bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyl carlactone derivatives are predominant strigolactones in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoneyama Kaori , Akiyama Kohki , Brewer Philip B. , Mori Narumi , Kawano‐Kawada Miyuki , Haruta Shinsuke , Nishiwaki Hisashi , Yamauchi Satoshi , Xie Xiaonan , Umehara Mikihisa , Beveridge Christine A. , Yoneyama Koichi , Nomura Takahito 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStrigolactones (SLs) regulate important aspects of plant growth and stress responses. Many diverse types of SL occur in plants, but a complete picture of biosynthesis remains unclear. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we have demonstrated that MAX1, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, converts carlactone (CL) into carlactonoic acid (CLA) and that LBO, a 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase, can convert methyl carlactonoate (MeCLA) into a metabolite called [MeCLA + 16 Da]. In the present study, feeding experiments with deuterated MeCLAs revealed that [MeCLA + 16 Da] is hydroxymethyl carlactonoate (1'‐HO‐MeCLA). Importantly, this LBO metabolite was detected in plants. Interestingly, other related compounds, methyl 4‐hydroxycarlactonoate (4‐HO‐MeCLA) and methyl 16‐hydroxycarlactonoate (16‐HO‐MeCLA), were also found to accumulate in lbo mutants. 3‐HO‐, 4‐HO‐, and 16‐HO‐CL were detected in plants, but their expected corresponding metabolites, HO‐CLAs, were absent in max1 mutants. These results suggest that HO‐CL derivatives may be predominant SLs in Arabidopsis, produced through MAX1 and LBO.
Palliative care skills in CF: Perspectives of adults with CF, caregivers, and CF care team members
Authors: Trandel Elizabeth T. , Kavalieratos Dio , Basile Melissa , Hobler Mara R. , Georgiopoulos Anna M. , Chen Elaine , Goggin Jessica L. , Goss Christopher H. , Hempstead Sarah E. , Faro Albert , Dellon Elisabeth P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe role of cystic fibrosis (CF) care team members in delivering palliative care (PC) remains undefined. We aimed to understand the PC skills of CF care teams.MethodsCF care team members (“clinicians”), adults with CF (“patients”), and family caregivers (“caregivers”) rated the ability of CF clinicians to provide aspects of PC using a five‐point scale (“poor” to “excellent”). Median ratings were compared between groups.ResultsA total of 70 patients, 100 caregivers, and 350 clinicians participated. Clinicians consistently rated their PC skills higher than patients or caregivers rated them, particularly for advanced PC skills. While clinicians, patients, and caregivers rated clinicians as “very good” at basic pain assessment and “good” at discussing prognostic uncertainty, clinicians rated themselves more highly at providing most skills, including simultaneous PC and standard CF care (P < .0001), basic depression assessment (P < .001), and discussing transplant, advance directives, end of life, code status, and hospice (all P < .0001). Respondents affiliated with adult CF care teams rated clinicians more highly than respondents affiliated with pediatric CF care teams at discussing lung transplant (P < .001), end of life (P = .006), advance directives (P < .001), code status (P = .012), and hospice (P = .016). Most patients (69%) and caregivers (60%) felt CF clinicians should receive more PC training.ConclusionsDiscrepancies exist among patient/caregiver and clinician perceptions of PC skills in CF, and skills of adult and pediatric teams may differ. Patients and caregivers feel clinicians’ more advanced PC skills are lacking. CF clinicians may benefit from PC training to enhance skills and to understand how and when to utilize specialty PC services.
