bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stellar velocity dispersion and initial mass function gradients in dissipationless galaxy mergers
Authors: Nipoti Carlo , Cannarozzo Carlo , Calura Francesco , Sonnenfeld Alessandro , Treu Tommaso 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe stellar initial mass function (IMF) is believed to be non-universal among early-type galaxies (ETGs). Parametrizing the IMF with the so-called IMF mismatch parameter αIMF, which is a measure of the stellar mass-to-light ratio of an ensemble of stars and thus of the ‘heaviness’ of its IMF, one finds that for ETGs αe (i.e. αIMF integrated within the effective radius Re) increases with σe (the line-of-sight velocity dispersion σlos integrated within Re) and that, within the same ETG, αIMF tends to decrease outwards. We study the effect of dissipationless (dry) mergers on the distribution of the IMF mismatch parameter αIMF in ETGs using the results of binary major and minor merging simulations. We find that dry mergers tend to make the αIMF profiles of ETGs shallower, but do not alter significantly the shape of the distributions in the spatially resolved σlos–αIMF space. Individual galaxies undergoing dry mergers tend to decrease their αe, due to erosion of αIMF gradients and mixing with stellar populations with lighter IMF. Their σe can either decrease or increase, depending on the merging orbital parameters and mass ratio, but tends to decrease for cosmologically motivated merging histories. The αe–σe relation can vary with redshift as a consequence of the evolution of individual ETGs: based on a simple dry-merging model, ETGs of given σe are expected to have higher αe at higher redshift, unless the accreted satellites are so diffuse that they contribute negligibly to the inner stellar distribution of the merger remnant.
Preclinical and first-in-human-brain-cancer applications of [18F]poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor PET/MR
Authors: Young Robert J , Demétrio De Souza França Paula , Pirovano Giacomo , Piotrowski Anna F , Nicklin Philip J , Riedl Christopher C , Schwartz Jazmin , Bale Tejus A , Donabedian Patrick L , Kossatz Susanne , Burnazi Eva M , Roberts Sheryl , Lyashchenko Serge K , Miller Alexandra M , Moss Nelson S , Fiasconaro Megan , Zhang Zhigang , Mauguen Audrey , Reiner Thomas , Dunphy Mark P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
We report preclinical and first-in-human-brain-cancer data using a targeted poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) binding PET tracer, [18F]PARPi, as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between brain cancers and treatment-related changes.

Methods
We applied a glioma model in p53-deficient nestin/tv-a mice, which were injected with [18F]PARPi and then sacrificed 1 h post-injection for brain examination. We also prospectively enrolled patients with brain cancers to undergo dynamic [18F]PARPi acquisition on a dedicated positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) scanner. Lesion diagnosis was established by pathology when available or by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) or RANO-BM response criteria. Resected tissue also underwent PARPi-FL staining and PARP1 immunohistochemistry.

Results
In a preclinical mouse model, we illustrated that [18F]PARPi crossed the blood–brain barrier and specifically bound to PARP1 overexpressed in cancer cell nuclei. In humans, we demonstrated high [18F]PARPi uptake on PET/MR in active brain cancers and low uptake in treatment-related changes independent of blood–brain barrier disruption. Immunohistochemistry results confirmed higher PARP1 expression in cancerous than in noncancerous tissue. Specificity was also corroborated by blocking fluorescent tracer uptake with an excess unlabeled PARP inhibitor in patient cancer biospecimen.

