bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scripted Image Enhancement / Analysis Using Adobe® Photoshop® With Ip Tools® Plug-Ins
Authors: Underwood R , Muffley L , Predd H , Piepkorn M , Olerud J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Derm Imaging Center uses various light and electron microscopic techniques to determine meaningful morphologic differences in skin samples received from multiple investigators. Qualitative comparisons required laborious hand measurements, which, in time gave way to computer assisted image capture, enhancement and analysis. The ability to attach a numerical value to a morphologic observation has made quantification an expected component of the experimental results. Laboratory personnel are now spending more time in front of computers than microscopes. This fact prompted a reevaluation of our current methods resulting in a faster, user-friendly computer assisted imaging system.
One software program that has become ubiquitous within the field of scientific imaging is Adobe® Photoshop®. Although a multitude of different image capture and analysis software programs are in use, a version of Photoshop® can invariably be found residing in most laboratories involved in imaging. A disadvantage of many image analysis software programs is the lack of image enhancement capability that we have grown to know and love within the Photoshop® environment.
Aquatic Surface Film Organisms Collected On Glass Substrates For Evaluation By Scanning Electron Microscopy.
Authors: R. W. Smith  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Organisms found at the Air-Water Interface (AWI) are often difficult to collect and usually show distortion upon collection and fixation by traditional methods. Furthermore, the spatial relations between the organisms and the complexity of their biofilm community is disrupted or destroyed by collection methods that involve bulk water collection, filtration, settling or rotating drums. Samples shown here were collected on the Tualatin River, Oregon, a eutrophic rural/suburban stream with welldeveloped Aquatic Surface Films (ASF or Microlayers) in quiet waters.
Here, I describe a simple method of collection for Aquatic Surface Films (Microlayers), by drawing a glass substrate slowly through the surface film, allowing both organic chemicals and small organisms to adhere to the surface of the glass. This is similar to the collection of a Langmuir-Blodgett film, and it has been proposed that chemical and biological films at the surface might allow this type of collection.
Histological And Ultrastructural Changes In Leaves Of Resistant And Susceptible Chickpea Cultivars To Ascochyta Rabiei (Pass.) Labr
Authors: Ilarslan H , Dolar BFS 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei ( Pass.) Labr. is a serious foliar fungal disease of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). The histo- and cytopathological examination of hostpathogen interactions was conducted in resistant ( ELC-195) and susceptible (Canitez-87) cultivars of chickpea at 3, 5, 7 days after inoculation with A. rabiei. Several histological studies have been made with A. Rabiei. No ultrastructural studies comparing the resistant and susceptible reactions of chickpea to A. rabiei have been reported.
The hypersensitive response (HR) is a very common reaction in resistant chickpea plants challenged with A. Rabiei. The FfR has also been associated with defence reactions which is phytoalexin synthesis. Phytoalexins are compounds, synthesised in host plant cells, after infection, which have antimicrobial properties. Fligh concentrations are often found in nearby necrotic cells which prevents further growth of the A. Rabiei in resistance chickpea.
A. rabiei produce typical appressorium formation for cuticle penetration but stomata penetration have been observed in some micrographs (Fig.l).
Transfer Cell Development And Immunolocalization Of A Senescence Associated Gene (Sag14) In Senescing Arabidopsis Thaliana Leaves.
Authors: Russin W A , Weaver L M , Amasino R M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Leaf senescence is an orderly, active process in which nutrients in a leaf are reclaimed and mobilized to other parts of the plant. It is considered to be the final stage in leaf development. During senescence leaves undergo highly coordinated changes in cell structure, metabolism, and gene expression. For example, chloroplasts undergo obvious structural modifications during leaf senescence. Regarding gene expression, genes with steady-state mRNA levels that increase during senescence are often referred to as senescence-associated genes, or SAGs.
