bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wonderful World of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM)
Authors: Mauzeroll Janine 
Published: February 2020

In its simplest form, SECM is a scanning probe technique in which a small- scale electrode is scanned across an immersed substrate while recording the current response. This response is dependent on both the surface topography and the electrochemical activity of the substrate. Consequently, using an array of operational modes, a wide variety of substrates and experimental systems can be characterized. The strength of SECM lies in its ability to quantify material flux from a surface with a high spatial and temporal resolution. It has been used in a variety of applications fields.
We will first describe the fundamentals of SECM, including the required instrumentation and the principles of the most frequently used operational modes. Following this basic understanding of SECM principles, we then move towards a comprehensive summary of the critical parameters for any SECM experiment. More specifically, we will discuss in detail redox mediators, probes, and solvent systems that are used in SECM experiments. Finally, we will discuss recent applications of SECM (2009-2015), with an emphasis on our work in the last five years related to cancer cells, corrosion and batteries.
Electrochemical Research in the Energy Industry & the Role of Interfaces
Authors: Endler Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

As the energy transition unfolds, energy generation, distribution, storage, and use are evolving rapidly. Traditionally, carbon-based fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas are readily distributed and have served as energy storage media for the power and transportation sectors. With the growth of lower-carbon energy technologies, particularly wind and solar power, there is a need for high-performing, cost-effective solutions that provide analogous storage and distribution services to traditional fuels and enable effective use of these renewable electrons.
The talk will include a brief introduction to key challenges whose solutions are central to successful, expanded deployment of electrochemical energy storage technologies. This will be followed by selected examples of ongoing electrochemical research that illustrate one energy company’s approach to R&D, in order to answer questions about fundamental phenomena that have the potential to redefine present understanding of electron storage and charge carrier transport processes and enhance the performance, energy density, and lifetime of electrical energy storage systems. Finally, elements of my professional experience will be highlighted that led me to electrochemical sciences and have been central to the global energy storage research program which I lead. These include the role and navigation of interfaces within and among technical disciplines and business functions.
(Invited) Electrochemical Production of Oxygen and Fuel on Mars
Authors: Elangovan S , Hartvigsen Joseph J , Larsen Dennis , Hafen Tyler , Adams Megan 
Published: February 2020

