bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Illicit Drug Use among Adolescents: A Public Perception of Influencing Factors in Owerri, Nigeria
Authors: Ogu Udochukwu , Ezumah Nkoli , Odii Aloysius , Uguru Nkolika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Illicit drug use among adolescents has become a public health concern which cuts across all social strata. This study explored the public perception of factors that influence illicit drug use among adolescents in Owerri, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for the study. The study adopted a mixed-method approach comprising quantitative and qualitative methods and was carried out in Owerri metropolis of Imo State, Nigeria. The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and in-depth interview guide. The target population comprised adults 18 years and above residing in the area of interest at the time of the study. For the qualitative method, a total of 10 communities were selected randomly by balloting and availability sampling was employed in the selection of respondents. Respondents for the qualitative method were purposively selected.Results: Our quantitative study found that 50.7% of the respondents, from across the three areas in Owerri metropolis, asserted that peer influence, emotional problems, relationship problems, wanting to feel ‘high’ are factors influencing adolescent consumption of illicit drugs whereas the qualitative study found family background, unique experience such as the death of a loved one, affliction or misfortune as factors influencing adolescents’ illicit drug use. The quantitative results showed that persons with a higher level of education are more likely than those with a lower level of education to perceive a significant difference in drug use between in – school and out – of – school adolescents. Conclusions: Peer influence, emotional problems, relationship problems and the influence of media (especially the social media), among several other identified reasons, are perceived by the public as factors that influence adolescents’ use of illicit drugs. As a means to curb some of these factors, the communities, schools and universities should formulate contextual policies to prevent drug use and should also hold seminars for parents and families to alert them early to the symptoms of drug use in their children.
An Unusual Immunohistochemical&nbsp;“Null” Pattern&nbsp;of&nbsp;Four MMRs&nbsp;Proteins&nbsp;of Gastric Cancer and Literature Review
Authors: Yue Meng , Liu Junying , Liu Qingwei , Liu Yueping 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Immunohistochemical (IHC) stainings for the mismatch repair (MMR) proteins are useful methods for the treatment and prognosis in gastric cancer. Different IHC staining patterns reflect the complex biological phenomena underlying MMR deficiency. We herein report a rare IHC staining pattern of four MMR-related proteins in gastric cancer.Case presentation: An “null” IHC staining pattern of four MMR-related proteins in a 67–year-old man with gastric cancer, including MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6. The results remained unchanged after repeated tests. We find the promoter hypermethylation of MLH1 subsequently. Moreover, next-generation sequencing showed that the four genes exhibited changes. One of these was the somatic mutation of the missing copy number in exon 14 of MSH2. Mutation analysis using peripheral blood showed no germline mutation in the these four genes. The patient had no personal or family tumor history. After finishing the above work, we classified this case as sporadic case. The patient returned to normal after the operation. 9 months after operation, patients were admitted to hospital and no signs of tumor metastasis and recurrence were found. After 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy, the patients and was discharged home in a stable condition.Conclusions: It is greatly important for the patient and their relatives to improve the understanding of abnormal IHC findings and the biological significance by clinicians. This observation revealed a rare but potential phenomenon in assessing MMR proteins, and explained this was a sporadic case that needed no clinical management implications for his family.
WITHDRAWN: Prognostic Value of Heterotypic Neutrophil-in-Tumor&nbsp;Structure in Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Fan Jie , Yang Yang , Fang Qigen , Cui Meng , Du Wei , Liu Shanting , Luo Ruihua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective: To analyze the prognostic value of frequency of heterotypic neutrophil-in-tumor structure(FNiT) in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma(TSCC).Methods: In vitro, we cocultured TSCC cell line-CAL33 with neutrophils to form heterotypic neutrophil-in-tumor structures, which were then subject to fluorescence staining. Clinically, 197 patients were enrolled. Information including age, sex, FNiT, ECOG PS(Performance Status), FH (family history) of cancer, complications, and pathological characteristics such as tumor stage, node stage, metastasis, disease stage, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, tumor grade, and follow-up results was extracted and analyzed.Results: Fluorescent staining results of typical heterotypic neutrophil-in-tumor structure showed that well-differentiated CAL-33-2 had stronger ability to internalize more neutrophils than poorly-differentiated CAL-33-1 did, the latter often internalizing only one neutrophil. The mean FNiT was 4.8‰,with a range from 2.1‰ to 8.9‰. The FNiT was significantly associated with tumor stage, disease stage and tumor grade. A total of 119 patients died of the disease, and the 5-year disease-specific survival(DSS) rate was 36%. The median survival time was 52.6 months. In patients with an FNiT<4.8‰, the 5-year DSS rate was 40%; in patients with an FNiT>=4.8‰, the 5-year DSS was 28%, and the difference was significant(P=0.001). Cox model analysis showed that FNiT along with disease stage, lymphovascular invasion and tumor grade was an independent prognostic factor for DSS.Conclusion: The FNiT as a novel predictor is positively correlated with adverse prognosis of patients with TSCC.
