bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in BMI among elderly Japanese population: findings from 1973 to 2016 Japan National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Tarui Iori , Okada Emiko , Okada Chika , Saito Aki , Takimoto Hidemi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine 44-year trends in height, weight and BMI, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight in the elderly Japanese population because Japan, the country with the longest life expectancy, has the highest ageing population.Design:Using the nationally representative cumulative data from the Japan National Health and Nutrition Survey 1973–2016, sex-specific and age-adjusted mean height, weight and BMI, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight were calculated for each year. Trend analyses were performed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Next, changes in height, weight and BMI, and the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight were estimated for each age group (65–69, 70–79 and >80 years) according to the birth year groups.Setting:Japan.Participants:Individuals aged ≥65 years with complete data on height and body weight measurements (N 94 508).Results:Trends in average height and weight increased over the four decades in both men and women. The prevalence of overweight/obesity dramatically increased and nearly tripled in men, accompanied with significantly decreased underweight prevalence. Furthermore, the increasing trend in average BMI and overweight/obesity prevalence in women reached a peak in 2002 and showed a decreasing trend thereafter, while a downward trend in underweight prevalence showed a gradual increase in women since 2003.Conclusions:Trends in height, weight and BMI among the elderly population should continue to be closely monitored in parallel with the effects of dietary changes, energy intake and physical activity (step counts).
Household food insufficiency, health status and emergency healthcare utilisation among children with and without special healthcare needs
Authors: Sonik Rajan A , Coleman-Jensen Alisha , Parish Susan L 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To compare exposure to household food insufficiency and the relationship between household food insufficiency and both health status and emergency healthcare utilisation among children with and without special healthcare needs (SHCN).Design:Analysing pooled data from the 2016–2017 iterations of the National Survey of Children’s Health, we conducted multivariate logistic regressions on household food insufficiency, health status and emergency healthcare utilisation. We assessed interactions between household food insufficiency and children’s SHCN status in our models of health status and utilisation.Setting:United States.Participants:Parents of a nationally representative sample of non-institutionalised children (aged 0–17 years).Results:Children with SHCN were more likely to experience household food insufficiency (70 v. 56 %), non-excellent health status (67 v. 28 %) and emergency healthcare utilisation (32 v. 18 %) than other children. Household food insufficiency was associated with 37 % (children with SHCN) and 19 % (children without SHCN) reductions in the likelihood of having excellent health. Household food insufficiency was associated with a roughly equal (16–19 %) increase in the likelihood of emergency department utilisation across groups.Conclusions:Compared with other children, children with SHCN have an elevated risk of exposure to household food insufficiency and experiencing greater reductions in health status when exposed.
Improvement in IAPT outcomes over time: are they driven by changes in clinical practice?
Authors: Saunders Rob , Cape John , Leibowitz Judy , Aguirre Elisa , Jena Renuka , Cirkovic Mirko , Wheatley Jon , Main Nicole , Pilling Stephen , Buckman Joshua E.J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Treatment outcomes across Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services in England have improved year-on-year, with the national average proportion of patients in recovery at the end of treatment now exceeding the 50% target. This is despite the number of referrals and numbers of treated patients also increasing year-on-year, suggesting that services have evolved local practices and treatment delivery to meet needs whilst improving performance. This study explores whether there have been changes in clinical practice with regard to: (1) the number of sessions and length of treatments; (2) the number of cancellations and non-attendance; and (3) the recording of problem descriptor information, and the association with treatment outcomes in IAPT. Routinely collected data from seven IAPT services involved in the North and Central East London (NCEL) IAPT Service Improvement and Research Network (SIRN) were brought together to form a dataset of nearly 88,000 patients who completed a course of IAPT treatment. Results showed that there was a slight increase in the average number of sessions, and decreases in the length of time in treatment, as well as decreases in both the number of non-attended appointments and the use of inappropriate problem descriptors. These findings highlight a number of areas where potentially small changes to clinical practice may have had positive effects on patient outcomes. The value of using IAPT data to inform service improvement evaluations is discussed.

Key learning aims

(1)
How changes to treatment-delivery factors are associated with IAPT patient outcomes.

(2)
The link between clinical practice and potential service performance.

(3)
How analysing routinely collected data can be used to inform service improvement.
