bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Analytical Method in Revealing the Solution Structure of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Su Chi Cheung , Amine Rachid , He Meinan , Chen Zonghai , Amine Khalil 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries have been widely applied in portable electronics due to its high energy density. [1] It is essential to improve the state-of-the-art LIBs, which are far from their maximum theoretical energy density, in order to power up electric vehicles. [2] Researchers have shown that the physiochemical properties, such as conductivity, electrochemical window and ability to form solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), depend on the solution structures of the electrolyte. [3] Thus, it is crucial to determine the solution structures of the electrolyte and the relative solvating ability of various solvents for designing advanced electrolyte systems.
Novel method utilizing specific 2D-NMR technique was successfully developed to probe the solvation state of different electrolyte solvents. The result obtained by this technique agreed with the measurement by vibrational spectroscopy. Most importantly, unlike the vibrational spectroscopy measurement, this method can be easily applied to electrolyte system with two or more electrolyte solvents. For example, it is not impossible to determine the solvation state of a ternary-solvent electrolyte comprising EC, EMC and DMC by vibrational spectroscopy due to the severe overlapping of peaks. However, the solvation state can be easily determined with the new method developed. Therefore, this new technique provides an important experimental tool in examining the solvation state of different electrolyte solvents. Application of this newly developed technique in revealing the electrochemical performance of various electrolytes on Li-ion batteries will also be discussed.
References:
[1] (a) Tarascon, J.-M.; Armand, M., Issues and Challenges Facing Rechargeable Lithium Batteries. Nature
2001, 414, 359-367. (b) Armand, M.; Tarascon, J.-M., Building Better Batteries. Nature
2008, 451, 652-657.
[2] Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K.-S., The Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective. Journal of the American Chemical Society
2013, 135, 1167-1176.
[3] (a) Seo, D. M.; Reininger, S.; Kutcher, M.; Redmond, K.; Euler, W. B.; Lucht, B. L., Role of Mixed Solvation and Ion Pairing in the Solution Structure of Lithium Ion Battery Electrolytes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2015, 119 (25), 14038-14046. (b) Xu, K., Electrolytes and interphases in Li-ion batteries and beyond. Chemical reviews
2014,
114 (23), 11503-618.
Renewed Interest in Sulfone-Based Electrolytes for 5V Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Schroeder Marshall , Alvarado Judith , Borodin Oleg , Meng Ying Shirley , Xu Kang 
Published: February 2020

Harnessing the enhanced energy and power metrics offered by “5V-class” lithium-ion electrode chemistries relies on development of more robust electrolytes with expanded voltage and temperature stability windows. As a part of this effort, electrochemists have explored the promise of sulfones, highlighting their oxidative stability (generally >5.0V vs. Li/Li+ compared to ~4.3V for conventional electrolytes), safety, and compatibility with high voltage systems. Unfortunately, due to their high melting points, viscosity, and inability to independently form a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), practical implementation of sulfones has generally been limited to use as minority co-solvents in more conventional electrolyte systems.
In this work we explore the effects of solvation, concentration, and salt chemistry on sulfone-based electrolyte performance. In graphite anode half-cells, we characterize the formation of a stable SEI which enables full utilization of the graphite electrode for the first time in an electrolyte with a sulfone as the primary solvent. In high voltage full cells, the oxidative stability of the system is confirmed by voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling measurements. Anode and cathode surface chemistry is explored extensively with XPS, and coupled with computational calculations, a mechanism for the formation and operation of both electrode/electrolyte interphases is proposed. These results suggest sulfones warrant continued consideration as a system for enabling safe, high performance, next generation Li-ion batteries.
Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries Produced from Recovered Silicon Powders
Authors: Mokkelbost Tommy , Wagner Nils P. , Sheridan Edel , Tolchard Julian Richard , Noja Gianluigi , Bellmann Martin 
Published: February 2020

