bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Properties and Cleanability: A Rational Correlation
Authors: Nagarajan Ramamurthy 
Published: November 2020

Failures in disk drives are frequently induced by particulate contamination present in the head/disk assembly (HDA). The sources and characteristics of debris vary with component material within the HDA. The inherently contaminating nature of manufacturing component parts requires that those parts be carefully cleaned and that their cleanliness be evaluated against a specified standard. Ultrasonic cleaning of substrate surfaces, and turbidity/liquid-particle-count (LPC) measurement of extracted-contaminant concentration and size distribution are popular techniques in this regard.
Two factors can be used to determine the suitability of ultrasonic surface cleaning. The first is defined here as the maximum cleaning potential, that is, how clean the surface can get when subjected to a multistage-extraction process. And the second concerns the first-stage cleanability of the surface, that is, what fraction of the total cleaning action occurs in the first ultrasonic stage. These two fundamental cleaning parameters described here are closely linked to the nature of adhesive interaction between the contaminant particle, the substrate surface, and any intervening liquid. A predictive procedure to rank various materials with respect to their maximum cleaning potential and their first-stage cleanability is presented. Turbidity/LPC data, obtained at IBM San Jose laboratories for several metallic and polymeric parts, are used to develop useful correlations in terms of relevant physical properties of these surfaces. The implications of this predictive model for future design and optimization of ultrasonic cleaning/monitoring processes are also discussed.
Combined Environments Facility for Externally Carried Aircraft Stores
Authors: Rice James 
Published: November 2020

Raytheon Company, Electromagnetic Systems Division (ESD), Goleta, California, has recently completed a facility that simulates the environments measured on the AN/ALQ-184 EW Jammer Pod during a series of flight tests.
The laboratory uses high-intensity acoustic excitation to duplicate the effects of turbulent aerodynamic flow, vibration exciters to drive the lower frequency air frame structural motions, temperature-conditioned air across the store to simulate the effects of frictional skin heating or frigid conditions, and temperature-conditioned coldplate fluid to create the correct thermal effect on the high voltage section of the pod (see Figure 1).
This approach to testing externally carried stores builds on the work that has been done by the Navy at the Pacific Missile Test Center (PMTC), Point Mugu, California. The primary differences are in the use of two distinct thermal profiles applied simultaneously to different portions of the test item, and the use of multiple accelerometers in the control of the vibroacoustic environment.
Special considerations had to be taken into account in the design of the test facility. Overall sound pressure levels of 155 dB were required to achieve the desired pod response. Space restrictions caused the facility to be placed within 21.3 m (70 ft) of the property boundary in an area zoned as a research park. Water restrictions in Santa Barbara County prevented the use of a water cooling system for equipment typically cooled by liquid. Both problems were addressed and successfully overcome. The completed lab is now being used for reliability growth testing and for lot sampling of the production pods.
Estimating the Lifetime of Electropolished Stainless Steel (EPSS) Tubing in Corrosive Gas Services
Authors: Wang Hwa-Chi , Doddi Govind , Chesters Stephen 
Published: November 2020

Tubing lifetime in HCI service, defined as the time to begin particle shedding due to corrosion, can be estimated by the method described in this paper. This could provide an additional selection criterion for materials used in corrosive applications. In this method, particle shedding by a length of electropolished stainless steel (EPSS) tubing is measured before and after its controlled exposure to 100 percent HCl. The shedding is measured in dry nitrogen at several different flow rates. The experimental variables are moisture concentration, exposure duration, and shedding flow rates. A dosage-response model is used to correlate the particle data with a combined dosage parameter of moisture concentration and exposure duration. The time for the tube to begin to act as a particle source under HCl exposure is then estimated as follows. For a given allowable particle level C, at a specified flow rate, the dosage parameter X can be determined from C = exp (a+bX) where a and b are constants obtainable from the experimental correlation. Once the dosage parameter X is obtained, the lifetime of the EPSS tubing in HCl service can be estimated from
{H2O in ppm} x {Lifetime in days} = X
For EPSS tubing exposed to 100 percent HCl with I ppm moisture concentration, this method estimates 2.3 yr for this tubing to shed particles greater than 10 particles/scf at a 3.531 scfm (100 slm) flow rate. This estimate is in line with field experience.
