bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
93 Health and Performance of Ewes in Woodland and Silvopasture Systems
Authors: Ellis Nevershi , Karki Uma , Paneru Bidur , Karki Lila B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The health and performance of small ruminants can be influenced by the type of vegetation available in the grazing lands, which are evolving from conventional sole pastures to other systems containing browse species, such as pastures incorporated with browse, silvopastures, and woodlands. However, how the type of grazing lands would impact animal performance and health is not documented well. The objective of this study was to determine the health and performance of ewe lambs in southern-pine silvopastures and woodlands. The study site consisted of pine silvopastures (3 plots, 0.4-ha each) planted with different cool- and warm-season forages, and woodlands (3 plots, 0.4-ha each) having numerous understory shrubs and herbaceous species. Katahdin-St. Croix-cross ewe lambs (n = 20; live weight – 29.4±1.03 kg., 5–6 months old) were rotationally stocked in study plots (10 animals/system) from May to August 2019. Both silvopasture and woodland systems consisted of 14-year-old longleaf (Pinus palustris Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees. Animal performance data [live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), FAMACHA score, and fecal egg count] were collected every 14 days and blood samples collected at the beginning and on d 80 after they were stocked in the study plots. Blood samples were analyzed for PVC using centrifuge machine and other parameters in IDEXX. Data were analyzed using the multivariate analysis of variance in SAS 9.4. The silvopasture ewes gained more weight versus the woodland ewes (P &lt; 0.0001). Fecal egg count was correlated negatively with live weight and BCS and positively with FAMACHA score in both groups (P &lt; 0.05). Woodland ewes showed greater levels of RBC, hemoglobin, and lymphocyte, but less blood urea nitrogen (BUN), monocyte, and basophil than silvopasture ewes (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate that woodland ewes may need some supplement to improve their weight gain and BUN.
159 The effect of sire FEC EBV on parasitism and survivability in grazing Katahdin lambs
Authors: Weaver Andrew R , Burke Joan M , Morgan Jim , Wright Donald L , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Selection for reduced fecal egg count (FEC) is an important management tool to combat anthelmintic resistance in worm populations. To understand consequences of selection for parasite resistance, a divergent mating scheme was established whereby Katahdin rams with high (HiFEC; n = 4) or low fecal egg count (LoFEC; n = 4) estimated breeding values (EBV) were randomly mated to ewes at the Southwest Virginia AREC. Mid-March born lambs (n = 199) were managed as one group until approximately 120 days of age (Weaning: June 4). Beginning at 45 days of age, BW and FAMACHA scores were collected weekly. Deworming occurred as necessary (FAMACHA ≥ 3) and fecal egg counts were taken biweekly. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS with fixed effects of sire EBV type. Fecal egg count was significantly higher in HiFEC-sired lambs one week prior to weaning (665 vs. 427 eggs/g, P &lt; 0.05) and again at three (3398 vs. 2175 eggs/g, P &lt; 0.01) and five (3596 vs. 2209 eggs/g, P &lt; 0.01) weeks post-weaning. These FEC differences corresponded to differences in lamb weaning and post-weaning FEC EBV (43% vs. -43%, P &lt; 0.05 and 82% vs. -66%, P &lt; 0.01; respectively). Lambs sired by HiFEC-rams required more anthelmintic treatment than LoFEC-selected lambs (76% vs. 61%, P &lt; 0.05). The weaning and post-weaning FEC EBV of HiFEC-sired lambs was greater in lambs that died than those that survived to 120 d (37% vs. 83%, P &lt; 0.01 and 73% vs. 138%, P &lt; 0.01; respectively); however, this phenomenon did not occur in LoFEC-sired lambs. Taken together, these data indicate that LoFEC-sired lambs have reduced parasite burden and are more likely to survive to weaning. Thus, sire selection for low FEC EBV can have indirect effects on lamb survival and general immunity.
