bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and Temporal Influence of Rainfall on Crustal Pore Pressure Changes Based on Seismic Velocity Monitoring
Authors: Andajani Rezkia Dewi , Tsuji Takeshi , Snieder Roel , Ikeda Tatsunori 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Crustal pore pressure, which controls the activities of earthquakes and volcanoes, varies in response to rainfall. The status of pore pressure can be inferred from observed changes in seismic velocity. This study investigated the response of crustal pore pressure to rainfall in southwestern Japan based on time series of seismic velocity derived from ambient noise seismic interferometry. Considering the area heterogeneity, rainfall and seismic velocityobtained at each location were directly compared.We used a band-pass filter to distinguish the rainfall variability from sea level and atmospheric pressure, and then calculated the cross-correlation between rainfall and variations in S-wave velocity (Vs).A strong and mostly negative correlation between rainfall and Vs changes indicates variations in pore pressure (affecting Vs) in the deep formation due to groundwater level fluctuation. The results differ in each location, where most of the observation stations with clear negative cross-correlations were located in areas of granite. On the other hand, we could not observe clear correlations in steep mountain area, maybe because water flows through river without percolation.This finding suggests that geographical features contribute to the effect of rainfall in deep formation pore pressure. The time lag between rainfall and Vs variation constrains the permeability of the near-surface lithology, and hence the mechanism of infiltration, through the relationship of permeability to percolation rate. These analyses explain how fluctuations in the water table cause variations in pore pressure beneath confined formations with low permeability. In areas with high permeability, water percolates deeper and with longer time lags, demonstrating that lithology contributes to pore pressure changes associated with rainfall. Bylinking the variations in seismic velocity and crustal pore pressure spatially, this study shows that seismic monitoring may be useful in evaluating earthquake triggering processes or volcanic activity.
Immune cell confrontation in the papillary thyroid carcinoma microenvironment
Authors: Xie Zhenyu , Li Xin , He Yuzhen , Wu Song , Wang Shiyue , Sun Jianjian , He Yuchen , Lun Yu , Zhang Jian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is classified as an inflammation-driven cancer. A systematic understanding of immune cell infiltration in PTC is essential for subsequent immune research and new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Methods

Three different algorithms, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA), immune cell marker and CIBERSORT, were used to evaluate the immune cell infiltration levels (abundance and proportion) in 10 data sets (The Cancer Genome Atlas [TCGA], GSE3467, GSE3678, GSE5364, GSE27155, GSE33630, GSE50901, GSE53157, GSE58545, and GSE60542; a total of 799 PTC and 194 normal thyroid samples). Consensus unsupervised clustering divided PTC patients into low-immunity and high-immunity groups. Weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were used to analyze the potential mechanisms that cause differences in the immune response.
Results

Compared with normal tissues, PTC tissues had a higher overall immune level, and the M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells (DCs), mast cells (MCs), and M0 macrophages had higher abundances and proportions in PTC tissues. Compared with early PTC, advanced PTC had higher immune infiltration, and M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages had higher abundances and proportions in advanced PTC. Compared to the low-immunity group patients, the high-immunity group patients presented with a more advanced stage, a larger tumor size, greater lymph node metastasis, higher tall-cell PTC, lower follicular PTC proportions, more BRAF mutations and fewer RAS mutations. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was the most significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway for key module genes.
Conclusions

