bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eiskeimbildung durch dielektrische Polarisation
Authors: Rau Walter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In unterkühlten Wassertropfen kann die Eiskeimbildung durch ein elektrisches Feld in streng reproduzierbarer Weise hervorgerufen werden. Passende Elektrodenanordnungen (Funke im Luftraum auf die Tropfen bzw. Spitzenwirkung, Elektroden mit Bernsteinhülle, Kondensatoren und Funken in den Wassertropfen selbst) lassen erkennen, daß dabei die dielektrische Polarisation im unterkühlten Wasser wirksam ist. Gefrierkerne und Erschütterungen konnten aus-geschlossen werden.
Diese Eisbildung gelingt schon ab -1°C. Die benötigte Feldstärke hängt von der Unter-kühlungstemperatur und vom Reinheitsgrad des Wassers ab; geringe Unterkühlungen erfordern höhere Feldstärken. Charakteristisch ist, daß immer sehr viele getrennte Eisteilchen (Sterne und Kreisscheibchen) gleichzeitig in einem Tropfen entstehen, und daß diese gegebenenfalls so orientiert sind, daß sie mit einer Diagonalen (Nebenachse) in Richtung der Feldlinien stehen.
Der Abtrocknungseffekt der Gefrierkerne und die Impfung von unterkühlten Tropfen mit trockenen Kernen (erstes Maximum des Gefrierkernspektrums) können somit durch die mit der Entstehung einer Doppelschicht verbundene dielektrische Polarisation erklärt werden.
Diese elektrische Eisbildung kann bei hohen Feldstärken auch in der Atmosphäre vorkommen; Gefrierkerne sind dann überflüssig. Auch beim Zerblasen (Lenard-Effekt) von Wasser-tropfen kann es damit zur Eisbildung kommen, sobald es sich um unterkühlte Wassertropfen handelt.
Zur Methodik der luftelektrischen Potentialmessungen Einfluß des Windes bei radioaktiven Kollektoren
Authors: Mühleisen R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Durch die Ionisation eines radioaktiven Kollektors wird die Leitfähigkeit der umgebenden Luft, in der Windrichtung verändert; dies führt zu Änderungen des Potentials am Kollektor. Zur Untersuchung der Größe dieses Einflusses wurden zwei gleiche Meßanordnungen verwendet, die in geringem Abstand voneinander aufgestellt waren. Sie bestanden aus einer mit Polonium aktivierten Sonde, einem neuen, hochohmigen Röhrenvoltmeter und einem Registriergalvanometer. Der Vergleich dieser Doppelregistrierungen und Versuche im künstlichen Feld zeigen, daß durch kleine Windgeschwindigkeiten in Richtung des Potentialgradienten Veränderungen des Potentials bis zu 30% möglich sind.
Über das permanent polarisierte Dielektrikum
Authors: Binder Fritz 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Es wird der Begriff des Elektreten erläutert und die bei einem permanent polarisierten Dielektrikum auftretenden Erscheinungen summarisch besprochen. Es werden Messungen an Polyvinylchlorid mitgeteilt. Durch Bestäuben sichtbar gemachte Ladungsverteilungen demonstrieren den Übergang von Ladungen zwischen Dielektrikum und Elektroden, die das Auftreten elektrischer Durchschläge zwischen Elektrode und Dielektrikumoberfläche direkt beweisen.
Die Randschicht eines Germanium-Flächengleichrichters im Flußbereich Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Bösenberg W. , Fues E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Einige Rechnungen, die über die Feld-und Konzentrationsverteilung der Elektronen und Löcher in der Schottky sehen Randschicht eines Metall/Germanium-Kontaktes durchgeführt wurden, lassen den Schwemmeffekt in der Umgebung der Emittorelektrode eines Transistors durch die Schottky sehe Theorie verstehen. Bei großen Flußströmen ergibt sich im Halbleiter eine stark erhöhte Elektronen-und Löcherkonzentration.
Die Massen von 23Na, 39K und 41K
Authors: Henglein Arnim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Der Bau eines modernen Parabelspektrographen und einer Ionenquelle nach dem Prinzip von A. E. Shaw wird beschrieben. Die Eigenschaften der Ionenquelle im Betrieb am doppel-fokussierenden Massenspektrographen von Mattauch und Herzog werden untersucht und Präzisionsbestimmungen der Massen von 23Na, 39K und 41K durchgeführt.
Für die Masse des 23Na wurde der Wert (22,99665 ± 0,00008) ME gefunden; für die Kalium-isotope ergaben sieb die Dublettwerte:
C2H3N - 41K (65,13 ± 0,05) mME und
C2HN - 39K (47,58 ± 0,08) mME.
Über die Lichtemission von ferroelektrischen Triglyzinsulfatkristallen
Authors: Schmidt G. , Petersson J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Electrical sparks are studied which occur when ferroelectric TGS crystals are heated through the Curie point. The light comes from electrical discharges into the surrounding atmosphere. A rough surface of the crystal and the configuration of the domains have a very strong influence on this effect. Similar sparks are found at the edge of the electrode when the polarization is reversed by an electrical voltage being greater than a certain critical value. A mechanism is proposed which describes these phenomena.
Nachweis einer Mischungslücke im System Cu—Ni durch Elektronenbestrahlung
Authors: Schwab Georg Maria , Stutterheim Friedrich von 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In äquiatomaren Cu -Ni-Legierungen werden durch Elektronenbestrahlung Frenkel-Defekte erzeugt, die den Diffusionskoeffizienten erhöhen. Dadurch wachsen durch Cu-Diffusion ferromagnetische nickelreiche Bereiche, während der Paramagnetismus der Matrix abnimmt. Damit ist das Vor-handensein der Mischungslücke auch in kompaktem Material nachgewiesen. Die kritische Mischungs-temperatur ist zwischen 270 und 300 °C zu suchen.
Schwingungsberechnungen an Cyclopropenderivaten zur Zuordnung und Charakterisierung der beobachteten Banden1
Authors: Höfler Friedrich , Schräder Bernhard , Krebs Adolf 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Unter Verwendung eines erweiterten Valenzkraftmodells werden Normalkoordinatenanalysen an Cyclopropenylium-Ionen C3X3
+ (X=Cl, Br, C6H5), Tetrahalogencyclopropenen C3X4 (X=Cl, Br) sowie 16O-und 18O-Cyclopropenonen (R=CH3, C6H5) durchgeführt. Es werden Kraftkonstanten erhalten, die folgende Aussagen zulassen: Im Cyclopropenyliumsystem sind die Valenzkraftkonstanten der Bindungen im und am Ring größer als bei analogen Benzolderivaten. Bei den Cyclopropenonen sind die Kraftkonstanten der Doppelbindungen gegenüber den Werten in nichtkonjugierten Olefinen und Ketonen erniedrigt, diejenigen der Einfachbindungen erhöht. Daraus folgt, daß die Betain-Struktur am Grundzustand beteiligt ist. Die Potentialenergieverteilungen und Eigenvektoren zeigen eine starke Mischung der verschiedenen inneren Koordinaten des Moleküls an.
Studies on the PMR Spectra of Oxetanes . V. 2-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)oxetane and 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)oxetane
Authors: Jokisaari Jukka , Rahkamaa Erkki 
Published: September 2020