Conclusions
Although larger studies are necessary to confirm and further explore this tracer, we describe the promising performance of [18F]PARPi as a diagnostic tool to evaluate patients with brain cancers and possible treatment-related changes.
COVID-19 mortality among Indigenous people in Brazil: a nationwide register-based study
Authors: Santos Victor Santana , Souza Araújo Adriano Antunes , de Oliveira Jarbas Ribeiro , Quintans-Júnior Lucindo José , Martins-Filho Paulo Ricardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately affected Black people and minority ethnic groups, but there are limited data regarding the impact of disease on Indigenous people. Herein, we investigated the burden of COVID-19 on the Indigenous population in Brazil. We performed a populational-based study including all cases and deaths from COVID-19 among Brazilian Indigenous people from 26 February to 28 August 2020. Data were obtained from official Brazilian information systems. We calculated incidence, mortality and fatality rates for the Indigenous population for each of the five Brazilian regions. Brazil had an incidence and a mortality rate of 3546.4 cases and 65.0 deaths per 100 000 population, respectively. The case fatality rate (CFR) was 1.8%. The Central-West had the higher estimates of disease burden among Brazilian Indians (incidence rate: 3135.0/100 000; mortality rate: 101.2/100 000 and CFR: 3.2%) followed by the North region (incidence rate: 5664.4/100 000; mortality rate: 92.2/100 000 and CFR: 1.6%). Governmental actions should guarantee the isolation, monitoring and testing capabilities of Indigenous people and rapidly to provide social protection and health facilities.
Lord Burrows on Legislative Intention, Statutory Purpose, and the ‘Always Speaking’ Principle
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In his 2017 Hamlyn Lectures, Professor (now Lord) Burrows set out his opinions about statutory interpretation. Given his recent appointment to the UK Supreme Court, these opinions now have more practical importance than those of most academic theorists. One of his main theses is that the modern approach to statutory interpretation, which focuses on text, context and purpose, should not include any reference to legislative intention. He dismisses this as ‘an unhelpful fiction or mask that should be avoided altogether’. I show that this thesis is mistaken, internally inconsistent, and might in practice undermine sound interpretation based on fundamental constitutional principles.
Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid and Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid Alter the Blood Lipidome and the Hepatic Proteome in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Pfohl Marisa , Ingram Lishann , Marques Emily , Auclair Adam , Barlock Benjamin , Jamwal Rohitash , Anderson Dwight , Cummings Brian S , Slitt Angela L 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPerfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represent a family of environmental toxicants that have infiltrated the living world. This study explores diet-PFAS interactions and the impact of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonic (PFHxS) on the hepatic proteome and blood lipidomic profiles. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed with either a low-fat diet (10.5% kcal from fat) or a high fat (58% kcal from fat) high carbohydrate (42 g/l) diet with or without PFOS or PFHxS in feed (0.0003% wt/wt) for 29 weeks. Lipidomic, proteomic, and gene expression profiles were determined to explore lipid outcomes and hepatic mechanistic pathways. With administration of a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet, PFOS and PFHxS increased hepatic expression of targets involved in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress. In the blood, PFOS and PFHxS altered serum phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, plasmogens, sphingomyelins, and triglycerides. Furthermore, oxidized lipid species were enriched in the blood lipidome of PFOS and PFHxS treated mice. These data support the hypothesis that PFOS and PFHxS increase the risk of metabolic and inflammatory disease induced by diet, possibly by inducing dysregulated lipid metabolism and oxidative stress.
Advantages of Maggot Debridement Therapy for Chronic Wounds: A Bibliographic Review
Authors: Moya-López José , Costela-Ruiz Victor , García-Recio Enrique , Sherman Ronald A. , De Luna-Bertos Elvira 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTMaggot debridement therapy (MDT) is effective for ulcer debridement, achieving it in less time than other therapies. It offers a benefit to healing. However, it is unclear whether maggots reduce treatment time and there is considerable controversy around the treatment's potential antimicrobial action and cost-effectiveness. Nevertheless, it can be effective in preventing amputations and reducing the need for systemic antibiotics. This bibliographic review assesses the advantages of MDT as a treatment for chronic wounds through the review of several larval properties. The review was carried out by consulting biomedical databases including CINAHL, MEDLINE (PubMed), and Scopus, and concludes that MDT is an effective debridement and potential technique to facilitate healing. However, more data is needed on the wound type application frequency and the efficacy of treatment.GENERAL PURPOSETo present an overview of the advantages of maggot debridement therapy as a treatment for chronic wounds through the review of several larval properties.TARGET AUDIENCEThis continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMESAfter participating in this educational activity, the participant will be able to:1. Summarize the use, process, and precautions for maggot debridement to treat chronic wounds.2. Synthesize the results of the bibliographic review of the use of maggot debridement to treat chronic wounds.
Milrinone Acts as a Vasodilator But Not an Inotrope in Children After Cardiac Surgery—Insights From Wave Intensity Analysis
Authors: Rahiman Sarfaraz , Kowalski Remi , Kwok Sit Yee , Matha Sunit , Jones Bryn , Smolich Joseph J. , Mynard Jonathan P. , Butt Warwick , Millar Johnny 
Published: September 2020

