bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of modeling approaches for current transport in polysilicon-channel nanowire and macaroni GAA MOSFETs
Authors: Mannara Aurelio , Malavena Gerardo , Sottocornola Spinelli Alessandro , Monzio Compagnoni Christian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we compare quantitatively the results obtained from the numerical simulation of current transport in polysilicon-channel MOSFETs under different modeling assumptions typically adopted to reproduce the basic physics of the devices, including the effective medium approximation and the description of polysilicon as the haphazard ensemble of monocrystalline silicon grains separated by highly defective grain boundaries. In the latter case, both pure drift-diffusion transport and a mix of intra-grain drift-diffusion and inter-grain thermionic emission are considered. Interest is focused on cylindrical nanowire and macaroni gate-all-around structures, due to their relevance in the field of 3-Dimensional NAND Flash memories, focusing not only on the average behavior but also on the variability in the electrical characteristics of the devices.
Completions and algebraic formulas for the coefficients of Ramanujan’s mock theta functions
Authors: Klein David , Kupka Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present completions of mock theta functions to harmonic weak Maass forms of weight $$\nicefrac {1}{2}$$

1
2

and algebraic formulas for the coefficients of mock theta functions. We give several harmonic weak Maass forms of weight $$\nicefrac {1}{2}$$

1
2

that have mock theta functions as their holomorphic part. Using these harmonic weak Maass forms and the Millson theta lift, we compute finite algebraic formulas for the coefficients of the appearing mock theta functions in terms of traces of singular moduli.
The correlation between Jun N-terminal kinase pathway-associated phosphatase and Th1 cell or Th17 cell in sepsis and their potential roles in clinical sepsis management
Authors: Yu Dan , Peng Xiaohong , Li Peng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
We aimed to investigate the association between Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway-associated phosphatase (JKAP) and T helper type 1 (Th1) cell or Th17 cell, and their clinical values in sepsis patients.

Methods
Totally 125 sepsis patients and 100 healthy subjects as controls were included. Peripheral blood was extracted from each sepsis patient and each control, then serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were separated. JKAP and inflammatory cytokines were detected in serum by ELISA; Th1 cell or Th17 cell proportion was detected in PBMC using flow cytometry.

Results
JKAP level was downregulated while Th1 and Th17 cell proportions were upregulated in sepsis patients compared with controls. JKAP level negatively correlated with Th1 cell proportion in sepsis patients and controls, while was only negatively associated with Th17 cell proportion in sepsis patients but not in controls. In sepsis patients, JKAP level negatively associated with TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17 expressions. Meanwhile, JKAP level negatively but Th17 cell proportion positively correlated with acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores; however, Th1 cell proportion only positively associated with APACHE II score but not SOFA score. Additionally, JKAP level was reduced, while Th1 and Th17 cell proportions were increased in septic deaths compared with survivors. Multivariate logistic regression model disclosed that JKAP level and Th17 cell proportion independently predicted 28-day mortality.

Conclusion
Blood JKAP correlates with decreased Th1 and Th17 cells, also associates with reduced inflammatory cytokines, disease severity, and favorable outcome in sepsis patients.
Acute Distress Respiratory Syndrome After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Incidence and Impact on the Outcome in a Large Multicenter, Retrospective Cohort
Authors: Mazeraud Aurélien , Robba Chiara , Rebora Paola , Iaquaniello Carolina , Vargiolu Alessia , Rass Verena , Bogossian Elisa Gouvea , Helbok Raimund , Taccone Fabio Silvio , Citerio Giuseppe 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Respiratory complications are frequently reported after aneurismal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), even if their association with outcome remains controversial. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the most severe pulmonary complications after aSAH, with a reported incidence ranging from 11 to 50%. This study aims to assess in a large cohort of aSAH patients, during the first week after an intensive care unit (ICU) admission, the incidence of ARDS defined according to the Berlin criteria and its effect on outcome.

