bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucosal Eosinophilia Is an Independent Predictor of Vedolizumab Efficacy in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Kim Erin M , Randall Cara , Betancourt Renee , Keene Staci , Lilly Amy , Fowler Mark , Dellon Evan S , Herfarth Hans H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Peripheral and mucosal eosinophilia may be associated with more aggressive disease in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Vedolizumab blocks T lymphocytes, eosinophil adhesion, and extravasation in the gastrointestinal tract. It is not known if mucosal eosinophilia is a predictor for the therapeutic efficacy of vedolizumab.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of IBD patients with ileal or colonic biopsies who were off steroids before starting vedolizumab. Biopsies were rereviewed by pathologists, and mean eosinophil density was quantified. Patient characteristics and steroid-free clinical response 6 months after beginning vedolizumab were determined. Features were compared between nonresponders and responders, and multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of clinical response.

Results
Of 251 IBD patients starting vedolizumab therapy, 65 patients (48% Crohn’s disease, 52% ulcerative colitis) met inclusion criteria. All IBD patients not responding to vedolizumab were more likely to have a higher baseline mean eosinophil count (340 ± 156 vs 236 ± 124; P = 0.004), be previously exposed to an anti-TNF (96% vs 56%; P = 0.001), and be male (58% vs 28%; P = 0.02). Mean eosinophil counts were significantly increased in colonic biopsies in UC nonresponders (438 ± 149 vs 299 ± 145; P = 0.01). A similar trend was seen in CD nonresponders. On multivariable analysis, colonic eosinophil density and prior anti-TNF exposure—and the combination of both—were independent predictors of response.

Conclusion
In ulcerative colitis, colonic eosinophilia and prior anti-TNF exposure were independent predictors of 6-month clinical nonresponse to vedolizumab. Mucosal eosinophil density as a novel biomarker should be explored in larger patient cohorts.
Aside from the previous anti-TNF exposure, eosinophil density in the colon of patients with UC is a negative predictor for a steroid-free long-term response to vedolizumab. The degree colonic eosinophilia may be a novel biomarker that should be further explored.
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Increases Drug Retention of Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Agents in Pediatric Patients With Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Gofin Yoel , Matar Manar , Shamir Raanan , Assa Amit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
In recent years, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) agents has been commonly utilized. We aimed to investigate its effect on long-term drug retention and clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease (CD).

Methods
The medical records of pediatric CD patients receiving anti-TNFα agents from 2007 to 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were stratified to those who initiated anti-TNFα treatment between 2007 and 2012, an era when TDM was not available (TDM-), and patients who initiated anti-TNFα treatment between 2013 and 2018, with at least 1 TDM during firstline anti-TNFα treatment (TDM+). The main outcome measures included time to first anti-TNFα discontinuation (drug retention), flares, and hospitalizations per year of first anti-TNFα treatment, treatment intensification rate, and surgical resection rate.

Results
One hundred ninety-seven patients were included (n = 98, TDM-; n = 99, TDM+; median [interquartile range] age, 12.6 [10.1–14.2] years; females 68 [35%]). Compared with the TDM- group, the TDM+ group had a longer drug retention time (mean ± SE, 45.0 ± 2.7 vs 33.5 ± 2.4 months; P = 0.001), lower hospitalization rate per patient per year (mean ± SE, 0.51 ± 0.7 vs 0.92 ± 0.81; P < 0.001), and higher treatment intensification rate (70% vs 18%; P < 0.001). Surgical resection rate was not significantly different. Analysis of the entire cohort showed a longer retention time for adalimumab vs infliximab (45.3 ± 2.8 vs 34.8 ± 2.5 months; P = 0.007).

