bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud condensation nuclei properties of South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean during winter
Authors: Nair Vijayakumar S. , Jayachandran Venugopalan Nair , Kompalli Sobhan Kumar , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Babu S. Suresh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Extensive measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
and condensation nuclei (CN) concentrations in the South Asian outflow to
the northern Indian Ocean were carried out on board an instrumented research
vessel, as part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation
Budget (ICARB) during the winter season (January–February 2018).
Measurements include a north–south transect across the South Asian plume
over the northern Indian Ocean and an east–west transect over the equatorial
Indian Ocean (∼2∘ S), which is far away from the
continental sources. South Asian outflow over the northern Indian Ocean is
characterized by the high values of CCN number concentration
(∼5000 cm−3), low CCN activation efficiency
(∼25 %) and a steep increase in CCN concentration with the
increase in supersaturation. In contrast, low CCN concentration
(∼1000 cm−3) with flat supersaturation spectra was found
over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The CCN properties exhibited significant
dependence on the geometric mean diameter (GMD) of the aerosol number size
distribution, and CCN activation efficiency decreased to low values
(<20 %) at the time of new-particle formation events over
near-coastal and remote oceanic regions. The analysis of the activation
efficiencies for the “similar” aerosol size distributions over the northern
Indian Ocean indicated the primary role of aerosol number size distribution
on CCN activation efficiency. The dependence of CCN properties and
activation efficiency on size-segregated aerosol number concentration,
especially during the ultrafine (<100 nm) particle events, is
investigated in detail for the first time over the region.
Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 – technical overview
Authors: Righi Mattia , Andela Bouwe , Eyring Veronika , Lauer Axel , Predoi Valeriu , Schlund Manuel , Vegas-Regidor Javier , Bock Lisa , Brötz Björn , de Mora Lee , Diblen Faruk , Dreyer Laura , Drost Niels , Earnshaw Paul , Hassler Birgit , Koldunov Nikolay , Little Bill , Loosveldt Tomas Saskia , Zimmermann Klaus 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This paper describes the second major release of the Earth System Model
Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool), a community diagnostic and performance metrics tool for the evaluation of Earth system models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Compared to version 1.0, released in 2016, ESMValTool version 2.0 (v2.0) features a brand new design, with an improved interface and a revised preprocessor. It also features a significantly enhanced diagnostic part that is described in three companion papers. The new version of ESMValTool has been specifically developed to target the increased data volume of CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6) and the related challenges posed by the analysis and the evaluation of output from multiple high-resolution or complex ESMs. The new version takes advantage of state-of-the-art computational libraries and methods to deploy an efficient and user-friendly data processing. Common operations on the input data (such as regridding or computation of multi-model statistics) are centralized in a highly optimized preprocessor, which allows applying a series of preprocessing functions before diagnostics scripts are applied for in-depth scientific analysis of the model output. Performance tests conducted on a set of standard diagnostics show that the new version is faster than its predecessor by about a factor of 3. The performance can be further improved, up to a factor of more than 30, when the newly introduced task-based parallelization options are used, which enable the efficient exploitation of much larger computing infrastructures. ESMValTool v2.0 also includes a revised and simplified installation procedure, the setting of user-configurable options
based on modern language formats, and high code quality standards following the best practices for software development.
The freshwater shrimp Gammarus lacustris (Malacostraca, Amphipoda) in lakes on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau, southern Norway: distribution and environmental requirements
Authors: Qvenild Tore , Hesthagen Trygve , Fjellheim Arne 
Published: March 2020