Methods
This is a multicentric, retrospective cohort study in 3 European intensive care units. We collected data between January 2009 and December 2017. We included adult patients (≥ 18 years) with a diagnosis of aSAH admitted to the ICU.

Results
A total of 855 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. ARDS was assessable in 851 patients. The cumulative incidence of ARDS was 2.2% on the first day since ICU admission, 3.2% on day three, and 3.6% on day seven. At the univariate analysis, ARDS was associated with a poor outcome (p = 0.005) at ICU discharge, and at the multivariable analysis, patients with ARDS showed a worse neurological outcome (Odds ratio = 3.00, 95% confidence interval 1.16–7.72; p = 0.023).

Conclusions
ARDS has a low incidence in the first 7 days of ICU stay after aSAH, but it is associated with worse outcome.
Pyrolysis of Dry Toilet Substrate as a Means of Nutrient Recycling in Agricultural Systems: Potential Risks and Benefits
Authors: Bleuler M. , Gold M. , Strande L. , Schönborn A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Biochar is increasingly being applied as a soil amendment in agriculture. Biochar is typically produced from plant biomass and contains relatively low amounts of plant nutrients (e.g., N, P, and K), thus providing limited fertilizer value. Human excreta contains plant nutrients that could be recycled to create sustainable agricultural nutrient cycles. This study investigated the potential of biochar derived from a dry toilet substrate as soil amendment. The substrate consisted of urine, faeces, and wood chips, and was pyrolyzed at 500–650 °C for 10 min. The biochar was analyzed for plant available P, water leachable P and K, carbon stability, pH, electrical conductivity, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins, and germination tests with barley and lettuce were conducted to estimate the biochar fertilizer value and potential bio-toxicity. The biochar contained 25.0 ± 1.0 g N/kg dry mass (DM), 33.1 ± 2.1 g P/kg DM and 20.7 ± 0.2 g K/kg DM. 65% DM P was extractable by formic acid solution, 31.7% DM P and 60.5% DM K were water leachable in a ten-day column water-leaching experiment. The biochar complied with European regulations for PAHs, PCBs, dioxins and heavy metal concentrations, except for Zn and Ni. Germination of salt-resistant barley was not affected by biochar doses < 50% DM, while salt-sensitive lettuce germination was inhibited at doses ≥ 2% DM, indicating that the dry toilet substrate biochar induced salt stress. Based on these results, it is recommended that urine separation should be considered for biochar of excreta, which could reduce salt stress while maintaining concentrations of “fixed” or bioavailable nitrogen.

Graphic Abstract
The <I>'Ulama</I> in Contemporary Pakistan
Authors: Saif Mashal 
Published: October 2020

