bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating HBV Genotypes among Animal and Non-Animal Handlers in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Okonko I. O. , Gidado I. R. , Anomneze B. U. , Opaleye O. O. 
Published: November 2020

Aim: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not uncommon among animal and non-animal handlers. The brutality of HBV infection and the outcome of treatment is linked with exact HBV genotypes. No study on the circulation of HBV genotypes has been reported among animal and non-animal handlers in Nigeria. This study was intended to evaluate the genotypic distribution among animal and non-animal handlers in Osun State, Nigeria.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Nigeria, between June 2015 and July 2019.
Methods: Blood samples were obtained from HBsAg positive individuals and screened for HBV-DNA from cohorts of animal and non-animal handlers. HBV-DNA was extracted, amplified and genotyped using a multiplex PCR technique with primers specific for six genotypes of HBV (Genotype A, B, C, D, E and F).
Results: Results showed that a total of 11 (6.1%) of the 180 animal and non-animal handlers evaluated were positive to HBsAg and 4.4% were positive for HBV-DNA by a semi-nested PCR using HBV specific primer pairs. The molecular analysis of the sera of 11 HBsAg positive animal and non-animal handlers showed that 72.7% of them had a true HBV infection. Results further show that genotype E (75.0%) was predominant over genotype A (12.5%) and mix genotypes (D and E) with 12.5% prevalence. Other genotypes were not detected. Of the 8 positive HBV-DNA samples, 7 (87.5%) were males and one (12.5%) was a female. All animal and non-animal handlers with true HBV infection were found to harbour HBV genotype E predominantly.
Conclusion: The molecular analysis of HBV-DNA and genotypes circulating among animal and non-animal handlers shows that the majority of the subjects with true HBV infection were found to predominantly harbour HBV genotype E in Osun state, Nigeria. The study further highlights the predominance HBV genotype E in Nigeria.
Development of an HDR‐BT QA tool for source position verification
Authors: Kumazaki Yu , Hirai Ryuta , Igari Mitsunobu , Kobayashi Nao , Okazaki Shohei , Abe Takanori , Tamaki Tomoaki , Noda Shin‐ei , Kato Shingo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to develop a high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy (HDR‐BT) quality assurance (QA) tool for verification of source positions, and to report on its effectiveness.MethodsWe fabricated a cuboid phantom measuring 30 × 30×3 cm3 with spaces to embed Fletcher‐Williamson tandem and ovoid applicators. Lead‐based, cylindrically shaped radiopaque markers, which scatter radiation and blacken the Gafchromic® RTQA2 films placed on the applicators, were inserted into the phantom to determine the applicator tip and reference source positions. A three‐dimensional image‐guided brachytherapy (3D‐IGBT) plan was generated, and the source positions on the film and radiation treatment planning system (RTPS) were verified with the tool. Source position errors were evaluated as the distance in the applicator axis direction between the source position and the center position of two radiopaque marker pairs.ResultsSource position errors on the film and RTPS were in good agreement with one another and were all within 0.5 mm for all applicators. Offset values of each applicator were in good agreement with the value determined in treatment planning (6 mm). The expanded measurement uncertainty of our QA tool was estimated to be 0.87 mm, with a coverage factor k of 2.ConclusionsOur new HDR‐BT QA tool developed for comprehensive source position verification will be useful for cross checking actual source positions and planned source positions on the RTPS.
Light Regulation of Circadian Rhythms: Fact and Fiction and Design Implications
Authors: Foster Russell G 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRussell G Foster, Professor of Circadian Neuroscience and Head of the Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology and the Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute at the University of Oxford, has spent his career researching visual and circadian neurobiology. His main focus is the mechanisms through which light regulates vertebrate circadian rhythms, affecting a range of molecular, cellular, anatomical and behavioural aspects, as well as addressing the implications for human performance, productivity and health.
Museums and the Embodied Mind: Sensory Engagement with Artworks and Architecture
Authors: Smith Barry C 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA museum or gallery is usually thought of as a space containing objects arranged in a chosen way. Understanding the multisensory factors that modulate an audience's experiences of artworks in their settings offers museum curators and architects opportunities to enhance visitors’ sensory engagement with their collections. Barry C Smith, Director of the Institute of Philosophy, Centre for the Study of the Senses, School of Advanced Study, University of London, considers a number of ways this can happen.
