bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Affective Polarization: Warm Group Relations or Policy Compromise?
Authors: Huddy Leonie , Yair Omer 
Published: November 2020

Hostility between rival political partisans, referred to as affective polarization, has increased in the United States over the last several decades generating considerable interest in its reduction. The current study examines two distinct sets of factors that potentially reduce affective polarization, drawn respectively from a group‐based and a policy‐based model of its origins. Specifically, we contrast the degree to which warm social relations and policy compromise reduce affective polarization. In two experimental studies (N = 937), respondents read a mock news story about an observed interaction between Chuck Schumer, Senate minority leader, and Mitch McConnell, Senate majority leader. The leaders either interact in a warm or hostile manner and independently compromise, or fail to compromise, on immigration matters. In both studies, warm leader relations reduced affective polarization whereas policy compromise did not. We consider the implications of these findings for the study of affective polarization and its reduction.
A Risk Assessment Method for Multi‐Hazard Coupling Disasters
Authors: He Zhichao , Weng Wenguo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMulti‐hazard coupling disasters, in which multiple hazards occur simultaneously and interact to compound the consequences, are a common phenomenon. The assessment of the individual risk in multi‐hazard coupling disasters faces several difficulties due to the nonlinear additivity of risks from multiple hazards. This article presents the Choquet integral multiple linear regression model as a method of overcoming the problems of nonlinear additivity. Using this method, the nonlinear additive individual risks of multi‐hazard coupling disasters can be superposed with the nonadditivity of the fuzzy measure during the Choquet integral and the nonlinearity of the Choquet integral itself. This method also takes into account the effects of magnification on the severity of disasters and the vulnerability of victims in multi‐hazard disasters. It provides the magnification coefficients to quantitatively calculate the risks of all disasters. To examine the efficacy of the risk‐assessment measure, this article uses as a case study the severe fire and explosion disaster that occurred in a port at Tianjin, China, in 2015. From this case study, it can be concluded that the composite individual risk of multi‐hazard coupling disasters is greater than that of the simple addition of the risk of each hazard. This finding indicates that multi‐hazard coupling disasters are more severe than disasters involving single hazards. Moreover, this risk‐assessment method provides guidance in preventing, estimating, and dealing with multi‐hazard coupling disasters. It can also provide solutions to complex risk‐analysis problems in fields, such as finance, economics, and information science.
The Effects of Health on the Extensive and Intensive Margins of Labour Supply
Authors: Cai Lixin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing the first seven waves of the Understanding Society data, this study estimates the effects of health on the extensive and intensive margins of the labour supply of the UK workers. Earlier studies on the effects of health on labour supply tend to focus on a binary measure of labour force participation or early retirement. The results show that health affects both the margins of labour supply for both males and females. From the preferred model, the results indicate that the effects of health on both the margins of labour supply are larger for females than for males. Furthermore, the results show that while at the extensive margin there does not appear to be a difference in the effect of health between the old and the young for both genders, for males the effect of health on hours worked, conditional on being employed, is larger for the old than for the young, but for females the effect on hours worked is larger for the young than for the old. The results also show that inadequately exploiting the longitudinal features of panel data might have led to bias estimates.
Preparing for an Increased Need for Abortion Access in India during and after COVID‐19: Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Chandrasekaran Sruthi , Diamond‐Smith Nadia , Srinivasan Karthik , Dalvie Suchitra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccess to safe abortion is a reproductive rights and justice issue, and it is imperative that safe abortion access during and after the COVID‐19 pandemic is a reality for all. India imposed a lockdown in March 2020 to contain the spread of the pandemic. Limited mobility, lack of clarity about abortion as an essential service and abortion as a service permitted through telemedicine, shut down of services providing long‐acting and permanent methods of contraception, and changes to decision‐making about birthing and parenting during a pandemic are factors that may impact the demand for abortion during and after the lockdown. Shortage of raw materials and limited inter‐ and intra‐ state transport of drugs may result in breakages in the supply of medication abortion. Given that 73 percent of abortions in India in 2015 occurred outside of health facilities, the pandemic may have several implications on the need for evidence‐based information and quality abortion services, as well as if and how medication abortion is accessed in India, and what self‐managed abortion looks like in the COVID‐19 era. We discuss factors contributing to reduced access to abortion, changes in abortion need, and suggest strategies to respond to an increased demand for abortion in India.
