bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chimonanthus salicifolius genome provides insight into magnoliid evolution and flavonoid biosynthesis
Authors: Lv Qundan , Qiu Jie , Liu Jie , Li Zheng , Zhang Wenting , Wang Qin , Fang Jie , Pan Junjie , Chen Zhengdao , Cheng Wenliang , Barker Michael S. , Huang Xuehui , Wei Xin , Cheng Kejun 
Published: June 2020

SummaryChimonanthus salicifolius, a member of the Calycanthaceae of magnoliids, is one of the most famous medicinal plants in Eastern China. Here, we report a chromosome‐level genome assembly of C. salicifolius, comprising 820.1 Mb of genomic sequence with a contig N50 of 2.3 Mb and containing 36 651 annotated protein‐coding genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that magnoliids were sister to the eudicots. Two rounds of ancient whole‐genome duplication were inferred in the C. salicifolious genome. One is shared by Calycanthaceae after its divergence with Lauraceae, and the other is in the ancestry of Magnoliales and Laurales. Notably, long genes with > 20 kb in length were much more prevalent in the magnoliid genomes compared with other angiosperms, which could be caused by the length expansion of introns inserted by transposon elements. Homologous genes within the flavonoid pathway for C. salicifolius were identified, and correlation of the gene expression and the contents of flavonoid metabolites revealed potential critical genes involved in flavonoids biosynthesis. This study not only provides an additional whole‐genome sequence from the magnoliids, but also opens the door to functional genomic research and molecular breeding of C. salicifolius.
THE AMAZING PLACENTA: EVOLUTION AND LIFELINE TO HUMANNESS
Authors: Finlay Graeme 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe placenta arose during mammalian evolution, which is recent in evolutionary terms. Genetic changes underlying placental development remain identifiable by the new science of comparative genomics (approximately post‐2000). Randomly arising features of genomes including endogenous retroviruses and transposable elements have provided structural genes and gene‐regulatory motifs responsible for innovations in placental biology. Stochastic genetic events indeed contribute to new functionality. Theologically, random mutations are part of the strategy by which the divine purpose for humanity is attained. Placental function critically underlies human brain development, and suboptimal function, associated with environmental conditions and maternal distress, contributes to mental health deficits in the offspring. Many enter life with handicaps arising from contingent events in utero, mandating understanding, compassion, and socioemotional support, imperatives native to moral including biblical values. The extended period of development afforded by placentation enables prenatal parenting, with implications for sensitive and devoted parental commitment.
MORAL DECISIONS ABOUT HUMAN GERM‐LINE MODIFICATION
Authors: Adams Roger R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTechnologies for human germ‐line modification may soon enable humanity to create new types of human beings. Decisions about use of this power entail an unprecedented combination of difficulties: the stakes are immense, the unknowns are daunting, and moral principles are called into question. Evolved morality is not a sure basis for these decisions, both because of its inherent imperfections and because genetic engineering could eventually change humans’ innate cognitive mechanisms. Nevertheless, consensus is needed on moral values relevant to germ‐line modification. These values could be based on characteristics of human beings that would remain constant regardless of revised genomes.
A DEFENSE OF BUDDHISM, MEDITATION, AND FREE WILL: A THEORY OF MENTAL FREEDOM
Authors: Repetti Rick 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis is my response to the criticisms of Gregg Caruso, David Cummiskey, and Karin Meyers, in their roles as members of the “Author Meets Critics” panel devoted to my book, Buddhism, Meditation, and Free Will: A Theory of Mental Freedom at the 2019 annual meeting of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association, organized by Christian Coseru. Caruso's main objection is that I am not sufficiently attentive to details of opposing arguments in Western philosophy, and Cummiskey's and Meyers’ objections, similarly, are that I am insufficiently attentive to details of Buddhism. I argue that all such objections, however putatively correct, do not rise to the level of objections that actually undermine my account of mental freedom.
