bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Differences Between Rush Rhees and Simone Weil
Authors: Mounce H.O. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRhees seems unaware that Simone Weil differed from him both in her conception of philosophy and of its relation to religion. She differed also in her view of the relation between religion and science. On her view, the aim of science is to find the laws which will allow us to apply deductive reasoning to nature. The necessities revealed had for her a religious significance. But this can be understood only given her view of the relation between God and the world. On her view, the creation of the world did not involve an extension of God's power. It involved a withdrawal of his power, so that there could be an existence independent of himself. God does not interfere in the details of the world but sustains it through a network of necessities. For this reason, these necessities can serve as a sign of God.
Seeing Transparency More Clearly
Authors: Pozen David E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn recent years, transparency has been proposed as the solution to, and the cause of, a remarkable range of public problems. The proliferation of seemingly contradictory claims about transparency becomes less puzzling, this essay argues, when one appreciates that transparency is not, in itself, a coherent normative ideal. Nor does it have a straightforward instrumental relationship to any primary goals of governance. To gain greater purchase on how transparency policies operate, scholars must move beyond abstract assumptions and drill down to the specific legal, institutional, historical, political, and cultural contexts in which these policies are crafted and implemented. The field of transparency studies, in other words, is due for a “sociological turn.”
Country size, technology, and Ricardian comparative advantage
Authors: Ara Tomohiro 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe develop a Ricardian model with heterogeneous firms in which country size and technology play a crucial role in the firm‐level variables. We show that a country with larger size and better technology exhibits higher productivity and lower price–cost margins even under assumptions of C.E.S. preferences and monopolistic competition. Welfare is higher in this country, not only due to the increased product variety but also due to increased competition in a domestic market. We also show that country size and technology impact critically on the intensive margin as well as the extensive margin in the gravity equation.
A Quantitative Framework to Inform Extrapolation Decisions in Children
Authors: Wadsworth Ian , Hampson Lisa V. , Jaki Thomas , Sills Graeme J. , Marson Anthony G. , Appleton Richard 
Published: December 2019

SummaryWhen developing a new medicine for children, the potential to extrapolate from adult efficacy data is well recognized. However, significant assumptions about the similarity of adults and children are needed for extrapolations to be biologically plausible. One such assumption is that of similar exposure–response (E–R-) relationships. Motivated by applications to antiepileptic drug development, we consider how data that are available from existing trials of adults and adolescents can be used to quantify prior uncertainty about whether E–R-relationships are similar in adults and younger children. A Bayesian multivariate meta-analytic model is fitted to existing E–R-data and adjusted for external biases that arise because these data are not perfectly relevant to the comparison of interest. We propose a strategy for eliciting expert prior opinion on external biases. From the bias-adjusted meta-analysis, we derive prior distributions quantifying our uncertainty about the degree of similarity between E–R-relationships for adults and younger children. Using these we calculate the prior probability that average pharmacodynamic responses in adults and younger children, both on placebo and at an effective concentration, are sufficiently similar to justify a complete extrapolation of efficacy data. A simulation study is performed to evaluate the operating characteristics of the approach proposed.
PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells from patients with tuberculosis exhibit elevated production of CXCL13
Authors: Jiang Jing , Cao Zhihong , Qu Jiuxin , Liu Houming , Han Hongxing , Cheng Xiaoxing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo understand functional role of PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells during tuberculosis infection in humans, sorted PD‐1+ and PD‐1− MAIT cells from pleural effusions of patients with pleural tuberculosis were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells were analysed by flow cytometry and their phenotypic and functional features were investigated. Transcriptome sequencing identified 144 genes that were differentially expressed between PD‐1+ and PD‐1− MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions and CXCL13 was the gene with highest fold difference. The level of PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells was associated with extent of TB infection in humans. PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells had increased production of CXCL13 and IL‐21 as determined by flow cytometry. PD‐1highCXCR5− MAIT cells were significantly expanded in pleural effusions from patients with pleural tuberculosis as compared with those from peripheral blood of both patients with tuberculosis and healthy controls. Although PD‐1highCXCR5− MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions had reduced IFN‐γ level and increased expression of Tim‐3 and GITR, they showed activated phenotype and had higher glucose uptake and lipid content. It is concluded that PD‐1‐expressing MAIT cells had reduced IFN‐γ level but increased production of both CXCL13 and IL‐21.
