bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of weekly raw milk use by at-home meal preparers in the USA: evidence from the 2014–2016 American Time Use Survey – Eating and Health Module
Authors: Rhodes M. Taylor , Kuchler Fred 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:The number of states in the USA that allows sales of raw milk for human consumption has been trending upwards and reached thirty-eight in 2016. These legislative changes could encourage raw milk consumption. The current study examined the determinants of weekly raw milk use by at-home meal preparers in the USA.Design:Using the 2014–2016 American Time Use Survey – Eating and Health Module, multivariate logit regressions and average marginal associations were estimated to examine how at-home meal preparer characteristics, time use and shopping choices, underlying health and the presence of at-risk individuals in households and raw milk legalisation status are associated with the probability an at-home meal preparer consumed or served raw milk during an average week.Setting:USA.Participants:At-home meal preparers aged 18 years and above.Results:Estimated average marginal associations suggested younger at-home meal preparers, male at-home meal preparers, larger sized households and households located in non-metropolitan areas were more likely to use raw milk during an average week. Married households and households with a person aged 62 years or above were less likely to use raw milk. Variables indicating health characteristics of at-home meal preparers or the presence of an at-risk individual in the household were not statistically significant.Conclusions:There are many government-sponsored information resources about the risks of raw milk currently available. Additional education may be needed to prevent illnesses from raw milk.
In-Situ Observation of Clay Minerals Hydrated and Intercalated With
Liquid Chemicals Using Film-Sealed Environmental Cell
Authors: Fukushima K. , Kohyama N. , Fukami A. 
Published: June 2020

A film-sealed high resolution environmental cell(E.C) for observing
hydrated materials had been developed by us(l). Main specification of the
E.C. is as follows: 1) Accelerated voltage; 100 kV. 2) Gas in the E.C.;
saturated water vapour with carrier gas of 50 Torr. 3) Thickness of gas
layer; 50 μm. 4) Sealing film; evaporated carbon film(20 nm thick) with
plastic microgrid. 5) Resolving power; 1 nm. 6) Transmittance of electron
beam; 60% at 100 kV.
The E.C. had been successfully applied to the study of hydrated
halloysite(2) (3). Kaolin minerals have no interlayer water and are
basically non-expandable but form intercalation compounds with some specific
chemicals such as hydrazine, formamide and etc. Because of these compounds
being mostly changed in vacuum, we tried to reveal the structure changes
between in wet air and in vacuum of kaolin minerals intercalated with
hydrazine and of hydrated state of montmori1lonite using the E.C. developed
by us.
A STEM Microstructural Analysis of Rapidly Solidified High-Sulfur
Austenitic Steel
Authors: Kelly Thomas F. 
Published: June 2020

Rapid solidification processing (RSP) has been viewed as a means of
obtaining better properties from (crystalline) metal alloys where the
improvements are a result of the various effects of high cooling rates (>
105°K/sec) on the “as solidified” structure. Described herein are the
results of an investigation into the microstructural and microchemical
nature of a rapid solidification processed high sulfur, 303 stainless steel
using a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
The RSP material of this study was prepared by forced convective
cooling, in helium, of centrifugally atomized metal droplets to achieve
cooling rates on the order of 105°K/sec. The resultant powder, of n 50 ym
average particle size, was consolidated to a fully dense state. Equivalent
conventionally processed 303 SS material was obtained from Carpenter
Technology Corporation. The 303 SS material of this investigation was
therefore studied in three processed states:the rapidly solidified powder,
the rapidly solidified and consolidated bar stock, and the conventionally
processed material.
Precipitation Reactions in a Beryllium-Bearing Stainless Steel
Authors: Carr Martin J. , Heiple C. R. 
Published: June 2020

Precipitation reactions in a beryllium-bearing stainless steel alloy
have been studied by TEM and electron diffraction for ageing temperatures
between 400° and 900°C. The nominal composition of the alloy was 38% Ni -
21% Cr - 1% Mn - 0.5% Be - Bal Fe. Specimens were solutionized for one hour
at 1150°C and water quenched. The ageing reaction was studied by hardness
measurements for times between 0.5 and 16 hours. The TEM specimens discussed
herein were made from samples aged one hour.
The ageing reactions in this alloy were similar to those reported for
Cu-Be1, Ni-Be2, and
Fe-Ni-Be3, except that no evidence of cellular
precipitation was observed.
Ultrastructural Changes Due to Toxaphene Insecticide
Authors: Caceci T. , Chapman G. B. 
Published: June 2020

