bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract IA34: Distinct heterogeneous subtypes of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, associated with African Ancestry
Authors: Davis Melissa B. , Martini Rachel , Newman Lisa A. , Elemento Olivier , White Jason , Verma Akanksha , Datta Indrani , Adrianto Indra , Chen Yalei , Gardner Kevin , Kim Hyung-Gyoon , Coleman Windy D. , Eltoum Isam-Eldin , Frost Andra , Grizzle William , Sboner Andrea , Manne Upender , Yates Clayton 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are molecularly heterogeneous, and the link between their aggressiveness with African ancestry is not established. We investigated primary TNBCs for gene expression among self-reported race (SRR) groups of African American and European American women. RNA sequencing data was analyzed to measure changes in genome-wide expression, and we utilized logistic regressions to identify ancestry-associated gene expression signatures. Using SNVs identified from our RNA sequencing data, global ancestry was estimated. We identified 156 African ancestry-associated genes and found that, compared to SRR, quantitative genetic analysis was a more robust method to identify racial/ethnic-specific genes that were differentially expressed. A subset of African ancestry-specific genes that were upregulated in TNBCs of our AA patients were validated in TCGA data. In AA patients, there was a higher incidence of basal-like 2 tumors and altered TP53, NFB1, and AKT pathways. The distinct distribution of TNBC subtypes and altered oncologic pathways show that the ethnic variations in TNBCs are driven by shared genetic ancestry. Thus, to appreciate the molecular diversity of TNBCs, tumors from patients of various ancestral origins should be evaluated. We created a novel tool to determine the heterogenic status of TNBC, which accounts for proportional differences multiple cell 'subtypes'.
Citation Format: Melissa B. Davis, Rachel Martini, Lisa A. Newman, Olivier Elemento, Jason White, Akanksha Verma, Indrani Datta, Indra Adrianto, Yalei Chen, Kevin Gardner, Hyung-Gyoon Kim, Windy D. Coleman, Isam-Eldin Eltoum, Andra Frost, William Grizzle, Andrea Sboner, Upender Manne, Clayton Yates. Distinct heterogeneous subtypes of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer, associated with African Ancestry [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA34.
Abstract IA35: Novel biological insights into colorectal cancer from West Africa
Authors: Alatise Olusegun I. , Knapp Gregory C. , Sharma Avinash , Chatila Walid K. , Olasehinde Olalekan , Omisore Adeleye D. , Katung Aba , Olatoke Samuel A. , Kingham T.Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The burden of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in West Africa. Understanding the molecular and clinicopathologic profile of the region’s CRC patients is vital to optimizing early detection and therapeutic regimens. Clinicopathologic data from consecutive patients from a multicenter, prospectively maintained Nigerian CRC database were compared to a contemporary cohort from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC). Fresh-frozen tissue from Nigerian patients was analyzed with a multigene, next-generation sequencing assay, along with immunohistochemistry and methylation analyses; data were compared to molecular data from MSKCC and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts. Adult patients with histologically confirmed colorectal adenocarcinoma enrolled in a Nigerian CRC database from April 2013-November 2018 were included. All adult patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma diagnosed from January-June 2013 were included in the MSKCC cohort. Somatic and germline next-generation sequencing of cancer-associated genes, immunohistochemistry, and methylation analyses were performed. The primary outcomes were microsatellite instability status, somatic and germline mutation frequency, and overall survival. The median age at diagnosis was 55.8 years in the Nigerian cohort (n=380) and 60.0 years in the MSKCC cohort (n=458) (p&lt;0.001). The rate of microsatellite instability was 28.1% in the Nigerian cohort (18/64), compared to 14.2% and 8.5% in the TCGA (65/459) and MSKCC (97/1145) cohorts, respectively (p&lt;0.001). In microsatellite-stable cases, tumors from Nigerian patients were less likely to have APC mutations (39.1% vs. 76.0% p&lt;0.001) and WNT pathway alterations (47.8% vs. 81.9%, p&lt;0.001), and more likely to have RAS pathway alterations (76.1% vs. 59.6%, p=0.03) compared to MSKCC patients. Overall survival was significantly longer for MSKCC vs. Nigerian patients (not reached vs. 12 months, p&lt;0.001). The biology of CRC in Nigeria appears to be distinct from that in high-income countries, emphasizing the need for regional data to guide diagnostic and treatment approaches for patients in West Africa.
