bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain tumor diagnosis based on metaheuristics and deep learning
Authors: Hu An , Razmjooy Navid 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe high mortality rate associated with brain tumors requires early detection in the early stages to treat and reduce mortality. Due to the complexity of brain tissue, manual diagnosis of the brain and tumor tissues is very time‐consuming and operator dependent. Furthermore, there is a need for experts who can review the images to detect these effects, rendering traditional methods inefficient in their presence. Therefore, the use of automated procedures for the careful examination of tumors can prove useful. In this study, a new metaheuristic‐based system is presented for the early detection of brain tumors. The proposed method implements three main steps, namely tumor segmentation, feature extraction, and classification based on a deep belief network. An improved version of the seagull optimization algorithm is adopted for optimal selection of the features and classification of the images. The simulation results of the proposed method are compared with a few existing methods. The final results demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits superior performance in terms of the CDR, FAR, and FRR indices compared with the other methods.
Low 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Enhanced Conversion Into 1,25‐Hydroxyvitamin D May Not Be “True” Deficiency
Authors: Kabadi Udaya M 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTVitamin D deficiency is reported in individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP). However, decreased 25OHD may be attributed to enhanced conversion into 1,25‐hydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)D]. To examine vitamin D metabolism in individuals with PHP, serum calcium, PTH, 25OHD, and 1,25(OH)D levels were determined in 210 adults: 102 with PHP, 40 with normal 25OHD, and 68 with vitamin D deficiency. Concentrations were redetermined in 37 individuals with PHP following vitamin D supplementation and 43 patients postsurgery. Comparisons were conducted by Student's t test and ANOVA. Correlations were assessed between PTH and 25OHD, 1,25(OH)D, and 1,25(OH)D/25OHD in individuals with PHP. Calcium, PTH, and 1,25(OH)D were higher (p < 0.001) in individuals with PHP (11.4 ± 0.4, 116 ± 21, 79 ± 6) than in individuals with normal 25OHD (9.6 ± 0.2, 49 ± 5, 57 ± 6) and vitamin D deficiency (9.3 ± 0.2, 62 ± 6, 32 ± 4). Compared with individuals with normal 25OHD (47 ± 5), 25OHD was lower (18 ± 3), but not different from subjects with vitamin D deficiency (15 ± 2). In individuals with PHP, vitamin D2 supplementation induced rises in 1,25(OH)D and calcium without lowering PTH, whereas postsurgery, calcium, PTH, 25OHD, and 1,25(OH)D normalized. Finally, in individuals with PHP, significant correlations (p < 0.01) were documented between PTH and calcium (r = 0.74), 25OHD (r = −0.43), 1,25(OH)D (r = 0.52), and 1,25(OH)D/25OHD (r = 0.46); and between 1,25(OH)D/25OHD and calcium (r = 0.47). Subnormal 25OHD in most individuals with PHP may be attributed to enhanced conversion to 1,25(OH)D—not “true” vitamin D deficiency—although in some patients, both PHP and vitamin D deficiency coexisted. Moreover, vitamin D supplementation exaggerated hypercalcemia in individuals with PHP. © 2020 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Relationship of grit and resilience to dental students’ academic success
Authors: Montas Mackenson , Rao Sowmya R. , Atassi Hamza Al , Shapiro Michael C. , Dean Jason , Salama Andrew R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study assesses the levels of grit (the perseverance and passion for long‐term goals), and resilience (the ability to bounce back or recover from stress), reported by U.S. dental students, and its possible association with academic achievements.MethodsAn anonymous 27 question cross‐sectional online survey with sections on demographics, grit, resilience, and academic achievement was e‐mailed to all dental students in the U.S. The Short Grit and Brief Resilience scales were used. Scores for both scales ranged from 1 to 5, and were grouped into low, moderate, and high tertiles based on distribution. Dental school grade point average (GPA), and class rank were used to measure academic achievement, and were similarly grouped. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained from multinomial logistic regression models assessing the relationship of grit and resilience to the outcomes adjusting for gender, dental school year, race, geographic origin, and a variable combining education and income.ResultsOf the 3292 (17%) respondents, 58% were female. Hispanics reported significantly higher grit and resilience scores while Asian students reported the lowest. 18% of Hispanics were ranked in the top 20 percentile versus 37% of whites.ConclusionResults indicate that dental students with high grit (high vs. low scores: OR [95% CI]: 2.06 [1.57–2.72]) and resilience (high vs. low scores: 1.36 [1.04–1.76]) achieved higher GPA and better class ranks. Therefore, it is crucial for students wanting to achieve academic success to consider the value that these non‐cognitive characteristics might have on their overall progress.
