bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone density and frame size in adult women: Effects of body size, habitual use, and life history
Authors: Lee Katharine M. N. , Rogers‐LaVanne Mary P. , Galbarczyk Andrzej , Jasienska Grazyna , Clancy Kathryn B. H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveBone mineral density (BMD) and frame size are important predictors of future bone health, with smaller frame size and lower BMD associated with higher risk of later fragility fractures. We test the effects of body size, habitual use, and life history on frame size and cortical BMD of the radius and tibia in sample of healthy adult premenopausal women.MethodsWe used anthropometry and life history data from 123 women (age 18‐46) from rural Poland. Standard techniques were used to measure height, weight, and body fat. Life history factors were recorded using surveys. Grip strength was measured as a proxy for habitual activity, wrist breadth for skeletal frame size. Cortical BMD was measured at the one‐third distal point of the radius and mid‐point of the tibia using quantitative ultrasound (reported as speed of sound, SoS).ResultsRadial SoS was high (meant‐score 3.2 ± 1.6), but tibia SoS was average (meant‐score 0.35 ± 1.17). SoS was not associated with age, although wrist breadth was positively associated with age after adjusting for height. Radius SoS was not associated with measures of body size, habitual use, or life history factors. Wrist breadth was associated with body size (p < .05 for all), lean mass, and grip strength. Tibia SoS was associated with height. Life history factors were not associated with frame size or cortical SoS.ConclusionsHabitual use and overall body size are more strongly associated with frame size and cortical SoS than life history factors in this sample of healthy adult women.
Evaluation of the auricular surface method for subadult sex estimation on Italian modern (19th to 20th century) identified skeletal collections
Authors: Marino Roberta , Tanganelli Viola , Pietrobelli Annalisa , Belcastro Maria Giovanna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesSex estimation in subadult skeletal remains is still considered highly problematic. The aim of this research is to test the reliability of the method of subadult sex assessment proposed by Luna and co‐workers in 2017, based on the analysis of the auricular surface of the ilium.Materials and MethodsSeven ratios and three morphological traits were recorded for 127 subadult individuals (63 males and 64 females), aged between 0 and 17 years, from several Identified Skeletal Collections of the University of Bologna. Nonparametric Mann Whitney test, Kolmogorov Smirnov test, and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used for continuous variables, whereas the Cramer Coefficient was calculated for qualitative variable. A principal component analysis was also performed on ratio values. The statistic ƞ was taken into account for both types of variables.ResultsNone of the ratios presented significant dimorphic results. Two qualitative variables show statistically significant differences between sexes. The overall morphology proved to be an accurate sex predictor among children aged ≥4 years (78%–86%) and meets the minimum accuracy standard (75%) for subadult sex estimation for individuals between 1 and 17 years of age. The morphology of the retroauricular end of the superior demiface (MRS) can be used with a high level of accuracy for sexing individuals from 1 to 12 years (77%–81%).ConclusionsThe metric variables did not replicate the accuracy values originally obtained by Luna and co‐workers. Otherwise, the evaluation of the morphological variables proposed by the authors yielded promising results as a reliable sexing technique for individuals who died before puberty.
