bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIX-42 Comparasion of cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica) digestion kinetics with alfafa (Medicago sativa) and orchard (Dactylis glomerata) hays
Authors: Broek Karin van den , Franco Arturo Macias , Silva Aghata , moura Felipe Henrique de , Fonseca Mozart A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Opuntia ficus-indica is highly regarded as an emergency feed for livestock during drought and as a mainstay for the wildlife population in temperate semi-arid and arid parts of the United States. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of replacing alfalfa and orchard grass with different levels of prickly pear on digestion and fermentation patterns. Three forages were evaluated: alfalfa, orchard grass and prickly pear. In order to determine kinetics of digestion, gas volumes were measured after incubation periods of 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. Samples were run in triplicate with 2 blanks for a total of three periods. Data on gas production were ﬁtted to the equation by Ørskov and McDonald (1979) using SAS software 9.4 (P ≤ 0.05; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) program. The gas volume observed from the soluble fraction ‘a’ and ‘b’ were similar (P &gt; 0.05) for prickly pear amongst all treatments; no difference was observed between alfalfa and cactus. The rate of gas production ‘c’ was higher in cactus (16.5%, h-1) than alfalfa and orchard grass (11.5%, h-1 and 7.7%, h-1, respectively). The extent ‘a +b’ of gas volumes revealed no difference among the test forages. Prickly pear showed a faster rate of degradation compared to alfalfa and orchard grass. A rapid rate of digestion means a faster passage of the material through the digestive tract. Thus, the higher values obtained for the ‘c’ and similar ‘a + b’ parameters in prickly pear compared to alfalfa or orchard grass, may signal it as a good potential alternative feed in arid and semi-arid areas.
PSIX-8 Evaluation of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaves as a modifier of rumen fermentation in West African dwarf bucks
Authors: Oni Adebayo O , Ogadu Bobby-Joe , Yusuf Azeez O , Adebowale A , Oni Oluwakemi , Sowande Olusiji , Onwuka Chryss F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recently, bioactive component of plant and plant parts have been used as rumen modifier to reduce methane gas production in ruminant livestock so as to reduce their contribution to the implicated greenhouse effect. This study therefore, evaluated the potential of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) leaves as a modifier of rumen fermentation in West African dwarf bucks. Fresh C. odorata leaves were harvested, air dried (3 weeks), milled using a 2mm sieve size and bagged for both proximate and phytochemical analysis. Concentrate diets were formulated with C. odorata leaf meal included in the diet at 0, 2, 4 and 6% of the whole diet. Rumen fluids were collected from West African dwarf (WAD) bucks (averaged 25kg) using suction tube and randomly allotted to the 4 experimental diets in a Completely Randomized Design. Incubation of inoculums was done for 96hrs with 12 replicates per treatment in a single run. Data obtained were analyzed using a One-way Analysis of Variance and means compared using Tukey’s Test. Results indicated that C. odorata had 969.0mg/kg dry matter, 175.1mg/kg crude protein, 204.3mg/kg crude fibre, 521.6mg/kg nitrogen free extract, 19.9 mg/kg saponin, 25.7 mg/kg tannin, 10.8mg/kg flavonoid and 12.6 mg/kg alkaloid. The addition of 2 and 4% C. odorata to the diets resulted in increased (P &lt; 0.05) in vitro gas production while C. odorata at 2 % reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the methane gas (%) estimate. In vitro organic and dry matter digestibilities, total digestible substrates and short chain fatty acids were increased (P &lt; 0.05) with C. odorata addition to the diets. This study concluded that the use of C. odorata as an additive at 2 and 4% inclusion increased total gas output; however, 2% inclusion will be beneficial as it reduced the methane output while maintaining higher gas production and digestibility.
