bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Malting on Nutritional Characteristics of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Asouzu A. I. , Umerah N. N. 
Published: February 2020

Background/Objective: Malting is a process that is not expensive and is technologically effective in improving the nutritional quality of food. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of malting on the nutritional characteristics of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan).
Materials and Methods: The pigeon pea seeds were sorted and washed. The seeds were then steeped in water at 29°C for 24 hours. Changing of water at 6 hours interval was observed during steeping. The resultant steeped seeds were spread on jute bag and were covered with white cotton cloth to germinate for 72 hours. The sprouted seeds were oven dried at a temperature of 50°C for 1 hour and thereafter, the plumules were separated from the seed and the malted seeds were dried and milled into flour. Both the raw and malted samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for proximate, mineral element composition, anti-nutrients and functional properties. The results were determined in triplicate and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 20.
Results: The result of the proximate analysis showed that the samples were generally low in moisture which are 12.81±0.07 and 15.10±0.81%, protein content are 19.01±0.08 and 22.10±0.16%, Ash content are 2.27±0.23 and 3.18±0.47%, Fat content are 1.02±0.32 and 1.68±0.81%, fibre content are 0.45±0.52 and 1.23±0.63%, carbohydrate are 57.37±0.28 and 63.78±0.01% and energy were 300.32 and 326.20 Kcal/100 g for raw and malted sample respectively. The result of minerals are iron 0.13±0.12 and 1.03±0.08 mg/100 g, magnesium 50.30±0.01 and 68.24±0.45 mg/100 g, zinc 0.27±0.21 an 0.88±0.32 mg/100 g, phosphorus 13.10±0.57 and 18.30±0.32 mg/100 g, potassium 2.10±0.62 and 4.50±0.08 mg/100 g, sodium 6.10±0.31 and 9.33±0.07 mg/100 g and calcium 7.28±0.41 and 10.11±0.22 mg/100 g for raw and malted sample respectively. The anti-nutrients determined are phytate 19.86±0.03 and 7.22±0.78 mg/100 g, oxalate 1.78±0.03 and 0.02±0.42 mg/100 g, trypsin inhibitor 40.53±0.42 and 10.30 m±0.07 g/100 g, tannins 28.80±0.50 and 9.12±0.18 mg/100 g and hydrogen cyanide 1.63±0.68 and 0.68±0.04 mg/100 g, for the raw and malted pigeon pea respectively. The functional properties are Bulk density 0.62±0.81 and 0.98±0.01 g/cm3, water absorption capacity 227.05±0.24 and 261.220.38%, oil absorption capacity 162.72±0.11 and 170.54%±0.42, foaming capacity 18.80±0.28 and 37.73±0.21% and swelling capacity 4.08±0.13 and 6.24±0.31%.
Conclusion: It was observed that highly nutritious flour can be produced from pigeon pea using malting.
Wavelength‐Dependent Stiffening of Hydrogel Matrices via Redshifted [2+2] Photocycloadditions
Authors: Kalayci Kubra , Frisch Hendrik , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Truong Vinh X. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHydrogels with on‐demand tunable mechanical properties within sensitive biological environments are of critical importance for examining cellular responses to cell culture platforms. Herein, the first bio‐orthogonal hydrogel that can be formed and subsequently tuned in its mechanical properties by simply switching different wavelengths of visible light (i.e., 455 and 420 nm) is reported. Specifically, both the initial hydrogelation and the tuning of the mechanical properties can be fully decoupled and selectively initiated by different colors of light. Sparing the need for any catalysts, the development of such a dual wavelength selective hydrogel for biological applications spans four levels: First, the development of the until today most redshifted photocycloaddition to allow for the selective initiation of only one photoreaction; second, the investigation of its wavelength‐dependent ligation efficiency; third, translation of the ligation chemistry into a hydrogelator, and fourth, establishing a biocompatible hydrogel platform for applications in biomaterials engineering including detachment of fibroblasts from 2D culture areas or primary 3D culture of human mesenchymal stem cells. The introduced platform technology enables the fabrication of a hydrogel of predefined mechanical properties exclusively with visible light.
