bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chiral Serum Pharmacokinetics of 4-Fluoroamphetamine after Controlled Oral Administration: Can (R)/(S)-Concentration Ratios Help in Interpreting Forensic Cases?
Authors: Losacker Moritz , Toennes Stefan W , de Sousa Fernandes Perna Elizabeth B , Ramaekers Johannes G , Roehrich Joerg , Hess Cornelius 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Over the last two decades, misuse of 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) became an emerging issue in many European countries. Stimulating effects last for 4–6 hours and can impact psychomotor performance. The metabolism of amphetamine-type stimulants is stereoselective and quantification of (R)- and (S)-enantiomers has been suggested for assessing time of use. To date, no data on enantioselective pharmacokinetics is available for 4-FA in serum samples. An enantioselective liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS) method was developed using a chiral Phenomenex® Lux 3 μm AMP column. Validation of the method showed satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity (0.5–250 ng/mL), precision and accuracy. Recreational stimulant users orally ingested two doses (100 mg, n = 12; 150 mg, n = 5) of 4-FA. Blood samples were drawn prior to application and over a period of 12 hours after ingestion and analyzed for 4-FA enantiomers. Peak concentrations and corresponding times did not differ significantly between the enantiomers (mean (R)/(S)-ratio at tmax 1.05, 0.85–1.16). With mean 12.9 (8.3–16.1) hours, apparent elimination half-lives (t1/2) were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) longer for (R)-4-FA than for (S)-4-FA (6.0 hours; range 4.4–10.2 hours) and independent of the dose given. Over time, (R)/(S)-concentration-ratios were linearly increasing in all subjects to maximum ratios of 2.00 (1.08–2.77) in the last samples (after 12 hours). The slopes of the (R)/(S)-ratio exhibited marked interindividual differences (0.023–0.157 h−1, mean 0.095 h−1). Ratios higher than 1.60 only appeared earliest after a minimum of 6 hours and therefore suggest the absence of acute drug effects. Different elimination half-lives of enantiomers lead to constantly increasing (R)/(S)-concentration-ratios. Consequently, ratios of 4-FA enantiomers in serum are a promising indicator for assessment of the time of drug consumption.
Burn Center Referral Practice Evaluation and Treatment Outcomes Comparison Among Verified, Nonverified Burn Centers, and Nonburn Centers: A Statewide Perspective
Authors: Huang Zhenna , Forst Linda , Friedman Lee S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The American Burn Association (ABA) has developed comprehensive referral criteria to determine which burn-injured patient should be transferred to burn centers. This was a retrospective analysis of burn injuries using Illinois inpatient and outpatient hospital data from 2010 to 2015. Multivariable logistic and linear regression models were developed to evaluate ABA burn center referral criteria adherence and to compare treatment outcomes among those treated in verified burn center (VB), nonverified burn center (NVB), and other facilities (OF). In this study, 66% of those treated in facilities without specialized burn teams met the ABA referral criteria. Patients who were older than the age of 40 years, lived farther from burn units, and were originally treated in level I trauma center without burn units were less likely to be transferred to burn centers. Those transported and treated in burn centers had overall better treatment outcomes including fewer infection complications (VB vs OF: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4–0.6; NVB vs OF: aOR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4–0.6), fewer patients requiring additional care in skilled nursing/rehabilitation facilities (VB vs OF: aOR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4–0.6; NVB vs OF: aOR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.6–0.9), shorter length of hospitalization (VB vs OF: β: −0.4, P &lt; .001; NVB vs OF: β: −0.8, P &lt; .001), and comparable in-hospital mortality (VB vs OF: aOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 0.97–1.7; NVB vs OF: aOR: 1.01, 95% CI: 0.7–1.5). While verified and unverified burn centers demonstrated better treatment outcomes, the data demonstrated a need to understand the barriers of adhering to ABA criteria and an improved regional burn center referral guidelines education.
Review of the biology of the krill genusNyctiphanesG.O. Sars, 1883 (Euphausiacea: Euphausiidae): challenges for future research on environmental change
