bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibiting HMGB1-RAGE axis prevents pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia polarization and affords neuroprotection after spinal cord injury
Authors: Fan Hong , Tang Hai-Bin , Chen Zhe , Wang Hu-Qing , Zhang Lei , Jiang Yu , Li Tao , Yang Cai-Feng , Wang Xiao-Ya , Li Xia , Wu Sheng-Xi , Zhang Gui-Lian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Spinal cord injury (SCI) favors a persistent pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia-mediated response with only a transient appearance of anti-inflammatory phenotype of immune cells. However, the mechanisms controlling this special sterile inflammation after SCI are still not fully elucidated. It is known that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) released from necrotic cells after injury can trigger severe inflammation. High mobility group box 1(HMGB1), a ubiquitously expressed DNA binding protein, is an identified DAMP, and our previous study demonstrated that reactive astrocytes could undergo necroptosis and release HMGB1 after SCI in mice. The present study aimed to explore the effects and the possible mechanism of HMGB1on macrophages/microglia polarization, as well as the neuroprotective effects by HMGB1 inhibition after SCI.

Methods
In this study, the expression and the concentration of HMGB1 was determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Glycyrrhizin was applied to inhibit HMGB1, while FPS-ZM1 to suppress receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The polarization of macrophages/microglia in vitro and in vivo was detected by qRT-PCR, immunostaining, and western blot. The lesion area was detected by GFAP staining, while neuronal survival was examined by Nissl staining. Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining, DAB staining, and western blot were adopted to evaluate the myelin loss. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scoring and rump-height Index (RHI) assay was applied to evaluate locomotor functional recovery.

Results
Our data showed that HMGB1 can be elevated and released from necroptotic astrocytes and HMGB1 could induce pro-inflammatory microglia through the RAGE-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. We further demonstrated that inhibiting HMGB1 or RAGE effectively decreased the numbers of detrimental pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia while increased anti-inflammatory cells after SCI. Furthermore, our data showed that inhibiting HMGB1 or RAGE significantly decreased neuronal loss and demyelination, and improved functional recovery after SCI.

Conclusions
The data implicated that HMGB1-RAGE axis contributed to the dominant pro-inflammatory macrophages/microglia-mediated pro-inflammatory response, and inhibiting this pathway afforded neuroprotection for SCI. Thus, therapies designed to modulate immune microenvironment based on this cascade might be a prospective treatment for SCI.
Recommendations for early diagnosis of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH): working group intersociety consensus document
Authors: Agostiniani Rino , Atti Giuseppe , Bonforte Salvatore , Casini Carolina , Cirillo Marco , De Pellegrin Maurizio , Di Bello Daniela , Esposito Francesco , Galla Ambra , Marrè Brunenghi Giorgio , Romeo Nicola , Tomà Paolo , Vezzali Norberto 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis consensus document has been prepared by a multidisciplinary group of experts (Paediatricians, Radiologists, Paediatric Orthopaedics) and it is mainly aimed at paediatricians, hospitals and primary care providers. We provide recommendations for the early diagnosis and treatment of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) and indications on its management.
Differences between men and women with nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: clinical characteristics and treatment effectiveness in a real-life prospective cohort
Authors: Neuenschwander Regula , Hebeisen Monika , Micheroli Raphael , Bürki Kristina , Exer Pascale , Niedermann Karin , Nissen Michael J. , Scherer Almut , Ciurea Adrian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Sex differences with regard to clinical manifestations and response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) have been delineated for the radiographic form of axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). More limited evidence for a differential effectiveness of treatment in genders exists for the nonradiographic disease state (nr-axSpA). The aim of the study was to compare demographics, clinical parameters, and response to TNFi in women versus men with nr-axSpA.

Methods
We compared disease characteristics of 264 women and 231 men with nr-axSpA at inclusion in the prospective Swiss Clinical Quality Management Cohort. Response to a first TNFi was assessed in 85 women and 78 men without diagnosed co-morbid fibromyalgia. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients achieving the 40% improvement in the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society criteria (ASAS40) at 1 year. Additional response outcomes were evaluated as secondary outcomes. Patients having discontinued TNFi were considered non-responders. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for baseline differences, which might potentially mediate the effect of sex on treatment response.

Results
Compared to men, women had a longer diagnostic delay, a higher level of perceived disease activity, and more enthesitis and were in a lower percentage HLA-B27 positive. An ASAS40 response was achieved by 17% of women and 38% of men (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.12, 0.93; p = 0.02). A significantly lower response rate in women was confirmed in the adjusted analysis (OR 0.19; 95% CI 0.05, 0.62; p = 0.009) as well as for the other outcomes assessed.

