bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Afterlife of St Osmund: From Bishop to Saint, and from Old to New Sarum
Authors: TATTON‐BROWN TIM 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBishop Osmund of Salisbury died in 1099, after building a fine new cathedral in the late Anglo‐Saxon burh beside William I's new castle on top of the hill at ‘Old Sarum’. Only in the late twelfth century did St Osmund's cult get under way. This article follows the long drawn out story of his canonisation (finally achieved in 1457) and shrine construction in the magnificent new Salisbury cathedral. Although this shrine was destroyed in 1539, the original late twelfth‐century ‘foramina’ shrine, which was similar to Thomas Becket's first shrine in the crypt of Canterbury cathedral, still survives.
Effect of inulin on rheological, textural, and structural properties of brown wheat flour dough and in vitro digestibility of developed Arabic bread
Authors: Ahmed Jasim , Thomas Linu , Khashawi Rawan Ali 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe brown wheat flour (BWF)‐based Arabic bread was fortified with chicory‐derived inulin. The objective of this work was to assess the influence of the inulin concentration (1.25 to 5%) on the rheological, textural properties, and fermentation efficacy of enriched BWF dough. Farinographic measurement established that only 3.75% BWF can be substituted by inulin in a dough formulation, which resulted in lowering the water absorption capacity. The peak gelatinization temperature, Tp detected at 74.4 °C by rheometric measurement, which increased linearly with increasing the inulin concentration. The elastic modulus (Gʹ), however, differed significantly among doughs with the addition of inulin. The dough hardness and compressibility increased as a function of inulin concentration. TPA measurement indicated that the Arabic bread fortified
with 3.75% inulin was the best in texture. The addition of inulin improved the volume of CO2 generation in the yeasted dough. The distribution of starch particles on the top layer of bread surface was visualized through SEM. In‐vitro digestion and steady‐flow measurement of the BWF/inulin bread digesta exhibited a slow digestion and an increment in the apparent viscosity against the control bread, which further confirmed potential health benefits of the developed Arabic bread.Practical ApplicationArabic bread is a staple food in many Asian countries, and an incorporation of soluble fiber, like inulin, definitely improves its health benefits. This work optimized a formulation based on BWF and inulin with technical feasibility. Rheological and textural studies demonstrated that blend bread could be made by replacing 3.75% BWF by inulin with significantly lower water content. Inulin has replaced the sugar in the yeasted dough, and carried out the bread fermentation adequately.
Polysaccharide selection and mechanism for prevention of protein–polyphenol haze formation in beverages
Authors: Wang Lijun , Zhao Shan , Liao Tianyu , Shu Xiaomeng , Guo Dengfeng , Huang Yukun , Yang Xiao , Wang Qin , Chen Xianggui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolysaccharides have been considered as a group of promising candidate for preventing the protein–polyphenol haze formation in beverages. In order to select effective polysaccharides to prevent the haze formation, four protein–polyphenol haze model systems were successfully established using two proteins (i.e., gelatin and bovine serum albumin) and two polyphenols (i.e., procyanidin [PC] and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). Among seven common polysaccharides, 0.5 mg/mL pectin, 0.05 mg/mL xanthan gum, and 0.01 mg/mL guar gum demonstrated the maximum potential for preventing the formation of four protein–polyphenol hazes. Ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometry confirmed that polysaccharides affected protein–polyphenol interactions. Fluorescence spectrophotometry combined with microscale thermophoresis data indicated the relative affinities of polyphenol to protein and polysaccharide determined the mechanism of polysaccharide for preventing the haze formation. In bovine serum albumin (BSA)/gelatin‐EGCG system, polysaccharides (pectin, xanthan gum and guar gum) competed with BSA/gelatin to bind EGCG for prevention the formation of BSA/gelatin‐EGCG haze. However, in BSA/gelatin‐PC system, polysaccharides (pectin, xanthan gum, and guar gum) formed a ternary complex (protein–tannin–polysaccharide) for increasing the solubility of protein‐polyphenol aggregation. From apple juice results, the reduction rates of guar gum in two apple juice systems (gelatin‐PC, BSA‐PC) were 21% and 56% within 8 weeks, indicating guar gum might be the most effective polysaccharide in preventing the haze formation.Practical ApplicationThis experiment data could be used for development of polysaccharide products for prevention of protein–polyphenol haze formation in beverages.
