bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defect Electrocatalysts and Alkaline Electrolyte Membranes in Solid‐State Zinc–Air Batteries: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Wu Mingjie , Zhang Gaixia , Du Lei , Yang Dachi , Yang Huaming , Sun Shuhui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) have attracted much attention due to their promising capability for offering high energy density while maintaining a long operational lifetime. One of the biggest challenges in developing all‐solid‐state ZABs is to design suitable bifunctional air‐electrodes, which can efficiently catalyze the key oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrochemical processes. The other one is to develop robust electrolyte membranes with high ionic conductivity and superb water retention capability. In this review, an in‐depth discussion of the challenges, mechanisms, and design strategies for the defect electrocatalyst and the electrolyte membrane in all‐solid‐state ZABs will be offered. In particular, the crucial defect engineering strategies to tune the ORR/OER catalysts are summarized, including direct controllable strategies: 1) atomically dispersed metal sites control, 2) vacancy defects control, and 3) lattice‐strain control, and the indirect strategies: 4) crystallographic structure control and 5) metal–carbon support interaction control. Moreover, the most recent progress in designing electrolyte membranes, including polyvinyl alcohol‐based membranes and gel polymer electrolyte membranes, is presented. Finally, the perspectives are proposed for rational design and fabrication of the desired air electrode and electrolyte membrane to improve the performance and prolong the lifetime of all‐solid‐state ZABs.
Enantioselective resolutions by high‐performance liquid choromatography using chiral inorganic mesoporous silica
Authors: Xiong Wan‐Qi , Lv Yun , Peng Bo , Fu Shi‐Guo , Duan Ai‐Hong , Zhang Mei , Yuan Li‐Ming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFour chiral hexagonal ordered mesoporous silica were synthesized by self‐assembly and templated by surface active agents prepared from d‐phenylalanine, l‐phenylglycine, l‐proline, and l‐isoleucine, with tetraethoxylsilane as the silica source and N‐trimethoxysilylpropyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride as the structure promoter under the induction of templates. The four generated mesoporous silica materials were used to prepare chromatographic columns to separate chiral compounds and positional isomers of benzene series with a good separation effect and a complementary effect on species separation. The experiment suggests that the four chromatographic columns have a wide range of applications and potential practical value, providing a possible direction to explore new chiral stationary phases.
MiRNA‐429 alleviates ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity through targeting BAG5
Authors: Fan Xiaodi , Bian Wenchao , Liu Meichen , Li Jinjie , Wang Yunyun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractKetamine is a kind of anesthetic broadly applied in clinic. However, growing evidence has indicated that ketamine may induce neurotoxicity. Previous studies showed that mircoRNAs (miRNAs) participate in various aspects of biological regulations. In our work, we aimed to reveal the role of miR‐429 in ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity. The qRT‐PCR was used to measure the miR‐429 levels in ketamine‐treated PC12 cells. TUNEL staining and caspase 3 activity detection assays were performed to assess cell apoptosis. A Cellular Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Assay Kit was utilized to detect ROS activity. A luciferase reporter assay was conducted in HEK‐293T cells to test the binding between miR‐429 and BAG5. Herein, we found that ketamine could induce the apoptosis and ROS activity in PC12 cells. The qRT‐PCR results showed that miR‐429 expression was downregulated by treatment of ketamine in a dose‐dependent manner. Overexpression of miR‐429 alleviated ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Mechanically, BAG5 was identified to be a target of miR‐429 and negatively regulated by miR‐429. Moreover, BAG5 expression was upregulated after ketamine treatment. Rescue assays revealed that overexpression of BAG5 reversed the suppressive effects of miR‐429 upregulation on ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. In summary, miR‐429 attenuates ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells by the downregulation of BAG5.
Extracellular vesicle‐coated nanoparticles
Authors: Fathi Parinaz , Rao Lang , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSynthetic nanoparticles have been used for a variety of theranostic applications to aid in the betterment of human health. These nanoparticles can provide platforms for targeted imaging and therapy of diseased tissues. The development of surface coatings for nanoparticles has enabled their selective uptake in tissues of interest, and the use of membrane‐derived nanoparticle coatings provides a particularly promising approach for the regulation of nanoparticle‐tissue interactions. Membranous extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cells have been known to contain antigens, proteins, and other cell components on their surface that facilitate their uptake in target cells, enabling the transport of information from one cell to another. EV‐based nanoparticle coatings allow for the expansion of nanoparticle targeting from typical approaches that target individual antigens, to an approach that can simultaneously target many antigens for more efficient uptake within target cells. EV‐derived coatings also possess immune evasive properties that can lead to increased circulation time. In this mini‐review, we describe the various approaches and applications for EV coating of nanoparticles, a majority of which focus on cancer applications. We also provide an overview of commonly used EV sources for nanoparticle coating applications.
Scar Symptoms: Pruritus and Pain
