bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional reconstructions of the internal structures of haustoria in parasitic Orobanchaceae
Authors: Masumoto Natsumi , Suzuki Yuki , Cui Songkui , Wakazaki Mayumi , Sato Mayuko , Kumaishi Kie , Shibata Arisa , Furuta Kaori M. , Ichihashi Yasunori , Shirasu Ken , Toyooka Kiminori , Sato Yoshinobu , Yoshida Satoko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractParasitic plants infect other plants by forming haustoria, specialized multicellular organs consisting of several cell types each of which has unique morphological features and physiological roles associated with parasitism. Understanding the spatial organization of cell types is, therefore, of great importance in elucidating the functions of haustoria. Here, we report a three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of haustoria from two Orobanchaceae species, the obligate parasiteStriga hermonthicainfecting rice and the facultative parasitePhtheirospermum japonicuminfectingArabidopsis. Our images reveal the spatial arrangements of multiple cell types inside haustoria and their interaction with host roots. The 3-D internal structures of haustoria highlight differences between the two parasites, particularly at the xylem connection site with the host. Our study provides structural insights into how organs interact between hosts and parasitic plants.One-sentence summaryThree-dimensional image reconstruction was used to visualize the spatial organization of cell types in the haustoria of parasitic plants with special reference to their interaction with host roots.
Ultraviolet A1 phototherapy for the treatment of localized scleroderma
Authors: Furuhashi Takuya , Torii Kan , Ikumi Kyoko , Kato Hiroshi , Nishida Emi , Morita Akimichi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUltraviolet (UV)A1 phototherapy is effective for T‐cell‐mediated skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and mast cell‐mediated skin diseases such as mastocytoma. UVA1 phototherapy is also effective against the sclerotic lesions of systemic sclerosis and morphea. Currently, in Japan, access to UVA1 phototherapy is limited because the UVA1 phototherapy device has not yet been approved. On the basis of our experience, we report three patients with localized scleroderma who responded successfully to UVA1 phototherapy. Efficacy was assessed by histological analysis and elastography. UVA1 successfully ameliorated sclerotic lesions, including morphea, linear scleroderma and morphea lesions in a patient with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. No side‐effects were observed during UVA1 phototherapy.
Toll‐like receptor‐2 mediates systemic inflammation in gentamicin‐induced rat nephrotoxicity
Authors: Karimi Zeinab , Pakfetrat Zahra , Roozbeh Jamshid , Janfeshan Sahar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic commonly administrated to patients with Gram‐negative infections. Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity by functional and structural impairment. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) as key mediators in the innate and adaptive immune system response involved in gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the gene expression of TLR2 and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the renal tissues and buffy coat of the whole blood in gentamicin‐treated rats. Twenty adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 180–200 were randomly divided into gentamicin (100 mg/kg, i.p) and control groups (n = 10). After 10 days, the serum creatinine (Cr) levels and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured. The mRNA levels of TLR2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, and monocyte chemoattractant peptide (MCP)‐1 were investigated in the renal tissue and buffy coat by qRT‐PCR. Kidney histological analysis performed by hematoxylin‐eosin (H&E) staining. Functional disturbance is characterized by a significant increase in the serum levels of Cr and BUN in the gentamicin group. Renal tissue slides of the gentamicin group indicated severe glomerular and tubular damage including lobulation of the glomerular tuft, Bowman's space enlargement, acute tubular necrosis, and proximal tubular destruction. The mRNA levels of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, MCP‐1, and TLR2 increased in the buffy coat, but all of them except TLR2 decreased in the renal tissues in the gentamicin group compared with controls. Gentamicin administration induced relative systemic inflammation, which may be related to an increase in the mRNA levels of TLR2 results in gene expression of pro‐inflammatory chemokines and cytokines including IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and MCP‐1 in immune cells.
Effect of personalised, mobile‐accessible discharge instructions for patients leaving the emergency department: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Doyle Sarah K , Rippey James C , Jacques Angela , Rea Alethea M , Kaiser Bronwyn N , Miller Suzanne M , Anstey Matthew HR 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis pilot study assessed the efficacy of personalised, printed and mobile‐accessible discharge instructions for pain relief for patients discharged from the ED.MethodsPatients presenting with pain caused by acute musculoskeletal or visceral complaints not requiring admission were eligible. Both groups received usual pain relief discharge advice, the intervention group received additional personalised printed and mobile‐accessible discharge instructions. Numerical Rating Scale pain scores were measured at ED visit. Pain scores, Patient Global Impression of Change scale improvement scores, satisfaction with instructions, recall of pain relief advice, receipt of side effects advice and unscheduled visits were measured at 5 days.ResultsA total of 80 patients, recruited over 14 days, were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group. Two patients were excluded and 81% (n = 65) were followed up at 5 days. There was no significant difference in change of pain scores or improvement scores between groups from visit to 5 day follow up. The intervention group showed significantly higher odds of being ‘very satisfied’ compared to the control group (odds ratio [OR] 7.