bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent trends for the management of hypertension in older adults in Latin America in the context of universal coverage: Evidence from Mexico
Authors: Arredondo Armando , Recamán Ana Lucia , Suarez‐Herrera José Carlos , Cuadra Silvia Magali 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTaking the Mexican case as a tracer of what is happening in Latin America on public health, we estimate the recent changes and challenges for the management of hypertension in older adults in the context of universal health coverage. The population base was 200, and 308 reported cases of older adults with hypertension. The cost‐evaluation method used was based on the instrumentation and consensus technique. Regarding epidemiological changes for 2016 versus 2018, there is an increase of 21% (CI: 95%, p < 0.001). Comparing the economic impact in 2016 versus 2018 (CI: 95%, p < 0.001), the increase is 33%. The total amount estimated for hypertension in 2018 (in US dollars) was $ 1,896,520,273. It includes $ 898,064,979 as direct costs and $ 998,455,294 as indirect costs. The recent trends show that the financial requirements for the coming years do not guarantee the effectiveness of the coverage rates required for the elderly. In terms of catastrophic expenditure, the challenge is not minor, the greatest economic burden is for the pocket of patients and their families.
γ‐d‐Glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid induces autophagy in bovine hepatocytes during nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 1‐mediated inflammation
Authors: Roy Animesh Chandra , Chang Guangjun , Roy Shipra , Ma Nana , Gao Qianyun , Shen Xiangzhen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAutophagy is a crucial cellular homeostatic process and an important part of the host defense system. Dysfunction in autophagy enhances tissue susceptibility to infection and multiple diseases. However, the role of nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in autophagy in bovine hepatocytes is not well known. Therefore, our aim was to study the contribution of NOD1 to autophagy during inflammation in response to a specific ligand γ‐d‐glutamyl‐meso‐diaminopimelic acid (iE‐DAP). To achieve this aim, hepatocytes separated from cows at ∼160 days in milk (DIM) were divided into six groups: the nontreated control (CON) group, the rapamycin‐treated (RAP) group as a positive control, the iE‐DAP‐treated (DAP) group, the 3‐MA‐treated (MA) group, the rapamycin with 3‐MA (RM) group, and the iE‐DAP with 3‐MA (DM) group. iE‐DAP administration significantly increased the mRNA expression of NOD1, ATG16L1, RIPK2, ULK1, AMBRA1, DFCP1, WIPI1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG10, ATG4A, IκBα, NF‐κB, CXCL1, IL‐8, and STAT6 and significantly decreased PIK3C3. The protein expression of NOD1, p‐IκBα, p‐NF‐κB/p‐p65, LC3‐II, ATG5, and beclin 1 were significantly upregulated and that of SQSTM1/p62, p‐mTOR, and FOXA2 were significantly downregulated in response to iE‐DAP. iE‐DAP also induced the formation of LC3‐GFP autophagic puncta in bovine hepatocytes. We also knocked down the NOD1 with siRNA. NOD1 silencing suppressed the autophagy and inflammation‐related genes and proteins. The application of the autophagy inhibitor increased the expression of inflammatory molecules and alleviated autophagy‐associated molecules. Taken together, these findings suggest that NOD1 is a key player for regulating both ATG16L1 and RIPK2‐ULK1 directed autophagy during inflammation in response to iE‐DAP in bovine hepatocytes.
