bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cofradía and Cabildo in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
By the eighteenth century, the town-based cofradía and cabildo offices had merged to form what scholars call the fiesta-cargo system, a series of linked posts that created affective ties to the town and legitimated authority within it. Andeans now defined themselves as comuneros, members of the común, the body of commoners that excluded caciques. To become a leader of the común, one served the saints by holding cofradía office. Comuneros had made cofradías and saints Andean: service to the saints rotated among the town’s ayllus and saints’ celebrations included llama sacrifice, pouring libations, and shamanistic practices. During their time as officeholders, comuneros were exempt from tribute and mita, making them a de facto nobility. Caciques saw these officeholders as threats to cacical rule and worked to undercut them. That fear coincided with Spanish policies that also sought to reduce cofradía officers so as to increase tribute payments and mita labor.
War Captivity and Social Interactions
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Using the conceptual framework provided by prison sociologists, and focusing on everyday interactions, this chapter questions whether a structure of social order existed inside the war prison: forms of social relations and conflict regulation that were ‘indigenous’ to the carceral world. Rather than the laws of war, it is the laws of the prison that are the focus. While war prisons were violent spaces, the transactions between guards and prisoners varied considerably, from riots to corruption. A focus on the social relations which existed behind the walls of war prisons allows us to interrogate how closed off these institutions really were; in reality, war prisons were deeply connected to host societies, as is demonstrated by the study of escapes and prison markets.
Introduction
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The prisoner of war inhabits a third space between friendship and enmity. This book aims at understanding this peculiar social institution, and the specific form it took in the eighteenth century. The introduction analyses the normative framework and its limitations, and posits that emphasis must be placed on how war captivity actually worked. It also argues that it provides a vantage point from which we can re-examine the history of the state at war in the eighteenth century. Finally, the introduction contends that two perspectives must be taken up about the war prison, both as an autonomous space and as an observatory of the society that creates it.
Simple population models
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces basic concepts in population modeling that will be applied throughout the book. It begins with the oldest example of a population model, the rabbit problem, which was described by Leonardo of Pisa (“Fibonacci”) and whose solution is the Fibonacci series. The chapter then explores what is known about simple models of populations (i.e. those with a single variable such as abundance or biomass). The two major classes are: (1) linear models of exponential (or geometric) growth and (2) models of logistic, density-dependent growth. It covers both discrete time and continuous time versions of each of these. These simple models are then used to illustrate several different population dynamic concepts: dynamic stability, linearizing nonlinear models, calculation of probabilities of extinction, and management of sustainable fisheries. Each of these concepts is discussed further in later chapters, with more complete models.
Linear, age-structured models and their long-term dynamics
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The chapter describes age-structured models that are linear (i.e. without density dependence). Like simple (non-age-structured) linear models they eventually either increase to infinity or decrease to zero. They are only appropriate when density dependence is not an important factor, such as recently introduced populations or those that have declined to low abundance. The chapter steps through several different ways of formulating such models. First are Lotka’s renewal equation and the M’Kendrick/von Foerster equation, both continuous time, continuous age models. Next is the Leslie matrix, which operates in discrete age and time. Solutions to linear matrix equations, such as the Leslie matrix, can be written in a general way in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. These form the basis of analyses of dynamic stability throughout the book. Practically speaking, the Leslie matrix approach is the primary model used in modern ecology.
The Role of the Self in the Organization of Memories and Imagined Future Events
Authors: Ernst Alexandra , Rathbone Clare J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter reviews the organizational role of the self in the distributions and accessibility of memories and imagined future events. It covers research on the self-reference effect, self-defining memories, and the reminiscence bump. In this context, the different methods used to explore the relationships between the self, autobiographical memory, and future thinking are reviewed. A comparative view of the findings obtained for the past and the future are also given. The contributions of studies conducted in both healthy controls and clinical populations are discussed. One section is devoted to investigations in people with neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions and their contribution to improving our understanding of the relationships between autobiographical memory and the self.
Introduction
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s consideration of wartime collaboration through the lens of the laws of armed conflict. It sets out the structure of the book, and addresses the meaning of wartime collaboration by offering an understanding of what is meant by informing and other forms of cooperation with an adversary. It also sets out the various interrelated legal regimes which comprise the laws of armed conflict for the purpose of this study.