The deleterious effects of agricultural insecticides on non-target
organisms have been under investigation for a number of years. Most studies
have dealt with the degree of toxicity, mechanism of action, metabolism, or
distribution in the biosphere. There has been comparatively little interest
in morphological effects of an insecticide at its site of entry.
Toxaphene, a general-purpose organochlorine insecticide that is widely
and heavily applied in the U.S. is quite toxic to fish. It can be absorbed
via the gills or the gut. This study examined the effects of Toxaphene on
the absorptive cells of the anterior intestinal bulb in goldfish (Carassius
auratus). These cells are involved in the uptake of dietary lipids; since
Toxaphene is lipid-soluble, this was considered the likeliest region of the
digestive tract to exhibit damage due to its presence.
Pseudotendon: Ultrastructural Similarities to Scar Development
Authors: Kischer C.W. , Arem A.J. 
Published: June 2020

Pseudotendon is a remarkable attempt to reform a working, gliding, unit
of organized collagen in the wake of tendon transection. Tension forces
transmitted from the severed muscle-tendon unit through the newly forming
scar may organize the collagen into a functional configuration. The dynamics
of collagen remodeling appear precise and orderly, and excess collagen is
not built up as it is in the case of hypertrophic
scar1.
Since tendon repair and regeneration of skin each involve formation of
scar tissue, but, since the former process is abbreviated and the latter is
prolonged a comparison of the two cases with respect to scar production
seems beneficial. The ultrastructural character of each may show significant
differences which could account for the different fates of each healing
process.
High Voltage Electron Microscopy of Viral Inclusion Bodies
Authors: Mazzone H.M. , Engler W.F. , Wray G. , Szirmae A. , Conroy J. , Zerillo R. , Bahr G.F. 
Published: June 2020

Viral inclusion bodies isolated from infected pest insects are being
evaluated by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture as biological insecticides
against their hosts. Our research on these inclusion bodies constitutes part
of an effort to support their approval by the Environmental Protection
Agency as insect control agents.
The inclusion bodies in this study are polyhedral in shape and contain
rod-shaped viral particles. When ingested by pest insects, the inclusion
bodies are broken down in the insect gut and release the viral particles
which infect and multiply in the nuclei of host cells. These viruses are
termed nucleopolyhedrosis viruses (NPV) and are representatives of the
baculoviruses (Wildy, P. 1971 IN J.L. Melnick, ed., Monographs in Virology,
vol. 5, S.Karger, New York).
The Occurrence of Polycomplexes During the Sporogenesis in Psilotum
Nudum
Authors: Lee Kit W. 
Published: June 2020

The structure of the polycomplexes has been extensively studied in
recent years (1,2,3). Theres structures are usually described as stacks or
aggregates of the tripartite synaptonemal complexes. Although the presence
of the synaptonemal complexes is a consistent feature in the late zygotene
or pachytene stages of chlasmate meiosis and Its role in the processes of
chromosome synapsis and crossing over has been suggested (4), the function
of the polycomplexes remains obscure. Most of our understandings of the
polycomplexes are obtained from the observations during the gametogenesis of
the insects, and only a few examples of this structure in fungi and higher
plants have been reported. The present study examines the occurrence of
polycomplexes during the sporogenesis in the primitive vascular
plant.
Sporangia at different developmental stages were fixed with 3%
glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, and postflxed in 2% osmium
tetroxide. Dehydration was carried out with the ethanol series followed by
embedding in Epon 812. Ultrathln sections were stained with uranyl acetate
and lead citrate.
The Reconstruction of Large Microscopic Bodies from Wide-Field Electron
Micrographs
Authors: Yang Grace C.H. , Morrison Ashton B. 
Published: June 2020

