bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clonal Stability of RAPD Markers in Three Rhododendron Species
Authors: Javed Iqbal M. , Paden D. W. , Lane Rayburn A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Amplification profiles produced by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA sequences (RAPD) have the potential for species and cultivar identification. Since most rhododendron plants are vegetatively propagated, it is imperative that RAPD profiles be stable during this propagation. Three species of rhododendron, Rhododendron arborescens, R. atlanticum and R. yedoense var. poukhanense were used to produce species specific amplification profiles. Stability of amplification profiles among individually cloned plants of each species were studied. Ten plants of R. atlanticum, 9 of R. arborescens, and 10 of R. yedoense var. poukhanense were studied with 10 random primers. No polymorphism was observed among individual plants of R. atlanticum and R. arborescens with all the primers. The amplification product of one plant of R. yedoense var. poukhanense showed a difference of one band with one primer. The rest of the profiles with 9 primers were identical in all plants of this species. In order to ascertain that RAPD markers can indeed reveal real genetic differences among plants, F2 plants of two hybrids were analyzed. In contrast to the clonally propagated plants, extensive polymorphisms were observed among the individual F2 plants. Thus, RAPD analysis can be used to detect genetic variability. This stability of RAPD profiles in clonally propagated rhododendron indicates the usefulness of these markers in plant identification.
Effects of Regenerant Wastewater Irrigation on Growth and Ion Uptake of Landscape Plants
Authors: Wu Lin , Chen Janquo , Lin Hong , Van Mantgem Phillip , Ali Harivandi M. , Harding Janies A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of regenerant wastewater irrigation and high concentrations of Ca2+, K+, Mg2+ and Cl− on growth and ion uptake of nine species of landscape plants were studied. Significant differences in chloride tolerance were detected among the species. Generally, the species that had greater uptake of chloride grew less than species that took up less amounts of chloride. Lace fern (Athyrium filix-femina Roth.) had the highest tissue chlorine (Cl) concentration and was the most affected. Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla Ser.) also had high tissue Cl concentration, but showed no growth reduction. Its tolerance was attributable to a high tissue calcium (Ca) concentration. The data suggest that in the species tested, higher tissue Ca concentrations were positively correlated with plant tolerance to Cl. Overall, the CL− concentration in the wastewater seems to be the factor most likely to create problems for the landscape plants. However, severe negative effects will probably be noticed only for very sensitive plant species, but it is important to determine this before applying regenerant irrigation water.
Effect of Medium Physical Support, Shoot Length and Genotype on In Vitro Rooting and Plantlet Morphology of Sweetgum
Authors: Lin Xiaohong , Bergmann Ben A. , Stomp Anne-Marie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adventitious shoots (1 cm and 2 cm long) from 10 clones of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were rooted on rockwool-supported Woody Plant Medium (WPM) and agar-solidified WPM in vitro. Shoots on rockwool-supported WPM had higher rooting frequency, shoot elongation, and leaf chlorophyll content than those on agar-solidified WPM. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that rockwool supplies more oxygen to the rooting zone. Taller shoots had significantly greater rooting frequency, more shoot elongation, and larger average area per leaf than shorter shoots. Genotype significantly influenced rooting frequency, shoot elongation, average area per leaf, chlorophyll content, and shoot fresh weight. An in vitro auxin pretreatment significantly increased rooting frequency over shoots grown on either agar-solidified or rockwool-supported WPM without auxin.
Tolerance of Containerized Landscape Plants to the Postemergence Herbicides Stinger, Manage and Basagran
Authors: Bachman Gary , Wilson Chris , Whitwell Ted 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stinger (clopyralid), Manage (MON 12051) and Basagran (bentazon) postemergence applications were evaluated for phytotoxicity on five species of landscape plants grown in containers. Stinger (clopyralid) was less injurious than Manage (MON 12051). Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) was injured from Stinger (clopyralid) application 3 and 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Manage (MON 12051) caused foliar damage to Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) (1992), Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) (1992 and 1993), and Dwarf Japanese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis procumbens Endl. ‘Nana’) (1993) at 3 and 6 WAT. Foliar applications of Basagran (bentazon) injured Crape Myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Carolina Beauty’) in 1992 and Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) in both years. Manage (MON 12051) reduced the growth of Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Coral Beauty’) in both years. Hetzi Blue (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Hetzi Glauca’) growth index was reduced by Manage (MON 12051) in 1992. Stinger (clopyralid) reduced the growth of Dwarf Japanese Juniper (Juniperus chinensis procumbens Endl. ‘Nana’) at the highest rate in 1992. Parsons (Juniperus chinensis L. ‘Parsoni’) and Blue Pacific (Juniperus conferta Parl. ‘Blue Pacific’) junipers were not affected by these herbicides in this study.
