bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covid‐19 pandemic‐ response to challenges by blood transfusion services in India: a review report
Authors: Dhiman Yashaswi , Patidar Gopal K. , Arora Satyam 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe role of blood transfusion services in a pandemic depends on the type, potential of community spread and risk of transfusion transmissibility. The COVID‐19 pandemic is the biggest pandemic of the 21st century, affecting over 3 million people across the globe as of late April 2020. In India, the count of infected persons and deaths are rising gradually, and to prevent the community spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus, the Government of India announced national lockdown which affected the blood transfusion services also. There are more than 3000 decentralized blood centres all over the country. The major challenges to blood transfusion services are recruitment of healthy blood donors, follow‐up of donors and patients, inventory management, staff safety and adequacy for emergency work and consumable management. Blood transfusion services also participate in treatment of COVID‐19 patients by convalescent plasma collection from recovered patients. Blood transfusion services should have a strategic plan to respond to challenges generated during a pandemic which focuses on shortage, wastage and supply of blood and components in a cost‐effective manner. In this review article, we will discuss the challenges to blood transfusion services of India due to COVID‐19 pandemic and response to these challenges with experience to previous outbreaks.
Computed tomographic lymphangiography via intra‐metatarsal pad injection is feasible in dogs with chylothorax
Authors: Lin Lee‐Shuan , Chiu Hsien‐Chieh , Nishimura Ryohei , Fujiwara Reina , Chung Cheng‐Shu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLymphangiography can be useful for preoperative planning in chylothorax. Conventional ultrasound‐guided intranodal injection can be difficult in some cases and is dependent upon operator skill. Alternative methods have been proposed to simplify the procedure, but their feasibility has not been sufficiently evaluated in clinical cases. The primary purpose of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to assess the feasibility and describe the clinical findings of CT lymphangiography by intrametatarsal pad injection in dogs with naturally occurring chylothorax. Twenty dogs were analyzed, and enhancement of thoracic ducts (TDs) was successful in 18 (90%) dogs within 5‐14 min after initiating the injection, while successful enhancement of the lymphatic vessels cranial to the popliteal lymph nodes was seen in all dogs within 5 min after injection. The dose with good success to achieve TD enhancement was 1 mL/kg (concentration 350 mg I/kg). Only two dogs had mild discomfort after recovery from general anesthesia. Computed tomography lymphangiography by intrametatarsal pad injection is a feasible, easy, and safe procedure, which could provide adequate TD and cisterna chyli enhancement, identify TD number and cisterna chyli location and structure, and contribute to surgical planning.
English in Nepal
Authors: Pandey Shyam B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a sociolinguistic profile of contemporary Nepal, with particular reference to the status and functions of English in Nepali society. Nepal has been said to belong to the Expanding Circle, as English has traditionally had no official status there, although the language has been playing significant economic, educational, and social roles in society, in similar fashion to an Outer Circle variety of English. The use of English has increasingly spread in various domains of society, including education. This paper begins by providing an overview of Nepal and its cultural, linguistic and social dynamics, and by discussing the history of English in Nepal from the 17th century to date. It then proceeds to discuss the users and uses of English in contemporary society, documenting how the interpersonal, instrumental, administrative, and creative/innovative functions, along with linguistic adaptation and innovation, are manifested in the society.
Contemporary stable isotope tracer approaches: Insights into skeletal muscle metabolism in health and disease
Authors: Brook Matthew S. , Wilkinson Daniel J. 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review discusses the application of new stable isotope tracer techniques in understanding the control of skeletal muscle mass.
What advances does it highlight?
This review highlights current advances in stable isotope tracer techniques through their combination with high‐throughput proteomics technologies.
AbstractBeyond its primary locomotory and key structural functions, skeletal muscle provides additional vital roles for maintenance of metabolic health, acting as a storage point for glucose and intramuscular lipids for energy production, alongside being the largest reservoir for amino acids in the body. Therefore, maintenance of muscle mass is key to the promotion of health and well‐being across the lifespan and in several disease states. As such, when skeletal muscle is lost, in either clinical (cancer, organ failure etc.) or non‐clinical (ageing, inactivity) situations, there are potentially devastating consequences attached, with robust links existing between muscle mass loss and mortality. Great efforts are being made to reverse or slow muscle mass declines in health and disease, through combinations of lifestyle changes and nutritional and/or pharmaceutical intervention. However, despite this comprehensive research effort, the underlying metabolic and molecular mechanisms have yet to be defined properly. However, with the rapid acceleration of analytical developments over recent years, the application of stable isotope tracers to the study of human muscle metabolism is providing unique insights into the mechanisms controlling skeletal muscle loss and allowing more targeted therapeutic strategies to be developed. The aim of this review is to highlight the technical breakthroughs in our understanding of muscle wasting in health and disease and how future directions and developments incorporating ‘omics’ with stable isotope tracers will allow for a more personalized and stratified therapeutic approach.
Physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement
Authors: Gibala Martin J. 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?This review considers the physiological basis of interval training for performance enhancement, with an emphasis on the capacity for aerobic energy provision.
What advances does it highlight?It highlights advances regarding the effect of interval training on primary physiological determinants of aerobic energy provision, which are associated with performance.

