bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Electrochemistry of Al-Rich Primer
Authors: Wang Shan-Shan , Palani Siva , Rose Alan , Frankel Gerald S. 
Published: December 2020

Al-rich primer (AlRP) is designed to be anodic relative to high strength Al alloys, so that it drives the mixed potential of Al alloy substrates (e.g. AA2024) into the cathodic region below the breakdown potentials of the Al alloys, preventing localized corrosion. The Al-rich primer (AlRP) under study is composed of spherical Al-Zn-In pigments in an epoxy binder. The 2D and 3D microstructure of the AlRP was studied using a combination of X-ray microscopy, plasma focus ion beam/scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The primer contained Al-Zn-In particles with various sizes ranging from tens of nanometers to microns, epoxy binder and a significant volume of voids. Potentiodynamic polarization testing was performed to measure the electrochemistry of the Al-Zn-In bulk alloy under neat primer in NaCl solution to simulate the environment which Al-Zn-In pigments are exposed to in the real primer. The bulk alloy under neat primer exhibited higher breakdown potential than the bare bulk alloy exposed to NaCl solution. The polarization curves of the bulk alloy under neat primer provide more accurate boundary conditions for modeling of the galvanic interaction between the AlRP and an alloy substrate. Galvanic corrosion between an AA2024 sample and Al-Zn-In bulk alloy was also studied using a zero resistance ammeter. A trivalent chromium process treatment on galvanic couples can protect AA2024 substrate from cathodic corrosion.
Acknowledgements: this project is funded by the Office of Naval Research through the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program. We thank Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) for providing Al-rich primer samples. We acknowledge Dr. Mansoureh Norouzi Rad at Zeiss for 3D microstructure reconstruction on Al-rich primer using X-ray microscope, and Thermo Fisher Scientific for 3D microstructure reconstruction on Al-rich primer using Helios Plasma FIB/SEM. We appreciate Dr. Babu Viswanathan at OSU for STEM characterization, and Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials (SCSAM) at Case Western Reserve University for Ar ion polishing.
(Invited) Developing the Electrodeposition of High Energy Density Anodes for 3D Architectures for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Prieto Amy L , Ma Jeffrey , Schulze Maxwell , Nieto Kelly 
Published: December 2020

As Li-ion batteries continue to improve in all metrics, new markets are now opening to portable energy. However, the fundamental challenges are still the same: how do we improve how much energy a particular material can store, how quickly it can charge and discharge safely, while enabling effective communication between all components of a particular cell? It is not sufficient to simply discover and improve new materials, we have to also consider the development of efficient, manufacturable architectures that enable the best performance for a particular material.
We are working to incorporate high surface area structures of novel anode materials into a 3D interdigitated solid-state battery architecture. The significant advantage to this architecture is that the diffusion length for Li+between the cathode and anode will be dramatically reduced, which should lead to much faster charging rates. The structure and composition of the anode is critical to the energy density, power density, cycle life, and safety of the overall battery. I will discuss electrodeposited M-Sb (where M = Ni, Cu, Zn) thin films and high surface area structures that have been investigated as alloy anodes for Li-ion batteries to elucidate the effects of both the film composition and substrate interactions on cycling stability and lifetime. The results discussed will demonstrate that important composition and substrate factors for anode cycling performance are being developed that are likely applicable to other systems. A key theme in this work is how to develop materials architectures that not only have attractive properties for the chosen application (energy storage), but that are also ideally suited to elucidating and understanding degradation mechanisms for high energy density materials. I will also discuss my opinions on the need for integrating a big-picture view of manufacturability for applied materials research, as well as the challenges and opportunities in moving research and development from an academic lab into the marketplace.
Ferroelectric HfO2 Capacitors for Varactor Application in GHz
Authors: Lin Yu Wei , Mizutani Kazuto , Hoshii Takuya , Wakabayashi Hitoshi , Tsutsui Kazuo , Tsao Yi-Fan , Huang Ting-Jui , Hsu Heng-Tung , Kakushima Kuniyuki 
Published: December 2020

Capacitance extraction of ferroelectric HfO2 capacitors was characterized at a frequency of 1 GHz. By applying a bias voltage in the non-switching region of the ferroelectric HfO2 films, a varactor operation was confirmed.

