bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High frequency Alfvén eigenmodes detected with ion-cyclotron-emission diagnostics during NBI and ICRF heated plasmas on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Ochoukov R. , Bilato R. , Bobkov V. , Chapman S.C. , Dendy R. , Dreval M. , Faugel H. , Kappatou A. , Kazakov Ye.O. , Mantsinen M. , McClements K.G. , Moseev D. , Nielsen S.K. , Noterdaeme J.M. , Salewski M. , Schneider P. , Weiland M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the first reported observation of high frequency Alfvén eigenmode excitation on the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The mode is driven in a novel way using radio frequency (RF) wave acceleration of either beam-injected deuterium ions or thermal He-3 minority ions in a three-ion heating scenario. In the case of beam ion acceleration, the instability only appears during deuteron acceleration at the third beam ion cyclotron harmonic (wave frequency ω = 3ΩD where ΩD is the deuterium cyclotron frequency), as the mode is not detected during the more commonly used second harmonic/minority heating scenario or in the absence of beam-injected ions. The mode frequency is around 0.6–0.7ΩD, where ΩD is evaluated in the low-field side plasma edge, and tracks the magnetic field B and the edge plasma electron density ne via the Alfvénic relation ω ∼ B ne
−1/2. The mode does not appear as a single frequency wave but as a bundle of closely spaced (in frequency) sub-modes. When the parallel beam ion velocity component is increased, the sub-mode frequency spacing is observed to decrease, possibly due to a change in the eigenmode structure. Under certain conditions, typically in discharges with a relatively low plasma current, IP
< 0.7 MA, the mode appears to be driven directly by sub-Alfvénic deuterium beam ions. Absolute measurements of the mode amplitude show that at least 1% of the beam-injected power is transferred non-collisionally to the instability. While this is too low for practical alpha-channeling applications, discharges are planned with the aim of increasing the level of power transferred non-collisionally between fast ions and the instability.
Numerical Analysis of Geogrid and Deep Mixing Column Supported Embankment
Authors: Albusoda Bushra S. , Hussein Samir H. , Al-Hamdani Dhurgham A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Embankment is an essential component of civil engineering constructions. It is required for the implementation of many projects such as roads, railways, and dams. However, large deformations and lateral movements may occur due to the poor mechanical properties of the weak soils. To avoid that, the subgrade must be improved. One of the efficient and economic techniques that solve these problems is the column-supported embankment system. In this paper, a numerical model of the embankment was established using (ABAQUS) software program. Three different modes were studied to explain the behavior of these embankments. A parametric study was conducted to examine the various influencing factors, such as elastic modulus of columns, the effect of the geogrid layer on the performance of embankment, the settlements, the lateral movement, the shear strength of the soil, the stress concentration ratio, the soil arching ratio, and the tension force in geogrid layer were determined and analyzed for various embankment modes. The results show that the effect of the elastic modulus of columns plays a vital role in the performance of the embankment. Similarly, the geogrid layer also has significant effects on the lateral displacement, and the shear strength of the embankment. In general, for all modes, the decrease in the elastic modulus of the columns leads to an increase in the embankment loads that carried out by the soil between the columns. While, the absence of the geogrid layer leads to an increase in the embankment loads carried by columns.
Effects of Sandy Soil-structure Interaction on the Natural Period of RC Building Frames
Authors: Fadhil Aqeel T. , Al-Zaidee Salah R. , Jasim Mustafa M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Building natural period, T, is a key character in building response for wind and seismic induced forces. In design practice, the period, T, is either estimated from empirical relations proposed by the design codes or determined from analytical or numerical models. The effect of the soil-structure interaction is usually neglected in the design practice and analysis models. This paper uses a sophisticated finite element simulation to investigate the effect of soil-structure modeling on the fundamental period of RC buildings subjected to wind and seismic induced forces. A typical interior building frame has been imitated using the frame element for beams and columns with constrains to model the almost-rigid diaphragm nature for floors and roof while a three-dimensional element has been adopted for the raft foundation and the soil mass. Different sandy soils have been considered. Standard Penetration Test, SPT value, has been taken as an identification index for soil nature. All other soil properties have been estimated based on well-accepted correlations. After applying the gravity dead and live loads, and eigenanalysis has been achieved to show how soil flexibility affects the effective stiffness of the structure and the corresponding natural period. Finally, the results are used to introduce a correction factor to modify the natural period estimated from a linear analysis with ideal supports to reflect the aforementioned effects.
