bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Innovation and Social Work: A Case Study of the Early Intervention Support Service
Authors: Winter Karen , Neeson Laura , Sweet Daryl , Smith Aimee , Millen Sharon , Connolly Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn a national and international context where there is a concern about the effectiveness of social care services for children and families to address chronic, enduring social problems and where there are finite resources available, the concept of social innovation in social work policy and practice to address need in new ways is receiving increased attention. Whilst an attractive term, social innovation in child and family services is not without its challenges in terms of conceptualisation, operationalisation, implementation and evidencing impact. This article reports on the development and evaluation of the Early Intervention Support Service (EISS), a newly designed family support service in Northern Ireland set up as part of a government-supported innovation and transformation programme that aims to deliver a voluntary, targeted, flexible and time-limited service to families experiencing emergent problems. Using the EISS as a case study, the challenges, benefits in terms of addressing policy imperatives and future direction of social innovation in social work practice are reflected upon.
Epistemology, Social Work and Substance Use
Authors: McNeil Sandra 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Social work and substance use research often neglect to make epistemological perspectives explicit in their studies, inadvertently embedding numerous assumptions that remain invisible and uncontested. Consequently, the unchallenged dominance of post-positivist epistemologies in Western European countries becomes (re)produced in social work and substance use education, policies and practices, limiting space for alternative viewpoints. This narrative review examines some of the social work and substance use literature, highlighting the value of making epistemology more explicit and the importance of applying critical epistemologies to counter dominant paradigms. This article makes a unique contribution to substance use literature by examining substance use from post-positivist, social constructivist and critical paradigms and by promoting a critical social work lens. A critical paradigm is particularly useful for questioning prevailing assumptions of substance use as a medical problem requiring professional treatment and for generating greater attention to structural policies that promote a more equitable society. Social work’s commitment to human rights and social justice effectively positions the discipline to apply a critical paradigm to the field of substance use studies.
Suppressing Anterior Cingulate Cortex Modulates Default Mode Network and Behavior in Awake Rats
Authors: Tu Wenyu , Ma Zilu , Ma Yuncong , Dopfel David , Zhang Nanyin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe default mode network (DMN) is a principal brain network in the mammalian brain. Although the DMN in humans has been extensively studied with respect to network structure, function, and clinical implications, our knowledge of DMN in animals remains limited. In particular, the functional role of DMN nodes, and how DMN organization relates to DMN-relevant behavior are still elusive. Here we investigated the causal relationship of inactivating a pivotal node of DMN (i.e., dorsal anterior cingulate cortex [dACC]) on DMN function, network organization, and behavior by combining chemogenetics, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and behavioral tests in awake rodents. We found that suppressing dACC activity profoundly changed the activity and connectivity of DMN, and these changes were associated with altered DMN-related behavior in animals. The chemo-rsfMRI-behavior approach opens an avenue to mechanistically dissecting the relationships between a specific node, brain network function, and behavior. Our data suggest that, like in humans, DMN in rodents is a functional network with coordinated activity that mediates behavior.
Improving in vivo human cerebral cortical surface reconstruction using data-driven super-resolution
