bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-8 Enriched environment improves the resistance to transport stress in laying hens via modulating the heat shock protective response and inflammation
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Li Chun , Wei Haidong , Li Jianhong , Bao Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Enriched environment can promote the adaptability of animals to cope with the complex environments. To evaluate how enriched environment experience can help laying hens resist to transport stress, a total of 432 18-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two treated groups of which one group was housed in conventional battery cages (CC, 24 replicate cages, 3 birds/cage) and the other was in furnished cages (FC, 24 repeated cages, 15 birds/cage). At their 64 weeks of age, one hen per replicate was selected for 4h transportation. The spleen of hens was collected before transportation, after the transportation and 48h for recovery. The expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), heat shock factors (HSFs) and inflammatory factors were measured. The serum from those birds was collected to detect inflammatory cytokines levels. Variance analysis showed that the expression of most of the detected HSPs and HSFs indicators were decreased after transportation and then elevated later. The mRNA expression of HSP10, 40, 60, 70, 90 and 110, HSF2 and HSF3 and the protein expression of HSP 60, 70 and 90 were higher in FC group than CC after the transportation and recovery (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the hens housed in FC group had the lower mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory factors of nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E synthase (PTGEs) before and after the transportation compared to CC group (P &lt; 0.05). The mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines of interleukin-2 (IL-2), -6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and serum concentration of IL-1β and TNF-α in FC hens were lower than CC after the transportation (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. Therefore, by regulating the heat shock protective response and inflammatory cytokines expression, the enriched environment can reduce the stress damage of laying hens and improve the resistance to transport stress.
PSIII-42 Genome-wide expression profile of trophoblastic cells during late pregnancy in ewes
Authors: da Silva Diniz Wellison Jarles , Dorsam Sheri T , Vasquez-Hidalgo Manuel A , Mansour Hanaa H , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Ward Alison K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta plays a pivotal role in fetal-maternal communication. Despite the known involvement of trophoblast mononuclear (MNC) and binuclear (BNC) cells in placentation and fetal development, the regulatory mechanisms underlying the gene expression in these cells and their role in pregnancy have not been fully elucidated. Thus, a genome-wide expression profile analysis of MNC and BNC from ovine placentomes on day 90 and 130 of pregnancy was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEG) and regulatory pathways. After tissue separation, enzymatic digestion, and elutriation, MNC and BNC were obtained, and the total RNA was isolated and sequenced (n = 2 ewes/day). Differential expression analysis was carried out with DESeq2 after library quality control and read mapping using FastQC and STAR, respectively. Among six pairwise contrasts possible, herein, we focused on the one between MNC and BNC on day 130. Accordingly, we identified 514 genes upregulated and 161 downregulated in BNC (adj.Pval &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, we found nine DE long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNA). Although the function of lincRNAs remains under investigation, its transcription has been associated with gene expression regulation in utero. The DEGs functional over-representation analysis included Rap1 and PI3k-Akt signaling pathways as up-regulated in BNC (adj.Pval. &lt; 0.05). These pathways are activated by extracellular signals and are involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, morphogenesis, and energy metabolism. Furthermore, we identified PLA2G10 gene that codes a phospholipase protein involved in the production of prostaglandins, which have been associated with placental blood flow. These findings suggest an intricate and complex network underlying gene expression between cells and time points that are essential for the fetal-maternal placenta relationship. This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant n. 2016-67016-24884 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
