bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
274 Improved beef quality and yield in Wagyu compared to Angus sired cattle unaffected by protein supplementation during the late gestation
Authors: Liu Xiangdong , Moffitt-Hemmer Natasha , Deavilla Jeanene , Neibergs Shannon , Busboom Jan , Nelson Mark , Du Min 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Maternal nutrition during the late gestation affects marbling fat in offspring. Wagyu cattle are well known for their very high marbling with more unsaturated fatty acid contents, but they grow slower than Angus cattle. The interaction between maternal diet and breed on marbling fat development is unclear. To examine, Angus cows (621 ± 73kg) were selected and separated into two groups, bred with either Angus or Wagyu semen. During the last 90 d of gestation, cows in each group were further separated and received either a low protein diet (85% of the NRC metabolizable protein requirement), which mimics the protein intake common in Northwestern region when fed a wheat straw based diet, or a high protein diet (108% NRC requirement). All progeny were managed together and harvested at a final body weight of 576.5± 16.6 kg. For Wagyu sired offspring, marbling score and quality grade was higher than Angus (P &lt; 0.01), and also had higher Ribeye area (P = 0.07). The marbling scores were higher for the low protein diet for all except Wagyu steers. No difference was detected in KPH fat and the yield grade was higher for Wagyu sired cattle than Angus (P &lt; 0.01). In both diets, Angus offspring showed higher shear force (P &lt; 0.05). When grouped according to sex, higher marbling was observed in heifers (P &lt; 0.01). No difference was found in cooking yield, drip loss, but Wagyu sired offspring had thicker back fat than Angus (P &lt; 0.01). Within the high protein diet, Wagyu beef had higher linoleic acid content compared to Angus (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, Wagyu sired cattle had better quality and yield compared to Angus sired, and protein supplementation during the late gestation had no major effect on beef quality. (Supported by the USDA-NIFA grants 2015-67015-23219/2016-68006-24634 to MD)
118 Awardee Talk - Genomic control of fatty acid profile in beef
Authors: Shackelford Steven D , King Andy , Snelling Warren , McDaneld Tara G , Kuehn Larry A , Bennett Gary L , Wheeler Tommy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Steers (n = 868) were raised, feedlot-finished with ad libitum access to a high-energy diet and harvested to determine if there is genomic control of fatty acid profile traits in beef breeds common to the United States. Cattle included purebred and crossbred progeny of Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Shorthorn, Simmental, Charolais, Limousin, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, Chiangus, Braunvieh, Salers, Brahman, Brangus, Santa Gertrudis, and Beefmaster as well as three composite lines. Either directly or through imputation, genotypes were determined for &gt; 133,000 functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). At approximately 38 h postmortem, a 2.54-cm-thick longissimus steak was obtained from the 13th rib region of the left side of each carcass. At 14 d postmortem, steaks were cooked and subsequently longissimus was pulverized in liquid nitrogen. Fatty acid profile was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A genome-wide association study was conducted for fatty acid profile traits expressed as a deviation from the contemporary group mean using the Mixed Linear Model Analysis of SNP & Variation Suite 8.8.3 (Golden Helix) and Pre-computed Kinship Matrix using the GBLUP Genomic Relationship Matrix. A SNP in coiled coil domain containing 57 (CCDC57; Chromosome 19 at 51,349,695) affected the percentage of C14:0 (P &lt; 10–46), short-chain fatty acids (P &lt; 10–36), and saturated fatty acids (P &lt; 10–17). Also, a SNP in thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP; Chromosome 29 at 18,090,403) affected the percentage of C14:0 (P &lt; 10–16) and short-chain fatty acids (P &lt; 10-10). The percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids was affected by SNP in myostatin (Chromosome 2 at 6,213,980; P &lt; 10–15). These results show that fatty acid profile of beef can be changed through genetic selection but, it is not clear if the level of change will be great enough to impact human health.
