bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes, Mechanisms, and Steps Toward Prevention
Authors: Choi Se Hoon , Tanzi Rudolph E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly; it is clinically characterized by progressive memory loss and catastrophic cognitive dysfunction. Neuropathologically, the brains of AD patients are characterized by abundant beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. To date, this fatal disease ranks as the sixth leading cause of death; 5.8 million people in the United States are estimated to have the disease, and the total incidence of AD-related dementia is projected to grow to 16 million by 2050. Currently, there is no cure or any reliable means for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of AD. AD is a genetically heterogenous and multifactorial disease, and a variety of molecular mechanisms have been suggested to underlie its etiology and pathogenesis. A better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of AD pathology and symptoms would accelerate the development of effective therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating AD. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the pathogenetic and molecular mechanisms underlying AD along with current therapeutic and lifestyles interventions being investigated for the prevention and treatment of this devastating neurological disorder.
The Positioning of Social Justice: Critical Challenges for Career Development
Authors: Irving Barrie A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Career development theory and practice have the potential to foster a sense of belonging and well-being by facilitating the construction of meaningful life-careers. Social justice issues are integral, because they are concerned with fairness and equity, (in)equality, cultural diversity, psychosocial well-being, and societal values. Career development theorists, researchers, and practitioners, therefore, need a deeper understanding of the multiple and complex influences on how ‘career’ is interpreted and ‘opportunities’ are presented. Such an understanding should provide critical insight into the effects of wider sociocultural and political concerns affecting what is deemed possible in the shaping and enactment of career. Yet the term social justice is often loosely deployed or inadequately defined in contemporary career literature and tends to be absent in discussions of practice. This chapter explores the contested nature of social justice, outlines competing definitions, and considers ways in which critical social justice contributes a transformative dimension to career development.
The Role of Digital Technology in Career Development
Authors: Hooley Tristram , Staunton Tom 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the role of digital technologies in career development. It argues that digital technologies change the context for individuals’ careers and the opportunities that exist for the provision of career support. The implications of digital technologies for career are dependent, in part, on how technologies are believed to interact with society. They may be thought of as tools, as shapers of society, or as social practices. For individuals, digital technologies can be understood through six metaphors: (1) library, (2) media channel, (3) surveillance camera, (4) marketplace, (5) meeting place, and (6) arena. For career development professionals, the choice is using them to provide information, automated interactions, or communication. The chapter concludes by arguing that there are three main pedagogic stances (instrumental, connectivist, or critical) that can guide career development professionals in the combination of different technologies and in the resolution of the opportunities and challenges that are presented to individuals in their career building.
Queer Thinking about Language Learning: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Nelson Cynthia D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the genesis of research on Queer Thinking in language education/acquisition, an area that has attracted much interest internationally over the past two decades. It outlines key themes and studies in this area and proposes new directions for future research. Research to date has focused on four main aspects: applying queer theory to language learning/teaching; analyzing sexual identities/diversity in classroom discourse; critiquing heteronormativity in language learning materials; and understanding the experiences and identity negotiations of LGBT students and teachers. More work is needed in Queer Applied Linguistics on: what queer pedagogy looks like in diverse geo-localities; how language teachers are learning to think queerly in teacher education and professional development programs; and how researchers can be supported in investigating language, sexuality, and learning and in applying Queer Thinking to other vital issues in language education.
Powerful Inscriptions: On the Semiotic Phenomenology of BDSM
Authors: Martin Richard Joseph 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
BDSM encompasses a range of practices—bondage and discipline (BD), dominance and submission (DS), sadism and masochism (SM)—involving the consensual exchange of power in erotic contexts. This chapter provides an overview of scholarship on BDSM, drawing on the history of academic studies of the phenomenon, ranging from the psychology of perversion, the sociology of deviance, and the feminist “sex wars” to more recent ethnographic and phenomenological turns. The chapter focuses on the importance of discourse and affect for making sense of BDSM, both for those who seek to analyze the phenomenon and for practitioners themselves. Drawing on ethnographic research and other data, the chapter shows how language and discourse are key to answering interconnected questions about the semiotics and phenomenology of BDSM (what these practices mean and how practitioners experience these practices affectively). Thus, a potential “linguistic turn” in BDSM studies is essential for future research on this erotic minority.
