bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Synthesis of Cage Molecules as High Energy Density Materials for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Cheekatla Subba Rao , Meshram Milind 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis account deals with our work on cage systems that was reported during the past two decades. Here, we summarized various new synthetic routes to diverse cage polycycles by employing Claisen rearrangement, Diels−Alder (DA) reaction, [2+2] photocycloaddition, Grignard addition, Fischer indolization, ring‐closing metathesis (RCM), Van Leusen oxazole synthesis, and rearrangement reaction as key steps. Several heterocyclic cage frameworks (oxacycles and oxazoles), polycyclic bisindoles, cage spirocycles, cage energetic systems,D3‐trishomocubanes, cage propellanes and unusual polycycles were designed starting with inexpensive and easily accessible starting materials. In some occasions, we also prepared biologically important triquinane frameworks starting with readily available cage diones via photo‐thermal olefin metathesis strategy under microwave irradiation conditions. This new protocol avoids specialized equipment such as flash vacuum pyrolysis. Additionally, we have also shown interesting rearrangements in cage frameworks to generate unusual new and cage systems with the aid of the Lewis acids such as BF3.OEt2. Moreover, these functionalized cage systems can be considered as a useful candidates in material science, medicinal chemistry, and also in drug in design.
Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Ammonia Using a 2D Ti3C2 MXene Loaded with Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Anmin , Liang Xingyou , Yang Qiyue , Ren Xuefeng , Gao Mengfan , Yang Yanan , Ma Tingli 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs an energy‐saving and environmentally friendly ammonia synthesis method, electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) has received a great deal of attention. There is thus an urgent need to find high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the NRR. In this work, a Cu/Ti3C2 composite catalyst was prepared and demonstrated excellent selectivity under environmental conditions, which could efficiently convert N2 into NH3 electrochemically. In 0.1 M KOH, Cu/Ti3C2 can achieve a high Faradaic efficiency of 7.31 % and a high NH3 production rate of 3.04 μmol h−1 cm−2 at −0.5 V vs. RHE. Moreover, the material also exhibits superior electrochemical stability and durability. At the same time, density functional theory (DFT) shows that, compared with Ti3C2, Cu/Ti3C2 exhibits a wider conduction and valence band and a larger Fermi level, thus indicating that Cu plays a vital role in the enhancement of the catalytic activity and conductivity of Ti3C2‐based materials. This work provides a feasible strategy for designing high‐efficiency MXene‐based NRR electrocatalysts.
Possible role of nonenzymatic antioxidants in hydroprimed sunflower seeds under heat stress
Authors: Catiempo Rose L. , Photchanachai Songsin , Bayogan Emma Ruth V. , Vichitsoonthonkul Taweerat 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis work demonstrates how priming durations affect high‐ and low‐vigor sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seeds and relate to the dynamics of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems against heat stress. Heat tolerance of high‐vigor seeds were enhanced when primed 3–6 h, and low‐vigor seeds were enhanced when primed 3–12 h. Priming at optimum duration led to increases in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity and higher levels of total phenolic content (TPC), vitamin C and total chlorophyll combined with decreased H2O2 content. After exposure to heat stress, the primed seeds maintained reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and alleviated seeds damage. This may be due to protective mechanisms of priming that prevented severe loss in catalase (CAT) and APX activities, maintained superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and increased TPC, proline, vitamin C, and carotenoid accumulation. However, extending priming to 18 h with subsequent heat stress decreased germination percentage. Control seeds lost viability, as oxidative balance was not maintained due to heat stress. These results support the participation of nonenzymatic antioxidants in the improved tolerance to heat stress of primed seeds.