The production of oxygen for life support and ascent vehicle propellant oxidant is essential for human expeditions to Mars. Solid oxide electrolysis (SOXE) stacks are capable of reducing carbon dioxide and water available on Mars to produce high purity oxygen. They can electrolyze CO2 or water separately or co-electrolyze CO2 and water together to produce oxygen and fuels such as methane for propulsion. OxEon’s team led the development of SOXE stacks in collaboration with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). The work resulted in delivering a set of flight qualified stacks to JPL. A packaged stack has been installed on the rover that is scheduled for launch next year for the Mars 2020 mission. The Mars Oxygen ISRU Experiment (MOXIE) will demonstrate the feasibility of producing high purity oxygen from Mars atmosphere carbon dioxide using a SOXE stack.
Since delivering the stacks, the OxEon team has designed and begun fabricating SOXE stacks of the cell area required for a manned Mars mission. Under the NASA NextSTEP-2 ISRU activity, this platform will be tested with conditions targeting the ISRU application. MOXIE testing was focused on the case of atmospheric ISRU for oxygen evolution at the anode and did not make use of the CO byproduct gas at the cathode.. In 2019, OxEon will demonstrate CO2-steam co-electrolysis to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas) on the cathode and high purity oxygen at the anode. The synthesis gas will be converted to methane in an OxEon developed methanation reactor as an alternative to a water electrolysis coupled Sabatier system.
In addition, OxEon is investigating a combination of materials and engineering solutions to improve redox tolerance of nickel-based cathode. Traditionally, SOXE stacks use nickel – zirconia or nickel – ceria composite cathode. Nickel based electrodes are susceptible to oxidation by the feed gas (CO2 or steam) at the inlet conditions unless reducing species (carbon monoxide or hydrogen) are also present. Button cell tests show that the new, modified cathode material exhibits good redox stability over multiple redox cycles with only a minor loss of performance after each cycle. Initial tests also show that under certain operating conditions the loss of performance can be recovered. Implementation of a redox tolerant cathode will eliminate the need for complex recycle loop that introduces a fraction of the product gases to the inlet in order to prevent nickel oxidation.
Acknowledgement: NextSTEP ISRU work is supported under NASA Contract 8-HQTR19C0006. The redox tolerant cathode work is done under a NASA Small Business Innovation Research Contract No. 80NSSC18P1940. The work related to MOXIE was based on support from NASA through JPL’s prime contract, under JPL subcontract number 1515459.
Electrochemical Interfacial Phenomena Under Microgravity
Authors: Fukunaka Yasuhiro , Matsushima Hisayoshi , Nishikawa Kei , Allanore Antoine , Nohira Toshiyuki , Goto Takuya , Homma Takayuki , Rosso Michel 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical Processing under extreme conditions like reduced gravity, strong cosmic ray irradiation and magnetic fields should be　well designed in the era of Gateway after ISS. JAXA’s “HAYABUSA” satellite project of Successful Sample Return from Asteroid “Itokawa” was achieved by newly developed Ion Engine and well controlled life-cycling of LIB. Now, HAYABUSA 2” is approaching to “Ryugu” asteroid by Pin-point Landing supported with Robotics & AI Image Learning (Self Controlled Driving). Moreover, Manned Rover operation plan toward Lunar Hydrogen Energy System in 2029 was announced by JAXA-TOYOTA last March. CO2 Reduction for Life Supporting System must be reasonably combined. HERACLES (Human Enhanced Robotic Architecture for Lunar Exploration and Science) and MMX (Martian Moons eXploration) shall be further planned. High Temp. Molten Oxide Electrolysis with Inert Anode are engaged as ISRU.
One of the fundamental subjects common in designing the energy conversion and storage devices in space engineering is to well control the electrochemical interfacial phenomena among three Gas/Liquid(Aqueous or Molten Oxide)/Solid(Metal or Solid Oxide) phases under reduced gravity and magnetic field. Experimental studies in Drop Tower, a parabolic flight and University Laboratory(1-G) to focus the wettability effects on these phenomena were reported over last 30 years1-10).
O2 bubble evolution behavior on Pt electrode modified by thiol SAM was monitored during alkaline water electrolysis under μ-G with a high speed video camera.　Single bubble measurements on microwire electrode was additionally engaged. The latter revealed three-step processes involving (1) the nucleation and formation of supersaturated layer of dissolved O2 gas followed by (2) a rapid growth depending on the gas diffusion process and finally (3)a stable growth where its growth rate is dominated by bubble configuration depending on the contact angle. Moreover, the correlation of multiple gas bubble observation with electrochemical data and surface coverage on the plate electrode reinforces the importance of wettability in determining two phase flow motion and energy consumption during electrolysis. The degree of supersaturation of dissolved gas on hydrophilic/hydrophobic electrode surface in aqueous solution and molten salt are also studies. They are compared to 1-G experiments in order to newly enlighten the matured gas electrode concepts. “Electrochemical Laboratory in ISS & Gateway” should be constructed with Space Agencies.
Next Generation Materials for Lithium-Ion Space Batteries
Authors: Deroy Chad , Dobley Arthur , Gitzendanner Rob , Morrison Eric 
Published: February 2020

EaglePicher has been supplying batteries for energy storage for satellites and other space applications since 1958. These batteries have achieved over 2.6 billion hours of cell operations with no failures in orbit. Over the decades the battery chemistry has changed amongst various chemistries with some overlap and some still being used today. Typical space battery chemistries include: silver-zinc, nickel-hydrogen, nickel-cadmium, and then lithium-ion. Even within the lithium-ion chemistry the formulations and packaging has evolved over time and continues to change.
Lithium-ion space batteries continue to evolve today. New satellites and space applications are demanding increased energy, more power, and smaller volumes. This has led to improvements in increased energy, wider operating temperatures, more power and smaller packages. Every change in battery performance requires new or modified battery materials. For increased energy the incumbent cathode material for lithium-ion batteries is Lithiated Nickel Cobalt Oxide (NCO). This was changed to the Lithiated Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide to increase the energy and improve cycle life. For wider operating temperatures the electrolyte formulation has evolved with new components and additives. Newer and next generation satellites are carrying state of the art instruments that demand high power or pulses of power. New lithium-ion battery chemistries have been developed to supply very high power discharges to supply the large currents. As small satellites are increasing in popularity, there is a push for smaller battery packs. This has led to a decrease in cell capacity and the introduction of commercial of the shelf (COTS) cells. These are often cylindrical in shape and typically 18650 in size. Transitioning to COTS cells has increased the ability to create modular space batteries, but has brought up new concerns on quality and reliability.
Quality and reliability, plus safety, are top concerns for space batteries. Replacement of batteries in space is extremely difficult and expensive. As each of the next generation battery materials are developed, reliability and safety much be eminent. These materials and batteries are often expected to supply power for decades. The continued testing, evaluation and analysis of the new chemistries and designs provides assurances for long-term performance and reliability. As these batteries have the potential to power satellites, landers, rovers, capsules, and habitats, EaglePicher continues to develop, evolve, demonstrate, and produce new battery chemistries and designs to meet the mission requirements.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank: NASA JPL, Lockheed Martin and the Unites States Government for supporting some of this effort, and many of the EaglePicher employees who worked on these projects.
Regenerative Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Venus Interior Probe Energy Storage
Authors: Stariha Sarah A. , Billings Keith J. , Jones John-Paul , Bugga R. 
Published: February 2020

