bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception of conservation strategies and nature’s contributions to people around Chingaza National Natural Park, Colombia
Authors: Pedraza Sara , Sanchez Adriana , Clerici Nicola , Ospina Libertad , Quintero Alexandra , Escobedo Francisco J 
Published: July 2020

SummaryA conventional conservation strategy is establishing protected areas to help combat anthropogenic and climate change impacts on tropical ecosystems, but the effectiveness of these measures is often hampered in upland areas by resource conflicts among armed groups, citizens and government institutions. Improved governance and community participation are key to effectively conserving these areas, yet little is known regarding citizen perceptions in such places. Here, a representative protected area in Colombia is used in order to analyse rural and urban citizen perceptions regarding conservation, conflicts with guerrilla groups and nature’s contributions to people (NCPs) around Chingaza National Natural Park. We used on-site, semi-structured in-person surveys, geospatial data and statistics to understand these perceptions and the roles of armed conflict and deforestation. Perceptions on ecosystem degradation were correlated with deforestation and past guerrilla attacks. Age and place of residence were influential pro-conservation factors, while younger respondents were most willing to invest time in conservation activities. Air purification and water supply and quality were the most identified NCPs and citizens differentiated conservation-related recreation activities from natural resource extraction. We suggest that the legacy of past armed conflict still affects conservation strategies and communities living near tropical highland protected areas.
Stress sensitization to depression following childhood adversity: Moderation by HPA axis and serotonergic multilocus profile scores
Authors: Starr Lisa R. , Stroud Catherine B. , Shaw Zoey A. , Vrshek-Schallhorn Suzanne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildhood adversity appears to sensitize youth to stress, increasing depression risk following stressful life events occurring throughout the lifespan. Some evidence suggests hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis-related and serotonergic genetic variation moderates this effect, in a “gene-by-environment-by-environment” interaction (G × E × E). However, prior research has tested single genetic variants, limiting power. The current study uses a multilocus genetic profile score (MGPS) approach to capture polygenic risk relevant to HPA axis and serotonergic functioning. Adolescents (N = 241, Mage = 15.90) completed contextual-threat-based interviews assessing childhood adversity and acute life events, and diagnostic interviews assessing depression. Established MGPSs indexed genetic variation linked to HPA axis (10 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) and serotonergic (five SNPs) functioning. Results showed significant MGPS × Childhood Adversity × Recent Life Stress interactions predicting depression for both HPA axis and serotonergic MGPSs, with both risk scores predicting stronger Childhood Adversity × Recent Stress interactions. Serotonergic genetic risk specifically predicted sensitization to major interpersonal stressors. The serotonergic MGPS G × E × E was re-tested in an independent replication sample of early adolescent girls, with comparable results. Findings support the notion that genetic variation linked to these two neurobiological symptoms alters stress sensitization, and that gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions may be qualified by environmental exposures occurring at different points in development.
Tweeting for Hearts and Minds? Measuring Candidates’ Use of Anxiety in Tweets During the 2018 Midterm Elections
Authors: Gervais Bryan T. , Evans Heather K. , Russell Annelise 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThis article considers whether candidates strategically use emotional rhetoric in social media messages similar to the way that fear appeals are used strategically in televised campaign advertisements. We use a dataset of tweets issued by the campaign accounts of candidates for the US House of Representatives during the last two months of the 2018 midterm elections to determine whether candidate vulnerability predicts the presence of certain emotions in social media messages. Contrary to theoretical expectations, we find that vulnerability does not appear to inspire candidates to use more anxious language in their tweets. However, we do find evidence of a surprising relationship between sad rhetoric and vulnerability and that campaign context influences the use of other forms of negative rhetoric in tweets.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative in promotion of breast-feeding and reduction of late neonatal infant mortality in Brazil
Authors: Silva Osvaldinete Lopes de Oliveira , Rea Marina Ferreira , Sarti Flávia Mori , Buccini Gabriela 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective:
To analyse the cost-effectiveness of Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) in promoting breast-feeding during the first hour of life (BFFHL) and reducing late neonatal mortality.