Scalable Photocatalyst Panels for Photoreforming of Plastic, Biomass and Mixed Waste in Flow
Authors: Uekert Taylor , Bajada Mark A. , Schubert Teresa , Pichler Christian M. , Reisner Erwin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSolar‐driven reforming uses sunlight and a photocatalyst to generate H2 fuel from waste at ambient temperature and pressure. However, it faces practical scaling challenges such as photocatalyst dispersion and recyclability, competing light absorption by the waste solution, slow reaction rates and low conversion yields. Here, the immobilisation of a noble‐metal‐free carbon nitride/nickel phosphide (CNx|Ni2P) photocatalyst on textured glass is shown to overcome several of these limitations. The 1 cm2 CNx|Ni2P panels photoreform plastic, biomass, food and mixed waste into H2 and organic molecules with rates comparable to those of photocatalyst slurries. Furthermore, the panels enable facile photocatalyst recycling and novel photoreactor configurations that prevent parasitic light absorption, thereby promoting H2 production from turbid waste solutions. Scalability is further verified by preparing 25 cm2 CNx|Ni2P panels for use in a custom‐designed flow reactor to generate up to 21 μmolH
m−2 h−1 under “real‐world” (seawater, low sunlight) conditions. The application of inexpensive and readily scalable CNx|Ni2P panels to photoreforming of a variety of real waste streams provides a crucial step towards the practical deployment of this technology.
From fragmentation to centralization in policymaking: An explanation for the expansion of China's civilian nuclear industry
Authors: Han Heejin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeveral countries have pursued nuclear programs for various reasons, including energy security, environmental benefits, and technological progress. China is no exception, having pursued civilian nuclear programs since the 1970s. Existing studies depict China's nuclear policymaking as a contested bureaucratic struggle based on fragmented authoritarianism. This study, however, reveals an increasingly centralizing tendency in China's nuclear policymaking since the mid‐2000s. The central government has begun to undergird China's transition to an exporting country of nuclear technology through many policy instruments, seeing its technology as a global brand. China's accelerated promotion of the nuclear sector based on such centralization contrasts with its neighboring governments' shift away from the top–down, government‐dominant mode of policymaking to a more pluralistic and deliberative one in the post‐Fukushima era.
Potential environmental benefits of integrating flue gas quench in biomass/waste‐fueled CHP plants
Authors: Wang Yabo , Wang Jinshan , Naqvi Muhammad , Li Hailong , Wang Bin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDue to stricter regulations, large biomass/waste incineration power plants are expected to reduce (i) pollutant emissions through water (such as organic compounds dissolved in the discharge water), (ii) the withdrawal of external freshwater, and (iii) the disturbance to the natural water by increasing the water recycle and internal reuse. To address such challenges, flue gas quench (FGQ) is playing a vital role that links flue gas (FG) cleaning and wastewater treatment. In this study, a detailed analysis based on the material and energy balance is performed regarding the pollutant distribution in the flue gas and the wastewater within a combined heat and power (CHP) plant. The real data from the reference CHP plant were used; and results show that the utilization of FGQ can result in less wastewater discharge (about 73 tonnes/d) together with less pollutant concentration to the municipal wastewater treatment plant, as compared to the system with only flue gas condenser but without FGQ. The integration of FGQ also results in less burden on the external freshwater use by increasing the amount of clean water for internal use (about 57 tonnes per day). In addition, the integration of FGQ can offer a potential annual energy saving of about 13.1 MWh in the municipal wastewater treatment plant due to the less wastewater coming from the CHP plant.
Poor uterine contractility and postpartum hemorrhage among low‐risk women: A case‐control study of a large‐scale database from Japan
Authors: Nishida Keiko , Sairenchi Toshimi , Uchiyama Koji , Haruyama Yasuo , Watanabe Mariko , Hamada Hiromi , Satoh Toyomi , Miyashita Susumu , Fukasawa Ichio , Kobashi Gen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and poor uterine contractility, which is suggested by the characteristics of labor.MethodsThis case‐control study used cases recorded in the Japan Perinatal Registry database during the period 2013–2016. After exclusion of women with specified known risk factors for PPH, we enrolled 174 082 primiparas who had a full‐term live singleton vaginal birth. Participants were classified into four classes according to the diagnosis of abnormal labor patterns and use of uterotonics. χ2 tests were used to compare PPH cases with controls, and odds ratios (OR) were calculated by univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsAmong the enrolled women, 10 508 (6.0%) had PPH. Abnormal labor patterns were significantly associated with an increased risk of PPH. Compared with women without any abnormal labor patterns who had not used uterotonics, women with abnormal labor patterns were at a significantly increased risk for PPH regardless of whether they had used uterotonics (adjusted OR 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–1.37) or not (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.23–1.37).ConclusionOur study suggests that among low‐risk women with PPH, poor uterine contractility in labor could be a significant predisposing risk factor for PPH.