A novel variable altitude Venus interior probe is currently under development that uses in-situ power and propulsion to lower a balloon down into Venus’s atmosphere, approximately 20 km from the surface, and then bring it back up above the clouds and hover at approximately 60 km from the surface. One of the biggest challenges is finding an energy storage solution that can withstand Venus’s harsh atmosphere. At 20 km the probe will experience temperatures close to 325°C, pressures around 20 atm, and an atmosphere composed of CO2, with trace amounts of sulfur containing compounds. Conventional energy storage technologies, like batteries, are not an option under these conditions. The only technology that can survive under these conditions are solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which operate in a temperature range between 600 – 1000 °C.
Fuel cells are devices that convert chemical energy, in this case from hydrogen and oxygen, into electricity with the only byproducts being heat and water. Solid oxide fuel cells can be run reversibly as an electrolyzer, taking the byproduct water and splitting it into hydrogen and oxygen that can then be used to run the fuel cell. A regenerative fuel cell system may therefore be built around a single SOFC stack. The goal is to run the SOFC to power the probe at 20 km and then reverse the SOFC to an electrolyzer when the probe is back above the clouds and use solar power to produce hydrogen and oxygen.
The data presented in this work shows the successful operation of a regenerative SOFC. Figure 1A shows a SOFC that was run in H2/O2 as an electrolyzer. Figure 1B shows a SOFC run as a fuel cell in different conditions including H2/O2 (red line) and H2/Air at different flow rates (blue lines). The goal of this work is to pinpoint the exact conditions a SOFC would need to operate at in order to successfully store energy for an interior probe in the Venus atmosphere.
This work was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and NASA’s Innovative Concepts (NIAC) Program: “Venus Interior Probe Using In-situ Power and Propulsion (VIP-INSPR).

Figure 1
Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter for Space Exploration
Authors: Johnson Lonnie , Campbell Tedric 
Published: February 2020

Spacecraft are often required to operate in the outer reaches of the solar system and beyond where sunlight is very faint. Nuclear Power Systems (NPS), which includes both Radioisotope Power Systems (RPSs) and Fission Power Systems (FPS, Nuclear Reactors), are the only available power sources that can operate without constraints in these environments for the long periods of time needed to accomplish many missions. Efficient heat to electric conversion technology is needed to provide more power from significantly smaller and lighter weight sources that use less Pu238 and that require less structure for mechanical support and thermal management.
The Johnson-Thermo-Electrochemical Converter (JTEC) is a solid-state heat engine that has the potential for converting NPS heat into electricity at net efficiency levels as high 30 to 40% net, 70 to 80% of Carnot based on typical RPS heat source operating temperatures. Over the past five decades, conventional thermoelectric converters (Seebeck) have not been able to exceed 15% of Carnot (6% to 8% net). As a more efficient replacement for existing thermoelectric technology, JTEC will provide NASA with an attractive alternative for addressing the ever present need to minimize the amount of mass that must be delivered to space using expensive launch vehicles. A laboratory proof-of-concept demonstration has been successfully completed and an initial application analysis has been performed to understand the technology and its potential impacts at maturity. JTEC represents an opportunity to develop common technology that feeds both FPS and RPS and, thereby, support a full spectrum of space power requirements.
Capillary Electrophoresis and Contactless Conductivity Detection: A Powerful Tool for in Situ Analysis of Samples from Ocean Worlds
Authors: Ferreira Santos Mauro Sergio , Jaramillo Elizabeth A , Noell Aaron C , Mora Maria Fernanda 
Published: February 2020

