bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pragmatic and scalable strategy using mobile technology to promote sustained lifestyle changes to prevent type 2 diabetes in India and the UK: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nanditha Arun , Thomson Hazel , Susairaj Priscilla , Srivanichakorn Weerachai , Oliver Nick , Godsland Ian F. , Majeed Azeem , Darzi Ara , Satheesh Krishnamoorthy , Simon Mary , Raghavan Arun , Vinitha Ramachandran , Snehalatha Chamukuttan , Westgate Kate , Brage Soren , Sharp Stephen J. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Johnston Desmond G. , Ramachandran Ambady 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAims/hypothesisThis randomised controlled trial was performed in India and the UK in people with prediabetes to study whether mobile phone short message service (SMS) text messages can be used to motivate and educate people to follow lifestyle modifications, to prevent type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe study was performed in people with prediabetes (n = 2062; control:n = 1031; intervention:n = 1031) defined by HbA1c≥42 and ≤47 mmol/mol (≥6.0% and ≤6.4%). Participants were recruited from public and private sector organisations in India (men and women aged 35–55 years) and by the National Health Service (NHS) Health Checks programme in the UK (aged 40–74 years without pre-existing diabetes, cardiovascular disease or kidney disease). Allocation to the study groups was performed using a computer-generated sequence (1:1) in India and by stratified randomisation in permuted blocks in the UK. Investigators in both countries remained blinded throughout the study period. All participants received advice on a healthy lifestyle at baseline. The intervention group in addition received supportive text messages using mobile phone SMS messages 2–3 times per week. Participants were assessed at baseline and at 6, 12 and 24 months. The primary outcome was conversion to type 2 diabetes and secondary outcomes included anthropometry, biochemistry, dietary and physical activity changes, blood pressure and quality of life.ResultsAt the 2 year follow-up (n = 2062; control:n = 1031; intervention:n = 1031), in the intention-to-treat population the HR for development of type 2 diabetes calculated using a discrete-time proportional hazards model was 0.89 (95% CI 0.74, 1.07;p = 0.22). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes.Conclusions/interpretationThis trial in two countries with varied ethnic and cultural backgrounds showed no significant reduction in the progression to diabetes in 2 years by lifestyle modification using SMS messaging.Trial registrationThe primary study was registered onwww.ClinicalTrials.gov(India, NCT01570946; UK, NCT01795833).FundingThe study was funded jointly by the Indian Council for Medical Research and the UK Medical Research Council.
Static and dynamic aeroelastic tailoring with composite blending and manoeuvre load alleviation
Authors: Bordogna Marco Tito , Lancelot Paul , Bettebghor Dimitri , De Breuker Roeland 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn aircraft design, proper tailoring of composite anisotropic characteristics allows to achieve weight saving while maintaining good aeroelastic performance. To further improve the design, dynamic loads and manufacturing constraints should be integrated in the design process. The objective of this paper is to evaluate how the introduction of continuous blending constraints affects the optimum design and the retrieval of the final stacking sequence for a regional aircraft wing. The effect of the blending constraints on the optimum design (1) focuses on static and dynamic loading conditions and identifies the ones driving the optimization and (2) explores the potential weight saving due to the implementation of a manoeuvre load alleviation (MLA) strategy. Results show that while dynamic gust loads can be critical for wing design, in the case of a regional aircraft, their influence is minimal. Nevertheless, MLA strategies can reduce the impact of static loads on the final design in favour of gust loads, underlining the importance of considering such load-cases in the optimisation. In both cases, blending does not strongly affect the load criticality and retrieve a slightly heavier design. Finally, blending constraints confirmed their significant influence on the final discrete design and their capability to produce more manufacturable structures.
