bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of V and 19 other trace elements between rutile and silicate melt as a function of oxygen fugacity and melt composition: Implications for subduction zones
Authors: Holycross Megan , Cottrell Elizabeth 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVanadium is a multivalent element that can speciate as V2+, V3+, V4+, and V5+ over a range of geologically relevant oxygen fugacities (fO2). The abundance of V in planetary materials can be exploited as a proxy for fO2 when its partitioning behavior is known. The mineral rutile (TiO2) is an important carrier of the high field strength elements Nb and Ta in the solid Earth, but it can also incorporate substantial quantities of vanadium (up to ~2000 ppm; e.g., Zack et al. 2002). However, little work has been done to systematically investigate how the partitioning of V in rutile-bearing systems changes as a function of both fO2 and composition. We measured the partitioning of V and 19 other trace elements (Sc, Cr, Y, Zr, Nb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Lu, Hf, and Ta) between rutile and three silicate melt compositions equilibrated at 1 atm pressure, 1300 °C and fO2 values from two log units below the quartz-fayalite-magnetite oxygen buffer (QFM-2) to air (QFM+6.5). Rutile/melt partition coefficients (DVrt/melt) change dynamically over an eight-log unit range of fO2 and are greatest at fO2 = QFM-2 in all compositions. Vanadium solubility in rutile declines continuously as fO2 increases from QFM-2 and approaches unity in air. Trace-element partitioning between rutile and melt is also correlated with melt composition, with the greatest values of Drt/melt measured in the most polymerized melt systems containing the least TiO2. We do not find any circumstances where V becomes incompatible in rutile. Our results indicate that rutile is a considerable sink for V at terrestrial fO2 values and will contribute to the retention of V in refractory slab residues in subduction zones. In agreement with previous work, we find that DTart/melt&gt;DNbrt/melt under all conditions investigated, suggesting that rutile fractionation does not lead to low Nb/Ta ratios in Earth's continental crust.
Machiite, Al2Ti3O9, a new oxide mineral from the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite: A new ultra-refractory phase from the solar nebula
Authors: Krot Alexander N. , Nagashima Kazuhide , Rossman George R. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Machiite (IMA 2016-067), Al2Ti3O9, is a new mineral that occurs as a single euhedral crystal, 4.4 μm in size, in contact with an euhedral corundum grain, 12 μm in size, in a matrix of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite. The mean chemical composition of holotype machiite by electron probe microanalysis is (wt%) TiO2 59.75, Al2O3 15.97, Sc2O3 10.29, ZrO2 9.18, Y2O3 2.86, FeO 1.09, CaO 0.44, SiO2 0.20, MgO 0.10, total 99.87, giving rise to an empirical formula (based on 9 oxygen atoms pfu) of (Al1.17Sc0.56Y0.10Ti0.084+Fe0.06Ca0.03Mg0.01)(Ti2.714+Zr0.28Si0.01)O9. The general formula is (Al,Sc)2(Ti4+,Zr)3O9. The end-member formula is Al2Ti3O9. Machiite has the C2/c schreyerite-type structure with a = 17.10 Å, b = 5.03 Å, c = 7.06 Å, β = 107°, V = 581 Å3, and Z = 4, as revealed by electron backscatter diffraction. The calculated density using the measured composition is 4.27 g/cm3. The machiite crystal is highly 16O-depleted relative to the coexisting corundum grain (Δ17O = –0.2 ± 2.4‰ and –24.1 ± 2.6‰, respectively; where Δ17O = δ17O – 0.52 × δ18O). Machiite is a new member of the schreyerite (V2Ti3O9) group and a new Sc,Zr-rich ultrarefractory phase formed in the solar nebula, either by gas-solid condensation or as a result of crystallization from a Ca,Al-rich melt having solar-like oxygen isotopic composition (Δ17O~ –25‰) under high-temperature (~1400–1500 °C) and low-pressure (~10-4–10-5 bar) conditions in the CAI-forming region near the protosun. The currently observed disequilibrium oxygen isotopic composition between machiite and corundum may indicate that machiite subsequently experienced oxygen isotopic exchange with a planetary-like 16O-poor gaseous reservoir either in the solar nebula or on the CM chondrite parent body. The name machiite is in honor of Chi Ma, mineralogist at California Institute of Technology, for his contributions to meteorite mineralogy and discovery of many new minerals representing extreme conditions of formation.
Heirs of the revolution: X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America
Authors: Heaney Peter J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe founding of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in 1919 followed so closely on the heels of the discovery of X-ray diffraction (XRD) in 1912 that one might hypothesize a causal link. Was MSA born out of this scientific revolution? The formation of our Society conventionally is attributed to the desire for a professional journal and the need to emerge from the shadow of the Geological Society of America, but these issues were not new in 1919. This review argues that MSA's birth can be understood by an exploration of two historical strains: (1) Although modern notions of atomism traditionally are associated with the emergence of the kinetic theory of gases in the late 19th century, mineralogists had invoked ordered atomic spheres as the fundamental metaphor for crystalline structures over a century earlier, leading directly to W.L. Bragg's discovery of the atomic design in halite; and (2) in contrast to the broader chemistry community, mineralogists were uniquely poised to embrace X-ray diffraction and the revolution in crystallography that attended it. This revelation gave rise to a sense of distinct identity.An examination of MSA's early records unambiguously reveals that U.S. mineralogists were closely attuned to the crystallographic insurgency as it took place across the Atlantic. In particular, Edgar T. Wherry, one of the organizers of the American Mineralogist and of the Society, actively dis-seminated information about the new discoveries to his colleagues in the United States. Other founders of MSA similarly championed the transformative character of the new crystallography, thereby warranting the establishment of a specialized professional society. The continuing force of the revolution is revealed in a counter-reaction a century later, as mineralogists have renewed their focus on phases at the boundary between crystals and glasses, leading to reconsiderations of the meaning of crystallinity.
