bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-Edited Plants and the Challenges of Regulating Their Biosafety in Indonesia
Authors: Husin Bahagiawati Amir , Satyawan Dani , Santoso Tri J. 
Published: January 2020

<p>Genome editing is a precise breeding technique to improve plant properties by editing specific genes that regulate desired trait. Genome editing techniques can be designed so that the resulting plant does not contain foreign genes and the resulting changes in DNA sequences cannot be distinguished from products obtained by conventional gene mutations which have been considered as safe and therefore unregulated. Thus, genome editing products in some countries are also not specifically regulated as GM products even though their assembly process uses recombinant DNA and genetic transformation. Brazil, like<br />Indonesia ratified the Cartagena Protocol, but it issued a special regulation that provides dispensation for several types of genome editing products and exempts them from regulations that apply to transgenic plants. The steps taken by other countries in regulating genome editing products can be taken into consideration in drafting regulations in Indonesia, in order to create a conducive environment that supports the use of this potential technology while at the same time provides assurance regarding its safety to human health and the environment. The purpose of this review was to provide information on<br />the development of genome editing technologies in plant breeding, analyze its risks compared to that of conventional breeding, and compare its biosafety regulation in various countries to provide some considerations for drafting regulations on the risk assessment of genome editing products in Indonesia, as a ratifying country of the Cartagena Protocol.</p>
Factors influencing the self-reported sense of deviation in adults with successful surgical outcomes for strabismus
Authors: Ji Na , Xu Meiping , Yu Huanyun , Xu Jinling , Yu Xinping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background To determine whether a sense of deviation remains in adults with successful motor alignment who fulfil diplopia criteria after surgery and to examine the factors associated with this judgement. Methods This was a retrospective study. Adult patients defined as having a successful outcome based on more than one year of post-operative follow-up visits were included in the study. The sense of deviation was determined at the last visit. Pre- and post-operative deviation and characteristics including age, gender, education level, occupation, diagnosis, size of deviation, extraocular movement (EOM), binocular function, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were recorded. Results In total, 22 (24%) of the 91 adults with successful surgical outcomes reported a sense of deviation. No significant differences were noted between subjects with and without a sense of deviation regarding patient demographics, pre- and post-operative deviation, changes in deviation, sensory fusion or EOM. Subjects with a sense of deviation had an increased prevalence of and larger post-operative vertical deviation, poorer stereo function, and lower HRQOL scores than those with no sense of deviation. The presence of post-operative vertical deviation was associated with a sense of deviation. Conclusions Approximately one-fourth (24%) of adults defined as having successful surgical outcomes who still had a sense of deviation exhibited worse stereo function, higher vertical deviation size and lower HRQOL scores. The presence of 3 to 5 prism dioptres(pd) of vertical deviation would be the main factor associated with a sense of deviation post-operatively.
Tumour Mutational Burden is Associated with Poor Outcomes in Diffuse Glioma.
Authors: Luo Tao , Wang Lihong , Ge Jia , Lan Yang , Shi Yu , Luo Ying , Tan Yuhuan , Liang Mei , Deng Song , Zhang Xia , Wang Wenying , Tan Yaoyao , Xu Yuanyuan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a potential biomarker for immune checkpoint therapy and prognosis. The impact of TMB on clinical outcomes and the correlation coefficient between exome sequencing and targeted sequencing in glioma have not yet been explored.
Methods: Somatic mutations in the coding regions of 897 primary gliomas, clinical and RNA-seq information for 654 patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas ( TCGA) database were analyzed as training set, while another 286 patients within the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database were used to validate. Descriptive and correlational analyses were conducted with TMB. Enrichment Map and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was also performed.
Results: TMB was higher for the mutant group of gene that is frequently mutated in glioblastomas (GBMs) and lower for the mutant group of gene that is frequently mutated in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs). Patients with a higher TMB exhibited shorter overall survival. TMB was associated with grade, age, subtype and mutations affecting genomic structure. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analysis showed that TMB was an independent prognostic factor for glioma. The signaling pathways of the cell cycle were enriched in the TMB High group. TMB was higher in the mismatch repair (MMR) genes mutant group compared to the wildtype group, but the MMR pathway was enriched in the TMB High group of gliomas without mutations in classical MMR genes. The correlation between TMBs calculated through exome sequencing and targeted sequencing was moderate and panel-based TMB was not correlated with prognosis
Conclusions: TMB is associated with poor outcomes in diffuse glioma. High proliferative activity in the TMB High group could account for the shorter survival of these patients. This association was not reflected by a pan-cancer targeted sequencing panel.
