bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing a Li-Metal Battery to Surviving in Practical Operating Condition for Electric Vehicle Applications
Authors: PARK Seongjin , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: May 2020

We propose a new breakthrough in realizing a practical Li-metal battery capable of fast charging while delivering a high energy density. To stabilize the Li metal anode, the electrolyte, consisting of 1M LiPF6 and 0.05M lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) dissolved in the mixture of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) solution, ensures a stable robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on the anode surface. LiNO3 pretreatment of the Li-metal anode adds a prior Li2O-rich SEI layer that provides the mechanical strength to maintain the SEI layer from breakdown against to dendritic Li growth at extremely high charge current density. Meanwhile, Al-doped full-concentration-gradient Li[Ni0.75Co0.10Mn0.15]O2 cathode provides the necessary cycling stability at a high cathode loading level. Integrating these components produced a LMB that allowed a high areal capacity of 4.1 mAh cm-2 and accomplished an unprecedented cycling stability over 300 cycles at a high current density of 3.6 mA cm-2. In addition, proposed LMB can further extended when moderate capacity loading of 2.0 mAh cm-2 under ultra-fast charging-discharging conditions; specifically, the LMB showed excellent long-term cycling stability up to 500 cycles under charge at 3.6 mA cm-2 (30 min) but discharge with 9 mA cm-2 (12 min). We believe that our findings presented herein provide new perspectives for the development of practical LMBs that satisfy the capacity and charging rate requirements for future electric vehicles.
Reference
1. J.-Y. Hwang, S.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Energy Environ. Sci., 2019, 12, 2174.
2. S.-J. Park, J.-Y. Hwang, C. S. Yoon, H.-G. Jung and Y.-K. Sun, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2018, 10, 17985.
3. Y.-K. Sun, Z. Chen, H.-J. Noh, D.-J. Lee, H.-G. Jung, Y. Ren, S. Wang, C. S. Yoon, S.-T. Myung and K. Amine, Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 942.
Development of Cu-Based Positive Electrode for an All-Solid-State Fluoride Shuttle Battery
Authors: Tanaka Akihisa , Sakurai Katsutoshi , Morita Yoshiyuki , Nakanishi Koji , Kiuchi Hisao , Ogumi Zempachi , Abe Takeshi 
Published: May 2020

For the development of batteries with higher energy density, we have been developing all-solid-state fluoride shuttle batteries (FSBs) in RISING2 project of NEDO, Japan. Here we report the reversible electrochemical fluorination/de-fluorination of copper-based positive electrode using operando XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) measurement during charge/discharge processes. The Operando XAFS measurements were performed at the BL28XU of SPring-8, Japan. Based on the XAFS results, we have tried to improve the utilization of the active material by devising the electrode manufacturing method.
The CeF3/Ce0.95Ba0.05F2.95/Cu cell showed 680 mAh/g(Cu) charge capacity and 593 mAh/g(Cu) discharge capacity, which was higher capacity than that of the previous works [1,2]. During the charge process, the operando XAFS spectra showed that pre-edge and white line peak intensity decreased and increased in proportion to the charge capacity, respectively, indicating that Cu converts to CuF2. On the other hand, the changes of XAFS spectra were opposite during the discharge process. These results indicate that this positive electrode is highly reversible for fluorination/de-fluorination reaction of Cu. However, some Cu metal remained at the full charge state because the charge capacity didn’t reach to the theoretical specific capacity (843 mAh/g), which was also confirmed from the XAFS spectrum.
Other details will be shown in the conference.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) of Japan under the Research and Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Battery (RISING2) project.