CRISPR‐mediated gene knockout reveals nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit α6 as a target of spinosyns in Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Wang Jing , Ma Huanhuan , Zuo Yayun , Yang Yihua , Wu Yidong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe spinosyn insecticides (spinosad and spinetoram) have been intensively used to control a wide range of agricultural pests. However, resistance to spinosyns has evolved in several agricultural pests. Disruption of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit α6 (nAChRα6) has been associated with high levels of resistance to spinosyns in both field and laboratory‐selected strains of several insect pests. Among the 12 nAChR subunits of Helicoverpa armigera, Haα6 has the closest sequence similarity (66.02%) to Haα7. Here we used CRISPR‐mediated knockouts to evaluate the role of two nAChR subunits (Haα6 and Haα7) of H. armigera in toxicity of spinosyns.ResultsIndividual knockouts of Haα6 and Haα7 were created utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 system in H. armigera. The Haα6 knockout (Haα6‐KO) strain exhibited high levels of resistance to spinosad (531‐fold) and spinetoram (1105‐fold) compared with the wild‐type parent SCD strain, whereas the Haα7 knockout (Haα7‐KO) strain showed no significant susceptibility changes to both spinosyns. Genetic analyses demonstrated that resistance to spinosad conferred by knockout of Haα6 was autosomal, incompletely recessive and tightly linked to the disruption mutation of Haα6. Both Haα6‐KO and Haα7‐KO strains had no significant effects on susceptibility to other four insecticides including emamectin benzoate, beta‐cypermethrin, chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb.ConclusionOur results provide in vivo functional evidence for Haα6 as a target of spinosyns in H. armigera, and little or no role of Haα7 in mediating toxicity of spinosyns. The results are valuable to the development of resistance monitoring and management methods for spinosyn resistance in H. armigera. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Racial and ethnic differences in older adults’ willingness to be contacted about Alzheimer's disease research participation
Authors: Salazar Christian R. , Hoang Dan , Gillen Daniel L. , Grill Joshua D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe sought to examine the association of race/ethnicity with willingness to engage in studies that involve procedures typical of Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials and determine whether any observed differences could be explained by research attitudes.MethodsWe studied 2749 adults aged ≥50 years who enrolled in a community‐based recruitment registry.ResultsCompared to non‐Hispanic (NH) whites (n = 2393, 87%), Hispanics (n = 191, 7%), NH Asians (n = 129, 5%) and NH blacks (n = 36, 1%) were 44%, 46%, and 64% less willing, respectively, to be contacted for studies that have requirements typical of AD prevention trials, namely: cognitive testing, brain imaging, blood draws, and investigational medications. Mediation by research attitudes was explored, but did not explain the observed differences.DiscussionOur findings suggest that ethnoracial minorities are less willing to engage in studies that are typical of AD prevention trials. Future work should focus on understanding the factors that drive these differences.
Type 2 diabetes and HbA1c are independently associated with wider retinal arterioles: the Maastricht study
Authors: Li Wenjie , Schram Miranda T. , Berendschot Tos T. J. M. , Webers Carroll A. B. , Kroon Abraham A. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , Henry Ronald M. A. , Schaper Nicolaas C. , Huang Fan , Dashtbozorg Behdad , Tan Tao , Zhang Jiong , Abbasi-Sureshjani Samaneh , ter Haar Romeny Bart M. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Houben Alfons J. H. M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Retinal microvascular diameters are biomarkers of cardio-metabolic risk. However, the association of (pre)diabetes with retinal microvascular diameters remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance) and type 2 diabetes with retinal microvascular diameters in a predominantly white population.

