bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
826-P: Diabetes and Sleep: Qualitative Perspectives from People with Type 1 Diabetes and Their Parents and Partners
Authors: CARREON SAMANTHA A. , CAO VIENA T. , ANDERSON BARBARA , ESHTEHARDI SAHAR S. , THOMPSON DEBORAH , MARRERO DAVID G. , MCKINNEY BRETT M. , HILLIARD MARISA E. 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: There is growing interest in how type 1 diabetes (T1D) impacts sleep, yet little is known about patient and family experiences. This study characterized perspectives of people with diabetes (PWD) and their parents and partners about T1D-related sleep issues.
Methods: As part of a qualitative study on T1D-related quality of life, 44 PWD ages 9-69 (M=31.9±19.29 years; 50% female; MA1c=8.25±1.51%), 25 parents (96% female), and 14 partners (43% female) participated in semi-structured interviews. We coded transcripts using content analysis to derive sleep-related themes.
Results: Two major themes emerged (Figure). Emotional Distress: all groups expressed worries about hypoglycemia while asleep, and parents described distress about the constant demands of T1D and nighttime management burdens. Sleep Disruption: blood glucose excursions and overnight management interrupted sleep. Technology both disrupted sleep (e.g., alarms) and improved sleep (e.g., trust device to inform about urgent problems).
Conclusions: PWDs and family members described emotional and behavioral aspects of T1D impacting sleep. Emotional distress, overnight management, and glucose variability disrupted sleep. Taking steps to minimize overnight glucose excursions may reduce distress and improve sleep. More research on sleep disruption and the impact of technology on sleep may inform diabetes care.

Disclosure
S.A. Carreon: None. V.T. Cao: None. B. Anderson: None. S.S. Eshtehardi: None. D. Thompson: None. D.G. Marrero: None. B.M. McKinney: None. M.E. Hilliard: None.

Funding
The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust (2015PG-T1D084)
827-P: Association between Household Food Security and Depression Symptoms among Youth and Young Adults with Diabetes
Authors: BROWN ANDREA D. , MENDOZA JASON A. , FLORY KATE , REBOUSSIN BETH A. , MERCADO CARLA , JENSEN ELIZABETH T. , DOLAN LAWRENCE M. , DABELEA DANA , LAWRENCE JEAN M. , LIESE ANGELA D. 
Published: June 2020

Household food insecurity (HFI) (or unavailability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods) is associated with unhealthy diet and increased risk of obesity and chronic diseases. Additionally, people with diabetes are at increased risk for depression. Although access to a regular and healthy diet is important to proper nutrition and to diabetes management, no studies have assessed how HFI is related to depression among youth and young adults (YYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D).
This study used cross-sectional data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study collected in 2015-2019 to evaluate associations between HFI and depression among YYA with T1D and T2D. HFI was categorized as a binary variable (food secure vs. food insecure) using the 18-item U.S. Department of Agriculture food security survey, where ≥3 affirmations indicated being food insecure. The 20-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale was used to quantify depression symptoms as a continuous outcome (scores 0-60). Linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, site, and diabetes duration. Models were analyzed separately for youth with T1D, young adults with T1D, and young adults with T2D.
HFI and CES-D data were available for 335 T1D youth (10-17 years), 731 T1D young adults (18-35 years), and 272 T2D young adults (18-34 years). Of these, 18.8%, 17.5%, and 30.1%, respectively, reported being food insecure. Adjusted models showed that food insecure young adults with T1D had 7.4 higher scores on symptoms of depression (p&lt;.0001) and those with T2D had 4.8 higher scores on symptoms of depression (p=0.0002), when compared to those that were food secure. Food insecure youth with T1D had 3.2 higher scores on symptoms of depression compared to food secure youth with T1D after adjustment for covariates (p=0.0031).
Findings from this study suggest that living in a food insecure household is associated with increased depression symptomology among YYA with T1D or T2D.

