bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redistribution in a Cold Climate
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Deindustrialization and stagflation transformed the context in which social policy was made during the 1970s and 1980s. One of the foundations of Margaret Thatcher’s electoral success was a public backlash against welfare spending and the tax burden. Nevertheless, the idea of a guaranteed income continued to resonate for three reasons. Firstly, the collapse of the post-war employment model opened up a wide-ranging debate about the future of work, and basic income began to attract support as a way of underpinning the transition to a more flexible labour market. Secondly, developments in economics and social research highlighted the growth of poverty under Thatcherism and focused attention on tax-benefit reform as a possible solution. Thirdly, cash transfers to working-age households grew rapidly between 1979 and 1997: partly as a by-product of deindustrialization, but also because shrewder Tories recognized that an effective social safety net could help smooth the introduction of free-market policies.
New Labour’s Tax Credits, 1997–2010
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The thirteen years of Labour government between 1997 and 2010 may come to be seen by future historians as the zenith of the British transfer state, when—in contrast to other western countries—the increase in fiscal redistribution which took place during the 1980s and early 1990s was sustained and deepened. Inspired by the Earned Income Tax Credit in the United States, Gordon Brown created a complex system of income-related tax credits, which formed a central part of New Labour’s strategy for ‘making work pay’ and eliminating child poverty. For the first time, the Treasury came to see itself as a social welfare agency, using tax credits and other instruments to achieve explicit distributional objectives. This chapter provides a detailed account of the development of tax credits, and shows how administrative difficulties and tensions between rhetoric and reality hampered Brown’s efforts to build public support for the system.
What Kind of Transfer State?
Authors: Sloman Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This final chapter draws together the arguments developed in previous chapters and examines the prospects for the UK’s ‘transfer state’ in the twenty-first century. It argues that Universal Credit marks the culmination of a particular line of development: the expansion and rationalization of income-tested support for the working poor, driven forward by policy-makers in Whitehall and backed up by conditionality requirements. The combination of benefit sanctions and cuts means that, despite its scale, the UK social security system does not provide a guaranteed income for working-age citizens in any meaningful sense. Although a subsistence-level Universal Basic Income is likely to be prohibitively expensive, even a low-level basic income could give individuals greater economic security by placing a stable income floor beneath the means-tested benefit system.
Systematic sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn many contexts it is difficult or impossible to select a simple random sample. For example, the number of units in the finite population, N, may not be known in advance, or it may not be feasible to assign labels to all units in the population and to select an SRS from these labels (e.g., crabs within boxes on a fishing vessel). Instead, one may select a random start, r, on the integers 1 through k and then select that unit and every kth unit thereafter for inclusion in the sample. This selection method, called linear systematic sampling, results in an extremely restricted randomization—there are only k possible linear systematic samples—compared to the typically large number [N!/(N-n)!n!] of possible samples of size n that can be selected from N by SRS. If units are in random order, then linear systematic sampling with mean-per-unit estimation will have sampling variance comparable to SRS with mean-per-unit estimation. But if there is a trend of increase or decrease in unit-specific y value with unit label or location, then sampling variance of a mean-per-unit estimator for a linear systematic design may be substantially less than for an SRS design. Circular and fractional interval systematic sampling designs are also presented. The disadvantage of these systematic sampling designs is that the highly restricted randomizations generally rule out unbiased estimation of sampling variance from a single systematic sample. Several approaches for variance estimation are considered.
Introduction
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This introduction makes the case for postdramatic classical receptions to be included within reception studies scholarship. It contextualizes the overall study by providing an overview of the role of the classics within the development of postdramatic theatre and by charting the history of postdramatic classical receptions. The chapter offers an alternative to the standard teleological approach of documenting the history of postdramatic theatre, and instead suggests that the form arose from a diverse range of international theatrical experiments led by highly influential avant-garde practitioners, which gained enough notoriety and exposure to influence a range of other theatre makers. It examines Antonin Artaud, Bertolt Brecht, Richard Schechner, Tadashi Suzuki, and Heiner Müller, alongside a range of broader contextual environments, to argue that an interest in the classical underpinned the development of postdramatic theatre.
Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the relationship between the classics, the postdramatic, and the so-called ‘in-yer-face’ theatre movement of Britain in the 1990s, taking the 1996 première production of Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love as a paradigmatic example. Kane’s sparse, tightly woven script interrogated the Senecan themes of masculinity, sexuality, violence, and voyeurism; in performance, these themes were combined with a range of proto-postdramatic techniques to highlight their contemporary socio-political relevance. I suggest that the ‘in-yer-face’ movement can be viewed as a transitional period representing the gradual introduction of postdramatic techniques into British theatres. As a formative fusion of Greco-Roman tragedy and postdramatic theatre, Phaedra’s Love indicated the efficacious potential of this mode of performance to make powerful socio-political statements that have a visceral impact upon their audience.