PSVIII-11 Eimeria management for recently transported Holstein heifers using essential oils, anti IL-10 or monensin
Authors: Nolden Cherrie , Akins Matt , Grisham Abbey , Schaefer Dan , Cook Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Eimeria prevention in dairy heifers is challenging. Possible tools beyond the common practice of feeding an ionophore include polyphenolic compounds in essential oils (cinnamaldehyde, thymol, oregano oil) and binding interleukin-10 (IL-10) to reduce Eimeria’s host immunotolerance strategy. Holstein heifers (160 total; 12–14 wk old) were randomly assigned to one of 5 treatments: 160 mg/head/d of sodium monensin (MON), 1100 mg/head/d of antibody to IL-10 during wk 3–4 (aIL-10), 10 g/head/d of a blend of essential oils (EO), egg control without antibodies to IL-10 (EC), or negative control (NC). Calves were grouped 8 per pen with 4 blocks of 5 pens and FEC averaged by pen before analysis. We evaluated treatment effects on the fecal egg counts (FEC) of E. bovis, E. zurnii and E. auburnesis. Fecal counts were conducted biweekly using FLOTAC technique for 10 wk. Effects were analyzed with a mixed model ANOVA in SAS with repeated measures and ranked for normality. Total FEC prevalence was absent at wk 0, with greater prevalence at wk 4 and 6 for all treatments except MON (P &lt; 0.05), and there were no differences among treatments in positive prevalence by wk 8 and 10 (P &gt; 0.10). There was no difference between NC and MON treatments for wk 6, 8 and 10 in E. bovis, wk 2 and 4 for E. zurnii, and wk 2 and 4 for E. auburnesis (P &gt; 0.05), which is evidence of reduced monensin efficacy or excessive environmental Eimeria load. EO and aIL-10 FEC were also not different than MON counts at multiple timepoints (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, this shows potential monensin resistance after extended exposure (6–8 wk) to high environmental loads of Eimeria and similar FEC between monensin treated calves and those treated with EO or aIL-10.
PSVIII-17 Modeling of glyphosate speciation in rumen fluid of cattle
Authors: Vicini John L , Harris Wesley 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Glyphosate, the active ingredient in Roundup® agricultural herbicides, is used on crops that are commonly grown for animal feed. Even though there has not been empirical data to suggest that animal productivity and health are affected when glyphosate-based products are used as labeled, accusations based on hazard identification alone have circulated widely. One of these accusations originates regarding a patent that was never held by Monsanto (now part of the Bayer Group) that did not include glyphosate. This claim hypothesizes that glyphosate could chelate minerals in the gut and prevent absorption. Formation constants measure the strength of complexation between metal ions and ligands and can be used to model the speciation in mixtures of minerals, amino acids, VFAs, and glyphosate as they exist in the rumen. The amines and carboxylic acids of all amino acids and functional side chains such as the imidazole group of histidine are potential donors for binding minerals. Likewise, carboxylic acid groups from VFAs are prevalent sources for binding of minerals. Literature references of concentrations of minerals and amino acids were used along with a measurement of glyphosate, and speciation calculations were performed at three pH’s commonly encountered in the rumen (5.8, 6.3 and 6.8). This calculation identified all species present at ≥0.01%. Using pH=6.3 as an example, 55.1% of cobalt is present as free Co2+, 28.6% is bound to a VFA (acetate, propionate or butyrate), and 13.1% is bound to histidine. The remaining 1.6% is distributed among Ala, Asp, Cys, Glu, Gly, Lys, Met, Ser, Thr, NH3 and OH. Similar results by ligand will be presented for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, His, Cys, and Glu. Data from these models confirm that glyphosate is a relatively weak chelator that should not have deleterious effects in the rumen.