Deeply supervisedU‐Netfor mass segmentation in digital mammograms
Authors: N Ravitha Rajalakshmi , R Vidhyapriya , N Elango , Ramesh Nikhil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMass detection is a critical process in the examination of mammograms. The shape and texture of the mass are key parameters used in the diagnosis of breast cancer. To recover the shape of the mass, semantic segmentation is found to be more useful rather than mere object detection (or) localization. The main challenges involved in the mass segmentation include: (a) low signal to noise ratio (b) indiscernible mass boundaries, and (c) more false positives. These problems arise due to the significant overlap in the intensities of both the normal parenchymal region and the mass region. To address these challenges, deeply supervised U‐Net model (DS U‐Net) coupled with dense conditional random fields (CRFs) is proposed. Here, the input images are preprocessed using CLAHE and a modified encoder‐decoder‐based deep learning model is used for segmentation. In general, the encoder captures the textual information of various regions in an input image, whereas the decoder recovers the spatial location of the desired region of interest. The encoder‐decoder‐based models lack the ability to recover the non‐conspicuous and spiculated mass boundaries. In the proposed work, deep supervision is integrated with a popular encoder‐decoder model (U‐Net) to improve the attention of the network toward the boundary of the suspicious regions. The final segmentation map is also created as a linear combination of the intermediate feature maps and the output feature map. The dense CRF is then used to fine‐tune the segmentation map for the recovery of definite edges. The DS U‐Net with dense CRF is evaluated on two publicly available benchmark datasets CBIS‐DDSM and INBREAST. It provides a dice score of 82.9% for CBIS‐DDSM and 79% for INBREAST.
Short‐term psychodynamic infant–parent interventions at Child health centers: Outcomes on parental depression and infant social–emotional functioning
Authors: Salomonsson Björn , Kornaros Katarina , Sandell Rolf , Nissen Eva , Lilliengren Peter 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) demonstrate efficacy of parent–infant psychotherapy, but its applicability and effectiveness in public health care are less known. The method followed is Naturalistic study evaluating Short‐term Psychodynamic Infant–Parent Interventions at Child Health Centers (SPIPIC) in Stockholm, Sweden. One hundred distressed mothers with infants were recruited by supervised nurses. Six therapists provided 4.3 therapy sessions on average (SD = 3.3). Sessions typically included the mothers, often with the baby present, while fathers rarely attended sessions. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire: Social–Emotional (ASQ: SE) were distributed at baseline and at 3 and 9 months later. Data from a nonclinical group were collected simultaneously to provide norm data. Multilevel growth models on the mothers’ questionnaire scores showed significant decreases over time on both measures. Nine months after baseline, 50% achieved a reliable change on the EPDS and 14% on the ASQ: SE. Prepost effect‐sizes (d) were 0.70 and 0.40 for EPDS and ASQ: SE, figures that are comparable to results of other controlled studies. Psychotherapists integrated with public health care seem to achieve good results when supporting distressed mothers with brief interventions in the postnatal period. SPIPIC needs to be compared with other modalities and organizational frameworks.