Filtration of Real-World Particles in Liquids by Microporous Membrane Filters
Authors: Lee Jae-Keun , Liu Benjamin , Rubow Kenneth , Yoo Seong-Ho 
Published: November 2020

The filtration effect of irregular-shaped, real-world particles, such as silicon, alumina, and silicon nitride particles, has been experimentally investigated using 0.1, 0.22, and 0.45-μm-rated polyvinylidence difluoride (PVDF) and 0.2-μm polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane filters. Particle retention tests were performed by measuring particle concentrations upstream and downstream of the test filter using an automatic liquid-borne laser particle counter (LPC). The test apparatus for the particle retention studies used a pump-driven water recirculating system.
Zeta potential values play an important role in liquid filtration. The higher-charged particles, such as PSL and silicon, degraded filter efficiency during filter loading, while the lower-charged alumina and silicon nitride particles achieved complete retention over the entire range of test particle size, i.e., from 0.1 μm to 0.4 μm. Experimental results showed that if the filter and contaminant particles had a high charge of similar polarity, the electric double layers would interact in a repulsive manner, making the adsorptive deposition of the particle unfavorable and leaving sieving as the active filtration mechanism. If the contaminants had a low charge, they coagulated due to colloidal instability and were easily retained on the pore surfaces.
Comparative study in healing process and complications inpatient undergoing ventral hernia mesh repair with and without the usage of collagen granules
Authors: Subburaaj A. P. , Joycey Sahaya Rani , S. Preethiya , Balaji Arun , Yusaf Nabeel 
Published: November 2020

Background: Ventral hernias are the second most common type of hernias accounting for 21 to 35% of all types of hernias. Collagen is defined as an endogenous substance that forms an important structural component in connective tissue. Collagen granules have an advantage with a reduction in inflammatory cells during healing resulting in decreased days of healing. This study is to compare the outcome of a patient with and without collagen granules usage during ventral hernia open mesh repair.Methods: This prospective comparative study was done in 50 cases of ventral hernias admitted to the department of surgery in VMKV Medical College, Salem between periods of March 2018 to October 2019 were chosen for the study. The test group was treated with collagen granules and the control group was collagen granules not been used during ventral hernia mesh repair.Results: Most common surgical approach used in ventral hernia is open mesh repair. The study shows a group of patients where collagen granules are used after mesh fixation has faster wound healing, reduced seroma, and hematoma collection, and reduced hospital stay, reduced infection compared to the group of patients who undergone non-collagen closure. Conclusions: The study shows a group of patients where collagen granules are used after mesh fixation has faster wound healing, reduced seroma, and hematoma collection, and reduced hospital stay, reduced infection compared to the group of patients who underwent non-collagen closure.
BP’s Energy Outlook Foresees Big Shift for Oil Demand
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: November 2020

Last year, BP theorized that peak oil demand could occur by 2030. In a major shift, the international major says that peak demand may have already happened.
This is according to BP’s newly published Energy Outlook 2020 which outlines different scenarios that the company has developed to imagine how the global energy transition will unfold.
In two of these scenarios, a “rapid” transition case and a more aggressive “net-zero” case, the changing winds of the energy landscape coupled with the economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic will mean that global crude demand never again surpasses 2019’s average of around 100 million B/D. Along these lines, the models suggest that 2019 could also mark the peak of carbon emissions from energy use.