Does Age Matter? Examination of Hungarian Basketball Coaches’ Pedagogical Beliefs and Professional Attitudes
Authors: Balogh Judit , Trzaskoma-Bicsérdy Gabriella 
Published: June 2020

Sports coaching in Hungary is an established profession. The coaching workforce, which is diverse in terms of age and coaching experience, is trained and paid. This study aimed to illustrate the impact of age on coaches’ values, beliefs and attitudes towards various aspects of their jobs. A total of 152 basketball coaches (105 male and 47 female) working in Hungary, with an average of 12.9 years (±11.5) coaching experience participated in an online survey. They were categorized into five age-groups i.e. < 23 years, 23-35 years, 36-45 years, 46-55 years and > 55 years; one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to identify the differences between groups. Regardless of their ages, coaches shared similar viewpoints on a range of aspects concerning coaching. Significant distinctions were mainly seen between coaches aged over 55 years and other age-groups suggesting that age has some effect on coaches’ beliefs and attitudes. Because respondents’ age and coaching experience were closely related, these differences could be attributed to age and commensurate experience.
Linking glutamate receptor movements and synapse function
Authors: Groc Laurent , Choquet Daniel 
Published: June 2020

Receptors moving in and out of the synapse
The number of neurotransmitter receptors and their spatial organization on the postsynaptic site is a central determinant of synaptic efficacy. Sophisticated techniques to visualize and track the movement of single molecules have provided us with profound new insights into these dynamics. We now know that neurotransmitter receptors undergo movements on different scales. Groc and Choquet review our present understanding of the mechanisms that regulate glutamate receptor localization and clustering. Receptor movements are fundamental to basic synaptic function and participate in many forms of synaptic plasticity.

Science
, this issue p.
eaay4631
Immediate effects of systemic administration of normal and high O2-affinity haemoglobin vesicles as a transfusion alternative in a rat pneumonectomy model
Authors: Hashimoto Ryo , Kohno Mitsutomo , Oiwa Kana , Onozawa Hiroto , Watanabe Masazumi , Horinouchi Hirohisa , Sakai Hiromi , Kobayashi Koichi , Iwazaki Masayuki 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundHaemoglobin vesicles (HbVs) are red blood cell (RBC) substitutes with a phospholipid bilayer membrane and a polyethylene modified surface (diameter=250 nm; P50=28 Torr). They can be preserved for years and can be used in patients of all blood types without the risk of infection. Their oxygen affinity can be modified by changing the allosteric effectors.MethodsLeft pneumonectomy was performed under mechanical ventilation on rats, followed by rapid exsanguination of ~30% of the total circulating blood volume. Rat RBCs shed in 5% human serum albumin (HSA) solution (rat RBC), HbV with high oxygen affinity in 5% albumin solution (low-P50HbV, P50=9 Torr), normal HbV suspended in 5% albumin (HbV, P50=28 Torr) or 5% HSA was infused for resuscitation. Haemodynamics and oxygenation were evaluated.ResultsSystemic arterial blood pressure significantly decreased after exsanguination and increased after each infusion. In the HbV, low-P50HbV and rat RBC groups, all rats were liberated from mechanical ventilation and blood pressure was stabilised, whereas 50% of the rats in the HSA group died within 1 hour after weaning from mechanical ventilation. The PaO2in arterial blood for 1 hour after liberation from mechanical ventilation in the rat RBC, HbV and low-P50HbV groups was 59.4±12.5, 58.3±10.1 and 70.5±14.5 mm Hg, respectively. The PaO2in the low-P50HbV group was significantly higher than those in the rat RBC and HbV groups (p=0.05 for both). Serum lactate elevations due to hypoxic damage were minimised by HbV, low-P50HbV as well as rat RBCs.ConclusionsThe oxygen-carrying ability of HbV was comparable to that of rat RBCs, even under impaired lung function after pneumonectomy. HbVs with high oxygen affinity may have more beneficial effects on oxygenation in pulmonary resection.
