bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study Between Conventional ICP-OES and the Innovative PLS Model-Assisted ICP-OES for the Assay of Trace Elements
Authors: Michael Adel M , Mohamed Ahmed A , Abdelaziz Yousef A , Fahmy Nesma M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Inductively coupled plasma is widely used for elemental analysis with the advantage of being eco-friendly since the discharge is free of contaminants.

Objective
A rapid, novel method was developed for the quantitation of trace elements using inductively coupled plasma with optical emission spectrometry.This method has the advantage of simultaneous calibration compared to the conventional method.

Method
The assay was carried out for iron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum using the linear regression model partial least-squares.

Results
The method was optimized and validated as per the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines, showing highly accurate and precise results. The linearity range was 0.25–4 ppm for all trace elements under investigation. The method was applied for the assay of the cited elements in non-chelated and amino acid chelated multi-mineral preparations in the Egyptian market with acceptable mean percent recovery.

Conclusions
In comparison with the official method by flame emission, statistical analysis showed no significant difference with Student’s t-test and F-values.

Highlights
Inductively coupled plasma is superior as all of the elements can be measured simultaneously. The method was found to have a high degree of specificity and can be easily applied in routine elemental analysis in laboratories.
Effects of dietary corticosterone on the central adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in broiler chickens
Authors: Hu Xiyi , Cai Yuanli , Kong Linglian , Lin Hai , Song Zhigang , Buyse Johan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) induce the activation of the central adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in birds. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of corticosterone (CORT) supplemented in diet on the central AMPK signaling pathway in broilers. The average daily gain was reduced by CORT treatment, and the average daily feed intake remained unchanged. Plasma glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and CORT contents were increased by CORT administration. In addition, CORT treatment decreased the relative weights of heart, spleen, and bursa and increased the relative weights of liver and abdominal fat. The glycogen contents in the liver and breast muscle were higher in the chicks treated with CORT. CORT treatment upregulated the gene expression of mammalian target of rapamycin, glucocorticoid receptor, AMPKα2, neuropeptide Y(NPY), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMPKα1, and fatty acid synthase in the hypothalamus. Moreover, CORT treatment increased the protein levels of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation and total AMPK and phosphorylated AMPK in the hypothalamus. Hence, CORT administration in the diet activated the LKB1-AMPK-NPY/ACC signaling pathway in the hypothalamus of broiler.
Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) From the Southwestern Brazilian Amazon: Liberdade and Gregório Rivers
Authors: Hutchings Rosa Sá Gomes , Hutchings Roger William , Menezes Isis Sá , Sallum Maria Anice Mureb 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The mosquito community from remote locations toward the southern border of the Brazilian State of Amazonas, in four localities along the Liberdade and Gregório Rivers, was sampled using CDC and Malaise traps, complemented with net sweeping and immature collections. During May 2011, 190 collections yielded 13,012 mosquitoes, from 15 genera and 112 different species, together with 10 morphospecies, which may represent new undescribed taxa. Among the species collected, there are two new geographical distribution records for the State of Amazonas. Culex, the most abundant genus, also had the highest number of species. Both Aedes and Uranotaenia had the second highest number of species, although they were the second and seventh most abundant, respectively. The most abundant species were Aedes (Ochlerotatus) fulvus (Wiedemann), Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nubilus (Theobald), Culex (Culex) mollis Dyar & Knab, Nyssorhynchus (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi sensu lato, Culex (Melanoconion) pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, and Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos Sallum, Hutchings & Ferreira. The epidemiological implications of mosquito species are discussed and compared with other mosquito inventories from the Amazon region. These results represent the first standardized mosquito inventories of the Liberdade and Gregório Rivers, with the identification of 112 species and 10 morphospecies, within the municipalities of Ipixuna and Eirunepé, from which we have only few records in the published literature.
Competition Law in Developing Countries
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book explores the relationship between competition law and economic development, which takes on growing importance as more and more developing countries have adopted competition law in recent years. The work tackles two principal questions. The first is whether competition law enforcement promotes growth, which helps to determine how seriously developing countries should enforce their competition laws. The second is how developing countries should craft their competition law rules in light of the need to incorporate development concerns, the need to reflect the special economic characteristics of developing countries, and the need to improve the administrability of competition law rules to suit the enforcement capacity of developing country authorities.