The 60 MHz proton magnetic resonance spectra of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)oxetane and 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)oxetane in 10 mole per cent CCl4 solution have been analyzed using the sub-spectral method. The proton chemical shifts and the proton-proton couplings have been determined. Some aspects concerning the effects of the 3- and 2-chlorines in the phenyl ring on the magnetic parameters have been put foward. The proton-proton couplings 4J0 and 5Jm from the benzyl proton to the ortho and meta protons in-the phenyl ring, respectively, were found to be opposite in sign. Comparing the absolute values of these couplings, it was concluded that the rotation around the Ph-C bond between the phenyl and oxetane rings is more hindered in 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)oxetane than in 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)oxetane.
Zur Molekülstruktur des Hexachlorodisilans / The Molecular Structure of Hexachlorodisilane
Authors: Haase Joachim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Since there are discrepancies in the value of the Si -Si-bond length in Hexachlorodisilane the structure has been reingestigated with gas electrondiflraction. The resulting structure parameters are listed and compared with the earlier results.
Quark-Gluon Plasma with Finite Quark Mass
Authors: Kumar Majumdar Bimal , Roychoudhury Rajkumar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We have derived exact analytical formulas of various thermodynamic quantities such as Energy, Pressure, Entropy etc., at finite temperature without neglecting quark mass. The critical curve in the μ-T plane has been calculated to show the effect of finite quark mass. The energy density has also been calculated for different values of the quark mass.
Electronic Spectra and an Angular-Overlap-Model Analysis of trans-[Cr(ox)2(py)2]-
Authors: Schönherr Thomas , Degen Joachim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The quartet and doublet transition in trans-[Cr(ox)2(py)2]- show considerable band splittings due to the low-symmetry of the ligand field. The components of 2Eg(Oh) and 2T1 g(Oh ) have been assigned by analysis of vibrational sideband structures in the low-temperature absorption and emission spectra. The energy level scheme has been rationalized in terms of the angular-overlap model. The different contributions of n bonding from the oxalate (n donor) and pyridine (n acceptor) ligands give an explanation of the uncommon quartet band splittings. The doublet energies depend strongly on the molecular geometry. In particular, a reduction of the oxalate bite angle to about 84° has been derived from the spectral band fit.
Monitoring of changes in 5-n-alkylresorcinols during wheat seedling development
Authors: Magnucka Elżbieta G. , Oksińska Małgorzata P. , Pietr Stanisław J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For seven days of wheat growth, caryopsis remained the main source of 5-n-alkylresorcinols with C19 and/or C21 homolog as a main compound. Shoot contained small amount of these phenolic lipids; their average content was 3.23% of level obtained in the whole seedling. Moreover, 41.38% of resorcinolic lipids of seven-day-old shoot was accumulated in part of leaf covered by coleoptile. Interestingly, a removal of 1.07% of the primary pool of kernel alkylresorcinols by short-term washing (10 s) of wheat seed with acetone before planting decreased their level only in seed of seven-day old seedling. Compared to the respective controls, this treatment did not affect the amount of these lipids in the green part of seedling that proved that de novo synthesis of 5-n-alkylresorcinols takes place in shoots. The very similar homolog profiles of these lipids in four- and seven-day-old shoots turned out to be markedly less diversified than those found in respective seed samples. Compared to the mature wheat caryopsis, the rise in the content of very-long-chain homologs was observed only in the oldest shoot. Their increased accumulation was probably connected with formation of cuticular layer providing the defensive barrier against various phytopathogens.
Activity-Dependent Global Downscaling of Evoked Neurotransmitter Release across Glutamatergic Inputs inDrosophila
Authors: Karunanithi Shanker , Lin Yong Qi , Odierna G. Lorenzo , Menon Hareesh , Gonzalez Juan Mena , Neely G. Gregory , Noakes Peter G. , Lavidis Nickolas A. , Moorhouse Andrew J. , van Swinderen Bruno 
Published: September 2020

