bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work-Based Assessments in Higher General Surgical Training Program: A Mixed Methods Study Exploring Trainers' and Trainees' Views and Experiences
Authors: Aryal Kamal Raj , Currow Chelise , Downey Sarah , Praseedom Raaj , Seager Alexander 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Introduction In the United Kingdom, work-based assessments (WBAs) including procedure-based assessments (PBAs), case-based discussions (CBDs), clinical evaluation exercises (CEXs), and direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) have been used in Higher General Surgical Training Program (HGSTP) since the introduction of Modernising Medical Careers. Although the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Project states that they should be used for the formative development of trainees using feedback and reflection, there is no study to look at the perception of their usefulness and barriers in using them, particularly in HGSTP. The aim of this study is to investigate trainer's and trainee's perception of their usefulness, barriers in using them, and way forward for their improvement in HGSTP.
Methods This was a mixed method study. In phase I, after ethics committee approval, an online survey was sent to 83 trainers and 104 trainees, with a response rate of 33 and 37%, respectively, using Online Surveys (formerly Bristol Online Survey) from July 2018 to December 2018. After analysis of this result, in phase II, semistructured interviews were conducted with five trainees and five trainers who had volunteered to take part from phase I. Thematic analysis was performed to develop overarching themes.
Results For professional formative development, 15% of the trainers and 53% of the trainees felt that WBAs had a low value. Among 4 WBAs—CEX, CBD, PBA, and DOPS—PBA was thought to be the most useful WBA by 52% trainers and 74% trainees.More trainers than trainees felt that it was being used as a formative tool (33 vs. 16%). The total number of WBAs thought to be required was between 20 and 40 per year, with 46% of the trainers and 53% of the trainees preferring these numbers.The thematic analysis generated four themes with subthemes in each: theme 1, “factors affecting usefulness,” including the mode of validation, trainer/trainee engagement, and time spent in validating; theme 2, “doubt on utility” due to doubt on validity and being used as a tick-box exercise; theme 3, “pitfalls/difficulties” due to lack of time to validate, late validation, e-mail rather than face-to-face validation, trainer and trainee behavior, variability in feedback given, and emphasis on number than quality; and theme 4, “improvement strategies.”
Conclusions The WBAs are not being used in a way they are supposed to be used. The perception of educational impact (Kirkpatrick levels 1 and 2) by trainers was more optimistic than by trainees. Improvements can be made by giving/finding more time, trainer training, more face-to-face validation, and better trainer trainee interactions.
Small extracellular vesicles from human adipose‐derived stem cells attenuate cartilage degeneration
Authors: Woo Chang Hee , Kim Hark Kyun , Jung Gun Young , Jung Youn Jae , Lee Kyoung Soo , Yun Ye Eun , Han Jihoon , Lee Jeongmi , Kim Woo Sung , Choi Ji Suk , Yang Siyoung , Park Jae Hyung , Jo Dong‐Gyu , Cho Yong Woo 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTOsteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease of articular cartilage that is the most common joint disease worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the most extensively explored for the treatment of OA. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may contribute to the potential mechanisms of MSC‐based therapies. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of human adipose‐derived stem cells EVs (hASC‐EVs) in alleviating OA, along with the mechanism. EVs were isolated from the culture supernatants of hASCs by a multi‐filtration system based on the tangential flow filtration (TFF) system. The isolated EVs were characterised using dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and flow cytometry analysis. The hASC‐EVs not only promoted the proliferation and migration of human OA chondrocytes, but also maintained the chondrocyte matrix by increasing type Ⅱ collagen synthesis and decreasing MMP‐1, MMP‐3, MMP‐13 and ADAMTS‐5 expression in the presence of IL‐1β in vitro. Intra‐articular injection of hASC‐EVs significantly attenuated OA progression and protected cartilage from degeneration in both the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) rat and the surgical destabilisation of the medial meniscus (DMM) mouse models. In addition, administration of hASC‐EVs inhibited the infiltration of M1 macrophages into the synovium. Overall results suggest that the hASC‐EVs should be considered as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of OA.
4.6 T generated by a high-temperature superconducting ring magnet
Authors: Ali Muhammad Zulfiqar , Zheng Jinxing , Huber Felix , Zhang Zhiwei , Yuan Weijia , Zhang Min 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report here a record 4.6 T trapped field generated by high temperature superconducting (HTS) persistent current loops using a HTS ring structure. By stacking 200 HTS rings into a compact magnet 90 mm in diameter, we performed a field cooling magnetisation at 25 K. The main advantage of the new magnet compared to existing trapped field HTS magnets is that the magnetic field is in the parallel direction to the ab plane of the HTS, leading to higher critical currents in the same magnetic field. Therefore, compact HTS magnets can be developed based on this principle to achieve high magnetic fields. Experimental results show that the final trapped field distribution depends on the ring geometry. We developed a new three dimensional model to simulate the magnetic field distribution within the HTS ring magnet and good agreement between experiments and simulation have been found. The temperature dependency and ramping rate dependency have been studied numerically as potential factors to influence the magnet field. The proposed HTS ring magnet will have promising applications in medical imaging devices, e.g. MRI, as well as electrical machines.
