bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of complete tibial fractures in California racehorses
Authors: Samol Monika A. , Uzal Francisco A. , Hill Ashley E. , Arthur Rick M. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundTibial fractures cause ~3% of racehorse deaths. Pre‐existing stress fractures have been associated with multiple racing and training fractures, but not complete tibial fractures.ObjectivesTo describe racehorse tibial fractures and compare signalment and exercise histories of affected and control racehorses.Study designRetrospective analysis of necropsy reports.MethodsRacehorses that had a complete tibial fracture (1990‐2018) were retrospectively reviewed. Signalment and exercise histories of affected horses were compared to 1) racehorses that died because of non‐tibial musculoskeletal injuries or 2) non‐musculoskeletal cause and 3) age, sex, event‐matched control racehorses. Tibial fracture prevalence was described relative to California racehorses that had at least one official work or race. Age, sex and limb distributions were compared between affected and control horses (Chi‐square, Fisher's Exact test). Exercise history data were reduced to counts and rates of official high speed works, races and layups (periods without an official high speed work or race >60 days). Variables were compared among groups using matched logistic regression (P ≤ .05).ResultsTibial fractures in 115 horses (97% unilateral; 50% left, 47% right) occurred most commonly during training (68%) and in 2‐ to 3‐year‐old horses (73%). Fractures were predominantly comminuted (93%), diaphyseal (44%) and oblique (40%). Of 61 cases examined for callus, 64% had periosteal callus associated with fracture, most commonly in proximal (65%) and distal diaphyseal (27%) locations. Of 28 racehorses with known exercise history, 57% never raced and 36% had a layup. Affected horses had fewer official‐timed works and events (official high speed works and races), number of active days and accumulated less distance in events and works (P < .05) than control horses.Main limitationsRetrospective review of necropsy reports by multiple pathologists over 28 years.ConclusionsTibial fractures were associated with pre‐existing stress fracture early in career. Most fractures were associated with proximolateral stress fractures.
On the microstructural evolution and room‐temperature creep behaviour of 9%Cr steel weld joint under prior creep–fatigue interaction
Authors: Song Yuxuan , Qin Furao , Chen Jianan , Pan Zhouxin , Huang Xianwei , Ding Zhenyu , Gao Zengliang , Zhang Taihua , Ma Yi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe high‐temperature creep–fatigue (CF) interaction on the service damage of P92 welded joint was uncovered based on the evolution of local creep behaviour by nanoindentation. The creep resistance and high‐angle grain boundary (HAGB) distributions of the different regions of welded joint were investigated for the specimens under individual creep (stress relaxation [RS]), fatigue and CF loadings interrupted at lifetime fractions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 60% and 100%. According to structure evolution including the changes of HAGB and dislocation densities during high‐temperature deformation, the local variation mechanism of creep behaviour at different microstructural zones was systematically discussed.
Increasing temperature and productivity change biomass, trophic pyramids and community‐level omega‐3 fatty acid content in subarctic lake food webs
Authors: Keva Ossi , Taipale Sami J. , Hayden Brian , Thomas Stephen M. , Vesterinen Jussi , Kankaala Paula , Kahilainen Kimmo K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClimate change in the Arctic is outpacing the global average and land‐use is intensifying due to exploitation of previously inaccessible or unprofitable natural resources. A comprehensive understanding of how the joint effects of changing climate and productivity modify lake food web structure, biomass, trophic pyramid shape and abundance of physiologically essential biomolecules (omega‐3 fatty acids) in the biotic community is lacking. We conducted a space‐for‐time study in 20 subarctic lakes spanning a climatic (+3.2°C and precipitation: +30%) and chemical (dissolved organic carbon: +10 mg/L, total phosphorus: +45 µg/L and total nitrogen: +1,000 µg/L) gradient to test how temperature and productivity jointly affect the structure, biomass and community fatty acid content (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) of whole food webs. Increasing temperature and productivity shifted lake communities towards dominance of warmer, murky‐water‐adapted taxa, with a general increase in the biomass of primary producers, and secondary and tertiary consumers, while primary invertebrate consumers did not show equally clear trends. This process altered various trophic pyramid structures towards an hour glass shape in the warmest and most productive lakes. Increasing temperature and productivity had negative fatty acid content trends (mg EPA + DHA/g dry weight) in primary producers and primary consumers, but not in secondary nor tertiary fish consumers. The massive biomass increment of fish led to increasing areal fatty acid content (kg EPA + DHA/ha) towards increasingly warmer, more productive lakes, but there were no significant trends in other trophic levels. Increasing temperature and productivity are shifting subarctic lake communities towards systems characterized by increasing dominance of cyanobacteria and cyprinid fish, although decreasing quality in terms of EPA + DHA content was observed only in phytoplankton, zooplankton and profundal benthos.
Noncentrifugal activation patterns in focal RVOT PVC/VT: New insights from high density multielectrode mapping
Authors: Ng Justin , Chhachhi Binita , Stobie Paul , Keren Arieh , Popal Sohail , Reichlin Tobias 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundActivation from an automatic focus is thought to show centrifugal spread. In patients with premature ventricular complex/ventricular tachycardia (PVC/VT) from the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), the presence of preferential conduction and epicardial connections could however also lead to noncentrifugal wavefront propagation.ObjectiveTo study endocardial activation in RVOT PVC/VT using high‐resolution 3D activation mapping.MethodsConsecutive patients with frequent idiopathic PVC/VT were studied. High‐resolution 3D activation maps were acquired using a multielectrode mapping catheter (Orion, Rhythmia, Boston Scientific). Noncentrifugal activation was defined as a pattern of wavefront propagation which does not show uniform propagation in all directions from one focus. Patients without sustained ablation success and patients with a left‐sided PVC origin or with insufficient map density were excluded from the analysis.ResultsSixteen patients (44% female) with a median age of 54 years (interquartile range [IQR], 47–64) and a median PVC burden of 19% (IQR, 15–27) were studied. High‐resolution activation maps consisting of a median number of 1863 mapping points (IQR, 1195–2463 points) demonstrated a centrifugal activation in 6/16 (38%) and a noncentrifugal activation in 10/16 (62%). When comparing patients with centrifugal and noncentrifugal activation, patients with centrifugal activation were older (p = .01), but no differences were found in age, gender, QRS duration of the PVC's and sites of origin in the RVOT. No procedural complications occurred.ConclusionsHigh‐resolution multielectrode mapping demonstrates the presence of noncentrifugal activation patterns in some of the patients with idiopathic RVOT PVC/VT. This may indicate the presence of preferential conduction and or epicardial/intramural connections in the outflow tract.
Comparison of ambulatory central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in patients with diabetic and non‐diabetic CKD
Authors: Loutradis Charalampos , Schoina Maria , Dimitroulas Theodoros , Doumas Michael , Garyfallos Alexandros , Karagiannis Asterios , Papagianni Aikaterini , Sarafidis Pantelis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIncreased arterial stiffness is independently associated with renal function decline in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Whether DM has additional deleterious effects on central hemodynamics and arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is yet unknown. This study aimed to compare ambulatory central BP, arterial stiffness parameters, and trajectories between patients with diabetic and non‐diabetic CKD. This study examined 48 diabetic and 48 non‐diabetic adult patients (>18 years) with CKD (eGFR: <90 and ≥15 ml/min/1.73 m2), matched in a 1:1 ratio for age, sex, and eGFR within CKD stages (2, 3a, 3b and 4). All patients underwent 24‐h ABPM with the Mobil‐O‐Graph device. Parameters of central hemodynamics [central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic blood pressure (cDBP), pulse pressure (PP)], wave reflection [augmentation index (AIx), and pressure (AP)] and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were estimated from the 24‐h recordings. Diabetic CKD patients had higher 24‐h cSBP (118.57 ± 10.05 vs. 111.59 ± 9.46, P = .001) and 24‐h cPP (41.48 ± 6.80 vs. 35.25 ± 6.98, P < .001) but similar 24‐h cDBP (77.09 ± 8.14 vs. 76.34 ± 6.75 mmHg, P = .625) levels compared to patients with non‐diabetic CKD. During day‐ and nighttime periods, cSBP and cPP levels were higher in diabetics compared to non‐diabetics. 24‐h PWV (10.10 ± 1.62 vs. 9.61 ± 1.80 m/s, P = .165) was numerically higher in patients with DM, but no between‐group differences were noted in augmentation pressure and index. In multivariate analysis, DM, female gender, and peripheral SBP were independently associated with higher cPP levels. Patients with diabetic CKD have higher ambulatory cSBP and increased arterial stiffness, as indicated by higher ambulatory cPP. These finding suggest that DM is a factor independently contributing to the adverse macrocirculatory profile of CKD patients.
