bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying the spatiotemporal changes of annual harvesting areas for three staple crops in China by integrating multi-data sources
Authors: Luo Yuchuan , Zhang Zhao , Li Ziyue , Chen Yi , Zhang Liangliang , Cao Juan , Tao Fulu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Reliable and continuous information on major crop harvesting areas is fundamental to investigate land surface dynamics and make policies affecting agricultural production, land use, and sustainable development. However, there is currently no spatially explicit and time-continuous crop harvesting area information with a high resolution for China. The spatiotemporal patterns of major crop harvesting areas at a national scale have rarely been investigated. In this study, we proposed a new crop phenology-based crop mapping approach to generate a 1 km harvesting area dataset for three staple crops (i.e. rice, wheat, and maize) in China from 2000 to 2015 based on GLASS leaf area index (LAI) products. First, we retrieved key phenological dates of the three staple crops by combining the inflexion- and threshold-based methods. Then, we determined the grids cultivated for a certain crop if its three key phenological dates could be simultaneously identified. Finally, we developed crop classification maps and a dataset of annual harvesting areas (ChinaCropArea1 km), comprehensively considering the characteristics of crop phenology and the references of drylands and paddy fields. Compared with the county-level agricultural statistical data, the crop classification had a high accuracy, with R2 values consistently greater than 0.8. The spatiotemporal patterns of major crop harvesting areas during the period were further analyzed. The results showed that paddy rice harvesting areas had expanded aggressively in northeastern China but decreased in southern China. Maize harvesting areas expanded substantially in major maize cultivation areas across China. Wheat harvesting areas declined overall, although they increased notably in their major production areas. The spatiotemporal patterns could be ascribed to various anthropogenic, biophysical, and social-economic drivers, including urbanization, reduced cropping intensity in southern China, frequent disasters from climate change, and large areas of abandoned farmland in northern and southwestern China. The resultant dataset can be applied for many purposes, including land surface modeling, agro-ecosystem modeling, agricultural production and land use policy-making.
Highly flexible graphene nanoplatelet-polydimethylsiloxane strain sensors with proximity-sensing capability
Authors: Lee Hyokeun , Kim Min Jung , Kim Jong Hun , Lee Jong-Young , Ji Eunji , Capasso Andrea , Choi Heon-Jin , Shim Wooyoung , Lee Gwan-Hyoung 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are essential for providing electronic skin with the ability to detect motions and pressure, enabling their use in health applications and robotics. In this context, strain sensors should simultaneously guarantee a high sensitivity and flexibility, with a fast response when applied to the detection of various human motions. Here, we demonstrate a flexible strain sensor made of graphene nanoplatelets encapsulated between two elastomer films with a high sensitivity and stretchability. The liquid-exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets were spray-coated on the first elastomer film and then encapsulated by the second elastomer film. The encapsulated graphene sensor exhibited a high gauge factor, fast responsivity, and high durability. It proved stretchable up to 290% and highly bendable (operating at almost zero bending radius). As an additional key feature, proximity sensing to detect remote motions of a distant object was demonstrated, owing to the unique characteristic of graphene, i.e., variations in its electrostatic in response to the interaction between the surface charges of the elastomer and the electrostatic charges of the remote object. Our work introduces a novel route for the fabrication of flexible graphene sensors with proximity-sensing capability, which are useful for wearable smart devices and human motion detection.
Commonality in Abnormality: “Abnormal” Neuropsychological Scores Are Common in Baseline Testing of Youth Athletes
Authors: Watson Jessica , Brown Colin , Hirst Rayna B , Thompson Ryan C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective
Although research shows that abnormal scores are common in adults, fewer studies examine the frequency of abnormal scores within children. The present study assessed how specific tests, cognitive domains, and patient factors affect the likelihood of abnormally low scores among healthy youth athletes.

Methods
Youth athletes (n = 85, Mage = 11.72, SD = 2.23) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological battery (N = 23 tests) during baseline testing for a sport-related concussion clinical research program. “Abnormal” scores were defined using cutoffs at 1, 1.5, and 2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population mean. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models examined abnormal test scores as a function of age, sex, ethnicity, and Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ).

