bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Naguib Mahfouz: A Liberal in a Conservative Society
Authors: Srouji‐Shajrawi Clara 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Nobel Laureate (1988) Naguib Mahfouz (Najīb Maḥfūẓ) is represented, via examples from his main works, as a liberal thinker, one passionate for a democratic state for all its citizens, characterized by religious tolerance and freedom of speech. His liberalism is in conflict with the extremist conservative stream of Islam that views women as inferior to men, and looks for a state based on Islamic law (Shariʿa). Mahfouz's openness to other cultures, and his dealing with issues that concern all human beings with a special flavor of locality, make his works transcend the borders of the nation, participate in the exchange of ideas between cultures by means of translation and, thus, gain the appreciation of different nations. Mahfouz's impact on three Egyptian writers of the 1960s shows him not as a source of passive imitation in style and social concerns but rather as the inspiration for further stages in the development of modern Arabic literature.
Chinese Encyclopedism and the Power of Knowledge
Authors: Elman Benjamin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPublication of Chinese reference works (leishu) and daily‐use compendia (riyong leishu) during the late imperial period, 1400–1850, drew on earlier “encyclopedic” book collections in China, which literati had valued while preparing for civil examinations. Speculating about the origins and transformation ofgewu(“investigating things”) and related concepts became a key method for acquiring and organizing information in texts. Literati also collected information for some 1350 counties, which officials needed to carry out their official duties. An official could not serve in his home province. In the Mongol period (1280–1368), new types ofleishudeveloped with the steady expansion of printing and popular literacy. A bookish culture reached a broader audience during the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) than ever before. Such native collections later became precedents for “early modern”leishuand “modern” nineteenth‐century Western‐style encyclopedias called in Chinese “Baike quanshu,” lit., “complete collection containing hundreds of categories.”
The Popol Wuj: A Colonial Context
Authors: Quiroa Néstor I. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Popol Wuj represents the most studied Mesoamerican indigenous text because of its breadth of detail concerning Maya worldview, religion, cosmology, and society. Regarded as an ethnohistorical treasure, it has been read exclusively as a freestanding, self‐contained text to inquire into a history far removed from when it was actually created. Consequently, the colonial context of the text itself has been omitted, including the central role of Dominican friar Francisco Ximénez as transcriber and translator of its only available copy. This chapter reframes the Popol Wuj within its historical and physical ecclesiastic context, recovering Friar Ximénez's voice within this manuscript. It is argued that his work was first and foremost intended to be a religious treatise in the conversion of the K'iche' to Christianity. This study approaches the Popol Wuj as a colonial product bridging two distinct but constitutive facets of the narrative that until now have been considered separate and unrelated.
Ernest Hemingway: Global American Modernist
Authors: Tyler Lisa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter traces Ernest Hemingway's evolution from a Midwestern high school kid to Nobel Prize‐winning author and international celebrity. It examines the formative events of his early adulthood and their impact on his fiction. The distinctive characteristics of Hemingway's innovative literary style are identified and discussed. Hemingway repeatedly acknowledges many of the authors who influenced his writing, and in turn many twentieth‐ and twenty‐first‐century authors from around the world acknowledge his influence on their work. Posthumous publications of his letters and other unpublished materials have sparked continuing interest in his work.
The Global Pilgrimage of Geoffrey Chaucer'sThe Canterbury Tales
Authors: Barrington Candace 
Published: December 2019

AbstractChaucer's fourteenth‐centuryThe Canterbury Tales, recognized as the first English literary work consciously engaging with its contemporaneous European tradition, is also an early English literary work to incorporate languages and stories from outside the European sphere. We can see the complexity of this global engagement inThe Squire's Tale. This global engagement, as well as theTales' open‐ended framework, has made it amenable to translation and appropriation into non‐Anglophone cultures. In addition, it provides the twenty‐first century with a potent model for the social body in the wake of new immigrants and refugees bringing that global community to Britain.
Sima Qian and the “Creation” of China
Authors: Durrant Stephen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Sima Qian's comprehensive history of early China,
Historical Records
(
Shiji
), exerts enormous influence upon subsequent historical writing in China. The syncretic and comprehensive structure of this history is a textual reflection of the Han Empire, which reached its height during the reign of Han Emperor Wu. Sima Qian, perhaps under the influence of his father Sima Tan, creates a complex structure for historical writing that will influence all subsequent official historiography in China and have impact in Japan and Korea as well.
