bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONVERGENCE ZONE POLITICS AT THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE OF UCANAL, PETEN, GUATEMALA
Authors: Halperin Christina T. , Garrido Lopez Jose Luis , Salas Miriam , LeMoine Jean-Baptiste 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Maya archaeological site of Ucanal is located in Peten, Guatemala, close to the contemporary border with Belize. In pre-Columbian times, the site also sat at the frontiers of some of the largest political centers, Naranjo in Peten, Guatemala, and Caracol, in Belize. Entangled between these dominant centers and with ties to peoples in the Upper Belize Valley, the Petexbatun region in Guatemala, northern Yucatan, and elsewhere, Ucanal was a critical convergence zone of political and cultural interaction. This paper synthesizes archaeological research by the Proyecto Arqueológico Ucanal to underscore the ways in which this provincial polity, identified epigraphically as K'anwitznal, maneuvered within and between different cultural affiliations and political networks. We find that the site's role as a political frontier during the Late Classic period was more of a bridge than an edge. During the later Terminal Classic period, the K'anwitznal kingdom gained independence, but continued to serve as a critical convergence of influences and interaction spheres from throughout the Maya area and beyond.
Wide neural networks of any depth evolve as linear models under gradient descent
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Authors: Lee Jaehoon , Xiao Lechao , Schoenholz Samuel S , Bahri Yasaman , Novak Roman , Sohl-Dickstein Jascha , Pennington Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A longstanding goal in deep learning research has been to precisely characterize training and generalization. However, the often complex loss landscapes of neural networks (NNs) have made a theory of learning dynamics elusive. In this work, we show that for wide NNs the learning dynamics simplify considerably and that, in the infinite width limit, they are governed by a linear model obtained from the first-order Taylor expansion of the network around its initial parameters. Furthermore, mirroring the correspondence between wide Bayesian NNs and Gaussian processes (GPs), gradient-based training of wide NNs with a squared loss produces test set predictions drawn from a GP with a particular compositional kernel. While these theoretical results are only exact in the infinite width limit, we nevertheless find excellent empirical agreement between the predictions of the original network and those of the linearized version even for finite practically-sized networks. This agreement is robust across different architectures, optimization methods, and loss functions.
Composition analysis during the fermentation of dessert wine
Authors: Xu J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The organic acid, tannin, ethanol, methanol and other components in sweet wine are important factors that affect the taste and flavour of sweet wine, and are also indicators for exploring the winemaking process and controlling the quality of products. This study primarily used ion chromatography to study the changes of acids in the winemaking process. Besides, this work also measures the proportion of other compositions including Soluble Solids, Ethanol and pH value by designing orthogonal test. The experimental result shows that the physicochemical indexes of Passito wine are 20.5° Brix, with a total acid content of 6.83 g / L . The alcohol content of the original wine is 12.0% vol, and the pH value is 3.42. It provides a reference for the control of various components such as organic acids and the supervision of wine during the winemaking process. To open up new channels for the development of other fresh fruit dessert wine brewing technology, it is of scientific and practical significance to optimize the fermentation conditions of dessert wine and improve the processing technology.
The effects of Portulaca oleracea L. on blood and egg lipid in Dongxiang dark chickens
Authors: Wang C , Feng X B , Liu Q , Zhang S Y , Hu R Q , Wan Y M , Huang J H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, the effects of Portulaca oleracea L. on blood and egg lipid of Dongxiang dark chickens was investigated. Forty-eight Dongxiang dark chickens with good physical condition and peak of egg production were selected. They were divided into four treatments, three replicates for each treatment with four chickens per replicate according to the principle of body weight and the number of eggs produced. Four diets adding Portulaca oleracea L. of different dose with 0%, 1%, 2% and 3% were fed for 35d, respectively. Eggs were collected from 25d until the end of the experiment, and venous blood was collected on 35d. The results showed that total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) in serum and cholesterol content in eggs with adding 2% Portulaca oleracea L. was significantly lower than those in the control (0%) while docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was significantly higher than the control (P<0.05). The contents of TC, TG and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in serum of 3% Portulaca oleracea L. was significantly lower than the control, while high density lipoprotein (HDL) and linolenic acid and DHA in eggs was significantly higher than the control (P <0.05). In addition, the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in eggs with Portulaca oleracea L. was significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05). Therefore, the addition of suitable Portulaca oleracea L. in the diet could change the lipid content in serum and eggs of laying hens.
