bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When morphological and syntactic change are not in sync
Authors: Fuß Eric 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses diachronic implications of the idea that there is a correlation between rich verbal agreement marking and verb movement, known as the Rich Agreement Hypothesis (RAH). Focusing on Koeneman and Zeijlstra’s (2014) recent work that aims at reinstating the RAH in its strongest biconditional form, it presents a set of diachronic case studies that challenge the expectation, fuelled by the strong RAH, that morphological and syntactic change should always go hand in hand. First, it is argued that Koeneman and Zeijlstra’s attempt to accommodate problematic cases (e.g. loss of verbal agreement morphology with delayed loss of verb movement) in terms of syntactic reanalysis runs into difficulties. In addition, the chapter presents data from Lithuanian and Cimbrian, where a change from SOV to SVO resulted in word-order patterns that violate the RAH, an observation that challenges both strong and weak versions of the RAH.
On the emergence of personal articles in the history of Catalan
Authors: Bernstein Judy , Ordóñez Francisco , Roca Francesc 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe grammaticalization of personal articles in Ibero-Romance, in general, and in Catalan, in particular, is discussed in this contribution. The personal articles proceed historically from the Latin noun dominus / domina ‘lord, master / lady, madam’, used for society’s upper class, and appear nowadays only with [+human] proper names. Firstly, it developed into an honorific marker in Old Ibero-Romance, and in modern Catalan into a generic personal article without honorific meaning. Their evolution is conceived as a cyclic change, whereby phrasal (adjectival) elements occupying specifier positions first develop into X° heads, and eventually into (clitic) affixes in the form of articles, while the Old Ibero-Romance honorifics are XPs (and not heads). This cyclic change comprises phonological, morphological, syntactic, and also semantic shifts.
From negative cleft to external negator
Authors: Bar-Asher Siegal Elitzur A. , De Clercq Karen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses the diachronic development of the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic negator lāw, which developed from the univerbation between the sentential negator and agreement morphology in negative clefts. Whereas the semantics of negative clefts is retained in the new negator, their biclausal structure is replaced by a monoclausal one with lāw merged in the clausal left periphery. The negator then takes propositional scope and expresses the meaning of external negation (‘it is not the case’). Syntactically, it is merged in SpecFocP in the extended CP-domain, argued to host English negative DPs/PPs and wh-words. Finally, the chapter extends the analysis to Sicilian neca, opening up the route to consider the development of an external negator from a negative cleft as a path of change that has hitherto been left unexplored. This chapter also demonstrates how a similar semantic interpretation associated with two different syntactic structures can be a trigger for syntactic reanalysis.
Conflict, Connectivity, and the Tropes of Futurology
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The relation of the series to the First World War, and anxieties about future war, is the starting point for this chapter, which examines the language and rhetoric of futurology in the series. It explores how its narrative and discursive forms relate to its politics, especially in its discussions of the state, race, and war. It also considers how such debates relate to Ogden’s work on language, communication and meaning. Two tropes are identified as characteristic. First, the figure of ‘future history’. Second, a rhetoric of increasing technological interconnection. Both tropes are antithetical to the anxiety or disillusion of war, implying that, for all its follies and self-destructiveness, humanity nonetheless has a future. The chapter ends with a discussion of an idea drawn upon by many of the volumes, H. G. Wells’s notion of an ‘open conspiracy’ working towards a world state. The geopolitical contexts of post-Versailles diplomacy and Imperial tensions are considered, as are the anticipations in the series of Wells’s prediction of a ‘World Brain’.
Human Sciences
Authors: Saunders Max 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ways in which the scientific paradigm gets invoked and applied across a range of volumes dealing with topics other than science; specifically those that tend now to get grouped together under the heading of the human sciences. The influence of the logical positivism of the Vienna School is considered, not only on To-Day and To-Morrow but on Ogden’s other major publishing ventures. Volumes on criminology, the sociology of religion, psychical research, Eastern civilization, politics, education, and sexual morality are explored. Also considered are those volumes offering resistance to the scientific paradigm, notably one by Robert Graves on humour, and another on nonsense. Concludes with a discussion of the place of psychology—conceived by Ogden as the master-discipline—in the series.
Whither Higher-Order Evidence?
