bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Impacts of Plant Stoichiometric Traits on Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Accumulation Using the E3SM Land Model
Authors: Zhu Qing , Riley William J. , Iversen Colleen M. , Kattge Jens 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCarbon (C) enters into the terrestrial ecosystems via photosynthesis and cycles through the system together with other essential nutrients (i.e., nitrogen [N] and phosphorus [P]). Such a strong coupling of C, N, and P leads to the theoretical prediction that limited nutrient availability will limit photosynthesis rate, plant growth, and future terrestrial C dynamics. However, the lack of reliable information about plant tissue stoichiometric constraints remains a challenge for quantifying nutrient limitations on projected global C cycling. In this study, we harmonized observed plant tissue C:N:P stoichiometry from more than 6,000 plant species with the commonly used plant functional type framework in global land models. Using observed C:N:P stoichiometry and the flexibility of these ratios as emergent plant traits, we show that observationally constrained fixed plant stoichiometry does not improve model estimates of present‐day C dynamics compared with unconstrained stoichiometry. However, adopting stoichiometric flexibility significantly improves model predictions of C fluxes and stocks. The 21st century simulations with RCP8.5 CO2 concentrations show that stoichiometric flexibility, rather than baseline stoichiometric ratios, is the dominant controller of plant productivity and ecosystem C accumulation in modeled responses to CO2 fertilization. The enhanced nutrient limitations and plant P use efficiency mainly explain this result. This study is consistent with the previous consensus that nutrient availability will limit xfuture land carbon sequestration but challenges the idea that imbalances between C and nutrient supplies and fixed stoichiometry limit future land C sinks. We show here that it is necessary to represent nutrient stoichiometric flexibility in models to accurately project future terrestrial ecosystem carbon sequestration.
Radiocarbon in Dissolved Organic and Inorganic Carbon of the South China Sea
Authors: Ding Ling , Qi Yuanzhi , Shan Sen , Ge Tiantian , Luo Chunle , Wang Xuchen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present the carbon isotope (14C and 13C), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration measurements in the South China Sea (SCS) to reveal the different sources and cycling time scales of the two major carbon pools in the SCS. The DIC concentrations ranged from 1,776 to 2,328 μmol kg−1, and they were lower at the surface and increased with depth. Conversely, the DOC concentrations ranged from 38 to 95 μM, and they were higher on the surface and decreased rapidly in the upper 500‐m water depth. The DIC Δ14C and DOC Δ14C values varied from −227‰ to 68‰ and −557‰ to −258‰, respectively, and both decreased with depth until 1,500 m and then remained relatively constant. DOC Δ14C values were −330‰ lower than DIC Δ14C, indicating that DOC has cycled for much longer than DIC in the SCS. The lower Δ14C‐DIC and Δ14C‐DOC values at depths shallower than 700 m were mainly influenced by intensified vertical mixing, which upwelled the deep water with low Δ14C‐DIC and Δ14C‐DOC values for thorough mixture with the upper layer water. Conversely, the small difference in the Δ14C signature in deep water (>1,500 m) between the SCS and the North Pacific confirmed the rapid water exchange through the Luzon Strait and rapid water mixing in the SCS basin, which plays an important role in controlling carbon cycling in the deep SCS.
In Situ Microphysical Observations of a Multicell Storm Using a Balloon‐Borne Video Disdrometer During Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry
Authors: Waugh Sean M. , Ziegler Conrad L. , MacGorman Donald R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe microphysical characteristics of severe storms and deep convection are challenging but critical in situ observations. Adjustments to modeled microphysical parameters, radar‐based hydrometeor classifications, and lightning initiation research all depend on an accurate depiction of real‐world particle size distributions. To obtain these observations, a balloon‐borne particle imaging device known as the Particle Size, Image, and Velocity probe has been developed at the National Severe Storms Laboratory that is capable of measuring particle size distributions of different particle habits on vertical scales as small as 50 m. The Particle Size, Image, and Velocity observations show that there are rapid shifts in particle counts between successive analysis layers, documenting the small‐scale heterogeneity present inside deep convection. Furthermore, when examining functional fits using both a two and three moment scheme on the total distribution as well as individual particle habits, it is clear that a single prescribed parameter space is not adequate to describe the observations collected. When comparing radar reflectivity calculated from the distribution to independent observations from ground based mobile radars, the two sources agree to within 5 dBZ. This provides confidence to the particle density assumptions made here.
