bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Previous Trend, Present Prevalence and Integrated Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Towards Malaria and Use of Insecticide-treated Mosquito Net in the Rural Setting of Welkait District, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Yhdego Tsegay Gebremaryam , Garedew Asnake Desalegn , Yifat Fitsum Tigu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundMalaria is still a burden to Ethiopia, especially among the productive ages of the society. Although insecticide-treated mosquito nets (INTs) are widely used by the rural community, malaria remains a leading public health issue. This study aimed to evaluate a 5-year trend, current prevalence and community knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards malaria and use of ITNs as a strategy for prevention of malaria among the rural setting of Welkait district, northwest Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried out on 403 households to identify the prevalence rate of malaria. Besides, a 5-year (2015-2019) retrospective data was analyzed. Random sampling technique was used to select representative households among the community. Well-structured questionnaire were used to collect KAP data about malaria and utilization of ITNs. Blood samples were collected and examined for identification of malaria parasites using standard microscopic procedure. SPSS version 22 was used for the analysis of the quantitative data. ResultsOf 36,219 outpatients examined, 7,309 (20.2%) malaria-positive cases were reported during 2015-2019. Overall prevalence of malaria continually declined from 2015-2019. Male slide-confirmed (61.4%, N = 4,485) were significantly higher than female (38.6%, N = 2,824) (p < 005). Nineteen (4.7%) confirmed malaria cases were screened during parasitological survey (12 cases of P. falciparum and 7 cases of P. vivax). Most 78.4% (316) and 84.1% (339) of the respondents knew malaria is a communicable and curable disease respectively and 75.6% (239) of them associated it with mosquito bit. From 82.4% (332) respondents who believed malaria is preventable, 81.0% (269) of respondents considered ITNs as the main prevention method. About 64% (257) of the respondents possessed ITNs, of these, 66.9% (172) consistently used ITNs during the peak season. Majority 83.6% (337) of the respondents had a positive attitude towards ITNs. ConclusionsAlthough the retrospective data showed a declining trend of malaria in the district, the current prevalence survey revealed significant increase in malaria infection in the locality. This was due to by unsustainable distribution and inconsistent use of ITNs among the population. We recommend the governments and stockholders to give emphasis on full coverage of ITNs and educate the community about ITNs usage.
Effects of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 patients: a cohort study
Authors: Vu Christine , Deronde Kailynn J , Vega Ana D , Maxam Meshell , Holt Gregory , Natori Yoichiro , Zamora Jose Gonzales , Salazar Veronica , Boatwright Renata , Morris Stephen R , Corvino Daniela de Lima , Betances Anmary Fernandez , Colucci Leah , keegan James , Lopez Andy , Rezk Andrew Hany , Rodriguez Yvette , Moraru Gabriela M , Doblecki Susanne , Zerda David De La , Abbo Lilian M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Due to the lack of proven therapies, we evaluated the effects of early administration of tocilizumab for COVID-19. By inhibition of the IL-6 receptor, tocilizumab may help to mitigate the hyperinflammatory response associated with progressive respiratory failure from SARS-CoV-2. Methods: A retrospective, observational study was conducted on hospitalized adults who received intravenous tocilizumab for COVID-19 between March 23, 2020 and April 10, 2020.Results: Most patients were male (66.7%), Hispanic (63.3%) or Black (23.3%), with a median age of 54 years. Tocilizumab was administered at a median of 8 days (range 1-21) after initial symptoms and 2 days (range 0-12) after hospital admission. Within 30 days from receiving tocilizumab, 36 patients (60.0%) demonstrated clinical improvement, 9 (15.0%) died, 33 (55.0%) were discharged alive, and 18 (30.0%) remained hospitalized. Successful extubation occurred in 13 out of 29 patients (44.8%). Infectious complications occurred in 16 patients (26.7%) at a median of 10.5 days. After tocilizumab was administered, there was a slight increase in PaO2/FiO2 and an initial reduction in CRP, but this effect was not sustained beyond day 10.Conclusions: Majority of patients demonstrated clinical improvement and were successfully discharged alive from the hospital after receiving tocilizumab. We observed a rebound effect with CRP, which may suggest the need for higher or subsequent doses to adequately manage cytokine storm. Based on our findings, we believe that tocilizumab may have a role in the early treatment of COVID-19, however larger randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm this.
Efficient Targeted Gene Insertion in Maize using Agrobacterium-Mediated Delivery
Authors: Svitashev Sergei , Peterson Dave , Barone Pierjuigi , Lenderts Brian , Schwartz Chris , Feigenbutz Lanie , Clair Grace St. , Jones Spencer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
CRISPR-Cas is a powerful DNA double strand break technology with wide-ranging applications in plant genome modification. However, the efficiency of genome editing depends on various factors including plant genetic transformation processes and types of modifications desired. Agrobacterium infection is the preferred method of transformation and delivery of editing components into the plant cell. While this method has been successfully used to generate gene knock-outs in multiple crops, precise nucleotide replacement and especially gene insertion into a pre-defined genomic location remain highly challenging. Here we report an efficient, heritable, selectable marker-free site-specific gene insertion in maize using Agrobacterium-mediated delivery. Advancements in maize transformation and new vector design enabled targeted insertion with frequencies as high as 8–10%. Importantly, these advancements allowed not only an improvement of the frequency but also of the quality of generated events. These results further enable the application of genome editing for trait product development in a wide variety of crop species amenable to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
The Effect of Artesunate and Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa) Combination on Histopathological, and Expression of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kÎ²) in Renal Tubules of Mice Infected With Plasmodium Berghei
Authors: Merici Angela , Fitri Loeki Enggar , Budiarti Niniek 
Published: December 2020

