bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of root-stubble residues and nutrients in feed crop rotations
Authors: Svechnikov A. K. 
Published: December 2019

From 2001 to 2018 in Mari El Republic six-field fodder crop rotations including 1-3 fields of legume-cereal grasses were studied. The amount of plowed root-crop residues and nutrients entering the soil was assessed at different levels of minerals application (N60P60K60 and N90P90K90 in the 1st and 2 nd rotations, N60P60K60 и P60K60 in the 3rd rotation). During the research the total nitrogen content in sod-podzolic soil increased from 0.15% to 0.28%, the humus content raised from 1.82% to 2.53%. The largest amount of root-crop residues nutrients was plowed into 0 -20 cm soil layer during the fodder crop rotation at the 1-year use of the perennial grasses. On the average, it received 35.2 t/ha of dry matter, 560 kg/ha of nitrogen, 231 kg/ha of phosphorus and 338 kg/ha of potassium over 3 rotations. An increase in supply of soils with nitrogen and humus in the 3rd rotation raised the plant residues and nutrients accumulation to 49.9 t/ha, 821 kg/ha, 321 kg and 496 kg/ha, respectively. No significant differences were found between the fertilization backgrounds. In the structure of studied crop rotations cloveralfalfa-timothy grass mixture has made the greatest contribution to in the replenishment of nutrient elements by plowing up the root-crop residues: 10.1 tons of dry matter, 199 kg of nitrogen, 89 kg of phosphorus and 115 kg/ha of potassium. Using postcut mustard after winter rye provided almost the same amount of plowed root-crop residues as clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture.Conflict of interest: the authors stated that there was no conflict of interest.
Triggers of Thought: Impressions within Hume’s Theory of Mind
Authors: Waldow Anik 
Published: December 2019

This essay argues that Humean impressions are triggers of associative processes, which enable us to form stable patterns of thought that co-vary with our experiences of the world. It will thus challenge the importance of the Copy Principle by claiming that it is the regularity with which certain kinds of sensory inputs motivate certain sets of complex ideas that matters for the discrimination of ideas. This reading is conducive to Hume’s account of perception, because it avoids the impoverishment of conceptual resources so typical for empiricist theories of meaning and explains why ideas should be based on impressions, although impressions cannot be known to mirror matters of fact.
Dieser Aufsatz argumentiert dafür, dass humesche Eindrücke („impressions“) Auslöser von assoziativen Prozessen sind, welche es uns ermöglichen, stabile Denkmuster zu bilden, die mit unseren Erfahrungen der Welt kovariant sind. Der Aufsatz stellt somit die Wichtigkeit des Kopien-Prinzips in Frage, nämlich dadurch, dass behauptet wird, für die Unterscheidung der Ideen sei die Regelmäßigkeit maßgeblich, mit der gewisse Arten von sensorischen Eingaben gewisse Mengen von komplexen Ideen motivieren. Diese Lesart trägt zu einem Verständnis von Humes Auffassung der Wahrnehmung bei, da sie die Verarmung der begrifflichen Mittel, die für empiristische Theorien der Bedeutung so typisch ist, vermeidet und erklärt, warum Ideen auf Eindrücken basieren sollten, obwohl Eindrücke nicht als Abbildungen von Tatsachen erkannt werden können.
Final Causation in Spinoza
Authors: Hoffman Paul 
Published: December 2019

