Pyrolytic carbon microelectrodes for impedance based cell sensing
Authors: Mohamed Hassan Yasmin , Caviglia Claudia , Hemanth Suhith , Mackenzie David M. A. , Petersen Dirch H. , Keller Stephan Sylvest 
Published: February 2020

Conductive carbon structures can be obtained from a polymer template through a pyrolysis process. These structures can be used as electrodes for bio sensing applications such as electrochemical cell morphology evaluation. This study focuses on the optimization of 2D pyrolysed carbon microelectrodes with the carbon MEMS (C-MEMS) process (1), (2). SU-8 was used as photoresist to define the polymer template on a Si-based carrier substrate, and then pyrolysed. Different electrochemical microchips with carbon working (WE) and counter electrode (CE) were fabricated. The particular focus of this work was on the optimization of the pyrolysis process to decrease the resistivity of the resulting carbon material and improve the performance in cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A gold pseudo-reference electrode (RE) and gold contact pads were deposited by e-beam evaporation through a shadow mask, and a 5µm thick film of SU-8 was used as passivation layer.
To investigate the influence of the different pyrolysis parameters on the obtained carbon, a one-step process was used with a maximum temperature of 900°C and a heating rate of 10°C/min. Then, the samples were kept at the maximum temperature under N2 for 10 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours and 10 hours respectively.
Focusing on the influence of the atmosphere during pyrolysis, experiments with different gases were performed, using a one-step process with a dwell time of 1 hour. In particular, the experiments were carried out under H2 and vacuum. The resistivity measurements, performed using a custom made 4-point measurement setup, show that the two hours process in N2 atmosphere gives the lowest resistivity value of 9,32x10-3 Ω·cm (Fig.1a).
For CV, the ferri-ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]4− / [Fe(CN)6]3− redox couple was used, after treatment of the electrodes with oxygen plasma. Also in this case the pyrolysis process of two hours under N2 produced electrodes that displayed the best electrochemical behaviour, with a peak current of 2,88 x10-4 A and a ΔEp of 240 mV (Fig.1b).
To provide an increased sensitivity for impedance based cell sensing, the design of the electrode chip has been modified. The WE is covered by the passivation layer except for a defined number of small circles with a diameter of 250 µm (Fig.1c). The WEs locally increase the current density, and the changes occurring at the multiple WEs dominate the measurement, while the contribution of the CE becomes negligible (3). In the previous design with a single WE impedance measurements were not possible.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy has been used to monitor adhesion and proliferation of HeLa cells. The experiments have been performed by initially seeding about 7.5·104 cells into a sterilized batch system containing a laminin coated carbon chip. Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium was used as culture medium. The chamber was incubated at 37° C in a humidified atmosphere having 5% CO2.
Impedance spectra were acquired every hour, for 6 hours. 1 mV sinusoidal perturbation potential was applied and 50 points were recorded in the frequency range between 5Hz and 300k Hz. Figure 1d shows the comparison between impedance spectra for the electrode with and without cells. As it can be seen, in the frequency range between 1x103 and 2x105 the impedance variation shows the adhesion of the cells to the substrate.
The results indicate that pyrolysed carbon microelectrodes are suitable for impedance based cell monitoring and that the electrochemical performance can be improved through optimization of the fabrication process and the electrode design.
Reference:

Singh, A., Jayaram, J., Madou, M., & Akbar, S. (2002). Pyrolysis of Negative Photoresists to Fabricate Carbon Structures for Microelectromechanical Systems and Electrochemical Applications. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149(3), 78–83. http://doi.org/10.1149/1.1436085

Wang, C., Jia, G., Taherabadi, L. H., & Madou, M. J. (2005). A novel method for the fabrication of high-aspect ratio C-MEMS structures. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 14(2), 348–358. http://doi.org/10.1109/JMEMS.2004.839312

Stolwijk, J. a, Matrougui, K., Renken, C. W., & Trebak, M. (2014). Impedance analysis of GPCR-mediated changes in endothelial barrier function: overview and fundamental considerations for stable and reproducible measurements. Pflugers Archiv : European Journal of Physiology. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-014-1674-0

Figure 1