Extraterrestrial, shock-formed, cage-like nanostructured carbonaceous materials
Authors: Németh Péter , Garvie Laurence A.J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractShock caused by impacts can convert carbonaceous material to diamond. During this transition, new materials can form that depend on the structure of the starting carbonaceous materials and the shock conditions. Here we report the discovery of cage-like nanostructured carbonaceous materials, including carbon nano-onions and bucky-diamonds, formed through extraterrestrial impacts in the Gujba (CBa) meteorite. The nano-onions are fullerene-type materials and range from 5 to 20 nm; the majority shows a graphitic core-shell structure, and some are characterized by fully curved, onion-like graphitic shells. The core is either filled with carbonaceous material or empty. We show the first, natural, 4 nm sized bucky-diamond, which is a type of carbon nano-onion consisting of multilayer graphitic shells surrounding a diamond core. We propose that the nano-onions formed during shock metamorphism, either the shock or the release wave, of the pre-existing primitive carbonaceous material that included nanodiamonds, poorly ordered graphitic material, and amorphous carbonaceous nanospheres. Bucky-diamonds could have formed either through the high-pressure transformation of nano-onions, or as an intermediate material in the high-temperature transformation of nanodiamond to nano-onion. Impact processing of planetary materials was and is a common process in our solar system, and by extension, throughout extrasolar planetary bodies. Together with our previous discovery of interstratified graphite-diamond in Gujba, our new findings extend the range of nano-structured carbonaceous materials formed in nature. Shock-formed nano-onions and bucky-diamonds are fullerene-type structures, and as such they could contribute to the astronomical 217.5 nm absorption feature.
EPANET in QGIS framework: the QEPANET plugin
Authors: Menapace Andrea , Pisaturo Giuseppe Roberto , De Luca Alberto , Gerola Daniel , Righetti Maurizio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the current era, the digitization of geographical data is a transverse need of several engineering sectors, including the hydraulic networks management. Thus, water supply systems' modelling requires adequate tools in both the digitization and the simulation phases. This paper presents the QEPANET plugin, which aims at merging the flexibility of QGIS and the robustness of EPANET hydraulic simulations software. Several editing and graphical tools available with QEPANET are introduced to model new and existing water distribution systems, to read and modify existing text-based EPANET files, to run simulations and visualize results in a geo-referenced framework. In addition, an application is illustrated to underline the novelty and the practical functionality of the presented tool, such as 3D pipe lengths' automatic calculation and the supporting functionalities for the network drawing. The plugin is available via the official QGIS Python Plugins Repository and on the world-wide-web at https://gitlab.com/albertodeluca/qepanet.
Effects of leakage points on intrusion volume in a simulated water distribution system
Authors: Shao Yu , Chu Shipeng , Dang Chenkai , Yu Tingchao 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Contamination can intrude into urban water distribution systems through pipe leakage orifices or other deficiencies, which can create public health risks. Intrusion volume is a significant indicator of health risks when a pollution incident occurs. A pilot-scale platform was constructed to simulate the contamination intrusion through leakage holes caused by low or negative pressure events. The intrusion device was improved from the author's previous study by substituting the replaceable pipes in the main pipe for the side connecting pipe. Comparison between the two intrusion devices demonstrated that the intrusion device with the side connecting pipe may underestimate the intrusion volume. The orifice diameter range is extended to be 3–19.0 mm to analyze the effects of leakage sizes on the intrusion volume. The results show that the intrusion volume first increased and then decreased with increase of the orifice diameter. The calculated intrusion volume by the orifice discharge equation using the measured discharge coefficient is slightly different from the measured intrusion volume.
Isolation and Purification of Kudinosides from Kuding Tea by Semi-Preparative HPLC Combined with MCI-GEL Resin
Authors: Tian Ji , Wang Xuanyuan , Shi Qingxin , Xiang Xingliang , Su Chao , Xie Yun , Jin Shuna , Huang Rongzeng , Song Chengwu 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Kuding tea, a Traditional Chinese drink, has a history of thousands of years
in China. Triterpenoid saponins in Kuding tea are regarded as one of the major functional ingredients.

