bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and locust bean gums on some of physicochemical, mechanical, and textural properties of extruded rice
Authors: Mirzaei Mehry , Movahhed Sara , Asadollahzadeh Mohammad Javad , Ahmadi Chenarbon Hossein 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExtrusion is a composite process consisting of many different unit operations such as mixing, cooking, pasting, and molding. In this process, the raw material is forced through a tiny opening to be transformed into a product with a desired and unique shape, texture, color, and taste. In combination with different amounts and types of additives, this technique can result in functional food products for a broad range of people suffering from micronutrient deficiency. The hydrocolloid compounds are now employed to improve the texture and performance properties of many food products. Therefore, this study scrutinized the effects of carboxymethylcellulose and locust bean gums at different levels (0.5, 0.75, and 1%) alone or in combination with each other on chemical, physical, mechanical, and textural properties of extruded rice in comparison with the qualitative properties of the control rice. A completely random design was used along with three replications to analyze the test results. Then the means were compared through Duncan's multiple range test at (α = 5%). According to the results, addition of gums increased moisture, ash, total color difference, water absorption capacity, solubility, failure force, rupture energy, elasticity module, and toughness when reduced lateral expansion was compared to the control. Moreover, the addition of gums after the cooking process increased cooking loss, texture hardness, chewability, and elasticity of the specimens in comparison with the control. According to the results of pre‐ and post‐cooking tests, the specimens containing locust (0.75%) and carboxymethylcellulose (0.75%) gums were the best treatments.
Effects of the size distribution of wheat starch on noodles with and without gluten
Authors: Yan Huili , Lu Qiyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo understand the effects of A‐ and B‐type wheat starch on noodle quality, two noodle models with (Model 1) and without (Model 2) gluten were constructed with five different ratios of A‐ to B‐granules (100A‐0B, 75A‐25B, 50A‐50B, 25A‐75B, and 0A‐100B). With increasing proportions of B‐granules, the noodle structures of Models 1 and 2 became increasingly dense. The cooking loss, water absorption, proportion of free water, chewiness, cohesiveness and resilience decreased from 35.64 to 15.49%, 240.92 to 228.58%, 88.89 to 85.98%, 21.93 to 13.24 N, 0.77 to 0.56, and 0.61 to 0.36, respectively, with the increased proportion of B‐granules in Model 2, while those parameters normally presented “V” or inverted “V” trends in Model 1. Compared to their counterparts in Model 2, gluten networks with 25–50% B‐granules had an outstanding ability to increase the percentage of tightly bound water, hardness, chewiness and springiness by 4.50%, 24.07 N, 25.05 N, and 0.17 at most and reduce the proportion of free water and water absorption by 5.56 and 73.70% at most, respectively. The results indicated that the effect of the gluten network on noodle qualities may partially depend on its structure, which is shaped by the granule size distribution. Compared to the other characteristics of noodles, the springiness was influenced by a more complicated mechanism involving A‐ and B‐granules in Model 2, while it was strongly affected by the gluten network under the given experimental conditions in Model 1.
Impact of direct‐acting antiviral agents on liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Johnson Philip J. , Berhane Sarah , Walker Alex J. , Gordon Fiona H. , Ryder Steven D , McPherson Stuart , Sreedharan Aravamuthan , Ustianowski Andrew A. , Agarwal Kosh , Mutimer David , Kumada Takeshi , Toyoda Hidenori , Irving William L. ,   HCV Research UK
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhilst the benefit of direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAAs) in achieving sustained virological response (SVR) is now well‐accepted, their impact on liver function, particularly in relation to achievement of SVR, has not been well documented. We studied 2394 patients with chronic HCV infection, 1276 receiving DAAs and 1118 interferon‐based therapy. Liver function was assessed by the albumin‐bilirubin (ALBI) score or grade. Overall survival according to SVR status and baseline ALBI grade was examined. We also studied time to first decompensation according to ALBI grade, as well as longitudinal changes in ALBI score over time according to SVR. Among the patients receiving DAAs, 89% achieved SVR (Japan = 99%, UK = 78%). Amongst the decompensated patients in the UK cohort, three distinct risk groups according to ALBI grade at baseline were observed. The UK patients receiving DAAs, who had predominantly decompensated disease, showed clear evidence of improvement of liver function detectable within 2 years of the start of treatment, especially in those achieving SVR. These early changes in liver function were very similar to those observed in the first 2‐3 years after interferon‐based therapy. DAAs improve liver function especially in those with decompensated disease who achieve SVR. Experience with interferon‐based therapy suggests that failure to achieve SVR is associated with long‐term decline in liver function and, in contrast, patients who do achieve SVR can expect long‐term disease improvement and subsequent stabilization of liver function. Our initial analysis suggests that those receiving DAAs are likely, in the long term, to follow a similar course.
