bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of the corpus callosum across the adult lifespan in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans
Authors: Westerhausen René , Fjell Anders M. , Kompus Kristiina , Schapiro Steven J. , Sherwood Chet C. , Walhovd Kristine B. , Hopkins William D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe human corpus callosum exhibits substantial atrophy in old age, which is stronger than what would be predicted from parallel changes in overall brain anatomy. To date, however, it has not been conclusively established whether this accentuated decline represents a common feature of brain aging across species, or whether it is a specific characteristic of the aging human brain. In the present cross‐sectional study, we address this question by comparing age‐related difference in corpus callosum morphology of chimpanzees and humans. For this purpose, we measured total midsagittal area and regional thickness of the corpus callosum from T1‐weighted MRI data from 213 chimpanzees, aged between 9 and 54 years. The results were compared with data drawn from a large‐scale human sample which was age‐range matched using two strategies: (a) matching by chronological age (human sample size: n = 562), or (b) matching by accounting for differences in longevity and various maturational events between the species (i.e., adjusted human age range: 13.6 to 80.9 years; n = 664). Using generalized additive modeling to fit and compare aging trajectories, we found significant differences between the two species. The chimpanzee aging trajectory compared with the human trajectory was characterized by a slower increase from adolescence to middle adulthood, and by a lack of substantial decline from middle to old adulthood, which, however, was present in humans. Thus, the accentuated decline of the corpus callosum found in aging humans is not a universal characteristic of the aging brain, and appears to be human‐specific.
The central nervous system of whip spiders (Amblypygi): Large mushroom bodies receive olfactory and visual input
Authors: Sinakevitch Irina , Long Skye M. , Gronenberg Wulfila 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhip spiders (Amblypygi) are known for their nocturnal navigational abilities, which rely on chemosensory and tactile cues and, to a lesser degree, on vision. Unlike true spiders, the first pair of legs in whip spiders is modified into extraordinarily long sensory organs (antenniform legs) covered with thousands of mechanosensory, olfactory, and gustatory sensilla. Olfactory neurons send their axons through the leg nerve into the corresponding neuromere of the central nervous system, where they terminate on a particularly large number (about 460) of primary olfactory glomeruli, suggesting an advanced sense of smell. From the primary glomeruli, olfactory projection neurons ascend to the brain and terminate in the mushroom body calyx on a set of secondary olfactory glomeruli, a feature that is not known from olfactory pathways of other animals. Another part of the calyx receives visual input from the secondary visual neuropil (the medulla). This calyx region is composed of much smaller glomeruli (“microglomeruli”). The bimodal input and the exceptional size of their mushroom bodies may support the navigational capabilities of whip spiders. In addition to input to the mushroom body, we describe other general anatomical features of the whip spiders' central nervous system.
Lack of Drug‐Drug Interaction Between Filgotinib, a Selective JAK1 Inhibitor, and Oral Hormonal Contraceptives Levonorgestrel/Ethinyl Estradiol in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Begley Rebecca , Anderson Kacey , Watkins Timothy R. , Weng Winnie , Ampaw Lorraine , Qin Ann , Kearney Brian P. , Mathias Anita 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFilgotinib (FIL) is a potent and selective JAK1 inhibitor in clinical development for treatment of severe inflammatory diseases. A drug‐drug interaction study to evaluate the potential effect of FIL on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the oral contraceptive levonorgestrel (LEVO)/ethinyl estradiol (EE) was conducted. This was a phase 1, open‐label, randomized, crossover study in healthy female subjects (N = 24). Subjects received a single dose of LEVO (150 μg)/EE (30 μg) alone (reference), or in combination with multiple‐dose FIL (200 mg once daily for 15 days; test). Intensive PK sampling was conducted, and safety was assessed throughout the study. PK interactions were evaluated using 90% confidence intervals of the geometric least squares mean ratios of the test versus reference treatments. All 24 subjects enrolled completed study treatments. Coadministration of FIL with the oral contraceptive did not alter the PK of LEVO and EE; the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric least squares mean ratios were contained within bioequivalence bounds (80%‐125%). Exposures of FIL were consistent with observed clinical exposure data. Study treatments were generally well tolerated. All adverse events were mild. Coadministration with FIL did not alter the PK of LEVO/EE, and hormonal contraceptives can serve as an effective contraception method for subjects on FIL treatment.
