bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrastructure Disruption in ‘Silicon Savannah’: Exploring the Idea of the Creative Class and their Relation to Quality of Place in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Rosenberg Lauren , Brent Alan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDebates around urbanization, infrastructure disruption and the creative class rarely appear alongside each other in research on African cities. This article connects these different narratives, which are currently exerting their influence on the future direction of these cities. The economic value of the creative class is that their work centres on innovation—a quality seen as essential to ‘new‐economy’ urban growth. Quality of place (that which makes ‘New York New York’) is said to attract the creative class to certain cities, as lifestyle amenities are valued as much as employment opportunities. Nairobi is an example of an African city currently attracting both Kenyan and expatriate creative class workers, particularly in the information and communication technology (ICT) sector. In this article we take Richard Florida's creative class theory as a departure point to offer insights into why this group chooses to live in Nairobi and to describe Nairobi's quality of place, with a particular focus on infrastructure disruption. The case study reveals that Nairobi's quality of place differs fundamentally from the normative attributes prescribed by creative class theory and, in some instances, it is considered to be highly frustrating and unattractive.
The Creative Night‐Time Leisure Economy of Informal Drinking Venues
Authors: Charman Andrew , Govender Thiresh 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn response to debates on emergent and rogue forms of urbanism that are reshaping the African city, this article examines the night‐time leisure economy as one particular social context in which the tensions and opposition between regulation/deregulation and informality play out. This article shows how ideas that centre on Northern entertainment spaces and drinking venues (bound with policy initiatives to reposition the city) have come to inform policy initiatives to regulate working‐class public spaces in South African cities with the objective of controlling unruliness. Through a case study of informal and illegal drinking venues in Sweet Home Farm, a slum settlement in Cape Town, we provide an insight into the ways in which people seek to reclaim social space and impose their own vision of the creative city. The article demonstrates that while illegal drinking venues can be imagined as ‘unruly, unpredictable, surprising [and] confounding’, they are characterized by a responsive agility to the social, cultural and physical environment. We argue that the capacity and tenacity of informal drinking venues to adapt to regulatory pressures present a range of possibilities for reimaging the night‐time leisure economy in ways that are inclusive of the poor and conducive to negotiation.
Stillbirths in China: a nationwide survey
Authors: Zhu J , Zhang J , Xia H , Ge J , Ye X , Guo B , Liu M , Dai L , Zhang L , Chen L , Wang Y , Wang X , Liu H , Chen C , Wang Y , Wang G , Cai M , Yang X , Li F , Fan C , Ruan Y , Yu L , Zhang R , Xu H , Zhang J , Ma X , Yuan D , Zhu Y , Wang D , Betran AP , Qi H , Duan T , Zhang J ,   for the China Labor and Delivery Survey
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo estimate a stillbirth rate at 24 or more gestational weeks in 2015–2016 and to explore potentially preventable causes in China.DesignA multi‐centre cross‐sectional study.SettingNinety‐six hospitals distributed in 24 (of 34) provinces in China.PopulationA total of 75 132 births at 24 completed weeks of gestation or more.MethodsCOX Proportional Hazard Models were performed to examine risk factors for antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths. Population attributable risk percentage was calculated for major risk factors. Correspondence analysis was used to explore region‐specific risk factors for stillbirths.Main outcome measuresStillbirth rate and risk factors for stillbirth.ResultsA total of 75 132 births including 949 stillbirths were used for the final analysis, giving a weighted stillbirth rate of 13.2 per 1000 births (95% CI 7.9–18.5). Small for gestational age (SGA) and pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia increased antepartum stillbirths by 26.2% and 11.7%, respectively. Fetal anomalies increased antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths by 17.9% and 7.4%, respectively. Overall, 31.4% of all stillbirths were potentially preventable. Advanced maternal age, pre‐pregnant obesity, chronic hypertension and diabetes mellitus were important risk factors in East China; low education and SGA were major risk factors in Northwest, Southwest, Northeast and South China; and pre‐eclampsia/eclampsia and intrapartum complications were significant risk factors in Central China.ConclusionsThe prevalence of stillbirth was 13.2 per 1000 births in China in 2015–2016. Nearly one‐third of all stillbirths may be preventable. Strategies based on regional characteristics should be considered to reduce further the burden of stillbirths in China.Tweetable abstractThe stillbirth rate was 13.2 per 1000 births in China in 2015–2016 and nearly one‐third of all stillbirths may be preventable.