Methods
In a population-based cohort study with oversampling of type 2 diabetes (N = 2876; n = 1630 normal glucose metabolism [NGM], n = 433 prediabetes and n = 813 type 2 diabetes, 51.2% men, aged 59.8 ± 8.2 years; 98.6% white), we determined retinal microvascular diameters (measurement unit as measured by retinal health information and notification system [RHINO] software) and glucose metabolism status (using OGTT). Associations were assessed with multivariable regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, smoking, systolic blood pressure, lipid profile and the use of lipid-modifying and/or antihypertensive medication.

Results
Multivariable regression analyses showed a significant association for type 2 diabetes but not for prediabetes with arteriolar width (vs NGM; prediabetes: β = 0.62 [95%CI −1.58, 2.83]; type 2 diabetes: 2.89 [0.69, 5.08]; measurement unit); however, there was a linear trend for the arteriolar width across glucose metabolism status (p for trend = 0.013). The association with wider venules was not statistically significant (prediabetes: 2.40 [−1.03, 5.84]; type 2 diabetes: 2.87 [−0.55, 6.29], p for trend = 0.083; measurement unit). Higher HbA1c levels were associated with wider retinal arterioles (standardised β = 0.043 [95% CI 0.00002, 0.085]; p = 0.050) but the association with wider venules did not reach statistical significance (0.037 [−0.006, 0.080]; p = 0.092) after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions/interpretation
Type 2 diabetes, higher levels of HbA1c and, possibly, prediabetes, are independently associated with wider retinal arterioles in a predominantly white population. These findings indicate that microvascular dysfunction is an early phenomenon in impaired glucose metabolism.
Noncalcified plaque burden quantified from coronary computed tomography angiography improves prediction of side branch occlusion after main vessel stenting in bifurcation lesions: results from the CT-PRECISION registry
Authors: Grodecki Kajetan , Cadet Sebastien , Staruch Adam D. , Michalowska Anna M. , Kepka Cezary , Wolny Rafal , Pregowski Jerzy , Kruk Mariusz , Debski Mariusz , Debski Artur , Michalowska Ilona , Slomka Piotr J. , Witkowski Adam , Dey Damini , Opolski Maksymilian P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess the incremental value of quantitative plaque features measured from computed tomography angiography (CTA) for predicting side branch (SB) occlusion in coronary bifurcation intervention.

Methods
We included 340 patients with 377 bifurcation lesions in the post hoc analysis of the CT-PRECISION registry. Each bifurcation was divided into three segments: the proximal main vessel (MV), the distal MV, and the SB. Segments with evidence of coronary plaque were analyzed using semi-automated software allowing for quantitative analysis of coronary plaque morphology and stenosis. Coronary plaque measurements included calcified and noncalcified plaque volumes, and corresponding burdens (respective plaque volumes × 100%/vessel volume), remodeling index, and stenosis.

Results
SB occlusion occurred in 28 of 377 bifurcation lesions (7.5%). The presence of visually identified plaque in the SB segment, but not in the proximal and distal MV segments, was the only qualitative parameter that predicted SB occlusion with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.792. Among quantitative plaque parameters calculated for the SB segment, the addition of noncalcified plaque burden (AUC 0.840, p = 0.003) and low-density plaque burden (AUC 0.836, p = 0.012) yielded significant improvements in predicting SB occlusion. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, optimal cut-offs for noncalcified plaque burden and low-density plaque burden were > 33.6% (86% sensitivity and 78% specificity) and > 0.9% (89% sensitivity and 73% specificity), respectively.

Conclusions
CTA-derived noncalcified plaque burden, when added to the visually identified SB plaque, significantly improves the prediction of SB occlusion in coronary bifurcation intervention.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03709836 registered on October 17, 2018.
Morpho-anatomical differences among mycoheterotrophic Afrothismia spp. (Thismiaceae) indicate an evolutionary progression towards improved mycorrhizal benefit
Authors: Imhof Stephan , Feller Benjamin , Heser Anna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAchlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic plants depend on their mycorrhizal fungi for 100% of their carbon supply. Hence, there is strong evolutionary pressure towards a well-organized functioning of the association from the plant’s perspective. Members of the mycoheterotrophic genus Afrothismia have evolved elaborate fungal colonization patterns allowing a sustained benefit from external fungal penetration events. On the basis of anatomical details of the root-shoot systems of A. korupensis and A. hydra, we elucidate an evolutionary progression between the comparatively simple mycorrhizal pattern in A. gesnerioides and the so far most complex mycorrhiza in A. saingei. We detected two major advancements: (1) two species, A. korupensis and A. saingei, use the fungus itself as energy storage, replacing starch depositions used by A. gesnerioides and A. hydra, and (2) the morphological complexity of hyphal forms in plant tissue compartments increases from A. gesnerioides to A. saingei. We discuss the omitting of starch metabolism as well as the morpho-anatomical differences as an evolutionary fine-tuning of the compartmented mycorrhizal organization in Afrothismia. Our results support the idea of a taxonomic distinction between Afrothismia and other Thismiaceae.
Fracture Assessment of Quasi-brittle Rock Simulated by Modified Discrete Element Method
Authors: Gheibi Sohrab , Holt Rune M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNew developments of an in-house hybrid code, named Modified Discrete Element Method (MDEM) are presented in the paper. The new developments are on the treatment of pre-existing and propagating fractures in quasi-brittle materials. These developments are the embedment of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) and elastic-softening crack band model -based methodologies in the MDEM and their application in lab and reservoir scale. Using the first methodology, MDEM can calculate stress intensity factors, $$K^{\text{I}}$$

