bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Private Debt Markets
Authors: Cumming Douglas , Fleming Grant , Liu Zhangxin (Frank) 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of private debt and private debt markets. It explains the array of different specific types of private debt investments that are observed in practice, and the role equity incentives play in private debt deals. The chapter examines evidence from different countries around the world, including developed and developing markets. The chapter also describes the motives and contexts for using private debt, including but not limited to transactions involving private placements, syndicated loans, and direct lending. Private debt is not restricted to private companies but includes public ones as well. Further, the chapter characterizes private debt investors and their evolution over time. Additionally, it reviews evidence on the returns that private debt investors enjoy. The chapter concludes by identifying gaps in existing knowledge of private debt and offering suggestions for future research.
Looking as Rebellion
Authors: Richardson Allissa V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the book’s concept of black witnessing by giving it three characteristics: it (1) assumes an investigative editorial stance to advocate for African American civil rights; (2) co-opts racialized online spaces to serve as its ad-hoc news distribution service; and (3) relies on interlocking black public spheres, which are endowed with varying levels of political agency, to engage diverse audiences.
The Origins of Bearing Witness While Black
Authors: Richardson Allissa V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the genealogy of black witnesses through three overlapping eras of domestic terrorism against African Americans: slavery, lynching, and police brutality. Black storytellers in each of these timeframes leveraged the technologies of their day to produce emancipatory news. In this manner, advocacy journalism has remained a central component of black liberation for more than 200 years—from slave narratives to smartphones.
Shooting Back
Authors: Richardson Allissa V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the powerful, deliberate, and fresh iconography that Black Lives Matter activists have inspired. They have used historic juxtapositions, symbolic deaths, and satiric Internet memes to create supporting imagery for their news stories. Many of these approaches have evolved the images of black protest—from the iconic photographs of snarling German shepherds and lunch counter sit-ins, to the contemporary depictions of human chains across highways and mass die-ins.
Black Witnessing, Body Cams, and the Enduring Fight for the Whole Truth
Authors: Richardson Allissa V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 investigates how the moral panic inspired by Black Lives Matter triggered the body cam backlash. This additional layer of surveillance is more invasive than any other form of police video, such as cruiser dash cams, helicopter camera footage, or street corner blue lights, as Dr. Richardson has argued. Body cams also privilege the viewpoint of the officer and restore the official narrative into the hands of the powerful. Dr. Richardson explains how this next frontier of “toutveillance,” where everyone is watching everyone, could imperil the gaze of black witnesses.
A Brief History of Indigenous Religious Authority in Mexico, 1519–1900
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This brief history of indigenous spiritual authority in Mexico begins in 1513 with the arrival of the Spaniards and includes the argument that the conquest of Mexico resulted in the loss of indigenous spiritual authority through the defrocking of the Aztec priests and four centuries of indigenous exclusion from the Catholic clergy. The chapter contextualizes the search for indigenous identity and spiritual voice by recounting native responses to religious subjugation, including Indian rebellions, native prophets, bloody conflicts, and combinative religious practices through the nineteenth century. The arrival of Protestant and Mormon missionaries after the Civil War offered indigenous Mexican converts new avenues to ordination, education, and the development of leadership skills.
North of the U.S.-Mexico Border
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Bautista’s U.S. residency (1910 to 1922) and its influence on his spiritual trajectory. It argues that during his first twelve years in the United States, Bautista experienced a decade of unprecedented personal growth and opportunity, which probably led him to expect a lifetime of increasing responsibility as a Mexican member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Bautista crossed the border a month before the Mexican Revolution began. He settled first in Mesa, Arizona, but moved to Utah in 1913 where he helped found the first Spanish-speaking branch of the Mormon Church in Salt Lake City. Though initially a gardener on Temple Square, Bautista became president of his congregation and the Lamanite Genealogical Society, mastered temple rituals and Mormon doctrine, published an article, and spoke to audiences about his experiences as a Mexican Mormon.
The Third Convention, April 21, 1936
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Bautista’s 1936 involvement in the Third Convention, a grassroots movement of Mexican Mormons who petitioned the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for the appointment of an ethnically Mexican mission president. The author argues that Bautista fomented the rebellion in association with Mexican Mormons who had served as Zapatista soldiers in the Mexican Revolution and whose ideology had been influenced by agrarian anarchism, nationalism, and indigeneity. The chapter follows the formation of the Third Convention, the efforts of the mainstream Church to halt the movement, the excommunication of Conventionist leaders, and Bautista’s expulsion from the Third Convention when his pursuit of polygamous wives became known. By 1937 Bautista had lost his friends and his spiritual community. His lack of community catapulted him into a new religious role, that of religious entrepreneur. Bautista began to proselytize his own independent following.
