bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extravehicular Activity Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris Risk Assessment Methodology
Authors: Hoffman Kevin D. , Hyde James L. , Christiansen Eric L. , Lear Dana M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A well-known hazard associated with exposure to the space environment is the risk of vehicle failure due to an impact from a micrometeoroid and orbital debris (MMOD) particle. Among the vehicles of importance to NASA is the extravehicular mobility unit (EMU) “spacesuit” used while performing a US extravehicular activity (EVA). An EMU impact is of great concern as a large leak could prevent an astronaut from safely reaching the airlock in time resulting in a loss of life. For this reason, a risk assessment is provided to the EVA office at the Johnson Space Center (JSC) prior to certification of readiness for each US EVA. This paper will detail the methodology for an ISS EVA risk assessment. The soft goods regions (multilayer fabric over a pressurized bladder) are the highest contributors of risk for an ISS EVA. The gloves, due to reduced fabric layers to allow for improved dexterity, carry the highest risk per area. ISS EVA risk can be reduced by minimizing the exposure of the front of the suit and gloves to the orbital debris flux.
The JHUAPL Planetary Impact Lab (PIL): Capabilities and initial results
Authors: Daly R. Terik , Barnouin Olivier S. , Lennon Andrew M. , Stickle Angela M. , Rainey Emma S. , Ernst Carolyn M. , Knuth Andrew A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Planetary Impact Lab (PIL) at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL) includes a single-stage, compressed inert gas gun that can be used for impact experiments. The impact angle can be varied from 15° to 90° with respect to horizontal, a capability which enables oblique impacts into unconsolidated or granular materials (e.g., regolith analogs). The gun currently achieves impact velocities up to 400 m/s, although future enhancements could increase the maximum projectile velocity. Experiments can be done with atmospheric pressures ranging from ambient pressure down to ~75 Pa. The gun uses sabots produced with state-of-the-art additive manufacturing techniques (AM). Several engineering challenges had to be overcome to create a reliable AM sabot; however, AM sabots are ~45% lighter than and provide substantial cost savings over machined sabots. The PIL gun is currently being used to investigate impact processes on sloped coarse-grained surfaces, with application to planetary science and, specifically, rubble-pile asteroids. In contrast to previous studies of impacts onto slopes, we kept the projectile trajectory perpendicular to the target surface, thereby disentangling the effects of oblique impacts from the effects caused by a sloped surface. Initial results show enhanced crater collapse in the sloped target, with most of the collapse occurring in the direction parallel to the surface gradient. Consequently, final craters on sloped targets have smaller volumes and reduced depth-to-diameter ratios.
Características da linguagem da tradução e o termo “segurança” na linguagem da aviação
Authors: Costa Carlos Eduardo Piazentine 
Published: July 2020

A tradução, de forma independente e autônoma, apresenta características próprias, presentes na natureza de sua linguagem. Este artigo analisa possíveis traços típicos da tradução e o termo “segurança” em português, suas traduções para o inglês “safety” e “security” e seus sentidos e usos, na linguagem da aviação. Empregamos o arcabouço teórico e metodológico dos Estudos da Tradução Baseados em Corpus (BAKER, 1993, 1995, 1996) e da Linguística de Corpus (BERBER SARDINHA, 2000, 2004) ao analisar textos em português e as respectivas traduções para o inglês. Para a compilação do corpus paralelo de estudo, utilizamos duas revistas científicas da área da aviação (Aviation in Focus, 2006; Conexão Sipaer, 2009). As traduções apresentaram características de explicitação, simplificação e normalização contendo reduções, omissões, explicações e adequações na linguagem direcionada ao leitor do texto meta. A análise dos termos discutiu seus conceitos e ofereceu formas consagradas utilizadas em suas traduções. Os resultados pretendem oferecer uma reflexão sobre a função dos traços típicos da tradução, visando a uma melhor compreensão dos termos estudados, e auxiliar em questões de imprecisões e ambiguidades na busca de equivalente em inglês, com vista a orientar tradutores e profissionais que utilizam essa linguagem de especialidade.
As traduções apresentaram características de explicitação, simplificação e normalização contendo reduções, omissões, explicações e adequações na linguagem direcionada ao leitor do texto meta. Os resultados pretendem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos termos observados com vista a tradutores e profissionais que utilizam essa linguagem de especialidade.
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Degradation by Differently Polarized Macrophage Subsets
Authors: Haider Patrick , Kral-Pointner Julia B. , Mayer Julia , Richter Manuela , Kaun Christoph , Brostjan Christine , Eilenberg Wolf , Fischer Michael B. , Speidl Walter S. , Hengstenberg Christian , Huber Kurt , Wojta Johann , Hohensinner Philipp 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
Macrophages are immune cells, capable to remodel the extracellular matrix, which can harbor extracellular DNA incorporated into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). To study the breakdown of NETs we studied the capability of macrophage subsets to degrade these structures in vitro and in vivo in a murine thrombosis model. Furthermore, we analyzed human abdominal aortic aneurysm samples in support of our in vitro and in vivo results.