Hydrogen sulphide ameliorates dopamine‐induced astrocytic inflammation and neurodegeneration in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Zhuge Weishan , Zhuge Qichuan , Wang Weikan , Lu Xiaoai , You Ruimin , Liu Leping , Yu He , Wang Jian , Wang Xuebao , Ye Yiru , Ding Saidan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the action of dopamine (DA) could enhance the production of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by astrocytes and potentiate neuronal apoptosis in minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE). Recently, sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) has been found to have neuroprotective properties. Our study addressed whether NaHS could rescue DA‐challenged inflammation and apoptosis in neurons to ameliorate memory impairment in MHE rats and in the neuron and astrocyte coculture system. We found that NaHS suppressed DA‐induced p65 acetylation, resulting in reduced TNF‐α production in astrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, decreased apoptosis was observed in neurons exposed to conditioned medium from DA + NaHS‐challenged astrocytes, which was similar to the results obtained in the neurons exposed to TNF‐α + NaHS, suggesting a therapeutic effect of NaHS on the suppression of neuronal apoptosis via the reduction of TNF‐α level. DA triggered the inactivation of p70 S6 ribosomal kinase (S6K1) and dephosphorylation of Bad, resulting in the disaggregation of Bclxl and Bak and the release of cytochrome c (Cyt. c), and this process could be reversed by NaHS administration. Our work demonstrated that NaHS attenuated DA‐induced astrocytic TNF‐α release and ameliorated inflammation‐induced neuronal apoptosis in MHE. Further research into this approach may uncover future potential therapeutic strategies for MHE.
NR4A1 counteracts JNK activation incurred by ER stress or ROS in pancreatic β‐cells for protection
Authors: Pu Ze‐qing , Liu Dong , Lobo Mouguegue Hanse Pablick Patherny , Jin Cheng‐wen , Sadiq Esha , Qin Dan‐dan , Yu Tian‐fu , Zong Chen , Chen Ji‐cui , Zhao Ru‐xing , Lin Jing‐Yu , Cheng Jie , Yu Xiao , Li Xia , Zhang Yu‐chao , Liu Yuan‐tao , Guan Qing‐bo , Wang Xiang‐dong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSustained hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia incur endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction in pancreatic β‐cells. ER stress or ROS causes c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and the activated JNK triggers apoptosis in different cells. Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1 (NR4A1) is an inducible multi‐stress response factor. The aim of this study was to explore the role of NR4A1 in counteracting JNK activation induced by ER stress or ROS and the related mechanism. qPCR, Western blotting, dual‐luciferase reporter and ChIP assays were applied to detect gene expression or regulation by NR4A1. Immunofluorescence was used to detect a specific protein expression in β‐cells. Our data showed that NR4A1 reduced the phosphorylated JNK (p‐JNK) in MIN6 cells encountering ER stress or ROS and reduced MKK4 protein in a proteasome‐dependent manner. We found that NR4A1 increased the expression of cbl‐b (an E3 ligase); knocking down cbl‐b expression increased MKK4 and p‐JNK levels under ER stress or ROS conditions. We elucidated that NR4A1 enhanced the transactivation of cbl‐b promoter by physical association. We further confirmed that cbl‐b expression in β‐cells was reduced in NR4A1‐knockout mice compared with WT mice. NR4A1 down‐regulates JNK activation by ER stress or ROS in β‐cells via enhancing cbl‐b expression.