Caregiver-reported physical health status of children and young people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Authors: Reid N. , Hayes N. , Young S. B. , Akison L. K. , Moritz K. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has primarily been thought of as a neurodevelopmental condition, research is beginning to highlight its ‘whole-body’ implications. Accordingly, the current study sought to provide a snapshot of potential health issues. Caregivers of children (median age of 12 years) with an FASD diagnosis were invited to participate in an online survey. Information relating to sample demographics, FASD status of the child and health outcomes were collected. The prevalence of health conditions reported in the FASD sample was compared against national prevalence data. Multiple linear regression utilising a stepwise approach was used to investigate potential predictors of the number of diagnosed health conditions. Survey data were from an international cohort (n= 197), with the majority of respondents based in Australia (40.2%) or the United States (27.7%). The most commonly reported diagnosed health conditions were eye conditions (44.7%), asthma (34.5%), heart conditions (34.0%) and skin conditions (27.4%). Binomial testing indicated the proportion of children diagnosed with these disorders was generally higher in the current FASD population, compared to national prevalence data. Indicators of metabolic dysfunction including diabetes and obesity were not significantly different compared to national prevalence data. Age of FASD diagnosis, existence of comorbid mental health conditions and the primary caregiver being in paid work were identified as being associated with the prevalence of diagnosed health conditions. Overall, the study has provided an up-to-date snapshot of health problems reported in a sample of children with FASD, confirming their increased risk of adverse health outcomes.
Paving the Way for Rights of Nature in Germany: Lessons Learnt from Legal Reform in New Zealand and Ecuador
Authors: Schimmöller Laura 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines the concept of granting legal rights to nature as a strategy for more effective environmental protection in the era of the Anthropocene. Following decades of debate over the possibility and consequences of natural objects becoming legal rights holders, a number of countries have recently implemented rights of nature laws in their national legal systems. Comparing two of these examples – a constitutional amendment in Ecuador and recently transposed legislation in New Zealand – will help in understanding the potential for and challenges in the implementation of this concept. On the basis of the findings of this comparison the article further analyzes the possibility of legal reform in a European country, using Germany by way of example. This analysis demonstrates that the realization of rights of nature in Europe is faced with many obstacles as it contests institutional and legal frameworks that are deeply rooted in Western individual rights doctrines and neoliberal economic models. Nevertheless, the holistic approach of expanding the number of rights-bearing subjects beyond an anthropocentric framework can allow for more serious consideration of environmental interests, something that aligns with the German narrative of recognizing nature's intrinsic value in law and the need for effective environmental protection measures.
Naringin reduces body weight, plasma lipids and increases adiponectin levels in patients with dyslipidemia
Authors: Barajas-Vega Jessica Lucia , Raffoul-Orozco Abdel Kerim , Hernandez-Molina Diego , Ávila-González Ana Elisa , García-Cobian Teresa Arcelia , Rubio-Arellano Edy David , Ramirez-Lizardo Ernesto Javier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Naringin is a citrus-flavonoid which has been shown to have positive metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. For this reason, we believe it would be interesting to study the effects of Naringin administration on body weight, BMI, lipid profile and adiponectin levels in patients with dyslipidemia, especially considering that dyslipidemias along with obesity and subsequent cardiometabolic complications are some of the most important public health issues plaguing our society today. A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted in a group of 28 adult patients previously diagnosed with dyslipidemia who attended the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics. Patients were divided into two groups; the first group (n = 14) received 450 mg of naringin every 24 hours, in the mornings, while the second group (n = 14) was given a homologated placebo over the course of a 90-day period. Significant differences were observed in naringin group compared to the placebo group in terms of decreased BMI (30.6 ± 3.19 vs 33.3 ± 3.23 kg/m2; p = 0.03), total cholesterol (182 ± 20.2 vs 245 ± 24.1 mg/dl; p < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (100 ± 17.5 vs 125 ± 38.3 mg/dl; p = 0.03) and an increase in adiponectin levels (0.82 ± 0.25 vs 0.59 ± 0.19 μg/ml; p = 0.01). Our results support the use of Naringin as a potential therapeutic agent which could play an important role in the management of metabolic disorders.
An Adjusted Two‐Leaf Light Use Efficiency Model for Improving GPP Simulations Over Mountainous Areas
Authors: Xie Xinyao , Li Ainong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecently, light use efficiency (LUE) models have been widely used for calculating gross primary productivity (GPP). Unfortunately, these models are only suitable for flat areas without considering the topographic effects on plant photosynthesis. In this study, considering the topographic controls on direct radiation, diffuse radiation, and sunlit canopy area, an adjusted model called mountainous two‐leaf (MTL)‐LUE is developed from the original two‐leaf LUE model (TL‐LUE) to improve the GPP simulations in mountainous areas. The MTL‐LUE model was validated at an eddy covariance (EC) site with apparent topography in the carbon footprint area. Results showed that the daily GPP simulations from MTL‐LUE (root mean square error = 1.29 gC m−2 d−1) matched better with EC GPP than those from the TL‐LUE model (root mean square error = 1.84 gC m−2 d−1), confirming the improvement of the MTL‐LUE model in mountainous areas. Moreover, results also indicated that the MTL‐LUE‐simulated GPP showed obvious spatial variations in the study area, suggesting that the MTL‐LUE model could characterize the effects of topography on plant photosynthesis. More specifically, canopy GPP was found to decrease when slope increased in shaded terrains and has no obvious variations in different slope ranges when exposed to the sun. Furthermore, results also indicated that a moderate increase in canopy GPP would be expected when the sky clearness decreased, which depended on the gap between the GPP increase of shaded leaves and the GPP decrease of sunlit leaves. This study highlights the potential of the MTL‐LUE model in improving GPP simulations in mountainous areas.
