bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Internet of Things
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Apple iPhones do not use the standardized micro-Universal Serial Bus (USB) port but specialized ports for their proprietary Lightning connectors. However, in October 2018, Apple’s vice-president of hardware engineering John Ternus announced the switch to USB-C for the new generation of iPads from 2019. Apple iPhone is expected to follow suit. This marks the end to a long battle over port standardization for personal computers within the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The change came about due to a push from the European Commission for industry to agree on a universally proprietary free standard. This chapter documents how states have been increasingly involved in steering intellectual property rights (IPR) policies within standards-developing organization (SDO) fora. Civil society too has had a role to play from the stance of open source solutions to interoperability, albeit with less and varying degrees of success across the fora. The chapter focuses on how state pressure has counterbalanced historic corporate pressure for preserving patent protection.
The Structure of Truth
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Donald Davidson’s 1970 Locke Lectures appear in print for the first time in this volume, accompanied by an introduction highlighting their significance as a snapshot of his evolving views in the philosophy of language and describing their relationship to the work he published during his lifetime. The lectures comprise an invaluable historical document that illuminates how Davidson was thinking about the theory of meaning, the role of a truth theory therein, the ontological commitments of a truth theory, the notion of logical form, and so on, at a pivotal moment in the development of his thought. Unlike Davidson’s previously published work, they are written so as to be presented to an audience as a fully organized and coherent exposition of his program in the philosophy of language. Had these lectures been widely available in the years following 1970, the reception of Davidson’s work, especially in the philosophy of language, might have been very different. Given the systematic nature of the presentation of Davidson’s semantic program in these lectures, it is hoped that they will be of use to those encountering his thought for the first time.
Modes of Time Travel
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which one might travel back in time. Of course, there are no actual, known instances of time travel, so the different modes are drawn from fiction, historical thought, and speculative physics: perhaps we could ‘teleport’, discontinuously, back into the past; perhaps we could travel back into the past in the same way we persist forwards, traversing the intervening instants between ourselves and the past; perhaps we instead warp spacetime to allow us to come back to where we began. The chapter ends by discussing two things that are not technically time travel—cases of frozen time and time being an illusion—which are nevertheless closely connected.
The Time Discrepancy Paradox
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
If time travel were possible, you could—in five minutes’ time—be in the year 1930 ad. That sounds like a contradiction. So we have a set of premises leading to a contradiction, i.e. a paradox. So on these grounds we might think time travel is impossible. However, this paradox is not taken seriously anymore. The standard response is to introduce a distinction between ‘external’ and ‘personal’ time. This chapter explains that response in full. Further, it explores the ontological and ideological commitments of the distinction. It ends by arguing that we can reduce temporal relations to (immanent) causal relations.
Constrict Theories
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
‘Constrict theories’ are those theories whereby a law of nature resolves the Grandfather Paradox. This chapter introduces two such positions: the Chronology Protection Conjecture (whereby the laws rule out time travel) and Novikov’s Principle of Self-Consistency (which says that time travel is possible but that the laws of nature will ensure that there are no paradoxes). This chapter argues that because the Grandfather Paradox is a thought experiment, and aims to conclude something about metaphysical possibility, these theories are irrelevant. The chapter ends by discussing whether we should reinterpret the Grandfather Paradox as arguing for time travel’s physical impossibility instead.
Inconsistency Theories
Authors: Effingham Nikk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Some believe dialetheism, i.e. that there can be true contradictions. If there can be true contradictions, then we might take the moral of the Grandfather Paradox to just be that, when time travelling, some contradictions turn out to be true (e.g., it’s true that my grandfather is both dead and alive in 1930). There has been little attention paid to this possible line of response to the Grandfather Paradox. This chapter remedies that omission. However, it argues that even if you are comfortable with true contradictions, that does little to help with the Grandfather Paradox. You either end up with a theory of time travel which is simply bizarre or one which is indistinguishable from a theory saying that time travel necessitates that the world is indexed (e.g. is a world of hypertime).
