bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluvial CO2 and CH4 patterns across wildfire‐disturbed ecozones of subarctic Canada: Current status and implications for future change
Authors: Hutchins Ryan H. S. , Tank Suzanne E. , Olefeldt David , Quinton William L. , Spence Christopher , Dion Nicole , Estop‐Aragonés Cristian , Mengistu Samson G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite occupying a small fraction of the landscape, fluvial networks are disproportionately large emitters of CO2 and CH4, with the potential to offset terrestrial carbon sinks. Yet the extent of this offset remains uncertain, because current estimates of fluvial emissions often do not integrate beyond individual river reaches and over the entire fluvial network in complex landscapes. Here we studied broad patterns of concentrations and isotopic signatures of CO2 and CH4 in 50 streams in the western boreal biome of Canada, across an area of 250,000 km2. Our study watersheds differ starkly in their geology (sedimentary and shield), permafrost extent (sporadic to extensive discontinuous) and land cover (large variability in lake and wetland extents). We also investigated the effect of wildfire, as half of our study streams drained watersheds affected by megafires that occurred 3 years prior. Similar to other boreal regions, we found that stream CO2 concentrations were primarily associated with greater terrestrial productivity and warmer climates, and decreased downstream within the fluvial network. No effects of recent wildfire, bedrock geology or land cover composition were found. The isotopic signatures suggested dominance of biogenic CO2 sources, despite dominant carbonate bedrock in parts of the study region. Fluvial CH4 concentrations had a high variability which could not be explained by any landscape factors. Estimated fluvial CO2 emissions were 0.63 (0.09–6.06, 95% CI) and 0.29 (0.17–0.44, 95% CI) g C m−2 year−1 at the landscape scale using a stream network modelling and a mass balance approach, respectively, a small but potentially important component of the landscape C balance. These fluvial CO2 emissions are lower than in other northern regions, likely due to a drier climate. Overall, our study suggests that fluvial CO2 emissions are unlikely to be sensitive to altered fire regimes, but that warming and permafrost thaw will increase emissions significantly.
Strengthening mechanism of cover glass by Sol‐Gel SiO2 coating
Authors: Li Chenyu , Zhou Zhonghua , Cao Wen , Zheng Yuanyuan , Wang Qun , Huang Yue , Shen Shirley 
Published: December 2019

AbstractStrengthening is a huge challenge of ultrathin cover glass in mobile electronic devices. In this paper, a transparent sol‐gel silica coating has been sprayed on the surface of chemically strengthened cover glass, and three different coatings (identified as thickness/curing temperature: 3 μm/80°C, 5 μm/80°C, and 3 μm/180°C) have been prepared. Characterized by four‐point bending experiment, the strengthening effects of three coatings, representing by the increases of strength of the coated glass, are 47 MPa, 98 MPa, and 58 MPa for 3 μm/80°C, 5 μm/80°C, and 3 μm/180°C, respectively. Based on finite element simulation and experimental data of four‐point bending, the influence of four parameters of surface coating (elastic modulus, residual stress, filling ratio, and thickness) on glass strengthening has been investigated. Simulation analysis shows that the increase of elastic modulus, residual stress, and filling ratio of the SiO2 coating facilitates the increase of bending strength of cover glass, and the coating thickness has less influence on the glass strength. However, the experimental results demonstrate that the coating thickness has a significant impact on the strength of glass: when the layer thickness of sample cured at 80°C increases from 3μm to 5μm, the bending strength of glass can improve by 51MPa. Since greater coating thickness induces greater filling ratio, which is the main contributor to the strengthening effect of increased coating thickness, so, elastic modulus, residual stress, and filling ratio of the coating are the three key factors of the cover glass strengthening.
Bread fortified with dietary fibre extracted from culinary banana bract: its quality attributes and in vitro starch digestibility
Authors: Begum Yesmin A. , Chakraborty Sourav , Deka Sankar C. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe effect of fortification of dietary fibre (DF) on dough rheology, quality characteristics and in vitro starch digestibility of bread was studied. Bread was prepared incorporating DF (2–4 g per 100 g of flour mixture). Rheological study of dough showed an increase in dough stiffness and elasticity with higher incorporation of the DF. The results of chemical composition revealed that addition of DF increased total DF (19.65 g per 100 g) content of bread. However, incorporation of 2 g per 100 g DF of flour mixture with 66 g per 100 g moisture showed higher water retention and specific volume of 86.76% and 5.83 cm3 g−1, respectively, which was close to control bread. Improved textural property with acceptable sensory attributes was observed for bread fortified with 2 g per 100 g DF of flour mixture and 66 g per 100 g moisture content. Incorporation of DF (2–4 g per 100 g of flour mixture) showed a decrease in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) and an increase in slowly digestible starch (SDS) content with lower predicted glycaemic index (pGI) than control bread.