56 Effects of creep feed supplementation and sire breed on the post-weaning performance of replacement doelings
Authors: Hayes Emily G , Stevens Lauren , Thomas Shaneqwa , Hurt Kaylee , Browning Richard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study examined the influence of creep feeding and sire breed on post-weaning replacement doeling traits. Over 3 years, doelings by Kiko, Myotonic, Spanish and Savanna sires were creep-fed (CF; n = 116) for 60 d or not creep-fed (NC; n = 117). Sire breeds were balanced across creep treatments. Doelings were weighed at 3 mo old (weaning) and various postweaning ages. Doelings entered the breeding herd at 18 mo of age and fitness traits recorded. At 3-, 6-, and 12-mo of age CF (14.7 ± 0.6, 19.3 ± 1.2, and 24.6 ± 0.9 kg, respectively) were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than NC (13.8 ± 0.6, 17.9 ± 1.2, and 23.6 ± 0.9 kg, respectively). Treatment did not affect 18-mo weights. Sire breed did not affect 3-mo weight. Sire breed influenced (P &lt; 0.05) 6-, 12-, and 18-mo weights. Myotonic-sired doelings were lightest (P &lt; 0.05) and Kiko-sired doelings were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than Savanna-sired. Breed x treatment interacted (P &lt; 0.05) for survival to 18 mo of age. Kiko-sired CF doelings had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) survival rate than Savanna-sired CF (88.6 ± 6.0% vs. 44.6 ± 11.5%). Breed did not affect survival rate (P&gt; 0.05) within the NC group. As a main effect, CF had a higher (P &lt; 0.05) survival rate than NC (81.5 ± 6.3% vs. 65.6 ± 8.7%). Sire breed affected (P &lt; 0.05) reproductive output. Cumulative kid crop weaned across the first 2 breeding years for the whole weaned doeling population was higher (P &lt; 0.05) for Myotonic- and Kiko-sired (1.4 and 1.2 ± 0.2 kids) does than Savanna-sired (0.5 ± 0.1 kids). Creep feeding did not affect reproductive output. Creep feed supplementation and sire breed influenced post-weaning doeling weights. Only sire breed affected reproductive performance of the young does.
146 Survey of residual feed intake in Katahdin and Texel lambs in a feedlot environment
Authors: Maierle Camren l , Weaver Andrew R , Felton Eugene , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Residual feed intake (RFI) is quickly becoming the preferred measurement of efficiency in many species due to its inherent independence of most other important production traits. Making meaningful improvement in feed efficiency of sheep will require a consistent methodology to accurately identify efficient individuals. Due to difficulty in measuring this trait efforts must be made to incorporate efficiency data in large-scale genetic evaluations. The aim of this study was to evaluate lambs in a feedlot with large-scale genetic evaluations for feed efficiency calculated by residual feed intake (RFI) utilizing a Growsafe™ system. RFI was calculated by subtracting expected intake from actual intake. Expected intake was determined by regressing metabolic body size of mid-test weight. Regression determined ADG on actual intake for individuals in the population. Texel (n = 58) and Katahdin (n = 118) lambs were placed in a feedlot and fed in separate feeding trials, a complete pellet ad libitum as the sole source of nutrition. In this environment Texel and Katahdin lambs had expected ADG values (0.27 kg/day, 0.32 kg/day respectively) and actual intake data (2154.17 g/day, 1909.33 g/day respectively. After a period of adaptation, Texel average intake was determined over a period of 27 consecutive days and used to calculate individual RFI within the test population. Observable ranges of RFI (-0.62 – +0.62) were seen in the Texel lambs. At the start of the Katahdin trial lambs were separated by sex and FEC treatment. After a period of adaptation, Katahdin average intake was determined over a period of 42 consecutive days and used to calculate individual RFI within the test population. Observable ranges of RFI (-0.53 – +0.50) were seen in the Katahdin lambs as well. In both feeding trials RFI appeared to be normally distributed. Use of this technology may be useful in identifying superior individuals for feed efficiency.