References

[1] M. A. Reddy et al., J. Mater. Chem.
21, 17059 (2011).
[2] Duc Tho Thieu et al., Adv. Funct. Mater.
27, 1701051 (2017)
Improved High-Voltage Cycling Stability of Nano-Thin TiO2 Layer Coated Ni-Rich Layered Oxides By Polydopamine Pre-Treatment
Authors: Kim Hyeongwoo , Jang Jihye , Byun Dongjin , Kim Hyungseok , Choi Wonchang 
Published: May 2020

Demand for electric vehicles or large-scale energy storage system boost the development of high-energy and stable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the utilization of cathode materials having higher capacity has been a key issue to enhance the energy density of current LIBs. Accordingly, a large attention has been paid to Ni-rich layered oxides which potentially achieve a higher specific capacity than LiCoO2, and many researches have shown that Ni-rich layered oxides are promising candidate cathode materials with high capacity over 220 mAh/g. Increasing the Ni content help to obtain high capacity, however, structural instability of Ni-rich layered oxides results in serious degradation of the cycling stability. Generally, this problem is mainly related to the surface degradation which can be ascribed to side-reaction products and NiO formation from the generation of highly reactive Ni4+ ions during charging to high-voltage (≥ 4.3 V). This surface degradation is accelerated when the cell is operated at high temperature (>60 oC) because side reactions at the electrode/electrolyte interface and structural degradation are seriously worsen at elevated temperature. To solve this problem, coating strategy has been an effective way to mitigate the surface degradation, and the uniformity of the coating layer is critical to suppress the side reaction at an interface between particles and electrolyte. However, conventional coating methods such as ball-milling or wet coating have a limitation to obtain the uniform coating layer due to the lack of the driving force for even distribution of coating materials on the surface of the electrode material.
In this study, a stable Ti-based oxide coating layer is introduced on LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM). To obtain a nano-thin uniform coating layer, we decorated the polydopamine (PDA) on the NCM particles surface to trap Ti4+ ions through forming O-H catechol groups. This helps to attract Ti(OEt)4 molecules in the coating solution to the NCM surface, thus uniform TiO2 nanolayer can be obtained after the calcination process. We confirmed that the uniformly coated TiO2 nanolayer helps to suppress side reactions and improve the surface stability. Consequently, it enhances the cycling stability in the high-voltage operation (4.5 V), and improves the high temperature (60 oC) cycling performance. The presented results are a further step toward a wise design of stable Ni-rich based cathodes for high energy density LIBs.

Figure 1
Drifts (Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) - a Way to Assess the Reactivity of Solid Electrolytes with Ambient Air
Authors: Sedlmeier Christian , Lanzinger Maria , Gasteiger Hubert A. 
Published: May 2020

All-Solid-State-Batteries (ASSBs) are envisioned to be the next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Replacing the inflammable organic electrolyte in conventional liquid electrolyte LIBs by a non-inflammable inorganic solid electrolyte (SE) is one of the concepts to increase battery safety. Moreover, ASSBs may offer higher gravimetric and volumetric energy density compared to liquid electrolyte based technology.[1,2] However, their high reactivity with ambient air is a major obstacle which prevents ASSBs from industrial scale processing, as production under inert atmosphere is not possible on this level.[3] Thus, industrial ASSB production would have to take place in dry-rooms, leading to the question whether SE handling in dry-room atmospheres containing O2 and CO2 and ppm-levels of moisture is possible.
Therefore, we will examine the reactivity of the commercially available solid electrolyte Li10SnP2S12 (LSPS) with O2 and CO2 as well as with the typical H2O concentration in ambient air, followed by reactivity studies with a mixture of CO2 and H2O vapor. For this purpose, we used Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS), a highly surface sensitive infrared technique.The hermetically sealed DRIFTS cell containing the SE powder was set up such that it could be purged with dry or humidified streams of inert gas (Ar), O2, and CO2, or mixtures thereof while monitoring in situ the chemical changes of the LSPS solid electrolyte and the formed gaseous species by DRIFTS. Figure 1 shows stacked IR spectra of LSPS after exposure to different gasses, stating no reactivity with O2 or CO2 but noticeable changes in the IR spectrum for exposure to moisture and a combination of CO2 and moisture, respectively, indicating decomposition reactions.The spectral analysis of the decomposition process is supported by ex situ X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) analysis of the LSPS powder after exposure to the different gas streams. Concluding, the impact of exposing LSPS to the above mentioned gas mixtures on the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte will be demonstrated.

