bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Price We Demand for Asylum
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Because the options for refugees in the Global South are so dire, many choose to seek asylum in a Western country. Yet even though there is a widely recognized right to seek asylum, most Western states have put in place deterrence policies to discourage and prevent asylum seekers from seeking asylum in their countries. These policies make seeking asylum difficult and sometimes deadly. Because seeking asylum in the twenty-first century is so dangerous, refugees are often forced to hire human smugglers. Increasingly, those who do make it to the West to claim asylum find themselves in circumstances similar to the ones they are fleeing: living in impoverished camps or closed off in detention centers. This aspect of the second crisis—the price we ask refugees to pay to claim asylum—is rarely discussed when considering what we owe to refugees. This chapter highlights this phenomenon and its moral implications.
Conclusion
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines a number of ways that we, both as states and as individuals, can dismantle the structural injustice described in the previous chapter and provide refugees access to the minimum conditions of human dignity. This chapter argues that we should support the integration of refugees via our political and economic policies. Integration would allow refugees to be part of local communities, work, and be political actors, while they wait for a more permanent solution. In addition, states must work collaboratively to support, expand, and normalize resettlement. Individuals also have a large role to play in helping refugees find refuge. The chapter concludes with some examples of how individuals can play a role in helping refugees access the minimum conditions of human dignity and work toward deeper solutions.
Darul Islam in West Java: The Rise and Fall of an Islamist Insurgency in Indonesia
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the Darul Islam rebellion in West Java to explain how the group shifted from one fighting against colonial forces to one staging an insurgency against the Indonesian Republic that has inspired subsequent generations of Islamist activism. The group turned toward armed resistance against the government to protect its organizational interests and authority in the face of perceived external aggression. During the rebellion, however, Darul Islam was severely weakened by the combination of effective military campaigns waged against it, member defections, offers of amnesty, and the loss of public support. The rebellion eventually ran out of steam and withered away after the death of the main leader, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. However, though the West Java rebellion was defeated, the idea of establishing an Islamic state in Indonesia persisted, and it continues to inspire Islamist activists to this day.
Jemaah Islamiyah and the Ambiguities of Disengagement from Violence
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces Jemaah Islamiyah’s complicated relationship with violence in Indonesia to explain why the group has temporarily disengaged from violence without permanently renouncing armed struggle. The organization first engaged in violence in the context of communal clashes. Members subsequently organized large-scale terrorist attacks, but these were largely the acts of factions, whose relationship to the group’s leadership remains contested. More recently, the organization has prioritized social activities over armed struggle. Yet despite internal debates and defections around the use of violence, the leadership has not officially abandoned armed struggle. The chapter reveals that despite political openings and widespread opposition to terrorism, public attitudes toward the group are more ambivalent than they were toward the Egyptian al-Gama’a. Combined with the availability of exit options, this social milieu enables the group to continue its activity without feeling the pressure to undergo a more drastic transformation.
Grace Resolved into Morality?
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the theology of three representative figures—Richard Baxter, Richard Allestree, and Richard Alleine—each of whom offered a particular theological option after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Characteristic of this period of time would be a tendency to conflate religion and morality. The Evangelicals would recoil from Allestree’s moralism and eventually discover they had much in common with the theology of Baxter and Alleine
Priming the Party
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter advances a direct examination of presidential campaign strategies by analyzing the contents of presidential advertisements broadcasted on television in recent cycles. The analyses are suggestive and largely explorative, but they suggest overall that presidential campaigns have increasingly featured partisan cues in their appeals on television, presumably to activate latent predispositions among partisans in their camps and to trigger the salience of social identity processes rooted in partisan identification. I interpret this evidence to support the notion of a base maximizing strategy as opposed to base expansion efforts.
