bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Versatility of the Berger-Tenenhaus Approach for Mandibular Fractures
Authors: Thayer Jacob , Mailey Brian 
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Mandibular fractures between the angle and condyle can be difficult to access and treat. The authors sought to evaluate a small transcutaneous incision between the marginal mandibular and buccal nerve branches (Berger-Tenenhaus incision) to treat these fractures.

Methods:
Ten cadaveric hemi-faces were dissected. Surrounding facial nerve branches were identified and measured in relation to the discussed incision. Our clinical experience with the approach for mandibular angle, ramus, subcondylar, and condylar fractures was reviewed. Operative technique and postoperative outcomes were examined.

Results:
The incision is located in a safe interval between neighboring facial nerve branches. Marginal mandibular nerve branches maintained a consistent distance beneath the incision along its length (median distances of 0.95-cm (SD ± 0.5), 1.05-cm (SD ± 0.5), and 1.00-cm (SD ± 0.8) posterior to anterior, respectively). Buccal nerve branches increased in distance and ascended away from the incision line (median distances of 0.75-cm (SD ± 0.9), 1.4-cm (SD ± 0.8), and 1.45-cm (SD ± 0.9) respectively posterior to anterior). No nerves were injured. In our clinical experience, all postoperative patients (n = 9) have had successful fracture reduction with restoration of occlusion, intact facial nerve function and an acceptable cosmetic result.

Conclusions:
The Berger-Tenenhaus incision can safely and efficiently be used to treat difficult to access mandible fractures between the angle and condyle.

Level of Evidence:
VI.
Syngnathia in Spectrum of Oromandibular Limb Hypogenesis Syndrome
Authors: Máximo Geiza , Silva Mayara Branco , Antonio Maria Ângela R.G.M , do Monte Thais Miguel , Raposo-Amaral Cesar Augusto , Raposo-Amaral Cassio Eduardo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Syngnathia is a rare facial anomaly associated with neonatal problems, including a compromised airway, and the inability to take in solids and/or liquids. Syngnathia is included within the spectrum of oromandibular limb hypogenesis syndrome, an extremely rare condition characterized by varying degrees of congenital malformation involving the tongue, mandible, and limbs. In this report, we describe the case of a 41-day-old Caucasian female infant who was unable to open her mouth beginning at birth. The authors performed osteotomies to separate fused bone, and placed a bite block at the osteotomy sites to prevent bone fusion recurrence. At 2 years of follow-up patient remained with 14 mm of mouth opening.
The Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Team Training in Obstetrics Emergencies for Improving Technical Skills
Authors: Yucel Cigdem , Hawley Glenda , Terzioglu Fusun , Bogossian Fiona 
Published: March 2020

Summary Statement
This review explores the effectiveness of simulation-based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving technical skills. A literature search was conducted that included all articles to January 2018. A total of 21 articles were included from a potential 1327 articles. Each included study was assessed for impact of the training program using Kirkpatrick's 4-level model. Only the performance of technical skills was evaluated.
Five studies reported on acceptance of simulation as an education tool at a level 1. Level 2 outcomes were reported in 7 studies where staff demonstrated improved skills in an educational setting. Three studies reported improved performance in a clinical setting at a level 3. Ten studies were categorized as level 4 and found that simulation learning was translated into improved techniques or maneuvers in reduced time frames in emergency situations of shoulder dystocia and postpartum hemorrhage. There was evidence that neonatal outcomes were improved.
