bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do socio-demographic groups report different attitudes towards water resource management? Evidence from a Ghanaian case study
Authors: Okumah Murat , Ankomah-Hackman Priscilla , Yeboah Ata Senior 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of socio-demographic factors on attitudes towards water pollution mitigation measures could help provide good pointers in the design of effective water resources management policies. Yet, very few studies have examined this in the developing country context. Using quantitative methods to analyse survey data from Ghana, the main goal of the current study was to determine whether socio-demographic groups report different attitudes towards water resource management. Results show that females reported higher pro-environmental attitudes than men (and these differences were statistically significant). Additionally, the employed were found to have reported higher pro-environmental attitudes than students and the unemployed, however, we do not find evidence to support the influence of age and educational attainment. Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample, this work offers valuable insights into the different factors that could influence environmental attitudes. Further research is needed on how sociodemographic variables interact with other psychosocial factors to determine environmental attitudes. This could advance our understanding on how different social groups may respond to policies designed to promote pro-environmental behaviour and reduce water pollution.
Ethical Decision-Making in Zoonotic Disease Control
Authors: van Herten Joost , Buikstra Suzanne , Bovenkerk Bernice , Stassen Elsbeth 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo tackle zoonotic disease threats, a One Health approach is currently commonplace and generally understood as an integrated effort of multiple disciplines to promote the health of humans, animals and the environment. To implement One Health strategies in zoonotic disease control, many countries set up early warning systems, in which human and veterinary health professionals cooperate. These systems, like the Dutch Zoonoses Structure, can be successful to detect emerging disease threats. However, these systems are not well equipped to handle moral dilemmas that can arise in zoonotic disease control, like the culling of healthy animals. This research studies the role of normative presuppositions of professionals involved in zoonotic disease control policies in the Netherlands. We found that these professionals in general adhered to a holistic view of the One Health concept, however, in practice an anthropocentric approach was dominant. Public health was identified as the trumping moral value, which reveals an inherent field of tension with the core of One Health thinking. The lack of ethical expertise in control systems for zoonotic diseases can lead to misconception of ethical principles, like the precautionary principle which is frequently evoked to justify disease control measures.
A Composite Phononic Crystal Design for Quasiparticle Lifetime Enhancement in Kinetic Inductance Detectors
Authors: Puurtinen T. A. , Rostem K. , de Visser P. J. , Maasilta I. J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA nanoscale phononic crystal filter (reflector) is designed for a kinetic inductance detector where the reflection band is matched to the quasiparticle recombination phonons with the aim to increase quasiparticle lifetime in the superconducting resonator. The inductor is enclosed by a 1-μm-wide phononic crystal membrane section with two simple hole patterns that each contain a partial spectral gap for various high-frequency phonon modes. The phononic crystal is narrow enough for low-frequency thermal phonons to propagate unimpeded. With 3D phonon scattering simulation over a 40 dB attenuation in transmitted power is found for the crystal, which is estimated to give a lifetime enhancement of nearly two orders of magnitude.
Cross-Cultural Examination of Links between Parent–Adolescent Communication and Adolescent Psychological Problems in 12 Cultural Groups
Authors: Kapetanovic Sabina , Rothenberg W. Andrew , Lansford Jennifer E. , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Gurdal Sevtap , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence , Tapanya Sombat , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Yotanyamaneewong Saengduean , Peña Alampay Liane , Al-Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInternalizing and externalizing problems increase during adolescence. However, these problems may be mitigated by adequate parenting, including effective parent–adolescent communication. The ways in which parent-driven (i.e., parent behavior control and solicitation) and adolescent-driven (i.e., disclosure and secrecy) communication efforts are linked to adolescent psychological problems universally and cross-culturally is a question that needs more empirical investigation. The current study used a sample of 1087 adolescents (M = 13.19 years, SD = 0.90, 50% girls) from 12 cultural groups in nine countries including China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States to test the cultural moderation of links between parent solicitation, parent behavior control, adolescent disclosure, and adolescent secrecy with adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. The results indicate that adolescent-driven communication, and secrecy in particular, is intertwined with adolescents’ externalizing problems across all cultures, and intertwined with internalizing problems in specific cultural contexts. Moreover, parent-driven communication efforts were predicted by adolescent disclosure in all cultures. Overall, the findings suggest that adolescent-driven communication efforts, and adolescent secrecy in particular, are important predictors of adolescent psychological problems as well as facilitators of parent–adolescent communication.
Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy
Authors: Mackey Brendan , Kormos Cyril F. , Keith Heather , Moomaw William R. , Houghton Richard A. , Mittermeier Russell A. , Hole David , Hugh Sonia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGiven the short time-frame to limit global warming, and the current emissions gap, it is critical to prioritise mitigation actions. To date, scant attention has been paid to the mitigation benefits of primary forest protection. We estimated tropical forest ecosystem carbon stocks and flows. The ecosystem carbon stock of primary tropical forests is estimated at 141–159 Pg C (billion tonnes of carbon) which is some 49–53% of all tropical forest carbon, the living biomass component of which alone is 91–103% of the remaining carbon budget to limit global warming to below 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Furthermore, tropical forests have ongoing sequestration rates 0.47–1.3 Pg C yr−1, equivalent to 8–13% of annual global anthropogenic CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. We examined three main forest-based strategies used in the land sector—halting deforestation, increasing forest restoration and improving the sustainable management of production forests. The mitigation benefits of primary forest protection are contingent upon how degradation is defined and accounted for, while those from restoration also depend on how restoration is understood and applied. Through proforestation, reduced carbon stocks in secondary forests can regrow to their natural carbon carrying capacity or primary forest state. We evaluated published data from studies comparing logged and unlogged forests. On average, primary forests store around 35% more carbon. While comparisons are confounded by a range of factors, reported biomass carbon recovery rates were from 40 to 100+ years. There is a substantive portfolio of forest-based mitigation actions and interventions available to policy and decision-makers, depending on national circumstances, in addition to SFM and plantation focused approaches, that can be grouped into four main strategies: protection; proforestation, reforestation and restoration; reform of guidelines, accounting rules and default values; landscape conservation planning. Given the emissions gap, mitigation strategies that merely reduce the rate of emissions against historic or projected reference levels are insufficient. Mitigation strategies are needed that explicitly avoid emissions where possible as well as enabling ongoing sequestration.
Low-cost UAV surveys of hurricane damage in Dominica: automated processing with co-registration of pre-hurricane imagery for change analysis
Authors: Schaefer Martin , Teeuw Richard , Day Simon , Zekkos Dimitrios , Weber Paul , Meredith Toby , van Westen Cees J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn 2017, hurricane Maria caused unprecedented damage and fatalities on the Caribbean island of Dominica. In order to ‘build back better’ and to learn from the processes causing the damage, it is important to quickly document, evaluate and map changes, both in Dominica and in other high-risk countries. This paper presents an innovative and relatively low-cost and rapid workflow for accurately quantifying geomorphological changes in the aftermath of a natural disaster. We used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) surveys to collect aerial imagery from 44 hurricane-affected key sites on Dominica. We processed the imagery using structure from motion (SfM) as well as a purpose-built Python script for automated processing, enabling rapid data turnaround. We also compared the data to an earlier UAV survey undertaken shortly before hurricane Maria and established ways to co-register the imagery, in order to provide accurate change detection data sets. Consequently, our approach has had to differ considerably from the previous studies that have assessed the accuracy of UAV-derived data in relatively undisturbed settings. This study therefore provides an original contribution to UAV-based research, outlining a robust aerial methodology that is potentially of great value to post-disaster damage surveys and geomorphological change analysis. Our findings can be used (1) to utilise UAV in post-disaster change assessments; (2) to establish ground control points that enable before-and-after change analysis; and (3) to provide baseline data reference points in areas that might undergo future change. We recommend that countries which are at high risk from natural disasters develop capacity for low-cost UAV surveys, building teams that can create pre-disaster baseline surveys, respond within a few hours of a local disaster event and provide aerial photography of use for the damage assessments carried out by local and incoming disaster response teams.
The Diplomatic Teacher: The Purpose of the Teacher in Gert Biesta’s Philosophy of Education in Dialogue with the Political Philosophy of Bruno Latour
Authors: Portin Fredrik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this theoretical and explorative essay, two issues are discussed, which are based on personal experiences of teaching ethics. The first is what educational purpose does it serve to challenge students as ethical subjects while teaching a class? This issue is mainly discussed through an analysis of Gert Biesta’s works. He argues that an essential purpose for teachers is to enable students to appear as subjects. For this to happen, the teacher must “interrupt” the students by presenting that which challenges his or her basic ethical preconceptions, which in turn forces the student to choose as a subject. However, if the teacher gives priority to such interruptions, s/he risks a conflict with his or her students. That gives rise to the second issue raised in the essay, whether the teacher should express his or her ethical perspectives while teaching ethics. The issue is discussed by analyzing Bruno Latour’s political philosophy. He argues that conflict is an essential feature in any democratic society where everyone’s concerns are presented. For that reason, he argues for the need of public “diplomats,” whose function is to enable an endeavor for peace. As diplomats, both their ethical agency and ability to judge what is worth highlighting is recognized. Thus, the essay concludes that a diplomatic teacher is someone who has the judgement to decide whether his or her ethical perspectives should be highlighted while teaching a class, or if it would disrupt an endeavor for peace.
