bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Buffalo study: Outcome and associated predictors in endodontic microsurgery‐ a cohort study
Authors: Azim A. A. , Albanyan H. , Azim K. A. , Piasecki L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo (i) evaluate and compare the outcome of endodontic microsurgery (EMS) using periapical radiographs (PAs) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans; (ii) identify prognostic factors affecting the outcome; and (iii) correlate the effect of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) on the pattern of apical bone remodelling.MethodologyEighty‐two patients (101 teeth) who received EMS were included and followed‐up using clinical and radiographic examinations (PAs and CBCT scans). Two calibrated endodontists evaluated the radiographic healing (favourable or unfavourable) by assessing PAs and CBCT. The success (favourable radiographic outcome with no clinical symptoms) and survival rates (tooth retention without clinical symptoms) were calculated, and the cause of failure (diseased or fractured) was identified. Pre‐treatment (age, sex, tooth type, position, sequence of treatment, quality of root canal before surgery, presence/absence of through‐and‐through lesion, presence/absence apico‐marginal defect) and treatment (presence/absence of errors during surgery, type of error (major or minor), retro‐preparation depth, presence/absence of an isthmus, retro‐filling material used, presence/absence bone graft material and/or resorbable membrane) factors were recorded. Data were analysed statistically to determine the inter‐observer, intra‐observer and inter‐radiographic agreements. Univariate, bivariate and logistic regression analysis were used to determine prognostic factors affecting the outcome and the effect of GTR on the pattern of apical bone remodelling. The significance level was set at 5%.ResultsSixty‐eight patients (83 teeth) presented for outcome evaluation (recall rate: 84%). The survival rate was 93%. The success rate was 88% using PA and 86% using CBCT when vertical root fracture (VRF) cases were included and 94% using PAs, and 91% using CBCT when VRF cases were excluded. The intra‐ and inter‐observer agreements were substantial using CBCT, slight to a fair agreement using PA (P < 0.001), and slight to moderate for inter‐radiographic agreement. The occurence of a major procedural error during surgery was the only negative predictor for the outcome of EMS (P = 0.013). GTR did not affect the success rate or the type of healing when assessed using PA but it affected the type of healing on CBCT scans (complete vs incomplete healing) and the pattern of cortical plate remodelling (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe success and survival rate of endodontic microsurgery was very high, and the occurrence of a major procedural error during surgery was the only factor affecting the outcome. GTR did not improve the outcome, but did affect the quality of apical bone remodelling following EMS.
A systematic review of worldwide data on tinea capitis: analysis of the last 20 years
Authors: Rodríguez‐Cerdeira C. , Martínez‐Herrera E. , Szepietowski J.C. , Pinto‐Almazán R. , Frías‐De‐León M.G. , Espinosa‐Hernández V.M. , Chávez‐Gutiérrez E. , García‐Salazar E. , Vega‐Sánchez D.C. , Arenas R. , Hay R. , Saunte D.M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDermatophyte infections are the most common fungal infections in humans; among them, tinea capitis (TC) – the most contagious fungal infection – is caused by anthropophilic, zoophilic and geophilic dermatophytes. The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the different aetiological variants involved in TC and the overall epidemiology of the causes of this infection in the last two decades. We searched the MEDLINE (PubMed) and Embase databases for articles published from July 2000 to August 2019 using the following search terms: ‘Tinea capitis’, ‘Africa’, ‘America’, ‘Asia’, ‘Europe’, ‘Oceania’, and the names of the countries on each continent. The flow of information through the different phases in this systematic review was depicted using a PRISMA flow diagram, which mapped the number of records identified, included and excluded, and the reasons for exclusion. Our findings indicate that the frequency of different aetiologic agents of TC in the reported studies varied globally, from 0.4–87.7% in Africa, 0.2–74.0% in North America, 0.0–91.2% in Eastern Asia, 0.0–69.0% in Eastern Europe and 2.9–86.4% in Oceania.Microsporum canisis the most frequent reported zoophilic agent worldwide, whileTrichophyton violaceumandTrichophyton tonsuransare the predominant anthropophilic agents. Over time, the frequency of these latter fungal infections has increased globally, and these fungi have become the major species globally. Anthropophilic transmission – the most prevalent type of transmission – could be explained by two factors: (i) the socioeconomic status of affected countries and population groups with associated risk factors and (ii) movement of populations importing new causes of infection to areas where they had not been encountered previously. We observed that intercontinental migration and travel; globalization; environmental, climatic and ecological changes; and accelerated evolution of health technologies may influence the observed epidemiological changes and, consequently, contributed to the variations in the global status of TC.
