bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wider Legal Context
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the wider legal context in which proprietary estoppel operates. It therefore considers some of the practical issues (for example, in relation to taxation or the conflict of laws) that may arise when making or defending a proprietary estoppel claim. It is split into three parts. Firstly, the chapter looks at issues that may arise where B brings a proprietary estoppel claim. It then examines alternative claims that may be relevant when a proprietary estoppel claim is brought or contemplated. Finally, the chapter considers possible future developments in the law of proprietary estoppel and presents a case for the expansion of the promise-based strand to promises that are unrelated to land or other property.
International Crimes: Law and Practice
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The law of international crimes has become increasingly dense over the years, which has rendered the law of international crimes more sophisticated and more complex. This is perhaps most apparent in relation to the law of crimes against humanity. From a single paragraph in Article 6 of the Nuremberg Charter, the law of crimes against humanity has grown into dozens of interacting definitional elements and an extensive body of practice. As part of this development, crimes against humanity have established their own normative identity with a distinctive chapeau or contextual element and a broad range of underlying offences, including discrimination-based crimes, penal translations of what are in effect serious human rights violations, a series of gender-based crimes and a residual offence of ‘other inhuman acts’. The combined effect of a sophisticated body of criminal law, international obligations directed at ensuring accountability and a multiplication of judicial venues competent to adjudicate upon such crimes, carries with it the hope that crimes against humanity could become an effective enforcer of international justice. However, resistance to full and universal accountability for such crimes is still a powerful political reality that undermines the possibility of justice and the institutions that are devoted to it. The present volume hopes to contribute to achieving that goal as the law of crimes against humanity is as important and relevant today as it was when first enforced. As it stands today, that law is a testimony to the efforts of many who have strived to ensure that atrocities should not remain unpunished.
Chapeau or Contextual Elements
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the chapeau or contextual elements of crimes against humanity. To constitute a crime against humanity, a crime must be committed in the context of and as part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. This contextual element is the core distinguishing feature of crimes against humanity. It highlights their collective character and excludes isolated or random criminal acts. It also distinguishes crimes against humanity from ordinary crimes and other categories of international crimes. As a matter of customary international law, the chapeau element of crimes against humanity may be divided into five sub-elements: (i) there must be an ‘attack’; (ii) the attack must be ‘directed against any civilian population’; (iii) the attack must be ‘widespread or systematic’; (iv) there must be a sufficient link or ‘nexus’ between the acts of the accused and the attack; and (v) the accused must have known that there was a widespread or systematic attack directed against a civilian population, and he must have known that his acts formed part of that attack.
Social aspects of primary care
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores the social aspects of primary care, from social factors and health to multicultural medicine. It includes the general practitioner’s role in cases of domestic violence and with patients who are the victims of crime. It provides guidance on patients with occupational illness and who need time off work for illness, as well as certification of fitness to work and fitness to make decisions, drive, and other activities. It also looks at dealing with bereavement, grief, and coping with loss, and provides advice for claiming benefits for low-income and sickness and disability, as well as pensions.
Medicines and prescribing
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores all aspects of prescribing in general practice. It reviews NHS prescriptions and how to write prescriptions, including prescriptions for special groups, repeat prescribing, and management of medicines. It also discusses adverse drug reactions, licensing of medicines, how to handle controlled drugs, and non-drug interventions and complementary medicine.
Chronic disease and elderly care
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores chronic disease and elderly care in general practice. It examines chronic disease management, multimorbidity, genetics and genomics, and medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). It covers the assessment of pain and neuropathic pain, as well as the principles of pain control and pain-relieving drugs including morphine and other strong opioids. It also reviews all aspects of normal ageing, including falls in older people, prescribing for older people, elderly care and disability management, maintaining independence, and carers.
Endocrinology
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores endocrinology in general practice. It covers symptoms of endocrine disease, including diabetes mellitus. It examines the organization, monitoring, and management of diabetes, treatment of type 2 diabetes, insulin, hypoglycaemia, diabetic renal disease, cardiovascular and skin diabetic complications, eye and nerve diabetic complications, and the diabetic foot. It also explores lumps in the thyroid gland, goitres, thyroid disorders, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, adrenal disorders, and pituitary problems.
