bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical and financial implications of a decade of prostate biopsies in the NHS: analysis of Hospital Episode Statistics data 2008–2019
Authors: Tamhankar Ashwin Sunil , El‐Taji Omar , Vasdev Nikhil , Foley Charlotte , Popert Rick , Adshead Jim 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and financial implications of a decade of prostate biopsies performed in the UK National Health Service (NHS) through the transrectal (TR) vs the transperineal (TP) route. MethodsWe conducted an evaluation of the TR vs the TP biopsy approach in the context of 28 days post‐procedure complications and readmissions. A secondary evaluation of burden of expenditure in NHS hospitals over the entire decade (2008–2019) was conducted through examination of national Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data.ResultsIn this dataset of 486 467 prostate biopsies (387 879 TR and 98 588 TP biopsies), rates of infection and sepsis were higher for the TR compared to the TP cohort (0.53% vs 0.31%; P < 0.001, confidence interval 99% ). Rates of sepsis have more than doubled for TR biopsies in the last 2 years compared to the previous decade (1.12% vs 0.53%). Infective complications were the main reasons for readmissions in the TR cohort, whereas urinary retention was the predominant reason for readmission in the TP cohort. Over the last decade, non‐elective (NEL) readmissions seem higher for the TP group; however, in the last 2 years these have reduced compared to the TR group (3.54% vs 3.74%). The cost estimates for NEL readmissions for the entire decade were £33,589,527.00 and £7,179,926.00 respectively, for TR and TP cohorts (P < 0.001). Estimated costs per patient readmission were £2,225.00 and £1,758.00 in the TR and TP groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionsEvaluation of nearly half a million prostate biopsies in the NHS over the entire decade gives sufficient evidence for the distinct advantages of the TP route over the TR route in terms of reduced infections and burden of expenditure. In addition, there is a potential for savings both in upstream and downstream costs if biopsy is performed under a local anaesthetic.
The genetics of evolutionary radiations
Authors: Naciri Yamama , Linder H. Peter 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTWith the realization that much of the biological diversity on Earth has been generated by discrete evolutionary radiations, there has been a rapid increase in research into the biotic (key innovations) and abiotic (key environments) circumstances in which such radiations took place. Here we focus on the potential importance of population genetic structure and trait genetic architecture in explaining radiations. We propose a verbal model describing the stages of an evolutionary radiation: first invading a suitable adaptive zone and expanding both spatially and ecologically through this zone; secondly, diverging genetically into numerous distinct populations; and, finally, speciating. There are numerous examples of the first stage; the difficulty, however, is explaining how genetic diversification can take place from the establishment of a, presumably, genetically depauperate population in a new adaptive zone. We explore the potential roles of epigenetics and transposable elements (TEs), of neutral process such as genetic drift in combination with trait genetic architecture, of gene flow limitation through isolation by distance (IBD), isolation by ecology and isolation by colonization, the possible role of intra‐specific competition, and that of admixture and hybridization in increasing the genetic diversity of the founding populations. We show that many of the predictions of this model are corroborated. Most radiations occur in complex adaptive zones, which facilitate the establishment of many small populations exposed to genetic drift and divergent selection. We also show that many radiations (especially those resulting from long‐distance dispersal) were established by polyploid lineages, and that many radiating lineages have small genome sizes. However, there are several other predictions which are not (yet) possible to test: that epigenetics has played a role in radiations, that radiations occur more frequently in clades with small gene flow distances, or that the ancestors of radiations had large fundamental niches. At least some of these may be testable in the future as more genome and epigenome data become available. The implication of this model is that many radiations may be hard polytomies because the genetic divergence leading to speciation happens within a very short time, and that the divergence history may be further obscured by hybridization. Furthermore, it suggests that only lineages with the appropriate genetic architecture will be able to radiate, and that such a radiation will happen in a meta‐population environment. Understanding the genetic architecture of a lineage may be an essential part of accounting for why some lineages radiate, and some do not.