Pursue an easier approach, considering the Pigeonhole Principle
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Pursue an easier approach, considering the Pigeonhole Principle” offers an introduction to a mathematical principle by way of answering a version of a popular mathematics question: “are there are two non-bald people in London with the same number of hairs on their heads?” Formally, the Pigeonhole Principle is stated: If n items are put into m containers and n&gt;m, then at least one container contains more than one item. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. The Pigeonhole Principle allows readers to solve problems that seem to require counting, without ever having to count. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to pursue engaging, if unconventional, paths as they work toward solutions in mathematics and life. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Cooperate when possible, because of game theory
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Cooperate when possible, because of game theory” offers an accessible introduction to the mathematical subfield of game theory—the study of strategic interactions between decision makers—by way of the well-known story of the prisoners’ dilemma. The prisoners’ dilemma offers a thought exercise with real-life applications in interpersonal, commercial, and political negotiations. That is, people, institutions, and countries are wise to cooperate, lest they risk arriving at a worse outcome than if they had cooperated. The discussion is enhanced with numerous hand-drawn illustrations. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to cooperate in order to open themselves up to paths that lead to overall better outcomes than if they act alone. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Incorporate nuance, because of fuzzy logic
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Incorporate nuance, because of fuzzy logic” offers a basic introduction to fuzzy logic, a multi-valued logical system that accommodates a range of absolute and partial truths. Fuzzy logic differs from traditional logic in which statements are considered either absolutely true or absolutely false. Fuzzy logic offers a method for programming computers with intelligent instructions that emulate human thought and decision making. The discussion is supplemented with numerous hand-drawn sketches and explanations of real-life applications of fuzzy logic in electric trains, washing machines, digital cameras, rice cookers, facial recognition software, drones, and medical devices. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to fuzzify their mathematical and life pursuits involving uncertain circumstances in which an absolute “yes” or an absolute “no” may not be the best decision. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Be grateful when a solution exists, because of Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem
Authors: D'Agostino Susan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
“Be grateful when solutions exist, because of Brouwer’s Fixed Point Theorem” offers a introduction to a mathematical theorem asserting the existence of solutions to problems in engineering, medicine, economics, and other fields, as long as certain criteria are satisfied. The discussion is illustrated with numerous hand-drawn sketches. While this theorem assures the existence of a solution—a “fixed point”—it does not provide insight on how to find it. Still, it can be reassuring to know that a solution exists. For example, economist John von Newmann used this theorem in his 1937 economic model establishing that there exist prices at which supply equals demand. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to be grateful for knowledge that a solution exists in mathematical and life pursuits, even when the solution itself remains elusive. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.
Contours of Dignity
Authors: Killmister Suzy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Contours of Dignity develops a theory geared towards explaining the complex and varied role dignity plays in our moral lives. This includes the relationship between dignity and respect; the ways in which shame and humiliation can constitute dignity violations; and the relationship between dignity and human rights. Dignity, according to this theory, comes in three strands: personal dignity, social dignity, and status dignity. Each strand involves a specific form of respect. On the one hand, personal dignity involves self-respect while social and status dignity involve the respect of others. On the other hand, personal and social dignity both involve appraisal respect, while status dignity involves recognition respect. With these distinctions in hand, Contours of Dignity then explores the moral significance of dignity, offering a novel explanation of the source and scope of individuals’ claims to have their dignity respected. The book concludes with a discussion of the relationship between dignity and human rights, arguing that we should understand human dignity as a social construct, but one that nonetheless vindicates the human rights project.
A Theory of Dignity
Authors: Killmister Suzy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens by critiquing the dominant philosophical approach to dignity, which has its origins in Kant, on the grounds that it excludes vulnerable individuals, and cannot account for the phenomenon of lost or damaged dignity. It then lays out the central theoretical framework that informs the remainder of the book. This framework involves three distinct strands of dignity: personal dignity; social dignity; and status dignity. The strands emerge from distinguishing between self-respect and the respect of others, on the one hand, and recognition respect and appraisal respect, on the other.
Artificial Slaves in the Renaissance and the Dangers of Independent Innovation
Authors: Lagrandeur Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Renaissance stories of the golem of Prague, of Paracelsus’s homunculus, and of a talking brass head built by a natural philosopher in Robert Greene’s play Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay show the fears and hopes embedded in that culture’s reactions to human invention—as well as an ambivalence to the idea of slavery, for intelligent objects are almost uniformly proxies for indentured servants. Moreover, the tales examined in this chapter about artificial servants foreshadow our modern ambivalence about our innate technological abilities. The power of their technological promise is countervailed by fears that these products of our own ingenuity will overwhelm us.
