bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-018 Informant and Participant-Report of Functioning Predicts Performance on Objective Cognitive Screening
Authors: A Stanley , I Mohebpour , B Auman , B Christine , T Virden , K O'Connor , M Callan , J Mansoor , B Evans , J Kiefer , L Roye , C Cline , N Moorley , J Nosker , A Atri 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Alzheimer’s Disease 8 questionnaire (AD8) are widely used measures for clinical screening of dementia related disorders. Previous research on MoCA and AD8 has been solely focused on participant-report AD8 measures without consideration of informant reports. We hypothesize informant reported AD8 and participant MoCA scores will be inversely related, participant-reported AD8 will be weakly associated with MoCA performance, and informant reported AD8 will more reliably predictor cognitive performance.

Methods
Participants (N = 212) were seen from 2018 to 2020 through a free community screening service (Brain Health Check-In) at Banner Sun Health Research Institute in Arizona. First and second hypotheses were analyzed with Spearman’s Rho (r), third hypothesis utilized a linear regression.

Results
Both participant and informant reported AD8 directly correlated with overall cognitive performance classification (r = 0.639 [informant] confidence interval [CI] = .0552–0.712, p &lt; .000; r = 0.610 [participant] CI = 0.518–0.688, p &lt; .000). Informant reported AD8 ratings were significantly inversely correlated with MoCA performance (r = −0.497, p &lt; .000). Participant reported AD8 ratings also inversely correlated with overall MoCA scores with a weaker association (r = −0.296, p &lt; .000). Neither participant nor informant reported AD8 were able to reliably predict categorical cognitive performance classification, but informant reported AD8 (r = −.686, p &lt; .000) did emerge as a reliable predictor of MoCA performance.

Conclusion(s)
This study extends and reaffirms prior research about AD8 and suggests both informant- and participant-reports are valuable; however, informant often provides more clinically useful information related to cognitive functioning.
A-02 Comparing Rate of Change in MoCA and MMSE Scores Over Time in an MCI and AD sample
Authors: A Carlew , W Goette , K Womack , L Hynan , L Lacritz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) are used for tracking cognitive change in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), despite limited empirical support for this purpose. This study compared longitudinal change in MMSE and MoCA scores to investigate their applicability for tracking cognitive change.

Method
Inclusion criteria were: diagnosis of MCI or AD (CDR global = .5) by consensus conference, administration of the MoCA and MMSE across ≥3 visits, and no reversion to normal (n = 59; Mage = 70.81; Meducation = 14.97; 56% male; 76.3% Caucasian; 80% MCI at baseline). Testing sessions occurred ~ 12 months apart (M = 12.59, SD = 3.43, range 5–28 months). Change in MMSE and MoCA scores was modeled using multilevel regression. A 95% bootstrap confidence interval (BCI) for the slopes of both tests was computed and used to evaluate whether the tests measured significantly different change.

Results
Controlling for age and education, the MoCA demonstrated significantly more change over time (95% BCI [−0.06, −0.02]; MoCA Visit 1 M = 24.00, Visit 4 M = 21.88) than the MMSE (95% BCI [−0.03, 0.01]; MMSE Visit 1 M = 27.83, Visit 4 M = 27.50). MoCA scores significantly declined over the study period (but did not exceed the reliable change index), while MMSE scores did not.

