bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role and Status of Legal Participants
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the roles and status of legal participants. It mentions the lack of a determining system in force at an international court like the ICC, where elements from the adversarial and inquisitorial models are taken to create a unique procedural system. In line with other international criminal tribunals, the ICC’s Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) is a separate and independent organ within the structure of the Court. The chapter provides an overview of the position, composition, selection, rights, and legal ethics of judges, prosecutors, defense counsel, defendants, and victims. It also discusses the significance of the International Criminal Bar (ICB) and International Criminal Court Bar Association (ICCBA).
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes that fragmentation is perhaps the most striking feature in international criminal procedure. It explains that international criminal procedure is characterized by a series of procedural models and systems, ranging from predominantly ‘adversarial’ to ‘inquisitorial’ ones. A procedural model must be conceived just as a proposed general framework, allowing enough room for its operators to adjust the procedural rules to their daily procedural realities. The chapter then examines fairness and efficiency or expediency as guiding principles that complement each other for the sake of the suspect or accused. It discusses the expediency and fairness gains by the adversarial or inquisitorial mode.
Best Practices for Cell Painting Morphologic Profiling – Every Cell in Focus
Authors: Meyer Sophia R , Suzuki Mahomi , Jan Kevin , Hagimoto Mai , Sexton Jonathan Z 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study details best practices for high-content screening (HCS) using the cell painting (CP) technique to enhance drug discovery and biomedical research. HCS, an automated fluorescence microscopy method, offers a detailed analysis of cellular responses by capturing multidimensional data on cellular morphology, protein expression, localization, and function. The CP technique involves staining cells with specific fluorescent dyes and analyzing them with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy. It is particularly effective in generating drug-specific phenotypic fingerprints or “phenoprints,” providing deeper insights into drug mechanisms. Strategies to enhance CP performance include using water immersion and high NA (numerical aperture) objective lenses, large sCMOS detectors, and confocal imaging with maximum intensity projection (MIP) imaging. These strategies are pivotal for producing high-quality images for accurate morphological analysis. This study addresses some of the challenges in standardizing image and data acquisition in CP and identifies optimal acquisition parameters using the Yokogawa CellVoyager CV8000. The results emphasize the critical role of optimizing the signal-to-background ratio in fluorescence imaging by adjusting laser power and camera exposure time. This optimization is essential for enhancing signal detection, reducing background noise and photobleaching, and improving image analysis and reproducibility from experiment to experiment. By refining data acquisition practices and utilizing sophisticated imaging technologies, one can achieve superior cellular feature data, leading to more precise and reliable analyses in drug discovery and disease modeling.
Simultaneous emission from dust and gas in the planetary debris orbiting a white dwarf
Authors: Rogers Laura K , Manser Christopher J , Bonsor Amy , Dennihy Erik , Hodgkin Simon , Kissler-Patig Markus , Lai Samuel , Melis Carl , Xu Siyi , Gentile Fusillo Nicola , Gänsicke Boris , Swan Andrew , Toloza Odette , Veras Dimitri 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT
There is increasing evidence for the presence and variability of circumstellar dust and gas around white dwarfs that are polluted with exoplanetary material, although the origin of this dust and gas remains debated. This paper presents the first near-simultaneous observations of both circumstellar dust (via broad-band emission) and gas (via emission lines) around a polluted white dwarf. From the optical spectra the gaseous emission lines, notably the calcium infrared triplet and magnesium lines, show significant increases and decreases in their strength over time-scales of weeks, while the oxygen and iron lines remain relatively stable. Near-infrared JHK$_{\rm s}$ photometry reveals dust emission changes of up to 0.2 magnitudes in the K$_{\rm s}$ band over similar time-scales, marking the shortest variability time-scales observed to date. The two epochs with the strongest emission were correlated between the dust (K$_{\rm s}$-band brightening) and gas (strengthened calcium and magnesium lines), showing for the first time that the dust and gas must be produced near-simultaneously with a common origin, likely in collisions.
Rapid Sex Chromosome Turnover in African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus) and the Origins of New Sex Chromosomes
