bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quid est causa? The Debate on the Definition of ‘Cause’ in Early Jesuit Scholasticism
Authors: Capriati Giuseppe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFrancisco Suárez’s thought has often been interpreted as paving the way for early modern philosophy, and causation is one of the themes in which his name is regularly associated with modern ideas. This is, however, an extrinsic relation – despite our lamentably poor knowledge of early modern scholasticism, Suárez’s doctrines can only be properly understood in relation to their proximate scholastic context. This article attempts a reevaluation of the importance of this context through an analysis of the definition of ‘cause’ in early modern scholasticism, focusing on the influence of Jesuit authors such as Toledo, Perera, and Fonseca on Suárez’s famous definition of ‘cause’, often considered as an anticipation of Descartes’ reduction of causality to efficiency. As it turns out, the proximate context of this definition provides not only the debate to which Suárez responds, but also the common conception of causality that Suárez tries to define more properly than his predecessors.
Les femmes dans la culture visuelle du Shāhnāma de Firdawsī : entre mythes, imaginaire et pratiques sociales
Authors: Caiozzo Anna 
Published: November 2019

Résumé
Les femmes, comme l’a montré Olga Davidson, jouent un rôle central dans le Shāhnāma de Firdawsī, épopée affectionnée par les aristocrates persans comme turcs au cours de la période médiévale. Les programmes iconographiques renforcent le rôle de ces épouses, mères, fiancées, sœurs, qui attendent les guerriers et chantent leurs exploits. Trois points révèlent l’image des femmes dans l’imaginaire social : d’une part, leur rôle central dans la formation des héros (fils, amant ou époux), leur fonction sociale comme l’indiquent les différents types d’unions et comme consolidatrices des aristocraties et de la paix des peuples mais aussi une part de défiance s’attachent à leur image ambivalente instaurée par les imaginaires masculins. Mères et épouses remarquables, séductrices et sorcières sont leurs étiquettes.
L’impossible équité : polygynie et partage des nuits
Authors: Benkheira Mohammed Hocine 
Published: November 2019

Résumé
La représentation courante de la polygynie est un mari agissant comme un despote, sans contrainte, et gouverné par son seul désir. Au vu de la littérature du fiqh, il n’en est rien, puisqu’il est contraint par la Loi. On observe que le fait que les concubines ne soient pas traitées comme les épouses ne relève pas de la différence de religion.
From Persecution to (Potential) Emancipation
Authors: Özkoray Hayri Gökşin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article deals with offences and crimes against female slaves, and those committed by female slaves, in Ottoman Istanbul (sixteenth-seventeeth centuries). Its main sources are imperial legislation and court records of the imperial capital, Istanbul, and its suburbs. Judicial archives remain the chief sources of early modern Ottoman historiography on gender. This contribution tackles slavery’s specificities regarding women, without ignoring the parallels with their male counterparts in the Ottoman Empire. By considering women as both objects and agents of legal violations and acts of violence, I simultaneously deal with the rights of slaveholders and slaves. Violations of these rights varied depending on the identity and juridical status of their authors, and were handled accordingly by the justice system. Thus, I consider violations committed by owners against their slaves, by slaves against their owners, and by third parties against the slaves of others. The rights and mutual obligations of masters and slaves were strictly defined in Ottoman law, although the judicial authorities upheld the preservation of private property above all. They dedicated themselves to fighting against the slightest doubt over masters’ quasi-absolute authority over their human possessions, whose unconditional obedience was required. Female slaves, in order to affirm their rights, had to provide irrefutable written proof or trustworthy verbal testimonies at the kadi courts.
Un lieu de recours ambigu : usages féminins de la justice islamique dans les oasis du Grand Touat (Sud algérien) aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Authors: Warscheid Ismail 
Published: November 2019