Reasonableness as a Limitation on the Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law
Authors: Buxbaum Hannah , Michaels Ralf 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Section 405 of the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law. According to Section 405, “courts in the United States may interpret federal statutory provisions to include other limitations on their applicability.” This rather vague and noncommittal phrase is found in a provision entitled “Reasonableness in Interpretation.” The reference to reasonableness suggests continuity with the Third Restatement of Foreign Relations Law, in particular its Section 403, which prohibited the “unreasonable” exercise of prescriptive jurisdiction. However, those provisions differ quite significantly with respect to the source, content, and operation of that limitation. In particular, the Fourth Restatement rejects the idea that courts are required to determine the reasonableness of extraterritorial application of law on a case-by-case basis. The chapter presents two main arguments, one empirical and one normative. Empirically, a reasonableness requirement is part of existing case law, even though it appears under a range of different doctrinal headings. Normatively, such a requirement is necessary to achieve an adequate balance between under—and overregulation in a world of overlapping regulatory claims.
Foreign-Official Immunity under the Common Law
Authors: Bellinger John B. , Wirth Stephen K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at foreign-official immunity. Foreign-official immunity is divided into status-based immunity, which affords absolute immunity to sitting heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers, and conduct-based immunity, which affords immunity to sitting and former foreign officials for official conduct undertaken on behalf of the foreign sovereign. Each of these immunities has deep roots in customary international law and the common law. And for nearly two centuries, U.S. courts applied common-law principles of immunity, as articulated by the executive branch in court filings known as “suggestions of immunity,” to assess whether a foreign state or foreign official was immune from suit in the United States. The Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law does not yet include a section on the immunity of foreign officials in U.S. courts. The American Law Institute may consider including this passionately debated topic in a future volume. In the meantime, the chapter provides a background on the state of the case law and executive-branch practice, identifies several challenging open questions, and outlines some principles that may be useful to the eventual drafters of the Fourth Restatement’s section on the topic.
Constitutional Authority for the Transboundary Deployment of Armed Force
Authors: Tuzmukhamedov Bakhtiyar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the formal constitutional framework of authorization of foreign deployments of uniformed personnel, both formed units and individual service members. The initial volume of the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law does not ponder general matters of separation of powers and specifically in the realm of foreign affairs and national security. Apparently, this discussion is left to subsequent installments. The Third Restatement briefly addressed the separation of powers in foreign relations, in particular referring to the “continuing controversy as to whether the President can deploy the forces of the United States on his own authority for foreign policy purposes short of war, and, if so, whether that authority is subject to Congressional control. Nor is it agreed to what extent Congress can control decisions of the President as Commander in Chief in the conduct of wars authorized by Congress.” The United States is not unique in that respect, and similar controversies, whether in law or in practice, may and do occur in other jurisdictions. This chapter offers a comparative perspective, drawing from experiences of the Russian Federation and its predecessor, the Soviet Union and its heirs.
Making Sense of Recordings
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The book shows how metaphors are closely connected to sonic experience and make sense within a larger historical context of technological developments and changing discourses of recorded sound. The book traces written discourses of recorded sound, discussing how everyday listeners and audio professionals describe their experiences of sound in recorded music. Building on cognitive sciences and ideas of embodied cognition, the book provides new theoretical and methodological approaches to sound perception and conceptualization with particular relevance to recorded music. It expands on existing histories of studio music technologies from production to reproduction to reception, but it also provides analytical and practical tools—including an encyclopedia of selected sound terminology—to aid in the understanding and communication of sound.
Discourses of Recorded Sound
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter looks at descriptions of sound across texts and across historical contexts. Starting from the invention of the phonograph through multitrack recording to digital audio, the chapter accounts for change and stability in the way sound quality is processed in relation to discourses of sound. It shows how listeners, the industry, and other communities build specific listening preferences through the discourse of sound quality. The chapter also addresses the contributions of the phonograph, vinyl disc, cassette tape, CD, and MP3 formats to the discourse of sound, and it enumerates two cognitive metaphors, the one reality type and the multiple realities type.
The Ontology of Recorded Sound
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with a discussion of the role of the metaphor in the formation of sound’s ontology by situating metaphorical descriptions of sound within a discussion of existing definitions of sound found in various musicological and philosophical works. The chapter shows that different ontological metaphors govern how we make sense of sound in the act of listening and how they are used as cognitive tools with which to do certain things with sound during music production. It is argued that people conceive of the general existence of sound via metaphors and that music listening and music production involve attending to sounds at different ontological levels simultaneously.
