bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Different Disease States on Rituximab Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wang Xiaoxing , Du Wenwen , Zhang Xianglin , Li Pengmei 
Published: July 2020

Background:The anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, which promotes the selective depletion of CD20 positive B cells, was the first targeted therapy that was approved for the treatment of B-cell malignancies, and it is now widely prescribed in both malignant and non-malignant, immune-related diseases. However, the cause of its various clinical responses in certain diseases, have not been clearly elucidated. The variabilities in inter-individual pharmacokinetic and the emerging evidence of the relationships between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic may provide a better understanding of this drug.Methods:We searched and summarized the latest published articles on rituximab pharmacokinetic profiles and the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models in different patient populations, including B-cell malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and glomerular kidney diseases.Results:Most pharmacokinetic data are drawn from clinical studies in oncology clinical practice. Body weight, gender, and antigen-related factors are proven to be the key factors affecting rituximab pharmacokinetics. In addition, the positive exposure-response relations were reported, which provide encouraging evidence for individualized therapies. While in immune disorders, especially in the off-labeled indications, pharmacokinetic studies are quite limited. Compared with that in B-cell malignancies, the differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters may be attributed to the different pathogeneses of diseases, mechanisms of action and dosing strategies. However, the correlation between drug exposure and clinical outcomes remains unclear.Conclusion:Here, we provide an overview of the complexities associated with rituximab pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in different diseases. Although many influencing factors need to be verified in future studies, a better understanding of the relationships between pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic may assist in optimizing rituximab clinical practice.
Cytotoxicity of Chitosan Ultrafine Nanoshuttles on the MCF-7 Cell Line as a Surrogate Model for Breast Cancer
Authors: Faris Tarek , Harisa Gamaleldin I. , Alanazi Fars K. , Badran Mohamed M. , Alotaibi Afraa Mohammad , Almanea Hafsa , Alqahtani Ali S. , Samy Ahmed M. 
Published: July 2020

Aim:
This study aimed to explore an affordable technique for the fabrication of Chitosan
Nanoshuttles (CSNS) at the ultrafine nanoscale less than 100 nm with improved physicochemical properties,
and cytotoxicity on the MCF-7 cell line.

Background:
Despite several studies reported that the antitumor effect of CS and CSNS could achieve
intracellular compartment target ability, no enough information is available about this issue and further
studies are required to address this assumption.

Objectives:
The objective of the current study was to investigate the potential processing variables for
the production of ultrafine CSNS (less than; 100 nm) using Box-Behnken Design factorial design
(BBD). This was achieved through a study of the effects of processing factors, such as CS concentration,
CS/TPP ratio, and pH of the CS solution, on PS, PDI, and ZP. Moreover, the obtained CSNS was
evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, morphology. In addition, hemocompatibility and cytotoxicity
using Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and MCF-7 cell lines were investigated.

Methods:
Box-Behnken Design factorial design (BBD) was used in the analysis of different selected
variables. The effects of CS concentration, sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) ratio, and pH on particle
size, Polydispersity Index (PDI), and Zeta Potential (ZP) were measured. Subsequently, the prepared CS
nanoshuttles were exposed to stability studies, physicochemical characterization, hemocompatibility,
and cytotoxicity using red blood cells and MCF-7 cell lines as surrogate models for in vivo study.

Result:
The present results revealed that the optimized CSNS has ultrafine nanosize, (78.3 ± 0.22 nm),
homogenous with PDI (0.131 ± 0.11), and ZP (31.9 ± 0.25 mV). Moreover, CSNS has a spherical
shape, amorphous in structure, and physically stable. Moreover, CSNS has biological safety as indicated
by a gentle effect on red blood cell hemolysis, besides, the obtained nanoshuttles decrease MCF-7 viability.

Conclusion:
The present findings concluded that the developed ultrafine CSNS has unique properties
with enhanced cytotoxicity, thus promising for use in intracellular organelles drug delivery.
Designing a Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Htlv-1 Related Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma: An In Silico Approach
Authors: Farahi Elnaz , Mokhtari Mohammad Javad , Ghasemi Younes , Nezafat Navid 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Cancer is a genetic disorder in which several factors like oncoviruses are
involved. Among viruses, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is a human oncovirus whose
long-term infection leads to Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL).