114 Effect of altering fatty acid profile on fresh meat palatability
Authors: Legako Jerrad F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Fatty acids in fresh meat contribute to palatability in many ways. However, fatty acids primarily influence flavor and juiciness. Perceived juiciness is impacted through lubrication by fatty acids and stimulation of saliva during mastication. Therefore, the content of fatty acids primarily impacts juiciness. However, for flavor, fatty acid content and composition are each important. Volatile flavor compounds have been demonstrated to have greater expression as overall fatty acid content increases. This may be through the retention of fat-soluble volatile compounds leading up to consumption. In addition to content, fatty acid composition may also be altered. Factors, such as, species, muscle, and diet dictate fatty acid composition. In general, these factors mediate proportions of major fatty acids and thus alter levels of fatty acid saturation. As fatty acid saturation is decreased, there is greater propensity towards oxidation. Greater fatty acid oxidation generally leads to negative off-flavors. During storage and handling there is opportunity for less saturated fresh meats to undergo oxidation, ultimately impacting flavor. To summarize, both fatty acid content and composition play roles in fresh meat palatability. Understanding the role of fatty acids in palatability helps equip processors and meat scientist to maintain or improve meat palatability.
120 Awardee Talk: Amino acid and energy requirements of high producing sows
Authors: Goodband Robert , Menegat Mariana , Gourley Kiah , Thomas Lori , Tokach Mike , Dritz Steve , Woodworth Jason , DeRouchey Joel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Improvements in genetic selection, nutrition, health, and management has led to continuous improvement in sow productivity over the past 10 to 20 years. Today’s sows are more prolific with greater number of pigs gestated, nursed, and weaned per litter than in the past. Modern genotype females are also faster growing and leaner than predecessors. These changes in reproductive performance and body composition alter nutrient requirements during gestation and lactation. Gestation nutrient requirements appear to be met with approximately 11 to 12 g/d of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and 5,000 to 6,000 Kcal/d NE. Providing greater lysine intake increases protein deposition and sow weight gain and may reduce stillbirth rate; however, the magnitude of economic benefit provides marginal economic response. Increasing energy and amino acid intake the last 3 to 4 days pre-farrowing appears to be a better alternative to shorten farrowing duration, increase the number of pigs born alive, and their weaning weights, than providing extra feed from d 90 of gestation through farrowing. During lactation, the goal is still to increase feed intake to minimize sow weight loss. Lysine requirement estimates in lactation seem to vary from study to study possibly reflecting the degree of sow muscle and fat catabolism. A summary of several lactation studies predicts a daily lactation requirement of 27 g SID Lys from the diet with an additional 13 g mobilized from body tissue for each 1 kg of litter growth. From a feed management standpoint, the availability of equipment to provide ad libitum consumption has been a major benefit in lactation. In conclusion, the literature suggests there are many successful ways to feed sows in gestation, peri-partum, and lactation, indicating that today’s sows are extremely resilient to nutritional challenges.
131 Alleviation of piglet allergic reaction to soybean meal via supplementation with protease
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Lee Jung Wook , Cowieson Aaron J , Pappenberger Guenter , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of protease supplementation on degradation of soybean meal (SBM) allergenic proteins (glycinin and β-conglycinin) and gut health of weaned pigs fed SBM-based diets. In Experiment 1, two SBM samples (SBM1 and SBM2) from 2 different sources were subjected to porcine in vitro gastric degradation to determine the effects of protease (at 15,000 units/kg) on degradation of the soybean allergenic proteins. In Experiment 2, forty-eight weaned pigs (BW = 6.66 kg) were obtained in 2 batches of 24 pigs each. Pigs were individually housed in metabolic crates and fed 4 diets (12 pigs/diet). The diets were corn-based diet with SBM1 or SBM2 without or with protease at 15,000 units/kg in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed for 10 days at the end of which the pigs were sacrificed for measurement of small intestinal histomorphology, permeability of small intestine mounted in Ussing chambers, and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The SBM1 and SBM2 contained 46.9 and 47.7% CP, 14.0 and 14.6% glycinin, and 9.90 and 10.3% β-conglycinin, respectively. Protease and SBM source did not interact on any of the response criteria measured in this study. Protease supplementation tended to increase (P = 0.069) the in vitro gastric degradation of glycinin by 20%. Protease supplementation tended to reduce (P = 0.099) fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4,000 Da (which is a marker probe for intestinal permeability) flow in jejunum by 33%, and reduced (P = 0.037) serum TNF-α concentration by 16%. Protease did not affect small intestinal histomorphology. In conclusion, protease increased gastric degradation of glycinin, and reduced gut permeability and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokine, indicating that the protease used in the current study can be added in diets for weaned pigs to improve gut health of weaned pigs fed SBM-based diets.