Authors: Farrukh Osama , Goutos Ioannis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractScars can present with a wide variety of symptoms relating to appearance, function, as well as sensory disturbances. Pain and pruritus (itch) are by far the most common symptoms in clinical practice; they are often severe and have the propensity to persist over a prolonged period of time following wound healing. Earlier notions supported itch as a sub-modality of pain; however, with recent advances in the pathophysiology field and the delineation of discrete neurological pathways, they are recognized to comprise separate sensory modalities albeit sharing common key features. There is a significant amount of evidence that sensory symptoms can decrease patients’ quality of life in the acute and rehabilitative phase of wound healing and scar formation. This chapter aims to outline the basic pathophysiological processes underlying pain and pruritus in scars and present a variety of options available for management of these symptoms. The section will primarily draws upon scientific and clinical studies relating to burn hypertrophic and keloid scars given that most literature reports have studied sensory disturbances in these subtypes.
Epidemiology of Scars and Their Consequences: Burn Scars
Authors: van Baar Margriet E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPathological scarring in burn wounds can result in hypertrophic scars and/or contractures. Prevalences of hypertrophic scarring after burn injuries between 8% and 67% are reported. A recent prospective study revealed a prevalence of 8%. Data on prevalence of burn scar contractures are limited; reported prevalence at discharge varied between 38 and 54% and decreased with an increasing time post burn. About 5–20% of the people who suffered from burn injuries received reconstructive surgery after burns, up to 10 years post injury.Factors predicting pathological scar formation after burn injuries include patient, injury and treatment characteristics. Injury- and treatment-related characteristics are the main predictors of scar outcomes after burn injury. These characteristics are related to burn size (total body surface area burned) and burn depth (number or type of surgery) or the overall healing process in general (length of stay, wound healing complications). Intrinsic patient-related risk factors seem to play a role as well but are less consistent predictors of scar outcome. This includes the risk factors like the female gender and also a younger age and darker skin.Knowledge on risk factors for poor scar outcome can be used to tailor treatment, aftercare and scar prevention to these patients with a high-risk profile.
Foundations: Defoe and Equiano
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and Olaudah Equiano’s The Interesting Narrative as foundational texts of emergent enlightenment thinking about the subject in relation to modernity and slavery. The aesthetics of their entangled foundational tonality is characterised by self-reflexive descriptions of psychological interiority, a retrospective temporal framework, religious conversion, and a belief in the emerging modern market economy. While both self-made men develop an emotive claim to Britishness, the representation of familial feelings remains stifled. In contrast to insular adventurer Robinson Crusoe, former slave Olaudah Equiano’s life story is much more strongly reliant on bonds to establish commonality. Moreover, their constructions of masculinity are spatially distinct. While Equiano’s “oceanic” identity is mostly formed in movement on the sea, Crusoe’s “insular” version seems to fend off any form of Otherness. For Equiano claiming familiarity is instrumental in the process of being recognised as a citizen, for Crusoe, the flight from familial obligations is part of the narrative appeal of his adventure. Thus, this chapter argues that while Black writing is often dismissed as imitative, it is in fact the marginalised perspective of the ex-slave that can be considered foundational of a more realistic description of intersubjectivity in English writing.
Digressions: Sancho and Sterne
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArtifice and authenticity are conflictingly related in the extroverted and stylised displays of feeling in the texts of Laurence Sterne and Ignatius Sancho. Whereas Sterne employs aesthetic playfulness to set himself apart from literary predecessors, Sancho uses it to claim a part in the culture of taste and sensibility. This chapter reads Sancho and Sterne’s literary adoption of a digressive tonality distinctly not as imitative but as entangled. The scenes dealing with slavery inTristram ShandyandA Sentimental Journeyare tied into more bawdy episodes. While not necessarily only sentimental, they still elude ideas of political solidarity. Sancho’s interjections of emotional concern in his published letters in turn not only highlight his capacity to feel (as well as his attachment to his family); in adopting the Sternian digressive dash, he does not adhere to the usual linear form of redemptive abolitionist writing and displays a uniquely Black aesthetic voice, albeit one that also reproduces deprecating sentimental tropes. This needs to be read as more than simply epigonic. Sancho’s digressive tone, it will be argued, intervenes more fundamentally into the sentimentalist romance with the cultured, feeling subject of modernity, while Sterne remains more elusive in his aestheticised divagations.
Conclusion: Queer Modes of Empathy as an Ethics of the Archive
