bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the biomechanics of walking and crowd “flow”
Authors: Thompson Peter , Nilsson Daniel , Boyce Karen , Molloy Martin , McGrath Denise 
Published: August 2020

SummaryCrowd movement simulation models are generally based on aggregated speed and flow data collected more than 50 years ago. There appears to be no validated modelling capability to include the impact of recent and future changes in population demographics, resulting from an ageing population and increasing obesity rates. New analytical approaches and data gathering are required to successfully model crowd movement and safety for current and future generations. This study carried out (a) a review of the primary components of crowd movement, demographics and analytical techniques, (b) prototype experiments to investigate age‐related aspects of space and potential points of contact and (c) a new predictive model for crowd flow analysis based on pedestrian biomechanics and anthropometric data. The model uses the physical space taken up by the biomechanical walking process and the spatial buffer between points of potential contact with other pedestrians to predict the speed of movement at different levels of congestion. The new analytical model was used to predict single file speeds (for people with different demographics in congested space), which compared well with published experimental data. The next steps for model development for wider “flows” and additional experiments to provide data sets for wider demographics are also proposed.
Evaluation of fatty acid‐related nutritional quality indices in fried and raw nile tilapia, (Oreochromis Niloticus), fish muscles
Authors: Mekonnen Mengistu F. , Desta Derese T. , Alemayehu Fikadu R. , Kelikay Gezahegn N. , Daba Alemneh K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDuring frying, fat degrade and many reactions occur resulting in numerous altered fatty acid products. This would lead to the formation of Tran's fatty acids and changes in nutritional qualities. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the changes during frying on fatty acid composition of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) fish muscle from local fish market of Hawassa, Ethiopia. Fish fryers reported that they usually use palm oil for frying. They also indicated that the oil is kept for days and reused for frying at different cycle. In fried fish, 35 types of fatty acids were identified and 27 in raw fish muscle. Palmitic, stearic, heptadecanoic, and tetradecenoic acids were the abundant saturated fatty acids in both fried and raw fish muscle. Oleic, Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Linoleic acid were the major unsaturated fatty acids. The percentages of total saturated fatty acids (SFA) of raw fish muscle (47.4%) were found to be lower compared with fried fish muscle (51.8%). The n‐6/n‐3 ratio (7.83), index of atherogenicity (0.85), and thrombogenicity (1.71) in the fried fish muscle were in the undesirable values. The hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio was relatively similar in the fried (1.09) and raw (1.02) fish muscles. The total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) level of raw fish muscle (52.2%) was higher than the fried fish muscle (47.2%). Higher percentage of Tran's fatty acid was identified in the fried fish muscle compared with raw. Frying considerably altered fatty acid composition of fish muscle. It increased saturated fatty acid concentration and decreased unsaturated. Hence, frying noticeably decreases the nutritional quality of fish muscle. Therefore, it is suggested that further analysis on fatty acid composition of oil usually used for frying and the nutritional quality index across frying cycles.
αV integrins in Schwann cells promote attachment to axons, but are dispensable in vivo
Authors: Catignas Kathleen K. , Frick Luciana R. , Pellegatta Marta , Hurley Edward , Kolb Zachary , Addabbo Kathryn , McCarty Joseph H. , Hynes Richard O. , van der Flier Arjan , Poitelon Yannick , Wrabetz Lawrence , Feltri Maria Laura 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the developing peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells (SCs) extend their processes to contact, sort, and myelinate axons. The mechanisms that contribute to the interaction between SCs and axons are just beginning to be elucidated. Using a SC‐neuron coculture system, we demonstrate that Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptides that inhibit αV‐containing integrins delay the extension of SCs elongating on axons. αV integrins in SC localize to sites of contact with axons and are expressed early in development during radial sorting and myelination. Short interfering RNA‐mediated knockdown of the αV integrin subunit also delays SC extension along axons in vitro, suggesting that αV‐containing integrins participate in axo‐glial interactions. However, mice lacking the αV subunit in SCs, alone or in combination with the potentially compensating α5 subunit, or the αV partners β3 or β8, myelinate normally during development and remyelinate normally after nerve crush, indicating that overlapping or compensatory mechanisms may hide the in vivo role of RGD‐binding integrins.
Click it or give it: Increased seat belt law enforcement and organ donation
Authors: Brewer Ben 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLaws mandating that individuals wear a seat belt have the presumed goal of reducing motor vehicle accident fatalities, but the prevailing view is that they may reduce the number of organs available. I provide a conceptual model identifying mechanisms whereby the law could eitherincrease or decreaseorgan donation. Exploiting variation across states and time in the adoption of primary seat belt enforcement, I investigate these mechanisms and estimate the effect of the law on the supply of organs. The law increases seat belt usage and decreases motor vehicle accident fatalities, which translates to a sizeable reduction in the number of motor vehicle accident‐based organ donors. In contrast, the law is not associated with changes in the number of organ donors from nonmotor vehicle accident‐based sources and is robust to controlling for hospital‐specific effects. The effects are concentrated within organs expected to be most negatively impacted by the seat belt. Although primary enforcement represents a net‐gain to society in terms of lives saved, the negative impact on organ donation suggests further emphasis be placed on policies aimed at increasing the availability of organs.