Differential Susceptibility of Six Euonymus Species and Cultivars to Euonymus Scale, Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)
Authors: Jefferson David K. , Schultz Peter B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The susceptibility of Euonymus species and cultivars to infestation by euonymus scale was studied in both field-grown and container plants. Significantly lower levels of euonymus scale were observed on Euonymus kiautschovicus ‘Manhattan’, E. japonicus, and E. fortunei in the field studies. In contrast, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ and E. japonicus ‘Microphyllus’ had the highest infestation levels, indicating greatersusceptibility to euonymus scale. In container studies, E. japonicus ‘Albo-marginatus’ was the most susceptible of the species and cultivars; however, none of the remaining 5 differed significantly from one another
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Recovery of Container-Grown Red Oak and Blackgum Seedlings Under Different Fertilizer Application Methods
Authors: Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica L.) seedlings were grown under five fertilizer application methods: 60 or 30 g slow release fertilizer (21N-1.8P-8.3K: Woodace 21-4-10) with a daily application of 3.8 liters of 25 mg/liter N from a water soluble fertilizer (15N-6.9P-14.1K: 15-16-17 Peter's) or not, or 3.8 liters daily application of 25 mg/liter N from a water soluble fertilizer. The largest red oak and blackgum seedlings were grown under a combination of water soluble plus 60 g slow release fertilizer. Red oak N, P and K recovery rates ranged from 4.1 to 8.6%, 4.5 to 8.8% and 4.2 to 16.5%, respectively. Blackgum N, P and K recovery rates ranged from 12.1 to 19.2%, 15.5 to 23.6% and 13.7 to 37.8%. Plant growth (both dry weight and height) was more highly correlated with total plant nutrient content (mg N/plant) than with whole plant nutrient concentration (mg N/g dry weight), except for K in blackgum seedlings. The results suggest that red oak and blackgum seedling N and P nutritional status is more accurately predicted by plant height or dry weight than by tissue concentration.
Influence of Spacing on Yield of Buddleia and Salix Grown as Cut Flowers and Stems
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Dirr M. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plants of Buddleia davidii ‘Black Knight’ were planted on 165, 80 or 45 cm (5.5, 3 or 1.5 ft) centers in September 1991 and plants of Salix alba ‘Britzensis’, Salix × erythroflexuosa ‘Scarlet Curls’ and Salix chaenomeloides were planted on 90, 60 or 30 cm (3, 2 and 1 ft) centers in April 1991. Stems of all taxa were harvested for three years. The number of harvested stems per plant decreased but the number of stems/m2 increased with increasing plant density in all taxa. No significant differences in stem length or stem diameter occurred except with Salix alba ‘Britzensis’ in which the longest stems occurred at the highest density, regardless of year of harvest.
Light Intensity and Drought Stress as Predisposition Factors for Dogwood Anthracnose
Authors: Erbaugh Dan K. , Windham Mark T. , Stodola Ann J.W. , Augé Robert M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Light and drought stress were studied as predisposition factors for dogwood anthracnose. Disease progression was recorded as a percentage of leaves with lesions in two-year-old potted dogwood trees (Cornus florida L.) that had been inoculated with dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva Redlin sp. nov.) and subjected to four light (100%, 50%, 10% and 2% ambient light) and two drought treatments. Natural vs.artificial inoculation methods were compared and found to have similar effects on disease severity. Shade increased disease severity; maximum disease progression values for trees in thoroughly watered treatments were about 5% at 100% light and 50% light, 35% at 10% light, and 26% at 2% light. Drought increased disease severity on all shaded trees, where disease progression increased 625% in 50% light, 43% in 10% light and 31% in 2% light, compared to 100% light. Drought had no effect on disease severity of unshaded trees.
