bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Past Tense Counterfactual Sentences: Examining Production and Comprehension in Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Nehls-Lowe Abigail , Lee Daemion 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the development of past tense counterfactual (PTCF) sentences (“If the dog had stayed in the house, he would not have bitten the police officer”) in young adolescents and young adults, addressing both production and comprehension. The goal was to determine if growth occurs during the years between early adolescence and early adulthood and when or if mastery of these sentences occurs. We also examined the development of past tense irregular verbs to determine growth and mastery.

Method

The participants included one group of young adolescents (
M
age
= 12.44 years,
n
= 80) and one group of young adults (
M
age
= 21.30 years,
n
= 80). All were monolingual speakers of Mainstream American English. Using a written language task, each participant completed a set of 40 sentences. For each sentence, the missing element affected the main clause (present perfect verb omitted), the subordinate clause (past perfect verb omitted), or either the main or the subordinate clause (past tense irregular verb omitted). To examine differences in production versus comprehension, half the participants in each group used a fill-in response format (production task), and half used a multiple-choice response format (comprehension task).

Results
On the PTCF sentences, the adults outperformed the adolescents, comprehension exceeded production, both groups experienced greater difficulty with the past perfect compared to the present perfect verb form, and the adults were more likely to show mastery of PTCF sentences than were the adolescents. Similarly, on the past irregular verbs, the adults outperformed the adolescents, and the adults were more likely to show mastery of these verbs.

Implications
The findings of this study contribute to the knowledge base in later syntactic development and suggest that some adolescents and adults may require formal instruction in subtle aspects of English grammar used in literate contexts, such as PTCF sentences.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11971872
Acoustic Similarity of Inner and Outer Circle Varieties of Child-Produced English Vowels
Authors: Coy André , Watson Stefan 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThis article compares acoustic data of normally developing children from two dominant and one nondominant variety of English in order to determine phonetic proximity.MethodThe study focuses on one variety of American English (AE), one British English (BE) variety, and one Jamaican English (JE) variety owing to the historical and sociopolitical influences of both dominant varieties on JE. The work examines the four corner vowels (/a/, /ɑ/, /u:/, and /i:/) of the specified varieties. Speech from children aged 8–11 years was processed to extract duration, intensity, and fundamental frequency as well as the first three formants (F1, F2, and F3) of each vowel.ResultsAnalysis of the acoustic variables showed, for the first time, that child-produced JE is phonetically closer to the variety of BE studied, than it is to the American variety. The acoustic properties of the child-produced JE vowels were found to be similar to those of adult-produced vowels, suggesting that, as has been shown for adult speech, there appears to be a limited impact of AE on JE.ConclusionsThis is the first acoustic study of children's speech to show that, despite the proximity to BE, the Jamaican variety is clearly a distinct variety of English. As the first study comparing AE, BE, and JE, the article provides experimental evidence of the acoustic differences in the varieties and points to the implications for automatic speech recognition and educational applications for children who speak JE.
Elegant procedure to estimate series capacitance of a uniform transformer winding from its measured FRA: implementable on existing FRA instruments
Authors: Muhammed Ashiq , Satish Lakshminarayana , Kumar Udaya 
Published: March 2020

A simple procedure to estimate series capacitance of a uniform transformer winding from its measured frequency response analysis (FRA) and shunt capacitance is presented. Unlike previously published approaches, this method does not involve any cumbersome and time‐consuming curve‐fitting nor running optimisation/search algorithms, and neither does it require data of winding geometry. The procedure relies on a property that is observable in the impedance function of a lossless winding, viz., the ratio of the product of squares of open circuit natural frequencies to the product of squares of short circuit natural frequencies bears a special relation to impedance function coefficients. Its feasibility was initially verified by simulation, and then by experiments on small‐sized continuous‐disk and interleaved‐disc windings, followed by a large‐sized 33 kV, 3.5 MVA continuous‐disc winding, and finally on a 315 kVA 11/13.8 kV transformer. After measuring FRA, the process involves just finding roots of a polynomial, from which the initial impulse voltage distribution constant and series capacitance can directly be determined. Given these attractive features, authors believe that this method is implementable on existing FRA instruments, so that, along with routinely measured FRA, these two important constants of a winding can be displayed.
Reflection component in the Bright Atoll Source GX 9+9
Authors: Iaria R. , Mazzola S. M. , Di Salvo T. , Marino A. , Gambino A. F. , Sanna A. , Riggio A. , Burderi L. 
Published: March 2020