Musculoskeletal problems
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores musculoskeletal problems encountered in general practice. It covers symptoms of musculoskeletal disease, neck and low back pain, and problems with the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, hip, knee, ankle, and foot. It explores sports medicine and the management of sporting injuries. It examines bone disorders, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthropathies, and crystal-induced arthritis. It also discusses connective tissue disease, polymyalgia and giant cell arteritis, tiredness, and chronic fatigue syndrome.
Dermatology
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores dermatology in general practice. It covers skin assessment, treatment of skin conditions, changes in skin colour and eruptions, itching and blistering of the skin, erythema, pigmentation disorder, hair and sweat gland problems, nail changes, and atopic and other eczemas. It discusses ulcers, urticaria, angio-oedema, acne, psoriasis, lichen planus, keratinization disorders, pityriasis, and seborrhoeic warts. It examines sunlight and the skin, benign skin tumours, and skin cancer. It also explores bacterial skin infection, viral skin infection, fungal infection, and infestation.
Emergencies
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores emergencies in general practice. It covers emergency patient encounters from warning signs for acute severe illness through to managing a resuscitation attempt outside hospital. It details adult basic life support, paediatric basic life support, the choking adult, the choking child, and the unconscious patient. It explores anaphylaxis, sepsis, meningitis, encephalitis, haemorrhage, shock, chest pain, palpitations, acute coronary syndrome, acute breathlessness, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax. It discusses acute asthma in adults and children, acute abdominal pain, fitting and funny turns, endocrine and obstetric emergencies, and resuscitation of the newborn. It explores fractures, head injury, facial injury, scalds, burns, and poisoning. It examines overdose, suicide, disturbed behaviour, compulsory treatment of patients with mental illness, and environmental emergencies.
Detection of glyceraldehyde and glycerol in VUV processed interstellar ice analogues containing formaldehyde: a general formation route for sugars and polyols
Authors: Layssac Y , Gutiérrez-Quintanilla A , Chiavassa T , Duvernay F 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Complex organic molecules (COMs) have been identified toward high- and low-mass protostars as well as molecular clouds. Among them, sugar-like and polyol two carbon-bearing molecules such as glycolaldehyde (GA) and ethylene glycol (EG) are of special interest. Recent laboratory experiments have shown that they can efficiently be formed via atom addition reactions between accreting H-atoms and CO molecules or via energetic processes (UV, electrons) on ice analogues containing methanol or formaldehyde. In this study, we report new laboratory experiments on the low-temperature solid state formation of complex organic molecules – the first sugar glyceraldehyde and its saturated derivative glycerol – through VUV photolysis performed at three different temperatures (15, 50, and 90 K) of astrochemically relevant ices composed of water and formaldehyde. We get evidence that the species production depends on the ice temperature during photolysis. The results presented here indicate that a general scheme of aldose and polyol formation is plausible and that heavier COMs than GA and EG could exist in interstellar environments. We propose a general pathway involving radical-formaldehyde reactions as common initiation step for aldose and polyol formation. Future telescope observations may give additional clues on their presence in star-forming regions as observations are currently limited because of the detection thresholds.
Defeating stochasticity: coalescence time-scales of massive black holes in galaxy mergers
Authors: Nasim Imran , Gualandris Alessia , Read Justin , Dehnen Walter , Delorme Maxime , Antonini Fabio 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The coalescence of massive black hole binaries (BHBs) in galactic mergers is the primary source of gravitational waves (GWs) at low frequencies. Current estimates of GW detection rates for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and the Pulsar Timing Array vary by three orders of magnitude. To understand this variation, we simulate the merger of equal-mass, eccentric, galaxy pairs with central massive black holes and shallow inner density cusps. We model the formation and hardening of a central BHB using the fast multiple method as a force solver, which features a O(N) scaling with the number N of particles and obtains results equivalent to direct-summation simulations. At N ∼ 5 × 105, typical for contemporary studies, the eccentricity of the BHBs can vary significantly for different random realizations of the same initial condition, resulting in a substantial variation of the merger time-scale. This scatter owes to the stochasticity of stellar encounters with the BHB and decreases with increasing N. We estimate that N ∼ 107 within the stellar half-light radius suffices to reduce the scatter in the merger time-scale to ∼10 per cent. Our results suggest that at least some of the uncertainty in low-frequency GW rates owes to insufficient numerical resolution.