PSVIII-19 PRRSV infection during gestation eliciting changes in piglet sickness behaviors following an immune challenge
Authors: Rymut Haley E , Bolt Courtni R , Houser Alexandra K , Southy Bruce R , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The pork industry faces financial losses associated with outbreaks in porcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV). One type of loss stems from the effect of PRRSV-elicited maternal immune activation during gestation on the response of pigs to a second immune challenge later in life. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of PRRSV infection during gestation, a second immune challenge, and sex on pig behavior. Camborough gilts were inoculated with PRRSV or saline (Controls) during the last third of gestation. The piglets from these gilts were weaned at day 21, and were injected with Poly(I:C) to elicit a second immune challenge, similarly to a viral infection, or with Saline on day 60. Post injection, behaviors were recorded in 5-minute intervals for one hour by a trained experimenter. Recorded behaviors included laying, standing, and panting, and totaled 624 observations per behavior on 51 pigs from 10 gilts. The logistic generalized mixed effect model used to describe behavior included the effects of gilt and pig treatments, sex, and interactions, and accounted for the random effect of gilt, and repeated measurements within pig. Panting showed a significant gilt challenge-by-sex-by-pig treatment interaction effect (P &lt; 0.031). The Poly(I:C) challenge had a significant and positive effect on panting among male pigs from Control gilts (P &lt; 0.001), while this effect was not observed in pigs from PRRSV-treated gilts. Among female pigs challenged with Poly(I:C), PRRSV treatment has a significant effect on lateral laying (P &lt; 0.015) and standing (P &lt; 0.042). Pigs from PRRSV-treated gilts were less active than from Control gilts. Our results highlight that the effect on behaviors of immune challenge later in life depend on the exposure of pigs to PRRSV during gestation. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSI-23 The effect of days on feed and trenbolone acetate + estradiol-17β implantation on biometric measurements of Charolais × Angus steers across serial harvest endpoints
Authors: Kirkpatrick Tylo J , Garrison Max D , Wesley Kaitlyn R , Pillmore Sierra L , Cooper Kimberly B , Francis Forest L , Tennant Travis , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John , Lawrence Ty 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A serial harvest study evaluated days on feed (DOF) and trenbolone acetate + estradiol-17β administration on biometric measurements across various harvest endpoints. Charolais x Angus steers [n = 80; start of trial body weight (BW) (271 ± 99 kg)] were randomly allocated to implant treatment and harvest date in a 2 x 10 factorial design. Steers were paired to minimize variation in genetic group, initial BW, frame score (FS), and adjusted final BW. Within each pair, a steer was randomly allocated to one of two treatments; implanted with Revalor-XS (REV) on d 0 and d 190 or non-implanted control (CON). Eight steers comprised of 4 pairs were randomly assigned to 1 of 10 harvest dates at d 0, 42, 84, 126, 168, 210, 252, 294, 336, and 378 DOF. At each harvest date, all steers were measured for hip height, rump length, hip width, shoulder height, 2/3 body length (BL), body depth, body width, and FS. Variables were analyzed as repeated measures via the MIXED procedure of SAS to test the fixed effects of DOF and treatment (TRT). No TRT x DOF interaction was exhibited (P ≥ 0.30) for any variable. Body width was 1.17 cm greater (P &lt; 0.01) in REV steers and BL tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in CON steers. Hip height, rump length, hip width, shoulder height, two-thirds BL, body depth, and body width increased (P &lt; 0.01) 1.9, 1.2, 2.2, 2.4, 4.1, 2.6, and 1.3 cm for each 42 d period, respectively. These data indicate biometric measurements were impacted by both growth enhancement technology and duration of finishing.
PSI-13 Evaluation of acid insoluble ash as a digestibility marker in feedlot diets containing corn-milling byproducts
Authors: Spowart Paige R , Galyean Michael , Easom Jordan A , Fritzler Larry D , Lust David G , Samuelson Kendall L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the accuracy of acid insoluble ash (AIA) as a digestibility marker in feedlot cattle diets containing corn-milling byproducts and examined the effect of fecal sampling frequency on digestibility estimates. Steers (n = 6) were used in a crossover split-plot design where 3 steers per period were assigned to 1 of 2 diets [receiving (REC) containing 19% roughage and 38% Sweet Bran™ or finishing (FIN) containing 8% roughage and 20% Sweet Bran] typical of those used in the beef feedlot industry. Steers were limit fed at 2.0% of initial body weight. After a 21-d adaptation period, steers were housed in metabolism crates for 7 d of total collection (TC) of feed and feces and simultaneous collection of fresh manure grab samples twice daily to calculate nutrient digestibility from AIA. Grab samples were then averaged to represent 7 (7dAIA), 5 (5dAIA), 3 (3dAIA) and 1 (1dAIA) days of the collection period. No interactions (P ≥ 0.13) were observed for DM, OM or NDF digestibility between diet and method of estimating digestibility. Digestibility of DM and OM were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for FIN than for REC, and NDF digestibility was less (P &lt; 0.01) for FIN than REC. Both DM and OM digestibility were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for AIA estimates than for TC; however, estimates with 7dAIA were less than 3dAIA and 1dAIA, but not different from 5dAIA. Similarly, NDF digestibility was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for all AIA estimates than for TC, but 7dAIA and 5dAIA were less than 1dAIA and not different from 3dAIA. A treatment × method interaction (P = 0.02) occurred for ADF digestibility. These data suggest that AIA over-estimated digestibility of beef feedlot diets containing corn-milling byproducts, but accuracy improved with greater grab sampling frequency.
