bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide analyses of Liberibacter species provides insights into evolution, phylogenetic relationships, and virulence factors
Authors: Thapa Shree P. , De Francesco Agustina , Trinh Jessica , Gurung Fatta B. , Pang Zhiqian , Vidalakis Georgios , Wang Nian , Ancona Veronica , Ma Wenbo , Coaker Gitta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ species are insect‐transmitted, phloem‐limited α‐Proteobacteria in the order of Rhizobiales. The citrus industry is facing significant challenges due to huanglongbing, associated with infection from ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las). In order to gain greater insight into ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ biology and genetic diversity, we have performed genome sequencing and comparative analyses of diverse ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species, including those that can infect citrus. Our phylogenetic analysis differentiates ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species and Rhizobiales in separate clades and suggests stepwise evolution from a common ancestor splitting first into nonpathogenic Liberibacter crescens followed by diversification of pathogenic ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species. Further analysis of Las genomes from different geographical locations revealed diversity among isolates from the United States. Our phylogenetic study also indicates multiple Las introduction events in California and spread of the pathogen from Florida to Texas. Texan Las isolates were closely related, while Florida and Asian isolates exhibited the most genetic variation. We have identified conserved Sec translocon (SEC)‐dependent effectors likely involved in bacterial survival and virulence of Las and analysed their expression in their plant host (citrus) and insect vector (Diaphorina citri). Individual SEC‐dependent effectors exhibited differential expression patterns between host and vector, indicating that Las uses its effector repertoire to differentially modulate diverse organisms. Collectively, this work provides insights into the evolution of ‘Ca. Liberibacter’ species, the introduction of Las in the United States and identifies promising Las targets for disease management.
The ethics of nudging: An overview
Authors: Schmidt Andreas T. , Engelen Bart 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSo‐called nudge policies utilize insights from behavioral science to achieve policy outcomes. Nudge policies try to improve people's decisions by changing the ways options are presented to them, rather than changing the options themselves or incentivizing or coercing people. Nudging has been met with great enthusiasm but also fierce criticism. This paper provides an overview of the debate on the ethics of nudging to date. After outlining arguments in favor of nudging, we first discuss different objections that all revolve around the worry that nudging vitiates personal autonomy. We split up this worry into different dimensions of autonomy, such as freedom of choice, volitional autonomy, rational agency, and freedom as nondomination. We next discuss worries that nudging is manipulative, violates human dignity, and prevents more important structural reform. Throughout, we will present responses that proponents of nudging can muster. On the whole, we conclude that the objections fail to establish that the nudge program as a whole should be rejected. At the same time, they give us important guidance when moving towards an ethical assessment of nudges on a case‐by‐case basis. Towards the end, we provide some possible ways forward in debates around the ethics of nudging.
Photodynamic Activity on Biofilm in Endotracheal Tubes of Patients Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Soares Rosane Bassi , Costa Denis Honorato , Miyakawa Walter , Delgado Maria Goretti Temoteo , Garcez Aguinaldo Silva , Yoshimura Tania Mateus , Ribeiro Martha Simões , Nunez Silvia Cristina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVentilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) is an infection that arises after endotracheal intubation affecting patients under intensive care. The presence of the endotracheal tube (ETT) is a risk factor since it is colonized by multispecies biofilm. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) could be a strategy to decontaminate ETTs. We verify if methylene blue (MB) associated with external illumination of the ETT could be an alternative to destroy biofilm. We performed an in vitro and ex vivo study. In vitro study was performed with P. aeruginosa biofilm grew over ETT for 7 days. After treatment, the surviving cells were cultured for 3 days and the biofilm was analyzed by crystal violet absorbance. Ex vivo study employed ETT obtained from extubated patients. aPDT was performed with MB (100 µm) and red LED (λ = 640±20 nm). We quantified the biofilm thickness and used scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence technique to verify morphological and functional changes after aPDT. Our results showed that bacteria remain susceptible to aPDT after sequential treatments. We also attested that aPDT can reduce biofilm thickness, disrupt biofilm attachment from ETT surface and kill microbial cells. These data suggest that aPDT should be investigated to decrease VAP incidence via ETT decontamination.
