bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work and Health in a Diverse and Disparate Labour Market
Authors: Inoue Mariko , Fukuda Yoshiharu , Brunner Eric 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Japan’s economic growth excelled in the twentieth century. Since the 1990s, there has been a long period of low economic growth (the ‘lost decades’) and expanding social disparity. Traditional lifetime employment, mainly for men, gradually shifted towards diverse working arrangements including part-time, temporary, and fixed-term contracts, for men and women. Deregulation aimed to introduce labour market flexibility in response to the economic slowdown. Working regulations were not reformed in response to diversification of working patterns. Economic and health gaps between regular workers and non-standard workers expanded. Non-standard workers were disadvantaged by relatively limited access to healthcare. Epidemiological and policy analysis is limited partly because participants in non-standard employment are difficult to follow. More research evidence on current diverse working patterns and health is necessary for policymaking in the Japanese context. Social changes in employment arrangements prompted the Japanese government to initiate work reforms in 2019 to secure fair treatment of all workers, regardless of work arrangements, and to reduce working hours.
Health and Financial Sustainability in Ageing Japan
Authors: Hashimoto Hideki 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
As a front runner of population ageing, Japan faces a future that the human species has never experienced. While we rejoice in longevity, it can bring financial and social challenges resulting from loss of independence. Frailty and dementia are important in this context. To meet those challenges, the Japanese government has been making efforts to reform public medical and social care systems, and to develop a trans-sectoral social policy programme for dementia. Culturally, the Japanese value seniority and family traditions of caregiving. Drastic demographic change, and the subsequent decrease in household capacity for informal caregiving, requires cultural and normative reform in society. An ongoing dialogue between social determinants of health and policy responses in Japan can provide valuable lessons for other countries with a growing ageing population, including the UK.
Physical Activity, Sport, and Health in Japan
Authors: Inoue Shigeru , Kikuchi Hiroyuki , Amagasa Shiho 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The 1964 Tokyo Olympics left a legacy of economic development and increased interest in exercise participation in Japan. Evidence was starting to accumulate that physical activity was good for health, including prevention of non-communicable disease. Policies for physical activity promotion appeared around this time. Currently, physical activity levels are higher among Japanese adults than those from other countries. An ecological finding indicates that the inequality was inversely correlated with country levels of physical activity. The activity-friendly neighbourhood environments of Japanese cities provide equal opportunities for walking in daily life for the general population. A well-designed school education system has contributed to enhancing physical activity and reducing its inequality. However, recent changes in city planning in Japan have promoted a car-dependent society. Consequently, Japanese physical activity has decreased in the last few decades. Now, policy (Health Japan 21) includes a socio-environmental approach which aims to reverse decreasing activity levels. The 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games have the potential to reshape social trends in sport and exercise participation. In super-ageing societies, physical activity will play an important role in reducing the burden of age-related problems such as functional decline.
Tobacco Control Policy and Tobacco Product Use Disparity in Japan
Authors: Tabuchi Takahiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Tobacco smoking continues to be a major contributor to mortality, morbidity, and social inequalities in health worldwide. Smoking prevalence and inequality are influenced by tobacco control measures and interference from the industry including Japan Tobacco. Tobacco control is weak in Japan by international standards. Control measures such as taxation, labelling, and smoke-free legislation have differing effects on smoking inequality. Quit rates differ across socioeconomic strata, as does exposure to second-hand smoke. Equity effectiveness research takes account of socioeconomic gradients in response to new control measures and products. In Japan, e-cigarettes with nicotine have been prohibited since 2010. New heated tobacco products were introduced in 2013 and their use increased dramatically from 2016. To monitor smoking behaviour and health inequalities in Japan, we need to focus on heated tobacco products as well as cigarettes.
Mental Health and Wellbeing in Japan
Authors: Kawakami Norito , Shimazu Akihito 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the history and current status of mental health and mental health care in Japan in the last 50 years. One in 37 people currently receives treatment for any mental disorder, while one in 20 people have experienced a common mental disorder in the past year. Prevalence of mental disorders may not have increased significantly during the last 10–15 years, despite the economic slowdown and social change in this period. Mental hospitals played a central role in treating people with mental disorders, isolated from the community, and the number of beds in mental hospitals per population remains greater in Japan than in other countries. Policy has shifted from inpatient treatment towards community-based care and support, however change is slow. Suicide rates have been influenced by economic factors. The male rate was high between 2000 and 2012. Rates in both sexes have recently declined, but remain above those in other countries. The Japanese have a characteristic perception of wellbeing in the family- and community-oriented collective culture, based on a sense of the meaning of life (ikigai). However, it remains unclear whether the collective culture is entirely beneficial to mental health. In the last decade, Japan has faced several behavioural problems among younger generations, at home and at school. Mental health care in Japan faces many challenges.