Tom Holloway’s Love Me Tender
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Australian dramatist Tom Holloway’s adaptations of ancient tragedy reflect both the way that dramatists can structure scripts with an ‘open dramaturgy’ that provides directors with the opportunity to realize text through postdramatic strategies, and the way that the classics can be used to investigate the Australian psyche. The 2010 première production of Love Me Tender, Holloway’s Iphigenia at Aulis reinvention, situated the tragedy in an Australian bushfire season, and reinvented it in the form of unattributed lines on a page. The absence of characters is a postdramatic strategy, and in performance numerous other postdramatic techniques were added to the script to create an affective, image-driven investigation into the theme of sacrifice. Chapter 3 argues that Love Me Tender embodies a politics of form, and that the play compounds an investigation into the idea of sacrifice with a focus upon societal tensions surrounding pre-teen sexuality and raunch culture. It suggests that Love Me Tender provides a key example not only of the way that this new dramaturgical style can be realized through postdramatic performance, but also of the political use of the classics in postdramatic theatre.
The Hayloft Project’s Thyestes
Authors: Cole Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores Australian theatre company The Hayloft Project’s 2010 devised adaptation of Seneca’s Thyestes. It argues that the production’s combination of a focus upon the psychology of character with postdramatic techniques resulted in a confronting, visceral performance which demonstrated how Seneca’s material can interrogate modern values surrounding gender, sex, and violence. The discussion showcases the political potential of devised postdramatic performance, and simultaneously reveals how postdramatic reinventions can shed light back onto their source texts, in this instance via the contemporary commentary contained in the characterization of Atreus. The chapter posits that The Hayloft Project’s production can consequently not only tell us about the role of tragedy in the modern world, but that it also created continuity between the modern and the ancient and reveals that a contemporary commentary was part of this specific tragedy all along.
Urban System and Urban Development in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Chen Zhao , Lu Ming 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
There is a trend of population concentration towards large coastal cities in The People’s Republic of China (PRC). However, there is a distortion of city size towards small cities in the PRC. That is to say, urban population in China should further concentrate in large cities rather than be more equally spread out. Cross-country analysis also indicates that the population size of the primary city in the PRC is smaller than its predicted value. The discussion in this chapter suggests that the Chinese government should adjust the policies on future urbanization with fewer restrictions on the further growth of megacities.
Growth, Inequality, Poverty, and Urbanization: the Case of India
Authors: Mitra Arup 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this chapter the analysis is pursued at three levels of disaggregation: states, districts, and cities with populations over one million. At the state level, urbanization does not show any significant impact on rural poverty, though it tends to reduce poverty in urban areas. Growth influences urbanization positively, while urbanization and expansion in non-agricultural activities both contribute to economic growth. Although urban inequality is not strongly correlated with urbanization and growth, the relationship is distinct. While poverty tends to decline, inequality rises in the process of growth and urbanization. The district-level data confirm a positive association between urbanization, work participation rate, percentage of workforce engaged in non-household manufacturing and services, literacy, growth, and inequality, though the degree of association is mild. Urbanization shows a strong beneficial effect on poverty at both the district and city levels.
A Multisensory Philosophy of Perception
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book argues that human perception and perceptual consciousness are richly multisensory. Its thesis is that the coordinated use of multiple senses enhances and extends human perceptual capacities and consciousness in three critical ways. First, crossmodal perceptual illusions reveal hidden multisensory interactions that typically make the senses more coherent and reliable sources of evidence about the environment. Second, the joint use of multiple senses discloses more of the world, including novel features and qualities, making possible new forms of perceptual experience. Third, through crossmodal dependence, plasticity, and perceptual learning, each sense is reshaped by the influence of others, at a time and over time. The implication is that no sense—not even vision itself—can be understood entirely in isolation from the others. This undermines the prevailing approach to perception, which proceeds sense by sense, and sets the stage for a revisionist multisensory approach that illuminates the nature, scope, and character of sense perception.