Lesion Age Imaging in Acute Stroke: Water Uptake in CT Versus DWI‐FLAIR Mismatch
Authors: Broocks Gabriel , Leischner Hannes , Hanning Uta , Flottmann Fabian , Faizy Tobias D. , Schön Gerhard , Sporns Peter , Thomalla Götz , Kamalian Shahmir , Lev Michael H. , Fiehler Jens , Kemmling Andre 
Published: September 2020

PurposeIn acute ischemic stroke with unknown time of onset, magnetic resonance (MR)‐based diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) estimates lesion age to guide intravenous thrombolysis. Computed tomography (CT)‐based quantitative net water uptake (NWU) may be a potential alternative. The purpose of this study was to directly compare CT‐based NWU to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at identifying patients with lesion age < 4.5 hours from symptom onset.MethodsFifty patients with acute anterior circulation stroke were analyzed with both imaging modalities at admission between 0.5 and 8.0 hours after known symptom onset. DWI‐FLAIR lesion mismatch was rated and NWU was measured in admission CT. An established NWU threshold (11.5%) was used to classify patients within and beyond 4.5 hours. Multiparametric MRI signal was compared with NWU using logistic regression analyses. The empirical distribution of NWU was analyzed in a consecutive cohort of patients with wake‐up stroke.ResultsThe median time between CT and MRI was 35 minutes (interquartile range [IQR] = 24–50). The accuracy of DWI‐FLAIR mismatch was 68.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 53.7–81.3%) with a sensitivity of 58% and specificity of 82%. The accuracy of NWU threshold was 86.0% (95% CI = 73.3–94.2%) with a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 78%. The area under the curve (AUC) of multiparametric MRI signal to classify lesion age <4.5 hours was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.64–0.97), and the AUC of quantitative NWU was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.78–0.98). Among 87 patients with wake‐up stroke, 46 patients (53%) showed low NWU (< 11.5%).ConclusionThe predictive power of CT‐based lesion water imaging to identify patients within the time window of thrombolysis was comparable to multiparametric DWI‐FLAIR MRI. A significant proportion of patients with wake‐up stroke exhibit low NWU and may therefore be potentially suitable for thrombolysis. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:1144–1152
Thermodynamics and Phase Transition of Topological Dilatonic Lifshitz‐Like Black Holes
Authors: Hendi Seyed Hossein , Azari Fereshteh , Rahimi Ebrahim , Elahi Mina , Owjifard Zahra , Armanfard Zahra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is known that scalar‐tensor gravity models can be studied in Einstein and Jordan frames. In this paper, a model of scalar‐tensor gravity in Einstein's frame is considered to calculate the Lifshitz‐like black hole solutions with different horizon topologies. Thermodynamic properties and first order van der Waals‐like phase transition are studied, and it is found that the Lifshitz parameter affects the phase structure. In addition, thermal stability is investigated by using the behavior of heat capacity and various methods of geometrical thermodynamics.
Recent Advances in Spatial Self‐Phase Modulation with 2D Materials and its Applications
Authors: Liao Yunlong , Song Chunmei , Xiang Yuanjiang , Dai Xiaoyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn recent years, spatial self‐phase modulation (SSPM) with two‐dimensional (2D) materials has attracted the attention of many researchers as an emerging and ubiquitous nonlinear optical effect. In this review, the state of the art of 2D material‐based SSPM is summarized. SSPM measures or tunes the nonlinearity of 2D materials, and it is also an effective approach to study the band structure of 2D materials. Several modified forms of SSPM, such as high‐order, white‐light‐excited, vector field excited, and optically nonlinearly enhanced SSPM are also presented. Subsequently, the physical origin of the SSPM formation mechanism is compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the applications of SSPM with 2D materials, including passive photonic devices, generation of Bessel beams, and identifying the mode of the orbital angular momentum, are listed. Finally, several urgent problems of the SSPM with 2D materials, potential applications, and prospects for future development are presented.
Modulating Single‐Atom Palladium Sites with Copper for Enhanced Ambient Ammonia Electrosynthesis
Authors: Han Lili , Ren Zhouhong , Ou Pengfei , Cheng Hao , Rui Ning , Lin Lili , Liu Xijun , Zhuo Longchao , Song Jun , Sun Jiaqiang , Luo Jun , Xin Huolin L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe electrochemical reduction of N2 to NH3 is emerging as a promising alternative for sustainable and distributed production of NH3. However, the development has been impeded by difficulties in N2 adsorption, protonation of *NN, and inhibition of competing hydrogen evolution. To address the issues, we design a catalyst with diatomic Pd‐Cu sites on N‐doped carbon by modulation of single‐atom Pd sites with Cu. The introduction of Cu not only shifts the partial density of states of Pd toward the Fermi level but also promotes the d‐2π* coupling between Pd and adsorbed N2, leading to enhanced chemisorption and activated protonation of N2, and suppressed hydrogen evolution. As a result, the catalyst achieves a high Faradaic efficiency of 24.8±0.8 % and a desirable NH3 yield rate of 69.2±2.5 μg h−1 mgcat.−1, far outperforming the individual single‐atom Pd catalyst. This work paves a pathway of engineering single‐atom‐based electrocatalysts for enhanced ammonia electrosynthesis.
