bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction trends in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Abbas Dr Sana , Rafique Aisha , Abbas Dr Beenish , Iqbal Dr Rashid 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To assess trends of real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction test in Coronavirus infected Patients.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at Tertiary Care Institute, Rawalpindi from March 2020 to June 2020. All patients confirmed COVID positive by real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) with recent travel history, close contact with known diagnosed patients and had symptoms of fever or upper respiratory tract with body aches. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and results generated within 48 hours. Positive PCR was admission criteria follow up was carried out at 7th and 8th day, with negative PCR were discharged. However, those who had persistent positive PCR on the 8th day were tested again on 11th and 12th day. Those with persistent positive results beyond 12th day were shifted to specialized quarantine centres.
Results: A total of three hundred and ninety-two patients with mild to moderate illness, PCR positive for COVID 19 were included study with age range 9 - 45 and mean 33.22±7.98 years. A total of 8 (2%) patients were females and 384(98%) males. The duration of the negative test result was Mean ± Std. Deviation 9.05±2.00 with 7 – 8 days 152(38.8%)in and 11 – 12 days in 160(40.8%). PCR results on Day 7 and 8 were negative in 144(36.7%) patients whereas positive in 248(63.3%). PCR results on Day 11 and 12 were negative in 312(79.6%) patients whereas positive in 80 (20.4%).
Conclusion: To conclude Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (rT-PCR) inclines to give false negative results additionally can stay positive in asymptomatic patients for moderately longer-term. Hence decision to discharge ought to be intricately adjusted between RT-PCR, clinical judgement, radiological examinations, and biochemical assays.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3000
How to cite this:Abbas S, Rafique A, Abbas B, Iqbal R. Real-Time Polymerase chain reaction trends in COVID-19 patients. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):180-184. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3000
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
An innovation in Flipped Class Room: A teaching model to facilitate synchronous and asynchronous learning during a pandemic
Authors: Rehman Rehana , Fatima Syeda Sadia 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To conduct an on line Flipped Class Room (FCR) to facilitate synchronous (in class activity) and asynchronous learning [Virtual Learning Environment (VLE)] and acquire feedback of the learning experience from medical students at Aga Khan University.
Methods: This interventional study was conducted with year II students undergoing Endocrine Reproduction Module at the Aga Khan University during April 13 to May 22, 2020. Pre reading material and pretest was shared with the students via Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) one week before the class. Microsoft Teams was used to conduct online session by two facilitators, where student discussion on case studies was encouraged. A WhatsApp group was created with the facilitators to respond to any student queries. The session was recorded and later uploaded on VLE. Posttest and a student satisfaction survey was conducted at the end of the session.
Results: The average score for the pretest and posttest was 19.67 ± 1.37 and 24.60 ± 1.34 respectively (p value <0.05). The learner curve showed an increase in the knowledge learned by 4.93 points (p value <0.05). Fifty-five percent students felt that placement of session was appropriate and were satisfied with the instructions and expected outcomes, received constructive feedback for improvement and generated positive attitude towards learning.
Conclusions: The innovative model of FCR through facilitation of synchronous and asynchronous learning empowered student’s engagement and interactive learning. Students perceived this as a great learning experience which they enjoyed with positive reinforcement from feedback given by the facilitators. They suggested continuation of this model for further learning sessions in other modules of undergraduate medical education at Aga Khan University.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3096
How to cite this:Rehman R, Fatima SS. An innovation in Flipped Class Room: A teaching model to facilitate synchronous and asynchronous learning during a pandemic. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):131-136. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3096
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Artificial Intelligence: Help or Hindrance for Family Physicians?
Authors: Irfan Farhana 
Published: December 2020

