bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycosynthesis of biocompatible gold nanoparticles using Penicillium sp for bromothymol blue degradation
Authors: Srinath B. S. , Ganesh S. Gowda , Rajesh P Shastry , Byrappa K. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction and Aim: The Biosynthesis of Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is an eco-friendly, cost effective and nontoxic alternative to chemical and physical methods. In the present study synthesis of Au NPs was performed by using a fungi Penicillium sp. isolated from agriculture soil.
Materials and Methods: Fungi was isolated from the agricultural field and inoculated into Sabouraud Dextrose broth and incubated at 28º C in a shaker at 180 rpm for 96 to 120 hours. After incubation, the fungal culture was filtered and centrifuged, obtained fungal cell free extracts treated with 1mM gold salt (HAuCl4). The synthesis of Au NPs was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy and particles size was measured using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Haemolytic assay of Au NPs was carried out using Chicken RBCs and results measured at 540 nm in UV-visible spectrophotometer. To study catalytic activity, Bromothymol blue (BB) was subjected to reduction by using sodium borohydride (NaBH4, 5.28X10-2 M) in the presence of Au NPs. Then the color change was monitored by visual observation.
Results: The synthesis of Au NPs was preliminary observed by a color change from yellow to purple and confirmed by a peak at 560 nm using a UV–visible spectroscopy. The DLS analysis showed that the Au NPs were poly-dispersed and size ranges from 130 to 150 nm. The biosynthesised Au NPs was studied for their biocompatibility and dye degradation properties.
Conclusion: The obtained results revealed that biosynthesized Au NPs shows a minimum level of toxicity to chicken erythrocytes and good catalytic activity towards the degradation of hazardous dye bromothymol blue. These nanoparticles could be potentially useful in various applications in medical and environmental fields.
Fatty acids, health lipid indices, and cholesterol content of sheep meat of three breeds from Moroccan pastures
Authors: Belhaj Kamal , Mansouri Farid , Benmoumen Abdessamad , Sindic Marianne , Fauconnier Marie-Laure , Boukharta Mohamed , Serghini C. Hana , Elamrani Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The lipid analysis of commercial lamb's meat, from two main Moroccan production areas Middle
Atlas and highlands of eastern Morocco, was conducted. This study concerns the lipid quality
of sheep meat from Beni Guil (BG) and Timahdite (Ti) as indigenous breeds and that of the
Ouled Djellal (ODj) breed of Algerian origin. To study the effect of the geographical area, the
meat samples from the Beni Guil breed were taken in the two main locations of this breed: in the
region of Ain Beni Mathar (BGA) and that of Tendrara (BGT). The fatty acid profiles of the sheep
meats analyzed showed the following: (i) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) richness was of 12.87 % and
20.59 % respectively for BGA and BGT breeds; (ii) polyunsaturated ∕ saturated fatty acid ratios
were ranged between 0.28 to 0.50 respectively for BGA and Ti breed; and (iii) PUFA-n−3 content was
1.71 % for ODj breed and 2.13 % for BGA. Thus, the PUFA-n−6 ∕ PUFA n−3 ratios range between 4.92
and 9.6 for BGA and Ti sheep meat, respectively. The cholesterol content was 0.08 % and 0.12 %
of fresh meat respectively for ODj and BGA. Finally, meats of BGA and ODj have similar
thrombogenicity (1.23 and 1.27 respectively) and atherogenicity indices (0.71 and 0.68
respectively). Statistically, these values were significantly higher than those registered for Ti
breed (IT: 1.04 and AI: 0.51). In conclusion, from a nutritional point of view, it can be deduced
that these meats have an interesting lipid quality due to their richness in desirable fatty acid
(UFA + C18 : 0).
