bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of complexity and deliverability of prostate cancer treatment plans designed with a knowledge‐based VMAT planning technique
Authors: Wall Phillip D. H. , Fontenot Jonas D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeKnowledge‐based planning (KBP) techniques have been reported to improve plan quality, efficiency, and consistency in radiation therapy. However, plan complexity and deliverability have not been addressed previously for treatment plans guided by an established in‐house KBP system. The purpose of this work was to assess dosimetric, mechanical, and delivery properties of plans designed with a common KBP method for prostate cases treated via volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).MethodsThirty‐one prostate patients previously treated with VMAT were replanned with an in‐house KBP method based on the overlap volume histogram. VMAT plan complexities of the KBP plans and the reference clinical plans were quantified via monitor units, modulation complexity scores, the edge metric, and average leaf motion per degree of gantry rotation. Each set of plans was delivered to the same diode array and agreement between computed and measured dose distributions was evaluated using the gamma index. Varying percent dose‐difference (1–3%) and distance‐to‐agreement (1 mm to 3 mm) thresholds were assessed for gamma analyses.ResultsKnowledge‐based planning (KBP) plans achieved average reductions of 6.4 Gy (P < 0.001) and 8.2 Gy (P < 0.001) in mean bladder and rectum dose compared to reference plans, while maintaining clinically acceptable target dose. However, KBP plans were significantly more complex than reference plans in each evaluated metric (P < 0.001). KBP plans also showed significant reductions (P < 0.05) in gamma passing rates at each evaluated criterion compared to reference plans.ConclusionsWhile KBP plans had significantly reduced bladder and rectum dose, they were significantly more complex and had significantly worse quality assurance outcomes than reference plans. These results suggest caution should be taken when implementing an in‐house KBP technique.
Unraveling Framework Nucleic Acid–Skin Cell Interactions with a Co‐Culture System
Authors: Wiraja Christian , Siantoputri Maria Esterlita , Liu Sihan , Shum Ho Cheung , Xu Chenjie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFramework nucleic acid (FNA) is an emerging drug carrier platform, with its biodegradability and uniform, tunable structures. Recently, its applicability in transdermal drug delivery has been demonstrated, extending the range of applications that are predominantly based on intravenous injection. However, FNA's interaction and impact toward the skin cells are yet to be elucidated. This study employs an optically clear keratinocyte/fibroblast co‐culture system to visualize the FNA–skin cell interactions. FNA's influence on these cells is evaluated through polymerase chain reaction analyses and metabolism assays. A size‐dependent interaction and cellular internalization on both keratinocytes and fibroblasts is observed, with no adverse effects on cell viability and functions.
Engineering Lipid Membranes with Programmable DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Shen Qi , Grome Michael W. , Yang Yang , Lin Chenxiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLipid and DNA are abundant biomolecules with critical functions in cells. The water‐insoluble, amphipathic lipid molecules are best known for their roles in energy storage (e.g., as triglyceride), signaling (e.g., as sphingolipid), and compartmentalization (e.g., by forming membrane‐enclosed bodies). The soluble, highly negatively charged DNA, which stores the cells' genetic information, has proven to be an excellent material for constructing programmable nanostructures in vitro thanks to its self‐assembling capabilities. These two seemingly distant molecules make contact within cell nuclei, often via lipidated proteins, with proposed functions of modulating chromatin structures. Carefully formulated lipid/DNA complexes are promising reagents for gene therapy. The past few years have seen an emerging research field of interfacing DNA nanostructures with lipid membranes, with an overarching goal of generating DNA/lipid hybrid materials that possess novel and controllable structure, dynamics, and function. An arsenal of DNA‐based tools has been created to coat, mold, deform, and penetrate lipid bilayers, affording the ability to manipulate membranes with nanoscopic precision. These membrane engineering methods not only enable quantitative biophysical studies, but also open new opportunities in synthetic biology (e.g., artificial cells) and therapeutics (e.g., drug delivery).
