bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Exclusion and Subjective Well-being Among Older Adults in Europe: Findings From the European Social Survey
Authors: Lee Sunwoo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The current study aims to examine how social exclusion is related to subjective well-being in older adults across different European regions.

Methods
European population-based cross-sectional study design was employed using data sampled from the eighth round of the European Social Survey (ESS). Multiple items for social exclusion were used in this round, including household income, civic participation, frequent meetings with friends and relatives, basic health services, and neighborhood cohesion. Life satisfaction, happiness, and self-rated general health were also assessed. An ANOVA was performed to examine the regional differences related to social exclusion and subjective well-being, while a regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the social exclusion and subjective well-being.

Results
There were significant regional differences in the social exclusion and subjective well-being of older Europeans. In addition, older adults in the Nordic nations are more likely to indicate higher levels of subjective well-being and lower levels of social exclusion, while older adults from Central and Eastern European nations tend to report lower levels of subjective well-being and higher levels of social exclusion. Material resources and basic services are highlighted as the most important domains pertaining to life satisfaction, happiness, and general health.

Discussion
The study findings reinforce the inequality in subjective well-being linked to social exclusion across different societies. Both global and country-specific exclusion models in later life should be implemented in order to enhance comparable research and provide insight into EU and national guidelines for interventions to diminish social exclusion.
Strategic ambiguity and the Trumpian approach to China–Taiwan relations
Authors: Boon Hoo Tiang , Sworn Hannah Elyse 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The notion of strategic ambiguity has long guided the United States’ engagement in cross-strait relations, requiring that Washington is intentionally unclear about whether and how it would intervene in a China–Taiwan conflict in order to preserve a balance of assurance and deterrence for both sides. This article unpacks the US approach to strategic ambiguity under Trump. Adopting a neo-classical realist perspective, it argues that domestic and individual level drivers—in particular, US populism, Congress and the foreign policy establishment, and Trump's transactional and personalized approach to foreign policy—have interacted with the shifting US–China balance of power to produce a different mode of American strategic ambiguity in the Taiwan Strait. A common view is that as a function of the growing US–China power competition, the US has largely leaned towards Taiwan in recent years. Our analysis revises this assessment by revealing a form of strategic ambiguity under Trump that, despite appearing to upset the balance of ambiguity in favour of Taiwan—paradoxically and probably unintentionally—maintains assurances and warnings for both China and Taiwan. Yet, while Trump has arguably preserved the overall balance of strategic ambiguity, he has introduced greater volatility into cross-strait relations.
Comparative analysis of the results of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy simulation using the three-dimensional-printed Biotexture wet-lung model and surgeons’ experience
Authors: Tanaka Takahiko , Shimada Yoshihisa , Furumoto Hideyuki , Makino Yojiro , Kudo Yujin , Maehara Sachio , Hagiwara Masaru , Kakihana Masatoshi , Kajiwara Naohiro , Ohira Tatsuo , Ikeda Norihiko 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
We performed a comparative analysis of the performance of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy simulation using three-dimensional-printed Biotexture lung models by surgeons classified according to their level of expertise. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between surgeons’ experience and time to complete the VATS lobectomy simulation.

METHODS
Participants were divided into 3 groups: group A included those who had no experience of actual VATS lobectomy (n = 11), group B included those who had performed 5–10 VATS lobectomies (n = 12) and group C included those who had performed &gt;100 VATS lobectomies (n = 6). Their performances were assessed based on total procedure time, duration to the exposure of the vessels, ligation of the arteries and stapling of the fissures. After the simulation, a questionnaire survey was performed.

RESULTS
The median total procedure time was significantly shorter in the group of surgeons with more experience (A vs B, P &lt; 0.001; B vs C, P = 0.034; A vs C, P &lt; 0.001). Regarding ‘the exposure of all the vessels to be resected’ and ‘ligation of the arteries’, group B completed these steps in less time than group A (P = 0.024 and P = 0.012, respectively). In the questionnaire, all groups answered that this simulation was useful for novices to improve their skills.