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and related technologies is rapidly increasing and its application in clinical practice is a promising area of development. Artificial Intelligence can be a solution in the future as a physician’s new assistant; AI-physician combinations can act like models of ‘peaceful co-existence’. While it has the potential to mold many dimensions of patient care and can augment quality improvement, it cannot replace a family physician’s diagnostic intelligence, empathy and relationships. Physicians need to strike a balance between these combinations for better health outcomes without increasing patients’ frustration.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3351
How to cite this:Irfan F. Artificial Intelligence: Help or Hindrance for Family Physicians? Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(1):288-291. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.1.3351
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
la filosofía (no solo) con niños: escuchar, cuidar, escribir, transmitir
Authors: Farran Roque 
Published: December 2020

In this article, I intend to link four topics or essential acts of philosophical practice: listening, caring, writing and transmitting, with special attention to children--what they inspire and teach us about philosophical practice, with special attention to the situation of confinement caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. A first task is to recover the function of listening and desire, in the context of the concept and the game, and against any abuse or violence. Second, we emphasize the role of care--its expansion and reformulation in these difficult circumstances, especially in interrupting the logic of servitude and of the activity-debt-reward circuit by way of the pleasure of inquiry. Third, we practice writing as a technology of self that overcomes the dichotomy between personal and academic form, in order to become a practice of care and transmission, along with other self-practices: abstinence, self-examination, exercises, etc. Finally, we consider the question of the “Name of the Father”--how to understand the decline of patriarchy in relation to love, self-esteem, the transmission and the use of a symbolic legacy, given that the decline in question is not merely a weakening, but an unfolding of a singular-generic power that binds us together: learning to decline names, words, concepts, and traditions, which is what drives true subject formation.
hermeneutical injustice and outsourced domestic girl-child labour
Authors: Abakedi Dominic Effiong , Iwuagwu Emmanuel Kelechi , Egbai Mary Julius 
Published: December 2020

We observed that despite international declarations on child-rights, outsourced domestic girl-child labour still persists. Raising the question whether outsourced domestic girl-child labour constitutes hermeneutical injustice, we respond affirmatively. Relying on two indigenous victimology-narratives that are newspaper reports, we expose some of the horrors that the victims of outsourced domestic girl-child labour suffer. Comparing these reports with other victimology-narratives of hermeneutical injustice as reported by Miranda Fricker and Hilkje Hänel, we argue that the victims of outsourced domestic girl-child labour suffer a hermeneutical gap and hermeneutical interference; and that the perpetuators of this practice, help to foster what we call ‘hermeneutical obstruction’. We recommend different counteracting measures such as: a radical feminization of educational curricula, which will allow for the introduction of the relevant hermeneutical resources that female children need in making sense of their experiences, into the classrooms and other places of learning; establishing feminist liberation agencies in all schools, religious institutions and hospitals, as ways of increasing the level of awareness about the rights of the girl-child in children and adults; feminizing legislation and legislative processes, to allow for the enactment of laws to protect the rights of the girl-child; and campaigning for a more rigorous enforcement of child-rights laws.
War by Other Means: Fighting “Radicalization” in France (2014–2019)
Authors: Bounaga Aïcha , Esmili Hamza 
Published: December 2020

In his lectures of 1976 at the Collège de France, “Society must be defended“, Foucault reversed the famous Clausewitz's aphorism1and stated that “politics is the continuation of war by other means”. By doing so, he addressed a strong critique to the traditional theory of the State1, which consisted in the refutation of the ontological distinction between modern government and war.Following on Foucault's remarks, this article aims to understand the form of power that rises through modern Islamophobia in France, and specificallyviathe struggle against what is called “radicalization”. Thus, the definition of “radicalization” is used by the State to re-establish its symbolic borders and to define the internal enemy, allowing the continuation of “the war by other means”. Therefore, the struggle against “radicalization” consists in at least two specific forms of power: the punishment, highlighted by the contemporary upheavals in antiterrorist justice, and the disciplinary apparatus designed to prevent “radicalization” through a psychopathological approach. Hence, a variety of institutions are mobilized for the surveillance and neutralization of Muslim populations, such as school, prison and social welfare.The article combines a short genealogy of the notion (within both academic and political fields) and the results of a long-term fieldwork conducted in France with relatives of those who went tojihad, as well as observations of antiterrorist trials and interviews with social workers. In both cases, the article aims to demonstrate that “radicalization” is the key notion that allows the State to re-impose its sovereignty on its subjects and territory.
Frequency drift mitigation of Φ-OTDR using difference-fitting method
Authors: Zhao Rui , Yuan Hongyu , Jin Baoquan , Xu Yuelin , Chen Yu , Liu Xin , Bai Qing , Wang Yu 
Published: December 2020

