bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Biodegradable Nonionic‐Anionic Surfactants Based on Different Fatty Alcohols as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum in Acidic Medium
Authors: Hefnawy Manal El , Allah Mohamed Deef , Abd Elhamed Samar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwo series of eco‐friendly nonionic anionic surfactants based on itaconic acid and 1, 6 hexane diol were synthesized. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactant were confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The prepared surfactants were evaluated to prevent the corrosion of aluminum in 1.0 M HCl solution by electrochemical and chemical methods. The data obtained showed that the prepared compounds have good inhibition efficiency (IE%) even at 10−5 M concentrations and act as mixed‐type inhibitors, they do not affect the mechanism of the electrode processes, as well as the IE% increase by increasing the concentrations of the inhibitors, immersion time, and hydrophilic chain length. The high inhibition efficiency is due to the adsorption of the inhibitors molecules on the metal surface and the formation of a protective film. The surface activities of these compounds were also investigated and were correlated to their inhibition efficiencies and chemical structure. Through studying biodegradability of the synthesized surfactants we find that they are readily biodegradable in the environment and thus they are considered as eco‐friendly corrosion inhibitors. Finally, the effect of the addition of these compounds on the aluminum surface was identified by atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.
Salt‐Rejection Solar Absorbers Based on Porous Ionic Polymers Nanowires for Desalination
Authors: Wang Fei , Hu Zhentao , Fan Yukang , Bai Wei , Wu Shujuan , Sun Hanxue , Zhu Zhaoqi , Liang Weidong , Li An 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe construction of photothermal materials with ideal salt tolerance has been a major subject for efficient solar desalination. Herein, a novel photothermal material based on porous ionic polymers (PIPs) nanowires is synthesized by Sonogashira‐Hagihara cross‐coupling reaction using ionic salt and alkynylbenzene as building blocks. The PIPs nanowires monolith shows abundant porosity with low density, leading a superior thermal insulation. The intrinsic superhydrophilicity of PIPs nanowires endows it with desired water transportation ability. By facile spraying Chinese carbon‐ink on the PIPs nanowires monolith, its light absorption can be enhanced to be 90%. Based on these merits, the PIPs nanowires based photothermal materials show high solar energy conversion efficiency (81% under 1 sun irradiation). More interestingly, its inherently ionic framework can result in an ion–ion interaction between the external ions in water and ionic groups in PIPs framework, thus leading to excellent desalination ability by combing its unique superhydrophilicity, for example, no salt accumulation is observed after 6 h duration at 1 sun irradiation. Compared with the existing salt‐resistant photothermal materials, the method takes the advantage of the intrinsically ionic feature of PIPs without using any artificial process, thus may open a new way for design and fabrication of high‐performance salt‐rejection photothermal materials.
Enteral Feeding Intolerance: Updates in Definitions and Pathophysiology
Authors: Reintam Blaser Annika , Deane Adam M. , Preiser Jean‐Charles , Arabi Yaseen M. , Jakob Stephan M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnteral feeding intolerance (EFI) is a common feature in critically ill patients worldwide. However, there is no clear, widely agreed‐upon definition available, with various studies rarely using the same definition. The term EFI is frequently used to describe vomiting or large gastric residual volumes associated with enteral feeding as a result of gastroparesis/delayed gastric emptying. However, the syndrome of EFI may represent the consequence of various pathophysiological mechanisms, and this heterogeneity may explain varying associations with outcomes. In clinical practice, a pragmatic definition may be useful. A pragmatic definition of EFI is that a clinician has decided to reduce the amount of enteral nutrition specifically because features of gastrointestinal dysfunction appeared during enteral feeding. For research purposes, a more detailed definition of EFI is required to improve knowledge and explore interventions that may improve patient‐centered outcomes. The objective of this review is to summarize available evidence on existing definitions, pathophysiological mechanisms, and the clinical relevance of EFI in critically ill patients. Based on current knowledge, we propose a conceptual framework for a definition of EFI for a future consensus process.
