bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mythbusting Solitary Confinement in Jail
Authors: Venters Homer 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Incarceration harms health, and solitary confinement provides a deadly example of this often-obscured truth. Several myths about the health risks of solitary confinement serve to stand in the way of abolishing this practice, particularly in jail settings, where most detainees are either awaiting trial or serving short sentences for minor crimes known as misdemeanors. These myths include the lack of real health outcomes from exposure to solitary confinement, its application in an even or fair manner, and the lack of safe alternatives. These myths persist in part because of a lack of rigorous data from US jail settings, where over 90% of all incarcerations occur and where solitary confinement takes on a unique pattern of harm that reflects the jail setting itself. This chapter reviews New York City’s adoption of an electronic medical record in its independent jail health system, argues that there is a pressing need for additional reforms in solitary confinement and other jail settings, and notes several barriers that imperil recent progress.
Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Health
Authors: Hawkley Louise 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on the links between social isolation and health, distinguishes between objective and subjective isolation (i.e., loneliness), outlines physiological processes that underlie the health outcomes associated with isolation and loneliness, and considers hypertension as a case study of a health condition that would theoretically be expected to be more prevalent among more isolated than less isolated adults. The case of Ashker v. Governor of California provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that solitary confinement is associated with hypertension. The chapter uses data from the Pelican Bay State Prison to test this hypothesis, and discusses the results and their implications not only for the practice of extended periods of solitary confinement but also for the theorized causal role of loneliness and isolation in explaining health and longevity.
Colorado Ends Prolonged, Indeterminate Solitary Confinement
Authors: Raemisch Rick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
When did it become okay to lock someone in a cell that is the size of a parking space, twenty-three hours per day, seven days a week for decades? When did it become okay to lock someone who is mentally ill in a cell the size of a parking space, twenty-three hours per day for years, and let the demons chase him or her around in the cell? And when did it ever become okay to take someone who had spent years in segregation and release them directly to the community? If our mission is public safety, and it is, why are we sending people back to society worse than when they came in? Ninety-five percent of those incarcerated in Colorado will return to their community. In September of 2017, the Colorado Department of Corrections abolished the use of administrative segregation, or as it is now nationally termed by corrections, extended restrictive housing. Currently, Colorado is the only state in the United States that has abolished this practice. In order to see where we are, it is important to see where we were, and the journey that brought us here.
Litigation to End Indeterminate Solitary Confinement in California
Authors: Lobel Jules 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In 2012, a group of prisoners brought a class action lawsuit challenging the incarceration of hundreds of prisoners in prolonged solitary confinement of over ten years in California’s Pelican Bay State Prison as cruel and unusual punishment prohibited by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. That lawsuit was eventually settled in 2015 and resulted in virtually all of those prisoners being released from solitary. This chapter describes the use of interdisciplinary and comparative experts in that litigation to present a multidimensional challenge to prolonged solitary confinement as cruel and inhumane. Those experts demonstrated that the prolonged solitary confinement of prisoners at Pelican Bay caused those prisoner serious psychological harm and physical harm, deprived them of basic human social interaction, was unnecessary and counterproductive penologically, and was contrary to international norms and practices.
Augustine on the Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
By analyzing a variety of texts from across Augustine’s career, the book traces the development of Augustine’s thinking on the human will. Augustine’s most creative contributions to the notion of the human will do not derive from articulating a monolithic, universal definition. He identifies four types of human will: the created will, which he describes as a hinge; the fallen will, a link in a chain binding human beings to sin; the redeemed will, which is a root of love; and the fully free will, to be enjoyed in the next life, when perfection is made complete. His mature view is theologically differentiated, consisting of four distinct types of human will, which vary according to these diverse theological scenarios. His innovation consists in distinguishing these types with a detail and clarity unprecedented by any thinker before him. Augustine’s mature view of the will is constructed in intensive dialogue with other Christian thinkers and, most of all, with the Christian scriptures. Its basic features shape, and are shaped by, his doctrines of Christ and the Holy Spirit, as well as creation and grace, making it impossible to abstract his views on willing from his account of the central Christian doctrines of Christology, Pneumatology, and the Trinity. The multiple facets of Augustine’s conception of will have been cut to fit the shape of his theology and the biblical story it seeks to describe. From Augustine we inherit a theological account of the will.