The distribution of the amphipod Gammarus lacustris on the Hardangervidda mountain plateau was mapped by screening published data from 245 lakes in 11 and 16 catchments in western and central/eastern areas, respectively. These data are primarily based on stomach analyses of brown trout Salmo trutta. In central/eastern areas, G. lacustris was recorded in 79% of all the lakes examined, while there are only two former records (4%) in the western area. The distribution pattern of G. lacustris on Hardangervidda appears to be related to environmental conditions. The apparent absence of G. lacustris in the western area may be explained by a combined effect of cold water due to higher deposits of snow and water with low ionic strength as a consequence of its bedrock of Precambrian gneisses and granites with little or no moraine cover. However, lakes in central/eastern areas sustain G. lacustris in spite of dilute water, as G. lacustris has been recorded in 89 lakes of which 28% had calcium concentration <1.0 mg L-1, eight of them with pH <6.0. The lower lethal threshold for calcium concentration seems to be ~0.5 mg L-1. Gammarus lacustris was found in lakes at altitudes of 832 to 1396 m a.s.l. Furthermore, their occurrence increased significantly with lake size, being 69% in lakes <1.0 km2 and 97% in larger lakes. The number of refugia with better water quality is likely to increase with lake size. Gammarus lacustris is highly searched for as prey by all size groups of brown trout (15-45 cm). Access to proximity refugia that reduce predation pressure from fish may also increase with lake size. Climate changes are now in progress in this mountain area, and detailed mapping of G. lacustris is important in order to trace future range changes.
By Their Fruits Ye Shall Know Them: Robert C. Neville’s Semiotic and Pragmatic Theory of Religious Truth
Authors: Rohr David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This essay explicates Robert Cummings Neville’s theory of religious truth, focusing especially upon its foundations in the semiotic and pragmatism of C. S. Peirce. In accordance with Peirce’s semiotic, Neville construes religious truth as consisting in a triadic relation obtaining between religious signs, the ultimate objects they represent, and the living interpreters who interpret those ultimate objects via religious signs. In accordance with Peirce’s pragmatism, Neville construes religious truth as consisting in the practical fruits of interpreting religious signs in the experience, behavior, and thought of living interpreters. Neville’s theory of religious truth also depends crucially upon his metaphysics, which hypothesizes that all determinate things are defined by four elements: form, components formed, existential location, and value-identity. These “cosmological ultimates” define the finite sides of four “finite/infinite contrasts” with the infinite, indeterminate ontological creative act that creates all determinate things out of nothing. Religious symbols are true in a semiotic sense when they represent what is ultimately real by schematizing the finite/infinite contrasts that actually define the boundedness of the creation over against the ontological creative act. And religious symbols are true in a pragmatic sense when interpreting those symbols causes interpreters to regard as their ultimate concerns the religious predicaments associated with having form, components, existential location, and a value-identity. In short, religious symbols are true insofar as they represent realities that are truly ultimate and their interpretation generates the good living fruits of righteousness, wholeness, love, and ultimate meaning.
Balloon Mitral Valvotomy in Gestational Women with Symptomatic Mitral Stenosis
Authors: Anandan Prem Krishna , Kaushik Arun , Tamilarasu K. , Rajendran G. , Sundaram Shanmuga , Ramasamy P. , Vidyakar R. B. 
Published: March 2020

Background: Rheumatic valvular heart disease, commonly mitral stenosis, complicate 1% of pregnancies. Balloon mitral valvuloplasty (BMV) is an established treatment of rheumatic mitral stenosis. Aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of Balloon mitral valvuloplasty in pregnant women with severe mitral stenosis.
Materials and Methods: 66 patients who failed to respond to medical therapy undergoing BMV during pregnancy were analysed in this retrospective study. Mitral valve area (MVA), transmitral Mean valve gradient (MVG), and mitral regurgitation (MR), Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were assessed before and 24 hours after the procedure by transthoracic echocardiography. Patients were followed up to one month post BMV and neonates were monitored for the adverse effect of radiation.
Results: Mitral valve area increased from 0.83 ± 0.13 cm2 to 1.38 ± 0.29 cm2 (P = 0.007). Mean gradient mitral valve gradient decreased from 15.5 ± 7.4 mmHg to 3.36 ± 2.36 mmHg (P = 0.001). Pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 65.24 ± 17.9 to 50.45 ± 15.33 (P = 0.012). No maternal death, intrauterine growth restriction was observed.
Conclusion: Balloon mitral valvuloplasty has favourable immediate good outcomes for mothers and newborns.
Mapping the Density and Distribution of Indigenous Cattle Population Using Geographic Information System (GIS) Tools
Authors: Gopalakrishnan B. , Sugumaran M. P. , Kannan Balaji , Thirunavukkarasu M. , Davamani V. 
Published: March 2020