Body Composition Post Pediatric Liver Transplant: Implications and Assessment
Authors: Perteet‐Jackson Alissa D. , Earthman Carrie P. , Larson‐Nath Catherine M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLiver disease has a negative influence on growth and development of children. Measurement of body composition as a component of nutrition status assessment in children before and after transplant would facilitate tailoring of nutrition therapy. A comprehensive literature search on pediatric liver transplant and body composition assessment was performed using a modified systematic approach. This review includes evidence specific to body composition of children undergoing liver transplant and a discussion of relevant body composition assessment methods for this population. Malnutrition is commonly seen in children with liver disease prior to transplant because of the disrupted metabolic pathways from liver dysfunction; however, malnutrition is not consistently diagnosed. Within 1 year of transplant, children tend to quickly recover with weight gain and linear growth. In some children, obesity and sarcopenia have been observed as long‐term posttransplant outcomes. Body composition assessment tools have been utilized in diagnosing nutrition status in adults; yet there are limited studies that use these tools in the pediatric liver‐transplant population. Technologies available to assess body composition include air displacement plethysmography, dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, bioimpedance, and ultrasound. Total body potassium has been used for body composition assessment in adults and children post liver transplant; however, this method is not applicable in a clinical setting. We conclude that understanding posttransplant body composition could help clinicians diagnose and treat malnutrition.
Variations in Nutrition Practices in Cystic Fibrosis: A Survey of the DIGEST Program
Authors: Shaikhkhalil Ala K. , Freeman Alvin J. , Sathe Meghana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundEvidence‐based management of gastrointestinal (GI) and nutrition manifestations of cystic fibrosis (CF) is limited, and practice variations have not been studied.MethodsThus, a survey was developed with the purpose of evaluating current nutrition practices of CF‐focused gastroenterologists, specifically utilizing awardees and mentors of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF) Developing Innovative GastroEnterology Specialty Training (DIGEST) Program. Topics included appetite stimulation, tube feeding (TF), and aspects of nutrition assessment, specifically urine sodium and essential fatty acid (EFA) status.ResultsThe response rate was 61% (22/36). About half (55%; 12/22) of respondents had 5–10 years of experience in GI, and 23% (5/22) had >10 years. In regard to appetite stimulation, the majority used cyproheptadine; however, duration and pattern of prescribing varied. Variation was noted in TF management pertaining to tube placement, formula choice, and prescribing pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy with overnight TF. The majority did not check EFAs or urine sodium. Treatment for deficiencies in EFA or abnormal urine sodium was inconsistent.ConclusionThe survey reveals wide variation in management of some aspects of nutrition‐related manifestations of CF among experienced providers. This reflects the need for research to provide evidence‐based guidelines.
A fast maximum flow algorithm
Authors: Orlin James B. , Gong Xiao‐yue 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn 2013, Orlin proved that the max flow problem could be solved in O(nm) time. His algorithm ran in O(nm + m1.94) time, which was the fastest for graphs with fewer than n1.06 arcs. If the graph was not sufficiently sparse, the fastest running time was an algorithm due to King, Rao, and Tarjan. We describe a new variant of the excess scaling algorithm for the max flow problem whose running time strictly dominates the running time of the algorithm by King et al. For graphs in which m = O(nlog n), the running time of our algorithm dominates that of King et al. by a factor of O(loglog n). Moreover, our algorithm achieves this improved performance without reliance on dynamic trees.
Error control and loss functions for the deep learning inversion of borehole resistivity measurements
Authors: Shahriari Mostafa , Pardo David , Rivera Jon A. , Torres‐Verdín Carlos , Picon Artzai , Del Ser Javier , Ossandón Sebastian , Calo Victor M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDeep learning (DL) is a numerical method that approximates functions. Recently, its use has become attractive for the simulation and inversion of multiple problems in computational mechanics, including the inversion of borehole logging measurements for oil and gas applications. In this context, DL methods exhibit two key attractive features: (a) once trained, they enable to solve an inverse problem in a fraction of a second, which is convenient for borehole geosteering operations as well as in other real‐time inversion applications. (b) DL methods exhibit a superior capability for approximating highly complex functions across different areas of knowledge. Nevertheless, as it occurs with most numerical methods, DL also relies on expert design decisions that are problem specific to achieve reliable and robust results. Herein, we investigate two key aspects of deep neural networks (DNNs) when applied to the inversion of borehole resistivity measurements: error control and adequate selection of the loss function. As we illustrate via theoretical considerations and extensive numerical experiments, these interrelated aspects are critical to recover accurate inversion results.