Distal humerus
Authors: Lague Michael R. , Menter Colin G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Anatomical descriptions are presented for six distal humeri from Sterkfontein. These fossil specimens, and one humerus from Makapansgat, are compared to those of extant hominids and a variety of fossil hominins using geometric morphometric data from a transverse section through the distal diaphysis. Principal components analysis is used to summarize morphometric affinities among specimens. Procrustes distances are used to measure shape dissimilarity between pairs, and total sample variation is quantified as the sum of squared distances (SSD) of pairwise Procrustes. Bootstrap resampling of SSD is used to evaluate the possibility of taxonomic heterogeneity in the Sterkfontein assemblage. Humeral variation at Sterkfontein/Makapansgat reflects three distinct groups, one of which resembles Homo erectus (Stw 150, 182), one of which resembles Australopithecus sediba (Stw 339, MLD 14), and one of which resembles non-sediba australopiths (Stw 38, Stw 124, Stw 431c). Based on variation within extant species, we cannot reject the null hypothesis that the Sterkfontein specimens are conspecific. On the other hand, Sterkfontein SSD is significantly high with reference to a mixed-species sample of australopiths from across Africa. On balance, we suggest that only those specimens in the last group (non-sediba autralopiths) should be attributed to A. africanus.
Pelvis
Authors: Haeusler Martin , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The hominin pelvis is a remarkable structure that plays a central role in many critical biological processes, most notably bipedal locomotion and parturition. Here we describe each pelvic element from Sterkfontein and reconstruct the pelvis of the partial skeletons of Sts 14 and StW 431. Based on preserved contours, if human sexing methods can be accurately applied to australopiths, it is likely that Sts 14 represents a female individual, with the larger size, narrower greater sciatic notch of Sts 65 and StW 431 and other morphologies suggesting that these individuals were male. Some degenerative defects of the StW 431 acetabulum also suggest this may have been an older adult. This chapter also presents complete pelvic reconstructions of all of these fragmentary hipbone fossils.
Tibia and fibula
Authors: Carlson Kristian J. , Zipfel Bernhard , Jungers William L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents description and analysis of the Sterkfontein tibiae and fibulae, which have not previously been subjected to a careful systematic study. Among these elements, there is a clear range of variation expressed in several functionally relevant features. The distal tibia, StW 358, uniquely exhibits an absence of metaphyseal expansion beyond the talar facet, which appears unique among hominins. If the fibular shaft, StW 356, is associated with StW 358, it could offer additional functional insights into the locomotor repertoire of this individual that might help contextualize this apparently unique trait. Two sets of paired proximal and distal tibiae, StW 514/515 and StW 389/567, suggest possible functional differences in knee and ankle joint configurations, albeit the first is smaller in size than the second. Additional morphological and functional evaluation of variation expressed in many of the features exhibited by these Sterkfontein fossils, along with systematic comparisons to new discoveries from the site, will undoubtedly further elucidate the potential existence of distinct “morphs” in the Sterkfontein hominin fossil assemblage.
Metatarsals and pedal phalanges
Authors: Zipfel Bernhard , Wunderlich Roshna 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The metatarsals and tarsals from most of the foot bones found at Sterkfontein by the time of this monograph have been described previously, but this chapter presents new analyses and interpretations of these important specimens. The hominin forefoot, comprised of the metatarsus and phalanges, represents an important functional component of the foot that can potentially answer a number of questions regarding the evolution of the foot, more specifically the advent of bipedalism in the human lineage. Metatarsal morphology suggests that the lateral column of the Sterkfontein hominin feet was human-like, and similar to that of virtually all other known hominins, suggesting a stable lateral column early in the evolution of the foot. In contrast, the medial column shows a mosaic of derived and ape-like characters consistent with bipedalism, but also with grasping in arboreal behavior. There is arguably also evidence of two morphs in foot morphology and function, suggesting a second species of Australopithecus within Member 4 of Sterkfontein.
An Inconsistent Jurisprudence: The Doctrinal Spectrum
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Justice Antonin Scalia’s constitutional jurisprudence across the broad range of issues he addressed. The chapter shows that he contradicted his originalist jurisprudence in interpreting the First Amendment (both its free speech and religion clauses) as well as the Fourth, Fifth, and Eleventh Amendments, and that he did the same in construing a variety of other constitutional doctrines including those involving standing, the treaty power, affirmative action, the Commerce Clause, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the U.S. Supreme Court’s own appellate jurisdiction. The chapter argues that he frequently twisted, ignored, and abandoned his jurisprudential principles and methodologies he proclaimed and that the principal consistency his decisions and opinions reveal was his commitment to his own ideological goals and values.
