bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Acuity in the Flying Snake, Chrysopelea paradisi
Authors: Zamore Shaz A , Araujo Nicole , Socha John J 
Published: October 2020

Synopsis
Visual control during high-speed aerial locomotion requires a visual system adapted for such behaviors. Flying snakes (genus: Chrysopelea) are capable of gliding at speeds up to 11 m s− 1 and perform visual assessments before take-off. Investigating mechanisms of visual control requires a closed-loop experimental system, such as immersive virtual arenas. To characterize vision in the flying snake Chrysopelea paradisi, we used digitally reconstructed models of the head to determine a 3D field of vision. We also used optokinetic drum experiments and compared slow-phase optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) speeds to calculate visual acuity, and conducted preliminary experiments to determine whether snakes would respond to closed-loop virtual stimuli. Visual characterization showed that C. paradisi likely has a large field of view (308.5 ± 6.5° azimuthal range), with a considerable binocular region (33.0 ± 11.0° azimuthal width) that extends overhead. Their visual systems are broadly tuned and motion-sensitive, with mean peak OKN response gains of 0.50 ± 0.11, seen at 46.06 ± 11.08 Hz, and a low spatial acuity, with mean peak gain of 0.92 ± 0.41, seen at 2.89 ± 0.16 cycles per degree (cpd). These characteristics were used to inform settings in an immersive virtual arena, including frame rate, brightness, and stimulus size. In turn, the immersive virtual arena was used to reproduce the optokinetic drum experiments. We elicited OKN in open-loop experiments, with a mean gain of 0.21 ± 0.9, seen at 0.019 ± 6 × 10−5 cpd and 1.79 ± 0.01 Hz. In closed-loop experiments, snakes did not exhibit OKN, but held the image fixed, indicating visual stabilization. These results demonstrate that C. paradisi responds to visual stimuli in a digital virtual arena. The accessibility and adaptability of the virtual setup make it suitable for future studies of visual control in snakes and other animals in an unconstrained setting.
Experimental Infection of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) With Bourbon Virus (Orthomyxoviridae: Thogotovirus)
Authors: Godsey Marvin S , Rose Dominic , Burkhalter Kristin L , Breuner Nicole , Bosco-Lauth Angela M , Kosoy Olga I , Savage Harry M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Following the recent discovery of Bourbon virus (BRBV) as a human pathogen, and the isolation of the virus from Amblyomma americanum (L.) collected near the location of a fatal human case, we undertook a series of experiments to assess the laboratory vector competence of this tick species for BRBV. Larval ticks were infected using an immersion technique, and transstadial transmission of virus to the nymphal and then to the adult stages was demonstrated. Transstadially infected nymphs transmitted virus to adult ticks at very high rates during cofeeding, indicating the presence of infectious virus in the saliva of engorging ticks. Vertical transmission by transstadially infected females to their progeny occurred, but at a low rate. Rabbits fed on by infected ticks of all active life stages developed high titers of antibody to the virus, demonstrating host exposure to BRBV antigens/live virus during tick blood feeding. These results demonstrate that A. americanum is a competent vector of BRBV and indicate that cofeeding could be critical for enzootic maintenance.
Phylogenetic Network of Mitochondrial COI Gene Sequences Distinguishes 10 Taxa Within the Neotropical Albitarsis Group (Diptera: Culicidae), Confirming the Separate Species Status of Anopheles albitarsis H (Diptera: Culicidae) and Revealing a Novel Lineage, Anopheles albitarsis J