Complex‐Shaped Cellulose Composites Made by Wet Densification of 3D Printed Scaffolds
Authors: Hausmann Michael K. , Siqueira Gilberto , Libanori Rafael , Kokkinis Dimitri , Neels Antonia , Zimmermann Tanja , Studart André R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCellulose is an attractive material resource for the fabrication of sustainable functional products, but its processing into structures with complex architecture and high cellulose content remains challenging. Such limitation has prevented cellulose‐based synthetic materials from reaching the level of structural control and mechanical properties observed in their biological counterparts, such as wood and plant tissues. To address this issue, a simple approach is reported to manufacture complex‐shaped cellulose‐based composites, in which the shaping capabilities of 3D printing technologies are combined with a wet densification process that increases the concentration of cellulose in the final printed material. Densification is achieved by exchanging the liquid of the wet printed material with a poor solvent mixture that induces attractive interactions between cellulose particles. The effect of the solvent mixture on the final cellulose concentration is rationalized using solubility parameters that quantify the attractive interparticle interactions. Using X‐ray diffraction analysis and mechanical tests, 3D printed composites obtained through this process are shown to exhibit highly aligned microstructures and mechanical properties significantly higher than those obtained by earlier additively manufactured cellulose‐based materials. These features enable the fabrication of cellulose‐rich synthetic structures that more closely resemble the exquisite designs found in biological materials grown by plants in nature.
Reversible Crumpling of 2D Titanium Carbide (MXene) Nanocoatings for Stretchable Electromagnetic Shielding and Wearable Wireless Communication
Authors: Li Yang , Tian Xi , Gao Si‐Ping , Jing Lin , Li Kerui , Yang Haitao , Fu Fanfan , Lee Jim Yang , Guo Yong‐Xin , Ho John S. , Chen Po‐Yen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn the emerging Internet of Things, stretchable antennas can facilitate wireless communication between wearable and mobile electronic devices around the body. The proliferation of wireless devices transmitting near the human body also raises interference and safety concerns that demand stretchable materials capable of shielding electromagnetic interference (EMI). Here, an ultrastretchable conductor is fabricated by depositing a crumple‐textured coating composed of 2D Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (MXene) and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) onto latex, which can be fashioned into high‐performance wearable antennas and EMI shields. The resulting MXene‐SWNT (S‐MXene)/latex devices are able to sustain up to an 800% areal strain and exhibit strain‐insensitive resistance profiles during a 500‐cycle fatigue test. A single layer of stretchable S‐MXene conductors demonstrate a strain‐invariant EMI shielding performance of ≈30 dB up to 800% areal strain, and the shielding performance is further improved to ≈47 and ≈52 dB by stacking 5 and 10 layers of S‐MXene conductors, respectively. Additionally, a stretchable S‐MXene dipole antenna is fabricated, which can be uniaxially stretched to 150% with unaffected reflected power <0.1%. By integrating S‐MXene EMI shields with stretchable S‐MXene antennas, a wearable wireless system is finally demonstrated that provides mechanically stable wireless transmission while attenuating EM absorption by the human body.
Nanohybrid Materials with Tunable Birefringence via Cation Exchange in Polymer Films
Authors: Oosterlaken Bernette M. , Xu Yifei , van Rijt Mark M. J. , Pilz da Cunha Marina , Timmermans Gilles H. , Debije Michael G. , Friedrich Heiner , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this work, a nanohybrid material based on a freestanding polymeric liquid crystal network capable of postmodification via cation exchange to tune birefringence is proposed. The smectic liquid crystal films can be infiltrated with a variety of cations, thereby changing the refractive indices (ne and no) and the effective birefringence (Δn) of the nanohybrid material, with reversible cation infiltration occurring within minutes. Birefringence could be tuned between values of 0.06 and 0.19, depending on the cation infiltrated into the network. Upon infiltration, a decrease in the smectic layer spacing is found with layer contraction independent of the induced change in birefringence. Potential applications are in the field of specialty optical devices, such as flexible, retunable reflective filters.
