bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Phenomenology in Mindfulness Research
Authors: Lundh Lars-Gunnar 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe present paper argues that experimental phenomenology has an important role to play in research on mindfulness. Experimental phenomenology is defined as a subcategory of phenomenology (defined as the science of our subjective experience of being in the world), which explores the effects of intentional variations of subjective experiencing (direction of attention and choice of attitude) on subsequent experience. To count as experimental phenomenology, both the independent and dependent variable have to be phenomenological. Because mindfulness involves paying attention to present experience with a specific attitude, it is well suited for experimental-phenomenological research. What makes experimental phenomenology into a scientific endeavor is the intersubjective nature of this kind of study: potential effects described by one person can be subjected to replication both by the same person, and by other persons. Also, conclusions drawn on the basis of this kind of study are hypothetical and provisional, and may be modified or specified on the basis of further study. In this paper, the principles of experimental phenomenology are illustrated by (a) variations of a given mindfulness practice (the body scan), and (b) the construction of a personalized mindfulness practice (mindful driving). Finally, three varieties of experimental phenomenology in research on mindfulness are discussed: (1) the use of qualitative methods to analyze mindfulness practices and their potential effects, (2) idiographic research with the use of single-subject designs and experience sampling, and (3) randomized controlled studies of the effects of mindfulness practices on present experience.
TiN Paper for Ultrafast-Charging Supercapacitors
Authors: Yao Bin , Li Mingyang , Zhang Jing , Zhang Lei , Song Yu , Xiao Wang , Cruz Andrea , Tong Yexiang , Li Yat 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ultrafast-charging energy storage devices are attractive for powering personal electronics and electric vehicles. Most ultrafast-charging devices are made of carbonaceous materials such as chemically converted graphene and carbon nanotubes. Yet, their relatively low electrical conductivity may restrict their performance at ultrahigh charging rate. Here, we report the fabrication of a porous titanium nitride (TiN) paper as an alternative electrode material for ultrafast-charging devices. The TiN paper shows an excellent conductivity of 3.67 × 104 S m−1, which is considerably higher than most carbon-based electrodes. The paper-like structure also contains a combination of large pores between interconnected nanobelts and mesopores within the nanobelts. This unique electrode enables fast charging by simultaneously providing efficient ion diffusion and electron transport. The supercapacitors (SCs) made of TiN paper enable charging/discharging at an ultrahigh scan rate of 100 V s−1 in a wide voltage window of 1.5 V in Na2SO4 neutral electrolyte. It has an outstanding response time with a characteristic time constant of 4 ms. Significantly, the TiN paper-based SCs also show zero capacitance loss after 200,000 cycles, which is much better than the stability performance reported for other metal nitride SCs. Furthermore, the device shows great promise in scalability. The filtration method enables good control of the thickness and mass loading of TiN electrodes and devices.
Geographic distribution of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Banjar Hanaa , Al-Mogarri Ibrahim , Nizami Imran , Al-Haider Sami , AlMaghamsi Talal , Alkaf Sara , Al-Enazi Abdulaziz , Moghrabi Nabil 
Published: December 2019

Introduction:
Cystic fibrosis (CF) has been reported before in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf area. It has been found that screening for 10 most common cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) mutations can detect 80% of positive CFTR cases.

Objectives:
To determine the geographic distribution of the most common CFTR variants in 5 regions of Saudi Arabia.

Methodology:
A retrospective chart review of all CFTR variants conducted from January 1, 1992 to December 1, 2017.

Results:
The ten most common CFTR mutations in the Saudi population were as follows: p.Gly473GlufsX54 (17%), p.Phe508del (12%), p.Ile1234Val (12%), 3120+1G > A (11%), 711+1G > T (9%), p.His139Leu (6%), p.Gln637Hisfs (5%), p.Ser549Arg (3%), p.N1303K (3%), and delExon19-21 (2%) along with other variants 79 (20%). In terms of the highest frequency, the c.2988+1G > A (3120+1G > A) variant was found in the eastern province (7.3%) of Saudi Arabia, the c.1418delG (p.Gly473GlufsX54) variant in the northern province (6.8%), the c.579+1G > T (711+1G > T) variant in the southern province (4.8%), the c.3700A > G (p.Ile1234Val) variant in the central province (4.8%), and c.1521_1523delCTT (p.Phe508del) variant in the western province (4.3%).