In order to study ultrastructural changes that occur during senescence, portions of fully expanded, mid-senescent, and fully senescent Arabidopsis thaliana leaves were chemically fixed using vacuum-accelerated microwave processing. Thin sections were observed for ultrastructural changes such as development of transfer cells that are characterized by the presence of cell wall ingrowths. Transfer cell development is correlated with an increased capacity of tissues to take up materials, related partly to an increase in plasma membrane surface area.
Effects Of Varying Salinity On Leaf Ultrastructure Of Potamogeton Pectinatus L
Authors: Barnabas AD , Bunsi P , Naidoo Y , Przybylowicz WJ , Mesjasz-Przybylowicz J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Potamogeton pectinatus is a submerged halophyte which occurs in waters of low salinity (5% to 10%). Its upper salinity tolerance has been reported to be 19%. Reasons why P.pectinatus is unable to tolerate salinities in excess of 19%is important to our understanding of its biology. In the present study, leaf ultrastructure of plants growing at low salinity was compared with plants growing at high salinity in order to assess the effects of different salinities on the ultrastructure. Attention was focussed on ultrastructural changes occurring in the leaf epidermis, the main photosynthetic tissue.
Plants were grown in seawater at two salinities : 5%(low salinity) and 20% (high salinity). Pieces of mature leaf blades from both treatments were harvested and prepared for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) following standard procedures. The overall distribution and concentration of chlorine (CI) in the leaves was ascertained since this element is the most abundant anion in seawater and is important in considerations of salt tolerance in submerged halophytes.
The Study Of Meiosis-I In Maize By Confocal Microscopy And Digital Deconvolution
Authors: Lee Thomas C , Walden David B , Cheng Ping-chin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Visualization is interdependent with gene mapping and DNA sequencing, because spatial relationships are important to understand function. The ability to visualize the chromosomes, especially in threedimensional (3D) space, has great benefits for the better understanding of a gene's function. For these reasons, a better technique is needed to study the chromosomes in 3D. Studying the stages of meiosis I provides an excellent opportunity to evaluate the capability of 3D imaging techniques. The loosening of the chromosomes in meiosis I exemplify the advantages of 3D imaging.
Tassel inflorescence from maize (Zea mays L., inbreed Ohio43) was collected from the field station at the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario, Canada during the summer of 1998. Tassels at proper developmental stages were fixed in 3:1 (EtOH / acetic acid) solution. The anthers were stained with the Feulgen method and cleared in methyl salicylate.
Morphometric Analysis Of Polychlorinated Biphenyl 118-Induced Ultrastructural Alterations In The Rat Liver
Authors: Gallant TL , Singh A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that bioaccumulate in the food chain and thus pose a health risk to human beings and other animals. The exceptional dielectric and lubricating properties of the PCBs resulted in their extensive use during the mid-1950s as lubricants in electrical generators and transformers. PCBs have a long half-life and persist in the environment causing concerns related to their toxicity. The present research on congener 118 (2,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl) involves the quantification of hepatocyte alterations using stereology techniques. Application of a quantitative technique to estimate liver pathology confers more confidence in evaluating toxicity of a xenobiotic, and in the determination of its NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level).
Alterations in the volume fraction of cellular constituents in the hepatocytes induced by congener 118 were estimated relative to the sex of, and dose fed to a laboratory population of weanling Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were given the PCB dose in concentrations of 2, 200, and 2,000 ppb to females and 10, 1,000 and 10,000 ppb to males; three animals were used in each dose group.
Primitive Patterns of Reproduction In The Foraminifera (Protists)
Authors: Goldstein Susan T 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Foraminifera are an enormously successful group of predominantly marine protists. They first appeared in the rock record &gt;500 million years ago and currently are found in most planktonic and benthic marine and marginal marine environments. Though complete life cycles are known for only ˜30 of the &gt;10,000 described extant species, these taxa illustrate reproductive patterns that are among the most diverse of all protists. The foraminiferal life cycle typically is characterized by an alternation of sexual and asexual generations during which meiosis occurs in the early phases of schizogony in the agamont. Sexual reproduction involves the production of biflagellated, triflagellated, or amoeboid gametes, and fertilization may be gametogamous, gamontogamous, or autogamous. Of these options, most Foraminifera for which sexual reproduction has been documented (44 species) produce many thousands of small biflagellated gametes that are shed directly into the surrounding seawater where gametogamous fertilization occurs.