Separable neural mechanisms for the pleiotropic association of copy number variants with neuropsychiatric traits
Authors: Reinwald Jonathan R. , Sartorius Alexander , Weber-Fahr Wolfgang , Sack Markus , Becker Robert , Didriksen Michael , Stensbøl Tine B. , Schwarz Adam J. , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Gass Natalia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract22q11.2, 15q13.3, and 1q21.1 microdeletions attract considerable interest by conferring high risk for a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and autism. A fundamental open question is whether divergent or convergent neural mechanisms mediate this genetic pleiotropic association with the same behavioral phenotypes. We use a combination of rodent microdeletion models with high-field neuroimaging to perform a comparative whole-brain characterization of functional and structural mechanisms linked to high-risk states. Resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired on mice carrying heterozygous microdeletions in 22q11.2 (N = 12), 15q13.3 (N = 11), and 1q21.1 (N = 11) loci. We performed network-based statistic, graph, and morphometric analyses. The three microdeletions did not share significant systems-level features. Instead, morphometric analyses revealed microcephaly in 1q21.1 and macrocephaly in 15q13.3 deletions, whereas cerebellar volume was specifically reduced in 22q11.2 deletion. In function, 22q11.2 deletion mice showed widespread cortical hypoconnectivity, accompanied by opposing hyperconnectivity in dopaminergic pathways, which was confirmed by graph analysis. 1q21.1 exhibited distinct changes in posterior midbrain morphology and function, especially in periaqueductal gray, whereas 15q13.3 demonstrated alterations in auditory/striatal system. The combination of cortical hypoconnectivity and dopaminergic hyperconnectivity and reduced cerebellum in 22q11.2 deletion mirrors key neurodevelopmental features of schizophrenia, whereas changes in midbrain and auditory/striatal morphology and topology in 1q21.1 and 15q13.3 rather indicate focal processes possibly linked to the emergence of abnormal salience perception and hallucinations. In addition to insights into pathophysiological processes in these microdeletions, our results establish the general point that microdeletions might increase risk for overlapping neuropsychiatric phenotypes through separable neural mechanisms.
Minocycline-induced microbiome alterations predict cafeteria diet-induced spatial recognition memory impairments in rats
Authors: Leigh Sarah-Jane , Kaakoush Nadeem O. , Westbrook R. Frederick , Morris Margaret J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDiets rich in sugar and saturated fat are associated with cognitive impairments in both humans and rodents with several potential mechanisms proposed. To test the involvement of diet-induced pro-inflammatory signaling, we exposed rats to a high-fat, high-sugar cafeteria diet, and administered the anti-inflammatory antibiotic minocycline. In the first experiment minocycline was coadministered across the diet, then in a second, independent cohort it was introduced following 4 weeks of cafeteria diet. Cafeteria diet impaired novel place recognition memory throughout the study. Minocycline not only prevented impairment in spatial recognition memory but also reversed impairment established in rats following 4 weeks cafeteria diet. Further, minocycline normalized diet-induced increases in hippocampal pro-inflammatory gene expression. No effects of minocycline were seen on adiposity or dietary intake across the experiments. Cafeteria diet and minocycline treatment significantly altered microbiome composition. The relative abundance ofDesulfovibrio_OTU31, uniquely enriched in vehicle-treated cafeteria-fed rats, negatively and significantly correlated with spatial recognition memory. We developed a statistical model that accurately predicts spatial recognition memory based onDesulfovibrio_OTU31 relative abundance and fat mass. Thus, our results show that minocycline prevents and reverses a dietary-induced diet impairment in spatial recognition memory, and that spatial recognition performance is best predicted by changes in body composition andDesulfovibrio_OTU31, rather than changes in pro-inflammatory gene expression.
