bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Giving Peace to Europe’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at colonial attitudes to British foreign policy during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8), the brief peace of 1748–57, and the Seven Years War (1757–63). It touches on themes including the balance of power, the Hanoverian connection, the Austrian, Prussian, and Dutch alliances, the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, and the Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) and Paris (1763). It follows how colonists understood struggles with France and Spain in the Americas within these larger conflicts, from the capture of Louisbourg by the Massachusetts militia in 1745 to events in the Ohio Valley in the mid-1750s, and came to view the colonies as part of the European geopolitics system. And it explores how colonial and metropolitan sentiments about European warfare began to diverge during these conflicts.
‘The Asylum of Liberty’
Authors: Robinson D.H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how ideas about Britain’s unique destiny shaped shifting conceptions of American identity during the imperial crisis. The conflicts of the mid-eighteenth century bequeathed to colonists the hope of British hegemony in the European world. This hegemony was to be geopolitical, but also cultural, reflecting the triumph of a Shaftesburian Anglo-French Kulturkampf over the Berkeleian idea of Anglo-American translatio imperii and translatio studii. The sense of America’s contribution to this destiny acted as an important catalyst for the development of a discretely American sense of corporate honour. This process was intensified by the idea of British guardianship over an international order of free states, which allowed colonists to identify themselves with a brotherhood of free people as an alternative to the British imperial community, grounded in new understandings of history that undercut the traditional mores of Hanoverian loyalism.
Losing the Plot, Finding Time
Authors: Levin Yael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An Outcast of the Islands and The Rescue share a fictional and historical story world. A fundamental difference emerges against the backdrop of this resemblance. Grounded in a conceptualization of time that originates in antiquity, the first novel is obsessed with measurement and accounting. The Rescue is more neatly squared with modern philosophy and its attempt to conceive a time that preexists numerical evaluation. The two ontologies of time find their narrative expression in two distinct plot designs. The first hinges on action, the second, inaction. Deviating from the conventions of emplotting we find in earlier works, the late novel presents a time of suspension and waiting, a time out of joint. For philosophy and narratology both, such a transition marks an attempt to think outside determinism and court the indeterminate—to think the new.
From Being to Becoming: Writing the Now
Authors: Levin Yael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Nostromo is anchored in historical forces that undermine the notion of human agency: whether it is the power of capitalism and revolution or the inevitability of family inheritance and psychodynamic repetition, the individual conducts a life that is always already scripted. The novel is action heavy; the twists and turns of the plot performatively mirror the historical or libidinal forces that draw the heroes into a predetermined future. Moments of deceleration and hesitation that punctuate the narrative nevertheless interrupt the rush of history with the suggestion of accident, the unforeseen, and the new. The chapter turns to stylistic and thematic articulations of suspension in order to think the possibility of recurrence with difference, of an escape from an inevitability that is not only historically but also generically determined.
Variational formulation of boundary-value problems
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses a variational formulation of boundary value problems in small deformation solid mechanics. It begins by introducing the important principle of virtual power, and shows that it encapsulates Cauchy’s traction law, and the local form of the basic balance of forces (equation of equilibrium), and the local from of the balance of moments (symmetry of the stress). Since the principle of virtual power encapsulates both the equation of equilibrium and the Cauchy relation for tractions, it can be used to formulate and solve boundary-value problems in solid mechanics in a variational or weak sense. Specifically, it is shown how the displacement problem of linear elastostatics may be formulated variationally using the principle of virtual power.
Introduction to the finite element method for linear elastostatics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the widely-used finite element method applied to solving two-dimensional boundary value problems in linear elastostatics under plane strain or plane stress conditions. While the chapter illustrates the main structure of the finite element method using the equations of linear elasticity, the method can also be applied to a wide variety of other problems in science and engineering.
Elastodynamics. Sinusoidal progressive waves
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter briefly considers linear elasticity under circumstances in which inertial effects are accounted for, and states the initial-boundary-value-problem of linear elastodynamics. Sinusoidal progressive waves form an important class of solutions to the equations of linear elastodynamics. Such waves for isotropic media in the absence of a conventional body force are considered and it is shown that for an isotropic medium only two types of sinusoidal progressive waves are possible: longitudinal and transverse.
One-dimensional plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to plasticity models in the one-dimensional setting. The phenomenology of plasticity is discussed together with concepts of isotropic and kinematic hardening. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain and equivalent plastic strain. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and complete models of plasticity are formulated with loading/unloading conditions. Both rate independent and rate dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed. In addition, basic numerical methods for evaluating plasticity models are presented.
Some classical problems in rate-independent plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents analytical solutions to some classical problems in rate-independent plasticity. Solutions are presented for the elastic-plastic torsion of a round bar, including spring back; for the elastic-plastic response of a thick-walled spherical pressure vessel, including initial yield, partial yield, full yield, and unloading; for the incompressible elastic-plastic response of a plane-strain thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel, including initial yield, partial yield, and full yield.
Evaluation of Absenteeism, Pain, and Disability in Nurses With Persistent Low Back Pain Following Cognitive Functional Therapy: A Case Series Pilot Study With 3-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Van Hoof Wannes , O’Sullivan Kieran , Verschueren Sabine , O’Sullivan Peter , Dankaerts Wim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
Persistent low back pain (PLBP) is a common and costly health problem worldwide. Better strategies to manage it are required. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate absenteeism, pain, and disability in nurses with PLBP following a cognitive functional therapy (CFT) intervention.

