bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Lettered Revolution
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In 1780 the comunero political philosophy of popular sovereignty spread across the viceroyalties of Peru and Rio de la Plata, leading to popular uprisings beginning in indigenous towns, led by cabildo members whose first targets were caciques. Comuneros from different towns, realizing their common goals, joined together, exchanging ideas at multi-town saints’ festivals, and through the mails in rebels’ holographic letters, signed “común.” Caciques fought alongside Spaniards to help defeat the comuneros and claimed royal rewards for their efforts. Some comuneros supported the idea of an Inca as a legitimate American king, while maintaining their ideas of town-based self-rule. A few Creoles joined the fight in order to drive out peninsular Spaniards. Misinterpreting the town-based dynamics of this revolutionary moment, official accounts by Spanish bureaucrats emphasized the leadership of Tupac Amaru, or Tupac Catari, or Tomás Catari, and blamed fiscal abuse from corrupt priests, corregidores, or caciques as the cause.
The Resilience of the Común and Its Legacy
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Although colonial Spanish- and Republican-era governments tried to undercut comuneros’ political philosophy of popular sovereignty, the común has persevered. Racist conclusions about Indians tarred comuneros as backward and pre-modern. To “modernize” them, comuneros’ lands were privatized and auctioned off, and laws officially eliminated ayllus. Comuneros gained the right to vote with the 1952 Bolivian revolution, many moved to cities, but most failed to prosper economically. They were officially “campesinos,” or peasants—a euphemism for race. Late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century anthropologists’ ethnographies show that reducción towns and annexes still exist, and the cabildo and civil-religious hierarchy still function. In 2005 Evo Morales, a self-identified Aymara, was elected president of Bolivia with comunero support. Bolivia’s 2009 constitution incorporates Aymara ideas of gender complementarity, gave legal personhood to Pachamama (Mother Earth), promotes collectivities as ethically superior to capitalist individualism, and recognizes legal pluralism. Many of these ideas echo the late colonial comuneros.
The Multiple Geographies of War Captivity
Authors: Morieux Renaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 proposes to define prisoners of war as forced migrants. Although the notions of circulation and imprisonment seem antithetical, this chapter posits that spatial displacements were at the heart of the experience of war imprisonment. It is often forgotten that prisoners of war, by definition, moved, and that this mobility was systemic. For anyone captured at sea, phases of detention on land alternated with internment on anchored or moving ships. The circulations of prisoners of war within, between, and across empires are all part of the same system. By comparing metropolitan, Atlantic, and Caribbean mobility, the shared features of the eighteenth-century state, at home and in the colonies, are highlighted. The prisoners’ strategies to play the system are, it is argued, a side-effect of the limitations of the reach of the state.
Age-structured models: Short-term transient dynamics
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Linear age-structured models eventually grow geometrically, and reach a stable age distribution (as in Chapter 3). This chapter describes what happens before “eventually.” That is, it describes the short-term, “transient” dynamics that occur when a population is perturbed, then begins to return to its stable distribution. Transients involve eigenvalues other than the largest (real) one, so the chapter begins by showing how complex eigenvalues can produce population cycles. It then addresses factors that make transients shorter or longer. In some cases, frequent environmental disturbances may prevent populations from ever reaching equilibrium. That scenario can be described by switching from linear models to linearized models varying about an equilibrium. The chapter describes temporal characteristics of that variability (such as time scales and frequencies), which require new tools: Fourier transforms and wavelets. These reveal how age-structured populations are more sensitive to certain environmental frequencies than to others, a phenomenon termed cohort resonance.
Age-structured models with density-dependent recruitment
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines age-structured models with density-dependent recruitment. In particular, it focuses on populations with over-compensatory density dependence, such as may occur due to cannibalism or some types of space competition. When the slope (at the equilibrium point) of the relationship between egg production and subsequent recruitment is declining in an over-compensatory way, the population may exhibit unstable limit cycles with period twice the generation time (2T). These cycles occur when that slope is steeply negative and the spawning age distribution has a high mean and low width. These results are applied to study the behavior of cycles in the U.S. west coast Dungeness crab fishery, variability in populations of an intertidal barnacle, and cycles in populations of a pest, the flour beetle. Additionally, it is shown how single-sex harvesting and compensatory growth affect population cycles and equilibria.
