bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beware of the Crocodile: Quantitative Evidence on How Universal Old Age Grants Distort the Social Assistance Systems of Low‐Income Countries
Authors: Schubert Bernd 
Published: July 2020

This article compares two approaches to establishing or improving social assistance systems in low‐ and lower‐middle‐income countries. Taking Eswatini and Lesotho as examples of the mainstream approach, it provides quantitative evidence on the social protection outcomes of social assistance systems that are based on categorical programs and are dominated by universal Old Age Grants. Both countries fail to provide social assistance to large sections of the poorest and most vulnerable households. An alternative approach has been pursued in Malawi and in a number of other African countries like Zimbabwe and Ethiopia. Malawi's social support system adopts a systemic, need‐oriented, and inclusive approach with means‐tested programs tailored to the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable households. Such an approach does not focus on a single program but considers an ensemble of programs, which together ensure that the most pressing social needs are covered. This approach gives a fuller meaning to the human rights requisites of universalism by requiring that the overall arrangement of social protection in a country be universalistic, not just a single program.The comparison leads to conclusions with regard to how low‐income and lower‐middle‐income countries should design or redesign their social assistance systems. The design process should start with a quantitative poverty and vulnerability assessment, leading to a detailed identification of the social assistance needs of different categories of poor and vulnerable households. The design should further be based on an assessment of to what extent the identified social assistance needs are covered by existing programs. The comparison of social assistance needs with the coverage of those needs by existing programs leads to the identification of social protection gaps. The results of the gap analysis provide the base for social assistance policy decisions and priority setting. When planning how best to close the prioritized social assistance gaps within the financial space available, different program options have to be assessed with regard to their impact on the performance of the social assistance system as a whole. The guiding principle should be to harmonize the system in such a way that the combined outcome of system components (programs) achieves a maximal welfare impact. This means shifting from “program universalism” to “systemic universalism,” to ensure that social assistance systems cover all citizens in need while giving priority to cover the neediest.
When migrants become hosts and nonmigrants become mobile: Bangladeshis visiting their friends and relatives in London
Authors: Miah Md Farid , King Russell 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost studies of migrants visiting their friends and relatives (VFR) are on homeland visits. In this article, we reverse the transnational optic and study nonmigrants from the country of origin visiting their migrated friends and relatives abroad. We draw on participant observation and 57 interviews with migrant hosts and nonmigrant visitors carried out in London and in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Visits from the homeland to the diaspora are found to be deeply meaningful for the maintenance of transnational familyhood, especially at critical moments such as weddings, childbirth, and end of life. They are performative acts of belonging with unwritten rules of mutual obligations and choreographed itineraries to the houses of relatives and friends and to tourist sites. They also represent inequalities in economic status and social mobility between the migrants and their left‐behind relatives and friends in Bangladesh. Most visits are enjoyable for all concerned, but subtle tensions can arise, for instance, in the hosts' difficulty in managing their ongoing working lives with duties of hospitality and acting as guides and in visitors' intense schedule of duty visits to many relatives and lack of agency in stepping out of the Bangladeshi community in London. Furthermore, in an increasingly hostile environment for getting visas to visit the United Kingdom, an unequal and inhumane situation arises of blocked mobility.
Higher spins, quadratic forms and amplitudes
Authors: Ananth Sudarshan , Pandey Chetan , Pant Saurabh 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The light-cone Hamiltonians for spin 1 and spin 2 fields, describing both the pure and the maximally supersymmetric theories, may be expressed as quadratic forms. In this paper, we show that this feature extends to light-cone higher spin theories. To first order in the coupling constant, we prove that the higher spin Hamiltonians, with and without supersymmetry, are quadratic forms. Scattering amplitude structures emerge naturally in this framework and we relate the momentum space vertex in a supersymmetric higher spin theory to the corresponding vertex in the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Yang-Mills theory.
Association between adherence to the Japanese diet and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study
Authors: Matsuyama Sanae , Sawada Norie , Tomata Yasutake , Zhang Shu , Goto Atsushi , Yamaji Taiki , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Tsuji Ichiro , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   the Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study Group
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The present study aimed to examine the association between adherence to the Japanese diet and the subsequent risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality using a large-scale cohort from settings all over Japan.

Methods
We analyzed data from a cohort study of 92,969 Japanese adults aged 45–74 years, covering 11 public health center areas nationwide. We collected dietary information using a validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to the Japanese diet consisting of eight components (high intake of rice, miso soup, seaweeds, pickles, green and yellow vegetables, fish, and green tea; low intake of beef and pork) was assessed using 8-item Japanese Diet Index (JDI8) score, with scores ranging from 0 to 8. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality.