Return of the moth: rethinking the effect of climate on insect outbreaks
Authors: Büntgen Ulf , Liebhold Andrew , Nievergelt Daniel , Wermelinger Beat , Roques Alain , Reinig Frederick , Krusic Paul J. , Piermattei Alma , Egli Simon , Cherubini Paolo , Esper Jan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe sudden interruption of recurring larch budmoth (LBM; Zeiraphera diniana or griseana Gn.) outbreaks across the European Alps after 1982 was surprising, because populations had regularly oscillated every 8–9 years for the past 1200 years or more. Although ecophysiological evidence was limited and underlying processes remained uncertain, climate change has been indicated as a possible driver of this disruption. An unexpected, recent return of LBM population peaks in 2017 and 2018 provides insight into this insect’s climate sensitivity. Here, we combine meteorological and dendrochronological data to explore the influence of temperature variation and atmospheric circulation on cyclic LBM outbreaks since the early 1950s. Anomalous cold European winters, associated with a persistent negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, coincide with four consecutive epidemics between 1953 and 1982, and any of three warming-induced mechanisms could explain the system’s failure thereafter: (1) high egg mortality, (2) asynchrony between egg hatch and foliage growth, and (3) upward shifts of outbreak epicentres. In demonstrating that LBM populations continued to oscillate every 8–9 years at sub-outbreak levels, this study emphasizes the relevance of winter temperatures on trophic interactions between insects and their host trees, as well as the importance of separating natural from anthropogenic climate forcing on population behaviour.
Experimental evidence for the adaptive response of aquatic invertebrates to chronic predation risk
Authors: Jermacz Łukasz , Nowakowska Anna , Kletkiewicz Hanna , Kobak Jarosław 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs acute stress induced by predation risk can generate significant oxidative damage, prey organisms are forced to balance their defence reaction and the cost of activating the cellular defence system. Stress tolerance differs significantly among species; therefore predator pressure indirectly shapes the community structure. To test adaptation abilities of amphipod crustaceans (Dikerogammarus villosus and Gammarus jazdzewskii) we exposed them to acute (35 min.) and chronic (1 or 7 days) predation risk (the Eurasian perch). We measured respiration (related to metabolic rate), cellular defence systems (antioxidant enzyme (catalase) activity and heat shock protein (Hsp70) concentration), and the level of oxidative damage (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration). Both amphipods increased their respiration rate in the presence of predation cues, irrespective of the duration of their pre-exposure to danger. This increase in D. villosus was initiated more quickly (immediately vs. after 10 min. of the test) and lasted for a longer time (20 vs. 10 min.) than in G. jazdzewskii. However, only G. jazdzewskii after a short exposure to predation risk exhibited an increase in its catalase activity, Hsp70 concentration and oxidative damage. No changes in these parameters were exhibited by D. villosus or after a chronic exposure of G. jazdzewskii to predation cues. Our results show that prey organisms are able to reconfigure their physiology to maintain increased metabolic rate under prolonged predator pressure and, at the same time, reduce oxidative damage as well as costs related to anti-oxidant defence.
Medikamentöse Therapie vaskulärer Anomalien
Authors: Benesch Martin , Lackner Herwig , Sorantin Erich , Haxhija Emir , Gasparella Paulo , Pfleger Andreas 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungVaskuläre Anomalien werden nach der Klassifikation der International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies in vaskuläre Tumoren, die als häufigste Entitäten kaposiforme Hämangioendotheliome und Hämangiome umfassen, und vaskuläre Malformationen unterteilt. Die Behandlung vaskulärer Anomalien erfolgt interdisziplinär und basiert, abhängig von der Entität auf Resektion, Sklero‑/Kryotherapie, Embolisation und medikamentöser (antiangiogenetischer und/oder zytostatischer) Therapie. Eine komplette Entfernung ist aufgrund von Ausdehnung und meist diffus infiltrativem Wachstum nur in sehr wenigen Fällen möglich. Seit der Erstbeschreibung der Wirksamkeit in dieser Indikation 2008 gilt Propranolol als etablierte Erstlinienbehandlung für komplizierte infantile Hämangiome. Sirolimus ist ein in der Organtransplantation verbreitet eingesetztes Immunsuppressivum, das den Mammalian/mechanistic-target-of-rapamycin(mTOR)-Signalübertragungsweg inhibiert, auch antiangiogenetisch wirksam ist und daher zunehmend für die Behandlung von vaskulären Tumoren und Malformationen eingesetzt wird. Drei Säuglinge mit vaskulären Anomalien (kaposiformes Hämangioendotheliom, gemischt makro‑/mikrozystische lymphatische Malformation, diffuses infantiles Leberhämangiom) erhielten eine Propranolol‑/Sirolimus-basierte medikamentöse Therapie, ohne klinisch relevante Nebenwirkungen entwickelt zu haben. Obwohl die Verträglichkeit von Propranolol und Sirolimus meist ausgezeichnet ist, erfordern schwere, mitunter lebensbedrohliche Nebenwirkungen (Propranolol: kardiovaskulär; Sirolimus: infektiös), die in Einzelfällen berichtet sind, besondere Beachtung.