Japan’s Engagement with Global Health
Authors: Nakatani Hiroki 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Despite a common claim that Japanese official development assistance (ODA) is not visible enough, Japan remains the fourth largest provider of ODA and is one of the strongest advocates of global health, as demonstrated by its leadership at the previous three G7 Summits. This chapter looks at the perception of global health by the Japanese population, historical development of Japan’s ODA policy, development of relevant policies regarding Japanese international commitment, and evolution of the conceptual framework of ‘human security’. This is followed by discussion of the engagement of Japan with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). The final section introduces recent developments in new mechanisms to advance Japan’s contribution to global health through more effective coordination, innovative R&D funding, and enhancing the presence of Japanese staff in international organizations. Throughout this chapter, the relevance and possibility of strengthening commitment to global health is sought.
Disaster and Health What Makes a Country Resilient?
Authors: Kondo Naoki , Aida Jun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Resilience reflects the capability of communities and individuals to resist, cope with, and continue functioning during and after a disaster. Evidence from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami suggest that maintaining community social interactions is especially important to enhance community resilience. Economic crisis is another type of disaster that challenges population health, and may affect privileged social groups, e.g. corporate managers. In the aftermath of the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, health risks for the children of impoverished households and single-parent households increased. Community preparedness and adequate social capital before disasters is important to build resilient communities. With routine monitoring of health conditions across subpopulations, we can identify groups in need of support and assess the effects of those actions. It is crucial that central government measures align with local actions to maximize support for communities affected by disaster.
Shakespeare and the Political Way
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book offers a sustained analysis of normative concepts and theories of political conduct and power, focusing on why we (should) value ‘the political way’, by examining Shakespeare’s dramatic treatments of the puzzles of domination and sovereignty, and how the dramas explicitly pose questions of action and theatricality. Politics—in the broadest sense, as contestation over and for power to govern—is commonly associated with ethical dubiety. Much political thought, accordingly, focuses on conditions of citizen and governor virtue and wisdom, or on displacement of politics in favour of constitution and law, private exchange, or some other source of authority such as religion. Some, though, focuses on the positive values of political action—its creativity or immanent values of commitment and forgiveness. Shakespeare’s characters and plots for the most part treat political power as a species of wickedness (in particular as ‘machiavellian’), ironically (with play on the idea of ‘politic’ action); or as ineffectual (compared with voluntaristic love, the power of money, patriarchal authority, or violence). But readings (sometimes against the grain of text, plot, and established interpretations of the psychology and ethics of the plays) taking into account the theatrical engagement of Shakespeare’s drama with the politics and power of his time produce complex accounts of the hope and promise of a political way of resolving human dilemmas and difficulties. The chapters develop an original approach to theories of political power, showing the particular value of examination of these issues through the frame of Shakespeare’s drama.
Political power and Measure for Measure
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses Shakespeare’s consideration of the pulls of seclusion, and of concealment, against the demands of public government and open contestation of the power to rule. Measure for Measure dramatizes the abuse and corruption of authoritarian governing power, in particular in the form of male sexual coercion and exploitation of females. The plot focuses on a ruler’s use of secrecy and surveillance in order to monitor their attempts to counter overly lax law enforcement with authoritarianism. It also puts questions of market rationality, and the imperatives that govern poor people’s attempts to earn livings in constrained urban circumstances in relation to questions of political order, and into relation with the imperatives of theological truth and spiritual virtue. The claims and imperatives of frank public speech, as a method of revealing corruption and pursuing justice, are brought into relationship with the political strategy of trickery.