Results
During a median follow-up of 18.9 years, we documented 20,596 deaths. A higher JDI8 score was significantly associated with a lower risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. The multivariable-adjusted HR of all-cause and CVD mortality for the highest JDI8 score group (score of 6–8) versus the lowest JDI8 score group (score of 0–2) were 0.86 (95% CI 0.81–0.90, P trend < 0.001), and 0.89 (95% CI 0.80–0.99, P trend = 0.007), respectively.

Conclusions
Adhering to the Japanese diet, as assessed by the JDI8, was associated with a decreased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality among adults living in multiple areas across Japan.
The contribution of urban community gardens to food availability in Emfuleni Local Municipality, Gauteng Province
Authors: Modibedi Thabo P. , Masekoameng Mosima R. , Maake Matome M. S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the contribution of urban community gardens to food availability in Emfuleni Local Municipality, Gauteng Province of South Africa. The objectives were to determine the ability of the urban community gardens to produce vegetables throughout the year and to assess the contribution of these gardens to food availability. It was conducted in six (6) townships of Emfuleni Local Municipality by means of semi-structured survey questionnaires. A sample of 254 participants was randomly drawn from 418 urban farmers. A descriptive analysis technique and one-way ANOVA formed part of the data analysis using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. The study found that community gardens contributed to food availability of the respondents by providing fresh vegetables to most urban farmers and their household members throughout the year. Furthermore, it was discovered that there is no relationship between vegetable availability and gender of the respondents. Based on the results, the study recommended that farmers in urban community gardens should focus on increasing and sustaining their production to ensure that they have adequate vegetables to feed their families throughout the year.
Location Matters: Passive and Active Factors Affect the Vertical Distribution of Olympia Oyster (Ostrea lurida) Larvae
Authors: McIntyre Brooke A. , McPhee-Shaw Erika E. , Hatch Marco B. A. , Arellano Shawn M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDispersal, retention, and population connectivity are impacted by current regime and the behaviors that drive larval distribution, so understanding both is key to informing restoration of native species like the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida) across its range in western North America. This study explores the relationships between several factors (temperature, [chl a], larval size, tidal stage, and estimated current speed) and Olympia oyster larval vertical distributions in Fidalgo Bay (48.4828, − 122.5811), a shallow, tidally flushed bay in the Salish Sea. Olympia oyster larvae collected from four depths over the tidal cycle from July 11–14, 2017, were ~ 20% deeper near slack tide and shallower during the faster parts of both ebb and flood, with a threshold for this transition around an estimated 25 cm s−1. This pattern does not suggest tidally timed migrations as has been shown in another population of Olympia oysters, nor can this pattern be totally explained by passive processes. Larvae did not cluster at depths with specific temperatures or [chl a] but there was a difference in larval size between surface and bottom waters, with older, larger larvae more common at the bottom. Fidalgo Bay does not exhibit two-way flow or strong vertical shear, so vertical distribution of larvae likely has little effect on transport in this system but might in other similarly shallow habitat areas with higher stratification that are target restoration sites in the Salish Sea. These results add to the growing number of studies that show location-specific differences in larval vertical distribution and behavior within taxa and underscore the importance of integrating local hydrodynamics into predictions of bivalve larval transport.
Metal-clad-suspended self-biasing graphene modulator with tunable figure of merit
Authors: Liu Jiamin , Khan Zia Ullah , Sarjoghian Siamak 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this letter, a research on the metal-clad-suspended self-biasing graphene modulator is conducted theoretically. The results reveal a higher light–graphene interaction for the more compact modulator. In addition, when the light–graphene interaction is enhanced, the light–metal interaction is also higher, which causes larger insertion loss and makes the figure of merit (FOM) lower. The length of π-phase shift is reduced to 6.35 µm for the Mach–Zehnder modulator, which is the smallest size achieved up to date. The modulator’s FOM can be tuned by changing the air gap (d) between the moveable metal plates and the suspended structure. In the case when this air gap increases, the configuration represents closer fundamental limits design. Moreover, the cut-off mode is discussed, and it has potential to be used in the tunable filter application. This tunable configuration of modulator is believed to have potential that can pave the way to design tunable light–matter interaction device and has evaluated for the near fundamental limits design.
Testing the Indirect Effect of Type 1 Diabetes on Life Satisfaction Through Self-Compassion and Self-Coldness
Authors: Charzyńska Edyta , Kocur Dagna , Działach Sara , Brenner Rachel E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Diabetes is a chronic disease that markedly affects the daily life of individuals and lowers subjective well-being. Self-compassion, or treating oneself with kindness and acceptance during challenging circumstances, may improve subjective well-being among people with diabetes. In the current study, we explored the relationships between duration of diabetes, positive and negative components of self-compassion (i.e., self-compassion and self-coldness), and life satisfaction.