John Carriero has argued that for Spinoza there is no final causality in the Aristotelian sense and that the striving of things is merely to be understood in terms of metaphysical inertia. This paper makes a case against this claim. First it is argued that Spinoza’s notion of striving does in principle meet Thomas Aquinas’ criterion for final causation. Second it is shown that Carriero’s denial of final causation in Spinoza leads to a deflationary interpretation of Spinoza’s notions of the good and striving of things, which is at odds with many passages of Spinoza’s Ethics. One can only do justice to these passages if one assumes that Spinoza did accept final causation in the traditional sense.
John Carriero argumentierte, dass Spinoza keine finale Kausalität im aristotelischen Sinne vertrete, sondern das Streben von Dingen als Ausdruck einer Art metaphysischen Trägheit verstehe. Dagegen, so wird hier ausgeführt, sprechen zwei Gründe: Erstens genügt Spinozas Charakterisierung des Strebens von Dingen prinzipiell Thomas von Aquins Definition finaler Verursachung. Zweitens führt Carrieros Zurückweisung finaler Verursachung zu einer deflationären Lesart von Spinozas Begriffen des Guten und des Strebens von Dingen, die mit vielen Passagen aus Spinozas Ethik unvereinbar sind. Diesen Passagen kann nur Rechnung getragen werden, wenn man annimmt, dass Spinoza finale Verursachung im traditionellen Sinn akzeptierte.
Kant’s Teleology, the Concept of the Organism, and the Context of Contemporary Biology
Authors: Toepfer Georg 
Published: December 2019

For Kant, the main aim of teleology in nature is to identify or to segregate as a particular class of objects certain types of causal systems, specifically, systems of interdependent parts.With the development of physiology as a distinct science at the beginning of the 18th century, the idea of interdependence or reciprocity of parts in a system was well-established as a fundamental principle for the specification of organisms. Kant combined the ideas of teleology and causal reciprocity in his systems-theoretical foundation of organized beings in nature. In the analysis of such systems teleological thinking, i.e. the focus on end states or outcomes, is prevalent because the outcome of each process is relevant for the perpetuation of the system as a whole. Teleological thinking thus plays a methodological role in Kant’s philosophy of nature. Its status ismerely reflective, in that it neither postulates a separate ontological category for living beings nor does it constrain mechanical explanations. But at the same time, teleology is constitutive for a particular class of objects and their scientific study.
In Kants Philosophie der Naturwissenschaften kommt der Teleologie eine wesentliche Rolle in der Identifikation und Ausgliederung einer bestimmten Klasse von kausalen Systemen zu: den Systemen aus wechselseitig voneinander abhängigen Teilen. Die Vorstellung der wechselseitigen Abhängigkeit zwischen den Teilen eines Ganzen entwickelt sich mit der Etablierung der Physiologie als einer besonderen Wissenschaft zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts zu einem grundlegenden Prinzip, das der Spezifizierung von Organismen dient. Kant verbindet diese Vorstellung der Wechselseitigkeit mit der Teleologie in seiner systemtheoretischen Fundierung des Begriffs eines organisierten Wesens der Natur. In der Analyse dieser Systeme spielt die Teleologie im Sinne der Konzipierung eines Prozesses ausgehend von seinem Resultat eine wichtige Rolle, weil die Wirkung eines physiologischen Vorgangs für die Erhaltung des ganzen organischen Systems entscheidend ist. Da das System in seiner Einheit und Ganzheit erst in der teleologischen Beurteilung erkannt wird, kommt dem teleologischen Denken in Kants Philosophie der Naturwissenschaften eine methodologische Funktion zu. Die teleologische Beurteilung hat allerdings einen bloß reflektierenden Status, insofern über sie keine neue ontologische Kategorie für Lebewesen begründet wird und die Reichweite mechanistischer Erklärungen durch sie nicht beschränkt wird. Trotzdem ist die Teleologie konstitutiv für die Erkenntnis einer bestimmten Klasse von Gegenständen und deren wissenschaftliche Untersuchung.
How Biological is Human History?
Authors: Vanhaute Liesbet 
Published: December 2019

Whereas in Idea for a Universal History Kant without much hesitation resorts to biological concepts to understand history, this fundamentally changes in Critique of the Power of Judgment. In this work, history and biology are separated; they are understood as two different forms of teleological judgments. The teleological concepts that make history intelligible are divorced from their biological origins and introduced in an explicitly non-biological way of thinking. I argue that because of this shift, after the Critique of the Power of Judgment Kant’s theory of history cannot any longer function as an independent confirmation of the possibility of human morality.
Während es Kant in seiner Schrift Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltbürgerlicher Absicht für unproblematisch erachtet, biologische Konzepte auf die Geschichte anzuwenden, steht er diesem Unterfangen in der Kritik der Urteilskraft kritisch gegenüber. In seiner dritten Kritik trennt Kant Geschichte und Biologie: In ihnen treten jetzt unterschiedliche Formen teleologischer Urteile auf. Die teleologischen Konzepte, welche die Geschichte verständlich machen, werden von ihrer biologischen Herkunft getrennt und in einer explizit nicht-biologischen Weise eingeführt. Wie ich argumentiere, kann Kants Theorie der Geschichte aufgrund dieser Verschiebung nicht länger als unabhängige Bestätigung der Möglichkeit menschlicher Sittlichkeit herangezogen werden
Against Formal Causation in Non-conscious Nature
Authors: Ward Arthur 
Published: December 2019

