bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pleomorphic Undifferentiated Sarcoma (Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma) of True Vocal Fold: A Rare Laryngeal Malignancy
Authors: Bhardwaj Rohit , Gupta Ankur , Ponnusamy Sabarirajan , Nathan Karthika 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma also known as Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, is a malignanat tumour which commonly involves upper and lower extremities and the retroperitoneum. Only a few sporadic MFHs located in the head and neck have been reported in the literature. Rarely the tumor can involve larynx. Complete excision of the tumor is the standard treatment but post-operative chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy is also recommended in selected cases.
Case Report
We present a rare case report of pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma also known as malignanat fibrous histiocytoma of true vocal fold in a 65 years old male patient. The patient presented to us with complaints of change in voice for past 3 months. He also reported about his smoking habits for past 35 years. On detailed examination of head and neck region no palpable lymph nodes were detected. Oral and nasal cavity examination also did not reveal any pathology. On endoscopic laryngeal assessment a polypoidal mass was seen arising from posterior half of anterior third of left true vocal fold. The vocal fold mobility was found normal.We completely excised the tumor by microlaryngeal surgery. The histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of the excised tissue identified the tumor being a pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma which was positive for Vimentin, EMA and negative for CK, p63. Patient did not receive radiotherapy/ chemotherepy in postoperative period. Patient has been under follow-up for past 6 months and is disease free as of now.
Discussion
Mesenchymal malignancies of larynx are rare entities. Pleomorphic undifferentiated sarcoma also known as malignanat fibrous histiocytoma is one of such malignancy. The treatment consists of complete excision of the lesion. The need of post-operative radiotherapy and/ chemotherapy depends on the extent of disease.
Endoscopic Repair of Spontaneous CSF Rhinorrhoea: Results from 21 Cases
Authors: Ghosh Swapan Kumar , Kundu Indranath , Singh Mukesh Kumar , Chakraborty Rajarshi , Banerjee Suyash 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Surgery to close the skull base defect is the treatment of choice in persistent spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea with endoscopic endonasal repair being the method of choice. This study analysed the demographics of presentation, optimal diagnostic and localisation strategies and the effectiveness of transnasal endoscopic treatment strategies with post-operative follow-up of CSF rhinorrhoea patients in a tertiary care institution .
Materials and Methods
A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 21 CSF rhinorrhoea patients operated on between August 2014 and August 2018 and results documented.
Results
CSF rhinorrhoea was found most commonly in middle aged female patients in our study. HRCT PNS was capable of identifying a leak site in 66% of the cases. All patients were operated endoscopically with no major intra-operative or post-operative complications. Resolution of CSF leak occurred in 85% of cases.
Conclusion
CSF rhinorrhoea can be diagnosed and endoscopic repair can be effectively performed in our existing tertiary care set-ups with good results.
Antibiotic Use: Knowledge and Practice of Medical Undergraduate Students in Kolkata
Authors: De Maumita , Mukherjee Diptanshu 
Published: August 2020

Introduction
Excessive use and misuse of antibiotics worldwide, both in human medicine and in agriculture has led to increased occurrence of bacterial resistance. Medical students should be aware of the judicious use of antibiotics, so that they can help the general population in future. Present study assesses knowledge of antibiotic use among first year undergraduate medical students and their practice in own life.
Materials and Methods
An observational, cross sectional study was conducted during a three-month period among first year undergraduate medical students of a teaching hospital in Kolkata. A validated self- administered questionnaire was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using simple descriptive statistics. Wherever it was relevant, the Chi-square test was carried out to determine any significant difference.
Results
About 85% of the participants were aware of the indication of antibiotic for treating bacterial infections only. Around 44% of the students had an average knowledge score compared to 28% having good knowledge score. Majority (76%) of the medical students obtained last antibiotics by a doctor’s prescription, but 54% completed the course as advised by doctor and purpose of taking antibiotic was fever mainly (41%). Statistically significant (P< 0.05) difference on pattern of their antibiotic use was found according to their socioeconomic status and knowledge score.
Conclusion
Changing the prescribing behaviour and knowledge of the healthcare professionals can help a lot to achieve rational use of antibiotic. It is also suggested that giving a comprehensive training of antibiotic use to the medical students and creating their awareness about frequent antimicrobial resistance could be a successful and encouraging approach.
