bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationships among alarm fatigue, compassion fatigue, burnout and compassion satisfaction in critical care and step‐down nurses
Authors: Storm Jessica , Chen Hsiu‐Chin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAims and ObjectivesThe study purpose was to investigate if compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction and personal characteristics are associated with alarm fatigue and predict alarm fatigue in critical care nurses.BackgroundThe phenomena of alarm fatigue, compassion fatigue and burnout place nurses, patients and the healthcare environment in potentially harmful situations and represent the opposite of the foundation of caring and compassion satisfaction in nursing. It has been noted that healthcare organisations should address alarm fatigue as mandated by the Joint Commission based on the higher number of alarms sounding in the critical care environment and based on factors influencing nurses to respond to the alarm.DesignThis was a correlational and predictive quantitative study.MethodsThe Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist for research reporting of observational studies was followed in this study. Nurses working in the step‐down and intensive care units from three hospitals in a selected healthcare network in Pennsylvania were recruited using convenience sampling (n = 52). Observation, the ProQOL and demographic surveys were used to collect data on alarm fatigue, compassion fatigue, burnout, compassion satisfaction and personal characteristics of critical care nurses. Methods of data analyses included descriptive statistics, chi‐square, Spearman's ρ and binary logistic regression.ResultsThe study results revealed that the participating critical care nurses showed alarm fatigue, were at risk for compassion fatigue and were near risk for burnout.ConclusionsThis study illuminated the significant relationships among alarm fatigue and the characteristics of gender, nursing unit, nurse‐to‐patient ratio and age in critical care nurses.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study results can help critical care nurses take the initiative to not only help themselves prevent or overcome alarm fatigue, compassion fatigue and burnout, but also help their coworkers in this area.
INTEREST RATE PASS‐THROUGH: A META‐ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Gregor Jiří , Melecký Aleš , Melecký Martin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe interest rate pass‐through describes how changes in a reference rate (the monetary policy, money market or T‐bill rate) transmit to bank lending rates. We review the empirical literature on the interest rate pass‐through and systematize it by means of meta‐analysis and meta‐regressions. Using the pass‐through to corporate lending rates as the baseline, we find systematically lower estimated pass‐through coefficients in studies that focus on the pass‐through to consumer lending rates and rates on long‐term loans. Also studies estimating the pass‐through by averaging all lending rates into one category report a lower pass‐through. Importantly, the interest rate pass‐through is significantly influenced by the country's macro‐financial environment. In economies with deepening stock markets, the estimated pass‐through strengthens significantly. Interestingly, after the global financial crisis, the pass‐through weakened across the board, including because of growing trade openness and supply chain financing, rising volatility and stock market turnovers, as well as declining central bank independence. Inflation targeting frameworks, if in place, helped diminish this pass‐through weakening.
A SURVEY OF THE HOLD‐UP PROBLEM IN THE EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS LITERATURE
Authors: Yang Yadi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews experimental studies on the so‐called “hold‐up problem.” Common features in the experimental design and results are summarized. Most experimental studies show evidence of the hold‐up problem, but to an extent less severe than what standard self‐interest model predicts. Hold‐up occurs at the individual level, but exhibits a less severe pattern than theoretically predicted at the aggregate level. A positive correlation is found between the investment stage decisions and subsequent bargaining behavior. Social preferences largely influence the results in hold‐up games. Remedies that enhance the effect of social preferences can effectively alleviate the hold‐up problem. These laboratory findings are also relevant to real‐life hold‐up situations, but differences in the specific institution and environment may require more variations in the experimental design.
Intraprocedural Back Pain Associated with Awake Neuroendovascular Procedures
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Jahngir Muhammad Umair , Akinci Yasemin , Gao Xiaoyu , Akhtar Iqra Naveed , Kraus Jacqueline , Singh Baljinder , Lobanova Iryna , Uzun Guven , Balasetti Vamshi K.S. , Liaqat Jahanzeb , French Brandi R. , Siddiq Farhan , Gomez Camilo R. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe prevalence and characteristics of intraprocedural back pain is not well studied in awake patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures.METHODSWe performed a prospective study as part of quality improvement initiative in which all patients who underwent neuroendovascular procedures in awake state were inquired regarding presence, severity (using a numeric rating scale score ranging from 0 [no pain] to 10 [worst pain possible]), and location (using anatomical chart) of back pain immediately after the procedure. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with moderate to severe pain (score of ≥3).RESULTSA total of 100 (41.3%) of 242 patients reported intraprocedural back pain with a median severity of 5/10 (range 1‐10). The mean age was 58.7 ± 16.2 years. The mean duration of the procedure was 82.3 minutes (range 15‐410 minutes). The pain was classified as moderate to severe in 86 of 100 patients. The locations of pain were identified in lumbar (n = 77), thoracic (n = 6), cervical (n = 7), cervical and lumbar (n = 8), and cervical with thoracolumbar (n = 2) regions. There was a significant relationship between patients’ history of the previous neck and/or back surgery and frequency of moderate to severe back pain (P = .02). No significant relationship was observed between frequency of none to mild and moderate to severe back pain among the strata by patients’ age, body mass index, or duration of procedures.CONCLUSIONSThe relatively high prevalence of intraprocedural back pain in patients undergoing neuroendovascular procedures in awake state must be recognized, and strategies to reduce the occurrence need to be identified.