The problem of natural teleology in biology has traditionally focused on reconciling Aristotle’s efficient and final causation. In this paper, however, I emphasize the importance of formal causation in natural teleological explanations and suggest that undermining its legitimacy is a backdoor route to undermining natural teleology itself. Formal causation, I argue, represents the “phenotype” of an object, to use a familiar word from genetics. This means that formal causes specify not only intrinsic “genotypic” qualities of an object but also a range of environments in which the object is “properly” to inhabit. Such environmental specificity is possible through conscious activity, but is not found anywhere in non-conscious nature.
Das Problem der natürlichen Teleologie ist traditionellerweise darin gesehen worden, Aristoteles’ Wirkursache und seine Finalursache miteinander zu vereinbaren. Dagegen betone ich in diesem Aufsatz die Bedeutung der formalen Verursachung in natürlichen teleologischen Erklärungen. Wenn man ihre Legitimität untergräbt, so lege ich nahe, untergräbt man gleichsam durch die Hintertür natürliche Teleologie als solche. Ich argumentiere, dass formale Verursachung den „Phänotyp“ eines Objekts darstellt, um ein geläufiges Wort aus der Genetik zu verwenden. Dies bedeutet, dass formale Ursachen nicht nur intrinsische „genotypische“ Eigenschaften eines Objekts spezifizieren, sondern auch eine Bandbreite von Umgebungen, in denen das Objekt „im eigentlichen Sinn“ angesiedelt sein sollte. Diese Spezifizierung der Umgebung ist durch bewusste Aktivität möglich, findet sich aber nirgendwo in der nicht-bewussten Natur.
evaluasi asuhan keperawatan pada komunitas
Authors: bawaulu Trinitas 
Published: December 2019

Latar belakang : . Evaluasi mengacu kepada penilaian, tahapan, dan perbaikan. Pada tahap ini perawat menemukan penyebab mengapa suatu proses keperawatan dapat berhasil ataugagal. Perawat menemukan reaksi klien terhadap intervensi keperawatan yang telah diberikan dan menetapkan apa yang menjadi sasaran dari rencana keperawatan dapat diterima.Tujuan : bertujuan untuk menjelaskan proses asuhan keperawatan komunitas , menjelaskan program evaluasi keperawatan komunitas.Metode : Literature reviewHasil : Evaluasi memuat keberhasilan proses dan keberhasilan tindakan keperawatan.Keberhasilan proses dapat dilihat dengan membandingkan antara proses dengan pedoman atau rencana proses tersebut. Sedangkan keberhasilan tindakan dapat dilihat dengan membandingkan antara tingkat kemandirian masyarakat dalam perilaku kehidupan sehari-hari dan tingkat kemajuan kesehatan masyarakatkomunitas dengan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan atau dirumuskan sebelumnyaPembahasan : Umpan balik dari komunitas merupakan dasar untuk melakukan evaluasi terhadap intervensi keperawatan komunitas seperti keterlibatan orang-orang komunitas dalam semua tahap proses keperawatan yang menjamin adanya kesesuaian dengan komunitasPenutup : Proses Evaluasi asuhan adalah langkah akhir dari proses keperawatan. Evaluasi asuhan keperawatan adalah tahap yang termasuk pencatatan pernyataan evaluasi dan revisi rencana tindakan keperawatan dalam komunitas.
peran perawat dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatn
Authors: bawaulu Trinitas 
Published: December 2019