Context. GX 9+9 (4U 1728−16) is a low mass X-ray binary source harboring a neutron star. Although it belongs to the subclass of the bright Atoll sources together with GX 9+1, GX 3+1, and GX 13+1, its broadband spectrum is poorly studied and apparently does not show reflection features in the spectrum.
Aims. To constrain the continuum well and verify whether a relativistic smeared reflection component is present, we analyze the broadband spectrum of GX 9+9 using BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton spectra covering the 0.3−40 keV energy band.
Methods. We fit the spectrum adopting a model composed of a disk-blackbody plus a Comptonized component whose seed photons have a blackbody spectrum (Eastern Model). A statistically equivalent model is composed of a Comptonized component whose seed photons have a disk-blackbody distribution plus a blackbody that mimics a saturated Comptonization likely associated with a boundary layer (Western model). Other trials did not return a good fit.
Results. The spectrum of GX 9+9 was observed in a soft state and its luminosity is 2.3 × 1037 erg s−1 assuming a distance to the source of 5 kpc. In the Eastern Model scenario, we find the seed-photon temperature and electron temperature of the Comptonized component to be 1.14−0.07+0.10 keV and 2.80−0.04+0.09 keV, respectively, while the optical depth of the Comptonizing corona is 8.9 ± 0.4. The color temperature of the inner accretion disk is 0.86−0.02+0.08 keV and 0.82 ± 0.02 keV for the BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton spectrum, respectively. In the Western Model scenario, instead, we find that the seed-photon temperature is 0.87 ± 0.07 keV and 1.01 ± 0.08 keV for the BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton spectrum, respectively. The electron temperature of the Comptonized component is 2.9 ± 0.2 keV, while the optical depth is 9.4−1.1+1.5. The blackbody temperature is 1.79−0.18+0.09 keV and 1.85−0.15+0.07 keV for the BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton spectrum, respectively. The addition of a relativistic smeared reflection component improved the fit in both the scenarios, giving compatible values of the parameters, even though a significant broad emission line in the Fe-K region is not observed.
Conclusions. From the reflection component we estimated an inclination angle of about 43−4+6 deg and 51−2+9 deg for the Eastern and Western Model, respectively. The value of the reflection fraction Ω/2π is 0.18 ± 0.04 and 0.21 ± 0.03 for the Eastern and Western Model, respectively, suggesting that the Comptonized corona should be compact and close to the innermost region of the system.
Bardet-Biedl-Syndrom – Diagnose und klinischer Verlauf
Authors: Rohrschneider Klaus , Bolz Hanno Jörn 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Bardet-Biedl-Syndrom (BBS) ist eine seltene, erblich bedingte Ziliopathie, bei der neben einer Netzhautdystrophie, meist in Form einer Stäbchen-Zapfen-Dystrophie (Retinitis pigmentosa, RP), zahlreiche weitere Symptome bestehen, vor allem Stammfettsucht, Polydaktylie, Nierenveränderungen und Lernbehinderung bzw. Intelligenzminderung. Mindestens 25 ursächliche Gene, die für Proteine mit wichtiger Rolle bei Entwicklung und Funktion primärer Zilien kodieren, sind bisher bekannt. Die Störung der mit zahlreichen Entwicklungssignalwegen assoziierten Zilien erklärt die in unterschiedlichen Organen auftretenden Symptome. Aufgrund der ursächlichen Beteiligung so vieler Gene ist das BBS eine Erkrankung, bei der Ärzte in besonderem Maße von neuen Methoden der molekulargenetischen Diagnostik profitieren: Durch Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) können alle krankheitsrelevanten Gene im Rahmen einer sogenannten „Panelanalyse“ parallel untersucht werden. Signifikante Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelationen hinsichtlich der Art der Netzhautbeteiligung bestehen nicht. Neben der klassischen autosomal-rezessiven Vererbung wurden oligogene oder triallelische Vererbungsformen, bei denen die Erkrankung aus einem kombinierten Effekt verschiedener Allele in mehreren Genen resultiert, beschrieben. Nach heutigem Kenntnisstand, der zunehmend aus großen NGS-Studien gespeist wird, spielen Letztere aber keine (wesentliche) Rolle. Mangels kausaler Therapieansätze beschränkt sich die augenärztliche Behandlung auf eine umfassende Rehabilitation mit vergrößernden Sehhilfen sowie die Versorgung mit Langstock und dem Training von lebenspraktischen Fähigkeiten.
Avaliação dos parâmetros radiográficos do alinhamento sagital e espinopélvico em pacientes com osteoartrite submetidos à artroplastia total do quadril
Authors: Sousa Vanessa da Costa , Perini Jamila Alessandra , Araújo Junior Antônio Eulálio Pedrosa , Guimarães João Antônio Matheus , Duarte Maria Eugenia Leite , Fernandes Marco Bernardo Cury 
Published: March 2020

