bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma‐activated water inhibits in vitro conidial germination of Colletotrichum alienum, a postharvest pathogen of avocado
Authors: Siddique Sharmin S. , Hardy Giles E. St. J. , Bayliss Kirsty L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCold plasma, an ionized gas produced by applying an electrical current to air, can be used to produce plasma‐activated water (PAW), which has excellent antimicrobial properties. In this study PAW was applied to conidia of Colletotrichum alienum to investigate its impact on conidial germination in vitro. PAW was produced by treating tap, deionized, or distilled water with cold plasma for 30 or 60 min to produce PAW30 or PAW60, each of which was then incubated for up to 24 hr with a conidial suspension of C. alienum in a ratio of 1:1, 1:2, or 1:3 (conidial suspension:PAW), and the percentage germination measured. The greatest reduction in germination occurred when conidia were incubated with PAW60 produced from deionized water or distilled water, for all ratios. For PAW30, deionized water was the most effective for all three ratios, and on this basis, deionized water was selected for all further experiments. PAW produced from smaller volumes of water and at shorter distances from the cold plasma source was more effective at reducing germination. Treatment of conidia with acidified water was not as effective as PAW at inhibiting germination. Nitrates and nitrites were present in the PAW in varying concentrations and may have contributed to the inhibition of germination. PAW retained activity and reduced germination even after storage for 15 days. These findings demonstrate the potential of PAW as a novel treatment for postharvest fungal pathogens.
(Almost) all Quiet Over One and a Half Years: A Longitudinal Study on Causality Between Key Determinants of Private Flood Mitigation
Authors: Seebauer Sebastian , Babcicky Philipp 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPrevious studies do not agree on the strengths and directions of the effects between risk appraisal, nonprotective, and protective responses in private flood mitigation. This may be due to the widespread use of cross‐sectional survey designs, which infer causality from theoretical considerations alone. The present longitudinal study, in contrast, builds on the logic that cause precedes effect to confirm the direction of effects.Drawing on two‐wave survey data from 554 flood‐prone households in Austria, cross‐lagged autoregressive models analyze pairwise combinations between risk perception, fear, five nonprotective responses (fatalism, denial, wishful thinking, reliance on social support, reliance on public protection), and seven specific protective responses (ranging from coordination with neighbors to structural modifications of the building). These factors show substantial temporal stability, in particular for nonprotective responses and fear. Only in very few instances can effects over time be confirmed statistically. Nonprotective responses emerge as the major drivers; foremost, denial, and reliance on public protection limit private flood mitigation.This overall null finding on causality may trace back to the 1.5 years’ time span and the absence of any policy intervention or flood disaster between survey waves, and the high stability of protection motivation theory components. This finding puts into question the theoretically assumed causal relationships and the effects found in cross‐sectional studies. The high trait‐like stability requires perseverance in risk management efforts to change attitudes and capabilities. Finding nonprotective responses as key determinants in an overall picture of stability suggests that this factor merits a stronger role in future risk research.
Risk Perception and Risk Analysis in a Hyperpartisan and Virtuously Violent World
Authors: Slovic Paul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractI shall discuss, from a personal perspective, research on risk perception that has created an understanding of the dynamic interplay between an appreciation of risk that resides in us as a feeling and an appreciation of risk that results from analysis. In some circumstances, feelings reflect important social values that deserve to be considered along with traditional analyses of physical and economic risk. In other situations, both feelings and analyses may be shaped by powerful cognitive biases and deep social and partisan prejudices, causing nonrational judgments and decisions. This is of concern if risk analysis is to be applied, as it needs to be, in managing existential threats such as pandemic disease, climate change, or nuclear weapons amidst a divisive political climate.
Demand shocks, financial costs, and export margins: Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Bo , Hong Junjie , Jing Ran , Sun Xiaonan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChina’s export value dropped dramatically during the recession in 2008–2009. Surprisingly, its extensive margins increased. We extend the Melitz (2003) model by allowing exporters to rely on external finance to cover production costs. Our model shows that both intensive and extensive margins are more sensitive to demand shocks than to interest rate shocks, and products with smaller elasticity of substitution are more likely to experience an increase in extensive margin and a decrease in intensive margin during a recession when expansionary monetary policies counteract negative demand shocks. More general predictions are supported by Chinese export data in 2007–2011.