Objectives:
Milrinone is an inodilator widely used in the postoperative management of children undergoing cardiac surgery. The literature supporting its inotropic effect is sparse. We sought to study the effect of milrinone on the vasculature and its effects on the ventricular function using wave intensity analysis. We also intended to evaluate the feasibility of using wave intensity analysis by the bedside.

Design:
prospective single-center observational study.

Setting:
PICU of a tertiary children’s hospital.

Patients:
Children (< 18 yr) admitted to PICU following cardiac surgery who required to be commenced on a milrinone infusion.

Interventions:
Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound assessments for wave intensity analysis were performed prior to commencing milrinone and 4–6 hours after milrinone infusion.

Measurements and Main Results:
Wave intensity analysis was successfully performed and analyzed in 15 of 16 patients (94%). We identified three waves—a forward compression wave, backward compression wave, and forward decompression wave. The waves were described with their cumulative intensity and wave-related pressure change. There was a 26% reduction in backward compression wave cumulative intensity following the introduction of milrinone. Other variables (backward compression wave cumulative intensity/forward compression wave cumulative intensity ratio, backward compression wave wave-related pressure change, backward compression wave wave-related pressure change/forward compression wave wave-related pressure change ratio) consistent with vasodilation also decreased after milrinone. It also decreased the vascular wavespeed by 7.1% and increased the distensibility of the vessels by 14.6%. However, it did not increase forward compression wave cumulative intensity, a variable indicating the systolic force generated by the ventricle. Forward decompression wave cumulative intensity indicating ventricular early diastolic relaxation also did not change.

Conclusions:
In a cohort of children recovering in PICU after having undergone cardiac surgery, we found that milrinone acted as a vasodilator but did not demonstrate an improvement in the contractility or an improved relaxation of the left ventricle as assessed by wave intensity analysis. We were able to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of wave intensity analysis to further understand ventriculo-vascular interactions in an intensive care setting.
Effects of combined 17β-estradiol and progesterone on weight and blood pressure in postmenopausal women of the REPLENISH trial
Authors: Black Denise R. , Minkin Mary Jane , Graham Shelli , Bernick Brian , Mirkin Sebastian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To examine the impact of a single-capsule 17β-estradiol (E2)/progesterone (P4) on weight and blood pressure (BP) when treating moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women with a uterus.

Methods:
Healthy postmenopausal women with a uterus (aged 40-65, body mass index ≤34 kg/m2, BP ≤140/90 mm Hg) were randomized to daily E2/P4 (mg/mg; 1/100, 0.5/100, 0.5/50, 0.25/50) or placebo in the phase 3 REPLENISH trial (NCT01942668). Changes in weight and BP from baseline to month 12 were evaluated. Potentially clinically important changes were defined as increases or decreases from baseline in weight by ≥15% and ≥11.3 kg, systolic BP by ≥20 mm Hg (absolute value ≥160 or ≤90 mm Hg), and diastolic BP by ≥15 mm Hg (absolute value ≥90 or ≤60 mm Hg).

Results:
Overall mean changes in weight and BP from baseline to month 12 with E2/P4 were modest and generally not statistically or clinically significant versus placebo. Incidence of potentially clinically important changes was low for weight (E2/P4 vs placebo: 1.1-2.6% vs 2.2%), systolic BP (0.3-1.1% vs 1.1%), and diastolic BP (1.4-4.2% vs 3.2%). A small number of women had treatment-related, treatment-emergent adverse events of weight gain (1.4-2.6% vs 1.3%) or hypertension (0.2-1.2% vs 0%). Few women who discontinued E2/P4 had weight gain (1.6%) or hypertension (0.6%) as a primary reason. Efficacy profile on VMS was consistent with previous findings and not modified by body mass index.