Resumo
Objetivo Avaliar os parâmetros radiográficos do alinhamento sagital e espinopélvico de pacientes com osteoartrite (OA) de quadril submetidos à artroplastia total de quadril (ATQ) primária, com o intuito de definir a abordagem cirúrgica primária em pacientes com doença concomitante na coluna vertebral e na articulação do quadril.
Métodos Estudo longitudinal, prospectivo, comparativo, envolvendo 27 pacientes submetidos à ATQ e 43 indivíduos sem OA.
Resultados Foi observada associação entre doença degenerativa no quadril e na coluna nos pacientes com OA. Após a ATQ, os parâmetros radiográficos do ângulo da báscula da bacia, do eixo vertical sagital (EVS) e da razão de C7/DSF (sétima vértebra cervical/distância sacrofemoral) foram semelhantes aos valores dos voluntários sem doença articular. O alinhamento coronal global (ACG), o alinhamento sagital, as inclinações T1 e T9 espinopélvicas (IT1EP e IT9EP), a inclinação sacral (IS), a versão pélvica (VP), e o tipo de pelve e do complexo lombopélvico (CLP) não sofreram alteração depois da ATQ.
Conclusão Dentre os parâmetros do alinhamento sagital e espinopélvico avaliados, o ângulo da báscula da bacia, o EVS e a razão C7/DSF foram corrigidos após a ATQ e podem orientar o cirurgião na tomada de decisão para pacientes com doença concomitante na coluna vertebral e na articulação do quadril. A deformidade da coluna pode ser compensatória às alterações do quadril.
Sudden Cardiac Death: Can We Solve the Puzzle?
Authors: Annachhatre Ajita Suhrid 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSudden cardiac death is a leading cause of death worldwide. That is the reason it requires more focus on predicting the risk and identifying susceptible candidates to optimize risk and prevent the catastrophic events like sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and sudden cardiac death. Role of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is vital in such events. Several measures have been taken all over the world to make every person aware of SCA and cardiac compressions only CPR. Immediate intervention and advance cardiac life support requires for successful outcome. In this review we have studied the etiology, predictors, and treatment of sudden cardiac death.
Association of Obstructive Parameters of Lung Functions Estimated by Spirometry with Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease among Women of Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Kavya Kommu , Mavoori Archana , M. Aswin Kumar , Fatima Farheen , Pauniker Vaishali M. , D. Swapna , Taranikanti Madhuri 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background Declining lung functions is associated directly with cardiovascular diseases like heart failure or coronary artery disease, or the risk factors leading to cardiovascular mortality like arterial stiffness, pulse wave velocity, hypertension, etc. Exclusive studies in women are not frequently performed.

Aim The aim is to study the association between obstructive lung function estimated through spirometry and cardiovascular risk indicators like hypertension and arterial pulse wave velocity measured between carotid and femoral arteries (cf-PWV) in women.

