bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial Forensics
Authors: Sajantila Antti , Budowle Bruce 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Forensic DNA analysis has been used predominantly for comparison, either directly or indirectly, of crime scene evidence and known reference samples from human suspects in a variety of situations, such as analyzing a biospecimen(s) from a crime scene, identifying unidentified cadavers (or other human remains) in a postmortem setting, or kinship testing. The field of forensic genetics has recently expanded from its original focus on human samples to more holistic methods of characterization of the source(s) of biological samples. This progression has been motivated in part by technological advancements, from targeted PCR-based methods to higher throughput DNA sequencing methods, with concomitant bioinformatics to support the increased data output. One of the new areas in forensic genetics facilitating the expansion of forensic genomics is the field of microbial forensics. Microbial forensics involves bioterrorism, biocrime, human identification, determining postmortem interval, human geolocation, and body fluid identification.
Immediacy and Authority
Authors: Mundorff Amy , Wagner Sarah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As DNA technology becomes more refined and more widely accessible, expectations increase for its ready application in postmortem recovery efforts, whether in response to mass disaster or mass atrocity. But whose expectations are being raised, and to what effect? This chapter examines the discourse of forensic intervention that privileges genetics as the necessary and immediate tool to restore identity and achieve social repair. It draws on the examples of two of the largest DNA-led human identification efforts, which ran nearly concurrently—the identification of the World Trade Center victims and the victims of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically the Srebrenica genocide—to consider the interplay between evolving practice and anticipated outcomes, among both the scientific community and surviving kin.
The Capital–Labor Accord in Action
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a sketch of labor relations during the 1950s, noting where the imagery of a capital–labor accord is useful and where it falls short. The chapter shows how using the 1950s as a benchmark when explaining union decline tends to obscure key vulnerabilities that labor has long exhibited, well before the fallout in manufacturing and the rise of economic globalization. Gains workers accrued through collective bargaining were exceptional in many ways, though union strength was still confined to a relatively narrow geographic and industrial space. Even here, in the industrial Midwest, there were intense struggles over the legitimacy of unions. This came to a head at the end of the decade when employers made a concerted push for right-to-work.
Union Discord in Indiana
Authors: Dixon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Indiana shocked the labor movement in 1957 by becoming the first northern industrialized state to pass right-to-work. This chapter analyzes the campaigns waged by business and labor in order to understand how business succeeded in such a highly unionized state. Poor organization and an effective countermovement combined to sink labor in Indiana. Unions in Indiana were politically weak and disorganized at the height of the capital–labor accord. Labor’s insider and outsider strategies were haphazard in comparison to the sophisticated business-led effort spearheaded by the Indiana Chamber of Commerce and the newly formed Indiana Right-to-Work Committee (INRTWC). The outcome of the campaign provided a jolt of confidence to business leaders and led to a surge in right-to-work activity nationally.
The Corporeal Ontology of Modern Security
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the corporeal ontology of statehood, tracing how it first emerged as a specific solution to the religious wars that were raging through Europe in the seventeenth century. It focuses on Thomas Hobbes and the new political technology of raison d’état (reason of state). The state, Hobbes argued, was created to address the ongoing threat of conflict; hence, security is its raison d’être. Hobbes demonstrated why matters of the conscience and the soul were not for the state; indeed, that its appropriate ‘matter’ is the body. The chapter then demonstrates how the body emerged from this singular convergence of political thought and practice at the seventeenth century’s midpoint as the site where the founding relation of modern sovereignty was sealed, and that somatic security is the original form that this relation took. This relation is what the state (and private actors) continues to tap into today when it promises to keep people safe. It also shapes the subject’s expectations towards their state.
The Public Anatomy Lesson
Authors: Epstein Charlotte 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses a crucible of the state’s making in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the public anatomy lesson. The body, this piece of ‘natural’ property that every human ‘has’, was being increasingly opened up and peered into for the purposes of finally seeing human nature itself. Bringing together visual studies and international relations, the chapter charts the scopic regime that established vision as modernity’s primary ordered instrument and that was honed upon the body dissected in public. To map its contours, it begins with the writings of anatomist William Harvey and scientist-statesman Francis Bacon. The chapter then tracks how this scopic regime was institutionalised by the spread of the highly popular public anatomy lesson across early modern Europe. It then analyses Renaissance and early modern representations of the public anatomy lesson, notably the frontispiece of the first manual of modern medicine, Andrea Vesalius’s On the Fabric of the Human Body (1943), and Dutch painter Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson paintings. The chapter examines the work of boundary-drawing and state-building wrought by these public performances by tracking the roles of the female and the poor body in their crafting.
