bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angular Photometric Analysis of the Forehead in a Nigerian Population
Authors: Ozioko Onyinye Mary , Ozioko Uche Sebastine , Ozor Ignatius Ikemefuna , Abireh Ifeanacho Ezeteonu , Ikechukwu Okeke Emmanuel , Anike Adaeze Hope 
Published: November 2020

Facial data are used to ascertain deviations from norm, biological variability, assess phenotypic traits, precise determination of facial aesthetics, design of safety equipment, correctional tools, evolutionary analysis, civil and criminal identification purposes. This study was designed to analyze the morphometric dimensions of forehead from photographs taken at varying angles.
Materials and Methods: Two-hundred Yoruba subjects (10-30 years) were photographed and the following anthropometric parameters; 90° (FH90°), forehead height at 45°Right (FH45°R), forehead height at 45°Left (FH45°L), forehead width at 90° (FW90°), forehead width at 45°right (FW45°R) and forehead width at 45°left (FW45°L) was measured. Descriptive analysis of the forehead parameters was carried out and the relationships between different parameters were tested using Pearson correlation.
Results: All measured forehead parameters in our cohort were greater in males than in females except FW45°R and FH45°R. Significant relationship was also found to exist between forehead parameters at different angles.
Conclusion: Findings from this study indicates that forehead parameters at 90°, 45° Right and 45° Left, showed sexual dimorphism and are correlated hence can be used for individualization, biological profiling, facial recognition from security cameras, planning of reconstructive and aesthetic surgery.
Rechargeable Sodium‐Based Hybrid Metal‐Ion Batteries toward Advanced Energy Storage
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Liu Xiao‐Hao , He Xiang‐Xi , Lai Wei‐Hong , Li Li , Qiao Yun , Chou Shu‐Lei , Wu Minghong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGrowing demands on energy storage devices have inspired a tremendous amount of research on rechargeable batteries. Future generations of rechargeable batteries are required to have high energy density, long lifespan, low cost, high safety, low environmental impact, and wide commercial affordability. To achieve these goals, significant efforts are underway to focus on electrolyte chemistry, electrode engineering, and new designs for energy storage systems. Herein, a comprehensive overview of an innovative sodium‐based hybrid metal‐ion battery (HMIBs) for advanced next‐generation energy storage is presented. Recent advances on sodium‐based HMIBs from the development of reformulated or novel materials associated with Na+ ions and other metal ions (such as Li+, K+, Mg2+, Zn2+, etc.), are summarized in this work. Daniell cell and “rocking‐chair” type batteries are covered. Finally, the current challenges and future remedies in terms of the design and fabrication of new electrolytes, cathodes, and anodes for advanced HMIBs are discussed in this report.
Stretchable and Shape‐Adaptable Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Biocompatible Liquid Electrolyte for Biomechanical Energy Harvesting and Wearable Human–Machine Interaction
Authors: Wang Liangliang , Liu Wenquan , Yan Zhengguang , Wang Feijiu , Wang Xin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe significant demand of sustainable power sources has been triggered by the development of wearable electronics (e.g., electronic skin, human health monitors, and intelligent robotics). However, tensile strain limitation and low conformability of existing power sources cannot match their development. Herein, a stretchable and shape‐adaptable liquid‐based single‐electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (LS‐TENG) based on potassium iodide and glycerol (KI‐Gly) liquid electrolyte as work electrode is developed for harvesting human motion energy to power wearable electronics. The LS‐TENG demonstrates high output performances (open‐circuit voltage of 300 V, short‐circuit current density of 17.5 mA m–2, and maximum output power of 2.0 W m–2) and maintains the stable output performances without deterioration under 250% tension stretching and after 10 000 cycles of repeated contact‐separation motion. Moreover, the LS‐TENG can harvest biomechanical energy, including arm shaking, human walking, and hand tapping, to power commercial electronics without extra power sources. The LS‐TENG attached on different joints of body enables to work as self‐powered human motion monitor. Furthermore, a flexible touch panel based on the LS‐TENG combined with a microcontroller is explored for human–machine interactions. Consequently, the stretchable and shape‐adaptable LS‐TENG based on KI‐Gly electrolyte would act as an exciting platform for biomechanical energy harvesting and wearable human–machine interaction.