Between fit and flexibility? The benefits of high‐performance work practices and leadership capability for innovation outcomes
Authors: Gahan Peter , Theilacker Max , Adamovic Mladen , Choi Daejeong , Harley Bill , Healy Joshua , Olsen Jesse E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe idea that human resource management (HRM) plays a strategic role in generating sustainable competitive advantage for organisations or intermediate outcomes such as innovation is a central tenet in HRM theory and research. Yet, the explanation for this relationship remains unclear. We contribute to understanding how HRM plays a role by integrating insights drawn from HRM and strategic management. We explore how configurations of high‐performance work systems (HPWS) and leadership competence (LC) provide micro‐foundations for organisational capabilities associated with innovation. We also examine the moderating role of external environmental conditions. We find support for the proposition that HPWS and LC contribute to capabilities associated with innovation. Importantly, in stable environments, the formation of the capabilities required for innovation is more strongly associated with HPWS, whereas in more dynamic environments, LC plays a more pronounced role. These findings have implications for understanding the strategic role HRM plays and for management practice.
Chronic Voluntary Binge Ethanol Consumption Causes Sex‐Specific Differences in Microglial Signaling Pathways and Withdrawal‐associated Behaviors in Mice
Authors: Rath Meera , Guergues Jennifer , Pinho Joao P.C. , Zhang Ping , Nguyen Truc G. , MacFadyen Kaley A. , Peris Joanna , McLaughlin Jay P. , Stevens Stanley M. , Liu Bin 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundMicroglia are the resident immune cells in the brain where they play essential roles in the development and maintenance of physiological functions of this organ. Aberrant activation of microglia is speculated to be involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders, including alcohol use disorders. Repeated binge ethanol (EtOH) consumption can have a profound impact on the function and integrity of the brain resulting in changes in behaviors such as withdrawal and reward. However, the microglial molecular and cellular pathways associated with EtOH binge consumption remain poorly understood.MethodIn this study, adult C57BL/6J male and female mice were subjected daily to a gelatin‐based drinking‐in‐the‐dark voluntary EtOH consumption paradigm (3 h/d for 4 months) to characterize EtOH consumption and withdrawal‐associated and anxiety‐like behaviors. Brain microglia were isolated at the end and analyzed for protein expression profile changes using unbiased mass spectrometry‐based proteomic analysis.ResultsBoth male and female mice consistently consumed binge quantities of EtOH daily, resulting in blood EtOH levels > 80 mg/dl measured at the end of the 3‐hour daily consumption period. Although female mice consumed a significantly greater amount of EtOH than male mice, EtOH withdrawal‐associated anxiety‐like behaviors measured by marble‐burying, light‐dark box, and elevated plus maze tests were predominantly observed in male mice. Proteomic analysis of microglia isolated from the brains of animals at the end of the 4‐month binge EtOH consumption identified 117 and 37 proteins that were significantly up‐ or downregulated in EtOH‐exposed male and female mice, respectively, compared to their pair‐fed controls. Protein expression profile‐based pathway analysis identified several cellular pathways that may underlie the sex‐specific and EtOH withdrawal‐associated behavioral abnormalities.ConclusionTaken together, our findings revealed sex‐specific changes in EtOH withdrawal‐associated behaviors and signaling pathways in the mouse brain microglia and may help advance our understanding of the molecular, cellular, and behavioral changes related to human binge EtOH consumption.