Authors: Tian Qiyuan , Bilgic Berkin , Fan Qiuyun , Ngamsombat Chanon , Zaretskaya Natalia , Fultz Nina E , Ohringer Ned A , Chaudhari Akshay S , Hu Yuxin , Witzel Thomas , Setsompop Kawin , Polimeni Jonathan R , Huang Susie Y 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Accurate and automated reconstruction of the in vivo human cerebral cortical surface from anatomical magnetic resonance (MR) images facilitates the quantitative analysis of cortical structure. Anatomical MR images with sub-millimeter isotropic spatial resolution improve the accuracy of cortical surface and thickness estimation compared to the standard 1-millimeter isotropic resolution. Nonetheless, sub-millimeter resolution acquisitions require averaging multiple repetitions to achieve sufficient signal-to-noise ratio and are therefore long and potentially vulnerable to subject motion. We address this challenge by synthesizing sub-millimeter resolution images from standard 1-millimeter isotropic resolution images using a data-driven supervised machine learning-based super-resolution approach achieved via a deep convolutional neural network. We systematically characterize our approach using a large-scale simulated dataset and demonstrate its efficacy in empirical data. The super-resolution data provide improved cortical surfaces similar to those obtained from native sub-millimeter resolution data. The whole-brain mean absolute discrepancy in cortical surface positioning and thickness estimation is below 100 μm at the single-subject level and below 50 μm at the group level for the simulated data, and below 200 μm at the single-subject level and below 100 μm at the group level for the empirical data, making the accuracy of cortical surfaces derived from super-resolution sufficient for most applications.
Frontal Cortical Monoamine Release, Attention, and Working Memory in a Perinatal Nicotine Exposure Mouse Model Following Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism
Authors: Zhang Lin , McCarthy Deirdre M , Eskow Jaunarajs Karen L , Biederman Joseph , Spencer Thomas J , Bhide Pradeep G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perinatal nicotine exposure (PNE) produces frontal cortical hypo-dopaminergic state and attention and working memory deficits consistent with neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methylphenidate alleviates ADHD symptoms by increasing extracellular dopamine and noradrenaline. Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonism may be another mechanism to achieve the same results because KOR activation inhibits frontal cortical dopamine release. We administered the selective KOR antagonist norbinaltorphimine (norBNI) (20 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) or methylphenidate (0.75 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) to PNE mouse model and examined frontal cortical monoamine release, attention, and working memory. Both compounds increased dopamine and noradrenaline release but neither influenced serotonin release. Both compounds improved object-based attention and working memory in the PNE group, with norBNI’s effects evident at 2.5 h and 5.5 h but absent at 24 h. Methylphenidate’s effects were evident at 0.5 h but not at 2.5 h. norBNI’s effects temporally coincided with frontal cortical c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation. norBNI did not alter tissue dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens, offering preliminary support for lack of reinforcement.
Accuracy of a Novel Urine Test, Fujifilm SILVAMP Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan, for the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children
Authors: Nicol Mark P , Schumacher Samuel G , Workman Lesley , Broger Tobias , Baard Cynthia , Prins Margaretha , Bateman Lindy , du Toit Elloise , van Heerden Judi , Szekely Rita , Zar Heather J , Denkinger Claudia M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
An accurate point-of-care test for tuberculosis (TB) in children remains an elusive goal. Recent evaluation of a novel point-of-care urinary lipoarabinomannan test, Fujifilm SILVAMP Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan (FujiLAM), in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) showed significantly superior sensitivity than the current Alere Determine Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan test (AlereLAM). We therefore compared the accuracy of FujiLAM and AlereLAM in children with suspected TB.