Cognitive impairment and fear of falling in elderly with different social support levels: Findings from a community survey in Central Vietnam
Authors: Vo Thi Hue Man , Nakamura Keiko , Seino Kaoruko , Nguyen Hoang Thuy Linh , Vo Thang Van 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Fear of falling (FoF) in the elderly is one of the major public health concerns in this era of aging of the population. As there is limited evidence on how cognitive function may differ by social support level in relation to FoF among the elderly, this cross-sectional study aims to investigate the prevalence of FoF and the associations between cognitive impairment and FoF by the social support level, after adjustments for potential confounders. Methods: Data from the “Health needs assessment of elderly in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam in 2018” survey of 725 elderly aged 60 years or older were used for analysis. FoF was assessed using the Fall Efficacy Scale - International. High FoF was defined as a score above 28. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was used to measure the perception of support. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between cognitive function and FoF by social support levels (p <0.05). Results: The prevalence of high FoF among the elderly was 40.8%. Female gender, advanced age, a marital status of single or formerly married, living alone, history of injury, history of falls, chronic diseases (arthritis and/or hypertension), limitations of the IADL and BADL, visual difficulty and walking difficulty, low social support, and cognitive impairment were all significantly associated with a high FoF. After adjustments for the age, gender, marital status, history of falls and health-related factors, cognitive impairment remained significantly associated with a high FoF among the elderly with a low to moderate social support level (OR = 2.97, 95% CI 1.49-5.89), but not in those with a high social support level. Conclusions: Impairment of cognitive function was associated with a high FoF among the elderly who perceived themselves as having low or moderate support levels, even after adjustments for socio demographic and physical functional factors. However, this association was not observed among the elderly who perceived themselves as having high social support levels. Fall prevention programs for the elderly with various levels of social support should be carefully devised, keeping in mind the cognitive function levels of the target recipients.
Characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis
Authors: Liu Huiqin , Ren Haitao , Zhao Yanhuan , Fan Siyuan , Gao Xinya , Shi Yingying , Zhao Jing , Li Wei , Zhang Jiewen , Guan Hongzhi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: The aim of the current study was to explore the characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis.
Methods: CSF was collected from patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis at Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from 01 January 2015 to 31 December 2018. Cytological characteristics and other parameters of the CSF were analyzed.
Results: CSF cytological data were obtained from 164 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Visible signs of inflammation were identified in cytological analyses of 112 patients’ CSF, including 46 cases of mild inflammation, 58 of moderate inflammation, and 8 of severe inflammation. With regard to inflammation type, 89 cases were classified as lymphocytic inflammation, 22 as mixed inflammation with both lymphocytes and neutrophils, and 1 case was classified as mixed inflammation with lymphocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils. Activated lymphocytes were detected in 51 patients, and plasma cells were detected in 16. Oligoclonal bands were detected in 111/164 patients, and 51 patients were positive for specific oligoclonal bands in CSF. The positivity rate was 45.9%. In non-pleocytosis subgroup based on routine CSF examination, mRS score was positively correlated with white cell count and degree of inflammation determined via CSF cytology (rho = 0.259, p = 0.047; rho = 0.264, p = 0.043, respectively), and patients with CSF inflammation detected by cytology were likely to have more serious disease severity (mRS>3) ( χ2 = 5.544, p = 0.019) in comparison to patients with negative cytological findings.
Conclusions: The superiority of evaluating cell morphology and the ability of detecting inflammatory state that has not been exhibited in routine examination render CSF cytology a candidate for identifying anti-NMDAR encephalitis and investigating its pathogenesis.
