bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking purposes in Amaravathi river basin
Authors: Annamalai Valliammai , Dhanaraju Muthumanickam , Alphonse Christopher Lourduraj , Shanmugam Panneerselvam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Groundwater assessment has become a demanding issue due to the scarcity of freshwater. Heavy textile based industrialization in Amaravathi river basin has caused over exploitation, decline in water levels and deterioration of water quality. Pre and Post monsoon analysis of samples from 31 observation wells over the period of thirty years (1988-2017) revealed that pH (8.18-8.22), Ca (67.87-73.79 mg/L), SO4 (122.37-125.64 mg/L), HCO3 (226.36-243.85 mg/L) and F (0.31-0.42 mg/L) are within the admissible limits and EC (0.05-0.50 d Sm-1), TH (489.4-518.29 mg/L), TDS (1021-1022 mg/L), Cl (304.68-306.51 mg/L), NO3 (24.90-26.21 mg/L)and Mg (78.76-82.75 mg/L) exceeds the admissible limits for the entire basin during Pre and Post monsoon periods. The quality of groundwater is classified as excellent (<25), good (25-50), Poor (50-75) very poor (75-100) or unfit (>100) for human consumption based on the calculated Water Quality Index values (WQI). Hydro chemical assessment of groundwater quality for domestic and drinking utility were worked out using WQI and ranged from 8.1 to 56.8 during Pre monsoon and 9.0 to 66.7 during post monsoon periods, indicating the water quality of excellent to poor and excellent to very poor categories for potable purposes during pre and post monsoon respectively. Instantaneously some proportion of excellent water quality wells are shifted into good quality wells over three decades.
Solvent Extraction and Characterization of Essential Oil from Allamanda voilacea
Authors: Abinaya Duraisamy , Harshini Jayaprakash , Narayanan Natarajan , Manikandan Dhayalan , SenthilKumar Dineshkumar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is extraction and characterization to identify the chemical composition present in the leaves extract of Allamanda voilacea (Apocynaceae family) collected from Pollachi, Tamil Nadu. The extraction process is achieved by solvent extraction method using soxhlet apparatus, followed by characterization using gas-chromatography – (GC-MS) Gas-Mass spectrometry. Iso-propyl alcohol ((CH3)2-CH-OH) was used as a solvent in the extraction process. A total of 21 compounds were extracted from the leaves extract. The major compounds in the extract include Eticyclidine (23.96%), Alpha. Terpineol(17%),1,4-Methano-1H-indene, octahydro-4-methyl-8-methylene-7-(1-methylethyl)-,[1S(1.alpha.,3a.beta.,4.alpha.,7.alpha.,7a.beta.)] (10.96%), Endo-borneol (8.74%),.alpha.-ylangene (7.77%), Benzene,1-chloro-3,5-difluoro-(7.37%), 2,5-di-tert-Butylnitrobenzene (5.46%). Considering the properties of the above compounds, they can be used in perfume and drug industries.
Food Processing Industry Waste and Circular Economy
Authors: Narasimmalu Abishek , Ramasamy Rajam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The continuous rise in world human population increases the demand for food supply thereby increasing food wastage throughout the supply chain which results in environmental pollution and scarcity of natural resources. In addition, food processing industries produce huge quantity of inedible food waste. Land filling and incineration are not the promising approaches of food waste management system for environmental sustainability and economic viability. Recycle and reuse are the major principles of circular economy which focus on the energy and resource recovery from food waste for sustainable environment. Food wastes are mostly rich in organic matters such as carbohydrates, proteins and lipids which can be used as a feed stock for production and/or recovery of bio fertilizers, biofuels, bio gas, valuable bioactive compounds, natural nutrients and industrial enzymes by adapting suitable technologies including composting, anaerobic digestion, and fermentation. In addition, an integrated biological approach for recovery of energy and resources from food waste with the concept of zero solid discharge is found to be economically viable. This review highlights the technological advances in management of food waste including processing methods and product recovery.