A difference-fitting method is proposed to mitigate the low frequency drift of a phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (

Φ

-OTDR) system caused by laser phase noise. The effective difference region for phase demodulation is theoretically analyzed and experimentally verified, which should be greater than the convolution of the spatial resolution and the length of disturbed optical fiber. Then, a median-fitting algorithm is used to obtain the phase noise of the differential region. The vibration signal of 0.2 Hz is first demodulated with the SNR of 41.79 dB on the optical fiber of 11 km. The low-frequency vibration signals of 0.05 Hz and 0.02 Hz are then successfully restored by using the difference-fitting method, which can effectively eliminate the influence of low frequency drift.
Leprosy in a prison population: A new active search strategy and a prospective clinical analysis
Authors: Bernardes Filho Fred , Santana Jaci Maria , de Almeida Regina Coeli Palma , Voltan Glauber , de Paula Natália Aparecida , Leite Marcel Nani , Silva Claudia Maria Lincoln , Tormena Camila , Basoli Lean , Menezes Joelma , da Silva Moises Batista , Spencer John Stewart , Marques Wilson , Foss Norma Tiraboschi , Frade Marco Andrey Cipriani 
Published: December 2020

Background
This study evaluates an active search strategy for leprosy diagnosis based on responses to a Leprosy Suspicion Questionnaire (LSQ), and analyzing the clinical, immunoepidemiological and follow-up aspects for individuals living in a prison population.

Methods
A cross-sectional study based on a questionnaire posing 14 questions about leprosy symptoms and signs that was distributed to 1,400 prisoners. This was followed by dermatoneurological examination, anti-PGL-I serology and RLEP-PCR. Those without leprosy were placed in the Non-leprosy Group (NLG, n = 1,216) and those diagnosed with clinical symptoms of leprosy were placed in the Leprosy Group (LG, n = 34).

Findings
In total, 896 LSQ were returned (64%), and 187 (20.9%) of the responses were deemed as positive for signs/symptoms, answering 2.7 questions on average. Clinically, 1,250 (89.3%) of the prisoners were evaluated resulting in the diagnosis of 34 new cases (LG), based on well-accepted clinical signs and symptoms, a new case detection rate of 2.7% within this population, while the NLG were comprised of 1,216 individuals. The confinement time medians were 39 months in the LG while it was 36 months in the NLG (p>0.05). The 31 leprosy cases who responded to the questionnaire (LSQ+) had an average of 1.5 responses. The symptoms “anesthetized skin area” and “pain in nerves” were most commonly mentioned in the LG while “tingling, numbness in the hands/feet”, “sensation of pricks and needles”, “pain in nerves” and “spots on the skin” responses were found in more than 30% of questionnaires in the NLG. Clinically, 88.2% had dysesthetic macular skin lesions and 97.1% presented some peripheral nerve impairment, 71.9% with some degree of disability. All cases were multibacillary, confirming a late diagnosis. Anti-PGL-I results in the LG were higher than in the NLG (p<0.0001), while the RLEP-PCR was positive in 11.8% of the patients.

