bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Dimorphisms in Adult Human Brown Adipose Tissue
Authors: Fletcher Laura A. , Kim Katherine , Leitner Brooks P. , Cassimatis Thomas M. , O’Mara Alana E. , Johnson James W. , Halprin Molly S. , McGehee Suzanne M. , Brychta Robert J. , Cypess Aaron M. , Chen Kong Y. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify and compare the amount, activity, and anatomical distribution of cold‐activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) in healthy, young, lean women and men.MethodsBAT volume and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake were measured by positron emission tomography and computerized tomography in 12 women and 12 men (BMI 18.5‐25 kg/m2, aged 18‐35 years) after 5 hours of exposure to their coldest temperature before overt shivering.ResultsWomen had a lower detectable BAT volume than men (P = 0.03), but there was no difference after normalizing to body size. The mean BAT glucose uptake and relative distribution of BAT did not differ by sex. 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake consistent with BAT was observed in superficial dorsocervical adipose tissue of 6 of 12 women but only 1 of 12 men (P = 0.02). This potential BAT depot would pose fewer biopsy risks than other depots.ConclusionsDespite differences in adiposity and total BAT volume, we found that healthy, lean, young women and men do not differ in the relative amount, glucose uptake, and distribution of BAT. Dorsocervical 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was more prevalent in women and may be a remnant of interscapular BAT seen in human newborns. Future studies are needed to discern how BAT contributes to whole‐body thermal physiology and body weight regulation in women and men.
Tracking of obesity among 2‐ to 9‐year‐olds in an electronic heath record database from 2006 to 2018
Authors: Freedman David S. , Goodman Alyson B. , King Raymond J. , Blanck Heidi M. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackground and ObjectiveAs obesity among children and adolescents is associated with major health risks, including the persistence of obesity into adulthood, there has been interest in targeting prevention efforts at children and adolescent. The longitudinal tracking of BMI and obesity, as well as the effects of initial age and duration of follow‐up on this tracking, were examined in a large electronic health record (EHR) database.MethodsThe data consisted of 2.04 million children who were examined from 2006 through 2018. These children were initially examined between ages 2 and 9 years and had a final examination, on average, 4 years later.ResultsOverall, children with obesity at one examination were 7.7 times more likely to have obesity at a subsequent examination than children with a BMI ≤ 95th percentile. Further, 71% of children with obesity at one examination continued to have obesity at re‐examination. Although 2‐year‐olds had a relative risk of 5.5 and a positive predictive value of 54%, then sensitivity of obesity at younger ages was low. Of the children who were re‐examined after age 10 y and found to have obesity, only 22% had a BMI ≥ 95th percentile at age 2 years.ConclusionsDespite the tracking of obesity at all ages, these results agree with previous reports that have found that an elevated BMI at a very young age will identify only a small proportion of older children with obesity.
Mycorrhizas for a changing world: Sustainability, conservation, and society
Authors: Field Katie J. , Daniell Tim , Johnson David , Helgason Thorunn 
Published: January 2020

Societal Impact StatementMycorrhizal fungi are of huge significance for plants, people, and the planet. In addition to the fruiting bodies of many mycorrhizal fungi having great culinary, medical, and sometimes religious significance, by forming partnerships with the vast majority of land plants, mycorrhizal fungi are essential in the formation and functioning of global ecosystems. As such, mycorrhizas have great potential for future exploitation and management to facilitate a variety of sustainability programs in agriculture, conservation, and restoration, considerations that are particularly relevant during this time of global change and widespread depletion of natural resources.
Summary
Mycorrhizal fungi, of all types, hold huge significance for our planet and society. By forming mutualistic symbioses with the vast majority of land plants, mycorrhizas play an essential role in the formation and maintenance of global ecosystems. They also have great potential for exploitation to facilitate a variety of sustainability programs in agriculture, conservation, and restoration, particularly relevant in the context of global climate change and depletion of natural resources. As such, in addition to the fruiting bodies of many mycorrhiza‐forming fungal species being delicious, mycorrhizal symbioses are of critical and increasingly appreciated importance to human society. This editorial provides an overview of the relevance and potential roles of mycorrhizal fungi toward achieving global goals in sustainability, conservation and their significance within society, and highlights key directions for future research.
