bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methoden der Kostenberechnung von Arzneimitteln im deutschen Gesundheitssystem: Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe „Standardkosten“ des Ausschusses „ökonomische Evaluation“ der dggö
Authors: Schwalm A , Neusser S , Mostardt S , Kunigkeit C , Biermann-Stallwitz J , Wasem J , Neumann A 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Die gesetzlichen Regelungen zur Erstattung und Abrechnung von Arzneimitteln sind sehr komplex, sodass die Bestimmung der Arzneimittelkosten im Rahmen von gesundheitsökonomischen Evaluationen oft unterschiedlich gehandhabt wird. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, ein mögliches methodisches Vorgehen zur Kostenbestimmung von Arzneimitteln in Deutschland für gesundheitsökonomische Evaluationen zu beschreiben.
Methoden Die Darstellung erfolgt primär aus der Perspektive der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung und orientiert sich an den allgemeinen Schritten zur Kostenbestimmung: Ressourcenidentifikation, Bestimmung des Mengen- und Preisgerüsts, Aggregation. Dabei sollen neben Besonderheiten im deutschen Kontext auch verschiedene Datenquellen Berücksichtigung finden.
Ergebnisse Für die Kostenbestimmung sind insbesondere der Zulassungsstatus und die Erstattungsfähigkeit der Arzneimittel zu berücksichtigen. Zur Erfassung des Ressourcenverbrauchs sind Angaben zur Dosierung (Menge und Häufigkeit) und zur Behandlungsdauer erforderlich. Als eine Grundlage für die Bewertung des Ressourcenverbrauchs gilt der Apothekenabgabepreis und – sofern vorhanden – Festbeträge. Um die Kosten für verschreibungspflichtige Arzneimittel zu berechnen, sind spezifische gesetzliche Regelungen zu Rabatten und Zuzahlungen zu berücksichtigen.
Schlussfolgerung Trotz der Bemühungen um eine Standardisierung sind weiterhin Limitationen im Bereich der Kostenermittlung von Arzneimitteln vorhanden. Unsicherheiten ergeben sich insbesondere aufgrund der Nichtberücksichtigung von kassenindividuellen Rabattverträgen, da diese nicht öffentlich zugänglich sind. Auch unter Berücksichtigung der dargelegten Limitationen soll die vorliegende Arbeit einen Beitrag zu einer Verbesserung der Konsistenz der Kostenermittlung und Vergleichbarkeit von Arzneimittelkosten im Rahmen gesundheitsökonomischer Evaluationen leisten und somit den Prozess einer rationalen Entscheidungsfindung befördern.
Standardisierte Kostenberechnungen im deutschen Gesundheitswesen: Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe „Standardkosten“ des Ausschusses „ökonomische Evaluation“ der dggö
Authors: Scholz Stefan , Biermann-Stallwitz Janine , Brettschneider Christian , Damm Oliver , Freytag Antje , Greiner Wolfgang , Icks Andrea , König Hans-Helmut , Krauth Christian , Kuhlmann Alexander , Kunigkeit Christopher , Montalbo Joseph , Mostardt Sarah , Mühlbacher Axel , Neumann Anja , Neusser Silke , Plagemann Thomas , Schwalm Anja , Ultsch Bernhard , Wasem Jürgen , Witte Julian 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Zielsetzung Kostenberechnungen sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil gesundheitsökonomischer Evaluationen, weisen jedoch für den deutschen Versorgungskontext teilweise große Unterschiede im methodischen Vorgehen auf. Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Artikelserie ist es, einen konsentierten Vorschlag zu den Vorgehensweisen der Kostenberechnungen in verschiedenen Versorgungssektoren zu präsentieren und mit diesem einführenden Artikel allgemeine, Sektoren-unspezifische Aspekte in der Durchführung von Kostenberechnungen zu beschreiben.
Methodik In der Arbeitsgruppe „Standardkosten“ des Ausschusses „Ökonomische Evaluation und Entscheidungsfindung“ haben sich Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler von Universitäten und Entscheidungsträgern im Gesundheitswesen zusammengeschlossen, um die bestehenden Probleme bei Kostenberechnungen im Rahmen gesundheitsökonomischer Forschungen zu diskutieren und ein einheitliches Vorgehen zu erarbeiten. Zur Entwicklung der Empfehlungen fanden drei Arbeitstreffen sowie weitere Telefonkonferenzen statt. Die vorläufigen Ergebnisse wurden auf der 11. Jahrestagung der dggö der Fachöffentlichkeit vorgestellt.
Ergebnisse Im vorliegenden ersten Artikel einer zunächst fünf Artikel umfassenden Serie werden grundsätzliche Themen der Perspektivwahl, des Preis-Mengengerüstes, der Studienarten, der Kostenkomponenten, der Datenquellen, der Anpassung von Kostendaten über die Zeit oder über Ländergrenzen hinweg sowie der Umgang mit Unsicherheit behandelt und Empfehlungen zu diesen Themen gegeben. Des Weiteren wird die Gliederung von später folgenden vier Artikeln zu den Berechnungsmethoden in einzelnen Versorgungssektoren beschrieben.
