bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endovascular therapy of arterioureteral fistulas
Authors: Augustin Anne Marie , Torre Giulia Dalla , Kocot Arkadius , Bley Thorsten Alexander , Kalogirou Charis , Kickuth Ralph 
Published: November 2020

Summary: Background: Arterioureteral fistulas (AUFs) are severe pathologies of different origin and with increasing incidence frequently appear in patients with underlying extensive malignancy and after pelvic surgery. AUF therapy is challenging since symptoms are frequently non-specific and patients are often unsuitable surgical candidates due to comorbidities. Since experiences with endovascular treatment strategies are limited, the feasibility, effectiveness, and safety were evaluated in a consecutive case series. Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of five patients with endovascular AUF exclusion was performed. Probable predisposing factors for an AUF included history of pelvic malignancy with oncologic surgery in four patients, radiotherapy in four patients, and indwelling ureteral stents in four patients. Clinical presentation, diagnostic management, and site of fistula were assessed. Furthermore, technical and clinical success as well as complications were evaluated. Results: All patients presented with gross haematuria. In four patients, haematuria occurred during endoscopic ureteral stent manipulation. Affected vessels were the internal pudendal artery in one, intrarenal segmental artery and external iliac artery in two, and internal iliac artery in another two patients. Treatment included coil embolisation (n = 2), plug embolisation (n = 3), particulate embolisation (n = 1), and covered stent implantation (n = 2). Technical success was achieved in all procedures. In two cases, re-intervention was necessary due to AUF recurrence, resulting in a clinical success rate of 60.0%. One major complication class D was documented. Conclusions: AUFs can be treated effectively and safely using endovascular techniques. Diagnostic and therapeutic management of this rare entity requires a high level of awareness for potential risk factors as well as an optimal multidisciplinary coordination.
Global Radiative Impacts of Mineral Dust Perturbations Through Stratiform Clouds
Authors: McGraw Zachary , Storelvmo Trude , David Robert O. , Sagoo Navjit 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAirborne mineral dust influences cloud occurrence and optical properties, which may provide a pathway for recent and future changes in dust concentration to alter the temperature at Earth's surface. However, despite prior suggestions that dust‐cloud interactions are an important control on the Earth's radiation balance, we find global mean cloud radiative effects to be insensitive to widespread dust changes. Here we simulate uniformly applied shifts in dust amount in a present‐day atmosphere using a version of the CAM5 atmosphere model (within CESM v1.2.2) modified to incorporate laboratory‐based ice nucleation parameterizations in stratiform clouds. Increasing and decreasing dustiness from current levels to paleoclimate extremes caused effective radiative forcings through clouds of +0.02 ± 0.01 and −0.05 ± 0.02 W/m2, respectively, with ranges of −0.26 to +0.13 W/m2 and −0.21 to +0.39 W/m2 from sensitivity tests. Our simulations suggest that these forcings are limited by several factors. Longwave and shortwave impacts largely cancel, particularly in mixed‐phase clouds, while in warm and cirrus clouds opposite responses between regions further reduce each global forcing. Additionally, changes in dustiness cause opposite forcings through aerosol indirect effects in mixed‐phase clouds as in cirrus, while in warm clouds indirect effects are weak at nearly all locations. Nevertheless, regional forcings and global impacts on longwave and shortwave radiation were found to be nonnegligible, suggesting that cloud‐mediated dust effects have significance in simulations of present and future climate.
Evaluation of Cloud and Precipitation Simulations in CAM6 and AM4 Using Observations Over the Southern Ocean
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Atlas Rachel , McCoy Isabel L. , Bretherton Christopher S. , Bardeen Charles , Gettelman Andrew , Lin Pu , Ming Yi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study uses cloud and radiative properties collected from in situ and remote sensing instruments during two coordinated campaigns over the Southern Ocean between Tasmania and Antarctica in January–February 2018 to evaluate the simulations of clouds and precipitation in nudged‐meteorology simulations with the CAM6 and AM4 global climate models sampled at the times and locations of the observations. Fifteen SOCRATES research flights sampled cloud water content, cloud droplet number concentration, and particle size distributions in mixed‐phase boundary layer clouds at temperatures down to −25°C. The 6‐week CAPRICORN2 research cruise encountered all cloud regimes across the region. Data from vertically pointing 94 GHz radars deployed was compared with radar simulator output from both models. Satellite data were compared with simulated top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiative fluxes. Both models simulate observed cloud properties fairly well within the variability of observations. Cloud base and top in both models are generally biased low. CAM6 overestimates cloud occurrence and optical thickness while cloud droplet number concentrations are biased low, leading to excessive TOA reflected shortwave radiation. In general, low clouds in CAM6 precipitate at the same frequency but are more homogeneous compared to observations. Deep clouds are better simulated but produce snow too frequently. AM4 underestimates cloud occurrence but overestimates cloud optical thickness even more than CAM6, causing excessive outgoing longwave radiation fluxes but comparable reflected shortwave radiation. AM4 cloud droplet number concentrations match observations better than CAM6. Precipitating low and deep clouds in AM4 have too little snow. Further investigation of these microphysical biases is needed for both models.