A kinase-independent function for AURORA-A in replisome assembly during DNA replication initiation
Authors: Guarino Almeida Estrella , Renaudin Xavier , Venkitaraman Ashok R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The catalytic activity of human AURORA-A kinase (AURKA) regulates mitotic progression, and its frequent overexpression in major forms of epithelial cancer is associated with aneuploidy and carcinogenesis. Here, we report an unexpected, kinase-independent function for AURKA in DNA replication initiation whose inhibition through a class of allosteric inhibitors opens avenues for cancer therapy. We show that genetic depletion of AURKA, or its inhibition by allosteric but not catalytic inhibitors, blocks the G1-S cell cycle transition. A catalytically inactive AURKA mutant suffices to overcome this block. We identify a multiprotein complex between AURKA and the replisome components MCM7, WDHD1 and POLD1 formed during G1, and demonstrate that allosteric but not catalytic inhibitors prevent the chromatin assembly of functional replisomes. Indeed, allosteric but not catalytic AURKA inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to inhibition of the CDC7 kinase subunit of the replication-initiating factor DDK. Thus, our findings define a mechanism essential for replisome assembly during DNA replication initiation that is vulnerable to inhibition as combination therapy in cancer.
Effective Antimicrobial StewaRdship StrategIES (ARIES): Cluster Randomized Trial of Computerized Decision Support System and Prospective Review and Feedback
Authors: Heng Shi Thong , Wong Joshua , Young Barnaby , Tay Hui Lin , Tan Sock Hoon , Yap Min Yi , Teng Christine B , Ang Brenda , Lee Tau Hong , Tan Hui Ling , Lew Thomas W , Lye David Chien , Ng Tat Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundProspective review and feedback (PRF) of antibiotic prescriptions and compulsory computerized decision support system (CDSS) are 2 strategies of antimicrobial stewardship. There are limited studies investigating their combined effects. We hypothesized that the use of on-demand (voluntary) CDSS would achieve similar patient outcomes compared with automatically triggered (compulsory) CDSS whenever broad-spectrum antibiotics are ordered.MethodsA parallel-group, 1:1 block cluster randomized crossover study was conducted in 32 medical and surgical wards from March to August 2017. CDSS use for piperacillin-tazobactam or carbapenem in the intervention clusters was at the demand of the doctor, while in the control clusters CDSS use was compulsory. PRF was continued for both arms. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality.ResultsSix hundred forty-one and 616 patients were randomized to voluntary and compulsory CDSS, respectively. There were no differences in 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.67–1.12), re-infection and re-admission rates, antibiotic duration, length of stay, or hospitalization cost. The proportion of patients receiving PRF recommendations was not significantly lower in the voluntary CDSS arm (62 [10%] vs 81 [13%]; P = .05). Appropriate indication of antibiotics was high in both arms (351/448 [78%] vs 330/433 [74%]; P = .18). However, in geriatric medicine patients where antibiotic appropriateness was &lt;50%, prescription via compulsory CDSS resulted in a shorter length of stay and lower hospitalization cost.ConclusionsVoluntary broad-spectrum antibiotics with PRF via CDSS did not result in differing clinical outcomes, antibiotic duration, or length of stay. However, in the setting of low antibiotic appropriateness, compulsory CDSS may be beneficial.
Reforming the UK financial system to promote regional development in post-COVID Britain
Authors: Collier Paul , Mayer Colin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The UK government faces a massive post-COVID problem in restructuring failing companies and rebuilding its already depressed regions. A missing part of the solution is to link government as well as private-sector funding to the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the regions. The institutional structure that is required has precedents in the UK, which can be used as the basis for reforming the funding of its SMEs.
Microstructure in the Machine Age
Authors: Easley David , López de Prado Marcos , O’Hara Maureen , Zhang Zhibai 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Understanding modern market microstructure phenomena requires large amounts of data and advanced mathematical tools. We demonstrate how machine learning can be applied to microstructural research. We find that microstructure measures continue to provide insights into the price process in current complex markets. Some microstructure features with high explanatory power exhibit low predictive power, while others with less explanatory power have more predictive power. We find that some microstructure-based measures are useful for out-of-sample prediction of various market statistics, leading to questions about market efficiency. We also show how microstructure measures can have important cross-asset effects. Our results are derived using 87 liquid futures contracts across all asset classes.