Disclosure
A.D. Brown: None. J.A. Mendoza: None. K. Flory: None. B.A. Reboussin: None. C. Mercado: None. E.T. Jensen: None. L.M. Dolan: None. D. Dabelea: None. J.M. Lawrence: None. A.D. Liese: None.

Funding
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Cohort Study (1UC4DK108173); SEARCH Food Security Cohort Study (1R01DK117461-01); National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM081740)
831-P: Children at Increased Risk for Type 1 Diabetes Using a Study Educational Tool Have Better Understanding of Genetic Risk: The TEDDY Study
Authors: SMITH LAURA B. , TAMURA ROY , KARBAN RACHEL , MELIN JESSICA , WIMAR ÅSA E. , GARDINER MELISSA , DRISCOLL KIMBERLY A. , JOHNSON SUZANNE B. 
Published: June 2020

The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) is an international study of 8,676 children from birth to age 15 at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Before the 10-year study visit, children received a book explaining their increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes and TEDDY study aims. We compared children who read the book to those who did not read the book on their (1) type 1 diabetes risk perception accuracy, (2) anxiety about their increased risk for type 1 diabetes (using a modified version of Spielberg State Anxiety Inventory for children), (3) actions intended to prevent diabetes, and (4) study satisfaction. Overall, 2064/3306 (62%) children read the book; girls, children from two parent families, and Swedish and Finnish children (all p&lt;0.001) were more likely to read the book. Using generalized linear modeling we examined differences in those who read versus did not read the book on child outcome measures while controlling for demographic (e.g., parent education, first-degree relative with diabetes, child sex) and parent measures (e.g., parent risk perception, anxiety, study satisfaction). Children who read the book had more accurate risk perception (read book = 30% accurate versus 24% accurate; OR=1.41, 95% CI=1.19-1.68, p&lt;0.001) and greater TEDDY study satisfaction measured on a 0-2 scale (average treatment difference = 0.10, 95% CI=0.07-0.13, p&lt;0.001) compared to those who did not read the book. No significant group differences in anxiety or behaviors to prevent diabetes occurred.
In conclusion, the use of an educational tool is well accepted, is not related to increased child anxiety about diabetes, and is related to greater child diabetes risk perception accuracy and study satisfaction. However, even after reading the book, 70% of children had inaccurate diabetes risk perception, suggesting additional strategies are needed. Findings have implications for retention and education in long-term research cohorts.

Disclosure
L.B. Smith: None. R. Tamura: None. R. Karban: None. J. Melin: None. Å.E. Wimar: None. M. Gardiner: None. K.A. Driscoll: None.

Funding
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; JDRF; National Institutes of Health/National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000064, UL1TR001082)
839-P: Peripheral and Central Blood Pressure Regulation in Recently Diagnosed Prediabetes
Authors: BOGACZEWICZ-SLOWIKOWSKA ANNA , ABRAMCZYK PIOTR , CIENSZKOWSKA KATARZYNA , JANECZKO-SOSNOWSKA EWA , GACIONG ZBIGNIEW , CZUPRYNIAK LESZEK 
Published: June 2020