In Situ Self‐Assembly of Ordered Organic/Inorganic Dual‐Layered Interphase for Achieving Long‐Life Dendrite‐Free Li Metal Anodes in LiFSI‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Jian , Yang Jin , Xiao Qingbo , Zhang Jing , Li Tie , Jia Lujie , Wang Zile , Cheng Shuang , Li Linge , Liu Meinan , Liu Haitao , Lin Hongzhen , Zhang Yuegang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetallic lithium electrode with high capacity of 3860 mA h g−1 is the most promising candidate for rechargeable batteries. However, some inherent problems such as dendrite growth, uneven solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), and high manufacturing risk restraint its practical application. Herein, distinct from the conventional mosaic structure, a facile fabrication of in situ self‐assembled organic/inorganic hybrid SEI with ordered dual‐layer structure on the lithium surface to suppress dendrite formation is proposed. With the aid of moderate active fluoric‐containing ionic liquid, the as‐formed lithium fluoride and robust ordered organic moieties are in situ self‐assembled on the metallic lithium surface. The evolution process of the dual‐layered structure is revealed by X‐ray spectroscopy, in situ sum frequency generation spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The formed “double protection” ordered hybrid interphase layer also exhibits the surprising ability against the corrosion of carbonate electrolyte or dry air. As a consequence, the pretreated metallic lithium electrode represents excellent stripping/plating reversibility of ≈99% and a long lifespan up to 1200 h without formation of dendrite, and remains high performance at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, which is much higher than most reports, showing the facilitating promising to the future utilization.
Optically Triggered Synchronous Heat Release of Phase‐Change Enthalpy and Photo‐Thermal Energy in Phase‐Change Materials at Low Temperatures
Authors: Liu Hao , Tang Junwen , Dong Liqi , Wang Hui , Xu Tianyu , Gao Wenchao , Zhai Fei , Feng Yiyu , Feng Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhase‐change materials (PCMs) are used in several energy recycling utilization systems due to their latent‐heat‐storage and ‐release ability. However, the inability of PCMs to release heat at temperatures below their freezing point limits their application in distributed energy utilization systems. This paper reports optically‐triggered low‐temperature heat release in PCMs based on a solid–liquid phase change (PC) controlled by the trans–cis (E–Z) photo‐isomerization of azobenzene. To achieve this, a photo‐responsive alkyl‐grafted Azo is incorporated into tetradecane (Ted) to create a photo‐sensitive energy barrier for the PC. The Azo/Ted composite exhibits controllable supercooling (4.04–8.80 °C) for heat storage and achieves synchronous heat release of PC enthalpy and photo‐thermal energy. In addition, the Azo reduces the crystallization of Ted by intercalating into its molecular alignment. Furthermore, under light illumination, the Azo/Ted composite releases considerable heat (207.5 J g−1) at relatively low temperatures (−1.96 to −6.71 °C). The temperature of the annular device fabricated for energy utilization increases by 4 °C in a low‐temperature environment (−5 °C). This study will pave the way for the design of advanced distributed energy systems that operate by controlling the energy storage/release of PCMs over a wide range of temperatures.
Relationship between the Processing, Structure, and Properties of Microfibrillar Composites
Authors: Kuzmanović Maja , Delva Laurens , Cardon Ludwig , Ragaert Kim 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe relationship between processing, morphology, and properties of polymeric materials has been the subject of numerous studies of academic and industrial research. Finding an answer to this question might result in guidelines on how to design polymeric materials. Microfibrillar composites (MFCs) are an interesting class of polymer–polymer composites. The advantage of the MFC concept lies in developing in situ microfibrils by which a perfect homogeneous distribution of the reinforcement in the matrix can be achieved. Their potentially excellent mechanical properties are strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the fibrils, which is developed through a three‐stage production process: melt blending, fibrillation, and isotropization. During melt blending, the polymers undergo different morphological changes, such as a breakup and coalescence of the droplets, which play a crucial role in defining the microstructure. During processing, various parameters may affect the morphology of the MFCs, which must be taken into account. Besides the processing parameters, the microstructure of the composite is dependent on the composition ratio of the blend and viscosity of the components, as well as the dispersion and distribution of the microfibrils. The objective here is to outline this importance and bring together an overview of the processing–structure–property relationship for MFCs.
