bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Use of Linear Regression. Part II: Statistical Error in Both Variables
Authors: Mactaggart Douglas L , Farwell Sherry O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper critically evaluates the literature techniques that attempt to incorporate the existence of both x- and y- errors into linear regression statistics. This evaluation focuses on the relative theoretical and practical merits of 4 techniques: (1) the effective variance approach, (2) the constant variance ratio approach, (3) the York approach, and (4) the Williamson approach. The practical use of these different approaches is illustrated with the aid of actual results from an interlaboratory comparison study. On the basis of our comparative evaluation, the constant variance ratio approach is sound, yet simple, and is strongly recommended as long as the constant ratio criterion can be satisfied. However, the Williamson approach is applicable in more situations and is also highly recommended because of its theoretical virtues, mathematical consistencies, and practical applications. The other 2 methods are not recommended for use because of reasons that are summarized in this paper. The lack of available software remains an impediment to widespread use of many of the described statistical procedures.
Trace Metals in Edible Tissues of Livestock and Poultry
Authors: Coleman Margaret E , Elder Robert S , Basu Parthaprattim , Koppenaal Gary P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Data from a random-sampling study are presented for trace metals in edible tissues of livestock (bovine including bull, steer, cow, heifer, calf; ovine including mature sheep and lambs; porcine including market hogs, boar/stag, and sow) and poultry (including young and mature chicken, young turkey, and duck). Tissue homogenates were ashed, and residual materials were dissolved in hydrochloric acid for analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Statistical summaries of data are provided for the trace metals lead, cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc. The heavy metals of toxicological concern, lead and cadmium, are emphasized in this study. Lead and cadmium were rarely detected in muscle (0.2-0.5% positive among 2314 animals sampled). Lead was also infrequently detected in liver (1.8% positive) and kidney (2.4% positive). Nearly 46% of livers analyzed were positive for cadmium, and approximately 78% of kidney samples were positive for cadmium. No regulatory limits are established in the United States for the trace metals reported in this study, although restrictions on the use of kidneys from mature poultry as human food have been established because of concern about potential cadmium levels. Kidneys from this study, more frequently than livers, bore cadmium levels that exceeded the regulatory limits of other countries or organizations. Regulatory implications of the data are discussed.
Comparison of Different Methods for Determination of Dietary Fiber
Authors: Wolters Mechteldis G E , Verbeek Cornelis , Van Westerop Johannes J M , Hermus Ruud J J , Voragen Alfons G J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Several methods are available for determination of dietary fiber. To increase insight into the relative merits of these methods, the acid-detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) methods of Van Soest et al., the Hellendoorn method, the method of Prosky et al. (AOAC method), and the Englyst method were compared with respect to the amount and the nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) composition of dietary fiber determined in 4 food products. Our results show that the ADF/NDF detergent methods are inaccurate for the determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and that the NDF and Hellendoorn methods are less-suited for the determination of insoluble dietary fiber. There is a discrepancy between the amount and the NSP composition of the dietary fiber determined by the AOAC and Englyst methods. This is because of either overestimation of the amount of dietary fiber in the AOAC method (coprecipitation of oligosaccharides or Maillard reaction products) or to underestimation of the amount of dietary fiber in the Englyst method (loss of polysaccharides during hydrolysis or derivatization), or both. Differences in isolation methods lead to differences in amounts of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber found by different methods. For both the Englyst and the AOAC methods, calculation of the amount of soluble dietary fiber from the difference between total and insoluble dietary fiber is preferable, because large errors may occur in determining the soluble portion. We have shown that although different methods can yield comparable dietary fiber values, the NSP composition can vary greatly. Therefore, we recommend using those methods that determine specifically well-defined components of the dietary fiber. The chromatographic Englyst method is preferred for this reason, and because it gives insight into the type of polysaccharides present.