Acknowledgements:

This work was carried out as part of the research project ASSB coordinated by ZAE Bayern. The project is funded by the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy.

References:

[1] Janek, J. and Zeier, W. G. A solid future for battery development. Nat. Energy
1, 1–4 (2016).
[2] Kamaya, N., Homma, K., Yamakawa, Y., Hirayama, M., Kanno, R., Yonemura, Y., Kamiyama, T., Kato, Y., Hama, S., Kawamoto, K. and Mitsui, A. A lithium superionic conductor. Nat.
Mater.
10, 682–686 (2011).
[3] Muramatsu, H., Hayashi, A., Ohtoma, T., Hama, S. and Tatsumisago, M. Structural change of Li2S – P2S5 sulfide solid electrolytes in the atmosphere. Solid State Ionics
182, 116–119 (2011).

Figure 1
Evaluation of a Manufacturable in-Situ Thin Film RTD Temperature Sensor for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Riemer Douglas P. , Davis Michael W 
Published: May 2020

As an in-situ temperature sensor for Li-Ion batteries, RTD’s (Resistance Temperature Detector) have a simple linear response to temperature and can accurately sense from -40 °C through thermal runaway initiation. An economical manufacturing method using a high-volume real-to-real flexible substrate is used that can combine the tab and sensors or produce sensor packages where either type integrate into a pouch cell in a similar way to the electrode tabs.
Commercial 4.84 Ahr Li-ion NMC/graphite pouch cells were constructed incorporating a prototype thin film Nickel based RTD integrated tab at the center of the jelly-roll. This unified approach greatly simplifies the methods of construction avoiding the effects of around 2%1 strain due to the charge/discharge cycle. Much of the capital cost associated with adding new components to the manufacturing of Li-ion batteries are also avoided. Owing to the method of construction, the RTD has little to no impact on battery energy density which is very important to the competitive landscape.
Experimental in-operando results illustrating the importance of sensor location are presented such as the case shown in Figure 1. More utilitarian and more extreme cases are also investigated comparing the in-situ vs ex-situ temperature responses to situations such as external short-circuit as well as normal operation modes. Progress on long term cycling will also be presented showing stability of sensor and any effects on battery performance.
Incorporation of additional sensors are also discussed such as reference electrodes. In a recent review2 cathode materials such as LiFePO4 make a more suitable long term pseudo-reference electrode material than the much more difficult to handle Li metal alloys. A sensor package of the type described here allows for simple addition of a pseudo-reference electrode utilizing cathode material.

1 Drew Joseph Pereira et al. Meet. Abstr. 2019;MA2019-02:428

2 Rinaldo Raccichini et al. Batteries 2019, 5, 12

Figure 1
Elucidating the Interfacial Reactions for Conversion-Alloying Materials Towards the Realization of High-Performance Lithium-Ion Full-Cells
Authors: Asenbauer Jakob , Eisenmann Tobias , Hoefling Alexander , Kuenzel Matthias , Tübke Jens , Passerini Stefano , Bresser Dominic 
Published: May 2020