Establishing the validity of a novel passive stress task
Authors: Griffin Siobhán M. , Howard Siobhán 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLaboratory tasks used to elicit a cardiovascular stress response in the laboratory can involve either active or passive coping. However, in previous work, passive stress tasks often incorporate a distinct physical stress element, such as the handgrip or cold pressor task, meaning observed changes in cardiovascular parameters may be the result of the physical element of the stressor rather than truly reflecting psychological stress. The present study aimed to establish the validity of a psychological passive stressor; one more analogous to active tasks than those previously employed in laboratory studies. Twenty‐six young, healthy adults completed a speech task in the laboratory following a resting baseline period. Twelve months later, they were invited back to the laboratory and watched the video recording of their speech. Analyses confirmed that while both tasks elicited significant SBP and DBP change (allps < .001), only the active task was associated with HR and CO reactivity (bothps < .001), while only the passive task was associated with TPR reactivity (p = .028). Furthermore, the passive stressor was associated with a mixed hemodynamic profile, whereas the active stressor was associated with a clear myocardial profile. This study confirms that watching a video recording of oneself complete a speech task is associated with a more vascular response profile, a response associated with passive coping contexts.
Trafficking intensity index for soil compaction management in grasslands
Authors: Bondi Giulia , O‘Sullivan Lilian , Fenton Owen , Creamer Rachel , Marongiu Irene , Wall David P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGood soil structure provides multiple benefits for society but in grass‐based production systems is underpinned by trafficking management regime. For Irish soils, there is no soil trafficking intensity index that considers the effect of geo‐climatic variability or differences in drainage classes on soil compaction risk. Grazing and machinery activity data were compiled across 38 managed grasslands along with common soil structural quality indicators in order to develop and validate a ‘soil trafficking intensity index for compaction (STICi)’. Two component indices of STICi were developed: (a) a grazing trafficking index (Gi, kg × year ha−1) and (b) a machinery trafficking index (Mi, kg × year ha−1). The average annual grazing trafficking pressure observed was 213,914 kg × year ha−1, and the average annual machinery trafficking pressure was 4,412 kg × year ha−1. These figures represent thresholds above which soils are at higher risk of compaction. Mi spanned a wider range (−2.1 ≤ Mi ≤ 2.8) compared with Gi (−1.32 ≤ Gi ≤ 1.06). STICi and components, when disaggregated by soil drainage class, were able to detect changes in direct indicators of soil structural quality, such as bulk density, total porosity, water holding capacity, water conductivity and visual soil assessment. STICi (Mi and Gi) were also related to indirect indicators, such as, soil carbon content, earthworms and microbial biomass. In general, poorly drained sites showed higher vulnerability to machinery trafficking intensity compared with grazing trafficking pressure. At national scale, STICi can be utilized to identify soils at risk of compaction and underpin targeted management advice for supporting sustainable grassland production.
Urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio in cattle with subclinical renal disease
Authors: Katsoulos Panagiotis D. , Athanasiou Labrini V. , Psalla Dimitra , Marouda Christina , Papchianou Maria , Tsitsos Anestis , Boscos Constantin , Polizopoulou Zoe S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundUrinalysis is not routinely used in bovine medicine, and there is no evidence as to whether urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPC) could be used for the diagnosis of renal diseases in cattle.ObjectiveThe goal of the study was to determine alterations in UPCs observed with different subclinical renal diseases in clinically healthy cattle and to investigate whether UPC can efficiently differentiate cattle with and without subclinical renal pathology.MethodsKidney and urine samples from 57 clinically healthy adult dairy (44) and beef (13) cattle were collected after slaughter. Urinary protein and creatinine concentrations were measured in an automatic analyzer, and urinary‐specific gravity (USG) was measured using a temperature compensated refractometer. Kidney samples underwent histopathologic examination, and the cattle were classified as NL (no renal lesion) and L (lesions detected even in one kidney). Based on USG, the cattle were divided into the Normal USG (≥1.020) and Low USG (<1.020) groups. The cattle with either histopathologic lesions or low specific gravities were considered to have renal disease.ResultsRenal lesions were detected in 37 cattle. UPC values were significantly affected (P < .05) by USG values, and not by the type of lesion detected, breed, or age, and their interactions (P > .05). The analysis revealed that a UPC of ≥0.19 provided an optimal cut‐off point for the differentiation between normal animals and those with renal disease with 66.0% sensitivity and 90% specificity.ConclusionsThe UPC calculation is a useful tool for the differentiation of normal cattle and those with renal disease. A UPC of less than 0.19 is associated with the absence of renal damage, whereas higher values raise suspicion for renal disease.