AbstractInterval training refers to an intermittent style of exercise, in which bouts of more intense effort are interspersed with recovery periods within a given training session. Physiological responses to interval training depend on numerous factors, including the specific nature of the intervention and the initial training state of the individual. Interval training improves performance in part by enhancing the capacity for aerobic energy provision, even in those who are already trained. Two primary mechanisms in this regard are an increased whole‐body maximal oxygen uptake and an enhanced capacity for oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle owing to an increase in mitochondria. In comparison to moderate‐intensity continuous exercise, interval training can elicit superior responses when total work is matched, and similar responses despite a reduced training volume and time commitment.
Prior viral illness increases heat stroke severity in mice
Authors: Dineen Shauna M. , Ward Jermaine A. , Leon Lisa R. 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
We hypothesized that prior illness would increase the susceptibility to and severity of heat
stroke (HS).
What is the main finding and its importance?
We provide the first experimental evidence, using a mouse model of HS, that recent viral illness increases the severity of HS. Our data indicate that this effect is not attributable to the exacerbation of hyperthermia but is a consequence of ongoing coagulation and systemic inflammatory reactions. Our data suggest that measurement of platelets, cytokines and chemokines before heat exposure might be indicative of susceptibility to HS, with coagulation and inflammation being potential targets for intervention that could improve recovery.

AbstractIt is hypothesized that prior illness exacerbates heat stroke (HS) in otherwise healthy organisms by augmenting hyperthermia during heat exposure or deactivating cellular pathways that protect against organ injury. To test these hypotheses, we injected telemetered male C57BL/6J mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 50 µg kg−1i.p.) or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PIC; 100 µg i.p.) as a bacterial or a viral mimic, respectively, with saline (SAL; equivalent volume) as a control. Mice recovered for 48 or 72 h before HS (maximal core temperature = 42.4°C). Platelet counts, cytokines, chemokines and organ injury were determined 48 or 72 h after injection (without heating) or at maximal core temperature and at 1 day of recovery from HS. In the absence of heat, PIC induced more robust signs of sickness and increased cytokines and chemokines (TNF‐α, RANTES, IP‐10 and MIP‐1β) at 48 h, which was not observed with LPS (P < 0.05). Responses of both groups recovered by 72 h, although low platelet counts persisted after PIC (P < 0.05). Heat‐induced hyperthermia was similar among mice injected with SAL, LPS and PIC; however, PIC‐injected mice displayed more severe responses during recovery from HS, with reduced survival (48 h, 70 versus 100%; P < 0.05), deeper and longer post‐HS hypothermia, greater reductions in platelets, elevated RANTES, IP‐10, IL‐6 and TNF‐α and greater duodenal injury (P < 0.05). By 72 h, survival from HS was no longer reduced in PIC‐injected mice, although hypothermia, the reduction in platelets and elevated cytokines persisted. Our data indicate that prior illness exacerbates the severity of HS in the absence of signs of illness at the time of heat exposure and suggest that this is attributable to persistent coagulation and inflammatory reactions that might be targets for intervention to improve recovery.
Augmented resting beat‐to‐beat blood pressure variability in young, healthy, non‐Hispanic black men
Authors: Young Benjamin E. , Kaur Jasdeep , Vranish Jennifer R. , Stephens Brandi Y. , Barbosa Thales C. , Cloud Jane N. , Wang Jing , Keller David M. , Fadel Paul J. 
Published: May 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The prevalence of hypertension in black individuals exceeds that in other racial groups. Despite this well‐known heightened risk, the underlying contributory factors remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that young black men would exhibit augmented beat‐to‐beat blood pressure variability compared with white men and that black men would exhibit augmented total peripheral resistance variability.
What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate that young, healthy black men exhibit greater resting beat‐to‐beat blood pressure variability compared with their white counterparts, which is accompanied by greater variability in total peripheral resistance. These swings in blood pressure over time might contribute to the enhanced cardiovascular risk profile in black individuals.
AbstractThe prevalence of hypertension in black (BL) individuals exceeds that in other racial groups. Recently, resting beat‐to‐beat blood pressure (BP) variability has been shown to predict cardiovascular risk and detect target organ damage better than ambulatory BP monitoring. Given the heightened risk in BL individuals, we hypothesized young BL men would exhibit augmented beat‐to‐beat BP variability compared with white (WH) men. Furthermore, given studies reporting reduced vasodilatation and augmented vasoconstriction in BL individuals, we hypothesized that BL men would exhibit augmented variability in total peripheral resistance (TPR). In 45 normotensive men (24 BL), beat‐to‐beat BP (Finometer) was measured during 10–20 min of quiet rest. Cardiac output and TPR were estimated (Modelflow method). Despite similar resting BP, BL men exhibited greater BP standard deviation (e.g. systolic BP SD; BL, 7.1 ± 2.2 mmHg; WH, 5.4 ± 1.5 mmHg; P = 0.006) compared with WH men, which was accompanied by a greater TPR SD (P = 0.003), but not cardiac output SD (P = 0.390). Other traditional measures of variability provided similar results. Histogram analysis indicated that BL men exhibited a greater percentage of cardiac cycles with BPs higher (> +10 mmHg higher) and lower (< ‐8 mmHg lower) than mean systolic BP compared with WH men (interaction, P < 0.001), which was accompanied by a greater percentage of cardiac cycles with high/low TPR (P < 0.001). In a subset of subjects (n = 30), reduced sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity was associated with augmented BP variability (r = −0.638, P < 0.001), whereas cardiac baroreflex sensitivity had no relationship (P = 0.447). Herein, we document an augmented beat‐to‐beat BP variability in young BL men, which coincided with fluctuations in vascular resistance and reduced sympathetic BRS.
Smart Street Litter Detection and Classification Based on Faster R-CNN and Edge Computing
Authors: Ping Ping , Xu Guoyan , Kumala Effendy , Gao Jerry 
Published: May 2020

