bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal neural exposure to local anesthetic and nerve block duration: a retrospective analysis of experimental data from healthy volunteer trials
Authors: Madsen Mikkel Herold , Christiansen Claus Behrend , Rothe Christian , Lundstrøm Lars Hyldborg , Lange Kai Henrik Wiborg 
Published: January 2020

Background and objectivesCharacteristics of a nerve block depend on the distribution of local anesthetic (LA) close to the nerve. The relationship between longitudinal distribution of LA and nerve block characteristics has not been investigatedin vivo, but onein vitrostudy showed decrements in action potential amplitudes with increasing exposure length. We describe the influence of longitudinal neural exposure to LA on nerve block duration adjusted for other likely influential factors.MethodsWe analyzed data from an ethical board approved prospective consecutive collected dataset of 180 healthy volunteers with a common peroneal nerve block (2.5–20 mL, 5–40 mg of ropivacaine). Data were retrieved from three independent randomized controlled trials. The longitudinal neural exposure to LA in millimeters was evaluated using ultrasound. Interventional covariates and demographics were retrieved. Nerve block duration, the dependent variable in the primary assessment, was defined as time of insensitivity to a cold stimulus and was evaluated blinded to all other covariates. Using a multiple linear mixed-effects model, we explored the association between neural exposure to LA and nerve block duration.ResultsWe found a significant positive association between longitudinal neural exposure to LA and block duration (p<0.01). A 10% increase in longitudinal exposure resulted in an 8.7 (2.5; 15) min increase in block duration. LA dose was associated to block duration (p<0.001) but LA volume had no impact (p=0.93).ConclusionsLongitudinal neural exposure to LA was significantly associated with nerve block duration. LA dose was the strongest determinant for block duration whereas LA volume had no influence.
Toward the Measurement Framework of Technological Entrepreneurship Ecosystem
Authors: Maysami A. M. , Elyasi Gh. Mohammadi , Dehkordi A. Mobini , Hejazi S. R. 
Published: January 2020

The technological entrepreneurship ecosystem is a complex set of components and relations that enable the creation and growth of new technology firms. This ecosystem should be clearly defined and evaluated in order to reach its proper establishment. The purpose of this research is twofold. The first is to propose the main components of technological entrepreneurship ecosystem (TEE) and the second is to present some important principles for developing a comprehensive measurement framework of this ecosystem. For the first aim, through the meta-synthesis method, we identified and analyzed 34 related sources that ended in twelve dimensions (governance, capital, culture, talent, etc.). For the second aim, we defined six criteria (complexity, type of measures, design method, etc.) and critically reviewed 18 principal measurement frameworks that can be associated with the TEE. The review implied specific features such as the need to cover all dimensions of the TEE, addressing both input and output indicators, and considering both opinion-based & fact-based measures for the TEE measurement framework.
Endothelial Immune Activation by Medin: Potential Role in Cerebrovascular Disease and Reversal by Monosialoganglioside‐Containing Nanoliposomes
Authors: Karamanova Nina , Truran Seth , Serrano Geidy E. , Beach Thomas G. , Madine Jillian , Weissig Volkmar , Davies Hannah A. , Veldhuizen Jaimeson , Nikkhah Mehdi , Hansen Michael , Zhang Weiyang , D'Souza Karen , Franco Daniel A. , Migrino Raymond Q. 
Published: January 2020

Background

The function of medin, one of the most common human amyloid proteins that accumulates in the vasculature with aging, remains unknown. We aim to probe medin's role in cerebrovascular disease by comparing cerebral arterial medin content between cognitively normal and vascular dementia (VaD) patients and studying its effects on endothelial cell (
EC
) immune activation and neuroinflammation. We also tested whether monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes could reverse medin's adverse effects.

Methods and Results

Cerebral artery medin and astrocyte activation were measured and compared between VaD and cognitively normal elderly brain donors.
EC
s were exposed to physiologic dose of medin (5 μmol/L), and viability and immune activation (interleukin‐8, interleukin‐6, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) were measured without or with monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes (300 μg/
mL
). Astrocytes were exposed to vehicle, medin, medin‐treated
EC
s, or their conditioned media, and interleukin‐8 production was compared. Cerebral collateral arterial and parenchymal arteriole medin, white matter lesion scores, and astrocyte activation were higher in VaD versus cognitively normal donors. Medin induced
EC
immune activation (increased interleukin‐8, interleukin‐6, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1) and reduced
EC
viability, which were reversed by monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes. Interleukin‐8 production was augmented when astrocytes were exposed to medin‐treated
EC
s or their conditioned media.