Introduction

The ferroelectric HfO2 layer has attracted attraction in CMOS and memory applications due to its scaling ability and process compatibility. Generally, ferroelctric capacitors show increase in the capacitance near the coercive field. By setting a proper bias to the ferroelectric capacitors, they can work as varactors under non-switching mode. As there is an increasing demand on-chip varactors for monolithic microwave ICs (MMICs) [1,2]. In this research, we measured the capacitance of the ferroelectric HfO2 capacitors at high frequency and confirmed the capacitance control. Measruements were done under on-wafer probing system in the frequency range of 10 MHz to 1 GHz [3].

Experiments

Figure 1 shows the schematic cross-section of ferroelectric HfO2 capacitors. A 1 mm plasma SiO2 layer was first deposited on a high-resistive Si wafer f. A 12-nm-thick 5 mol% Y-doped HfO2 film were deposteid by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The top and bottom electrode were both W deposited by sputtering and patterned by reactive ion etching (RIE). Annealing to transform the HfO2 layer into ferroelectric pahse was conducted at 500 oC. Metal contacts of Au/Ni/Ti were deposited by thermal evaporation.

Results and discussions

Capacitance-voltage measurement taken from LCR meter at 10 kHz is shown in fig. 2. After polling process, the capacitance can be tuned by 32 % by controlling the bais voltage in the non-switching region. The capacitance values under different bias voltage, extracted from the S-parameters of capacitors with proper calibration patterns, are shown in fig. 3. Although the capacitance tuning was narrow compared to those obtained by the LCR meter, the varactor operation was confirmd with ferroelectric HfO2 capacitors.

Conclusion

A varactor operation in ferroelectric HfO2 capacitor at 1 GHz was confirmed.

References

[1] N. Setter, et al., J. Appl. Phys. 100, 051606 (2006)
[2] A. Vorobiev, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 3144 (2003)
[3] K. Lee, et al., IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 54, no. 12, pp. 4141-4148 (2006)

Figure 1
Durability and Reliability of EV Batteries Under Electric Utility Grid Operations: Impact of Frequency Regulation Usage on Cell Degradation
Authors: Baure George , Beck David , Dubarry Matthieu 
Published: December 2020

The usage of electric vehicle batteries to assist the main electric grid for the storage of energy provided by intermittent sources should become an essential tool to increase the penetration of green energies. However, this service induces additional usage on the cells and, therefore, could degrade them further. Since degradation is path-dependent, it is of paramount importance to test the impact of all the different grid applications on the batteries. In this work, we tested the additional usage induced by using electric vehicle batteries for frequency regulation at moderate rates during rest or charge and found no detrimental effect after around 2000 cycles on the cells.
The main takeaway from our study was that some frequency regulation V2G usage at moderate rates (from C/5 to C/3 as a maximum current) did not accelerate the cell degradation despite close to 15% additional usage. In addition, there was no noticeable difference between performing this ancillary service during rest or charge or at maximum current fluctuations up to C/3 during rest and C/4 during charge. These results are extremely positive for the possible application of V2G/G2V strategies. However, it must be noted that our results hold for these specific cells and the duty cycle tested. More research is necessary to generalize the results. We already verified the results on another batch of commercial cells based on graphite//Nickel Cobalt Aluminum oxide.
Due to the lack of differences in the degradation between duty cycles, the benefits of modulating the charge to eliminate the additional usage on the cells could not be verified. Experiments on other chemistries with more aggressive usage will be launched to test the hypothesis further.
As for the diagnosis for the degradation, a new approach of coupling IC and DV analysis yielded four indicators for automatic diagnosis. This methodology will allow faster diagnosis and bolsters the value of the FOI approach for BMS implementation. However, our study also showed that under some conditions, in our case the apparent kinetic limitations, some of the FOI may become ineffective with time. Therefore, proper validation using full fits and sensibility analysis to check for the range of efficacy of chosen FOI is still essential.
Finally, some cells showcased the 2nd stage of aging and we were not able to predict it from the voltage variations. This suggested that it was not induced by a widespread degradation of the electrodes but was more likely because of localized effects. The cells that did not perform any frequency regulation seemed to be the most affected, but those results need to be moderated by the fact that the differences were probably within what to expect between cells performing the same duty cycles.
Voltammetrically Deposited Nife on Modified Ni Foam As an Efficient and Stable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Narayanaru Sreekanth , Gopinathan M Anilkumar , Tamaki Takanori , Yamaguchi Takeo 
Published: December 2020