Machines Like Us? Modernism and the Question of the Robot
Authors: March-Russell Paul 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the technophobia of modernist literature towards the question of machine intelligence. The chapter takes Edmund Husserl’s ‘Philosophy and the Crisis of European Man’ (1935) as its starting point, in terms of the tension between a vitalistic conception of what defines the ‘human’ as opposed to the apparent sterility of machine technology. Husserl’s lecture is contextualized alongside critical thinkers Walter Benjamin, Gustave Le Bon, and Georg Simmel, and literary writers Albert Robida and Emile Zola. The second section concentrates upon Samuel Butler’s Erewhon (1872), with its satirical depiction of machine intelligence, in contrast to H. G. Wells’s grotesque rendering of the Beast Folk in The Island of Doctor Moreau (1896) as a form of cyborg life. The final section, focusing upon representative texts by modernist authors such as E. M. Forster, Villiers de l’Isle Adam, Raymond Roussel, and Karel Čapek, argues that they respond variously to the templates of Butler and Wells.
Artificial Intelligence and the Parent–Child Narrative
Authors: Singler Beth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter employs anthropological approaches to examine the cultural influences on our stories about AI. First, the role of biological analogies in conceptions of AI will be highlighted. Second, a more nuanced approach to the anthropomorphism that results from such analogical thinking will be outlined, based on cognitive anthropology. This will allow us to identify specific intentional projections of human attributes that are mapped onto the nonhuman in our narratives. Third, we will consider how these projections come laden with cultural assumptions. Finally, the chapter will consider the parent–child relationship in AI narratives, and employ ethnographic research on the concept of the child to highlight what specific cultural assumptions about the human child, and then, subsequently, the AI child, are present in our stories.
Artificial Intelligence and the Sovereign-Governance Game
Authors: Dillon Sarah , Dillon Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Sarah Dillon and Michael Dillon bring political theory into dialogue with literary criticism in order to explore the interaction between artificial intelligence and the ancient conflict between sovereignty and governance, in which sovereignty issues the warrant to rule, and governance operationalizes it. They focus on three novels in which games, governance, and AI weave themselves through the text’s fabric: Iain M. Banks’s The Player of Games (1988) and Excession (1996), and Ann Leckie’s Ancillary Justice (2013). These novels play out the sovereign-governance game with artificial as well as human actors. In doing so, they question what might be politically novel about AI, but reveal that whilst AI impacts the pieces on the board, it does not materially change the logic of the game. These texts therefore raise questions, but do not provide answers, with regard to what might be required for AI technologies to change the algorithms of modern rule.
Theories in History and Practice
Authors: French Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This eliminativist view must immediately face the concern that scientists themselves appear to be committed to the existence of theories. They talk about them, apparently refer to them, argue that they are equivalent or not and so forth. However, here it is shown that when it comes to classical and quantum mechanics, as well as quantum field theory—to give just three examples—what is meant by the theory is hugely contested. Indeed, this meaning is typically constructed retrospectively and promulgated by various means, such as through the use of certain textbooks, for example. Likewise it is contentious whether two putative formulations of the ‘same’ theory should be regarded as equivalent or not and again the role of interpretive practices comes to the fore.
Reasons for the Irrational
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 brings about a dialectical switch. The previous chapter dealt with the intrinsic irrationality of many human customs and attitudes. Now Pascal, while acknowledging that these critical insights are valid in their own terms, points out what they fail to register: that an apparently irrational attitude (for instance, reverence for aristocrats) may serve a worthwhile function in terms of preserving social order and therefore keeping anarchy at bay (Pascal’s account of the origins of societies in violence is discussed here). Though we cannot implement an ideal justice, the powerful in practice establish a ‘justice’ that maintains social order. We can thus make a constructive and in some sense rational use of our characteristic irrationality and capacity to be led astray by the imagination. This prepares the way for the re-evaluation of human capacities discussed in Chapter 8.