PSIX-6 Effects of a live yeast product on ruminal bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef cattle
Authors: Ogunade Ibukun M , Lay Jerusha , Andries Kenneth , Bebe Frederick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study utilized 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomic profiling to evaluate the effects of a live yeast product on ruminal bacterial diversity and metabolome of beef steer. Eight rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 treatment sequences in a study with two 25-d experimental periods and a crossover design. The steers were fed 50% concentrate-mix and 50% red clover hay ad libitum. Dietary treatments were (1) control (CON; basal diet) and (2) yeast (YEA; basal diet plus 15 g/d of live yeast product; PMI, Arden Hills, MN, USA). Bacterial diversity was examined by sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Metabolome analysis was performed using an ultra-performance LC-MS system. Relative abundance of bacteria was analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and a model that included the effects of treatment, period, and their interaction. Significant differences were declared at P ≤ 0.05. Differential metabolites were filtered using significance estimate of P ≤ 0.10 using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Pearson correlation was used to examine associations between the relative abundance of ruminal bacteria and rumen metabolites. Yeast supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Christensenellaceae R-7, Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, Ruminococcus 2, and Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, Candidatus saccharimonas, Anaerovorax, and Lachnospiraceae. Yeast supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.10) the concentrations of 4-cyclohexanedione and β-d-glucopyranoside, and decreased concentrations of threonic acid, xanthosine, deoxycholic acid, lauroylcarnitine, methoxybenzoic acid, and pentadecylbenzoic acid. Bacteroidales BS11, Christensenellaceae R-7, and Candidatus saccharimonas showed positive correlations with metabolites involved in amino acid biosynthesis and metabolism of energy substrates; the functions of these bacteria are not fully understood in relation to the mode of action of yeast. This study confirms the usefulness of LC–MS-based metabolomics in deciphering the mode of action of live yeast in the rumen.
PSIX-32 Alterations in caprine ruminal microorganism fermentation over time using camphor in vitro
Authors: Seidel Darren S , Whitney Travis R , Walker John W , Callaway Todd 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Abstract: Encroaching plant species in West Texas continue to significantly reduce livestock production capacity and cause an imbalance between plant and livestock ecology. Juniperus ashei and J. pinchotii are encroaching species, mainly due to evolutionary measures, such as phytochemicals that deter herbivory. These plants contain large percentages of monoterpenes in their essential oil profiles. Since 2005, two divergent bloodlines of meat goats have been selected to consume low or high (LJC or HJC) amounts of juniper foliage, through the use of screening fecal samples with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Through the breeding process, it became unclear whether the HJC goats expressed a physiological ability to consume a greater amount of juniper or if there was a ruminal microorganism advantage in which the microbes where less susceptible to the juniper phytochemicals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the ruminal fermentation byproduct impact of 0.00 and 1.97 mM of camphor at 0, 1, 2, 4, 12, and 24 hr of incubation at 39°C. Five LJC and five HJC goats were fed a juniper-free diet and five LJC and five HJC goats were fed a diet containing 30% fresh J. ashei leaves for 21 days prior to ruminal fluid collection. In vitro fermentations used LJC and HJC ruminal fluid inoculate (33% v/v) in anoxic media in sealed Balch tubes. Across all treatment groups, 1.97 mM of camphor increased propionate and decreased A:P (P &lt; .05) at each incubation time point without negatively impacting pH (6.56 ± 0.09). Results suggested that there is no consistent difference in LJC and HJC microbial fermentation byproducts from the addition of 1.97 mM of camphor; however, the results suggest that camphor could increase propionate production and create more gluconeogenic potential.