Potencial bioquímico de metano de águas residuárias da ultrafiltração no processamento da acerola (Malpighia emarginata) verde
Authors: Lopes Andre Andreza Carla , Amorim Miriam Cleide Cavalcante de , Silva Kessia Caroline Dantas da , Souza e Silva Paula Tereza 
Published: December 2020

Ultrafiltration clarifies fruit juices, in the food industry, but generates retentive, recalcitrant wastewater, which, by its organic nature, may present a potential for biodegradation and methane production. This study aimed to evaluate the biochemical methane potential (BMP) in wastewater from the processing of unripe green acerola, obtaining the mass balance and the speed of organic load removal in COD terms. The BMP assays followed the German Guidelines VDI 4630, by applying three COD loads per liter of reactor vial (0,86 g CDOAplied L-1R, 1,5 g CDOAplied L-1R e 2,0 g CDOAplied L-1R), , in batches, inoculated with the anaerobic sludge from reactors treating domestic sewage, at 30 0C. The pH, COD, and methane production were evaluated every 48 hours. The biodegradability and the decay rate constant of the COD (Kd) were determined, thus obtaining the methanized COD, the COD for the formation of new cells, and the COD present in the wastewater, in the form of volatile acids. The best BMP was 0.100 L CH4 g -1 CDORemoved, the percentages of methanization were above 62 %, and the highest Kd occurred for the lowest load applied. The anaerobic digestion of the wastewater proved viable for in full-scale, with its application being suggested at a pilot scale.
Molecular Monitoring in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients Undergoing Matched Unrelated Donor: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Panovska-Stavridis Irina 
Published: December 2020

Minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a complex, multi-modality assessment and much as its clinical implications at different points are extensively studied, it remains even now a challenging area. It is the disease biology that governs the modality of MRD assessment; in patients harboring specific molecular targets, high sensitivity techniques can be applied. In AML patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT), relapse in considered as leading cause for treatment failure. In post-transplant setting, regular MRD status assessment enables to identify patients at risk of impending relapse when early therapeutic intervention may be beneficent. We analyzed data of AML patients who underwent matched unrelated donor (MUD) HSCT since the introduction of this procedure in the Republic of North Macedonia. Chimeric fusion transcripts were identified in three patients; two of them positive for RUNX-RUNX1T1 transcript and one for CBFB-MYH11. One patient harbored mutation in the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (CEBPA). Post-transplant MRD kinetics was measured by quantitative polymerase chain or multiplex fluorescent-PCR every three months after the transplantation during the first two years after the transplant. MRD negativity was achieved in three patients by the sixth month of HSCT, who were pre-transplant MRD positive. They sustained hematological and molecular remission for 19, 9 and 7 months, respectively. The forth patient died due to transplant-related complication. Our experience suggests, when molecularly-defined AML patients undergo HSCT, regular MRD monitoring helps predict impending relapse and direct future treatment strategies.
Reseña de 'Autor en construcción. Sujeto e institución literaria en la modernidad hispánica (siglos XVI-XIX)'
Authors: Martínez Pérez Gabriela 
Published: December 2020

Reseña de:Pedro Ruiz Pérez, ed., Autor en construcción. Sujeto e institución literaria en la modernidad hispánica (siglos XVI-XIX), Zaragoza, Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 2019, ISBN: 978-84-17873-05-9, 280 pp.
Visibilidad, impacto y transferencia del conocimiento en revistas científicas de educación: la experiencia de Aula Magna 2.0
Authors: Ruiz-Corbella Marta , López-Gómez Ernesto , Arteaga-Martínez Blanca , Galán Arturo 
Published: December 2020

El valor de la ciencia para la sociedad es indiscutible, pero para generar un impacto social y educativo, es indispensable saber transferir el conocimiento científico. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la relevancia y el impacto de la difusión de un artículo científico en el proceso de construcción de la ciencia y su transferencia a la sociedad. También pretende valorar la irrupción de nuevos canales de difusión para el aumento de la visibilidad y la transferencia de los avances científicos, y explorar las analíticas del blog académico colaborativo propio del consorcio Aula Magna 2.0 como recurso de difusión de la ciencia para generar impacto.
