bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth of Census Towns in India: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Chakrabarti Saumyabrata , Mukherjee Vivekananda 
Published: October 2020

In Indian census, the reclassification of villages as small towns (called census towns) has been startling during the decade 2001–2011 and accounted for almost 30 per cent of urbanization, which is significantly larger than their growth rate in previous decades. Though reclassified as towns, they are governed as rural settlements. This article applies urban economic theory along with rural–urban labour market dynamics to identify the factors behind the birth of census towns. It also attempts to empirically check the validity of some of the hypotheses of the theoretical model it develops by using data from the state of West Bengal during 2001–2011 where the growth rate of census towns had been one of the highest in India. It turns out that the higher formal sector income in the nearby urban centres with lower extent of urban sprawl is the major factor explaining the birth of census towns. JEL Classification: R11, R12, R23
Flexibilisierung und Individualisierung als neue personalwirtschaftliche Gestaltungsprinzipien
Authors: Kolb Meinulf 
Published: October 2020

Der allgegenwärtige wirtschaftliche, technologische und soziale Wandel führt zu geänderten Betrachtungsformen, zu neuartigen Themenstellungen beziehungsweise zur Anwendung bislang mehr oder weniger unbeachteter Prinzipien in der betrieblichen Personalwirtschaft. Einen für die nähere und weitere Zukunft prägenden Grundsatz stellt die Flexibilisierung dar. Seit einiger Zeit diskutieren Wissenschaft und Praxis zwar verstärkt über die Flexibilisierung der Arbeitszeiten; andere Möglichkeiten, Beschäftigungsverhältnisse flexibler und damit individueller zu gestalten, werden hingegen nur selten in Betracht gezogen: Personalbestand, Arbeitsstrukturen, Mitarbeiterqualifikation, Anreizsysteme, Sozialleistungen sowie Personalführung bieten bei genauerer Betrachtung vielfältige Ansatzpunkte zur individuelleren Ausformung. Handfeste positive mitarbeiter- und unternehmensseitige (Aus) Wirkungen der Individualisierung oder der Flexibilisierung lassen sich auf allen Anwendungsgebieten feststellen. Bei den zu erwartenden Vorteilen für alle Beteiligten dürfen indessen die Voraussetzungen und Grenzen nicht übersehen werden. Starke Bedeutung kommt bei der Verwirklichung von mehr Flexibilität und Individualität in der Arbeitswelt schließlich auch der partizipativen Einführung beziehungsweise Umsetzung zu. Die betriebliche Personalwirtschaft in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland unterliegt seit den fünfziger Jahren ständigen Veränderungen. Viele retrospektiv ausgelegte Phasenschemata zur Entwicklung von Personalarbeit und Personalführung belegen den kontinuierlichen Wandel deutlich. Die Veröffentlichungen aus Wissenschaft und Praxis zum Thema “Mensch und Arbeit” spiegeln die jeweiligen gesellschafts- und wirtschaftspolitischen Rahmenbedingungen, die Schwerpunktaufgaben, den Stellenwert und das Selbstverständnis der betrieblichen Personalwirtschaft in gleicher Weise wider. Im weiteren soll die bisherige Entwicklung in die Zukunft verlängert und dabei ein spezieller Aspekt der zu erwartenden Trends genauer skizziert werden: Individualisierung und Flexibilisierung als neue Gestaltungsprinzipien der betrieblichen Personalwirtschaft.
Die organisatorische Verarbeitung von Mitarbeiterkündigungen – Verdrängung oder Reflexion?
Authors: Freimuth Joachim , Elfers Claudia 
Published: October 2020

Die Kündigung von Mitarbeitem reicht über die arbeitsrechtliche Dimension hinaus. Bei den betroffenen Mitarbeitem kommen Verletzungen und Enttäuschungen ins Spiel. Diese identitäts-bedrohende, lähmende und zerstörerische Wirkungen sind in klassischen und neueren Studien belegt und menschlich ohne weiteres nachvollziehbar. Die umgekehrte Situation, wenn ein Mitarbeiter der Organisation den Räcken kehrt, ist in der Regel nicht so dramatisch und konsequenzenreich. Im folgenden Beitrag wird der sozialpsychologische Aspekt der Trennung von der Organisation behandelt. Nach einer begrifflichen Klärung der “organisationalen Bewußtseinszustände” werden zwei Ursachen für die Emotionalität des Trennungsvorganges beleuchtet. Anschließend werden die Verarbeitungsmöglichkeiten auf Seiten der Organisation dargestellt.
Auslandseinsatz und Personalentwicklung
Authors: Kumar B. , Karlshaus M. 
Published: October 2020