A novel virtual reality‐based theory of mind intervention for outpatients with schizophrenia: A proof‐of‐concept pilot study
Authors: Vass Edit , Simon Viktória , Fekete Zita , Lencse Laura , Ecseri Mária , Kis Balázs , Simon Lajos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSchizophrenia is a severe and highly disabling mental illness. Although several pharmacological solutions are available to alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia, they do not seem to provide solution for accompanying social dysfunctions. To handle this unmet clinical need, many innovative interventions have been developed recently. Considering the promising results on this field and the development trend, characterized by the growing proportion of included interactive technology, our research team developed a novel virtual reality (VR)‐based targeted theory of mind (ToM) intervention (VR‐ToMIS) for stable outpatients with schizophrenia. VR‐ToMIS is a nine‐session long structured and individualized method that uses cognitive and behavioural therapeutic techniques in an immersive VR environment. Our study was a randomized, controlled pilot study. Twenty‐one patients have been recruited and randomly allocated to either VR‐ToMIS or passive VR condition. Patients assigned to passive VR condition could use the same VR software as the VR‐ToMIS group, but without any interventions. Effects on psychiatric symptoms, neurocognitive and social cognitive functions, pragmatic language skills and quality of life were evaluated by using analysis of covariance. According to our results, VR‐ToMIS was associated with improvements in negative symptoms, in one neurocognitive field (immediate memory), ToM and pragmatic language skills, but no significant change in quality of life scores was detected. Significant changes in VR‐ToMIS group were associated with moderate to large therapeutic effects (ηp2 = .24–.46, φ = .55–.67). On the background of the presented pilot results, VR‐ToMIS is concluded to be feasible and tolerable.
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects on Cardiovascular Diseases With Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 Inhibitors Versus Sulfonylureas in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Yang Chen‐Yi , Lin Wei‐Ann , Su Pei‐Fang , Li Lun‐Jie , Yang Chun‐Ting , Ou Huang‐Tz , Kuo Shihchen 
Published: September 2020

This study explored heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) of the real‐world use of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP‐4is) vs. sulfonylureas (SUs) on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Utilizing Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database, 19,853 propensity score‐matched pairs of DPP‐4i and SU stable users were identified. Classification and regression tree analyses and Cox models were applied to explore HTEs, according to various patient characteristics, on the composite CVDs, three‐point major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), and all‐cause mortality. The absolute risk difference (ARD), hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were estimated for comparing treatment effects. CVD history, ischemic stroke, or transient ischemic attack (IS/TIA) history, and age at treatment initiation were significant treatment effect modifiers. Patients with prior IS/TIA but without any other prior CVDs benefited most in reduced risks of composite CVDs from using DPP‐4i vs. SU (ARD −4.31%, 95% CI −7.48% to −1.14%, HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.69 ~ 0.95), followed by those without prior IS/TIA and CVDs and initiated with DPP‐4i at age < 69.3 years (ARD −0.90%, 95% CI −1.47% to −0.32%, HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77 ~ 0.97). Patients with prior IS/TIA benefited most in reduced risks of three‐point MACE from using DPP‐4i vs. SU (ARD −4.22%, 95% CV −6.66% to −1.78%, HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.69 ~ 0.93), followed by those without prior IS/TIA and initiated with DPP‐4i at age < 69.3 years (ARD −0.68%, 95% CI −1.08% to −0.29%, HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 ~ 0.93). Consideration of CVD and IS/TIA histories and age could facilitate individualized diabetes management of using DPP‐4i vs. SU. Future studies are warranted given the hypothesis‐generating nature in this exploratory research.
OMIP‐070: NKp46‐Based 27‐Color Phenotyping to Define Natural Killer Cells Isolated From Human Tumor Tissues
Authors: Frutoso Marie , Mair Florian , Prlic Martin 
Published: September 2020

Purpose and appropriate samplesThis 27‐color panel has been validated and optimized to comprehensively profile natural killer (NK) cells isolated from human tumors using a collagenase Type II‐based digestion protocol. We confirmed that detection of protein expression by antibodies used in our final panel was not affected during tissue digestion. During this evaluation process, we found that detection of CD56, a biomarker typically used to identify NK cells, was affected substantially by collagenase‐based digestion. Thus, our panel is centered around expression of NKp46, which is sufficient to identify NK cells and not affected by the tissue collagenase digestion step. Our panel further includes biomarkers used to extrapolate NK‐cell maturation, differentiation, migration, homing potential, and functional state. Our panel is intended to provide in‐depth characterization of human NK cells isolated from tissues, which we specifically tested using oral squamous cell carcinomas tissues, but it is compatible with other tissues that can be dissociated with a collagenase Type II‐based protocol. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Serotonergic sensitivity alleles moderate relations between attachment security at age three and socioemotional competence at age five
Authors: Lee Jin‐kyung , Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J. , Beauchaine Theodore P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChildren with higher socioemotional competence are more likely to build constructive relationships with others and experience more positive adjustment outcomes in later periods. Securely attached children are likely to develop better socioemotional competence, but genetic moderation of associations between attachment and later socioemotional competence has received less attention. Using structural equation modeling, this study analyzed data collected from 1,337 children (51% male) born from 1998 to 2000 in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. The results demonstrated that relations between attachment security at age 3 years and their social competence at age 5 years differed by two serotonin transporter variants (5‐HTTLPR, STin2). Effect sizes of these interactions were larger than effect sizes of main effects and the benefit of having sensitive alleles was consistently supported. This implies that having more secure attachment in the early developmental period is advantageous especially for children with minor alleles who have greater environmental sensitivity.
