bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Driven WSe2/Bi2O2Se Van der Waals Heterostructure Photodetectors with High Light On/Off Ratio and Fast Response
Authors: Luo Peng , Wang Fakun , Qu Jingyu , Liu Kailang , Hu Xiaozong , Liu Kewei , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBenefiting from the superior electron mobility and good air‐stability, the emerging layered bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se) nanosheet has received considerable attention with the promising prospects for electronics and optoelectronics applications. However, the high charge carrier concentration and bolometric effect of Bi2O2Se give rise to the high dark current and relatively slow photoresponse, which severely impede further improvement of the performance of Bi2O2Se based photodetectors. Here, a WSe2/Bi2O2Se Van der Waals p‐n heterostructure is reported with a pronounced rectification ratio of 105 and a low reverse dark current of 10−11 A, as well as an enhanced light on/off ratio up to 618 under 532 nm light illumination. The device also exhibits a fast response speed of 2.6 µs and a broadband detection capability from 365 to 2000 nm due to the efficient charge separation and strong interlayer coupling at the interface of the two flakes. Importantly, the built‐in potential in the WSe2/Bi2O2Se heterostructure offers a competitive self‐powered photodetector with the light on/off ratio above 105 and a photovoltaic responsivity of 284 mA W−1. The WSe2/Bi2O2Se heterostructure shows promising potentials for high‐performance self‐driven photodetector applications.
Seawater‐Degradable Polymers—Fighting the Marine Plastic Pollution
Authors: Wang Ge‐Xia , Huang Dan , Ji Jun‐Hui , Völker Carolin , Wurm Frederik R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolymers shape human life but they also have been identified as pollutants in the oceans due to their long lifetime and low degradability. Recently, various researchers have studied the impact of (micro)plastics on marine life, biodiversity, and potential toxicity. Even if the consequences are still heavily discussed, prevention of unnecessary waste is desired. Especially, newly designed polymers that degrade in seawater are discussed as potential alternatives to commodity polymers in certain applications. Biodegradable polymers that degrade in vivo (used for biomedical applications) or during composting often exhibit too slow degradation rates in seawater. To date, no comprehensive summary for the degradation performance of polymers in seawater has been reported, nor are the studies for seawater‐degradation following uniform standards. This review summarizes concepts, mechanisms, and other factors affecting the degradation process in seawater of several biodegradable polymers or polymer blends. As most of such materials cannot degrade or degrade too slowly, strategies and innovative routes for the preparation of seawater‐degradable polymers with rapid degradation in natural environments are reviewed. It is believed that this selection will help to further understand and drive the development of seawater‐degradable polymers.
Highly Stretchable Sound‐in‐Display Electronics Based on Strain‐Insensitive Metallic Nanonetworks
Authors: Cho Seungse , Kang Dong‐hee , Lee Hyejin , Kim Minsoo P. , Kang Saewon , Shanker Ravi , Ko Hyunhyub 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe growing importance of human–machine interfaces and the rapid expansion of the internet of things (IoT) have inspired the integration of displays with sound generation systems to afford stretchable sound‐in‐display devices and thus establish human‐to‐machine connections via auditory system visualization. Herein, the synchronized generation of sound and color is demonstrated for a stretchable sound‐in‐display device with electrodes of strain‐insensitive silver nanowires (AgNWs) and emissive layers of field‐induced inorganic electroluminescent (EL) phosphors. In this device, EL phosphors embedded in a dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) emit light under alternating‐current bias, while audible sound waves are simultaneously generated via DEA actuation along with input sound signals. The electroluminescence and sound‐generation performances of the fabricated device are highly robust and reliable, being insensitive to stretch‐release cycling because of the presence of the AgNW stretchable electrodes. The presented principle of integrating light emission and acoustic systems in a single stretchable device can be further expanded to realize sound‐in‐display electronics for IoT and human–machine interface applications.
