bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bipolar disorder: Trimodal age‐at‐onset distribution
Authors: Bolton Sorcha , Warner Jeremy , Harriss Eli , Geddes John , Saunders Kate E. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental health disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. Age at onset (AAO) may be a key variable in delineating more homogeneous subgroups of BD patients. However, no known research has systematically assessed how BD age‐at‐onset subgroups should be defined.MethodsWe systematically searched the following databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, Proquest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar and BIOSIS Previews. Original quantitative English language studies investigating AAO in BD were sought.ResultsA total of 9454 unique publications were identified. Twenty‐one of these were included in data analysis (n = 22981 BD participants). Fourteen of these studies (67%, n = 13626 participants) found a trimodal AAO distribution: early‐onset (µ = 17.3, σ = 1.19, 45% of sample), mid‐onset (µ = 26.0, = 1.72, 35%), and late‐onset (µ = 41.9, = 6.16, 20%). Five studies (24%, n = 1422 participants) described a bimodal AAO distribution: early‐onset (µ = 24.3, σ = 6.57, 66% of sample) and late‐onset (µ = 46.3, σ = 14.15, 34%). Two studies investigated cohort effects on BD AAO and found that when the sample was not split by cohort, a trimodal AAO was the winning model, but when separated by cohort a bimodal distribution fit the data better.ConclusionsWe propose that the field conceptualises bipolar disorder age‐at‐onset subgroups as referring broadly to life stages. Demarcating BD AAO groups can inform treatment and provide a framework for future research to continue to investigate potential mechanisms of disease onset.
A Bayesian approach to restricted latent class models for scientifically structured clustering of multivariate binary outcomes
Authors: Wu Zhenke , Casciola‐Rosen Livia , Rosen Antony , Zeger Scott L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a model‐based method for clustering multivariate binary observations that incorporates constraints consistent with the scientific context. The approach is motivated by the precision medicine problem of identifying autoimmune disease patient subsets or classes who may require different treatments. We start with a family of restricted latent class models or RLCMs. However, in the motivating example and many others like it, the unknown number of classes and the definition of classes using binary states are among the targets of inference. We use a Bayesian approach to RLCMs in order to use informative prior assumptions on the number and definitions of latent classes to be consistent with scientific knowledge so that the posterior distribution tends to concentrate on smaller numbers of clusters and sparser binary patterns. The paper derives a posterior sampling algorithm based on Markov chain Monte Carlo with split‐merge updates to efficiently explore the space of clustering allocations. Through simulations under the assumed model and realistic deviations from it, we demonstrate greater interpretability of results and superior finite‐sample clustering performance for our method compared to common alternatives. The methods are illustrated with an analysis of protein data to detect clusters representing autoantibody classes among scleroderma patients.
Long‐term magnesium supplementation improves glucocorticoid metabolism: A post‐hoc analysis of an intervention trial
Authors: Schutten Joëlle C. , Joris Peter J. , Minović Isidor , Post Adrian , van Beek André P. , de Borst Martin H. , Mensink Ronald P. , Bakker Stephan J. L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveIncreasing magnesium intake might reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Whether potential effects on cortisol contribute to these beneficial effects on cardiovascular health remains unclear. We therefore studied effects of long‐term oral magnesium supplementation on glucocorticoid metabolism, specifically on the excretion of urinary cortisol, cortisone and their metabolites, as well as on the ratios reflecting enzymatic activity of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β‐HSDs) and A‐ring reductases.DesignA post‐hoc analysis of a randomized trial with allocation to a magnesium supplement (350 mg/day) or a placebo for 24‐week.PatientsForty‐nine overweight men and women, aged between 45 and 70 years.MeasurementsCortisol, cortisone and their metabolites (tetrahydrocortisol [THF], allo‐tetrahydrocortisol [allo‐THF] and tetrahydrocortisone [THE]) were measured in 24‐h urine samples. Enzymatic activities of 11β‐HSD overall and of 11β‐HSD type 2 were estimated as the urinary (THF + allo‐THF [THFs])/THE and cortisol/cortisone ratios, respectively. A‐ring reductase activity was assessed by ratios of THF/allo‐THF, allo‐THF/cortisol, THF/cortisol and THE/cortisone.ResultsAfter 24‐week, urinary cortisol excretion was decreased in the magnesium group as compared with the placebo group (−32 nmol/24‐h, 95% CI: −59; −5 nmol/24‐h, p = .021). Ratios of THFs/THE and cortisol/cortisone were decreased following magnesium supplementation by 0.09 (95% CI: 0.02; 0.17, p = .018) and 0.10 (95% CI: 0.03; 0.17, p = .005), respectively. No effects were observed on A‐ring reductase activity.ConclusionsWe observed a beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation towards a lower 24‐h urinary cortisol excretion together with an increased activity of 11β‐HSD type 2. Our findings may provide another potential mechanism by which increased magnesium intake lowers CVD risk (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02235805).
