bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIOCARBON, TRACE ELEMENTS AND PB ISOTOPE COMPOSITION OF PINE NEEDLES FROM A HIGHLY INDUSTRIALIZED REGION IN SOUTHERN POLAND
Authors: Sensuła Barbara , Fagel Nathalie , Michczyński Adam 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTWe determined the chemical composition of pine needles to monitor environmental contamination in an urban forest environment in the most industrialized part of southern Poland. The concentrations of radiocarbon (14C), trace elements (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Ce, Pb) and the Pb isotope composition were measured in needles from Pinus sylvestris L. growing in nine urban forests near five factories. The investigated young pine needles were collected in January 2013 and September 2013, respectively. 14C concentration was determined by liquid scintillation counter, trace elemental concentration and Pb isotope ratio were determined by ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively. Analysis of trace metal pollution is based on the assumption that element concentrations in tree foliage represent element availability in the environment. Different space-time patterns of element accumulation in pine needles were observed. The variation in isotopic composition reflects a mix between different anthropogenic sources.
SOVEREIGNTY AND THE LEGAL LEGACIES OF EMPIRE IN EARLY NINETEENTH-CENTURY PRUSSIA
Authors: JOHANN CHARLOTTE 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe traceless disappearance of the Holy Roman Empire from the map and the minds of nineteenth-century Germany was until recently a pervasive historiographical trope. Revisionist scholarship has since uncovered the empire's modern afterlife as a model for federative political order and archetype of the greater German (großdeutsche) nation. This article identifies a different kind of legacy, by examining the empire's role in shaping the constitutional configuration of an individual successor state – Prussia. In a debate over Prussia's unwritten historical constitution unfolding in the 1840s, narratives of the empire's constitutional history became the basis on which the juridical structure of the kingdom's sovereignty was negotiated by jurists and political actors. These included, among others, King Frederick William IV and his brother William, the leaders of the German historical school of jurisprudence Savigny and Eichhorn, and the Prussian statesman Kamptz. The article contrasts two rival interpretations of the imperial legacy: a teleological narrative focusing on the evolution of state sovereignty within the imperial constitution and a genealogical narrative highlighting the origins of sovereignty as a hereditary fiefdom. In doing so, it questions the rigid distinction that historians have drawn between the empire and the statehood that replaced it in 1806.
Cash Holdings, Capital Structure, and Financing Risk
Authors: Sun Qi , Xia Junjie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article quantifies a new motive of holding cash through the channel of financing risk. We show that if access to future credit is risky, firms may issue long-term debt now and save funds in cash to secure the current credit capacity for the future. We structurally estimate the model and find that this motive explains approximately 24% to 30% of cash holdings in the data. Counterfactual experiments indicate that the value of holding cash is approximately 8% of shareholder value.
Evaluation of the frequency of mutation genes in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) strains in Beijing, China
Authors: Liu Y. , Sun Y. , Zhang X. , Zhang Z. , Xing Q. , Ren W. , Yao C. , Yu J. , Ding B. , Wang S. , Li C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the frequency and distribution of gene mutations that are related to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF)-resistance in the strains of the multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) in Beijing, China. In this retrospective study, the genotypes of 173 MDR-TB strains were analysed by spoligotyping. The katG, inhA genes and the promoter region of inhA, in which genetic mutations confer INH resistance; and the rpoB gene, in which genetic mutations confer RIF resistance, were sequenced. The percentage of resistance-associated nucleotide alterations among the strains of different genotypes was also analysed. In total, 90.8% (157/173) of the MDR strains belonged to the Beijing genotype. Population characteristics were not significantly different among the strains of different genotypes. In total, 50.3% (87/173) strains had mutations at codon S315T of katG; 16.8% (29/173) of strains had mutations in the inhA promoter region; of them, 5.5% (15/173) had point mutations at −15 base (C→T) of the inhA promoter region. In total, 86.7% (150/173) strains had mutations at rpoB gene; of them, 40% (69/173) strains had mutations at codon S531L of rpoB. The frequency of mutations was not significantly higher in Beijing genotypic MDR strains than in non-Beijing genotypes. Beijing genotypic MDR-TB strains were spreading in Beijing and present a major challenge to TB control in this region. A high prevalence of katG Ser315Thr, inhA promoter region (−15C→T) and rpoB (S531L) mutations was observed. Molecular diagnostics based on gene mutations was a useful method for rapid detection of MDR-TB in Beijing, China.