Fast Holonomic Quantum Computation on Superconducting Circuits With Optimal Control
Authors: Li Sai , Chen Tao , Xue Zheng‐Yuan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGeometric phases induced in quantum evolutions have built‐in noise‐resilient characters, and thus can find applications in many robust quantum manipulation tasks. Here, a feasible and fast scheme for universal quantum computation on superconducting circuits with nonadiabatic non‐Abelian geometric phases is proposed, using resonant interaction of three‐level quantum system. In this scheme, arbitrary single‐qubit quantum gates can be implemented in a single‐loop scenario by shaping both the amplitudes and phases of the two driving microwave fields resonantly coupled to a transmon device. Moreover, nontrivial two‐qubit gates can also be realized with an auxiliary transmon simultaneously coupled to the two target transmons in an effective resonant way. In particular, this proposal can be compatible to various optimal control techniques, which further enhances the robustness of the quantum operations. Therefore, this proposal represents a promising way toward fault‐tolerant quantum computation on solid‐state quantum circuits.
A Sustainable Tamarind Kernel Powder Based Aqueous Binder for Graphite Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Narasimha Phanikumar Vaddi Venkata , Appa Rao Boyapati Venkata , Gobi Kauveri Vengatajalabathy , Gopalan Raghavan , Prakash Raju 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNatural polysaccharides have gained much attention as aqueous binders for lithium‐ion batteries due to low cost, abundance and non‐toxicity. Herein, we report for the first time the use of Tamarind Kernel Powder (TKP) as an aqueous binder for graphite anode. The graphite electrodes have been fabricated using 3, 4 and 5 wt.% of TKP binder and their electrochemical performances are studied. Among these, the electrode with 4 wt.% binder content shows the best electrochemical performance. It delivers an initial discharge capacity of 426 mAh g−1 and retains the capacity of 343 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 C (0.1 C=37.2 mA g−1). It exhibits a first cycle reversible capacity of 326 mAh g−1 at 1 C with good cycling stability for 500 cycles, which is much better than the graphite electrode with conventional PVdF (4 wt.%) binder (first cycle: 103 mAh g−1). In addition, it demonstrates good rate capability up to 50 C. The fabricated TKP/Graphite electrode exhibits a discharge capacity of 55 mAh g−1 at 50 C, whereas under the similar conditions the PVdF counterpart delivers only 20 mAh g−1. In addition, a full cell has been fabricated with NMC532/C‐TK4 electrodes, which delivers a discharge capacity of 121 mAh g−1 at 1 C with a capacity retention >84% after 50 cycles. The superior performance of the aqueous binder based graphite electrode can be ascribed to the good solubility, high lithium ion conductivity, and better wettability of TKP binder. Hence, TKP plays a remarkable role as a binder in the electrode fabrication for the application of lithium‐ion batteries.
Hybrid Charge‐Storage Route to Nb2CTxMXene as Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Du Li , Duan Huanhuan , Xia Qi , Jiang Chan , Yan Yurong , Wu Songping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA facile hydrothermal approach has been successfully adopted to synthesize two‐dimensional Nb2CTxMXene, targeting sodium storage approach in two‐dimensional MXene. As an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), as‐prepared Nb2CTxMXene delivered a stable electrochemical performance of ∼102 mA h g−1after 500 cycles at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. Further, the full cell comprising of Na3V2(PO4)3@C cathode and Nb2CTxMXene anode also rendered a reversible capacity of 181 mA h g−1at a current density of 100 mA g−1after 50 cycles. The good sodium storage could be ascribed to the contribution of hybrid pseudocapacitance, effectively promoted charge storage, unique layered structure and expedited dynamic diffusion of ions. Accordingly, these facts enabled the Nb2CTxMXene to be a promising candidate as an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries.