Approach and Results:
Macrophages were seeded onto blood clots or isolated NETs and polarized. All macrophages were capable to degrade NETs. For initial breakdown, macrophages relied on extracellular deoxyribonucleases. Proinflammatory polarization enhanced NET degradation. The boost in degradation was because of increased macropinocytosis, as inhibition by imipramine diminished their NET breakdown. Inhibition of macropinocytosis in a murine thrombosis model led to increased NET burden and reduced thrombus resolution in vivo. When analyzing abdominal aortic aneurysm samples, macrophage density furthermore corresponded negatively with the amount of local NETs in the intraluminal thrombi as well as in the vessel wall, as increased macrophage density was associated with a reduction in NET burden.

Conclusions:
We provide evidence that macrophages degrade NETs by extracellular predigestion and subsequent uptake. Furthermore, we show that proinflammatory macrophages increase NET degradation through enhanced macropinocytosis, priming them for NET engulfment. Based on our findings, that inhibition of macropinocytosis in mice corresponded to increased NET amounts in thrombi and that local macrophage density in human abdominal aortic aneurysm is negatively associated with surrounding NETs, we hypothesize, that macrophages are able to degrade NETs in vivo.
Dapagliflozin and Diuretic Use in Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction in DAPA-HF
Authors: Jackson Alice M. , Dewan Pooja , Anand Inder S. , Bělohlávek Jan , Bengtsson Olof , de Boer Rudolf A. , Böhm Michael , Boulton David W. , Chopra Vijay K. , DeMets David L. , Docherty Kieran F. , Dukát Andrej , Greasley Peter J. , Howlett Jonathan G. , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Katova Tzvetana , Køber Lars , Kosiborod Mikhail N. , Langkilde Anna Maria , Lindholm Daniel , Ljungman Charlotta E.A. , Martinez Felipe A. , O’Meara Eileen , Sabatine Marc S. , Sjöstrand Mikaela , Solomon Scott D. , Tereshchenko Sergey , Verma Subodh , Jhund Pardeep S. , McMurray John J.V. 
Published: July 2020

Background:
In the DAPA-HF trial (Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse-Outcomes in Heart Failure), the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor dapagliflozin reduced the risk of worsening heart failure and death in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. We examined the efficacy and tolerability of dapagliflozin in relation to background diuretic treatment and change in diuretic therapy after randomization to dapagliflozin or placebo.

Methods:
We examined the effects of study treatment in the following subgroups: no diuretic and diuretic dose equivalent to furosemide <40, 40, and >40 mg daily at baseline. We examined the primary composite end point of cardiovascular death or a worsening heart failure event and its components, all-cause death and symptoms.

