bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro efficacy of commercial and experimental proteolytic enzyme‐based whitening dentifrices on enamel whitening and superficial roughness
Authors: Schwarzbold Christian Gonçalves , Cuevas‐Suárez Carlos Enrique , Pacheco Rafael Rocha , Ribeiro Juliana Silva , Carreño Neftali Lenin Villarreal , Lund Rafael Guerra , Piva Evandro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the whiteness index (WID) and surface roughness (Ra) of bovine enamel after simulated tooth brushing with different commercial and experimental whitening dentifrices.Materials and MethodsCylindrical enamel bovine specimens were acid etched, stained, and divided in nine groups (n = 8): Colgate® Optic White®, Crest® Baking Soda and Peroxide, Arm and Hammer® Advanced White™ Extreme Whitening, Rembrandt® Deeply White® + Peroxide, Close up® White Attraction Natural Glow, Hinode Prowhite, and experimental dentifrice containing papain (PP), bromelain (PB), or papain and bromelain (PPB). Ra and WID were obtained initially and after 600, 1200, and 3,600 cycles of simulated tooth brushing. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance test (α = 0.05).ResultsRa was significantly influenced by both dentifrice (p = 0.043) and period of tooth‐brushing simulation (p < 0.001). Except for PP and PPB, all groups showed a statistically significant increase in Ra after simulated tooth brushing. After staining and brushing, none of the materials tested increased the initial WID.ConclusionsThe effect of commercial whitening dentifrices may be related to their high abrasiveness. Experimental formulations tested provided a similar effect without undesired wear of enamel. Whitening dentifrices only act through an abrasive effect rather than bleaching the tooth structures. When used, special care must be taken for avoid undesired wear of enamel. Experimental dentifrices provided similar removal of extrinsic stains without undesired abrasiveness; however, this effect may be due to the use of less aggressive abrasives in their formulations.
A profusion of neural stem cells in the brain of the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus
Authors: Maden Malcolm , Serrano Nicole , Bermudez Monica , Sandoval Aaron G. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe vast majority of neural stem cell studies have been conducted on the brains of mice and rats, the classical model rodent. Non‐model organisms may, however, give us some important insights into how to increase neural stem cell numbers for regenerative purposes and with this in mind we have characterized these cells in the brain of the spiny mouse, Acomys cahirinus. This unique mammal is highly regenerative and damaged tissue does not scar or fibrose. We find that there are more than three times as many stem cells in the SVZ and more than 3 times as many proliferating cells compared to the CD‐1 outbred strain of lab mouse. These additional cells create thick stem cell regions in the wall of the SVZ and very obvious columns of cells moving into the rostral migratory stream. In the dentate gyrus, there are more than 10 times as many cells proliferating in the sub‐granular layer and twice the number of doublecortin expressing neuroblasts. A preliminary analysis of some stem cell niche genes has identified Sox2, Notch1, Shh, and Noggin as up‐regulated in the SVZ of Acomys and Bmp2 as being down‐regulated. The highly increased neural stem cell numbers in Acomys may endow this animal with increased regenerative properties in the brain or improved physiological performance important for its survival.
Plasticity and genetic basis of cichlid gill arch anatomy reveal novel roles for Hedgehog signaling
Authors: Zogbaum Lily , Friend Patrick G. , Albertson R. Craig 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTeleost gill arches are exquisitely evolved to maximize foraging efficiency, and include structures for the capture, filtering, and processing of prey. While both plasticity and a genetic basis for gill arch traits have been noted, the relative contributions of genetics and the environment in shaping these structures remains poorly understood. East African cichlids are particularly useful in this line of study due to their highly diverse and plastic feeding apparatus. Here we explore the gene‐by‐environmental effects on cichlid GRs by rearing pure bred species and their F3hybrids in different foraging environments. We find that anatomical differences between species are dependent on the environment. The genetic architecture of these traits is also largely distinct between foraging environments. We did, however, note a few genomic “hotspots” where multiple traits map to a common region. One of these, for GR number across multiple arches, maps to theptch1locus, a key component of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway that has previously been implicated in cichlid oral jaw shape and plasticity. Since Hh signalling has not previously been implicated in GR development, we explored functional roles for this pathway. Using a small molecule inhibitor in cichlids, as well as zebrafish transgenic systems, we demonstrate that Hh levels negatively regulate GR number, and are both necessary and sufficient to maintain plasticity in this trait. In all these data underscore the critical importance of the environment in determining the relationship between genotype and phenotype, and provide a molecular inroad to better understand the origins of variation in this important foraging‐related trait.