Authors: Lagos Paulo F , Gómez-Gutiérrez Jaime , Sabadel Amandine J M , Burrit David J , Lamare Miles D 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe genus Nyctiphanes G.O. Sars, 1883 (Euphausiacea, Euphausiidae) includes four extant species. These species are a conspicuous component of trophic webs of coastal marine ecosystems due to their abundance, the formation of dense aggregations, swarms, and schools, fast growth, and high reproductive rates. They dominate the bulk biomass in eutrophic Eastern Boundaries System and subtropical mesotrophic habitats, with estimates of 30–40% of the total zooplankton biomass. Species of Nyctiphanes are efficient omnivores and conversely prey for a large number of zooplanktonic and nektonic species. We review current knowledge of the biogeography, reproductive biology, physiology, biochemistry, ecology, and parasitology of the four species of Nyctiphanes. Most published information on Nyctiphanes focuses on the two species from the Pacific Ocean, N. australis G.O. Sars, 1883 and N. simplex Hansen, 1911, and considerably less is known on the biology and ecology of N. couchii (Bell, 1853) and N. capensis Hansen, 1911 from the Atlantic Ocean. Knowledge on the biology and ecology of the species of Nyctiphanes is still behind what is currently known for species of krill, particularly compared to Euphausia Dana, 1850 and Thysanoessa Brandt, 1851, and new multi-focal studies on the effects that environmental variables have on reproductive aspects, survival, growth, and physiology are especially critical to address under future environmental change.
Transcriptome analysis reveals rice MADS13 as an important repressor of the carpel development pathway in ovules
Authors: Osnato Michela , Lacchini Elia , Pilatone Alessandro , Dreni Ludovico , Grioni Andrea , Chiara Matteo , Horner David , Pelaz Soraya , Kater Martin M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In angiosperms, floral homeotic genes encoding MADS-domain transcription factors regulate the development of floral organs. Specifically, members of the SEPALLATA (SEP) and AGAMOUS (AG) subfamilies form higher-order protein complexes to control floral meristem determinacy and to specify the identity of female reproductive organs. In rice, the AG subfamily gene OsMADS13 is intimately involved in the determination of ovule identity, since knock-out mutant plants develop carpel-like structures in place of ovules, resulting in female sterility. Little is known about the regulatory pathways at the base of rice gynoecium development. To investigate molecular mechanisms acting downstream of OsMADS13, we obtained transcriptomes of immature inflorescences from wild-type and Osmads13 mutant plants. Among a total of 476 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), a substantial overlap with DEGs from the SEP-family Osmads1 mutant was found, suggesting that OsMADS1 and OsMADS13 may act on a common set of target genes. Expression studies and preliminary analyses of two up-regulated genes encoding Zinc-finger transcription factors indicated that our dataset represents a valuable resource for the identification of both OsMADS13 target genes and novel players in rice ovule development. Taken together, our study suggests that OsMADS13 is an important repressor of the carpel pathway during ovule development.
The nature of the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit
Authors: Ziółkowski Janusz , Zdziarski Andrzej A 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive description of the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar (S–C) transition, which is an acceleration of the stellar evolution from the nuclear to the thermal time scales occurring when the fractional mass of the helium core reaches a critical value, i.e. about 0.1. It occurs in the 1.4–7 $\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ mass range due to impossibility of maintaining the thermal equilibrium after the nuclear energy sources in the core disappear. We present the distributions of the hydrogen abundance, the energy generation rate and the temperature for stars crossing that limit. We confirm that a sharp S–C limit is present for strictly isothermal cores, but it is much smoother for real stars. The way the boundary of the core is defined is important for the picture of this transition. With a strict definition of the core as the region where the helium abundance is close to null, it occurs in an extended range of the fractional core mass of roughly 0.03–0.11. The cause of that is a gradual core contraction causing a correspondingly gradual loss of the core isothermality with the increasing core mass. On the other hand, when using definitions allowing for some H abundance in the core, the S–C transition is found to be sharper, at the fractional core mass of between about 0.07 and 0.11. Still, it is more a smooth transition than a sharp limit. We have also searched for specific signatures of that transition, and found that it is associated with the stellar radius first decreasing and then increasing again. We have considered whether the S–C limit can be used as a diagnostic constraining the evolutionary status of accreting X-ray binaries, but found such uses unfounded.
2D numerical study for magnetic field dependence of neutrino-driven core-collapse supernova models
Authors: Matsumoto J , Takiwaki T , Kotake K , Asahina Y , Takahashi H R 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the effects of the magnetic field on the dynamics of non-rotating stellar cores by performing 2D, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. To this end, we have updated our neutrino-radiation-hydrodynamics supernova code to include MHD employing a divergence cleaning method with both careful treatments of finite volume and area reconstructions. By changing the initial strength of the magnetic field, the evolution of 15.0, 18.4, and $27.0\,\rm M_\odot$ pre-supernova progenitors is investigated. An intriguing finding in our study is that the neutrino-driven explosion occurs regardless of the strength of the initial magnetic field. For the 2D models presented in this work, the neutrino heating is the main driver for the explosion, whereas the magnetic field secondary contributes to the pre-explosion dynamics. Our results show that the strong magnetic field weakens the growth of the neutrino-driven turbulence in the small scale compared to the weak magnetic field. This results in the slower increase of the turbulent kinetic energy in the post-shock region, leading to the slightly delayed onset of the shock revival for models with the stronger initial magnetic field.