Multifactorial Genetic and Environmental Hedgehog Pathway Disruption Sensitizes Embryos to Alcohol‐Induced Craniofacial Defects
Authors: Everson Joshua L. , Batchu Rithik , Eberhart Johann K. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundPrenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is perhaps the most common environmental cause of human birth defects. These exposures cause a range of structural and neurological defects, including facial dysmorphologies, collectively known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). While PAE causes FASD, phenotypic outcomes vary widely. It is thought that multifactorial genetic and environmental interactions modify the effects of PAE. However, little is known of the nature of these modifiers. Disruption of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway has been suggested as a modifier of ethanol teratogenicity. In addition to regulating the morphogenesis of craniofacial tissues commonly disrupted in FASD, a core member of the Hh pathway, Smoothened, is susceptible to modulation by structurally diverse chemicals. These include environmentally prevalent teratogens like piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a synergist found in thousands of pesticide formulations.MethodsHere, we characterize multifactorial genetic and environmental interactions using a zebrafish model of craniofacial development.ResultsWe show that loss of a single allele of shha sensitized embryos to both alcohol‐ and PBO‐induced facial defects. Co‐exposure of PBO and alcohol synergized to cause more frequent and severe defects. The effects of this co‐exposure were even more profound in the genetically susceptible shha heterozygotes.ConclusionsTogether, these findings shed light on the multifactorial basis of alcohol‐induced craniofacial defects. In addition to further implicating genetic disruption of the Hh pathway in alcohol teratogenicity, our findings suggest that co‐exposure to environmental chemicals that perturb Hh signaling may be important variables in FASD and related craniofacial disorders.
Wearable Transdermal Alcohol Monitors: A Systematic Review of Detection Validity, and Relationship Between Transdermal and Breath Alcohol Concentration and Influencing Factors
Authors: van Egmond Kelly , Wright Cassandra J. C. , Livingston Michael , Kuntsche Emmanuel 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundResearch on alcohol consumption mostly relies on self‐reported data, which are subject to recall bias. Wearable transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) monitors address this limitation by continuously measuring the ethanol excreted via the skin. This systematic review aims to provide an overview of TAC monitors’ reliability to detect alcohol consumption and methods to estimate breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) and number of standard drinks consumed in a given time frame.MethodsThe databases MEDLINE, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, Engineering Village, and CINAHL were systematically searched to identify 1,048 empirical research papers published from 2013 onwards, of which 13 were included after full‐text screening. The selected studies included 3 TAC monitors: SCRAM™, WristTAS™, and Skyn™.ResultsTAC measures of SCRAM, WrisTAS, and Skyn are found to be positively correlated with BrAC (r = 0.56 to 0.79) and/or self‐reports (r = 0.62). Using the AMS criteria for detection results in low sensitivity, adjusted criteria can increase the sensitivity of the SCRAM from 39.9 to 68.5%. The WrisTAS and an early prototype of the Skyn showed high failure rates (17 to 38%). Recent advances toward transforming the TAC data into more clinically relevant measures have led to the development of mathematical models and the BrAC Estimator Software. Using TAC data, both approaches produce estimates explaining 70 to 82% of actual BrAC and self‐reported drinking or to highly correlate with the actual BrAC measures (β = 0.90 to 0.91).ConclusionsTransdermal alcohol monitors offer an opportunity to measure alcohol consumption in a valid and continuous way with mathematical models and software estimating BrAC values improving interpretation of TAC data. However, the SCRAM seems unable to detect low‐to‐moderate drinking levels using the thresholds and criteria set by the manufacturer. Moreover, the WrisTAS and the Skyn prototype show a high failure rate, raising questions about reliability. Future studies will assess the validity of new‐generation wristbands, including the next Skyn generations.
Is body size a good indicator of fecundity in the genus Thaumetopoea? A story told by two intrageneric Mediterranean forest defoliators
Authors: El Mokhefi M'hamed , Chakali Gahdab , Rahim Noureddine , Bouchou Lynda , Battisti Andrea 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Body size correlates with several factors such as reproductive fitness, environmental changes, the quality and quantity of food during critical development stages, and the feeding season. For the Palearctic moths of the genus Thaumetopoea (Lepidoptera; Notodontidae), the larval development is crucial and differs between species according to their feeding season; larvae of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Denis & Schiffermüller 1775) feed during winter while larvae of its congeneric cedar processionary moth Thaumetopoea bonjeani (Powell 1922) develop during summer in North Africa.