Lithium Ion Batteries (LIB) offers the highest energy density among rechargeable batteries technologies. However, improvement in materials are needed for LIB in order to increase energy density, safety, durability, decrease cost and allow the further deployment of technologies like electric vehicles and energy storage. One way to improve these batteries is to develop new electrodes, both cathode and anode, resulting in higher energy density. Graphite is today used as anode materials, but Silicon has been extensive studied due to their approximately 10 times higher gravimetrical capacity. However, it is well known that silicon has challenges related to volume expansion during (de)lithiation upon cycling. Several proposed solutions, like nanostructuring, nanowires, encapsulation etc. have been proposed. Here we present initial work, using Silicon kerf (recovered Silicon powders from cutting of silicon ingots).
Silicon kerf was delivered by the ECOSOLAR partner Garbo S.r.l. and the materials were cleaned to remove most of the impurities. The electrochemical performance of Silicon kerf was investigated in half cells. The silicon was mixed with Super C 65 carbon black as conducting agent and Na CMC as binder. Na CMC was dissolved in an aqueous solution containing KOH and citric acid at pH 3 to facilitate chemical bonding between the binder and the active material. Electrodes were fabricated by tape casting on plain Cu foil as current collector. Casts with varying thickness were produced to investigate the effect of electrode loading. C2016 coin cells was prepared using electrolyte consisted of 1M LiPF6 dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) (1:1 by vol) added 5 wt% FEC (fluoroethylene carbonate).
Initial studies for using silicon kerf as a source for high capacity anode materials in lithium ion batteries has demonstrated that kerf should be evaluated further to determine the long time cycling stability of this materials. The materials were evaluated both to determine the maximum capacity and stability using capacity limited cycling. The electrodes using Si kerf were stable for 150 cycles during capacity limited cycling using a loading of 0.6 mg/cm3 and a bit lower cycle stability for electrodes with higher loading. It must be highlighted that the electrode structures and composition, electrolyte composition etc. has not been optimized.
This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 679692.
Intrinsic Challenges in Creating a Reversible Copper(II) Fluoride Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zagarella Nikolas , Omenya Fredrick , Whittingham M. Stanley 
Published: February 2020

Copper(II) fluoride (CuF2) is a promising cathode material for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries due to its high theoretical gravimetric (1645 Wh·kg-1) and volumetric (3797 Wh·L-1) energy density. In theory, it can reversibly store two incoming lithium ions in what is referred to a conversion reaction (2 Li+ + CuF2 + 2 e- → 2 LiF + Cu0). Although near-theoretical capacity (~515 mAh·g-1) has been achieved for the first discharge, capacity greatly decreases with every cycle thereafter. This is surprising as materials such as iron(II) fluoride, which undergo a similar reaction (2 Li+ + FeF2 + 2 e- → 2 LiF + Fe0) can easily achieve 10 cycles without any major capacity degradation. The lack of reversible capacity in CuF2 may be due to irreversible crystal structure changes inside of cathode which inhibit delithiation upon charging or due to the loss of copper through the electrolyte. Evidence for the latter for this can be seen through the copper plating of the lithium metal anode after cycling, detected by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, or through the decrease in copper peak intensity in X-ray diffraction (XRD) and EDS spectra of the cathodes upon recharging. Correlation of copper content to capacity suggests that copper loss from the cathode is not the only factor in capacity loss and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows large morphological differences between a pristine and charged sample. Decoupling these two intrinsic challenges for CuF2 batteries will enable the design of more reversible conversion reaction cathode materials in the future. For now, application of CuF2 in primary lithium-ion batteries remains promising, and continues to be expanded upon today.
This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) program under Award No. DE-EE0006852.
Mitigation of Failure Propagation in Multi-Cell Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Torres-Castro Loraine , Lamb Joshua , Steele Leigh Anna M , Quintana Genaro , Grosso Christopher , Stanley June 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries are one of the main energy storage devices that have the potential to be fully integrated in electric grid applications and electric vehicles. Despite years of research in battery safety, there are still challenges associated with the complexity of system-level safety for large battery systems. There is a major gap of safety knowledge at the module or pack level on the effects on adjacent cells in a large-scale battery pack as one cell experiences failure. After the impacts and consequences are identified it is also important to determine mechanisms to mitigate the effects of a single cell failure to the entire pack. In this study, we analyze the failure behavior of small battery packs with 5 stacked pouch cells (LiCoO2 cathode, 3Ah) after thermal runaway is induced to a single cell with nail penetration as the failure initiation method. The first part of the study was to determine the SOC in which full propagation was identified. Different states of charge were tested, including 50%, 75%, 80% and 100% SOC. Complete propagation was observed for 80% and 100 % SOC as shown in Figure 1. The second part of the investigation focused on identifying passive thermal management approaches to mitigating failure propagation. Figure 2 presents the preliminary results using an aluminum heat sink, in which partial propagation was achieved. The results of this study could provide insightful information of the impacts of single battery failure in a pack and a base for future battery designs.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Figure 1
(Invited) Photoluminescence, Optically Stimulated Luminescence and Radiophotoluminescence of Storage Phosphors – a Lecture Learnt from Lu2O3:Tb, Lu2O3:Pr and LuPO4:Eu
Authors: Zych Eugeniusz , Kulesza Dagmara , Bolek Paulina , Zeler Justyna , Bos Adrie J.J. , Ueda Jumpei 
Published: February 2020