Design:
Cost-effectiveness economic assessment from the health system perspective, preceded by a prospective cohort of mother–baby followed from birth to 6 months of life. The direct costs associated with two health outcomes were analysed: intermediate end point (BFFHL) and final end point (reduction in late neonatal mortality).

Setting:
Study was carried out in six hospitals in the city of São Paulo (Brazil), three being Baby-Friendly Hospitals (BFH) and three non-BFH.

Participants:
Mothers with 24 h postpartum, over 18 years old, single fetus and breast-feeding at the time of the interview were included. Poisson regressions adjusted for maternal age and level of education were estimated to identify factors related to BFFHL and late neonatal mortality. Sensitivity analysis was performed to ensure robustness of the economic assessment.

Results:
Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that BFHI was highly cost-effective in raising BFFHL by 32·0 % at lower cost in comparison with non-BFHI. In addition, BFHI was cost-effective in reducing late neonatal mortality rate by 13·0 % from all causes and by 13·1 % of infant mortality rate from infections.

Conclusions:
The cost-effectiveness of the BFHI in promoting breast-feeding and reducing neonatal mortality rates justifies the investments required for its expansion within the Brazilian health system.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods in the third gestational trimester and increased weight gain: a Brazilian cohort study
Authors: Gomes Caroline de Barros , Malta Maíra Barreto , Benício Maria Helena D’Aquino , Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate whether the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during pregnancy is associated with gestational weight gain (GWG).Design:Cohort study with collection of two 24-h dietary recalls during each gestational trimester obtained on non-consecutive days and differentiating weekday v. weekend/holiday. The foods were classified according to the NOVA system into fresh or minimally processed foods and their culinary preparations, processed and UPF and subsequently analysed as a percentage contribution to dietary energy. The outcome was average GWG in the second and in the third trimesters, expressed in g/week.Setting:Botucatu, a medium-sized Brazilian city.Participants:Pregnant women with regular obstetric risk (n 259) undergoing prenatal care in primary healthcare.Results:In a multiple linear regression model, it was found that an increase of 1 percentage point in energy consumption from UPF in the third gestational trimester led to an average increase of 4·17 (95 % CI 0·55; 7·79) g in weekly GWG in this period. There was no association between second-trimester UPF consumption and GWG.Conclusions:Consumption of UPF in the third gestational trimester is positively associated with average weekly GWG in this period.
Obligatory Actions, Obligatory Maxims
Authors: Kahn Samuel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this article, I confront Parfit’s Mixed Maxims Objection. I argue that recent attempts to respond to this objection fail, and I argue that their failure is compounded by the failure of recent attempts to show how the Formula of Universal Law can be used to demarcate the category of obligatory maxims. I then set out my own response to the objection, drawing on remarks from Kant’sMetaphysics of Moralsfor inspiration and developing a novel account of how the Formula of Universal Law can be employed to determine the deontic status of action tokens, action types and maxims.
Alternative provision of public health care: the role of citizens' satisfaction with public services and the social responsibility of government
Authors: Cohen Nissim , Mizrahi Shlomo , Vigoda-Gadot Eran 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the factors that influence citizens' attitudes toward the alternative provision of health care services, leading them to be willing to make extra, informal payments within the public health care system. We question whether these attitudes depend primarily on inherent normative preferences, such as beliefs about the government's responsibility to its citizens, or on certain aspects of the reality that they experience, such as satisfaction with the quality and quantity of services as well as the fairness of public systems. Analyzing the findings from a national survey, the paper shows that practical considerations and real-world conditions strongly relate to attitudes more than normative perceptions do.
Minimum clinically important differences for the Functioning Assessment Short Test and a battery of neuropsychological tests in bipolar disorders: results from the FACE-BD cohort
Authors: Roux P. , Brunet-Gouet E. , Ehrminger M. , Aouizerate B. , Aubin V. , Azorin J. M. , Bellivier F. , Bougerol T. , Courtet P. , Dubertret C. , Kahn J. P. , Leboyer M. , Olié E. ,   the FondaMental Advanced Centers of Expertise in Bipolar Disorders (FACE-BD) Collaborators, Etain B. , Passerieux C. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Aims
Establishing the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in functioning and cognition is essential to the interpretation of the research and clinical work conducted in bipolar disorders (BD). The present study aimed to estimate the MCID for the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) and a battery of neuropsychological tests in BD.