Methods
Children hospitalized with suspected TB in Cape Town, South Africa, were enrolled (consecutive admissions plus enrichment for a group of children living with HIV and with TB), their urine was collected and biobanked, and their sputum was tested with mycobacterial culture and Xpert MTB/RIF or Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra. Biobanked urine was subsequently batch tested with FujiLAM and AlereLAM. Children were categorized as having microbiologically confirmed TB, unconfirmed TB (clinically diagnosed), or unlikely TB.

Results
A total of 204 children were enrolled and had valid results from both index tests, as well as sputum microbiological testing. Compared to a microbiological reference standard, the sensitivity of FujiLAM and AlereLAM was similar (42% and 50%, respectively), but lower than that of Xpert MTB/RIF of sputum (74%). The sensitivity of FujiLAM was higher in children living with HIV (60%) and malnourished children (62%). The specificity of FujiLAM was substantially higher than that of AlereLAM (92% vs 66%, respectively). The specificity of both tests was higher in children 2 years or older (FujiLAM, 96%; AlereLAM, 72%).

Conclusions
The high specificity of FujiLAM suggests utility as a “rule-in” test for children with a high pretest probability of TB, including hospitalized children living with HIV or with malnutrition.
Uncovering Infant Group B Streptococcal (GBS) Disease Clusters in the United Kingdom and Ireland Through Genomic Analysis: A Population-based Epidemiological Study
Authors: Collin Simon M , Groves Natalie , O’Sullivan Catherine , Jauneikaite Elita , Patel Darshana , Cunney Robert , Meehan Mary , Reynolds Arlene , Smith Andrew , Lindsay Diane , Doherty Lorraine , Davies Eleri , Chalker Victoria , Lamb Peter , Afshar Baharak , Balasegaram Sooria , Coelho Juliana , Ready Derren , Brown Colin S , Efstratiou Androulla , Le Doare Kirsty , Sriskandan Shiranee , Heath Paul T , Lamagni Theresa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe true frequency of hospital outbreaks of invasive group B streptococcal (iGBS; Streptococcus agalactiae) disease in infants is unknown. We used whole genome sequencing (WGS) of iGBS isolates collected during a period of enhanced surveillance of infant iGBS disease in the UK and Ireland to determine the number of clustered cases.MethodsPotentially linked iGBS cases from infants with early (&lt;7 days of life) or late-onset (7–89 days) disease were identified from WGS data (HiSeq 2500 platform, Illumina) from clinical sterile site isolates collected between 04/2014 and 04/2015. We assessed time and place of cases to determine a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference threshold for clustered cases. Case details were augmented through linkage to national hospital admission data and hospital record review by local microbiologists.ResultsAnalysis of sequences indicated a cutoff of ≤5 SNP differences to define iGBS clusters. Among 410 infant iGBS isolates, we identified 7 clusters (4 genetically identical pairs with 0 SNP differences, 1 pair with 3 SNP differences, 1 cluster of 4 cases with ≤1 SNP differences) of which 4 clusters were uncovered for the first time. The clusters comprised 16 cases, of which 15 were late-onset (of 192 late-onset cases with sequenced isolates) and 1 an early-onset index case. Serial intervals between cases ranged from 0 to 59 (median 12) days.ConclusionsApproximately 1 in 12 late-onset infant iGBS cases were part of a hospital cluster. Over half of the clusters were previously undetected, emphasizing the importance of routine submission of iGBS isolates to reference laboratories for cluster identification and genomic confirmation.
Performance of Patient-collected Specimens for Neisseria gonorrhoeae Culture
Authors: Barbee Lindley A , Golden Matthew R , Thibault Christina S , McNeil Candice J , Soge Olusegun O 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Neisseria gonorrhoeae culture is necessary to determine antimicrobial resistance, but typically requires specimen collection by clinicians. We sought to determine the sensitivity of patient-collected specimens for N. gonorrhoeae culture.

Methods
We performed N. gonorrhoeae cultures on paired clinician- and patient-collected specimens from the pharynx (n = 93), rectum (n = 88), endocervix/vagina (n = 89), and urethra/urine (n = 46). We calculated the percent concordance and the kappa statistics for paired-specimen results, and determined the test sensitivity for each specimen type using positivity of either specimen in a pair as a gold standard defining the presence of true infection.

Results
At least 1 specimen was positive in 26%, 31%, 61%, and 3% of paired samples in the pharynx, rectum, urethra/urine, and endocervix/vagina, respectively. Patient- and clinician-collected results were highly concordant at the pharynx (95%; kappa = 0.85), rectum (99%; kappa = 0.97), urethra/urine (83%; kappa = 0.87), and endocervix/vagina (100%; kappa = 1.0; P ≤ .005 for all comparisons). Patient-collected pharyngeal and rectal swabs and urine were 92%, 96%, and 96% sensitive, while clinician-collected specimens at these anatomic sites were 87.5%, 100%, and 94% sensitive (P &gt; .05 for all comparisons). Among 24 urine specimens held for 4–22 hours after collection, 100% yielded concordant N. gonorrhoeae culture results, compared to immediate processing.

Conclusions
Patient- and clinician-collected specimens are comparably sensitive for N. gonorrhoeae culture. These findings suggest that patient-collected specimens could be used to expand the availability of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance testing for both clinical and surveillance purposes.
Blastomycosis in Africa and the Middle East: A Comprehensive Review of Reported Cases and Reanalysis of Historical Isolates Based on Molecular Data
Authors: Schwartz Ilan S , Muñoz Jose F , Kenyon Chris R , Govender Nelesh P , McTaggart Lisa , Maphanga Tsidiso G , Richardson Susan , Becker Pierre , Cuomo Christina A , McEwen Juan G , Sigler Lynne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Blastomycosis has been reported from countries in Africa and the Middle East, but a decades-long debate has persisted regarding whether this is the same disease known in North America and caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis and Blastomyces gilchristii.