Methods
In this case series pilot study, 33 eligible nurses with PLBP were recruited. During the baseline phase (phase A; no intervention), outcome measures were collected on 2 occasions 6 months apart (A1 and A2). During phase B, participants received an individualized CFT intervention for 14 weeks. During phase C (no intervention), outcomes were measured immediately after the intervention, as well as 3, 6, 9, 12, and 36 months after the intervention (secondary outcomes only until 12 months). LBP-related work absenteeism, pain intensity (numerical pain rating scale) and disability (Oswestry Disability Index) were the primary outcomes. Health care seeking, a range of psychological and lifestyle variables, and global perceived effect were secondary outcomes.

Results
Days of absenteeism due to LBP were significantly reduced in the first and second calendar years after the CFT intervention but not the third and fourth. Disability was significantly reduced immediately after (−4.4; 95% CI = −6.5 to −2.2) and at 3 months (−4.3; 95% CI = −6.6 to −2.0), 9 months (−6.0; 95% CI = −8.1 to −3.9), and 12 months (−4.9; 95% CI = −7.0 to −2.8) after the intervention. Pain was significantly reduced immediately after (−1.2; 95% CI = −1.7 to −0.8) and at 3 months (−1.5; 95% CI = −2.0 to −0.9), 9 months (−1.1; 95% CI = −1.9 to −0.3), and 12 months (−0.9; 95% CI = −1.5 to −0.2) after the intervention. Total health care seeking (consults and proportion of participants) was significantly reduced after the intervention. All psychosocial variables, except for 1, demonstrated significant improvements at all follow-up assessments.

Conclusions
This case series pilot study demonstrated significant reductions in LBP-related absenteeism, pain intensity, disability, health care seeking, and several psychological and lifestyle behaviors until the 1-year follow-up among nurses with PLBP following an individualized CFT intervention. Further evaluation of the efficacy of CFT in high-quality randomized clinical trials among nurses is recommended.
Blood pressure characteristics of subclinical hypothyroidism: an observation study combined with office blood pressure and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure
Authors: Cai Peng , Peng Yan , Chen YuXi , Wang Yan , Wang Xukai 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To investigate the characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism by combining office blood pressure and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure.

Methods:
A total of 3078 adults voluntarily participants were enrolled in this study between December 2017 and November 2019. Among 1431 of them who did not fit exclusion criteria, 104 patients were with subclinical hypothyroidism (S-HYPO group), and 1327 were euthyroid participants (euthyroid group). Office blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were carried out to analyze the characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Results:
There was no statistical difference in office SBP and DBP between the S-HYPO group and the euthyroid group (P > 0.05). On the ambulatory blood pressure level, the daytime SBP, night-time SBP, night-time SBP, 24-h SBP and DBP in the S-HYPO group were significantly higher than those in the euthyroid group (P = 0.048, P = 0.002, P = 0.003, P = 0. 014, P = 0. 046, respectively), and the proportion of nondipper blood pressure in the S-HYPO group was higher than that in the euthyroid group. Comprehensive analysis of blood pressure inside and outside the joint clinic revealed that the S-HYPO group was independently related to sustained hypertension and masked hypertension but not to white-coat hypertension (P = 0.004, P = 0.002, P = 0.886, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and other confounding factors, the above differences were still statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism can be more accurately understood by combining office blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure.
Inspiratory muscle training on lung function of male roller hockey players: a randomized controlled trial pilot study
Authors: Ramos Inês , Barreira Sérgio , Viana Rui 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
There is evidence that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) increases the athlete's performance by decreasing the work of the respiratory muscles during exercise. IMT has shown positive results in the pulmonary function of athletes, and it was hypothesized that 4 weeks of intervention could increase lung function at rest. Investigate the influence of IMT on lung function of male roller hockey players.

Methods:
Eleven male roller hockey players were randomized and allocated in the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Forced expiratory volume in first second, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were assessed with spirometry, in the beginning of the study and 4 weeks later. The EG (n = 6) was submitted to an IMT using a threshold during 4 weeks, 3 times a week, 30 repetitions with 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure. The CG (n = 5) was not submitted to any intervention.