In this book, Mashal Saif explores how contemporary 'ulama, the guardians of religious knowledge and law, engage with the world's most populated Islamic nation-state: Pakistan. In mapping these engagements, she weds rigorous textual analysis with fieldwork and offers insight into some of the most significant and politically charged issues in recent Pakistani history. These include debates over the rights of women; the country's notorious blasphemy laws; the legitimacy of religiously mandated insurrection against the state; sectarian violence; and the place of Shi'as within the Sunni majority nation. These diverse case studies are knit together by the project's most significant contribution: a theoretical framework that understands the 'ulama's complex engagements with their state as a process of both contestation and cultivation of the Islamic Republic by citizen-subjects. This framework provides a new way of assessing state - 'ulama relations not only in contemporary Pakistan but also across the Muslim world.
Executive Underreach, in Pandemics and Otherwise
Authors: Pozen David E. , Scheppele Kim Lane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLegal scholars are familiar with the problem of executive overreach, especially in emergencies. But sometimes, instead of being too audacious or extreme, a national executive's attempts to address a true threat prove far too limited and insubstantial. In this Essay, we seek to define and clarify the phenomenon of executive underreach, with special reference to the COVID-19 crisis; to outline ways in which such underreach may compromise constitutional governance and the international legal order; and to suggest a partial remedy.
Short Supply Conditions and the Law of International Trade: Economic Lessons from the Pandemic
Authors: Sykes Alan O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by shortages and potential shortages of products critical to the public health response. Many nations have responded with export restrictions on these products, restrictions that are permitted under international trade law as a temporary response to short supply conditions generally and to public health emergencies in particular. This Essay argues that such export restrictions are economically counterproductive from a global efficiency perspective, and that governments acting unilaterally will nevertheless employ them due to international externalities that propagate through the “terms of trade.” This observation raises a puzzle as to why international law should facilitate rather than curtail them. The most plausible answer is that legal authority for such measures is a politically necessary “escape clause” in trade agreements, akin to safeguard measures.
The WHO in the Age of the Coronavirus
Authors: Alvarez José E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe responses of states and the WHO to the COVID-19 pandemic reveal the considerable weaknesses of international organizations. Although the Trump administration has misdiagnosed the WHO's ills, the WHO has indeed failed to meet the public health threat posed by the coronavirus. The WHO's responses to the current crisis demonstrate that it shares five disorders common to other UN system expert-driven organizations: overdependence on states; singular reliance on “managerial” approaches to enforcement; inflexible emergency declarations; absence of regularized systems for inter-regime collaboration; and common bureaucratic pathologies.
Beyond Ideology: Reassessing the Threat of Belarusian Opposition in Interwar Poland
Authors: Fedorowycz Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe historical literature on interwar Polish policy on Belarusians and other minorities focuses primarily on the relationship between the regime in power and minority groups as a single block, failing to note instances in which regime policies toward specific organizations have not been uniform. Despite the fact that Belarusian ethnic identity was ambiguous and national consciousness low, no fewer than 13 political organizations in interwar Poland claimed to represent the minority. The most influential organization was the Belarusian Peasants’ and Workers’ Union Hromada. Less than two years after the organization’s inception, it was banned in 1927. This article examines why an organization like Hromada, which did not resort to violence and in fact took pains to operate within the legal framework of the Polish constitution, was shuttered by the state, while other organizations with similar profiles were allowed to operate. The article reveals that Hromada was not banned strictly due to what the government considered its radical ideology or because it was an antisystem party, but rather it was banned for its ability to suppress organizational pluralism among Belarusian organizations. The article advances the existing literature by (a) shifting away from analyzing the dynamics between a state and an ethnic group as a whole, by disaggregating the level of analysis to focus on minority political organizations, and by (b) going beyond ideology as the main explanatory variable dictating state policies toward minorities.
On the impact of network size and average degree on the robustness of centrality measures
