bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redemption and reproach: Religion and carceral control in action among women in prison
Authors: Ellis Rachel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCriminologists are increasingly interested in how a variety of justice‐adjacent institutions scaffold surveillance and punishment in the U.S. criminal justice system. A relevant but understudied institution within the carceral state is that of religion. Drawing on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork inside a U.S. state women's prison, I interrogate how religion—predominately conservative and evangelical Protestantism—served dual purposes in light of carceral control. Religion offered redemptive narratives to counter punitive carceral narratives promulgated by the state. At the same time, this narrative shift from “flawed” to “faithful” prescribed particular forms of embodiment: avoiding fights and rejecting sexual relationships with women. These forms of Protestant embodiment aligned with carceral purposes, such that women who reprimanded others for breaching religious norms were simultaneously enforcing prison rules. Although rhetorically challenging official prison narratives on the meaning of incarceration, Protestant narratives in practice regulated women's emotional and sexual behaviors and fostered a system of informal surveillance among incarcerated women. These findings illuminate how organizational narratives are linked to individual action. More broadly, they suggest how an institution such as religion can undergird state authority within an intractable context of carceral control.
Sexual maturity, seasonal estrus, and gestation in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus inferred from serum reproductive hormones
Authors: ZHANG Peijun , WEI Zhengzhi , HUI Suk‐Wai , ABEL Grant , MARTELLI Paolo , HAO Yujiang , LI Songhai 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReproductive hormones in serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus, n = 12) housed in Ocean Park Hong Kong were investigated in the present study. Results showed that, onset of puberty of captive Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins was at 5 years while sexual maturity was at 6. Average serum progesterone concentrations in non‐pregnant sexually mature individuals was 0.33 (0.25–0.97) ng/mL (interquartile), significantly higher than in immature ones 0.26 (0.25–0.38) ng/mL. This study found significant difference in serum estradiol concentrations between individuals at the onset of puberty (9.5 ± 1.7 pg/mL, ±SD) and not (below detection limit 9 pg/mL). A slightly seasonal breeding pattern, with progesterone values tend to be higher from February to October (0.38 [0.25–1.07] ng/mL) was inferred. During pregnancy, serum progesterone concentrations range from 10.54 ± 8.74 ng/mL (indexed month post‐conception [IMPC] 0) to 25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL (IMPC 2), and display a bimodal pattern with 2 peaks in early‐ (25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL, IMPC 2) and late‐pregnancy (21.71 ± 10.25 ng/mL, IMPC 12), respectively. Serum estradiol concentrations can seldom be detected in early‐pregnancy and increase constantly in mid‐ (9.45 ± 1.83 pg/mL) and late‐pregnancy (11.88 ± 3.81 pg/mL), with a spike (15.45 ± 6.78 pg/mL) 1 month prior to delivery. Serum testosterone concentrations elevate significantly in IMPC 7 (0.36 ± 0.10 ng/mL) compared to other months (0.16 ± 0.10 ng/mL) of the year. The present study provides normal concentration profiles for some reproductive hormones in female Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins and can contribute to the breeding monitoring of this species. Also, our study would shed further light on the reproductive physiology of small cetaceans.
Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions
Authors: DE MEESTER Gilles , ŠUNJE Emina , PRINSEN Els , VERBRUGGEN Erik , VAN DAMME Raoul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAmphibians produce defensive chemicals which provide protection against both predators and infections. Within species, populations can differ considerably in the composition and amount of these chemical defenses. Studying intraspecific variation in toxins and linking it to environmental variables may help us to identify the selective drivers of toxin evolution, such as predation pressure and infection risk. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the unique toxins produced by salamanders from the genus Salamandra: the samandarines. Despite this attention, intraspecific variation has largely been ignored within Salamandra‐species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether geographic variation in profiles of samandarines exists, by sampling 4 populations of Salamandra atra over its range in the Dinaric Alps. In addition, we preliminary explored whether potential variation could be explained by predation (counting the number of snake species) and infection risk (cultivation and genomic analyses of collected soil samples). Salamanders from the 4 populations differed in toxin composition and in the size of their poison glands, although not in overall toxin quantity. Nor predation nor infection risk could explain this variation, as populations barely differed in these variables. Sampling over a much broader geographic range, using better estimators for predation and infection risk, will contribute to an improved understanding of how environment may shape variation in chemical defenses. Nevertheless, as the 4 populations of S. atra did differ in their toxin profiles, we propose that this species provides an interesting opportunity for further ecological and evolutionary studies on amphibian toxins.
