bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing for hybridisation of the Critically Endangered Iguana delicatissima on Anguilla to inform conservation efforts
Authors: Pounder Kieran C. , Mukhida F. , Brown R. P. , Carter D. , Daltry J. C. , Fleming T. , Goetz M. , Halsey L. G. , Hughes G. , Questel K. , Saccheri I. J. , Williams R. , Soanes L. M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Caribbean Island of Anguilla in the north-eastern Lesser Antilles is home to one of the last populations of the Critically Endangered Lesser Antillean iguanaIguana delicatissima. This population is highly threatened primarily because of hybridisation with non-nativeIguana iguana. This study assesses the degree of hybridisation between Anguilla’sIguanaspecies firstly using morphological characteristics and then genetic analysis to validate the genetic integrity of morphologically identifiedI. delicatissima. We also examined the genetic diversity of Anguilla’sI. delicatissimapopulation, and that of a population on the nearby island of Îlet Fourchue, St Barthélemy. Forty-five iguanas were captured in Anguilla and 10 in St Barthélemy, and sequences from 3 nuclear and 1 mtDNA genes were obtained for each. Of the 45 iguanas captured in Anguilla, 22 were morphologically identified asI. delicatissima, 12 asI. iguanaand the remainder were identified as hybrids. Morphological assignments were all confirmed by genetic analyses except for oneI. iguanaand one hybrid individual. These two individuals appeared likely to have originated following ancestral hybridisation events several generations ago. A significant paucity of genetic diversity was found within Anguillan and St BarthélemyI. delicatissimapopulations, with a single haplotype being identified for each of the three nuclear genes and the mtDNA sequence. This study highlights the urgency for immediate action to conserve Anguilla’s remnantI. delicatissimapopulation. Protection from hybridisation will require translocation toI. iguana-free offshore cays, with supplementary individuals being sourced from neighbouring islands to enhance the genetic diversity of the population.
Normative metaphysics for accountants
Authors: Maguire Barry , Snedegar Justin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe use normative reasons in a bewildering variety of different ways. And yet, as many recent theorists have shown, one can discern systematic distinctions underlying this complexity. This paper is a contribution to this project of constructive normative metaphysics. We aim to bring a black sheep back into the flock: the balancing model of weighing reasons. This model is threatened by a variety of cases in which distinct reasons overlap, in the sense that they do not contribute separate weight for or against an option. Our response is to distinguish between derivative reasons and load-bearing reasons, only the latter of which contribute non-overlapping weight to an option. This distinction is close at hand for analyses of reasons in terms of the promotion of significant outcomes. But we also develop an account of this distinction for fundamentalist theories of normative reasons.
Saponins as cytotoxic agents: an update (2010–2018). Part I—steroidal saponins
Authors: Sobolewska Danuta , Galanty Agnieszka , Grabowska Karolina , Makowska-Wąs Justyna , Wróbel-Biedrawa Dagmara , Podolak Irma 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSteroidal saponins are a group of glycosides widely distributed among monocotyledonous families. They exert a wide spectrum of biological effects including cytotoxic and antitumor properties which are the most studied. This review is an update of our previous paper—Saponins as cytotoxic agents(Podolak et al. in Phytochem Rev 9:425–474, 2010) and covers studies that were since published (2010–2018). In this paper we refer to steroidal saponins presenting results of cytotoxicity studies, mechanisms of action and structure–activity relationships.
Polyphenols from waste streams of food industry: valorisation of blanch water from marzipan production
Authors: Hellwig Veronika , Gasser Johanna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWaste fractions of food processing are promising sources of polyphenols, which are of high demand because of their favourable bioactivities. More recently, also wastewater and process water fractions are in focus of research and technologies for downstream processing, which is reviewed here. Adsorption as well as membrane technologies are widely used to achieve selective recovery of polyphenols from waste water. For technical implementation the processing of waste fractions must be separated from the primary food production process. Therefore, the key step is the efficient transfer of the waste fractions into a storable and transportable form of polyphenol-enriched fractions. This strategy is shown exemplarily for the marzipan production. Almond skin and blanch water are waste fractions containing catechin and procyanidins, for which a recycling concept has been developed. The polyphenolic ingredients of the blanch water can be specifically adsorbed by means of Amberlite resins or zeolites with high yield followed by ultrafiltration.
Acceptance of Biological Evolution by First-Year Life Sciences University Students
