bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II Increases Apoptosis and Caspase-1 Expression in Human Myocardium
Authors: Song H , Downing S W , Wei C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Angiotensin II (AII) is a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogenic factor. The biological actions of All through AII receptors which include AT-1 and AT-2 receptors. However, the effects of AII on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and caspase expression remain controversial. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the actions of AII on human cardiomyocyte apoptosis and caspase-1 expression.
Human cardiac tissue was obtained from open-heart surgery (n=6). The cardiac tissue was minced and incubated in the special tissue culture system for 24 hours in the absence or presence of AII (10-7 M). These studies were repeated with losartan (10-6 M, AT-1 receptor antagonist) and PD123319 (PD, 10-6 M, AT-2 receptor antagonist). To detect the DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining and DNA gel analyses were performed. The caspase-1 expression was determined by immunohistochemical staining (IHCS). An average of 1000 nuclei was analyzed for both TUNEL and caspase-1 IHCS studies.
Micro-Structural Analysis of Cyanobacterial Macro-Morphogenesis
Authors: Lazaroff Norman , Eichelberger Henry H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A seldom studied and poorly understood feature of cyanobacterial growth and development is the formation of ordered macroscopic structures from microscopic cells, trichomes, and filaments. The forms range from nostoc balls and layered mats of comparatively simple structure to more complex erect tree-like (dendroid) macro-structures. Using macrophotography, time lapse micro-cinematography, light and scanning electron microscopy of Nostoc species in pure culture, it has been possible to show how motility, adhesion and aggregation of photo-induced motile trichomes (hormogonia) result in the macro-morphogenesis of dendroid forms.
Nostocacean development proceeds by the differentiation of cells in a cyclic sequence of stages including: long chains of cells in heterocystous filaments, motile hormogonia, and large rounded cells termed the aseriate phase. When grown from localized inocula on solid media, sequential development recycles across the agar surface of the culture. Different strains and species vary in the form and duration of each stage and the photo-response of hormogonia.
Microbial Ecology of Extreme Environments: Automobile Air Conditioning Systems
Authors: Simmons RB , Rose LJ , Crow SA , Ahearn DG 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Automobile air conditioning systems (ACS) might be considered an extreme environment for many microorganisms. Organisms surviving and proliferating in these systems may be presented with temperature changes ranging from subzero to over 140°F, water activity from saturation to dryness and a nutrient complexity including varying levels of hydrocarbons. Microbial communities develop in ACS and sometimes proliferate to the extent of massive colonization and production of objectionable odors.
In a few instances microorganisms emanating from ACS have been associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and other allergic reactions. Previously we demonstrated that foam insulation and glues, in particular, on ACS insulations were colonized by fungi such as Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, and Penicillium. Such fungi often are implicated in colonization of similar substrates in buildings categorized with the sick building syndrome.
A total of 42 ACS from the United States, Europe and Central America have been examined by cabin air sampling culture swab, direct microscopy or a combination of these techniques.
Attachment and Invasion of Clostridium Difficile Endospores Incubated with CACO-2 Cells
Authors: Panessa-Warren BJ , Tortora GT , Warren JB 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The small (0.5-0.75 um) Clostridial endospores are highly resistant to solvents, acids, bases, radiation, heat, cold, pressure, vacuum and most sporicides. C.difficile causes antibiotic induced pseudomembranous colitis, and is responsible for almost 20% of nosocomial diarrheas in todays hospitals. These endospores have been found on hospital floors, sheets and bedding, as well as on the hands and white coats of hospital personnel.
Our previous studies revealed that these endospores attach to agar by using a two phase attachment process. To examine if this mechanism for spore attachment is also responsible for C.difficile pathogenesis in the human colon, spore attachment and invasion of monolayers of human colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2 cells) using two strains of C.difficile,(ATCC 43594 an isolate from a patient with pseudomembranous colitis [FIG.1A] and ATCC 9689 a clinical microbology laboratory quality control strain) was studied. Cell monolayers grown on 6mm coverslips were inoculated with 10 ul of spore suspension (0.5 McFarland turbidity in sterile water),
An STM With A Time-Of-Flight Analyzer For Atomic Species Identification
Authors: Weierstall U , Spence JCH 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The local chemistry of many surface reactions is unknown, since no techniques exist for identifying atom types at individual defect sites on extended crystal surfaces. An STM has therefore been constructed which allows atomic clusters of interest to be transferred into a time-of-flight spectrometer for species identification. Atoms are first transferred from the STM sample to the tip, using a small voltage pulse. The sample is then removed, and these atoms ejected into a time-of-flight (TOF) analyzer for mass identification. A 75mm flat Chevron MCP is used as TOF-detector. The output is led to a digital oscilloscope, whose trace is triggered by the tip pulse. Scope, triggering and high voltage are under Labview control, spectra are transferred into the PC and the mass to charge ratio of the ionized species is calculated. The STM has a vertical axis and is based on the Burleigh Inchworm with tube scanner for sample movement.