Conclusions
Cerebral arterial medin is higher in VaD compared with cognitively normal patients. Medin induces EC immune activation that modulates astrocyte activation, and its effects are reversed by monosialoganglioside‐containing nanoliposomes. Medin is a candidate novel risk factor for aging‐related cerebrovascular disease and VaD.
A Double-Thermostad Warm-Core Ring of the Gulf Stream
Authors: Belkin Igor , Foppert Annie , Rossby Tom , Fontana Sandra , Kincaid Chris 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn unusual double-thermostad warm-core ring of the Gulf Stream was discovered in the Slope Sea, south of Georges Bank, during the R/V Endeavor cruise 578 in May 2016. The ring’s stratification was peculiar as it included two thermostads at, respectively, 100–200 m (core T = 18.14°C, S = 36.52) and 250–500 m (core T = 16.70°C, S = 36.35). Extensive use of satellite data (SST imagery and SSH maps) allowed the life history of this ring to be reconstructed, with independent SST and SSH data mutually corroborating each other. The double-thermostad ring was formed by vertical alignment of two preexisting warm-core anticyclonic rings of the Gulf Stream. The first ring spawned by the Gulf Stream in February has cooled by ~2°C before merging in April with the second ring spawned by the Gulf Stream in March. During vertical alignment of these rings, the warmer ring overrode the colder ring, thereby forming the double-thermostad ring surveyed in May 2016. From ADCP sections through the ring, the upper and lower thermostads had different core relative vorticities of −0.65f and −0.77f, respectively, where f is the local Coriolis parameter. An in-depth literature survey has confirmed that this is the first report of a double-thermostad warm-core ring of the Gulf Stream and one of the best-documented cases of vertical alignment of two eddies ever observed in the World Ocean.
Estimating and mapping urban heat islands of the UK by interpolation from the UK Met Office observing network
Authors: Chowienczyk K , McCarthy MP , Hollis D , Dyson E , Lee M , Coley D 
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we estimate the climatological impact of urbanisation in the UK as derived from the present and historical set of temperature observations from the UK network of meteorological observing stations. A well-established method for interpolation of in-situ temperature observations is used to make an estimate of temperatures at urban weather station locations based on rural climate data. This method avoids reliance on simple pairing of urban–rural stations commonly used for station-based analysis, and explicitly accounts for other topographic features such as elevation and coastal effects that will introduce geographical differences in temperature. The method is then applied to select a network of ‘rural’ weather stations deemed to be largely free from the direct influence of urban micro-climate effects. Comparison of the temperature grids derived from the ‘urban’ and ‘rural only’ station sets enables quantification of climatological urban heat island intensity across the UK and the influence on temperature in the UK national observational network observations from urban stations. Practical application: This new method allows the estimation of the urban heat island for towns and cities of any size. Researchers will find it useful when making predictions of the urban heat island and of climate change in the urban environment, and when investigating morbidity and mortality due to overheating in buildings.
The Use of 532-Nanometer-Pulsed Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate (KTP) Laser in Laryngology: A Systematic Review of Current Indications, Safety, and Voice Outcomes
Authors: Lechien Jerome R. , Burns James A. , Akst Lee M. 
Published: January 2020

Objective: To investigate the indications, efficacy, safety, and outcomes of potassium-titanyl-phosphate (KTP) laser procedures for treatment of laryngeal disease. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus were searched for studies providing information about the indications, efficacy, and safety of both in-office and operative suspension microlaryngoscopy KTP laser procedure in treatment of laryngeal disease. Diagnostic criteria and clinical outcome evaluation of included studies were analyzed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria. Results: Of the initial screened 140 papers, 17 met our inclusion criteria. Six papers involved KTP laser procedures for benign and malignant vocal fold lesions in suspension microlaryngoscopy only, 10 papers focused on only in-office KTP laser procedures for benign vocal fold lesions, and 1 paper included both in-office and suspension microlaryngoscopy procedures. The following lesions may be considered as indications for KTP laser procedures: Reinke’s edema, sulcus vocalis, vocal fold hemorrhage, polyp, granuloma, cyst, scar, papillomatosis, dysplasia, leukoplakia, and early vocal fold malignancies. Irrespective of the types of procedure (in-office vs suspension microlaryngoscopy), the KTP laser is associated with a low complication rate and overall good vocal fold vibration recovery. There is an important heterogeneity among studies concerning laser settings, indications, and outcomes used for the assessment of treatment effectiveness. There are no controlled studies directly comparing KTP laser with other lasers (ie, carbon dioxide laser). Conclusion: The use of KTP laser procedures for treatment of laryngeal disease has increased over the past decade, especially for office-based management of vocal fold lesions. Future controlled studies are needed to compare the safety and outcomes of the KTP laser to other techniques.
Familial trigeminal neuralgia – a systematic clinical study with a genomic screen of the neuronal electrogenisome
Authors: Di Stefano Giulia , Yuan Jun-Hui , Cruccu Giorgio , Waxman Stephen G , Dib-Hajj Sulayman D , Truini Andrea 
Published: January 2020