Under‐reporting of COVID‐19 cases in Turkey
Authors: Kisa Sezer , Kisa Adnan 
Published: August 2020

SummaryHaving an accurate account of the number of national COVID‐19 cases is essential for understanding the national and global burden of the disease and managing COVID‐19 prevention and control efforts. There is also substantial under‐reporting of COVID‐19 cases and deaths in many countries. In this article, the COVID‐19 under‐reporting problem in Turkey is addressed, and examples and reasons for the under‐reporting are discussed.
Motivators for medical staff with a high gap in healthcare efficiency: Comparative research from Poland and Ukraine
Authors: Goncharuk Anatoliy G. , Lewandowski Roman , Cirella Giuseppe T. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryIntroductionThis article examines different motivators for medical staff in countries with a high gap in healthcare efficiency by comparing them in two healthcare systems—Polish (ie efficient) and Ukrainian (ie inefficient).MethodThis survey‐based study applies a six‐stage conceptual framework to two Polish and two Ukrainian hospitals as well as medical faculties of one university from each country. Following ethical approval, data were collected in the first quarter of 2019, using the ‘Evaluation of motivators questionnaire for medical staff’.FindingsMedical staff perceived their working conditions in the inefficient healthcare system much worse than in the efficient system; however, they generally had a more optimistic outlook. Medical staff in efficient and inefficient healthcare systems has different motivational targets, including sizable differences from profession, gender, and age. These factors play an important role in developing a high‐performance healthcare system. Results are illustrated in terms of motivators for medical staff.ConclusionOptimising a healthcare system requires useful reform of enablers, especially in countries with inefficient systems, including policymaking and regulatory action. Best practices must incorporate all stakeholders interested in high healthcare performance—usage of suitable practices from abroad can act as an important resource.
Does financial development spur environmental and energy‐related innovation in Brazil?
Authors: Ahmed Khalid , Jahanzeb Agha 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is a well‐established set of literature on the energy‐growth‐finance nexus, especially for emerging economies; however, we identify two key gaps and address them in this study. First, the applied macroeconometrics literature suggests that macroeconomics time‐series possesses a potential structural break(s) if not identified, which may result in large estimation errors. Second, although assessing the impact of financial development, the role of market capitalization and innovation have been ignored. Therefore, this study fills these gaps and incorporates the role of technological innovation and market capitalization on energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions in the presence of financial development, gross domestic product (GDP) and exports. Using extended time‐series data over the period of 1980–2014 for Brazil, this study utilizes a structural break unit root test prior to autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model to test the long‐run equilibrium relationship amongst all the underlying variables. The ARDL results found that all of the vectors are cointegrated. Furthermore, long‐run estimates validate the environmental Kuznet's curve (EKC) hypothesis for Brazil and conclude that exports are the key driver of CO2 emissions and energy demand in the country. However, financial development, market capitalization and technological innovation reduce the intensity of both the energy demand and emissions in the country. Causal analysis suggests that the exports increase financial development and innovation and in return, financial development and technological innovation decrease CO2 emissions in the country. The results are robust and useful for policy control use.
Financialization, household debt and income inequality: Empirical evidence
Authors: De Vita Glauco , Luo Yun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aftermath of the most recent financial crisis has prompted a surge of interest in the impact of finance capitalism on national economies and individual livelihoods. Yet, research on the impact of financialization on income inequality, remains scant and inconclusive. Using data for 33 countries over 1996–2015, we provide evidence that of the three financialization dimensions ‐ of the financial, nonfinancial and household sectors ‐ only household financialization exerts a positive and robustly significant impact on income inequality. Re‐estimations by system generalized‐methods‐of‐moments (SYS‐GMM) and difference‐GMM as well as alternative income inequality measures, confirm the significant, positive impact of household indebtedness over all other financialization dimensions. Following disaggregation of household financialization into its three main components (mortgage, consumer and other purposes debt), we also uncover that it is increasing levels of household debt aimed at sustaining living standards that is accountable for the positive impact on income inequality, whilst mortgage debt reduces it.
