bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A methodological guide for translating study instruments in cross‐cultural research: Adapting the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese
Authors: Cheung Hubert , Mazerolle Lorraine , Possingham Hugh P. , Tam Kim‐Pong , Biggs Duan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Ecologists and conservation scientists use social science research methods to carry out studies around the world. The language and cultural context in which study instruments are applied often differ from the context in which they were originally developed. Study instruments used in cross‐cultural research need to maintain equivalency in order to ensure that the results and conclusions are not affected. Translation is a crucial part of research design, so a carefully planned methodological approach needs to be taken to adapt existing tools.

We present a clear, concise and easy‐to‐use procedure for researchers in conservation and ecology to translate study instruments. This five‐step guide first requires researchers to recruit a diverse and balanced team of translators, who are tasked with performing a series of forward and back‐translations. A committee approach is used to resolve differences in format, wording, grammar, sentence structure, item meanings, relevance and culturally specific references to reach a consensus on the best possible translation, which can then be pilot tested and validated.

As a case study to demonstrate how our method works, we adapted the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale into Chinese. Originally created in English by Mayer and Frantz, the ‘connectedness to nature’ scale measures an individual's emotional connection to nature, which is an important predictor of environmental behaviour. It is theorized that reconnecting humans to the natural world can help mitigate environmental crises.

Although no method is fail‐safe, by following the structured, five‐step method we present in this paper, ecologists and conservationists can employ a more thorough and rigorous approach to translating their study instruments for cross‐cultural research than commonly used methods like direct translation. Ultimately, researchers must decide on what translation procedures are appropriate for their work given constraints on time and resources.
Global Emergency Medicine: A Review of the Literature From 2019
Authors: Trehan Indi , Kivlehan Sean M. , Balhara Kamna S. , Hexom Braden J. , Pousson Amelia Y. , Quao Nana Serwaa A. , Rybarczyk Megan M. , Selvam Anand , Bonney Joseph , Bhaskar Nidhi , Becker Torben K. ,   The Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) Group
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe annual systematic search of the peer‐reviewed and gray literature relevant to global emergency medicine (EM) was conducted by the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) to screen, evaluate, and review the most rigorously conducted and relevant research in global EM published in 2019.MethodsAfter a broad search of PubMed and websites of organizations publishing relevant gray literature, all articles that were deemed relevant to the fields of disaster and humanitarian response, emergency care in resource‐limited settings, and EM development by at least one reviewer, an editor, and the managing editors were then scored by two different reviewers using a 20‐point scoring template relevant to either original research (OR) or review (RE) articles. This scoring system rates articles on their clarity, research design, ethics, importance to global EM, and breadth of impact. Articles that then scored in the top 5% were then critiqued in depth.ResultsA total of 23,321 article titles and abstracts were screened by 22 reviewers with a wide swath of clinical and research experience in global EM. From these, a total of 356 articles underwent full‐text review and scoring on the 20‐point scale; 26% were categorized as disaster and humanitarian response, 58% as emergency care in resource‐limited settings, and 15% as EM development. Of these 356 articles, 276 (77.5%) were OR articles and 80 (22.5%) were RE articles. The 16 articles that scored in the top 5% (>17.5 of 20 points) received full in‐depth narrative summaries.ConclusionsIn 2019, the overall number of studies relevant to global EM that were identified by our search decreased from the prior year, but more high‐scoring articles related to the development of EM clinical practice and as a specialty in resource‐constrained settings were identified.
Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Impairs Visual‐Spatial Discrimination in a Sex‐Specific Manner: Effects of Testing Order and Difficulty on Learning Performance
Authors: Kenton Johnny A. , Castillo Victoria K. , Kehrer Penelope E. , Brigman Jonathan L. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundExposure to high levels of alcohol during development leads to alterations in neurogenesis and deficits in hippocampal‐dependent learning. Evidence suggests that even more moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have negative impacts on the cognitive function of offspring. Methods for assessing impairments differ greatly across species, complicating translation of preclinical findings into potential therapeutics. We have demonstrated the utility of a touchscreen operant measure for assessing hippocampal function in mice.MethodsHere, we integrated a well‐established “drinking‐in‐the‐dark” exposure model that produces reliable, but more moderate, levels of maternal intoxication with a trial‐unique, delayed nonmatching‐to‐location (TUNL) task to examine the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on hippocampal‐sensitive behavior directly analogous to those used in clinical assessment. PAE and SAC offspring mice were trained to touch a single visual stimulus (“sample phase”) in one of 10 possible spatial locations (2 × 5 grid) in a touchscreen operant system. After a delay, animals were simultaneously presented with the original stimulus and a rewarded stimulus in a novel location (“choice phase”). PAE and saccharin (SAC) control mice were trained on a series of problems that systematically increased the difficulty by decreasing the separation between the sample and choice stimuli. Next, a separate cohort of PAE and SAC animals were given a brief training and then tested on a challenging variant where both the separation and delay varied with each trial.ResultsWe found that PAE mice were generally able to perform at levels similar to SAC control mice at progressively more difficult separations. When tested on the most difficult unpredictable variant immediately, PAE showed a sex‐specific deficit with PAE females performing worse during long delays.ConclusionsTaken together, these data demonstrate the utility of the TUNL task for examining PAE related alterations in hippocampal function and underline the need to examine sex‐by‐treatment interactions in these models.
Opioid and Dopamine Genes Interact to Predict Naltrexone Response in a Randomized Alcohol Use Disorder Clinical Trial
Authors: Anton Raymond F. , Voronin Konstantin E. , Book Sarah W. , Latham Patricia K. , Randall Patrick K. , Glen Willam Bailey , Hoffman Michaela , Schacht Joseph P. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundWhile the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, is approved for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), not everyone who receives the medication benefits from it. This study evaluated whether the OPRM1 SNP rs1799971 interacts with the dopamine transporter gene DAT1/SLC6A3 VNTR rs28363170 or the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene SNP rs4680 in predicting naltrexone response.MethodsIndividuals who met DSM‐IV alcohol dependence were randomly assigned to naltrexone (50 mg/d) or placebo based on their OPRM1 genotype (75 G‐allele carriers and 77 A‐allele homozygotes) and also genotyped for DAT1 VNTR (9 vs. 10 repeats) or COMT SNP (val/val vs. met carriers). Heavy drinking days (%HDD) were evaluated over 16 weeks and at the end of treatment. Effect sizes (d) for naltrexone response were calculated based on genotypes.ResultsNaltrexone, relative to placebo, significantly reduced %HDD among OPRM1 G carriers who also had DAT1 10/10 (p = 0.021, d = 0.72) or COMT val/val genotypes (p = 0.05, d = 0.80), and to a lesser degree in those OPRM1 A homozygotes who were also DAT1 9‐repeat carriers (p = 0.09, d = 0.70) or COMT met carriers (p = 0.03, d = 0.63). All other genotype combinations showed no differential response to naltrexone. Diarrhea/abdominal pain was more prominent in OPRM1 A homozygotes who were also DAT 9 or COMT met carriers.ConclusionsThese results suggest that individuals with AUD with a more opioid‐responsive genotype (OPRM1 G carriers) respond better to naltrexone if they have genotypes indicating normal/less dopamine tone (DAT1 10,10 or COMT val,val), while those with a less responsive opioid‐responsive genotype (OPRM1 A homozygotes) respond better to naltrexone if they have genotypes indicating greater dopamine tone (DAT1 9‐repeat or COMT met carriers). These results could lead to more personalized AUD treatments.
