bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How large are temporal representativeness errors in paleoclimatology?
Authors: Amrhein Daniel E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Ongoing work in paleoclimate reconstruction prioritizes understanding the origins and magnitudes of errors that arise when comparing models and data. One class of such errors arises from assumptions of proxy temporal representativeness (TR), i.e., how accurately proxy measurements represent climate variables at particular times and time intervals. Here we consider effects arising when (1) the time interval over which the data average and the climate interval of interest have different durations, (2) those intervals are offset from one another in time (including when those offsets are unknown due to chronological uncertainty), and (3) the paleoclimate archive has been smoothed in time prior to sampling. Because all proxy measurements are time averages of one sort or another and it is challenging to tailor proxy measurements to precise time intervals, such errors are expected to be common in model–data and data–data comparisons, but how large and prevalent they are is unclear. This work provides a 1st-order quantification of temporal representativity errors and studies the interacting effects of sampling procedures, archive smoothing, chronological offsets and errors (e.g., arising from radiocarbon dating), and the spectral character of the climate process being sampled. Experiments with paleoclimate observations and synthetic time series reveal that TR errors can be large relative to paleoclimate signals of interest, particularly when the time duration sampled by observations is very large or small relative to the target time duration. Archive smoothing can reduce sampling errors by acting as an anti-aliasing filter but destroys high-frequency climate information. The contribution from stochastic chronological errors is qualitatively similar to that when an observation has a fixed time offset from the target. An extension of the approach to paleoclimate time series, which are sequences of time-average values, shows that measurement intervals shorter than the spacing between samples lead to errors, absent compensating effects from archive smoothing. Nonstationarity in time series, sampling procedures, and archive smoothing can lead to changes in TR errors in time. Including these sources of uncertainty will improve accuracy in model–data comparisons and data comparisons and syntheses. Moreover, because sampling procedures emerge as important parameters in uncertainty quantification, reporting salient information about how records are processed and assessments of archive smoothing and chronological uncertainties alongside published data is important to be able to use records to their maximum potential in paleoclimate reconstruction and data assimilation.
A coupled pelagic–benthic–sympagic biogeochemical model for the Bering Sea: documentation and validation of the BESTNPZ model (v2019.08.23) within a high-resolution regional ocean model
Authors: Kearney Kelly , Hermann Albert , Cheng Wei , Ortiz Ivonne , Aydin Kerim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The Bering Sea is a highly productive ecosystem, supporting a variety of fish, seabird, and marine mammal populations, as well as large commercial fisheries. Due to its unique shelf geometry and the presence of seasonal sea ice, the processes controlling productivity in the Bering Sea ecosystem span the pelagic water column, the benthic sea floor, and the sympagic sea ice environments. The Bering Ecosystem Study Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (BESTNPZ) model has been developed to simulate the lower-trophic-level processes throughout this region. Here, we present a version of this lower-trophic-level model coupled to a three-dimensional regional ocean model for the Bering Sea. We quantify the model's ability to reproduce key physical features of biological importance as well as its skill in capturing the seasonal and interannual variations in primary and secondary productivity over the past several decades. We find that the ocean model demonstrates considerable skill in replicating observed horizontal and vertical patterns of water movement, mixing, and stratification, as well as the temperature and salinity signatures of various water masses throughout the Bering Sea. Along the data-rich central portions of the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, it is also able to capture the mean seasonal cycle of primary production. However, its ability to replicate domain-wide patterns in nutrient cycling, primary production, and zooplankton community composition, particularly with respect to the interannual variations that are important when linking variation in productivity to changes in longer-lived upper-trophic-level species, remains limited. We therefore suggest that near-term application of this model should focus on the physical model outputs, while model development continues to elucidate potential mechanisms controlling nutrient cycling, bloom processes, and trophic dynamics.
Modeling groundwater responses to climate change in the Prairie Pothole Region
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Li Yanping , Barlage Michael , Chen Fei , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo , Ireson Andrew , Li Zhenhua 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Shallow groundwater in the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is predominantly recharged by snowmelt in the spring and supplies water for
evapotranspiration through the summer and fall. This two-way exchange is
underrepresented in current land surface models. Furthermore, the impacts of climate change on the groundwater recharge rates are uncertain. In this
paper, we use a coupled land–groundwater model to investigate the
hydrological cycle of shallow groundwater in the PPR and study its response
to climate change at the end of the 21st century. The results show that the
model does a reasonably good job of simulating the timing of recharge. The
mean water table depth (WTD) is well simulated, except for the fact that the model predicts
a deep WTD in northwestern Alberta. The most significant change under future
climate conditions occurs in the winter, when warmer temperatures change the rain/snow partitioning, delaying the time for snow accumulation/soil
freezing while advancing early melting/thawing. Such changes lead to an
earlier start to a longer recharge season but with lower recharge rates.