Authors: Betti Lia , Shaw Peter , Behrends Volker 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLack of acceptance of biological evolution, despite the overwhelming evidence that supports it, can be very problematic in higher education courses that have a strong biological basis. We investigated acceptance of biological evolution in 344 first-year Life Sciences undergraduate students across five programmes at the University of Roehampton, UK. In line with previous findings in British universities, we found that 9% of the students did not accept evolution by natural selection, with an increase to 16% for human evolution. Both religiosity and programme of study were significantly related to acceptance levels in our students (p < 0.001). In particular, lower acceptance was associated with Muslim or Christian beliefs, and with Biomedical Sciences and Nutrition and Health programmes (compared with Anthropology, Zoology and Biological Sciences). We suggest embedding an evolutionary perspective in the teaching of biomedical and health programmes and creating space for explicit discussion of perceived conflicts with religious beliefs.
Relationship between greenhouse gas emission, energy consumption, and economic growth: evidence from some selected oil-producing African countries
Authors: Yusuf Abdulmalik M. , Abubakar Attahir Babaji , Mamman Suleiman O. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions, energy consumption, and output growth among African OPEC countries (Libya, Nigeria, Angola, Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon) using the panel autoregressive distributed lag model (PARDL) estimated by means of mean group (MG) and pooled mean group (PMG) for the period 1970–2016. The paper estimated three panel models comprising the components of greenhouse gasses which includes nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane and examined their relationship with economic growth and energy consumption. The findings of the study showed evidence of a positive impact of economic growth on both CO2 and methane emissions in the long run. Its impact on nitrous oxide emissions although positive was found to be statistically insignificant. Energy consumption was also found to produce an insignificant positive impact on CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions in the long run. In the short run, economic growth exerts a significant positive effect on methane emissions; however, its effect on CO2 and nitrous oxide emissions although positive was found to be statistically insignificant. Energy consumption produces an insignificant impact on all components of greenhouse gasses in the short run. In addition, our empirical results showed the presence of a non-linear relationship between methane emissions and economic growth, confirming the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) only in the case of methane emissions model.
Cognitive Enhancement and Network Effects: how Individual Prosperity Depends on Group Traits
Authors: Anomaly Jonathan , Jones Garett 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA central debate in bioethics is whether parents should try to influence the genetic basis of their children’s traits. We argue that the case for using mate selection, embryo selection, and other interventions to enhance heritable traits like intelligence is strengthened by the fact that they seem to have positive network effects. These network effects include increased cooperation in collective action problems, which contributes to social trust and prosperity. We begin with an overview of evidence for these claims, and then argue that if individual welfare is largely a function of group traits, parents should try to preserve or enhance cognitive traits that have positive network effects.
A computational model of task allocation in social insects: ecology and interactions alone can drive specialisation
Authors: Chen Rui , Meyer Bernd , Garcia Julian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSocial insects allocate their workforce in a decentralised fashion, addressing multiple tasks and responding effectively to environmental changes. This process is fundamental to their ecological success, but the mechanisms behind it are not well understood. While most models focus on internal and individual factors, empirical evidence highlights the importance of ecology and social interactions. To address this gap, we propose a game theoretical model of task allocation. Our main findings are twofold: Firstly, the specialisation emerging from self-organised task allocation can be largely determined by the ecology. Weakly specialised colonies in which all individuals perform more than one task emerge when foraging is cheap; in contrast, harsher environments with high foraging costs lead to strong specialisation in which each individual fully engages in a single task. Secondly, social interactions lead to important differences in dynamic environments. Colonies whose individuals rely on their own experience are predicted to be more flexible when dealing with change than colonies relying on social information. We also find that, counter to intuition, strongly specialised colonies may perform suboptimally, whereas the group performance of weakly specialised colonies approaches optimality. Our simulation results fully agree with the predictions of the mathematical model for the regions where the latter is analytically tractable. Our results are useful in framing relevant and important empirical questions, where ecology and interactions are key elements of hypotheses and predictions.
In Vivo Assessment of Cortical Bone Fragility
Authors: Bowman Lyn , Loucks Anne B. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This review updates readers on recent developments in the assessment of cortical bone fragility in vivo. The review explains the clinical need that motivated the development of Cortical Bone Mechanics Technology™ (CBMT) as a scientific instrument, its unique capabilities, and its necessary further development as a medical device.

