involve human-like hesitant thinking in the MCDM system by contrasting with the existing ones.
Plasmonic Ag-Decorated Few-Layer MoS2 Nanosheets Vertically Grown on Graphene for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Seo Dong-Bum , Trung Tran Nam , Kim Dong-Ok , Duc Duong Viet , Hong Sungmin , Sohn Youngku , Jeong Jong-Ryul , Kim Eui-Tae 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA controllable approach that combines surface plasmon resonance and two-dimensional (2D) graphene/MoS2 heterojunction has not been implemented despite its potential for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. In this study, plasmonic Ag-decorated 2D MoS2 nanosheets were vertically grown on graphene substrates in a practical large-scale manner through metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of MoS2 and thermal evaporation of Ag. The plasmonic Ag-decorated MoS2 nanosheets on graphene yielded up to 10 times higher photo-to-dark current ratio than MoS2 nanosheets on indium tin oxide. The significantly enhanced PEC activity could be attributed to the synergetic effects of SPR and favorable graphene/2D MoS2 heterojunction. Plasmonic Ag nanoparticles not only increased visible-light and near-infrared absorption of 2D MoS2, but also induced highly amplified local electric field intensity in 2D MoS2. In addition, the vertically aligned 2D MoS2 on graphene acted as a desirable heterostructure for efficient separation and transportation of photo-generated carriers. This study provides a promising path for exploiting the full potential of 2D MoS2 for practical large-scale and efficient PEC water-splitting applications.
Assessing Future Changes of Climate Extreme Events in the CORDEX-MENA Region Using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate
Authors: Driouech Fatima , ElRhaz Khalid , Moufouma-Okia Willfran , Arjdal Khadija , Balhane Saloua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study investigates future changes of temperature, precipitation, and associated extreme events in the MENA region using Regional Climate Model ALADIN-Climate over the CORDEX-MENA domain. Model capabilities to reproduce key observed regional climate features are first assessed, including heat waves, drought and high precipitation extremes. Projected changes indicate the intensification of heat waves number, duration and magnitude, and contrasted precipitation changes. A drying is projected in the north-west and moistening in the north-east along the Mediterranean side of the region. Projected regional warming is found at the rate of about 0.2 °C/decade to 0.5 °C/decade over land depending on the scenario. Drought is expected to increase in the northern half of the region independently from the index used, but with a higher rate in the case of the index accounting for both the effect of precipitation and temperature changes. ALADIN-Climate results corroborate previous studies projecting the MENA region to host global hot spots for drought in the late twenty-first century.
Pregnancy Outcomes of Single/Double Blastocysts and Cleavage Embryo Transfers: a Retrospective Cohort Study of 24,422 Frozen-Thawed Cycles
Authors: Long Xiaoyu , Wang Yuanyuan , Wu Fangrong , Li Rong , Chen Lixue , Qian Weiping , Qiao Jie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the effect of blastocyst- and cleavage-stage embryo transfers with different numbers of transferred embryos on pregnancy outcomes in China. This was a retrospective cohort study that collected 24,422 frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles in two affiliated hospitals of Peking University Health Science Center between January 2015 and May 2018. They were divided into four groups: the single cleavage-stage embryo transfer group (C-1) (763 cycles), double cleavage-stage embryo transfer group (C-2) (13,004 cycles), single blastocyst-stage embryo transfer group (B-1) (7913 cycles), and double blastocyst-stage embryo transfer group (B-2) (2046 cycles). Of the four groups, the live birth rate was the lowest in the C-1 group (11.8%) while it was the highest in the B-2 group (33.6%). However, the B-2 group was accompanied with higher risks of miscarriages, maternal complications, twin births, preterm births, and low birth weight. Compared with the C-2 group, the B-1 group had a lower live birth rate (23.0 vs 29.0%; aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.72–0.85), but also had a lower risk for twin births (1.9 vs 23.4%; aOR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.04–0.09) and preterm births (9.6 vs 16.1%; aOR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.41–0.65). The probability of live birth in the B-1 group declined from 0.25 at 20–29 years old to 0.08 at > 40 years old, while the probabilities of adverse outcomes went up with maternal age. It can be concluded that single-blastocyst embryo transfer seems to be the best choice for all maternal ages. This group of embryo transfer has significantly reduced adverse neonatal outcomes. Especially, women with younger maternal age in this group appear to prominently benefit from single-blastocyst transfer.
