bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Parasites and Salmonella typhi Infection among Food-handlers in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Amudatu Adedokun, Ambali , Orevaoghene Onosakponome Evelyn , Abah Austin E. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Intestinal parasites and Salmonella infections are of main public health concerns in Nigeria and the world, especially in developing countries where access to safe water and hygienic food handling practices by food handlers is a challenge. Consequently, food-handlers play a major role in the transmission of these types of foodborne diseases.
Objective: This study was to determine the preponderance of intestinal parasites and Salmonella typhi among food-handlers in selected areas in Port Harcourt.
Materials and Methods: A total of 480 food-handlers (195 males and 285 females) of various educational levels were sampled. Stool samples were collected and analyses were carried out using direct smear examination and formol-ether concentration technique - adopted for investigation of intestinal parasites and deoxycholate citrate agar and Salmonella-Shigella agar for the cultivation of Salmonella typhi.
Results: Of 480 food-handlers examined, comprises of 195(40.6%) males and 285(59.4%) females, - majority (85.4%) were young adults aged 20-40 years. 47.9% of them - had education above secondary educational level. The preponderance of intestinal parasites was 48(10.0%) and implicated were Ascaris lumbricoides (41.7%), hookworm (33.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (25.0%). No intestinal protozoa were identified. Prevalence of 30(6.3%) was recorded for Salmonella typhi.
Conclusion: Prevalence of Intestinal Parasites and S.typhi infection is relatively low among food handlers in Port Harcourt, but indicates the important role food handlers play in the transmission of the infection. Therefore, awareness should be step-up for the food handlers to avoid escalation of these infections.
Risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome in infants born through thick meconium
Authors: Meydanli M.M. , Dilbaz B. , Çalişkan E. , Dilbaz S. , Haberal A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To determine risk factors for meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS). Method: A cohort study was conducted of 70 consecutive singleton pregnancies complicated with thick meconium‐stained amniotic fluid delivered at ≥37 weeks’ gestation. Cases were randomized either for elective abdominal delivery or spontaneous vaginal delivery after 20 min of external fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring. Risk estimation analysis for MAS was performed calculating relative risks (RR) and odds ratios (OR). Results: The presence of meconium below the vocal cords (RR=7.3, 95% CI=2.6–20.3), non‐reassuring FHR tracings (RR=3.0, 95% CI=1.2–7.5), Apgar score ≤6 at 5 min (RR=3.8, 95% CI=1.7–8.4) and an umbilical cord plasma erythropoietin (UCPer) level >50 mlU/ml (RR=5.0, 95% CI=2.1–12.0) were found to be significant risk factors for MAS. The presence of meconium below the vocal cords (OR=33.4, 95% CI=3.6–303.7) and non‐reassuring FHR tracings (OR=12.2, 95% CI=1.3–111.7) remained as significant risk factors at the end of the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Non‐reassuring FHR tracings and the presence of meconium below vocal cords are associated with an increased risk for MAS in infants born through thick meconium.
Prior third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tears and recurrence risks
Authors: Payne T.N. , Carey J.C. , Rayburn W.F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The objective of the present study is to determine the recurrence risk of a third‐degree (into the anal sphincter) or a fourth‐degree (into the rectum) perineal tear in women with a prior extensive laceration. Methods: Data were gathered from our computerized perinatal database between January 1990 and December 1994. Women who had two consecutive singleton deliveries were chosen as subjects. Results: The rate of an extensive perineal laceration was greater if a tear had occurred in a previous pregnancy (19 of 178 cases, 10.7% vs. 56% of 1563 cases, 3.6%, odds ratio 3.4. A 95% confidence interval: 1.8–6.4; p<0.0001). A prior tear remained a risk factor after controlling for other variables (epidural analgesia, episiotomy, oxytocin use, operative vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia). Conclusion: A prior third‐degree or fourth‐degree perineal tear is associated with a 3.4‐fold increased risk of a recurrent severe obstetrical laceration.