Masticatory Dysfunction After Computed Tomography–Guided Plasma Ablation vs. Radiofrequency Ablation on Gasserian Ganglion for Idiopathic Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zheng Shuyue , Li Xiuhua , Yang Liqiang , He Liangliang , Cao Guoqing , Yang Zhanmin , Ni Jiaxiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate masticatory dysfunction after two different types of ablation on the Gasserian ganglion for the treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. We hypothesized that low-temperature plasma radiofrequency ablation (LTP-RFA) was noninferior to radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RFT) with respect to initial efficacy.MethodsIn the randomized, single-blind, parallel-group, noninferiority trial, 204 participants with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia were randomly allocated to receive plasma ablation in the LTP-RFA group and radiofrequency ablation in the RFT group in a 1:1 ratio, with random block sizes of four or six. Participants were examined at baseline (T0), on the day of discharge (T1), and at the 6-month follow-up (T2). The primary end point was the clinincal effective rate in the LTP-RFA group compared with that in the RFT group after intervention on the day of discharge. Noninferiority was prespecified at -10%.ResultsThe intention-to-treat analysis revealed that the initial efficacy rates were 91.2% in LTP-RFA group and 93.1% in RFT group (rate ratio [RR] = 0.979, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.904–1.061, P = 0.795). The difference between the two groups was 1.9% (95% CI: -5.6% to 9.4%), which showed that LTP-RFA demonstrated noninferiority compared with RFT in initial efficacy. Compared with the RFT group, the LTP-RFA group exhibited a significantly greater improvement in the maximum voltage of the masseter muscles with mean differences of 11.40 (95% CI: 10.52 to 12.27, P &lt; 0.001) at T1 and 17.41 (95% CI: 14.68 to 20.13, P &lt; 0.001) at T2, respectively. Similar results were observed for the asymmetry index of occlusion, the maximum voltage of the anterior temporalis, and the activity index of anterior temporalis / masseter muscles. No serious adverse events were observed in either group.ConclusionsCompared with the RFT group, noninferior efficacy for pain relief and improvement of masticatory function was revealed in the LTP-RFA group.
Yield, chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, in vitro ruminal variables, and degradability of ensiled amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) cultivars compared with corn (Zea mays) silage
Authors: Shadi Hossein , Rouzbehan Yousef , Rezaei Javad , Fazaeli Hassan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSilages from four amaranth varieties (A5, A12, A14, and A28) were compared with corn silage (CS) in terms of their yield, chemical composition, phenolic compounds, oxalic acid and nitrate levels, silage fermentation characteristics, in vitro methane production, organic matter disappearance (OMD), microbial crude protein (MCP), ruminal ammonia (NH3-N), pH, volatile fatty acids, cellulolytic bacteria numbers, protozoa counts, and in situ dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradability were determined. Forages were harvested 93 d after planting, chopped, and ensiled in plastic buckets for 60 d. The study was based on a randomized complete block design, and data were analyzed using SAS, general linear model (GLM) procedure for normal distribution. Compared with CS, amaranth silages (AMS) had lower ash-free neutral detergent fiber nitrate, OMD (P &lt; 0.001), phosphorus (P = 0.003), and metabolizable energy (ME) (P = 0.043) but higher (P &lt; 0.001) CP, calcium, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), acid detergent lignin, ether extract, ash, total phenolics, pH, NH3-N concentration, MCP, digestible undegradable protein (DUP), and metabolizable protein (MP). Fresh, OM, OMD, ME (P &lt; 0.001), and DM (P = 0.032) yields of AMS from different varieties were higher than CS, with the exception of A5. Overall, amaranth made good quality silage, with some variation, and A28 had the highest yield and nutritional value (CP, NFC, MCP, DUP, and MP). The yield, CP concentration, and nutritional value of A28 silage were higher than CS. Although these in vitro results are promising, they also need to be validated with future in vivo research.
Predictors of Loss to Follow-up in Hip Fracture Trials: A Secondary Analysis of the FAITH and HEALTH Trials
Authors: Sivaratnam Surabhi , Comeau-Gauthier Marianne , Sprague Sheila , Schemitsch Emil H. , Poolman Rudolf W. , Frihagen Frede , Bhandari Mohit , Swiontkowski Marc , Bzovsky Sofia ,   on behalf of the FAITH and HEALTH Investigators
Published: October 2020