Aim:The current research aims to map the density and distribution of indigenous cattle population using GIS technique.
Study Design: Survey research - Cross-sectional.
Place and Duration of Study: Thondamuthur Block, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu State, India.September 2018 to January 2019.
Methodology: A house to house survey was conducted and the locations of farms and households with the indigenous cattle population were geocoded using a handheld Global Positioning System (GPS) device. Thepoints generated were used to create density and distribution maps using QGIS 3.4 software and the information collected from the survey.
Results: The study revealed that a total of 21 indigenous breeds were found in the study area out of which 15 breeds were under the descript category and 6 breeds under the non-descript category. In the adult category, the Kangayam breed (descript) was found to be dominant compared to other breeds, occupying 25% of the total indigenous cattle population followed by the non-descript Kongu cattle (19%). Breeds like Hallikar, Kankrej, Umblachery, Tharparkar and Sahiwal (all descript) occupied 7%, 5%, 4%, 2%, and 2% of the total indigenous cattle population, respectively. The results were similar in the calves category (including heifers) as well, with the Kangayam breed dominating the category with 8% of the total population, followed by the Kongu cattle (7%), Kankrej (2%), Hallikar (1%), Umblachery (1%), Sahiwal (1%) and Gir (1%). The distribution was found to be more concentrated towards the settlements and lower in the individual farms outside the settlements. Thereverse scenario was observed with regard to density. Both the density and distribution were found to be least along the village boundaries adjoining the hilly areas.
Conclusion: Spatial distribution and density related information can be effectively utilisedin cattle management, policy-making and decision support systems.
Susceptibility Patterns of Some Enteric Bacteria to Crude and Purified Bark Extracts of Annona muricata L.
Authors: Dada Ebenezer Oluyemi , Akinde Kehinde Yemisi 
Published: March 2020

Aims: This research was carried out to evaluate the susceptibility pattern of some enteric bacteria to crude and purified extracts of Annona muricata bark.
Study Design: Experimental design.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Between January, 2019 and May, 2019.
Methodology: Extraction of bioactive components of bark was done by maceration and phytochemical screening was carried out on the bark extracts to determine the bioactive components present. The bacteria isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using standard methods while the antibacterial activity of the plant extracts on human enteric bacteria was determined using agar well dilution method. A. muricata bark extracts were purified using column chromatography method. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC/MBC) of the extracts were performed using tube dilution technique.
Results: The quantitative phytochemical screening for bark extract revealed that glycosides (7.06±0.04, 34.67±0.02 and 19.35±0.01) extracted with aqueous, ethanol and methanol respectively is the most abundant phytochemical constituents. The antibacterial activities of the bark extracts revealed that aqueous showed no inhibition to none while ethanol and methanol inhibited all the test organisms. The highest value of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for both ethanol and methanol bark extracts was 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml respectively.
Conclusion: This research revealed that A. muricata bark extracts possesses antibacterial activity against human enteric bacteria isolates used in this study. The purified extracts of A. muricata bark showed higher zones of inhibition which indicates that it can compete well with standard antibiotics and it may also serve as a substitute to the commercially available antibiotics that can be used for the treatment of infections caused by enteric bacteria.
PI Controller Based Performance Analysis of Brushless DC Motor, Utilizing MATLAB Simulink Environment
Authors: Rawat Ankit , Bilal Mohd , Azeem Mohd Fazle 
Published: March 2020

Brushless DC Motor (BLDC) is gaining more and more popularity as one of the best electrical drives nowadays due to advantages like high efficiency, low maintenance, good reliability & wide dynamic response. The traditional brushed motor speed regulation is essentially effective in low speed and unable to lower the commutation torque ripple in high speed range. Speed regulation of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor is done by utilizing PI controller. The PI controller output act as the input to the variable voltage block. The mathematical modeling of BLDC motor is additionally shown here. The BLDC motor is supplied from the inverter while the rotor position and speed are the input here. The detailed mathematical model of the anticipated drive system is developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink environment. Principle of operation of using component is examined and therefore the simulation results are reported here to verify the theoretical analysis.
Cocoa Farmers’ Coping Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation in Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Orimogunje Alex O. , Ogundeji Babatunde A. , Ademola Tolulope I. , Balogun Shamsudeen T. , Awodumila David J. , Olorunmota Rosemary T. , Oyeledun Kehinde O. 
Published: March 2020

