bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fixed or mixed? Variation in tree functional types and vegetation structure in a forest-savanna ecotone in West Africa
Authors: Ametsitsi George K.D , Van Langevelde Frank , Logah Vincent , Janssen Thomas , Medina-Vega Jose A , Issifu Hamza , Ollivier Laurianne , den Hartogh Koos , Adjei-Gyapong Thomas , Adu-Bredu Stephen , Lloyd Jon , Veenendaal Elmar M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe analysed thirty-five 400-m2plots encompassing forest, savanna and intermediate vegetation types in an ecotonal area in Ghana, West Africa. Across all plots, fire frequency was over a period of 15 years relatively uniform (once in 2–4 years). Although woodlands were dominated by species typically associated with savanna-type formations, and with forest formations dominated by species usually associated with closed canopies, these associations were non-obligatory and with a discrete non-specialized species grouping also identified. Across all plots, crown area index, stem basal area and above-ground biomass were positively associated with higher soil exchangeable potassium and silt contents: this supporting recent suggestions of interplays between potassium and soil water storage potential as a significant influence on tropical vegetation structure. We also found an average NDVI cover increase of ~0.15% year−1(1984–2011) with plots dominated by non-specialized species increasing more than those dominated by either forest- or savanna-affiliated species. Our results challenge the traditional view of a simple forest vs. savanna dichotomy controlled by fire, and with our newly identified third non-specialized species grouping also potentially important in understanding ecotonal responses to climate change.
Prehospital Efficacy and Adverse Events Associated with Bolus Dose Epinephrine in Hypotensive Patients During Ground-Based EMS Transport
Authors: Patrick Casey , Ward Brad , Anderson Jordan , Fioretti Joe , Rogers Keene Kelly , Oubre Carri , Cash Rebecca E. , Panchal Ashish R. , Dickson Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:The utility and efficacy of bolus dose vasopressors in hemodynamically unstable patients is well-established in the fields of general anesthesia and obstetrics. However, in the prehospital setting, minimal evidence for bolus dose vasopressor use exists and is primarily limited to critical care transport use. Hypotensive episodes, whether traumatic, peri-intubation-related, or septic, increase patient mortality. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy and adverse events associated with prehospital bolus dose epinephrine use in non-cardiac arrest, hypotensive patients treated by a single, high-volume, ground-based Emergency Medical Services (EMS) agency.Methods:This is a retrospective, observational study of all non-cardiac arrest EMS patients treated for hypotension using bolus dose epinephrine from September 12, 2018 through September 12, 2019. Inclusion criteria for treatment with bolus dose epinephrine required a systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurement <90mmHg. A dose of 20mcg every two minutes, as needed, was allowed per protocol. The primary data source was the EMS electronic medical record.Results:Forty-two patients were treated under the protocol with a median (IQR) initial SBP immediately prior to treatment of 78mmHg (65-86) and a median (IQR) initial mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 58mmHg (50-66). The post-bolus SBP and MAP increased to 93mmHg (75-111) and 69mmHg (59-83), respectively. The two most common patient presentations requiring protocol use were altered mental status (55%) and respiratory failure (31%). Over one-half of the patients treated required both advanced airway management (62%) and multiple bolus doses of vasopressor support (55%). A single episode of transient severe hypertension (SBP>180mmHg) occurred, but there were no episodes of unstable tachyarrhythmia or cardiac arrest while en route or upon arrival to the receiving hospitals.Conclusion:These preliminary data suggest that the administration of bolus dose epinephrine may be effective at rapidly augmenting hypotension in the prehospital setting with a minimal incidence of adverse events. Paramedic use of bolus dose epinephrine successfully increased SBP and MAP without clinically significant side effects. Prospective studies with larger sample sizes are needed to further investigate the effects of prehospital bolus dose epinephrine on patient morbidity and mortality.
