bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SETTING LIMITS TO PRACTICAL REFLECTION
Authors: Sommavilla Vitor 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAccording to a tradition going back to Socrates, one should thoroughly examine the grounds of one’s judgments before settling on what one has reason to do or believe. According to contemporary metaethical constructivism, assumed in this essay, reflective scrutiny is also central to assessing a judgment’s claim to justification. This essay argues against the injunctions to thoroughly examine oneself and seek ultimate reasons for one’s normative judgments. In other words, the essay argues against the ideal of the philosophical way of life. It shows that in most cases one does not have reason to question the practical conclusion of one’s initial deliberation. It is only under very limited conditions, specified in the essay, that one is justified in engaging in further reflection. Furthermore, the essay argues that if one does go for full self‐examination, the consequences are most likely to be bad for oneself, given one’s practical interests.
Quantifying the sharing of foliar fungal pathogens by the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora and its neighbours
Authors: Chen Lin , Zhou Jie , Zeng Tian , Miao Yi‐Fang , Mei Liang , Yao Guang‐Bo , Fang Kai , Dong Xing‐Fan , Sha Tao , Yang Ming‐Zhi , Li Tao , Zhao Zhi‐Wei , Zhang Han‐Bo 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Local pathogens can accumulate as asymptomatic endophytes, making it difficult to detect the impacts of invasive species as propagators of disease in the invaded range.

We used the invasive plant Ageratina adenophora to assess such accumulation. We intensively collected foliar fungal endophytes and leaf spot pathogens of A. adenophora and co‐occurring neighbours and performed an inoculation experiment to evaluate their pathogenicity and host range.

Ageratina adenophora harboured diverse necrotrophic pathogens; its communities of endophytes and leaf spot pathogens were different in composition and shared only a small number of fungal species. In the pathogen communities of local plant hosts, 21% of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs), representing 50% of strains, also occurred as leaf spot pathogens and/or endophytes of A. adenophora. The local pathogen community was more similar to the endophytes than to the pathogens of A. adenophora. The inoculation experiment showed that local pathogens could infect A. adenophora leaves asymptomatically and that local plant hosts were susceptible to both A. adenophora endophytes and pathogens.

Ageratina adenophora is a highly competent host for local pathogens, and its asymptomatic latent pathogens are fungi primarily shared with local neighbours. This poses challenges for understanding the long‐term ecological consequences of plant invasion.
CARMIL2‐related immunodeficiency manifesting with photosensitivity
Authors: Shayegan Leila H. , Garzon Maria C. , Morel Kimberly D. , Borlack Rachel , Vuguin Patricia M. , Margolis Kara G. , Demirdag Yesim Y. , Pereira Elaine M. , Lauren Christine T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe report a case of a newly recognized primary immunodeficiency due to biallelic mutations in CARMIL2 manifesting as an actinic prurigo‐like photodermatitis, allergic diathesis and recurrent infections in a child. We present this case to highlight a rare phenotype seen in this T‐cell immunodeficiency and provide an overview of other dermatologic manifestations among published reports of this condition.