Authors: Motoki Maysa T , Linton Yvonne-Marie , Conn Jan E , Ruiz-Lopez Fredy , Wilkerson Richard C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Neotropical Albitarsis Group is a complex assemblage of essentially isomorphic species which currently comprises eight recognized species—five formally described (Anopheles albitarsis Lynch-Arribalzaga, An. deaneorum Rosa-Freitas, An. janconnae Wilkerson and Sallum, An. marajoara Galvao and Damasceno, An. oryzalimnetes Wilkerson and Motoki) and three molecularly assigned (An. albitarsis F, G & I)—and one mitochondrial lineage (An. albitarsis H). To further explore species recognition within this important group, 658 base pairs of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) were analyzed from 988 specimens from South America. We conducted statistical parsimony network analysis, generated estimates of haplotype, nucleotide, genetic differentiation, divergence time, and tested the effect of isolation by distance (IBD). Ten clusters were identified, which confirmed the validity of the eight previously determined species, and confirmed the specific status of the previous mitochondrial lineage An. albitarsis H. High levels of diversity were highlighted in two samples from Pará (= An. albitarsis J), which needs further exploration through additional sampling, but which may indicate another cryptic species. The highest intra-specific nucleotide diversity was observed in An. deaneorum, and the lowest in An. marajoara. Significant correlation between genetic and geographical distance was observed only in An. oryzalimnetes and An. albitarsis F. Divergence time within the Albitarsis Group was estimated at 0.58–2.25 Mya, during the Pleistocene. The COI barcode region was considered an effective marker for species recognition within the Albitarsis Group and a network approach was an analytical method to discriminate among species of this group.
Monte Carlo simulations of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shock breakout from a stellar wind
Authors: Ito Hirotaka , Levinson Amir , Nakar Ehud 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Strong explosion of a compact star surrounded by a thick stellar wind drives a fast (&gt;0.1c) radiation mediated shock (RMS) that propagates in the wind, and ultimately breaks out gradually once photons start escaping from the shock transition layer. In exceptionally strong or aspherical explosions, the shock velocity may even be relativistic. The properties of the breakout signal depend on the dynamics and structure of the shock during the breakout phase. Here we present, for the first time, spectra and light curves of the breakout emission of fast Newtonian and mildly relativistic shocks, that were calculated using self-consistent Monte Carlo simulations of finite RMS with radiative losses. We find a strong dependence of the νFν peak on shock velocity, ranging from ∼1 keV for vs/c = 0.1 to ∼100 keV for vs/c = 0.5, with a shift to lower energies as losses increase. For all cases studied the spectrum below the peak exhibits a nearly flat component (Fν ∼ ν0) that extends down to the break frequency below which absorption becomes important. This implies much bright optical/ultraviolet emission than hitherto expected. The computed light curves show a gradual rise over tens to hundreds of seconds for representative conditions. The application to SN 2008D/XRT 080109 and the detectability limits are also discussed. We predict a detection rate of about one per year with eROSITA.
Disability Rating Scale in the First Few Weeks After a Severe Traumatic Brain Injury as a Predictor of 6-Month Functional Outcome
Authors: Yamal Jose-Miguel , Aisiku Imoigele P , Hannay H Julia , Brito Frances A , Robertson Claudia S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
An early acute marker of long-term neurological outcome would be useful to help guide clinical decision making and therapeutic effectiveness after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We investigated the utility of the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) as early as 1 wk after TBI as a predictor of favorable 6-mo Glasgow Outcome Scale extended (GOS-E).