Conclusions
The MMSE did not show significant change over time, while the MoCA did in this heavily MCI sample. Although statistically significant, clinical significance of change in the MoCA is unclear. Increasing MoCA use calls for additional research to understand what constitutes a clinically significant change and whether it is appropriate for tracking cognitive trajectories.
A-021 Normative Data on Montreal Cognitive Assessment Total Scores in Healthy Controls
Authors: L Ratcliffe , C Marker 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is considered to be a suitable, sensitive, and specific cognitive screening tool for detecting mild cognitive impairment. Research has reported variable cutoff scores for the MoCA based upon geographical location. The aim of the present study is to provide normative data in a sample of cognitively healthy adults. Data was collected through the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). A population of healthy adults (N = 3610) was examined (66% female, 78% Caucasian, 16% African American, 6% Other). MoCA normative data were derived from age and education, which were found to be weakly but significantly associated with age (r = −.203, p = .000) and more strongly correlated with education (r = .402, p = .000). Total scores (M = 26.25, SD = 2.75) were at the suggested cutoff for impairment (&lt; 26). Based on an ANOVA, age had a significant effect on MoCA scores (F (6, 3603) = 25.30, p &lt; .001). A second ANOVA revealed that education also had a significant effect on MoCA scores (F (2, 3582) = 290.56, p &lt; .001). Individuals with higher levels of education obtained higher MoCA scores. Performance was also found to decrease slightly with age. Therefore, clinicians should use caution when applying the recommended cutoff scores.
A-022 Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone to Examine Changes in Cognitive Functioning
Authors: J Hansel , J Roberts , K Stypulkowski , R Thayer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in cognitive function over time as measured by a telephone-delivered cognitive assessment.

Method
Cognitive and biomarker data from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study were used. Missing data were excluded through listwise deletion resulting in a final sample of 2,378 adult respondents with MIDUS 2: Cognition data available at baseline (T1; Mage = 53.49, SD = 10.63) and 9-year follow up (T2; Mage = 63.64, SD = 11.35). Cognition was measured using Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT) composite z-scores (“severe” = &lt;−2.01 SD; “mild” = −1.01 to −2.00 SD; “normal”= &gt; −1.00 SD).

Results
A Two-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA revealed main effects for time (F1, 2,375 = 46.73, p &lt; .001) and group (F2, 2,375 = 499.34, p &lt; .001). BTACT scores at T1 (M = -1.06, 95% CI[−1.21, −0.92]) were significantly lower than scores at T2 (M = -0.70, 95% CI[−0.82, −0.59]). As expected, BTACT scores for the normal group (M = 0.39, 95% CI[0.35, 0.42]) were significantly greater than both the mild (M = -1.33, 95% CI[−1.36, −1.30]) and severe (M = -2.25, 95% CI[−2.33, −2.16]) groups. A significant interaction effect was observed between time and group (F2, 2,375 = 204.10, p &lt; .001). Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons indicated that cognitive function scores significantly declined for those in the normal group, but significantly improved for those in the mild and severe groups (all ps &lt; .001). A regression model using biomarkers as predictors of cognitive change for the impaired groups was nonsignificant.

Conclusion(s)
Improvement in the mild and severe groups was unexpected and could not be explained by cardiovascular or metabolic risk factors at T1. These findings suggest cautious interpretation of cognition scores obtained via telephone measures.
A-04 The Relationship of ApoE Status and Cognition in Non-demented Older Adults
Authors: N Hawley , J Caldwell , J Miller , G Shan , A Salazar , J Kinney , C Wong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Apolipoprotein (ApoE)-e4 is well established as a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as a predictor for the rate of cognitive decline in AD. Among older adults without dementia, some research has found that e4 carriers have worse episodic memory compared to e4 non-carriers, whereas others have not found this association. The present study examined differences in cognitive performance between ApoE-e4 carriers and non-carriers.

Method
91 non-demented individuals (age range: 55–87) were genotyped for ApoE (41 e4 carriers, 49 e4 non-carriers) and completed neuropsychological testing as a part of a longitudinal study at the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience. Cognitively normal (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants were included (41 CN, 49 MCI). Group differences between e4 carriers and non-carriers were compared across cognitive measures after controlling for age, gender, and education.

Results
In the total sample, e4 carriers performed significantly worse across measures of verbal and nonverbal memory, as well as on the Boston Naming Test and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (all p’s &lt; .05). No significant group differences were observed across visuospatial or executive function tasks. When diagnostic subgroups were examined, e4 carriers had worse verbal memory than non-carriers in the MCI group, but there was no effect of e4 status on cognition among CN participants.

