bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on the development of molecular imaging and nanomedicine in China: Optical imaging
Authors: Wu Lina , Zou Hongyan , Wang Hongbin , Zhang Sihang , Liu Shuang , Jiang Ying , Chen Jing , Li Yingbo , Shao Mengping , Zhang Ruixin , Li Xiaona , Dong Jing , Yang Lili , Wang Kai , Zhu Xinyuan , Sun Xilin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMolecular imaging has received increased attention worldwide, including in China, because it offers noninvasive characterization of widely diverse clinically significant pathologies. To achieve these goals, nanomedicine has evolved into a broad interdisciplinary field with flexible designs to accommodate and concentrate imaging and therapeutic payloads into pathological cells through selective binding to disease specific cell membrane biomarkers. This concept of personalized medicine reflects the vision of “magic bullets” proposed by German biochemist Paul Ehrlich over 100 years ago. As happening worldwide, Chinese scientists are contributing to this tsunami of science and technologies through impactful national programs and international research collaborations. This review provides a comprehensive update of Chinese innovations to address intractable unmet medical need in China and worldwide in the optical sciences.This article is categorized under:Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Discovering a Global Perspective
Authors: Aston Jennifer , Bishop Catherine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAston and Bishop introduce the first book to consider nineteenth-century businesswomen from a global perspective, moving beyond existing European and trans-Atlantic frameworks and discovering a global perspective. These businesswomen, who made money and business decisions for themselves rather than as employees, ran a variety of enterprises, from micro-businesses in the ‘grey market’ to large factories with international reach. They included publicans and farmers, midwives and property developers, milliners and plumbers, pirates and shopkeepers. Despite a variety of legal and structural restrictions, women in the long nineteenth century made important but largely unrecognised contributions to economies around the world, many of them in business. This volume encourages gender historians to think more about business and business historians to think more about gender.
Maize, Cassava, and Sweet Potato Yield on Monthly Climate in Malawi
Authors: Kawaye Floney P. , Hutchinson Michael F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClimate change and climate variability in Malawi have negatively affected the production of maize, a staple food crop. This has adversely affected food security. On the other hand, there have been increases in growing area, production, yield, consumption, and commercialization of both cassava and sweet potato. Factors behind these increases include the adaptive capacity of these crops in relation to climate change and variability, structural adjustment programs, population growth and urbanization, new farming technologies, and economic development. Cassava and sweet potato are seen to have the potential to contribute to food security and alleviate poverty among rural communities.This study used a simple generic growth index model called GROWEST to model observed yields of maize, cassava, and sweet potato across Malawi between 2001 and 2012. The method can be viewed as a hybrid approach between complex process-based crop models and typical statistical models. For each food crop, the GROWEST model was able to provide a robust correlation between observed yields and spatially interpolated monthly climate. The model parameters, which included optimum growing temperatures and growing seasons, were well determined and agreed with known values. This indicated that these models could be used with reasonable confidence to project the impacts of climate change on crop yield. These projections could help assess the future of food security in Malawi under the changing climate and assist in planning for this future.
Improving Food Security by Adapting and Mitigating Climate Change-Induced Crop Pest: The Novelty of Plant-Organic Sludge in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Nwaogu Chukwudi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClimate change is a global issue threatening food security, environmental safety, and human health in tropical and developing countries where people depend mainly on agriculture for their livelihood. Nigeria ranks among the top in the global yam production. It has the largest population in Africa and has been able to secure food for its growing population through food crops especially yam. Unfortunately, the recent increase in termites’ colonies due to climate change threatens yam yield. Besides harming man and environment, pesticides are expensive and not easily accessible to control the pests. This prompted a study which aimed at applying a biotrado-cultural approach in controlling the termites, as well as improving soil chemical properties and yam production. The study hypothesized thatChromolaena odorataandElaeis guineensissludge improved soil nutrient and yam yield and consequently decreased termites’ outbreak. In a randomized design experiment of five blocks and five replicates, five different treatments including unmanaged (UM),Vernonia amygdalina(VA),Chromolaena odorata(CO),Elaeis guineensis(EG) liquid sludge, and fipronil (FP) were applied in termites-infested agricultural soil. Data were collected and measured on the responses of soil chemical properties, termites, and yam yield to treatments using one-way ANOVA, regression, and multivariate analyses. The result showed thatChromolaena odorata(CO) and EG treatments were the best treatments for controlling termites and increase yam production. Termites were successfully controlled in VA and FP treatments, but the control was not commensurate with yam production. The experiment needs to be extended to other locations in the study region. It also requires an intensive and long-term investigation in order to thoroughly understand (i) the influence of climate change on the termites’ outbreak, (ii) the extent of termite damage to the crops, (iii) the impacts of climate change and variability on yam yields, (iii) the agricultural and economic benefits of the applied treatments, and (iv) the ecological and human health safety of the treatments.
Generalized positivity bounds on chiral perturbation theory
Authors: Wang Yu-Jia , Guo Feng-Kun , Zhang Cen , Zhou Shuang-Yong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Recently, a new set of positivity bounds with t derivatives have been discovered. We explore the generic features of these generalized positivity bounds with loop amplitudes and apply these bounds to constrain the parameters in chiral perturbation theory up to the next-to-next-to-leading order. We show that the generalized positivity bounds give rise to stronger constraints on the $$ {\overline{l}}_i $$