Conclusion:
The eastern and the northern provinces have the highest prevalence of CF, with the c.2988+1G > A (3120+1G > A) and c.1418delG (p.Gly473GlufsX54) variants showing the highest distribution in the Saudi CF population, which may reflect the effect of consanguinity within the same tribe. Proper family screening and counseling should be emphasized.
Augmentation Phalloplasty for Acquired Penile Shortening: A Systematic Review of Techniques, Outcomes, Patient Satisfaction, and Limitations
Authors: Abu-Ghname Amjed , Banuelos Joseph , Davis Matthew J. , Kreutz-Rodrigues Lucas , Morrison Shane D. , Vyas Krishna S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionAlthough an infrequent cause of small penile size in adult men, acquired penile shortening represents a particular reconstructive challenge due to preexisting penile anatomic deformities.AimWith numerous techniques being performed, the purpose of our study is to assess available literature on length enhancement procedures used for acquired penile shortening deformities.MethodsA systematic review was performed using the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses. Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Databases were used to identify papers on augmentation Phalloplasty in non-transgender males with acquired penile shortening from 1990 to 2018.Main Outcome MeasureOutcomes, complications, and patient-reported satisfaction were analyzed.Results12 articles, involving 931 patients and 8 primary procedures, met our inclusion criteria. The majority of articles had level of evidence of 4 (83%) and Newcastle Ottawa Scale score of 6 (92%, moderate risk of bias). All studies reported mean penile length gain; however, inconsistent methodology was used when measuring penile dimensions. Mean length gain ranged from 0.6 to 6.4 cm. Overall, the mean complication rate for all techniques ranged from 0% to 50%. Post-operative satisfaction was reported in 10 (83%) studies, 7 of which used a validated scale. Patients were generally satisfied, with reported satisfaction rates ranging from 77% to 100%.Clinical ImplicationsWhile numerous procedures have been described, the significant limitations in the available data preclude identifying a single superior procedure.Strengths & LimitationsThe significant heterogeneity in the reported literature is a limitation of this study and highlights the need for standardized reporting. However, this study is the first to analyze augmentation phalloplasty literature in the setting of acquired penile shortening.ConclusionAugmentation phalloplasty techniques for acquired penile shortening are evolving and are continuously being modified; best-practice guidelines are crucial to achieve safe and satisfactory outcomes in this population.
Investigation on Actuation Performance of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Piezoelectric Composite Actuator
Authors: Ma X. , Zhou B. , Xue S. F. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a novel continuous fiber reinforced piezoelectric composite (CFRPC) actuator is proposed to improve the stability and reliability of piezoelectric actuators. A piezoelectric driving structure composed of a cantilever beam and the CFRPC actuator is utilized to research the actuation performance of the CFRPC actuator. The expression of the equivalent moment for the CFRPC actuator is obtained using the equivalent load method and electro-mechanical coupling theory. Based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, the analytical expression of the deflection for the cantilever beam is derived. The accuracy of the obtained analytical expressions is demonstrated by finite element simulation as well as published experimental results. The actuation performance of the CFRPC actuator is investigated through the analytical expressions of the equivalent moment and deflection. The results show that the key parameters such as driving voltage, fiber volume fraction, cantilever beam height, actuator height, actuator length and actuator position have great influence on the actuation performance of the CFRPC actuator. The CFRPC actuator has good mechanical and electrical properties, and has a wide application prospect in the field of structural shape control.
New approach to simplifying and optimising acute malnutrition treatment in children aged 6–59 months: the OptiMA single-arm proof-of-concept trial in Burkina Faso
Authors: Daures Maguy , Phelan Kevin , Issoufou Mariama , Kouanda Séni , Sawadogo Ousmane , Issaley Kader , Cazes Cecile , Séri Benjamin , Ouaro Bertine , Akpakpo Bruno , Mendiboure Vincent , Shepherd Susan , Becquet Renaud 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Optimising treatment for acute MAlnutrition (OptiMA) strategy trains mothers to use mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) bracelets for screening and targets treatment to children with MUAC < 125 mm or oedema with one therapeutic food at a gradually reduced dose. This study seeks to determine whether OptiMA conforms to SPHERE standards (recovery rate > 75 %). A single-arm proof-of-concept trial was conducted in 2017 in Yako district, Burkina Faso including children aged 6–59 months in outpatient health centres with MUAC < 125 mm or oedema. Outcomes were stratified by MUAC category at admission. Multivariate survival analysis was carried out to identify variables predictive of recovery. Among 4958 children included, 824 (16·6 %) were admitted with MUAC < 115 mm or oedema, 1070 (21·6 %) with MUAC 115–119 mm and 3064 (61·8 %) with MUAC 120–124 mm. The new dosage was correctly implemented at all visits for 75·9 % of children. Global recovery was 86·3 (95 % CI 85·4, 87·2) % and 70·5 (95 % CI 67·5, 73·5) % for children admitted with MUAC < 115 mm or oedema. Average therapeutic food consumption was 60·8 sachets per child treated. Recovery was positively associated with mothers trained to use MUAC prior to child’s admission (adjusted hazard ratio 1·09; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·19). OptiMA was successfully implemented at the scale of an entire district under ‘real-life’ conditions. Programme outcomes exceeded SPHERE standards, but further study is needed to determine if increasing therapeutic food dosages for the most severely malnourished will improve recovery.
Use of information sources regarding medicine side effects among the general population: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: O’Donovan Bernadine , Rodgers Ruth M. , Cox Anthony R. , Krska Janet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Aim:
To determine the use and perceived value of different information sources that patients may use to support identification of medicine side effects; to explore associations between coping styles and use of information sources.