Hard Surface Carrier Test for Efficacy Testing of Disinfectants: Collaborative Study
Authors: Rubino Joseph R , Bauer Janice M , Clarke Paul H , Woodward Betsy B , Porter Fran C , Hilton H Gill 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A collaborative study was undertaken to evaluate a new disinfectant efficacy method called the hard surface carrier test. This new method is a qualitative carrier test that uses disposable glass carriers and standardized bacterial cultures. Ten laboratories tested 6 disinfectant-type formulations, which included positive and negative controls, against 3 microorganisms. No significant differences were found among the 10 laboratories for tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella choleraesuis, but a small but statistically significant difference was present among laboratories for Staphylococcus aureus. The majority of data for this organism showed very good agreement; however, several tests exhibited slightly higher positive responses, which resulted in this overall difference. This difference was not considered significant within the scope and precision of this method or when compared with results for the other 2 organisms. The initial estimates of pure intralaboratory variance, determined from mean squares from analysis of variance results, were 1.009,0.295, and 1.553 for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. choleraesuis, respectively. The experimental error for S. aureus was 3-5 times smaller than for the other 2 organisms, which helps explain the statistical significance of the results observed with this organism. Final estimates of intralaboratory variance obtained after dropping nonsignificant terms from the models were 0.90,0.30, and 0.58 for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. choleraesuis, respectively. Small but statistically significant differences were noted in the formulation means for P. aeruginosa and S. aureus but not for S. choleraesuis. The results of this study suggested a performance standard of ≤2 positive carriers out of 60 tested for S. aureus and S. choleraesuis, and ≤3 positive carriers out of 60 tested for P. aeruginosa. This standard was derived from an analysis of the data by calculating an expected count of positive carriers and a 95% upper confidence limit for a set of 60 carriers. The method has been adopted first action by AOAC International.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Ivermectin in Bovine Milk: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: James Kijak Philip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A laboratory trial was completed for an analytical method that can quantitate the marker residue of ivermectin, 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a, in bovine milk at 1 ng/mL Currently, ivermectin is not approved for use in lactating dairy cows. In this method, the ivermectin residues are isolated from the milk matrix by a series of liquid-liquid extractions. A fluorescent derivative of the marker compound is prepared and then quantified by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The interlaboratory study was successfully completed by using dosed milk and milk fortified with marker residue at 1,2, and 4 ng/mL. The average recoveries by the 3 participating laboratories were 87,59, and 95% at 1 ng/mL; 90,61, and 96% at 2 ng/mL; and 90,73, and 99% at 4 ng/mL. The concentrations of the marker residue in the dosed milk were 4.3, 3.7, and 4.7 ng/mL; coefficients of variation were 4.0,24.8, and 5.9%, respectively.
Simultaneous Determination of Sulfonamides in Honey by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Horie Masakazu , Saito Koichi , Nose Norihide , Nakazawa Hiroyuki 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and rapid method using liquid chromatography (LC) for the simultaneous determination of 10 sulfonamides (sulfathiazole, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, sulfadimidine [sulfamethazine], sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfachloropyridazine, and sulfaquinoxaline) in honey has been developed. Samples were dissolved in 30% sodium chloride and then extracted with dichloromethane. The extracts were cleaned up on a Sep-Pak Florisil cartridge. The LC separation was performed on a LiChrosphere RP-18e column (250 x 4.0 mm id) with 0.05M sodium dihydrogen phosphate-acetonitrile (2 +1) as the mobile phase; the drugs were detected at 275 nm with 0.04 AUFS. The calibration graphs were rectilinear from 1 to 40 ng for each drug. The recoveries at the level of 0.5 µg/g were 62.1-90.2%, and the detection limits were 0.05 µg/g for each drug. Sulfamonomethoxine was found in 2 samples of domestic products at levels of 0.23 and 0.83 µg/g.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Alprazolam and Related Impurities in the Drug Substance