Bare Root Shade Tree Whip Production in Containers
Authors: Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A production system for producing bare root shade tree whips in containers is described. First year growth, transplant survival and regrowth of eight taxa were studied. Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings grown in 2:2:1, 2:1:2 or 3:1:1 sand:Comtil (composted municipal sewage sludge):Isolite (by vol) bare root media had first year height growth (100 cm, approximately 40 in) similar to seedlings grown in a 3:0.5:0.5:1 pine bark:peat moss:Comtil:sand medium (by vol). In a 2:2:1 sand:Comtil:Isolite (by vol) medium, red oak seedling height growth was greatest when 60 g (2.1 oz) slow release fertilizer was applied per container. Red oak seedlings were easily bare-rooted by hand shaking the sand:Comtil:Isolite media from the root systems. The root systems of all the taxa were fibrous and had many intact root tips. Red oak seedlings could be successfully transplanted in fall or spring. Six of the eight taxa studied, all except blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.) and chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii Engelm.), could be successfully overwintered bare root in refrigerated storage. When spring transplanted to containers, survival averaged over 90% second season height growth increased over 60 cm (24 in).
Identification of Genetic Diversity among Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum Introductions
Authors: Gawel Nick J. , Johnson G.R. , Sauve R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Loropetalum chinense (R.Br.) Olivo is an Asiatic evergreen shrub with many desirable landscape characteristics. It is fast-growing, tolerant to disease and insects, and produces an abundance of attractive flowers. Recently, the horticultural community has shown an increased interest in the species since several pink-flowering selections (L. chinense var. rubrum) have become available. Due to the relatively rapid introduction and commercialization of Loropetalum chinense var. rubrum, there has been some confusion concerning the identity and distinctness of cultivars. This research used Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) to examine the genetic diversity of 14 L. chinense var. rubrum accessions, and 2 accessions of L. chinense. Results indicate the presence of 4 groupings among the introductions, with many ofthe introductions having at least 1 or 2 other closely related selections. Most named introductions were closely related to other unnamed introductions.
Paclobutrazol Optimizes Leaf Size, Vine Length and Plant Grade of Golden Pothos (Epipremnum aureum) on Totems
Authors: Conover C. A. , Satterthwaite L. N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine a Bonzi (0.4% paclobutrazol) rate that would optimize leaf size, vine length and plant quality of golden pothos [Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) Bunt.] on totem poles in 20 cm (3.4 liter) pots. In Experiment 1, six rooted pothos cuttings were transplanted around a totem and fertilized with 10 g of 19N–2.6P–10K (0.35 oz 19–6–12) Osmocote. After one week, each pot was treated with a 250 ml (8.5 fl oz) drench of water containing Bonzi at 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16 mg a.i. (paclobutrazol). Four mg of paclobutrazol per pot yielded the most desirable plants, based on average leaf size, vine length and plant grade. Experiment 2 was designed to refine the paclobutrazol application rate. Ten rooted cuttings of pothos were transplanted around a totem and fertilized at 10 g 19N–2.6P–10K (19–6–12) Osmocote. After one week, each pot was treated with a 100 ml drench of water containing paclobutrazol at 0, 1.3, 2.6, 4.0, 5.3, 6.6, or 7.9 mg. Paclobutrazol applied at a rate of 5.3 mg produced optimum leaf size and vine length and highest plant grades.
Landscape Maintenance Firms: II. Pest Management Practices
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Landscape maintenance firms in Georgia were surveyed to obtain information regarding pesticide usage and factors that would facilitate adoption of non-chemical pest control measures. The trend in pest control from 1988 to 1993 was toward greater usage of non-chemical control measures. The usage trend for chemicals during that period was an increase for fungicides/bactericides and herbicides and a decrease for insecticides, with growth regulator use remaining steady. Over half (55%) of the pesticides were used for turf management. All firms expect to use about the same amount of pesticides over the next 5 years while increasing the use of non-chemical control measures. Opportunities were identified for landscape architects and university personnel to help landscape maintenance firms reduce the need for pesticides. The two most frequently identified opportunities for university personnel were to sponsor local workshops with specific training for workers on integrated pest management (IPM) practices (35.6%) and seasonal or regular newsletters with IPM reminders (30.0%). The most frequently identified opportunities available to the landscape architects to help reduce pesticide use included: (1) improved plant selection, particularly pest resistant varieties (51.8%), (2) proper site selection/location of plants (14.8%), and (3) more spacing between plants and consideration of final size (13.7%).
