bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unreliable Intuitions Objection Against Reflective Equilibrium
Authors: Paulo Norbert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReflective equilibrium (RE) has been criticized for various reasons ever since the publication of Rawls’A Theory of Justice. Recent empirical research into moral decision-making poses new challenges to RE because it questions the reliability of moral intuitions. This research might discredit moral intuitionism in general and RE in particular insofar as it ascribes epistemic value to moral intuitions. These findings suggest, for instance, that moral intuitions vary with cultural background, gender or framing. If it could be shown that all or certain kinds of moral intuitions are unreliable, this would diminish the plausibility of the claim that they provide good reasons to believe in the truth of their content, especially given the growing evidence that professional philosophers are just as biased and susceptible to distorting factors as lay people. In this paper I critically discuss three recent defenses of RE against this unreliable intuitions objection (UIO). Two of these defenses argue that the UIO misses its target, because RE does not depend on intuitions, or because the relevant considered judgments in RE are not intuitions. The third defense grants that RE depends on intuitions and that some Rawlsian considered judgments are intuitions. But it argues that the notion of considered judgments can be revised, and that wide reflective equilibrium (WRE) has the means to adopt the criticism because it can use information about unreliable intuitions and exclude those from further consideration. I argue that the first two defenses do not succeed. The third defense is the most promising one. However, I argue that this defense also fails. In this defense, RE is not a distinctive moral epistemic theory: different versions of RE would be conceivable, all of which are deeply problematic. I conclude with a discussion of the broader philosophical implications of the UIO, specifically whether or not accepting the UIO would warrant skepticism regarding moral knowledge.
Extending Working Lives: A Systematic Review of Healthy Working Life Expectancy at Age 50
Authors: Parker Marty , Bucknall Milica , Jagger Carol , Wilkie Ross 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRetirement ages for receipt of state/social pensions are rising in many countries in response to population ageing and increasing life expectancy. However, sickness absence and early retirement for health reasons (especially among adults aged ≥ 50) present challenges to this. Estimates of the average number of years people are both healthy and in work from age 50 are needed to inform policy making and assess the feasibility of policy changes. A systematic review was carried out to identify existing population indicators, and estimates, of life expectancy in health and work. Nine databases were systematically searched on the 30th January 2019. Eligible papers were identified using inclusion/exclusion criteria. Evidence synthesis was undertaken to explore indicators and estimates. Four studies were included for review from 1485 identified by the search. A narrative review was carried out; quantitative pooling of the results was not feasible due to high heterogeneity between studies. All estimates of the average number of years spent in both health and work from age 50 were below 10 years with the exception of a population subgroup of Finnish male executives (11.91 years). The review indicated that population indicators of health and work that could estimate the average number of years people are healthy and in work are rarely used, and that there are no current and reliable estimates. One indicator, Healthy Working Life Expectancy (measuring life expectancy in health and work from age 50), offers the potential to be a suitable measure for monitoring life expectancy in health and work.
Synthetic fictions: turning imagined biological systems into concrete ones
Authors: Knuuttila Tarja , Koskinen Rami 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe recent discussion of fictional models has focused on imagination, implicitly considering fictions as something nonconcrete. We present two cases from synthetic biology that can be viewed as concrete fictions. Both minimal cells and alternative genetic systems are modal in nature: they, as well as their abstract cousins, can be used to study unactualized possibilia. We approach these synthetic constructs through Vaihinger’s notion of a semi-fiction and Goodman’s notion of semifactuality. Our study highlights the relative existence of such concrete fictions. Before their realizations neither minimal cells nor alternative genetic systems were any well-defined objects, and the subsequent experimental work has given more content to these originally schematic imaginings. But it is as yet unclear whether individual members of these heterogeneous groups of somewhat functional synthetic constructs will eventually turn out to be fully realizable, remain only partially realizable, or prove outright impossible.
The Role of Recreational Online Activities in School-Based Screen Time Sedentary Behaviour Interventions for Adolescents: A Systematic and Critical Literature Review
Authors: Throuvala Melina A. , Griffiths Mark D. , Rennoldson Mike , Kuss Daria J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSedentary behaviours are highly associated with obesity and other important health outcomes in adolescence. This paper reviews screen time and its role within school-based behavioural interventions targeting adolescents between the years 2007 and 2019. A systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across five major databases to identify interventions targeting screen time—in addition to TV/DVD viewing. The review identified a total of 30 papers analysing 15 studies across 16 countries aiming at addressing reduction of recreational screen time (internet use and gaming) in addition to television/DVD viewing. All of the interventions focused exclusively on behaviour change, targeting in the majority both reduction of sedentary behaviours along with strategies to increase physical activity levels. A mix of intervention effects were found in the reviewed studies. Findings suggest aiming only for reduction in time spent on screen-based behaviour within interventions could be a limited strategy in ameliorating excessive screen use, if not targeted, in parallel, with strategies to address other developmental, contextual and motivational factors that are key components in driving the occurrence and maintenance of adolescent online behaviours. Additionally, it raises the need for a differential treatment and assessment of each online activity within the interventions due to the heterogeneity of the construct of screen time. Recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of school-based sedentary behaviour interventions and implications for public policy are discussed.