Hepatitis C and HIV combined screening in primary care: A cluster randomized trial
Authors: Martínez‐Sanz Javier , Vivancos María Jesús , Sánchez‐Conde Matilde , Gómez‐Ayerbe Cristina , Polo Lidia , Labrador Cristina , González Patricia , Mesa Alba , Muriel Alfonso , Chamorro Clotilde , de la Fuente Yolanda , Pérez Elías Pilar , Uranga Almudena , Herrero Margarita , Ares Sara , Barea Rafael , Moreno Santiago , Pérez‐Elías María Jesús 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV are major causes of worldwide disease. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a combined screening programme, which included a risk‐assessment questionnaire and rapid tests for point‐of‐care diagnosis, on screening and new diagnosis rates. This prospective, cluster randomized study was carried out in primary care. The intervention arm included a 4‐hour educational programme, the use of a risk‐assessment questionnaire and rapid tests. In the control centres, only the educational intervention was provided. The main variables compared were the screening coverage and the number and rate of new HCV and HIV diagnoses. Of a total of 7991 participants, 4670 (58.5%) and 2894 (36.2%) presented a risk questionnaire for HIV or HCV, respectively. The younger participants, men and those from Latin America and Eastern Europe, showed the greatest risk of presenting with a positive questionnaire. The overall screening coverage was higher within the intervention arm (OR 17.7; 95% CI 16.2‐19.5; P < .001). Only two HIV‐positives were identified compared to one in control centres. The rate of HCV diagnoses was higher among intervention centres, with 37 versus seven positive tests (OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.3‐11.6; P < .001). Of them, 10 were new diagnoses and 27 had been previously diagnosed, although not linked to care. In conclusion, a simple operational programme can lead to an increase in HCV and HIV screening rates, compared to an exclusively educational programme. The selection of at‐risk patients with a self‐questionnaire and the use of rapid tests significantly increased the diagnostic rate of HCV infection.
Planar and single‐photon emission computed tomography imaging in dogs with thyroid tumors: 68 cases
Authors: van den Berg Marit F. , Daminet Sylvie , Stock Emmelie , Vandermeulen Eva , Scheemaeker Stephanie , Campos Miguel , Kooistra Hans S. , Galac Sara , Duchateau Luc , Peremans Kathelijne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundInformation on scintigraphy findings in dogs with thyroid neoplasia is scarce. The use of single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) could improve detection of metastatic disease.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo describe planar and SPECT imaging findings in dogs with thyroid tumors, and to compare SPECT and thoracic radiography for metastasis detection.AnimalsSixty‐eight dogs with thyroid neoplasia.MethodsRetrospective study, search of medical records for dogs with thyroid neoplasia (2008‐2018).ResultsThyroid scintigraphy was available from 68 dogs, of which 6 presented after surgical resection. Radionuclide uptake was increased in 56% of dogs, decreased in 24%, and comparable to that of the salivary glands in 13%. The remainder had multiple masses with variable uptake. A homogeneous uptake pattern was present in 16% and a heterogeneous uptake pattern in 73%. In 11% (all dogs with multiple masses), various uptake patterns were present. Thyroid tumors were well delineated in 55%. There was a significant association between hormone status and uptake pattern (P= .009), with a heterogeneous uptake pattern in the majority of euthyroid dogs, and hormone status and tumor circumscription (P= .003), with well‐circumscribed margins in the majority of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid dogs. Thoracic SPECT imaging was available in 39 dogs and identified metastatic lesions in 15 dogs. Thoracic radiographs were performed in 14 of these dogs, and detected metastases in 3 dogs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSPECT imaging is a viable imaging technique to screen for thoracic metastasis and wider use of SPECT imaging is recommended in dogs with thyroid neoplasia.
