bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibred GK geometry and supersymmetric AdS solutions
Authors: Gauntlett Jerome P. , Martelli Daria , Sparks James 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We continue our study of a general class of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supersymmetric AdS3 x Y7 and AdS2 x Y9 solutions of type IIB and D = 11 supergravity, respectively. The geometry of the internal spaces is part of a general family of “GK geometries”, Y2n+l, n ≥ 3, and here we study examples in which Y2n+l fibres over a Kahler base manifold B2k, with toric fibres. We show that the flux quantization conditions, and an action function that determines the supersymmetric R-symmetry Killing vector of a geometry, may all be written in terms of the “master volume” of the fibre, together with certain global data associated with the Kähler base. In particular, this allows one to compute the central charge and entropy of the holographically dual (0, 2) SCFT and dual superconformal quantum mechanics, respectively, without knowing the explicit form of the Y7 or Y9 geometry. We illustrate with a number of examples, finding agreement with explicit supergravity solutions in cases where these are known, and we also obtain new results. In addition we present, en passant, new formulae for calculating the volumes of Sasaki-Einstein manifolds.
Spontaneous and deliberate future thinking: a dual process account
Authors: Cole Scott , Kvavilashvili Lia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, we address an apparent paradox in the literature on mental time travel and mind-wandering: How is it possible that future thinking is both constructive, yet often experienced as occurring spontaneously? We identify and describe two ‘routes’ whereby episodic future thoughts are brought to consciousness, with each of the ‘routes’ being associated with separable cognitive processes and functions. Voluntary future thinking relies on controlled, deliberate and slow cognitive processing. The other, termed involuntary or spontaneous future thinking, relies on automatic processes that allows ‘fully-fledged’ episodic future thoughts to freely come to mind, often triggered by internal or external cues. To unravel the paradox, we propose that the majority of spontaneous future thoughts are ‘pre-made’ (i.e., each spontaneous future thought is a re-iteration of a previously constructed future event), and therefore based on simple, well-understood, memory processes. We also propose that the pre-made hypothesis explains why spontaneous future thoughts occur rapidly, are similar to involuntary memories, and predominantly about upcoming tasks and goals. We also raise the possibility that spontaneous future thinking is the default mode of imagining the future. This dual process approach complements and extends standard theoretical approaches that emphasise constructive simulation, and outlines novel opportunities for researchers examining voluntary and spontaneous forms of future thinking.
Different impact of task switching and response-category conflict on subsequent memory
Authors: Muhmenthaler Michèle C. , Meier Beat 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe impact of cognitive control demands on long-term memory is mixed, with some conflicts leading to better, others leading to worse subsequent memory. The current study was designed to investigate how different types of cognitive control demands modulate the effects on memory. At study, participants had to switch between two classification tasks and later, free recall performance was assessed. The stimuli consisted of two interleaved words, one word had to be categorized and the other word had to be ignored. In four experiments, the congruency between target and ignored words was manipulated by changing the distractor category. This allowed us to investigate the impact of different types of conflict (i.e., task switching, perceptual load, response-category conflict, stimulus-category conflict). The results revealed that task switching impaired memory in all experiments. In Experiment 1, higher perceptual load also impaired memory. Experiments 2–4 showed that the co-activation of two words which required different responses (i.e., response-category conflict) enhanced memory performance but only when the conflict stimuli were presented in pure blocks. Overall, memory performance seems to depend on attentional policies. Withdrawing attention from target encoding results in lower memory performance. In contrast, focusing attention on the target results in enhanced memory performance.
The Theory of Parallel Climate Realizations
Authors: Tél T. , Bódai T. , Drótos G. , Haszpra T. , Herein M. , Kaszás B. , Vincze M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBased on the theory of “snapshot/pullback attractors”, we show that important features of the climate change that we are observing can be understood by imagining many replicas of Earth that are not interacting with each other. Their climate systems evolve in parallel, but not in the same way, although they all obey the same physical laws, in harmony with the chaotic-like nature of the climate dynamics. These parallel climate realizations evolving in time can be considered as members of an ensemble. We argue that the contingency of our Earth’s climate system is characterized by the multiplicity of parallel climate realizations rather than by the variability that we experience in a time series of our observed past. The natural measure of the snapshot attractor enables one to determine averages and other statistical quantifiers of the climate at any instant of time. In this paper, we review the basic idea for climate changes associated with monotonic drifts, and illustrate the large number of possible applications. Examples are given in a low-dimensional model and in numerical climate models of different complexity. We recall that systems undergoing climate change are not ergodic, hence temporal averages are generically not appropriate for the instantaneous characterization of the climate. In particular, teleconnections, i.e. correlated phenomena of remote geographical locations are properly characterized only by correlation coefficients evaluated with respect to the natural measure of a given time instant, and may also change in time. Physics experiments dealing with turbulent-like phenomena in a changing environment are also worth being interpreted in view of the attractor-based ensemble approach. The possibility of the splitting of the snapshot attractor to two branches, near points where the corresponding time-independent system undergoes bifurcation as a function of the changing parameter, is briefly mentioned. This can lead in certain climate-change scenarios to the coexistence of two distinct sub-ensembles representing dramatically different climatic options. The problem of pollutant spreading during climate change is also discussed in the framework of parallel climate realizations.