Measurable reflection in simulation: A pilot study
Authors: Lundquist Lindsay L. , Bilich Lisa A. , Jackson Sarah C. , Stevens Kevin V. , Tipton Elizabeth J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeDebriefing is considered a cornerstone in the success of simulated learning practices. For debriefing to be productive and meaningful, reflection of the learners is essential. Measuring reflection during debriefing has proven to be difficult. This study aimed to validate a reflection rubric based on Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning and integrate the assessment tool into simulation debriefing practice.MethodsThis research was a non‐experimental mixed‐methods, sequential explanatory design. Validation for the rubric was accomplished by expert content review and an observation process. Students participated in a standardized patient simulation (SPS) portraying a patient with bipolar disorder. The SPS debriefings were recorded and thematically coded to determine the quality and level of reflection of the students according to the following rubric criteria based on Kolb's theory: (1) Concrete Experience, (2) Reflective Observation, (3) Abstract Conceptualism, and (4) Active Experimentation. A descriptive statistical analysis of student responses was applied.ResultsThe Debriefing Reflection Rubric was successful in determining the level of reflection in the dental hygiene students; further descriptive results were evaluated by a thematic analysis of student responses (N = 173). Student responses demonstrated reflective observations and concrete experiences (n = 112); however, dental hygiene students demonstrated limited responses (n = 61) to abstract conceptualism and connecting their experience to future goals and experimentation.ConclusionThe Debriefing Reflection Rubric, based on Kolb's Theory of Experiential Learning, was successful in measuring a learner's level and quality of reflection during a simulation debriefing.
A preclinical hybrid curriculum and its impact on dental student learning outcomes
Authors: Farah‐Franco Sandra Maurice , Hasel Robert , Tahir Analia , Chui Brian , Ywom James , Young Briana , Singh Menmeet , Turchi Scott , Pape Gary , Henson Bradley 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to measure how the implementation of an online, preclinical hybrid curriculum impacts dental student clinic readiness, the outcomes of grades, critical thinking skills, and student and faculty perceptions respectively.MethodsThis longitudinal comparative and descriptive study used objective data and subjective (survey) data for 4 dental class cohorts. Groups A and B experienced a traditional lecture‐based curriculum, while Groups C and D experienced a hybrid curriculum that was lecture‐free and implemented active learning. The Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT), an objective assessment, was used to measure students’ critical thinking skills.ResultsDental student outcomes have either remained steady or improved with the transition to a new hybrid curriculum. According to the student and faculty survey results, the hybrid curriculum promoted student learning, independence, critical thinking, initiative and self‐motivation, and clinic practice readiness. Group C (N = 68) Total Online Platform mean scores demonstrated a significant and moderately strong correlation with the preclinical course mean grades (r = 0.68, P = 0.00). Group D HSRT (n = 63) for Attempt 1 (end of year 1) and Attempt 2 (end of Year 2) paired T test resulted in HSRT Overall (mean difference = −2.27, SD = 7.21, t = −2.5, P = 0.02) for the second preclinical year.ConclusionThe hybrid curricular approach afforded many benefits. Faculty took an active role in imparting knowledge when compared to the lecture hall. Having students immersed in continual assessment through an online adaptive platform and active learning promoted self‐motivation, deeper learning, applied knowledge, and discouraged superficial memorization.
An innovative approach to assess comprehensive care: Temple University's patient wellness report
Authors: Tellez Marisol , Meraner Mark , Lim Sungwoo , Brandon Ryan , Ismail Amid 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposeThe transition from a paper‐based to an all‐electronic patient health record took a major step forward in 2018, with the implementation of an electronic health record that supports the School's patient‐centered comprehensive care model and facilitates outcomes assessment. The Patient Wellness Report (PWR) summarizes findings of the patient assessment, and it does so automatically by locating data already entered in axiUm forms. This study aimed to describe the PWR implementation procedures and to examine outcomes and characteristics among patients with completed treatment plans during an 18‐month period.MethodsOutcome data were extracted from axiUm for patients aged ≥16 years who completed comprehensive care treatment plans. Each PWR contained 14 metrics related to “dimensions” of wellness (quality of life, general health factors, oral hygiene, caries risk, and degree of periodontal inflammation and pocketing), each of which is rated on a 3‐point scale based on best available scientific evidence.ResultsA total of 2074 patients completed planned procedures between July 2018 and January 2020, and met the study eligibility criteria. Improvement of several conditions was observed between baseline and follow‐up in caries lesions (21%), blood pressure (9%), and periodontal pocket (3.2%). A majority of patients rated in good condition at baseline had their scores unchanged at follow‐up in the following areas: dental anxiety (92%), speaking (88%), smoking (87%), and alcohol consumption (79%).ConclusionImprovements in dental caries and blood pressure metrics were easily monitored using the PWR. In addition, disparities exist in improvement of patient outcomes by race/ethnicity.