Preterm birth, unplanned hospital contact, and mortality in infants born to teenage mothers in five countries: An administrative data cohort study
Authors: Harron Katie , Verfuerden Maximiliane , Ibiebele Ibinabo , Liu Can , Kopp Alex , Guttmann Astrid , Ford Jane , van der Meulen Jan , Hjern Anders , Gilbert Ruth 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundYoung maternal age is associated with lower birthweight and higher rates of preterm birth and childhood hospitalisations. Internationally, teen pregnancy rates vary widely, reflecting differences in social, welfare, and health care factors in different cultural contexts.ObjectivesTo determine whether the increased risk of adverse infant outcomes among teenage mothers varies by country, reflecting different national teenage birth rates and country‐specific social/welfare policies, in Scotland (higher teenage pregnancy rates), England, New South Wales (NSW; Australia), Ontario (Canada), and Sweden (lower rates).MethodsWe used administrative hospital data capturing 3 002 749 singleton births surviving to postnatal discharge between 2010 and 2014 (2008‐2012 for Sweden). We compared preterm birth (24‐36 weeks’ gestation), mortality within 12 months of postnatal discharge, unplanned hospital admissions, and emergency department visits within 12 months of postnatal discharge, for infants born to mothers aged 15‐19, 20‐24, 25‐29, and 30‐34 years.ResultsCompared to births to women aged 30‐34 years, risks of adverse outcomes among teenage mothers were higher in all countries, but the magnitude of effects was not related to country‐specific rates of teenage births. Teenage mothers had between 1.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.7, 1.7, Sweden) and 2.0% (95% CI 1.4, 2.5, NSW) more preterm births, and between 9.8 (95% CI 7.2, 12.4, England) and 19.7 (95% CI 8.7, 30.6, Scotland) more deaths per 10 000 infants, compared with mothers aged 30‐34. Between 6.4% (95% CI 5.5, 7.4, NSW) and 25.4% (95% CI 24.7, 26.1, Ontario), more infants born to teenage mothers had unplanned hospital contacts compared with those born to mothers aged 30‐34.ConclusionsRegardless of country, infants born to teenage mothers had universally worse outcomes than those born to older mothers. This excess risk did not vary by national rates of livebirths to teenage mothers. Current mechanisms to support teenage mothers have not eliminated maternal age‐related disparities in infant outcomes; further strategies to mitigate excess risk in all countries are needed.
A qualitative study of nurses’ perspective about the impact of end‐of‐life communication on the goal of end‐of‐life care in nursing home
Authors: Gonella Silvia , Basso Ines , Clari Marco , Dimonte Valerio , Di Giulio Paola 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundWith a growing nursing home population suffering from chronic progressive illnesses and evolving patterns of comorbidities, end‐of‐life communication takes on a critical role to enable healthcare professionals to gather information about the resident’s wishes for care at the end‐of‐life and organise the care plan accordingly.AimTo explore nurses’ perspective about the process by which end‐of‐life communication impacts on the goal of end‐of‐life care in nursing home residents.DesignA qualitative descriptive research design based on thematic analysis was performed. Fourteen nurses involved in the care of residents during their last week of life were recruited across 13 Italian nursing homes and accounted for 34 semi‐structured interviews. A combined approach of analysis that incorporated a data‐driven inductive approach and a theory‐driven one was adopted.ResultsTwelve themes described how end‐of‐life communication may contribute to adjust the care plan in nursing home according to the nurses’ perspective. Five antecedents (i.e. life crisis or transitions, patient‐centered environment, arising the question of possible dying, quality of relationships and culture of care) influenced the establishment and quality of communication, and five attributes depicted the characteristics and potential mechanisms of end‐of‐life communication (i.e. healthcare professional‐resident and healthcare professional‐family carers communication, knowledge of family carers’ preferences, knowledge of residents’ preferences, family carers and residents understanding, and shared decision‐making), while curative‐oriented and palliative‐oriented care goals emerged as consequences.ConclusionThis study provides insight into the nursing perspective of end‐of‐life communication between healthcare professionals and bereaved family carers of nursing home residents. Several factors influenced the occurrence and quality of end‐of‐life communication, which contributed to the transition towards palliative‐oriented care by using and improving knowledge about family cares’ and resident’s preferences for end‐of‐life care, promoting family carers and residents understanding about prognosis and treatments available, and fostering shared decision‐making.
