bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Bacteria in Environmental Geochemistry
Authors: Mills A.L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Many of the geochemical processes occurring at earth-surface temperature and pressure are influenced by microorganisms, particularly the bacteria. Like any other living entity, the bacteria as an aggregate have a single goal, to reproduce and perpetuate their life-form. To accomplish this goal the bacteria must utilize energy and materials that can only be obtained from their surrounding environment. As the process of growth and reproduction occurs, a variety of changes occur in the environment in which the microbe lives. The chemical makeup of waters inhabited by bacteria is altered, and any equilibrium reactions taking place in that water or between that water and associated solid phases may cause a shift in the chemical composition of aqueous- or solid-phase materials. Some materials, such as oxygen, may simply be consumed by the microbes. The resultant anoxic conditions may induce concomitant changes in some redox-sensitive species of elements such as sulfur. Bacterial utilization or production of oxidized or reduced chemical species may cause further large shifts in the redox status of the local environment. Production of acidogenic or proton-consumptive species can cause radical shifts in pH in either direction, depending on the organism, the starting material, and the products formed. Indeed, the current state of the earth's surface conditions is due in large part to the action of microorganisms on the chemicals found in the environment. Photosynthetic organisms (including the cyanobacteria, which are often referred to as blue-green algae) created the oxidizing atmosphere. Many important geochemical reactions occur against thermodynamic predictions, while others occur at rates that would be considered impossible if only the abiotic reactions operated.
Laboratory Methods for the Analysis of Environmental Samples
Authors: Crock J.G. , Arbogast B.F. , Lamothe P.J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The precise, accurate analysis of environmental materials for their total or partial elemental content is anything but a simple or routine task. There are numerous problems that must be addressed to assure a high quality analysis. The first and foremost problem to be addressed is to determine what is the question that the environmental scientist is really trying to answer and how to customize the analysis to meet that need. Is the scientist asking for a given species of an element, the amount of the analyte associated with a certain phase or fraction of the environmental sample, or would a total analysis answer the correct question? The scope of the phrase “Environmental Materials” is where the problems continue. Most naturally occurring materials and some man-made materials can fall into this classification. The concentration of an element of interest commonly ranges from one part per billion (microgram per kilogram or μg/kg) to the tens of weight percent. There are usually sampling problems in the analysis of environmental samples. These problems could include:
The Behavior of Trace Metals in Water During Natural Acid Sulfate Weathering in an Alpine Watershed
Authors: Miller W.R. , Bassett R.L. , McHugh J.B. , Ficklin W.H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pyrite oxidation in the upper part of Geneva Creek basin has impacted approximately 8 miles of upper Geneva Creek by natural acid drainage (NAD). The maximum concentrations of metals in stream waters for Fe, Mn, and Al are no more than 10 mg/l; Cu, Ni, and Zn are all less than 1 mg/l, and other metals are less than 0.01 mg/l. There are low-volume seeps and flows that exceed these concentrations, but their impact on stream-water chemistry of Geneva Creek is insignificant.
The study area is located in the Colorado Mineral Belt and is underlain by Proterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks, and intruded by Tertiary felsic stocks with associated pyritic alteration. The naturally acidic waters draining the pyritic altered areas are similar in composition to some of the more familiar acid mine drainage (AMD) waters.
Oxygen-charged waters from snow and rain aggressively oxidize and dissolve pyrite, releasing H+, Fe2+, SO42-, and trace metals to the waters of the study area. Fe2+ is later oxidized forming hydrous iron oxides. The dominant source for trace metals in waters is disseminated pyrite in the pyritic-altered areas, particularly for Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, Ag, and As.