Within mammalian brain circuits, activity-dependent synaptic adaptations, such as synaptic scaling, stabilize neuronal activity in the face of perturbations. Stability afforded through synaptic scaling involves uniform scaling of quantal amplitudes across all synaptic inputs formed on neurons, as well as on the postsynaptic side. It remains unclear whether activity-dependent uniform scaling also operates within peripheral circuits. We tested for such scaling in aDrosophilalarval neuromuscular circuit, where the muscle receives synaptic inputs from different motoneurons. We used motoneuron-specific genetic manipulations to increase the activity of only one motoneuron and recordings of postsynaptic currents from inputs formed by the different motoneurons. We discovered an adaptation which caused uniform downscaling of evoked neurotransmitter release across all inputs through decreases in release probabilities. This “presynaptic downscaling” maintained the relative differences in neurotransmitter release across all inputs around a homeostatic set point, caused a compensatory decrease in synaptic drive to the muscle affording robust and stable muscle activity, and was induced within hours. Presynaptic downscaling was associated with an activity-dependent increase inDrosophilavesicular glutamate transporter expression. Activity-dependent uniform scaling can therefore manifest also on the presynaptic side to produce robust and stable circuit outputs. Within brain circuits, uniform downscaling on the postsynaptic side is implicated in sleep- and memory-related processes. Our results suggest that evaluation of such processes might be broadened to include uniform downscaling on the presynaptic side.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo date, compensatory adaptations which stabilise target cell activity through activity-dependent global scaling have been observed only within central circuits, and on the postsynaptic side. Considering that maintenance of stable activity is imperative for the robust function of the nervous system as a whole, we tested whether activity-dependent global scaling could also manifest within peripheral circuits. We uncovered a compensatory adaptation which causes global scaling within a peripheral circuit and on the presynaptic side through uniform downscaling of evoked neurotransmitter release. Unlike in central circuits, uniform scaling maintains functionality over a wide, rather than a narrow, operational range, affording robust and stable activity. Activity-dependent global scaling therefore operates on both the presynaptic and postsynaptic sides to maintain target cell activity.
Parallel Processing of Facial Expression and Head Orientation in the Macaque Brain
Authors: Taubert Jessica , Japee Shruti , Murphy Aidan P. , Tardiff Clarissa T. , Koele Elissa A. , Kumar Susheel , Leopold David A. , Ungerleider Leslie G. 
Published: September 2020