A call to improve understanding of Undetectable equals Untransmittable (U = U) in Brazil: a web‐based survey
Authors: Torres Thiago S , Cox Joseph , Marins Luana MS , Bezerra Daniel RB , Veloso Valdilea G , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Luz Paula M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionCurrently, the slogan “Undetectable = Untransmittable” (U = U), launched to disseminate scientific evidence on how people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment with suppressed viral load cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners, is still challenged by individuals with differential acceptance across populations. In this study, we documented the perceived accuracy of U = U in Brazil in three different groups: PLHIV, HIV‐negative/unknown cisgender gay/bisexual men who have sex with men (GBM) and HIV‐negative/unknown other populations (POP).MethodsAdult (age ≥ 18y) Brazilians were recruited during October 2019 to complete a web‐based survey advertised on Grindr, Facebook and WhatsApp. Perceived accuracy of U = U was assessed with the question: “With regards to HIV‐positive individuals transmitting HIV through sexual contact, how accurate do you believe the slogan U = U is?” Response options ranged from 1 (Completely inaccurate) to 4 (Completely accurate) plus a fifth option (I don’t know what “undetectable” means). Participants’ characteristics were described according to perceived accuracy of U = U. Logistic regression models assessed the factors associated with perceived accuracy of U = U (completely accurate vs. partially accurate/inaccurate or completely inaccurate) by group.ResultsOf 2311 individuals accessing the questionnaire, 1690 (73.1%) met inclusion/exclusion criteria and completed it. Of these, 347 (20.5%) were PLHIV, 785 (46.4%) GBM and 558 (33.0%) POP. More PLHIV perceived U = U as completely accurate (79.0%), compared to 44.2% GBM and 17.2% POP (p < 0.001). Among PLHIV, Black identity was associated with decreased odds of perceiving U = U as completely accurate while having a steady partner was associated with increased odds. Among GBM, being gay, having middle/higher income, being a resident of state capital metropolitan areas and ever testing for HIV were associated with increased odds. Lastly, among POP, ever testing for HIV increased the odds of perceiving U = U as completely accurate.ConclusionsThere was a significant difference in perceived accuracy of U = U across population groups. Accurate understanding of the slogan needs to be promoted in more vulnerable populations such as PLHIV of Black identity and GBM of lower income to maximize individual and societal prevention benefits. Moreover, broader understating of U = U among the general population can help decrease societal stigma towards PLHIV.
Isotope abundance ratio measurements using femtosecond laser ablation ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Tulej Marek , Neubeck Anna , Riedo Andreas , Lukmanov Rustam , Grimaudo Valentine , Ligterink Niels F.W. , Ivarsson Magnus , Bach Wolfgang , de Koning Coenraad , Wurz Peter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccurate isotope ratio measurements are of high importance in various scientific fields, ranging from radio isotope geochronology of solids to studies of element isotopes fractionated by living organisms. Instrument limitations, such as unresolved isobaric inferences in the mass spectra, or cosampling of the material of interest together with the matrix material may reduce the quality of isotope measurements. Here, we describe a method for accurate isotope ratio measurements using our laser ablation ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (LIMS) that is designed for in situ planetary research. The method is based on chemical depth profiling that allows for identifying micrometer scale inclusions embedded in surrounding rocks with different composition inside the bulk of the sample. The data used for precise isotope measurements are improved using a spectrum cleaning procedure that ensures removal of low quality spectra. Furthermore, correlation of isotopes of an element is used to identify and reject the data points that, for example, do not belong to the species of interest. The measurements were conducted using IR femtosecond laser irradiation focused on the sample surface to a spot size of ~12 μm. Material removal was conducted for a predefined number of laser shots, and time‐of‐flight mass spectra were recorded for each of the ablated layers. Measurements were conducted on NIST SRM 986 Ni isotope standard, trevorite mineral, and micrometer‐sized inclusions embedded in aragonite. Our measurements demonstrate that element isotope ratios can be measured with accuracies and precision at the permille level, exemplified by the analysis of B, Mg, and Ni element isotopes. The method applied will be used for in situ investigation of samples on planetary surfaces, for accurate quantification of element fractionation induced by, for example, past or present life or by geochemical processes.