Social policy responses to COVID‐19 in Canada and the United States: Explaining policy variations between two liberal welfare state regimes
Authors: Béland Daniel , Dinan Shannon , Rocco Philip , Waddan Alex 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCanada and the United States are often grouped together as liberal welfare‐state regimes, with broadly similar levels of social spending. Yet, as the COVID‐19 pandemic reveals, the two countries engage in highly divergent approaches to social policymaking during a massive public health emergency. Drawing on evidence from the first 5 months of the pandemic, this article compares social policy measures taken by the United States and Canadian governments in response to COVID‐19. In general, we show that Canadian responses were both more rapid and comprehensive than those of the United States. This variation, we argue, can be explained by analysing the divergent political institutions, pre‐existing policy legacies, and variations in cross‐partisan consensus, which have all shaped national decision‐making in the middle of the crisis.
German in the Marketplace of Languages: Why Students of German and of Four Other Languages Say That They and Others Might Choose German
Authors: Chavez Monika 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examined why current university learners of French, Spanish, Russian, and Japanese, and, for comparative purposes, actual university learners of German, believe that others and why they themselves would study German. Responses were compared against current motivation theories, narratives promoted by academic language programs, research in language and country branding, documents issued by professional organizations, and demographic backgrounds of the participating population. Results included the following: (1) The responses of German students were distinct, yet the other four groups also differed from each other, with varying degrees and types of inclination toward German study, (2) heritage was less likely to attract students than a lack of heritage was to discourage students, (3) academic programs in German were particularly likely to promote culture even as none of the learner groups considered culture to be a superior attractor, (4) affinity to the language was an important consideration for learners, and (5) learners differentiated between personal reasons and reasons that they attributed to others. This study suggests both inherent limits of and possible directions for growth in German enrollments, points out competing and sometimes contradicting narratives that learners face, and identifies gaps between recruitment efforts and clientele expectations.
Are B‐symptoms more reliable prognostic indicators than substage in canine nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Škor Ondřej , Bicanová Ludmila , Wolfesberger Birgitt , Fuchs‐Baumgartinger Andrea , Ruetgen Barbara , Štěrbová Marie , Schwendenwein Ilse , Kleiter Miriam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn humans B‐symptoms refer to systemic symptoms of lymphoma such as fever, weight loss, and night sweats and influence the prognosis of patients. In canine lymphoma, substage B is used to describe any clinical sign observed. Aim of the retrospective study was to compare the prognostic value of substage B with B‐symptoms to predict treatment response and survival in canine nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Affected dogs treated with CHOP chemotherapy between 2008 and 2019 were included. B‐symptoms were defined by weight loss greater than 10% of normal weight, fever and the occurrence of unexplained resting tachypnoea substituted human night sweats. Substage B was defined as any symptoms but lymphadenopathy. Fifty‐five cases were included. B‐symptoms were present in 20/55 (36%) and substage B in 40/55 (74%) patients. No significant associations between B‐symptoms or substage B and weight, sex, breed, WHO stage and lymphoma grade were found. Treatment response was negatively associated with both substage B (P = .02) and B‐symptoms (P = .001). B‐symptoms significantly decreased progression free survival (PFS) (95 vs 330 days, P = .001) and lymphoma specific survival (LSS) (160 vs 462 days, P = .001). Data showed that B‐symptoms might be a more reliable prognostic indicator than substage B in canine nodal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma. Prospective studies assessing B‐symptoms in a larger cohort of patients and in other common lymphoma types are warranted. The abstract was presented at the fourth meeting of the European Canine Lymphoma Network Group in Lugano, 22 June 2019 and published in the proceeding of the meeting on the page 26.