Subject, Topic and Definiteness in Finnish
Authors: Brattico Pauli 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSome languages, such as Hungarian and Finnish, utilize information structure (e.g., topic, focus) in their word ordering. Among such languages, subject behavior is often claimed to be related to topicality. This article argues that contrary to the claims made in the previous literature, Finnish does not grammaticalize topics; instead, the alleged topic behavior results from a definiteness effect, according to which definiteDPs are treated as preferred preverbal subjects. This creates an illusion of topicalization. An analysis is provided according to which the finite clauseEPPis universally involved in acquiring two nominal features, φ‐features (such as number and person) and D (definiteness), and that, due to the presence of strong phi‐agreement, Finnish has the option of filling in the preverbal subject position by a non‐agreeing nonsubject phrase checking only the D‐feature. In agreement with this hypothesis, verb‐initial clauses are argued to contain anNP‐argument representing a predicate, not a logicalDPargument.
From Sectors to Circuits: Re‐Describing Senegambian In/Formal Practices in Europe, and Beyond
Authors: Schapendonk Joris , Ekenhorst Marieke 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhile earlier accounts approach the informal economy as a sign of underdevelopment, particularly in the Global South, recent studies tend to re‐frame informal economic practices by acknowledging how it allows various actors to create spaces to manoeuvre. In this context, scholars emphasise the multiple linkages between formal and informal economic domains. To push this notion of intersected practices further, we move away from the notion of the ‘informal sector’ – as a domain with clear demarcations and introduce the notion of in/formal circuits. The latter highlights the multiple interrelations between activities and fluid geographies involved. From this starting point we analyse the socio‐economic activities of Senegalese and Gambian migrants living in Europe. Based on ethnographic fieldwork that started in Barcelona but also involved other places, we illustrate the ways they navigate in/formal circuits and the extent to which these navigations come with mobility within Europe, and beyond.
Breed‐specific reference intervals of hematologic variables in Shami goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) with the possible effects of age and sex
Authors: Al‐Rukibat Raida , Ismail Zuhair 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundShami goats are an economically and sentimentally important breed of goats in the Mediterranean region. Shami goats are known for superior fecundity and productivity compared with other indigenous breeds. Shami goats also appear to be more susceptible to various infectious and production‐related diseases. Therefore, the establishment of breed‐specific hematologic reference intervals (RIs) is required.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to establish breed‐specific RIs of some hematologic variables in Shami goats and to report the effects of age and sex on these values.MethodsA total of 100 Shami goats were used to determine the total red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), total whitle blood cell (WBC) count, absolute values, and the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (N/L), using traditional manual laboratory methods.ResultsReference intervals of several variables in Shami goats were generated according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Females were found to have significantly higher RBC, MCHC, and WBC values, while males were found to have significantly higher MCV values and lower neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers. Adult goats were found to have significantly higher RBC, PCV, MCV, MCH, WBC values, and neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers compared with juvenile goats.ConclusionData presented here could be used as baseline information to evaluate the health status of Shami goats and assist in reaching a diagnosis for several pathologic diseases.
Development and validation of a graphic 2D investigator’s global assessment instrument for grading the overall severity of atopic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: High Endya J. , Olivry Thierry 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundClinical trials enrolling dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD) use validated instruments that aggregate the extent and severity of selected skin lesions; none of these provides a global assessment of the severity of all lesions.ObjectivesTo validate an Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) instrument to globally evaluate the severity of skin lesions in dogs with AD.AnimalsForty dogs with AD.Methods and materialsA 2D graphic IGA (2D‐IGA) instrument was created to subjectively score, with a single dot, the overall extent and severity of all canine AD lesions. This tool was tested for its validity (content, construct and criterion), reliability (inter‐ and intraobserver) and sensitivity to change.ResultsThe content of the 2D‐IGA was first validated by a supportive vote by the International Committee of Allergic Diseases of Animals (ICADA) membership. Its construct was verified by positive correlations between the 2D‐IGA scores and those of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI‐04) and the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Lesion Index (CADLI) (Spearman’s rank‐order correlation, P < 0.0001). The positive correlation (P < 0.0001) between an Owner Global Assessment of Disease Severity (OGADS) and the 2D‐IGA indirectly satisfied its criterion. Scores graded by the same investigator hours apart and those between investigators were positively correlated (P < 0.0001), thereby validating this scale's intra‐ and interobserver reliabilities. Finally, the changes in 2D‐IGA values during treatment were correlated positively with scores of an Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE; P < 0.0001), thus showing its sensitivity to change.Conclusions and clinical importanceThis novel 2D‐IGA is a simple static graphic instrument that could be useful for clinical trials testing the efficacy of interventions for canine AD.
