bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Features of the Upper Alimentary Tract in the Domestic Fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus): A Morphological, Histochemical, and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Alsanosy Abdallah A. , Noreldin Ahmed E. , Elewa Yaser H. A. , Mahmoud Sahar F. , Elnasharty Mohamed A. , Aboelnour Asmaa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe avian alimentary tract has evolved into different histologic structures to accommodate the physical and chemical features of several food types and flight requirements. We compared the esophagus, proventriculus, and gizzard of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus domesticus(GGD) and kestrels,Falco tinnunculus(FT) using immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy with various stains and lectins [Dolichos biflorusagglutinin (DBA) andRicinus communisagglutinin I (RCA120)], andα-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). The esophagus of GGD demonstrated thickened epithelium, muscularis mucosae, and inner circular longitudinal tunica muscularis layers; moderate outer longitudinal tunica muscularis layers; and a true crop. In contrast, the esophagus of FT showed a thin epithelium, no muscularis mucosae, moderate inner longitudinal and thick outer circular tunica muscularis layers, and no true crop. In the proventriculus, the nature of the secretion in GGD was neutral, but that of FT was acidic and neutral. In the gizzard, the muscle coat of GGD byα-SMA had no muscularis mucosae, unlike FT, which had muscularis mucosae. In summary, there are many histologic differences between GGD and FT to meet their different physiologic needs, such as feeding.
Dosimetric evaluation of SBRT treatment plans of non-central lung tumours: clinical experience
Authors: Osei Ernest , Darko Johnson , Swanson Steph , Fleming Katrina , Snelgrove Ronald , Bhangu Anmol , Gopaul Darin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectives:Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Canada and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in both men and women in North America. Surgery is usually the primary treatment option for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, for patients who may not be suitable candidates for surgery, stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an alternative method of treatment. SBRT has proven to be an effective technique for treating NSCLC patients by focally administering high radiation dose to the tumour with acceptable risk of toxicity to surrounding healthy tissues. The goal of this comprehensive retrospective dosimetric study is to compare the dosimetric parameters between three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) lung SBRT treatment plans for two prescription doses.Methods:We retrospectively analysed and compared lung SBRT treatment plans of 263 patients treated with either a 3DCRT non-coplanar or with 2–3 VMAT arcs technique at 48 Gy in 4 fractions (48 Gy/4) or 50 Gy in 5 fractions (50 Gy/5) prescribed to the planning target volume (PTV), typically encompassing the 80% isodose volume. All patients were treated on either a Varian 21EX or TrueBeam linear accelerator using 6-MV or 10-MV photon beams.Results:The mean PTV V95% and V100% for treatment plans at 48 Gy/4 are 99·4 ± 0·6% and 96·0 ± 1·0%, respectively, for 3DCRT and 99·7 ± 0·4% and 96·4 ± 3·4%, respectively, for VMAT. The corresponding mean PTV V95% and V100% at 50 Gy/5 are 99·0 ± 1·4% and 95·5 ± 2·5% for 3DCRT and 99·5 ± 0·8% and 96·1 ± 1·6% for VMAT. The CIRI and HI5/95 for the PTV at 48 Gy/4 are 1·1 ± 0·1 and 1·2 ± 0·0 for 3DCRT and 1·0 ± 0·1 and 1·2 ± 0·0 for VMAT. The corresponding CIRI and HI5/95 at 50 Gy/5 are 1·1 ± 0·1 and 1·3 ± 0·1 for 3DCRT and 1·0 ± 0·1 and 1·2 ± 0·0 for VMAT. The mean R50% and D2cm at 48 Gy/4 are 5·0 ± 0·8 and 61·2 ± 7·0% for 3DCRT and 4·9 ± 0·8 and 57·8 ± 7·9% for VMAT. The corresponding R50% and D2cm at 50 Gy/5 are 4·7 ± 0·5 and 65·5 ± 9·4% for 3DCRT and 4·7 ± 0·7 and 60·0 ± 7·2% for VMAT.Conclusion:The use of 3DCRT or VMAT technique for lung SBRT is an efficient and reliable method for achieving dose conformity, rapid dose fall-off and minimising doses to the organs at risk. The VMAT technique resulted in improved dose conformity, rapid dose fall-off from the PTV compared to 3DCRT, although the magnitude may not be clinically significant.