Results:
Baseline pulmonary variables, forced expiratory volume in first second, forced vital capacity, and PEF, sociodemographic, and anthropometric characteristics were not significantly different among EG and CG. Significant increase on PEF (P = .033) was found in the EG after IMT.

Conclusion:
IMT with threshold seems to have a positive impact on PEF in roller hockey players. These findings may be corroborated by further controlled randomized studies.
Aortic valve fenestrations: a review
Authors: Zhu Caixia , Torres Sofia C. , Nunes José Pedro L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
Aortic valve fenestrations (AVFs) seem to be relatively common; however, their impact in human heart disease is not entirely clear.

Methods:
A review was carried out to assess all scientific literature on human patients related to AVFs, as described in the published literature. The search was conducted on 2 different databases, Medline (PubMed), and ISI Web of Knowledge.

Results:
Fifty-five reports were under analysis. Autopsy studies showed AVFs to be present in 55.9% of individuals studied in such studies. They occur more frequently in men and, in general, their frequency increases with age. Although common, fenestrations rarely cause regurgitation; however, they may play an important role in the pathophysiology of some cases of severe aortic regurgitation. AVFs have been described in patients with Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome, in patients with bicuspid or quadricuspid valves, and in patients with myxomatous valvular degeneration. Echocardiographic assessment of aortic regurgitation seems to have limitations in the diagnosis of valvular fenestrations.

Conclusions:
Fenestrations of the aortic valve are very common and are associated with certain clinical conditions. It is unknown if AVFs play any role in the current epidemic of aortic valve disease. Future studies should aim to better define the role of AVFs in aortic valve disease, to further understand its etiology and to develop diagnostic criteria.
An Employer-Sponsored Musculoskeletal Care Coordination Service Can Improve Clinical Outcomes and Self-Reported Productivity
Authors: Madhusudhan Divya K. , Thokala Sujith , Hagg Heather K. , Schoeneck Allison R. , Pizzarello Daniel , Bravata Dena M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To evaluate the effects of participation with a novel musculoskeletal care coordination service on clinical outcomes, self-reported productivity, and satisfaction.

Methods:
Prospective analysis of participants using the service from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.

Results:
One hundred eighty nine participants were enrolled; 54 participants completed their recommended clinical pathway. Low back pain was the most common musculoskeletal issue (N = 86, 46%). 88 participants (47%) were triaged to home exercise and 59 (31%) to physical therapy. Behavioral health issues were common: 47 participants (25%) were referred to their EAP. Only 30 participants (16%) required a medical referral. Engagement was associated with improvements in pain, physical function, mood, and self-reported productivity (P < 0.01). The net promotor score for this service was 95.

Conclusions:
Employers with populations for whom musculoskeletal complaints are common might benefit from integrating a musculoskeletal care coordination service in their benefits offering.
Surgical Management of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Extremity: Outcome Analysis and Return to Sport
Authors: Mangan John J. , Rogero Ryan G. , Fuchs Daniel J. , Raikin Steven M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To evaluate patient-reported outcomes and return to sport after open fasciotomy for lower extremity chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS).

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Setting:
Foot and ankle specialty service at a large multisite academic medical center.

Patients:
All patients undergoing lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS from 2009 to 2017 by one surgeon were eligible. Patients that underwent a fasciotomy for trauma, infection, or an acute pathologic process were excluded. Fifty-nine patients that underwent 63 procedures were included. The average age was 26.6 years, and 35 (59%) patients were women. Thirty-seven patients underwent simultaneous bilateral fasciotomies, 4 had staged bilateral fasciotomies, and 18 underwent unilateral fasciotomy. Four-compartment fasciotomy was performed 15 times.

Interventions:
Retrospective email/telephone follow-up.

Main Outcome Measures:
Return to sports questionnaire, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure–Sports subscale, and visual analog scale for pain.

Results:
At a mean follow-up of 58.8 months, significant postoperative improvement was seen in patient-reported outcome scores compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.0001). Overall, 55 (93%) patients were able to return to sport, 42 (76%) returned to the same level of sport, and 13 (24%) returned to a lower level of competition. Bivariate regression analysis demonstrated that a higher preoperative body mass index [odds ratio: 0.829 (95% confidence interval: 0.688, 0.999); P = 0.049] was associated with a lower likelihood of return to sport.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS results in improvement of patient-reported outcomes and a high rate of return to sport.
Should Adolescents Run Marathons?: Youth Marathon Training Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Goldman Joshua T. , Miller Emily , Runestad Summer , Serpa Rebecka , Beck Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
Youth participation in distance running has increased, yet little data exist about the injury patterns and safety of such activity. This study seeks to determine the types and rates of injuries seen in an adolescent marathon training program.

