bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wealth, water and wildlife: Landscape aridity intensifies the urban luxury effect
Authors: Chamberlain Dan , Reynolds Chevonne , Amar Arjun , Henry Dominic , Caprio Enrico , Batáry Péter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimUrban biodiversity, and its associated ecosystem services, is an important component of the quality of life of urban residents. The "luxury effect" posits a positive association between biodiversity and socioeconomic status in urban areas, and is thus reflective of environmental injustice, as the benefits associated with biodiversity are not equitably shared across society. We aimed to determine the generality of the luxury effect, and to identify the factors causing its variation across published studies.LocationUrbanized landscapes globally.Time periodCurrent.Major taxa studiedTerrestrial animals and plants.MethodsWe tested the luxury effect across a sample of 337 estimates of the relationship between biodiversity measures and socioeconomic status from 96 studies via a meta‐analysis, addressing three hypotheses: (a) the luxury effect is more pronounced where water availability is limited, (b) the luxury effect is more pronounced in developing than developed countries, (c) the luxury effect is stronger in exotic compared to native species.ResultsThere was a significant overall luxury effect: there was a positive association between terrestrial biodiversity measures and socioeconomic status. The strength of the luxury effect was greater in arid areas. There was limited support for a stronger luxury effect in exotic species, but no support for any association with development status.Main conclusionsMany key and emerging climate impacts are concentrated in urban areas. Therefore, the degree of environmental injustice represented by the luxury effect may be amplified in the future, especially in arid regions. The objective to increase urban biodiversity through more equitable management and provision of water resources could form part of a wider strategy for sustainable development of cities to promote environmental justice, enhancing the quality of life of urban residents across all sectors of society. Challenges remain to ensure that any such strategy prioritizes conservation goals for native biodiversity.
Towards more inclusive smart cities: Reconciling the divergent realities of data and discourse at the margins
Authors: Lee Jane Yeonjae , Woods Orlando , Kong Lily 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, we survey a growing body of literature within geography and other intersecting fields that trains attention on what inclusive smart cities are, or what they could be. In doing so, we build on debates around smart citizens, smart public participation, and grassroots and bottom‐up smart cities that are concerned with making smart cities more inclusive. The growing critical scholarship on such discourses, however, alerts us to the knowledge politics that are involved in, and the urban inequalities that are deeply rooted within, the urban. Technological interventions contribute to these politics and inequalities in various ways. Accordingly, we discuss limitations of the current discourses around inclusive smart cities and suggest a need for a nuanced definition of ‘inclusiveness’. We also discuss the necessity to further engage with critical data studies in order to ‘know’ what we are critiquing.
Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors in COVID‐19 patients aged ≥80 years
Authors: Covino Marcello , De Matteis Giuseppe , Santoro Michele , Sabia Luca , Simeoni Benedetta , Candelli Marcello , Ojetti Veronica , Franceschi Francesco 
Published: June 2020

AimThe aim of the present study was to describe the clinical presentation of patients aged ≥80 years with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and provide insights regarding the prognostic factors and the risk stratification in this population.MethodsThis was a single‐center, retrospective, observational study, carried out in a referral center for COVID‐19 in central Italy. We reviewed the clinical records of patients consecutively admitted for confirmed COVID‐19 over a 1‐month period (1–31 March 2020). We excluded asymptomatic discharged patients. We identified risk factors for death, by a uni‐ and multivariate Cox regression analysis. To improve model fitting and hazard estimation, continuous parameters where dichotomized by using Youden’s index.ResultsOverall, 69 patients, aged 80–98 years, met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study cohort. The median age was 84 years (82–89 years is interquartile range); 37 patients (53.6%) were men. Globally, 14 patients (20.3%) presented a mild, 30 (43.5%) a severe and 25 (36.2%) a critical COVID‐19 disease. A total of 23 (33.3%) patients had died at 30 days’ follow up. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that severe dementia, pO2 ≤90 at admission and lactate dehydrogenase >464 U/L were independent risk factors for death.ConclusionsThe present data suggest that risk of death could be not age dependent in patients aged ≥80 years, whereas severe dementia emerged is a relevant risk factor in this population. Severe COVID‐19, as expressed by elevated lactate dehydrogenase and low oxygen saturation at emergency department admission, is associated with a rapid progression to death in these patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••–••.