Court Allows ERISA Plan Participants to Sue Administrator for Physicians' Actions
Authors: B.G.  
Published: January 2021

On December 7, 1994, the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of Illinois ruled that ERISA preempts a participant in an ERISA plan from suing the plan's administrator under a state common law theory of respondeat superior (Rice v. Panchal, 875 F. Supp. 471 (N.D. Ill. 1994)) (see, “Recent Developments in Health Laws,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 23 (1995): at 208). On September 12, 1995, the Seventh Circuit of the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed this decision and ordered that the case be tried in state court (Rice v. Panchal, 65 F.3d 637 (7th Cir. 1995)). The court held that the case had been improperly removed to federal court. The court of appeals stated that the federal court did not have jurisdiction because the plaintiff's claim did not fall within ERISA's provisions.In this case, plaintiff David Rice brought a medical malpractice suit against two doctors who provided treatment to him in accordance with his ERISA insurance plan.
Does voluntary assisted dying cause public stigma for the bereaved? A vignette-based experiment
Authors: Philippkowski Sarah , O'Connor Moira , Eisma Maarten C. , Willmott Lindy , Johnson Andrew R. , Breen Lauren J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveStudies in countries where assisted dying is legal show that bereaved people express concern over the potential for social disapproval and social stigma because of the manner of death. There are indications that voluntary assisted dying is judged as less acceptable if the deceased is younger. A vignette-based experiment was used to determine whether public stigma (i.e., negative emotional reactions and desired social distance) and expected grief symptoms are higher for conjugally bereaved people through voluntary assisted dying (vs. long-term illness), when the deceased is a young adult (vs. older adult).MethodA 2 × 2 randomized factorial design was conducted with 164 Australian adults (130 women, 34 men, Mage = 37.69 years). Each participant was randomized online to read one of four vignettes and completed measures of anger, fear, prosocial emotions, desire for social distance, and expectations of grief symptomatology.ResultsA multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted. Death at a young age (28 years) was significantly associated with stronger negative emotional reactions of fear ($\eta _p^2 = 0.04$, P = 0.048) and anger ($\eta _p^2 = 0.06$, P = 0.010). There were no differences in outcomes associated with the mode of death, nor was there an interaction between mode of death and age group.Significance of resultsConcerns that voluntary assisted dying elicits public stigma appear unfounded. The fact that participants reported significantly higher anger and fear in response to bereaved people experiencing loss at a younger (vs. older) age, irrespective of cause of death, indicates that young people who lose their spouse might benefit from additional support.
Long wavelength single photon like driven photolysis via triplet triplet annihilation
Authors: Huang Ling , Zeng Le , Chen Yongzhi , Yu Nuo , Wang Lei , Huang Kai , Zhao Yang , Han Gang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPhotolysis has enabled the occurrence of numerous discoveries in chemistry, drug discovery and biology. However, there is a dearth of efficient long wavelength light mediated photolysis. Here, we report general and efficient long wavelength single photon method for a wide array of photolytic molecules via triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis. This method is versatile and “LEGO”-like. The light partners (the photosensitizers and the photolytic molecules) can be energetically matched to adapt to an extensive range of electromagnetic spectrum wavelengths and the diversified chemical structures of photoremovable protecting groups, photolabile linkages, as well as a broad array of targeted molecules. Compared to the existing photolysis methods, our strategy of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis not only exhibits superior reaction yields, but also resolves the photodamage problem, regardless of whether they are single photon or multiple photon associated. Furthermore, the biological promise of this “LEGO” system was illustrated via developing ambient air-stable nanoparticles capable of triplet-triplet annihilation photolysis.