:
The lack of a vaccine against HTLV-1 and limited efficacy of available treatments for ATLL due
to the weakness of the immune system led us to develop novel therapeutic\prophylactic epitope
vaccine, which is able to potentiate the immune system against HTLV-1.

Methods:
In this research, the amino acid sequences of TAX, HBZ, gp62 and NY-ESO-1 were retrieved
from the UniProt database. Afterwards, the bioinformatics analyses were performed to select
the Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) and Helper T Lymphocyte (HTL) epitopes using IEDB,
RANKPEP, CTLpred and PA Complex servers. The selected epitopes, along with RS09 protein adjuvant,
were connected to each other via proper amino acid linkers.

:
RS09 adjuvant was used as a TLR4 agonist to assure the induction of immune response. Then, the
three-dimensional model of the protein vaccine was generated via Phyer2 software. In the next
step, the optimization of the final structure of the protein vaccine was performed using
GalaxyRefine, Galaxyloop and KOBAMIN servers.

Results:
Evaluation of 3D protein vaccine with ERRAT, PROSA-web and Ramachandran plots
servers showed that the vaccine possesses a high-quality structure; moreover, the vaccine was antigen
and non-allergen.

Conclusion:
We believe that the designed vaccine candidate can stimulate cellular and humoral immunity
effectively; however, the potency of the vaccine should confirm via in vitro and in vivo immunological
assays.
Isolation and Identification of Tyrosinase Inhibitors from Marine Algae Enteromorpha sp
Authors: Rodrigues Lima , Tilvi Supriya , Fernandes Michelle S. , Harmalkar Sarvesh S. , Tilve Santosh G. , Majik Mahesh S. 
Published: July 2020

:
The extract of marine green algae Enteromorpha sp. was evaluated in vitro for inhibitory
activity against mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. The principle active agents i.e. coumarin; 4-hydroxycoumarin
(1) and two sterols; ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3β-ol (2) & ergosterol peroxide (3) were isolated for
the first time, from a crude methanol extract of Enteromorpha sp. showing anti-tyrosinase activity.
Their structures were elucidated by IR, extensive NMR spectroscopy, LC-ESI-MS, Single crystal
X-ray diffraction techniques. Thus, Enteromorpha sp. can be an alternative edible anti-tyrosinase
agent.
The Wenckebach Phenomenon
Authors: Hansom Simon P. , Golian Mehrdad , Green Martin S. 
Published: July 2020

:
Medicine has many great pioneers, and in 1899, one such pioneer - Karel Frederik
Wenckebach made a discovery which, even to this day, remains one of the fundamental concepts
within electrophysiology.

:
Since the Wenckebach Phenomenon was first described, the field of electrophysiology has developed
at a rapid pace, allowing us to observe this behaviour, and its complexities, in many new
ways. In a similar way, this chapter will illustrate Wenckebach behaviour across a spectrum of modalities
from the 12 lead ECG, through to the intra-cardiac recordings from both electrophysiological
studies and implantable cardiac devices. In doing so, we continue to shed light on the phenomenon
first identified through Wenckebach’s meticulous attention to detail some 120 years ago.
Transient Hepatotoxicity Induced by Vinblastine in a Young Girl with Chiasmatic Low Grade Glioma
Authors: Franke Niels E. , Blok Geert Jan , Voll Marsha L. , Schouten-van Meeteren Antoinette Y.N. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Vinblastine (VBL) is a cytostatic drug frequently applied in children with
lymphoma and progressive low-grade glioma (LGG), with hematotoxicity as the main side effect.

Case Report:
Here, the case of a 7-month-old girl with tumor progression of an LGG during standard
chemotherapy with carboplatin and vincristine, is presented. Switching to VBL led to a 20-30-
fold increase of transaminases (grade IV CTCAE 5.0), spontaneously resolving after the end of
treatment. The toxicity is possibly age-related since it did not re-occur at the restart of VBL at 4
years old. This finding might have consequences for toxicity screening in future protocols, especially
when including infants.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Over Pt/Co-TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Akel Soukaina , Dillert Ralf , Bahnemann Detlef W. 
Published: July 2020