Nuclear factor‐κB in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Li Jie , Tang Rong‐Shuang , Shi Zhou , Li Jin‐Qi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNF‐κB (nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells) signaling pathway is involved in the occurrence and development of various kinds of inflammation, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this paper, the relationship between the activation or inhibition of NF‐κB and the pathogenesis of RA is discussed. It is found that activated NF‐κB operates a dual‐aspect effect which can either promote or suppress inflammation. When NF‐κB is inhibited, the symptoms of RA are significantly improved. The specific role of NF‐κB is closely related to its upstream stimulator and downstream activator. Therefore, we review the research on NF‐κB in RA over the past 20 years in order to have a clearer understanding of its mechanism.
Multi‐output Gaussian processes for species distribution modelling
Authors: Ingram Martin , Vukcevic Damjan , Golding Nick 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Species distribution modelling is an active area of research in ecology. In recent years, interest has grown in modelling multiple species simultaneously, partly due to the ability to ‘borrow strength’ from similar species to improve predictions. Mixed and hierarchical models allow this but typically assume a (generalised) linear relationship between covariates and species presence and absence. On the other hand, popular machine learning techniques such as random forests and boosted regression trees are able to model complex nonlinear relationships but consider only one species at a time.

We apply multi‐output Gaussian processes (MOGPs) to the problem of species distribution modelling. MOGPs model each species' response to the environment as a weighted sum of a small number of nonlinear functions, each modelled by a Gaussian process. While Gaussian process models are notoriously computationally intensive, recent techniques from the machine learning literature as well as using graphics processing units (GPUs) allow us to scale the model to datasets with hundreds of species at thousands of sites.

We evaluate the MOGP against four baseline models on six different datasets. Overall, the MOGP is competitive with the best single‐species and joint‐species models, while being much faster to fit. On single‐species metrics (AUC and log likelihood), the MOGP and single‐output GPs outperformed tree‐based models (random forest and boosted regression trees) and a joint species distribution model (JSDM). Compared to single‐output GPs, the MOGP generally has a higher AUC for rare species with fewer than 50 observation in the dataset. When evaluated using joint‐species log likelihood, the MOGP outperforms all models apart from the JSDM, which has a better joint likelihood on three datasets and similar performance on the three others. A key advantage of the MOGP is speed: on the largest dataset, it is around 18 times faster than fitting single output GPs, and over 80 times faster to fit than the JSDM.

Our results suggest that both MOGPs and SOGPs are accurate predictive models of species distributions and that the MOGP is particularly compelling when predictions for rare species are of interest.