This discrepancy in lifecycles leads to different reproductive traits such as egg batch length, number of eggs per batch, eggs protection mechanisms and female body size.
According to Darwin's fecundity advantage hypothesis (1871), female body size should have a positive influence on reproductive fitness, since larger females supposedly have higher fecundity. The universal allometric scaling phenomenon rule proposed by Rensch (1950) predicts that the degree of sexual size dimorphism tends to decrease with the increase of female body size.
Here, two morphometrical parameters that is, body size and scale size, estimated from body measurements of individuals of both species, feeding on the same host Atlantic cedar Cedrus atlantica (Manetti & Carrière 1855) (Pinales; Pinaceae) in Algeria were proposed. The aim was to find out traits that might rule the competition for food and space, in particularly fecundity and body size.
Results of the present study highlight a female‐biased sexual size dimorphism in both species. The positive correlation between female body size and fecundity shown in this study weakly supports Darwin's hypothesis. Finally, the intrageneric test performed leads to conclude that Rensch's rule does not hold in the considered species.
Potential damage by Acromyrmex ant species in pine plantations in southern Brazil
Authors: Nickele Mariane A. , Reis Filho Wilson , Penteado Susete do R. C. , de Queiroz Elisiane C. , Schaitza Erich G. , Pie Marcio R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Acromyrmex species primarily attack Pinus taeda plantations during the first months after planting, with more intense damage in the first 30 days.
We evaluated potential damage by Acromyrmex crassispinus and Acromyrmex subterraneus in 30‐day‐old P. taeda plantations in southern Brazil by assessing the number of attacked plants and the distance reached by each colony, along with the losses in plant development resulting from different levels of defoliation.
Both species were significant pests in newly established pine plantations. A single colony can attack a substantial number of seedlings (up to 453 seedlings). Colonies with larger nests attacked more plants and ranged farther; A. crassispinus reached 59 m and A. subterraneus 87 m.
After 10 years, no significant losses in plant development were seen in seedlings defoliated less than 50% at 30 days after planting. But when defoliation of the young plants attained 75%, 100%, and 100%, including the cut of the apical meristem, volume losses reached 32%, 37%, and 43%, respectively.
Leaf‐cutting ant controls should be carried out in plantations of P. taeda within 30 days of planting to avoid attacks. When seedlings are defoliated more than 75%, they should be replanted to avoid future losses in final wood volume.
Screening and testing for COVID‐19 before surgery
Authors: Kovoor Joshua G. , Tivey David R. , Williamson Penny , Tan Lorwai , Kopunic Helena S. , Babidge Wendy J. , Collinson Trevor G. , Hewett Peter J. , Hugh Thomas J. , Padbury Robert T. A. , Frydenberg Mark , Douglas Richard G. , Kok Jen , Maddern Guy J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative screening for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) aims to preserve surgical safety for both patients and surgical teams. This rapid review provides an evaluation of current evidence with input from clinical experts to produce guidance for screening for active COVID‐19 in a low prevalence setting.MethodsAn initial search of PubMed (until 6 May 2020) was combined with targeted searches of both PubMed and Google Scholar until 1 July 2020. Findings were streamlined for clinical relevance through the advice of an expert working group that included seven senior surgeons and a senior medical virologist.ResultsPatient history should be examined for potential exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Hyposmia and hypogeusia may present as early symptoms of COVID‐19, and can potentially discriminate from other influenza‐like illnesses. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard diagnostic test to confirm SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and although sensitivity can be improved with repeated testing, the decision to retest should incorporate clinical history and the local supply of diagnostic resources. At present, routine serological testing has little utility for diagnosing acute infection. To appropriately conduct preoperative testing, the temporal dynamics of SARS‐CoV‐2 must be considered. Relative to other thoracic imaging modalities, computed tomography has the greatest utility for characterizing pulmonary involvement in COVID‐19 patients who have been diagnosed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.ConclusionThrough a rapid review of the literature and advice from a clinical expert working group, evidence‐based recommendations have been produced for the preoperative screening of surgical patients with suspected COVID‐19.