“KAALAMAN”: Development of farmer’s rice doctor kiosk for increase production
Authors: Muñoz R C , Valdez W G , Muñoz M I , Arnoco M P , Avito A C , Baloro V B , Barrientos J N , Gervacio M T , Hipolito R E , Rodrigo S P , Salenga C R , Sanchez H P , Zulueta C G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rice is the major source of food here in the Philippines but pests and diseases damaging the crops leave with a lesser quality harvest. The nutrient such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) contents of the soil is also important as to its right amount. The study is a point-of-service kiosk helping farmers avoid inaccurate leaf color reading. This benefitted all farmers in the province of Bataan and the region where most of the living is obtained from agricultural farms. This is a technological solution to the quality of crops before harvest by analyzing (N) level of deficiency. Here, farmers get close to the accurate quantified level of deficiency and recommend a substantial amount of fertilizer. It implements an RGB color mapping technique in pest and disease identification and Chi-squared distance comparison on RGB histogram in the image detection. Testing and calibration were done by comparing the sample data to standard laboratory results that show a detection accuracy of at least 95%. The production yield of the crops shall improve while decreasing the production cost. This serves as a virtual agricultural technician (VAT) accessible to the farmers. Information is available via internet connectivity with response good enough providing quick answers to queries.
Characteristics of land for development of sorghum (sorghum bicholor L.) As a supplement due to outbreak of Covid-19 on sub optimal land in Padang Laweh West Sumatera, Indonesia
Authors: Juniarti  , Yusniwati  , Gunadi  , Agustar A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sorghum is a dry land food crop that has great potential developed in Indonesia. The results proved that sorghum is the most appropriate crop of choice in an effort to increase the productivity of dry land that is acid, empty land or other non-productive land such as mining land that has been done by PT. Semen Tonasa in 2012.While Juniarti in 2009- 2011 has been planting sorghum on the soil of Andisol, Entisol and Regosol in two seasons; winter and summer at Shobara, Hiroshima Perfecture Japan. The planted sorghum can produce biomass that can be utilized as an energy source used for the cultivation of strawberries in greenhouses and the utilization of energy in the household scope of Shobara-Hiroshima. The development of sorghum, the land productivity will be increased and support the development of sustainable agriculture and the increased of Indonesian food production. Through the research collaboration that has been done with PT. Agro Indah Permata 21 since 2015 has been planting sorghum in Padang Laweh, Koto VII District Sijunjung Regency, West Sumatera Indonesia with planting area of proximate 8 T/Ha and has produced production of 10 T/Ha of wheat seeds. The results of planting sorghum that has been done to produce sorghum seed products that have been processed into flour and sugar products from the stem of sorghum as a supplement due to outbreak of COVID-19. By evaluating land characteristics appropriate for the development of sorghum plants, in Padang Laweh, West Sumatra Indonesia.
Estimation of Drought Indices for Assessing the Impact of Climatic Variables on Groundwater Fluctuation over Upper Bhima Sub Basin
Authors: Jipkate A B , Londhe D S , Katpatal Y B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Groundwater is an essential part of the hydrological cycle. The ultimate source of the groundwater is precipitation that occurs over the surface of the earth. Stress condition in groundwater reflects the vulnerability of drought events. In areas with ample soil moisture and without irrigation facilities, groundwater abstraction eventually leads to a decrease in agricultural yield. For the assessment of groundwater fluctuations, hydrological drought indices play a significant role in drought conditions. In Upper Bhima sub-basin, maximum area is under scarcity zone and partly under assured rainfall zone (Western part) and partly in transition zone I & II (Western part) with average annual rainfall of 690 mm. In the present study, standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and standardized water level index (SWI) is used to assess meteorological and hydrological drought conditions respectively. As SWI reflects aquifer stress, it is also used to understand groundwater decline and recharge in the present study region. SPI and SPEI are estimated by using precipitation and temperature data for yearly aggregated time scale, while SWI is obtained by normalising groundwater level data. Precipitation and temperature data are obtained from gridded reanalysis data product of NCEP – CFSR (spatial resolution approx. 38 km) for the period of 2002-2014. Groundwater level data is obtained from Central Ground Water Board for the period of 2002-2016. Spatio-temporal map of SPI, SPEI and SWI has been generated. No direct linear relationship has been observed between SPI and SWI; and between rainfall and SWI over the region. Hence, topography, aquifer properties, soil type and lithology may affect groundwater fluctuation in the region.
Impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality and quantity in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh, India
Authors: Khan R , Indhulekha K , Mawale Y K , Dewangan Rakesh , Shekhar Shubhedu , Dwivedi C S , Singh Vikal K , Jhariya D C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the present study area, anthropogenic activities such as overexploitation of groundwater, improper disposal of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), rapid industrialization, urbanization, and chemical fertilizer use are led to groundwater resource to depletion and quality degradation. Due to the imbalance between demand and availability, management approaches groundwater quality and quantity adversely affected. To assess the effects of LULC change in groundwater quality, Nitrate was considered. Land use Land cover (LULC) map of 1999 and 2016 and groundwater quality data of 1999 and 2016 revealed that groundwater quality is highly affected in the settlement area due to anthropogenic activities. There is no earmarked site in the Raipur city for the dumping of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). Hence, to minimize the existing groundwater problem, there is a need to adopt proper remedial measures to improve groundwater quality and quantity.
Delineation of groundwater potential zones in Samoda watershed, Chhattisgarh India, using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques
Authors: Indhulekha K , Jhariya D C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The availability of resources and its demand made people select suitable places for the population’s growth. Rapid growth in population and urbanization lead to exploitation of the groundwater and its quantity. The Samoda watershed in the Durg District of Chhattisgarh state is also a growing urban area. It is essential to consider the existing groundwater scenario of the city and industrial area of Samoda watershed for the safe consumption, management, and also need to identify the groundwater prospect zones for further groundwater exploration. This can be easily done cost-effectively with the help of remote sensing and Geographical Information system (GIS) by integrating the different factors that support groundwater availability. This study carried out by the integration of data sets and maps such as satellite imagery, drainage, groundwater level, rainfall, land use land cover, slope, and existing maps of as geology, soil type, for the delineation of the groundwater prospect zone by the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Multi-Criteria Decision Making method. The groundwater potential zones that are delineated from integrating each factor are categorized into five different zones: very low, low, moderate, high, and very high.
Removal of fluoride using bagasse adsorbent: Process optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Chandraker Neeraj , Singh Thakur Raghwendra , Meshram Saurabh , Kumar Chaudhari Parmesh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The high fluoride (F-) content in drinking water is highly hazardous to human health. Bagasse is a solid waste generated in the cane-based sugar industry. It can be used to get energy after firing in boilers or used to produce activated charcoal. The activated carbon is used as an adsorbent material to remove pollutants from water. In the present study, the activated carbon prepared from bagasse was used to remove F-contain in water. Batch adsorption studies were performed to examine the effect of temperature (T), treatment time (tR), and initial fluoride concentration (Fi-) on F- removal. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to generate a mathematical model and for the optimization of parameters. The optimum operating condition was evaluated to be T = 26 oC, treatment time (tR) = 3.5 h, and Fi- = 25.14 mg/L, at which F-concentration in solution after treatment reached to 0.8 mg/L. The predicted values of F- in the solution obtained from the quadratic model were found to be well-matched with the experimental data. The model gave significant coefficients of determination R2 = 99.61%, R2 (adjusted) = 99.11%, and R2(predicted) = 97.71%, which shows that the model developed from RSM is highly accurate and well represents the process with its process parameters.
Ganga River: A Paradox of Purity and Pollution in India due to Unethical Practice
Authors: Jhariya D C , Kumar Tiwari Anoop 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In India, the river Ganga is believed as a goddess, and people worship it. Despite all the respect for the river, the river’s condition is worsening, and we Indians are unable to maintain the purity of the river. The Ganga is a river of faith, devotion, and worship. Indians accept its water as “holy,” which is known for its “curative” properties. The river is not limited to these beliefs but is also a significant water source, working as the life-supporting system for Indians since ancient times. The Ganga river and its tributaries come from cold, Himalayan-glacier-fed springs, which are pure and unpolluted. But when the river flows downgradient, it meets the highly populated cities before merging into the Bay of Bengal. From its origin to its fall, its water changes from crystal clear to trash-and sewage-infested sludge. Thousands of years passed since the river Ganga, and its tributaries provide substantial, divine, and cultural nourishment to millions of people living in the basin. Nowadays, with the increasing urbanization, the Ganges basin sustains more than 40 percent of the population. Due to the significant contribution of the growing population and rapid industrialization along its banks, river Ganga has reached an alarming pollution level.