Extremely Gusty Winds from a Viewpoint of Aerodynamic Force
Authors: Maeda Junji , Takeuchi Takashi , Tomokiyo Eriko , Tamura Yukio 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To quantitatively investigate a gusty wind from the viewpoint of aerodynamic forces, a wind tunnel that can control the rise time of a step-function-like gust was devised and utilized. When the non-dimensional rise time, which is calculated using the rise time of the gusty wind, the wind speed, and the size of an object, is less than a certain value, the wind force is greater than under the corresponding steady wind. Therefore, this wind force is called the “overshoot wind force” for objects the size of orbital vehicles in an actual wind observation. The finding of the overshoot wind force requires a condition of the wind speed recording specification and depends on the object size and the gusty wind speed.
Prediction of Non-Synoptic Wind Speeds
Authors: Lombardo Franklin T. , Zickar Alexander S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Winds generated from non-synoptic events cause significant losses globally. This chapter focuses specifically on winds generated from thunderstorms. Thunderstorm-generated winds produce the highest recorded wind speeds in many worldwide locations, which makes them important for the design of structures. Prediction of these wind speeds is then a crucial step in the design process. This chapter discusses a simple, step-by-step procedure for predicting thunderstorm-generated wind speeds using a location in the United States as an illustrative example. This procedure includes data recording/archival, storm-type classification, reducing data dependence, estimating a rate of occurrence, and fitting a probability distribution, including consideration of multiple storm types. Examples from the existing literature are also shared to give the reader a comprehensive look at what has been done on the topic to this point. Based on the illustrative example and the existing literature, physical and probabilistic differences from synoptic prediction methods and analysis are also elucidated. These differences include higher variability of thunderstorm-generated winds, regionality of the wind climate, and topics such as wind directionality and changes in frequency and intensity. Rarely used simulation techniques that help address robustness of current predictions as well as handle the finite spatial dimensions in the analysis and prediction of non-synoptic winds are also covered. Future work on non-synoptic wind speed prediction is touched on, including additional parsing of non-synoptic storms into subtypes and a comprehensive non-synoptic model similar to what has been done for tropical cyclones.
The Psychobiology of Listening
Authors: Bodie Graham D. , Wolvin Andrew D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Listening is frequently considered to be synonymous with hearing. While the process of hearing is complex in itself, the process of listening extends beyond human physiology and neurobiology and includes sensory processes of vision. Indeed, as the McGurk effect suggests, the visual component of listening can dominate human perception. Listening also incorporates brain activity through cognitive functions of attention, comprehension, inference making, and memory. Other sensory processes, such as touch, taste, and smell, further impact the physiology and neurobiology of listening. This chapter utilizes research across the academic landscape to provide a theoretical framework for the physiological and perceptual components of listening that integrates perspectives of both the listener and the person (i.e., speaker) who is listened to.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Affective and Cognitive Empathy
Authors: Buck Ross , Xu Zhan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Individual differences in the ability to recognize emotion displays relate strongly to emotional intelligence, and emotional and social competence. However, there is a difference between the ability to judge the emotions of another person (i.e., emotional empathy) and the ability to take the perspective of another person, including making accurate appraisals, attributions, and inferences about the mental states of others (i.e., cognitive empathy). In this chapter, we review the concept of emotional empathy and the current state of the field, including emerging and converging evidence from neuroscience research that emotional and cognitive empathy involve doubly dissociable brain systems. We also discuss emerging literature on the physiological mechanisms underlying empathy in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We then distinguish spontaneous and symbolic communication processes to show how cognitive empathy emerges from emotional empathy during development. Development starts with the prelinguistic mutual contingent responsiveness of infant and caregiver yielding “raw” primary intersubjectivity, then secondary and tertiary intersubjectivity advances with increasing social experience, and finally cognitive empathic abilities expand in perspective taking and Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. We then present an Affect-Reason-Involvement (ARI) model to guide the conceptualization and measurement of emotional and cognitive empathy. We consider emotion correlation scores as a flexible and valid approach to empathy measurement, with implications for understanding the role of discrete emotions in decision making. Finally, we apply this reasoning to recent studies of the role of emotion and empathy in bullying.