Neurogenesis of GABAergic cells in the chick retina
Authors: da Costa Calaza Karin , Hokoç Jan Nora , Gardino Patrı́cia Franca 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTwo classes of retinal neurons in the chick retina, the horizontal and the amacrine cells, are GABAergic. This study evaluates the neurogenesis of glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactive cells in the chick retina. Twenty‐five μCi [3H]thymidine was injected into eggs of 2–10 days and the embryos were sacrificed at embryonic day 18 (E18). Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunohistochemistry was revealed by avidin–biotin complex method followed by autoradiography of thymidine. We used the cumulative method for counting autoradiographic grains. At E3, 10% of the amacrine cells were thymidine negative/glutamic acid decarboxylase positive and this rate remained constant until E6. From E6 to E8 about 80% of the amacrine cells were thymidine negative/glutamic acid decarboxylase positive. At E9, 100% of these neurons had been generated. On the other hand, at E3 only 1.5% of the horizontal cells had been generated (thymidine negative/glutamic acid decarboxylase positive) while at E6 this number increased to 10%. From E6 to E9 the neurogenesis pattern was similar to that found for amacrine cells. Our data show that the great majority (80%) of glutamic acid decarboxylase positive amacrine and horizontal cells proliferate between E6 and E9, i.e. the last 3 days of the neurogenesis period. From E3 to E6 only 20% of the glutamic acid decarboxylase positive amacrine and horizontal cells are generated, which suggests that glutamic acid decarboxylase positive cells may require a specific signal at about E6, which triggers their withdrawal from the cell cycle.
Essential role of thyroid hormones in maturation of olfactory receptor neurons: An immunocytochemical study of number and cytoarchitecture of OMP‐positive cells in developing rats
Authors: Paternostro Mark A. , Meisami Esmail 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNeurogenesis and proliferation of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE) are reduced in postnatal hypothyroid rats and upregulated following restoration of thyroid function, leading to compensatory growth and restitution of these deficits [Paternostro M. A. and Meisami E. (1993).Dev. Brain Res.76, 151–161; Paternostro M. A. and Meisami E. (1994).Dev. Brain Res.83, 151–162]. To investigate thyroid hormonal role on maturation of ORNs, serial sections of the septal OE from normal newborn, 25‐ and 90‐day‐old rats were immunostained for olfactory marker protein (OMP), a marker for mature ORNs, and compared with the same from age‐matched hypothyroid rats and those allowed to recover from thyroid deficiency at the time of weaning (day 25). The parameters studied were the localization and distribution of the OMP(+) cells within the OE and their density and total number. Hypothyroidism was induced by adding the reversible goitrogen propylthiouracil (PTU) to the rats' drinking water (1 g/l) from birth to days 25 or 90. Recovery from hypothyroidism was induced by withdrawal of PTU at day 25. The OMP(+) cells occupied a distinct, broad band in the normal rat OE, while in hypothyroid animal, this band was narrow and restricted to OE's apical zones. Recovery resulted in broadening of the OMP(+) cell band and normalized distribution of OMP(+) cells as evident in the 90‐day‐old recovery animals. In normal control rats, density of OMP(+) cells increased by 2.5‐ and 1.3‐fold during the suckling and post‐weaning period (days 25–90), while total numbers of these cells increased by 12‐ and 3‐fold, respectively, during the same age periods. Hypothyroidism decreased the growth in density by 25 and 30%, while total number of OMP(+) neurons were reduced by 40 and 70% in the 25‐ and 90‐day‐old animals, respectively. Withdrawal of PTU resulted in marked restoration of these deficits so that, at 90 days, the total number of OMP(+) cells were only 20% less than 90‐day‐old controls. These results indicate that thyroid hormones are essential for maturation of single ORNs and accretion of new mature ORNs in the OE of suckling and post‐weaning rat. Also, the process of maturation and the final number of mature ORNs show remarkable recovery from hypothyroid‐induced growth retardation.
