bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variation in exploited metapopulations obscures risk of collapse
Authors: Okamoto Daniel K. , Hessing‐Lewis Margot , Samhouri Jameal F. , Shelton Andrew O. , Stier Adrian , Levin Philip S. , Salomon Anne K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnanticipated declines among exploited species have commonly occurred despite harvests that appeared sustainable prior to collapse. This is particularly true in the oceans where spatial scales of management are often mismatched with spatially complex metapopulations. We explore causes, consequences, and potential solutions for spatial mismatches in harvested metapopulations in three ways. First, we generate novel theory illustrating when and how harvesting metapopulations increases spatial variability and in turn masks local‐scale volatility. Second, we illustrate why spatial variability in harvested metapopulations leads to negative consequences using an empirical example of a Pacific herring metapopulation. Finally, we construct a numerical management strategy evaluation model to identify and highlight potential solutions for mismatches in spatial scale and spatial variability. Our results highlight that spatial complexity can promote stability at large scales, however, ignoring spatial complexity produces cryptic and negative consequences for people and animals that interact with resources at small scales. Harvesting metapopulations magnifies spatial variability, which creates discrepancies between regional and local trends while increasing risk of local population collapses. Such effects asymmetrically impact locally constrained fishers and predators, which are more exposed to risks of localized collapses. Importantly, we show that dynamically optimizing harvest can minimize local risk without sacrificing yield. Thus, multiple nested scales of management may be necessary to avoid cryptic collapses in metapopulations and the ensuing ecological, social, and economic consequences.
The effectiveness of hazing African lions as a conflict mitigation tool: implications for carnivore management
Authors: Petracca Lisanne S. , Frair Jacqueline L. , Bastille‐Rousseau Guillaume , Hunt Jane E. , Macdonald David W. , Sibanda Lovemore , Loveridge Andrew J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHuman–carnivore conflict (HCC) represents one of the greatest threats to rural livelihoods and the persistence of large carnivores. The application of aversive conditioning, the association of unpleasant stimuli with the occurrence of unwanted behaviors, to mitigate HCC has achieved mixed results within and across species, making a better understanding of the factors driving intervention success critical to inform management practices. We explored the degree to which the chasing of African lions (Panthera leo) out of no tolerance zones conditions lion behavior to reduce their rate of return into community lands or rate of repeated livestock killing, providing evidence‐based understanding of program outcomes. We used data from 15 global positioning system (GPS)‐collared lions adjacent to Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, with each lion receiving 0–17 conditioning treatments, and analyzed the data using recurrent event survival analysis and logistic regression. Chases were most successful (i.e., lion pushed out of the no tolerance zone by sunrise of the following day) in the dry season (i.e., when wild prey were more predictable), in areas closer to the park, and for individuals from smaller and more stable prides (i.e., had not lost a pride male within six months). Adult females and subadult males were more likely than adult males to reenter community lands, and subadult males were most likely to repeatedly depredate livestock. While livestock depredation has decreased since program initiation, the individuals in this study were overall not less likely to enter community lands or depredate livestock in response to chases when chases were considered isolated events. Rather, it was the consistency of deterrence events that proved most important in reducing livestock depredations, likely because of a stronger reinforcement between the undesired behavior and the negative stimulus. However, lions that had previously habitually killed livestock had greater depredation rates even after several conditioning treatments. Aversive conditioning holds promise in the management of carnivores that depredate livestock, but intervention must be consistent, ideally early in the development of problem behaviors, to maximize intervention effectiveness. Methods that separate wildlife from people (i.e., fencing, livestock enclosure fortification), in combination with aversive conditioning, may be needed to provide a sustainable, long‐term solution.