Susceptibility to prosocial and antisocial influence in adolescence
Authors: Ahmed S. , Foulkes L. , Leung J.T. , Griffin C. , Sakhardande A. , Bennett M. , Dunning D.L. , Griffiths K. , Parker J. , Kuyken W. , Williams J.M.G. , Dalgleish T. , Blakemore S.J. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionAdolescents are particularly susceptible to social influence and previous studies have shown that this susceptibility decreases with age. The current study used a cross‐sectional experimental paradigm to investigate the effect of age and puberty on susceptibility to both prosocial and antisocial influence.MethodsParticipants (N = 520) aged 11–18 from London and Cambridge (United Kingdom) rated how likely they would be to engage in a prosocial (e.g. “help a classmate with their work”) or antisocial (e.g. “make fun of a classmate”) act. They were then shown the average rating (in fact fictitious) that other adolescents had given to the same question, and were then asked to rate the same behaviour again.ResultsBoth prosocial and antisocial influence decreased linearly with age, with younger adolescents being more socially influenced when other adolescents’ ratings were more prosocial and less antisocial than their own initial rating. Both antisocial and prosocial influence significantly decreased across puberty for boys but not girls (independent of age).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that social influence declines with increasing maturity across adolescence. However, the exact relationship between social influence and maturity is dependent on the nature of the social influence and gender. Understanding when adolescents are most susceptible to different types of social influence, and how this might influence their social behaviour, has important implications for understanding adolescent social development.
Optimization of hot-water ice-coring drills
Authors: Liu An , Wang Rusheng , Yang Yang , Wang Liang , Li Xiao , Li Yazhou , Talalay Pavel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHot-water ice-coring drills are often used to recover ice core samples from desirable depths in conjunction with full-scale hot-water drilling systems. However, the recovered cores exhibit varying qualities. The coring performance of a hot-water ice-coring drill depends significantly on the structure of the coring drill head (nozzle angle, diameter and number). To discover the most significant factor affecting ice-coring performance, nine types of drill heads were designed and tested in this study according to the orthogonal test design. Results indicated that the nozzle angle is the most significant factor that affects the coring quality and the optimal angle is ~15°. The number of nozzles is the second most important factor; a large number assists in obtaining ice cores of high quality. The optimal nozzle configuration to recover good quality cores are the following: the nozzle diameter, number of nozzles and nozzle angle are 1 mm, 60 nozzles and 15°, respectively, with the maximum diameter and 2 mm, 60 nozzles and 15°, respectively, with the maximum length.
Incorporating professional recommendations into a graduate-level statistical consulting laboratory: A case study
Authors: Sima Adam P. , Rodriguez Viviana A. , Bradbrook Keighly E. , DiPace Brian S. , Okhomina Victoria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:There has been a recent trend in medical research towards a more collaborative relationship between statisticians and clinical investigators. This has led to an increased focus on the most efficient and effective ways to structure, conduct, and measure the impact of organizations that provide statistical services to clinical investigators. Several recent guidelines and recommendations on the conduct of statistical consulting services(SCSs) have been made in response to this need, focusing on larger SCSs consisting primarily of faculty and staff statisticians. However, the application of these recommendations to consulting services primarily staffed by graduate students, which have the dual role of providing a professional service and training, remains unclear.Methods:Guidelines and recommendations, primarily from the Clinical and Translational Science (CTSA) consortium, were applied to a SCS staffed primarily by graduate students in an academic health center. A description of the organizational structure and outcomes after 3 years of operation is presented.Results:The guidelines recommended by the CTSA consortium and other groups were successfully incorporated into the graduate consulting laboratory. At almost one new project request per week, the consulting laboratory demonstrated a large bandwidth and had an excellent feedback from investigators.Conclusions:Guidelines developed for larger statistical consulting organizations are able to be applied in student-led consultation organizations. Outcomes and recommendations from 3.5 years of operation are used to describe the successes and challenges we have encountered.