Brotowali (BR) extract (Tinospora crispa) can be used as an antimalarial. Aim: to determine the effect of BR extract in histopathological and expression of NFÎºB in mice tubules infected by Plasmodium berghei treated by artesunate (AR). Method: we used 42 C57BL / 6J strain mice as experimental animals, which were randomly divided into 7 groups : negative control (NC), positive control (PC), treatment group consist of AR 32 mg/kb (group 1); BR 70 mg/kg (group 2), combination of AR+BR 50 mg/kg (group 3), AR+BR 60 mg/kg (group 4), and AR+BR 70 mg/kg (group 5). Â Histological examination (hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining) and expression of NFKB (immunohistochemical staining) in the kidneys were performed on 7th and 14th. Result: compared to PC group, BR with doses of 70 mg until 14th day, improved the degree of tubular necrosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular degeneration, and inflammatory cell infiltration (p <0.001) but did not reach NC group (p <0.05). The combination of AR+BR until the 14thÂ day with dose of 50, 60, 70 mg all of dose improves significantly in-term of degree of tubular cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. The degree of interstitial fibrosis on 14th day only improved in group 4 and 5 (p<0.001 and p=0.003). The level of NF-kB expression on day 7 and day 14 was reduced in group 2, group 4, and group 5 compared to PC group. There was positive correlation on 7th and 14th between NF-kÎ² expression and tubular degeneration, tubular cell necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis. Conclusion: the combination of AR+BR extract can improve histopathological features and reduce NF-kÎ² expression in mice tubules infected by Plasmodium berghei with an optimal dose was 60 mg/day for 7-14 days or 70 mg for 7 days.
Spillover Effects of Tax Avoidance on Peers' Firm Value
Authors: Bauckloh Tobias , Hardeck Inga , Inger Kerry K. , Wittenstein Patrick , Zwergel Bernhard 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
This research examines spillover effects of tax avoidance on peers' firm value using the setting of the European Commission's state aid investigations of private letter rulings. We assume that news about a firm's tax avoidance strategies also reveals information about peers' tax avoidance because investors expect similar firms to use similar strategies. Based on an event study design, we show that news about potential costs of tax avoidance of targeted U.S. multinational firms leads to negative stock price reactions among their peers. Moreover, peers' investors adjust their evaluations upward for news in favor of the targeted firms. Consistent with the level of tax avoidance being indicative of having similar strategies, spillover effects are stronger for firms with the highest levels of tax avoidance when examining a broad set of peers. Our findings suggest the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the costs and benefits of tax avoidance.
Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
JEL Classifications: G32; H25; H26.
Exercise During the First Trimester of Pregnancy and the Risks of Abnormal Screening and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ehrlich Samantha F. , Ferrara Assiamira , Hedderson Monique M. , Feng Juanran , Neugebauer Romain 
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVETo estimate the effects of exercise during the first trimester on the risks of abnormal screening and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData come from PETALS, a prospectively followed pregnancy cohort (n = 2,246, 79% minorities) receiving care at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. A Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess exercise. Glucose testing results for screening and diagnostic tests were obtained from electronic health records. Inverse probability of treatment weighting and targeted maximum likelihood with data-adaptive estimation (machine learning) of propensity scores and outcome regressions were used to obtain causal risk differences adjusted for potential confounders, including prepregnancy BMI, exercise before pregnancy, and gestational weight gain. Exercise was dichotomized at 1) the cohort’s 75th percentile for moderate- to vigorous-intensity exercise (≥13.2 MET-h per week or ≥264 min per week of moderate exercise), 2) current recommendations (≥7.5 MET-h per week or ≥150 min per week of moderate exercise), and 3) any vigorous exercise.RESULTSOverall, 24.3% and 6.5% had abnormal screening and GDM, respectively. Exercise meeting or exceeding the 75th percentile decreased the risks of abnormal screening and GDM by 4.8 (95% CI 1.1, 8.5) and 2.1 (0.2, 4.1) fewer cases per 100, respectively, in adjusted analyses.CONCLUSIONSExercise reduces the risks of abnormal screening and GDM, but the amount needed to achieve these risk reductions is likely higher than current recommendations. Future interventions may consider promoting ≥38 min per day of moderate-intensity exercise to prevent GDM.
Carbohydrate Requirements for Prolonged, Fasted Exercise With and Without Basal Rate Reductions in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Authors: McGaugh Sarah M. , Zaharieva Dessi P. , Pooni Rubin , D’Souza Ninoschka C. , Vienneau Todd , Ly Trang T. , Riddell Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE
Exercising while fasted with type 1 diabetes facilitates weight loss; however, the best strategy to maintain glucose stability remains unclear.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fifteen adults on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion completed three sessions of fasted walking (120 min at 45% VO2max) in a randomized crossover design: 50% basal rate reduction, set 90 min pre-exercise (−90min50%BRR); usual basal rate with carbohydrate intake of 0.3 g/kg/h (CHO-only); and combined 50% basal rate reduction set at exercise onset with carbohydrate intake of 0.3 g/kg/h (Combo).