Environmental determinants in morphospace and diet of the larval blenny Calliclinus geniguttatus from an upwelling ecosystem
Authors: Galeano‐Chavarria Ana María , Landaeta Mauricio F. , Plaza Guido , Castillo Manuel I. , Alarcón Darly S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe effects of two contrasting environmental conditions in nearshore waters off central Chile on the diet and morphospace of two cohorts of larval labrisomid blenny Calliclinus geniguttatus were studied using geometric morphometrics and gut content analysis. The two environmental conditions corresponded to (a) a cold period with upwelling‐favourable southwesterly winds and a mixed water column of cooler water and (b) a warm period with calm winds and stratified warmer water. During the cold period, fish larvae had a more hydrodynamic head shape, longer jaws and a higher feeding incidence, suggesting a greater food supply due to upwelling events and a possible increase in encounter rates in the turbulent environment. In contrast, the larvae from the warm period had a more robust head shape with smaller jaws and a lower feeding incidence, which was related to higher water temperatures and lower wind intensities. The present study suggests that larvae have a rapid response to environmental changes on a short time scale (i.e., from weeks to months), showing a link between environmental conditions and changes in the phenotypic traits and diet of the larval stages of this cryptobenthic species.
TheGill‐Oxygen Limitation Theoryand size at maturity/maximum size relationships for salmonid populations occupying flowing waters
Authors: Meyer Kevin A. , Schill Daniel J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe slowing of growth as fish age has long been believed to be related to energy expenditure for maturation, and this rationalization has been used to explain why, across nearly all fish species, the relationship between size at first maturity (Lm) and maximum (Lmax) or asymptotic length (L∞) is relatively constant. In contrast, the Gill‐Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) postulates that (a) fish growth slows because as they grow, their two‐dimensional ability to extract oxygen from the water diminishes relative to their three‐dimensional weight gain, and (b) they can only invest energy for maturation if oxygen supply at their size at first maturity (Qm) exceeds that needed for maintenance metabolism (Q∞). It has been reported previously across dozens of marine fish species that the relationship betweenQmandQ∞is linear and, further, it can be mathematically converted toLmvs. L∞by raising both terms to the power ofD(the gill surface factor), resulting in a slope of 1.36. If the GOLT is universal, a similar slope should exist forLmDvs. L∞Drelationships for freshwater species across multiple individual populations that reside in disparate habitats, although to our knowledge this has never been evaluated. For analysis, we used existing data from previous studies conducted on 51 stream‐dwelling populations of redband troutOncorhynchus mykiss gairdneri, Yellowstone cutthroat troutO. clarkii bouvieriand mountain whitefishProsopium williamsoni. The resultingLmDvs. L∞Dslopes combining all data points (1.35) or for all species considered separately (range = 1.29–1.40) were indeed equivalent to the slope originally produced for the marine species from which the GOLT‐derived relationship was first reported. We briefly discuss select papers both supporting and resisting various aspects of the GOLT, note that it could potentially explain shrinking sizes of marine fish, and call for more concerted research efforts combining laboratory and field expertise in fish growth research.
Simple models for predicting water loss of bread during baking
Authors: Purlis Emmanuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe baking process has received quite attention during the last three decades, due to its economic and industrial relevance, and since it is associated with staple foods like bread. Because of the composition and structure of dough, a series of complex, simultaneous and coupled phenomena occur in the product inside the oven, which make very difficult the design, control and optimization of the process. For these tasks, the use of mathematical models appears as an adequate solution, although they still represent a complex approach for industrial purposes and their use is limited. In this paper, we focus on prediction of water loss, which is relevant for different aspects of the process, for example, texture and sensory properties, economic impact, energy demand. Two simple models are developed based on knowledge about transport phenomena of bread baking. Both methods involve the estimation of a mass transfer coefficient, which can be related to operating conditions. Good prediction performance is found in both cases, in a common range of baking conditions. Finally, the use of water loss as a design and control variable of the process is discussed, and we propose the construction of a baking diagram with moisture loss as independent variable.Practical applicationsOverall, there is a lack of simple and accurate prediction methods for baking, in contrast with other traditional food process operations, since the complexity of the process makes very difficult the task of developing user‐friendly models. This work proposes two simple models to predict water loss variation during bread baking, based on knowledge about transport phenomena of the process. Implementation of the proposed methods needs simple adjustment of parameters, which can be related to operating conditions (oven temperature and apparent heat transfer coefficient). Besides, the construction of a baking diagram is discussed.