PSXI-13 Effect of Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination, on ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility and performance of growing beef cattle
Authors: Nair Jayakrishnan , Wang Yuxi , Xu Shanwei , Smiley Brenda , Yang Hee Eun , McAllister Tim 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alone or in combination with Lactobacillus spp. delivered through silages as a direct fed microbial (DFM) on the nutrient digestibility and performance of growing beef cattle. Chopped and kernel processed corn silage was treated with either distilled water (CON), or with (cfu g1 fresh forage) 1.1 × 105 of a Lactobacillius plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri (LAB) mixture (INOC1), 1.0 × 104 S. cerevisiae strain 3 (INOC2), or 1.1 × 105 LAB + 1.0 × 104 S. cerevisiae strain 3 (INOC3) and ensiled in AgBags®. Eight ruminally cannulated beef heifers in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square and 60 crossbred individually fed beef steers in a randomized complete block design were used for the metabolism and feedlot growth performance experiments, respectively. The treatments were four total mixed rations composed of 65.0% of one of the four corn silages, 17.0% barley grain, 13.0% canola meal and 5.0% vitamin-mineral supplement (dry matter (DM) basis) for both experiments. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The molar percentage of ruminal acetate in heifers fed INOC2 and INOC3 were lower (P &lt; 0.01) than those fed CON. The DM (P = 0.03), organic matter (P = 0.02), acid (P = 0.03) and neutral detergent fiber (P = 0.03) digestibility of heifers fed INOC2 were higher than those fed CON. The DM intake as a % of body weight tended (P = 0.08) to be lower for steers fed INOC2, while the average daily gain was similar to those fed CON. There is potential for delivering S. cerevisiae through silage as DFM for improving ruminal fermentation, total tract nutrient digestibility and the growth performance of beef cattle.
PSXI-15 Clove and cashew nut shell oils on the growth of ruminal gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Avila Vicente A Diaz , Carvalho Venício M , Matos Aylle Medeiros , Bonin Edineia , Moreli Raquel Rossetti , Castilho Ricardo Araújo , Prado Rodolpho Martin Do , Prado Ivanor Nunes do 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Livestock production efficiency is dependent on the rumen environment. Daily or long-term alterations of the rumen bacterial population can modify the degradability of feeds and the production of volatile fatty acids. This work was realized to evaluate the effect of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cashew nut shell (Anacardium occidentale) oils on the growth of ruminal bacteria Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Streptococcus bovis, gram-positive bacteria involved on carbohydrate degradation. The experiments were designed using each bacteria exposed to two different doses (0.20 and 0.02 mg/ml) of either clove or cashew nut shell oils. Bacteria were cultivated on Hobson’s M2 medium in Hungate tubes. Cultures cultivated without addition of any oils were considered as control. Bacteria were cultivated overnight and freshly inoculated into new tubes containing medium. Bacteria growth was monitored at 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation using a spectrophotometer at 600 nm wavelength. Data were analysed using the linear mixed models and the NLME Procedure in R software. The highest concentration of cashew nut shell oil (0.2 mg/ml) decreased (P &lt; 0.05) R. albus density by 24 hour (-38.4%) in contrast to the control treatment. R. flavefaciens had the greatest sensitivity (P &lt; 0.05) among the tested bacteria at 12 hour to clove oil compared to the control, having a decrease in population (-10.8% and -15.9%) when doses 0.2 and 0.02 mg/ml were used, respectively. Also, R. flavefaciens showed an effect (P &lt; 0.05) with cashew nut shell oil (0.02 mg/ml) causing a decreasing population (-2.9%) in comparison to control treatment. S. bovis was not affected by the oils. Changes in bacterial growth is likely linked to modifications in acetate:propionate ratio, which affect the ruminant feed use efficiency. In conclusion, use of clove and cashew nut shell oils influenced the tested rumen bacteria growth.
PSXI-16 Levels of a blend of clove, castor and cashew oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin) on ruminal gram-positive bacteria population density
Authors: Matos Aylle Medeiros , Avila Vicente A Diaz , Carvalho Venício M , Ornaghi Mariana Garcia , Bonin Edineia , Castilho Ricardo Araújo , Prado Rodolpho Martin Do , Prado Ivanor Nunes do 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was realized to evaluate de effect of a blend of vegetable oils and active ingredients (Ruminatus® - safeeds@safeeds.com.br) on ruminal population density of Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Streptococcus bovis. The blend contained clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), castor (Ricinus communis) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin). The experiments were designed using each bacteria exposed to doses of 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 mg/ml of the product and with six replicates. Bacteria were cultivated on Hobson’s M2 medium in Hungate tubes. Cultures cultivated without the addition of any oils were considered as control. Bacteria were cultivated overnight and freshly inoculated into new tubes containing medium. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a Spectrophotometer Evolution 201 UV-visible (Thermo Scientific) at 600 nm. Readings were performed at 0, 8, 12 and 24 hours after inoculation. Data were analyzed using the linear mixed models and the NLME Procedure in R software. The blend had no effect (P &lt; 0.05) on growth of R. albus and R. flavefaciens. On the other hand, S. bovis was affected by all inclusion of the blend (P &lt; 0.05). These results provide evidence of the potential of oils to modulate the ruminal environment. Such feature can impact nutrient metabolism and, consequently, production of volatile fatty acids. Therefore, the use of a blend of clove, castor and cashew essential oils and microencapsulated active ingredients (eugenol, thymol and vanillin) used influenced the growth of gram-positive bacteria.
