bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial Diversity of Co-occurring Heterotrophs in Cultures of Marine Picocyanobacteria
Authors: Kearney Sean M. , Thomas Elaina , Coe Allison , Chisholm Sallie W. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTProchlorococcusandSynechococcusare responsible for around 10% of global net primary productivity, serving as part of the foundation of marine food webs. Heterotrophic bacteria are often co-isolated with these picocyanobacteria in seawater enrichment cultures that contain no added organic carbon; heterotrophs grow on organic carbon supplied by the photolithoautotrophs. We have maintained these cultures ofProchlorococcusandSynechococcusfor 100s to 1000s of generations; they represent ideal microcosms for examining the selective pressures shaping autotroph/heterotroph interactions. Here we examine the diversity of heterotrophs in 74 enrichment cultures of these picocyanobacteria obtained from diverse areas of the global oceans. Heterotroph community composition differed between clades and ecotypes of the autotrophic ‘hosts’ but there was significant overlap in heterotroph community composition. Differences were associated with timing, location, depth, and methods of isolation, suggesting the particular conditions surrounding isolation have a persistent effect on long-term culture composition. The majority of heterotrophs in the cultures are rare in the global ocean; enrichment conditions favor the opportunistic outgrowth of these rare bacteria. We did find a few examples, such as heterotrophs in the family Rhodobacteraceae, that are ubiquitous and abundant in cultures and in the global oceans; their abundance in the wild is also positively correlated with that of picocyanobacteria. Collectively, the cultures converged on similar compositions, likely from bottlenecking and selection that happens during the early stages of enrichment for the picocyanobacteria. We highlight the potential for examining ecologically relevant relationships by identifying patterns of distribution of culture-enriched organisms in the global oceans.IMPORTANCEOne of the biggest challenges in marine microbial ecology is to begin to understand the rules that govern the self-assembly of these complex communities. The picocyanobacteriaProchlorococcusandSynechococcuscomprise the most numerous photosynthetic organisms in the sea and supply a significant fraction of the organic carbon that feeds diverse heterotrophic microbes. When initially isolated into cultures,ProchlorococcusandSynechococcuscarry with them select heterotrophic microorganisms that depend on them for organic carbon. The cultures self-assemble into stable communities of diverse microorganisms and are microcosms for understanding microbial interdependencies. Primarily faster-growing, relatively rare, copiotrophic heterotrophic bacteria – as opposed to oligotrophic bacteria that are abundant in picocyanobacterial habitats – are selected for in these cultures, suggesting that these copiotrophs experience these cultures as they would high carbon fluxes associated with particles, phycospheres of larger cells, or actual attachment to picocyanobacteria in the wild.
The S1 protein of SARS-CoV-2 crosses the blood-brain barrier: Kinetics, distribution, mechanisms, and influence of ApoE genotype, sex, and inflammation
Authors: Rhea Elizabeth M. , Logsdon Aric F. , Hansen Kim M. , Williams Lindsey , Reed May , Baumann Kristen , Holden Sarah , Raber Jacob , Banks William A. , Erickson Michelle A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEvidence strongly suggests that SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, can enter the brain. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via the S1 subunit of its spike protein, and S1 can be used as a proxy for the uptake patterns and mechanisms used by the whole virus; unlike studies based on productive infection, viral proteins can be used to precisely determine pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Here, we found that radioiodinated S1 (I-S1) readily crossed the murine blood-brain barrier (BBB). I-S1 from two commercial sources crossed the BBB with unidirectional influx constants of 0.287 ± 0.024 μL/g-min and 0.294 ± 0.032 μL/g-min and was also taken up by lung, spleen, kidney, and liver. I-S1 was uniformly taken up by all regions of the brain and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide reduced uptake in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb. I-S1 crossed the BBB completely to enter the parenchymal brain space, with smaller amounts retained by brain endothelial cells and the luminal surface. Studies on the mechanisms of transport indicated that I-S1 crosses the BBB by the mechanism of adsorptive transcytosis and that the murine ACE2 receptor is involved in brain and lung uptake, but not that by kidney, liver, or spleen. I-S1 entered brain after intranasal administration at about 1/10ththe amount found after intravenous administration and about 0.66% of the intranasal dose entered blood. ApoE isoform or sex did not affect whole brain uptake, but had variable effects on olfactory bulb, liver, spleen, and kidney uptakes. In summary, I-S1 readily crosses the murine BBB, entering all brain regions and the peripheral tissues studied, likely by the mechanism of adsorptive transcytosis.Graphical Abstract
PhyloBrain atlas: a cortical brain MRI atlas following a phylogenetic approach
Authors: Zhernovaia M , Dadar M , Mahmoud S. , Zeighami Y , Maranzano  
