bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ESL programs at U.S. community colleges: A multistate analysis of placement tests, course offerings, and course content
Authors: David Nick , Kanno Yasuko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen U.S. English learners (ELs) attend college, they are more likely to enroll in 2‐year community colleges than in 4‐year colleges. Prior research points to the tension between English as a second language (ESL) programs providing support to ELs and lengthy ESL programs acting as barriers to ELs seeking access to mainstream college coursework. Nevertheless, community college ELs and ESL programs remain understudied. The researchers investigated community college ESL placement, course sequence length, and types of ESL courses offered across the United States by examining the 2017–2018 catalogs of community colleges in nine states. Two hundred seventy‐two community college catalogs were analyzed. Findings include that 81% of colleges reported offering some ESL‐specific coursework and that ESL course sequences varied on average from 2.3 to 4.7 semesters in length across states. For most states studied, ESL courses were solely structured around skills‐based instruction. Furthermore, although general English placement information was accessible and often standardized within states, ESL placement information was rarely available and sometimes out of date. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that community college ESL programs implement valid placement procedures, award college credit for ESL coursework, and streamline student access to discipline‐specific academic and vocational content.
A novel adult plant leaf rust resistance gene Lr2K38 mapped on wheat chromosome 1AL
Authors: Sapkota Suraj , Mergoum Mohamed , Kumar Ajay , Fiedler Jason D. , Johnson Jerry , Bland Dan , Lopez Benjamin , Sutton Steve , Ghimire Bikash , Buck James , Chen Zhenbang , Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoft red winter wheat (SRWW) cultivar AGS 2038 has a high level of seedling and adult plant leaf rust (LR) resistance. To map and characterize LR resistance in AGS 2038, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 225 lines was developed from a cross between AGS 2038 and moderately resistant line UGA 111729. The parents and RIL population were phenotyped for LR response in three field environments at Plains and Griffin, GA, in the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons, one greenhouse environment at the adult‐plant stage, and at seedling stage. The RIL population was genotyped with the Illumina iSelect 90K SNP marker array, and a total of 7667 polymorphic markers representing 1513 unique loci were used to construct a linkage map. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis detected six QTL, QLr.ags‐1AL, QLr.ags‐2AS, QLr.ags‐2BS1, QLr.ags‐2BS2, QLr.ags‐2BS3, and QLr.ags‐2DS, for seedling and adult plant LR resistance. Of these, the major adult plant leaf rust resistance QTL, QLr.ags‐1AL, was detected on all field and greenhouse adult plant tests and explained up to 34.45% of the phenotypic variation. QLr.ags‐1AL, tightly flanked by IWB20487 and IWA4022 markers, was contributed by AGS 2038. Molecular marker analysis using a diagnostic marker linked to Lr59 showed that QLr.ags‐1AL was different from Lr59, the only known LR resistance gene on 1AL. Therefore, the QTL was temporarily designated as Lr2K38. Lr2K38‐linked marker IWB20487 was highly polymorphic among 30 SRWW lines and should be useful for selecting the Lr2K38 in wheat breeding programs.
Asymmetric price volatility transmission in remote food markets: Does it matter for domestic stabilization policies?
Authors: Araap Lagat Kiplimo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn order to design better and effective domestic policies to cope with extreme cases of food price volatility, policymakers must understand the nature of market interconnectedness, sources of domestic food price volatility, and the extent to which price volatilities are transmitted within the domestic markets. Incomplete food price volatility transmission signals price inefficiency and ineffectiveness in policy intervention in stabilizing the domestic markets. The degree of price volatility transmission can provide a broad assessment of the extent to which markets are functioning in a predictable way, and price signals are passing‐through consistently between different markets. A multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (MGARCH) model was used to estimate the price volatility transmission within and between the major (primary) and remote (secondary) maize markets in Kenya. Mobile Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping data collected real time by the World Food Program in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture in Kenya and other agencies were utilized. The average monthly data series used covered the periods between January 2006 and June 2019. Results confirmed significant differentiation in volatilities between the remote and major food markets. The major markets were found to be less volatile with strong volatility transmission within the markets. In contrast, the remote markets exhibited higher volatilities but with limited volatility transmissions within the markets.
Evolving Social Dimension of the European Higher Education Area
Authors: Crosier David , Haj Cezar Mihai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe social dimension is a term coined in the early years of the Bologna Process (BP). Although mentioned in the early ministerial communiqué texts, the term itself was not clearly defined until 2007. Looking back, this could perhaps be considered an oversight. However, the more likely explanation is that the term was chosen intentionally, leaving open possibilities for national and institutional action while, at the same time, committing countries to nothing precise.