Introduction
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of competition law in developing countries. Following the proliferation of competition law across the globe in the last few decades, developing countries now comprise a majority of the jurisdictions that have in place a competition law. At least in terms of the language of the main substantive provisions on restrictive agreements and abuse of dominance, many of these new jurisdictions have chosen to follow the U.S. and the EU models. However, the proliferation of competition law regimes has given rise to a fear of balkanization of competition law enforcement and an excessive compliance burden for businesses, especially multi-national corporations. Out of this fear grew the rallying cry for convergence. The implicit assumption behind the drive for convergence is that there exists one or a handful of models of competition law enforcement that are suitable for most countries across the globe, to which new jurisdictions are expected to converge. Some commentators and officials have challenged this, questioning whether the legal principles regulating markets in the industrialized economies of the United States and the European Union can be transplanted directly to developing countries. Apart from the need to tailor to the local economic environment, competition law must contribute to the economic growth and development agenda of developing countries.
Competition Law Enforcement and Economic Development
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the need for competition law enforcement to pay separate attention to the pursuit of development objectives. The importance of the pursuit of development objectives has been underscored by the incorporation of poverty alleviation and inclusive growth as the core objectives of the African Competition Forum, which includes countries that are in most dire need for economic development. Once it is established that competition law needs to take into account development objectives, it remains to be determined how it should be done. Aside from paying heed to the welfare of the poor, competition law enforcement should incorporate development considerations by shifting enforcement priorities to focus on sectors that will make the greatest contribution to poverty reduction and sectors that are most important to meeting development needs. The agricultural sector is a prime example. Agriculture affects both the expenditure and, in many instances, the income of the poor. Apart from agriculture, the competition authority can also pay particular attention to anticompetitive practices that hinder or stifle entrepreneurial opportunities for the poor. Given the developmental significance of meeting the basic needs of food security, healthcare, education, access to clean water and sanitation, and energy, developing country competition authorities should also focus on these sectors.
Abuse of Dominance
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies possible approaches to abuse of dominance enforcement in developing countries. Before dealing with the substantive rules, however, there are a number of questions that need to be addressed first. The first is whether developing countries should prioritize enforcement against abuse of dominance at all. Some have argued that developing country authorities should focus on cartel cases because cartels inflict the greatest harm on consumers and are easier to prosecute. However, such an approach would be mistaken because abuse of dominance can be an important source of distortion of competition in developing countries, especially in those sectors in which a former state-owned monopoly operates. The second one is whether there are any special economic characteristics in developing countries that render them more susceptible to abuse of dominance. It turns out there are a number of them, including the natural tendency for markets in developing countries toward market dominance, poorly developed financial markets, and the heavy state presence in the economy. The chapter then looks at issues that require special attention by developing country authorities when defining the market, assessing market power, and analyzing various kinds of abuses such as unilateral refusal to deal, predatory pricing, excessive pricing, and buyer power issues.
Dominant position
Abuse of dominant position, affecting trade
Basic principles of competition law
Enforcement
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the myriad difficulties and obstacles for competition law enforcement in developing countries and suggests possible solutions to some of these difficulties. Competition culture is generally lacking in developing countries. In addition, developing country authorities often face a particularly challenging enforcement environment due to past policy failures by the government, especially in the context of privatization. Another major external impediment to effective competition law enforcement is the lack of political will on the part of the government to enforce the law. The chapter also looks at the lack of authority independence, financial resources, enforcement powers, availability of data, and judicial expertise. Institutional design can have a bearing on setting of enforcement priorities. Poor institutional design may take flexibility away from the authority and make it impossible for the authority to set enforcement priorities. Apart from enforcement, however, another very important part of an authority’s work is advocacy. It is through advocacy with the general public that the authority can hope to build a competition culture. Meanwhile, it is through advocacy with the government that the authority can ensure government policies do not create intractable competition problems that are beyond the capability of the authority to solve. The chapter then considers the benefits and limitations of a regional approach to competition law enforcement.