Cleanliness of city streets has an important impact on city environment and public health. Conventional street cleaning methods involve street sweepers going to many spots and manually confirming if the street needs to be clean. However, this method takes a substantial amount of manual operations for detection and assessment of street’s cleanliness which leads to a high cost for cities. Using pervasive mobile devices and AI technology, it is now possible to develop smart edge-based service system for monitoring and detecting the cleanliness of streets at scale. This paper explores an important aspect of cities — how to automatically analyze street imagery to understand the level of street litter. A vehicle (i.e. trash truck) equipped with smart edge station and cameras is used to collect and process street images in real time. A deep learning model is developed to detect, classify and analyze the diverse types of street litters such as tree branches, leaves, bottles and so on. In addition, two case studies are reported to show its strong potential and effectiveness in smart city systems.
Innovating access to the nurse-led hepatitis C clinic using co-production
Authors: Wolstenholme Daniel , Poll Ray , Tod Angela 
Published: May 2020

Background Many reasons for missed appointments are given by people who inject drugs and it is suggested that one solution cannot solve this complex issue (Poll et al., 2017). Increasingly, nurses and other health professionals are expected to actively involve patients and service users in developing innovative, effective and accessible services. This project used co-production as the approach to address this challenge. Aims This paper describes how a co-production method was used to develop accessible nurse-led hepatitis C virus services for people who inject drugs. Methods Using research evidence from a study conducted by the lead author as a starting point, a series of co-production workshops were run using creative co-design methods to identify the barriers to engagement with clinics. Potential solutions were then co-produced. Results The solutions included myth-busting posters, peer-support, a mobile clinic van and the offer of incentives and enablers (travel costs or a reward for attendance). Conclusions The service-development project illustrates how, with the right methods, it is possible to successfully engage with hard-to-access groups to co-produce innovative solutions for an important clinical challenge.
Fostering nursing innovation to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance using approaches from the arts and humanities
Authors: Macduff Colin , Marie Rafferty Anne , Prendiville Alison , Currie Kay , Castro-Sanchez Enrique , King Caroline , Carvalho Fernando , Iedema Rick 
Published: May 2020

