bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conformal Invariance of CLEΚ on the Riemann Sphere for Κ ∈(4,8)
Authors: Gwynne Ewain , Miller Jason , Qian Wei 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conformal loop ensemble (${\textrm{CLE}}$) is the canonical conformally invariant probability measure on non-crossing loops in a simply connected domain in $\mathbbm{C}$ and is indexed by a parameter $\kappa \in (8/3,8)$. We consider ${\textrm{CLE}}_\kappa $ on the whole-plane in the regime in which the loops are self-intersecting ($\kappa \in (4,8)$) and show that it is invariant under the inversion map $z \mapsto 1/z$. This shows that whole-plane ${\textrm{CLE}}_\kappa $ for $\kappa \in (4,8)$ defines a conformally invariant measure on loops on the Riemann sphere. The analogous statement in the regime in which the loops are simple ($\kappa \in (8/3,4]$) was proven by Kemppainen and Werner and together with the present work covers the entire range $\kappa \in (8/3,8)$ for which ${\textrm{CLE}}_\kappa $ is defined. As an intermediate step in the proof, we show that ${\textrm{CLE}}_\kappa $ for $\kappa \in (4,8)$ on an annulus, with any specified number of inner-boundary-surrounding loops, is well defined and conformally invariant.
Deep learning in clinical natural language processing: a methodical review
Authors: Wu Stephen , Roberts Kirk , Datta Surabhi , Du Jingcheng , Ji Zongcheng , Si Yuqi , Soni Sarvesh , Wang Qiong , Wei Qiang , Xiang Yang , Zhao Bo , Xu Hua 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis article methodically reviews the literature on deep learning (DL) for natural language processing (NLP) in the clinical domain, providing quantitative analysis to answer 3 research questions concerning methods, scope, and context of current research.Materials and MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, the Association for Computing Machinery Digital Library, and the Association for Computational Linguistics Anthology for articles using DL-based approaches to NLP problems in electronic health records. After screening 1,737 articles, we collected data on 25 variables across 212 papers.ResultsDL in clinical NLP publications more than doubled each year, through 2018. Recurrent neural networks (60.8%) and word2vec embeddings (74.1%) were the most popular methods; the information extraction tasks of text classification, named entity recognition, and relation extraction were dominant (89.2%). However, there was a “long tail” of other methods and specific tasks. Most contributions were methodological variants or applications, but 20.8% were new methods of some kind. The earliest adopters were in the NLP community, but the medical informatics community was the most prolific.DiscussionOur analysis shows growing acceptance of deep learning as a baseline for NLP research, and of DL-based NLP in the medical community. A number of common associations were substantiated (eg, the preference of recurrent neural networks for sequence-labeling named entity recognition), while others were surprisingly nuanced (eg, the scarcity of French language clinical NLP with deep learning).ConclusionDeep learning has not yet fully penetrated clinical NLP and is growing rapidly. This review highlighted both the popular and unique trends in this active field.
Implementation of the Non-Punishment Principle in England: Why Are Victims of Trafficking Not Benefiting from the Protection from Prosecution Provided by International Law?
Authors: Ofer Nogah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study examines the prosecution of victims of trafficking for illegal activities they were compelled to carry out due to slavery or exploitation. The legal principle of ‘non-punishment’ protects victims from criminalization and was adopted in European law in 2005 and United Kingdom (UK) law in 2015. Despite this, prosecutions continue in the UK to date, with trafficking victims sometimes spending lengthy periods in custody. This research asks why that is the case. It adopts a micro-level analysis of two pathways: the first follows the processes within the criminal justice system from arrest to trial, and the second the progression between the state’s adoption of law and/or policy and its application by state agents. This study finds that at almost every stage the state fails to take sufficient proactive steps to elicit change, so that business as usual often prevails on the front line. The study also considers two alternative hypotheses: that prosecutions are the result of victims’ lack of disclosure, or a result of the need for the courts to establish in each case whether protection is warranted. It concludes that although these factors have some limited effect, state failings are the primary cause of prosecutions which breach the non-punishment principle. This research falls within the wider question of the effectiveness of international human rights law and I hope that it may contribute to the understanding and enhancement of human rights implementation.
Small mammal assemblage composition and habitat associations across an elevational gradient in southern California
