bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How useful are survey data for analyzing immigration policy?
Authors: Sumption Madeleine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge-scale population surveys have been an important source of data for the study of migration, and in many countries provide the only widely accessible data on migrants’ characteristics and outcomes after they arrive. For immigration policymakers, however, official survey data have some important limitations. Nonresponse to surveys is particularly likely to affect newly arrived migrants, biasing analysis toward more settled populations who have different characteristics (e.g., different fiscal costs), and hindering analysis of how integration outcomes evolve after arrival. Survey data are not well suited to capturing the dynamics of a mobile population, particularly among groups of migrants who spend substantial periods outside the country. And perhaps most importantly, official survey data usually identify migrants by country of birth and nationality (and sometimes self-reported reason for migration) but rarely include information on a person’s legal status either at arrival or at the time of data collection. This significantly limits the possibilities for evaluating policy and the impacts of policy changes: the characteristics of migrants coming for different reasons can vary enormously, so policymakers should be cautious about assuming that aggregate evidence on migrants or migration will be relevant to the specific routes on which they are taking decisions. This article illustrates some of these problems in practice showing how official survey data in the United Kingdom have been unable to answer one of the key questions facing the government, namely how many and which EU citizens need to apply to secure their residence rights after Brexit.
“‘Real Men’ Support Their Wives”: Reconstructing Masculinity Among Men in Rural Northwestern Ghana
Authors: Dery Isaac , Akurugu Constance Awinpoka 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough there is growing debate among feminist scholars on how fathers often socialize their male children to aspire to embody specific values and behaviors, there is limited academic research on how fathers themselves construct and represent masculinity in Ghana. This article draws on data from six focus group discussions held with forty men to foreground men's negotiations, expressions, and representations of masculinity among the Dagaaba in northwestern Ghana. Our findings suggest that men in rural northwestern Ghana are likely to embody hybrid masculinities where traditionally hegemonic masculine ideals—such as men being seen as independent breadwinners—and contemporary gender-conscious norms—such as men as supportive partners—interact in complex ways. Yet the hybridization of masculinity both challenges and reinforces patriarchal gender arrangements in subtle ways. By maintaining a keen interest in their heteronormative breadwinning role as a model of masculinity, educated and gainfully employed men are critical of patriarchal norms that may be destructive to feminist discourses, yet their representations of masculinity indirectly embolden male hegemony in marriage relationships. Our findings further reveal considerable ambiguity in how men define themselves as supportive allies of feminist discourses by endorsing gender egalitarianism, yet none of them visibly challenges why women cannot also be breadwinners.
Will I Get COVID-19? Partisanship, Social Media Frames, and Perceptions of Health Risk in Brazil
Authors: Calvo Ernesto , Ventura Tiago 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTIn these polarized and challenging times, not even perceptions of personal risk are immune to partisanship. This article introduces results from a new survey with an embedded social media experiment conducted during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Descriptive results show that progovernment and opposition partisans report very different expectations of health and job risks. Job and health policy have become wedge issues that elicit partisan responses. The analysis exploits random variation in the survey recruitment to show the effects of the president’s first speech on national television on the perceived risk and the moderating effect of partisanship. The article presents a framing experiment that models key cognitive mechanisms driving partisan differences in perceptions of health risks and job security during the COVID-19 crisis.
Dietary patterns and trajectories of global- and domain-specific cognitive decline in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936
Authors: Corley Janie , Deary Ian J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHealthy dietary patterns may protect against age-related cognitive decline, but results of studies have been inconsistent and few have had extensive longitudinal follow-up with comprehensive cognitive testing. The aim of the present study was to determine associations of dietary patterns with trajectories of global- and domain-specific cognitive change over a 12-year period. Data from 863 community-dwelling, dementia-free participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 study of ageing completed a FFQ at baseline (aged 70 years) and underwent cognitive testing at baseline, and at the ages of 73, 76, 79 and 82 years. Composite cognitive scores were constructed for four cognitive domains (visuospatial ability, processing speed, memory and verbal ability) and global cognitive function. A Mediterranean-style pattern and a traditional pattern were derived using principal component analysis of self-reported dietary intakes. In fully adjusted latent growth curve models, higher baseline adherence to the Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (β= 0·056,P= 0·009) and lower baseline adherence to the traditional dietary pattern (β = −0·087,P< 0·001) were cross-sectionally associated with better verbal ability. A slightly steeper decline in verbal ability over 12 years was observed in those with higher Mediterranean-style diet scores at baseline (β = −0·003,P= 0·008). All other associations were non-significant. Our findings in this well-characterised Scottish cohort indicate that adherence to a healthy Mediterranean-style diet is associated cross-sectionally with better verbal (crystallised) ability, with the converse being true for the traditional diet. A healthier baseline diet did not predict a reduced risk of global- or domain-specific cognitive decline.