A Digital Readout Scheme for Arrays of Microcalorimeter X-Ray Detectors
Authors: Nam S , Wollman DA , Hilton GC , Chervenak J , Deiker S , Irwin KD , Martinis John M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While the performance of single-pixel microcalorimeter x-ray detectors has been shown to be very useful for microanalysis1, arrays of microcalorimeters will have a further impact on energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) by providing higher total count rates and larger effective areas. We are developing a system with a 32x32 pixel array with a total area of 40 mm2 and with a total count rate between 105 and 106 s-1. One of the challenges in constructing an array-based system will be the readout electronics.
In a typical microcalorimeter EDS setup, shown in Fig. 1, the microcalorimeter is readout using a cryogenic amplifier (SQUID system) and analog feedback electronics to control the SQUID. The signal from the room-temperature SQUID electronics is either attached to a spectroscopy-grade shaping amplifier and MCA for real-time analog signal processing or attached to a digitizer for optimal pulse processing.
Effects of Aged Conditions on the Fracture Surface Fractal Dimension and Mechanical Behavior of an Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Hilders O A , Quintero A , Berrio L , Caballero R , Sáenz L , Peña N , Ramos M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There have been several attempts to find a relation between the fractal morphology of the fracture surfaces and the mechanical properties of engineering materials., although the current resuls are inconclusive. If there are correlations between the fractal dimension and such properties, this parameter could be very useful to predict them and to improve the resistance to fracture. The main part of the investigations concerned with the fractal geometry and fracture behavior concentrate on the relations between roughness and fracture toughness. In the present work, the effects of thermal aging at 850°C on the fracture topography developed during the rupture in tension at room temperature of a 304 type stainless steel and their relation with the strength and ductility, were studied using the fractal geometry approach.
SEM Evaluation of Chemically Finished Nonwoven Fabrics from Recycled Fibers
Authors: Bailey GW , McKernan S , Price RL , Walck SD , Charest P-M , Gauvin R , Goynes W R , Graves E E , Tao W , D'Anna G F , Day M P , Yachmenev V 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The textile industry produces large quantities of waste and scrap materials. Most of this waste requires disposal. Both environmental and economic benefits could be derived by developing commercial products to use these materials. Environmentally acceptable textile products include those that utilize recycled materials, or materials that have not been chemically processed. Such products are often not economically profitable because of the added expense necessary for environmental protection. Development of such a cost-effective textile product requires use of low-cost materials, minimal cost production processes, and finishes that have already been developed and tested.
The objective of this research was to develop a semi-disposable, economical, light-weight, comfortable thermal blanket that would be both flame-resistant and antibacterial through a limited number of laundry cycles. Targeted uses would be in medical and health care facilities, disaster relief centers, short term and emergency housing needs, recreational areas such as camping, and in military maneuvers where environmental conditions could be harmful to long-term products.
On the Measurement of Total Elastic Cross-sections in the ESEM or VPSEM Using X-Ray Microanalysis
Authors: Gauvin Raynald , Joy David C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is of paramount importance to know the total elastic-scattering cross sections of the gases which are present in the specimen chamber of the variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VP-SEM) or in the environmental SEM (ESEM) since these values are needed to compute the width of the beam broadening skirt by the use of Monte Carlo simulations. However, these values are not well known for even the most common gases because the vibrational modes of the molecules add another contribution to the usual value of the elastic scattering cross-section. To overcome this difficulty a method has been proposed to measure total elastic cross-sections which is based on a measurement on the unscattered beam current as a function of the chamber pressure using a Faraday cup. The total elastic cross-sections are then deduced using the well-known exponential decay law.
From the Scanning Electron Microscope to the Scanning Electron Macroscope with X-Ray Microanalysis in the ESEM
Authors: Gauvin Raynald 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, a new correction procedure has been proposed in order to perform X-Ray microanalysis in the ESEM or in the VP-SEM1. This new correction procedure is based on this equation:

where I is the measured intensity at a given pressure P, Ip is the intensity that would be generated without any gas in the microscope (the corrected intensity) and Im is the intensity with complete scattering of the electron beam. Im is therefore the contribution of the skirt on I. In equation (1), fp is the fraction of the incident beam, which is not scattered by the gas above the specimen, and it can be obtained from Monte Carlo simulations or from an analytical equation.