Activated Carbon Preparation from Eucalyptus Wood Chips using Continuous Carbonization - Steam Activation Process in a Batch Intermittent Rotary Kiln
Authors: Mopoung Sumrit , Dejang Nuchjira 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The production of activated carbon from eucalyptus wood chips by steam activation in a 2000 kg batch intermittent rotary kiln with continuous carbonization - steam activation process at 500°C to 700 °C was studied. The activated carbon products were characterized by FTIR, SEM-EDS, Raman spectroscopy, and BET analyzer. Percent yields, iodine number, and methylene number of the produced activated carbon materials were also measured. It was shown that the percent yield of the activated carbon materials made in the temperatures range of 500°C to 700 °C are 21.63 ± 1.52% − 31.79 ± 0.70% with capacities of 518–737 mg I2/g and 70.11–96.93 mg methylene blue /g. The BET surface area and micropore volume of the activated carbons are 426.8125-870.4732 m2/g and 0.102390–0.215473 cm3/g, respectively. The steam used in the process could create various oxygen containing surface functional groups such as –CO and –COC groups. In addition, it could also increase the amorphous nature of the activated carbon product. These properties of the activated carbon products are increased with increasing steam activation temperature from 500°C to 700°C. As a result, the activated carbon materials produced at activation temperatures of 600 °C and 700 °C have higher adsorption
Naltrexone Treatment for Prolonged Grief Disorder: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Gang James , Kocsis James , Avery Jonathan , Maciejewski Paul , Prigerson Holly 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUNDThere is a lack of effective pharmacotherapy for prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Evidence suggests that the neurobiology of PGD involves the same circuitry as the reward pathway. Based upon this evidence, we hypothesize that PGD can be conceptualized as a disorder of addiction, and therefore could benefit from being treated with medications that are currently used to treat such disorders. One such medication is naltrexone, which is currently used to treat alcohol and opioid dependence. Oral naltrexone was chosen for its mechanism of action, safety, and convenience. The primary aim of this study is to establish the efficacy of using oral naltrexone as a pharmacological treatment for PGD. Specifically, we hypothesize that participants receiving naltrexone will demonstrate reduced PGD symptoms when compared to placebo.METHODS/DESIGNThis is a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded (to healthcare professionals, participants, and data analysts) in which we propose to enroll 46 participants who meet criteria for Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). Participants will be randomly assigned to the naltrexone 50 mg oral arm or placebo arm; medications will be over-encapsulated to appear identical. Participants will take their assigned medication for 8 weeks, with monthly clinic visits to assess symptom severity, social closeness, and adverse reactions. Weekly surveys of Prolonged Grief-13-Revised (PG-13-R) will be used to relate naltrexone use to changes in PGD symptom severity. Follow-up 4 weeks after their last visit will assess the longevity of treatment, as well as any lingering adverse reactions.DISCUSSIONThis study is the first to investigate the use of oral naltrexone as pharmacological treatment for PGD. The acute and debilitating nature of the disorder, in addition to the evidence demonstrating the increased risk of comorbidities, highlights the need for pharmacological treatment like naltrexone that can act more rapidly, may help those for whom psychotherapy may not be effective, and/or may augment psychotherapy to promote PGD symptom grief resolution.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04547985. Registered on 8/31/2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04547985.
Gut and oral bacterial diversity of the lizard Diploderma splendidum investigated using metagenomic analysis
Authors: Tian Zhige , hu xiaoliang , Gou Dandan , Wu Yayong , Guo Peng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

Gut and oral microbial communities are complex and play a key role in their co-evolution with their hosts. However, little is understood about the bacterial community in lizards. In this study, we first investigated the gut and oral bacterial community in Diploderma splendidum from Sichuan Province, China. Metagenomic analysis of feces and oral cavity samples showed distinct differences between Diploderma splendidum and Liolaemus parvus, and L. ruibali and Phymaturus williamsi species.
Results

Bacteridetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria were the most abundant phyla in fecal samples. However, the composition of the gut bacterial community of insectivorous lizards (Diploderma splendidum) exhibited unique abundance of phyla Proteobacteria and Chlamydiae when compared with L. parvus, L. ruibali and P. williamsi. Furthermore, Proteobacteria were abundant in oral cavity samples, followed by Actinobacteria, Chlamydiae and Firmicutes. Most striking was that the phylum Chlamydiae was most common in the oral cavity of Diploderma splendidum, when compared with a carnivorous lizard (Varanus komodoensis). In addition, more than 26 bacterial species were detected in the gut and/or oral cavity that were identified as potential human pathogens.