Tectonic controls on sedimentary provenance and basin geography of the Mesoproterozoic Wilton package, McArthur Basin, northern Australia
Authors: Yang Bo , Collins Alan S. , Blades Morgan L. , Munson Tim J. , Payne Justin L. , Glorie Stijn , Farkaš Juraj 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe c. 1.5–1.3 Ga Wilton package, the upper succession of the greater McArthur Basin, preserves detailed tectono-sedimentary evidence for the Mesoproterozoic evolution of the North Australian Craton (NAC). In addition, it is a valuable global sedimentary repository for the poorly explored Mesoproterozoic. New detrital zircon U–Pb age and Lu–Hf isotope data, collected from multiple, geographically separated, basins that make up the Wilton package, are compiled with previously published data to illuminate the basin evolution. The spatial and temporal variation in sedimentary provenance illustrates two major geographic changes that correspond to continent-scale tectonic convulsions of the NAC during the Mesoproterozoic. The first is shown by the influx of sediment sourced from east and southeast terranes. This is linked to rifting between Proterozoic Australia and Laurentia at c. 1.45 Ga, resulting in the uplift of the eastern margin of the NAC–SAC (South Australian Craton). The second basin geographic change is illustrated by a flux of southerly-sourced detritus that is interpreted to be tectonically driven by the uplift of the southern NAC, during the subduction/closure of the Mirning Ocean at c. 1.32 Ga. Spatially, sediment in the Wilton package is separated into two depositional systems: sedimentary rocks within the Birrindudu Basin, the western component of the Wilton package, have different detrital signatures relative to other Wilton package successions found east of the Daly Waters Fault Zone, in the Beetaloo Sub-basin, the McArthur Basin and the South Nicholson Basin. The Daly Waters Fault Zone is interpreted as an ancient bathymetric high, blocking sediment transport. Although they differ in sources, rocks in both the Birrindudu Basin and the eastern Wilton package record coeval shifts of basin provenance to southern sources. The coherent evolution of basin provenance indicates a consistent tectono-sedimentation history, and links the Birrindudu Basin and the other Wilton successions in a tectonic framework.
The Liberal International Order and Peaceful Change: Spillover and the Importance of Values, Visions, and Passions
Authors: Flockhart Trine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs part of the roundtable “International Institutions and Peaceful Change,” this essay focuses on the role of institutions as agents of peaceful change from a perspective that emphasizes the importance of a wide spectrum of human emotions to better understand the less quantifiable but nevertheless important conditions for being able to sustain initiatives for peaceful change. It aims to throw light on the often overlooked psychological and emotional hurdles standing in the way of agents’ ability to undertake and sustain action designed to lead to peaceful change. To do so, the essay returns to the pioneering work of Ernst Haas and his important concept of “spillover.” The essay shows that the neofunctional understanding of spillover was a theoretically important innovation, but that it was missing three essential elements: an understanding of the need for positive emotions and ontological security; an understanding of the link between values and identity; and a realization of the importance of a shared vision for the “good life.” To illustrate the problems with Haas's version of spillover, but also to highlight the significant potential of the theory, the essay turns to the crisis of the liberal international order as an example of a forum where the agency to undertake peaceful change seems to be faltering. The essay concludes that the ability of the liberal order to effect peaceful change is currently hampered because the order is characterized by negative emotions, contested values, and a vision of the good life that is seen as mainly a benefit for the cosmopolitan elite.
International Political Theory 2020: The Worst of Times, the Best of Times
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe year 2020 has been a very trying one for many people, and universities have not been exempted from the challenges it has posed. There are real concerns that the effects of COVID-19 could lead to a lost generation of academic researchers. At the same time, this has been an unusually fecund period for the field of ethics and international affairs. New ideas regarding the relationship between politics and ethics have come to light, with implications for how we think about what ethics actually comprises. This essay seeks to take stock of this moment by considering the contributions to the field made by four recently published books. It concludes that we are observing a trend toward a more expansive way of thinking about ethics, one that has significant implications for how we approach the task of international relations scholarship.
