bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arp 70: an interacting galaxy with extreme outflows
Authors: Camps-Fariña A , Beckman J E , Font J , del Moral-Castro I , Sanchez S F , Borlaff A 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We analysed a Fabry–Pérot (FP) cube of the interacting pair of galaxies Arp 70, which was obtained from the CeSAM public repository of FP data. On the larger galaxy Arp 70b, we detected the spectral signature of two different outflows, one located in the centre and the other associated with a giant H ii region in the arm region. The central outflow is especially prominent, with the flux of the secondary peaks in the emission-line profiles due to the outflowing gas being similar to that of the main peak. We used an archive fibre spectrum from SDSS to confirm this detection in H α as well as in the [N ii] line and, in addition, to perform diagnostics on the nature of the ionization. The emission at the centre is consistent with a low-ionization nuclear emission-line region and a weak active galactic nucleus. Using the spatial distribution of the profiles in the FP cube, we estimated the shape of the outflow which is consistent with two cones of expanding material, one approaching and the other receding from us, and used this to estimate the physical parameters of the outflow, finding energies of order 1057 erg and masses of order 108 M⊙. On the giant H ii region, we found a very large expanding superbubble with a diameter of ∼5 kpc. The bubble has an energy of order 1054 erg and a mass of about 4 × 107 M⊙. We discuss the possible origins for both of these features and whether they could be associated with the interaction between the galaxies.
Investigation of the rigidity and sensitivity dependence of neutron monitors for cosmic ray modulation using algorithm-selected Forbush decreases
Authors: Okike O , Nwuzor O C 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTWe emphasize the need for a careful and rigorous timing of Forbush decreases (FDs) as well as a correct calculation of FD magnitudes in studies related to cosmic ray (CR) modulation. We have employed Fourier and R-based algorithms for FD event selection, timing and magnitude estimation. The large number of Forbush events that have been identified were employed in correlation and regression analyses to investigate the rigidity and sensitivity dependence of neutron monitors (NMs). It was found that there is a significant difference between the number of FDs identified manually and those selected by the automated method. While the minimum number (238) of FDs occurred at Irkutsk NM, the Novosibirsk CR station observed the largest number (386) of Forbush events. However, within the north high-latitude band (39°N ≤ latitude ≤ 90°N), only 29 FDs have been simultaneously identified using the data from some NMs in the region, including Irkutsk and Novosibirsk. The result obtained using a large number of FDs differs significantly from those employing manual identification of Forbush events. We conclude, among other things, that the automation of FD event selection is essential for understanding the dependence of CR modulation on NM rigidity and altitude, as well as on the contribution from terrestrial modulation agents.
GSN 069 – A tidal disruption near miss
Authors: King Andrew 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
I suggest that the quasi-periodic ultrasoft X-ray eruptions recently observed from the galaxy GSN 069 may result from accretion from a low-mass white dwarf in a highly eccentric orbit about its central black hole. At $0.21\,\rm M_{\odot }$, this star was probably the core of a captured red giant. Such events should occur in significant numbers as less extreme outcomes of whatever process leads to tidal disruption events. I show that gravitational radiation losses can drive the observed mass-transfer rate, and that the precession of the white dwarf orbit may be detectable in X-rays as a superorbital quasi-period $P_{\rm super} \simeq 2\,{\rm d}$. The very short lifetime of the current event, and the likelihood that similar ones involving more massive stars would be less observable, together suggest that stars may transfer mass to the low-mass SMBH in this and similar galaxies at a total rate, potentially making a significant contribution to their masses. A similar or even much greater inflow rate would be unobservable in most galaxies. I discuss the implications for SMBH mass growth.