Bandgap Engineering of Hydroxy‐Functionalized Borophene for Superior Photo‐Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Wang Xin , Liang Junwu , You Qi , Zhu Jiaqi , Fang Feier , Xiang Yuanjiang , Song Jun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) semiconducting boron nanosheets (few‐layer borophene) have been theoretically predicted, but their band gap tunability has not been experimentally confirmed. In this study, hydroxy‐functionalized borophene (borophene‐OH) with tunable band gap was fabricated by liquid‐phase exfoliation using 2‐butanol solvent. Surface‐energy matching between boron and 2‐butanol produced smooth borophene, and the exposed unsaturated B sites generated by B−B bond breaking during exfoliation coordinated with OH groups to form semiconducting borophene‐OH, enabling a tunable band gap of 0.65–2.10 eV by varying its thickness. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) measurements demonstrated that the use of borophene‐OH to fabricate working electrodes for PEC‐type photodetectors significantly enhanced the photocurrent density (5.0 μA cm−2) and photoresponsivity (58.5 μA W−1) compared with other 2D monoelemental materials. Thus, borophene‐OH is a promising semiconductor with great optoelectronic potential.
Fortified Coiled Coils: Enhancing Mechanical Stability with Lactam or Metal Staples
Authors: López‐García Patricia , de Araujo Aline D. , Bergues‐Pupo Ana E. , Tunn Isabell , Fairlie David P. , Blank Kerstin G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoiled coils (CCs) are powerful supramolecular building blocks for biomimetic materials, increasingly used for their mechanical properties. Here, we introduce helix‐inducing macrocyclic constraints, so‐called staples, to tune thermodynamic and mechanical stability of CCs. We show that thermodynamic stabilization of CCs against helix uncoiling primarily depends on the number of staples, whereas staple positioning controls CC mechanical stability. Inserting a covalent lactam staple at one key force application point significantly increases the barrier to force‐induced CC dissociation and reduces structural deformity. A reversible His‐Ni2+‐His metal staple also increases CC stability, but ruptures upon mechanical loading to allow helix uncoiling. Staple type, position and number are key design parameters in using helical macrocyclic templates for fine‐tuning CC properties in emerging biomaterials.
Activity‐Based NIR Enzyme Fluorescent Probes for the Diagnosis of Tumors and Image‐Guided Surgery
Authors: Li Haidong , Kim Dayeh , Yao Qichao , Ge Haoying , Chung Jeewon , Fan Jiangli , Wang Jingyun , Peng Xiaojun , Yoon Juyoung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) activatable fluorescent probes have been considered to be the effective edge tools for the investigation of cell biology and disease diagnosis because of their outstanding advantages. Related genes involved in tumor genesis and progression regulate the overexpression of certain enzymes. Owing to the distinctive characteristics of quick reaction time and favorable pharmacokinetics, enzyme‐reactive NIR optical probes have shown great potential in the diagnosis of tumorigenesis and in image‐guided intraoperative surgeries with high signal‐to‐noise ratios. In this review, we mainly summarize the latest advancements in enzyme‐reactive NIR fluorescent probes from design strategy to biomedical application. Specifically, some challenges and prospects in this field are presented at the end of the review, which will be beneficial to innovatively construct new multifunctional fluorescent probes and actively promote their clinical transformation in the future.
Synthetic Biology Driven Biosynthesis of Unnatural Tropolone Sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Schotte Carsten , Li Lei , Wibberg Daniel , Kalinowski Jörn , Cox Russell J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTropolone sesquiterpenoids (TS) are an intriguing family of biologically active fungal meroterpenoids that arise through a unique intermolecular hetero Diels–Alder (hDA) reaction between humulene and tropolones. Here, we report on the combinatorial biosynthesis of a series of unprecedented analogs of the TS pycnidione 1 and xenovulene A 2. In a systematic synthetic biology driven approach, we recombined genes from three TS biosynthetic gene clusters (pycnidione 1, xenovulene A 2 and eupenifeldin 3) in the fungal host Aspergillus oryzae NSAR1. Rational design of the reconstituted pathways granted control over the number of hDA reactions taking place, the chemical nature of the fused polyketide moiety (tropolono‐ vs. monobenzo‐pyranyl) and the degree of hydroxylation. Formation of unexpected monobenzopyranyl sesquiterpenoids was investigated using isotope‐feeding studies to reveal a new and highly unusual oxidative ring contraction rearrangement.