Divine Democracy
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ‘return of religion’ in the public sphere and the emergence of postsecular societies have propelled the discourse of political theology into the centre of contemporary democratic theory. This situation calls forth the question addressed in this book: Is a democratic political theology possible? Carl Schmitt first developed the idea of the Christian theological foundations of modern legal and political concepts in order to criticize the secular basis of liberal democracy. He employed political theology to argue for the continued legitimacy of the absolute sovereignty of the state against the claims raised by pluralist and globalized civil society. This book shows how, after Schmitt, some of the main political theorists of the 20th century, from Jacques Maritain to Jürgen Habermas, sought to establish an affirmative connection between Christian political theology, popular sovereignty, and the legitimacy of democratic government. In so doing, the political representation of God in the world was no longer placed in the hands of hierarchical and sovereign lieutenants (Church, Empire, Nation), but in a series of democratic institutions, practices and conceptions like direct representation, constitutionalism, universal human rights, and public reason that reject the primacy of sovereignty.
Jürgen Habermas and Public Reason
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Jürgen Habermas’s conception of a post-metaphysical idea of public reason as basis of democratic legitimacy in postsecular societies. It discusses Habermas’s interpretation of Kant’s and Hegel’s philosophies of religion in terms of their efforts to ‘translate’ theological substance into ethico-political form, thus giving a secular meaning to the idea of God’s Kingdom. The chapter shows the roots of Habermas’s adoption of ‘methodological atheism’ in the writings of Karl Jaspers and Ernst Bloch on the relation between philosophy and faith in revelation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the similarities between Habermas’s and Jacques Derrida’s defences of an essential messianic component in contemporary democratic theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role played by Gnosticism in the discourse of Christian political theology in the 20th century. It does so in the context of the late debate between Schmitt and Blumenberg on the legitimacy of Modernity, the political meaning of Trinitarianism, and the connection between Gnosticism and revolutionary movements. This debate focussed on the Gnostic motif of a struggle between true and false gods as it reappears in Goethe and the German Enlightenment. The chapter gives a novel interpretation of Blumenberg’s hypothesis that Goethe adopted the Gnostic motif as a reaction to the appearance of Napoleon’s imperial designs. In so doing it draws upon Foucault’s ideas on the philosopher’s duty of parrhesia or frank speech towards the tyrant. The chapter concludes by offering a republican, anti-imperial interpretation of the motif of resistance to omnipotent gods and men.
Life
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the early history of race-based insurance. When the Newark-based Prudential Insurance Company of America incorporated in 1875, it revolutionized the American insurance industry by offering policies to the working class for an affordable three cents per week. What made the Prudential doubly unique was that the company insured not simply industrial laborers, but also African American laborers. The company was not in the progressive vanguard, though. Rather, the Northern upstart, in contrast to its Southern competitors, simply had not thought to craft a company policy to explicitly ban African Americans from purchasing life insurance. Just five years after becoming the first insurer to cover black lives, the Prudential began to charge differential, race-based premiums and commenced a public relations effort to defend its discriminatory practices. This foundational chapter traces how the theoretical work of scientific racism became embedded in the business practices of American insurers.
Crime
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From the mid-to-late nineteenth century, in the period after the use of branding and before the use of fingerprinting, penal institutions faced the problem of how to identify repeat offenders. In this interim, Alphonse Bertillon, a clerk in the Paris Prefecture of Police, developed an anthropometric system that measured the bodies of criminals at their intake and catalogued these measurements in order to identify them should they offend again. Calculating Race’s second chapter traces the importation of the Bertillon System of Classification to the United States, where its data collection practices were racialized. It then investigates University of Chicago sociologist Ernest Burgess’s 1920s work on this data set to build a formula for sentencing and parole decisions. The resulting algorithm from Burgess’s work relied heavily on race-based Bertillon data and factored race into its recommendations for length of sentence and supervised release, installing racial statistics as a key variable in matters of criminal justice.
