bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimated cost for cardiovascular disease risk-based management at a primary healthcare center in Nepal
Authors: Aryal Anu , Citrin David , Halliday Scott , Kumar Anirudh , Nepal Prajwol , Shrestha Archana , Nugent Rachel , Schwarz Dan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Low- and middle-income countries are facing an increasing burden of disability and death due to cardiovascular diseases. Policy makers and healthcare providers alike need resource estimation tools to improve healthcare delivery and to strengthen healthcare systems to address this burden. We estimated the direct medical costs of primary prevention, screening, and management for cardiovascular diseases in a primary healthcare center in Nepal based on the Global Hearts evidence based treatment protocols for risk-based management.

Methods
We adapted the World Health Organization’s non-communicable disease costing tool and built a model to predict the annual cost of primary CVD prevention, screening, and management at a primary healthcare center level. We used a one-year time horizon and estimated the cost from the Nepal government’s perspective. We used Nepal health insurance board’s price for medicines and laboratory tests, and used Nepal government’s salary for human resource cost. With the model, we estimated annual incremental cost per case, cost for the entire population, and cost per capita. We also estimated the amount of medicines for one-year, annual number of laboratory tests, and the monthly incremental work load of physicians and nurses who deliver these services.

Results
For a primary healthcare center with a catchment population of 10,000, the estimated cost to screen and treat 50% of eligible patients is USD21.53 per case and averages USD1.86 per capita across the catchment population. The cost of screening and risk profiling only was estimated to be USD2.49 per case. At same coverage level, we estimated that an average physician’s workload will increase annually by 190 h and by 111 h for nurses, i.e., additional 28.5 workdays for physicians and 16.7 workdays for nurses. The total annual cost could amount up to USD18,621 for such a primary healthcare center.

Conclusion
This is a novel study for a PHC-based, primary CVD risk-based management program in Nepal, which can provide insights for programmatic and policy planners at the Nepalese municipal, provincial and central levels in implementing the WHO Global Hearts Initiative. The costing model can serve as a tool for financial resource planning for primary prevention, screening, and management for cardiovascular diseases in other low- and middle-income country settings globally.
Prediction of present and future distribution of the Schlegel’s Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus) using MaxEnt modeling
Authors: Kim Dae-In , Park Il-Kook , Bae So-Yeon , Fong Jonathan J. , Zhang Yong-Pu , Li Shu-Ran , Ota Hidetoshi , Kim Jong-Sun , Park Daesik 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Understanding the geographical distribution of a species is a key component of studying its ecology, evolution, and conservation. Although Schlegel’s Japanese gecko (Gekko japonicus) is widely distributed in Northeast Asia, its distribution has not been studied in detail. We predicted the present and future distribution of G. japonicus across China, Japan, and Korea based on 19 climatic and 5 environmental variables using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) species distribution model.

Results
Present time major suitable habitats for G. japonicus, having greater than 0.55 probability of presence (threshold based on the average predicted probability of the presence records), are located at coastal and inland cities of China; western, southern, and northern coasts of Kyushu and Honshu in Japan; and southern coastal cities of Korea. Japan contained 69.3% of the suitable habitats, followed by China (27.1%) and Korea (4.2%). Temperature seasonality (66.5% of permutation importance) was the most important predictor of the distribution. Future distributions according to two climate change scenarios predicted that by 2070, and overall suitable habitats would decrease compared to the present habitats by 18.4% (scenario RCP 4.5) and 10.4% (scenario RCP 8.5). In contrast to these overall trends, range expansions are expected in inland areas of China and southern parts of Korea.

Conclusions
Suitable habitats predicted for G. japonicus are currently located in coastal cities of Japan, China, and Korea, as well as in isolated patches of inland China. Due to climate change, suitable habitats are expected to shrink along coastlines, particularly at the coastal-edge of climate change zones. Overall, our results provide essential distribution range information for future ecological studies of G. japonicus across its distribution range.
Systemic lupus erythematosus presenting with status epilepticus and acute cardiomyopathy with acute heart failure: case report
Authors: Herath H. M. M. T. B. , Kulatunga Aruna 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a connective tissue disorder, which causes complex multi organ involvement. Neurological and cardiac manifestations have been well noted but complications such as status epilepticus and acute myocarditis with heart failure at presentation remains uncommon.