Citation Format: Olusegun I. Alatise, Gregory C. Knapp, Avinash Sharma, Walid K. Chatila, Olalekan Olasehinde, Adeleye D. Omisore, Aba Katung, Samuel A. Olatoke, T.Peter Kingham. Novel biological insights into colorectal cancer from West Africa [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA35.
Abstract IA36: Cancer Disparity in Sub-Sahara Africa: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Mohammed Bello Abdubakar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Africans are the most diverse group of people on the earth, and the continent is presently at the intersection of an epidemiological transition resulting in an increased burden of non-communicable disease, particularly cancer. This population diversity presents the scientific community with a platform to understand how best to solve deadly health problems that plague humanity. Yet, research and funding activities on cancer in sub-Saharan Africa is still nascent. Historically, cancer was first reported in Africa in the Egyptian papyrus of Imhotep (3,000–2,500 B.C), which stated treatment recommendation as “There is none.” At present, infection-related cancers account for over 25% of cancer cases in some countries in the sub-Saharan Africa region. For example, despite being fully vaccine-preventable and curable, this region has the highest incidence of cervical cancer in the world, with concomitant high mortality affecting women at their prime. Aside from infection-related cancer, breast and prostate cancers are the leading cancers for women and men, and these diseases present with an aggressive phenotype in the region. Coupled with the unfavorable biology is the late disease presentation, poor access to care infrastructure across the region, and limited human resources. For instance, apart from South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Kenya, Gabon, Ghana and Cameroon all counties in this region have less than 1 Pathologist per 1 million people, this is coupled with the dearth of radiotherapy facilities in most countries. Furthermore, despite the genetic diversity of the African population, their inclusion in cancer genomics studies and clinical trials is limited. Thus, these social and biological determinants of health have created the ‘perfect storm’ that perpetuates cancer disparity in Sub-Saharan Africa. These unmet needs have also created opportunities for translational research that could contribute to the discovery of new knowledge and identifying new and better treatment for cancers for underrepresented populations. This presentation provides an overview of the determinants of health that have contributed to cancer disparity in Sub-Saharan African and the opportunities they present in achieving global cancer health equity.
Citation Format: Bello Abdubakar Mohammed. Cancer Disparity in Sub-Sahara Africa: Challenges and Opportunities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA36.
Abstract IA42: Advances in genomic characterization of multiple myeloma and its precursor states
Authors: Bustoros Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of plasma cells and the second most common adult hematologic malignancy in the USA, with an annual incidence of 6.3 new cases per 100,000 individuals. MM usually progresses from asymptomatic precursor stages, known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM). MGUS can progress into MM at a rate of 1% per year, while SMM carries a higher chance of progression of approximately 10% per year. The incidence of MGUS is about 3% of the general population aged 50 years. African Americans (AA) have a 3-fold increased prevalence of MGUS and tend to have worse MM outcomes compared to Caucasians. Some patients rapidly progress from MGUS/SMM to MM, while others remain indolent with minimal progression over their lifetime due to the significant inter-patient heterogeneity. Genomic studies are increasingly delineating the complexity of MM genomic landscape. MM genomic alterations are characterized by multiple chromosomal gains or losses, structural variations, and mutations. The full suite of MM driver events is present in most cases in the SMM stage. The most common driver events in MM are copy number alterations followed by mutations and IgH translocations; however, recent whole-genome sequencing efforts identified more structural events such as MYC translocations, chromothripsis, and chrompolexy. Recently, single-cell RNA sequencing (ScRNAseq) studies provided a better understanding of both the tumor and immune cell architecture in the bone marrow niche. Tumor cells’ ScRNAseq showed that SMM patients are indistinguishable, at the molecular level, from those with active MM and highlighted an inter and intrapatient heterogeneity. Moreover, ScRNA seq of the immune microenvironment revealed that altered immune repertoire starts as early as MGUS and evolves through SMM and MM. Few studies identified potential differences in the molecular profile between AA and Caucasian patients. However, more extensive prospective studies are needed to confirm and identify possible variations among different races and ensure better representation of minorities in MM research.
Citation Format: Mark Bustoros. Advances in genomic characterization of multiple myeloma and its precursor states [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA42.