microRNA expression variation as a potential molecular mechanism contributing to adaptation to hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Kelley Joanna L. , Desvignes Thomas , McGowan Kerry L. , Perez Marcos , Rodriguez Lenin Arias , Brown Anthony P. , Culumber Zach , Tobler Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractmicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression and can play an important role in modulating organismal development and physiology in response to environmental stress. However, the role of miRNAs in mediating adaptation to diverse environments in natural study systems remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterized miRNAs and their expression in Poecilia mexicana, a species of small fish that inhabits both normal streams and extreme environments in the form of springs rich in toxic hydrogen sulphide (H2S). We found that P. mexicana has a similar number of miRNA genes as other teleosts. In addition, we identified a large population of mature miRNAs that were differentially expressed between locally adapted populations in contrasting habitats, indicating that miRNAs may contribute to P. mexicana adaptation to sulphidic environments. In silico identification of differentially expressed miRNA‐mRNA pairs revealed, in the sulphidic environment, the downregulation of miRNAs predicted to target mRNAs involved in sulphide detoxification and cellular homeostasis, which are pathways essential for life in H2S‐rich springs. In addition, we found that predicted targets of upregulated miRNAs act in the mitochondria (16.6% of predicted annotated targets), which is the main site of H2S toxicity and detoxification, possibly modulating mitochondrial function. Together, the differential regulation of miRNAs between these natural populations suggests that miRNAs may be involved in H2S adaptation by promoting functions needed for survival and reducing functions affected by H2S. This study lays the groundwork for further research to directly demonstrate the role of miRNAs in adaptation to H2S. Overall, this study provides a critical stepping‐stone towards a comprehensive understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the adaptive variation in gene expression in a natural system.
Comparison of conceptual rainfall–runoff models in semi‐arid watersheds of eastern Algeria
Authors: Abdi Ishak , Meddi Mohamed 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe northeastern of Algeria is the rainiest region of the country, where regional catchments are often subject to devastating floods. To improve the management of water resources, there is a need to develop rainfall–runoff models. This study was conducted to propose an event‐based flood prediction model adapted to the region. Thereby, available rainfall–runoff data were used in several models to find the best one able to reproduce the flood hydrographs in three catchments. These models are based on the coupling of both production and transfer functions. For this purpose, five production functions were tested: the Soil Conservation Service–Curve Number (SCS‐CN) model, including three antecedent moisture conditions, and four modified Mishra and Singh models, incorporating antecedent moisture amounts. Three transfer functions were also tested: the Nash, Clark, and Weibull models. The tested models were all calibrated through a multi‐objective optimisation using the genetic algorithms method. It was found that the MMS models were better than the SCS‐CN method according to the performance criteria. Moreover, the proposed modified empirical equation (M4) improved runoff prediction. Furthermore, combined with the Nash model as a transfer function, the coupled model was found to be the best performing model, giving satisfactory results.
Andrographolide restores glucose uptake in rat hippocampal neurons
Authors: Gherardelli Camila , Cisternas Pedro , Gutiérrez Joel , Martinez Milka , Inestrosa Nibaldo C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCerebral glucose hypometabolism is a common pathophysiological characteristic of many neurodegenerative diseases. This metabolic dysfunction includes alterations in glucose transport from the blood into the neurons by the facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs). Several studies suggest that metabolic disturbances precede clinical symptoms and correlate with disease progression. Some groups have started to explore the use of therapeutic strategies that target decreased cerebral glucose metabolism to promote its availability. We selected Andrographolide (Andro), a natural product obtained from Andrographis paniculate that has both anti‐hyperglycemic and anti‐diabetic effects. Although it was shown to promote glucose uptake in vivo, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we evaluated the acute effects of Andro on glucose transport and metabolism using primary rat hippocampal neuronal cultures. Our results showed that Andro enhances neuronal glucose uptake and stimulates glucose metabolism by inducing GLUT3 and 4 expression in neurons, as well as by promoting glycolysis. We also observed that Andro‐mediated effects depend on the activity of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), one of the central regulators of glucose metabolism. Our studies open the possibility to use Andro as a drug to restore glucose levels in neurodegenerative diseases.
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How Life Experiences and Cultural Context Matter: A Multilevel Framework of Global Leader Effectiveness
Authors: Javidan Mansour , Waldman David A. , Wang Danni 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe explore the implications of social cognitive and contact theories as applied to leader effectiveness in a global context. Specifically, we test a multilevel, moderated mediated model using a sample of 755 global leaders and their supervisors from 43 countries. These leaders were drawn from mostly senior executive ranks in large global corporations. Our findings support hypotheses confirming the indirect relationship of intense multicultural life exposure through global mindset in the prediction of global leader effectiveness, as well as the moderating role of home country culture tightness. These findings have implications for the selection and development of leaders in global roles.