Environmentally safe and efficient production of renewable fuels are of great demand to meet the current global energy crisis and global warming. As a fuel, hydrogen has been considered as the most suitable source of clean and sustainable energy, which indeed promote the importance of electrochemical water splitting [1-3]. Efficient and stable electrocatalyst for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are inevitable for the commercialization of water electrolyzer. Comparatively, the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is more sluggish than the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which in turn affect the overall efficiency of the water electrolysis [4]. The non-noble metal oxides-based catalysts in alkaline solution have been shown promising OER activity [5] however, the high alkaline condition and high oxidation potential affects the stability of the metal oxides.
Bimetallic oxide of NiFe system has been found as an efficient catalyst for OER [6]. Various methods were demonstrated for the synthesis of NiFe catalyst and studied their OER activity. In the present work, we made NiFe catalyst through electrochemical deposition method. We deposited NiFe over Ni foam and modified Ni foam through the constant potential method and voltammetric method. The OER activity and stability of these catalysts were measured in alkaline solution. Among the various catalysts synthesized, the NiFe deposited over modified Ni foam through constant potential method has shown better OER activity, attained 10 mA/cm2 at 1.45 V (vs RHE) but after electrolysis the potential increased to 1.47 V, indicating the poor catalytic stability. Whereas the NiFe catalyst prepared through the voltammetric method has attained 10 mA/cm2 at 1.46 V and remained unchanged after electrolysis, indicating better catalytic activity and stability (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Linear sweep voltammogram measured before and after electrolysis in 1 M KOH of electrodeposited NiFe catalyst prepared through (a) constant potential method and (b) voltammetric method.

Acknowledgement

This presentation is based on results obtained from a project commissioned by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

References.

1 N. T. Suen, S. F. Hung, Q. Quan, N. Zhang, Y. J. Xu and H. M. Chen, Chem. Soc. Rev.
46, 337–365 (2017).
2 M. I. Jamesh and X. Sun, J. Power Sources. 400, 31–68 (2018).
3 S. Jung, C. C. L. McCrory, I. M. Ferrer, J. C. Peters and T. F. Jaramillo, J. Mater. Chem. A. 4, 3068–3076 (2016).
4 M. Tahir, L. Pan, F. Idrees, X. Zhang, L. Wang, J. J. Zou and Z. L. Wang, Nano Energy. 37, 136–157 (2017).
5 F. Song, L. Bai, A. Moysiadou, S. Lee, C. Hu, L. Liardet and X. Hu, J. Am. Chem. Soc.
140, 7748–7759 (2018).
6 M. Gong and H. Dai, Nano Res.
8, 23–39 (2014).

Figure 1
A Regenerable, Electrodeposited, Iron-Group Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Yujia , Kizilkaya Orhan , Bilan Hubert K. , Kurtz Richard L. , Podlaha Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2020