El artículo analiza, mediante metodología cuantitativa descriptiva, a partir del análisis empírico de los datos extraídos del blog utilizado por dicho consorcio, su capacidad para propiciar visibilidad, impacto y transferencia del conocimiento en el contexto de las revistas científicas de educación.
Los principales resultados destacan el valor de los nuevos canales de comunicación de la ciencia, así como la necesidad de nuevos indicadores y criterios para evaluar su impacto. Estos nuevos canales aportan visibilidad a la investigación y capacidad de transferir ese conocimiento, adecuando lenguaje, formato y estilo a los diferentes colectivos receptores del mismo. En el caso del blog Aula Magna 2.0, los datos presentados permiten concluir que es un medio valioso de difusión del conocimiento a través de un espacio de colaboración, a la vez que permite generar impacto social y educativo.
Studies on Optimization of Growth Parameters for Mass Multiplication of Actinobacteria
Authors: Nalini B. S. , Muthuraju R. 
Published: December 2020

Aim: To isolate, characterize and optimize the growth parameters for mass multiplication of Actinobacteria.
Place and Duration of Work: The study was carried out in Department of Agricultural Microbiology, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore during 2019-20.
Methodology: Actinobacterial isolates were characterized morphologically and screened for optimization of growth parameters viz., pH, temperature, salt concentration and utilization of carbon source for their mass multiplication.
Results: Forty actinobacterial isolates were enumerated from rhizosphere soil of finger millet, cowpea and also from different organic manures. Color of aerial mycelium in most of the actinobacterial isolates were white, grey or cream with dry, cottony or powdery appearance. All forty isolates were Gram positive, non-acid forming and motile. During optimization of growth parameters, results showed that all the actinobacterial isolates growth was observed good at 30℃, pH 7 and 2 per cent NaCl concentration. Starch was confirmed as the best carbon source for all the actinobacterial isolates during carbon source utilization ability.
Conclusion: Based on the results, it is showed that all the actinobacterial isolates enumerated were aerobic, spore-forming, Gram positive bacteria, non-acid forming and motile. Maximum growth of Actinobacterial isolates was obtained at temperature of 30℃, pH 7 and 2 per cent NaCl concentration with the ability of growing on ten different carbon sources during the optimization of nutritional and cultural characterization studies. Among the different carbon sources, starch was confirmed as the best carbon source for all the isolates during the study of carbon source utilization ability.
Fusing Convolutional Neural Networks to Improve the Accuracy of Plant Leaf Disease Classification
Authors: Nerkar Bhavana , Talbar Sanjay 
Published: December 2020

Aims: This text aims to improve the accuracy of plant leaf disease detection using a fused convolutional neural network architecture
Study Design: In this study, propose a hybrid CNN architecture, that adds a bio-inspired layer to the existing CNN architecture in order to improve the accuracy and reduce the delay needed for leaf disease classification.
Place and Duration of Study: National institute of electronics and information technology Aurangabad, between June 2018 and September 2020.
Methodology: Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have become a de-facto technique for classification of multi-dimensional data. Activation functions like rectified linear unit (ReLU), softmax, sigmoid, etc. have proven to be highly effective when doing so. Moreover, standard CNN architectures like AlexNet, VGGNet, Google net, etc. further assist this process by providing standard and highly effective network layer arrangements. But these architectures are limited by the speed due to high number of calculations needed to train and test the network. Moreover, as the number of classes increase, there is a reduction in validation and testing accuracy for the networks. In order to remove these drawbacks, hybrid CNN architecture, that adds a bio-inspired layer to the existing CNN architecture in order to improve the accuracy and speed of leaf classification.
Results: The developed system was tested on different kinds of leaf diseases, and it was observed that the proposed system obtains more than 98% accuracy for both testing and validation sets.
Conclusion: It is observed that the delay is reduced, while the accuracy is improved by the most effective classifiers. This encourage us to use the proposed system for real-time leaf image disease detection.
