bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared decision making in high-grade glioma patients—a systematic review
Authors: Sorensen von Essen Helle , Piil Karin , Dahl Steffensen Karina , Rom Poulsen Frantz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Shared decision making (SDM) has proven to be a valuable approach in different patient populations when treatment decisions are called for. Along the disease trajectory of high-grade glioma (HGG), patients are presented with a series of treatment decisions. At the same time, HGG patients often experience cognitive deterioration and reduced decision-making capacity. This study aimed to review the current knowledge about shared decision making from the perspective of the HGG patient.

Methods
Systematic searches were performed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and EMBASE. Studies were reviewed against the inclusion criteria and assessed for methodological quality. Descriptive data from the included studies were extracted and a narrative synthesis of the findings was performed.

Results
The searches resulted in 5051 original records. Four studies involving 178 HGG patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The narrative synthesis revealed that most HGG patients in the included studies appreciated an SDM approach and that sufficient information and involvement increased patients’ emotional well-being. The use of a patient decision aid showed the potential to increase knowledge, decrease uncertainty, and affect the treatment decision making of HGG patients.

Conclusion
The results indicate that many HGG patients prefer an SDM approach and that SDM can lead patients toward improved emotional well-being. The evidence is weak, however, and firm conclusions and practice guidelines concerning SDM in HGG patients cannot be made. Future research is warranted to improve decision support for HGG patients.
Visual Exploration at Higher Fixation Frequency Increases Subsequent Memory Recall
Authors: Fehlmann Bernhard , Coynel David , Schicktanz Nathalie , Milnik Annette , Gschwind Leo , Hofmann Pascal , Papassotiropoulos Andreas , de Quervain Dominique J-F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Only a small proportion of what we see can later be recalled. Up to date it is unknown how far differences in visual exploration during encoding affect the strength of episodic memories. Here, we identified individual gaze characteristics by analyzing eye tracking data in a picture encoding task performed by 967 healthy subjects during fMRI. We found a positive correlation between fixation frequency during visual exploration and subsequent free recall performance. Brain imaging results showed a positive correlation of fixation frequency with activations in regions related to vision and memory, including the medial temporal lobe. To investigate if higher fixation frequency is causally linked to better memory, we experimentally manipulated visual exploration patterns in an independent population of 64 subjects. Doubling the number of fixations within a given exploration time increased subsequent free recall performance by 19%. Our findings provide evidence for a causal relationship between fixation frequency and episodic memory for visual information.
Comparison of the Hepatic Effects of Phenobarbital in Chimeric Mice Containing Either Rat or Human Hepatocytes With Humanized Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Pregnane X Receptor Mice
Authors: Yamada Tomoya , Ohara Ayako , Ozawa Naoya , Maeda Keiko , Kondo Miwa , Okuda Yu , Abe Jun , Cohen Samuel M , Lake Brian G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using a chimeric mouse humanized liver model, we provided evidence that human hepatocytes are refractory to the mitogenic effects of rodent constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) activators. To evaluate the functional reliability of this model, the present study examined mitogenic responses to phenobarbital (PB) in chimeric mice transplanted with rat hepatocytes, because rats are responsive to CAR activators. Treatment with 1000 ppm PB for 7 days significantly increased replicative DNA synthesis (RDS) in rat hepatocytes of the chimeric mice, demonstrating that the transplanted hepatocyte model is functionally reliable for cell proliferation analysis. Treatment of humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mice (hCAR/hPXR mice) with 1000 ppm PB for 7 days significantly increased hepatocyte RDS together with increases in several mitogenic genes. Global gene expression analysis was performed with liver samples from this and from previous studies focusing on PB-induced Wnt/β-catenin signaling and showed that altered genes in hCAR/hPXR mice clustered most closely with liver tumor samples from a diethylnitrosamine/PB initiation/promotion study than with wild-type mice. However, different gene clusters were observed for chimeric mice with human hepatocytes for Wnt/β-catenin signaling when compared with those of hCAR/hPXR mice, wild-type mice, and liver tumor samples. The results of this study demonstrate clear differences in the effects of PB on hepatocyte RDS and global gene expression between human hepatocytes of chimeric mice and hCAR/hPXR mice, suggesting that the chimeric mouse model is relevant to humans for studies on the hepatic effects of rodent CAR activators whereas the hCAR/hPXR mouse is not.
Assessment of Contraceptive Use in Puerto Rico During the 2016 Zika Virus Outbreak
Authors: Ellington Sascha R. , Rodriguez Ruby Serrano , Goldberg Howard , Bertolli Jeanne , Simeone Regina , Mercado Amilcar Soto , Pazol Karen , Jamieson Denise J. , Honein Margaret A. , Swartzendruber Andrea , Miles Toni , Cordero Jose , Shapiro-Mendoza Carrie 
Published: July 2020