Recent Findings
Clinical experience with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry has led to calls for new clinical methods for assessing bone health. CBMT is a noninvasive, dynamic 3-point bending test that makes direct, functional measurements of the mechanical properties of cortical bone in ulnas of living people. Its technical validity in accurate measurements of ulna flexural rigidity and its clinical validity in accurate estimations of quasistatic ulna bending strength have been demonstrated.

Summary
Because CBMT is a whole bone test, its measurements reflect the influences of bone quantity and bone quality at all hierarchical levels.
The Selected Erratic Boulders in the Świętokrzyskie Province (Central Poland) and Their Potential to Promote Geotourism
Authors: Górska-Zabielska Maria , Witkowska Kinga , Pisarska Małgorzata , Musiał Rafał , Jońca Beata 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the present paper, ten erratic boulders in the Świętokrzyskie Province (Central Poland) are described in detail, indicating their Scandinavian origin area, location, form of protection, petrographic type and morphology. In particular, special attention is placed on an evaluation of these boulders’ current and potential significance for geotourism with the aim of promoting geotourism. The Devil’s Stone from Kamienna Wola has a very high potential for promoting geotourism. Two other erratic boulders in Radoszyce and Wilków can promote geotourism to a lesser degree. The potential of the remaining boulders to promote nature-based tourism is medium or low. Some solutions are proposed to increase the importance of these erratic boulders in the sustainable development of the research area.
Low genetic polymorphism in the re-introduced Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) population in Finland: implications for conservation
Authors: Iso-Touru Terhi , Huitu Otso , Tapio Miika , Kučinskienė Jūratė , Ulevičius Alius , Bukelskis Egidijus , Tirronen Konstantin , Fyodorov Fyodor , Panchenko Danila , Saarma Urmas , Valdmann Harri , Kauhala Kaarina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundReduction of genetic diversity can lead to reduced fitness of species, such as the loss of adaptability to changing environments. The native Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) was hunted to extinction from Finland and many other countries in Europe in the nineteenth century. In Finland, the species was re-introduced in the 1930s with only a few individuals from Norway. Re-introductions were performed also in other countries of northern Europe and as a result, Eurasian beaver populations have undergone population bottlenecks leading to low levels of genetic diversity.Materials and MethodsHere, 200 Eurasian beaver samples from Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Russian Karelia were investigated using 12 microsatellite markers to examine the level of genetic diversity and relationship between the populations.ResultsWhile Russian and Estonian populations were genetically the closest, the Finnish population was clearly distinct from all others and had the lowest genetic variability among the study populations. This may be deleterious to the population especially in a changing environment.ConclusionsGenetic rescue could be the best solution to increase the genetic diversity and improve the future prospects of the population, although more studies are required to resolve the optimal source population.
Running-in friction of hip joint replacements can be significantly reduced: The effect of surface-textured acetabular cup
Authors: Nečas David , Usami Hatsuhiko , Niimi Tatsuya , Sawae Yoshinori , Křupka Ivan , Hartl Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHip joint replacements represent the most effective way of treatment for patients suffering from joint diseases. Despite the rapid improvement of implant materials over the last few decades, limited longevity associated with wear-related complications persists as the main drawback. Therefore, improved tribological performance is required in order to extend the service life of replacements. The effect of surface texturing of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) acetabular cup was investigated in the present study. Unique tilling method was utilized for manufacturing the dimples with controlled diameter and depths on the contact surface of the cup. The experiments with four commercial femoral components and two model lubricants were realized. The main attention was paid to a coefficient of friction considering the differences between the original and the dimpled cups. Results showed remarkable lowering of friction, in general. Focusing on the simulated human synovial fluid, friction was reduced by 40% (alumina ceramic), 38.8% (zirconia toughened ceramic), 25.5% (metal), and 9.9% (oxinium). In addition, the dimples helped to keep the friction stable without fluctuations. To conclude, the paper brings a new insight into frictional behaviour of the hip replacements during running-in phase which is essential for overall implant lifespan. It is believed that proper surface texturing may rapidly improve the life quality of millions of patients and may lead to considerable financial savings.
Capturing heat transfer for complex-shaped multibody contact problems, a new FDEM approach
Authors: Joulin Clément , Xiang Jiansheng , Latham John-Paul , Pain Christopher , Salinas Pablo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a new approach for the modelling of heat transfer in 3D discrete particle systems. Using a combined finite–discrete element (FDEM) method, the surface of contact is numerically computed when two discrete meshes of two solids experience a small overlap. Incoming heat flux and heat conduction inside and between solid bodies are linked. In traditional FEM (finite element method) or DEM (discrete element method) approaches, to model heat transfer across contacting bodies, the surface of contact is not directly reconstructed. The approach adopted here uses the number of surface elements from the penetrating boundary meshes to form a polygon of the intersection, resulting in a significant decrease in the mesh dependency of the method. Moreover, this new method is suitable for any sizes or shapes making up the particle system, and heat distribution across particles is an inherent feature of the model. This FDEM approach is validated against two models: a FEM model and a DEM pipe network model. In addition, a multi-particle heat transfer contact problem of complex-shaped particles is presented.
Ultra-sensitive Nanoprobe Modified with Tumor Cell Membrane for UCL/MRI/PET Multimodality Precise Imaging of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Fang Hanyi , Li Mengting , Liu Qingyao , Gai Yongkang , Yuan Lujie , Wang Sheng , Zhang Xiao , Ye Min , Zhang Yongxue , Gao Mingyuan , Hou Yi , Lan Xiaoli 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of breast cancer in which the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor are not expressed, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 is not amplified or overexpressed either, which make the clinical diagnosis and treatment very challenging. Molecular imaging can provide an effective way to diagnose TNBC. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), are a promising new generation of molecular imaging probes. However, UCNPs still need to be improved for tumor-targeting ability and biocompatibility. This study describes a novel probe based on cancer cell membrane-coated upconversion nanoparticles (CCm-UCNPs), owing to the low immunogenicity and homologous-targeting ability of cancer cell membranes, and modified multifunctional UCNPs. This probe exhibits excellent performance in breast cancer molecular classification and TNBC diagnosis through UCL/MRI/PET tri-modality imaging in vivo. By using this probe, MDA-MB-231 was successfully differentiated between MCF-7 tumor models in vivo. Based on the tumor imaging and molecular classification results, the probe is also expected to be modified for drug delivery in the future, contributing to the treatment of TNBC. The combination of nanoparticles with biomimetic cell membranes has the potential for multiple clinical applications.
Comparison of Vaginal Penetration Cognitions and Metacognitions Between Women with Genito-Pelvic Pain and Penetration Disorder and Healthy Controls
Authors: Teksin Ünal Gülşen , Şahmelikoğlu Onur Özge , Erten Evrim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Investigation of vaginal penetration cognitions and metacognitive beliefs in genito-pelvic pain and penetration disorder (GPPPD) could be important for understanding the underlying mechanisms of sexual disorders.