Studying in the Superdiverse City: System_D and the Challenge of Solidarity in Brussels
Authors: Schildermans Hans , Vandenabeele Joke , Vlieghe Joris , Zamojski Piotr 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the relation between studying and learning has been a topic of debate. This article is mainly interested in a concept of study practices, conceived of as practices that are strongly engaged with issues of living together in a superdiverse city. Such practices firstly require to think the relation between studying and learning in other-than-oppositional terms, and secondly, to raise questions concerning the political role of education. The aim of the article is double in that it wants to further elaborate the concept of study practices in relation to a concrete practice on the one hand, and, on the other, that it has the objective to rethink in educational terms the notion of solidarity—deeply entwined with matters of living together in superdiversity. These aims are pursued based on an analysis of the study practice of System_D, a film festival in the disadvantaged neighborhoods of Brussels, drawing on the work of Isabelle Stengers and Donna Haraway.
Standing up for the victim or supporting the bully? Bystander responses and their associations with moral disengagement, defender self-efficacy, and collective efficacy
Authors: Thornberg Robert , Wänström Linda , Elmelid Rasmus , Johansson Alexandra , Mellander Emelie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of the current study was to examine whether moral disengagement and defender self-efficacy at individual level and collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with defending and reinforcing in school bullying situations in late childhood. Self-reported survey data were collected from 1060 Swedish students from 70 classrooms in 29 schools. Multilevel analysis found that greater defender self-efficacy at individual level and collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with greater defending. We also found that greater moral disengagement and less (but very weakly) defender self-efficacy at individual level and less collective efficacy to stop peer aggression at classroom level were associated with greater reinforcing. The positive relationship between moral disengagement and reinforcing and the negative relationship between defender self-efficacy and reinforcing were less strong in classroom high in collective efficacy to stop aggression.
Are cities hotspots for bees? Local and regional diversity patterns lead to different conclusions
Authors: Banaszak-Cibicka Weronika , Żmihorski Michał 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWith the decline of natural habitats, there is an ongoing debate about the importance of the urban environment for pollinating insects. Our research assessed patterns in wild bee species composition, as well as α-, β- and γ-diversity patterns and the nestedness structure in urban, suburban and rural areas. For three years bees were collected along 18 sampling transects in the Poznań area in western Poland. The average species diversity (α-diversity) and the average number of specimens per sample (local abundance) did not differ significantly between the three classes of urbanization. The rarefaction analysis, however, was partly contradictory to the results recorded on the local scale. The highest dissimilarity in the species composition among the samples was observed in the rural areas, while the lowest (more homogenous) was in the urban areas. The differences were significant. This resulted in the highest γ-diversity (cumulative number of species) in the rural areas and the lowest in the urban areas. Furthermore, the bee community in the habitats studied was significantly nested, indicating that species-poor sites (sites with high rank) constituted subsets of species-rich sites (sites with low rank) and that this pattern was not random. Samples collected in urban areas had a significantly higher nestedness rank compared to samples from the other two classes of urbanization, thus suggesting that the urban bee community is a subset of the rural bee community. This is an important conclusion, which emphasises that different components of species diversity need to be screened to identify the real biological impact of urbanisation on bee communities.