Colonial policing and urban space in the notorious Commune Rouge of Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: De Nys-Ketels Simon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractZooming in on the urban history of the Kenya neighbourhood in Lubumbashi, this article deals with the relation between urban space, colonial policing and African unrest. Colonial policy-makers feared the populous neighbourhood and its African masses, and deployed urban planning to materialize an ambiguous agenda of ‘welfare colonialism’ and discipline. The implementation of these planning projects was incomplete, and a spatial analysis of subsequent African local unrest, everyday colonial policing and military schemes sheds additional light on how colonial forces and Africans utilized urban space as a resource for protest and control. As such, the article aims to contribute to the academic debate on colonial policing, in which spatiality has been lacking.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in cyanotic piglets is associated with increased neuronal necrosis
Authors: Petko Matus , Myung Richard J. , Volk Lindsay E. , Judkins Alexander R. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Gaynor J. William 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground:The contribution of neonatal cyanosis, inherent to cyanotic congenital heart disease, to the magnitude of neurologic injury during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest has not been fully delineated. This study investigates the impact of cyanosis and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest on brain injury.Methods:Neonatal piglets were randomised to placement of a pulmonary artery to left atrium shunt to create cyanosis or sham thoracotomy. At day 7, animals were randomised to undergo deep hypothermic circulatory arrest or sham. Arterial oxygen tension and haematocrit were obtained. Neurobehavioural performance was serially assessed. The animals were sacrificed on day 14. Brain tissue was assessed for neuronal necrosis using a 5-point histopathologic score.Results:Four experimental groups were analysed (sham, n = 10; sham + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n = 8; shunt, n = 9; shunt + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, n = 7). Cyanotic piglets had significantly higher haematocrit and lower partial pressure of oxygen at day 14 than non-cyanotic piglets. There were no statistically significant differences in neurobehavioural scores at day 1. However, shunt + deep hypothermic circulatory arrest piglets had evidence of greater neuronal injury than sham animals (median (range): 2 (0–4) versus 0 (0–0), p = 0.02).Discussion:Cyanotic piglets undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest had increased neuronal injury compared to sham animals. Significant injury was not seen for either cyanosis or deep hypothermic circulatory arrest alone relative to shams. These findings suggest an interaction between cyanosis and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and may partially explain the suboptimal neurologic outcomes seen in children with cyanotic heart disease who undergo deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Food for thought: nano-selenium in poultry nutrition and health
Authors: Surai Peter F. , Kochish Ivan I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, nanoparticles have become a fashionable subject of research due to their sizes, shapes, and unique intrinsic physicochemical properties. In particular for the last 5 years, nano-Se has received tremendous attention in terms of its production, characteristic, and possible application for poultry/animal science and medical sciences. Indeed, Nano-Se is shown to be a potential source of Se for poultry/animal nutrition. However, there is an urgent need to address the questions related to nano-Se absorption, assimilation, and metabolism. It is not clear at present if major biological effects of nano-Se are due to Se-protein synthesis, direct antioxidant/prooxidant effects, or both. It is necessary to understand how metallic nano-Se can be converted into H2Se and further to SeCys to be incorporated into selenoproteins. The aforementioned issues must be resolved before nano-Se finds its way to animal/poultry production as a feed supplement and clearly this subject warrants further investigation.
Electron Pitch Angle Distributions Around Dipolarization Fronts at the Off Magnetic Equator
Authors: Tang C. L. , Wang X. , Zhou M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons (10 s–200 keV) around the dipolarization front (DF) have been studied extensively. However, the pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons around the DF at the off magnetic equator have been unclear so far. In this study, we present the observations of the DF at the off magnetic equator in the near‐Earth tail. Some properties of the DF at the off magnetic equator are presented. Importantly, the triple‐peaked pitch angle distribution of energetic electrons around the DF is found. Such a new type of distribution is a peak at around 22.5°, 90°, and 157.5°, which is a combinational consequence of betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration, and magnetic mirror effect. Using an analytical model, we quantitatively reproduce the processes of betatron acceleration, Fermi acceleration, and magnetic mirror effect. These results will further enhance our understanding of the electron dynamics around DFs.
On the Along‐Slope Heat Loss of the Boundary Current in the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Schulz Kirstin , Janout Markus , Lenn Yueng‐Djern , Ruiz‐Castillo Eugenio , Polyakov Igor , Mohrholz Volker , Tippenhauer Sandra , Reeve Krissy Anne , Hölemann Jens , Rabe Benjamin , Vredenborg Myriel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study presents recent observations to quantify oceanic heat fluxes along the continental slope of the Eurasian part of the Arctic Ocean, in order to understand the dominant processes leading to the observed along‐track heat loss of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC). We investigate the fate of warm Atlantic Water (AW) along the Arctic Ocean continental margin of the Siberian Seas based on 11 cross‐slope conductivity, temperature, depth transects and direct heat flux estimates from microstructure profiles obtained in summer 2018. The ABC loses on average (108) J m−2 per 100 km during its propagation along the Siberian shelves, corresponding to an average heat flux of 47 W m−2 out of the AW layer. The measured vertical heat flux on the upper AW interface of on average 10 W m−2 in the deep basin, and 3.7 W m−2 above the continental slope is larger than previously reported values. Still, these heat fluxes explain less than 20% of the observed heat loss within the boundary current. Heat fluxes are significantly increased in the turbulent near‐bottom layer, where AW intersects the continental slope, and at the lee side of a topographic irregularity. This indicates that mixing with ambient colder water along the continental margins is an important contribution to AW heat loss. Furthermore, the cold halocline layer receives approximately the same amount of heat due to upward mixing from the AW, compared to heat input from the summer‐warmed surface layer above. This underlines the importance of both surface warming and increased vertical mixing in a future ice‐free Arctic Ocean in summer.