Green synthesis of graphite from CO2 without graphitization process of amorphous carbon
Authors: Liang Chu , Chen Yun , Wu Min , Wang Kai , Zhang Wenkui , Gan Yongping , Huang Hui , Chen Jian , Xia Yang , Zhang Jun , Zheng Shiyou , Pan Hongge 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnvironmentally benign synthesis of graphite at low temperatures is a great challenge in the absence of transition metal catalysts. Herein, we report a green and efficient approach of synthesizing graphite from carbon dioxide at ultralow temperatures in the absence of transition metal catalysts. Carbon dioxide is converted into graphite submicroflakes in the seconds timescale via reacting with lithium aluminum hydride as the mixture of carbon dioxide and lithium aluminum hydride is heated to as low as 126 °C. Gas pressure-dependent kinetic barriers for synthesizing graphite is demonstrated to be the major reason for our synthesis of graphite without the graphitization process of amorphous carbon. When serving as lithium storage materials, graphite submicroflakes exhibit excellent rate capability and cycling performance with a reversible capacity of ~320 mAh g–1 after 1500 cycles at 1.0 A g–1. This study provides an avenue to synthesize graphite from greenhouse gases at low temperatures.
Enantioselective extraction of unprotected amino acids coupled with racemization
Authors: Huang Haofei , Jin Yingji , Shirbhate Mukesh E. , Kang Dayoung , Choi Misun , Chen Qian , Kim Youngmee , Kim Sung-Jin , Byun Il-Suk , Wang Ming , Bouffard Jean , Kim Seong Kyu , Kim Kwan Mook 
Published: January 2021

AbstractScalable and economical methods for the production of optically pure amino acids, both natural and unnatural, are essential for their use as synthetic building blocks. Currently, enzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) underpins some of the most effective processes. Here we report the development of enantioselective extraction coupled with racemization (EECR) for the chirality conversion of underivatized amino acids. In this process, the catalytic racemization of amino acids in a basic aqueous solution is coupled with the selective extraction of one enantiomer into an organic layer. Back-extraction from the organic layer to an acidic aqueous solution then completes the deracemization of the amino acid. The automation of the EECR process in a recycling flow reactor is also demonstrated. Continuous EECR is made possible by the sterically hindered chiral ketone extractant 5, which prevents the coextraction of the copper racemization catalyst because of its nonplanar geometry. Furthermore, the extractant 5 unexpectedly forms imines with amino acids faster and with greater enantioselectivity than less bulky derivatives, even though 5 cannot participate in intramolecular resonance-assisted hydrogen bonding. These features may allow EECR to challenge the preponderance of enzymatic DKR in the production of enantiomerically enriched amino acids.
Object recognition for power equipment via human‐level concept learning
Authors: Xiong Siheng , Liu Yadong , Yan Yingjie , Pei Ling , Xu Peng , Fu Xiaofei , Jiang Xiuchen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInspection robots are popularized in substations due to the lack of personnel for operation and maintenance. However, these inspection robots remain at the level of perceptual intelligence, rather than cognition intelligence. To enable a robot to automatically detect defects of power equipment, object recognition is a critical step because criteria of infrared diagnosis vary with types of equipment. Since this task is not a big‐sample learning problem, prior knowledge needs to be added to improve existing methods. Here, an object recognition model based on human‐level concept learning is proposed, which utilizes relationship between equipment. The proposed method is composed of three parts: Mask RCNN, Bayesian Context Network and human‐level concept learning. As the backbone network, Mask RCNN, a pixel‐wise segmentation network, gives preliminary recognition results. Then, based on the object relationship graph of Bayesian Context Network, human‐level concept learning corrects the results in sequence by maximizing the conditional probability of an object given its neighbourhood. Experiments show that the accuracy of the proposed method increases 9.7% compared with its backbone network, making industrial application of this technology possible.