Flow Structures and Unsteady Behaviors of Film Cooling from Discrete Holes Fed by Internal Crossflow
Authors: Qenawy Mohamed , Chen Han , Peng Di , Liu Yingzheng , Zhou Wenwu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The flow structures and unsteady behaviors of a flat plate film cooling flow behind a single row of circular holes fed by internal crossflow were extensively investigated. The investigation was achieved experimentally using fast-response pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) at a high frame rate and numerically using large-eddy simulation (LES). During the experiment, the coolant flow was discharged from discrete holes (i.e., a row of circular holes with 3D spacing, 6.5D entry length, and 35 deg incline angle) via a crossflow channel. Two blowing ratios (M = 0.4 and 0.8) were tested at a density ratio of DR = 0.97. The measured unsteadiness caused by the predicted flow structure over the coolant surface was identified by spatial correlation. The unsteady signatures were decomposed and demonstrated by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). The results reveal that the flow structure plays the main role in cooling performance and its instability. The internal flow produced a vortex tube structure that was responsible for the shear vortex (i.e., Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities) between the coolant and the mainstream at the hole exit. The internal crossflow forced the legs of the counter-rotating vortex pair (CRVP) to spread laterally, and the coolant to fluctuate asymmetrically around the discrete holes. This unsteady behavior may potentially cause high thermal stress and leads to blade cracking over a long time.
A New Multi-Objective Bayesian Optimization Formulation With the Acquisition Function for Convergence and Diversity
Authors: Shu Leshi , Jiang Ping , Shao Xinyu , Wang Yan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bayesian optimization is a metamodel-based global optimization approach that can balance between exploration and exploitation. It has been widely used to solve single-objective optimization problems. In engineering design, making trade-offs between multiple conflicting objectives is common. In this work, a multi-objective Bayesian optimization approach is proposed to obtain the Pareto solutions. A novel acquisition function is proposed to determine the next sample point, which helps improve the diversity and convergence of the Pareto solutions. The proposed approach is compared with some state-of-the-art metamodel-based multi-objective optimization approaches with four numerical examples and one engineering case. The results show that the proposed approach can obtain satisfactory Pareto solutions with significantly reduced computational cost.
RELATIVE CASING MOTION EFFECT ON SQUEALER TIP COOLING PERFORMANCE AT TIGHT TIP CLEARANCE
Authors: Zhu Diwei , Zhang Qiang , Lu Shaopeng , Teng Jinfang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The effect of relative motion between the casing and turbine blade tip has been recognized as an important factor for tip aerothermal performance evaluation. Tight tip clearance is becoming one of the main objectives of engine manufacturers. This paper provides some insights on the topic that the impact of casing motion on the blade tip thermal performance could be different between nominal and tight tip clearances. A typical squealer tip geometry was employed, with coolant holes on the cavity floor near the pressure side rim. Three tip clearances, 1.1%, 0.6% and 0.2% of the span, are compared. The CFD method was validated against experimental data in the previous study. The results suggest that, in the tight tip situation, the effect of casing motion on cooling efficiency and flow structure is distinguished from the larger clearance situations. The scraping effect drives the leakage flow towards the blade suction surface, inducing high thermal load at tight clearance. The findings in this study highlight the importance of relative casing motion, especially at tight clearance.