Conceptualizing Sound Quality
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter consists of an encyclopedia that lists, describes, and assesses metaphors that often are used to describe sound quality. Each entry explains the embodied cognitive patterns that connect sound descriptors with the listening experience. Each entry also discusses related terms, and each term is examined in relation to its metaphorical use and the discourses underlying sound and music communities. The encyclopedia includes 15 pairs of opposing terms: balance/unbalance, big/small, clean/dirty, clear/blurred, dark/bright, fat/thin, full/hollow, heavy/light, open/closed, organic/synthetic, rough/smooth, soft/hard, tight/loose, warm/cold, and wet/dry. The terms are distilled from a 50-million-word collection of texts concerning sound culled by the author from music reviews, hi-fi magazines, and the sound engineering literature.
Empathy as a Strategy and Ideal of Deliberation
Authors: Scudder Mary F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates arguments in favor of using empathy, or imaginative perspective taking, to promote inclusion and uptake in deliberation across deep difference and disagreement. The author ultimately finds empathy-based approaches wanting. Specifically, the chapter identifies three pathologies of relying on empathy in democratic deliberation. First, given the practical limitations in people’s ability to put themselves in each others’ shoes, the outcomes of empathy are realized selectively and unevenly. Second, empathy’s reliance on imagination rather than communication puts it at odds with the normative core of deliberative democracy. And finally, the chapter shows that empathy’s emphasis on highlighting or uncovering similarities can exacerbate problems of exclusion in deliberation across difference. This chapter concludes that people must move beyond empathy in order to achieve the uptake on which full and fair deliberation depends.
A Listening-Centered Approach to Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Scudder Mary F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 proposes a listening-centered alternative to empathy-based approaches to deliberation. The chapter begins by discussing how the concept of listening is used in everyday language and then introduces a more systematic “theory of listening acts.” Using the categories of speech act theory to identify corresponding categories of the listening act, the author distinguishes between auditory, perauditory, and ilauditory listening. With this listening act theory, the author shows that listening is more than simply hearing what is said (auditory listening). Similarly, listening should not be equated with the outcomes it brings about, including consensus or mutual understanding (perauditory listening outcomes). We also act in listening (ilauditory listening). In listening to our fellow citizens we enact the deliberative ideal, acknowledging that their perspectives are relevant to our collective judgements and decisions. The chapter shows that fair consideration is predicated on ilauditory listening, or what the author calls “performative democratic listening.”
Listening toward Democracy
Authors: Scudder Mary F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 continues with a defense of a listening-centered approach to democratic deliberation. It begins with a discussion of the source of performative listening’s democratic power. The chapter shows that performative democratic listening relies on the affective-cognitive disposition of people who listen to their fellow citizens for the purpose of taking up what they have to say. Mere auditory listening becomes “listening toward democracy” when citizens listen seriously, attentively, and humbly. Chapter 5 goes on to consider the cultural and institutional conditions needed to encourage citizens to practice democratic listening. It also identifies empirical markers to be used in the assessment of listening, and to determine the degree to which uptake has been achieved. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenges of relying on listening in political contexts of difference, disagreement, and inequality, which are developed further in Chapter 6.
Introduction
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 reviews the ways in which communities are formed, by all manner of things, from the physical basis of their existence, their legal identity, and the people that form them. It suggests that if there is anything in common across all communities, it is that they are each represented and bound together by a constitutive narrative. Narratives can make believers, or skeptics, of us all and, moreover, forge us into a community. The book takes up one form of community, that of climate skeptics, that has resonated with enough people that it has begun challenging the scientific community in what is ostensibly a matter of science. The chapter lays out the argument to be developed in the book: that much of this is due to the strength of the climate skeptical narrative, and that this narrative draws from elements of plot that are more fundamental even than the issue of climate. The use of narrative analysis can trace the evolution of the ideological narrative and its effect on insulating its community from health public debate.
Introduction to organic electronics
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Basic concepts and opportunities that define the field of organic electronics and organic electronic materials are presented. This is followed by a brief history of the field that is marked by major advances over the last 70 years in our understanding of carbon-rich, disordered, soft organic semiconductors, and their widespread application to devices. A discussion is provided of common language and the introduction of important classes of both polymeric and small molecular weight organic materials to be used throughout the book. Finally, a list of common myths that have surrounded the field of organic electronics is provided, along with a brief discussion of the differences between these myths and the reality that is the subject of the text.