Predictive value of physical fitness on self‐rated health: A longitudinal study
Authors: Hanssen‐Doose Anke , Kunina‐Habenicht Olga , Oriwol Doris , Niessner Claudia , Woll Alexander , Worth Annette 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe self‐rated health of adolescents and young adults is important for estimating future morbidities and mortality. Little is known about how physical fitness in younger populations predicts self‐rated health. This longitudinal study (2003‐2017) aims to explore the effects of physical fitness on self‐rated health on the basis of the German population–based study KiGGS and its in‐depth study, MoMo.MethodsSelf‐rated health was assessed using a one‐item scale, and physical fitness was measured with seven test items covering the dimensions of coordination, muscular fitness, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Longitudinal analyses were conducted using the structural equation modeling approach in Mplus 8.0 using the maximum likelihood estimator.ResultsThe longitudinal samples of the KiGGS/MoMo study (T1, n = 2376; T2, n = 2821; and T3, n = 2047) had a mean age of 8.5, 14.8, and 20.0 years at T1, T2, and T3, respectively. All measurement and structural models had excellent model fits. While the results of the latent regression analysis indicated moderate‐to‐high stability for the coordination and muscular fitness dimensions, only low‐to‐moderate stability coefficients were found for cardiorespiratory fitness and self‐rated health. Furthermore, small significant cross‐lagged regression coefficients revealed that coordination and muscular fitness predicted self‐rated health at later measurement points.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study to demonstrate the positive predictive value of two dimensions of physical fitness, coordination and muscular fitness, on self‐rated health at a later stage. The public health implications are highlighted.
Positive and negative side effects of androgen abuse. The HAARLEM study: A one‐year prospective cohort study in 100 men
Authors: Smit Diederik L. , Buijs Madelon M. , de Hon Olivier , den Heijer Martin , de Ronde Willem 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn estimated 4‐6% of fitness center visitors uses anabolic‐androgenic steroids (AAS). Reliable data about adverse reactions of AAS are scarce. The HAARLEM study aimed to provide insight into the positive and negative effects of AAS use. One hundred men (≥18 years) who intended to start an AAS cycle on short notice were included for follow‐up. Clinic visits took place before (T0), at the end (T1), and three months after the end of the AAS cycle (T2), and one year after the start of the cycle (T3), and comprised a medical history, physical examination, laboratory analysis, and psychological questionnaires. During the follow‐up period, four subjects reported a serious adverse event, that is, congestive heart failure, acute pancreatitis, suicidal ideation, and exacerbation of ulcerative colitis. All subjects reported positive side effects during AAS use, mainly increased strength (100%), and every subject reported at least one negative health effect. Most common were fluid retention (56%) and agitation (36%) during the cycle, and decreased libido (58%) after the cycle. Acne and gynecomastia were observed in 28% and 19%. Mean alanine transaminase (ALT) and creatinine increased 18.7 U/l and 4.7 µmol/L, respectively. AAS dose and cycle duration were not associated with the type and severity of side effects. After one‐year follow‐up (T3), the prevalence of observed effects had returned to baseline. There was no significant change in total scores of questionnaires investigating wellbeing, quality of life, and depression. In conclusion, all subjects experienced positive effects during AAS use. Four subjects experienced a serious adverse event. Other side effects were mostly anticipated, mild, and transient.
