bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of the global energy internet and the suggestions to China
Authors: Wang Yikuai , Tu Ying , Lu Shenxiong , Liu Qiang , Ying Yejun , Zhou Xiaoming 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Energy internet projects can participate in demand response, distributed renewable energy resources, and “source-grid-load-storage”. Some developed countries, such as the United States, Denmark, and Germany, have accumulated some experience in energy internet projects. In these projects, the electricity market mechanisms have been adjusted according to the character of energy internet. Firstly, some typical projects of energy internet are introduced. In addition, different electricity market mechanisms are analyzed. Finally, combined with the current electricity market in China and foreign experience, suggestions are proposed to the development of the electricity market and energy internet in China.
Cluster analysis on railway infrastructure standards in China and its application to railway efficiency improvement
Authors: Fei Jianbo , Ni Guangbin , Wang Xuetao , Jie Yuxin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The present paper structures an infrastructure standard cluster by studying the attributes, the level of application, and the implementation object of more than two hundred railway infrastructure standards in China. These standards are classified and fitted into different specific categories of the cluster, as a result, a systematic and complete standard cluster forms. A concept of comprehensive standards is put forward during the development of the proposed standard cluster. The proposed cluster could not only guide the preparation of railway standards, improve the economic performance of railway construction, but also helps to enhance the efficiency of the whole railway technical system. Cost reduction for HSR is chosen as an efficiency improvement objective to study how the proposed standard cluster helps to get a set of complete technical solutions. Study results reveal that the cluster can provide a basis for a comprehensive study on specific technical aspects (e.g., cost reduction), and can further extend to a number of applications regarding to efficiency improvement of the railway infrastructure system.
Study fuzzy variable supplied water temperature control for air-to-water heat pumps connected to a residential floor heating system
Authors: Jiang Duhui , Cui Hongshe , Sun Rui , Lin Wei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Reasonable supplied water temperature of air-to-water heat pump connected to the floor heating system can save energy and improve comfort. Based on the variation of hourly ambient temperature and ambient temperature, the fuzzy control table is established to adjust the supplied water temperature of the air-to-water heat pump. Considering the energy consumption and unsatisfied time in the whole season, the fuzzy control table is optimized by Hooke-Jeeves algorithm by a 100 m2 building in Beijing. Comparing the conventional 45 °C supplied water temperature, the simulation results show that the system energy consumption saved by 11.3% and unsatisfied time saved by 9.0% in the whole heating season.
The characteristics and enlightenment of famous energy and power enterprises’ environmental management
Authors: Jin Yanming , Tan Xue 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This study compares and analyzes the environmental management cases of well-known foreign energy and power companies, and investigates their environmental management operation modes, environmental protection measures and environmental management performance. Based on the survey data, this paper puts forward the main problems existing in the environmental management of China’s energy and power enterprises. The results show that the world-famous energy and power companies have clear environmental protection strategic goals, first-class environmental protection talents and continuous environmental protection technology. Innovative environment protection abilities include extending the pollution prevention chain, innovation waste recycling and reusing methods, carrying out the research of carbon capture and storage technology, and focusing on protecting biodiversity. In contrast, the environmental management systems of some domestic power enterprises are not compatible with the rapid development of productivity, therefore, an innovative environmental management model is needed.
Multi-drivers and multi-mechanism analysis for city-level energy consumption in Suzhou based on the extended STIRPAT model
Authors: Ma Yahui , Zhang Zhe , Huo Molin , Guo Lei , Wang Changjian , Li Zeng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Examining the driving factors of energy consumption at city scale, is an important measure for effectively achieving energy saving and emission reduction. An extended STIRPAT model based on the classical IPAT identity is adopted to uncover the main drivers for total energy consumption in Suzhou, an important manufacturing city in China, during 2006 to 2016. The main conclusions are as follow: (1) Foreign trade, economic growth, and industrialization are the three dominant contributors to energy consumption increments. Furthermore, quite significant portion of Suzhou’s foreign trade is processing exports. The export products are mainly high-energy consumption such as electromechanical, chemical, textile, etc. The export-oriented economy is accelerating the economic growth and industrialization, and also strengthening the energy intensive regional development mode. (2) Urbanization and population size are also the main driving factors for the rapid growth of energy consumption in Suzhou. The population scale effect exhibits the urban function of absorb employment and agglomerate population in Suzhou, it also demonstrates the growing energy demands caused by population growth and the accompanying urbanization process. (3) Energy consumption intensity and energy consumption structure are the important influencing factor in curbing energy consumption in Suzhou. Energy saving effects played by energy consumption intensity are stronger than energy consumption structure. The coal-based energy consumption structure has not been changed fundamentally during the research period. Therefore, the energy saving effect of energy structure has not been fully utilized. The current and future major strategies for controlling energy consumption in Suzhou should further improve energy utilization efficiency, optimize energy consumption structure, and reduce the proportion of coal consumption.
