bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties of 2D blue phosphorus and temperature effect
Authors: Sun Yang , Wang Liya , Wang Chengyuan , Tang Chun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Blue phosphorus is an emerging 2D material that exhibits finite electronic band gap and may find promising applications in advanced semiconducting devices. Comparing to its allotrope, black phosphorus, mechanical properties of blue phosphorus have not been explored in detail. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations of mechanical responses of blue phosphorus under uniaxial tensile, biaxial tensile and shear loadings. It is found that blue phosphorus shows less anisotropic effect as compared to black phosphorus, the room temperature Young’s modulus is about 122.3 GPa and 121.6 GPa along armchair and zigzag directions, respectively, shear modulus is about 27.1 GPa and 28.6 GPa, respectively, along armchair and zigzag directions. Temperature effect on mechanical responses is also systematically studied within a range of 5–400 K. It is found that temperature reduces both Young’s modulus and fracture strain and fracture strength of blue phosphorus, owing to the interplay between thermal energy and strain energy applied to the models. Brittle fracture mode is found in blue phosphorus in all loading conditions, with varied crack nucleation and propagation modes. The role of strain rate on the mechanical properties is examined and found to systematically modify the ultimate stress and ultimate strain of BlueP. Structural details including bond length and bond angle variations to external strain are analyzed to gain deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms.
Porous nanotube networks of SnO2/MoO3@Graphene as anodes for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhou Hongyan , Jin Mengjing , Zhou Bojian , Zhao Jianguo , Han Weihua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We successfully fabricated composite porous nanotube networks of SnO2/MoO3@Graphene through electrospinning and used it as lithium-ion battery anodes. When the ratio of SnO2 to MoO3 is 1:1, the composite of SnO2/MoO3 delivers a high capacity of 560 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles. The excellent electrochemical performance was attributed to the unique 3D porous nanotube network structure which could provide more transmission channels for Li+ ions and electrons, and provide more electrochemical reaction sites. The hybrid nanostructure can also weaken local stress and relieve volume expansion which contributes to the attractive cycling stability. Moreover, we added a small amount of graphene in the composite to improve the electrical conductivity, and the SnO2/MoO3@Graphene composite showed favorable electrochemical performance (798 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 300 cycles). Finally, electrospinning technology is a simple and efficient synthesis strategy, which can promote the preparation of different types of metal oxide composite materials and has good application prospects.
Medium modifications of girth distributions for inclusive jets and Z
0+jets in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the LHC *
Authors: Yan Jun , Chen Shi-Yong , Dai Wei , Zhang Ben-Wei , Wang En-Ke 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the medium modifications of girth distributions for inclusive jets and

tagged jets with a small radius (

) in Pb+Pb collisions with

TeV at the LHC. The partonic spectra in the initial hard scattering of elementary collisions are obtained by an event generator POWHEG+PYTHIA, which matches the next-to-leading order (NLO) matrix elements with parton showering, and the energy loss of a fast parton traversing the hot/dense QCD medium is calculated by Monte Carlo simulation within the higher-twist formalism of jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions. We present the model calculations of event normalized girth distributions for inclusive jets in p+p and Pb+Pb collisions at

TeV, which give good descriptions of ALICE measurements. It is shown that the girth distributions of inclusive jets in Pb+Pb are shifted to lower girth regions relative to those in p+p. Thus, the nuclear modification factor of girth distributions for inclusive jets is larger than unity at small girth regions and smaller than unity at large girth regions. This behavior results from softer fragments inside a jet as well as the fraction alteration of gluon/quark initiated jets in heavy-ion collisions. We further predict the girth distributions for

boson tagged jets in Pb+Pb collisions at

TeV and demonstrate that the medium modification on girth distributions for

tagged jets is less pronounced compared to that for inclusive jets because the dominant components of