(Abstracted from Contraception 2020;101:405–411)
Of states and territories in the United States, Puerto Rico was the most severely affected by the Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in 2016. A large number of studies have shown that infection of pregnant women with ZIKV can result in microcephaly, structural abnormalities of the brain and eye, and other severe birth defects.
Nowcasting and Forecasting the Potential Domestic and International Spread of the 2019-nCoV Outbreak Originating in Wuhan, China: A Modeling Study
Authors: Wu Joseph T. , Leung Kathy , Leung Gabriel M. 
Published: July 2020

(Abstracted from Lancet 2020;395:689–697)
Wuhan, China, has been investigating the outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, COVID-19), now called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), since December 31, 2019. At the end of January 2020, nearly 6000 cases of infections by SARS-CoV2 have been confirmed in mainland China, and 78 cases had been identified as having been exported from Wuhan to areas outside mainland China.
Outcomes in Pregnancies With a Confined Placental Mosaicism and Implications for Prenatal Screening Using Cell-Free DNA
Authors: Grati Francesca Romana , Ferreira Jose , Benn Peter , Izzi Claudia , Verdi Federica , Vercellotti Elena , Dalpiaz Cristina , D’Ajello Patrizia , Filippi Elisa , Volpe Nicola , Malvestiti Francesca , Maggi Federico , Simoni Giuseppe , Frusca Tiziana , Cirelli Gaetana , Bracalente Gabriella , Re Antonino Lo , Surico Daniela , Ghi Tullio , Prefumo Federico 
Published: July 2020

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2020;22:309–316)
The most common type of confined placental mosaicism (CPM), the presence of a chromosomal abnormality in the placenta but not in the fetus, involves trisomy/disomy. Confined placental mosaicism occurs in 97% of rare autosomal trisomy (RAT) cases detected by chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
Management of Twin Pregnancies: A Comparative Review of National and International Guidelines
Authors: Tsakiridis Ioannis , Giouleka Sonia , Mamopoulos Apostolos , Athanasiadis Apostolos , Dagklis Themistoklis 
Published: July 2020

ImportanceTwin pregnancies are associated with a higher risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity compared with singleton and require more intensive prenatal care.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to review and compare the recommendations from published guidelines on twin pregnancies.Evidence AcquisitionA descriptive review of guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists on the management of twin pregnancies was conducted.ResultsAll the guidelines highlight the importance of an accurate assessment of chorionicity, amnionicity, and gestational age in the first trimester. They also recommend the performance of nuchal translucency and a detailed anomaly scan. The ultrasound surveillance protocol is similar in all guidelines, that is, every 2 weeks for monochorionic and every 4 weeks for dichorionic twins. On the other hand, there are differences regarding the timing and mode of delivery, especially in monochorionic diamniotic twins, in the definition and management of fetal growth discordance, the use of cervical length to screen for preterm birth, and the timing of corticosteroids' administration.ConclusionsThe differences in the reviewed guidelines on the management of twin pregnancies highlight the need for an adoption of an international consensus, in order to improve perinatal outcomes of twin pregnancies.Target AudienceObstetricians and gynecologists, family physiciansLearning ObjectivesAfter participating in this activity, the learner should be better able to identify all aspects of the antenatal surveillance of twin pregnancies and the importance of first trimester determination of chorionicity; explain the birth issues of twin pregnancies, including recommendations on mode and timing of delivery; and describe the possible complications in pregnancy, their association with chorionicity, and appropriate management.
Permanent Supportive Housing With Housing First to Reduce Homelessness and Promote Health Among Homeless Populations With Disability: A Community Guide Systematic Review
Authors: Peng Yinan , Hahn Robert A. , Finnie Ramona K. C. , Cobb Jamaicia , Williams Samantha P. , Fielding Jonathan E. , Johnson Robert L. , Montgomery Ann Elizabeth , Schwartz Alex F. , Muntaner Carles , Garrison Veronica Helms , Jean-Francois Beda , Truman Benedict I. , Fullilove Mindy T. 
Published: July 2020

Context:
Poor physical and mental health and substance use disorder can be causes and consequences of homelessness. Approximately 2.1 million persons per year in the United States experience homelessness. People experiencing homelessness have high rates of emergency department use, hospitalization, substance use treatment, social services use, arrest, and incarceration.