OBJECTIVE
To determine the predictability of a favorable 6-mo GOS-E using the DRS measured during weeks 1 to 4 of injury.

METHODS
The study is a sub analysis of patients enrolled in the Epo Severe TBI Trial (n = 200) to train and validate L1-regularized logistic regression models. DRS was collected at weeks 1 to 4 and GOS-E at 6 mo.

RESULTS
The average area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.82 for the model with baseline demographic and injury severity variables and week 1 DRS and increased to 0.88 when including weekly DRS until week 4.

CONCLUSION
This study suggests that week 1 to 4 DRS may be predictors of favorable 6-mo outcome in severe TBI patients and thus useful both for clinical prognostication as well as surrogate endpoints for adaptive clinical trials.
The Normative Complexity of Private SecurityBeyond Legal Regulation and Stigmatization
Authors: Noortmann Math , Koning Juliette 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the normative complexity of private security. It formulates a critique of the stigmatization of private security companies and of the emphasis in the literature on the limitations of legal regulation, highlighting the role of self-regulation in the form of corporate ethics and (international) branch standards. Based on a review of scholarly literature, (inter)national cases, and examples from fieldwork in South Africa, the chapter captures the growing plurality of actors and voices in a vastly diversifying private security sector. In order to overcome the traditional bias regarding private security and its corporate sector, the authors advocate an organizational anthropological approach to uncover regulatory alternatives and the ethical and normative diversity that is essential to a comprehensive understanding of the privatization of security.
Anthropology, Law, and EmpireFoundations in Context
Authors: Chanock Martin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter describes the history of the anthropology of law from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. It shows how legal anthropologists failed to foreground the profound economic changes brought about by imperialism, especially the impact of markets for labour and goods, along with the consequent legal individualization. It places the development of the discipline of legal anthropology firmly within the context of imperial rule, emphasizing the centrality of the fact that the subjects of study were also subjected to empires. Situated within this context, legal anthropology shared imperial governments’ agenda of searching indigenous legal systems for modes of authority and for rule-based law. Even as it cast aside its early racist and evolutionist premises, the discipline’s new functionalist methodology, because it was not attuned to recognizing and analysing change, failed to understand how new ideas about property and coercive marketization were affecting the legal worlds of imperial subjects.
Correlation Between Gut Microbiome Composition and Acute Pain Perception in Young Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Shiro Yukiko , Arai Young-Chang , Ikemoto Tatsunori , Ueda Wasa , Ushida Takahiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
Recently, there has been growing interest in the gut–brain axis because it is emerging as a player influencing the health status of the host human. It is a known fact that the gut microbiome (GM) through the gut–brain axis has been implicated in numerous diseases. We previously reported that stool condition was associated with pain perception. Stool consistency and constipation are known to be associated with GM composition. Thus, we imagine that GM composition could influence pain perception. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlations between GM composition and pain perception and psychological states in young healthy male subjects.

Subjects
A total of 42 healthy young male volunteers completed the present study.

Methods
The volunteers’ pain perceptions were assessed by pressure pain threshold, current perception threshold, temporal summation of pain, and conditioned pain modulation, and a questionnaire on psychological state was obtained. During the current perception threshold examination, we used 5, 250, and 2,000 Hz to stimulate C, Aδ, and Aβ fibers. In addition, GM composition was evaluated by using 16S rRNA analysis.

Results
Pressure pain threshold showed a significant and negative correlation with Bacteroidetes phylum, in contrast to a significant and positive correlation with Firmicutes phylum. Current perception threshold of Aδ and Firmicutes phylum showed a significant correlation. There was a negative correlation between anxiety state and Bifidobacterium genus. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between psychological states and pain perceptions.