A Western-style diet interacts with genetic variants of the LDL receptor to hyper-LDL cholesterolemia in Korean adults
Authors: Park Sunmin , Kang Suna 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the association of genetic risk scores (GRS) ofLDLR, APOBand proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) SNP and plasma LDL concentrations and to identify lifestyle interactions with the GRS in Korean middle-aged adults.Design:Korean genome and epidemiology study (KoGES) was conducted to determine genetic variants and lifestyle factors, including nutrient intakes, in a retrospective hospital-based city cohort conducted by the Korean Center for Disease and Control during 2004–2013.Settings:Hospitals in Korea.Participants:Adults aged 40–77 years (n28 445) without serious diseases.Results:Subjects with the major alleles (risk allele) ofLDLRrs1433099 and rs11557092,APOBrs13306194 andPCSK9rs11583723 had higher plasma LDL concentration by 1·20-folds than those with the minor alleles. Subjects with High-GRS (major alleles) of the four SNP had higher adjusted OR for plasma total and LDL-cholesterol and TAG concentrations by 1·24-, 1·203- and 1·167-folds, respectively, but not HDL-cholesterol, than those with Low-GRS. Western-style flour-rich dietary patterns, but not balanced Korean-style and rice-based dietary patterns, had interactions with GRS to increase plasma LDL concentrations. Daily energy intake also interacted with GRS. In the high intake of Western-style flour-rich dietary patterns, carriers with High-GRS had much higher plasma LDL concentrations than the Low-GRS. With high energy intake, carriers with High-GRS had much higher plasma LDL concentrations than those with Low-GRS.Conclusions:Adults with major alleles of four SNP are recommended to have low-energy intakes with a balanced Korean diet need to avoid high-energy intakes especially with Western-style flour-rich diet patterns.
Adherence to Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods among Spanish children: the SENDO project
Authors: da Rocha Bárbara Rafaela Santos , Rico-Campà Anaïs , Romanos-Nanclares Andrea , Ciriza Edurne , Barbosa Kiriaque Barra Ferreira , Martínez-González Miguel Ángel , Martín-Calvo Nerea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess whether higher adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) was associated with lower consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and lower free sugar intake.Design:Cross-sectional analysis of baseline information among participants in the SENDO project, a Spanish paediatric cohort. Dietary information was collected through a semi-quantitative FFQ. Food items were classified according to the NOVA classification. Adherence to the MedDiet was evaluated through the KIDMED index.Setting:Spain.Participants:Three hundred eight-six children (52 % boys) with a mean age of 5·3 years old (sd1·0) were included in the analysis.Results:74·4 % of the children had moderate adherence to the MedDiet (mean KIDMED score: 5·9 points;sd1·7) and overall, 32·2 % of the total energy intake came from UPF. Each two additional points in the KIDMED score was associated with 3·1 % (95 % CI 2·1, 4·0) lower energy intake from UPF. Compared to those with low adherence to the MedDiet, children with medium and high adherence reported 5·0 % (95 % CI 2·2, 7·7) and 8·5 % (95 % CI 5·2, 11·9) lower energy intake from UPF, respectively. We also found that 71·6 % of the variability in free sugar intake was explained by the variability in UPF consumption.Conclusions:Adherence to the traditional MedDiet was inversely associated with energy intake from UPF. Furthermore, most of the variability in free sugar intake was explained by the variability of UPF consumption. Public health strategies are needed to strengthen the adherence to the MedDiet in pre-schoolers while regulating the production, marketing and advertising of UPF.