Mechanisms and Suppression of Photoinduced Degradation in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Jing , Wang Qiuwen , Huo Jiangding , Gao Feng , Gan Zhenyu , Zhao Qing , Li Hongbo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSolar cells based on metal halide perovskites have reached a power conversion efficiency as high as 25%. Their booming efficiency, feasible processability, and good compatibility with large‐scale deposition techniques make perovskite solar cells (PSCs) desirable candidates for next‐generation photovoltaic devices. Despite these advantages, the lifespans of solar cells are far below the industry‐needed 25 years. In fact, numerous PSCs throughout the literature show severely hampered stability under illumination. Herein, several photoinduced degradation mechanisms are discussed. With light radiation, the organic–inorgainc perovskites are prone to phase segregation or chemical decomposition; the oxide electron transport layers (ETLs) tend to introduce new defects at the interface; the commonly used small molecules‐based hole transport layers (HTLs) typically suffer from poor photostability and dopant diffusion during device operation. It has been demonstrated the photoinduced degradation can take place in every functional layer, including the active layer, ETL, HTL, and their interfaces. An overview of these degradation categories is provided in this review, in the hope of encouraging further research and optimization of relevant devices.
The Intrinsic Role of Molecular Mass and Polydispersity Index in High‐Performance Non‐Fullerene Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Shi Mumin , Wang Tao , Wu Yao , Sun Rui , Wang Wei , Guo Jing , Wu Qiang , Yang Wenyan , Min Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe degree of polymerization can cause significant changes in the blend microstructure and physical mechanism of the active layer of non‐fullerene polymer solar cells, resulting in a huge difference in device performance. However, the diversity of stability issues, including photobleaching stability, storage stability, photostability, thermal stability, and mechanical stability, and more, poses a challenge for the degree of polymerization to comprehensively address the trade‐off between device efficiency and stability and reasonably evaluate the application potential of polymer materials. Herein, a series of PM6 polymers with different weight‐average molecular weights (Mw) and polydispersity index (PDI) are synthesized. The effects of the degree of PM6 polymerization on the efficiency and degradation behaviors of the photovoltaic systems based on Y6 as acceptor are investigated systematically. The findings regarding stability issues, together with the trade‐offs in the efficiency‐stability gap, formulate a complete guideline for the material design and performance evaluation in a way that relies much less on trial‐and‐error efforts.
Maize–legume strip cropping effect on productivity, income, and income risk of farmers in northern Ghana
Authors: Abdul Rahman Nurudeen , Larbi Asamoah , Kotu Bekele , Asante Mary Otiwaa , Akakpo Daniel Brain , Mellon‐Bedi Shaibu , Hoeschle‐Zeledon Irmgard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L.)–legume intercropping is common cropping system among smallholder farmers in West Africa. However, little is known about the income risk reduction associated with maize–legume strip cropping in West Africa. A 3‐yr study was conducted in Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana to determine the effect of maize–legume strip cropping on productivity, income, and income risk using a randomized complete block design with five replications in each region. Seven treatments were used: sole crops of maize (M) cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] (C) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (G), a combination of two rows of M and two rows of legumes (L) (2M:2C and 2M:2G), and two rows of M and four rows of L (2M:4C and 2M:4G). Maize–legume strip cropping options (2M:2L and 2M:4L) on the average saved 90–100% of agricultural land, significantly increased income by about threefold, and reduced risk of operating at a financial loss by 75% compared with sole cropping. Smallholder farmers, especially sole legume cropping farmers in the Guinea savanna of northern Ghana and similar agro‐ecologies in West Africa, could adopt maize–legume strip cropping systems (2M:4L or 2M:2L) to mitigate production risk and increase financial return.
Multi‐Layer π‐Stacked Molecules as Efficient Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters
Authors: Wang Xue‐Qi , Yang Sheng‐Yi , Tian Qi‐Sheng , Zhong Cheng , Qu Yang‐Kun , Yu You‐Jun , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMulti‐layer π‐stacked emitters based on spatially confined donor/acceptor/donor (D/A/D) patterns have been developed to achieve high‐efficiency thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). In this case, dual donor moieties and a single acceptor moiety are introduced to form two three‐dimensional (3D) emitters, DM‐BD1 and DM‐BD2, which rely on spatial charge transfer (CT). Owing to the enforced face‐to‐face D/A/D pattern, effective CT interactions are realized, which lead to high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 94.2 % and 92.8 % for the two molecules, respectively. The resulting emitters exhibit small singlet–triplet energy splitting (ΔEST) and fast reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) processes. Maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 28.0 % and 26.6 % were realized for devices based on DM‐BD1 and DM‐BD2, respectively, which are higher than those of their D/A‐type analogues.