Groundwater nitrogen and chloride following closure of an earthen manure storage in southern Alberta
Authors: Kohn Jacqueline , Iwanyshyn Mike , Olson Barry M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEarthen manure storage (EMS) facilities no longer in operation present a risk to the environment, and there is limited guidance to support the planning and implementation of EMS closures. A combined dairy and feedlot in southern Alberta, Canada, had an EMS in operation for about 55 yr. The dairy portion ceased operation in 2015, and the EMS was emptied; however, no specific steps for permanent closure to minimize possible contamination were followed. The objective of this study was to document changes in shallow groundwater quality following an EMS closure. This EMS was already instrumented to assess its effect on the groundwater quality as part of a long‐term study prior to closure. Eight groundwater monitoring wells were installed 2–38 m from the EMS in up‐ and downgradient positions in 2010 and 2011. Groundwater samples were collected about three times annually prior to and for 4 yr after the EMS closure and were analyzed for NO3–N, NH3–N, and Cl−. Wells screened at more than 8 m deep were not affected by the EMS prior to or after closure. However, in shallower wells, groundwater NO3–N concentration increased to a maximum 3 yr after closure (in 2018) and then decreased afterward. In a shallow well 40 m downgradient from the EMS, the NO3–N concentrations decreased from 31 mg L−1 in 2015 to 5 mg L−1 in 2019, and the Cl− concentration decreased from 64 to 53 mg L−1, suggesting the contamination plume had dispersed. However, the EMS was still a source of contamination because high concentrations of NO3–N (0.05–40 mg L−1) and Cl− (43–862 mg L−1) were present in wells adjacent to the EMS 4 yr after closure.
miR‐150‐mediated increase in glucose uptake in HIV‐infected cells
Authors: Dubey Ravi C. , Alam Nazmir B. , Gaur Ritu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReplication of HIV‐1 inside host cells is dependent on both viral and host factors. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that regulate protein synthesis. MicroRNAs may control viral replication either by directly targeting the viral genome or indirectly through cellular proteins that are required during the viral lifecycle. HIV infection may, in turn, regulate host microRNA expression to facilitate its propagation inside cells. miR‐150 has been reported to be an essential factor involved in T‐cell activation and may serve as a biomarker for HIV disease progression. The current study provides valuable insights into the role of miR‐150 in HIV infection. We quantified miR‐150 expression in HIV‐infected Jurkat cells and observed a time‐dependent increase in the expression of miR‐150. In addition, HIV infection led to an enhanced influx of glucose inside the infected cells, which further increased on overexpression of miR‐150. The increased uptake of glucose was due to miR‐150‐mediated increase in expression of glucose transporter‐1 (GLUT1). In an attempt to decipher the mechanism, we identified that HIV Tat protein enhanced the expression of miR‐150 which then upregulated GLUT1 in HIV‐infected cells. In summary, this study sheds light on the role of miR‐150 in HIV infection and paves the way for miR‐150 as a novel therapeutic target against HIV‐1.
Assessing trends in atmospheric circulation patterns across North America
Authors: Smith Erik T. , Obarein Omon , Sheridan Scott C. , Lee Cameron C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCirculation patterns (CPs) are discrete categorizations of spatial fields of atmospheric conditions, often used to examine the interaction between the overlying atmosphere and surface weather. Examining changes in the frequency of these atmospheric CPs may therefore help us better understand the relationship between a changing climate and the occurrence of extreme weather events. In this study, we use self‐organized maps to classify CPs from 500 mb geopotential heights (500z) and mean sea‐level pressure (MSLP) for five regions across North America, using two different reanalysis datasets. Trends in CPs (from 1979 to 2018) from both the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and the recently released ERA5 datasets are compared using a new method in which the CPs from the ERA5 dataset are based on the principal components of the NARR data. This results in a more direct comparison between the CPs of each dataset. z500 CP trends were generally larger than the MSLP CP trends and the NARR CP trends were generally larger than the ERA5 CP trends. Furthermore, the most extreme summer‐dominant CPs were found to have increased significantly over the 40‐year study period in all five regions for both the NARR and ERA5 CPs.