Soft‐switching modulation of the multilevel cascaded H‐bridge inverter under DC source fault
Authors: Xiong Jinfei , Zhou Fulin , Li Qunzhan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCascaded H‐bridge inverter (CHBI) is widely used in the industry application for its outstanding features. However, CHBI needs a large number of isolated DC sources. If some of the DC sources are out of work, the DC voltage cannot maintain the desired value and even decreases to zero, thus degrading the quality of the output voltage of the CHBI. Thus, a soft‐switching modulation strategy based on the carrier phase shift SPWM is proposed in this paper to cope with the DC source failure. The strategy is proposed to achieve two goals: 1) one is to adjust the DC voltage of faulty cells back to the normal; 2) the other one is to make the pulse width modulation (PWM) pulses of each cell change without cell voltage level‐skip. The correction and efficiency are verified by a prototype of three‐cell CHBI built in the laboratory.
Dense connection decoding network for crisp contour detection
Authors: Xu Guili , Lin Chuan , Cheng Yuehua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the past few years, contour detection algorithm has made obvious progress with the help of convolutional neural networks. The aim of this paper is to present a novel network connecting low‐ and high‐resolution features to make the network achieving richer feature representation. First, VGG net is used as encoding part with outputting the features of different resolutions, and then the feature maps are combined in some specific resolution with up‐ or down‐sample method. The combining process can be stack step‐by‐step. The proposed network makes the encoding part deeper to extract richer convolutional features. The experiments have shown that the proposed method improves the contour detection performances and outperform some existed convolutional neural networks based methods on BSDS500 and NYUD‐V2 datasets.
An EKF‐SVM machine learning‐based approach for fault detection and classification in three‐phase power transformers
Authors: Kazemi Zahra , Naseri Farshid , Yazdi Mehran , Farjah Ebrahim 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a hybrid approach for effective diagnosis of power transformers is proposed. In the proposed method, the extended Kalman filter is used for the estimation of three‐phase currents in the primary windings of the transformer. Three residual signals are defined as the differences between the measured and estimated three‐phase currents. When the transformer is healthy, the EKF perfectly estimates the primary currents and hence, the residual signals are nearly zero. However, when the transformer is faulty, the EKF cannot suitably estimate the currents due to the large model mismatch resulting from the transformer internal faults. Consequently, large residual signals are generated, which are used as the key signatures for discriminating the internal faults from energisation conditions. Besides, the proposed method uses the entries of the covariance matrix of the estimation error to locate and classify the internal faults. For these purposes, support vector machine classifiers are used. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by a large number of simulation test cases obtained using PSCAD/EMTDC software. Also, hardware‐in‐the‐loop experiments are conducted using dSPACE1104 development platform and real‐time feasibility of the proposed method is authenticated.
Ab initio investigation of the physical properties of Tl based chloroperovskites TlXCl3 (X = Ca and Cd)
Authors: Zaman Shams U. , Rahman Nasir , Arif Muhammad , Saqib Muhammad , Husain Mudasser , Bonyah Ebenezer , Shah Zahir , Zulfiqar Syed , Khan Aurangzeb 
Published: January 2021

This theoretical study is performed to investigate structural, elastic, and electronic properties as well as optical response to incident photons of thallium based chloroperovskite TlXCl3 (X = Ca and Cd) compounds. Both compounds have a stable crystal structure with optimized lattice constants ranging from 5.40 Å to 5.26 Å. The elastic parameters such as elastic constants, bulk modulus, anisotropy factor, Poisson’s ratio, and Pugh’s ratio are evaluated. Poisson’s ratio describes the ductile nature of these materials. The band structure and elemental contribution to different states for all the compounds are analyzed. Materials have a wide bandgap with indirect band nature. Optical parameters such as dielectric function, refractive index, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, and optical conductivity are studied in the energy range of 0 eV–30 eV. The comparative results suggest that thallium based compounds are important to be used as scintillating materials and stimulate further experimental investigations of such compounds.