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTCortical atlases constitute a consistent division of the human cortex into areas that have common structural as well as meaningful and distinctive functional characteristics. The most widely used atlases follow the cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic characteristics of the cortex and have been combined to the standard anatomical nomenclature of gyri and sulci. More recently, common functional features depicted by resting state functional MRI have also guided the division of the cortical brain in functional regions of interest. However, to date, there are no atlases that divide the cortex considering the common evolutionary changes experienced by the mammalian cortex.Hence, the present study proposes the division of cortical areas into five main regions of interest (ROIs) following a phylogenetic approach: 1- archicortex, 2- paleocortex, 3- peri-archicortex, 4- proisocortex, 5-neocortex, and twelve neocortical sub-ROIs: 5.1.temporopolar, 5.2.post-central, 5.3.pre-central, 5.4.pericalcarine, 5.5.superior temporal, 5.6.middle temporal, 5.7.precuneus, 5.8.insular, 5.9.inferior parietal, 5.10.caudal anterior, 5.11.posterior cingulate, and 5.12.lingual gyrus.The segmentations were done using the T1-weighted MNI-ICBM152 non-linear 6th generation symmetric average brain MRI model.
The actin nucleation factors JMY and WHAMM enable a rapid p53-dependent pathway of apoptosis
Authors: King Virginia L. , Leclair Nathan K. , Campellone Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton is a well-known player in most vital cellular processes, but comparably little is understood about how the actin assembly machinery impacts programmed cell death pathways. In the current study, we explored roles for the humanWiskott-AldrichSyndromeProtein (WASP) family of actin nucleation factors in DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Inactivation of each WASP-family gene revealed that two,JMYandWHAMM, are required for rapid apoptotic responses. JMY and WHAMM enable p53-dependent cell death by enhancing mitochondrial permeabilization, initiator caspase cleavage, and executioner caspase activation. The loss of JMY additionally results in significant changes in gene expression, including upregulation of the small G-protein RhoD. Depletion or deletion ofRHODincreases cell death, suggesting that RhoD normally plays a key role in cell survival. These results give rise to a model in which JMY and WHAMM promote intrinsic cell death responses that can be opposed by RhoD.Author SummaryThe actin cytoskeleton is a collection of protein polymers that assemble and disassemble within cells at specific times and locations. Cytoskeletal regulators called nucleation-promoting factors ensure that actin polymerizes when and where it is needed, and many of these factors are members of theWiskott-AldrichSyndromeProtein (WASP) family. Humans express 8 WASP-family proteins, but whether the different factors function in programmed cell death pathways is not well understood. In this study, we explored roles for each WASP-family member in apoptosis and found that a subfamily consisting of JMY and WHAMM are critical for a rapid pathway of cell death. Furthermore, the loss of JMY results in changes in gene expression, including a dramatic upregulation of the small G-protein RhoD, which appears to be crucial for cell survival. Collectively, our results point to the importance of JMY and WHAMM in driving intrinsic cell death responses plus a distinct function for RhoD in maintaining cell viability.
Are the upper bounds for new SARS-CoV-2 infections in Germany useful?
Authors: Bock Wolfgang , Götz Thomas , Jayathunga Yashika , Rockenfeller Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAt the end of 2019, an outbreak of a new coronavirus, called SARS–CoV–2, was reported in China and later in other parts of the world. First infections were reported in Germany by the end of January and on March 16th the federal government announced a partial lockdown in order to mitigate the spread. Since the dynamics of new infections started to slow down, German states started to relax the confinement measures as to the beginning of May. As a fall back option, a limit of 50 new infections per 100,000 inhabitants within seven days was introduced for each city or district in Germany. If a district exceeds this limit, measures to control the spread of the virus should be taken. Based on a multi– patch SEAIRD–type model, we will simulate the effect of choosing a specific upper limit for new infections. We investigate, whether the politically motivated bound is low enough to detect new outbreaks at an early stage. Subsequently, we introduce an optimal control problem to tackle the multi–criteria problem of finding a bound for new infections that is low enough to avoid new outbreaks, which might lead to an overload of the health care system, but is large enough to curb the expected economic losses.
What prevent you from stepping into the entrepreneurship? Evidence from Chinese makers
Authors: Liu Xinmin , Zhang Yanan , Fan Liu 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
This study aims to investigate the influence of three key categories of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles (perceived loss of financial resources, perceived loss of customer demand and perceived loss of social support) on entrepreneurial behavior tendency through fear of failure and negative emotion to shed light on why Chinese entrepreneurship has fallen into a decline from the individual level.