Burden and management of type 2 diabetes in rural United States
Authors: Dugani Sagar B. , Mielke Michelle M. , Vella Adrian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the United States, rural areas have a higher burden of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) compared to urban areas. However, there is limited information on risk factors and interventions that improve the primary prevention and management of T2DM in rural areas. To synthesize current knowledge on T2DM in rural areas and to guide healthcare providers and policy makers, we reviewed five scientific databases and the grey literature over the last decade (2010–2020). We described classification systems for rurality and the T2DM burden based on rurality and region (West, South, Midwest, and Northeast). We highlighted risk factors for T2DM in rural compared to urban areas, and summarized interventions to screen and manage T2DM based on opportunistic screening, T2DM self‐management, community‐based initiatives, as well as interventions targeting comorbidities and T2DM. Several studies identified the co‐existence of T2DM and depression/psychological symptoms, which could reduce adherence to non‐pharmacologic and pharmacologic management of T2DM. We highlighted the role of technology in education and counselling of patients with geographic and financial barriers to accessing care, which is exacerbated by the SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus disease‐19 pandemic. We identified knowledge gaps and next steps in improving T2DM care in rural areas. There is an urgent need for interventions tailored to rural areas given that rural Americans currently experience a disproportionate burden of T2DM and are encumbered by its associated morbidity, mortality, and loss in economic productivity.
Molecular markers reveal diversity in composition of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Megastigmidae) from eucalypt galls
Authors: Le Ngoc Hoan , Nahrung Helen F. , Morgan Jess A. T. , Ogbourne Steven , Lawson Simon A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSince outbreaks of the invasive blue gum chalcids Leptocybe spp. began, the genus Megastigmus (Hymenoptera: Megastigmidae) has been increasingly studied as containing potential biocontrol agents against these pests. Megastigmus species have been collected and described from Australia, the presumed origin of Leptocybe spp., with M. zvimendeli and M. lawsoni reported as Leptocybe spp. parasitoids established outside of Australia. Parasitic Megastigmus have been reported to occur locally in the Neotropics, Afrotropic, Palearctic, and Indomalaya biogeographic realms, and in many cases described as new to science. However, molecular tools have not been used in studying parasitic Megastigmus, and difficulties in morphological taxonomy have compromised further understanding of eucalypt‐associated Megastigmus as well as the Megastigmus‐Leptocybe association. In this study, we used molecular markers to study the species composition and phylogeny of Megastigmus collected from eucalypt galls in Australia and from Leptocybe spp. galls from South Africa, Kenya, Israel, China, and Vietnam. We record thirteen discrete species and a species complex associated with eucalypt galls. A summary of morphological characters is provided to assist morphological delimitation of the studied group. A phylogeny based on 28S rDNA identified species groups of importance to Leptocybe spp. biocontrol agents from four clades with nine species. Relationships between Megastigmus from eucalypt galls and their phytophagous congeners were unresolved. Further molecular work is needed to clarify the identity of many species.
Observer‐oriented approach improves species distribution models from citizen science data
Authors: Milanesi Pietro , Mori Emiliano , Menchetti Mattia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCitizen science platforms are increasingly growing, and, storing a huge amount of data on species locations, they provide researchers with essential information to develop sound strategies for species conservation. However, the lack of information on surveyed sites (i.e., where the observers did not record the target species) and sampling effort (e.g., the number of surveys at a given site, by how many observers, and for how much time) strongly limit the use of citizen science data. Thus, we examined the advantage of using an observer‐oriented approach (i.e., considering occurrences of species other than the target species collected by the observers of the target species as pseudo‐absences and additional predictors relative to the total number of observations, observers, and days in which locations were collected in a given sampling unit, as proxies of sampling effort) to develop species distribution models. Specifically, we considered 15 mammal species occurring in Italy and compared the predictive accuracy of the ensemble predictions of nine species distribution models carried out considering random pseudo‐absences versus observer‐oriented approach. Through cross‐validations, we found that the observer‐oriented approach improved species distribution models, providing a higher predictive accuracy than random pseudo‐absences. Our results showed that species distribution modeling developed using pseudo‐absences derived citizen science data outperform those carried out using random pseudo‐absences and thus improve the capacity of species distribution models to accurately predict the geographic range of species when deriving robust surrogate of sampling effort.