Lessons drawn from China and South Korea for managing COVID-19 epidemic: insights from a comparative modeling study
Authors: Tang Biao , Xia Fan , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Wang Xia , He Sha , Sun Xiaodan , Tang Sanyi , Xiao Yanni , Wu Jianhong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe conducted a comparative study of COVID-19 epidemic in three different settings: mainland China, the Guangdong province of China and South Korea, by formulating two disease transmission dynamics models incorporating epidemic characteristics and setting-specific interventions, and fitting the models to multi-source data to identify initial and effective reproduction numbers and evaluate effectiveness of interventions. We estimated the initial basic reproduction number for South Korea, the Guangdong province and mainland China as 2.6 (95% confidence interval (CI): (2.5, 2.7)), 3.0 (95%CI: (2.6, 3.3)) and 3.8 (95%CI: (3.5,4.2)), respectively, given a serial interval with mean of 5 days with standard deviation of 3 days. We found that the effective reproduction number for the Guangdong province and mainland China has fallen below the threshold 1 since February 8th and 18th respectively, while the effective reproduction number for South Korea remains high, suggesting that the interventions implemented need to be enhanced in order to halt further infections. We also project the epidemic trend in South Korea under different scenarios where a portion or the entirety of the integrated package of interventions in China is used. We show that a coherent and integrated approach with stringent public health interventions is the key to the success of containing the epidemic in China and specially its provinces outside its epicenter, and we show that this approach can also be effective to mitigate the burden of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea. The experience of outbreak control in mainland China should be a guiding reference for the rest of the world including South Korea.
Virus strain of a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution related to Furin cleavage site
Authors: Jin Xi , Xu Kangli , Jiang Penglei , Lian Jiangshan , Hao Shaorui , Yao Hangping , Jia Hongyu , Zhang Yimin , Zheng Lin , zheng Nuoheng , Chen Dong , Yao Jinmei , Hu Jianhua , Gao Jianguo , Wen Liang , Shen Jian , Ren Yue , Yu Guodong , Wang Xiaoyan , Lu Yingfeng , Yu Xiaopeng , Yu Liang , Xiang Dairong , Wu Nanping , Lu Xiangyun , Cheng Linfang , Liu Fumin , Wu Haibo , Jin Changzhong , Yang Xiaofeng , Qian Pengxu , Qiu Yunqing , Sheng Jifang , Liang Tingbo , Li Lanjuan , Yang Yida 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of COVID-19 become enormous threat to human beings, showing unclear virus mutation during dissemination. We found, in our 788 confirmed COVID-19 patients, the decreased rate of severe/critical type, increased liver/kidney damage and prolonged period of nuclear acid positivity, when compared with Wuhan. To investigate underlining mechanisms, we isolated one strain of SARS-CoV-2 (ZJ01) in mild COVID-19 patient and found the existence of 35 specific gene mutation by gene alignment. Further phylogenetic analysis and RSCU heat map results suggested that ZJ01 may be a potential evolutionary branch of SARS-CoV-2. We classified 54 strains of viruses worldwide (C/T type) based on the base (C or T) at positions 8824 and 28247. ZJ01 has both T at those sites, becoming the only TT type currently identified in the world. The prediction of Furin cleavage site (FCS) and the sequence alignment of virus family indicated that FCS may be an important site of coronavirus evolution. ZJ01 had mutations near FCS (F1-2), which caused changes in the structure and electrostatic distribution of S protein surface, further affecting the binding capacity of Furin. Single cell sequencing and ACE2-Furin co-expression results confirmed that Furin level was higher in the whole body, especially in glands, liver, kidney and colon while FCS may help SARS-CoV-2 infect these organs. The evolutionary pattern of SARS-CoV-2 towards FCS formation may result in its clinical symptom becoming closer to HKU-1 and OC43 (the source of FCS sequence-PRRA) caused influenza, further showing potential in differentiating into mild COVID-19 subtypes.
