bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing Heterogeneous Endpoints in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Trials Without Loss of Information
Authors: von Cube Maja , Grodd Marlon , Wolkewitz Martin , Hazard Derek , Wengenmayer Tobias , Canet Emmanuel , Lambert Jêrome 
Published: November 2020

OBJECTIVES:
Many trials investigate potential effects of treatments for coronavirus disease 2019. To provide sufficient information for all involveddecision-makers (clinicians, public health authorities, and drug regulatory agencies), a multiplicity of endpoints must be considered. The objectives are to provide hands-on statistical guidelines for harmonizing heterogeneous endpoints in coronavirus disease 2019 clinical trials.

DESIGN:
Randomized controlled trials for patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019.

SETTING:
General methods that apply to any randomized controlled trial for patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019.

PATIENTS:
Coronavirus disease 2019 positive individuals.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We develop a multistate model that is based on hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, death, and discharge. These events are both categories of the ordinal endpoint recommended by the World Health Organization and also within the core outcome set of the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials initiative for coronavirus disease 2019 trials. To support our choice of states in the multistate model, we also perform a brief review of registered coronavirus disease 2019 clinical trials. Based on the multistate model, we give recommendation for compact, informative illustration of time-dynamic treatment effects and explorative statistical analysis. A majority of coronavirus disease 2019 clinical trials collect information on mechanical ventilation, hospitalization, and death. Using reconstructed and real data of coronavirus disease 2019 trials, we show how a stacked probability plot provides a detailed understanding of treatment effects on the patients’ course of hospital stay. It contributes to harmonizing multiple endpoints and differing lengths of follow-up both within and between trials.

CONCLUSIONS:
All ongoing clinical trials should include a stacked probability plot in their statistical analysis plan as descriptive analysis. While primary analysis should be on an early endpoint with appropriate capability to be a surrogate (parameter), our multistate model provides additional detailed descriptive information and links results within and between coronavirus disease 2019 trials.
Technique for Sutured Scleral Fixation of One-Piece Hydrophobic Acrylic Intraocular Lenses Dislocated Into the Vitreous
Authors: Czajka Marcin P. , Frajdenberg Agata , Johansson Björn 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To present a suturing technique for safe refixation of posteriorly dislocated one-piece hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Method:
Retrospective data analysis of a series of 12 cases operated with vitrectomy, followed by IOL relocation to the retropupillary area, after which polypropylene sutures are passed through the optic–haptic junctions of the dislocated IOL and subsequently secured to the sclera.

Results:
In all cases, the IOL remained centered throughout the follow-up period (mean 10.5 months, range 3 weeks–36 months). One case was complicated by vitreous hemorrhage the first postoperative day and later cystoid macular edema. Visual acuity was not compromised at the end of follow-up.

Conclusion:
The presented technique is safe and provides long-term stable refixation in cases of late posterior dislocation of a one-piece hydrophobic acrylic IOL. The risk that sutures looped around haptics will slip off the haptic is thereby avoided.
Nurses and Medicolegal Death Investigation
Authors: Drake Stacy A. , Tabor Pamela , Hamilton Harriet , Cannon Annette 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTForensic nurses currently serve in medicolegal death investigation settings nationwide, yet registered nurses seldom recognize death investigation as a career option. The purpose of this article is to describe medicolegal death investigation in the United States and the roles nurses can achieve, depending upon state and agency job requirements. Duties and qualifications for job positions, whether filled by election, appointment, or staff hiring, are described to provide examples of nurses’ roles within the medicolegal death investigation setting and to present career options. Forensic nurses have the educational preparation, medical skills, and forensic knowledge to serve within death investigation systems as a chief officer (e.g., coroner), deputy officer, or staff investigator.
Factors Associated With Burnout in Trauma Nurses
Authors: Higgins Jacob T. , Okoli Chizimuzo , Otachi Janet , Lawrence Jessica , Bryant Elizabeth D. , Lykins Amanda , Seng Sarret 
Published: November 2020