161 The effect on ADG, DMI, and blood metabolites of weaned Katahdin lambs offered chelated mineral with Ascophyllum nodosum on a high forage diet
Authors: Jolly Elizabeth , Boyd Jamie A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Katahdin wethers supplemented with mineral product including Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed on a 100% forage feedlot diet. Twenty-three Katahdin wethers (24.930.59 kg) post-weaning were divided into a treatment group of 12 wethers and a control group of 11 wethers, in which both were fed an ad libitum diet of mixed alfalfa-Bermuda forage. The treatment group was supplemented with the chelated mineral with seaweed. The control group was supplemented with a non-chelated Cal Phos product without seaweed. To determine mineral absorption, 4 wethers from each group had blood metabolites analyzed for copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc via jugular pulls at weeks 0, 4 and 8 weeks. DMI was determined by group on a daily basis, and ADG was calculated. Forage samples were collected 2x week for dry matter analysis then compiled by week and analyzed for NDF, ADF, EE, and CP. Data was analyzed via SAS using a randomized block design. There were no significant differences in blood mineral levels between the two groups or between weeks; both groups displayed adequate or normal blood metabolite levels. Carcass data was collected after 77 days and is pending analysis. DMI was significantly higher (18.620.11 vs 20.610.11; P &lt; 0.0001) in the treatment group, as was the BW (kg) of the treatment group (29.310.52 vs 31.110.52; P = 0.02). ADG was not significantly different (0.210.009 vs 0.220.009; P = 0.18) and efficiency (ADG/DMI) was not significantly different (0.010.001 vs 0.010.001; P = 0.95). Overall, the increase in ADG and BW in 8 week feed-out suggests that the lambs in the treatment group had performance benefits from the supplementation of the chelated mineral with seaweed. The shortened finishing time supplementing chelated mineral with seaweed is economical for producers; however, a study using traditional finishing diets is needed to confirm results.
183 Utilizing Breeding Indictors for an Effective AI Program in Brahman Cows
Authors: DeShazo Emily K , Reese Sydney T , Franco Gessica A , Neuendorff Don A , Randel Ron , Pohler Ky 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Estrus detection is crucial to an effective AI program. The objective of this study was to assess whether Estrotect Breeding Indicators were comparable to vasectomized gomer bulls wearing chin ball markers to accurately and efficiently identify estrus. It was hypothesized that Estrotect Breeding Indicators will accurately and more efficiently detect estrus than gomer bulls. On day 0, an Estrotect Breeding Indicator was placed on Brahman cows (n = 204) that were kept with four vasectomized bulls for the following 45-day study period. Once estrus was detected via activated heat patch, cows were artificially inseminated 14 hours later and the bull score was recorded on a scale from 1–3 (1- no bull marks; 3- solid bull marks). Cows were continually monitored for return to estrus and a pregnancy diagnosis was conducted on day 110. All cows displaying estrus (n = 137) had fully activated patches, while 67 cows were anestrous for the trial duration. A ROC curve analysis indicated that the sensitivity of the bulls detecting estrus was 77.4% compared to the Estrotect Breeding Indicators. Out of the cows with a fully activated patch, 62.77% (86/137) became pregnant to AI. Of these, 17.4% (15/86) of pregnant cows received a bull score of 1 or 2, meaning there were little to no marks left from the bulls. Failure of bulls to identify estrus can be attributed to bulls’ loss of energy, cows displaying homosexual behavior, bulls staying with a chosen cow, or even calves preventing the bull access to the cows in estrus. In conclusion, the patches were able to detect estrus in a greater number of cows than the action of vasectomized bulls wearing chin ball markers leading to an increased pregnancy rate.