A narrative review with practical advice on how to decrease pain and distress during venepuncture and peripheral intravenous cannulation
Authors: Cozzi Giorgio , Valerio Paolo , Kennedy Robert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractVenepuncture and peripheral intravenous cannulation are two of the most commonly paediatric performed medical procedures in many healthcare settings. These procedures can cause significant pain and distress at any age, during childhood, so appropriate management is strongly recommended. This review examines the evidence related to pain and distress management during venepuncture and peripheral intravenous cannulation, including preparing the environment, assessing and preparing patients, parental involvement and psychological and pharmacological interventions. It specifically refers to neonates, children with cognitive impairment and children with difficult intravenous access. We provide a brief management strategy, with easily implemented techniques to improve daily practice.
Predictors and outcomes of histological remission in ulcerative colitis treated to endoscopic healing
Authors: Jangi Sushrut , Yoon Hyuk , Dulai Parambir S. , Valasek Mark , Boland Brigid S. , Jairath Vipul , Feagan Brian G. , Sandborn William J. , Singh Siddharth 
Published: August 2020

SummaryBackgroundClinical remission is the recommended treatment target in ulcerative colitis. The predictors and outcomes of achieving histologic remission within a treat‐to‐target paradigm are not well established.AimTo evaluate the predictors and outcomes of achieving histologic remission in patients with ulcerative colitis treated‐to‐target of endoscopic healing (modified Mayo endoscopy score 0 or 1).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in adults with active ulcerative colitis (modified Mayo endoscopy score 2 or 3), whose treatment was iteratively optimised to achieve endoscopic healing. We identified predictors of achieving histologic remission, and outcomes (risk of symptomatic relapse, and ulcerative colitis‐related hospitalisation and/or surgery) of achieving histologic remission vs persistent histologic activity, using Cox proportional hazard analysis.ResultsOf the 411 patients with clinically active ulcerative colitis, 270 achieved endoscopic healing. Of the 270 patients, 55% simultaneously achieved histologic remission. Depth of endoscopic healing at final endoscopic assessment was the only independent determinant of histologic remission (modified Mayo endoscopy score 0 vs 1: odds ratio, 0.31 [95% confidence intervals, 0.18‐0.52]). Over 28 months, achieving histologic remission was associated with a lower risk of clinical relapse (1‐year cumulative risk: 18.7% vs 29.5%; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.56 [0.37‐0.85]), and lower risk of hospitalisation (hazard ratio, 0.44 [0.20‐0.94]). The incremental benefit of achieving histologic remission was observed only in patients achieving Mayo endoscopy score 1, but not Mayo endoscopy score 0.ConclusionsIn patients with active ulcerative colitis treated‐to‐target of endoscopic healing, 55% simultaneously achieved histologic remission. Histologic remission, particularly in patients achieving modified Mayo endoscopy score 1, was associated with favourable outcomes. Treating to a target of histologic remission over endoscopic healing requires prospective evaluation.
Actions of multiple doses of resveratrol on oxidative and inflammatory markers in plasma and brain of healthy and arthritic rats
Authors: Castro Lorena dos Santos , Bracht Lívia , Peralta Rosane Marina , Maróstica Heloisa Vialle Pereira , Comar Jurandir Fernando , Babeto de Sá‐Nakanishi Anacharis , Bracht Adelar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe actions of resveratrol in brain and plasma of rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis were investigated. Resveratrol was administered orally during a period of 23 days. A major concern of the present work was to explore an ample range of daily doses (10‐200 mg/kg). Several oxidative and inflammatory markers were measured. Important effects of resveratrol treatment were the normalization of the plasma myeloperoxidase activity (inflammatory marker), the normalization of the brain xanthine oxidase activity (reactive oxygen species source) and the near‐normalization of the catalase activity in the brain (antioxidant defence). These effects presented obvious dose dependencies in the range up to 200 mg/kg. Resveratrol also reduced protein and lipid damage within the lowest dose ranges investigated, and its action as a free radical scavenger activity was enhanced in brain mitochondria of arthritic rats. Resveratrol failed in restoring the diminished albumin levels and plasma protein thiols in arthritic rats. The latter, however, were substantially increased in healthy rats at low doses (up to 50 mg/kg), a sign of antioxidant action. This increase was reversed at higher doses, a sign of pro‐oxidant action. The observations agree with the notion that low doses of resveratrol might be useful as an adjuvant to the conventional antirheumatic drugs.