Role of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in stress‐induced gastric injury
Authors: Higashimori Akira , Watanabe Toshio , Nadatani Yuji , Nakata Akinobu , Otani Koji , Hosomi Shuhei , Tanaka Fumio , Kamata Noriko , Taira Koichi , Nagami Yasuaki , Tanigawa Tetsuya , Fujiwara Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe inflammasomes promote pro‐caspase‐1 cleavage, leading to processing of pro‐interleukin (IL)‐1β into its mature form. We investigated the role of the IL‐1β and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain‐like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in gastric injury in mice receiving water‐immersion restraint stress (WIRS), focusing on the cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2/prostaglandin (PG) E2 axis.MethodsTo induce gastric injury, the mice were placed in a restraint cage and immersed in the water bath to the level of the xiphoid process. Protein levels of mature caspase‐1 and IL‐1β were assessed by western blotting.ResultsWater‐immersion restraint stress induced gastric injury with increase in IL‐1β expression by activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Exogenous IL‐1β attenuated the injury, whereas anti‐IL‐1β neutralizing antibody and IL‐1β receptor antibody aggravated it. NLRP3−/− and caspase‐1−/− mice enhanced the injury with reducing of mature IL‐1β, and this aggravation was reduced by exogenous IL‐1β supplementation. Toll‐like receptor 4−/− mice were hyporesponsive to WIRS in terms of mature IL‐1β production. Rabeprazole attenuated the injury with preventing inflammasome activation. WIRS injured the stomach with promotion of COX‐2 mRNA and PGE2 production, and exogenous IL‐1β enhanced these molecules, while IL‐1β immunoneutralization exerted opposite effect. PGE2 supplementation abolished the hypersensitivity in NLRP3−/− and caspase‐1−/− mice through negative regulation of inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionThese results suggest that NLRP3 inflammasome‐derived IL‐1β plays a protective role in stress‐induced gastric injury via activation of the COX‐2/PGE2 axis. Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling and gastric acid may be involved in NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Factors associated with patient safety in neonatal intensive care units: A multicenter study using ordinal logistic regression
Authors: Yu Mi , Park Chang Gi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to identify nurses' staffing levels, neonatal infection experience, infection control knowledge, and infection control performance, as well as levels of patient safety, and to verify the factors influencing patient safety related to infection control in multi‐centered neonatal intensive care units (NICUs).MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was completed by 251 NICU nurses working in seven hospitals throughout South Korea. The data were collected in February 2019 and analyzed using generalized ordinal logistic regression.ResultsThe distribution of patient safety was as follows: level 1 (very poor) 0%, level 2 (poor) 6.8%, level 3 (fair) 29.7%, level 4 (good) 35.0%, level 5 (very good) 21.5%, and level 6 (excellent) 7.2%. The factors influencing patient safety differed across the different levels of patient safety. Comparing patient safety level 2 with the other levels (3, 4, 5, 6), the nurse staffing level (b = 1.12) was a significant influencing factor. Comparing patient safety levels 2, 3, 4 and 5 with level 6, the influencing factors were neonatal infection experience (b = −1.18) and infection control performance (b = 5.77).ConclusionThe nurse staffing level was a factor when patient safety levels were low, and nurses' neonatal infection experience and infection control performance were factors when patient safety levels were high. Institutional policy efforts are required to identify patient safety levels in NICUs to develop comprehensive strategies to ensure appropriate nurse staffing and enhance neonatal infection control performance to prevent infections.
The role of workplace social capital on the relationship between perceived stress and professional identity among clinical nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak
Authors: Zhang Yu‐dong , Gao Ya‐qin , Tang Yan , Li Yu‐hong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimWorkplace social capital refers to relationship networks formed by individuals in an organization through long‐term mutually beneficial interactions and cooperation with members. These relationship networks can create value and resources for organizations and individuals. This current study aimed to explore the potential impact of workplace social capital on the association between perceived stress and professional identity in clinical nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 308 Chinese clinical nurses filled out the Chinese Workplace Social Capital Scale, the Chinese Perceived Stress Scale, and the Chinese Nurse's Professional Identity Scale. Descriptive analysis, independent samples t test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation analyses, and bootstrap method were performed to analyze the data.ResultsPerceived stress was negatively correlated with professional identity (r = −0.455, p < .001). Workplace social capital was not found to moderate the relationship between perceived stress and professional identity (95% CI −0.03 to− 0.06, p = .47 > .05). Instead, it mediated that relationship (95% CI −0.61 to −0.19, p < .05), and its mediating effect was −0.37.ConclusionsIn the early stages of the COVID‐19 outbreak, workplace social capital among the investigated clinical nurses failed to buffer the negative impact of perceived stress on professional identity, but it did play a part in mediating perceived stress and professional identity. A healthy workplace should be provided to clinical nurses to improve their professional identity, while lowering perceived stress.