Propagation of Quercus phillyreoides by Stem Cuttings
Authors: McGuigan Patrick J. , Blazich Frank A. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of two clones (clones 1 and 2) of seedling origin of Quercus phillyreoides A. Gray (ubame oak) in the adult growth phase were taken on four dates that represented four growth stages (semi-hardwood, hardwood, softwood, and transitional growth between softwood and semi-hardwood). All cuttings were treated with selected concentrations and formulations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Greatest rooting for both clones was achieved with softwood cuttings with 97% and 56% rooting for clones 1 and 2, respectively, treated with 8000 ppm (0.8%) IBA in talc. Six weeks later when cuttings were in a softwood/semi-hardwood condition, rooting of clone 1 was still comparable to softwood cuttings whereas clone 2 rooted poorly. For both clones, rooting of semi-hardwood cuttings was poor, which was the same for hardwood cuttings of clone 2. Moderate rooting of 58% was noted for nontreated hardwood cuttings of clone 1. Auxin treatments generally increased root number. As mean root number increased mean root length decreased. Greater overwinter survival was observed for rooted softwood cuttings, which produced a flush of new growth following rooting in comparison to softwood/semi-hardwood cuttings that did not flush following rooting.
Fertilizer, Irrigation and Root Ball Slicing Affects Burford Holly Growth after Planting
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Yeager Thomas H. , Weigle Diane 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dwarf burford holly (Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’) fertilized with 22.1 g N/container/yr of nitrogen during production in the nursery generated more new shoot weight but less root weight after transplanting to a landscape than those receiving 14.8 g N/container/yr. Slicing the root ball at planting, compared to not slicing, resulted in comparable regenerated root weight but reduced new shoot number, new shoot dry weight and new shoot:regenerated root dry weight ratio when irrigation was not applied daily after transplanting. Although irrigation frequency did not impact total weight of regenerated roots into landscape soil, more roots grew from the bottom half of the root ball when plants were irrigated periodically after planting than when plants received daily irrigation. Plants irrigated other than daily produced fewer shoots and less shoot weight than those receiving irrigation daily after transplanting. When plants were without irrigation for 4 or 6 days in the first week after transplanting, those planted without the nursery container on the root ball were more stressed (more negative xylem potential) than those planted with the container still on the root ball. However, two weeks later, plants without the nursery container were less stressed due to root growth into landscape soil.
Growth of Three Bedding Plant Species in Soilless Mixes With Alkaline Stabilized Sewage Sludge
Authors: Logan Terry J. , Lindsay Billie J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three bedding plant species (‘Cooler Grape’ Vinca (Vinca rosea L.), ‘Roc Mix’ Pansy (Viola × Wittrochiana Gams.), and ‘Impulse Red’ Impatiens (Impatiens Wallerana Hook.f.) were grown in soilless mixes: aged N-Viro Soil from the City of Toledo, OH, aged N-Viro Soil blended with sphagnum peat (N-Viro Soilipeat, 3:1 by vol), BioBlend (composted leaf yard waste: N-Viro Soil, 2:1 by vol), and Sunshine Mix LC1. The N-Viro Soil-based media were high in pH (8.3–8.9), soluble salts (3.2–9.6 dS/m) and exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, compared to Sunshine mix. Total porosity was lower in the N-Viro Soil media (62 to 74%) compared to Sunshine (90%), while available water holding capacities were higher in Sunshine mix and N-Viro Soil-peat (7.4 and 7.6% H2O by volume, respectively) than in aged N-Viro Soil and BioBlend (5.4 and 5.9% H2O by volume, respectively). Differences among the media in growth index of impatiens were significant (p = 0.054). This reflected the low index for aged N-Viro Soil compared to the other three media. Pansy growth index differences among the media were significant (p = 0.031), with the aged N-Viro Soil and BioBlend indices being significantly lower than that of Sunshine mix. There were no significant differences in vinca growth index. There were no significant differences in top growth weights among the four soil media for all three species. The results suggest that aged N-Viro Soil can be blended with peat or fresh N-Viro Soil can be composted with yard waste to produce soilless plant growth media that are comparable in performance to commercial peat-based mixes.