Can rotations improve management of herbicide-resistant annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) and prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) in lentil production systems of southern Australia?
Authors: Merriam Alicia B. , Malone Jenna , Gill Gurjeet , Preston Christopher 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn southern Australia, annual sowthistle and prickly lettuce have become more prevalent following the adoption of reduced tillage cropping systems. They are especially problematic in lentil and other pulse crops, which are weakly competitive and have few herbicide options available for POST control of broadleaf weeds. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of management in a previous cereal crop on weed densities in a subsequent crop. At two field sites, crop seeding density and POST herbicide treatments (a conventional choice that included metsulfuron-methyl and MCPA; and a proactive choice that included bromoxynil, picolinafen, and MCPA) were applied to a wheat crop, and weed density was assessed at the beginning of the following season to measure for a legacy effect of the treatments. Study site populations were also screened for herbicide resistance and were found to have high (≥90% survival) ALS inhibitor resistance. Crop competition treatments had no effect on weed populations, and effects of herbicide treatment were significant at only one of the sites. At this site, both herbicide treatments had lower weed densities than the nontreated in the first year, but the legacy effect was only significant for annual sowthistle density in the proactive treatment. At both sites, even where weeds were extremely sparse or completely controlled following herbicide treatment in the first year, moderate densities were observed the following year, indicating that colonization from the seedbank or adjacent areas could be contributing to weed numbers. Weed density assessments and accurate knowledge of the herbicide resistance status of target weeds should guide herbicide selection to maximize control.
Influence of hard water on 2,4-D formulations for the control of dandelion
Authors: Schortgen Geoffrey P. , Patton Aaron J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe herbicide 2,4-D is used in a variety of cropping systems, especially in grasses because it is a selective postemergence broadleaf herbicide. However, the most common formulation (2,4-D dimethylamine) is antagonized when mixed in hard water. The objective of this research was to determine which formulations of 2,4-D or premixes of various formulations of synthetic auxin herbicides are subject to hard water antagonism. Formulations surveyed for hard water antagonism in the first experiment included 2,4-D dimethylamine, 2,4-D diethanolamine, 2,4-D monomethylamine, 2,4-D isopropylamine salt, 2,4-D choline salt, 2,4-D isooctyl ester, and 2,4-D ethylhexyl ester. Synthetic auxin formulation types in the second experiment included water-soluble, emulsifiable concentrates and emulsion-in-water. All formulations were mixed with both soft and hard water (600 mg CaCO3 L−1) and applied to dandelions to determine whether antagonism occurred in hard water. Water-soluble (amine and choline) 2,4-D formulations were antagonized by hard water, but water-insoluble (ester) 2,4-D formulations were not antagonized. Similar results were found by formulation type with water-soluble synthetic auxin premixes antagonized but emulsifiable concentrates not antagonized. Furthermore, water-soluble salt formulations were not antagonized when formulated in premixes with other synthetic auxin herbicides as an emulsion-in-water. This research demonstrates that all 2,4-D water-soluble formulations and water-soluble premixes with phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicides are subject to hard water antagonism. Formulations of 2,4-D containing emulsifying agents protect against antagonism by the water-insoluble nature of ingredients in their formulation.
Global Soil Gross Nitrogen Transformation Under Increasing Nitrogen Deposition
Authors: Song Lei , Li Zhaolei , Niu Shuli 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSoil nitrogen (N) transformations, which regulate soil N availability, are important for ecosystem productivity and other functions. Nitrogen deposition influences soil N transformations, but it remains unclear how soil N transformations, especially microbial N immobilization, change with different N deposition rates. In this study, we compiled a global data set of gross N mineralization, nitrification, and microbial mineral N immobilization rates with different N addition treatments across terrestrial ecosystems to reveal their responses to different N deposition rates. The results showed that gross N mineralization and gross nitrification rates were stimulated by both low and high N additions, but the increments slightly decreased with increasing N addition rate. However, microbial ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) immobilization rates responded differently under low versus high N additions. They changed from being inhibited (NH4+ immobilization) or not affected (NO3− immobilization) under low N addition to being stimulated under high N addition (>55 kg N ha−1 yr−1), performing a linear increase along with the increasing N addition rate. This challenges the traditional perception that N enrichment limits microbial N utilization. Our results suggest that the effects of N deposition on gross N transformations are highly dependent on N deposition rate. These findings indicate that biogeochemical models should take into account the differential responses of gross N transformations to different N addition rates to better predict ecosystem N cycling in the context of increasing N deposition.
Relationship Between C4Biomass and C4Agriculture During the Holocene and its Implications for Millet Domestication in Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhou Xinying , Xu Hai , Liu Junchi , Yang Qingjiang , Zhao Chao , Gao Qiang , Zhao Keliang , Behling Hermann , Li Xiaoqiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe origin of C4agriculture in China, foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum), remains unclear. Here we conducted a comprehensive geochemical study of the archeological site of Chahai in Northeastern (NE) China and deduced that higher C4biomass in the cultural layers was mainly caused by agricultural practices and other human activities. To evaluate the anthropogenic factors involved in millet domestication, we produced a time series of contour maps of C4biomass for North China since 14 ka and integrated archaeological data. Results show that the origin and development of millet agriculture was nearly synchronous with the increase in C4biomass in the early‐mid Holocene, but the synchrony was decoupled at ∼4 ka when millet cultivation was established in NE China. Our findings suggest that both human management (possibly cultivation) of C4plants, and an environmental background of high C4biomass drove the origin of millet agriculture.
Increase in Compound Drought and Heatwaves in a Warming World
Authors: Mukherjee Sourav , Mishra Ashok Kumar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCompound drought and heatwaves can cause significant damage to the environment, economy, and society. In this study, we quantify the spatio‐temporal changes in compound drought and heatwave (CDHW) events by integrating weekly self‐calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index (sc_PDSI) and daily maximum temperatures during the period 1983 to 2016. Multiple data products are used to examine the robustness of sc_PDSI in the compound event analysis. The results consistently suggest significant increases in drought‐related heatwaves and affected global land area in recent (warmer) periods. Several regions across the globe witnessed rise in CDHW frequency (one to three events/year), duration (2–10 days/year), and severity. This increasing pattern is spatially asymmetric, and greater amplification is observed across the Northern hemisphere due to recent warming. Furthermore, the background aridity influences the spatiotemporal evolution of CDHW events. The results can be applied to minimize the impacts of extreme CDHWs in critical geographical regions.
Jet Stream‐Surface Tracer Relationships: Mechanism and Sensitivity to Source Region
Authors: Kerr Gaige Hunter , Waugh Darryn W. , Miller Scot M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe upper‐level jet stream impacts surface‐level trace gas variability, yet the cause of this relationship remains unclear. We investigate the mechanism(s) responsible for the relationship using idealized tracers with different source regions within a chemical transport model. All tracers' daily variabilities are correlated with the meridional position of the jet in the mid‐latitudes, but tracers emitted south (north) of the jet increase (decrease) in the mid‐latitudes when the jet is shifted poleward. The jet stream regulates the near‐surface meridional wind, and this coupling together with the meridional tracer gradient robustly predicts where the jet stream and tracers are in and out of phase. Our study elucidates a major driver of trace gas variability and links it to the location of the jet stream and emissions. These results are useful for understanding changes in trace gas variability if the jet stream's position or major emission source regions change in the future.