Veteranen- und Kriegsopferversorgung und Sozialstaatsentwicklung in Australien, Deutschland, Österreich und den USA
Authors: Obinger Herbert , Grawe Lukas , Dörr Nikolas 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag beleuchtet aus vergleichender Perspektive die Auswirkungen der Kriegsopferversorgung auf die Struktur und Entwicklungsdynamik der Wohlfahrtsstaaten in den USA, Australien, Österreich und Deutschland. Militärangehörige und Veteranen zählen zu jenen Gruppen, die vergleichsweise früh von staatlicher Sozialpolitik erfasst wurden. Die Totalisierung der Kriegsführung führte insbesondere nach den beiden Weltkriegen zu einem gewaltigen sozialpolitischen Kompensationsbedarf. Fast überall waren jedoch die alten Sicherungssysteme angesichts horrender Opferzahlen mit der Bewältigung der sozialen Kriegsfolgen überlastet und mussten durch neue Systeme ersetzt werden. Die Auswirkungen der im Zuge der beiden Weltkriege geschaffenen Kriegsopferversorgungsprogramme auf die Entwicklung der zivilen Sozialpolitik stehen im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass die Kriegsopferversorgung den zivilen Wohlfahrtsstaat vielfältig geprägt hat. Neben innovativen Aspekten lassen sich auch Brems- und Struktureffekte nachweisen. Maßgeblich dafür sind unterschiedliche Kriegserfahrungen und der Entwicklungsstand des zivilen Sozialstaats ante bellum.
Thermal waters of central Poland: a case study from Mogilno–Łódź Trough, Poland
Authors: Sowiżdżał Anna , Hajto Marek , Hałaj Elżbieta 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThermal waters in Poland occur in several different geothermal regions, but the best parameters for their effective utilisation are connected i.a. with the area of Polish Lowlands. One of the most prospective areas in the central part of Polish Lowlands for managing geothermal waters for various purposes is the area of Mogilno–Łódź Trough. There are currently 2 operating geothermal heating plants and several others in various stages of development. In this area, water with a temperature of 97.5 °C has been documented. The aim of this article is to determine and visualise the potential of geothermal waters of the central Poland (Mogilno–Łódź Trough) by providing the most important, potential geothermal water parameters. It is done by providing maps of potential temperature, mineralization, water outflow capacity, thermal power and physicochemical analysis (mineralization, waters type). The two most prospective geothermal reservoirs—Lower Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous—were analysed. The results of the studies indicate that this area is characterised by very favourable hydrogeological conditions. Geothermal energy utilisation should be connected with Lower Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous reservoirs, but it should be emphasised that a larger energy potential relates to waters from Lower Jurassic reservoir; however, they are characterised by high water mineralisation (up to 170 g/L). Waters of Lower Cretaceous reservoir are characterised by not only lower mineralisation (up to 100 g/L), but also lower temperature (max. 75 °C). The highest temperatures in the Lower Jurassic are recorded in the axial part of the Trough, where, locally, they exceed in the top of formation 100 °C. On the other hand, in edge Trough zones, water temperatures are 30–40 °C. The actual geothermal potential of the area is much higher than currently used. For example, potential discharge of wells is to over 400 m3/h in the Lower Cretaceous and up to over 500 m3/h in the Lower Jurassic.
Vulnerability assessment of flash floods in Wadi Dahab Basin, Egypt
Authors: Prama Maria , Omran Adel , Schröder Dietrich , Abouelmagd Abdou 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFloods are considered one of the most severe natural disasters worldwide. They impact vast areas, particularly in arid/semi-arid regions, causing serious damages with thousands of human casualties and billions of Euros in economic losses. This study contributes to a comprehensive evaluation of flash flooding occurrences, impacts, and possible mitigation. In this study, The Dahab region in southern Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula was selected for flash flooding vulnerability assessment. Although located in an arid region, it suffers from frequent and severe flash floods. Here, a straightforward workflow was applied to simulate the impact of flash flooding and assess the vulnerability of the Dahab area via consideration of a maximum storm event as a worst- case scenario. Originally, morphometric analysis was performed to determine the most hazardous sub-basins susceptible to flash flooding. The highest recorded storm event in the region was selected to calculate the maximum volume of surface runoff for the model simulation. Then, the hydrologic model and River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software were used to calculate the inundation level across the entire city of Dahab. Despite some data limitations, this study shows clearly that the Dahab area would have problems incurring from flash flooding if no mitigation measures were to be considered. Results indicate that the area of Dahab is greatly vulnerable to flash flooding with approximately 72% of the total infrastructure being negatively impacted in the worst-case scenario. The adopted approach used in this study can be applied efficiently in similar regions in the Sinai Peninsula or elsewhere.