Optimization of an Experimental Vaccine to PreventEscherichia coliUrinary Tract Infection
Authors: Forsyth Valerie S. , Himpsl Stephanie D. , Smith Sara N. , Sarkissian Christina A. , Mike Laura A. , Stocki Jolie A. , Sintsova Anna , Alteri Christopher J. , Mobley Harry L.T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUrinary tract infections (UTI) affect half of all women at least once during their lifetime. The rise in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing strains and potential for carbapenem resistance within uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the most common causative agent of UTIs, creates an urgent need for vaccine development. Intranasal immunization of mice with UPEC outer membrane iron receptors, FyuA, Hma, IreA, or IutA, conjugated to cholera toxin, provides protection in the bladder or kidneys when challenged with UPEC CFT073 or 536. Based on these data, we sought to optimize the vaccination route (intramuscular, intranasal, or subcutaneous) in combination with adjuvants suitable for human use including alum, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), unmethylated CpG synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), polyinosinic:polycytodylic acid (polyIC), and mutated heat-labileE. colienterotoxin (dmLT). Mice intranasally vaccinated with dmLT-IutA or dmLT-Hma displayed a significant reduction in bladder colonization (86-fold and 32-fold, respectively) with 40–42% of mice having no detectable colony forming units (CFU). Intranasal vaccination of mice with CpG-IutA and polyIC-IutA significantly reduced kidney colonization (131-fold) and urine CFU (22-fold), respectively. dmLT generated the most consistently robust antibody response in intranasally immunized mice, while MPLA and alum produced greater concentrations of antigen-specific serum IgG with intramuscular immunization. Based on these results, we conclude that intranasal administration of Hma or IutA formulated with dmLT adjuvant provides the greatest protection from UPEC UTI. This study advances our progress toward a vaccine against uncomplicated UTI, which will significantly improve the quality of life for women burdened by recurrent UTI and enable better antibiotic stewardship.ImportanceUrinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common bacterial infection in humans, affecting half of all women at least once during their lifetimes. The rise in antibiotic resistance and health care costs emphasizes the need to develop a vaccine against the most common UTI pathogen,Escherichia coli.Vaccinating mice intranasally with a detoxified heat-labile enterotoxin and two surface exposed receptors, Hma or IutA, significantly reduced bacterial burden in the bladder. This work highlights progress in the development of a UTI vaccine formulated with adjuvants suitable for human use and antigens that encode outer membrane iron receptors required for infection in the iron-limited urinary tract.
Estimation of instant case fatality rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan and Hubei based on daily case notification data
Authors: Cao Lei , Huang Ting-ting , Zhang Jun-xia , Qin Qi , Liu Si-yu , Xue Hui-min , Gong Ya-xin , Ning Chang-hua , Shen Xiao-tong , Yang Jia-xin , Mi Yan-ni , Xiao Xue , Cao Yong-xiao 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) initially appeared and has most rapidly spread in Wuhan, China. The case fatality rate is the most direct indicator to assess the hazards of an infectious disease. We aimed to estimate the instant fatality rate and cure rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan City and its affiliated Hubei Province.MethodsWe collected the daily case notification data of COVID-19 from Dec 8, 2019 to Mar 10, 2020 in Wuhan City and Hubei Province officially announced by the Chinese authority. The numbers of daily confirmed/deaths/cured cases and the numbers of daily cumulative confirmed/deaths/cured cases were obtained. The death time and cure time of COVID-19 patients were calculated based on the dates of diagnosis, death and discharge of individual cases. Then the estimated diagnosis dates of deaths and cured cases were obtained on the basis of the median death or medium cure time, respectively. Finally, the instant fatality rate of COVID-19 was calculated according to the numbers of deaths and cured cases on the same estimated diagnosis dates.ResultsFrom Jan 1, 2020 to Feb 22, 2020 in Wuhan City, the instant case fatality rate of COVID-19 was 3.4%∼19.5% and the instant cured rate was 80.0%∼96.6%. The average fatality rate reached 11.4% while the average cure rate was 88.6%. During the same period in Hubei Province, the instant case fatality rate was 3.8%∼16.6% and the instant cured rate was 83.4%∼96.6%. The average fatality rate and the average cure rate were 9.2% and 91.8%, respectively.ConclusionsThe fatality rate and cure rate of COVID-19 in Wuhan City and Hubei Province were underestimated. Wuhan showed higher fatality rate and cure rate than the whole Hubei Province did.
