bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Dynamic Analysis of a Compact 10 MW Medium Speed Gearbox for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Wang Shuaishuai , Nejad Amir R. , Moan Torgeir 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with the design of a compact gearbox for the DTU 10 MW reference offshore wind turbine. An innovative gearbox concept consisting of a fixed planetary stage and a differential compound epicyclic stage is proposed. Power splitting and compound epicyclic transmission technologies are employed, which can effectively reduce the gearbox size. The power transmission principle of the gearbox is described and power distribution ratios in two transfer paths are calculated via the geometrical and mechanical relationships among the gearbox components. The gearbox is designed based on the design loads and fatigue criteria by referring to relevant international standards. A high-fidelity drivetrain numerical model is established by means of a multi-body system (MBS) approach. Then, the power distribution ratios in two transfer paths are compared between the simulation results and the design values with a good agreement. Resonance analysis of the drivetrain model is conducted by means of the Campbell diagram and energy distribution of components, and the results show that no severe resonance phenomena appear in this drivetrain model. Additionally, the load-sharing behavior of the gearbox model is assessed under different environmental conditions, and the results indicate that the compact gearbox has a good load-sharing performance. Such a compact gearbox design, which fulfills all the design requirements for offshore applications, could be a good alternative for offshore wind turbines.
A Novel Simple, Adaptive, and Versatile Soft-Robotic Compliant Two-Finger Gripper With an Inherently Gentle Touch
Authors: Milojević Andrija , Linß Sebastian , Ćojbašić Žarko , Handroos Heikki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn soft robotics, there is still a great need for a universal but simple gripper that realizes a high level of adaptability as well as a gentle touch to a wide variety of unknown objects of different size, shape, stiffness, and weight without the use of sensors or vision. Various, mostly complex grippers already exist based on certain actuation concepts. However, each solution has specific limitations, especially regarding gripping different soft and delicate objects. Therefore, this paper introduces a new approach to design a simple, adaptive, and versatile soft robotic two-finger gripper that is based on compliant mechanisms. More specifically, an inherently gentle touch is realized by utilizing an optimally synthesized mechanism with distributed compliance in combination with a conventional linear actuator. It is shown by finite elements method (FEM) simulations that the gripper realizes a high force and motion transmission at the same time. Furthermore, it is demonstrated by tests with a gripper prototype that reliable, safe, and fast grasping as well as manipulation are possible for a wide variety of objects. It is shown that beside regular and stiff objects also very challenging objects can be easily gripped, e.g., small, irregular, soft, and squeezable objects like fruits, berries, and vegetables. Moreover, it is confirmed that the developed compliant two-finger gripper can be used beneficially without sensors and control for differently sized and shaped objects with a comparable weight.
Cystic renal diseases: role of ultrasound. Part I, non-genetic cystic renal diseases
Authors: Kabaalioglu Adnan , Gunduz Nesrin , Keven Ayse , Durmaz Emel , Aslan Mine , Aslan Ahmet , Guneyli Serkan 
Published: October 2020