Relationship between aspirin use of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer patient survival: a meta-analysis
Authors: Lin Juli , Lin Jian-xian , Zheng Chao-hui , Li Ping , Xie Jian-wei , Wang Jia-bin , Lu Jun , Chen Qi-yue , Cao Long-Long , Lin Mi , Huang Chang-ming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Many studies have found that use of aspirin can lengthen survival of gastrointestinal cancer. The aim of this study is to assess the survival benefit of aspirin use compared with non- aspirin use for patients with esophageal, gastric or colorectal cancer. Methods: We search online databases, including PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase and www.clinicaltrials.gov before Feb 1th, 2019 to identify all relevant studies. The overall survival and cancer specific survival of esophageal, gastric and colorectal cancer in aspirin users compared with non-aspirin users. Data extraction and evaluation of studies’ quality were conducted independently by 2 investigators. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled risk ratios (RRs) for overall survival and cancer specific survival using either a fixed-effects or a random-effects model. Results: 17 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis, comprising more than 71,534 patients. There is no significant differences between post-diagnosis aspirin use and overall survival for esophageal and gastric cancer. The overall survival and cancer specific survival for colorectal cancer benefit associated with post-diagnosis aspirin use represented ［HR= 0.82, 95%CI(0.72, 0.94)］ and［HR= 0.70, 95%CI(0.57, 0.86)］. Overall survival and cancer specific survival for colorectal cancer did not benefit associated with aspirin use pre-diagnosis. The overall survival and cancer specific survival for colorectal cancer benefit associated with both pre and post-diagnosis aspirin use represented［HR=0.75，95%CI(0.61, 0.92)］and［HR=0.78, 95%CI(0.73, 0.85)］. Besides, the survival benefit of post-diagnosis aspirin use appeared to be confined to those patients with mutated PIK3CA tumors［HR= 0.78, 95%CI(0.50, 0.99)］and with positive PTGS2 (COX-2) expression［HR= 0.75, 95%CI(0.43, 1.30)］. Conclusions: These findings provide further indication that post-diagnosis aspirin therapy improved overall survival and cancer specific survival of colorectal cancer, especially for patients with positive PTGS2 (COX-2) expression and mutated PIK3CA tumors. However, it don’t improve overall survival of esophageal and gastric cancer and the meta-analysis is limited mainly to retrospective studies.
Decomposing the educational inequalities in the factors associated with severe acute malnutrition among under-five children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis , Kandala Ngianga- Bakwin , Uthman Olalekan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC) have remained plagued with the burden of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). While studies have identified factors that influence SAM, efforts have not been made to decompose the educational inequalities across individual, neighbourhood and national level characteristics in LMIC. This study aims to decompose educational-related inequalities in the development of SAM among under-five children in LMIC and identify the risk factors that contribute to the inequalities.
Methods: We pooled successive secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) conducted between 2010 and 2018 in 51 LMIC. We analysed data of 532,680 under-five children nested within 55,823 neighbourhoods. Severe acute malnutrition was the outcome variable while the literacy status of mothers (literate vs illiterate) was the main exposure variable. The explanatory variables cut across the individual-, household and neighbourhood-level factors of the mothers-children pair. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition method was used to analyse the educational gap in the factors associated with SAM.
Results: Mothers with no formal education ranged from 0.1 % in Armenia and Kyrgyz to as much as 86.1 % in Niger. The overall prevalence of SAM in the group of children whose mothers had no education was 5.8 % compared with 4.2 % among those whose mothers were educated. Thirteen countries had statistically significant pro-illiterate inequality ( p<0.05) while none of the countries showed statistically significant pro-literate inequality. There were variations in the significant factors associated with the educational inequalities across the countries studied. On the average, neighbourhood socioeconomic status disadvantage, location of residence were the most important factors in most countries. Other contributors to the explanation of educational inequalities are birth weight, maternal age and toilet type.
Conclusions: We identified that SAM is prevalent in most LMIC with wide educational inequalities. The occurrence of SAM was explained by the individual, household and community-level factor. A potential strategy to reduce the burden of SAM is to reduce educational inequalities among mothers in the low- and middle- income countries through the promotion of women education as better education among all women will close the gaps and reduce the burden of SAM generally.
Dimensions of leisure-time physical activity and risk of depression in the “SEGUIMIENTO UNIVERSIDAD DE NAVARRA” (SUN) prospective cohort
Authors: Montero Alejandro Fernández , Moreno-Galarraga Laura , Sánchez-Villegas Almudena , Lahortiga-Ramos Francisca , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Molero Patricio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: An inverse association between total leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depression has been previously documented in the scientific literature. Our objective was to prospectively assess the association of LTPA with the risk of depression, focusing on several dimensions of LTPA (intensity, duration and type).