Nfkbie-deficiency leads to increased susceptibility to develop B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in aged mice
Authors: Della-Valle Veronique , Roos-Weil Damien , Scourzic Laurianne , Mouly Enguerran , Aid Zakia , Darwiche Walaa , Lecluse Yann , Damm Frederik , Mémet Sylvie , Mercher Thomas , Aoufouchi Said , Nguyen-Khac Florence , Bernard Olivier A. , Ghamlouch Hussein 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAberrant NF-κB activation is a hallmark of most B-cell malignancies. Recurrent inactivating somatic mutations in theNFKBIEgene, which encodes IκBε, an inhibitor of NF-κB-inducible activity, are reported in several B-cell malignancies with highest frequencies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma, and account for a fraction of NF-κB pathway activation. The impact ofNFKBIEdeficiency on B-cell development and function remains, however, largely unknown. Here, we show thatNfkbie-deficient mice exhibit an amplification of marginal zone B cells and an expansion of B1 B-cell subsets. In germinal center (GC)-dependent immune response,Nfkbiedeficiency triggers expansion of GC B-cells through increasing cell proliferation in a B-cell autonomous manner. We also show thatNfkbiedeficiency results in hyperproliferation of a B1 B-cell subset and leads to increased NF-κB activation in these cells upon Toll-like receptor stimulation.Nfkbiedeficiency cooperates with mutant MYD88 signaling and enhances B-cell proliferation in vitro. In aged mice,Nfkbieabsence drives the development of an oligoclonal indolent B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, resembling monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Collectively, these findings shed light on an essential role of IκBε in finely tuning B-cell development and function.
Combined reduction in the expression of MCL-1 and BCL-2 reduces organismal size in mice
Authors: Ke Francine , Lancaster Graeme I. , Grabow Stephanie , Murphy Andrew J. , Strasser Andreas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe intrinsic apoptotic pathway is controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins, which exhibit either a pro-death or pro-survival function. Gene knockout studies revealed that different pro-survival BCL-2 proteins are critical for the survival of distinct cell types, although overlapping functions amongst such proteins have also been identified. In the process of studying mice lacking single alleles of Mcl-1 (Mcl-1+/−), Bcl-2 (Bcl-2+/−), or both in combination (Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/−), we observed that Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice weighed less when compared with their wild-type littermates as they aged. Body composition analysis demonstrated that while fat mass was similar to wild-type controls, lean mass was significantly reduced in Mcl-1+/−, Bcl-2+/−, and, most strikingly in Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice. The weights of several tissues including the heart, tibialis anterior, and kidney were likewise reduced in Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice. When lean mass and specific tissue weights were expressed relative to body weight, these differences were no longer significant, indicating that that Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice, and to a lesser extent Mcl-1+/− and Bcl-2+/− mice, are smaller than their wild-type counterparts. Consistently, the anal-naso length was reduced in Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice. While minor reductions in size were observed in female Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− mice, these effects were most prominent in males. Notably, Mcl-1+/−Bcl-2+/− males had markedly smaller testes even after accounting for differences in body weight. Collectively, these data reveal that combined loss of a single allele of Mcl-1 and Bcl-2, while not overtly impairing organismal development, leads to a reduction in animal size.
Tin-graphene tubes as anodes for lithium-ion batteries with high volumetric and gravimetric energy densities
Authors: Mo Runwei , Tan Xinyi , Li Fan , Tao Ran , Xu Jinhui , Kong Dejia , Wang Zhiyong , Xu Bin , Wang Xiang , Wang Chongmin , Li Jinlai , Peng Yiting , Lu Yunfeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLimited by the size of microelectronics, as well as the space of electrical vehicles, there are tremendous demands for lithium-ion batteries with high volumetric energy densities. Current lithium-ion batteries, however, adopt graphite-based anodes with low tap density and gravimetric capacity, resulting in poor volumetric performance metric. Here, by encapsulating nanoparticles of metallic tin in mechanically robust graphene tubes, we show tin anodes with high volumetric and gravimetric capacities, high rate performance, and long cycling life. Pairing with a commercial cathode material LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2, full cells exhibit a gravimetric and volumetric energy density of 590 W h Kg−1 and 1,252 W h L−1, respectively, the latter of which doubles that of the cell based on graphite anodes. This work provides an effective route towards lithium-ion batteries with high energy density for a broad range of applications.