Kidney cysts are quite common in adults. Though small simple renal cysts in an adult over 30-40 years of age are not too unusual, however, if the same cysts are seen in a child, and especially if there are additional findings, then several diagnostic possibilities may come to mind. The role of ultrasound, together with the help of intravenous contrast agents and Doppler mode, is very critical in describing the morphologic features and follow-up of the complex or multiple and bilateral renal cysts. Sonographic signs are occasionally specific for diagnosis, but in many cases they should be evaluated together with the other genetic and clinical data to reach a diagnosis.The first part of this pictorial essay includes “non-genetic cystic renal diseases” and the second part will include “genetic cystic renal diseases”.
Holocene to latest Pleistocene incremental slip rates from the east-central Hope fault (Conway segment) at Hossack Station, Marlborough fault system, South Island, New Zealand: Towards a dated path of earthquake slip along a plate boundary fault
Authors: Hatem Alexandra E. , Dolan James F. , Zinke Robert W. , Langridge Robert M. , McGuire Christopher P. , Rhodes Edward J. , Brown Nathan , Van Dissen Russell J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGeomorphic field and aerial lidar mapping, coupled with fault-parallel trenching, reveals four progressive offsets of a stream channel and an older offset of the channel headwaters and associated fill terrace–bedrock contact at Hossack Station along the Conway segment of the Hope fault, the fastest-slipping fault within the Marlborough fault system in northern South Island, New Zealand. Radiocarbon and luminescence dating of aggradational surface deposition and channel initiation and abandonment event horizons yields not only an average dextral rate of ∼15 mm/yr since ca. 14 ka, but also incremental slip rates for five different time periods (spanning hundreds to thousands of years) during Holocene to latest Pleistocene time. These incremental rates vary through time and are, from youngest to oldest: 8.2 +2.7/−1.5 mm/yr averaged since 1.1 ka; 32.7 +∼124.9/−10.1 mm/yr averaged over 1.61–1.0 ka; 19.1 ± 0.8 mm/yr between 5.4 and 1.6 ka; 12.0 ± 0.9 mm/yr between 9.4 and 5.4 ka, and 13.7 +4.0/−3.4 mm/yr from 13.8 to 9.4 ka, with generally faster rates in the mid- to late Holocene relative to slower rates prior to ca. 5.4 ka. The most pronounced variation in rates occurs between the two youngest intervals, which are averaged over shorter time spans (≤1700 yr) than the three older incremental rates (3700–4500 yr). This suggests that the factor of ∼1.5× variations in Hope fault slip rate observed in the three older, longer-duration incremental rates may mask even greater temporal variations in rate over shorter time scales.
Continued improvement in morbidity reduction in extremely premature infants
Authors: Kaempf Joseph , Morris Mindy , Steffen Eileen , Wang Lian , Dunn Michael 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveProvide a progress report updating our long-term quality improvement collaboration focused on major morbidity reduction in extremely premature infants 23–27 weeks.Methods10 Vermont Oxford Network (VON) neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) (the POD) sustained a structured alliance: (A) face-to-face meetings, site visits and teleconferences, (B) transparent process and outcomes sharing, (C) utilisation of evidence-based potentially better practice toolkits, (D) family integration and (E) benchmarking via a composite mortality–morbidity score (Benefit Metric). Morbidity-specific toolkits were employed variably by each NICU according to local priorities. The eight major VON morbidities and the risk-adjusted Benefit Metric were compared in two epochs 2010–2013 versus 2014–2018.Results5888 infants, mean (SD) gestational age 25.8 (1.4) weeks, were tracked. The POD Benefit Metric significantly improved (p=0.03) and remained superior to the aggregate VON both epochs (p<0.001). Four POD morbidities significantly improved through 2018 – chronic lung disease (48%–40%), discharge weight <10th percentile (32%–22%), any late infection (19%–17%) and periventricular leukomalacia (4%–2%). In epoch 2, 34% of survivors had none of the eight major morbidities, while 36% had just one. Mortality did not change.ConclusionsInter-NICU collaboration, process and outcomes sharing and potentially better practice toolkits sustain improvement in 23–27 week morbidity rates, notably chronic lung disease, extrauterine growth restriction and the lowest zero-or-one major morbidity rate reported by a quality improvement collaboration. Unrevealed biological and cultural variables affect morbidity rates, countless remain unmeasured, thus duplication to other quality improvement groups is challenging. Understanding intensive care as innumerable interactions and constant flux that defy convenient linear constructs is fundamental.
Influence and management of conflicts of interest in randomised clinical trials: qualitative interview study
Authors: Østengaard Lasse , Lundh Andreas , Tjørnhøj-Thomsen Tine , Abdi Suhayb , Gelle Mustafe H A , Stewart Lesley A , Boutron Isabelle , Hróbjartsson Asbjørn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective
To characterise and analyse the experiences of trial researchers of if and how conflicts of interest had unduly influenced clinical trials they had worked on, what management strategies they had used to minimise any potential influence, and their experiences and views on conflicts of interest more generally.