PSIV-7 Effect of dietary tryptophan supplementation on growth, energy balance and blood metabolites in milk-fed low birth weight pigs
Authors: Goodarzi Parniyan , Habibi Mohammad , Sutton Julia , Shili Cedrick N , Roberts Kennedy , Markey Jazmin , Burch-Konda Jacob , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low birth weight (LBW) is associated with reduced postnatal growth efficiency, glucose intolerance and type II diabetes mellitus in adulthood. Using a piglet model of LBW, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental Trp on growth, energy balance and blood metabolites in LBW pigs. LBW (&lt; 1.0 Kg) and normal birth weight (NBW; &gt; 1.0 Kg) pigs were selected from twelve sows (parity=2–4, litter size=14–18; three LBW and one NBW piglets/sow) and randomly assigned to 4 milk-replacer based treatments (n=7–8; 7 days old) including: 1) NBW with 0% L-Trp (NBW-T0), 2) LBW with 0% L-Trp (LBW-T0), 3) LBW with 0.4% L-Trp (LBW-T0.4), and 4) LBW with 0.8% L-Trp (LBW-T0.8) for 3 weeks. Diets were provided 4–5 times/day and the voluntary intake was measured for each feeding throughout the study. Growth parameters, heat production and body weight were recorded biweekly. After an overnight fast at week 3, pigs were allowed to consume their respective diets for 1 hour and blood samples were collected at baseline (0), 60 and 120 min after the meal test. The data were analyzed using univariate GLM with Dunnett’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). No significant differences were observed on growth parameters (i.e. body weight, heart girth, wither height and body length), growth performance (i.e. average daily gain, average daily feed intake, gain:feed, gain:protein) and heat production when LBW-T0 was compared with LBW-T0.4 and LBW-T0.8. The plasma triglycerides for pigs fed LBW T0.4 and T0.8 was lower compared to that offered LBW-T0, but total cholesterol did not differ across groups. Pigs in LBW-T0.8 group had lower blood glucose than those fed LBW-T0 at 60 min after the meal challenge. In conclusion, Trp supplementation did not affect the growth and energy balance, but reduced the blood glucose and triglycerides concentration in LBW pigs.
PSIV-18 Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the uterine environment throughout beef heifer development with supplemental protein
Authors: Seay Taylor B , Brandt Kiernan J , Payton Rebecca R , Schneider Liesel G , Myer Phillip R , Rhinehart Justin , Rispoli Louisa , McLean Kyle J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutrition is a major component in successful heifer development, influencing age at puberty and the uterine environment, therefore, impacting reproductive efficiency. Different diets can influence systemic inflammation, however, the effect on uterine cytokines has not been determined. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of varied levels of dietary protein on inflammatory cytokines in the uterine environment of developing heifers. Commercial Angus heifers (n = 60) were blocked by body weight, then allocated to receive one of three dietary protein supplementation treatments (n = 20 per group, n = 5 per pen): 10% crude protein (CP; 100% corn), 20% CP [75% dried distillers’ grains (DDG) 25% corn], or 40% CP (75% soybean meal 25% DDG). Supplements were provided four times weekly for six months with ad libitum native grass hay, mineral supplement, and water. Body weight, BCS, and blood was taken every 14d. Uterine fluid was collected every 28d to determine presence of cytokines IL1α, IL1β, TNFα, IFNγ, IL10, IL4, and IL6. The GLIMMIX procedure (SAS 9.4) was used with fixed effects of supplementation, month, and their interaction; random effects of block, interaction of block and supplementation, and heifer within the interaction; and repeated measure of month. Concentrations of IL1β, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL10 shifted throughout development (P &lt; 0.0002). Cytokine IFNγ was also affected by month of development (P = 0.002) and tended (P = 0.06) to decrease as CP increased. Presence of each cytokine was then recorded as binary and analyzed by the frequency procedure (SAS 9.4) to determine a uterine cytokine profile. Pro-inflammatory cytokines IL1α, IL1β, and TNFα occurred together more frequently following the beginning of supplementation. In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines shift throughout heifer development, potentially leading to differences in future reproductive success. Further research is needed to determine the dietary influence for optimal uterine environment development.