Thinking about populations
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes some general ways of thinking about population dynamics as a coherent body of interrelated advances in understanding, as developed in the first eleven chapters. The first generality is that understanding population dynamics depends on the concept of a state variable. It also underscores that dynamics depend on time delays, thus on age, even though demographic rates may ultimately depend more on size than age. Replacement plays a general role in dynamics, influencing both behavior at equilibrium and the time scales at which populations respond to environmental variability. Replacement even retains its importance in spatial models, where it is related to the same replacement threshold as in non-spatial models. Additionally, the way in which the distribution of reproduction (i.e. replacement) over age “filters” environmental variability influences extinction probabilities. The chapter closes by discussing how lessons from this book will guide conservation and management in a changing climate.
Black but Human
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
I address the origins of the proverb ‘Black but Human’ that emerged from the Afro-Hispanic oral tradition and the ways in which colour and social status are compounded. There is documentary evidence that the word ‘black’ was used as a mark of the inferior social condition of slaves and that it designated a diversity of ethnic backgrounds that included people with contradictory colour classifications. I am concerned with the Afro-Hispanic beliefs that are embodied in this proverb and are conveyed in the recently discovered black carols, written by Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves in the Spanish black confraternities, later reappropriated by Hispanic white writers. These work songs centre on the assertion that Africans are human in spite of their legally enforced status as commodified objects with no rights. They focus on the association between being human and the possession of a soul that becomes white as the result of baptism.
Visual Culture and Slavery
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
I discuss the semiotic control imposed on the production of religious depictions after the Council of Trent (1563), achieved by the decree on sacred images and the monitoring of art production by a censor appointed by the Inquisition. I map out the visual discourses that offer representations of blackness, slavery and human diversity and I concentrate on ‘Black Sainthood’ promoted in black confraternities: Baltasar in the Adoration of the Magi, Benedict of Palermo from Sicily, Iphigenia, and Elesbaan from Ethiopia. I reveal the prohibition to members of the oldest black confraternity of participation in public processions and I provide the legal case against them. I consider the eighteenth-century legend of the miraculous blackening of the face of the sculpture of St Francis of Paula in La Habana, in Cuba, as a sign of support to the black brothers after the institution had been taken over by the white nobility.
Props and Costume
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
I discuss the stereotypical sixteenth-century image of slaves in chains produced by Northern European artists in Spain. This traditional iconography has no resonance in topographic views and landscapes by Spanish artists. I focus on the ways that the View of Seville drawing (1573) by Joris Hoefnagel articulates the institutionalization of the local Spanish and transatlantic slave trades and I construct an account of the material culture of slavery based on archival sources and legal discussions. I also lay out Juan Fragoso’s set of recommendations for assessing the economic value of slaves at auction in his Universal Surgery. I address the ways in which the drawings of chained slaves (1529) by Christopher Weiditz represent the traditional iconography of Afro-Hispanic slave labourers and as symbolizing the black resistance forged in their confraternities against their subjugation. These forms of resistance are confirmed by Pedro de León’s experience at the royal prison of Seville.
Commodification
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
I explore the depiction of the Miracle of the Black Leg by Saints Cosmas and Damian. This narrates the miraculous cure of a white verger with a diseased leg after the grafting of a leg from a dead African man onto his amputated stump. I show how the Greek, Latin and Catalan legends of this miracle give rise to different conceptions of the black subject defined either as a ‘Moor’ or as an ‘Ethiopian’ and I look at the violent sixteenth-century image of the mutilated African man, worked up by Isidro de Villoldo in Valladolid (1547) and the ways in which it was interpreted by other sculptors in Castile, and show how it drastically departs from the original literary and visual sources examined. I believe that there is a reference to the mutilation of limbs or ears suffered by fugitive slaves and I construct an account of the treatment of slaves.
The Image of Freedom
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
I discuss the shift from an hegemonic view of Afro-Hispanic slaves and ex-slaves to the articulation of the emergence of the slave ‘subject’ and the ‘emancipatory subject’ by concentrating on both; the only extant seventeenth-century portrait of an Afro-Hispanic slave subject, Juan de Pareja (1649) by his master, Diego Velázquez, made before Velázquez emancipated Pareja in Rome (1650), and on the articulation of the freed subject in Pareja’s self-portrait, in his painting The Calling of St Matthew (1661). I deal with how Velázquez’s portrait provides the form by which Pareja fashions his Europeanized self-portrait to signify his freedom and I explore the ways its iconography embodies extant discourses on diversity and slavery: Pareja’s attachment both to the collective Christian African past, and to his present with the experience of black communities, where the ‘Black but Human’ topos emerged. I also provide an account of Pareja’s career as an independent artist.