Authors: Haschemi Yekani Elahe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAddressing the boom of memorial events and special exhibitions as well as the establishment of the International Slavery Museum in Liverpool celebrating the bicentennial of the abolition of the slave trade in 2007, the conclusion ofFamilial Feelingreturns to the question of ethics in dealing with the archive of slavery. Reflecting on methodology in literary studies by contrasting surface reading with approaches that foreground negative affects, Haschemi Yekani, via a recourse to Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s “reparative” reading, proposes a queering of empathy that should not rest on a celebratory understanding of the past, as trauma overcome, but serve as a foundation of ongoing tension in contemporary narratives of familial feeling and national belonging. For this purpose, Haschemi Yekani examines the 2007 installationSwallow Hard: The Lancaster Dinner Serviceby artist Lubaina Himid. The author proposes that by engaging with the messy entanglements of marginalised and hegemonic voices in the establishment of Britishness as familial feeling, one can arrive at more complex reading strategies of the literary sources from the historical archive of the early Black Atlantic and the British novel as well as a less congratulatory contemporary memorial culture that seeks British “Greatness” in the past.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we introduce agroecology as an urgent alternative paradigm for food and farming in a time of growing ecological, economic and social crises. We briefly outline the role of food systems in these intersecting crises and introduce how agroecology is much more than a ‘technical fix’ that calls to tweak the existing system. It is rather a framework for transformation that can be adopted in pursuit of a more just and sustainable food system. The chapter describes the origin of the book and provides a roadmap to help the reader navigate the flow of the manuscript.
Origins, Benefits and the Political Basis of Agroecology
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we introduce the origins and history of agroecology, outlining its emergence as a science and its longstanding history as a traditional practice throughout the world. We provide a brief review of the evidence of the benefits of agroecology in relation to productivity, livelihoods, biodiversity, nutrition, climate change and enhancing social relations. We then outline our approach to agroecology which is rooted in the tradition of political ecology that posits power and governance have always been the decisive factors in shaping agricultural and other ‘human’ systems.
Conceptualizing Processes of Agroecological Transformations: From Scaling to Transition to Transformation
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we survey the recent literature that speaks directly to the issue of bringing agroecology to scale. We discuss the shift towards analytical frameworks that consider not only the farm level but rather whole food system transformations. We then introduce the multi-level perspective on sustainability transitions which we adopt for the purpose of this book. Moving beyond the technical analysis often found in research on sustainability ‘transitions’, our approach thus adopts agency-centric approach to food systems ‘transformation’. To do this, we introduce the notion of domains of transformation, which represent discrete areas where the conflict between agroecology and the dominant food regime manifests and where the potential for collective and transformation is transformation is most potent.
Domain F: Discourse
Authors: Anderson Colin Ray , Bruil Janneke , Chappell M. Jahi , Kiss Csilla , Pimbert Michel Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we examine how discourse—or the ways in which language is used to frame debates, policy and action—is a critical domain for agroecology transformations. A range of different types of actors (e.g. politicians, private companies, activists) use a process called ‘framing’ to convey their interpretation of agroecology where they ‘simplify and condense’ its complexity to align with their own views and ideologies. We present seven main frames across a spectrum from those that tend to disable a transformative agroecology (e.g. ‘feed the world’) to those that are most likely to enable political agroecology (e.g. ‘food sovereignty’). Notably all of these frames are at times being deployed in both productivist and depoliticized (regime-reinforcing) ways and also as a part of a transformative politics of political agroecology at different times by different actors.
200 years of equilibrium-line altitude variability across the European Alps (1901−2100)
Authors: Žebre Manja , Colucci Renato R. , Giorgi Filippo , Glasser Neil F. , Racoviteanu Adina E. , Del Gobbo Costanza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMountain glaciers are key indicators of climate change. Their response is revealed by the environmental equilibrium-line altitude (ELA), i.e. the regional altitude of zero mass balance averaged over a long period of time. We introduce a simple approach for distributed modelling of the environmental ELA over the entire European Alps based on the parameterization of ELA in terms of summer temperature and annual precipitation at a glacier. We use 200 years of climate records and forecasts to model environmental ELA from 1901 to 2100 at 5 arcmin grid cell resolution. Historical environmental ELAs are reconstructed based on precipitation from the Long-term Alpine Precipitation reconstruction (LAPrec) dataset and temperature from the Historical Instrumental climatological Surface Time series of the greater Alpine region (HISTALP). The simulations of future environmental ELAs are forced with high-resolution EURO-CORDEX regional climate model projections for the European domain using three different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways, RCP). Our reconstructions yielded an environmental ELA across the European Alps of 2980 m above sea level for the period 1901−1930, with a rise of 114 m in the period 1971−2000. The environmental ELA is projected to exceed the maximum elevation of 69%, 81% and 92% of the glaciers in the European Alps by 2071−2100 under mitigation (RCP2.6), stabilization (RCP4.5) and high greenhouse gas emission (RCP8.5) scenarios, respectively.
Navigated laparoscopic microwave ablation of tumour mimics in pig livers: a randomized ex-vivo experimental trial
Authors: Thomas M. N. , Dieplinger G. , Datta R. R. , Kleinert R. , Fuchs H. F. , Bunck A. , Peterhans M. , Bruns C. J. , Stippel D. , Wahba R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
In order to efficiently perform laparoscopic microwave ablation of liver tumours precise positioning of the ablation probe is mandatory. This study evaluates the precision and ablation accuracy using the innovative laparoscopic stereotactic navigation system CAS-One-SPOT in comparison to 2d ultrasound guided laparoscopic ablation procedures.