Structural changes, financial and business regulatory measures, energy and tourism demand: Evidence from group of seven countries
Authors: Munir Irfan Ullah , Yue Shen , Nassani Abdelmohsen A. , Abro Muhammad Moinuddin Qazi , Hyder Shabir , Zaman Khalid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe structural change is largely proliferated to adjust the momentous growth in tourism and energy demand, which is regulated by sound financial and business oriented measures in order to sustained economic profit. The objective of the study is to examine the impact of financial factors and business regulatory measures on energy and tourism demand in a group of seven (G‐7) countries, by using a consistent time series data from 1995–2015. The results of panel fixed effect regression confirm that financial and business regulatory measures increase energy and tourism demand. The panel causality results confirmed the unidirectional relationship running from finance to tourism and from energy to business regulatory measures that establish the finance‐led tourism growth and energy‐led business regulation hypothesis, while there is feedback relationship between energy and tourism, and energy and finance, which encourages the implementation of energy expansionary policies for long‐run sustained finance and international tourism across countries.
Nonlinear impacts of board independence on debt financing: Contingent on the shareholdings of the largest shareholder
Authors: Kweh Qian Long , Ting Irene Wei Kiong , Le Hanh Thi My , Nourani Mohammad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractShareholder interest is unprotected until and unless precise financial decision making is in place. Although literature supports the independent directors' monitoring function in a decision‐making process, for a controversial debt financing issue, the influence of the largest shareholders may hinder such an action. This study aims to delineate the association between board independence and debt financing when the largest shareholders are likely to play a significant role between them. With a sample of Vietnamese listed companies from 2007 to 2016, our regression analyses show that a nonlinear U‐shaped relationship between level of board independence and debt financing is stronger among the largest shareholders with a high level of shareholdings in their shareholding group than the full sample. This finding implies the determining influence of the largest shareholders with a high level of shareholdings in a company. However, this association is not found in companies with a low level of shareholdings by the largest shareholders. Results reveal that the largest shareholders have the incentive to influence the decision making of independent directors about debt financing when their shareholdings are high. Specifically, issuing more debt to raise capital for business reduces the risk of the largest shareholders losing their controlling rights. The results are further supported by several robustness checks and controlling for economic events such as the global financial crisis and ASEAN Economic Community.
To EMU or not to EMU: Can TFP “provoke” the capital structure puzzle of SMEs?
Authors: Savvakis Georgios A. , Kenourgios Dimitris , Papageorgiou Theofanis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the influence of the macroeconomic environment on corporate leverage. Using panel data of European listed SMEs, we examine the relationship between capital structure and country‐level total factor productivity (TFP), GDP growth, interest rates and stock market development across firm categories (micro, small, and medium) and monetary regimes (EMU and non‐EMU countries) for the period 2005–2015. By performing a dynamic panel data analysis into a vector error correction framework, along with several model specifications and robustness tests, we provide new evidence that country‐level TFP is an important determinant of capital structure choice, while its impact depends on the institutional environment (inside the EMU or not). Although there are both short‐run and long‐run dynamic relationships between the corporate leverage and the macroeconomic factors, to EMU or not to EMU is also evident when looking at the three size categories. Overall, our results suggest that all SMEs are not the same, and the determinants of their capital structure vary across size categories.
Evidence of speculative bubbles and regime switch in real estate market and crude oil price: Insight from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alola Andrew Adewale 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe sector performances of many economies especially the oil‐producing ones, are consistently linked with the volatility of the international crude oil prices. Considering the significance of the international crude oil price to the economy of the Saudi Arabia, the current study investigates the dynamics of the crude oil price and the country's real estate market. This is achieved by investigating the evidence of both speculative bubbles and regime switching in the crude oil and real estate market from October 3, 2005, to March 29, 2018. As such, the Supremum Augmented Dickey–Fuller (SADF) and Markov switching regression model were employed. Although there is no significant evidence of speculative bubbles in the Saudi Arabia's real estate market, the result reveals statistical significant evidence of price bubbles in the Brent crude oil price especially between the period of 2007 to 2008, which coincides with the Global Financial Crisis period. However, the Markov switching investigation reveal that there is evidence of significant and positive impact of crude oil price return on the real estate market in the regimes. Importantly, empirical evidence shows that the impact is higher in Regime 2 even as the global factor (proxy volatility index) is evidently significant. Although the regimes are persistent, the expected regime duration of the stable regime is of the higher quarter. This investigation is statistically significant and robust, especially when Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) price of crude oil is used in lieu of the European Brent price. The estimation result encourages more strict energy policies that tackle the Saudi Arabia's energy and the real estate challenges.