In human PTC, M2 macrophages, Tregs, monocytes, neutrophils, DCs, MCs, and M0 macrophages played a tumor-promoting role, while M1 macrophages, CD8 + T cells, B cells, NK cells, and T follicular helper (TFH) cells (including eosinophils, γδ T cells, and Th17 cells, with weak supporting evidence) played an antitumor role. During the occurrence and development of PTC, the overall immune level was increased, and the abundance and proportion of tumor-promoting immune cells were significantly increased, indicating that immune escape had aggravated. Finally, we speculate that EBV may play an important role in changing the immune microenvironment of PTC tumors.
Diagnostic accuracy estimates for COVID-19 RT-PCR and Lateral flow immunoassay tests with Bayesian latent class models
Authors: Kostoulas Polychronis , Eusebi Paolo , Hartnack Sonja 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work was to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of RT-PCR and Lateral flow immunoassay tests (LFIA) for COVID-19, depending on the time post symptom onset. Based on the cross-classified results of RT-PCR and LFIA, we used Bayesian latent class models (BLCMs), which do not require a gold standard for the evaluation of diagnostics. Data were extracted from studies that evaluated LFIA (IgG and/or IgM) assays using RT-PCR as the reference method. The cross-classified results of LFIA and RT-PCR were analysed separately for the first, second and third week post symptom onset. The SeRT-PCR was 0.695 (95% probability intervals: 0.563; 0.837) for the first week and remained similar for the second and the third week. The SeIgG/M was 0.318 (0.229; 0.416) for the first week and increased steadily. It was 0.755 (0.673; 0.829) and 0.927 (0.881; 0.965) for the second and third week, respectively. Both tests had a high to absolute Sp, with point median estimates for SpRT-PCR being consistently higher. SpRT-PCR was 0.990 (0.980; 0.998) for the first week. The corresponding value for SpIgG/M was 0.962 (0.905; 0.998). Further, Sp estimates for each test did not differ between weeks. BLCMs provide a valid and efficient alternative for evaluating the rapidly evolving diagnostics for COVID-19, under various clinical settings and for different risk profiles.
The Psychological State and Changes in the Routine of the Patients with Rheumatic Diseases during the First Month of the Lockdown of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak in Turkey
Authors: Seyahi Emire , Poyraz Burc Cagri , Sut Necdet , Akdogan Selma , Hamuryudan Vedat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective: We hypothesized that patients with rheumatic diseases (RD) would have increased psychological distress during the COVID-19 outbreak; therefore assessed their psychological symptoms and changes in their routine. Methods: A web-based study was conducted in a cross-sectional design in 3 groups of participants: 1. patients with RD, 2. hospital workers and 3. high-school teachers/non-medical academic staff. Psychiatric status was evaluated using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale-Revised scale.Results: We studied 771 patients with RD, 535 hospital workers, and 917 teachers/academic staff. Most of the patients with RD were unwilling to go to the hospital (86 %) while 22 % discontinued their medications (78%). Biological DMARDS were the most frequent drugs whose doses were altered. Only 4 % were willing to take hydroxychloroquine for protection. Moreover, the frequency of anxiety (20%), depression (43%) and post-traumatic stress (28%) among patients with RD were found to be comparable to that among the teachers/academic staff (23%, 43% and 29%, respectively), whereas significantly less than that among the hospital workers (40%, 62% and 46%, respectively) (p<0.0001). Female gender, over social media exposure, comorbid disease, or a psychiatric disorder were found to be independently associated with psychiatric symptoms in total study population. Conclusions: The majority of the patients were unwilling to attend outpatient visits and one fifth skipped or stopped their immunosuppressive agents. Psychiatric symptoms in patient’s and teacher’s populations were of considerable clinical concern, despite being significantly lower than that observed among the hospital workers.
Cross-sectional study on awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 among senior pharmacy students.
Authors: Hamza Marwa Samir , Badary Osama Ahmed , Elmazar Mohamed Mohey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Extraordinary actions have been implemented in an effort to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in Egypt. People’s adherence to control measures is influenced by their knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the disease. Therefore, in the present study we assessed pharmacy senior students’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the COVID-19 pandemic. An online questionnaire was created and it consisted of 12 questions testing their knowledge about COVID-19nclinical characteristics, transmission routes and prevention and control steps. Among senior pharmacy students (n=238), 70% were females and 63% were living in greater Cairo. Their main source of information included social media (70%), published articles (48%) and television (48%). The overall correct knowledge score was 83%. Most of the students displayed a good COVID-19 knowledge level (72.5% of the students). The students were least informed when trying to answer questions about hyper-coagulation, as a major cause for death in patients with severe COVID-19, and about the timings on the necessity to wear masks practice. Assessment of students’ attitudes and practices towards COVID-19 reflected that 87% of them were confident that health care teams and scientists could win the fight against the virus. In addition, 72% of students agreed that COVID-19 will be controlled successfully. The greater the students’ knowledge, the more confident they felt that COVID-19 will be controlled successfully (OR = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-4.72). Good behavioral practice towards COVID-19 control was confirmed when 87% of students answered that they didn’t go out to any crowded place. Females were 3.6 times (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–3.11) more likely to avoid going out than males. Bad behavioral practice became evident when approximately 50% of students admitted that they did not wear masks when they left their house. Therefore, more efforts should be taken to protect future pharmacists from this pandemic.
fragile équilibre des intérêts locaux et nationaux dans l'interprétation de la compétence fédérale sur l'aéronautique: l'exemple du parachutisme
Authors: Robitaille David 
Published: June 2020

