bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
r-mode instability of neutron stars in Low-mass X-ray binaries: effects of Fermi surface depletion and superfluidity of dense matter
Authors: Dong J M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The nucleon-nucleon correlation between nucleons leads to the Fermi surface depletion measured by a Z-factor in momentum distribution of dense nuclear matter. The roles of the Fermi surface depletion effect (Z-factor effect) and its quenched neutron triplet superfluidity of nuclear matter in viscosity and hence in the gravitational-wave-driven r-mode instability of neutron stars (NSs) are investigated. The bulk viscosity is reduced by both the two effects, especially the superfluid effect at low temperatures which is also able to reduce the inferred core temperature of NSs. Intriguingly, due to the neutron superfluidity, the core temperature of the NSs in known low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) are found to be clearly divided into two groups: high and low temperatures which correspond to NSs with short and long recurrence times for nuclear-powered bursts respectively. Yet, a large number of NSs in these LMXBs are still located in the r-mode instability region. If the density-dependent symmetry energy is stiff enough, the occurence of direct Urca process reduces the inferred core temperature by about one order of magnitude. Accordingly, the contradiction between the predictions and observations is alleviated to some extent, but some NSs are still located inside the unstable region.
Global identification and characterization of tRNA-derived RNA fragment landscapes across human cancers
Authors: Sun Xiwei , Yang Juze , Yu Mengqian , Yao Dongxia , Zhou Liyuan , Li Xufan , Qiu Qiongzi , Lin Weiqiang , Lu Bingjian , Chen Enguo , Wang Ping , Chen Wantao , Tao Sifeng , Xu Haiming , Williams Anna , Liu Yong , Pan Xiaoqing , Cowley Allen W , Lu Weiguo , Liang Mingyu , Liu Pengyuan , Lu Yan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Transfer RNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that are abundant in many organisms, but their role in cancer has not been fully explored. Here, we report a functional genomic landscape of tRFs in 8118 specimens across 15 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. These tRFs exhibited characteristics of widespread expression, high sequence conservation, cytoplasmic localization, specific patterns of tRNA cleavage and conserved cleavage in tissues. A cross-tumor analysis revealed significant commonality among tRF expression subtypes from distinct tissues of origins, characterized by upregulation of a group of tRFs with similar size and activation of cancer-associated signaling. One of the largest superclusters was composed of 22 nt 3′-tRFs upregulated in 13 cancer types, all of which share the activation of Ras/MAPK, RTK and TSC/mTOR signaling. tRF-based subgrouping provided clinically relevant stratifications and significantly improved outcome prediction by incorporating clinical variables. Additionally, we discovered 11 cancer driver tRFs using an effective approach for accurately exploring cross-tumor and platform trends. As a proof of concept, we performed comprehensive functional assays on a non-microRNA driver tRF, 5′-IleAAT-8-1-L20, and validated its oncogenic roles in lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Our study also provides a valuable tRF resource for identifying diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, developing cancer therapy and studying cancer pathogenesis.
Psychometric validity and reliability of the Danish version of the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor Module
Authors: Piil Karin , Whisenant Meagan , Mendoza Tito , Armstrong Terri , Cleeland Charles , Nordentoft Sara , Williams Loretta A , Jarden Mary 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The complexity of disease- and treatment-related symptoms causes profound distress and deterioration of health-related quality of life among patients with brain tumors. Currently, there is no Danish validated disease-specific instrument that focuses solely on measures of both neurologic and cancer-related symptoms of patients with brain tumors. The MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Brain Tumor Module (MDASI-BT) is a validated patient self-report questionnaire that measures symptom prevalence, intensity, and interference with daily life. The aim of the present study was to determine the psychometric validity of the Danish translation of the MDASI-BT, and to test its utility in 3 cohorts of Danish patients across the spectrum of the brain cancer disease and treatment trajectory.

Methods
A linguistic validation process was conducted. Danish patients with malignant primary brain tumors were included to establish the psychometric validity and reliability of the Danish MDASI-BT. Cognitive debriefing interviews were conducted to support the psychometric properties.

Results
A total of 120 patients participated in this study. Coefficient αs for the symptom and interference subscales indicate a high level of reliability across all items. Corresponding symptom and interference or functional items and subscales in the MDASI-BT and European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Brain Tumor Module BN20 were significantly correlated. Cognitive debriefing provided evidence for content validity and questionnaire utility as participants were comfortable answering the questions and had no problem with the understandability or number of questions asked.