We have been working on the Lu2O3:Ln,M (Ln= Pr/Tb, M= Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti, Hf, Nb, Ta) storage and persistent phosphors for more than ten years now. More recently we have discovered that also LuPO4:Eu shows ability to store energy when exposed to ionizing radiation. All the compositions share some characteristics. For example, they need high-temperature treatment to efficiently store energy and they do not degrade after over-exposure to ionizing radiation. What else all these compositions have in common is developing a broad absorption in UV-Vis part of spectrum during energy storage. These bands intensities mirror the dose of high-energy radiation they are exposed to. Figure 1 presents absorption spectra of Lu2O3:Tb,Hf (left) and LuPO4:Eu (right) storage phosphors before and after their exposure to X-rays. Despite some differences, in both cases ionizing radiation induced a broad absorption band extending in NUV-Vis (Lu2O3) or whole Vis (LuPO4) part of spectrum. In our presentation we shall analyze the origin of the new absorption bands in both compositions and will relate them to the energy storage mechanisms. We will also analyze their usability for optically stimulated luminescence or radiophotoluminescence generation in the materials.
The authors gratefully acknowledge ﬁnancial support by the Polish National Science Centre (NCN) under the grant #UMO-2014/13/B/ST5/01535.

Figure 1
(Invited) Overview of Different Schemes for Temperature Sensing from Luminescence of Lanthanide Doped Materials
Authors: Dramicanin Miroslav 
Published: February 2020

This lecture gives an overview of methods which are currently in use for measurements of temperature from luminescence of lanthanide doped materials.1 Methods are classified to time-integrated and time-resolved ones depending on the temporal nature of luminescence measurements. The former methods include methods based on temperature reading from intensity of emission, ratio of emission intensities, changes of excitation and emission band positions and linewidths with temperature. The later include methods based on measurements of emission decay- and rise-times. Advantages/disadvantages between time-integrated and time-resolved temperature read-outs are highlighted, and the generic luminescence thermometry system is presented with a description of its basic components. Examples of temperature read-out schemes are given for each method of temperature reading, for low-, room- and high-temperature measurements. Examples include results obtained with: Dy3+ doped GdVO4 thin films,2 Yb3+/Er3+ doped GdVO4 nanoparticles,3 Eu3+ and Sm3+ doped TiO2 nanoparticles,4,5 Eu3+ doped SrY2O4,6 and Yb3+/Er3+, Yb3+/Ho3+ and Yb3+/Tm3+doped Y2O3.
References:
1. Dramićanin MD. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2016;4(4):42001 (23pp).
2. Antić Ž, Dramićanin MD, Prashanthi K, Jovanović D, Kuzman S, Thundat T. Adv Mater 2016;28(35):7745–52.
3. Gavrilović TV, Jovanović DJ, Lojpur V, Dramićanin MD. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4209 (9pp).
4. Nikolić MG, Antić Ž, Ćulubrk S, Nedeljković JM, Dramićanin MD. Sensors Actuators B Chem 2014;201:46–50.
5. Dramićanin MD, Antić Ž, Ćulubrk S, Ahrenkiel SP, Nedeljković JM. Nanotechnology 2014;25(48):485501.
6. Lojpur V, Antić Ž, Dramićanin MD. 2014;16(46):25636–41.
Ar Plasma Exfoliated Nickel Iron Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets into Ultrathin Nanosheets As Highly-Efficient Electrocatalysts for Water Oxidition
Authors: Wang Yanyong , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: February 2020

Designing electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction with low cost, high activity and stable are crucial extremely to water splitting. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as a electrocatalyst exhibits a good oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance because of its unique 2D lameller and electronic structure. However, the bulk NiFe LDHs nanosheets with large lateral size and bulk thickness hindering the exposition active sites reduce the electrocatalytic activity. To solve this problem, herein, the bulk NiFe LDHs nanosheets were successfully exfoliated into 2D ultrathin NiFe LDHs nanosheets by one-step Ar plasma. This electrocatalyst with a structure of ultrathin nanosheet and exposed more edge sites was synthesized by the Ar plasma treatment and was used to catalyze the oxidation of water. This unique structure of NiFe LDH increases the surface area and the exposure of active sites which extremely facilitate to improve the electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution reaction. In additions, Ar plasma also futher etched the basal planes of 2D crystals leading to production of more edge sites. Enormous studies have confirmed that positions in edge have much higher catalytic activity than positions in the basal planes. Therefore, this ultrathin NiFe LDHs nanosheets with rich edge sites as electrocatalyst showed a good OER activity with a low overpotential of 278 mV at 10 mA/cm2.