Objective This cross-sectional study examined, for the first time, a large cohort of patients with trigeminal neuralgia, to ascertain the occurrence of familial cases, providing a systematic description of clinical features of familial disease. Since there is evidence linking hyperexcitability of trigeminal ganglion neurons to trigeminal neuralgia, we also carried out an exploratory genetic analysis of the neuronal electrogenisome in these patients. Methods We recorded familial occurrence by systematically interviewing all patients with a definite diagnosis of classical or idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. We found 12 occurrences of trigeminal neuralgia with positive family history out of 88 enrolled patients. Whole-exome sequencing was carried out in 11 patients. We concentrated on the genetic variants within a 173-gene panel, comprising channel genes encoding sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, transient receptor potential channels, and gap junction channels. Gene expression profiles were based on published RNA sequencing datasets of rodent/human trigeminal ganglia tissues, with a focus on genes related to neuronal excitability. Results In patients with familial trigeminal neuralgia, pain was more often located in the right, second division. All patients reported triggers. Four patients experienced concomitant continuous pain. Whole-exome sequencing analysis within the trigeminal ganglion electrogenisome identified 41 rare variants in ion channels, consisting of variants in sodium channels (6), potassium channels (10), chloride channels (5), calcium channels (7), transient receptor potential channels (12), and gap junction channels (1). In one patient, a previously profiled gain-of-function mutation in SCN10A (Nav1.8 p.Ala1304Thr), previously reported in painful neuropathy, was found; this variant was not present in unaffected siblings. Conclusions Our results suggest that familial occurrence of trigeminal neuralgia is more common than previously considered. Although our results demonstrate variants in genes encoding voltage-gated ion channels and transient receptor potential channels within these patients, further study will be needed to determine their roles in the pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia.
An Undergraduate Primer on Quality-Differentiated Demand
Authors: Adams Charles F. 
Published: January 2020

This article presents a student exercise on the logic underlying demand for quality-differentiated products. The argument builds and extends on basic constructs from undergraduate microeconomics, developing a linear demand structure to reflect consumer preferences for quality variation and a brief critique of market responses to those preferences that indicates potentially greater efficiency loses under monopoly once the possibility of quality distortions are accounted for. Various policy extensions are noted. These include applications in utility pricing tied to quality variations in service reliability, the potentially disproportionate impact on lower income households of quality distortions created by monopoly practices, and the potential of profligate resource use by monopolies which are shown to favor higher over lower quality products. Following along with the student exercise is a series of instructor notes with references to the scholarly literature and possible elaborations on various aspects of the exercise that instructors may chose to address. JEL Classifications: D4, D41, D42
Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome: From Childhood to Adulthood Risk Factors and Clinical Presentation
Authors: Mahajnah Muhammad , Genizi Jacob , Zahalka Hazar , Andreus Ronza , Zelnik Nathanel 
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Although considered uncommon, pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTC) is a significant cause of headache among children and adults. However, the presenting symptoms may be different among diverse age groups. In the present study, we compared the risk factors and clinical presentation of PTC across life—from childhood to adulthood. Methods: A retrospective survey of PTC patients aged 7 years or older between 2011 and 2013 was carried out. Pooled analyses were performed comparing characteristics from our data with those of published data subdivided into 3 age groups: pre-young children, adolescents, and adults. Results: Our cohort consisted of 72 patients: 32 children (10 pre-young children, 22 adolescents) and 40 adults. Within the pre-young children age group: 20% were females versus 82% in the adolescent age group and 85% of the adult age group. Obesity was found in 10% of the young children group, 64% of the adolescents, and 80% of the adults. Headache was reported in 70% young children, 82% adolescents, and 83% adults. Pooled analysis of 1499 patients showed that young children with PTC tend to complain less about headache compared with older ones. Vomiting and visual impairment were most common among adolescents, and dizziness and tinnitus were most common in adults. Conclusion: PTC has different risk factors and clinical presentation throughout life. In young children, there is no gender preference and most patients are not obese. Risk factors in adolescents resemble those of adults.
Sexual and Reproductive Health Web Sites: An Analysis of Content for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth
Authors: Andrzejewski Jack , Rasberry Catherine N. , Mustanski Brian , Steiner Riley J. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth face risks for negative sexual and reproductive health (SRH) outcomes; it is critical to provide these populations with health education that is both inclusive of and specific to their needs. We sought to characterize the strengths and weaknesses of SGM-related messages from web sites that address SRH for young people. We considered who is included, what topics are discussed, and how messages are framed. Methods: A systematic Google search and screening process was used to identify health promotion web sites with SRH content for adolescents and young adults. Using MAXQDA, we thematically coded and analyzed SGM content qualitatively. Results: Of 32 SRH web sites identified, 23 (71.9%) contained SGM content. Collectively, the sites included 318 unique SGM codes flagging this content. Approximately two-thirds of codes included messages that discussed SGM youth in aggregate (eg, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender)—specific content about the diverse subpopulations within this umbrella term (eg, transgender youth) was more limited. In addition to SRH topics, most web sites had messages that addressed a broad array of other health issues including violence, mental health, and substance use (n = 17, 73.9%) and SGM-specific topics, for example coming out (n = 21, 91.3%). The former were often risk-framed, yet affirmational messages were common. Most web sites (n = 16; 69.6%) presented information for SGM youth both in stand-alone sections and integrated into broader content. Yet, integrated information was slightly more common (56.6% of all codes) than stand-alone content. Conclusions: Challenges of developing SRH content related to SGM youth include: (1) aggregate terms, which may not represent the nuances of sexual orientation and gender, (2) balancing risk versus affirmational messages, and (3) balancing stand-alone versus integrated content. However, SGM-related content also offers an opportunity to address diverse topics that can help meet the needs of these populations.
Rage Against the Machine: The Legacy of Education Leaders’ Valiant Struggle for Social Justice in Abbeville v. South Carolina
Authors: Tran Henry , Aziz Mazen , Reinhardt Sara Frakes 
Published: January 2020