Viele Branchen und Unternehmen müssen heute zwecks der langfristigen Sicherung ihrer Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Marktposition zur Strategie der Internationalisierung schreiten. Diese Perspektiven wirken sich unmittelbar auf fast alle betrieblichen Bereiche in den Untemehmen aus, die versuchen, sich auf diese Entwicklung vorzubereiten. Davon ist insbesondere auch die betriebliche Personalentwicklung hetroffen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit soll der Beitrag der Auslandsentsendung für die Personalentwicklung konkretisiert werden. Es wird versucht, die Ziele der Personalentwicklung im Rahmen der Entsendung zu definieren sowie die (Erfolgs-)Bedingungen des Auslandseinsatzes zu identifizieren, die zur Erreichung der Personalentwicklungsziele führen. Das Ziel der Studie wird darin gesehen, entsprechende Empfehlungen zur Gestaltung der (entsendungsbezogenen) Personalentwicklung zu erarbeiten. Grundlage der Untersuchung bildet eine im Sommer 1989 von den Verfassern durchgeführte Befragung von 29 ehemaligen Entsandten in einem großen deutschen multinationalen Unternehmen.
Ökologische Werthaltungen bei Führungsnachwuchskräften
Authors: Bartscher Thomas , Krüssel Peter 
Published: October 2020

In dem Aufsatz geht es um die Frage, ob ökologische Werthaltungen bei Führungsnachwuchskräften dazu führen, daß die Integration in das jeweilige Unternehmen gefährdet und die Identifikationsbereitschaft vermindert wird. Es zeigt sich, daß diese Vermutung allenfalls für ein Teilsegment dieser Personengruppe Gültigkeit beanspruchen kann. Für diese potentiell ökologisch-handlungsbereiten Führungsnachwuchskräfte gilt, daß sie nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen ihre Identifikation(-sbereitschaft) mit ihrem Betrieb aufrechterhalten werden. Ökologisch-orientierte Führungsnachwuchskräfte können ein großer Gewinn für die Unternehmung sein. Ihr kreatives Potential sollte sich allerdings nutzbringend entfalten können. Personalwirtschaftliche Maßnahmen können hierzu sinnvoll beitragen.
History and Uncertainty: A Dynamic Perspective on Human Resource Management
Authors: Bögenhold Dieter , Staber Udo , Winch Graham 
Published: October 2020