PSXI-33 Milk replacer formulation for dairy calves: substitution of some dairy protein by yeast-protein
Authors: JULIEN Christine , Kumprechtová Dana , Tönepöhl Björn , Jančík Filip , Homolka Petr 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Eighty dairy calves from birth (d1) to weaning (d64) were reared in individual pens. One feeding program was tested with 4 different milk replacers (MR), 3 included some yeast products (Table 1). The content of crude protein (22 %), crude fat (18 %) and concentration (140 g MR per liter milk feed) was similar for all MR. Calves were divided into 4 groups at 5-d of age: (i) Control, (ii) MR1, (iii) MR2 and (iv) MR3 milk replacers. Volume distributed per calf and per meal varied with age but did not differ between groups. All calves received water and a starter concentrate (19.0% CP) ad libitum. Diarrhea scoring per calf (0 to 4), individual MR and starter intake were recorded daily whereas BW was determined every two weeks. Data were evaluated by the MIXED procedure of SAS with group, breed and sex used as fixed effects. Quality (% brix) and intake of colostrum over d1 did not differ between groups. Growth performances are altered by treatment (P = 0.05): ADG over all the experimental period was significantly lower for MR2 (0.59 kg/d) whereas it resulted similar between the 3 other groups (0.67 kg/d on average). Starter feed intake over 64d did not differ significantly between groups: 526, 501, 475 and 555 g/d on average for Control, MR1, MR2 and MR3, respectively. The MR intake over 64d was lower for MR2 (5.48 L/d) compared to Control, MR1 and MR3 (5.64 L/d, on average). There was no difference regarding diarrhea score (0.26 on average) between groups. Globally, both MR1 and MR3 led to performances similar to control MR used as reference whereas MR2 resulted more challenging for calves. Therefore, using yeast product as part of protein source for MR formulation is achievable without compromising growth performances but type of product needs to be considered.
PSXII-6 In vitro fermentative parameters of diets containing increasing inclusions of WDG for feedlot sheep
Authors: Bertoco João Pedro A , Almeida Marco Túlio C , Arruda Maria Carolina G , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Cruz Antonio A , Torres Rodrigo S , Ezequiel Jane M B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of WDG in diets for sheep on in vitro gas production, pH, N-NH3 and VFA. Three ruminally-cannulated adult male sheep were used as donors of inoculum. Treatments consisted of diets containing 0, 15, 30 and 45% WDG inclusion on dry matter basis with forage: concentrate ratio of 20:80. The experimental design was completely randomized with repeated measurements over time (3, 6, 12 and 24 hours). Flasks with a volume of 50 mL were used for incubation. Approximately 0.2 g of sample, 10 mL of inoculum and 20 mL of McDougall buffer solution were added into the flasks. Each time consisted of 7 flasks per treatment and 2 flasks without sample (n = 120). Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer. Concentration of N-NH3 was determined using micro-Kjeldhal apparatus and VFA was determined by gas chromatography. The data were analyzed using MIXED procedure of SAS. Orthogonal contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effect of WDG inclusion. Increasing linear effect was observed for pH (P &lt; 0.05) when WDG was included, with a lower value for 0% WDG (6.90). For N-NH3 and gas production, a linear decreasing effect (P &lt; 0.05) was observed, ranging from 12.60 to 8.45 mg/dL and 93.47 to 58.40 mL/g incubated for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The total concentration of VFA did not present a significant effect. Butiric acid showed a linear effect (P &lt; 0.05) ranging from 9.50 to 8.69 mM/L for 0 and 45% WDG, respectively. The acetic acid had a quadratic effect (P &lt; 0.05), ranging from 52.92 to 58.59 mM/L for 15 and 45% WDG, respectively. The results indicate that the inclusion of up to 45% WDG in feedlot sheep diets promoted lower in vitro fermentation without altering the total VFA concentration.