Use of Lead Isotopes as Natural Tracers of Metal Contamination—A Case Study of the Penn Mine and Camanche Reservoir, California
Authors: Church S.E. , Alpers C.N. , Vaughn R.B. , Briggs P.H. , Slotton D.G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Lead isotopes have been used as tracers of geologic processes in both ore-genesis and petrogenesis studies. Recently, they have found increased application in contamination studies. There are two requirements for their application in contamination studies: (1) that the isotopic signature of the contaminant is different from the rock lead in the area, and (2) that the signature of the source is known or can be determined. In this study, we examined lead isotope data for sediments from Camanche Reservoir near Stockton, California. We identified two sources of contamination in the sediments and soils of the area: one from acid-mine drainage from the Penn Mine within the drainage basin, and a second exotic lead, probably from airborne deposition from combustion of leaded gasoline in the early 1970s, found in soils.
Lead isotope data for sediments from the drowned channel of the Mokelumne River in Camanche Reservoir plot on a mixing line between the lead isotope signature of massive sulfide Cu-Zn- Pb ores from the Penn Mine and unaffected sediments derived from tributaries draining into Camanche Reservoir. The contribution of lead from the source of these metals, the Penn Mine, is diluted by sediments supplied by these tributaries. Distribution profiles for copper and zinc mimic the behavior of lead. Geochemical and lead isotope data for a sediment sample recovered from the fish hatchery at Camanche Dam following the 1989 fish kill indicate that the sediment was from the deep portion of Camanche Reservoir. The water intake from the hatchery was subsequently moved to reduce the probability of intake of sulfidic, anoxic waters and associated metal-rich sediments from deep in the reservoir. Since 1994, the water level of the reservoir has been maintained at 180 feet or more as recommended by Slotton et al. (1994) on the basis of their sediment resuspension studies. Installation of a hypolimnetic aeration system has resulted in no subsequent fish kills in the fish hatchery at Camanche Dam.
Space-Time Relationships of Some Porphyry Cu-Au, Epithermal Au, and Other Magmatic-Related Mineral Deposits in Northern Peru
Authors: Noble Donald C. , Vidal César E. , Perelló Jose , Omar Rodríguez P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A 40Ar/39Ar age of 16.94 ± 0.34 Ma on hypogene alunite from the La Virgen sedimentary and volcanic rockhosted Au deposit and new ages of 16.06 ± 0.11 to 15.58 ± 0.12 Ma on porphyry Cu-Au deposits at Minas Conga confirm the existence of early Miocene and earliest middle Miocene mineralization in the eastern part of the Miocene metallogenic belt of northern Peru. A new K-Ar age of 15.3 ± 0.3 Ma for the Magistral porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo deposit extends the belt of known early and middle Miocene deposits southeast of La Virgen. A 40Ar/39Ar age of 20.02 ± 0.15 Ma is reported for a late intrusive phase at the Michiquillay porphyry Cu deposit.
A 40Ar/39Ar plateau age of 15.61 ± 0.12 Ma on alunite from the San Pedro Sur zone at the La Zanja epithermal Au district is consistent with the location of the district within the middle Miocene Quiruvilca-Pierina subbelt of the Miocene metallogenic belt. 40Ar/39Ar mineralization ages of 20.79 ± 0.10 and 21.78 ± 0.11 Ma have been obtained on mineral deposits of the Malvas and Huinac districts in the Cordillera Negra to the south. Together with a published age of 18.7 ± 0.6 Ma on the Churropampa Au prospect in the eastern part of the Cordillera Negra and a new Re-Os age of 18.15 ± 0.06 Ma on the Pachagón porphyry Cu-Ag prospect northeast of Trujillo, an early Miocene mineral activity in the western part of the metallogenic belt is indicated. The new ages show that clearly magmatically related mineralization was formed at the same latitudes in both the eastern and western parts of the Miocene metallogenic belt during early Miocene and earliest middle Miocene times.
The deposits of the giant Yanacocha Au district, which were formed at about 11 Ma, are younger than deposits to the west and to the east. Deposits of the Hualgayoc district to the north, which have yielded mineralization ages from 12.4 ± 0.4 to 14.4 ± 0.2 Ma, may overlap in time with those of Yanacocha. These districts, which are located within large coeval volcanic fields, could reflect a younger episode of magmatic activity of late middle Miocene age.