Résumé
Cet article se penche sur le recours des femmes aux tribunaux de cadis dans l’archipel oasien du Grand Touat, situé dans l’extrême sud de l’Algérie, aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles. L’enjeu est de remettre en question l’image des sociétés rurales maghrébines comme peu judiciarisées au sein desquelles la justice islamique n’a constitué qu’un phénomène marginal. Notre enquête se fonde sur l’examen d’une série de recueils de jurisprudence inédits (nawāzil) compilés par des jurisconsultes oasiens entre 1750 et 1850. Les matériaux conservés dans ces collections laissent entrevoir une profonde ambiguïté caractérisant la présence des femmes dans l’espace judiciaire. D’un côté, les femmes sont des usagères assidues des auditoires des différents jurisconsultes et juges qui, à leur tour, examinent avec diligence les plaintes déposées. De l’autre, l’accès à la magistrature n’infléchit que jusqu’à un certain degré les rapports de subordination, dans la mesure où l’institution judiciaire représente aussi un instrument puissant pour perpétuer les structures sociales patriarcales.
Functioning in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in rural Greece
Authors: Peritogiannis Vaios , Nikolaou Panagiota 
Published: November 2019

Background: There is a dearth of studies on functioning in patients with psychotic disorders in rural areas. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess functioning in a population-based sample of patients with psychotic disorders who live in rural, remote and deprived areas in Greece, and to explore the differences in functioning across ages. Methods: The sample consisted of 61 patients with psychotic disorders that were engaged to treatment with a community mental health service. The mean age of patients was 54.2 years, and the mean illness duration was 26.5 years. Results: A total of 23 patients (37.7%) had score in the Global Assessment of Functioning scale >60, and were rated as adequately functioning, and 18 patients (29.5%) had score in Clinical Global Impression scale-Schizophrenia ⩽3 and could be rated as mildly or minimally ill. Functioning was found to be inversely related to the patients’ symptomatology. No correlation with age was found. Conclusion: This study suggests that a large proportion of patients with psychotic disorders in rural Greece may achieve a satisfactory level of functioning in the long-term, across the whole age range despite the not completely remitted symptomatology. More research is needed to clarify the factors associated with rural residency that may account for patients’ functioning.
First Use of a New Robotic Endoscope Guiding System in Endoscopic Orbital Decompression
Authors: Mattheis Stefan , Schlüter Anke , Stähr Kerstin , Holtmann Laura , Höing Benedikt , Hussain Timon , Kanaan Oliver , Eckstein Anja , Lang Stephan 
Published: November 2019

Purpose: Over the last years, robot-assisted surgery gained in importance in head and neck surgery. In our study, we used a new robotic endoscope guiding system in patients undergoing endoscopic balanced orbital decompression. The aim of the study is to evaluate the feasibility and benefit of a robotic arm in endoscopic orbital surgery. Methods: The Medineering Robotic Endoscope Guiding System is a robotic arm designed for holding an endoscope during interventions. An endoscope equipped with a 4K camera was attached at the tip of the robotic arm and placed in the surgical field. The surgeon controlled the movements of the endoscope with foot pedal. Eight patients underwent balanced endoscopic orbital decompression showing typical symptoms of Graves’ orbitopathy preoperatively. Balanced decompression was performed via a combined approach transnasally and laterally via a small skin incision. Results: Attaching the endoscope to the robotic guiding system and placing it in the nasal cavity were relatively simple procedures. Setup time was less than 10 minutes. Tool motion and control using the foot pedal were comfortable and adequately precise. Movements of the attached endoscope inside the nose were feasible and allowed 2-hand surgery. The patients did not show any adverse events or complications. Conclusion: The Medineering Robotic Endoscope Guiding System seems to be a safe and effective support in endoscopic skull base surgery especially for orbital decompression, thus allowing 2-hand or even 4-hand settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study describing the successful application of a robotic system in orbital surgery.
The effectiveness of spinal cord injury ADL inpatient education on rehabilitation outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abu Mostafa Moussa , Plastow Nicola Ann , Savin-Baden Maggi 
Published: November 2019