The use of 4F‐PCC to correct direct oral anticoagulant‐induced coagulopathy: An observational analysis
Authors: Zheng Yan , Tormey Christopher A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundWith the approval of four‐factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F‐PCC, Kcentra) for the reversal of vitamin K antagonist‐associated bleeding in the United States, it has become a relatively common practice for 4F‐PCC to be used in an “off‐label” fashion to correct coagulopathy caused by direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). However, the efficacy and safety of 4F‐PCC have not been well studied in this scenario.Materials and MethodsWe performed a retrospective observational study on the off‐label use of 4F‐PCC for reversing bleeding associated with DOACs in a level 1 trauma centre between November 2014 and February 2017. International normalised ratio (INR) and Hgb prior to and post 4F‐PCC infusion, clinical outcome and thromboembolic events within 24 hours and 45 days of 4F‐PCC administration were collected.ResultsWe identified 24 patients on DOACs who received 4F‐PCC for severe haemorrhage and emergent surgeries. Most patients showed improved haemorrhage as demonstrated by stabilised intracranial haemorrhage sizes and/or by steady Hgb levels. No thromboembolic event was identified within 24 hours of 4F‐PCC administration. However, 16.7% patients (4/24) experienced thromboembolic events 2 to 45 days after receiving 4F‐PCC.ConclusionOur data showed that 4F‐PCC was relatively efficient in correcting DOAC‐induced coagulopathy. We did notice that 16.7% of patients experienced some form of thromboembolic events in the days‐to‐weeks after 4F‐PCC administration, although the imputability of 4F‐PCC in these processes (vs their underlying disease) is difficult to determine. Additional prospective studies would be warranted to further evaluate the safety of 4F‐PCC for this off‐label indication.
Three‐dimensional genetic networks among seed oil‐related traits, metabolites and genes reveal the genetic foundations of oil synthesis in soybean
Authors: Liu Jin‐Yang , Li Pei , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Zuo Jian‐Fang , Li Guo , Han Xu , Dunwell Jim M. , Zhang Yuan‐Ming 
Published: April 2020

SUMMARYAlthough the biochemical and genetic basis of lipid metabolism is clear in Arabidopsis, there is limited information concerning the relevant genes in Glycine max (soybean). To address this issue, we constructed three‐dimensional genetic networks using six seed oil‐related traits, 52 lipid metabolism‐related metabolites and 54 294 SNPs in 286 soybean accessions in total. As a result, 284 and 279 candidate genes were found to be significantly associated with seed oil‐related traits and metabolites by phenotypic and metabolic genome‐wide association studies and multi‐omics analyses, respectively. Using minimax concave penalty (MCP) and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) analyses, six seed oil‐related traits were found to be significantly related to 31 metabolites. Among the above candidate genes, 36 genes were found to be associated with oil synthesis (27 genes), amino acid synthesis (four genes) and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (five genes), and four genes (GmFATB1a, GmPDAT, GmPLDα1 and GmDAGAT1) are already known to be related to oil synthesis. Using this information, 133 three‐dimensional genetic networks were constructed, 24 of which are known, e.g. pyruvate–GmPDAT–GmFATA2–oil content. Using these networks, GmPDAT, GmAGT and GmACP4 reveal the genetic relationships between pyruvate and the three major nutrients, and GmPDAT, GmZF351 and GmPgs1 reveal the genetic relationships between amino acids and seed oil content. In addition, GmCds1, along with average temperature in July and the rainfall from June to September, influence seed oil content across years. This study provides a new approach for the construction of three‐dimensional genetic networks and reveals new information for soybean seed oil improvement and the identification of gene function.