How drawing prompts can increase cognitive engagement in an active learning engineering course
Authors: Wu Sally P. W. , Van Veen Barry , Rau Martina A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecent engineering education research has found improved learning outcomes when instructors engage students actively (e.g., through practice problems) rather than passively (e.g., in lectures). As more instructors shift toward active learning, research needs to identify how different types of activities affect students' cognitive engagement with concepts in the classroom. In this study, we investigate the effects of prompting novice students to draw when solving problems, a professional practice of engineers.PurposeWe investigate whether implementing instructional prompts to draw in an active learning classroom (a) increases students' use and value of drawing as a problem‐solving strategy and (b) enhances students' problem‐solving performance.MethodWe compared survey data and exam scores collected in one undergraduate class that received prompts to draw in video lectures and in‐class problems (drawing condition) and one class that received no drawing prompts (control condition).ResultsAfter drawing prompts were implemented, students' use and value of drawing increased, and these effects persisted to the end of the semester. Students were more likely to draw when provided drawing prompts. Furthermore, students who received prompts outperformed students who did not on exam questions that target conceptual understanding.ConclusionsOur findings reveal how implementing drawing prompts in an active learning classroom may help students engage in drawing and solve problems conceptually. This study contributes to our understanding of what types of active learning activities can improve instructional practices in engineering education. Particularly, we show how prompts that foster authentic engineering practices can increase cognitive engagement in introductory‐level engineering courses.
Protective effects of PX478 on gut barrier in a mouse model of ethanol and burn injury
Authors: Morris Niya L , Cannon Abigail R , Li Xiaoling , Choudhry Mashkoor A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ethanol remains a confounder in postburn pathology, which is associated with an impaired intestinal barrier. Previously, we demonstrated that ethanol and burn injury reduce intestinal oxygen delivery (hypoxia) and alters microRNA (miR) expression in small intestinal epithelial cells. Hypoxia has been shown to influence expression of miRs and miR biogenesis components. Therefore, we examined whether hypoxia influences expression of miR biogenesis components (drosha, dicer, and argonaute-2 [ago-2]) and miRs (-7a and -150) and whether these changes impacted other parameters following ethanol and burn injury. Mice were gavaged with ethanol (∼2.9 g/kg) 4 h before receiving a ∼12.5% total body surface full thickness burn. Mice were resuscitated at the time of injury with normal saline with or without 5 mg/kg PX-478, a hypoxia-inducible factor-1α inhibitor. One day following injury mice were euthanized, and the expression of miRs and their biogenesis components as well as bacterial growth, tight junction proteins, intestinal transit, and permeability were assessed. Ethanol combined with burn injury significantly reduced expression of drosha, ago-2, miRs (-7a and -150), occludin, zonula occludens-1, claudin-4, zonula occludens-1, mucins-2 and -4, and intestinal transit compared to shams. Furthermore, there was an increase in intestinal permeability, total bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae populations following the combined injury compared to shams. PX-478 treatment improved expression of drosha, ago-2, miRs (-7a and -150), occludin, claudin-4, zonula occludens-1, and mucin-2. PX-478 treatment also improved intestinal transit and reduced dysbiosis and permeability. These data suggest that PX-478 improves miR biogenesis and miR expression, and restores barrier integrity while reducing bacterial dysbiosis following ethanol and burn injury.