Training load but not fatigue affects cross‐education of maximal voluntary force
Authors: Colomer‐Poveda David , Romero‐Arenas Salvador , Fariñas Juan , Iglesias‐Soler Eliseo , Hortobágyi Tibor , Márquez Gonzalo 
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of training load (25% vs. 75% of one repetition maximum [1RM]) and fatigue (failure vs. non‐failure) during four weeks of unilateral knee extension resistance training (RT) on maximal voluntary force in the trained and the untrained knee extensors. Healthy young adults (n = 42) were randomly assigned to control (CON, n = 9, 24 ± 4.3 years), low‐load RT to failure (LLF, n = 11, 21 ± 1.3 years, three sets to failure at 25% of 1RM), high‐load RT to failure (HLF, n = 11, 21 ± 1.4 years, three sets to failure at 75% of 1RM), and high‐load RT without failure (HLNF, n = 11, 22 ± 1.5 years, six sets of five repetitions at 75% of 1RM) groups. Before and after the four weeks of training, 1RM, maximal voluntary isometric force, and corticospinal excitability (CSE) were measured. 1RM in the trained (20%, d = 0.70, 15%, d = 0.61) and the untrained knee extensors (5%, d = 0.27, 6%, d = 0.26) increased only in the HLF and HLNF groups, respectively. MVIC force increased only in the trained leg of the HLF (5%, d = 0.35) and HLNF groups (12%, d = 0.67). CSE decreased in the VL of both legs in the HLNF group (−19%, d = 0.44) and no changes occurred in the RF. In conclusion, high‐ but not low‐load RT improves maximal voluntary force in the trained and the untrained knee extensors and fatigue did not further enhance these adaptations. Voluntary force improvements were unrelated to CSE changes in both legs.
Cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and circulating white blood cells in US youth
Authors: García‐Hermoso Antonio , Ramírez‐Vélez Robinson , Alfonso‐Rosa Rosa M. , del Pozo Cruz Borja 
Published: October 2020

The white blood cell (WBC) provides a clue to the presence of illness. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity levels are negatively associated with circulating total WBC counts in adults. To date, only a scarce number of studies have investigated these associations among youths. The aim was to elucidate the relationship between CRF and accelerometer‐assessed physical activity and sedentary behavior with WBC counts and subfraction concentrations of particular WBC (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils) in a large representative national sample of US children and adolescents. Participants accumulating 60 min/day or more of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were considered active or inactive otherwise. Participants were also categorized into low, average, and high CRF level. The final sample consisted of 1623 children and adolescents (11.9 years old) from 2003 to 2006 cycle and 2624 (14.5 years old) from 1999 to 2004 cycle. CRF was inversely associated with total WBC and segmented neutrophils concentration in both sexes, and MVPA only in boys. Further, active children and adolescents had higher odds of a normal range of WBC count in boys (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.41 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.34) and girls (OR = 3.52 95% CI, 1.01 to 12.23). In conclusion, our observations indicate that interventions targeting CRF and MVPA could strength the immune system of children and adolescents.
The effect of occupational physical activity on dementia: Results from the Copenhagen Male Study
Authors: Nabe‐Nielsen Kirsten , Holtermann Andreas , Gyntelberg Finn , Garde Anne Helene , Islamoska Sabrina , Prescott Eva , Schnohr Peter , Hansen Åse Marie 
Published: October 2020

Leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) reduces the risk of dementia, while the effect of occupational physical activity (OPA) on dementia is uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OPA on dementia. For comparison, also the association between LTPA and dementia was analyzed. In this longitudinal study, we used self‐reported questionnaire data on OPA and LTPA collected in 1970‐71 from 4721 male employees, who were 40‐59 years old at baseline. Dementia was identified through national registers and participants were followed from they turned 60 years and until 2016. We estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) and adjusted for age, socioeconomic status, marital status, and psychological stress. In additional analyses, we included health behaviors and blood pressure and mutually adjusted OPA and LTPA. We identified 697 dementia cases during 86 557 person‐years. We found an IRR of 1.48 (95% CI: 1.05‐2.10) among participants with high OPA compared with participants in sedentary jobs. Participants with high LTPA had a non‐significantly lower IRR of dementia compared with participants with a sedentary leisure time. In conclusion, LTPA and OPA are differentially associated with dementia. Therefore, current recommendations regarding the beneficial effect of physical activity on dementia only concern LTPA, and more research on OPA and dementia is needed.