Quantifying Aedes aegypti dispersal in space and time: a modeling approach
Authors: Marcantonio Matteo , Reyes Trinidad , Barker Christopher M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe dispersal of the invasive mosquito Aedes aegypti in urbanized areas has received attention due to the hazard that this species poses to human health. However, we know little about this process at temperate latitudes, especially in recently colonized semi‐arid regions of the southwestern United States that differ ecologically from more typical habitats in the tropics. We collected data on Ae. aegypti dispersal through a mark–release–recapture (MRR) study in Central California. We employed stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to mark released mosquitoes. We characterized Ae. aegypti dispersal capacity using both traditional measures of central tendency and dispersal kernel theory coupled with space–time models, allowing for effects of environmental factors to provide more reliable dispersal estimates. Dispersal of Ae. aegypti was similar between females and males, and we found the mean distances traveled to be 224–240 m from the release location when estimated by conventional methods. Model‐based inference allowed for a more nuanced interpretation, with even greater dispersal distances possible depending on direction and environmental context. Our results showed that experimental conditions, such as spatial arrangement of traps and duration of the recapture period, as well as environmental conditions, such as wind speed and direction, altered the probability of recapturing marked mosquitoes, and therefore the observed dispersal pattern. This represents the first assessment of Ae. aegypti dispersal in the semi‐arid southwestern United States, which is unique among published studies in that the period of peak annual Ae. aegypti abundance coincides with cumulative precipitation close to zero. Results show that this species dispersed on average farther than commonly documented for other areas of the world. Our findings provide information for defining spatial control strategies, such as incompatible insect technique, which rely on a clear understanding of dispersal rates among neighboring areas.
Assessing the evidence–practice gap for heart failure in China: the Heart Failure Registry of Patient Outcomes (HERO) study design and baseline characteristics
Authors: Li Li , Liu Rong , Jiang Chao , Du Xin , Huffman Mark D. , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Patel Anushka , Hillis Graham S. , Anderson Craig S. , Ma Changsheng , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Xiaofang , Li Ling , Dong Jianzeng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundRegistry studies in high‐income countries have defined contemporary management of heart failure (HF), but few such data exist in the large aging population of China. We report the study design and baseline characteristics of the Heart Failure Registry of Patient Outcomes (HERO) study, undertaken to determine evidence–practice gaps in the management of HF in a broad and representative population of China.Methods and resultsThe HERO study is a prospective, longitudinal, seasonally‐rotating, multicentre registry study of patients hospitalized with acute HF who are followed up over 12 months. Patients were recruited on the basis of primary admission clinical diagnosis of acute HF at 73 hospitals in Henan, the largest and most socio‐economically diverse province in China, from November 2017 to November 2018; follow‐up is ongoing. For each patient, data obtained through interview and medial record review by independent clinical research staff include: socio‐demographics, clinical features, diagnostic investigations, and treatment, with a subset of patients providing blood samples for future biomarker investigation. Surviving patients are scheduled to be followed up by telephone at 2 weeks, and 3, 6 and 12 months post‐admission, or until death or study withdrawal. A total of 5620 patients (mean age 72 ± 12 years; 50% female) with acute HF were recruited from 8 provincial‐, 22 municipal‐, and 43 county‐level hospitals. Patients had co‐morbid hypertensive (48%), coronary (29%), or metabolic (20%) diseases. Among 3147 patients who had echocardiography, 54%, 20% and 25% of patients had ejection fraction of ≥50%, 40–50%, and < 40%, respectively. In‐hospital or 3‐day post‐discharge mortality was 3.2% (182/5620). Death or readmission rate from the 4th day post‐discharge to first follow‐up (median 32 days) was 22.4% (977/4368).ConclusionsThe HERO study provides a unique opportunity to profile evidence–practice gaps across a broad spectrum of patients with acute HF in China.