Microscopic Examination Of Vascular Differentiation And Pattern Formation In The Inflorescence Stems Of Arabidopsis
Authors: Freshour G , Hahn M , Ye Z-H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Plant vascular system is the principal means to carry water and food throughout the plant body. It is composed of two types of conducting vascular tissues, xylem and phloem. Xylem carries water and minerals from the root to the shoot, whereas phloem transports photosynthates from leaves to other parts of the body. The evolution of vascular system which solved the problem of water and food transport was considered to be one of the key events for the successful emergence of vascular plants on the land from aquatic environments. Although vascular tissues in almost all vascular plants consist of xylem and phloem, diverse arrangements of vascular tissues within the bundles and of vascular bundles in the stele were evolved (1). The occurrence of diverse vascular patterns in vascular plants offers an excellent opportunity to study the evolutionary mechanisms controlling pattern formation. In this report, we present our studies on the vascular differentiation and pattern formation in the inflorescence stems of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Electron Probe Microanalysis Of Spironolactone Bodies
Authors: McNeil JP , Carter JE , Boudreaux CW , McDonald F , Tucker JA , King JAC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Spironolactone bodies (SB) were first described in 1963 by Janigan. These laminated, whorled structures are seen in cells of the adrenal zona glomerulosa in patients treated with the drug spironolactone. Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist. Hyperaldosteronism may result from excess production by the adrenal cortex. By both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), SB have a distinctive, laminated appearance. Kovacs, et al. observed that SB are composed of cellular constituents. To our knowledge, SB have not been analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis technology.
An adrenal gland with a 1 cm cortical mass was removed from a 39 year old female and received in 10% buffered formalin. Histologic examination of the mass showed a monotonous population of cells recapitulating zona glomerulosa cells. Intracytoplasmic structures compatible with SB were identified. Portions of the adrenal gland were processed for TEM and SEM analysis.
Left-Handed Z-Rna In Lens Epithelium: Preequatorial Zone
Authors: Gagna CE , Kuo HR , Lambert WC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Our goal was to determine the cellular localization of left-handed Z-RNA, within preeguatorial zone (PZ) epithelium of the normal adult dog ocular lens (1.5 yr) (Fig. 1), employing anti-Z-RNA IgG polyclonal antibodies. B-DNA has the ability to adopt the Z-DNA configuration in vitro(1). A-RNA can be transformed into Z-RNA under certain conditions (2). Z-RNA has been localized in cultured cells (3). Strong evidence supports the presence of Z-DNA in vivo (1). Elimination of DNA binding proteins by certain fixatives can initiate DNA supercoiling which stabilizes Z-DNA sequences (1). Z-DNA may play a role in regulating in vivo transcriptional enhancement (1).
Anti-Z-RNA antibody probes were produced in 3 rabbits immunized with injections of Z-RNA: Br-poly[ribosomal(G-C)]. Concerning light microscopy [immunohistochemistry (ABC method)], lens tissues were fixed in Carnoy's, embedded in paraffin and sectioned (3 μm) (Fig. 2). Image analysis was performed using a Leitz DM-RB microscope and Leica Quantiment 500 + image analyzer.