Historical Records
has also been admired for its literary qualities, which are particularly evident in the “Arrayed Traditions” or “Biographies” section. Since becoming known to Western scholars, certain comparisons with Western categories and institutions have both enriched and in some ways distorted understanding of this great text.
QasidaPoetry: A World unto Itself
Authors: Talib Adam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEmerging in late antiquity in Arabic,qasidapoetry became a token of cultural and political prestige in societies across West, South, and Central Asia, North, West, and East Africa, and southern Europe. The form was adapted from Arabic into every language of the Islamicate world, including Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai, Hebrew, Urdu, Kurdish, Malay, Swahili, Hausa, and many more.
“If the World Be Looking On”: Emily Dickinson beyond Amherst
Authors: Brown Woody 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThough only 10 of her poems were published during her lifetime, none of which she authorized, Emily Dickinson is now widely recognized as one of the most important and quintessentially American poets of the nineteenth century. Dickinson's reclusive nature, especially after 1865, has given rise to a misreading of the poet and her poetry as solitary, isolated, and unconcerned with the world beyond the Homestead. Scholarship for the last several decades has done much to contradict this narrative, however. In fact, though Dickinson wrote to Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “I do not cross my Father's ground to any House or Town,” she wrote almost 1800 poems, many of which she sent to friends and correspondents, and probably far more letters, though only around 1000 have been published. Taken together, Dickinson's poems and letters represent a sustained, though idiosyncratic, engagement with nineteenth‐century literature and culture and a studied disengagement from aspects of public life which were anathema to her, including notoriety, repute, and fame, which she described as “a fickle food / Upon a shifting plate.” Since her death in 1886, Dickinson's corpus has acquired a global readership that would have been unimaginable to the poet who sat in her room in the Homestead carefully binding sheets of her poems into fascicles. Though her sister Lavinia had promised to burn her correspondence at her request, Dickinson left no instructions regarding the trove of manuscripts she left in her room. If she had, the history of poetry would be without what William Dean Howells called “a distinctive addition to the literature of the world” that “could not be left out of any record of it.”
Boiotian League (Boeotian League)
Authors: Mackil Emily 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA scholarly term for the ancient Greekethnosorkoinonof the Boiotians, the Boiotian League was a state comprising, at most times, all thepoleiswithin the region of Boiotia. It displays characteristics of federalism, including double citizenship (ofpolisandkoinon), organs of government operative at both the local and regional level, and careful divisions of authority and responsibility between them. It is also rooted in shared rituals and regional economic interests.
Nikias (Nicias)
Authors: Roisman Joseph 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNikias, son of Nikeratos, (ca. 470–413bce), was a successful Athenian general during the Peloponnesian War, but ultimately led his city‐state to one of her greatest defeats. Politically, he aspired to succeed Perikles as the first man of Athens, but he lacked the foresight and leadership qualities of his great predecessor. Because he was well intentioned, there was a tragic dimension to his failings, which the historian Thucydides portrayed with sympathy mixed with criticism.
Eurydike (Eurydice), wife of Philip Arrhidaios
Authors: Carney Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Adea (ca. 336–316
bce
), daughter of Kynnane (Philip II of Macedon's daughter by the Illyrian Audata) and of Amyntas, son of Perdikkas III, took the name “Eurydike” when she married (322/1) Philip III Arrhidaios, the half‐brother of Alexander III, the Great. Often acting for her mentally limited husband, she contended with various regents, sometimes addressing the troops in hopes of wresting control of them from the regents. When, however, she led the Macedonian army out against an army championing Olympias, mother of Alexander III (who was functioning as an advocate for her grandson Alexander IV), the army of Adea Eurydice went over to Olympias who then imprisoned and killed Adea Eurydice and Philip Arrhidaeus. Cassander buried them at Aigai; they could be the royal pair found in Tomb II at Vergina.