Rapid‐Fabricated and Recoverable Dual‐Network Hydrogel with Inherently Anti‐Bacterial Abilities for Potential Adhesive Dressings
Authors: Lei Kun , Wang Kaiqi , Sun Yunlong , Zheng Zhen , Wang Xinling 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo satisfy the ever‐accelerated demands for advanced engineering biomaterials with excellent physicochemical properties, injectable and recoverable dual‐network (DN) hydrogels based on poly(l‐lysine)‐graft‐4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid (PLL‐g‐HPA) and Aga are constructed by simply mixing PLL‐g‐HPA/HRP and PLL‐g‐HPA/H2O2 in Aga through enzyme‐catalyzed cross‐linkage of PLL‐g‐HPA and temperature‐adjusted sol‐gel transition of Aga. The recoverable and injectable performances of hydrogels are attributed to the reversible sol‐gel transitional feature of Aga and enzymatically cross‐linked reaction of PLL‐g‐HPA. DN hydrogels have fast and adjusted gelation time, connective pore structure, superior formability, and good biocompatibility. The helically structural Aga network endows the hydrogels with good mechanical strength and superior stability in extreme condition. Schiff‐base effect between amino in skin tissues and carbonyl formed by the oxidation of phenol groups in hydrogel imparts the hydrogels to promising tissue attachment. Bursting pressure assay illustrates that the bursting pressure (34.5 ± 2.4 kPa) for 13.6% DN hydrogel is much higher than arterial blood pressure (16 kPa). The incorporated cationic PLL‐g‐HPA gives the hydrogels remarkable antibacterial ability, which effectively prevents the bacterial infection. In conclusion, the DN hydrogel with good cytocompatibility, inherently antibacterial ability, tissue adhesion, and excellent stability in extreme environment is probably able to become a promising candidate as potential wound dressings.
Stable Potassium Metal Anodes with an All‐Aluminum Current Collector through Improved Electrolyte Wetting
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Wang Yixian , Hao Hongchang , Basu Swastik , Feng Xuyong , Xu Yixin , Boscoboinik Jorge Anibal , Nanda Jagjit , Watt John , Mitlin David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis is the first report of successful potassium metal battery anode cycling with an aluminum‐based rather than copper‐based current collector. Dendrite‐free plating/stripping is achieved through improved electrolyte wetting, employing an aluminum‐powder‐coated aluminum foil “Al@Al,” without any modification of the support surface chemistry or electrolyte additives. The reservoir‐free Al@Al half‐cell is stable at 1000 cycles (1950 h) at 0.5 mA cm−2, with 98.9% cycling Coulombic efficiency and 0.085 V overpotential. The pre‐potassiated cell is stable through a wide current range, including 130 cycles (2600 min) at 3.0 mA cm−2, with 0.178 V overpotential. Al@Al is fully wetted by a 4 m potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide‐dimethoxyethane electrolyte (θCA = 0°), producing a uniform solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) during the initial galvanostatic formation cycles. On planar aluminum foil with a nearly identical surface oxide, the electrolyte wets poorly (θCA = 52°). This correlates with coarse irregular SEI clumps at formation, 3D potassium islands with further SEI coarsening during plating/stripping, possibly dead potassium metal on stripped surfaces, and rapid failure. The electrochemical stability of Al@Al versus planar Al is not related to differences in potassiophilicity (nearly identical) as obtained from thermal wetting experiments. Planar Cu foils are also poorly electrolyte‐wetted and become dendritic. The key fundamental takeaway is that the incomplete electrolyte wetting of collectors results in early onset of SEI instability and dendrites.