Nanogap Plasmonic Structures Fabricated by Switchable Capillary‐Force Driven Self‐Assembly for Localized Sensing of Anticancer Medicines with Microfluidic SERS
Authors: Lao Zhaoxin , Zheng Yuanyuan , Dai Yichuan , Hu Yanlei , Ni Jincheng , Ji Shengyun , Cai Ze , Smith Zachary J. , Li Jiawen , Zhang Li , Wu Dong , Chu Jiaru 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNanogap plasmonic structures, which can strongly enhance electromagnetic fields, enable widespread applications in surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing. Although the directed self‐assembly strategy has been adopted for the fabrication of micro/nanostructures on open surfaces, fabrication of nanogap plasmonic structures on complex substrates or at designated locations still remains a grand challenge. Here, a switchable self‐assembly method is developed to manufacture 3D nanogap plasmonic structures by combining supercritical drying and capillary‐force driven self‐assembly (CFSA) of micropillars fabricated by laser printing. The polymer pillars can stay upright during solvent development via supercritical drying, and then can form the nanogap after metal coating and subsequent CFSA. Due to the excellent flexibility of this method, diverse patterned plasmonic nanogap structures can be fabricated on planar or nonplanar substrates for SERS. The measured SERS signals of different patterned nanogaps in fluidic environment show a maximum enhancement factor ≈8 × 107. Such nanostructures in microchannels also allow localized sensing for anticancer drugs (doxorubicin). Resulting from the marriage of top‐down and self‐assembly techniques, this method provides a facile, effective, and controllable approach for creating nanogap enabled SERS devices in fluidic channels, and hence can advance applications in precision medicine.
Plasmonic‐Assisted Graphene Oxide Films with Enhanced Photothermal Actuation for Soft Robots
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Liu Yanting , Shen Yajing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCarbon‐based materials are widely used as light‐driven soft actuators relying on their thermal desorption or expansion. However, applying a passive layer in such film construction greatly limits the actuating efficiency, e.g., bending amplitude and speed. In this work, a dual active layer strengthened bilayer composite film made of graphene oxide (GO)–polydopamine (PDA)–gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is developed. In this film, the conventional passive layer is replaced by another AuNPs‐enhanced thermal responsive layer. When applying NIR light exposure, the whole film deforms controllably resulting from the water loss in the GO–PDA–Au NPs layer and thermal expansion in the PDMS layer. Benefiting from the dual active bilayer mechanism, the thin film's actuating efficiency is dramatically improved compared with that of conventional methods. Specifically, the bending amplitude is enhanced up to 173%, and the actuating speed is improved to 3.5‐fold. The soft actuator can act as an artificial arm with high actuating strength and can be used as a wireless gripper. Moreover, the film can be designed as soft robots with various locomotion modes including linear, rolling, and steering motions. The developed composite film offers new opportunities for biomimetic soft robotics as well as future applications.
Rafting‐Enabled Recovery Avoids Recrystallization in 3D‐Printing‐Repaired Single‐Crystal Superalloys
Authors: Chen Kai , Huang Runqiu , Li Yao , Lin Sicong , Zhu Wenxin , Tamura Nobumichi , Li Ju , Shan Zhi‐Wei , Ma Evan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe repair of damaged Ni‐based superalloy single‐crystal turbine blades has been a long‐standing challenge. Additive manufacturing by an electron beam is promising to this end, but there is a formidable obstacle: either the residual stress and γ/γ  ′ microstructure in the single‐crystalline fusion zone after e‐beam melting are unacceptable (e.g., prone to cracking), or, after solutionizing heat treatment, recrystallization occurs, bringing forth new grains that degrade the high‐temperature creep properties. Here, a post‐3D printing recovery protocol is designed that eliminates the driving force for recrystallization, namely, the stored energy associated with the high retained dislocation density, prior to standard solution treatment and aging. The post‐electron‐beam‐melting, pre‐solutionizing recovery via sub‐solvus annealing is rendered possible by the rafting (i.e., directional coarsening) of γ  ′ particles that facilitates dislocation rearrangement and annihilation. The rafted microstructure is removed in subsequent solution treatment, leaving behind a damage‐free and residual‐stress‐free single crystal with uniform γ  ′ precipitates indistinguishable from the rest of the turbine blade. This discovery offers a practical means to keep 3D‐printed single crystals from cracking due to unrelieved residual stress, or stress‐relieved but recrystallizing into a polycrystalline microstructure, paving the way for additive manufacturing to repair, restore, and reshape any superalloy single‐crystal product.