Ground penetrating radar and electrical resistivity tomography investigations in the southern sector of the Roman Forum: First results on the pre‐Augustan phases of the Basilica Julia
Authors: Scardozzi Giuseppe , Ismaelli Tommaso , Leucci Giovanni , De Giorgi Lara , Ditaranto Immacolata , Galli Marco , Inglese Carlo , Griffo Marika 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA research project aimed at the study of the archaeological context of the Basilica Julia in the Roman Forum (Rome, Italy) and the transformation phases of the building involved the use of different techniques of geophysical prospecting. In particular, Ground‐penetrating Radar (GPR) and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) surveys were carried out in order to record the buried structures of the Basilica and the previous buildings laying in the southern part of the Forum. These geophysical methods have been chosen in order to guarantee a good compromise between resolution (GPR in the shallow subsurface) and depth of investigation (ERT in the deeper subsurface), with the aim of investigating up to a depth of about 10 m in a very conductive subsoil. In particular, GPR surveys were conducted in the five aisles of the monument, while ERT measurements were performed with nonstandard acquisition mode in order to include the entire perimeter of the building. These techniques allowed us to acquire new data on the structures buried in the sectors of the monumental complex that have never been excavated and on the paleosoil till a depth of about 10 m from the surface. Interesting data were acquired on the Basilica Julia itself, built during the late Republican period (54–46 BC) and rebuilt at the beginning of the first century AD, such as the technical features of the caementicium and travertine foundations, their relationship with the Cloaca Maxima and the traces of a design change occurred during the construction in the central aisle of the building; other buried remains of the previous Basilica Sempronia, constructed in 169 BC in the same area, were identified. Moreover, the investigations documented the paleosoil in the area between the Forum and the Velabrum to the south, between 7.5–8.5 and 5.5 m a.s.l. These data confirmed the general geological setting of the area, obtained from previous coring, but significantly specified the geomorphology of this border sector of the Roman Forum, which slopes down towards the south and the west.
Effect of Stereochemistry on Chirality and Gelation Properties of Supramolecular Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Qin Minggao , Zhang Yaqian , Xing Chao , Yang Li , Zhao Changli , Dou Xiaoqiu , Feng Chuanliang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough chiral nanostructures have been fabricated at various structural levels, the transfer and amplification of chirality from molecules to supramolecular self‐assemblies are still puzzling, especially for heterochiral molecules. Herein, four series ofC2‐symmetrical dipeptide‐based derivatives bearing various amino acid sequences and different chiralities are designed and synthesized. The transcription and amplification of molecular chirality to supramolecular assemblies are achieved. The results show that supramolecular chirality is only determined by the amino acid adjacent to the benzene core, irrespective of the absolute configuration of the C‐terminal amino acid. In addition, molecular chirality also has a significant influence on the gelation behavior. For the diphenylalanine‐based gelators, the homochiral gelators can be gelled through a conventional heating–cooling process, whereas heterochiral gelators form translucent stable gels under sonication. The racemic gels possess higher mechanical properties than those of the pure enantiomers. All of these results contribute to an increasing knowledge over control of the generation of specific chiral supramolecular structures and the development of new optimized strategies to achieve functional supramolecular organogels through heterochiral and racemic systems.