Aims:In this study, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction from aqueous methanol was investigated upon simulated solar light using platinum loaded on cobalt doped TiO2(Pt/Co-TiO2) composites.Background:Controversial results of cobalt-based composites create doubts about their photocatalytic activity. Thus, cobalt doped TiO2composites were synthesized differently, and the photocatalytic activity was examined for the photocatalytic hydrogen generation.Objective:The current study aims to investigate the influence of cobalt doping and platinum loading on the photocatalytic activities of TiO2nanoparticles for the photocatalytic H2 generation.Methods:The 0.5 wt.% Co-TiO2and bare TiO2photocatalysts were synthesized using two different methods, namely, reflux and hydrothermal synthesis. Additionally, the Pt deposition on the prepared Co-TiO2and TiO2catalysts (1 wt.% Pt) was performed using a photo-platinization method.:The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet- visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).Result:The XRD and EPR studies clearly indicated that the Co was incorporated into the titanium dioxide lattice. The EIS results suggested that the reduction of protons over Co-TiO2and bare TiO2materials was possible from a thermodynamic point of view. However, the photocatalytic results revealed that the formed amount of H2was extremely low and close to the detection limit. The evolution of H2from aqueous methanol (10 vol%) showed higher rates when employing 1 wt.% Pt loaded on 0.5 wt.% Co-TiO2photocatalysts under simulated solar light irradiation. A maximum of 317 ± 44 μmol.h-1 was observed over the Pt/Co-TiO2-HT photocatalyst.Conclusion:EPR results confirmed that the cobalt ions were introduced into the TiO2lattice by trapping the photogenerated conduction band electrons and decreasing the defects in the crystal cell. The Mott−Schottky analysis of electrochemical impedance measurements showed that all catalysts were ntype semiconductors and that cobalt doping induces impurity level within the band gap of TiO2. The experimental results of photocatalytic H2generation from methanol-reforming demonstrated that no significant impact of Co-doping on the photocatalytic H2formation was observed neither for bare TiO2samples nor for the platinized materials. Based on these experimental findings, a possible mechanism for the continuous photocatalytic activity of Pt/Co-TiO2photocatalysts under simulated solar light was proposed.
Asesmen Kebutuhan Peningkatan Kemampuan Tutor dalam Pembelajaran Keaksaraan Fungsional
Authors: Samto Samto , Sumarno Sumarno 
Published: July 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengembangkan standar kemampuan tutor keaksaraan fungsional, 2) mengembangkan instrumen asesmen kebutuhan, 3) mengetahui profil kemampuan tutor dalam pembelajaran keaksaraan fungsional, dan 4) menentukan priontas kemampuan yang diperlukan dalam program in-service training. Standar kemampuan dikembangkan dengan menggunakan teknik Delphi. Instrumen asesmen kemampuan tutor dikembangkan berdasarkan standar kemampuan. Profil kemampuan tutor dideskripsikan ke dalam kelompok baik sekali, baik, kurang, dan kurang sekali dengan acuan kriteria sekor ideal yang dapat dicapai oleh instrumen. Pengelompokan kemampuan tutor menggunakan data sampel sebanyak 93 orang tutor dari populasi sebesar 120 orang. Penentuan prioritas kemampuan yang perlu ditingkatkan berdasarkan pada rerata sekor tiap butir kemampuan. Kemampuan yang diprioritaskan dalam program in-service training adalah butir kemampuan yang termasuk dalam kategori kurang dan kurang sekali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Pertama, standar kemampuan tutor terdiri dari kualiflkasi integritas kepribadian