bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relating social networks, ecological health, and reservoir basin governance
Authors: Trebitz Karen I. , Wulfhorst J.D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Columbia River Basin is a complex social‐ecological system, spanning political, legal, socio‐economic, geographic, and biophysical boundaries. Outreach to others in social networks develops fundamental communications needed for sustainable collaborations in adaptive management. However, operationalizing and comparing measures of social processes and outcome success in biophysical indicators remains challenging for resource managers. Using survey‐based research, we examined the interactions for water resource governance of five Columbia River reservoir basins in the northwestern US and Canada: Lakes Chelan, Roosevelt, Pend Oreille, Koocanusa, and člq'etkw (Flathead). Respondents included: water resource professionals working for Tribes/First Nations, federal, state, or provincial departments in water quality and/or fisheries, and people who engage in the networks on behalf of area businesses, government offices, public services, non‐profit organizations, and other entities. Perceived social process metrics in these governance networks included the levels of collaboration and inclusiveness, common goals, common strategies, identifying issues, implementing action, and the adequacy of available scientific data. We evaluated social measures relative to participant‐reported changes in physical lake health indicators. Qualitative data‐enhanced understanding of basin‐specific differences. Correlations of social by ecological measures varied widely between basins. Even moderate to strong functionality parameters did not scale well from individual to cross‐basin levels, as many correlations vanished with data aggregated. However, data analysis at the basin scale revealed important variability across the region in scope and governance functionality. Process indicators such as identifying issues and implementing action yielded stronger relationships for 10‐year horizons than for 2 years, reflecting the lag‐time in resource action.
Core–Shell FeSe2/C Nanostructures Embedded in a Carbon Framework as a Free Standing Anode for a Sodium Ion Battery
Authors: Yousaf Muhammad , Wang Zhipeng , Wang Yunsong , Chen Yijun , Ali Usman , Maqbool Muhammad , Imran Ali , Mahmood Nasir , Gao Peng , Han Ray P. S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEmbedding the functional nanostructures into a lightweight nanocarbon framework is very promising for developing high performance advanced electrodes for rechargeable batteries. Here, to realize workable capacity, core–shell (FeSe2/C) nanostructures are embedded into carbon nanotube (CNT) framework via a facile wet‐chemistry approach accompanied by thermally induced selenization. The CNT framework offers 3D continuous routes for electronic/ionic transfer, while macropores provide adequate space for high mass loading of FeSe2/C. However, the carbon shell not only creates a solid electronic link among CNTs and FeSe2 but also improves the diffusivity of sodium ions into FeSe2, as well as acts as a buffer cushion to accommodate the volume variations. These unique structural features of CNT/FeSe2/C make it an excellent host for sodium storage with a capacity retention of 546 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles at 100 mA g−1. Moreover, areal and volumetric capacities of 5.06 mAh cm−2 and 158 mAh cm−3 are also achieved at high mass loading 16.9 mg cm−2, respectively. The high performance of multi‐benefited engineered structure makes it a potential candidate for secondary ion batteries, while its easy synthesis makes it extendable to further complex structures with other morphologies (such as nanorods, nanowires, etc.) to meet the high energy demands.
Ostwald Ripening Tailoring Hierarchically Porous Na3V2(PO4)2O2F Hollow Nanospheres for Superior High‐Rate and Ultrastable Sodium Ion Storage
Authors: Zhao Lina , Rong Xiaohui , Niu Yaoshen , Xu Rui , Zhang Teng , Li Tao , Yu Yan , Hou Yanglong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are receiving considerable attention as economic candidates for large‐scale energy storage applications. Na3V2(PO4)2O2F (NVPF) is intensively regarded as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs, due to its high energy density, fast ionic conduction, and robust Na+‐super‐ionic conductor (NASICON) framework. However, poor rate capability ascribed to the intrinsically low electronic conductivity severely hinders their practical applications. Here, high‐rate and highly reversible Na+ storage in NVPF is realized by optimizing nanostructure and rational porosity construction. Hierarchical porous NVPF hollow nanospheres are designed to modify the issues of inconvenient electrolyte transportation and unfavorable charge transfer behavior faced by solid‐structured electrode materials. The individual unique nanosphere is assembled from numerous nanoparticles, which shortens the length of Na+ transport in solid state and thus facilites the Na+ migration. Hollow nanostructure hierarchically porous configuration enables adequate electrolyte penetration, continuous electrolyte supplementation, and facile electrolyte transportation, leading to barrier‐free Na+/e− diffusion and high‐rate cycling. In addition, the large electrolyte accessible surface area boosts the charge transfer in the whole electrode. Therefore, the present NVPF demonstrates unprecedented rate capability (85.4 mAh g−1 at 50 C) and long‐term cyclability (62.2% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 20 C).