Photoreception
Authors: Fain Gordon L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
“Photoreception” is the ninth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and begins with general mechanisms of light detection, photopigment activation, and the variety of pathways of phototransduction using the scallop eye as an example. There is then a thorough treatment of the photoreceptors of arthropods, particularly those of Limulus and Drosophila. Following a description of photoreceptor anatomy, the chapter describes transduction in these arthropods including photoreceptor channels and the role of Ca2+ in the regulation of gain and turnoff. It then proceeds to vertebrate rods and cones, with individual treatment of the topics of transduction in vertebrate photoreceptors, the ion channels of rods and cones, the description and measurement of the photocurrent, pathways responsible for shutting down the light response, light adaptation, pigment renewal, and the recovery of sensitivity after bright light exposure. It concludes with transduction in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.
Magnanimity as Generosity
Authors: Irwin Terence 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In modern English ‘magnanimity’ normally refers to generosity, especially in forgiving offences. ‘Pusillanimity’ normally refers to cowardice. The two traits do not seem to be genuine opposites. This is one way in which modern English usage may seem to mislead us about the Aristotelian virtue of megalopsychia. On closer inspection, however, the modern usage turns out not to be altogether misleading; for two central expressions of megalopsychia are generosity and bravery. Once we see why they are central expressions, the apparently unattractive features of the Aristotelian virtue are more intelligible and less unattractive.
Magnanimity, Christian Ethics, and Paganism in the Latin Middle Ages
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Magnanimity, especially as discussed by Aristotle, might seem to be one of the pagan virtues that would have been difficult to assimilate into a Christian ethical scheme. In fact, from the Fathers onwards, Christians welcomed magnanimitas into their classifications of the virtues, basing their understanding of it, up until the thirteenth century, on Stoic sources. When they came, from the mid-1200s onwards, to read Aristotle’s discussion of magnanimity in his Ethics, the theologians—Aquinas above all—managed ingeniously to combine Aristotle’s description with the version of magnanimity that was already at home in Christian thought. In the fourteenth century, Giraut Ott and John Buridan, in different ways, came closer to Aristotle’s discussion, without suggesting that magnanimity should be suspect as a virtue for Christians. The one medieval writer who does seem to have had a strong sense of magnanimity as an attractive, but distinctively pagan virtue, cultivated by the damned rather than those destined for heaven, was Dante.
The Kantian Sublime and Greatness of Mind
Authors: Brady Emily 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s discussion of the sublime in the Critique of the Power of Judgment (1790), in which the aesthetic subject becomes aware of a certain kind of greatness of mind. Kant’s scheme emphasizes respect for the moral capacities of the self as part of humanity, as well as admiration for greatness in the natural world. More broadly, his views show how ideas about greatness—if not magnanimity in the narrower sense—flow into philosophical approaches that lie beyond virtue ethics, moral thought, and human exceptionalism. The chapter argues that a comparative relation between self and sublime phenomena is central to understanding greatness of mind. Drawing out this comparative relation supports a deeper understanding of how both self-regarding and other-regarding attitudes feature within sublime experience, and just how this greatness might express itself within an aesthetic context.
Greatness of Soul Across the Ages
Authors: Roberts Robert C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
That a virtue should be called magnanimity suggests that souls come in sizes. But what makes for this sizing? This chapter is framed between the Homeric heroic ideal embodied in the megalêtôr and the gentle but resolute American hero, the magnanimous Abraham Lincoln, interacting along the way with the other chapters in the volume. This chapter compares conceptions of greatness of soul (heart, spirit, mind), touching on Socrates, Aristotle, the New Testament, Stoicism, Yaḥyā ibn ‘Adī and al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Thomas Aquinas, Descartes, the Scottish Enlightenment, Kant, and Nietzsche. The story is one of diversity, indeed in some cases mutual exclusion, with overlap and continuities. But in the end the chapter suggests a certain evolution of our conception of human greatness in which the virtues of strength and toughness are integrated with those of generosity and compassion.
From Grisette to Midinette
Authors: Tilburg Patricia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the early nineteenth-century grisette as a literary type, and traces her reappearance on the cultural scene as a figure of nostalgia at the turn of the nineteenth century. By the turn of the century, the grisette of the 1830s and 1840s still regularly appeared throughout French popular culture as a sign of heightened romantic longing for a lost Paris, a France of small-scale industry, sentiment, and elegance. She was frequently conflated with contemporary garment workers, tethering living belle époque workingwomen to a figure of literary wistfulness. Parisian garment workers were repeatedly cast in the mold of a pleasing throwback, a woman at once thoroughly embedded in the modern Parisian landscape and yet, also, out of time, carrying within her the essence and soul of a lost or endangered France. The most popular grisette at the turn of the century was Musset’s Mimi Pinson, who was featured in songs, poems, postcards, ballet, vaudeville shows, short stories, novels, and films. This chapter also develops a physiognomy of the grisette’s belle époque descendant, the midinette, a modernized version of the type, and inheritor of both the grisette’s cultural significance and her limitations. From strike reportage to pulp novels to monuments, the Parisian garment worker found eroticized and socially useful shades of herself promoted around her city and nation in these years, shades which more often than not moved backward in time to the grisette of the 1830s and 1840s.