Im folgenden Artikel wird in einer personalwirtschaftlichen Perspektive mit Blick auf Fluktuation auf dem Arbeitsmarkt zugunsten einer “dynamischen” Betrachtungsweise argumentiert, die eines entsprechenden methodologischen (Hintergrund-)Verständnisses bedarf. Dabei wird ein doppeltes Ziel verfolgt: Einerseits geht es grundsätzlich um organisationssoziologische Fragen von Statik und Dynamik, zum anderen erfolgt ein empirischer Bezug auf den Bereich der Bauwirtschaft, an dem exemplarisch Fragen von Beharrung und Prozeßhaftigkeit diskutiert werden. Bezüglich der empirischen Untersuchung nimmt der Artikel auf die US-amerikanische Untersuchung von Linder (1983) Bezug, die Ergebnisse über Veränderungen von Kleinunternehmern in der Bauindustrie in Abhängigkeit vom Konjunkturverlauf vorgelegt hatte. Diese Ergebnisse über die Zyklizität der (selbständigen) Erwerbspersonen und ihrer Unternehmen wurden für einen längeren Zeitraum und vergleichend für die USA, Großbritannien und (West-) Deutschland überprüft. Dabei ergeben sich ähnliche (kontrazyklische) Verlaufsmuster, die zwischen den Ländern freilich in Abhängigkeit verschiedener institutioneller Einflüsse divergieren. Der über die Branchenergebnisse hinausweisende Erkenntnisertrag liegt in der Dynamisierung der statischmorphologischen Betrachtung von Sozial-, Berufs- und Wirtschaftsstrukturen durch die Einführung der zeitlichen Dimension und dem Aufzeigen der Verknüpfungsmöglichkeiten ansonsten fachwissenschaftlich separat abgehandelter Dimensionen der Unternehmensstruktur und des Arbeitsmarktes.
A systematic review of the effect of omega-3 supplements on meibomian gland dysfunction
Authors: Al-Namaeh Mashael 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is the leading cause of dry eye syndrome (DES). Many ocular disorders including DES and blepharitis can be linked to MGD. If we treat MGD, we can treat related diseases easily. Purpose: This systematic review is intended to determine the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in MGD patients. Methods: This systematic review included an electronic search on PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov to include all randomized clinical trials (RCTs) using omega-3 as a treatment for MGD. Results: Database search yielded to one RCT and six clinical trials through the MEDLINE of a total of 350 participants for the systematic review and meta-analysis study. The investigated treatment group (omega-3 group) had a positive effect on MGD protection in the invasive sodium fluorescein-tear break up time (NaFl-TBUT) score compared with the placebo group (odd ratio = 8.72, 95% confidence interval: 4.73, 16.09; p < 0.001). These data suggest that the odd ratios of the omega-3 group to control group increased the likelihood of the improved stated outcome tear break up time (TBUT) being achieved in the treatment group. No evidence of publication bias was detected in the funnel plot inspection or the Egger’s statistical test ( p = 0.2944). Conclusions: A moderate daily dose of omega-3 may be a beneficial therapeutic for MGD. Omega-3 has been beneficial in many diseases, such as heart attack prevention and agerelated macular degeneration, and this systematic review emphasizes its protection against MGD. In addition, this review emphasizes the precision of noninvasive TBUT (NITBUT) compared with invasive NaFl-TBUT which may suggest the importance of NITBUT in the clinic.
Critical analysis of the outcome of primary unilateral vesicoureteral reflux in a medium volume center
Authors: Sarhan Osama , El Helaly Ahmed , Al Otay Abdulhakim , Al Ghanbar Mustafa , Nakshabandi Ziad , Al Kawai Fouad 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a common finding in pediatric age group. Here in we explored the possible risk factors that affect the rate of resolution in patients with primary unilateral VUR under conservative treatment.

Methods
Between 2006 and 2014, we retrospectively evaluated all VUR patients and included only patients with primary unilateral VUR. Records were reviewed for patient age at diagnosis, antenatal history, patient gender, mode of presentation, side, and grade of VUR, associated hydronephrosis (HN) on renal ultrasound, presence of scarring and split function on dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan. Clinical and radiological outcomes were assessed. Both univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted.

Results
A total of 68 patients with primary unilateral VUR were included (32 boys and 36 girls) with a mean age of 10 months (range 1–32). Antenatal HN was detected in 50% of patients. In 15 cases (22%), VUR was of high grade (IV–V). Associated HN was evident in 39 patients (57%). DMSA scans showed renal scarring in 16 patients (23%). After a mean follow-up of 7 years, VUR resolved in 49 patients (72%). Significant predictors for VUR resolution were VUR grade, DMSA split function and associated high-grade HN. High-grade HN with VUR was the only significant independent risk factor.

Conclusions
The rate of resolution in primary unilateral VUR under conservative treatment is significantly affected by VUR grade, DMSA split renal function and the presence of associated HN. Association of high-grade HN with VUR carries a low chance for spontaneous resolution.
Reliability and validity of the mandarin version of the supportive care needs survey short-form (SCNS-SF34) and the head and neck cancer-specific supportive care needs (SCNS-HNC) module
Authors: Lyu Jianxia , Yin Li , Cheng Ping , Li Bin , Peng Shanshan , Yang Chunlian , Yang Jing , Liang Haixin , Jiang Qinghua 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
This study aimed to translate the English version of the supportive care needs scale of head and neck cancer patients (SCNS-HNC) questionnaire into Mandarin and to test the reliability and validity of the SCNS-SF34 and SCNS-HNC module in head and neck cancer patients.

Methods
The Mandarin version of the Supportive Care Needs Survey Short-Form (SCNS-SF34) and SCNS-HNC scales were used to assess 206 patients with head and neck cancer in Chengdu, China. Among them, 51 patients were re-tested 2 or 3 days after the first survey. The internal consistency of the scale was evaluated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, the retest reliability of the scale was evaluated by retest correlation coefficient r, the structural validity of the scale was evaluated by exploratory factor analysis, and the ceiling and floor effects of the scale were evaluated.

Results
The Mandarin version of the SCNS-HNC had Cronbach’s alpha coefficients greater than 0.700 (0.737 ≤ 0.962) for all of the domains. Except for the psychological demand dimension (r = 0.674) of the SCNS-SF34 scale, the retest reliability of the other domains was greater than 0.8. Three common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 64.39%.