Methods
In a pig liver ablation model four surgeons, experienced (n = 2) and inexperienced (n = 2) in laparoscopic ablation procedures, were randomized for 2d ultrasound guided laparoscopic or stereotactic navigated laparoscopic ablation procedures. Each surgeon performed a total of 20 ablations. Total attempts of needle placements, time from tumor localization till beginning of ablation and ablation accuracy were analyzed.

Results
The use of the laparoscopic stereotactic navigation system led to a significant reduction in total attempts of needle placement. The experienced group of surgeons reduced the mean number of attempts from 2.75 ± 2.291 in the 2d ultrasound guided ablation group to 1.45 ± 1.191 (p = 0.0302) attempts in the stereotactic navigation group. Comparable results could be observed in the inexperienced group with a reduction of 2.5 ± 1.50 to 1.15 ± 0.489 (p = 0.0005). This was accompanied by a significant time saving from 101.3 ± 112.1 s to 48.75 ± 27.76 s (p = 0.0491) in the experienced and 165.5 ± 98.9 s to 66.75 ± 21.96 s (p < 0.0001) in the inexperienced surgeon group. The accuracy of the ablation process was hereby not impaired as postinterventional sectioning of the ablation zone revealed.

Conclusion
The use of a stereotactic navigation system for laparoscopic microwave ablation procedures of liver tumors significantly reduces the attempts and time of predicted correct needle placement for novices and experienced surgeons without impairing the accuracy of the ablation procedure.
Function Values Are Enough for $$L_2$$-Approximation
Authors: Krieg David , Ullrich Mario 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe study the$$L_2$$L2-approximation of functions from a Hilbert space and compare the sampling numbers with the approximation numbers. The sampling number$$e_n$$enis the minimal worst-case error that can be achieved withnfunction values, whereas the approximation number$$a_n$$anis the minimal worst-case error that can be achieved withnpieces of arbitrary linear information (like derivatives or Fourier coefficients). We show that$$\begin{aligned} e_n \,\lesssim \, \sqrt{\frac{1}{k_n} \sum _{j\ge k_n} a_j^2}, \end{aligned}$$en≲1kn∑j≥knaj2,where$$k_n \asymp n/\log (n)$$kn≍n/log(n). This proves that the sampling numbers decay with the same polynomial rate as the approximation numbers and therefore that function values are basically as powerful as arbitrary linear information if the approximation numbers are square-summable. Our result applies, in particular, to Sobolev spaces$$H^s_\mathrm{mix}(\mathbb {T}^d)$$Hmixs(Td)with dominating mixed smoothness$$s>1/2$$s>1/2and dimension$$d\in \mathbb {N}$$d∈N, and we obtain$$\begin{aligned} e_n \,\lesssim \, n^{-s} \log ^{sd}(n). \end{aligned}$$en≲n-slogsd(n).For$$d>2s+1$$d>2s+1, this improves upon all previous bounds and disproves the prevalent conjecture that Smolyak’s (sparse grid) algorithm is optimal.
Rotational de-excitation of tricarbon monosulfide (C3S) in collision with (He): potential energy surface and rates
Authors: Sahnoun E. , Ben Khalifa M. , Khadri F. , Hammami K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite that the tricarbon monosulfide (C3S) is among the first sulfur-containing carbon-chain molecules to be detected in the interstellar medium, no studies focused on the determination of its collisional rates. These rate coefficients are essential to estimate the abundance of C3S in the interstellar medium. Computations of the C3S($^{1}\Sigma^{+}$