Design
Qualitative interview study.

Participants
Trial researchers who had participated in at least 10 clinical trials with methodological or statistical expertise. Researchers differed by geographical location, educational background, and experience with different types of funders. Interviewees were identified by searches on Web of Science and snowball sampling. 52 trial researchers were approached by email; 20 agreed to be interviewed.

Setting
Interviews conducted by telephone, recorded, transcribed verbatim, imported to NVivo 12, and analysed by systematic text condensation. Semistructured interviews focused on financial and non-financial conflicts of interest.

Results
The interviewees had participated in a median of 37.5 trials and were mainly male physicians who had experience with commercial and non-commercial trial funders. Two predefined themes (influence of conflicts of interest and management strategies) and two additional themes (definition and reporting of conflicts of interest) emerged. Examples of perceived influence of conflicts of interest were: choice of inferior comparator, manipulation of the randomisation process, prematurely stopping the trials, fabrication of data, blocking access to data, and spin (eg, overly favourable interpretation of the results). Examples of strategies to manage conflicts of interest were: disclosure procedures, exclusion of the funder from design and analysis, independent committees, contracts ensuring complete access to the data, and no restriction by the funder on analysis and reporting. Interviewees used different definitions or thresholds for what they considered to be conflicts of interest, and they described different criteria for when to report them. Some interviewees considered non-commercial financial conflicts of interest (eg, funding of trials by governmental health agencies with a political agenda) to be equally or more important than commercial financial conflicts of interest (eg, funding by drug and device companies), but more challenging to report and manage.

Conclusion
This study described how trial researchers perceive conflicts of interest unduly influencing clinical trials they had worked on, and the management strategies they used to prevent these influences. The results indicated considerable variability in researchers’ understanding of what conflicts of interest are and when they should be reported.
What is considered as global health scholarship? A meta-knowledge analysis of global health journals and definitions
Authors: Abdalla Salma M , Solomon Hiwote , Trinquart Ludovic , Galea Sandro 
Published: October 2020

Despite the rapid growth of the global health field over the past few decades, consensus on what qualifies as global health scholarship or practice remains elusive. We conducted a meta-knowledge analysis of the titles and abstracts of articles published in 25 journals labelled as global health journals between 2001 and 2019. We identified the major topics in these journals by creating clusters based on terms co-occurrence over time. We also conducted a review of global health definitions during the same period.The analysis included 16 413 articles. The number of journals, labelled as global health, and articles published in these journals, increased dramatically during the study period. The majority of global health publications focused on topics prevalent in low-resource settings. Governance, infectious diseases, and maternal and child health were major topics throughout the analysis period. Surveillance and disease outcomes appeared during the 2006–2010 epoch and continued, with increasing complexity, until the 2016–2019 epoch. Malaria, sexual and reproductive health, and research methodology appeared for only one epoch as major topics. We included 11 relevant definitions in this analysis. Definitions of global health were not aligned with the major topics identified in the analysis of articles published in global health journals.These results highlight a lack of alignment between what is published as global health scholarship and global health definitions, which often advocate taking a global perspective to population health. Our analysis suggests that global health has not truly moved beyond its predecessor, international health. There is a need to define the parameters of the discipline and investigate the disconnect between what is published in global health versus how the field is defined.
Patient access to gene therapy medicinal products: a comprehensive review
Authors: Carvalho Marta , Sepodes Bruno , Martins Ana Paula 
Published: October 2020

Background
Gene therapies have the potential to be a curative approach to a large number of genetic diseases. However, granting of a positive marketing authorisation does not equal patient access to therapy.