Strategies to Develop Earth‐Abundant Heterogeneous Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts for pH‐Neutral or pH‐Near‐Neutral Electrolytes
Authors: Dong Yan , Komarneni Sridhar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck of water splitting to produce hydrogen due to its sluggish kinetics. In order to lower the energy cost, highly active and cost‐efficient OER catalysts need to be used to overcome the OER reaction barrier, especially in neutral pH. Compared to alkaline or acidic electrolytes, pH‐neutral or pH‐near‐neutral electrolytes are considered to be cheaper and safer, and water from rivers and the sea could be used directly under such conditions. However, OER under neutral pH is challenging compared to the OER catalysts for alkaline conditions. Therefore, OER catalysts for neutral or near‐neutral pH have not been pursued significantly and, hence, there are limited advances in this area. Here, the progress made in the research and development of earth‐abundant heterogeneous catalysts for OER in three pH‐neutral or pH‐near‐neutral systems, namely, the phosphate system, the carbonate system, and the borate system, are systematically reviewed and summarized for the first time. Strategies to develop high‐performance OER catalysts for neutral pH are reviewed and summarized. In addition, future challenges and opportunities in this field are discussed, which may shed some light on the future developments of earth‐abundant heterogeneous catalysts for OER in neutral or near‐neutral pH.
Providing a sustainable sonographer workforce in Australia: Clinical training solutions
Authors: McGregor Rod , Pollard Karen , Davidson Rob , Moss Cameron 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionAt present, sonography in Australia is experiencing a workforce shortage and increasing demand for services. This shortage has been linked to a lack of clinical placements for sonography students, creating a need to develop solutions to the paucity of training opportunities.MethodsA three‐round ranking‐type Delphi analysis in conjunction with thematic analysis was used to develop and rank a list of potential solutions to the shortage of clinical placements. Participants were recruited purposively based on their roles in the field of sonography that involved management of students in clinical placements.ResultsIn total, 32 potential solutions were developed based on thematic analysis of open‐ended questionnaires completed by participants. Of which, 13 were deemed essential and ranked from most to least important.DiscussionThe potential solutions developed in the present study has implications for how sonography services, governing bodies and universities could overcome barriers to providing clinical placements. The highest ranked solution among participants was support from management to employ student sonographers, with the remaining solutions primarily pertaining to assistance in structuring and financing placements, and further support from higher education institutions. It was recommended that future research focus on structuring and financing placements.
A Hirnantian holdover from the Late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia
Authors: Cole Selina R. , Ausich William I. , Wilson Mark A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRelatively few Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) crinoids are known, and none has been previously described from the palaeocontinent of Baltica. This has impaired our ability to understand the patterns of extinction and biogeographic dispersal surrounding the Late Ordovician mass extinction, which triggered a major turnover in crinoid faunas. Here, we describe Tallinnicrinus toomae gen. et sp. nov., an anthracocrinid diplobathrid from the Hirnantian of northern Estonia. Tallinnicrinus is the youngest member of the Anthracocrinidae and the first representative of the family to occur in Baltica. Morphologically, Tallinnicrinus is unusual in that the radial and basal plates are in a single circlet of 10 plates, similar to the anthracocrinid Rheocrinus Haugh, 1979 from the Katian of Laurentia. Phylogenetic analysis further confirms a close relationship between Tallinnicrinus and Laurentian anthracocrinids, suggesting biogeographic dispersal of the lineage from Laurentia to Baltica during the late Katian or early Hirnantian. The occurrence of this new taxon establishes that the family Anthracocrinidae survived the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. However, the lineage remained a ‘dead clade walking’ because it failed to diversify in the wake of the end‐Katian extinction and ultimately went extinct itself by the end of the Ordovician.
