bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analogy
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The argument from analogy is presented in a favourable light in order to properly assess it. It is comprised of two premises. According to the parity premise, the arguments for a moral error theory would entail an epistemic error theory. According to the epistemic existence premise an epistemic error theory is false. It is argued that the parity premise can be given two readings. The first reading—internalism-parity—targets the internalism-based moral error theory. The second reading—irreducibility-parity—targets the irreducibility-based moral error theory. Both readings are motivated. It is claimed that they are plausible and that the argument from analogy represents a strong case against the moral error theory.
Against Internalism-Parity
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An alternative argument is provided for rejecting internalism-parity. It is claimed that, from the perspective of internalism-based moral error theorists, categorical reasons for action are more problematic than categorical reasons for belief. This is because there are considerably stronger arguments for thinking that one’s reasons for action are constitutively dependent on one’s desires than for thinking that one’s reasons for belief are constitutively dependent on one’s desires. Three such arguments are considered: from action-explanation, from reasoning, and from paradigmatic-ascriptions. It is claimed that the first of these three arguments clearly does not apply to reasons for belief as to reasons for action. The applicability of the second and third arguments is harder to ascertain.
Error Theory and Thought
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It has been argued that the epistemic error theory is incompatible with the ‘essentially normative’ nature of belief itself. Two versions of this objection to the epistemic error theory are presented. Neither is found to be plausible. The most plausible is based on the view that the concept of belief is essentially normative. It is claimed that this view is under-motivated and would, in any case, be unlikely to cause the problems for epistemic error theorists that it is sometimes claimed to. Some alternative objections to the epistemic error theory based on the nature of thought and deliberation are briefly considered.
Conclusion
Authors: Cowie Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The views outlined in earlier chapters are systematically presented. These include: the truth of epistemic institutionalism and falsity of analogous institutionalist views in morality; the challenges facing categorical reasons for action that do not apply to categorial reasons for belief; the reducible nature of epistemic properties and relations—including the defensibility of this view in light of concerns with the normativity of probability and the falsity of both veritism and epistemic consequentialism—in contrast to the irreducible nature of moral properties and relations, and the possibility of ‘the puzzling combination’. It is concluded that the argument from analogy fails and that the moral error theory may yet be true, but that it would be illegitimate to conclude that it is true.
Introduction: A Weaving of Wisdom
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays out the core theological framework for the book understood in its broadest sense as a work of theological wisdom, that includes, rather than excludes, scientific discussion and debate. This is a broader philosophical framework compared with theological anthropology, but the secular philosophical discussion of the evolution of morality has similar broad implications beyond the human. It shows how Darwin’s theories are of historical relevance, but confining theological research just to this era of dawning evolutionary consciousness weakens the engagement between theology and science. Different debates in evolutionary biology that form the backdrop to the book as a whole are introduced, showing how newer hypotheses detailing a significant shift away from standard evolutionary theory that developed subsequently in the wake of Darwin’s ideas are more consistent with the kind of theological approach informed by wisdom that is being developed in this book.
Conclusions: Towards Wisdom Practices
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
These concluding remarks draw together the different threads of the book and then offer reflections on wisdom’s bearing on particular practices as a starting point for deeper ethical reflection, particularly in relation to treatment of animals. The author shows that a multispecies and wisdom paradigm work together and reinforce each other. Four broad examples are given of where the kind of approach being developed theoretically in this volume could potentially work out in terms of practical ethics: conservation ethics, ethics of biodiversity management, agricultural practice, and vegetarianism. The author has not, so far, faced up to the difficulties in implementing such a paradigm that arise through individual and collective tendencies towards vice. Tracing the roots of such tendencies and their theological and philosophical interpretation await the volume to follow.
Important preliminaries
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter does some initial—but important—ground-clearing and foundation-building. It starts by drawing a number of distinctions, more precisely delineating the target, and setting the terms for the debates that follow. It explains some of the different things that people mean by “consciousness,” in particular, as well as some of the claims that have been made about the nature of consciousness. The chapter also argues in support of a pair of substantive theses on the topic that will be relied upon later. Specifically, it argues that phenomenal consciousness is exclusively nonconceptual in nature, and that it doesn’t admit of degrees: it is either categorically present or categorically absent. Finally, the chapter situates the topic in relation to the traditional problem of other minds.