Results
Using cutoffs of 1, 1.5, and 2 SDs, the percent of healthy participants with at least one abnormal test score was 61.2, 36.5, and 22.4%, respectively, indicating a high proportion of healthy participants with abnormal scores and low specificity for tests using these cutoffs. In univariate Poisson regression analyses, FSIQ and abnormal score were negatively correlated (p &lt; .001), wherein lower FSIQ was associated with more abnormal scores. In multivariate regression analyses, lower performance on executive function, memory, and processing speed tests was significantly associated with an increased frequency of abnormal scores.

Conclusions
Abnormally low scores in healthy youth occur frequently and do not necessarily represent functional deficits. Cutoffs of 2 SDs should be considered for many tests to increase specificity and reduce the risk of false positive errors that could lead to negative clinical outcomes.
Correlates of Poor Sleep and Subsequent Risk of Misdiagnosis in College Students Presenting with Cognitive Complaints
Authors: Gloger Elana M , Suhr Julie A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the relationships of poor sleep to both subjective and objective cognitive functioning, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptoms, and mental health variables in college students, controlling for noncredible symptom reporting and noncredible performance.

Methods
99 undergraduate students (Mage = 19.9, SD = 1.1), 60% female and 72% first-year students, completed a neuropsychological battery and self-report questionnaires at a single lab visit. 56% of the sample identified as “poor sleepers” (&gt;5 on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]).

Results
Poor sleepers reported worse current (college grade point average [GPA]) but not past (high school GPA, American college test [ACT] score) academic performance. Additionally, they reported more mental health concerns, including depression and stress, but not anxiety. Poor sleepers reported more functional impairment and subjective cognitive concerns, including more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, more SCT symptoms, and more executive dysfunction, even when controlling for depressive symptoms. However, poor sleepers did not differ from good sleepers on measures of objective cognition.