Latar belakang : Dokumentasi keperawatan merupakan bukti pencatatan dan pelaporan yang dimiliki perawat dalam melakukan catatan perawatan yang berguna untuk kepentingan klien, perawat, dan tim kesehatan dalam memberikan pelayanan kesehatan dengan dasar komunikasi yang akurat dan lengkap secara tertulis dengan tanggung jawab perawat.Tujuan : menjelaskan peran penting perawat dalam setiap dokumentasi, menjelaskan defenisi dari dokumentasi , menjelaskan peran keperawatan dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatanMetode : Literature reviewHasil : Perawat berperan untuk mengumpulkan data dan mengkaji status kesehatan klien, menentukan rencana asuhan keperawatan yang ditujukan untuk mencapai tujuan perawatan, mengevaluasi efektivitas asuhan keperawatan dalam mencapai tujuan perawatan dan mengkaji ulang serta merevisi kembali rencana asuhan keperawatan.Pembahasan : Peran perawat dalam pendokumentasian asuhan keperawatan dapat di lihat dari segi yaitu : Komunikasi, Akuntabilitas dan Kewajiban serta keamanan.Penutup : Dokumentasi merupakan tanggung jawab dan tugas perawat setelah melakukan intervensi keperawatan. perawat perlu menyusun suatu dokumentasi yang efisien dan lebih bermakna dalam pencatatannya dan penyimpanannya
Spinal cord infarction with resultant paraplegia after Chiari I decompression: case report
Authors: Shah Amar S. , Yahanda Alexander T. , Athiraman Umeshkumar , Tempelhoff Rene , Chicoine Michael R. 
Published: December 2019

Paraplegia after posterior fossa surgery is a rare and devastating complication. The authors reviewed a case of paraplegia following Chiari decompression and surveyed the literature to identify strategies to reduce the occurrence of such events.An obese 44-year-old woman had progressive left arm pain, weakness, and numbness and tussive headaches. MRI studies revealed a Chiari I malformation and a cervicothoracic syrinx. Immediately postoperatively after Chiari decompression the patient was paraplegic, with a T6 sensory level bilaterally. MRI studies revealed equivocal findings of epidural hematoma at the site of the Chiari decompression and in the upper thoracic region. Surgical exploration of the Chiari decompression site and upper thoracic laminectomies identified possible venous engorgement, but no hematoma. Subsequent imaging suggested a thoracic spinal cord infarction. Possible explanations for the spinal cord deficit included spinal cord ischemia related to venous engorgement from prolonged prone positioning in an obese patient in the chin-tucked position. At 6.5 years after surgery the patient had unchanged fixed motor and sensory deficits.Spinal cord infarction is rare after Chiari decompression, but the risk for this complication may be increased for obese patients positioned prone for extended periods of time. Standard precautions may be insufficient and intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring may need to be considered in these patients.
Stent screw–assisted internal fixation (SAIF): clinical report of a novel approach to stabilizing and internally fixating vertebrae destroyed by malignancy
Authors: Cianfoni Alessandro , Distefano Daniela , Scarone Pietro , Pesce Gianfranco A. , Espeli Vittoria , La Barbera Luigi , Villa Tomaso , Reinert Michael , Bonaldi Giuseppe , Hirsch Joshua A. 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVESevere lytic cancerous lesions of the spine are associated with significant morbidity and treatment challenges. Stabilization and restoration of the axial load capability of the vertebral body (VB) are important to prevent or arrest vertebral collapse. Percutaneous stent screw–assisted internal fixation (SAIF), which anchors a VB stent/cement complex with pedicular screws to the posterior vertebral elements, is a minimally invasive, image-guided, 360° internal fixation technique that can be utilized in this patient cohort. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility, safety, and stabilization efficacy of VB reconstruction via the SAIF technique in a cohort of patients with extensive lytic vertebral lesions, who were considered to have an unstable or potentially unstable spine according to the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score (SINS).METHODSThis study was a retrospective assessment of a prospectively maintained database of a consecutive series of patients with neoplastic extensive extracompartmental osteolysis (Tomita type 4–6) of the VB treated with the SAIF technique. VB reconstruction was assessed on postprocedure plain radiographs and CT by two independent raters. Technical and clinical complications were recorded. Clinical and imaging follow-ups were assessed.RESULTSThirty-five patients with extensive osteolytic metastatic lesions of the VB underwent 36 SAIF procedures. SAIF was performed as a stand-alone procedure in 31/36 cases and was associated with posterior surgical fixation in 5/36 (4/5 with decompressive laminectomy). In 1 case an epidural cement leak required surgical decompression. VB reconstruction was categorized as satisfactory (excellent or good rating) by the two raters in 34/36 cases (94.5%) with an interrater reliability of 94.4% (Cohen’s kappa of 0.8). Follow-up, ranging from 1 to 30 months, was available for 30/36 levels. Long-term follow-up (6–30 months, mean 11.5 months) was available for 16/36 levels. Stability during follow-up was noted in 29/30 cases.CONCLUSIONSSAIF provides 360° nonfusion internal fixation that stabilizes the VB in patients with extensive lytic lesions that would otherwise be challenging to treat.
OTEL İŞLETMELERİ YÖNETİCİLERİNİN KRİZ DÖNEMLERİNDE UYGULADIKLARI STRATEJİLER ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: BUZLUKÇU Cemali , AVCIKURT Cevdet 
Published: December 2019