Methods
Anchor-based and distributive methods were used to estimate the MCID for the FAST and cognition using data from a large, multicentre, observational cohort of individuals with BD. The FAST and cognition were linked with the Clinical Global Impressions Scale-Severity (CGI-S) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) using an equipercentile method. The magnitude of the standard error measurement (s.e.m.) provided another estimate of the MCID.

Results
In total, 570 participants were followed for 2 years. Cross-sectional CGI-S and GAF scores were linked to a threshold ⩽7 on the FAST for functional remission. The MCID for the FAST equalled 8- or 9-points change from baseline using the CGI-S and GAF. One s.e.m. on the FAST corresponded to 7.6-points change from baseline. Cognitive variables insufficiently correlated with anchor variables (all ρ <0.3). One s.e.m. for cognitive variables corresponded to a range of 0.45 to 0.93-s.d. change from baseline.

Conclusions
These findings support the value of the estimated MCID for the FAST and cognition and may be a useful tool to evaluate cognitive and functional remediation effects and improve patient functional outcomes in BD. The CGI-S and GAF were inappropriate anchors for cognition. Further studies may use performance-based measures of functioning instead.
Efficacy of residual herbicides influenced by cover-crop residue for control ofAmaranthus palmeriandA. tuberculatusin soybean
Authors: Perkins Clay M. , Gage Karla L. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Young Bryan G. , Bradley Kevin W. , Bish Mandy D. , Hager Aaron , Steckel Lawrence E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractField studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Arkansas, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Tennessee to determine if cover-crop residue interfered with herbicides that provide residual control of Palmer amaranth and waterhemp in no-till soybean. The experiments were established in the fall with planting of cover crops (cereal rye + hairy vetch). Herbicide treatments consisted of a nontreated or no residual, acetochlor, dimethenamid-P, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, pendimethalin, metribuzin, pyroxasulfone, andS-metolachlor. Palmer amaranth took 18 d and waterhemp took 24 d in the cover crop–alone (nontreated) treatment to reach a height of 10 cm. Compared with this treatment, all herbicides except metribuzin increased the number of days until 10-cm Palmer amaranth was present. Flumioxazin applied alone or in a mixture with pyroxasulfone were the best at delaying Palmer amaranth growing to a height of 10 cm (35 d and 33 d, respectively). The herbicides that resulted in the lowest Palmer amaranth density (1.5 to 4 times less) integrated with a cover crop were pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin, flumioxazin, pyroxasulfone, and acetochlor. Those four herbicide treatments also delayed Palmer amaranth emergence for the longest period (27 to 34 d). Waterhemp density was 7 to 14 times less with acetochlor than all the other herbicides present. Yield differences were observed for locations with waterhemp. This research supports previous research indicating that utilizing soil-residual herbicides along with cover crops improves control of Palmer amaranth and/or waterhemp.
β-carotene inhibits NF-κB and restrains diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic inflammation in Wistar rats
Authors: Latief Uzma , Ahmad Riaz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. β-Carotene exhibits antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities via a multitude of biochemical mechanisms. However, the action mechanism involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of this carotene in chronic liver diseases is not fully understood. In the present investigation, we have attempted to outline a plausible mechanism of β-carotene action against liver fibrosis in albino Wistar rats. To induce hepatic fibrosis, diethylnitrosamine (DEN) was administered in experimental rats for two weeks. DEN treated rats were divided into four groups, wherein each group comprised of five rats. β-Carotene supplement attenuated DEN-induced elevation in LFT markers (P < 0.05); averted depletion of glycogen (24%, P < 0.05) and, increased nitrite (P < 0.05), hydroxyproline (~67%, P < 0.05) and collagen levels (~65%, P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy of tissue sections stained with picrosirius red revealed accrued collagen in DEN-administered group, which was found to be reduced by β-carotene supplementation. Furthermore, β-carotene decreased the expression of iNOS/NOS-2 and NF-κB, as revealed by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. Collectively, these results demonstrate that β-carotene mitigates experimental liver fibrosis via inhibition of iNOS and NF-κB in-vivo. Thus, β-carotene may be suggested as a possible nutraceutical to curb experimental liver fibrosis.