Functional and transcriptomic analysis of extracellular vesicles identifies calprotectin as a new prognostic marker in peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Authors: Saenz‐Pipaon Goren , San Martín Patxi , Planell Núria , Maillo Alberto , Ravassa Susana , Vilas‐Zornoza Amaia , Martinez‐Aguilar Esther , Rodriguez José Antonio , Alameda Daniel , Lara‐Astiaso David , Prosper Felipe , Paramo José Antonio , Orbe Josune , Gomez‐Cabrero David , Roncal Carmen 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events and death and is postulated to be a critical socioeconomic cost in the future. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential candidates for new biomarker discovery related to their protein and nucleic acid cargo. In search of new prognostic and therapeutic targets in PAD, we determined the prothrombotic activity, the cellular origin and the transcriptomic profile of circulating EVs. This prospective study included control and PAD patients. Coagulation time (Procoag‐PPL kit), EVs cellular origin and phosphatidylserine exposure were determined by flow cytometry in platelet‐free plasma (n = 45 PAD). Transcriptomic profiles of medium/large EVs were generated using the MARS‐Seq RNA‐Seq protocol (n = 12/group). The serum concentration of the differentially expressed gene S100A9, in serum calprotectin (S100A8/A9), was validated by ELISA in control (n = 100) and PAD patients (n = 317). S100A9 was also determined in EVs and tissues of human atherosclerotic plaques (n = 3). Circulating EVs of PAD patients were mainly of platelet origin, predominantly Annexin V positive and were associated with the procoagulant activity of platelet‐free plasma. Transcriptomic analysis of EVs identified 15 differentially expressed genes. Among them, serum calprotectin was elevated in PAD patients (p < 0.05) and associated with increased amputation risk before and after covariate adjustment (mean follow‐up 3.6 years, p < 0.01). The combination of calprotectin with hs‐CRP in the multivariate analysis further improved risk stratification (p < 0.01). Furthermore, S100A9 was also expressed in femoral plaque derived EVs and tissues. In summary, we found that PAD patients release EVs, mainly of platelet origin, highly positive for AnnexinV and rich in transcripts related to platelet biology and immune responses. Amputation risk prediction improved with calprotectin and was significantly higher when combined with hs‐CRP. Our results suggest that EVs can be a promising component of liquid biopsy to identify the molecular signature of PAD patients.
Time-resolved endogenous chlorophyll fluorescence sensitivity to pH: study on Chlorella sp. algae
Authors: Marcek Chorvatova A , Uherek M , Mateasik A , Chorvat D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To better understand pH-dependence of endogenous fluorescence of algae, we employed spectroscopy and microscopy methods, including advanced time-resolved fluorescence imaging microscopy (FLIM), using green algae Chlorella sp. as a model system. Absorption spectra confirmed two peaks, at 400–420 nm and 670 nm. Emission was maximal at 680 nm, with smaller peaks between 520 and 540 nm. Acidification led to a gradual decrease in the red fluorescence intensity with the maximum at 680 nm when excited by 450 nm laser. FLIM measurements, performed using 475 nm picoseconds excitation, uncovered that this effect is accompanied by a shortening of the tau1 fluorescence lifetime. Under severe acidification, we also noted an increase in the green fluorescence with a maximum between 520–540 nm and a shift toward 690–700 nm of the red fluorescence, accompanied by prolongation of the tau2 fluorescence lifetime. Gathered data increase our knowledge on the responsiveness of algae to acidification and indicate that endogenous fluorescence derived from chlorophylls can potentially serve as a biosensing tool for monitoring pH change in its natural environment.
Why do people not switch insurer in a market-based health insurance market? Empirical evidence from the Netherlands
Authors: van der Schors Wouter , Brabers Anne E M , de Jong Judith D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
In market-based systems, the possibility to switch is an important precondition for a well-functioning health insurance market. To assess whether such a market works as intended, insight into the considerations and perceived barriers of insured is needed. This study examines the rates and reasons for not switching health insurer in the Netherlands, and whether these reasons differ between the general population and the population of people with a chronic illness.