Conclusions
ADHD and SCT symptoms and concerns in college students may be related to poor sleep, which can lead to misdiagnosis for individuals presenting with ADHD-like complaints for the first time in college. Sleep difficulties may be modifiable with empirically supported sleep interventions; thus, in assessment for either of these presentations, a careful sleep history should be taken.
Advanced MRI techniques for transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound targeting
Authors: Shah Bhavya R , Lehman Vance T , Kaufmann Timothy J , Blezek Daniel , Waugh Jeff , Imphean Darren , Yu Frank F , Patel Toral R , Chitnis Shilpa , Dewey Richard B , Maldjian Joseph A , Chopra Rajiv 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMagnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound is a novel, non-invasive, image-guided procedure that is able to ablate intracranial tissue with submillimetre precision. It is currently FDA approved for essential tremor and tremor dominant Parkinson’s disease. The aim of this update is to review the limitations of current landmark-based targeting techniques of the ventral intermediate nucleus and demonstrate the role of emerging imaging techniques that are relevant for both magnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound and deep brain stimulation. A significant limitation of standard MRI sequences is that the ventral intermediate nucleus, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and other deep brain nuclei cannot be clearly identified. This paper provides original, annotated images demarcating the ventral intermediate nucleus, dentatorubrothalamic tract, and other deep brain nuclei on advanced MRI sequences such as fast grey matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery, quantitative susceptibility mapping, susceptibility weighted imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging tractography. Additionally, the paper reviews clinical efficacy of targeting with these novel MRI techniques when compared to current established landmark-based targeting techniques. The paper has widespread applicability to both deep brain stimulation and magnetic resonance guided high intensity focused ultrasound.
Syphilis Laboratory Guidelines: Performance Characteristics of Nontreponemal Antibody Tests
Authors: Tuddenham Susan , Katz Samantha S , Ghanem Khalil G 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe reviewed the relevant syphilis diagnostic literature to address the following question: what are the performance characteristics, stratified by the stage of syphilis, for nontreponemal serologic tests? The database search included key terms related to syphilis and nontreponemal tests from 1960–2017, and for data related to the venereal disease research laboratory test from 1940–1960. Based on this review, we report the sensitivity and specificity for each stage of syphilis (primary, secondary, early latent, late latent, or unknown duration; tertiary as well as neurosyphilis, ocular syphilis, and otic syphilis). We also report on reactive nontreponemal tests in conditions other than syphilis, false negatives, and automated nontreponemal tests. Overall, many studies were limited by their sample size, lack of clearly documented clinical staging, and lack of well-defined gold standards. There is a need to better define the performance characteristics of nontreponemal tests, particularly in the late stages of syphilis, with clinically well-characterized samples. Published data are needed on automated nontreponemal tests. Evidence-based guidelines are needed for optimal prozone titrations. Finally, improved criteria and diagnostics for neurosyphilis (as well as ocular and otic syphilis) are needed.
The ERA-EDTA Registry Annual Report 2017: a summary
Authors: Kramer Anneke , Boenink Rianne , Noordzij Marlies , Bosdriesz Jizzo R , Stel Vianda S , Beltrán Palma , Ruiz Juan C , Seyahi Nurhan , Comas Farnés Jordi , Stendahl Maria , Garneata Liliana , Winzeler Rebecca , Golan Eliezer , Lopot František , Korejwo Grzegorz , Bonthuis Marjolein , Lassalle Mathilde , Slon Roblero Maria F , Kuzema Viktorija , Hommel Kristine , Stojceva-Taneva Olivera , Asberg Anders , Kramar Reinhard , Hemmelder Marc H , De Meester Johan , Vazelov Evgueniy , Andrusev Anton , Castro de la Nuez Pablo , Helve Jaakko , Komissarov Kirill , Casula Anna , Magaz Ángela , Santiuste de Pablos Carmen , Bubić Ivan , Traynor Jamie P , Ioannou Kyriakos , Idrizi Alma , Palsson Runolfur , des Grottes Jean-Marin , Spustova Viera , Tolaj-Avdiu Miloreta , Jarraya Faical , Nordio Maurizio , Ziginskiene Edita , Massy Ziad A , Jager Kitty J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
This article presents a summary of the 2017 Annual Report of the European Renal Association–European Dialysis and Transplant Association (ERA-EDTA) Registry and describes the epidemiology of renal replacement therapy (RRT) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in 37 countries.

Methods
The ERA-EDTA Registry received individual patient data on patients undergoing RRT for ESRD in 2017 from 32 national or regional renal registries and aggregated data from 21 registries. The incidence and prevalence of RRT, kidney transplantation activity and survival probabilities of these patients were calculated.

Results
In 2017, the ERA-EDTA Registry covered a general population of 694 million people. The incidence of RRT for ESRD was 127 per million population (pmp), ranging from 37 pmp in Ukraine to 252 pmp in Greece. A total of 62% of patients were men, 52% were ≥65 years of age and 23% had diabetes mellitus as the primary renal disease. The treatment modality at the onset of RRT was haemodialysis for 85% of patients. On 31 December 2017, the prevalence of RRT was 854 pmp, ranging from 210 pmp in Ukraine to 1965 pmp in Portugal. The transplant rate in 2017 was 33 pmp, ranging from 3 pmp in Ukraine to 103 pmp in the Spanish region of Catalonia. For patients commencing RRT during 2008–12, the unadjusted 5-year patient survival probability for all RRT modalities combined was 50.8%.
Thyroid function, renal events and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients: the German Chronic Kidney Disease study
Authors: Schultheiss Ulla T , Steinbrenner Inga , Nauck Matthias , Schneider Markus P , Kotsis Fruzsina , Baid-Agrawal Seema , Schaeffner Elke , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Köttgen Anna , Sekula Peggy ,   the GCKD investigators
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Hypothyroidism and low free triiodothyronine (FT3) syndrome [low FT3 levels with normal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)] have been associated with reduced kidney function cross-sectionally in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with severely reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Results on the prospective effects of impaired thyroid function on renal events and mortality for patients with severely reduced eGFR or from population-based cohorts are conflicting. Here we evaluated the association between thyroid and kidney function with eGFR (cross-sectionally) as well as renal events and mortality (prospectively) in a large, prospective cohort of CKD patients with mild to moderately reduced kidney function.