Invasion, isolation and evolution shape population genetic structure in Campanula rotundifolia
Authors: Wilson Julia , Perry Annika , Shepherd Jessica R , Durán-Castillo Mario , Jeffree Christopher E , Cavers Stephen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The distribution and genetic structure of most plant species in Britain and Ireland bear the imprint of the last ice age. These patterns were largely shaped by random processes during recolonization but, in angiosperms, whole-genome duplication may also have been important. We investigate the distribution of cytotypes of Campanula rotundifolia, considering DNA variation, postglacial colonization, environmental partitioning and reproductive barriers. Cytotypes and genome size variation from across the species’ range were determined by flow cytometry and genetic variation was assessed using cpDNA markers. A common garden study examined growth and flowering phenology of tetraploid, pentaploid and hexaploid cytotypes and simulated a contact zone for investigation of reproductive barriers. Irish populations were entirely hexaploid. In Britain, hexaploids occurred mostly in western coastal populations which were allopatric with tetraploids, and in occasional sympatric inland populations. Chloroplast markers resolved distinct genetic groups, related to cytotype and geographically segregated; allopatric hexaploids were distinct from tetraploids, whereas sympatric hexaploids were not. Genome downsizing occurred between cytotypes. Progeny of open-pollinated clones from the contact zone showed that maternal tetraploids rarely produced progeny of other cytotypes, whereas the progeny of maternal hexaploids varied, with frequent pentaploids and aneuploids. The presence of distinctive hexaploid chloroplast types in Ireland, Scottish islands and western mainland Britain indicates that its establishment preceded separation of these land masses by sea-level rise c. 16 000 years BP. This group did not originate from British tetraploids and probably diverged before postglacial invasion from mainland Europe. The combination of cytotype, molecular, contact zone and common garden data shows an overall pattern reflecting postglacial colonization events, now maintained by geographic separation, together with more recent occasional local in situ polyploidisation. Reproductive barriers favour the persistence of the tetraploid to the detriment of the hexaploid.
Positioning Selves in Narrative Accounts of Military Trauma
Authors: Laskey Brenda , Stirling Lesley 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Linguistic and narrative strategies employed in two dyadic interviews of male veterans of the war in Afghanistan were analysed and compared. Each interviewee told chains of connected stories that positioned them in relation to catastrophic events and their effects. These incidents were framed as being linked to decisions that the teller had taken in perilous circumstances. Sequences of generic clauses in sections of orientation were used to manage knowledge asymmetries, to establish story world norms, to display professional, soldierly and veteran identities and to present danger, serious injury, and death as normative in the context of military work in a conflict zone. Resolutions to narratives involving death or injury resided not in specific narrative event clauses but in sections of evaluation that framed the outcome of a preceding story chain in terms of its personal, current significance to the speaker. Our exploration of contrasting accounts of similarly catastrophic events by two storytellers, one of whom was diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, offers insights into ways in which trauma is represented that could be useful in psychotherapeutic contexts.
Setting the basis of best practices and standards for curation and annotation of logical models in biology—highlights of the [BC]2 2019 CoLoMoTo/SysMod Workshop
Authors: Niarakis Anna , Kuiper Martin , Ostaszewski Marek , Malik Sheriff Rahuman S , Casals-Casas Cristina , Thieffry Denis , Freeman Tom C , Thomas Paul , Touré Vasundra , Noël Vincent , Stoll Gautier , Saez-Rodriguez Julio , Naldi Aurélien , Oshurko Eugenia , Xenarios Ioannis , Soliman Sylvain , Chaouiya Claudine , Helikar Tomáš , Calzone Laurence 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe fast accumulation of biological data calls for their integration, analysis and exploitation through more systematic approaches. The generation of novel, relevant hypotheses from this enormous quantity of data remains challenging. Logical models have long been used to answer a variety of questions regarding the dynamical behaviours of regulatory networks. As the number of published logical models increases, there is a pressing need for systematic model annotation, referencing and curation in community-supported and standardised formats. This article summarises the key topics and future directions of a meeting entitled ‘Annotation and curation of computational models in biology’, organised as part of the 2019 [BC]2 conference. The purpose of the meeting was to develop and drive forward a plan towards the standardised annotation of logical models, review and connect various ongoing projects of experts from different communities involved in the modelling and annotation of molecular biological entities, interactions, pathways and models. This article defines a roadmap towards the annotation and curation of logical models, including milestones for best practices and minimum standard requirements.
The role of the immune system in tendon healing: a systematic review
Authors: Chisari Emanuele , Rehak Laura , Khan Wasim S , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The role of the immune system in tendon healing relies on polymorphonucleocytes, mast cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, the ‘immune cells’ and their cytokine production. This systematic review reports how the immune system affects tendon healing.