Methods
We made use of survey data collected in 2017 among two panels representing the general population (n = 659, response 44%) and the chronically ill population (n = 1593, response 86%).

Results
We found differences regarding the reasons for not switching insurer. The chronically ill population seems to attach more importance to reasons related to the coverage of the health plan, whereas the general population is more focused on the level of service. Some people who considered switching experienced barriers, however, these barriers were not significantly more experienced by the chronically ill population.

Conclusions
This study reveals differences between the general population and the chronically ill population when examining reasons for not switching related to quality and coverage. A subset from the people who initially considered to switch experienced barriers which might have altered their decision. Further research is recommended to include questions about information search behaviour to examine which consumers make an informed decision for not switching, and for whom barriers limit switching.
Cessation behaviours among smokers of menthol and flavoured cigarettes following the implementation of the EU Tobacco Products Directive: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys
Authors: Zatoński Mateusz , Herbeć Aleksandra , Zatoński Witold , Janik-Koncewicz Kinga , Driezen Pete , Demjén Tibor , Fernández Esteve , Fong Geoffrey T , Quah Anne C K , Kyriakos Christina N , McNeill Ann , Willemsen Marc , Mons Ute , Tountas Yannis , Trofor Antigona C , Vardavas Constantine I , Przewoźniak Krzysztof ,   the EUREST-PLUS Consortium, Vardavas Constantine I , Glahn Andrea , Kyriakos Christina N , Nguyen Dominick , Nikitara Katerina , Radu-Loghin Cornel , Starchenko Polina , Tsatsakis Aristidis , Girvalaki Charis , Igoumenaki Chryssi , Papadakis Sophia , Papathanasaki Aikaterini , Tzatzarakis Manolis , Vardavas Alexander I , Bécuwe Nicolas , Deaconu Lavinia , Goudet Sophie , Hanley Christopher , Rivière Oscar , Demjén Tibor , Kiss Judit , Kovacs Anna Piroska , Fernández Esteve , Castellano Yolanda , Fu Marcela , Nogueira Sarah O , Tigova Olena , McNeill Ann , East Katherine , Hitchman Sara C , Mons Ute , Kahnert Sarah , Tountas Yannis , Behrakis Panagiotis , Filippidis Filippos T , Gratziou Christina , Katsaounou Paraskevi , Peleki Theodosia , Petroulia Ioanna , Tzavara Chara , Trofor Antigona Carmen , Eremia Marius , Lotrean Lucia , Mihaltan Florin , Rohde Gernot , Asano Tamaki , Cichon Claudia , Far Amy , Genton Céline , Jessner Melanie , Hedman Linnea , Janson Christer , Lindberg Ann , Maguire Beth , Ravara Sofia , Vaccaro Valérie , Ward Brian , Willemsen Marc , de Vries Hein , Hummel Karin , Nagelhout Gera E , Zatoński Witold A , Herbeć Aleksandra , Janik-Koncewicz Kinga , Przewoźniak Krzysztof , Zatoński Mateusz , Fong Geoffrey T , Agar Thomas K , Driezen Pete , Gravely Shannon , Quah Anne C K , Thompson Mary E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe European Tobacco Products Directive (TPD) introduced a ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes (2016), including menthol (2020). The longitudinal data analysis of the EUREST-PLUS International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project Europe Surveys (n = 16 534; Wave 1 in 2016 and Wave 2 in 2018) found significant but small declines in the weighted prevalence of menthol (by 0.94%; P = 0.041) and other flavoured cigarette use (by 1.32%; P &lt; 0.001) following the 2016 TPD. The declines tended to be driven primarily by the menthol and flavoured cigarette (MFC) smokers switching to unflavoured tobacco. Cigarette consumption declined between waves, but there were no statistically significant difference in decline between MFC and unflavoured tobacco smokers on smoking and cessation behaviours between the waves.
Exploring Care Through Alan Bennett’s The Lady in the Van: Extending Meanings, Encountering Otherness
Authors: Oró-Piqueras Maricel , Casado-Gual Núria 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThis article explores care relationships as they are represented within “The Lady in the Van,” a sequence of interconnected texts by English writer Alan Bennett.Research and MethodsBy mainly taking the memoirs and film of the same title as primary sources, and in the light of key concepts related to care theory and aging studies, the article shows the extent to which Bennett goes beyond the accustomed portrayal of domestic relationships of care by placing himself as the protagonist of a narrative—and a relationship—in which caring for and about a complete stranger entails coming to terms with both social and personal issues.DiscussionThe article examines the ways in which the relationship of care portrayed by Bennett entails exploring forms of Otherness that both caring and aging unveil, which are related to age, gender, and sexuality, and that in Bennett’s narrative end up favoring a dialogue of which the author himself is the main beneficiary.
Clinical Immunoassay for Human Hepcidin Predicts Iron Deficiency in First-Time Blood Donors
Authors: Gutschow Patrick , Han Huiling , Olbina Gordana , Westerman Keith , Nemeth Elizabeta , Ganz Tomas , Copeland Karen , Westerman Mark , Ostland Vaughn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Serum markers currently used as indicators of iron status have clinical limitations. Hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis, is reduced in iron deficiency (ID) and increased in iron overload. We describe the first CLIA-validated immunoassay with excellent accuracy and precision to quantify human serum hepcidin. Its diagnostic utility for detecting ID in first-time blood donors was demonstrated.