Background Efforts to address the complex global problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) highlight the need for imagination and innovation. However, nursing has not yet leveraged its potential to innovate to prevent AMR advancing. Aims This paper focuses on the initial phase of an ongoing research and development study that seeks to foster nursing imagination and innovation by enhancing the meaningfulness of AMR for practising nurses and by facilitating their creative ideas. Methods This aim is addressed through application of arts and humanities approaches, in particular the use of visualisation, co-design and historical methods, underpinned by the Design Council Double Diamond process model. The first phase with 20 UK participants explored how hospital and community-based nurses understand and respond to the priorities and consequences of AMR within their everyday working lives. Results Nurses varied in their conceptualisations of AMR and in their depictions and explanations of its meaning and priority within everyday practices. Some saw infection prevention and control as bound up with AMR, whereas others differentiated in the context of specific work activities. Insights into related reasoning and practice tactics were also generated. Conclusions The initial project phase provides a basis for fostering nursing innovation in this important field.
Designing and implementing an electronic nursing record to support compassionate and person-centred nursing practice in an acute hospital using practice development processes
Authors: Hardiman Michele , Connolly Marie , Hanley Sinead , Kirrane Jackie , O'Neill Winifred 
Published: May 2020

Background The complexity of nursing practice can pose challenges to the development of an e-record that meets all the requirements and standards whilst capturing the essence of the relationship between the nurse and his/her patients. Aims 1. Describe the process of designing the content of an electronic nursing record (e-record) specific to nursing in an Irish/UK context, using Practice Development (PD) methodology. 2. To share the learning of involving the end-user in the development of a person-centred e-nursing record. Methods Evidence-based PD methodologies, principles and evaluation tools were employed to involve end users in the development of a person-centred and evidence-based e-record. Results The results are limited to evaluation of the design process and reported using the SQUIRE guidelines for reporting quality improvement. Investing in time to involve end users in the design and implementation phase resulted in satisfaction and adoption of the e-record by nurses. Conclusions For nurses to be satisfied with the content and process flow of an e-nursing record it needs to include the relational and non-clinical aspect of nursing practice in addition to the clinical pre-set content. Involving the end user in a meaningful way supports a positive outcome.
Collaboration for clinical innovation: a nursing and engineering alliance for better patient care
Authors: Andrews Rachael , Greasley Sarah , Knight Sarah , Sireau Sonya , Jordan Andrea , Bell Andrew , White Paul 
Published: May 2020

Background There is significant need and enormous potential for innovation in clinical settings. However, for various reasons, this potential is rarely realised. Aims This paper aims to present a collaborative approach to innovation between clinicians and engineers, using two nursing case studies as examples. Suggestions are offered to improve facilitation of innovation in healthcare settings. Methods An engineering design process was applied to develop novel medical devices in response to unmet clinical needs identified by nurses. This process includes problem exploration, definition of project scope, concept generation, detailed design, manufacture, prototype evaluation and iterative design improvements. Results Two case studies are presented to showcase the results of this multidisciplinary approach to innovation. Both projects resulted in novel medical devices being put into clinical use safely and effectively. Conclusions Collaboration between nurses and engineers facilitates rapid iteration of novel solutions to unmet clinical needs. Both professions have similar approaches to problem-solving, complemented by specialist knowledge in their contrasting areas of expertise, making for a highly capable multidisciplinary team.
Management of acute ischemic stroke in patients with COVID-19 infection: Report of an international panel
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I , Abd-Allah Foad , Al-Senani Fahmi , Aytac Emrah , Borhani-Haghighi Afshin , Ciccone Alfonso , Gomez Camilo R , Gurkas Erdem , Hsu Chung Y , Jani Vishal , Jiao Liqun , Kobayashi Adam , Lee Jun , Liaqat Jahanzeb , Mazighi Mikael , Parthasarathy Rajsrinivas , Steiner Thorsten , Suri M Fareed K , Toyoda Kazunori , Ribo Marc , Gongora-Rivera Fernando , Oliveira-Filho Jamary , Uzun Guven , Wang Yongjun 
Published: May 2020

Background and purpose On 11 March 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 infection a pandemic. The risk of ischemic stroke may be higher in patients with COVID-19 infection similar to those with other respiratory tract infections. We present a comprehensive set of practice implications in a single document for clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 infection. Methods The practice implications were prepared after review of data to reach the consensus among stroke experts from 18 countries. The writers used systematic literature reviews, reference to previously published stroke guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate practice implications. All members of the writing group had opportunities to comment in writing on the practice implications and approved the final version of this document. Results This document with consensus is divided into 18 sections. A total of 41 conclusions and practice implications have been developed. The document includes practice implications for evaluation of stroke patients with caution for stroke team members to avoid COVID-19 exposure, during clinical evaluation and performance of imaging and laboratory procedures with special considerations of intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy in stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Conclusions These practice implications with consensus based on the currently available evidence aim to guide clinicians caring for adult patients with acute ischemic stroke who are suspected of, or confirmed, with COVID-19 infection. Under certain circumstances, however, only limited evidence is available to support these practice implications, suggesting an urgent need for establishing procedures for the management of stroke patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection.