bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age estimation based on appearance of pisiform bone in selected Nepalese children of Gandaki Province Nepal
Authors: Pangeni Roshan , Khatri Bharat Bahadur , Subedi Nuwadatta , Baral Madan Prasad , Bagale Deepak , Khanal Gopal Prasad 
Published: December 2020

Background: Age estimation is based on general physical examination, radiological examination of bones and dental examination. The appearance of ossification center of pisiform bone is one of the important evidence for estimating age among young children between nine to 13 years. The objective of this study is to estimate the age of appearance of pisiform among the Nepalese children.
Materials and methods: It is a cross sectional descriptive study conducted at the department of Radiology, Pokhara Academy of Health Sciences, Western Regional Hospital on the month of July 2020. The Antero posterior view of X Rays of either hand (left or right) including the carpal bones of the patients aged seven to 15 years of 183 Nepalese children archived at the department of Radiology were taken as samples. The X rays were checked for the appearance or non appearance of Pisiform and the age of appearance analysed.
Results: One hundred and twenty seven (69.40%) of total 183 cases were males and 56 (30.60%) were females. The minimum age of appearance of pisiform was 9 years in females and 10 years in males. All the subjects had pisiform bone appeared at the age of 13 years and above.
Conclusion: The minimum age of appearance of Pisiform in the study subjects was 9 years in females and 10 years in males. All the cases have pisiform ossified at the age of 13 years and above.
Functional DTI tractography in brainstem cavernoma surgery
Authors: Zdunczyk Anna , Roth Fabia , Picht Thomas , Vajkoczy Peter 
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVE
Surgical resection of brainstem cavernomas is associated with high postoperative morbidity due to the density of local vulnerable structures. Classical mapping of pathways by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has proven to be unspecific and confusing in many cases. In the current study, the authors aimed to establish a more reliable, specific, and objective method for somatotopic visualization of the descending motor pathways with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS)–based DTI fiber tracking.

METHODS
Twenty-one patients with brainstem cavernomas were examined with nTMS prior to surgery. The resting motor threshold (RMT) and cortical representation areas of hand, leg, and facial function were determined on both hemispheres. Motor evoked potential (MEP)–positive stimulation spots were then set as seed points for tractography. Somatotopic fiber tracking was performed at a fractional anisotropy (FA) value of 75% of the individual FA threshold.

RESULTS
Mapping of the motor cortex and tract reconstruction for hand, leg, and facial function was successful in all patients. The somatotopy of corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts was also clearly depicted on the brainstem level. Higher preoperative RMT values were associated with a postoperative motor deficit (p < 0.05) and correlated with a lower FA threshold (p < 0.05), revealing structural impairment of the corticospinal tract (CST) prior to surgery. In patients with a new deficit, the distance between the lesion and CST was below 1 mm.

CONCLUSIONS
nTMS-based fiber tracking enables objective somatotopic tract visualization on the brainstem level and provides a valuable instrument for preoperative planning, intraoperative orientation, and individual risk stratification. nTMS may thus increase the safety of surgical resection of brainstem cavernomas.
A monthly spatio-temporal modelling of patterns for children on maintenance grant in Namibia
Authors: Ntirampeba Dismas , Nshimyimana B. , Kikawa C.R. 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: Child support grant (CSG) is one of the social protection strategies which is today widely seen as an intervention contributing to poverty reduction. However, despite substantial expenses, it has been documented that Namibia’s social protection benefits do not reach intended beneficiaries in an efficient manner. AIMS: This study aims to determine factors associated with spatial and temporal variation in maintenance child grant and as well as identify regions with elevated incidence rate ratios of maintenance grant in Namibia. METHODS: We fitted a Bayesian spatio-temporal regression model on maintenance grant data available over 9 years in Namibia. RESULTS: The number of children on grant has almost tripled between March 2007 and October 2015 (it changed from 50596 in 2007 to 132840). Unemployment and orphanhood were significantly associated with the incidence rate ratio of maintenance grant (CI:(1.634, 2.627) and CI: (1.000, 1.004), respectively. The adjustment of measurement error in orphanhood through the Berkson error model has ensured the stability of its effect. CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown the strength of using measurement error models for analysing child grant data. Furthermore, the study has demonstrated that the northern regions of Namibia have the highest child incidence rate ratio of maintenance grant whereas the regions in central and south are at low incidence rate at present. The maps produced in this study can be particularly helpful in allocating efficiently limited resources in poor settings.
Using Anagram Technique to Develop Students’ Vocabulary Mastery to the Seventh Grade Students
Authors: Indrawati Indrawati , Resti Febya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The research problems of this study were (1) to find out the application of anagram technique in improving student’s vocabulary mastery and (2) to know whether there was a significant difference in vocabulary mastery between the experimental group where the anagram technique was implemented and the control group which no treatment was given during the experiment. In this study, the writer used the quantitative method with quasi experimental group design. The samples of this study consisted of 36 students of VII E as Experimental Group and 36 students of VII F as Control Group taken from the second year students of seven classes of MTs N Pangkalpinang. The result of the test was analyzed by using statistical analysis of Paired sample t-test and Independent sample t-test. Based on the result analysis, there were two major findings, namely (1) the implementation of Anagram technique in developing students’ vocabulary mastery was successful and the result of difference analysis in post-test of experimental and control group showed that the value of t-obtained was 3.488 which was higher than t-table 2.03 (at the significant level p<0.05 in two tailed testing with degree of freedom 70). The result of this study showed when the means of the post tests between the two classes were compared, the post-test scores were better than the pre-test scores (43.31)for the experimental group (80.89).
The Effectiveness of the Lecture Based Teaching Strategies and the Inclusive Teaching Strategies on High Achievers: A Comparative Study
Authors: Asma Naureen  
Published: December 2020

This research paper is dedicated to the investigation of the effectiveness of inclusive teaching strategies and traditional lecture-based teaching strategies on the learning of pupils in general but the main focus was on the high achievers of Class XII. The study was conducted to compare both types of teaching strategies in an inclusive setting with the diversity students. Two equal groups of pupils were made according to pre-test scores of teacher-made test items. Both the groups were representative of inclusion. The researcher used the pre-test post-test equivalent group design in the present experimental research. The pre-test was conducted before starting the treatment to judge the difference. The experimental group was taught through inclusive teaching strategies while the control group was taught through traditional lecture-based teaching strategies. The period of the experiment was sixty days. When the treatment period was completed, a researcher-made post-test was conducted to know the level of achievement of students especially the high-achiever students. To determine the effectiveness of both types of teaching strategies on students’ learning in an inclusive setting, the significance of the difference between the scores of the two groups was measured at 0.05 level. The t-test was applied to measure the difference of means of the two groups. Then based on the t-test results were analyzed. It was revealed from the results of the post-test that inclusive teaching strategies were more effective as compared to traditional teaching strategies to teach pupils at Higher Secondary level.
TỔNG HỢP TOÀN PHẦN 6,8-PRENYLACACETIN, 8-PRENYLACACETIN VÀ HOẠT TÍNH ỨC CHẾ TĂNG SINH TRÊN DÒNG TẾ BÀO UNG THƯ HELA Ở NGƯỜI
Authors: VĂN SƠN NGUYỄN , VĂN CƯỜNG NGUYỄN , ÂN NGUYỄN HỒNG , HUỲNH NGUYỄN THỊ 
Published: December 2020

Tổng hợp toàn phần lần đầu tiên hai hợp chất thiên nhiên prenylflavonoids là 6,8-prenylacacetin (1) và 8-prenylacacetin (2) đã đạt được thông qua hai con đường khác nhau. Con đường thứ nhất đã được bắt đầu bằng phản ứng bảo vệ bằng tác nhân Benzyl bromide các nhóm hydroxyl tại các vị trí C-3 và C-5 của 2,4,6-trihydroxyacetophenone, tiếp theo là sử dụng phản ứng Baker-Venkataraman, bước cuối là khử bảo vệ và alkyl hóa ngắn nhóm prenyl vào vị trí C-6 và C-8 của acacetin. Con đường thứ hai đạt được thông qua các bước trung gian sau: bảo vệ bằng methoxymethyl các nhóm hydroxyl tại các vị trí C-3 và C-5 của 2,4,6 trihydroxyacetophenone, aldol hóa, vòng hóa, khử hóa nhóm bảo vệ trong acid, cuối cùng cũng alkyl hóa ngắn nhóm prenyl vào C-6 và C-8 của acacetin. Quá trình tổng hợp đã thu được hiệu suất tổng thể của 1 và 2 lần lượt là 25% và 27%. Tiềm năng gây độc tế bào của các hợp chất đã tổng hợp bằng thử nghiệm hoạt tính ức chế tăng sinh trên dòng tế bào ung thư Hela ở người được đánh giá bằng phương pháp MTT tiêu chuẩn. Kết quả cho thấy hầu hết các hợp chất tổng hợp đã thể hiện hoạt tính ức chế tế bào trung bình đến mạnh chống lại dòng tế bào ung thư này so với cis-platin một chất kiểm soát dương tính dùng làm đối chứng. Các hợp chất 1 và 2 cho thấy chúng đã ức chế rất tốt đối với các tế bào ung thư Hela ở người, vì vậy chúng có thể là những tác nhân chống ung thư tiềm năng và xứng đáng để nghiên cứu nhiều và sâu hơn nữa. Tất cả các hợp chất tổng hợp được xác nhận bằng các phổ: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR và MS. Con đường tổng hợp của các hợp chất 1 và 2 đã thông qua quá trình alkyl hóa gắn nhóm prenyl vào C-6 và C-8 của acacetin như là một bước quan trọng.
TÍCH HỢP PHƯƠNG TRÌNH MẤT ĐẤT PHỔ DỤNG CẢI TIẾN (RUSLE) VÀ HỆ THỐNG THÔNG TIN ĐỊA LÝ (GIS) ĐỂ ƯỚC LƯỢNG XÓI MÕN ĐẤT TIỀM NĂNG TẠI LƯU VỰC SÔNG BÉ, VIỆT NAM
Authors: BÁ LONG LÊ , NHỰT THANH TRẦN , THANH NHÃ TRẦN , ĐẶNG QUANG KHANG TRẦN , THÀNH ĐỘ NGUYỄN 
Published: December 2020

Xói mòn đất do nước là một nguyên nhân hàng đầu gây ra suy thoái đất ở Việt Nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi tích hợp Phương trình mất đất phổ biến cải tiến (RUSLE) và Hệ thống thông tin địa lý (GIS) để ước tính lượng mất đất tiềm năng hàng năm do xói mòn. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại lưu vực Sông Bé, nằm ở vùng Đông nam bộ của Việt Nam. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy xói mòn đất tiềm năng trong lưu vực Sông Bé phân bố không đều, khu vực phía nam của lưu vực có lượng đất bị mất thấp hơn khu vực từ trung tâm đến phía bắc của lưu vực. Tổng lƣợng mất đất của lưu vực Sông Bé là 157.198,5 tấn mỗi năm. Lượng đất mất ít hơn 1.000 tấn / ha / năm chiếm diện tích lớn nhất là 47.475 ha (chiếm 55,81% diện tích lƣu vực) tập trung ở khu vực phía nam và phía tây của lưu vực, loại đất chính ở khu vực này là đất Phù sa chua (FLd) và đất Nâu đỏ trên đá bazan (FRr). Có 17.366 ha (20,41% diện tích lưu vực) thiệt hại về đất là từ 1.000 đến 2.000 tấn / ha / năm. Phân bố gần như trên lưu vực, đất Xám Ferralic (ACf) là loại đất chính ở đây. Lượng đất mất từ 2.000 đến 5.000 tấn đất / ha / năm vào khoảng 17.483 ha (chiếm 20,55% diện tích lưu vực) nằm rải rác từ khu vực trung tâm đến phía bắc của lưu vực. Các loại đất chính trong nhóm này là Đất Xám Ferralic (ACf), đất Đá bọt điển hình (AN) và đất Nâu vàng (LX). Lượng đất thiệt hại hơn 5.000 tấn / ha / năm chiếm diện tích khá nhỏ (2.739 ha), phân bố ở phía bắc lưu vực, nơi có hệ số xói mòn lượng mưa (R) và hệ số xói mòn đất (K) rất cao.
Pokok Anggur yang Benar: Eksegesis dan Eksposisi Yohanes 15:1-3
Authors: Herman Daniel Horatius 
Published: December 2020

The various interpretations of John 15:1-3 point to errors in the method of interpretation. Of course, Jesus only had one purpose. This research aims to find the meaning of the true teachings of Jesus that will lead every believer to the true Christian life, so that the wrong meaning, which confuses Christian to Understand the teachings of Jesus, can be anticipated. This study uses a hermeneutic research method that specifically exegesis to the discussion texts. This research examines the context of Jesus in the Gospel of John as a whole; the Old Testament context relating to John 15:1-3; and reviews in general, the context of the chapters around John 15:1-3 and concludes based on these steps. John 15:1, explains Jesus' statement as Yahweh and the statement of Jesus as the embodiment of Israel. John 15:2a describes “the cut branches” referring to all Israelites who rejected Jesus. Meanwhile "the cleansed branches" (15:2b) refers to Jesus' disciples and all the Israelites who believed in Him. The statement in John 15:3 is a statement that Jesus' disciples were in a state of cleanness. For the first recipients of John's Gospel, these verses meant believing Jews were "a branch bearing fruit" and "cleansed" whereas unbelieving Jews were "a cut branch."Penafsiran yang beragam atas Yohanes 15:1-3 menunjukkan kesalahan metode penafsiran. Tentu saja Yesus hanya mempunyai satu maksud. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan makna ajaran Yesus yang benar yang akan menuntun setiap orang percaya kepada kehidupan Kristen yang benar, sehingga makna yang keliru, yang menyebabkan kebingungan terhadap ajaran Yesus akan dapat diantisipasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hermeneutika yang secara khusus mengeksegesis teks-teks pembahasan. Penelitian ini mempelajari Konteks Yesus dalam Injil Yohanes secara keseluruhan; konteks Perjanjian Lama yang berhubungan dengan Yohanes 15:1-3; dan meninjau secara umum, konteks pasal-pasal di sekitar Yohanes 15:1-3 serta menyimpulkan berdasarkan langkah-langkah tersebut. Yohanes 15:1 menjelaskan pernyataan Yesus sebagai Yahweh dan pernyataan Yesus sebagai perwujudan Israel. Yohanes 15:2a menjelaskan “ranting-ranting yang dipotong” menunjuk pada semua orang Israel yang menolak Yesus. Sementara “ranting-ranting yang dibersihkan” (15:2b) menunjuk pada murid-murid Yesus dan semua orang Israel yang percaya kepada-Nya. Pernyataan dalam Yohanes 15:3 adalah pernyataan bahwa murid-murid Yesus sedang dalam keadaan bersih. Bagi penerima pertama Injil Yohanes, ayat-ayat ini berarti orang-orang Yahudi yang percaya adalah “ranting yang berbuah” dan “dibersihkan” sedangkan orang-orang Yahudi yang tidak percaya adalah “ranting yang dipotong."
Enantioselective Desymmetrization of 1,3‐Disubstituted Adamantane Derivatives via Rhodium‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Amination: Access to Optically Active Amino Acids Containing Adamantane Core
Authors: Yasue Risa , Yoshida Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn order to synthesize optically active amino acids containing the adamantane core, an enantioselective desymmetrization of adamantanes via rhodium‐catalyzed C−H bond amination was examined. After investigating various conditions, it was found that the coupling reaction between disubstituted adamantane and aryloxysulfonamide was catalyzed by Rh2(S‐TCPTTL)4 to furnish the desired products having up to 85% ee (e.r.=92.4: 7.6) (>99% ee after recrystallization). The synthetic utility of the enantioenriched products as chiral building blocks was demonstrated by transforming one of them into a dipeptide derivative and a Schiff‐base ligand. The absolute configuration of one of the amino acid derivatives was determined unambiguously by X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis.magnified image
Integrated nitrogen amount and sources maximize maize nitrogen efficiency in the saline soils
Authors: Miao Qi , Zhang Jishi , Chen Yongliang , Xue Yanfang , Cui Zhenling 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough efficient N fertilization has become widely accepted for sustaining or improving N use efficiency (NUE), many existing N fertilizer recommendations seldom consider N sources during implementation. To investigate the effect of N rates and sources on maize (Zea mays L.) production efficiency, soil quality, and economic benefits, a field experiment was conducted in the coastal saline area of China. The optimal N rate (ONR) treatment based on in‐season root‐zone N management reduced N application amount by 44% without grain yield losses and decreased the apparent N losses by 144 kg N ha–1 compared with the local N management practice of farmers. Furthermore, the ONR treatment with ammonium sulfate (ONR‐AS) or calcium ammonium nitrate (ONR‐CAN) had higher maize grain yield and NUE than the ONR with urea (ONR‐urea) treatment. Compared with ONR‐urea, treatment with ONR‐AS or ONR‐CAN increased Ca2+ content, decreased soil pH and Na+ content, and thus imporved maize yield and NUE. Among the ONR treatments, the ONR‐AS treatment increased economic gains compared with the ONR‐urea treatment. This study suggests that an integrated N management can increase maize yield, NUE, and economic benefits and improve soil quality in the coastal saline soils.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2021 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Gertz Morie A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDisease OverviewWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity.DiagnosisPresence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients and is found in the majority of IgM MGUS patients.Risk StratificationAge, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, LDH and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics that are predictive of outcomes.Risk‐Adapted TherapyNot all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐monotherapy is inferior to regimens that combine it with bendamustine, an alkylating agent, a proteosome inhibitor, or ibrutinib. Purine nucleoside analogues are active but usage is declining in favor of less toxic alternatives. The preferred Mayo Clinic induction is rituximab and bendamustine.Management of Refractory DiseaseBortezomib, fludarabine, thalidomide, everolimus, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in relapsed WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of therapy toxicity is an important part of treatment selection.
Carpenter syndrome in a patient from Tanzania
Authors: Lodhia Jay , Rego‐Garcia Iago , Koipapi Sengua , Sadiq Adnan , Msuya David , Spaendonk ResieVervenne‐van , Hamel Ben , Dekker Marieke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCarpenter syndrome (acrocephalopolysyndactyly type II) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. It was clinically diagnosed in a female baby with polysyndactyly and craniosynostosis in a referral clinic in Northern Tanzania. In the RAB23 gene, a previously described homozygous variant c.82C>T p.(Arg28*) was detected that results in a premature stop codon. Both parents were demonstrated to be heterozygous carriers of this variant. Herewith, its pathogenicity is proved. A literature search suggests this is the first molecularly confirmed case of Carpenter syndrome in continental Africa.
An inconstant biorhythm: The changing pace of Retzius periodicity in human permanent teeth
Authors: McFarlane Gina , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Loch Carolina , White Sophie , Bayle Priscilla , Floyd Bruce , Pitfield Rosie , Mahoney Patrick 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesHuman tooth enamel retains evidence of growth in the form of Retzius lines. The number of daily growth increments between the regularly occurring lines defines their repeat interval, or periodicity. Retzius periodicity is often incorporated into enamel formation times, age‐at‐death reconstructions, or used to provide a basis from which to explore an underlying biorhythm. Biological anthropologists typically assume that RP remains constant within an individual and does not vary along the tooth‐row. Here, we test that assumption.Materials and methodsRP was calculated from n = 223 thin sections of human permanent teeth from individuals of British and southern African origin. Forty individuals provided multiple teeth (n = 102 teeth) and a further 121 individuals each provided a single tooth.ResultsWe report first evidence that RP of permanent teeth does not always remain constant within an individual. Of those individuals that provided multiple teeth, 42% (n = 17/40) demonstrated a decrease in RP along the tooth row, with most shifting by two or more days (n = 11). Across the entire sample, mean RP of anterior teeth was significantly higher than molars. Mean premolar RP tended to be intermediate between anterior teeth and molars.DiscussionOur data do not support the assumption that RP invariably remains constant within the permanent teeth of an individual. Transferring RP from molars to incisors within an individual can result in a miscalculation of formation time and age‐at‐death by up to 1 year. Implications for biological anthropologists and the source of the underlying long period biorhythm are discussed.
Covert Speech Comprehension Predicts Recovery From Acute Unresponsive States
Authors: Sokoliuk Rodika , Degano Giulio , Banellis Leah , Melloni Lucia , Hayton Tom , Sturman Steve , Veenith Tonny , Yakoub Kamal M. , Belli Antonio , Noppeney Uta , Cruse Damian 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivePatients with traumatic brain injury who fail to obey commands after sedation‐washout pose one of the most significant challenges for neurological prognostication. Reducing prognostic uncertainty will lead to more appropriate care decisions and ensure provision of limited rehabilitation resources to those most likely to benefit. Bedside markers of covert residual cognition, including speech comprehension, may reduce this uncertainty.MethodsWe recruited 28 patients with acute traumatic brain injury who were 2 to 7 days sedation‐free and failed to obey commands. Patients heard streams of isochronous monosyllabic words that built meaningful phrases and sentences while their brain activity via electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. In healthy individuals, EEG activity only synchronizes with the rhythm of phrases and sentences when listeners consciously comprehend the speech. This approach therefore provides a measure of residual speech comprehension in unresponsive patients.ResultsSeventeen and 16 patients were available for assessment with the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) at 3 months and 6 months, respectively. Outcome significantly correlated with the strength of patients’ acute cortical tracking of phrases and sentences (r > 0.6, p < 0.007), quantified by inter‐trial phase coherence. Linear regressions revealed that the strength of this comprehension response (beta = 0.603, p = 0.006) significantly improved the accuracy of prognoses relative to clinical characteristics alone (eg, Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS], computed tomography [CT] grade).InterpretationA simple, passive, auditory EEG protocol improves prognostic accuracy in a critical period of clinical decision making. Unlike other approaches to probing covert cognition for prognostication, this approach is entirely passive and therefore less susceptible to cognitive deficits, increasing the number of patients who may benefit. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:646–656