Coordinated evolution of brain size, structure, and eye size in Trinidadian killifish
Authors: Howell Kaitlyn J. , Beston Shannon M. , Stearns Sara , Walsh Matthew R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBrain size, brain architecture, and eye size vary extensively in vertebrates. However, the extent to which the evolution of these components is intricately connected remains unclear. Trinidadian killifish, Anablepsoides hartii, are found in sites that differ in the presence and absence of large predatory fish. Decreased rates of predation are associated with evolutionary shifts in brain size; males from sites without predators have evolved a relatively larger brain and eye size than males from sites with predators. Here, we evaluated the extent to which the evolution of brain size, brain structure, and eye size covary in male killifish. We utilized wild‐caught and common garden‐reared specimens to determine whether specific components of the brain have evolved in response to differences in predation and to determine if there is covariation between the evolution of brain size, brain structure, and eye size. We observed consistent shifts in brain architecture in second generation common garden reared, but not wild caught preserved fish. Male killifish from sites that lack predators exhibited a significantly larger telencephalon, optic tectum, cerebellum, and dorsal medulla when compared with fish from sites with predators. We also found positive connections between the evolution of brain structure and eye size but not between overall brain size and eye size. These results provide evidence for evolutionary covariation between the components of the brain and eye size. Such results suggest that selection, directly or indirectly, acts upon specific regions of the brain, rather than overall brain size, to enhance visual capabilities.
RAB5A is associated with genes involved in exosome secretion: Integration of bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation
Authors: Gorji‐bahri Gilar , Moghimi Hamid Reza , Hashemi Atieh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExosomes, as cell–cell communicators with an endosomal origin, are involved in the progression of various diseases. RAB5A, a member of the small Rab GTPases family, which is well known as a key regulator of cellular endocytosis, is expected to be involved in exosome secretion. Here, we found the impact of RAB5A on exosome secretion from human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line using a rapid yet reliable bioinformatics approach followed by experimental analysis. Initially, RAB5A and exosome secretion‐related genes were gathered from bioinformatics tools, namely, CTD, COREMINE, and GeneMANIA; and published papers. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) was then constructed by the Search Tool for Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database. Among them, several genes with different combined scores were validated by the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) in stable RAB5A knockdown cells. Thereafter, to validate the bioinformatics results functionally, the impact of RAB5A knockdown on exosome secretion was evaluated. Bioinformatics analysis showed that RAB5A interacts with 37 genes involved in exosome secretion regulatory pathways. Validation by RT‐qPCR confirmed the association of RAB5A with candidate interacted genes and interestingly showed that even medium to low combined scores of the STRING database could be experimentally valid. Moreover, the functional analysis demonstrated that the stable silencing of RAB5A could experimentally decrease exosome secretion. In conclusion, we suggest RAB5A as a regulator of exosome secretion based on our bioinformatics approach and experimental analysis. Also, we propose the usage of PPI‐derived from the STRING database regardless of their combined scores in advanced bioinformatics analysis.
The relationship between neighborhood racial composition and African American parents’ racial socialization
Authors: Varner Fatima A. , Mandara Jelani , Scott Lorraine E. , Murray Carolyn B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study assessed the degree to which the racial composition of one's neighborhood was related to the racial socialization messages parents communicated to their children in a sample of 307 African American families. Linear regression analyses were conducted. Neighborhoods were classified as predominantly African American, predominantly European American, or racially integrated. Even after controlling for parents’ education, mental health, and family income, parents in predominantly European American and racially integrated neighborhoods gave more preparation for bias messages than those in predominantly African American neighborhoods. Parents of boys conveyed more cultural empowerment messages in racially integrated and predominantly European American neighborhoods than in predominantly African American neighborhoods. Older girls were more likely to receive egalitarian messages than older boys. African American parents may use more empowerment and preparation for bias messages when they feel their children are culturally isolated or likely to experience racial discrimination.