To varying degrees both the rapid and net-zero scenarios assume that tighter government policies around emissions and increases in carbon pricing will accelerate the current growth trajectory of renewable installations. The biggest difference between the two is that the net-zero scenario expects energy consumers themselves will move the needle even more by changing their behaviors and energy-consumption preferences.
By 2050, these factors could lead global demand to be as low as 55 million B/D to 30 million B/D.
BP’s “business-as-usual” case holds as its underlying assumption that government policy, technology uptake/development, and consumer preferences will continue to evolve toward renewables at generally the same pace as we have seen in recent years.
Regardless, all three scenarios see the consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas dropping while the role of renewable energy is set to soar. The outlook highlights that fossil fuels accounted for 85% of primary energy demand in 2018 but that by 2050 they may represent only 65 to 20% of the share.
“This would be entirely unprecedented. In the modern history of energy, there has never been a sustained decline in the consumption of any traded fuel,” said Spencer Dale, the chief economist at BP.
As fossil fuels face diminishing demand, renewable sources of energy could all increase their share of the energy mix from 2018’s figure of 5% to between 20 and 60% by the end of the outlook’s 30-year time frame. Wind and solar are expected to represent the lion’s share of this growth. If that happens, Dale added that renewables would “penetrate the energy system more quickly than any fuel in modern history.”
BP’s outlook comes a month after the company announced during an earnings call with investors that it was attempting to shed its reputation as an international oil company and construct a new one as an integrated energy company that will spend $5 billion annually on low-carbon technologies while also setting a target to reduce its overall oil and gas production by 40% by 2030.
Morbidity profile and prevalence of diabetes and high blood pressure among truck drivers in three regions of India
Authors: Randhawa Sonali , Dogra Vishal , Bambrah Hardeep Singh , Hegde Shailendra , Sudke Ajit Kisanrao , Phanse Vishal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Truck drivers in India are one of the groups experiencing a disproportionate health burden. Understanding the distribution of morbidities is essential to plan and mitigate the risk of premature mortality among this subgroup. Paperaims to describe the health morbidities and prevalence of diabetes and high blood pressure among truck drivers in three regions of India. Methods Data were routinely collected from a community-based healthcare program for truck drivers. Electronic medical health records (July 2018 to February 2019) of truck drivers were accessed and analyzed. The sociodemographic, health risk and morbidity profile of the truck drivers with an emphasis on diabetes, and high blood pressure in East, West, and South, regions of India were studied. Significance level was reported at p-values less than 0.05. Results A total of 15725 truck drivers were identified, of which 10247 (65%) were from the south region alone. Majority of truck drivers were male and middle-aged (median age 44 years). Over two-third (>62%) truck drivers in all regions were tobacco users. Half of the truck drivers reported smoking in the South (53%) compared to smokeless tobacco use in the West (53%) and East (41%) regions. Alcohol use alone and both alcohol and tobacco use were significantly lower in the West (23%, 15%) compared to the East (51%, 50%) and South (68%, 52%) regions. A significant number of truck drivers were either overweight 3485 (22%) or obese 6772 (49%). The prevalence of obesity among truck drivers ranged 55% in the South and 47% in the East compared to 32% in the West region. Of all truck drivers, 6991 (44%) had non-communicable diseases; 3350 (21%) had musculoskeletal conditions, and 1954 (12%) were suffering from communicable diseases. The prevalence of diabetes differed significantly in the three regions (p<0.05). Nearly half of the truck drivers (7326/15725) 47% had high blood pressure (≥ 140/90 mm Hg) and regional differences were not significant.Conclusions Truck drivers in India suffer from multiple health and lifestyle-related diseases. Early identification of high risk and tailored behavioral and occupational interventions are needed urgently.
