bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load with gestational weight gain and newborn birth weight
Authors: Gomes Caroline de Barros , Malta Maíra Barreto , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Gallo Caroline de Oliveira , Benício Maria Helena D’Aquino , Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDiet during pregnancy is related to several maternal and infant health outcomes; however, the relationship between maternal dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) and gestational weight gain (GWG) or newborn birth weight is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary GI and GL and GWG and birth weight. A cohort of adult pregnant women with usual obstetric risk was followed in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. Two 24-h dietary recalls were collected in each gestational trimester (<14, 24–27, 31–34 weeks), one in person and the other by telephone. GI and GL were determined using the software Nutrition Data System for Research. GWG was obtained from medical records and evaluated as the weekly GWG between the second and third gestational trimesters. Newborn birth weight z-score in relation to gestational age was evaluated according to Intergrowth-21st Project recommendations. A multiple linear regression model, adjusted for potential confounders, showed a one-point increase in the GI resulted in a mean decrease of 12·9 (95 % CI –21·48, –4·24) g in weekly GWG; GL was not associated with this outcome. The birth weight z-score was not associated with GI (P = 0·763) or GL (P = 0·317). In conclusion, in a cohort of pregnant women considered at usual risk for obstetric complications, maternal dietary GI was negatively associated with weekly GWG in the second and third gestational trimesters. No association was observed between GL and GWG, and neither GI nor GL was associated with birth weight z-score.
How State Capacity Helps Autocrats win Elections
Authors: Seeberg Merete Bech 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResearch has highlighted the role of the state in sustaining authoritarian regimes. But how does state capacity support autocrats during elections? The author argues that one specific aspect of state capacity – control over territory through the state apparatus – helps autocrats ensure large majority electoral victories. High-capacity rulers can rely on local agents and institutions to subtly manipulate elections, for instance by controlling the media or inhibiting the work of domestic election monitors throughout the territory while staying clear of costly manipulation such as election violence. In cross-national analyses of authoritarian multiparty elections from 1946 to 2017, the study finds that state territorial control increases the likelihood of large victories. Furthermore, high levels of state control correlate with subtle strategies of manipulation, including media bias and restrictions on domestic monitors – strategies that are also positively associated with large victories. At the same time, state control is negatively associated with election violence.
Barriers to Trade: How Border Walls Affect Trade Relations
Authors: Carter David B. , Poast Paul 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSince trade must cross borders, to what extent do border walls affect trade flows? We argue that border walls can reduce trade flows. Even if the objective is to only stem illicit flows, border walls heighten “border effects” that can also inhibit legal cross-border flows. Using a gravity model of trade that reflects recent developments in both economic theory and econometrics, we find that the creation of a wall is associated with a reduction in legal trade flows between neighboring countries. We provide a battery of evidence that suggests this reduction is not simply a function of worsening bilateral relations. Our findings have implications for understanding how governments have taken measures to assert sovereign control of their borders in an age of increasing economic globalization.
Efficacy of calcium chloride and arginine foliar spray in alleviating terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)
Authors: Roy Chowdhury A. , Ghosh M. , Lal M. , Pal A. , Hazra K. K. , Acharya S. S. , Chaurasiya A. , Pathak S. K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTerminal heat stress leads to sizeable yield loss in late-sown wheat in tropical environments. Several synthetic compounds are known to counteract plant stress emanating from abiotic factors. A field experiment was conducted in Sabour (eastern India) during 2013–2016 to investigate the field efficacy of two synthetic compounds, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and arginine, for improving grain yield of two contrasting wheat cultivars (DBW 14 and K 307) facing terminal heat stress. For this, foliar spray of 18.0 mM CaCl2at booting (CCB) or anthesis (CCA), 9.0 mM CaCl2at both booting and anthesis (CCB+A), 2.5 mM arginine at booting (ARGB) or anthesis (ARGA) and 1.25 mM arginine at both booting and anthesis (ARGB+A) treatments along with no-spray and water-spray treatments were evaluated in late-sown wheat. The highest grain yield was recorded in treatment CCB+A, followed by CCAand ARGB+A. However, the effect of these compounds was marginal on grain yield when applied only at the booting stage. Grains/ear and thousand-grain weight were found to be the critical determinants for yield in late-sown wheat. During the anthesis to grain filling period, flag-leaf chlorophyll degradation and increase in relative permeability in no-spray treatment were 34–36% and 29–52%, respectively, but these values were reduced considerably in CCB+Atreatment followed CCA. Thus, foliar spray of 9.0 mM CaCl2both at booting and anthesis stages may be recommended for alleviating the negative impacts of terminal heat stress in late-sown wheat and improving its productivity (>13%).