l
¯

i

constants, compared to the existing axiomatic bounds. The parameter space of the bi constants is constrained by the generalized positivity bounds to be a convex region that is enclosed for many sections of the total space. We also show that the improved version of these positivity bounds can further enhance the constraints on the parameters. The often used Padé unitarization method however does not improve the analyticity of the amplitudes in the chiral perturbation theory at low energies.
Bringt die Abdeckung des ovalen Fensters zusätzlich zum runden Fenster bei der Reservetherapie der akuten idiopathischen Ertaubung einen Vorteil?
Authors: Hofmann V. M. , Schoenfeld U. , Jagielski M. , Pudszuhn A. 
Published: July 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Bei plötzlich aufgetretener einseitiger hochgradiger sensorineuraler Hörstörung bzw. Ertaubung können Patienten nach frustraner intravenöser Glukokortikoidtherapie einer explorativen Tympanotomie mit Abdeckung des runden und/oder ovalen Fensters (RF und/oder OF) wegen des Verdachts einer Rundfenstermembranruptur mit Perilymphfistel (PLF) oder einer Fissula ante fenestram (FAF) behandelt werden. Die Studie untersucht, ob die zusätzliche Abdeckung des ovalen Fensters im Vergleich zur alleinigen Abdeckung des runden Fensters einen zusätzlichen Hörgewinn bringt.

Methodik
Die retrospektive Studie untersucht 54 Patienten mit akuter Ertaubung und durchgeführter Tympanoskopie, bei denen Audiogramme von 3 Zeitpunkten (präoperativ, nach Detamponade sowie mindestens 3–6 Monate postoperativ) vorlagen. Bei 28 Patienten erfolgte neben der Rundfensterabdeckung die zusätzliche Abdeckung des ovalen Fensters.

Ergebnis
Eine intraoperativ sichtbare PFL bzw. FAF wurde in keinem Operationsbericht beschrieben. Die Hörschwellen waren im frühen postoperativen Zeitraum bereits hoch signifikant geringer und verbesserten sich im weiteren Verlauf. Zwischen den Subgruppen RF und RF + OF zeigte sich in beiden postoperativen Zeiträumen kein signifikanter Unterschied. Bei 65 % (Kriterien nach Kanzaki) und 74 % (Kriterien nach Siegel) der Patienten konnte postoperativ eine partielle bzw. komplette Hörverbesserung nachgewiesen werden. Beim Vergleich der Patientengruppen mit bzw. ohne postoperative Hörverbesserung zeigten sich keine statistischen Unterschiede bezüglich Geschlecht, Alter, Nebendiagnosen oder Latenz der Operation bis zum Symptombeginn.