Authors: Martin Christoph , Niemeyer Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMeasurement errors are omnipresent in network data. Most studies observe an erroneous network instead of the desired error-free network. It is well known that such errors can have a severe impact on network metrics, especially on centrality measures: a central node in the observed network might be less central in the underlying, error-free network. The robustness is a common concept to measure these effects. Studies have shown that the robustness primarily depends on the centrality measure, the type of error (e.g., missing edges or missing nodes), and the network topology (e.g., tree-like, core-periphery). Previous findings regarding the influence of network size on the robustness are, however, inconclusive. We present empirical evidence and analytical arguments indicating that there exist arbitrary large robust and non-robust networks and that the average degree is well suited to explain the robustness. We demonstrate that networks with a higher average degree are often more robust. For the degree centrality and Erdős–Rényi (ER) graphs, we present explicit formulas for the computation of the robustness, mainly based on the joint distribution of node degrees and degree changes which allow us to analyze the robustness for ER graphs with a constant average degree or increasing average degree.
Cellular dehydration acutely degrades mood mainly in women: a counterbalanced, crossover trial
Authors: Suh HyunGyu , Lieberman Harris R. , Jansen Lisa T. , Colburn Abigail T. , Adams J. D. , Seal Adam D. , Butts Cory L. , Kirkland Tracie M. , Melander Olle , Vanhaecke Tiphaine , Dolci Alberto , Lemetais Guillaume , Perrier Erica T. , Kavouras Stavros A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is unclear if mild-to-moderate dehydration independently affects mood without confounders like heat exposure or exercise. This study examined the acute effect of cellular dehydration on mood. Forty-nine adults (55 % female, age 39 (sd 8) years) were assigned to counterbalanced, crossover trials. Intracellular dehydration was induced with 2-h (0·1 ml/kg per min) 3 % hypertonic saline (HYPER) infusion or 0·9 % isotonic saline (ISO) as a control. Plasma osmolality increased in HYPER (pre 285 (sd 3), post 305 (sd 4) mmol/kg; P < 0·05) but remained unchanged in ISO (pre 285 (sd 3), post 288 (sd 3) mmol/kg; P > 0·05). Mood was assessed with the short version of the Profile of Mood States Questionnaire (POMS). The POMS sub-scale (confusion-bewilderment, depression-dejection, fatigue-inertia) increased in HYPER compared with ISO (P < 0·05). Total mood disturbance score (TMD) assessed by POMS increased from 10·3 (sd 0·9) to 16·6 (sd 1·7) in HYPER (P < 0·01), but not in ISO (P > 0·05). When TMD was stratified by sex, the increase in the HYPER trial was significant in females (P < 0·01) but not in males (P > 0·05). Following infusion, thirst and copeptin (surrogate for vasopressin) were also higher in females than in males (21·3 (sd 2·0), 14·1 (sd 1·4) pmol/l; P < 0·01) during HYPER. In conclusion, cellular dehydration acutely degraded specific aspects of mood mainly in women. The mechanisms underlying sex differences may be related to elevated thirst and vasopressin.
Relative validity and reliability of a novel diet quality assessment tool for athletes: the Athlete Diet Index
Authors: Capling Louise , Gifford Janelle A. , Beck Kathryn L. , Flood Victoria M. , Halar Fiona , Slater Gary J. , O’Connor Helen T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiet quality indices are a practical, cost-effective method to evaluate dietary patterns, yet few have investigated diet quality in athletes. This study describes the relative validity and reliability of the recently developed Athlete Diet Index (ADI). Participants completed the electronic ADI on two occasions, 2 weeks apart, followed by a 4-d estimated food record (4-dFR). Relative validity was evaluated by directly comparing mean scores of the two administrations (mAdm) against scores derived from 4-dFR using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and Bland–Altman (B–A) plots. Construct validity was investigated by comparing mAdm scores and 4-dFR-derived nutrient intakes using Spearman’s coefficient and independent t test. Test–retest reliability was assessed using paired t test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and B–A plots. Sixty-eight elite athletes (18·8 (sd 4·2) years) from an Australian sporting institute completed the ADI on both occasions. Mean score was 84·1 (sd 15·2; range 42·5–114·0). The ADI had good reliability (ICC = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·69, 0·87; P < 0·001), and B–A plots (mean 1·9; level of agreement −17·8, 21·7) showed no indication of systematic bias (y = 4·57–0·03 × x) (95 % CI −0·2, 0·1; P = 0·70). Relative validity was evaluated in fifty athletes who completed all study phases. Comparison of mAdm scores with 4-dFR-derived scores was moderate (rs 0·69; P < 0·001) with no systematic bias between methods of measurement (y = 6·90–0·04 × x) (95 % CI −0·3, 0·2; P = 0·73). Higher scores were associated with higher absolute nutrient intake consistent with a healthy dietary pattern. The ADI is a reliable tool with moderate validity, demonstrating its potential for application to investigate the diet quality of athletes.
Non-planar coil winding angle optimization for compatibility with non-insulated high-temperature superconducting magnets
Authors: Paz-Soldan C. 
Published: October 2020