Background:
Hip fracture trials often suffer substantial loss to follow-up due to difficulties locating and communicating with participants or when participants, or their family members, withdraw their consent. We aimed to determine which factors were associated with being unable to contact FAITH and HEALTH participants for their 24-month follow-up and to also determine which factors were associated with their withdrawal of consent.

Methods:
We conducted 2 multivariable logistic regression analyses to determine which factors were predictive of being unable to contact participants at 24 months postfracture and withdrawal of consent within 24 months of their fracture. Results were reported as odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and associated P-values. All tests were 2-tailed with alpha = 0.05.

Results:
We were unable to contact 123 of 2520 participants (4.9%) for their 24-month follow-up visits and 124 (4.9%) withdrew their consent from the trial. Being non-White (P = 0.003), enrolled from a non-European hospital (P < 0.001), and treated with arthroplasty (P < 0.001) were associated with an increased odds of not completing the 24-month follow-up visit. Being enrolled from a hospital in the United States (P = 0.02), from a hospital in Oceania, India, or South Africa (P < 0.001) as compared to a European hospital, and treated with arthroplasty (P < 0.001) were associated with an increased odds of consent withdrawal.

Discussion:
Certain factors may be predictive of loss to follow-up in hip fracture trials. We suggest that the identification of such factors may be used to inform and improve retention strategies in future orthopaedic hip fracture trials.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Monocyte chemotactic protein-inducing protein 1 negatively regulating asthmatic airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion involving γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Dai Guang-Ming , Wang Jia-Jia , Chen Zhi-Hong , Ran Ya-Juan , Deng Huo-Jin , Mao Ruo-Lin , Zhu Tao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Mounting evidence, consistent with our previous study, showed that γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR) played an indispensable role in airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in asthma. Monocyte chemotactic protein-inducing protein 1 (MCPIP1) was a key negative regulator of inflammation. Recent studies showed that inflammation was largely suppressed by enhanced MCPIP1 expression in many inflammatory diseases. However, the role and potential mechanism of MCPIP1 in airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in asthma were still not well studied. This study was to explore the role of MCPIP1 in asthmatic airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in both mice and BEAS-2B cells, and its potential mechanism.

Methods

In vivo, mice were sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma. Airway inflammation and mucus secretion were analyzed. In vitro, BEAS-2B cells were chosen. Interleukin (IL)-13 was used to stimulate inflammation and mucus hypersecretion in cells. MCPIP1 Lentiviral vector (LA-MCPIP1) and plasmid-MCPIP1 were used to up-regulate MCPIP1 in lung and cells, respectively. MCP-1, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), mucin 5AC (MUC5AC), MCPIP1, and GABAARβ2 expressions were measured in both lung and BEAS-2B cells. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the expression of GABAARβ2 in cells.