On Crises in Financial Markets
Authors: Popov Vladimir A. 
Published: February 2020

The reasons of the financial markets collapse and methods of their forecasting are investigated in this article. A model based on hypothesis of the quantum nature of the impact of information on financial markets is given. It is shown that in information-saturated volatile financial markets, sharp price jumps are really expectedMotivation for this research is inability of traditional approach for explaining sharp price jumps during financial crises. They are unexpected according to the traditional theories. When considering the logarithm of relative price changes over the period ytk = ln(Ntk/Ntk-1) it was found that the statistical characteristics of this random value differ from the characteristics of the normal distribution. The approach, developed in this paper, explaining the possibility of sharp price jumps, seems to be more harmonious than the traditional approach.Novelty of given approach consists in considering a model based on the assumption about the quantum (discontinuous) nature of information impact on financial markets. The process of information transfer is quantum â€“ i. e. the information is transmitted in portions, multiples of a quantum of information. There are discrete information levels. When moving from one level to another, it is necessary to absorb or emit one quantum of information. Thus, the amount of information of a particular level is necessarily a multiple of the quantum of information.Methodology and methods are based on probability and differential equations. Equation with respect to logarithm of increment of pricesÂ y = ln(N(t0+Dt)/N(t0)) is thoroughly investigated. The probability density function for each information price level Pn(y) = Y2n(y), where Y(y) is called the wave function of prices. Equation with respect to Y(y) is thoroughly investigated too.There are many calculations of various probabilities and other characteristics of y (logarithm of prices increment) for different information price level. The hierarchy of information-price levels is autonomous â€“ i.e. each of them has its own separate probability characteristics, different functions of probability density distribution. The normal distribution takes place only when n=0. For all others n=1, 2, 3... the density functions are different from Gaussian.
On the Nature of Public Interiority
Authors: Teston Liz 
Published: February 2020

This essay explores the intersection between interiority, urbanism, and the human perception. I view interiority as a condition of the senses rather than an indoor place. Revelations of interiority can be discovered within urban realm, in public spaces, and in intimate interior conditions. I am especially interested in “public interiority” or these cases of interiority that can be found in exterior urban places. Understanding interiority as a perceived condition grounds the built environment in phenomenology, varied human experiences, and everyday conditions.
Herein, I begin with an ontology of interiority, which focuses on various ways of perceiving the nature of things – phenomenology, structuralism and object-oriented-ontology (OOO). From there, I will analyze a taxonomy of public interiorities including various strains of form-based, programmatic, atmospheric, and psychological public interiorities. Using real-world examples from my previous research in Bucharest, Romania, New York and [location hidden] as well as well-established examples in art and design, I will then analyze various urban experiences of interiority and the way built conditions shape experience. In this way, I will bring the interior to the city.
Slashed Interiors: Text/Space
Authors: Siddiqui Igor 
Published: February 2020

This essay explores the relationship between text and space by considering the notion of writing interiors as a form of creative practice. The research focuses on the textual and spatial uses of the punctuation mark slash (/), as evidenced in a range of text-based works by Barbara Kruger, Glenn Ligon, Dom Sylvester Houédard, Anni Albers, and other artists. The first part of the essay surveys the typographic character’s varied uses in written language; the second part considers its role within artwork titles, namely how its presence shapes spatial interpretations of each artwork in question; in the third part, preceding the conclusion, the focus is on the use of the slash as a mark that is both material and graphic. The resulting interpretations support a call for a change in the conversation about the relationship between writing and interiors.
Larger contactor area increases low-frequency vibratory sensitivity in hairy skin
Authors: Schmidt Daniel , Schlee Guenther , Germano Andresa M.C. , Milani Thomas L. 