Conclusions:
Twelve-month use of E2/P4 had no clinically meaningful impact on weight or BP in postmenopausal women of the REPLENISH study.
The Role of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Police as Clients Among Street-Based Female Sex Workers in Baltimore City
Authors: Sherman Susan G. , Nestadt Danielle Friedman , Silberzahn Bradley E. , Decker Michele , Park Ju Nyeong , Footer Katherine H.A. 
Published: September 2020

Background
Research among street-based female sex workers (FSWs) has documented many harms caused by police. One harm that has received little attention is that of police as clients. We examined this interaction in a 12-month longitudinal cohort study of street-based FSWs in Baltimore, MD.

Methods
We explored longitudinal bivariate and multivariate associations between having police clients and independent variables that focused on sexually transmitted infections (STIs), as well as demographic, structural, substance use, police interaction, and violence-related factors.

Results
Mean participant age was 35.8 years, 65.9% were White, and more than half (53.3%) had less than a high school education. Most (70.3%) used heroin daily, and 24.8% reported having police as clients over the study period. In a multivariate model, factors independently associated with recent police clients were recent arrest (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03–2.99; P = 0.037), coerced or forced sex by police (aOR, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.79–11.12; P = 0.001), higher number of egregious police practices experienced (aOR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.38–2.29; P < 0.001), and prevalent STI infection (aOR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.46–4.04; P = 0.001).

Conclusions
The study uniquely documents both the frequency with which street-based FSWs take police as clients and the role of egregious police practices and prevalent STIs in association with police as clients. Results indicate the police-as-client association as a form of “everyday violence,” which both normalizes and legitimizes police power and structural violence. Alongside the urgent need for decriminalization of sex work and STI prevention programs tailored for this complex population, prompt investigation and harsher penalties for police officers who engage in sex with FSW could help shift police culture away from abuse.
Changes in Scleral Tonometry and Anterior Chamber Angle after Short-term Scleral Lens Wear
Authors: Obinwanne Chukwuemeka Junior , Echendu Damian C. , Agbonlahor Osazee , Dike Stella 
Published: September 2020