Objective:
The aim of this paper was to establish separation progress for the isolation and purification
of five triterpenoid saponins (kudinoside A, C, D, F, G) from Kuding tea.

Methods:
Nine types of resins, including seven macroporous resins and two MCI-GEL resins, were
firstly used for purifying triterpenoid saponins by the adsorption and desorption tests. Further dynamic
adsorption/desorption experiments were carried out to obtain the optimal parameters for the five
targeted saponins. Then the purification of five triterpenoid saponins (kudinoside A, C, D, F, G) was
completed by semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (semi-pHPLC).

Results:
As of optimized results, the HP20SS MCI-GEL was selected as the optimal one. The data
also showed that 65.24 mg of refined extract including 7.04 mg kudinoside A, 3.52 mg kudinoside C,
4.04 mg kudinoside D, 4.13 mg kudinoside F, and 34.45 mg kudinoside G, could be isolated and purified
from 645.90 mg of crude extract in which the content of five saponins was 81.51% and the average
recovery reached 69.76%. The final contents of five saponins increased 6.91-fold as compared
to the crude extract.

Conclusion:
The established separation progress was highly efficient, making it a potential approach
for the large-scale production in the laboratory and providing several markers of triterpenoid saponins
for quality control of Kuding tea or its processing products.
The Incidence, Causes, and Risk Factors of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Seethapathy Harish , Zhao Sophia , Chute Donald F. , Zubiri Leyre , Oppong Yaa , Strohbehn Ian , Cortazar Frank B. , Leaf David E. , Mooradian Meghan J. , Villani Alexandra-Chloé , Sullivan Ryan J. , Reynolds Kerry , Sise Meghan E. 
Published: October 2019

Background and objectives
Immune checkpoint inhibitor use in oncology is increasing rapidly. We sought to determine the frequency, severity, cause, and predictors of AKI in a real-world population receiving checkpoint inhibitors.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We included all patients who received checkpoint inhibitor therapy from May 2011 to December 2016 at Massachusetts General Hospital. Baseline serum creatinine, averaged 6 months before checkpoint inhibitor start date, was compared with all subsequent creatinine values within 12 months of starting therapy. AKI was defined by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria for fold changes in creatinine from baseline. Sustained AKI events lasted at least 3 days and was our primary outcome. The cause of sustained AKI was determined by chart review. Cumulative incidence and subdistribution hazard models were used to assess the relationship between baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medications, and sustained AKI and potential checkpoint inhibitor–related AKI.