Design/methodology/approach
A sample of 256 Chinese makers who were achieving their innovative ideas in makerspaces was used to test the research model. Then, the structural equation modeling was adopted for data analysis.

Findings
The results indicate that fear of failure is the strongest psychological barrier to entrepreneurial behavior tendency and the strongest trigger for negative emotion; both negative emotion and fear of failure are affected by entrepreneurial obstacles of perceived loss of financial resources and perceived loss of social support. However, perceived loss of customer demand is not the inducement for both fear of failure and negative emotion.

Originality/value
This study adopts stressor-strain-outcome framework in studying entrepreneurship to help understand what prevent potential entrepreneurs from stepping into entrepreneurship. In addition, this study offers a new insight into entrepreneurship by emphasizing the decisive impact of inhibitive factors on personal entrepreneurship.
Developments in the UK road transport from a smart cities perspective
Authors: Suresh Subashini , Renukappa Suresh , Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Rashid , Paloo Yogeswary , Jallow Haddy 
Published: July 2020

PurposeA smart city is a city that functions in a sustainable and intelligent way, by integrating all of its infrastructures and services in a cohesive way using intelligent devices for monitoring and control, to ensure efficiency and better quality of life for its citizens. As other countries globally, the UK is keen on economic development and investment in smart-city missions to create interest in monetary environment and inward investment. This paper aims to explore the driving forces of smart road transport transformation and implementation in the UK.Design/methodology/approachThe study involved interviews with 16 professionals from the UK road transport sector. A semi-structured interview technique was used to collect experts' perception, which was then examined using content analysis.FindingsThe results of the study revealed that the technological advancement is a key driver. The main challenges faced during the implementation of smart-city elements in the UK road network are lack of investment, maintenance, state of readiness and the awareness of the smart road transport concept. The study concludes that an understanding of the concept of smart cities from a road transport perspective is very important to create awareness of the benefits and the way it works. A wider collaboration between every sector is crucial to create a successful smart city.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the field of digitalisation of road transport sector. This paper reveals the key driving forces of smart road transport transformation, the current status of smart road transport implementation in the UK and challenges of the smart road transport development in the UK.
When classroom interactions have to go online: the move to specifications grading in a project-based design course
Authors: Quintana Rebecca , Quintana Chris 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The events surrounding the COVID-19 crisis had a profound effect on higher education, forcing students and instructors to face a sudden transition to wholly online learning contexts. This paper aims to examine how the design of a residential course was adapted to an online context and how this adaptation may prove beneficial to future iterations of the course.

Design/methodology/approach
This analysis centers on a master’s-level course in which students design software to support learning. One of the major changes to the course revolves around the transition from a traditional rubric-based grading scheme to a specifications grading system. This latter approach provides a series of binary (pass/fail) requirements (specifications) that students must meet to pass. Various forms of interactions were also altered during the transition; the authors investigate these in the paper.