Inhibiting Random Droplet Motion on Hot Surfaces by Engineering Symmetry‐Breaking Janus‐Mushroom Structure
Authors: Liu Minjie , Li Jing , Zhou Xiaofeng , Li Jiaqian , Feng Shile , Cheng Yaqi , Wang Steven , Wang Zuankai 
Published: February 2020

AbstractConcentrating impacting droplets onto a localized hotspot and inducing them to remain in a preferential heat transfer mode is essential for efficient thermal management such as spray cooling. Conventionally, droplets impacting on hot surfaces can randomly bounce off without becoming fully evaporated, resulting in low heat transfer efficiency. Although the directional and guided transport of impacting droplets to a preferential location can be achieved through the introduction of a structural gradient, the manifestation of such a motion requires the meticulous control of the spatial location where the droplet is released. Here, a novel surface consisting of regularly patterned posts with Janus‐mushroom structure (JMS) is designed, in which the sidewalls of the individual posts are decorated with straight and curved morphologies. It is revealed that such structural symmetry‐breaking in the individual posts leads to directional liquid penetration and vapor flow toward the straight sidewall, and also reduces the work of adhesion, altogether triggering collective and preferential droplet transport at a high temperature. By surrounding a conventional surface with JMS endowed with favorable directionality, it is possible to concentrate small impacting droplets preferentially onto a localized hotspot to achieve enhanced cooling efficiency.
FIB‐Patterned Nano‐Supercapacitors: Minimized Size with Ultrahigh Performances
Authors: Zhuang Peiyuan , Sun Yangye , Li Lei , Chee Mason Oliver Lam , Dong Pei , Pei Liyuan , Chu Hang , Sun Zhengzong , Shen Jianfeng , Ye Mingxin , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAdvances in microelectronic system technology have necessitated the development and miniaturization of energy storage devices. Supercapacitors are an important complement to batteries in microelectronic systems; and further reduction of the size of micro‐supercapacitors is challenging. Here, a novel strategy is demonstrated to break through the resolution limit of micro‐supercapacitors by preparing nano‐supercapacitors (NSCs) with interdigital nanosized electrodes using focused ion beam technology. The minimization of the size of the NSCs leads to a large increase in capacitance, with a high areal capacitance of 9.52 mF cm−2 and a volumetric capacitance of 18 700 F cm−3, far superior to those of other reported works. Size reduction and the narrowing of the physical separation between nanoelectrodes are proved to be the most crucial factors in the enhancement of capacitive performances. New charge‐storage mechanisms are discovered with a remarkable nonfaradaic double‐layer capacitance that exists due to the considerable inner electric field force at the nanoscale. The developed strategy and the first set of data provided here shed light on the design and fabrication of flexible interdigitated NSCs that rival state‐of‐the‐art supercapacitors in performance.
Biocompatible Janus Membrane with Double Self‐Healing Ability for Intelligent Anticorrosion
Authors: Cui Han‐Rui , Wang Chun‐Lei , Bi Yan‐Ze , Zhao Jian‐Liang , Dong Zhen‐Zhen , Wang Yan‐Dong , Li Yan , Wang Cai‐Qi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiocompatible Janus composite membrane with double self‐repairing ability is constructed on the surface of magnesium, using paeonol‐doped poly(ε‐caprolactone) (P@PCL) as a hydrophobic layer and imide‐bond‐based chitosan hydrogel (PGD) as a hydrophilic layer. A copper mesh is used as the base to indirectly study this specific ability of the as‐prepared Janus membrane. The water contact angle of the Janus copper mesh‐P@PCL‐PGD with the hydrophobic layer at the bottom and the hydrophilic layer at the top is 65°, and its water retention height reached 5.1 cm, showing the strongest prevention capacity of water infiltration. Further, the damage of the hydrophobic layer is repaired by the corrosion inhibitor and the magnesium ion complex membrane; the hydrophilic layer is healed by the quick response of the imine bond in the gel to the pH change. Among all samples, the weight loss rate of Mg‐P@PCL‐PGD is found to be the smallest—only 1.19% after 12 d and 5.20% after 21 d. In short, effective protection of magnesium is achieved which is conducive to cell adhesion and proliferation, through systematically summarizing the synergy between Janus membrane and dual self‐repair. The related results are distinctive and will open up new research directions for corrosion protection of metals.
