bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lysyl Oxidase Like‐2 (LOXL2): An Emerging Oncology Target
Authors: Chopra Vriddhi , Sangarappillai Ruth M. , Romero‐Canelón Isolda , Jones Alan M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLysyl oxidase‐like 2 (LOXL2) is an emerging drug target against metastatic disease owing to its role in the upregulation of key processes including epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. Recent activity in the field of small molecule LOXL2 inhibitor development by pharmaceutical and academic laboratories has renewed interest in targeting LOXL2. Herein, 1) the viability of LOXL2 as a drug target for the treatment of metastatic disease through an investigation of its biological actions is determined; 2) the pitfalls of an antibody approach are considered; and 3) the small molecule approaches emerging in the scientific and patent literature are reviewed.This review identifies that LOXL2 is localized and active intracellularly and extracellularly in invasive cancer cells. LOXL2 has been implicated in a number of established signaling pathways involved in tumor progression, further highlighting its appeal as a target in metastatic disease.Previously, limited chemical inhibitors have been developed; however, their selectivity profile for the LOX family has proven controversial. Antibodies, such as simtuzumab, have been developed selectively against LOXL2. Simtuzumab, in particular, progresses into phase II trials but it was ultimately terminated. The small molecule inhibitors of LOXL2 are summarized, some of which are now in the early stages of clinical trials.
Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Carbon Nanotube/Fluoroelastomer Nanocomposite with a Double‐Percolated Network for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Shajari Shaghayegh , Mahmoodi Mehdi , Rajabian Mahmoud , Karan Kunal , Sundararaj Uttandaraman , Sudak Les Jozef 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA smart stretchable material is developed from a composite of carbon nanotube (CNT) and fluoroelastomer (FKM), which is fabricated via an internal melt‐mixer method. A unique, double‐percolated, electrically conductive network is observed with ultralow percolation thresholds of 0.45 phr and 1.40 phr CNT. This provides the CNT/FKM nanocomposites with a wide range of strain sensitivity. Thin‐film nanocomposites at the first plateau of conductivity show an ultrahigh sensitivity with a gauge factor (GF) of 1010 at 23% strain for 0.6 phr and of 6750 at 34% strain for 1 phr. At the second plateau of conductivity, 1.5 phr nanocomposite corresponds to higher levels of strain of 78% strain with ultrahigh GF of more than 4 × 104 and 2 phr nanocomposite to almost 100% strain with GF of 1.3 × 105. The CNT/FKM nanocomposites possess a high elongation at break of 430% and up to 232% strain sensitivity. The unique distribution of CNTs in the polar fluoroelastomer FKM facilitates simultaneous high sensitivity and high stretchability, and improved mechanical strength over reported polymer‐based nanocomposite stretchable sensors. The novel, stretchable CNT‐based FKM conductors have great potential for wearable electronics such as stretchable sensors, stretchable light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), and human motion monitoring.
Mixed Molecular Electronics: Tunneling Behaviors and Applications of Mixed Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Kong Gyu Don , Byeon Seo Eun , Park Sohyun , Song Hyunsun , Kim Seo‐Yeon , Yoon Hyo Jae 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMolecular electronics promise electronic devices that are miniaturized to molecular and atomic levels. Despite significant efforts made towards understanding and improving the electronic functions of devices based on homogeneous molecular systems, the roles, effects, and importance of molecular‐level dilution and mixing in active components for device performance have only recently begun to be understood. Recent advances in molecular electronics based on heterogeneous active components, defined as mixed molecular electronics, are reviewed, with a particular focus on molecular tunnel junctions containing mixed self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs). Through a stepwise approach, the following is provided: a) a summary of the unique (supra)molecular and electronic structural features of mixed SAMs compared to homogeneous SAMs, b) a discussion on fundamental understanding of charge transport across mixed molecular systems, c) a comprehensive summary of functional mixed‐molecular tunneling devices, and d) perspectives on the future direction of mixed molecular electronics.