Evaluation of a questionnaire‐based diabetes screening concept in German patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis: A practice‐based study
Authors: Schmalz Gerhard , Wolf Claudia , Merle Cordula , Kottmann Tanja , Haak Rainer , Ziebolz Dirk 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis practice‐based retrospective study evaluated a screening method for diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis using the FINDRISC questionnaire.MethodsPatients with Stage III or IV periodontitis who received FINDRISC screening in a German private dental practice were recruited. Individuals with positive FINDRISC scores (≥12, FINDRISC+) were referred for diabetological examination. Several general and periodontal findings from the patients’ documentation were recorded and analyzed.ResultsA total of 179 patients (52.65 ± 11.49 years) were included. In DM screening, 24.6% (n = 44) patients were FINDRISC+, including all patients with currently known DM (21 of 21). Of the remaining FINDRISC+ patients, 82.6% (19 of 23) visited their general practitioner, and 63.2% (12 of 19, 7.6% of total cohort) had an HbA1c ≥5.7%. Accordingly, 75% of the FINDRISC+ patients were diabetologically conspicuous (HbA1c ≥ 5.7%), including those with already known DM. Patients with previously unknown DM showed higher mean age, more missing teeth, a higher periodontitis stage (more Stage IV) and more frequently teeth with suppuration compared with the diabetologically inconspicuous individuals (P <0.01).ConclusionThe FINDRISC questionnaire is appropriate for patients with Stage III or IV periodontitis and can be recommended in dental practice setting.
A novel extraction approach and unique physicochemical properties of gelatin from the swim bladder of sturgeon
Authors: Wang Lin , Li Peiyu , Ren Yuhan , Bai Fan , Wang Jinlin , Zhang Yuhao , Jin Wengang , El‐Seedi Hesham , Gao Ruichang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGelatin is traditionally produced from mammals and widely applied in the food industry. The production is tedious, time‐consuming and environment‐unfriendly, while the application is restricted because of zoonosis risk and religious sentiment.RESULTSGelatin was extracted by hot water from sturgeon swim bladder after defatting with alcohol and hexane. The yield reached to 94.15% under the optimized conditions of 50 °C, 30 min and 10 mL g−1. Its amino acid and subunit profiles were similar to type I collagen. Compared to commercial porcine, bovine and piscine gelatins, it exhibited higher whiteness (3.38), emulsion activity (171.76 m2 g−1), gel strength (853.23 g), water‐holding capacity (92.37%) and viscoelasticity (0.03). But the transmittance (40.56% at 450 nm and 59.07% at 620 nm), emulsion stability (30.09 min), foam expansion (203.00) and stability (26.92), gelling (16.88 °C) and melting temperature (21.80 °C) were lower. While the pH (6.87) and viscosity (28.60 mPa s) were moderate. Moreover, it made better hydrogels and nanofibers.CONCLUSIONGelatin was extracted from sturgeon swim bladder using a clean and efficient approach, and exhibited unique properties and great potential for the food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of essential oil components in lavender
Authors: Chen Ping , Liu Xin , Wang Lili , Wang Caijuan , Fu Jihong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWeighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction using microwave distillation followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was successfully developed to determine the essential oil components in lavender. The magnetic ionic liquid 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate was successfully synthesized and used as the optimal extraction solvent. An aliquot of 9 μL of magnetic ionic liquid could be stably suspended on the weighing paper for long time extraction. The increase of the extractant volume resulted in a significantly enhanced in extracting efficiency of the weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction than traditional headspace single‐drop microextraction method. In this experiment, the optimal conditions were 1‐octyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate as the extraction solvent, extraction time of 12 min, microwave power of 600 W, cyclohexane as back‐extractant and sample amount of 30 mg. The developed method was successfully applied to analyze 16 lavender samples from three different harvest years. A total of 39 compounds in lavender were identified and the principal component analysis provided a clear separation between those lavender samples harvested in different years. The results indicated that the proposed weighing paper‐assisted magnetic ionic liquid headspace single‐drop microextraction is a novel, fast, simple and sensitive microextration technique for the determination of the essential oil components in lavender.