Impact of ineffective esophageal motility on secondary peristalsis: Studies with high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Lei Wei‐Yi , Liu Tso‐Tsai , Wang Jen‐Hung , Yi Chih‐Hsun , Hung Jui‐Sheng , Wong Ming‐Wun , Gyawali Chandra Prakash , Chen Chien‐Lin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground/AimThe aim was to investigate whether there is a difference in secondary peristalsis on high‐resolution manometry (HRM) among gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with and without ineffective esophageal motility (IEM), and healthy individuals.MethodsTwenty‐eight GERD patients and seventeen healthy controls were included. Secondary peristalsis was stimulated by a rapid injection of 20 ml air in mid‐esophagus. We compared HRM metrics and the response and effective rate of triggering secondary peristalsis between patients with and without IEM and healthy controls.ResultsSixteen patients had IEM, and the remaining 12 had normal manometry. By triggering of secondary peristalsis, patients without IEM and healthy controls had significantly higher distal contractile integral (DCI) values than IEM patients (p = 0.006). A successful secondary peristalsis was triggered more frequently in healthy controls than in GERD patients with normal peristalsis or IEM (56.9% vs. 20.2% vs. 9.1%, all p < 0.001). The effective rate which determined as DCI > 450 mm Hg.cm.s was higher in healthy controls compared to patients with normal peristalsis (36.5% vs. 19.4%, p < 0.001) and IEM (36.5% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.001). Patients with IEM had lower successful triggering response (9.1% vs. 20.2%) and effective secondary peristalsis (6.3% vs. 19.4%) compared with patients without IEM (p < 0.001).ConclusionsOur work has demonstrated that GERD patients, in particular those with IEM, have significant defects in the triggering of secondary peristalsis on HRM. HRM helps characterize esophageal secondary peristalsis which exhibits differently in patients with and without IEM.
Phage–antibiotic combinations: a promising approach to constrain resistance evolution in bacteria
Authors: North Olesia I. , Brown Eric D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAntibiotic resistance has reached dangerously high levels throughout the world. A growing number of bacteria pose an urgent, serious, and concerning threat to public health. Few new antibiotics are available to clinicians and only few are in development, highlighting the need for new strategies to overcome the antibiotic resistance crisis. Combining existing antibiotics with phages, viruses the infect bacteria, is an attractive and promising alternative to standalone therapies. Phage–antibiotic combinations have been shown to suppress the emergence of resistance in bacteria, and sometimes even reverse it. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which phage–antibiotic combinations reduce resistance evolution, and the potential limitations these mechanisms have in steering microbial resistance evolution in a desirable direction. We also emphasize the importance of gaining a better understanding of mechanisms behind physiological and evolutionary phage–antibiotic interactions in complex in‐patient environments.
Seeking the “point of no return” in the sequence of events leading to mortality of mature trees
Authors: Preisler Yakir , Tatarinov Fedor , Grünzweig José M. , Yakir Dan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrought‐related tree mortality is increasing globally, but the sequence of events leading to it remains poorly understood. To identify this sequence, we used a 2016 tree mortality event in a semi‐arid pine forest where dendrometry and sap flow measurements were carried out in 31 trees, of which seven died. A comparative analysis revealed three stages leading to mortality. First, a decrease in tree diameter in all dying trees, but not in the surviving trees, 8 months “prior to the visual signs of mortality” (PVSM; e.g., near complete canopy browning). Second, a decay to near zero in the diurnal stem swelling/shrinkage dynamics, reflecting the loss of stem radial water flow in the dying trees, 6 months PVSM. Third, cessation of stem sap flow 3 months PVSM. Eventual mortality could therefore be detected long before visual signs were observed, and the three stages identified here demonstrated the differential effects of drought on stem growth, water storage capacity and soil water uptake. The results indicated that breakdown of stem radial water flow and phloem function is a critical element in defining the “point of no return” in the sequence of events leading to mortality of mature trees.