Adolescent nutrition and physical activity in low-income suburbs of Abidjan, Côte d’lvoire: the gap between knowledge, aspirations and possibilities
Authors: Jesson Julie , Kouakou Egnon KV , Hardy-Johnson Polly , Ngoran-Theckly Patricia , Kehoe Sarah H , Adonis Laurence , Fall Caroline , Leroy Valériane , Barker Mary , Weller Susie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To explore adolescents’ perceptions, knowledge and behaviours regarding nutrition and physical activity in low-income districts of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, taking into consideration their caregivers’ perspectives.Design:Two investigators conducted six focus group discussions.Setting:The study was carried out in two low-income suburbs, Yopougon and Port-Bouët, in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire.Participants:Adolescents and their caregivers were recruited into the study via local head teachers and heads of settlement.Results:Overall, seventy-two participants, including forty-six adolescents and twenty-six caregivers, took part. Participants demonstrated good nutrition knowledge, relating nutritional health to a balanced diet and hygiene. Sustained physical activity was reported. However, adopting good practices was challenging due to participant’s economic circumstances. Their environment was a barrier to improving health due to dirtiness and violence, with a lack of space limiting the possibility to practice sport. Adolescents and their caregivers differed in their response to these constraints. Many caregivers felt powerless and suggested that a political response was the solution. Alternatively, adolescents were more likely to suggest new creative solutions such as youth-friendly centres within their community.Conclusions:Participants were aware that their nutritional habits were not in line with what they had learnt to be good nutritional practices due to socio-economic constraints. Physical activity was part of adolescent life, but opportunities to exercise were restricted by their environment. Strategies for improving adolescent health in these settings need to be developed in collaboration with adolescents in a manner that accommodates their opinions and solutions.
Dietary quality differs among cannabis use groups: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–16
Authors: Gelfand Amy R , Tangney Christy C 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To describe diet quality (Healthy Eating Index 2010 (HEI-2010) and Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015)) according to self-reported cannabis use among the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) adult participants.Design:Utilizing cross-sectional data, we assessed diet quality with up to two 24-h diet recalls from NHANES participants. Usual intakes were estimated via the multivariate Markov Chain–Monte Carlo method. Diet quality scores were compared among never users, previous users and current users of cannabis.Setting:NHANES surveys from 2005 to 2016.Participants:Adult NHANES participants (17 855) aged 20–59 years with valid data for dietary recalls and drug use questionnaires.Results:Current adult cannabis users (ages 20–59 years) had significantly lower total diet quality (HEI-2010) scores (51·8 ± 0·7) compared with previous (56·2 ± 0·4) and never users (57·7 ± 0·4). Similar differences in total and individual HEI-2015 scores were observed. For the HEI-2015 scores, cannabis users had a significantly higher (better) sodium scores (4·1 ± 0·2) compared with never users (3·3 ± 0·1) and previous users (3·2 ± 0·1). Cannabis users scored lower compared with never users on total vegetables (3·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·7 ± 0·0), total fruit (2·1 ± 0·1 v. 3·0 ± 0·1) and whole fruit (2·2 ± 0·1 v. 3·3 ± 0·1) for the HEI-2015 index.Conclusions:Current cannabis users’ usual intakes reflect lower diet quality compared with never or previous users, particularly lower subcomponent scores of total vegetables, greens and beans, total fruit and whole fruit. Cannabis users should increase their intake of fruit and vegetables to improve overall diet quality.
Reconstructing the Velocity and Deformation of a Rapid Landslide Using Multiview Video
Authors: Rapstine T. D. , Rengers F. K. , Allstadt K. E. , Iverson R. M. , Smith J. B. , Obryk M. K. , Logan M. , Olsen M. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNoncontact measurements of spatially varied ground surface deformation during landslide motion can provide important constraints on landslide mechanics. Here, we present and test a new method for extracting measurements of rapid landslide surface displacement and velocity (accelerations of approximately 1 m/s2) using sequences of stereo images obtained from a pair of inexpensive, stationary 4K video cameras with nominal frame rates of 29.97 Hz. The method combines elements of Structure from Motion with those of optical flow to extract data on 3‐D evolution of the ground surface during slope failure. We apply the method to an experiment at the U.S. Geological Survey debris‐flow flume in which a high‐speed, liquefying landslide was triggered by gradually adding water to a 6‐m3 prism of loosely packed sediment on a 31° slope. Strip‐scanning lidar measurements made during the experiment corroborate our video‐based measurements, but the latter encompassed the entire landslide surface and were much lower in cost. Our video‐based measurements enabled computation of depth‐integrated landslide dilation/contraction rates. The range of computed rates was within the ranges inferred from independent measurements of evolving pore water pressures and reasonable estimates of the hydraulic permeability of the sediment. Dilation and contraction rates play a crucial role in landslide mechanics. The dilation and contraction we observe contradict the incompressible flow assumption used in many studies that have employed noncontact methods to infer landslide properties.