Conclusion(s)
These findings support that ApoE-e4 positivity is associated with worse cognitive performance, especially on tasks related to medial temporal lobe function, among non-demented older adults. In MCI, worse verbal memory in e4 carriers likely reflects increased progression of underlying AD pathology.
A-042 Incongruence Between Self- and Parent- Report Measures of Executive Function on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: A Garagozzo , S Hunter , D Smith 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Research has demonstrated that adolescents with ADHD show executive dysfunction, although they do not always endorse such difficulties. We investigated inter-rater agreement between parent- and self-reported executive function (EF) in adolescents with ADHD, using the BRIEF. We also sought to investigate the relationship between scores on parent and self-report EF measures with performance on objective EF measures.

Method
Utilizing a clinical database, we identified 75 participants (13-17 years; Mage = 14.9; 60% male; 27% African American, 63% White, 3% Hispanic, 7% Other) with a diagnosis of ADHD. We examined inter-rater reliability between parent and self-reported factors on the BRIEF. We then examined the association between parent and self-report BRIEF Inhibition scores and the D-KEFS Color Word Interference (CWI) Inhibition trial, and parent and self-report BRIEF Shift scores and the D-KEFS CWI Inhibition/Switching trial and Trails Letter Number Sequencing trial.

Results
Significant associations were found between parent and self-ratings on BRIEF Inhibition (ICC = .22; 95% CI = -.24-.50), Shift (ICC = .24; 95% CI = -.21-.52), Emotional Control (ICC = .45, 95% CI = .137-.655), Plan/Organize (ICC = -.143; 95% CI = -.81–28), and Working Memory (ICC = -.193; 95% CI = -.89-.25) subscales. Correlation comparisons were significant for BRIEF self-report Inhibition and CWI Inhibition (r(73) = −.405, p = .000) only.

Conclusion
Results support standing findings regarding poor interrater reliability between parent and self-ratings of daily executive functioning in adolescents with ADHD. Self-report was seen to correlate with performance on objective EF tasks. Clinically, these results highlight the need for multidimensional assessment of ADHD in adolescents.
A-044 Are Memory Deficits in RD and ADHD Accounted for by Depressed Mood?
Authors: J Schlak , M Kibby 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
There is a well-established relationship between depression and memory functioning in adults (Perini et al., 2019) and children (Weir et al., 2012). There is a high rate of comorbidity between ADHD, reading disorders (RD; Wilcutt & Pennington, 2000) and depression (Meinzer et al., 2014) as well. Hence, this study sought to determine whether RD and ADHD are still related to short-term (STM)/working memory (WM) functioning when controlling for depressed mood.

Method
Participants included 187 children (55&#37; male, 86% Caucasian), ages 8-12 years, with a diagnosis of ADHD, RD, comorbid RD/ADHD or were controls. They participated in a larger, NIH-funded study (R03HD048752, R15HD065627), representing a community sample. Memory was assessed with the WISC-IV LNS and DSF and the CMS Sequences subtests. Mood was measured with CDI Total score.

Results
2x2 MANOVA/MANCOVA was used, with and without controlling for mood. The MANOVA was significant for ADHD (Wilks’ lambda = .93) and RD (Wilks’ lambda = .66; ps &lt; .01); the interaction showed a trend (Wilks’ lambda = .96; p = .07). For ADHD, significance was driven by LNS and Sequences (ps &lt; .01). In contrast, for RD all three variables were significant (ps &lt; .001). The LNS interaction was significant (p = .02). The CDI was related to DSF and LNS (ps &lt; .01). The MANCOVA findings were similar to the MANOVA’s except the significance was slightly reduced overall.