Efficient Photocatalytic Nitrogen Fixation over Cuδ+‐Modified Defective ZnAl‐Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Zhao Yunxuan , Shi Run , Zhou Chao , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Wu Li‐Zhu , Tung Chen‐Ho , Zhang Tierui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe photocatalytic reduction of nitrogen (N2) with water (H2O) as the reducing agent holds great promise as a sustainable future technology for the synthesis of ammonia (NH3). Herein, the effect of oxygen vacancies and electron‐rich Cuδ+on the performance of zinc‐aluminium layered double hydroxide (ZnAl‐LDH) nanosheet photocatalysts for N2reduction to NH3under UV–vis excitation is systematically explored. Results show that a 0.5%‐ZnAl‐LDH nanosheet photocatalyst (containing 0.5 mol% Cu by metal basis) affords a remarkable NH3production rate of 110 µmol g−1h−1and excellent stability in pure water. The X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and density functional theory calculations reveal that Cu addition imparts oxygen vacancies and coordinatively unsaturated Cuδ+(δ < 2) with electron‐rich property in the ZnAl‐LDH nanosheets, both of which readily contribute to efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated electrons and holes and promote N2adsorption, thereby both activating N2and facilitating its multielectrons reduction to NH3.
Suppressor capacity of iron nanoparticles biosynthesized using Salvia chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract on methadone‐induced cell death in PC12: Formulation a new drug from relationship between the nanobiotechnology and neurology sciences
Authors: Ahmeda Ahmad , Zangeneh Mohammad Mahdi , Mansooridara Shirin , Malek Zahra , Zangeneh Akram 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMetallic nanoparticles have gained significant attention in the area of biomedical technology. Because of its high surface area, metallic nanoparticles are being widely used in various fields including the medical and engineering sciences. One of the valuable applications of metallic nanoparticles especially copper, zinc, and iron nanoparticles is increasing the physiological function of central nervous system. Besides, Iranian people are using the Salvia chloroleuca for neuroprotective properties. In the present research, iron nanoparticles were biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract as reducing and stabilizing agents. Also, we revealed the protective effect of FeNPs in methadone‐treated PC12 cells. FeNPs were characterized and analyzed using common nanotechnology techniques including FT‐IR, UV–Vis. spectroscopy; EDS, TEM, and FE‐SEM. TEM and FE‐SEM images revealed a uniform spherical morphology for FeNPs. In the biological part of the current study, the both treatments of FeNPs significantly (p ≤ 0.01) reduced the cell cytotoxicity and cell death index as well as increased the cell viability and cell proliferation in methadone‐treated PC12 cells. In these treatments, mitochondrial membrane potential significantly (p ≤ 0.01) increased compared to methadone‐induced PC12 cells. DPPH free radical scavenging test was did to evaluate the antioxidant potentials of FeCl3, S. chloroleuca, and FeNPs. DPPH test indicated similar antioxidant activities for S. chloroleuca, FeNPs, and butylated hydroxytoluene. In current experiment, we concluded that iron nanoparticles biosynthesized by S. chloroleuca leaf aqueous extract suppressed methadone‐induced cell death in a dose‐dependent manner in PC12 cells.
Metformin Containing Nickel (II) Complexes: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, Binding and Kinetic Interactions with BSA, Antibacterial and in‐vitro Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Elshami Fawzya I. , Ramadan Abd El‐Motaleb M. , Ibrahim Mohamed M. , El‐Mehasseb Ibrahim M. , Al‐Juaid Salih , Shaban Shaban Y. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn quest of antimicrobial and anticancer agents, metformin containing Ni (II) complexes, [Ni (Met)2]Cl·OH (1) and [Ni (Met)(IDA)] (2) {Met: metformin, IDA: iminodiacetic acid} were synthesized and X‐ray structure of 1 is four‐coordinate square planar geometry. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) interaction and binding studies to Met, IDA and their Ni (II) complexes were investigated and showed a strong interaction. A static quenching process was proposed at low concentrations of compounds whereas, combined quenching process was observed for 1 and 2 at higher concentrations. Kinetic stability, affinity and association constants of compounds‐BSA were studied using stopped‐flow technique and a mechanism was proposed: a fast and reversible step of BSA binding including complex formation and dissociation was proposed; for the second step, a reversible reaction was observed for 1 and 2 whereas, an irreversible reaction with Met and IDA was observed indicating that coordination with nickel ions change the interaction mechanism. Additionally, the antibacterial investigation against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria showed that all compounds exhibited significant activities. They also show cytotoxicity against HepG2 human liver cancer cell but the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values obtained for the cell lines were higher in comparison with cisplatin. Although Met‐BSA and IDA‐BSA are kinetically more stable than that of 1‐BSA and 2‐BSA, 1‐BSA and 2‐BSA showed better antibacterial and cytotoxic activities which is in agreement with the binding constants.
