bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a Deep Learning Sound Classification System for a Smart Farming
Authors: Kudin Oleksii , Kryvokhata Anastasiia , Gorbenko Vitaliy Ivanovich 
Published: May 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) are a promising technologies for automation in the different domains e.g. Smart Farming. Such systems could be used for determining noise emission, animal detection and classification, monitoring states of bees in beehive and etc. As rule the characteristics of that systems are some controversial: compactness (deploying on the single-board computers) and real time classification and prediction. Therefore, the software for IoT and ML applications should be sufficiently efficient and not demanding on large computing resources. This work are focused on machine hearing system allows to classify natural sounds in the Smart Farming software application.
The original acoustic signal is converted to the frames of a certain length. Receiving a compact representation of the acoustic characteristics of a signal is the aim of the feature extraction stage. This stage exploits special coefficients such as Zero-crossing rate, Spectrum shape, Short-Time Fourier Transform and Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients. Audio classification traditionally involves such machine learning methods as K-means, support vector machine (SVM), decision trees etc. Deep neural networks can be used on both raw acoustic signal and features extracted from it. The accuracy estimation stage deploys quality assessment methods.
The data preprocessing stage includes calculating of mel frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) for the giving sound files. This approach allows to unify and simplify the sound files presentation in the memory. Further MFCC arrays are feeding to the convolutional neural net. It is important at this stage to configure the network optimally for the most compact storage. This is due to the need to use platforms such as Raspberry Pi to deploying neural network.
For neural network software implementation Python library Keras is used. For data preprocessing Python library Librosa is used. The hyperparameters of the neural network have been defined in computational experiments and the optimal combination is two Conv2D layers and three Dense layers.
The accuracy of model predictions for each class has been examined by using a confusion matrix and the satisfactory classification accuracy has been defined.
It has been established the convolutional neural network ensemble built to solve the problem of acoustic data classification is quite effective. The accuracy of the model on the test data is 95%. It should be noted that the neural network structure with only two packets of convolution-activation-sub-sampling layers was sufficient to solve this problem. The system can be used in Smart Farming applications to filter out unnecessary sounds.
1-Amino 2-Naphthol Modified Solvent Filled Carbon Nanotubes for Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing of Bioanalytes
Authors: Gurusamy Tamilselvi , Ramanujam Kothandaraman 
Published: May 2020

Our research interest is mainly on developing cost-effective electrochemical sensors for bioanalytes sensing. For example, bioanlytes such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid present together in human body poses challenge for selective sensing of one over other. As these molecules play a vital role in controlling the body’s metabolism, it is paramount to develop a sensor tool with high sensitivity towards these bioanlytes for diagnosing diseases, including AIDS, Parkinsonism, etc. Development of fast and reliable methods for sensing these biomolecules is of considerable importance in offering rapid diagnosis.1–3 In the present experimental work, it is shown for the first time that liquid-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) exhibit remarkably enhanced characteristics for sensor applications, the detection threshold being lowered by as much as an order of magnitude, while detection sensitivity is doubled for a number of molecules including ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid. 1H NMR relaxometry at a moderately low field, i.e., 14.6 MHz (0.34 T), confirms that the improved sensor characteristics are correlated with the filling of MWCNTs with solvents such as acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide, etc. The molecular motions are slowed down when solvent molecules fill MWCNTs, thus increasing motional correlation times, and hence, longitudinal relaxation rate increases under extreme narrowing conditions. The filling of MWCNTs appears to relate to solvent-CNT interactions that are in line with the principle of hard and soft acids and bases, and also correlates with solvent dipole moments.4 We have further enhanced the detection limit and selectivity towards ascorbic acid by modifying the MWCNTs surface with amino naphthol.

References

1. K. Iriyama, M. Yoshiura, T. Iwamoto, and Y. Ozaki, Anal. Biochem., 141, 238–243 (1984).
2. L. Jothi, S. Neogi, S. kumar Jaganathan, and G. Nageswaran, Biosens. Bioelectron., 105, 236–242 (2018).
3. M. Jahan, Z. Liu, and K. P. Loh, Adv. Funct. Mater., 23, 5363–5372 (2013).
4. T. Gurusamy, A. Banerjee, N. Chandrakumar, and K. Ramanujam, J. Electrochem. Soc., 166, B1186–B1195 (2019).