Shape‐Preserving Chemical Conversion of Architected Nanocomposites
Authors: Hendrikse Hans C. , van der Weijden Arno , Ronda‐Lloret Maria , Yang Ting , Bliem Roland , Shiju N. Raveendran , van Hecke Martin , Li Ling , Noorduin Willem L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractForging customizable compounds into arbitrary shapes and structures has the potential to revolutionize functional materials, where independent control over shape and composition is essential. Current self‐assembly strategies allow impressive levels of control over either shape or composition, but not both, as self‐assembly inherently entangles shape and composition. Herein, independent control over shape and composition is achieved by chemical conversion reactions on nanocrystals, which are first self‐assembled in nanocomposites with programmable microscopic shapes. The multiscale character of nanocomposites is crucial: nanocrystals (5–50 nm) offer enhanced chemical reactivity, while the composite layout accommodates volume changes of the nanocrystals (≈25%), which together leads to complete chemical conversion with full shape preservation. These reactions are surprisingly materials agnostic, allowing a large diversity of chemical pathways, and development of conversion pathways yielding a wide selection of shape‐controlled transition metal chalcogenides (cadmium, manganese, iron, and nickel oxides and sulfides). Finally, the versatility and application potential of this strategy is demonstrated by assembling: 1) a scalable and highly reactive nickel catalyst for the dry reforming of butane, 2) an agile magnetic‐controlled particle, and 3) an electron‐beam‐controlled reversible microactuator with sub‐micrometer precision. Previously unimaginable customization of shape and composition is now achievable for assembling advanced functional components.
A Suspended Silicon Single‐Hole Transistor as an Extremely Scaled Gigahertz Nanoelectromechanical Beam Resonator
Authors: Zhang Zhuo‐Zhi , Hu Qitao , Song Xiang‐Xiang , Ying Yue , Li Hai‐Ou , Zhang Zhen , Guo Guo‐Ping 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSuspended single‐hole transistors (SHTs) can also serve as nanoelectromechanical resonators, providing an ideal platform for investigating interactions between mechanical vibrations and charge carriers. Demonstrating such a device in silicon (Si) is of particular interest, due to the strong piezoresistive effect of Si and potential applications in Si‐based quantum computation. Here, a suspended Si SHT also acting as a nanoelectromechanical beam resonator is demonstrated. The resonant frequency and zero‐point motion of the device are ≈3 GHz and 0.2 pm, respectively, reaching the best level among similar devices demonstrated with Si‐containing materials. The mechanical vibration is transduced to electrical readout by the SHT. The signal transduction mechanism is dominated by the piezoresistive effect. A giant apparent effective piezoresistive gauge factor with strong correlation to single‐hole tunneling is extracted in this device. The results show the great potential of the device in interfacing charge carriers with mechanical vibrations, as well as investigating potential quantum behavior of the vibration phonon mode.
Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide via a Two‐Electron Transfer Pathway on Carbon‐Based Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Sun Kai , Xu Wenwen , Lin Xiao , Tian Shubo , Lin Wen‐Feng , Zhou Daojin , Sun Xiaoming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectrochemical reduction of oxygen is considered as a new strategy to achieve decentralized preparation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a green manner. As a promising new type of catalytic material, carbon‐based single‐atom catalysts can achieve wide‐range adjustments of the electronic structure of the active metal centers while also maximize the utilization of metal atoms, toward electrochemical production of H2O2 from the selective two‐electron transfer oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, starting from the reviewing of characterizing methods and reaction mechanisms of ORR via two‐electron and four‐electron transfer pathways, the vital role of binding strength between OOH intermediate and active sites in determining the activity and selectivity towards H2O2 production is revealed and illustrated. Currently reported carbon‐based single‐atom catalysts for H2O2 production are systematically summarized and critically reviewed. Moreover, with the underpinning chemistry to improve the overall efficiency, three aspects concerning the central metal atoms, coordinated atoms, and environmental atoms are comprehensively analyzed. Based on the understanding of the most current progresses, some predictions for future H2O2 production via electrochemical routes are offered, which include catalyst designs at atomic levels, new synthesis strategies and characterization techniques, as well as interfacial superwetting interaction engineering at electrode and device levels.