Relationship between male age, semen parameters and assisted reproductive technology outcomes
Authors: Kasman Alex M. , Li Shufeng , Zhao Qianying , Behr Barry , Eisenberg Michael L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundLow semen quality often obligates the use of assisted reproductive technology; however, the association between semen quality and assisted reproductive technology outcomes is uncertain.ObjectivesTo further assess the impact of semen quality on assisted reproductive technology outcomes.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study was carried out at a single academic reproductive medicine center (January 2012‐December 2018). Patients undergoing at least one assisted reproductive technology cycle utilizing freshly ejaculated spermatozoa from the male partner were included. We assessed the association between semen quality (as stratified based on WHO 5th edition criteria), paternal age (< or ≥40), and reproductive/perinatal outcomes. To evaluate the differences in assisted reproductive technology outcomes by semen parameters and age, generalized estimating equations were applied for rates of fertilization, pregnancy, implantation, miscarriage, live birth, blast formation, gestational age, and normal embryo biopsy.ResultsA total of 2063 couples were identified who underwent 4517 assisted reproductive technology cycles. Average ages of the male and female partners were 39.8 and 37.7, respectively. Lower pregnancy rates were observed in cycles with lower sperm motility (ie <40%; 39.9% vs 44.1%) and total motile count (ie <9 million; 38.3% vs 43.5%). When examining only cycles utilizing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, only a lower motility count was associated with a decline in pregnancy rate (39.1% vs 44.9%). No association was identified between semen quality and gestational age or birth weight. Paternal age was not associated with ART outcomes. However, among assisted reproductive technology cycles in women <40, aneuploidy rate was higher for older men (P < .001). In cycles with women >40, no association between aneuploidy and male age was identified.DiscussionSperm motility is associated with pregnancy rates, while other semen parameters are not. In cycles in women <40, paternal age is associated with embryo aneuploidy rate.ConclusionPaternal factors are associated with assisted reproductive technology outcomes, and future studies should explore mechanisms by which semen quality is associated with assisted reproductive technology outcomes.
Paediatric patient bleeding and pain outcomes following subtotal (tonsillotomy) and total tonsillectomy: a 10‐year consecutive, single surgeon series
Authors: Attard Sara , Carney Andrew Simon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubtotal tonsil surgery (tonsillotomy) remains a controversial procedure. We aimed to document bleeding rates and return to normal activity for total versus subtotal tonsil surgery in the paediatric population.MethodsA 10‐year cohort of 608 children from a single‐surgeon series was analysed. Bleeding events were classified using the Flinders modification of the Stammberger criteria. Return to normal activity was defined as normal diet and return to childcare/school.ResultsA total of 8.3% of tonsil procedures and a subtotal of 1.8% of procedures had some kind of bleeding episode (P < 0.01; odds ratio 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–7.6). When blood‐stained sputum (type A bleed) was excluded, this dropped to 2.5% versus 0.3%, respectively (P < 0.05; odds ratio 8.5; 95% CI 1.2–96.0). Return to normal activities occurred at a mean of 11.1 (95% CI 9.7–12.5) versus 4.6 (95% CI 4.0–5.3) days, respectively (P < 0.0001).ConclusionIn this 10‐year single surgeon series, subtotal tonsillectomy or ‘tonsillotomy’ was associated with a significant reduction in both prevalence and severity of bleeding, in addition to a more rapid return to normal activities when compared to total tonsillectomy.
Subcellular localization‐ and fibre type‐dependent utilization of muscle glycogen during heavy resistance exercise in elite power and Olympic weightlifters
Authors: Hokken Rune , Laugesen Simon , Aagaard Per , Suetta Charlotte , Frandsen Ulrik , Ørtenblad Niels , Nielsen Joachim 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimGlycogen particles are found in different subcellular localizations, which are utilized heterogeneously in different fibre types during endurance exercise. Although resistance exercise typically involves only a moderate use of mixed muscle glycogen, the hypothesis of the present study was that high‐volume heavy‐load resistance exercise would mediate a pattern of substantial glycogen depletion in specific subcellular localizations and fibre types.Methods10 male elite weightlifters performed resistance exercise consisting of four sets of five (4 × 5) repetitions at 75% of 1RM back squats, 4 × 5 at 75% of 1RM deadlifts and 4 × 12 at 65% of 1RM rear foot elevated split squats. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before and after the exercise session. The volumetric content of intermyofibrillar (between myofibrils), intramyofibrillar (within myofibrils) and subsarcolemmal glycogen was assessed by transmission electron microscopy.ResultsAfter exercise, biochemically determined muscle glycogen decreased by 38 (31:45)%. Location‐specific glycogen analyses revealed in type 1 fibres a large decrement in intermyofibrillar glycogen, but no or only minor changes in intramyofibrillar or subsarcolemmal glycogen. In type 2 fibres, large decrements in glycogen were observed in all subcellular localizations. Notably, a substantial fraction of the type 2 fibres demonstrated near‐depleted levels of intramyofibrillar glycogen after the exercise session.ConclusionHeavy resistance exercise mediates a substantial utilization of glycogen from all three subcellular localization in type 2 fibres, while mostly taxing intermyofibrillar glycogen stores in type 1 fibres. Thus, a better understanding of the impact of resistance training on myocellular metabolism and performance requires a focus on compartmentalized glycogen utilization.