Kriz, bir işletmenin hayatını tehdit eden faktörlerle karşılaşmasını ifade etmektedir.
Çoğu zaman beklenmeyen veya önceden birtakım belirtileri olan bu olaylar işletme içi veya
işletme dışı birçok sebepten kaynaklanabilir. Bu krizlerden zarar görmeden veya en az zararla kurtulmak işletme yöneticilerinin uygulayacakları stratejilere dayanmaktadır. Son yıllarda yaşanan ekonomik ve siyasi krizler ve terör saldırıları turizm sektörünü de doğrudan
etkilemiştir. Turist sayısında ve turizm gelirinde azalmalar yaşanırken, bu krizlerden belirli
destinasyonların daha fazla zarar gördüğü de olmuştur. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı,
otel işletmeleri yöneticilerinin kriz dönemlerinde uyguladıkları stratejileri tespit etmektir.
Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, otel işletmeleri yöneticilerinin kriz dönemlerinde, çoğunlukla
pazarlama stratejileri ve finansal önlemler almaya yönelik stratejilere yöneldikleri tespit
edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarının otel işletmelerine ve turizm sektörüne, kriz dönemlerinde uygulanması gereken stratejiler açısından faydalı olması beklenmektedir.
TARIMIN FİNANSMANINDA; TARIMSAL İŞLETMELERİN, ORGANİZE TARIM KREDİ KAYNAKLARINDAN KREDİ KULLANIMLARI İLE SOSYO-EKONOMİK YAPILARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: EDİRNE BÖLGESİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ERDAŞ Hüseyin , ORAMAN Yasemin 
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmada Edirne bölgesindeki tarımsal işletme sahiplerinin kredi kullanım özelikleri ve nedenleri ortaya konularak, tarımsal işletmelerin nasıl desteklenmesi gerektiği ve
tarımsal kredilerden nasıl yararlanılması gerektiği amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya ait orijinal
veriler Edirne Bölgesinde dokuz ilçede 380 tarımsal işletme sahibi ile yüz yüze görüşülerek anket çalışması yoluyla elde edilen bilgilerden oluşturulmuştur. Saha araştırmasında
elde edilen verilerin analizinde Lojistik Regresyon yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Tüm saha
araştırmalarından elde edilen bulgulara ve izlenimlere göre tarımın devlet tarafından yeterli miktarda desteklenmediği ve bunun sonucu olarak tarımsal işletme sahiplerinin %64,2’sinin organize olmuş tarımsal kredi kaynaklarından kredi kullanarak tarımsal işletmelerini
finanse ettikleri tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında tarımsal işletme sahiplerinin
tasarruflarının artması tarımsal kredi kullanımlarını düşürürken, tarımsal giderlerinin artması ve tarımsal kuruluşlara üye olmaları ise organize olmuş tarımsal kredi kaynaklarından kredi kullanım oranlarını arttırmaktadır. Bu sonuçlardan hareketle, Türkiye’de tarımın
devlet tarafından daha fazla desteklenmesi gerektiği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca tarımsal
işletme sahiplerinin tarımsal kredi kullanarak sağladıkları finansmanlarının da mutlaka
azaltılması öngörülmektedir. Tarımsal işletmelerin tarımsal girdilerinin daha fazla desteklenmesi ve tasarruflarının arttırılması için üretim planlarının oluşturulması ve gelirlerinin arttırılması gerekmektedir. Tarımsal girdilerin üretimdeki maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi için
ise işletmeler arasında örgütlenmeyi arttırarak öz sermayelerinin güçlendirilmesi sağlanmalıdır.
SAĞLIK ÇALIŞANLARININ TURİSTİK ÜRÜN TERCİHİNDE SOSYAL MEDYANIN ROLÜ: SAKARYA ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: İBİŞ Salim , BATMAN Orhan 
Published: December 2019

