bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Effect of Fast Charging Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Prezas Panos D. , Basco John K. , Duong Tien Q. , Bloom Ira 
Published: February 2020

As electrically propelled vehicles become more commonplace, consumers who have grown accustom with internal-combustion driven vehicles, would expect to have similar experiences. This is especially true when considering “refueling.” Refueling an internal combustion vehicle can take up to 10-15 min. However, fully charging a lithium-ion battery system can take over 1 hour. To meet the expectation set by internal-combustion engines and liquid fuels, the battery system would have to be charged at the 4-to-6-C rate. If a motorist runs low on liquid fuel during a long trip, additional fuel can be added quickly, partially refilling the tank, and enabling the motorist to reach the destination without much delay. We investigated the performance effects of fast-charging commercially-available lithium-ion cells at various rates which would coincide with similarly minimal “refueling” delays. The effects on performance and life of the cells in both scenarios, full and partial fast-charging, will be presented.
The work at Argonne National Laboratory was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Vehicle Technologies, under Contract No. DE AC02 06CH11357. The submitted manuscript has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory ("Argonne"). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government
High Capacity Li2FeSiO4/Carbon Composite Cathode Powder Prepared By Spray-Frozen/Freeze-Drying Method
Authors: Fujita Yukiko , Shida Kenji , Sugimura Seiji , Fukui Takehisa , Matsuda Motohide 
Published: February 2020

Much attention has been payed to lithium metal silicate (Li2MSiO4, M=Fe and Mn) as a promising cathode of large-scale lithium ion battery which can be used in electric vehicles and renewable energy generation systems. The Li2MSiO4, however, has a disadvantage in electronic conduction: their electrical conductivities are below 10-14 S/cm, which are much lower than those of LiCoO2. In addition, the diffusivity of lithium ion in the Li2MSiO4 is low compared with that in LiCoO2. Two approaches have been proposed for improvement in the conduction properties of Li2MSiO4: one is addition of conductive carbon, and the other reduction of particle size. Although various processes including use of expensive graphene and carbon nano-tube have been reported to obtain high capacity Li2MSiO4/carbon composite fine powders, it is important to develop cost-effective processes for broad commercial applications of the lithium ion batteries.
The authors have applied spray-frozen/freeze-drying (SF/FD) process to preparation of Li2MSiO4/carbon composite fine powders. The SF/FD is a practical process based on combination of spray-drying and freeze-drying processes, leading to ceramic fine powders with large specific surface area in high purity. In this study, Li2FeSiO4/carbon composite powder was prepared by SF/FD of solutions containing carbon sources followed by heat-treatment in flowing argon. Indian ink and glucose was added as the carbon sources. High capacity of 255 mAh/g was obtained at an initial discharge for the as-prepared Li2FeSiO4/carbon composite cathode powders even though any conductive additives were not added to the composite powders thus prepared. The Li2FeSiO4 showed high value of 173 mAh/g even after ten cycles of charge/discharge. This result indicates that most of Li2FeSiO4 particles are connected with carbon network from the starting carbon sources. The capacity at an initial discharge was increased to 323 mAh/g by adding an amount of Ketjenblack to the composite powder. The value became 238 mAh/g after ten cycles. TEM observations revealed that most of Li2FeSiO4 particles had size of 30-50 nm and the nano-Li2FeSiO4 particles were homogeneously complexed with colloidal carbons from Indian ink. In addition, it was observed that the nano-Li2FeSiO4 particles were coated with carbon layer with about 2 nm in thickness. Thus, homogeneous composites of Li2FeSiO4 and carbon nano-particles were successfully prepared by SF/FD of the solutions containing two kinds of carbon sources, leading to high cathode performance. These results clearly indicate that the practical SF/FD process can be applied for preparation of high capacity Li2FeSiO4/carbon composite cathode powder.
Determination of Irreversible Lithium Loss and Pre-Lithiation Studies for High-Capacity Anode Materials
Authors: Holtstiege Florian , Brunklaus Gunther , Placke Tobias , Winter Martin 
Published: February 2020