Equine pythiosis in Egypt: clinicopathological findings, detection, identification and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum
Authors: Tartor Yasmine H. , Hamad Mohamed H. , Abouzeid Nasser Z. , El‐Belkemy Farouk A. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundEquine pythiosis is an emerging, devastating disease that is hard to treat. The tumour‐like nodular skin masses grow rapidly and the outcome is generally fatal, and thus early diagnosis and intervention are important.Objectives(i) To highlight the clinical, histological and haematological findings in pythiosis, and (ii) to evaluate the efficacy of direct sample multiplex‐PCR targeting the single nucleotide polymorphisms within the ribosomal DNA region for detection and genotyping of Pythium insidiosum.AnimalsTwo hundred and twenty horses including 204 Arabian and 16 draft horses were surveyed.MethodsCase series study diagnosis was based on clinical, pathological and haematological findings typical of P. insidiosum infection, culture identification, immunohistochemical investigation and direct sample PCR.ResultsThe affected horses (24 of 220, 10.91%) presented with unifocal or multiple lesions on the abdomen, limbs, chest, face and mammary gland. Cases commonly had a history of access to stagnant water, ponds and intentionally flooded rice fields. Most were pregnant mares (58.33%). Histopathology revealed granulomatous reaction, blood vessel endotheliosis, heavy infiltration of eosinophils in the dermal layer, multifocal necrosis and Splendore–Hoeppli phenomenon. Unlike direct microscopy (50%) and culture (91.6%), multiplex‐PCR assay identified P. insidiosum (Clade II) in all tested samples. To the best of the authors knowledge, this is the first study determining a clade of P. insidiosum causing equine pythiosis in Egypt.Conclusions and clinical importanceDirect sample multiplex‐PCR assay is a potential tool for the early and rapid diagnosis of equine pythiosis. It overcomes limitations associated with morphological identification and provides a definitive diagnosis.
Reducing the red blood cell transfusion threshold from 8·0 g/dl to 7·0 g/dl in acute myeloid leukaemia patients undergoing induction chemotherapy reduces transfusion rates without adversely affecting patient outcome
Authors: Ballo Olivier , Fleckenstein Philine , Eladly Fagr , Kreisel Eva‐Maria , Stratmann Jan , Seifried Erhard , Müller Markus , Serve Hubert , Bug Gesine , Bonig Halvard , Brandts Christian H. , Finkelmeier Fabian 
Published: April 2020

Background and ObjectivesRed blood cell (RBC) transfusions are needed by almost every acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patient undergoing induction chemotherapy and constitute a cornerstone in supportive measures for cancer patients in general. Randomized controlled trials have shown non‐inferiority or even superiority of restrictive transfusion guidelines over liberal transfusion guidelines in specific clinical situations outside of medical oncology. In this study, we analysed whether more restrictive RBC transfusion reduces blood use without affecting hard outcomes.Materials and MethodsA total of 352 AML patients diagnosed between 2007 and 2018 and undergoing intensive induction chemotherapy were included in this retrospective analysis. In the less restrictive transfusion group, patients received RBC transfusion for haemoglobin levels below 8 g/dl (2007–2014). In the restrictive transfusion group, patients received RBC transfusion for haemoglobin levels below 7 g/dl (2016–2018). Liberal transfusion triggers were never endorsed.ResultsA total of 268 (76·1%) and 84 (23·9%) AML patients fell into the less restrictive and restrictive transfusion groups, respectively. The less restrictive transfusion group had 1 g/dl higher mean haemoglobin levels, received their first RBC transfusions earlier and needed 1·5 more units of RBC during the hospital stay of induction chemotherapy. Febrile episodes, C‐reactive protein levels, admission to the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay as well as response and survival rates did not differ between the two cohorts.ConclusionFrom our retrospective analysis, we conclude that a more restrictive transfusion trigger does not affect important outcomes of AML patients. The opportunity to test possible effects of the more severe anaemia in the restrictive transfusion group on quality of life was missed.
Impact of long‐term storage of plasma and cell‐free DNA on measured DNA quantity and fetal fraction
Authors: Clausen Frederik Banch , Barrett Angela N. , Advani Henna V. , Choolani Mahesh , Dziegiel Morten Hanefeld 
Published: April 2020

Background and objectiveOptimal sample storage conditions are essential for non‐invasive prenatal testing of cell‐free fetal and total DNA. We investigated the effect of long‐term storage of plasma samples and extracted cfDNA using qPCR.Materials and methodsFetal and total cfDNA yield and fetal fraction were calculated before and after storage of plasma for 0–6 years at −25°C. Dilution experiments were performed to investigate PCR inhibition. Extraction with or without proteinase K was used to examine protein dissociation. Storage of extracted cfDNA was investigated by testing aliquots immediately, and after 18 months and 3 years of storage at −25°C.ResultsWe observed a marked increase in the levels of amplifiable fetal and total DNA in plasma stored for 2‐3 years, and fetal fraction was slightly decreased after 3 years of storage. cfDNA detection was independent of proteinase K during DNA extraction in plasma samples stored >2 years, indicating a loss of proteins from DNA over time, which was likely to account for the observed increase in DNA yields. Measured fetal and total DNA quantities, as well as fetal fraction, increased in stored, extracted cfDNA.ConclusionFetal and total cell‐free DNA is readily detectable in plasma after long‐term storage at −25°C. However, substantial variation in measured DNA quantities and fetal fraction means caution may be required when using stored plasma and extracted cfDNA for test development or validation purposes.