The need for a theory
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The present chapter argues that the problem of animal consciousness can’t be tackled directly, without commitment to any particular theory of consciousness. In the course of doing so, it discusses evidence of the existence of unconscious perceptual states, as well as one recent effort to put the emergence of consciousness into phylogenetic context. Finally, it outlines the constraints that a successful theory of consciousness should meet.
Explaining the “hard” problem
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that global-workspace theory can be developed into a satisfying, fully reductive explanation of phenomenal consciousness. It shows how globally broadcast nonconceptual content enables higher-order thoughts about that content, where those thoughts can lack conceptual connections with physical, functional, or representational facts. As a result, zombies are conceivable and an (epistemic) explanatory gap is opened up. But the thoughts in question can themselves be given a fully naturalistic explanation. Hence all of the facts involved in consciousness can be fully explained. The chapter defends the reality of the phenomenal concepts needed to make this account work, and replies to a dilemma for the account proposed by David Chalmers.
Macroeconomic Perspective on Development
Authors: Bhaduri Amit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Macroeconomic strategies and policies have differed significantly among Asian countries, and yet some common issues recur despite their immense diversity in inherited historical initial conditions, differences in political systems, geopolitical situations, location and size, and natural resource endowments. The chapter examines from a comparative perspective issues like unemployment, state versus market, domestic versus foreign market, degree of openness in trade, investment and finance, industrial and technology policy, decentralization, and economic and social inequality. While some countries have been more successful than others in dealing with these issues, our comparative perspective also shows development itself as a moving target, thus requiring flexible institutional and policy responses at each separate stage of development, which makes uniform guidelines misleadingly over-simplistic.
Institutions and Development
Authors: Khan Mushtaq H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The role of institutions in Asian development has been intensely contested since Gunnar Myrdal’s Asian Drama, with later contributions from institutional economics and developmental state theory. Despite much progress, the dominant approaches do not agree about the institutions that matter, nor do they explain why similar institutions delivered such different results across countries. Cultural norms and informal institutions clearly matter but the appropriate norms did not already exist in successful countries; they evolved over time. The distribution of holding power across different types of organizations, the ‘political settlement’, can explain the diversity of experiences better and help to develop more effective policy. This chapter outlines Myrdal’s contribution to institutional analysis and how modern institutional analysis has built on his analysis, then, drawing on the experiences of Asian countries, sets out an alternative institutional analysis based on political settlements, and the implications for the analysis of the effectiveness of institutions.
India
Authors: Basu Kaushik 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
India today is a changed country from what it was half a century ago, when Gunnar Myrdal published his Asian Drama in 1968. This chapter is a brief history of India’s economy since then. The stranglehold of low growth is broken, its population below the poverty line has fallen markedly, and India has joined the pantheon of major players globally. The chapter analyses the economic policies and also the politics behind this transformation, and uses that as a backdrop to take stock of the challenges that lie ahead. From the vantage point of hindsight, it seems quite remarkable that India did what no other newly independent developing country did. It chose to invest in politics first—establishing democracy, free speech, independent media, and citizens’ rights. This chapter celebrates Myrdal’s Asian Drama by critically examining the economic consequences of India’s choice
Indonesia
Authors: Timmer C. Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses the unrelenting pessimism in Myrdal’s Asian Drama about Indonesia’s development prospects. This pessimism was based on two key realities: the poor level of governance demonstrated by the Sukarno regime (partly a heritage of Dutch colonial policies), and the extreme poverty witnessed in rural areas. Using historical and modern data on the Indonesian economy, the chapter explains the policy approach that resulted in three decades of rapid, pro-poor growth during the Suharto regime. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 caused the Suharto regime to fall and introduced democratically elected governments. After a decade of stagnation, economic growth returned to the rapid rate seen during the first three decades of the Suharto regime, but it is no longer pro-poor.
Roads to Reference
Authors: Gómez-Torrente Mario 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
How is it that words (such as “Aristotle”) come to stand for the things they stand for (such as Aristotle)? Is the thing that a word stands for, its reference, fully identified or described by conventions known to the users of the word? Or is there a more roundabout relation between the reference of a word and the conventions that determine or fix it? Do words like “water,” “three,” and “red” refer to appropriate things, just as the word “Aristotle” refers to Aristotle? If so, which things are these, and how do they come to be referred to by those words? In Roads to Reference, Mario Gómez-Torrente provides novel answers to these and other questions that have been of traditional interest in the theory of reference. The book introduces a number of cases of apparent indeterminacy of reference for proper names, demonstratives, and natural kind terms, which suggest that reference-fixing conventions for them adopt the form of lists of merely sufficient conditions for reference and reference failure. Arguments are then provided for a new anti-descriptivist picture of those kinds of words, according to which the reference-fixing conventions for them do not describe their reference. The book also defends realist and objectivist accounts of the reference of ordinary natural kind nouns, numerals, and adjectives for sensible qualities. According to these accounts, these words refer, respectively, to “ordinary kinds,” cardinality properties, and properties of membership in intervals of sensible dimensions, and these things are fixed in subtle ways by associated reference-fixing conventions.