Discovering novae in early-type galaxies with MUSE: A chance find in NGC 1404, and 12 more candidates from an archival search
Authors: Smith Russell J 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
I report the discovery of a transient broad-Hα point source in the outskirts of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1404, discovered in archival observations taken with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) integral field spectrograph. The Hα line width of 1950 km s−1 full width at half-maximum, and luminosity of (4.1 ± 0.1) × 1036 erg s−1, are consistent with a nova outburst, and the source is not visible in MUSE data obtained 9 months later. A transient soft X-ray source was detected at the same position (within &lt;1 arcsec), 14 yr before the Hα transient. If the X-ray and Hα emission are from the same object, the source may be a short-time-scale recurrent nova with a massive white dwarf accretor, and hence a possible Type-Ia supernova progenitor. Selecting broad-Hα point sources in MUSE archival observations for a set of nearby early-type galaxies, I discovered 12 more nova candidates with similar properties to the NGC 1404 source, including five in NGC 1380 and four in NGC 4365. Multi-epoch data are available for four of these twelve sources; all four are confirmed to be transient on ∼1 yr time-scales, supporting their identification as novae.
Synthetic CRISPR/Cas9 reagents facilitate genome editing and homology directed repair
Authors: DiNapoli Sara E , Martinez-McFaline Raul , Gribbin Caitlin K , Wrighton Paul J , Balgobin Courtney A , Nelson Isabel , Leonard Abigail , Maskin Carolyn R , Shwartz Arkadi , Quenzer Eleanor D , Mailhiot Darya , Kao Clara , McConnell Sean C , de Jong Jill L O , Goessling Wolfram , Houvras Yariv 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 has become a powerful tool for genome editing in zebrafish that permits the rapid generation of loss of function mutations and the knock-in of specific alleles using DNA templates and homology directed repair (HDR). We examined the efficiency of synthetic, chemically modified gRNAs and demonstrate induction of indels and large genomic deletions in combination with recombinant Cas9 protein. We developed an in vivo genetic assay to measure HDR efficiency and we utilized this assay to test the effect of altering template design on HDR. Utilizing synthetic gRNAs and linear dsDNA templates, we successfully performed knock-in of fluorophores at multiple genomic loci and demonstrate transmission through the germline at high efficiency. We demonstrate that synthetic HDR templates can be used to knock-in bacterial nitroreductase (ntr) to facilitate lineage ablation of specific cell types. Collectively, our data demonstrate the utility of combining synthetic gRNAs and dsDNA templates to perform homology directed repair and genome editing in vivo.
BATCAVE: calling somatic mutations with a tumor- and site-specific prior
Authors: Mannakee Brian K , Gutenkunst Ryan N 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDetecting somatic mutations withins tumors is key to understanding treatment resistance, patient prognosis and tumor evolution. Mutations at low allelic frequency, those present in only a small portion of tumor cells, are particularly difficult to detect. Many algorithms have been developed to detect such mutations, but none models a key aspect of tumor biology. Namely, every tumor has its own profile of mutation types that it tends to generate. We present BATCAVE (Bayesian Analysis Tools for Context-Aware Variant Evaluation), an algorithm that first learns the individual tumor mutational profile and mutation rate then uses them in a prior for evaluating potential mutations. We also present an R implementation of the algorithm, built on the popular caller MuTect. Using simulations, we show that adding the BATCAVE algorithm to MuTect improves variant detection. It also improves the calibration of posterior probabilities, enabling more principled tradeoff between precision and recall. We also show that BATCAVE performs well on real data. Our implementation is computationally inexpensive and straightforward to incorporate into existing MuTect pipelines. More broadly, the algorithm can be added to other variant callers, and it can be extended to include additional biological features that affect mutation generation.
Estrogen/progesterone receptor and HER2 discordance between primary tumor and brain metastases in breast cancer and its effect on treatment and survival
Authors: Sperduto Paul W , Mesko Shane , Li Jing , Cagney Daniel , Aizer Ayal , Lin Nancy U , Nesbit Eric , Kruser Tim J , Chan Jason , Braunstein Steve , Lee Jessica , Kirkpatrick John P , Breen Will , Brown Paul D , Shi Diana , Shih Helen A , Soliman Hany , Sahgal Arjun , Shanley Ryan , Sperduto William , Lou Emil , Everett Ashlyn , Boggs Drexell Hunter , Masucci Laura , Roberge David , Remick Jill , Plichta Kristin , Buatti John M , Jain Supriya , Gaspar Laurie E , Wu Cheng-Chia , Wang Tony J C , Bryant John , Chuong Michael , Yu James , Chiang Veronica , Nakano Toshimichi , Aoyama Hidefumi , Mehta Minesh P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Breast cancer treatment is based on estrogen receptors (ERs), progesterone receptors (PRs), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). At the time of metastasis, receptor status can be discordant from that at initial diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of discordance and its effect on survival and subsequent treatment in patients with breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM).