Influence of sex and fiber type on the satellite cell pool in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Horwath Oscar , Moberg Marcus , Larsen Filip J. , Philp Andrew , Apró William , Ekblom Björn 
Published: October 2020

The repair, remodeling, and regeneration of myofibers are dependent on satellite cells (SCs), although, the distribution of SCs in different fiber types of human muscle remains inconclusive. There is also a paucity of research comparing muscle fiber characteristics in a sex‐specific manner. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fiber type‐specific SC content in men and women. Muscle biopsies from vastus lateralis were collected from 64 young (mean age 27 ± 5), moderately trained men (n = 34) and women (n = 30). SCs were identified by Pax7‐staining together with immunofluorescent analyses of fiber type composition, fiber size, and myonuclei content. In a mixed population, comparable number of SCs was associated to type I and type II fibers (0.07 ± 0.02 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 SCs per fiber, respectively). However, unlike men, women displayed a fiber type‐specific distribution, with SC content being lower in type II than type I fibers (P = .041). Sex‐based differences were found specifically for type II fibers, where women displayed lower SC content compared to men (P < .001). In addition, positive correlations (r‐values between 0.36‐0.56) were found between SC content and type I and type II fiber size in men (P = .03 and P < .01, respectively), whereas similar relationships could not be detected in women. Sex‐based differences were also noted for fiber type composition and fiber size, but not for myonuclei content. We hereby provide evidence for sex‐based differences present at the myocellular level, which may have important implications when studying exercise‐ and training‐induced myogenic responses in skeletal muscle.
Estimation of the second ventilatory threshold through ventricular repolarization profile analysis
Authors: Milagro Javier , Hernández‐Vicente Adrián , Hernando David , Casajús José A. , Garatachea Nuria , Bailón Raquel , Pueyo Esther 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnder the hypothesis that sympathetic control of ventricular repolarization may change once the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) has been reached, a novel methodology for non‐invasive VT2 estimation based on the analysis of the T wave from the electrocardiogram (ECG) is proposed, and potential underlying physiological mechanisms are suggested. 25 volunteers (33.4 ± 5.2 years) underwent an incremental power cycle ergometer test (25 W/minute). During the test, respiratory gas exchange and multi‐lead ECG were acquired. The former was employed to determine VT2, used here as a reference, whereas the latter was used to compute the temporal profiles of an index of ventricular repolarization instability (dT) and its low‐frequency (LF) oscillations (LFdT). The sudden increases observed in dT and LFdT profiles above an established heart rate threshold were employed to derive VT2 estimates, referred to as VT2dT and VT2LFdT, respectively. Estimation errors of −4.7 ± 25.2 W were obtained when considering VT2dT. Errors were lower than the one‐minute power increment of 25 W in 68% of the subjects and lower than 50 W in 89.5% of them. When using VT2LFdT, estimation error was of 15.3 ± 32.4 W. Most of the subjects shared common characteristic dT and LFdT profiles, which could be reflecting changes in the autonomic control of ventricular repolarization before and after reaching VT2. The analysis of ventricular repolarization dynamics during exercise allows non‐invasive ECG‐based estimation of VT2, possibly in relation to changes in the autonomic control of ventricular electrical activity when VT2 is reached.
Acute effects of varying squat depths on lumbar intervertebral disks during high‐load barbell back squat exercise
Authors: Yanagisawa Osamu , Oshikawa Tomoki , Adachi Gen , Matsunaga Naoto , Kaneoka Koji 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe aimed to evaluate the acute physiological effects of high‐load barbell back squat exercise on each lumbar intervertebral disk with varying squat depths. Thirteen subjects (age, 23.3 ± 3.5 years) performed parallel and half‐squat exercises (80% of one repetition maximum, eight repetitions, five sets) using a Smith machine. Sagittal magnetic resonance diffusion‐weighted and spin‐echo images of lumbar intervertebral disks were obtained by using a 1.5‐Tesla MR system before and after each squat exercise; apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC; an index of water movement) and T2 relaxation time (an index of water content level) of the nucleus pulposus were calculated at all lumbar intervertebral disks. Additionally, we measured the angles of lumbar lordosis and anterior pelvic tilt at the bottom position of each squat using a three‐dimensional motion‐capture system. The nucleus pulposus of L4/5 (−5.0%, P < .01) and L5/S1 (−6.6%, P < .01) intervertebral disks showed decreased ADC values after parallel squat exercise. Moreover, post‐exercise ADC value in parallel squat exercise was lower than that in half‐squat exercise at L5/S1 intervertebral disk (P < .05). In contrast, the nucleus pulposus of all lumbar intervertebral disks had no significant T2 change before and after both squat exercises. The angles of lumbar lordosis (P < .01) and anterior pelvic tilt (P < .01) were smaller in parallel squat than in half‐squat. Lower lumbar intervertebral disks are subject to greater mechanical stress during high‐load parallel back squat exercise, which may result from smaller lumbar lordosis and anterior pelvic tilt angles at the bottom position during parallel squat.