tagged jets are quark-initiated jets.
Empirical dynamic modeling reveals climatic drivers in dynamics of bacillary dysentery epidemics in China
Authors: Wu Haisheng , Li Zhenjun , Yu Xiaolin , Zeng Qinghui , Lin Jiumin , Chen Yuliang , Ai Siqi , Guo Pi , Lin Hualiang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
At present, there is still a lack of studies to address the dynamics underlying epidemics of bacillary dysentery (BD), with particular concern on the role of climatic drivers across different regions of a country or the world. The variability of climate domains, non-linear interactions, and covariations of climatic variables pose challenges for explaining the correlation between environment and BD and identifying causal climatic drivers. In this nationwide study involving 31 provincial capital cities in China, we used the empirical dynamic modeling (EDM), which is a framework for nonlinear time series analysis, to explore climate-driven patterns of BD. We first identified possible temperature (i.e. mostly via its seasonality) and relative humidity driving BD dynamics nationally. Then, we used the EDM to estimate the causal intensity of temperature and relative humidity in different latitudes. The results reveal that the combined nonlinear effect of them on BD may be nationwide, but this effect is concealed due to their high correlation in northern regions. We also found an approximately S-shaped relationship between temperature and BD at the population level; while the effects of relative humidity on BD are strongly dependent on environmental details, especially at temperatures above 0 °C. Temperature may potentially mediate and affect the effects of relative humidity on BD. This nationwide study provides a unified explanation for causal climate drivers of BD, regardless of the different climatic domains and epidemic patterns of BD in diverse cities.
Groundwater damages on the historic buildings of Cairo: the case of the medieval walls of Mokattam limestone.
Authors: Coppola M , Di Benedetto F , Garzonio CA , Pecchioni E , Santo AP 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conservation of historical buildings in Cairo represents a complex matter, influenced by several key factors such as the cultural context, the intrinsic features of a vast and heterogeneous architectural heritage and the environmental conditions. An Italian-Egyptian research group is working on the peculiarities of the monument conservation in old Cairo, concerning the material decay in relation to the anthropic and climatic factors and the pollution levels. Monument vulnerability levels strongly need to be identified and systematized to delineate adequate programs of control, management and intervention. One of the main topics developed is the study of the deterioration mechanisms of stone materials in medieval walls, connected to the capillary damp rising from the ground, common in Egypt, always accentuated by the combination with other factors. The research examines some historic buildings in different areas (El-Gamaleya, El Darb El Ahmar, Al Qarafah). The variety of materials has led to limiting the first phases of the study to the masonry materials, with special attention to the limestone blocks. The intersection of data collected on the field with those relating to underground water and environmental factors has allowed us to focus on some aspects of the problem. Some syntheses have been proposed on the main mechanisms affecting the studied material in situ and the necessary directions for further investigation have been identified. Our first results highlight the relationship existing between the environmental thermo-hygrometric excursions and the capillary water rising from the ground, which affect the evaporation speed, the imbibition levels and the crystallization of salts inside and on the rock surface. The studied rocks display intense weathering (decohesion, dissolution) due to a number of chemical and physical phenomena, responsible for a generalized decay of the mechanical properties of the original material. The observed widespread phenomena of carbonate sulphation also suggest the atmospheric contribution of particulate matter and polluting compounds. The mineralogical and physical characterization of the limestone allowed us to estimate its resistance to the decay processes.
Towards IoT monitoring of street-side monuments: the Florentine Dietrofront as a case study
Authors: Tarani Fabio , Manganelli del F´a Rachele , Riminesi Cristiano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The need for care often shown by ageing cultural heritage and the circumstantial lack of dedicated budget are increasingly calling for smart monitoring solutions to shift the maintenance paradigm from reactive-preventive to predictive. Monitoring artworks poses additional issues with respect to the more common industrial solutions, such as aesthetics, dealing with unusual materials, remote locations (archaeology), etc. In this scope, the “Dietrofront” statue in Florence, by artist Michelangelo Pistoletto, is an emblematic instance. Installed on a traffic roundabout, it comprises four travertine blocks, one of which hangs 5 m above the ground supported by a steel structure which has shown relevant symptoms of damage during the 2006 restoration works. During a later intervention, we seized the opportunity to equip the structure with a three IoT sensing devices, so as to monitor thermo-hygrometric conditions, inclination and vibrations of the structure. Various issues common to outdoor monuments have been faced, such as the need for visual non-intrusiveness and the unavailability of power supply. A small wireless sensor network was designed and installed, also exploiting an existing room inside the nearby mediaeval city gate. The network is fully solar-powered by photo-voltaic modules integrated on both the statue and the gate and not visible from the street. The data obtained have been analysed and compared to a simple lumped-parameters structural model, so as to estimate the relevance of traffic-induced vibration on the steel structure. The risk of water vapour condensation has also been assessed.
The Monumental Architecture of Po Ramé in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam
Authors: Van Son Quang , Noseworthy William B. , Minh Hung Ngo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article aims to examine the architecture and characteristics of sculptures at the Po Ramé temple in Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam. There are the statues of Po Ramé himself, the queen Bia Su Can, the queen Bia Su Cih, a Nandin cow, a linga and a kut depicted more meaningfully. This provides clear assessment of preservation works that have been completed at the contemporary temple. In practice, those initiatives of the conservation effort figure out very first achievements that are definitely useful for improvement later on. Therefore, potential directions of preserving those heritages are proposed respectively from short, medium and long term in the future.
Energy Balance of a Continuous Structural Health Monitoring System based on Energy Harvesting
Authors: Stefano Clemente Carmine , Davino Daniele , Paolo Loschiavo Vincenzo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) may be a relevant technique to monitor historical buildings, masonry, bridges, etc. It becomes even more important if it can be applied in a continuous way, once incorporated in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), being able to provide data in an automatic and endless mode without any human intervention. Of course, WSN needs a power source, a role prevalently held by batteries. However, this solution has several issues: it is not eco-friendly and needs a periodic replacement hence increasing costs and reducing the SHM spread. The Energy Harvesting (EH) is a very promising technique to supply WSN. It converts the environmental energy into electrical energy allowing its local accumulation, within the sensor node, in supercapacitor or rechargeable batteries. Anthropic environments are plenty of energy (photovoltaic, kinetic, etc) but this is a non-continuous source and then an energy balance could highlight the suitability of an EH solution. This work is aimed to present a clear picture of EH for SHM by considering all the previous elements in the context of cultural heritage. The result is the definition of specific applications in which those WSNs, based on EH, could be competitive with respect to more traditional technologies.
Investigation on the use of hygrothermal modelling for paper collections
Authors: Verticchio E. , Frasca F. , Cornaro C. , Siani A.M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dynamic simulation is increasingly adopted in the preventive conservation of cultural heritage as an advanced method to investigate strategies for mitigating the climate-induced degradation. The conservation of paper collections is strongly interrelated with the relative humidity of the air, as organic-hygroscopic materials act as buffers on relative humidity fluctuations while being vulnerable to moisture-induced damage. In the dynamic simulation of the microclimate within library and archival storage facilities, it is thus fundamental to include the hygrothermal interaction between the building and its hygroscopic content. The hygroscopic behaviour of paper collections can be modelled by hygrothermal tools such as those of the HAM-family (Heat, Air and Moisture), used to simulate simultaneous heat and mass transfers through porous envelope materials. This research aims at investigating the use of the HMWall model coupled with the software IDA ICE (Indoor Climate and Energy) to simulate of the 1-D heat and moisture transfer through a single wall made of paper. A literature survey was carried out to collect the available hygrothermal properties of modern and historical papers. Sensitivity analysis was used to identify the most relevant hygrothermal parameters in the simulation of moisture gradients across the paper wall. Moreover, the number of sub-layers in the paper wall model was found to significantly affect the internal distribution of moisture gradients. The use of the HMWall model was then tested in the simulation of the hygroscopic behaviour of a single paper wall in both steady-state and transient conditions. Finally, a simplified model able to preserve the accuracy of the results was proposed with the purpose of reducing the computation effort that a high-resolution model could involve if implemented in whole buildings. This study represents the first step towards the application of the HMWall model for the simulation of the indoor climate of library repositories.
The study of Severini’s wall paintings in Switzerland: how to manage heterogeneity of data and team members?
Authors: Russo Jacopo , Luppichini Stefania , Stefani Chiara , Piqué Francesca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A data management system has been created for the 4-year research project to manage the results of the study of the wall paintings by Gino Severini in fve Swiss churches (https://www.stluc.ch/). The project involves art historical and scientifc research to investigate painting materials and techniques. The data produced by the multidisciplinary team is vast and varied and is archived in a database (Db) designed to act both as a fle repository and as an exchange platform. The documentation is based on a 3D survey carried out with stereo photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning. The Db contains data sheets describing ‘entities’ which can be physical objects with cultural signifcance (e.g. a wall painting) or the structures containing them (e.g. the church). It is possible to establish hierarchical relationships between entities, e.g. the church, the apse, one of the paintings in the apse etc.. There are no limits to the number of sub-entities that can be created and nested one in the other recursively (as folders and sub-folders). In this way, the Db structure can register any type of activity involving the heritage by collecting all the documentation and data produced at all levels. Data includes vector drawings that are recorded as tables in the Db and can be visualized as maps. These allow the linking of any fle and data sheet, providing immediate access to information starting from the map. Data entry is carried out by the professionals creating it, i.e. the project team members. The system has a client-server architecture based on PostgreSQL with the PostGIS extension server side and is currently accessed by the team through a front-end application based on Access and a cartographic application based on QuantumGIS. The challenge and the innovation of this system is to allow professionals from the diferent disciplines within the research groups to safely enter and access data working with sophisticated profled privileges while the project is on-going. Once the project is completed, in an ‘Open science’ framework, data will be accessible to common users and to specialists. The Severini project is in its second year and currently two of the fve churches have been studied. The paper will discuss the challenges encountered, the solutions developed, and the potentiality and fexibility of the data model designed.