Acute myocardial injury is common in patients with COVID-19 and impairs their prognosis
Authors: Wei Jia-Fu , Huang Fang-Yang , Xiong Tian-Yuan , Liu Qi , Chen Hong , Wang Hui , Huang He , Luo Yi-Chun , Zhou Xuan , Liu Zhi-Yue , Peng Yong , Xu Yuan-Ning , Wang Bo , Yang Ying-Ying , Liang Zong-An , Lei Xue-Zhong , Ge Yang , Yang Ming , Zhang Ling , Zeng Ming-Quan , Yu He , Liu Kai , Jia Yu-Heng , Prendergast Bernard D , Li Wei-Min , Chen Mao 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveWe sought to explore the prevalence and immediate clinical implications of acute myocardial injury in a cohort of patients with COVID-19 in a region of China where medical resources are less stressed than in Wuhan (the epicentre of the pandemic).MethodsWe prospectively assessed the medical records, laboratory results, chest CT images and use of medication in a cohort of patients presenting to two designated covid-19 treatment centres in Sichuan, China. Outcomes of interest included death, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), need for mechanical ventilation, treatment with vasoactive agents and classification of disease severity. Acute myocardial injury was defined by a value of high-sensitivity troponin T (hs-TnT) greater than the normal upper limit.ResultsA total of 101 cases were enrolled from January to 10 March 2020 (average age 49 years, IQR 34–62 years). Acute myocardial injury was present in 15.8% of patients, nearly half of whom had a hs-TnT value fivefold greater than the normal upper limit. Patients with acute myocardial injury were older, with a higher prevalence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease and more likely to require ICU admission (62.5% vs 24.7%, p=0.003), mechanical ventilation (43.5% vs 4.7%, p<0.001) and treatment with vasoactive agents (31.2% vs 0%, p<0.001). Log hs-TnT was associated with disease severity (OR 6.63, 95% CI 2.24 to 19.65), and all of the three deaths occurred in patients with acute myocardial injury.ConclusionAcute myocardial injury is common in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with adverse prognosis.
Methylation study of the Paris system for reporting urinary (TPS) categories
Authors: Pierconti Francesco , Martini Maurizio , Cenci Tonia , Fiorentino Vincenzo , Sacco Emilio , Bientinesi Riccardo , Pugliese Dario , Iacovelli Roberto , Schinzari Giovanni , Larocca Luigi Maria , Bassi Pier Francesco 
Published: June 2020

AimsBladder EpiCheck is one of several urinary tests studied to identify bladder tumours and analyses 15 methylation biomarkers determining bladder cancer presence on the basis of methylation profile.Methods374 patients diagnosed with high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were treated and followed for 1 year with voided urine cytology and white-light cystoscopy and biopsies according to European Association of Urology Guidelines. 268 cases were diagnosed with high-grade papillary carcinoma, while 106 cases were carcinoma in situ. Bladder EpiCheck test was performed together with cytology in all cases.ResultsComparing cytological categories of negative for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) and atypical urothelial cells (AUCs), we found that an EpiScore <60 correlates with NHGUC (p=0.0003, Fisher’s exact test), while comparing AUC and suspicious for high-grade urothelial carcinoma (SHGUC) or SHGUC and high-grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) categories, an EpiScore ≥60 correlates with SHGUC and HGUC, respectively (p=0.0031 and p=0.0027, Fisher’s exact test). In each TPS category, we found that sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predicitve Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of the Bladder EpiCheck test in HGUC category were higher than those observed in SHGUC group (sensitivity=98%, specificity=100%, NPV=85.7%, PPV=100% vs sensitivity=86.6%, specificity=52.3%, NPV=84.6%, PPV=56.5%).ConclusionsAnalysing methylation study results, we demonstrated that different TPS cytological categories also carry a distinct molecular signature. Moreover, our results confirm that cytological categories SHGUC and HGUC are different entities also from a molecular point of view and should continue to represent distinct groups in TPS.
Personal historical perspective of HIV: part 11
Authors: Welsby Philip D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAll animal life on earth is thought to have a common origin and have common genetic mechanisms. Evolution has enabled differentiation of species. Pathogens likewise have evolved within various species and mostly come to a settled dynamic equilibrium such that co-existence results (pathogens ideally should not kill their hosts). Problems arise when pathogens jump species because the new host had not developed any resistance. These infections from related species are known as zoonoses. COVID-19 is the latest example of a virus entering another species but HIV (and various strains of influenza) were previous examples. HIV entered the human population from monkeys in Africa. These two papers outline the underlying principle of HIV and the differing epidemiologies in Africa, the USA and in Edinburgh. The underlying immunosuppression of HIV in Africa was initially hidden behind common infections and HIV first came to world awareness in focal areas of the USA as a disease seemingly limited to gay males. The epidemic of intravenous drug abuse in Edinburgh was associated with overlapping epidemics of bloodborne viruses like hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV.