Conclusions
TDM-based treatment enables longer drug retention time, reflecting better utilization of anti-TNFα agents, with several additional favorable outcomes.
Delayed lung expansion after decortication in a case of trapped lung resulting from catamenial haemothorax
Authors: Miller Matthew I , Meister Amanda C , Litle Virginia R , Suzuki Kei 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Herein, we report the case of a 35-year-old female with a trapped right lung secondary to catamenial haemothorax. Following surgical decortication, re-expansion of the lung was not observed until postoperative day 81. This delay represents a heretofore unencountered complication that should be considered in the surgical management of catamenial haemothorax due to thoracic endometriosis syndrome.
Developing Broad-Spectrum Antivirals Using Porcine and Rhesus Macaque Models
Authors: Qiu Xueer , Taft Justin , Bogunovic Dusan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
ISG15-deficient humans exhibit permanent, low-level expression of antiviral effectors that safely protect them from various viruses. Because the murine ISG15 axis functions differently, we identified animal models that recapitulate the human condition for the development of ISG15-targeting broad-spectrum antivirals. Canine, porcine, and rhesus macaque ISG15, such as human ISG15, stabilize USP18, a potent inhibitor of type I interferon (IFN)-I. Type I Interferon-primed ISG15-knockout porcine and rhesus cells demonstrate enhanced ISG expression and protection against vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus infection compared with wild type. Collectively, we unveil the interspecies diversity of the ability of ISG15/USP18 axis to control IFN-I signaling and reveal the therapeutic potential of ISG15-deficient porcine and rhesus models.
Emersion and Terrestrial Locomotion of the Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) on Multiple Substrates
Authors: Bressman N R , Love J W , King T W , Horne C G , Ashley-Ross M A 
Published: October 2019