Σ

+

1

) downward rate coefficients, induced by collision with He, are performed by averaging the integral cross sections at low temperature (below $25~\text{K}$
25

K
). Calculations of the cross sections in the close-coupling quantum time independent formalism for $E_{c}\leq110~\text{cm}^{-1}$

E
c

≤
110

cm

−
1

and $J\leq10$
J
≤
10
are based on a new 2-D potential energy surface. This PES is obtained from the explicit correlated coupled cluster with a single, double and perturbative triple excitation [ccsd(t)-f12] ab initio approach and the aug-cc-pVTZ basis sets. The PES have a global minimum of $-55.69~\text{cm}^{-1}$
−
55.69

cm

−
1

located at $R=6.25$
R
=
6.25
bohr and $\theta=94^{\circ}$
θ
=

94
∘

, and a second minimum of $-36.95~\text{cm}^{-1}$
−
36.95

cm

−
1

at $R=9.35$
R
=
9.35
bohr and $\theta=0^{\circ}$
θ
=

0
∘

. A comparison of C3S rates with those of the isoelectronic molecule C3O was made. The results indicate a great temperature dependence of the rates for transitions of $\Delta J>2$
Δ
J
>
2
. We expect that the new collisional data will allow for accurate determination of the C3S abundance in several interstellar regions.