Earthquake Interactions in Central Taiwan: Probing Coulomb Stress Effects Due to ML≥ 5.5 Earthquakes From 1900 to 2017
Authors: Li Shanshan , Wdowinski Shimon , Hsu Ya‐Ju , Shyu J. Bruce H. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThough large efforts have been made in studying earthquake generation processes, earthquake triggering in central Taiwan is still not well understood. The occurrence of 14 mainshocks with ML≥ 6.0 from 1900 to 2017 and the presence of eight active fault systems provide excellent data sets for studying earthquake interaction in central Taiwan. We examined the coseismic Coulomb stress changes (ΔCFSs) due to mainshocks in the sequence and other surrounding earthquakes comprising 3 smaller magnitude mainshocks with 5.5 ≤ML≤ 6.0 and 25 aftershocks with ML≥ 5.5. When considering only triggering effects from mainshocks in the sequence, the compounded ΔCFSs are significant for all 13 mainshocks with 8 being promoted (ΔCFS > 0.1 bar) and 5 being inhibited (ΔCFS < −0.1 bar). After adding effects from other surrounding earthquakes, we found that five mainshocks were promoted and seven were inhibited. Yet it is questionable whether the 2016 mainshock was promoted, because the calculated uncertainties at the hypocenter might reduce ΔCFS below the 0.1 bar triggering threshold. In addition, significant positive ΔCFSs (>2 bars) on the Chukou, Chaochou, and Chishan faults and flat decollement of central Taiwan suggest failure promotion on those active faults. Contrarily, significant negative ΔCFSs (<−0.2 bar) on the Changhua, Shungtung, Chelungpu, and Hsinhua faults suggest that ruptures on those faults might be inhibited. We also conducted sensitivity studies indicating uncertainty level of 33–38% of the calculated ΔCFSs. Our findings indicate that preceding earthquakes have affected nucleation and rupture propagation of large earthquakes in central Taiwan during the past 120 years.
Bank Erosion Processes in Regulated Navigable Rivers
Authors: Duró G. , Crosato A. , Kleinhans M. G. , Roelvink D. , Uijttewaal W. S. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractVessel‐induced waves affect the morphology and ecology of banks and shorelines around the world. In rivers used as waterways, ship passages contribute to the erosion of unprotected banks, but their short‐ and long‐term impacts remain unclear. This work investigates the effects of navigation on bank erosion along a reach of the regulated Meuse River with recently renaturalized banks. We apply UAV‐SfM photogrammetry, RTK‐GPS, acoustic Doppler velocimetry, aerial and terrestrial photography, soil tests, and multibeam echosounding to analyze the progression of bank retreat after riprap removal. After having analyzed the effects of ship‐generated waves and currents, floods, and vegetation dynamics, a process‐based model is proposed to estimate the long‐term bank retreat. The results show that a terrace evolves in length and depth across the bank according to local lithology, which we clustered in three types. Floods contribute to upper‐bank erosion‐inducing mass failures, while near‐bank flow appears increasingly ineffective to remove the failed material due to terrace elongation. Vegetation growth at the upper‐bank toe reduces bank failure and delays erosion, but its permanence is limited by terrace stability and efficiency to dissipate waves. The results also indicate that long‐term bank retreat is controlled by deep primary waves acting like bores over the terrace. Understanding the underlying drivers of bank evolution can support process‐based management to optimize the benefits of structural and functional diversity in navigable rivers.
A Comparison Between Station Observations and Reanalysis Data in the Identification of Extreme Temperature Events