The Windrush Scandal
Authors: Goring Namitasha , Beckford Beverley , Bowman Simone 
Published: August 2020

The Windrush Scandal: A Review of Citizenship, Belonging and Justice in the United Kingdom
This article points out that the UK Human Rights Act, 1998 does not have a clear provision guaranteeing a person’s right to a nationality. Instead, this right is buried in the European Court of Human Rights decisions of Smirnova v Russia, 2003 and Alpeyeva and Dzhalagoniya v. Russia, 2018. In these cases, the Court stretched the scope of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, 1953 on non-interference with private life by public authorities to extend to nationality. The humanitarian crisis arising from the Windrush Scandal was caused by the UK Government’s decision to destroy the Windrush Generation’s landing cards in the full knowledge that for many these slips of paper were the only evidence of their legitimate arrival in Britain between 1948 and 1971.The kindling for this debacle was the ‘hostile environment policy’, later the ‘compliant environment policy’ that operated to formally strip British citizens of their right to a nationality in flagrant violation of international and domestic law. This article argues that the Human Rights Act, 1998 must be amended to include a very clear provision that guarantees in the UK a person’s right to a nationality as a portal to a person’s inalienable right to life. This balances the wide discretion of the Secretary of State under Section 4 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act, 2002 to deprive a person of their right to a nationality if they are deemed to have done something seriously prejudicial to the interests of the UK.This article also strongly recommends that the Preamble to the UK Human Rights Act, 1998 as a de facto bill of rights, be amended to put into statutory language Independent Advisor Wendy Williams’ ‘unqualified apology’ recommendation in the Windrush Lessons Learned Report for the deaths, serious bodily and mental harm inflicted on the Windrush Generation. This type of statutory contrition is in line with those of countries that have carried out similar grievous institutional abuses and their pledge to prevent similar atrocities in the future. This article’s contribution to the scholarship on the Human Rights Act, 1998 is that the Windrush Generation Scandal, like African slavery and British colonization, has long-term intergenerational effects. As such, it is fundamentally important that there is a sharp, comprehensive and enforceable legal mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of citizens as well as settled migrants of ethnically non-British ancestry who are clearly vulnerable to bureaucratic impulses.
Effect of a hydrogel spacer on the intrafractional prostate motion during CyberKnife treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Suzuki Toshihiro , Saito Masahide , Onishi Hiroshi , Mochizuki Zennosuke , Mochizuki Koji , Satani Kenichiro , Sano Naoki , Aoki Shinichi , Marino Kan , Komiyama Takafumi , Takahashi Hiroshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a hydrogel spacer on intrafractional prostate motion during CyberKnife treatment. The retrospective study enrolled 24 patients (with the hydrogel spacer = 12, without the hydrogel spacer = 12) with two fiducial markers. Regarding intrafractional prostate motion, the offset values (mm) of three axes (X‐axis; superior [+] to inferior [−], Y‐axis; right [+] to left [−], Z‐axis; posterior [+] to anterior [−]) obtained from fiducial markers position between a digitally reconstructed radiographs images and live images in the Target Locating System were used, and extracted from generated log files. The mean values of the offset and each standard deviation were calculated for each patient, and both the groups were compared. For all the patients, a total of 2204 offset values and timestamps (without the hydrogel spacer group: 1065, with the hydrogel spacer group: 1139) were recorded for the X‐, Y‐, and Z‐axes, respectively. The offset values (mean ± standard deviation) for the X‐, Y‐, and Z‐axes were −0.04 ± 0.92 mm, −0.03 ± 0.97 mm (P = 0.66), 0.02 ± 0.51, −0.02 ± 0.49 mm (P = 0.50), and 0.56 ± 0.97 mm, 0.34 ± 1.07 mm (P = 0.14), in patients inserted without or with the hydrogel spacer, respectively. There was no effect of a hydrogel spacer on the intrafractional prostate motion in the three axes during CyberKnife treatment for prostate cancer.