Taiwan’s COVID‐19 Management: Developmental State, Digital Governance, and State‐Society Synergy
Authors: Yen Wei‐Ting 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article examines the reasons behind Taiwan’s effective COVID‐19 response. While some have argued that Taiwan’s success with COVID‐19 is based on its experience with SARS, I argue that we should not attribute Taiwan’s effective response solely to its SARS experience. The country’s success mainly lies in three factors: (1) reliance on the mask policy as the main disease prevention measure and the ability to quickly expand mask production capacity; (2) use of big data and technology to enhance effective implementation of disease prevention and detection measures; and (3) strong state‐society relations favoring transparency, communication, and collaboration. The first two factors can trace their roots to the country’s developmental state model. Democracy provides the institutional underpinning for a vibrant civil society and the synergy between state and civil society, strengthening Taiwan’s crisis governance legitimacy and increasing citizens’ voluntary compliance.
Grey matter abnormalities in first‐episode mania: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of voxel‐based morphometry studies
Authors: Keramatian Kamyar , Chakrabarty Trisha , Saraf Gayatri , Pinto Jairo V. , Yatham Lakshmi N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesIt has been proposed that different stages of bipolar disorder may be underpinned by distinct neurobiological substrates. However, structural neuroimaging studies in early stages of the illness are limited by small sample sizes yielding inconsistent findings. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis, therefore, was to identify regional grey matter volume (GMV) changes that are consistently associated with first episode of mania (FEM).MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic search of the literature to identify Voxel‐Based Morphometry (VBM) studies in FEM patients compared with healthy individuals. We then conducted a voxel‐wise meta‐analysis using Seed‐based d‐Mapping technique. Finally, we performed univariate meta‐regression analyses to explore the potential effects of moderator variables including age, gender, and percentage of lithium users on GMV alterations.ResultsWe identified 15 VBM studies and included 12 studies in the meta‐analysis. Four studies found no regional differences in GM volumes while other 11 studies reported volume changes in frontal and temporal regions as well as anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), cerebellum and basal ganglia. The meta‐analysis revealed a single cluster of GMV reduction in bilateral pregenual ACC in patients with FEM compared to healthy individuals (P < .001). The Egger's test showed no evidence of publication bias at peak voxel level (P = .447). Meta‐regression analyses revealed no significant effects of moderators evaluated.ConclusionsStructural brain changes are evident in the early stages of bipolar disorder. GMV reduction in bilateral pregenual ACC is the most consistent finding in VBM studies of FEM.