The effects of ownership structure, sub-optimal cash holdings and investment inefficiency on dividend policy: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Moin Abdul , Guney Yilmaz , El Kalak Izidin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe investigate how a firm’s decision to hold excessive cash or to overinvest could influence its dividend payout policy in Indonesia. Additionally, we examine the association between corporate ownership structure and cash dividends. Using a data set of Indonesian listed firms for the period from 1995 to 2014, we find that excessive cash holding (overinvestment) positively (negatively) affects a firm’s likelihood of paying dividends. Also, we find that family, foreign, state and institutional ownership have significantly negative links with dividends, which suggests the signals of expropriation of firms’ wealth by major shareholders. These findings strongly support the expropriation hypothesis that commonly applies to firms with higher level of concentration or to firms in a weak legal environment by which the rights of minority interests are put at risk by large shareholders.
Intention at the Interface
Authors: Fridland Ellen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractI identify and characterize the kind of personal-level control-structure that is most relevant for skilled action control, namely, what I call, “practical intention”. I differentiate between practical intentions and general intentions not in terms of their function or timing but in terms of their content. I also highlight a distinction between practical intentions and other control mechanisms that are required to explain skilled action. I’ll maintain that all intentions, general and practical, have the function specifying (and thus guiding according to those specifications), sustaining, and structuring action but that several functions that have been attributed to proximal intentions are actually implemented by other control mechanisms that are not themselves best identified as intentions. Specifically, I will claim that practical intentions do not initiate, monitor, specify or guide the fine-grained, online, kinematic aspects of action. Finally, I suggest that the way in which practical and general intentions should be differentiated is in terms of their content, where general intentions specify the overall goal, outcome, or end of an action as it is conceived of by the agent at a time, and practical intentions determine the means to that end. I conclude by providing empirical evidence to support this way of characterizing the intentions that “interface” with the mechanisms of motor control. Though this discussion has repercussions for action in general, I will limit my discussion to cases of skill.
Socio-economic analysis in REACH restriction dossiers for chemicals management: A critical review
Authors: Gabbert Silke , Hilber Isabel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper offers a critical review of socio-economic analysis (SEA) in Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) restriction dossiers. We examine the conceptual setup of SEA and identify the methods used for impact assessment. Moreover, we analyse the outcomes of quantitative impact assessment across restriction dossiers and substance groups. We find that impact assessment has largely focused on economic and health impacts. Environmental, social, wider economic and distributional impacts have either been evaluated qualitatively or not at all. While this can be explained by the specific scope of the proposed restriction or by lacking data, we also observe a lack of approaches for environmental and health impact assessment. This underlines the need to develop integrated methods that transform information about chemical effects and risks into impacts and, ultimately, into benefits and damages. Furthermore, to strengthen the function of SEA as decision-support tool in REACH restriction procedures, a comparative SEA of at least two alternative restriction options should be the default.
The Impact of the Flint Water Crisis on Fertility
Authors: Grossman Daniel S. , Slusky David J.G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Flint switched its public water source in April 2014, increasing exposure to lead and other contaminants. We compare the change in the fertility rate and in health at birth in Flint before and after the water switch to the changes in other cities in Michigan. We find that Flint fertility rates decreased by 12 % and that overall health at birth decreased. This effect on health at birth is a function of two countervailing mechanisms: (1) negative selection of less healthy embryos and fetuses not surviving (raising the average health of survivors), and (2) those who survived being scarred (decreasing average health). We untangle this to find a net of selection scarring effect of 5.4 % decrease in birth weight. Because of long-term effects of in utero exposure, these effects are likely lower bounds on the overall effects of this exposure.