Water‐Based Synthesis of Gold Single Atoms‐Embedded, Metal–Organic Frameworks‐Derived Nanoporous Carbon Nanoparticles with Enhanced Reduction Ability
Authors: Yang Ting‐Hsun , Han Po‐Chun , Wang I‐Ta , Chen Celine H. , Khan M. A. Majeed , Wen Cheng‐Yen , Wu Kevin C.‐W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged to be a new research frontier in catalysis due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, including better catalytic performance, stability, and recyclability. However, the widely used organic synthesis methods for SACs limit the ability to uniformly distribute single atoms’ water‐soluble precursors on the support of the catalysts. A water‐based synthesis of single gold (Au) atom catalyst is used in this work. Through this method, water‐soluble Au precursors are successfully turned into Au single atoms embedded in metal–organic framework‐derived nitrogen‐containing nanoporous carbon. The resulting catalyst is applied on the reduction of 4‐nitropenol. The catalytic performance of the reaction reaches 100% conversion in 30 min, while utilizing Au nanoparticles as active sites on the same support can only get 70% conversion under the same reaction conditions.
Compensation of Oxygen Doping in p‐Type Organic Field‐Effect Transistors Utilizing Immobilized n‐Dopants
Authors: Barf Marc‐Michael , Benneckendorf Frank S. , Reiser Patrick , Bäuerle Rainer , Köntges Wolfgang , Müller Lars , Pfannmöller Martin , Beck Sebastian , Mankel Eric , Freudenberg Jan , Jänsch Daniel , Tisserant Jean‐Nicolas , Lovrincic Robert , Schröder Rasmus R. , Bunz Uwe H. F. , Pucci Annemarie , Jaegermann Wolfram , Kowalsky Wolfgang , Müllen Klaus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPoly(3‐hexyl‐thiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) is one of the most commonly used materials in organic electronics, yet it is considered to be rather unattractive for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) due to its tendency to oxidize under aerobic conditions. Strong p‐doping of P3HT by oxygen causes high off‐currents in such devices opposing the desired high on/off‐ratios. Herein, a new application‐oriented method involving the recently developed immobilizable organic n‐dopant 2‐(2‐((4‐azidobenzyl)oxy)phenyl)‐1,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzoimidazol (o‐AzBnO‐DMBI) is presented allowing to process and operate P3HT OFETs in air. The n‐dopants compensate oxygen doping by trapping generated free holes, thereby rediminishing OFET off‐currents by approximately two orders of magnitude. At the same time, field‐effect mobilities remain high in the order of up to 0.19 cm2 V−1 s−1. Due to the covalent attachment of the dopants to the host matrix after photochemical activation, a drift of the otherwise mobile ions within the device is prevented even at high operating voltages and, thus, hysteresis in the corresponding transfer characteristics is kept low. In this manner, the air instability of P3HT OFETs is successfully resolved paving an auspicious way toward OFET mass production. As the immobilization process employed here is nonspecific with respect to the host material, this strategy is transferable to other p‐type semiconductors.
150 nm × 200 nm Cross‐Point Hexagonal Boron Nitride‐Based Memristors
Authors: Yuan Bin , Liang Xianhu , Zhong Liubiao , Shi Yuanyuan , Palumbo Felix , Chen Shaochuan , Hui Fei , Jing Xu , Villena Marco A. , Jiang Lin , Lanza Mario 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe introduction of 2D materials in the structure of memristors has been shown to provide the devices with enhanced flexibility and transparency. However, their use is still not well justified, as the electrical performance of 2D materials‐based memristors is still behind that of transition metal oxide (TMO)‐based memristors. This work presents the fabrication of metal/h‐BN/metal memristors with ultra‐low power consumption that beat the previous record set by Au/HfOx:Ag/Au memristors. Moreover, all the methods used to synthesize the 2D materials and fabricate the devices are scalable (e.g., chemical vapor deposition synthesis), and the 2D materials‐based memristors fabricated here use a vertical metal/insulator/metal configuration (i.e., low variability and 3D stackable). To the best of current knowledge, the metal/h‐BN/metal memristors here presented are the smallest 2D materials‐based memristors ever reported.