Findings
This study found that the move to specifications grading helped students and the instructor to focus on the important work of meeting course learning goals. The approach also aligned well with authentic scenarios in which software projects are tested against certain specifications. Finally, this study concludes that thinking about specifications grading in the future can help us to develop more resilient pedagogical design approaches that respond to various forms of disruptions and changes.

Originality/value
The course design insights described in this paper illustrate alternative ways of instruction that can be especially useful during times of emergency, but which may also provide an added level of authenticity and learner motivation during times of stability.
Factors influencing the borrower loan size in microfinance group lending: a survey from Indian microfinance institutions
Authors: Sangwan Sunil , Nayak Narayan Chandra 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of the cost of microfinance intermediation on borrowers’ loan size. The identified transaction cost and credit risk factors tell about what a lender takes into accounts while screening and allocating loan amounts to the borrowers, where the lender has limited information about the client’s ability to repay.

Design/methodology/approach
The analysis is based on the primary data collected from a sample of 498 microfinance institutions (MFI) linked group clients covering two microfinance leading states of India.

Findings
Empirical findings suggest that the cost of microfinance intermediation has an impact on borrowers’ loan size. To reduce the cost, the MFIs lend big loans to clients having a high income, assets, land size, lower informal borrowings and having longer loan experiences. In MFI lending, the younger and less educated people are the ones who demand bigger loan amounts. The geographical distance of borrowers’ location from MFI offices, group size and interest rate are the other factors that influence the loan size.

Originality/value
The past empirical works seem to have not focused on how the cost of microfinance intermediation creates loan size variation among the borrowers in joint liability group lending. The endogeneity problem has not been resolved. The present article thus identifies the factors that influence the individual member loan size by using two-stage least squared regression to tackle the issue of endogeneity.
Evolving from a rum state: Australia's alcohol consumption
Authors: Anderson Kym 
Published: July 2020

Europeans settlers in the Australian colonies had a reputation of being heavy drinkers. Rum dominated during the first few decades, followed by beer. It took until the 1970s before Australia's annual per capita consumption of wine exceeded 10 L, and even then, wine represented only one‐fifth of national alcohol consumption. But over the next two decades, per capita wine consumption nearly trebled and beer consumption shrunk – the opposite of what happened to global alcohol consumption shares. This paper draws on newly compiled data sets to (i) reveal that Australia was not much more alcoholic than Britain or southern Europe during the nineteenth century and (ii) help explain why it took so long for a consumer interest in wine to emerge in Australia.
Similar pharmacokinetics of three dosing regimens comprising two oral delayed‐release mesalamine formulations in healthy adult volunteers: Randomised, open‐label, parallel‐group study
Authors: Vande Casteele Niels , Jakate Abhijeet , McNamee Brian , Sandborn William J. 
Published: July 2020