Authors: Evans Ben J , Gvoždík Václav , Knytl Martin , Cauret Caroline M S , Herrel Anthony , Greenbaum Eli , Patel Jay , Premachandra Tharindu , Papenfuss Theodore J , Parente James , Horb Marko E , Measey John 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Sex chromosomes of some closely related species are not homologous, and sex chromosome turnover is often attributed to mechanisms that involve linkage to or recombination arrest around sex-determining loci. We examined sex chromosome turnover and recombination landscapes in African clawed frogs (genus Xenopus) with reduced representation genome sequences from 929 individuals from 19 species. We recovered extensive variation in sex chromosomes, including at least eight nonhomologous sex-associated regions—five newly reported here, with most maintaining female heterogamety, but two independent origins of Y chromosomes. Seven of these regions are found in allopolyploid species in the subgenus Xenopus, and all of these reside in one of their two subgenomes, which highlights functional asymmetry between subgenomes. In three species with chromosome-scale genome assemblies (Xenopus borealis, Xenopus laevis, and Xenopus tropicalis), sex-specific recombination landscapes have similar patterns of sex differences in rates and locations of recombination. Across these Xenopus species, sex-associated regions are significantly nearer chromosome ends than expected by chance, even though this is where the ancestral recombination rate is highest in both sexes before the regions became sex associated. As well, expansions of sex-associated recombination arrest occurred multiple times. New information on sex linkage along with among-species variation in female specificity of the sex-determining gene dm-w argues against a “jumping gene” model, where dm-w moves around the genome. The diversity of sex chromosomes in Xenopus raises questions about the roles of natural and sexual selection, polyploidy, the recombination landscape, and neutral processes in driving sex chromosome turnover in animal groups with mostly heterogametic females.
Dampened TLR2–mediated Inflammatory Signaling in Bats
Authors: Zeng Jiaming , Zhang Xiangyi , Huang Chen , Tian Shilin , Zhao Huabin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Bats are considered natural hosts for numerous viruses. Their ability to carry viruses that cause severe diseases or even death in other mammals without falling ill themselves has attracted widespread research attention. Toll-like receptor 2 forms heterodimers with Toll-like receptor 1 or Toll-like receptor 6 on cell membranes, recognizing specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns and playing a key role in innate immune responses. Previous studies have shown that moderate Toll-like receptor 2–mediated immune signals aid in pathogen clearance, while excessive or inappropriate Toll-like receptor 2–mediated immune signals can cause self-damage. In this study, we observed that TLR2, unlike TLR1 or TLR6, has undergone relaxed selection in bats compared with other mammals, indicating a reduced functional constraint on TLR2 specifically in bats. Indeed, our cell-based functional assays demonstrated that the ability of Toll-like receptor 2 to bind with Toll-like receptor 1 or Toll-like receptor 6 was significantly reduced in bats, leading to dampened inflammatory signaling. We identified mutations unique to bats that were responsible for this observation. Additionally, we found that mutations at residues 375 and 376 of Toll-like receptor 2 in the common ancestor of bats also resulted in reduced inflammatory response, suggesting that this reduction occurred early in bat evolution. Together, our study reveals that the Toll-like receptor 2–mediated inflammatory response has been specifically dampened in bats, which may be one of the reasons why they could harbor many viruses without falling ill.
SnRK1α1-mediated RBOH1 phosphorylation regulates reactive oxygen species to enhance tolerance to low nitrogen in tomato
Authors: Zheng Xuelian , Yang Hongfei , Zou Jinping , Jin Weiduo , Qi Zhenyu , Yang Ping , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Jie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth and development. SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase pivotal for regulating plant responses to nutrient deficiency. Here, we discovered that the expression and activity of the SnRK1 α-catalytic subunit (SnRK1α1) increased in response to low-nitrogen stress. SnRK1α1 overexpression enhanced seedling tolerance, nitrate uptake capacity, apoplastic reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and NADPH oxidase activity in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under low-nitrogen stress compared to wild type plants, while snrk1α1 mutants exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Mutation of the NADPH oxidase gene Respiratory burst oxidase homolog 1 (RBOH1) suppressed numerous nitrate uptake and metabolism genes during low-nitrogen stress. rboh1 mutants displayed lower NADPH oxidase activity, apoplastic ROS production, and seedling tolerance to low nitrogen. Silencing RBOH1 expression also compromised SnRK1α1-mediated seedling tolerance to low-nitrogen stress. SnRK1α1 interacts with and activates RBOH1 through phosphorylation of three N-terminal serine residues, leading to increased apoplastic ROS production and enhanced tolerance to low nitrogen conditions. Furthermore, RBOH1-dependent ROS oxidatively modified the transcription factor TGA4 at residue Cys-334, which increased NRT1.1 and NRT2.1 expression under low-nitrogen stress. These findings reveal a SnRK1α1-mediated signaling pathway and highlight the essential role of RBOH1-dependent ROS production in enhancing plant tolerance to low nitrogen.