Hypertension is found in up to 90% people with type 2 diabetes. The relationship between blood pressure (BP) (dys)regulation and prediabetes is much less clear. Fifty individuals (mean age [±SD] 42.7±13.1 years, BMI 29.2±7.3 kg/m2) with prediabetes (31 IFG; 19 IGT) and normal BP and 20 age- and BMI-matched healthy persons (40.8±9.6 years, BMI 27.9±6.6 kg/m2) were enrolled into the study. In all participants fasting plasma insulin, adiponectin and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were assessed; and 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM Monitor Schiller BR-102 Plus) and central BP assessment with the applanation tonometry method (SphygmoCor XCEL) were perfomed. ABPM results were similar in both groups: 24-hour systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse pressure were 124.1±10.8 and 123.5±7.6; 74.3±7.9 and 74.3±7.0; 89.8±7.2 and 90.4±6.6; 50.5±7.9 i 48.6±5.3 mmHg, respectively (p&gt;0.05). In daytime the respective values were 127.0±11.2 and 126.6±7.4; 75.7±6.5 and 77.2±7.0; 92.4±7.5 and 93.2±6.5; 50.9±8.0 and 48.9±5.5 mmHg, and at nighttime 109.1±21.8 and 109.8±10.5; 61.5±12.7 and 62.7±8.8; 77.1±15.4 and 78.1±9.0; 47.1±11.3 and 46.7±5.4 mmHg (p&gt;0.05). Central systolic, diastolic, end systolic BP, central mean pressure, central pulse height, augmentation index and central stroke volume index were also similar in both groups: 109.3±13.7 and 112.1±14.4, 77.1±9.5 and 80.4±10.7, 99.0±11.7 and 102.1±13.0, 91.3±10.6 and 95.2±11.4, 32.1±9.7 and 31.9±9.4 mmHg, 16.7±13.2 and 15.5±14.3%, 149.5±25.3 and 144.2±29.2 (p&gt;0.05). No significant diffferences in plasma insulin, adiponectin or IL-8 were found between the groups (30.4±25.3 and 26.5±28.8 µIU/ml; 4.86±2.56 and 6.28±3.48 µg/ml; and 25.6±2.58 and 27.9±9.76 pg/ml, respectively, p&gt;0.05).
In conclusion, recently diagnosed prediabetes is not associated with any blood pressure abnormalities. Vigorous prevention of diabetes in people with prediabetes should be encouraged as it may lead to maintaining cardiovascular health.

Disclosure
A. Bogaczewicz-Slowikowska: None. P. Abramczyk: None. K. Cienszkowska: None. E. Janeczko-Sosnowska: None. Z. Gaciong: None. L. Czupryniak: None.
84-OR: Laminin-Islet Interactions Protect against Cytokine-Mediated Beta-Cell Death via Down-Regulation of Protein Kinase C Delta
Authors: FARNSWORTH NIKKI L. , PISCOPIO ROBERT A. , BENNINGER RICHARD K. 
Published: June 2020

Islets are surrounded by a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM). Interactions with the peri-islet ECM, specifically laminin, promote islet viability and function. In T1D during immune infiltration the peri-islet ECM is broken down and β-cell death occurs in part through production of high levels of Th1 cytokines. Recent work has shown that cytokines alter islet function via protein kinase C Δ (PKCΔ) dependent mechanisms and that islet interactions with laminin reduce PKCΔ activity. We hypothesize that laminin-islet interactions protect against cytokine-mediated β-cell death via downregulation of PKCΔ. To test our hypothesis, we used a 3D reverse thermal gel (RTG) scaffold with either laminin-10 (RTG-Lam) or lysine (RTG-Lys) as a control. Islets were isolated from WT or mice with an inducible β-cell specific PKCΔ knockout (PKCΔ-βKO) and encapsulated in RTG-Lam and RTG-Lys for 24hrs with or without cytokines (10ng/mL TNF-α, 5ng/mL IL-1β, 100ng/mL IFN-γ). Viability, PKCΔ translocation, and PKCΔ activity were measured in encapsulated islets in situ using fluorescent biosensors or by western blot. PKCΔ-βKO islets were protected against cytokine-induced death compared to controls (p=0.003). Cytokines increased β-cell death in RTG-Lys (p&lt;0.001), while islets encapsulated in RTG-Lam were protected against cytokine-mediated death (p&lt;0.04). Islets encapsulated in RTG-Lam had reduced PKCΔ activity at the cell membrane compared to RTG-Lys and were also protected against cytokine-mediated increases in PKCΔ activity at the cell membrane.
In summary, islet interactions with laminin protect against cytokine-induced β-cell death via downregulation of PKCΔ activity at the cell membrane. Our results suggest that loss of islet interactions with laminin, as occurs in T1D, may make islets more susceptible to cytokine-mediated death. This mechanism of β-cell death provides a novel therapeutic target to prevent β-cell death and halt the progression of T1D.

