bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsified Fat Grafting Accelerates Tissue Expansion
Authors: An Ruobing , Li Shengli , Sheng Lingling , Cao Weigang 
Published: December 2019

Introduction
Tissue expansion has been applied in tissue repair and reconstruction of large soft tissue defects. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) transplantation is a promising treatment in raising expansion efficiency. However, the clinical utilization of SVF is limited because of its conventional collagenase-based production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of emulsified fat (EF), SVF obtained by using mechanical method, on accelerating tissue expansion.

Materials and Methods
The microstructure of EF fragments and the proportion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; CD45−/CD34+) in EF were detected. Wistar rats were divided into the following 3 groups randomly: the 1-mL EF group, the 0.5-mL EF group, and the control group. The tissue expansion was carried out twice a week to maintain the capsule pressure at 60 mm Hg. After 4 weeks, inflation volume and histological changes, which includes collagen content, cell proliferation, and capillary density, were observed to evaluate the effect of EF on tissue expansion.

Results
Mechanical emulsification effectively destroyed the mature adipocytes in adipose tissue. The proportion of MSCs population in the EF fragments was 12.40 ± 0.86%. After expansion, the inflation volume and the levels of collagen deposition, cell proliferation, and capillary density of the expanded tissue in the 1-mL EF group were significantly higher than that in the 0.5-mL EF group and the control group (P < 0.05). However, all these regenerative indicators in the 0.5-mL EF group showed no statistical difference from the control group (P > 0.05). The thickness of epidermal and dermal layers showed no significant difference among the 3 groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Our findings suggested that EF grafting can be used as a new alternative to increase tissue expansion efficiency.
The Accessory Parotid Gland and its Clinical Significance
Authors: Rosa Mateusz A. , Łazarz Dominik P. , Pękala Jakub R. , Skinningsrud Bendik , Lauritzen Sigurd S. , Solewski Bernard , Pękala Przemysław A. , Walocha Jerzy A. , Tomaszewski Krzysztof A. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
The accessory parotid gland is a collection of salivary tissue separate from the main parotid gland. When present, it may complicate parotidectomies, promote parotitis, and serve as a potential site for benign and malignant lesions to arise. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive and current overview of the anatomy of the accessory parotid gland, as there is a wide discrepancy in the literature regarding its prevalence.

Materials and Methods:
The authors conducted a search in PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SciELO, BIOSIS, Current Content Connect, Korean Journal Database, and Russian Citation Index to identify all studies which reported relevant data on the accessory, with no date or language restrictions applied. Data on prevalence, side of occurrence, and sex dimorphism of the accessory parotid gland were extracted and pooled into a meta-analysis.

Results:
A total of 13 articles (n = 3115 subjects) were included in the study. The results revealed that the overall pooled prevalence of an accessory parotid gland was 32.1% (95% confidence interval: 21.2–44.0). It was more prevalent in cadaveric studies (35.8%) than in computed tomography studies (21.5%), had a higher prevalence in Asia (33.8%) as compared to North America (23.5%), and when present, it was most often found as an unilateral structure (77.8%).

Conclusions:
With respect to the findings presented, the accessory parotid gland may be considered an anatomical variation likely to encounter in the population. More anatomical studies on the structure and its prevalence are needed, in all regions of the world, to provide a representative global overview.
Seizures in Patients With Metastatic Brain Tumors: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Features on EEG
Authors: Ajinkya Shaun , Fox Jonah , Houston Peter , Greenblatt Adam , Lekoubou Alain , Lindhorst Scott , Cachia David , Olar Adriana , Kutluay Ekrem 
Published: December 2019

Introduction:
Metastases to the brain (MB) occur in up to 30% of adults with cancer; of these, 15% to 35% may have seizures. We investigated clinical and pathologic associations with seizure and EEG findings in patients with MB, given the sparse literature in this area.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective chart review of adults with pathologically confirmed MB treated at a large tertiary care center between April 8, 2006, and December 14, 2018. Primary outcomes were odds of “chart-documented seizure” (CDS) in the full sample and EEG-captured seizure or any epileptiform discharges among those monitored on EEG.