Bulk and thin film organic crystal structures
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Organic electronic devices are comprised of materials that are amorphous, nanocrystalline, microcrystalline, or single crystalline solids bonded by weak van der Waals forces. This chapter presents the terminology and concepts used in defining condensed matter structures, including the real and reciprocal lattices, the unit cell, and crystal symmetry. Bonding forces that form the solid, with emphasis on van der Waals bonds, are quantitatively discussed. In particular, the electrostatic potentials leading to both fixed and induced dipole interactions between molecules are described. Since almost all devices are found in thin film form, growth modes of thin films, from epitaxy, van der Waals epitaxy, quasiepitaxy, to self-assembly are discussed, along with the energetic driving forces that lead to particular thin film structures.
Materials purity, growth, and patterning
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes the purification and growth of organic materials, device patterning, and coating of large substrate areas using volume manufacturing processes. Organic semiconductors are no different from other electronic materials—purity is of the utmost importance. The chapter begins by describing several purification techniques for achieving and assessing the quality of electronic-grade materials. Next is a discussion of bulk crystal growth, and growth by more technologically important methods for achieving thin films using solution or vapor phase growth processes. Post-growth annealing for achieving desired film morphologies is also discussed. Patterning of device structures by photolithography, stamping and nanoimprint lithography on both planar and curved surfaces are described. This is followed by consideration of manufacturing processes such as roll-to-roll production, and the constraints that such processes place on the choice of substrate. Last, packaging and device encapsulation that maintain substrate flexibility while protecting devices from attack by adverse environments is discussed.
Organic light detectors
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the major concepts governing the operation of organic photoconductors, photodiodes, and solar cells. Quantum efficiency, gain, noise, bandwidth, and the trade-offs between these parameters are discussed. Organic light detectors are used in sensing and communications, although the predominant interest is in solar cells. The unique properties of organics, including flexibility and conformability, also make them useful in applications such as position-sensitive detection and in imaging, as considered in this chapter. Methods for quantifying and measuring solar cell and detector efficiency are described, leading to a derivation of the thermodynamic efficiency limits for solar power generation. Materials and device architectures for minimizing energy loss include single and multijunction cells, singlet fission, and semitransparent cells. Quantifying and achieving very high device reliability is considered, along with criteria for acceptable practical device lifetime. Finally, we discuss processes developed for large-scale and low-cost manufacturing of organic solar cells.
Assessing the Convergence of International Standards on Corporate Environmental Accountability
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter critically analyses the international standards on corporate environmental accountability and responsibility by relying on the normative advances made under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). A brief explanation of the developments related to the private sector involvement under the CBD precedes the standard-by-standard discussion. The degree of normative convergence is assessed across standards of corporate environmental accountability discussed in the previous chapter by comparing and contrasting them. Substantive dimensions of these standards are also identified on the basis of the advice elaborated by UN Special Rapporteurs relying on the CBD inter-governmentally approved guidance. The chapter thus shows that principles of international environmental law (environmental integration, prevention, precaution) have been initially translated as corporate environmental accountability standards, but over time have also been specified more substantively into corporate environmental responsibility standards. It also analyses standards based on procedural environmental principles (access to environmental information, participation in decision-making, access to justice).
Introduction
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a self-contained tutorial which tells you how to get started with parallel programming and how to design and implement parallel algorithms in a structured way using supersteps. It introduces a simple target architecture for designing parallel algorithms, the bulk synchronous parallel (BSP) computer. Using the computation of the inner product of two vectors as an example, the chapter shows how an algorithm is designed, hand in hand with its cost analysis. The inner-product algorithm is implemented in a short program that demonstrates the most important primitives of the communication library, BSPlib. Furthermore, a benchmarking program is given for measuring the BSP parameters of a parallel computer. Its use is demonstrated on a desktop computer and a supercomputer. Finally, a parallel regular sampling sort algorithm is presented, implemented, and tested.