Authors: Karasov-Olson Aviv , Kelt Douglas A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractElevational gradients coincide with expansive climatic gradients and diverse plant and animal communities. We evaluated the small mammal assemblages in eight distinct vegetation types across an elevational gradient in southern California, the Deep Canyon Transect, to determine how assemblage composition changes across the gradient and to identify species with similar habitat associations. Livetrapping efforts (4,800 trap-nights) yielded 1,097 captures of 713 individuals, representing 14 heteromyid and cricetid species. Heteromyids dominated the six lower-elevation vegetation types (&lt; 1,300 m a.s.l.), whereas cricetids dominated the upper end of the gradient. Richness and diversity exhibited bimodal responses to elevation, which do not conform to mid-domain effect null predictions. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that 75% of the variation in small mammal abundances was explainable by habitat characteristics, and cluster analysis grouped small mammals into three ecologically distinct groups based on their habitat associations. One contained only Chaetodipus penicillatus, while the others were comprised of low- and high-elevation species, respectively. The low-elevation species exhibit unusual levels of sympatry (and syntopy) among closely related species of pocket mice (Chaetodipus). Further efforts should investigate the mechanisms of coexistence for Chaetodipus species with nearly identical associations and seasonal effects on richness and diversity. Repeated surveys of entire gradients such as the Deep Canyon Transect will help refine our understanding of temporal dynamics of community assemblage and diversity.
Strategies in Abduction: Generating and Selecting Diagnostic Hypotheses
Authors: Stanley Donald E , Nyrup Rune 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe distinguish three aspects of medical diagnosis: generating new diagnostic hypotheses, selecting hypotheses for further pursuit, and evaluating their probability in light of the available evidence. Drawing on Peirce’s account of abduction, we argue that hypothesis generation is amenable to normative analysis: physicians need to make good decisions about when and how to generate new diagnostic hypothesis as well as when to stop. The intertwining relationship between the generation and selection of diagnostic hypotheses is illustrated through the analysis of a detailed clinical case study. This interaction is not adequately captured by the existing probabilistic, decision-theoretic models of the threshold approach to clinical decision-making. Instead, we propose to conceptualize medical diagnosis in terms of strategic reasoning.
Choeropsis liberiensis (Artiodactyla: Hippopotamidae)
Authors: Flacke Gabriella L , Decher Jan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChoeropsis liberiensis (Morton, 1849), commonly called the pygmy hippopotamus or pygmy hippo, is the only extant species in the genus Choeropsis. A solitary, forest-dwelling ungulate endemic to the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem in West Africa, it is classified as “Endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and is a Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Appendix II species. The smaller of the two extant hippopotamids, it is relatively uncommon in zoological facilities and private collections worldwide.
Olivine-norite rock detected by the lunar rover Yutu-2 likely crystallized from the SPA-impact melt pool
Authors: Lin Honglei , He Zhiping , Yang Wei , Lin Yangting , Xu Rui , Zhang Chi , Zhu Meng-Hua , Chang Rui , Zhang Jinhai , Li Chunlai , Lin Hongyu , Liu Yang , Gou Sheng , Wei Yong , Hu Sen , Xue Changbin , Yang Jianfeng , Zhong Jie , Fu Xiaohui , Wan Weixing , Zou Yongliao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChang’E-4 landed in the South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin, providing a unique chance to probe the composition of the lunar interior. Its landing site is located on ejecta strips in Von Kármán crater that possibly originate from the neighboring Finsen crater. A surface rock and the lunar regolith at 10 sites along the rover Yutu-2 track were measured by the onboard Visible and Near-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer in the first three lunar days of mission operations. In situ spectra of the regolith have peak band positions at 1 and 2 μm, similar to the spectral data of Finsen ejecta from the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, which confirms that the regolith's composition of the landing area is mostly similar to that of Finsen ejecta. The rock spectrum shows similar band peak positions, but stronger absorptions, suggesting relatively fresh exposure. The rock may consist of 38.1 ± 5.4% low-Ca pyroxene, 13.9 ± 5.1% olivine and 48.0 ± 3.1% plagioclase, referred to as olivine-norite. The plagioclase-abundant and olivine-poor modal composition of the rock is inconsistent with the origin of the mantle, but representative of the lunar lower crust. Alternatively, the rock crystallized from the impact-derived melt pool formed by the SPA-impact event via mixing the lunar crust and mantle materials. This scenario is consistent with fast-cooling thermal conditions of a shallow melt pool, indicated by the fine to medium-sized texture (&lt;3 mm) of the rock and the SPA-impact melting model [Icarus 2012; 220: 730–43].
Do maternal urinary iodine concentration or thyroid hormones within the normal range during pregnancy affect growth parameters at birth? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nazeri Pantea , Shab-Bidar Sakineh , Pearce Elizabeth N , Shariat Mamak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Context
Iodine, an essential constituent of thyroid hormones, is required for proper growth and development.