Cascades and Object Knowledge
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 applies the cascade framework to the development of object knowledge in infancy. Many theories on the development of object knowledge focus either on a single mechanism or on a single level of mechanism. This chapter presents an alternative view of infants’ developing object representation and knowledge by considering the effect of mechanisms of change at multiple levels and as involving multiple skills and abilities, cascades across development, and structural, environmental, and learned constraints. Multiple examples are presented that demonstrate how changes in motor skills affect object representations and, as such, show that there are multiple pathways to object knowledge.
The Development of Knowledge of Animates and Inanimates in Infancy
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Previous theories have tended to focus on a single mechanism to explain the development of knowledge of animates and inanimates infancy, although for some theorists this mechanism is domain-specific and for others it is domain-general. In contrast to these well-documented positions, in this chapter the authors claim that infants’ understanding of animacy reflects many developmental changes that occur at many levels, reflect many mechanisms—some that are domain-specific and some that are domain-general—and reflect structural, environmental, and learned constraints on that development. Examples of such developmental cascades are provided with a focus on infants’ developing knowledge of goal-directed action.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the developmental cascades perspective and outlines a number of implications of this framework. These implications include the heuristic value of a developmental cascades approach and how developmentalists logistically can adopt a cascade approach. The generalizability of the cascade approach is also outlined by illustrating how this approach can be applied to other domains outside of infant cognitive development, namely, the development of attachment and gender. The chapter concludes with a discussion of potential criticisms of the approach, including reframing those criticisms in terms of potential strengths or limitations that can be overcome. This chapter concludes with a “call to arms” encouraging all developmental scientists to consider change in terms of developmental cascades.
Background and theoretical assumptions
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter sets the scene for the rest of the work. The chapter first describes the historical roots and development of Lexical Functional Grammar, a nontransformational theory of linguistic structure, within the tradition of generative grammar. The chapter then explains the fundamental assumptions of the theory, its lexicalist orientation, and the central role that functional syntactic relations play. Subsequently, the structure of the rest of the book is set out, providing detailed accounts of each part, with brief summaries of each chapter. The chapterthen provides advice on how best to use the book, highlighting the primary focus of chapters and how the chapters relate to specific areas of linguistic structure and analysis, before concluding with references on other LFG overviews and introductions to the theory.
Information structure
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter considers how information is organized within an utterance, and in particular how syntax, semantics, and information structure interact. As with semantic information, early work in LFG represented certain aspects of information structure by means of f-structure attributes. The authors follow subsequent work in assuming a separate level of information structure or i-structure, related to other structures via correspondence functions. This chapter begins with a discussion of how the information conveyed by an utterance is structured to facilitate communication, before an exploration of the nature of the units that are relevant to the structuring of information. Subsequently, there is a review of some early LFG approaches to the representation of information structural features (Section 10.3), followed by an overview of the model of information structure that is adopted in the rest of this book (Section 10.4).
Anaphora
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter presents LFG analyses for different types of anaphora. Section 14.1 discusses how incorporated pronominal elements behave differently from elements that alternate with agreement markers, and the ways in which these differ from morphologically independent pronouns. Anaphoric relations and binding patterns have been the subject of much research within the LFG framework; Section 14.2 discusses positive and negative constraints on anaphoric binding stated in terms of structural relations holding at f-structure, and Section 14.3 discusses prominence relations which hold between the anaphor and its potential antecedents stated at f-structure as well as other linguistic levels. A glue-theoretic treatment of the semantics of anaphoric binding is presented in Section 14.4, modeled using a version of Discourse Representation Theory. This semantic treatment will be drawn upon in subsequent chapters, particularly in the discussion of anaphoric control in Chapter 15.