Background
Burnout is a psychological syndrome resulting from repeated stressors experienced in the workplace that centers on emotional exhaustion, detachment from the job, and a sense of ineffectiveness. It has been previously demonstrated that burnout exists in the health care workforce, but there has been limited investigation of burnout in nurses who primarily provide care for patients who have been traumatically injured. The purpose of this study was to explore factors associated with burnout reported by trauma nurses.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey distributed at a large, academic Level I trauma center that serves both adult and pediatric patients. For this analysis, only the Burnout subscale of the Professional Quality of Life scale Version 5 (ProQOL) was used. Multivariate hierarchical regression was used to determine factors associated with burnout reported by trauma nurses.

Results
Protective factors included being female, being married, and better quality of sleep. Risk factors included having a mental health diagnosis and working with adult populations.

Conclusions
These results provide an important contribution to the burnout risk profile for trauma nurses and may provide insight into future investigations as well as development and testing of tailored interventions to mitigate burnout in trauma nurses.
Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation of Injury Prevention Programs: A Qualitative Exploration and Model Development
Authors: Newcomb Anna B. , Zadnik Mary , Carlini Anthony R. , Francis Molly M. , Frey Katherine P. , Heins Sara E. , McNamara Leslie , Staguhn Elena D. , Castillo Renan C. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
In 2006, the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma mandated implementation of injury prevention programs as a requirement for Level I and II trauma center designation. Little is known about the factors that facilitate or create barriers to establishing evidence-based injury prevention program implementation. The purpose of this research is to generate hypotheses regarding processes used to implement injury prevention programs at trauma centers, identify the factors that facilitate and serve as a barrier to implementation, and develop a model reflecting these factors and relationships.

Methods:
This is a qualitative study of injury prevention programs at trauma centers. Study participants were chosen from 24 sites representing trauma centers of different patient volumes, geographic regions, and settings in the United States. Subjects participated in phone interviews based on guides developed from pilot interviews with prevention coordinators. Transcribed interviews from eight subjects were analyzed using a system of member checking to code; analysis informed the identification of factors that influence the establishment of evidence-based injury prevention programs.

Results:
Five themes emerged from the data analysis: external factors, internal organizational factors, program capacity, program selection, and program success. Analysis revealed that successful program implementation was related to supportive leaders and collaborative, interdepartmental relationships. Additional themes indicated that while organizations were motivated primarily by verification requirements (external factor), strong institutional leadership (internal factor) was lacking. Employee readiness (program capacity) was hindered by limited training opportunities, and programs were often chosen (selection) based on implementation ease rather than evidence base or local data.

Conclusions:
Data analysis reveals five emerging themes of program implementation; using these data, we suggest an initial model of barriers and facilitators for implementing evidence-based injury prevention programs that could serve as the springboard for additional research involving a larger representative sample.
Nutrients to mitigate osteosarcopenia: the role of protein, vitamin D and calcium
Authors: Kirk Ben , Prokopidis Konstantinos , Duque Gustavo 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
Osteosarcopenia (the joint loss of bone density and muscle mass and function) is an emerging geriatric syndrome, which associates with poor health outcomes. Several nutrients including protein, vitamin D and calcium interact (directly or through absorption properties) to regulate muscle and bone metabolism. We provided an update on the efficacy of these nutrients on musculoskeletal outcomes in older adults with, or at risk of, osteosarcopenia.

Recent findings
Randomized trials show that correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) increases bone density and reduces fracture (but not falls) risk. Supplementing above the RDA with protein supports gains in lean mass and lumbar-spine bone density; however, there is inconclusive evidence for muscle strength, physical function or other bone density sites. A likely explanation for this relates to the significant heterogeneity between trials regarding protein dose, type and timing, as well as baseline protein intake. Further high-quality trials are needed in older osteosarcopenic adults to investigate the effects of protein (while correcting vitamin D and calcium deficiencies) on clinically meaningful outcomes such as activities of daily living, falls and fractures.