Three Western Pacific Typhoons Strengthened Fire Weather in the Recent Northwest U.S. Conflagration
Authors: Stuivenvolt Allen Jacob , Simon Wang S.‐Y. , LaPlante Matthew D. , Yoon Jin‐Ho 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrong winds that accentuated a fire outbreak in the western United States in early September of 2020 resulted from an atmospheric wave train that spanned the Pacific Ocean. Days before the atmospheric waves developed in the United States, three western Pacific tropical cyclones (typhoons) underwent an extratropical transition over Korea within an unprecedentedly short span of 12 days. Using a climate diagnostic approach and historical forecast data, it was found that the amplitude of the atmospheric waves accompanying the western U.S. fire weather would not have been so profound if not for the influence of these typhoons. Together, the recurving typhoons provided a significant source of wave activity flux directed toward North America – amplifying the ridge over the U.S. west coast while deepening the trough in central Canada. This anomalous circulation produced the severe frontal system that caused extreme winds in western Oregon, Washington and California – rapidly spreading fire.
Heterogeneous Nucleation of Midlevel Cloud Layer Influenced by Transported Asian Dust Over Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.4°E), China
Authors: He Yun , Yi Fan , Yi Yang , Liu Fuchao , Zhang Yunpeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMidlevel cloud layers (2–7 km) pertinent to transported Asian dust layers were observed on 26 occasions from the polarization lidar measurements during the period from December 2012 to December 2013 over Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.4°E), China. The events mainly occurred in winter. Cloud layers were mostly detected (19 out of 26) on top of the aloft Asian dust layers. The boundary between cloud layer and dust layer appeared at altitudes of 4–7 km. The observed events are classified into three categories: (1) category A (6 cases), supercooled liquid cloud layers persistently existed without an evident sign of freezing; (2) category B (9 cases), supercooled liquid cloud appeared initially and then ice crystals formed on the boundary between the cloud layer and dust layer; (3) category C (11 cases), only a cloud containing ice crystals was present throughout while the pure liquid stage did not present previously, indicating that deposition nucleation might take place. Cloud top temperatures (CTTs) for heterogeneous ice formation ranged from −38.5°C to −18.3°C; no ice formation occurred with CTT warmer than −15°C. After thousands of kilometers transport, ice nucleation efficiency of Asian dust over Wuhan substantially did not present a distinct change compared with that of pure dust.
Gain Enhancement of Wideband Circularly Polarized UWB Antenna Using FSS
Authors: Adibi Shima , Honarvar M. Amin , Lalbakhsh Ali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a new ultra‐wideband (UWB) antenna system with circular polarization (CP). The antenna is a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed structure with a modified inverted L‐shaped radiating patch. A single‐layer non‐uniform frequency selective surface (FSS) composed of rectangular conductive patches is designed and used with the CP antenna to improve the CP characteristics and the gain of the antenna. According to the measured results, the 10 dB return‐loss bandwidth of the antenna with the FSS extends from 3.7 to 11.1 GHz. The 3‐dB measured axial ratio (AR) bandwidth is 58.15%, covering 5 to 9.1 GHz, and the measured peak gain is 4–9.4 dBi, showing an increase of about 3 dBi compared to the antenna without the FSS.
EMTome: a resource for pan-cancer analysis of epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes and signatures
Authors: Vasaikar Suhas V. , Deshmukh Abhijeet P. , den Hollander Petra , Addanki Sridevi , Kuburich Nick Allen , Kudaravalli Sriya , Joseph Robiya , Chang Jeffrey T. , Soundararajan Rama , Mani Sendurai A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) enables dissociation of tumour cells from the primary tumour mass, invasion through the extracellular matrix, intravasation into blood vessels and colonisation of distant organs. Cells that revert to the epithelial state via the mesenchymal-epithelial transition cause metastases, the primary cause of death in cancer patients. EMT also empowers cancer cells with stem-cell properties and induces resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Understanding the driving factors of EMT is critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions.