Correlation between bispectral index value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale score in dogs with altered level of consciousness
Authors: Saenubol Phitchaya , Akatvipat Areerath , Pleumsamran Apisate , Chankrachang Siwaporn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to identify the correlation between bispectral index (BIS) value and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score in dogs with altered level of consciousness (ALOC).DesignThis prospective, observational, clinical study was conducted from February 2016 to March 2017, and follow‐up was conducted until the death of dogs or their discharge from the hospital.SettingThis study was performed at the Small Animal Teaching Hospital.AnimalsA total of 31 client‐owned dogs (males, 20; females, 11) with ALOC and MGCS score <18 with no restrictions for age, breed, sex, and body weight were included. Dogs that received neuromuscular blocking agents before MGCS score evaluation were excluded.InterventionsBIS values were measured using the Covidien BIS Loc 2 Channel OEM module and a pediatric 4 sensor with a bifrontal application pattern.Measurements and Main ResultsMinimal databases of initial neurological assessment, blood profiles, and chest and skull radiographs were developed. In addition, MGCS scores and BIS values were recorded. The mean BIS values for mild, moderate, and severe brain injuries were 89.14 ± 6.52, 77.21 ± 9.82, and 50.58 ± 27.04, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a significantly positive relationship between BIS values and MGCS scores (r = 0.75; P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe significant correlation observed between MGCS scores and BIS values in dogs with ALOC demonstrated the usefulness of BIS as an alternative to MGCS for monitoring consciousness in patients with ALOC caused by traumatic brain injury, encephalitis, etc.
Golden retriever pigmentary uveitis: Vision loss, risk factors for glaucoma, and effect of treatment on disease progression
Authors: Jost Haley E. , Townsend Wendy M. , Moore George E. , Liang Siqi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn previous reports, almost half of Golden Retrievers with Pigmentary Uveitis (GRPU) have lost vision in an eye within a year of diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of GRPU affected dogs with vision loss, risk factors for the development of glaucoma, and effect of treatment on disease progression.Animals StudiedClient owned Golden Retrievers.ProceduresTwo complete ophthalmic examinations were performed at least 6 months apart. Visual status, presence of glaucoma, GRPU score, and treatment were recorded. A proportional odds (ordinal logistic) model was fitted to determine whether the use of topical steroidal or non‐steroidal (NSAID) ophthalmic preparations was associated with a change in GRPU scores.ResultsTwenty‐nine Golden Retrievers, 58 eyes, were included. One eye was enucleated after the first examination. On first examination, 57/58 (98.3%) eyes and 29/29 (100%) dogs were visual. At the second examination, 48/57 (84.2%) eyes and 25/29 (86.2%) dogs were visual. Vision loss in 7/9 (77.8%) eyes was secondary to glaucoma. Posterior synechia and fibrinous material in the anterior chamber were significant risk factors for the development of glaucoma (P < .001). There was no significant difference in the change in GRPU score between eyes receiving topical steroids and topical NSAIDs (P = .14). Time between examinations was a significant factor in disease progression (increased GRPU score;P = .016).ConclusionThe number of eyes and dogs that retained vision was higher than previous reports. No topical treatment was superior in slowing disease progression. Golden Retriever Pigmentary Uveitis is a slowly progressive disease.