Iron Oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) Mineralizing Systems: The Eastern Yakutia (Russia) Perspective
Authors: Kostin Aleksey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Iron-Oxide-Copper-Gold (IOCG) are the worldwide economically attractive deposits with significant amount of iron oxides, copper minerals, gold and ± silver and REE. In order to obtain more gold resources in Eastern Yakutia (Russia) we provide a descriptive model for IOCG style mineralization for several new prospective sites, which were initially discovered on satellite images and subsequently certified by prospecting. We allocate three basic Fe-oxide-Cu-Au deposit styles in Eastern Yakutia. First is related to Mesozoic hypabyssal intrusions of granodiorites (Kis-Kuel, Kysyltas and Rep-Yure deposits). As follows from the REE behavior in magmatic rocks, the fractionation of the magmatic melt during cooling was extremely insignificant. Due to this, a substantial part of the iron did not fractionate into high-iron melts, and separated into hydrothermal solutions with rich iron oxide mineralization. Second is related to flows of the basaltic and andesitic lavas of the upper Devonian – lower Carboniferous age (Khurat, Rosomakha and Jalkan deposits). Significant accumulations of hematite with copper and gold are associated with calc-alkaline basalts. The appearance of iron oxides in basaltic lavas is a result of decomposition of ilmenite into hematite and pseudorutile. Third style belongs to magnetite rich lavas of upper Jurassic age (Kildyam deposit). Variolithic lava flows saturated with native iron, magnetite, troilite and pyrite, native iron usually spherical in shape. Intrusion related ore bodies are irregular shaped breccias with arrays of variably mineralized veins and veinlets inside intrusives and veins in the host rocks. Associated with basaltic and andesitic lavas deposits occur as massive, tabular bodies, stratified, pyroclastic ores. The gold grade in IOCG ore varies from less than 1 to more than 50 g/t, base metals are optional. Differences in gold’ fineness and admixtures characterize the genetic features of ore formation and is represented by a system of alloys: Au-Ag, Au-Ag-Cu and Au-Fe-Pd. Discovered iron-oxide copper gold mineralization in Eastern Yakutia analogous to several World class deposit types. Related to Mesozoic hypabyssal intrusions of granodiorites Kis-Kuel, Kysyltas and Rep-Yure deposits are close to Olympic Dam type. IOCG mineralization in basaltic and andesitic lavas of the Khurat, Rosomakha and Jalkan deposits looks similar to deposits of the Mount-Isa region (Eastern North-West Queensland, Australia). The Kildyam deposit rich iron-oxide ore bodies resemble lava flows and have share many common features with El Laco deposit in High Andes.
Tectonic and sedimentary deformational structures within the first Mid-Polish lignite seam – Konin Basin, central Poland
Authors: Wachocki Robert , Chomiak Lilianna , Widera Marek 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on deformational structures seen at macro and mesoscales within the first Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1) currently exploited by the Konin Lignite Mine. In fact, the majority of examples presented herein come from the Jóźwin IIB and Tomisławice opencasts. The deformations are divided into two groups; they are tectonic and sedimentary ones. The first group includes deformations of the floor, faults, cleats, and seismically-induced structures such as breccia and deformed lamination. The second group covers compactionally-induced deformations of MPLS-1 roof, sedimentary breccia, and slumps. All these deformations are described and then briefly interpreted in this paper. Although in a few cases in the formation of sedimentary deformations, the contribution of the tectonic factor as a trigger mechanism seems obvious. This is supported by the fact that the mentioned lignite seam is mined in the areas of grabens that were tectonically active during the development of the Mid-Miocene mires in the Konin Basin.
Detection and Measurement of Cracks in Rock Massifs by Means of Ground Laser Scanning
Authors: Stereva Kremena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The analysis of the cracking of the rock massifs is an important stage in the process of their characterization, as this largely determines their mechanical behavior. This is the main reason the mining engineers, who are angaged with the analysis of rock massifs, to require a most detailed and reliable study of the cracks that have arisen in them. Metric characteristics, such as the direction and angle of collapse of the cracks, roughness and average distances between the individual cracks, are extremely important for the study of the structural disturbance of the massif. In the process of the metrics forming of these characteristics, a few of methods of measurement and graphical representation, different in nature and technological features, have become necessary. Through these traditional methods, it is very often not possible to obtain adequate quantitative data for the complete geomechanical characteristics of the rock mass and for the analysis of the mechanisms for its instability. Here, the effectiveness of the ground laser scanning in the study of the structural disturbance (direction and angle of decay of the cracks) and the area cracking coefficient of the rock mass has been experimentally proved. Through this technology the research of the structural disturbance of the rock massifs acquires new quantitative and qualitative dimensions. On the basis of an extremely detailed 3D model, even of hard-to-reach sections of the rock massif, a realistic clustering of cracks and prerequisites for adequate determination of the area cracking coefficient of the massif are created. Moreover, ground-based laser scanning data are an indisputable source of valuable information about rock surface roughness. For an object of the experiment, was selected part of a rock massif, which has well-developed, clearly visible cracks. The scan was performed, using a ground-based laser scanner “Scan Station 2” of the company “Leica”.