The unique combination of high energy and power density made Li-ion batteries the state-of-the-art electrochemical energy storage technology for powering small consumer electronics as well as large-scale applications like electric vehicles (EVs).[1] This increasing diversity of potential applications, however, also results in a greater variety of required characteristics. For the use in EVs, in fact, two of the major issues of the current lithium-ion chemistry based on graphite anodes are the sluggish lithium transport across the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) upon lithium intercalation into the graphite host structure and the very low lithiation potential – in combination intrinsically limiting the fast charging capability.[2] This intrinsic kinetic limitation triggered researchers to find alternative anodes, following, for instance, an alloying (e.g., Si) or a (multi-phase) conversion (e.g., Fe2O3) mechanism. Both alternatives commonly show higher capacities and frequently superior rate capabilities. Despite steady improvements, though, these alternatives still suffer from capacity fading due to extensive volume variations (especially alloying materials) and low energy efficiencies due to a significant voltage hysteresis (in particular for conversion materials) as well as an improvable coulombic efficiency. Conversion/alloying-materials (CAMs) are a rather new class of electrode compounds that combine the alloying and conversion mechanism in one single material.[3] Upon lithiation, nanograins of the non-alloying element are formed in situ and build a percolating electron conductive network. Besides allowing for the reversible formation of the simultaneously formed Li2O matrix, this metallic nano-network enables fast lithiation and delithiation kinetics, rendering CAMs a promising candidate for high-power applications. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of knowledge which parameters eventually determine the overall performance and cycling stability.
Herein, we show that the reactions occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface play a decisive role and that these reactions are largely dependent on the (surface) chemistry of the active material. The techniques used include amongst others ex situ synchrotron soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ isothermal microcalorimetry. It is shown that the stabilization of the interface is essential when targeting long-term stable performance – in both half-cells and full-cells. The latter provides a specific energy of 284 Wh kg-1 accompanied by an excellent energy efficiency of >93%.
[1] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, G. Yushin, Mater. Today
2015, 18, 252–264.
[2] N. Loeffler, D. Bresser, S. Passerini, Johnson Matthey Technol. Rev.
2015, 59, 34–44.
[3] D. Bresser, S. Passerini, B. Scrosati, Energy Environ. Sci.
2016, 9, 3348–3367.
Correlating Materials Degradation Trends to Electrochemical Indicators in Systematic Long-Term Cycling of Commercial Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Wittman Reed M , Preger Yuliya , Fresquez Armando , Ivanov Sergei , Chalamala Babu R. 
Published: May 2020

In order to improve the operation of Li-ion batteries the long-term performance is the subject of much research. Of particular importance is understanding systematic trends in degradation through a broad range of operating conditions. Over the course of the last few years, researchers at Sandia National Labs have conducted a systematic study of battery cycling behavior. In this study, dozens of commercial NCA (LiNixCoyAl1-x-yO2) and NMC (LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2) cells were cycled to 80% capacity and end of life across a range of temperatures, discharge rates, and depth of discharge windows. Analysis of both in situelectrochemical data and postmortem materials degradation was done.
During cycling, cell resistance (IR), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and differential capacity (dQ/dV) experiments were conducted periodically. The data from these experiments were used to understand the state of health (SoH) of cycling cells, including SEI formation and Li plating, as well as general mass transport and kinetic properties.
For the postmortem analysis cells in pristine condition, 80% capacity, and end of life were disassembled, and their electrodes were analyzed with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Isotherms (BET). These techniques analyzed different aspects of the electrodes’ physical and chemical properties, including Li plating, micro-cracking, SEI layer formation, and phase changes in cathode materials. BET and DSC measurements also provided insight into changes in the degree to which aged electrodes undergo thermal runaway events.
Correlation of the postmortem materials analysis with the in situ electrochemical analysis gave an in-depth understanding of the origins of performance fade during cycling. The scale of this electrochemical and materials evaluation fills in gaps in the literature about battery performance and degradation beyond 80% capacity.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.
Characterizing Coupled Transport Phenomena of Large-Format Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells Using Lock-in Thermography and Laser Scanning
Authors: Chu Howie N. , Monroe Charles W. 
Published: May 2020