Different signals are shown in the eastern and western PPR in the future
summer, with reduced precipitation and drier soils in the east but little
change in the west. The annual recharge increased by 25 % and 50 % in
the eastern and western PPR, respectively. Additionally, we found that the mean
and seasonal variation of the simulated WTD are sensitive to soil properties; thus, fine-scale soil information is needed to improve groundwater simulation on the regional scale.
Multimodel simulation of vertical gas transfer in a temperate lake
Authors: Guseva Sofya , Bleninger Tobias , Jöhnk Klaus , Polli Bruna Arcie , Tan Zeli , Thiery Wim , Zhuang Qianlai , Rusak James Anthony , Yao Huaxia , Lorke Andreas , Stepanenko Victor 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. In recent decades, several lake models of varying complexity have been developed and incorporated into numerical weather prediction systems and climate models. To foster enhanced forecasting ability and verification, improvement of these lake models remains essential. This especially applies to the limited simulation capabilities of biogeochemical processes in lakes and greenhouse gas exchanges with the atmosphere. Here we present multi-model simulations of physical variables and dissolved gas dynamics in a temperate lake (Harp Lake, Canada). The five models (ALBM, FLake, LAKE, LAKEoneD, MTCR-1) considered within this most recent round of the Lake Model Intercomparison Project (LakeMIP) all captured the seasonal temperature variability well. In contrast, none of the models is able to reproduce the exact dates of ice cover and ice off, leading to considerable errors in the simulation of eddy diffusivity around those dates. We then conducted an additional modeling experiment with a diffusing passive tracer to isolate the effect of the eddy diffusivity on gas concentration. Remarkably, sophisticated k−ε models do not demonstrate a significant difference in the vertical diffusion of a passive tracer compared to models with much simpler turbulence closures. All the models simulate less intensive spring overturn compared to autumn. Reduced mixing in the models consequently leads to the accumulation of the passive tracer distribution in the water column. The lake models with a comprehensive biogeochemical module, such as the ALBM and LAKE, predict dissolved oxygen dynamics adequate to the observed data. However, for the surface carbon dioxide concentration the correlation between modeled (ALBM, LAKE) and observed data is weak (∼0.3). Overall our results indicate the need to improve the representation of physical and biogeochemical processes in lake models, thereby contributing to enhanced weather prediction and climate projection capabilities.
Position, Visual Complexity, and Semantic Radicals in Left-Right Structured Chinese Characters: A Naturalistic Experiment on Character Simplification
Authors: Teng Xiaochun , Yamada Jun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the mid-20th century, the largest sociocultural psychological “experiment” in the history of Chinese orthography was carried out to simplify the traditional characters. To date, little or no psychological research has addressed the factors behind the simplification process. This article reports on an exploratory investigation that focused on the possible effects of position, visual complexity, and semantic radicals on simplification of the components of left-right structured traditional Chinese characters (Japanese kanji). The main findings are that the left- and right-side components are simplified equally often, that the left-side components are visually simpler than the right-side components, that the threshold for simplification is 6 strokes for the left-side components and 8 strokes for the right-side components, and that, with visual complexity held constant, the right-side components are more exempt from simplification than the left-side components. Three theoretical principles are proposed to account for character simplification: Pay attention to the left, start simple and meaningful, and simplify the less informative. Understanding the processes behind simplification will allow us to improve the present-day Chinese characters.
Parallel Development of James J. Gibson’s Ecological and Paul M. Fitts’s Information Processing Approaches to Perception and Performance
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Chong Isis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
James J. Gibson and Paul M. Fitts, two psychologists who had, and continue to have, a substantial influence on research in perception, action, and human performance, had remarkable, parallel careers with roots in the U.S. Army Air Forces Aviation Psychology program in World War II. Fitts is widely regarded as founder of the applied field of engineering psychology and the basic field of human performance, both based on a human information processing approach. Gibson founded ecological psychology, a school of thought that runs counter to the information processing approach and adopts a radical empiricist approach to perception and action in natural environments. Despite the origins of their disparate views in applied aviation psychology and each having had major impacts on the field of psychology, Gibson and Fitts seem to have had little contact with each other, and their research traditions have continued primarily along separate paths to this day. In this article, we review the arcs of Fitts’s and Gibson’s careers, emphasizing similarities and differences historically and theoretically. We end with a discussion of why their approaches differed widely, whether attempts to reconcile them can be meaningful, and the importance of experimental psychologists attending to applied research problems.
