bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the theoretical and empirical puzzles that inform the book, its objectives, overall argument, and structure. This research sets out to explain the post-crisis international regulation of derivatives markets. In particular, it addresses three interconnected questions. What factors drove international standard-setting concerning derivatives post-crisis? Why did international regime complexity emerge? How was it managed and with what outcomes? The focus of this volume is on international standards, not the domestic implementation of these standards, or other domestic regulatory reforms concerning derivatives. This chapter also outlines the book’s theoretical and empirical contributions to the international relations literature on regime complexity and the international political economy literature on the regulation of finance.
The Cognitive Neuroscience Revolution
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines a framework of multilevel neurocognitive mechanisms that incorporates neural representation and neural computation. Paradigmatic explanations in cognitive neuroscience fit this framework and thus cognitive neuroscience constitutes a break from traditional cognitive science. Whereas traditional cognitive scientific explanations were supposed to be distinct and autonomous from mechanistic explanations, neurocognitive explanations are mechanistic through and through. Neurocognitive explanations aim to integrate computational and representational functions and structures across multiple levels of organization in order to explain cognition. To a large extent, practicing cognitive neuroscientists have already accepted this shift, but philosophical theory has not fully acknowledged and appreciated its significance. As a result, the explanatory framework underlying cognitive neuroscience has remained largely implicit. This chapter explicates this framework and demonstrates its contrast with previous approaches.
Neural Representation
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Neural representations are models of the organism and environment built by the nervous system. This chapter provides an account of representational role and content for both indicative and imperative representations. It also argues that, contrary to a mainstream assumption, representations are not merely theoretical posits. Instead, neural representations are observable and are routinely observed and manipulated by experimental neuroscientists in their laboratories. If a type of entity is observable or manipulable, then it exists. Therefore, neural representations are as real as neurons, action potentials, or any other experimentally established entities in our ontology.
Neural Computation
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter rejects the common assimilation of neural computation to either analog or digital computation, concluding that neural computation is sui generis. Analog computation requires continuous signals; digital computation requires strings of digits. But typical neural signals, such as spike trains, are graded like continuous signals as well as constituted by discrete functional elements (spikes); thus, typical neural signals are neither continuous signals nor strings of digits. It follows that neural computation is sui generis. The chapter draws three important consequences of a proper understanding of neural computation for the theory of cognition. First, understanding neural computation requires a specially designed mathematical theory (or theories) rather than the mathematical theories of analog or digital computation. Second, several popular views about neural computation turn out to be incorrect. Third, computational theories of cognition that rely on nonneural notions of computation ought to be replaced or reinterpreted in terms of neural computation.
Gender as a Divine Attribute
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
It is standard within the Christian tradition to characterize God in predominantly masculine terms. Let ‘traditionalism’ refer to the view that this pattern of characterization is theologically mandatory. This chapter seeks to undercut the main motivations for traditionalism by showing that it is not more accurate to characterize God as masculine rather than feminine (or vice versa). The novelty of the argument lies in the fact that it presupposes neither theological anti-realism nor a robust doctrine of divine transcendence, but instead rests heavy theoretical weight on the imago Dei doctrine and the method of perfect-being theology. The chapter closes by examining the implications of its main argument for the moral and liturgical propriety of characterizing God in predominantly masculine terms.
Introduction
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the central premise of the book: that the retail industry worldwide is in an era of profound, disruptive and structural change. The chapter introduces the major forces of change reshaping the retail industry globally. It then introduces the idea that radically different environments require retail enterprises and the leaders of those enterprises to reconsider the structures, skills, and perspectives that will be needed in order to retain relevance and deliver success. Finally, this introductory chapter sets out the rationale, contents, and organizing structure of the book.
Psyche and Soul in America
Authors: Abzug Robert H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rollo May (1909‒1994), internationally known psychologist and popular philosopher, came from modest roots in the small town Protestant Midwest intending to do “religious work” but eventually became a psychotherapist and in best-selling books like Love and Will and The Courage to Create he attracted an audience of millions of readers in the United States, Europe, and Asia. During the 1950s and 1960s, these books combined existentialism and other philosophical approaches, psychoanalysis, and a spiritually-philosophy to interpret the damage bureaucratic and technocratic aspects of modernity and their inability of individuals to understand their authentic selves. Psyche and Soul in America deals not only with May’s public contributions but also to his turbulent inner life as revealed in unprecedentedly intimate sources in order to demonstrate the relationship between the personal and public in a figure who wrote about intimacy, its loss, and ways to regain an authentic sense of self and others.
“A Deep Craving, a Keen Urge”
Authors: Abzug Robert H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rollo May’s college career. He enters college at Michigan State, becomes a student rebel, and leaves for a more appropriate campus. He goes to Oberlin, where his love of antiquity is born and commitment to a religious calling in Christianity is solidified. At MSC he encounters Bennett “Buck” Weaver through work at the YMCA. Weaver gets him into Oberlin. All during college, he participates in various programs of the national YMCA, including some that exposed him to therapeutic forms of pastoral counseling. Oberlin helped to shape his liberal Christian outlook and also his passions for philosophy, music, and art. He also began to perfect his style of synthesizing ideas in various class assignments. Finally, he followed the Oberlin tradition of doing missionary work after college, in May’s case in Greece.
The Dizziness of Freedom
Authors: Abzug Robert H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Paul Tillich’s death In 1965 marks a turning point in May’s life, one in which he mourned his mentor but also declared his freedom from Tillich’s watchful influence. As the war in Vietnam heats up, May becomes active in various professional groups seeking an end to the war. He also found himself drawing closer to colleagues in California. A key moment in his public visibility came with being featured as a prophet in the newly created monthly, Psychology Today.
Human resources for health governance and leadership strategies for improving health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a narrative review
Authors: Effa E , Arikpo D , Oringanje C , Udo E , Esu E , Sam O , Okoroafor S , Oyo-Ita A , Meremikwu M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are facing a crisis of human resources for health (HRH) attributed to poor governance and leadership that characterizes the health sector in this setting. It is unclear which specific strategies are effective in ameliorating the crisis.

