bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Antioxidative Activity of Apigenin by B12N12 Nanocluster: Antioxidative Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Khalili Atefeh , Baei Mohammad T. , Hossein Hosseini Ghaboos Seyed 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAdsorption and antiradical activity of apigenin on the surface of B12N12 nanocluster has been investigated by using density functional theory (DFT) within B3PW91‐D and M06‐2X−D methods. Adsorption values and analysis of topologies showed that the molecule has chemisorbed to the nanocluster surface and induces significant changes in electronic properties of the fullerene. Antioxidative activities of the APG and APG/B12N12 complex have been investigated using the M06‐2X−D level of theory based on the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), single electron transfer followed by proton transfer (SET‐PT) and sequential proton loss electron transfer (SPLET). For this purpose, the bond dissociation enthalpy (BDE), ionization potential (IP), proton dissociation enthalpy (PDE), proton affinity (PA) and electron transfer enthalpy (ETE) values were calculated in gas, benzene, ethanol, and water phases to better understand the antioxidative properties of the investigated compounds. The results showed that in the gas and the solvent phases, the BDE and IP values of APG are slightly smaller than those of APG/B12N12 complex. Also, in gas and the phases, the PA values of APG/B12N12 complex are much smaller than those of APG especially in the gas and benzene phases. This work confirms the adsorption of APG on B12N12 nanocluster would enhance the antiradical activity of the APG.
Composites of Sb2O4 and Biomass‐Derived Mesoporous Disordered Carbon as Versatile Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dutta Dimple P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe quest for better electrode materials for sodium ion battery (SIB) with high specific capacity, good rate capability and cyclability continues to be the prime focus area of research for practical applications of this technology. In this regard, Sb2O4 with its high theoretical capacity of 1227 mAh g−1 can be an excellent anode material for SIB but its poor electrical conductivity and low reversibility resulting from severe volume expansion of the material, mars its prospects considerably. Here, an attempt is being made to circumvent these drawbacks by forming a composite of sonochemically derived Sb2O4 nanorods with mesoporous disordered carbon. The disordered carbon is synthesized from Indian blackberry seed biowaste which makes it a low‐cost material. The disordered carbon, pristine Sb2O4 nanorods and Sb2O4/ disordered carbon composite is characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy techniques. The porosity of the materials which plays an important role in sodium ion transport, is analyzed using Brunauer‐Emmett‐Taylor (BET) method. The electrochemical measurements confirm improvement in properties for the composite anode compared to its pristine counterparts. At a current density of 0.1 Ag−1, the Sb2O4/C anode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 935 mAh g−1 which indicates a retention of 97.8 % of the initial charge capacity after 125 cycles. Our studies demonstrate that the disordered carbon obtained from Indian blackberry seed, helps in increasing electrical conductivity and retaining structural integrity of the Sb2O4/C anode which enhances its electrochemical properties.
Die Orthoverbund‐Fahrbahnplatte
Authors: Jung Rolf , Mansperger Tobias 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBei Großbrücken spielt das Eigengewicht der Fahrbahnplatte eine sehr wichtige Rolle. Orthotrope Stahlfahrbahnplatten sind leicht, jedoch sehr ermüdungsanfällig. Deswegen werden orthotrope Platten heute nur noch in Ausnahmefällen geplant. Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatten von Verbundbrücken sind robust, jedoch für große Spannweiten zu schwer. Die Orthoverbundplatte kombiniert die Vorteile der orthotropen Fahrbahnplatte mit der Stahlbetonfahrbahnplatte von Verbundbrücken auf ideale Weise. Das Grundprinzip von leichten Verbundfahrbahnplatten existiert schon seit den 1930er‐Jahren und wurde bei einigen Großbrücken erfolgreich eigesetzt.Die Orthoverbundplatte besteht aus einer orthotropen Platte mit reduzierten Abmessungen und einer bewehrten Aufbetonschicht. Den Verbundmitteln kommt eine entscheidende Rolle zu. Sie müssen auf einer großen Fläche wirtschaftlich aufgebracht werden können und zugleich widerstandsfähig gegen Ermüdung sein. Bei aktuell in Planung befindlichen Bauvorhaben sind Kopfbolzendübel vorgesehen. Überlegungen und erste Versuche legen nah, dass Verbunddübelleisten besser geeignet sind.
Digesta retention time and recovery rates of ants and termites in Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla)
Authors: Sun Nick Ching‐Min , Lo Flora Hsuan‐Yi , Chen Bo‐Ye , Yu Hsuan‐Ya , Liang Chun‐Chieh , Lin Chung‐Chi , Chin Shih‐Chien , Li Hou‐Feng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPangolins are myrmecophagous mammals whose biology and ecology remain poorly studied. Termite mandibles and ant head capsules are the two primary remains found in pangolin feces. Determining the retention time of insect cuticles is important for understanding the digestive physiology of pangolins, while determining the recovery rate of termites and ants in feces is required to estimate the number of these prey items that are consumed by pangolins. In this study, the authors conducted feeding trials with captive Chinese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla). Sixty grams of the fungus‐growing termite Odontotermes formosanus (18,816 individuals) and 15–20 g of the yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (14,400–19,200 individuals) were fed to each pangolin. After feeding, pangolin feces were collected daily for 1 week. The authors also assessed the accuracy of using chromium (III) oxide powder (Cr2O3) as a proxy for determining gut passage time, as has been done in previous studies. The results showed that remaining termite mandibles and ant head capsules in feces peaked at 66 and 90 hr after feeding and their recovery rates were 0.35 ± 0.10 and 0.65 ± 0.04, respectively. In both feeding trials, the retention time of Cr2O3 was much shorter than that of the termite mandibles and ant head capsules, indicating that Cr2O3 is not an appropriate indicator for estimating food retention time of myrmecophagous animals. Our results revealed that the ant head capsules were preserved better in feces compared with the termite mandibles, suggesting that termites may be considerably underestimated in the feces of wild pangolins.
Norms of Responsible State Behaviour in Cyberspace
Authors: Meyer Paul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCyberspace has witnessed a ‘militarisation’ as a growing number of states engage in a variety of cyber operations directed against foreign entities. The rate of this militarisation has outstripped the diplomatic efforts undertaken to provide this unique environment with some ‘rules of the road’. The primary mechanism for discussing possible norms of responsible state behaviour has been a series of UN Groups of Governmental Experts, which have produced three consensus reports over the last decade. The 2015 report recommended a series of principles and confidence-building measures to prevent conf1lict, but prospects for its implementation have receded as differences amongst states persist over how security concepts should be applied to cyberspace. Renewed efforts to promote responsible state behaviour will require greater engagement on the part of the private sector and civil society, both of which have a huge stake in sustaining cyber peace.
Basic Concepts and Models of Cybersecurity
Authors: Herrmann Dominik , Pridöhl Henning 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis introductory chapter reviews the fundamental concepts of cybersecurity. It begins with common threats to information and systems to illustrate how matters of security can be addressed with methods from risk management. In the following, typical attack strategies and principles for defence are reviewed, followed by cryptographic techniques, malware and two common weaknesses in software: buffer overflows and SQL injections. Subsequently, selected topics from network security, namely reconnaissance, firewalls, Denial of Service attacks, and Network Intrusion Detection Systems, are analysed. Finally, the chapter reviews techniques for continuous testing, stressing the need for a free distribution of dual-use tools. Although introductory in nature, this chapter already addresses a number of ethical issues. For instance, well-intended security mechanisms may have undesired side effects such as leaking sensitive information to attackers. As asymmetries and externalities are at the core of many security problems, devising effective security solutions that are adopted in practice is a challenge.
Entanglement entropy and superselection sectors. Part I. Global symmetries
Authors: Casini Horacio , Huerta Marina , Magán Javier M. , Pontello Diego 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSome quantum field theories show, in a fundamental or an effective manner, an alternative between a loss of duality for algebras of operators corresponding to complementary regions, or a loss of additivity. In this latter case, the algebra contains some operator that is not generated locally, in the former, the entropies of complementary regions do not coincide. Typically, these features are related to the incompleteness of the operator content of the theory, or, in other words, to the existence of superselection sectors. We review some aspects of the mathematical literature on superselection sectors aiming attention to the physical picture and focusing on the consequences for entanglement entropy (EE). For purposes of clarity, the whole discussion is divided into two parts according to the superselection sectors classification: the present part I is devoted to superselection sectors arising from global symmetries, and the forthcoming part II will consider those arising from local symmetries. Under this perspective, here restricted to global symmetries, we study in detail different cases such as models with finite and Lie group symmetry as well as with spontaneous symmetry breaking or excited states. We illustrate the general results with simple examples. As an important application, we argue the features of holographic entanglement entropy correspond to a picture of an sub-theory with a large number of superselection sectors and suggest some ways in which this identification could be made more precise.
Non-linear supersymmetry and $$ T\overline{T} $$-like flows
Authors: Ferko Christian , Jiang Hongliang , Sethi Savdeep , Tartaglino-Mazzucchelli Gabriele 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of a supersymmetric two-dimensional theory preserves the original supersymmetry. Moreover, in several interesting cases the deformed theory possesses additional non-linearly realized supersymmetries. We show this for certain $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (2, 2) models in two dimensions, where we observe an intriguing similarity with known $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 models in four dimensions. This suggests that higher-dimensional models with non-linearly realized supersymmetries might also be obtained from $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