Parenting Black children in White spaces: Skilled African migrants reflect on their parenting experiences in Australia
Authors: Gatwiri Kathomi , Anderson Leticia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper employs a critical race theory (CRT) perspective to probe the experiences of skilled African migrants parenting Black children in Australia, a predominantly White country. Two key themes emerged from this study: (1) the need to explicitly teach children about race and racism and to foster positive racial identities and (2) the complexities of navigating tensions between ‘African’ and ‘Western’ cultural values. Participants demonstrated high levels of awareness of intercultural parenting approaches and a desire to blend the best aspects of African and Australian cultural values in their own parenting practice. A significant paradox was also apparent in the tension between parental desires to inculcate pride in African ancestry and culture, while simultaneously encouraging children to ‘curate’ their blackness to minimize experiences of racialization. Social workers in Australia often play a critical role in the lives of migrant families as they support them to negotiate transitions in parenting contexts. Although this paper only offers a perspective on the parenting experiences of skilled African migrants and how they creatively manage the tensions and change emerging from this process, we suggest that this understanding helps to expand knowledge on the complexity of parenting in multicultural, transcultural and intercultural contexts.
The Stuff of Contention and Care: Affective Materiality and Everyday Learning in Bristol, UK
Authors: Buchczyk Magdalena , Facer Keri 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDrawing on fieldwork in Bristol, UK, the article resituates the increasingly popular policy framing of a “learning city” within recent anthropological debates on urban political materiality. Using research findings from fieldwork conducted in sites of informal and non‐formal learning on the margins of a UNESCO Learning City, we argue for an ethnography that is attentive to the ways in which learning manifests itself in everyday life. Through three field sites—a community space, a bicycle workshop, and a contested heritage campaign—we demonstrate the significance of material culture, controversy, and care as constitutive of learning processes within urban life. Through these examples, we aim to reframe questions on the complexity of learning at a city scale as part of affect‐driven knowledge and the material, embodied transmission of skill and everyday practice. By tracing how learning plays out in everyday life, we can begin to interrogate what happens beyond the neoliberal forms of educational governance, and the extent to which the everyday practices challenge or reinforce top‐down formulations as well as potentially transforming forms of knowledge production.
N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification in human cancer
Authors: Huo Fu‐Chun , Zhu Zhi‐Man , Pei Dong‐Sheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractN6‐methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification, first discovered in 1974, is the most prevalent, abundant and penetrating messenger RNA (mRNA) modification in eukaryotes. This governs the fate of modified transcripts, regulates RNA metabolism and biological processes, and participates in pathogenesis of numerous human diseases, especially in cancer through the reciprocal regulation of m6A methyltransferases (“writers”) and demethylases (“erasers”) and the binding proteins decoding m6A methylation (“readers”). Accumulating evidence indicates a complicated regulation network of m6A modification involving multiple m6A‐associated regulatory proteins whose biological functions have been further analysed. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the potential significance and molecular mechanisms of m6A RNA modification in the initiation and progression of cancer.