A modeling framework for adaptive lifelong learning with transfer and savings through gating in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Tsuda Ben , Tye Kay M. , Siegelmann Hava T. , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex encodes and stores numerous, often disparate, schemas and flexibly switches between them. Recent research on artificial neural networks trained by reinforcement learning has made it possible to model fundamental processes underlying schema encoding and storage. Yet how the brain is able to create new schemas while preserving and utilizing old schemas remains unclear. Here we propose a simple neural network framework based on a modification of the mixture of experts architecture to model the prefrontal cortex’s ability to flexibly encode and use multiple disparate schemas. We show how incorporation of gating naturally leads to transfer learning and robust memory savings. We then show how phenotypic impairments observed in patients with prefrontal damage are mimicked by lesions of our network. Our architecture, which we call DynaMoE, provides a fundamental framework for how the prefrontal cortex may handle the abundance of schemas necessary to navigate the real world.
A data-driven drug repositioning framework discovered a potential therapeutic agent targeting COVID-19
Authors: Ge Yiyue , Tian Tingzhong , Huang Suling , Wan Fangping , Li Jingxin , Li Shuya , Yang Hui , Hong Lixiang , Wu Nian , Yuan Enming , Cheng Lili , Lei Yipin , Shu Hantao , Feng Xiaolong , Jiang Ziyuan , Chi Ying , Guo Xiling , Cui Lunbiao , Xiao Liang , Li Zeng , Yang Chunhao , Miao Zehong , Tang Haidong , Chen Ligong , Zeng Hainian , Zhao Dan , Zhu Fengcai , Shen Xiaokun , Zeng Jianyang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe global spread of SARS-CoV-2 requires an urgent need to find effective therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. We developed a data-driven drug repositioning framework, which applies both machine learning and statistical analysis approaches to systematically integrate and mine large-scale knowledge graph, literature and transcriptome data to discover the potential drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2. The retrospective study using the past SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV data demonstrated that our machine learning based method can successfully predict effective drug candidates against a specific coronavirus. Ourin silicoscreening followed by wet-lab validation indicated that a poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor, CVL218, currently in Phase I clinical trial, may be repurposed to treat COVID-19. Ourin vitroassays revealed that CVL218 can exhibit effective inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 replication without obvious cytopathic effect. In addition, we showed that CVL218 is able to suppress the CpG-induced IL-6 production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, suggesting that it may also have anti-inflammatory effect that is highly relevant to the prevention immunopathology induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic evaluation in rats and monkeys showed a high concentration of CVL218 in lung and observed no apparent signs of toxicity, indicating the appealing potential of this drug for the treatment of the pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, molecular docking simulation suggested that CVL218 may bind to the N-terminal domain of nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2, providing a possible model to explain its antiviral action. We also proposed several possible mechanisms to explain the antiviral activities of PARP1 inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, based on the data present in this study and previous evidences reported in the literature. In summary, the PARP1 inhibitor CVL218 discovered by our data-driven drug repositioning framework can serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of COVID-19.
Antibiotic hypersensitivity signatures identify targets for attack in theAcinetobacter baumanniicell envelope
Authors: Geisinger Edward , Mortman Nadav J. , Dai Yunfei , Cokol Murat , Syal Sapna , Farinha Andrew , Fisher Delaney , Tang Amy , Lazinski David , Wood Stephen , Anthony Jon , van Opijnen Tim , Isberg Ralph R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAcinetobacter baumanniiis an opportunistic pathogen that is a critical, high-priority target for new antibiotic development. Clearing ofA. baumanniirequires relatively high doses of antibiotics across the spectrum, primarily due to its protective cell envelope. Many of the proteins that support envelope integrity and modulate drug action are uncharacterized, largely because there is an absence of orthologs for several proteins that perform essential envelope-associated processes, impeding progress on this front. To identify targets that can synergize with current antibiotics, we performed an exhaustive analysis ofA. baumanniimutants causing hypersensitivity to a multitude of antibiotic treatments. By examining mutants with antibiotic hypersensitivity profiles that parallel mutations in proteins of known function, we show that the function of poorly annotated proteins can be predicted and used to identify candidate missing link proteins in essentialA. baumanniiprocesses. Using this strategy, we uncovered multiple uncharacterized proteins with critical roles in cell division or cell elongation, and revealed that a predicted cell wall D,D-endopeptidase has an unappreciated function in lipooligosaccharide synthesis. Moreover, we provide a genetic strategy that uses hypersensitivity signatures to predict drug synergies, allowing the identification of β-lactams that work cooperatively based on the cell wall assembly machineries that they preferentially target. These data reveal multiple pathways critical for envelope growth inA. baumanniithat can be targeted in combination strategies for attacking the pathogen.