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A widespread view is that higher-order evidence makes a difference to whether it is rational for a person to believe a proposition. This chapter considers in what way higher-order evidence might do this. More specifically, it considers whether and how higher-order evidence plays a role in determining what it is rational to believe distinct from that which first-order evidence plays. To do this, it turns to the theory of reasons, and tries to situate higher-order evidence within it. The only place for it there, distinct from that which first-order evidence already occupies, is as a practical reason, that is, as a reason for desire or action. One might take this to show either that the theory of reasons is inadequate as it stands or that higher-order evidence makes no distinctive difference to what it is rational to believe. The chapter tentatively endorses the second option.
Evidence of Evidence in Epistemic Logic
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe slogan ‘Evidence of evidence is evidence’ is obscure. It has been applied to connect evidence in one situation to evidence in another. The link may be diachronic or interpersonal. Is present evidence of past or future evidence for p present evidence for p? Is evidence for me of evidence for you for p evidence for me for p? The chapter discusses intra-perspectival evidential links. Is present evidence for me of present evidence for me for p present evidence for me for p? Unless the connection holds between a perspective and itself, it is unlikely to hold between distinct perspectives. Evidence will be understood probabilistically, using formal models from epistemic logic. Bridge principles between first-level and higher-level epistemic conditions often imply versions of controversial principles, such as positive and negative introspection. Formalizations of intra-perspectival principles that evidence of evidence is evidence have similarly implausible connections.
Can Your Total Evidence Mislead About Itself?
Authors: Worsnip Alex 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
It’s fairly uncontroversial that you can sometimes get misleading higher-order evidence about what your first-order evidence supports. What is more controversial is whether this can result in a situation where your total evidence is misleading about what your total evidence supports: that is, where your total evidence is misleading about itself. It’s hard to arbitrate on purely intuitive grounds whether any particular example of misleading higher-order evidence is an example of misleading total evidence. This chapter tries to make progress by offering a simple mathematical model that suggests that higher-order evidence will tend to bear more strongly on higher-order propositions about what one’s evidence supports than it does on the corresponding first-order propositions; and then by arguing that given this, it is plausible that there will be some cases of misleading total evidence.
The Church and the Biblical Promised Land
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines post-supersessionist Old Testament hermeneutics regarding the status of the promise of the land to the Jewish people. Drawing on the Pontifical Biblical Commission, it is shown that even though there are divergent New Testament views about the land, these do not cancel or negate the promise of the land to the Jewish people. The precise nature of this promise is established. While Catholic theology has only just begun to address the New Testament trajectories regarding a different evaluation of the land for Catholics, it is clear that the promise to the Jewish people is still intact.
The Church and Minimalist Catholic Zionism?
Authors: D'Costa Gavin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the Holy See’s changing attitudes towards the Jewish State of Israel since 1948. Early views were based on theological supersessionism balanced by pragmatic and political concerns. This view slowly changed during the pontificate of John Paul II and the argument presented is that the logic of the Catholic Church’s theology requires it to affirm minimalist Catholic Zionism. This is defined in terms of recognizing God’s action in the ingathering of the Jewish people, the demands made upon the Jewish people regarding the land, and the centrality of the Palestinian claims regarding justice. The Catholic Church has disregarded this telos in its theology mainly due to pragmatic and political factors.
Legal Frameworks for the Protection of Foreign Investment in Times of Armed Conflict
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents three legal frameworks which provide foreign investors protections against effects of armed conflict: the law of state responsibility for injuries to foreigners under customary international law, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. Particularly influential were the customary rules on the treatment of aliens, shaped by the disagreements between developed and developing countries, and clarified through the case law of mixed claims commissions and arbitrations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The chapter explains how the rules on protection of property in times of armed conflict have evolved, how they have been interpreted across different legal regimes, and discusses similarities and differences, thus setting the scene for the examination of investment treaty law in the subsequent chapters.
The Effects of Armed Conflicts on Investment Treaties
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the outbreak of armed conflict could result in the termination or suspension of investment treaties. It critically inspects the International Law Commission’s codification project on the effects of armed conflicts on treaties, and argues that certain types of conflicts could result in the suspension of certain investment treaty provisions when warranted by security concerns. In addition, it considers the doctrines of supervening impossibility to perform and fundamental change of circumstances, and argues that the former, in particular, could justify the suspension of an investment treaty provision. However, such disruptions to treaty operation are limited to the most severe armed conflicts of the highest magnitude.