The role of typical and atypical pathogens in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yildiz Sevilay , Gonullu Nevriye , Yildiz Birsen Pinar , Hattatoglu Didem Gorgun , Kuskucu Mert , Midilli Kenan , Aygun Gokhan , Mayda Pelin Yuksel , Musellim Benan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe exact role of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and Legionella pneumophila in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations remains to be elucidated. This study was conducted to identify nonspecific and atypical pathogens associated with acute exacerbations of COPD.Materials and MethodsBetween February 2013 and February 2015, 107 patients were analyzed. Sixty‐nine comprised the inpatient and 38 comprised the outpatient treatment group.ResultsWhen nonspecific culture results were taken into consideration only a causative organism could be detected in 46.7% of the patients. The detection rate increased to 85.1% with the additional use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, and culture methods. More than one causative agent was responsible for COPD exacerbation in 53.3% of patients: two agents in 37.3%, three agents in 15%, and four agents in 0.9%. H. influenzae was detected in 63 (58.9%) patients, S. pneumoniae in 57 (53.2%), P. aeruginosa in 15 (14.0%), and L. pneumophila in 11 (10%). L. pneumophila was the more commonly isolated agent in the inpatient group (P = 0.002). Patients receiving continuous oxygen therapy and noninvasive mechanical ventilation were more likely to have an exacerbation associated with P. aeruginosa (P = 0.008 and P = 0.009, respectively).ConclusionThe additional use of DFA for Legionella and multiplex PCR in combination with nonspecific microbiological culturing methods greatly improves the ability to identify infectious agents in acute exacerbations of COPD. There should be a high index of suspicion for P.aeruginosa as a causative organism, particularly in subjects receiving continuous oxygen therapy and/or using NIV and L. pneumophila should certainly be taken into consideration in severe COPD exacerbations.
Increasing climate‐driven taxonomic homogenization but functional differentiation among river macroinvertebrate assemblages
Authors: Mouton Théophile L. , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Stephenson Fabrice , Verburg Piet , Floury Mathieu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal change is increasing biotic homogenization globally, which modifies the functioning of ecosystems. While tendencies towards taxonomic homogenization in biological communities have been extensively studied, functional homogenization remains an understudied facet of biodiversity. Here, we tested four hypotheses related to long‐term changes (1991–2016) in the taxonomic and functional arrangement of freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages across space and possible drivers of these changes. Using data collected annually at 64 river sites in mainland New Zealand, we related temporal changes in taxonomic and functional spatial β‐diversity, and the contribution of individual sites to β‐diversity, to a set of global, regional, catchment and reach‐scale environmental descriptors. We observed long‐term, mostly climate‐induced, temporal trends towards taxonomic homogenization but functional differentiation among macroinvertebrate assemblages. These changes were mainly driven by replacements of species and functional traits among assemblages, rather than nested species loss. In addition, there was no difference between the mean rate of change in the taxonomic and functional facets of β‐diversity. Climatic processes governed overall population and community changes in these freshwater ecosystems, but were amplified by multiple anthropogenic, topographic and biotic drivers of environmental change, acting widely across the landscape. The functional diversification of communities could potentially provide communities with greater stability, resistance and resilience capacity to environmental change, despite ongoing taxonomic homogenization. Therefore, our study highlights a need to further understand temporal trajectories in both taxonomic and functional components of species communities, which could enable a clearer picture of how biodiversity and ecosystems will respond to future global changes.