Towards a simplified renal histopathological prognostic score in glomerular nephropathies
Authors: Stefan Gabriel , Stancu Simona , Zugravu Adrian , Petre Nicoleta , Mandache Eugen , Mircescu Gabriel 
Published: June 2020

AimsAn important role of native kidney biopsy evaluation is to predict renal prognosis. We aimed to develop a simplified chronicity score based solely on pathological features that are easily recognisable and can be found in all glomerular nephropathies (GN). In this retrospective study, observational cohort study we included 625 patients with GN diagnosis after native kidney biopsy in a tertiary unit between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2015.Methods and resultsPresence of global glomerulosclerosis (GG), tubular atrophy (TA), interstitial fibrosis (IF) and fibrocellular/fibrous crescents (FC) in any grade was scored with one point; a final score was between 0 and 4 (i.e. ‘absent’ 0 score, ‘moderate’ 1–2 score, ‘severe’ 3–4 score). The primary endpoint was renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation. Mean baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 55.9 ± 29.6 ml/min; during the follow‐up (median = 27 months), 78 patients started RRT. The total mean renal survival time was 60.1 (58.0–62.1) months. GG (41%) was the most frequent lesion, followed by IF (25%), TA (18%) and FC (17%). Patients with absent (65.7; 63.6–67.8 months) chronicity had better renal survival than those with moderate (59.1; 56.1–62.2 months) or severe (42.7; 35.6–49.7 months) chronicity. The score was associated with renal survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.33; 1.08–1.64)] independently of the classical prognostic factors. Patients with moderate and severe chronicity had a two‐ and threefold increase in risk of RRT initiation.ConclusionOur score was correlated with renal survival independently of the traditional risk factors, and could improve outcome prediction in patients with GN by reducing the interobserver variability.
LEVIATHAN AND KRAKEN: STATES, CORPORATIONS, AND POLITICAL ECONOMY
Authors: FREDONA ROBERT , REINERT SOPHUS A. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIn our politico‐philosophical bestiary, no monster has historically been more prominent than the Leviathan, the whale of the Book of Job, transformed by Hobbes, which has long been ubiquitous as a metaphor or as a signifier in all intellectual traditions touching upon the political. Like the state itself, we argue, the Leviathan has played an outsized role in the way we theorize and imagine relations of sovereignty in the world. This essay seeks to add a new hermeneutical creature to the bestiary: the Kraken. Said to be huge and to lurk in Norway's icy waters, the Kraken first emerged in the accounts of natural philosophers in the eighteenth century, at the very moment when political economy was becoming the premier science of governance in Europe. Leviathan is an emblem of a kind of state that no longer exists and has never existed, and it remains our most potent emblem of the state's reification, a relentlessly compelling figure that has long blinded historians to alternate sovereignties within, across, and outside the physical territories of states. From stateless financial capital to multinational corporations acting like states on the world stage, such forms of sovereignty are an essential feature of the global politics we are now living. These forms are not new, nor is their emblem: the Kraken.
THE BODY AT WAR
Authors: Winter Jay 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThis book is one of the truly original contributions in historical writing to appear during the centenary of the outbreak of the war in 1914. The authors' central argument is that at the time of the Great War, scientists and physicians reconfigured the human body as both a living organism and a site of meaning. They developed the notion that the body was an integrated set of self‐regulating systems, the precariousness of which threatened all of us with death every single day. The authors term this the “integration–crisis duet.” Although the origins of this formulation long antedated the war, the problem of treating thousands of men who suffered from various forms of shock—wound shock, surgical shock, shell shock—brought this new configuration of the human body into high relief during and in the decades after the war. The metaphor of homeostasis, or self‐regulation, Geroulanos and Meyers claim, was so powerful that it spread well beyond the domain of physiology and medicine to facets of psychoanalysis, political thought, cybernetics, philosophy, and anthropology.