Objective
To investigate whether growth parameters at birth are associated with maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC) or normal ranges of thyroid hormones during pregnancy.

Data Sources
Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, electronic databases (namely, MEDLINE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched between January 1988 and November 2018 to identify relevant articles.

Data Extraction
Data from the studies included were independently extracted by 2 investigators using standardized forms developed for this review.

Data Analysis
The pooled mean birth weight, length, and head circumference values, and 95% confidence intervals were estimated in newborns born to women with UIC &lt; 150 and UIC ≥150 μg/L during pregnancy. Possible linear or nonlinear associations between maternal UIC and the aforementioned anthropometric measures were evaluated. A narrative synthesis of the data was performed for thyroid hormones with levels within the normal range.

Results
Of the 123 studies identified, 11 were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The pooled mean birth weight, length, and head circumference in newborns whose mothers had UIC &lt; 150 μg/L vs UIC ≥150 μg/L were 2898 g vs 2900 g (P = 0.970), 49.6 cm vs 49.4 cm (P = 0.880), and 34.0 cm vs 34.1 cm (P = 0.933), respectively. Dose-response meta-analyses revealed no significant linear or nonlinear associations between maternal UIC during pregnancy and anthropometric measures at birth. Among the different thyroid function parameters evaluated, high-normal values of maternal free thyroxine and thyrotropin during pregnancy were inversely associated with neonatal birth weight.

Conclusion
This systematic review showed that birth weight may be affected by even mild variations in the normal concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones. However, in the current meta-analysis, birth anthropometric measures were not associated with maternal UIC during pregnancy.
Pareto-improving indirect tax coordination and tax diversity
Authors: Kotsogiannis Christos , Lopez-Garcia Miguel-Angel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Coordination in tax matters, in the EU and elsewhere, has been largely driven by the movement of taxes towards some common level and, therefore, towards tax uniformity. Making use of a perfectly competitive general equilibrium framework of international trade in which governments provide global public goods, it is shown that, starting from a Nash equilibrium, there exist strict Pareto-improving multilateral tax reforms that are consistent with tax diversity.
Late Antiquity: The Age of Crowds?*
Authors: de Oliveira Julio Cesar Magalhães 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The objective of this article is to place the study of urban protest and violence in the period from about 300 to about 600 CE in a broader perspective and to subject the investigation of plebeian activism to the basic precepts of analysis of collective action developed by social scientists and historians studying other periods. Its main argument is that, contrary to wide held assumptions in the historiography, what characterized Late Antiquity was not simply the exacerbation of violence or its tighter control, but the crisis of aristocratic hegemony and the expansion of opportunities for popular intervention in city life. What has been perceived as the product fanaticism, irrationality and deprivation of the masses, of the manipulation of bishops and aristocrats or of the failure of the mechanisms of coercion was actually the result of a dramatic social change that, on the one hand, involved a new dynamic of power and, on the other, a shift in the way the people understood their role and power in local communities.
Modulation of the Somatosensory Blink Reflex in the Peripersonal Space Is Defective in Episodic Migraine
Authors: Ayas Selahattin , Kızıltan Meral E , Karaali-Savrun Feray , Gündüz Ayşegül 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objective
In migraine, there is an altered behavior of patients during the attack and an altered connectivity in the cortical structures modulating and encoding the sensation and pain. Thus, we hypothesized that the extent of the peripersonal space (PPS) and the responses in the PPS may change during a migraine attack. For this reason, we analyzed the modulation of somatosensory blink reflex (SBR) in the PPS during episodic migraine.