Efficacy of empagliflozin on heart failure and renal outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: data from the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial
Authors: Böhm Michael , Slawik Jonathan , Brueckmann Martina , Mattheus Michaela , George Jyothis T. , Ofstad Anne Pernille , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Fitchett David , Anker Stefan D. , Marx Nikolaus , Wanner Christoph , Zinman Bernard , Verma Subodh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsAtrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients with diabetes and heart failure (HF) and increases the future risk of adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. This analysis from the EMPA‐REG OUTCOME trial explores CV and renal outcomes in patients with vs. without AF at baseline and assesses the benefits of empagliflozin.Methods and resultsAnalyses were conducted on patients distinguished by the presence (n = 389) or absence (n = 6631) of AF at baseline. Outcome events were more frequent in patients with AF than those without AF. Empagliflozin compared to placebo reduced CV death or HF hospitalisation consistently in patients with AF [hazard ratio (HR) 0.58, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.92] and without AF (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.82, Pinteraction = 0.56). Similar results were observed for the components of this endpoint, all‐cause mortality, new or worsening nephropathy, first introduction of loop diuretics, or occurrence of oedema. The absolute number of prevented events was higher in patients with AF, resulting in larger absolute treatment effects of empagliflozin. New loop diuretics or oedema were associated with increased rates of subsequent events, and rates appeared lower in those randomised to empagliflozin.ConclusionsIn patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and established CV disease, those with AF at baseline had higher rates of adverse HF outcomes than those without AF. Irrespective of the presence of AF, empagliflozin reduced HF‐related and renal events. The absolute number of prevented events is higher in patients with AF than without AF. Patients with diabetes, CV disease and AF may especially benefit from use of empagliflozin.
Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan shortly after hospitalisation for acutely decompensated heart failure in patients with newly diagnosed (de novo) heart failure: a subgroup analysis of the TRANSITION study
Authors: Senni Michele , Wachter Rolf , Witte Klaus K. , Straburzynska‐Migaj Ewa , Belohlavek Jan , Fonseca Candida , Mueller Christian , Lonn Eva , Chakrabarti Arhit , Bao Weibin , Noe Adele , Schwende Heike , Butylin Dmytro , Pascual‐Figal Domingo ,   on behalf of the TRANSITION Investigators
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsSacubitril/valsartan has shown efficacy and tolerability in patients with heart failure (HF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the ambulatory setting (PARADIGM‐HF), and following stabilisation of acutely decompensated HF (ADHF) (PIONEER‐HF and TRANSITION). However, data are lacking for the initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in newly diagnosed (de novo) HFrEF. Here, we assess the tolerability of initiating sacubitril/valsartan following ADHF in TRANSITION subgroups of patients with a de novo vs. prior diagnosis of HFrEF.Methods and resultsTRANSITION randomised 1002 patients to pre‐ and post‐discharge initiation of sacubitril/valsartan (analysis set n = 991, following exclusions for mis‐randomisation). In this post‐hoc analysis, tolerability to sacubitril/valsartan [proportion of patients achieving target dose (97/103 mg b.i.d.) at 10 weeks post‐randomisation], adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were compared in de novo (n = 286) and prior HFrEF (n = 705) subgroups. More de novo than prior HFrEF patients achieved target dose at Week 10 (56% vs. 45%; relative risk ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.52, P < 0.001), and fewer had SAEs and permanent treatment discontinuations. Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan did not prevent the concomitant initiation and up‐titration of guideline‐directed HF therapies. De novo patients showed faster and greater decreases in N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide and high‐sensitivity troponin‐T, and lower rates of HF and all‐cause rehospitalisation vs. prior HFrEF.ConclusionsAfter ADHF, first‐line initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in de novo HFrEF, alongside the initiation of other guideline‐directed therapies, is feasible and is associated with a better risk–benefit profile than in patients with prior HFrEF. Early intervention with sacubitril/valsartan may be considered to delay disease progression in patients with de novo HFrEF.Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02661217.