Effect of Cupric Hydroxide-treated Containers on Bougainvillea Propagation and Growth after Transplanting
Authors: Aldrich James H. , Norcini Jeffrey G. , Roddenberry William E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cupric hydroxide (100g Cu(OH)2/liter; 13.3 oz/gal) in a latex paint was sprayed to the interior of propagation cups to evaluate the effects on rooting of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy ‘Sanderiana’ cuttings and their growth after transplanting. Forty-two-day-old rooted cuttings propagated in Cu(OH)2-treated cups had a compact rootball with no root circling and tended to have more primary roots. From 91 to 144 days after transplanting 42-day-old rooted cuttings into non-treated 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers, transplants from the Cu(OH)2-treated cups had a greater growth index, principally due to increased height, than transplants from non-treated cups. However, the CU(OH)2 treatment did not significantly affect shoot or root fresh and dry weights 144 days after transplanting.
Preemergence Herbicide Effects on Nursery Crop Root and Shoot Growth
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. , Salihu Sydha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of preemergence herbicides on root and shoot growth of redtip photinia (Photinia × fraseri Lindl.), abelia (Abelia× grandiflora × A. Schumannii Rehd.), azalea (Rhododendron obtusum Planch. ‘Tradition’) and Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.‘Helleri’) were evaluated in container studies. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and five containers of each species per plot. Root and shoot weights were recorded five weeks after either one, two or three herbicide applications. Ronstar (oxadiazon) and Ornamental Herbicide II [OH2 (oxyfluorfen plus pendimethalin)] had essentially no adverse effect on shoot or root development of the four species. Rout (oxyfluorfen plus oryzalin), Surflan (oryzalin), Gallery (isoxaben), and Factor (prodiamine) decreased root and/or shoot development of certain species, especially at the first two harvests. Plant size at treatment may be a factor in the extent of stunting caused by preemergence herbicides, with larger plants being more tolerant. Stunting of shoot and root growth appeared to be temporary.
Evaluation of Newer Chemicals for Control of Foliar Nematode on Begonia
Authors: Walker Jerry T. , Oetting Ronald D. , Johnston-Clark Marcia , Melin John B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight new chemical compounds were evaluated for control of foliar nematode (Aphelencoides fragariae) on several cultivars of begonia (Hiemalis group). Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in 1993, one in 1994, and one in 1995, using foliar nematode-infested begonia cultivars, and treating them with abamectin, azadirachtin, bifenthrin, carbosulfan, cyromazine, diflubenzuron, fenoxycarb or imidacloprid. Oxamyl was included for comparison because of its known activity against this nematode. None of the newer chemicals was effective in reducing the population of foliar nematodes at the rates tested, whereas one application of 10% granular oxamyl at 0.12 g/l5 cm (0.004 oz/6in) pot was as effective as higher rates or multiple applications in suppressing the populations.
Economic Feasibility of Micro-Irrigating Container-Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Haydu J.J. , Beeson R.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While past research has examined certain technical efficiencies, little effort has been directed at the economic feasibility of various irrigation systems for container-grown landscape plants. Two irrigation systems, cyclic micro-irrigation and overhead impact sprinkler, were examined to determine economic advantages of one system over the other for container-grown landscape plants. Seedlings of Acer rubrum L. and Quercus virginiana Mill. produced in #3, #7, #10 and #15 (10.2, 26.5, 37.8, and 56.8 liter) polyethylene containers were considered. A two-step methodology was used to establish the biological and economic parameters of the study. Three major conclusions were arrived at in this paper. First, with the exception of the smallest container size, there was little difference in initial investment costs and variable costs of production between the two systems. Second, water costs were shown to be prohibitive for larger container sizes when reclaimed water is used in conjunction with overhead systems. Third, the potential impact of cyclic microirrigation on a firm's economic returns were shown to be positive. Cyclic micro-irrigation markedly speeds up the production process, utilizes less material inputs and a fraction of the water of an overhead system.