Spatial and temporal variability of rainfall over the Republic of Djibouti from 1946 to 2017
Authors: Assowe Dabar Omar , Camberlin Pierre , Pohl Benjamin , Mohamed Waberi Moussa , Osman Awaleh Mohamed , Silah‐Eddine Sajed 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFor the first time, the spatial and temporal variability of rainfall in the Republic of Djibouti is investigated using data from 14 weather stations over the period 1946–2017. Due to limited data availability, high‐resolution long‐term satellite rainfall products (CHIRPS, PERSIANN‐CDR, TAMSATv3, ARC2) and ERA5 reanalysis also contribute to document time–space rainfall variability at monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Principal component analysis identifies two spatially coherent regions of rainfall variability in the east (coastal zone) and the west (inland zone) of the country. Annual rainfall amounts are everywhere very low (60–300 mm), but with contrasted regimes. At seasonal scale, the highest rainfall amounts in the eastern part of the country are found between October–December (OND) and March–May (MAM), while July–September is the wettest season in the western part. The monthly rainfall regimes are relatively well reproduced by most products. ERA5 displays the highest monthly correlations with observations, followed by PERSIANN‐CDR and CHIRPS. Trend analysis since 1983 shows a significant decrease of rainfall during MAM which is in agreement with other parts of East Africa. On the other hand, nonsignificant decreasing trends are observed in January–February (JF) and OND. Only June–September (JJAS) revealed a nonsignificant increasing trend, but it follows a prior drying trend since the 1950s. The impact of large‐scale background climate on rainfall variability is assessed with focus given on El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Rainfall variability during OND shows a significant correlation with IOD, while in JJAS it is significantly negatively correlated with ENSO. In general, ERA5, CHIRPS and PERSIANN datasets are best able to reproduce rainfall patterns in Djibouti and suitable for further analysis. The fact that the interannual and decadal‐scale rainfall variations in Djibouti show large‐scale teleconnections with global sea‐surface temperature fields, as demonstrated in this study, provides good prospects for the prediction of rainfall variations at a range of different temporal scales.
A loop‐shaped minimally invasive brush for improved cytology sampling of pancreatic cysts during EUS‐FNA
Authors: Marques Filipe , Baldaque‐Silva Francisco , van der Wijngaart Wouter , Arnelo Urban , Roxhed Niclas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related deaths in the West and has a 5‐year survival rate of only 2%–9%. Pancreatic cystic lesions are precursors of pancreatic cancers and a prime target for early diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) enables collection of cystic fluid aiming for the diagnosis of malign and premalign cysts. However, this fluid is acellular or paucicellular in 20% of cases, hampering a proper diagnosis. Here, we introduce a minimally invasive Nitinol brush that can be operated through the 413 µm lumen of a 22G FNA needle. During operation, the brush is rotated against the inner wall of the cyst, removing cells and dispersing them in the cystic fluid, where they can be aspirated through the needle. We demonstrate the brush function using three models. An in vitro cyst model was used to visualize the brushing procedure and the mechanical interaction between the brush and the wall of a spherical cavity. Ex vivo porcine intestine and bovine ovary cyst models were used to demonstrate how brushing increases the number of harvested cells with more than one order of magnitude. These results indicate the potential of cystic brushing for the minimally invasive early diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
The role of long noncoding RNA in lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism and treatment of obesity syndrome
Authors: Lu Qirong , Guo Pu , Liu Aimei , Ares Irma , Martínez‐Larrañaga María‐Rosa , Wang Xu , Anadón Arturo , Martínez María‐Aránzazu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObesity syndromes, characterized by abnormal lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism, are detrimental to human health and cause many diseases, including obesity and type II diabetes. Increasing evidence has shown that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into proteins, play an important role in regulating abnormal metabolism in obesity syndromes. For the first time, we systematically summarize how lncRNA is involved in complex obesity metabolic syndromes, including the regulation of lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. Moreover, we discuss lncRNA involvement in food intake that mediates obesity syndromes. Furthermore, this review might shed new light on a lncRNA‐based strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity syndromes. Recent investigations support that lncRNA is a novel molecular target of obesity syndromes and should be emphasized. Namely, lncRNA plays a crucial role in the development of obesity syndrome process. Various lncRNAs are involved in the process of lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism by regulating gene transcription, signaling pathway, and epigenetic modification of metabolism‐related genes, proteins, and enzymes. Food intake could also induce abnormal expression of lncRNA associated with obesity syndrome, especially high‐fat diet. Notably, some nanomolecules and natural extracts may target lncRNAs, associated with obesity syndrome, as a potential treatment for obesity syndromes.