Design
Cross-sectional assessment of modulation of SBR in patients with migraine.

Setting
Headache outpatient clinic of a tertiary referral center.

Subjects
We included 22 patients with episodic migraine, of whom 13 individuals were in the interictal period and nine were experiencing a headache episode. We also included 14 healthy individuals. The three groups were similar in age and gender.

Methods
SBR was recorded when the participants were sitting with their forearm in the extrapersonal space and also when their hands were in the PPS surrounding the face. Latency, amplitude, and area under the curve (AUC) were measured and compared.

Results
The amplitude and AUC of the SBR were significantly higher in patients during the attack compared with healthy subjects. The magnitude of the SBR was increased in the PPS in healthy subjects, whereas the increase was not significant in patients during the attack or in the interictal period.

Conclusions
We think that the modulation in the PPS is defective in patients with migraine both during the acute attack and in the interictal phase, suggesting diminished top-down modulation of the SBR.
Construct Validity of the Observable Movement Quality Scale in Pediatrics: Hypothesis Testing of a Formative Measurement Model
Authors: Dekkers Lieke M A , Janssen Anjo J W M , Donders A Rogier T , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W G , de Swart Bert J M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
The Observable Movement Quality (OMQ) Scale measures generic movement quality. Each item of the OMQ Scale focuses on a different element; together, the 15 items assess the whole construct of movement quality.

Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the construct validity of the OMQ Scale using 7 hypotheses defined to conform to the Consensus-Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instruments.

Design
This was an exploratory validation study.

Methods
A pediatric physical therapist assessed motor performance in 101 children using an age-specific motor test and the OMQ Scale. The direction, magnitude, and rationale for 7 hypotheses, which concerned relationships (n = 2), probability of low scores (n = 4), and difference between diagnosis subgroups (n = 1), were defined.

Results
The results confirmed 6 of the 7 hypotheses, indicating sufficient construct validity. Significant positive relationships were found between OMQ Scale total scores and the severity of motor disabilities (r = 0.72) and z scores on motor tests (r = 0.60). Probabilities for low scores on OMQ Scale items—exceeding the chi-square critical value—were confirmed for children diagnosed with spasticity, psychomotor retardation, mitochondrial diseases, and ataxia; however, probabilities for low OMQ Scale item scores on strength regulation in children with ataxia were not confirmed. OMQ Scale total scores for children who were not ambulatory because of neurological conditions were significantly different from those for children who were not ambulatory because of fatigue (r = 0.66).

Limitations
The sample of children was based on theoretical assumptions about relevant variations in clinical representations; on the basis of the results, it appears that children with low strength regulation were underrepresented.

Conclusion
The confirmation of nearly all hypotheses supported the validity of the OMQ Scale for measuring movement quality in clinical practice in addition to standardized age-adequate motor performance tests.
The pattern of comorbidity and its prevalence among drug-resistant tuberculosis patients at treatment initiation in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adejumo Olusola A , Olusola-Faleye Bolanle , Adepoju Victor A , Gidado Mustapha , Onoh Moses O , Adegboye Oluwatosin , Abdur-Razzaq H , Moronfolu Olanike , Shogbamimu Yeside 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Multimorbidity is increasingly being recognized as a serious public health concern in the control of both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). This study assessed the pattern of comorbidities and their prevalence in DR-TB patients at treatment initiation in Lagos, Nigeria.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted. The baseline laboratory records (human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] status, fasting blood sugar, audiometry, thyroid function tests, serum electrolyte, haemoglobin level and pregnancy test) of DR-TB patients initiated on treatment in Lagos, Nigeria between 1 August 2014 and 31 March 2017 were reviewed.