A Manipulative Jurisprudence: Unprincipled and Expedient Reasoning
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a more detailed analysis of some of Justice Antonin Scalia’s most striking inconsistencies. Its first section addresses Scalia’s use of James Madison as a principal and particularly prestigious originalist source, especially his essays in the Federalist Papers. The chapter examines in particular his inconsistent uses of Madison’s writings in such cases as United States v. Windsor and Morrison v. Olson and in his attitude toward affirmative action and Madison’s idea of the “extended republic” in his decisions on the Eleventh Amendment. The chapter shows that he used Madison when his writings supported Scalia’s own views but ignored him when they contradicted those views. The chapter’s second section examines two of Scalia’s most dubious actions on the Court, joining the five-justice conservative majority in Shelby County v. Holder and writing a deeply flawed opinion for the Court in Boyle v. United Technologies. The chapter argues that the two cases show Scalia at his most inconsistent, contradictory, and willful in serving his ideological and political goals, in the first case voiding a critical provision of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and in the second expanding federal common law to protect military contractors from tort suits.
The Nature of American Constitutionalism
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the third reason for Justice Antonin Scalia’s enduring historical significance for an understanding of American constitutionalism. The chapter argues that he was a man of his times, who adapted “conservative” politics and values to meet what he saw as the abuses of the Warren Court and twentieth-century liberalism. To counter broad assertions of federal legislative and judicial power, he developed doctrines to limit both of those branches, and to counter liberal attempts to limit presidential power after Watergate, he developed doctrines to expand the power of the executive. The chapter criticizes his embrace of positivism and his ideas about both law and the rule of law. It also argues that the nature of “conservatism” has evolved and changed over the decades and that Scalia’s jurisprudence broke with the conservative jurisprudence of the pre-Reagan era. The chapter concludes that Scalia’s jurisprudence and career demonstrate—contrary to his central jurisprudential claims—the third fundamental characteristic of American constitutionalism, its truly “living” nature.
Urban Sexual Selection
Authors: Sepp Tuul , McGraw Kevin J. , Giraudeau Mathieu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHuman-modified habitats can present both challenges and opportunities for wild animals. Changes in the environment caused by urbanization can affect who survives and reproduces in wild animal populations. Accordingly, we can expect that changes in sexual selection pressures may occur in response to urbanization. Changes in sexually selected traits like bird song and colouration have been one of the main thrusts of urban ecology in recent decades. However, studies to date have focused on describing changes in sexual phenotypes in response to urban environmental change, and knowledge about genetic/microevolutionary change is lacking. Also, while some signalling modalities have been well studied and linked to human activities (e.g., changes in auditory signals in response to anthropogenic noise), others have received comparatively less attention in this context (e.g., effects of air pollution on chemical signalling). In addition, the focus has been mainly on the signal sender, instead of the signal receiver, thereby missing an important side of sexual selection. This chapter reviews the evidence that sexual selection pressures and sexually selected traits have been impacted by urban environments, with attention to the potential for rapid adaptive and plastic shifts in traits of signallers and receivers. It explores the possibilities that urbanization causes evolutionary change and speciation in wild animal populations through sexual selection. Finally, it provides new ideas for future studies to explore these questions and especially the evolution of female preferences in urban environments.
Parameterizing subject–verb inversion across Verb Second languages
Authors: Casalicchio Jan , Cognola Federica 
Published: June 2020

By discussing novel data from two Dolomitic Ladin languages spoken in Northern Italy, Badiotto and Gardenese, it is shown that in these Verb Second languages subject-finite verb inversion is constrained by the syntactic (adverb or object) and discourse (focus or topic) nature of the sentence-initial constituent, and by the discourse status of the DP subject. The chapter demonstrates that in both varieties subjects in inversion either appear in a FocusP of the vP periphery or in an A position in the IP layer, and that the observed distribution of inversion follows from two universal constraints of movement affecting extraction through the vP edge: (a) cyclicity (extraction through the edge of the vP phase) and (b) locality/ Relativized Minimality (RM). By comparing the distribution of DP subjects in Ladin with that observed in other V2 languages, such as Mòcheno and Mainland Scandinavian, the chapter proposes a novel typology of V2 languages and of subject-finite verb inversion to be captured in terms of parametric variation.
The Making of Chad’s Truth Commission
Authors: Abakar Mahamat Hassan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the establishment of the Chadian Truth Commission. As Hissène Habré’s successor, one of Idriss Déby’s first acts upon taking power in 1990 was to empanel a truth commission to document Habré’s crimes in Chad. The commission of inquiry into the crimes committed by the ex-president, his collaborators, and/or accomplices was established in Chad by decree number 014 on 29 December 1990. The mandate of the commission was to execute two essential but distinct missions. The first concerned crimes committed against persons. The mandate indicated to investigate allegations of kidnappings, detentions, assassinations, disappearances, torture, and barbarous acts, inhuman treatment, other violations of physical or moral integrity, and all human rights violations and trafficking in illegal substances. The second mission concerned crimes against property. The chapter then considers the challenges of working for the new regime to discredit the old, as well as the Commission's findings and their impact on the future prosecutions for Habré-era crimes in Chad and Senegal.