SynopsisMost fishes known for terrestrial locomotion are small and/or elongate. Northern snakeheads (Channa argus) are large, air-breathing piscivores anecdotally known for terrestrial behaviors. Our goals were to determine their environmental motivations for emersion, describe their terrestrial kinematics for fish 3.0–70.0 cm and compare kinematics among four substrates. For emersion experiments, C. argus was individually placed into aquatic containers with ramps extending through the surface of the water, and exposed to 15 ecologically-relevant environmental conditions. For kinematic experiments, fish were filmed moving on moist bench liner, grass, artificial turf, and a flat or tilted rubber boat deck. Videos were digitized for analysis in MATLAB and electromyography was used to measure muscular activity. Only the low pH (4.8), high salinity (30 ppt), and high dCO2 (10% seltzer solution) treatments elicited emersion responses. While extreme, these conditions do occur in some of their native Asian swamps. Northern snakeheads &gt;4.5 cm used a unique form of axial-appendage-based terrestrial locomotion involving cyclic oscillations of the axial body, paired with near-simultaneous movements of both pectoral fins. Individuals ≤3.5 cm used tail-flip jumps to travel on land. Northern snakeheads also moved more quickly on complex, three-dimensional substrates (e.g., grass) than on smooth substrates (e.g., bench liner), and when moving downslope. Release of snakeheads onto land by humans or accidentally by predators may be more common than voluntary emersion, but because northern snakeheads can respire air, it may be necessary to factor in the ability to spread overland into the management of this invasive species.
Results of a Multicenter Feasibility Study of an Automated Bedside Glucose Monitoring System in the Burn Intensive Care Setting
Authors: Elder Craig T , Thigpin Tera , Karlnoski Rachel , Smith David , Mozingo David , Carson Joshua S 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntensive blood glucose regimens required for tight glycemic control in critically ill burn patients carry risk of hypoglycemia and are ultimately limited by the frequency of which serum glucose measurements can be feasibly monitored. Continuous inline glucose monitoring has the potential to significantly increase the frequency of serum glucose measurement. The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of a continuous glucose monitor with inline capability (Optiscanner) in the burn intensive care setting. A multicenter, observational study was conducted at two academic burn centers. One hundred and six paired blood samples were collected from 10 patients and measured on the Optiscanner and the Yellow Springs Instrument. Values were plotted on a Clarke Error Grid and mean absolute relative difference calculated. Treatment was guided by existing hospital protocols using separately obtained values. 97.2% of results obtained from Optiscanner were within 25% of corresponding Yellow Springs Instrument values and 100% were within 30%. Mean absolute relative difference was calculated at 9.6%. Our findings suggest that a continuous glucose monitor with inline capability provides accurate blood glucose measurements among critically ill burn patients.
Effects of Interspecific Larval Competition on Developmental Parameters in Nutrient Sources Between Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Zaprionus indianus
Authors: Shrader Meredith Edana , Burrack Hannah J , Pfeiffer Douglas G 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Two invasive drosophilids, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Zaprionus indianus (Gupta) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are expanding their geographic distribution and cohabiting grape production in the Mid-Atlantic. The ecological and economic impact of these two species within vineyards is currently unknown. Zaprionus indianus was presumably not capable of ovipositing directly into grapes because they lack a serrated ovipositor and may use D. suzukii oviposition punctures for depositing their own eggs. Therefore, an interspecific larval competition assay was performed at varying larval densities using commercial medium and four commonly grown wine grapes in Virginia to investigate the impact Z. indianus larvae may have on the mortality and developmental parameters of D. suzukii larvae. Zaprionus indianus did not affect D. suzukii mortality or development parameters even at high interspecific densities when reared in commercial medium, but it did cause higher D. suzukii mortality within grapes. Mortality was also influenced by the variety of grape in which the larvae were reared, with smaller grapes having the highest D. suzukii mortality. Presence of Z. indianus also increased development time to pupariation and adult emergence for most interspecific competition levels compared with the intraspecific D. suzukii controls. Pupal volume was marginally affected at the highest interspecific larval densities. This laboratory study suggests that competition from Z. indianus and grape variety can limit D. suzukii numbers, and the implications on D. suzukii pest management be further verified in the field.
Pushing the Boundaries: Can We “Decolonize” Security Studies?
Authors: Adamson Fiona B 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis essay reflects on the approaches to inclusion and exclusion put forward in this special issue and suggests a more radical alternative: the project of “decolonizing” the field of security studies. Drawing on work in decolonial thought and critical security studies, I discuss systemic-level structures of inclusion and exclusion such as global racial hierarchies, imperial and colonial legacies, and North-South inequities. Such structures both shape the material reality of the global security order, and affect knowledge production in the field of security studies itself, including the definition of what is and is not viewed as a legitimate “security issue.” I conclude by asking what a “decolonized” security studies might look like.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Among Children for the 2017–2018 Season
Authors: Powell Lauren N , Bégué Rodolfo E 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The 2017–2018 influenza season was of high severity. Circulating influenza strains change periodically, making it important to determine vaccine effectiveness on an annual basis, especially for susceptible populations. The primary aim of our study was to estimate the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine among children. Secondary aims were to assess the effect of previous season vaccination and intraseasonal waning of immunity.

Methods
Children 6 months to 17 years of age tested for influenza during the 2017–2018 season were included. Clinical charts were reviewed, and immunization status was confirmed via the Louisiana Immunization Registry. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) was estimated in a test-negative design by comparing vaccination status of influenza-positive vs influenza-negative cases.

Results
A total of 3595 children were included, 26% of whom tested positive for influenza, mostly type A (79%); 15% had received an influenza vaccine prior to illness: 8% among the influenza-positive and 17% among influenza-negative cases (P &lt;.0001). IVE for the 2017–2018 influenza season was 52% overall (95% confidence interval, 38%–62%), 49% for influenza A, and 60% for influenza B. While receiving current year (2017–2018) vaccine had the most effect, receiving the previous year (2016–2017) vaccine had a small benefit and no interference. We found no evidence of waning immunity of the vaccine for the 2017–2018 season.