Brain functional connectivity upon awakening from sleep predicts interindividual differences in dream recall frequency
Authors: Vallat Raphael , Nicolas Alain , Ruby Perrine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Why do some individuals recall dreams every day while others hardly ever recall one? We hypothesized that sleep inertia—the transient period following awakening associated with brain and cognitive alterations—could be a key mechanism to explain interindividual differences in dream recall at awakening. To test this hypothesis, we measured the brain functional connectivity (combined electroencephalography–functional magnetic resonance imaging) and cognition (memory and mental calculation) of high dream recallers (HR, n = 20) and low dream recallers (LR, n = 18) in the minutes following awakening from an early-afternoon nap. Resting-state scans were acquired just after or before a 2 min mental calculation task, before the nap, 5 min after awakening from the nap, and 25 min after awakening. A comic was presented to the participants before the nap with no explicit instructions to memorize it. Dream(s) and comic recall were collected after the first post-awakening scan. As expected, between-group contrasts of the functional connectivity at 5 min post-awakening revealed a pattern of enhanced connectivity in HR within the default mode network (DMN) and between regions of the DMN and regions involved in memory processes. At the behavioral level, a between-group difference was observed in dream recall, but not comic recall. Our results provide the first evidence that brain functional connectivity right after awakening is associated with interindividual trait differences in dream recall and suggest that the brain connectivity of HR at awakening facilitates the maintenance of the short-term memory of the dream during the sleep–wake transition.
Enhancing Functional Risk Stratification in Contemporary Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Kellar Garrett , Allsup Kelly , Delligatti Amanda , Althouse Andrew D. , Forman Daniel E. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
Current American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation guidelines rely primarily on cardiovascular disease (CVD)-centered metrics to stratify risk and guide care. Yet, contemporary CVD patients are often older and are more likely to have risks attributable to rudimentary functional impairments that can have disproportionate bearing on management and prognosis. In this study, we stratified risk using novel indices of physical function as well as traditional indices of CVD in patients enrolling in phase II cardiac rehabilitation (CR). We hypothesized that risk stratification (RS) using functional criteria would be nonconcordant with CVD RS in a significant number of patients, thus inferring the conceptual value of CR management priorities that are better tailored for distinctive functional risks in many patients.

Methods:
This was a retrospective analysis of a comprehensive quality improvement database with 489 patients. Risk stratification using novel functional indices (ie, gait speed, Timed Up and Go, hand grip, sit to stand, tandem stand, and a 6-min walk test) was compared with RS using traditional CVD criteria.

Results:
Using functional RS, 97 patients were determined to be high risk versus 235 at low risk. Using CVD RS in the same cohort, 227 patients had high risk versus 161 who had low risk. Functional RS was consistent with CVD RS only 42.9% of the time.

Conclusion:
Functional RS and CVD RS varied in the same patients. Enhanced assessment of functional risks adds important prognostic refinement and greater potential to tailor exercise therapy, nutrition, and other CR caregiving priorities.
Connection of GLI1 variants to congenital heart disease susceptibility
Authors: Guan Weiwei , Zhang Jun , Chen Jie 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) rs2228226 and rs10783826 polymorphisms and congenital heart disease (CHD) risk in a Chinese Han population.
Genotyping for our interested polymorphisms was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 106 CHD patients and 112 healthy controls. Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium status in the control group was also checked via χ2 test. Differences in genotype and allele frequencies between the case and control groups were analyzed adopting Chi-Squared test as well, and the relative risk of CHD resulting from GLI1 genetic variants was checked via calculating odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI).
CC genotype of rs2228226 showed significantly higher frequency in CHD patients than in controls (P = .011), indicating that it increased the disease risk (OR = 3.257, 95%CI = 1.280–8.287). Similarly, C allele of the polymorphism elevated CHD incidence by 1.609 folds, compared with G allele (OR = 1.609, 95%CI = 1.089–2.376). However, rs10783826 was not correlated with the occurrence of CHD.

GLI1 rs2228226 polymorphism may be a risk factor for CHD in Chinese Han population, but not rs10783826.