Localization Of Glutamyl/Prolyl-Trna Synthetase Within The Eukaryotic Multienzyme Complex By Immunoelectron Microscopy
Authors: Trempe Norcum Mona , David Dignam J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are the family of enzymes responsible for correctly linking tRNA molecules with amino acids so that the latter may be subsequently incorporated into growing polypeptide chains. A unique feature of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases from higher eukaryotes is the existence of a high molecular mass multisynthetase complex. This approximately 1 × 106 Da particle measures approximately 27 nm in diameter and appears to be a cup or elongated “U“ shape as suggested by distinct orientations visible in negatively stained electron micrographs. A working model of the structure has been proposed which divides the particle into three domains. The composition of each domain as well as relative positions of individual polypeptides within each have been proposed, but to date there has been no precise localization of any specific component or site within the multisynthetase complex. This study describes the first localization of a particular polypeptide within the particle.
Huntingtin Localization In Rat Cortex And Striatum
Authors: William L'Amoreaux  , Nevins Sandra 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Huntington’s Disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by loss 19 of motor function and a decline in cognitive functions. HD is characterized morphologically by loss of neurons in the basal ganglia. During the progression of HD, striatal projection neurons die but cholinergic and somatostatin-containing intemeurons survive. The mutated gene for HD has been described and the protein transcribed by the disease (huntingtin or HT) described. Within the striatum, there is a lack of correlation between presence of HT and neuronal vulnerability. HT has been shown to be associated with intracellular vesicles in human tissues.
Female rats were transcardially perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, 0.1 M lysine, 10 mM sodium periodate (PLP) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Following fixation, the brain was removed and the cortex and striatum removed from the brain as 5 mm3 pieces and transferred to fresh PLP containing 0.25% glutaraldehyde.
High Pressure Freezing And Freeze Substitution As Tools For Post-Embedding Immunocytochemistry In Monkey Brain Sections
Authors: Paré J-F , Charara A , Smith Y 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For the past ten years, research in our laboratory has focused on the synaptic circuitry of GABAergic and glutamatergic networks in the monkey basal ganglia, a group of subcortical brain structures involved in the control of motor and psychoaffective behaviors. Elucidating the distribution and synaptic localization of different subtypes of glutamate and GABA receptors and transporters is essential to understand the basic functioning of these brain structures and develop better therapies for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Although immunoperoxidase labeling allows to localize receptors at the cellular level, this method is generally not suitable for quantification and exact synaptic location of receptors due to the diffuse nature of the peroxidase reaction product. Here, we describe a highly sensitive post-embedding immunogold technique on Lowicryl-embedded ultrathin sections to analyze the subsynaptic distribution of these receptors at the electron microscope level.
A Microscopic Investigation Of The Interaction Between Borrelia Burgdorferi And Human Astrocytes
Authors: Karpiak Veronica C , Garon Claude F 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the causative agent of Lyme disease. In addition to the characteristic effects of acute infection, Lyme disease can cause chronic effects including cardiac and neurological complications [1]. Several laboratories have shown the ability of B. burgdorferi to attach and invade several cell types such as lymphocytes [2] and fibroblasts [3]. Cultured normal human astrocytes were used to investigate the possible interaction between a cell type of the central nervous system and the Lyme disease spirochete.
Initially scanning electron microscopy was used to monitor and characterize the surface interaction between astrocytes and spirochetes. Astrocyte cell cultures were co-incubated with low passage B31 cultures over a time course from 1 hr to 18 hr. The co-cultures were washed extensively to discourage non-specific binding, glutaraldehyde fixed, critical point dried and mounted for field emission scanning electron microscopy. A time dependent association between the cultured astrocytes and B. burgdorferi were found to range from approximately 20% after 1 hr to almost 100% after 18 hr.
Apoptosis Signaling In Retinas Of Mice With Inherited Photoreceptor Degeneration.
Authors: Rich K A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The signaling pathways which lead to the wave of photoreceptor cell death in the rd mouse during the second week after birth have yet to be defined. The photoreceptors of these mice develop normally until they begin to elaborate phototransducing outer segments at around postnatal day (P)8. At this point, their differentiation slows as intracellular levels of cGMP rise due to the inherited mutation in the phosphodiesterase-β subunit.