K
I

and $$K^{\text{II}}$$

K
II

using the internal contact forces of particles. $$K^{\text{I}}$$

K
I

and $$K^{\text{II}}$$

K
II

are calculated independent of boundary conditions and geometrical configuration with acceptable accuracy level. The methodology has been also used in reservoir scale to study the rupture likelihood of faults and fractures due to fluid injection. This methodology enables the code to model mode I and mode II failures and propagation direction based on the fracturing model proposed by Rao et al. (Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 40(3): 355–375, 2003). Using the second methodology, the MDEM can model nonlinear behavior of quasi-brittle materials including or excluding preexisting cracks based on fracture energy. A model was verified against an experiment of a three point bend test with a notch. The numerically obtained force-crack mouth opening curve was reasonably comparable to the experimental test. The analysis was repeated for three other mesh sizes and the results are less mesh size dependent. Finally, it was shown that MDEM has the potential in studying fracture mechanics of quasi-brittle materials both in lab and large-scale investigations.
Fast mean-reversion asymptotics for large portfolios of stochastic volatility models
Authors: Hambly Ben , Kolliopoulos Nikolaos 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe consider an asymptotic SPDE description of a large portfolio model where the underlying asset prices evolve according to certain stochastic volatility models with default upon hitting a lower barrier. The asset prices and their volatilities are correlated through systemic Brownian motions, and the SPDE is obtained on the positive half-space along with a Dirichlet boundary condition. We study the convergence of the loss from the system, which is given in terms of the total mass of a solution to our stochastic initial-boundary value problem, under fast mean-reversion of the volatility. We consider two cases. In the first case, the volatilities are sped up towards a limiting distribution and the system converges only in a weak sense. On the other hand, when only the mean-reversion coefficients of the volatilities are allowed to grow large, we see a stronger form of convergence of the system to its limit. Our results show that in a fast mean-reverting volatility environment, we can accurately estimate the distribution of the loss from a large portfolio by using an approximate constant volatility model which is easier to handle.
In shoulder adhesive capsulitis, ultrasound-guided anterior hydrodilatation in rotator interval is more effective than posterior approach: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Elnady Basant , Rageh Elsayed M. , Hussein Manal Shawky , Abu-Zaid Mohammed Hassan , Desouky Dalia El-Sayed , Ekhouly Tohamy , Rasker Johannes J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Shoulder adhesive capsulitis, also called frozen shoulder, is a musculoskeletal disorder associated with pain and functional disability. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of shoulder ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation with corticosteroid, via rotator interval (RI) anteriorly, versus posterior approach, in adhesive capsulitis patients. All patients received exercise program following injection.

Patients and methods
A prospective randomized controlled study among 60 consecutive adhesive capsulitis patients was randomized into two equal groups. Group I received ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation with corticosteroid, saline, and local anesthetic via posterior intra-articular approach; group II received the same ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation via anterior rotator interval approach. Both groups received guided stretching exercises for 3 months after injection. Baseline and 3 months evaluation of pain by visual analogue scale (VAS), shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI), and range of motion (ROM) had been recorded for all patients.

