bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of eye tracking in analyzing distribution of visual attention among critical care nurses in daily professional life: an observational study
Authors: Hofmaenner Daniel A. , Herling Anique , Klinzing Stephanie , Wegner Stephan , Lohmeyer Quentin , Schuepbach Reto A. , Buehler Philipp K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPatient safety is a priority in healthcare, yet it is unclear how sources of errors should best be analyzed. Eye tracking is a tool used to monitor gaze patterns in medicine. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of visual attention among critical care nurses performing non-simulated, routine patient care on invasively ventilated patients in an ICU. ICU nurses were tracked bedside in daily practice. Eight specific areas of interest were pre-defined (respirator, drug preparation, medication, patient data management system, patient, monitor, communication and equipment/perfusors). Main independent variable and primary outcome was dwell time, secondary outcomes were hit ratio, revisits, fixation count and average fixation time on areas of interest in a targeted tracking-time of 60 min. 28 ICU nurses were analyzed and the average tracking time was 65.5 min. Dwell time was significantly higher for the respirator (12.7% of total dwell time), patient data management system (23.7% of total dwell time) and patient (33.4% of total dwell time) compared to the other areas of interest. A similar distribution was observed for fixation count (respirator 13.3%, patient data management system 25.8% and patient 31.3%). Average fixation time and revisits of the respirator were markedly elevated. Apart from the respirator, average fixation time was highest for the patient data management system, communication and equipment/perfusors. Eye tracking is helpful to analyze the distribution of visual attention of critical care nurses. It demonstrates that the respirator, the patient data management system and the patient form cornerstones in the treatment of critically ill patients. This offers insights into complex work patterns in critical care and the possibility of improving work flows, avoiding human error and maximizing patient safety.
How artificial intelligence and machine learning can help healthcare systems respond to COVID-19
Authors: van der Schaar Mihaela , Alaa Ahmed M. , Floto Andres , Gimson Alexander , Scholtes Stefan , Wood Angela , McKinney Eoin , Jarrett Daniel , Lio Pietro , Ercole Ari 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 global pandemic is a threat not only to the health of millions of individuals, but also to the stability of infrastructure and economies around the world. The disease will inevitably place an overwhelming burden on healthcare systems that cannot be effectively dealt with by existing facilities or responses based on conventional approaches. We believe that a rigorous clinical and societal response can only be mounted by using intelligence derived from a variety of data sources to better utilize scarce healthcare resources, provide personalized patient management plans, inform policy, and expedite clinical trials. In this paper, we introduce five of the most important challenges in responding to COVID-19 and show how each of them can be addressed by recent developments in machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). We argue that the integration of these techniques into local, national, and international healthcare systems will save lives, and propose specific methods by which implementation can happen swiftly and efficiently. We offer to extend these resources and knowledge to assist policymakers seeking to implement these techniques.
Realizing urban food policy: a discursive institutionalist analysis of Ede municipality