Objectives
The purpose of this paper is to identify a full set of hurdles potentially preventing patient access to gene therapies based on the available literature.

Methods
A review of the literature using systematic approach in two distinct databases was performed by identifying relevant, peer-reviewed publications, between 2012 and 2018.

Results
Seven major topics were identified as potential patient access hurdles, namely affordability, assessment of value, development of therapy, ethical/social factors, evidence generation, operational implementation and regulatory hurdles. From these, 25 additional subthemes were further identified. The most frequently mentioned obstacle in the literature is related to the affordability aspect especially focusing on high cost of therapy (84%) and therapy payment/reimbursement (51%). Importantly, the evidence generation focusing on limited trial outcomes (81%) seems as a strong obstacle in patient access to these therapies.

Conclusions
A growing number of gene therapies are expected to be developed and made available to patients and healthcare professionals. Improvement of patient access to gene therapies can only be achieved by understanding all hurdles, in a complete and integrated fashion, so that strategies are timely established to ensure gene therapies’ benefits are provided to patients and to the society.
Comparison of the costs of HPV testing through community health campaigns versus home-based testing in rural Western Kenya: a microcosting study
Authors: Olwanda Easter Elizabeth , Kahn James G , Choi Yujung , Islam Jessica Yasmine , Huchko Megan 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo estimate the cost of human papillomavirus (HPV)-based screening through community health campaigns (CHCs) and home-based testing.SettingCHCs and home-based testing in six communities in rural Western Kenya.ParticipantsCHCs and home-based screening reached 2297 and 1002 women aged 25–65 years, respectively.Outcome measuresOutcome measures were overall cost per woman screened achieved through the CHCs and home-based testing and the cost per woman for each activity comprising the screening intervention.ResultsThe mean cost per woman screened through CHCs and home-based testing were similar, at $37.7 (range $26.4–$52.0) and $37.1 (range $27.6–$54.0), respectively. For CHCs, personnel represented 49% of overall cost, supplies 25%, services 5% and capital goods 23%. For home-based testing, these were: personnel 73%, supplies 25%, services 1% and capital goods 2%. A greater number of participants was associated with a lower cost per participant.ConclusionsThe mean cost per woman screened is comparable for CHC and home-based testing, with differences in type of input. The CHCs generally reached more eligible women in the six communities, whereas home-based strategies more efficiently reached populations with low screening rates.Trial registration numberNCT02124252.
Translating new evidence into clinical practice: a quasi-experimental controlled before–after study evaluating the effect of a novel outreach mentoring approach on knowledge, attitudes and confidence of health workers providing HIV and infant feeding counselling in South Africa
Authors: Goga Ameena , Doherty Tanya , Manda Samuel , Nkwenika Tshifhiwa , Haskins Lyn , John Vaughn , Engebretsen Ingunn M S , Feucht Ute , Dhansay Ali , Rollins Nigel , Kroon Max , Sanders David , Kauchali Shuaib , Tylleskär Thorkild , Horwood Christiane 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesWe report the effectiveness of a mentoring approach to improve health workers’ (HWs’) knowledge, attitudes and confidence with counselling on HIV and infant feeding.DesignQuasi-experimental controlled before–after study.SettingRandomly selected primary healthcare clinics (n=24 intervention, n=12 comparison); two districts, South Africa.ParticipantsAll HWs providing infant feeding counselling in selected facilities were invited.InterventionsThree 1–2 hours, on-site workshops over 3–6 weeks.Primary outcome measuresKnowledge (22 binary questions), attitude (21 questions—5-point Likert Scale) and confidence (19 questions—3-point Likert Scale). Individual item responses were added within each of the attitude and confidence domains. The respective sums were taken to be the domain composite index and used as a dependent variable to evaluate intervention effect. Linear regression models were used to estimate the mean score difference between intervention and comparison groups postintervention, adjusting for the mean score difference between them at baseline. Analyses were adjusted for participant baseline characteristics and clustering at health facility level.ResultsIn intervention and comparison sites, respectively: 289 and 131 baseline and 253 and 114 follow-up interviews were conducted (August–December 2017). At baseline there was no difference in mean number of correctly answered knowledge questions; this differed significantly at