Environmental sensing and regulation of motility in Toxoplasma
Authors: Uboldi Alessandro D. , Wilde Mary‐Louise , Bader Stefanie M. , Tonkin Christopher J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractToxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites undergo a unique form of cellular locomotion referred to as “gliding motility.” Gliding motility is crucial for parasite survival as it powers tissue dissemination, host cell invasion and egress. Distinct environmental cues lead to activation of gliding motility and have become a prominent focus of recent investigation. Progress has been made toward understanding what environmental cues are sensed and how these signals are transduced in order to regulate the machinery and cellular events powering gliding motility. In this review, we will discuss new findings and integrate these into our current understanding to propose a model of how environmental sensing is achieved to regulate gliding motility in Toxoplasma. Collectively, these findings also have implications for the understanding of gliding motility across Apicomplexa more broadly.
Formation of wall‐less cells in Kitasatospora viridifaciens requires cytoskeletal protein FilP in oxygen‐limiting conditions
Authors: Ultee Eveline , Zhong Xiaobo , Shitut Shraddha , Briegel Ariane , Claessen Dennis 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe cell wall is considered an essential component for bacterial survival, providing structural support, and protection from environmental insults. Under normal growth conditions, filamentous actinobacteria insert new cell wall material at the hyphal tips regulated by the coordinated activity of cytoskeletal proteins and cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. Despite the importance of the cell wall, some filamentous actinobacteria can produce wall‐deficient S‐cells upon prolonged exposure to hyperosmotic stress. Here, we performed cryo‐electron tomography and live cell imaging to further characterize S‐cell extrusion in Kitasatospora viridifaciens. We show that exposure to hyperosmotic stress leads to DNA compaction, membrane and S‐cell extrusion, and thinning of the cell wall at hyphal tips. Additionally, we find that the extrusion of S‐cells is abolished in a cytoskeletal mutant strain that lacks the intermediate filament‐like protein FilP. Furthermore, micro‐aerobic culturing promotes the formation of S‐cells in the wild type, but the limited oxygen still impedes S‐cell formation in the ΔfilP mutant. These results demonstrate that S‐cell formation is stimulated by oxygen‐limiting conditions and dependent on functional cytoskeleton remodeling.
Palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs): What to know and how to do?
Authors: Ahn Hyo‐Won , Kang Yoon‐Goo , Jeong Hyun‐Joo , Park Young‐Guk 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesSince palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs) have become important tools for orthodontic treatment, this narrative review was aimed to provide an updated and integrated guidelines for the clinical application of palatal TSADs.Setting and Sample PopulationA narrative review article including researches on palatal TSADs in orthodontics related to anatomy, success rate and clinical application.Materials and MethodsThe anatomical characteristics, success rate and its consideration factors and clinical application of palatal TSADs based on the direction of tooth movement were evaluated.ResultsTo improve the stability of TSADs, hard tissue factors such as bone depth, cortical bone thickness, bone density and soft tissue thickness were evaluated. Anatomically risky structures, including the nasopalatine foramen, canal and the greater palatine foramen, nerve, vessel need to be identified before placement. The success rate of palatal TSADs was greater than that of the buccal inter‐radicular space. Palatal TSADs have been used for various purposes because they can control tooth movement in all directions and, three‐dimensionally; their applications include the retraction of anterior teeth, protraction of posterior teeth, distalization, intrusion, expansion and constriction. They can be applied directly or indirectly to the lingual arch or transpalatal arch. Design modifications using splinted 2 miniscrews have been suggested.ConclusionPalatal TSADs allow clinicians to perform minimally invasive and easy placement with good stability by understanding the anatomical characteristics of the palatal region, and they show good control over 3‐dimensional tooth movements in various clinical cases.
Cortical bone thickness and bone density effects on miniscrew success rates: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Dong‐Wook , Park Jae Hyun , Bay R. Curtis , Choi Sung‐Kwon , Chae Jong‐Moon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review the effects of cortical bone thickness (CBT) and bone mass density (BMD) on miniscrew success rates.MethodsMEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and Scopus were searched up to June 2020. Of a total of 5734 articles, seven studies were finally selected for the review.ResultsThe overall mean success rate weighted by the number of miniscrews was 87.21% (89.87% in the maxilla and 79.24% in the mandible). There was a significantly higher success rate for miniscrews placed in the maxilla compared with those in the mandible (P < .05). CBT showed small positive effect on the success rate of the miniscrews although it failed to reach a statistical significance. The cortical BMD had a minimal effect on the success of the miniscrews. The cancellous BMD demonstrated a very strong effect on the success of the miniscrews in the maxilla, whereas it showed a moderately negative effect in the mandible.LimitationsBecause of the small number and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies, the results should be interpreted with caution. Further randomized clinical studies with a large sample size are recommended.