Summary
An adequate intake of protein (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day), vitamin D (800 IU/day) and calcium (1000–1200 mg/day), is well tolerated and effective at mitigating some aspects of osteosarcopenia such as lean mass, bone density and fracture risk.
Diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies in Peru
Authors: Aldave-Becerra Juan C. , Veramendi-Espinoza Liz E. , Rentería-Valdiviezo Claudia A. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are human inborn errors of immunity, leading to an increased susceptibility to infections, inflammatory manifestations, and malignancy. We estimate around 16 000 individuals with PIDs living in Peru who are still undiagnosed. The purpose of this review is to make a situational analysis of the diagnosis of PIDs in Peru.

Recent findings
There is an evident underdiagnosis of PIDs in Peru. Insufficient awareness and lack of diagnostic tools can be solved partially by expanding the number and expertise of Clinical Immunologists and specialized medical centers. The availability of molecular testing at reasonable costs is mandatory to improve the diagnostic approach to patients with suspected PID. The development of didactic and innovative educational tools has been a critical strategy to improve PID awareness and diagnosis in Peru.

Summary
Developing countries like Peru still have critical limitations to diagnose patients with PIDs such as insufficient awareness in physicians, lack of specialized reference centers, and unavailability of confirmatory genetic testing. Joint work between government, health professionals, patient organizations, and society is essential to overcome these limitations and provide a better future for patients with inborn errors of immunity.
Long-term Outcomes After Facial Allotransplantation: Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Tchiloemba Bianief , Kauke Martin , Haug Valentin , Abdulrazzak Obada , Safi Ali-Farid , Kollar Branislav , Pomahac Bohdan 
Published: November 2020

Background.
Facial vascularized composite allotransplantation (fVCA) represents a reconstructive approach that enables superior improvements in functional and esthetic restoration compared with conventional craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Outcome reports of fVCA are usually limited to short-term follow-up or single-center experiences. We merge scientific literature on reported long-term outcome data to better define the risks and benefits of fVCA.

Methods.
We conducted a systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. English full-text articles providing data on at least 1 unique fVCA patient, with ≥3 years follow-up, were included.

Results.
The search yielded 1812 articles, of which 28 were ultimately included. We retrieved data on 23 fVCA patients with mean follow-up of 5.3 years. More than half of the patients showed improved quality of life, eating, speech, and motor and sensory function following fVCA. On average, the patients had 1 acute cell-mediated rejection and infectious episode per year. The incidence rates of acute rejection and infectious complications were high within first-year posttransplant but declined thereafter. Sixty-five percent of the patients developed at least 1 neoplastic or metabolic complication after transplantation. Chronic vascular rejection was confirmed in 2 patients, leading to allograft loss after 8 and 9 years. Two patient deaths occurred 3.5 and 10.5 years after transplant due to suicide and lung cancer, respectively.

Conclusions.
Allograft functionality and improvements in quality of life suggest a positive risk-benefit ratio for fVCA. Recurrent acute rejection episodes, chronic rejection, immunosuppression-related complications, and heterogeneity in outcome reporting present ongoing challenges in this field.
Chitinophaga extrema sp. nov., isolated from subsurface soil and leaf litter in a tropical peat swamp forest
Authors: Goh Calvin Bok Sun , Wong Li Wen , Parimannan Sivachandran , Rajandas Heera , Loke Stella , Croft Lawrence , Yule Catherine Mary , Pasbakhsh Pooria , Lee Sui Mae , Tan Joash Ban Lee 
Published: November 2020

A Gram-negative, filamentous aerobic bacterium designated as strain Mgbs1T was isolated on 12 April 2017 from the subsurface soil and leaf litter substrate at the base of a Koompassia malaccensis tree in a tropical peat swamp forest in the northern regions of the state of Selangor, Malaysia (3° 39′ 04.7′ N 101° 17′ 43.7′′ E). Phylogenetic analyses based on the full 16S rRNA sequence revealed that strain Mgbs1T belongs to the genus