Gamification of Entrepreneurship Education
Authors: Isabelle Diane A. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTGamification—the use of gameplay mechanics for nongame applications—enables learning by doing, yet questions abound about its effectiveness for education. This teaching brief reports on the gamification of an entrepreneurship course using a stand‐alone gamification platform integrated with Shopify, a global e‐commerce platform for online stores. Students experienced the entire entrepreneurship process from ideation to launch of a real business and beyond. A live leaderboard allows tracking of team performance and provides a competitive element to the experiential learning. The gamification involved the creation and operation of online ventures by 269 undergraduate students during a trimester‐long undergraduate entrepreneurship course. The assessment of student learning outcomes shows that the gamified approach enhanced students’ experience, engagement, and entrepreneurial self‐efficacy. I conclude with pedagogical observations to assist instructors in implementing a gamified approach.
Relationships among catalpol sequestration, metabolism and nutritional efficiencies of the catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: Lampert Evan C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSequestration of defensive compounds acquired from the environment can be costly to herbivorous insects. The catalpa sphinx, Ceratomia catalpae Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) sequesters the iridoid glycoside catalpol, which it acquires from Catalpa spp. (Lamiales: Bignoniaceae) host plants, at concentrations above those in host plant leaves. Previous research has shown that C. catalpae larvae are avoided by predatory arthropods; however, catalpol sequestration is negatively associated with the larval immune response, suggesting a cost to sequestration. By measuring the mass of C. catalpae larvae, their frass, and their diet, as well as respiration rate and catalpol sequestration, this study aimed to determine whether sequestration is also associated with reduced growth and nutritional efficiency. I found that respiration rate was negatively correlated with the amount of catalpol sequestered and positively correlated with the concentration, or proportion dry mass of catalpol sequestered, and that the amount of catalpol sequestered was positively correlated with three of four measures of nutritional efficiency. Larger larvae that were closer to pupation sequestered very low proportions dry mass of catalpol and had a reduced respiratory rate per unit mass. These results suggest that sequestration has some costs for expenditure of energy, but is positively correlated with several growth and nutrition‐related processes. Instead, the immunological cost of sequestration measured in previous studies could be due to direct effects on immune system components. Further research on the potential metabolic costs of chemical defense in other specialist species is recommended.
Policy conflict: The influence of fiscal targets on reform of New Zealand's natural disaster fund
Authors: Newberry Susan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe new public management combination of macro‐level fiscal targets and micro‐level restructuring can prompt enduring policy conflict. Via analysis of archival materials using the economies of worth framework, this case study of reform to New Zealand's Natural Disaster Fund identifies several reform design features that sustain policy conflict. Key among these is a governmental entity design structure that contains within the accounting boundary for whole of government, a further accounting boundary for determination of fiscal measures, and the imposition of antagonistic truces. Placement of some entities outside the boundary for fiscal measures but inside the whole of government boundary means fiscal measures may be improved by withholding or withdrawing funds from those entities. Antagonistic truces provide a means to continue these practices, at least temporarily. The findings extend understanding of the known tensions between individual entity accountability and whole of government accountability.
Hospitals as professional organizations and the perception of distances
Authors: Solstad Elsa , Pettersen Inger Johanne , Robbins Geraldine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractManagement at a distance is increasingly employed to organize hospital resources, of which professionally skilled staff is the key component. Mergers often imply distant management. The study examines the internal management aspects for two hospitals in two consecutive mergers, 5 years apart. We focus on how geographical and cognitive distances are experienced by middle managers and their followers. We find that the concept of distance plays significant and different roles in managing units in an organization with distant top management teams. Our findings indicate that hospital professionals’ positive perception of their relationship with top managers, as measured by cognitive distance, can outweigh the possible negative effects of large geographical distances between hospital units and top management teams. Our study also indicates that information systems and communication mechanisms may mitigate the possible perceived negative effects of distance. Our findings imply that politicians, policymakers, and National Health Service’ management should be aware of the effects of distances in implementing new collaborative management arrangements. We recognize that our study is limited in context, time, and scale. We welcome further research on comparative analyses of the complex interplay between physical and cognitive distances in other hospitals and also other types of organizations.