Erosion, Sediments Transport and Riverbank Stability: A Review
Authors: Aldefae Asad H. , Al-Khafaji Rusul A. , Shamkhi Mohammed S. , Kumar Haider Q. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper is a review of the basic theoretical information needed to understand the riverbank stability, failure mechanism, and its causes. The first part describes the basic principles of river systems involving river hydraulics, sediment load, and channel morphology. This is pursued by a brief discussion concerning riverbank erosion that involves theoretical equations and numerical methods to quantify erosion. Finally, an in-depth discussion concerning riverbank stability that involves the types of failure mechanism, tension cracks, and riverbank settlement is conducted. Also, the paper reviews some previous studies on riverbank stability.
Assessment of the Three-Dimensional Model Produced by Photogrammetric and Geodetic Surveying Techniques
Authors: Khalaf Yousif Hussein , Abdulateef Nagham Amer 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A combination of close-range photogrammetry techniques and geodetic surveying techniques are used to produce the three-dimensional model, which is one of the major tasks in the field of surveying at present because it is used in many engineering applications, industrial, medical and in cultural heritage objects which requires regular monitoring because of the high accuracy and reliability needed to conduct the measurements. The study area was in the university of Baghdad, specifically for the building of the university tower this research has been produced the three dimensional model of the tower depending on the overlapping ground images captured by a digital camera and the total station instrument used to measure the coordinates of ground points distributed on the university of Baghdad tower. The mathematical model used in this study is the direct linear transformation method to intensify ground points which are used to produce the three-dimensional model of the university tower. Also, a photogrammetric program is used to compute the object space coordinates from the point cloud three-dimensional modeling.
Modeling of Estimate at Completion in Earned Value
Authors: Baqer Sabreen Mortadha , Rezouki Sedqi Esmaeel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper will explain the concept of Earned value management and definition of the influenced factor, earned worth management (EVM) is an associate trade commonplace for observance the performance of in progress comes. The performance baseline is about up within the designing section to live any time and price deviations throughout project execution. supported this progress, associate estimate at completion (EAC) is forecasted, investigate a wide range of factors impact on earned value in different countries, especially in Iraq and the region to reduce cost project in estimate to complete and estimate at complete, which helps decision-makers to make the right decision to reduce costs, achieve planned duration and taking into account other aspects.
Using BIM for Optimizing the Upgrading Cost to Convert the Traditional Buildings to Sustainable Buildings in Iraq
Authors: Abdulrasool Sarah Ahmed , Raoof Mahjoob Ahmed Mohammed 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A high percentage of existing buildings in Iraq are traditional buildings, yet there is approximately no such green building in Baghdad or other governorates. Most of these buildings require urgent upgrading to increase their performance (operationally, economically, and environmentally), also the building owners looking for identifying and implementing many of the green building measures to reduce the operational and maintenance costs of their buildings. The decision-makers need to support the possibility of achieving sustainable measures of existing building rating systems such as LEED or BREEAM, and that would require an optimization model. The goal of this study is to maximize the building’s operational efficiency, health, and comfort of the building to its occupants through minimizing upgrading cost and reducing the environmental impacts of the building. An existing building will be used as a case study to illustrate the optimization process and demonstrate the plans and processes required to achieve the green building measures, the capability of reducing the required upgrade costs. For this type of problem, the building drawings are represented Using Building information modeling (BIM) (Revit program), and the life cycle costing and environmental impact can be found using analytical tools (ONE CLICK LCA STUDENT VERSION online software). The results show that up to (15.4 and 23.2) % reduction in discounted and nominal costs respectively could be achieved, the CO2 emissions also had decreased from 34233 Ton to 19299 Ton.
Developing Systems Engineering for Sustainable Infrastructure Projects
Authors: Obead Khamael R. , Wali Meervat R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Globally, Sustainability is very quickly becoming a fundamental requirement of the construction industry as it delivers its projects; whether buildings or infrastructures. Throughout more than two decades, many modeling schemes, evaluation tools, and rating systems have been introduced en route to realizing sustainable construction. Many of these, however, lack consensus on evaluation criteria, a robust scientific model that captures the logic behind their sustainability performance evaluation, and therefore experience discrepancies between rated results and actual performance. Moreover, very few of the evaluation tools available satisfactorily address infrastructure projects. The research introduces a system engineering model that abstracts the environment, the construction product, and its production system as three interacting systems that exchange materials, energy, and information. The model utilizes this setup to capture and quantify essential flows exchanged between such three systems, to evaluate sustainability. The research walks through the development of a generic case of the model, and then demonstrates its utility in evaluating the sustainability performance of civil infrastructure projects. The developed model will address an identified gap within the current body of knowledge by considering infrastructure projects. Through the ability to simulate different scenarios, the model will enable identifying which activities, products, and processes impact the environment more, and hence potential areas for optimization and improvement.
