bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lyman Continuum Escape Fraction of Galaxies and AGN in the GOODS Fields
Authors: Smith Brent M. , Windhorst Rogier A. , Cohen Seth H. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Jansen Rolf A. , White Cameron , Borthakur Sanchayeeta , Hathi Nimish , Jiang Linhua , Rutkowski Michael , Ryan Russell E. , Inoue Akio K. , O’Connell Robert W. , MacKenty John W. , Conselice Christopher J. , Silk Joseph I. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We present our analysis of the Lyman continuum (LyC) emission and escape fraction of 111 spectroscopically verified galaxies with and without active galactic nuclei (AGN) from 2.26 < z < 4.3. We extended our ERS sample from Smith et al. with 64 galaxies in the GOODS North and South fields using WFC3/UVIS F225W, F275W, and F336W mosaics we independently drizzled using the HDUV, CANDELS, and UVUDF data. Among the 17 AGN from the 111 galaxies, one provided a LyC detection in F275W at

= 23.19 mag (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N, ≃ 133) and GALEX NUV at

= 23.77 mag (S/N ≃ 13). We simultaneously fit SDSS and Chandra spectra of this AGN to an accretion disk and Comptonization model, and find

values of

and

. For the remaining 110 galaxies, we stack image cutouts that capture their LyC emission using the F225W, F275W, and F336W data of the GOODS and ERS samples, and both combined, as well as subsamples of galaxies with and without AGN, and all galaxies. We find the stack of 17 AGN dominate the LyC production from