Synthesis of Benzo[b]thiophenes through Rhodium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction using Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Moon Sanghun , Kato Moena , Nishii Yuji , Miura Masahiro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA benzo[b]thiophene synthesis by Rh‐catalyzed three‐component coupling reaction of arylboronic acids, alkynes, and elemental sulfur (S8) is developed. A notable feature of this protocol is that the thienannulation (thiophene annulation) proceeds with high regioselectivity via the sequential alkyne insertion, C−H activation, and then sulfur atom transfer to the metallacycle intermediate. In a similar manner, dibenzothiophenes can be synthesized from the parent biarylboronic acids and S8.magnified image
Combinations of rolling, mineral oil, sulfur, and phosphorous acid affect Microdochium patch severity
Authors: Mattox Clint M. , Kowalewski Alec R. , McDonald Brian W. , Lambrinos John G. , Pscheidt Jay W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMicrodochium patch is a turfgrass disease that occurs in cool, humid regions caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & Hallett [Teleomorph = Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Müll]. Fungicide applications are the predominant method of control; however, pesticide restrictions have generated concern regarding the use of traditional chemicals to manage turfgrass pests. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of the cultural practice of rolling in combination with applications of mineral oil, S, and/or phosphorous acid (H3PO3) on the suppression of Microdochium patch on an annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) putting green. A 2‐yr field trial took place from September 2013 to June 2014 and was repeated from September 2014 to June 2015 on a sand‐based annual bluegrass putting green in Corvallis, OR. Experimental design was a 2 × 4 × 2 × 2 randomized complete split‐plot design with four replications. Factors included rolling, the fertility products S and H3PO3 applied alone and in combination, mineral oil treatment, and year. Mineral oil suppressed Microdochium patch although applications led to turfgrass thinning. The combination of S and H3PO3 provided greater Microdochium patch disease suppression compared to applying either alone. Rolling also suppressed Microdochium patch in the second year of this study. Further research to determine how to best utilize these combined cultural practices to manage Microdochium patch is warranted.
Congenital cataracts – Clinical considerations in ultrasound diagnosis and management
Authors: Thayalan Krishanthy , Kothari Anoushka , Khanna Yash , Kothari Alka 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPaediatric cataracts are one of the more common ocular abnormalities that occur in approximately 6 in 10,000 infants and are a major cause of childhood blindness. A suggested pathological mechanism for congenital cataract formation is the abnormal arrangement of lens fibres during embryogenesis. While toxins, chromosomal abnormalities, infections and metabolic disorders account for the majority of the cases, up to 87% of unilateral cataracts remain idiopathic, making disease prevention an ongoing challenge. Early diagnosis and timely referral to ensure effective genetic counselling and postnatal follow‐up is paramount to prevent long‐term visual consequences. We describe three cases of congenital cataracts with incongruence in antenatal ultrasound findings and postnatal results. Improvement over time in the diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasound allows for early diagnosis of congenital cataracts, yet there is little published evidence regarding the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound as a diagnostic modality. As congenital cataracts have significant long‐term implications if left untreated, such as loss of visual capacity and amblyopia, a targeted ultrasound survey should be performed at morphology scans, with a special focus on the orbital region. This should be extended to those with a significant family history of fetal eye abnormalities and severe malformations. Given the high proportion of idiopathic congenital cataracts, the scope of developing other preventative strategies is limited. Early and accurate diagnosis in the antenatal period may be feasible, by thorough examination of the eyes to detect ocular anomalies, especially in high‐risk individuals.
Echo workforce development in the Fiji Islands
Authors: Harris Anna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEchocardiography has a wide scope of practice and requires many years of training and experience for one to be proficient; however, contextualised echo may be taught for the purpose of screening for rheumatic heart disease (RHD). In recent experience in the Fiji Islands, an echo workforce training programme was implemented with the intention of teaching general sonographers and physicians echo for the purpose of screening RHD with very positive results. This course was completed over three separate one week courses in a clinical setting.