Rapid Automated 3-D Tracing of Neurons from Confocal Image Stacks
Authors: Al-Kofahi Khalid , Lasek Sharie , Turner James N , Roysam Badrinath 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Automated, large-scale quantitative morphologic analysis of extended three-dimensional (3-D) branched structures such as neurons and vasculature is of broad interest to biomedicine, especially efforts such as the Human Brain Project, and angiogenesis. The present work has resulted in a key enabling technology for such studies - rapid, accurate fully-automatic 3-D tracing of such structures from confocal image stacks. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed method makes it attractive for large-scale applications such as high-throughput assays in the pharmaceutical industry, and initiatives such as the Human Brain Project. Also of interest are attempts to simulate computationally the electrochemical behavior of large collections of neurons for which actual, rather than simulated, neuro-anatomical data, would be valuable. Finally, of long-term interest are emerging studies of the development and growth of live neurons observed over time, for which the present method can provide a powerful morphometric tool.
Probing Biological Samples with Near-Field Optics
Authors: Vickery Sarah A , Hollars Christopher W , Dunn Robert C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is an emerging optical technique capable of probing samples at the nanometric level. With the NSOM technique, high spatial resolution is achieved by scanning a small light source (or collector) close to a sample surface. The light source is usually formed with special fiber optic probes that funnel light down to an aperture that is smaller than the optical wavelength. By positioning the aperture close to a sample, the emerging radiation is forced to interact with the sample before diffracting out. Therefore, the spatial resolution in NSOM is only limited by the size of the aperture and its proximity to the sample, and not the wavelength of the light as in conventional optical microscopy.
Recently, we have been using the single molecule detection limits combined with the unique nature of the electric fields present near the NSOM tip aperture to probe molecular level structure in model lipid membranes.
Laser Capture Microdissection, Amplified Antisense Rna, and Highdensity Microarrays: The New Frontier for Gene Expression Profiling From Limited Amounts of Tissue
Authors: Madison, Ph.D. Roger D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Because the genes in all somatic cells of an individual are identical, it is the differential expression of the proteins encoded by particular genes that determines a cell's phenotype. There is now increasing interest in relating the simultaneous expression patterns of multiple proteins to complex biological processes. The goal is to develop ‘expression profiles’ of the proteins that are active within a cell or tissue during a particular condition. The ultimate control of functional protein expression is quite complex and may involve transcriptional, combinatorial, and postranslational mechanisms, as well as differences in protein degradation rates that vary under different conditions. Although mRNA levels do not always predict functional protein levels, they are a useful first step in determining the expression profile.
The evolution of three key technologies offers the promise of obtaining quantitative analysis of gene expression from restricted amounts of nervous system tissue. Laser capture microdissection can accomplish harvesting of identified cell populations from histologically processed tissue.
CRYO-Tem Measurements of Membrane Elasticity in Equilibrium Vesicle Systems: Two Distinct Mechanisms of Stability
Authors: Coldren B , Jung HT , Zasadzinski J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aqueous mixtures of oppositely charged surfactants spontaneously form equilibrium phases of unilamellar vesicles.1 The wide variety of surfactants that display this behavior allows control over vesicle charge, size, and polydispersity. This may be useful for new applications in drug delivery, nanomaterials synthesis, and as tests of theoretical concepts of membrane organization and interactions.
A subtle competition between the entropy of mixing and the elastic properties of surfactant and lipid bilayers determines their phase behavior and morphology. The curvature energy per unit area of bilayer, fc, is

where R1 and R2 are the principle radii of curvature, K is the curvature modulus, and is the saddle-splay modulus. The spontaneous curvature, l/ro, is nonzero only if there is asymmetry between the two sides of the bilayer.
Single Molecule Detection of Fluorescently Labelled DNA Dendrimers
Authors: Nilsen TW , Getts R , Weinstein M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Single molecule detection has been achieved via many highly sophisticated microscopic techniques. Here we describe the detection of single molecules with conventional epifluorescent microscopy. The key to the technique is the use of DNA dendrimers DNA dendrimers have demonstrated utility in nucleic acid blots, Southerns, Northerns, etc. Typically DNA dendrimers yield 50-100 fold gain in signal over comparably labeled oligonucleotides. Immunodendrimers, DNA dendrimers conjugated to antibody molecules, have also been constructed and utilized in western blot assays. Individual, i.e. single molecule, 4- layer dendrimers, are readily detectable as point sources via conventional fluorescence microscopy and are useful for in situ hybridization and flow fluorescence quantitation.
Nucleic acid hybridization is the underlying principle behind DNA dendrimer assembly. The “monomer” of DNA dendrimers consists of partially double stranded heteroduplexed DNA. Each monomer has an approximately 50 base double stranded “waist” surrounded by four approximately 30 base single stranded “arms”.
