bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of heat load profiles in buildings and their impact on demand side flexibility
Authors: Walnum H T , Justo Alonso M , Clauß J , Lindberg K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A data set of heat load measurements for 197 buildings from different building categories (apartment blocks, hotels, nursing homes, offices and schools), have been analysed to evaluate the potential for peak shaving. A moving average filter is applied to investigate how smoothening of the load profiles can reduce the peak loads. It is shown that for short term peak shaving, apartment blocks and hotels have the highest potential (around 8% for a two hour period), while for longer term peak shaving, the results are more even for all the building categories. Schools stand out, with a large difference in heat consumption between inside and outside opening hours, leading to a large flexibility potential on daily basis, but this would require a large amount of stored energy. As it is difficult to control, and thereby reduce the peaks for unknown loads, a prediction model is applied to the data, to analyse the predictability. It is shown that the peak shaving potential is reduced 90-30 % when analysing only the predictable loads. The biggest difference is in the short-term potential for apartment blocks and hotels, while difference is smaller in the long-term (24-hour) peak shaving potential.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Nearly-Zero Energy House (NZEH) with Hybrid HVAC for Cold Climate – Canada
Authors: Demirezen G , Ekrami N , Fung AS 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A Nearly Zero Energy Home (NZEH) in Strathroy, Ontario, Canada was monitored and studied to evaluate its performance for both heating and cooling seasons. The house is a new built and is equipped with an electric-natural gas hybrid spacing heating system. A high efficiency natural gas furnace and an electric air source heat pump (ASHP) were coupled to meet the space heating demand of the house. The house also benefits from on-site renewable energy generation (solar PV). The original system was controlled by a simple switch over thermostat that drives furnace or ASHP based on the outdoor temperature as a single decision-making factor. The system then was upgraded with a cloud based Smart Dual Fuel Switching System (SDFSS) controller that considers time-of-use (TOU) pricing, fuel cost, weather forecast, and equipment efficiencies and capacities. This multi-variable decision-making process defines an optimal schedule for the hybrid system to run more efficiently and more economically. A detailed monitoring system, including sensors, meters, and data acquisition system, was installed to collect all required information at a 2-minute interval. The furnace and ASHP were studied separately to verify their capacities and efficiencies. Then the overall hybrid system and its controller were monitored to identify its effectiveness. A complete model of the house and the hybrid system were developed and validated with experimental data. Thereafter, the system was run by the SDFSS controller. All of these scenarios were compared against each other and benchmarked. In addition, the factors affect indoor air quality (IAQ) were studied in detail. The preliminary result has shown that SDFSS controller provides a cost effective, feasible, cleaner and healthier IAQ options to run the hybrid system in a NZEH.
Cost-efficient Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings (NZEBs)
Authors: Erhorn-Kluttig H , Erhorn H , Illner M , Engelund Thomsen K , Wittchen K , Mørck O , Sanchez Mayoral Gutierrez M , Zinzi M , Mattoni B , Fasano G , Šijanec-Zavrl M , Jacimovic M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The next level of energy performance of new buildings within the European Union will be the Nearly Zero-Energy Building (NZEB). A lot of work has been spent on pilot and demonstration buildings on this and even higher energy performance levels throughout many EU countries. However, most of the high performance buildings realised so far result in additional investment costs when compared to the current national minimum energy performance requirements. The considerably higher investment costs are one of the main barriers to the early application of the NZEB-level in Europe. The EU Horizon 2020 project CoNZEBs works on technical solution sets that result in lower investment costs for NZEBs, bringing the costs close to those of conventional new buildings. The project focus is on multi-family houses. In each of the four participant countries Germany, Denmark, Italy and Slovenia a team of researchers is analysing which sets of market-ready technologies at the building envelope, the services systems for heating, domestic hot water, ventilation and cooling (where required) in combination with renewable energy systems can fulfil the NZEB requirements at lower costs than those incurred by the national mainstream NZEB application. Additional efforts are being spent on the life-cycle costs and the life-cycle analysis of the solution sets, as well as on the impact of future developments of primary energy factors, energy costs and technology efficiencies. Since details of the CoNZEBs work are presented in several additional papers, this document gives an overview of the different tasks and results that are available so far.