International Humanitarian Law on the Recruitment and Use of Informers and Collaborators
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The law of armed conflict as it is applicable to the recruitment and use of collaborators is examined in Chapter 2. Although international humanitarian law is somewhat permissive regarding such use in principle, key rules within this body of law set certain limits by imposing restrictions on methods of recruitment and outlawing coerced collaboration of certain kinds. The chapter explores the drafting, application, and interpretation of the humanitarian law rules of relevance. It traces in detail the debates which occurred during the preparation of prominent treaties, including the 1899 and 1907 Hague Regulations, where considerable attention was given to the question of how such laws might be addressed to those persons motivated or compelled ‘to serve the enemy’. The legality of certain practices employed by those seeking to recruit collaborators are considered in light of prohibitions under international humanitarian law, such as that of ‘physical or moral coercion’ against protected persons and prisoners of war for purposes of gathering information.
Wartime Trial and Treatment of Collaborators
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In Chapter 4, the book turns to consider the treatment of individuals suspected or found to have collaborated with an opposing party to an armed conflict and the scope of international humanitarian law’s protections. Parties to an armed conflict will often subject suspected collaborators to execution, oftentimes extrajudicially, as well as various types of ill-treatment, including torture, as punishment and to deter further betrayal. The practice, applicable legal rules, and rationales underlying such actions are examined in this chapter, which also considers potential blind spots on the part of humanitarian law and efforts to expand the scope of the law of war crimes. There is a particular focus on collaborator trials and executions during armed conflict, and an examination of the rules concerning fair trial guarantees, the permissibility of capital punishment in wartime, and the obligations of non-state actors.
Human Rights, National Regulation, and Armed Conflict
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The role of international human rights law and national regulatory regimes regarding the use of informers is considered in Chapter 5. The chapter begins by outlining human rights standards of relevance to the use of covert human intelligence sources in national policing, criminal justice, and intelligence activities, as interpreted by various international courts and human rights bodies. It then considers national approaches to the regulation of the use of informers, including a case study of Northern Ireland, where human rights law played an ostensibly greater role in regulating conduct than humanitarian law. Informers were both victims and perpetrators of serious crimes during the conflict. The chapter then examines the application of human rights law in times of armed conflict through the lens of the right to life, and considers how national regulation and oversight of the use of informers may be of relevance in situations of armed conflict.
Venice and Venetian Intelligence in the European Panorama
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the politico-economic and sociocultural landscape in which Venice’s secret service evolved and developed in the sixteenth century. It also provides a general overview of the intelligence pursuits of some of the most significant players—politically and economically—in early modern Europe, including major Italian city states—such as Milan, Florence, Genoa and Rome—Spain, England, France, and the Ottoman Empire. The chapter analyses the gradual emergence of systematized intelligence in sixteenth-century Europe, as it was instigated by momentous political, economic, social, and religious events. Through this historical analysis, Venice’s centrally administered state intelligence service emerges as an idiosyncratic phenomenon, setting the scene for its nuanced examination in the ensuing chapters.
Renaissance Venice’s Intelligence Organization
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the organizational structure of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence service as it was headed by the Council of Ten and composed of geographically dispersed state representatives and their state officials, military and naval men, in-house and expatriate white-collar state functionaries, and casually salaried spies and informants. The chapter reviews the organizational layout of Venice’s state intelligence apparatus, which included formally appointed diplomats and state officials and a large part of the Venetian state bureaucracy, including the secret chancery. There is a particular focus on correspondence as a vital tool of managing human action and performance at a distance, enabling the administration of large-scale, geographically dispersed organization of work. The chapter also shows how Venice’s intelligence organization was sanctioned through regulations that not only determined uniform professional operations and relationships but, importantly, legitimized the Ten’s power of command as Venice’s spy chiefs.
Extraordinary Measures
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter’s aim is twofold. Firstly, it discusses the extraordinary measures that those in charge of Venice’s secret service employed in their ongoing effort to maintain the security of the Venetian state throughout the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. These measures included interrogations, tortures, assassinations, chemical warfare, as well as tricks such as letter interceptions and bribes. Such dealings were devised to complement the Republic’s intelligence operations and state surveillance activities. Secondly, it shows how such extraordinary measures, some abhorrent, others more benign, yet equally cunning, were routinely normalized and commonly accepted without dispute or dissent. Instead, with unstinting panache and little consideration for public censure, the Ten routinely legitimized morally reprehensible acts in the name of state security. Their most brute force was revealed on one crucial occasion: the need to prevent enemies from obtaining intelligence on Venetian affairs.