Structural Analysis of Filaments Using the STEM
Authors: Simon M N , Lin B Y , Wall J S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) facility at BNL is an NIH Biotechnology Research Resource and as such is available to users with suitable projects, free of charge. Currently, many of our users' projects involve studying the structures of a variety of filaments. Most of these are of biological origin, although a couple involve conducting polymers. The STEM has a long history of being used to study different types of filaments and resolving controversies about their structure.
The mainstay of the STEM is mass analysis on unstained, isolated, freeze-dried samples. On these, the STEM can collect in-focus digital data directly. In a scan (8 sec. in real time) of a sample, at each of 512x512 picture elements (pixels), the number of electrons scattered into two annular detectors is recorded. For each pixel, the number of scattered electrons is directly proportional to the mass thickness in that pixel.
Characterization of Surface Roughness
Authors: Russ John C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Because of the session at this Microscopy and Microanalysis 2000 meeting concerned with the microanalysis of irregular surfaces, it seems appropriate to briefly review the methods used for the characterization of rough surfaces. This includes both mathematical tools for the concise description of surface roughness, and instruments used to acquire the necessary data. These methods are widely used in industry to characterize and specify the roughness of surfaces prepared by various machining, grinding, polishing, chemical etching, and physical and chemical deposition techniques, and to correlate the surface roughness with performance.
Historically, surface roughness has been measured by performing a linear traverse with a mechanical stylus that is sensitive to vertical displacements of nm but with a lateral resolution on the order of pm, which is quite similar to the dimensions of the region analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. Recently, more comprehensive characterizations have been obtained using a raster scan over surface areas.
Prospects for X-Ray Analysis of Rough Surfaces in the SEM
Authors: Statham PJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Some of the key aspects affecting analysis of a rough surface are described in Fig. 1. If a hypothetical sample consisting of 96% Si, 1% O, 1% Na, 1% Al and 1% Fe is analysed at 20kV at constant beam current with an x-ray detector elevated at 30deg from horizontal then the measured intensities of the various characteristic lines will vary with tilt. While absorption of low energy x-rays is reduced as the sample tilts towards the detector, there is also a gradual loss of intensity due to increased backscatter. At the lower beam voltage of 5kV, absorption of x-rays at zero tilt is already small and Fig.2 shows that variation in intensity with positive tilts is substantially reduced, although absorption still becomes significant if the sample is tilted away from the detector.
An Electron Backscattered Diffraction Specimen Preparation Technique for High Resolution Serial Sectioning
Authors: Wall MA , Schwartz AJ , Nguyen L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A high-resolution serial sectioning specimen preparation technique is described for acquisition of electron backscattered diffraction orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) data. The primary objective is to develop a method to reproducibly remove a controlled thickness of material (a serial section) from a polycrystalline Ta sample while producing quality surfaces for OIM imaging. This is integrated with the ability to accurately measure the amount of material removed with each iteration and experimentally register the ensuing OIM scans.
A Si metrology device is fabricated by lithographic techniques to facilitate the measurement of the amount of material removed with each lapping iteration and the alignment of each serial section image. This metrology device contains a herringbone pattern with two orthogonal etched lines oriented at 45 degrees and one vertical line normal to the OIM surface. The metrology device is epoxied to a polished side surface of the Ta sample. Due to the orthogonality of the lines, the thickness of material removed equals one-half the total linear motion of the etched lines as seen in cross-section. To accurately measure the distance between the grooves after each lapping iteration, a high-resolution (0.1 μm) linear measuring system is attached to the table of a light metallograph.
Effects of Crystallographic Orientation Relatiotionships on the Propagation of Brittle Crack in Mn-Mo-Ni Low Alloy Steel
Authors: Oh Yong-Jun , Kim Min-Chul , Hong Jun-Hwa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Boundary properties between two adjacent grains with different crystallographic orientation relation are important factors in deciding the mechanical properties of materials. The concept of the geometric compatibility factor has been introduced in order to explain the relationship between transfer of deformation mode and crystal orientation. In the same manner, when the brittle crack propagates, grain boundary also obstructs crack propagation. Therefore it is also possible to introduce the concept of geometric compatibility considering the crystallographic orientation in analyzing the crack propagation.
In this study, the characteristics of the brittle crack propagation in bainitic low alloy steel with compositions shown in table 1 have been investigated using EBSD analysis. A 3-point bending test was performed at -100°C and the secondary crack below fracture surface was analyzed in relation to the crystallographic orientation. In order to explain the behavior of crack propagation, modified geometric compatibility factor, M was introduced considering loading axis and crystallographic orientation relationship.