Proxies
Authors: Wiggins Benjamin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Calculating Race’s fourth chapter demonstrates that race has become so highly correlated with other social statistics that actuarial science in general has developed a baked-in racial bias. Racial discrimination by proxy (e.g., zip code standing in for race) can be glimpsed in the disparate impact of data-driven decision-making in housing, healthcare, policing, sentencing, and more. Simply leaving out racial data in statistically aided decision-making distances institutions from claims of intentional discrimination, but a disparate, discriminatory impact lingers when other factors correlated with race power actuarial analyses. Chapter 4 considers how insurance law in the United States has defined the limits of acceptable discrimination. By surveying the progression of state-by-state regulations that prohibit or accept the use of race, gender, sex, sexuality, ability, age, and genetics in an industry that revolves around the ability to discriminate risk, it uncovers who the United States has historically chosen to protect.
The Dogmas of Empiricism and the Linguistic Turn
Authors: Allen Barry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter considers three lines of anti-empiricism in analytic philosophy: Quine and Davidson against the “dogmas of empiricism”; Sellars against the “myth of the given”; and Rorty’s new pragmatism, with its “higher nominalism” and disdain for radical empiricism. These anti-empiricism arguments were chiefly developed with Carnap in mind, and that is their weakness. The empiricism they criticize is theorematic rather than problematic, the empiricism of Russell and Carnap, not Epicurus or Newton. “Problematic” empiricisms like theirs, and including the work of the radical empiricists, are untouched by this entire line of criticism.
Humility, Autonomy, and Birth as a Site of Politics
Authors: Rushing Sara 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical political analysis of American birth culture, using the concepts of humility and autonomy as ways of thinking about “choice and control.” How do dominant American childbirth practices produce conditions within which women can exercise and value freedom, self-trust, and self-determination versus conditions within which such aspirations are trivialized, disciplined, or foreclosed? This chapter argues that birth, as a site of potential political awakening, is a context within which particular manifestations of humility and autonomy might inform subjugating practices and experiences, but the alternative understandings advanced in this work might inform empowering practices of actual choice and control. The chapter also explores when and why people might “exit” the clinic and choose homebirth, as a form of “systems-challenging praxis” capable of destabilizing the logic of the dominant system and potentially loosening the hold of its norms.
Odds and the End
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter ties up many of the themes of the book. It looks back to the discussions of luck by discussing the various uses of ‘odd’ or ‘odds’ in the book, where it especially figures outside the luck chapters in the chapter on the messenger as the third party, the odd man. This leads to a discussion of the collocation of ‘odds and ends’ and then to three stories that are odds and ends. The first deals with two six-year-old girls on their first day of school who engage in a verbal fight to the death that rather brilliantly deals with Austin’s performatives better than most academic literature. The second is a tale of the author as a father to a woebegone nine-year-old son who discerned that day that life has no point as he sobbed uncontrollably, which leads to a brief discussion of Gloucester in Lear and a powerful Middle English lyric and the pointlessness of everything. The third story is short and is a tale of what the author is left to at his end: rereading and being discovered by his daughter to be both knave and fool.
Epilogue: Go Litel Boke amidst a Flurry of Auto-Antonyms
Authors: Miller William Ian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a commencement address the author gave to graduating law students. It deals with the words graduation, degree, and gray. Degree is simply ‘degrade’ in a Frenchified form. Just as commencements can mark a beginning as well as an end, so reflexes of Latin gradus (step) can indicate going down, going up, or being leveled out. Gradus plays an outside role in the punning and word games in Nabokov’s Pale Fire. So the author meant to give an anti-commencement address by pointing to the down as well as up sense of the degree the students were getting. This provides a fitting end in this book to the number of auto-antonyms that figured in many of the preceding chapters.
Introduction
Authors: Kane Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Syncretism has been a part of Christianity from its very beginning, when early Christians expressed Jesus’s Aramaic teachings in the Greek language. Yet the category “syncretism,” defined as phenomena of religious mixture, has been poorly understood in both religious studies and theology. Syncretism carries a range of connotations—neutral descriptor, pejorative marker, celebration of indigenous agency. Such differing uses indicate challenges of interpreting religious mixture, challenges that today relate primarily to race and revelation. After outlining the primary arguments of the book, the introduction provides an overview of how the concept of race figures in the book’s overall arguments. It also explains methodological considerations regarding why the book speaks to multiple audiences, notably both theology and religious studies.