Authors: Beaulieu Normand , Graham Susan J , Sears Roger W , Lovering Edward G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method was developed for the determination of alprazolam and 5 known related compounds in drug raw materials. The method is based on a 3 µm cyano column (100 x 4.6 mm), a mobile phase of 0.01% phosphoric acidacetonitrile- methanol (6 + 3 +1), a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, and detection at 230 nm. The method resolves the related compounds from the drug and from each other. The limit of quantitation for the impurities in drug raw material is less than 0.1%. Impurity levels in 4 drug raw materials were between 0.01 and 0.41 %. The corresponding mean assay values ranged from 98.3 to 100.6%.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Fumonisins with 4-Fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan
Authors: Scott Peter M , Lawrence Guillaume A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fumonisins B1 and B2 are closely related mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum, and related species. Disadvantages of 2 fluorescence derivatizing reagents currently used for liquid chromatography (LC) are instability of the derivatives (with o-phthaldialdehyde-mercaptoethanol) and formation of 2 peaks (with fluorescamine). 4-Fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (4-fluoro-7- nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole; NBD-F) was, therefore, investigated. Although a larger molar excess of this reagent is required for fumonisins than for amino acids, the derivatives formed are moderately stable, and as little as 1 ng fumonisins B1 or B2 can be detected, with a linear response up to at least 50 ng injected. Reversed-phase LC (C18 column) was carried out with a mobile phase of methanol- 0.05M sodium dihydrogen phosphate adjusted to pH 5 (1 -1-1), which was mixed with an equal volume of acetonitrile-water (8 + 2) after 5 min. Using a modification of a strong anion exchange cleanup procedure, good recoveries (averages of 94 and 80%, respectively) of fumonisins B1 and B2 from ground corn, corn meal, and corn flakes in the 125̶ 5000 ng/g range were generally obtained; the limit of detection of the overall method was about100 ng/g. Similar results were obtained in studies with ground corn, corn meal, and corn flakes using naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde-potassium cyanide (NDA-KCN) for derivatization; average recoveries of fumonisins B1 and B2 were 94 and 83%, respectively.
Diphasic Dialysis: A New Membrane Method for a Selective and Efficient Extraction of Low Molecular Weight Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Dominguez Lucas , Blanco Jose L , Moreno Miguel A , Diaz Susana D , Prieta Javier , Cámara, José M , Bayo Javier , Suárez Guillermo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new membrane technique is described for the extraction of low molecular weight organic compounds from a wide range of substrates. With this system, the organic compounds of interest contained in the sample pass through the membrane toward the organic solvent, while other substances of higher molecular weight are excluded by the membrane. This procedure allows the extraction or the elimination of toxic substances with a yield of 90%.
Indirect Competitive Enzyme Immunoassay for Tetrodotoxin Using a Biotin-Avidin System
Authors: Matsumura Kendo , Fukiya Sadako 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to determine tetrodotoxin (TTX). Antiserum against TTX was demonstrated in rabbits immunized with TTX-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate. In this assay, TTX-bovine serum albumin was coated on the microtiter plate, which was incubated with standard TTX and biotinylated immunoglobulin G from antiserum. The amount of antibody bound on the surface of wells was determined by the reaction of avidin-peroxidase conjugate with its substrate. The minimal detection level of TTX ranged from 5 to 25 pg/assay. The standard curve was linear between 0.25 and 50 ng/assay. A good correlation (r= 0.974) for TTX was also obtained between this indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay and the mouse bioassay.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Folic Acid in Infant Formula and Adult Medical Nutritionals
Authors: Jacoby Bart T , Henry Franklin T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pteroylglutamic acid (folic acid) in infant formula and liquid medical nutritional diets is described. Extraction of folic acid from the sample matrix is facilitated by a partial enzymatic digestion of the sample proteins. An aliquot of the sample preparation is injected onto a strong anion exchange column (SAX) for preliminary separation, using a pH 5.3 mobile phase of 0.02M sodium acetate and 0.02M sodium sulfate. Before the elution of the folic acid from the SAX column, the eluant is directed onto an octyl bonded-phase column (C8) by using automated switching valves. After the folic acid has been transferred to the C8 column, the SAX column is removed from the flow path. The folic acid is eluted from the Cs column by using an acetonitrile gradient. Detection is by absorption at 345 nm. The mean coefficient of variation is 3.6%, and the range of the recoveries of added folic acid is 95.5-100.2%. The method detection limit and method quantitation limit for infant formula are 10 and 28 µg/kg, respectively. This method is used routinely for the determination of folic acid in infant formula and liquid medical nutritional diets.
