bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological consequences of the normativity of moral obligation
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An adequate moral psychology of obligation must bear in mind that although the “sense of obligation” is psychological, what it is a sense of, moral obligation itself, is not. It is irreducibly normative. I argue, therefore, that the “we” whose demands the sense of obligation presupposes must be an ideal rather than an actual “we.”
Obligation at zero acquaintance
Authors: Dunning David , Fetchenhauer Detlef , Schlösser Thomas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Social obligation begins far before people establish explicit cooperative relationships. Research on trust suggests that people feel obligated to trust other people even at zero acquaintance, thus trusting complete strangers even though they privately expect to be exploited. Such obligations promote mutually beneficial behavior among strangers and likely help people build goodwill needed for more long-lasting relationships.
Who are “we”? Dealing with conflicting moral obligations
Authors: Shaw Alex , Choshen-Hillel Shoham 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Satisfying one's obligations is an important part of being human. However, people's obligations can often prescribe contradictory behaviors. Moral obligations conflict (loyalty vs. fairness), and so do obligations to different groups (country vs. family when one is called to war). We propose that a broader framework is needed to account for how people balance different social and moral obligations.
Toleration and Some Related Concepts in Kant
Authors: Bain Andrew , Formosa Paul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this article we examine Kant’s understanding of toleration by including a study of all instances in which he directly uses the language of toleration and related concepts. We use this study to resolve several key areas of interpretative dispute concerning Kant’s views on toleration. We argue that Kant offers a nuanced and largely unappreciated approach to thinking about toleration, and related concepts, across three normative spheres: the political, the interpersonal and the personal. We examine shortcomings in earlier interpretations and conclude by arguing that the theme of toleration in Kant’s work, while coherent and important, is neither as central nor as peripheral as suggested by previous interpretations. Further, while Kant is critical of the arrogance of toleration in the political sphere, he is more positive toward the role of toleration in the interpersonal and personal spheres since it promotes virtue.
Kant’s Doctrine of the Highest Good: A Theologico-Political Interpretation
Authors: Brown Étienne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKant’s discussion of the highest good is subject to continuous disagreement between the proponents of two interpretations of this concept. According to the secular interpretation, Kant conceived of the highest good as a political ideal which can be realized through human agency alone, albeit only from theCritique of the Power of Judgementonwards. By way of contrast, proponents of the theological interpretation find Kant’s treatment of the highest good in his later works to be wholly coherent with the discussions of this concept found in the secondCritique. In their view, however, Kant never conceived of the highest good as a political ideal, and some go as far as to argue that it is the work of God alone. In this article, I defend a theologico-political account of the highest good that avoids the pitfalls of both readings.
The Possibility Proof is Not What Remains from Kant'sBeweisgrund
Authors: Oberst Michael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe so-called ‘possibility proof’ in Kant's pre-CriticalBeweisgrundhas been widely discussed in the literature, and it is a common view that he never really abandoned it. As I shall argue, this reading is mistaken. I aim to show that the natural illusion in theCritique of Pure Reason, which is usually taken to be the possibility proof turned into a transcendental illusion, has both a different conclusion and a different argument than the possibility proof. Rather, what remains fromBeweisgrundis what I will call the ‘proofa posteriori’, which theCritiqueturns into a transcendental illusion that is of regulative use for reason.
The rationale for MR-only delineation and planning: retrospective CT–MR registration and target volume analysis for prostate radiotherapy
Authors: Ilamurugu Arivarasan , Chandrasekaran Anu Radha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAim:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is indispensable for treatment planning in prostate radiotherapy (PR). Registration of MRI when compared to planning CT (pCT) is prone to uncertainty and this is rarely reported. In this study, we have compared three different types of registration methods to justify the direct use of MRI in PR.Methods and materials:Thirty patients treated for PR were retrospectively selected for this study and all underwent both CT and MRI. The MR scans were registered to the pCT using markers, focused and unfocussed methods and their registration are REGM, REGF, and REGNF, respectively. Registration comparison is done using the translational differences of three axes from the centre-of-mass values of gross tumour volume (GTV) generated using MRI.Results:The average difference in all three axes (x, y, z) is (1, 2·5, 2·3 mm) and (1, 3, 2·3 mm) for REGF-REFNF and REGF-REGM, respectively. MR-based GTV Volume is less in comparison to CT-based GTV and it is significantly different (p < 0·001).Findings:Image registration uncertainty is unavoidable for a regular CT–MR workflow. Additional planning target volume margin ranging from 2 to 3mm could be avoided if MR-only workflow is employed. This reduction in the margin is beneficial for small tumours treated with hypofractionation.