Objectives:
A standard approach to treating homeless persons with a disability is called Treatment First, requiring clients be “housing ready”—that is, in psychiatric treatment and substance-free—before and while receiving permanent housing. A more recent approach, Housing First, provides permanent housing and health, mental health, and other supportive services without requiring clients to be housing ready. To determine the relative effectiveness of these approaches, this systematic review compared the effects of both approaches on housing stability, health outcomes, and health care utilization among persons with disabilities experiencing homelessness.

Design:
A systematic search (database inception to February 2018) was conducted using 8 databases with terms such as “housing first,” “treatment first,” and “supportive housing.” Reference lists of included studies were also searched. Study design and threats to validity were assessed using Community Guide methods. Medians were calculated when appropriate.

Eligibility Criteria:
Studies were included if they assessed Housing First programs in high-income nations, had concurrent comparison populations, assessed outcomes of interest, and were written in English and published in peer-reviewed journals or government reports.

Main Outcome Measures:
Housing stability, physical and mental health outcomes, and health care utilization.

Results:
Twenty-six studies in the United States and Canada met inclusion criteria. Compared with Treatment First, Housing First programs decreased homelessness by 88% and improved housing stability by 41%. For clients living with HIV infection, Housing First programs reduced homelessness by 37%, viral load by 22%, depression by 13%, emergency departments use by 41%, hospitalization by 36%, and mortality by 37%.

Conclusions:
Housing First programs improved housing stability and reduced homelessness more effectively than Treatment First programs. In addition, Housing First programs showed health benefits and reduced health services use. Health care systems that serve homeless patients may promote their health and well-being by linking them with effective housing services.
Model-free estimation of COVID-19 transmission dynamics from a complete outbreak
Authors: James A. , Plank M. , Hendy S. , Binny R. , Lustig A. , Steyn N. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNew Zealand had 1499 cases of COVID-19 before eliminating transmission of the virus. Extensive contract tracing during the outbreak has resulted in a dataset of epidemiologically linked cases. This data contains useful information about the transmission dynamics of the virus, its dependence on factors such as age, and its response to different control measures.We use Monte-Carlo network construction techniques to provide an estimate of the number of secondary cases for every individual infected during the outbreak. We then apply standard statistical techniques to quantify differences between groups of individuals.Children under 10 years old are significantly under-represented in the case data. Children infected fewer people on average and had a lower secondary attack rate in comparison to adults and the elderly. Imported cases infected fewer people on average and had a lower secondary attack rate than domestically acquired cases. Superspreading is a significant contributor to the epidemic dynamics, with 20% of cases among adults responsible for 65-85% of transmission. Asymptomatic cases infected fewer individuals than clinical cases. Serial intervals are approximately normally distributed (μ = 5.0 days, σ = 5.7 days). Early isolation and quarantine of cases reduced secondary transmission rates.Border controls and strong social distancing measures, particularly when targeted at superspreading, play a significant role in reducing the spread of COVID-19.
Reducing COVID-19 hospitalization risk through behavior change
Authors: Adams Mary L. , Katz David L. , Grandpre Joseph , Shenson Douglas 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTOur objective was to determine strategies that could potentially reduce the risk of hospitalizations from COVID-19 due to underlying conditions. We used data (N=444,649) from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to identify potentially modifiable risk factors associated with reporting any of the underlying conditions (cardiovascular disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, hypertension or obesity) found to increase risk of US hospitalizations for COVID-19. Risk factors included lifetime smoking, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Multiple logistic regression in Stata produced adjusted odds ratios (AORs) used to estimate population attributable-risk (PAR) in Excel. PARs for the 3 risk factors ranged from 12.4% for inactivity to 15.6% for diet for a combined PAR of 36.3%, implying that total elimination of these 3 risk factors could potentially reduce underlying conditions as much as 36%. This suggests that reducing COVID-19 hospitalizations might be a measurable and feasible US goal for the coronavirus pandemic. The simple lifestyle changes of increasing physical activity and fruit and vegetable consumption could reduce obesity, a key underlying condition and risk factor for 4 others. Reducing obesity and inactivity may also boost immunity. With uncertainly around how long the pandemic might last, other proposed strategies include wearing face masks when social distancing is not feasible, and addressing the special issues for nursing home residents. Such actions have the potential to lessen the impact of COVID-19 in the short term along with providing long term health benefits regarding chronic conditions.
Seagrass beds provide habitat for crabs, shrimps and fish in two estuaries on the South Island of New Zealand
Authors: Thomsen Mads S. , Moser Averill , Pullen Micaela , Gerber Derek , Flanagan Sarah 
Published: July 2020

