bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frameworks for urban water sustainability
Authors: Bell Sarah J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntegrated water management, sustainable water management, water sensitive cities, and other formulations are often presented as the latest in a series of paradigms of water management. This implies a unified approach, while urban water debates reflect a wide diversity of political, social, and technical viewpoints. Five distinct but overlapping frameworks for urban water sustainability are evident in research, policy and practice, reflecting wider environmental theory, politics, and discourse. Sustainable development is based on meeting the needs for water and sanitation of the urban poor. Ecological modernization focuses on policies to improve water efficiency and treatment through technological innovation and individual behavior change. Socio‐technical framings aim to understand how change in water systems occurs across physical and institutional scales and addresses the co‐evolution of infrastructures, cultures, and everyday practices. Urban political ecology analyses water infrastructure in terms of relationships of power, pointing to the unequal distribution of costs and benefits of urban water management for the environment and citizens. Radical ecology addresses the relationship between human culture and non‐human nature, proposing fundamental reorganization of society to solve ecological and hydrological crises. Characterizing alternate frameworks of urban water sustainability provides clarity on the underlying assumptions, methods, and politics across a diversity of approaches. Frameworks may be deployed strategically to deliver policy impact, or may reflect deeply held political or epistemological standpoints. Understanding different conceptions of urban water sustainability provides the basis for more constructive dialogue and debate about water and its role in sustainable cites.This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Prompt hadroproduction of ηc(1S, 2S) in the kT-factorization approach
Authors: Babiarz Izabela , Pasechnik Roman , Schäfer Wolfgang , Szczurek Antoni 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this work, we present a thorough analysis of ηc(1S, 2S) quarkonia hadroproduction in k⊥-factorisation in the framework of the light-front potential approach for the quarkonium wave function. The off-shell matrix elements for the g*g*ηc(1S, 2S) vertices are derived. We discuss the importance of taking into account the gluon virtualities. We present the transverse momentum distributions of ηc for several models of the unintegrated gluon distributions. Our calculations are performed for four distinct parameterisations for the $$ c\overline{c} $$
c

c
¯

interaction potential consistent with the meson spectra. We compare our results for ηc(1S) to measurements by the LHCb collaboration and present predictions for ηc(2S) production.
Mittelgliedbasisimpressionsfrakturen der Finger
Authors: Vergote D. , Mentzel M. , Moeller R.-T. , Bauknecht S. , Schöll H. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Mittelgliedbasisimpressionsfrakturen der Finger stellen aufgrund häufiger Subluxationen und der zentral imprimierten Fragmente ein Problem dar.
Zwei minimalinvasive Verfahren stehen zur Verfügung: 1. die bisher wenig bekannte intramedulläre Aufstopfmethode nach Hintringer, 2. der verbreitete Distraktionsfixateur nach Suzuki.
Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist der Vergleich der Behandlungsergebnisse beider Verfahren.

Methoden
Das nachuntersuchte Kollektiv umfasst 42 Patienten, bei denen operativ eine Mittelgliedbasisimpressionsfraktur versorgt wurde. Dabei erfolgte 28-mal eine intramedulläre Aufstopfung mit perkutaner Kirschner-Draht-Retention (Gruppe A) und 14-mal die Versorgung mittels Fixateur nach Suzuki (Gruppe B). Untersucht wurden die Funktion, das radiologische Ergebnis und die subjektiven Beschwerden.

Ergebnisse
Es zeigt sich, dass in Gruppe A nach Einteilung der „American Society for Surgery of the Hand“ (ASSH) 81 % der Patienten ein gutes Ergebnis erreichen, in Gruppe B hingegen 50 %. Für das Mittelgelenk ergeben sich im Median 82,5° Bewegungsumfang nach Aufstopfung und 47,5° nach Suzuki Anlage. Im Median konnte in der Gruppe A die Impression von 2,35 auf 0,5 mm reduziert werden, in Gruppe B hingegen nur von 1,6 auf 1,15 mm. Einschränkungen durch Schmerzen gaben in Gruppe A 2 von 28 Patienten an und in Gruppe B einer von 14.

Diskussion
Mit der Aufstopfmethode nach Hintringer lassen sich Mittelgliedbasisimpressionsfrakturen gut behandeln. Die dorsale Subluxation kann ausgeglichen werden, und zentral imprimierte Fragmente lassen sich besser reponieren und retinieren als mit dem Distraktionsfixateur. Darüber hinaus sind die radiologischen Verlaufskontrollen besser zu beurteilen als bei liegendem Distraktionsfixateur.
Impotenz und Hexenglauben: Ein medizinischer Traktat des Ulmer Stadtarztes Wolfgang Reichart (1486–1547)
Authors: Ursin Frank , Rubeis Giovanni , Steger Florian 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Der Hexenglaube beeinflusste im 16. Jahrhundert das medizinische Denken und Handeln. Der Ulmer Stadtarzt Wolfgang Reichart (1486–1547) hat in einem bisher unbekannten Traktat die Impotenz eines Patienten mit medizinischen Konzepten rational erklärt.