N‐terminally truncated nucleocapsid protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 as a better serological marker than whole nucleocapsid protein in evaluating the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Yue Lei , Cao Han , Xie Tianhong , Long Runxiang , Li Hua , Yang Ting , Yan Min , Xie Zhongping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) had led to a serious public health crisis, and no specific treatments or vaccines are available yet. A nucleocapsid protein (NP)‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection method is not only important in disease diagnosis, but is required for the evaluation of vaccine efficacy during the development of an inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine. In this study, we expressed both the NP and N‐terminally truncated NP (ΔN‐NP) of SARS‐CoV‐2 in an Escherichia coli expression system and described the purification of the soluble recombinant NP and ΔN‐NP in details. The identities of the NP and ΔN‐NP were confirmed with mass spectrometry. We then used immunoglobulin G detection ELISAs to compare the sensitivity of NP and ΔN‐NP in detecting anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. ΔN‐NP showed greater sensitivity than NP in the analysis of serially diluted sera from mice and rabbits vaccinated with inactive SARS‐CoV‐2 and in human sera diluted 1:400. ΔN‐NP showed a positive detection rate similar to that of the SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein in human sera. We conclude that ΔN‐NP is a better serological marker than NP for evaluating the immunogenicity of inactivated SARS‐CoV‐2.
Association between histone deacetylase activity and vitamin D‐dependent gene expressions in relation to sulforaphane in human colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Hossain Sharmin , Liu Zhenhua , Wood Richard J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is relatively unknown as to how dietary bioactive compound sulforaphane (SFN) and vitamin D regulate gene expression in colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that a combination of SFN with vitamin D would prove beneficial in colorectal cancer. A combinatorial chemo‐preventive strategy was employed to investigate the impact of SFN on chromatin remodeling in colorectal carcinoma. To understand the epigenetics‐mediated changes in gene expression in response to SFN and vitamin D, Caco‐2 cells were exposed for 24 h to vitamin D (100 nmol L−1) either alone or in combination with SFN and trichostatin A (20 and 1 μmol L−1, respectively) at 70% confluency (proliferating) and after 13 days post‐confluency (fully differentiated). Changes to VDR, CYP24A1, CYP27B1 and TRPV6 gene expressions were quantified using real‐time PCR‐based assays. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor activity was assessed using HDAC I/II assay that measured global changes in acetylation status.RESULTSIn differentiated Caco‐2 cells, none of the genes had significant changes from D alone group. D + SFN (P = 0.99) demonstrated an opposing effect from D alone and decreased VDR expression. However, in proliferating Caco‐2 cells, D + SFN (P < 0.04) increased VDR expression and decreased CYP27B1 (P < 0.01) more than D alone (P = 0.38 and 0.07, respectively). Although statistically significant, D + SFN (P = 0.01) effect on HDAC inhibitor activity was less than trichostatin A alone group (P < 0.0004) or SFN alone group (P < 0.0014).CONCLUSIONSThe data suggest that colon cancer cells respond to dietary components differently under different conditions. The effect of vitamin D and SFN is selective and gene‐specific in the complex multistep process of colorectal carcinogenesis in vitro. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristics of Olfactory Disorder With and Without Reported Flavor Loss
Authors: Negoias Simona , Meves Benjamin , Zang Yunpeng , Haehner Antje , Hummel Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Objectives/HypothesisQuality of life related to olfactory disorder (OD) depends on the perceived impairment. It is not known why some patients with OD report smell and flavor loss while others report smell loss only. In order to understand this, we compared the two clinical presentation forms in terms of demographics, clinical features, and orthonasal olfaction test results.Study DesignObservational, analytic, cross‐sectional study.MethodsA total of 401 patients with measured orthonasal OD presenting at a tertiary referral center were divided in 2 groups according to their subjective reports (smell loss only = 129 patients vs. smell and flavor loss = 272 patients). Groups were compared in terms of demographic (age, sex), clinical features (duration of disease, type of onset, etiology, degree of impairment due to the disorder) and test results (taste and orthonasal olfaction).ResultsGroups did not differ in terms of