The problem of underpowered rivers
Authors: Worrall Fred , Burt Tim P. , Hancock Gregory R. , Howden Nicholas J.K. , Wainwright John 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study has hypothesized that for many rivers the trade‐off between flow accumulation and the decrease in slope along channel length means that stream power increases downstream and, moreover, that given the low slope angles in headwater and low‐order streams, they would have insufficient stream power to erode let alone transport sediment. The study considered the stream power profile, the particle travel distances and the application of the Hjulström curve based on the velocity profile of nine, large UK catchments. The study showed that:

Some rivers never showed a maximum in their longitudinal stream power profile, implying that some rivers never develop a deposition zone before they discharge at the tidal limit.
Particle travel distances during a bankfull discharge event showed that for some rivers 91% of the upper main channel would not be cleared of sediment. Furthermore, while some rivers could transport a 2 mm particle their entire length in one bankfull event, for another river it would take 89 such events.
The Hjulström curve shows that for three of the study rivers the upper 20 km of the river was not capable of eroding a 2 μm particle.
The study has shown that for all rivers studied, erosion is focused downstream and deposition upstream. Many UK rivers have a dead zone where, on time scales of the order of centuries, no erosion or transport occurs and erosion only occurs in the lower courses of the channel where discharge rather than slope dominates – we propose these as underpowered rivers.
© 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Gentiobiose and cellobiose content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers and utilization of such disaccharides by lactic acid bacteria in fermented cucumber juice medium
Authors: Ucar Redife Aslihan , Pérez‐Díaz Ilenys M. , Dean Lisa L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe content of cellobiose and gentiobiose, cellulose‐derived dissacharides, in fresh and fermented cucumber was evaluated along with the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, Lactobacillus buchneri and Lactobacillus brevis to utilize them during and after fermentation. The disaccharide content in fresh and fermenting cucumbers was below the detection level (10 µM) using HPLC for analysis. Utilization of cellobiose and gentiobiose by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was tested in fermented cucumber juice medium (FCJM), a model system for the bioconversion and postfermentation lacking glucose and fructose. Changes in the fermentation metabolites were followed using HPLC and pH measurements as a function of time. The disaccharides were utilized by L. plantarum, L. pentosus, and L. buchneri in FCJM at pH 4.7 ± 0.1, representative of the active fermentation period, and converted to lactic acid. The disaccharides were not utilized in FCJM at pH 3.7 ± 0.1, representative of the end of fermentation. While L. brevis was unable to utilize cellobiose efficiently in FCJM, they were able to remove gentiobiose at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. Some strain level differences in cellobiose utilization were observed. It is concluded that the disaccharides are absent in the fresh cucumber and the typical fermentation. The LAB prevalent in the bioconversion utilizes cellobiose and gentiobiose, if available, at pH 4.7 ± 0.1. The LAB would not remove the disaccharides, which could become available from cellulose degradation by the acid resistant indigenous microbiota, after the pH is reduced to 3.7 ± 0.1.
Structure and in vitro digestibility on complex of corn starch with soy isoflavone
Authors: Wang Siqi , Wu Tianhao , Cui Weijian , Liu Meihong , Wu Yuzhu , Zhao Chengbin , Zheng Mingzhu , Xu Xiuying , Liu Jingsheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRapid starch digestion rate is negative for the normal level of human blood glucose. This study investigated the protective effects of corn starch (CS) complexed with soy isoflavone (SI) on the control of starch digestibility and glycemic index (GI). The structure of the corn starch–soy isoflavone (CS‐SI) complexes was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the complexes digestibility was evaluated using in vitro digestion model. The results of FT‐IR spectrum showed that, compared with corn starch, new characteristic peaks were not occurred in CS‐SI complexes, and the value of R1047/1022 was decreased, which indicated the short‐range structure of CS‐SI complexes had been reduced. The V‐shaped structure characteristic peaks occurred obviously in CS‐SI complexes detected by XRD patterns, which formed a new crystalline structure. The thermal stability was improved in CS‐SI complexes revealed by TGA and DTG curves that the thermal cracking temperature increased from 315°C to 320°C. The enthalpy (ΔH) of CS‐SI complexes decreased from 2.34 J/g to 1.75 J/g showed by DSC data, which indicated that the ordered structure of starch was destroyed. Furthermore, the content of resistant starch increased from 10.53% to 21.78% and predicted glycemic index (pGI) reduced in CS‐SI complexes. In conclusion, the digestibility and pGI of starch can be improved by complexed with soy isoflavone.