Study on structure and magnetic properties of Y2(Fe, Co)14B melt-spun ribbons
Authors: Zhang Xiongzuo , Han Jingzhi , Liu Pengfei , Liu Shunquan , Wang Changsheng , Li Xin , Zhang Xiaodong , Xu Qing , Yang Yingchang , Yang Jinbo 
Published: January 2021

Y2Fe14-xCoxB (X=8.5,9,9.5,10,10.5) melt-spun ribbons were prepared by modifying alloy composition and optimizing melt-spinning technique. It is found that Y2Fe14-xCoxB ribbons with a saturation magnetization of ∼120 emu/g and a coercivity less than 1 Oe can be prepared at x = 9.5 and a wheel rate of 55 m/s. TEM investigations exhibit that the ribbons are composed of Y2(Fe,Co)14B nanocrystals with a mean grain size of ∼5 nm and an amorphous matrix. The ribbons were subsequently pulverized by high energy ball milling technology, and the flakey particles with a length of ∼30 um and a thickness of ∼250 nm were obtained. Finally, the high-frequency electromagnetic properties of the composite magnetic ring formed by mixing flakey particles and paraffin wax in the mass ratio of 2:1 were measured, and the reflection loss (RL) value of the composite is less than -20 dB near 1-2 GHz, which indicates that the material is beneficial to the absorption of electromagnetic wave in 1-2 GHz band.
Translating sexuality in the context of Anglo-American censorship
Authors: Qi Lintao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis article presents a descriptive study of the English translations of the classic Chinese novelJin Ping Meiin the context of the Anglo-American literary censorship of obscenity in the twentieth century. By scrutinizing the strategies employed in the English translations ofJin Ping Mei, this article uncovers the dynamic interactions between literary translation activities and the evolving socio-historical contexts in the target culture. The resurrection of the archaic source text, particularly its erotic component, in the Anglophone world in the twentieth century was based on the (re)discovery of its value in the contemporary target context. In the case ofJin Ping Mei, equivalence at the linguistic and textual levels was simply not a concern of the translators and publishers, who had to decide how they would deal with the social reality of literary censorship, by submissively conforming to its demands, or by creatively confronting them.
Extended Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick Hamiltonian
Authors: Romano R , Roca-Maza X , Colò G , Shen(申时行) Shihang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick (LMG) model was devised to test the validity of different approximate formalisms to treat many-particle systems. The model was constructed to be exactly solvable and yet non-trivial, in order to capture some of the main features of real physical systems. In the present contribution, we explicitly review the fact that different many-body approximations commonly used in different fields in physics clearly fail to describe the exact LMG solution. With similar assumptions as those adopted for the LMG model, we propose a new Hamiltonian based on a general two-body interaction. The new model (extended LMG) is not only more general than the original LMG model and, therefore, has a potentially larger spectrum of applicability, but also the physics behind its exact solution can be much better captured by common many-body approximations. At the basis of this improvement lies a new term in the Hamiltonian that depends on the number of constituents and polarizes the system; the associated symmetry breaking is discussed, together with some implications for the study of more realistic systems.
Anisotropic lattice thermal conductivity in topological semimetal ZrGeX (X
= S, Se, Te): a first-principles study
Authors: Zhou Yu , Liang A-Kun , Zeng Zhao-Yi , Chen Xiang-Rong , Geng Hua-Yun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Topological semimetals have attracted significant attentions owing to their potential applications in numerous fields such as low-power electron devices and quantum computation, which are closely related to their thermal transport properties. In this work, the phonon transport properties of topological Dirac nodal-line semimetals ZrGeX (X = S, Se, Te) with the PbClF-type structures are systematically studied using the first-principles calculations combined with the Boltzmann transport theory. The obtained lattice thermal conductivities show an obvious anisotropy, which is caused by the layer structures of ZrGeX (X = S, Se, Te). The room-temperature lattice conductivity of ZrGeTe along c direction is found to be as low as 0.24 W m−1 K−1, indicating that it could be of great significance in the fields of thermal coating materials and solar cell absorber. In addition, we extract each phonon branch from group velocities, phonon scattering rates, Grüneisen parameters, and phase space volumes to investigate the mechanism underlying the low thermal conductivity. It is concluded that the difference of thermal conductivities of three materials may be caused by the number of scattering channels and the effect of anharmonic. Furthermore, the phonon mean free path along a direction is relatively longer. Nanostructures or polycrystalline structures may be effective to reduce the thermal conductivity and improve the thermoelectric properties.