Spread of Svalbard Glacier Mass Loss to Barents Sea Margins Revealed by CryoSat‐2
Authors: Morris A. , Moholdt G. , Gray L. 
Published: July 2020

The Norwegian Arctic archipelago of Svalbard is located in the most rapidly warming area of the Arctic, at the interface of Arctic and Atlantic air and ocean masses. The presence of a large number of surge‐type glaciers and the potential for rapid changes in surface mass balance and ice dynamics necessitates regularly updated mass balance assessment. This study uses swath processing of CryoSat‐2 SARIn mode data to obtain glacier elevations for 2011–2017. Individual elevation estimates are collected into 1‐km2 grid cells, and a least squares plane‐fitting technique is used to calculate rates of elevation change, with residuals being used to reveal the temporal pattern. A 7‐year rate of mass change of −16.0 ± 3.0 Gt a−1 is estimated (equivalent to 0.044 mm a−1 of global sea level rise), of which −11.0 Gt a−1 results from the melt and dynamic thinning of nonsurging ice and −5.0 Gt a−1 results from surges. This compares to ‐3.4 Gt a−1 previously estimated using ice, cloud, and land elevation satellite (ICESat) (2003–2008). The west coast remains a major contributor to mass loss from nonsurging ice in the archipelago, with mass loss increasing from areas bordering the Barents Sea. Sea ice concentration and climate reanalysis data sets show ocean and lower atmospheric warming and sea ice decline in this region, likely contributing to enhanced glacier melt and discharge.
Galactic Cosmic Radiation in the Interplanetary Space Through a Modern Secular Minimum
Authors: Rahmanifard F. , de Wet W. C. , Schwadron N. A. , Owens M. J. , Jordan A. P. , Wilson J. K. , Joyce C. J. , Spence H. E. , Smith C. W. , Townsend L. W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent solar conditions indicate a persistent decline in solar activity—possibly similar to the past solar grand minima. During such periods of low solar activity, the fluxes of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) increase remarkably, presenting a hazard for long‐term crewed space missions. We used data from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) to examine the correlation between the heliospheric magnetic field, solar wind speed, and solar modulation potential of the GCRs through Cycle 24. We used this correlation to project observations from past secular solar minima, including the Dalton minimum (1790–1830) and the Gleissberg minimum (1890–1920), into the next cycle. For the case of conditions similar to the Dalton (or Gleissberg) minimum, the heliospheric magnetic field could drop to 3.61 (or 4.06) nT, leading to a dose rate increase of ∼75% (or 34%). We showed that accounting for a floor in the modulation potential, invoked by the Badhwar‐O'Neill 2014 model, moderates the projected radiation levels in Cycle 25. We used these results to determine the most conservative permissible mission duration (PMD,
and
days for 45‐year‐old male and female astronauts, respectively) based on a 3% risk of exposure‐induced death (REID) at the upper 95% confidence interval in interplanetary space.
Interhemispheric Conjugacy of Concurrent Onset and Poleward Traveling Geomagnetic Responses for Throat Aurora Observed Under Quiet Solar Wind Conditions
Authors: Feng Hui‐Ting , Han De‐Sheng , Chen Xiang‐Cai , Liu Jian‐Jun , Xu Zhong‐Hua 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThroat auroras frequently observed near local noon have been confirmed to correspond to magnetopause indentations, but the generation mechanisms for these indentations and the detailed properties of throat aurora are both not fully understood. Using all‐sky camera and magnetometer observations, we reported some new observational features of throat aurora as follows. (1) Throat auroras can occur under stable solar wind conditions and cause clear geomagnetic responses. (2) These geomagnetic responses can be simultaneously observed at conjugate geomagnetic meridian chains in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. (3) The initial geomagnetic responses of throat aurora show concurrent onsets that were observed at all stations along the meridians. (4) Immediately after the concurrent onsets, poleward moving signatures and micropositive bays were observed in the X components at higher‐ and lower‐latitude stations, respectively. We argue that these observations provide evidence for throat aurora being generated by low‐latitude magnetopause reconnection. We suggest that the concurrent onsets reflect the instantaneous responses of the reconnection signal arriving at the ionosphere, the followed poleward moving signatures reflect the antisunward dragging of the footprint of newly opened field lines, and the micropositive bays may result from a pair of field‐aligned currents generated during the reconnection. This study may shed new light on the geomagnetic transients observed at cusp latitude near magnetic local noon.