Figure 1
Electrochemistry of Neuronal Tau Protein
Authors: Martic Sanela 
Published: May 2020

Tau protein is critical for normal brain function but then it undergoes modification it is prone to aggregation into cytotoxic species which lead to diseases [1]. Hence, tau is a druggable target, as well as the biomarker of neurodegenerative disease. We reported on the detection of tau modification, specifically phosphorylation, and its inhibition by antibodies by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) [2]. In addition, the EIS was utilized to monitor binding interactions between large molecules, such as heparin, ferritin and transferrin to tau protein [3]. Tau protein biomarker detection was also achieved by using the same method. Currently, we are exploring tau protein self-assembly towards developing electrochemical assay for detection of early onset of tau pathology. Electrochemical assay for tau protein would allow for early detection and diagnosis of diseases, as well as drug inhibitor screening against neurodegenerations.
References:
1. Lasagna-Reeves, C.A., Castillo-Carranza, D.L., Sengupta, U., Sarmiento, J., Troncoso,J., Jackson, G. R., Kayed, R. Identification of oligomers at early stages of tau aggregation in Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J., 2011, 26, 1946-1959.
2. Esteves, J.O.V., Martic-Milne, S. Electrochemical detection of anti-tau antibodies binding to tau protein and inhibition of GSK-3-β-catalyzed phosphorylation, Anal. Biochem. 2016, 496, 55-62.
3. Jahshan, A., Esteves, J.O.V., Martic-Milne, S. Evaluation of ferritin and transferrin binding to tau protein, J. Inorg. Biochem. 2016, 162, 127-134.
High Sensitivity Sensor for C-Reactive Protein Detections
Authors: Kutova Oksana , Dusheiko Mykhailo , Skryshevsky Valeriy A , Xu Guobao 
Published: May 2020

Among the various type of sensor strucrures, cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various methods based on ion sensitive field effect transistors (ISFET) in combination with modern low-dimensional systems are very popular. ISFET sensors show a high signal-to-noise ratio, high measurement speed, compactness and portability. This work is dedicated to development sensor to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) based on ISFET. CRP - inflammatory protein that dramatically increases during the inflammatoryduring inflammatory.
For the first time, a multilayer structure for the C-reactive protein detection was proposed, using a sensor based on the CeO2 ISFET as a sudgate dielectric and n-type field-effect transistor as a platform. For this sensor, the limit of detection at 0.1 mg/L and the sensitivity at 290 mV/(mg/L) were established. For this analysis should be only 20 μl of the reagent and about 1 min of time was needed. The developed sensor showed good stability in work for 30 days. Another interesting feature of this sensor was observed. It can work not just with standard test kits, but also in real human blood serum. The response of the sensor on real blood serum samples was just 18% less than the results from the calibrations antigen CRP concentrations for the standard test kit at the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
To increase the sensitivity the additional buffer layer - melanin was used. Such layer increased the sensor sensitivity by almost 61%.
To get good and stable results the experiment was carried out at the stable ambient conditions: temperature ~ 20°C and at the same level of illumination (put sensor in dark box).
The performance of the biosensor is influenced not just by the antibody concentration and also by the incubation time of CRP. During incubation, the antigen antigen-antibody complex is formed. It takes some time to get this complex on the sensor working surface. With an increasing incubation time, the current response decreases and stabilizes after ~0.5 hourds. To obtain the optimal current response the incubations time of 30 min was found.
In conclusion, such results of CRP sensor based on ISFET with CeO2 as gate dielectric are the basis for using this sensor in real clinical trials, particularly for screening trials.