Schlussfolgerung
In dieser Studie zeigte die zusätzliche Abdeckung des OF keine signifikante Hörverbesserung. Die postoperative Hörverbesserung entspricht den publizierten Spontanremissionsraten. Nur eine prospektive multizentrische Studie mit Kontrollgruppe kann den Stellenwert der Tympanoskopie und mit Rund- bzw. ovaler Fensterabdeckung bei einer akuten hochgradigen sensorineuralen Schwerhörigkeit vor dem Hintergrund der Spontanremissionen klären.
Nocebo, Aufklärung und Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation
Authors: Hansen E. , Zech N. , Benson S. 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungNegative Vorerfahrungen, Beobachtungen und Erwartungen können Nocebo-Effekte bedingen. Diese sind für einen erheblichen Teil der Nebenwirkungen bei medizinischen Behandlungen verantwortlich und werden insbesondere bei der medizinischen Risikoaufklärung ausgelöst. Dies zeigen u. a. Studien, in denen eine Patientengruppe nicht oder abweichend aufgeklärt wurde. In Medikamentenstudien aus dem Bereich der Neurologie und Psychiatrie werden Nebenwirkungen und Studienabbrüche regelmäßig auch in Placebogruppen beobachtet. Die zugrunde liegenden neurobiologischen Mechanismen wurden insbesondere für Nocebo-induzierten Schmerz experimentell untersucht, wobei mittels funktioneller Bildgebung die spezifisch beteiligten Hirnareale identifiziert sowie Effekte im Dopamin‑, Endorphin- und Cholecystokininsystem gezeigt wurden. Nocebo-Effekte sind spezifisch, d. h., es treten genau die Symptome auf oder werden verstärkt, über die im Rahmen der Aufklärung gesprochen wurde. Dennoch ist Aufklärung unabdingbar. Sie kann jedoch deutlich weniger schädigend erfolgen, wenn auf unnötige Wiederholungen verzichtet wird, Missverständnisse erkannt und ausgeräumt werden, positive Formulierungen verwendet und mehrere Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt werden. Zudem sollte unbedingt zusammen mit dem Risiko etwas Positives genannt werden, etwa der Nutzen der betreffenden Therapie, die ergriffenen prophylaktischen Maßnahmen oder die frühe Erkennung und Behandlung einer sich entwickelnden Nebenwirkung. Der beste Schutz vor einem Aufklärungsschaden ist eine vertrauensvolle Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung. Mangelnde Kenntnisse und fehlende Maßnahmen gegen diese ernst zu nehmende Gefährdung von Patienten können nach heutigem Wissen als Behandlungsfehler angesehen werden.
Acute, isolated and unstable syndesmotic injuries are frequently associated with intra-articular pathologies
Authors: Rellensmann Kathrin , Behzadi Cyrus , Usseglio John , Vosseller James Turner , Böcker Wolfgang , Polzer Hans , Baumbach Sebastian Felix 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Although simultaneous arthroscopy for the surgical treatment of acute isolated, unstable syndesmotic injuries has been recommended, little knowledge is present about the actual frequency of intra-articular pathologies for this injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and severity of intra-articular pathologies detected during arthroscopy and their subsequent treatment in acute isolated, unstable syndesmotic injuries.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of patients treated by arthroscopic-assisted stabilization for acute isolated, syndesmotic instability was performed. The primary outcome parameter was the frequency of intra-articular pathologies. Secondary outcome parameters were the type of syndesmotic lesion (ligamentous/bony), severity of chondral lesions, MRI findings, treatment details, complications and the identification of factors associated with intra-articular pathologies.