Pathotype and SSR variation in Phytophthora sojae from the Argentinean Pampas
Authors: Grijalba Pablo E. , Martínez María C. , Guillin Eduardo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenetic variation in Phytophthora sojae was compared between northern (NPS) and southern (SPS) Pampeana sub‐regions, in the core soya bean region of Argentina. Ninety‐three isolates from plants and soil were evaluated in the present study. The pathotype for each isolate was determined using the hypocotyl technique on a set of eight differentials. For neutral genetic diversity evaluation, eight SSRs markers were utilized. Thirty pathotypes were determined, including 19 in SPS and 23 in NPS. The number of isolates for each locality and region was unevenly distributed. Pathotype variation was high for P. sojae samples compared among fields and within isolates from single fields. SSR variation studies resulted in an elevated haplotype composition, partitioned at all, but the regional levels. P. sojae populations from Argentina have evolved towards a complex epidemiological scenario, with no evidence of geographic correlation at the pathotypic nor the neutral genetic level. It is likely that future works aiming at elucidating the evolution of pathogenesis in this species will need to include non‐neutral markers, specifically associated to avr loci. The results of the present work are considered a useful contribution to the adequate and sustainable management of this pathogen in the main soya bean area of Argentina.
Intramuscular aminotetrazole cobinamide as a treatment for inhaled hydrogen sulfide poisoning in a large swine model
Authors: Hendry‐Hofer Tara B. , Ng Patrick C. , McGrath Alison M. , Mukai David , Brenner Matthew , Mahon Sari , Maddry Joseph K. , Boss Gerry R. , Bebarta Vikhyat S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S), a high‐threat chemical agent, occurs naturally in a variety of settings. Despite multiple incidents of exposures and deaths, no FDA‐approved antidote exists. A rapid‐acting, easy to administer antidote is needed. We conducted a randomized control trial in swine comparing intramuscular administration of aminotetrazole cobinamide (2.9 mL, 18 mg/kg) to no treatment following inhalation of H2S gas. We found that aminotetrazole cobinamide administered 2 min after the onset of respiratory depression—defined as a tidal volume of less than 3 mL/kg for 2 consecutive minutes—yielded 100% survival, while all control animals died. Respiratory depression resolved in the treatment group within 3.6 ± 1.5 min (mean ± SD) of cobinamide administration, whereas control animals had intermittent gasping until death. Blood pressure and arterial oxygen saturation (SO2) returned to baseline values within 5 and 10 min, respectively, of cobinamide treatment, and plasma lactate concentration decreased to less than 50% of the highest value by the end of the experiment. In control animals, plasma lactate rose continuously until death. We conclude that intramuscular aminotetrazole cobinamide is effective in a large animal, inhalational model of acute, severe H2S poisoning.
Alleviation of methyl isocyanate−induced airway obstruction and mortality by tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Nick Heidi J. , Rioux Jacqueline S. , Veress Livia A. , Bratcher Preston E. , Bloomquist Leslie A. , Anantharam Poojya , Croutch Claire R. , Tuttle Richard S. , Peters Eric , Sosna William , White Carl W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMethyl isocyanate (MIC, “Bhopal agent”) is a highly reactive, toxic industrial chemical. Inhalation of high levels (500–1000 ppm) of MIC vapor is almost uniformly fatal. No therapeutic interventions other than supportive care have been described that can delay the onset of illness or death due to MIC. Recently, we found that inhalation of MIC caused the appearance of activated tissue factor in circulation with subsequent activation of the coagulation cascade. Herein, we report that MIC exposure (500 ppm for 30 min, nose‐only) caused deposition of fibrin‐rich casts in the conducting airways resulting in respiratory failure and death within 24 h in a rat model (LC90−100). We thus investigated the effect of airway delivery of the fibrinolytic agent tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on mortality and morbidity in this model. Intratracheal administration of tPA was initiated 11 h post MIC exposure and repeated every 4 h for the duration of the study. Treatment with tPA afforded nearly 60% survival at 24 h post MIC exposure and was associated with decreased airway fibrin casts, stabilization of hypoxemia and respiratory distress, and improved acidosis. This work supports the potential of airway‐delivered tPA therapy as a useful countermeasure in stabilizing victims of high‐level MIC exposure.