Interpretation
Our findings within the penitentiary demonstrated a hidden prevalence of leprosy, although the individuals diagnosed were likely infected while living in their former communities and not as a result of exposure in the prison. The LSQ proved to be an important screening tool to help identify leprosy cases in prisons.
Arch expansion with the Invisalign system: Efficacy and predictability
Authors: Morales-Burruezo Ignacio , Gandía-Franco José-Luis , Cobo Juan , Vela-Hernández Arturo , Bellot-Arcís Carlos 
Published: December 2020

Background
In adult patients, treatment of skeletal crossbite requires combined treatment by fixed or removable appliances and orthognathic surgery. In cases of dentoalveolar crossbite, expansion can be achieved with fixed multibrackets and removable transparent aligners. Various researchers have already assessed the Invisalign system’s predictability for arch expansion. However, most of this research was conducted using older appliances, making it necessary to assess the characteristics of the updated system SmartTrack.

Material and methods
A sample of 114 patients with transverse malocclusion were treated with SmartTrack. The predictability of the system’s software (Clincheck) was assessed by comparing planned measurements (width of canines, premolars and molars rotations and inclinations) with the real measurements achieved at the end of the first treatment phase. Measurements were imported to Clincheck software to create three data sets; T1: initial measurements at start of treatment; T2: Clincheck predicted measurements at end of first treatment phase; T3: measurements taken at start of the second treatment phase.

Results
Widths underwent significant advances as a result of treatment. For all widths, virtual planning obtained prognoses of greater expansion than actually achieved: a mean of 0.63 mm more expansion at the canine level (p<0.001), 0.77 mm at first premolar (p<0.001), 0.81 at second premolar (p<0.001), 0.69 mm at first molar (p<0.001), and 0.25 mm at second molar (p = 0.183). All the treatment plan’s estimations, with the exception of the second molar, were significantly higher than the actual outcomes.

Conclusions
Aligners are an effective tool for producing arch expansion, being more effective in premolar area and less effective in canine and second molar area. Predictability was reasonable for expansion movement. Overcorrection should be considered at the virtual planning stage in order to obtain the expected outcomes.
Long non-coding RNA Peg13 attenuates the sevoflurane toxicity against neural stem cells by sponging microRNA-128-3p to preserve Sox13 expression
Authors: Jiang Yunfeng , Wang Yue , Sun Yu , Jiang Hong 
Published: December 2020

Background
Exposure to anesthetics during brain development may impair neurological function, however, the mechanisms underlying anesthetic neurotoxicity are unclear. Recent studies indicate that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial for regulating the functional brain development during neurogenesis. This study aimed to determine the regulatory effects and potential mechanisms of lncRNA Peg13 (Peg13) on sevoflurane exposure-related neurotoxicity against neural stem cells (NSCs).

Methods
Mouse embryotic NSCs were isolated and their self-renewal and differentiation were characterized by immunofluorescence. NSCs were exposed to 4.1% sevoflurane 2 h daily for three consecutive days. The potential toxicities of sevoflurane against NSCs were evaluated by neurosphere formation, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation and flow cytometry assays. The Peg13, miR-128-3p and Sox13 expression in NSCs were quantified. The potential interactions among Peg13, miR-128-3p and Sox13 were analyzed by luciferase reporter assay. The effects of Peg13 and/or miR-128-3p over-expression on the sevoflurane-related neurotoxicity and Sox13 expression were determined in NSCs.

Results
The isolated mouse embryotic NSCs displayed potent self-renewal ability and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in vitro, which were significantly inhibited by sevoflurane exposure. Sevoflurane exposure significantly down-regulated Peg13 and Sox13, but enhanced miR-128-3p expression in NSCs. Transfection with miR-128-3p mimics, but not the control, significantly mitigated the Peg13 or Sox13-regulated luciferase expression in 293T cells. Peg13 over-expression significantly reduced the sevoflurane-related neurotoxicity and increased Sox13 expression in NSCs, which were mitigated by miR-128-3p transfection.