Design of biopolymer carriers enriched with natural emulsifiers for improved controlled release of thyme essential oil
Authors: Volić Mina M. , Obradović Nataša S. , Djordjević Verica B. , Luković Nevena D. , Knežević‐Jugović Zorica D. , Bugarski Branko M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis work aims to characterize a novel system for thyme essential oil delivery based on the combination of natural emulsifiers (soy protein and soy lecithin) and alginate, produced using the extrusion technique. The formulations are optimized concerning alginate and soy protein concentrations (both 1 to 1.5 wt.%), and consequently lecithin amount, in order to achieve spherical beads in the range 2.0 to 2.3 mm and 1.2 to 1.4 mm, wet and dry, respectively. Fourier‐transform infrared analysis was performed, proving that there are interactions between all components. Lecithin–soy protein synergistic combination improved entrapment efficiency of total polyphenols (for nearly 12%) and decreased thymol release in a simulated gastric solution for nearly 35%, in comparison with beads without lecithin. The addition of lecithin enhances the thermal properties of the polysaccharide–protein systems at 50 °C after 3 hr of heating. The mechanical stability of the biopolymer carriers is improved with lecithin addition and the elastic modulus varied from 80.06 to 123.7 kPa, depending on the formulation. Alginate/soy protein/lecithin are effective carriers for the encapsulation, protection, and controlled release of thyme essential oil.Practical ApplicationThere is unfortunately growing human resistance to antibiotics. This work offers a novel system for effective protection and controlled release of thyme essential oil in the small intestine. The mechanical and thermal properties of the carrier were estimated as they indicate how the beads will be able to resist stress during their incorporation into food (i.e. cookies‐mixing, baking). The proposed approach offers ‘‘green advantage’’ as arises from all‐natural materials.
Alternative volumetric PET parameters for evaluation of breast cancer cases with 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging: Metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis
Authors: Arslan Esra , Can Trabulus Didem , Mermut Özlem , Şavlı Taha Cumhan , Çermik Tevfik Fikret 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionWe aimed to investigate the prognostic and clinical values of two volumetric PET parameters used in conjunction with SUVmax at different thresholds in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC).MethodsA total of 139 metastatic IDC BC who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging were included to study. MTV and TLG (40%, 50%, 60% and 70%) used in conjunction with primary tumour SUVmax. Nodal involvement, distant metastasis, ER, PR, Ki‐67 expression and survival data evaluated by comparing FDG PET parameters.ResultsMean ± SD SUVmax of lesions (n = 139) was 13.97 ± 9.21. Primary tumour 18F‐FDG uptake associated increased tumour diameter (>2 cm), high Ki‐67 (>15%) and distant organ metastasis (DOM) (P = 0.015, 0.005 and 0.016, respectively). There was significant association between molecular subtypes and SUVmax (P = 0.002). High MTV associated with tumour diameter (MTV 40–70%), axillary lymph node (ALN) diameter (MTV 40–70%), and distant nodal metastasis (DNM) (MTV 50–70%). High TLG associated with tumour diameter (TLG 40–70%), high Ki‐67 (TLG 40–70%), ALN metastasis (TLG 40%), ALN diameter (TLG 40–70%) and DNM (TLG 40–70%). Median survival found shorter in DOM patients (P = 0.030, Log Rank = 0.110).ConclusionWe think evaluation of MTV and TLG at different thresholds in addition to SUVmax would enhance diagnostic and prognostic value of 18F‐FDG PET/CT, and thus contribute to disease management.