Last Interglacial changes in sea level on Aldabra, western Indian Ocean
Authors: Braithwaite Colin J. R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Pleistocene limestones on the island of Aldabra in the western Indian Ocean preserve a detailed record of the Last Interglacial interval. Sedimentological analysis has revealed that this interval, formerly regarded as reflecting rapid sea‐level rise, during global warming, followed by a more gradual fall towards the low sea level of the Last Glacial Maximum, in fact shows much greater variation. Although data do not support an accurate chronology, there is evidence that reversals in sea‐level trend caused both pauses in deposition and concurrent erosion during sea‐level rise, and both stillstands and erosion during sea‐level fall. Data include sea‐level related variations in coral morphology, discontinuities and boundaries within depositional sequences, and changes in biofacies. These may explain inconsistencies in the radiometric ages of deposits within the unit, but question the nature of the interglacial cycle, the mechanisms driving it and, in particular, whether comparable variation occurred elsewhere.
Harnessing spatio‐temporal patterns in data for nominal attribute imputation
Authors: Chittor Sundaram Rajesh , Naghizade Elham , Borovica‐Gajic Renata , Tomko Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMissing data in Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) are an unavoidable consequence of data collection by non‐experts, guided by only vague and informal mapping guidelines. While various Missing Value Imputation (MVI) techniques have been proposed as data cleansing strategies, they have primarily targeted numerical data attributes in non‐spatial databases. There remains a significant gap in methods for imputing nominal attribute values (e.g., Street Name) in map databases. Here, we present an imputation algorithm called the Membership Imputation Algorithm (MIA), targeting spatial databases and enabling imputation of nominal values in spatially referenced records. By targeting membership classes of spatial objects, MIA harnesses spatio‐temporal characteristics of data and proposes efficient heuristics to impute the class name (i.e., a membership). Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is able to impute the membership with high levels of accuracy (over 94%) when assigning Street Name(s), across highly diverse regional contexts. MIA is effective in challenging spatial contexts such as street intersections. Our research serves as a first step in highlighting the effectiveness of spatio‐temporal measures as a key driver for nominal imputation techniques.
Experimental Identification of Steady-State Turbomachinery Heat Transfer Using Nondimensional Groups
Authors: Baumann Markus , Koch Christian , Staudacher Stephan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Diabatic performance modeling is a prerequisite for engine condition monitoring based on nonsteady-state data points (e.g., Putz et al. 2017, “Jet Engine Gas Path Analysis Based on Takeoff Performance Snapshots,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 139(11), p. 111201.). The importance of diabatic effects increases with decreasing engine size. Steady-state diabatic modeling of turbomachinery components is presented using nondimensional parameters derived from a dimensional analysis. The resulting heat transfer maps are approximated using the analytic solution for a pipe. Experimental identification of the maps requires the measurement of casing and gas path temperatures. This approach is demonstrated successfully using a small turboshaft engine as a test vehicle. A limited amount of measurements was needed to generate a steady-state heat transfer map which is valid for a wide range of operating points.