Poetics of the Pillory
Authors: Keymer Thomas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
On the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, Thomas Macaulay wrote in his History of England, ‘English literature was emancipated, and emancipated for ever, from the control of the government’. It’s certainly true that the system of prior restraint enshrined in this Restoration measure was now at an end, at least for print. Yet the same cannot be said of government control, which came to operate instead by means of post-publication retribution, not pre-publication licensing, notably for the common-law offence of seditious libel. For many of the authors affected, from Defoe to Cobbett, this new regime was a greater constraint on expression than the old, not least for its alarming unpredictability, and for the spectacular punishment—the pillory—that was sometimes entailed. Yet we may also see the constraint as an energizing force. Throughout the eighteenth century and into the Romantic period, writers developed and refined ingenious techniques for communicating dissident or otherwise contentious meanings while rendering the meanings deniable. As a work of both history and criticism, this book traces the rise and fall of seditious libel prosecution, and with it the theatre of the pillory, while arguing that the period’s characteristic forms of literary complexity—ambiguity, ellipsis, indirection, irony—may be traced to the persistence of censorship in the post-licensing world. The argument proceeds through case studies of major poets and prose writers including Dryden, Defoe, Pope, Fielding, Johnson, and Southey, and also calls attention to numerous little-known satires and libels across the extended period.
Acquaintance as Grounded in Joint Attention
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
One great opposition in philosophy of language has been between those who take the shared language as fundamental to human cognition and those who argue that all human cognitive capacities, including knowledge of language, are grounded in individualistic cognitions. Those who took the primacy of the shared language seriously, such as Whorf and Wittgenstein, were resistant to the idea of reference to mind-independent objects, and statements being made true or false by a mind-independent world. This chapter sketches out a way of reinstating the primacy of the shared language that gives full weight to the role of reference and truth. Accepting that an understanding of language has a fundamentally social grounding means that we do not regard language as grounded in individualistic cognitions, but also gives full place to the idea that knowledge of reference is basic to language mastery.
Principles of Acquaintance
Authors: Pepp Jessica 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The thesis that in order to genuinely think about a particular object one must be (in some sense) acquainted with that object has been thoroughly explored since it was put forward by Bertrand Russell. Recently, the thesis has come in for mounting criticism. The aim of this chapter is to point out that neither the exploration nor the criticism have been sensitive to the fact that the thesis can be interpreted in two different ways, yielding two different principles of acquaintance. One principle uses the notion of content in distinguishing genuine thinking-about things from a merely derivative kind of thinking-about things. The other principle is quiet about content, focusing instead on a distinction between satisfactional and non-satisfactional means of bringing things into thought. I shall argue that the latter principle merits independent assessment as part of the broader effort to account for genuine thinking about particular objects.
Introduction
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSampling theory concerns itself with development of procedures for random selection of a subset of units, a sample, from a larger finite population, and with how to best use sample data to make scientifically and statistically sound inferences about the population as a whole. The Introduction orients the reader to the essential content and structure of the text, including (a) an overview of the nature and objectives of design-based sampling theory as well an explanation for why we emphasize the design-based approach to sampling, (b) organization of content by chapters, (c) summary of notational conventions adopted throughout, (d) suggestions for instructors using the text for a class, (e) assumed level of mathematics and statistics background expected from readers, and (f) discussion of how this text differs from other published sampling texts. The chapter concludes with a brief review of the history and development of sampling theory, including both the design-based theory (that is stressed in the text), and model-based prediction theory (that is motivated and illustrated in Chapter 7). The Introduction notes that the text presents small sample space numerical illustrations of the performance of many sampling strategies, and that the text adopts a logical and consistent notation which clarifies presentation of sampling theory concepts. The ecological/environmental/natural resources orientation of the text is most evident in problem exercises associated with most chapters, many of which have been motivated by practical resource applications.
Ratio and regression estimation
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInexpensive and/or readily available auxiliary variable, x, values may often be available at little or no cost. If these variables are highly correlated with the target variable, y, then use of ratio or regression estimators may greatly reduce sampling variance. These estimators are not unbiased, but bias is generally small compared to the target of estimation and contributes a very small proportion of overall mean square error, the relevant measure of accuracy for biased estimators. Ratio estimation can also be incorporated in the context of stratified designs, again possibly offering a reduction in overall sampling variance. Model-based prediction offers an alternative to the design-based ratio and regression estimators and we present an overview of this approach. In model-based prediction, the y values associated with population units are viewed as realizations of random variables which are assumed to be related to auxiliary variables according to specified models. The realized values of the target variable are known for the sample, but must be predicted using an assumed model dependency on the auxiliary variable for the non-sampled units in the population. Insights from model-based thinking may assist the design-based sampling theorist in selection of an appropriate estimator. Similarly, we show that insights from design-based estimation may improve estimation of uncertainty in model-based mark-recapture estimation.