Case description
A 15-year-old, previously healthy, South Asian, Sri Lankan female presented with status epilepticus and the seizures only responded to intravenous midazolam and thiopentone sodium. On the fourth day, she developed tachycardia and shortness of breath and was found to have cardiomyopathy with heart failure with an ejection fraction 40%. Along with a positive urinary sediment, a positive ANA with a very high level of ds-DNA and low C3 and C4 levels confirmed our suspicion of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Discussion and evaluation
Systemic lupus erythematosus presents in a variety of clinical presentations and the spectrum may range from unique to ubiquitous. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion specially when encountering atypical presentations with multi-organ involvement, especially when patients tend to be young females. Status epilepticus and myocarditis are uncommon manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, and should be appreciated early, as if inappropriately managed would have a deleterious impact on mortality and morbidity.
Comparison of the Effects of Midazolam-Ketamine or Midazolam-Propofol Combinations on Hemodynamic Stability, Patient Comfort, and Post-anesthesia Recovery in Children Undergoing Sedation for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Procedures
Authors: Uludağ Öznur , Doğukan Mevlüt , Kaya Recai , Tutak Atilla , Dumlupınar Ebru 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires complete immobility of the subject during the acquisition of each sequence, which is highly important for image quality. MRI may necessitate sedation, particularly in young children and in some adolescent and adult patients, although the ideal sedation procedure leading to minimal side effects with the highest patient comfort in children undergoing MRI procedures remains controversial. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of midazolam-ketamine and midazolam-propofol combinations on hemodynamic stability, patient comfort, and post-anesthesia recovery in pediatric patients undergoing sedation for MRI and also to determine the ideal sedation procedure with minimal side effects.

Materials and Methods
The retrospective study included 40 pediatric patients aged between 2 and 12 years with normal growth and an American Society of Anesthesiology physical status (ASA-PS) 1-2 who were sedated with a combination of midazolam-ketamin or midazolam-propofol for the MRI procedure. The 40 patients were divided into two groups based on the drug combination used for sedation: (I) midazolam-ketamine (M-K) (n = 20) and (II) midazolam-propofol (M-P) (n = 20). Demographic characteristics, duration of MRI procedure, total duration of procedure, MRI image quality, family satisfaction, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and Ramsay Sedation Score (RSS) scores were compared between the two groups.

Results
No significant difference was detected between the groups with regard to gender, duration of MRI procedure, and total duration of procedure. The MRI scanning quality was very good in 14 (70%) and moderately good in 6 (30%) subjects in the M-K group, whereas the scanning quality was very good in 9 (45%) and moderately good in 11 (55%) subjects in the M-P group. There were significant differences between the two groups at different times in terms of SBP, DBP, and HR values. No complication was observed in any patient and no patient required additional sedation throughout the procedure.

Conclusion
The midazolam-ketamine combination provided better hemodynamic stability than the midazolam-propofol combination, although the two combinations were similar with regard to patient comfort and post-anesthesia recovery.
Bacterial vaccines in poultry
Authors: Rabie Nagwa S. , Amin Girh Zeinab M. S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundPoultry bacterial pathogens are mainly controlled by using high-cost sanitary measures and medical treatment. However, the drug-resistant strains of pathogens continuously emerge, and medical treatments are often ineffective. Moreover, there is increasing public objections to drug residues in poultry products. The other important type of control is the vaccination which depends on immunity. This immunological control is the major practical alternative to chemotherapy. Success of vaccines in combating poultry diseases depends mainly on the choice of the proper type of vaccines, correct time of its usage, and method of administration.The types of vaccines include attenuated live vaccines, and these vaccines were shown to be effective in inducing protection. The second type is killed vaccine or whole bacteria extracts which is less successful in providing protection compared to live vaccines. The metabolic product vaccine (toxoids) is the third type of vaccine. The recombinant DNA technique was adopted to produce the protective antigens in a sufficient amount and in cost-effective ways.ConclusionsProtection studies against bacterial diseases were performed by using several trials: living vaccines (live attenuated vaccines; live, non-pathogenic microorganisms; live, low virulence microorganism), inactivated (killed) vaccines (heat-inactivated, chemical inactivates, radiation), metabolic product vaccines (toxoids), subunit vaccines (whole cell proteins, outer membrane proteins, purified flagellar proteins (flagellin), fimbrial proteins, pilus proteins, lipopolysaccharides), vaccines produced by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, and DNA vaccines.
Knowledge and attitudes about the use of emergency contraception among college students in Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Davis Prem , Sarasveni Malaimala , Krishnan Jayalakshmi , Bhat Lekha Diwakara , Kodali Naveen Kumar 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn India, a large number of pregnancies are unplanned resulting in unsafe and illegal abortion. For every legal abortion, 10 to 11 illegal abortions are occurring which endangers the health and survival of the women. In recent years, there is an increase in unwanted and unintended pregnancy at the early age group. Usage of emergency contraception (EC) can decrease the unwanted pregnancy and provide a healthier life.AimThe aim of study is to assess the knowledge and attitude regarding EC among college students in Thiruvarur District, Tamil Nadu, India.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among the college students of Thiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 758 students were selected by convenient sampling technique. Data was collected by administering a pretested semi-structured questionnaire.ResultsOut of 758 students, 183(24%) heard about EC. The commonest source of information was the internet 91 (49.7%). The majority 116 (63.4%) knew that it does not prevent STDs. Of those who were aware, 42% were aware of 42.6% are aware of the time limit to use EC. The knowledge level of about the EC was moderate (60.1%), and it was significantly (p< 0.05) more among students > 25 years old, married participants, students in private institution, of lower socio-economic status, Muslim students and days’ scholars. The negative attitude towards EC was 59%. Nearly 38.8% believed that the EC will affect the next menstrual period, and 35.5% informed it will increase high risk behaviour among adults. The attitude level was significantly associated with the same factors associated with the awareness level with the factors Christian religion replacing Muslim and higher socioeconomic class replacing lower class participants.ConclusionThe knowledge level of the studied college students was moderate, and they mostly had negative attitude towards the EC. Reproductive health education should be given in educational institutions to promote awareness and to remove misconceptions about EC.
Comparison of femoral tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using cortical button fixation versus transfemoral cross-pin fixation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lee Dae-Hee , Son Dong-Wook , Seo Yi-Rak , Lee In-Gyu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
The aim was to compare tunnel widening of autogenous hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) using cortical button versus cross-pin femoral fixation.