Results:

Of 4616 analyzable patients, 736 (15.9%) were on no diuretic, 1311 (28.4%) were on <40 mg, 1365 (29.6%) were on 40 mg, and 1204 (26.1%) were taking >40 mg. Compared with placebo, dapagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary end point across each of these subgroups: hazard ratios were 0.57 (95% CI, 0.36–0.92), 0.83 (95% CI, 0.63–1.10), 0.77 (95% CI, 0.60–0.99), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63–0.97), respectively (
P
for interaction=0.61). The hazard ratio in patients taking any diuretic was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.68–0.90). Improvements in symptoms and treatment toleration were consistent across the diuretic subgroups. Diuretic dose did not change in most patients during follow-up, and mean diuretic dose did not differ between the dapagliflozin and placebo groups after randomization.

Conclusions:
The efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin were consistent across the diuretic subgroups examined in DAPA-HF.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03036124.
The City and the Comic
Authors: Ndogo Samuel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper starts on the premise that comedy performed in vernacular languages in Kenya has proliferated over the last two decades. Specific focus is on Gĩkũyũ language plays performed by Fanaka Arts, a theatre company based in Nairobi. I settle on three titles namely Nyoori Momori, Tũirio Twega and ITINA SACCO to demonstrate that: (a) these plays draw inspiration and thematic material from the everyday social cultural and political experiences and (b) they employ vernacular language and various literary techniques to provide entertainment as well as to impart didactic values to the audience. One feature that is common in the three plays is the marriage motif; there are convergences and divergences in the ways each reference and parody marriage, infidelity, urbanity, politics, and unpopular government policies. The key question I ask is: what makes these plays appealing to the audiences? References to the body as well as descriptions of sexuality in veiled figurative language are other common features in these plays. As such, it is the libidinous metaphors and sexual innuendoes in the titles of these lewd comedies that make them attractive to the audiences in Nairobi. Apart from being a form of entertainment, these monthly theatre performances in Gĩkũyũ language enable the urban middle class to connect with their village and cultural roots. Moreover, through comedy, they articulate what may be considered as trite social-cultural issues in ways that other conventional media may not achieve. As such, these comedies make people to reflect upon and laugh at themselves concomitantly. The hilarious depictions of various social concerns can also be considered as subversive and aesthetic means of political critique.
Outpatient Parotidectomy: A Retrospective Series
Authors: Michel Margaret C. , Mulcahy Collin F. , Benito Daniel A. , Patel Sahil , Badger Christopher , Kane Sean , Li Ning-Wei , Goodman Joseph F. , Thakkar Punam G. , Joshi Arjun S. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives: Recent literature suggests that outpatient head and neck surgery is safe and may decrease costs. This study assesses whether outpatient parotidectomy differs in complication type and rate from inpatient surgery. Methods: Patients who underwent parotidectomy at our institution from 2011 to 2019 were retrospectively reviewed and divided by inpatient or outpatient status. Complications including infection, seroma, salivary fistula, hematoma, and flap necrosis, as well as readmission rates were tabulated. Drain placement, related to tumor size, was also analyzed using a receiver operating curve. Results: 144 patients had available data for analysis. Nine of the 144 patients had complications. Seven of 98 outpatients and two of 46 inpatients had complications. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rate between the two groups ( P = .518). Tumor size ≥4.62 cm3 was associated with drain placement ( P = .044). Conclusion: Outpatient parotidectomy is a safe and viable alternative for carefully selected patients.
The relationship between neuropsychological function and responsiveness to vitamin D supplementation using artificial neural networks
Authors: Allahyari Elahe , Hanachi Parichehr , Ariakia Fatemeh , Kashfi Toktam Emami , Ferns Gordon A , Bahrami Afsane , Mobarhan Majid Ghayour 
Published: July 2020