Why Are There More Summer Afternoon Low Clouds Over the Tibetan Plateau Compared to Eastern China?
Authors: Wang Yinjun , Zeng Xubin , Xu Xiangde , Welty Joshua , Lenschow Donald H. , Zhou Mingyu , Zhao Yang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, we analyze the relationships between summer afternoon low cloud cover and environmental conditions over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Using in situ measurements, satellite data, and reanalysis, and based on theoretical analysis, we find that there is stronger thermal turbulence, lower temperature, and higher frequency of low cloud formation for the same surface relative humidity over the eastern and central TP compared with eastern China. With the same sensible heat flux, decreased air density enhances buoyancy flux, which increases the planetary boundary layer height and moisture vertical transport. At the same time, with the same near‐surface relative humidity, lower temperature over the TP decreases the lifting condensation level, which increases the probability of the air parcel reaching this level. Compared to the low‐elevation region in eastern China, these two mechanisms enhance low cloud occurrence in the afternoon over the TP.
Significant Decrease in Wet Deposition of Anthropogenic Chloride Across the Eastern United States, 1998–2018
Authors: Haskins Jessica D. , Jaeglé Lyatt , Thornton Joel A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing deposition observations from precipitation samples collected by the National Atmospheric Deposition Program at 125 sites across the United States, we show that the mean wet deposition flux of non‐sea‐salt chloride (NSS Cl−) has decreased by 83% throughout the eastern United States between 1998 and 2018. We find that 30% of the sites switch from having excess Cl−  to being depleted in Cl−. We attribute the observed decreases in NSS Cl−  deposition to a 95% decrease in U.S. anthropogenic HCl emissions since 1998. We propose that industry emission controls that remove HCl as a cobenefit of NOx and SO2 have caused significant decreases in NSS Cl−  deposition throughout the eastern United States, in addition to shifts from coal to natural gas and to coal with lower Cl−  content. Our analysis implies that the lower tropospheric reactive inorganic chlorine burden was larger over the United States in the past than it is today.
Atmospheric Basins: Identification of Quasi‐Independent Spatial Patterns in the Global Atmospheric Hydrological Cycle Via a Complex Network Approach
Authors: Zhang Yu , Huang Wenyu , Zhang Mingxi , Tian Yinglin , Wang Guangqian , Zhong Deyu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA river basin is commonly assumed to be a closed unit of the terrestrial hydrological cycle. Further research is required to identify analogous regional‐scale and quasi‐independent spatial patterns with the potential to be treated as basic hydrological units of the atmospheric hydrological cycle. To this purpose, we constructed global atmospheric moisture networks (GAMNs) for the boreal summers and winters from 2007 to 2016 based on the atmospheric source‐sink relationships between grid cells of a global 3° × 3° grid generated by the Eulerian atmospheric moisture tracking model WAM‐2layers (water accounting model‐two layers). By adopting a complex network‐based approach, we identified regional‐scale patterns in the GAMNs that reflect the regional moisture transport characteristics and have high moisture recycling ratios (>50%) and defined these patterns as atmospheric basins. Moisture exchanges between atmospheric basins are non‐negligible, and several atmospheric basins act as strong moisture providers/receivers. Moreover, typical atmospheric basins were selected to check the stability and variation of atmospheric basins during 2007–2016. We observed core regions that persist throughout the years in these atmospheric basins. Inter‐annual differences in the positions and areas of these atmospheric basins were also observed, and we attributed these to inter‐annual differences in the atmospheric moisture links. Identifying atmospheric basins can help to better understand the global hydrological cycle dynamics and drivers as it reduces the complexity of the grid‐based source‐sink relationships of atmospheric moisture.
Persistent Link Between Caribbean Precipitation and Atlantic Ocean Circulation During the Last Glacial Revealed by a Speleothem Record From Puerto Rico
Authors: Warken Sophie F. , Vieten Rolf , Winter Amos , Spötl Christoph , Miller Thomas E. , Jochum Klaus P. , Schröder‐Ritzrau Andrea , Mangini Augusto , Scholz Denis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe sensitivity of tropical Atlantic precipitation patterns to the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at different time scales is well‐known. However, recent research suggests a more complex behavior of the northern hemispheric tropical rain belt related to the ITCZ in the western tropical Atlantic. Here we present a precisely dated speleothem multi‐proxy record from a well‐monitored cave in Puerto Rico, covering the period between 46.2 and 15.3 ka. The stable isotope and trace element records document a pronounced response of regional rainfall to abrupt climatic excursions in the North Atlantic across the Last Glacial such as Heinrich stadials and Dansgaard/Oeschger events. The annual to multidecadal resolution of the proxy time series allows substructural investigations of the recorded events. Spectral analysis suggests that multidecadal to centennial variability persisted in the regional hydroclimate mainly during interstadial conditions but also during the Last Glacial Maximum. In particular, we observe a strong agreement between the speleothem proxy data and the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, supporting a persistent link of oceanic forcing to regional precipitation. Comparison to other paleo‐precipitation records enables the reconstruction of past changes in position, strength, and extent of the ITCZ in the western tropical Atlantic in response to millennial‐ and orbital‐scale global climate change.