Host State’s Defences against Conflict-Related Investment Claims
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the defence tools that a host state can use against conflict-related investment claims. The first part analyses security exceptions which have been introduced to investment protection law after the Second World War. While it is widely believed that such exceptions provide for the most persuasive safeguard of the state’s security interests, it is argued that their effectiveness will depend on the wording of the provision, determining their scope, the degree of autonomy given to a state in responding to a security threat, and their relationship with other treaty provisions. The chapter addresses these aspects. The second part focuses on the defences in the general law of state responsibility (necessity, force majeure, and countermeasures), explaining why their potential as a defence is limited.
Investment Treaty Claims and Post-Conflict Justice
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the post-conflict period and critically assesses how investment treaty claims can interfere with the transition to peace. It questions the role of investment treaties as a facilitator of peace as well as the position that investor−state arbitration is an optimal structure for remedying conflict-related losses. Based on the assumption that large compensation awards may adversely affect the host state’s post-conflict transition, it examines different methods for adjusting post-conflict compensation modalities in light of the transitional circumstances. It further compares investor−state arbitration to other regimes for remedying conflict-related losses, and argues that in some cases, the re-emergence of state control in a dispute resolution process could be justified.
The Uneasy Institution
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 addresses the idea of male lineage as a stable, intergenerational source of authority for medieval men. Continuing the argument of the book as a whole, it argues that Chaucer seeks to shake men’s faith in such modes of earthly power, deploying the Wife of Bath to undermine the system of lineage itself. The Wife intrudes into typical models of male heredity, criticizes the linear male temporality upon which lineage depends, and has the hag of her Tale offer a speech against the very mechanisms of male descent and likeness. This chapter also contrasts the Wife of Bath’s Tale to the ballad, the Knight and the Shepherd’s Daughter, arguing that while the scene of rape in each is very similar, the Wife of Bath renders her narrative deliberately less procreative in its orientation. Finally, the chapter argues that Chaucer also has the Wife of Bath attack modes of poetic genealogy, alienating poets from their literary forebears.
Introduction
Authors: Seal Samantha Katz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This Introduction provides an overview of the pressures that late-fourteenth-century England placed upon traditional models of obtaining human posterity from the achievements of paternity. The introduction sets out the book’s argument that Chaucer himself was deeply concerned with questions of human authority in the face of man’s mortality, providing both biographical detail and a close reading of Chaucer’s discussions of literary fame within his early poem, The House of Fame. This introduction also sets up the book’s methodological priorities, introduces the book’s structure and chapter divisions, and argues in favor of addressing The Canterbury Tales in a fluid, non-traditional order.
The Usual Definition of Just Wars
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThere is a school of thought which supposes that victory does not fit easily within the just war rubric because, despite what its name suggests, just war is not actually a form of warfare at all. On this view, just war is not so much a military contest between rival sovereigns as an extension into the international sphere of the punitive function that the judiciary discharges in the domestic realm. This conception of just war precludes any consideration of victory: in the same way a judge does not win when she sends a criminal to the gallows, nobody wins a just war. This chapter will draw upon David Rodin’s modern classic, War and Self-Defence, and the scholastic texts of Aquinas, Vitoria, and Suarez to investigate this way of thinking about just war. It will conclude that it discloses a tendency at the heart of just war thinking to sanitize war.
The Right of Conquest
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe fifth problem victory raises for just war scholars is that it evokes conquest, which is antithetical to the idea of just war. As such, it raises a set of questions bearing on the legal effects of victory that contemporary just war theorists tend to overlook. Does victory in a just war generate certain entitlements for the victor, and, if so, on what basis? Is just war generative of what we might call a ‘right of conquest’? And does this right extend even to cases where the victor does not have justice on its side? Drawing on the early modern legal writings of Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius, this chapter contends that the answers just war thinkers have historically furnished to these questions reveal a degree of overlap with the doctrine of might is right that contemporary just war theorists have been conditioned to ignore and may find disquieting.
Introduction
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGovernments often have to make tough calls, but none are quite so painful as those that involve committing one’s country to war. The idea of ‘just war’ informs how we approach and reflect on these decisions. It signifies the belief that while war is always a wretched enterprise it may in certain circumstances, and subject to certain restrictions, be justified. The idea of just war has, of course, been subject to extensive refinement down the centuries. Even so, scholars have had little to say about what has historically been regarded as the very object of warfare: victory. What accounts for this oversight? This chapter introduces this question and establishes how it will be treated in this book.