When we move the features of our face, or turn our head, we communicate changes in our internal state to the people around us. How this information is encoded and used by an observer's brain is poorly understood. We investigated this issue using a functional MRI adaptation paradigm in awake male macaques. Among face-selective patches of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), we found a double dissociation of areas processing facial expression and those processing head orientation. The face-selective patches in the STS fundus were most sensitive to facial expression, as was the amygdala, whereas those on the lower, lateral edge of the sulcus were most sensitive to head orientation. The results of this study reveal a new dimension of functional organization, with face-selective patches segregating within the STS. The findings thus force a rethinking of the role of the face-processing system in representing subject-directed actions and supporting social cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWhen we are interacting with another person, we make inferences about their emotional state based on visual signals. For example, when a person's facial expression changes, we are given information about their feelings. While primates are thought to have specialized cortical mechanisms for analyzing the identity of faces, less is known about how these mechanisms unpack transient signals, like expression, that can change from one moment to the next. Here, using an fMRI adaptation paradigm, we demonstrate that while the identity of a face is held constant, there are separate mechanisms in the macaque brain for processing transient changes in the face's expression and orientation. These findings shed new light on the function of the face-processing system during social exchanges.
Thyroid storm with delayed hyperbilirubinemia and severe heart failure: indication and contraindication of plasma exchange
Authors: Nakao Tomomi , Takeshima Ken , Ariyasu Hiroyuki , Kurimoto Chiaki , Uraki Shinsuke , Morita Shuhei , Furukawa Yasushi , Iwakura Hiroshi , Akamizu Takashi 
Published: September 2020

Summary
Thyroid storm (TS) is a life-threatening condition that may suffer thyrotoxic patients. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a rescue approach for TS with acute hepatic failure, but it should be initiated with careful considerations. We present a 55-year-old male patient with untreated Graves’ disease who developed TS. Severe hyperthyroidism and refractory atrial fibrillation with congestive heart failure aggregated to multiple organ failure. The patient was recovered by intensive multimodal therapy, but we had difficulty in introducing TPE treatment considering the risk of exacerbation of congestive heart failure due to plasma volume overload. In addition, serum total bilirubin level was not elevated in the early phase to the level of indication for TPE. The clinical course of this patient instructed delayed elevation of bilirubin until the level of indication for TPE in some patients and also demonstrated the risk of exacerbation of congestive heart failure by TPE.