Clinical comparison of an electric‐powered ionic toothbrush and a manual toothbrush in plaque reduction: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ikawa Takahiro , Mizutani Koji , Sudo Takeaki , Kano Chihiro , Ikeda Yuichi , Akizuki Tatsuya , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Izumi Yuichi , Iwata Takanori 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of a newly developed electric‐powered ionic toothbrush vs. a manual toothbrush.Materials and MethodsManual or electric‐powered ionic toothbrushes were randomly assigned to 30 healthy volunteers divided into two groups (Phase I). After 2 min of brushing, all tooth surfaces were stained with a plaque staining solution, and blinded examiners performed scoring using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. Plaque removal rate was calculated at the central incisors, first premolar and first molar, as representative teeth, in the maxilla and mandibula. One week following Phase I, the same examinations were repeated in all subjects using another toothbrush (Phase II), as a crossover design.ResultsElectric ionic toothbrushes demonstrated a significantly higher plaque removal rate than manual toothbrushes in the premolar and molar areas (p < .05). However, in the central incisor area, no statistically significant difference was observed.ConclusionsCompared with manual toothbrushes, electric‐powered ionic ones were significantly efficient in removing plaque in the premolar and molar areas.
Association of the Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fibrosis Score with subclinical myocardial remodeling in patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study in China
Authors: Fan Nengguang , Ding Xiaoying , Zhen Qin , Gu Liping , Zhang Aifang , Shen Tingting , Wang Yufan , Peng Yongde 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, especially with liver fibrosis, is associated with cardiovascular diseases. The Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fibrosis Score (NFS), a non‐invasive marker of advanced fibrosis, was found to be associated with cardiovascular diseases in different populations. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the NFS is associated with subclinical myocardial remodeling in type 2 diabetes patients.Materials and MethodsA cross‐sectional study was carried out in type 2 diabetes patients. The NFS derived from available parameters was calculated, and the participants were divided according to the quartiles of the NFS and grades of the NFS (low, intermediate and high). Fibrosis‐4 and Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index, another two liver fibrosis scores, were also calculated. Subclinical myocardial remodeling was examined by echocardiography, and its associations with NFS, Fibrosis‐4 and Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index were analyzed.ResultsA total of 1,878 type 2 diabetes patients were enrolled in the present study. The NFS was independently associated with sex, age, body mass index, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patients. Parameters of subclinical myocardial remodeling including left atrial dimension, interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT) and left ventricular mass index were all gradually increased with the increment of the NFS. Linear regression analysis further showed that the NFS was positively associated with left atrial dimension, interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter, left ventricular end‐systolic diameter, LVPWT and left ventricular mass index after adjustment for the confounding factors. Similarly, Fibrosis‐4 was associated with left atrial dimension, interventricular septum thickness, LVPWT and left ventricular mass index. In contrast, the Aspartate Aminotransferase to Platelet Ratio Index was only associated with LVPWT.ConclusionsNon‐invasive liver fibrosis scores, especially the NFS, are independently associated with subclinical myocardial remodeling in type 2 diabetes patients.
Twelve‐week secukinumab treatment is consistently efficacious for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis regardless of prior biologic and non‐biologic systemic treatment: Post hoc analysis of six randomised trials
Authors: Hampton P. , Halliday A. , Aassi M. , Subramanian S. , Jain M. , Griffiths C.E.M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe efficacy of biologic therapies is greater among biologic‐naïve vs. biologic‐experienced psoriasis patients. However, little is known as to whether prior use of other systemic therapies impacts secukinumab efficacy in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of prior exposure to systemic therapies upon the efficacy and safety of secukinumab 300 mg for moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.MethodsPost hoc analysis of six randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing secukinumab with placebo, ustekinumab or etanercept at 12 weeks of treatment. Data comparing secukinumab with placebo and ustekinumab were meta‐analysed, while comparisons between secukinumab and etanercept were from a single RCT. Four subgroups of patients were assessed: (i) naïve to non‐biologic systemics (NBS) and biologics; (ii) exposed to NBS but naïve to biologics; (iii) naïve to NBS but exposed to biologics; and (iv) exposed to NBS and biologics. Outcomes of interest included the following: investigator’s global assessment (IGA) score, absolute psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) response, PASI 75, PASI 90 and PASI 100 responses, and dermatology life quality index (DLQI). Safety was also assessed.ResultsOne thousand three hundred and eighty‐three patients were included in the secukinumab vs. placebo meta‐analysis: 1776 in the secukinumab vs. ustekinumab meta‐analysis and 653 in the within‐trial analyses of secukinumab vs. etanercept. For all subgroups, secukinumab was significantly more efficacious than placebo for all outcomes measured. Secukinumab generated greater responses in biologic‐naïve patients, while prior NBS had a negligible impact on treatment response. Furthermore, secukinumab was more efficacious than both ustekinumab and etanercept on many outcomes, with an even greater difference for biologic‐naïve than biologic‐exposed patients. Safety results were consistent with individual clinical trial results.ConclusionsTwelve‐week treatment with secukinumab 300 mg is consistently more efficacious than placebo, etanercept and ustekinumab in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis, regardless of prior exposure to biologics or NBS. Secukinumab had a comparable safety profile to both etanercept and ustekinumab.