Results
We included 1016 patients in the analysis. Average age was 63 (SD 13) years, 61% were men, and 91% were white. Mean baseline creatinine was 0.9 mg/dl (SD 0.4 mg/dl), and 169 (17%) had CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) at baseline. A total of 169 patients (17%) experienced AKI, defined by an increase in creatinine at least 1.5 times the baseline within 12 months; 82 patients (8%) experienced sustained AKI and 30 patients (3%) had potential checkpoint inhibitor–related AKI. The first episode of sustained AKI occurred, on average, 106 days (SD 85) after checkpoint inhibitor initiation. Sixteen (2%) patients experienced stage 3 sustained AKI and four patients required dialysis. Proton pump inhibitor use at baseline was associated with sustained AKI.

Conclusions
AKI is common in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitor therapy. The causes of sustained AKI in this population are heterogenous and merit thorough evaluation. The role of PPI and other nephritis-inducing drugs in the development of sustained AKI needs to be better defined.
Phytochemistry PREPARATION OF DIFFERENT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF SPIROGYRA RHIZOPUS
Authors: DANIEL E  , GIRMA T  , VENKATESAN JAYAKUMAR S  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The importance of this work is to prepare the crude extracts of Spirogyra rhizopus and to study the biological activity of crude extract against four bacterial strains.
Materials and Methods: Spirogyra algae collected from Jimma town, and crude extracts were prepared by cold percolation method and sonication method and further analyzed for qualitative phytochemical analysis. The efficacy of crude extracts is tested for bacterial activity by disc-diffusion method.
Results: The maximum zone of inhibition shown by the crude extract is compared to standard and control. Among the four extracts, chloroform extract displayed the promising inhibitory action against four bacterial strains.
Conclusions: The preliminary study concludes that green algae S. rhizopus is a potential source of pharmacologically active lead molecules. In vitro screening of crude extracts of green algae S. rhizopus shows promising activity against bacterial strains and thus suggests its application in drug discovery research.
EFFECT OF ULTRA-DILUTED HISTAMINE ON HYPOXIC CHICK LUNG TISSUE INFLAMMATORY CHANGES
Authors: PRITAM GOSWAMI  , SWAIF ALI SK  , SAYAK GHOSH  , ANAMIKA BASU  , JOYDEEP KHANRA  , SATADAL DAS  
Published: October 2019