Conclusion
Such data indicated that Peg13 mitigated the sevoflurane-related neurotoxicity by sponging miR-128-3p to preserve Sox13 expression in NSCs.
Stress burden related to postreperfusion syndrome may aggravate hyperglycemia with insulin resistance during living donor liver transplantation: A propensity score-matching analysis
Authors: Chae Sumin , Choi Junghee , Lim Sujin , Choi Ho Joong , Park Jaesik , Hong Sang Hyun , Park Chul Soo , Choi Jong Ho , Chae Min Suk 
Published: December 2020

Background
We investigated the impact of postreperfusion syndrome (PRS) on hyperglycemia occurrence and connecting (C) peptide release, which acts as a surrogate marker for insulin resistance, during the intraoperative period after graft reperfusion in patients undergoing living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using propensity score (PS)-matching analysis.

Patients and methods
Medical records from 324 adult patients who underwent elective LDLT were retrospectively reviewed, and their data were analyzed according to PRS occurrence (PRS vs. non-PRS groups) using the PS-matching method. Intraoperative levels of blood glucose and C-peptide were measured through the arterial or venous line at each surgical phase. Hyperglycemia was defined as a peak glucose level >200 mg/dL, and normal plasma concentrations of C-peptide in the fasting state were taken to range between 0.5 and 2.0 ng/mL.

Results
After PS matching, there were no significant differences in pre- and intra-operative recipient findings and donor-graft findings between groups. Although glucose and C-peptide levels continuously increased through the surgical phases in both groups, glucose and C-peptide levels during the neohepatic phase were significantly higher in the PRS group than in the non-PRS group, and larger changes in levels were observed between the preanhepatic and neohepatic phases. There were higher incidences of C-peptide levels >2.0 ng/mL and peak glucose levels >200 mg/dL in the neohepatic phase in patients with PRS than in those without. PRS adjusted for PS with or without exogenous insulin infusion was significantly associated with hyperglycemia occurrence during the neohepatic phase.

Conclusions
Elucidating the association between PRS and hyperglycemia occurrence will help with establishing a standard protocol for intraoperative glycemic control in patients undergoing LDLT.
Hydrogen Peroxide as an Adjunctive Therapy for Walled-Off Pancreatic Necrosis During Direct Endoscopic Necrosectomy: A Solution to the Problem or a Problematic Solution?
Authors: Baron Todd H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nearly 25 years after its initial description, endoscopic therapy of walled-off pancreatic necrosis has become widely accepted. Endoscopic therapy is composed of transmural placement of stents, now most commonly lumen-apposing metal stents and removal of solid debris, if needed. Removal of solid debris can be achieved with irrigation provided by percutaneously or endoscopically placed (nasocystic) tubes or by mechanically through direct necrosectomy. This editorial provides commentary on the use of hydrogen peroxide instilled at the time of direct necrosectomy for treatment of walled-off pancreatic necrosis.
The Effect of Nigella Sativa on Clinical Improvement of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Patients
Authors: Lusia Lusia , Farokah Farokah , Budiarti Rery 
Published: December 2020

Background : Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) decribes as retrograde reflux from gaster into the laryngopharynx because of the premature relaxation upper esophageal sphincter. The management of LPR patients includes lifestyle and dietary arrangements, medical therapy and surgical management. Nigella sativa (NS) / black cumin has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and gastroprotective effects that are expected to provide clinical improvement in LPR patients.Objective : The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of NS on the clinical improvement of LPR patients.Methods : This research is an intervention study using pre and post test design methods of 34 LPR patients in Dr. Kariadi, hospital and 2 affiliated hospital from November 2019 - March 2020.Result : 24 patients with complete data while 10 patients were unable to evaluate RFS because of a pandemic. The treatment group (15 patients) were given omeprazole 20 mg / 12 hours plus NS 1000 mg / 12 hours orally and control group (9 patients) were given omeprazole 20 mg / 12 hours orally and placebo. Data were tested by Shapiro Wilk test, followed by the appropriate parametric test, and Fisher's exact test. There were no differences in clinical improvement in LPR based on RSI and RFS values between groups given additional NS and groups without NS, p 0.105.Conclusion : there were no significant differences in clinical improvement between groups given additional NS and groups without NS.