Methods
We reviewed published cases of human and veterinary blastomycosis from Africa and the Middle East. We abstracted epidemiological and clinical features of cases, including sites of disease, diagnosis, management, outcomes, and, where available, genetic and antigenic typing of case isolates. In addition, we sequenced nucleic acids from 9 clinical isolates from Africa deposited in global collections as B. dermatitidis; for 5, we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer regions, and for the other 4 we sequenced the whole genomes.

Results
We identified 172 unique human patients with blastomycosis, including 159 patients from 25 African countries and 12 patients from 5 Middle Eastern countries, and also identified 7 reports of veterinary blastomycosis. In humans, cutaneous disease predominated (n = 100/137, 73%), followed by pulmonary (n = 73/129, 57%) and osteoarticular involvement (n = 61/128, 48%). Unusual direct microscopy/histopathological presentations included short hyphal fragments in tissues (n = 23/129, 18%). There were 34 genotyped case isolates that comprised 4 species: Blastomyces percursus (n = 22, 65%), from 8 countries throughout all regions; Blastomyces emzantsi (n = 9, 26%), from South Africa; B. dermatitidis (n = 1, 3%), from the Democratic Republic of Congo; and B. gilchristii (n = 2, 6%), from South Africa and Zimbabwe.

Conclusions
Blastomycosis occurs throughout Africa and the Middle East and is caused predominantly by B. percursus and, at least in South Africa, B. emzantsi, resulting in distinct clinical and pathological patterns of disease.
Pertussis Infections Among Pregnant Women in the United States, 2012–2017
Authors: Skoff Tami H , Faulkner Amanda E , Liang Jennifer L , Barnes Meghan , Kudish Kathy , Thomas Ebony , Kenyon Cynthia , Hoffman Marisa , Pradhan Eva , Liko Juventila , Hariri Susan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Little is known about pertussis among pregnant women, a population at increased risk for severe morbidity from respiratory infections such as influenza. We used the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Enhanced Pertussis Surveillance (EPS) system to describe pertussis epidemiology among pregnant and nonpregnant women of childbearing age.

Methods
Pertussis cases in women aged 18–44 years with cough onset between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2017 were identified in 7 EPS states. Surveillance data were collected through patient and provider interviews and immunization registries. Bridged-race, intercensal population data and live birth estimates were used as denominators.

Results
We identified 1582 pertussis cases among women aged 18–44 years; 5.1% (76/1499) of patients with a known pregnancy status were pregnant at cough onset. Of the pregnant patients with complete information, 81.7% (49/60) reported onset during the second or third trimester. The median ages of pregnant and nonpregnant patients were 29.0 and 33.0 years, respectively. Most pregnant and nonpregnant patients were White (78.3% vs. 86.4%, respectively; P = .09) and non-Hispanic (72.6% vs. 77.3%, respectively; P = .35). The average annual incidence of pertussis was 7.7/100000 among pregnancy women and 7/3/100000 among nonpregnant women. Compared to nonpregnant patients, more pregnant patients reported whoop (41.9% vs. 31.3%, respectively), posttussive vomiting (58.1% vs. 47.9%, respectively), and apnea (37.3% vs. 29.0%, respectively); however, these differences were not statistically significant (P values &gt; .05 for all). A similar proportion of pregnant and nonpregnant patients reported ever having received Tdap (tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine; 31.6% vs. 32.7%, respectively; P = .84).

Conclusions
Our analysis suggests that incidence of pertussis and clinical characteristics of disease are similar among pregnant and nonpregnant women. Continued monitoring is important to further define pertussis epidemiology in pregnant women.
Investigating the Meat Pathway as a Source of Human Nontyphoidal Salmonella Bloodstream Infections and Diarrhea in East Africa
Authors: Crump John A , Thomas Kate M , Benschop Jackie , Knox Matthew A , Wilkinson David A , Midwinter Anne C , Munyua Peninah , Ochieng John B , Bigogo Godfrey M , Verani Jennifer R , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Prinsen Gerard , Cleaveland Sarah , Karimuribo Esron D , Kazwala Rudovick R , Mmbaga Blandina T , Swai Emanuel S , French Nigel P , Zadoks Ruth N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are major causes of bloodstream infection and diarrheal disease in East Africa. Sources of human infection, including the role of the meat pathway, are poorly understood.