An evaluation of the hierarchical factor structure of the Persian-translated death anxiety scale in nursing students of Iran
Authors: Nia Hamid Sharif , Lehto Rebecca H. , Sharif Saeed Pahlevan , Goudarzian Amir Hossein , Sandanasamy Stephanie , Yaghoobzadeh Ameneh , Jafari Azar 
Published: February 2020

Background/Objective: Clinical nurse educators globally have recognized the prominent necessity of evaluating for death anxiety in students, and adopting curriculum that provides education about death and dying. Reliable assessment tools are needed to evaluate death anxiety in the student population. The study evaluates the hierarchical factor structure of the Persian-translated Templer’s Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) in nursing students from Iran.Methods: A repeated measures standard psychometric analysis was conducted. In total 400 undergraduate and graduate nursing students from a major university campus in Sari, Iran finished the Persian translated 15-item TDAS. Construct validity was assessed. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha (α), Theta (θ), and McDonald’s Omega (Ω) coefficients.Results: Exploratory factor analysis (N = 200) indicated the TDAS had two factors (Fear of loss of life; Fear to face death). Model fitness indicators confirmed two independent TDAS structure levels. The Cronbach’s alpha, Theta, McDonald, and construct reliability were larger than .70.Conclusions: Study outcomes corroborated acceptable psychometric properties and factor structure for the TDAS in a sample of Iranian nursing students. Findings suggest that the scale can be utilized for reliable and valid educational evaluation of death anxiety in Iranian nursing students.
The synthesis of tradition and avant-garde techniques in selected polish violin sonatas from the second half of the 20th century
Authors: Renat Maryla 
Published: February 2020

The article presents four chamber violin sonatas for an instrument duo written in the 1970s and 1980s, which in their concept of form and shape combine the elements of the widely understood tradition with innovative means of composition technique. The subject for a closer analysis are the following works:
•	Witold Rudziński, Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte, 1978 (PWM, Cracow 1983)
•	Sławomir Czarnecki, Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier, 1982 (Tonos, Darmstadt 1988)
•	Jan Krenz, Sonatina for two violins, 1986 (Brevis, Poznań 1994)
•	Zbigniew Bargielski, Sonate für Violine und Klavier „The sonata of oblivion”,1987, autograph.
Each sonata listed above renders an individual concept for combining paradigms adopted from the tradition (e.g. forms, use of quotation, expression idiom) with selected avant-garde means in sound technique, which mainly derives from the sonoristic trend.
What Witold Rudziński’s Sonata pastorale per violino e piano forte draws from music tradition is the thematic character of musical thoughts, and in its sound sphere it introduces the means of mild sonoristic, maintaining a balance between them. Sławomir Czarnecki’s Sonate tragique für Violine und Klavier using the quotation from the sequence of Dies irae refers to the Late-Romantic expression to which it adds unusual methods of sound production and sonoristic middle episode. The function of these innovative means is to contrast it against dramatic expression of the piece’s outermost elements. The third discussed work, Sonatina for two violins by Jan Krenz corresponds with the neoclassical trend from the 20th century and brings out diverse elements of violin technique. It refers to the B-A-C-H sound symbol known from the past and to the variation form and combines them with more recent sound structures. The fourth composition, Sonate für Violine und Klavier by Zbigniew Bargielski, is the most innovative one in terms of its sound layer and formal concept. Its connection to the past is maintained thanks to a quotation from Chopin’s music transformed in an interesting way.
The analysis of the sonatas leads to the following final conclusion: the tradition and the avant-garde in the discussed works from the postmodern period are not in opposition one against another in terms of style and aesthetics but they create complementary phenomena, in which the message drawn from tradition is given a new face.
Investigation of the Relationship between Trauma, Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center 115
Authors: Soltaninejad Mohammadreza , Aminizadeh Mohsen , Saberinia Amin 
Published: February 2020

Introduction: The efficacy of psychological and pharmacological approaches is broadly similar in the acute treatment of psychopharmacology disorders.
One of the most important stressful environmental stimuli that can cause chronic stress is people's jobs. And since promoting the mental health of individuals in a society, especially its constituent classes, is essential to the dynamics and growth of that society, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between trauma caused by accident and anxiety, depression, and stress in Kerman Emergency Medical and Emergency Center during 2019.