Authors: Sibbing Lara V. , Candel Jeroen J. L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo overcome pressing food system challenges, academics and civil society actors have called for the development of integrated food policies. Municipalities have increasingly picked up on these calls by developing municipal food strategies. It remains unclear, however, whether and how these commitments have resulted in a genuine institutionalization of food governance across local administrations. We address this gap through an in-depth study of how food governance ideas were institutionalized in the Dutch municipality of Ede, which is considered a frontrunner in municipal food policy. Drawing on discursive institutionalism, we explore how actors, ideas and discourses mutually shaped the institutionalization process. Our analysis shows that food governance ideas were institutionalized following a discursive-institutional spiral of three stages. First, an abstractfood profilediscourse emerged, which was institutionalized exclusively amongst a small group of policy makers. In the second stage, the discourse shifted to a more elaborateintegrated food policydiscourse, which was institutionalized across various departments. Finally, afood systemdiscourse emerged, which was institutionalized across an even broader range of policy departments. Our study suggests that integrated food policy can be institutionalized within a relatively short time span. A food strategy, budget and organizational innovations seem key in this process, although they can also be constraining. At the same time, we conclude thatretaininga food policy institutionalized remains challenging, as sudden ideational change may cause rapid deinstitutionalization.
Zwischen Kooperation und Grenzziehung – Aushandlungen von Sicherheitsbehörden und Akteur*innen Sozialer Arbeit in der Radikalisierungsprävention
Authors: Figlestahler Carmen , Schau Katja 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Herstellung verschiedener Formen von Sicherheit sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit Sicherheitsbehörden sind in unterschiedlichen Arbeitsfeldern der Sozialen Arbeit relevant. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird dieser allgemeine Sachverhalt für den speziellen Bereich der indizierten Prävention und Ausstiegsarbeit von demokratiefeindlichem Islamismus betrachtet. Hier spielen Narrative der Abwehr potenzieller Gefahren für die innere Sicherheit eine besondere Rolle und es werden mitunter sehr konkrete Kooperationserwartungen von Sicherheitsbehörden an Soziale Arbeit gestellt. Jedoch gibt es bisher wenige empirisch fundierte Analysen, welche die Auswirkungen dieser vergleichsweise engeren Kooperationen auf die praktische Bearbeitung von demokratiefeindlichem Islamismus bzw. die Aushandlung von Zuständigkeiten untersuchen. Anhand einer qualitativen Fallstudie zum regionalen Kooperationsarrangement untersuchen wir die multiprofessionelle Problembearbeitung von demokratiefeindlichem Islamismus und gehen der Frage nach, wie Informationsweitergaben und Grundprinzipien der Arbeit zwischen sicherheitsbehördlichen und sozialpädagogischen Akteur*innen ausgehandelt werden. Dabei zeigt sich beispielsweise, dass sozialpädagogische Akteur*innen Kooperationsanforderungen der Sicherheitsbehörden nicht einfach übernehmen, sondern durchaus selbstbewusste Grenzen der Zuständigkeiten mit Rückgriff auf grundlegende fachliche Prinzipien ziehen.
Exploring the impact of cancer registry completeness on international cancer survival differences: a simulation study
Authors: Andersson Therese M.-L. , Rutherford Mark J. , Myklebust Tor Åge , Møller Bjørn , Soerjomataram Isabelle , Arnold Melina , Bray Freddie , Parkin D. Max , Sasieni Peter , Bucher Oliver , De Prithwish , Engholm Gerda , Gavin Anna , Little Alana , Porter Geoff , Ramanakumar Agnihotram V. , Saint-Jacques Nathalie , Walsh Paul M. , Woods Ryan R. , Lambert Paul C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Data from population-based cancer registries are often used to compare cancer survival between countries or regions. The ICBP SURVMARK-2 study is an international partnership aiming to quantify and explore the reasons behind survival differences across high-income countries. However, the magnitude and relevance of differences in cancer survival between countries have been questioned, as it is argued that observed survival variations may be explained, at least in part, by differences in cancer registration practice, completeness and the availability and quality of the respective data sources.