Habitat type and island identity as drivers of community assembly in an archipelago
Authors: Chiarucci Alessandro , Buldrini Fabrizio , Cervellini Marco , Guarino Riccardo , Caccianiga Marco , Foggi Bruno , Viciani Daniele , Lazzaro Lorenzo , Casella Laura , Angelini Pierangela , Cerabolini Bruno Enrico Leone , Pasta Salvatore , Enea Mirko , Zannini Piero 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimEcoinformatics offer new opportunity to test islands as biogeographic and ecological models. In this paper we predicted three hypotheses: (1) plot‐based data issuing from vegetation surveys can be used to predict Island Species‐Area Relationships (ISARs) or island similarity; (2) the habitat area is an independent predictor of species richness patterns within island; (3) species richness and composition are more dependent on habitat type than island identity in land‐bridge islands.AreaTuscan Archipelago, Italy.MethodsWe assembled a database of all the vegetation plots available for the archipelago. For the first hypothesis we calculated ISARs, using Arrhenius model, and Beta Diversity, using Jaccard dissimilarity, on both published floras and cumulative plot data. For the second hypothesis, we modelled Habitat Species‐Area Relationships (HSARs), using Arrhenius model. For the third hypothesis, we used additive partitioning of species richness, NMDS and PERMANOVA.ResultsIsland Species‐Area Relationships based on plot data mirrored those on published floras, but absolute values of c and z parameters were different. Beta diversity based on plot data resembled those of published floras, but was higher. Species richness was significantly related to the habitat area. The total species richness of the archipelago was linked to large scale drivers, such as island identity, while plot species composition was driven by both habitat type and island identity.ConclusionsData assembled issuing from vegetation surveys are useful to describe biogeographic patterns. Species richness in the archipelago is driven by spatial factors such as the amount of habitats and the differences among islands, while the species composition of local assemblages is largely driven by habitat filters rather than by island identity, as expected in land‐bridge islands.
The response of productivity and its sensitivity to changes in precipitation: A meta‐analysis of field manipulation experiments
Authors: Zhang Jiayang , Li Junyong , Xiao Rui , Zhang Jiajia , Wang Dong , Miao Renhui , Song Hongquan , Liu Yinzhan , Yang Zhongling , Liu Mengzhou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuestionsChanges in precipitation can influence grassland productivity and its sensitivity to precipitation variation, but general patterns remain elusive.MethodsUsing data from 59 studies of experimental precipitation manipulations in grasslands, we tested the effect of increases and decreases in precipitation on above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP), below‐ground net primary productivity (BNPP), forb and grass productivity, and their sensitivity to changes in precipitation.ResultsOur results demonstrated that: (a) ANPP sensitivity to increases in precipitation was 87.3% greater than to decreases in precipitation, whereas there was no difference in the sensitivity of BNPP to increases and decreases in precipitation; (b) the sensitivity of grasses was 315.5% higher to decreases in precipitation than to increases in precipitation, but there was no difference in the sensitivity of forbs to increases and decreases in precipitation; (c) the sensitivity of ANPP to increases and decreases in precipitation was 620.8% and 91.7% higher than that of BNPP, respectively; (d) the sensitivity of grasses to precipitation decreases was 157% higher than that of forbs, but there was no difference in the sensitivity of grasses and forbs to increases in precipitation; and (e) the sensitivity of ANPP to increases in precipitation and BNPP to both increases and decreases in precipitation reduced with increasing mean annual precipitation (MAP), and the reduced magnitude in BNPP sensitivity was higher to precipitation increases than to precipitation decreases. In contrast, neither grass nor forb sensitivity varied with changes in MAP.ConclusionsOur study suggests that grassland productivity and its sensitivity to changes in precipitation not only depend on the magnitude of precipitation but also on the direction of precipitation change. These findings are important for the management of grasslands under future precipitation change scenarios.