Methods A total of 30 postmenopausal women on regular treatment for hypertension were recruited in the study. They were subjected to spirometry and computerized cf-PWV estimation. Women were grouped according to modified global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) criteria into three groups with increasing severity of obstructive lung function.

Results Diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), pulse pressure (p < 0.0001), and cf-PWV (p = 0.009) were found to be significantly different between the three groups. Negative correlation existed between cf-PWV and %pred forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) in the group with most severe obstructive lung function (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.7610 was significant at p = 0.01). The strength of this negative association decreased as the severity deceased (r = 0.5603, significant at p = 0.03).

Conclusion Strong association between severity of obstructive lung function in postmenopausal women with pulse pressure was in lines with previous studies, but the diastolic blood pressure being associated is a novel finding. Also, the degree of obstructive lung function is positively associated with arterial stiffness which is an important indicator for impending cardiovascular mortality.
Introduction: Development Challenges in Myanmar: Political Development and Politics of Development Intertwined
Authors: Bjarnegård Elin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMyanmar faces enormous development challenges in the midst of a rapidly changing and uncertain landscape both in terms of politics and international aid. This article probes into the intertwined nature of political development and the politics of development, drawing upon existing literature and contributions of this special issue. It critically analyzes the mismatch between the long-term societal change processes that Myanmar faces, on the one hand, and the instability of domestic politics and international development, on the other. It is argued that the prospects for development in Myanmar need to be assessed in a context of constant interaction between political development and the politics of development.
The evolution of monsters in children’s literature
Authors: Christie Lauren 
Published: March 2020

Abstract‘The Evolution of Monsters in Children’s Literature’ will chart the developing form of the monster in literature for young people and discuss ways in which different guises can alter the fear experienced by the reader. Literary monsters must continuously adapt according to the developing maturity of the reader to ensure a consistent balance of fear and imagination. In order to approach the subject of fear and monsters in children’s literature, and potential reasons behind their presence, this article will explore a wealth of issues such as: the impact of different formats (visual or text only), specific attributes or qualities that can evoke fear from the reader, and the monster as both comical and fearful. Fear in society is typically heightened when faced with the unknown entities of the future. Therefore, this article will conclude by considering the form of future monsters in order to represent this shift in anxiety and potential forms that the monster is yet to adopt.
What do we know about poverty in North Korea?
Authors: Crespo Cuaresma Jesús , Danylo Olha , Fritz Steffen , Hofer Martin , Kharas Homi , Laso Bayas Juan Carlos 
Published: March 2020

AbstractReliable quantitative information on the North Korean economy is extremely scarce. In particular, reliable income per capita and poverty figures for the country are not available. In this contribution, we provide for the first time estimates of absolute poverty rates in North Korean subnational regions based on the combination of innovative remote-sensed night-time light intensity data (monthly information for built areas) with estimated income distributions. Our results, which are robust to the use of different methods to approximate the income distribution in the country, indicate that the share of persons living in extreme poverty in North Korea may be larger than previously thought. We estimate a poverty rate for the country of around 60% in 2018 and a high volatility in the dynamics of income at the national level in North Korea for the period 2012–2018. Income per capita estimates tend to decline significantly from 2012 to 2015 and present a recovery since 2016. The subnational estimates of income and poverty reveal a change in relative dynamics since the second half of the 2012–2018 period. The first part of the period is dominated by divergent dynamics in income across regions, while the second half reveals convergence in regional income.
Direct experimental evidence of physical origin of electronic phase separation in manganites
Authors: Miao Tian , Deng Lina , Yang Wenting , Ni Jinyang , Zheng Changlin , Etheridge Joanne , Wang Shasha , Liu Hao , Lin Hanxuan , Yu Yang , Shi Qian , Cai Peng , Zhu Yinyan , Yang Tieying , Zhang Xingmin , Gao Xingyu , Xi Chuanying , Tian Mingliang , Wu Xiaoshan , Xiang Hongjun , Dagotto Elbio , Yin Lifeng , Shen Jian 
Published: March 2020