PSXII-5 Feed processing-induced changes in protein molecular structure in relation to nutrient utilization and availability of warm-season Sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in ruminants
Authors: He Jiaer , Lechuga María E T , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was reveal heat related processing (HP) induced changes in protein molecular structure in relation to nutrient utilization and availability of warm-season sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in dairy cows. Three new warm-season genotypes of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) were studied. The nutrient utilization and availability of sorghum grain (Sorghum bicolor) in dairy cows include: protein subfractions, energy values, rumen degradation, and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. The protein structure change on molecular level were revealed with cutting edge non-invasive vibrational ATR-FTIR molecular spectroscopy. The warm-season sorghum grains were either maintained in their raw state (as control) or treated with for 80 min at 121°C with the Lindberg/Blue M™. The RCBD data were analyzed using SAS9.4 with Mixed model procedure. Tukey method was used for mean separation. The results showed that compared with the control, the HP treatment altered (P &lt; 0.05) nutrient profiles and utilization and availability in dairy cows and increased (P &lt; 0.05) metabolizable energy and net energy values in dairy cows. The HP treatment also altered (P &lt; 0.05) the protein molecular structure profile of the warm-season sorghum grain. It increased (P &lt; 0.05) the ratio of protein Amide I and Amide II height and decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the ratio of α-helix to β-sheet. In conclusion, the HP treatment altered molecular structure and nutrient profiles without negatively affecting the nutritive value and digestion of warm-season sorghum grain. The molecular spectral profiles revealed by rapid and non-invasive ATR-FTIR molecular spectroscopy could be used as a fast predictor for the warm-season sorghum grain utilization and digestion in dairy cows.
PSXII-29 Utilizing coproducts as an alternative to forage in adapting feedlot cattle to finishing diets affects the ruminal microbiome
Authors: Crawford David M , McCann Joshua C 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to determine the interaction of replacing forage with coproducts and the number of step-up diets when adapting feedlot cattle to a finishing diet on the ruminal microbiome. Simmental × Angus and Angus steers (n = 24; 234 ± 38 kg) were blocked by initial body weight (BW) and allotted to 8 pens as a subset of a larger group. Pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments: 1) decreasing coproduct (CO; soybean hulls and modified wet distillers grains) inclusion while increasing dry-rolled corn over 36 d or 2) decreasing forage (FO; alfalfa and grass hay) inclusion while increasing dry-rolled corn over 36 d. Pens were fed either 5 (5S) or 2 (2S) step-up diets for each dietary treatment during the 36 d adaptation period in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Steers were fed a common finishing diet for the remainder of the trial (34 d). The ruminal microbiome was evaluated on d 36 and 70. Alpha diversity was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for FO/2S steers on d 36. A diet × day effect (P = 0.02) was observed for beta diversity as the microbial community was more similar (P &lt; 0.01) between d 36 and 70 for steers fed CO compared with FO. Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was greater (P = 0.03) for 2S steers compared with 5S steers. Prevotellaceae tended to be greater (P = 0.07) in 2S steers compared with 5S steers. Lactobacillaceae was greater (P &lt; 0.01) on d 36 than d 70. Limited observed day effects for individual taxa suggest the microbiome was well adapted by treatments for the finishing diet on d 36. Greater coproduct inclusion in adaptation diets may alter the ruminal bacterial community to be more similar to the community while feeding high levels of dry-rolled corn.