Methods
A retrospective database of 316 patients who underwent craniotomy for BCBM between 2006 and 2017 was created. Discordance was considered present if the ER, PR, or HER2 status differed between the primary tumor and the BCBM.

Results
The overall receptor discordance rate was 132/316 (42%), and the subtype discordance rate was 100/316 (32%). Hormone receptors (HR, either ER or PR) were gained in 40/160 (25%) patients with HR-negative primary tumors. HER2 was gained in 22/173 (13%) patients with HER2-negative primary tumors. Subsequent treatment was not adjusted for most patients who gained receptors—nonetheless, median survival (MS) improved but did not reach statistical significance (HR, 17–28 mo, P = 0.12; HER2, 15–19 mo, P = 0.39). MS for patients who lost receptors was worse (HR, 27–18 mo, P = 0.02; HER2, 30–18 mo, P = 0.08).

Conclusions
Receptor discordance between primary tumor and BCBM is common, adversely affects survival if receptors are lost, and represents a missed opportunity for use of effective treatments if receptors are gained. Receptor analysis of BCBM is indicated when clinically appropriate. Treatment should be adjusted accordingly.

Key Points
1. Receptor discordance alters subtype in 32% of BCBM patients.
2. The frequency of receptor gain for HR and HER2 was 25% and 13%, respectively.
3. If receptors are lost, survival suffers. If receptors are gained, consider targeted treatment.
Suicide gene therapy for the treatment of high-grade glioma: past lessons, present trends, and future prospects
Authors: Hossain Jubayer A , Marchini Antonio , Fehse Boris , Bjerkvig Rolf , Miletic Hrvoje 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Suicide gene therapy has represented an experimental cancer treatment modality for nearly 40 years. Among the various cancers experimentally treated by suicide gene therapy, high-grade gliomas have been the most prominent both in preclinical and clinical settings. Failure of a number of promising suicide gene therapy strategies in the clinic pointed toward a bleak future of this approach for the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Nevertheless, the development of new vectors and suicide genes, better prodrugs, more efficient delivery systems, and new combinatorial strategies represent active research areas that may eventually lead to better efficacy of suicide gene therapy. These trends are evident by the current increasing focus on suicide gene therapy for high-grade glioma treatment both in the laboratory and in the clinic. In this review, we give an overview of different suicide gene therapy approaches for glioma treatment and discuss clinical trials, delivery issues, and immune responses.
Looming Vulnerability and Smoking Cessation Attempts
Authors: Haaga David A F , Kaufmann Amanda , Malloy Elizabeth J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The looming vulnerability model holds that people become anxious when they perceive threats as growing larger and accelerating toward them in space and time. Preliminary research suggested that a guided imagery induction designed to activate a sense that health consequences of smoking are a looming threat led more smokers to attempt to quit. This study tested the effect on quit attempts in a larger sample and examined age, sex, and sensation seeking as moderators.

Aims and Methods
Adult smokers (≥10 cigarettes/day) screened for risk of anxiety or mood disorders (N = 278, 52% male; 77% African American) were randomly assigned to receive (1) looming vulnerability or (2) neutral guided imagery exercises. At a 4-week follow-up, they reported quit attempts, smoking rate, self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, and contemplation status.

Results
Those in the looming condition (17%) were no more likely than those in the control condition (20%) to make a quit attempt. There were no significant group differences in expectancies, contemplation, or follow-up smoking rate, and no significant moderators.