Aims: This study sought to identify the personal characteristics, climate adaptation/coping strategies and enterprise characteristics of cocoa farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. The study also aimed at determining constraints faced by the cocoa farmers in the course of carrying out the coping strategies.
Study Design: Multistage sampling technique.
Place and Duration of Study: Ijebu-Igbo and Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Methodology: This research work examined cocoa farmers’ coping strategies for climate change adaptation in Ogun State, Nigeria. A sample size of 60 respondents was used. Data were collected from selected cocoa farmers with the aid of structured interview schedule and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The results revealed that the mean age of respondents was 46.5 years, indicating that most of them were still in their active age. The findings also revealed that majority (78.3%) of the respondents were married, while 90.0% of them were educated at various levels. Planting of cocoa under a weeded forest was ranked first in the coping strategies used by the farmers. Poor access to credit facilities was ranked first among the constraint faced by the respondents in the use of adaptation strategies in the study area. However, educational qualification (χ2=22.949, p=0.000) indicated that they were significantly related to the rate of adoption of farmers’ coping strategies to climate change in the study area.
Conclusion: The study established that poor funding, among other challenges was a major constraint to farmers’ adoption of climate change coping strategies. Researchers therefore, need to commence developmental interventions aimed at addressing the identified constraints and work towards the development of drought tolerant cocoa varieties in order to boost cocoa production and improve farmers’ livelihood.
Methanococcaceae
Authors: Rother Michael , Whitman William B. , Boone David R. , Koga Yosuke 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMe.tha.no.coc.ca.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.Methanococcustype genus of the family; ‐aceaeending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.MethanococcaceaetheMethanococcusfamily.Euryarchaeota / Methanococci / Methanococcales / MethanococcaceaeDNA G+C content (mol%): 29–34.Type genus:MethanococcusKluyver and van Niel 1936ALemend. Barker 1936, Mah and Kuhn 1984 (Judicial Commission 1986).
D
esulfosarcina
Authors: Watanabe Miho , Fukui Manabu , Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

De.sul.fo.sar'ci.na. L. pref.
de
‐ from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo
‐ desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); L. fem. n.
sarcina
a package, bundle, and also a generic name (
Sarcina
); N.L. fem. n.
Desulfosarcina
sarcina‐shaped sulfate reducer.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Desulfosarcinaceae / Desulfosarcina

Cells are oval‐to‐rod shaped. Occur singly or in pairs. Spore formation is not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Nonmotile or motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Strictly anaerobic, having both a respiratory and a fermentative type of metabolism. Chemoorganotrophs using formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, higher fatty acids, other organic acids, alcohols, alkanes (one species), and benzoate or similar aromatic compounds (most species) including methylated monocyclic hydrocarbons (three species) as electron donors and also as carbon sources; these compounds are completely oxidized to CO
2
. Chemolithoautotrophic growth occurs with H
2
as the electron donor and CO
2
as the carbon source. Complete oxidation of acetyl‐CoA or CO
2
fixation during autotrophic growth is achieved via the anaerobic C
1
pathway (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase [CO‐DH] or Wood–Ljungdahl pathway). Sulfate and other oxidized sulfur compounds serve as terminal electron acceptors and are reduced to H
2
S. In the absence of an external electron acceptor, growth by fermentation occurs. Media containing a reductant and not less than 10 g/l NaCl and 2 g/l MgCl
2
·6H
2
O are necessary for growth. Mesophilic, with optimal growth temperature of 28–34°C. The genus
Desulfosarcina
contains five described species. Occur in anoxic part of brackish water and marine habitats including oil fields.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 51–57 (
T
m
, LC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfosarcina variabilis
Widdel 1980, VL7.
D
esulfomicrobium
Authors: Galushko Alexander , Kuever Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

De.sul.fo.mi.cro'bi.um. L. pref.
de
, from; L. neut. n.
sulfur
sulfur; N.L. pref.
desulfo‐
desulfuricating (prefix used to characterize a dissimilatory sulfate‐reducing prokaryote); N.L. neut. n.
microbium
(from Gr. masc. adj.
mikros
small and Gr. masc. n.
bios
, life), a microbe; N.L. neut. n.
Desulfomicrobium
sulfate‐reducing, small life.