The Law of Decentralization and Its Impact on Construction Projects
Authors: Abed Emad Essa , Mohammed Sawsan Rasheed 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Decentralization is a democratic practice in which the Government allows ministries, governorates and districts to delegate their powers within the law. This is done in two parts: the first is the decentralization of the operational budget and the second the decentralization of the investment budget. This study aims to draw up a strategy and plan for decentralization in the governorates after the transfer of powers from the ministries. The researcher seeks to discover the success or failure of applying this idea and the importance of modern construction projects in the study of decentralization in these ministries in selected governorates. Transfer of powers This research is very important through the selection and timing, and is important in that this study is the first to target the impact of decentralization on the performance of construction projects. Despite the existence of previous studies and research on administrative decentralization, it did not address the impact of decentralization and its role in the process of implementation and completion of projects. The research methodology was divided into two parts, theoretical work and fieldwork. The researcher concluded that there is a need for decentralization in particularly in the governorates far from the central government. However, these conditions are subject to limitations and restrictions. They can only be applied after studying the presence of human cadres and providing expertise that deals with post-transfer jobs. The absence of Iraqi government legislation in this area and even if we assume there are laws, they have not been applied so far about the system of decentralization in Iraq in its entirety.
Developing a Computer Program to Solve the Implementation Problems of Public Investment Projects in Iraq
Authors: Almissary Sanaa M. , Burhan Abbas M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe implementation of public investment projects in Iraq in terms of cost and time specified within the general investment budget and in terms of quality; requires analysis the obstacles facing the implementation of these projects and propose appropriate solutions to them through developing a proposed program to analyze and address the problems through project phases. The aim of research for developing a computer program comprises the identified problems as input to the program and the proposed treatments as output for it; to facilitate the work of the departments involved in projects in making decisions and to avoid repeat the previous mistakes. The researcher conducted personal interviews to identify (55) problems facing the public investment projects in Iraq grouped in (5) groups; legal and administrative, financial, technical, problems with documentary credits and other problems, conducting questionnaire survey to clarify the impact of these problems on the implementation process, using a statistical program (SPSS) to compute relative important index (RII) for them to identify the group that most impact on the implementation of public investment projects. A visual basic program with database (SQL) was utilized to analyze and treat the problems related to the subject of research. This program is equipped with the ability to withdraw reports on projects as (word, pdf, or excel). The results from research showed that there is (absences coordination between different service departments, delays in land acquisition procedures for projects, weakness of the possibility of most consultancy offices designed for projects, weakness of personals specialized in the preparation of technical and economic feasibility studies and inaccuracy of signed contracts with contractors… etc.).
Quantifying and Modeling the Cumulative Impact of Changes Order for the Projects in Iraq
Authors: Hassan Soadad M. R. , Rezouki Sedqi Esmaeel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This research investigates the change orders projects of hospital construction in Iraq, for several reasons. Because these types of projects have a relatively long duration, which leads to a change in some requirements or the emergence of new developments with the owner or gets a new technical development in this field, also these projects contain a large number of documents, specifications, plans, bill of quantities, and a large number of engineers with various specializations participate in preparing them, which makes the probability of change possible due to the large work and poor coordination between those specializations or the development of new government regulations. This current research is based on a database of eleven projects for hospitals. The researcher used combined methodology: the qualitative method represented by interviews of many construction professionals, and the quantitative method represented by questionnaire surveys and gathering data through a survey the documents of change orders for the projects. In this study, we adopted the analytical statistical approach by used F-tests and then used a one - way ANOVA analysis. The researcher managed to reach mathematical models that can predict the added cost of change requests that occur through the planning or implementation phase for the project, to avoid or minimize project changes. A series of statistical model selection criteria were applied to carefully identify the best models, for ease of use of search results and to obtain a tool that can be used by the parties to the project.