Recreational angling as a pathway for invasive non-native species spread: awareness of biosecurity and the risk of long distance movement into Great Britain
Authors: Smith E. R. C. , Bennion H. , Sayer C. D. , Aldridge D. C. , Owen M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIdentifying and establishing the relative importance of different anthropogenic pathways of invasive non-native species (INNS) introduction is critical for effective management of their establishment and spread in the long-term. Angling has been identified as one of these pathways. An online survey of 680 British anglers was conducted to establish patterns of movement by British anglers abroad, and to establish their awareness and use of biosecurity practices. The survey revealed that 44% of British anglers travelled abroad for fishing, visiting 72 different countries. France was the most frequently visited country, accounting for one-third of all trips abroad. The estimated time taken to travel from Western Europe into Great Britain (GB) is within the time frame that INNS have been shown to survive on damp angling equipment. Without biosecurity, it is therefore highly likely that INNS could be unintentionally transported into GB on damp angling gear. Since the launch of the Check, Clean Dry biosecurity campaign in GB in 2011, the number of anglers cleaning their equipment after every trip has increased by 15%, and 80% of anglers now undertake some form of biosecurity. However, a significant proportion of the angling population is still not implementing sufficient, or the correct biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of INNS dispersal on damp angling equipment. With the increase in movement of anglers abroad for fishing, further work is required to establish the potential for INNS introduction through this pathway.
Nonlinear Properties of Supercurrent-Carrying Single- and Multi-Layer Thin-Film Superconductors
Authors: Zhao Songyuan , Withington S. , Goldie D. J. , Thomas C. N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSuperconducting thin films are central to the operation of many kinds of quantum sensors and quantum computing devices: kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), travelling-wave parametric amplifiers (TWPAs), qubits, and spin-based quantum memory elements. In all cases, the nonlinearity resulting from the supercurrent is a critical aspect of behaviour, either because it is central to the operation of the device (TWPA), or because it results in nonideal second-order effects (KID). Here, we present an analysis of supercurrent-carrying superconducting thin films that is based on the generalized Usadel equations. Our analysis framework is suitable for both homogeneous and multi-layer thin films, and can be used to calculate the resulting density of states, superconducting transition temperature, superconducting critical current, complex conductivities, complex surface impedances, transmission line propagation constants, and nonlinear kinetic inductances in the presence of supercurrent. Our analysis gives the scale of kinetic inductance nonlinearity ($$I_*$$I∗) for a given material combination and geometry, and is important in optimizing the design of detectors and amplifiers in terms of materials, geometries, and dimensions. To investigate the validity of our analysis across a wide range of supercurrent, we have measured the transition temperatures of superconducting thin films as a function of DC supercurrent. These measurements show good agreement with our theoretical predictions in the experimentally relevant range of current values.