Conclusion(s)
Findings suggest depressed mood may affect verbal STM and WM performance in children with ADHD and/or RD. As MANCOVA findings were significant, there likely are other factors that affect memory performance in these diagnostic groups as well.
A-045 Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Youth: An Examination of Executive Functioning and Self-Reported Internalizing Symptoms
Authors: N Coultis , J Hopkins , E Heideman , A Kirsch 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is a group of attention-related symptoms that are characterized by slowed behavior and thinking, excessive daydreaming, mental confusion or fogginess, and drowsiness.4 Studies have shown that SCT is related to higher rates of anxiety, depression, and social isolation.4 Additionally, recent publications have indicated that aspects of executive functioning (EF) may be impacted in children with SCT.2,5 Meta-analysis confirmed that most SCT research has focused on parent and teacher report.1,3,4 There is an increased need for studies examining SCT with self-report.5 This study will examine how SCT is related to EF and self-reported internalizing symptoms in youth with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Method
Participants were youth aged 8 to 18-years with ADHD (N = 130) referred for neuropsychological testing. Participant demographics: males (N = 82, 63.1%). Measures included the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WISC-V/WAIS-IV) Processing Speed Index (PSI), Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT) Hit Reaction Time (HRT), Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color Word Identification (CWI) and Tower subtests, Behavior Assessment Systems for Children (BASC) self-report scales, and Personality Assessment Inventory-Adolescent (PAI-A) scales.

Results
Bivariate correlations showed that the PSI was significantly correlated with CWI Inhibition (r = 0.52, p &lt; .01), CWI Inhibition/Switching (r = 0.53, p &lt; .01), Tower (r = −0.20, p &lt; .05), and Social Isolation (r = −0.19, p &lt; .05), with Depression approaching significance (p = .06). The CPT HRT was also significantly correlated with CWI Inhibition (r = −0.19, p &lt; .05) and CWI Inhibition/Switching (r = −0.22, p &lt; .05), with Depression approaching significance (p = .05).

Conclusions
SCT is associated with EF and self-reported internalizing symptoms and should be included when considering interventions.
A-050 Association between Executive Functioning Performance and Resting State Connectivity in Pediatric Survivors of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: V Seghatol-Eslami , A Stewart , T Tucker , E Lee , K Reddy , D Murdaugh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
To explore differences between executive functioning (EF) and resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of the executive control network (ECN) in survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) compared to healthy controls.

Method
ALL participants (age 9-18) from Children’s of Alabama Hospital were ≥ 5 years post-diagnosis treated with chemotherapy only. Eleven ALL survivors and twelve controls were administered the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Scale (D-KEFS) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-2) self- and parent report. Using seed-to-voxel rs-FC analyses, we examined ECN regions (e.g., medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [MPFC; dlPFC]). Within group multiple regression analyses were conducted to correlate EF scores to rs-FC z-scores.

Results
No significant differences were found on EF scores between ALL and control groups. rs-FC analyses indicated ECN hyperconnectivity in ALL survivors compared to controls (p &lt; .05, FDR corrected). In ALL survivors, significant positive correlation was found between the average of Inhibit and Shift scores on the BRIEF-2 self-report and the MPFC (r = .926, p = .024), and negative correlation between D-KEFS Verbal Fluency and left dlPFC (r = −.869, p = .012). In controls, significant negative correlation was found between D-KEFS Design Fluency and left dlPFC (r = −.671, p = .012).

Conclusions
ALL survivors show hyperconnectivity of the ECN that is also correlated with both subjective and objective measures of EF. However, EF task performance was not significantly different between the two groups. This may indicate increased utilization of network regions to overcome network disruption specific to the ALL group in order to perform similarly to peers.
A-053 Importance of Neuropsychological Assessment in a Patient with DiGeorge Syndrome
Authors: A Lord , J Biedzycki , G Sarlo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, (DiGeorge Syndrome), is a genetic disorder which commonly causes heart defects, a submucosal cleft palate, and other health conditions, in addition to developmental delays. Individuals with DiGeorge Syndrome are more likely to have Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), with research also supporting a high risk for developing schizophrenia in adulthood.