Conclusion
The present study showed that acute pain perception was associated with GM composition in young healthy males.
Amino acid digestibility coefficient values of animal protein meals with dietary protease for broiler chickens
Authors: Bertechini Antonio G , de Carvalho Júlio C C , Carvalho Andressa C , Dalolio Felipe S , Sorbara Jose O B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A digestibility experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary exogenous monocomponent protease on the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and coefficient apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids in meat and bones meal (MBM), poultry byproducts meal (PBPM), and feather meal (FM). A total of 512 Cobb-500 male broiler chickens (aged 14 d) were randomly placed into 64 metabolism cages (8 birds per pen) and were allocated to eight treatments with eight replicates in a semi-controlled environmental room. The experimental diets consisted of the basal diet (corn/SBM) and the replacement of 300 g/kg on a weight basis with MBM, PBPM, or FM. The excreta were collected during 3 d (19 to 21 d), and the ileal digesta (using Celite as an indigestible marker) only 1 d (21 d). The protease contained 75,000 PROT units/g. The use of the enzyme increased (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD for alanine, cysteine, glycine, and threonine in the basal diet and AID for the amino acids alanine, cysteine, glycine, lysine, threonine, and valine for the basal diet (vegetable). Regarding meals, there was an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in the amino acid digestibility in large part due to the amino acids of MBM (14) and PBPM (9), with only five amino acids for FM. The amino acids glycine and threonine showed increases (P &lt; 0.05) in both total and ileal digestibility for all animal meals and for the diet based on corn and soybean meal, which indicates a high specificity of the enzyme for these amino acids. The overall results obtained in this study found satisfactory effectiveness of this exogenous protease. The total collection method was lower by 1.83% of amino acids digestibility than the ileal method.
A Bayesian Method for Population-wide Cardiotoxicity Hazard and Risk Characterization Using an In Vitro Human Model
Authors: Blanchette Alexander D , Burnett Sarah D , Grimm Fabian A , Rusyn Ivan , Chiu Weihsueh A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes are an established model for testing potential chemical hazards. Interindividual variability in toxicodynamic sensitivity has also been demonstrated in vitro; however, quantitative characterization of the population-wide variability has not been fully explored. We sought to develop a method to address this gap by combining a population-based iPSC-derived cardiomyocyte model with Bayesian concentration-response modeling. A total of 136 compounds, including 54 pharmaceuticals and 82 environmental chemicals, were tested in iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from 43 nondiseased humans. Hierarchical Bayesian population concentration-response modeling was conducted for 5 phenotypes reflecting cardiomyocyte function or viability. Toxicodynamic variability was quantified through the derivation of chemical- and phenotype-specific variability factors. Toxicokinetic modeling was used for probabilistic in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation to derive population-wide margins of safety for pharmaceuticals and margins of exposure for environmental chemicals. Pharmaceuticals were found to be active across all phenotypes. Over half of tested environmental chemicals showed activity in at least one phenotype, most commonly positive chronotropy. Toxicodynamic variability factor estimates for the functional phenotypes were greater than those for cell viability, usually exceeding the generally assumed default of approximately 3. Population variability-based margins of safety for pharmaceuticals were correctly predicted to be relatively narrow, including some below 10; however, margins of exposure for environmental chemicals, based on population exposure estimates, generally exceeded 1000, suggesting they pose little risk at current general population exposures even to sensitive subpopulations. Overall, this study demonstrates how a high-throughput, human population-based, in vitro-in silico model can be used to characterize toxicodynamic population variability in cardiotoxic risk.
L’arbitrabilité objective de l’acte uniforme relatif à l’arbitrage OHADA : étude holistique
Authors: Sossou Biadja Cassius Jean 
Published: October 2020