Son yıllarda hızla gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte yaygın olarak kullanılmaya başlanan internet ve sosyal medya araçları tüketicilerin ürün ve hizmet tercihinde önemli rol oynamaya
başladığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlık çalışanlarının sosyal medya kullanım
alışkanlıklarını incelemek ve turistik ürün ve hizmet tercihlerinde sosyal medyanın rolünü belirlemektir. Bu amaç çerçevesinde Sakarya ilinde sağlık çalışanları örnekleminde 152
sağlık çalışanından anket tekniği ile elde edilen veriler analiz edilerek bulgulara yer verilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda tüketicilerin ürün ve hizmet satın alma öncesinde sosyal medya
uygulamaları aracılığı ile satın almayı düşündükleri ürün ve hizmetler hakkında araştırma
yaptıkları görülmektedir. Ayrıca herhangi bir ürün ya da hizmeti satın almadan önce sosyal medya aracılığı ile o ürün ya da hizmet hakkında bilgi edinenlerin edinmeyenlere göre
sosyal medyada daha fazla paylaşımda bulunduğu, paylaşımlardan daha çok etkilendiği ve
sosyal medyayı daha yoğun olarak kullandığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır
6102 SAYILI TÜRK TİCARET KANUNU KAPSAMINDA BAĞIMSIZ DIŞ DENETİM AÇISINDAN İÇ DENETİMİN BAŞARISINI ETKİLEYEN DENETİM TÜRLERİ
Authors: KARA Suat , ANADOLU Zafer 
Published: December 2019

Çalışmada, yeni TTK kapsamında bağımsız denetim açısından iç denetimin başarısını
etkileyen denetim türleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma kapsamına ise İstanbul Yeminli ve Serbest
Muhasebeci Mali Müşavirler Odası’na kayıtlı yeminli mali müşavir ve serbest muhasebeci mali müşavirler alınmıştır. Araştırmada, anket yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Anket sonuçları,
“Tek Yön Varyans” yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, bağımsız
dış denetim açsından iç denetimin başarısın etkileyen denetim türlerinin uygunluk denetimi ve faaliyet denetimleri olduğu sonuçları gözlemlenmiştir.
TÜRKİYE’DE ELEKTRİK TÜKETİMİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİNİN SINIR TESTİ YAKLAŞIMIYLA ANALİZİ: 1960-2012 DÖNEMİ
Authors: TUNÇSİPER Bedriye 
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de Elektrik Tüketimi ve Ekonomik Büyüme ilişkisini
incelemektir. 1960-2012 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verilerin kullanıldığı çalışmada, iki değişken arasındaki ilişki ARDL (Autoregressive Distributes Lag) Sınır Testi yaklaşımıyla incelenmiş ve değişkenler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin bulunduğu görülmüştür. Eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunan seriler arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü belirlemek amacıyla Granger
Nedensellik testinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular literatürdeki çalışmalarla da
paralellik göstermekte olup, elektrik tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında iki yönlü bir
nedenselliğe işaret etmektedir