Au cœur du régime fédéral canadien et de l’interprétation qu’en font les tribunaux, se trouve la recherche d’un équilibre entre les intérêts locaux et les intérêts nationaux. Cette tâche n’est pas aisée, mais est essentielle afi n de préserver la capacité des autorités locales à gouverner en fonction des intérêts, des préoccupations et des besoins particuliers de leurs citoyens, tout en permettant l’intervention nécessaire du Parlement sur les enjeux qui concernent le pays dans son ensemble.
La compétence fédérale sur l’aéronautique illustre clairement la complexité à tracer la ligne entre les intérêts locaux et les intérêts nationaux. Les tribunaux canadiens ont de la diffi culté à ménager les compétences locales en ce domaine et semblent au contraire considérer l’aéronautique comme une « super » compétence, ne laissant qu’une marge de manœuvre très étroite aux autorités locales en matière d’aménagement durable et sécuritaire du territoire. Or, contrairement à ce que semblent parfois percevoir les tribunaux, ce n’est pas pour mettre arbitrairement des bâtons dans les roues des entreprises ou des activités fédérales que des municipalités refusent parfois que ces dernières s’implantent sur une portion spécifi que du territoire ou exigent le respect de normes en matière de gestion du risque. L’objectif phare étant de répondre aux préoccupations légitimes de citoyens inquiets, telles que le bruit accru, le saccage de milieux humides à grande valeur environnementale, la pollution de l’air qu’ils respirent et de l’eau qu’ils boivent, et du développement inconséquent du territoire1.
Les municipalités ne peuvent pas adopter de règlements qui régissent directement ou concernent l’aéronautique par leur caractère véritable, sans quoi ils seraient déclarés inconstitutionnels. Les règlements municipaux d’application générale qui concernent l’aménagement du territoire ainsi que l’environnement, la santé et la sécurité des citoyens peuvent toutefois s’appliquer aux activités aéronautiques. Par contre, ces règlements ne doivent pas entraver le cœur ou les aspects essentiels de cette compétence fédérale, ni être en confl it avec la réglementation fédérale.
Le plus récent arrêt de la Cour d’appel du Québec sur la question, Procureure générale du Québec c. Leclerc2, montre bien la diffi culté qu’ont les municipalités à faire respecter leurs compétences en matière d’aéronautique. Cette aff aire, dont la Cour suprême a refusé l’autorisation de pourvoi3, mettait en cause l’applicabilité constitutionnelle du Règlement sur le zonage et le lotissement (« Règlement sur le zonage ») et du Règlement sur les permis et les certifi cats (« Règlement sur les permis ») de la Ville de Lévis à l’égard d’activités commerciales et sportives de parachutisme ayant cours en zone agricole. Seule la doctrine de l’exclusivité des compétences fut soulevée en première instance par la défenderesse, Albertine Leclerc, à l’encontre des constats d’infraction qui avaient été émis par la Ville4.
Introduction: Symbolic Politics, Constitutional Consequences*
Authors: Kate Bezanson and Alison Braley-Rattai  
Published: June 2020