follow-up (15.2 in comparison; 17.2 in intervention sites (p<0.001)). At follow-up, the mean attitude and confidence scores towards breast feeding were better in intervention versus comparison sites (p<0.001 and p=0.05, respectively). Controlling for confounders, interactions between time and intervention group and preintervention values, the attitude score was 5.1 points significantly higher in intervention versus comparison groups.ConclusionA participatory, low-intensity on-site mentoring approach to disseminating updated infant feeding guidelines improved HWs’ knowledge, attitudes and confidence more than standard dissemination via a circular. Further research is required to evaluate the effectiveness, feasibility and sustainability of this approach at scale.
Consequences of health condition labelling: protocol for a systematic scoping review
Authors: Sims Rebecca , Kazda Luise , Michaleff Zoe A , Glasziou Paul , Thomas Rae 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionWhen health conditions are labelled it is often to classify and communicate a set of symptoms. While diagnostic labelling can provide explanation for an individual’s symptoms, it can also impact how individuals and others view those symptoms. Despite existing research regarding the effects of labelling health conditions, a synthesis of these effects has not occurred. We will conduct a systematic scoping review to synthesise the reported consequences and impact of being given a label for a health condition from an individual, societal and health practitioner perspective and explore in what context labelling of health conditions is considered important.Methods and analysisThe review will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Methodology for Scoping Reviews. Searches will be conducted in five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane, CINAHL). Reference lists of included studies will be screened and forward and backward citation searching of included articles will be conducted. We will include reviews and original studies which describe the consequences for individuals labelled with a non-cancer health condition. We will exclude hypothetical research designs and studies focused on the consequences of labelling cancer conditions, intellectual disabilities and/or social attributes. We will conduct thematic analyses for qualitative data and descriptive or meta-analyses for quantitative data where appropriate.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for a scoping review. Results will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal, conference presentations and lay-person summaries on various online platforms. Findings from this systematic scoping review will identify gaps in current understanding of how, when, why and for whom a diagnostic label is important and inform future research.
Awareness of cognitive abilities in the execution of activities of daily living after acquired brain injury: an evaluation protocol
Authors: Merchán-Baeza Jose Antonio , Rodriguez-Bailon Maria , Ricchetti Giorgia , Navarro-Egido Alba , Funes María Jesús 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionOne of the main limitations that can be observed after acquired brain injury (ABI) is the alteration of the awareness of the deficits that can occur in the cognitive skills necessary for performing activities of daily living (ADL). According to the Dynamic Comprehensive Model of Awareness (DCMA), consciousness is composed of offline component, which contains the information stored about characteristics of the tasks and stable beliefs about one’s own capabilities and online awareness, which is activated in the context of the performance of a specific task. The main objective of this project was to generate and validate a detailed cognitive assessment protocol within the context of ADL to evaluate the components of DCMA.Methods and analysisThe proposed protocol consists of two ecological tools: The Cog-Awareness ADL Scale to measure offline component and the Awareness ADL-task: Basic and Instrumental ADL performance-based test to measure online awareness. The aim is to identify the presence of cognitive deficits and anosognosia in patients with ABI within the context of everyday life activities. These two measures will be administered to a group of patients with ABI. In addition, these participants will complete another series of classic tests on anosognosia and cognitive functions in order to find the convergent validity of the two tests proposed in this protocol. The external validity of the Cog-Awareness ADL Scale and the relationships between awareness components within the same ADL domain will be also analysed.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Biomedical Research of Andalusia, on 13 January /2017 (Proceeding 1/2017). All participants are required to provide written informed consent. The findings from this will be disseminated via scientific publication.Trial registration numberNCT03712839.