Photocatalytically Active Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Effective and Safe 2D Material for In Vitro and In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Taheri Hadiseh , Unal Mehmet Altay , Sevim Melike , Gurcan Cansu , Ekim Okan , Ceylan Ahmet , Syrgiannis Zois , Christoforidis Konstantinos C. , Bosi Susanna , Ozgenç Ozge , Gómez Manuel José , Turktas Erken Mine , Soydal Çigdem , Eroğlu Zafer , Bitirim Ceylan Verda , Cagin Umut , Arı Fikret , Ozen Asuman , Kuçuk Ozlem , Delogu Lucia Gemma , Prato Maurizio , Metin Önder , Yilmazer Açelya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThanks to its photocatalytic property, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is a promising candidate in various applications including nanomedicine. However, studies focusing on the suitability of g‐C3N4 for cancer therapy are very limited and possible underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, it is demonstrated that photoexcitation of g‐C3N4 can be used effectively in photodynamic therapy, without using any other carrier or additional photosensitizer. Upon light exposure, g‐C3N4 treatment kills cancer cells, without the need of any other nanosystem or chemotherapeutic drug. The material is efficiently taken up by tumor cells in vitro. The transcriptome and proteome of g‐C3N4 and light treated cells show activation in pathways related to both oxidative stress, cell death, and apoptosis which strongly suggests that only when combined with light exposure, g‐C3N4 is able to kill cancer cells. Systemic administration of the mesoporous form results in elimination from urinary bladder without any systemic toxicity. Administration of the material significantly decreases tumor volume when combined with local light treatment. This study paves the way for the future use of not only g‐C3N4 but also other 2D nanomaterials in cancer therapy.
Multi‐Step Crystallization of Self‐Organized Spiral Eutectics
Authors: Moniri Saman , Bale Hrishikesh , Volkenandt Tobias , Wang Yeqing , Gao Jianrong , Lu Tianxiang , Sun Kai , Ritchie Robert O. , Shahani Ashwin J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA method for the solidification of metallic alloys involving spiral self‐organization is presented as a new strategy for producing large‐area chiral patterns with emergent structural and optical properties, with attention to the underlying mechanism and dynamics. This study reports the discovery of a new growth mode for metastable, two‐phase spiral patterns from a liquid metal. Crystallization proceeds via a non‐classical, two‐step pathway consisting of the initial formation of a polytetrahedral seed crystal, followed by ordering of two solid phases that nucleate heterogeneously on the seed and grow in a strongly coupled fashion. Crystallographic defects within the seed provide a template for spiral self‐organization. These observations demonstrate the ubiquity of defect‐mediated growth in multi‐phase materials and establish a pathway toward bottom‐up synthesis of chiral materials with an inter‐phase spacing comparable to the wavelength of infrared light. Given that liquids often possess polytetrahedral short‐range order, our results are applicable to many systems undergoing multi‐step crystallization.
Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Can Reduce the Hepatotoxicity of Therapeutic Cargo
Authors: Yang Feifei , Medik Yusra , Li Liantao , Tian Xi , Fu Dong , Brouwer Kim L. R. , Wagner Kyle , Sun Bo , Sendi Hossein , Mi Yu , Wang Andrew Z. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHepatotoxicity is a key concern in the clinical translation of nanotherapeutics because preclinical studies have consistently shown that nanotherapeutics accumulates extensively in the liver. However, clinical‐stage nanotherapeutics have not shown increased hepatotoxicity. Factors that can contribute to the hepatotoxicity of nanotherapeutics beyond the intrinsic hepatotoxicity of nanoparticles (NPs) are poorly understood. Because of this knowledge gap, clinical translation efforts have avoided hepatotoxic molecules. By examining the hepatotoxicity of nanoformulations of known hepatotoxic compounds, it is demonstrated that nanotherapeutics are associated with lower hepatotoxicity than their small‐molecule counterparts. It is also found that the reduced hepatotoxicity is related to the uptake of nanotherapeutics by macrophages in the liver. These findings can facilitate further development and clinical translation of nanotherapeutics.