Local ultraconvergence of finite element methods for second‐order elliptic problems with singularity
Authors: He Wenming , Zhao Ren , Li Guanrong , Li Wulan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, we will investigate the local ultraconvergence of the displacement and derivative of finite element solution using piecewise polynomials of degrees k (k ≥ 2) by Richardson extrapolation operators and presented in He et al. for second‐order elliptic problems with singularity. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the theoretic findings.
Numerical solution of the partial differential equations that model the steady three‐dimensional flow and heat transfer of Carreau fluid between two stretchable rotatory disks
Authors:   Usman , Ghaffari Abuzar , Kausar Samina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon‐Newtonian fluids are significantly better on the heat transfer phenomenon than from Newtonian fluids, so they are helpful in air conditioner and heating and cooling devices. Blood, toothpaste, ketchup, paint, and so on are common non‐Newtonian fluids in our daily lives. Among other non‐Newtonian fluid models, Carreau fluid has gained much acceptance because of its unique features of shear thinning and shear thickening for various power‐law index ranges. Owing to the significance of Carreau fluid, a theoretical analysis has been performed here to investigate the steady three‐dimensional flow of Carreau fluid between two coaxially rotatory and stretching disks. The fluid is electrically conducting, and a uniform magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to the circulating disks. The heat transfer phenomenon is also analyzed in the presence of nonlinear thermal radiation, viscous dissipation, joule heating, and nonuniform heat source/sink subject to convective boundary conditions. With specific similarity transformation, the leading partial differential equations are diminished to ordinary differential equations and then tackled numerically through the Keller–Box scheme. It is concluded that with the increase in the disks rotation rate, the fluid velocities enhances whereas plummets for the magnetic parameter and predicts two diverse behaviors for Weissenberg number. The temperature escalates for the magnetic parameter, radiation parameter, temperature ratio parameter, Eckert number, heat source/sink parameters, and lower disk Biot number, but the temperature decays for rotation parameter, Prandtl number, and upper disk Biot number.
Insight on the pro‐oxidant capability of amphotericin B in lipid media: A theoretical study
Authors: Medina Manuel E. , Meza‐Menchaca Thuluz , Trigos Ángel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA study of the pro‐oxidant capacity of amphotericin B (AMP) was carried out by analyzing the photosensitizing ability of an AMP model. Although AMP is a well‐known broad‐spectrum antibiotic, little is known about the mechanism of its pro‐oxidant capability. This study employed density functional theory (DFT) to assess the photosensitizing capacity of AMP. Furthermore, electron transfer reactions were modeled, considering that lipid media can mimic the environment of the cell membrane. The results show that AMP is a pro‐oxidant molecule mainly through Type II mechanism, with the corresponding production of 1O2. In this way, AMP could induce oxidative stress because it is capable of generating reactive oxygen species. In this case, AMP showed a reaction rate constants of 8.94 × 109 and 1.89 × 1010 M−1 s−1 for Type I and II mechanisms, respectively, whereas the overall reaction rate constant was 2.79 × 1010 M−1 s−1. Therefore, the results of this study support the pro‐oxidant capacity of AMP in lipid media, and this mechanism could contribute to the antifungal activity of AMP.