Deformation along the roof of a fossil subduction interface in the transition zone below seismogenic coupling: The Austroalpine case and new insights from the Malenco Massif (Central Alps)
Authors: Ioannidi Paraskevi Io , Angiboust Samuel , Oncken Onno , Agard Philippe , Glodny Johannes , Sudo Masafumi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A network of fossil subduction plate interfaces preserved in the Central Alps (Val Malenco, N Italy) is herein used as a proxy to study deformation processes related to subduction and subsequent underplating of continental slices (in particular the Margna and Sella nappes) at depths reported to in the former brittle-ductile transition. Field observations, microfabrics, and mapping revealed a network of shear zones comprising mostly mylonites and schists but also rare foliated cataclasites. These shear zones are either located at the contacts of the two nappes or within the boundaries of the Sella unit. Microprobe results point to two different white mica generations, with higher-pressure (Si-rich) phengites rimming lower-pressure (Si-poor) phengites. Garnet is locally observed overgrowing resorbed pre-Alpine cores. Pressure-temperature estimates based on pseudosection modeling point to peak burial deformation conditions of ∼0.9 GPa and 350–400 °C, at ∼30 km depth. Rb/Sr geochronology on marbles deformed during the Alpine event yields an age of 48.9 ± 0.9 Ma, whereas due to incomplete recrystallization, a wide range of both Rb/Sr and 40Ar/39Ar apparent ages is obtained from deformed orthogneisses and micaschists embracing 87–44 Ma.
Based on our pressure-temperature, structural and geochronological observations, the studied shear zones last equilibrated at depths downdip of the seismogenic zone in an active subduction zone setting. We integrate these new results in the frame of previous studies on other segments of the same Alpine paleosubduction interface, and we propose that this system of shear zones represents deformation conditions along the subduction interface(s) in the transition zone below the seismogenic zone during active subduction.
Opioid agonist treatment and risk of mortality during opioid overdose public health emergency: population based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Pearce Lindsay A , Min Jeong Eun , Piske Micah , Zhou Haoxuan , Homayra Fahmida , Slaunwhite Amanda , Irvine Mike , McGowan Gina , Nosyk Bohdan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the risk of mortality among people with opioid use disorder on and off opioid agonist treatment (OAT) in a setting with a high prevalence of illicitly manufactured fentanyl and other potent synthetic opioids in the illicit drug supply.DesignPopulation based retrospective cohort study.SettingIndividual level linkage of five health administrative datasets capturing drug dispensations, hospital admissions, physician billing records, ambulatory care reports, and deaths in British Columbia, Canada.Participants55 347 people with opioid use disorder who received OAT between 1 January 1996 and 30 September 2018.Main outcome measuresAll cause and cause specific crude mortality rates (per 1000 person years) to determine absolute risk of mortality and all cause age and sex standardised mortality ratios to determine relative risk of mortality compared with the general population. Mortality risk was calculated according to treatment status (on OAT, off OAT), time since starting and stopping treatment (1, 2, 3-4, 5-12, >12 weeks), and medication type (methadone, buprenorphine/naloxone). Adjusted risk ratios compared the relative risk of mortality on and off OAT over time as fentanyl became more prevalent in the illicit drug supply.Results7030 (12.7%) of 55 347 OAT recipients died during follow-up. The all cause standardised mortality ratio was substantially lower on OAT (4.6, 95% confidence interval 4.4 to 4.8) than off OAT (9.7, 9.5 to 10.0). In a period of increasing prevalence of fentanyl, the relative risk of mortality off OAT was 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.8 to 2.4) times higher than on OAT before the introduction of fentanyl, increasing to 3.4 (2.8 to 4.3) at the end of the study period (65% increase in relative risk).ConclusionsRetention on OAT is associated with substantial reductions in the risk of mortality for people with opioid use disorder. The protective effect of OAT on mortality increased as fentanyl and other synthetic opioids became common in the illicit drug supply, whereas the risk of mortality remained high off OAT. As fentanyl becomes more widespread globally, these findings highlight the importance of interventions that improve retention on opioid agonist treatment and prevent recipients from stopping treatment.