Development and management of ocean energy in China
Authors: Li Yuhang , Ma Changlei 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Renewable energy is one important countermeasure for global climate change problems. Chinese government has paid more attentions to renewable energy in the context of increasing energy demand. The national strategy, such as the Renewable Energy Lawand special fund program for ocean energy, have advanced the big progress of the technology research, development and demonstration for ocean energy in recent years, especially for tidal current energy technologies and wave energy technologies in China. Nevertheless, there are some problems in the development of ocean energy, such as technology readiness levels, incentive policies, test sites, industrialization and so on. Some suggestions are given to improve the applications in remote islands and foster the ocean energy industries in China.
Past and present spatial precipitation variability in the upper middle catchment of the Olifants River basin
Authors: Nkhonjera German K. , Dinka Megersa O. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Within the context of catchment hydrology, using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model, this paper attempts to assess the past and present spatial precipitation variability in the upper middle catchment (UMC) of the Olifants River basin. The study shows a strong decreasing trend of east-to-west direction of spatial precipitation with most rainfall concentrated in the eastern part of the area. Within the western part of the UMC, we also noted another decreasing trend of precipitation from south to north with northern areas of the study area receiving the least amount of rainfall. This localized spatial precipitation variability in the area, from past and present, underlines the importance of studies targeting localized areas within a larger and wider river basin like the Olifants where such variations could otherwise been overlooked.
Estimation of resource capabilities of the NPP turbine unit under the primary frequency control of the current in the power system
Authors: Aminov R Z , Bairamov A N , Moskalenko A B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the article is to estimate the life cycle on the example of NPP with the K-1000-60/1500 turbine and with the VVER-1000 reactor under cyclic load changes using the primary frequency control. The criterion for estimating the life cycle is the rate of the fatigue crack growth of the most loaded rotor element. The main requirements for the NPP power units under conditions of involvement in the primary frequency control are provided. The cyclic loading of the NPP turbine unit blades under conditions of maintaining the power reserve due to a reduction in the load by 2% by throttling the steam, and in line with the requirements for participation in the primary frequency control by 8% of the nominal capacity is substantiated. At the same time, the cyclic mechanical and thermal stresses are determined for the HPC and the LPC rotor blades. In this regard, it is shown that the first stage blades of the HPC rotor during unloading by 8% of the nominal capacity of the most cyclically loaded. The loading intensity and the rate of the fatigue crack growth of the first-stage blades of the HPC rotor are determined on the basis of the cyclic crack-resistance methodology and the Paris equation. It is shown that the rate of the fatigue cracks growth is negligible which determines their longterm life cycle.
Development of a new scheme for the use of heat in the process of dry quenching coke in order to save energy
Authors: Gordeeva I S , Necheporenko E G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The process of efficient use of the heat of red-hot coke in order to obtain the annealed concentrate of siderite ore in the coke dry quenching plant, with the allocation of the zone of preliminary technological heat treatment (ZPTO) of siderite ore, is proposed and investigated. Thermodynamic analysis was carried out, in which the shares of heat of incandescent coke consumed for the implementation of the processes of heating and decomposition of FeCO3MgCO3 with the processes of the bell-Boudoir reaction at 490°C and 650°C, respectively, were determined. The thermodynamic analysis resulted in the construction of a temperature-thermal graph of carbon monoxide cooling in the preheating zone, the heat of which is used to preheat the material to the decomposition temperature of 490°C and a graph of coke cooling in the main zone of material processing (ZMTO) - the zone of the forkamera of the coke dry quenching plant. A comparative table of the mass flow rates of coke and sideriteplezite ore is presented.