Identification and Quantitation of Panthenol and Pantothenic Acid in Pharmaceutical Preparations by Thin-Layer Chromatography and Densitometry
Authors: Nag Saurendra S , Das Saroj K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid, simple, and specific thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method has been developed for the estimation of panthenol and pantothenic acid in pharmaceutical preparations containing other vitamins, amino acids, syrups, enzymes, etc. The vitamin is extracted with ethanol (tablets and capsules) or benzyl alcohol (liquid oral preparations) and isolated from other ingredients by TLC on silica gel with isopropanol-water (85 + 15, v/v) as developing solvent. β-Alanine (pantothenate) or β-alanol (panthenol) is liberated by heating for 20 min at 160°C. The liberated amines are visualized by ninhydrin reaction and estimated by spectrodensitometry at 490 nm. Recoveries for panthenol and pantothenic acid were 99.8 ± 2.25% and 100.2 ± 1.7%, respectively.
Determination of Milk Proteins by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Chen Fu-Tai A , Zang Ji-Hong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The potential utility of capillary electrophoresis (CE) for routine determination of milk protein is established. Proteins in cow's milk can be determined by CE in 10 min with high separation efficiency. The major protein components of milk are well-separated and identified. Separations of milk proteins are achieved reliably and reproducibly in an untreated fused-silica column of 21 µm id x 23- 25 cm. Fresh homogenized, low-fat, and nonfat milk show almost identical contents of each protein species; dry milk has a substantially reduced amount of whey proteins, especially oc-lactalbumin. Extensive degradation of whey proteins is evident from a reconstituted dry milk, which may be used to differentiate dry from fresh milk. By using the ratio of β-casein to α-lactalbumin, the adulteration of fresh milk with 25% or more of dry milk could easily be detected.
Determination of Type A and B Trichothecenes in Cereals
by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection
Authors: Möller Tord E , Gustavsson Håkan F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A quantitative method has been developed for determination of nonmacrocyclic trichothecenes in cereals. The mycotoxins are extracted with acetonitrile- ethyl acetate-water, and the extracts are quickly defatted with hexane and purified on a Sep- Pak Florisil cartridge. The trichothecenes are then silylated with Tri-Sil/TBT and quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. High recoveries of 13 tested trichothecenes were achieved in experiments on wheat at the 250 μg/kg level. The method was also tested on barley, maize, oats, and rye with good results
Assay of Oxytetracycline in Animal Feed by Liquid Chromatography and Microbiological Plate Assay
Authors: Hasselberger Mary Lee 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In a proposed method for determining oxytetracycline (OTC) in animal feed, OTC is extracted with acidic methanol, and the extract is centrifuged and assayed by microbiological plate assay and by reversed- phase liquid chromatography (LC). Riboflavin and furazolidone elute at retention times similar to that of OTC. Successful separations are made by using both dimethylformamide and acetonitrile mobile phases. Variation between microbiological and LC results is comparable with variation within the microbiological assay. The relative standard deviation for 6 replicates of feed at the 100 ppm level is 3.6% for the LC assay and 3.1% for the microbiological assay.