Effects of alcohol and nicotine consumption on the development of apical periodontitis in rats: a correlative micro‐computed tomographic, histological and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Pinto K. P. , Ferreira C. M. A. , Guimarães A. F. C. , Lima C. O. , Pires F. R. , Sassone L. M. , Silva E. J. N. L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effects of alcohol and nicotine, when used alone or simultaneously, in the development of apical periodontitis induced in rats, using a correlative analytic approach with micro‐CT, histological and immunohistochemical analysis.MethodologyTwenty‐eight male Wistar rats were arranged into four groups: Control, Nicotine, Alcohol and Alcohol + Nicotine. The alcohol groups were exposed to self‐administration of a 25% alcohol solution, whilst the other groups drunk only filtered water. The nicotine groups received daily intraperitoneal injections of a solution with 0.19 μL of nicotine per mL, whilst the other groups received saline solution. The pulps of the left mandibular first molars were exposed for 28 days to induce periapical lesions. Throughout the experiment, drug administration was maintained, and the animals had their weight and solid and liquid consumption measured. After euthanasia, the mandibles were removed and the area, volume and major diameter of the periapical lesions were measured using micro‐computed tomography images. The samples were submitted to histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry for RANKL and PTHrP. Statistical analysis was undertaken with a significance level of 5%. Nonparametric data were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Dunn's test, whilst one‐way anova followed by Tukey's test was performed for parametric data.ResultsThe alcohol groups had lower solid and liquid consumption and gained less weight when compared to the nonalcohol groups (P < 0.05). The Alcohol + Nicotine group had lesions with significantly larger volume and area when compared to the other groups (P < 0.05), whilst the Alcohol or Nicotine groups had significantly larger lesions than the control group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the largest diameter of the lesions amongst groups (P > 0.05). The experimental groups had greater inflammatory response scores than the control group (P < 0.05), and the representative samples had more pronounced immunoreaction against RANKL and PTHrP antibodies.ConclusionsAlcohol and nicotine consumption exacerbated the inflammatory response and the development of periradicular lesions in rats. The association of both substances enhanced their harmful effects.
Study of serum vitamin D levels in men with premature androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Sanke Sarita , Samudrala Suvarna , Yadav Anuja , Chander Ram , Goyal Rajeev 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundVitamin D deficiency had been associated with various hair loss disorders, such as telogen effluvium, alopecia areata, and female pattern hair loss. However, previous studies have not found a correlation between serum vitamin D levels and the severity of androgenetic alopecia.MethodsA case‐control study was conducted for a period of one year in a public tertiary care hospital. Fifty males clinically diagnosed with androgenetic alopecia and 50 age‐matched healthy controls were recruited. Serum vitamin D levels in both cases and controls were measured by radioimmunoassay technique, and the results were compared.ResultsA total of 50 cases and 50 controls were recruited and analyzed. The mean age of the cases was 23 years and that of controls was 24.2 years. The mean levels of serum vitamin D significantly decreased in cases, compared to controls (20.10 vs. 29.34 ng/mL; P ≤ 0.001). Eighty‐six percent of the cases had deficiency of vitamin D (<30 nmol/L), while 14% had insufficient vitamin D levels (31–50 nmol/L). There was a positive correlation between vitamin D deficiency and severity of androgenetic alopecia (AGA), which was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.5). However, there was no correlation between the duration of sun exposure and serum vitamin D levels (2.36 ± 1.2 in cases and 3.23 ± 1.6 in controls, P value = 0.98).ConclusionOur study showed a significant correlation between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of androgenetic alopecia. This suggests that vitamin D may play a role in the premature onset of androgenetic alopecia. However, further studies on a larger population and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the progression of androgenetic alopecia are required to validate the above findings.