RESULTS
Combo had a smaller change in glucose (5 ± 47 mg/dL) versus CHO-only (−49 ± 61 mg/dL, P = 0.03) or −90min50%BRR (−34 ± 45 mg/dL). The −90min50%BRR strategy produced higher β-hydroxybutyrate levels (0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 0.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L) and greater fat oxidation (0.51 ± 0.2 vs. 0.39 ± 0.1 g/min) than CHO-only (both P &lt; 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
All strategies examined produced stable glycemia for fasted exercise, but a 50% basal rate reduction, set 90 min pre-exercise, eliminates carbohydrate needs and enhances fat oxidation better than carbohydrate feeding with or without a basal rate reduction set at exercise onset.
Masking of High-Translucency Zirconia for Various Cores
Authors: Jung J , Roh BD , Kim JH , Shin Y 
Published: December 2020

Clinical RelevanceVarious core materials with different shades affect the final color of high-translucency monolithic zirconia restorations. The blue core shows the greatest color difference in final zirconia restorations followed by metal, A3 dentin-shade resin core, and white core.SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the masking ability of high-translucency monolithic zirconia for various core materials. A computer-aided design–computer-aided manufacturing system was used to design a zirconia disc with a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 1.0 mm. Four groups of cores (n=15 each) were fabricated with blue-colored dual-cure resin, white-colored dual-cure resin, A3 dentin-shade composite resin, and titanium block with 10-mm diameter and 5-mm thickness.Dual-cure, self-adhesive resin cement discs with a thickness of 25.0 ± 0.02 μm were fabricated. The color was measured using a handheld spectrophotometer. Color measurements of all specimens were performed on a white background. To assess the masking ability of zirconia, the difference between the values measured with zirconia on a white background and the values measured with zirconia on each of the four types of core material as a background with the cement specimens interposed (zirconia + cement + core) was determined. To enhance the optical connection between the specimens, distilled water was applied between each layer during each measurement.The results showed that the value of ΔE was highest for the blue core followed by metal, A3 dentin-shade resin core, and white-resin core. No significant differences were observed between the metal core and the A3 dentin-shade resin core or between the A3 dentin-shade resin core and the white core. The blue core had the significantly highest ΔE value based on Tukey’s honest significant difference test.Different core materials affect the final color of high-translucency monolithic zirconia restorations. Thus, our study showed that the final color of high-translucency monolithic zirconia restorations could be affected by the type of core material used.
The Analysis of Student’s Junior High School Perception of Free Sex Behavior in Terms of Gender Differences
Authors: Kholidin Farid Imam , Putri Elin Eria , Yandri Hengki , Juliwati Dosi , Erniyati Yelni 
Published: December 2020

Students who are in the adolescence phase begin to show an interest in the opposite sex as shown by dating behavior. The phenomenon of dating behavior among adolescents today shows a wrong perception such as to prove love, they often engage in hand-holding, kissing, hugging and even having sex which is clearly prohibited in Islam. If the problem is not immediately revealed, it will cause serious moral damage to adolescents. The study aims to reveal students ' perception of free sex behavior in terms of gender differences. The research method used was the comparative quantitative type with the research respondents of the State Junior High School 24 Kerinci which consisted of 78 people. The research Data were revealed with a scale of free sex behavior and analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that there were different perceptions between male and female students to free sex behavior namely the score was 0,005 sig.
Potensi Ekstrak Bawang Hitam sebagai Tabir Surya terhadap Paparan Sinar Ultraviolet