Preventing Seawater Intrusion and Enhancing Safe Extraction Using Finite‐Length, Impermeable Subsurface Barriers: 3D Analysis
Authors: Wu Huiqiang , Lu Chunhui , Kong Jun , Werner Adrian D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSubsurface physical barriers have been recognized as effective in mitigating seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, although mainly 2D (cross‐sectional) barrier effects have been considered. In this study, impermeable barriers with finite shore‐parallel lengths are investigated through 3D numerical simulation, thereby extending previous analyses. Two scenarios are considered: (a) barrier‐only and (b) barrier‐well systems; and three available barrier types are analyzed and compared: (1) subsurface dam, (2) cutoff wall, and (3) fully penetrating barrier. Barrier location, length, and height are investigated, and barrier effectiveness is evaluated from seawater volumes, seawater wedge toe positions, and maximum safe pumping rates. In the barrier‐only system, a better performance in preventing seawater intrusion was achieved by cutoff walls rather than subsurface dams. Finite‐length subsurface dams may slightly enhance seawater extent along parts of the coastline that are beyond the dam's length. Cutoff walls performed best when located at relatively small distances from the coast in the barrier‐only system, whereas with a well at 450 m from the shoreline, the subsurface dam located at a critical distance from the sea (i.e., 300 m in the current study) performed optimally (from the tested cases) and was superior to cutoff walls in terms of the maximum safe pumping rate. A fully penetrating barrier outperformed cutoff walls and subsurface dams, as expected. Our investigation indicates that subsurface barrier design should consider the effect of the shore‐parallel length, because barrier benefits may otherwise be significantly overestimated.
In Situ Observations and Lumped Parameter Model Reconstructions Reveal Intra‐Annual to Multidecadal Variability in Groundwater Levels in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Ascott M. J. , Macdonald D. M. J. , Black E. , Verhoef A. , Nakohoun P. , Tirogo J. , Sandwidi W. J. P. , Bliefernicht J. , Sorensen J. P. R. , Bossa A. Y. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding temporal variability in groundwater levels is essential for water resources management. In sub‐Saharan Africa, groundwater level dynamics are poorly constrained due to limited long‐term observations. Here, we present the first published analysis of temporal variability in groundwater levels at the national scale in sub‐Saharan Africa, using 12 multidecadal (ca. 1980s to present) groundwater level hydrographs in Burkina Faso. For each hydrograph, we developed lumped parameter models which achieved acceptable calibrations (NSE = 0.5–0.99). For eight sites not showing significant (p < 0.001) long‐term groundwater level declines, we reconstructed groundwater levels to 1902, over 50 years before the earliest observations in the tropics. We standardized and clustered the eight reconstructed hydrographs to compare responses across the sites. Overall, the 12 hydrographs were categorized into three groups, which are dominated by (1) long‐term declines (four sites), (2) short‐term intra‐annual variability (three sites), and (3) long‐term multidecadal variability (five sites). We postulate that group 1 is controlled by anthropogenic influences (land use change and abstraction). Correlation of modeled water table depth and groundwater response times with hydrograph autocorrelation suggests that hydrogeological properties and structure control differences between groups 2 and 3. Group 3 shows a small recovery in groundwater levels following the 1970/1980s drought. Differences in intra‐annual to multidecadal variability in groundwater levels have implications for water management and highlight the value of long‐term monitoring. Reconstructions contextualize current groundwater status, forecasts, and projections. The approach developed is generic and applicable where long‐term groundwater level data exist.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals heterogeneous tumor and immune cell populations in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas harboring EGFR mutations
Authors: He Di , Wang Di , Lu Ping , Yang Nan , Xue Zhigang , Zhu Xianmin , Zhang Peng , Fan Guoping 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) harboring EGFR mutations prevails in Asian population. However, the inter-patient and intra-tumor heterogeneity has not been addressed at single-cell resolution. Here we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of total 125,674 cells from seven stage-I/II LUAD samples harboring EGFR mutations and five tumor-adjacent lung tissues. We identified diverse cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) in which myeloid cells and T cells were the most abundant stromal cell types in tumors and adjacent lung tissues. Within tumors, accompanied by an increase in CD1C+ dendritic cells, the tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) showed pro-tumoral functions without signature gene expression of defined M1 or M2 polarization. Tumor-infiltrating T cells mainly displayed exhausted and regulatory T-cell features. The adenocarcinoma cells can be categorized into different subtypes based on their gene expression signatures in distinct pathways such as hypoxia, glycolysis, cell metabolism, translation initiation, cell cycle, and antigen presentation. By performing pseudotime trajectory, we found that ELF3 was among the most upregulated genes in more advanced tumor cells. In response to secretion of inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL1B) from immune infiltrates, ELF3 in tumor cells was upregulated to trigger the activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway and elevated expression of proliferation and anti-apoptosis genes such as BCL2L1 and CCND1. Taken together, our study revealed substantial heterogeneity within early-stage LUAD harboring EGFR mutations, implicating complex interactions among tumor cells, stromal cells and immune infiltrates in the TME.