Impairment and Disability: Using the Guides
Authors: Brigham Christopher R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) is a widely used and accepted reference for the evaluation of permanent impairment. Many individuals and entities incorrectly consider the concepts of impairment and disability to be interchangeable, but the AMA Guides defines impairment as the “loss, loss of use, or derangement of any body part, system or function.” In contrast, disability is “an alteration of an individual's capacity to meet personal, social or occupational demands, or statutory or regulatory requirements, because of an impairment.” Thus, impairment evaluation is a medical determination, but evaluation or rating of disability is “a nonmedical assessment of the degree to which an individual does or does not have the capacity to meet personal, social, occupational, or other demands, or to meet statutory or regulatory requirements.” The AMA Guides help estimate the degree to which an individual's capacity to carry out daily activities has been diminished, but the AMA Guides for the most part is based on anatomic impairment, most commonly of the musculoskeletal system. The motivations of the patient, employer, and others often determine whether an impaired person also is disabled, and the AMA Guides clearly emphasizes that “impairment percentages derived according to Guides criteria should not be used to make direct financial awards or direct estimates of disabilities.”
Key Principles in Using the Guides (Part I)
Authors: Roth Henry J. , Brigham Christopher R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, (AMA Guides) Fourth Edition, is based on fundamental principles, particularly Chapter 1, Impairment Evaluations, Chapter 2, Records and Reports, and the Glossary. This article (continued in the next issue) discusses and clarifies 21 key principles for using the AMA Guides. For example, the AMA Guides applies only to permanent impairments, and impairment percentages are estimates, not precise determinations. All impairment ratings should be combined to express an impairment of the whole person. The AMA Guides establishes an evaluation process, and the medical rating itself is not the process or purpose addressed. An impairment estimate is simply a number and does not convey information about the effects of the impairment on the person's activities of daily living. A definition of normal requires nuanced evaluations in which physicians are asked to express opinions about the absence or presence of disability. Examiners should evaluate the patient's full range of possible active motion without the application of moderate pressure to the joint. Some patients with extremity pain or other symptoms may not have evidence of permanent impairment, and if the effects on different organ systems contribute to impairment, these estimates should be combined. [Continued in the March/April 1997 The Guides Newsletter]
Impairment Tutorial: Impairment of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Shaw William S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition, introduces a new system of rating lower extremity impairments that allows use of more than one method for arriving at a rating. Such flexibility allows the rater greater leeway to assess each patient's unique status but requires the clinician to clearly understand the diagnosis, pathoanatomy, and expected sequelae of a condition. For example, diminished muscle function can be evaluated in four ways (gait, atrophy, weakness, and peripheral nerve injury), but impairments should be estimated under only one of these criteria. Tables in the AMA Guides give impairment values for the whole person, as well as for the lower extremity and the part, where applicable. Impairments can be calculated in several broad categories, including the following: limb length discrepancy; gait derangement; unilateral atrophy; manual muscle testing; range of motion measurements and ankylosis; arthritis; amputations; skin loss; diagnosis-based estimates; peripheral nerve; vascular disorders; and causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Each category includes general guidelines that help raters decide when to use that specific section. In addition to clarifying and discussing the categories, the article provides references to specific sections and tables in the AMA Guides, Fourth Edition.
Legal Update: Scheduled and Nonscheduled Injuries
Authors: Mangraviti James J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, Fourth Edition, includes two methods of evaluating low back impairment following injury, the Diagnosis-related estimates (DRE) method and the Range of Motion (ROM) method. The DRE method should be used first, and the ROM method should be used only when the patient's injury is difficult to categorize or when two examiners disagree about how to categorize a patient. The final rating always comes from the DRE category, never from the ROM method. Two groups of findings help determine into which DRE category to place the patient: First are structural inclusions (eg, fracture patterns on an x-ray) that are objective and automatically place a patient into a DRE category. Second are differentiators such as guarding, loss of reflexes, or loss of bowel or bladder control. In addition, unlisted objective findings may help categorize a patient but may require interpretation; examples include muscle spasm, nonverifiable root pain, anatomical numbness, anatomical weakness, and straight-leg raising. This article discusses the interpretation of sometimes partially subjective findings, thus objectifying them: guarding; muscle spasm; dysmetria; nonverifiable root pain; loss of reflexes; atrophy; straight-leg raising; anatomical numbness; weakness; EMG; loss of motion segment integrity; loss of bowel or bladder control, bladder studies; and range of motion.