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–50.00), significantly higher odds of full recall of pain relief medication advice (OR 20.00, 95% CI 1.56–100.00) and significantly higher odds of receiving information on medication side effects (OR 6.25, 95% CI 1.67–20.00).ConclusionsPatients who received personalised printed and mobile‐accessible ED discharge instructions for pain relief reported higher levels of satisfaction with their instructions, had better recall of their pain relief medications advice and received more information on medication side‐effects.
Anatomical and dosimetric assessment of the prostate apex: A pilot comparison of image‐guided transperineal ultrasound to conventional computed tomography simulation
Authors: Shanker Mihir D , Kim Anna NH , Brown Amy , Tan Alex HM 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionInaccuracies in prostate apex contour delineation based on simulation computed tomography (CT) imaging can impact treatment outcomes and toxicity profiles for prostate cancer radiotherapy. Transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) is a non‐invasive imaging modality that can improve delineation of prostate volumes. We performed a pilot analysis to assess for differences in anatomical position between conventional CT and a TPUS delineated prostate apex and determined whether these translated into a clinically significant difference in apical point dose.MethodsA 2D 5 MHz TPUS autoscan image guidance system was utilised during definitive intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer. Distances were measured from a fixed reference point to prostate apex on both US and CT in the mid‐sagittal plane. Differences between groups were assessed using the Wilcoxon sign rank test with a two‐tailed significance of α = 0.05.ResultsFifty‐nine consecutive patients were independently assessed. There was strong evidence of a difference between CT and TPUS delineated apex position (P = 0.0075). Median apex position was 3.6 mm caudal on TPUS vs. CT imaging (95% CI: 2.5–4.8 mm). There was strong evidence of a difference in point dose between CT and TPUS delineated apex (P = 0.0029). Median point dose at the TPUS contoured apex was 1.9 Gy lower than CT (95% CI: 0.7–3.1 Gy) corresponding to 98% of prescribed dose.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates a difference in anatomical delineation of prostate apex position between CT imaging compared to TPUS, corresponding to a statistically significant difference in apex point dose. Further analysis will determine whether this translates to a clinically significant difference in outcomes.
Impacts of selective logging on avian phylogenetic and functional diversity in the Amazon
Authors: Mestre L. A. M. , Cosset C. C. P. , Nienow S. S. , Krul R. , Rechetelo J. , Festti L. , Edwards D. P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSelective logging is the most extensive land use threatening tropical forests worldwide, making our understanding of its impacts on biodiversity vital for the conservation of these hyperdiverse ecosystems. We investigated the effects of selective logging on the phylogenetic and functional diversity (FD) of Amazonian forest avifauna. We sampled the overall and the understorey bird community using point counts and mist‐netting, respectively, in logged and unlogged forests. The overall bird community showed significantly lower phylogenetic diversity (PD) and FD in logged than unlogged forests, but significantly higher standard effect size (ses) of PD, ses mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), ses functional MPD (sesfMPD) and functional MNTD (fMNTD) in logged sites. Evolutionary distinctiveness, sesMPD, sesFD, fMNTD and sesfMNTD of understorey birds were significantly higher in logged forests. Higher logging intensity affected some metrics negatively and others positively, although the relatively small changes in phylogenetic and FD suggest limited overall effects from logging at lower intensity. In combination, selective logging brings deleterious effects for some components of phylogenetic and FD of the overall Amazonian bird community. Nonetheless, selectively logged forests retain important avian diversity, underscoring their high conservation value. Relatively, low impacts of selective logging may be due to the reduced‐impact logging (RIL) techniques used, high connectivity with well‐preserved unlogged forests or focus on short‐term logging impacts. Because even low‐intensity RIL causes some losses in evolutionary history and functional traits, an optimal approach for conserving phylogenetic and FD requires incorporating some land‐sparing logging to protect more old‐growth patches within the logged matrix.
Digit innervation of the thoracic limb of Criollo horses: Anatomical description and consequences to perineural blocks