Abstract IA45: Genomics contributors to tumor subtypes in African American prostate and breast cancer patients
Authors: Yates Clayton 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
African Americans suffer disproportionally in higher cancer incidence and worse overall survival in a number of cancer types. The reasons for the disparities are multifactorial and include differences in access to healthcare and lifestyle exposures, delayed disease diagnosis in socio-economically deprived communities, tumor biological differences, and factors related to genetics. Recent findings from multiple prostate and breast cancer genomics studies have identified subsets of ancestry associated genes that are associated with worse outcomes. Therefore, we will present an overview of these recent findings from our lab and others, specifically focusing on how these driver genes function a subset of tumors. Additionally, we will provide examples of how these ancestry-associated genes are integrated within regulatory networks, and discuss the possibility of ancestry specific subtypes promote aggressive disease in African American breast and prostate cancer patients.
Citation Format: Clayton Yates. Genomics contributors to tumor subtypes in African American prostate and breast cancer patients [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA45.
Abstract IA49: New Perspectives on Training Complex Communication
Authors: Kron Frederick W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Effective, empathic communication is a cardinal skill in healthcare, and is particularly important in the setting of cancer. What may be less apparent is the complexity of empathic communication, which involves cognitive, affective and behavioral components. Current training methods do not address all these elements; this can cause mismatches in verbal, paraverbal and nonverbal communication behaviors, resulting in conversation failure and adverse outcomes. Further, traditional training methods alone do not produce conversational skill development and maintenance. Considering that problems such as implicit bias and health disparities are, to some degree, smaller conversational failures writ large, underscores the crucial need for improved communication training. Blending current methods with new technologies can fills the gap between available methods and actual training needs to produce significantly better outcomes over a variety of challenging communication topics.
Citation Format: Frederick W. Kron. New Perspectives on Training Complex Communication [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr IA49.
Abstract PO-095: Comparative analysis of breast tumor microbiome in Black non-Hispanic (BNH) and White non-Hispanic (WNH) women
Authors: Vishwanatha Jamboor K. , Thyagarajan Srikantha , Allen Michael , Zhang Yan , Phillips Nicole , Chaudhary Pankaj 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that environmental, host genetic, and socioeconomic factors influence the breast cancer prevalence landscape with a far-reaching influence on racial disparity to subtypes of breast cancer. To understand whether breast tissue harbors race-specific microbiota, we performed 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing of retrospective tumor and matched normal tissue adjacent to tumor (NAT) samples collected from Black non-Hispanic (BNH) and White non-Hispanic (WNH) women. Analysis of Triple Negative Breast cancer (TNBC) and Triple Positive Breast Cancer (TPBC) tissue for microbiota composition revealed significant differences in relative abundance of specific taxa at both phylum and genus levels between WNH and BNH women cohorts. Our main findings are that microbial diversity as measured by Shannon index was significantly lower in BNH TNBC tumor tissue as compared to matched NAT zone. In contrast, the WNH cohort had an inverse pattern for the Shannon index, when TNBC tumor tissue was compared to the matched NAT. Unweighted Principle Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) revealed a distinct clustering of tumor and NAT microbiota in both BNH and WNH cohorts.
Citation Format: Jamboor K. Vishwanatha, Srikantha Thyagarajan, Michael Allen, Yan Zhang, Nicole Phillips, Pankaj Chaudhary. Comparative analysis of breast tumor microbiome in Black non-Hispanic (BNH) and White non-Hispanic (WNH) women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-095.
Abstract PO-159: Mediation of black/white race disparity in triple-negative breast cancer: Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dookeran Keith A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
It is theorized that the black/white race disparity in aggressive breast cancer (BC) subtype might be transmitted through social and reproductive influences. Recent studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes) may also contribute to the disparity but the role of diabetes is unclear and in need of further study. Hence, we examined to what extent the black/white race disparity in triple-negative (TN) BC might be transmitted through these influences. Our study sample is a previously reported historical cohort of 419 consecutively enrolled (331 non-Hispanic black (nHB) and 88 nH white (nHW)) women with primary BC aged 24-94 years, treated between 2000-2005 at an NCI-MBCCOP facility in Chicago, IL (Dookeran et al. 2012). US 2000 census ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) data matched to patient address zip codes at diagnosis was used to develop a single binary measure of socioeconomic position (SEP) (&gt; US poverty mean vs. referent of US poverty mean
Citation Format: Keith A. Dookeran. Mediation of black/white race disparity in triple-negative breast cancer: Effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-159.