135 FH and FGSH prepared from fish skin gelatin using ginger protease alleviates DSS-induced Colitis via Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Deng Zhao , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic inﬂammatory disease aﬀecting the colon, and its incidence is rising worldwide. Hence, it is important to apply new strategies to cope with the IBD. We previously found that hydrolysate fractions (HF) and fish skin gelatin hydrolysate (FSGH), isolated from fish skin gelatin hydrolysate using ginger protease, could exert antioxidant effects in IPEC-J2 cells. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of FH and FGSH in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Mouse were treated with 3% DSS in their drinking water for 7 days to induce acute colitis. FH (200 mg/kg) and FGSH (200 mg/kg) was administered for 7 days before and during DSS treatment via oral gavage once per day. Mouse were sacrificed at day 7 after colitis induction. The results showed that FH and FGSH significantly ameliorated the clinical symptoms of DSS-induced mice colitis, such as weight loss, disease activity index (DAI), colon shortening, spleen hypertrophy and histological scores. For MPO activity, an important indicator of neutrophil infiltration and acute inflammation in DSS-induced mouse colitis, FH and FGSH significantly reduced the level of DSS-induced hyperactivated MPO. Treatment with FH and FGSH also significantly inhibited the secretion proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-12 in DSS-induced mouse colitis. And FH and FGSH administration significantly increased expression of antioxidant enzymes GCLM, GCLC and GPX4 and maintained tight junction in colon tissues. Furthermore, we found that FH and FGSH significantly increased the level of Nrf2 in colon tissues, it indicated that FH and FGSH may alleviated colitis by Nrf2 pathway. Overall, these results suggested that FH and FGSH could be a potential promising candidate for the treatment of IBD.
134 The efficacy of a Buttiauxella sp. phytase relative to diets with graded levels of inorganic phosphate in piglets
Authors: Lizardo Rosil , Velayudhan Deepak E , Villca Boris , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The effect of a Buttiauxella sp. phytase on performance and bone ash in piglets was evaluated. A negative control (NC) diet was formulated without inorganic phosphate [0.11% digestible phosphorus (P)] and lower in calcium (Ca, 0.5%). NC was supplemented with the phytase at 0, 500 and 1,000 FTU/kg diet or with mono-calcium phosphate (MCP) at 4 levels to add 0, 0.7, 0.14 and 0.18% digestible P and with additional limestone to maintain Ca to P ratio (1.2 to 1.3). The latter was the positive control (PC) and contained 0.7% Ca and 0.29% digestible P, meeting NRC requirement. A total of 108 Pietrain × (Landrace × Yorkshire) piglets were fed adaptation diets from 21 (weaned) to 42 d of age. Then, they were divided into 9 blocks according to body weight (BW) (9 replicates/treatment, mean initial BW 10.2 kg, mixed sex) and allocated at 2 piglets per pen. Piglets were fed mash test diets (based on corn, soybean meal with broken rice, rice bran and sugar beet pulp) ad lib for 28 d. At the end, 1 piglet per pen was euthanized and the right foot collected to determine metacarpal ash, Ca and P content. Data were analyzed using JMP 14.0. The NC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), bone ash, Ca and P, and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) vs PC (Table 1). Increasing phytase and MCP linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG, bone ash, Ca and P and reduced FCR. Linear regression analysis using increasing digestible P from MCP as reference indicated that phytase at 1,000 FTU/kg can replace 0.16, 0.18 or 0.16% digestible P from MCP, using bone ash, ADG or FCR as response parameter, respectively. In conclusion, Buttiauxella phytase improved performance and bone ash in piglets fed diet without added inorganic phosphate.