Résumé
L’arbitrabilité est une notion qui peut paraître lourde et énigmatique, à première vue. Toutefois, la notion, faut-il le souligner, est polysémique. À raison de la détermination du champ d’application ratione personae de la convention d’arbitrage, elle vise à fixer la qualité des sujets du débat arbitral (on parle d’arbitrabilité subjective). En outre, à raison de la fixation de son champ d’application ratione materiae, il autorise à circonscrire les litiges susceptibles d’être traités par un arbitre (on parle d’arbitrabilité objective). S’il n’est point contesté que ce concept d’arbitrabilité constitue le socle de la compétence de l’arbitre, la compréhension de son mécanisme de fixation est essentielle pour la légitimation de son intervention. De ce point de vue, la lumière doit être faite, déjà en amont, sur sa conceptualisation afin d’éliminer les risques de mauvaise interprétation et de bien délimiter le champ d’application de la convention d’arbitrage.
En dépit du rôle important que ce concept joue dans l’arbitrage, le codificateur du droit commun de l’arbitrage OHADA, c’est-à-dire de l’Acte uniforme relatif au droit de l’arbitrage (AUA), lors de sa nouvelle révision, n’a pas saisi l’occasion de redéfinir sa portée, laissant ainsi toujours limité le cadre de la convention d’arbitrage. Ce faisant, en continuant par fonder le recours à l’arbitrage sur le critère de la libre disponibilité des droits en cause, et fort du monisme juridique qui s’applique à l’arbitrage selon l’AUA, cette norme n’exclut-elle pas de sa portée certaines catégories de rapports ayant un certain degré d’extranéité ? C’est à cette question fondamentale que la présente étude tente d’apporter les réponses idoines, eu égard à la teneur de l’article 2 alinéa 1er AUA soumis à une relecture à la fois critique et analytique, dans la perspective d’un arbitrage international.
‘Aulophyseter’rionegrensis(Cetacea: Odontoceti: Physeteroidea) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina): a reappraisal
Authors: Paolucci Florencia , Fernández Marta S , Buono Mónica R , Cuitiño José I 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe giant sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and the dwarf (Kogia sima) and pygmy (Kogia breviceps) sperm whales represent the only three extant species of physeteroids. This group has diversified during the Miocene, and the Miocene marine sediments of Patagonia (Argentina) hold one of the most important fossil records of physeteroids. In particular, ‘Aulophyseter’ rionegrensis (Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation, Miocene), described based on two subcomplete skulls nearly a century ago, has been a problematic taxon because its generic assignation has been questioned in different works. Besides, recent phylogenetic analyses have also failed to recover the putative congeneric sister-group relationship between ‘A.’ rionegrensis and A. morricei (the type species). In this contribution, we re-describe ‘A.’ rionegrensis, evaluate its phylogenetic position and provide a taxonomic review of Aulophyseter. A detailed morphological comparison between ‘A.’ rionegrensis and A. morricei reveals several anatomical differences between them. Phylogenetic analyses recover ‘A.’ rionegrensis as a crown physeteroid, nested within Physeteridae, but not closely related to A. morricei. We provide the new generic name Cozzuoliphyseter gen. nov. for its reception. A preliminary re-assessment of material previously referred to Aulophyseter indicates that A. mediatlanticus, and also historical material of A. morricei, need to be reviewed.
Comprehensive Evaluation of Accessory Rod Position, Rod Material and Diameter, Use of Cross-connectors, and Anterior Column Support in a Pedicle Subtraction Osteotomy Model
Authors: Gelb Daniel E. , Tareen Jarid , Jazini Ehsan , Ludwig Steven C. , Harris Jonathan A. , Amin Dhara B. , Wang Wenhai , Van Horn Margaret R. , Patel Pavan D. , Mirabile Belin A. , Bucklen Brandon S. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design.

In silico finite element study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of six construct factors on apical rod strain in an in silico pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) model: traditional inline and alternative Ames-Deviren-Gupta (ADG) multi-rod techniques, number of accessory rods (three- vs. four-rod), rod material (cobalt-chrome [CoCr] or stainless steel [SS] vs. titanium [Ti]), rod diameter (5.5 vs. 6.35 mm), and use of cross-connectors (CC), or anterior column support (ACS).

Summary of Background Data.
Rod fracture following lumbar PSO is frequently reported. Clinicians may modulate reconstructs with multiple rods, rod position, rod material and diameter, and with CC or ACS to reduce mechanical demand or rod contouring. A comprehensive evaluation of these features on rod strain is lacking.

Methods.
A finite element model (T12–S1) with intervertebral discs and ligaments was created and validated with cadaveric motion data. Apical rod strain of primary and accessory rods was collected for 96 constructs across all six construct factors, and normalized to the Ti two-rod control.

Results.
Regardless of construct features, CoCr and SS material reduced strain across all rods by 49.1% and 38.1%, respectively; increasing rod diameter from 5.5 mm to 6.35 mm rods reduced strain by 32.0%. Use of CC or lumbosacral ACS minimally affected apical rod strain (<2% difference from constructs without CC or ACS). Compared to the ADG technique, traditional inline reconstruction reduced primary rod strain by 32.2%; however, ADG primary rod required 14.2° less rod contouring. The inline technique produced asymmetrical loading between left and right rods, only when three rods were used.

Conclusion.
The number of rods and position of accessory rods affected strain distribution on posterior fixation. Increasing rod diameter and using CoCr rods was most effective in reducing rod strain. Neither CC nor lumbosacral ACS affected apical rod strain.

Level of Evidence: N/A