Conclusion
The MDASI-BT is a simple, concise symptom assessment tool useful for assessing the symptom severity and interference of Danish-speaking patients with brain cancer.
Bringing New Meaning to the Term “Adaptive Trial”: Challenges of Conducting Clinical Research During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Implications for Implementation Science
Authors: Branch-Elliman Westyn , Elwy A Rani , Monach Paul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough implementation of evidence-based practices takes an average of 17 years, in the context of the global pandemic, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) interventions were adopted in a greatly compressed time frame. This rapid uptake creates major challenges for conducting COVID-19 clinical research studies, because quickly evolving standards make it difficult to adapt in real time. The rapid dissemination and implementation of COVID-19 interventions is the realization of goals long pursued by the implementation science community. However, the downside of the rapid implementation is that low-quality evidence with little to no scientific vetting may be quickly integrated into clinical care, resulting in lost opportunities to advance our scientific understanding about how to manage infected patients. In the future, novel adaptive designs embedded into electronic health records (Embedded Quantified, Integrated-into-Practice Trial [EQuIPT] designs) that allow for easier and better access to clinical trials may simultaneously improve care and advance healthcare innovations.
Modeling Donor Screening Strategies to Reduce the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission via Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Authors: Olesen Scott W , Zaman Amanda , Osman Majdi , Ramakrishna Bharat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe potential for transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 shed in stool via fecal microbiota transplantation is not yet known, and the effectiveness of various testing strategies to prevent fecal microbiota transplantation-based transmission has also not yet been quantified. In this study, we use a mathematical model to simulate the utility of different testing strategies.
Safety of Hydroxychloroquine Among Outpatient Clinical Trial Participants for COVID-19
Authors: Lofgren Sarah M , Nicol Melanie R , Bangdiwala Ananta S , Pastick Katelyn A , Okafor Elizabeth C , Skipper Caleb P , Pullen Matthew F , Engen Nicole W , Abassi Mahsa , Williams Darlisha A , Nascene Alanna A , Axelrod Margaret L , Lother Sylvain A , MacKenzie Lauren J , Drobot Glen , Marten Nicole , Cheng Matthew P , Zarychanski Ryan , Schwartz Ilan S , Silverman Michael , Chagla Zain , Kelly Lauren E , McDonald Emily G , Lee Todd C , Hullsiek Kathy H , Boulware David R , Rajasingham Radha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Use of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), especially in combination with azithromycin, has raised safety concerns. Here, we report safety data from 3 outpatient randomized clinical trials.

Methods
We conducted 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials investigating hydroxychloroquine as pre-exposure prophylaxis, postexposure prophylaxis, and early treatment for COVID-19 using an internet-based design. We excluded individuals with contraindications to hydroxychloroquine. We collected side effects and serious adverse events. We report descriptive analyses of our findings.

Results
We enrolled 2795 participants. The median age of research participants (interquartile range) was 40 (34–49) years, and 59% (1633/2767) reported no chronic medical conditions. Overall 2544 (91%) participants reported side effect data, and 748 (29%) reported at least 1 medication side effect. Side effects were reported in 40% with once-daily, 36% with twice-weekly, 31% with once-weekly hydroxychloroquine, compared with 19% with placebo. The most common side effects were upset stomach or nausea (25% with once-daily, 19% with twice-weekly, and 18% with once-weekly hydroxychloroquine, vs 11% for placebo), followed by diarrhea, vomiting, or abdominal pain (23% for once-daily, 17% twice-weekly, and 13% once-weekly hydroxychloroquine, vs 7% for placebo). Two individuals were hospitalized for atrial arrhythmias, 1 on placebo and 1 on twice-weekly hydroxychloroquine. No sudden deaths occurred.