A major disadvantage of anode materials, in particular high-capacity materials like silicon, is the high irreversible lithium loss attributed to solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation triggered by electrolyte decomposition. For this reason, pre-lithiation of anode materials is getting more attention. However, therefore the exact amount of irreversible lithium loss is needed. Even if the SEI formation presents the major part of lithium loss, there are some other parasitic reactions which can lead to irreversible lithium loss, e.g., positive electrode degradation or the reaction of lithium ions with water. In addition, there are also some parasitic reactions which do not change the active lithium content of the cell but still possess an impact on the capacity or are able to transfer lithium ions out of the electrolyte into the electrodes.
Typically, the irreversible lithium loss is set equal with the accumulated irreversible capacity (sum of the differences between charge and discharge capacity in each cycle). It can be shown that this approach possesses a relatively low accuracy and one can only get an acceptable estimation of the first cycles. With increasing cycle number, the determination of the irreversible lithium loss with help of the accumulated irreversible capacity becomes more inaccurate because the impact of SEI formation and regeneration becomes smaller in comparison to other parasitic reactions.
In this work, a novel approach is investigated in order to determine the irreversible lithium loss with high accuracy. Therefore, “pseudo full cells” are built, while the term “pseudo full cell” refers to a cell with an oversized cathode (in terms of capacity). These cells are cycled like “real” full cells and afterwards the positive electrode is de-lithiated with help of the reference electrode in order to determine the remaining active lithium content of the cell. Finally, the exact amount of irreversible lithium loss can be determined as difference between initial and remaining active lithium content.
3D MoS2/MoSe2 Nanosheets Entanglement for Lithium-Ion Battery Anode
Authors: Zhang Sanpei , Wen Zhaoyin 
Published: February 2020

Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention in many fundamental applications due to their high energy and powder density, environmental benignity and long cycle life.1In order to further increase the energy density and power capability of current LIBs, enormous efforts have been made to develop high-performance electrode materials.
In a typical reaction, 1 mmol (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O, 15 mmol CH4N2S and 15 mmol CH4N2Se were dissolved in deionized water (35 mL) under vigorous stirring to form a homogeneous solution. Then, the solution was transferred into a 45 mL Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave and maintained at 220 °C for 18 h. After being cooled to room temperature. The final precipitates were centrifuged and washed with water for several times and dried at 80°C under vacuum for 12 h.
Fig 1a shows the XRD pattern of 3D MoS2/MoSe2 nanosheets entanglement. The different diffraction peaks to the standard pattern of MoS2 and MoSe2 indicates the special entanglement structure. TEM and the corresponding high-magnification TEM images (Fig. 1b and c) reveal the uniform nanosheets entanglement of the 3D MoS2/MoSe2. More importantly, the corresponding liner element mapping indicates the uniform distribution of Mo, S and Se elements in the nanosheets entanglement, confirming the obtained uniform 3D entanglement architecture.
Fig 2a shows the typical discharge-charge profiles for the initial three cycles at 100 mA/g in the voltage window of 0.01 to 3 V. The initial discharge specific capacity is 1367.8 mAh/g. The discharge-charge cycling performance was evaluated at the current density of 100 mA/g and is shown in Figure 2b. For the 3D MoS2/MoSe2nanosheets entanglement, a high discharge specific capacity of ∼1234.3 mAh/g has been retained after 20 cycles.
Fig 1. (a) XRD pattern and (b) TEM image of the 3D MoS2/MoSe2nanosheets entanglement, (c) High-magnification TEM image corresponding to area 1 in (b), (d) Corresponding liner element mapping of (c).
Fig. 2. (a) Dischargeª¢charge voltage profiles of 3D MoS2/MoSe2 nanosheets entanglement. (b) Cycling performance of MoS2/MoSe2nanosheets entanglement.
In summary, the 3D MoS2/MoSe2nanosheets entanglement are successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. Moreover, this 3D interesting architecture shows greatly enhanced capacity and cycling performance when used as an anode material for LIBs

References:

[1] Kang B, Ceder G. Battery materials for ultrafast charging and discharging [J]. Nature, 2009, 458(7235): 190-193.