Financial disclosure readability and innovative firms' cost of debt
Authors: Hoffmann Arvid O. I. , Kleimeier Stefanie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInnovative firms confront potential lenders with various risks, including possible innovation failure, uncertain R&D investment payoffs, cash flow volatility, and low collateral value of hard‐to‐value intangible assets. As a result, these firms might struggle to obtain financing. More readable financial disclosures could mitigate the informational risk around innovative firms' fundamentals, ease their monitoring by lenders, and thus ultimately reduce these firms' cost of debt. In this regard, we find that while all firms can overcome information uncertainty about their firm fundamentals and reduce their spreads by having more readable financial disclosures, there is an additional benefit in terms of readability further lowering the cost of debt for innovative firms. The additional benefit that innovative firms can achieve from having more readable financial disclosures, however, is limited to situations of more pronounced information asymmetry where there is no previous lending relationship.
The adjunctive use of host modulators in non‐surgical periodontal therapy. A systematic review of randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical studies
Authors: Donos Nikolaos , Calciolari Elena , Brusselaers Nele , Goldoni Matteo , Bostanci Nagihan , Belibasakis Georgios N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundConsidering the role of the inflammatory host response in the pathogenesis of periodontitis, different host modulators have been proposed to enhance the outcomes of non‐surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT), but their efficacy has not been fully clarified.ObjectivesThis systematic review investigated the efficacy of host modulators combined with NSPT in reducing probing pocket depth (PPD) in periodontitis patients.Materials and methodsPlacebo‐controlled RCTs with ≥6 months follow‐up were searched. Meta‐analysis was conducted when ≥5 studies using the same host modulator were identified.ResultsFifty eight studies met the inclusion criteria. After 6 months, local administration of 1.2% statin gels as adjuncts to NSPT significantly improved PPD reduction (1.83 mm) in infrabony defects and systemic administration of sub‐antimicrobial dose doxycycline (SDD) in addition to NSPT improved PPD reduction of deep pockets. Administration of probiotics conferred limited clinical benefits. Local bisphosphonate and metformin gels showed potential for clinical use in infrabony defects, which needs to be confirmed.ConclusionsLocal delivery of statins in infrabony defects and systemic SDD for deep pockets may confer additional clinical benefits to NSPT. Their long‐term effectiveness and safety need to be confirmed in independent multi‐centred studies. Further studies are needed to confirm the benefit of other host modulators.
Comparison of guidelines for the management of patients with high‐risk and advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma – a systematic review
Authors: Heppt M.V. , Steeb T. , Berking C. , Nast A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe management of high‐risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) can be a challenge as evidence from high quality clinical trials is rare. Guideline developers are challenged to provide practical and useful guidance for clinicians even in the absence of good evidence. In order to compare treatment recommendations for high‐risk and advancedcSCCamong national and international guidelines and to extract the most precise guidance provided, a systematic search was carried out in guideline databases Medline and Embase with a cutoff of 4 March 2019. Treatment recommendations for predefined clinical scenarios were extracted from selected guidelines and compared qualitatively. Five guidelines published from 2015 to 2018 were included. Excision of high‐risk tumours with margin assessment was recommended in all guidelines. A safety margin of at least 6 mm was suggested in four guidelines. There was no clear recommendation to perform a sentinel lymph node biopsy in any guideline. Lymph node dissection was uniformly recommended in the presence of nodal disease. Treatment for metastaticcSCCwas poorly characterized and restricted to the use of chemotherapy and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Recommendations for the management of high‐risk and advancedcSCCwere limited. We propose that guidelines should be updated to reflect recent advances in checkpoint blockade for metastaticcSCC.
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas on special locations: perioral, periocular and genital area
Authors: Nägeli M.C. , Ramelyte E. , Dummer R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIf tumours arise in special locations such as around the eyes, mouth or in the genital area, patients and physicians are challenged by the need for complete removal of the tumour with safety margins and high demands on function and aesthetic aspects. Treatment should be performed by specialized physicians including ophthalmologists, head and neck surgeons, surgical, medical and radiation oncologists. The first‐line treatment for most cutaneous malignancies is surgical excision; however, in several situations, such as well‐differentiated cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) in the periocular or anal region, radiotherapy is a very reasonable and sometimes treatment of first choice, especially in patients with advanced age. In periocular SCC, radiotherapy with superficial x‐ray combined with eye shielding, while in anal SCC, radiotherapy combined with chemotherapy is recommended. However, after failure of local treatment options including surgery and radiotherapy, systemic medications are indicated in order to achieve tumour control or cure. Systemic therapies include immunotherapy, targeted therapy or chemotherapy. Preventive strategies are based on UV protection in facial, and vaccination in HPV associated anogenital SCCs.