Material und Methode
Der Traktat wurde transkribiert, übersetzt und hinsichtlich seiner Quellen, Struktur und des Inhalts analysiert. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit Johann Weyers (1515–1588) Konzepten verglichen.

Ergebnisse
Reichart erklärt die Impotenz seines Patienten als erworbene Erkrankung, an der Dämonen beteiligt waren. Da Dämonen nur auf natürliche Weise auf den menschlichen Körper wirken, sei die Krankheit auf natürlichem Weg heilbar. Grundlage der Therapie ist ein mittelalterliches pathophysiologisches Konzept, das antike Elemente kombinierte.

Schlussfolgerungen
Reicharts Therapie unterscheidet sich von derjenigen zeitgenössischer Ärzte, weil er den Patienten selbst behandelt und nicht an einen Theologen überweist. Im Gegensatz zu Weyer bietet er ein detailliertes pathophysiologisches Konzept zur medizinischen Erklärung der Impotenz.
Graph Laplacian for image anomaly detection
Authors: Verdoja Francesco , Grangetto Marco 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReed–Xiaoli detector (RXD) is recognized as the benchmark algorithm for image anomaly detection; however, it presents known limitations, namely the dependence over the image following a multivariate Gaussian model, the estimation and inversion of a high-dimensional covariance matrix, and the inability to effectively include spatial awareness in its evaluation. In this work, a novel graph-based solution to the image anomaly detection problem is proposed; leveraging the graph Fourier transform, we are able to overcome some of RXD’s limitations while reducing computational cost at the same time. Tests over both hyperspectral and medical images, using both synthetic and real anomalies, prove the proposed technique is able to obtain significant gains over performance by other algorithms in the state of the art.
Foraging ecology of Mediterranean juvenile loggerhead turtles: insights from C and N stable isotope ratios
Authors: Haywood Julia C. , Casale Paolo , Freggi Daniela , Fuller Wayne J. , Godley Brendan J. , Lazar Bojan , Margaritoulis Dimitris , Rees ALan F. , Shutler Jamie D. , Snape Robin T. , Swain-Diaz Nathalie R. , Widdicombe Stephen , Broderick Annette C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBycatch is one of the key threats to juvenile marine turtles in the Mediterranean Sea. As fishing methods are regional or habitat specific, the susceptibility of marine turtles may differ according to inter- and intra-population variations in foraging ecology. An understanding of these variations is necessary to assess bycatch susceptibility and to implement region-specific management. To determine if foraging ecology differs with region, sex, and size of juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was performed on 171 juveniles from a range of foraging regions across the central and eastern Mediterranean Sea. Isotope ratios differed with geographical region, likely due to baseline variations in δ13C and δ15N values. The absence of sex-specific differences suggests that within an area, all comparably sized animals likely exploit similar foraging strategies, and therefore, their susceptibility to fisheries threats will likely be similar. The isotope ratios of juveniles occupying the North East Adriatic and North Levantine basin increased with size, potentially due to increased consumption of more prey items at higher trophic levels from a more neritic source. Isotope ratios of juveniles with access to both neritic and oceanic habitats did not differ with size which is consistent with them consuming prey items from both habitats interchangeably. With foraging habitats exploited differently among size classes in a population, the susceptibility to fisheries interactions will likely differ with size; therefore, region-specific management approaches will be needed.
An analysis and comparison of keyword recommendation methods for scientific data
Authors: Ishida Youichi , Shimizu Toshiyuki , Yoshikawa Masatoshi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo classify and search various kinds of scientific data, it is useful to annotate those data with keywords from a controlled vocabulary. Data providers, such as researchers, annotate their own data with keywords from the provided vocabulary. However, for the selection of suitable keywords, extensive knowledge of both the research domain and the controlled vocabulary is required. Therefore, the annotation of scientific data with keywords from a controlled vocabulary is a time-consuming task for data providers. In this paper, we discuss methods for recommending relevant keywords from a controlled vocabulary for the annotation of scientific data through their metadata. Many previous studies have proposed approaches based on keywords in similar existing metadata; we call this the indirect method. However, when the quality of the existing metadata set is insufficient, the indirect method tends to be ineffective. Because the controlled vocabularies for scientific data usually provide definition sentences for each keyword, it is also possible to recommend keywords based on the target metadata and the keyword definitions; we call this the direct method. The direct method does not utilize the existing metadata set and therefore is independent of its quality. Also, for the evaluation of keyword recommendation methods, we propose evaluation metrics based on a hierarchical vocabulary structure, which is a distinctive feature of most controlled vocabularies. Using our proposed evaluation metrics, we can evaluate keyword recommendation methods with an emphasis on keywords that are more difficult for data providers to select. In experiments using real earth science datasets, we compare the direct and indirect methods to verify their effectiveness, and observe how the indirect method depends on the quality of the existing metadata set. The results show the importance of metadata quality in recommending keywords.
Role of oral pathogens in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm: review of existing evidence and potential mechanisms
Authors: Hallikainen Joona , Keränen Sara , Savolainen Jarno , Närhi Matti , Suominen Anna Liisa , Ylöstalo Pekka , Kellokoski Jari , Pyysalo Mikko , Pussinen Pirkko , Rauramaa Tuomas , Frösen Juhana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDegeneration of intracranial aneurysm wall is under active research and recent studies indicate an increased risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysm among patients with periodontal diseases. In addition, oral bacterial DNA has been identified from wall samples of ruptured and unruptured aneurysms. These novel findings led us to evaluate if oral diseases could predispose to pathological changes seen on intracranial aneurysm walls eventually leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage. The aim of this review is to consider mechanisms on the relationship between periodontitis and aneurysm rupture, focusing on recent evidence.
Aspects of Self-Awareness in Meditators and Meditation-Naïve Participants: Self-Report Versus Task Performance
Authors: Nyklíček Ivan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Meditation may be viewed as a way to enhance mindfulness and self-awareness. To date, most studies have relied on instruments based on self-evaluations. The aim of this study was to explore aspects of self-awareness in experienced meditators compared to non-meditators using a multi-method approach.