Regulating Medicines in the United States
Authors: Lietzan Erika , Zettler Patricia J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the regulation of medicines in the United States. The US scheme for achieving the primary goals of medical product regulation is largely federal, governed by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and two provisions of the Public Health Service Act and administered by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a federal executive branch agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services. Federal law generally requires research before a medical product enters the market, FDA authorization before market launch affirming that there is sufficient evidence of the product's safety and effectiveness, and continued monitoring and regulation after launch. These requirements and how they are implemented, however, reflect values and goals that, in some circumstances, can be in tension. The chapter then considers how the regulatory scheme for medicines seeks to reconcile these sometimes competing values and goals. It starts by describing what constitutes a medicine subject to FDA regulation and then explains how medicines reach the market, how the FDA and manufacturers assess and manage risks, and the incentives for innovation and rules for competition. The chapter also looks at innovative medical technologies that challenge the traditional US regulatory scheme, using those examples to explore the future of medicines regulation.
Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Europe
Authors: Toebes Brigit 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of law and human rights in socioeconomic health inequalities in Europe. Given that socioeconomic health inequalities are largely unnecessary and avoidable, it is widely claimed that they lead to health inequities (i.e., avoidable inequalities in health). Addressing health inequities is considered to be an ‘ethical imperative’ and a ‘matter of social justice’. Human rights standards provide a moral and legal framework for assessing matters of social justice, including socioeconomic health inequalities. This chapter analyses how the main European organizations (EU and Council of Europe) address health inequalities. Specific attention is paid to the role of human rights law as a tool that may give support and priority to improving health and reducing inequities. By way of explaining how social determinants are addressed at the domestic level, the chapter discusses (the approaches to) socioeconomic health inequalities in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The chapter establishes that while not as dramatic as in the United States, socioeconomic health inequalities are a reality in Europe, and that inequalities have widened both between and within European countries. It concludes that reducing health inequalities should be a key priority in European and domestic health policy, and that human rights law plays an important role in informing what needs to be done.
Communicable and Other Infectious Diseases
Authors: Frischhut Markus 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the most important features of EU law on infectious diseases. Communicable diseases not only cross borders, they also often require measures that cross different areas of policy because of different vectors for disease transmission. The relevant EU law cannot be attributed to one sectoral policy only, and thus various EU agencies participate in protecting public health. The key agency is the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Other important agencies include the European Environment Agency; European Food Safety Authority; and the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency. However, while integration at the EU level has facilitated protection of the public's health, it also has created potential conflicts among the different objectives of the European Union. The internal market promotes the free movement of products, but public health measures can require restrictions of trade. Other conflicts can arise if protective public health measures conflict with individual human rights. The chapter then considers risk assessment and the different tools of risk management used in dealing with the challenges of infectious diseases. It also turns to the external and ethical perspective and the role the European Union takes in global health.
Introduction to Medical Products Law
Authors: Lietzan Erika , Mahalatchimy Aurélie , Zettler Patricia J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of medical products law. Policymakers around the world have long recognized the need to regulate medical products, meaning interventions intended to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases and other health-related conditions. Generally speaking, these interventions can be subdivided into medicinal products and medical devices, although the distinctions between these categories can be blurred and some commercialized products comprise both. In most of the world, the rules for these two broad categories differ somewhat, although many of the basic principles are the same. Over the past century, regulators in the United States and in the European Union have developed complex frameworks for the regulation of medicines and medical devices marketed within their borders. These frameworks have evolved in response to public health crises. Both jurisdictions seek assurance that medicines and medical devices are safe and effective for their intended purposes. Policymakers in both jurisdictions, as elsewhere in the world, must also strike a balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring a steady supply of newer medical treatments while also ensuring that available medical treatments are in fact affordable for payers and patients.
Introduction to Public Health Law
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. , Frischhut Markus , Garde Amandine , Toebes Brigit 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of public health law. In contrast to healthcare law, public health law seeks to protect health at a broad population, as opposed to an individual patient, level. The field of public health emphasizes prevention and health promotion, as opposed to the treatment of disease. The chapter looks at three critical areas of public health law: communicable disease control, the control of noncommunicable diseases, and efforts to address the social determinants of health. While the United States and Europe face broadly similar questions, the answers given often differ. In part, this is because the European Union is for the most part a supranational organization, while the United States is a more integrated, albeit federal, nation state. In addition, important distinctions between the legal traditions and the value given to individual liberty versus the public good provide a focus of the comparison between the US and European approaches to public health.