High-throughput retrotransposon-based genetic diversity of maize germplasm assessment and analysis
Authors: Ghonaim Marwa , Kalendar Ruslan , Barakat Hoda , Elsherif Nahla , Ashry Naglaa , Schulman Alan H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMaize is one of the world’s most important crops and a model for grass genome research. Long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons comprise most of the maize genome; their ability to produce new copies makes them efficient high-throughput genetic markers. Inter-retrotransposon-amplified polymorphisms (IRAPs) were used to study the genetic diversity of maize germplasm. Five LTR retrotransposons (Huck, Tekay, Opie, Ji, and Grande) were chosen, based on their large number of copies in the maize genome, whereas polymerase chain reaction primers were designed based on consensus LTR sequences. The LTR primers showed high quality and reproducible DNA fingerprints, with a total of 677 bands including 392 polymorphic bands showing 58% polymorphism between maize hybrid lines. These markers were used to identify genetic similarities among all lines of maize. Analysis of genetic similarity was carried out based on polymorphic amplicon profiles and genetic similarity phylogeny analysis. This diversity was expected to display ecogeographical patterns of variation and local adaptation. The clustering method showed that the varieties were grouped into three clusters differing in ecogeographical origin. Each of these clusters comprised divergent hybrids with convergent characters. The clusters reflected the differences among maize hybrids and were in accordance with their pedigree. The IRAP technique is an efficient high-throughput genetic marker-generating method.
Exchange Rate Flexibility: How Should We Measure It?
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Tian Mo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper first examines some recent exchange rate classification schemes. There is little evidence of a trend towards greater agreement between schemes. There is a probability of between 16 and 28% that a peg in one classification scheme is coded as a float in a different scheme, or vice versa. This probability is much smaller for the tightest forms of peg and the most volatile floats. Continuous indices of exchange rate flexibility are analysed and shown to have significant potential, despite the lack of interest in them shown in previous research.
An experimental study of responses to armed police in Great Britain
Authors: Yesberg Julia A. , Bradford Ben , Dawson Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study tested whether the presence of a firearm changed the way people reacted to police among a British sample.

Method
In an online study, participants were shown images of armed and unarmed police and rated them on a number of variables. Some participants were primed to think about terrorism, and some participants were exposed to more armed police than others.

Results
Participants had more negative responses to police when they were armed. We found no effect of the terrorism prime on people’s reactions to images of armed police and no effect of exposure. Yet, unexpectedly, we found a negative effect of the terrorism prime on trust and legitimacy.

Conclusions
In a country where police have never before been routinely armed, this research raises important questions about how armed police can retain the public’s support when they may no longer be considered ‘prototypical representatives’ of the British people.
Charity flea markets – an amalgamation of product philanthropy and volunteering
Authors: Stötzer Sandra , Andeßner René C. , Scheichl Sarah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper offers one of the first efforts at exploring the role of charity flea markets as a fundraising practice used by nonprofits to mobilize various resources like individual and corporate in-kind giving and volunteering in an unique event setting. With the support of volunteers, nonprofits generate cash by reselling product donations and by catering. As an innovative contribution to the so far limited research on flea markets and in-kind giving, our study uses an explorative case study approach based on guided interviews with Austrian flea market operators. The purpose of the case studies is to examine the specifics, benefits, challenges, and prospects of this underexplored funding instrument. Our findings contribute to an enhanced understanding of both charity flea markets and nonprofits̕ resource management and can assist charities in processing in-kind donations effectively and sustainably.
Research journey of respirasome
Authors: Wu Meng , Gu Jinke , Zong Shuai , Guo Runyu , Liu Tianya , Yang Maojun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRespirasome, as a vital part of the oxidative phosphorylation system, undertakes the task of transferring electrons from the electron donors to oxygen and produces a proton concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane through the coupled translocation of protons. Copious research has been carried out on this lynchpin of respiration. From the discovery of individual respiratory complexes to the report of the high-resolution structure of mammalian respiratory supercomplex I1III2IV1, scientists have gradually uncovered the mysterious veil of the electron transport chain (ETC). With the discovery of the mammalian respiratory mega complex I2III2IV2, a new perspective emerges in the research field of the ETC. Behind these advances glitters the light of the revolution in both theory and technology. Here, we give a short review about how scientists ‘see’ the structure and the mechanism of respirasome from the macroscopic scale to the atomic scale during the past decades.