Background:
Side effects from medicines can have considerable negative impact on peoples’ daily lives. As a result of an ageing UK population and attendant multi-morbidity, an increasing number of medicines are being prescribed for patients, leading to increased risk of unintended side effects.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey of patients who use medicine, recruited from community pharmacies. The survey sought views on attributes of various information sources, their predicted and actual use, incorporating a shortened Side Effects Coping Questionnaire (SECope) scale and the abbreviated Miller Behavioural Style Scale (MBSS).

Findings:
Of 935 questionnaires distributed, 230 (25.0%) were returned, 61.3% from females; 44.7% were retired and 84.6% used at least one medicine regularly. 69.6% had experienced a side effect, resulting in 57.5% of these stopping the medicine. Patient information leaflets (PILs) and GPs were both predicted and actually most widely used sources, despite GPs being judged as relatively less accessible and PILs less trustworthy, particularly by regular medicine users. Pharmacists, considered both easy to access and trustworthy, were used by few in practice, while the internet was considered easy to access, but less trustworthy and was also little used. SECope sub-scales for non-adherence and information seeking showed positive associations with stopping a medicine and seeking information from a health professional. More high monitors than low monitors stopped a medicine themselves, but there were no differences in use of information sources. Information seeking following a side effect is a common strategy, potentially predicted by the SECope, but not the MBSS. Limited GP accessibility could contribute to high internet use. Further research could determine how the trustworthiness of PILs can be improved.
Future Evolution of Greenland's Marine‐Terminating Outlet Glaciers
Authors: Catania G. A. , Stearns L. A. , Moon T. A. , Enderlin E. M. , Jackson R. H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMass loss from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) has increased over the last two decades in response to changes in global climate, motivating the scientific community to question how the GrIS will contribute to sea‐level rise on timescales that are relevant to coastal communities. Observations also indicate that the impact of a melting GrIS extends beyond sea‐level rise, including changes to ocean properties and circulation, nutrient and sediment cycling, and ecosystem function. Unfortunately, despite the rapid growth of interest in GrIS mass loss and its impacts, we still lack the ability to confidently predict the rate of future mass loss and the full impacts of this mass loss on the globe. Uncertainty in GrIS mass loss projections in part stems from the nonlinear response of the ice sheet to climate forcing, with many processes at play that influence how mass is lost. This is particularly true for outlet glaciers in Greenland that terminate in the ocean because their flow is strongly controlled by multiple processes that alter their boundary conditions at the ice‐atmosphere, ice‐ocean, and ice‐bed interfaces. Many of these processes change on a range of overlapping timescales and are challenging to observe, making them difficult to understand and thus missing in prognostic ice sheet/climate models. For example, recent (beginning in the late 1990s) mass loss via outlet glaciers has been attributed primarily to changing ice‐ocean interactions, driven by both oceanic and atmospheric warming, but the exact mechanisms controlling the onset of glacier retreat and the processes that regulate the amount of retreat remain uncertain. Here we review the progress in understanding GrIS outlet glacier sensitivity to climate change, how mass loss has changed over time, and how our understanding has evolved as observational capacity expanded. Although many processes are far better understood than they were even a decade ago, fundamental gaps in our understanding of certain processes remain. These gaps impede our ability to understand past changes in dynamics and to make more accurate mass loss projections under future climate change. As such, there is a pressing need for (1) improved, long‐term observations at the ice‐ocean and ice‐bed boundaries, (2) more observationally constrained numerical ice flow models that are coupled to atmosphere and ocean models, and (3) continued development of a collaborative and interdisciplinary scientific community.
Widespread Shallow Water Ice on Mars at High Latitudesand Midlatitudes
Authors: Piqueux Sylvain , Buz Jennifer , Edwards Christopher S. , Bandfield Joshua L. , Kleinböhl Armin , Kass David M. , Hayne Paul O. ,   The MCS,   THEMIS Teams
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe derive the depth of the water ice table on Mars by fitting seasonal surface temperature trends acquired by the Mars Climate Sounder and Thermal Emission Imaging System with a two‐layer regolith model assuming frozen H2O as the lower material. Our results are consistent with widespread water ice at latitudes as low as 35°N/45°S buried sometimes a few centimeters below sand‐like material, with high lateral ice depth variability, and correlated with periglacial features. While several investigations have already predicted, identified, and characterized some properties of near‐surface ice on Mars, our results constitute a significant advance in the context of the upcoming crewed exploration because (1) they focus on very shallow depths accessible with limited equipment, (2) they provide continuous regional coverage including the midlatitudes, and (3) they yield moderate spatial resolution maps (3 ppd) relevant to landing site selection studies.
Drainage and Sedimentary Responses to Dynamic Topography