Sources of data
We registered our protocol (registration number: CRD42019141838). After searching PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases, we included studies of any level of evidence published in peer-reviewed journals reporting clinical or preclinical results. The PRISMA guidelines were applied, and risk of bias and the methodological quality of the included studies were assessed. We excluded all the articles with high risk of bias and/or low quality after the assessment. We included 62 articles assessed as medium or high quality.

Areas of agreement
Macrophages are major actors in the promotion of proper wound healing as well as the resolution of inflammation in response to pathogenic challenge or tissue damage. The immune cells secrete cytokines involving both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors which could affect both healing and macrophage polarization.

Areas of controversy
The role of lymphocytes, mast cells and polymorphonucleocytes is still inconclusive.

Growing points
The immune system is a major actor in the complex mechanism behind the healing response occurring in tendons after an injury. A dysregulation of the immune response can ultimately lead to a failed healing response.

Areas timely for developing research
Further studies are needed to shed light on therapeutic targets to improve tendon healing and in managing new way to balance immune response.
A Novel Approach for a Novel Pathogen: Using a Home Assessment Team to Evaluate Patients for COVID-19
Authors: Bryson-Cahn Chloe , Duchin Jeffrey , Makarewicz Vanessa A , Kay Meagan , Rietberg Krista , Napolitano Nathanael , Kamangu Carole , Dellit Timothy H , Lynch John B 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thousands of people in the United States have required testing for SARS-CoV-2. Evaluation for a special pathogen is resource intensive. We report an innovative approach to home assessment that, in collaboration with public health, enables safe evaluation and specimen collection outside the healthcare setting, avoiding unnecessary exposures and resource utilization.
The Integrase Inhibitors Dolutegravir and Raltegravir Exert Proadipogenic and Profibrotic Effects and Induce Insulin Resistance in Human/Simian Adipose Tissue and Human Adipocytes
Authors: Gorwood Jennifer , Bourgeois Christine , Pourcher Valérie , Pourcher Guillaume , Charlotte Frédéric , Mantecon Matthieu , Rose Cindy , Morichon Romain , Atlan Michael , Le Grand Roger , Desjardins Delphine , Katlama Christine , Fève Bruno , Lambotte Olivier , Capeau Jacqueline , Béréziat Véronique , Lagathu Claire 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Although some integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) promote peripheral and central adipose tissue/weight gain in people with human immunodeficiency virus (PHIV), the underlying mechanism has not been identified. Here, we used human and simian models to assess the impact of INSTIs on adipose tissue phenotype and function.

Methods
Adipocyte size and fibrosis were determined in biopsies of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (SCAT and VAT, respectively) from 14 noninfected macaques and 19 PHIV treated or not treated with an INSTI. Fibrosis, adipogenesis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and insulin sensitivity were assessed in human proliferating or adipocyte-differentiated adipose stem cells after long-term exposure to dolutegravir or raltegravir.

Results
We observed elevated fibrosis, adipocyte size, and adipogenic marker expression in SCAT and VAT from INSTI-treated noninfected macaques. Adiponectin expression was low in SCAT. Accordingly, SCAT and VAT samples from INSTI-exposed patients displayed higher levels of fibrosis than those from nonexposed patients. In vitro, dolutegravir and, to a lesser extent, raltegravir were associated with greater extracellular matrix production and lipid accumulation in adipose stem cells and/or adipocytes as observed in vivo. Despite the INSTIs’ proadipogenic and prolipogenic effects, these drugs promoted oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance.