Singular optimal control problems with recursive utilities of mean‐field type
Authors: Hao Tao , Meng Qingxin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper a second‐order necessary condition for singular optimal controls with recursive utilities of mean‐field control systems is investigated. For our mean‐field singular control problem, the second‐order adjoint system is not a single mean‐field backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE), but a matrix‐valued system, which consists of three classical BSDEs. Based on this observation, a new second‐order expansion of cost functional
is proved and also the stochastic maximum principle. Our method is appropriate for a large class of mean‐field singular optimal control problems.
Beyond intervention into daily life: A systematic review of generalisation following social communication interventions for young children with autism
Authors: Carruthers Sophie , Pickles Andrew , Slonims Vicky , Howlin Patricia , Charman Tony 
Published: January 2020

Researchers have generally considered autistic individuals to have difficulties generalising learned skills across novel contexts. Successful generalisation is necessary for an intervention to have benefits in everyday life beyond the original learning environment. We conducted a systematic review of randomised controlled trials of early social communication interventions for children with autism in order to explore generalisation and its measurement. We identified nine RCTs that provided evidence of initial target learning and measured generalisation, of which eight demonstrated at least some successful generalisation across people, settings, and/or activities. The findings did not support the widely reported generalisation ‘difficulties’ associated with autism. However, generalisation was not consistent across all skills within studies, and one study found no generalisation despite evidence for initial target learning within the intervention context. In general, there are few methodologically sound social communication intervention studies exploring generalisation in autism and no consensus on how it should be measured. In particular, failure to demonstrate initial learning of target skills within the intervention setting and an absence of formal mediation analyses of the hypothesised mechanisms limit current research. We outline a framework within which measurement of generalisation can be considered for use in future trials. To maximise the effectiveness of interventions, the field needs to gain a better understanding of the nature of generalisation among autistic individuals and what additional strategies may further enhance learning. Autism Res 2020, 13: 506–522. © 2020 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Lay SummaryIt is generally considered that autistic individuals experience difficulties applying things they have learned in one context into different settings (e.g. from school to home). This is important to consider for intervention studies. Our review does not support a complete lack of generalisation but instead suggests that after early social communication intervention, autistic children can transfer some skills to new contexts. Overall, there is limited research in this area and further work is needed.
Atypical bronchus in the right lower lobe: Computed tomography‐based analysis
Authors: Ying Zhang , Kim Sung Jin , Yoo Jin Young 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to define the subsuperior bronchus (B*) and reestablish the bronchial anatomy of the right lower lobe (RLL) by assessment of atypical bronchi.Materials and MethodsChest computed tomography (CT) scans of 500 consecutive patients were retrospectively evaluated. All CT scans were acquired with 64‐slice scanners. Atypical bronchi in the RLL were classified on the basis of running direction and shape: lateral (Lat), posterolateral (PL), posterior (Post), Lat + PL, and PL + Post. We classified an atypical bronchus in the basal segmental bronchus (BSB) stem running posteriorly or posterolaterally as B* and a para‐lateral bronchus running laterally as Para‐B8. The B* posts running posteriorly were named P1, and those running medially P2.ResultsAtypical BSB bronchi Lat, PL, and Post arose from B8, B9, and B10, respectively. All Lat + PL bronchi arose from B8 or B9, and all PL + Post from B9 or B10. When an atypical bronchus arose from one of the BSB pair, none arose from the other. Atypical bronchi forming B* and Para‐B8 arose from the stem spreading the connatural BSBs. The P2 post coexisted with another atypical stem bronchus originating from B8, 9, 10, or higher.ConclusionsThe first subsegmental bronchi of B8, B9, and B10 are Lat, PL, and Post, respectively. Lat + PL and PL + Post bronchi at the BSB level could result from fusion of an atypical bronchus during downward migration. The stem B* and Para‐B8 could result from arrested downward migration of atypical bronchi. This information is useful for RLL segmentectomy.