Family labor participation and child care decisions: the role of grannies
Authors: Zamarro Gema 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGrandparents, and in particular grandmothers, are an important source of informal child care for their grandchildren in most developed countries. The literature shows how these informal transfers of care can help promote female labor participation. However, less is known about how working-age grandmothers are combining care with their own labor participation. In this paper, I use data from the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe and analyze to what extent child care is provided by grandmothers in ten European countries and how grandmothers are combining this task with paid work. I also revisit the question of whether the child care provided by grandmothers is encouraging the labor participation of their offspring. The empirical approach takes into account the simultaneity of labor market decisions and caregiving activities while controlling for grandmother’s unobserved heterogeneity on their willingness to provide care to their grandchildren. I find a negative and significant effect of participating in the labor market on the probability of taking care of the grandchildren on a regular basis. I also find evidence that, for some countries, the child care provided by working-age grandmothers has a positive effect on the labor participation of their daughters.
Opportunities for Reasoning: Digital Task Design to Promote Students’ Conceptions of Graphs as Representing Relationships between Quantities
Authors: Johnson Heather Lynn , McClintock Evan D. , Gardner Amber 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe posit a dual approach to digital task design: to engineer opportunities for students to conceive of graphs as representing relationships between quantities and to foreground students’ reasoning and exploration, rather than their answer-finding. Locally integrating Ference Marton’s variation theory and Patrick Thompson’s theory of quantitative reasoning, we designed digital task sequences, in which students were to create different graphs linked to the same video animations. We report results of a qualitative study of thirteen secondary students (aged 15–17), who participated in digital, task-based, individual interviews. We investigated two questions: (1) How do students conceive of what graphs represent when engaging with digital task sequences? (2) How do student conceptions of graphs shift when working within and across digital task sequences? Two conceptions were particularly stable – relationships between quantities and literal motion of an object. When students demonstrated conceptions of graphs as representing change in a single quantity, they shifted to conceptions of relationships between quantities. We explain how a critical aspect: What graphs should represent, intertwined with students’ graph-sketching. Finally, we discuss implications for digital task design to promote students’ conceptions of mathematical representations, such as graphs.
SEBM processing of 42CrMo4
Authors: Jurisch Marie , Klöden Burghardt , Kirchner Alexander , Walther Gunnar , Weißgärber Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPowder bed fusion of difficult-to-weld-steels such as the 42CrMo4 applied in this study is a challenging task. These materials are often susceptible to crack formation. To minimize thermal gradients and residual stresses, laser beam technologies generally require preheating of the substrates. Selective Electron Beam Melting (SEBM), on the other hand, is based on preheating the powder bed and, thus, enables crack-free printing even at greater heights. The present study demonstrates the processing of 42CrMo4 by SEBM. Besides parameter optimization, powder analysis, microstructural characterization as well as mechanical testing were carried out both for the as built and heat-treated conditions. The results indicate that the mechanical properties are comparable to those of conventional manufacturing technologies. Furthermore, a generic demonstrator with complex structures shows the high potential of SEBM for these particularly challenging steels.
Evaluating the impact of point-of-care ultrasonography on patients with suspected acute heart failure or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation in the emergency department: A prospective observational study
Authors: Nakao Shunichiro , Vaillancourt Christian , Taljaard Monica , Nemnom Marie-Joe , Woo Michael Y. , Stiell Ian G. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesAcute heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are sometimes difficult to differentiate in the emergency department (ED). We sought to determine the clinical impact of point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) in ED patients with suspected acute heart failure or COPD.MethodsWe conducted a prospectively collected cohort study with health records review with frequency matching at The Ottawa Hospital between March and September 2017. We included patients aged 50 and older with shortness of breath or cough from suspected acute heart failure or COPD. Our primary outcome was ED length of stay. Secondary outcomes were time to disposition decision, time to appropriate treatment, and the incidence of adverse events. We analyzed time-to-event outcomes using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis with POCUS analyzed as a time-dependent variable, and the incidence of adverse events using logistic regression analyses.ResultsThere were 81 patients evaluated with lung POCUS and 243 matched patients who were not. Lung POCUS was not significantly associated with ED length of stay and time to disposition decision; however, patients evaluated with lung POCUS received disease-specific treatment faster compared with the non-POCUS group (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.50 [95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.15], a median time difference of 31 minutes). We found no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events.ConclusionsIn this study, use of lung POCUS resulted in no difference in ED length of stay and time to disposition decision, but was associated with faster administration of disease-specific treatments for elderly patients with suspected acute heart failure or COPD.