Association between early weight gain and later adiposity in Sri Lankan adolescents
Authors: Samaranayake D. , Lanerolle P. , Waidyatilaka I. , de Lanerolle-Dias M. , Hills A. P. , Wickremasinghe A. R. , Wickramasinghe V. P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEarly growth pattern is increasingly recognized as a determinant of later obesity. This study aimed to identify the association between weight gain in early life and anthropometry, adiposity, leptin, and fasting insulin levels in adolescence. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 366 school children aged 11–13 years. Weight, height, and waist circumference (WC) were measured. Fat mass (FM) was assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Blood was drawn after a 12-h fast for insulin and leptin assay. Birth weight and weight at 6 months and at 18 months were extracted from Child Health Development Records. An increase in weight SD score (SDS) by ≥0.67 was defined as accelerated weight gain. Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to predict anthropometry, adiposity, and metabolic outcomes using sex, pubertal status, accelerated weight gain as fixed factors; age, birth weight, and family income as fixed covariates, and school as a random factor. Children with accelerated weight gain between birth and 18 months had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) SDS, WC SDS, height SDS, %FM, fat mass index (FMI), fat free mass index (FFMI), and serum leptin levels in adolescence. Accelerated weight gain between 6 and 18 months was associated with higher BMI SDS, WC SDS, %FM, and FMI, but not with height SDS or FFMI. Accelerated weight gain at 0–6 months, in children with low birth weight, was associated with higher height SDS, BMI SDS, WC SDS, %FM, and FMI; in children with normal birth weight, it was associated with BMI SDS, WC SDS, height SDS, and FFMI, but not with %FM or FMI. Effects of accelerated weight gain in early life on anthropometry and adiposity in adolescence varied in different growth windows. Accelerated weight gain during 6–18 months was associated with higher FM rather than linear growth. Effects of accelerated weight gain between 0 and 6 months varied with birth weight.
Differential Effects of Competence and Morality on Self-Esteem at the	Individual and the Collective Level
Authors: Soral Wiktor , Kofta Mirosław 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The importance of various trait dimensions explaining positive global self-esteem has been the subject of numerous studies. While some have provided support for the importance of agency, others have highlighted the importance of communion. This discrepancy can be explained, if one takes into account that people define and value their self both in individual and in collective terms. Two studies ( N = 367 and N = 263) examined the extent to which competence (an aspect of agency), morality, and sociability (the aspects of communion) promote high self-esteem at the individual and the collective level. In both studies, competence was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the individual level, whereas morality was the strongest predictor of self-esteem at the collective level.
Interaction of Cold Streaming Protons with the Reconnection Process
Authors: Tenfjord P. , Hesse M. , Norgren C. , Spinnangr S. F. , Kolstø H. , Kwagala N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe employ a 2.5D particle‐in‐cell simulation to study a scenario where the reconnection process captures cold streaming protons. As soon as the tailward streaming protons become involved, they contribute to the overall momentum balance, altering the initially symmetric dynamics. Adding tailward‐directed momentum to the reconnection process results in a tailward propagation of the reconnection site. We investigate how the reconnection process reorganizes itself due to the changing momentum conditions on the kinetic scale and how the reconnection rate is affected. We find that adding tailward momentum does not result in a significantly different reconnection rate compared to the case without cold streaming protons, when scaled to the total Alfvén velocity. This implies that the effect of changing inflow conditions due to the motion of the reconnection site appears to be minimal. The dynamics of the particles are, however, significantly different depending on whether they enter on the tailward or Earthward side of the reconnection site. On the Earthward side they are reflected and thermalized, while on the tailward side they are picked up and accelerated. The cold proton density and Ez on the Earthward side are turbulent, while the tailward side has laminar cold proton density striations and an embedded Ez layer. Also, since the initial plasma sheet population is swept up on one side and flushed out on the other, asymmetries in the densities and strength of Hall fields emerge. Our results are important for understanding the development and dynamics of magnetospheric substorms and storms.