The clinical anatomy of accessory mandibular canal in dentistry
Authors: Ngeow Wei Cheong , Chai Wen‐Lin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe mandibular canal is a conduit that allows the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle to transverse the mandible to supply the dentition, jawbone and soft tissue around the gingiva and the lower lip. It is not a single canal but an anatomical structure with multiple branches and variations. The branches are termed accessory, bifid or trifid canals depending on their number and configuration. A bifid mandibular canal is an anatomical variation reported more commonly than the trifid variant. Because of these variations, it is of the utmost importance to determine the exact location of the mandibular canal and to identify any branches arising from it prior to performing surgery in the mandible. This article reviews the prevalence, classification and morphometric measurements of these accessory mandibular canals, emphasizing their clinical significance.
A New Alkaloid from the Aerial Parts of Bupleurum chinense DC.
Authors: Xiao Zong‐Yu , Liu Yan , Sun Yan‐Ping , Liu Yuan , Yang Bing‐You , Kuang Hai‐Xue 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA new isoalloxazine alkaloid, named bupleurine A (1), along with five known compounds (2–6), were isolated from the aerial parts of Bupleurum chinense DC. The structure elucidation of the new alkaloid (1) was employed by combining NMR and HR‐MS data with comparison of reference in the literature. Five known compounds (2–6) were isolated from Bupleurum genus for the first time. Additionally, their antiproliferative activities on HeLa cells were evaluated by MTT assay and IC50 of compounds 1 and 4–6 were below 10 μm after treatment for 24 h.
Peroxidase Encapsulated in Peroxidase Mimics via in situ Assembly with Enhanced Catalytic Performance
Authors: Wu Xiaoling , Xiong Jun , Liu Shuli , Chen Bin , Liang Shan , Lou Wenyong , Zong Minhua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEnzymatic catalysis is of great importance due to its high catalytic activity and high selectivity. However, intrinsic fragile property of enzyme limits its application in a wide range, where inactive inorganic materials have proven promising in enhancing the stability of the enzyme in industry. Here, Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB) as peroxidase mimics were adopted for encapsulation of peroxidase, Cytochrome c (Cyt c). Prussian blue/Cytochrome c (PB@Cyt c) composite developed via in‐situ assembly exhibited a 2.6‐fold higher apparent enzymatic activity than the sum activity of equivalent Cyt c and PB due to synergistic effect. Mechanism investigation showed that interaction between irons ions from PB and carbonyl group and nitrogen from enzyme led to a favorable catalytic conformation of Cyt c. Moreover, PB shielded the encapsulated Cyt c against harsh conditions (e. g. high temperature and organic solvents). This new efficient hybrid catalyst would open opportunities for wide applications in biosensors and biocatalysis.
Design, Synthesis and High HER Performances of 3D Ni/Mo Sulfide on Ni Foam
Authors: Liang Chong , Cao Wei , Zhou Linsen , Yang Pan , Zhao Xiaochong , Zhao Pengxiang , Qiu Ruizhi , Yang Lijun , Huang Qing‐song , Astruc Didier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExploring noble‐metal‐free and earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an efficient way to mitigate energy and protect the environment. Herein, a noble‐metal‐free core‐shell catalyst, MoS2/Ni3S2/NF, was designed for HER and synthesized using a simple one‐step hydrothermal method. The MoS2−Ni3S2 hetero‐structured nanorods show a high HER performance with an overpotential of 93 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 in alkaline conditions. The study combines density function theory (DFT) calculation with electrochemical experiments proved that the strong coupling synergy between MoS2 and Ni3S2 optimizes the electronic structure of the product and reduces the adsorption energy of water molecules, thus significantly enhancing the electrochemical HER activity. This work reveals the reaction mechanism of electrochemical hydrolysis and might shed some new lights on the design and fabrication of efficient and robust three‐dimensional hybrid electrode materials for a variety of electrochemical applications
Photophysical and Electrochemiluminescence of Coumarin‐Based Oxazaborines
Authors: Mikysek Tomáš , Nikolaou Pavlos , Kafexholli Mirjeta , Šimůnek Petr , Váňa Jiří , Marková Aneta , Vala Martin , Valenti Giovanni 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe describe the synthesis, electrochemistry, photophysics, computational analysis and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of a new series of oxazaborine molecules. Our strategy is based on the modification of the coumarin‐oxazaborine moiety to be directly joined through a carbon‐carbon bond, forming donor‐acceptor (D‐A) chromophores. These new structures substantially change the electron distribution as well as photophysical and electrochemical behaviors with a strong effect on the final quantum yield. For all compounds, we observed a very high PL quantum yield (70–75 %) and relatively accessible first oxidation and first reduction. All of these characteristics allow us to study the ECL of these molecules, obtaining a very high ECL efficiency that is four times higher than the standard dyes, opening the application of oxazaborine as bright ECL luminophores.