CONCLUSIONS
Although time to complete the VATS lobectomy simulation is only a part of evaluation points for real skills, this model can facilitate basic skill acquisitions for novices.
Galerkin approximation of linear problems in Banach and Hilbert spaces
Authors: Arendt W , Chalendar I , Eymard R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper we study the conforming Galerkin approximation of the problem: find $u\in{{\mathcal{U}}}$ such that $a(u,v) = \langle L, v \rangle $ for all $v\in{{\mathcal{V}}}$, where ${{\mathcal{U}}}$ and ${{\mathcal{V}}}$ are Hilbert or Banach spaces, $a$ is a continuous bilinear or sesquilinear form and $L\in{{\mathcal{V}}}^{\prime}$ a given data. The approximate solution is sought in a finite-dimensional subspace of ${{\mathcal{U}}}$, and test functions are taken in a finite-dimensional subspace of ${{\mathcal{V}}}$. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition on the form $a$ for convergence of the Galerkin approximation, which is also equivalent to convergence of the Galerkin approximation for the adjoint problem. We also characterize the fact that ${{\mathcal{U}}}$ has a finite-dimensional Schauder decomposition in terms of properties related to the Galerkin approximation. In the case of Hilbert spaces we prove that the only bilinear or sesquilinear forms for which any Galerkin approximation converges (this property is called the universal Galerkin property) are the essentially coercive forms. In this case a generalization of the Aubin–Nitsche Theorem leads to optimal a priori estimates in terms of regularity properties of the right-hand side $L$, as shown by several applications. Finally, a section entitled ‘Supplement’ provides some consequences of our results for the approximation of saddle point problems.
Post-processing for spatial accuracy-enhancement of pure Lagrange–Galerkin schemes applied to convection-diffusion equations
Authors: Benítez Marta , Cockburn Bernardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We analyze a technique to improve the spatial accuracy, by the single application at the end of the simulation of a local post-processing, for pure Lagrange–Galerkin (PLG) methods applied to evolutionary convection-diffusion (possibly pure convection/diffusion) equations with time-dependent domains. The post-processing technique is based on a simple convolution that extracts the ‘hidden accuracy’ of Galerkin schemes, and it is used and rigorously analyzed in a fully discrete context. We prove that, when applied to the numerical solution of PLG schemes, it improves the spatial accuracy in the $l^{\infty }(L^2(\varOmega ^0))$-norm from order $k+1$ to at least order $2k$, where $k$ is the degree of the polynomials defining the finite element space and $\varOmega ^0$ any interior region of the computational domain meshed with translation-invariant meshes. For pure convection, a spatial accuracy enhancement in the $l^{\infty }(L^2(\varOmega ^0))$-norm from order $k+1$ to order $2k+2$ is obtained by post-processing the numerical solution of PLG schemes. Numerical tests are presented that confirm these theoretical results.
A Premature Infant With Neonatal Actinomyces odontolyticus Sepsis
Authors: Rueda Maria S , Hefter Yosefa , Stone Brian , Hahn Andrea , Jantausch Barbara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We describe the presentation, diagnosis and management of a premature newborn with Actinomyces odontolyticus bacteremia; this is the first case report of neonatal sepsis secondary to this bacteria. Maternal dental infection was the likely source of the pathogen. The outcome was favorable, with good response to antimicrobial therapy with ampicillin/amoxicillin.
Kinking graft—an exceptional late complication of axillofemoral bypass grafting
Authors: Lozano Francisco , Rubio Carola , Velasco Paula , González-Porras José R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The axillary-femoral bypass is an extra-anatomical arterial reconstruction technique whose indications and complications have been thoroughly discussed in the literature. Shortening or lengthening of the prosthesis (by axillary artery traction or graft angulation, respectively) as a late postoperative complication of the procedure has been described only exceptionally. Here we report a kinking of the prosthesis with a very illustrative figure.
Epidemiology of infection in elderly populations in various settings
Authors: Gavazzi Gaëtan , Fraisse Thibaut , de Wazières Benoit 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Age is associated with an increased risk of infection because of individual susceptibility (immunosenescence, comorbidities, malnutrition, functional status), as well as collective risk factors. Outcomes are also of concern, because for all infections, older patients exhibit higher short and long-term mortality rates. Over the last decade, subgroups of older populations (either community-dwelling, hospitalized or nursing home residents) have been distinguished, because epidemiological data regarding infections differ between these groups in terms of incidence, type, severity, and microbiology. Although urinary tract and respiratory tract infections appear to be the most frequent infections in these specific populations, skin/soft tissue and gastrointestinal infections, as well as meningitis are frequent in community-acquired infection (CAI), whereas outbreaks (respiratory and gastrointestinal) are more specific to nursing home infections, and antibiotic resistance is emerging as a major issue for both hospitalized and nursing home elder populations.
Divergence and Remarkable Diversity of the Y Chromosome in Guppies
Authors: Almeida Pedro , Sandkam Benjamin A , Morris Jake , Darolti Iulia , Breden Felix , Mank Judith E 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe guppy sex chromosomes show an extraordinary diversity in divergence across populations and closely related species. In order to understand the dynamics of the guppy Y chromosome, we used linked-read sequencing to assess Y chromosome evolution and diversity across upstream and downstream population pairs that vary in predator and food abundance in three replicate watersheds. Based on our population-specific genome assemblies, we first confirmed and extended earlier reports of two strata on the guppy sex chromosomes. Stratum I shows significant accumulation of male-specific sequence, consistent with Y divergence, and predates the colonization of Trinidad. In contrast, Stratum II shows divergence from the X, but no Y-specific sequence, and this divergence is greater in three replicate upstream populations compared with their downstream pair. Despite longstanding assumptions that sex chromosome recombination suppression is achieved through inversions, we find no evidence of inversions associated with either Stratum I or Stratum II. Instead, we observe a remarkable diversity in Y chromosome haplotypes within each population, even in the ancestral Stratum I. This diversity is likely due to gradual mechanisms of recombination suppression, which, unlike an inversion, allow for the maintenance of multiple haplotypes. In addition, we show that this Y diversity is dominated by low-frequency haplotypes segregating in the population, suggesting a link between haplotype diversity and female preference for rare Y-linked color variation. Our results reveal the complex interplay between recombination suppression and Y chromosome divergence at the earliest stages of sex chromosome divergence.
Using Benford’s law to assess the quality of COVID-19 register data in Brazil
Authors: Silva Lucas , Figueiredo Filho Dalson 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We employ Newcomb–Benford law (NBL) to evaluate the reliability of COVID-19 figures in Brazil. Using official data from February 25 to September 15, we apply a first digit test for a national aggregate dataset of total cases and cumulative deaths. We find strong evidence that Brazilian reports do not conform to the NBL theoretical expectations. These results are robust to different goodness of fit (chi-square, mean absolute deviation and distortion factor) and data sources (John Hopkins University and Our World in Data). Despite the growing appreciation for evidence-based-policymaking, which requires valid and reliable data, we show that the Brazilian epidemiological surveillance system fails to provide trustful data under the NBL assumption on the COVID-19 epidemic.
Artificial intelligence and the hunt for immunological disorders
Authors: Rider Nicholas L. , Srinivasan Renganathan , Khoury Paneez 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
Artificial intelligence has pervasively transformed many industries and is beginning to shape medical practice. New use cases are being identified in subspecialty domains of medicine and, in particular, application of artificial intelligence has found its way to the practice of allergy-immunology. Here, we summarize recent developments, emerging applications and obstacles to realizing full potential.