Introduction Occupational therapy patient education is an acknowledged intervention that may enable clients with spinal cord injury to improve performance of activities of daily living. Many spinal cord injury individuals return to the community with inadequate activities of daily living skills due to short length of stay in inpatient rehabilitation. This systematic review evaluates the effect of activities of daily living education on rehabilitation outcomes following spinal cord injury. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis of activities of daily living clinical trials for spinal cord injury was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. Findings Three educational interventions were identified: Clinical Practice Guidelines for preservation of upper limb function following spinal cord injury; Peer Mentoring Education; and Needs Assessment Checklist. The educational programmes improved performance in activities of daily living, patient awareness, and health and wellbeing ( p: 0.0001–0.755). Intermediate and long-term rehabilitation outcomes including self-efficacy, pain, and participation did not improve ( p > 0.05). The overall random effect of the Clinical Practice Guidelines programme was ineffective (heterogeneity: p = 0.00001, I2 = 97%). Conclusion There was mixed evidence for the effectiveness of activities of daily living education following spinal cord injury. Further research on occupational therapy patient education during spinal cord injury rehabilitation to improve outcomes is needed.
Association of Entrepreneurial Traits With Interest in Becoming a Pharmacist Provider Among Student Pharmacists
Authors: Nili Mona , Shaikh Nazneen Fatima , Dwibedi Nilanjana , Madhavan S. Suresh 
Published: November 2019

Background: With the emerging opportunities for pharmacists to gain provider status, the need for understanding interest to become a pharmacist provider has never been greater. Objective: To determine which entrepreneurial traits (locus of control, innovativeness, autonomy, risk-taking propensity, proactiveness, achievement motivation, people liking, problem-solving, and leadership) are associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among second- and third-year student pharmacists. Exploratory factor analysis (principal components with varimax rotation) was used to determine any underlying dimensions. Significant differences in interest in becoming a pharmacist provider by demographic and other characteristics were determined using t tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA; P ≤ .05). Multiple linear regression was used to determine the factors associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. Results: A total of 137 completed questionnaires were received. Gender ( P = .003) and preference of workplace ( P < .001) were significantly associated with interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. All factor loadings were more than 0.50 and Cronbach alpha values were more than .68. In the multiple linear regression analysis model, proactiveness ( P = .036) and achievement motivation ( P = .018) were positive predictors of interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. Females ( P = .006) and individuals who preferred to work in a hospital ( P < .001) or in specialty care ( P = .007) had a significantly greater interest in becoming a pharmacist provider. Conclusions: Proactiveness and achievement motivation can be predictors of interest in becoming a pharmacist provider.
Randomized controlled trial: Flexible sigmoidoscopy as an adjunct to faecal occult blood testing in population screening
Authors: Steele Robert JC , Carey Francis A , Stanners Greig , Lang Jaroslaw , Brand Jess , Brownlee Linda A , Crichton Emilia M , Winter Jack W , Phull Perminder S , Mowat Craig , Strachan Judith A , Digan Ann-Marie , Fraser Callum G 
Published: November 2019

Objectives Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening at around age 60 can reduce colorectal cancer incidence. Insufficient evidence exists on flexible sigmoidoscopy at age 60 in a population being offered biennial faecal occult blood test screening from age 50. This randomized controlled trial assessed if flexible sigmoidoscopy would be an effective adjunct to faecal occult blood test. Methods In the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme between June 2014 and December 2015, 51,769 individuals were randomized to be offered flexible sigmoidoscopy instead of faecal occult blood test at age 60 or to continue faecal occult blood test. Those not accepting flexible sigmoidoscopy and those with normal flexible sigmoidoscopy were offered faecal occult blood test. All with flexible sigmoidoscopy-detected neoplasia or a positive faecal occult blood test result were offered colonoscopy. Results Overall flexible sigmoidoscopy uptake was 17.8%, higher in men than women, and decreased with increasing deprivation (25.7% in the least to 9.2% in the most deprived quintile). In those who underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, detection rate for colorectal cancer was 0.13%, for adenoma 7.27%, and for total neoplasia 7.40%. In those who underwent colonoscopy after a positive flexible sigmoidoscopy, detection rate for colorectal cancer was 0.28%, adenoma 8.66%, and total neoplasia 8.83%. On an intention to screen basis, there was no difference in colorectal cancer detection rate between the study and control groups. Adenoma and total neoplasia detection rate were significantly higher in the study group, with odds ratios of 5.95 (95%CI: 4.69–7.56) and 5.10 (95%CI: 4.09–6.35), respectively. Conclusions In a single screening round at age 60, there was low uptake and neoplasia detection rate. Flexible sigmoidoscopy detected significantly more neoplasia than faecal occult blood test alone.
Changes in the incidence of cervical tumours by disease stage in a cytology-based screening programme
Authors: Bucchi Lauro , Mancini Silvia , Baldacchini Flavia , Giuliani Orietta , Ravaioli Alessandra , Vattiato Rosa , Falcini Fabio , Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Campari Cinzia , Canuti Debora , Di Felice Enza , de Bianchi Priscilla Sassoli , Ferretti Stefano ,   on behalf of the Emilia-Romagna Region Workgroup for Cervical Screening Evaluation
Published: November 2019