Extraction of Light Filth from Tofu: Collaborative Study
Authors: Nakashbma Marvin J ,   Collaborators:, Hajoway J M , Keizer H , McGary E D , Senff W A , Silva M L , Spurlock L F , Stenske M A , Torn A , Wheeler M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Results are reported for a collaborative study of a method for the extraction of light filth from tofu. A 100 g test portion is digested in HCI solution with Igepal CO-730 and Igepal DM-710. Hairs and insect fragments are isolated by wet-sieving on a No. 230 sieve, dispersing remaining residual product with Aerosol OT 75%, and filtering. Average recoveries by 9 collaborators for 3 spike levels of rat hairs (5, 10,15) were 80,78, and 84%, respectively; for 3 spike levels of insect fragments (5,15,30), recoveries were 97,99, and 99%, respectively. The method was adopted first action by AOAC International.
New Metrological Characteristics of Analytical Methods of Analysis Used for Safety Control of Food and Environmental Materials
Authors: Skurikhin Igor M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
MQS and MQSm are new metrological characteristics of the limit of determination of methods used for safety control of foods and environmental objects. MQS is the minimum quantity of an analyte that can be determined by any applicable method in an analytical sample. MQSm is the minimum quantity of analyte that can be measured in the test solution in an interlaboratory, method-performance study of a specific method, under the condition that MQSm ≤ MQS. Examples are given of their calculation and use.
Determination of Acesulfam-K in Foods
Authors: Prodolliet Jacques , Bruelhart Milene 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method was evaluated for the determination of the intense sweetener acesulfam-K in tabletop sweetener, candy, soft drink, fruit juice, fruit nectar, yogurt, cream, custard, chocolate, and biscuit commercial preparations. Samples are extracted or simply diluted with water and filtered. Complex matrixes need a clarification step with Carrez solutions. An aliquot of the extract is analyzed on a reversed-phase μBondapak C18 column using 0.0125M KH2PO4 (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile (90 + 10) as mobile phase. Detection is performed by UV absorbance at 220 nm. Recoveries ranged from 95.2 to 106.8%. With one exception, all analyzed values were within ±15% of the declared levels. The repeatabilities and the repeatability coefficients of variation were, respectively, 0.37 mg/100 g and 0.98% for products containing less than 40 mg/100 g acesulfam-K and 2.43 mg/100 g and 1.29% for other products. The same procedure also allowed detection of many food additives or natural constituents, such as other intense sweeteners, organic acids, and alkaloids, in a single run without interfering with acesulfam-K. The method is simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive; therefore, it is suitable for routine analyses.
Determination of Aspartame and Its Major Decomposition Products in Foods
Authors: Prodolliet Jacques , Bruelhart Milene 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic procedure already evaluated in a preceding study for the analysis of acesulfam-K is also suitable for the determination of the intense sweetener aspartame in tabletop sweetener, candy, fruit beverage, fruit pulp, soft drink, yogurt, cream, cheese, and chocolate preparations. The method also allows the determination of aspartame’s major decomposition products: diketopiperazine, aspartylphenylalanine, and phenylalanine. Samples are extracted or diluted with water and filtered. Complex matrixes are centrifuged or clarified with Carrez solutions. An aliquot of the extract is analyzed on a reversed-phase μBondapak C18 column using 0.0125M KH2P04 (pH 3.5)-acetonitrile ([85 + 15] or [98 + 2]) as mobile phase. Detection is performed by UV absorbance at 214 nm. Recoveries ranged from 96.1 to 105.0%. Decomposition of the sweetener was observed in most food samples. However, the total aspartame values (measured aspartame + breakdown products) were within -10% and +5% of the declared levels. The repeatabilities and the repeatability coefficients of variation were, respectively, 1.00 mg/100 g and 1.34% for products containing less than 45 mg/100 g aspartame and 4.11 mg/100 g and 0.91 % for other products. The technique is precise and sensitive. It enables the detection of many food additives or natural constituents, such as other intense sweeteners, organic acids, and alkaloids, in the same run without interfering with aspartame or its decomposition products. The method is consequently suitable for quality control or monitoring.