Adolescents’ neural responses to their parents’ emotions: associations with emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms, and substance use
Authors: Chaplin Tara M , Gonçalves Stefanie F , Kisner Mallory A , Ryan Mary , Forbes Erika , Thompson James C 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Parental emotion expression has been linked to adolescent emotional and psychopathology development. However, neural responses to parental emotion are not well characterized. The present study examined associations between adolescents’ neural responses to parent emotion and adolescents’ emotion regulation (ER) difficulties, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and substance use (SU). One hundred seventy-five 12- to 14-year-olds and their parent(s) participated in the study. In a lab session, families completed a parent–adolescent interaction task. In an MRI session, adolescents viewed videos of their own parents and unfamiliar parents expressing positive, negative, and neutral emotions from the interaction task. Higher salience region responses to own parent negative emotion (versus neutral) in ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), anterior insula (AI), and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were associated with adolescent ER difficulties and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Higher vACC and AI responses to parent positive emotion (versus neutral) were associated with anxiety symptoms only. Higher salience region responses to own parent negative emotion (versus other parent negative) were associated with ER difficulties. Responses to own parent positive emotion (versus other parent positive) were associated with ER and anxiety symptoms for boys. Findings suggest that adolescents’ salience system sensitivity to parental emotion may be important in the development of ER and internalizing symptoms.
Determining the posture and location of pigs using an object detection model under different lighting conditions
Authors: Scaillierez Alice J , Izquierdo García-Faria Tomás , Broers Harry , van Nieuwamerongen - de Koning Sofie E , van der Tol Rik P P J , Bokkers Eddie A M , Boumans Iris J M M 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Computer vision techniques are becoming increasingly popular for monitoring pig behavior. For instance, object detection models allow us to detect the presence of pigs, their location, and their posture. The performance of object detection models can be affected by variations in lighting conditions (e.g., intensity, spectrum, and uniformity). Furthermore, lighting conditions can influence pigs’ active and resting behavior. In the context of experiments testing different lighting conditions, a detection model was developed to detect the location and postures of group-housed growing-finishing pigs. The objective of this paper is to validate the model developed using YOLOv8 detecting standing, sitting, sternal lying, and lateral lying pigs. Training, validation, and test datasets included annotation of pigs from 10 to 24 wk of age in 10 different light settings; varying in intensity, spectrum, and uniformity. Pig detection was comparable for the different lighting conditions, despite a slightly lower posture agreement for warm light and uneven light distribution, likely due to a less clear contrast between pigs and their background and the presence of shadows. The detection reached a mean average precision (mAP) of 89.4%. Standing was the best-detected posture with the highest precision, sensitivity, and F1 score, while the sensitivity and F1 score of sitting was the lowest. This lower performance resulted from confusion of sitting with sternal lying and standing, as a consequence of the top camera view and a low occurrence of sitting pigs in the annotated dataset. This issue is inherent to pig behavior and could be tackled using data augmentation. Some confusion was reported between types of lying due to occlusion by pen mates or pigs’ own bodies, and grouping both types of lying postures resulted in an improvement in the detection (mAP = 97.0%). Therefore, comparing resting postures (both lying types) to active postures could lead to a more reliable interpretation of pigs’ behavior. Some detection errors were observed, e.g., two detections for the same pig were generated due to posture uncertainty, dirt on cameras detected as a pig, and undetected pigs due to occlusion. The localization accuracy measured by the intersection over union was higher than 95.5% for 75% of the dataset, meaning that the location of predicted pigs was very close to annotated pigs. Tracking individual pigs revealed challenges with ID changes and switches between pen mates, requiring further work.
Gaining Insight into Operative Performance: Analysis of an Automated 360-Degree Feedback Tool Among Perioperative Staff
Authors: Soelling Stefanie J. , Sinyard Robert D. , Spigel Lauren , Riley Max , Gregory Paul , Perdomo Nick , Sonnay Yves , Yule Steven , Fishman Steven J. , Smink Douglas S. 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Surgery has seen limited adoption of 360-degree feedback tools, and no current tools evaluate intraoperative performance from a technical, nontechnical, or teaching skill perspective. We sought to evaluate the overall findings and perceived value of a novel 360-degree feedback tool for surgeons from their operating room colleagues.