How to perform a gynaecological ultrasound in the paediatric or adolescent patient
Authors: Deslandes Alison , Pannucio Catrina , Parasivam Shreya , Balogh Marianne , Short Asha 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUltrasound is the first‐line imaging modality in the assessment of the female reproductive system in all age groups. However, the paediatric and adolescent subset of patients present a particular set of challenges. These include technical challenges that come from largely being limited by transabdominal imaging as well as dealing with the often‐complex social issues around the sexual health of adolescents. In addition, this group of patients has a unique set of pathologies that are not seen in the adult population and conversely, common gynaecological conditions affecting adults such as endometriosis and polycystic ovarian syndrome are difficult to diagnose in adolescents. Therefore, we propose that paediatric and adolescent gynaecological ultrasound requires a different approach. This paper summarises the differences in technique, common pathologies and touches on some of the relevant social issues that are unique to this population of patients.
Synthesis and Functionalization of Allenes by Direct Pd‐Catalyzed Organolithium Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Mateos‐Gil Jaime , Mondal Anirban , Castiñeira Reis Marta , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling between in situ generated allenyl/propargyl‐lithium species and aryl bromides to yield highly functionalized allenes is reported. The direct and selective formation of allenic products preventing the corresponding isomeric propargylic product is accomplished by the choice of SPhos or XPhos based Pd catalysts. The methodology avoids the prior transmetalation to other transition metals or reverse approaches that required prefunctionalization of substrates with leaving groups, resulting in a fast and efficient approach for the synthesis of tri‐ and tetrasubstituted allenes. Experimental and theoretical studies on the mechanism show catalyst control of selectivity in this allene formation.
Visible‐Light‐Promoted C(sp3)−H Alkylation by Intermolecular Charge Transfer: Preparation of Unnatural α‐Amino Acids and Late‐Stage Modification of Peptides
Authors: Wang Chao , Qi Rupeng , Xue Hongxiang , Shen Yuxuan , Chang Min , Chen Yaqiong , Wang Rui , Xu Zhaoqing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDisclosed herein is the visible‐light‐promoted deaminative C(sp3)−H alkylation of glycine and peptides using Katritzky salts as electrophiles. Simple reaction conditions and excellent functional‐group tolerance provide a general strategy for the efficient preparation of unnatural α‐amino acids and precise modification of peptides with unnatural α‐amino‐acid residues. Mechanistic studies suggest that visible‐light‐promoted intermolecular charge transfer within a glycine–Katritzky salt electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex induces a single‐electron transfer process without the assistance of photocatalyst.
Gold(I)‐katalysierte Haloalkinylierung von Arylalkinen: Zwei Wege, ein Ziel
Authors: Kreuzahler Mathis , Haberhauer Gebhard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHaloalkinylierungsreaktionen sind effiziente Methoden zur gleichzeitigen Einführung eines Halogenatoms und einer Acetyleneinheit. Wir stellen hier zum ersten Mal eine Gold(I)‐katalysierte Haloalkinylierung von Arylalkinen vor, die ausschließlich das cis‐Additionsprodukt liefert. Dieses Protokoll ermöglicht den direkten Zugang zu konjugierten und halogenierten Eninen mit Ausbeuten bis zu 90 %. Bemerkenswert ist hierbei, dass quantenchemische Berechnungen ein außergewöhnliches Wechselspiel für den regioselektiven Angriff auf das Chloracetylen zeigen: Ganz gleich welche C‐C‐Bindung geknüpft wird, es entsteht stets das gleiche Enin. Dies ist nur durch Umlagerung des entsprechenden Molekülgerüstes möglich. Hierbei verläuft ein Reaktionspfad über ein Chloroniumion mit anschließender Arylumlagerung. Im zweiten Fall wird das entsprechende Vinylkation über eine 1,3‐Chlorumlagerung stabilisiert. 13C‐Markierungsexperimente bestätigen, dass die Reaktion über beide Reaktionspfade verläuft.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Thienoacene Derivatives: Transition‐Metal‐Free Dehydrogenative C−S Coupling Promoted by a Halogen Mediator
Authors: Mitsudo Koichi , Matsuo Ren , Yonezawa Toki , Inoue Haruka , Mandai Hiroki , Suga Seiji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe first electrochemical dehydrogenative C−S bond formation leading to thienoacene derivatives is described. Several thienoacene derivatives were synthesized by dehydrogenative C−H/S−H coupling. The addition of nBu4NBr, which catalytically promoted the reaction as a halogen mediator, was essential.