≃ 2.3–4.3 by a factor of ∼10 compared to all 94 galaxies without AGN. While the IGM of the early universe may have been reionized mostly by massive stars, there is evidence that a significant portion of the ionizing energy came from AGN.
The Inner Disk of RY Tau: Evidence of Stellar Occultation by the Disk Atmosphere at the Sublimation Rim from K-band Continuum Interferometry
Authors: Davies Claire L. , Kraus Stefan , Harries Tim J. , Monnier John D. , Kloppenborg Brian , Aarnio Alicia , Baron Fabien , Lopez Rebeca Garcia , Millan-Gabet Rafael , Parks Robert , Pedretti Ettore , Perraut Karine , Sturmann Judit , Sturmann Laszlo , ten Brummelaar Theo A. , Touhami Yamina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We present models of the inner region of the circumstellar disk of RY Tau that aim to explain our near-infrared (K-band: 2.1 μm) interferometric observations, while remaining consistent with the optical to near-infrared portions of the spectral energy distribution. Our submilliarcsecond-resolution CHARA Array observations are supplemented with shorter baseline, archival data from PTI, KI, and VLTI/GRAVITY and modeled using an axisymmetric Monte Carlo radiative transfer code. The K-band visibilities are well fit by models incorporating a central star illuminating a disk with an inner edge shaped by dust sublimation at 0.210 ± 0.005 au, assuming a viewing geometry adopted from millimeter interferometry (65° inclined with a disk major axis position angle of 23°). This sublimation radius is consistent with that expected of silicate grains with a maximum size of 0.36–0.40 μm contributing to the opacity, and is an order of magnitude further from the star than the theoretical magnetospheric truncation radius. The visibilities on the longest baselines probed by CHARA indicate that we lack a clear line of sight to the stellar photosphere. Instead, our analysis shows that the central star is occulted by the disk surface layers close to the sublimation rim. While we do not see direct evidence of temporal variability in our multiepoch CHARA observations, we suggest the aperiodic photometric variability of RY Tau is likely related temporal and/or azimuthal variations in the structure of the disk surface layers.
An Application of the Global ILC Algorithm over Large Angular Scales to Estimate the CMB Posterior Using Gibbs Sampling
Authors: Sudevan Vipin , Saha Rajib 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this work, we formalize a new technique to investigate the joint posterior density of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) signal and its theoretical angular power spectrum given the observed data, using the global internal-linear-combination method first proposed in a paper by Sudevan & Saha in 2017. We implement the method on low-resolution CMB maps observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the Planck satellite missions, using Gibbs sampling, assuming that the detector noise is negligible on large angular scales of the sky. The main products of our analysis are a best-fit cleaned CMB map and its theoretical angular power spectrum, along with their error estimates. We validate the method by performing Monte Carlo simulations that include realistic foreground models and noise levels consistent with WMAP and Planck observations. Our method has a unique advantage: the posterior density is obtained without any need to explicitly model foreground components. Second, the power spectrum results with the error estimates can be directly used for cosmological parameter estimations.
X-Ray Quasi-periodic Oscillations in the Lense–Thirring Precession Model. II. Variability of the Relativistic Iron Kα Line
Authors: You Bei , Życki Piotr T. , Ingram Adam , Bursa Michal , Wang Wei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The reprocessing of primary X-ray emission in the accretion disk of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXRBs) produces a reflection spectrum with the characteristic Fe Kα fluorescence line. Strong low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) are observed from BHXRBs, and the dependence of QPO properties (e.g., phase lag) on the inclination angle suggests that the observed QPO may be associated with a geometrical effect, e.g., the precession of the X-ray source due to frame dragging near the spinning black hole. Here, in the scenario of the Lense–Thirring precession of the X-ray source, we use a Monte Carlo simulation of radiative transfer to study the irradiation/reflection and the resultant spectral properties including the Fe Kα line as a function of precession phase (time). We found that the reflection fraction, i.e., the ratio of incident flux toward the disk and the direct flux toward the observer at infinity, is modulated by the precession phase, which depends on the truncation radius (i.e., the spectral state in the truncated disk model) and the inclination angle. The Fe Kα line profile also changes as the primary X-ray source precesses, with the line luminosity and the flux-weighted centroid energy varying with the precession phase. The periodically modulated 2–10 keV continuum flux could apparently lag the line luminosity in phase, if the truncation radius is small enough for Doppler effects due to disk orbital motion to significantly affect the observed radiation.
The Extreme Space Weather Event in 1903 October/November: An Outburst from the Quiet Sun
Authors: Hayakawa Hisashi , Ribeiro Paulo , Vaquero José M. , Gallego María Cruz , Knipp Delores J. , Mekhaldi Florian , Bhaskar Ankush , Oliveira Denny M. , Notsu Yuta , Carrasco Víctor M. S. , Caccavari Ana , Veenadhari Bhaskara , Mukherjee Shyamoli , Ebihara Yusuke 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
While the Sun is generally more eruptive during its maximum and declining phases, observational evidence shows certain cases of powerful solar eruptions during the quiet phase of solar activity. Occurring in the weak Solar Cycle 14 just after its minimum, the extreme space weather event in 1903 October–November is one of these cases. Here, we reconstruct the time series of geomagnetic activity based on contemporary observational records. With the mid-latitude magnetograms, the 1903 magnetic storm is thought to be caused by a fast coronal mass ejection (≈1500 km s−1) and is regarded as a superstorm with an estimated minimum of the equivalent disturbance storm time index (Dst’) of ≈−531 nT. The reconstructed time series has been compared with the equatorward extension of auroral oval (≈44.°1 in invariant latitude) and the time series of telegraphic disturbances. This case study shows that potential threats posed by extreme space weather events exist even during weak solar cycles or near their minima.
A grid-based map for the Biogeographical Regions of Europe
Authors: Cervellini Marco , Zannini Piero , Di Musciano Michele , Fattorini Simone , Jiménez-Alfaro Borja , Rocchini Duccio , Field Richard , R. Vetaas Ole , Irl Severin D.H. , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Hoffmann Samuel , Fischer Jan-Christopher , Casella Laura , Angelini Pierangela , Genovesi Piero , Nascimbene Juri , Chiarucci Alessandro 
Published: June 2020