The 2‐Pyridyl Problem: Challenging Nucleophiles in Cross‐Coupling Arylations
Authors: Cook Xinlan A. F. , de Gombert Antoine , McKnight Janette , Pantaine Loïc R. E. , Willis Michael C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAzine‐containing biaryls are ubiquitous scaffolds in many areas of chemistry, and efficient methods for their synthesis are continually desired. Pyridine rings are prominent amongst these motifs. Transition‐metal‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions have been widely used for their synthesis and functionalisation as they often provide a swift and tuneable route to related biaryl scaffolds. However, 2‐pyridine organometallics are capricious coupling partners and 2‐pyridyl boron reagents in particular are notorious for their instability and poor reactivity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions. The synthesis of pyridine‐containing biaryls is therefore limited, and methods for the formation of unsymmetrical 2,2′‐bis‐pyridines are scarce. This Review focuses on the methods developed for the challenging coupling of 2‐pyridine nucleophiles with (hetero)aryl electrophiles, and ranges from traditional cross‐coupling processes to alternative nucleophilic reagents and novel main group approaches.
Zwitterionic Polydopamine Engineered Interface for In Vivo Sensing with High Biocompatibility
Authors: Feng Taotao , Ji Wenliang , Zhang Yue , Wu Fei , Tang Qiao , Wei Huan , Mao Lanqun , Zhang Meining 
Published: September 2020

AbstractElectrochemical sensing performance is often compromised by electrode biofouling (e.g., proteins nonspecific binding) in complex biological fluids; however, the design and construction of a robust biointerface remains a great challenge. Herein, inspired by nature, we demonstrate a robust polydopamine‐engineered biointerfacing, to tailing zwitterionic molecules (i.e., sulfobetaine methacrylate, SBMA) through Michael Addition. The SBMA‐PDA biointerface can resist proteins nonspecific binding in complex biological fluids while enhancing interfacial electron transfer and electrochemical stability of the electrode. In addition, this sensing interface can be integrated with tissue‐implantable electrode for in vivo analysis with improved sensing performance, preserving ca. 92.0% of the initial sensitivity after 2 h of implantation in brain tissue, showing low acute neuroinflammatory responses and good stability both in normal and in Parkinson′s disease (PD) rat brain tissue.
A new measure of treatment effect in clinical trials involving competing risks based on generalized pairwise comparisons
Authors: Cantagallo Eva , De Backer Mickaël , Kicinski Michal , Ozenne Brice , Collette Laurence , Legrand Catherine , Buyse Marc , Péron Julien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn survival analysis with competing risks, the treatment effect is typically expressed using cause‐specific or subdistribution hazard ratios, both relying on proportional hazards assumptions. This paper proposes a nonparametric approach to analyze competing risks data based on generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC). GPC estimate the net benefit, defined as the probability that a patient from the treatment group has a better outcome than a patient from the control group minus the probability of the opposite situation, by comparing all pairs of patients taking one patient from each group. GPC allow using clinically relevant thresholds and simultaneously analyzing multiple prioritized endpoints. We show that under proportional subdistribution hazards, the net benefit for competing risks settings can be expressed as a decreasing function of the subdistribution hazard ratio, taking a value 0 when the latter equals 1. We propose four net benefit estimators dealing differently with censoring. Among them, the Péron estimator uses the Aalen–Johansen estimator of the cumulative incidence functions to classify the pairs for which the patient with the best outcome could not be determined due to censoring. We use simulations to study the bias of these estimators and the size and power of the tests based on the net benefit. The Péron estimator was approximately unbiased when the sample size was large and the censoring distribution's support sufficiently wide. With one endpoint, our approach showed a comparable power to a proportional subdistribution hazards model even under proportional subdistribution hazards. An application of the methodology in oncology is provided.