Differences in otolith shape and fluctuating‐asymmetry between reared and wild gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Geladakis George , Somarakis Stylianos , Koumoundouros George 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOtolith structure is a useful tool in discrimination among fish populations as it is a permanent record of the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. In the present study we examined otolith morphology and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) for differences between wild‐caught (by bottom trawl) and reared specimens of Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Based on the frequency of regenerated scales (degree of scale regeneration, SRD) on each specimen, a threshold of 30% SRD was used to assign wild‐caught fish individuals as wild (≤30% SRD, LR group) or as possible aquaculture escapees (>30% SRD, HR group). Based on the analysis of elliptic Fourier descriptors, significant differences were found in otolith shape between reared (Rr) and the wild‐caught groups (LR, HR). Reared fish had otoliths with significantly larger perimeter (OP) than wild‐caught fish. Furthermore, FA was significantly higher in the Rr than the LR group for OP and all except one shape descriptors (harmonics 2–7). The HR group exhibited intermediate levels of FA between the low and high FA levels observed in the LR and Rr groups. Results are discussed in terms of the value of combining otolith and scale morphology for the identification of escapees in wild Gilthead seabream stocks.
Cognitive and motor deficits in older adults with HIV infection: Comparison with normal ageing and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Müller‐Oehring Eva M. , Fama Rosemary , Levine Taylor F. , Hardcastle Cheshire , Goodcase Ryan , Martin Talora , Prabhakar Varsha , Brontë‐Stewart Helen M. , Poston Kathleen L. , Sullivan Edith V. , Schulte Tilman 
Published: October 2020

Despite the life‐extending success of antiretroviral pharmacotherapy in HIV infection (HIV), the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in HIV remains high. Near‐normal life expectancy invokes an emerging role for age–infection interaction and a potential synergy between immunosenescence and HIV‐related health factors, increasing risk of cognitive and motor impairment associated with degradation in corticostriatal circuits. These neural systems are also compromised in Parkinson’s disease (PD), which could help model the cognitive deficit pattern in HIV. This cross‐sectional study examined three groups, age 45–79 years: 42 HIV, 41 PD, and 37 control (CTRL) participants, tested at Stanford University Medical School and SRI International. Neuropsychological tests assessed executive function (EF), information processing speed (IPS), episodic memory (MEM), visuospatial processing (VSP), and upper motor (MOT) speed and dexterity. The HIV and PD deficit profiles were similar for EF, MEM, and VSP. Although only the PD group was impaired on MOT compared with CTRL, MOT scores were related to cognitive scores in HIV but not PD. Performance was not related to depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, or CD4+ T‐cell counts. The overlap of HIV‐PD cognitive deficits implicates frontostriatal disruption in both conditions. The motor‐cognitive score relation in HIV provides further support for the hypothesis that these processes share similar underlying mechanisms in HIV infection possibly expressed with or exacerbated by ageing.