The technique of wide-field electron microscopy can be applied to
reconstruct 3-D models of microscopic bodies which are too large for the
conventional electron microscopy, yet whose details are too minute to be
resolved by light microscopy. The renal glomerulus is a good example. The
branching patterns of its smaller capillaries are so tortuous and complex
that the vascular arrangement of the glomerular capillary tuft has been the
subject of much controversy.
We have completed a project in which the 3-D models of three rat
glomeruli have been constructed. The models are made of low density
styrofoam discs. They are large (about I6”xl6”x22”) yet light in weight
(about 1.8 gm), and can be dissected to reveal internal intricate
structures. They disclose much interesting information not previously
reported. For instance, all three glomerular models are consisted of three
major lobules, e.g. frontal right, frontal left, and dorsal central. The
lobule occupying the central portion bridges the two lateral lobules with
few anastomoses, but no direct connection exists between the two lateral
lobules. There are two efferent openings which extend to the outside of
Bowman’s capsule, the right opening is the end of right lobules, and the
left opening is the end of left lobule.
The Mechanomorphology of Microtubule Sliding
Authors: Satir P. , Wais-Steder J. , Avolio J. 
Published: June 2020

In 1977, Sale and Satir showed that active microtubule sliding in
trypsin-treated Tetrahymena axonemes is always of a single polarity. If the
doublet bearing active arms is labelled N, by convention, the doublet that
is pushed by those arms is N+l. In active sliding in trypsin-treated
axonemes doublet N+l is always displaced tipwards with respect to
N.
Several different configurations of the dynein arms have been described.
These include: (1) an extended configuration, where the dynein arms are
tilted about 40° towards the base of the axoneme and are long enough to span
the space between doublets N and Ntl completely (2) a standard, unattached
image, such as is usually seen in thin section. In this configuration, the
arms do not span the interdoublet gap. (3) the rigor image, where the arms
always bridge the gap. This differs from the extended configuration because
tilt is often absent, so that the arms often lie normal to doublets N and
N+l.
Vernalization affects absorption and translocation of clopyralid and aminopyralid in rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea)
Authors: Burke Tara L. , Burke Ian C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe developmental status of perennial weeds such as rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.) can influence herbicide absorption and translocation. Differential efficacy between fall and spring applications suggests vernalization impacts herbicide absorption and translocation in other perennial asters. Clopyralid and aminopyralid absorption and translocation were quantified in nonvernalized and vernalized plants following application of 14C-labeled herbicides 2, 4, 8, 24, and 72 h after treatment. Less 14C clopyralid was absorbed, and at a slower rate, in vernalized plants. Movement out of the treated leaf was slower, with 14C clopyralid translocating more rapidly than 14C aminopyralid. More 14C moved to the roots in nonvernalized plants compared with vernalized plants, regardless of herbicide. Increased translocation to belowground survival structures is needed for effective control of C. juncea.
Global View of Ionospheric Disturbance Impacts on Kinematic GPS Positioning Solutions During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm
Authors: Yang Zhe , Morton Y. T. Jade , Zakharenkova Irina , Cherniak Iurii , Song Shuli , Li Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm caused numerous disturbances of the ionosphere, particularly, plasma irregularities, large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances, and equatorial ionization anomaly enhancement. This study for the first time quantifies the global‐scale impacts of the ionospheric disturbances on Global Positioning System (GPS) precise point positioning (PPP) solutions during this extreme space weather event by taking advantage of 5,500 + GNSS stations installed worldwide. The overall impact was more severe at high latitudes, while PPP degradation at low latitudes was associated with different types of ionospheric disturbances. Specifically, our results show that kinematic PPP solutions degraded following an intensified auroral particle precipitation during the storm's main phase (06–23 UT) when up to ~70% of the high‐latitude stations experienced degraded position solutions in the multimeter range at 16–18 UT. Around magnetic noon and midnight, the storm‐induced plasma irregularities caused notable PPP errors (>10 m) at high latitudes. Interhemispheric differences were observed with a more severe impact seen in the Southern Hemisphere, where PPP outage lasted for ~12 hr during the second main phase (12–23 UT). At low latitudes, post sunset equatorial plasma irregularities were suppressed across most longitudes, but large PPP errors (>2 m) associated with storm‐induced plasma bubbles were registered at the Indian sector at 14–18 UT. The storm‐induced equatorial ionization anomaly enhancement and large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances were responsible for the low‐latitude PPP degradation at dayside sectors. This study fills the research gap between physical and practical aspects of severe ionospheric storm effects.