Amino acid levels determine metabolism and CYP450 function of hepatocytes and hepatoma cell lines
Authors: Boon Ruben , Kumar Manoj , Tricot Tine , Elia Ilaria , Ordovas Laura , Jacobs Frank , One Jennifer , De Smedt Jonathan , Eelen Guy , Bird Matthew , Roelandt Philip , Doglioni Ginevra , Vriens Kim , Rossi Matteo , Vazquez Marta Aguirre , Vanwelden Thomas , Chesnais François , El Taghdouini Adil , Najimi Mustapha , Sokal Etienne , Cassiman David , Snoeys Jan , Monshouwer Mario , Hu Wei-Shou , Lange Christian , Carmeliet Peter , Fendt Sarah-Maria , Verfaillie Catherine M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPredicting drug-induced liver injury in a preclinical setting remains challenging, as cultured primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs), and hepatoma cells exhibit poor drug biotransformation capacity. We here demonstrate that hepatic functionality depends more on cellular metabolism and extracellular nutrients than on developmental regulators. Specifically, we demonstrate that increasing extracellular amino acids beyond the nutritional need of HLCs and HepG2 cells induces glucose independence, mitochondrial function, and the acquisition of a transcriptional profile that is closer to PHHs. Moreover, we show that these high levels of amino acids are sufficient to drive HLC and HepG2 drug biotransformation and liver-toxin sensitivity to levels similar to those in PHHs. In conclusion, we provide data indicating that extracellular nutrient levels represent a major determinant of cellular maturity and can be utilized to guide stem cell differentiation to the hepatic lineage.
Structured graphene metamaterial selective absorbers for high efficiency and omnidirectional solar thermal energy conversion
Authors: Lin Keng-Te , Lin Han , Yang Tieshan , Jia Baohua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn ideal solar-thermal absorber requires efficient selective absorption with a tunable bandwidth, excellent thermal conductivity and stability, and a simple structure for effective solar thermal energy conversion. Despite various solar absorbers having been demonstrated, these conditions are challenging to achieve simultaneously using conventional materials and structures. Here, we propose and demonstrate three-dimensional structured graphene metamaterial (SGM) that takes advantages of wavelength selectivity from metallic trench-like structures and broadband dispersionless nature and excellent thermal conductivity from the ultrathin graphene metamaterial film. The SGM absorbers exhibit superior solar selective and omnidirectional absorption, flexible tunability of wavelength selective absorption, excellent photothermal performance, and high thermal stability. Impressive solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency of 90.1% and solar-to-vapor efficiency of 96.2% have been achieved. These superior properties of the SGM absorber suggest it has a great potential for practical applications of solar thermal energy harvesting and manipulation.
The Aurora B specificity switch is required to protect from non-disjunction at the metaphase/anaphase transition
Authors: Kelly Joanna R. , Martini Silvia , Brownlow Nicola , Joshi Dhira , Federico Stefania , Jamshidi Shirin , Kjaer Svend , Lockwood Nicola , Rahman Khondaker Miraz , Fraternali Franca , Parker Peter J. , Soliman Tanya N. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Aurora B abscission checkpoint delays cytokinesis until resolution of DNA trapped in the cleavage furrow. This process involves PKCε phosphorylation of Aurora B S227. Assessing if this PKCε-Aurora B module provides a more widely exploited genome-protective control for the cell cycle, we show Aurora B phosphorylation at S227 by PKCε also occurs during mitosis. Expression of Aurora B S227A phenocopies inhibition of PKCε in by-passing the delay and resolution at anaphase entry that is associated with non-disjunction and catenation of sister chromatids. Implementation of this anaphase delay is reflected in PKCε activation following cell cycle dependent cleavage by caspase 7; knock-down of caspase 7 phenocopies PKCε loss, in a manner rescued by ectopically expressing/generating a free PKCε catalytic domain. Molecular dynamics indicates that Aurora B S227 phosphorylation induces conformational changes and this manifests in a profound switch in specificity towards S29 TopoIIα phosphorylation, a response necessary for catenation resolution during mitosis.