PSIV-8 Effects of Late Gestation Calcium Salts of Fatty Acids Supplementation to Beef Cows on Offspring Finishing Phase Performance and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Shao Taoqi , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of late-gestation supplementation of Ca salts of fatty acids to beef cows on the finishing phase growth performance and carcass characteristics of the steer progeny. Ninety-six multiparous, fall-calving, Angus × Simmental cows (BW = 601 ± 76 kg) were stratified by BW, BCS, and age and randomly allotted into 8 endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures with 12 cows/pasture. Cows were supplemented with soybean hulls mixed with either 155 g/cow/d of EnerGII (SFA/MUFA; enriched with palmitic and oleic acids) or 80 g/cow/d of Prequel + 80 g/cow/d of Strata (PUFA; enriched with linoleic acid, EPA, and DHA) for the last 77 ± 6 d of gestation. Steer progeny (n = 70) were weaned at 186 ± 6 d of age and transported to feedlot. Steers were fed receiving diets for 3 weeks and transitioned to finishing diets and adapted to GrowSafe feed bunks for individual daily feed intake measurement. Steers were weighed every 28 d during the finishing phase. Steers were slaughtered at commercial abattoir at 432 ± 6 d of age, and carcass data were obtained from USDA camera grading system. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, and repeated measure was used for BW. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.13) for BW, ADG, DMI, or feed conversion during the finishing phase. There was no differences (P ≥ 0.22) observed in hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, 12th rib fat thickness, yield grade, ribeye area, marbling score, or KPH fat. In conclusion, maternal supplementation of Ca salts of fatty acids during late gestation did not affect steer progeny growth performance during the finishing phase or carcass characteristics.
PSIV-29 The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on the performance of creep fed Boer cross kids in regards to average daily gain and weaning weights on alfalfa and grain supplementation
Authors: Boyd Jamie A , Yantis Makayla 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product on creep fed kids and to determine their average daily gain (ADG) to improve the final weaning weights. Boer-cross kids and nannies were used for the study. This study was conducted over a period of five weeks from April to May 2019 at Sul Ross State University feedlot. Animals were divided into two groups based on birth weights and twinning with 4 nannies and 6 kids per group. Both groups were fed a base diet of Bermuda/alfalfa hay and a 14% CP goat pellet at rate 0.11kg/h/d and 12% sweet feed for the kids was offered with top-dress and ad libitum alfalfa hay in creep feeders. The fermentation product Saccharomyces cerevisiae was offered in a top-dress with 0.11 kg of ground corn to the treatment kids at 4g per head per day. The body weight (BW) were measured 1x a week to calculate ADG on kids and feed samples were collected 2x a week and dried in a 55C oven and ground through a 1mm Wiley mill screen for later analysis for DM, NDF, ADF, ash, and CP. We observed a significant effect in overall group feed intake (P &lt; 0.001) with the treatment group consuming more than the control, but there was not a significant difference in ADG of kids between the groups (P &gt; 0.23). The small sample size may have hindered the experiment, and it would be beneficial to repeat the experiment with a larger number of animals. Overall, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product did not significantly improve ADG or weaning weights in creep-fed Boer-cross kids.