Enhancement of soil properties using bottom ash, fly ash and coconut ash - An application of waste to wealth
Authors: Dharsini Manohar Kavya , Akalya Karuppusamy , Ragul Panneer Selvam , Sathyaseelan Kasinathan , Narayanan Natarajan , Kumar Dineshkumar Senthil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Abundant waste materials are being produced nowadays due to rapid commercialisation and urbanisation. Disposal of these waste materials is a challenging task since it causes both air and water pollution. Since the production of waste materials is inevitable, a suitable strategy has to adopted to convert this waste into wealth. In this study, the red soil was collected from the field and the same was composted with organic matter to enhance its organic carbon content. Further, bottom ash, fly ash and coconut waste ash (CWA) has been added to the composted soil in a ratio of 1:4. Subsequently, the organic carbon content and strength parameters of the mixtures were determined. Soil organic carbon content was determined using Walkley Black method while the strength parameters were determined using standard proctor compaction test (SPCT) and Vane shear test. The N, P and K of the original collected soil were 160 kg ha-1, 14 kg ha-1, and 139 kg ha-1 respectively. The soil organic carbon content is highest with 65% when composted soil is mixed with bottom ash. The maximum dry density of soil increased from 0.765 to 0.81 due to addition of bottom ash. The Shear strength increases gradually with the increase in percentage of Coconut Waste Ash (CWA) and torque of soil also attained the effective value.
Experimental study on the change in soil properties due to dumping of organic solid wastes
Authors: Ramaswamy Geethamani , Vadivel Sowbiyalakshmi , Chandramohan Sowmini , Ramasamy Subaharini 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Urbanization and population growth leads to increase in solid waste generation. In order to maintain the environment clean, technique called open dumping is used widely to dump the waste material. Dumping waste in the soil has various effects which results in change in soil characteristics, generation of leachate and also affects the ground water quality. In this study, an attempt has been made to compare the properties of natural soil and waste dump soil. The collected sample has been tested for pH, chloride, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity and acidity. In this experimental study, the collected soil sample was placed in a glass container to make visual inspection. The change in soil properties were investigated by dumping organic solid waste such as food waste, vegetable waste etc., on the soil surface. Test results showed that, the physic chemical and engineering properties of the soil had been changed due to contamination and the variation was not relevant since the study period was very less. Hence to predict the change in the property of contaminated soil, long term studied has to be made in the future and it has to be checked for its suitability to agricultural activities.
Nutrient Recycling From Cashew Biomass Using Vermicomposting Technology-Proposal for Sustainable Development
Authors: Ganesan Subbulakshmi , Raghavan Thiruneelakandan , kumarRamanujam Praveen , Gopalakrishnan Padmapriya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cashew farming is one of the major crop cultivation in Cuddalore district of Tamilnadu in India. Cashew cultivation turns out a large quantity of waste will cause environmental pollution due to not have of administration by farmers; wastes are disposed of by dumping and burning. Dumping of waste will contaminate the soil and water bodies. Burning of waste is not an environmentally friendly method; it can cause land, water, and air pollution. To avoid such circumstances, a sustainable alternative way of the method is to be an approach to convert waste into useful products. Vermicomposting is a well known composting technique for stabilizing different degradable organic wastes. Biological waste treatment technologies such as vermicomposting are extensively observed as a clean and imperishable method to manage cashew biomass and review the result of organic manure on the application of cashew grafts growths.
Study on suitability of single and hybrid constructed wetland for treating sewage for a small community
Authors: Vanitha Sankararajan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study an attempt is made to study the comparison of effectiveness of single constructed wetland and hybrid constructed wetland for treating wastewater. Single constructed wetland is made with Phragmites Australis. The flow of water is vertical. Hybrid constructed wetland is made with vertical flow constructed wetland allied with water hyacinth based free floating wetland system. Primary treated sewage is allowed to the wetland. Water quality parameters namely Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are measured before and after treatment. Two case studies have been in this study. In first study the water is allowed for one day contact time in single constructed wetland. In second case study, the treated water from one wetland is immediately transferred to other wetland. It is evident that, a hybrid constructed wetland gives better result in removing BOD and COD in wastewater. It is observed that there is no significant difference is observed in removing TSS removal. The water is allowed to different type of plants may increase the removal efficiency. The maximum BOD removal is obtained for hybrid wetland is 86% at one day detention time. The COD removal is obtained at one day is 48%.
Experimental Investigation on the Treatability of Greywater using Cissus quadrangularis
Authors: Ramaswamy Geethamani , Raja Varshapriya , Shanmugam Visalini 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The scarcity of finding clean water for drinking has been increased due to pollution, population, and many other criteria. Multiple philosophies exist about the use of reused water for drinking and domestic purposes despite the warning on health and safety issues associated with residual contamination. This study aims to investigate the changes in the chemical parameters of greywater treating it with naturally available material, to analyze its suitability for potable water. This experimental work was done by treating the greywater using chopped oven-dried Cissus quadrangularis, a natural creeper familiar for its medicinal properties. Greywater represents the water from sinks, automatic washers, showers, and also from other kitchen instruments. The chopped and oven-dried Cissus quadrangularis was mixed with greywater and made to contact with water for the various time duration of 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes. The change in physic-chemical characteristics of the greywater on the addition of Cissus quadrangularis was analyzed for different contact periods. Results indicated that Cissus quadrangularis was found to be more effective in treating greywater, more particularly acidic samples. Treated greywater can be used for domestic purposes except drinking and needs further treatment if preferred to be used for drinking.