Fe-Ni-based oxides and oxyhydroxides have been recognized as interesting oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts, and thus could be alternatives to replace rare and expensive metal oxides (e.g., IrO2 and RuO2) for water electrolysis in the generation of hydrogen to store energy from intermittent sources, such as solar and wind. However, these materials may suffer from deactivation during the OER due to changes in the active phases. In this study, a methodology to regenerate the OER activity of aged, electrodeposited Fe-Ni-Co electrocatalysts in an alkaline electrolyte is presented.
The Fe-Ni-Co thin films were electrodeposited over a range of current density from a boric acid electrolyte onto rotating cylinder electrodes (RCE). The resulting deposits had different Fe and Ni compositions, containing a small amount of Co, and were used to characterize the OER in 1 M KOH. Linear sweep voltammetry was used to generate a surface oxide and measure the OER kinetics. The electroactive surface areas were accessed using an electrochemical ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox reaction. The OER kinetics were found to be a function of deposit composition, with the lowest Tafel slope and overpotential (at 10 mA/cm2) observed at a metal weight percentage ratio, Fe/(Ni+Co), of 1.2. The electrocatalyst became less active upon chronopotentiometric aging at 10 mA/cm2 for 30 hours. Notably, when the aged catalyst was reduced by applying a cathodic current density, the electrocatalytic activity recovered. The spectra of Fe, Ni, Co L-edge and O K-edge from X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) suggested that the aging and recovery are due to the redistribution of the electron density between O, and Fe and Ni. Co was found to be predominately in the metallic state.
Synthetic Training Data for Artificial Intelligence-Based Li-Ion Diagnosis and Prognosis
Authors: Dubarry Matthieu , Beck David 
Published: December 2020

Accurate lithium battery diagnosis and prognosis is critical to increase penetration of electric vehicles and grid-tied storage systems. Both diagnosis and prognosis are complex due to the intricate, nonlinear, and path-dependent nature of battery degradation. Data-driven models are anticipated to play a significant role in the behavioral prediction of dynamical systems such as batteries. However, they are often limited by the amount of training data available.
In this work, we will present a proof-of-concept methodology to generate big data training datasets for intercalation batteries. It will use a mechanistic approach that combines both modeling and experimental techniques to provide a universal tool for the creation of synthetic voltage curves practically indistinguishable from real data. This approach offers the benefits of the broad applicability of the model to various cell chemistries, designs, and operating modes, as well as the high fidelity as inhered from the detailed extraction of the experimental data. The methodology could be applied to the generation of training datasets encompassing the entire degradation spectrum as well as different operating conditions such as rate and temperature. Scenarios leading to lithium plating with adjustable reversibility can be added and the addition of random noise on the data could be considered to make the datasets even more realistic and consider the impact of real-life testing machines' precision and accuracy
The proof-of-concept datasets are over three orders of magnitude larger than what is currently available in the literature. With benchmark datasets, results from different studies could be easily equated, and the performance of different algorithms can be compared, enhanced, and analyzed extensively. This will expend critical capabilities of current AI algorithms, tools, and techniques to predict scientific data.
Efficient Electrochemical/Electroless Deposition Synthesis Routines for CO Tolerant Catalysts
Authors: Kurdin Kirill A. , Volkov Mikhail A. , Kuznetsov Vitaly V. , Lipovskikh Svetlana A. , Belina Charles A. , Stevenson Keith J. 
Published: December 2020

Composite catalysts containing Pt and Mo-oxides are promising materials for anodic catalyst preparation in PEMFCs due to their high tolerance for CO-poisoning. The search for optimal preparation methods for these materials is an important task in modern electrochemical energetics.
Two synthetic routines, namely electrodeposition and deposition under open-circuit conditions, were used for Pt-MoO
x
catalyst preparation. The prepared catalysts were characterized by a variety of modern physical methods (XRD, XPS, SEM, EDX); it was established that the material prepared by electroless deposition contains platinum shell upon platinum core. The materials obtained were tested in the reactions of CO adsorbate electrodeposition and dissolved CO-oxidation.
It was found that molybdenum oxides in the composites prepared by electrodeposition broaden the major peak of CO-oxidation, but the peak maximum does not shift toward less positive values. Therefore, the CO monolayer is destabilized as a result of the contact with molybdenum oxides; however, only a small part of CO can be oxidized at these low potentials. Nevertheless, these catalysts are suitable for dissolved carbon monoxide oxidation.

aPt·b(H
x

-2MoO3) composites were synthesized by the redox reaction of K2PtCl4 with reduced forms of hydrogen containing molybdenum bronzes. The CO desorption peak is broadened and shifted toward less positive potentials. aPt·b(H
x

-2MoO3) catalysts demonstrate high catalytic activity in the reaction of both adsorbed and dissolved CO oxidation. Therefore, one can conclude that both electrodeposition and electroless deposition are suitable methods for preparing PEMFC anode catalysts.