Aim
The aim of this study was to compare healthy controls and GPPPD women for vaginal penetration cognitions and metacognitions.

Methods
Outpatients with GPPPD (n = 135) and healthy controls (n = 136) were evaluated with Sociodemographic Data Form, Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (SCID-I), SCID nonpatient version, Golombok-Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction Female Form (GRISS), Vaginal Penetration Cognition Questionnaire, Metacognitions Questionnaire (MQ), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), SCID and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D).

Outcomes
The relationship between metacognitions and vaginal penetration cognitions was detected, and patients with GPPPD and healthy controls were compared for metacognitions.

Results
The MQ total score and all MQ subdimension scores other than positive beliefs about worry of GPPPD were found to be significantly higher in the GPPPD group than in controls. All Vaginal Penetration Cognition Questionnaire subdimension scores except positive cognitions for penetration score were significantly higher in patients with GPPPD than in controls. The total and frequency of sexuality, sexual communication between partners, avoidance of sexuality, nonsensuality, vaginismus, satisfaction, and anorgasmia subscores of the GRISS were significantly higher in the GPPPD group. Cognitive self-consciousness, need for controlling thoughts, and HAM-D values had a significant and independent effect on distinguishing the patients with GPPPD from the controls.

Clinical Implications
Our results may be important to address the metacognitions in the treatment of women with GPPPD.

Strengths & Limitations
The strengths are large-sample case and control groups, comparison with the control group using both clinical interviews and scale evaluations, diagnosis of GPPPD using clinical interviews and with 2 validated scales, exclusion of patients with depression and anxiety disorders, and evaluation of metacognitions not affected by concomitant disorders. The cross-sectional nature of our study and the fact that it was performed only in treatment-seeking groups and recruitment of hospital workers' relatives as a control group were limitations of the study.

Conclusion
In addition to the behavioral components of GPPPD treatment, the emphasis on metacognitions especially in the treatment process may have a positive effect on treatment.
A Mechanism for the Midwinter Minimum in North Pacific Storm‐Track Intensity From a Global Perspective
Authors: Park Mingyu , Lee Sukyoung 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe midwinter minimum in North Pacific storm‐track intensity is a perplexing phenomenon because the associated local baroclinity in the North Pacific is maximum during midwinter. Here, a new mechanism is proposed wherein the midwinter minimum occurs in part because global planetary‐scale waves consume the zonal available potential energy, limiting its availability for storm‐track eddy growth. During strong midwinter suppression years, the midwinter minimum is preceded by anomalously large planetary‐scale eddy kinetic energy and subsequent reduction in zonal available potential energy and global baroclinity. Consistent with previous studies, this large planetary‐scale eddy kinetic energy takes place after enhanced Pacific warm pool convection, which peaks during winter. These results indicate that the midwinter minimum is in part caused by heightened warm pool convection, which, through excitation of planetary‐scale waves, leads to a weaker storm‐track. This finding also helps explain the existence of the midwinter North Atlantic storm‐track minimum.