Political and Military Power
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how Coriolanus juxtaposes the claim that military distinction is a sign of fitness for governing authority, with the claims of popular choice of governors. The plot of Coriolanus also brings the strategies of dynastic kinship ambition into conflict with militarist authoritarianism, with open government, with the logic of class struggle and the threatened or actual uses of popular violence in order to prosecute political claims, and with tricky uses of political strategy. An overarching theme in Coriolanus is the conflict between loyalty and allegiance to a state, and the factors that push individuals into treachery; the analysis in this chapter focuses on the range of ways that individuals are tied to their societies, their state, and their interpersonal and intimate networks.
Friendship and Justice
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Merchant of Venice and Timon of Athens are both read, in this chapter, as questioning the place of friendship in political societies and states. Classically, friendship, or friendly relations at least, between citizens has been understood as a condition of political stability; but in the early modern era an idea of friendship as a transcendent tie, indifferent to politics, and in tension with it was developing. Republican thought also questions the relationship between friendship and commerce, with some critics seeing these as antithetical, others seeing them as bound up together. Both of these plays problematize the dilemmas of exchange, of contract, of bonds in the sense of agreement and promise, in relation both to intimate ties, and to the authority of sovereign institutions. Merchant of Venice considers these matters in particular in relation to a society fissured by religious antagonism—by anti-semitism; both plays consider them in relation to a society marked by clear sex and gender distinction and exclusion.
Mechanisms of Internal Deliberation
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the mechanisms of reflection and internal deliberation: how citizens assess deliberative inputs and update their beliefs in light of them. It discusses, first, how epistemic weights are assigned to the claims encountered in public deliberation. Epistemic weights alone should determine what citizens believe to be true. It discusses, second, how democratic weights (derived proportionally to the stakes citizens have in collective decisions) are allocated to the same deliberative inputs. Both epistemic and democratic weights should bear on the question of what citizens collectively should do. The chapter finally discusses how the epistemic and democratic weights of the same claim should be balanced against each other in internal deliberation.
Mechanisms of Deliberating Together
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the mechanisms allowing citizens to deliberate together on an everyday basis: their social-qua-communicative networks. It distinguishes between two models of deliberation: synchronic-group deliberation and serial-diachronic deliberation. The first is exemplified by mini-publics and other formally organized group deliberative events, the second by informal networked deliberation occurring everyday among citizens. The chapter argues that informal networked deliberation can serve as the main platform for a real existing deliberative democracy. It can satisfy at the macro level the classic deliberative-democratic standards of inclusion, equality, and reciprocity that small-scale organized group deliberations can achieve only in micro settings.
Sensitive Issues and Pluralistic Ignorance
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Informal networked deliberation can be hindered if citizens refuse to discuss certain topics with others or do so in an insincere way. Topics that are perceived as being settled and non-contentious in the community, like social norms, might elicit such a response. The problem, however, is that some norms survive with the help of pluralistic ignorance—a situation where most people wrongly believe that most others support a norm when in fact they do not, based on those others’ silence and public compliance with those norms. This chapter proposes a way in which organized group deliberations under the Chatham House rule can be used to discover pluralistic ignorance where it exists, by encouraging citizens to sincerely communicate their concerns to others without the fear of social sanctions. Once it is thus revealed, surveys can be used to confirm, and hence dispel, pluralistic ignorance.
Message Repetition and Epistemic Overinclusion
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 discusses how message repetition can undermine citizens’ internal deliberations by leading them to double-count the same piece of information. When speakers do not maintain their epistemic independence, they can lead their listeners to attribute to much weigh to their claims in internal deliberation—a case of epistemic overinclusion. This threat to informal networked deliberation can be mitigated through the adoption of special deliberative norms by citizens and influentials alike and the redesign of social media platforms.
Rational Powers in Action
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Human actions unfold over time, in pursuit of ends that are not fully specified in advance. Rational Powers in Action locates these features of the human condition at the heart of a new theory of instrumental rationality. Where many theories of rational agency focus on instantaneous choices between sharply defined outcomes, treating the temporally extended and partially open-ended character of action as an afterthought, this book argues that the deep structure of instrumental rationality can only be understood if we see how it governs the pursuit of long-term, indeterminate ends. These are ends that cannot be realized through a single momentary action, and whose content leaves partly open what counts as realizing the end. For example, one cannot simply write a book through an instantaneous choice to do so; over time, one must execute a variety of actions to realize one’s goal of writing a book, where one may do a better or worse job of attaining that goal, and what counts as succeeding at it is not fully determined in advance. Even to explain the rational governance of much less ambitious actions like making dinner, this book argues that we need to focus on temporal duration and the indeterminacy of ends in intentional action. Theories of moment-by-moment preference maximization, or indeed any understanding of instrumental rationality on the basis of momentary mental items, cannot capture the fundamental structure of our instrumentally rational capacities. This book puts forward a theory of instrumental rationality as rationality in action.
