bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade‐offs between age‐related breeding improvement and survival senescence in highly polygynous elephant seals: Dominant males always do better
Authors: Lloyd Kyle J. , Oosthuizen W. Chris , Bester Marthán N. , de Bruyn P. J. Nico 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLife‐history trade‐off theory predicts that current reproduction can negatively affect survival and future reproduction. Few studies have assessed breeding costs for males of polygynous species compared to females, despite substantial variation in breeding success among individual males (e.g. subordinate cf. dominant breeders). Specifically, differentiating between the cost of attending breeding events, and the additional cost of successfully securing and mating females is lacking.We investigated whether trade‐offs are present in the highly polygynous male southern elephant sealMirounga leoninausing 34 years of individual‐level data. We compare age‐specific survival, recruitment and future breeding success probabilities of pre‐breeders (males yet to recruit) and breeders (subordinate and dominant social ranks) using multievent models.Pre‐breeders and breeders of overlapping ages had similar survival probabilities, suggesting that there was no attendance cost for early recruits. In addition, the probability of recruiting as a dominant breeder never exceeded recruitment probability as a subordinate breeder of the same age. Therefore, older pre‐breeders that delayed attendance costs generally did not improve their breeding success (probability of being dominant) at recruitment more than younger recruits. Rather, recruitment age may be a function of individual quality, with lower quality individuals requiring more time to socially mature.When comparing subordinate and dominant breeders, we found clear evidence for survival senescence, with subordinate breeders having a higher baseline mortality. In contrast, age‐specific future breeding success (probability of being dominant att + 1) increased with age, with dominant breeders maintaining higher subsequent breeding success than subordinate breeders.The opposite trends in survival and future breeding success for both subordinate and dominant breeders may indicate a lifetime, population‐level trade‐off. However, we found no evidence to suggest that being a dominant breeder consecutively (and having a higher accumulated breeding cost) accelerated the rate of senescence when compared to individuals that were previously subordinate.Thus, males experienced actuarial senescence regardless of social rank, with dominant (and possibly high quality) breeders showing a reduced trade‐off between survival and future breeding success. We make several novel contributions to understanding polygynous male life histories and southern elephant seal demography.
Boundaryless careers in the gig economy: An oxymoron?
Authors: Kost Dominique , Fieseler Christian , Wong Sut I 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdvocates of the boundaryless career perspective have relied to a great extent on the assumption that actors take responsibility for their own career development and that they consequently take charge of developing their career competencies. In this provocation piece, we debate the obstructions to and potential ways to promote boundaryless careers in the gig economy, which—despite appearing on the surface to offer suitable conditions for boundaryless careers—suffers from numerous conditions that hinder such careers. Thus, boundaryless careers in the gig economy could be an oxymoron. In particular, we conjecture that intraorganisational and interorganisational career boundaries restrict gig workers' development of relevant career competencies and thus limit their mobility. We then put forward the notion that we have to consider moving away from traditional, employer‐centric human resource management and introduce new forms of network‐based and self‐organised human resource management practices (in the form of collaborative communities of practice) in order to diminish these boundaries.
‘All the productions of that nature’: Ephemera, Mycology and Sexual Classification at the Bulstrode Estate
Authors: Schurch Millie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe study of fungi posed challenges to the botanical activities at the scientific and sociable site of Bulstrode between 1763 and 1785. This article examines the mycological practices at Bulstrode as they appeared in letters, sketches and notes by John Lightfoot, Mary Delany, Georg Dionysius Ehret and Margaret Bentinck, duchess of Portland. I argue that the descriptive and analytical difficulties that fungi presented, and the flexibility and inconclusiveness of ephemeral productions, gave the botanists at Bulstrode opportunities to configure their own botanical identities, pursue their scientific ambitions and address the limitations of Linnaeus's sexual system of classification.
The Sexes and the Sciences
Authors: Wagner Darren N. , Wharton Joanna 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis is an introduction to a special issue on the theme ‘The Sexes and the Sciences’. Here we provide useful context for the ensuing research articles by way of discussing specific terms (‘science’ and ‘sex’), detailing relevant historiographies and presenting select, illuminating case studies. Taken as a whole, this special issue demonstrates that eighteenth‐century scientific understandings of the sexes – male and female – were diverse and debated, and that, while formal scientific institutions and publications were almost exclusively comprised of men, their gendered relationships were various, and numerous women still meaningfully contributed to science as both practitioners and patrons.
Sex and Prisons: Women and Spanish Penitentiary Reform, 1787‐1808
Authors: Serrano Elena 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhereas prisons had previously been thought of as transitory places for those awaiting trial, the new prison system aimed at the reformation of convicts. In Spain the first organisation set up to improve prison conditions was the Señoras de las Cárceles. This article shows how the Señoras attempted to erase the sexual aspect of women's prisons and create instead a morally acceptable space in which to educate female prisoners. Their practices reveal how changing ideas about punishment and education, sexuality and gender, entered the Spanish penal system, permeated civil society and facilitated the transition to a different legal regime.