Cohomology of Groups
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces the basic ingredients of the cohomology of groups and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. These are illustrated using computer examples involving: integral homology of finite groups such as the Mathieu groups, homology of crystallographic groups, homology of nilpotent groups, homology of Coxeter groups, transfer homomorphism, homological perturbation theory, mod-p comology rings of small finite p-groups, Lyndon-Hocshild-Serre spectral sequence, Bokstein operation, Steenrod squares, Stiefel-Whitney classes, Lie algebras, the modular isomorphism problem, and Bredon homology.
Cohomology of Homotopy 2-types
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter introduces some of the basic ingredients in the classification of homotopy 2-types and describes datatypes and algorithms for implementing them on a computer. These are illustrated using computer examples involving: the fundamental crossed modules of a CW-complex, cat-1-groups, simplicial groups, Moore complexes, the Dold-Kan correspondence, integral homology of simplicial groups, homological perturbation theory. A manual classification of homotopy classes of maps from a surface to the projective plane is also included.
Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome
Authors: Machado Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book analyses the physical, social, and cultural history of Rome in late antiquity. Between ad 270 and 535, the former capital of the Roman empire experienced a series of dramatic transformations in its size, appearance, political standing, and identity, as emperors moved to other cities and the Christian church slowly became its dominating institution. Urban Space and Aristocratic Power in Late Antique Rome provides a new picture of these developments, focusing on the extraordinary role played by members of the traditional elite, the senatorial aristocracy, in the redefinition of the city, its institutions, and spaces. During this period, Roman senators and their families became increasingly involved in the management of the city and its population, in building works, and in the performance of secular and religious ceremonies and rituals. As this study shows, for approximately three hundred years the houses of the Roman elite competed with imperial palaces and churches in shaping the political map and the social life of the city. Making use of modern theories of urban space, the book considers a vast array of archaeological, literary, and epigraphic documents to show how the former centre of the Mediterranean world was progressively redefined and controlled by its own elite.
The Political Significance and Philosophical Complexities of Trade
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Trade has made the world, but as far as philosophical thought is concerned, it remains elusive. What, if anything, about trade generates obligations, and what is the nature of these obligations? Can we identify a normative ground for trade-specific obligations while recognizing other grounds such as common humanity or shared citizenship? How should we think about such a ground in ideal theory, where everybody does as they ought to, and in non-ideal theory, where not everybody does? These are tough questions, partly because trade touches on many philosophical subjects but must also be properly understood historically and social-scientifically. This chapter casts light on both the political and historical significance of trade and its philosophical complexities. The chapter also introduces the major theses this book defends.
Dealing with Communities
Authors: Risse Mathias , Wollner Gabriel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In addition to setting wages, transnational corporations also regularly confront choices about where to locate facilities. This can involve uprooting production to move elsewhere. There is basically no normative work on what issues arise here. This chapter dismisses some unconvincing ways of faulting relocation decisions and explains how complaints about relocation are plausibly understood as complaints about exploitation. It proposes conditions under which relocation is exploitative and explains what policy measures may still render it all-things-considered permissible. At issue is both the decision to relocate from the corporation’s country of origin (often a choice to relocate from the developed to the developing world) and relocation between foreign countries.
The Ladies’ Home Journal, Sororal Publics, and the Wages of White Womanhood
Authors: Foster Travis M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that the Ladies’ Home Journal fashioned white women’s culture as a mediating force for racial sorority—an imagined sisterhood that provided the comforting sense of familiarity across distance—while also responding to a perceived crisis in women’s intimate friendship by providing detailed guidance for befriending. I argue that both scales of white social practice (sorority and intimate friendship) attached white women’s social forms to antiblackness. On the one hand, the Journal infused its imagined sisterhood with a deep sense of white supremacy (through frequent use of racist humor, for instance), providing white women a compensation that at least partially made up for the harms produced by gender inequality. On the other hand, by revitalizing intraracial friendship as a necessary departure from antiseptic social life, the Journal engaged an Aristotelian politics of friendship in which the precondition for befriending (whiteness) naturalized itself as the precondition for citizenship.