Conclusions
Dolutegravir and raltegravir can directly impact adipocytes and adipose tissue. These INSTIs induced adipogenesis, lipogenesis, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. The present study is the first to shed light on the fat modifications observed in INSTI-treated PHIV.
Low-level expression of the Type II restriction–modification system confers potent bacteriophage resistance in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wilkowska Karolina , Mruk Iwona , Furmanek-Blaszk Beata , Sektas Marian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Restriction–modification systems (R–M) are one of the antiviral defense tools used by bacteria, and those of the Type II family are composed of a restriction endonuclease (REase) and a DNA methyltransferase (MTase). Most entering DNA molecules are usually cleaved by the REase before they can be methylated by MTase, although the observed level of fragmented DNA may vary significantly. Using a model EcoRI R–M system, we report that the balance between DNA methylation and cleavage may be severely affected by transcriptional signals coming from outside the R–M operon. By modulating the activity of the promoter, we obtained a broad range of restriction phenotypes for the EcoRI R–M system that differed by up to 4 orders of magnitude in our biological assays. Surprisingly, we found that high expression levels of the R–M proteins were associated with reduced restriction of invading bacteriophage DNA. Our results suggested that the regulatory balance of cleavage and methylation was highly sensitive to fluctuations in transcriptional signals both up- and downstream of the R–M operon. Our data provided further insights into Type II R–M system maintenance and the potential conflict within the host bacterium.
Samaritan Bundles: Fundraising Competition and Inefficient Clustering in NGO Projects
Authors: Aldashev Gani , Marini Marco , Verdier Thierry 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
This article provides a theoretical framework to understand the tendency of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to cluster and the circumstances under which such clustering is socially undesirable. NGOs compete through fundraising for donations and choose issues to focus their projects on. Donors have latent willingness-to-give that may differ across issues, but they need to be ‘awakened' to give. Raising funds focusing on the same issue creates positive informational spillovers across NGOs. Each NGO chooses whether to compete in the same market (clustering) with spillovers, or to face weaker competition under issue specialisation. We show that equilibrium clustering is more likely to occur when the share of multiple-issue donors is relatively large, and when the fundraising technology is sufficiently efficient. Moreover, this situation is socially inefficient when the cost of fundraising takes intermediate values and the motivation for donors’ giving is relatively high. We illustrate the mechanisms of the model with several case studies.
The End of Dominance? Evaluating Measures of Socio-Economic Background in Stratification Research
Authors: Thaning Max , Hällsten Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe analyse how to best combine information on both parents’ socio-economic status (SES) in intergenerational research. This can be done by utilizing separate measures for each parent, taking averages over parents, modelling interactions, or only using the highest value across parents—the latter commonly referred to as the dominance approach. Our brief literature review suggests that (i) the dominance tradition is widespread, although seldom theoretically or empirically justified and (ii) parental interactive models are not widely used. We assess how much of the sibling correlations in continuous measures of education, occupation, and earnings that are explained by parents’ SES in the same dimensions using the different operationalizations. The dominance approach performs poorer than other models of parental SES. For the total contribution of socio-economic background, we find a bias of about 4–6 per cent for children’s education and occupational outcomes compared with other approaches. We also conduct a separate evaluation of nominal EGP social class operationalizations and find that the dominance approach is the most suboptimal choice compared with the alternatives. In conclusion, parental averages are preferred over dominance, as an attractive and parsimonious one variable alternative, although the highest explanatory power is attributed to models using two parental measures and an interaction term.
Results, barriers and enablers in atrial fibrillation case finding: barriers in opportunistic atrial fibrillation case finding—a cross-sectional study
Authors: Ballesta-Ors Juan , Clua-Espuny Josep L , Gentille-Lorente Delicia I , Lechuga-Duran Iñigo , Fernández-Saez José , Muria-Subirats Eulalia , Blasco-Mulet María , Lorman-Carbo Blanca , Alegret Josep M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is often asymptomatic, and screening is not routinely undertaken.

Objective
Evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of a population-based case finding program and to identify the enablers of and/or barriers to its implementation.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of a health care case finding program for AF from 1 January 2016, to 31 December 2017, that included 48 336 people ≥60 years of age in the region of Terresde l’Ebre (Catalonia, Spain). We analysed the effect on the prevalence of AF and, stratified by age, on the incidence of new diagnoses of AF. We assessed the sociodemographic and clinical variables related to the realization of a case finding.

Results
A total of 32 090 (62.4%) people were screened for AF. We observed a significant increase in the AF prevalence after 2 years of program intervention (5.9–7.7%; P &lt; 0.001). The detection of new AF cases was significantly higher in the case finding group across the whole of the age range, and 765 (2.6%) new AF cases were diagnosed using case finding. The factors that were significantly associated with an underuse of case finding were: age &lt;70 years, urban residence, institutionalized status, Pfeiffer score ≥2, Charlson score &gt;3 and number of visits &lt;7/year.

Conclusions
A health care program of case finding is feasible and is associated with a significant increase in the prevalence and incidence of AF. The results depend on factors such as the ease of access to health care, age, place of residence and comorbidities.