A Preliminary study on material properties of the Zerzevan Castle, Turkey
Authors: Dursun F , Coşkun A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zerzevan is a recently discovered castle, situated on a rocky hill in the province of Diyarbakır, southeastern Turkey. Like many other Medieval defensive artifacts, Zerzevan Castle has also erected to protect the site against the incursions of enemies and to dominate the land. Zerzevan Castle, as a former military base of the Roman Empire, consists of such remains as churches, tombs observation towers, cisterns, arsenal, canals and city walls. The archaeological excavations conducted in the site revealed the existence of various underground structures, among them a temple of Mithraism, a mystery religion. The temple is considered as the first and unique Mithraeum located on the eastern border of the Roman Empire. The castle has been constructed by employing natural stones. Similar to that of the stone artifacts around the world, the Zerzevan Castle has also suffered from stone deterioration and stability problems. The present study aims to characterize stone used in the Zerzevan Castle as a building material. The study also aims to characterize the provenance of the stone material utilized in the monuments of that archaeological site. For this purpose, samples were collected from the building façade and stone quarry located on the site. The samples then used to determine their petrographic, chemical and some of the physico-mechanical properties. The preliminary results demonstrate that the stone employed in the construction of the Castle is calcitic dolomite. Moreover, the great similarities in chemical compositions of the samples collected from the building and the quarry indicate that the stone material employed in the construction was most probably extracted from the nearby quarries.
Comparison between ammonium phosphate and nanolimes for render consolidation
Authors: Masi G , Sassoni E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, a systematic comparison is presented between ammonium phosphate and commercial nanolimes for the conservation of lime-based renders. Such comparison is very significant, considering that nanolimes are the most widely used inorganic consolidant commonly applied onto plasters, renders and frescoes. Specimens made of slaked lime and siliceous sand were prepared, by applying the fresh mortar onto a solid brick substrate. After curing for 4 months, samples were consolidated by (i) an aqueous solution of diammonium hydrogen phosphate and (ii) commercial nanolimes. The effects of the treatments were evaluated in terms of composition and morphology of the new phases, effectiveness (ultrasounds and scotch tape test) and compatibility (color change and water absorption). The results of the study confirm the high potential of the phosphate treatment, able to provide higher mechanical consolidation in a shorter time (24 hours, instead of at least 4 weeks for nanolimes), while being equally compatible from the aesthetical and physical point of view.
Digital Experience of the Work of Vitruvius and Leonardo
Authors: Brillarelli S , Callegari M , Carbonari L , Clini P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
On the celebrations for the 500th year since Leonardo da Vinci’s death, the city of Fano (I) organized an exhibition on the works of Leonardo to put in evidence the influence of the previous studies of Vitruvius, who left in Fano remarkable signs of his talent. Among the original drawings that were shown, some sheets showed the design of three machines originally described by Vitruvius and then re-interpreted by Leonardo: the water clockwork, the ballista and the odometer. The Authors realized a digital reconstruction of such works, with the aim to let the visitors of the exhibition understand the operation of the machines but also to study the differences in the concepts, to explore their feasibility and to assess their possible performance.
Service life prediction of building components in the times of climate change
Authors: Loli A , Bertolin C , Kotova L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Buildings components and assemblies are prone to decay over time due to the inherent characteristics of the materials, environmental conditions and operational use of them. For this reason, it is very important to know the right time and type of maintenance and adaptation interventions that need to be applied to the specific compounds. The answer to the above issue can be given through the service life prediction (SLP) of the components by using standardized calculation methods.
In historic buildings, the process of SLP takes significant importance because these buildings hold non-renewable cultural heritage value and therefore, the interventions should be performed in a way that preserves the original material and value while enhancing the service life. Nowadays, for such buildings that are predicted to live for centuries, the SLP needs to be corrected by considering the effects of climate change in the construction materials.
The paper presents an overview of the application of the well-known factor method in the estimation of the serviceability of the building components, with a special focus on historic buildings impacted by climate change. The technical compatibility, economic viability, use of the building and the indoor/outdoor environments are considered during the assessment of the service life which is strictly linked with the level of decay. It gives a short explanation of the factors that constitute the method by including the effects of climate change and an example of application to a specific case study in Norway.