Works Righteousness
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Works Righteousness is the first full-length study of the place of practice in ethical theory. It is a critique of the idealism of dominant approaches, an analysis of alternative models in which practice plays a more significant role, and an argument for taking practice seriously both in broad questions about ethical theory and in concrete case studies. The book’s main argument is that what people actually do should be central to ethical theory. Rather than assuming that pre-established moral ideas guide action, ethicists should acknowledge and explore the ways that practices generate values and the mutual shaping between ideas and actions. This argument challenges dominant philosophical and religious theories that assume that ideas are what really matter. Works Righteousness analyses the place of practice in these traditions, showing the links between their emphasis on internal states and simple, linear relationships between ideas, actions, and results. These themes are challenged by alternative models such as pragmatism, Marxism, and religious pacifism, which give practice a larger role and in the process highlight important themes such as the way social structures condition moral ideas and actions, the dangers of thinking about moral problems as polarized dilemmas, and the complex mutual shaping of ideas and actions. A practice-focused approach sheds new light on concrete case studies, underlining the value of attention to people’s concrete experiences and relationships in efforts to analyse and address contemporary problems such as hate speech, euthanasia, and climate change.
Material Practice and Morality in the Marxist Tradition
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Marxist thought, which is primarily a sociological rather than an ethical framework. However, both Karl Marx and later Marxist thinkers developed theories with clear moral assumptions and goals, from their anthropology to visions of a revolutionized society. Marxist thought makes “human sensuous activities” central to everything, and that has to include its (implicit) ethical theory. Even though Marx showed little interest in moral theory, both meta-ethical and normative claims run throughout his work. This chapter reflects special interest in Marx’s emphases on the role of material forces in shaping ideas and on the creative tensions between individuals and structures. To explore these issues, the chapter engages the thought of Marx and some of his recent interpreters to understand the ways all ideas, including ideas about value, are grounded in material practices, experiences, and structures.
Religious Pacifism
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that pacifism is not merely an applied ethic—a narrow approach to the particular moral problem of war—but rather a comprehensive ethical theory. The same is true of just war theory, the other main approach to the morality of war. The chapter looks at several pacifist traditions, beginning with the Radical Reformation or Anabaptist stream within Christianity. It also explores the pacifist thought of Martin Luther King Jr., who emphasized the relationship between means and ends, a theme that is also central to the thought of Mohandas K. Gandhi. Gandhi insisted that practices are not just tools for achieving predetermined goals, however, but shape the ways we conceive of those ends and of the possibilities and obstacles we face in achieving them. This offers a novel way of conceiving not just of means and ends but of ethics generally, in which practices are central from start to finish
Ideas, Practices, and Climate Change
Authors: Peterson Anna L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines climate change, the most pressing environmental problem of our time. It focuses on the ways practice can help us think about key issues, such as the gap between values and practices, the ways economics and technologies shape moral attitudes and actions, and the problem of moral responsibility and consequences. It also considers the question of what individuals can and should do in response to a problem that is far too big for individual actions to fix. The vastness of climate change demands that both environmental and social ethicists rethink some common assumptions and develop innovative models for understanding and mitigating human effects on the natural world.
When an Immovable Object Meets an Irresistible Force
Authors: Caverley Jonathan D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a period in which much conventional wisdom about American politics has been thrown into question two essential facts remain: the public popularity of the US military remains high relative to any other US institution and the level of partisan polarization continues to climb. Recent crises in US civil-military relations suggest it unlikely that both of these facts can continue to simultaneously be true. This essay therefore introduces the concept of affective polarization to the study of civil-military relations. When a population is affectively polarized, multiple social identities reinforce a disdain within a group for members outside of it. In the contemporary United States, these social identities have coalesced within political parties. While the US military may not be interested in affective polarization, affective polarization is definitely interested in the US military. This essay lays out how, as it continues to evolve into an exercise in fiscal rather than social mobilization, the US military may grow more prone, like most other national institutions, to being swallowed.
Necessity and Proportionality in Morality and Law
Authors: McMahan Jeff 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a systematic analysis of the notion of proportionality in both moral philosophy and law, particularly the law of armed conflict. Proportionality is a constraint on different forms of justification for harming people. There are thus different forms of proportionality corresponding to different types of justification. The proportionality constraint should not be conflated with a different constraint—the necessity constraint—which in turn must be carefully distinguished from necessity as a form of justification. The chapter explains how the proportionality constraint and the necessity constraint are distinguished by the different comparisons they require. It further explains the relations between the requirement of proportionality in jus ad bellum and the requirement of proportionality in jus in bello and argues that the criterion of proportionality in the law of jus in bello is actually incoherent. The final section elucidates the various matters of moral theory that are relevant to understanding how the requirement of proportionality applies in practice to the action of combatants who fight in just wars.