Disclosure
N.L. Farnsworth: None. R.A. Piscopio: None. R.K. Benninger: None.

Funding
JDRF (3-APF-2019-749-A-N, 1-FAC-2020-891-A-N); Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CO-M-19-133)
849-P: Accuracy and Precision of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) in Hospitalized Patients Undergoing Radiology Procedures
Authors: MIGDAL ALEXANDRA , SPANAKIS ELIAS , GALINDO RODOLFO J. , DAVIS GEORGIA , SINGH LAKSHMI G. , SATYARENGGA MEDHA , FAYFMAN MAYA , PASQUEL FRANCISCO J. , ALBURY BONNIE S. , URRUTIA MARIA A. , ZAMUDIO KARLA W. , GIBANICA SEID , CARDONA SAUMETH , PENG LIMIN , UMPIERREZ GUILLERMO E. 
Published: June 2020

Background: There is increasing interest in using CGM for the inpatient management of diabetes in non-ICU settings. Current industry guidelines recommend removing devices when undergoing certain radiology procedures due to concerns about potential interference with CGM system functioning. However, there is no published data on the impact of CGM precision and accuracy after radiation and contrast exposure to support this recommendation.
Methods: We collected data on 49 adult medicine and surgery patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes who were monitored with Dexcom CGM systems before and after radiology procedures (x-rays, CT scan, catheterization/angiography). The primary outcome was glycemic variability by percent coefficient of variation (%CV) as reported by CGM 2-hours pre and post imaging. Secondary outcome was the mean absolute relative difference (MARD) between matched glucose pairs from capillary point-of-care and CGM pre and post imaging procedure.
Results: There were no significant differences in mean blood glucose (BG) or %CV seen on CGM readings for all imaging procedures combined (delta mean BG -7.7 ±26.0, p=0.051; %CV 18.0% pre vs. 19.1% post, p=0.65) or when stratified by x-ray (delta mean BG -8.8 ±29.9, p=0.15; %CV 20.1% pre vs. 21.5% post, p=0.60) vs. CT scan/catheterization/angiography (delta mean BG -6.3 ±20.6, p=0.19; %CV 15.2% pre vs. 15.9% post, p=0.97). The overall MARD was 13.3% pre-imaging and 12.7% post-imaging. The overall percentage of glucose values within ±15%/15mg/dl, ±20%/20mg/dl, and ±30%/30mg/dl of the POC reference value was 69%, 80%, and 94%, respectively pre-imaging, and 69%, 82% and 93% post-imaging (p=NS). Clarke Error Grid analysis showed 98.1% of glucoses falling into Zones A and B pre-imaging and 99.7% post-imaging.
Conclusions: Preliminary data suggests that ongoing CGM usage during multiple radiology procedures is safe and reliable without interference or disruption in CGM data transmission.

Disclosure
A. Migdal: None. E. Spanakis: Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc. R.J. Galindo: Advisory Panel; Self; Lilly Diabetes. Consultant; Self; Valeritas, Inc. Research Support; Self; Novo Nordisk Inc. Other Relationship; Self; UpToDate. G. Davis: None. L.G. Singh: None. M. Satyarengga: None. M. Fayfman: None. F.J. Pasquel: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company. Consultant; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., National Institutes of Health. B.S. Albury: None. M.A. Urrutia: None. K.W. Zamudio: None. S. Gibanica: None. S. Cardona: None. L. Peng: None. G.E. Umpierrez: None.