Methods
Thyroid markers were measured among CKD patients from the German Chronic Kidney Disease study. Incident renal endpoints (combined ESKD, acute kidney injury and renal death) and all-cause mortality were abstracted from hospital records and death certificates. Time to first event analysis of complete data from baseline to the 4-year follow-up (median follow-up time 4.04 years) of 4600 patients was conducted. Multivariable linear regression and Cox proportional hazards models were fitted for single and combined continuous thyroid markers [TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), FT3] and thyroid status.

Results
Cross-sectionally, the presence of low-FT3 syndrome showed a significant inverse association with eGFR and continuous FT3 levels alone showed a significant positive association with eGFR; in combination with FT4 and TSH, FT3 levels also showed a positive association and FT4 levels showed a negative association with eGFR. Prospectively, higher FT4 and lower FT3 levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality (Nevents = 297). Per picomole per litre higher FT3 levels the risk of reaching the composite renal endpoint was 0.73-fold lower (95% confidence interval 0.65–0.82; Nevents = 615). Compared with euthyroid patients, patients with low-FT3 syndrome had a 2.2-fold higher risk and patients with hypothyroidism had a 1.6-fold higher risk of experiencing the composite renal endpoint.

Conclusions
Patients with mild to moderate CKD suffering from thyroid function abnormalities are at an increased risk of adverse renal events and all-cause mortality over time.
Continued follow-up of the free margin running suture technique for mitral repair
Authors: Agnino Alfonso , Graniero Ascanio , Roscitano Claudio , Villari Nicola , Marvelli Antonino , Verhoye Jean-Philippe , Anselmi Amedeo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The free margin running suture (FMRS) technique was recently proposed to treat complex degenerative mitral lesions. Limited follow-up data are available. We evaluated the midterm reliability of this technique and the associated mitral valve parameters using rest/stress echocardiography.

METHODS
One-hundred-eight consecutive patients at 2 European centres were included. Prospective follow-up was performed (266.1 patient-years, average duration 2.5 ± 2.5 years). Echocardiographic scans at rest were obtained for all patients at hospital discharge and at follow-up. Stress echocardiography was also performed in 17 patients.

RESULTS
There were no operative deaths. FMRS was performed through a right minithoracotomy in 86.1% of patients, with a robotic-assisted technique in 5.6% and through a sternotomy in 8.3%. Bileaflet disease was noted in 31.4%. One patient (0.9%) presented a 2+/4+ residual mitral regurgitation at discharge; lower-degree or no residual regurgitation was noted in the remaining patients. At the follow-up examination, 1 patient (0.9%) presented with a 2+/4+ mitral regurgitation. Coaptation length at discharge versus that at follow-up was 1.3 ± 0.2 vs 1.3 ± 0.1 cm (P = 0.13); the average transmitral gradient was 4.8 ± 1.5 vs 3.5 ± 0.9 mmHg (P &lt; 0.001). In a subpopulation, follow-up echocardiography indicated that the average transmitral gradient at rest versus that at peak effort was 3.2 ± 0.7 vs 5.1 ± 1.3 mmHg (P &lt; 0.001), with no appearance of significant mitral regurgitation and marginally significant increases in pulmonary artery systolic pressures (P = 0.049).