Quality of Life of Women from Families of Martyred Individuals in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a Conflict Area in the Middle East&nbsp;
Authors: Ahmed Hamdia Mirkhan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Quality of life (QOL) research develops data and insight into issues that pertain not only to the individual, but that can also apply to the population as a whole. This study aimed to analyze the QOL of Kurdish women from families of martyred individuals in the Kurdistan region of Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 380 women from families of martyred individuals was conducted. All women were patients at the Medical Center of Martyr Families in Erbil City from January 2018 to April 2019. Data were collected through interviews and the WHOQOL-BREF scale was used to measure QOL. The women’s QOL scores were divided into four categories (i.e., quartiles): 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th quartile. Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-Square tests were used for data Analysis. Results: The women’s QOL scores fell into the following quartiles: Overall QOL and General Health (n=66.6%) in the 1st quartile, Physical and Psychological Health (n=56.9%) in the 2nd quartile, Social Relationships (n=47.9%) in the 3rd quartile, Environmental health (n=85.6%) in the 2nd and 3rd quartile. The total QOL of more than half (n=52.1%) of the women studied were in 1st and 2nd quartiles. Conclusion: Women from families of martyred individuals were not satisfied with their QOL, especially in terms of Physical and Psychological Domains. International political and humanitarian actions are needed to reduce the destructive consequences of war and conflict on these suffering women.
Education as A Moderator in the Effect of Successful Aging on Mortality Risk in Different Genders of Elderly Chinese: a National Longitudinal Study (2011-2016)
Authors: Cao Peiya , Luo Huiqiang , Li Jijie , Ren Xiaohui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Plenty of evidence has found that successful aging and its components were significantly associated with older adults’ health, their achievement has a positive effect on reducing mortality rates. However, it is unclear whether education could modify the effect of successful aging on morality risk. Numerous literatures from worldwide were cross-sectional and previous studies on the association between successful aging and mortality in China were quite few. Methods Using four waves (2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2014-2015, 2015-2016) of a large nationally representative survey in China derived from CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) with 4,824 older adults aged 60 and older, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of successful aging and each of its components on mortality risk of different gender of older adults in China, we further discussed whether education was a moderator in this effect and investigated differences in results among males and females. Successful aging was measured by absence of major diseases, freedom from disability, high cognitive function, no depressive symptoms, and active social engagement in life. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to estimate the education's moderate effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality after controlling a rich set of covariates that included demographics, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors.Results We found that 15.18% (n=367) for males and 15.74% (n=379) for females were defined as successful aging and the mortality were 2.61% (n=63) for males and 3.45% (n=83) for females during the survey. The overall prevalence of successful aging in both genders were12.5% (n=603) and the overall mortality rate was 3.03% (n=146).It is the first longitudinal study using national cohort data to research the educational effects on the association between mortality and successful aging, our study showed that the effect only existed in females aged 65-74 years old group with lower education.Conclusions Education has the significant effect on the relationship between successful aging and mortality. Physical health is significantly associated with the achieving of successful aging among young older. More measures should be paid on improving mental health among the young female older with lower education to achieve successful aging and to against mortality and live longevity.
Effects of Different Prosthetic Instrumentations on Tibial Bone Resection in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lu Yufeng , Yuan Xuechao , Qiao Feng , Hao Yangquan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective For total knee arthroplasty (TKA) tibial bone resection, various manufacturers provide cutting blocks with fixed angles. But the accuracy of these angles is uncertain. Our aim was to assess the accuracy of the obtained posterior tibial slope (PTS) with a fixed angle cutting block.Methods 247 TKAs in 213 patients were reviewed. We included 104 Legion Prosthesis, 76 U2 Knee Prosthesis, 46 NexGen LPS-Flex Prosthesis, and 21 Vanguard Knee System products. Preoperative and postoperative PTS were measured via expanded lateral tibia radiographs. The tibial component coronal alignment angle (TCCA) was measured on postoperative standing full-length anteroposterior radiographs, and the tibia length was measured on preoperative standing full-length radiographs. Results For postoperative PTS, the Legion group had significantly smaller slopes than the U2 Knee group and Vanguard group. However, there was no significant difference between the Legion and NexGen groups, and no significant difference among the NexGen, U2 Knee, and Vanguard groups. One sample t-test indicated that only the NexGen group showed no statistical difference from the 7° PTS and 90° TCCA it aimed to provide. Multiple linear regression showed that the different tibial lengths and preoperative PTS had statistically significant effect on postoperative PTS. However, there were weak correlations between the tibial length and PTS, and between preoperative and postoperative PTS.Conclusion For TKA, using conventional tibial bone resection technology with different tibial cutting instrumentations provided by various manufacturers can obtain safe PTS. However, the PTS is not completely consistent with the angle of the cutting block.