Methods
The sample consisted of 112 persons with type 1 diabetes. A Self-Compassion Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale were used.

Results
A parallel multiple mediation model revealed that diabetes duration was related to lower self-coldness but not to self-compassion. Both self-coldness and self-compassion strongly correlated with life satisfaction. Diabetes duration demonstrated a significant indirect effect on life satisfaction through self-coldness (b = 0.08, 95% CI [0.01, 0.16]), but not through self-compassion (b = 0.00, 95% CI [− 0.06, 0.06]).

Conclusions
The study suggests the need to examine the positive and negative components of the Self-Compassion Scale separately when studying well-being of persons with type 1 diabetes, as well as to prepare tailored self-compassion and self-coldness interventions that can be adjusted for people with varying diabetes durations.
Integrated simulation system of CO2 gas injection application for enhanced oil recovery in the oil field
Authors: Kristanto Dedy , Hermawan Yulius Deddy , Hariyadi  , Yusuf Yusmardhany 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCO2 gas injection is one of the recommended enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods by injecting CO2 through reservoir pores after the residual saturation is reached, since CO2 dissolves easily in oil phase as confirmed by many other researchers in pertaining field studies. An integrated system is urgently required for assessing CO2-EOR study, covering multi-disciplinary aspects as follows: geology, geophysics, reservoir, production, process and economic. Hence, those systems must be reliable in suggesting final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program, applicable either for pilot scale or for full scale. This paper is proposing an integrated system evaluation, which has the following features: (1) estimate fraction of dissolved CO2, (2) estimate viscosity reduction, (3) estimate future oil productivity index resulted, (4) forecast incremental oil production, (5) estimate surface facilities equipment design, (6) evaluate economical aspects and (7) generate final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program. Finally, as the main objective of this program, those systems will present a picture of essential reason why we need to promote or reject CO2-EOR plan program, and also some recommendations will be presented in case the CO2-EOR plan does not perform as expected.
Advanced psychometric testing on a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia: sleep condition indicator in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Lin Chung-Ying , Cheng Andy S. K. , Imani Vida , Saffari Mohsen , Ohayon Maurice M. , Pakpour Amir H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To examine the psychometric properties of the Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) using different psychometric approaches [including classical test theory, Rasch models, and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve] among patients with advanced cancer.

Methods
Through convenience sampling, patients with cancer at stage III or IV (n = 859; 511 males; mean ± SD age = 67.4 ± 7.5 years) were recruited from several oncology units of university hospitals in Iran. All the participants completed the SCI, Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS). In addition, 491 participants wore an actigraph device to capture objective sleep.

Results
Classical test theory [factor loadings from confirmatory factor analysis = 0.76–0.89; test–retest reliability = 0.80–0.93] and Rasch analysis [infit mean square (MnSq) = 0.63–1.31; outfit MnSq = 0.61–1.23] both support the construct validity of the SCI. The SCI had significant associations with ISI, PSQI, ESS, HADS, GHQ, and ESAS. In addition, the SCI has satisfactory area under ROC curve (0.92) when comparing a gold standard of insomnia diagnosis. Significant differences in the actigraphy measure were found between insomniacs and non-insomniacs based on the SCI score defined by ROC.