Results:
We studied 187 patients with MB, of whom 55 (28.3%) were monitored on EEG. We found an overall CDS prevalence of 29.4% and an EEG-captured seizure of 18.9% among patients monitored on EEG. Of those monitored on EEG, 47.2% had epileptiform discharges. Adenocarcinoma pathology was associated with lower odds of CDS (odds ratio [OR] 0.50, 95% CI 0.26–0.96) and EEG-captured seizure (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01–0.87) versus other pathologies. When modeled separately, melanoma pathology was associated with CDS (OR 4.45, 95% CI 1.58–12.57) versus other pathologies. Hemorrhagic MB were associated with any epileptiform discharges (OR 5.50, 95% CI 1.65–18.37), regardless of pathology modeled. Increasing size of the largest dimension of the largest MB was associated with lower odds of CDS (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.52–0.89 when adenocarcinoma modeled, OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.91 when melanoma modeled).

Conclusions:
Seizures and epileptiform discharges are common in patients with MB. Tumor size and pathology were significantly associated with CDS. Larger studies are needed for further analysis.
A Systematic Review on Psychological and Biological Mediators Between Adversity and Psychosis: Potential Targets for Treatment
Authors: Alameda Luis , Rodriguez Victoria , Carr Ewan , Aas Monica , Trotta Giulia , Marino Paolo , Vorontsova Natasha , Herane-Vives Andrés , Spinazzola Edoardo , Di Forti Marta , Morgan Craig , Murray Robin M 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVarious psychological and biological pathways have been proposed as mediators between childhood adverse events (CA) and psychosis. A systematic review of the evidence in this domain is needed. The aim of this work is to systematically review the evidence on psychological and biological mediators between CA and psychosis across the psychosis spectrum. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (registration number: CRD42018100846). Articles published between 1979 and July 2019 were identified through a literature search in OVID (PsychINFO; Medline and Embase). The evidence by each analysis and each study results are presented by group of mediator categories found in the review. The percentage of total effect mediated was calculated. 47 studies were included, with a total of 79,668 from general population (GP) and 3,189 from clinical samples. The quality of studies was judged as “fair”. Our results showed (i) solid evidence of mediation between CA and psychosis by negative cognitive schemas about the self, the world, and others (NS); by dissociation and other PTSD symptoms; (ii) evidence of al mediation through an affective pathway (affective dysregulation, anxiety, and depression) in GP; (iii) lack of studies exploring biological mediators. To conclude, we found evidence suggesting that various overlapping and not competing pathways contribute partially to the link between adversity and psychosis. Experiences of adversity, along with relevant mediators such as PTSD and mood related symptoms and NS, should be routinely assessed in patients with psychosis. Targeting such mediators through cognitive behavioural aproaches using trauma-focused therapy and/or pharmacological means could be a useful addition to the traditional treatment of positive symptoms.
Machine learning applied to atopic dermatitis transcriptome reveals distinct therapy-dependent modification of the keratinocyte immunophenotype
Authors: Clayton K. , Vallejo A. , Sirvent S. , Davies J. , Porter G. , Lim F. , Ardern-Jones M.R. , Polak M.E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) arises from a complex interaction between an impaired epidermal barrier, environmental exposures, and the infiltration of Th1/Th2/Th17/Th22 T cells. Transcriptomic analysis has advanced understanding of gene expression in cells and tissues. However, molecular quantitation of cytokine transcripts does not predict the importance of a specific pathway in AD or cellular responses to different inflammatory stimuli.ObjectiveTo understand changes in keratinocyte transcriptomic programmes in human cutaneous disease during development of inflammation and in response to treatment.MethodsWe performed in silico deconvolution of the whole-skin transcriptome. Using co-expression clustering and machine learning tools, we resolved the gene expression of bulk skin (n=7 datasets, n=406 samples), firstly, into unsupervised keratinocyte immune response phenotypes and, secondly, into 19 cutaneous cell signatures of purified