Enforcement and procedure
Conclusion
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter argues that competition law enforcement is doubly demanding for authorities in developing countries that are often strapped for cash, bereft of experienced personnel, and subject to political interferences. Limited funding means that developing country authorities must select their cases carefully and set their enforcement priorities judicially to maximize their impact on consumer welfare and to help garner public support. Moreover, the lack of enforcement capacity, especially the ability to undertake complex economic analysis, would require a simplification of the legal rules. Ultimately, it is ill-advised for developing countries to transplant legal principles wholesale from the advanced jurisdictions without considering whether the original bases and justifications for these principles are applicable to their domestic environment. This is not to say that developing countries must diverge from the advanced jurisdictions in every instance. There may be situations where the same legal rule can equally apply in developing countries. Whatever decision developing countries make with respect to the transplantation of competition law, be it convergence and divergence, it should be judicious and informed.
Arbitral Institutions
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on arbitral institutions. After the new Law on Arbitration came into effect on 1 September 2016, permanent arbitral institutions are to be established in accordance with the amended Law. The problem was what was going to happen to the existing arbitral institutions after the Arbitral Reform. The Law provides that existing arbitral institutions that do not fulfil the requirement of the Law and thus did not receive a licence are not entitled to administer arbitration. On 1 November 2017, a vast majority of the existing arbitral institutions failed to meet the requirements of the Law on Arbitration, namely the requirement that they be set up by a non-commercial organisation, and ceased operation. There are now only two permanent arbitral institutions in Russia. Chapter 9 of the Law on Arbitration accommodates detailed rules on the organisational aspects of permanent arbitral institutions. This is different from the system before the 2015 Reform, which had almost no regulation in this respect. Chapter 9 is applicable not only to arbitral institutions which handle domestic arbitration, but also to international commercial arbitration. The chapter then looks at the institutional rules of arbitration as well as the rules on the administration of arbitration.
Impartiality and Independence of Arbitrators and Arbitral Institutions
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the concept of impartiality and independence. The Law on International Commercial Arbitration provides that the potential candidate for the appointment of an arbitrator must disclose any circumstances that may cause a well-grounded doubt regarding his impartiality or independence in writing. In cases where the competent court, appoints an arbitrator, in the absence of the agreement between the parties, the court must ensure that an independent and impartial arbitrator is appointed. Independence and impartiality in Russia are not issues limited to arbitrators. The core of the issue is the independence and impartiality of arbitral institutions.Independence is understood to be an objective state of an arbitrator in the absence of any relationship with a person or circumstances which affect the arbitrator’s decision. Impartiality means that the arbitrator is not, directly or indirectly, interested in the outcome of the case and does not have preference or other prejudice in relation to a party, his representative, expert, or witness. Russian courts have ruled on the impartiality and independence of arbitrators as well as arbitral institutions in an inconsistent manner. In 2010, the International Court of Commercial Arbitration (MKAS) adopted a document entitled Rules on Impartiality and Independence of Arbitrators. Apart from being a guidance for arbitrators and the parties, this document is expected to give guidance to the courts when facing an application for setting aside an award and the refusal of recognition and enforcement of awards of international commercial arbitration on the grounds of the absence of impartiality and independence.
Setting Aside of Awards
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the setting aside of arbitral awards. Arbitral awards can be set aside only by the court of the place of arbitration. Courts of the Russian Federation have exclusive jurisdiction in deciding on applications for setting aside of arbitral awards made in the Russian Federation. Grounds for setting aside of awards are common with the grounds for refusal of recognition and enforcement of foreign awards. Breach of public order is one of the frequently quoted grounds by Russian parties. Setting aside of awards is an area where the relationship between the state courts and arbitration is demonstrated in a concentrated manner. The chapter, after looking at the statutory provisions, will analyse a series of decisions of the court on setting aside of arbitral awards. Russian parties which lost arbitration often applies to the court in the hope of having the award been set aside. There have been some controversial decisions of Russian courts in this respect.
The Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter explores the enforcement of arbitral awards. There are two primary laws relevant to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards of international commercial arbitration in Russia: the Law on International Commercial Arbitration of 1993 and the Code of Commercial Court Procedure of 2002. The former has the basic provision on the recognition and enforcement of awards and the grounds for refusal, while the latter provides for the procedural aspects of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It is an established principle of international commercial arbitration that in deciding whether enforcement of awards is allowed or not, courts are not entitled to review the case on its merits. However, Russian judges are not always aware of this fundamental rule, or do not comply with it. The chapter then looks at the grounds for the refusal of recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards and the way Russian courts interpret these grounds. Particularly important is the understanding of public order by Russian courts. Finally, the practice of ‘Russian Torpedo’ is discussed.
Introduction
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the law of proprietary estoppel through the principle applied in Thorner v Major (2009). Peter Thorner, a farmer from Somerset, had indicated to David, whose father was a cousin of Peter, that David would inherit Peter’s farm. As a result, David had continued to work on that farm, for very low pay, for a further fifteen years. When Peter died without having made a valid will, the statutory intestacy rules imposed a duty on Peter’s administrators to hold the farm for the benefit not of David but of other relatives of Peter, closer to him in blood if not in life. The House of Lords confirmed, however, that proprietary estoppel operated to impose a duty on Peter (and now on his administrators) to transfer to David the farm and associated assets. The decision meant not only that David was around £2.1 million better off than he would have been had no estoppel claim been possible, but also that, in the words of the Supreme Court’s exhibition’s display: ‘if a verbal promise is made to someone who subsequently relies on that promise to their own detriment, that promise can be enforced under the principles of fairness and equity’.
Acquiescence, Representation, or Promise
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the conduct of a person, A. Each of the acquiescence-, representation-, and promise-based strands is considered separately. The chapter therefore sets out the particular conduct of A that may give rise to a proprietary estoppel. The need to distinguish between these three forms is particularly evident when considering the notion that a proprietary estoppel claim requires a representation or assurance by A. Whilst the formulation in Thorner describes the first element of proprietary estoppel as consisting of a ‘representation or assurance’, it is submitted here that it is more accurate to describe that element as capable of being satisfied by A’s acquiescence, representation, or promise.
Third Parties
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how B’s ability to establish a proprietary estoppel as a result of A’s conduct may affect third parties such as C. First, there may be a question as to the burden of B’s pre-existing proprietary estoppel on a third party. This question will arise where, after the occurrence of facts that would allow B to establish a claimed proprietary estoppel against A, a third party deals with the property to which B’s claim relates. Secondly, there may be a question as to the benefit of B’s pre-existing proprietary estoppel. This question will arise where, after the occurrence of facts that would allow B to establish a claimed proprietary estoppel against A, B2 then acquires, or purports to acquire, a right from B that relates to B’s claim. Thirdly, there may be other circumstances in which third parties may be affected, concerned with neither the benefit nor the burden of B’s proprietary estoppel.
Remedies
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with remedies and so looks at how a court will enforce B’s rights, whether against A or any other party bound by those rights. The practical remedial question of how best to enforce B’s rights arises irrespective of the means by which those rights have been acquired, and so this chapter makes no distinction between the three strands of proprietary estoppel. Here, a court has a wide discretion when deciding how best to protect and enforce B’s right. Whenever a court has to answer the remedial question, and thus must decide how best to protect and enforce a right of B, it will need to have the flexibility to mould its order to the facts before it. This is true whether or not B’s right has arisen through proprietary estoppel.
A Short History of Crimes Against Humanity
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a background of crimes against humanity. The first formal acknowledgement of crimes against humanity as a separate category of international crimes can be found in the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal. However, the view that there are overarching legal principles, sometimes referred to as the laws of humanity, that regulate the conduct of men above and beyond the laws of individual nations long pre-dated this instrument. During the First World War, references to the laws of humanity became increasingly frequent. The notion was generally used to describe a category of violent actions that disturbed the international order and that could be directly imputed not only to people but also to states. Significant to the development of the law of crimes against humanity was the work of the Inter-Allied Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and Enforcement of Penalties. The chapter then details the drafting of the Charter of the Nuremberg Tribunal as well as its legacy.