Revealing the Dynamics of Hybrid Metal Halide Perovskite Formation via Multimodal In Situ Probes
Authors: Song Tze‐Bin , Yuan Zhenghao , Mori Megumi , Motiwala Faizan , Segev Gideon , Masquelier Eloïse , Stan Camelia V. , Slack Jonathan L. , Tamura Nobumichi , Sutter‐Fella Carolin M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe exploration of the synthetic space of halide perovskites hinges on an enormous number of parameters requiring time‐consuming experimentation to decouple and optimize. Here, the formation of the prototype material CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) is investigated at different time and length scales using multimodal in situ measurements to monitor the evolution of crystalline phases, morphology, and photoluminescence as a function of the lead precursors. Kinetically fast formation of crystalline precursor phases already during the spin‐coat deposition is observed using lead iodide (PbI2) or lead chloride (PbCl2) routes. These precursor phases most likely template final MAPbI3 film morphology. In particular, the emergence of the “needle‐like” structure is shown to appear before film annealing. In situ photoluminescence measurements suggest nanoscale nucleation followed by rapid nuclei densification and growth. Using this multimodal in situ approach, different formation pathways can be identified either via precursor phases in the PbI2 and PbCl2 routes or direct perovskite formation from molecular building blocks as observed in the lead acetate (PbAc2) route. Correlation of in situ results with photovoltaic device performance demonstrates the power of in situ multimodal techniques, paves the way to a fast screening of synthetic parameters, and ultimately leads to controlled synthetic procedures that yield high‐efficiency devices.
Swim Bladder as a Novel Biomaterial for Cardiovascular Materials with Anti‐Calcification Properties
Authors: Liu Jing , Li Binhan , Jing Huimin , Wu Yongjian , Kong Deling , Leng Xigang , Wang Zhihong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCalcification is a major cause of cardiovascular materials failure and deterioration, which leads to the restriction of their wide application. To develop new materials with anti‐calcification capability is an urgent clinical requirement. Herein, a natural material derived from swim bladders as one promising candidate is introduced, which is prepared by decellularization and glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking. Data show that the swim bladder is mainly composed of collagen I, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), and elastin, especially rich in elastin, in accordance with higher elastic modulus in comparison to bovine pericardium. Moreover, the calcification of this material is proved dramatically lower than that of bovine pericardium by in vitro calcification assessments and in vivo assay using a rat subcutaneous implantation model. Meanwhile, good cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and enzymatic stability are demonstrated by in vitro assays. Further, a small diameter vascular graft using this material is successfully developed by rolling method and in situ implantation assay using a rat abdominal artery replacement model shows great performances in the aspect of higher patency and lower calcification. Taken together, these superior properties of swim bladder‐derived material in anti‐calcification, proper mechanical strength and stability, and excellent hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility endow it a great candidate as cardiovascular biomaterials.
Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels with Antibacterial Activity Assembled from Guanosine, Aminoglycoside, and a Bifunctional Anchor
Authors: Hu Jingjing , Hu Qianyu , He Xu , Liu Cenxi , Kong Yanlong , Cheng Yiyun , Zhang Yadong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMultistimuli‐responsive hydrogels with specific functions have attracted great interest for biomedical applications; however, these smart hydrogels usually require the presynthesis of macromolecular building blocks with multiple ligands and the integration of bioactive cargoes into the gels. Here, a multistimuli‐responsive hydrogel with potent antibacterial activity by a combination of supramolecular assembly and iminoboronate chemistry is reported. The hydrogel consists of all‐small‐molecule building blocks including aminoglycoside, guanosine, potassium ion, and a bifunctional anchor bearing both boronic acid and aldehyde groups. Guanosines form quadruplexes in the presence of potassium ions via supramolecular assembly, and the bifunctional anchor connects aminoglycosides, a class of potent antibiotics to cis‐diol groups on quadruplexes via dynamic iminoboronate chemistry, yielding a smart hydrogel containing abundant antibiotics. The hydrogel is sensitive to multistimuli such as heat, acids, oxidants, glucose and crown ether, which promote the release of antibiotics from the gels. Moreover, the prepared hydrogels show potent antibacterial activities both in vitro and in vivo. The results provide a new option to prepare antibacterial hydrogels with multistimuli responsiveness via facile chemistry using all‐small‐molecule building blocks.
Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Systems: Similarities and Differences
Authors: Wu Hao , Tan Hui Ling , Toe Cui Ying , Scott Jason , Wang Lianzhou , Amal Rose , Ng Yun Hau 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPhotocatalytic and photoelectrochemical processes are two key systems in harvesting sunlight for energy and environmental applications. As both systems are employing photoactive semiconductors as the major active component, strategies have been formulated to improve the properties of the semiconductors for better performances. However, requirements to yield excellent performances are different in these two distinctive systems. Although there are universal strategies applicable to improve the performance of photoactive semiconductors, similarities and differences exist when the semiconductors are to be used differently. Here, considerations on selected typical factors governing the performances in photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical systems, even though the same type of semiconductor is used, are provided. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms in relation to their photoactivities is of fundamental importance for rational design of high‐performing photoactive materials, which may serve as a general guideline for the fabrication of good photocatalysts or photoelectrodes toward sustainable solar fuel generation.
Construction of Chiral, Helical Nanoparticle Superstructures: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Mokashi‐Punekar Soumitra , Zhou Yicheng , Brooks Sydney C. , Rosi Nathaniel L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractChiral nanoparticle (NP) superstructures, in which discrete NPs are assembled into chiral architectures, represent an exciting and growing class of nanomaterials. Their enantiospecific properties make them promising candidates for a variety of potential applications. Helical NP superstructures are a rapidly expanding subclass of chiral nanomaterials in which NPs are arranged in three dimensions about a screw axis. Their intrinsic asymmetry gives rise to a variety of interesting properties, including plasmonic chiroptical activity in the visible spectrum, and they hold immense promise as chiroptical sensors and as components of optical metamaterials. Herein, a concise history of the foundational conceptual advances that helped define the field of chiral nanomaterials is provided, and some of the major achievements in the development of helical nanomaterials are highlighted. Next, the key methodologies employed to construct these materials are discussed, and specific merits that are offered by each assembly methodology are identified, as well as their potential disadvantages. Finally, some specific examples of the emerging applications of these materials are discussed and some areas of future development and research focus are proposed.
Magnetic Shape Memory Polymers with Integrated Multifunctional Shape Manipulation
Authors: Ze Qiji , Kuang Xiao , Wu Shuai , Wong Janet , Montgomery S. Macrae , Zhang Rundong , Kovitz Joshua M. , Yang Fengyuan , Qi H. Jerry , Zhao Ruike 
Published: December 2019

AbstractShape‐programmable soft materials that exhibit integrated multifunctional shape manipulations, including reprogrammable, untethered, fast, and reversible shape transformation and locking, are highly desirable for a plethora of applications, including soft robotics, morphing structures, and biomedical devices. Despite recent progress, it remains challenging to achieve multiple shape manipulations in one material system. Here, a novel magnetic shape memory polymer composite is reported to achieve this. The composite consists of two types of magnetic particles in an amorphous shape memory polymer matrix. The matrix softens via magnetic inductive heating of low‐coercivity particles, and high‐remanence particles with reprogrammable magnetization profiles drive the rapid and reversible shape change under actuation magnetic fields. Once cooled, the actuated shape can be locked. Additionally, varying the particle loadings for heating enables sequential actuation. The integrated multifunctional shape manipulations are further exploited for applications including soft magnetic grippers with large grabbing force, reconfigurable antennas, and sequential logic for computing.
Ferroelectric Domain Wall Motion in Freestanding Single‐Crystal Complex Oxide Thin Film
Authors: Bakaul Saidur R. , Kim Jaegyu , Hong Seungbum , Cherukara Mathew J. , Zhou Tao , Stan Liliana , Serrao Claudy R. , Salahuddin Sayeef , Petford‐Long Amanda K. , Fong Dillon D. , Holt Martin V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFerroelectric domain walls in single‐crystal complex oxide thin films are found to be orders of magnitude slower when the interfacial bonds with the heteroepitaxial substrate are broken to create a freestanding film. This drastic change in domain wall kinetics does not originate from the alteration of epitaxial strain; rather, it is correlated with the structural ripples at mesoscopic length scale and associated flexoelectric effects induced in the freestanding films. In contrast, the effects of the bond‐breaking on the local static ferroelectric properties of both top and bottom layers of the freestanding films, such as domain wall width and spontaneous polarization, are modest and governed by the change in epitaxy‐induced compressive strain.