Pencil Graphite Electrode Decorated with Xylenol Orange Flakes for Studying Possible Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Vardenafil and Daclatasvir
Authors: Mohamed Abdel‐Maaboud I. , Rageh Azza H. , Abdel‐aal Fatma A. M. , Ali Al‐Montaser Bellah H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe main aim of the current work is to investigate possible pharmacokinetic interactions between vardenafil hydrochloride (VAR), which is used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and daclatasvir dihydrochloride (DAC), which is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection when they are concomitantly administered. Therefore, a sensitive and selective square‐wave voltammetric method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of VAR and DAC using disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) modified with xylenol orange (X.O.) flakes as an electrochemical sensor. A full investigation of the experimental parameters for obtaining the highest electroanalytical signal with sufficient resolution between the oxidation peaks of two compounds was performed. It was found that VAR and DAC were resolved on X.O./PGE with different potentials at 1.4 V and 0.9 V, respectively using Britton‐Robinson buffer (pH 2.2) and 0.1 mol L−1KCl as a supporting electrolyte. In addition, with the aid of cyclic voltammetry, a mechanistic scheme for the oxidation behaviour of both VAR and DAC was suggested. The proposed square wave voltammetric method was successfully applied for trace quantification of VAR and DAC in male rabbits. The suggested approach shows detection and quantification limits in rabbit plasma samples of 0.06 and 0.17 μmol L−1, respectively for VAR and 0.13 and 0.39 μmol L−1, respectively for DAC. The pharmacokinetic parameters of VAR alone and in combination with DAC after oral administration to rabbits were successfully estimated. The obtained results confirm that when DAC is co‐administered with VAR, plasma concentration of VAR increases, which necessitates dose adjustment for VAR to prevent toxicological consequences in patients.
Declining Aluminum Toxicity and the Role of Exposure Duration on Brook Trout Mortality in Acidified Streams of the Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA
Authors: Baldigo Barry P. , George Scott D. , Lawrence Gregory B. , Paul Eric A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mortality of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and water chemistry were characterized in 6 headwater streams in the western Adirondacks of New York during spring 2015, 2016, and 2017 and compared with results from analogous tests done between 1980 and 2003 in many of the same streams, to assess temporal changes in toxicity and inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) concentrations, and the role of Ali exposure duration on brook trout survival. The Ali concentrations of 2 and 4 µmol L–1 corresponded to low-to-moderate and high mortality thresholds, but prolonged exposure to ≥1 µmol Ali L–1 also produced mortality. The variability, mean, and highest Ali concentrations in Buck Creek year round, and in several other streams during spring, have decreased significantly over the past 3 decades. Logistic models indicate that Ali surpassed highly toxic concentrations in Buck Creek for 3 to 4 mo annually during 2001 to 2003 and for 2 to 3 wk annually during 2015 to 2017. The loss of extremely high Ali episodes indicates that toxicity has declined markedly between the 1989 to 1990, 2001 to 2003, and 2015 to 2017 test periods, yet Ali concentrations can still cause moderate-to-high and complete (100%) mortality. The logistic models illustrate how mortality of brook trout in several Adirondack streams likely decreased in response to the 1990 Amendments to the United States' Clean Air Act (which decreased acidity, Ali concentrations, and duration of toxic episodes) and offer a means to predict how changes in US regulations that limit emissions of NOx and SOx (and N and S deposition loads) could affect fish survival and stream ecosystems in this region and across the Northeast. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:623–636. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
Logistic regression models derived from toxicity tests using young-of-year brook trout in 6 western Adirondack streams during 2001 to 2003 and 2015 to 2017 show how inorganic monomeric aluminum (Ali) concentrations &gt;0 and ≥1, 2, 4, and 8 µmol L–1 and exposure durations ranging from 0 to 30 d interact to affect the probability of death (100% mortality). Although contemporary Ali concentrations still reach levels that can cause 100% morality in several streams, the models predict how mortality should change, because the duration that Ali surpassed highly toxic concentrations (e.g., 4 µmol L–1) at Buck Creek declined from 3 to 4 mo annually in 2001 to 2003 to 2 to 3 wk annually in 2015 to 2017.