A complex biogeographic history of diversification in Neotropical lancehead pitvipers (Serpentes, Viperidae)
Authors: Hamdan Breno , Guedes Thaís B. , Carrasco Paola A. , Melville Jane 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBased on the literature, we had predicted that the diversification within the Neotropical snake genusBothropsoccurred along a latitudinal gradient from north to south, with diversification into unoccupied niches through ecological opportunity, not correlated with geoclimatic events. Using a dated phylogeny and estimating likelihoods of ancestral states at cladogenesis events, we reconstructed ancestral areas and assessed major events of the diversification ofBothropsclades, and we also discuss systematic implications for this group. Based on the phylogeny we produced,B. lojanuswas not considered as part of the genusBothropssince the results recovered this species nested within theBothrocophiasclade. We infer that the diversification of the MioceneBothrops pictusandBothrops alternatusclades may be related to the uplift of the western slopes of the Andes and the Argentinian Patagonian Andes, respectively. The PlioceneBothrops taeniatusandBothrops osborneiclades may be related to the uplift of the eastern and northern Andes, respectively. The Plio‐PleistoceneBothrops neuwiediclade may be related to the habitat transitions from a warmer and forested environment to a cooler and open landscape; theBothrops jararaca(i.e. island endemic species) andBothrops lanceolatusclades to over‐water dispersal with island speciation; andBothrops atroxclade to the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. We found that a multitemporal and multidirectional history of diversification may be correlated with geoclimatic and dispersalist events. We argue that the vacant niche hypothesis by itself does not explainBothropsdiversification.
The Current Status of Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Development in China
Authors: Hu Mingruo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Potentially large amount of hydrogen resource in China could theoretically supply 100 × 106 fuel cell passenger cars yearly. The Chinese government highly values the hydrogen and fuel cell technology. Policies and plans have been put forward densely in the recent five years. Numerous companies, research institutes, and universities are developing proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-related technologies. A preliminary local supplier chain of fuel cell-related technology has been formed. However, the lifetime is still a key issue for the fuel cell technology. More than 3500 fuel cell range extender electric vehicles were manufactured during 2016 and 2018, and at the beginning of 2019, there have been more than 40 hydrogen refueling stations including both under operation and under construction. It is estimated the number of fuel cell-based electric vehicles will reach 36,000 by the end of 2020; therefore, lack of hydrogen refueling station has become a key restriction for development of the fuel cell vehicle industry.
Nanorods of Bi–Co–S for Electrocatalysis of Glucose Oxidation and Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Yu Bin , Liu Ya , Miao Yuqing 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In order to develop a non-precious metal-based catalyst, Bi–Co–S nanorods were prepared by a simple solvothermal method. The morphology and composition were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDXS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to study the electrochemical oxidation of glucose in alkaline medium. Bi–Co–S nanorods with different ratio of Bi/Co were modified on the electrode and their electrocatalytic activities were compared. The results showed that Bi–Co–S nanorods with the 1:2 ratio of Bi/Co exhibited the lowest initial potential and the highest catalytic current. In addition, Bi–Co–S nanorods showed long-term durability. The introduction of Co significantly improves the catalytic activity of the catalyst, and the excellent performance of Bi–Co–S nanorods may be due to the synergy between the two sulfides.
Evaluation of Critical Crack Orientations and Crack Growth Analysis in Compressor Blade Root Subjected to Fatigue
Authors: Ramesh K. , Thomre Muktai 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Aero-engine compressor blade and disk assemblies are subjected to radially outward centrifugal force due to blade rotation and the bending of the blade due to gas pressure. Static analysis is done initially to find the critical crack orientation at the root of the blade. With simulated initial cracks, the cracks are allowed to grow in low cycle fatigue (LCF) and isochromatics are captured at selected intervals. Using digital photoelasticity, isochromatic images are used along with an over-deterministic least-squares approach to find the fracture parameters. As the stress fields are very complex, a multiparameter solution with a higher number of parameters was needed to model the stress field. Crack growth angles are evaluated using maximum tangential stress (MTS), strain energy density (SED), and generalized MTS (GMTS) criteria. It is observed that the GMTS criterion predicted closer results to that of experimental values, which implied the significance of T-stress in predicting the crack growth angle.
Experimental Study of the Stationkeeping of a Floater Using Passive Flapping Flat Plates in Waves
Authors: Sim Woo-Lim , Shin Hyunkyoung , Kumar Rupesh 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To effectively use the resources of marine environments, it is necessary to consider the deep and remote parts of the ocean. Stationkeeping of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) mainly relies on mooring lines[1][2]. However, current mooring lines have structural and economical limitations for applications in extreme sea environments. The University of Ulsan is conducting ongoing research to develop a new economical stationkeeping system that can maintain the position of a FOWT in the deep sea using passive flapping foils. This paper describes an experimental study of the stationkeeping of actual structures based on the above-mentioned investigations and suggested directions to supplement the deficiencies in stationkeeping systems using passive flapping foils. This experiment was carried out in the three-dimensional “Widetank” and in actual sea conditions, focusing on the drift of a floater in the surge direction.