Figure 1
(Invited) Barcode-Based Biorecognition for Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Biosensing
Authors: Soleymani Leyla , Pandey Richa , Traynor Sarah , Victorious Amanda Pansy , Saha Sudip 
Published: May 2020

Biosensors are devices that combine biorecognition with signal transduction to analyze biologically-relevant targets. In order for these devices to be used in disease management, clinical decision making, and health monitoring, they must deliver sufficient sensitivity, specificity, and speed at the point-of-care and rely on minimal sample processing. This work is focused on developing integrated biorecognition and signal transduction strategies for enhancing the performance metrics of biosensors.
Barcode-based biorecognition systems translate analyte capture to the release of specific signal transducing barcodes. We have focused on developing barcode-based systems that are compatible with photoelectrochemical and electrochemical readout for targeting proteins and nucleic acids. These systems translate molecular recognition elements using functional nucleic acids and antibody-DNA complexes for releasing an electroactive or a photoelectrochemical barcode. We have combined these barcode-based systems with nanostructured electrochemical transducers for increased signal-to-noise-ratio and sensitivity.
By combining barcode-based biorecognition with electrochemical readout, we have developed handheld biosensors for clinical analysis of urinary tract infections. We have also used these strategies for detecting prostate cancer biomarkers. Integration of barcode-based biorecognition with photoelectrochemical readout presents a new modality for biosensing and opens the route for ultrasensitive and programmable biosensing.
Ultrasensitive 3D Printed Immunoarrays for Protein Detection Down to Single Cell Levels
Authors: Rusling James F. , Sharafeldin Mohamed , Chen Tianqi , Jones Abby L , DhanapalaMudiyanselage Lasangi 
Published: May 2020

Accurate, sensitive measurements of proteins are crucial for modern biomedical research, with applications in basic research, medical diagnostics, therapy guidance, and drug development. Fast, selective, low cost detection of multiple proteins is important for public health and a key component of future personalized medicine. There are >50,000 gene product proteins (omitting post-translational modifications and IgGs) in human plasma, and large subsets in serum, urine, and saliva. However, techniques such as LC-MS/MS, immunoassays and protein counting can reliably detect <2000 of these proteins and are quite expensive. This paper addresses the challenge to develop low cost, automated 3D-printed immunoarrays for liquid protein samples and cells with LODs <0.1 fg/mL. We have developed prototype multiplexed microfluidic immunoarrays with sensitivity better than protein counting applicable to plasma, serum, saliva, urine, cell lysates and cell cultures. Protein detection at the single cell level was also achieved.
Unique detection features including nanostructured sensing, array design, and protocol optimization provide large decreases in LODs and greatly enhanced sensitivities. Our prototypes are based on chemiluminescence (CL) and amperometric detection. Our CL array achieved LODs of 0.1 fg/mL for membrane protein DSG3, as well as VEGF-C and VEGF-D in conditioned media of cell cultures. This LOD is 0.8 zeptomolar, or ~100 molecules of DSG3 in 90 mL and results from 30 trillion capture antibodies (Ab1) in array detection cylinders using an ultrabright femto-luminol CL reagent activated by H2O2 and poly-(horseradish peroxidase) (poly-HRP, 400 HRPs/molecule). Femto-luminol combined with poly-HRP provides very high CL signal amplification and S/N using the 400 HPR polymer.Proteins are also efficiently captured in detection cylinders with 30 trillion antibodies, combined with the ultrabright CL reagent and rigorous protocol optimization to prove unprecedented LODs. Microprocessor automation can achieve fast multiplexed assays with these immunoarrays at <$0.50/protein. We are also exploring ultra-high sensitivity amperometric detection in these systems with similar sensitivity enhancement principles.
In Brain and in Vein Detection of Antibiotics Using Electrochemical-DNA Biosensors
Authors: Dauphin Ducharme Philippe 
Published: May 2020