The Self-Memory System Revisited
Authors: Conway Martin A. , Justice Lucy V. , D’Argembeau Arnaud 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The self-memory system model of autobiographical memory has been highly influential in providing a framework in which to locate a wide range of research findings from neuropsychology, psychological illness, behavioral findings, to attachment and personality research. Here the authors update the model and clarify some common misunderstandings. They review the extensive and relatively recent findings from neuroimaging studies that have provided a striking brain basis for the model, update neuropsychological findings, and develop the model to apply to future thinking. Finally, they delineate a small set of fundamental problems suggested by these developments of the model.
Development and Organization of Autobiographical Memory Form and Function
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Waters Theodore E. A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Autobiographical memory defines who we are in relationship to others in the world. In addition to providing critical information to direct our behavior in adaptive ways, autobiographical memory functions to create a coherent and continuous sense of self and relationships over time, and thus autobiographical memory includes multiple temporal horizons. This chapter demonstrates that these different temporal horizons develop at different rates across childhood and are socially scaffolded in their forms through sharing memories with others. Even early in development, children recall both specific episodes and recurring scripted events in coherent, but differentiated ways, suggesting that children may be using them for different functions. Episodic representations are used to define self and regulate emotions, whereas scripted representations are used to direct behavior. By adulthood, autobiographical memory has developed into a complex interplay among episodes, recurring events, and extended events, and preliminary evidence suggests that adults may use different autobiographical forms for different functions. This approach to examining autobiographical memory as it develops along multiple temporal horizons and serves multiple functions indicates the need to expand our theoretical understanding of the organization of autobiographical memory.
Form Follows Function
Authors: Bluck Susan , Alea Nicole , Mroz Emily L. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
From an ecological perspective, understanding the form, the structure, of autobiographical memory requires examining the functions it serves in human life. The chapter begins with a review of the distant and then the more recent history of the functional perspective on autobiographical memory. That done, the bulk of the chapter addresses current controversies that arise when taking a functional approach. These include: (1) defining basic functions versus reasons for, or uses of, remembering, (2) considering whether there is one fundamental function, and, in contrast, (3) identifying possible candidates above and beyond the three broad functions commonly seen in the literature (i.e., self, social, directive). The functional approach to autobiographical memory continues to provide an important alternative, or complement, to mechanistic views of human remembering.
History and Practice of Collaboration in Armed Conflict
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the historical and contemporary practice of collaboration during times of armed conflict. Key illustrative examples are provided of the principal forms of cooperation with an adversary, namely informing, fighting with enemy forces, and bureaucratic collaboration, as well as other forms of aiding the enemy. With regard to informing, consideration is given to the significance placed on intelligence in warfare and to military doctrine addressing the recruitment and use of informers. The practice of non-state armed groups is also considered in this chapter. The various rationales behind the use of informers collaborators are explored, as are the diverse motivations of those who engage in wartime collaboration. This chapter aims to provide the conceptual and factual foundation for the detailed legal analysis that follows in the subsequent chapters.
Individual Status under International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Darcy Shane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines issues regarding status, beginning with civilian informers as spies, before turning to those that might join or fight alongside an enemy’s armed forces or provide other forms of assistance, such as interpreters. The chapter considers the issue of direct participation in hostilities as well as the concept of protected persons under the Fourth Geneva Convention, the nationality requirement of which may preclude the treaty’s full application to local civilian informers working for an occupying power in occupied territory. The chapter finally examines the question of prisoner of war status for members of the armed forces who may have cooperated with an adversary, including by joining the forces of the other side.
Religion
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the role of Christianity in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British conceptions of Europe. Geography books are often explicitly worshipful texts: they celebrate divine creation and employ Christianity as a lens to interpret the whole world. But they also use the religion to argue for Europe’s unique superiority. Furthermore, Christianity is said to be evidence of European unity, even though denominational differences simultaneously present the continent as irreparably fragmented. In analysing Europe, geographical works grapple with theological questions, especially regarding divine and human agency.