Conclusion
Despite only few sex differences in patient characteristics in nr-axSpA, response rates to TNFi are significantly lower in women than in men.
Chromosome segregation in B. subtilis is highly heterogeneous
Authors: El Najjar Nina , Graumann Peter L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective
The bacterial cell cycle comprises initiation of replication and ensuing elongation, concomitant chromosome segregation (in some organisms with a delay termed cohesion), and finally cell division. By quantifying the number of origin and terminus regions in exponentially growing Bacillus subtilis cells, and after induction of DNA damage, we aimed at determining cell cycle parameters at different growth rates at a single cell level.

Results
B. subtilis cells are mostly mero-oligoploid during fast growth and diploid during slow growth. However, we found that the number of replication origins and of termini is highly heterogeneous within the cell population at two different growth rates, and that even at slow growth, a majority of cells attempts to maintain more than a single chromosome at all times of the cell cycle. Heterogeneity of chromosome copy numbers may reflect different subpopulations having diverging growth rates even during exponential growth conditions. Cells continued to initiate replication and segregate chromosomes after induction of DNA damage, as judged by an increase in origin numbers per cell, showing that replication and segregation are relatively robust against cell cycle perturbation.
Radiological staging of rectal cancer in a resource limited setting
Authors: Lokuhetty Naradha , Seneviratne Suranjith L. , Rahman Fathima Asma , Marapana Thanushka , Niloofa Roshan , De Zoysa Ishan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objective
Current guidelines on rectal cancer (RC) management recommend pre-operative MRI for loco-regional staging and CT for staging of metastases. This allows appropriate selection of patients for chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). However, MRI is not freely available in many low-income countries. We assessed the status of pre-operative imaging for RC in Sri Lanka and evaluated the performance of CT in RC staging.

Results
A pre-tested interview-administered questionnaire was used to assess the pre-operative use of MRI and CT in RC. CT findings from 37 RC patients were then compared with histopathology findings. Of the 64 surgeons interviewed, 57 (89.1%) did not request an MRI for their RC patients. Reasons cited included limited availability and long waiting times due to competing health needs. A CT was requested by all. In RC, the overall accuracy of CT for T staging was 43.2% and 29.7% of T1–T2 tumours were over-staged as T3. The overall accuracy of CT for regional lymph node staging was 70.3%. In summary, CT alone is not suitable for RC staging in any setting. It leads to over-staging and patients may thus receive unnecessary CRT. Steps must be taken to improve access to pre-operative MRI among Sri Lankan RC patients.
Pro-myogenic small molecules revealed by a chemical screen on primary muscle stem cells
Authors: Buchanan Sean M. , Price Feodor D. , Castiglioni Alessandra , Gee Amanda Wagner , Schneider Joel , Matyas Mark N. , Hayhurst Monica , Tabebordbar Mohammadsharif , Wagers Amy J. , Rubin Lee L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSatellite cells are the canonical muscle stem cells that regenerate damaged skeletal muscle. Loss of function of these cells has been linked to reduced muscle repair capacity and compromised muscle health in acute muscle injury and congenital neuromuscular diseases. To identify new pathways that can prevent loss of skeletal muscle function or enhance regenerative potential, we established an imaging-based screen capable of identifying small molecules that promote the expansion of freshly isolated satellite cells. We found several classes of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitors that increased freshly isolated satellite cell numbers in vitro. Further exploration of one of these compounds, the RTK inhibitor CEP-701 (also known as lestaurtinib), revealed potent activity on mouse satellite cells both in vitro and in vivo. This expansion potential was not seen upon exposure of proliferating committed myoblasts or non-myogenic fibroblasts to CEP-701. When delivered subcutaneously to acutely injured animals, CEP-701 increased both the total number of satellite cells and the rate of muscle repair, as revealed by an increased cross-sectional area of regenerating fibers. Moreover, freshly isolated satellite cells expanded ex vivo in the presence of CEP-701 displayed enhanced muscle engraftment potential upon in vivo transplantation. We provide compelling evidence that certain RTKs, and in particular RET, regulate satellite cell expansion during muscle regeneration. This study demonstrates the power of small molecule screens of even rare adult stem cell populations for identifying stem cell-targeting compounds with therapeutic potential.
Age based evaluation of nut aspiration risk
Authors: D'Souza Jill N. , Valika Taher S. , Bhushan Bharat , Ida Jonathan B. 
Published: October 2020