populations from publicly available datasets.ResultsWe identify three unique transcriptomic programmes in keratinocytes, KC1, KC2, KC17, characteristic to immune signalling from disease-associated helper T cells. We cross-validate those signatures across different skin inflammatory conditions and disease stages and demonstrate that the keratinocyte response during treatment is therapy dependent. Broad spectrum treatment with ciclosporin ameliorated the KC17 response in AD lesions to a non-lesional immunophenotype, without altering KC2. Conversely, the specific anti-Th2 therapy, dupilumab, reversed the KC2 immunophenotype.ConclusionOur analysis of transcriptomic signatures in cutaneous disease biopsies reveals the complexity of keratinocyte programming in skin inflammation and suggests that the perturbation of a single axis of immune signal alone may be insufficient to resolve keratinocyte immunophenotype abnormalities.
Biopsy-free prediction of prostate cancer aggressiveness using deep learning and radiology imaging
Authors: Khosravi Pegah , Lysandrou Maria , Eljalby Mahmoud , Brendel Matthew , Li Qianzi , Kazemi Ehsan , Barnes Josue , Zisimopoulos Pantelis , Sigaras Alexandros , Ricketts Camir , Meleshko Dimitri , Yat Andy , McClure Timothy D. , Robinson Brian D. , Sboner Andrea , Elemento Olivier , Chughtai Bilal , Hajirasouliha Iman 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is routinely used to visualize the prostate gland and manage prostate cancer. The Prostate Imaging Reporting And Data System (PI-RADS) is used to evaluate the clinical risk associated with a potential tumor. However the PI-RADS score is subjective and its assessment varies between physicians. As a result, a definite diagnosis of prostate cancer requires a biopsy to obtain tissue for pathologic analysis. A prostate biopsy is an invasive procedure and is associated with complications, including hematospermia, hematuria, and rectal bleeding.We hypothesized that an Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be trained on prostate cases where both imaging and biopsy are available to distinguish aggressive prostate cancer from non-aggressive lesions using MRI imaging only, that is, without the need for a biopsy.Our computational method, named AI-biopsy, can distinguish aggressive prostate cancer from non-aggressive disease with an AUC of 0.855 and a 79.02% accuracy. We used Class Activation Maps (CAM) to highlight which regions of MRI images are being used by our algorithm for classification, and found that AI-biopsy generally focuses on the same regions that trained uro-radiolosts focus on, with a few exceptions. In conclusion, AI-biopsy provides a data-driven and reproducible way to assess cancer aggressiveness from MRI images and a personalized strategy to reduce the number of unnecessary biopsies.
Factors associated with access to Insecticide-Treated Nets and use of house modification in Bagamoyo and Ulanga districts, Tanzania
Authors: Odufuwa OG , Ross A , Mlacha YP , Juma O , Mmbaga S , Msellemu DF , Moore SJ 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundInsecticide-treated Nets (ITNs) and house modifications are proven vector control tools, yet full coverage has frequently not been achieved. This study investigates factors associated with ITN access and use of house modification in Tanzania.MethodsBaseline data from cross-sectional surveys was analysed from 7,240 households in Bagamoyo (60km north of Dar es Salaam) and 1,241 households in Ulanga (a remote rural area), from previous studies on spatial repellants and indoor residual spray evaluation. We estimated the associations between the outcomes: population access to ITNs, ITN per sleeping spaces, presence of window screens and closed eaves, and the covariates household size, age, gender, pregnancy, education, mosquito entry (doors and windows), house modification (window screens & closed eaves), mean distance to mosquito breeding sites and wealth using regression models.ResultsPopulation access to ITNs (households with one ITN per two potential people that stayed in the house the previous night of the survey) was 64% (56 - 71) and ITNs per sleeping spaces (households with enough ITNs to cover all sleeping spaces used the previous night of the survey) was 63% (54 - 72) in Bagamoyo, three years after the last Universal Coverage Campaigns (UCC). These findings are both lower than the 80% coverage target of the Tanzania National Malaria Strategic Plan (Tanzania NMSP). In Ulanga, population access to ITNs was 84% (78 - 91) and ITNs per sleeping spaces was 93% (89 - 97), one year after the last UCC. Household size was significantly associated with lower access to ITNs even shortly after UCC. House modification was common in both areas. In Bagamoyo, screened windows were more common than closed eaves (61% vs 14%) whereas in Ulanga more houses had closed eaves than window screens (55% vs 12%). Households in the poorest quintile were less likely to adopt window screening and closing eaves in Bagamoyo, this contrasts with Ulanga district where a greater proportion of poorer households blocked eaves with mud but were less likely to adopt screening.ConclusionPopulation access to ITN was substantially lower than the targets of the Tanzania NMSP after three years and lower among larger households after one year following ITN campaign. House modification was common in both areas, motivated by wealth. Improved access to ITNs and window screens through subsidy, especially among larger households, uptake of a combination of these two interventions may be maximized.
Gene expression data support the hypothesis that Isoetes rootlets are true roots and not modified leaves
Authors: Hetherington Alexander J. , Emms David M. , Kelly Steven , Dolan Liam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRhizomorphic lycopsids are the land plant group that includes the first giant trees to grow on Earth and extant species in the genus Isoetes. Two mutually exclusive hypotheses account for the evolution of terminal rooting axes called rootlets among the rhizomorphic lycopsids. One hypothesis states that rootlets are true roots, like roots in other lycopsids. The other states that rootlets are modified leaves. Here we test predictions of each hypothesis by investigating gene expression in the leaves and rootlets of Isoetes echinospora. We assembled the de-novo transcriptome of axenically cultured I. echinospora. Gene expression signatures of I. echinospora rootlets and leaves were different. Furthermore, gene expression signatures of I. echinospora rootlets were similar to gene expression signatures of true roots of Selaginella moellendorffii and Arabidopsis thaliana. RSL genes which positively regulate cell differentiation in roots were either exclusively or preferentially expressed in the I. echinospora rootlets, S. moellendorffii roots and A. thaliana roots compared to the leaves of each respective species. Taken together, gene expression data from the de-novo transcriptome of I. echinospora are consistent with the hypothesis that Isoetes rootlets are true roots and not modified leaves.
Spinal Microglia Contribute to Sustained Inflammatory Pain via Amplifying Neuronal Activity
Authors: Gu Nan , Yi Min-Hee , Murugan Madhuvika , Xie Manling , Peng Jiyun , Eyo Ukpong B , Dong Hailong , Wu Long-Jun 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYMicroglia are highly dynamic immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglial processes interact with neuronal elements constantly on the order of minutes. The functional significance of this acute microglia-neuron interaction and its potential role in the context of pain is still largely unknown. Here, we found that spinal microglia increased their process motility and electrophysiological reactivity within an hour after the insult in a mouse model of formalin-induced acute, sustained, inflammatory pain. Using an ablation strategy to specifically deplete resident microglia in the CNS, we demonstrate that microglia participate in formalin-induced acute sustained pain behaviors by amplifying neuronal activity in the spinal dorsal horn. Moreover, we identified that the P2Y12 receptor, which is specifically expressed in microglia in the CNS, was required for microglial function in formalin-induced pain. Taken together, our study provides a novel insight into the contribution of microglia and the P2Y12 receptor in acute, sustained, inflammatory pain that could be used for potential therapeutic strategies.
In vivo microstimulation with cathodic and anodic asymmetric waveforms modulates spatiotemporal calcium dynamics in cortical neuropil and pyramidal neurons of male mice