Conclusions
The Mandarin version of the SCNS-SF34 and SCNS-HNC demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity and is able to measure the supportive care needs of Chinese patients with head and neck cancer.

Trial registration
ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900026635. Registered 16 October 2019- Retrospectively registered.
Enhancing methane oxidation in a bioelectrochemical membrane reactor using a soluble electron mediator
Authors: Zhang Xueqin , Rabiee Hesamoddin , Frank Joshua , Cai Chen , Stark Terra , Virdis Bernardino , Yuan Zhiguo , Hu Shihu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Bioelectrochemical methane oxidation catalysed by anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) is constrained by limited methane bioavailability as well as by slow kinetics of extracellular electron transfer (EET) of ANME. In this study, we tested a combination of two strategies to improve the performance of methane-driven bioelectrochemical systems that includes (1) the use of hollow fibre membranes (HFMs) for efficient methane delivery to the ANME organisms and (2) the amendment of ferricyanide, an effective soluble redox mediator, to the liquid medium to enable electrochemical bridging between the ANME organisms and the anode, as well as to promote EET kinetics of ANME.

Results
The combined use of HFMs and the soluble mediator increased the performance of ANME-based bioelectrochemical methane oxidation, enabling the delivery of up to 196 mA m−2, thereby outperforming the control system by 244 times when HFMs were pressurized at 1.6 bar.

Conclusions
Improving methane delivery and EET are critical to enhance the performance of bioelectrochemical methane oxidation. This work demonstrates that by process engineering optimization, energy recovery from methane through its direct oxidation at relevant rates is feasible.
First report of Anopheles (Cellia) multicolor during a study of tolerance to salinity of Anopheles arabiensis larvae in Nouakchott, Mauritania
Authors: Ould Lemrabott Mohamed Aly , Le Goff Gilbert , Kengne Pierre , Ndiaye Ousmane , Costantini Carlo , Mint Lekweiry Khadijetou , Ould Ahmedou Salem Mohamed Salem , Robert Vincent , Basco Leonardo , Simard Frédéric , Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary Ali 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnopheles multicoloris known to be present in the arid areas of Africa north of the Sahara Desert, especially in oases. To date, its presence in Mauritania has not been reported. Here, we present the first record of its presence in Nouakchott, the capital of Mauritania. The larvae ofAn. multicolor, together with those ofAn. arabiensis, the major malaria vector in the city, were found thriving in highly saline surface water collections.MethodsEntomological surveys were carried out during 2016–2017 in Nouakchott. Mosquito larval habitats were investigated through larval surveys while indoor resting culicid fauna were collected using hand-held aspirator. Physicochemical parameters of the larval habitats were measured on-site, at the time mosquitoes were collected. Larvae and pupae were reared to adults in the insectaries. Morphological and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods were used to identify newly emerged adults. Batches of fourth-instar larvae were used to assess salinity tolerance by exposing them to increasing concentrations of NaCl, and mortality was monitored throughout development.ResultsMorphological and molecular results confirmed that the specimens wereAn. multicolorandAn. arabiensis. Sequences of 24An. multicoloradult mosquitoes showed 100% nucleotide identity with the published sequences ofAn. multicolorfrom Iran. The physicochemical analysis of the water from the two larval habitats revealed highly saline conditions, with NaCl content ranging between 16.8 and 28.9 g/l (i.e. betweenc.50–80% seawater).Anopheles multicolorandAn. arabiensisfourth-instar larvae survival rates at 17.5 g/l NaCl were 86.5% and 75%, respectively.Anopheles arabiensislarvae showed variable levels of salt tolerance according to the larval habitat. AdultAn. multicolorspecimens were collected resting indoor at low frequency (0.7%) compared to the other culicid mosquitoes.ConclusionsTo the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report ofAn. multicolorin Mauritania, extending the known distributional range of the species to the south, as well as to the west. Highly salt-tolerant populations ofAn. arabiensisandAn. multicolorwere observed. Because salt-water collections are widespread in Nouakchott, the relevance of these findings for the dynamics and epidemiology of malaria transmission needs to be assessed.
Renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the maxillary bone successfully treated with surgery after vascular embolization: a case report
Authors: Nishii Naoto , Shimamoto Hiroaki , Ohsako Toshimitsu , Yokokawa Misaki , Sato Yuriko , Ohata Yae , Kayamori Kou , Ikeda Tohru , Harada Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the oral cavity is rare. Renal cell carcinoma metastases are regarded as radioresistant tumors and surgery is recommended. However, since metastatic renal cell carcinoma has poor prognosis and is composed of abundant blood vessels, it is sometimes difficult for clinicians to choose surgical therapy. Here, we report a case of a patient with renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the maxillary bone, which was successfully controlled by surgical therapy after vascular embolization, and provide a detailed literature review regarding the treatments and outcomes of renal cell carcinoma metastasis to the oral cavity.