Results
Twenty-seven patients, 19% female, with a mean age of 37 ± 12 years met the inclusion criteria. 70% suffered isolated ligamentous injuries, the remaining suffered avulsion fractures of the syndesmosis. Chondral lesions occurred in 48% (ICRS grade II: 33%; ICRS grade IV 15%) and intra-articular loose bodies in 11% of patients. Overall, arthroscopy revealed intra-articular pathologies necessitating further treatment in 19% of patients. Neither the type of syndesmotic injury (bony vs. ligamentous; ns) nor the degree of ligamentous instability (West Point IIB vs. III; ns) had a significant influence on the occurrence of chondral lesions. One complication (SSI) occurred. Pre-operative MRI revealed a sensitivity/specificity of 100/79% for chondral lesions and 50/93% for loose bodies.

Conclusion
Intra-articular pathologies in acute isolated, unstable syndesmotic injuries occur in up to 50% of patients, 19% necessitated additional treatment. Simultaneous arthroscopy, independent of the pre-operative MRI findings, appears reasonable in highly active patients.

Level of evidence
Level III.
Boolean analysis of lateral inhibition
Authors: Tonello Elisa , Siebert Heike 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study Boolean networks which are simple spatial models of the highly conserved Delta–Notch system. The models assume the inhibition of Delta in each cell by Notch in the same cell, and the activation of Notch in presence of Delta in surrounding cells. We consider fully asynchronous dynamics over undirected graphs representing the neighbour relation between cells. In this framework, one can show that all attractors are fixed points for the system, independently of the neighbour relation, for instance by using known properties of simplified versions of the models, where only one species per cell is defined. The fixed points correspond to the so-called fine-grained “patterns” that emerge in discrete and continuous modelling of lateral inhibition. We study the reachability of fixed points, giving a characterisation of the trap spaces and the basins of attraction for both the full and the simplified models. In addition, we use a characterisation of the trap spaces to investigate the robustness of patterns to perturbations. The results of this qualitative analysis can complement and guide simulation-based approaches, and serve as a basis for the investigation of more complex mechanisms.
The influence of perioperative interventions targeting psychological distress on clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Sorel Juliette Caroline , Overvliet Geke Marianne , Gademan Maaike Gerarda Johanna , den Haan Chantal , Honig Adriaan , Poolman Rudolf Wilhelm 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOur aim was to assess the effect of perioperative interventions targeting psychological distress on clinical outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We searched studies on the effect of perioperative interventions focused on psychological distress used in conjunction with TKA on pain, function, and quality of life (QoL) on PubMed, Embase.com, PsycINFO/OVID, CENTRAL, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, and Web of Science. We included 40 studies (22 RCTs, ten cohort studies, and eight quasi-experimental studies) with a total of 3846 patients. We graded the quality of evidence as low for pain and function and as moderate for QoL. Patients receiving music, education, cognitive behavioural therapy, guided imagery, pain coping skills training, Reiki, occupational therapy with self-monitoring, and biofeedback-assisted progressive muscles relaxing training had lower pain scores or declined opioid prescriptions after TKA. Pain coping skills training, audio recording-guided imagery scripts, video promoting self-confidence, psychological therapies by video, Reiki, music, occupational therapy with self-monitoring, education, and psychotherapy improved postoperative functional outcome. Education through an app improved QoL after TKA. The studies in our systematic review show that perioperative interventions targeting psychological distress for patients receiving TKA seem to have a positive effect on postoperative pain, function, and QoL. RCTs with strict methodological safeguards are still needed to determine if perioperative interventions focused on psychological distress should be used in conjunction with TKA. These studies should also assess which type of intervention will be most effective in improving patient-reported outcome measures and declining opioid prescriptions.
Early surgery may lower mortality in patients suffering from severe spinal infection
Authors: Lener Sara , Wipplinger Christoph , Stocsits Anna , Hartmann Sebastian , Hofer Anja , Thomé Claudius 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Spinal infection (SI) is a life-threatening condition and treatment remains challenging. Numerous factors influence the outcome of SI and both conservative and operative care can be applied. As SI is associated with mortality rates between 2 and 20% even in developed countries, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and causes of death in patients suffering from SI.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on 197 patients, categorized into two groups according to their outcome: D (death) and S (survival). The diagnosis was based on clinical and imaging (MRI) findings. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, infection parameters, treatment details, outcomes, and causes of death.