microRNA‐146a controls age‐related bone loss
Authors: Saferding Victoria , Hofmann Melanie , Brunner Julia S. , Niederreiter Birgit , Timmen Melanie , Magilnick Nathaniel , Hayer Silvia , Heller Gerwin , Steiner Günter , Stange Richard , Boldin Mark , Schabbauer Gernot , Weigl Moritz , Hackl Matthias , Grillari Johannes , Smolen Josef S. , Blüml Stephan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBone loss is one of the consequences of aging, leading to diseases such as osteoporosis and increased susceptibility to fragility fractures and therefore considerable morbidity and mortality in humans. Here, we identify microRNA‐146a (miR‐146a) as an essential epigenetic switch controlling bone loss with age. Mice deficient in miR‐146a show regular development of their skeleton. However, while WT mice start to lose bone with age, animals deficient in miR‐146a continue to accrue bone throughout their life span. Increased bone mass is due to increased generation and activity of osteoblasts in miR‐146a‐deficient mice as a result of sustained activation of bone anabolic Wnt signaling during aging. Deregulation of the miR‐146a target genes Wnt1 and Wnt5a parallels bone accrual and osteoblast generation, which is accompanied by reduced development of bone marrow adiposity. Furthermore, miR‐146a‐deficient mice are protected from ovariectomy‐induced bone loss. In humans, the levels of miR‐146a are increased in patients suffering fragility fractures in comparison with those who do not. These data identify miR‐146a as a crucial epigenetic temporal regulator which essentially controls bone homeostasis during aging by regulating bone anabolic Wnt signaling. Therefore, miR‐146a might be a powerful therapeutic target to prevent age‐related bone dysfunctions such as the development of bone marrow adiposity and osteoporosis.
Transformation of resident notochord‐descendent nucleus pulposus cells in mouse injury‐induced fibrotic intervertebral discs
Authors: Au Tiffany Y. K. , Lam To‐Kam , Peng Yan , Wynn Sarah L. , Cheung Kenneth M. C. , Cheah Kathryn S. E. , Leung Victor Y. L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), a major cause of low back pain, occurs with ageing. The core of the intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), embedded in a proteoglycan‐rich and gelatinous matrix, is derived from the embryonic notochord. With IDD, the NP becomes fibrous, containing fewer cells, which are fibroblastic and of unknown origin. Here, we used a lineage tracing strategy to investigate the origin of cells in the NP in injury‐induced mouse IDD. We established a Foxa2 notochord‐specific enhancer‐driven Cre transgenic mouse model (Foxa2mNE‐Cre) that acts only in the embryonic to foetal period up to E14.5, to genetically label notochord cells with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). When this mouse is crossed to one carrying a Cre recombinase reporter, Z/EG, EGFP‐labelled NP cells are present even at 2 years of age, consistent with their notochordal origin. We induced tail IDD in Foxa2mNE‐Cre; Z/EG mice by annulus puncture and observed the degenerative changes for 12 weeks. Soon after puncture, EGFP‐labelled NP cells showed strong Col2a1+ expression unlike uninjured control NP. Later, accompanying fibrotic changes, EGFP‐positive NP cells expressed fibroblastic and myofibroblastic markers such as Col1a1, ASMA, FAPA and FSP‐1. The number of EGFP+ cells co‐expressing the fibroblastic markers increased with time after puncture. Our findings suggest resident NP cells initially upregulate Col2a1+ and later transform into fibroblast‐like cells during injury‐mediated disc degeneration and remodelling. This important discovery concerning the cellular origin of fibrotic pathology in injury‐induced IDD has implications for management in disease and ageing.
Resting activity of the hippocampus and amygdala in obese individuals predicts their response to food cues
Authors: Li Guanya , Hu Yang , Zhang Wenchao , Ding Yueyan , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Jia , He Yang , Lv Ganggang , von Deneen Karen M. , Zhao Yu , Chen Antao , Han Yu , Cui Guangbin , Ji Gang , Manza Peter , Tomasi Dardo , Volkow Nora D. , Nie Yongzhan , Wang Gene‐Jack , Zhang Yi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObese individuals exhibit brain functional abnormalities in multiple regions implicated in reward/motivation, emotion/memory, homeostatic regulation, and executive control when exposed to food cues and during rest. However, it remains unclear whether abnormal brain responses to food cues might account for or relate to their abnormal activity in resting state. This information would be useful for understanding the neural mechanisms behind hyperactive responses to food cues, a critical marker of obesity. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS‐fMRI) and a cue‐reactivity fMRI task with high‐ (HiCal) and low‐caloric (LoCal) food cues were employed to investigate brain baseline activity and food cue‐induced activation differences in 44 obese participants (OB), in 37 overweight participants (OW), and in 37 normal weight (NW) controls. One‐way analyses of variance showed there was a group difference in the left hippocampus/amygdala activity during resting state and during food‐cue stimulation (pFWE < 0.05); post‐hoc tests showed the OB group had both greater basal activity and greater food cue‐induced activation than the OW and NW groups; OW had higher activity in the hippocampus/amygdala than the NW group, which was only significant during resting state. In the OB group, resting‐state activity in the left hippocampus/amygdala was positively correlated with activation induced by HiCal food cues, and both of these measures correlated with body mass index (BMI). Mediation analysis showed that the relationship between BMI and hippocampus/amygdala response to HiCal food cues was mediated by their resting‐state activity. These findings suggest a close association between obesity and brain functional abnormality in the hippocampus/amygdala. They also indicate that resting‐state activity in the hippocampus/amygdala may impact these regions' responses to food cues.