Methods
This manuscript describes the generation of a database containing EMT gene signatures derived from cell lines, patient-derived xenografts and patient studies across cancer types and multiomics data and the creation of a web-based portal to provide a comprehensive analysis resource.

Results
EMTome incorporates (i) EMT gene signatures; (ii) EMT-related genes with multiomics features across different cancer types; (iii) interactomes of EMT-related genes (miRNAs, transcription factors, and proteins); (iv) immune profiles identified from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts by exploring transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, and drug sensitivity and (iv) clinical outcomes of cancer cohorts linked to EMT gene signatures.

Conclusion
The web-based EMTome portal is a resource for primary and metastatic tumour research publicly available at www.emtome.org.
Fusobacterium nucleatum confers chemoresistance by modulating autophagy in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Yang , Baba Yoshifumi , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Tsutsuki Hiroyasu , Zhang Tianli , Nomoto Daichi , Okadome Kazuo , Yamamura Kensuke , Harada Kazuto , Eto Kojiro , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Iwatsuki Masaaki , Nagai Yohei , Iwagami Shiro , Miyamoto Yuji , Yoshida Naoya , Komohara Yoshihiro , Ohmuraya Masaki , Wang Xiaoming , Ajani Jaffer A. , Sawa Tomohiro , Baba Hideo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is a gut microbe implicated in gastrointestinal tumorigenesis. Predicting the chemotherapeutic response is critical to developing personalised therapeutic strategies for oesophageal cancer patients. The present study investigated the relationship between F. nucleatum and chemotherapeutic resistance in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods
We examined the relationship between F. nucleatum and chemotherapy response in 120 ESCC resected specimens and 30 pre-treatment biopsy specimens. In vitro studies using ESCC cell lines and co-culture assays further uncovered the mechanism underlying chemotherapeutic resistance.

Results
ESCC patients with F. nucleatum infection displayed lesser chemotherapeutic response. The infiltration and subsistence of F. nucleatum in the ESCC cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. We also observed that F. nucleatum modulates the endogenous LC3 and ATG7 expression, as well as autophagosome formation to induce chemoresistance against 5-FU, CDDP, and Docetaxel. ATG7 knockdown resulted in reversal of F. nucleatum-induced chemoresistance. In addition, immunohistochemical studies confirmed the correlation between F. nucleatum infection and ATG7 expression in 284 ESCC specimens.

Conclusions
F. nucleatum confers chemoresistance to ESCC cells by modulating autophagy. These findings suggest that targeting F. nucleatum, during chemotherapy, could result in variable therapeutic outcomes for ESCC patients.
Kdm6a suppresses the alternative activation of macrophages and impairs energy expenditure in obesity
Authors: Chen Jun , Xu Xing , Li Yan , Li Fan , Zhang Jianjun , Xu Qin , Chen Wantao , Wei Yan , Wang Xu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHistone lysine demethylase 6a (Kdm6a) mediates the removal of repressive trimethylation from histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) to activate target gene expression. Obesity is associated with metabolic inflammation, and adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are key players orchestrating metabolic inflammation. However, it is still unclear whether the Kdm6a pathway in ATMs regulates energy homeostasis. Here, we identified Kdm6a as a critical epigenetic switch that modulates macrophage polarisation and further disrupts energy balance. Myeloid-specific Kdm6a knockout in Kdm6aF/Y;Lyz2-Cre mice significantly reversed the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced M1–M2 imbalance in white adipose tissue (WAT) and blocked HFD-induced obesity. The brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity, WAT browning and energy expenditure were significantly increased in Kdm6aF/Y;Lyz2-Cre mice. Furthermore, Kdm6a regulated the Ire1α expression in a demethylase activity-dependent manner and augmented the M2 polarisation of macrophages. Macrophage with higher Kdm6a significantly promotes adipogenesis in white adipocyte and inhibits thermogenesis in beige adipocytes. These results suggest that the Kdm6a in macrophages drives obesity and metabolic syndrome by impairing BAT activity and WAT differentiation.