A simulation study on the performance of double skin façade through experimental design methods and analysis of variance
Authors: Jankovic A , Goia F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Systematic studies of the thermal fluid dynamic behaviour of building envelope systems through experiment analyses is limited by the relevant amount of time and high costs necessary to carry out a relevant number of tests covering all the possible configurations. Building simulation can be used as a tool to support the design of the experiments, i.e. to test, in a parametric way, different configurations to highlight the main trends, and therefore select the most relevant cases to be tested experimentally. Such a preliminary activity to maximize the effectiveness of the experiments may relates to both parametric analysis of indoor/outdoor boundary conditions, as well as parametric analysis of building envelope configurations. In the framework of a research project on double skin facade (DSF) systems where experiments are planned on a full-scale prototype, a model of a DSF is realized in a whole building energy software tool, and used to carry out a preliminary sensitivity analysis, by means of orthogonal array method and analysis of variance. Simulations were carried out in EnergyPlus, using the Airflow window module, and under steady-state conditions, a series of variables (cavity depth, venetian blinds tilt angle, airflow rate) have been investigated to assess their impact on the heat extract through the ventilation air and the total heat transmission between the outdoor and indoor environment. The results show that the main driver in the performance of DSF considering net heat rate transfer is the irradiation impinging on the façade in terms of boundary conditions, and coherently, the shading device is the feature that most affects the performance of the system among the characteristics of a DSF.
Machine learning algorithms for classification of boiler faults using a simulated dataset
Authors: Shohet Rony , Kandil Mohamed S , McArthur J J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Building performance has been shown to degrade significantly after commissioning, resulting in increased energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions. Continuous Commissioning using existing sensor networks and IoT devices has the potential to minimize this waste by continually identifying system degradation and revising control strategies to adapt to real building performance. Due to its significant contribution to GHG emissions, building heating, particularly gas boiler systems are critical systems for detecting decreased performance. A review of boiler performance studies has been used to develop a set of common faults and degraded performance conditions, and these have been integrated into a MATLAB Simulink emulator to create a labelled dataset with approximately 27,500 cases for training and testing boiler fault classification models. Classification algorithms such as K-nearest neighbour, Decision tree, Random Forest and Naïve Bayes have been tested and the results show that decision tree methods gave the best prediction (97.8% accuracy) followed by Random forest (95.0%) and KNN for K = 3 (88.1%). Naïve Bayesian and KNN for K = 9 classification both gave poor results.
Research on active solar energy comprehensive utilization system for Tibetan rural dwelling
Authors: Feng Xu , Yuan Deng , Hongqiang Li , Yimo Liu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In view of the problem that in rural Tibet the solar radiation is too strong and the deep plan of traditional residential buildings has resulted in poor natural lighting, the author proposed an active natural daylighting system. The system makes full use of the abundant solar energy resources in Tibet without changing the existing structure of the building. It improves the living environment and the indoor comfort by four working modes, including light reflection guidance, thin film amorphous silicon photovoltaic power generation, Synergistic application of lighting and shading and building insulation. The research results show that with this system, the indoor illumination time extends by 3 hours and the average indoor light depth increases by more than 3.5m. Meanwhile, 119.58 degrees’ electric power can be provided per year and the building thermal insulation performance can be improved. This system has broad application prospects in rural areas of Tibet and may inspire new ideas for other relevant design.
Energy and exergy analysis of waste-water heat recovery in a multi-family residential complex
Authors: Kayo Genku , Shukuya Masanori , Martinac Ivo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article provides an approach to analysing the energy and exergy efficiency of a waste-water heat recovery system. The system studied is installed in a multi-family residential complex in Stockholm, Sweden. The heat recovery unit in question consists of eight coaxial, counter-flow heat-exchangers connected in parallel, with waste-water flowing through the internal pipe and cold brine (propylene glycol 25%) ducted through the external pipe. The analysis was carried out based on data collected by a building monitoring system (BMS) during five winter months (heating season). The energy analysis (using average hourly values) showed that on average 10.7 kW (Span: 1.1 - 38.7 kW) of waste-water heat was delivered to the cold brine. On the other hand, the exergy analysis (using the same data) showed that on average 12% (Span: 3 - 24%) of the exergy contained in the waste-water was delivered to the cold brine, while on average 76% (Span: 60 - 88%) was consumed during the process. Access to accurate and detailed performance measurement data was found to be essential for analysing the exergy and energy performance of the heat recovery system. In conclusion, this article demonstrates that it is vitally important to consider both the first and second laws of thermodynamics to achieve a wholesome understanding of heat recovery from waste-water systems.