Methods
The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched from inception to 11 April 2019. The study included all levels of evidence in studies that reported femoral tunnel widening and compared cortical button and cross-pin femoral fixation for ACLR.

Results
Six studies were included, covering a total of 344 knees. Using transtibial techniques for ACLR, the mean absolute amount of femoral tunnel widening was significantly greater with cortical button fixation than with transfemoral cross-pin fixation (−0.30 mm; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.56,−0.05 mm; p= 0.02). Using the transtibial technique, the mean relative percentage of femoral tunnel widening was significantly greater with cortical button fixation than with transfemoral cross pin fixation (−5.73%; 95% CI −10.32, −1.14% ; p= 0.01).

Conclusion
The present meta-analysis revealed greater widening of the femoral tunnel when using cortical button fixation for hamstring ACLR via the transtibial technique than when using transfemoral cross-pin fixation.
Online mood monitoring in treatment-resistant depression: qualitative study of patients' perspectives in the NHS
Authors: Incecik Emma , Taylor Rachael W. , Valentini Beatrice , Hatch Stephani L. , Geddes John R. , Cleare Anthony J. , Marwood Lindsey 
Published: January 2020

Aims and methodTrue Colours is an automated symptom monitoring programme used by National Health Service psychiatric services. This study explored whether patients with unipolar treatment-resistant depression (TRD) found this a useful addition to their treatment regimes. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 patients with TRD, who had engaged in True Colours monitoring as part of the Lithium versus Quetiapine in Depression study. A thematic analysis was used to assess participant experiences of the system.ResultsSix main themes emerged from the data, the most notable indicating that mood monitoring increased patients' insight into their disorder, but that subsequent behaviour change was absent.Clinical implicationsPatients with TRD can benefit from mood monitoring via True Colours, making it a worthwhile addition to treatment. Further development of such systems and additional support may be required for patients with TRD to experience further benefits as reported by other patient groups.
Associations of Innate and Adaptive Immune Cell Subsets With Incident Type 2 Diabetes Risk: The MESA Study
Authors: Olson Nels C , Doyle Margaret F , Sitlani Colleen M , de Boer Ian H , Rich Stephen S , Huber Sally A , Landay Alan L , Tracy Russell P , Psaty Bruce M , Delaney Joseph A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
Cell-mediated immunity is implicated in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance. Whether the levels of innate and adaptive immune cells in peripheral blood are risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unknown. We hypothesized that the proportions of naive, memory, CD28−, Th17, and T regulatory CD4+ cells would be associated with incident T2D. In secondary analyses, we evaluated the relationships of 28 additional immune cell phenotypes with T2D.

Design
Immune cell phenotypes (n = 33) were measured by flow cytometry using cryopreserved cells collected from 1113 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) at the baseline examination (2000–2002). Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate associations of immune cell phenotypes with incident T2D over a median follow-up of 9.1 years, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, educational status, and body mass index.

Results
Incident T2D was observed for 120 participants. None of the cell phenotypes included in the primary hypotheses were significantly associated with T2D (all P &gt; 0.05). Among the secondary immune cells studied, a higher proportion of CD19+CD27+ B cells was associated with a reduced risk of T2D (hazard ratio: 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.56, 0.93), per 1-standard deviation (16%) increase). This association was no longer significant after correction for the multiple cell phenotypes tested (P &gt; 0.0015).