Olympias
Authors: Carney Elizabeth 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Olympias (ca. 373–316 BCE), daughter of Neoptolemos, king of the Molossians, married Philip II of Macedon and had two children: Alexander (the Great) and Cleopatra. During Alexander's absence on campaign in Asia, Olympias remained in close touch with her son, and acted in concert with his policies and in support of her own, often in opposition to Alexander's general Antipater. After Alexander's death, she was actively involved in Macedonian politics until captured and killed by Cassander.
Servius
Authors: Harrison Stephen J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract]fo[Servius (called Maurus/Marius Servius Honoratus in some manuscripts, but none of the names apart from thenomenis sure) was an importantgrammaticusand commentator on Latin literary texts active in Rome ca. 400ce; he appears as a youthful character in theSaturnaliaof Macrobius (dramatic date 383/4), and may have been dead by the time theSaturnaliawas actually composed (ca. 430).
Fayyum
Authors: Davoli Paola 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe pseudo‐oasis of el‐Fayyum is a vast region (1,827 sq km) and a governorate in the Western Desert of Egypt. Its capital is Medinet el‐Fayyum, Shedet in the Pharaonic period, Krokodilopolis/Ptolemais Euergetis in the Ptolemaic period, and Arsinoiton Polis in the Roman period. Several archaeological sites from the Middle Kingdom and Graeco‐Roman period are still preserved.
Severus Alexander (Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus)
Authors: Imrie Alex 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMarcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus (208–235ce) was the final emperor of the Severan dynasty (193–235). He was raised to the purple as a teenager, following the assassination of Elagabalus. Contrary to his short‐lived predecessors, Severus Alexander's thirteen‐year reign was, for the most part, a period of stability. Contemporary and later writers, however, focus largely on the influence exerted by his mother, and on the military crises he faced at the end of his life.
Hamilcar Barca
Authors: Hoyos Dexter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Hamilcar nicknamed Barca crushed the great Mercenary and Libyan Revolt against Carthage (241–237
bce
), became effective master of the state, and from 237
bce
to his death on campaign in winter 229/8 imposed Carthaginian rule over most of southern Spain, a new empire that re‐energized Carthage and enabled a lasting dominance in politics and warfare by his son‐in‐law Hasdrubal and then his eldest son Hannibal.
Conflagration
Authors: Salles Ricardo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

According to the ancient concept of conflagration (in Greek:
ekpurosis
), the cosmos, or universe, will be totally consumed by fire. This concept often goes along with that of cosmic rebirth or reconstitution (
palingenesia
): once the fire of the conflagration is exhausted, a new cosmogony begins and gives rise to a new cosmos, identical to the present one. In addition, these two processes are cyclical. The new cosmos will also undergo a conflagration, and will be followed by a new reconstitution and so on
ad infinitum
. According to the latest interpretations, these concepts go back to the Presocratic
H
eraclitus in the early fifth century
bce
and probably, earlier still, to
A
naximander of
M
iletos in the early sixth century (references below). But it is to the Stoics that we owe the full development of a systematic doctrine.
Vettius Valens
Authors: Greenbaum Dorian Gieseler 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The nine books of the
Anthologies
of Vettius Valens (
fl
. ca. 150–70
ce
) are probably the most extensive books of astrological technique and practice preserved from antiquity. Though Valens does not have the fame of his near contemporary Claudius Ptolemy, his treatises are equally important for our understanding of the practice of astrology in the second century
ce
. Ptolemy's and Valens' approaches to astrology were very different; where Ptolemy emphasized theory and physical causation, Valens focused on practice, and on astrology as divinely revealed doctrine.
Letters, letter writing, Greece and Rome
Authors: Cribiore Raffaella 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt is not easy to define precisely the epistolary genre, and the ancient theorists' classifications are far from satisfactory. In general, a letter is a piece of writing from sender(s) to recipient(s), the former being physically separated from the latter. Contrary to what one expects, letters sent in antiquity were secure enough. Letters were also embedded in literature.