Tuning approach of dynamic control strategy of temperature set-point for existing commercial buildings
Authors: Afroz Zakia , Shafiullah GM , Urmee Tania , Higgins Gary 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Indoor environmental parameters especially the air temperature have substantial effect on energy consumption in commercial buildings and indoor thermal comfort. This study presents a tuning approach of dynamic control strategy of temperature set-point with a view to improving occupants’ thermal comfort while simultaneously minimizing energy consumption. To determine optimum temperature set-points in response to ambient conditions, this study investigates the thermal comfort conditions of a commercial building based on real time series data. To quantify thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy, this study uses the graphical comfort zone method proposed by ASHRAE Standard 55-2017 through a rigorous analysis. Based on this analysis the study narrows down the comfort range in the context of seasonal variations and proposes tuning the Master Temperature Set-Points (MTSP) with 4.8°C variable linear band between upper and lower temperatures dependent on a simple algorithm. This re-setting strategy of temperature set-point ultimately offers extended lower and upper boundary limit for variable linear band. Extension of linear band for MTSP reduces the gap between temperature set-point and outdoor temperature which ultimately offers less heating and cooling energy consumption. Results show that implementation of this proposed approach would lead to monthly 2707.94 kWh energy savings either from heating or cooling or both during winter and summer season.
Effects of increasing urban albedo in the Greater Toronto Area
Authors: Zahra Jandaghian , Umberto Berardi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increasing surface reflectivity decreases the skin and air temperature, which potentially reduces cooling energy demands. The state of the art online numerical Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) is used to investigate the effect of increasing albedo in Toronto, Ontario, during the 2018 heat wave period (July 2nd through July 5th) on urban climate and building energy consumption. The study couples the WRF with a multi-layer of the Urban Canopy Model (ML-UCM) and Building Energy Model (BEM). The ML-UCM is a part of the land-surface parameterization to predict the heat and moisture fluxes from canopies to atmosphere. The BEM is coupled with Building Effect Parameterization to predict the energy consumption of buildings. BEM simulates the effect of heat generation from buildings on urban climate. The reflectivity of roofs, walls and roads are increased from 0.2 to 0.65, 0.60 and 0.45, respectively. Albedo enhancement leads to a decrease in air temperature by around 1°C and an increase in wind speed which induce a reduction in skin temperature. The combined effect of decreased solar heat gain by buildings and decreased air temperature reduced the energy consumption of HVAC systems by 3-5%, confirming the positive effect of increasing the albedo on urban climate.
A systematic methodology for energy modeling improvement of cross-ventilated buildings in dense urban areas
Authors: Shirzadi Mohammadreza , Mirzaei Parham A. , Naghashzadegan Mohammad 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Cross-ventilation strategy is an efficient and reliable method, which has been used in modern zero-energy buildings and traditional buildings for reducing building energy consumption and improving indoor air quality. The accuracy of current models based on building energy simulation (BES) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are questionable in dense urban areas. Hence, in this paper, a systematic methodology is introduced aiming to improve the energy modeling accuracy of cross-ventilated buildings in urban areas. The methodology comprises of three main steps for validation metric definition, CFD model calibration, and BES model calibration. The CFD model calibration is based on the stochastic optimization of the closure coefficients while BES model calibration is carried out by using results of the calibrated CFD model and approximation models. The proposed method was applied to a small multi-story building surrounded by eight buildings in a neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in Rasht city, Iran. According to the results, the accuracy of the modified BES model is 60% higher than the default BES model in prediction of the cross-ventilation energy-saving potential.
Energy and environmental analysis of urban environment: methodology and application of an integrated approach
Authors: Salamone F , Belussi L , Danza L , Nunzio Antonello Di , Ghellere M , Meroni I 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe new vision of Smart Cities drives policies regarding sustainability of urban environment in terms of reducing consumption, environmental impacts and improving energy efficiency and safety of building sector. The mutual interaction between buildings and the surrounding built environment can affect all these fields. In particular, the paper investigates this interaction in order to analyse the energy behaviour of buildings at urban scale and the effect on the outdoor comfort. To reach this goal a multi-level and multi-purpose model was developed based on a synergic and integrated bottom-up approach for both energy efficiency and outdoor comfort analysis. The energy analysis is based on the identification of reference buildings with known energy performances, defined sing information available at Public Authorities, statistical studies and data from field surveys. A multi-level parametric approach used for the outdoor comfort analysis allows to identify the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and the related stress level of the district starting from the environmental data available at rural station. The model allows the estimation of the current energy and environmental behavior of the built environment and identifies possible renovation scenarios.