Published: February 2020

Background
In research, assessing vibratory cutaneous sensitivity is an important research branch to quantify various diseases or to develop devices for pattern recognition. The measured vibration perception thresholds (VPTs), however, are subjective and usually result in a large data variability. This might induce difficulties to detect differences, for example, when comparing different anatomical locations. Hence, a higher ability to detect changes is desirable. Another feature of VPTs is spatial summation, but in the literature it is controversially discussed whether or not this phenomenon is also present in the lower frequency range. For these reasons, the present study aimed to investigate whether an enlarged matrix contactor area (measured at the hairy skin) induces improvements in subjective sensitivity using high and low frequencies, and whether a large contactor area is better able to identify changes of VPTs than a small contactor area of a single contactor. For each frequency, we hypothesized an increased sensitivity for the matrix compared to the single contactor. We also hypothesized that changes can be better-detected between the anatomical locations when using the matrix than the single contactor.

Methods
Twenty healthy and young participants voluntarily took part in this study. Three anatomical locations at the torso were measured at the middle aspect of the lower back, middle lateral aspect of the upper arm, and the region just below the armpit. At each location, two frequencies (30, 200 Hz) and two contactor conditions (single contactor: 0.48 cm2 , contactor matrix: 9 × 0.48 cm2 = 4.32 cm2) were tested in a randomized order.

Results
Supporting our hypothesis, we found that improved cutaneous sensitivity after increasing the contactor size occurs not only at high, but also at low frequencies at all anatomical locations. Large contactor sizes resulted in higher sensitivity and in a superior ability to detect changes. The superior behavior of the matrix to exhibit a lower variability could not always be proven. This work may be relevant for future studies aiming to identify changes of VPTs in various patient groups, for example.
Highly Stretchable Bilayer Lattice Structures That Elongate via In‐Plane Deformation
Authors: Yiming Burebi , Wu Lei , Zhang Mingqi , Han Zilong , Zhao Pei , Li Tiefeng , Jia Zheng , Qu Shaoxing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMany emerging technologies such as wearable batteries and electronics require stretchable functional structures made from intrinsically less deformable materials. The stretch capability of most demonstrated stretchable structures often relies on either initially out‐of‐plane configurations or the out‐of‐plane deflection of planar patterns. Such nonplanar features may dramatically increase the surface roughness, cause poor adhesion and adverse effects on subsequent multilayer processing, thereby posing a great challenge for flexible devices that require smooth surfaces (e.g., transparent electrodes in which flat‐surface‐enabled high optical transmittance is preferred). Inspired by the lamellar layouts of collagenous tissues, this work demonstrates a planar bilayer lattice structure, which can elongate substantially via only in‐plane motion and thus maintain a smooth surfaces. The constructed bilayer lattice exhibits a large stretchability up to 360%, far beyond the inherent deformability of the brittle constituent material and comparable to that of state‐of‐the‐art stretchable structures for flexible electronics. A stretchable conductor employing the bilayer lattice designs can remain electrically conductive at a strain of 300%, demonstrating the functionality and potential applications of the bilayer lattice structure. This design opens a new avenue for the development of stretchable structures that demand smooth surfaces.
Physically Adsorbed Metal Ions in Porous Supports as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Liu , Liu Huibing , Shen Hangjia , Huang Yan , Wang Shitao , Zheng Lirong , Cao Dapeng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient and earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is significantly important for water‐splitting. Here, for the first time it is reported that the physically adsorbed metal ions (PAMI) in porous materials can be served as highly efficient OER electrocatalysts, which provides a universal PAMI method to develop electrocatalysts. This PAMI method can be applied to almost all porous supports, including graphene, carbon nanotubes, C3N4, CaCO3, and porous organic polymers and all the systems exhibit excellent OER performance. In particular, the as‐synthesized Co0.7Fe0.3CB exhibits a small overpotential of 295 mV and 350 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, which exceeds commercial 40 wt% IrO2/CB and most reported non‐noble metal‐based OER catalysts. Moreover, the mass activity of Co0.7Fe0.3CB reaches 643.4 A g−1 at the overpotential of 320 mV, which is nearly 4.7 times higher than that of 40 wt% IrO2/CB. In addition, the advanced ex situ and in situ synchrotron X‐ray characterizations are carried out to unravel the PAMI synthetic process. In short, this PAMI method will break the conversional understanding, i.e., the most OER catalysts are synthesized chemically, because the new PAMI method does not require any chemical synthesis, which therefore opens a new avenue for the development of OER electrocatalysts.