Dynamic disk B‐spline curves
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wu Zhongke , Wang Xingce 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA disk B‐spline curve (DBSC) is an extension of a B‐spline curve and is used to represent a two‐dimensional (2D) region. DBSC is a useful 2D geometric representation and is widely applied in the 2D art design area, such as computer calligraphy, 2D computer animation, and nonphotorealistic rendering. To enhance the flexibility of DBSC, in this article, we propose a physics‐based generalization of DBSC–dynamic DBSC (D‐DBSC), which extends the traditional DBSC in the time domain. We give the mathematical expression of D‐DBSC and prove its several mathematical properties. We derive the motion equations of D‐DBSC based on Lagrangian mechanics and investigate the motion equations when it is under linear geometric constraints. Last, a D‐DBSC physical simulation system based on finite difference method is presented.
Self‐determination, clean conscience, or social pressure? Underlying motivations for organic food consumption among young millennials
Authors: Sahelices‐Pinto César , Lanero‐Carrizo Ana , Vázquez‐Burguete José Luis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe present world has led in individuals to become ever more interested in the consumption of organic food. Accordingly, companies are incorporating these worries in their managerial decisions by paying special attention to market segmentation. In this context, a relevant target audience is that conformed by young Millennials, a group defined by its growing purchase power, its intense influence on societies, but also by its inconsistency in terms of pro‐environmental behaviors. In order to understand the mechanisms that rule the human behavior, motivations emerge as fair predictors of sustainable products consumption. Therefore, the present study aims at analyzing the motivations that stimulate young Millennials to purchase organic food. Hence, it was conducted a survey study with a total sample of 378 college students. Afterwards, once executed a cluster analysis, four differentiated groups were highlighted:amotivated(23.02%), who have no intention to perform any sort of organic purchase;socially‐influenced(24.34%), motivated to purchase organic due to social acceptance;self‐determined(25.92%), mainly autonomous in their organic food consumption; andconscience‐affected(26.72%), who behave organic for self‐esteem. Although data reveal the existence of an overall organic concern among the sample, onlyself‐determinedindividuals may be prone to maintain their behaviors among time since the intrinsic motivation they show is higher than that of the other groups. These findings are of undeniable interest. The study of the motivational system of young Millennials will allow companies in the organic food sector to adjust their offer to the relevant target and achieve an enduring organic consumption.
Predicting who benefits from mitral valve percutaneous repair: It's not just the valve
Authors: Anuwatworn Amornpol , Bailey Steven R. 
Published: September 2020

Key Points
Patient adverse events are more frequent in those who do not have left ventricular negative remodeling (LVNR).
Baseline severity of tricuspid regurgitation predicts less likelihood of LV remodeling.
Why women are more likely to have LVNR is unexplained.
Lipoma of the nasal septum: A case report
Authors: Jahandideh Hesam , Dehghani Firouzabadi Fatemeh , Dehghani Firouzabadi Mohammad , Jan Delaram , Roomiani Maryam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEven routine diagnoses, such as septal deviation, which most people do not think need imaging, require careful examination because rare diagnoses such as lipoma may occur in the nose. Careful examination and imaging lead to the best treatment.
Rambutan‐like hierarchically porous carbon microsphere as electrode material for high‐performance supercapacitors
Authors: Shao Chunfeng , Qiu Shujun , Wu Guiming , Cui Boyang , Chu Hailiang , Zou Yongjin , Xiang Cuili , Xu Fen , Sun Lixian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUsed as high‐performance electrodes, both structural and compositional alterations of carbon materials play very important roles in energy conversion/storage devices. Especially in supercapacitors, hierarchical pores and heteroatom doping in carbon materials are indispensable. Here the rambutan‐like hierarchically porous carbon microspheres (PCMs) have been constructed via a hydrothermal treatment, followed by carbonization/activation. The hierarchically porous microstructure is composed of three‐dimensional porous carbon networks, which give rise to a large surface area. Moreover, N and O functional groups are introduced in the as‐prepared samples, which could generate the extra pseudocapacitance. Benefitting from the interconnected hierarchical and open structure, PCM exhibits outstanding capacitive performance, for example, superior specific capacitance and rate capability (397 and 288 F g−1 at 0.5 and 20 A g−1, respectively), as well as long cycling stability (about 95% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles). These encouraging results may pave an efficient way to fabricate advanced supercapacitors in the future.