age, sex distribution, orthonasal olfactory, or taste function. Patients reporting smell and flavor loss were characterized by a mainly sudden onset of the disorder and a predominance of postinfectious olfactory loss. They also have a shorter disease duration and a higher disease impairment. For patients reporting smell loss only, disease duration is longer, they feel less impaired, the onset of the disorder is to a higher degree protracted and the main cause is idiopathic.ConclusionsPatients with orthonasal OD reporting smell and flavor loss feel more impaired and present significant different clinical features compared to patients reporting smell loss only. Future studies measuring retronasal olfaction are necessary to fully understand flavor perception in OD.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 130:2869–2873, 2020
Misperception of Visual Vertical in Peripheral Vestibular Disorders. A Systematic Review With Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Obrero‐Gaitán Esteban , Molina Francisco , Montilla‐Ibañez María‐de‐Alharilla , Del‐Pino‐Casado Rafael , Rodriguez‐Almagro Daniel , Lomas‐Vega Rafael 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThe main aim was to assess the misperception of visual verticality (VV) in patients with peripheral vestibular disorders (PVD) in comparison with healthy controls. As secondary objectives, we checked if vestibular, visual, and somatosensory postural pathways can be affected in patients with PVD as well as the characteristics of PVD that could influence on the VV perception.MethodsA systematic review with meta‐analysis was carried out. The bibliographic search was performed in January, 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), CINAHL, SciELO. Two reviewers selected the studies that met the inclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). The VV perception was assessed in two meta‐analysis according the used test: The Subjective Visual Vertical test (SVV) or the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) in comparison with healthy subjects. The Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and its 95% Confidence Interval (95% CI) was used to estimate the pooled effect. Publication bias was assessed using the Egger's test and Trim and Fill Method.ResultsThirty‐four studies were included reporting 3,524 participants. PVD patients showed a misperception of the VV with SVV (SMD = 1.510; 95%CI: 1.190–1.830) and the RFT (SMD = 0.816; 95% CI: 0.234–1.398) respect healthy controls. A subgroup of patients in the acute phase (SMD = 2.5; 95%CI: 2.022–2.978) and who underwent a vestibular surgery (SMD = 2.241; 95%CI: 1.471–3.011) had the greater misperception of VV.ConclusionPatients with PVD show an alteration in the perception of VV, being greater in the acute phase and after a vestibular surgery. Laryngoscope, 131:1110–1121, 2021
Type 2 Inflammatory Shift in Chronic Rhinosinusitis During 2007–2018 in Belgium
Authors: Karin Jonstam , Tim Delemarre , Gabriele Holtappels , Cardell Lars‐Olaf , Marit Westman , Claus Bachert 
Published: September 2020

Objectives/HypothesisChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogenic disease with different inflammatory patterns depending on the presence (CRSwNP) or absence (CRSsNP) of polyps and geographical location. A shift toward type 2 endotype has been seen in Asia. We aim to investigate whether there has been type 2 shift in Belgium and to further endotype CRS based on clinical markers.Study designProspective descriptive study.MethodsFour hundred and thirty eight patients with CRS undergoing sinus surgery at Ghent University Hospital between 2007 and 2018 were included and stratified based on phenotype, comorbidities, inflammatory markers in tissue, and two different time points of surgery. Tissue samples from surgery were analyzed for type 2 markers. In a subgroup of CRSwNP blood eosinophils (EBC) was available.ResultsThere was an increase in type 2 inflammatory markers in the latter group versus the earlier, in non‐asthmatic, non‐allergic CRS patients regardless of phenotype. The proportion of IL‐5+ patients was elevated in the latter group in CRSwNP. Inflammatory markers and comorbidities differ between IL‐5+ CRSsNP and CRSwNP subjects, no difference was seen in IL‐5− CRS. EBC can together with information on comorbidities help identify type 2 CRSwNP in a clinical setting.ConclusionThere is a shift toward type 2 inflammation within the CRS population over recent 8 years also in Belgium. This shift implies that we expect to see more cases of severe and difficult to treat CRS in the future. Polyp formation is not directly linked to the presence or concentrations of type 2 inflammatory markers. Clinical parameters and EBC > 300 cells/μL can be used to identify type 2 CRSwNP.Level of Evidence3. Laryngoscope, 131:E1408–E1414, 2021