Figure 1
Electrocatalysts Prepared By Galvanic Displacement for Selective Glycerol Oxidation
Authors: Pham Tammy Dung , Klunder Kevin Jay , Malapit Christian A , Minteer Shelley D. 
Published: December 2020

Oxidation of alcohol has been an important topic in fuel cells as it can lead to value-added chemical synthesis. A particular alcohol of interest is glycerol. This is because glycerol is a major side product generated from the biodiesel. Moreover, it has three hydroxyl groups making it a highly functionalized molecule. However, the three-alcohol groups provide low selectivity and activity towards high value-added products. Electrochemistry has shown to be an effective method to increase activity and selectivity.
Monometallic catalyst such as gold, platinum, and palladium are used for many alcohol oxidations. However, they typically suffer from low selectivity and poisoning by carbon monoxide. This is a problem with oxidation of glycerol since one of its product is carbon monoxide. This study focuses on the composition of the electrode to enhance the selectivity and activity of glycerol using galvanic displacement method. Previous research has shown bimetallic systems have more selective and activity. Some research shown pairing bismuth with platinum facilitates the oxidation of the secondary alcohol position.
Galvanic displacement has found to be a successful technique to fabricate a series of platinum-bismuth and bismuth-platinum electrodes were characterized by TEM, XPS, and CV. By using this technique, the results have shown it to be an efficient method to design a bimetallic platinum-bismuth electrode system that is tunable and selective towards glyceric acid. The bimetallic system is highly advantageous, easy to manipulate, and has favorable interactions between the platinum-bismuth system.
Capacity Fading Mechanism of Ni-Rich Layered Li[NixCoyMn1-x-Y]O2 Cathode with x ≥ 0.9
Authors: Son Byoung-Ki , Nam Gyeong Won , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: December 2020

Electric vehicles (EVs) require rechargeable batteries with high energy density and excellent capacity retention to meet the target driving range and ensure sufficient vehicle service life. However, the specific energy density and lifetime of EVs are largely limited by the performance of the cathode. For this reason, research on EV batteries primarily concentrated on characterizing and developing optimal cathode materials. Among the numerous proposed cathodes, Ni-rich Li[NixCoyMn1-x-y]O2 (NCM) and Li[NixCoyAl1-x-y]O2 (NCA) cathodes are the main candidates for high performance EVs because of their high reversible capacity and operating potential. However, due to structural instability, parasitic surface reactions arising from accumulation of a NiO-like phase on the surface, it is difficult to satisfy the recommended driving range and battery lifetime at the same time.1-3

Many researches have revealed the degradation mechanism of Ni < 90%, however, there are few experimental reports on the NCM cathodes with x ≥ 0.9. Because there is a lack of comprehensive data explicitly showing the capacity fading trend of NCM cathodes (x ≥ 0.9), the current technology shows the ultimate limitation in safely utilizing the energy storage capabilities of the Ni-rich NCM cathode.
In the studies presented here, Ni-rich NCM cathodes with precisely controlled compositions, LNO (x = 1.00), NCM98 (x = 0.98), NCM96 (x = 0.96), NCM94 (x = 0.94), NCM92 (x = 0.92) and NCM90 (x = 0.90) were synthesized and compared to obtain a comprehensive mechanism of the capacity fading of highly Ni-rich NCM cathodes. In situ-XRD, scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and electrochemical analysis became the main experiment and revealed the mechanism.

Reference
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Yoon, C. S.; Choi, M. H.; Lim, B.-B.; Lee, E.-J.; Sun, Y.-K, Electrochem. Soc.
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Ryu, H.-H.; Park, K.-J.; Yoon, C. S.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater.
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Yoon, C. S.; Ryu, H.-H.; Park, G.-T.; Kim, J.-H.; Kim, K.-H.; Sun, Y.-K, Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 4126-4132.