Case presentation
An 89-year-old Japanese man presented with an 8 × 8-mm granulomatous tumor with palpable pulsation in the left upper gingiva, which had been clinically suspected as an arteriovenous malformation or neoplastic lesion with rich blood vessels. Our patient had undergone left nephrectomy for clear cell carcinoma 7 years prior. Pulmonary metastasis had appeared 3 years later. After intravascular embolization, our patient underwent tumor resection of the maxilla with little intraoperative blood loss. The tumor was diagnosed on histopathology as a metastasis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma to the maxillary bone. Seventeen months after surgery, he died because of pulmonary metastasis without evidence of recurrence in the oral cavity.

Conclusions
Our literature review reveals that oral metastatic lesions of renal cancer often exhibit rapid enlargement and cause severe symptoms, such as dysphagia and bleeding. Although oral metastasis of renal cell carcinoma has a poor prognosis due to the presence of concurrent disseminated metastases, surgical therapy may be recommended because of its high local control rate and ability to maintain quality of life. Preoperative vascular embolization is considered to be effective to reduce intraoperative hemorrhage, which leads to safe surgery.
Immune-related adverse events: a retrospective look into the future of oncology in the intensive care unit
Authors: Joseph Adrien , Simonaggio Audrey , Stoclin Annabelle , Vieillard-Baron Antoine , Geri Guillaume , Oudard Stéphane , Michot Jean-Marie , Lambotte Olivier , Azoulay Elie , Lemiale Virginie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have reshaped the standard of care in oncology. However, they have been associated with potentially life-threatening immune-related adverse events. With the growing indications of immune checkpoint inhibitors and their position as a pillar of cancer treatment, intensive care physicians will be increasingly confronted with their side effects. The outcome of patients with severe immune-related adverse events in the intensive care unit remains unknown. This retrospective multicentric study aims to describe the characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care units of 4 academic hospitals in Paris area while receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment between January 2013 and October 2019.

Results
Over the study period, 112 cancer patients who received immune checkpoint inhibitors were admitted to the intensive care unit within 60 days after the last dose. ICU admission was related to immune-related adverse events (n = 29, 26%), other intercurrent events (n = 39, 35%), or complications related to tumor progression (n = 44, 39%). Immune-related adverse events were pneumonitis (n = 8), colitis (n = 4), myocarditis (n = 3), metabolic disorders related to diabetes (n = 3), hypophysitis (n = 2), nephritis (n = 2), meningitis or encephalitis (n = 2), hepatitis (n = 2), anaphylaxis (n = 2) and pericarditis (n = 1). Primary tumors were mostly melanomas (n = 14, 48%), non-small-cell lung cancers (n = 7, 24%), and urothelial carcinomas (n = 5, 17%). Diagnosis of melanoma and a neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio < 10 were associated with immune-related diagnosis versus other reasons for ICU admission. During their ICU stay, immune-related adverse events patients needed vasopressors (n = 7), mechanical ventilation (n = 6), and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (n = 2). One-year survival was significantly higher for patients admitted for irAE compared to patients admitted for other reasons (p = 0.004).

Conclusions
Admission to the intensive care unit related to immune-related adverse event was associated with better outcome in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Our results support the admission for an intensive care unit trial for patients with suspected immune-related adverse events.
Quintic non-polynomial spline for time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Ding Qinxu , Wong Patricia J. Y. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we shall solve a time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation by using the quintic non-polynomial spline and theL1 formula. The unconditional stability, unique solvability and convergence of our numerical scheme are proved by the Fourier method. It is shown that our method is sixth order accurate in the spatial dimension and$(2-\gamma )$(2−γ)th order accurate in the temporal dimension, whereγis the fractional order. The efficiency of the proposed numerical scheme is further illustrated by numerical experiments, meanwhile the simulation results indicate better performance over previous work in the literature.