Figure 1
In-Situ THz SERS Observation of Electrochemical Processes
Authors: Inagaki Motoharu , Ikeda Katsuyoshi 
Published: February 2020

Surface-selective vibrational spectroscopy is a powerful tool to study various interfacial phenomena such as electrochemical reactions at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. Among various spectroscopic methods, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising method for in-situ observation of electrode-electrolyte interfaces because both of the incident and scattered photons utilized in this method has much higher energy than the molecular vibration energy. According to recent technological advancements in fabrication of optical filters, elimination of Rayleigh scattering has become highly efficient. Thus, it is now expected that very low-frequency vibrations such as THz vibrations can be observed even in aqueous solutions. In this talk, we demonstrate in-situ observation of THz vibrations in electrochemical conditions using SERS spectroscopy.
Figure. THz-SERS spectra of 4-methylbenzenthiol monolayers on Au(111), Au(100), and roughened Au substrates

Figure 1
Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Anodic TiO2 Nanotube Layers with Additional TiO2 coating
Authors: Sopha Hanna , Krbal Milos , Ng Siowoon , Prikryl Jan , Zazpe Raul , Macak Jan M. 
Published: February 2020

The self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest over the past 10 years motivated for their possible range of applications including photo-catalysis, solar cells, hydrogen generation and biomedical uses [1]. The synthesis of 1D TiO2 nanotube structure is carried out by a conventional electrochemical anodization of valve Ti metal sheet. The main drawback of TiO2 is its applicability in the UV light (wavelengths < 390 nm). In order to enhance the efficiency, TiO2 has been doped by N [2] or C [3] o to shift its absorption into the visible light.
Except of doping, one of the major issues to extend the functional range of nanotubes is to coat homogenously tube interiors by a secondary material. It has been shown that additional ultrathin surface coating of TiO2 by secondary materials such as Al2O3 [4], ZnO [5] or MgO [6] annihilates electron traps at the TiO2 surface and thus increases the photogenerated concentration of charge carriers. Recently, it has been demonstrated that just a single cycle of Al2O3 [7] or ZnO [5] deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) efficiently improve charge transport properties of the heterostructure while gradual passivation appears with increasing ZnO thickness due to stronger band-bending [5].
The presentation will focus in detail on the coating of the nanotube arrays by secondary materials using ALD. The deposited materials influence strongly photo-electrochemical properties of nanotube films. Experimental details and some very recent photocatalytic [8] results will be presented and discussed.
References:
[1] J. M. Macak et al., Curr.
Opin. Solid State Mater.
Sci. 1-2 (2007) 3.
[2] C. Burda et al., Nano Lett. 3 (2003) 1049.
[3] S. Sakthivel et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 42 (2003) 4908.
[4] R. Zazpe et al., Langmuir, in press, DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03119.
[5] A. Ghobadi et al., Scientific Reports 6 (2016) 30587
[6] H. Park, et al., Journal of Electroceramics 23 (2009) 146.
[7] J-Y. Kim et al., Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 504003.
[8] M. Krbal et al., Ms submitted.
Pilot Electrodeposition of Aluminium for Microelectronics, Aerospace and Automotive Applications
Authors: Stiemke Frank M , Iliev Boyan , von Czarnecki Peter , Schubert Thoms J.S. 
Published: February 2020

Ionic liquids are salts which have per definition a melting point below 100 ° C. They are non-flammable and have a high thermal stability as well as a very low vapor pressure. Many ionic liquids are characterized by a wide electrochemical window of up to seven volts, which in principle also allows the deposition of metals with high reduction potentials. Since most ionic liquids are aprotic solvents, this results in another important advantage over aqueous electroplating systems: the lack of hydrogen evolution and the corresponding hydrogen embrittlement of the deposited metal layer.
Due to its high reduction potential, aluminum cannot be deposited from aqueous solutions in pure state. However, there are very interesting applications for aluminum coatings in the area of corrosion protection or in the design sector. For example, in the (automotive) design area, chromium coatings can be replaced by shiny aluminum layers. Even in the electronics industry, homogeneous aluminum coatings on different substrates open up new possibilities for increased efficiency, e.g. copper printed circuit board tracks are replaced by corresponding aluminum ones with similar conductivity. This saves, among other things, costs for raw materials and reduces the weight of the component, which can be a significant advantage in this industry. A galvanic coating with aluminum from non-flammable ionic liquids is therefore promising from the technical point of view.
In a European joint project, the automated aluminum deposition from ionic liquids on plastic and metal substrates for the automotive industry and turbine construction could now be successfully demonstrated in a pilot plant.

The talk presents our current research results on the development and the scaling up of aluminum deposition from ionic liquids for applications in automotive engineering as well as in the field of microelectronics on circuit boards and Si wafers. We will report on the high requirements that the electrolytes place on plant design and components, the influence of additives or impurities such as water on the quality of the aluminum deposition. In addition, the influence of the post-treatment of the so produced aluminum layers will be presented. A life-cycle analysis of the electrolyte is presented for the economic and ecological consideration of this aluminum deposition process.