Figure 1
Electrodeposition Behavior of Lithium in Ionic Liquid at Various Temperatures
Authors: Sano Hikaru , Kitta Mitsunori , Matsumoto Hajime 
Published: February 2020

Lithium dendrite formation is one of the largest obstacles against commercialization of secondary lithium metal battery1. Our group has been focused on the morphology determination factors of lithium deposition from the view point of electrochemistry2-5. Ionic liquids with high stability at the very cathodic potential as metallic lithium potential can be used to avoid the SEI formation and its effect on electrodeposition behavior. In this study the lithium electrodeposition behavior in ionic liquid was examined changing holding temperature in order to control the electrochemical properties such as charge-transfer resistance of lithium redox and the ion diffusion coefficient in the electrolyte.
An ionic liquid, [C4mpyr][Tf2N] (N-methyl-N-butyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide), was selected as a model electrolyte-base, which has high stability at the very cathodic potential such as lithium redox potential2. The electrolyte was prepared by adding 10 wt.% of Li[Tf2N] to [C4mpyr][Tf2N] in dried air. The cell was fabricated using Ni foil as working electrode and Li foil as counter electrode, in an Air-filled glove box. Lithium electrodeposition was conducted with current density of 200 μA cm-2 for charge amount of 0.1 C cm-2 at the temperature ranged from 25 to 55 °C. The Ni working electrode was observed by SEM after dismantling the cell and washing the electrode with dimethylether.
The number of the deposits on the working electrode tends to decrease with increase in holding temperature6. The number of the deposits per unit area, in other words, nuclear density is thought to be affected by overpotential of working electrode. The overpotential is thought to be proportional to charge-transfer resistance. To confirm this hypothesis the charge-transfer resistance was obtained though impedance spectroscopy measurement at each temperature and the result imply the hypothesis is to be the case. At the meeting site, the growth behavior of electrodeposited lithium and lithium ion diffusion coefficient at each temperature will be also presented, and the ideal electrochemical properties for dendrite suppression will be discussed.

References:
1. D. Aurbach et al., Solid State Ionics, 148, 405 (2002).
2. H. Sano et al., J. Power Sources, 196, 6663 (2011).
3. H. Sano et al., Electrochemistry, 80, 777 (2012).
4. H. Sano et al., Chem. Lett., 42, 77 (2013).
5. H. Sano et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, A1236 (2014).
6. H. Sano et al., 82th Annual Meeting of the Electrochemical Society of Japan, Abstr., 1J34 (2015).
Asynchronous Stress and Strain Measurements of LiMn2O4 Composite Electrodes
Authors: Lundberg Kimberly E. , Capraz Omer Ozgur , Sottos Nancy R. , Gewirth Andrew A 
Published: February 2020

LiMn2O4 (LMO) is a promising cathode material for Li ion batteries due to its high voltage, environmental benignity, and natural abundance.1,2 Currently, LMO suffers from capacity fade due to Mn ion dissolution and a Jahn-Teller distortion which reduces the stability of the cathode structure.3,4 Mechanical thin film measurements can provide information on the mechanical deformations of LMO during cycling and how these deformations affect the stability and longevity of LMO.
The surface stress and bulk strain associated with the mechanical deformation of LiMn2O4 as a result of lithiation and delithiation is measured using an in situ bending cantilever technique and an in situ digital image correlation technique, respectively. The combination of these techniques allows for a comparison between bulk and surface changes in the cathode material in a slurry cast electrode. The composite electrodes consist of ball-milled LMO active material, carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt binder, and conductive Super P carbon black and were tested in 1 M LiPF6 electrolyte in 1:1 ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate.
Strain measurements show volume contraction upon delithiation and volume expansion upon lithiation of the LMO electrode. The derivative of strain with respect to potential exhibits four distinct features, two upon delithiation (see figure) and two upon lithiation. The main features are aligned with the peaks in the cyclic voltammogram (CV) and correlate to changes in the LMO spinel lattice parameters.5