The Arbitrariness Objection Against Permissivism
Authors: Ye Ru 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe debate between Uniqueness and Permissivism concerns whether a body of evidence sometimes allows multiple doxastic attitudes towards a proposition. An important motivation for Uniqueness is the so-called ‘arbitrariness argument,’ which says that Permissivism leads to some unacceptable arbitrariness with regard to one's beliefs. An influential response to the argument says that the arbitrariness in beliefs can be avoided by invoking epistemic standards. In this paper, I argue that such a response to the arbitrariness argument is unsuccessful. Then I defend a new response: contrary to common conception, the arbitrariness resulted by Permissivism is acceptable. The basic idea is that the arbitrariness resulted by Permissivism is analogous to the arbitrariness in permissive actions and the latter arbitrariness is intuitively acceptable. I answer three possible objections against this analogy, which are all motivated by the thought that beliefs aim at the truth. In addressing the last objection, I draw inspiration from the recent debate on transformative experience.
Patterns of use and perceptions of an institution-specific antibiotic stewardship application among emergency department and urgent care clinicians
Authors: Jenkins Timothy C. , Haukoos Jason S. , Young Heather L. , Knepper Bryan C. , Shihadeh Katherine C. , Sankoff Jeffrey , Asdigian Nancy L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We surveyed emergency department and urgent care clinicians to assess patterns of use and perceived usefulness of a local antibiotic stewardship application to deliver institution-specific prescribing guidance. Among 114 eligible respondents, the application was widely utilized, and it was perceived to be a useful clinical resource that improved prescribing.
Un libéralisme bolchévique? Histoire conceptuelle du double pouvoir en Russie
Authors: Sauvé Guillaume 
Published: December 2019

RésuméCet article retrace l'histoire du concept de « double pouvoir », qui désigne une situation transitoire où deux pouvoirs s'affrontent au sein d'une même société. Suivant une approche inspirée des réflexions de Reinhart Koselleck, nous montrons comment l'expérience particulière des bolchéviques en 1917, incorporée dans ce concept, nourrit les attentes des réformateurs libéraux russes au début des années 1990 et éclaire leurs choix stratégiques alors même qu'ils démantèlent le régime communiste. Ce faisant, nous restituons le mécanisme de cristallisation conceptuelle par le discours savant qui rend possible cette troublante filiation du bolchévisme vers le libéralisme en Russie.
Virtually spinning hyperbolic manifolds
Authors: Long D. D. , Reid A. W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe give a new proof of a result of Sullivan [Hyperbolic geometry and homeomorphisms, inGeometric topology(ed. J. C. Cantrell), pp. 543–555 (Academic Press, New York, 1979)] establishing that all finite volume hyperbolicn-manifolds have a finite cover admitting a spin structure. In addition, in all dimensions greater than or equal to 5, we give the first examples of finite-volume hyperbolicn-manifolds that do not admit a spin structure.
Relationship of genetic polymorphisms in CTLA-4 and IL-18 with viral hepatitis: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Yu Yang , Qu Jie , Zhou Chen , You Guangqiang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Relationship of genetic polymorphisms in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) with susceptibility to viral hepatitis was already investigated by many association studies. The aim of this study was to more comprehensively analyse associations between genetic polymorphisms in CTLA-4/IL-18 and viral hepatitis by combing the results of all relevant association studies. We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and CNKI for eligible studies. We used Review Manager to combine the results of eligible studies. Thirty-seven studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Combined results demonstrated that CTLA-4 rs231775 (recessive comparison: OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.55), IL-18 rs1946518 (dominant comparison: OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.75–0.90; recessive comparison: OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.11–1.50; allele comparison: OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.68–0.86) and IL-18 rs187238 (dominant comparison: OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03–1.52; allele comparison: OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.05–1.37) polymorphisms were all significantly associated with viral hepatitis in the general population. Further subgroup analyses revealed that CTLA-4 rs231775, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to hepatitis B virus (HBV), especially among East Asians. Moreover, CTLA-4 rs5742909, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms were also significantly associated with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV), especially among South Asians. So to conclude, this meta-analysis demonstrated that CTLA-4 rs231775, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to HBV in East Asians, while CTLA-4 rs5742909, IL-18 rs1946518 and IL-18 rs187238 polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to HCV in South Asians.
Welfare effects of natural resource privatization: a dynamic analysis
Authors: Okonkwo Jennifer U. , Quaas Martin F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper sets up a dynamic model to study the distributive effects of privatizing an open access resource. We show that with or without discounting, privatization is not always Pareto improving. We further derive conditions under which the poor are made worse off when private use rights are equally distributed compared to a situation with open access resource. These conditions imply that privatization is Pareto improving if the natural resource is sufficiently productive, inequality in alternative private project opportunities is low, and if there is no discounting. In addition, we show that once reduction in income from resource harvesting during the transition to a new steady state is accounted for, privatization is desirable for the poor only for very productive natural resources and low discount rates.
The Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Sources and Sinks of CO2 in the Global Coastal Ocean
Authors: Roobaert Alizée , Laruelle Goulven G. , Landschützer Peter , Gruber Nicolas , Chou Lei , Regnier Pierre 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn contrast to the open ocean, the sources and sinks for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the coastal seas are poorly constrained and understood. Here we address this knowledge gap by analyzing the spatial and temporal variability of the coastal air‐sea flux of CO2 (FCO2) using a recent high‐resolution (0.25°) monthly climatology for coastal sea surface partial pressure in CO2 (pCO2). Coastal regions are characterized by CO2 sinks at temperate and high latitudes and by CO2 sources at low latitude and in the tropics, with annual mean CO2 flux densities comparable in magnitude and pattern to those of the adjacent open ocean with the exception of river‐dominated systems. The seasonal variations in FCO2 are large, often exceeding 2 mol C m−2 year−1, a magnitude similar to the variations exhibited across latitudes. The majority of these seasonal variations stems from the air‐sea pCO2 difference, although changes in wind speed and sea ice cover can also be significant regionally. Globally integrated, the coastal seas act currently as a CO2 sink of −0.20 ± 0.02 Pg C year−1, with a more intense uptake occurring in summer because of the disproportionate influence of high‐latitude shelves in the Northern Hemisphere. Combined with estimates of the carbon sinks in the open ocean and the Arctic, this gives for the global ocean, averaged over the 1998 to 2015 period an annual net CO2 uptake of −1.7 ± 0.3 Pg C year−1.
Spatial Shift of Greenland Moisture Sources Related to Enhanced Arctic Warming
Authors: Nusbaumer Jesse , Alexander Patrick M. , LeGrande Allegra N. , Tedesco Marco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the atmospheric moisture budget of Greenland is critical for predicting future Greenland climate. However, past attempts to quantify the provenance of Greenland precipitation have been limited to certain seasons. Here we present an analysis of Greenland moisture sources using water tracers in the Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate model, which can provide source estimates for all time periods. The North Atlantic is found to be the dominant moisture source, except during summer when continental sources increase substantially. The variability is also found to be partially correlated with the Greenland Blocking Index. The key finding, however, is a long‐term trend in the moisture source location for Northwest Greenland, with an increase in more locally sourced moisture over time during nonsummer months. This is at least partially related to sea ice loss in the Baffin Bay region, along with a larger increase in sea surface temperatures for the region relative to other locales.
In Situ Mechanical Properties of Shallow Gas Hydrate Deposits in the Deep Seabed
Authors: Yoneda Jun , Kida Masato , Konno Yoshihiro , Jin Yusuke , Morita Sumito , Tenma Norio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNatural gas hydrates (or methane hydrates) could become a major energy source but could also exacerbate global warming, because as the climate warms, hydrate deposits deep under the oceans or in permafrost may release methane into the atmosphere. There are many shallow deposits of gas hydrates in fine‐grained muddy sediments on the seafloor. However, the mechanical properties of these sediments have not yet been investigated because of the engineering challenges in coring and testing at in situ temperatures and pressures. Here we present the first uniaxial and triaxial strength and stiffness measurements of pure massive natural gas hydrates and muddy sediments containing hydrate nodules obtained by pressure coring. As a result, we were able to observe the hydrate undergoing a catastrophic brittle failure. Its strength and deformation moduli were 3 and 300 MPa, respectively. Muddy sediments containing hydrate nodules had the same strength as that of hydrate‐free sediments.
Subtropical Pacific Ocean Temperature Fluctuations in the Common Era: Multidecadal Variability and Its Relationship With Southwestern North American Megadroughts
Authors: O'Mara Nicholas A. , Cheung Anson H. , Kelly Christopher S. , Sandwick Samantha , Herbert Timothy D. , Russell James M. , Abella‐Gutiérrez Jose , Dee Sylvia G. , Swarzenski Peter W. , Herguera Juan Carlos 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVariability of North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) on multidecadal timescales plays an important role in modulating global climate and regional hydroclimate. The principle modern phenomenon associated with this variability is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO); however, our understanding of the PDO and multidecadal SST variability more broadly is limited to SST observations from the historical era and land‐based proxy reconstructions. Here, we reconstruct multidecadal Pacific Ocean SST variability with an 1,800‐year, continuous, high‐resolution alkenone‐derived SST reconstruction from Baja California, a region sensitive to changes in the PDO, and compare the record with a reconstruction of Southwestern North American hydroclimate. Our SST reconstruction displays persistent multicentennial and discontinuous intervals of multidecadal variability with periodicities similar to instrumental PDO observations. The most severe droughts in Southwestern North America during the last two millennia are coeval with strong multidecadal variability, suggesting that multidecadal SST variability plays an important role in regional megadroughts.