-like flow equations. We show that in four dimensions this is indeed the case for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 Born-Infeld theory, as well as for the Goldstino action for spontaneously broken $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetry.
Moderately HRT vs. CRT for localized prostate cancer using image-guided VMAT with SIB: evaluation of acute and late toxicities
Authors: Vassis Stratos , Nöldeke Beatrice , Christiansen Hans , von Klot Christoph A. , Merten Roland 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This retrospective study aims at investigating the effects of moderately hypofractionated radiation therapy (HRT) on acute and late toxicities as well as on early biochemical control and therapeutic efficiency compared to conventional radiation therapy (CRT) in prostate cancer.

Patients and methods
We analyzed 55 HRT patients irradiated with the total dose of 60 Gy in 20 fractions delivered over 4 weeks. These patients were compared to a control group of 55 patients who received CRT with a total of <78 Gy in 37–39 fractions delivered over circa 8 weeks. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was conducted using daily image-guided (cone beam CT) volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and a simultaneously integrated boost (SIB) for both groups to protect the rectum. Acute toxicities were evaluated according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5, whereas chronic toxicities were assessed in accordance with LENT-SOMA. Patient traits were compared by implementing t‑tests and Wilcoxon–Whitney tests for continuous variables, whereas discrete characteristics were evaluated by applying two-tailed Fisher’s exact tests. In addition, we calculated average treatment effects (ATE). Thereby, propensity score matching (PSM) based on nearest-neighbor matching considering age, comorbidities, and risk stratification as covariates was applied. The statistical analysis was conducted using Stata 14.2 (StataCorp LLC, TX, USA).

Results
As confirmed by the descriptive tests, the ATE revealed that the intensity and occurrence of urinary frequency (p = 0.034) and proctitis (p = 0.027) significantly decreased for the HRT group, whereas all other acute toxicities did not differ significantly between the HRT and CRT groups. For late toxicities, neither statistical tests nor ATE estimation showed significant differences. Also, no significant difference was found regarding the decrease in prostate specific antigen (PSA) after a median follow-up of 13 months (range 2–28 months), which indicates biochemical freedom from progression.

Conclusion
HRT offers several medical and economic advantages and should therefore be considered as a useful alternative to CRT.
Observer agreement for small bowel ultrasound in Crohn’s disease: results from the METRIC trial
Authors:   METRIC study investigators, Bhatnagar Gauraang , Quinn Laura , Higginson Antony , Plumb Andrew , Halligan Steve , Tolan Damian , Lapham Roger , Mallett Susan , Taylor Stuart A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To prospectively evaluate interobserver agreement for small bowel ultrasound (SBUS) in newly diagnosed and relapsing Crohn’s disease.