Biogeographical units are widely adopted in ecological research and nature conservation management, even though biogeographical regionalisation is still under scientific debate. The European Environment Agency provided an official map of the European Biogeographical Regions (EBRs), which contains the official boundaries used in the Habitats and Birds Directives. However, these boundaries bisect cells in the official EU 10 km × 10 km grid used for many purposes, including reporting species and habitat data, meaning that 6881 cells overlap two or more regions. Therefore, superimposing the EBRs vector map over the grid creates ambiguities in associating some cells with European Biogeographical Regions.
To provide an operational tool to unambiguously define the boundaries of the eleven European Biogeographical Regions, we provide a specifically developed raster map of Grid-Based European Biogeographical Regions (GB-EBRs). In this new map, the borders of the EBRs are reshaped to coherently match the standard European 10 km × 10 km grid imposed for reporting tasks by Article 17 of the Habitats Directive and used for many other datasets. We assign each cell to the EBR with the largest area within the cell.
Drug-neutralizing Antibodies against&nbsp;TNF-&alpha; blockers as Biomarkers of Therapy Effect Evaluation
Authors: Kraev Krasimir , Geneva-Popova Mariela , Popova Velichka , Popova Stanislava , Maneva Ana , Batalov Anastas , Stankova Teodora , Delcheva Ginka , Stefanova Katya 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: TNF-&alpha; blocker therapy is part of the treatment with biologics used in the management of inflammatory joint diseases. In recent years, drug-induced neutralizing antibodies have been shown to have a negative effect on the course of the disease process.
Aim: To investigate drug-induced neutralizing antibodies against TNF-&alpha; blocking drugs used in patients with inflammatory joint diseases and their effect on the clinical course of the disease.
Materials and methods: The study included 121 (56.8%) patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 50 (23.5%) patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 42 (19.7%) patients with psoriatic arthritis, and 31 sex and age-matched healthy controls. The patients were monitored at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months after initiation of TNF-&alpha; blocker treatment. The demographic data, vital signs and the parameters of inflammatory activity (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and disease activity indices) were analyzed in all patients. Drug-induced anti-TNF-&alpha; blockers antibodies (adalimumab and etanercept) were analyzed using ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS v. 24.
Results: Drug-induced neutralizing antibodies against adalimumab were obtained in 11.57% of patients at 6 month, in 17.64% at 12 month, and in 24.8% at 24 month. Drug-induced neutralizing antibodies to etanercept were not demonstrated in patients followed up at 6 months, at 7.77% at 12 months, and at 9.63% at 24 months. Between the presence of neutralizing antibodies to blockers of TNF-&alpha; and indices available for disease activity, there is a strong positive correlation and Pearson Correlation = 0.701, p=0.001. Patients with poor clinical response and available antibodies against adalimumab at 12 months were 82.36% and patients treated with etanercept 71.42%. The difference between the two groups was non-significant (U = 0.527, p> 0.05). Patients with poor clinical response and available anti-adalimumab antibodies at 24 month were 75%, and in patients treated with etanercept &ndash; 87.50%, the difference between the two groups not being able to reach significance (U = 0.623, p> 0.05).
Conclusion: Drug-induced neutralizing antibodies against TNF-&alpha; blockers (adalimumab and etanercept) have a negative effect on the course of inflammatory joint disease and can be used as reliable biomarker to assess the effect of the treatment with these drugs.
Correlation between CGRP Levels and the Neuropathic and Inflammatory Component of Postoperative Pain
Authors: Neychev Deyan , Sbirkova Tanya , Ivanovska Maria , Raycheva Ralitsa , Murdjeva Mariana , Atanasov Dimitar 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: In surgical procedures, tissue damage results in the release of a number of bioactive substances. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a peptide released from sensory nerves, which determines its role in pain sensation. Its distribution in tissues deter&shy;mines its role as a primary afferent neurotransmitter.
Aim: To determine the effect of CGRP on postoperative pain and reactive inflammatory process after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars, as well as the factors that have influence upon the perception of pain.
Materials and methods: Forty patients with bilaterally impacted mandibular third molars were included in the study. Venous blood samples were collected before and 24 hours after the surgical procedure in order to test their serum levels of CGRP and procalcitonin. Two weeks later the procedure was repeated. The difficulty of the surgical procedure, its duration and complications were assessed in all patients.
Results: The influence of some of the studied factors upon postoperative pain was established. Differences in the sensation of pain between the two sexes were found when comparing pain intensity reported by the patients. Significant difference between pain inten&shy;sity after the 1st and 2nd surgical procedures (6 hours) was found in females (Z=2.63, p=0.009;), whereas in males the difference was observed at 24 hours (Z=1.99; p=0.047).
Regarding the existence of sex-related association, &#1072; significant, strong positive correlation between CGRP levels after the 1st and 2nd surgical procedures (24 hours) was found in males (rxy=0.78; p=0.004), whereas in females this correlation was also significant, although moderately significant (rxy=0.44; p=0.020). CGRP levels at the first and second extractions were generally similar in males, and not as much in females. We proved significantly moderate positive association between CGRP and pulse levels measured before the second surgery (rxy=0.37, p=0.021).
Conclusion: The results of our study suggest a significant role of CGRP in reactive (neurogenic) inflammation.
Refraction in Preschool Children in Kazanlak, Bulgaria
Authors: Slaveykov Kiril , Trifonova Kalina 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The refractive state of the eye changes as the eye&rsquo;s axial length increases and the cornea and lens flatten. In general, eyes are hyperopic at birth, become slightly more hyperopic until the age of 7, which at this point we see a myopic shift toward plano until the eyes reach their adult dimensions, usually by about the age 16.
Aim: To determine the prevalence of refractive error in preschool children aged 3 - 6 in the city of Kazanlak, Bulgaria.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a kindergarten based school within the city of Kazanlak, Bul&shy;garia. Out of 15 kindergarten schools, 10 chose to participate in the study. The children underwent non-mydriatic refraction screening using a Plus-Optix S12&#1089; mobile camera. Myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism were defined as being a spherical equivalent (SE) &le; &minus;0.50 D, SE &ge; +2.00 D and cylindrical diopters &le; &minus;1.00 D.
Results: A total of 596 children were screened. Out of these 596 children; 526 were with ametropia (470 hypermetropia, 46 myopia) and 50 had astigmatism. Strabismus was found in 12 children, with a further 8 children suffering from amblyopia and finally 8 children were also found to be diagnosed with anisometropia. In 8 cases there were no results due to opacities or due to the small size of the pupil.
Conclusion: The prevalence of refractive error in preschool children is similar to that found in other research in the field. While most cases fall into the category of emmetropia or mild hypermetropia, most of the children had never been to an ophthalmologist. A manda&shy;tory checkup should be issued for all children below the age of seven.
Closed Reduction in Developmental Dysplasia&nbsp;of the Hip in Patients Older than One Year
Authors: Bozinovski Zoran , Doksevska Milena Bogojevska , Tokmakova Keti P. 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Besides an effective screening method for developmental dysplasia of the hip, there is certain number of children in whom the condition has been overseen or they have never been screened and the parents have noticed the odd walking pattern in their toddler. Treatment of such patients is controversial. One of the recommended treatment methods because of the short-term hospitalization, but often considered unsuccessful is closed reduction of the hip followed by cast immobilization.
Hypothesis: Closed hip reduction in late diagnosed developmental dysplasia of the hip gives good results.&nbsp;
Aim: Our aim in this retrospective study was evaluation of the success of the treatment with closed reduction of hip dislocation in children older than 12 months.&nbsp;
Patients and methods: In the study, we included 20 patients treated at our clinic from June 2004 to May 2017. Of these 20 patients, 8 had bilateral involvement, 12 had unilateral, in a total of 28 hips. In all patients we noted preoperatively the range of movement, the presence of limp, any limb inequality, and hip pain. We used clinical and radiological parameters for evaluation. Clinically, we examined the range of movement, limb inequality as well as limb function and we classified it according to the modified McKay&rsquo;s criteria. Same examinations were done at 1, 3, and 5 years after closed reduction.
Results: At the last follow-up examination, using McKey&rsquo;s criteria for clinical evaluation we rated the hips in two patients (7%) as grade III, i.e. fair grade, 10 hips (36%) were grade II &ndash; rated good, and 16 hips (57%) were evaluated as grade I. In four hips, there were signs of avascular necrosis of the hip, while in one patient the avascular necrosis developed after the closed reduction. Radiographic assessment (Figs 3, 4) using Severin&rsquo;s scoring system showed no hips with types V and VI, type IV was observed in 7%, type III in 21%, type II in 29%, while most of the hips (12, 43%) were type I.
Conclusion: We concluded that the procedure was justified. An advantage of this method is that it is inexpensive; it entails no direct operative changes of the bone structures and gives good results.
La mer monte : impacts et stratégies
Authors: Lacroix Denis , Rocle Nicolas , Mora Olivier , de Menthière Nicolas , Béthinger Audrey 
Published: June 2020