Tensile stress (surface contraction) is observed upon LMO delithiation, and compressive stress (surface expansion) is observed upon lithiation. The derivative of stress with respect to potential also exhibits four distinct features. The stress derivative feature at lower potentials during delithiation precedes the current peak and therefore indicates that a significant surface contraction occurs before delithiation (see figure).
Stress and strain occur asynchronously during delithiation of LMO suggesting that different processes control bulk versus surface expansion and contraction. Strain is governed by changes in the bulk lattice parameters, and stress is controlled by numerous processes such as surface film growth and lattice distortions at the electrode/electrolyte interface.

References

Thackeray, M. M.; Johnson, P. J.; Depicciotto, L. A.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. Mater. Res. Bull. 1984, 19, 179.

Yi, T. F.; Zhu, Y. R.; Zhu, X. D.; Shu, J.; Yue, C. B.; Zhou, A. N. Ionics
2009, 15, 779.

Thackeray, M. M.; David, W. I. F.; Bruce, P. G.; Goodenough, J. B. Mater. Res. Bull. 1983, 18, 461.

Amatucci, G. G.; Schmutz, C .N.; Blyr, A.; Sigala, C.; Gozdz, A. S.; Larcher, D.; Tarascon, J. M. J. Power Sources
1997, 69, 11.

Sun, X.; Yang, X. Q.; Balasubramanian, M.; McBreen, J.; Xia, Y.; Sakai, T. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A842.

Figure 1
Development of New Polyanionic Positive Electrode Materials within the European Project Spicy
Authors: Trad Khiem , Mulder Grietus , Mantels Bart 
Published: February 2020

SPICY is a collaborative research project associating 5 industrial partners (4 large groups and 1 SME) with 8 academic and research centers to the multidisciplinary development of a new generation of Li-ion batteries meeting the expectations of electrical vehicle end-users, including performances, safety, cost, recyclability and lifetime. For this purpose, SPICY will consider the development of new chemistry materials, cell architectures and packaging with the support of understanding and modelling activities. SPICY will address the whole value chain until the implementation of manufacturing. SPICY will focus on polyanionic phosphates for the cathode material. LiFePO4is well known as a safer and more durable cathode material. Unfortunately, its energy density is low due to the electrochemical potential of Fe. One objective of SPICY will be to bind metals having a higher potential than Fe, allowing an increase of the material potential, and thus a higher energy. Regarding the anode material, SPICY will study two chemistries. Graphite is used in current Li-ion cells and remains one of the major anode materials for the next generation of Li-ion cells. Silicon is appropriate for high energy cell applications but has lower cyclability. Silicon will be investigated through new synthesis process methods providing nanoparticles and core-shell structures to improve particle stability. Active and passive components will be harmonized for a higher energy density i.e.: polyanionic phosphate /graphite up to 200 Wh/kg, and polyanionic/Si up to 230 Wh/kg. In addition, cell architecture and packaging will be investigated. The thermal behaviour of these cells will be studied in ageing tests in order to model Li-ion cells. Finally, the industrial environment will be considered and SPICY solution will be assessed so as to optimise cost and to integrate eco-design, thereby supporting the future development of a strong industrial base in this field.
The SPICY project is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 653373. The Spicy partners are CEA, Tekna, KIT, TUM, FZJ, BeLife, EMPA, IK4-Cidetec, Prollion, PEP, Hahn Schickard, Recupyl and Vito.
Operando Core-Shell Spectroscopy of Battery Materials
Authors: Balasubramanian Mahalingam 
Published: February 2020