Funding
Dexcom, Inc.
85-LB: Freestyle Libre System Use Associated with Reduction in Acute Diabetes Events and All-Cause Hospitalizations in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes without Bolus Insulin
Authors: MILLER EDEN , KERR MATTHEW S.D. , ROBERTS GREGORY J. , SOUTO DIANA , NABUTOVSKY YELENA , WRIGHT EUGENE 
Published: June 2020

Data on the benefit of continuous glucose monitors (CGM) in people with diabetes not using intensive insulin therapy is limited. We describe clinical outcomes after a FreeStyle Libre® system purchase in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not using bolus insulin. IBM MarketScan™ Commercial Claims and Medicare Supplemental databases were used in this retrospective, observational analysis. MarketScan contains insurance billing claims for inpatient, outpatient, and pharmacy. Cohort requirements included: de novo CGM, FreeStyle Libre system purchase 2017 Q4-2018 Q4, T2D diagnosis, ≥18 years old, no fast-/short-acting insulin, ≥6-months pre-index observation time. Primary outcome was acute diabetes events (ADE): hospitalization with hyper-/hypoglycemia as primary diagnosis or outpatient emergency with same codes. Secondary outcome was all-cause hospitalization. Andersen-Gill Cox regression compared event rates 6-months pre-/post-index. The cohort (n= 7,167, age 53.3±9.5 years, 51.5% male, avg. post-index follow-up 155 days) saw a reduction in ADE from 0.071 to 0.052 events/pt-yr (HR: 0.70 [0.57 0.85]; P:&lt;0.001). Hospitalizations reduced from 0.180 to 0.161 events/pt-yr (HR: 0.87 [0.78 0.98]; P: 0.025). After FreeStyle Libre system purchase, T2D patients not on bolus insulin had lower rates of ADE and all-cause hospitalization.

Disclosure
E. Miller: None. M.S.D. Kerr: Employee; Self; Abbott. G.J. Roberts: Employee; Self; Abbott. D. Souto: Employee; Self; Abbott. Y. Nabutovsky: Employee; Self; Abbott. E. Wright: Advisory Panel; Self; Abbott, Sanofi. Consultant; Self; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer U.S., Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., MannKind Corporation, Merck & Co., Inc., Voluntis France. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lilly Diabetes.
85-OR: Islet-Autonomous Inflammatory Signaling Propagates Autoimmunity and Promotes Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: PINEROS ANNIE , KULKARNI ABHISHEK , HERNANDEZ-PEREZ MARIMAR , ORR KARA , GLENN LINDSEY , REISSAUS CHRISTOPHER A. , GANNON MAUREEN , MCDUFFIE MARCIA J. , NADLER JERRY , MORRIS MARGARET A. , MIRMIRA RAGHAVENDRA , TERSEY SARAH A. 
Published: June 2020

The type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis has been viewed as being initiated and propagated by directed autoimmunity against islet β cells. In recent years, we and others have taken a new perspective placing the β cell itself as the initiating cell. 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX), an enzyme involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, is expressed in β cells and macrophages. Global deletion of the gene encoding 12/15-LOX (Alox15) prevents diabetes in the NOD mouse model of T1D via reduction in cellular production of proinflammatory mediators in islets and macrophages. We hypothesized that this protective phenotype largely emanates from the loss of 12/15-LOX in the islet rather than immune cells. To test this hypothesis, we generated inducible islet-specific Alox15 knockout mice (Alox15∆islet) on the NOD background. Control female mice (Alox15loxp/loxp;Pdx1PB-CreERTM/+) exhibited diabetes incidence greater than 75%, whereas Alox15∆islet females showed a significant decrease in the incidence of diabetes (&lt;10%, P&lt;0.05). During the prediabetic phase (8 weeks of age), both control and Alox15∆islet females exhibited similar β cell mass (0.70±0.08 g vs. 0.72±0.06 g, P=NS) and insulitis severity (score 1.89±0.17 vs. 1.74±0.19, P=NS). By contrast, at this same stage, Alox15∆islet mice showed increased Treg (CD4+FoxP3+) numbers in the spleen and pancreatic lymph node compared to controls (P&lt;0.05) with no changes in Th1 (CD4+IFNγ+) and Th17 (CD4+IL17+) cells compared to control mice (P=NS). At 12 weeks of age, however, Alox15∆islet mice exhibited increased β-cell mass (0.40±0.05 g vs. 0.61±0.14 g, P=&lt;0.05) and decreased insulitis severity (score 2.63±0.18 vs. 1.76±0.13, P=&lt;0.05). Together, these data suggest that 12/15-LOX promotes islet inflammation and the destruction of β cells during the pathogenesis of autoimmune T1D, and supports the notion that inflammatory pathways intrinsic to the islet may initiate and propagate signals that exacerbate autoimmunity.