Stilted Movements and Improbable Stares
Authors: Gallese Vittorio , Guerra Michele 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how cinema is able to produce the sense of body immanence, allowing audiences to identify with the characters they see on the screen. The subheadings are “Someone moved, but who?”, in which famous scenes from Alfred Hitchcock’s Notorious, Robert Montgomery’s Lady in the Lake, and Delmer Daves’ Dark Passage are analyzed, with a discussion of how cinema creates a subjective perspective; “Resonating with movement” discusses the pertinence of neuroscience to the issues introduced in the preceding pages; “Positions” addresses the mind–movie problem; lastly, “Sherlock Jr.” analyzes the problem of spatial segregation between screen and audience, discussing scenes from Buster Keaton’s film Sherlock Jr.
Human Difference
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 explains how debates about human origins and distinctiveness inform ideas about Europe. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books often argue that the natural environment shapes human characteristics, and that Europeans are distinctive because they have been exposed to certain conditions. However, the books also propose that Europeans possess intrinsic, unchanging qualities. This tension highlights the complexities of contemporary racial thought, which combines ideas about inherent nature, inheritance, environmental influence, and aesthetics. Some geographical texts argue for a single European race, but others identify a range of European races, often premised on categorization of languages.
Entanglement
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The distiction between classical product states and quantum entangled states is disclosed with examples. Spontaneous parametric down conversion as a source of entangled photons is described. The action of a perfect beam splitter is analysed using creation and annihilation operators. The HOM interferometer is described. Its use in demonstrating the indistinguishability of photons and in measuring bandwidth of sources at the level of femtoseconds is recounted. Two particle entanglement is analysed using the Bloch sphere representation showing how the full knowledge of the entangled state does not fix the state of the individual particles. The four Bell states, eigenstates of two particle entanglement, are introduced. Teleportation of a photon state using entangled photons is described, and an experiment to entangle the quantum states of atoms at space-like separation outlined.
EPR and Bell’s theorem, and quantum algorithms
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
EPR showed that quantum mechanics is not a local deterministic theory and on this account they argued that it is incomplete. Quantum mechanics predicts correlations over time-like separations. The suggested resolution in terms of local hidden variables is presented. Bell’s analysis leading to experimental tests is described. The experiment of Aspect, Grangier and Roger vindicating quantum mechanics is described. More refined experiments, avoiding conceivable biases, confirm this result. Then computing based on quantum principles is discussed. Bits with two states in a register would be replaced by qubits with values represented by points on the Bloch sphere. Basic gates are presented. Shor’s algorithm to decompose products of primes is described and a gate structure presented to implement it. Implementation would undermine current encryption methods. Quantum cryptography is described using the BB84 protocol. The no-cloning theorem protects this absolutely against attempts to intercept the encryption data.
Gaseous Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The (gaseous) BECs are introduced: clouds of 106−8 alkali metal atoms, usually 87Rb or 23Na, below ~1 μK. The laser cooling and magnetic trapping are described including the evaporation step needed to reach the conditions for condensation. The magnetooptical and Ioffe–Pritchard traps are described. Imaging methods, both destructive and non-destructive are described. Evidence of condensation is presented; and of interference between separated clouds, thus confirming the coherence of the condensates. The measurement of the condensate fraction is recounted. The Gross–Pitaevskii analysis of condensate properties is given in an appendix. How Bragg spectroscopy is used to obtain the dispersion relation for excitations is detailed. Finally the BEC/BCS crossover is introduced and the role therein of Feshbach resonances.