Design:
Observational prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Community-based adolescent marathon training program.

Participants:
The study enrolled 1927 students from 50 high schools (HS) and 34 middle schools (MS) participating in the 2017 to 2018 Students Run Los Angeles marathon training program.

Assessment of Risk Factors:
Weekly injury reports completed by running coaches. Data elements included participant demographics, weekly training distance, injury type, injury acuity, and missed training time.

Main Outcome Measures:
Epidemiology of self-reported injury in adolescent runners.

Results:
A total of 583 injuries occurred in 18% of runners during the training program. High schools runners were more likely to be injured than MS runners (20.8% vs 14.2%, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of injuries were acute with a mean missed training time of 4.8 days (SD 4.8). The most frequent site of injury was the knee (33%). Overall, runners with injuries ran a significantly greater distance per week than uninjured runners (14.6 mi vs 12.0 mi, P < 0.001). Ninety-nine percent of marathon participants completed the race.

Conclusions:
During a 28-week marathon training program, 18% of adolescent participants reported an injury. More injuries occurred in HS students, were acute, and involved the knee. This study represents one of the largest descriptions of injury prevalence in adolescent distance running and highlights a lower injury rate than adults during marathon training.
Fenestrated Scleral Lenses: Back to the Origins? Review of Their Benefits and Fitting Techniques
Authors: Fadel Daddi , Ezekiel Donald F. 
Published: September 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
This review illustrates the history of fenestrated scleral lenses, reporting personal communication from one of the present authors; describes their peculiarities and disadvantages; explains the fitting methods so far used; and recommends future fitting methods.
Indications and benefits of scleral lenses are widely described in the literature. The introduction of more advanced gas-permeable materials allowed scleral lenses to spread and be available to patients worldwide. Despite the improvement of the gas-permeable scleral lens' clinical performance, complications associated with corneal hypoxia persist, especially in patients with corneal endothelial abnormalities. Fenestrated scleral lenses may solve different complications caused by hypoxia. Also, fenestrated scleral lenses may be beneficial for several issues such as handling difficulties, midday fogging, lens suction, lens instability, conjunctival compression, and alteration of IOP. There is a need and a benefit to directly comparing fenestrated scleral lenses to sealed gas-permeable scleral lenses. This topical review allows practitioners to understand the fenestration philosophy in scleral lenses, practice better, and obtain information on their indications and fitting process. Industry and patients will benefit from future advances in scleral lens designs.
Quantifying the Optical and Physical Consequences of Daily Cleaning on Conventional and Wavefront-guided Scleral Lenses
Authors: Wilting Sarah M. , Hastings Gareth D. , Nguyen Lan Chi , Kauffman Matthew J. , Bell Elizabeth S. , Hu Chuan , Rijal Sujata , Marsack Jason D. 
Published: September 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
An equivalent 12 months of cleaning did not induce significant changes in the optical aberrations or base curves of scleral lenses.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to test whether an equivalent of 12 months of manual cleaning alters the optical and physical properties of conventional and wavefront-guided scleral lenses.

METHODS
Twelve scleral lenses (four repeats of three designs, termed A, B, and C) were manufactured in Boston XO material: design A, −5.00 D defocus; design B, −5.00 D defocus with −0.153-μm vertical coma; and design C, −5.00 D defocus with a full custom wavefront-guided correction (second to fifth Zernike radial orders) of an eye with severe keratoconus. One lens of each design group served as a control and was not cleaned. To simulate a year of cleaning, seven individuals cleaned nine lenses (three from each group) twice a day for 27 days using the palm technique and commercially available cleaners, resulting in 378 cleanings of each lens. Lens aberrations were optically profiled and base curve radii were measured at baseline and after every 42nd cleaning. Differences in higher-order root mean square (HORMS) wavefront error and base curve radii associated with cleaning were compared with clinical benchmarks and using sign tests.

RESULTS
For the experimental lenses, median change in Seidel spherical dioptric power was +0.01 D (maximum, +0.025 D). Median change in HORMS wavefront error was 0.013 μm (maximum, 0.019 μm). All lenses exhibited HORMS changes less than one-eighth equivalent diopters (P = .002). Median percentage change in HORMS wavefront error in the three wavefront-guided lenses was 0.96% (maximum, 1.25%). Median change in base curve radii was 0.00 mm, with all lenses exhibiting changes (P = .002), less than the American National Standards Institute tolerance of 0.05 mm.

CONCLUSIONS
Cleaning over an equivalent 12-month period did not induce clinically significant changes in the optical or base curve properties of conventional or wavefront-guided scleral lenses.