bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ominous Mismatch
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Congress created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, sparking a bitter partisan battle. The bureau’s mission—to help individual consumers cope with their financial problems and to ward off future crises like the 2008 financial collapse—posed a direct challenge to the financial industry. As the industry has grown, it has also greatly expanded its power in Washington through extensive political contributions and lobbying efforts. Its support for the Tea Party movement shifted the political balance in the 2010 elections. Using its political might, the industry opposed the bureau and then sought to block confirmation of anyone as its director, hoping to hobble efforts to operationalize it. On Elizabeth Warren’s recommendation, President Obama nominated Richard Cordray to be the first director, starting a fight over his confirmation that would last two years.
Giving People a Voice That Matters
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
People are fed up with being ignored or getting the runaround from financial companies. To get companies to address people’s problems, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau created a consumer response system that allowed individuals to submit complaints—about an error on their credit card bill, a surprise fee from their bank, a payment not properly credited on their mortgage. The bureau then immediately transmitted the complaint to the company for it to resolve. But the stakes had changed: the bureau monitored whether and how the companies responded, giving consumers new leverage and better results. The system was a full-service shop, available 24/7, for 320 million consumers. This chapter tells how the bureau achieved this result, fielding over 1.3 million complaints in six years and helping resolve many of them. It also describes how the pattern of data sheds valuable new light on consumer issues in the financial marketplace.
A Powerful Force for Good
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Robust law enforcement is crucial to a fair market. Companies that lie, cheat, or steal take advantage of consumers and the honest companies that they compete against. Congress gave the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau two powerful tools to combat fraudulent, deceptive, and abusive practices by big banks and financial predators. One was the authority to bring public enforcement actions against corporate violators, and the other was to send supervisory teams into the companies themselves, to inspect and monitor how they treat consumers. This chapter tells how the bureau developed and combined these tools and then used them to put over $12 billion back in the pockets of consumers who had been wronged. It also discusses how the bureau used supervisory oversight and enforcement actions to prevent or halt systematic ongoing abuses such as deceptive marketing of credit card add-on products and discriminatory auto lending.
Ways and Means
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We expect people to shop for the best deal, know their limits, and make responsible decisions. But contracts for financial products and services have become incredibly complex, and people receive surprisingly little education in how to manage their money. This lack of know-how makes consumers easy targets, not only for predators, but also for legitimate businesses looking to maximize their profits. This chapter makes the case for providing personal finance education in schools and also in the workplace. It also describes the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s research on the gross mismatch between corporate spending to market financial products and general spending to improve financial literacy ($25 to $1), its efforts to help deliver financial education, and its ground-breaking work on defining and measuring the concept of financial well-being.
Know Before You Owe
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Consumer finance contracts, thick with intricate information about the product or service, make it nearly impossible for people to understand the deal, let alone make sensible comparisons between options. As financial companies made their products more complex and more dangerous, they buried the details in “disclosures”—the fine print. Unable to decipher the terms without hiring a lawyer, consumers quit reading altogether. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau’s “Know Before You Owe” project worked to cut through this “confusopoly” by creating shorter, simpler disclosures that focus on key terms and prices, so people can make informed decisions. This chapter covers the bureau’s efforts to streamline consumer disclosures in four key areas: credit cards, mortgages, student loans, and auto loans.
The Tougher Fights
Authors: Cordray Richard 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau put down deeper roots, it took on tough issues. It worked with the Justice Department to eradicate discrimination in auto lending, which produced several enforcement actions but not a market-wide solution. It used its supervisory oversight to insist that the credit reporting companies improve the accuracy of their credit files and create reliable processes to correct errors. And it cleaned up abusive debt collection practices through major enforcement actions, by creating new tools to help consumers protect themselves and assert their rights, and by embarking on new rules to protect consumers while clarifying inconsistent and conflicting court rulings under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. The chapter also describes the bureau’s work with its partners to address the sprawling scandal at Wells Fargo, where thousands of bank employees misused customers’ data and money to open millions of phony bank and credit card accounts.