We have used an immunocytochemical approach to investigate potential signaling pathways leading to photoreceptor cell apoptosis in this mutant. The earliest change detected in the photoreceptor layer was an induction of CREB immunoreactivity in photoreceptor nuclei, commencing at P8. Although CREB is generally thought to be constitutively expressed and its function controlled primarily by its phosphorylation, we find that immature photoreceptors of normal mice are immunonegative for CREB until the time of eye opening and the initiation of phototransduction at around P14.
Specimens For Observing Single Events Of Dna Metabolism By Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Sun M , Serwer P 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Single stained DNA molecules can be visualized by fluorescence microscopy (1). Therefore, perhaps single events of DNA metabolism can also be visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Problems to solve include (a) photobleaching of stained DNA, (b) photolytic damage to macromolecules necessary for metabolism, including DNA, (c) inhibition of metabolism by the process of preparation of the specimen, and (d) interference with image formation by macromolecules that either must be or by chance are present during metabolism. These problems have been solved, at least in part, during a study of the in vitro packaging of bacteriophage T7 (2). Packaging occurs in T7 capsids that had previously been assembled without assistance of DNA. The DNA substrate for packaging is a head-to-tail multimer (concatemer) of the terminally repetitious, nonpermuted T7 DNA. The metabolic event observed in ref. 2 was capsid-dependent specific cleavage of concatemers during packaging. The concatemers had formed a DNA network before cleavage.
A Covalently Linked 10 Nm Gold Immunoprobe
Authors: Gutierrez Edmund , Powell Richard D , Hainfeld James F , Takvorian Peter M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chemically functionalized metal cluster compounds have demonstrated important advantages over colloidal gold as biological microscopy labels. They are covalently cross-linked to the targeting biomolecule, and therefore may be conjugated to a wide range of molecules which cannot be labeled with colloidal gold. The 1.4 nm Nanogold® cluster has been conjugated to peptides, lipids and oligonucleotides, some of which have been proposed as elements of novel molecular wires and novel materials. Dissociation of colloidal gold particles from the conjugate probe, a source of error in quantitative immunogold studies, is greatly reduced by covalent cross-linking. Nanogold® is an uncharged molecule, and because its surface is completely coordinated by organic ligands, nonspecific binding is greatly reduced. Nanogold® conjugates also show greatly enhanced penetration into cells and tissue sections. However, gold probes larger than Nanogold® are desirable for improved visualization in specimens with electron-dense regions or staining, or for applications such as double labeling studies with different sized gold labels, or visualizing wider antigen distributions.
Cellular Redistribution Of Taurine In Osmotically Swollen Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Taylor CA , Olson JE , Kreisman NR , J.Leasure  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Taurine is transported from Purkinje cells into perineuronal glial cells during hypoosmotic swelling and is lost first from pyramidal cells during hypoxia/ ischemia, suggesting in situ cellular redistribution. Cultured isolated astrocytes or neurons and slices from rat hippocampus were treated first in 290 mOsm saline (ISO), then in 200 mOsm (HYPO) with or without taurine for 15 and 60 minutes.
Cells and slices were then fixed in 80 mM phosphate buffered (pH 7.4) fixative containing 1.25% paraformaldehyde and 2.5% glutaraldehyde followed by immuno-cytochemistry.Immunostaining was done either directly on the cell layers or on 1 micron araldite/eponate sections (Pelco). After incubation with antibody to taurine, GFAP, SNAP-25, or normal serum, immunoproduct was visualized using step-avidin-DAB (DAKO:LSAB+). Measurements of pyramidal cell diameters were made on toluidine blue-stained sections containing cells with prominent nucleoli.
The data suggest that taurine is initially lost from pyramidal cells within 15 minutes in HYPO to maintain normal cell volume, while taurine efflux from glia occurs over a 60 minute time peroid.