bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profiling of the viable bacterial and fungal microbiota in fermented feeds using single-molecule real-time sequencing
Authors: Yu Jie , Hou Qiangchuan , Li Weicheng , Huang Weiqiang , Mo Lanxin , Yao Caiqing , An Xiaona , Sun Zhihong , Wei Hong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fermented concentrated feed has been widely recognized as an ideal feed in the animal industry. In this study, we used a powerful method, coupling propidium monoazide (PMA) pretreatment with single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to compare the bacterial and fungal composition of feeds before and after fermentation with four added lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculants (one Lactobacillus casei strain and three L. plantarum strains). Five feed samples consisting of corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran were fermented with LAB additives for 3 d. Following anaerobic fermentation, the pH rapidly decreased, and the mean numbers of LAB increased from 106 to 109 colony-forming units (cfu)/g fresh matter. SMRT sequencing results showed that the abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the feed were significantly higher before fermentation than after fermentation. Fifteen bacterial species and eight fungal genera were significantly altered following fermentation, and L. plantarum was the dominant species (relative abundance 88.94%) in the post-fermentation group. PMA treatment revealed that the bacteria Bacillus cereus, B. circulans, Alkaliphilus oremlandii, Cronobacter sakazakii, Paenibacillus barcinonensis, and P. amylolyticus (relative abundance &gt;1%) were viable in the raw feed. After fermentation, their relative abundances decreased sharply to &lt;0.2%; however, viable L. plantarum was still the dominant species post fermentation. We inferred that our LAB additives grew rapidly and inhibited harmful microorganisms and further improved feed quality. In addition, coupling PMA treatment with the Pacific Biosciences SMRT sequencing technology was a powerful tool for providing accurate live microbiota profiling data in this study.
Effects of utilizing cotton byproducts in a finishing diet on beef cattle performance, carcass traits, fecal characteristics, and plasma metabolites
Authors: Warner Andrea L , Beck Paul A , Foote Andrew P , Pierce Kaitlyn N , Robison Colton A , Hubbell Don S , Wilson Blake K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Increased cotton production in the Southwestern United States has increased the availability of cotton byproducts for use in cattle diets. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the inclusion of cotton byproducts in feedlot finishing diets on the performance, carcass traits, fecal characteristics, and plasma metabolites of steers. Crossbred beef steers (n = 64; BW = 318 ± 12.3 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 experimental treatments in a randomized complete block design (8 pens per treatment; 4 steers per pen). Treatments included a control (CON) diet, which included prairie hay, Sweet Bran, rolled corn, and a corn steep and molasses-based liquid fat supplement, and a cotton byproduct (CTN) diet, which included cotton gin trash, whole cottonseed, rolled corn, and water. Both diets contained urea and dry supplement. Over the entire feeding period, DMI (P = 0.04) was greater for CTN steers than CON steers with no difference in the gain to feed ratio (P = 0.86) between treatments. The CTN steers tended to have heavier final BW (P = 0.09) and greater overall average daily gain (P = 0.08). The CTN steers had heavier hot carcass weight (P = 0.02) and greater fat thickness (P = 0.03) than CON steers, but marbling score and rib eye area were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.64). Steers fed the CON diet tended to have a lower yield grade (P = 0.07), less kidney, pelvic and heart fat (P = 0.09), and decreased dressing percentage (P = 0.10) than CTN steers. Liver scores did not differ (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments. Fecal consistency scores were decreased for CTN steers on day 56 (P = 0.03) and fecal pH tended to be greater for the CTN steers on day 28 (P = 0.09) compared with CON steers, but neither differed during other periods (P ≥ 0.18). A treatment × day interaction (P = 0.04) was detected for plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations, where PUN concentrations differed between treatments only on days 28 and 56. On both days 28 and 56, CTN steers had lower PUN concentrations (P = 0.03, P = 0.002, respectively). No treatment × day interaction was detected for plasma glucose or lactate concentrations. A day effect was observed for both metabolites (P &lt; 0.01). Results from this experiment suggest that cotton byproducts can be effectively used as a source of fiber, fat, and protein in feedlot rations without adverse effects on performance or carcass characteristics.