Lung clearance index in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Machogu Evans M. , Khurana Monica , Kaericher Jennifer , Clem Charles C. , Slaven James E. , Hatch Joseph E. , Davis Stephanie D. , Peterson‐Carmichael Stacey 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe lung clearance index (LCI) derived from the multiple breath washout test (MBW), is both feasible and sensitive to early lung disease detection in young children with cystic fibrosis and asthma. The utility of LCI has not been studied in children with sickle cell disease (SCD). We hypothesized that children with SCD, with or without asthma or airway hyperreactivity (AHR), would have an elevated LCI compared to healthy controls.MethodsChildren with SCD from a single center between the ages of 6 and 18 years were studied at baseline health and completed MBW, spirometry, plethysmography and blood was drawn for serum markers. Results were compared to healthy controls of similar race, age, and gender.ResultsHealthy controls (n = 35) had a significantly higher daytime oxygen saturation level, weight and body mass index but not height compared to participants with SCD (n = 34). Total lung capacity (TLC) z‐scores were significantly higher in the healthy controls compared to those with SCD (0.87 [1.13] vs. 0.02 [1.27]; p = .005) while differences in forced expiratory volume in 1 s z‐scores approached significance (0.26 [0.97] vs. −0.22 [1.09]; p = .055). There was no significant difference in LCI between the healthy controls compared to participants with SCD (7.29 [0.72] vs. 7.40 [0.69]; p = .514).ConclusionLCI did not differentiate SCD from healthy controls in children between the ages of 6 and 18 years at baseline health. TLC may be an important pulmonary function measure to follow longitudinally in the pediatric SCD population.
Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy estimates for soil properties using multiple partitions: Effects of the range of contents, sample size, and algorithms
Authors: Ludwig Bernard , Greenberg Isabel , Sawallisch Anja , Vohland Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe RMSE of validation (RMSEV) and ratio of the interquartile range to RMSEV (RPIQV) are key quality parameters in diffuse reflectance infrared (IR) spectroscopy studies, but the effects of different factors on these parameters are often not sufficiently considered. Our objectives were to reveal the effects of range of contents, sample size, data pretreatment, wavenumber region selection, and algorithms on the evaluation of IR spectra in the wavenumber range from 1,000 to 7,000 cm−1 (mid‐ and long‐wave near IR) estimations. Contents of soil organic C (SOC), N, clay, and sand and pH values were determined for surface soils of an arable field in India, and IR spectra were recorded for four samples consisting of 71–263 soils. For each of the four samples, five random partitions into calibration and validation datasets were carried out, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) or support vector machine regression was performed. A plot of the RMSEV values against the interquartile ranges of measured values for the validation samples (IQRV) indicated that the IQRV was a key parameter for all soil properties: a sufficiently high IQRV—which is affected by sample size and random partitioning—resulted in generally good estimation accuracies (RPIQV ≥ 2.70). Optimized data pretreatment and wavenumber region selection improved estimation accuracy for SOC and pH. Support vector machine regression was superior to PLSR for the estimation of SOC, clay, and sand, but worse for pH. Overall, this study indicates that multiple partitioning of the data is essential in IR studies and suggests that RPIQV and RMSEV need to be interpreted in the context of the respective IQRV values.
Virus Assembly Pathways: Straying Away but Not Too Far
Authors: Bond Kevin , Tsvetkova Irina B. , Wang Joseph Che‐Yen , Jarrold Martin F. , Dragnea Bogdan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon‐enveloped RNA viruses pervade all domains of life. In a cell, they co‐assemble from viral RNA and capsid proteins. Virus‐like particles can form in vitro where virtually any non‐cognate polyanionic cargo can be packaged. How only viral RNA gets selected for packaging in vivo, in presence of myriad other polyanionic species, has been a puzzle. Through a combination of charge detection mass spectrometry and cryo‐electron microscopy, it is determined that co‐assembling brome mosaic virus (BMV) coat proteins and nucleic acid oligomers results in capsid structures and stoichiometries that differ from the icosahedral virion. These previously unknown shell structures are strained and less stable than the native one. However, they contain large native structure fragments that can be recycled to form BMV virions, should a viral genome become available. The existence of such structures suggest the possibility of a previously unknown regulatory pathway for the packaging process inside cells.