Methods
Selected electronic databases were searched up until 30 May 2020. Two authors screened studies independently and extracted data from included studies. Quality assessment was done using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic analysis of the outcomes was done.

Results
We included 18 studies of variable designs across Africa, Asia, South America and the Pacific islands. Most were case-based studies and were of moderate to high quality. Several governance strategies with a positive impact on the health workforce and health outcomes identified included decentralization, central coordination and facilitation process, posting and transfer policies as well as the setting up of human resource units.

Conclusions
Governance and leadership strategies targeting the HRH crises in LMIC are variable, interdependent and complex. While some show benefits in improving health workforce outcomes, only a few have an impact on population health outcomes.
Competition and Relational Contracts in the Rwanda Coffee Chain
Authors: Macchiavello Rocco , Morjaria Ameet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
How does competition affect market outcomes when formal contracts are not enforceable and parties resort to relational contracts? Difficulties with measuring relational contracts and dealing with the endogeneity of competition have frustrated attempts to answer this question. We make progress by studying relational contracts between upstream farmers and downstream mills in Rwanda’s coffee industry. First, we identify salient dimensions of their relational contracts and measure them through an original survey of mills and farmers. Second, we take advantage of an engineering model for the optimal placement of mills to construct an instrument that isolates geographically determined variation in competition. Conditional on the suitability for mills’ placement in the catchment area, we find that mills surrounded by more suitable areas (i) face more competition from other mills, (ii) use fewer relational contracts with farmers, and (iii) exhibit worse performance. An additional competing mill also (iv) reduces the aggregate quantity of coffee supplied to mills by farmers and (v) makes farmers worse off. Competition hampers relational contracts directly by increasing farmers’ temptation to default on the relational contract and indirectly by reducing mills’ profits.
Proxy Advisory Firms, Governance, Market Failure, and Regulation
Authors: Spatt Chester S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProxy advisory firms developed due to market failures underlying voting and corporate governance more broadly. However, these firms, which have not been subject to mandatory regulation, reflect their own market failures, emphasizing challenges underlying corporate governance. We highlight underlying frictions, such as economies of scale and public goods aspects to information production, the import of incentive conflicts faced by the advisory firms, their power, and the implications of their recommendations and votes by different types of investors. Asset managers emphasizing stewardship are more supportive of management than are proxy advisors. We highlight the evolving regulatory environment and limitations of one-size-fits-all recommendations. (JEL G34, G38, G24, H4)Received October 31, 2019; editorial decision October 17, 2020 by Editor Andrew Ellul.
Tobacco, alcohol use and other risk factors for developing symptomatic COVID-19 vs asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: a case–control study from western Rajasthan, India
Authors: Saurabh Suman , Verma Mahendra Kumar , Gautam Vaishali , Kumar Nitesh , Jain Vidhi , Goel Akhil Dhanesh , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Sharma Prem Prakash , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Singh Kuldeep , Nag Vijaya Lakshmi , Garg Mahendra Kumar , Misra Sanjeev 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding risk factors of symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vis-à-vis asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, severe disease and death is important.MethodsAn unmatched case–control study was conducted through telephonic interviews among individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in Jodhpur, India from 23 March to 20 July 2020. Contact history, comorbidities and tobacco and alcohol use were elicited using standard tools.ResultsAmong 911 SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, 47.5% were symptomatic, 14.1% had severe COVID-19 and 41 (4.5%) died. Older age, working outside the home, cardiac and respiratory comorbidity and alcohol use were found to increase the risk of symptomatic disease as compared with asymptomatic infection. Current tobacco smoking (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.26 to 0.78]) but not smokeless tobacco use (OR 0.81 [95% CI 0.55 to 1.19]) appeared to reduce the risk of symptomatic disease. Age ≥60 y and renal comorbidity were significantly associated with severe COVID-19. Age ≥60 y and respiratory and cardiac comorbidity were found to predispose to mortality.ConclusionsThe apparent reduced risk of symptomatic COVID-19 among tobacco smokers could be due to residual confounding owing to unknown factors, while acknowledging the limitation of recall bias. Cross-protection afforded by frequent upper respiratory tract infection among tobacco smokers could explain why a similar association was not found for smokeless tobacco use, thereby being more plausible than the ‘nicotinic hypothesis’. Those with comorbidities and age ≥60 y should be prioritized for hospital admission.