Simulation-based ENT induction: validation of a novel mannequin training model
Authors: Bhalla S , Beegun I , Awad Z , Tolley N 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo ascertain whether simulation-based teaching is superior to lecture-based teaching for an induction programme using a home-made induction model.MethodsA simulation-based induction programme was designed and separate lecture-based teaching covering the same content was organised for junior doctors. The junior doctors were asked to complete pre- and post-induction surveys regarding confidence and anxiety levels. The skills taught included microsuction, flexible nasendoscopy, and anterior and posterior nasal packing. Structured interviews were conducted after the programme to gain qualitative data for analysis. The trainees’ knowledge retention was compared using a standardised written assessment one month after the session.ResultsSimulation-based teaching using the induction model was associated with a statistically significant increase in confidence levels and reduction in anxiety levels, and was associated with greater knowledge retention.ConclusionA regular simulation induction programme should be introduced using the induction model, as it leads to better knowledge retention and increased confidence levels.
‘What You See is What You Get’: Local journalism and the search for truth in Lyari, Karachi
Authors: GAYER LAURENT , KIRMANI NIDA 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSituations of internecine warfare have in common to question the transitivity of everyday life—that is, its capacity to be taken for granted, to flow without any need for explication. These wars within the familiar generate specific anxieties about where to look at and what to believe. Events, persons, places, or objects whose status seemed hitherto undeniable become less predictable, while their worth comes into question. As individuals’ ontological security is threatened, the need for new monitoring devices and authentication procedures arises. Drawing on the phenomenology of civil wars and the anthropology of fakes, this contribution proposes to explore one such crisis of evidence: the nexus of political, ethnic, and criminal violence raging in Karachi's inner-city area of Lyari. Through the lens of local journalism, it reflects upon the tactics of social navigation deployed by residents confronted with chronic uncertainty in all sectors of life.Janbaz, the Urdu newspaper examined here, provides an opportunity to move beyond functionalist readings of the press in conflict situations. While insisting upon the pleasure derived byJanbaz’s readers from the sensationalized rendering of Lyari's predicament, we argue that the newspaper is the site of a continuous series of ‘reality tests’ and the focal point of private and collective investigations, pooling knowledge in an increasingly undecipherable environment. More than through its information, it is through its shortcomings thatJanbazhas helped to recreate social ties in a world plagued by discord and uncertainty.
Field Experiments and Behavioral Theories: Science and Ethics
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe design of field experiments makes them inappropriate for testing many common political theories. These theories propose that certain factors—for example, income or information—affect how individuals make choices. To test these theories, researchers typically investigate the correlation between the relevant factor and individuals’ choices, holding other factors constant. Field experiments, in contrast, allow multiple factors to vary at once: they create real-world disruption and do not control how actors behave in response. Subjects’ choices will be affected by the experimental treatment as well as by other changes that occur as the larger system reacts. It will be difficult to isolate the effect of any one factor, particularly without a good preexisting model of the system and how it is likely to respond. If a field experiment will not tell us what we need to know, the benefit of the study cannot outweigh harm, and it also will be unethical.
Tutorial: Nuisance or Substance? Leveraging Heterogeneity of Preferences
Authors: Regenwetter Michel , Robinson Maria M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPsychology and neighboring disciplines are currently consumed with a replication crisis. Recent work has shown that replication can have the unintended consequence of perpetuating unwarranted conclusions when repeating an incorrect line of scientific reasoning from one study to another. This tutorial shows how decision researchers can derive logically coherent predictions from their theory by keeping track of the heterogeneity of preference the theory permits, rather than dismissing such heterogeneity as a nuisance. As an illustration, we reanalyze data of Barron and Ursino (2013). By keeping track of the heterogeneity of preferences permitted by Cumulative Prospect Theory, we show how the analysis and conclusions of Barron and Ursino (2013) change. This tutorial is intended as a blue-print for graduate student projects that dig deeply into the merits of prior studies and/or that supplement replication studies with a quality check.
A Dynamic Dual Process Model of Intertemporal Choice
Authors: Diederich Adele , Zhao Wenjia Joyce 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDual process theories of decision making describe choice as the result of an automatic System 1, which is quick to activate but behaves impulsively, and a deliberative System 2, which is slower to activate but makes decisions in a rational and controlled manner. However, most existent dual process theories are verbal descriptions and do not generate testable qualitative and quantitative predictions. In this paper, we describe a formalized dynamic dual process model framework of intertemporal choice that allows for precise, experimentally testable predictions regarding choice probability and response time distributions. The framework is based on two-stage stochastic process models to account for the two postulated systems and to capture the dynamics and uncertainty involved in decision making. Using quasi closed form solutions, we illustrate how different factors (timing of System 1, time constraint, and preferences in both systems), which are reflected in the model parameters, influence qualitative and quantitative model predictions. Furthermore, we show how an existing static-deterministic model on intertemporal choice can be implemented in the framework allowing for testable predictions. The proposed framework can bring novel insights into the processes underlying intertemporal choices.