294 The effects of titrated levels of water soluble zinc amino acid complex on immune response of nursery pigs
Authors: Aparachita Pornpim , Carter Scott , Sawyer Afton , Harshman Jared , Ward Terry , Rambo Zach 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Previously, we reported that supplementing titrated levels of a water soluble zinc amino acid complex (ProPath®Zn LQ, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) via water (0 to 80 mg/L) to nursery pigs resulted in a lower inflammatory response after LPS challenge. To evaluate the efficacy of higher titrated levels, 280 pigs (5.5 kg BW; 19-d old) were allotted randomly to water treatments: 0, 40, 80 and 160 mg Zn/L of water (7 pens/treatment; 10 pigs/pen). Pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets with added Zn as ZnO or Cu as CuSO4: Phase 1 (2,500 mg Zn/kg; d 1–7), Phase 2 (1,750 mg Zn/kg; d 7–14), Phase 3 (200 mg Cu/kg; d 14–23), and Phase 4 (200 mg Cu/kg; d 23–42). At d 23, pigs were challenged by i.m. injection of lipopolysaccharide (12 µg/kg BW). Blood, BW, and rectal temperature (RT) were obtained from two pigs per pen at h 0, 3, and 12 of the challenge. Increasing water zinc resulted in linear reductions in RT (P = 0.02) and serum TNF-α concentration (P = 0.05) at h 0 prior to LPS injection. Post-LPS injection, increasing water zinc decreased linearly RT at h 3 (P = 0.01) and serum Zn:Cu ratio at h 3 (P = 0.04) and 12 (P = 0.01), and decreased serum TNF-α concentration at all hours (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Additionally, increasing water zinc tended (linear, P = 0.07) to attenuate the decrease in BW following LPS from h 0–12. However, there were no effects on serum and salivary CRP concentrations (P &gt; 0.05) within 12 hours of LPS challenge. At d 42, salivary CRP concentration decreased (quadratic, P = 0.03) with increasing zinc. In conclusion, supplementing ProPath®Zn LQ via drinking water to nursery pigs mitigated the febrile response and decreased cytokine production during an acute immune challenge.
354 Dietary supplementation with fermented mixed feed improves growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs
Authors: Hao Lihong , lu Zeqing 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding fermented mixed feed (FMF) on performance, meat quality, muscle fatty acids profile and antioxidant ability in finishing pigs. In experiment 1, 225 finishing pigs were allocated into 3 dietary treatments. Pigs in 3 groups were fed a basic diet or basic diet supplemented with 4% and 8% of FMF. After 35 days of the experiment, growth performance was evaluated. In experiment 2, 600 pigs were distributed into 3 treatments, which were fed with a basic diet or basic diet supplemented with 5% and 10% of FMF. At the end of the experiment, 24 pigs were slaughtered for the determination. In experiment 1, feeding 8% FMF improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) F/G compared with CON. In experiment 2, compared with CON, dietary supplementation with 10% FMF decreased (P &lt; 0.05) F/G. Moreover, the ADFI and ADG were tended to be higher in pigs fed the FMF diet. Feeding 10% FMF increased (P &lt; 0.05) loin muscle area, a* value, marbling score, intramuscular fat (IMF), and inosine acid (IMP) and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) drip loss and shear force of longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle. The percentages of C18:1ω-9c, C18:2ω-6c, and C20:4ω-6c in LT muscle were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed 10 % FMF diet. Furthermore, greater (P &lt; 0.05) SOD and GSH-Px activities were observed in 10 % FMF group in serum and LT muscle of pigs. Collectively, the present study suggested that dietary FMF supplementation improved the growth performance, meat quality parameters, unsaturated fatty acids proportions, and antioxidant ability.
353 Starch to fat ratio in piglet nutrition
Authors: Adebowale Tolulope O , Yao Kang , Yin Yulong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Dietary high energy density (HED) and the energy compositions, especially the fat and starch composition could have a variable effect on performance, intestinal health and the profitability of piglet production. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary energy densities and digestible energy ratio of starch to fat on intestinal functions and growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 48 healthy weaners (9.60 ± 0.13 kg) were allocated to two dietary energy densities (14.21 and 15.91MJ/kg) and two digestible energy ratio: high starch: low fat, HSLF (9:1) or low starch: high fat ratio, LSHF (1:3) in a factorial arrangement. It was found that dietary LSHF ratio induced diarrhea in the weaner pigs (P &lt; 0.001). The feed intake of weaners was increased by HED (P &lt; 0.05), however, this did not result in improved body weight gain (P &gt; 0.05). The HED reduced (P = 0.017) energy digestibility, while digestible energy ratio reduced crude protein digestibility and amino acid utilization in the weaners. Fat and dry matter digestibility were not significantly affected (P &gt; 0.05). Dietary LSHF ratio increased intestinal villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum and ileum (P &lt; 0.05). The lymphocyte count was increased by HSLF energy ratio. The highest high-density lipoprotein concentration was exhibited in weaners fed dietary LSHF energy ratio (P &lt; 0.01) and dietary HSLF ratio increased the duodenal sucrase and lactase activities (P &lt; 0.01). The dietary LSHF ratio showed an increased tendency to increase fecal ammonia concentration, but dramatically decreased fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations (P &lt; 0.01). The HED seems to induced oxidative stress (P &lt; 0.01). The study suggests that dietary high fat, but not dietary starch or HED could decrease the intestinal health of weaner pigs.