Conclusions
The looming induction was the same one used in earlier work in which it had stronger effects. Those who respond to it with increased urgency about quitting smoking might be offset by others who are more reactant and deny the message. Inconsistencies across studies may reflect differences in inclusion criteria, such that the present sample was on average heavier smokers with longer smoking history and more severe nicotine dependence, yet higher self-efficacy.

Implications
An induction designed to activate a sense that the health consequences of smoking constitute a looming vulnerability failed to increase quit attempts or reduce smoking rate among adult daily smokers. Inconsistencies across studies might reflect varying sample characteristics resulting from changes in screening criteria.
The global sustainability footprint of sovereign wealth funds
Authors: Liang Hao , Renneboog Luc 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWith the emergence of sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) around the world managing equity of over $8 trillion, their impact on the corporate landscape and social welfare is being scrutinized. This study investigates whether and how SWFs incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations in their investment decisions in publicly listed corporations, as well as the subsequent evolution of target firms’ ESG performance. We find that SWF funds do consider the level of past ESG performance as well as recent ESG score improvement when taking ownership stakes in listed companies. These results are driven by the SWF funds that do have an explicit or implicit ESG policy and are most transparent, and by SWF originating from developed countries and countries with civil law origins. In relation to engagement, we find by means of two natural experiments with exogenous shocks (the Deepwater Horizon catastrophe and Volkwagen diesel scandal) that the ESG scores do not change significantly more for firms in which SWFs have ownership stakes. This potentially suggests that SWFs in general do not actively steer their target firms towards higher levels of ESG.
Boys’ Club or Good Ol’ Boys Club? Corruption and the Parliamentary Representation of Young and Old Men and Women
Authors: Stockemer Daniel , Wigginton Michael , Sundström Aksel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research on political representation has shown that corruption is not gender-neutral: it benefits the recruitment of men to political office more than it does women. Yet, it is unclear if all men or a specific type of men, elderly men, benefits the most from corrupt networks in terms of political presence. The ‘old boys’ network thesis’ would single out older men as the most likely beneficiaries of the homosocial capital gained through informal ties in corrupt settings. In this article, we test this thesis based on a dataset comprising 98 national parliaments. Through bivariate and multivariate analyses, we find that corruption tends to benefit the presence of men regardless of their age. We further conjecture that the inclusion of young male patrons into nepotistic and clientelistic networks could further explain why these networks of ‘gendered’ corruption have been so sticky over time.
Doppler tomographic measurement of the nodal precession of WASP-33b
Authors: Watanabe Noriharu , Narita Norio , Johnson Marshall C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
WASP-33b is a retrograde hot Jupiter with a period of 1.2 d orbiting a rapidly rotating and pulsating A-type star. A previous study found that the transit chord of WASP-33b had changed slightly from 2008 to 2014 based on Doppler tomographic measurements. They attributed the change to orbital precession caused by the non-zero oblateness of the host star and the misaligned orbit. We aim to confirm and more precisely model the precession behavior using additional Doppler tomographic data of WASP-33b obtained with the High Dispersion Spectrograph on the 8.2 m Subaru telescope in 2011, as well as the data sets used in the previous study. Using equations of long-term orbital precession, we constrain the stellar gravitational quadrupole moment J2 = (9.14 ± 0.51) × 10−5 and the angle between the stellar spin axis and the line of sight $i_{\star }=96^{+10}_{-14}$ deg. These updated values show that the host star is more spherical and viewed more equator than the previous study. We also estimate that the precession period is ∼840 yr. We also find that the precession amplitude of WASP-33b is ∼67° and WASP-33b transits in front of the host star for only ∼20% of the whole precession period.