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the frequencies of several subsets of monocytes, innate lymphocytes, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in circulating blood are not related to the future onset of T2D. Higher levels of CD19+CD27+ B cells may be associated with decreased T2D risk.
Thyrotoxicosis in an Indigenous New Zealand Population – a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Tamatea Jade A U , Reid Papaarangi , Conaglen John V , Elston Marianne S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Reported international incidence rates of thyrotoxicosis vary markedly, ranging from 6 to 93 cases per 100 000 per annum. Along with population demographics, exposures, and study design factors, ethnicity is increasingly being recognized as a potential factor influencing incidence. This study aimed to document the epidemiology and clinical presentation of thyrotoxicosis for Māori, the indigenous population in New Zealand.

Methods
A prospective study of adult patients presenting with a first diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis between January 2013 and October 2014 to a single New Zealand center. Demographic data were collected, and detailed clinical assessment performed.

Results
With 375 patients, an incidence rate of thyrotoxicosis of 73.0 per 100 000 per annum was identified. Of these, 353 (94.1%) participated in the study. The median age of the cohort was 47 years, 81% were female, and 58% had Graves disease. The overall incidence of thyrotoxicosis for Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, was higher than non-Māori (123.9 vs 57.3 per 100 000 per annum). Rates of both Graves disease and toxic multinodular goiter were higher in Māori as compared to non-Māori (incidence rate ratios of 1.9 [1.4, 2.6] and 5.3 [3.4, 8.3], respectively), with this increase being maintained after controlling for age, deprivation, and smoking.

Conclusions
Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, have an increased incidence of thyrotoxicosis compared to non-Māori and, in particular, toxic multinodular goiter. A greater understanding of the epidemiology of thyrotoxicosis in other indigenous and marginalized ethnic groups may help to optimize therapeutic pathways, equitable care and outcomes.
Recentering the History of Jews in North Africa
Authors: Schreier Joshua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent work that readjusts French Jewish historians' lenses to include France's empire in North Africa is essential, but it does not necessarily expand the range of questions beyond the logic or contradictions of empire. Looking at Jewish history from “outside” the empire, in contrast, may de-emphasize the critical focus on the failures of enlightenment, assimilation, or civilization that have been central both to colonialists' self-definition and to subsequent historiography. Drawing on work that traces the history of a group of powerful Jewish merchants in mid-nineteenth-century Oran, this article posits that North African Jews influenced the early French colonial order. In so doing, it underlines the inadequacy of imported (but enduring) anthropological, popular, or legal identifiers such as indigènes, subjects, or citizens while emphasizing how Maghrebi Jews were often influential figures in the extra- or transimperial networks that both defied and shaped France's early North African empire.Pour importantes qu'elles soient, les recherches récentes plaçant l'Empire français en Afrique du Nord au centre de l'histoire juive française ne se sont pas dégagées de certaines problématiques bien établies, notamment celles centrées sur la logique interne de l'Empire et ses contradictions. Cet essai constitue une tentative de considérer l'histoire juive de « l'extérieur » de l'Empire, visant par là à repenser l'importance longtemps mise sur les échecs (ou les réussites) des Lumières, de l'assimilation, ou de la mission civilisatrice—idées qui ont longtemps joué un rôle essentiel dans la façon dont les colons se sont définis et dans la formulation des questions historiographiques liées à l'entreprise coloniale. Cet article traite d'un groupe de grands négociants juifs d'Oran au milieu du dix-neuvième siècle pour montrer que les juifs d'Afrique du Nord étaient des agents puissants ayant non seulement exercé une influence déterminante sur l'ordre précolonial, mais aussi sur les premières décennies de la colonisation française. Ce travail souligne ainsi les limites d'identifiants anthropologiques, populaires, ou légaux tels qu’« indigènes », « sujets », ou « citoyens ». Il souligne en outre que les juifs maghrébins avaient souvent une influence considérable sur les réseaux trans-impériaux qui ont à la fois défié le nouvel Empire français en Afrique, et qui lui ont donné forme.
Afro-Mexican Women in Saint-Domingue: Piracy, Captivity, and Community in the 1680s and 1690s
Authors: Sierra Silva Pablo Miguel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on the experiences of women of African descent who were made captives (and, in some cases, recaptives) after the 1683 buccaneer raid on Veracruz, the most important port in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (colonial Mexico). Although the raid is well known to historians of piracy, its implications for women's history and African diaspora studies have not been properly contextualized in a period of expanding Atlantic slavery. This article proposes a close reading of contraband cases, parochial registers, slave codes, and eyewitness accounts centered on Afro-Mexican women who were kidnapped to Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti). A focus on displacement and resilience opens new narratives through which to understand women who transcended their captivity by becoming spouses to French colonists and free mothers to Saint-Domingue's gens de couleur (people of mixed race).