Traumatic rib fractures: a marker of severe injury. A nationwide study using the National Trauma Data Bank
Authors: Peek Jesse , Ochen Yassine , Saillant Noelle , Groenwold Rolf H H , Leenen Loek P H , Uribe-Leitz Tarsicio , Houwert R Marijn , Heng Marilyn 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in the treatment of patients with rib fractures. However, the current literature on the epidemiology and outcomes of rib fractures is outdated and inconsistent. Furthermore, although it has been suggested that there is a large heterogeneity among patients with traumatic rib fractures, there is insufficient literature reporting on the outcomes of different subgroups.MethodsA retrospective cohort study using the National Trauma Data Bank was performed. All adult patients with one or more traumatic rib fractures or flail chest who were admitted to a hospital between January 2010 and December 2016 were identified by the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision diagnostic codes.ResultsOf the 564 798 included patients with one or more rib fractures, 44.9% (n=2 53 564) were patients with polytrauma. Two per cent had open rib fractures (n=11 433, 2.0%) and flail chest was found in 4% (n=23 388, 4.1%) of all cases. Motor vehicle accidents (n=237 995, 51.6%) were the most common cause of rib fractures in patients with polytrauma and flail chest. Blunt chest injury accounted for 95.5% (n=5 39 422) of rib fractures. Rib fractures in elderly patients were predominantly caused by high and low energy falls (n=67 675, 51.9%). Ultimately, 49.5% (n=2 79 615) of all patients were admitted to an intensive care unit, of whom a quarter (n=146 191, 25.9%) required invasive mechanical ventilatory support. The overall mortality rate was 5.6% (n=31 524).DiscussionTraumatic rib fractures are a marker of severe injury as approximately half of patients were patients with polytrauma. Furthermore, patients with rib fractures are a very heterogeneous group with a considerable difference in epidemiology, injury characteristics and in-hospital outcomes. Worse outcomes were predominantly observed among patients with polytrauma and flail chest. Future studies should recognize these differences and treatment should be evaluated accordingly.Level of evidenceII/III.
Pediatric dog bite outcomes: infections and scars
Authors: Drumright Benjamin , Borg Breanna , Rozzelle Arlene , Donoghue Lydia , Shanti Christina 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThere is little consensus on the management of dog bite victims. Few studies have examined long-term patient outcomes. This study was designed to evaluate two outcomes: infection and unfavorable scar formation.MethodsA retrospective study of dog bite cases from January 2013 to May 2016 was conducted at our level I pediatric trauma center. Forty-five patients were identified who received definitive repair and had long-term follow-up for reasons other than rabies vaccination. Variables recorded were wound characteristics including presence of tissue loss, location in the hospital of the wound repair procedure, personnel performing the repair, postrepair infection, and a binary assessment of unfavorable scar formation.ResultsUnfavorable scarring was not significantly related to either repair location or personnel. Rate of infection was not significantly related to repair location. However, infection rate was significantly related to personnel performing the repair (p=0.002), with 8 of 11 (73%) infections after repair by emergency physicians compared with surgeons.DiscussionThe presence of infection was significantly related to bedside repair by emergency physicians. The data are suggestive of differences in wound preparation and repair technique between emergency department and surgical personnel. Standardizing technique could reduce infectious complications and long-term morbidity associated with repairing dog bites and other contaminated wounds. A robust and practical classification system for dog bite wounds would be helpful in stratifying these wounds for research comparison and healthcare triage.Level of evidenceThe level of evidence for this retrospective study is level III.
A magneto-gravitational trap for studies of gravitational quantum states
Authors: Nesvizhevsky V. V. , Nez F. , Vasiliev S. A. , Widmann E. , Crivelli P. , Reynaud S. , Voronin A. Yu. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObservation time is the key parameter for improving the precision of measurements of gravitational quantum states of particles levitating above a reflecting surface. We propose a new method of long confinement in such states of atoms, anti-atoms, neutrons and other particles possessing a magnetic moment. The earth gravitational field and a reflecting mirror confine particles in the vertical direction. The magnetic field originating from electric current passing through a vertical wire confines particles in the radial direction. Under appropriate conditions, motions along these two directions are decoupled to a high degree. We estimate characteristic parameters of the problem, and list possible systematic effects that limit storage times due to the coupling of the two motions.