Current approaches towards drug dosing rely on venous draws measurements performed on test patients which are laboratory-analyzed and returned the following days. This practice forces physicians to administer potentially toxic or ineffective concentrations of drugs to patients since dosages are determined based on weight and age of this test group even though pharmacokinetics may differ in each individuals. Having a technology that would in contrast allow, direct, continuous, real-time monitoring of drugs in the living body would revolutionize healthcare and allow personalized drug dosage and adjustment while enabling the development of artificial organs responsible of adjusting these levels.
Motivated by this goal, we have developed a class of electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors[1]. These sensors are comprised of a redox-reporter-modified DNA “probe” that is attached by one terminus to a self-assembled monolayer deposited on an interrogating gold electrode. The binding of an analyte to this probe alters the kinetics with which electrons exchange to/from the redox reporter via binding-induced conformational changes producing an easily measured change in current when the sensor is interrogated using square-wave voltammetry (see Figure) [2]. E-AB sensors are capable of detecting with high specificity their molecular targets in flowing whole blood and directly in the living body. I will present during this presentation some of these sensors deployed in the vein [3] and in the brain of sedated rats to monitor the pharmacokinetics of the antibiotic, vancomycin. The ability of acquiring high frequency measurements of drug plasma levels using these biosensors has also allowed us to develop a technology that improves our ability to deliver them [3]. Due to their small size, these sensors can also be deployed directly in the brain of freely moving animals to monitor molecules with unmatched temporal resolution [4]. All these advancement in developing E-AB sensors are aimed towards developing new analytical tools for personalized medicine while improving our understanding of drug metabolism.
[1]: Dauphin Ducharme, P. and Plaxco, K. W. Anal. Chem.
2016 88: 11654–11662.
[2]: Li, H., Dauphin Ducharme, P., Ortega, G., Plaxco, K. W. J Am. Chem. Soc.
2017, 139, 11207-11213.
[3]: Dauphin-Ducharme, P., Yang, K., Arroyo-Currás, N., Ploense, L. K., Zhang, Y., Gerson, J., Kurnik, M., Kippin, T. E., Stojanovic, M., Plaxco, K. W. ACS Sensors 2019, 4, 2832-2837.
[4]: Ploense, K. L., Dauphin-Ducharme, P., Arroyo-Currás, N., Curtis, S. D., Williams, S., Schwarz, N., Kippin, T. E., Plaxco, K. W. 2019 In preparation.

Figure 1
Preparation of Low Invasive Type Glucose Sensor for Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Yasuzawa Mikito , Osugi Kazumasa , Li Jiang , Kurashina Masashi 
Published: May 2020

Implantable glucose sensors for a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system are getting more attractive, since it not only provide an instant glucose value but also its continuous value trend, which help to provide an effective medical treatment. However, the current commercialized or presented conventional CGM sensor devise are required to have about an length of 1.0 cm to be inserted inside the skin. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a lower invasive type glucose sensor to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients.
We have previously proposed an unique glucose sensor, which has a sensing region at the tip of a fine tapered needle. Therefore, it only require a short tip of the sensor devise to be implanted to perform as an CGMS sensor. We attempted to implant this sensor device for a length of 1.0 mm in the skin, and the glucose monitoring was performed. As a result, we could obtain sensor response, which had a good correlation with blood glucose value trend. This result indicate that the glucose measurement in a lighter region than subcutaneous tissue, which might be in dermis, may also provide valuable information for diabetes patients’ blood glucose management. Nevertheless, low-invasive sensor, which is essential with miniaturization of sensing region, leads to a decrease of glucose response current. Therefore, the improvement of sensor sensitivity is also indispensable. In this study, we prepared glucose sensors in various procedures to develop a sensor with high sensor sensitivity.
Ti/TiO2ntas/RuO2 Probe for Amperometric Detection of Hypochlorite in Solution
Authors: Colominas Sergi , Abella Jordi , Lujan Enric 
Published: May 2020