Wartime Violence and Post-War Women's Representation
Authors: Hadzic Dino , Tavits Margit 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHow does wartime violence shape post-war women's representation? Does past violence make women more or less likely to run for office? And if they do run, are they getting elected? This article argues that violence influences women's representation in contrasting ways at these two stages. In wartime, women have more opportunities to gain leadership skills, which likely increases the number of women running for office after the war. However, past violence also increases threat perceptions among voters. This, combined with gender stereotypes about male and female politicians, likely reduces voter support for female candidates. Using pre- and post-war electoral and wartime violence data at the municipal level from Bosnia, the authors present evidence that is consistent with their argument. The results hold across a number of robustness tests, including accounting for post-war demographic gender balance and women's party list placement.
Silencing Their Critics: How Government Restrictions Against Civil Society Affect International ‘Naming and Shaming’
Authors: Smidt Hannah , Perera Dominic , Mitchell Neil J. , Bakke Kristin M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInternational ‘naming and shaming’ campaigns rely on domestic civil society organizations (CSOs) for information on local human rights conditions. To stop this flow of information, some governments restrict CSOs, for example by limiting their access to funding. Do such restrictions reduce international naming and shaming campaigns that rely on information from domestic CSOs? This article argues that on the one hand, restrictions may reduce CSOs’ ability and motives to monitor local abuses. On the other hand, these organizations may mobilize against restrictions and find new ways of delivering information on human rights violations to international publics. Using a cross-national dataset and in-depth evidence from Egypt, the study finds that low numbers of restrictions trigger shaming by international non-governmental organizations. Yet once governments impose multiple types of restrictions, it becomes harder for CSOs to adapt, resulting in fewer international shaming campaigns.
Selecting candidates to the bench of the World Court: (Inevitable) politicization and its consequences
Authors: Polonskaya Ksenia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractJudges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) are prominent jurists of high merit. However, little is known about certain extra-legal factors of the candidates that guide states in their selection and appointment process. This article focuses on examining extra-legal factors that matter for states in the selection process. Such extra-legal factors demonstrate that elections of candidates to the Court constitute another aspect of a broader political struggle to define the meaning of international law. The article situates the discussion on the selection process in the broader context of the discussion on biases in international law to suggest that the election of candidates to the Court becomes both an instrument and a procedure for controlling the discourse. The characteristics of the judges thus matter as a proxy to control the production and direction of such discourse. This article then explores the ways in which some states have greater strategic advantage in the selection and election processes that enables them to control the discourse to define the meaning of international law effectively.
Tree nut snack consumption is associated with better diet quality and CVD risk in the UK adult population: National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2014
Authors: Dikariyanto Vita , Berry Sarah E , Pot Gerda K , Francis Lucy , Smith Leanne , Hall Wendy L 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectives:To examine associations of tree nut snack (TNS) consumption with diet quality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in UK adults from National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008–2014.Design:Cross-sectional analysis using data from 4-d food diaries, blood samples and physical measurements for CVD risk markers. To estimate diet quality, modified Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and modified Healthy Diet Score (HDS) were applied. Associations of TNS consumption with diet quality and markers of CVD risk were investigated using survey-adjusted multivariable linear regression adjusted for sex, age, ethnicity, socio-economic and smoking status, region of residency and total energy and alcohol intake.Setting:UK free-living population.Subjects:4738 adults (≥19 years).Results:TNS consumers had higher modified MDS and HDS relative to non-consumers. TNS consumers also had lower BMI, WC, SBP and DBP and higher HDL compared to non-consumers, although a dose-related fully adjusted significant association between increasing nut intake (g per 4184 kJ/1000 kcal energy intake) and lower marker of CVD risk was only observed for SBP. TNS consumption was also associated with higher intake of total fat, mono-, n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, vitamin A, thiamin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium and iron; and lower intake of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, total carbohydrate, starch, free sugar, sodium and chloride.Conclusions:TNS consumers report better dietary quality and consumption was associated with lower CVD risk factors. Encouraging replacement of less healthy snacks with TNS should be encouraged as part of general dietary guidelines.