Conclusions
IVE was moderate for children. Previous year vaccination had a small but significant benefit and there was no evidence of waning immunity in our cohort. Ongoing national and local surveillance is important to understand the benefit of influenza vaccination.
AsWRKY44 represses the wound-induced sesquiterpene biosynthetic gene ASS1 expression in Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg
Authors: Sun Pei-Wen , Xu Yan-Hong , Yu Cui-Cui , Lv Fei-Fei , Tang Xiao-Lin , Gao Zhi-Hui , Zhang Zheng , Wang Hui , Liu Yang , Wei Jian-He 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Agarwood is derived from wounded Aquilaria trees and is widely used in traditional medicine, incense, and perfume. Sesquiterpenes are one of the main active components in agarwood and are known to be induced by wounding or injury. The molecular mechanism by which wounding leads to sesquiterpene formation remains largely unknown. ASS1 is one of key enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and is a pivotal jasmonate (JA)-responsive wound-inducible synthase. However, why ASS1 does not express in healthy trees and how its expression is induced as a result of wounding remains unexplored. Here, we report that ASS1 is a wound-induced gene with a promoter in which the 242-bp (-973 to -731bp) region is identified as the core sequence for responding to wound signals. AsWRKY44 binds directly to this region and represses ASS1 promoter activity. Downregulation or disruption of AsWRKY44 can relieve the inhibition and activate ASS1 expression. Further, it is found that in response to the exogenous MeJA, AsWRKY44 is degraded and the expression of ASS1 is significantly upregulated. These findings confirm AsWRKY44 is a crucial negative regulator involved in the regulation of wound-induced ASS1 transcription, which reveals the core mechanism of agarwood sesquiterpenes biosynthesis.
Single-base resolution methylomes of cotton CMS system reveal epigenomic changes in response to high-temperature stress during anther development
Authors: Zhang Meng , Zhang Xuexian , Guo Liping , Qi Tingxiang , Liu Guoyuan , Feng Juanjuan , Shahzad Kashif , Zhang Bingbing , Li Xue , Wang Hailin , Tang Huini , Qiao Xiuqin , Wu Jianyong , Xing Chaozhu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Here, cytosine methylation at single-base resolution across the whole genome of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) anthers was mapped using the whole-genome bisulfite sequencing technique, and the methylome changes associated with high-temperature (HT) stress were analysed in two cotton lines of the CMS system with contrasting HT stress tolerance. The cotton anther genome was found to display approximately 31.6%, 68.7%, 61.8%, and 21.8% methylation across all sequenced C sites and in the CG, CHG and CHH sequence contexts, respectively. In an integrated global methylome and transcriptome analysis, only promoter-unmethylated genes showed higher expression levels than promoter-methylated genes, whereas gene body methylation presented an obvious positive correlation with gene expression. The methylation proﬁles of transposable elements in cotton anthers were characterized, and more differentially methylated transposable elements were demethylated under HT stress. HT-induced promoter methylation changes caused upregulated expression of the mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme-associated genes GhNDUS7, GhCOX6A, GhCX5B2, and GhATPBM, ultimately promoting a series of redox processes to form ATP for normal anther development under HT stress. In vitro application of the common DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine and accelerator methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate demonstrated that DNA demethylation promoted anther development, while increased methylation only partially inhibited anther development under HT stress.
Text mining letters from financial regulators to firms they supervise
Authors: Bholat David , Brookes James 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOur article uses text mining techniques to examine confidential letters sent from the Bank of England’s Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) to financial institutions it supervises. These letters are a ‘report card’ written to firms annually, and are the most important, regularly recurring written communication sent from the PRA to firms it supervises. Using two complementary machine learning techniques—random forests and logistic ridge regression—we explore whether the letters vary in substance and style depending on the size and importance of the firm to whom the PRA is writing. We find that letters to high impact firms use more evaluative, judgment-based language, and adopt a more forward-looking perspective. We also examine how PRA letters differ from similarly purposed letters written by its predecessor, the Financial Services Authority. We find evidence that PRA letters are different, with a greater degree of forward-looking language and directiveness, reflecting the shift in supervisory approach that has occurred in the UK following the financial crisis of 2007–09.