En octobre 2019, l’AllEnvi a publié les résultats d’une prospective sur les conséquences environnementales, sociales et économiques de la montée de la mer d’ici 2100 — une des manifestions directes du changement climatique — et la façon dont on pourrait les anticiper et s’y préparer. Cet exercice, basé sur la méthode de construction de scénarios, a permis de développer huit scénarios globaux et trois focus territoriaux. Denis Lacroix et Nicolas Rocle en livrent les principaux enseignements. Après un rappel des éléments de cadrage, de la méthodologie et du contexte, ils présentent les scénarios, regroupés en trois familles (« Adaptation littorale », « Déni » et « Monde fragmenté »), ainsi que les focus territoriaux portant sur le Bassin aquitain, les Pays-Bas et le Viêt-nam. Ces scénarios révèlent combien le niveau de la mer pourrait s’élever, quelles pourraient en être les conséquences sur le littoral et quelles stratégies pourraient être adoptées pour en atténuer les impacts et, surtout, s’y adapter. En effet, les conditions d’une inversion de la donne (qui résulterait de politiques mondiales très vertueuses) ne pouvant guère être réunies à un horizon proche, l’objectif est désormais de se préparer à la conquête du littoral par la mer. L’avertissement est d’autant plus sérieux qu’un nombre croissant de nos contemporains s’y concentrent, sans même parler des vacanciers qui s’y précipitent et des autres conséquences qui peuvent en résulter comme en témoignent les territoires les plus exposés. Pour maintenir la situation des territoires côtiers dans un état qualifié par les auteurs de « modéré » à « sérieux », il est indispensable que décideurs et citoyens engagent dès aujourd’hui des actions fortes de résilience, de sobriété… Nous reviendrons sur le sujet, cet article ouvrant une série consacrée à la mer qui se poursuivra fin 2020 ou en 2021. S.D.
L’e-administration en Europe
Authors: Pardal Isabela 
Published: June 2020