A cost-effective building in the Mediterranean area: Passivhaus design and energy modelling
Authors: Russo P. , Colaci De Vitis G. , Gentile G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
An actual cost-effective approach to high performances building in the Mediterranean area has been still missing: this project was carried out applying the Passivhaus approach to several building solutions using PHPP 9. Integrated design approach made possible a cost-effective building: all the designers involved were forced to work together and PHPP was used as a design tool, starting in the very first phases of the process. The initial concept was unfortunately far from a simple form and there were a lots of thermal bridges. The majority of those were completely solved, however, we decided not to design a thermal-bridge-free detail in some cases, but simply minimize the impact of the losses and verify internal surface temperatures. Triple-pane for windows would have certainly minimize the heating demand, but a low-e double-pane is cheaper and also maximize the solar heat gains. In summer, solar gains would be a real problem in this climatic zone and for this reason shading systems were optimized to offer protection in summer and large gains in winter. The whole design process was simultaneously followed by real time energy calculations with PHPP as a design tool. A compact unit for each apartment provides ventilation, heating, cooling and hot water production. Really low heating and cooling demands made possible to heat and cool only with a post treatment after the recovery on the airflow.
Study on reducing the environmental burden of a government building with an energy saving system
Authors: Sonoda Yuya , Kuwahara Ryoichi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study aims to grasp the energy consumption of the government buildings currently being planned. The target building is the new government building in U City Japan, which is planned as a zero energy building for ZEB ready. In addition, considering the latest equipment to be introduced to the government building, energy simulation was performed using the Building Energy Simulation Tool (BEST) program. Simulation results revealed that the annual primary energy consumption was reduced by 30% below the reference value. In the future, the energy consumption will be further reduced by examining the methods for operation and control of the heat source equipment.
Influence of microclimate boundary conditions in net zero energy settlements on HVAC efficiency
Authors: Grazia Matteo Di , Piselli Cristina , Pisello Anna Laura 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Net zero energy buildings (NZEB) represent reality of new constructions in Europe for environmentally sustainable energy efficiency. The shift to net zero energy settlements represents a further opportunity to achieve extra-energy saving, thanks to utilities sharing, renewables optimization, and microclimate mitigation. This last aspect concerns the opportunity to improve settlements outdoor microclimate conditions in both hot and cold seasons, in a variety of climate conditions, with the purpose to improve occupants’ wellbeing. At the same time, microclimate mitigation at inter-building scale may also involve relatively less severe boundary conditions able to reduce both cooling and heating demand of buildings and better working conditions for HVAC systems, e.g. heat pumps and air-to-air heat exchangers. This extra-energy saving, achievable with no extra costs, may represent an interesting opportunity to be taken into account in net zero energy settlements design and construction. This study analyzes this energy saving in a net zero energy settlement in Italy, built thanks to an on-going Horizon 2020 project. The influence of microclimate mitigation strategies is assessed in terms of energy saving benefits for the heat pump working conditions. Results demonstrate that this further benefit represents a non-negligible, environmentally sustainable, strategy for energy efficiency of NZEB in new inter-building scale developments.
HN_ZEB technologies applied for the cosntruction of On Plein Air tourist villages and Standard Sustainable Production
Authors: Pascalis Roberto De , Palmisano Francesco , Clori Francesco , Uva Rocco Luciano , Martano Sergio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The “Glamor On Plain Air” holiday system, combined in the luxury and ultra-luxury sector, represents a new large area of interest towards which the qualified tourist market is strongly oriented. One of the tourist assets is constituted by the sustainability and compatibility of the holiday in a system strongly oriented towards the circular economy, the containment of consumption as well as the significant respect for nature and the containment of the environmental impact towards a reduction of global warming. From this point of view, the use of HN_ZEB technology for the restructuring or design of this type of tourist facilities that require particular and exquisite tricks in every aspect of the project is perfectly framed, precisely to be included in the exclusive lists of relative use at international level.
Lessons learned after one-year of use of a highly efficient neighbourhood in Norway
Authors: Justo Alonso M , Line T , Næss E , Ramstad R K , Breuhaus P , Midttømme K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
2020Park is an innovative installation in Stavanger, Norway. This installation provides heating and cooling via a ground source heat pump (GSHP). The system combines eight 220m deep boreholes, with an air to brine heat exchanger and the heat from cooling 15 square meters of thermal photovoltaic cells (PVT). The GSHP has a rated coefficient of performance ranging from 2.8 to over 4 and can deliver 120kW of water-based heating at temperatures 50-60°C.The system is designed to deliver heating and, in reverse operation, cooling to offices, a playing ground, a supermarket and some shops.
Analysing measured data of one year of operation, this system shows a clear discrepancy between available heat for ground storage and required heating during cold periods. Due to the imbalance between needs, one would expect the temperature in the ground to drop and thus the temperature of the brine at the inlet of the heat pump. By using the extra heat sources, the inlet temperature to the GSHP is relatively constant and thus the system operates mostly in constant conditions yielding constant system COP. This solution is very interesting for highly efficient buildings and neighbourhood with unbalanced demands.