Methods
As part of the ICBP SURVMARK-2 study, we used a simulation approach to better understand how differences in completeness, the characteristics of those missed and inclusion of cases found from death certificates can impact on cancer survival estimates.

Results
Bias in 1- and 5-year net survival estimates for 216 simulated scenarios is presented. Out of the investigated factors, the proportion of cases not registered through sources other than death certificates, had the largest impact on survival estimates.

Conclusion
Our results show that the differences in registration practice between participating countries could in our most extreme scenarios explain only a part of the largest observed differences in cancer survival.
Regulating the pore structure and oxygen vacancies of cobaltosic oxide hollow dodecahedra for an enhanced oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Xiao Yao , Wang Yibo , Xiao Meiling , Liu Changpeng , Hou Shuai , Ge Junjie , Xing Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEngineering an electrocatalytic anode material to boost reaction kinetics is highly desirable for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is the major obstacle for high efficiency water electrolysis. Here, we present a novel kind of Zn-doped Co3O4 hollow dodecahedral electrocatalyst. Abundant oxygen vacancy defects are introduced due to the incorporation of Zn2+, which is beneficial for OH− adsorption and the charge transfer reaction during the OER process. Moreover, the increase in surface area caused by the advanced structure of the hollow porous dodecahedra facilitates mass transport by increasing the surface area. The novel strategy proposed in this study provides an efficient way to design high-performance electrocatalysts for water electrolysis.
Asymmetric construction of tetrahedral chiral zinc with high configurational stability and catalytic activity
Authors: Endo Kenichi , Liu Yuanfei , Ube Hitoshi , Nagata Koichi , Shionoya Mitsuhiko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChiral metal complexes show promise as asymmetric catalysts and optical materials. Chiral-at-metal complexes composed of achiral ligands have expanded the versatility and applicability of chiral metal complexes, especially for octahedral and half-sandwich complexes. However, Werner-type tetrahedral complexes with a stereogenic metal centre are rarely used as chiral-at-metal complexes because they are too labile to ensure the absolute configuration of the metal centre. Here we report the asymmetric construction of a tetrahedral chiral-at-zinc complex with high configurational stability, using an unsymmetric tridentate ligand. Coordination/substitution of a chiral auxiliary ligand on zinc followed by crystallisation yields an enantiopure chiral-only-at-zinc complex (> 99% ee). The enantiomer excess remains very high at 99% ee even after heating at 70 °C in benzene for one week. With this configurationally stable zinc complex of the tridentate ligand, the remaining one labile site on the zinc can be used for a highly selective asymmetric oxa-Diels-Alder reaction (98% yield, 87% ee) without substantial racemisation.
Demonstration of non-Markovian process characterisation and control on a quantum processor
Authors: White G. A. L. , Hill C. D. , Pollock F. A. , Hollenberg L. C. L. , Modi K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the scale-up of quantum computers, the framework underpinning fault-tolerance generally relies on the strong assumption that environmental noise affecting qubit logic is uncorrelated (Markovian). However, as physical devices progress well into the complex multi-qubit regime, attention is turning to understanding the appearance and mitigation of correlated — or non-Markovian — noise, which poses a serious challenge to the progression of quantum technology. This error type has previously remained elusive to characterisation techniques. Here, we develop a framework for characterising non-Markovian dynamics in quantum systems and experimentally test it on multi-qubit superconducting quantum devices. Where noisy processes cannot be accounted for using standard Markovian techniques, our reconstruction predicts the behaviour of the devices with an infidelity of 10−3. Our results show this characterisation technique leads to superior quantum control and extension of coherence time by effective decoupling from the non-Markovian environment. This framework, validated by our results, is applicable to any controlled quantum device and offers a significant step towards optimal device operation and noise reduction.
Release of a liver anticancer drug, sorafenib from its PVA/LDH- and PEG/LDH-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery applications
Authors: Ebadi Mona , Bullo Saifullah , Buskara Kalaivani , Hussein Mohd Zobir , Fakurazi Sharida , Pastorin Giorgia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe use of nanocarriers composed of polyethylene glycol- and polyvinyl alcohol-coated vesicles encapsulating active molecules in place of conventional chemotherapy drugs can reduce many of the chemotherapy-associated challenges because of the increased drug concentration at the diseased area in the body. The present study investigated the structure and magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol as the basic surface coating agents. We used superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (FNPs) as the core and studied their effectiveness when two polymers, namely polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), were used as the coating agents together with magnesium–aluminum-layered double hydroxide (MLDH) as the nanocarrier. In addition, the anticancer drug sorafenib (SO), was loaded on MLDH and coated onto the surface of the nanoparticles, to best exploit this nano-drug delivery system for biomedical applications. Samples were prepared by the co-precipitation method, and the resulting formation of the nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray, FTIR, TEM, SEM, DLS, HPLC, UV–Vis, TGA and VSM. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that all the as-synthesized samples contained highly crystalline and pure Fe3O4. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the shape of FPEGSO-MLDH nanoparticles was generally spherical, with a mean diameter of 17 nm, compared to 19 nm for FPVASO-MLDH. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of nanocarriers with polymer-coating on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles and the existence of loaded active drug consisting of sorafenib. Thermogravimetric analyses demonstrated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, which displayed enhanced anticancer effect after coating. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) curves of both produced samples showed superparamagnetic behavior with the high saturation magnetization of 57 emu/g for FPEGSO-MLDH and 49 emu/g for FPVASO-MLDH. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed a narrow size distribution of both final samples. The SO drug loading and the release behavior from FPEGSO-MLDH and FPVASO-MLDH were assessed by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. This evaluation showed around 85% drug release within 72 h, while 74% of sorafenib was released in phosphate buffer solution at pH 4.8. The release profiles of sorafenib from the two designed samples were found to be sustained according to pseudo-second-order kinetics. The cytotoxicity studies confirmed the anti-cancer activity of the coated nanoparticles loaded with SO against liver cancer cells, HepG2. Conversely, the drug delivery system was less toxic than the pure drug towards fibroblast-type 3T3 cells.
Research on residual GM optimization based on PEMEA-BP correction
Authors: Duan Junhang , Zhu Ling , Xing Wei , Zhang Xi , Peng Zhong , Gou Huating 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWith the advantages of small samples and high accuracy, Grey Model (GM) still has two major problems need to be addressed, high input data requirements and large margin of error. Hence, this paper proposes an algorithm based on Populational Entropy Based Mind Evolutionary Algorithm-Error Back Propagation Training Artificial Neural Algorithm to modify GM residual tail, which will not only keep the advantages of GM, but also expand its scope of use to various non-linear and even multidimensional objects. Meanwhile, it can avoid defects of other algorithms, such as slow convergence and easy to fall into the local minimum. In small samples data experiments, judging from SSE, MAE, MSE, MAPE, MRE and other indicators, this new algorithm has significant advantage over GM, BP algorithm and combined genetic algorithm in terms of simulation accuracy and convergence speed.
Biosafety evaluation of culture-expanded human chondrocytes with growth factor cocktail: a preclinical study
Authors: Al-Masawa Maimonah-Eissa , Wan Kamarul Zaman Wan Safwani , Chua Kien-Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe scarcity of chondrocytes is a major challenge for cartilage tissue engineering. Monolayer expansion is necessary to amplify the limited number of chondrocytes needed for clinical application. Growth factors are often added to improve monolayer culture conditions, promoting proliferation, and enhancing chondrogenesis. Limited knowledge on the biosafety of the cell products manipulated with growth factors in culture has driven this study to evaluate the impact of growth factor cocktail supplements in chondrocyte culture medium on chondrocyte genetic stability and tumorigenicity. The growth factors were basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), transforming growth factor β2 (TGF β2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-transferrin-selenium (ITS), and platelet-derived growth factor (PD-GF). Nasal septal chondrocytes cultured in growth factor cocktail exhibited a significantly high proliferative capacity. Comet assay revealed no significant DNA damage. Flow cytometry showed chondrocytes were mostly at G0-G1 phase, exhibiting normal cell cycle profile with no aneuploidy. We observed a decreased tumour suppressor genes’ expression (p53, p21, pRB) and no TP53 mutations or tumour formation after 6 months of implantation in nude mice. Our data suggest growth factor cocktail has a low risk of inducing genotoxic and tumorigenic effects on chondrocytes up to passage 6 with 16.6 population doublings. This preclinical tumorigenicity and genetic instability evaluation is crucial for further clinical works.
Strategic spatiotemporal vaccine distribution increases the survival rate in an infectious disease like Covid-19
Authors: Grauer Jens , Löwen Hartmut , Liebchen Benno 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPresent hopes to conquer the Covid-19 epidemic are largely based on the expectation of a rapid availability of vaccines. However, once vaccine production starts, it will probably take time before there is enough vaccine for everyone, evoking the question how to distribute it best. While present vaccination guidelines largely focus on individual-based factors, i.e. on the question to whom vaccines should be provided first, e.g. to risk groups or to individuals with a strong social-mixing tendency, here we ask if a strategic spatiotemporal distribution of vaccines, e.g. to prioritize certain cities, can help to increase the overall survival rate of a population subject to an epidemic disease. To this end, we propose a strategy for the distribution of vaccines in time and space, which sequentially prioritizes regions with the most new cases of infection during a certain time frame and compare it with the standard practice of distributing vaccines demographically. Using a simple statistical model we find that, for a locally well-mixed population, the proposed strategy strongly reduces the number of deaths (by about a factor of two for basic reproduction numbers of $$R_0\sim 1.5-4$$