Periodic Wrinkle‐Patterned Single‐Crystalline Ferroelectric Oxide Membranes with Enhanced Piezoelectricity
Authors: Dong Guohua , Li Suzhi , Li Tao , Wu Haijun , Nan Tianxiang , Wang Xiaohua , Liu Haixia , Cheng Yuxin , Zhou Yuqing , Qu Wanbo , Zhao Yifan , Peng Bin , Wang Zhiguang , Hu Zhongqiang , Luo Zhenlin , Ren Wei , Pennycook Stephen J. , Li Ju , Sun Jun , Ye Zuo‐Guang , Jiang Zhuangde , Zhou Ziyao , Ding Xiangdong , Min Tai , Liu Ming 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSelf‐assembled membranes with periodic wrinkled patterns are the critical building blocks of various flexible electronics, where the wrinkles are usually designed and fabricated to provide distinct functionalities. These membranes are typically metallic and organic materials with good ductility that are tolerant of complex deformation. However, the preparation of oxide membranes, especially those with intricate wrinkle patterns, is challenging due to their inherently strong covalent or ionic bonding, which usually leads to material crazing and brittle fracture. Here, wrinkle‐patterned BaTiO3 (BTO)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) membranes with finely controlled parallel, zigzag, and mosaic patterns are prepared. The BTO layers show excellent flexibility and can form well‐ordered and periodic wrinkles under compressive in‐plane stress. Enhanced piezoelectricity is observed at the sites of peaks and valleys of the wrinkles where the largest strain gradient is generated. Atomistic simulations further reveal that the excellent elasticity and the correlated coupling between polarization and strain/strain gradient are strongly associated with ferroelectric domain switching and continuous dipole rotation. The out‐of‐plane polarization is primarily generated at compressive regions, while the in‐plane polarization dominates at the tensile regions. The wrinkled ferroelectric oxides with differently strained regions and correlated polarization distributions would pave a way toward novel flexible electronics.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Molten Magnesium Chloride Using Machine‐Learning‐Based Deep Potential
Authors: Liang Wenshuo , Lu Guimin , Yu Jianguo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn previous work, molten magnesium chloride has been investigated using first‐principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations based on density functional theory (DFT). However, such simulations are computationally intensive and therefore are restricted in terms of simulated size and time. In this work, a machine learning‐based deep potential (DP) is trained to accelerate the molecular dynamics simulation of molten magnesium chloride. The trained DP can accurately describe the energies and forces with the prediction errors in energy and force being 1.76 × 10−3 eV/atom and 4.76 × 10−2 eV Å−1, respectively. Applying the deep potential molecular dynamics (DPMD) approach, simulations can be performed with more than 1000 atoms, which is infeasible for FPMD simulations. Additionally, the partial radial distribution functions, angle distribution functions, densities, and self‐diffusion coefficients predicted by DPMD simulations are also in reasonable agreement with FPMD or experimental results. This work shows that the DP enables higher efficiency and similar accuracy relative to DFT, exhibiting a bright application prospect in modeling molten salt systems.
Emerging Porous Materials and Their Composites for NH3 Gas Removal
Authors: Kang Dong Won , Ju Susan Eungyung , Kim Dae Won , Kang Minjung , Kim Hyojin , Hong Chang Seop 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNH3, essential for producing artificial fertilizers and several military and commercial products, is being produced at a large scale to satisfy increasing demands. The inevitable leakage of NH3 during its utilization, even in trace concentrations, poses significant environmental and health risks because of its highly toxic and reactive nature. Although numerous techniques have been developed for the removal of atmospheric NH3, conventional NH3 abatement systems possess the disadvantages of high maintenance cost, low selectivity, and emission of secondary wastes. In this context, highly tunable porous materials such as metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, hydrogen organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, and their composite materials have emerged as next‐generation NH3 adsorbents. Herein, recent progress in the development of porous NH3 adsorbents is summarized; furthermore, factors affecting NH3 capture are analyzed to provide a reasonable strategy for the design and synthesis of promising materials for NH3 abatement.