Authors: Silveira Bruno Belmonte , Souza Erick Candiota , dos Santos Matheus Damasceno Nunes , Porciuncula Marcelo Lameiro , Azevedo Marcos da Silva , Duarte Claudia Acosta , de Carvalho Amarílis Díaz , de Souza Junior Paulo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCriollo horse breeding is an important economic activity in South America. Because of their athletic performance, these animals tend to show great incidence of musculoskeletal disorders, many of them diagnosed by means of perineural blocks. However, incorrect interpretation of these blocks may be due to anatomical differences in nerve distribution. The objective of this study was to describe the innervation of the digit region of thoracic limbs in Criollo horses, in order to improve the interpretation of tests for claudication diagnosis based on nerve block. Thirty thoracic limbs from Criollo horses were dissected. It could be observed that in 90% of the limbs, dorsal branches of the palmar nerve originated proximally to the proximal sesamoid bone. In 93% of the cases, the palmar digital nerve and the dorsal branches communicated; in 87% of the cases, communication between branches of the dorsal branch was observed; and in 27% (8/30) of the limbs, the palmar metacarpal nerve and the dorsal branch presented communications. None of the specimens showed complete symmetry in the distribution of nerves in contralateral limbs. The high frequency of communication between the nerves may be a particularity of the Criollo breed that may interfere with the interpretation of perineural blocks. Based on the anatomical position, it may be inferred that divergent results in Criollo horses may occur when abaxial sesamoid nerve block is used. Palmar digital nerve block may be less influenced by these variations, provided it is performed as distal as possible from the ungular cartilage.
The complexity of T cell–mediated penicillin hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Goh Shawn J. R. , Tuomisto Johanna E. E. , Purcell Anthony W. , Mifsud Nicole A. , Illing Patricia T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPenicillin refers to a group of beta‐lactam antibiotics that are the first‐line treatment for a range of infections. However, they also possess the ability to form novel antigens, or neoantigens, through haptenation of proteins and can stimulate a range of immune‐mediated adverse reactions—collectively known as drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs). IgE‐mediated reactions towards these neoantigens are well studied; however, IgE‐independent reactions are less well understood. These reactions usually manifest in a delayed manner as different forms of cutaneous eruptions or liver injury consistent with priming of an immune response. Ex vivo studies have confirmed the infiltration of T cells into the site of inflammation, and the subsets of T cells involved appear dependent on the nature of the reaction. Here, we review the evidence that has led to our current understanding of these immune‐mediated reactions, discussing the nature of the lesional T cells, the characterization of drug‐responsive T cells isolated from patient blood, and the potential mechanisms by which penicillins enter the antigen processing and presentation pathway to stimulate these deleterious responses. Thus, we highlight the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying genetic and molecular basis of penicillin‐induced DHRs.
Anticholinergic, anti‐depressant and other medication use is associated with clinically relevant oesophageal manometric abnormalities
Authors: Moosavi Sarvee , Woo Matthew , Jacob Deepti A. , Pradhan Sarah , Wilsack Lynn , Buresi Michelle , Gupta Milli , Al‐Awadh Yacoub , Li Dorothy , Andrews Christopher N. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundMedications can affect gastrointestinal tract motility. However, their effects on oesophageal motility in particular are often not as widely known or may be underestimated.AimTo review the effect of existing medication use on high‐resolution oesophageal manometry (HRM) in a ‘real‐world’ setting.MethodsAdult patients with upper gut symptoms and normal endoscopy or imaging who had HRM over a 22‐month period were analysed. Achalasia and major disorders of peristalsis were excluded. All medications taken within 24 hours of the procedure were prospectively recorded and compared with HRM results, controlling for age, gender and proton pump inhibitor use.ResultsA total of 502 patients (323 female, mean age 51) were recruited. Of these, 41.2% had normal oesophageal HRM, while 41.4% had ineffective oesophageal motility (IOM) and 7.6% had oesophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (OGJOO). Serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) and opioids were associated with significantly higher resting lower oesophageal sphincter pressure. Benzodiazepines and opioids were associated with elevated integrated relaxation pressure. SNRI and inhaled beta‐agonists were associated with increased distal contractile index, whereas calcium channel blockers were associated with a lower distal contractile index. Odds ratio of being on anticholinergics was higher in IOM patients vs normal (3.6, CI 1.2‐10.8). Odds ratio for anticholinergics, inhaled beta‐agonists, anticonvulsants, SNRIs and opioids (trend) were all > 3 for OGJOO patients vs normal.ConclusionMany medication classes are associated with abnormal HRM variables and diagnoses such as OGJOO and IOM; some of these associations are probably causal. These possible links should be taken into consideration during manometry interpretation.
“Getting by”: People with learning disability and the financial responsibility of independent living
Authors: Conder Jennifer Ann , Mirfin‐Veitch Brigit Frances 
Published: May 2020