R
0

∼
1.5
-
4

and by about 35% for $$R_0\sim 1$$

R
0

∼
1

). The proposed vaccine distribution strategy establishes the idea that prioritizing individuals not only regarding individual factors, such as their risk of spreading the disease, but also according to the region in which they live can help saving lives. The suggested vaccine distribution strategy can be tested in more detailed models in the future and might inspire discussions regarding the importance of spatiotemporal distribution rules for vaccination guidelines.
Ex-vivo recellularisation and stem cell differentiation of a decellularised rat dental pulp matrix
Authors: Matoug-Elwerfelli Manal , Nazzal Hani , Raif El Mostafa , Wilshaw Stacy-Paul , Esteves Filomena , Duggal Monty 
Published: December 2020

AbstractImplementing the principles of tissue engineering within the clinical management of non-vital immature permanent teeth is of clinical interest. However, the ideal scaffold remains elusive. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of decellularising rat dental pulp tissue and evaluate the ability of such scaffold to support stem cell repopulation. Rat dental pulps were retrieved and divided into control and decellularised groups. The decellularisation protocol incorporated a low detergent concentration and hypotonic buffers. After decellularisation, the scaffolds were characterised histologically, immunohistochemistry and the residual DNA content quantified. Surface topography was also viewed under scanning electron microscopy. Biocompatibility was evaluated using cytotoxicity assays utilising L-929 cell line. Decellularised scaffolds were recellularised with human dental pulp stem cells up to 14 days in vitro. Cellular viability was assessed using LIVE/DEAD stain kit and the recellularised scaffolds were further assessed histologically and immunolabelled using makers for odontoblastic differentiation, cytoskeleton components and growth factors. Analysis of the decellularised scaffolds revealed an acellular matrix with histological preservation of structural components. Decellularised scaffolds were biocompatible and able to support stem cell survival following recellularisation. Immunolabelling of the recellularised scaffolds demonstrated positive cellular expression against the tested markers in culture. This study has demonstrated the feasibility of developing a biocompatible decellularised dental pulp scaffold, which is able to support dental pulp stem cell repopulation. Clinically, decellularised pulp tissue could possibly be a suitable scaffold for use within regenerative (reparative) endodontic techniques.
Evolutionary divergence of novel open reading frames in cichlids speciation
Authors: Puntambekar Shraddha , Newhouse Rachel , San-Miguel Jaime , Chauhan Ruchi , Vernaz Grégoire , Willis Thomas , Wayland Matthew T. , Umrania Yagnesh , Miska Eric A. , Prabakaran Sudhakaran 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNovel open reading frames (nORFs) with coding potential may arise from noncoding DNA. Not much is known about their emergence, functional role, fixation in a population or contribution to adaptive radiation. Cichlids fishes exhibit extensive phenotypic diversification and speciation. Encounters with new environments alone are not sufficient to explain this striking diversity of cichlid radiation because other taxa coexistent with the Cichlidae demonstrate lower species richness. Wagner et al. analyzed cichlid diversification in 46 African lakes and reported that both extrinsic environmental factors and intrinsic lineage-specific traits related to sexual selection have strongly influenced the cichlid radiation, which indicates the existence of unknown molecular mechanisms responsible for rapid phenotypic diversification, such as emergence of novel open reading frames (nORFs). In this study, we integrated transcriptomic and proteomic signatures from two tissues of two cichlids species, identified nORFs and performed evolutionary analysis on these nORF regions. Our results suggest that the time scale of speciation of the two species and evolutionary divergence of these nORF genomic regions are similar and indicate a potential role for these nORFs in speciation of the cichlid fishes.