CONCLUSIONS
Data indicate effectiveness and reproducibility of FMRS, with stability of valve function at midterm. FMRS was also associated with promising outcomes in diastolic performance both at rest and during exercise.
Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility in International Law
Authors: Nollkaemper André , d’Aspremont Jean , Ahlborn Christiane , Boutin Berenice , Nedeski Nataša , Plakokefalos Ilias ,   collaboration of Dov Jacobs
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is common in international practice that several states and/or international organizations contribute together to the indivisible injury of a third party. Examples thereof are aplenty in relation to climate change and other environmental disasters, joint military activities and cooperative actions aimed at stemming migration. Such situations are hardly captured by the existing rules of the law of international responsibility. In particular, the work of the International Law Commission, which is widely considered to provide authoritative guidance for legal questions of international responsibility, has little to offer. As a result, it is often very difficult, according to the existing rules of the law of international responsibility, to share responsibility and apportion reparation between the states and/or international organizations that contribute together to the indivisible injury of a third party. The Guiding Principles on Shared Responsibility in International Law seek to provide guidance to judges, practitioners and researchers when confronted with legal questions of shared responsibility of states and international organizations for their contribution to an indivisible injury of third parties. The Guiding Principles identify the conditions of shared responsibility (including questions of multiple attribution of conduct), the consequences of shared responsibility (notably, the possibility of joint and several liability) and the modes of implementation of shared responsibility. The Guiding Principles are of an interpretive nature. They build on the existing rules of the law of international responsibility and sometimes offer novel interpretations thereof. They also expand on those existing rules, backed by authoritative practice and scholarship, to address complex questions of shared responsibility.
High-polyphenol extracts from Sorghum bicolor attenuate replication of Legionella pneumophila within RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Gilchrist Aubrey K , Smolensky Dmitriy , Ngwaga Tshegofatso , Chauhan Deepika , Cox Sarah , Perumal Ramasamy , Noronha Leela E , Shames Stephanie R 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Polyphenols derived from a variety of plants have demonstrated antimicrobial activity against diverse microbial pathogens. Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that opportunistically causes a severe inflammatory pneumonia in humans, called Legionnaires’ Disease, via replication within macrophages. Previous studies demonstrated that tea polyphenols attenuate L. pneumophila intracellular replication within mouse macrophages via increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Sorghum bicolor is a sustainable cereal crop that thrives in arid environments and is well-suited to continued production in warming climates. Sorghum polyphenols have anticancer and antioxidant properties, but their antimicrobial activity has not been evaluated. Here, we investigated the impact of sorghum polyphenols on L. pneumophila intracellular replication within RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Sorghum high-polyphenol extract (HPE) attenuated L. pneumophila intracellular replication in a dose-dependent manner but did not impair either bacterial replication in rich media or macrophage viability. Moreover, HPE treatment enhanced both TNF and IL-6 secretion from L. pneumophila infected macrophages. Thus, polyphenols derived from sorghum enhance macrophage restriction of L. pneumophila, likely via increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production. This work reveals commonalities between plant polyphenol-mediated antimicrobial activity and provides a foundation for future evaluation of sorghum as an antimicrobial agent.
A new weathering indicator from high-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements in an Argon atmosphere
Authors: Liu Caicai , Wang Wei , Deng Chenglong 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARY
Environmental magnetism has become more and more popular because it is inexpensive, rapid and non-destructive. However, the environmental implication of traditional magnetic parameters is changed as the weathering intensity is contrasting. For example, magnetic susceptibility cannot be used as pedogenic index for strongly weathered red soils. Thermal magnetic measurement is a common way to identify magnetic minerals in rocks and sediments. Susceptibility enhancement after a 700 °C heating cycle in an argon atmosphere usually happened for various rocks and sediments. The increase is caused by formation of new magnetite from iron derived from paramagnetic iron-containing minerals. This is similar to pedogenesis or weathering process. The heating process in lab released the residual iron in weatherable iron-containing silicates which has not yet been depleted by contemporary pedogenesis or weathering. This residual iron can be quantified by the amount of susceptibility increase after a heating cycle. A negative correlation between the susceptibility increase after heating and the weathering intensity has been found in high-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements of several sequences located in different climate zones. Results suggest that the degree of weathering can be estimated for intensely weathered red soils as well as for scarcely weathered loess using the amount of susceptibility change after a 700 °C heating cycle. This study provides new perspectives for developing new weathering and pedoclimate proxies using environmental magnetism.