SCF‐Slimb is critical for Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β‐mediated suppression of TAF15‐induced neurotoxicity in Drosophila
Authors: Choi Hyun‐Jun , Joo Cha Sun , Do Hyeon‐Ah , Kim Hyung‐Jun , Lee Jang‐Won , Kim Kiyoung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized pathologically by motor neuron degeneration and associated with aggregation of RNA‐binding proteins. TATA‐binding protein‐associated factor 15 (TAF15) accumulates as cytoplasmic aggregates in neuronal cells, and clearance of these aggregates is considered a potential therapeutic strategy for ALS. However, the exact pathogenic mechanism of TAF15‐induced neurotoxicity remains to be elucidated. Glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) plays a critical role in the protection of ALS pathology. In the present study, we use a transgenic fly model over‐expressing human TAF15 to study the protective effects of Shaggy/GSK3β on TAF15‐induced neuronal toxicity in Drosophila brain. Transgenic flies were examined for locomotor activity and lithium treatment. The expression level and solubility of TAF15 were assessed with western blotting, whereas immunohistochemistry was used to assess TAF15 aggregation in Drosophila brain. We have revealed that Shaggy/GSK3β was abnormally activated in neurons of TAF15‐expressing flies and its inhibition can suppress the defective phenotypes, thereby preventing retinal degeneration and locomotive activity caused by TAF15. We have also found that Shaggy/GSK3β inhibition in neuronal cells leads to a reduction in TAF15 levels. Indeed, the F‐box proteins Slimb and archipelago genetically interact with TAF15 and control TAF15 protein level in Drosophila. Importantly, SCFslimb is a critical regulator for Shaggy/GSK3β‐mediated suppression of TAF15‐induced toxicity in Drosophila. The present study has provided an in vivo evidence supporting the molecular mechanism of GSK3β inhibition for protection against TAF15‐linked proteinopathies.
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Aspects of colorectal cancer screening, methods, age and gender
Authors: Hultcrantz R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is, besides breast, prostate, lung and skin cancers, the most common cancer worldwide and is suitable for screening. The incidence of CRC varies considerably in different parts of the world: in well‐developed countries, the incidence is between 30 and 70 per 100 000 inhabitants, whereas in less‐developed countries such as sub‐Saharan Africa, it is 10–20/100 000 inhabitants. Women have a lower incidence of CRC, which is usually one‐third of total incidence. Several studies have shown that it is possible to decrease mortality from CRC with about 20%, which is evidenced through the data from countries with screening programmes. Though the method of choice to identify blood samples in faecal matter is under debate, the most feasible way is to perform colonoscopy. Other methods include more advanced faecal analyses, testing for mutations from CRC, sigmoidoscopy, CT colonoscopy or optical colonoscopy. Colonoscopy is in most countries not available in sufficient amount and has to be carried out with great accuracy; otherwise, lesions will be missed to identify, thus leading to complications. Gender is an issue in CRC screening, as women have about 20% fewer colorectal adenomas and CRCs, but they also have more right‐sided lesions, which are more difficult to detect with tests for faecal blood since they create less blood in faeces. Thus, other strategies may have to be developed for women in order for screening to have the same effect. It is essential to introduce colorectal cancer screening in all countries together with other clinical pieces of advice such as information on smoking, obesity and exercise in order to reduce one of the most dangerous cancers.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of immunosuppressed patients hospitalized with COVID‐19: experience from London
Authors: Vaid N. , Ardissino M. , Reed T. A. N. , Goodall J. , Utting P. , Miscampbell M. , Condurache D. G. , Cohen D. L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global health emergency. Despite the widely hypothesized role of a cytokine storm in disease severity, no study thus far has explored the association between immunosuppression and disease severity in patients hospitalized with COVID‐19.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the association between the use of immunosuppressant medication and outcomes of patients hospitalized with COVID‐19.MethodsNine hundred and eighty‐one consecutive patients hospitalized between 12 March 2020 and 15 April 2020, who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), were enrolled in this cohort study and subdivided by immunosuppression status. The patients were followed up for a minimum of 28 days (median 37 days) for the primary end‐point of mortality. Secondary end‐points included the composite of intubation or death, and the composite of mortality, intubation or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) requirement.ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, 354 (36.1%) of study patients died. The immunosuppressed cohort (n = 31) had significantly higher mortality rates (aHR: 2.067, 95% CI: 1.20–3.57, P = 0.009). There was no association between immunosuppression and the composite end‐point of mortality or intubation (aHR: 1.49 95% CI: 0.88–2.51, P = 0.14) and of the composite end‐point of mortality, intubation or CPAP (aHR: 1.36 95% CI: 0.81–2.30 P = 0.245).ConclusionIn this cohort study of 981 confirmed COVID‐19 patients consecutively hospitalized at a large North West London hospital, immunosuppressant use was associated with significantly higher mortality rates. These results support the current UK government’s early isolation ('shielding') policy for these individuals and should be used to guide future research.