MiRNA-671-5p Promotes prostate cancer development and metastasis by targeting NFIA/CRYAB axis
Authors: Zhu Zhiguo , Luo Lianmin , Xiang Qian , Wang Jiamin , Liu Yangzhou , Deng Yihan , Zhao Zhigang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is the second cause of death due to malignancy among men, and metastasis is the leading cause of mortality in patients with PCa. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important regulatory roles in tumor development and metastasis. Here, we identified 13 miRNAs related to PCa metastasis by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, we found that miR-671-5p was increased in metastatic PCa tissues, and its high expression indicated poor prognosis of PCa. MiR-671-5p could facilitate PCa cells proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro and vivo. We confirmed that miR-671-5p directly bound to the 3’ untranslated regions of NFIA mRNA, and NFIA directly bound to the CRYAB promoter. High expression of NFIA and CRYAB negatively correlated with the advanced clinicopathological characteristics and metastasis status of PCa patients. Our study demonstrated that miR-671-5p promoted PCa development and metastasis by suppressing NFIA/ CRYAB axis.
BrainPhys neuronal medium optimized for imaging and optogenetics in vitro
Authors: Zabolocki Michael , McCormack Kasandra , van den Hurk Mark , Milky Bridget , Shoubridge Andrew P. , Adams Robert , Tran Jenne , Mahadevan-Jansen Anita , Reineck Philipp , Thomas Jacob , Hutchinson Mark R. , Mak Carmen K. H. , Añonuevo Adam , Chew Leon H. , Hirst Adam J. , Lee Vivian M. , Knock Erin , Bardy Cedric 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe capabilities of imaging technologies, fluorescent sensors, and optogenetics tools for cell biology are advancing. In parallel, cellular reprogramming and organoid engineering are expanding the use of human neuronal models in vitro. This creates an increasing need for tissue culture conditions better adapted to live-cell imaging. Here, we identify multiple caveats of traditional media when used for live imaging and functional assays on neuronal cultures (i.e., suboptimal fluorescence signals, phototoxicity, and unphysiological neuronal activity). To overcome these issues, we develop a neuromedium called BrainPhys™ Imaging (BPI) in which we optimize the concentrations of fluorescent and phototoxic compounds. BPI is based on the formulation of the original BrainPhys medium. We benchmark available neuronal media and show that BPI enhances fluorescence signals, reduces phototoxicity and optimally supports the electrical and synaptic activity of neurons in culture. We also show the superior capacity of BPI for optogenetics and calcium imaging of human neurons. Altogether, our study shows that BPI improves the quality of a wide range of fluorescence imaging applications with live neurons in vitro while supporting optimal neuronal viability and function.
Efficient population modification gene-drive rescue system in the malaria mosquito Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Adolfi Adriana , Gantz Valentino M. , Jasinskiene Nijole , Lee Hsu-Feng , Hwang Kristy , Terradas Gerard , Bulger Emily A. , Ramaiah Arunachalam , Bennett Jared B. , Emerson J. J. , Marshall John M. , Bier Ethan , James Anthony A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCas9/gRNA-mediated gene-drive systems have advanced development of genetic technologies for controlling vector-borne pathogen transmission. These technologies include population suppression approaches, genetic analogs of insecticidal techniques that reduce the number of insect vectors, and population modification (replacement/alteration) approaches, which interfere with competence to transmit pathogens. Here, we develop a recoded gene-drive rescue system for population modification of the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, that relieves the load in females caused by integration of the drive into the kynurenine hydroxylase gene by rescuing its function. Non-functional resistant alleles are eliminated via a dominantly-acting maternal effect combined with slower-acting standard negative selection, and rare functional resistant alleles do not prevent drive invasion. Small cage trials show that single releases of gene-drive males robustly result in efficient population modification with ≥95% of mosquitoes carrying the drive within 5-11 generations over a range of initial release ratios.