Free expression that leads to the vibrant exchange of ideas is thought to be the very lifeblood of a democratic society. It appears self-evident that campuses, where even the most resolute ‘truths’ not only may but even should be examined and re-examined, are the nucleus of such a society. Despite this, campus speech has become a flashpoint for competing — some would say irreconcilable — demands. On the one hand is the view that some speech should not be tolerated in an environment that must embrace diversity that is also a hallmark of our advanced liberal democracy, and which should aim for the equality of its members. Per this argument, some members of the university community are treated unequally when speech that tends to reinforce their marginalization as members of a sub-dominant group is permitted. This view may also extend to pedagogical practice, and so we might identify the debate as to whether certain words are ipso facto impermissible, regardless of their intended purpose.2

*The phrase “symbolic politics” is drawn from Stephen Newman’s article (this issue).**Dr. Kate Bezanson is Associate Professor of Sociology and Associate Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Brock University. Dr. Alison Braley-Rattai is Assistant Professor of Labour Studies at Brock University. Both hold LLMs (in Constitutional and Labour Law respectively) from Osgoode Hall’s Professional Development Program. The guest editors for this issue wish to thank the authors whose work appears in this issue, as well as Patricia Paradis, the Forum’s editor, the Forum’s copy editors, and footnote editors.2 Randall Kennedy, “How a Dispute Over the N-Word Became a Dispiriting Farce” (8 February 2019),online: The Chronicle of Higher Education <www.chronicle.com/article/How-a-Dispute-Over-the-NWord/245655> [perma.cc/HR2L-8EAV].
Un-Chartered Waters: Ontario’s Campus Speech Directive and the Intersections of Academic Freedom, Expressive Freedom, and Institutional Autonomy
Authors: Alison Braley-Rattai and Kate Bezanson*  
Published: June 2020

In August 2018, the Ford Government in Ontario introduced a ‘Directive’ entitled “Upholding Free Speech on Ontario’s University and College Campuses” (the Directive).1 The Directive required all publicly supported universities and colleges2 in Ontario to create a free speech policy by January 1st 2019 that applies to “faculty, students, staff, management and guests,” and includes a) a definition of free speech, and b) reference to various “principles” of free speech similar to those elucidated by the University of Chicago (Chicago Principles).3 According to the Directive, speech that is otherwise illegal is not permitted. Illegal speech includes hate speech and uttering threats that are proscribed by Canada’s Criminal Code,4 defamatory speech which can give rise to both criminal5 and civil6 actions, as well as workplace harassment.7

* Dr. Alison Braley-Rattai is Assistant Professor of Labour Studies at Brock University. Dr. Kate Bezanson is Associate Professor of Sociology and Associate Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Brock University.
1 Ministry of Training, Colleges, and Universities, “Upholding Free Speech on Ontario’s University and College Campuses” (30 August 2018) online: Government of Ontario Newsroom <https://news.ontario.ca/ opo/en/2018/08/ontario-protects-free-speech-on-campuses.html> [perma.cc/7VXR-K4RB] [Directive].2 This piece is only concerned about the university sector. There are noteworthy differences between colleges and universities with regard to topics discussed in this piece that are unexplored here.3 The Committee on Freedom of Expression, “Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression” (2014) online (pdf): University of Chicago <provost.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/documents/reports/FOECommitteeReport.pdf> [perma.cc/LAA4-RW43].4 Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 319(1).5 Ibid, ss 297-304.6 Libel and Slander Act, RSO 1990, c L.12.7 Occupational Health and Safety Act, RSO 1990, c O.1; Human Rights Code, RSO 1990, c H.19.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Drug Prescription for Oral Mucosal Lesions in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Dr.Horiyah Aleybani  , Dr.Alanood Alzogibi  , Dr.Kumar Chandan Srivastava  , Deepti Shrivastava  , Dr.Khalid Aljohani  
Published: June 2020