Larval development of the stygobitic shrimp Creaseria morleyi (Creaser, 1936) (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) from the Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico
Authors: Benítez Sergio A , Iliffe Thomas M , Martínez Salvador , Ojeda Juan Carlos , Villalobos José Luis , Alvarez Fernando 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Although the larval development of epigean palaemonid shrimps has been studied extensively, only a few investigations deal with stygobitic species. We present the larval development of the cave-adapted Creaseria morleyi (Creaser, 1936) from anchialine caves in the Tulum area, Quintana Roo, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico. Through the discovery of a series of larvae at different stages of development, we constructed a sequence extending through the juvenile stage. The larvae (41) were captured in plankton tows above the halocline at depths ranging between 11 and 15 m during eight surveys conducted between 2013 and 2016. Six larval stages and the first juvenile were identified; however, it is clear from the gradual modification of structures and appendages that more stages exist. The first larvae have a large quantity of vitellum and do not feed, since they have only rudimentary, and possibly non-functional, mouthparts. In the sixth stage and the juvenile, when the stages have no vitellum left, the mouthparts, chelae, and pleopods develop entirely. A comparison with other palaemonid shrimps suggests that C. morleyi has a greater affinity with those palaemonid species possessing extended larval development as is seen in species of MacrobrachiumSpence Bate, 1868.
Can Tolling Help Everyone? Estimating the Aggregate and Distributional Consequences of Congestion Pricing
Authors: Hall Jonathan D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Economists have long advocated road pricing as an efficiency-enhancing solution to traffic congestion, yet it has rarely been implemented because it is thought to create losers as well as winners. In theory, a judiciously designed toll applied to a portion of the lanes of a highway can generate a Pareto improvement, even before using the toll revenue. This paper explores the practical relevance of this theoretical possibility by using survey and travel time data, combined with a structural model of traffic congestion, to estimate the joint distribution of agent preferences over three dimensions—value of time, schedule inflexibility, and desired arrival time—and evaluate the effects of adding optimal time-varying tolls. I find that adding tolls on half of the lanes of a highway yields a Pareto improvement. Further, the social welfare gains from doing so are substantial—up to $1,740 per road user per year.
Effects of body size and prior residence on dominance hierarchies in female Asian particolored bats
Authors: Liu Heng , Zhao Xin , Wang Yuze , Liu Ying , Feng Jiang , Jiang Tinglei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSocial animals may cooperate to gain resources such as food and territory. However, unavoidable conflicts over limited resources frequently occur between group members. Social rank may effectively decrease conflicts within animal social groups, thereby reducing energy consumption and maintaining group stability. In this study, we tested the two factors most often proposed to influence winning a conflict: body size and prior residence. Our results showed that female Asian particolored bats (Vespertilio sinensis) formed near-linear dominance hierarchies. Forearm length was significantly positively correlated with dominance rank in three replicate experiments. In addition, prior residents had significantly higher dominance ranks than intruders of similar body size. These results suggested that both body size and prior residence might affect dominance ranks in female Asian particolored bats.
Survival and persistence of tricolored bats hibernating in Arkansas mines
Authors: Perry Roger W , Jordan Phillip N 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhite-nose syndrome (WNS) has caused large declines in bat populations across eastern North America, making information on demographics of affected species critical to determining their risk for extinction. We used Cormack–Jolly–Seber models to estimate apparent survival rates of hibernating tricolored bats (Perimyotis subflavus) for 5 years in four small abandoned mines in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas, located within the WNS endemic area of the United States. Populations in individual mines varied greatly in survival rates, with one mine displaying annual survival rates as high as 0.706 and another as low as 0.101. Differences in survival among bats in different mines could not definitively be attributed to WNS, but may have varied based on a combination of WNS, disturbance, mine climate, and other unknown factors. Further, some hibernacula may have served as temporary winter shelter for young transient males. Sites housing small colonies of hibernating bats may result in high survival rates despite WNS, and protecting these smaller sites may be important for overall species perseverance.
Automated acquisition of vast numbers of electron holograms with atomic-scale phase information
Authors: Takahashi Yoshio , Akashi Tetsuya , Sato Atsuko , Tanigaki Toshiaki , Shinada Hiroyuki , Murakami Yasukazu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An automated acquisition system for collecting a large number of electron holograms, to improve the statistical precision of phase analysis, was developed. A technique for shifting the electron beam in combination with stage movement allows data to be acquired over a wide area of a TEM-specimen grid. Undesired drift in the hologram position, which may occur during the hologram acquisition, can be corrected in real time by automated detection of the interference-fringe region in an image. To demonstrate the usefulness of the developed automated hologram acquisition system, gold nanoparticles dispersed on a carbon foil were observed with a 1.2-MV atomic resolution holography electron microscope. The system could obtain 1024 holograms, which provided phase maps for more than 500 nanoparticles with a lateral resolution of 0.14 nm, in just 1 h. The observation results revealed an anomalous increase in mean inner potential for a particle size smaller than 4 nm. The developed automated hologram acquisition system can be applied to improve the precision of phase measurement by averaging many phase images, as demonstrated by single particle analysis for biological entities. Moreover, the system makes it possible to study electrostatic potential of catalysts and other functional nanoparticles at atomic resolution.