Clonal haematopoiesis and COVID‐19: A possible deadly liaison
Authors: Shivarov Velizar , Ivanova Milena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe provide evidence for a linear correlation between the frequency of clonal haematopoiesis and COVID‐19 mortality rate. We discuss the mechanistic explanations for this association mediated by a pathological inflammatory response. Our hypothesis can be tested in COVID‐19‐infected patients and eventually lead to new approaches to risk stratification and therapy.
Influence of hand and rotary files for endodontic treatment of primary teeth on immediate outcomes: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Barasuol Jéssica C. , Massignan Carla , Bortoluzzi Eduardo A. , Cardoso Mariane , Bolan Michele 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundEndodontic treatment of primary teeth can be time‐consuming.AimTo compare hand and rotary files regarding the time for root canal chemical‐mechanical preparation, child's behavior, apical limit of the obturation, and post‐operative pain.DesignThis secondary data from a randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms evaluated endodontic instrumentation in 88 children aged 4‐9 years. Stratified and block randomization was performed into two groups: K‐file hand and ProDesign Logic rotary files. The evaluated outcomes were the chemical‐mechanical preparation time, child's behavior using the Frankl scale, apical limit of the obturation, and post‐operative pain using the Faces Pain Scale—Revised. One operator and all outcome appraisers were blinded to the chemical‐mechanical technique. Multiple linear regression, chi‐square, and Fisher's exact test were performed.ResultsThe mean time for chemical‐mechanical preparation using hand files was 24.5 (SD 4.0) minutes, and using rotary files, it was 17.0 (SD 2.5) minutes (P < .001). No difference was found between the instrumentation methods in the child's behavior, apical limit of the obturation, or post‐operative pain.ConclusionsThe ProDesign Logic file reduced the average procedure time but presented no difference in the other variables studied when compared to the K‐file.
Understanding massively multiplayer online role‐playing game addiction: A hedonic management perspective
Authors: Lee Zach W. Y. , Cheung Christy M. K. , Chan Tommy K. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMassively multiplayer online role‐playing game (MMORPG) addiction presents a serious issue worldwide and has attracted increasing attention from academic and other public communities. This article addresses this critical issue and fills research gaps by proposing and testing a research model of MMORPG addiction. Building on the conceptual foundation of the hedonic management model of addiction and the technology affordance perspective, we develop a research model explaining how MMORPG affordances (ie, achievement, social and immersion affordances) are associated with the duality of hedonic effects (ie, perceived positive mood enhancement and perceived negative mood reduction) and the extent of MMORPG addiction. Using structural equation modelling, we empirically test our research model with 406 MMORPG players. The results show that both perceived positive mood enhancement and perceived negative mood reduction positively correlate with the extent of MMORPG addiction. Furthermore, achievement and immersion affordances are positively associated with the duality of hedonic effects, whereas social affordance is not. Our study contributes to the growing body of technology addiction literature by revealing the relationships between the two hedonic effects and the extent of MMORPG addiction, and by offering a contextualised explanation of the role of MMORPG affordances in these relationships. We offer an alternative perspective on the far‐reaching, unintended relationships between technological affordances and addictive technology use. Our study provides game developers and policymakers with insights into preventing MMORPG addiction to create an entertaining, healthy virtual playground.
Use of a simplified clinical audit tool to evaluate hypertension and diabetes management in primary care clinics in Jamaica
Authors: Duncan Jacqueline P. , Tulloch‐Reid Marshall K. , Reid‐Jones Heather , Figueroa J. Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study evaluates a simple clinical audit tool for assessing quality of care and blood pressure control among persons with hypertension in primary care clinics. A systematic random sampling of persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) attending five health centers in Kingston, Jamaica, was conducted. A modified Ministry of Health paper‐based audit tool captured quality of care and outcome indicators (blood pressure and glycemic control). Additional chart audits were conducted by a physician and nurse to assess reliability. One hundred and forty‐nine charts were audited between January and September 2017. One hundred and thirty‐eight persons (92.6%) had hypertension (27 men and 111 women); 77 persons (51.7%) had DM (14 men and 63 women). The median age was 64 years old. Approximately two‐thirds of persons with HTN and DM had electrolytes, lipid profile, and ECG done within the last year. One‐fifth of persons with hypertension (18.5% men and 19.8% women, P = 1.000) had adequate blood pressure control with greater control among persons with HTN only compared to persons with both DM and HTN. Poor glycemic control was recorded for 69% of persons with DM (57% men and 71% women, P = .297). Moderate to substantial inter‐rater agreement was observed for quality of care indicators. Our findings confirmed that hypertension and glycemic control are inadequate among persons attending primary care clinics in Jamaica's capital city. Simplified clinical audits can provide important quality of care and outcome indicators without losing the meaningfulness of the data collected.
Retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal pigment epithelium, and choroidal thickness in vitiligo patients
Authors: Öncül Hasan , Ayhan Erhan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundVitiligo is one of the common pigmentary disorders affecting the ocular structures.AimTo determine the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroidal thickness (CT) in vitiligo patients and to evaluate the relationship between choroidal thickness and vitiligo subtypes.MethodsThe right eyes of 106 participants (51 vitiligo, 55 nonvitiligo) were included in the study. All of the participants underwent detailed eye examinations and spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) examinations. CT was measured manually with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (Edi‐OCT) (subfoveal [SubF], nasal n500 µm [N1], n1500 µm [N2]), and temporal (t500 µm [T1], t1500 µm [T2]).ResultsIn vitiligo patients, CT values were significantly lower in the SubF, N1, N2, T1, and T2 areas compared to the control group (P = .001, P = .011, P = .002, P = .005, P ˂ .001, respectively). Periorbital involvement did not affect CT (P = .355, P = .746, P = .443, P = .633, P = .558, respectively). However, in patients with periorbital region involvement, the CT was significantly reduced if the lesion had a universal character (P ˂ .001, P = .001, P = .011, P ˂ .001, P = .002, respectively). It was observed that RPE thickness decreased in vitiligo, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = .140). RNFL thickness was unaffected in all quadrants. A positive correlation (r = .286, r = .280, respectively) was observed between the Vitiligo Area Severity Index (VASI) and age and disease duration. A negative correlation (r = −.360, r = −.316, r = −.315, r = −.313, respectively) was found in the CT of the SubF, N1, N2, T1, and T2 areas.ConclusionVitiligo patients should be closely monitored for possible posterior ocular segment disorders.
Acanthosis nigricans: A review
Authors: Das Anupam , Datta Debatri , Kassir Martin , Wollina Uwe , Galadari Hassan , Lotti Torello , Jafferany Mohammad , Grabbe Stephan , Goldust Mohamad 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcanthosis nigricans (AN) is a cutaneous disorder characterized by symmetric velvety hyperpigmented plaques on intertriginous areas like axilla, neck, inframammary, and groin.AimsTo summarize the pathophysiology and classification of AN, provide an update of diagnostic testing strategies, and describe the current therapeutic options described so far in the literature for this disease.MethodsA comprehensive english language literature search across multiple databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane) for keywords (alone and in combination) was performed. MeSH as well as non‐MeSH terms such as “acanthosis nigricans,” “classification,” “pathophysiology,” “diagnosis,” “treatment,” “topical drugs,” “systemic drugs,” “chemical peeling,” and “lasers” were taken into consideration.ResultsThe pathophysiology of AN revolves around a multifactorial stimulation of proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Various types of AN include benign, obesity‐associated, syndromic, malignant, acral, unilateral, medication‐induced, and mixed‐type. Homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) is a good tool for assessment of insulin resistance. Management involves general measures (weight reduction and addressing the underlying cause, if any), topical drugs (retinoids, vitamin D analogs, and keratolytics), oral drugs (retinoids and insulin sensitizers), chemical peels (trichloroacetic acid), and lasers (Long pulsed alexandrite, fractional 1550‐nm erbium fiber, and CO2).ConclusionAcanthosis nigricans is a treatable condition; however, complete cure and disappearance of lesions are difficult to achieve. Weight reduction is the most scientific and practical management strategy. Long‐term studies and further research is warranted in the pathophysiology and treatment of this common condition.