Objective To identify an age at which initiation of whole nut into the pediatric diet could be considered safe, by evaluating the age distribution of children undergoing bronchoscopy with removal of nut or seed material from the airway. Method A retrospective chart review over a ten-year period identifying children age 0–18 that have undergone bronchoscopy with retrieval of airway foreign bodies. A statistical analysis of demographic data was carried out to identify age distribution of aspiration events. Results Sixty-four cases of foreign body aspiration were identified, of which 43 (67%) were of organic origin, specifically nuts. A Fisher's exact test was carried out on the cumulative percentage of organic foreign body aspirations to identify the age distribution of nut aspiration events. A statistically significant decrease in organic foreign body aspirations occurred at approximately 36 months of age ( p = 0.004). Conclusion Foreign body aspiration is a leading cause of accidental injury or death in children. Nut and other small organic foreign bodies account for a significant portion of accidental aspiration events, however, no guidelines exist regarding appropriate age of whole nut introduction into the diet. Our study suggests that 90% of pediatric nut aspiration events occur under the age of 36 months. We suggest supervised introduction of whole nuts between the ages of 3 and 4 years. Official guidelines regarding this should be considered by professional pediatric societies. Level of evidence 4
Seasonal and transient surface displacements in the Kumamoto area, Japan, associated with the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake: implications for seismic-induced groundwater level change
Authors: Ishitsuka Kazuya , Tsuji Takeshi , Lin Weiren , Kagabu Makoto , Shimada Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence on April 14 (Mw 6.2) and April 16 (Mw 7.0) altered the regional groundwater level. To better understand the relationship between groundwater level change and surface displacement, we estimated surface displacement in the Kumamoto area (Japan) using persistent scatterer interferometry from 19 ALOS/PALSAR images acquired between January 7, 2007 and March 5, 2011, 28 ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 images acquired between April 17, 2016 and December 10, 2018, and 113 Sentinel-1 images acquired between May 26, 2016 and December 30, 2018. Our estimation shows that transient surface displacement occurred following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence, together with seasonal surface displacement that was not detected from the 2007–2011 images. We suggest that a portion of the transient displacement occurred via groundwater drawdown through new ruptures that formed owing to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence and sediment compaction. Seasonal surface displacements detected after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence are linked to groundwater level variations.
The role of social relatedness and self-beliefs in social functioning in first-episode psychosis: Are we overestimating the contribution of illness-related factors?
Authors: González-Blanch César , Medrano Leonardo A. , Bendall Sarah , D’Alfonso Simon , Cagliarini Daniela , McEnery Carla , O’Sullivan Shaunagh , Valentine Lee , Gleeson John F. , Alvarez-Jimenez Mario 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Numerous research studies have demonstrated an association between higher symptom severity and cognitive impairment with poorer social functioning in first-episode psychosis (FEP). By contrast, the influence of subjective experiences, such as social relatedness and self-beliefs, has received less attention. Consequently, a cohesive understanding of how these variables interact to influence social functioning is lacking.

Method
We used structural equation modeling to examine the direct and indirect relationships among neurocognition (processing speed) and social cognition, symptoms, and social relatedness (perceived social support and loneliness) and self-beliefs (self-efficacy and self-esteem) in 170 individuals with FEP.

Results
The final model yielded an acceptable model fit (χ2 = 45.48, comparative fit index = 0.96; goodness of fit index = 0.94; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.94; root mean square error of approximation = 0.06) and explained 45% of social functioning. Negative symptoms, social relatedness, and self-beliefs exerted a direct effect on social functioning. Social relatedness partially mediated the impact of social cognition and negative symptoms on social functioning. Self-beliefs also mediated the relationship between social relatedness and social functioning.