Objectives To report changes in incidence of cervical tumours by disease stage, following the introduction of an organized cytology-based screening programme. Methods An intention-to-screen study of a cytology-based screening programme targeting 1,219,000 women aged 25–64 in northern Italy was carried out. Based on the previously reported trend in total incidence of cervical cancer, the study period 1995–2014 was divided into 1995–1996 (pre-screening, or reference, years), 1997–1998 (screening implementation phase), 1999–2006 (transition phase, when incidence decreased), and 2007–2014 (steady-state phase, when incidence stabilized again). Tumour stage was categorized as preinvasive (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) and adenocarcinoma in situ), early (pT1a), advanced (pT1b or greater, ypT), and unknown (pT1 not otherwise specified, pTx, missing information). Average annual incidence rates observed in each phase were compared with the expected (reference) rates, using the incidence rate ratio, calculated with a Poisson regression model. Results In the steady-state phase, incidence rate ratios were: CIN3, 1.55 (95% confidence interval, 1.41–1.70); early-stage squamous carcinoma, 0.49 (0.36–0.67); advanced-stage squamous carcinoma, 0.44 (0.33–0.57); unknown-stage squamous carcinoma, 0.69 (0.48–0.99); adenocarcinoma in situ, 1.44 (0.72–2.88); early-stage adenocarcinoma, 2.65 (0.82–8.53); advanced-stage adenocarcinoma, 1.03 (0.56–1.91); and unknown-stage adenocarcinoma, 0.46 (0.23–0.92). Conclusions After stabilization, changes in incidence by tumour stage included a 55% increase for CIN3 and a 50–55% decrease both for early- and advanced-stage squamous carcinoma, but no significant changes for glandular tumours. These data will serve to quantify the incremental impact of the implementation of human papillomavirus-based screening, introduced in 2015.
Examining the Knowledge, Awareness, and Perceptions of Palliative Care in the General Public Over Time: A Scoping Literature Review
Authors: Patel Priya , Lyons Laura 
Published: November 2019

Background: The field of palliative care (PC) is growing as the world population ages and burden of chronic diseases increases. Thus, it is important that the general public is knowledgeable about PC and the benefits PC provides. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the public’s knowledge, awareness, and perceptions of PC and determine whether these have changed over time. Methods: A scoping literature review was conducted from 1968 to May 2019 using PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE databases. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria that originated from the United States, Canada, Scotland, Italy, New Zealand, Ireland, United Kingdom, Korea, and Sweden between years 2003 and 2019. Participants were adults and mostly younger than 64 years, women, and Caucasian. The majority of studies reported the public having poor knowledge (7/9 articles) and awareness (4/6 articles) of PC over the past 16 years. Top characteristics associated with increased levels of knowledge and/or awareness of PC included women (6/8 articles), age 40+ (6/8 articles), experience with a close friend and/or relative requiring PC (4/8 articles), and working in health-care and/or PC (4/8 articles). The most common perceptions of PC were associated with patients who have terminal illnesses and end-of-life care. Participants commonly received information about PC from the media, having a close friend or relative requiring PC, and working in a health-care setting. Conclusions: The public has poor knowledge and awareness about PC and several misperceptions exist. These findings have remained constant over time despite growth in the field of PC, which highlights the strong need for focused educational interventions.
Comparison of structural and functional outcome of aflibercept versus ranibizumab in patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Howaidy Ahmed , Eldaly Zeiad H 
Published: November 2019