A plant parasite uses light cues to detect differences inhost‐plantproximity and architecture
Authors: Smith Jason D. , Johnson Beth I. , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSunlight filtered by green plant tissue becomes diminished in its ratio of red to far‐red wavelengths (R:FR). Some parasitic plants exploit this change by growing towards regions of low R:FR to locate host plants. In principle, variation in R:FR can also convey ecologically relevant information about host proximity or architecture. Here, we demonstrate that the parasitic vineCuscuta epilinumWeihe (Convolvulaceae) can distinguish fine‐scale differences in R:FR associated with differences in the proximity and shape of potential host plants. We conducted dual‐choice experiments by placing parasite seedlings between targets, including low R:FR fields manipulated via LED lighting and pairs of model plants exhibiting realistic R and FR reflectance but differing in proximity or shape. Seedlings consistently distinguished between low‐R:FR fields of differing intensity. Furthermore, they exhibited preferences for nearer plant models versus identical models placed 4 cm further away and between same‐sized models exhibiting shape differences. Our results indicate that parasites can discriminate minute differences in R:FR signatures corresponding to host factors (proximity and shape) that impact seedling survival. This keen sensory ability underpins the parasite's sophisticated foraging behaviour and highlights the broader importance of light cues in plant ecology.
An update on Vitiligo pathogenesis
Authors: Seneschal Julien , Boniface Katia , D’Arino Andrea , Picardo Mauro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVitiligo, the most common depigmenting disorder of the skin, is undergoing a period of intense advances in both disease understanding and therapeutic possibilities leading the way to the beginning of a new era for the disorder. Its pathophysiology has gathered the attention of researchers for years, and many advances have been made in the clarification of the interaction between different factors that result in depigmented macule formation. The complex interplay between non‐immunological and immunological factors in vitiligo is key for the development of the disease, and the participation of cells other than melanocytes, such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, natural killer cells, and innate lymphoid cells, has been shown. Recent advances have also brought to the understanding of the complex part played by a specific subtype of T cells: T‐resident memory cells. This review analyzes some of the most recent insights in vitiligo pathogenesis underlining the interactions between different cell types, which are the basis for the therapeutic approaches under development.
U.S. Immigrant Integration Policy in Light of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Liebert Saltanat 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted a critical shortage of medical personnel in the United States. Yet, there is an untapped pool of an estimated 263,000 immigrant physicians, nurses, and health‐care technicians who are not using their training in the United States. This essay provides a brief explanation of the factors that result in underutilization of immigrants' skills. Connecting theory with practice, it then proposes potential policy solutions to the shortage of medical personnel through strategic immigration initiatives.
Water footprint assessment of handwoven silk production
Authors: Wibuloutai Jindawan , Naowasan Saowalak , Thanomsangad Pornpilai 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the magnitudes of the water footprints throughout the production chain of silk. This research is divided into two parts: the agriculture of mulberry cultivation and the handwoven silk production process. The research results revealed that the highest water footprint for 2019 was 1710 cubic metric/tonne, which was greater than the highest water footprint for 2018 of 1125 cubic metric/tonne. For the handwoven silk products, the blue water footprint, grey water footprint, and total water footprint were 445,156, and 601 litres/kg, respectively. The water footprint of one silk shirt was calculated backwards from the handwoven silk production process as 376 litres. Thailand, the world’s largest native handwoven silk product exporter must have a strategy to promote the silk industry’s competitiveness on the world market. Policies stating that farmers, entrepreneurs, government agencies and private organisations should be prepared to address eco‐friendly trends for sustainable production and consumption are also recommended.
Animal‐Assisted Therapy as an Intervention for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis to Guide Evidence‐Based Practice
Authors: Chang Sun Ju , Lee Jongeun , An Hyeran , Hong Woi‐Hyun , Lee Joo Yun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnimal‐assisted therapy (AAT) can ameliorate diverse health problems in older adults. However, applications of AAT have been limited because of the lack of intervention guidelines for older adults.AimsThis study aimed to explore applications of AAT to older adults, analyze its health effects, and provide evidence for future interventions.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses checklist. Data were analyzed based on both a narrative synthesis and a meta‐analysis specifically for depression.ResultsA total of 47 studies were selected for analysis. About 45% focused on older adults with diseases such as dementia, and 57.4% selected dog(s) as an intervention animal. About 34.0% delivered interventions once a week, and the behavioral outcome domain was the most frequently investigated. The meta‐analysis showed that the effect sizes of the AAT group were −1.310 (95% CI [−1.900, −.721]).Linking Evidence to ActionThis review provides evidence for AAT as an intervention in the physiological, psychosocial, cognitive, and behavioral domains of older adults. When planning interventions for older adults, nurses should consider intended health outcomes, appropriate therapeutic animals, and the consequent intervention contents.