The actinic dysplasia syndrome – diagnostic approaches defining a new concept in field carcinogenesis with multiple cSCC
Authors: Dejonckheere G. , Suppa M. , del Marmol V. , Meyer T. , Stockfleth E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUsually, SCC lesions are surrounded by a number of clinically visible and non‐visible (subclinical) areas of actinically damaged skin containing cells with dysplasia, and thus may be designated actinic dysplasia syndrome. The epithelial damage is caused mainly by UV radiation, inducing mutations in keratinocytes that may confer growth advantages resulting in preneoplastic fields. The development of visible dysplastic lesions (actinic keratosis – AK) and subsequent progression to invasive SCC requires further mutations in cancer‐associated genes, like tumour suppressor genes and cell cycle regulators. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) represent a considerable advantage for the investigation of field cancerization. In addition, imaging allows the non‐invasive monitoring of topical treatments for AKs. RCM provides in vivo horizontal skin sections with a high, 1‐μm lateral resolution (similar to histopathology) but with a limited penetration (about 200 μm), which can hamper the visualization of important areas such as the dermal–epidermal junction. Conventional OCT has better penetration (1–2 mm) at the expense of a more limited resolution (much lower than histopathology). Line‐field confocal OCT (LC‐OCT) combines the high precision of RCM and the good penetration of OCT in a single device and therefore appears to be very useful in diagnosing/managing AKs.
Identification of responders to immune checkpoint therapy: which biomarkers have the highest value?
Authors: Liebl M.C. , Hofmann T.G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEvasion of immune recognition by the innate and acquired immune system is a major principle of tumour cells and belongs to the hallmarks of cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitor‐based cancer therapies targeting the co‐inhibitory receptors CTLA‐4 or PD‐1 have received enormous scientific and clinical attention during the last few years, because of promising clinical results observed in the treatment of different cancer entities including melanoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. However, the enthusiasm about the effects of the immune checkpoint inhibitors is muted as only a subfraction of patients shows a stable clinical response. To predefine the patient cohorts that may benefit from immune checkpoint therapy, rigorous biomarker analyses, which predict the response to these novel therapies, need to be performed. In addition, combination of immune checkpoint therapy with classical DNA‐damaging chemotherapy or radiotherapy, which positively affects tumour neo‐antigen presentation, appears to be a promising approach in optimizing patients’ response. In this review, we briefly summarize important biomarkers for patient stratification and discuss the current limitations of these biomarkers in defining responders vs. non‐responders to immune checkpoint therapy.
Medical treatment of advanced cutaneous squamous‐cell carcinoma
Authors: Gellrich F.F. , Hüning S. , Beissert S. , Eigentler T. , Stockfleth E. , Gutzmer R. , Meier F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractConsidering the rising incidence, cutaneous squamous‐cell carcinoma (cSCC) has a high clinical relevance. In patients with localized cSCC, complete surgical resection is indicated. Radiotherapy should be performed in patients with non‐resectable tumours or in patients who are not suitable for surgery. Systemic therapy is reserved for cSCC that are neither surgically nor radiotherapeutically curable due to their extensive local spread and/or local or distant metastasis. In the absence of prospective randomized phase 3 trials to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of chemotherapeutics, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors and anti‐PD‐1 antibodies, no final recommendation for systemic therapy can be given for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cSCC. Anti‐PD‐1 antibodies currently show promising results with response rates of up to 50% in both locally advanced and metastatic cSCC. Anti‐PD‐1 antibodies appear to achieve higher response rates compared with EGFR inhibitors, and the duration of response appears to be superior to both chemotherapy and EGFR inhibitors. Compared with chemotherapy, the side effect profile of anti‐PD‐1 antibodies appears to be favourable. Altogether, PD‐1 inhibitors are expected to become the new standard of care for patients with locally advanced and metastatic cSCC. Currently, placebo‐controlled clinical trials are investigating the adjuvant use of cemiplimab and pembrolizumab in patients undergoing resection and radiotherapy of high‐risk cSCC. Patients not eligible for anti‐PD‐1 treatment, e.g. in organ transplant recipients, or in patients refractory to anti‐PD‐1 may be offered EGFR inhibitors and/or chemotherapies. Chemotherapies appear to be superior to EGFR inhibitors in terms of response rates, whereas EGFR inhibitors have a more favourable toxicity profile. EGFR inhibitors are therefore more suitable for multimorbid and/or frail elderly patients. By combining EGFR inhibitors with local therapy such as surgery or radiotherapy, response rates and duration of response may be improved.