Effect of Thermal Load on Evaporation Loss of Natural Draft Counter-Flow Wet Cooling Towers
Authors: Yuan Wei , Sun Fengzhong , Chen Xuehong , Liu Ruqing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Based on the Merkel method, a mathematical model for calculating the evaporation loss of natural draft counterflow wet cooling towers (NDWCTs) was established. Taking the NDWCTs of the representative 300 MW and 600 MW power plants as the experimental objects, the calculated values obtained by the mathematical method were in good agreement with field experiment. Then, the effect of thermal load on evaporation loss of NDWCT was analyzed. The results showed that with the thermal load of NDWCT increasing, the evaporation loss increased, while the rate of evaporation loss caused by per unit change in temperature decreased. When the thermal load is the same, the evaporation loss was basically equal no matter by changing the mass flowrate or the inlet water temperature.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Additively Manufactured Inconel 718 Coupons With Lattice Structure
Authors: Parbat Sarwesh , Min Zheng , Yang Li , Chyu Minking 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the present paper, two lattice geometries suitable for near surface and double wall cooling were developed and tested. The first type of unit cell consisted of six ligaments of 0.5 mm diameter joined at a common vertex near the middle. The second type of unit cell was derived from the first type by adding four mutually perpendicular ligaments in the middle plane. Two lattice configurations, referred to as L1 and L2, respectively, were obtained by repeating the corresponding unit cell in streamwise and spanwise directions in an inline fashion. Test coupons consisting of these lattice geometries embedded inside rectangular cooling channel with dimensions of 2.54 mm height, 38.07 mm width, and 38.1 mm in length were fabricated using Inconel 718 powder and selective laser sintering (SLS) process. The heat transfer and pressure drop performance was then evaluated using steady-state tests with constant wall temperature boundary condition and for channel Reynolds number ranging from 2800 to 15,000. The lattices depicted a higher heat transfer compared with a smooth channel and both the heat transfer and pressure drop increased with a decrease in the porosity from L1 to L2. Steady-state conjugate numerical results revealed formation of prominent vortical structures in the inter-unit cell spaces, which diverted the flow toward the top end wall and created an asymmetric heat transfer between the two end walls. In conclusion, these lattice structures provided an augmented heat transfer while favorably redistributing the coolant within channel.
Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Phase Change Heat Transfer in the Presence of Rayleigh–Benard Convection
Authors: Parsazadeh Mohammad , Duan Xili 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This research investigates the melting rate of a phase change material (PCM) in the presence of Rayleigh–Benard convection. A scaling analysis is conducted for the first time for such a problem, which is useful to identify the parameters affecting the phase change rate and to develop correlations for the solid–liquid interface location and the Nusselt number. The solid–liquid interface and flow patterns in the liquid region are analyzed for PCM in a rectangular enclosure heated from bottom. Numerical and experimental results both reveal that the number of Benard cells is proportional to the ratio of the length of the rectangular enclosure over the solid–liquid interface location (i.e.,, the liquified region aspect ratio). Their effect on the local heat flux is also analyzed as the local heat flux profile changes with the solid–liquid interface moving upward. The variations of average Nusselt number are obtained in terms of the Stefan number, Fourier number, and Rayleigh number. Eventually, the experimental and numerical data are used to develop correlations for the solid–liquid interface location and average Nusselt number for this type of melting problems.
Mendelian randomization study of serum uric acid levels and diabetes risk: evidence from the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort
Authors: Keerman Mulatibieke , Yang Fen , Hu Hua , Wang Jing , Wang Fei , Li Zhaoyang , Yuan Jing , Yao Ping , Zhang Xiaomin , Guo Huan , Yang Handong , He Meian 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveLimited Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have assessed the causal relationship between serum uric acid levels and diabetes risk. Here we investigated causality between the serum uric acid concentration and diabetes risk in Chinese population.Research design and methodsThe observational analysis, based on the Dongfeng-Tongji prospective cohort (n=15 195) we tested the association of serum uric acid levels with incident diabetes risk. In the instrumental variable analysis, we examined the association of the genetic risk score (GRS) of serum uric acid with diabetes risk in case-control design (2539 cases and 4595 controls) via MR analysis.ResultsDuring a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.5 (0.5) years, 1156 incident diabetes cases were identified. Compared with those in the lowest quintile of serum uric acid levels, the HRs of incident diabetes were 1.19 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.48), 1.12 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.40), 1.38 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.70), and 1.51 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.87) for Q2, Q3, Q4 and Q5, respectively (P-trend <0.001). The GRS was strongly associated with serum uric acid levels (β=0.17, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.19;P=2.81×10-67). However, no significant association was observed between the GRS and diabetes risk (OR=1.01, 95 CI 0.95 to 1.06;P=0.75).ConclusionsEven though serum uric acid levels were significantly associated with increased incident diabetes risk, the results did not provide evidence for a causal relationship between them.