Disclosure
A. Pineros: None. A. Kulkarni: None. M. Hernandez-Perez: None. K. Orr: None. L. Glenn: None. C.A. Reissaus: None. M. Gannon: None. M.J. McDuffie: None. J. Nadler: None. M.A. Morris: Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Johnson & Johnson, Medtronic, Sanofi. R. Mirmira: Advisory Panel; Self; Hibercell, Sigilon Therapeutics, Veralox Therapeutics. Employee; Spouse/Partner; Eli Lilly and Company. S.A. Tersey: None.

Funding
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK105588)
851-P: Technology Use by Age and Region in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) in the SAGE Study
Authors: EDELMAN STEVEN , BRUTTOMESSO DANIELA , CLOSE KELLY L. , VIANNA ANDRE G. , LAUAND FELIPE , BRETTE SANDRINE , RENARD ERIC 
Published: June 2020

Glycemic control is suboptimal in many people with T1D. Diabetes technology may help improve diabetes management but data on its use in specific age groups and geographies is limited.
SAGE was a multinational, cross-sectional study using data from medical records and interviews of eligible participants (N=3858) aged ≥26 years with T1D for ≥1 year. The use of diabetes technology in different regions (Asia, Eastern Europe, Western Europe [WE], Latin America and Middle East) by predefined age groups (26-&lt;45; 45-&lt;65; ≥65 years) was assessed by a technology use questionnaire.
Overall, finger stick blood glucose meters were used most frequently (92.0%), with similar proportions of participants using them across regions and age groups. Use of continuous glucose meters (CGM; 23.2%), insulin pumps (19.5%) and blood ketone meters (11.1%) varied between regions, while usage within each region varied somewhat between age groups (Table). Overall, use of an insulin dosing app was low (4.6%) and mostly when recommended by an HCP, with slightly more frequent use in those aged 26-&lt;45 years (5.5%) compared with older age groups (45-&lt;65 years, 3.9%; ≥65 years, 3.5%).
Use of CGM, insulin pump and blood ketone meter is notably higher in WE than other regions. Globally, use of an insulin dosing app is low and appears to be mostly driven by HCP recommendations. Increased use of diabetes technology may help individuals and HCPs to manage diabetes better.

Disclosure
S. Edelman: Advisory Panel; Self; Brightsight, InPen, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S. Board Member; Self; Senseonics. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, MannKind Corporation, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi. D. Bruttomesso: Consultant; Self; Abbott, Eli Lilly and Company, Movi, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi. K.L. Close: Other Relationship; Self; Abbott, Air Liquide, American Diabetes Association, AstraZeneca, Dexcom, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., JDRF, Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Lilly Diabetes, Merck & Co., Inc. A.G. Vianna: Board Member; Self; Abbott, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; Sanofi. Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Lilly Diabetes. F. Lauand: Employee; Self; Sanofi. S. Brette: Other Relationship; Self; Sanofi. E. Renard: Board Member; Self; Abbott, Insulet Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Roche Diabetes Care. Consultant; Self; Air Liquide, Eli Lilly and Company, Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Dexcom, Inc., Tandem Diabetes Care.

Funding
Sanofi