Effect of thiocyanate on microtubule assembly in rat brain during postnatal development
Authors: Lakshmy R. , Srinivasarao P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of feeding thiocyanate (a goitrogen derived from thioglucosides, which are naturally occurring in certain foods) to female rats throughout gestation and lactation on a microtubule assembly of pups during postnatal development were examined. Microtubules, which are important components of the neuronal cell cytoskeleton, may serve as markers of neurite growth. A progressive increase with age in the initial rate of microtubule assembly was apparent in both untreated control and thiocyanate‐treated rat pups in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Thiocyanate treatment did not alter the tubulin content at any of the developmental stages studied (7, 14 and 21 days postnatal). However, examination of the microtubule assembly revealed a markedly reduced polymerization of tubulin into microtubules in brain regions of thiocyanate‐treated rats compared with untreated controls. The effect of thiocyanate on microtubule assembly was evident at all three ages (7, 14 and 21 days). Thiocyanate‐induced hypothyroidism increased the lag period for initiation of assembly and also altered the initial rate of microtubule formation. This study suggests that a partial suppression of thyroid function by thiocyanate, as evidenced by a decrease in circulating concentrations of thyroxine, could bring about alterations in microtubule formation during brain development and suggests the possibility of an impairment in the process of microtubule metabolism.
Arachidonate transport through the blood‐retina and blood‐brain barrier of the rat after reperfusion of varying duration following complete cerebral ischemia
Authors: Strosznajder Joanna , Chalimoniuk Malgorzata , Strosznajder Robert P. , Walski Michal , Lupo Gabriella , Anfuso Carmelina D. , Albanese Vincenzo , Alberghina Mario 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe permeability‐surface area product (PS) of [1‐14C]arachidonate at the blood‐retina and blood‐brain barrier was determined by short carotid perfusion in young Wistar rats 1 or 6 h after recovery period following complete cerebral ischemia induced by temporary cardiac arrest. For the retina and structures of visual system, hypothalamus and olfactory bulb there was no significant difference over sham‐operated rats among mean PSs. For cortex, hippocampus and striatum, significant increases were found at both time intervals of recovery after cardiac arrest. The ischemia‐reperfusion model was characterized by a significant increase in tissue conjugated diene in the hippocampus and microsomal lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase activity in the cortex. Consistent with these findings, we also show ultrastructural evidence mainly represented by partial opening of interendothelial junctions and mild signs of tissue edema in surrounding neuropil, suggesting barrier leakiness predominantly in the cortex, hippocampus and striatum but almost absent in the retina microvessels. Our results indicate that ischemia‐reperfusion does affect influx through blood‐brain barrier into regional structures of rat central nervous system of arachidonate, a metabolic substrate and lipid mediator rapidly incorporated into microcapillary and brain lipids. The data also suggested that : (i) reactive oxyradicals were moderately generated during the early phase of ischemic‐reperfusion process in the rat ; (ii) after reperfusion, in vitro susceptibility of different brain regions to iron‐induced peroxidation was highest in the hippocampus and lowest in the cortex and striatum ; (iii) membrane phospholipid repair mechanisms were activated at the same time.
Neuron loss in the mouse hippocampus following prenatal injection of tritiated thymidine or saline
Authors: Schmitz Christoph , Bültmann Eva , Gube Monika , Korr Hubert 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTo investigate possible effects of injections of tritiated thymidine ([3H]dThd) into pregnant mice or the injection procedure itself on the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells in the fetuses, pregnant mice received intraperitoneal injections of either [3H]dThd or saline on embryonic days 12, 14, and 19, while their offspring remained untreated. A second group of dams was not injected but their male offspring received a subcutaneous injection of again either [3H]dThd or saline on postnatal day 10. Then total numbers of hippocampal pyramidal cells (areas CA1 to CA3) and granular cells (dentate gyrus) were determined stereologically for 20‐day‐old as well as for 80‐day‐old male pups. No significant differences were found for the mean total number of pyramidal cells between the investigated groups of pups. However, the mean total number of granular cells was significantly reduced in those groups in which the dams had received an intraperitoneal injection, irrespective of whether [3H]dThd or saline was injected. This revives the repeated warning in the literature to consider the effect of the injection procedure on the developing brain when interpreting possible effects of agents administered during pregnancy.