Characterizing Temperature and Aerosol Variability During Jupiter's 2006–2007 Equatorial Zone Disturbance
Authors: Antuñano Arrate , Fletcher Leigh N. , Orton Glenn S. , Toledo Daniel , Melin Henrik , Roman Michael T. , Sinclair James A. , Donnelly Padraig T. , Morton Eleanor K. , Selves Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe use ground‐based mid‐infrared (8–20 μm) data acquired by three different instruments between 2005 and 2008 to characterize the variability of tropospheric temperature and aerosol opacity during the 2006–2007 Equatorial Zone disturbance. This disturbance is part of a repeating pattern of cloud‐clearing events at Jupiter's equator, observed as a significant brightening at 5 μm (sensing the 2‐ to 7‐bar region) and darkening at visible wavelengths (sensing the ∼0.7‐bar pressure level). The data reveal a brightness temperature increase of ∼3.1 K between 2005 and February 2007 at 8.6‐μm sensing tropospheric aerosol opacity and temperature near 0.6–0.8 bar. At wavelengths sensing tropospheric ammonia and temperatures between 150 and 600 mbar, the brightness temperature remains largely invariant between 2005 and 2008. The tropospheric vertical temperature profile and the tropospheric aerosol opacity were derived from images captured in different filters on four different dates, one for each year. The retrieved aerosol opacity at ∼0.6–0.8 bar shows a decrease at 2–5°S of ∼45% in 2006 and ∼65% in 2007, with respect to 2008. This is consistent with cloud clearing/thinning during the coloration of the Equatorial Zone at visible wavelengths. This brightening at 8.6 μm started in 2005 and preceded the brightening at 5 μm, which started in April 2006. The results also suggest that cloud clearing during the Equatorial Zone disturbances is not simply the result of tropospheric warming, at least at p < 0.7 bar. We propose that cloud clearing occurs due to a decrease in the ammonia gas upwelling at the equator.
Constraining Ancient Magmatic Evolution on Mars Using Crystal Chemistry of Detrital Igneous Minerals in the Sedimentary Bradbury Group, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Payré V. , Siebach K. L. , Dasgupta R. , Udry A. , Rampe E. B. , Morrison S. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUnderstanding magmatic processes is critical to understanding Mars as a system, but Curiosity's investigation of dominantly sedimentary rocks has made it difficult to constrain igneous processes. Igneous classification of float rocks is challenging because of the following: (1) the possibility that they have been affected by sedimentary processes or weathering, and (2) grain size heterogeneity in the observed rock textures makes the small‐scale compositions measured by rover instruments unreliable for bulk classification. We avoid these ambiguities by using detrital igneous mineral chemistry to constrain models of magmatic processes in the source region for the fluvio‐deltaic Bradbury group. Mineral chemistry is obtained from X‐ray diffraction of three collected samples and a new stoichiometric and visual filtering of ~5,000 laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) spots to identify compositions of individual igneous minerals. Observed mineral chemistries are compared to those produced by MELTS thermodynamic modeling to constrain possible magmatic conditions. Fractionation of two starting primary melts derived from different extent of adiabatic decompression melting of a primitive mantle composition could result in the crystallization of all minerals observed. Crystal fractionation of a subalkaline and an alkaline magma is required to form the observed minerals. These results are consistent with the collection of alkaline and subalkaline rocks from Gale as well as clasts from the Martian meteorite Northwest Africa 7034 and paired stones. This new method for constraining magmatic processes will be of significant interest for the Mars 2020 mission, which will also investigate an ancient volcaniclastic‐sedimentary environment and will include a LIBS instrument.