Graphene/Strontium Titanate: Approaching Single Crystal–Like Charge Transport in Polycrystalline Oxide Perovskite Nanocomposites through Grain Boundary Engineering
Authors: Lin Yue , Dylla Maxwell Thomas , Kuo Jimmy Jiahong , Male James Patrick , Kinloch Ian Anthony , Freer Robert , Snyder Gerald Jeffery 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGrain boundaries critically limit the electronic performance of oxide perovskites. These interfaces lower the carrier mobilities of polycrystalline materials by several orders of magnitude compared to single crystals. Despite extensive effort, improving the mobility of polycrystalline materials (to meet the performance of single crystals) is still a severe challenge. In this work, the grain boundary effect is eliminated in perovskite strontium titanate (STO) by incorporating graphene into the polycrystalline microstructure. An effective mass model provides strong evidence that polycrystalline graphene/strontium titanate (G/STO) nanocomposites approach single crystal‐like charge transport. This phenomenological model reduces the complexity of analyzing charge transport properties so that a quantitative comparison can be made between the nanocomposites and STO single crystals. In other related works, graphene composites also optimize the thermal transport properties of thermoelectric materials. Therefore, decorating grain boundaries with graphene appears to be a robust strategy to achieve “phonon glass–electron crystal” behavior in oxide perovskites.
Alloy Engineering in Few‐Layer Manganese Phosphorus Trichalcogenides for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Hou Xiangyu , Zhang Xuyang , Ma Qingwei , Tang Xiao , Hao Qi , Cheng Yingchun , Qiu Teng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractManganese phosphorus trichalcogenides are widely used in the field of photocatalysis and magnetic studies due to their broadband gaps. Herein, an alloy engineering method for the few‐layer manganese phosphorus trichalcogenides (MnPS3–xSex, 0 ≤ x ≤ 3) in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is reported. A new strategy, with the coupling of exciton resonance (µex) and photoinduced charge transfer (PICT), is applied to screen out materials for SERS enhancement. According to the calculation of density functional theory, the bandgap of manganese phosphorus trichalcogenides (MnPS3) can be adjusted to match the band energy of Rhodamine 6G molecules by alloy engineering. Furthermore, a series of few‐layer MnPS3–xSex (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) are fabricated to study the PICT‐induced SERS behavior under resonance excitation. The good performance with a detection limit down to 10−9 m indicates that the synergistic resonances between µex and PICT are crucial to the enhancement.
Single‐Molecular White‐Light Emitters and Their Potential WOLED Applications
Authors: Chen Zhao , Ho Cheuk‐Lam , Wang Liqi , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhite organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are superior to traditional incandescent light bulbs and compact fluorescent lamps in terms of their merits in ensuring pure white‐light emission, low‐energy consumption, large‐area thin‐film fabrication, etc. Unfortunately, WOLEDs based on multilayered or multicomponent (red, green, and blue (RGB)) emissive layers can suffer from some remarkable disadvantages, such as intricate device fabrication and voltage‐dependent emission color, etc. Single molecules, which can emit white light, can be used to replace multiple emitters, leading to a simplified fabrication process, stable and reproducible WOLEDs. Recently, the performance of WOLEDs by using single molecules is catching up with that of the state‐of‐the‐art devices fabricated by multicomponent emitters. Therefore, an increasing attention has been paid on single white‐light‐emitting materials for efficient WOLEDs. In this review, different mechanisms of white‐light emission from a single molecule and the performance of single‐molecule‐based WOLEDs are collected and expounded, hoping to light up the interesting subject on single‐molecule white‐light‐emitting materials, which have great potential as white‐light emitters for illumination and lighting applications in the world.