LncRNA PVT1 Mediated by ZFP36L2 Regulates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Attenuates Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission via Activating miR-21-5p/MARCH5 Axis
Authors: Huang Weifeng , Tan Qin , Guo Yong , Cao Yongmei , Shang Jiawei , Wu Fang , Ping Feng , Wang Wei , Li Yingchuan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundAmong several leading cardiovascular disorders, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes severe manifestations including acute heart failure, inflammation, and systemic dysfunction. Recently, there has been increasing evidence suggesting that alterations in mitochondrial morphology play a role in the prognoses of cardiac disorders. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) form major regulatory networks to modify gene transcription and translation. While several roles of lncRNAs have been explored in cancer and tumor biology, their implications on mitochondrial morphology and functions remain to be elucidated. MethodsThe functional roles of ZFP36L2 and lncRNA PVT1 were determined by a series of cardiomyocyte hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R) in vitro and myocardial I/R injury in vivo experiments. Quantitative Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA levels of ZFP36L2 and mitochondrial fission and fusion markers in the myocardial tissues and cardiomyocyte. Cardiac function was determined by immunohistochemistry, H&E, Masson’s staining and echocardiogram. Ultrastructural analysis of mitochondrial fission was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanistic model of PVT1 with ZFP36L2 and miR-21-5p with MARCH5 was detected by subcellular fraction, RNA pull down, FISH, and luciferase reporter assays.ResultsIn this study, we report a novel regulatory axis involving lncRNA PVT1, microRNA miR-21-5p, and E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH5, which alters mitochondrial morphology during myocardial I/R injury. Using an in vivo I/R injury mouse model and in vitro cardiomyocyte H/R model, we observed that zinc finger protein ZFP36L2 directly associated with PVT1 and altered mitochondrial fission and fusion. PVT1 also interacted with miR-21-5p and suppressed its expression and activity. Furthermore, we identified MARCH5 as a modifier of miR-21-5p, and expression of MARCH5 and its effect on mitochondrial fission and fusion were directly proportional to PVT1 expression during H/R injury. ConclusionsOur findings demonstrated that manipulation of PVT1-miR-21-5p-MARCH5-mediated mitochondrial fission and fusion via ZFP36L2 may be a novel therapeutic approach to regulate myocardial I/R injury.
Gentian Violet modulates cytokines levels in mice spleen toward an anti-inflammatory profile
Authors: Jbeili Salam , Rima Mohamad , Annous Abdul Rahman , Berro Abdo Ibrahim , Fajloun Ziad , Karam Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Gentian Violet (GV) is a triphenylmethane industrial dye that is known for its antibacterial, antiviral, anti-helminthic and anti-tumor effects. Although many studies focused on determining the biological and pharmacological applications of GV, its exact effect on the immune response has not been elucidated yet.Methods: In this study, we investigate the immunomodulatory effects of GV in BALB/c mice after intraperitoneal injection of the dye by assessing cytokines levels in the spleen.Results: Our data show that GV-treated mice have decreased level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) and increased level of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) in their spleens. In addition, IFN-γ that can modulate pro-inflammatory cytokine production was upregulated in GV-treated mice. Conclusion: Together, these findings suggest an anti-inflammatory activity of GV that warrant further studies investigating the potential of GV in immunotherapy.