Effect of Peroxide on Compatibility, Microstructure, Rheology, Crystallization, and Mechanical Properties of PBS/Waxy Starch Composites
Authors: Yan Yue , Dou Qiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolybutylene succinate (PBS)/waxy starch (WS)/dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) bio‐composites are prepared via one‐step blending in an internal mixer. The results of scanning electron microscopy, polarized light microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analyses, rheological tests, contact angle measurements, thermogravimetric analyses, and Soxhlet extraction experiments show that a crosslinked graft copolymer (WS‐g‐PBS) is produced with the aid of BPO during melt blending, resulting in improved compatibility between PBS and WS. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction indicate that WS‐g‐PBS affects both the crystallization and melting processes. However, the crystal form of PBS is not modified by adding WS and BPO. The mechanical properties of the composites increase significantly with the addition of BPO.
Anatomy of the Aqueous Outflow Drainage Pathways
Authors: Lam Kay , Lawlor Mitchell 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) has been central to glaucoma care for over a century. Minimally invasive glaucoma surgical (MIGS) devices are able to exploit different aspects of aqueous outflow to reduce IOP. Increasing aqueous humour outflow may be achieved either through facilitating the existing pathways of Schlemm’s canal and the suprachoroidal space or to bypass the normal angle anatomy to create a full thickness fistula into the subconjunctival space. A complete understanding of angle anatomy and outflow pathways is important to develop new treatment strategies, improve current ones and better target the right operation for particular glaucoma subtypes.
Scalar anomaly cancellation reveals the hidden superalgebraic structure of the quantum chiral SU(2/1) model of leptons and quarks
Authors: Thierry-Mieg Jean 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
At the classical level, the SU(2/1) superalgebra offers a natural description of the elementary particles: leptons and quarks massless states, graded by their chirality, fit the smallest irreducible representations of SU(2/1). Our new proposition is to pair the left/right space-time chirality with the superalgebra chirality and to study the model at the one-loop quantum level. If, despite the fact that they are non-Hermitian, we use the odd matrices of SU(2/1) to minimally couple an oriented complex Higgs scalar field to the chiral Fermions, novel anomalies occur. They affect the scalar propagators and vertices. However, these undesired new terms cancel out, together with the Adler-Bell-Jackiw vector anomalies, because the quarks compensate the leptons. The unexpected and striking consequence is that the scalar propagator must be normalized using the anti-symmetric super-Killing metric and the scalar-vector vertex must use the symmetric d_aij structure constants of the superalgebra. Despite this extraordinary structure, the resulting Lagrangian is actually Hermitian.
Spectral Properties of Schrödinger Operators Associated with Almost Minimal Substitution Systems
Authors: Eichinger Benjamin , Gohlke Philipp 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe study the spectral properties of ergodic Schrödinger operators that are associated with a certain family of non-primitive substitutions on a binary alphabet. The corresponding subshifts provide examples of dynamical systems that go beyond minimality, unique ergodicity and linear complexity. In some parameter region, we are naturally in the setting of an infinite ergodic measure. The almost sure spectrum is singular and contains an interval. We show that under certain conditions, eigenvalues can appear. Some criteria for the exclusion of eigenvalues are fully characterized, including the existence of strongly palindromic sequences. Many of our structural insights rely on return word decompositions in the context of non-uniformly recurrent sequences. We introduce an associated induced system that is conjugate to an odometer.