Results
Both groups showed significant improvement 3 months after hydrodilatation regarding VAS pain, external rotation, and SPADI. Only in group II (RI anterior approach) improvement was observed regarding flexion and abduction. There was no improvement regarding extension or internal rotation in either group. When comparing the improvement in both groups after hydrodilatation, group II (anterior approach) showed a statistically significant higher level of improvement regarding VAS pain (p = 0.003), SPADI, flexion, abduction, and external rotation, compared to group I (p < 0.001). Extension, internal rotation, and adduction were not different.

Conclusions
Ultrasound-guided anterior rotator interval hydrodilatation for adhesive capsulitis, followed by guided exercise, is clinically and functionally more effective than the conventional posterior approach.

Key Points• Ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation (with prednisolone acetate (40 mg), 1 ml of 2% lidocaine, and 15 ml saline) for adhesive capsulitis followed by guided exercise is clinically and functionally effective.• The ultrasound-guided anterior rotator interval approach is clinically and functionally significantly more effective than the conventional intra-articular posterior approach as it targets mainly the area of pathology.• This is the first prospective study comparing the effect of the anterior rotator interval approach versus the posterior approach in ultrasound-guided hydrodilatation in adhesive capsulitis patients.
Numerical evaluation of the seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete buildings with corroded smooth rebars
Authors: Di Sarno Luigi , Pugliese Francesco 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExposure to aggressive environments is one of the most critical problems of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, which can affect both their static and dynamic behaviour. In this paper, the linear and non-linear performance of existing corroded RC framed structures were studied through an advanced numerical model. Moreover, an extensive literature review of models and approaches used for the assessment of RC structures exposed to different levels of corrosion was presented. The numerical evaluation of an existing RC structure subjected to different exposures and degradation was considered. A new approach was presented for the evaluation of the ultimate capacity of RC elements. Such an approach has been compared and validated against a set of the experimental results from the literature. The results of comparative analyses showed that the proposed approach could predict the ultimate capacity of corroded RC components. Linear and non-linear analyses were performed using a refined Finite Element method; the seismic performance evaluated in terms of shear strength degradation, inter-storey displacements, ductility, and maximum base shear. The outcomes of the present study demonstrated that corrosion had a significant impact on the structural response of the existing building. Such an effect depended on the type of exposure. The elastic dynamic analyses of the building demonstrated that corrosion increased the fundamental periods and, changed the mass participation factor and the mode of vibration, i.e. the external exposure. Non-linear static analyses showed a significant reduction of the shear capacity and the translation ductility with the increase of the corrosion rate for all lateral loading patterns specified by the Eurocode. The results of the non-linear dynamic analyses illustrated that the damage and deterioration due to the corrosion attack increased the roof and the inter-storey drift-ratios, as well as a relevant decay of the base shear capacity and early collapse were noted for high-levels of corrosion. Comparisons between non-linear static and dynamic analyses were also provided in terms of roof drift-ratios and base shears.
The regional employment effects of new social firm entry
Authors: Kachlami Habib , Davidsson Per , Obschonka Martin , Yazdanfar Darush , Lundström Anders 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs a contribution to research and theorizing on the economic role of new firm formation, we undertake the first ever investigation of regional employment effects of the entry of new social firms. Our study is guided by an established model of the employment effects of new firm entry over time and provides a direct comparison to the employment effects of commercial entrants. Our results show that the net employment effect of new social firms follows a wave pattern over the study’s eight-year horizon, apparently produced by the same combination of direct and indirect effects previously theorized for new commercial entrants. The results also indicate that net employment effect per social firm entrant is larger than for commercial firms. The study provides a first empirical assessment of employment creation effects of new social firms and contributes to a more nuanced theoretical understanding of employment effects across types of entrants. By specifying the economic contribution of social firms our study can open up a new track in social entrepreneurship research and provide important input to employment policy.