Efficacy of atomoxetine versus midodrine for neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
Authors: Byun Jung‐Ick , Kim Do‐Yong , Moon Jangsup , Shin Hye-Rim , Sunwoo Jun‐Sang , Lee Woo‐Jin , Lee Han‐Sang , Park Kyung‐Il , Lee Soon‐Tae , Jung Keun‐Hwa , Jung Ki‐Young , Kim Manho , Lee Sang Kun , Chu Kon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe efficacy and safety of 1‐month atomoxetine and midodrine therapies were compared. Three‐month atomoxetine and combination therapies were investigated for additional benefits.MethodsThis prospective open‐label randomized trial included 50 patients with symptomatic neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (nOH). The patients received either atomoxetine 18 mg daily or midodrine 5 mg twice daily and were evaluated 1 and 3 months later. Those who still met the criteria for nOH at 1 month received both midodrine and atomoxetine for an additional 2 months, and if not, they continued their initial medication. The primary outcome was an improvement in orthostatic blood pressure (BP) drop (maximum BP change from supine to 3 min after standing) at 1 month. The secondary endpoints were symptom scores, percentage of patients with nOH at 1 and 3 months.ResultsPatients with midodrine or atomoxetine treatment showed comparative improvement in the orthostatic BP drop, and overall only 26.2% of the patients had nOH at 1 month, which was similar between the treatment groups. Only atomoxetine resulted in significant symptomatic improvements at 1 month. For those without nOH at 1 month, there was additional symptomatic improvement at 3 months with their initial medication. For those with nOH at 1 month, the combination treatment resulted in no additional improvement. Mild‐to‐moderate adverse events were reported by 11.6% of the patients.InterpretationOne‐month atomoxetine treatment was effective and safe in nOH patients. Atomoxetine improved orthostatic BP changes as much as midodrine and was better in terms of ameliorating nOH symptoms.
Children's expectations and episodic reports over 12 weeks: Influences on memory for a specially designed pediatric examination
Authors: Baker‐Ward Lynne , Tyler Caroline Staneck , Coffman Jennifer L. , Merritt Kathy A. , Ornstein Peter A. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThis investigation extended work on the linkage between knowledge and remembering by exploring the relation between generic and episodic memory representations. Thirty 6‐year‐old children experienced a mock physical examination with some expected components omitted and other unexpected actions included. Immediately and again after 12 weeks, the children reported the event, answered questions about what usually happens in an examination, and rated their confidence in aspects of their reports. They remembered more typical than atypical present components, that is, those included in the examination, and, over time, falsely reported more typical than atypical actions. The children produced intrusions of expected‐but‐omitted medical features at the delay but with lower confidence ratings than they provided for correctly recalled items. Performance on a source monitoring task was associated with aspects of the children's confidence ratings for intrusions. The findings provide evidence that the relation between episodic and generic representations is dynamic and suggest that the capacity to differentiate between them contributes to the development of accurate eyewitness memory.
Self‐Hydrophobization in a Dynamic Hydrogel for Creating Nonspecific Repeatable Underwater Adhesion
Authors: Han Lu , Wang Menghao , Prieto‐López Lizbeth Ofelia , Deng Xu , Cui Jiaxi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAdhesive hydrogels are widely applied for biological and medical purposes; however, they are generally unable to adhere to tissues under wet/underwater conditions. Herein, described is a class of novel dynamic hydrogels that shows repeatable and long‐term stable underwater adhesion to various substrates including wet biological tissues. The hydrogels have Fe3+‐induced hydrophobic surfaces, which are dynamic and can undergo a self‐hydrophobization process to achieve strong underwater adhesion to a diverse range of dried/wet substrates without the need for additional processes or reagents. It is also demonstrated that the hydrogels can directly adhere to biological tissues in the presence of under sweat, blood, or body fluid exposure, and that the adhesion is compatible with in vivo dynamic movements. This study provides a novel strategy for fabricating underwater adhesive hydrogels for many applications, such as soft robots, wearable devices, tissue adhesives, and wound dressings.