Rape by Deceit
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the offense of rape by deceit. Unlike rape as nonconsensual sex, consent here is communicated but is found to be defective by virtue of the complainant’s false belief, typically induced by the defendant’s deceit. Should it be rape if a defendant falsely represents himself as being free of STDs? What if he obtains communicative consent by falsely claiming to be single? The common law was extremely limited in what it recognized as impermissible deceit. With the reconceptualization of rape as nonconsent-focused, reformers have begun considering the possibility of broadening the definition of rape by deceit. But how broad is too broad? The problem is that almost everyone, at some point, has engaged in or been the target of some form of deception in the context of sex, and any of these deceptions could serve as a “but for” cause of another’s consenting to sex. The question is how to sort out those deceptions that should count for purposes of rape (or another, lesser offense) and those that should not. The particular focus here is on cases in which a defendant obtains invalid communicative consent through fraudulent medical procedures, impersonation, or lying about matters related to STDs.
Rape by Coercion
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with rape by coercion. The particular focus here is on cases in which a defendant obtains sex by threatening a complainant with some nonviolent harm unless she consents—for example, where he threatens to fire her from her job, report her to the immigration authorities, or break off their marriage engagement. Which kinds of threats exactly make communicated consent invalid? And even if consent is determined to be invalid, does that mean that criminalization is justified? The question directly parallels one raised in the case of rape by deceit. Of particular concern is with cases in which the defendant threatens that unless the victim submits, he will do something that most people would regard as trivial, such as giving his victim a parking ticket. Also considered here are cases in which the defendant induces a complainant into having sex by making her a coercive or exploitative offer (as opposed to a threat). The paradigmatic scenario here is Hollywood’s notorious casting couch. The problem of sex obtained by nonviolent threats is of particular interest in light of the #MeToo movement.
Incapacity to Consent
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This is the first of three chapters that consider paradigms of rape under which nonconsent is presumed on the basis of certain kinds of background conditions. The particular focus here is on cases in which complainants are said to lack the capacity to consent. Persons who are asleep, unconscious, or in a persistent vegetative state can be categorically and uniformly held to be incapable of consenting, without much risk of overinclusiveness. But the situation presented by persons suffering from intellectual or communicative deficits or who are intoxicated is more variegated and complex. There is a danger that if incapacity in these spheres is defined too broadly, some people who suffer from mental disabilities or who drink for the purpose of making themselves less inhibited might be denied the opportunity to have genuinely consensual sex.
Abuse of Position
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on abuse of position statutes, under which it is a crime for a person in a position of authority (such as a police officer, prison guard, health care professional, educator, or clergy person) to have sex with a competent adult under his care or control (a suspect or witness, inmate, patient, adult student, or congregant, as the case may be). It considers two distinct rationales for such statutes: to prevent coercive or exploitative sex and to protect institutional roles. Once again, there is a potential for overcriminalization. The challenge is to determine which kinds of hierarchical relationships in which kinds of industries are most likely to justify a presumption of nonconsent, a challenge that is all the more important in the wake of the #MeToo movement.
Sexual Harassment as Crime
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter shifts the focus from sex that is nonconsensual to that which is unwanted or unwelcome. Rather than asking if we are justified in continuing to criminalize conduct that is currently criminalized, the question here is whether there is some sex-related conduct that is not currently criminalized that should be treated as such. The particular focus is on sexual harassment. The chapter features a discussion of three countries that treat sexual harassment as a crime: Belgium, France, and Israel. It offers three factors to consider in distinguishing between sexual harassment and sexual assault: first, whether the conduct was nonconsensual or merely unwelcome; second, whether the conduct involved physical contact with the complainant; and third, whether, in the case of quid pro quo conduct, there was a threat or merely an offer.