The Why and How of Entrepreneurial Action: An Integrative Model Based on Individual Values and Action Theory
Authors: Morales Carlos , Masuda Aline D. , Holtschlag Claudia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Although individual values have been scarcely studied in the entrepreneurship literature, existing research provides evidence that they are relevant for understanding entrepreneurial behavior. Values, however, do not necessarily influence action in a direct way. Instead, they may indirectly predict behavior via more proximal psychological processes. We build upon previous research in entrepreneurship values using Schwartz (1992) individual-values theory and Frese’s (2007) entrepreneurial action theory, and propose a theoretical model in which individual values have an indirect effect on entrepreneurial behavior through a series of four ulterior cognitive processes: Goal setting and intentions, mapping of information about the environment, planning and monitoring of the execution, and feedback processing. In doing so we integrate the theory of individual values with entrepreneurial cognition research. Despite their complementarity, these two theoretical approaches have not been studied together before. In this way, we offer new insights on the way individual values can explain entrepreneurial action. Based on these two lines of research we additionally propose a research agenda.
Internal Structure of the Oceanic Lithosphere at a Melt‐Starved Ultraslow‐Spreading Mid‐Ocean Ridge: Insights From 2‐D Seismic Data
Authors: Momoh Ekeabino , Cannat Mathilde , Leroy Sylvie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractExtensive outcrops of serpentinized peridotite in melt‐starved spreading corridors of the ultraslow easternmost Southwest Indian Ridge are hypothesized to be due to slip on successive long‐offset normal faults that alternate polarity (flip‐flop detachment faults). We investigate the nature of the oceanic crust which forms under these conditions, using seismic reflection data acquired during the SISMOSMOOTH 2014 cruise. Using 3‐D binning, the seismic profiles were binned elastically, while three of the profiles shot closely were merged into one to take advantage of the larger air gun source volume. Using a poststack imaging sequence, we observe several types of reflectors at crustal and infracrustal depths, in the axial valley and off‐axis. Correlating our seismic observations with Residual Mantle Bouguer gravity anomalies and seafloor observations, we find that our results are explicable in the framework of the flip‐flop hypothesis of detachment faulting. Reflectors imaged down to 5 km into the basement and interpreted as due to damaged zones outlining the detachment faults dip 50° at the early stages, while at late stages after developing offsets >10 km, they dip 25°. Other reflectors observed in the crust are interpreted as moderate offset (<200 m) normal faults accommodating deformation and alteration in the hanging wall and channeling the sparse melt to the seafloor. We interpret these and other observed seismic reflectors in the frame of a two‐phase evolutionary sequence over the lifetime of two successive flip‐flop detachment faults: exhumation, footwall flexure, damage, serpentinization, and incipient magmatism in the footwall of one detachment fault; followed by further tectonic damage, alteration, and incipient magmatism in the hanging wall of the next detachment fault.
Probable Cold and Alkaline Surface Environment of the Hadean Earth Caused by Impact Ejecta Weathering
Authors: Kadoya Shintaro , Krissansen‐Totton Joshua , Catling David C. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractConstraining the surface environment of the early Earth is essential for understanding the origin and evolution of life. The release of cations from silicate weathering depends on climatic temperature and
, and such cations sequester
into carbonate minerals in or on the seafloor, providing a stabilizing feedback on climate. Previous studies have suggested that this carbonate‐silicate cycle can keep the early Earth's surface temperature moderate by increasing
to compensate for the faint young Sun. However, the Hadean Earth experienced a high meteorite impactor flux, which produced ejecta that is easily weathered by carbonic acid. In this study, we estimated the histories of surface temperature and ocean pH during the Hadean and early Archean using a new model that includes the weathering of impact ejecta, empirically justified seafloor weathering, and ocean carbonate chemistry. We find that relatively low
and surface temperatures are probable during the Hadean, for example, at 4.3 Ga,
(in bar) is

and temperature is

K. Such a low
would result in a circumneutral to basic pH of seawater, for example,

at 4.3 Ga. A probably cold and alkaline marine environment is associated with a high impact flux. Hence, if there was an interval of an enhanced impact flux, that is, Late Heavy Bombardment, similar conditions may have existed in the early Archean. Therefore, if the origin of life occurred in the Hadean, life likely emerged in a cold global environment and probably spread into an alkaline ocean.