Spatiotemporal Variations of Mesoscale Eddies in the Southeast Indian Ocean
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Liu Guoqiang , Liu Qinyan , Zheng Shaojun , Perrie William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStrong eddy activities exist in the Leeuwin Current (LC) and the South Indian Countercurrent (SICC) systems. Through a detailed investigation based on satellite observations, we find a cyclonic preference for eddies with more frequent genesis, longer lifespan, smaller size and stronger intensity in both systems. The evolutions of amplitudes, radii and total vorticities of eddies can be classified as the generation, stable, and decay stages; however, those of the EKE and relative vorticities lack the stable stage, due to planetary vorticity changes related to the meridional deflections, as eddies drift westward. Eddy properties exhibit significant seasonal and interannual variations. In the LC system, more and stronger eddies tend to be generated in winter and in La Niña years; while in the SICC system, eddy properties generally reach their peaks in spring and in years when the negative Southern Annular Mode (SAM) occurs. And eddy intensities in the SICC system are also modulated by ENSO with about a one‐year phase lag. Through instability analysis, we find that baroclinic instability is the most dominant contributor to the development of eddies. By contrast, barotropic instability mainly acts to dampen eddies. Advection of EKE makes almost no net contribution when spatially averaged, although it is locally significant. Pressure work and dissipation may be nonnegligible EKE sinks in the LC system. The EKE variations in these two systems have close connections through the westward‐propagating baroclinic instability anomalies, which may explain the phase lags between these two systems.
Hydrothermal Precipitation of Sanidine (Adularia) Having Full Al,Si Structural Disorder and Specular Hematite at Maunakea Volcano (Hawai'i) and at Gale Crater (Mars)
Authors: Morris R. V. , Rampe E. B. , Vaniman D. T. , Christoffersen R. , Yen A. S. , Morrison S. M. , Ming D. W. , Achilles C. N. , Fraeman A. A. , Le L. , Tu V. M. , Ott J. P. , Treiman A. H. , Hogancamp J. V. , Graff T. G. , Adams M. , Hamilton J. C. , Mertzman S. A. , Bristow T. F. , Blake D. F. , Castle N. , Chipera S. J. , Craig P. I. , Des Marais D. J. , Downs G. , Downs R. T. , Hazen R. M. , Morookian J.‐M. , Thorpe M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHydrothermal high sanidine and specular hematite are found within ferric‐rich and gray‐colored cemented basaltic breccia occurring within horizontal, weathering‐resistant strata exposed in an erosional gully of the Pu'u Poliahu cinder cone in the summit region of Maunakea volcano (Hawai'i). The cone was extensively altered by hydrothermal, acid‐sulfate fluids at temperatures up to ~400 °C, and, within strata, plagioclase was removed by dissolution from progenitor Hawaiitic basalt, and sanidine and hematite were precipitated. Fe2O3T concentration and Fe3+/∑Fe redox state are ~12 wt.% and ~0.4 for progenitor basalt and 46–60 wt.% and ~1.0 for cemented breccias, respectively, implying open‐system alteration and oxic precipitation. Hydrothermal high sanidine (adularia) is characterized by full Al,Si structural disorder and monoclinic unit‐cell (Rietveld refinement): a = 8.563(19) Å, b = 13.040(6) Å, c = 7.169(4) Å, β = 116.02(10)°, and V = 719.4(19) Å3. Hematite (structure confirmed by Rietveld refinement) is the predominant Fe‐bearing phase detected. Coarse size fractions of powdered hematite‐rich breccia (500–1000 μm) are dark and spectrally neutral at visible wavelengths, confirming specular hematite, and SEM images show platy to polyhedral hematite morphologies with longest dimensions >10 μm. Smectite and 10‐Å phyllosilicate, both chemically dominated by Mg as octahedral cation, are additional diagenetic hydrothermal alteration products. By analogy and as a working hypothesis, high sanidine (Kimberly formation) and specular hematite (Mt. Sharp group at Hartmann's Valley and Vera Rubin ridge) at Gale crater are interpreted as diagenetic alteration products of Martian basaltic material by hydrothermal processes.
Record Lack of Cyclones in Southern Australia During 2019