Oral mucosal diseases are common in routine dental practices and significantly influence patients’ quality of life. Dental students should be aware about the management of oral mucosal diseases as well as the major oral diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis. This study aimed to evaluate, attitudes and practices of dental students regarding management of certain oral mucosal conditions. This is a cross sectional KAP study conducted among dental students in Saudi Arabia. Inclusion criteria were students in 4th academic year or higher, since these students should study the pharmacological courses starting from the 4th academic year. The sample included 300 students to whom questionnaires were distributed. Chi-square test of homogeneity was used to detect significant differences in students’ knowledge, attitudes and practices based on students’ characteristics. The level of knowledge about the studied oral mucosal diseases was high in 62.7% of dental students, while only 2% had low level of knowledge. The attitude of the students was good in 48%, however 11.7% had poor attitude towards drug prescription of the medications for theses oral mucosal diseases. The practices of the dental students in prescription of medications during their clinical training were good in 16%, while it was poor in 31% of dental students. The knowledge regarding drug prescription for oral mucosal drugs were high among the majority of dental students, however the prescription practices were poor when compare to the level of knowledge.
Preliminary Protein Profiling of Sodium Fluoride treated Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus salivarius
Authors: Sandhyapriya Parthasaradhi  , Chenchu Lakshmi Kandati  , Jasti Pramoda Kumari  
Published: June 2020

Sodium fluoride is a trace element required for human beings to prevent early dental disorders and to meet body’s minimum Fluoride levels. It is signified as a nutritional supplement for the prevention of dental caries in children of areas with inadequate Fluoride concentration in the drinking water. When Fluoride concentration exceeds required levels in the body, it commences bacteriostatic activity against beneficial flora in the gastrointestinal tract. Two such commonly affected organisms are L. acidophilus and L. salivarius. These are probiotic organisms that help to maintain immunogenic gut against several pathogenic organisms. In our previous study, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and growth dynamics were assessed on L. acidophilus and L. salivarius, in the presence of different Sodium fluoride concentrations. L. acidophilus and L. salivarius were observed to be inhibited at 20 mM and 40 mM Sodium fluoride concentrations respectively. These inhibitory concentrations were selected for further analysis. The proteins were isolated from such Sodium fluoride treated and untreated cells, the protein concentration was estimated by Bradford assay and protein profiling was done by 1D Gel Electrophoresis. The protein concentration is found to be higher in Sodium fluoride untreated organisms and below 3 kDa proteins of Sodium fluoride treated samples. Whereas low protein concentration was observed in the above 3 kDa protein samples (L.acidophilus treated protein sample above 3 kDa and L.salivarius treated protein sample above 3 kDa) of fluoride treated organisms. L. acidophilus and L. salivarius showed difference in protein expression under fluoride stress. Protein expression is high in L. salivarius than L. acidophilus. This is an indication that these strains have different capabilities for adapting to varying environmental conditions. we conclude that there is no impact on below 3 kDa protein samples in Sodium fluoride treated organisms and impact was there on the above 3 Kda proteins which are inhibited.
Application Of Liquid Chromatography With Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method For Quantification Of Safinamide In Invitro Samples
Authors: Mohan Rao Tammisetty  , Balasekhara Reddy Challa  , Srinivasa Babu Puttagunta  
Published: June 2020

Safinamide is a novel drug with both dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic effects, approved first by the European Commission and more recently by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as an adjunctive treatment to carbidopa/levodopa in patients with mid- to late-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD) and motor fluctuations. The validated analytical method was applied for the estimation of Safinamide in aqueous solution and human plasma with Safinamide-D4 as an internal standard by using UPLC-MS/MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved with 0.1% formic acid solution: Methanol, 30:70% v/v using CORTECS C18 with 100 x 4.6, 2.7 µ. The total analysis time was 4 min, and the flow rate set to 0.8 mL/min. The mass transitions of Safinamide and Safinamide-D4 obtained were m/z 303.3 and 215.2 and 307.3 and 215.2. The standard curve shows a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.998 with a range of 113.0-338.0 pg/mL using the linear regression model. The method has shown good reproducibility, as intra- and interday precisions were within 10% and accuracies were within 8% of nominal values for both analytes. The method was successfully applied for the forced degradation studies at various stress conditions.