Background: Vitamin D has recently attracted interest for its pleiotropic effects. Vitamin D supplements are a potentially important public health intervention, but the response to supplementation varies between individuals. Aim: We aimed to assess the association between several neuropsychological parameters and the magnitude of response to vitamin D supplementation using an artificial neural network method. Methods: Neuropsychological function was assessed in 619 participants using standard questionnaires. The study participants received vitamin D capsules containing 50,000 IU vitamin D per week over 9 weeks. To assess the relationship between responsiveness to vitamin D supplements and the impact on these neuropsychological parameters, the best-performing artificial neural network algorithms were selected from a combination of different transfer functions in hidden and output layers and variable numbers of hidden layers (between two and 50). The performance of the artificial neural network algorithm was assessed by receiver operating characteristic analysis and variables of importance were identified. Results: The artificial neural network algorithm with sigmoid transfer function in both hidden and output layers could predict responsiveness to vitamin D supplementation effectively. The sensitivity and specificity were between 0.60 and 0.70 and 0.66 and 0.70, respectively. Cognitive abilities (42.5%), basal vitamin D (21.3%), body mass index (9.5%), and daytime sleepiness (8%) are the most widely used variables to predict changes in serum vitamin D levels. Conclusions: Cognitive abilities status and baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D are important novel modifiers of the enhancement in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D after vitamin D supplementation.
Outcomes of 1- Versus 2-Stage Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Colatruglio Matthew , Flanigan David C. , Long Joseph , DiBartola Alex C. , Magnussen Robert A. 
Published: July 2020

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is a common orthopaedic sports medicine procedure, but graft failure is not uncommon and often leads to revision ACLR. Revision surgery can be performed in a 1- or 2-stage fashion. Hypothesis: Graft failure risk, patient-reported outcomes, and anterior knee laxity are similar after 1- and 2-stage revision ACLR. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed to evaluate patient outcomes after 1- versus 2-stage revision ACLR. A search was performed with the phrase “revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction” across Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and SportDiscus from the beginning of their archives through July 12, 2019. Results: Thirteen studies met inclusion criteria and included 524 patients: 319 patients who underwent 1-stage revision ACLR and 205 patients who underwent 2-stage revision ACLR. Two studies compared outcomes of 1- versus 2-stage revision ACLR; 4 studies reported outcomes after 2-stage revision ACLR; and the remaining 7 studies documented outcomes after 1-stage ACLR. The mean follow-up was 4.1 years. The 2 studies that compared 1- versus 2-stage ACLR reported no differences in functional, radiologic, or patient-reported outcomes or failure risk. Overall, 9 studies reported subjective International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) scores; 4 studies, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score values; 8 studies, Lysholm scores; and 7 studies, Tegner scores; 8 studies measured anterior laxity with a KT-1000 arthrometer. The mean weighted subjective IKDC score for all studies including this outcome at final follow-up was 66.6 for 1-stage revisions and 65.9 for 2-stage revisions. Conclusion: The available evidence comparing 1- versus 2-stage revision ACLR is retrospective and limited. The results of each approach are similar in appropriately selected patients.
Evaluation of brain and spinal cord lesion distribution criteria at disease onset in distinguishing NMOSD from MS and MOG antibody-associated disorder
Authors: Cai Meng-Ting , Zheng Yang , Shen Chun-Hong , Yang Fan , Fang Wei , Zhang Yin-Xi , Ding Mei-Ping 
Published: July 2020