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Diabetes Group Prenatal Care
Authors: Carter Ebony B. , Barbier Kate , Hill Pamela K. , Cahill Alison G. , Colditz Graham A. , Macones George A. , Tuuli Methodius G. , Mazzoni Sara E. 
Published: December 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Perinatol 2020; doi: 10.1055/s-0040-1714209)
Approximately 10% of pregnant women have type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), increasing the risk of poor perinatal outcomes such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, preeclampsia, or cesarean delivery. One potential strategy to help manage these conditions in this patient population is group prenatal care.
New lupus criteria: a critical view
Authors: Aringer Martin , Johnson Sindhu R. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
To review the validation of the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 2019 classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Recent findings
Positive antinuclear antibodies, which constitute the obligatory entry criterion of the EULAR/ACR criteria, were found in the vast majority of SLE patients worldwide, with 97% (94–100%) of patients antinuclear antibodies positive in studies investigating EULAR/ACR criteria performance. Combined over the publications, EULAR/ACR criteria sensitivity was 92% (range 85–97%). Specificity varied more relevantly, with the publications published after the EULAR/ACR 2019 criteria showing 93% (83–98%) specificity. Of particular relevance is the good performance of the EULAR/ACR criteria seen in pediatric SLE as well as in early SLE.

Summary
The new classification criteria have been investigated in an impressive number of cohorts worldwide, adding to the data from the EULAR/ACR criteria project cohort. It is critical to strictly keep to the attribution rule, that items are only counted if there is no more likely alternative explanation than SLE, the domain structure, where only the highest weighted item in a domain counts, and the limitation to highly specific tests for antibodies to double-stranded DNA.
New therapeutic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kolios Antonios G.A. , Yoshida Nobuya , Tsokos George C. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
This review gives an overview of the recently published clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Recent findings
Our continuously improving understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms, which are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE, has inspired the performance of multiple clinical trials in an attempt to modify recognized targets. Here, we summarize results obtained from recent trials, which used monoclonal antibodies blocking cytokines, blockers of costimulatory molecules or deleting immune cells, small drug inhibitors of kinases and replenishment of cytokines.

Summary
The therapeutic options for patients with SLE grow continuously and in parallel it raises the need for pathogenetic mechanism-based precision medicine so that we may select the right treatment for the right patient.
Paraspinal Muscle Contractile Function is Impaired in the ENT1-deficient Mouse Model of Progressive Spine Pathology
Authors: Noonan Alex M. , Séguin Cheryle A. , Brown Stephen H. M. 
Published: December 2020

Study Design
Basic science study of the relationship between spine pathology and the contractile ability of the surrounding muscles.

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate single muscle fiber contractile function in a model of progressive spine mineralization (ENT1

−/−
mice).

Summary of Background Data
Altered muscle structure and function have been associated with various spine pathologies; however, studies to date have provided limited insight into the fundamental ability of spine muscles to actively contract and generate force, and how this may change in response to spine pathology.

Methods
Experiments were performed on two groups (ENT1

−/−
[KO] and ENT1

+/+
[WT]) of mice at 8 months of age (n = 12 mice/group). Single muscle fibers were isolated from lumbar multifidus and erector spinae, as well as tibialis anterior (a non–spine-related control) and tested to determine their active contractile characteristics.