3D‐Druck im Stahlbau – additive Fertigung von Details, Verbindungen und Bauteilen
Authors: Lange Jörg , Feucht Thilo , Erven Maren , Waldschmitt Benedikt , Oechsner Matthias , Klein Marcus , Schudlich Anna‐Katharina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDie vollautomatische Fertigung ist in der Stahlbauindustrie angekommen. Zwar gibt es erst sehr wenige Firmen, die Stahlbauteile komplett von Robotern zusammenbauen lassen, aber der Mangel an Facharbeitern verbunden mit einem kontinuierlichen Fortschritt in der Maschinentechnik führt zu einem kontinuierlichen Zuwachs in diesem Bereich. So kann z. B. ein Roboter eine Fußplatte oder eine Steife an eine Stütze halten, während der zweite die Schweißnähte fertigt. Schweißroboter können darüber hinaus mithilfe des 3D‐Druckverfahrens WAAM (Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing) Details (Steifen), Knotenpunkte, Bauteile (insbesondere mit außergewöhnlichen Geometrien) und ganze Bauwerke herstellen. Der Schweißdraht wird hierbei als Druckwerkstoff eingesetzt, sodass es sich im Prinzip um eine Auftragsschweißung handelt. Hierdurch kann nicht nur die Logistik im Fertigungsbetrieb vereinfacht werden, da Steifen oder andere Anschlusselemente nicht mehr vorab zugeschnitten und an den Zusammenbauplatz geliefert werden müssen. Es können sich auch neue, dem Kraftfluss entsprechende Geometrien ergeben. Dadurch wird ein ganz anderes Konstruieren als bisher ermöglicht. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, neben einem kurzen Überblick über das WAAM, einige Fertigungsbeispiele aus Forschungsprojekten des Fachgebiets Stahlbau der TU Darmstadt, sich aus der Optimierung ergebende neue Lösungen für alte Probleme und die erste Brücke, die komplett an ihrem Einsatzort gedruckt wurde.
Free vibration characteristics of nonlocal viscoelastic nano‐scaled plates with rectangular cutout and surface effects
Authors: Naghinejad Maysam , Ovesy Hamid Reza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the present study, the viscoelastic free vibration behavior of nano‐scaled plates is studied by employing a finite element method based on the two‐phase nonlocal integral theory. Various boundary conditions, surface effects and cutouts have been assumed. The principle of total potential energy is used for developing the nonlocal finite element method, and the classical plate theory is assumed to derive the formulations. By numerically solving the eigenvalue problem, which has been obtained by the variational principle, the complex eigenvalues of free vibration of the viscoelastic nano‐scaled plates are acquired. The current results are compared with those available in the literature and those obtained by commercial finite element software, and the influences of the nonlocal parameter, viscoelastic parameter, geometrical parameters (e.g. cutout and size), surface effects and different boundary conditions on the complex eigenvalues are studied. It is noted that the current method is able to handle quite versatile boundary conditions and geometries like cutouts, which are rather difficult (or impossible) to be tackled by employing other methods available in most researches.
Effective theories as truncated trans-series and scale separated compactifications
Authors: Emelin Maxim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We study the possibility of realizing scale-separated type IIB Anti-de Sitter and de Sitter compactifications within a controlled effective field theory regime defined by low-energy and large (but scale-separated) compactification volume. The approach we use views effective theories as truncations of the full quantum equations of motion expanded in a trans-series around this asymptotic regime. By studying the scalings of all possible perturbative and non-perturbative corrections we identify the effects that have the right scaling to allow for the desired solutions. In the case of Anti-de Sitter, we find agreement with KKLT-type scenarios, and argue that non-perturbative brane-instantons wrapping four-cycles (or similarly scaling effects) are essentially the only ingredient that allows for scale separated solutions. We also comment on the relation of these results to the AdS swampland conjectures. For the de Sitter case we find that we are forced to introduce an infinite number of relatively unsuppressed corrections to the equations of motion, leading to a breakdown of effective theory. This suggests that if de Sitter vacua exist in the string landscape, they should not be thought of as residing within the same effective theory as the AdS or Minkowski compactifications, but rather as defining a separate asymptotic regime, presumably related to the others by a duality transformation.