Impact of a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme on children’s independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits: a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Duijster Denise , Buxton Helen , Benzian Habib , Dimaisip-Nabuab Jed , Monse Bella , Volgenant Catherine , Dreibelbis Robert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo explore whether a school-based water, sanitation and hygiene programme, which includes group hygiene activities, contributes to the formation of independent handwashing and toothbrushing habits among Filipino children.MethodsIn this cluster-randomised trial, twenty primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention or control arm. Intervention schools received group handwashing facilities and implemented daily group handwashing and toothbrushing activities. A soap use to toilet event ratio was calculated to measure children’s independent handwashing behaviour after toilet use, and dental plaque accumulation on Monday morning was measured as a proxy indicator for children’s independent toothbrushing behaviour at home.ResultsFour months after implementation, handwashing and toothbrushing behaviours did not significantly differ between intervention and control schools. The mean soap use in intervention schools and control schools was 0.41 g and 0.30 g per toilet event, respectively (p = 0.637). Compared to baseline, mean plaque scores reduced by 4.2% and 3.5% in intervention and control schools, respectively (p = 0.857).ConclusionsAlthough health benefits have been established, school-based group handwashing and toothbrushing may not be sufficient to increase children’s uptake of independent hygiene behaviours.
Corona bei Kindern: Die Co-Ki Studie
Authors: Schwarz Silke , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Krafft Hanno , Maurer Tobias , Steuber Christian , Reckert Till , Fischbach Thomas , Martin David 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In Deutschland werden über 80 % der Kinder und Jugendlichen von niedergelassenen Kinder- und Jugendärztinnen und -ärzten (KJÄ) betreut. Diese haben eine spezifische Perspektive auf die COVID-19-Pandemie.

Methode
Zentrale Onlineerfassung von Fallzahlen, individuellen Fallbeschreibungen und Beobachtungen zu Infektion und Erkrankung mit SARS-CoV‑2 (www.co-ki.de).

Ergebnisse
An der Fallzahlerfassung beteiligten sich bisher 557 KJÄ. Diese betreuen ca. 670.000 Kinder. Sie meldeten 9803 Kinder, die als Verdachtsfälle vorgestellt wurden. Die KJÄ selber hatten einen klinischen Verdacht auf SARS-CoV-2-Infektion bei 3654 Kindern. Bei 7707 Kindern wurden PCR-Testungen mittels Nasen‑/Rachenabstrich durchgeführt, von denen 198 Abstriche (2,6 %) positiv ausfielen. Zudem wurden 731 Kinder auf SARS-CoV-2-Antikörper getestet, mit einem Nachweis in 82 Fällen (11,2 %). Trotz initial positivem PCR-Test hatten 47 Kinder mindestens 2 Wochen danach einen negativen Antikörpertest. Die Abfrage nach Ansteckung eines Erwachsenen durch ein Kind ergab nur einen einzigen mutmaßlichen, nach telefonischer Rückfrage unwahrscheinlichen, Verdachtsfall.

Diskussion
Aus ambulant-pädiatrischer Sicht sind COVID-19-Erkrankungen bei Kindern sehr selten. In unserem Kollektiv fand sich kein überzeugender Hinweis, dass Kinder eine relevante Infektionsquelle für SARS-CoV‑2 darstellen oder dass Kinder relevant gefährdet wären.
The role of dendritic cells for therapy of B-cell lymphoma with immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Scheuerpflug Anne , Ahmetlić Fatima , Bauer Vera , Riedel Tanja , Röcken Martin , Mocikat Ralph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImmune checkpoint blocking (ICB) is a promising new tool of cancer treatment. Yet, the underlying therapeutic mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs) for the therapeutic effect of ICB in a λ-MYC-transgenic mouse model of endogenously arising B-cell lymphoma. The growth of these tumors can be effectively delayed by antibodies against CTLA-4 and PD-1. Tumor-infiltrating DCs from mice having received therapy showed an upregulation of costimulatory molecules as well as an augmented IL-12/IL-10 ratio as compared to untreated controls. Both alterations seemed to be induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is upregulated in T cells and natural killer cells upon ICB. Furthermore, the enhanced IL-12/IL-10 ratio, which favors Th1-prone antitumor T-cell responses, was a consequence of direct interaction of ICB antibodies with DCs. Importantly, the capability of tumor-infiltrating DCs of stimulating peptide-specific or allogeneic T-cell responses in vitro was improved when DCs were derived from ICB-treated mice. The data indicate that ICB therapy is not only effective by directly activating T cells, but also by triggering a complex network, in which DCs play a pivotal role at the interface between innate and adaptive antitumor responses.