Authors: Dampati Putu Srinata , Veronica Elvina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract—Skin cancer is in the third rank in Indonesia. One of the causes of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun. Ultraviolet radiation forms Reactive Oxygen Species that disrupts the regulation of the cell-matrix and causes photoaging and the burden of gene mutations that cause carcinogenesis. Black garlic is fermented garlic with a certain duration, temperature, and humidity. Black garlic has higher levels of antioxidants than garlic. Aimsresearch to determine the potential of black garlic extract as a sunscreen against ultraviolet rays. Literature study using literature review articles and research articles from international and national journals within the last ten years. Result research show black garlic extract protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation, acts as a photoprotector, prevents photoaging by stimulating fibroblast orders and prevents collagen I degradation, and prevents carcinogenesis. Black Garlic extract has a potency become sunscreen against ultraviolet exposure due to its antioxidant content. Further research is needed on the dosage and side effects. Keywords: antioxidants, black garlic, reactive oxgyen species, ultraviolet
Abstrak— Kanker kulit menduduki peringkat tiga kanker terbanyak di Indonesia. Salah satu penyebab kanker kulit adalah paparan sinar ultraviolet matahari yang berlebih. Radiasi sinar ultraviolet membentuk reactive oxygen species yang mengganggu regulasi matriks sel dan menimbulkan photoaging serta memicu mutasi gen yang menyebabkan karsinogenesis. Bawang hitam merupakan bawang putih yang difermentasi dengan waktu, suhu, dan kelembapan tertentu. Bawang hitam mengandung antioksidan yang lebih tinggi dari bawang putih. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui potensi ekstrak bawang hitam sebagai tabir surya terhadap paparan sinar ultraviolet.Studi pustaka menggunakan artikel literature review dan artikel penelitian di jurnal internasional dan nasional dalam 10 tahun terakhir. Hasil: Ekstrak bawang hitam kaya akan antioksidan yang dapat melindungi kulit dari radiasi sinar ultraviolet, berperan sebagai fotoprotektor, mencegah photoaging dengan menstimulasi pembentukan fibroblas dan mencegah degradasi kolagen I, dan mencegah karsinogenesis. Ekstrak bawang putih berpotensi sebagai tabir surya terhadap paparan sinar ultraviolet karena kandungan antioksidannya. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut tentang dosis dan efek samping yang ditimbulkan. Kata kunci: antioksidan, bawang hitam, reactive oxgyen species, ultraviolet
Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects: A Topic Review and a Case Report of a Lethal Polymalformation Syndrome with a Giant Abdominoschisis
Authors: Bartos V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Abdominal wall defects (AWDs) represent a wide spectrum of congenital anomalies which are characterized by a herniation of abdominal organs through a pathologic opening in the abdominal region. The author describes a 29-year-old pregnant woman who was prenatally found to have a living female fetus with a giant omphalocele and a spinal deformation in the lumbosacral region. An evisceration of the abdominal contents into the amnionic cavity was visible. Based on USG findings the limb-body wall complex was suggested. An amniocentesis was performed and a genetic testing identified a chromosome 17q23.1–q23.2 duplication. As the fetal anomaly was considered incompatible with life, a medical termination of the pregnancy was carried out. Postmortem examination of the fetus revealed a huge abdominoschisis with a complete evisceration of the liver, stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, and the right kidney. A severe left-sided scoliosis deformity of the spine with crooked trunk was evident. The gross findings shared the features of omphalocele and limb-body wall complex with no postnatal life expectancy. Most fetal AWDs have poor prognosis. The pathology of these conditions differ greatly and require specific prenatal evaluation and pregnancy management for each entity. Accurate assessment of AWDs will allow the identification of isolated forms with better clinical outcomes compared to associated multiple malformations with chromosomal anomalies or genetic syndromes.
A Variant of D’alembert’s Matrix Functional Equation
Authors: Aissi Youssef , Zeglami Driss , Ayoubi Mohamed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to characterize the solutions Φ : G → M
2(ℂ) of the following matrix functional equations