Neurofilament proteins are constitutively expressed in F9 teratocarcinoma cells
Authors: Murtomäki Sanna , Virtanen Ismo , Liesi Päivi 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe examined neuronal differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma cells using retinoic acid (RA) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) as inducing agents. Neuronal differentiation was monitored using (1) cDNA probes for the rat 68‐kDa neurofilament gene, (2) RT‐PCR for neurofilament genes and (3) antibodies against several neuronal differentiation markers. We found by Northern blotting that the uninduced F9 cells, grown in 10% serum, expressed mRNA for the 68‐kDa neurofilament protein whereas the control cells, grown in 3% serum, failed to express detectable levels of the 68‐kDa neurofilament transcripts. However, RT‐PCR allowed detection of both the 68‐ and 200‐kDa neurofilament gene transcripts in F9 cells with or without the inducing agents. Under serum deprivation, a prolonged (>10–15 days) cultivation of the F9 cells in the presence of RA and cAMP was required for the expression of detectable levels of the 68‐kDa neurofilament transcripts and immunocytochemically detectable neurofilament proteins. Treatment of the F9 cells with RA and cAMP was also required for induction of their neuronal phenotype.Immunocytochemically, the uninduced F9 cells expressed several neuronal antigens including the 68‐kDa neurofilament protein, the 200‐kDa neurofilament protein, neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) and a neuronal specific tubulin isoform (TUJI). The control cells expressed N‐CAM and TUJI, but failed to express the neurofilament proteins. A subclone, D9L2, derived from a single F9 parent cell, expressed both TUJI and neurofilament proteins, but no N‐CAM molecule.The present results indicate that both the 68‐ and the 200‐kDa neurofilament genes are constitutively active in uninduced F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Under serum deprivation both RA and cAMP are required for expression of detectable levels of neurofilament mRNA and protein. Thus, serum deprivation of the F9 cells either down‐regulates the NF gene expression, stability of mRNA or degradation of the NF‐proteins. Importantly, expression of a neuronal phenotype by a subpopulation of F9 cells appears to require administration of RA and cAMP, although expression of neuronal marker proteins is not dependent on these agents. Lastly, we demonstrate cloning of a novel cell line (D9L2), derived from a single F9 parent cells, capable of extending neurites and expressing several neuronal antigens under serum deprivation without the requirement of RA and cAMP. We propose that the D9L2 cell line may offer a simplified F9 cell model system to investigate the mechanisms of neuronal differentiation.
Functional and biochemical criteria for investigation of brain development disorders
Authors: Pavlova Natalia G. , Konstantinova Natalia N. , Arutjunyan Alexander V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFunctional state and creatine kinase (CK) activity in the amniotic fluid and blood of anencephalic fetuses was studied in the second trimester of pregnancy with the following pathomorphological investigation of the state of their CNS to reveal possible markers of development disorders. The extent of neurological disorders in newborn infants was retrospectively compared with data from functional studies of components of a biophysical profile (motor‐cardiac reflex, heart rhythm oscillations, respiratory movements) and with CK activity in the amniotic fluid and blood of fetuses with hemolytic disease and fetuses of diabetic mothers and normal mothers in the third trimester of pregnancy. The results revealed informative indices of fetal CNS developmental disorders in the prenatal period that are of importance for predicting a prognosis of the extent of neurological disorders in newborn infants. These results will allow the establishment of criteria for evaluation of fetuses to reveal possible disorders in the formation of the CNS.
Frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital in Moscow
Authors: Spivak B. , Maline D.I. , Kozyrev V.N. , Mester R. , Neduva S.A. , Ravilov R.S. , Weizman A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA ten-year prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) was performed in a major psychiatric hospital (1,510 beds) in Moscow. All inpatients who developed a persistent and severe extrapyramidal rigidity accompanied by fever after exposure to neuroleptic medication were screened for NMS. The diagnosis of NMS was established according to Levenson’s criteria and at a later stage all NMS cases were reevaluated using the DSM-IV research criteria. Data on age, gender and psychiatric diagnoses were analyzed. Of the 78,708 inpatients treated with neuroleptic agents, 19 separate patients had an episode of NMS, for a frequency of 0.02%. Mortality rate was 10.5% (2/19 patients). Of the three potential risk factors studied, only young age (≤ 25 years) was significantly associated with an increased frequency of NMS (P < 0.01). The low rate of NMS found here compared to studies in other countries may be due to the stringent demands for NMS diagnosis. More large-scale prospective studies including detailed clinical and laboratory data are needed to clarify these differences and their impact on the prevalence and risk factors of NMS.
Post-stroke patients in rehabilitation. The relationship between biological impairment (CT scanning), physical disability and clinical depression
Authors: Bjerg Bendsen B , Bjerg Bendsen E , Lauritzen L , Vilmar T , Bech P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA study of 128 consecutive patients with thromboembolic stroke in a rehabilitation hospital from July 1988 to September 1990 found a prevalence of major depression of 17%. The patient population was described according to the principles of the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps (ICIDH) according to biological impairment, measured by computerized tomography (CT) scanning of the brain and side of hemiparesis and physical disability, measured by functional movement and activities of daily living. Handicap, referring to the interaction between disability and the environmental situation, often defined as the subjective disadvantage of being ill, was not measured in this study. A stroke index with four items was generated from the parameters describing biological impairment and physical disability. The psychiatric rating scales (the 17-item Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAM-D), the Melancholia Scale [MES]and the Newcastle Diagnostic Depression Scale), and the new stroke-index showed adequate coefficients of Cronbach's alpha and Loevinger, suggesting that these scales have both adequate item correlation and homogeneity (adequate hierarchical structure). The impairment disability index of stroke thus seems to be a meaningful measurement of the specific factors of this disease. There was no correlation between the stroke-index and the psychiatric rating scales measuring the emotional dimension of disability caused by the disease expressed as depression. The results suggest that the depression found among stroke patients is not a simple reaction to the physical disability of the stroke.
Two cases of risperidone-induced tardive dyskinesia and a review of the literature
Authors: Lykouras L. , Yannakis R. , Hatzimanolis J. , Christodoulou G.N 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA case in which a 26 year old patient with undifferentiated schizophrenia, showing abnormal oral, lingual and jaw movements suggestive of tardive dyskinesia during a dose reduction of risperidone, is presented. A second case, relating to a 39 year old married woman diagnosed as having a DSM-IV schizophreniform disorder is also presented. These two cases are discussed in relation to the existing literature.
Impact of headland area on whole field and farm corn silage and grain yield
Authors: Sunoj S. , Kharel Dilip , Kharel Tulsi , Cho Jason , Czymmek Karl J. , Ketterings Quirine M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUse of agricultural equipment on corn (Zea mays L.) fields can contribute to soil compaction, especially on headland (HL) areas where wheel traffic is more intense than on non‐headland (NHL) areas. Better decisions about HL management (investment to improve production potential, discontinue, or plant another crop) can be made when the HL contribution to field and farm yield is known. We quantified yield differences between HL and NHL areas, at field‐, and at farm‐scale using corn grain and silage yield data from 4,145 fields (∼20,000 ha) across 63 farms in New York. Further, we quantified the yield impact of HL areas across years from four farms with 8–11 yr of yield records. Per field and farm “potential production gain” was determined as the potential gain in production if HL yield could be increased to equal NHL yield. Yields per hectare were 14% (grain) and 16% (silage) lower in the HL areas. Production gain per field averaged 4% for both grain and silage, reflecting the smaller proportion of HL per field. For about 70% of the fields potential production gain was <5%, vs. 5–20% potential production gain for about 25% of the fields. Small, low‐yielding fields had the highest potential production gain (>20%). Production gains across years ranged from 1 to 7% (grain) and 0.4 to 6% (silage), independent of growing season precipitation. We conclude potential production gains are sufficiently large to warrant headland management, but management should be directed to fields with the greatest potential for yield increase.