“To Speak the Law”: Contested Jurisdictions, Legal Legibility, and Sovereignty in Guatemala
Authors: Sieder Rachel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIndigenous claims “to speak the law” in Guatemala extend far beyond late twentieth‐century statist proposals for multicultural legal orders based on recognition of legal pluralism. Drawing on collaborative research with the Indigenous Mayoralty of Santa Cruz del Quiché and examination of public debates in the media, this article analyzes attempts to ensure the legibility of Indigenous law, including disputes over constitutional reforms in 2016 and 2017. It suggests how different conceptual framings shape methodological approaches and representations of law. While opponents of Indigenous jurisdiction frame Mayan law as violent and illegal, and thus radically incommensurable with the national legal order, for Indigenous authorities “speaking the law” is not about seeking recognition from the nation‐state. Rather, “speaking the law” is about communitarian forms of sovereignty and legality rooted in Mayan languages and cosmologies. Countering racialized tropes, Mayan authorities’ representations allude to understandings of justice and forms of legitimacy that existed prior to the sovereign state and national and international laws. In this way they highlight not only the historical violence of the Guatemalan state but also the foundational violence of law itself, pointing to temporalities and ontologies of justice beyond modernist legal frames.
Pandemic Planning in the United States: An Examination ofCOVID‐19 Data
Authors: Menifield Charles E. , Clark Cal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the early months of 2020, news spread that a coronavirus (COVID‐19) had been detected in Wuhan, China. The virus quickly spread across the country and to other continents. As deaths mounted in the United States, evidence indicated that some states experienced a higher rate of COVID‐19 deaths than other states and that African American communities were hit harder by the virus than other racial groups. Hence, we pose two questions in this research: Are COVID‐19 deaths spread equally across different states and regions of the United States? Secondly, are African Americans more likely to die from COVID‐19 than other racial groups? Using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and APM Research Lab, we show that some states witnessed significant loss of life due to the virus and that African Americans were more likely to die from the virus when compared with White residents.
Defensive Resource Allocation: The Roles of Forecast Information and Risk Control
Authors: Dong Yucheng , Chen Xia , Hunt Kyle , Zhuang Jun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn defensive resource allocation problems, the defender usually collects some forecast information about the attacker. However, the forecast information may be incorrect, which means that there could be a risk associated with the defender using it in their decision making. In this article, we propose a forecast and risk control (FRC) framework to manage the risk in defensive resource allocation with forecast information. In the FRC framework, we introduce a new measure of risk and three types of defense plans: riskless defense plan, risky defense plan, and risk‐control defense plan. Several desirable properties based on the concepts of reward and penalty show that the risk‐control defense plan is a general form to support defensive resource allocation. Subsequently, we study a specific defensive allocation problem with forecast information and develop an optimization model that considers the forecast information and the defender's risk tolerance level in order to obtain the risk‐control defense plan with maximum reward. Furthermore, we provide some numerical analysis to illustrate the effects of forecast information and risk tolerance level on the risk‐control defense plan. Finally, a numerical case study is presented to demonstrate the usability of a risk‐control defense plan.
Learning to Manage the Multirisk World
Authors: Wiener Jonathan B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRisk assessment, perception, and management tend to focus on one risk at a time. But we live in a multirisk world. This essay in honor of the 40th anniversary of the Society for Risk Analysis (SRA) and the journal Risk Analysis suggests that we can—and have already begun to—strengthen risk analysis and policy outcomes by moving from a focus on the single to the multiple—multiple stressors, multiple impacts, and multiple decisions. This evolution can improve our abilities to assess actual risks, to confront and weigh risk‐risk trade‐offs and innovate risk‐superior moves, and to build learning into adaptive regulation that adjusts over time. Recognizing the multirisk reality can help us understand complex systems, foresee unintended consequences, design better policy solutions, and learn to improve.
Use and Misuse of MCDA to Support Decision Making Informed by Risk
Authors: Keisler Jeffrey M. , Linkov Igor 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent guidelines for risk‐informed decision making (RIDM) provide a gold‐standard for how to incorporate probabilistic risk models in conjunction with other considerations in a decision process. Nevertheless, risk quantification using probabilistic and statistical methods is difficult in situations where threat, vulnerability, and consequences are highly uncertain and risk quantification. In such situations a wider variety of methods could be employed, which we call decision making informed by risk (DMIR) combining risk and decision analytics. Risk informed decision making (RIDM) can be considered as a special case of DMIR. Multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA) often serves as a basis for DMIR in order to flexibly accommodate different levels of analytical detail. DMIR often involves artful use of proxy variables that correlate with, and are more measurable than, underlying factors of interest. This article introduces the notion of DMIR and discusses the use of MCDA in its application in the context of risk‐based problems. MCDA‐based risk analyses identify metrics associated with threats of concern and system vulnerabilities, characterize the way in which alternative actions can affect these threats and vulnerabilities, and ultimately synthesize this information to compare, prioritize, or select alternative mitigation strategies. Simple linear additive MCDA models often integrate these inputs, but the same simplicity can limit such approaches and create pitfalls and more advanced models including multiplicative relationships can be warranted. This essay qualitatively explores the critical practitioner questions of how and when the use of linear multicriteria models creates significant problems, and how to avoid them.