Creating the EAC in Senegal
Authors: Kioko Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how Judge Ben Kioko, former Director of the Legal Department of the Commission of the African Union, led the AU's early efforts to construct a court to try those responsible for atrocities committed in Chad from 1982–1990. The creation of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) in Senegal for the Hissène Habré trial was an important milestone for the AU. It gave a real meaning to the principles contained in the Constitutive Act that affirm the Union's commitment to fighting impunity and protecting human rights. The chapter then describes the many twists, turns, and challenges that the AU faced in the establishment of the EAC, providing insights as to the political drama surrounding the court's creation. Ultimately, Africans must continue to interrogate how international crimes committed on their continent can be prosecuted on African soil while ensuring that the interests of the victim are at the centre of all these efforts.
Covering Habré
Authors: Dieng Ngoundji 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Senegalese journalist Ngoundji Dieng's coverage of the Hissène Habré trial for the Dakar daily Le Quotidien, discussing her process of reporting on Habré, including her travels to Chad to observe fact-finding efforts there. Dieng began to follow the Hissène Habré case when the lawyers of the victims came to Dakar and organized press conferences with elements of Senegalese civil society—notably, the Rencontre Africaine pour la Défense des Droits de l'Homme (RADDHO)—to demand justice. At the time, the Senegalese were not interested in the case, but she continued to cover on a regular basis, challenging a narrative that this was a case driven by international activists. The coverage of the trial exposed Le Quotidien to criticism from the Habré camp. The lawyers for the defence who had made the decision not to collaborate with the EAC had also decided to declare war on them, refusing to talk to their paper despite multiple requests on the Le Quotidien's part. Nevertheless, the paper maintained their neutrality during the hearings, of which Dieng wrote accounts.
Replacement of Fascia Iliaca Catheters with Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Blocks Within a Clinical Pathway Facilitates Early Ambulation After Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Xu Lei , Leng Jody C , Elsharkawy Hesham , Hunter Oluwatobi O , Harrison T Kyle , Vokach-Brodsky Lindsey , Kumar Gunjan , Funck Natasha , Hill Jonay N , Giori Nicholas J , Indelli Pier F , Kou Alex , Mariano Edward R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
The optimal continuous peripheral nerve block (CPNB) technique for total hip arthroplasty (THA) that maximizes both analgesia and mobility is unknown. Continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) blocks were implemented at our institution as a replacement for fascia iliaca (FI) catheters to improve our THA clinical pathway. We designed this study to test the hypothesis that this change will increase early postoperative ambulation for elective primary THA patients.

Methods
We identified all consecutive primary unilateral THA cases six months before and six months after the clinical pathway change to ESP catheters. All other aspects of the THA clinical pathway and multimodal analgesic regimen including perineural infusion protocol did not change. The primary outcome was total ambulation distance (meters) on postoperative day 1. Other outcomes included total ambulation on postoperative day 2, combined two-day ambulation distance, pain scores, opioid consumption, inpatient length of stay, and minor and major adverse events.

Results
Eighty-eight patients comprised the final sample (43 FI and 45 ESP). Postoperative day 1 total ambulation distance was greater for the ESP group compared with the FI group (median [10th–90th percentiles] = 24.4 [0.0–54.9] vs 9.1 [0.7–45.7] meters, respectively, P = 0.036), and two-day ambulation distance was greater for the ESP group compared with the FI group (median [10th–90th percentiles] = 68.6 [9.0–128.0] vs 46.6 [3.7–104.2] meters, respectively, P = 0.038). There were no differences in pain scores, opioid use, or other outcomes.

Conclusions
Replacing FI catheters with continuous ESP blocks within a clinical pathway results in increased early ambulation by elective primary THA patients.
The Polls—Trends
Authors: Mader Matthias , Olmastroni Francesco , Isernia Pierangelo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since the last review of public opinion on European defense policy and NATO concluded that Europeans wanted both European defense integration and a continuing commitment to NATO, the EU has almost doubled in size and new initiatives have been launched to develop a Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP). We reexamine these issues and trace public opinion trends in all 28 EU member states from 2000 to 2019. With little variation across countries, general support for CSDP and NATO remains substantial. While Europeans, especially in continental Western Europe, believe that the EU should take a more independent approach from the United States in security and diplomatic affairs, large segments of the publics show no clear opinion on whether European defense should mean a transfer of decision-making power from the state to the EU level and the end of NATO. Cross-country differences are more pronounced when it comes to the creation of an EU army and its deployment.