Rare earth oxide tracking coupled with 3D soil surface modelling: an opportunity to study small-scale soil redistribution
Authors: Szabó Judit Alexandra , Király Csilla , Karlik Máté , Tóth Adrienn , Szalai Zoltán , Jakab Gergely 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeSmall-scale runoff and soil redistribution processes are important factors in rainfall simulation studies. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to examine the feasibility of rare earth oxide (REO) tracking combined with 3D surface modelling and soil crust analysis by scanning electron microscopy.Materials and methodsFour 40 mmh−1rainfall simulations (divided into two blocks) were conducted on a Luvisol sample at 9% slope steepness. In a block, two successive simulations were run on a tilled, and then, on a crusted surface. Before the first rainfall simulation of a block, the tilled surface was prepared by hoeing and application of four REO tracers (Pr6O11Sm2O3, Ho2O3and Yb2O3) to the freshly tilled surface. REOs divided the parcel into two back, and two front sub-parcels. The REO runoff content was measured by XRF, while the redistributed REOs were measured by SEM on polished crust samples taken after the second experiment in each block. Additionally, before and after 3D models of the surface were created for determining runoff direction and redistribution pattern.Results and discussionAccording to the REO content of the soil loss samples, the soil washed down from the front sub-parcels, while back parcels started contributing to soil loss only during the second block experiments. The surface microtopography changed between the experiments. The runoff path from the back sub-parcels headed to one side of the parcel. This strong, cross-side runoff pattern explained the lack of the back sub-parcel REOs in the soil loss. Meanwhile, in the crust samples, several forms of the redistribution were identified. The REOs of the back sub-parcels were found in the samples that were collected in runoff paths, and the leaching pattern became traceable with REOs. Moreover, we were able to reconstruct the original surface easily on SEM images.ConclusionsSmall-scale redistribution and the role of the microtopography of the surface should be considered as an erosional factor in erosion studies in a more detailed way. Behaviour of the REO as a soil sediment tracer has great potential, although questions remain. REO tracing applied with runoff direction modelling and SEM analysis of soil crust samples was suitable to monitor the runoff path, and explain the soil redistribution pattern horizontally and vertically.
Protein Phosphatase 2A as a Drug Target in the Treatment of Cancer and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Wei Hui , Zhang Hui-liang , Xie Jia-zhao , Meng Dong-li , Wang Xiao-chuan , Ke Dan , Zeng Ji , Liu Rong 
Published: March 2020

SummaryProtein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase which participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes. As a confirmed tumor suppressor, PP2A activity is downregulated in tumors and its re-activation can induce apoptosis of cancer cells. In the brains of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, decreased PP2A activity also plays a key role in promoting tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ generation. In this review, we discussed compounds aiming at modulating PP2A activity in the treatment of cancer or AD. The upstream factors that inactivate PP2A in diseases have not been fully elucidated and further studies are needed. It will help for the refinement and development of novel and clinically tractable PP2A-targeted compounds or therapies for the treatment of tumor and AD.
Two-Phase Flow in Porous Electrodes of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Jiao Daokuan , Jiao Kui , Du Qing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWater management in porous electrodes bears significance due to its strong potential in determining the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. In terms of porous electrodes, internal water distribution and removal process have extensively attracted attention in both experimental and numerical studies. However, the structural difference among the catalyst layer (CL), microporous layer (MPL), and gas diffusion layer (GDL) leads to significant challenges in studying the two-phase flow behavior. Given the different porosities and pore scales of the CL, MPL, and GDL, the model scales in simulating each component are inconsistent. This review emphasizes the numerical simulation related to porous electrodes in the water transport process and evaluates the effectiveness and weakness of the conventional methods used during the investigation. The limitations of existing models include the following: (i) The reconstruction of geometric models is difficult to achieve when using the real characteristics of the components; (ii) the computational domain size is limited due to massive computational loads in three-dimensional (3D) simulations; (iii) numerical associations among 3D models are lacking because of the separate studies for each component; (iv) the effects of vapor condensation and heat transfer on the two-phase flow are disregarded; (v) compressive deformation during assembly and vibration in road conditions should be considered in two-phase flow studies given the real operating conditions. Therefore, this review is aimed at critical research gaps which need further investigation. Insightful potential research directions are also suggested for future improvements.
Comparison of biomass estimates from multiple stratification approaches in a swept area method for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific
Authors: Hashimoto Midori , Kidokoro Hideaki , Suyama Satoshi , Fuji Taiki , Miyamoto Hiroomi , Naya Miyako , Vijai Dharmamony , Ueno Yasuhiro , Kitakado Toshihide 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFishery-independent surveys using sea surface trawl nets for Pacific saury Cololabis saira in the western North Pacific since 2003 have enabled the investigation of their annual distribution patterns and total biomass during June and July, prior to the main fishing season in Japan. We compared biomass estimates and their associated variances derived based on five different post-stratification approaches in a swept area method, and then observed that these approaches have little effect on biomass estimates and their precision, owing to well-organized survey designs and homogeneously allocated sampling stations. We were able to utilize decreasing biomass estimates for 15 years as an essential abundance index in the ongoing stock assessment. Notably, examination based on stratification along with longitudinal survey lines indicated that the estimated biomass had decreased in the western survey area, resulting in an eastward shift in the gravity center of Pacific saury distribution after 2010. We recommend biomass estimation in an east–west direction based on longitudinal stratification as an effective measure to develop population dynamics models which reflect westward migration into the fishing grounds around Japanese coastal waters, and to forecast the expected catch during the subsequent fishing period.