What Does It Take to Build a Social Dimension Strategy? A Cross-Country Comparative Analysis of Romania and Austria
Authors: Torotcoi Simona 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnlike other action lines of the Bologna Process, slow progress has been made towards making the social dimension an implementable policy. The social dimension had to overcome a significant start-up difficulty. It entered the Bologna Process with no clear definition, guidelines or projection of concrete policy measures. In 2015, with the adoption of the Strategy for the Development of the Social Dimension and Lifelong Learning in the EHEA to 2020, participating countries were asked to come up with concrete national plans to address the participation of underrepresented groups in higher education. This paper looks in depth at two country cases that attempted to create the necessary conditions for such strategies, Austria and Romania, and asks what are the successful conditions for building a social dimension and lifelong learning strategy in line with the Bologna requirements? The common point for these countries is that both of them attempted to build a social dimension and life-long learning strategy, however, one of the countries came up with a strategy, yet other national strategies and policies were in contradiction with what the strategy promoted, whereas in the second country no strategy was developed beside the involvement of the main stakeholders. The data for the analysis comes from interviews conducted in November 2017 with stakeholders involved in the formation of these strategies, ranging from student representatives to educational experts, and governmental representatives.
Syrian University Students in Turkish Higher Education: Immediate Vulnerabilities, Future Challenges for the European Higher Education Area
Authors: Erdoğan Armağan , Erdoğan M. Murat 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince 2011, millions of Syrian people have had to leave their country and seek shelter in neighbouring countries and in Europe. Forced migration or displacement creates multiple vulnerabilities while trying to settle in a new environment. Socioeconomic, cultural and psychological vulnerabilities hinder them from participating actively in society. Higher education is one of the main ways that refugees and displaced people cling to hope for a better life. Their access to and participation in higher education has been a challenging route for many reasons both for themselves and also for the higher education systems and universities in their host countries. Turkey has a unique place in regard to Syrian refugees. It hosts the largest refugee population in the world with 3.6 million Syrians and 500,000 asylum seekers from other countries, such as Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Turkey has a young population with the 5–17 age group comprising 21% of the population, but the Syrian population is much younger as its rate is 30%. Turkey is also the country with the largest student population in the European Higher Education Area. The incomparable magnitude of the situation, among others, plays a crucial role in developing new integration policies. In spite of the ongoing difficulties and challenges, the past nine years proved a success story in protection, social cohesion and integration of these newcomers. Turkey has been suffering from some challenges, such as a supply and demand imbalance in higher education. Demographic factors, shortcomings of the higher education system and the unemployment rate among university graduates have been some long-term challenges for Turkish higher education. Moreover, a common misconception in public opinion, that Syrian refugees are admitted to Turkish universities without fulfilling the requirements, adds new challenges for future policies. Both the sheer number of migrants and also the emergency of the situation during this migration flow necessitated some action to be taken in the area of higher education. In a country like Turkey, where there is high competition between students to pass the nationwide university selection exam each year, encouraging Syrian students to access higher education seems to be an area for discussion. This paper is based on the fieldwork of research conducted in the context of the Hopes-MADAD project entitled “Elite Dialogue II- Dialogue with Syrian Refugees in Turkey through Syrian Academics and Students” in 2019. The main research subject is which types of vulnerabilities Syrian university students face, and how they can integrate into society in Turkey. New approaches and definitions are needed to touch the actual needs of the refugees to be actively involved into society. Nevertheless, research on the higher education practices of vulnerable groups in general, and of Syrian students in particular, is largely missing.
Advancing Learning and Teaching in the EHEA: Innovation and Links with Research
Authors: Gaebel Michael , Zhang Thérèse , Iucu Romita 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEducation, a core mission of universities, is frequently depicted as being resistant towards change regarding teaching methods and forms of provision. As Hooker put it, back in 1997, “the nineteenth-century model of teaching at higher level still holds sway and teaching as not changed much since. The last 15 years have seen progressive developments in many higher education institutions, but the basic model has not altered significantly, at least not in the majority of institutions.