The Voice in the Schoolroom
Authors: Richards Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the centrality of voice to a Latinate, grammar-school education in the sixteenth century. It focuses on the part of rhetoric that has long been missed out of our histories of Renaissance rhetoric and reading: pronuntiatio (delivery). It considers the types of textual evidence we might use to recover training in vocal modulation. It explores the importance of pairing elocutio with pronuntiatio, focusing especially on Omer Talon’s Rhetorica; and it considers how attention to the performance of sentences from collections might help us to ‘listen’ to the historical schoolroom. It asks what happened to women’s voices when they were impersonated in the male-only schoolroom, and whether ‘real’ women were ever trained in pronuntiatio. Finally, it considers why Desiderius Erasmus chose the voice of a woman, Folly, to defend the importance of delivery to establish a relationship with God.
Chiral Symmetry
Authors: Peskin Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces chiral symmetry, the extra symmetry that QCD acquires when the masses of quarks are set to zero. It introduces the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking and explains the spontaneous breaking of chiral symmetry in QCD. It introduces the concept of a Goldstone boson, a particle that has zero mass as the result of spontaneous symmetry breaking, and explains how this concept explains properties of the pi and K mesons and allows us to determine the underlying values of the quark masses.
Gauge Theories with Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Peskin Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes theories that combine the ideas of gauge symmetry and spontaneous symmetry breaking. It explains that this combination gives rise to massive spin-1 bosons. This construction is used to propose fundamental equations for the weak interaction. The predictions of these equations for high-energy neutrino scattering are worked out and compared to experiment.
Quark Mixing Angles and Weak Decays
Authors: Peskin Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents the extension of the gauge theory model of the weak interaction to describe the weak interaction decays of quarks. It introduces the Cabibbo angle and the more general scheme of CKM mixing. It describes the realization of parity, CP, and time reversal symmetries in a general theory of quark mixing. Finally, it pulls all of the strands of previous chapters together to write the full set of equations of the Standard Model of particle physics.
‘I like the Spanish title’: William Carlos Williams’s Al Que Quiere!
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter ponders the decision of William Carlos Williams to give his volume Al Que Quiere! a Spanish title. It examines the social inequities implied—in a North American context—between this poet’s use of Spanish and English, and reflects upon not only the sociopolitical, but the creative aesthetic and the biographical ramifications of this choice. The chapter looks at the relationship between Williams’s use of non-translation and a democratic view of the pleasures of modern poetry. This chapter suggests that implications of the non-translated title speak to the pleasures and themes contained within the poems themselves, examined in a series of close readings of particular poems.
‘The passionate moment’: Untranslated Quotation in Pound and Eliot
Authors: Romer Stephen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines in depth the deeply personal use of ‘talismanic’ fragments of non-translation in the work of Ezra Pound and T. S. Eliot. Viewed as a specialized branch of modernist allusion, examples are considered in detail, in particular, Eliot’s references to the Provençal of Arnaut Daniel in Ash-Wednesday and elsewhere, and Pound’s use of Cavalcanti in The Cantos, read as a complex double-gesture, highly personal and yet strange. The chapter closes by considering the development of Eliot’s poetic practices, including the deployment of allusion and relative absence of non-translation, in Four Quartets.
Writing Otium
Authors: Schneider Robert A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter uses four full-scale works to demonstrate how a posture of “retreat” could, paradoxically, prove effective as a means of engagement with public, even political, affairs. The first two are works on reason of state; the second two are works of fiction, two of the “best-sellers” of the day. The discussion shows how both discursively and in terms of the content, these works create a distance between the authors and their texts and the “world,” but they nevertheless embody very effective ways of entering it. This chapter recapitulates and illustrates many of the themes running through Dignified Retreat.
To-Day and To-Morrow, Cultural Studies, and Everyday Life
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Taking up the suggestion at the end of Chapter 4, this one proposes that an important effect of the concerted futurological project was to place a novel emphasis in the series on everyday life; and that this in turn contributed to the development—already in embryo—of cultural and media studies. After a discussion of these emerging disciplines, volumes are analysed dealing with advertising, the press, communication and travel, the home and the family, law, the environment, and leisure. A key volume in this discussion is C. E. M. Joad’s Diogenes; or, The Future of Leisure (1928), which moves wittily between a satire of contemporary pastimes and a consideration—via G. B. Shaw’s ‘metabiological’ suite of plays, Back to Methusaleh, of a possible evolutionary future that informs the one imagined by Bernal. The chapter ends by discussing the volumes on labour and sport, and concluding that the series’ vision of everyday life is one profoundly conditioned by the experience of the recent war as giving a new valuation of life in all its forms.