Review on texturization effects in thermoelectric oxides
Authors: Prasad Rishi , Bhame Shekhar D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSustainable energy sources and energy-harvesting technologies have been researched for decades. Thermoelectric conversion is currently one of the primary foci in this area. Thermoelectric research has been concentrated into two parts—(i) strategies to enhance the efficiency of existing thermoelectric materials and (ii) development of new materials with promising thermoelectric parameters. Although such strategies have led to the improvement of thermoelectric non-oxide-based materials, the limitations possessed by them does not allow to be used at high temperatures. Due to the same reason, oxide-based materials have gained much attention. Here, we discuss about the oxide thermoelectric materials in detail and the effect of texturization on their morphology and transport properties. There is a lot of scope available for such class of materials for high-temperature applications.
Highly Efficient Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to Methanol by a p–n Heterojunction CeO2/CuO/Cu Catalyst
Authors: Pan Zhengbin , Han Ershuan , Zheng Jingui , Lu Jing , Wang Xiaolin , Yin Yanbin , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Wang Xiuguo , Li Peiqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhotoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to fuels has great potential for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions and also lessening our dependence on fossil fuel energy. Herein, we report the successful development of a novel photoelectrocatalytic catalyst for the selective reduction of CO2 to methanol, comprising a copper catalyst modified with flower-like cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) (a n-type semiconductor) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) (a p-type semiconductor). At an applied potential of − 1.0 V (vs SCE) under visible light irradiation, the CeO2 NPs/CuO NPs/Cu catalyst yielded methanol at a rate of 3.44 μmol cm−2 h−1, which was approximately five times higher than that of a CuO NPs/Cu catalyst (0.67 μmol cm−2 h−1). The carrier concentration increased by ~ 108 times when the flower-like CeO2 NPs were deposited on the CuO NPs/Cu catalyst, due to synergistic transfer of photoexcited electrons from the conduction band of CuO to that of CeO2, which enhanced both photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic CO2 reduction on the CeO2 NPs. The facile migration of photoexcited electrons and holes across the p–n heterojunction that formed between the CeO2 and CuO components was thus critical to excellent light-induced CO2 reduction properties of the CeO2 NPs/CuO NPs/Cu catalyst. Results encourage the wider application of composite semiconductor electrodes in carbon dioxide reduction.
Comparison of immune profiles between hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes
Authors: Pan Xuemin , Lin Ping , Feng Fangyoumin , Li Jia , Li Yuan-Yuan , Dai Wentao , Hu Bo , Yang Xin-Rong , Fan Jia , Li Hong , Li Yixue 
Published: January 2020

AbstractImmunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, is becoming a promising treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the response rate remains limited due to the heterogeneity of HCC samples. Molecular subtypes of HCC vary in genomic background, clinical features, and prognosis. This study aims to compare the immune profiles between HCC subtypes and find subtype-specific immune characteristics that might contribute to the prognosis and potential of immunotherapy. The immune profiles consist of immune-related genes, cytolytic
activity, immune pathways, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. HCC-c1 samples showed an overall higher activation level of immune genes and pathways, and this pattern was consistent in validation sets. We associated the difference in immune profiles with the activation level of cancer hallmarks and genomic mutations. There was a negative correlation between most of the metabolism pathway
and immune-related pathways in HCC samples. CTNNB1/WNT signaling pathway mutation, one of the common mutations in HCC, appears to be associated with the expression of immune genes as well. These results reveal the difference of immune profiles between HCC subtypes and possible reasons and influence, which may also deepen our understanding of the carcinogenesis process.
Reflecting on place: environmental education as decolonisation
Authors: Thornton Simone , Graham Mary , Burgh Gilbert 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe argue that to face climate change, all education, from kindergarten to tertiary, needs to be underpinned by environmental education. Moreover, as a site of reframing, education when coupled with philosophy is a possible site of influencing societal reframing in order to re-examine our relations to nature or our natural environment. However, we contend that as philosophy has been largely absent from curricula, it is vital to redress this issue. Further, the environment cannot be viewed simply as subject matter for study but, reconceptualised in the Indigenous sense as Place. Only in this way can we overcome the human-nature divide. We conclude that educators must look for what Plumwood calls ‘experiences that do not fit the dominant story’ to disrupt an important link in the chain of climate change by developing ‘traitorous identities’ able to challenge the dominant culture.