Blood transfusion activity in a general hospital during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Marín‐Mori Karen , González‐Gascón y Marín Isabel , Foncillas‐García María‐Ángeles , Muñoz‐Novas Carolina , Infante María , Churruca‐Sarasqueta Juan , Landete‐Hernández Elena , Bueno‐García Begoña , Duffort‐Falco Mercedes , Hernández‐Rivas José‐Ángel 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThe COVID‐19 outbreak has affected almost all hospital departments, including transfusion services. However, the demand for transfusions in a general hospital designated to deal with COVID‐19 patients has not been analysed before.Study Design and MethodsA retrospective study was conducted to evaluate blood transfusion practices from 15 March to 14 April 2020 at Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor (Madrid, Spain). During this month, with few exceptions, the hospital became a ‘COVID‐19’ centre. In addition, transfusion rates during this time frame and the same period over the last 4 years were compared.ResultsFrom 15 March to 14 April 2020, only 254 blood components were transfused, resulting in a 49·3% reduction over the previous year. Interestingly, in critically ill patients, the red blood cell (RBC) transfusion/bed ratio significantly decreased during this period (0·92) compared to the same ratio over the past 4 years (2·70) (P = 0·02). Of note, 106 blood components (95 RBC; 11 platelet concentrates) were transfused to only 36 out of 1348 COVID‐19 patients (2·7%). The main reason for RBC transfusion in COVID‐19 patients was a previous underlying disease (44%) followed by bleeding (25%) and inflammatory anaemia (25%).ConclusionThis is the first study to report a decrease in blood transfusions during the COVID‐19 pandemic in a general hospital and especially in the intensive care unit. The results of this study suggest that COVID‐19 does not generally induce transfusion requiring anaemia, being the main causes for transfusion in these patients underlying conditions or bleeding.
Aero Engine Concepts Beyond 2030: Part 2—The Free-Piston Composite Cycle Engine
Authors: Kaiser Sascha , Schmitz Oliver , Klingels Hermann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recognizing the attention currently devoted to the environmental impact of aviation, this three-part publication series introduces two new aircraft propulsion concepts for the timeframe beyond 2030. This second part presents the free-piston composite cycle engine concept. It is composed of a gas turbine topped with a free-piston system. The latter is a self-powered gas generator in which the internal combustion process drives an integrated air compressor. Here, several free-piston engines replace the high-pressure core of the gas turbine. Through the ability to work at much higher temperatures and pressures, the overall system efficiency can be increased significantly, and fuel burn as well as CO2 emissions reduce. The proposed free-piston composite cycle engine design is described in detail, and the sources of thermodynamic benefits are stated. Concrete engineering solutions consider the implementation into an aircraft. The free-piston design enables lower weight and size compared to a crankshaft-bound piston engine, as no mechanical transmission and lubrication system is required. The absence of a crankshaft and connecting rods eliminates reactive forces, reduces mechanical losses, and allows higher mean piston velocities. Facilitated through air lubrication, higher cylinder temperatures are viable. The reduction of heat losses enables cooling of the piston-cylinder with core fluid. The use of a sequential combustion chamber can enhance operability and tailor the production of NOx in low-altitude operation. A discussion of emissions affecting the environment shows the potential to reduce the climate impact of aviation.
Comparative effectiveness of physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of 40 randomised controlled trials
Authors: de Zoete Rutger MJ , Armfield Nigel R , McAuley James H , Chen Kenneth , Sterling Michele 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of different physical exercise interventions for chronic non-specific neck pain.DesignSystematic review and network meta-analysis.Data sourcesElectronic databases: AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, PsycINFO, Scopus and SPORTDiscus.Eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) describing the effects of any physical exercise intervention in adults with chronic non-specific neck pain.ResultsThe search returned 6549 records, 40 studies were included. Two networks of pairwise comparisons were constructed, one for pain intensity (n=38 RCTs, n=3151 participants) and one for disability (n=29 RCTs, n=2336 participants), and direct and indirect evidence was obtained. Compared with no treatment, three exercise interventions were found to be effective for pain and disability: motor control (Hedges’g, pain −1.32, 95% CI: −1.99 to −0.65; disability −0.87, 95% CI: –1.45 o −0.29), yoga/Pilates/Tai Chi/Qigong (pain −1.25, 95% CI: –1.85 to −0.65; disability –1.16, 95% CI: –1.75 to −0.57) and strengthening (pain –1.21, 95% CI: –1.63 to −0.78; disability –0.75, 95% CI: –1.28 to −0.22). Other interventions, including range of motion (pain −0.98 CI: −2.51 to 0.56), balance (pain −0.38, 95% CI: −2.10 to 1.33) and multimodal (three or more exercises types combined) (pain −0.08, 95% CI: −1.70 to 1.53) exercises showed uncertain or negligible effects. The quality of evidence was very low according to the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria.ConclusionThere is not one superior type of physical exercise for people with chronic non-specific neck pain. Rather, there is very low quality evidence that motor control, yoga/Pilates/Tai Chi/Qigong and strengthening exercises are equally effective. These findings may assist clinicians to select exercises for people with chronic non-specific neck pain.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019126523.