Conclusions
The observed associations highlight the potential value of targeting social relatedness and self-beliefs to improve functional outcomes in FEP. Explanatory models of social functioning in FEP not accounting for social relatedness and self-beliefs might be overestimating the effect of the illness-related factors.
Approach to the Patient with MODY-Monogenic Diabetes
Authors: Broome David T , Pantalone Kevin M , Kashyap Sangeeta R , Philipson Louis H 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMaturity-onset diabetes of the young, or MODY-monogenic diabetes, is a not-so-rare collection of inherited disorders of non-autoimmune diabetes mellitus that remains insufficiently diagnosed despite increasing awareness. These cases are important to efficiently and accurately diagnose, given the clinical implications of syndromic features, cost-effective treatment regimen, and the potential impact on multiple family members. Proper recognition of the clinical manifestations, family history, and cost-effective lab and genetic testing provide the diagnosis. All patients must undergo a thorough history, physical examination, multigenerational family history, lab evaluation (glycated hemoglobin A1c [HbA1c], glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies [GADA], islet antigen 2 antibodies [IA-2A], and zinc transporter 8 [ZnT8] antibodies). The presence of clinical features with 3 (or more) negative antibodies may be indicative of MODY-monogenic diabetes, and is followed by genetic testing. Molecular genetic testing should be performed before attempting specific treatments in most cases. Additional testing that is helpful in determining the risk of MODY-monogenic diabetes is the MODY clinical risk calculator (&gt;25% post-test probability in patients not treated with insulin within 6 months of diagnosis should trigger genetic testing) and 2-hour postprandial (after largest meal of day) urinary C-peptide to creatinine ratio (with a ≥0.2 nmol/mmol to distinguish HNF1A- or 4A-MODY from type 1 diabetes). Treatment, as well as monitoring for microvascular and macrovascular complications, is determined by the specific variant that is identified. In addition to the diagnostic approach, this article will highlight recent therapeutic advancements when patients no longer respond to first-line therapy (historically sulfonylurea treatment in many variants).Learning ObjectivesUpon completion of this educational activity, participants should be able to:Target AudienceThis continuing medical education activity should be of substantial interest to endocrinologists and all health care professionals who care for people with diabetes mellitus.
“Split by the Moonlight”: Beethoven and the Racial Sublime in African American Literature
Authors: Avery Tamlyn 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs Nathan Waddell has recently argued of the literary modernists whose aesthetic incorporation of the Beethovenian legend complicates the dominant view of modernism as an antitraditionalist enterprise, Ludwig van Beethoven’s music has in fact left a more significant and complicated mark on African American literature relating to the sublime properties of his musical aesthetic than has previously been recognized. As a point of departure, I apply Michael J. Shapiro’s definition of the racial sublime as a confrontation with the “still vast oppressive structure that imperils black lives” to the setting of twentieth-century African American literature, where Beethoven’s Romantic sublime often stands in for the racial sublime. This transference, I argue, is not an expression of the artist’s repressed instinctual conflict, the mere sublimation of their devotion to “white” culture and the cult of genius, as Amiri Baraka once suggested. Rather, Beethoven’s music formed a persistent and powerful political allegory of the racial sublime for many prominent twentieth-century authors in their literary works, where the sublime constitutes a sublimation of direct forms of power into a range of aesthetic experiences. This can be observed in the Beethovenian ekphrasis featured in prose works by James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, and Ralph Ellison—four writers whose works have also been considered indebted to blues and jazz musical influences and who approach the racial sublime not through language but by appealing to music’s nonsignifying suggestiveness, in order to capture the intensities that radiate out of these encounters. As this article reveals, their allegorical uses for Beethoven are not unitary. The forcefield of the racial sublime is registered allegorically through the performative sublime of Sonata “Pathétique” in Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man (1912); the sublime melancholy of the “Moonlight” Sonata in Hughes’s tragic short story “Home” (1934); the spiritual sublime of Beethoven’s piano concerti and the Ninth Symphony in Baldwin’s short story “Previous Condition” (1948); and the heroic sublime of the Fifth Symphony in Ellison’s bildungsroman Invisible Man (1952).
Makandal and Pandemic Knowledge: Literature, Fetish, and Health in the Plantationocene
Authors: Dillon Elizabeth Maddock , Simpkins Kate 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKey aspects of the plantation economy, centered in the early Caribbean, include the theft of Indigenous land, agricultural monocropping, and racial capitalism as well as an epistemological effort to separate out humans, animals, and plants into discrete species. This essay identifies the current pandemic as a crisis in knowledge—one in which assumptions such as Linnaean categories and species boundaries need re-examining—and explores historical and disciplinary means of challenging the limited and often deadly knowledge regime of the Plantationocene. Turning to the historical revolutionary figure of François Makandal, the essay explores alternative knowledge systems that help us to understand modes of human-environmental connection, semiotics of relation, and text networks of literature and oral history. These alternative ways of knowing the world are fugitive from, and revolutionary with respect to, racial capitalism and the plantation project and are traceable within a line of literary Makandal texts.
The Chronopolitics of COVID-19
Authors: Peckham Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the temporal politics of the COVID-19 pandemic, arguing that despite the emphasis on digital real-time coverage and epidemiological forecasting, the pandemic has been understood as a historical event, even as it has been unfolding. The paper considers the implications of this ambiguous temporality, suggesting that COVID-19 has made visible a new heterotemporality, wherein real time, history, and the future intermesh. The paper concludes by focusing on Hong Kong, a former British colony and Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China since 1997, showing how the pandemic has become an uncanny rendering of the city’s uncertain future.