Recent findings
Artificial/augmented intelligence and machine learning are being used to reduce dimensional complexity, understand cellular interactions and advance vaccine work in the basic sciences. In genomics, bioinformatic methods are critical for variant calling and classification. For clinical work, artificial intelligence is enabling disease detection, risk profiling and decision support. These approaches are just beginning to have impact upon the field of clinical immunology and much opportunity exists for further advancement.

Summary
This review highlights use of computational methods for analysis of large datasets across the spectrum of research and clinical care for patients with immunological disorders. Here, we discuss how big data methods are presently being used across the field clinical immunology.
Evaluating Core Clerkships: Lessons Learned From Implementing a Student-Driven Feedback System for Clinical Curricula
Authors: Russel Sarah M. , Geraghty Joseph R. , Kobayashi Kenji R. , Patel Savan , Stringham Richard , Hyderi Abbas , Curry Raymond H. 
Published: October 2020

Problem
Medical schools have implemented various ways to engage students in improving medical curricula. These systems, however, usually focus on the preclerkship curriculum, perhaps because medical students move through this phase of medical education synchronously, making it easier to collect student input. In contrast, clerkship and postclerkship curricula often lack similar levels of student engagement in program evaluation.

Approach
To increase communication among students, faculty, and administration during the clinical years of medical education, the Student Curricular Board (SCB) at the University of Illinois College of Medicine’s Chicago campus (UICOM–Chicago) developed a student-driven feedback model in 2016 that aimed to parallel the system previously implemented in the preclerkship years. Interested fourth-year students were selected by their peers to represent individual core clerkships, and they communicated regularly with clerkship directors about concerns from current clerkship students. Third-year students applied and were selected to represent their cohort of peers moving through clerkship tracks. Proposed changes and improvements were tracked via novel, student-driven SOAP-Education (SOAP-Ed) progress notes written throughout the academic year.

Outcomes
In response to a program evaluation survey conducted after implementation of this pilot, third-year students said they felt that their feedback was taken seriously by faculty and administration. Furthermore, student feedback led to meaningful changes in core clerkship curricula and in the system used to gather clerkship feedback. Clerkship directors expressed appreciation for this partnership, and students said they gained valuable leadership experience and knowledge of curricular development.