Determinants of clinical outcomes of surgery for isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation
Authors: Park Sung Jun , Oh Jin Kyung , Kim Seon-Ok , Lee Seung-Ah , Kim Ho Jin , Lee Sahmin , Jung Sung Ho , Song Jong-Min , Choo Suk Jung , Kang Duk-Hyun , Chung Cheol Hyun , Song Jae-Kwan , Lee Jae Won , Kim Dae-Hee , Kim Joon Bum 
Published: November 2020

ObjectivesAlthough the incidence of patients with isolated tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is increasing, data regarding the clinical outcomes of isolated TR surgery are limited. This study sought to investigate the prognostic implications according to procedural types, and to identify preoperative predictors of clinical outcomes after isolated TR surgery.MethodsAmong consecutive 2610 patients receiving tricuspid valve (TV) procedure, we analysed 238 patients (age, 59.6 years; 143 females) who underwent stand-alone TV surgery (repair, 132; replacement, 106) for severe TR. Primary outcome was the composite of all-cause mortality and heart transplantation. Clinical outcomes between the repair and the replacement groups were compared after adjusting with the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method.ResultsDuring follow-up (median, 4.1 years), 53 patients died and 4 received heart transplantation. Multivariable analysis revealed that age (p=0.001), haemoglobin level (p=0.003), total bilirubin (p=0.040), TR jet area (p=0.005) and right atrial (RA) pressure (p=0.022) were independent predictors of the primary outcome. After IPTW adjustment, there were no significant intergroup differences in the risk of primary outcome (HR 1.01; 95% CI 0.55 to 1.87). In the subgroup analysis, tricuspid annular diameter was identified as a significant effect modifier (p=0.012) in the comparison between repair versus replacement, showing a trend favouring replacement in patients with annular diameter >44 mm.ConclusionsThe outcomes of stand-alone severe TR surgery were independently associated with the severity of TR and RA pressure. In selected patients with severe annular dilation >44 mm, replacement may become a feasible option.
Association between right ventricular strain and outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Liu Tong , Gao Yifeng , Wang Hui , Zhou Zhen , Wang Rui , Chang San-Shuai , Liu Yuanyuan , Sun Yuqing , Rui Hongliang , Yang Guang , Firmin David , Dong Jianzeng , Xu Lei 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo explore the association between three-dimensional (3D) cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) feature tracking (FT) right ventricular peak global longitudinal strain (RVpGLS) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with stage C or D heart failure (HF) with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) but without atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsPatients with dilated cardiomyopathy were enrolled in this prospective cohort study. Comprehensive clinical and biochemical analysis and CMR imaging were performed. All patients were followed up for MACEs.ResultsA total of 192 patients (age 53±14 years) were eligible for this study. A combination of cardiovascular death and cardiac transplantation occurred in 18 subjects during the median follow-up of 567 (311, 920) days. Brain natriuretic peptide, creatinine, left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, right ventricular (RV) end-diastolic volume and RVpGLS from CMR were associated with the outcomes. The multivariate Cox regression model adjusting for traditional risk factors and CMR variables detected a significant association between RVpGLS and MACEs in patients with stage C or D HF with NIDCM without AF. Kaplan-Meier analysis based on RVpGLS cut-off value revealed that patients with RVpGLS <−8.5% showed more favourable clinical outcomes than those with RVpGLS ≥−8.5% (p=0.0037). Subanalysis found that this association remained unchanged.ConclusionsRVpGLS-derived from 3D CMR FT is associated with a significant prognostic impact in patients with NIDCM with stage C or D HF and without AF.