A human monoclonal antibody blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Wang Chunyan , Li Wentao , Drabek Dubravka , Okba Nisreen M.A. , van Haperen Rien , Osterhaus Albert D.M.E. , van Kuppeveld Frank J.M. , Haagmans Bart L. , Grosveld Frank , Bosch Berend-Jan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe emergence of the novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China has caused a worldwide epidemic of respiratory disease (COVID-19). Vaccines and targeted therapeutics for treatment of this disease are currently lacking. Here we report a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 (and SARS-CoV). This cross-neutralizing antibody targets a communal epitope on these viruses and offers potential for prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
Drivers of change in the realised climatic niche of terrestrial mammal species
Authors: Moreno Di Marco , Pacifici Michela , Maiorano Luigi , Rondinini Carlo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe breadth of a species’ climatic niche is an important ecological trait that allows adaptation to climate change, but human activities drive niche erosion. Life-history traits, such as dispersal ability and reproductive speed, instead allow species to cope with climate change. But how do these characteristics act in combination with human pressure to determine niche change? Here we investigate the patterns and drivers of change in the realised climatic niche of 589 terrestrial mammal species. Our goal is to disentangle the impacts of humans, climate change, and life history. We calibrated the past and present climatic niches of each species by considering past climatic conditions (Mid Holocene) within their pre-human impact distributions, and current climatic conditions within the current distributions. Depending on the relationship between past and current niche, we defined four categories of change: “shrink”, “shift”, “stable”, and “expand”. We found over half of the species in our sample have undergone niche shrink, while only 15-18% of species retained a stable niche. After controlling for biogeography, climatic factors were the strongest correlates of species niche change, followed by anthropogenic pressure and species’ life history. Factors that increased the probability of niche shrink include: overall climatic instability in the area (both intermediate or high), large body mass, long gestation time, highly carnivorous or herbivorous diets, historical land-use change, and current human population density. We identified the conditions under which species are less likely to maintain their niche breadth, potentially losing adaptation capacity under climate change. Species with these characteristics require interventions that facilitate natural dispersal or assisted colonisation, to survive to rapidly changing climates.
A new form of actin assembly around theShigella-containing vacuole regulates its intracellular niche
Authors: Kühn Sonja , Bergqvist John , Barrio Laura , Lebreton Stephanie , Zurzolo Chiara , Enninga Jost 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYThe enteroinvasive bacteriumShigella flexneriforces its uptake into non-phagocytic host cells through the translocation of T3SS effectors that subvert the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we reportde novoactin polymerization after cellular entry around the bacterial containing vacuole (BCV) leading to the formation of a dynamic actin cocoon. This cocoon is thicker than any described cellular actin structure and functions as a gatekeeper for the cytosolic access of the pathogen. Host Cdc42, Toca-1, N-WASP, WIP, the Arp2/3 complex, cortactin, coronin, and cofilin are recruited to the actin cocoon. They are subverted by T3SS effectors, such as IpgD, IpgB1, and IcsB. IcsB immobilizes components of the actin polymerization machinery at the BCV. This represents a novel microbial subversion strategy through localized entrapment of host actin regulators causing massive actin assembly. We propose that the cocoon protectsShigella’s niche from canonical maturation or host recognition.