A Causal Semantics of IS Generics
Authors: van Rooij Robert , Schulz Katrin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe felicity, or acceptability, of IS generics, i.e. generic sentences with indefinite singulars, is considerably more restricted compared to BP generics, generics with bare plurals. The goal of this paper is to account for the limited felicity of IS generics compared to BP generics, on the one hand, while preserving the close similarity between the two types of generics, on the other. We do so by proposing a causal analysis of IS generics, and show that this corresponds closely with a probabilistic analysis of BP generics.
Tracing the Spirit: Christology in Gregory of Nyssa’s Contra Eunomium III
Authors: Abecina Alexander L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While Gregory of Nyssa formulated a Spirit-based account of the unity of Christ in Antirrheticus adversus Apolinarium (c.383) I argue that he already held this view when he wrote Ad Eustathium (c.381) and hence when he wrote Contra Eunomium III (c.382). That Gregory makes no explicit reference to Christ’s anointing by the Spirit in Contra Eunomium III is best explained by his need to adapt his Christology to the Eunomian context where any appeal to a Spirit-based Christology would be useless and, worse, self-defeating. I propose criteria for detecting probable traces of a Spirit-based Christology in Contra Eunomium III and analyse two texts found in Parts 3 and 4 that satisfy these criteria. How we understand Gregory’s account of Christ’s unity in Contra Eunomium III therefore needs to be reframed.
On the eccentricity evolution of massive black hole binaries in stellar backgrounds
Authors: Bonetti Matteo , Rasskazov Alexander , Sesana Alberto , Dotti Massimo , Haardt Francesco , Leigh Nathan W C , Arca Sedda Manuel , Fragione Giacomo , Rossi Elena 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the dynamical evolution of eccentric massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) interacting with unbound stars by means of an extensive set of three-body scattering experiments. Compared to previous studies, we extend the investigation down to a MBHB mass ratio of q = m2/m1 = 10−4, where m1 and m2 are the masses of the primary and secondary hole, respectively. Contrary to a simple extrapolation from higher mass ratios, we find that for q ≲ 10−3 the eccentricity growth rate becomes negative, i.e. the binary circularizes as it shrinks. This behaviour is due to the subset of interacting stars captured in metastable counter-rotating orbits; those stars tend to extract angular momentum from the binary, promoting eccentricity growth for q &gt; 10−3, but tend to inject angular momentum into the binary driving it towards circularization for q &lt; 10−3. The physical origin of this behaviour requires a detailed study of the orbits of this subset of stars and is currently under investigation. Our findings might have important consequences for intermediate massive black holes (IMBHs) inspiralling on to MBHs (e.g. a putative $10^3\,\rm M_{\odot }$ black hole inspiralling on to Sgr A*).
Radio and X-ray detections of GX 339–4 in quiescence using MeerKAT and Swift
Authors: Tremou E , Corbel S , Fender R P , Woudt P A , Miller-Jones J C A , Motta S E , Heywood I , Armstrong R P , Groot P , Horesh A , van der Horst A J , Koerding E , Mooley K P , Rowlinson A , Wijers R A M J 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
The radio–X-ray correlation that characterizes accreting black holes at all mass scales – from stellar mass black holes in binary systems to supermassive black holes powering active galactic nuclei – is one of the most important pieces of observational evidence supporting the existence of a connection between the accretion process and the generation of collimated outflows – or jets – in accreting systems. Although recent studies suggest that the correlation extends down to low luminosities, only a handful of stellar mass black holes have been clearly detected, and in general only upper limits (especially at radio wavelengths) can be obtained during quiescence. We recently obtained detections of the black hole X-ray binary (XRB) GX 339–4 in quiescence using the Meer Karoo Array Telescope (MeerKAT) radio telescope and Swift X-ray Telescope instrument on board the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, probing the lower end of the radio–X-ray correlation. We present the properties of accretion and of the connected generation of jets in the poorly studied low-accretion rate regime for this canonical black hole XRB system.