Chitinophaga

with the greatest sequence similarity to

Chitinophaga terrae

KP01T (97.65 %),

Chitinophaga jiangningensis

DSM27406T (97.58 %), and

Chitinophaga dinghuensis

DHOC24T (97.17 %). The major fatty acids of strain Mgbs1T (>10 %) are iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1
ω5c and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH while the predominant respiratory quinone is menaquinone-7. Strain Mgbs1T has a complete genome size of 8.03 Mb, with a G+C content of 48.5 mol%. The DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) score between strain Mgbs1T and

C. jiangningensis

DSM27406T was 15.9 %, while in silico DDH values of strain Mgbs1T against

C. dinghuensis

DHOC24T and

C. terrae

KP01T were 20.0 and 19.10% respectively. Concurrently, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) scores between strain Mgbs1T against all three reference strains are 73.2 %. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic consensus, strain Mgbs1T represents a novel species of the genus

Chitinophaga

, for which the name Chitinophaga extrema sp. nov. is proposed (=DSM 108835T=JCM 33276T).
Forecasting Confirmed Cases and Mortalities of COVID-19 in the US
Authors: Jamshidi Babak , Kakavandi Mohsen , Zargaran Shahriar Jamshidi , Talaei-Khoei Amir 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe wide spread of COVID-19 in the US has placed the country as the most infected population worldwide. This paper aims to forecast the number of confirmed cases and mortalities from 12 April to 21 May, 2020. There has been a large body of literature in forecasting epidemic outbreaks such as C algorithms with shortfall of predicting for long periods and autoregressive integrated moving average models with the limited flexibility. However, the US COVID-19 data shows great variety in the relative increments of confirmed cases. This requires a reproductive time series.MethodThis paper suggests a time series based on the relative increments of confirmed cases. The proposed time series assumes the changes in the time series and provides flexibility. The suggested model was applied on the data observed from 27 February to 11 April 2020 and its objective is forecasting 40 days from 12 April to 21 May 2020.ResultsIt is expected that by May 21, 2020, the accumulative number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the US rises to 1,464,729, with 80% confidence interval. Our analysis also shows that by the 21st of May, the cumulative number of mortalities caused by COVID-19 in the US from 18747 cases on 11 April increases to around 73250 cases on 21 May, 2020.ConclusionOur results highlight the value of reproductive strategies in time series modelling of COVID-19. Our model benefits from a reproductive strategy from a time point in which the US COVID-19 data demonstrates a sudden fall.
Antiviral activity of plant juices and green tea against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virusin vitro
Authors: Frank Bruno , Conzelmann Carina , Weil Tatjana , Groß Rüdiger , Jungke Peggy , Eggers Maren , Müller Janis A. , Münch Jan , Kessler Uwe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany plant juices, extracts and teas have been shown to possess antiviral activity. We here analyzed the virucidal activity of black chokeberry(Aronia melanocarpa),pomegranate(Punica granatum),and elderberry(Sambucus nigra)juice, as well as green tea(Camellia sinensis)against different respiratory viruses. We found that all tested plant derived products effectively inactivated influenza virus, whereas only chokeberry juice diminished SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinia virus infectivity. None of the products inactivated non-enveloped human adenovirus type 5. Thus, black chokeberry juice exerts virucidal activity against different enveloped viral pathogens underin vitroconditions. Whether application of virucidal juices or green tea as oral rinses may lower viral loads in the oral cavityin vivoremains to be evaluated.
Filtration Performance Degradation of In-Use Masks by Vapors from Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers and the Mitigation Solutions
Authors: He Weidong , Guo Yinghe , Liu Jingxian , Yue Yang , Wang Jing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow often does one perform hand disinfection while wearing a mask? In the current COVID-19 pandemic, wearing masks and hand disinfection are widely adopted hygiene practices. However, our study indicated that exposure to the vapors from alcohol-based sanitizers during hand disinfection might degrade the filtration performance of the in-use masks, and the degradation worsened with the increasing number of hand disinfection. After five times of hand disinfection, the filtration efficiencies of surgical masks decreased by >8% for 400 and 500nm particles and by 3.68±1.83 % for 1μm particles. This was attributed to the dissipation of electrostatic charges on the masks when exposed to the alcohol vapor generated during hand disinfection. Simple practice of vapor-avoiding hand disinfection could mitigate the effects of alcohol vapor, which was demonstrated on two brands of surgical masks. The vapor-avoiding hand disinfection is recommended to be included in the hygiene guide to maintain the mask performance.Graphic abstract