SummarySeagrasses are marine angiosperms that potentially provide habitat for crabs, shrimps and fish. However, these types of data are lacking for the seagrass species (Zostera muelleri/rimurēhia) that inhabit intertidal estuaries on the South Island of New Zealand.Abundances of crabs, shrimps and fish were therefore quantified from 361 non-destructive seine tows done in seagrass beds and bare mudflats in Duvauchelle bay and two sites in the Avon-Heathcote/Ihutai estuary between October 2019 and February 2020.A total of 2549 crabs, 5824 shrimps and 1149 fish (75% were juvenile flounders) were identified and counted in the seine-net and immediately released back in healthy condition to the exact location from where they were caught.Only few seagrass leaves were caught in the net and these leaves may have been previously uprooted drift fragments. The instant catch-and-release methodology therefore leaves, literally, nothing but a footprint.More fish taxa, including two species of pipefish, were found in seagrass beds in Duvauchelle bay than in the Avon-Heathcote estuary. Fish (minus juvenile flounders) were also more abundant in these seagrass beds. Furthermore, juvenile flounders and shrimps were more abundant in Duvauchelle bay compared to the Avon-Heathcote estuary, but were found in similar abundances in seagrass beds and on bare flats.It is possible that more fish were found in Duvauchelle seagrass beds because these beds have adjacent deeper areas, and may have high connectivity to seagrass beds in nearby bays. This hypothesis should be tested by sampling more seagrass beds in different types of estuaries and bays.By contrast, crabs were more abundant in the Avon-Heathcote estuary, where spider crabs were most abundant in the seagrass beds, but other crabs were found in similar abundances in seagrass beds and bare habitat. We hypothesize that crab abundances were higher in the Avon-Heathcote estuary because of lower fish predation pressure and/or larger populations of prey like mollusc and polychaetes.Our results suggests that (a) superficially similarZosterabeds in relatively close proximity can provide very different habitat values for fish and crustaceans, (b) seagrass beds with higher diversity and abundances of fish may be prioritized in conservation and management (assuming other important ecosystem functions are similar between beds), and (c) that pipefish may be useful indicator organisms, representing healthy, extensive, dense and connected seagrass beds.Abstract Figure
“The ethics approval took 20 months on a trial which was meant to help terminally ill cancer patients. In the end we had to send the funding back”: a survey of researchers’ and ethics committee members’ views on research ethics reviews in Australia
Authors: Scott Anna Mae , Chalmers Iain , Barnett Adrian , Stephens Alexandre , Kolstoe Simon E. , Clark Justin , Glasziou Paul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo identify what types of health and medical research could be exempted from a requirement to undergo research ethics reviews in Australia.DesignA web-based survey.SettingAustralian-based participants completed the survey online between 10 September and 1 November 2019.ParticipantsActive human health and medical researchers and members of Human Research Ethics Committees (HREC).Main outcome measuresParticipants were asked whether they self-identify as a researcher, a member of an Australian human research ethics committee, or both. They were asked whether they had previously changed or abandoned a research project in anticipation of difficulty in obtaining ethics approval; and were presented with 4 hypothetical research scenarios, asking whether they should or should not be exempt from ethics review in Australia. All but the demographic question allowed the respondent to provide a comment clarifying their response. Qualitative data were analysed thematically; quantitative data were analysed in R.ResultsWe received 514 survey responses: 153 from researchers, 196 from HREC members, and 163 from individuals who identified as both. 27% of researchers reported they had changed their projects because they anticipated obstacles resulting from the ethics review process, and 16% abandoned projects for this reason. The most commonly exempted research scenarios involved professional staff providing their views on their area of expertise (84%, 85%); scenarios involving surplus samples and N-of-1 studies in clinical practice were most commonly required to undergo ethics review (82%, 76% respectively). Probability of answering that ethics review was required was the highest for HREC members and nearly identical for respondents who were both HREC members and researchers; it was the lowest for researchers. HREC members were overall 26% more likely to answer that ethics review was required than researchers.ConclusionsOur survey shows considerable differences between the researchers and members of ethics committees, about how best to serve the interests of patients and the public. Those interests are best served by evaluative research to reduce or resolve the uncertainties in the clinical context – the same general principle should be applied to ethics review.