Impact of Pictorial Cigarette Warnings Compared With Surgeon General’s Warnings on Understanding of the Negative Health Consequences of Smoking
Authors: Pepper Jessica K , Nguyen Zarndt Anh , Eggers Matthew E , Nonnemaker James M , Portnoy David B 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act requires cigarette packages and advertisements to bear health warnings with “color graphics depicting the negative health consequences of smoking.”Aims and MethodsThis study assessed whether new US Food and Drug Administration developed pictorial cigarette warnings (PCW) increased understanding of smoking-related risks relative to the current Surgeon General’s (SG) warnings. In March–May 2019, adolescent and adult smokers and nonsmokers participated in an online experiment with three sessions completed over approximately 2 weeks. Participants viewed 1 of 16 PCW (treatment conditions) or an SG warning (control) on mock cigarette packages and advertisements. Measures assessed whether warnings provided new information, induced thinking about risks, changed smoking-related health beliefs, and were accurately recalled, among other outcomes.ResultsThe majority of PCW (≥13 conditions) resulted in greater learning of new information, higher self-reported learning, and greater reports of thinking about smoking risks; they were viewed as more informative, understandable, and attention-drawing compared with the control condition. Most participants believed the warning were factual, although 8 PCW were perceived as less factual than the control. There were changes toward more agreement with health beliefs for 11 PCW between Sessions 1 and 2 and 7 PCW between Sessions 1 and 3. Participants in all treatment conditions were more likely than control condition participants to correctly recall the warning. Across outcomes, PCW related to addiction, death, and quitting did not perform as well as other PCW.ConclusionsMany of the PCW tested increased understanding of the risks associated with cigarette smoking relative to current SG warnings.ImplicationsThe Tobacco Control Act requires cigarette packages and advertisements to bear PCW depicting the negative health consequences of smoking. This study tested whether any of 16 newly proposed PCW increased understanding of smoking-related risks relative to existing SG warnings. Results suggest that most PCW tested, particularly those related to less widely known health effects, resulted in greater learning of new information, higher self-reported learning, and greater reports of thinking about smoking risks compared with SG warnings. These results, along with other factors, informed the US Food and Drug Administration’s selection of proposed PCW.
Palivizumab Prophylaxis for infants 29 to 32 weeks gestation at birth: A 10-year audit from Vancouver Island using BC Guidelines
Authors: Taylor Richard S , Baker Margaret H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
After initially recommending palivizumab (PVZ), a monoclonal antibody against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) for all infants 29 to 32 weeks at birth if &lt;6 months age at season start, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) guidelines were revised. British Columbia was the only jurisdiction in North America to restrict eligibility for this group to those with additional risk factors, long before the change in national recommendations.

Objectives
To determine the risk for first season RSV admission for 29 to 32-week gestational age (GA) infants admitted to Victoria Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) that either received or were denied PVZ prophylaxis.

Methods
Descriptive cohort study of infants eligible for prophylaxis according to earlier CPS guidelines. Instead, BC guidelines for prophylaxis were applied and data for Vancouver Island infants were collected over 10 consecutive RSV seasons.

Results
We followed 423 infants. Three hundred and thirty-six (79%) did not receive prophylaxis, of which 10 (3.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4% to 5.4%) had an RSV hospitalization before the end of April during their first RSV season versus 3 admissions from 87 (3.5%; 95% CI 0.7% to 10%) infants who received prophylaxis.

Conclusions
Our risk factor approach to RSV prophylaxis for infants born at 29 to 32 weeks GA resulted in a low (average incidence=3.1%) rate of RSV hospitalization. Our approach would offer considerable cost savings to RSV prophylaxis programs that continue to offer routine prophylaxis beyond 28/29 weeks GA at birth.
Understanding Clinicians’ Decisions to Assume Prescriptions for Inherited Patients on Long-term Opioid Therapy: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Keller Michelle S , Jusufagic Alma , Nuckols Teryl K , Needleman Jack , Heilemann MarySue 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveGiven the changing political and social climate around opioids, we examined how clinicians in the outpatient setting made decisions about managing opioid prescriptions for new patients already on long-term opioid therapy.MethodsWe conducted in-depth interviews with 32 clinicians in Southern California who prescribed opioid medications in the outpatient setting for chronic pain. The study design, interview guides, and coding for this qualitative study were guided by constructivist grounded theory methodology.ResultsWe identified three approaches to assuming a new patient’s opioid prescriptions. Staunch Opposers, mostly clinicians with specialized training in pain medicine, were averse to continuing opioid prescriptions for new patients and often screened outpatients seeking opioids. Cautious and Conflicted Prescribers were wary about prescribing opioids but were willing to refill prescriptions if they perceived the patient as trustworthy and the medication fell within their comfort zone. Clinicians in the first two groups felt resentful about other clinicians “dumping” patients on opioids on them. Rapport Builders, mostly primary care physicians, were the most willing to assume opioid prescriptions and were strategic in their approach to transitioning patients to safer doses.ConclusionsClinicians with the most training in pain management were the least willing to assume responsibility for opioid prescriptions for patients already on long-term opioid therapy. In contrast, primary care clinicians were the most willing to assume this responsibility. However, primary care clinicians face barriers to providing high-quality care for patients with complex pain conditions, such as short visit times and less specialized training.