Reactive Precursor Particles as Synthetic Platform for the Generation of Functional Nanoparticles, Nanogels, and Microgels
Authors: Gruber Alexandra , Navarro Lucila , Klinger Daniel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrecise control of the chemical functionality of polymer nanoparticles is a key requirement in tailoring their (dynamic) colloidal properties toward advanced applications. However, current synthetic techniques are still limited in the versatility of chemical design and preparation of such functional colloidal nanomaterials. Two major challenges remain: First, various particle preparation methods are restricted in their functional group tolerance, thus hindering certain combinations of polymer backbones with specific functional groups. Second, the preparation of particles with different functionalities requires the synthesis of different particle batches. But this often results in a simultaneous variation of colloidal features. As a result, the accurate determination of important structure–property relations is still hindered. To address these restrictions, postmodification of preformed reactive particles is gaining more attention. This technique has evolved from polymer synthesis, where postpolymerization functionalization enables the introduction of a plethora of functional groups without changing the degree of polymerization and the molecular weight distribution. Similarly, modifying precursor particles enables the introduction of functional groups into particles while reducing variations in colloidal features, e.g., particle size and size distribution. This powerful synthetic method complements established procedures for functionalization of particle surfaces, thereby enabling the facile preparation of (multi‐)functional particle libraries, which will allow precise investigations of structure–property relations.
Hierarchical N‐Doped HMCN/CNT Hybrid Carbon Frameworks Assembling Cobalt Selenide Nanoparticles for Advanced Properties of Lithium/Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhou Kehan , Han Yue , Tang Dongmei , Wu Huayu , Wu Xiaoyu , Diao Guowang , Li Haibo , Chen Ming 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA hybrid nanostructure with Co0.85Se nanoparticles anchored in nitrogen‐doped hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres/carbon nanotubes (Co0.85Se/N‐HMCNs/CNTs) is elaborately fabricated by a pyrolysis–reduction–selenization strategy derived from yolk–shell zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67)@HMCNs, which are synthesized by the confined growth of ZIF‐67 inside HMCNs regarded as nanoreactors. Benefitting from the robust hollow carbon frameworks made of nitrogen‐doped hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres, carbon nanotubes, and highly active Co0.85Se ultrafine nanoparticles, the as‐prepared nanocomposites show greatly enhanced lithium/sodium storage properties. When the Co0.85Se/N‐HMCNs/CNTs are applied to lithium‐ion batteries as anode materials, the advanced nanocomposite delivers excellent cycling stability (286 and 153 mA h g−1at 10 A g−1after 5000 and 10 000 cycles) and high rate performance (501 mA h g−1at 5 A g−1). When the Co0.85Se/N‐HMCNs/CNTs are applied to sodium‐ion batteries as anode materials, the material realizes better cycling performance (102 mA h g−1at 1 A g−1after 1000 cycles) and excellent rate performance (132 mA h g−1at 5 A g−1).
C–H Functionalization of Aromatic Amides
Authors: Zheng Quan , Liu Chen‐Fu , Chen Jie , Rao Guo‐Wu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSince the beginning of the 21stcentury, significant progress has been made in transition metal‐catalyzed C–H functionalization of aromatic amides. The achievements in this field have mainly focused onortho(proximal) functionalization, there have been far fewer reports on remote C–H functionalization, andpara‐andmeta‐selective functionalizations remain a major challenge. Interestingly, there are few related comments in this field. In a few published cases, the scope of the report is relatively narrow, either to comment on the functionalization of a specific directing group or to summarize the functionalization of a specific reaction site. Herein, for the first time, we have comprehensively summarized the C–H functionalization of aromatic amides. This review is divided into three parts:ortho‐,para‐andmeta‐C–H functionalization of aromatic amides, and is subdivided according to the type of catalyst. The directing groups, reaction types, conditions, mechanism and applications of the corresponding reactions are discussed in detail.magnified image