A Self-Organizing Map of the Fathead Minnow Liver Transcriptome to Identify Consistent Toxicogenomic Patterns across Chemical Fingerprints
Authors: Krämer Stefan , Busch Wibke , Schüttler Andreas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Lack of consistent findings in different experimental settings remains a major challenge in toxicogenomics. The present study investigated whether consistency between findings of different microarray experiments can be improved when the analysis is based on a common reference frame (“toxicogenomic universe”), which can be generated using the machine learning algorithm of the self-organizing map (SOM). This algorithm arranges and clusters genes on a 2-dimensional grid according to their similarity in expression across all considered data. In the present study, 19 data sets, comprising of 54 different adult fathead minnow liver exposure experiments, were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus and used to train a SOM. The resulting toxicogenomic universe aggregates 58 872 probes to 2500 nodes and was used to project, visualize, and compare the fingerprints of these 54 different experiments. For example, we could identify a common pattern, with 14% of significantly regulated nodes in common, in the data sets of an interlaboratory study of ethinylestradiol exposures. Consistency could be improved compared with the 5% total overlap in regulated genes reported before. Furthermore, we could determine a specific and consistent estrogen-related pattern of differentially expressed nodes and clusters in the toxicogenomic universe by applying additional clustering steps and comparing all obtained fingerprints. Our study shows that the SOM-based approach is useful for generating comparable toxicogenomic fingerprints and improving consistency between results of different experiments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:526–537. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC.
SmartX Multi‐View Visibility Framework for unified monitoring of SDN‐enabled multisite clouds
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Kim JongWon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractModern ICT infrastructures are getting complicated to cope with the various demands to accommodate the emerging technology paradigms such as cloud, SDN, and IoT. In these ICT infrastructures, unified monitoring is essential to easily pinpoint server faults, network bottlenecks, and application performance issues for effective operation. Although many traditional monitoring solutions are now available, unified monitoring has not kept pace, creating a big gap when operating these modern infrastructures. To address this particular limitation, in this paper, a futuristic multilayer visibility framework, denoted as SmartX Multi‐View Visibility Framework (MVF), is proposed by unifying the visibility of physical and virtual resource, flow, and workload layers for timely detection and mitigation of various operational issues. Based on our experience of working with Future Internet testbeds, we first design SmartX MVF to enable visibility collection and validation from distributed MPs. Then, we link it with subsequent visibility integration capability empowered by DataLake‐based visibility storage for interactive visualization of collected visibility. Furthermore, a prototype implementation of SmartX MVF is developed and deployed in OF@TEIN (ie, SDN‐enabled multisite cloud playground), to verify the proposed multiview visibility of fine‐grained flow‐aware physical‐virtual resources.
Dementia and caregiver burden: A three‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Connors Michael H. , Seeher Katrin , Teixeira‐Pinto Armando , Woodward Michael , Ames David , Brodaty Henry 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesDementia, with its progressive cognitive and functional decline and associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, places a large burden on caregivers. While frequently studied, longitudinal findings about the overall trajectory of burden are mixed. The study sought to characterize caregiver burden over a 3‐year period and identify predictors of this burden.MethodsSeven‐hundred‐and‐eighty‐one patients with dementia were recruited from nine memory clinics around Australia. Measures of caregiver burden, cognition, function, and neuropsychiatric symptoms were completed with patients and their caregivers at regular intervals over a 3‐year period. Patients' level of services and medication use were also recorded.ResultsOf the 720 patients with measures of caregiver burden at baseline, 47.4% of caregivers had clinically significant levels of burden. This proportion increased over time, with 56.8% affected at 3 years. Overall levels of burden increased for caregivers of patients without services, though did not change for caregivers of patients receiving services or residential care after controlling for other variables. Patient characteristics—including greater neuropsychiatric symptoms, lower functional ability, fewer medications, lack of driving ability—and female sex of caregivers were associated with greater burden.ConclusionsHigh levels of caregiver burden are present in a large proportion of caregivers of people with dementia and this increases over time for those without services. Clinical characteristics of patients (including neuropsychiatric symptoms, function, overall health, driving status), level of services, and caregiver sex appear to be the best predictors of this burden. These characteristics may help identify caregivers at greater risk of burden to target for intervention.