Future-Directed Intentions and the Theory of Instrumental Rationality
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers a major alternative to the extended theory of instrumental rationality (ETR): the view, pioneered by Michael Bratman, that future-directed intentions (FDIs) have a fundamental role to play in our understanding of the rationality of extended agency. FDIs come in many flavours; they can be specific intentions, plans, policies, or projects. I argue in this chapter that ETR naturally classifies some of these “flavours” as instances of extended actions, and therefore they are structurally identical and subject to the exact same basic instrumental requirements as other instances of extended actions. Once we see this point, it turns out that purported norms and principles governing FDIs are either superfluous or invalid.
Persisting Intentions
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 continues the discussion of putative requirements generated by future-directed intentions, turning to what I call “intention-persistence requirements”. These requirements seem particularly important in understanding choice among incommensurable or incomparable alternatives. In such choice situations, it seems irrational to engage in “brute shuffling”; that is, intending first to choose one option, then (possibly) incurring certain costs associated with bringing about this option, and then, in the absence of any new information or any reason to change one’s mind, switching to choose another, incomparable, option. However, unless we accept intention-persistence requirements, it might seem that we cannot explain why such behaviour is irrational. The chapter argues against the validity of such persistence requirements and proposes a different understanding of choices in these contexts. In particular, the chapter argues that only certain patterns of shuffling are irrational, and the irrationality of these patterns can be given a more direct and satisfying explanation without appeal to intention-persistence requirements.
Actions, Preferences, and Risk
Authors: Tenenbaum Sergio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Formal theories of instrumental rationality, such as orthodox decision theory, often provide a powerful account of the rationality of choice under risk. Can the extended theory of instrumental rationality (ETR) be similarly extended to contexts of risk and uncertainty? Chapter 9 argues that ETR can provide a satisfactory account of rationality in these contexts and that it can actually co-opt the resources of decision theory exactly in the cases in which the theory seems most plausible; namely, the pursuit of what I call “general means” (such as the pursuit of health or wealth). Moreover ETR plausibly renders coherent certain ubiquitous choice dispositions (such as the ones manifested in the Allais paradox) that seem incompatible with orthodox decision theory.
Analyticity Reconsidered1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay distinguishes between metaphysical and epistemological conceptions of analyticity. The former is the idea of a sentence that is ‘true purely in virtue of its meaning’ while the latter is the idea of a sentence that ‘can be justifiably believed merely on the basis of understanding its meaning’. It further argues that, while Quine may have been right to reject the metaphysical notion, the epistemological notion can be defended from his critique and put to work explaining a priori justification. Along the way, a number of further distinctions relevant to the theory of analyticity and the theory of apriority are made and their significance is explained.
Williamson on the A Priori and the Analytic
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay criticizes Williamson’s attempt, in his book, The Philosophy of Philosophy, to undermine the interest of the a priori–a posteriori distinction. Williamson’s argument turns on several large claims. The first is that experience often plays a role intermediate between evidential and merely enabling, and that this poses a difficulty for giving a theoretically satisfying account of the distinction. The second is that there are no constitutive understanding–assent links. Both of these claims are subjected to detailed scrutiny. In particular, it is argued that Williamson’s case of the deviant logician, Simon, fails to constitute an intelligible counterexample to the status of conjunction elimination as an understanding–assent link for ‘and’.
Reply to Boghossian on the A Priori and the Analytic1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter replies to Boghossian’s defence of the a priori–a posteriori distinction against the arguments for its shallowness in?The Philosophy of Philosophy. In particular, it shows how to understand the example of an unorthodox thinker who is linguistically competent with conjunction but refuses to treat the rule of conjunction elimination as logically valid. It also rebuts Boghossian’s charge of circularity against the account of knowledge of metaphysical modality in terms of the cognitive capacities required to assess ordinary counterfactual conditionals. For the explanation of knowledge of logic and mathematics, the key significance is emphasized of the distinction between knowing the truth of what is in fact a necessary truth and knowing that it is necessary.