Methods
A monoclonal competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) was developed for the quantitation of human hepcidin and validated according to CLIA guidelines. Sera from nonanemic first-time blood donors (n = 292) were analyzed for hepcidin, ferritin, transferrin, and serum iron. Logistic regression served to determine the utility of hepcidin as a predictor of ID.

Results
The C-ELISA was specific for human hepcidin and had a low limit of quantitation (4.0 ng/mL). The hepcidin concentration measured with the monoclonal C-ELISA was strongly correlated with a previously established, extensively tested polyclonal C-ELISA (Blood 2008;112:4292–7) (r = 0.95, P &lt; 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for hepcidin as a predictor of ID, defined by 3 ferritin concentration thresholds, was &gt;0.9. For predicting ID defined by ferritin &lt;15 ng/mL, hepcidin &lt;10 ng/mL yielded sensitivity of 93.1% and specificity of 85.5%, whereas the same hepcidin cutoff for ferritin &lt;30 ng/mL yielded sensitivity of 67.6% and specificity of 91.7%.

Conclusion
The clinical measurement of serum hepcidin concentrations was shown to be a potentially useful tool for diagnosing ID.
Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups and Susceptibility to Neuroblastoma
Authors: Chang Xiao , Bakay Marina , Liu Yichuan , Glessner Joseph , Rathi Komal S , Hou Cuiping , Qu Huiqi , Vaksman Zalman , Nguyen Kenny , Sleiman Patrick M A , Diskin Sharon J , Maris John M , Hakonarson Hakon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Neuroblastoma is a childhood malignancy that arises from the developing sympathetic nervous system. Although mitochondrial dysfunctions have been implicated in the pathophysiology of neuroblastoma, the role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has not been extensively investigated.

Methods
A total of 2404 Caucasian children diagnosed with neuroblastoma and 9310 ancestry-matched controls were recruited at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia. The mtDNA haplogroups were identified from SNP array data of two independent cohorts. We conducted a case-control study to explore potential associations of mtDNA haplogroups with the susceptibility of neuroblastoma. The genetic effect of neuroblastoma was measured by odds ratios (ORs) of mitochondrial haplogroups. All tests were two-sided.

Results
Haplogroup K was statistically significantly associated with reduced risk of neuroblastoma in the discovery cohort consisting of 1474 cases and 5699 controls (OR = 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.57 to 0.90; P = 4.8 × 10-3). The association was replicated in an independent cohort (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.92; P = .01) of 930 cases and 3611 controls. Pooled analysis was performed by combining the two data sets. The association remained highly statistically significant after correction for multiple testing (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.84, P = 1.96 × 10-4, Pcorrected = .002). Further analysis focusing on neuroblastoma subtypes indicated haplogroup K was more associated with high-risk neuroblastoma (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.43 to 0.76; P = 1.46 × 10–4) than low-risk and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma.