Geological controls on dispersal and deposition of river flood sediments on the Hidaka shelf, Northern Japan
Authors: Ikehara Ken , Katayama Hajime , Sagayama Tsumoru , Irino Tomohisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The distribution and characteristics of marine surface sediments are a basic marine geological information. Large river floods are a frequent natural hazard that transport substantial terrigenous sediments into the marine environment. In August 2003, TY ETAU (0310) caused heavy rainfall in the southern coast of Hokkaido, north Japan, where some mountainous rivers in the Hidaka region flooded. Two deposition modes for the 2003 flood sediments can be identified by comparing the pre- and post-flood surface sediment distribution. Shore-normal shallow depressions off the mouth of the Saru and Atsubetsu rivers served as channels for the discharged floodwater preventing dispersion and maintaining the necessary water density to transport the materials as density bottom currents. This action also promoted long-distance transport of flood materials across the continental shelf. Absence of depression on the inner shelf off the mouth of the Niikappu and Shizunai rivers may have dispersed floodwaters near the river mouth and deposited the flood materials close to the shore. Marine geological mapping suggests that the differences in submarine topography (the presence or absence of shallow depressions) are closely related to the regional geological structure. Thus, submarine geology is a controlling factor of the seafloor environments influenced by the river flood.
Faulting within the San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelagos, upper plate deformation of the Cascadia subduction complex
Authors: Greene H. Gary , Barrie J. Vaughn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelago of Washington State, USA and western Canada is located on the upper plate of the Cascadia subduction zone, in the forearc between the trench and volcanic arc. Onland and island investigations show many faults within the region that primarily represent old, inactive faults associated with transport, subduction and accretion of tectonostratigraphic terranes. However, until recently little geologic investigation and mapping have been done in the offshore. From these narrow straits, channels and sounds we have collected and interpreted high-resolution multibeam echosounder bathymetric data, 3.5 kHz sub-bottom and Huntec seismic-reflection profiles, and piston-cores to identify and date recently active faults. Previous studies by us focused on the earlier recognized active Devils Mountain fault zone that bounds the southern part of the Archipelago and the recently reported newly mapped active Skipjack Island fault zone that bounds the northern part. These transcurrent fault zones appear to be deforming and rotating the Archipelago. We concentrate on the unique deformation occurring within the seaways to determine the relationship and styles of faulting associated with these active bounding fault zones and relate the fault geometry and kinematics to one other subduction complex, the New Hebrides island arc of Vanuatu.
Revealing the secrets of Norway's seafloor – geological mapping within the MAREANO programme and in coastal areas
Authors: Bøe Reidulv , Bjarnadóttir Lilja Rún , Elvenes Sigrid , Dolan Margaret , Bellec Valérie , Thorsnes Terje , Lepland Aave , Longva Oddvar 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Results from geological mapping within the MAREANO (Marine Areal Database for Norwegian Coasts and Sea Areas) programme and mapping projects in the coastal zone reveal a rich and diverse seafloor in Norwegian territories. The geomorphology and sediment distribution patterns reflect a complex geological history, as well as various modern-day hydrodynamic processes. By early 2019, MAREANO has mapped more than 200 000 km
2
(
c.
10%) of Norwegian offshore areas, spanning environmental gradients from shallow water to more than 3000 m depth, with ocean currents in places exceeding 1 m s
−1
and water temperatures below −1°C. Inshore, along the 100 000 km-long Norwegian coastline, the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) has conducted a series of seabed mapping projects in collaboration with local communities, industry and other stakeholders, resulting in detailed seabed and thematic maps of seabed properties covering
c.
10 000 km
2
(11% of the areas). Bathymetric and geological maps produced by MAREANO and coastal mapping projects provide the foundation for benthic habitat mapping when combined with biological and oceanographic data. Results from the mapping conducted over the past decade have significantly increased our understanding of Norway's seabed and contributed to the knowledge base for sustainable management. Here we summarize the main results of these mapping efforts.