Isolation and Identification of Local Bactria Produced from Soil-Borne Urease
Authors: Ali N. A. , Karkush M. O. , Al Haideri H. H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The hydrolysis of urea by the enzyme urease is significant for increasing the irroles in human pathogenicity, biocementation, soil fertilizer, and subsequently in soil improvement. This study devoted to the isolation of urease from urea-rich soil samples collected from seven different locations. Isolation of the various bacterial species was conducted using nutrient agar. The identity of isolated urease was based on morphological characteristics and standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. The urease producing strains of bacteria were obtained using the urease hydrolysis test. The bacterial isolates produced from soil samples collected from different environments and treated by different morphological processes helped in precipitation of large calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystal aggregates precipitated within bacterial colonies grown on agar. The different microbial species and functional attributes produced striking differences in the morphology of precipitated crystals. The phylogenetic sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes produced several isolates that are mostly related to the Bacillus group. One strain of promising results was selected and the environmental and nutritional conditions were characterized. The growth curve of the selected strain with an optimized condition was investigated.
Sustainability Assessment System for Highrise Buildings in Iraq
Authors: Habib Hussain M. , Erzaij Kadhim R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study aims to preparation a standards code for sustainability requirements to contribute in a better understanding to the concept of sustainability assessment systems in the dimensions of Iraqi projects in general and in the high-rise building. Iraq is one of the developing countries that faced significant challenges in sustainability aspects environmental, economic and social, it became necessary to develop an effective sustainability building assessment system in respect of the local context in Iraq. This study presented a proposal for a system of assessing the sustainability requirements of Iraqi high rise buildings (ISHTAR), which has been developed through several integrated steps, begin with investigates the well-known sustainability systems, experts consensus based on the Delphi technique involving 32 experts consider as sustainability world leading and local highly-informed to identify applicable assessment categories and factors for the Iraqi context and its weighting system, then analyze the results using the pairwise comparison and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique.
Ergonomics elements and their influence in the garment industry
Authors: Barbu I , Fogorasi M S , Bucevschi A , Nicolaescu C 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Apart from the strict elements related to the organization of the work place of the equipment and operated machines, the productivity of an operator or factory is addiction on other elements of ergonomics such as: temperature and relative humidity of the air, speed of air currents, noise level, level vibrations and their directions, CO2 level, brightness, radiation level, chromatic from the production hall, ambient music and its volume. In this paper we analyzed the influence of light intensity and ambient music on productivity in a clothing section in which 70-80 workers manufacture sports equipment in which dark colours predominate, for children, women and men. Some levels of light intensity were chosen, different from those provided in standards (400 lx for light colours and 700 lx for dark colours), and for ambient music we chose as a volume level, with 5-10 dB above the average noise level in the production hall. We mention that in this section is not used ambient music currently. We mention that all the laboratory equipment used are in the SIProM laboratory, (study, hygiene and labor protection ), within the Faculty of Engineering, and the collective of this study was an interdisciplinary one formed by researchers from the Textile Industry field and a researcher from the Accounting field. Initially, timings were made to determine the execution times for certain technological phases, namely: the overlock machine, the elastic applicator machine and the simple machine, for zipper application. These measurements were made under the usual working conditions in this hall production, for lighting levels of 550-750 lx and without ambient music. At the end of the study, data on labour efficiency were processed and calculations were made regarding labour costs for workers who served the three types of machines. For a complete image of the activity of the entire section, production department, the information was processed for the entire section, both in terms of productivity per worker, for each machine, and the costs for manpower were calculated for the nine weeks of the our study. For a more complete information of the activity of the whole section, the results were extended for the whole section, both in terms of efficiency per worker, for each machine and the costs for the work of the entire group of workers were calculated.
The mechanism’s study of fixing a container on a freight wagon type Rgs
Authors: Berescu C , Fratila C , Axinte T , Diaconu M , Cojocaru R 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In freight transport is constantly evolving in the world. An important role in development of freight transport is the increasing usually a speed to 180 km/h of freight trains. In multimodal transport, all the goods are transported in containers. Therefore, the freight is mostly containerized. Several containers in freight trains are transported on Rgs freight wagons. On Rgs platforms of freight wagons are bolts of which the containers are fixed. The role of these bolts is very important because when the train takes the curve or brakes ward, containers could leave the wagon’s platform. In this paper, we represented a Rgs Wagon loaded with two containers. We have to mention that the dimensions of wagon and containers have been made using original projects. Furthermore, we are approached the theoretical aspects referring to the clamping system. We set out to accomplish a through search of both the used bolt to Rgs wagons and new model of bolt. This research was caried out with the help of finite elements method. The design part and the study with finite elements were made in NX 12 software from Siemens. Because of these bolts types they following stress: normal, shear and von Mises. As a consequence, we deduced that the second bolt type is more reliable.