Voyeurism
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the offense of voyeurism, where the offender infringes on the complainant’s autonomy by intruding on her sexual privacy without her consent. Rather than ask if the alleged victim expressed actual consent, it will sometimes be appropriate to ask if she gave constructive consent, based on her assuming the risk of some potential harm or wrong. Many victims of voyeurism probably never know that they have been victimized and thus do not suffer the usual sort of psychological trauma that victims of sexual misconduct often endure. Nevertheless, voyeurism clearly involves a serious wrong. In that sense, it constitutes what has been referred to in the criminal law theory literature as a harmless wrong. There is also another conceptual challenge that voyeurism presents. In order for the offense to be committed, the victim must have had a reasonable expectation of privacy. But this raises the question of exactly what expectations of privacy should be considered reasonable in a world in which new technologies and new social practices—including social media, smartphones, sexting, and revenge porn—have simultaneously lowered the threshold of what society regards as private while increasing the potential for harm to individuals.
Indecent Exposure
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the flip side of voyeurism—namely, indecent exposure, or exhibitionism. Whereas in voyeurism, the offender views his victim’s private activities without her consent, in indecent exposure, he subjects her to his own intimate activities. The interests and rights at stake in the two offenses are thus complementary. This chapter argues that criminal sanctions for indecent exposure are ultimately justified not on the basis of its harms, which are relatively minor, but rather on the basis of its tendency to cause offense. Unlike incest and sadomasochistic assault, which are usually performed in private, indecent exposure is normally committed in public and specifically intended to cause shock, distress, or disgust. On the other hand, some exhibitionists will have legitimate reasons for exposing themselves. They may be engaging in political protest, participating in an artistic endeavor, communing with nature, or exploring sensual pleasure. The chapter suggests that under liberal principles, the law of indecent exposure should be applied only to the most egregious and offensive sorts of exposure for which there is no legitimate justification.
Incest
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This is the first of three chapters to consider offenses that involve putatively consensual sex. The general question is whether it is possible to reconceptualize offenses that once were justified on a legal moralist rationale under the contemporary liberal harm and wrong principles. The particular focus is incest, both between adults and juveniles and involving only adults. The former is already criminalized as statutory rape. The fact that it involves a family member may justify aggravated penalties but under the principle of fair labeling does not justify its status as a freestanding offense. Putatively consensual incest involving adults presents more difficult issues, implicating the right of persons to choose their own (willing) sexual partners. One possible rationale for criminalizing incest is that it causes higher risks of birth defects. But this raises the “paradox of future individuals,” based on the fact that the act potentially causing harm to the child is the very one that brings the child into existence in the first place. Even if that paradox could be solved, problems would remain. In the modern liberal state, government intervention into reproductive choices is highly problematic. This is also true of intervention into familial relationships. If there is a liberal rationale for prohibiting adult incest, it is based on concerns that such relationships, though putatively consensual, will be found, upon further inspection, to be coercive or exploitative.
Bestiality
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is on bestiality, involving sex between humans and nonhuman animals. Some animal rights and feminist scholars have suggested that bestiality should be thought of as a form of nonconsensual sex. But to do so presupposes that animals can be harmed or wronged within the meaning of the liberal harm and wrong principles, which is far from clear. And even assuming that it does make sense to think of bestiality as involving nonconsensual sex, it needs to be asked if there is a coherent justification for criminalizing such conduct while so many other serious harms and wrongs to animals, including with respect to their sexual functions (such as breeding, neutering, spaying, and castrating) go unrestricted. Central here is the question of whether bestiality fits within the narrow sliver of animal mistreatment that is, under current law, considered sufficiently cruel to merit criminalization.
Necrophilia
Authors: Green Stuart P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a discussion of necrophilia, an offense that has been almost completely ignored in the criminal law theory literature but that raises interesting moral and conceptual issues—about the limits of the harm and wrong principles and the problem of the so-called missing subject. After ruling out a harm to third parties rationale, it suggests that the most plausible argument for criminalizing necrophilia is that it causes harm to the deceased person whose corpse is mistreated. But does it make sense to say that a person can suffer harms or wrongs postmortem? The question has an ancient philosophical pedigree and remains contentious. The chapter argues that the wrong caused by necrophilia is not to the corpse as such but to the antemortem person the corpse once embodied, who had an interest in maintaining her sexual autonomy while she was still alive.