Risks of feature leakage and sample size dependencies in deep feature extraction for breast mass classification
Authors: Samala Ravi K. , Chan Heang‐Ping , Hadjiiski Lubomir , Helvie Mark A. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTransfer learning is commonly used in deep learning for medical imaging to alleviate the problem of limited available data. In this work, we studied the risk of feature leakage and its dependence on sample size when using pretrained deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) as feature extractor for classification breast masses in mammography.MethodsFeature leakage occurs when the training set is used for feature selection and classifier modeling while the cost function is guided by the validation performance or informed by the test performance. The high‐dimensional feature space extracted from pretrained DCNN suffers from the curse of dimensionality; feature subsets that can provide excessively optimistic performance can be found for the validation set or test set if the latter is allowed for unlimited reuse during algorithm development. We designed a simulation study to examine feature leakage when using DCNN as feature extractor for mass classification in mammography. Four thousand five hundred and seventy‐seven unique mass lesions were partitioned by patient into three sets: 3222 for training, 508 for validation, and 847 for independent testing. Three pretrained DCNNs, AlexNet, GoogLeNet, and VGG16, were first compared using a training set in fourfold cross validation and one was selected as the feature extractor. To assess generalization errors, the independent test set was sequestered as truly unseen cases. A training set of a range of sizes from 10% to 75% was simulated by random drawing from the available training set in addition to 100% of the training set. Three commonly used feature classifiers, the linear discriminant, the support vector machine, and the random forest were evaluated. A sequential feature selection method was used to find feature subsets that could achieve high classification performance in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the validation set. The extent of feature leakage and the impact of training set size were analyzed by comparison to the performance in the unseen test set.ResultsAll three classifiers showed large generalization error between the validation set and the independent sequestered test set at all sample sizes. The generalization error decreased as the sample size increased. At 100% of the sample size, one classifier achieved an AUC as high as 0.91 on the validation set while the corresponding performance on the unseen test set only reached an AUC of 0.72.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that large generalization errors can occur in AI tools due to feature leakage. Without evaluation on unseen test cases, optimistically biased performance may be reported inadvertently, and can lead to unrealistic expectations and reduce confidence for clinical implementation.
Liquid dewetting of ultrathin polystyrene films: Is there a molecular architecture effect?
Authors: Tata James R. , Torres Arellano Astrid K. , McKenna Gregory B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe have used a liquid dewetting method to investigate the glass transition temperature Tg of high molecular weight linear, long branched 3‐arm star, and short branched 8‐arm star polystyrene (PS) in the form of ultrathin films. The results of these dewetting experiments are consistent with prior studies of dewetting of linear PS films and show that, independent of molecular architecture, the glass transition temperature Tg reductions with decreasing film thickness, while important below about 20 nm, are weaker than those observed for linear PS supported on a rigid substrate and as well as those observed in freely standing films. The lack of a strong molecular architecture effect on the Tg‐reductions is consistent with the Tg reductions for the dewetting from a liquid substrate reflects changes in segmental dynamics upon confinement rather than chain effects. This contrasts with changes, including increases seen in dewetting from a rigid substrate, for different molecular architectures reported in the literature.