A new approach to measuring universal banking
Authors: Shabani Mimoza , D'Avino Carmela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNoninterest income is widely used in the literature to account for the degree of the universal business model by banks. This paper proposes a novel measure of universal banking constructed using the relative contribution of each operating segment to total assets using an entropy approach. We here propose a novel dataset containing the Universal Banking Index (UBI) at both country and bank levels. Using a sample of international banks, we evaluate the extent to which our proposed metric affects banks’ profitability, stability, liquidity and capitalisation. Results suggest that a higher degree of diversification is associated with increased stability. In addition, banks that feature a more diversified business model, as proxied by the UBI, are also better capitalised, as opposed to banks with high noninterest income share. Our results suggest that regulatory‐induced restriction on universal banking may indeed reduce the benefits of risk sharing across operating segments, exposing banks to heightened risks.
Subsidence analysis of salt tectonics‐driven carbonate minibasins (Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria)
Authors: Strauss Philipp , Granado Pablo , Muñoz Josep Anton 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSubsidence analysis study for several Triassic carbonate platforms from the eastern Northern Calcareous Alps shows that salt expulsion allowed for the growth of thick isolated depocentres (>1.5 km) at rates faster than those tectonic subsidence alone can provide. Our results, in addition to independent regional geological evidence, argue against previous models of thick‐skinned extension controlling accommodation space. Differential sedimentary loading and stretching of the salt layer can explain the development of the Triassic isolated carbonate platforms in the Northern Calcareous Alps, with salt expulsion being proportional to the growth potential of the carbonate producers. Aside of topographic loads, early diageneses of carbonates allow for the density inversion between sediment and salt, with differential loading by carbonate aggradation leading to a self‐sustained feedback cycle of density‐driven and gradient load subsidence; stretching of the salt layer and extensional deformation of its overburden, as constrained by cross‐section restoration, also contributed to diapir initiation and salt expulsion. Our model can: (a) explain the occurrence of isolated Middle Triassic carbonate platforms in the eastern Northern Calcareous Alps, and (b) differentiate between accommodation space controlled by (local) salt expulsion and by (regional) tectonic subsidence. The Triassic Neo‐Tethys shelf of the studied area constituted therefore asalt wall and minibasin province. This contribution and methods herein can also be applied to other carbonate platform systems developed on salt basins, especially where the transition from rift to drift remains unclear.
Antifungal activity of styrylpyridinium compounds against Candida albicans
Authors: Vaitkienė Simona , Kuliešienė Neringa , Sakalauskaitė Sandra , Bekere Laura , Krasnova Laura , Vigante Brigita , Duburs Gunars , Daugelavičius Rimantas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe synthesized a set of 13 new and earlier described styrylpyridinium compounds (N‐alkyl styrylpyridinium salts with bromide or tosylate anions) in order to evaluate antifungal activity against C. albicans cells, to assay the possible synergism with fluconazole, and to estimate cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. All compounds were synthesized according to a well‐known two‐step procedure involving alkylation of γ‐picoline with appropriate alkyl bromide and further condensation with substituted benzaldehyde. Compounds with long N‐alkyl chains (C18H37–C20H41) had no antifungal activity against the cells of all tested C. albicans strains. Other styrylpyridinium compounds were able to inhibit yeast growth at the concentrations of 0.06–16 μg/ml. At fungicidal concentrations, the compound with the CN‐ group was least toxic to mammalian cells, showed the most effective synergism with fluconazole, and only slightly inhibited the respiration of C. albicans. The compound with the 4′‐diethylamino group exhibited the strongest fungicidal properties and effectively blocked the respiration of C. albicans cells. However, toxicity to mammalian cells was also high. Summarizing, the results of our study indicate that styrylpyridinium compounds are promising candidates in the development of new antifungal drugs.