Setting Limits: Gambling, Science and Public Policy—summary of results
Authors: Sulkunen Pekka , Babor Thomas F. , Cisneros Örnberg Jenny , Egerer Michael , Hellman Matilda , Livingstone Charles , Marionneau Virve , Nikkinen Janne , Orford Jim , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe gambling industry has grown into a global business in the 21st century. This has created the need for a new emphasis on problem prevention. This article highlights the core themes of the book Setting Limits: Gambling, Science and Public Policy, taking a broad view of the consequences of gambling for society as a burden on health, well‐being and equality. The book covers the extent of gambling and gambling‐related problems in different societies and presents a critical review of research on industry practices, policy objectives and preventive approaches, including services to people suffering from gambling and its consequences. It discusses the developments in game characteristics and gambling environments and provides evidence on how regulation can affect those. Effective measures to minimize gambling harm exist and many are well supported by scientific evidence. They include restrictions on general availability as well as selective measures to prevent gamblers from overspending. The revenue generated from gambling for the industry, governments, and providers of public services funded from gambling returns presents an obstacle to developing policies to implement harm‐reduction measures. A public interest approach must weigh these interests against the suffering and losses of the victims of gambling.
Survival analysis after intramedullary stabilization for metastatic disease of the femur: prognostic value of common laboratory parameters
Authors: Willoughby James E. , Baker Joseph F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundMetastatic disease of the femur confers significant morbidity and with improved survival due to advances in oncological treatment the prevalence in increasing. The aim of this study was to report on the outcomes of intramedullary stabilization for metastatic disease of the femoral shaft in a New Zealand centre and identify predictors of mortality.MethodsTen‐year retrospective review of clinical and radiographic records of patients treated with intramedullary stabilization for metastatic disease of the femur from a single tertiary referral hospital. Data on demographics, clinical and radiographic disease, laboratory markers, complications and mortality were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine predictors of mortality.ResultsA total of 82 patients were reviewed (median age 72.5 years; 51% female). The most common primary tumour type was breast cancer (33%). Mortality rate was 15% and 77% at 30 days and 1 year, respectively. Multivariate analysis determined higher albumin (hazard ratio (HR) 0.51; P = 0.014) and higher Karnofsky Performance Score (HR 0.95; P < 0.001) were associated with reduced mortality risk; higher platelet count (HR 2.14; P = 0.009) and higher platelet : lymphocyte ratio (HR 1.87; P = 0.027) were associated with increased mortality risk.ConclusionsMortality rates were similar to those reported in other regions. Simple laboratory markers including serum albumin, platelet count and the platelet : lymphocyte ratio can aid clinicians in providing prognosis with surgical intervention.
The use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with ventricular assist devices: Is there hope for Factor Xa inhibition?
Authors: Meredith Thomas , Schnegg Bruno , Hayward Christopher 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of continuous‐flow ventricular assist devices (cf‐VAD) necessitates systemic anticoagulation, routinely with vitamin K antagonists (VKA). Newer direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have significant advantages over VKA in providing a predictable level of systemic anticoagulation without frequent monitoring or strict dietary surveillance. Despite randomized evidence demonstrating their usefulness in several conditions including atrial fibrillation, there is limited data pertaining to their use in cf‐VAD patients. Early reports of adverse outcomes has resulted in a Class III recommendation, advising against DOACs generally in cf‐VAD patients. Recent reports suggest there may be a role for certain DOACs; as such we present a systematic review identifying studies reporting DOAC uses in patients with a cf‐VAD. We identified eight pertinent studies, including a single randomized controlled trial and seven case reports/series. Limited numbers and significant study heterogeneity limits interpretation; however, Factor Xa inhibitors appear to be feasible alternatives, favorable to direct thrombin inhibitors, although further research is required.