Conclusions
Haplogroup K is an independent genetic factor associated with reduced risk of developing neuroblastoma in European descents. These findings provide new insights into the genetic basis of neuroblastoma, implicating mitochondrial DNA encoded proteins in the etiology of neuroblastoma.
Knockdown of GmVQ58 encoding a VQ motif-containing protein enhances soybean resistance to the common cutworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius)
Authors: Li Xiao , Qin Rui , Du Qing , Cai Linyan , Hu Dezhou , Du Haiping , Yang Hui , Wang Jiao , Huang Fang , Wang Hui , Yu Deyue 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlants have evolved complex defense mechanisms to withstand insect attack. Identification of plant endogenous insect resistance genes is of great significance for understanding plant–herbivore interactions and improving crop insect resistance. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is an important crop that is often attacked by the common cutworm (CCW) (Spodoptera litura Fabricius). In this study, based on our transcriptomic data, the gene GmVQ58, encoding a FxxxVQxxTG (VQ) motif-containing protein, was cloned and characterized. This gene showed the highest expression in the leaves and roots and was up-regulated significantly after CCW attack. Constitutive expression of GmVQ58 rescued the susceptibility of an Arabidopsis mutant to CCW, and interference of GmVQ58 in soybean hairy roots enhanced the resistance to CCW. Furthermore, GmVQ58 was localized to the nucleus and physically interacted with the transcription factor GmWRKY32. The expression of two defense-related genes, GmN:IFR and GmVSPβ, was up-regulated in GmVQ58-RNAi lines. Additionally, the promoter region of GmVQ58 was likely selected during domestication, resulting in different expression patterns in cultivated soybeans relative to wild soybeans. These results suggest that silencing GmVQ58 confers soybean resistance to CCW.
Citational politics: Quantifying the influence of gender on citation in Digital Scholarship in the Humanities
Authors: Earhart Amy E , Risam Roopika , Bruno Matthew 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Using citation analysis, we consider the role of gender in citation practices in conference special issues of Digital Scholarship in the Humanities. Our examination of citations in Digital Humanities conference special issues from 2006 to 2015 demonstrates gender bias in citational practices. This bias is consistent with broader trends in citational politics across the academy more broadly but is a threat to equity and justice within the scholarly community. We further offer proposals for improving citational practices to resist gender bias. Quantifying the impact of gender on citations, we argue, is one approach to understanding gender inequalities within digital humanities communities and to generating solutions to promote the broadest representation of digital humanities scholarship in scholarly communications.
Intravenous and Intraosseous Blood Transfusion With Three Different Pediatric Pressure Transfusion Strategies in an Immature Swine (Sus scrofa) Model of Hemorrhagic Shock: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bianchi William , George Taylor , McEvoy Christian , Piehl Mark , Manzano Ana , Boboc Michael , Zarow Gregory J , Natarajan Ramesh , Gaspary Micah J , Auten Jonathan , Roszko Paul J D 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionExsanguination remains the leading cause of preventable death in military conflicts, and pediatric casualties are common. Transfusion is crucial to preserve life, but vascular access is challenging in children, so intraosseous (IO) access is often required. However, the optimal transfusion method is unclear. There was therefore the need for feasibility testing of a model for contrasting the efficacy of blood infusion devices via intravenous (IV) and IO access in immature swine with bone densities similar to children.Materials and MethodsEighteen immature swine (21 ± 1 kg) were bled 31% of estimated blood volume and then received autologous blood delivered by pressure bag, push-pull (PP), or LifeFlow Rapid Infuser via IO (15-gauge IO needle placed in the humeral head) or IV (auricular 20-gauge), with monitoring for 60 minutes.ResultsFlow rates for LifeFlow (172 ± 28 mL/kg) were 4-fold higher than pressure bag (44 ± 13 mL/kg, P &lt; 0.001) and 80% higher than PP (95 ± 28 mL/kg, P &lt; 0.02). However, higher hemolysis was evident in the IV LifeFlow condition, with 6-fold more plasma-free hemoglobin than other conditions (P &lt; 0.0001).ConclusionsIV LifeFlow conferred higher flows, but higher hemolysis in this pilot study demonstrates the feasibility of an immature swine model toward determining optimal methods for resuscitating children with hemorrhagic shock.
Low Incidence of Death and Renal Failure in United States Military Service Members Hospitalized with Exertional Heat Stroke: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Donham Benjamin P , Frankfurt Sheila B , Cartier Rudolph A , O’Hara Sean M , Sieg Vanessa C 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The goal of the current study was to characterize the rate and estimate associated mortality and morbidity of exertional heat stroke (EHS) in U.S. military service members.

Materials and Methods
The current study was a retrospective cohort medical chart review study of all active-duty U.S. military service members, hospitalized with EHS at any MTF in the world between January1, 2007 and July 1, 2014. Enrolled patients were identified by altered mental status and elevated temperatures associated with physical exercise.

Results
Out of 607 service members with an International Classification of Disease code indicating any type of heat injury, 48 service members met inclusion criteria for EHS. Core temperature was M = 105.8°F (41°C), standard deviation = 1.43, 90% were diagnosed with EHS prior to hospitalization, and 71% received prehospital cooling. Meantime to normothermia post-hospitalization was 56 minutes (standard deviation = 79.28). Acute kidney injury was diagnosed in 40% of patients although none developed hyperkalemia or required dialysis. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was rare (4%, n = 2) and overall observed mortality was very low (2%, n = 1).

Conclusion
EHS is aggressively identified and treated in U.S. Military Treatment Facilities. Mortality and morbidity were strikingly low.