Isolated peripheral pulmonary stenosis in Takayasu arteritis
Authors: Alizadehasl Azin , Saedi Sedigheh , Ganji Hanifeh , Pourafkari Leili 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTakayasu arteritis is a chronic granulomatous vasculitis generally affecting large vessels including the thoracic aorta and its branches. Intimal proliferation subsequently causes segmental stenosis and occlusion, and frequently aneurysmal dilatation in the affected vessels. Although involvement of pulmonary arteries is not uncommon, isolated branch pulmonary stenosis is rarely encountered. Here, we report a patient presenting with isolated peripheral pulmonary stenosis as the primary manifestation of Takayasu arteritis.
Natural Killer Cells Contribute to Pathogenesis of Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis by Inducing Lysis of Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Sehgal Rashi , Kaur Savneet , Shasthry Saggere Murli , Agrawal Tanvi , Dwivedi Varsha , Seth Devanshi , Ramakrishna Gayatri , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Trehanpati Nirupma 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) help in neovascularization and endothelial repair during injury. Patients with cirrhosis show increased number and function of EPCs in circulation.MethodsSince natural killer (NK) cells regulate EPCs, we investigated the relationship between the 2 in alcoholic cirrhosis (AC, n = 50) and severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH, n = 18) patients and compared with nonalcoholic cirrhosis (n = 15) and healthy controls (HC, n = 30). Levels of systemic inflammatory cytokines were measured, and coculture assays were performed between EPCs and NK cells in contact‐dependent and contact‐independent manner. NK cell–mediated killing of EPCs was evaluated, and expression of receptors including fractalkine (FKN) on EPCs and its cognate receptor CX3CR1 on NK cells was studied by RT‐PCR assays.ResultsPatients with SAH had higher regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) (p = 0.01), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (p = 0.04), IL‐1β (p = 0.04), and IL‐6 (p = 0.00) growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines as compared to AC and HC. Distinct populations of CD31+ CD34+ EPCs with low and high expression of CD45 were significantly lower in SAH than HC (CD45low, p = 0.03; CD45hi, p = 0.04) and AC (CD45low, p = 0.05; CD45hi, p = 0.02). SAH patients, however, showed increased functional capacity of EPCs including colony formation and LDL uptake. NK cells were reduced in SAH compared with AC (p = 0.002), however with higher granzyme ability (p < 0.001 and p = 0.04, respectively). In SAH, EPC‐NK cell interaction assays showed that NK cells lysed the EPCs in both contact‐dependent and contact‐independent assays. Expression of interaction receptor CX3CR1 was significantly higher on NK cells (p = 0.0005), while its cognate receptor, FKN, was increased on EPCs in SAH patients as compared to HC (p = 0.0055).ConclusionWe conclude that in SAH, NK cells induce killing of EPCs via CX3CR1/FKN axis that may be one of the key events contributing to disease severity and proinflammatory responses in SAH.
Personalized medicine begins with the phenotype: identifying antipsychotic response phenotypes in a first‐episode psychosis cohort
Authors: Mas S. , Gassó P. , Rodríguez N. , Cabrera B. , Mezquida G. , Lobo A. , González‐Pinto A. , Parellada M. , Corripio I. , Vieta E. , Castro‐Fornieles J. , Bobes J. , Usall J. , Saiz‐Ruiz J. , Contreras F. , Parellada E. , Bernardo M. ,   PEPs group
Published: November 2019

AimsHere, we present a clustering strategy to identify phenotypes of antipsychotic (AP) response by using longitudinal data from patients presenting first‐episode psychosis (FEP).MethodOne hundred and ninety FEP with complete data were selected from the PEPs project. The efficacy was assessed using total PANSS, and adverse effects using total UKU, during one‐year follow‐up. We used the Klm3D method to cluster longitudinal data.ResultsWe identified four clusters: cluster A, drug not toxic and beneficial; cluster B, drug beneficial but toxic; cluster C, drug neither toxic nor beneficial; and cluster D, drug toxic and not beneficial. These groups significantly differ in baseline demographics, clinical, and neuropsychological characteristics (PAS, total PANSS, DUP, insight, pIQ, age of onset, cocaine use and family history of mental illness).ConclusionsThe results presented here allow the identification of phenotypes of AP response that differ in well‐known simple and classic clinical variables opening the door to clinical prediction and application of personalized medicine.
