bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHIELD: the causal hypotheses in evolutionary linguistics database
Authors: Roberts Seán G , Killin Anton , Deb Angarika , Sheard Catherine , Greenhill Simon J , Sinnemäki Kaius , Segovia-Martín José , Nölle Jonas , Berdicevskis Aleksandrs , Humphreys-Balkwill Archie , Little Hannah , Opie Christopher , Jacques Guillaume , Bromham Lindell , Tinits Peeter , Ross Robert M , Lee Sean , Gasser Emily , Calladine Jasmine , Spike Matthew , Mann Stephen Francis , Shcherbakova Olena , Singer Ruth , Zhang Shuya , Benítez-Burraco Antonio , Kliesch Christian , Thomas-Colquhoun Ewan , Skirgård Hedvig , Tamariz Monica , Passmore Sam , Pellard Thomas , Jordan Fiona 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLanguage is one of the most complex of human traits. There are many hypotheses about how it originated, what factors shaped its diversity, and what ongoing processes drive how it changes. We present the Causal Hypotheses in Evolutionary Linguistics Database (CHIELD, https://chield.excd.org/), a tool for expressing, exploring, and evaluating hypotheses. It allows researchers to integrate multiple theories into a coherent narrative, helping to design future research. We present design goals, a formal specification, and an implementation for this database. Source code is freely available for other fields to take advantage of this tool. Some initial results are presented, including identifying conflicts in theories about gossip and ritual, comparing hypotheses relating population size and morphological complexity, and an author relation network.
Legal framework for the interstate cooperation on development and transport of fossil natural resources of the Caspian Sea†
Authors: Janusz-Pawletta Barbara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on the regulations of the Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea (hereinafter as Caspian Sea Convention), which was adopted in 2018. It regulates the development and access to Caspian fossil fuel resources and protects its environment, which are important factors for the sustainable development of the region. The main finding of this article is that the Caspian Sea Convention, having established the maritime zones, has, for the first time ever, recognized the territorial sovereignty of the individual riparian states in the Caspian Sea and defined its territorial scope. After presenting to the riparian states’ their rights and obligations within the newly defined maritime zones, the article analyses the new legal framework for the development and use of the natural resources of the Caspian Sea. It also elaborates on the new legal regime for the transportation of resources by means of vessels and submarine pipelines.
Real-Time Overlapping of Indocyanine Green—Video Angiography With White Light Imaging for Vascular Neurosurgery: Technique, Implementation, and Clinical Experience
Authors: Athanasopoulos Dimitrios , Heimann Axel , Nakamura Makoto , Kakaletri Irini , Kempski Oliver , Charalampaki Patra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Fluorescent-guided techniques in vascular neurosurgery can be demonstrated via black and white indocyanine green videoangiography (ICG-VA). Multispectral imaging (MFL) is a new method, which overlaps fluorescence with the white light and provides a fluorescent white light augmented reality image to the surgeon.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate (a) whether MFL can enhance the visualization of the blood-flow with simultaneous visualization of the anatomic structures and (b) if MFL can ergonomically improve the microvascular surgical treatment compared to ICG-VA.

METHODS
A digital imaging of the blood flow after intravenous injection of ICG on 7 pigs was performed in real time under white light, standard fluorescence, and MFL. The blood flow was interrupted with a surgical clip, demonstrating the blockage of the blood flow. We prospectively included 30 patients with vascular deformities. The vasculature was visualized on the microscope's monitor and through the microscope's eyepiece.

RESULTS
In the animal experiment, the visualization of the anatomy and the blood flow under MFL produced high resolution images. The occlusion of blood vessels demonstrated sufficiently the blockage of tissue perfusion and its reperfusion after clip removal. During all 30 surgical cases, the MFL technique and the direct delivery of the pseudo-colored image through the eyepiece allowed for enhanced anatomic and dynamic data.