SIGNIFICANCEScleral lens wear can alter aqueous fluid and anterior chamber angle dynamics, leading to changes in intraocular pressure (IOP). However, there is limited information supporting this relationship between scleral lens wear, anterior chamber angle (ACA), and IOP changes in an black African population.PURPOSEThe purpose of this study was to compare scleral IOP and ACA before, during, and after 4 hours of scleral lens wear in healthy neophyte scleral lens wearers from an black African population.METHODSThis was a prospective study involving 20 eyes of 20 subjects with a mean ± standard deviation age of 28.7 ± 4.3 years. The study was divided into a screening and experimental phase. Scleral lenses from a diagnostic trial set were fit on a randomly selected eye. Scleral IOP was measured using a Schiotz tonometer (Winters, Jungingen, Germany) (weight, 7.5 g) on the superior-temporal sclera, and ACA was assessed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography on the temporal angle before scleral lens wear; at 10 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours during wear; and 10 minutes after scleral lens removal.RESULTSThe mean ± standard deviation base curve of the scleral lens fit in the study eye was 43.4 ± 1.3 D with average tear reservoir thickness of 288.1 ± 122.0 μm at 4 hours. The mean scleral IOP before lens wear was 17.2 ± 3.5 mmHg, decreased to 16.4 ± 4.5 mmHg at 4 hours of scleral lens wear, and was 16.6 ± 3.5 mmHg 10 minutes after lens removal. The temporal ACA before scleral lens application was 43.0 ± 6.6° and varied during the 4 hours of scleral lens wear, ultimately increasing to 45.0 ± 5.4° at 10 minutes after scleral lens removal. The change in IOP and ACA was not statistically significant (F= 0.501,P= .74; andF= 2.399,P= .09, respectively).CONCLUSIONSResults suggest that 4 hours of nonfenestrated scleral lens wear did not have a significant impact on IOP or ACA in most of our study population.
Techno-economic assessment of animal cell-based meat
Authors: Risner Derrick , Li Fangzhou , Fell Jason S. , Pace Sara A. , Siegel Justin B. , Tagkopoulos Ilias , Spang Edward S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInterest in animal cell-based meat (ACBM) or laboratory grown meat has been increasing, however the economic viability of these potential products has not been thoroughly vetted. Recent studies suggest monoclonal antibody production technology can be adapted for the industrialization of ACBM production. This study provides a scenario-based assessment of the projected cost per kilogram of ACBM based on cellular metabolic requirements and process/chemical engineering conventions. A sensitivity analysis of the model identified the nine most influential cost factors for ACBM production out of 67 initial parameters. The results indicate that technological performance will need to approach technical limits for ACBM to achieve profitably as a commodity. However, the model also suggests that low-volume high-value specialty products could be viable based on current technology.One Sentence SummaryA model based upon cellular metabolism and engineering conventions was created to examine the economic viability of animal cell-based meat.Significance statementAnimal cell-based meat (ACBM) has received a significant amount of media attention (as well as corporate investment) in recent years based on its perceived potential to displace traditional meat production, whether beef, poultry, or fish. However, a robust techno-economic assessment (TEA) of these potential products is not publicly available. Our study examined the capital and operating expenditures for potential ACBM products based upon fundamental cellular attributes, the use of proposed near-term/existing technology, and process engineering conventions. Our findings suggest that the current production pathways are far from producing cost-competitive ACBM products, as well as highlight the technical metrics that must be achieved for an ACBM product to become economically viable.
A Motion Correction Strategy for Multi-Contrast based 3D parametric imaging: Application to Inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer (ihMT)
Authors: Soustelle Lucas , Lamy Julien , Le Troter Arnaud , Hertanu Andreea , Guye Maxime , Ranjeva Jean-Philippe , Varma Gopal , Alsop David C. , Pelletier Jean , Girard Olivier , Duhamel Guillaume 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo propose an efficient retrospective image-based method for motion correction of multi-contrast acquisitions with a low number of available images (MC-MoCo) and evaluate its use in 3D inhomogeneous Magnetization Transfer (ihMT) experiments in the human brain.MethodsA framework for motion correction, including image pre-processing enhancement and rigid registration to an iteratively improved target image, was developed. The proposed method was compared to Motion Correction with FMRIB’s Linear Image Registration Tool (MCFLIRT) function in FSL over 13 subjects. Native (pre-correction) and residual (post-correction) motions were evaluated by means of markers positioned at well-defined anatomical regions over each image.ResultsBoth motion correction strategies significantly reduced inter-image misalignment, and the MC-MoCo method yielded significantly better results than MCFLIRT.ConclusionMC-MoCo is a high-performance method for motion correction of multi-contrast volumes as in 3D ihMT imaging.
Wireless Ensembles of Sub-mm Microimplants Communicating as a Network near 1 GHz in a Neural Application
Authors: Lee Jihun , Leung Vincent , Lee Ah-Hyoung , Huang Jiannan , Asbeck Peter , Mercier Patrick P. , Shellhammer Stephen , Larson Lawrence , Laiwalla Farah , Nurmikko Arto 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTMultichannel electrophysiological sensors and stimulators, especially those used for studying the nervous system, are most commonly based on monolithic microelectrode arrays. Such architecture limits the spatial flexibility of individual electrode placement, posing constraints for scaling to a large number of nodes, particularly across non-contiguous locations. We describe the design and fabrication of sub-millimeter size electronic microchips (“Neurograins”) which autonomously perform neural sensing or electrical microstimulation, with emphasis on their wireless networking and powering. An ∼1 GHz electromagnetic transcutaneous link to an external telecom hub enables bidirectional communication and control at the individual neurograin level. The link operates on a customized time division multiple access (TDMA) protocol designed to scale up to 1000 neurograins. The system is demonstrated as a cortical implant in a small animal (rat) model with anatomical limitations restricting the implant to 48 neurograins. We suggest that the neurograin approach can be generalized to overcome many scalability issues for wireless sensors and actuators as implantable microsystems.