Morphology Tuning and Its Role in Optimization of Perovskite Films Fabricated from A Novel Nonhalide Lead Source
Authors: Gu Jinwen , Li Faming , Wang Zenghui , Xie Yiran , Yan Lihe , Zeng Peng , Yu Hua , Liu Mingzhen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsage of nonhalide lead sources for fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has recently attracted increasing attention as a promising route toward realizing high quality PSC devices. However, the unique role of nonhalide lead sources in improving perovskite film morphology and PSC performance has largely remained unexplored, impeding broader application of these materials. Here, it is demonstrated that by using a new nonhalide lead source, lead formate (Pb(HCOO)2), good control of perovskite film morphology can be achieved. With the usage of lead formate, PbI2 can nicely border the perovskite grain boundaries (GBs) and form domain “walls” that segregate the individual perovskite crystal domains. The PbI2 at the GBs lead to significant improvement in film quality and device performance through passivating the defects at the perovskite GBs and suppressing lateral carrier diffusion. An impressive carrier lifetime at the microsecond scale (τ2 = 1714 ns) is achieved, further with an optimal power conversion efficiency of 20.3% for the resulting devices. This work demonstrates a promising and effective method toward fabricating high‐quality perovskites and high‐efficiency PSCs.
Comparative performance of orangutans (Pongo spp.), gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), and drills (Mandrillus leucophaeus), in an ephemeral foraging task
Authors: Prétôt Laurent , Mickelberg Jennifer , Carrigan Jodi , Stoinski Tara , Bshary Redouan , Brosnan Sarah F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA goal of the comparative approach is to test a variety of species on the same task. Here, we examined whether the factors that helped capuchin monkeys improve their performance in a dichotomous choice task would generalize to three other primate species: orangutans, gorillas, and drill monkeys. In this task, subjects have access to two options, each resulting in an identical food, but one (the ephemeral option) is only available if it is chosen first, whereas the other one (the permanent option) is always available. Therefore, the food‐maximizing solution is to choose the ephemeral option first, followed by the permanent option for an additional reward. On the original version (plate task), the options were discriminated by the color and pattern of the plates holding the food, while on two subsequent versions we used altered cues that we predicted would improve performance: (1) the color of the foods themselves (color task), which we hypothesized was relevant to primates, who choose foods rather than substrates on which foods are found when foraging, and (2) patterned cups covering the foods (cup task), which we hypothesized would help primates avoid the prepotent response associated with visible food. Like capuchins, all three species initially failed to solve the plate task. However, while orangutans improved their performance from the plate to the color task, they did not for the cup task, and only a few gorillas and no drills succeeded in either task. Unfortunately, our ability to interpret these data was obscured by differences in the subjects' level of experience with cognitive testing and practical constraints that precluded the use of completely identical procedures across species. Nonetheless, we consider what these results can tell us, and discuss the value of conducting studies across multiple sites despite unavoidable differences.
A Urease‐Containing Fluorescent Hydrogel for Transient Information Storage
Authors: Le Xiaoxia , Shang Hui , Yan Huizhen , Zhang Jiawei , Lu Wei , Liu Mingjie , Wang Liping , Lu Guangming , Xue Qunji , Chen Tao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe improper handling of decrypted information can lead to the leakage of confidential data. Thus, there is increasing interest in the development of self‐erasing decrypted data. Herein, we report a urease‐containing fluorescent hydrogel for multistage information security protection. Information can be input into the fluorescent hydrogel, which is based on the protonated 4‐(N,N‐dimethylaminoethylene) amino‐N‐allyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide (DEAN‐H+) and doped with urease, using metal ions, such as Zn2+ that coordinate with DEAN. Upon exposure to urea, urease produces NH3, which reduces the fluorescence of the hydrogel. In the presence of urea, metal‐coordinated hydrogel fluorescence decreases more slowly than the fluorescence of the hydrogel alone, revealing the information. The displayed information is then automatically erased within a few minutes. This work opens up a new insights in designing and fabricating information storage materials.
Hydrogen Bond Donor Catalyzed Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Kottisch Veronika , Jermaks Janis , Mak Joe‐Yee , Woltornist Ryan A. , Lambert Tristan H. , Fors Brett P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of high‐molecular‐weight poly(vinyl ethers) under mild conditions is a significant challenge, since cationic polymerization reactions are highly sensitive to chain‐transfer and termination events. We identified a novel and highly effective hydrogen bond donor (HBD)–organic acid pair that can facilitate controlled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers under ambient conditions with excellent monomer compatibility. Poly(vinyl ethers) of molar masses exceeding 50 kg mol−1 can be produced within 1 h without elaborate reagent purification. Modification of the HBD structure allowed tuning of the polymerization rate, while DFT calculations helped elucidate crucial intermolecular interactions between the HBD, organic acid, and polymer chain end.