Results
The number of deaths was significantly higher in the conservative group (n = 9/51, 18%) compared with the operative counterpart (n = 8/146, 6%; p = 0.017). Death caused by septic multiorgan failure was the major cause of fatalities (n = 10/17, 59%) followed by death due to cardiopulmonary reasons (n = 4/17, 24%). The most frequent indication for conservative treatment in patients of group D included “highest perioperative risk” (n = 5/17, 29%).

Conclusion
We could demonstrate a significantly higher mortality rate in patients solely receiving conservative treatment. Mortality is associated with number and type of comorbidities, but also tends to be correlated with primarily acquired infection. As causes of death are predominantly associated with a septic patient state or progression of disease, our data may call for an earlier and more aggressive treatment. Nevertheless, prospective clinical trials will be mandatory to better understand the pathogenesis and course of spinal infection, and to develop high quality, evidence-based treatment recommendations.
Contrasting development trajectories for coastal Bangladesh to the end of century
Authors: Lázár Attila Nándor , Nicholls Robert James , Hall Jim William , Barbour Emily Jane , Haque Anisul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBangladesh is one of the most climate-sensitive countries globally, creating significant challenges for future development. Here we apply an integrated assessment model — Delta Dynamic Integrated Emulator Model (ΔDIEM) — to the south-west coastal zone of Bangladesh to explore the outcomes of four contrasting and plausible development trajectories under different climate and socio-economic scenarios: (1) embankment rehabilitation; (2) build elevation via controlled sedimentation; (3) planned migration (managed retreat) and (4) ‘do nothing’ (unplanned migration and abandonment). Embankment rehabilitation reduces flood risk, but at a high economic cost and enhancing waterlogging. Planned and unplanned migration combined with limited infrastructure management and governance both result in significant abandonment. Building elevation through sedimentation has the potential for increased environmental and economic sustainability but raises equity issues. Poverty and inequality persist across all scenarios, and outmigration from the coastal zone continues, although the magnitude is sensitive to assumptions about sea-level rise, socio-economic development and development trajectory. Integrated assessment tools linking the environment, people and policy choices, such as the ΔDIEM used here, highlight the complex interactions occurring in a dynamic delta environment. Such analysis supports informed management, development and adaptation.
Developing computational infrastructure for the CorCenCC corpus: The National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh
Authors: Knight Dawn , Loizides Fernando , Neale Steven , Anthony Laurence , Spasić Irena 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCorCenCC (Corpws Cenedlaethol Cymraeg Cyfoes—National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh) is the first comprehensive corpus of Welsh designed to be reflective of language use across communication types, genres, speakers, language varieties (regional and social) and contexts. This article focuses on the computational infrastructure that we have designed to support data collection for CorCenCC, and the subsequent uses of the corpus which include lexicography, pedagogical research and corpus analysis. A grass-roots approach to design has been adopted, that has adapted and extended previous corpus-building and introduced new features as required for this specific context and language. The key pillars of the infrastructure include a framework that supports metadata collection, an innovative mobile application designed to collect spoken data (utilising a crowdsourcing approach), a backend database that stores curated data and a web-based interface that allows users to query the data online. A usability study was conducted to evaluate the user facing tools and to suggest directions for future improvements. Though the infrastructure was developed for Welsh language collection, its design can be re-used to support corpus development in other minority or major language contexts, broadening the potential utility and impact of this work.