Interannual Change in Mode Waters: Case of the Black Sea
Authors: Stanev Emil V. , Chtirkova Boriana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMore than 6,000 profiles from profiling floats in the Black Sea over the 2005–2020 period were used to study the ventilation of this basin and the mixing pathways along isopycnals. The layer of the minimum potential vorticity (PV), the Black Sea pycnostad, approximately follows the core of the cold intermediate layer, similar to the case of oceanic mode waters. However, unlike in the ocean, the horizontal patterns of PV are shaped by cyclonic gyre circulation. There is a principle difference in the probability distribution of the thermohaline properties presented in geopotential coordinates from those presented in density coordinates. In the latter case, several mixing pathways, which are not known from previous studies, dominate the ocean states. These formed after three intermittent events of cold water formation. The density ratio decreased three times during the last 15 years, revealing the decreasing role of temperature in the vertical layering of the Black Sea halocline. The basin‐wide distribution of PV above σθ = 16, which is where the maximum vertical density gradient appears, is opposite to the distribution below this depth. This finding suggests a complex change in the mesoscale dynamics in different layers. Comparisons of observations with data from the Copernicus Black Sea operational model demonstrate that the mixing parameterizations of models need further improvements.
Estuarine Circulation, Mixing, and Residence Times in the Salish Sea
Authors: MacCready P. , McCabe R. M. , Siedlecki S. A. , Lorenz M. , Giddings S. N. , Bos J. , Albertson S. , Banas N. S. , Garnier S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA realistic numerical model is used to study the circulation and mixing of the Salish Sea, a large, complex estuarine system on the United States and Canadian west coast. The Salish Sea is biologically productive and supports many important fisheries but is threatened by recurrent hypoxia and ocean acidification, so a clear understanding of its circulation patterns and residence times is of value. The estuarine exchange flow is quantified at 39 sections over 3 years (2017–2019) using the Total Exchange Flow method. Vertical mixing in the 37 segments between sections is quantified as opposing vertical transports: the efflux and reflux. Efflux refers to the rate at which deep, landward‐flowing water is mixed up to become part of the shallow, seaward‐flowing layer. Similarly, reflux refers to the rate at which upper layer water is mixed down to form part of the landward inflow. These horizontal and vertical transports are used to create a box model to explore residence times in a number of different sub‐volumes, seasons, and years. Residence times from the box model are generally found to be longer than those based on simpler calculations of flushing time. The longer residence times are partly due to reflux, and partly due to incomplete tracer homogenization in sub‐volumes. The methods presented here are broadly applicable to other estuaries.
Future Changes in the Asian‐Australian Monsoon System With 1.5°C and 2°C Rise in Temperature
Authors: Wang Hui , Ji Zhenming , Zhu Xian , Lin Lei , Dong Wenjie 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFuture changes in the Asian‐Australian monsoon (AAM) and its submonsoons are investigated based on low‐emission scenario simulations using the Community Earth System Model, which are under the 1.5°C and 2.0°C warming targets proposed by the Paris Agreement. Changes in the AAM system are projected by the end of the 21st century: (1) The AAM summer precipitation at the 1.5°C warming target will increase by 4.1% because of the strong enhancement of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM). The maximum is 12.4% in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) region. The summer monsoon precipitation of AAM system will be further enhanced by 0.4%–3.1% in the 2°C warming target. Indochina Peninsula and China will be influenced by the significant increase of land monsoon precipitation. (2) The summer precipitation of AAM and ASM submonsoons will increase near‐linearly with the local surface temperature warming. Precipitation budget diagnosis shows that the increase in precipitation of AAM and its submonsoons, except for EASM, is only contributed by enhanced moisture. However, the effects of thermodynamic and dynamic contributions are equally essential for EASM. (3) The AAM domain will change insignificantly at both 1.5°C and 2°C warming targets. (4) The AAM‐El Niño‐Southern Oscillation relationship will slightly change at 1.5°C warming targets but will be enhanced at 2.0°C warming targets. This work shows that compared to 1.5°C warming targets, societies will be influenced by higher monsoon precipitation, especially in EASM region, but these changes can be more easily predicted with 2°C temperature rise.