Frontal sinus anatomy of the noble Swéerts‐Sporck family and verification of their biological relationships using similarity analysis
Authors: Cvrček Jan , Velemínský Petr , Jor Tomáš , Rmoutilová Rebeka , Brůžek Jaroslav 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe evaluation of frontal sinus similarity is one way to detect biological relationships, especially in small groups, including families of historically known personalities. However, possibilities for studying this issue are currently limited. This contribution deals with the frontal sinuses of a rare osteological sample with known genealogical data, members of the noble Swéerts‐Sporck family from the 17th to 20th centuries. The aim is to verify whether the frontal sinuses reflect documented family relationships. Basic dimensions of the frontal sinus such as total surface area and volume, and maximum height and width, and also morphology and anatomical features were evaluated using computed tomography scans. The portions of the frontal sinus above the “external supraorbital line” were analyzed. The degree of similarity between biologically related individuals was determined for each variable and compared with their known biological distance. The degree of similarity based on dimensions was evaluated using both the unadjusted measured data and standardized data adjusted to size. For the unadjusted dimensions, a positive correlation between morphological similarity and biological relatedness was apparent. On the other hand, no positive correlation was apparent for most of the standardized data. Only total volume showed a very weak indication of a positive trend in the standardized data, but this was weaker than in the original values. A positive quantifiable relationship between morphological patterns and biological distance is not clearly indicated. However, nonmetric features do support the documented relationships of the individuals.
Development of a Novel Peer‐sharing Application to Supplement Learning from Cadaveric Dissection
Authors: Dua Anoushka , Coppola Kristen M. , Mulheron George W. , Troupe David , Lebeau Robert 
Published: November 2020

Gross anatomy dissection in contemporary medical education must balance the traditional value of learning from the cadaver with the possibilities created by the use of digital tools as supplemental resources that personalize and deepen the student learning experience. This study broadly examined the design, implementation, and use of AnatomyShare, a novel iPad application employing learner‐generated content that allows students to securely share annotated images of their dissections with each other and take faculty‐generated image‐based quizzes during their first‐year medical school gross anatomy course. Almost all students enrolled in the course used the application (N = 176; 91% use based on analytics). Seventy‐five students responded to a survey asking how and when they used the application, along with their perceptions of its usefulness and contribution to learning. More students reported using the application outside of laboratory (97.3%) than during laboratory (85.3%), despite only in‐laboratory use being required. Taking quizzes using the “Exam” feature was the highest rated use of AnatomyShare, and students cited that the application exposed them to anatomical variation and motivated them to correctly identify structures during dissection. While steps need to be taken to combat low‐quality learner‐generated content and to enhance meaningful student interaction and collaboration, AnatomyShare was a feasible and highly rated supplement to dissection that provided valuable assessment opportunities for students. Future research will examine the impact of use on course grades and engagement in gross anatomy dissection.
Radical Transformations towards the Synthesis of Quinoline: A Review
Authors: Teja Chitrala , Khan Fazlur Rahman Nawaz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuinoline is considered one of the most ubiquitous heterocycles due to its engaging biological activities and synthetic utility over organic transformations. Over the past few decades, numerous reports have been documented in the synthesis of quinolines. The classical methods including, Skraup, Friedlander, Doebner‐von‐Miller, Conrad‐Limpach, Pfitzinger quinoline synthesis, and so forth, these are the well‐known methods to construct principal quinoline scaffold with several advantages and limitations. Recently, radical insertion or catalyzed reactions have emerged as a powerful and efficient tool to construct heterocycles with high atom efficiency and step economy. In this concern, this minireview mainly focused on the developments of Quinoline synthesis via radical reactions. In addition, a brief description of the preparation procedure, reactivity, and mechanisms is also included, where as possible. Respectively, the synthesis of quinolines is classified and summarized based on its reactivity, so it will help the researchers to grab the information in this exploration area, as Quinolines are promising pharmacophores.