Psychometric properties of the parent-rated assessment scale of positive and negative parenting behavior (FPNE) in a German sample of school-aged children
Authors: Holas Vanessa , Thöne Ann-Kathrin , Dose Christina , Gebauer Stephanie , Hautmann Christopher , Görtz-Dorten Anja , Kohl Lea Teresa , Plück Julia , Treier Anne-Katrin , Banaschewski Tobias , Ravens-Sieberer Ulrike , Rößner Veit , Hanisch Charlotte , Kölch Michael , Holtmann Martin , Becker Katja , Renner Tobias , Geissler Julia , Wenning Jasmin , Huss Michael , Poustka Luise , Döpfner Manfred ,   the ADOPT, the ESCAlife consortia, Aggensteiner Pascal-Maurice , Bernheim Dorothee , Beste Christian , Bienioschek Stefanie , Boecker Maren , Brandeis Daniel , Butz Kristina , Daunke Andrea , Fegert Jörg M. , Ginsberg Claudia , Giller Franziska , Goldbeck Carolina , Hellmich Martin , Igel Christine , Junghänel Michaela , Kaman Anne , Ritschel Anne , Roessner Veit , Schroth Jennifer , Schüller Anne , Steiner Marion , Uhlmann Anne , Brandeis Daniel , Christmann Nina , Dürrwächter Ute , Flick Lena , Gehring Brigitta , Grau Nicole , Groh Monja , Haberhausen Wiebke , Hebebrand Johannes , Hiery Alisa , Hohmann Sarah , Igel Christine , Jans Thomas , Jansone Karina , John Katja , Kaiser Anna , Kasperzack Daria , Kellner Julia , Ketter Johanna , Kieninger Franziska , Kirschbaum-Lesch Inken , Krugmann Katrin , Legenbauer Tanja , Mann Christopher , Martin Franziska , Millenet Sabrina , Mingebach Tanja , Mross Melinda , Pascher Anja , Poustka Louisa , Romanos Marcel , Schneider Priska , Schöllhorn Anja , Schrott Bastian , Schulze-Husmann Karen , Stehr Thomas , Steinacker Ida , Steiner Marie-Therese , Thöne Ann-Katrin , Vandersleben Henrik Uebel-von , Vetter Paula , Weber Linda , Wermter Anne-Kathrin , Winkler Matthias , Wirth Elena , Ziegler Mirjam 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically evaluate a parent-rated parenting assessment scale including positive and negative dimensions of parenting. Factorial validity, reliability, measurement invariance, latent mean differences and construct validity of the Assessment Scale of Positive and Negative Parenting Behavior (FPNE) were tested in a pooled sample of five studies of 1,879 school-aged children (6.00 to 12.11 years).

Methods
Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on a first randomized split-half sample, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) were conducted in the second half of the sample. Measurement invariance tests were conducted to assess factor structure equivalence across gender and age.

Results
The EFA results supported a two-factor structure and the CFA results revealed a model with two correlated factors (Positive Parenting, Negative Parenting), which included 23 items and showed acceptable model fit and good psychometric properties. ESEM did not yield a model with significantly better model fit. Internal consistencies were acceptable. Adequate concurrent validity was demonstrated by low to moderate correlations between the FPNE and similar constructs. The factor structure was invariant (configural, metric, scalar) across different age groups and gender. Tests of latent mean differences revealed that older children scored significantly higher on negative parenting than younger children, while boys showed lower levels of positive parenting and higher levels of negative parenting compared to girls. All effect sizes were small.

Conclusions
The results suggest that the FPNE is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of parenting.