dan kualifikasi kemampuan teknis. Integritas kepribadian ditekankan pada aspek sikap terhadap warga belajar. Kemampuan teknis lebih ditekankan pada pengelolaan proses pembelajaran yang partisipatif, pengembangan bahan bacaan dan pengembangan jaringan kerja. Kedua, instrumen asesmen kemampuan tutor terdiri dari: 1) tes uraian untuk mengukur pemahaman konsep keaksaraan fungsional, 2) laporan diri (self-report) untuk mengukur aspek perencanaan, proses pembelajaran, evaluasi pembelajaran, dan 3) portofolio untuk mengetahui kinerja tutor dalam penerapan pendekatan keaksaraan fungsional. Ketiga, sebagian besar tutor memiliki kemampuan yang masih kurang, terutama pada aspek pemahaman konsep, pengelolaan proses pembelajaran, dan penerapan pendekatan keaksaraan fungsional. Pada aspek perencanaan dan evaluasi pembelajaran sebagian besar kemampuan tutor sudah baik. Keempat, kemampuan tutor yang perlu diprioritaskan dalam program in-service training adalah pada aspek pemahaman konsep keaksaraan fungsional dan proses pembelajaran. Peningkatan kemampuan pada pengelolaan proses pembelajaran diprioritaskan pada pengembangan bahan belajar, teknik pembelajaran menulis dan pengembangan jaringan kerja dengan instansi atau nara sumber. Kata kunci: asesmen kebutuhan, tutor, keaksaraan fungsional
Comparative Effectiveness of Two Nonsurgical Treatments to Reduce Oral Health Disparities From Untreated Tooth Decay in Older Adults: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Nelson Suchitra , Albert Jeffrey M , Milgrom Peter 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe majority of dental caries lesions in older adults are at the gumline, at the edges of failed fillings and crowns, and in the surfaces of roots after gum recession. These lesions are difficult to restore with conventional surgical treatments using a dental drill and restorations often fail. Clinical guidelines are general and apply treatments that were designed for younger individuals in the dental care of older adults.ObjectiveThis study will compare the effectiveness of 2 evidence-based nonsurgical strategies to manage dental caries lesions in adults aged 62 or older: (1) biannual topical application of silver diamine fluoride versus (2) atraumatic restorative treatment + biannual fluoride varnish.MethodsA cluster randomized clinical trial is being conducted in 22 publicly subsidized and other low-income housing facilities/sites (Arm 1: 11 sites, 275 participants; Arm 2: 11 sites, 275 participants). At baseline, participants will be screened for caries lesions. Those with nonurgent lesions will be treated according to the treatment arm to which the housing site was randomly assigned. The primary outcomes are caries lesion arrest, tooth sensitivity, and tooth pain at 52 weeks after treatment. Analytic methods for the primary aim include a generalized estimating equation approach to determine noninferiority of silver diamine fluoride relative to atraumatic restorative treatment + fluoride varnish treatment.ResultsThe trial was funded in April 2019. Enrollment began in September 2019 and results are expected in June 2023.ConclusionsThis study will inform the standard of care for treating caries lesions in older adults. If effective, either of these interventions has broad applicability in clinical and community-based settings.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03916926; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03916926International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/17840
The Associations Among Individual Factors, Media Literacy, and Dietary Supplement Use Among College Students: Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Yang Shu Ching , Hsu Wan-Chen , Chiang Chia-Hsun 
Published: July 2020