Methods
A subset of patients recruited to a prospective trial comparing the diagnostic accuracy of MR enterography and SBUS underwent a second SBUS performed by one of a pool of six practitioners, who recorded the presence, activity and location of small bowel and colonic disease. Detailed segmental mural and extra-mural observations were also scored. Interobserver variability was expressed as percentage agreement with a construct reference standard, split by patient cohort, grouping disease as present or absent. Prevalence adjusted bias adjusted kappa (PABAK), and simple percentage agreement between practitioners, irrespective of the reference standard, were calculated.

Results
Thirty-eight patients (11 new diagnosis, 27 relapse) were recruited from two sites. Overall percentage agreement for small bowel disease presence against the consensus reference was 82% (52–95% (95%CI)), kappa coefficient (κ) 0.64, (substantial agreement) for new diagnosis and 81%, κ 0.63 (substantial agreement) for the relapsing cohort. Agreement for colonic disease presence was 64%, κ 0.27 (fair agreement) in new diagnosis and 78%,κ 0.56 (moderate agreement) in the relapsing cohort. Simple agreement between practitioners was 84% and 87% for small bowel and colonic disease presence respectively. Practitioners agreed on small bowel disease activity in 24/27 (89%) where both identified disease. Kappa agreement for detailed mural observations ranged from κ 0.00 to 1.00.

Conclusion
There is substantial practitioner agreement for small bowel disease presence in newly diagnosed and relapsing CD patients, supporting wider dissemination of enteric US.
Partial oral antibiotic therapy is non-inferior to intravenous therapy in non-critically ill patients with infective endocarditis
Authors: Rezar Richard , Jirak Peter , Lichtenauer Michael , Jung Christian , Lauten Alexander , Hoppe Uta C. , Wernly Bernhard 
Published: February 2020

Summary
Background
Antimicrobial therapy is a cornerstone in the treatment of infective endocarditis (IE). Typically, intravenous (i.v.) therapy is given for 6 weeks or longer, leading to prolonged hospital stays and high costs. Several trials evaluating the efficacy of partial oral therapy (POT) have been published. This article aimed to review and meta-analyze studies comparing i.v. therapy versus POT in non-critically ill patients suffering from IE.

Methods
A structured database search (based on PRISMA guidelines) regarding POT versus i.v. therapy in IE was conducted using PubMed/Medline. Primary endpoint was all-cause mortality and a secondary endpoint IE relapse. Risk rates were calculated using a random effects model (DerSimonian and Laird). Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistics.

Results
After screening 1848 studies at title and abstract levels, 4 studies were included. A total of 765 patients suffered from primary left-sided IE, whereas right-sided IE was observed in 72 patients. Mortality rates were lower in POT versus i.v. therapy (risk ratio [RR] 0.38, 95% confidence interval, confidence interval [CI] 0.20–0.74; p = 0.004; I2 0%). IE relapse rates were similar (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.29–1.37; p = 0.24; I2 0%).