Lateral Variations in Thermochemical Structure of the Eastern Canadian Shield
Authors: Eeken Thomas , Goes Saskia , Petrescu Laura , Altoe Isabella 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe origin of 3‐D seismic heterogeneity in Precambrian lithosphere has been enigmatic, because temperature variations in old stable shields are expected to be small and seismic sensitivity to major‐element compositional variations is limited. Previous studies indicate that metasomatic alteration may significantly affect average 1‐D structure below shields. Here, we perform a grid search for 3‐D thermochemical structure, including variations in alteration, to model published Rayleigh wave phase velocities between 20 and 160 s for the eastern part of the Archean Superior and Canadian Proterozoic Grenville Provinces. We find that, consistent with constraints from surface heat flow and xenoliths, the lithosphere is coolest (Moho heat flow 12–17 mW/m2) and the thermal boundary layer thickest (>250 km) in the northeastern Superior and warmest in the southeastern Grenville (Moho heat flow 20–25 mW/m2, thermal boundary thickness 160–200 km). Compositionally, the phase velocities for most of the Superior within our study region require little alteration, but in a few regions, fast velocities need to overlie slower velocities. These can be modeled with an eclogite layer in the midlithosphere, consistent with active seismic and xenolith evidence for remnants of subducted Archean crust. The phase velocities from the Grenville Province require significant metasomatic modification to explain the relatively low velocities of the shallow lithosphere, and the required intensity of alteration is highest in parts of the Grenville associated with arc accretion. Thus, the composition of the northeastern Canadian Shield appears to reflect different stages and styles of craton assembly.
Ring‐Moat Dome Structures (RMDSs) in the Lunar Maria: Statistical, Compositional, and Morphological Characterization and Assessment of Theories of Origin
Authors: Zhang Feng , Head James W. , Wöhler Christian , Bugiolacchi Roberto , Wilson Lionel , Basilevsky Alexander T. , Grumpe Arne , Zou Yong L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRing‐moat dome structures (RMDSs) are positive morphologic features found clustered across many mare regions on the Moon, of which only a few isolated examples have been previously reported. Our continuing survey has expanded the known locations of the RMDSs from ~2,600 to over 8,000, indicating that RMDSs are more common geological features than previously thought. This work presents a detailed geomorphological analysis of 532 RMDSs identified in several mare basins. The combination of detailed elemental mapping, morphological and morphometric analyses, spatial distribution relationships with other geologic structures, and comparison with terrestrial analogs lead us to conclude that (1) RMDSs represent low circular mounds with diameters of a few hundred meters (average about 200 m) and a mean height of 3.5 m. The mounds are surrounded by moats ranging from tens to over 100 m in width and up to several meters in depth; (2) there is a wide variation of titanium abundances, although RMDSs are more commonly found in mare regions of moderate‐to‐high titanium content (>3 wt% TiO2); (3) RMDSs are found to occur on or around fractures, graben, and volcanic edifices (small shields and cones); (4) a spatial association between RMDSs and Irregular Mare Patches (see Braden et al., 2014, https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2252) is observed, suggesting that both may form from related lava flows; (5) comparisons between RMDSs and lava inflationary structures on Earth support an inflation‐related extrusive nature and a genetic relationship with host lava flow processes; and (6) RMDS embayment relationships with craters of different degradation ages superposed on the host mare, and regolith development models, produces conflicting age relationships and divide theories of RMDS origin into two categories, (1) synchronous with the emplacement and cooling of the host lava flows ~3–4 Ga and (2) emplaced substantially after the host mare lava unit, in the period ~0–3 Ga. We outline the evidence supporting this age conundrum and implications for the different theories of origin and describe future research avenues to help resolve these outstanding questions.
Weak Magnetic Fields in the Outer Solar Nebula Recorded in CR Chondrites
Authors: Fu Roger R. , Kehayias Pauli , Weiss Benjamin P. , Schrader Devin L. , Bai Xue‐Ning , Simon Jacob B. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTheoretical investigations suggest that magnetic fields may have played an important role in driving rapid stellar accretion rates and efficient planet formation in protoplanetary disks. Experimental constraints on magnetic field strengths throughout the solar nebula can test the occurrence of magnetically driven disk accretion and the effect of magnetic fields on planetary accretion. Here we conduct paleomagnetic experiments on chondrule samples from primitive CR (Renazzo type) chondrites GRA 95229 and LAP 02342, which likely originated in the outer solar system between 3 and 7 AU approximately 3.7 million years after calcium aluminum‐rich inclusion formation. By extracting and analyzing 18 chondrule subsamples that contain primary, igneous ferromagnetic minerals, we show that CR chondrules carry internally non‐unidirectional magnetization that requires formation in a nebular magnetic field of ≤8.0 ± 4.3 μT (2σ). These weak magnetic fields may be due to the secular decay of nebular magnetic fields by 3.7 million years after calcium aluminum‐rich inclusions, spatial heterogeneities in the nebular magnetic field, or a combination of both effects. The possible inferred existence of spatial variations in the nebular magnetic field would be consistent with a prominent role for disk magnetism in the formation of density structures leading to gaps and planet formation.