Adults' difficulties in identifying concealment among children interviewed with the putative confession instructions
Authors: Gongola Jennifer , Quas Jodi A. , Clark Steven E. , Lyon Thomas D. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe putative confession (PC) instructions (“[suspect] told me everything that happened and wants you to tell the truth”) increases children's honesty. However, research has shown that children who maintain secrecy despite the PC are more convincing. We examined whether (a) the PC undermines adults' deception detection abilities or (b) children who conceal despite the PC are better deceivers. Adults evaluated truthful and deceptive children interviewed with the PC where the PC portion of the interview was either present or absent. Adults' deception detection was no worse when the PC was present; in fact, it was slightly better. Rather than negatively affecting adults' ability to detect deception, the PC selects an unusually convincing group of concealers.
Electrically Heatable Graphene Aerogels as Nanoparticle Supports in Adsorptive Desulfurization and High‐Pressure CO2 Capture
Authors: Xia Dong , Li Heng , Mannering Jamie , Huang Peng , Zheng Xiarong , Kulak Alexander , Baker Daniel , Iruretagoyena Diana , Menzel Robert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReduced‐graphene‐oxide (rGO) aerogels provide highly stabilising, multifunctional, porous supports for hydrotalcite‐derived nanoparticles, such as MgAl‐mixed‐metal‐oxides (MgAl‐MMO), in two commercially important sorption applications. Aerogel‐supported MgAl‐MMO nanoparticles show remarkable enhancements in adsorptive desulfurization performance compared to unsupported nanoparticle powders, including substantial increases in organosulfur uptake capacity (>100% increase), sorption kinetics (>30‐fold), and nanoparticle regeneration stability (>3 times). Enhancements in organosulfur capacity are also observed for aerogel‐supported NiAl‐ and CuAl‐metal‐nanoparticles. Importantly, the electrical conductivity of the rGO aerogel network adds completely new functionality by enabling accurate and stable nanoparticle temperature control via direct electrical heating of the graphitic support. Support‐mediated resistive heating allows for thermal nanoparticle recycling at much faster heating rates (>700 °C∙min−1) and substantially reduced energy consumption, compared to conventional, external heating. For the first time, the CO2 adsorption performance of MgAl‐MMO/rGO hybrid aerogels is assessed under elevated‐temperature and high‐CO2‐pressure conditions relevant for pre‐combustion carbon capture and hydrogen generation technologies. The total CO2 capacity of the aerogel‐supported MgAl‐MMO nanoparticles is more than double that of the unsupported nanoparticles and reaches 2.36 mmol·CO2 g−1 ads (at pCO2 = 8 bar, T = 300 °C), outperforming other high‐pressure CO2 adsorbents.
Hybridization of Bimetallic Molybdenum‐Tungsten Carbide with Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon: A Rational Design of Super Active Porous Composite Nanowires with Tailored Electronic Structure for Boosting Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Li Huan , Hu Minghao , Zhang Luyao , Huo Lili , Jing Peng , Liu Baocang , Gao Rui , Zhang Jun , Liu Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn ecofriendly and robust strategy is developed to construct a self‐supported monolithic electrode composed of N‐doped carbon hybridized with bimetallic molybdenum‐tungsten carbide (MoxW2−xC) to form composite nanowires for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The hybridization of MoxW2−xC with N‐doped carbon enables effective regulation of the electrocatalytic performance of the composite nanowires, endowing abundant accessible active sites derived from N‐doping and MoxW2−xC incorporation, outstanding conductivity resulting from the N‐doped carbon matrix, and appropriate positioning of the d‐band center with a thermodynamically favorable hydrogen adsorption free energy (ΔGH*) for efficient hydrogen evolution catalysis, which forms a binder‐free 3D self‐supported monolithic electrode with accessible nanopores, desirable chemical compositions and stable composite structure. By modulating the Mo/W ratio, the optimal Mo1.33W0.67C @ NC nanowires on carbon cloth achieve a low overpotential (at a geometric current density of 10 mA cm−2) of 115 and 108 mV and a small Tafel slope of 58.5 and 55.4 mV dec−1 in acidic and alkaline environments, respectively, which can maintain 40 h of stable performance, outperforming most of the reported metal‐carbide‐based HER electrocatalysts.