3D trunk orientation measured using inertial measurement units during anatomical and dynamic sports motions
Authors: Brouwer Niels P. , Yeung Ted , Bobbert Maarten F. , Besier Thor F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTrunk motion is related to the performance and risk of injuries during dynamic sports motions. Optical motion capture is traditionally used to measure trunk motion during dynamic sports motions, but these systems are typically constrained to a laboratory environment. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) might provide a suitable alternative for measuring the trunk orientation during dynamic sports motions. The objective of the present study was to assess the accuracy of the three‐dimensional trunk orientation measured using IMUs during dynamic sports motions and isolated anatomical trunk motions. The motions were recorded with two IMUs and an optical motion capture system (gold standard). Ten participants performed a total of 71 sports motions (19 golf swings, 15 one‐handed ball throws, 19 tennis serves, and 18 baseball swings) and 125 anatomical trunk motions (42, 41, and 42 trials of lateral flexion, axial rotation, and flexion/extension, respectively). The root‐mean‐square differences between the IMU‐ and optical motion capture‐based trunk angles were less than 5 degrees, and the similarity between the methods was on average across all trials “very good” to “excellent” (R ≥ 0.85; R2 ≥ 0.80). Across the dynamic sports motions, even higher measures of similarity were found (R ≥ 0.90; R2 ≥ 0.82). When aligned to the relevant segment, the current IMUs are a promising alternative to optical motion capture and previous presented IMU‐based systems for the field‐based measurement of the three‐dimensional trunk orientation during dynamic sports motions and the anatomical trunk motions.
Effects of a resistance training program in kidney transplant recipients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hernández Sánchez Sonsoles , Carrero Juan J. , Morales Javier S. , Ruiz Jonatan R. 
Published: October 2020

Kidney transplant recipients are at risk of developing important adverse effects after transplantation. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a 10‐week supervised resistance exercise‐based intervention in kidney transplant recipients. Sixteen participants were randomized to a training (n = 8, 49.7 ± 9.6 years) or control group (n = 8, 48.6 ± 10.6 years). The primary endpoint was health‐related quality of life evaluated through the Kidney Disease Quality of Life‐Short Form (KDQOL‐SF), which includes the 36‐Item Short Form Survey (SF‐36), and secondary endpoints included physical performance (6‐minute walk distance [6‐MWD], 60‐second sit to stand test [60‐STS], 8‐foot up and go test, and handgrip and lower limb muscle strength), muscle mass, and biochemical parameters. Endpoints were assessed at baseline and after 10 weeks. Resistance exercise significantly increased (P < .05) some SF‐36 domains and tended to induce improvements in one specific KDQOL‐SF domain (P = .050). Further, exercise benefits were observed for 6‐MWD (9% and 1% for the training and control groups, respectively; P < .001), handgrip strength (7% and −1%; P = .005), 60‐STS repetitions (18% and −7%; P < .001), and 8‐foot up and go test performance time (−5% and 6%; P = .010). No between‐group differences (P > .05) were found for the remaining endpoints. There were no adverse events, musculoskeletal injuries, hypoglycemic episodes, cardiovascular events, or hospitalizations related to the intervention. In conclusion, 10 weeks of supervised resistance training is enough to improve quality of life and physical performance without side effects such as musculoskeletal injuries, hypoglycemic episodes, cardiovascular events, or hospitalizations related to the intervention in kidney transplant recipients.