Results
A total of 565 DR-TB patients’ laboratory records were reviewed, of which 397 (70.3%) had comorbidities. The proportion with one, two, three and four comorbidities was 60.2%, 29.7%, 8.1% and 2.0%, respectively. Anaemia was the most common (48.1%) comorbid condition, while anaemia and hypokalaemia (7.3%), anaemia and hypothyroidism (6.5%) and anaemia and HIV (5%) were most common among patients with more than one comorbid condition. DR-TB patients with comorbidity were significantly older (34.8±12.3 y) than those without comorbidity (32.0±12.8 y) (p=0.038). Of the 176 females in the reproductive age group, 8 (4.5%) were pregnant at baseline.

Conclusions
The prevalence of comorbidity among DR-TB patients was high. There is a need for the national TB program to expand its DR-TB council of experts and also integrate reproductive health services into DR-TB management in Nigeria.
Identification and evolution of avian endogenous foamy viruses
Authors: Chen Yicong , Wei Xiaoman , Zhang Guojie , Holmes Edward C , Cui Jie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA history of long-term co-divergence means that foamy viruses (family Retroviridae) provide an ideal framework to understanding virus-host evolution over extended time periods. Endogenous foamy viruses (EndFVs) are rare, and to date have only been described in a limited number of mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish genomes. By screening 414 avian genomes we identified EndFVs in two bird species: the Maguari Stork (Ciconia maguari) and the Oriental Stork (Ciconia boyciana). Analyses of phylogenetic relationships, genome structures and flanking sequences revealed a single origin of EndFVs in Ciconia species. In addition, the marked incongruence between the virus and host phylogenies suggested that this integration event occurred independently in birds. In sum, by providing evidence that birds can be infected with foamy viruses, we fill the last major gap in the taxonomic distribution of foamy viruses and their animal hosts.
Strategies to modulate zebrafish collective dynamics with a closed-loop biomimetic robotic system
Authors: Chemtob Yohann , Cazenille Leo , Bonnet Frank , Gribovskiy Alexey , Mondada Francesco , Halloy José 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe objective of this study is to integrate biomimetic robots into small groups of zebrafish and to modulate their collective behaviours. A possible approach is to have the robots behave like sheepdogs. In this case, the robots would behave like a different species than the fish and would present different relevant behaviours. In this study, we explore different strategies that use biomimetic zebrafish behaviours. In past work, we have shown that robots biomimicking zebrafish can be socially integrated into zebrafish groups. We have also shown that a fish-like robot can modulate the rotation choice of zebrafish groups in a circular set-up. Here, we further study the modulation capabilities of such robots in a more complex set-up. To do this, we exploit zebrafish social behaviours we identified in previous studies. We first modulate collective departure by replicating the leadership mechanisms with the robot in a set-up composed of two rooms connected by a corridor. Then, we test different behavioural strategies to drive the fish groups towards a predefined target room. To drive the biohybrid groups towards a predefined choice, they have to adopt some specific fish-like behaviours. The first strategy is based on a single robot using the initiation behaviour. In this case, the robot keeps trying to initiate a group transition towards the target room. The second strategy is based on two robots, one initiating and one staying in the target room as a social attractant. The third strategy is based on a single robot behaving like a zebrafish but staying in the target room as a social attractant. The fourth strategy uses two robots behaving like zebrafish but staying in the target room. We conclude that robots can modulate zebrafish group behaviour by adopting strategies based on existing fish behaviours. Under these conditions, robots enable the testing of hypotheses about the behaviours of fish.