Battery based energy storage is expected to play a vital enabling role in future energy supply and demand. In particular, it is likely that storage of electricity generated from major renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, or wave power) will be an important component of future energy portfolios worldwide. In the realm of transportation, rechargeable batteries are already being used for hybrid and all-electric applications. However, for mass adaptation of battery technology, either for grid-storage or transportation applications, transformative changes in battery technology are required. Critical to the advancement of batteries (Li-ion or other beyond Li-ion solutions) is a fundamental and in depth understanding of the electronic and structural changes of the electrode materials during battery operation.
Research at the APS using hard x-ray spectroscopy (energy in the range 2.5-55 KeV) focuses on x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS), x-ray emission spectroscopy, x-ray Raman scattering and micro beam( mapping, micro-XAFS and micro-diffraction) applications of hard x-rays. Spectroscopy beamlines are designed primarily for energy variable applications. Using in situ core-shell spectroscopic methods we seek to capture the intricate details of the redox behavior (electronic structure) as well as the element specific local structure of these materials. Such studies provide unique insight to develop structure-property correlations that are important to predict long-term battery performance as well as help tailor new novel materials with high capacities, high power, and stable crystal structures.
Work on Li-rich materials and Li-S systems, performed collaboratively with Argonne’s battery group and Prof. Nazar’s group (University of Waterloo, Canada) respectively, will be presented in this poster.
The submitted abstract has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.
Influence of the Graphite Morphology on Anion Intercalation
Authors: Heckmann Andreas , Winter Martin , Placke Tobias 
Published: February 2020

The redox-amphoteric character of graphitic carbon makes it possible to intercalate a broad range of anions and cations. These graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are divided into two types: donor-type GICs, which host cations and acceptor-type GICs, which are formed by anions. A well-known application for a donor-type GIC is lithium-intercalated graphite (LiC6) as anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Besides this example, also acceptor-type GICs are known as active material in batteries. In this context, Placke et al.1 presented the “dual-ion cell”, that also deals with anion intercalation into the graphite structure. During charge anions and cations are inserted into the respective electrode and are released back into the electrolyte during discharge. In the charged state the cathode reaches a potential of 5 V (vs. Li/Li+). In order to avoid electrolyte degradation, an ionic liquid mixture is chosen as electrolyte. It is composed of N-butyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Pyr14TFSI) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI).
The focus of this work is to investigate the influence of different graphite characteristics on the intercalation of the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide anion into the graphite structure. For that purpose, nitrogen adsorption measurements were performed in order to determine the porosity of the graphite samples and X-ray diffraction was carried out to identify the crystallite size. Both structural parameters are correlated to the electrochemical performances.
1. Placke, T.; Bieker, P.; Lux, S. F.; Fromm, O.; Meyer, H. W.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M., Dual-ion cells based on anion intercalation into graphite from ionic liquid-based electrolytes. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie
2012,
226, 391-407.
Lithium Manganese Oxide By Atomic Layer Deposition As a Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Lin , Meng Xiangbo , Libera Joseph A. , Stalzer Madelyn , Delferro Massimiliano , Marks Tobin , Elam Jeffrey W 
Published: February 2020

Increasing energy needs demand radical improvement in energy storage technology. A robust molecular-level understanding of interfacial electrochemical processes will enable discoveries of fundamentally new concepts and advanced energy systems, such as the state-of-the-art lithium ion batteries. Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) with spinel structure is an excellent platform for studying fundamental electrochemical processes at the cathode surface. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film technique with the capability of molecular-thickness control and conformality to substrate shape. Thus, ALD of LMO and subsequent ALD of ultrathin protective coatings on the LMO will facilitate detailed interfacial studies, offering great insight into the molecular-level understanding. LMO has already been successfully deposited by ALD and the ratio of lithium content in LMO can be precisely controlled by adjusting the Li2O:MnO2 ALD cycle ratio.