Liquid Metal Microparticles Phase Change Medicated Mechanical Destruction for Enhanced Tumor Cryoablation and Dual‐Mode Imaging
Authors: Sun Xuyang , Cui Bixiao , Yuan Bo , Wang Xuelin , Fan Linlin , Yu Dehai , He Zhizhu , Sheng Lei , Liu Jing , Lu Jie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMechanical forces are crucial for normal living organisms as well as formation of tumor microenvironments. However, to date, there are rather limited trials to regulate the mechanical factors toward tumor treatment or imaging. Here, a synergistic antitumor therapy of cryoablation and gallium microparticles (GMs) mediated bomb‐explosion‐like mechanical destruction is proposed for the first time. Moreover, the GMs are demonstrated to enhance the T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effect and mediate the dual‐mode imaging of computerized tomography (CT) and MRI. The GMs are found to exert a mechanical force to surrounding chitosan ice crystals during freezing, which is attributed to the volume expansion during the phase transition process. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of piercing gallium materials via a sword‐like shape into the solid ice crystals is observed with a penetration length of 150 µm within 1 ms, which further shows the remarkable mechanical destruction to frozen ice crystals. Furthermore, a series of in vitro and in vivo results prove the negligible biotoxicity and good biocompatible of GMs. The in vivo synergistic therapy exhibits effective destructive results with reduced recurrence rate and prolonged survival. The present methods are expected to not only open an efficient tumor destructive approach, but also hold potential for advanced theranostic systems.
Recent Advances of Cell Membrane‐Coated Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Wen‐Long , Zou Mei‐Zhen , Qin Si‐Yong , Cheng Yin‐Jia , Ma Yi‐Han , Sun Yun‐Xia , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSurface modification of nanomaterials is essential for their biomedical applications owing to their passive immune clearance and damage to reticuloendothelial systems. Recently, a cell membrane‐coating technology has been proposed as an ideal approach to modify nanomaterials owing to its facile functionalized process and good biocompatibility for improving performances of synthetic nanomaterials. Here, recent advances of cell membrane‐coated nanomaterials are reviewed based on the main biological functions of the cell membrane in living cells. An overview of the cell membrane is introduced to understand its functions and potential applications. Then, the applications of cell membrane‐coated nanomaterials based on the functions of the cell membrane are summarized, including physical barrier with selective permeability and cellular communication via information transmission and reception processes. Finally, perspectives of biomedical applications and challenges about cell membrane‐coated nanomaterials are discussed.
Halide Perovskite Materials for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Zhang Lei , Miao Juhong , Li Jingfa , Li Qingfang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHalide perovskites, traditionally a solar‐cell material that exhibits superior energy conversion properties, have recently been deployed in energy storage systems such as lithium‐ion batteries and photorechargeable batteries. Here, recent progress in halide perovskite‐based energy storage systems is presented, focusing on halide perovskite lithium‐ion batteries and halide perovskite photorechargeable batteries. Halide‐perovskite‐based supercapacitors and photosupercapacitors are also discussed. The photorechargeable batteries and photorechargeable supercapacitors employ solar energy to photocharge the battery; this saves energy and improves device portability. These lightweight, integrated halide perovskite‐based systems, which are pertinent to electric vehicles and portable electronic devices, are reviewed in detail. Suggestions on future research into the design of halide‐perovskite‐based energy storage materials are also given. This review provides a foundation for the development of integrated lightweight energy conversion and storage materials.
Naturally and Elastically Bent Organic Polymorphs for Multifunctional Optical Applications
Authors: Tang Baolei , Liu Bin , Liu Huapeng , Zhang Hongyu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecently, mechanically bendable organic single crystals have been widely studied as emerging flexible materials. However, only a very small percentage of organic crystals have been found to be elastic or plastic. In this study, crystal engineering is employed as a powerful strategy to improve the probability of constructing flexible organic crystals. Based on an organic compound, two polymorphs Cry‐R and Cry‐O with bright red and orange emissions, respectively, are obtained. Cry‐R, being brittle inherently, can form a naturally bent crystal with an optical waveguide as efficient as the straight crystal. The other polymorph Cry‐O can be elastically bent, almost into a loop, and displays an optical waveguide and amplified spontaneous emission in both the straight and bent state, demonstrating its multifunctional applications in flexible optical devices. In addition, the Y‐shaped crystals of Cry‐O obtained by natural growth are found to transduce single emitted light through the two branches and thus generate dual output signals simultaneously, which further highlights the utility of “crystal flexibility”. The results not only suggest a guideline to modify the mechanical compliance by crystal engineering but also provide a model of flexible organic crystals for multifunctional optical applications.