Beschränktes Alkoholverkaufsverbot in Baden-Württemberg: wirksames Gesetz abgeschafft
Authors: Baumann Florian , Buchwald Achim , Friehe Tim , Hottenrott Hanna , Mechtel Mario 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe authors report results of a study that analyses the effects of a ban on late-night off-premise alcohol sales on recorded violent crime incidents. The ban was in effect from 2010 to 2017 in the German state of Baden-Wurttemberg. The alcohol availability policy reduced both late-night simple and aggravated assault, but had no significant effect on late-night rape or late-night robbery incidences. The recorded decrease in the count for simple and aggravated assault contrasts with the results in an earlier evaluation by the state. When seen together with evidence on health effects and police reports, all data suggests that the state government abolished a regulation that was effective at meeting the aforementioned targets.
Experimental Validation of an ITAP Numerical Model and the Effect of Implant Stem Stiffness on Bone Strain Energy
Authors: Ahmed K. , Greene R. J. , Aston W. , Briggs T. , Pendegrass C. , Moazen M. , Blunn G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Intraosseous Transcutaneous Amputation Prosthesis (ITAP) offers transfemoral amputees an ambulatory method potentially reducing soft tissue complications seen with socket and stump devices. This study validated a finite element (in silico) model based on an ITAP design and investigated implant stem stiffness influence on periprosthetic femoral bone strain. Results showed good agreement in the validation of the in silico model against the in vitro results using uniaxial strain gauges and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). Using Strain Energy Density (SED) thresholds as the stimulus for adaptive bone remodelling, the validated model illustrated that: (a) bone apposition increased and resorption decreased with increasing implant stem flexibility in early stance; (b) bone apposition decreased (mean change = − 9.8%) and resorption increased (mean change = 20.3%) from distal to proximal in most stem stiffness models in early stance. By engineering the flow of force through the implant/bone (e.g. by changing material properties) these results demonstrate how periprosthetic bone remodelling, thus aseptic loosening, can be managed. This paper finds that future implant designs should be optimised for bone strain under a variety of relevant loading conditions using finite element models to maximise the chances of clinical success.
Sexual Orientation and Cognitive Ability: A Multivariate Meta-Analytic Follow-Up
Authors: Xu Yin , Norton Sam , Rahman Qazi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA cross-sex shift model of human sexual orientation differences predicts that homosexual men should perform or score in the direction of heterosexual women, and homosexual women in the direction of heterosexual men, in behavioral domains such as cognition and personality. In order to test whether homosexual men and women’s cognitive performance was closer to that of heterosexual men or that of heterosexual women (i.e., sex-atypical for their sex and closer to that of the opposite-sex), we conducted a multivariate meta-analysis based on data from our previous meta-analysis (Xu, Norton, & Rahman, 2017). A subset of this data was used and comprised 30 articles (and 2 unpublished datasets) and 244,434 participants. The multivariate meta-analysis revealed that homosexual men were sex-atypical in mental rotation (Hedges’g = −0.36) and the water level test (Hedges’g = −0.55). In mental rotation, homosexual men were in-between heterosexual men and women. There was no significant group difference on spatial location memory. Homosexual men were also sex-atypical on male-favoring spatial-related tasks (Hedges’g = −0.54), and female-favoring spatial-related tasks (Hedges’g = 0.38). Homosexual women tended to be sex-typical (similar to heterosexual women). There were no significant group differences on male-favoring “other” tasks or female-favoring verbal-related tasks. Heterosexual men and women differed significantly on female-favoring “other” tasks. These results support the cross-sex shift hypothesis which predicts that homosexual men perform in the direction of heterosexual women in sex differentiated cognitive domains. However, the type of task and cognitive domain tested is critical.