Field quantization
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Field or second quantization is carried through for electromagnetism, giving creation and annihilation operators for photons. Vacuum energy arises from field fluctuations, which causes the Casimir force and the Lamb shift of spectral lines. The connection between absorption, spontaneous emission and the stimulated emission of radiation is shown to emerge naturally. This yields Einstein’s equations for radiation in thermal equilibrium. The prerequisites for lasing, the operation and the properties of lasers are described. Fully coherent (Laser) states are expressed in terms of Fock states. The first and second order coherence of lasers and thermal sources are worked out. The Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment is described and the application of the principle to determining stellar sizes and interaction regions in particle collisions from meson correlations are described.
Innovation in Style
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
While Harrington is best known as a political writer, he began his career as a poet. Chapter 8 argues that he never gave up his literary interests, that his political and literary writings were intertwined, and that his substantive arguments were reflected in the vocabulary and form of his works. Harrington coined new words or adapted old ones to reflect the revolutionary changes of the time. Both his hybrid constitutional vocabulary and Oceana’s composite form can be read as an embodiment of the combination of ancient, English, and modern practices that made up his system, and as a reflection of the idea that his model constitution would reconcile royalists and parliamentarians. Concerned that people find it difficult to understand written constitutional models, Harrington experimented with fiction, dialogue, and visualization to spark his audience’s imagination so that they could ‘experience’, and therefore come to understand and appreciate, his political model.
Controversies Concerning Politics
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Political debate was particularly important to Harrington. He not only advocated it in his political model but also used his writings to provoke it, believing that debate would bring positive benefits for society. Chapter 9 explores how Harrington provoked debate, before examining his engagement with royalist, republican, and Leveller opponents. While his debates with royalists tended to focus on the respective merits of monarchy and popular government, his disagreements with republicans were more wide-ranging. Although in agreement on the need to protect civil and ecclesiastical liberty, republicans disagreed fundamentally over how to do so. Harrington placed emphasis on good laws and institutions, where his opponents insisted on the need to be ruled by good men. As a result, Harrington offered a more inclusive definition of the citizen body, was more willing to accept virtuous behaviour rather than genuine virtue, and rejected godly rule.
Controversies Concerning Religion
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Harrington very deliberately engaged in a number of high-profile religious debates during the late 1650s in order to defend and advance the vision of a civil religion that was central to his account of an equal commonwealth as set out in Oceana. Alongside debates concerning the nature of the commonwealth of Israel discussed previously, Harrington engaged in religious controversies over ordination within the early church and the proper relationship between church and state, clergy and laity. This last debate even led him to coin the modern meaning of the term ‘priestcraft’. His position in these debates paralleled and interacted with his engagement in political and historical issues. Once more he offered a distinctive ‘middle way’, this time balancing Erastianism and the establishment of a national church with liberty of conscience, and his commitment to popular government or democracy was again crucial.
Controversies About Philosophy
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 12 argues that Harrington’s natural philosophy was fundamental to his political philosophy and underpinned his entire programme. Harrington opposed the mechanical understanding of politics and interventionist account of religion advanced by Oxford mathematicians such as John Wilkins. Instead he emphasized the connections between the individual, the state or body politic, and the universe. All three comprised material and philosophical (human and divine) elements. Harrington’s concerns with the foundations and superstructure of the state and with the military, political, and religious aspects of citizenship were born of this view. Understanding these philosophical foundations, and seeing the parallels that Harrington drew between his own ‘political anatomy’ and William Harvey’s work, helps to make sense of the ideas set out in The Mechanics of Nature and the account of Harrington’s illness offered by Aubrey, as well as underlining the unity and cohesion of his thought.
Concepts of Elementary Particle Physics
Authors: Peskin Michael E. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This is a textbook of elementary particle physics whose goal is to explain the Standard Model of particle interactions. Part I introduces the basic concepts governing high-energy particle physics: elements of relativity and quantum field theory, the quark model of hadrons, methods for detection and measurement of elementary particles, methods for calculating predictions for observable quantitites. Part II builds up our understanding of the strong interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of Quantum Chromodynamics and its application to the description of evetns at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Part III build up our understanding of the weak interaction from the key experiments to the formulation of spontaneously broken gauge theories. It then describes the tests and extensions of this theory, including the precision study of the W and Z bosons, CP violation, neutrino mass, and the Higgs boson.