Methods:
The ‘intraoperative 360’ (i360) combined 3 previously validated scales of surgeon performance. The electronic medical record at a single academic medical center was queried for perioperative staff involvement in recent cases for a cohort of surgeons. Staff with frequent surgeon case involvement were emailed a link to an anonymous i360 survey. Aggregated survey responses were provided to surgeons and surgical leadership. We performed semi-structured interviews with 10 surgeons and 5 surgical leaders. Combined inductive and deductive coding was used to determine their perceptions regarding the utility of and barriers to the i360.

Results:
Over 2-years, a total of 960 surveys were completed for 88 surgeons. The composite rating of technical skills was 4.87/5 (SD: 0.36); nontechnical skills, 4.65/5 (SD: 0.55); and teaching skills, 2.92/3 (SD: 0.24). There was no difference in mean scores based on gender, age, or years of tenure. Six themes emerged from the interviews: initial reactions, utility, additional needs, other feedback mechanisms, reciprocal feedback, and logistical challenges.

Conclusions:
A 360-degree feedback tool is feasible, and feedback is perceived as valuable and actionable for surgeons and surgeon leaders. The intraoperative focus provided surgeons with specific feedback on how to improve within the operating room to promote efficiency, teamwork, and patient safety.
Rehabilitation and Social Determinants of Health in Critical Illness Recovery Literature: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fresenko Lindsey E. , Rutherfurd Charlotte , Robinson Lauren E. , Robinson Cayla M. , Montgomery-Yates Ashley A. , Hogg-Graham Rachel , Morris Peter E. , Eaton Tammy L. , McPeake Joanne M. , Mayer Kirby P. 
Published: December 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Patients who survive critical illness navigate arduous and disparate recovery pathways that include referrals and participation in community-based rehabilitation services. Examining rehabilitation pathways during recovery is crucial to understanding the relationship on patient-centered outcomes. Furthermore, an understanding of social determinants of health (SDOH) in relation to outcomes and rehabilitation use will help ensure equitable access for future care. Therefore, there is a need to define and understand patient care pathways, specifically rehabilitation after discharge, through a SDOH lens after surviving a critical illness to improve long-term outcomes.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate), the CINAHL, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:
A systematic review of the literature was completed examining literature from inception to March 2024. Articles were included if post-hospital rehabilitation utilization was reported in adult patients who survived critical illness. Discharge disposition was examined as a proxy for rehabilitation pathways. Patients were grouped by patient diagnosis for grouped analysis and reporting of data. Two independent researchers reviewed manuscripts for inclusion and data were extracted by one reviewer using Covidence. Both reviewers used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess risk of bias.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Of 72 articles included, only four articles reported detailed rehabilitation utilization. The majority of the studies included were cohort studies (91.7%) with most articles using a retrospective design (56.9%). The most common patient population was acute respiratory diagnoses (51.4%). Most patients were discharged directly home from the hospital (75.4%). Race/ethnicity was the most frequently reported SDOH (43.1%) followed by insurance status (13.9%) and education (13.9%).