The lived experiences of families of an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Evans Candace Magan , Criswell Amanda 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize available evidence related to the lived experiences of families with an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs.

Introduction:
The stigma experience of persons who use drugs is documented in the literature, yet little is known about the families’ lived experience with a loved one who uses drugs. While often identified as an important adjunct to treatment, evidence regarding the families’ lived experiences relevant to their psychosocial, physical, mental, and family health needs has received less attention. The stigma, as well as other experiences associated with a family member's substance use, warrants further investigation. This review seeks to understand the lived experiences of families with an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs as documented within the literature.

Inclusion criteria:
Studies published in English that include families of an adult community-dwelling person who uses drugs, from any race or geographical location, and that focus on qualitative data including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, and feminist research will be included in the review.

Methods:
Information sources to be searched are CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, MedNar, and Scopus. A three-step search strategy will be undertaken. Included studies will be assessed for methodological quality independently by two reviewers, and findings will be extracted and synthesized.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42020175645
Simplified Pouch Cell Method for 3-Electrode Re-Testing of Harvested Double-Sided Electrodes From Commercial Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Dann Martin A. , Hladky Michael P. , Mukherjee Partha , Parmananda Mukul , Zhou Hanwei , Ostanek Jason , Li Weisi , Hacker Christopher , Crompton Kyle R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A pouch cell method for retesting double-sided electrodes harvested from commercial lithium-ion batteries in a 3-electrode cell arrangement has been developed. By relying on pressure from restraint plates to make tab electrical connections, this method (1) requires no welding, (2) does not require a dry room, (3) does not require precision sealing equipment inside of an inert-gas glove box, and (4) does not require removal of composite material off of one side of the electrode which may compromise the composite to be tested on the other side. Lithium chips pressed onto copper mesh serve as the reference and counter electrodes and the electrolyte used was 1.0 M LiPF6 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC):Diethyl carbonate (DEC) v/v. Electrochemical cycling of electrodes from a commercial 3.6 Ah 18650 lithium-ion cell demonstrated cell function and showed stable capacity and potential charge/discharge profiles after two cycles for the cathode and four cycles for the anode. The areal capacity of the anode and cathode was determined to be 5.50 ± 0.31 and 5.50 ± 0.30 mAh/cm2, respectively, based on a potential range of 0.005–1.5 V versus Li/Li+ for the anode and 3.0–4.25 V versus Li/Li+ for the cathode. High frequency, 500 kHz impedance measurements of the anode and cathode cells shows a real impedance of 1.55 Ohms and 2.17 Ohms, respectively, which is similar to prior studies on pouch cells with continuous tabs of similar capacity.
Flow-Field Measurements in a Metal Additively Manufactured Offset Strip Fin Array Using Laser Doppler Velocimetry
Authors: Saltzman David , Lynch Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Metal additive manufacturing (AM) of heat exchanger enables custom and conformal designs for a wide range of applications. However, one challenge with metal AM is the resultant surface roughness formed when using this process, which is nonexistent during traditional manufacturing processes. The goal in this study is to explore how this roughness impacts the pressure drop and flow field of a commonly used heat exchanger surface called an offset strip fin (OSF). Two OSFs of the same geometry are tested: one with an average fin roughness of 34 μm from metal AM and the other with an average fin roughness 2.5 μm, used as a baseline. The roughness from the metal AM process increased pressure losses and transitioned the flow to turbulent-like behavior at lower Reynolds numbers when compared with the smooth fin. Laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) measurements captured the row number in the fin array where transition from laminar to turbulent-like flow occurred. The location of transition from low to high turbulence levels occurred earlier in the fin array as the Reynolds number was increased for the smooth and rough fins. Wake profiles of time-averaged axial velocity were similar between the rough and smooth fins, with the rough fins having higher levels of turbulence intensity (TI) and less symmetric wake profiles. Overall, this study indicates that a pressure loss penalty is associated with using metal AM OSF due to the resultant surface roughness and an earlier transition to turbulent-like flow.