Accessible summary

People with learning disability who are living independently can find it hard to live well on their limited income.

We interviewed 20 adults with learning disability who were living independently.

They told us that living independently meant that they had choices.

They also told us that it was difficult to afford things like going to dentists and doctors or going on holiday.

Some liked to manage their own money while others liked having other people help them manage their money.

Governments need to make sure people with learning disability are getting the support they need.

AbstractBackgroundWithin Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ), disability policy is directed at increasing choices for disabled people. However, funding to individuals remains insufficient to address wider social inequities that exist. While people with learning disability enjoy the freedom of living independently, they can be at risk of poor health outcomes and limited opportunities to fully engage within their community.MethodThis qualitative research explored the experience of living independently with 20 adults with learning disability within ANZ. Taking a constructivist perspective, interview transcripts were analysed to develop an understanding of their experience. Multiple readings resulted in comparison and contrast of data. The researchers discussed developing themes before settling on final themes.ResultsWith regard to money management, two themes were identified. The first illustrates the challenges of managing a budget, while the second highlights what people's limited budgets meant in terms of how they were able to live.ConclusionThis research reinforced previous studies whereby people with learning disability place a high value on having choices. However, it also demonstrated that social inequities within ANZ are not being addressed, as without other financial support, people on a benefit struggled to afford medical and dental care, or holidays and other leisure activities.
Talking Prose All These Years: Agent‐Based Modeling as Process‐Oriented Analysis
Authors: Chattoe‐Brown Edmund 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article considers the implications of an approach to computer simulation called agent‐based modeling for process‐oriented analysis. It argues that many theoretical and methodological debates found in the latter field can be effectively advanced by the former. The argument is presented and then extended using a ubiquitous agent‐based model proposed to improve understanding of ethnic residential segregation. The argument has three strands. The first is that theoretical and methodological debates are unlikely to progress unless they can be “cashed out” empirically. The second is that agent‐based modeling (and its distinctive methodology) has capabilities to do this that existing research methods lack and, in fact, that agent‐based models are a natural way to represent “social process” as apparently conceived by process‐oriented analysis. The third is that possibilities exist for productive synthesis between agent‐based modeling and process‐oriented analysis with the former clarifying, instantiating, and perhaps even testing notions of process developed by the latter.
Temporal Upsampling of Point Cloud Sequences by Optimal Transport for Plant Growth Visualization
Authors: Golla Tim , Kneiphof Tom , Kuhlmann Heiner , Weinmann Michael , Klein Reinhard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPlant growth visualization from a series of 3D scanner measurements is a challenging task. Time intervals between successive measurements are typically too large to allow a smooth animation of the growth process. Therefore, obtaining a smooth animation of the plant growth process requires a temporal upsampling of the point cloud sequence in order to obtain approximations of the intermediate states between successive measurements. Additionally, there are suddenly arising structural changes due to the occurrence of new plant parts such as new branches or leaves. We present a novel method that addresses these challenges via semantic segmentation and the generation of a segment hierarchy per scan, the matching of the hierarchical representations of successive scans and the segment‐wise computation of optimal transport. The transport problems' solutions yield the information required for a realistic temporal upsampling, which is generated in real time. Thereby, our method does not require shape templates, good correspondences or huge databases of examples. Newly grown and decayed parts of the plant are detected as unmatched segments and are handled by identifying corresponding bifurcation points and introducing virtual segments in the previous, respectively successive time step. Our method allows the generation of realistic upsampled growth animations with moderate computational effort.
Minority and low‐income patients are less likely to have a scale for self‐weighing in their home: A survey in primary care
Authors: Bramante Carolyn T. , Lee Grace , Amsili Safira S. , Linde Jennifer A. , Phelan Sean M. , Appel Lawrence J. , Bennett Wendy L. , Clark Jeanne M. , Gudzune Kimberly A. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryDaily self‐weighing is a weight management behaviour that requires a scale; however, scale ownership may be cost‐prohibitive for some patients. Our objective was to understand the proportion of primary care patients with a scale at home, and factors associated with home scale access, to potentially inform future interventions that facilitate scale access. Cross sectional survey of 216 adult patients from three primary care clinics: mixed‐income urban/suburban (n = 68); mixed‐income urban (n = 70); low‐income urban (n = 74). The dependent variable was presence of a home scale; bivariate associations were conducted with variables including demographics, insurance type, clinic setting and self‐reported height/weight. Mean age was 53 years; 71% women; 71% racial minority; mean body mass index 32 kg/m2. Overall, 56% had a home scale. Most (79%) white patients owned a scale, compared to 46% of racial minority patients (P < .01); 33% of low‐income patients owned scale, compared to over 66% of patients at the clinics serving mixed‐income populations (P < .01). Most low‐income urban clinic patients do not own a home scale. Because self‐weighing is an effective weight‐management behaviour, clinicians could consider assessing scale access, and future research should assess the health impact of providing scales to patients with overweight/obesity who desire weight loss or maintenance.