The Surface Energy Balance at Panda 1 Station, Princess Elizabeth Land: A Typical Katabatic Wind Region in East Antarctica
Authors: Ding Minghu , Yang Diyi , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Allison Ian , Xiao Cunde , Qin Dahe , Huai Baojuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUsing automatic weather station and reanalysis data (ERA5) from 2011 at Panda‐1 Station, situated in the katabatic region of Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, the surface energy balance was calculated using a surface temperature iteration method, and the characteristics of each energy component were analyzed. Downward shortwave and longwave radiation were the two primary energy sources during summer days with seasonal means of 346 and 142 W m−2. The turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat flux represent smaller heat sources. In the annual mean, reflected shortwave radiation exceeds the upward longwave radiation with a seasonal average values of −287 W m−2. During winter, the shortwave radiation is small, and the main energy input and output terms of the surface energy balance are downward and upward longwave radiation, with seasonal average values of 149 and −159 W m−2, respectively. The combination of high wind speed and a large near‐surface humidity gradient during summer resulted in significant frost depositional events. The total surface frost deposition for the whole year was 24 kg m−2, which accounted for 61% of the total accumulation (averaged over 10 years). When a high‐pressure ridge blocks cyclones and deflects fronts of low‐pressure systems to inland East Antarctica during winter, this has a significant impact on the surface energy balance at Panda 1 automatic weather station, with daily sensible and latent heat fluxes increasing by as much as 25 and 12 W m−2, respectively. These results still contain uncertainties as we only address a single year, when interannual variability may be considerable, and we do not consider drifting snow sublimation.
Modeling the Sources and Transport Processes During Extreme Ammonia Episodes in the U.S. Corn Belt
Authors: Hu Cheng , Griffis Timothy J. , Baker John M. , Wood Jeffrey D. , Millet Dylan B. , Yu Zhongjie , Lee Xuhui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAtmospheric ammonia (NH3) is the primary form of reactive nitrogen (Nr) and a precursor of ammonium (NH4+) aerosols. Ammonia has been linked to adverse impacts on human health, the loss of ecosystem biodiversity, and plays a key role in aerosol radiative forcing. The midwestern United States is the major NH3 source in North America because of dense livestock operations and the high use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Here, we combine tall‐tower (100 m) observations in Minnesota and Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) modeling to investigate high and low NH3 emission episodes within the U.S. Corn Belt to improve our understanding of the distribution of emission sources and transport processes. We examined observations and performed model simulations for cases in February through November of 2017 and 2018. The results showed the following: (1) Peak emissions in November 2017 were enhanced by above‐normal air temperatures, implying a Q10 (i.e., the change in NH3 emissions for a temperature increase of 10°C) of 2.5 for emissions. (2) The intensive livestock emissions rom northern Iowa, approximately 400 km away from the tall tower, accounted for 17.6% of the abundance in tall‐tower NH3 mixing ratios. (3) Ammonia mixing ratios in the innermost domain 3 frequently (i.e., 336 hr, 48% of November 2017) exceeded 5.3 ppb, an important air quality health standard. (4) In November 2017, simulated NH3 net ecosystem exchange (the difference between NH3 emissions and dry deposition) accounted for 60–65% of gross NH3 emissions for agricultural areas and was 2.8–3.1 times the emissions of forested areas. (5) We estimated a mean annual NH3 net ecosystem exchange of 1.60 ± 0.06 nmol · m−2 · s−1 for agricultural lands and −0.07 ± 0.02 nmol · m−2 · s−1 for forested lands. These results imply that future warmer fall temperatures will enhance agricultural NH3 emissions, increase the frequency of dangerous NH3 episodes, and enhance dry NH3 deposition in adjacent forested lands.
Groundwater Carbon Within a Boreal Catchment: Spatiotemporal Variability of a Hidden Aquatic Carbon Pool
Authors: Nydahl Anna C. , Wallin Marcus B. , Laudon Hjalmar , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGroundwater is an essential resource providing water for societies and sustaining surface waters. Although groundwater at intermediate depth could be highly influential at regulating lake and river surface water chemistry, studies quantifying organic and inorganic carbon (C) species in intermediate depth groundwater are still rare. Here, we quantified dissolved and gaseous C species in the groundwater of a boreal catchment at 3‐ to 20‐m depth. We found that the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), the stable carbon isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13C‐DIC), and pH showed a dependency with depth. Along the depth profile, a negative relationship was observed between pCO2 and δ13C‐DIC and between pCO2 and pH. We attribute the negative pCO2‐pH relationship along the depth gradient to increased silicate weathering and decreased soil respiration. Silicate weathering consumes carbon dioxide (CO2) and release base cations, leading to increased pH and decreased pCO2. We observed a positive relationship between δ13C‐DIC and depth, potentially due to diffusion‐related fractionation in addition to isotopic discrimination during soil respiration. Soil CO2 may diffuse downward, resulting in a fractionation of the δ13C‐DIC. Additionally, the dissolved organic carbon at greater depth may be recalcitrant consisting of old degraded material with a greater fraction of the heavier C isotope. Our study provides increased knowledge about the C biogeochemistry of groundwater at intermediate depth, which is important since these waters likely contribute to the widespread CO2 oversaturation in boreal surface waters.