Energy recovery efficiency of Low Cost Microbial Fuel Cell using Domestic Wastewater
Authors: Umasankar Vishnupavya , Mohan Danyaa Manjai V , kalaivanan Vishvapriya , Krishnakumar Deepika sree , Mangottiri Vasudevan , Ramaswamy Geethamani 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Microbial fuel cell is one of the emerging technologies which utilize wastewater to generate electricity with the help of action of microorganisms. The real interest in microbial fuel cells has tremendously grown in recent years. It converts chemical reaction into electrical energy and helps in the recovery of energy from wastewater. The main objective of this study was to enhance the electricity production and simultaneously treat the wastewater. The lab scale model consists of double chamber microbial fuel cell, i.e., two separate chambers one with salt water and the other with wastewater representing anode and cathode, a salt bridge acting as proton exchange membrane; electrodes from batteries are used for this study. In this, the proton exchange and electron transfer occurs after the redox reaction. The microbes in the sludge or wastewater are responsible for the release of electrons. These electrons tend to move through the external circuit, producing electricity. For maintaining electrical neutrality salt bridge is used. The dual chamber microbial fuel cell used in this experiment produced an average voltage of 0.37mv for a wastewater volume of one liter. This set up is done on small scale, but with further and more detailed study it can be installed in industries that produce Microbial Waste water as a by-product to generate electricity and reuse the waste water for other processes after treatment.
Study Of The Effect Of Stimulative Properties Of Alloxan - Thiosemicarbazone Schiff’s Base Ligand Synthesised In An Eco Friendly Manner
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Padma Priya , Iyer Girija Chamarahalli Ramakrishna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ligands are fascinating class of ions or molecule that binds to a central metal ion to form coordination compounds. Ligand ability to donate lone pair of electrons or capacity to act as “Lewis Bases” has created tremendous wave in pharmaceutical industry. Schiff’s bases are multifaceted class of compound formed by condensation of aldehyde or ketone with a primary amine under preliminary condition. The ligands are efficient enough to act as antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal. Recent studies reveal their ability to exhibit antiproliferative, anticancer, anti oxidant properties is a signpost in drug chemistry. The present study focuses on the efficiency of environment friendly synthesized ligand Alloxan thiosemicarbazone which is screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, docking properties.
Need for paradigm shift in design philosophy for tasks involving water - energy nexus
Authors: Sivapragasam Chandrasekaran , Kowsiga Ayyathurai , Jeraldine Ganesan Lidwin Joan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since both water and energy are highly vital and scarce resources, for the sustainability of any economic development plan (either at macro level or micro level), it is necessary to consider the interconnection between water and energy. Alternative strategies should be explored which considers this interconnection. This necessitates a paradigm shift in the design procedure/philosophy itself, the initiatives towards which are still in inception. This work proposes a typical design philosophy concerning water energy nexus and demonstrates its application at a university level scenario for augmentation of drinking water requirement. Three alternative strategies are considered for augmentation namely locating additional bore wells within the campus, reuse of treated sewage water for toilet flushing and utilizing wasted runoff from the upstream during rainy seasons. The alternatives are analysed to evaluate their merit in savings in energy utilization and water generation. The third alternative consisting of constructing a retention pond to collect the runoff water is found to be most viable which contributes most optimally towards savings in energy requirement as well as meeting the needs of water requirement. While reuse of treated wastewater contributes to 45000 l/day of water, it comes at the cost of 490 kWh/day. The construction of detention pond generates 200000 l/day of water during monsoon seasons which can used to meet water requirement as well as recharge of the groundwater. The energy requirement can be made almost nil by transporting the water under gravity flow.
Evolution of Strategic Planning for Water Sustainability in Coastal Cities of India –Contemporary Issues and Way Forward
Authors: Sivakkumar Shiva Nandhini , Mangottiri Vasudevan , Narayanan Natarajan , Saragur Suneeth Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fresh water availability along coastal India is a critical issue pertaining to and affected by population explosion, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation. The coastal livelihood and infrastructure in India have subsequently grown post-independence without any substantial scientific planning for infrastructural developments such as public water distribution systems and wastewater drainage. Due to the predominant inconsistency in meeting the regular water consumption demands as against water availability, uncontrolled water distribution systems became critically responsible for harnessing our freshwater resources (surface water and groundwater). There is an ever-demanding need for strategic planning for Indian coastal cities with inclusive technological interventions to effectively utilise the available resources for achieving water sustainability. This paper reviews on the contemporary challenges and possible strategies for planning and implementing innovations in community water supply sector for coastal cities in India. Considering the pros and cons while strategic planning in the diverse geo-marine environment, we realise that ultimately the choice of water conservation mechanism must be unique for a given region, but consistent with the sustainable goals considering the overall well-being of the ultimate beneficiaries.