Effect of diuretics on plasma renin activity in primary hypertension: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: McNally Ryan J. , Faconti Luca , Cecelja Marina , Farukh Bushra , Floyd Christopher N. , Chowienczyk Philip J. 
Published: October 2020

AimsPlasma renin activity (PRA) is regarded as a marker of sodium and fluid homeostasis in patients with primary hypertension. Whether effects of diuretics on PRA differ according to class of diuretic, whether diuretics lead to a sustained increase in PRA, and whether changes in PRA relate to those in blood pressure (BP) is unknown. We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of trials investigating the antihypertensive effects of diuretic therapy in which PRA and/or other biomarkers of fluid homeostasis were measured before and after treatment.MethodsThree databases were searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Titles were firstly screened by title and abstract for relevancy before full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility according to a predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria.ResultsA total of 1684 articles were retrieved of which 61 met the prespecified inclusion/exclusion criteria. PRA was measured in 30/61 studies. Diuretics led to a sustained increase in PRA which was similar for different classes of diuretic (standardised mean difference [95% confidence interval] 0.481 [0.362, 0.601], 0.729 [0.181, 1.28], 0.541 [0.253, 0.830] and 0.548 [0.159, 0.937] for thiazide, loop, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists/potassium‐sparing and combination diuretics respectively, Q = 0.897, P = .826), and did not relate to the average decrease in blood pressure.ConclusionIn antihypertensive drug trials, diuretics lead to a sustained increase in average PRA, which is similar across different classes of diuretic and unrelated to the average reduction in blood pressure.
The Effects of Minimum Wage Policy on the Long‐Term Care Sector in England
Authors: Vadean Florin , Allan Stephen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe increase in the National Minimum Wage rate in October 2015 and the introduction of the National Living Wage in April 2016 led, in a short period of time, to an aggregated increase in the wage floor of over 10 per cent for workers in England aged 25 and over. The long‐term care (LTC) sector is a labour intensive, low pay sector, and as such, can be substantially affected by changes in minimum wage. We assessed the effects of this exogenous wage increase on independent LTC providers by looking at effects on wages, employment, weekly hours, and employment contracts. Using data from the Adult Social Care Workforce Data Set (ASC‐WDS) and applying a ‘before‐after’ analysis, we found that the substantial increase in minimum wage had a strong and positive effect on wages in the LTC sector, but with substantial compression of the wage distribution at the lower end. Although, as in other studies, the employment effect was rather elusive, we found that for care homes this can be partially explained by a negative effect on total weekly hours. We also found positive but short‐term effects on employment without guaranteed working hours (i.e. zero‐hour contracts) for both residential and domiciliary care.
Factor H‐related protein 1: a complement regulatory protein and guardian of necrotic‐type surfaces
Authors: Skerka Christine , Pradel Gabriele , Halder Luke D. , Zipfel Peter F. , Zipfel Svante L.H. , Strauß Olaf 
Published: October 2020

Factor H‐related protein 1 (FHR‐1) is a member of the factor H protein family, which is involved in regulating innate immune complement reactions. Genetic modification of the encoding gene, CFHR1 on human chromosome 1, is involved in diseases such as age‐related macular degeneration, C3 glomerulopathy and atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome, indicating an important role for FHR‐1 in human health. Recent research data demonstrate that FHR‐1 levels increase in IgA nephropathy and anti‐neutrophilic cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA) vasculitis and that FHR‐1 induces strong inflammation in monocytes on necrotic‐type surfaces, suggesting a complement‐independent role. These new results increase our knowledge about the role of this complement protein in pathology and provide a new therapeutic target, particularly in the context of inflammatory diseases induced by necrosis. This review summarizes current knowledge about FHR‐1 and discusses its role in complement reactions and inflammation.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed issue on Canonical and non‐canonical functions of the complement system in health and disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.14/issuetoc