Purpose: To compare visual functional improvement and retinal structural changes of aflibercept versus ranibizumab for the management of treatment-naïve choroidal neovascularization related to pathological myopia. Patients and methods: A prospective randomized study included patients suffering from myopic choroidal neovascularization. Patients received three intravitreal injections of aflibercept (2 mg) or ranibizumab (0.5 mg) in 1:1 ratio every 4 weeks. Ophthalmic evaluation and optical coherence tomography were performed at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 months after last injection. Primary outcome measure was the visual acuity change from baseline to month 3 after injection. Secondary outcome measures included change in retinal thickness and the relation of morphological and functional changes to baseline assessment parameters. Results: A total of 48 myopic patients (48 eyes) suffering from myopic choroidal neovascularization were randomly assigned to receive either aflibercept (Group A) or ranibizumab (Group B). In Group A, best-corrected visual acuity significantly improved from 0.53 ± 0.10 logMAR to 0.38 ± 0.11 logMAR, at 3 months, and from 0.55 ± 0.11 logMAR to 0.39 ± 0.12 logMAR in Group B. Whereas, retinal thickness reduced from 317.7 ± 53.6 µm to 164.5 ± 81.9 µm in Group A, and from 321.1 ± 98.8 µm at baseline to 178.9 ± 64.5 µm in Group B at month 3. Changes in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness were statistically insignificant between the two groups at final visit. Conclusion: Both aflibercept and ranibizumab provided a significant improvement in visual acuity and retinal thickness in patients with myopic choroidal neovascularization. Comparable functional and architectural results were achieved by both treatment modalities.
Long-term ophthalmic anatomical and functional outcomes after surgical removal of intraorbital foreign bodies
Authors: Grewal Aditi Mehta , Singh Manpreet , Yadav Deepti , Kaur Manpreet , Singh Jyoti , Sharma Manjula , Zadeng Zoramthara , Gupta Pankaj 
Published: November 2019

Purpose: To analyze the anatomical and functional ophthalmic parameters after the surgical removal of various intraorbital foreign bodies. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records was performed featuring detailed history, ophthalmic examination, orbital computed tomographic scans, treatment details, and outcomes. The analyzed anatomical factors included extraocular movements, the position of the eyeball (proptosis, dystopia, and enophthalmos), and fullness of orbital sulci. The functional assessment was based on visual acuity, pupillary reactions, and diplopia. The outcomes were defined as complete, partial, and failure after a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Results: Of 32 patients, the organic and inorganic intraorbital foreign bodies were surgically removed from 18 (56.25%) and 14 (43.75%) orbits, respectively. At presentation, anatomically the extraocular movement restriction, proptosis/dystopia/enophthalmos, and orbital sulcus fullness were noted in 26 (81.25%), 24 (75%), and 15 (46.88%), respectively. Functionally, diminished visual acuity, diplopia, and pupil abnormalities were seen in 27 (84.38%), 14 (43.75%), and 8 (25%), respectively. After intraorbital foreign body removal at a mean follow-up of 14 months, the improvement of anatomical factors (same sequence) were observed in 8 (30.77%), 20 (83.33%), and 12 (80%), respectively. In functional factors (same sequence), the improvement was noted in none (0%), 13 (92.86%), and 5 (62.5%), respectively. Hence, the majority of patients (n = 20, 62.5%) achieved partial success, while 8 (25%) had complete success. Four (12.5%) had treatment failure despite similar management protocols. Conclusion: The anatomical outcomes are better than the functional outcomes after surgical removal of the intraorbital foreign bodies. The visual acuity does not improve considerably after the surgical removal of intraorbital foreign bodies. Overall, the wooden intraorbital foreign bodies have poorer anatomical and functional prognosis.