Unconventional Charge–Spin Conversion in Weyl‐Semimetal WTe2
Authors: Zhao Bing , Karpiak Bogdan , Khokhriakov Dmitrii , Johansson Annika , Hoque Anamul Md. , Xu Xiaoguang , Jiang Yong , Mertig Ingrid , Dash Saroj P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn outstanding feature of topological quantum materials is their novel spin topology in the electronic band structures with an expected large charge‐to‐spin conversion efficiency. Here, a charge‐current‐induced spin polarization in the type‐II Weyl semimetal candidate WTe2 and efficient spin injection and detection in a graphene channel up to room temperature are reported. Contrary to the conventional spin Hall and Rashba–Edelstein effects, the measurements indicate an unconventional charge‐to‐spin conversion in WTe2, which is primarily forbidden by the crystal symmetry of the system. Such a large spin polarization can be possible in WTe2 due to a reduced crystal symmetry combined with its large spin Berry curvature, spin–orbit interaction with a novel spin‐texture of the Fermi states. A robust and practical method is demonstrated for electrical creation and detection of such a spin polarization using both charge‐to‐spin conversion and its inverse phenomenon and utilized it for efficient spin injection and detection in the graphene channel up to room temperature. These findings open opportunities for utilizing topological Weyl materials as nonmagnetic spin sources in all‐electrical van der Waals spintronic circuits and for low‐power and high‐performance nonvolatile spintronic technologies.
How Site‐Directed Mutagenesis Boosted Selectivity of a Promiscuous Enzyme
Authors: Nekvasilová Pavlína , Kulik Natalia , Rychlá Nikola , Pelantová Helena , Petrásková Lucie , Bosáková Zuzana , Cvačka Josef , Slámová Kristýna , Křen Vladimír , Bojarová Pavla 
Published: August 2020

Abstractβ‐N‐Acetylhexosaminidases (GH20; EC 3.2.1.52) are exo‐glycosidases with a dual activity for cleaving both N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) units from glycostructures. This substrate promiscuity is a hurdle in the selective synthesis of N‐acetylhexosamine oligosaccharides combining both GlcNAc and GalNAc units since there are hardly any GalNAc transferring enzymes available for synthetic applications. We present here site‐directed mutagenesis of a synthetically potent promiscuous β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase from Talaromyces flavus (TfHex), which, as a wild type, exhibits a GalNAcase/GlcNAcase ratio of 1.2. On the basis of molecular modeling, we identified crucial amino acid residues responsible for its GalNAcase/GlcNAcase selectivity. Six site‐directed mutants were prepared, heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris, purified, and kinetically characterized. As a result, novel engineered enzymes with an up to 7‐times higher selectivity for either GalNAc or GlcNAc substrates were obtained, preserving the favorable properties of the wild type TfHex, mainly its transglycosylation potential and tolerance to functional groups in the substrate molecule. The substrate selectivity and transglycosylation yield were further corroborated by reaction engineering. The new selective and synthetically capable enzymes were applied in the preparation of tailored N‐acetylhexosamines.magnified image
Rhodium‐Catalysed Reductive Amination for the Synthesis of Tertiary Amines
Authors: Bianga Jonas , Kopplin Niklas , Hülsmann Jonas , Vogt Dieter , Seidensticker Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA procedure for the synthesis of tertiary amines via reductive amination of aldehydes with molecular hydrogen as a reducing agent using homogeneous rhodium catalysis is presented. Using an amine to aldehyde ratio of 4/1 enabled the synthesis of tertiary amines from nine different aldehydes and nine different secondary amines with selectivities up to 99% and turnover frequencies (TOF) up to 7200 h−1. The reaction showed a high tolerance against alcohol and ester functions allowing the formation of multifunctional molecules. In addition, secondary amines can also be produced by this synthesis. For all compounds, activities were determined by hydrogen gas‐uptake. In order to increase the sustainability and efficiency of the procedure, a dosing strategy has been successfully developed. Using the determined reaction indicators enabled the stoichiometric use of aldehydes and amines without significant loss of selectivity.magnified image