Methods: This is a descriptive-correlational study. The statistical population was all 70 personnel members of Emergency Medical and 115 Emergency Centers in Kerman. The Depression, Stress and Anxiety Scale 21 and Trauma Screening were used as the instruments of measurement. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients through SPSS software were used to test the hypotheses.
Results: There is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel anxiety with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. Also, there is a significant and direct correlation between trauma caused by accidents and personnel depression with a correlation coefficient of 0.407. There is also a significant and direct relationship between trauma caused by accidents and personnel stress with a correlation coefficient of 0.388.
Conclusion: Our data suggested that mental health along with personality traits is a solution to reduce stress and anxiety resulting from the personnel facing trauma caused by accidents.
Review on the mechanical models and formulations of embedment of traditional timber joints in Japan
Authors: Tanahashi Hideaki , Suzuki Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews recent developments of the mechanical models and formulations for the embedment of traditional timber joints in Japan. In recent decades in Japan, seismic performance evaluation methods of traditional timber buildings have been actively researched, and useful findings have been obtained to evaluate the seismic performances of traditional timber buildings such as temples, shrines, and dwelling houses. The major seismic resisting elements of traditional timber buildings in Japan are restoring forces of thick column rocking, rotational resistances of column‐beam joints, and shear resistances of mud/wood walls. Among them, the restoring force of rotational resistances of column‐beam joints due to embedment plays an important role. Such restoring force characteristics depend primarily on the partial compression on continua. However, the partial compression on continua is difficult to analyze owing to the continua. In relation to the partial compression on continua, research results of beams on elastic foundations are reviewed. Subsequently, the recent developments of mechanical models and formulations of the traditional timber joints in Japan are reviewed and problems related to formulations are discussed, and the authors' comments are given.
Chromosome X
Authors: Franco Brunella 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe human X chromosome is a submetacentric chromosome that contains ∼5% of the genetic material in the genome. The mammalian X chromosome is special in several ways: it is one of the sex‐determining chromosomes; it displays a distinctive inheritance pattern due to the XX and XY chromosomal profile distinctive of females and males, respectively; it is relatively gene rich and the majority of genes is subjected to inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes to achieve balanced gene dosage between males and females; it is characterised by two X–Y homologous (pseudoautosomal) regions that are necessary for normal meiosis. These features made the X one of the first and best‐studied chromosomes. Mapping and sequencing of this chromosome occurred quite rapidly and now is also the first chromosome for which a manually finished telomere‐to‐telomere virtually gapless sequence assembly has become available. The X chromosome contains less than 900 genes many of which have been associated with loci for disease susceptibility, tumorigenesis and monogenic disorders. In particular, X chromosome transcripts account, to date, for 15% of intellectual disabilities.Key ConceptsThe length of the human X chromosome is about 156 040 895 bp codifying for less than 900 transcripts.In mammals, the X chromosome is one of the sex‐determining chromosomes and evolved with the Y chromosome from a pair of ancestral autosomes (proto‐X and proto‐Y)The X chromosome contains two regions of homology with the Y chromosome, which are necessary for male meiosis and recombination.In female mammals, one of the two X chromosomes has to be inactivated to maintain balanced expression of X‐linked transcripts between males and females.The pattern of inheritance of X‐linked disorders is characteristics and easily recognisable due to the difference in X chromosome content observed in females and males.
Functional Strategies and Life Histories of Grasses Underlying Yield and Resilience
Authors: Crowley Sharon , Wingler Astrid 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

The family of Poaceae (grasses) includes many economically important crops. While grass grain crops (cereals) are typically annual, bioenergy and forage crops can have annual or perennial life histories. Annuals and perennials differ in important life history traits, such as the regulation of flowering and senescence, which determine to what extent resources are allocated to the grain, vegetative growth, or storage. These differences are also reflected in physiological characteristics; in particular, leaf traits that can be used to determine functional strategies (competitive, stress tolerant, or ruderal). While ruderality is associated with yield in annual grain crops, stress tolerance is usually higher in perennials. In this article, we discuss variation in functional strategies within perennial ryegrass grass (
Lolium perenne
) and species of the genus
Brachypodium
, demonstrating variation in characteristics for ruderality and stress tolerance. We argue that regulation of senescence of organs and whole plants determines these strategies and propose ideas on how functional strategies could potentially be optimised to increase grain yield in perennial grasses while maintaining stress resilience and other beneficial traits associated with perenniality.