Next Steps
Current SCB members and curricular leadership plan to assess student and faculty perceptions of this system and its efficacy and work toward expansion to all UICOM campuses. Lessons learned from this student-driven model of feedback in third-year core clerkships will likely add to the conversation on how to better engage medical students as active stakeholders in their own education.
Medical Student Progress Examination Performance and Its Relationship With Metacognition, Critical Thinking, and Self-Regulated Learning Strategies
Authors: Chang Chi , Colón-Berlingeri Migdalisel , Mavis Brian , Laird-Fick Heather S. , Parker Carol , Solomon David 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
Metacognition and critical thinking are essential for academic success. The relationship between these components and medical student learning, as assessed with progress examinations, informs curriculum development and efforts to ensure learning progression of all students. This study assessed learning mechanisms by modeling medical students’ progress test performance longitudinally at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine.

Method
Medical students’ (n = 184) medical knowledge was assessed 5 times from fall 2017 through spring 2019 using the Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (CBSE). Structural equation modeling was conducted to investigate associations between 3 latent structures—metacognitive awareness, critical thinking, and self-regulation—and their relationship with students’ initial CBSE scores and growth in such scores. The authors measured metacognitive knowledge and regulation by the Metacognitive Awareness Inventory, critical thinking skills by the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal, and self-regulation by the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory.

Results
Students’ aggregate performance on 5 CBSE scores grew 31.0% the first semester, 16.5% the second semester, 30.1% the third semester, and 22.4% the last semester. Critical thinking had a significant positive relationship with initial performance (

JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic1/v/2023-07-18T003513Z/r/image-tiff

1.956, P < .001), self-regulation had a significant positive relationship with growth (

JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic2/v/2023-07-18T003513Z/r/image-tiff

3.287, P < .05), and metacognitive awareness had a negative relationship with growth of student performance in the progress test (

JOURNAL/acmed/04.03/00001888-202102000-00048/inline-graphic3/v/2023-07-18T003513Z/r/image-tiff

−3.426, P < .01).

Conclusions
This structural equation framework is useful for examining the relationships among 3 latent structures—critical thinking, metacognition, and self-regulation—and their relationships with students’ progress scores in academic achievement. The initial status of progress examination scores was explained by students’ critical thinking ability, but their learning growth on the progress scores was explained by their self-regulation and metacognitive ability. These findings help explain student performance on standardized progress examinations and can aid in interventions to promote student success.
Clinical Correlation of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in 319 Individuals Undergoing Posterior Decompression and Fixation of Spine
Authors: Modi Hitesh N. , Goel Shakti A. , Desai Yatin J. , Modi Poonam N. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design:
This was a prospective study.

Objectives:
To correlate improvement in motor evoked potential (MEP) during spine surgery with postoperative clinical improvement.

Materials and Methods:
Three hundred fifty-three patients operated for posterior spinal decompression and fixation surgeries were prospectively selected and followed up. Patients who underwent lumbar, dorsal, and cervical surgeries were grouped into—group A, B, and C, respectively. Intraoperative neuromonitoring was done using MEP with free-running electromyography. Improvements in MEP scores were calculated in percentage. Similarly, postoperative improvement in Oswestry disability index (ODI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores at 3 months were calculated in percentage. Improvements in MEP scores were correlated with clinical improvement using the Spearman ρ test and the r value was calculated to find out the association.

Results:
Of 353 patients, 319 (250—group A, 38—group B, and 31—group C) were included for the study. VAS and ODI improved significantly from preoperative 8.5±0.8 and 62.9±14.5, to postoperative 2.3±1.1 and 15.9±11.5, respectively, in the entire group. Average preoperative MEP were 127.8±191.0 mV on the right side and 132.3±206.6 mV on the left side, which significantly improved to 163.7±231.2 mV (P=0.0001) and 155.2±219.6 mV (P=0.0001), respectively, showing 157.0% and 178.5% improvement. Correlating MEP improvement with postoperative improvement in ODI showed poor correlation (r=0.088 right and 0.030 left sides). Similarly, correlating MEP improvement with improvement in VAS showed r=0.110 on the right and −0.023 on the left side suggesting poor correlation. Postoperative neurological complications (0.56%) were found in 2 patients in the form of screw malpositioning.

Conclusions:
Intraoperative neuromonitoring showed significant improvement during posterior decompression and fixation surgery, and reduction in postoperative neurological complication. The study also exhibited significant postoperative clinical improvement. However, improvement in MEP did not correlate with postoperative clinical improvement suggesting that it has no predictive role.