Methods: The SUN (Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra) project is a prospective cohort study formed by Spanish university graduates. A total of 15,488 adults (40.2% men, mean age 37±12 years) initially free of depression were assessed. A report of a validated medical diagnosis of depression or the habitual use of antidepressants (any of both) were considered as incident cases of depression. LTPA was estimated through previously validated self-reported questionnaires. Participants were classified following Physical Activity recommendations from the World Health Organization, and according to the intensity, duration and type of LTPA. Cox proportional hazards regression models were run, adjusted for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary factors, to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of depression and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
Results: During 163,059 person-years of follow-up we registered 870 incident cases of depression. Participants with higher total LTPA (METs-h/wk) and higher duration of LTPA (hours/wk) exhibited a lower risk of depression HR=0.84 (95% CI: 0.72-0.99) and HR=0.83 (0.70-0.99) respectively, whereas intensity of LTPA (MET) did not show any association with depression.
Conclusion: Participants with higher LTPA had a lower risk of depression. The inverse association was stronger for total LPTA time than for its intensity. Higher duration of LTPA should be encouraged to prevent depression.
The effect of educational intervention based on precede proceed model on life quality in hypertensive patients
Authors: Azar Farbod Ebadi Fard , Solhi Mahnaz , Azadi Nemam Ali , Ziapour Arash , Lebni Javad Yoosefi , Chaboksavar Fakhreddin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Hypertension is considered as one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases killing over 9 million people worldwide each year . Methods: This experimental study was performed in 90 patient’s hypertension attending health centers affiliated to karaj University of Medical Sciences. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups of intervention (n=45) and control (n=45). The data were collected through questionnaires. Educational intervention was designed based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model and implemented in the intervention group. Data were collected three times prior to the intervention, 1 month after the intervention, and 3 months after the educational intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and statistical methods number, percentage, mean, standard deviation and repeated measure test. Results: The results showed that the mean score of various domains of life quality and total score of life quality in the intervention group increased significantly compared to the control group after the educational intervention. Conclusions: The results showed that design and implementation of educational program based on PRECEDE-PROCEED model is effective in improving the life quality of hypertensive patients .
Fuzzy Epidemiology: Measures for Observational Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Melo Ana Cláudia Oliveira , Sá Laisa Ribeiro de , Vianna Rodrigo Pinheiro de Toledo , Moraes Ronei Marcos de 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Epidemiological studies bring forth classic epidemiological measures calculation that are based on resulting quantities of dichotomic categorization of individuals, such as in events: diseased, non-diseased, exposed or unexposed. Dichotomic categorizations discard inherent uncertainties and subjectivities from the illness process the exposure which generate information losses on the measures. The fuzzy set theory categorizes each individual, allowing the soft transit amongst the events and considering the uncertainties and subjectivities. For the calculation of these measures, the fuzzy possibility theory is useful. Although there is already the proposition of making use of this methodology to the calculation of association and risk measures, there are no additional studies, in the literature, that characterize or apply the measures in epidemiological studies. Neither there are proposed calculations of other epidemiological measures or studies explaining the contribution of the resulting epidemiological measure of this methodology. This paper aims to increase the epidemiological measures sets to observational studies, using fuzzy set and possibility theories in the calculation of the denominated fuzzy epidemiological measures, featuring them in an original way.Methodology The proposed fuzzy measures were based in classic epidemiological measures. An observational study was simulated on a case-control type and fuzzy theories on the categorization of the individuals and for the calculation of fuzzy measures were applied. The simulations and calculations were performed by the software R.Results It was graphically observed the incorporation of uncertainties and subjectivities in the study population categorization. Comparing the classic to the fuzzy measures, it was observed that the contribution of the embedded uncertainties and subjectivities on the fuzzy measure presented a more complete final information about the illness process and exposure of the individuals. The graphic behavior of the proposed measures and of the already existent ones were characterized.Conclusion The fuzzy set epidemiological measures changes the paradigm of measures restricted to one numerical value. The information of the new fuzzy measures is seen as more trustworthy and helpful to decision making health managers, regarding which policies must be considered in accordance to the susceptible of harm and exposure in every population of each case scenario.