CONCLUSION
MFL was shown to be superior to the classic ICG-VA, delivering enhanced data and notably improving the workflow due to the simultaneous and precise white light visualization of the blood flow and the surrounding anatomic structures.
ADHD Symptoms and Financial Distress
Authors: Liao Chi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe examine the effect of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on individual-level financial distress. ADHD is the most common mental disorder among children and is characterized by behaviors such as inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness that interfere with school and home life. In a representative panel, we find that individuals with more severe ADHD symptoms during childhood have more difficulty paying bills and are more likely to be delinquent on bill payments in adulthood. Further, those with more severe symptoms are less likely to have precautionary savings and more likely to have to delay buying necessities. These effects exist across the full range of ADHD symptom scores and are not driven by the most severe cases of ADHD; this is consistent with recent evidence that ADHD symptoms occur on a continuum. Preliminary evidence suggests that medication for behavioral issues may mitigate the effect of ADHD symptoms on financial distress.
First insights into the phylogeny of tok-tokkie beetles (Tenebrionidae: Molurina, Phanerotomeina) and examination of the status of thePsammodes vialisspecies-group
Authors: Kamiński Marcin J , Gearner Olivia M , Kanda Kojun , Swichtenberg Kali , Purchart Luboš , Smith Aaron D 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe first molecular phylogeny of the tribe Sepidiini is inferred from analyses of DNA sequence data from the following five loci (CAD, wg, COI, COII, 28S rRNA). Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses were performed on a dataset containing 41 taxa, of which a majority represent Molurina (27) and Phanerotomeina (6). The resulting topologies were used to discuss phylogenetic placement and diagnostic characters of all of the genera representing Molurina. Within the subtribe, the results revealed paraphyly of the genus Psammodes. The P. vialis species-group, currently classified within Psammodes, was recovered as sister to all other Molurina genera. Based on this topology and morphological investigations, a new genus named Toktokkus gen. nov. is established. Within Phanerotomeina, Ocnodes is paraphyletic with regard to Tarsocnodes. In order to restore the monophyly of Ocnodes, the subgenus Chiliarchum stat. nov. is elevated to generic level. Finally, as the homology of female terminalia structures has never been fully assessed for Sepidiini, a comparative study of ovipositor morphology was conducted. As a result, this paper presents the first fully annotated ovipositors for tok-tokkie beetles.
Exposure to 4,4′‐Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate Upregulates Chemokines CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and IL‐8 Transcription Through Activation of Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling in Macrophages
Authors: Lin Chen-Chung , Law Brandon F , Hettick Justin M 
Published: April 2020

Exposure to the most widely used monomericdiisocyanate, 4,4′‐methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), in the occupational setting may lead to the development of occupational asthma (OA). Currently, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which MDI induces OA remain an active area of research. Airway macrophage dysfunctions such as decreased phagocytosis and efferocytosis as well as increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide(NO) and immune mediators, etc., play important roles in asthma pathogenesis. Previously, we demonstrated that the downregulation of microRNA (miR)‐206‐3p and miR‐381‐3p mediated activation of the Calcineurin/nuclear factors of activated T‐cells (NFATs) signaling pathway which induced endogenous inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) transcription in macrophages and bronchoalveolarlavage cells (BALCs) after acute MDI exposure. However, whether MDI may affect expression of other asthma‐associated immune mediators in macrophages/BALCs and the underlying molecular mechanisms driving these effects are currently unknown. We hypothesize that MDI exposure induces several asthma‐associated mediators through Calcineurin/NFAT signaling activation in macrophages. We determined the expression of macrophage‐secreted, asthma‐associated mediators including cytokines (IL1‐β, TNF‐α, and IL‐6); chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CCL11, and IL‐8), and growth factors (GM‐CSF and TGF‐β) from both MDI‐exposed murine BALCs and MDI‐glutathione(GSH) conjugate‐treated differentiated THP‐1 macrophages using RT‐qPCR. Both in vivo murine MDI aerosol and in vitro MDI‐GSH exposures result in the upregulation of endogenous IL1‐β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and TGF‐β. Treatment of THP‐1 macrophages with 1 μM Tacrolimus (FK506), a specific Calcineurin/NFAT signaling inhibitor, blocked the induction of CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and IL‐8 expression by MDI‐GSH conjugates but not IL1‐β, TNF‐α, IL‐6, and TGF‐β. These results indicate that Calcineurin/NFAT signaling activation plays an important role for CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and IL‐8 transcriptional upregulation following MDI exposure in macrophage. These results suggest MDI exposure may result in recrutement of many different cell types such as eosinophils, T‐cells, monocytes, macrophages, etc., into the airway by induction of chemokines transcription via Calcineurin/NFAT signaling activation in the macrophages/BALCs.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by intramural funds from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Intricacies of students attending medicine programs and their salivary microbiomes
Authors: Prasad Samiksha , Wrench Algevis 
Published: April 2020