Background
The mass media have been condemned for encouraging young people to take dietary supplements (DS). Media literacy, which includes authors and audiences (AA), messages and meanings (MM), and representation and reality (RR) domains, is a new approach to teaching young adults to make better informed health decisions. However, it is not clear which domains are the most important for media literacy education.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to investigate the associations among individual factors, media literacy, and DS use.

Methods
The survey instrument included demographic items, the DS Media Literacy Scale (DSMLS), and DS use items (users or nonusers, types of DS, current use of DS, and intention to use DS in the future). The DSMLS is an 11-item instrument designed to assess college students’ AA, MM, and RR media literacy in relation to DS. A total of 467 Taiwanese college students participated in the study. Descriptive statistical analysis, logistic regression analysis, and multiple regression analysis were conducted.

Results
A total of 338/467 (72.4%) participants reported using DS, and 176/467 (37.7%) consumed 3 or more supplements. Moreover, the MM media literacy domain was associated with having been a DS user (odds ratio 0.63, P=.002), current DS use (β=–.10, P=.02), and intention to use DS in the future (β=–.12, P=.011). Finally, perceived importance of health was positively related to current DS use (β=.18, P=.001) and intention to use DS in the future (β=.18, P=.001).

Conclusions
This study showed that the majority of Taiwanese college students were DS users and used multiple types of supplements. Moreover, students with lower MM media literacy were more likely to be DS users, to take DS more frequently, and to have higher intentions for future frequent DS use. Finally, those who placed extreme importance on health were more likely to take DS frequently and have higher intentions for future frequent DS use.
NUTRITIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF SPIRULINA PLATENSIS
Authors: KULKARNI SACHIN , CHAVAN DEEPALI 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The present investigation was to isolate and produce Spirulina platensis on high scale for food pharmaceutical and aquaculture due to the presence of high protein content.
Methods: Cultivation of Spirulina preparation of culture medium, inoculums build up, growth monitoring, harvesting, drying, procedure for protein estimation, sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and DNA isolation of Spirulina platensis.
Results: The study shows that protein content of S. platensis was found to be 62% protein profile was studied through SDS-PAGE, the bands were in the range of 35 kDa–44 kDa. S. platensis contain high molecular weight DNA. The bands was seen and visualize under the transilluminator it reveals that the alga S. platensis contain high molecular weight DNA.
Conclusion: The production of Spirulina by simple pH determination method suggests economic production of alga by a simple process. The DNA isolation showing that these algae contain high molecular weight DNA. However, utilization of this biomass for varied end uses, such as food, feed, aquaculture, and pharmaceuticals.
INTRAVENOUS MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION ERRORS AND THIS CAN ENDANGER THE LIVES OF PATIENTS
Authors: SALIH AL-ANI OMAR ABDULWAHID 
Published: July 2020

Objective: Intravenous errors are one of the most frequent and common medical errors, but no direct causes found. The theory of human error is the most common expression of errors in hospitals, and this can endanger the lives of patients. This research study aims to identify the errors in the vein and try to find solutions to avoid those errors where the study conducted on a sample of hospitals in Baghdad.
Methods: The study conducted to improve health quality in some hospitals. During the study period, a group of severe cases was detected, which based on intravenous infusions. Patients’ data and information were collected through five sources, examined and documented venous errors found and placed in a standard classification according to an incorrect dose and incorrect medication. The incorrect dose includes the following: Overdose, extra dose, underdose, wrong strength, and wrong form.
Results: During the period of study, a total of 99 cases, among these cases, 52 incorrect medications include (drug-drug interaction, drug-disease interaction, and not indicated medication) the incorrect dose 42 and route of administration and incorrect rate also take place in mistakes.
Conclusion: Intravenous errors can cause significant harm to patients and health-care providers, so proper attention paid to them. Several reasons may cause medication errors such as lack of experience and knowledge of health-care providers, inaccurate communications that do not explain the drug, and the exact dose. The prescribing errors in the medication or dosage were collected, discussed, and clarified so that the risks arising from them observed so that health-care providers and hospital specialists would be alerted and the study would serve as an alarm for health organizations.
ASSESSMENT OF TIME IN THERAPEUTIC RANGE WITH WARFARIN THERAPY IN PHARMACIST VERSUS USUAL CARE GROUP: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Authors: MAJERCZYK DANIEL , RUSCHE KIMBERLY , SAKHARKAR PRASHANT 
Published: July 2020

Objective: Anticoagulation management with warfarin is a familiar challenge seen in primary care settings. A greater time in the therapeutic range (TTR) has shown improved health benefits in patients treated with warfarin for atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to assess the level of anticoagulation control achieved with warfarin therapy measured by TTR.
Methods: Patients attending anticoagulation service at a medical center were included in this retrospective cohort study. Patients with at least two international normalized ratio (INR) values not more than 4 weeks apart were included and placed in a usual care group or a pharmacist care group based on the care received. Anticoagulation control was measured by calculating TTR according to Roosendaal’s linear interpolation method. A TTR of >70% was considered high-quality and >60% was considered moderate coagulation control. The data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, associations, and for identifying predictors of TTR. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Mean age of patients was 58±9 years; 57% were male; 48% were White Caucasian, and 43% had a CHADS2 score of ≥3. Patients in the pharmacist group had a high TTR (67.6% vs. 43.4%, p<0.0001) and an INR in a significantly lower sub-therapeutic range than the usual care group (5.6% vs. 14.8%; p<0.0001). Half of the patients in the pharmacist group were able to achieve a TTR threshold of 60% and greater compared to less than one-third among the usual care group. Age and pharmacist care were found to be great predictors of TTR after adjusting for gender, ethnicity, and CHADS2 score (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that pharmacist led anticoagulation care positively improved patients’ TTR with warfarin.