HCV cirrhotic patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals: Detection of tubular dysfunction and resolution after viral clearance
Authors: Biliotti Elisa , Palazzo Donatella , Tinti Francesca , D'Alessandro Maria Domenica , Esvan Rozenn , Labriola Raffaella , Cappoli Andrea , Umbro Ilaria , Volpicelli Lorenzo , Bachetoni Alessandra , Villa Erica , Mitterhofer Anna Paola , Rucci Paola , Taliani Gloria 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground/AimsHepatitis C virus (HCV) has been identified in tubular epithelial cells of infected patients; however, the presence of tubular dysfunction, which is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD), has never been examined in vivo. The present prospective longitudinal study aimed to estimate the prevalence of tubular dysfunction alone or with glomerular damage and its evolution after HCV clearance in cirrhotic patients.MethodsOne hundred and thirty‐five consecutive Child‐Pugh A cirrhotic patients were evaluated before antiviral treatment and 6 months after the end of therapy. Tubular dysfunction was evaluated by urinary alpha1‐microglobulin to creatinine ratio (α1‐MCR), and glomerular damage was assessed by urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR).ResultsAlmost all the patients (93.3%) showed a normal or mildly decreased e‐GFR (KDIGO‐G1/G2‐categories). Tubular dysfunction was found in 23.7% (32/135) of patients, co‐occurring with glomerular damage in 37.5% (12/32) of cases, while glomerular damage was found in 16.3% (22/135) of patients. In multiple logistic regression, glomerular damage and the concomitant presence of diabetes and hypertension were the only predictors significantly associated with tubular dysfunction. After HCV clearance, patients experienced a significant reduction of α1‐MCR levels (21.0 vs 10.5 μg/mg, P = .009) and tubular dysfunction resolved in 57.1% of subjects.ConclusionsTubular dysfunction is an unrecognized feature of HCV‐related kidney disease in cirrhotic patients and its presence should be primarily investigated in subjects with glomerular damage, diabetes and hypertension, despite normal e‐GFR. Tubular dysfunction resolves in the majority of cases after HCV clearance; however, it may persist after antiviral treatment and further studies should evaluate its long‐term impact on kidney function.
Non‐selective beta‐blockers increase overall and liver mortality in alcoholic cirrhosis with MELD ≥ 12 over 5 years of follow‐up
Authors: Calès Paul , Bertrais Sandrine , Boursier Jérôme , Fouchard Isabelle , Oberti Frédéric ,   SNIFF 16 group
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsNon‐cardioselective beta‐blocker (NSBB) effects on mortality in cirrhosis are controversial. We evaluated the impact of NSBBs on mortality according to liver severity and mortality cause.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty‐eight patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were included in a retroprospective cohort: 129 NSBB‐treated and 129 controls. The NSBB group had the following significant baseline differences: higher MELD, more frequent previous gastrointestinal bleeding, large oesophageal varices (OV) and lower heart rate. Propranolol dose was 160 mg/d in 81% of NSBB patients.Results(i) Liver function: during 5.3 ± 2.6 years of follow‐up, MELD progression was higher in NSBB patients: 1 (−1‐4) than in controls: 0 (−1‐1) (P = .017). (ii) Overall survival: no significant differences were observed between NSBBs and controls (Kaplan‐Meier curves: P = .291). In multivariate Cox analysis, baseline MELD interacted with NSBB (P = .011). Thus, the NSBB hazard ratio (HR) was 0.99 (0.50‐1.98) in MELD < 12 vs 3.17 (1.19‐8.42) in MELD ≥ 12. (iii) Liver survival: NSBB decreased liver survival (Kaplan‐Meier: P = .031). In multivariate Cox analysis, baseline MELD interacted with NSBB (P < .001). The NSBB HR was 0.81 (0.30‐2.19) in MELD < 12 vs 6.23 (1.94‐20.0) in MELD ≥ 12. In competing risk multivariate analysis for liver mortality, the MELD‐NSBB interaction was significant (P < .001): the NSBB HR was 1.02 (0.36‐2.91) in MELD < 12 vs 9.24 (3.18‐26.9) in MELD ≥ 12. 4) Non‐liver survival: contrastingly, non‐liver survival was increased by NSBBs, especially in MELD ≥ 12 (competing Kaplan‐Meier: P = .044). These results were confirmed in propensity risk score (PRS)‐matched patients.ConclusionIn alcoholic cirrhosis with rather high propranolol doses, overall and liver survival are significantly aggravated when MELD is ≥12.