The effect of cell size on cellular Zn and Cd and Zn‐Cd‐CO2 colimitation of growth rate in marine diatoms
Authors: Li Weiying , Sunda William G. , Lin Wenfang , Hong Haizheng , Shi Dalin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCadmium (Cd) can serve as nutrient in marine diatoms by partially replacing zinc (Zn) in Zn‐limited cells. A major basis for this is the replacement of Cd for Zn in a Cd‐containing carbonic anhydrase (CDCA) needed for cellular acquisition of CO2. As a result of these interactions, cells can become colimited by Zn, Cd, and CO2. Large cell size should restrict the cellular uptake of Zn, Cd, and CO2 due to decreasing surface to volume ratios and limitation of diffusive flux of these nutrients to the cell surface. Large cells are thus more likely to become Zn‐Cd‐CO2 colimited than smaller ones. These predictions were confirmed in experiments with three marine diatoms: Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thalassiosira weissflogii, and Ditylum brightwellii, ranging in cell volume from 50 to 6000 fL. Cellular Zn : C ratios decreased by 10‐fold between the largest and smallest species, and consequently, the largest diatom was more readily growth‐limited than smaller ones by low external concentrations of bioavailable dissolved inorganic Zn (Zn′). Decreasing cellular Zn : C ratios were accompanied by large increases in cellular Cd uptake rates and Cd : C ratios. However, at the lowest Zn′ concentrations, Cd uptake plateaued, with the larger cells having lower cellular concentrations of both Zn and Cd. Cellular replacement of Zn by Cd was accompanied by increases in cellular CDCA expression. The largest diatom had higher combined carbonic anhydrase activities for a given Zn‐, Cd‐limited growth rate, supporting the hypothesis that these cells could be colimited by Zn, Cd, and CO2 at low external CO2 concentrations.
Nonlocality Induced Cherenkov Threshold
Authors: Hu Hao , Lin Xiao , Zhang Jingjing , Liu Dongjue , Genevet Patrice , Zhang Baile , Luo Yu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCherenkov radiation is generally believed to be threshold‐free in hyperbolic metamaterials owing to the extremely large photonic density of states in classical local framework. Although recent advances in nonlocal and quantum plasmonics extend our understanding of light‐matter interactions in metamaterials, how such effects influence Cherenkov radiation in hyperbolic metamaterials still remains unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that effects of nonlocality add a new degree of freedom to engineer Cherenkov thresholds in hyperbolic metamaterials. The interplay between finite structural dimensions and nonlocal nature of metallic electrons results in a nonzero Cherenkov threshold. Counterintuitively, such nonlocality‐induced Cherenkov threshold can be significantly smaller than the classically predicted one if the metamaterial is designed to work around the epsilon‐near‐zero frequency. This phenomenon is attributed to the excitation of longitudinal plasmon modes which are absent in classical electromagnetic framework. These findings apply to a general class of hyperbolic materials, including metallodielectric layered structures, nanorod/nanoribbon arrays, hyperbolic van der Waals crystals, etc.
Residual Injurious Symptoms and Its Association With Neurodegenerative Outcomes in Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Retrospective, Longitudinal Follow‐up Study
Authors: Wang Jing , Liu Yaping , Chau Steven W.H. , Zhang Jihui , Tsang Jessie , Yu Mandy Wai Man , Chan Ngan Yin , Chan Joey W.Y. , Li Shirley Xin , Huang Bei , Feng Hongliang , Mok Vincent , Wing Yun Kwok 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe risk of neurodegenerative disorders in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients with residual injurious symptoms (RIS) after symptomatic treatment with clonazepam and/or melatonin is unclear.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine the rate and correlates of RIS and its association with the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in patients with iRBD.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study. RIS was defined by the RBD Questionnaire–Hong Kong (RBDQ‐HK) as the presence of residual sleep‐related injuries or potential injurious behaviors for at least once a month after at least 1 year of treatment.ResultsA total of 15 out of 133 (11.3%) patients with iRBD (age at diagnosis = 66.5 ± 7.3 years, 77.4% male) had RIS after 2.7 years of treatment. Patients with RIS were younger at both onset and polysomnography‐confirmed diagnosis of iRBD (years, mean ± standard deviation, 56.3 ± 6.9 vs. 61.8 ± 7.6, P = 0.01; 61.2 ± 4.2 vs. 67.2 ± 7.4, P < 0.001, respectively), had more severe behavioral symptoms at diagnosis (both RBDQ‐HK total score and behavioral subscore, P = 0.01), and used a higher maximum dose of clonazepam (mg; median [interquartile range], 1.5 [1.0] vs. 1.0 [1.0], P = 0.01). RIS was probably associated with a higher risk of developing dementia with Lewy bodies (adjusted hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 5.47 [1.71–17.46], adjusted for onset age of RBD), but not Parkinsons's disease in the follow‐up.ConclusionRIS is not uncommon in patients with iRBD despite long‐term medication treatment. An earlier onset and more severe clinical profile are associated with RIS. The prediction of RIS toward dementia with Lewy bodies but not PD suggests that RIS may probably help to identify the specific risk of different subtypes of α‐synucleinopathy. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society