122 Physiological effects of low level laser therapy on exercised horses
Authors: Rosenkrans Ashley , Freeman Carson , Oberhaus Erin L , Dias Morse Palika , Rosenkrans Charles 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a form of phototherapy which may stimulate healing of injuries and lesions from exercise. Our objective was to determine effects of LLLT before or after exercise on equine serum concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition. Twelve quarter horses were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) received no laser therapy, (B) received six minutes of laser therapy before exercise, and (C) received six minutes of laser therapy after exercise. Laser (635 nm) treatment was with a class II handheld low-level laser with constant wave modulation. Horses were exercised using a walker for 30 min five days a week for three weeks, and within 30 min after exercise blood was collected on day 7, 14, and 21; blood was collected on day 0 prior to exercise as a reference point. Serum was collected, frozen; and cortisol, lactate, and CYP inhibition were determined via validated assays. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with horse as the experimental unit; an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between treatment group and day of study affected serum concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and CYP inhibition. For group B horses, cortisol concentrations decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from day 14 to day 21 (31 vs 20 ± 2.9 ng/mL). Serum lactate concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.0001) during the three weeks of training (2700, 2773, 3064, and 6061 ± 232 μM; respectively for day 0, 7, 14, and 21); whereas, inhibition of CYP decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from day 0 to day 21. Interaction of main effects on lactate can be explained by larger increases in lactate concentrations for horses treated with LLLT during the trial; conversely, CYP inhibition decreased for horses treated with LLLT after exercise. Our results suggest that LLLT may be useful in improving performance of equine athletes.
30 Determination of Optimal Harvest Weight for Mangalica Pigs Using a Serial Harvest Approach to Measure Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Reeves Maegan A , Charlton Courtney E , Wilkerson Shannon R , Rehm John G , Brandebourg Terry D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mangalica pigs are a popular niche breed given their reputation for superior quality pork. However, growth and carcass parameters for this breed are poorly documented. Our objective was to better characterize optimal harvest weights for the Mangalica breed. To accomplish this, a growth trial was conducted whereby pigs (n = 56) were randomly distributed across stratified harvest weights (50, 57, 68, 82, 93, 102, 127 kg) in a completely randomized design. Pigs were fed standard finisher rations with individual daily feed intakes and weekly body weights recorded for all animals. At 24h postmortem, carcasses were split and ribbed with marbling and loin eye area (LEA) measured at the 10th rib. Primal cuts were fabricated and individually weighed. Fat back was separated from the loin and weighed. As expected, live weight significantly increased across weight class (P &lt; 0.0001). ADG was similar across classes up to 82 kg live weight before steadily declining with increasing weight class (P &lt; 0.0025). Likewise, feed efficiency did not differ between classes until weights heavier than 82 kg (P &lt; 0.03). LEA significantly increased by class up to 82 kg and then plateaued as harvest weight increased further (P &lt; 0.003). Marbling score significantly increased with increasing weight class up to 102 kg where they then plateaued (P &lt; 0.04). Fat back dramatically increased across all weight classes (P &lt; 0.0001) despite negligible increases in LEA or marbling after 102 kg. Primal cut weights for the ham (P &lt; 0.0001), loin (P &lt; 0.0001), Boston butt (P &lt; 0.0001), shoulder (P &lt; 0.0001), and belly (P &lt; 0.0001) all significantly increased with increasing live weight. These data suggest an optimal harvest weight occurs between 82 to 102 kg while offering little objective justification for the current practice of harvesting Mangalica pigs at much heavier live weights.