Influence of Lead width on the Turbulent Flow Over Sea Ice Leads: Modeling and Parametrization
Authors: Michaelis Janosch , Lüpkes Christof , Zhou Xu , Gryschka Micha , Gryanik Vladimir M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA new turbulence parametrization is developed for a non‐eddy‐resolving microscale model to study the effects of leads (elongated open‐water channels in sea ice) of different width on the polar atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Lead‐dominated sea ice regions are characterized by large horizontal inhomogeneities of the surface temperature causing strong convection. Therefore, the new parametrization is based on a previous formulation where inhomogeneous conditions of dry convection over leads and nonlocal effects on heat fluxes had already been taken into account for a fixed lead width. A nonlocal lead width dependent approach is applied now for both heat fluxes and momentum fluxes in the convective region. Microscale model results obtained with the new, the previous nonlocal, and a local parametrization are shown, where 10 idealized cases of a lead‐perpendicular, near‐neutral ABL‐flow below a strong capping inversion are considered. Furthermore, time‐averaged large eddy simulation (LES) results of those cases are considered for analyzing the integrated effects of the dry convection on ABL characteristics. Microscale model results obtained with the new nonlocal parametrization agree well with the LES for variable lead widths and different atmospheric forcing although there is a room for further improvement. Furthermore, several features obtained with a local closure clearly disagree with LES. Thus, the microscale study also points to difficulties that might occur in mesoscale studies over regions where leads dominate the flow regime when local closures are applied.
Toward Improved Accuracy of Remote Sensing Approaches for Quantifying Suspended Sediment: Implications for Suspended‐Sediment Monitoring
Authors: Dethier E. N. , Renshaw C. E. , Magilligan F. J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBecause of the high logistical and financial costs of direct measurements of riverine suspended sediment, remote sensing is increasingly used to supplement the direct‐observation record. The accuracy of this method is poorly constrained, and its potential as a tool for understanding river sediment transport is thus limited. We introduce and apply global‐scale methods for estimating depth‐integrated suspended‐sediment concentrations (SSCs) using Landsat 5 and 7 satellite imagery calibrated with 134,697 in situ SSC measurements. We account for river‐to‐river variability in the relationship between water optical properties and SSC by (a) categorizing rivers using unsupervised K‐means clustering and/or (b) correcting calibration estimates for individual rivers using local in situ measurements of SSC, suspended‐sediment grain size, and percent organic carbon (POC). In the absence of site‐specific in situ SSC measurements, clustering rivers reduces the average relative error of SSC estimates from 97% to 73%. We show that as few as five site‐specific in situ measurements combined with our algorithm further reduces average relative error to 49% and average relative at‐a‐station bias in SSC to 7%. Little additional improvement in accuracy or bias is gained by including measurements of percent sand or POC of the suspended sediment. Since only modest additional accuracy is gained after ~5–10 paired in situ SSC measurements and satellite observations, sampling campaigns should prioritize limited sampling at diverse locations rather than intensive sampling at a limited number of sites. In addition, we publish standalone calibrations for 151 rivers made solely with in situ SSC measurements local to those sites.
Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics Induced by a Translating Monopolar Vortex
Authors: González‐Vera Alfredo Samuel , van Heijst GertJan , Duran‐Matute Matias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe performed laboratory experiments to describe and quantify the transport of sediment and the changes in the bed due to a generic translating monopolar vortex. Experiments were performed inside a water‐filled, square tank with a particle bed on the bottom and a vertical plate attached perpendicular to one of the sidewalls. The tank was placed on top of a rotating table to create the vortex by changing its rotation rate. This change created a current inside the tank that separated at the edge of the vertical plate, with the shear layer rolling up into a vortex. Once the vortex was formed, the table was promptly stopped. Sediment particles are brought into suspension and captured by the vortex, forming a conical region that moves with the vortex until the sediment resettles in the bed, changing the original bed morphology. Three different measurement techniques were used to obtain information about the flow velocities, the sediment in suspension, and the net changes in the bed. Changes in the bed morphology occur along the trajectory of the vortex, where a region of erosion is followed by a region of deposition. The strength of a vortex is the main parameter governing the capture and suspension of particles with similar characteristics. A power law relationship is found between the vortex strength and the net displaced particle volume. Experiments were also performed without sediment to determine if the presence of sediment could affect the vortex dynamics. However, a definitive answer requires more experiments to obtain reliable statistics.