Effects of Cyclic Loading and Time-Recovery on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Particle-Binder Composites
Authors: Agarwal Ankit , Gonzalez Marcial 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We propose a systematic experimental procedure and quantitative analyses to investigate the effect of cyclic loading, and time-recovery, or aging, on the mechanical properties and microstructure of particle-binder composites. Specifically, we study three compositions that differ in aluminum content from the mock sugar formulation of plastic-bonded explosive PBXN-109. Cast cylindrical specimens are subjected to high-amplitude quasi-static cyclic compressive loading, before and after a 4-week time-recovery period, and their microstructures are analyzed using micro-computed tomography (CT). For quantitative analysis, we develop a procedure for identifying the spatial distribution of primary components of the formulation, including pore space, from micro-CT images. The study shows that the stress–strain response is highly nonlinear, without a distinct yield point, and exhibits hysteresis and cyclic stress softening, or Mullins effect, with cyclic stabilization. Specimens without aluminum exhibit considerable gain in stiffness and strength after the time-recovery or aging period, owing to the development of increased sucrose particle–particle interactions during the first cyclic loading. In contrast, specimens with aluminum micro-sized powder exhibit permanent loss of stiffness and strength, owing to large ductile plastic flow and irrecoverable damage. Further insight from micro-CT analysis is gained by observing that, for all compositions, the majority of microstructural changes occur near the specimen core. Specifically, affine radial deformation of the soft and debonded binder, as it is compressed by the non-affine longitudinal motion of stiffer sucrose crystals, is observed in the formulation without aluminum, whereas non-affine rearrangement of the binder toward the specimen core, and affine radial flow of sucrose particles away from the core due to ductile macroscopic deformation of the specimen, is observed in the formulations with aluminum content.
Micro-level Clearance Punching on NGO Electrical Steel
Authors: Fang Zhenglong , Nagato Keisuke , Shimura Tomohito , Murakami Masato , Nakao Masayuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Non-grain-oriented electrical steel lamination is a critical component for the magnetic core. Punching such steel sheet with a large shear region, a low burr and small rollover is required to ensure accuracy. Densely packed grain deformation and plastic strain near cut surface are generally accompanied which detrimentally influence magnetic properties. In this study, micro-clearance (CL: 1 and 5 µm) punching of electrical silicon steel was conducted to investigate the influences of punching speed, micro-clearance, and counterforce on dimensional accuracy and microstructural changes. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis was performed to investigate the microstructural characteristics and detailed texture of specimens produced by shear speeds of 100, 260, and 600 mm/s with and without applied counterforce. Rollover height was found to be significantly reduced at a shear speed of 260 mm/s with applied counterforce under 1 µm clearance punching. The applications of counterforce and higher speed both significantly increased grain deformation, although the dimensional accuracy was improved. Grain conditions and the quality of cut surface were compared for different punching conditions to advance the understanding on the correlations between dimensional accuracy, grain deformation, and plastic strain.
Discussion “Investigation of Double Diffusive Natural Convection in Presence of Gray Gas Radiation Within a Square Cavity Using Multiple Relaxation Time Lattice Boltzmann Method,” [Moufekkir, F., Moussaoui, M. A., Mezrhab, A., Fontaine, J. P., Bouzidi, M., ASME J. Heat Transfer, 2013, 135(10), p. 102701]
Authors: Pantokratoras Asterios 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
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