Rural Youth and Employment in Ethiopia
Authors: Schmidt Emily , Woldeyes Firew Bekele 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ethiopia’s economy remains at a very early stage in its structural transformation. A puzzle presents itself as to how such growth can be maintained given its relatively low urbanization rate and its reliance on the agricultural sector as the primary form of employment. This chapter examines labour diversification in Ethiopia, focusing on youth, and explores current conditions that youth face in both the agricultural and nonfarm labour markets. Using data from the Ethiopia Socioeconomy Survey (ESS) and the National Labour Force Survey (NFLS), we explore current trends in labour diversification, along with youth nonfarm engagement in rural and small towns. We find that youth (ages 25 to 34 years) have a greater probability of working in nonfarm enterprises compared to mature individuals (age 35–64). However, wage labour opportunities remain scant in rural Ethiopia. The majority of individuals working in nonfarm employment are engaged in small-scale trade activities.
Purely Epistemic Conceptions of Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter considers purely epistemic conceptions of deliberative democracy. For advocates of this approach the value of democratic procedures is a function of the quality of their outcomes. They also assume that the quality of outcomes is a function of the quality of the knowledge generated by the best decision makers. On this basis, epistocrats recommend that citizens blindly defer to the political decisions of experts (be it political elites or a representative sample of the population) to reach better political outcomes. This approach misses the democratic significance of public deliberation. By reducing the epistemic function of deliberation to the aim of figuring out the best policies, it disregards another crucial epistemic function of deliberation—ensuring that the policies in question can be justified to those who must comply with them and without whose cooperation the intended outcomes will not materialize. Thus, if we care about outcomes we must abandon the temptation of the “expertocratic shortcut” and focus on improving the processes of opinion- and will-formation in which citizens participate so that better outcomes can actually be achieved.
Lottocratic Conceptions of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyzes “lottocratic” conceptions of deliberative democracy. Their defenders put their democratic hopes on the generalized use of deliberative minipublics such as citizens’ juries, citizens’ assemblies, and deliberative polls. Some propose conferring political decisional-power upon minipublics as a way of increasing citizens’ democratic control over the political process. Against this view, the chapter argues that such proposals cannot be defended on participatory grounds. By expecting citizens to blindly defer to the political decisions of a randomly selected group of citizens, the generalized use of minipublics for decision-making would decrease rather than increase the citizenry’s ability to take ownership over and identify with the policies to which they are subject, as the democratic ideal of self-government requires. Lottocrats are right to highlight the democratic potential of minipublics. But in order to unleash that potential we must resist the temptation of taking the “micro-deliberative shortcut” and keep our eyes on the macro-deliberative goal. Instead of empowering minipublics to make decisions for the rest of the citizenry, citizens should use minipublics to empower themselves.
Can Public Reason Be Inclusive?
Authors: Lafont Cristina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter articulates a participatory conception of public reason. Taking the democratic ideal of self-government as a guide, it helps throw new light on the role of religious reasons in politics. First, the chapter shows that exclusion, inclusion, and secular translation models fail to explain how all citizens, whether religious or secular, can see themselves as equal participants in a collective project of self-government. After analyzing the difficulties of each of these models, the chapter then defends an alternative, participatory conception of public reason that shows how political deliberation can be an inclusive process that enables all citizens to engage in mutual justification and get traction upon each other’s views despite their deep disagreements. This account bears a strong resemblance to Rawlsian public reason but it also has significant differences. In particular, this participatory account of public reason sees as insufficient that citizens can rely on the existence of a moral duty of civility. Instead, effective rights to political and legal contestation are required that enable citizens to trigger a process of public justification for the reasonableness of any policies that they find unacceptable.