Conclusion
Data comparing POT with standard care in IE is limited and to date only one sufficiently powered stand-alone trial exists to support its use. In this meta-analysis POT was non-inferior to i.v. therapy with respect to mortality and IE relapse in non-critically ill patients suffering from both left-sided and right-sided IE. These findings indicate that POT is a feasible treatment strategy in selected patients suffering from IE but further validation in future studies will be required.
Malas notches
Authors: Lockwood Ben 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper shows that the sufficient statistic approach to the welfare properties of income (and other) taxes does not easily extend to tax systems with notches, because with notches, changes in bunching induced by changes in tax rates have a first-order effect on tax revenues. In an income tax setting, we show that the marginal excess burden (MEB) of a change in the top rate of tax is given by the Feldstein (Rev Econ Stat 81(4):674–680, 1999) formula for the MEB of a proportional tax, plus a correction term. This formula applies even if there is tax evasion. These correction terms cannot be calculated just from knowledge of the elasticity of taxable income, and quantitatively, they can be large. An application to VAT is discussed; with a calibration to UK data, the MEB of the VAT is roughly three times what it would be if VAT was simply a proportional tax.
Time delay of the qCON monitor and its performance during state transitions
Authors: Zanner Robert , Schneider Gerhard , Meyer Adrian , Kochs Eberhard , Kreuzer Matthias 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigated the performance of the qCON index regarding its time delay for sudden changes in the anesthetic level as well as to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness during loss and return of responsiveness (LOR and ROR). For evaluation of the time delay, we replayed relevant EEG episodes to the qCON to simulate sudden changes between the states (i) awake/sedation, (ii) adequate anesthesia, or (iii) suppression. We also replayed EEG from 40 patients during LOR and ROR to evaluate the qCON’s ability to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness. The time delays depended on the type of transition. The delays for the important transition between awake/sedation and adequate anesthesia were 21(5) s from awake/sedation to adequate anesthesia and 26(5) s in the other direction. The performance of the qCON to separate responsiveness from unresponsiveness depended on signal quality, the investigation window, i.e. ± 30 s or ± 60 s around LOR/ROR, and the specific transition being tested. AUC was 0.63–0.90 for LOR and 0.61–0.79 for ROR. Time delay and performance during state transitions of the qCON were similar to other monitoring systems such as bispectral index. The better performance of qCON during LOR than ROR probably reflects the sudden change in EEG activity during LOR and the more heterogeneous EEG during ROR.
Regulatory mechanisms of ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channel revealed by recent advancements in structural studies
Authors: Ogawa Haruo , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Yamazawa Toshiko , Murayama Takashi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRyanodine receptors (RyRs) are huge homotetrameric Ca2+release channels localized to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. RyRs are responsible for the release of Ca2+from the SR during excitation–contraction coupling in striated muscle cells. Recent revolutionary advancements in cryo-electron microscopy have provided a number of near-atomic structures of RyRs, which have enabled us to better understand the architecture of RyRs. Thus, we are now in a new era understanding the gating, regulatory and disease-causing mechanisms of RyRs. Here we review recent advances in the elucidation of the structures of RyRs, especially RyR1 in skeletal muscle, and their mechanisms of regulation by small molecules, associated proteins and disease-causing mutations.
New methods of spatial analysis in urban gardens inform future vegetation surveying
Authors: Egerer Monika H. , Wagner Benjamin , Lin Brenda B. , Kendal Dave , Zhu Kai 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContextLand use change requires measuring shifting patterns in biodiversity at various spatial scales to inform landscape management. Assessing vegetation change at different scales is challenging in urban ecosystems managed by many individuals. Thus, we do not know much about the structure and function of green spaces that support biodiversity.ObjectiveWe aim to understand how vegetation structure and function indicators in urban community gardens vary with spatial scale, applying new and traditional methods in landscape ecology to inform future research and application.MethodsWe performed two methods to assess garden vegetation structure (height) and function (species diversity, cover) at the garden- and garden plot scale. First, we used traditional field sampling to estimate garden vegetation at the garden scale (1 m2quadrats along transects) and at the plot scale (estimated within entire plot) to measure height, diversity and cover. Second, we used UAV aerial imagery to derive measures of garden and plot vegetation using canopy height models (CHMs). We evaluated differences in CHMs at each scale across the gardens, and compared field and UAV-derived measures.ResultsGarden vegetation characteristics vary with spatial scale. Plant species richness and vegetation cover, but not height, related to UAV-derived imagery.ConclusionsNew technologies paired with traditional field methods can together inform how vegetation structure and function vary with spatial scale in urban landscapes. Spatial scale is key to accurate and meaningful urban vegetation analyses. New and traditional methods in urban ecology research should develop together to improve and streamline their future application.