357 Bridging the gap between reality and genetic potential in pig performance by nutritional strategies
Authors: Chen Daiwen , Zheng Ping , che lianqiang , Yu Bing 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The global pork output in 2018 reached over 100 million tons and will continue to grow. However, great gap still exists between current productivity and the full genetic potential of pigs. Our hypothesis was that current nutritional profile could not meet the pig biological requirement, and that modifying nutritional strategies can maximize their genetic potential. To test this hypothesis, three experiments were conducted using fluid feed, fermented feed, and modified nutrient profile, respectively. Experiment 1 utilized 360 DLY weaning piglets with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 30 pigs per pen. Piglets were fed either a solid feed or a fluid feed with the exact same formulation. Results showed that fluid feed significantly increased ADFI by 53% from 245 to 375 g/d and increased ADG by 54% from 183 to 281 g/d from d 23 to 30 (P &lt; 0.001). Experiment 2 utilized DLY weaning piglets fed 3 dietary treatments: Corn-SBM control, control + 75 mg/kg chlorotetracycline, and 12h-fermented control diet with 6 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen. Results showed that 12h fermentation significantly increased ADG from 374 to 474 g/d from 35–56 d, reduced FCR from 1.74 to 1.52, and reduced diarrhea occurrence from 24.4% to 6.6% compared to control (P &lt; 0.015). Performance from the fermentation group was also significantly better than the chlorotetracycline group. Experiment 3 utilized 8 individually-housed PIC pigs fed modified nutrient profile to determine performance from 7 to 147 days of age. Results showed that BW reached 26.5, 33, 100, 112.6 kg on d 60, 70, 134, 147, respectively, and overall FCR was 1.93. Results from these experiments demonstrated that the genetic potential of pig can be realized in greater extend by nutritional strategies.
370 Dietary soluble fiber increases the intestinal butyrate-producing bacteria, reduces intestinal permeability, and improves metabolic syndrome in sows during perinatal period
Authors: Cheng Chuanshang , Wei Hongkui , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In humans, metabolic and immune changes during the perinatal period also describe metabolic syndrome. Gut microbiota can cause symptoms of metabolic syndrome in pregnant women. Gut microbiota modulations caused by pregnancy nutrition constitute an interesting target in the metabolic status of pregnant individual. However, studies investigating the changes of the metabolic characteristics and gut microbiota in sows throughout pregnancy and lactation are lacking, and the effects of soluble fiber diet during pregnancy on them are still underexplored. Sows were allocated to either control or 2.0% pregelatinized waxy maize starch plus guar gum (SF) dietary treatment during gestation. The metabolic characteristics, gut permeability and inflammation status, and gut microbiota composition and metabolism of sows during pregnancy and lactation were analysed. The plasma levels of hs-CRP and HOMA-IR values were increased in days 109 of gestation (G109) and days 3 of lactation (L3), while dietary SF reduced plasma hs-CRP concentrations and the HOMA-IR values. The levels of plasma zonulin and fecal endotoxin and lipocalin-2 were increased in G109 and L3, while dietary SF reduced elevation of plasma zonulin and endotoxin and fecal lipocalin-2. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that dietary SF increased levels of butyrate-producing Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Oscillospira. The fecal and plasma levels of butyrate were also increased. Additionally, the increased relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae in SF sows negatively correlated with plasma hs-CRP and HOMA-IR while Oscillospira was negatively fecal lipocalin-2. Our data reveal that the sow exhibits a metabolic syndrome and dramatical changes in gut microbiota during perinatal period. Besides, dietary SF has beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity, intestinal permeability and inflammation maybe via increasing butyrate-producing bacteria and butyrate production.