Practicing Autoethnography and Living the Autoethnographic Life
Authors: Ellis Carolyn , Adams Tony E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter details the authors’ approach to doing autoethnographic research. After autoethnography is defined, its history and emergence are described within qualitative research in general and within psychology specifically. The chapter then proposes general guiding principles for those doing autoethnography, including using personal experience, acknowledging existing research, understanding and critiquing cultural experience, calling on insider knowledge, breaking silence, and maneuvering through pain, confusion, anger, and uncertainty. After a discussion of autoethnography as a process and as a product and as a method that can take a variety of representational forms, the chapter offers ways to evaluate and critique autoethnography. The chapter concludes with a discussion of autoethnography as an orientation to living and an approach that has the potential to make life better—for the writer, reader, participant, and larger culture.
Unstructured and Semistructured Interviewing
Authors: Brinkmann Svend 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives an introduction to qualitative interviewing in its unstructured and semistructured forms. Initially, the human world is depicted as a conversational reality in which interviewing takes a central position as a research method. Interviewing is presented as a social practice that has a cultural history and that appears in a variety of formats in the 21st century. A number of distinctions are introduced, which are relevant when mapping the field of qualitative interviewing between different levels of structure, numbers of participants, media of interviewing, and interviewer styles. A more detailed exposition of semistructured lifeworld interviewing is offered because this is arguably the standard form of qualitative interviewing today.
Qualitative Approaches in Internet-Mediated Research: Opportunities, Issues, Possibilities
Authors: Hewson Claire 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInternet-mediated research (IMR) has grown expansively since the start of the 21st Century in scope, range of methodological possibilities, and breadth of penetration across disciplines and research domains. However, the use of IMR approaches to support qualitative research has lagged behind its application in supporting quantitative methods. This chapter discusses the possibilities of using IMR methods in qualitative research and considers the issues and debates that have led some qualitative researchers to be reluctant to consider IMR as a viable alternative to traditional offline methods. The chapter adopts an optimistic stance on the potential for qualitative IMR and outlines a range of possible methods and strategies, as well as examples of successful (and less successful) studies. Practical advice on tools, procedures, and guidelines for good design practice is offered. A comment on likely future scope, methods, emerging techniques, and developments in qualitative IMR is presented.
Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context
Authors: Simons Helen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores case study as a major approach to research and evaluation. After first noting various contexts in which case studies are commonly used, the chapter focuses on case study research directly. Strengths and potential problematic issues are outlined, followed by key phases of the process. The chapter emphasizes how important it is to design the case, to collect and interpret data in ways that highlight the qualitative, to have an ethical practice that values multiple perspectives and political interests, and to report creatively to facilitate use in policymaking and practice. Finally, the chapter explores how to generalize from the single case. Concluding issues center on the need to think more imaginatively about design and the range of methods and forms of reporting required to persuade audiences to value qualitative ways of knowing in case study research.
Conducting Mixed Methods Research: Using Dialectical Pluralism and Social Psychological Strategies
Authors: Tucker Susan A. , Johnson R. Burke , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Icenogle Marjorie L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDialectical pluralism is both a philosophical process theory and grounded approach for producing syntheses from differences, working toward mutually beneficial solutions, and, through group processes, produces procedural/process justice in mixed methods research and evaluation. Ontologically, dialectical pluralism views reality as plural and changing. Epistemologically, it follows a dialectical, dialogical, hermeneutical approach that includes listening, interacting, and learning from the Other. After explaining how the philosophical process theory of dialectical pluralism provides a process for positively and systematically engaging with differences, we draw on concepts and findings from social psychological literatures such as positive psychology, conflict management, negotiation, small group psychology, group counseling, group dynamics, political diplomacy, deliberative democracy, and workplace justice to show how dialectical pluralism enables learning from differences and produces effective collaboration across paradigms. Implementation strategies are identified for integrating DP into mixed methods research and evaluation (MMR/E). We conclude with a brief vision for MMR/E driven by the philosophy of DP that we hope will be attractive to a wide range of practitioners working across different contexts and topics.