Conclusions

In this study, metagenomic analysis was carried out to reveal the gut and oral microbiomes, which brought new insight into the complex bacterial community and ecology in Diploderma splendidum.
Using OSCE for Capacity Building Program Outcome Evaluation: A First SP-based OSCE in Laos
Authors: Park Kye-Yeung , Park Hoon-Ki , Shin Jwa-Seop , Jung Youngjoo , Seo Min Young , Kim Taejong , Bouphavanh Ketsomsouk , Sengchanh Sourideth , Inthachack Ketmany 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: This study examines the educational effects of a Korean capacity-building study-abroad project, the Dr. Lee Jong Wook-Seoul Project (DLSP), on the clinical performance of Laotian doctors using a standardized patient–based (SP-based) objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), which was the first OSCE conducted in Laos. Methods: An on-site seminar and workshop for the OSCE were held as an implementation strategy prior to the examination. For the outcome evaluation, a six-station SP-based OSCE was implemented among 90 examinees, who comprised two case–control groups: 17 DLSP-experienced doctors and 17 control doctors to evaluate the direct educational effect as learning, 28 mentees of the DLSP-experienced doctors and 28 control doctors to evaluate the indirect educational effects as transfer. Written questionnaire and interview data were also collected from the 90 examinees. Results: No comparisons within the first and second case–control groups showed significant differences in the OSCE overall or subcomponent scores. The same results were found in subgroup analyses by sex, major, and profession. The interview data indicated that the project improved participants’ medical knowledge, skills, and self-confidence, but its effects on clinical ability seemed questionable due to limited opportunities to see patients within the learning environment. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated the process for introducing an SP-based OSCE in Laos and successfully completing the testing. Discrepancy in the goals of the OSCE and DLSP, the educational and technological gap between the two countries, and the short period of project implementation are possible explanations for the lack of significant differences in the OSCE results.
WITHDRAWN: Heavy Grazing Reduces the Diversity of Soil Microbial Communities in Meadow Grassland Under Long-Term Grazing
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xin Xiaoping , Li Ruiqiang , Xun Weibing , Zhang Ruifu , Li Linghao , Wang Xu , Chen Jinqiang , Yan Ruirui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Soil microorganisms are an important part of the grassland ecosystem and promote material transformation and energy flow in the entire ecological environment. Moreover, Hulun Buir grassland is the material basis for the development of animal husbandry. Therefore, it is of great scientific significance to study the changes of soil microbial community caused by grazing in Hulunbuir grassland for the sustainable and stable development of grassland ecosystem. Methods: The present research used high-throughput sequencing of soil microorganism (bacteria and fungi) genes to compare microbial communities in 6 levels of grazing intensity (0.00, 0.23, 0.34, 0.46, 0.69, and 0.92 Au ha-1) under the Hulun Buir structure and the diversity characteristics of Leymus chinensis meadow steppe.Results: The 0-10 cm soil layer of the G0.34 test area had the highest content, and the content of the G0.92 test area was lower than the other grazing treatments. With increasing depth, the carbon and nitrogen contents of microorganisms decreased. The diversity of soil bacteria in the light grazing test area (0.23Au ha-1) was higher than the heavy grazing area, and the diversity of fungi in the non-grazing area was higher than the specific grazing areas. Most bacterial species were enriched in the G0.00 grazing areas, and the other grazing intensities were less abundant. The underground biomass (P = 0.039) significantly influenced the bacterial community structure, and pH (P =0.032), total nitrogen (P =0.011) and litter (P =0.007) significantly influenced the fungal community.Conclusions: In conclusion, the structures of bacterial and fungal communities are very sensitive to grazing and varied with grazing intensity. Our findings demonstrated that a grazing intensity of approximately 0.23 Au ha-1 was the most appropriate for the grassland of the meadow in Hulun Buir.