The search for life in our Solar System is one of the highest priorities at NASA. Because of the presence of liquid water in the Oceans Worlds such as Jupiter's moon Europa, and Saturn's moon Enceladus, these bodies could potentially harbor life and be the focus of future missions. Liquid-based analytical techniques are particularly attractive for in situ analyses on these locations, since the sample could be analyzed in its natural state (e.g., liquid water or melted ice). Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a powerful liquid separation technique that has tremendous promise for in situ studies on Ocean Worlds. By using contactless conductivity detection (C4D) a wide number of charged species (both organic and inorganic) can be detected without the need of derivatization. This includes amino acids, which are powerful biosignatures in the search for life beyond Earth as well as inorganic salts that are of primary importance to biological activity and they also determine the thermo-physical properties of any liquid mixture. The characterization of the distribution of inorganic ions is essential to assess the habitability of an extraterrestrial environment and provide sample context for trace detection of amino acids. We are currently developing CE-C4D methods that would be suitable for flight implementation. The first method allows the simultaneous analysis of inorganic cations and amino acids relevant to astrobiology [1]. A second method for analysis of inorganic anions and organic acids is also being developed. The main goal is to use both methods with a single capillary in order to obtain detailed chemical composition of the sample with the simplest configuration possible. Standard mixtures including some of the most relevant analytes for planetary studies were selected and electropherograms for the separations of the positively and negatively charged analytes are presented in the Figure 1A and B, respectively. To demonstrate the potential applications of these methods we have analyzed relevant natural samples of varying salinity.
Acknowledgments
The research described in this abstract was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Financial support for this project was provided by The Planetary Instrument Concepts for the Advancement of Solar System Observations (PICASSO) Program.
References
[1] Ferreira Santos, M. S. et al., Electrophoresis 2018, 22, 2890-2897.

Figure 1
Lithium Plating Patterns on Lithium Anode Revealed with Operando Nanoscale X-Ray Imaging
Authors: Parimalam Bharathy , Li Yubai , Choi Paul , Litster Shawn 
Published: February 2020

Next generation high-energy-density battery systems need alternatives to graphite-based intercalation anodes that have insufficient energy density for wide-spread vehicle electrification. The lithium metal anode is an attractive alternative, however it is plagued with dendrite growth, and poor Coulombic efficiency. Significant improvements have been made in safety and electrochemical performance of the lithium anodes recently through modified electrolyte chemistry and protective layers. Despite the apparent improvements in the electrochemical performance, postmortem/ ex-situ analyses bring limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms that generate the deposition morphology and growth patterns.
Here, we will present on an X-ray transparent coin cell configuration we have developed for operando imaging and 3D imaging in nano-scale resolution X-ray microscopes. We use nano-resolution x-ray computed tomography (nano-CT) and the X-ray transparent coin cell to directly observe the electrochemical deposition on lithium anodes as a function of time. Lithium electrodepositions in different electrolyte formulations reveal drastically different nucleation and deposition growth mechanisms that could not be revealed by inspecting post-mortem structures. We will present and discuss operando 2D & in-situ 3D images of lithium electrodeposition under varying parameters and electrolyte chemistry.
This material is based upon work supported by the US Office of Naval Research for the battery safety studies under grant N00173-17-1-G009. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.
Plan-View Operando Video Microscopy of Li Metal Anodes
Authors: Sanchez Adrian J. , Chen Yuxin , Kazyak Eric , Chen Kuan-Hung , Pattison Ethan , Dasgupta Neil P. 
Published: February 2020

The reversible cycling of Li metal anodes is severely limited by poor cycle life and safety concerns. Dendrite growth has been linked to the poor performance of Li metal, but a comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic origins and dynamic evolution of Li metal morphology during electrodeposition and stripping is missing. Herein, a multifunctional operando visualization platform that synchronizes optical recordings with cycling electrochemistry is used to study nucleation on Li metal and dendrite reversibility. This platform was initially used to understand the origins of the “peaking” behavior exhibited in the voltage traces of Li symmetric cells [1-3]. However, by limiting the viewing angle to a cross-sectional perspective, the impact of electrode surface variations, including microstructure, flaws, and chemical inhomogeneities cannot be fully accounted for. To address this, a plan-view optical visualization cell was designed that maintains a highly uniform current distribution along the electrode surface. The top-down view provided by the updated cell is better suited to provide quantitative measurements of nucleation on Li metal and identify links between nucleation and microstructure.
Utilizing this new cell, we are able to: 1) Quantitatively identify the spatial distribution of “hot spots” for both nucleation of both dendrites and pits; 2) Detail how these hot spots evolve during cycling; 3) Quantify dendrite and pit areal nucleation density as a function of current density; 4) Provide an understanding of why surface uniformity increases after the first cycle; 5) Elucidate the substantial impact that pits have on Li metal cycling; 6) Explore the dependency between dendrite size and reversibility; and 7) Explore the mechanisms that lead to the formation of dead Li. The knowledge from this study can be used to inform rational design of Li metal surface treatments and architectures to improve the reversibility and cycle life.
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