Comparison of supervised learning statistical methods for classifying commercial beers and identifying patterns
Authors: Koren Dániel , Lőrincz Laura , Kovács Sándor , Kun‐Farkas Gabriella , Vecseriné Hegyes Beáta , Sipos László 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, 13 properties (alcohol‐, real extract‐, flavonoid‐, anthocyanin, glucose, fructose, maltose, sucrose content, EBC [European Brewery Convention] and L*a*b* color, bitterness) of 21 beers (alcohol‐free pale lagers, alcohol‐free beer‐based mixed drinks, beer‐based mixed drinks, international lagers, wheat beers, stouts, fruit beers) were determined. In the first step, multiple factor analysis (MFA) was performed for the whole data and five clusters (target classes) were determined; then, a bootstrapping was applied to establish a balanced data so as every cluster should contain 100 samples and the total sample size is 500. In the second step, 12 supervised learning algorithms (random trees [RND], Quinlan's C4.5 decision tree algorithm [C4.5], Iterative Dichotomiser 3 algorithm [ID3], cost‐sensitive decision tree algorithm [CSMC4], cost‐sensitive classification tree [CSCRT], k‐nearest neighbors algorithm [KNN], radial basis function [RBF], multilayer perceptron neural network [MLP], prototype nearest neighbor [PNN], linear discriminant analysis [LDA], naïve Bayes with continuous variables [NBC], partial least squares discriminant analysis [PLS‐DA]) were applied to classify each brand into the target classes. Furthermore, several error rates were calculated: re‐substitution error rate (RER), cross‐validated error rate (CV), bootsrap error (BOOT), leave‐one‐out (LOO), and train‐test error rate (TRAIN). The MFA could discriminate five groups, which can be characterized by some analytical parameters, and the other multivariate methods performed similarly. The methods can be discriminated best based on the BOOT, CV, and LOO. The best estimation methods are the C4.5, CSMC4, and CSCRT; these performed best along the flavonoid content and EBC color. It identified that the methods most sensitive to the properties are the NBC. The classification ability fluctuated greatly in the case of three properties (glucose, maltose, sucrose). A remarkable fluctuation has been experienced in the case of L*a*b* color parameters, flavonoid content, EBC color, and bitterness by NBC method.
Elucidation of the chromatographic enantiomer elution order for praziquantel: An experimental and theoretical assessment
Authors: Silva Camilla Fonseca , do Nascimento Tienne Aparecida , Guimarães Luciana , Borges Keyller Bastos , Nascimento Clebio Soares 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this work, we have studied both experimentally and theoretically the praziquantel (PZQ) chiral discrimination. According to the main results, the enantioseparation of PZQ was efficiently optimized by HPLC on the reverse phase from the Chiralpak IB column, which has cellulose tris (3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) as a chiral selector. The thermodynamic and structural parameters obtained via density functional theory (DFT) calculations pointed out the chiral discrimination as well as the enantiomeric elution order of PZQ, thus elucidating the experimental data and validating our proposed method. Finally, the hydrogen bonds and π‐π stacking interactions played a key role in the discrimination between the PZQ diastereomeric complexes formed.