An Extended Twin-Pedigree Study of Different Classes of Voluntary Exercise Behavior
Authors: van der Zee Matthijs D. , Helmer Q. , Boomsma D. I. , Dolan C. V. , de Geus E. J. C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe investigated the familial clustering of different classes of voluntary regular exercise behavior in extended twin-family pedigrees. In contrast to the earlier work based on twin data only, this allowed us to estimate the contributions of shared household effects (C), additive (A), and non-additive (D) genetic effects on voluntary exercise behavior. To test whether shared household effects were inflated by assortative mating we examined the causes of spousal resemblance. For adolescent and adult participants (aged 16 to 65) in the Netherlands Twin Register we constructed 19,543 pedigrees which specified all relations among nuclear family members and larger families in the register (N = 50,690 individuals). Data were available on total weekly MET minutes spent on leisure time exercise, and on total weekly MET minutes spent on exercise activities in team-based, solitary, competitive, non-competitive, externally paced and internally paced exercise. We analyzed the data in the Mendel software package (Lange et al. in Bioinformatics 29(12):1568–1570, 2013) under multiple definitions of household sharing and used data from spouses of twins to test phenotypic assortment, social homogamy, and marital interaction as potential sources of spousal resemblance. Results confirmed the influence of genetic factors on the total volume of weekly exercise behavior throughout the life span. Broad sense heritability ranged from 34 to 41% (19–26% A, 12–21% D), and did not depend on the definition for household sharing. Engaging in team-based, competitive, externally paced activities (e.g., soccer) was ~ 13% more heritable than engaging in non-competitive, solitary activities (e.g., jogging). Having shared a household as siblings explained 4–8% of the variance in adult exercise behavior, whereas sharing a household by spouses yielded higher C estimates (20–24%), as it incorporates spousal resemblance. Spousal resemblance was explained by both social homogamy and marital interaction, with little evidence for phenotypic assortment. We conclude that both the amount of voluntary exercise behavior and the preference for specific classes of exercise activities in adults is explained by additive and non-additive genetic factors and unique environmental influences that include correlated exercise behavior of spouses.
Phosphorus and carbon in soil particle size fractions: A synthesis
Authors: Spohn Marie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite the importance of phosphorus (P) as a macronutrient, the factors controlling the pool sizes of organic and inorganic P (OP and IP) in soils are not yet well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insights into the pools sizes of OP, IP and organic carbon (OC) in soils and soil particle size fractions. For this purpose, I analyzed the distribution of OP, IP, and OC among particle size fractions depending on geographical location, climate, soil depth, and land use, based on published data. The clay size fraction contained on average 8.8 times more OP than the sand size fraction and 3.9 and 3.2 times more IP and OC, respectively. The OP concentrations of the silt and clay size fraction were both negatively correlated with mean annual temperature (R2 = 0.30 and 0.31, respectively, p < 0.001). The OC:OP ratios of the silt and clay size fraction were negatively correlated with latitude (R2 = 0.49 and 0.34, respectively, p < 0.001). Yet, the OC:OP ratio of the clay size fraction changed less markedly with latitude than the OC:OP ratio of the silt and the sand size fraction. The OC concentrations of all three particle size fractions were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in soils converted to cropland than in adjacent soils under natural vegetation. In contrast, the OP concentration was only significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the sand size fraction but not in the other two particle size fractions due to land-use change. Thus, the findings suggest that OP is more persistent in soil than OC, which is most likely due to strong sorptive stabilization of OP compounds to mineral surfaces.
How Pro-social Framing Affects the Success of Crowdfunding Projects: The Role of Emphasis and Information Crowdedness
Authors: Defazio Daniela , Franzoni Chiara , Rossi-Lamastra Cristina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCrowdfunding is regarded a financing mechanism that could improve the funding opportunities of businesses with a pro-social orientation. Indeed, it is assumed that on digital platforms, citizens are inclined to provide more support to projects with a social benefit than to those without such an orientation, with significant ethical implications for the common good. Yet, extant empirical evidence regarding such a claim is still inconclusive. To advance this discussion, the present paper analyzes the conditions that influence crowd support for projects displaying a pro-social orientation on a reward-based crowdfunding platform. To build our hypotheses, we adopt the lens of framing theory, and we relate it to the digital context. Beginning from the premise that, on crowdfunding platforms, information about projects has ahierarchical structure,we argue that a project’s success crucially depends on how much its proponent emphasizes the pro-social cues within this structure. Moreover, we propose that because pro-social cues demarcate a project over others, the effectiveness of pro-social framing is enhanced when the number of projects on the platform, i.e., itscrowdedness, increases. Logit estimates on 8631 Kickstarter projects indicate that pro-social framing is positively associated with success as we expected, yet only when it is moderately emphasized. Further, we find that crowdedness on the platform positively moderates the effect of pro-social orientation on success.