Niche Differentiation and Co-Occurrence Network of Fungal Communities Associated with Host Affiliations in an Extremely Arid Desert Ecosystem
Authors: Zuo Yiling , Li Xia , Yang Jingya , Liu Jiaqiang , He Xueli , Zhao Lili 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Desert shrubs represent high productivity and play essential roles in maintaining the biodiversity and stability of ecosystem functioning in arid desert ecosystems. These xerophytic plants provide specific biotic and abiotic conditions for the resident specialist microorganisms. However, a robust understanding of the structural composition of the fungal microbiome associated with desert plants and especially the relationship between above- and belowground communities is currently lacking. In this study, we examined the endophytic fungal communities associated with the root, stem, and leaf tissues of five desert shrubs using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) sequences.Results: A total of 337 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of endophytic fungi were identified at a 97% sequence similarity level. Pleosporales were dominant and played an irreplaceable role as keystone species in maintaining the connectivity and complexity of the fungal networks. Desert shrub identity significantly affected the community composition of the endophytic fungi in different tissues. Compared with the fungi in the aboveground tissues, root-associated fungi represented the most abundant reservoir of biodiversity in the desert habitat and displayed significantly high tissue specificity. Interestingly, the aboveground stems and leaves showed higher taxonomic overlap with underground root tissues than with each other. The root fungal network revealed the highest connectivity, and the interspecies relationships between desert fungal OTUs revealed a high percentage of co-presence rather than mutual exclusion. In addition, members of Hypocreales played a central role in connecting the above- and belowground fungal networks.Conclusions: This study represents the first example of research revealing plant-fungus endophytic associations in an extremely arid desert ecosystem with the simultaneous consideration and comparison of above- and belowground niches. Understanding the complex host-microbe interactions associated with desert plants could provide a basis for the exploitation of plant-fungus associations in the manipulation of the shrub microbiome for ecological restoration purposes.
Disruption of Nasal Bacteria Enhances Protective Immune Responses to Influenza A Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Nagai Minami , Moriyama Miyu , Ichinohe Takeshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Gut microbiota and these microbial-derived products play a critical role in the induction of adaptive immune responses to influenza virus infection. However, the role of nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immunity is less clear. Here, we examine whether nasal bacteria critically regulates the generation of influenza virus specific adaptive immune response after infection or intranasal vaccination. Results: We demonstrated that disruption of nasal bacteria by topical mucosal application of antibiotic enhances the virus-specific antibody responses to influenza virus infection. Although intranasal administration of hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine alone was insufficient to induce the HA-specific antibody responses, disruption of nasal bacteria by lysozyme or addition of culturable oral bacteria from a healthy human volunteer rescued inability of the nasal bacteria to generate antibody responses to intranasally administered split-virus vaccines. Myd88-depdnent signaling in the hematopoietic compartment was required for adjuvant activity of intranasally administered oral bacteria. In addition, we found that the oral bacteria-combined intranasal vaccine induced protective antibody response to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Conclusion: We show for the first time that disruption of nasal bacteria enhances protective immune responses to influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our findings here have identified a previously unappreciated role for nasal bacteria in the induction of the virus-specific adaptive immune responses.
Reach, Adoption and Sustainability of a Mobile Clinical Decision Support Tool Paired With a National Quality Improvement Project Targeting Emergency Department Febrile Infant Management
Authors: Kerns Ellen K , McCulloh Russell , Dai Hongying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Electronic clinical decision support (ECDS) tools are often developed within quality improvement (QI) projects to increase adherence with the latest clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).However, scalability and sustainability of ECDS beyond the time and location of their associated project are very limited. Deploying ECDS using a mobile app (mECDS) has shown the potential to be a viable method of overcoming these limitations. However, it is unclear what pattern the spread of uptake and use of such a tool might follow.Methods: In 2016, our team released a freely available mECDS as part of a national multi-site project entitled Reducing Variation in Infant Sepsis Evaluation (REVISE). For this study, we evaluated trends in weekly mECDS usage measures defined as 1) REVISE metric related screen views (MetricHits), 2) unique designated market areas (DMA) where the mECDS was used (Unique DMAs), 3) density of use or MetricHits/Unique DMAs (HitsPerDMA). Linear regressions were performed to examine the app usage trends measures across three time periods (during REVISE, 1-year post, 2-year post). Separate regression analyses were performed among DMAs that contained a REVISE site and those that did not. The number of REVISE sites in the DMA, the number of children’s hospitals in the DMA, DMA population, and season were also evaluated as confounding factors.Results: Strong growth in the number of unique DMAs and MetricHits occurred during the period of 1-year post the REVISE project. The overall usage continued to be relatively stable during the period of 2-years post. HitsPerDMA had stronger growth in DMAs with a REVISE site than those without. MetricHits were higher in DMAs with a larger population, more REVISE sites, and more children’s hospitals. There were also more MetricHits in the summer than in the winter months. Conclusions: Both temporal and spatial increases in mECDS app usage were found as evidence of a contagion method of spread. Other confounding factors may also play a role in app reach, adoption, and sustainability. Further research is needed to determine the factors driving passive diffusion and its impact on clinical practice and patient outcomes.