The rapidly emerging technology of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) opens new opportunities for the development of non-planar non-insulated HTS magnets. This type of HTS magnet offers attractive features via its simplicity and robustness, and is well suited for modest size steady-state applications such as a mid-scale stellarator. In non-planar coil applications the HTS tape may be subject to severe hard-way bending strain (

$\epsilon _{\textrm {bend}}$

), torsional strains (

$\epsilon _{\textrm {tor}}$

) and magnetic field components transverse to the HTS tape plane (

$B_{\perp }$

), all of which can limit the magnet operating space. A novel method of winding angle optimization is here presented to overcome these limitations for fixed input non-planar coil filamentary geometry. Essentially, this method: (i) calculates the peak

$\epsilon _{\textrm {bend}}$

and

$B_{\perp }$

for arbitrary winding angle along an input coil filamentary trajectory, (ii) defines a cost function including both and then (iii) uses tensioned splines to define a winding angle that reduces

$\epsilon _{\textrm {tor}}$

and optimizes the

$\epsilon _{\textrm {bend}}$

and

$B_{\perp }$

cost function. As strain limits are present even without

$B_{\perp }$

, this optimization is able to provide an assessment of the minimum buildable size of an arbitrary non-planar non-insulating HTS coil. This optimization finds that for standard 4 mm wide HTS tapes the minimum size coils of the existing HSX, NCSX and W7-X stellarator geometries are around 0.3–0.5 m in mean coil radius. Identifying the minimum size provides a path to specify a mid-scale stellarator capable of achieving high-field or high-temperature operation with minimal HTS tape length. For coils larger than this size, strain optimization allows use of wider (higher current capacity) HTS tapes or alternatively permitting a finite (yet tolerable) strain allows reduction of

$B_{\perp }$

. Reduced

$B_{\perp }$

enables a reduction of the HTS tape length required to achieve a given design magnetic field or equivalently an increase in the achievable magnetic field for fixed HTS tape length. The distinct considerations for optimizing a stellarator coilset to further ease compatibility with non-insulated HTS magnets are also discussed, highlighting relaxed curvature limits and the introduction of limits to the allowable torsion.
Cue reliability, salience and early comprehension of agreement: Evidence from Greek
Authors: KENANIDIS Panagiotis , CHONDROGIANNI Vicky , LEGENDRE Géraldine , CULBERTSON Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrevious studies across languages (English, Spanish, French) have argued that perceptual salience and cue reliability can explain cross-linguistic differences in early comprehension of verbal agreement. Here we tested this hypothesis further by investigating early comprehension in Greek, where markers have high salience and reliability (compared to Spanish and English) predicting early comprehension, as in French. We investigated two and three-year-old Greek-speaking children's ability to distinguish third person singular and plural agreement in a picture-selection task. We also examined the frequency of these morphemes in child-directed speech to address input effects. Results showed that three-year-olds are sensitive to both singular and plural agreement, earlier than children acquiring English and Spanish, but later than French, and despite singular agreement being more frequent than plural agreement in the child corpus. These findings provide further support for the role of salience and reliability during early acquisition, while highlighting a potential effect of morpheme position.
Is the world converging to a ‘Western diet’?
Authors: Azzam Azzeddine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To test the nutrition transition hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a ‘Western diet’.Design:Consumer-waste-adjusted FAO Food Balance Sheets are used to construct for each country a Western Diet Similarity Index (WSI), expressed as a ratio of calories from animal-sourced foods, oils, fats and sweeteners to total per capita calories. β-Convergence and associated speed are estimated by growth regressions using 1992–2013 panel data. Speed of convergence, a non-linear function of income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation, determines the steady-state or long-term global WSI. The long-term global WSI is compared with the WSI of the group of countries with the highest population-weighted average WSI. The group, determined by K-means cluster analysis, consists of sixteen Western countries.Setting:Worldwide.Participants:Not applicable.Results:Strong evidence of global dietary convergence at a speed driven by income per capita, globalisation and urbanisation with a long-term WSI of 38 %. When compared with the WSI of Western countries (68 %), the hypothesis of global dietary convergence to a Western diet is rejected.Conclusions:The nutrition transition is acting in two opposing directions. Some countries experienced positive and others negative WSI growth, slowing down the transition to a Western diet in the long run. Policies to further slowdown the transition by some countries to unhealthier dietary patterns are as important as policies to further speed up the transition by other countries to healthier ones.