Does a fully digital workflow improve the accuracy of computer‐assisted implant surgery in partially edentulous patients? A systematic review of clinical trials
Authors: Siqueira Rafael , Chen Zhaozhao , Galli Matthew , Saleh Islam , Wang Hom‐Lay , Chan Hsun‐Liang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAccurate implant placement is essential in reducing post‐treatment complications and in ensuring a successful treatment outcome.PurposeTo compare the accuracy of fully‐guided static computer‐assisted implant surgery (s‐CAIS) using partially‐ and fully‐digital workflows.Materials and methodsElectronic and manual literature searches were performed to collect evidence concerning the accuracy of fully‐guided s‐CAIS procedures utilizing tooth‐supported guides. Quantitative analysis was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of partially‐ and fully‐digital workflows, and survival rates and complications were qualitatively analyzed.ResultsThirteen studies, including 6 randomized controlled trials and 7 prospective clinical studies, were selected for quantitative and qualitative synthesis. A total of 669 implants in 325 patients using s‐CAIS were available for review. Meta‐analysis of the accuracy revealed a total mean angular deviation of 2.68° (95% CI: 2.32°‐3.03°); mean global coronal deviation of 1.03 mm (95% CI: 0.88‐1.18 mm); mean global apical deviation of 1.33 mm (95% CI: 1.17‐1.50 mm); and mean depth deviation of 0.59 mm (95% CI: 0.46‐0.70 mm). Minimal differences were found between the two different workflows. Few complications were reported, and survival rates were between 97.8% to 100% (range of follow‐up: 12 to 24 months) in the available studies.ConclusionSimilar accuracy is obtained when implants are placed in partially edentulous patients using fully‐guided s‐CAIS, independently of the workflow utilized.
The Role of Co‐Occurrence Statistics in Developing Semantic Knowledge
Authors: Unger Layla , Vales Catarina , Fisher Anna V. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe organization of our knowledge about the world into an interconnected network of concepts linked by relations profoundly impacts many facets of cognition, including attention, memory retrieval, reasoning, and learning. It is therefore crucial to understand how organized semantic representations are acquired. The present experiment investigated the contributions of readily observable environmental statistical regularities to semantic organization in childhood. Specifically, we investigated whether co‐occurrence regularities with which entities or their labels more reliably occur together than with others (a) contribute to relations between concepts independently and (b) contribute to relations between concepts belonging to the same taxonomic category. Using child‐directed speech corpora to estimate reliable co‐occurrences between labels for familiar items, we constructed triads consisting of a target, a related distractor, and an unrelated distractor in which targets and related distractors consistently co‐occurred (e.g., sock‐foot), belonged to the same taxonomic category (e.g., sock‐coat), or both (e.g., sock‐shoe). We used an implicit, eye‐gaze measure of relations between concepts based on the degree to which children (N = 72, age 4–7 years) looked at related versus unrelated distractors when asked to look for a target. The results indicated that co‐occurrence both independently contributes to relations between concepts and contributes to relations between concepts belonging to the same taxonomic category. These findings suggest that sensitivity to the regularity with which different entities co‐occur in children's environments shapes the organization of semantic knowledge during development. Implications for theoretical accounts and empirical investigations of semantic organization are discussed.
Airway microbiota is associated with the severity of non‐CF bronchiectasis
Authors: Li Liyang , Zhang Jiaming , Li Zhuozhe , Zhang Cuiping , Bi Jing , Zhou Jian , Song Yuanlin , Shao Changzhou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAirway microbiota are associated with several chronic respiratory diseases. However, limited studies examined microbiota in non‐cystic fibrosis (non‐CF) bronchiectasis, especially its relationship with severity and immunology.ObjectivesWe characterized the microbiota of patients with different severities of bronchiectasis and examined the correlation between microbiota and the immunological indices.Materials and methodsThe microbiota of 63 sputum samples from 40 patients with bronchiectasis were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Blood tests and related immunological indices were detected.ResultsAccording to the baseline data of patients with bronchiectasis, we found that more severe bronchiectasis was accompanied by lower prealbumin levels. The 16S rRNA sequencing analyses demonstrated that Pseudomonas‐dominated microbiota produced lower levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) compared to other‐dominated microbiota. The airway microbiota of patients with mild bronchiectasis clustered apart from those of patients with severe bronchiectasis, which correlated with IL‐4 and other clinical indices.ConclusionThere are differences in the airway microbiota between patients with mild and severe bronchiectasis. The airway microbiota was related to some clinical indices that represent effects on the immune system.