Radio VLBA polarization and multiband monitoring of the high-redshift quasar S5 0836 + 710 during a high-activity period
Authors: Orienti M , D’Ammando F , Giroletti M , Dallacasa D , Giovannini G , Ciprini S 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We report on results of a multiband monitoring campaign from radio to γ-rays of the high-redshift flat spectrum radio quasar S5 0836 + 710 during a high-activity period detected by the Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Two major flares were detected, in 2015 August and November. In both episodes, the apparent isotropic γ-ray luminosity exceeds 1050 erg s−1, with a doubling time-scale of about 3 h. The high γ-ray activity may be related to a superluminal knot that emerged from the core in 2015 April at the peak of the radio activity and is moving downstream along the jet. The low variability observed in X-rays may indicate that X-ray emission is produced by the low-energy tail of the same electron population that produces the γ-ray emission. The analysis of full-polarization pc-scale radio observations suggests the presence of a limb-brightened polarization structure at about 1 mas from the core in which a rotation measure gradient with a sign change is observed transverse to the jet direction. These characteristics are consistent with a scenario in which Faraday rotation is produced by a sheath of thermal electrons with a toroidal magnetic field surrounding the emitting jet.
Genome replication dynamics of a bacteriophage and its satellite reveal strategies for parasitism and viral restriction
Authors: Barth Zachary K , Silvas Tania V , Angermeyer Angus , Seed Kimberley D 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPhage-inducible chromosomal island-like elements (PLEs) are bacteriophage satellites found in Vibrio cholerae. PLEs parasitize the lytic phage ICP1, excising from the bacterial chromosome, replicating, and mobilizing to new host cells following cell lysis. PLEs protect their host cell populations by completely restricting the production of ICP1 progeny. Previously, it was found that ICP1 replication was reduced during PLE(+) infection. Despite robust replication of the PLE genome, relatively few transducing units are produced. We investigated if PLE DNA replication itself is antagonistic to ICP1 replication. Here we identify key constituents of PLE replication and assess their role in interference of ICP1. PLE encodes a RepA_N initiation factor that is sufficient to drive replication from the PLE origin of replication during ICP1 infection. In contrast to previously characterized bacteriophage satellites, expression of the PLE initiation factor was not sufficient for PLE replication in the absence of phage. Replication of PLE was necessary for interference of ICP1 DNA replication, but replication of a minimalized PLE replicon was not sufficient for ICP1 DNA replication interference. Despite restoration of ICP1 DNA replication, non-replicating PLE remained broadly inhibitory against ICP1. These results suggest that PLE DNA replication is one of multiple mechanisms contributing to ICP1 restriction.
Re-examination of dairy as a single commodity in US dietary guidance
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth T , Foote Janet A , Kohler Lindsay N , Skiba Meghan B , Thomson Cynthia A 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDairy products have been a key component of dietary guidance in the United States for more than 100 years. In light of major advances in the understanding of dietary intake and metabolism, the aim of this review was to examine whether dairy should remain a single commodity in federal guidance. Considerations include recognizing that a substantial proportion of the world’s adult population (65%–70%) exhibits lactase nonpersistence, a reduced ability to metabolize lactose to glucose and galactose. Shifts in the US population, including a greater proportion of African Americans and Asians, are of key importance because several studies have shown a markedly higher prevalence of lactase nonpersistence and, consequently, a lower dairy intake among these groups. While cow’s milk alternatives are available, families who use them will pay up to an additional $1400 per year compared with those who are able to consume dairy products. Dietary guidance also contains downstream effects for government assistance, such as the US Department of Agriculture’s National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program. For reasons like these, Canada has recently removed dairy as a separate food group in national dietary guidance. The results of the present review suggest that consideration of this modification when developing population-level guidelines in the United States is warranted.