The Claims and Limits of Reason
Authors: Moriarty Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pascal argues that a genuinely divine religion would not be contrary to reason, but that it would contain elements beyond the reach of human reason (a fully comprehensible religion might well be a human invention). Christianity contains such elements, mysteries (such as the doctrine of the Trinity), and miracles. Hume’s objection to miracles cannot carry conviction with anyone prepared to accept the concept of an interventionist God, and the Pascalian seeker is in this position. It is reasonable to take some beliefs on authority, but to do so in cases where personal judgement is legitimate is superstition.
The Curious Eye
Authors: Webster Erin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Curious Eye explores early modern debates over two related questions: what are the limits of human vision, and to what extent can these limits be overcome by technological enhancement? Today, in our everyday lives we rely on optical technology to provide us with information about visually remote spaces even as we question the efficacy and ethics of such pursuits. But the debates surrounding the subject of technologically mediated vision have their roots in a much older literary tradition in which the ability to see beyond the limits of natural human vision is associated with philosophical and spiritual insight as well as social and political control. The Curious Eye provides insight into the subject of optically mediated vision by returning to the literature of the seventeenth century, the historical moment in which human visual capacity in the West was first extended through the application of optical technologies to the eye. Bringing imaginative literary works by Francis Bacon, John Milton, Margaret Cavendish, and Aphra Behn together with optical and philosophical treatises by Johannes Kepler, René Descartes, Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle, and Isaac Newton, The Curious Eye explores the social and intellectual impact of the new optical technologies of the seventeenth century on its literature. At the same time, it demonstrates that social, political, and literary concerns are not peripheral to the optical science of the period but rather an integral part of it, the legacy of which we continue to experience.
The Interaction of Institutional Quality and Human Capital in Shaping the Dynamics of Capital Structure
Authors: Santarelli Enrico , Tran Hien Thu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to find if trade-off theory or pecking order theory best explain the capital structure of non-state firms during the post-transition process in Vietnam. We investigate the effect of human capital, institutional quality, and their interaction on the capital structure decision. Findings suggest the capital structure of Vietnamese firms is a balance between the trade-off theory and the pecking order theory. Accessing formal debts is tough for young and non-state firms, whereas those with access to formal loans take advantage of their leverage tools to exploit the tax benefits against the costs of financial distress. Other findings include: (i) profitability and debt tax shields are no longer important when entrepreneurs adopt informal debt financing; (ii) high-quality institutions enable firms to reduce reliance on debt financing; (iii) while human capital encourages entrepreneurs to obtain more loans, its interaction with institutional quality deters debt financing and favours other financial sources.
How Important Are Management Practices for the Productivity of Small and Medium Enterprises?
Authors: Demenet Axel , Hoang Quynh 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Is the lack of ‘managerial capital’, alongside human and financial capital, a constraint on the growth of firms in developing countries? The evidence on this is still mixed, especially among small and medium enterprises. This chapter uses a panel of Vietnamese enterprises to investigate this question. We build a multidimensional measure of managerial capital, combining both practices and attitudes, and link it with consistent estimates of firm-level productivity and mark-up. We show that there is a positive and significant association between managerial capital and productivity: changes in management practices allow firms to be more efficient. Furthermore, we compare this association by firm size, and show that managerial capital is arguably as important for micro and small firms as it is for medium ones. Finally, it appears that the indicators related to ‘entrepreneurial attitudes’ play a more important role than elementary business skills.
Are Politically Connected Firms Less Constrained in Credit Markets?
Authors: Rand John 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Utilizing a panel of over 2,000 Vietnamese micro, small and medium enterprises over a ten-year period, we analyse the importance of being politically connected on both access and cost-of-credit obtained from formal financial institutions. Controlling for unobserved time-invariant firm-level heterogeneity, productivity self-selection concerns, and access to alternative credit markets, we first show that political connections through membership of the Communist Party of Vietnam decreases the likelihood of being credit-constrained by 4 percentage points. Second, politically connected firms accessing credit face lower cost-of-capital than non-connected enterprises not excluded from formal financial markets. Third, we show firms would increase their debt burden between 20 and 72 per cent if all credit constraints were removed and their desire for external finance was fully met, and our credit gap estimates also that the impact of political connections is most valuable during periods of financial distress, and less prevalent during business cycle upswings.