Vegetative States: Potatoes, Affordances, and Survival Ecologies
Authors: Nally David , Kearns Gerry 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe potato has been critical to plant–human assemblages both in South America and in Europe. A study of the capacities, or affordances of this plant within diverse political economies highlights its mutability in some circumstances and vulnerability in others. The contrasts are stark. In South America, peasant agriculture took the potato across a large and diverse ecumene allowing its elaboration into many varieties and sustaining extensive state systems that taxed its production. Spanish colonialism repurposed the plant as the calorific basis for concentrations of coerced labour at silver mines. Back in Europe it was initially the resistance of the potato to state violence that encouraged peasants to turn over their fields to a tuberous plant that “concealed” its food underground. But its calorific productivity per acre again saw it repurposed as peasants were converted to proletarians, allowed to subsist on only the smallest plots while working for landlords on larger estates.
Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation prevents the development of, and reverses, established oesophageal pain hypersensitivity
Authors: Farmer Adam D. , Albusoda Ahmed , Amarasinghe Gehanjali , Ruffle James K. , Fitzke Heather E. , Idrees Ruqaya , Fried Ron , Brock Christina , Aziz Qasim 
Published: August 2020

SummaryBackgroundThe vagus nerve exerts an anti‐nociceptive effect on the viscera.AimTo investigate whether transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (t‐VNS) prevents the development of and/or reverses established visceral hypersensitivity in a validated model of acid‐induced oesophageal pain.MethodsBefore and after a 30‐minute infusion of 0.15M hydrochloric acid into the distal oesophagus, pain thresholds to electrical stimulation were determined in the proximal non‐acid exposed oesophagus. Validated sympathetic (cardiac sympathetic index) and parasympathetic (cardiac vagal tone [CVT]) nervous system measures were recorded. In study 1, 15 healthy participants were randomised in a blinded crossover design to receive either t‐VNS or sham for 30 minutes during acid infusion. In study 2, 18 different healthy participants were randomised in a blinded crossover design to receive either t‐VNS or sham, for 30 minutes after acid infusion.ResultsStudy 1: t‐VNS increased CVT (31.6% ± 58.7 vs −9.6 ± 20.6, P = 0.02) in comparison to sham with no effect on cardiac sympathetic index. The development of acid‐induced oesophageal hypersensitivity was prevented with t‐VNS in comparison to sham (15.5 mA per unit time (95% CI 4.9 ‐ 26.2), P = 0.004). Study 2: t‐VNS increased CVT (26.3% ± 32.7 vs 3 ± 27.1, P = 0.03) in comparison to sham with no effect on cardiac sympathetic index. t‐VNS reversed established acid‐induced oesophageal hypersensitivity in comparison to sham (17.3mA/unit time (95% CI 9.8‐24.7), P = 0.0001).Conclusionst‐VNS prevents the development of, and reverses established, acid‐induced oesophageal hypersensitivity. These results have therapeutic implications for the management of visceral pain hypersensitivity.
“I simply don't know, because I don't know which drugs I get”: Perspectives on deprescribing among older adults with limited life expectancy and their relatives
Authors: Graabæk Trine , Lundby Carina , Ryg Jesper , Søndergaard Jens , Pottegård Anton , Nielsen Dorthe Susanne 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUse of medications of questionable benefit is common in end of life care. In order to effectively carry out deprescribing, it is important to gain insight into the perspectives of patients and their relatives. Thus, our objective was to explore perspectives on deprescribing among older adults with limited life expectancy and their relatives. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with ten nursing home residents and nine relatives. Interviews were analysed using systematic text condensation. Four main themes were identified: “Medication as a necessity and to feel well,” “Frailty as a barrier for taking responsibility,” “Patient autonomy and faith in authority” and “A wish for being involved.” Most participants had not considered the possibility of deprescribing but were open towards medication change if proposed by a healthcare professional. Most participants did not have in‐depth knowledge about medication but would like to be informed or involved in decisions. The participants generally had faith in healthcare professionals despite limited contact. Our study implies that older adults with limited life expectancy and their relatives are generally interested in deprescribing activities; however, the initiative of deprescribing lies with the healthcare professionals.