Numerical Minority Status in Middle School and Racial/Ethnic Segregation in Academic Classes
Authors: Kogachi Kara , Graham Sandra 
Published: August 2020

This study examined the effects of racial/ethnic segregation (i.e., overrepresentation) in academic classes on belonging, fairness, intergroup attitudes, and achievement across middle school (n = 4,361;MageT1 = 11.33 years), and whether effects depended on numerical minority status in school and race/ethnicity. Latent growth curve models revealed that experiencing more segregationthan usualpredicted less belonging and fairnessthan usualfor all youth in the numerical minority, and greater in‐group preference for numerical minority Whites. Academic classroom segregation throughout middle school predicted less steep declines in in‐group preference for adolescents in the numerical minority, and declines in achievement for African American numerical minority youth. Results highlight the need to treat the racial/ethnic context as a structural and dynamic construct.
Harnessing co‐operative immune augmentation by contact allergens to enhance the efficacy of viral vaccines
Authors: Cunningham Louise S. , McFadden John P. , Basketter David A. , Ferguson Felicity J. , White Ian R. , Kimber Ian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough the development of successful vaccines against coronaviruses may be achieved, for some individuals the immune response that they stimulate may prove to be insufficient for effective host defence. The principle that a relatively strong contact allergen will have an enhancing effect on sensitization compared with a less potent contact allergen if they are co‐administered, may not, at first, appear relevant to this issue. However, this augmentation effect is thought to be due to the sharing of common or complementary pathways. Here, we briefly consider aspects of the shared and complementary pathways between skin sensitization induced by exposure to a contact allergen and the immune response to viruses, with particular reference to COVID‐19. The relationship leads us to explore whether this principle, which we name here as “co‐operative immune augmentation” may be extended to include viral vaccination. We consider evidence that even relatively weak contact allergens, used in vaccines for other purposes, can show enhanced sensitization, which is in keeping with a co‐operative augmentation principle. Finally, we consider how the potent contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone could be employed safely as an enhancer of vaccine responses.
Cognitive dysfunction among patients in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Effects of exacerbation and long‐term oxygen therapy
Authors: Mermit Çilingir Buket , Günbatar Hülya , Çilingir Vedat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the association between cognitive dysfunction (CD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during exacerbation and compare with stable COPD patients and control subjects. Also, we compared the cognitive function of long‐term oxygen therapy (LTOT) dependent patients and not receiving LTOT.MethodsThe 121 people included in the study. They were divided into three groups: exacerbation of COPD (COPD‐E), stable COPD (COPD‐S) and control groups. Also, COPD patients were divided into two groups, non‐user LTOTD‐COPD and regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD. The patients were asked in their native language by exact conversion of the questions of MMSE (Mini Mental State Examination).ResultsThe mean age of patients was 67 and ratio of patients with MMSE results below 24 was 41.6%. MMSE score was 18.9 in patient with exacerbation and 25.7 in stable COPD. Age average was higher and MMSE was lower in COPD‐E group. Low educational degree was predicting factor for CD in COPD‐E group. Low MMSE was related with decreased FEV1%, pO2 and sO2 values, increased pCO2 values, low educational level and increased comorbidity. MMSE score was 18.8 in reguler‐user LTOTD COPD and 24.9 in nonuser LTOTD‐COPD. Regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD groups exacerbation rate was higher than nonuser LTOTD‐COPD group.ConclusionMMSE scores was low in COPD‐E group and regular‐user LTOTD‐COPD group. This is important because MMSE identifies clinically significant CD. This suggests that the CD may be linked to the causes of severe exacerbations. Clinicians need to look for CD, because cognitive function needs to be taken into account in their management of the patient.