The Future of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area: New Perspectives on a Recurring Topic
Authors: Bergan Sjur , Matei Liviu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe future of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) have been debated for more than 20 years (Bergan and Deca 2018). From the very start, even as the implementation of this continental-wide project in higher education got underway and in parallel to historical analyses (“looking back” too) that begun slowly to emerge, the future of the EHEA has been a constant preoccupation. It is perhaps in the nature of things that while the future can be close or distant, it never quite arrives, like a textitfata morgana, so that any discussion of “the future” can in principle be endless. Or, it could be that in this case discussions about the future indicate continuing uncertainty about the substance, shape and timeline of a European area for higher education. As we are completing the second decade of the Bologna Process and, if we take a formal approach, the first decade of the EHEA, this debate nevertheless takes on added urgency and includes some new elements. We are encouraged by the fact that few if any voices have been heard advocating an end to the EHEA. We therefore disregard this option here.
A New Concept for the Future EHEA
Authors: Isaacs Ann Katherine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Bologna Follow Up Group (BFUG) is currently charged with discussing new priorities for the future of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and to this end has organized national consultations as well as discussions within the BFUG itself. In addition to defining new priorities, it appears essential to strengthen the awareness of the principles underlying higher education beyond national or even macro-regional borders. To go beyond lists of priorities and principles, however important and valid in themselves, it seems useful to elaborate a convincing holistic concept or way of visualizing the desired future of higher education and the EHEA’s role in achieving it. Such a concept or vision can give direction to the continuing reform process and inspire countries and higher education institutions to work creatively together. To this end, the EHEA may need to transform itself from a loose intergovernmental framework to a more cohesive space where, supported by the necessary normative reforms, higher education institutions and their stakeholders can freely and effectively pursue their collaborative mission. The paper explores whether the goal of creating a ‘European higher education community’ by 2030 can help to give direction to this complex process and what that might entail.
Charting Academic Freedom in Europe
Authors: Matei Liviu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe paper argues that the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is currently experiencing a crisis of academic freedom and discusses the need to chart a course out of this crisis. The paper claims that the crisis, with its two dimensions (intellectual and empiric), is specific to Europe/EHEA; it is not a global or national crisis, although there are challenges to academic freedom in all other parts of the world and also within individual national higher education systems in Europe. Efforts have been started recently to address key challenges to academic freedom in the EHEA and eventually plot a course out of this crisis. The paper outlines how a comparative and applied interdisciplinary study of these efforts helps reveal their nature and scope, identify the actors/stakeholders involved as well as those, astoundingly, absent; it also allows to discuss and assess early on the chances of success and identify challenges and gaps in these efforts. The paper concludes that charting a course for academic freedom at present in the EHEA is an intergovernmental process. Higher education institutions and academics are not part of this process.
Does Erasmus Mobility Increase Employability? Using Register Data to Investigate the Labour Market Outcomes of University Graduates
Authors: Crăciun Daniela , Orosz Kata , Proteasa Viorel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe chapter sets out to answer a question that has long been on the mind of policy-makers, university leaders, scholars and students: does international student credit mobility have a positive impact on graduate employability? Traditionally, this question has been answered using survey data where internationally mobile students self-report their employment situation at a certain point after graduation. According to these studies, international student mobility positively affects the labour market outcomes of students. For instance, the European Commission reports that: (1) students who completed an Erasmus mobility program are half as likely to face long-term unemployment; (2) the unemployment rate of Erasmus students is 23% lower five years after graduation (European Commission 2014). While these studies provide important insights about the benefits associated with the cross-border credit mobility of students, the results can be plagued by self-selection bias in reporting post-mobility employment outcomes. In order to avoid the problems associated with survey data, in this chapter we offer an analysis based on register data from university records and employment records, using as a case study the West University of Timisoara, a leading comprehensive university in Romania. Using register data offers the possibility to study population-level data and compare the employment outcomes of mobile and non-mobile students. The chapter analyses the impact of credit mobility on insertion in the labour market, income levels and occupational prestige. While the research question that the chapter is trying to answer is important, the main message of the chapter is broader: ministries and higher education institutions should release data for research purposes. Register data is readily available and helps researchers make efficient use of resources. In turn, this can encourage evidence-based policymaking.
ABECTO: An ABox Evaluation and Comparison Tool for Ontologies
Authors: Keil Jan Martin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCorrectness and completeness of ontologies on the schema and the instance level are important quality criteria in their selection for an application. Due to the general lack of gold standard data sources, the determination of these criteria, especially on the instance level, is challenging. The direct comparison of candidate data sources enables the approximation of these criteria. We introduce ABECTO, an ABox evaluation and comparison tool for ontologies. ABECTO provides a framework for the comparison of different semantic data sources in the same domain on the instance level.