Cell-in-the-loop pattern formation with optogenetically emulated cell-to-cell signaling
Authors: Perkins Melinda Liu , Benzinger Dirk , Arcak Murat , Khammash Mustafa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDesigning and implementing synthetic biological pattern formation remains challenging due to underlying theoretical complexity as well as the difficulty of engineering multicellular networks biochemically. Here, we introduce a cell-in-the-loop approach where living cells interact through in silico signaling, establishing a new testbed to interrogate theoretical principles when internal cell dynamics are incorporated rather than modeled. We present an easy-to-use theoretical test to predict the emergence of contrasting patterns in gene expression among laterally inhibiting cells. Guided by the theory, we experimentally demonstrate spontaneous checkerboard patterning in an optogenetic setup, where cell-to-cell signaling is emulated with light inputs calculated in silico from real-time gene expression measurements. The scheme successfully produces spontaneous, persistent checkerboard patterns for systems of sixteen patches, in quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions. Our research highlights how tools from dynamical systems theory may inform our understanding of patterning, and illustrates the potential of cell-in-the-loop for engineering synthetic multicellular systems.
Pretreatment tumor-related leukocytosis misleads positron emission tomography-computed tomography during lymph node staging in gynecological malignancies
Authors: Mabuchi Seiji , Komura Naoko , Sasano Tomoyuki , Shimura Kotaro , Yokoi Eriko , Kozasa Katsumi , Kuroda Hiromasa , Takahashi Ryoko , Kawano Mahiru , Matsumoto Yuri , Kato Hiroki , Hatazawa Jun , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe accuracy of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) can be influenced by the increased glycolytic activity of inflammatory lesions. Here, using clinical data obtained from gynecological cancer patients, tumor samples and animal models, we investigate the impact of pretreatment tumor-related leukocytosis (TRL) on the diagnostic performance of 18F-FDG-PET/CT in detecting pelvic and paraaortic lymph node metastasis. We demonstrate that pretreatment TRL misleads 18F-FDG-PET/CT during lymph node staging in gynecological malignancies. In the mechanistic investigations, we show that the false-positive 18F-FDG-PET/CT result for detecting nodal metastasis can be reproduced in animal models of TRL-positive cancer bearing G-CSF expressing cervical cancer cells. We also show that increased 18F-FDG uptake in non-metastatic nodes can be explained by the MDSC-mediated premetastatic niche formation in which proinflammatory factors, such as S100A8 or S100A9, are abundantly expressed. Together, our results suggest that the MDSC-mediated premetastatic niche created in the lymph node of TRL-positive patients misleads 18F-FDG-PET/CT for detecting nodal metastasis.
Cell lineage-specific transcriptome analysis for interpreting cell fate specification of proembryos
Authors: Zhou Xuemei , Liu Zhenzhen , Shen Kun , Zhao Peng , Sun Meng-Xiang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn Arabidopsis, a zygote undergoes asymmetrical cell division that establishes the first two distinct cell types of early proembryos, apical and basal cells. However, the genome-wide transcriptional activities that guide divergence of apical and basal cell development remain unknown. Here, we present a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of apical and basal cell lineages, uncovering distinct molecular pathways during cell lineage specification. Selective deletion of inherited transcripts and specific de novo transcription contribute to the establishment of cell lineage-specific pathways for cell fate specification. Embryo-related pathways have been specifically activated in apical cell lineage since 1-cell embryo stage, but quick transcriptome remodeling toward suspensor-specific pathways are found in basal cell lineage. Furthermore, long noncoding RNAs and alternative splicing isoforms may be involved in cell lineage specification. This work also provides a valuable lineage-specific transcriptome resource to elucidate the molecular pathways for divergence of apical and basal cell lineages at genome-wide scale.