Sediment Transit Time and Floodplain Storage Dynamics in Alluvial Rivers Revealed by Meteoric10Be
Authors: Repasch Marisa , Wittmann Hella , Scheingross Joel S. , Sachse Dirk , Szupiany Ricardo , Orfeo Oscar , Fuchs Margret , Hovius Niels 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuantifying the time scales of sediment transport and storage through river systems is fundamental for understanding weathering processes, biogeochemical cycling, and improving watershed management, but measuring sediment transit time is challenging. Here we provide the first systematic test of measuring cosmogenic meteoric Beryllium‐10 (10Bem) in the sediment load of a large alluvial river to quantify sediment transit times. We take advantage of a natural experiment in the Rio Bermejo, a lowland alluvial river traversing the east Andean foreland basin in northern Argentina. This river has no tributaries along its trunk channel for nearly 1,300 km downstream from the mountain front. We sampled suspended sediment depth profiles along the channel and measured the concentrations of10Bemin the chemically extracted grain coatings. We calculated depth‐integrated10Bemconcentrations using sediment flux data and found that10Bemconcentrations increase 230% from upstream to downstream, indicating a mean total sediment transit time of 8.4 ± 2.2 kyr. Bulk sediment budget‐based estimates of channel belt and fan storage times suggest that the10Bemtracer records mixing of old and young sediment reservoirs. On a reach scale,10Bemtransit times are shorter where the channel is braided and superelevated above the floodplain, and longer where the channel is incised and meandering, suggesting that transit time is controlled by channel morphodynamics. This is the first systematic application of10Bemas a sediment transit time tracer and highlights the method's potential for inferring sediment routing and storage dynamics in large river systems.
Revised Estimates of Recent Mass Loss Rates for Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Based on 2005–2014 Elevation Changes Modified for Firn Densification
Authors: Schaffer N. , Copland L. , Zdanowicz C. , Burgess D. , Nilsson J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRepeat airborne or satellite measurements of surface elevation over ice caps are often used to calculate glacier‐wide surface mass changes over time. However, these measurements typically do not account for vertical ice motion caused by firn densification and/or ice flow, so the effect of these factors for mass change measurements over an entire ice cap are currently poorly constrained. In this study, we update NASA Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM) altimetry elevation changes across Penny Ice Cap (Baffin Island, Canada) to assess total changes in ice mass from 2005–2014, relative to 1995–2000. Dual‐frequency GPS measurements and temporal changes in ice core density profiles are used to calculate firn densification and ice flow to isolate the component of elevation change due to surface mass change. Envisat satellite imagery is used to delineate the areas impacted by firn densification. These calculations, the first for a Canadian Arctic ice cap, indicate that accounting for firn densification may reduce the inferred surface mass loss by ~13–15%. Overall, there has been a fourfold increase in mass loss from Penny Ice Cap between 1995–2000 (−1.3 ± 0.7 Gt a−1) and 2005–2013 (−5.4 ± 1.9 Gt a−1). The rapid upglacier migration of the equilibrium line has left large areas of subsurface firn in the current ablation area and has far outpaced the ice flow response, illustrating that the ice cap is not in equilibrium and out of balance with the current climate.
d-Serine as the gatekeeper of NMDA receptor activity: implications for the pharmacologic management of anxiety disorders
Authors: Wolosker Herman , Balu Darrick T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFear, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), are quite common and debilitating, with an estimated lifetime prevalence of ~28% in Western populations. They are associated with excessive fear reactions, often including an inability to extinguish learned fear, increased avoidance behavior, as well as altered cognition and mood. There is an extensive literature demonstrating the importance of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function in regulating these behaviors. NMDARs require the binding of a co-agonist, d-serine or glycine, at the glycine modulatory site (GMS) to function. d-serine is now garnering attention as the primary NMDAR co-agonist in limbic brain regions implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. l-serine is synthesized by astrocytes, which is then transported to neurons for conversion to d-serine by serine racemase (SR), a model we term the ‘serine shuttle.’ The neuronally-released d-serine is what regulates NMDAR activity. Our review discusses how the systems that regulate the synaptic availability of d-serine, a critical gatekeeper of NMDAR-dependent activation, could be targeted to improve the pharmacologic management of anxiety-related disorders where the desired outcomes are the facilitation of fear extinction, as well as mood and cognitive enhancement.