A healthy lifestyle mitigates the risk of heart disease related to type 2 diabetes: a prospective nested case–control study in a nationwide Swedish twin cohort
Authors: Yang Rongrong , Xu Hui , Pedersen Nancy L. , Li Xuerui , Yu Jing , Bao Cuiping , Qi Xiuying , Xu Weili 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
We aimed to examine the association between type 2 diabetes and major subtypes of heart disease, to assess the role of genetic and early-life familial environmental factors in this association and to explore whether and to what extent a healthy lifestyle mitigates the risk of heart disease related to type 2 diabetes.

Methods
In this prospective nested case–control study based on the Swedish Twin Registry, 41,463 twin individuals who were aged ≥40 and heart disease-free were followed up for 16 years (from 1998 to 2014) to detect incident heart disease. Type 2 diabetes was ascertained from self-report, the National Patient Registry and glucose-lowering medication use. Heart disease diagnosis (including coronary heart disease, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure) and onset age were identified from the National Patient Registry. Healthy lifestyle-related factors consisted of being a non-smoker, no/mild alcohol consumption, regular physical activity and being non-overweight. Participants were divided into three groups according to the number of lifestyle-related factors: (1) unfavourable (participants who had no or only one healthy lifestyle factor); (2) intermediate (any two or three); and (3) favourable (four). Generalised estimating equation models for unmatched case–control design and conditional logistic regression for co-twin control design were used in data analyses.

Results
Of all participants, 2304 (5.5%) had type 2 diabetes at baseline. During the observation period, 9262 (22.3%) had any incident heart disease. In unmatched case–control analyses and co-twin control analyses, the multi-adjusted OR and 95% CI of heart disease related to type 2 diabetes was 4.36 (3.95, 4.81) and 4.89 (3.88, 6.16), respectively. The difference in ORs from unmatched case–control analyses vs co-twin control analyses was statistically significant (OR 1.57; 95% CI 1.42, 1.73; p < 0.001). In stratified analyses by type 2 diabetes, compared with an unfavourable lifestyle, an intermediate lifestyle or a favourable lifestyle was associated with a significant 32% (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.49, 0.93) or 56% (OR 0.44; 95% CI 0.30, 0.63) decrease in heart disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes, respectively. There were significant additive and multiplicative interactions between lifestyle and type 2 diabetes on heart disease.

Conclusions/interpretation
Type 2 diabetes is associated with more than fourfold increased risk of heart disease. The association still remains statistically significant, even after fully controlling for genetic and early-life familial environmental factors. However, greater adherence to a healthy lifestyle may significantly mitigate the risk of heart disease related to type 2 diabetes.
Predictive indicators for revisional surgery in nasal reconstruction after Mohs surgery
Authors: Andrew Tom W. , Garioch Jennifer J. , Lovat Penny E. , Moncrieff Marc D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Reconstruction of nasal lesions is complex due to the topography, mobile free margins and borders of anatomical subunits. Reconstructive challenges can lead to multiple revisional surgeries to achieve the final aesthetic result. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors and predictors of revisional surgery in patients undergoing reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery for nasal tumours.

Methods
This was a prospective cohort study from April 2, 2008 to February 26, 2019. The study population included all consecutive patients who underwent Mohs micrographic surgery for nasal skin cancer. Resection and reconstruction of nasal skin cancer was performed by the Mohs team.

Results
A total of 988 cases met our study inclusion criteria with 64 (6.5%) cases requiring unplanned surgical revision. Revision rates were highest in the ala (9.0%, p < 0.05) and complex anatomical subunits (16.7%, p < 0.0001). In contrast, revision rates for dorsum lesions were lowest (1.8%, p < 0.001). In terms of reconstructive modalities, local flaps resulted in significantly higher rates of revision when compared to grafts (relative risk, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.15–5.0; p < 0.01). In terms of histological diagnosis, squamous cell carcinoma had significantly higher revision rates when compared to basal cell carcinoma (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the risk factors and predictors of revision surgery in patients undergoing MMS for nasal tumours. This study highlights that the reconstructive modality utilised affects the functional and cosmetic outcome of MMS. We note that ala complex subunit lesions, squamous cell carcinoma and flap reconstruction were associated with an increased risk of revision after Mohs reconstruction of nasal lesions.
Level of evidence: Level III, risk/prognostic; therapeutic study.

Trial registration number
(Ref: PLA-19-20_A03) 04/02/2020.