Unequal probability sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEqual probability selection is a special case of the general theory of probability sampling in which population units may be selected with unequal probabilities. Unequal selection probabilities are often based on auxiliary variable values which are measures of the sizes of population units, thus leading to the acronym (PPS)—“Probability Proportional to Size”. The Horvitz–Thompson (1953) theorem provides a unifying framework for design-based sampling theory. A sampling design specifies the sample space (set of all possible samples) and associated first and second order inclusion probabilities (probabilities that unit i, or units i and j, respectively, are included in a sample of size n selected from N according to some selection method). A valid probability sampling scheme must have all first order inclusion probabilities &gt; 00 (i.e., every population unit must have a chance of being in the sample). Unbiased variance estimation is possible only for those schemes that guarantee that all second order inclusion probabilities exceed zero, thus providing theoretical justification for the absence of unbiased estimators of sampling variance in systematic sampling and other schemes for which some second order inclusion probabilities are zero. Numerous generalized Horvitz–Thompson (HT) estimators can be formed and all are consistent estimators because they are functions of consistent HT estimators. Unequal probability systematic sampling and Poisson sampling (the unequal probability counterpart to Bernoulli sampling for which sample size is a random variable) are also considered. Several R programs for selecting unequal probability samples and for calculating first and second order inclusion probabilities are posted at http://global.oup.com/uk/companion/hankin.
Martin Crimp’s Alles Weitere kennen Sie aus dem Kino
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the relationship between text and postdramatic theatre via Katie Mitchell’s 2013 production of Martin Crimp’s adaptation of Euripides’ Phoenissae, titled Alles Weitere kennen Sie aus dem Kino (The Rest Will be Familiar to You from Cinema). I argue that Mitchell’s experimental realization of the text can provide new insights into problematic issues in Euripides’ play, such as the function of the chorus, and that the production consequently indicates the value of analysing postdramatic receptions to the discipline of classics. Furthermore, the chapter showcases how the production engaged with a range of opaque political discourses that questioned the use antiquity to construct one’s own identity, and how tragedy can be used to consider contemporary power disputes and issues of nationalism. The discussion exemplifies why it is unhelpful to think of scripts as either dramatic or postdramatic texts, and instead suggests a focus on the potential that playtexts hold to be realized through postdramatic performance.
Meditations
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Several seventeenth-century poets explored ways to compose verse meditations that showed readers how to use scriptural poems like Devine Weekes as a devotional aid. Joseph Hall and Francis Quarles advocated new forms of non-lyric meditation, a literary mode especially practised by women writers. As such poems offered a greater role to the self as an interpretive agent, scriptural poets like Anne Southwell and Edward Browne stretched Du Bartas’ models in ways that responded to their personal, political, and social circumstances. Even though historical and meditative verse forms blended into each other, Anne Bradstreet’s The Tenth Muse distinguishes sharply between the two modes in order to cast her as a conservative historical poet writing under Du Bartas’ shadow.
Retrospectives
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Although Devine Weekes was read and admired throughout the seventeenth century, writers came to regard it as an outdated gathering of mythical information. Later seventeenth- and eighteenth-century poets (such as Susanna Hopton, Thomas Ellwood, and Richard Blackmore) continued to test the relation between faith, empiricism, and poetry with Du Bartas as a distant precursor. The Lake Poets (William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey) remembered Du Bartas’ place in literary history, perhaps aware that he was an oblique precursor to literary Romanticism, even if he ignored the role of the creative consciousness. Du Bartas’ poetry should not just be read for its historical significance or as a source for other writers, but in dialogue with those who read and imitated his works.