AimsMesalamine is the first‐line therapy for treating mild‐to‐moderate ulcerative colitis. Multiple mesalamine formulations are available, with similar safety and efficacy profiles. Mesalamine is commonly administered as divided dosing, although once‐daily dosing may provide benefits for patients. We evaluated the pharmacokinetics of three dosing regimens of two oral delayed‐release mesalamine formulations in healthy adult volunteers.MethodsA randomised, open‐label, parallel‐group study of mesalamine pharmacokinetics following Lialda 2 × 1.2 g once daily (QD) (dose A), Asacol 6 × 400 mg QD (dose B), or Asacol 2 × 400 mg three times daily (TID) (dose C) over 7 days. Assessments included 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) and N‐acetyl 5‐aminosalicylic acid (N‐Ac‐5‐ASA, primary metabolite) pharmacokinetics (Ae(%), AUC0‐24 and Cmax), safety and tolerability.ResultsAll enrolled volunteers (n = 37) completed the study. Steady state was achieved for all treatments by day 4. Ratios (95% CI) of means for steady‐state AUC0‐24 (dose A vs B 90.3% [39.8, 204.8], dose A vs C 123.5% [55.3, 275.7], dose B vs C 136.8% [61.3, 305.5]) and Cmax (dose A vs B 106.0% [46.4, 242.2], dose A vs C 133.0% [59.1, 299.0], dose B vs C 125.5% [55.8, 282.1]) were similar for all 5‐ASA treatments. Mean urinary excretion of 5‐ASA plus N‐Ac‐5‐ASA was comparable between treatments (dose A 21.3%, dose B 20.2%, dose C 17.9%). All treatment regimens were well tolerated; no safety issues were observed.ConclusionsPlasma and urine pharmacokinetics for Asacol TID, Asacol QD, and Lialda QD are similar, suggesting similar daily systemic exposures can be obtained with either TID or QD dosing. NCT00751699.
School systems as breeding grounds for shadow education: Factors contributing to private supplementary tutoring in West Bengal, India
Authors: Ghosh Pubali , Bray Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the academic literature, private supplementary tutoring is widely known as shadow education, in part because it is commonly indistinct and because much of its content mimics that in mainstream schooling. Around the world, shadow education has become an important part of students' lives and in some places it diminishes the body that it mimics. This paper builds on studies that have focused on relationships between schooling and shadow education. The paper uses the conceptual lens of privatisation‐by‐default, and employs qualitative methods to understand the roles of both government and private schools in promoting tutoring in West Bengal, India. It finds that substantial proportions of shadow education emanate from and are fostered by school systems. On the one hand private tutoring as a form of privatisation‐by‐default gives freedom of choice, but on the other hand it limits choice. Further, school‐bred tutoring can have a negative backwash on school systems. As such, private supplementary tutoring is not just a neutral shadow but affects the body that it imitates. The study recommends researchers to look back at schools to gain a deeper understanding of private supplementary tutoring.
Structural insights into the multiple binding modes of Dimethyl Fumarate (DMF) and its analogs to the Kelch domain of Keap1
Authors: Unni Sruthi , Deshmukh Prashant , Krishnappa Gopinatha , Kommu Padmini , Padmanabhan Balasundaram 
Published: July 2020

The activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) transcription function has been implicated in the protection of neurodegenerative diseases. The cytoplasmic protein, Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1 (Keap1), negatively regulates Nrf2. The Keap1‐Nrf2 pathway is a potential therapeutic target for tackling free‐radical damage. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is currently an approved drug for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Recent studies showed that DMF modifies the reactive cysteines in the BTB domain of Keap1 and thus activates Nrf2 transcription function. Intriguingly, our crystal structure studies revealed that DMF also binds to the β‐propeller domain (Keap1‐DC) of Keap1. The crystal structure of the complex, refined to 1.54 Å resolution, revealed unexpected features: DMF binds (a) to the Nrf2‐binding site (bottom region of Keap1‐DC, site 1) with moderate interaction, and (b) to the top region of Keap1‐DC, near to the blade II (site 2). The specificity of the binding ‘site 2’ was found to be unique to blade II of the β‐propeller domain. The newly identified ‘site 2’ region in Keap1‐DC may have a different functional role to regulate Nrf2. Moreover, the crystal structures of Keap1‐DC in complex with the DMF analogs, including monoethyl fumarate, fumarate, and itaconate, also exhibited similar binding modes with Keap1‐DC. Binding studies confirmed that DMF binds, in a nanomolar range, to the Keap1‐DC region as well as the BTB domain of Keap1. Furthermore, the competitive binding assay in the presence of the Nrf2 peptide affirmed the direct binding of DMF at the Nrf2‐binding region of Keap1‐DC. Overall, our studies suggest that the drug molecule, DMF, binds at multiple sites of Keap1 and thus potentially activates Nrf2 function through covalent as well as the noncovalent mode of action, to combat oxidative stress.DatabaseStructural data are available in RCSB‐protein data bank database(s) under the accession numbers 6LRZ, 7C60, and 7C5E.