Analytical Model for the Tidal Evolution of the Evection Resonance and the Timing of Resonance Escape
Authors: Ward William R. , Canup Robin M. , Rufu Raluca 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA high‐angular momentum giant impact with the Earth can produce a Moon with a silicate isotopic composition nearly identical to that of Earth's mantle, consistent with observations of terrestrial and lunar rocks. However, such an event requires subsequent angular momentum removal for consistency with the current Earth‐Moon system. The early Moon may have been captured into the evection resonance, occurring when the lunar perigee precession period equals 1 year. It has been proposed that after a high‐angular momentum giant impact, evection removed the angular momentum excess from the Earth‐Moon pair and transferred it to Earth's orbit about the Sun. However, prior N‐body integrations suggest this result depends on the tidal model and chosen tidal parameters. Here, we examine the Moon's encounter with evection using a complementary analytic description and the Mignard tidal model. While the Moon is in resonance, the lunar longitude of perigee librates, and if tidal evolution excites the libration amplitude sufficiently, escape from resonance occurs. The angular momentum drain produced by formal evection depends on how long the resonance is maintained. We estimate that resonant escape occurs early, leading to only a small reduction (~ few to 10%) in the Earth‐Moon system angular momentum. Moon formation from a high‐angular momentum impact would then require other angular momentum removal mechanisms beyond standard libration in evection, as have been suggested previously.
Source‐Receiver Interferometric Redatuming Using Sparse Buried Receivers to Address Complex Near‐Surface Environments: A Case Study of Seismic Imaging Quality and Time‐Lapse Repeatability
Authors: Zhao Yang , Niu Fenglin , Liu Hongwei , Jia Xueyi , Yang Jidong , Huo Shoudong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDeploying sparse sources and receivers in a complex near‐surface environment for seismic imaging and monitoring remains a challenge. Complicated near‐surface structures with strong lateral velocity variations and thick weathering layers distort seismic wave paths and produce strong reverberations and scattering. Consequently, acquisition with a buried receiver system below the weathering layer is preferred for land surveys, but the cost of this approach is excessively high in real applications. To mitigate this problem, we propose a source‐receiver interferometry‐based redatuming method that can generate redatumed data beneath the near surface with a reduced cost. The new acquisition geometry consists of dense surface and sparse buried receivers. The workflow based on source‐receiver redatuming combines surface and buried systems by cross correlating direct waves recorded by buried receivers with the corresponding reflected waves recorded by surface receivers. The approach transforms surface source‐receiver records into virtually buried source‐receiver records. We effectively suppress the acquisition noises associated with the near‐surface structures because the proposed technique generates redatumed data below the weathering layer. We apply dip‐guided interpolation to the redatumed data to make the geometry consistent with the original surface geometry. The resulting records not only improve the seismic image quality and repeatability compared with the original records but also have a lower cost than a denseburied acquisition system. We use 13 seismic surveys carried out at different times to demonstrate the feasibility and advantage of the proposed method.
Nesfatin-1 decreases the motivational and rewarding value of food
Authors: Dore Riccardo , Krotenko Regina , Reising Jan Philipp , Murru Luca , Sundaram Sivaraj Mohana , Di Spiezio Alessandro , Müller-Fielitz Helge , Schwaninger Markus , Jöhren Olaf , Mittag Jens , Passafaro Maria , Shanabrough Marya , Horvath Tamas L. , Schulz Carla , Lehnert Hendrik 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHomeostatic and hedonic pathways distinctly interact to control food intake. Dysregulations of circuitries controlling hedonic feeding may disrupt homeostatic mechanisms and lead to eating disorders. The anorexigenic peptides nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)/nesfatin-1 may be involved in the interaction of these pathways. The endogenous levels of this peptide are regulated by the feeding state, with reduced levels following fasting and normalized by refeeding. The fasting state is associated with biochemical and behavioral adaptations ultimately leading to enhanced sensitization of reward circuitries towards food reward. Although NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is expressed in reward-related brain areas, its role in regulating motivation and preference for nutrients has not yet been investigated. We here report that both dopamine and GABA neurons express NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in the VTA. Ex vivo electrophysiological recordings show that nesfatin-1 hyperpolarizes dopamine, but not GABA, neurons of the VTA by inducing an outward potassium current. In vivo, central administration of nesfatin-1 reduces motivation for food reward in a high-effort condition, sucrose intake and preference. We next adopted a 2-bottle choice procedure, whereby the reward value of sucrose was compared with that of a reference stimulus (sucralose + optogenetic stimulation of VTA dopamine neurons) and found that nesfatin-1 fully abolishes the fasting-induced increase in the reward value of sucrose. These findings indicate that nesfatin-1 reduces energy intake by negatively modulating dopaminergic neuron activity and, in turn, hedonic aspects of food intake. Since nesfatin-1´s actions are preserved in conditions of leptin resistance, the present findings render the NUCB2/nesfatin-1 system an appealing target for the development of novel therapeutical treatments towards obesity.