Methods
We collected cattle, goat, and poultry meat pathway samples from December 2015 through August 2017 in Tanzania and isolated Salmonella using standard methods. Meat pathway isolates were compared with nontyphoidal serovars of Salmonella enterica (NTS) isolated from persons with bloodstream infections and diarrheal disease from 2007 through 2017 from Kenya by core genome multi-locus sequence typing (cgMLST). Isolates were characterized for antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and diversity.

Results
We isolated NTS from 164 meat pathway samples. Of 172 human NTS isolates, 90 (52.3%) from stool and 82 (47.7%) from blood, 53 (30.8%) were Salmonella Enteritidis sequence type (ST) 11 and 62 (36.0%) were Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. We identified cgMLST clusters within Salmonella Enteritidis ST11, Salmonella Heidelberg ST15, Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, and Salmonella II 42:r:- ST1208 that included both human and meat pathway isolates. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 was isolated exclusively from human samples. Human and poultry isolates bore more antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes and were less diverse than isolates from other sources.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the meat pathway may be an important source of human infection with some clades of Salmonella Enteritidis ST11 in East Africa, but not of human infection by Salmonella Typhimurium ST313. Research is needed to systematically examine the contributions of other types of meat, animal products, produce, water, and the environment to nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in East Africa.
Identification of a Cluster of Extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 101 Isolated From Food and Humans
Authors: Aguilar-Bultet Lisandra , Bagutti Claudia , Egli Adrian , Alt Monica , Maurer Pekerman Laura , Schindler Ruth , Furger Reto , Eichenberger Lucas , Roloff Tim , Steffen Ingrid , Huebner Philipp , Stadler Tanja , Tschudin-Sutter Sarah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We report a cluster of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 101, derived from 1 poultry and 2 clinical samples collected within the setting of a prospective study designed to determine the diversity and migration of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales between humans, foodstuffs, and wastewater.
Impact of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Sepsis Core Measure on Antibiotic Use
Authors: Pakyz Amy L , Orndahl Christine M , Johns Alicia , Harless David W , Morgan Daniel J , Bearman Gonzalo , Hohmann Samuel F , Stevens Michael P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) implemented a core measure sepsis (SEP-1) bundle in 2015. One element was initiation of broad-spectrum antibiotics within 3 hours of diagnosis. The policy has the potential to increase antibiotic use and Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). We evaluated the impact of SEP-1 implementation on broad-spectrum antibiotic use and CDI occurrence rates.

Methods
Monthly adult antibiotic data for 4 antibiotic categories (surgical prophylaxis, broad-spectrum for community-acquired infections, broad-spectrum for hospital-onset/multidrug-resistant [MDR] organisms, and anti–methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]) from 111 hospitals participating in the Clinical Data Base Resource Manager were evaluated in periods before (October 2014–September 2015) and after (October 2015–June 2017) policy implementation. Interrupted time series analyses, using negative binomial regression, evaluated changes in antibiotic category use and CDI rates.

Results
At the hospital level, there was an immediate increase in the level of broad-spectrum agents for hospital-onset/MDR organisms (+2.3%, P = .0375) as well as a long-term increase in trend (+0.4% per month, P = .0273). There was also an immediate increase in level of overall antibiotic use (+1.4%, P = .0293). CDI rates unexpectedly decreased at the time of SEP-1 implementation. When analyses were limited to patients with sepsis, there was a significant level increase in use of all antibiotic categories at the time of SEP-1 implementation.

Conclusions
SEP-1 implementation was associated with immediate and long-term increases in broad-spectrum hospital-onset/MDR organism antibiotics. Antimicrobial stewardship programs should evaluate sepsis treatment for opportunities to de-escalate broad therapy as indicated.