Virtual Arenas
Authors: Seymour Mark 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The love affair between Pietro Cardinali and Raffaella Saraceni suspected by public opinion appears likely to have been real in the light of this chapter, which explores Cardinali’s relationships with women who had fallen in love with him in the circus arena. Moving beyond the restraint of earlier cultural-history approaches to private letters, the chapter is based upon more than forty passionate love letters written by women from various points in southern Italy, all of whom expressed the desire to marry Pietro. One particular correspondent revealed a great deal of her sentimental inner life as she pursued him assiduously over the course of many months. As a genre, secret love letters exemplify an emotional refuge, allowing escape from the strictures of the prevailing emotional regime. Building on such notions, the chapter argues that these women created their own virtual emotional arenas. The result was a set of imaginary spaces in which otherwise very constrained women took the role of prima donna, freely able to express love and desire. Their letters allow glimpses into the way cultural genres such as novels, the theatre, and opera, may have provided frameworks for these women’s emotional experiences, and their expression in arenas of their own imagining. The chapter draws on the work of literary and cultural scholars, bringing it into contact with the lived experience of ordinary southern Italian women as expressed in their own words. It provides an unusually personal exploration of rarely revealed aspects of Italian female emotional lives.
Approximate Solutions
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the approximation schemes used to approach lattice statistical models that are not exactly solvable. In addition to the mean field approximation, it also considers the Bethe–Peierls approach to the Ising model. Moreover, there is a thorough discussion of the Gaussian model and its spherical version, both of which are two important systems with several points of interest. A chapter appendix provides a detailed analysis of the random walk on different lattices: apart from the importance of the subject on its own, it explains how the random walk is responsible for the critical properties of the spherical model.
Combinatorial Solutions of the Ising Model
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Two exact combinatorial solutions of the two-dimensional Ising model are the key topics of this chapter. Although no subsequent topic depends on them, both the mathematical and the physical aspects of these solutions are so elegant as to deserve special attention. Chapter 5 covers how the Ising model is a pathfinder in the field of critical phenomena and has always played an important role in statistical physics, both at pedagogical and methodological levels. It describes how the Ising model is an ideal playground for several areas of pure and applied mathematics.
Minimal Conformal Models
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 discusses the so-called minimal conformal models, all of which are characterized by a finite number of representations. It goes on to demonstrate how all correlation functions of these models satisfy linear differential equations. It shows how their explicit solutions are given by using the Coulomb gas method. It also explains how their exact partition functions can be obtained by enforcing the modular invariance of the theory. The chapter also covers null vectors, the Kac determinant, unitary representations, operator product expansion, fusion rules, Verlinde algebra, screening operators, structure constants, the Landau–Ginzburg formulation, modular invariance, and Torus geometry. The appendix covers hypergeometric functions.
In the Vicinity of the Critical Points
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 15 introduces the notion of the scaling region near the critical points, identified by the deformations of the critical action by means of the relevant operators. The renormalization group flows that originate from these deformations are subjected to important constraints, which can be expressed in terms of sum-rules. This chapter also discusses the nature of the perturbative series based on the conformal theories. Further, it describes how the analysis of the off-critical theories poses a series of interesting questions, and also covers ultraviolet divergences, structure constants, the two-point function of the Yang–Lee model, the RG and β-functions and the c-theorem.
Interacting Fermions and Supersymmetric Models
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 24 discusses interacting fermions and supersymmetry (SUSY) models. The chapter addresses the semi-classical formalism relative to a fermion field in a bosonic background. It covers topics that include bosonic and fermionic bound states (both Dirac and Majorana), symmetric wells, supersymmetric theory, general results in SUSY theories, integrable SUSY models, non-integrable multi-frequency super Sine–Gordon models, phase transition and meta-stable states. It also discusses the conditions under which the overall theory presents supersymmetry and the consequences thereof. It also covers how semi-classical formulae can help to identify the particle excitations and estimate one of their most important characteristics, i.e. their mass.