Purpose: Abbeville v. South Carolina was a nearly three-decade long school funding lawsuit initiated by the education leaders of South Carolina's most rural and impoverished school districts that primarily educated students of color. Recently, the State Supreme Court dismissed the entire case. Guided by a multiperspective framework of social justice, one year after the dismissal, we sought to understand the perspectives and experiences of five of the original plaintiff superintendents who either initiated or engaged in the court hearings for the case. These education leaders shared unique insights on their valiant struggle against systemic inequities in order to improve the quality of their students’ education. Research method: To address our research questions, we relied on an intrinsic retrospective case study methodology that relies on face-to-face semistructured interview data collection with five of the original superintendents who were involved in the legacy case. We then supplemented the qualitative findings with quantitative descriptive data and results from our differences-in-differences analyses to support the qualitative analysis. Findings: Participants shared rich detailed experiences concerning both the struggle their districts faced that necessitated the lawsuit and the struggle they faced while fighting to ameliorate those conditions. There was a mixed reaction concerning whether participants felt the struggle was worth the effort, yet they universally felt the conditions have not improved for their districts. Some further felt that the funding gap between the rich (urban/suburban) school districts and their poor rural counterparts has actually widened. These perceptions were supported by the revenue data.
Scandcleft Project Trial 3: Comparison of Speech Outcomes in Relation to Sequence in 2-Stage Palatal Repair Procedures in 5-Year-Olds With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Persson Christina , Pedersen Nina-Helen , Hayden Christine , Bowden Melanie , Aukner Ragnhild , Vindenes Hallvard A. , Åbyholm Frank , Withby David , Willadsen Elisabeth , Lohmander Anette 
Published: January 2020

Objective: To compare speech outcome following different sequencing of hard and soft palate closure between arms and centers within trial 3 and compare results to peers without cleft palate. Design: A prospective randomized clinical trial. Setting: Two Norwegian and 2 British centers. Participants: One hundred thirty-six 5-year-olds with unilateral cleft lip and palate were randomized to either lip and soft palate closure at 3 to 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months (arm A) or lip and hard palate closure at 3 to 4 months and soft palate closure at 12 months (arm D). Main Outcome Measures: A composite measure of velopharyngeal competence (VPC), overall assessment of VPC from connected speech (VPC-Rate). Percentage of consonants correct (PCC), active cleft speech characteristics (CSCs), subdivided by oral retracted and nonoral errors, and developmental speech characteristics (DSCs). Results: Across the trial, 47% had VPC, with no statistically significant difference between arms within or across centers. Thirty-eight percent achieved a PCC score of >90%, with no difference between arms or centers. In one center, significantly more children in arm A produced ≥3 active CSCs ( P < .05). Across centers, there was a statistically significant difference in active CSCs (arm D), oral retracted CSCs (arm D), and DSCs (arms A and D). Conclusions: Less than half of the 5-year-olds achieved VPC and around one-third achieved age-appropriate PCC scores. Cleft speech characteristics were more common in arm A, but outcomes varied within and across centers. Thus, outcome of the same surgical method can vary substantially across centers.