From A to B: On “Critique and Morals”
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the transition from Kant’s publishing of the first edition (“A”) of his Critique of Pure Reason and his decision to focus on the topic of morals by suddenly writing a book called the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. The interpretation of this transition contrasts with the stress on Christian Garve in recent work by Eckart Förster, in a chapter called “Critique and Morals,” but it agrees with him about the significance in this era of the project of establishing philosophy as a science. A special emphasis is placed on Kant’s intense concern with absolute freedom during this period and with his desire to show that he can present a better account of the realms of “nature” and “grace” than can other philosophers.
Revisiting Freedom as Autonomy
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter responds in detail to two recent discussions of Kant’s notion of freedom. Jörg Noller’s book argues, in part against Kant, for a graduated concept of degrees of freedom that might help make sense of the phenomenon of evil. Owen Ware, in articles on the notions of “fact” and “will,” revisits Kant’s transition from his argument in the Groundwork to his reliance, in the Critique of Practical Reason, on the notion of a “fact of reason.” I agree with most of Noller’s nuanced historical approach but do not endorse his view on degrees of freedom as a needed improvement of Kant. In reaction to Ware, I agree that there are many elements of continuity between Kant’s Groundwork and the Critique of Practical Reason, but I disagree with his argument against the now common view that the latter work involves a significant “reversal” in Kant’s methodology in arguing for freedom.
Vindicating Autonomy
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter follows a suggestion, by Onora O’Neill, that Kant’s notion of autonomy should be interpreted neither in an anarchic “radical existentialist” way nor in terms of an authoritarian “panicky metaphysics.” It also develops her suggestion, in reacting to Iris Murdoch’s critique of Kant as anarchic and “Luciferian” in a bad Sartrian sense, that there is a way to read Sartre as, in part, a good Kantian. The chapter offers an extensive defense of Sartre’s “Existentialism as a Humanism” as a sensible existentialist version of Kantian ethics, and it also notes positive ethical connections between Milton and Kant. Empirical and transcendental notions of choice, and their “all or nothing” and “degree” aspects, are distinguished, and this distinction is used to vindicate Kant’s notion of freedom as also metaphysical but not in a “panicky” way.
Prauss and Kant’s Three Unities
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses a recent systematic book by the Kant scholar Gerold Prauss. Here Prauss discusses the connection of subject and object primarily in terms of the relation between an unextended subject and a three-dimensional world that is constructed within an infinite continuous field of space and time. Kant’s notion of pure intuition is critically and creatively adopted in Prauss’s development of a kind of transcendental geometry, which characterizes the basic three-dimensionality of our experience in an a priori manner. I compare Prauss’s approach to earlier work in Kant scholarship, such as by P. F. Strawson, and also note that Prauss’s holistic approach has some similarities with later German Idealism.
The Historical Turn and Late Modernity
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter combines an appreciation of Robert Pippin’s work on modernity with an elaboration of a thesis I have argued for earlier, that post-Kantian philosophy is best characterized in terms of the growing influence of an historical turn in philosophical methodology. More specifically, I argue that some classical German Idealists, and Early German Romantic thinkers especially, appreciate that we are in a distinctive era best understood as “late modernity.” It is an era of modernity because it does not turn away from the rational insights of the Enlightenment era, the scientific and democratic revolutions. But it is also an era of lateness, because it sees the limits of those insights, and it seeks to revivify the resources of the aesthetic and religious dimensions of human life. Insofar as this approach maintains respect for the fundamentals of Kantian ethics, it can avoid lapsing into historicism, aestheticism, or subjectivism.
Open Innovation with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Chesbrough Henry 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Open Innovation in China is greatly affected by the powerful role of the Chinese Communist Party. Xi Jinping thought introduces a tension between the ‘decisive role of the markets’ to allocate resources and stimulate innovation across the economy and ‘the leading role of the Party’ to guide the development of innovation in the most important industries. This tension plays out differently in different industries in China. In high-speed rail, the tension has been adroitly managed, creating an organization with world class innovation capabilities that is a peer with the best of the rival firms in the world. In automotive and semiconductors, however, the tension has been more problematic. The state-owned enterprises are well aligned with the Party, while it is the privately owned companies and foreign companies that are driving innovation.