Legal Update: Using the Guides for Permanent Partial Disability Determinations
Authors: Brigham Christopher R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rating the impairment related to various chronic painful conditions, including headaches, is challenging and is addressed in the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) in a section of the chapter on pain. Primary headache disorders include migraines, tension-type headaches, and cluster headaches caused by disturbances in the central nervous system. Headaches occur with varying intensities and frequencies but follow three broad patterns: 1) minimal, slight, moderate, and marked headache; 2) cycles or episodes that may last from moments to years; and 3) consistent and persistent pain that may last years, decades, or a lifetime. Physicians should estimate impairment related to headache pain according to the procedures discussed in section 15.8, including a multidimensional assessment of an individual's capabilities, including biological, psychological, and social aspects and excluding the existence of a separate comorbid pathologic process. The AMA Guides does not provide specific numeric values for impairment of headache or for pain itself. For patients who have a primary headache disorder, the physician should clearly understand the frequency and severity of the condition, the approach to treatment, and the effects of headaches on activities of daily living. The discussion of headaches in the AMA Guides emphasizes the importance of careful evaluation over merely assigning a numeric value to an impairment.
Clinical Update: Causality and Apportionment
Authors: Roth Henry J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Assessing medical causality requires a clear understanding and discussion of causal relationships, and definitions of impairment may have special meaning in a legal context beyond their usual meanings in medical communications. In addition to assessing cause and effect and medical possibility vs medical probability, evaluating physicians must understand and carefully use terminology such as aggravation or exacerbation that have specific definitions and uses. Documentation of aggravation or causation depends on the acquisition, review, and analysis of medical documentation, including medical office and hospital records; available past medical records; results of tests or diagnostic procedures; results of permanent occupational or environmental surveys; medical information showing that an alleged factor could have caused or contributed to the effect; and occupational documentation of an alleged exposure or cause. Pitfalls during the assessments include the patient's aging, natural inherent limitations, self-abuse, and psychosocial factors that individually or collectively may confound medical causality and apportionment assessment. The evaluating physician alone is responsible for apportioning these factors and must provide the medical basis for all conclusions and opinions. Previous impairment of an organ system may be subtracted from the current impairment rating, and the written analysis should address separately a divergence between changes in impairment and disability.
The Challenge of Evaluating RSD Impairment and Disability (Part II)
Authors: Ensalada Leon H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Part II of this two-part series continues the discussion of diagnostic and treatment issues related to reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and presents approaches to assessing pain and disability associated with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). CRPS encompasses CRPS Type I (RSD) and CRPS Type II (causalgia), but the approach of the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fourth Edition is problematic. The current approach may not account for the complete impairment, and RSD/CRPS I by definition does not involve a specific peripheral nerve disorder. Causalgia/CRPS II by definition involves a specific peripheral nerve disorder, and the physician can assess impairment due to pain and sensory deficit or loss of power and motor deficits by multiplying the graded percent deficit with the maximum allowable impairment for the specific peripheral nerve. RSD/CRPS I by definition does not involve disruption of a peripheral nerve, but the criteria recommended by the AMA Guides may be difficult to use. The fourth edition of the AMA Guides advises that, in general, only one evaluation method should be used to evaluate a specific impairment, and a table specifies which tests should not be used together, those that may be used in combination, if appropriate, and those for which combination is not specified.