High risk of microscopic colitis after Campylobacter concisus infection: population-based cohort study
Authors: Nielsen Hans Linde , Dalager-Pedersen Michael , Nielsen Henrik 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveMicroscopic colitis (MC) encompasses the two histopathological distinct entities of collagenous colitis (CC) and lymphocytic colitis (LC). In this Danish population-based cohort study, we examined the risk of MC following stool culture with Campylobacter concisus, C. jejuni, non-typhoidal Salmonella or a culture-negative stool test.DesignWe identified patients with a first-time positive stool culture with C. concisus, C. jejuni, non-typhoidal Salmonella or negative stool test, from 2009 through 2013 in North Denmark Region, Denmark, and matched each with 10 population comparisons. All subjects were followed up until 1 March 2018 using Systematised Nomenclature of Medicine codes from The Danish Pathology Register for incident diagnoses of CC and LC. We computed risk and adjusted HRs with 95% CIs for MC among patients and comparisons.ResultsWe identified 962 patients with C. concisus, 1725 with C. jejuni, 446 with Salmonella and 11 825 patients with culture-negative stools. The MC risk and HR versus comparisons were high for patients with C. concisus (risk 6.2%, HR 32.4 (95% CI 18.9 to 55.6)), less for C. jejuni (risk 0.6%, HR 3.7 (95% CI 1.8 to 7.7)), low for Salmonella (risk 0.4%, HR 2.2 (95% CI 0.5 to 10.8)) and for patients with negative stool testing (risk 3.3%, HR 19.6 (95% CI 16.4 to 23.4)). After exclusion of the first year of follow-up, the HRs were 9.3 (95% CI 4.1 to 20.1), 2.2 (95% CI 0.9 to 5.4), 1.3 (95% CI 0.2 to 11.1) and 5.6 (95% CI 4.6 to 7.2), respectively.ConclusionA high risk of MC was observed following C. concisus in stools. Further studies are needed to elucidate any underlying biological mechanisms.
Systems change for suicide prevention among adolescents: a rural Wisconsin county approach
Authors: Kohlbeck Sara , Fumo Nicole , Hargarten Stephen 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundSuicide is the tenth leading cause of death in Wisconsin. Between the years 2012 and 2016, rural counties in Wisconsin had statistically significantly higher rates of suicide than urban counties. Counties in northern and western Wisconsin have some of the highest rates of suicide, with several counties having rates nearly double the state suicide rate for the same time period.Study aimThis study investigates the utility of a systems-level, primary prevention suicide prevention strategy in reducing suicide in a rural Wisconsin county. This project focuses upstream to promote behavioural health resiliency and decrease risk factors for suicide.ResultsCounty-level suicide rates decreased over time. Youth Risk Behaviour Survey results demonstrate that the percentage of students in the high school who report that they have an adult in the school to turn to for support increased by 11%. In addition, the number of students reporting a suicide attempt over the past 12 months decreased from 8.4% to 7.2%. Trust among project partners remained above 75% across the three survey timepoints, and the results demonstrated that power became more equally dispersed over time. There was an increase in community knowledge in where to go for help in an emotional crisis.DiscussionSystems change to prevent suicide is a complex undertaking but can affect change at the county level. In our study county, we learnt that a strong implementation body (our Partnership Council) and buy-in from key partners is essential in creating change at the systems level.