Management of battery systems is difficult due to the variety of physical processes that occur when a battery is put under an electrical load. These processes produce macroscopic side effects, such as stress/strain and temperature evolution, which originate at the electrode level. The electrochemical-thermal-mechanical phenomena in battery cells are highly coupled in applications such as electric vehicles. Because microscopic effects in battery electrodes can propagate into larger length scales such as the cell and pack levels, there are changes on the outside that can be observed.
Contact-free, non-destructive methods for measuring changes in battery temperature and strain could serve as tools to determine a battery’s second-life prospects, and could also aid early fault detection. The lock-in thermography technique has been used to determine faults and locate defects within cells.1 It has also been shown that mechanical stresses can be used to monitor state of health (SOH) and state of charge (SOC).2,3 Laser scanning has also been implemented to generate strain distributions showing local mechanical effects during electrochemical cycling.4

A first step in understanding highly coupled systems is to characterize the individual phenomena in isolation. Figure 1 presents a contour plot that shows the result of a zero-displacement experiment, where the evolution of equilibrium stress within a constrained 3-cell battery pack is measured at various SOCs and at various ambient temperatures. This experiment has shown that thermally induced volume change can contribute as much to mechanical forces within a cell as intercalation/deintercalation stresses. In high-power applications such as electric vehicles, we expect to see consequences from both of these factors. So, we will be developing an experimental set-up that combines the techniques of lock-in thermography and laser scanning to simultaneously capture 2D strain and temperature distributions that arise in response to different current input signals. Data from the individual techniques, plus the combined experiment, can be used to see how a battery’s response changes as a consequence of its thermal and mechanical state, and how the relative contributions of temperature and strain can affect battery operation.

Figure 1
(Invited) Electrochemical Energy Harvesters Based on Stress-Composition Coupling in Li Alloys
Authors: Kim Sangtae 
Published: May 2020

Efforts to harvest human-induced energies into electricity has garnered a significant amount of research attention, with potential applications in powering wireless sensors or Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Successful integration of energy harvesters into small-scale sensor systems may operate sensors without battery exchange for years or in remote environments where battery charging is not applicable. Energy harvesters may also provide additional efficiency to the overall electric grid, since the amount of generated electricity scales directly with human activities; providing electricity at the peak time and location where electricity is needed the most alleviates the burden from the electric grid.
To realize successful energy harvesters, researchers have developed energy harvesters from different sources such as thermal, vibrational, acoustic or contact electrification-based energies. Many of these types, however, face severe challenges to commercialization due to the limited efficiencies linked to their fundamental working mechanisms. For instance, piezoelectric and triboelectric generators suffer from the mismatch between their natural output frequencies and human motion timescales. The generated electricity from these two types often has current peak widths below 100 msec, making them limited in the human activities timescales of 0.55 Hz[1,2].
In this talk, we develop and demonstrate an electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesters based on stress-composition coupling in Li binary alloys[3]. We first demonstrate the presence of stress-composition coupling among Li-alloys, by using in situ graphene liquid cell electron microscopy.[3] With the unveiled stress-composition coupling, we demonstrate two distinct device concepts utilizing this stress-composition coupling, with Li
x
Si thin films and yolk-shell nanoparticles[4].
[1] Chun J., Ye B. U., Lee J. W., Choi D., Kang C.-Y., Kim S.-W., Wang Z. L., Baik J. M., “Boosted output performance of triboelectric nanogenerator via electric double layer effect” Nature Communications 7, 12985 2016.
[2] Hwang G.-T., Park H., Lee J.-H., Oh S., Park K.-I., Byun M., Park H., Ahn G., Jeong C. K., No K., Kwon H., Lee S.-G., Joung B., Lee K. J., “Self-powered cardiac pacemaker enabled by flexible single crystalline PMN-PT piezoelectric energy harvester” Advanced Materials 26, 4880 2014.
[3] Seo H., Park J.Y., Chang J.H., Dae K.S., Noh M.S., Kim S.S., Kang C.-Y., Zhao K., Kim S., Yuk J., "Strong stress composition coupling in Lithium alloy nanoparticles" Nature Communications 10, 3428 2019
[4] Kim S., Choi S.J., Zhao K., Yang H., Gobbi G., Zhang S., Li J., “Electrochemically driven mechanical energy harvesting” Nature Communications 7, 10146 2016