Abstract PO-194: A systematic review of testosterone status and ill health across African populations
Authors: Orozco Cristina , Rotimi Solomon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Testosterone is not just a “male sex hormone” but a biomolecule with a broad spectrum of demonstrated physiological functions as well as a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological associations about which we are just learning. The level of testosterone impacts the general well-being and outcomes of individuals and populations. Consequently, testosterone levels influence disparity in health outcomes and its variation is determined by gender, age, and racial differences. There is however, a dearth of empirical evidence regarding whether there are geographical variations in the level of testosterone and whether this variation is associated with ill health in different African populations. The current study therefore, elucidated the documented levels of testosterone in African populations. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines, with a combination of terms including ‘testosterone’ and nationality/ancestry descriptors. The search included studies from the last 10 years using databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, EBSCOHost, and ProQuest. Results: We identified 64 eligible peer-reviewed original research publications across Africa on the levels of testosterone in health and several diseases including erectile dysfunction, obesity, and drug use. Changes of plasma total testosterone (ng/dL) from control to case were evaluated; more often, regardless of region, testosterone levels for case groups were lowered, as was the case in patients with diabetes mellitus. Although, this did not hold true for every study like one for hepatitis and benign prostate hyperplasia in which levels rose for the case group. Variations across countries were evaluated. Studies from Morocco reported the least levels of testosterone, following South Africa and Tunisia with levels nearing 3.9 ng/ml. In the middle of the spectrum was Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Egypt, with levels nearing 6 ng/dl. Ethiopia had the highest levels of testosterone nearing 7.9 ng/ml. Further, the variation based on African region suggests there is no statistically significant difference between the reported levels of testosterone across North, South, West, and East Africa (p-value of 0.7804).
Nevertheless, the data suggests variation in the level of testosterone across African populations. Conclusion: It is hoped that our findings will provide biological evidence for the physiological dissimilarity among Black populations and the impact of such differences on disease risk.
Citation Format: Cristina Orozco, Solomon Rotimi. A systematic review of testosterone status and ill health across African populations [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-194.
Abstract PO-202: Cancer survival differences among Medicare beneficiaries and their younger uninsured counterparts
Authors: Sineshaw Helmneh M. , Yabroff K. Robin , Jemal Ahmedin , Silvestri Gerard A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose: To assess cancer survival differences between uninsured patients younger than age 65 years with their immediate older counterparts age 66-69 years with Medicare coverage. Methods: Data from the National Cancer Data Base were used for this study. The main outcomes were 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival for 16 cancer types in 1,206,821 newly diagnosed patients. We characterized patients by insurance and age categories and used Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test for statistical significance to calculate all-cause 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival rates. The analysis assessed differences between uninsured and insured patients age 60-64 years with those aged 66-69 years with Medicare coverage. Cox proportional hazards models were used to generate hazard ratios (HR) of all-cause mortality. Results: Uninsured patients aged 60-64 years had higher proportion with late stage disease, and lower proportion with receipt of surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy than Medicare beneficiaries aged 66-69 years. Younger uninsured patients had significantly worse 1-, 2-, and 5-year survival overall and by race/ethnicity, comorbidity score, and cancer type compared with their older counterparts with Medicare coverage. In a stratified analysis by cancer type, uninsured younger patients had strikingly lower 1-, 2- and 5- year survival for nearly all 16 cancers compared with older Medicare patients. For instance, the 1-year and 2-year survival differences between younger uninsured and older Medicare +/- private insured patients showed the largest differences of about 20% for patients with lung cancer (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.42; 95% CI, 1.38-1.47; and aHR = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.33-1.41; respectively). Similarly, 5-year survival rates in uninsured younger patients with colorectal and breast cancer were 8-15% lower compared with older Medicare patients (aHR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.27-1.41 and aHR = 1.56; 95% CI, 1.44-1.69; respectively). Conclusions: Survival after a diagnosis of cancer is considerably lower in uninsured younger patients age 60-64 years than in older Medicare patients age 66-69 years. Our findings suggest that expanding uniform health insurance coverage to individuals approaching Medicare eligibility age down to the age of 60 could substantially improve cancer survival in the United States.
Citation Format: Helmneh M. Sineshaw, K. Robin Yabroff, Ahmedin Jemal, Gerard A. Silvestri. Cancer survival differences among Medicare beneficiaries and their younger uninsured counterparts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-202.