The influence of social-grouping on territorial defense behavior in the black-crested titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus)
Authors: Borger Mirjam J. , Johnson Lauren E. , Salazar Nathaly O. , Dreghorn Cameron L. , Komdeur Jan , Murphy Troy G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStatus signals have evolved for individuals to avoid energetic and physical costs of resource defense. These signals reflect an individual’s competitive ability and therefore influence competitors’ decisions on how to invest in a fight. We hypothesized that the response of receivers to status signals will depend on the social context. During territorial defense, group members may provide support to a territory owner by participating in defense. We investigated whether the presence of juveniles—who group together with territorial males—alters the territorial male’s attack decisions and level of aggression in the black-crested titmouse (Baeolophus atricristatus). Crest-length in this species functions as status signal. We simultaneously presented two taxidermic male models in a territory: one with an unmanipulated crest and one with a modified shortened crest. Models were presented to males that had resident juveniles cohabiting on their territory, and to males without juveniles. During intrusions, juveniles actively defended against the simulated intruders by approaching and sometimes attacking. The presence of juveniles affected how territorial males responded to the status signals of the intruders: when juveniles were present, males were more likely to first attack the model with the unmanipulated crest (i.e., longer, and more threatening), compared to males residing without juveniles. This suggests that juvenile support alters the risk-taking decision of the territorial male. To our knowledge, this is the first indication that behavioral responses to a status signal depends on the presence of supportive group members.Significance statementStatus signals can indicate relative quality of animals and can therefore be used to evaluate a competitor when deciding whether or not to fight over resources. The black-crested titmouse has been shown to use its crest length as a status signal during fights over food. In our study, we assessed if this status signal is also used in territorial defense, by conducting an experiment where we presented two taxidermic male models with different crest sizes to a territorial male. We also investigated whether juvenile presence influenced which model was attacked. In trials where juveniles were present, territorial males attacked the longer crested model significantly more often than in trials where territorial males were alone. This suggests that the presence of juveniles, which help the male defend the territory, allows the male to attack the more aggressive-appearing intruder.
Digital Variance Angiography in Lower-Limb Angiography with Metal Implants
Authors: Bastian M. B. , König A. M. , Viniol S. , Gyánó M. , Szöllősi D. , Góg I. , Kiss J. P. , Osvath S. , Szigeti K. , Mahnken A. H. , Thomas R. P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The presence of metal implants may reduce angiographic image quality due to automated beam adjustments. Digital variance angiography (DVA) is reported to be superior to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) with increased contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and better image quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether DVA could counterbalance the image quality impairment of lower-limb angiographies with metal implants.

Materials and Methods
From November 2019 to January 2020, 85 raw lower-limb iodine contrast angiograms of 12 patients with metal implants were processed retrospectively with DVA analyses. For objective comparison, CNR of DSA and DVA images was calculated and the ratio CNRDVA/CNRDSA was determined. Visual image quality was evaluated in a paired comparison and by a five-grade Likert scale by three experienced radiologists.

Results
The CNR was calculated and compared in 1252 regions of interest in 37 image pairs containing metal implants. The median ratio of CNRDVA/CNRDSA was 1.84 with an interquartile range of 1.35–2.32. Paired comparison resulted in 84.5% in favour of DVA with an interrater agreement of 83.2% (Fleiss κ 0.454, p < 0.001). The overall image quality scores for DSA and DVA were 3.64 ± 0.08 and 4.43 ± 0.06, respectively (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) with consistently higher individual ratings for DVA.

Conclusion
Our small-sample pilot study shows that DVA provides significantly improved image quality in lower-limb angiography with metal implants, compared to DSA imaging. The improved CNR suggest that this approach could reduce radiation exposure for lower-limb angiography with metal implants.

Level of Evidence
Level 4, case studies