Fin 2019, la Commission européenne a publié un rapport comparant l’intégration du numérique au sein des gouvernements et administrations d’une trentaine de pays européens, et la façon dont cette intégration améliore (ou non) le service aux usagers. Isabela Pardal a examiné ce benchmark avec une focale sur le cas suisse, dont elle est familière. Comme elle le souligne ici au vu de la position relativement médiocre du pays, les moyens techniques et financiers ne suffisent pas à garantir la performance organisationnelle puisque la Suisse, dont la stratégie de développement de sa cyberadministration a été lancée il y a plus de 20 ans et qui ne manque pas de moyens pour la financer, est à la traîne, en Europe, dans ce domaine. Elle pointe un manque de coopération et de synergies aux différents échelons institutionnels, imputable dans une large part, selon elle, à une prise en compte insuffisante des composantes immatérielles. De son côté, la France affiche des performances relativement bonnes en matière de cyberadministration, qui pourraient sans doute être elles aussi grandement améliorées si elle faisait en sorte — comme le conseille Isabela Pardal s’agissant de la fédération helvétique — de renforcer les synergies à tous les niveaux institutionnels. S.D.
Écrire une histoire populaire de la France
Authors: Zancarini-Fournel Michelle 
Published: June 2020

L’article retrace la généalogie de l’écriture de l’ouvrage Les Luttes et les Rêves. Une histoire populaire de la France de 1685 à nos jours , paru en 2016. Cette histoire populaire s’attache aux expériences individuelles ou collectives des subalternes (le quotidien, les pratiques, les conflictualités, les espoirs, les cultures des hommes et des femmes dans l’ensemble du territoire y compris ses périphéries et ses colonies). Même dominés, les individus sont dans des contextes spécifiques mus par la conviction de ce qui est juste et injuste. Écrire une histoire « vue d’en bas », une histoire « à rebrousse-poil » (Benjamin) qui prenne au sérieux les pensées et les actions des protagonistes, croisées avec les politiques des dominants permet, malgré les échecs, de rappeler les potentialités inaccomplies du passé, les espoirs non advenus incarnés dans des luttes et des rêves.