Desulfobacterota / Desulfovibrionia / Desulfovibrionales / Desulfomicrobiaceae / Desulfomicrobium

Rod‐shaped cells, 0.5–1.0 × 0.9–5.0 μm. Occur singly or in pairs. No spore formation. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nearly all species are motile. The genus currently accommodates six species. All
Desulfomicrobium
spp. are strict anaerobes with respiratory and fermentative types of metabolism. All species are chemolithoheterotrophs requiring acetate or yeast extract as an additional carbon source for growth by sulfate reduction on H
2
and CO
2
(also on formate) with the exception of
Desulfomicrobium macestii
, which has been reported to grow by sulfate reduction as a chemolithoautotroph on H
2
and CO
2
. Nearly all species can grow by fermentation of pyruvate, fumarate, or malate. All species possess hydrogenases, and
b
‐ and
c
‐cytochromes are often present. Desulfoviridin is not present, and two species contain desulforubidin. Anoxic media (with sulfide as a reductant) are necessary for growth. Vitamins are not required. The optimal pH for growth is 7.2 when determined. Mesophilic; the optimal temperature range for growth is between 25 and 37°C. All species have very high similarity values for the 16S rRNA and
dsrAB
sequences. Species of the genus
Desulfomicrobium
were isolated from various anoxic environmental, technological, and biological sources.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.8–63.6 (
T
m
, LC, genome).

Type species
:
Desulfomicrobium baculatum
Rozanova et al. 1988, VL49 (basonym:
Desulfovibrio baculatus
Rozanova and Nazina 1976).
Water‐Based Robust Transparent Superamphiphobic Coatings for Resistance to Condensation, Frosting, Icing, and Fouling
Authors: Gu Wancheng , Song Kaixing , Cheng Zhen , Wang Qiaoling , Wang Shanlin , Wang Xikui , Yu Xinquan , Zhang Youfa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDue to the considerable demand for improving energy conservation and emission reduction, superhydrophobic coatings mainly derived from organic solvents have attracted significant interest, based on their potential role in enhancing heat transfer. Although water‐based coatings are relatively safe and economical, and contain low volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the realization of coatings with excellent anti‐condensation, anti‐frosting, anti‐icing, and passive self‐cleaning properties remains challenging, owing to the Wenzel state of small‐sized condensate microdrops. Herein, a water‐based transparent superamphiphobic coating is developed through a single‐step spraying method performed at ambient temperature using water and liquid rheological additives to disperse fluorinated SiO2 nanochains. The coating exhibits resistance to damage induced by low‐ and high‐temperature processing, chemical solution attacks, outdoor exposure, and freeze–thaw cycles. Most importantly, the porous structure consisting of nanopores and sub‐micropores, results in the suppression of condensation, frosting, and icing as well as facile removal of condensate micro‐drops, sparse frost, and ice. Furthermore, fouling can be eliminated via condensation or a cycle of frosting and defrosting utilizing the moisture in the air. The findings of this study may represent a significant advance in long‐term, efficient, and low‐VOC superamphiphobic technologies for large‐scale applications.
Free‐Radical‐Promoted Alkenylation of C(sp3)−H Bond in Chloroalkane with Cinnamic Acid and β‐Nitrostyrene
Authors: Sun Minzhi , Xu Zhengbao , Li Wenjie , Yang Le , You Huichao , Yu Dan , Fang Fang , Wang Yaxin , Liu Zhong‐Quan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe demonstrated herein a free‐radical alkenylation of the C(sp3)−H bond in 1,2‐dichloroethane with cinnamic acid and β‐nitrostyrene. This method not only provides a facile approach to chloroalkylated styrenes, but also would be instructive for halogen‐atom directing selective functionalization of inert C(sp3)−H bond.magnified image