Coral reef benthic community structure is associated with the spatiotemporal dynamics of submarine groundwater discharge chemistry
Authors: La Valle Florybeth Flores , Kantar Michael B. , Nelson Craig E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSubmarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important transporter of solutes and fresh water in coastal systems worldwide. In high island systems with a mixed semidiurnal tidal cycle driving SGD, coastal biogeochemistry is temporally and spatially variable. Past studies have shown that SGD covaries with the local species composition, diversity, and richness of biological communities on a scale of meters. Empirical orthogonal function analyses (EOF)—a method analogous to principal components analysis which finds spatial patterns of variability and their time variation period—were used to define both the spatial and temporal variation in SGD using spatially resolved time series of salinity. The first two EOFs represented variability at the tidal 12‐h period and the daily 24‐h period, respectively, and were responsible for more than 50% of the SGD‐derived salinity variability. We used the first two EOFs to explore spatiotemporally explicit patterns in SGD variability and their relationships with benthic community structure in reef systems. Distance‐based linear models found significant relationships between multivariate community structure and variability in SGD at different periods. Taxa‐specific logistic regressions showed that zoanthids and turf are more likely to be present in areas with high tidally driven SGD variability, while the inverse relationship is true for the invasive rhodophyte Acanthophora spicifera, calcifying macroalgae, the native rhodophyte Pterocladiella sp., the cyanobacteria Lyngbya sp., and the invasive chlorophyte Avrainvillea amadelpha. These results show that benthic communities vary with respect to SGD derived salinity at the scale of hundreds of meters resulting in spatially heterogeneous biotic patches.
Toroidal Metaphotonics and Metadevices
Authors: Ahmadivand Arash , Gerislioglu Burak , Ahuja Rajeev , Mishra Yogendra Kumar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractToroidal moments in artificial media have received growing attention and considered as a promising framework for initiating novel approaches to manage intrinsic radiative losses in nanophotonic and plasmonic systems. In the past decade, there has been substantial attention on the characteristics and excitation methods of toroidal multipoles—in particular, toroidal dipole—in 3D bulk and planar metaplatforms. The remarkable advantages of toroidal resonances have thrust the toroidal metasurface technology from relative anonymity into the limelight, in which researchers have recently centered on developing applied optical and optoelectronic subwavelength devices based on toroidal metaphotonics and metaplasmonics. In this focused contribution, the key principles of 3D and flatland toroidal metastructures are described, and the revolutionary tools that have been implemented based on this topology are briefly highlighted. Infrared photodetectors, immunobiosensors, ultraviolet beam sources, waveguides, and functional modulators are some of the fundamental and latest examples of toroidal metadevices that have been introduced and studied experimentally so far. The possibility of the realization of strong plexciton dynamics and pronounced vacuum Rabi oscillations in toroidal plasmonic metasurfaces are also presented in this review. Ultimate efficient extreme‐subwavelength scale devices, such as low‐threshold lasers and ultrafast switches, are thus in prospect.
Functionalised h‐BN as an effective lubricant additive in PAO oil for MoN coating sliding against Si3N4 ball
Authors: Liu Chaolin , Tang Gongbin , Su Fenghua , Xu Xing , Li Zhujun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) exhibits great potential for tribological applications due to its attractive 2D layered structure. In this work, functionalised hexagonal boron nitride (f‐BN) was prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation of pristine h‐BN in water and subsequent hydrothermal modification with sodium oleat. Fourier infrared spectra and X‐ray photoelectron spectra analyses showed that long alkyl‐chains were successfully grafted on the surface of f‐BN by modification process. The tribological properties of the as‐prepared f‐BN as lubricant additive in poly‐alpha‐olefin 10 (PAO10) for lubricating MoN coating sliding against Si3N4 ball were evaluated by a ball‐on‐disc friction tester. The friction coefficient and wear rate of the oil dispersed with 2 mg/mL f‐BN was respectively reduced by 42% and 29% in comparison with the pure PAO10 oil, suggesting that f‐BN was an effective lubricating additive for reducing friction and wear. Finally, the lubricating mechanism of f‐BN dispersed in PAO10 was discussed and proposed.