Conclusions
Data from 3 outpatient COVID-19 trials demonstrated that gastrointestinal side effects were common but mild with the use of hydroxychloroquine, while serious side effects were rare. No deaths occurred related to hydroxychloroquine. Randomized clinical trials, in cohorts of healthy outpatients, can safely investigate whether hydroxychloroquine is efficacious for COVID-19.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier
NCT04308668 for postexposure prophylaxis and early treatment trials; NCT04328467 for pre-exposure prophylaxis trial.
Cloud–cloud collisions and triggered star formation
Authors: Fukui Yasuo , Habe Asao , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Enokiya Rei , Tachihara Kengo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStar formation is a fundamental process for galactic evolution. One issue over the last several decades has been determining whether star formation is induced by external triggers or self-regulated in a closed system. The role of an external trigger, which can effectively collect mass in a small volume, has attracted particular attention in connection with the formation of massive stellar clusters, which in extreme cases may lead to starbursts. Recent observations have revealed massive cluster formation triggered by cloud–cloud collisions in nearby interacting galaxies, including the Magellanic system and the Antennae Galaxies as well as almost all well-known high-mass star-forming regions in the Milky Way, such as RCW 120, M 20, M 42, NGC 6334, etc. Theoretical efforts are going into the foundation for the mass compression that causes massive cluster/star formation. Here, we review the recent progress on cloud–cloud collisions and the triggered star-cluster formation, and discuss future prospects for this area of study.
Interacting with Persons with Disabilities: South African Police Officers’ Knowledge, Experience and Perceived Competence
Authors: Viljoen Erna , Bornman Juan , Tönsing Kerstin M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Police officers increasingly come into contact with persons with various disabilities in their line of duty. This study aimed to determine police officers’ knowledge, experience, and perceived competence in interacting with persons with disabilities by using questionnaires (n = 98). Participants spanned different genders, age groups, educational levels, ranks, and years of experience. Results showed fair knowledge of the different disability types, despite no prior training. This was attributed to 52% of participants with a family member with a disability and 39% who had previously come into contact with various disability types in their line of duty. Knowledge was poor in identifying specific characteristics of various disabilities. Regarding experience, police officers reported that they most frequently encountered persons with physical disabilities. Perceived competence in interacting with persons with disabilities in the course of policing varied from high to low. A need for training related to disabilities was expressed by 94% of participants.
Does the Preoperative Depression Affect Clinical Outcomes in Adults With Following Lumbar Fusion?
Authors: Zhou Yuanxing , Deng Jianlong , Yang Ming , Chang Yvang , Zhang Yu , Xu Gang , Wang Bo , Li Zhonghai 
Published: October 2020

Study Design:
This was a retrospective cohort review.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to analyze depression using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), and to correlate with clinical outcomes and improvement in adults with following lumbar fusion.

Summary of Background Data:
Psychological factors such as depression are found to influence outcomes and improvement following spinal surgery. It is still unclear whether there are differences during screening for depression by different implementations to predict outcomes for spine surgery.

Materials and Methods:
Between July 2016 and May 2018, patients with degenerative lumbar disease, who underwent lumbar fusion were enrolled in this study. The patient’s characteristics, preoperative BDI and HAMD-24 score, and preoperative and postoperative outcomes were collected, respectively. Depressed patients were identified by a score of BDI≥15 or HAMD-24>20, respectively. Preoperative and postoperative outcome scores, absolute changes, and recovery ratios of disability and pain were compared within and between groups. Finally, univariate and multiple linear regression analyses was performed to reveal the relationship between preoperative depressive states and outcomes and improvement.

Results:
A total of 125 patients were eligible in the study, with 113 (90.4%) patients without depressive symptoms and 12 (9.6%) depressed patients by BDI, and 97 (77.6%) patients without depressive symptoms and 28 (22.4%) depressed patients by HAMD-24. Both higher BDI and HAMD-24 group was found to have significant worse preoperative and postoperative outcomes as well as less recovery ratios than the patients without depressive symptoms. Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses suggested that preoperative depression might be a potential predictor of worse surgical outcomes.

Conclusions:
Depressive symptoms might lead to smaller magnitude of improvement. Moreover, both preoperative BDI and HAMD-24 score was a negative predictor of postoperative outcomes and can be regarded as a candidate to screen for depression preoperatively.
Persistent postoperative opioid use in Europe
Authors: Sitter Taalke , Forget Patrice 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND
In the United States, postoperative opioid prescriptions have been implicated in the so-called ‘opioid epidemic’. In Europe, the extent of overprescribing or misuse of opioids is not known.

OBJECTIVES
To describe the proportion of persistent postoperative opioid use in adults (>18 years) in European countries.

DESIGN
Systematic review of the published data.

DATA SOURCES
We searched the electronic literature databases MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus.

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Studies describing opioid use in adult patients (>18 years) at least 3 months after surgery.

RESULTS
One thousand three hundred and seven studies were found, and 12 studies were included in this review. The rate of opioid use after 3 to 6 months was extracted from the studies and categorised by the type of surgery. Nine studies investigated opioid use after total hip or total knee arthroplasties (THA and TKA) and reported opioid user rates between 7.9 and 41% after 3 months. In all the included studies, a proportion between 2 and 41% of patients were opioid users 3 months after surgery. The level of evidence varied from high to very low.

CONCLUSION
To describe persistent opioid use in relation to specific countries or types of surgery is not possible. Because of the wide ranges observed, we can neither confirm nor rule out a possible public health problem linked to the persistent use of opioids in Europe.

STUDY REGISTRATION
PROSPERO: CRD42019154292.
Effects on cerebral blood flow of position changes, hyperoxia, CO2 partial pressure variations and the Valsalva manoeuvre
Authors: Tercero Javier , Gracia Isabel , Hurtado Paola , de Riva Nicolás , Carrero Enrique , Garcia-Orellana Marta , Belda Isabel , Rios José , Maldonado Felipe , Fàbregas Neus , Valero Ricard 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUND
Maintaining adequate blood pressure to ensure proper cerebral blood flow (CBF) during surgery is challenging. Induced mild hypotension, sitting position or unavoidable intra-operative circumstances such as haemorrhage, added to variations in carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, may influence perfusion. Several of these circumstances may coincide and it is unclear how these may affect CBF.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the variation in transcranial Doppler and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), as a surrogate of CBF, after cardiac preload and gravitational positional changes.