Objective: To validate the recently proposed imaging criteria in distinguishing aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ab)-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) from multiple sclerosis (MS) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorder (MOG-AD) at disease onset in a Chinese population. Methods: We enrolled 241 patients in this retrospective study, including 143 AQP4-ab-seropositive NMOSD, 73 MS, and 25 MOG-AD. Cacciaguerra’s criteria were described as fulfillment of at least 2/5 conditions including the absence of the combined juxtacortical/cortical lesions, the presence of longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) lesions, the presence of periependymal-lateral ventricles lesions, the absence of Dawson’s fingers lesions, and the absence of periventricular lesions. Results: Fulfillment of at least 3/5 conditions was able to differentiate NMOSD from MS with a good diagnostic performance (accuracy = 0.92, sensitivity = 0.91, specificity = 0.93), yet failed to differentiate NMOSD from MOG-AD. LETM lesions showed the highest accuracy (0.78), sensitivity (0.70), and specificity (0.97) for NMSOD. Conclusion: Our research suggested the utility of Cacciaguerra’s criteria in a Chinese population at disease onset. A better diagnostic performance in NMOSD could be attained with at least 3/5 conditions fulfilled. Yet their utility in distinguishing NMOSD from MOG-AD was limited.
An integrative review on facilitators and barriers in delivering and managing injectable therapies in chronic conditions: A part of the ACNAP project ‘injectable medicines among patients with cardiovascular conditions’
Authors: Lambrinou Ekaterini , Kyriakou Martha , Lakatamitou Ioanna , Angus Neil , Khatib Rani , Vellone Ercole , Barrowcliff Abigail , Hansen Tina Birgitte , Lee Geraldine A 
Published: July 2020

Introduction:
Although preventive health and therapeutics have benefited from advances in drug development and device innovation, translating these evidence-based treatments into real-world practice remains challenging.

Aim:
The current integrative review aims to identify facilitators and barriers and perceptions in delivering and managing injectable therapies from patient perspectives.

Methods:
An integrative review was conducted in the databases of PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Cochrane. Keywords were used “Injectable therapy”, “IV therapy”, “SC therapy”, “long term injectable therapies”, “self-administered injectable therapy”, “patients”, “caregivers”, “family”, “carers”, “facilitators”, “barriers”, “perspectives”, “needs”, “expectations”, “chronic disease”, “cardiovascular disease” linked with the words “OR” and “AND”. The search was limited from January 2000 to July 2019. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were used.

Results:
Twenty studies were identified from the literature search. Studies followed qualitative, quantitative methodology and mixed methods. Facilitators included: health improvement, prevention of disease complications, taking control of their disease, effectiveness of the medication and convenience in management. Barriers included: fear of needles, insulin will cause harm, poor perception of the benefits of injectable therapies on their quality of life, inconvenience in self-management, social stigma, impact on daily living, financial barriers, lack of education. Perceptions included: ‘treatment of last resort’, ‘life becomes less flexible’, ‘injectables were punishment/restriction’, ‘personal failure of self-management’.

Conclusion:
Evidence shows how to create effective communication and shared decision-making relationships to provide best possible care to patients who need injectable therapy and support for self-management. Future research might help guide response to the fears and barriers of the patients using patients’ perspectives.
Biologics and surgical outcomes in Crohn’s disease: is there a direct relationship?
Authors: Quaresma Abel Botelho , Yamamoto Takayuki , Kotze Paulo Gustavo 
Published: July 2020

Despite significant advances in medical therapy in the management of Crohn’s disease (CD), surgery is still required in a significant proportion of patients and constitutes an important tool in treatment algorithms. Recently, more options of biological agents have been made available, and most patients with CD undergoing surgical procedures have been previously exposed to this class of drugs. There is controversy in the literature as to whether anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, anti-integrins, or anti-interleukins (ILs) have a direct relationship with increased postoperative complications. In this narrative review, the authors summarize the most important data regarding the effect of biologics on postoperative outcomes in CD. Most studies (with different designs) are based on the experience with anti-TNF agents, mostly with infliximab. Some studies outlined the relationship between vedolizumab and postoperative complications, and there is a lack of data with ustekinumab in this scenario. Most studies are retrospective, but few prospective data are available. A cause–effect (proof of concept) direct relationship between biologics and an increase in postoperative morbidity has not been demonstrated to date. Several confounding factors such as previous use of steroids, malnutrition, and unfavorable abdominal conditions have a definitely effect on postoperative complications in CD. Biologics seem safe to be used in the perioperative period, but available data are still controversial. Multidisciplinary individualized decisions should be made on a case-to-case basis, adapting the surgical strategy according to risk factors involved.