Tool to help provide a healthy environment. Disinfection is a process that is designed to kill actively growing and vegetative microbial microorganisms to a certain level. Generally, there are two methods of disinfection: chemical and physical1. The physical agents of disinfection that have been used include ultraviolet light (UV), electron beam, gamma-ray irradiation, sonication, and heat. Considering the chemical methods, there is a great variety of compounds such as chlorine, ozone, the metals copper and silver, phenolic compounds, quaternary ammonium salts, alcohols and hydrogen peroxide among others. Historically, the most widely used chemical disinfection procedure is chlorination because of its low cost, ease of application, and ability to inactivate a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms.
Hypochlorite ion (ClO-) is widely used in daily life applications such as household bleach, disinfection of drinking water and cooling-water treatment among others. Nevertheless, it has been reported that the abnormal production or the excessive intake of ClO- can lead to numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neuron degeneration, arthritis or even cancer2. Hence, it is of utmost importance to develop rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of ClO-. So far, iodometric titration and colorimetric methods based on the reaction of ClO- with organic reagents have been widely used so as to determine hypochlorite concentration. These methodologies usually require tedious procedures.
In the present work, we propose the design of an amperometric sensor for fast hypochlorite analysis. The architecture of the sensor is a RuO2 coating onto a highly ordered titanium dioxide nanotube array (Ti/TiO2NTAs/RuO2). TiO2NTAs were grown by electrochemical anodization of a titanium metal disc in ethylene glycol containing ammonium fluoride (0.3%w/w) and water (2%w/w). The electrochemical synthesis was performed at 30V. Afterwards, RuO2 was deposited layer by layer onto the TiO2NTAs substrate and a final annealing process was performed at 500 oC in order to fix it to the nanostructure.
The fundamental analytical parameters (linear range, limit of detection and sensitivity) of the probe were characterized in the presence of hypochlorite. The sensor working potential was also optimized and then fixed at 0.6 V. Finally, the hypochlorite content of different samples was measured using the sensor and compared with the DPD-method value (Standard Methods: 4500-Cl G)3. The proposed amperometric sensor offers an alternative tool to the classical DPD-method, with higher sensitivity, lower limit of quantification and analysis time.

References

[1] A. Kraft, Platin. Met. Rev. 52 (2008) 177–185. doi: 10.1595/147106708X329273
[2] K.Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, Y. Liu, S. Liu, P. Zhang, Q. Zhao, Y. Tang, W. Huang, Chem. Sci. 6 (2015) 301–307. doi: 10.1039/c4sc02600d
[3] 4500-Cl CHLORINE (RESIDUAL), Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 2017. doi: 10.2105/SMWW.2882.078
Substrate Displacement Colorimety for the Detection of Diarylethylamines
Authors: Lowdon Joseph W. , Eersels Kasper , van Grinsven Bart , Rogosic Renato , Heidt Benjamin , Diliën Hanne , Peeters Marloes , Cleij Thomas J. 
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

In this study a novel molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based dye displacement assay is introduced for the rapid detection of the new psychoactive substance (NPS) sub-class known as diarylethylamines. The competitive nature of the assay facilitates displacement of a pre-bound dye molecule by a selected target molecule in a process coined Substrate displacement colorimetry (SDC).

Methods:

The assay was fully characterized by conducting affinity studies on the synthesized MIP, evaluating multiple dyes and expressing these affinities as binding factors (BF). The result of this study indicates the mathematical relationship between the established BF and the imprinting factor (IF) of the MIP towards the target analyte (2-MXP), allowing a prediction of efficacy towards dye displacement. Off the back of this study, dye-loaded MIPs were incubated with two common adulterants, two legal pharmacological, and the target diarylethylamine assessing the selective nature of the assay.

Results:

Of the dye’s tested malachite green was found to displace most readily when incubated with the target analyte, demonstrating easily quantifiable concentrations even when exposed to lower concentration of analyte. When incubated with the fore mentioned adulterants and pharmacological molecules, no dye displacement was observed; yet the target analyte stimulated clear dye displacement coloring the filtrate from the assay. This dye displacement was shown to be quantifiable, with a dose response being generated and the linear range of the assay determined by means of UV-visible spectroscopy.

Discussion:

The low–cost, robust and rapid nature of the proposed assay, combined with its tailorable selectivity and generic nature makes this an ideal tool for the screening of unknown seized samples. Displaying high sensitivity towards the desired analyte without sacrificing selectivity to other molecules, generating a highly reliable analytical protocol that can be both qualitative and quantitative depending upon the environment it is employed (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Dose response of the dye displacement assay when incubated with 2-MXP, and caffeine
Reference(s): Lowdon, J. W.; Eersels, K; Rogosic, R; Heidt, B; Diliën, H; Redeker, E. S; Peeters, M; Grinsven, B. v; Cleij, T. J. Substrate displacement colorimetry for the detection of diarylethylamine. Sensors & Actuators B: Chem.
2019, 282, p137-144

Figure 1