Oxygen and carbon stable isotope composition of the weathering Mg‐carbonates formed on the surface of the LEW 85320 ordinary chondrite: Revisited
Authors: El‐Shenawy Mohammed I. , Niles Paul B. , Ming Doug W. , Socki Rick , Righter Kevin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNew δ13C and δ18O values were measured to constrain the formation mechanisms of two previously identified generations (Antarctica and Houston) of terrestrial weathering carbonates, nesquehonite, which formed on the surface of the Lewis Cliff 85320 ordinary chondrite. These two nesquehonite generations exhibit a characteristic carbon and oxygen isotopic trend which starts with a linear δ13C‐δ18O covariation followed by a continuous increase in δ18O with little to no change in δ13C. Based on the newly developed nesquehonite‐water oxygen isotope thermometry and the measured δ18O value of melted ice from Antarctica, the formation temperature of the Antarctic nesquehonite generation was estimated to be −1.9 ± 3 °C. Houston nesquehonite generation was most likely formed from an evaporative residue of the melted Antarctic ice at 30 ± 4 °C. Modeling the isotopic trend of the two generations suggests that evaporation created large δ18O variations in the nesquehonite while carbon isotopes were stabilized by exchange between the parent liquid and atmospheric CO2. Thus, we suggest that carbonates formed by terrestrial weathering in Antarctica should possess a wide spread in δ18O values and a narrow range in δ13C values under dry and cold conditions. Finally, the observed wide spread of δ18O in Martian carbonates (e.g., Allan Hills 84001 and Nakhla) can be explained by evaporation near 0 °C and may have formed by a similar mechanism to that of the nesquehonite in the LEW 85320. Meanwhile, the wide spread of δ13C suggests that two carbon reservoirs with distinct isotope compositions on Mars (e.g., the atmospheric carbon and magmatic carbon) may be actively participating in the formation process.
Rapid homoploid hybrid speciation in British gardens: The origin of Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus)
Authors: Nevado Bruno , Harris Stephen A. , Beaumont Mark A. , Hiscock Simon J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHybridisation can lead to homoploid hybrid speciation, i.e., the origin of new species without change in chromosome number between parents and offspring. Central to homoploid hybrid speciation is the role of hybridisation in the establishment of reproductive isolation between the hybrid and the parental species in the early stages of speciation, when typically all species occur at least partly in sympatry. In this work we analyse genome‐wide polymorphism data obtained by transcriptome sequencing of the British hybrid species Oxford ragwort (Senecio squalidus,Asteraceae), its two Italian parental species (S. aethnensisandS. chrysanthemifolius)and their naturally occurring hybrids on Mt Etna (Italy). We show that Oxford ragwort most likely originated from de novo hybridisation between its two Italian parental species whilst they were in cultivation in British gardens at the turn of the 18th century. Reproductive isolation between the new hybrid species and its parental species probably resulted from inheritance of genetic incompatibilities between the two parental species and subsequent ecological segregation – both of which have been shown in previous studies. Our results imply thatS. squalidusmeets the most stringent criteria set forth to identify homoploid hybrid speciation, and call attention to the creative role of hybridisation in responding to novel environmental conditions.