Development of technologies to increase efficiency and reliability of combined cycle power plant with double-pressure heat recovery steam generator
Authors: Kudinov A A , Ziganshina S K , Khusainov K R , Demina Yu E 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
To increase the efficiency of a combined cycle power plant, it was suggested in a double-pressure heat recovery steam generator to carry out a reheat of water steam that had been spent in a high pressure cylinder of a steam turbine. The researchers introduce a mathematical algorithm and calculation methodology of the waste-heat boiler. It is proved that after re-superheat of water vapour in a double-circuit waste-heat boiler after the high-pressure superheater (with vapour already used in the high-pressure cylinder of a condensing steam turbine), a CHP-plant efficiency and reliability increase. Calculations for the combined cycle gas turbine unit PGU-450 were performed. It is shown that when the reheater is installed in the recovery steam generator, its efficiency increases by 2.15%. At the same time the efficiency of CCGT for power generation is increased by 3.36%, the degree of dry water steam used in the turbine is increased by 0.082. Consequently, the specific consumption of conventional fuel for electric power generation is reduced by 6.1%. Re-superheating of the total flow of water vapour allows to increase CGP-450 steam-gas unit efficiency by increasing the parameters of the steam entering the low-pressure cylinder of the steam turbine.
Determination of the physicochemical properties of boric acid for VVER emergency modes
Authors: Morozov A V , Sahipgareev A R , Shlepkin A S , Soshkina A S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The results of experimental research of physicochemical properties of water solutions of H3BO3 are presented in this article. The literature review about the influence of hydrogen ion exponent of H3BO3 solutions on its heat and mass transfer, and corrosiveness of an acid in the VVER reactor core in is given. It is found that the existing data does not cover the entire range of parameters (acid concentration, temperature and pressure) characteristic of a possible Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LOCA) at nuclear power plant with a VVER. The problem of the accumulation and crystallization of boric acid in case of LOCA and the operation of passive safety systems (such as hydro accumulators of the first, second and third stages, and a passive heat removal system) is formulated. Test equipment and techniques of research are described. The generalizing equations for the pH and acidity constant of hydrous solutions of H3BO3 in range of the concentration (5-100 gkg−1 H2O) and temperature (25-50 °C) has been obtained.
The efficiency of gas combustion in TGM-84B boilers with a different number of burners
Authors: Taymarov M A , Akhmetova R V , Akhmetov E A , Sungatullin R G 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The efficiency of fuel combustion in energy boilers of thermal power plants largely depends on the layout of the burners in the combustion furnace, on their number and unit capacity. An important condition for the cost-efficiency of the selected combustion mode is the absence of a torch projecting from the combustion products onto the screen surfaces of the heating of the furnace. To prevent the formation of large quantities of harmful emissions of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, the necessary requirement for fuel combustion is to reduce the local values of the torch temperature in the volume of the furnace. In addition, the intensity of the radiation of the torch from the furnace into the horizontal gas duct on the pipe surface of the heating of the superheater should not exceed the permissible values for the thermal resistance of the metal pipes. With a frontal arrangement, the use of burners with a low unit thermal power with an increase in their number allows to reduce the length of the torch and prevent the torch from projecting onto the rear screen. However, this reduces the coefficient of efficiency of the boiler, as it increases the loss of heat with flue gases due to an increase in their temperature.
Structural and operational optimization of the phase transition accumulator during operation as part of a nuclear power plant based on long-term durability
Authors: Yurin V E , Moskalenko A B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the article is the operational optimization of the heat accumulation system taking into account the requirements of the energy market, daily differentiated tariffs and the influence of a specific operating regime on the main equipment performance using the example of a phase transition accumulator installed at a nuclear power plant. There was developed a three-dimensional model for the non-statutory process of flowing fluids and heat-accumulating material hardening which comes as a result of the heat transfer and the stress field exchange between them. The service life of 3D models with various collector wall thicknesses was calculated. There was performed the calculation of the economic effect and payback period for options being compared based on of phase transition accumulator operating cycle, his performance with various collector metal wall thickness. The performance change in the economic analyses is based on the useful lives change while the change in daily operating time is based on the power generation change. As a result, the research shows that the most profitable option for accumulated net income is to use a collector with an accumulator wall thickness of 40 mm and the following operation mode: 5 hours charge + 16 hours discharge.
Development of an algorithm for searching optimal solutions for compensation of reactive power
Authors: Bekirov E A , Voskresenskaya S N 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The problem of reactive power compensation, which includes many tasks, was substantiated in the work. Taking into account a number of specific problems of reactive power compensation and analysis of various electrical systems, an effective method of the calculation of the steady-state operation of the electrical network, on the basis of which the program “KRM_2021V7” was developed, is proposed. The method of nodal voltage, which was accompanied by the compilation of the system of equations and schematic matrices, among which the matrix of nodal conductivities and nodal loads were distinguished, is considered. An algorithm for finding optimal solutions for reactive power compensation is formulated and developed. Also, the work explains the use of genetic algorithms of mutation and population to find optimal solutions. The result of the calculation of losses in power lines for the considered electrical network is given.