Learning points:

Our patient with thyroid storm could be diagnosed and treated promptly using Japan Thyroid Association guidelines for thyroid storm.

Delayed elevation of serum bilirubin levels could make the decision of introducing therapeutic plasma exchange difficult in cases of thyroid storm with acute hepatic failure.

The risk of worsening congestive heart failure should be considered carefully when performing therapeutic plasma exchange.
Comparative Characteristics of The Effects of Drug and Mechanical Reperfusion in The Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome with ST Elevation in Patients Working in Environmentally Challenging Conditions
Authors: Javadova Tarana Mamedgasanovna  , Mammadgasan Mammadguseynovich Agayev  
Published: September 2020

Studied clinical and hemodynamic efficacy of complex use heparin,Сyто-Mас, propranolol (obzidan), fosinopril (monopril) with and PCI; PCI conducted separately on hemodynamics on cardiohemodynamics on ekoendotoksikoz (AMP) and the clinical course of patients working in environmentally stressful conditions in the acute phase and follow-up of MI. Comparison of the results of complex mediakamentoz and mechanical revascularization with PCI conducted separately. Investigated 50 patients with STMI in the age of 30 to 70 years (56,7 ± 1,20 years). Of the 50 patients 25 were treated Cyto-Mac, foznopril, propranolol with heparin and PCI (group 1); 25 patients were treated with PCI alone (group 2). In both groups, blood was determined by the degree ekoendotoksikoza (AMP) by EchoCG and Doppler EchoCG studied ESV, EDV, EF, SI, CI , an local contractility violation index of left ventricle (LCVI) , with the aid of restenosis koronorografii. A well established dynamics of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, clinical features of MI during follow-up. Patients treatedheparin,Cуто-мас, propranolol, foznopril and PCIindicators of central hemodynamics stabilizis. The reduced ЕSV,EDV, LCVI and decreased degree ofekoendotoksikoza (АMP), improves left ventricular systolic function of demand , increases PV. However, in this group, one patient on the third day was recorded AHF and one recurrent MI. İn The group spent only 2 PCI in relapse developed MI, 1 - restenosis, 2 -AHF and 1 patients died. The results show that the combined application of drug therapy with PCI provides a positive result in comparsionwiththan separately conducted PCI in ACS with elevation ST.
Rola wartości w dążeniu do zrozumienia miłości. Wokół filozofii Mieczysława Gogacza
Authors: Listkowska Bożena 
Published: September 2020

Mieczysław Gogacz dąży do uprawiania filozofii maksymalnie realistycznej. Wartości uważa za wytwory umysłu, a nie realne byty. Stąd nie zajmuje się nimi w swojej filozofii. Twierdzi, że budowanie etyki i pedagogiki w oparciu o wartości prowadzi do koncepcji idealistycznych, stawiania wymagań niemożliwych do spełnienia. W artykule argumentuje się, że wartości odgrywają ważną rolę w życiu człowieka. Wewnętrzny świat człowieka jest światem zorientowanym na wartości. Również miłość jest zjawiskiem ściśle związanym z wartościami. Jest ona odpowiedzią na wartości. Hierarchia wartości, którą kierują się osoby, jest wspólnym horyzontem, w którym rodzi się ich miłość.
Ślady fenomenologii Edmunda Husserla w twórczości Simone Weil
Authors: Fiutak Karolina 
Published: September 2020