Decontamination of irrigation water using a combined sand filtration and UV‐C light treatment
Authors: Sherman‐Wood Robert , Tikekar Rohan V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSurface irrigation water is a food safety risk due to susceptibility to contamination and varying turbidity that affects chlorination efficacy. Effectiveness of a combined high‐throughput, commercially available sand filter and UV‐C system to inactivate Escherichia coli (K12, and attenuated O157:H7) in simulated irrigation water of varying turbidity and actual irrigation water was investigated. Sand filtration reduced the water turbidity from ~600 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to ~200 NTU but did not effectively filter out E. coli (K12) [<1 log colony forming units (CFU)/ml]. UV‐C‐induced inactivation of E. coli (attenuated O157:H7) was modeled for various levels of turbidity (0–500 NTU), and the relationship between the D value for inactivation and turbidity was found to be linear (R2 > .97). Predicted UV treatment time to achieve 5 log reduction in water with turbidities of 100 and 300 NTU was 110 and 370 s, respectively. Validation performed with irrigation water (turbidity of 330 ± 82 NTU) showed that sand filtration reduced turbidity to 180 ± 57 NTU. Based on this, the duration of UV treatment required for 5 log reduction of E. coli O157:H7 was calculated (average of 237 s). Observed levels of inactivation, 4.7 ± 0.31 log CFU/ml, were not significantly different (p > .05) from the predicted level, 5 log CFU/ml, indicating a good model fit.
Comorbid conditions associated with painful temporomandibular disorders in adolescents from Brazil, Canada and France: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Khan Khurram , Muller‐Bolla Michèle , Anacleto Teixeira Junior Oscar , Gornitsky Mervyn , Guimarães Antonio Sergio , Velly Ana Miriam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundPainful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is common among adolescents. Presence of painful comorbidities may worsen painful TMD and impact treatment effectiveness.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the association between painful TMD and comorbidities.MethodologyIn this cross‐sectional study, adolescents were recruited in Montreal (Canada), Nice (France) and Arceburgo (Brazil). Reliable instruments were used to assess painful TMD and comorbidities. Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the study aims.ResultsThe prevalence of self‐reported painful TMD was estimated at 31.6%; Arceburgo (31.6%), Montreal (23.4%) and Nice (31.8%). Painful TMD was more common among girls than boys (OR = 1.96). Painful TMD was associated with a higher number of comorbidities (OR = 1.77); Arceburgo (OR = 1.81), Montreal (OR = 1.80) and Nice (OR = 1.72). A stronger association was found between painful TMD and headaches (OR = 4.09) and a weaker one with stomach pain (OR = 1.40). Allergies were also related to painful TMD (OR = 1.43).ConclusionPainful TMD was associated with comorbidities. Headaches were consistently associated with painful TMD. Other associations were modified by sex and/or covariates related to the cities where participants were recruited.
The importance of the intensive care unit environment in sleep—A study with healthy participants
Authors: Reinke Laurens , Haveman Marjolein , Horsten Sandra , Falck Thomas , van der Heide Esther M. , Pastoor Sander , van der Hoeven Johannes H. , Absalom Anthony R. , Tulleken Jaap E. 
Published: December 2019

SummarySleep disruption is common among intensive care unit patients, with potentially detrimental consequences. Environmental factors are thought to play a central role in ICU sleep disruption, and so it is unclear why environmental interventions have shown limited improvements in objectively assessed sleep. In critically ill patients, it is difficult to isolate the influence of environmental factors from the varying contributions of non‐environmental factors. We thus investigated the effects of the ICU environment on self‐reported and objective sleep quality in 10 healthy nurses and doctors with no history of sleep pathology or current or past ICU employment participated. Their sleep at home, in an unfamiliar environment (‘Control’), and in an active ICU (‘ICU’) was evaluated using polysomnography and the Richard‐Campbell Sleep Questionnaire. Environmental sound, light and temperature exposure were measured continuously. We found that the control and ICU environment were noisier and warmer, but not darker than the home environment. Sleep on the ICU was perceived as qualitatively worse than in the home and control environment, despite relatively modest effects on polysomnography parameters compared with home sleep: mean total sleep times were reduced by 48 min, mean rapid eye movement sleep latency increased by 45 min, and the arousal index increased by 9. Arousability to an awake state by sound was similar. Our results suggest that the ICU environment plays a significant but partial role in objectively assessed ICU sleep impairment in patients, which may explain the limited improvement of objectively assessed sleep after environmental interventions.
The Effects of Regional Governance, Education, and In‐Migration on Business Performance
Authors: Nguyen Bach , Canh Nguyen Phuc 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYNational institutional settings are important to small business performance. However, national institutions take time to change. So, is there any way to boost firm performance in ‘weak’ institutional environments? This study aims to answer this question by examining the role of local institutions represented by the quality of local governance, instead of the very broad national constitutional configurations. Moreover, it is suggested that regional human capital, whether locally built‐up (through local education) or externally imported (through in‐migrants) is able to strengthen the positive impacts of local governance on small business performance. A test on more than 1.3 million firm‐year observations of Vietnamese small businesses confirms the moderating effects of education and in‐migration on the relationship between local governance and firm performance.