The process of charge carrier generation in photosensitive elements based on heterojunction of monocrystalline and amorphous silicon
Authors: Bykov M A , Zuev S A , Bekirov E A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this article, to describe the process of charge carrier generation and current transfer, we consider a model for calculating the characteristics of photovoltaic cells based on heterojunctions of amorphous - monocrystalline silicon in the kinetic approximation. Developed the main provisions of a numerical model for the study, based on the statistics of the broken bonds, and physics of photogeneration and sign conclusion nonequilibrium carriers, and the experimental verification of the obtained simulation results. The use of a simplified model of the density of states in the mobility gap of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is substantiated. This model allows to carry out researches of influence of temperature, degree of alloying and the geometrical sizes on characteristics of photoconverters. The generation of current carriers is characterized by the rate of optical generation and for the interpretation of photoconductivity, the following models of recombination are used such as zone-tail, which occurs when a nonequilibrium carrier is captured from the free zone to the tail state of the opposite zone, which has captured the carrier of another sign and acts as a recombination center. The number of tail states increases as the temperature decreases. Tail - broken link recombination occurs when captured carriers are tunneled from the tail zone state to the broken link state. The dependence of the photoconductivity on the temperature of these structures is calculated.
The alternator and the ancillary components continuous drive from the gearbox
Authors: Dobretsov R Yu , Porshnev G P , Semenov A G , Komarov I A , Telyatnikov DE 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper considered implementation variations of the alternator and/or other units (systems) continuous mechanical drive from summing reduction unit, combined power flows from input and output gearbox valves. The three-link planetary mechanism is used in the simplest case as a reduction unit. These principals could be used in the hybrid cars transmission. The main purpose of this concept is to provide an uninterrupted power supply to the vehicle electrical onboard system from the alternator, including cases of the engine off. Describing principles could be used in transmissions of the wheel traction transport vehicles and tracked vehicles with the hybrid propulsion system. Variants of double way transmission kinematics schemes are provided. The differential characteristics of the schemes are movement and steering abilities with the inoperable internal combustion or electric engines. It worth noting that such engineering solution have extra advantages. The steering control level is increasing, electromechanical drive could replace hydrostatic steering control transmission as a more chip, reliable and technical.
Calculation and analysis of the arcs efficiency of small and large capacity arc steel-melting furnaces
Authors: Makarov A N , Okuneva V V , Pavlova Yu M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the course of the research, the calculation and performed analysis of the arc efficiency of furnaces ASF-5 and ASF-100 power furnaces were performed and the average arc efficiency for melting was determined. The reasons of the increased specific consumption of electric power on charge melting by arc steel-melting furnaces of small capacity in comparison with heavy-load furnaces are revealed. Efficiency of arcs of low-tonnage furnaces is much less than the same indicator of modern heavy-duty arc steel-melting furnaces (ASF). Low efficiency of arcs of light-duty furnaces leads to a significant specific power consumption for smelting, comprising 700-750 kWh/t, that is 1.9-2 times higher than the specific energy consumption in modern furnaces ASF-120, amounting to 375 kWh/t. With the use of devices for foaming slag in furnaces ASF-5 the average melting efficiency of furnaces can be increased, and the specific electricity consumption for melting will be reduced to 440-480 kWh/t.
The magnetic field of a three-phase power line with an ordinary and triangular arrangement of wires
Authors: Oleshuk O V , Sysun A V , Tikhomirov A A , Sobolev N V 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Power lines are sources of magnetic fields, which requires attention to ensure safety for people and to consider electromagnetic compatibility. In this article the nondimensional form expressions for calculation of magnetic field strength of a three-phase line with an ordinary and triangular arrangement of wires were obtained what makes it possible to calculate the necessary distance to the core of the line if the maximum permissible level of magnetic field strength is provided. The approximate expression of magnetic field strength at large distance from the line was considered. It is valid with the measurement accuracy less than 1%, which shows the proportion between magnetic field strength and distances between wires and inverse proportion of square distance to the wire core. It was determined that the triangular arrangement of three-phase line wires has lower magnetic field strength than the arrangement of wires in row due to more compact arrangement of wires.