Differential Involvement of the Locus Coeruleus in Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Mechanism of Clinical Differences?
Authors: Bolton Corey J. , Tam Joyce W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEarly-onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD) has been associated with an increased likelihood of atypical clinical manifestations such as attentional impairment, yet the cause of this heterogeneity remains unclear. The locus coeruleus (LC) is implicated early in Alzheimer’s disease pathology and is associated with attentional functioning. This study investigated post-mortem atrophy of the LC in EOAD and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD) in a large, well-characterized sample. Results show nearly four times greater likelihood of higher LC atrophy in EOAD as compared to LOAD after controlling for other measures of pathological progression (p < .005). Follow-up analyses within the EOAD group revealed that compared to those who displayed mild or no LC atrophy at autopsy, those with moderate-severe atrophy of the LC displayed significantly worse performance on various baseline measures of attentional functioning (p < .05), despite similar overall cognition (p = .25). These findings suggest the LC is an important potential driver of clinical and pathological heterogeneity in EOAD.
From Vaccine to Pathogen: Modeling Sabin 2 Vaccine Virus Reversion and Evolutionary Epidemiology
Authors: Wong Wesley , Gauld Jillian , Famulare Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV) are one of most effective disease eradication tools in public health. However, the Sabin 2 vaccine strain can revert attenuation and cause outbreaks of circulating, vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) that are clinically indistinguishable from wild poliovirus (WPV). Accurately assessing cVDP2 risk requires disentangling the complex interaction between epidemiology and evolutionary biology. Here, we developed a Sabin 2 reversion model that simulates the reversion of Sabin 2 to WPV based on the clinical differences in shedding duration and infectiousness between individuals vaccinated with Sabin 2 and those infected with wild poliovirus. Genetic reversion is informed by a canonical reversion pathway defined by three gatekeeper mutations (A481G, U2909C, and U398C) and the accumulation of genetic load from deleterious nonsynonymous mutations. Our model captures essential aspects of both phenotypic and molecular evolution and simulates transmission using a multiscale transmission model that consolidates the relationships among immunity, susceptibility, and transmission risk. We show that despite the rapid reversion of Sabin 2, cVDPV2 outbreaks can be controlled by maintaining high levels of population-level immunity and sanitation. Supplementary immunization activities must maintain high vaccine coverage to prevent future cVDPV2 outbreaks in the targeted intervention zone, but declining global immunity against Sabin 2 makes them increasingly risky to implement in poor sanitation regions regardless of historical immunization activity. A combined strategy of assessing and improving sanitation levels in conjunction with high coverage vaccination campaigns will limit future cVDPV2 emergence and spread.Significance StatementSince the withdrawal of the Sabin 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2), circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks caused by the genetic reversion of Sabin 2 vaccine virus (cVDPV2) have been increasing in frequency. The current strategies for combating cVDPV2 involve supplemental immunization activities with monovalent Sabin 2 oral poliovirus (mOPV2), which can inadvertently seed future cVDPV2 outbreaks. Accurately assessing future cVDPV2 outbreak risk following mass mOPV2 campaigns is critical poliovirus eradication efforts but must consider the interaction between genetic reversion and epidemiological transmission. We developed an evolutionary epidemiology model to integrate Sabin 2 genetic reversion and transmission into a single framework to evaluate their relative contribution to cVDPV2 outbreaks and inform future intervention strategies.