Reducing prejudice toward Syrian refugee children: A vicarious contact intervention among Turkish elementary school children
Authors: Tercan Mustafa , Bisagno Elisa , Cocco Veronica Margherita , Kaçmaz Tarkan , Turnuklu Abbas , Stathi Sofia , Vezzali Loris 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe conducted an experimental intervention to test the effectiveness of vicarious contact in the relationship between Turkish and Syrian elementary school children; the participants were Turkish children. We used a mixed‐methods approach, investigating effects by using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Participants in the experimental condition were asked to read stories on positive contact between Turkish and Syrian children over the course of six weekly sessions. The results revealed that vicarious contact, compared to a control condition where participants did not engage in any activity, led to greater intentions to help outgroup members. Importantly, effects only emerged among children who reported higher initial negative outgroup attitudes. Results from qualitative data revealed that vicarious contact produced richer, more positive, and complex representations of the relationships and friendships between groups. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Central Cognitive Processing Speed Is an Early Marker of Huntington's Disease Onset
Authors: Corey‐Bloom Jody , Williams McKenna E. , Beltran‐Najera Ilex , Mustafa Andrea I. , Snell Chase M. , Castleton Jordan , Smith Haileigh , Wright Brenton , Gilbert Paul E. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundSeveral studies have suggested that cognitive processing speed may be useful for assessing early cognitive change in premanifest Huntington's disease (HD); however, current measures lack the ability to control for the effects of motor dysfunction commonly found in HD. The Computerized Test of Information Processing (CTiP) is a rapidly administered computerized tool that allows for the examination of central cognitive processing speed by using motor‐corrected scores to account for motor dysfunction.ObjectiveTo examine central cognitive processing speed as an early marker of HD onset using the CTiP.MethodsThe CTiP and other measures were administered to 102 HD gene carriers and 55 healthy adults (HA). Gene carriers included presymptomatic HD (pre‐HD; n = 33), prodromal HD (pro‐HD; ie, individuals close to disease onset; n = 23), and mild–moderate HD (HD; n = 46).ResultsThe HD group performed significantly slower than all other groups (HA, pre‐HD, and pro‐HD) on most subtests (Ps < .05). Moreover, the pro‐HD group performed significantly slower than the HA group on both motor‐corrected subtests (Ps < 0.05). Effect sizes associated with significant group differences between the pro‐HD and HA groups on motor‐corrected CTiP subtests (d= 0.73 and 0.84) were similar to effect sizes associated with group differences on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (d= .82) and other traditional cognitive assessments (Montreal Cognitive Assessment,d= .75; Mini‐Mental State Examination,d= .84).ConclusionsThe CTiP may be a useful marker of deficits in central cognitive processing speed in individuals close to manifest onset of HD.
Prevalence of Non‐Motor Symptoms and Non‐Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Using the MDS‐NMS
Authors: Rodriguez‐Blazquez Carmen , Schrag Anette , Rizos Alexandra , Chaudhuri K. Ray , Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Weintraub Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundNon‐motor symptoms (NMS) are frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD).ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of NMS and of non‐motor fluctuations (NMF) using the Movement Disorders Society‐Non‐Motor Rating Scale (MDS‐NMS) and other scales assessing NMS, and their relationship with sex and PD severity.MethodsCross‐sectional study with a sample of 402 PD patients. The Hoehn and Yahr staging system (HY), Clinical Impression of Severity Index for PD (CISI‐PD), MDS‐NMS (including NMF‐ subscale), Non‐Motor Symptoms scale (NMSS), and MDS‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS‐UPDRS) were applied. A NMS was considered present when scored ≥1. Differences in scores by sex and HY, CISI‐PD, and MDS‐UPDRS severity levels were calculated using Fisher's exact and chi‐squared tests.ResultsUsing the MDS‐NMS, NMS were present in 99.7% of patients and the mean number of NMS was 16.13 (SD: 9.36). The most prevalent NMS was muscle, joint or back pain (67.4% of the sample) and the least prevalent was dopamine dysregulation syndrome (2.2%). Feeling sad or depressed was significantly more prevalent in women. Using the MDS‐NMS revealed more NMS than the other scales assessing NMS. NMF were present in 41% of the sample, with fatigue being the most prevalent symptom (68.5% patients with NMF), and no differences by sex. Patients with greater PD severity had higher prevalence of NMS than patients with lower severity.ConclusionsAlmost all patients with PD experience NMS, and many experience NMF. Prevalence rates for NMS using the MDS‐NMS are higher than on other scales used and increase with higher disease severity.