Taslim Olawale Elias
Authors: Landauer Carl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In 1962, eminent Nigerian lawyer Taslim Olawale Elias published British Colonial Law, which provided an ambitious comparative study of British dependencies—oddly coming out nearly two years after his country’s independence and even referring to India in terms of British colonial law. Continuing his early support of local customary law, his 1962 book backed the twinned English–customary law heritage of his state. His model of law was founded on the close working of law and society, using sociology, anthropology, and case reports of customary courts. This chapter discusses Elias’s view of international law. Deeply involved in setting up numerous international institutions, Elias was the insider’s insider, aware of the North-South split and championing new international law emerging from the ILC and the UN General Assembly. This chapter analyses Elias’s sense of law—a sociology of law—that provided the foundation for his international legal writing.
Rus in Urbe
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Scholars typically characterize Faulkner’s rural figures in passive terms, as objects, witnesses, or outright victims of the modernization process, set adrift on the land by the economic restructuring of southern agriculture before succumbing to the commercial and cultural allure of the small town. But in The Hamlet, As I Lay Dying, “Barn Burning,” “Mule in the Yard,” and “Shingles for the Lord,” Faulkner proves more alert than his critics to the agency of his rural characters as modernizing figures in their own right, descending on various nodes of Yoknapatawpha community to upend familiar social relations, economic arrangements, and habits of perception, in a process of creative disruption that reaches deep into the human interior while also rippling outward to inform/deform the texts’ own patterns of imagery and verbal style. These characters force us to rethink the core-periphery relations and diffusionist pathways so often cited by theorists of the modernization process.
The Philosophy of Furniture, or Light in August and the Material Unconscious of Mississippi Modernity
Authors: Watson Jay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 turns from agriculture to silviculture to trace the unexpectedly comprehensive way in which the modernization of the timber and lumber industries in the US South leaves its mark on Faulkner’s 1932 novel Light in August. The modern economy of wood in all its phases, from timber extraction to lumber manufacture to the production, distribution, circulation, and even the occasional destruction of furniture, underpins, and at key moments surfaces to undercut, Faulkner’s anatomy of Jim Crow’s psychological and social orders. The turbulent forces of this extractive economy shadow the novel’s principal figures at every step, setting them in motion, by turns shaping and upsetting their itineraries—and haunting novelistic form and technique.
Tales of a Terpsichorean Traveler
Authors: Scolieri Paul A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Shawn’s extensive travels abroad during the height of the Denishawn enterprise in pursuit of learning and adapting authentic “foreign” or “ethnic” dances for the American stage. It details Shawn’s trips to Spain and North Africa (1923), where he traveled in search of the Ouled Naïl, the nomadic tribe of bejeweled dancing girls that had captured the imagination of Romantic artists and writers. It also covers Denishawn’s groundbreaking eighteen-month tour of the Far East (1925–26), focusing on the company’s status as “America’s unofficial ambassadors” and revealing Shawn’s artistic exchanges with local artists, royalty, and colonial officials. The chapter explains how Shawn translated his experiences abroad into dances that filled his repertory for years to come—as well as into business practices that helped him build an arts empire with school franchises, a mail-order dance business, and its own Denishawn Magazine.
America’s Greatest Male Dancer
Authors: Scolieri Paul A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how Ted Shawn’s attempts to fulfill his vision of a “Greater Denishawn”—a physical and artistic expansion of the company and dance school into a full-fledged arts colony and dance guild—was thwarted by a number of personal, artistic, and financial factors, most especially the stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing economic crisis. It also elucidates Shawn’s first serious relationship with a man as well as the unraveling of his marriage to Ruth St. Denis and the parallel dissolution of Denishawn, the company and school that they had founded together. It then follows Shawn to Germany where he attempted to rebuild his career as a solo artist with the financial and artistic support of Katherine S. Dreier, modern visual artist, philanthropist, and the founder of the Société Anonyme, as well as his return to the United States where he laid the groundwork for what became his all-male dance company.
India’s Engagement in Global Climate Negotiations from Rio to Paris
Authors: Sengupta Sandeep 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
India’s positions in global climate negotiations have evolved over three distinct periods. The first period of international regime creation in the 1980s and 1990s saw India play an important role in building coalitions with developing countries to draw clear commitments from developed countries on emission reduction, finance, and technology transfers. In the second period from 2005 to 2010, marked by transition and contestation, India showed flexibility and put forth voluntary commitments, while opposing moves to dilute the concept of differentiated responsibility. The third period, from 2011 to 2015, was marked by Indian compromise with changing negotiation contours that pushed for symmetrical treatment of developing and developed countries in matters of differentiation. This chapter also explores the reasons for continuity and change in India’s positions over the decades.