Export quality and patent protection: Stage‐dependent effects in development
Authors: Liu Yan , Park Walter G. , Fu Dahai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper provides empirical evidence on the effects of patent protection on the vertical innovation of developing country exporters. We find that the relationship between export quality upgrading and patent protection is dependent on the technological stage of an economy. Specifically, patent protection promotes quality growth if an economy's product quality is sufficiently close to the world frontier level. We characterize the density of the distribution of country products, determining the share of country–product combinations that fall under or pass a threshold, and draw some implications for patent policy design. While a majority of combinations exceed the critical threshold, the results nevertheless call for differentiation in the strength of patent protection by income group and product class. To establish these findings, we employ a very extensive index of export product quality at the four‐digit SITC level and utilize a country‐level measure of effective patent protection for the period 1990–2010.
Linkage-Data Linear Regression
Authors: Zhang Li-Chun , Tuoto Tiziana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractData linkage is increasingly being used to combine data from different sources with the aim of identifying and bringing together records from separate files, which correspond to the same entities. Usually, data linkage is not a trivial procedure and linkage errors, false and missed links, are unavoidable. In these cases, standard statistical techniques may produce misleading inference. In this paper, we propose a method for secondary linear regression analysis, where the linked data have to be prepared by someone else, and neither the match-key variables nor the unlinked records are available to the analyst. We develop also a diagnostic test for the assumption of non-informative linkage errors, which is required for all existing secondary analysis adjustment methods. Our approach provides important advantages: it relies on the realistic assumption that the probabilities of correct linkage vary across the records but it does not assume that one is able to estimate the probability of correct linkage for each individual record. Moreover, it accommodates in a simple manner the general situation where the files are of different sizes and none of them is a subset of another. The proposed methodology of adjustment and testing is studied by simulation and applied to real data.
Ladder relations for a class of matrix valued orthogonal polynomials
Authors: Deaño Alfredo , Eijsvoogel Bruno , Román Pablo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing the theory introduced by Casper and Yakimov, we investigate the structure of algebras of differential and difference operators acting on matrix valued orthogonal polynomials (MVOPs) on, and we derive algebraic and differential relations for these MVOPs. A particular case of importance is that of MVOPs with respect to a matrix weight of the formon the real line, whereis a scalar polynomial of even degree with positive leading coefficient andis a constant matrix.
Organ recovery from deceased donors with prior COVID‐19: A case series
Authors: Neidlinger Nikole A. , Smith Jeannina A. , D’Alessandro Anthony M. , Roe David , Taber Tim E. , Pereira Marcus R. , Friedman Amy L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough guidance documents have been published regarding organ donation from individuals with a prior history of COVID‐19 infection, no data exist regarding successful recovery and transplantation from deceased donors with a history of or positive testing suggesting a prior SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Here, we report a case series of six deceased donors with a history of COVID‐19 from whom 13 organs were recovered and transplanted through several of the nation's organ procurement organizations (OPOs). In addition, at least two potential donors were authorized for donation but with no organs were successfully allocated and did not proceed to recovery. No transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 was reported from the six donors to recipients, procurement teams, or hospital personnel. Although more studies are needed, organ donation from deceased donors who have recovered from COVID‐19 should be considered.
Toxoplasmosis after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Impact of serostatus‐based management
Authors: Amikura Takahito , Kikuchi Taku , Kato Jun , Koda Yuya , Sakurai Masatoshi , Yamazaki Rie , Mikita Kei , Saburi Masuho , Nakazato Tomonori , Mori Takehiko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractToxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a serious infectious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The incidence of toxoplasmosis varies widely because of the variabilities of seroprevalence among patient populations. The incidence and the optimal management of toxoplasmosis after allogeneic HSCT in a patient population with a low seroprevalence have not been fully evaluated. We conducted a single‐center retrospective study evaluating toxoplasmosis in Japanese patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT. Of the 728 evaluable patients, only 5 developed toxoplasmosis with a median onset of day 60 post‐transplant (range, day 55‐393). The cumulative incidence was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.3%‐1.5%) at day 500 post‐transplant. Four of the five patients succumbed due to toxoplasmosis. The more recently treated 220 patients (not the earlier 508 patients) were screened for the T. gondii serostatus, and prophylactic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was applied. All five patients with toxoplasmosis were in the unscreened group, and there was no case of toxoplasmosis after the introduction of the screening and prophylactic treatment. Our results suggest that toxoplasmosis after allogeneic HST is rare but can develop as a life‐threatening complication even in the populations with low seroprevalence, and that prophylactic treatment for seropositive patients could effectively prevent toxoplasmosis.