Objectives: Since its discovery, the role of histamine in inflammation is controversial; thus, according to some authority, it is mainly pro-inflammatory, and according to others, it is anti-inflammatory in nature. In this scenario, we thought that the contradictory results are dose dependent, thus in this study, our aim was to find the specific role of ultra-diluted histamine in pulmonary inflammation.
Materials and Methods: Ultra-diluted histamine ( ~1 pg/ml) was administered in chick lung hypoxic inflammation in an restricted organoid culture along with lysozyme, ovalbumin, and blank controls.
Results: The ultra-diluted histamine showed a significant role as an anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator agent and the anti-inflammatory action was found similar to lysozyme.
Conclusion: Ultra-diluted histamine may be used as an anti-inflammatory agent.
The ALGINATE MICROSPHERES CONTAINING CURCUMIN: PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND IN VITRO HUMAN HAEMOGLOBIN GLYCOSYLATION ASSAY
Authors: KULKARNI AS  , BHUJBAL SS  
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to formulate, evaluate alginate microspheres of curcumin, and to investigate the inhibitory effect on glycosylated hemoglobin.
Methods: All formulations were prepared by an ionotropic gelation technique using sodium alginate as a polymer and calcium chloride as a crosslinker in varying concentrations. The formulation batches (F1–F6) were evaluated for physical properties such as compatibility studies, percentage entrapment efficiency (%EE), microsphere yield, particle size, and polydispersity index. In vitro, drug release was studied and surface morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
Results: The microspheres showed %EE, microsphere yield, particle size in the ranges of 44.86%–84.24%, 43.05%–81.4%, and 352–559 μm, respectively. In vitro, drug release and release kinetics showed that the developed curcumin microspheres system is a promising delivery system for controlled drug release. Scanning electron micrographs indicate porous and rough surface. The inhibitory properties of curcumin and microspheres (F4) on glycosylation formation were investigated in hemoglobin using quercetin as standard. The decreased in hemoglobin concentration after incubation of hemoglobin with a graded concentration of glucose over a specified time was used as an index for in vitro human hemoglobin glycosylation assay. Glycosylation inhibition was about 75% for standard quercetin, 60% for curcumin microspheres, and 38.74% for curcumin suspension occurred after 72 h.
Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that curcumin in microsphere formulation has better therapeutic potential and could prove to be useful in the development of antidiabetic formulation.
Hidden prosody in philology: yìyŭ 'transcriptions' in the 15th century
Authors: Lin Chihkai 
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates how prosody is hidden behind transcriptions in historical resources. Three historical sources are used in the analysis. They are Chinese transcriptions from the 15th century in which Japanese, Korean and Ryukyuan phrases are recorded using Chinese characters. The argument concentrates on the prosodic patterns of disyllabic nouns in the three historical sources. The results of chi-square tests show that in the transcriptions Korean is significantly different from Japanese and Ryukyuan. In disyllabic nouns, the Chinese tonal category shăngshēng is favored in the first syllable of the Korean data to show changes from low to high tone. On the other hand, the transition is not salient in the Japanese and Ryukyuan data. In addition, the Chinese tonal cateogry yīnpíng is disfavored in the first syllable of the Korean data, whereas Chinese yīnpíng is not overtly excluded from the first syllable of Japanese and Ryukyuan data. This paper also discusses the projection of prosodic characteristics from Chinese onto the transcriptions: the second syllable in a disyllabic noun tends to be qùshēng.
A COOPERAÇÃO SUL-SUL E O DESENVOLVIMENTO TECNOLÓGICO EM DEFESA: O CASO DO MÍSSIL A-DARTER
Authors: De Bortoli Tiago , Pelliccioli Rafaella 
Published: October 2019

Em uma atualidade marcada pela interdependência complexa, conceito analítico que, segundo Robert Keohane e Joseph Nye, “refere-se a situações caracterizadas por efeitos recíprocos entre países ou entre atores em diferentes países” (2011, 22), existem duas maneiras básicas para a ação dos Estados no sistema internacional: pela cooperação ou pelo conflito. Sendo a cooperação internacional analisada, nesta pesquisa, como uma relação entre atores que possuem como objetivo atingir planos conjuntos de ação e desenvolvimento. A partir do método hipotético-dedutivo, e utilizando-se do estudo do caso do míssil A-Darter, projeto conjunto entre Brasil e África do Sul, objetiva-se compreender o modelo empregado neste caso de cooperação sul-sul, especificamente voltado para a inovação de produtos de defesa, e quais as dinâmicas e consequências destes projetos para o desenvolvimento tecnológico de países do Sul global. A hipótese é que há uma recorrente busca por alternativas mais independentes e sustentáveis de desenvolvimento tecnológico por países do Sul, que a partir de projetos conjuntos e por meio do compartilhamento de competências, podem possibilitar a redução da dependência tecnológica mundial. Busca-se, portanto, compreender as razões, dinâmicas e consequências da cooperação sul-sul em matéria de defesa a partir do estudo de caso do míssil A-Darter. Especificamente, abordam-se as razões da cooperação sul-sul para o desenvolvimento do projeto conjunto Brasil-África do Sul, suas dinâmicas de cooperação (objetivos, características e execução do projeto) e consequências positivas e negativas da iniciativa. As fontes utilizadas serão secundárias e primárias, inclusive mediante pesquisa de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Espera-se contribuir para a compreensão acerca da estrutura e concepção do caso de cooperação selecionado, suas oportunidades e dificuldades, a fim de evidenciar alternativas de avanço e que permitam fortalecer novos modelos de desenvolvimento tecnológico à BID brasileira, produzindo assim resultados com ganhos em capacidades militares, econômicas e políticas nacionais.