Φ

(

x
y

)

+
Φ

(

σ

(
y
)

x

)

2

=
Φ

(
x
)

Φ

(
y
)

,

x
,
y
,
∈
G
,

{{\Phi \left( {xy} \right) + \Phi \left( {\sigma \left( y \right)x} \right)} \over 2} = \Phi \left( x \right)\Phi \left( y \right),\,\,\,\,\,\,x,y, \in G,

and

Φ

(

x
y

)

−
Φ

(

σ

(
y
)

x

)

2

=
Φ

(
x
)

Φ

(
y
)

,

x
,
y
,
∈
G
,

{{\Phi \left( {xy} \right) - \Phi \left( {\sigma \left( y \right)x} \right)} \over 2} = \Phi \left( x \right)\Phi \left( y \right),\,\,\,\,\,\,x,y, \in G,

where G is a group that need not be abelian, and σ : G → G is an involutive automorphism of G. Our considerations are inspired by the papers [13, 14] in which the continuous solutions of the first equation on abelian topological groups were determined.
Heat Load-Induced Changes in Lying Behavior and Lying Cubicle Occupancy of Lactating Dairy Cows in a Naturally Ventilated Barn
Authors: Heinicke Julia , Ott Aline , Ammon Christian , Amon Thomas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dairy cows show a high sensitivity to changes in barn climate, which can result in physiological and ethological responses because of the homeostatic mechanisms to regulate the body temperature under heat load. The objective of this study was to analyze the lying behavior and occupancy of lying cubicles of lactating high-yielding Holstein-Friesian cows throughout the day during three summer months and three winter months. The study was conducted in summer 2016 and in winter 2016/17 in a naturally ventilated barn in Brandenburg, Germany. The determined temperaturehumidity index (THI) of the barn was calculated using the measured ambient temperature and relative humidity at eight locations inside the barn. The THI was used to define the heat load the cows were exposed to. The activity of the cows was measured with accelerometers, and a video recording was made to analyze the occupancy of the three rows of lying cubicles. The results indicated that increasing heat load led to a decrease in lying time; therefore, the daily lying time differed between summer and winter months. In addition, there were different patterns of lying behavior during the course of the day, depending on the season. A sharp decline in lying time could be observed especially in the afternoon hours during the summer. The occupancy of lying cubicles was also influenced by the heat load. The data could be helpful to enable evaluation with algorithms for early detection of heat load.