The human microbiome is defined as microbes, their collective genetic material and ecosystems established within and on the human body. These microbes and their genomes play a role in human physiology and homeostasis as well as may potentially be associated with disease onset and progression. As a result, understanding the human microbiome is essential for maintaining overall health and wellbeing. Researchers have found that the human microbiome can be affected by different environmental factors. Yet, the complexities of how these factors affect the diversity of the salivary microbiome are not well understood. Thus, for this pilot study, we aim to gain improved insight into the role of environmental factors on the salivary microbiome of students from Nova Southeastern University (NSU) medicine programs, which include Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine (NSU MD) and Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine (KPCOM). Specifically, we plan to evaluate the role of perceived stress, diet, and lifestyle tied to an advanced and intense curriculum among 100 medical students. We will obtain saliva samples from these students, which will be categorized by program and further subcategorized by the year of their program and other demographic parameters. Extracted bacterial DNA will be subjected to sequencing analysis and results will be compared based on perceived stress level, diet and lifestyle variables. Finally, bioinformatics analysis (co‐occurrence, network analysis and function predictions) and statistical significance will be performed. Previous research efforts have yet to evaluate the combined effects of perceived stress, diet and lifestyle factors on the salivary microbiome in a student population. Medical school students provide a unique population to study, as they undergo an intense and overwhelming curriculum. The results from this study will serve as preliminary data to expand the project to a larger population in the community, with the potential to benefit the overall public health.Support or Funding InformationHPD Research Grant, Nova Southeastern University
H‐current blocker (ZD 7288) reduces firing patterns on putative dopaminergic neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Bosque-Cordero Karl Yomar , Vazquez-Torres Rafael , Calo-Guadalupe Cristhian , Consuegra-Garcia Daisy , Fois Giulia , Georges Francois , Jimenez-Rivera Carlos A. 
Published: April 2020

The hyperpolarization‐activated cation current (H‐current) is a major determinant of neuronal intrinsic excitability in various cells including dopaminergic neurons of the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA DA). In contrast to other cellular conductances, the H‐current activates through hyperpolarizing voltage steps to potentials negative to −55mV and depolarizes the membrane potential. We explored through in vivo anesthetized single unit extracellular electrophysiology the contribution of the H‐current on VTA DA neurons spontaneous firing patterns in naïve rats. A key feature of evaluating spontaneous excitability is the detection of bursting activity. Bursting is defined as trains of two or more spikes occurring within a short interval and followed by a prolonged period of inactivity (Grace et al., 1984). It has been well documented that burst formation increases the reliability of information transfer. Additionally, bursts and spikes can develop a parallel code, in which they can promote various stimulus features in the same spike train. To elucidate the contribution of H‐current on VTA DA neurons spontaneous firing patterns we perfused H‐current blocker (ZD 7288) through a double barrel pipette and evaluated its effect. H‐current blockade significantly reduced firing rate, bursting frequency and percent of spikes in burst in VTA DA neurons. Neuroadaptations in this network are hypothesized to trigger various neurobiological diseases including drug addiction. Reduction of spontaneous firing patterns through H‐current blockade could serve as a possible modulator of conditions related to VTA DA hyperexcitability.Support or Funding InformationNational Institute of General Medical Sciences (2SC1GM084854) National Center for Research Resources (5R25GM061838‐15, 2G12‐RR003051) National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (8G12‐MD007600) NSF Partnerships in International Research and Education (PIRE) program Neural Mechanisms of Reward & Decision (OISE‐1545803) Research initiative for Scientific Enhancement RISE (5R25GM061151‐18)
Do folding elements trade‐off with function in the human mitochondrial metabolite transporter?
Authors: Mahalakshmi Radhakrishnan 
Published: April 2020