CONCLUSIONS:
The small number of articles describing rehabilitative utilization allows for limited understanding of rehabilitation pathways following critical illness. The reporting of detailed rehabilitation utilization and SDOH are limited in the literature but may play a vital role in the recovery and outcomes of survivors of critical illness.
Genomic and the tumor microenvironment heterogeneity in multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Yongheng , Ni Qingqiang , Li Hongguang , Sun Jiuzheng , Zhou Xia , Qu Lingxin , Wang Liyuan , Zhao Chuanzong , Zhang Xiaolu 
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims:
Ambiguous understanding of tumors and tumor microenvironments (TMEs) hinders accurate diagnosis and available treatment for multifocal hepatocellular carcinoma (﻿HCC) covering intrahepatic metastasis (IM) and multicentric occurrence (MO). Here, we characterized the diverse TMEs of IM and MO identified by whole-exome sequencing at single-cell resolution.

Approach and Results:
We performed parallel whole-exome sequencing and scRNA-seq on 23 samples from 7 patients to profile their TMEs when major results were validated by immunohistochemistry in the additional cohort. Integrative analysis of whole-exome sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing found that malignant cells in IM showed higher intratumor heterogeneity, stemness, and more activated metabolism than those in MO. Tumors from IM shared similar TMEs while distinct TMEs were noticed in those from MO. Furthermore, CD20+ B cells, plasma cells, and conventional type II dendritic cells (cDC2s) were decreased in IM relative to MO while T cells in IM exhibited a more terminally exhausted capacity with a higher proportion of proliferative/exhausted T cells than that in MO. Both CD20 and CD1C correlated with better prognosis in multifocal HCC. Additionally, MMP9+ tumor-associated macrophages were enriched across IM and MO, which formed cellular niches with regulatory T cells and proliferative/exhausted T cells.

Conclusions:
Our findings deeply decipher the heterogeneous TMEs between IM and MO, which provide a comprehensive landscape of multifocal HCC.
SIH-EBP score for prediction of efficacy of epidural blood patching in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Chen Hung-Chieh , Hou Tsung-Wei , Chen Po-Lin , Wu Chih-Cheng , Wang Shuu-Jiun , Wang Yen-Feng 
Published: December 2024

Background:
Epidural blood patching (EBP) is the primary treatment for spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH), although multiple attempts may sometimes be necessary. The SIH-EBP score, with a cutoff of ≥3, predicts the response to the first EBP. However, its generalizability requires further confirmation. This study aims to validate the clinical utility of the SIH-EBP score and determine the optimal cutoff for predicting the response to the first EBP in an independent cohort of patients with SIH.

Methods:
This retrospective study included patients with SIH who received at least one EBP at a tertiary medical center. Clinical data were extracted from electronic medical records, and brain and spinal magnetic resonance images were reviewed.

Results:
Ninety-six patients (58 female [F]/38 male [M], mean age: 42.67 ± 10.16 years) were screened, with 49 (32 F/17 M, mean age: 41.20 ± 9.13 years) analyzed, including 30 (22 F/8 M, mean age: 41.10 ± 10.14 years) (61.2%) responders. There was a positive correlation between SIH-EBP scores and responder rates (p = 0.001). A cutoff score of ≥3 was associated with a higher response rate than a score of <3 (80.0% vs 41.7%, p = 0.006) (sensitivity = 73.7%, specificity = 66.7%, accuracy = 69.4%). The optimal cutoff in this cohort was ≥2 (Area under curve (AUC) = 0.77, p < 0.001) (sensitivity = 52.6%, specificity = 90.0%, accuracy = 75.5%).

Conclusion:
In this cohort, the SIH-EBP score correlated with response rates to the first EBP. Although a score of ≥3 remains a valid predictor of treatment response, a cutoff of ≥2 proved to be more accurate and specific. However, its practical use is limited by a sensitivity of 52.6%. Further studies are needed to verify its role in other populations.