Found in Transliteration: Translanguaging and the Polyvocality of Xiqu Centre
Authors: Wong Andrew D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article illustrates how the linguistic‐anthropological notion of axes of differentiation can illuminate translanguaging practices. Through an analysis of media texts, it explores the ways in which multilingual Hongkongers draw on their semiotic repertoires to make sense of Xiqu Centre as the English name of the recently inaugurated center for traditional Chinese theater in their city. Against the backdrop of different axes of differentiation, supporters and detractors contrast the Putonghua word xìqǔ “traditional Chinese theater” with its equivalents in English and Cantonese respectively, thereby arriving at diametrically opposed interpretations of the name. While many detractors engage in interpretive practices that challenge the discreteness of linguistic systems, others who use their multilingual knowledge to criticize the name appeal to ideologies of linguistic purism. To fully understand multilinguals’ production and interpretation of signs, we need to examine not only communicative practices that disrupt language boundaries but also those practices that do not.
Seasonal variation in the canopy color of temperate evergreen conifer forests
Authors: Seyednasrollah Bijan , Bowling David R. , Cheng Rui , Logan Barry A. , Magney Troy S. , Frankenberg Christian , Yang Julia C. , Young Adam M. , Hufkens Koen , Arain M. Altaf , Black T. Andrew , Blanken Peter D. , Bracho Rosvel , Jassal Rachhpal , Hollinger David Y. , Law Beverly E. , Nesic Zoran , Richardson Andrew D. 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Evergreen conifer forests are the most prevalent land cover type in North America. Seasonal changes in the color of evergreen forest canopies have been documented with near‐surface remote sensing, but the physiological mechanisms underlying these changes, and the implications for photosynthetic uptake, have not been fully elucidated.

Here, we integrate on‐the‐ground phenological observations, leaf‐level physiological measurements, near surface hyperspectral remote sensing and digital camera imagery, tower‐based CO2 flux measurements, and a predictive model to simulate seasonal canopy color dynamics.

We show that seasonal changes in canopy color occur independently of new leaf production, but track changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, the photochemical reflectance index, and leaf pigmentation. We demonstrate that at winter‐dormant sites, seasonal changes in canopy color can be used to predict the onset of canopy‐level photosynthesis in spring, and its cessation in autumn. Finally, we parameterize a simple temperature‐based model to predict the seasonal cycle of canopy greenness, and we show that the model successfully simulates interannual variation in the timing of changes in canopy color.

These results provide mechanistic insight into the factors driving seasonal changes in evergreen canopy color and provide opportunities to monitor and model seasonal variation in photosynthetic activity using color‐based vegetation indices.
white panicle2 encoding thioredoxin z, regulates plastid RNA editing by interacting with multiple organellar RNA editing factors in rice
Authors: Wang Yunlong , Wang Yihua , Ren Yulong , Duan Erchao , Zhu Xiaopin , Hao Yuanyuan , Zhu Jianping , Chen Rongbo , Lei Jie , Teng Xuan , Zhang Yuanyan , Wang Di , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiuping , Jiang Ling , Liu Shijia , Tian Yunlu , Liu Xi , Chen Liangming , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jianmin 
Published: October 2020

Summary

Thioredoxins (TRXs) occur in plant chloroplasts as complex disulphide oxidoreductases. Although many biological processes are regulated by thioredoxins, the regulatory mechanism of chloroplast TRXs are largely unknown.

Here we report a rice white panicle2 mutant caused by a mutation in the thioredoxin z gene, an orthologue of AtTRX z in Arabidopsis. white panicle2 (wp2) seedlings exhibited a high‐temperature‐sensitive albinic phenotype.

We found that plastid multiple organellar RNA editing factors (MORFs) were the regulatory targets of thioredoxin z. We showed that OsTRX z protein physically interacts with OsMORFs in a redox‐dependent manner and that the redox state of a conserved cysteine in the MORF box is essential for MORF–MORF interactions. wp2 and OsTRX z knockout lines show reduced editing efficiencies in many plastidial‐encoded genes especially under high‐temperature conditions. An Arabidopsis trx z mutant also exhibited significantly reduced chloroplast RNA editing.

Our combined results suggest that thioredoxin z regulates chloroplast RNA editing in plants by controlling the redox state of MORFs.