In humans, transmembrane β‐barrels are found exclusively in the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). They comprise metabolite transporters, translocases, and chaperones, which together control cellular homeostasis. The metabolite transporters — known as voltage‐dependent anion channels (VDACs) – are the most abundant OMM barrels. They are 19‐stranded β‐barrel structures that also form important pharmacological targets due to their roles in metabolite flux, steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, and ROS regulation. Despite long‐standing efforts, molecular factors that regulate VDAC function and folding at the atomistic level are not known. Here, we map the folding nucleus and the assembly pathway of human VDAC isoform 2 in phosphocholine vesicles. We carry out a comprehensive measurement of hVDAC2 folding kinetics, and equilibrium thermodynamic contribution, of each of the 270 non‐Ala residues of the 294‐residue barrel. Interestingly, we obtain a two‐state thermodynamic equilibrium that is attained through two detectable on‐pathway early folding intermediates, which are assembled in milliseconds – seconds. These intermediates undergo slow conformational restructuring to form the folded VDAC2 barrel. We find that specific charged residues that form a part of these early intermediates also positively regulate the gating characteristics of VDAC2. This observation is unprecedented, as directed evolution of protein sequences in favor of function usually place a stability burden on its structure that additionally impedes protein assembly. Our findings provide molecular insight on the assembly pathway of human VDAC2, and directly link these folding elements with VDAC2 function as the metabolite transporter of human mitochondria.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance Fellowship [grant number IA/I/14/1/501305] awarded to RM.
Early Findings from the NIH BEST Cross‐Site Evaluation
Authors: Lenzi Rebecca N , Korn Stephen , Wallace Madeleine , Labosky Patricia A , Desmond Nancỳ A 
Published: April 2020

In 2013 and 2014, the NIH Common Fund issued its Broadening Experiences in Scientific Training (BEST) awards to 17 research sites. The BEST awards focused on enabling institutions to develop innovative programs to increase biomedical trainee exposure to a range of research‐related career options through activities like coursework, workshops, and active learning experiences.The NIH outlined three goals of all BEST awardees: 1) trainee confidence and knowledge to make career decisions, 2) influence of this added activity on time in training, and 3) ability of the institutions to sustain activities deemed beneficial. Three methods were used to collect data: 1) a Data Form completed by BEST awardee institutions, including detailed tracking of all activities and participation 2) multiple surveys of graduate students and postdoctoral researchers at BEST institutions, and 3) yearly teleconferences with BEST site coordinators to gather contextual information.Through all years, the activity offered most often across BEST institutions was single‐day workshops. These workshops had high trainee attendance (ex: 1749 graduate students and 821 postdoctoral scientists in Year 3 attended 377 single day workshops across the 17 sites). Interestingly, entrance survey data also suggest many trainees are familiar with broad career options (64% and 57.8% of graduate student and postdoctoral scientist survey respondents reporting familiarity with “all” or “most” of the 20 myIDP career paths). Questions were also posed to assess confidence levels related to career awareness and preparation. Over 80% percent of all graduate students and postdoctoral scientists reported being moderately, highly, or completely confident across all five questions. While many BEST graduate students and postdoctoral scientists are still in training, for those that have completed training, participation in BEST activities did not increase time in training.Overall, our data suggest trainees are generally aware of current career options beyond traditional academic research‐intensive positions. BEST awardee institutions also made great strides in collecting data on career development activities and tracking participation for thousands of trainees.
Structural and Functional Characterization of the Integrase HK022
Authors: Kennedy Madison Arza , Stoddard Barry 
Published: April 2020