Conclusion
With the promising psychometric properties shown in the SCI, healthcare providers can use this simple assessment tool to target the patients with advanced cancer who are at risk of insomnia and subsequently provide personalized care efficiently.
Placing regenerative farming on environmental educators’ horizons
Authors: Burns Edgar A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRegenerative farming offers the promise of rapid carbon sequestration at global scale. Also called regenerative agriculture, it is largely absent in social science environmental discussions. Learning and teaching about regenerative farming has been left outside educational channels at many levels until now. Pastoral farmers themselves have been at the forefront of a renewal movement educating other land users how to farm beyond conventional Western modern systems. Regenerative farming challenges ‘industrial’ or ‘capitalist farming’ models that continue to degrade natural systems across the world’s pasturelands. This article describes ground-up learning processes and value propositions of farmers involved in regenerative farming. They see it as a solution to the normative shift in recent decades positioning farmers as ‘bad guys’: reducing biodiversity, degrading land systems by erosion and excess fertilisers, over-using water catchments and lowering water quality for urban communities. Understanding the claims and potential of regenerative farming enables environmental educators to be more specific in identifying potential strengths, without neglecting academic evaluation and critique to bear on this strategic climate innovation.
Implementation of the Workload Indicators of Staffing Need (WISN) Method in Determining Staff Requirements in Public Health Laboratories in Serbia
Authors: Tripković Katica , Šantrić Milićević Milena , Mandić Miladinović Marina , Kovačević Lazo , Bjegović Mikanović Vesna , Vuković Dejana 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:This study aimed at identifying the needs for the health workforce in 16 public health laboratories in the Serbian capital by assessing the workforce stock, workload activities, activity standards, and workload pressure.Methods:A review of laboratory records and regulations, interviews with key respondents, and observing work processes provided data for the World Health Organization method for determining staffing needs based on workload indicators (Workload Indicators of Staffing Need, WISN).Results:A total of 99 laboratory workers spend almost 70% of their available working time in undertaking core activities. Core activities per sample can take from 0.25 to 180 min. Laboratory workers are under moderate or high workload pressure (the WISN ratio from 0.86 to 0.50). The WISN difference indicates a shortage of 22.22% of laboratory analysts and 20.63% of laboratory technicians. To balance the staffing to workload, these laboratories need an additional 8 FTE analysts and 13 FTE technicians. They could also consider selectively reducing workload pressure by automating some of the additional activities while maintaining the competence of laboratory workers and opportunities for professional development.Conclusions:Staffing policy should account for work processes, activity standards, and workload pressure to determine necessary staffing to meet the need for laboratory services in the local context.
Addressing decontaminated respirators: Some methods appear to damage mask integrity and protective function
Authors: Peltier Richard E. , Wang Jiayuan , Hollenbeck Brian L. , Lanza Jennifer , Furtado Ryan M. , Cyr Jay , Ellison Richard T. , Kobayashi Kimiyoshi J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDecontamination of N95 respirators is being used by clinicians in the face of a global shortage of these devices. Some treatments for decontamination, such as some vaporized hydrogen peroxide methods or ultraviolet methods, had no impact on respiratory performance, while other treatments resulted in substantial damage to masks.
Asymptotic results on Hoppe trees and their variations
Authors: Hiesmayr Ella , Işlak Ümit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA uniform recursive tree onnvertices is a random tree where each possible$(n-1)!$labelled recursive rooted tree is selected with equal probability. We introduce and study weighted trees, a non-uniform recursive tree model departing from the recently introduced Hoppe trees. This class generalizes both uniform recursive trees and Hoppe trees, providing diversity among the nodes and making the model more flexible for applications. We analyse the number of leaves, the height, the depth, the number of branches, and the size of the largest branch in these weighted trees.
Simultaneous ruin probability for two-dimensional brownian risk model
Authors: Dȩbicki Krzysztof , Hashorva Enkelejd , Michna Zbigniew 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ruin probability in the classical Brownian risk model can be explicitly calculated for both finite and infinite time horizon. This is not the case for the simultaneous ruin probability in the two-dimensional Brownian risk model. Relying on asymptotic theory, we derive in this contribution approximations for both simultaneous ruin probability and simultaneous ruin time for the two-dimensional Brownian risk model when the initial capital increases to infinity.
Long-range orientational order of random near-lattice hard sphere and hard disk processes
Authors: Gaál Alexisz Tamás 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe show that a point process of hard spheres exhibits long-range orientational order. This process is designed to be a random perturbation of a three-dimensional lattice that satisfies a specific rigidity property; examples include the FCC and HCP lattices. We also define two-dimensional near-lattice processes by local geometry-dependent hard disk conditions. Earlier results about the existence of long-range orientational order carry over, and we obtain the existence of infinite-volume measures on two-dimensional point configurations that turn out to follow the orientation of a fixed triangular lattice arbitrarily closely.
Joint law of an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process and its supremum
Authors: Blanchet-Scalliet Christophette , Dorobantu Diana , Gay Laura 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLet X be an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process driven by a Brownian motion. We propose an expression for the joint density / distribution function of the process and its running supremum. This law is expressed as an expansion involving parabolic cylinder functions. Numerically, we obtain this law faster with our expression than with a Monte Carlo method. Numerical applications illustrate the interest of this result.
On two classes of reflected autoregressive processes
Authors: Boxma Onno , Löpker Andreas , Mandjes Michel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe introduce two general classes of reflected autoregressive processes, INGAR+and GAR+. Here, INGAR+can be seen as the counterpart of INAR(1) with general thinning and reflection being imposed to keep the process non-negative; GAR+relates to AR(1) in an analogous manner. The two processes INGAR+and GAR+are shown to be connected via a duality relation. We proceed by presenting a detailed analysis of the time-dependent and stationary behavior of the INGAR+process, and then exploit the duality relation to obtain the time-dependent and stationary behavior of the GAR+process.