Organic Solar Cells—The Path to Commercial Success
Authors: Riede Moritz , Spoltore Donato , Leo Karl 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganic solar cells have the potential to become the cheapest form of electricity, beating even silicon photovoltaics. This article summarizes the state of the art in the field, highlighting research challenges, mainly the need for an efficiency increase as well as an improvement in long‐term stability. It discusses possible current and future applications, such as building integrated photovoltaics or portable electronics. Finally, the environmental footprint of this renewable energy technology is evaluated, highlighting the potential to be the energy generation technology with the lowest carbon footprint of all.
Primary myelofibrosis: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification and management
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDisease OverviewPrimary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by stem cell‐derived clonal myeloproliferation that is often but not always accompanied by JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutations. Additional disease features include bone marrow reticulin/collagen fibrosis, aberrant inflammatory cytokine expression, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), constitutional symptoms, cachexia, leukemic progression, and shortened survival.DiagnosisBone marrow morphology is the primary basis for diagnosis. Presence of JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutation, expected in around 90% of the patients, is supportive but not essential for diagnosis; these mutations are also prevalent in the closely related MPNs, namely polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET). The 2016 World Health Organization classification system distinguishes “prefibrotic” from “overtly fibrotic” PMF; the former might mimic ET in its presentation. Furthermore, approximately 15% of patients with ET or PV might progress into a PMF‐like phenotype (post‐ET/PV MF) during their clinical course.Adverse MutationsSRSF2, ASXL1, and U2AF1‐Q157 mutations predict inferior survival in PMF, independent of each other and other risk factors. RAS/CBL mutations predicted resistance to ruxolitinib therapy.Adverse KaryotypeVery high risk abnormalities include −7, inv (3), i(17q), +21, +19, 12p‐, and 11q‐.Risk StratificationTwo new prognostic systems for PMF have recently been introduced: GIPSS (genetically‐inspired prognostic scoring system) and MIPSS70+ version 2.0 (MIPSSv2; mutation‐ and karyotype‐enhanced international prognostic scoring system). GIPSS is based exclusively on mutations and karyotype. MIPSSv2 includes, in addition, clinical risk factors. GIPSS features four and MIPSSv2 five risk categories.Risk‐adapted TherapyObservation alone is advised for MIPSSv2 “low” and “very low” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 56%‐92%); allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) is the preferred treatment for “very high” and “high” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 0%‐13%); treatment‐requiring patients with intermediate‐risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 30%) are best served by participating in clinical trials. In non‐transplant candidates, conventional treatment for anemia includes androgens, prednisone, thalidomide, and danazol; for symptomatic splenomegaly, hydroxyurea and ruxolitinib; and for constitutional symptoms, ruxolitinib. Fedratinib, another JAK2 inhibitor, has now been FDA‐approved for use in ruxolitinib failures. Splenectomy is considered for drug‐refractory splenomegaly and involved field radiotherapy for non‐hepatosplenic EMH and extremity bone pain.New DirectionsA number of new agents, alone or in combination with ruxolitinib, are currently under investigation for MF treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov); preliminary results from some of these clinical trials were presented at the 2020 ASH annual meeting and highlighted in the current document.
The absence of evidence of the effectiveness of Australian gender equity in STEM initiatives
Authors: McKinnon Merryn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the range of initiatives offered across Australia to support the attraction, retention and progression of girls and women to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) studies and careers. A mapping exercise, conducted by the author as part of the development of the Decadal Plan for Women in STEM for the Australian Academy of Science, provided an overview of 337 programmes and initiatives offered nationally, the majority of which were university scholarships. Academia, industry and government are the main providers of these initiatives, with collaborations common between all the different stakeholder groups identified. Of all the initiatives mapped, only seven had publicly facing evaluation data, of which one went beyond self‐reports of satisfaction and enjoyment. The myriad initiatives show a concerted effort to engage girls and women in STEM, but the absence of any meaningful evidence of impact means we simply do not know whether these initiatives are benefiting girls and women and achieving the desired policy outcomes or not.