Focusing magnetohydrodynamic waves as a trigger of star formation
Authors: Sofue Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Propagation of fast-mode magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in interstellar space is simulated, and a focusing MHD wave model is proposed for triggered star formation (SF). Waves from an SF region are trapped by nearby molecular clouds and converge onto their focal points, causing implosive compression. Even an isolated cloud suffers from long-distance invasion of waves from remote sources. Echoing SF occurs inside a cloud as well as between clouds. Repetitive refocusing in a filamentary cloud suggests spatial periodicity in SF sites along the filament. The model is applied to the SF regions M 16 and M 17, where MHD waves produced by M 16 are shown to converge onto the focal point of the nearby giant molecular cloud and trigger the SF in M 17.
Dietary intake of sodium by children: Why it matters
Authors: Gowrishankar Manjula , Blair Becky , Rieder Michael J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dietary sodium is required in very small amounts to support circulating blood volume and blood pressure (BP). Available nutritional surveillance data suggest that most Canadian children consume sodium in excess of their dietary requirements. Approximately 80% of the sodium Canadians consume comes from processed and packaged foods. High sodium intakes in children may be an indicator of poor diet quality. Results from systematic reviews and meta-analyses have demonstrated that decreasing dietary sodium in children leads to small but clinically insignificant decreases in BP. However, population-level strategies to reduce sodium consumption, such as food product reformulation, modifying food procurement processes, and federal healthy eating policies, are important public health initiatives that can produce meaningful reductions in sodium consumption and help to prevent chronic disease in adulthood.
The Origin of Garnets in Anatectic Rocks from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, Southeastern Tibet: Constraints from Major and Trace Element Zoning and Phase Equilibrium Relationships
Authors: Xia Qiong-Xia , Gao Peng , Yang Guang , Zheng Yong-Fei , Zhao Zi-Fu , Li Wan-Cai , Luo Xu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAmphibolite- and granulite-facies metamorphic rocks are common in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis of southeastern Tibet. These rocks are composed mainly of gneiss, amphibolite and schist that underwent various degrees of migmatization to produce leucogranites, pegmatites and felsic veins. Zircon U–Pb dating of biotite gneiss, leucocratic vein and vein granite from the syntaxis yields consistent ages of ∼49 Ma, indicating crustal anatexis during continental collision between India and Asia. Garnets in these rocks are categorized into peritecitc and anatectic varieties based on their mode of occurrence, mineral inclusions and major- and trace-element zoning. The peritectic garnets mainly occur in the biotite gneiss (mesosome layer) and leucocratic veins. They are anhedral and contain abundant mineral inclusions such as high-Ti biotites and quartz, and show almost homogeneous major-element compositions (except Ca) and decreasing HREE contents from core to rim, indicating growth during the P- and T-increasing anatexis. Peak anatectic conditions at 760–800°C and 9–10·5 kbar are well constrained by phase equilibrium calculations, mineral assemblages, and garnet isopleths. In contrast, anatectic garnets only occur in the vein granite. They are round or subhedral, contain quartz inclusions, and exhibit increasing spessartine and trace-element contents from core to rim. The garnet–biotite geothermometry and the garnet–biotite–plagioclase–quartz geobarometry suggest that the anatectic garnets crystallized at ∼620–650°C and 4–5 kbar. Some garnet grains show two-stage zoning in major and trace elements, with the core similar to the peritectic garnet but the rim similar to the anatectic garnet. Mineralogy, whole-rock major- and trace-element compositions and zircon O isotopes indicate that the two types of leucosomes were produced by hydration (water-present) melting and dehydration (water-absent) melting, respectively. The leucocratic veins contain peritectic garnet but no K-feldspar, have lower whole-rock K2O contents and Rb/Sr ratios, higher whole-rock CaO contents and Sr/Ba ratios, and show homogeneous δ18O values that are lower than those of relict zircons, indicating that such veins were produced by the hydration melting. In contrast, the vein granite contains peritectic garnet and K-feldspar, has higher whole-rock K2O contents and Rb/Sr ratios, lower whole-rock CaO contents and Sr/Ba ratios, and shows comparable δ18O values with those of relict zircons, suggesting that this granite were generated by the dehydration melting. Accordingly, both hydration and dehydration melting mechanisms have occurred in the eastern Himalayan syntaxis.