Authors: Ding Xuesong , Salles Tristan , Flament Nicolas , Mallard Claire , Rey Patrice F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDynamic topography due to mantle flow contributes to shaping Earth's evolving landscapes by affecting sediment routing, which has rarely been explored in source‐to‐sink contexts. Here we design a generic model to investigate the impact of dynamic topography on both landscape evolution and stratigraphic formations. An imposed wave of dynamic topography propagates laterally under a fixed continent, exerting transient surface uplift and subsidence. We find that a migrating dynamic topography can induce significant drainage reorganizations and affect sediment routing from source to sink. Variations in sediment supply driven by the lateral migrating dynamic topography contribute to the formation of diachronous unconformities along the margin. The predicted sediment flux histories are then put into perspective with the Cretaceous sedimentary records along the Southern African margins. Finally, we demonstrate that correlating offshore depositional hiatuses and unconformities has the potential to constrain the spatiotemporal evolution of past dynamic topography events.
Post‐Collapse Gravity Increase at the Summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi
Authors: Poland Michael P. , de Zeeuw‐van Dalfsen Elske , Bagnardi Marco , Johanson Ingrid A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe conducted gravity surveys of the summit area of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi, in November 2018 and March 2019, with the goal of determining whether there was any mass change at depth following the volcano's May–August 2018 caldera collapse. Surface deformation between the two surveys was minimal, but we measured a gravity increase (maximum 44 μGal) centered on the caldera that can be modeled as mass accumulation in a region ~1 km beneath the surface. We interpret this mass increase to be mostly magma accumulation in void space that was created during the summit collapse. Caldera uplift was evident by April 2019, indicating that the magma volume had reached a point where pressurization could be sustained. Modeled gravity change suggests a maximum magma storage rate at Kīlauea's summit during November 2018 to March 2019 that is much less than the pre‐2018 magma supply rate to the volcano.
No Cookie for Climate Change
Authors: Voigt A. , Albern N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClimate change leads to changes in cloud‐radiative heating, which previous work showed have a substantial impact on the response of the atmospheric circulation to climate change. We here compare to what extent this cloud‐radiative impact in models can be diagnosed by the locking method and the Cookie method. We show that the locking method reliably diagnoses the cloud‐radiative impact. In contrast, the Cookie method, which is easier to use and valuable for studying how the presence of clouds affects the present‐day circulation, is inadequate in the context of climate change. It misdiagnoses the cloud‐radiative impact and misses robust aspects of it, including the poleward circulation expansion. We argue that this is related to strong changes in the control climate and water vapor that arise from making clouds transparent to radiation. Our results highlight the need for dedicated locking simulations in the context of climate change.
Physics‐Constrained Machine Learning of Evapotranspiration
Authors: Zhao Wen Li , Gentine Pierre , Reichstein Markus , Zhang Yao , Zhou Sha , Wen Yeqiang , Lin Changjie , Li Xi , Qiu Guo Yu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEstimating ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) is important to understanding the global water cycle and to study land‐atmosphere interactions. We developed a physics constrained machine learning (ML) model (hybrid model) to estimate latent heat flux (LE), which conserves the surface energy budget. By comparing model predictions with observations at 82 eddy covariance tower sites, our hybrid model shows similar performance to the pure ML model in terms of mean metrics (e.g., mean absolute percent errors) but, importantly, the hybrid model conserves the surface energy balance, while the pure ML model does not. A second key result is that the hybrid model extrapolates much better than the pure ML model, emphasizing the benefits of combining physics with ML for increased generalizations. The hybrid model allows inferring the structural dependence of ET and surface resistance (rs), and we find that vegetation height and soil moisture are the main regulators of ET and rs.
Heterogeneous Permeability Changes along a Fault Zone Caused by the Xingwen M5.7 Earthquake in SW China
Authors: Sun Xiaolong , Xiang Yang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEarthquakes can change permeability. Continuous monitoring of the response of water level to solid Earth tides or changes in barometric pressure provides an opportunity to document how earthquakes influence permeability. Here we document spatial variations in changes in a fault zone in SW China. The response of the water level to barometric pressure and the Earth tide in four observation wells was used to calculate the relative changes in permeability at different locations on the fault before and after the Xingwen M5.7 earthquake. The results revealed that the earthquake resulted in a spatial heterogeneity in permeability changes along the Huarongshan fault. Moreover, permeability changes in the horizontal and vertical directions differed from one another at the same well location; that is, there was anisotropy at each location. These findings will help to enhance the understanding of earthquake‐induced changes of permeable fault structure and fault segment deformation.