Lifting Line Free Wake Vortex Filament Method for the Evaluation of Floating Offshore Wind Turbines: First Step — Validation for Fixed Wind Turbines
Authors: Martín-San-Román Raquel , Azcona-Armendáriz José , Cuerva-Tejero Alvaro 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An in-house computational tool, called MIST, has been developed to improve the accuracy of the aerodynamic loads predictions of floating wind turbines. MIST has an aerodynamic module based on a Free Vortex filament Method (FVM) for the wake combined with a Lifting Line (LL) model for the blades. This aerodynamic model has been validated, in this first instance, for an onshore configuration against well known experimental data. Different options for the critical parameters of the code have been analyzed to get a deeper understanding of the impact of certain assumptions of this kind of models.
A Comparison of Time Domain Seismic Analysis Methods for Offshore Wind Turbine Structures: Using a Superelement Approach
Authors: Alblas Laurens , de Winter Corine 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recently, wind farm development has gained more traction in Asian countries such as Taiwan, which are seismically active. Compared to Europe, the offshore wind structures need to be designed for these additional extreme environmental conditions. For monopiles, these calculations can typically be performed in an integrated way in the wind turbine load calculation, but for jackets the superelement (SE) approach remains preferred.
At the time of writing different approaches are being applied in the industry to apply the SE approach for seismic time domain analysis. This work explains and compares three different methods, based on calculations performed in offshore strength assessment tool Sesam and aeroelastic tool BHawC.
When including additional interface nodes at the foundation model bottom into the SE to which the seismic accelerations can be applied in BHawC similarly as in the re-tracking run in Sesam, the results between BHawC and Sesam are nearidentical.
Using a normal SE, which only includes an interface node for the connection to the wind turbine tower bottom, and including the response due to seismic displacements into the SE load file gives a match between BHawC and Sesam, and closely matches the results of the case with additional interface nodes.
Doing the same but only including the dynamic response of the interface point relative to a frame of reference moving with the rigid body motions as caused by the seismic accelerations into the SE load file, significant differences occur. This is due to the lack of the loading effect of rigid body motions.
The same conclusions on how these methods compare can be drawn when using different wind and wave cases.
The presented results give insights into the differences between the methods and how the choice of method may influence the results.
Global Responses and Loads Analysis of a 750-kW Semi-Submersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbine Under Extreme Environmental Conditions
Authors: Pham Thanh Dam , Kim Junbae , Seo Byoungcheon , Kumar Rupesh , Yu Youngjae , Shin Hyunkyoung 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A pilot floating offshore wind turbine project of Korea was proposed for installing in the East Sea of Korea. The prototype is a semisubmersible platform supporting a 750-kW wind turbine. A scaled model was tested in the basin tank of the University of Ulsan at scale ratio 1:40. The 750-kW floating offshore wind turbine was modeled by using the NREL-FAST code. Numerical results were validated by comparing with those of the test model. This paper analyzes dynamic responses and loads of the wind turbine system under extreme environmental conditions. Extreme environmental conditions based on metocean data of East Sea Korea. Extreme responses and extreme loads are important data for designing the structure of the 750 kW semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine.
Study of anisotropic compact stars with quintessence field and modified chaplygin gas in f(T) gravity
Authors: Saha Pameli , Debnath Ujjal 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this work, we get an idea of the existence of compact stars in the background of f(T) modified gravity where T is a scalar torsion. We acquire the equations of motion using anisotropic property within the spherically compact star with electromagnetic field, quintessence field and modified Chaplygin gas in the framework of modified f(T) gravity. Then by matching condition, we derive the unknown constants of our model to obtain many physical quantities to give a sketch of its nature and also study anisotropic behavior, energy conditions and stability. Finally, we estimate the numerical values of mass, surface redshift etc from our model to compare with the observational data for different types of compact stars.
Thermodynamic stability of the stationary Lifshitz black hole of new massive gravity
Authors: Kolev K. , Staykov K. , Vetsov T. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the thermodynamic properties of the stationary Lifshitz black hole solution of New Massive Gravity. We study the thermodynamic stability from local and global point of view. We also consider the space of equilibrium states for the solution within the framework of thermodynamic information geometry. By investigating the proper thermodynamic metrics and their curvature invariants we find a set of restrictions on the parameter space and the critical points indicating phase transitions of the system. We confirm our findings by analytical analysis of the geodesics on the space of equilibrium states.