Authors: Sheridan Scott C. , Lee Cameron C. , Smith Erik T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile many studies comparing atmospheric reanalysis and surface observations have focused on the similarity of mean fields, trends, or frequencies of extreme events, very few have assessed how similar surface observations and reanalysis data sets are in terms of their specific identification of extreme temperature event days. Here, we assess the similarity between surface observations and three reanalysis products: ERA5, ERA5‐LAND, and NARR, in terms of the days on which they identify extreme heat and cold events for the period 1979–2016 at 230 locations in the United States and Canada. Cold events have a greater match than heat events. ERA5 has the greatest match percentage with station data across the study region. Match percentage is greatest in midlatitude, continental locations, with poorer performance in coastal areas, and the Arctic.
On the Relationship Between Offshore Geodetic Coverage and Slip Model Uncertainty: Analog Megathrust Earthquake Case Studies
Authors: Kosari Ehsan , Rosenau Matthias , Bedford Jonathan , Rudolf Michael , Oncken Onno 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe apply a geodetic slip inversion technique to analog subduction megathrust earthquakes to demonstrate how limited offshore geodetic coverage affects coseismic slip models. We analyzed two archetypical megathrust earthquakes: trench‐breaking and non‐trench‐breaking earthquakes. Slip inversion models of analog earthquakes show quantitative and qualitative changes as a function of offshore coverage. Shallow slip cannot be resolved if the observation coverage of the offshore segment is <50%. Moreover, the slip pattern of shallow events flips from landward to trenchward skewed as offshore coverage reduces to <40%. The estimated slip for both event types converges to a similar unimodal pattern when there is no offshore coverage. We infer 5–20% slip overestimation when the observations are above the high slipping zone during trench‐breaking events versus 5–10% underestimation during non‐trench‐breaking events if observations are land limited. The moment magnitude derived for trench‐breaking ruptures might be significantly affected (ΔMw ~ 0.5).
Mid‐Holocene Grounding Line Retreat and Readvance at Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Venturelli R. A. , Siegfried M. R. , Roush K. A. , Li W. , Burnett J. , Zook R. , Fricker H. A. , Priscu J. C. , Leventer A. , Rosenheim B. E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding ice sheet evolution through the geologic past can help constrain ice sheet models that predict future ice dynamics. Existing geological records of grounding line retreat in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, have been confined to ice‐free and terrestrial archives, which reflect dynamics from periods of more extensive ice cover. Therefore, our perspective of grounding line retreat since the Last Glacial Maximum remains incomplete. Sediments beneath Ross Ice Shelf and grounded ice offer complementary insight into the southernmost extent of grounding line retreat, yielding a more complete view of ice dynamics during deglaciation. Here we thermochemically separate the youngest organic carbon to estimate ages from sediments extracted near the Whillans Ice Stream grounding line to provide direct evidence for grounding line retreat in that region as recent as the mid‐Holocene (7.2 kyr B.P.). Our study demonstrates the utility of accurately dated, grounding‐line‐proximal sediment deposits for reconstructing past interactions between marine and subglacial environments.
On the Use of Receiver Operating Characteristic Tests for Evaluating Spatial Earthquake Forecasts
Authors: Parsons Tom 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSpatial forecasts of triggered earthquake distributions have been ranked using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) tests. The test is a binary comparison between regions of positive and negative forecast against positive and negative presence of earthquakes. Forecasts predicting only positive changes score higher than Coulomb methods, which predict positive and negative changes. I hypothesize that removing the possibility of failures in negative forecast realms yields better ROC scores. I create a “perfect” Coulomb forecast where all earthquakes only fall into positive stress change areas and compare with an informationless all‐positive forecast. The “perfect” Coulomb forecast barely beats the informationless forecast, and adding as few as four earthquakes occurring in the negative stress regions causes the Coulomb forecast to be no better than an informationless forecast under a ROC test. ROC tests also suffer from data imbalance when applied to earthquake forecasts because there are many more negative cases than positive.