Methods
Thirty-five experienced meditators and 47 matched control participants completed tests ranging from self-report questionnaires of mindfulness skills and psychological mindedness to emotion reports in a scenario task and a behavioral task in which spontaneous momentary experiences are verbally reported.

Results
Compared to controls, meditators scored higher on self-reported introspective interest and mindfulness skills, but not on emotional awareness. Meditators also showed higher interoception scores during the spontaneous verbal reports task. Interestingly, while mindfulness/Vipassana meditators scored lower on a self-reported mindfulness skill compared to transcendental meditators, they reported more momentary interoceptive and exteroceptive phenomena during the task, the differences being large.

Conclusions
Different methods assessing complementary aspects of self-awareness show partially mutually opposing results when meditator and non-meditator groups are compared. These results indicate the added value of behavioral tasks when assessing awareness-related phenomena.
Giant Multistep Crystalline vs. Osmotic Swelling of Synthetic Hectorite in Aqueous Acetonitrile
Authors: Kunz Raphael , Amschler Sonja , Edenharter Andreas , Mayr Lina , Herlitz Sebastian , Rosenfeldt Sabine , Breu Josef 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntercalation of large organocations into 2:1 clay minerals may be hampered by two problems: on one hand, the solubility of organocations in water is limited and the resulting high selectivity for adsorption in the polar solvent may lead to non-equilibrium structures. On the other hand, the large expansion of the interlayer space will slow down kinetics of ion exchange considerably. The best workaround for these obstacles is to suspend the clay minerals in mixtures of water with more hydrophobic organic solvents that nevertheless trigger a considerable expansion of the interlayer space by swelling. This in turn fosters ion exchange. The current study, therefore, revisited pioneering work by Bradley (1945) and investigated the swelling behavior of synthetic sodium hectorite (Na-hec) as a function of the composition of the swelling solvent, a mixture of acetonitrile and water. Up to a maximum acetonitrile content of 65 vol.%, delamination by osmotic swelling occurred. At even higher acetonitrile concentrations, swelling was limited to the crystalline swelling regime where a step-like adjustment of the d value was observed. Several mixtures were identified yielding a well defined and uniform interlayer height as evidenced by rational 00l-series with the d spacing decreasing with increasing acetonitrile content. Surprisingly, for a specific acetonitrile:water ratio even an ordered interstratification of two strictly alternating interlayer heights with distinctly different solvent compositions was observed.
Injustice in Food-Related Public Health Problems: A Matter of Corporate Responsibility
Authors: Tempels Tjidde , Blok Vincent , Verweij Marcel 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe responsibility of the food and beverage industry for noncommunicable diseases is a controversial topic. Public health scholars identify the food and beverage industry as one of the main contributors to the rise of these diseases. We argue that aside from moral duties like not doing harm and respecting consumer autonomy, the food industry also has a responsibility for addressing the structural injustices involved in food-related health problems. Drawing on the work of Iris Marion Young, this article first shows how food-related public health problems can be understood as structural injustices. Second, it makes clear how the industry is sustaining these health injustices, and that due to this connection, corporate actors share responsibility for addressing food-related health problems. Finally, three criteria (capacity, benefit, and vulnerability) are discussed as grounds for attributing responsibility, allowing for further specification on what taking responsibility for food-related health problems can entail in corporate practice.
The South's demographic transition and international capital flows in a financially integrated world economy
Authors: Gannon Frédéric , Le Garrec Gilles , Touzé Vincent 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the coming decades, the countries of the South will be facing the aging of the population faster than the countries of the North. This will have long-term economic consequences for the South but also for the North through the changing of international capital flows. To study the latter, we build a simple two-region two-period overlapping generations (OLG) model, assuming fully integrated financial markets. This allows us to determine the analytical expression of the world interest rate dynamics at general equilibrium and the resulting capital flows accruing to each of the two regions (the North and the South). From there, we analyze how a reduction in either fertility or mortality alters the magnitude of the international capital flows. Contradictory effects are evidenced. To clear-up any ambiguity and to study the South's demographic transition, which involves a succession of shocks, we propose numerical simulations. Even if the results stress that the institutional context and technological catching-up may matter, they suggest in a rather general way that the declines in both fertility and mortality tend to reduce the relative capital needs of the Southern economies and consequently their capital inflows. This, in turn, would be beneficial to the North's productive capacity, which should then hold more capital.