Characterization of Water Dynamics and Modelling of an Open Channel Irrigation System
Authors: Pallavan P Narendra Ilaya , Abhirame V S , Prabha V Suriya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Management of open channel canals is very essential to avoid overflows and overcome water demand. Automatic control of delivery canals has been gaining significance in recent years with the purpose of improving the efficiency of water management. This paper presents the development of single reach irrigation canal with the objective of controlling the water level. Upstream gate opening of an irrigation canal reach is operated based upon a constant-level reservoir height. The canal reach between two gates is divided into N nodes, and the finite-difference forms of the continuity and the momentum equations (saint venant equations) are written for each node. The Taylor series expansion is applied to linearize the equations around the equilibrium conditions. The state space model of the canal system is developed and the same will further be used to design an efficient controller for maintaining the level of water in the canal.
RF Controlled Solar Seed Sowing Machine
Authors: Devaraj Thenmozhi , Raja Sakthiya Ram Shankar , Janarthanan Madhumitha 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRadio Frequency based solar controller is designed for seed sowing machine. Recently, farmers facing many economical issues, so they move in search of some other jobs. This reduces skilled labours in agriculture field. But agriculture is the back bone of our country, so we need to introduce some efficient methods to improve farming. In this Seed sowing machine, based on the instruction given the machine will operate in three modes like slow, medium and speed. Arduino is used to control the machine. Sowing, Spreading and Ploughing mechanisms can be done by using this machine. Using solar panels can improve the efficiency. The controller is designed to make the machine to drive in slant surface of 45 degree and also sense obstacles situated front and back of the machine. The distance between the two seeds will be adjusted using the motor in the machine. This type of machine will be more useful in agriculture field. Further improvements like watering based on the soil moisture will be made in future.
Using Fuzzy Based Multiple Criteria Decision Making for Selecting Private Firm for Waste Management PPP Contract Arrangement
Authors: Tiwari Ankit , Sharma Pritee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM), intervention and participation of private sector is increasing day by day and various Public Private Partnership (PPP) arrangement is applied to enhance services across different parts of world. In Indian context new initiatives and policies like Swachh Bharat Mission(SBM), Smart City Mission (SCM) and Solid Waste Management(SWM) Rules, 2016 are launched recently to promote more integration of private actors in the MSWM system. Selecting a suitable private firm for PPP arrangement is crucial stage and needs careful assessment and feasibility study. The selection process is complex and decision making is often based on many conflicting attributes under uncertain environment. Therefore, selection of private firm for PPP contract arrangement is Multiple Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem. This paper with the aim of aid decision making presents a study of the selecting optimal company for the Design-Build-Finance-Operate-Transfer (DBFOT) contract model of MSWM operations by using Fuzzy based TOPSIS (The Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) Method. The numerical example for the MSWM planning problem of 4 selectable alternatives based on 10 evaluating criteria is also provided to illustrate the approach. The result revealed that approached used in the study can easily applied to any practical case of selection of private firm for PPP arrangement required for SWM services by the cities.
Machine Learning and Data Analytics for Environmental Science: A Review, Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Maganathan Tharsanee , Senthilkumar Soundariya , Balakrishnan Vishnupriya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Innovations in Machine Learning and Data Analytics can possibly affect numerous aspects of Environmental Science (ES). Data Analytics refers to a collection of data resources indicated in terms of variety, velocity, veracity and volume. Big data contributes to the ES arena in applications such as weather forecasting, energy sustainability and disaster management with the advent of techniques such as Remote Sensing, Information and Communication technologies. Though big data is used to accomplish data analysis and interpretation for ES, there are still requirements for efficient ways of data storage, processing and retrieval. Machine Learning and Deep Learning are the sub fields of artificial intelligence which deals with training the models to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. When Machine Learning and Deep Learning are combined together it is possible to unleash the supremacy of data analytics. These techniques show high prospective for process optimization, information-centric decision making and scientific discovery. Scientific developments like these will assist ES to make real time autonomous decisions by extracting useful insights from huge data. These advancements also aid in bridging the gap between the theoretical backgrounds on ES to practical implementation. The primary objective of this survey is to figure out the basic concepts of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, and Data Analytics and find the state-of-the-art applications in ES, and observe the impending benefits of information-centric investigation on ES.