There is great demand for sophisticated molecular tools for precise genome editing and engineering. The current state of the art for this purpose is to use site‐specific nucleases to generate targeted double‐stranded breaks (DSBs) that are repaired by the cell. Though effective, nucleases often display off‐target cleavage and generate heterogeneous repair products via operations such as non‐homologous end joining. In contrast, tyrosine site‐specific recombinases (SSRs), like Cre and FLP which function biologically to drive integration of phage/viral genomes, generate precise repair outcomes. These outcomes include genetic insertions, deletions or inversions and are performed with considerably lower off‐target activity. HK022 is a relatively under‐studied tyrosine SSR with considerable sequence similarity to the well‐studied lambda phage integrase. In contrast to that enzyme, HK022 displays a recognition profile that is appropriate for targeting disease‐causing mutations, is highly site‐specific, and does not require auxiliary proteins for its function. Additionally, HK022 has the potential to recognize and recombine non‐identical DNA sites which provides the ability to selectively promote recombination in one direction, instead of an equilibrium between non‐recombined and recombined forms. The flexibility and small size of the DNA recognition site, combined with its ability to utilize large DNA cassette inserts make HK022 a promising candidate for optimization for genome engineering. Three forms of HK022 (optimized for synaptic, post‐strand exchange, and Holliday junction structures with DNA) have successfully been expressed and purified for co‐crystallization with unique DNA of interest. Given the success with the lambda integrase, we suspect that HK022 will be equally amenable to crystallization. Solving the structure of HK022 in its many forms provides the ability to compare its recognition pattern to lambda integrase to further understand the diversity of this enzyme class. In addition to generating the first crystal structure of HK022, we wish to enhance the overall stability and activity of the enzyme and optimize it for therapeutic and biotechnological purposes.Support or Funding InformationNational Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program (NSF GRFP) DGE‐1762114. National Institute of Health (NIH) R01 GM105691.
Purification of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2B complex from a predominantly diploid organism, C. albicans by FLAG‐epitope tagging of the two alleles of GCDI
Authors: Egbe Nkechi Eucharia , Onuh Kingsley 
Published: April 2020

To study protein interaction and expression in cells, the cells are usually tagged to enable location of proteins within cells and for isolation and purification of the protein complexes of interest. Epitope tags are useful for affinity purification and immunochemistry. This strategy has been successfully utilized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and many other model organisms. The human pathogenic yeast, C. albicans, however is predominantly diploid, and autonomous plasmid systems developed for routine use are unstable in this organism, therefore, tagging just a single copy of a gene, as is done in other organisms with stable haploid state, will not permit maximal protein expression of the tagged allele, as the organism will also be expressing the untagged allele of the gene of interest. In an attempt to circumvent some of these potential bottlenecks, we designed a tagging strategy with four FLAG epitopes making use of a mini URA3 blaster (URA3‐dpl200) cassette. This strategy enabled the epitope tagging of the two alleles of GCD1, which code for a subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). The eIF2B is a heteropentameric guanine nucleotide exchange factor that functions during translation initiation. The tagged protein complex was purified by a single affinity chromatography step and yielded the expected sized bands on SDS PAGE gel. The sub‐complex of the protein subunits were enriched in the purified sample detected by mass spectrometry. Therefore, these data shows that tagging of the two GCD1 alleles with 4xFLAG epitope has successfully allowed the eIF2B to be purified.Support or Funding InformationTertiary Education Trust Fund, Nigeria