Authors: Stieger Kevin C. , Eles James R. , Ludwig Kip A. , Kozai Takashi D.Y. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrical stimulation has been critical in the development of an understanding of brain function and disease. Despite its widespread use and obvious clinical potential, the mechanisms governing stimulation in the cortex remain largely unexplored in the context of pulse parameters. Modeling studies have suggested that modulation of stimulation pulse waveform may be able to control the probability of neuronal activation to selectively stimulate either cell bodies or passing fibers depending on the leading polarity. Thus, asymmetric waveforms with equal charge per phase (i.e. increasing the leading phase duration and proportionately decreasing the amplitude) may be able to activate a more spatially localized or distributed population of neurons if the leading phase is cathodic or anodic, respectively. Here, we use two-photon and mesoscale calcium imaging of GCaMP6s expressed in excitatory pyramidal neurons of male mice to investigate the role of pulse polarity and waveform asymmetry on the spatiotemporal properties of direct neuronal activation with 10 Hz electrical stimulation. We demonstrate that increasing cathodic asymmetry effectively reduces neuronal activation and results in a more spatially localized subpopulation of activated neurons without sacrificing the density of activated neurons around the electrode. Conversely, increasing anodic asymmetry increases the spatial spread of activation and highly resembles spatiotemporal calcium activity induced by conventional symmetric cathodic stimulation. These results suggest that stimulation polarity and asymmetry can be used to modulate the spatiotemporal dynamics of neuronal activity thus increasing the effective parameter space of electrical stimulation to restore sensation and study circuit dynamics.Significance StatementElectrical stimulation has promise to restore sensation and motor function, as well as treat the symptoms of several neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects of stimulation are not fully understood. This work supports modeling predictions by demonstrating that modulation of the stimulation waveform dramatically affects the spatial recruitment and activity level of neurons in vivo. These findings suggest that stimulation waveform symmetry represents a parameter that may be able to increase the dynamic range of stimulation applications. Further characterization of these parameters with frequency, and amplitude could provide further insight into the mechanisms of electrical stimulation.
Does metal pollution affect stoichiometry of soil-litter food webs?
Authors: Asselman Michel , Sobczyk Łukasz , Weiner January , Scheu Stefan , Rożen Anna 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo date the field of ecological stoichiometry has focused mainly on aquatic systems concentrating on macro-elements. We investigated terrestrial systems and included microelements to study the elemental transfer in the detritivorous food web. We compared food webs of six sites differing in the type and degree of metal pollution along two forest transects contaminated with copper or zinc. We measured 11 elements in litter, herbivores, detritivores, predators and omnivores. Based on elemental concentrations of elements differences between trophic groups were visualized using PCA. At all sites litter C:N, C:P, C:K and C:Na ratios were higher than in animals. Invertebrate trophic groups were significantly different from each other in C:Cu, C:Zn and C:Ca ratios. The calculated resource:consumer N:P ratio suggests that invertebrates in studied forests are N limited and not P limited. Similar patterns at all sites suggests that metal pollution at the studied intensity slightly affects the transfer of elements in the terrestrial macro-invertebrate food web.
Combining multi-omics and drug perturbation profiles to identify novel treatments that improve disease phenotypes in spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Meijboom Katharina E. , Volpato Viola , Monzón-Sandoval Jimena , Hoolachan Joseph M. , Hammond Suzan M. , Abendroth Frank , de Jong Olivier Gerrit , Hazell Gareth , Ahlskog Nina , Wood Matthew J.A. , Webber Caleb , Bowerman Melissa 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neuromuscular disorder caused by loss of survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. While SMN restoration therapies are beneficial, they are not a cure. We aimed to identify novel treatments to alleviate muscle pathology combining transcriptomics, proteomics and perturbational datasets. This revealed potential drug candidates for repurposing in SMA. One of the lead candidates, harmine, was further investigated in cell and animal models, improving multiple disease phenotypes, including SMN expression and lifespan. Our work highlights the potential of multiple, parallel data driven approaches for development of novel treatments for use in combination with SMN restoration therapies.