100 Impact of weaning strategy on beef cow and calf weight and body condition
Authors: Moore Mikayla , Cox-O’Neill Jordan , Poore Matt H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaning is one of the largest stressors in an animal’s life and can have long term impacts on the animal. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of weaning strategy on the weight and body condition of beef cattle. A total of 249 Angus-based pairs at two locations were assigned to one of three treatments: abrupt removal of the calf on d0 (Abrupt, n = 84), fenceline contact for 7 days followed by complete separation on d7 (Fence, n = 85), or late weaning d84 (Late, n = 80). Weaned calves were supplemented 0.23 kg/hd/d of grain as fed while Late were not supplemented. Weights were obtained on d0, 7, 14, 28, 56, 84, 91, and 112. Body condition scores were recorded monthly. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and weights were analyzed with repeated measures. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05. During the initial week post-abrupt weaning, Abrupt calves lost weight, Fence maintained weight, and Late calves gained weight (-0.4, 0, and 0.7 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Over the complete weaning period (d0 to 112), Abrupt and Late weaned differed (P &lt; 0.05) in their gains, while Fence was not different (P &gt; 0.05) than either treatment (0.58, 0.64, and 0.62 kg/d, respectively). Cow overall ADG was not affected by weaning treatment (1.2, 0.8, and 0.5 kg/d, respectively; P &gt;0.05). From d28 to 84, lactating Late cows gained less weight than Abrupt and Fence (0.3, 0.8, 0.8 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). This contributed to a -0.1 BCS decrease at d112 for Late compared to a 0.3 and 0.2 BCS gain for Abrupt and Fence, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). Cows weaning calves after 10 mo of lactation were lighter than cows weaned after 7 mo; however, calves remaining with their dam maintained growth rates similar to grain supplemented weaned calves on pasture. While treatments influenced cow measures, all remained within normal values, therefore late weaning may be an option for producers to sell heavier calves without grain supplementation if marketing older calves.
18 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities
Authors: Abbott Gabrielle , Jogan Kathi , Oberhaus Erin L , Apple Jason , Rosenkrans Charles 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r &lt; 0.12; P &gt; 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P &lt; 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P &lt; 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P &lt; 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.
Hip–spine syndrome: rationale for ischiofemoral impingement, femoroacetabular impingement and abnormal femoral torsion leading to low back pain
Authors: Khoury Anthony N , Hatem Munif , Bowler Joshua , Martin Hal David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe term ‘hip–spine syndrome’ was introduced in recognition of the frequent occurrence of concomitant symptoms at the hip and lumbar spine. Limitations in hip range of motion can result in abnormal lumbopelvic mechanics. Ischiofemoral impingement, femoroacetabular impingement and abnormal femoral torsion are increasingly linked to abnormal hip and spinopelvic biomechanics. The purpose of this narrative review is to explain the mechanism by which these three abnormal hip pathologies contribute to increased low back pain in patients without hip osteoarthritis. This paper presents a thorough rationale of the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of the aforementioned hip pathologies, and how each contributes to premature coupling and limited hip flexion/extension. The future of hip and spine conservative and surgical management requires the implementation of a global hip–spine–pelvis-core approach to improve patient function and satisfaction.
Methoxyfenozide, a Molting Hormone Agonist, Affects Autogeny Capacity, Oviposition, Fecundity, and Fertility in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hamaidia Kaouther , Soltani Noureddine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of methoxyfenozide (RH-2485), an insect growth disrupter (IGD) belonging to molting hormone agonist class, against female adults of Culex pipiens L. under laboratory conditions. Lethal concentrations (LC50 = 24.54 µg/liter and LC90 = 70.79 µg/liter), previously determined against fourth instar larvae, were tested for adult female fertility, fecundity and oviposition after tarsal contact before mating and any bloodmeal. Methoxyfenozide was found to alter negatively their autogeny capacity and oviposition. A strong reduction of 56% and 72% (P &lt; 0.001) in females’ autogeny capacity was observed in both treated series, respectively. Alteration in oviposition were found to be higher with LC90 (OAI-LC90 = −0.62) than with the LC50 (OAI-LC50 = −0.42). Also fecundity and hatching rate (fertility) were significantly reduced in treated series as compared to controls. A significant reduction of 37.65 and 28.23% in fecundity and decrease of 56.85 and 71.87% in fertility were found, respectively in LC50 and LC90 treated series. Obtained data clearly demonstrated that methoxyfenozide have significant depressive effect on reproductive potential against medically important vector with minimizing ecotoxicological risks in mosquitoes management.