Coupling Piezocatalysis and Photocatalysis in Bi4NbO8X (X = Cl, Br) Polar Single Crystals
Authors: Hu Cheng , Huang Hongwei , Chen Fang , Zhang Yihe , Yu Hai , Ma Tianyi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) as green oxidants are of great importance for environmental and biological applications. Photocatalysis is one of the major routes for ROS evolution, which is seriously restricted by rapid charge recombination. Herein, piezocatalysis and photocatalysis (i.e., piezo–photocatalysis) are coupled to efficiently produce superoxide radicals (•O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) via oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), by using Bi4NbO8X (X = Cl, Br) single crystalline nanoplates. Significantly, the piezo‐photocatalytic process leads to the highest ORR performance of the Bi4NbO8Br nanoplates, exhibiting •O2−, H2O2, and •OH evolution rates of 98.7, 792, and 33.2 µmol g−1 h−1, respectively. The formation of a polarized electric field and band bending allows directional separation of charge carriers, promoting the catalytic activity. Furthermore, the reductive active sites are found enriched on all the facets in the piezo–photocatalytic process, also contributing to the ORR. By piezo–photodeposition of Pt to artificially plant reductive reactive sites, the Bi4NbO8Br plates demonstrate largely enhanced photocatalytic H2 production activity with a rate of 203.7 µmol g−1 h−1. The present work advances piezo–photocatalysis as a new route for ROS generation, but also discloses the potential of piezo–photocatalytic active sites enriching for H2 evolution.
Dendrite‐Free Potassium Metal Anodes in a Carbonate Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Pengcheng , Wang Yixian , Gu Qilin , Nanda Jagjit , Watt John , Mitlin David 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPotassium (K) metal anodes suffer from a challenging problem of dendrite growth. Here, it is demonstrated that a tailored current collector will stabilize the metal plating–stripping behavior even with a conventional KPF6‐carbonate electrolyte. A 3D copper current collector is functionalized with partially reduced graphene oxide to create a potassiophilic surface, the electrode being denoted as rGO@3D‐Cu. Potassiophilic versus potassiophobic experiments demonstrate that molten K fully wets rGO@3D‐Cu after 6 s, but does not wet unfunctionalized 3D‐Cu. Electrochemically, a unique synergy is achieved that is driven by interfacial tension and geometry: the adherent rGO underlayer promotes 2D layer‐by‐layer (Frank–van der Merwe) metal film growth at early stages of plating, while the tortuous 3D‐Cu electrode reduces the current density and geometrically frustrates dendrites. The rGO@3D‐Cu symmetric cells and half‐cells achieve state‐of‐the‐art plating and stripping performance. The symmetric rGO@3D‐Cu cells exhibit stable cycling at 0.1–2 mA cm−2, while baseline Cu prematurely fails when the current reaches 0.5 mA cm−2. The half‐cells cells of rGO@3D‐Cu (no K reservoir) are stable at 0.5 mA cm−2 for 10 000 min (100 cycles), and at 1 mA cm−2 for 5000 min. The baseline 3D‐Cu, planar rGO@Cu, and planar Cu foil fails after 5110, 3012, and 1410 min, respectively.
Controllable Synthesis of Crystalline ReS2(1−x)Se2x Monolayers on Amorphous SiO2/Si Substrates with Fast Photoresponse
Authors: Kang Peipei , Nan Haiyan , Zhang Xiumei , Mo Haoxin , Ni Zhenhua , Gu Xiaofeng , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Xiao Shaoqing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRe‐based transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and alloys have many unusual features such as in‐plane anisotropic optical, electrical, and phonon properties and thus receive increasing research interest. However, the distorted 1T structure and the weaker interlayer coupling easily cause anisotropic growth and out‐of‐plane growth, making it particularly challenging to produce Re‐based TMD and alloy monolayers on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates. Here, a reliable method is developed for the synthesis of high‐quality and large‐size ReS2(1−x)Se2x monolayer crystals on SiO2/Si substrates by NaCl‐assisted, confined‐space chemical vapor deposition. The synergy of salt assistance with the confined reaction space facilitates the formation of intermediate metal oxychlorides and creates a relatively stable growth environment, finally leading to the successful synthesis of ReS2(1−x)Se2x monolayer crystals on SiO2/Si substrates. The as‐grown ReS2(1−x)Se2x monolayer alloys exhibit continuously variable composition, high crystal quality, and uniform distribution of Re, S, and Se elements. Furthermore, the ReS2(1−x)Se2x based photodetectors display good photoresponse to visible and near‐infrared light with a fast response of less than 15 ms. The salt‐assisted, confined‐space chemical vapor deposition provides a reliable way for the synthesis of large‐scale low‐lattice symmetry 2D materials on amorphous SiO2/Si substrates and opens up new prospects for Re‐based TMDs and alloys in optoelectronic devices.