Behavioral couples therapy versus cognitive behavioral therapy for problem gambling: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Nilsson Anders , Magnusson Kristoffer , Carlbring Per , Andersson Gerhard , Hellner Clara 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground and aimsThere is evidence that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective for treating problem gambling (PG). Some research points to the possible benefits of involving concerned significant others (CSOs) in treatment. This study compared the efficacy of behavioral couples therapy (BCT) and CBT for both the gambler and the CSO.DesignTwo parallel‐group randomized controlled study comparing two different internet‐based treatments for PG. Follow‐up measures were conducted at treatment finish, and at 3‐, 6‐ and 12‐month post‐treatment.SettingStockholm, Sweden.ParticipantsA total of 136 problem gamblers and 136 CSOs were included in the study: 68 gamblers and 68 CSOs for each treatment condition. The gamblers were on average 35.6 years old and 18.4% were female. CSOs were on average 45.3 years old and 75.7% were women.InterventionsA treatment based on BCT was compared with a CBT intervention. Both treatments were internet‐based, with 10 therapist‐guided self‐help modules accompanied by weekly telephone and e‐mail support from a therapist. CSOs were given treatment in the BCT condition, but not in the CBT condition.MeasurementsThe primary outcome measures were time‐line follow‐back for gambling (TLFB‐G) and the NORC Diagnostic Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS) for problem gamblers, corresponding to DSM‐IV criteria for pathological gambling. Secondary outcomes measures were the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven‐item scale (GAD‐7), the Relation Assessment Scale Generic (RAS‐G), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the Inventory of Consequences of Gambling for the Gambler and CSO (ICS) and adherence to treatment for both the problem gambler and the CSO.FindingsThe outcomes of both gambler groups improved, and differences between the groups were not statistically significant: TLFB‐G: multiplicative effect = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.30;4.31); NODS: multiplicative effect = 0.80, 95%, 95% CI = 0.24;2.36. BCT gamblers began treatment to a higher proportion than CBT gamblers: P = 0.002.ConclusionsDifferences in the efficacy of internet‐based behavioral couples therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of problem gambling were not significant, but more gamblers commenced treatment in the behavioral couples therapy group.
Socioeconomic disparities in leisure activities over the life course of the oldest‐old in China
Authors: Cao Jiangling , Qian Dongfu , Yang Fan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the socioeconomic factors leading to disparities in participation in leisure activities over the life course among Chinese oldest‐old people.MethodsData are from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS), a sample of adults aged 80 years or older in the period 1998‐2012, featuring 38 312 individuals (58 945 observations).ResultsThe younger birth cohorts were found to have significantly higher levels of participation in leisure activities, with a non‐linear decrease in age observed for oldest‐old men and women. Higher participation levels were significantly related to higher education levels, economic independence and non‐manual occupations before retirement among the Chinese oldest‐old.ConclusionsLeisure activity participation has increased substantially in recent cohorts of Chinese oldest‐olds. Those with lower socioeconomic status may represent a disadvantaged population in terms of participation in leisure activities over their life course.
Short‐term antibiotic exposure affected the type and resistance of uropathogens similar to long‐term antibiotic prophylaxis in children hospitalised for urinary tract infections
Authors: Fostira Ekaterini , Bitsori Maria , Vergadi Eleni , Maraki Sofia , Galanakis Emmanouil 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimWe investigated the impact of any antibiotic exposure on unusual and resistant pathogens in children with a urinary tract infection (UTI).MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of 695 children (54% female) hospitalised with 711 UTI episodes at Heraklion University Hospital, Greece, from January 2007 to December 2017. Three groups were studied: no previous antibiotic exposure, ongoing prophylaxis and short‐term exposure to antibiotics in the last six months.ResultsThe median age at hospitalisation was 0.8 years (range 25 days to 15.9 years). Previous short‐term exposure and prophylaxis were important determinants of non‐Escherichia coli (E. coli) (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.25‐3.36, P = .0017 and OR 3.84, 95% CI 2.32‐6.34, P < .0001, respectively) and extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐positive uropathogens (OR 2.43, 95% CI 1.36‐4.32, P = .0025 and OR 2.63, 95% CI 1.31‐5.33, P = .0070, respectively). Short‐term antibiotics in the last 30 days or intravenous antibiotics were mostly associated with non‐E. coli pathogens (OR 6.71 and OR 2.55, respectively). The most important determinants of E. coli resistance were short‐term antibiotics for ampicillin (OR 2.58) and prophylaxis for cotrimoxazole (OR 2.64).ConclusionRecent short‐term exposure to antibiotics and ongoing prophylaxis both had a significant impact on the type and resistance of uropathogens.