Results
The multifidus demonstrated decreases in specific force (type IIax fibers: 36% decrease; type IIb fibers: 29% decrease), active modulus (type IIax: 35% decrease; type IIb: 30% decrease), and unloaded shortening velocity (Vo) (type IIax: 31% decrease) in the ENT1

−/−
group when compared to WT controls. The erector spinae specific force was reduced in the ENT1

−/−
mice when compared to WT (type IIax: 29% decrease), but active modulus and Vo were unchanged. There were no differences in any of the active contractile properties of the lower limb TA muscle, validating that impairments observed in the spine muscles were specific to the underlying spine pathology and not the global loss of ENT1.

Conclusion
These results provide the first direct evidence of cellular level impairments in the active contractile force generating properties of spine muscles in response to chronic spine pathology.

Level of Evidence: N/A
The Learning Effectiveness of High-Fidelity Simulation Teaching Among Chinese Nursing Students: A Mixed-Methods Study
Authors: LI Zhen , HUANG Fei-Fei , CHEN Shiah-Lian , WANG Anni , GUO Yufang 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
High-fidelity simulation (HFS) is an interactive and complex experiential learning pedagogy. Given the limited and inconclusive evidence on the effectiveness of HFS in terms of improving student learning outcomes, a more thorough understanding of students' learning experiences and effects of HFS may inform the improvement of nursing training.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the learning effectiveness score of HFS, its influencing factors, and the learning experience of nursing students.

Methods
A convergent parallel mixed-methods research design was adopted. Five hundred thirty-three third-year undergraduate nursing students completed the Simulation Learning Effectiveness Inventory. Semistructured interviews were used to elicit the opinions of 22 participants regarding their participation in the HFS experience.

Results
The quantitative findings showed a moderately high learning effectiveness of HFS among Chinese undergraduate nursing students (121.81 ± 14.93). The learning effectiveness for equipment resources (15.02 ± 2.38), course arrangement (11.18 ± 1.73), and confidence (18.56 ± 3.67) was relatively low. Extroversion and mixed personality (β = 0.14 and 0.10) and “dislike” or “general like” of the course (β = −0.45 and −0.33) were found to influence learning effectiveness (F = 54.79, p < .001, adjusted R
2 = .29). In addition, the qualitative findings indicated that the participants felt positively regarding the “debriefing,” “clinical abilities,” and “problem solving” dimensions of the training.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
The focus of the education process and curriculum design of HFS activities should be on improving course arrangement, equipment resources, and students' confidence while paying attention to nursing students' personality traits and course preferences.
Clinical features of velamentous umbilical cord insertion and vasa previa
Authors: Yang Mo , Zheng Yanqiu , Li Mingjing , Li Wei , Li Xu , Zhang Xinhua , Wang Ruihua , Zhang Jing , Zhou Fuqing , Yang Qing , Li Gang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To identify the risk factors associated with velamentous cord insertion (VCI) and investigate the association between adverse pregnancy outcomes and VCI in singleton pregnancies and those with vasa previa.
A total of 59,976 single cases admitted from Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014 were included in this study. We retrospectively analyzed the perinatal complications, neonatal complications, and the clinical features, as well as the Color Doppler ultrasonography findings of the velamentous placenta and placenta previa.
We reviewed the clinical data of 59,976 women with singleton pregnancies delivered in Qinhuangdao Maternal and Child Health Hospital and Qinhuangdao Beidaihe Hospital from January 2004 to January 2014. Risk factors and the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes including admission to a neonatal unit, fetal death, preterm delivery, low birth weight of <2500 g, the infant being small for its gestation age, low Apgar scores (<7) at 1 and 5 minute were evaluated separately among women with and without VCI by means of logistic regression analyses.
The prevalence of velamentous umbilical cord insertion was 0.84%, and the prevalence of vasa previa was 0.0017%. The independent risk factors for VCI were nulliparity, obesity, fertility problems, placenta previa, and maternal smoking. VCI was associated with a 1.83-, 2.58-, 3.62-, and 1.41-fold increase in the risk of retention in the neonatal unit, preterm delivery (<37 gestation weeks), low birth weight, and small-for-gestational age, compared to pregnancies involving normal cord insertion. Of the women with VCI, 16.1% underwent emergency cesarean section compared to 8.9% (P < .001) of women without VCI.
The prevalence of VCI was 0.84% in singletons. The results suggest that VCI is a moderate risk condition resulted in increased risks of prematurity and impairment of fetal growth.