Significance
We report a breakthrough in addressing a long-standing and challenging issue: the physical origin of electronic phase separation phenomena in complex oxides. Using tricolor monoatomic superlattice growth, we provide direct experimental evidence to show that the chemical-dopants-induced disorder is crucial for electronic phase separation and colossal magnetoresistance effect. Conceptually our results are far reaching: we believe that correlated materials in general likely need deviations from ideality to display the crucial nonlinear effects important for devices.
The gerund challenge
Authors: Ghivirigă Teodora 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A cursory overview of how the ‑ing forms of a small sample of verbs (see, take, do) are translated in various
types of European documents as presented on Linguee (http://www.linguee.com/)
indicates a surprising variety of possible equivalents in Romanian: infinitive and nominalized infinitive, conjunctive (preceded
by marker să), verbs in the various tenses of the indicative, nominal groups, gerunziu ‑ind/ ‑ând forms etc.
Translators often have to compensate for the fact that both English participles and gerunds are potentially
ambiguous without complements. Translating any ‑ing forms often involves obligatory or optional grammatical transformations. The
present paper proposes the creation of a (preliminary) inventory of interlinguistic correspondences of gerund forms and their
equivalents in Romanian based on real corpus (reports of the parliamentary committees) to point out the various translational
options, evaluate them quantitatively (the most/least frequently used solutions) and to reveal potential difficulties arising from
such an array of options.
Master’s students’ post-editing perception and
strategies
Authors: de Faria Pires Loïc 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The present article aims at presenting the results of an
exploratory post-editing process study carried out in a Belgian university, the
University of Mons. For this experiment, 64 final-year translation students with
no post-editing experience post-edited from English into French parts of five
different institutional texts from the Directorate-General for Translation (DGT)
of the European Commission. They were additionally asked to fill in a
prospective questionnaire and a retrospective one, related to their post-editing
perception and strategies. Four students took part in the experiment on a
separate computer equipped with an eye-tracking device, so that eye-tracking
data could be collected and compared with these students’ questionnaires. We
found that results related to eye-tracking data correlate well with previous
research, and that students’ perceptions of post-editing depend on each
university’s particular context.
Martin Joos’sReadings in Linguistics
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe bookReadings in Linguisticsedited by Martin Joos is one of the best known collections of papers ever published in the field of linguistics. In this article I trace its publication history, from Bernard Bloch’s idea in1946for an anthology of important work in descriptive linguists, to the several editions of Joos’s reader between 1957 and 1995, to the present day, where citations to the book are still quite frequent. Making extensive use of unpublished material in various archives in the United States, I outline in detail the exchanges between Joos and other linguists around its publication, as well as the critical reviews that were published of the book. I attempt to explain why a collection of papers, the majority of which were published in the 1940s, is still of great interest. I offer two reasons. The first derives from the material in Joos’s prefaces to the various editions and from Joos’s editorial comments on the included articles. Practitioners of every current approach to linguistics have cited some of this material either as an opening wedge against opposing approaches or to express smug satisfaction that we know more about how science works now than we did more than a half-century ago. The second is that it provides a fascinating historical record of how linguistics used to be done — not so long ago that the approach documented is a mere historiographical curiosity, but also not so recently as to be no more than a quaint version of current theory
Parliamentary directives in New Zealand and Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Baker Olja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The main aim of the present paper is to compare the realization patterns of directive speech acts produced by the
Speaker of the House of Representatives of New Zealand and the Speaker of the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The paper focuses on head acts only, disregarding modification. Head acts are analyzed and compared in terms of their explicitness
and implicitness, as defined in the framework proposed by Vine (2004a, 2004b). Overall results show that explicit head acts were dominant in both data sets.
Furthermore, significant differences were noticed in terms of the findings for certain sub-forms of the explicit head acts, such
as the imperative form, which is more frequent in parliamentary directives in Serbian, as are performative verbs. Modal verbs were
typical of the parliamentary directives in English. The results are discussed in the context of the findings of previous relevant
studies.