Method
In this case study, a 22-year-old woman presented with DiGeorge Syndrome and trunkus arteriosus at the Department of Human Services (DHS) for employment services. Additionally, the patient’s parents reported concerns about behavioral outbursts and emotional regulation difficulties for the last three years. The patient completed a full neuropsychological, cognitive, and emotional assessment battery to help understand any neurocognitive and psychological limitations in obtaining and maintaining employment.

Results
On neurocognitive testing, she performed in the Severely Impaired range on measures of attention, processing speed, working memory, verbal memory, visual memory, visuospatial ability, motor functioning, and nonverbal problem solving. While performing in the Moderately Impaired range for tactile memory, verbal fluency, and cognitive flexibility. However, the patient exhibited a personal strength on the Verbal Comprehension Index of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). On emotional functioning testing, she did not display early signs of schizophrenia nor psychosis. However, the patient did express emotional and behavioral signs of ADHD and ASD.

Conclusion
This case study emphasizes the need for neuropsychological testing and ongoing psychological monitoring for individuals with DiGeorge Syndrome, as it relates to treatment recommendations and planning.
A-054 Deficit in Custained Attention in Children Born with Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy
Authors: E Mirzajonova , S Kiselev 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
There are evidences that children, born with Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE), have a delay in the development of neurocognitive functions, specifically they have a deficit in executive abilities. Do they have global or specific deficit in executive abilities? The goal of this research was to examine the hypothesis that children, born with HIE, have a deficit in sustained attention.

Methods
The experimental group included 20 children aged 5-6 years (mean age = 5.7). They were born full-term with perinatal Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy. The control group included 20 typically developing children. The children from experimental and control group were matched for gender and age. Children from both groups were assessed with 4 subtests from NEPSY (Tower, Auditory Attention and Response Set, Visual Attention, Statue) which are designed to assess the executive abilities in children.

Results
One-way ANOVA has revealed group differences (p &lt; .05) in two subtests from NEPSY. Children with perinatal HIE have shown the weaknesses in performing Auditory Attention and Response Set and Visual Attention subtest. We did not reveal the significant differences (p &lt; .05) in performing Tower and Statue subtest.

Conclusion
In view of the obtained results it can be assumed that the Hypoxic-ischaemic Encephalopathy has a specific (not global) negative effect on the development of executive abilities, particularly children with perinatal HIE have a deficit in sustained attention at the age of 5-6 years.
A-061 Early Childhood Prefrontal Cortex Stroke and Changes in Connections to Other Regions
Authors: J Hertza , J Burton , K Jupp , Z Repp 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Sickle-cell anemia is a leading congenital cause of stroke in childhood. Such strokes can lead to cognitive deficits, stroke in the prefrontal cortex leading to inattention, impulsivity, and poor executive control. This case study examines a 23-year-old African American male who suffered from a stroke in his prefrontal cortex at age 3. Neuroimaging confirmed stroke location, but the patient had an atypical pattern of reported cognitive deficits.

Method
The patient was assessed in an out-patient practice. The individual was assessed with a clinical interview and comprehensive Neuropsychological Battery. The battery included cognitive and psychological measures with free-standing and imbedded validity measures.

Results
Cognitive testing demonstrated significant impairment in visuospatial processing speed, visual abilities, and decision making and executive control. This pattern of impairment suggests that the patient is still suffering from his stroke, which likely damaged the connective tissue of the occipital and parietal lobes, and the prefrontal cortex. The patient was diagnosed with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder in perceptual-motor and executive functioning.

Conclusions
These results suggest that despite the neuroplastic abilities of the brain at early ages, the neurodevelopment of individuals who suffer from stroke in early childhood is likely to be altered and contributes to cognitive impairments in early adulthood. Long-term cognitive sequelae in the form of deficits in visual perceptual skills, suggest that frontal connections to other regions in the brain may be impacted. Therefore, this case highlights that even a localized stroke in a child can lead to broader deficits if that area of the brain interacts with other areas.