Review article: new therapeutic interventions for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Bangaru Saroja , Marrero Jorge A. , Singal Amit G. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackgroundAdvanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) portends a poor prognosis; however recent advances in first‐line and second‐line treatment options should yield significant improvements in survival.AimTo summarize the evolving landscape of treatment options for patients with advanced HCC.MethodsWe reviewed published clinical trials conducted in patients with advanced HCC published in PubMed or presented at national conferences.ResultsSorafenib was approved for treatment of unresectable HCC in 2007 and remained the only therapy with proven survival benefit in advanced HCC for several years. Lenvatinib, another tyrosine‐kinase inhibitor, was recently shown to have non‐inferior survival vs sorafenib and is another first‐line treatment option. The tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors, regorafenib and cabozantinib, were shown to significantly improve survival in the second‐line setting after sorafenib failure. Ramucirumab, a VEGF inhibitor, can also improve survival in the second‐line setting among patients with AFP ≥ 400 ng/dL. Phase II data highlight potential durable objective responses with immune checkpoint inhibitors, prompting conditional FDA approval of nivolumab and pembrolizumab in the second‐line setting; however, recent phase III data have failed to demonstrate improved survival compared to other treatment options. Ongoing trials are evaluating combination immune checkpoint inhibitor and immune checkpoint inhibitors with tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors or VEGF inhibitors in hopes of further increasing objective responses and overall survival in this patient population.ConclusionThere are several first‐line and second‐line therapeutic options available for patients with advanced HCC. Further studies are needed to determine how best to select between and sequence the growing number of therapeutic options.
Accelerated hippocampal biological aging in bipolar disorder
Authors: Fries Gabriel R. , Bauer Isabelle E. , Scaini Giselli , Valvassori Samira S. , Walss‐Bass Consuelo , Soares Jair C. , Quevedo Joao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesEvidence suggests accelerated aging mechanisms in bipolar disorder (BD), including DNA methylation (DNAm) aging in blood. However, it is unknown whether such mechanisms are also evident in the brain, in particular in association with other biological clocks. To investigate this, we interrogated genome‐wide DNAm in postmortem hippocampus from 32 BD‐I patients and 32 non‐psychiatric controls group‐matched for age and sex from the NIMH Human Brain Collection Core.MethodsDNAm age and epigenetic aging acceleration were estimated using the Horvath method. Telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number were quantified by real‐time PCR. Between‐group differences were assessed by linear regression and univariate general linear models with age, sex, race, postmortem interval, tissue pH, smoking, and body mass index included as co‐variates.ResultsGroups did not differ for epigenetic aging acceleration when considering the entire sample. However, after splitting the sample by the median age, an epigenetic aging acceleration was detected in patients compared to controls among older subjects (P = .042). While TL did not differ between groups, a reduction in mtDNA copy number was observed in patients compared to controls (P = .047). In addition, significant correlations were observed between epigenetic aging acceleration and TL (r = −.337, P = .006), as well as between TL and mtDNA copy number (r = .274, P = .028).ConclusionsHippocampal aging may underlie neurocognitive dysfunctions observed in BD patients. Moreover, our results suggest a complex cross‐talk between biological clocks in hippocampus that may underlie clinical manifestations of premature aging in BD.
Preterm births in Iceland 1997‐2016: Preterm birth rates by gestational age groups and type of preterm birth
Authors: Grétarsdóttir Áslaug Salka , Aspelund Thor , Steingrímsdóttir Þóra , Bjarnadóttir Ragnheiður Ingibjörg , Einarsdóttir Kristjana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe frequency of preterm births has been increasing globally, mainly due to a rise in iatrogenic late preterm births. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of preterm births in Iceland during 1997‐2016 by type of preterm birth.MethodsThis study included all live births in Iceland during 1997‐2016 identified from the Icelandic Medical Birth Registry. Risk of preterm birth by time period was assessed with Poisson regression models adjusted for demographic variables and indications for iatrogenic births.ResultsThe study population included 87 076 infants, of which 4986 (5.7%) were preterm. The preterm birth rate increased from 5.3% to 6.1% (adjusted rate ratio [ARR] = 1.16, confidence interval [CI] = 1.07‐1.26) between 1997‐2001 and 2012‐2016 overall. The increase was only evident in multiples (ARR 1.41, 95% CI 1.21‐1.65), not singletons (1.07, 0.97‐1.19). The rate of late preterm births (34‐36 weeks) increased significantly (1.24, 1.14‐1.40), and the rate of iatrogenic preterm births more than doubled during this period even after adjustment for identified medical indications (2.40, 2.00‐2.88). The rate of spontaneous preterm births decreased during the study period (0.63, 0.55‐0.73), and the rate of PPROM increased (1.31, 1.09‐1.57). The most common contributing indications for iatrogenic births were fetal distress (26.2%), hypertensive disorders (18.2%), and severe preeclampsia (16.9%).ConclusionsPreterm birth rates increased in multiples in Iceland between 1997 and 2016, and late and iatrogenic preterm births increased overall. The increase in iatrogenic preterm births remained significant after adjusting for medical indications, suggesting that other factors might be affecting the rise.