Results
MCPIP1 was up-regulated by LA-MCPIP1 (P < 0.001) and plasmid-MCPIP1 (P < 0.001) in lung and cells, respectively. OVA-induced airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, OVA-enhanced MCP-1, TSLP, MUC5AC, and GABAARβ2 expressions, and OVA-reduced MCPIP1 were significantly blunted by LA-MCPIP1 in mice (all P < 0.001). IL-13-enhanced MCP-1, TSLP, MUC5AC, and GABAARβ2 expressions, and IL-13-reduced MCPIP1 were markedly abrogated by plasmid-MCPIP1 in BEAS-2B cells (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion
The results of this study suggested that OVA and IL-13-induced airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion were negatively regulated by MCPIP1 in both lung and BEAS-2B cells, involving GABAAR signaling pathway.
Association between renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers and outcome in coronavirus disease 2019: analysing in-hospital exposure generates a biased seemingly protective effect of treatment
Authors: Lahens Alexandre , Mullaert Jimmy , Gressens Simon , Gault Nathalie , Flamant Martin , Deconinck Laurène , Joly Véronique , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Lescure François-Xavier , Vidal-Petiot Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
The role of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) blockers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a matter of controversies. Studies based on in-hospital exposure have suggested a beneficial effect of these drugs, unlike those based on chronic exposure. We aimed to analyse RAAS blocker prescription before and during hospital stay in patients with COVID-19, and the corresponding outcomes, to explain these discrepant results.

Methods:
In a retrospective cohort study conducted in 347 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (Bichat Hospital, Paris, France, 23 January–29 April 2020), RAAS blocker exposure, as well as timing and reason for treatment modifications, were collected. The association between exposure and mortality within 30 days of hospital admission was analysed using logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and comorbidities.

Results:
Median age was 61 [interquartile range, 51–72] years, 209 (60%) were male, 169 (49%) had a history of treated hypertension, and 117 (34%) received a RAAS blocker prior to hospitalization. RAAS blockers were discontinued within the first 7 days of hospital admission in 33% of previously treated patients (mostly driven by severity of the disease), with a corresponding mortality rate of 33%. Mortality was 8% when treatment was maintained or introduced, and 12% in patients never exposed. Adjusted odds ratios for association between exposure and mortality were 0.62 (95% confidence interval 0.25–1.48) based on chronic exposure and 0.25 (0.09–0.65) based on in-hospital exposure.

Conclusion:
A ‘healthy user-sick stopper’ bias influences RAAS blocker prescription after hospital admission for COVID-19, and explains the seemingly favourable outcome associated with in-hospital treatment.
Long-Term Results of P.E.R.F.E.C.T. for PTERYGIUM
Authors: Hirst Lawrence 
Published: October 2020

Purpose:
To identify the recurrence rate, complication rate, cosmetic results, and patient satisfaction after P.E.R.F.E.C.T. for PTERYGIUM more than 10 years after surgery.

Methods:
This is a prospective cohort study with 312 patients (351 surgeries). All patients underwent pterygium removal using P.E.R.F.E.C.T. for PTERYGIUM in 1 eye or both eyes by the author. The main parameters studied were recurrence rate, complication rate, esthetic outcomes, and patient satisfaction.

Results:
Two hundred twenty-nine patients (77% of surviving cohort group) were able to be followed up with 16 patients deceased. The basic biographical data of the group followed up and those lost to follow-up were not different. The follow-up period was 153 ± 20 months. Twenty-five percent of the surgeries were for recurrent pterygia. The recurrence rate was zero, and there were no serious complications. Ninety-four percent of patients were graded as having normal or excellent cosmetic appearance by the surgeon, and 95% of the patients graded the appearance of their eye as greater than 8 of 10. Ninety-four percent of the patients gave more than 8 of 10 as their satisfaction with the service and surgery.

Conclusions:
P.E.R.F.E.C.T. for PTERYGIUM provides long-term and stable results for primary and recurrent pterygium patients with a zero recurrence rate and excellent cosmetic appearance of the eye and no serious complications. P.E.R.F.E.C.T. for PTERYGIUM should be considered as the standard by which other pterygium surgeries should be compared. Cosmetic outcomes after pterygium surgeries are now a more sensitive measure of success than recurrence rate alone.