National Identity for Breakfast: Food Consumption and the Everyday Construction of National Narratives in Estonia
Authors: Polese Abel , Seliverstova Oleksandra , Kerikmae Tanel , Cheskin Ammon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolitical debates on the Baltics, and in particular Estonia, have often pointed to “nationalisting” and exclusive narratives constructed at the institutional level. Accordingly, emphasis has been put on the lack of opportunities for Russians to integrate into an Estonian context. While acknowledging the shortfalls of the Estonian political project, this article contrasts these views in two ways. By emphasizing people’s agency and their capacity to question, contrast, or even reject the identity markers proposed by Estonian official narratives, we maintain that the integration of Russians might be more advanced than insofar claimed by other studies. We then look at the way identities are lived in an everyday context by inhabitants of Estonia to counterpose national narratives proposed by the state and its political institutions, with the way people live and whether they accept these narratives. By doing this, we explore the role of the everyday in the reconstruction of national identity narratives, in which citizens actively participate in their individual capacity. We suggest that, from a James Scott “infrapolitics” perspective, these micro-actions have a fundamental role in the reshaping of a national identity and its acceptance among citizens.
THE NATURE OF THE HALLSTATTIAN CULTURAL CHANGE IN NORTHERN CENTRAL EUROPE IN LIGHT OF RADIOCARBON DATING OF THE LATE BRONZE AGE STRONGHOLD AT ŁUBOWICE NEAR RACIBÓRZ (SOUTHWEST POLAND)
Authors: Chochorowski Jan , Krąpiec Marek 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAt the close of the Bronze Age, a tendency developed in Central Europe towards the concentration of settlement and fortification of sites which served special economic and social functions. One of the largest centers of this kind in the northern part of Central Europe is the Łubowice stronghold (SW Poland). Archaeological excavations allowed the stratigraphy of the fortification remnants to be comprehensively investigated. In their final stage, these fortifications comprised of a monumental earthen rampart with timber structures, which were later destroyed in a violent fire. Originally, the destruction of the Łubowice stronghold was linked with the raids by nomadic Scythians and dated to the first half of the 6th century BC. However, radiocarbon analyses of charcoal from the burned rampart relics have shown that the destruction of the fortifications took place in the 9th century BC. The new dating of the moment when the Łubowice fortifications was burned down, i.e. “shortly after 845–802 cal BC” places this event within historical processes which reshaped the cultural picture in much of Central Europe at the dawn of the Iron Age. The spreading of a new, Hallstatt cultural model was associated with deep changes in social structures.
Creditor Rights and Bank Loan Losses
Authors: Heitz Amanda Rae , Narayanamoorthy Ganapathi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe develop hypotheses regarding the association between two types of creditor rights and bank loan losses. Contrary to prior research conclusions, bank lending risk is negatively associated with both restrictions on reorganization and the secured creditor being paid first. Using accounting disclosures, we develop novel empirical measures of the probability of default (PD) and loss given default (LGD) at the loan-portfolio level. Different types of creditor rights have differential effects pertaining to PD and LGD and exhibit significant intertemporal variation. We corroborate our cross-country findings using the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) shock to creditor rights.
Relationship between anosmia and hospitalisation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: an otolaryngological perspective
Authors: Avcı H , Karabulut B , Farasoglu A , Boldaz E , Evman M 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveA study was carried out to evaluate the relationship between anosmia and hospital admission in coronavirus disease 2019 patients.MethodsThe clinical data of 1534 patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 virus were analysed. The study was conducted with medical records of 1197 patients (78 per cent). The basic characteristics of patients and symptoms related to otolaryngology practice were examined. The patients were divided into two groups according to their follow up: an out-patient group and an in-patient group.ResultsThe majority of patients presented with anosmia (44.2 per cent), dysgeusia (43.9 per cent) and fever (38.7 per cent). Anosmia was observed in 462 patients (47 per cent) in the out-patient group, and in only 67 patients (31.2 per cent) in the in-patient group. Younger age (odds ratio = 1.05, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.03–1.06) and the presence of anosmia (odds ratio = 2.04, 95 per cent confidence interval = 1.39–3) were significantly related to out-patient treatment.ConclusionAnosmia could be a symptom in the clinical presentation of the coronavirus disease 2019 infection.