Authors: Pepler Acacia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAustralia experienced its driest calendar year on record in 2019. A number of factors contributed to the persistently dry conditions, including a record‐low number of cyclones in the Australian region south of 30°S as well as very high numbers of anticyclones during the southern wet season (April–September). The record year is likely a result of natural climate variability together with an underlying trend. The number of cyclones in southern Australia has decreased since 1979, and the number of cool season anticyclones has increased, although large interannual variability means that these trends currently cannot be distinguished from natural variability. However, the longer NCEP1 and JRA55 reanalyses provide evidence of a long‐term decline in cyclone frequency in southern Australia since the 1950s.
High-resolution mapping of mitotic DNA synthesis regions and common fragile sites in the human genome through direct sequencing
Authors: Macheret Morgane , Bhowmick Rahul , Sobkowiak Katarzyna , Padayachy Laura , Mailler Jonathan , Hickson Ian D. , Halazonetis Thanos D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDNA replication stress, a feature of human cancers, often leads to instability at specific genomic loci, such as the common fragile sites (CFSs). Cells experiencing DNA replication stress may also exhibit mitotic DNA synthesis (MiDAS). To understand the physiological function of MiDAS and its relationship to CFSs, we mapped, at high resolution, the genomic sites of MiDAS in cells treated with the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin. Sites of MiDAS were evident as well-defined peaks that were largely conserved between cell lines and encompassed all known CFSs. The MiDAS peaks mapped within large, transcribed, origin-poor genomic regions. In cells that had been treated with aphidicolin, these regions remained unreplicated even in late S phase; MiDAS then served to complete their replication after the cells entered mitosis. Interestingly, leading and lagging strand synthesis were uncoupled in MiDAS, consistent with MiDAS being a form of break-induced replication, a repair mechanism for collapsed DNA replication forks. Our results provide a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to genomic instability at CFSs and in cancer cells.
miR2118-dependent U-rich phasiRNA production in rice anther wall development
Authors: Araki Saori , Le Ngoc Tu , Koizumi Koji , Villar-Briones Alejandro , Nonomura Ken-Ichi , Endo Masaki , Inoue Haruhiko , Saze Hidetoshi , Komiya Reina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReproduction-specific small RNAs are vital regulators of germline development in animals and plants. MicroRNA2118 (miR2118) is conserved in plants and induces the production of phased small interfering RNAs (phasiRNAs). To reveal the biological functions of miR2118, we describe here rice mutants with large deletions of the miR2118 cluster. Our results demonstrate that the loss of miR2118 causes severe male and female sterility in rice, associated with marked morphological and developmental abnormalities in somatic anther wall cells. Small RNA profiling reveals that miR2118-dependent 21-nucleotide (nt) phasiRNAs in the anther wall are U-rich, distinct from the phasiRNAs in germ cells. Furthermore, the miR2118-dependent biogenesis of 21-nt phasiRNAs may involve the Argonaute proteins OsAGO1b/OsAGO1d, which are abundant in anther wall cell layers. Our study highlights the site-specific differences of phasiRNAs between somatic anther wall and germ cells, and demonstrates the significance of miR2118/U-phasiRNA functions in anther wall development and rice reproduction.
Heterostructures formed through abraded van der Waals materials
Authors: Nutting Darren , Felix Jorlandio F. , Tillotson Evan , Shin Dong-Wook , De Sanctis Adolfo , Chang Hong , Cole Nick , Russo Saverio , Woodgate Adam , Leontis Ioannis , Fernández Henry A. , Craciun Monica F. , Haigh Sarah J. , Withers Freddie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo fully exploit van der Waals materials and their vertically stacked heterostructures, new mass-scalable production routes which are low cost but preserve the high electronic and optical quality of the single crystals are required. Here, we demonstrate an approach to realise a variety of functional heterostructures based on van der Waals nanocrystal films produced through the mechanical abrasion of bulk powders. We find significant performance enhancements in abraded heterostructures compared to those fabricated through inkjet printing of nanocrystal dispersions. To highlight the simplicity, applicability and scalability of the device fabrication, we demonstrate a multitude of different functional heterostructures such as resistors, capacitors and photovoltaics. We also demonstrate the creation of energy harvesting devices, such as large area catalytically active coatings for the hydrogen evolution reaction and enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator performance in multilayer films. The ease of device production makes this a promising technological route for up-scalable films and heterostructures.