Dinocysts as a Tool for Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction in Vitória Bay, Brazil
Authors: de Freitas Alex da Silva , Escamilla Javier Helenes , Barreto Cintia Ferreira , Bastos Alex Cardoso , da Fonseca Estefan Monteiro , Baptista Neto José Antônio 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTMicropaleontological and geochemical data were applied to sediments from southeastern Brazil to study the hydrodynamics associated with the Holocene sea level rise. Sediment cores were taken around Vitória Bay, examined for dinoflagellate cysts and subjected to isotopic analysis. The cyst assemblage mainly dominated by autotrophic species most notablyO. centrocarpum,L. machaerophorumandT. vancampoae. The influence of the marine transgression and subsequent regression observed during the Holocene along the coast of Brazil could have initially favored the establishment of an oligotrophic and higher energy environment. The inflow of continental water from tributaries combined with a higher inflow of saline water into the estuarine system could have favored the establishment and subsequent deposition of the dinocysts.
The Effect of Melt Pond Geometry on the Distribution of Solar Energy Under First‐Year Sea Ice
Authors: Horvat C. , Flocco D. , Rees Jones D. W. , Roach L. , Golden K. M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSea ice plays a critical role in the climate system through its albedo, which constrains light transmission into the upper ocean. In spring and summer, light transmission through sea ice is influenced by its iconic blue melt ponds, which significantly reduce surface albedo. We show that the geometry of surface melt ponds plays an important role in the partitioning of instantaneous solar radiation under sea ice by modeling the three‐dimensional light field under ponded sea ice. We find that aggregate properties of the instantaneous sub‐ice light field, such as the enhancement of available solar energy under bare ice regions, can be described using a new parameter closely related to pond fractal geometry. We then explore the influence of pond geometry on the ecological and thermodynamic sea ice processes that depend on solar radiation.
Nonlinear Interactions Between Radiation Belt Electrons and Chorus Waves: Dependence on Wave Amplitude Modulation
Authors: Gan L. , Li W. , Ma Q. , Albert J. M. , Artemyev A. V. , Bortnik J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe use test particle simulations to model the interaction between radiation belt electrons and whistler mode chorus waves by focusing on wave amplitude modulations. We quantify the pitch angle and energy changes due to phase trapping and phase bunching (including both advection and scattering) for electrons with various initial energies and pitch angles. Three nonlinear regimes are identified in a broad range of pitch angle‐energy space systematically, each indicating different nonlinear effects. Our simulation results show that wave amplitude modulations can extend the nonlinear regimes, while significantly reducing electron acceleration by phase trapping. By including amplitude modulations, the “advective” changes in pitch angle and energy caused by phase bunching are reduced, while the “diffusive” scattering due to phase bunching is enhanced. Our study demonstrates the importance of wave amplitude modulations in nonlinear effects and suggests that they need to be properly incorporated into future theoretical and numerical studies.
The Challenges and Rewards of Running a Geospace Environment Modeling Challenge
Authors: Hietala H. , Dimmock A. P. , Zou Y. , Garcia‐Sage K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGeospace Environment Modeling (GEM) is a community‐driven, National Science Foundation‐sponsored research program investigating the physics of the Earth's magnetosphere and its coupling to the solar wind and the atmosphere. This commentary provides an introduction to a Special Issue collating recent studies related to a GEM Challenge on kinetic plasma processes in the dayside magnetosphere during southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions. We also recount our experiences of organizing such a collaborative activity, where modelers and observers compare their results, that is, of the human side of bringing researchers together. We give suggestions on planning, managing, funding, and documenting these activities, which provide valuable opportunities to advance the field.