DESIGN
Observational study.

SETTING
Operating room at Hospital Clínic de Barcelona.

VOLUNTEERS
Ten healthy volunteers, white, both sexes.

INTERVENTIONS
Measurements were performed in the supine, sitting and standing positions during hyperoxia, hypocapnia and hypercapnia protocols and after a Valsalva manoeuvre.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Cardiac index (CI), haemodynamic and respiratory variables, maximal and mean velocities (V
max, V
mean) (transcranial Doppler) and rSO2 were acquired. Results were analysed using a generalised estimating equation technique.

RESULTS
CI increases more than 16% after a preload challenge were not accompanied by differences in rSO2 or V
max − V
mean. With positional changes, V
mean decreased more than 7% (P = 0.042) from the supine to the seated position. Hyperoxia induced a cerebral rSO2 increase more than 6% (P = 0.0001) with decreases in V
max, V
mean and CI values more than 3% (P = 0.001, 0.022 and 0.001) in the supine and standing position. During hypocapnia, CI rose more than 20% from supine to seated and standing (P = 0.0001) with a 4.5% decrease in cerebral rSO2 (P = 0.001) and a decrease of V
max − V
mean more than 24% in all positions (P = 0.001). Hypercapnia increased cerebral rSO2 more than 17% (P = 0.001), V
max − V
mean more than 30% (P = 0.001) with no changes in CI. After a Valsalva manoeuvre, rSO2 decreased more than 3% in the right hemisphere in the upright position (P = 0.001). V
max − V
mean decreased more than 10% (P = 0.001) with no changes in CI.

CONCLUSION
CBF changes in response to cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilatation were detected with rSO2 and transcranial Doppler in healthy volunteers during cardiac preload and in different body positions. Acute hypercapnia had a greater effect on recorded brain parameters than hypocapnia.
Consumer wearable technologies to identify and monitor exercise-related arrhythmias in athletes
Authors: Sanchis-Gomar Fabian , Lavie Carl J. , Perez Marco V. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to synthesize the current evidence supporting and against the use of wearable devices to detect underlying heart conditions in athletes and the most significant limitations.

Recent findings
Although several large studies have been conducted to evaluate the ability of wearables devices to identify atrial fibrillation among the general population, no studies evaluating their ability to detect other exercise-related arrhythmias in athletes are very sparse. Most of the studies or case reports are focused on the wearables’ reliability and accuracy compared with standard ECG. Only small studies evaluating the accuracy of one wearable device in athletes have been carried out to date. Unfortunately, none of them have investigated their ability to detect specific arrhythmias in the athletic population.

Summary
Rapidly detecting dangerous arrhythmias in a symptomatic athlete continues to be an elusive goal. The use of smartphone ECG monitors can provide diagnostic data in athletes with symptoms that could represent a helpful instrument. However, many uncertainties remain and need to be addressed and validated in large-scale trials to incorporate these devices into the healthcare system and be part of an athlete's daily monitoring and healthcare.
Hypertension in psoriasis patients: based on office and ambulatory blood pressure measurement
Authors: Abedini Robabeh , Najafi Mohammad-Taghi , Azizpour Arghavan , Nasimi Maryam , Darreshiri Mohammad , Teymourpour Amir 
Published: October 2020

Objective
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which is associated with high risk of metabolic comorbidities. Hypertension (HTN) is among the most common and serious associations. In this study, we aimed to evaluate HTN in psoriatic patients through office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM).

Materials and methods
Forty-nine patients with confirmed diagnosis of psoriasis were enrolled in the study. Office measurement of blood pressure was performed and then holter monitoring was used for 24-h ABPM.

Results
Thirty-six patients (73.4%) had HTN including 13 females (36.1%) and 23 males (63.9%) (P = 0.011). Twelve patients (33.3%) had masked HTN (six females and six males). Office, 24-h, morning, daytime, and nocturnal HTN were present in 49%, 40.8%, 34.7%, 36.7%, and 63.3% of our patients, respectively. The only factor significantly related to morning/daytime/24 h HTN was age, which hypertensive patients had higher age. About 22.4% of patients had metabolic syndrome, which was significantly associated with FBS, weight, waist circumference, and BMI.

Conclusion
Psoriasis is associated with a high rate of HTN. Masked HTN constitutes nearly one-third of hypertensive patients. ABPM increases the accuracy of HTN detection in psoriatic patients.