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie i analiza pewnej dość wyraźnej zbieżności, jaka zachodzi pomiędzy myślą filozoficzną Simone Weil a metodą fenomenologiczną Edmunda Husserla. Weil zainspirowana myślą fenomenologiczną napisała kilka istotnych – choć mało znanych i częściowo niedostępnych w języku polskim – tekstów poświęconych tej tematyce. Artykuł ma przybliżyć ich treść i wskazać na oryginalność zawartej tam ­interpretacji myśli fenomenologicznej.Weil uważa, że właściwa postawa podmiotu poznającego składa się z trzech elementów: oczekiwania, pragnienia i uwagi. Postawa ta jest bardzo podobna do tej, którą przyjmuje Husserl w procesie redukcji fenomenologicznej, tzw. epoché. Myślicielka w swej filozofii również posługuje się zwrotem la pensée détachée [oderwane myślenie]. Zwrot ten oznacza myśl oderwaną od rzeczywistości. Formę, jaką powinna ona przyjąć, chcąc dotrzeć do istoty rzeczy. Według Weil, z niemalże identyczną postawą spotykamy się w fenomenologii, gdzie podmiot zawiesza swój sąd o rzeczywistości, aby „oglądać”, „usłyszeć” istotę danego fenomenu.
Prepozytywistyczna (?) koncepcja filozofii narodowej Michała Wiszniewskiego
Authors: Cygan Milena 
Published: September 2020

Powstanie i rozwój polskiej filozofii narodowej zazwyczaj kojarzone są z pierwszą połową XIX wieku i myślicielami doby romantyzmu. Jednakże nie wszyscy filozofowie tamtego okresu należeli do wspomnianego nurtu. Niektórzy bardziej zbliżali się w swych poglądach do idei głoszonych przez późniejszych pozytywistów. Do tego grona należał Michał Wiszniewski (1797–1865), profesor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, przedstawiciel krakowskiego ośrodka naukowego, uważany za jednego z głównych prepozytywistów polskich. Również i on wystąpił z projektem filozofii narodowej. W literaturze z zakresu historii filozofii rzadko się o niej wspomina. Wiszniewski nie napisał osobnego dzieła poświęconego w całości temu zagadnieniu. Myśli odnoszące się do koncepcji filozofii narodowej znajdują się w różnych jego pracach. Celem artykułu jest ich wydobycie, uporządkowanie i dostarczenie w miarę całościowego i spójnego obrazu tejże koncepcji. Z tego względu artykuł został podzielony na dwie części. W pierwszej (którą jest obecny artykuł) zostało zaprezentowane historyczno-filozoficzne tło, na którym zrodziła się koncepcja Wiszniewskiego, oraz czynniki, jakie wpłynęły na sformułowanie przez niego postulatu stworzenia polskiej filozofii narodowej. W artykule zwrócono ponadto uwagę na cechy, które łączą koncepcję Wiszniewskiego z romantykami, idealistami i sprawiają, że trudno jednoznacznie zakwalifikować ją jako prepozytywistyczną. Z drugiej zaś strony wykazano, co wyróżniało projekt Wiszniewskiego, pokazując, że filozofia narodowa niekoniecznie musi oznaczać to samo, co filozofia romantyczna o tendencjach mesjanistycznych.
The Role of Exercise in Iranian Traditional Medicine
Authors: NajFI Mohammad Hassan , Motalehi Ardakani Ahmad Reza , Najafi Mahdieh , Maleksabet Samana 
Published: September 2020

Methods: The texts of Iranian medicine such as Qanon, summary of experiences (Kholaseh-al-tajarob), Khwarazmshahi reserve (Zakhireh Khwarazmshahi), A group of writers, Six Ancient Medical Papers, and other sources were investigated. As a result, the role of activity and exercise recommendations were extracted from the perspective of Iranian medicine.
Results: Iranian medicine books in the field of exercises showed that exercise was recommended for maintaining the health. Special exercises have been also recommended to improve some diseases. In this study, we found that exercise in Iranian medicine has two parts of general exercise and special sports. General exercises refer to non-specialized activities and special sports includes activities such as weightlifting, shooting, and polo.
Conclusion: The Iranian medicine recommends the general exercise to maintain general health and the special sports for treating some diseases. The Iranian medicine has also explained how to exercise, types of exercise, and time of exercise