bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sound-wave instabilities in dilute plasmas with cosmic rays: implications for cosmic ray confinement and the Perseus X-ray ripples
Authors: Kempski Philipp , Quataert Eliot , Squire Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Weakly collisional, magnetized plasmas characterized by anisotropic viscosity and conduction are ubiquitous in galaxies, haloes, and the intracluster medium (ICM). Cosmic rays (CRs) play an important role in these environments as well, by providing additional pressure and heating to the thermal plasma. We carry out a linear stability analysis of weakly collisional plasmas with CRs using Braginskii MHD for the thermal gas. We assume that the CRs stream at the Alfvén speed, which in a weakly collisional plasma depends on the pressure anisotropy (Δp) of the thermal plasma. We find that this Δp dependence introduces a phase shift between the CR-pressure and gas-density fluctuations. This drives a fast-growing acoustic instability: CRs offset the damping of acoustic waves by anisotropic viscosity and give rise to wave growth when the ratio of CR pressure to gas pressure is ≳αβ−1/2, where β is the ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure, and α, typically ≲1, depends on other dimensionless parameters. In high-β environments like the ICM, this condition is satisfied for small CR pressures. We speculate that the instability studied here may contribute to the scattering of high-energy CRs and to the excitation of sound waves in galaxy-halo, group and cluster plasmas, including the long-wavelength X-ray fluctuations in Chandra observations of the Perseus cluster. It may also be important in the vicinity of shocks in dilute plasmas (e.g. cluster virial shocks or galactic wind termination shocks), where the CR pressure is locally enhanced.
Reflections on the History of Nerve Repair – Sir Sydney Sunderland's Final Presentation to the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
Authors: Davis Gavin A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sir Sydney Sunderland (1910-1993) was an eminent physician and anatomist who identified the fascicular structure of nerves, and developed the eponymous 5-tiered classification of nerve injuries. Not long before his death, he presented a keynote address to the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia. Recently, the videotape of his presentation was discovered. In the presentation, Sir Sydney included discussion on the history of nerve repair, commencing with Herophilus and Galen, and progressing through the Middle Ages, including Leonardo of Bertapaglia, and he further noted the discoveries during the 1800s of the microscope, the axon, and nerve histology (including Remak, Schwann, Nissl, and Golgi), Waller's findings on nerve degeneration, and nerve injury (His, Cajal, Forsmann, and Harrison). Sir Sydney discussed nerve injuries sustained during World War I, with the deleterious effects of infection, and following the many nerve injuries sustained during World War II, he discussed his own discoveries of internal topography of nerve fascicles, and the anatomical substrate of nerve fascicles that limit surgery for nerve repair, nerve grafts, and the basic science of spinal cord repair. This paper presents a transcript of Sunderland's presentation and includes many of his original images used to illustrate this tour de force of nerve repair.
Comparison of epidemiology, treatments, and outcomes in pediatric versus adult ependymoma
Authors: Elsamadicy Aladine A , Koo Andrew B , David Wyatt B , Lee Victor , Zogg Cheryl K , Kundishora Adam J , Hong Christopher S , DeSpenza Tyrone , Reeves Benjamin C , Kahle Kristopher T , DiLuna Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Mounting evidence supports the presence of heterogeneity in the presentation of ependymoma patients with respect to location, histopathology, and behavior between pediatric and adult patients. However, the influence of age on treatment outcomes in ependymoma remains obscure.

Methods
The SEER database years 1975–2016 were queried. Patients with a diagnosis of ependymoma were identified using the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition, coding system. Patients were classified into one of 4 age groups: children (age 0–12 years), adolescents (age 13–21 years), young adults (age 22–45 years), and older adults (age &gt;45 years). The weighed multivariate analysis assessed the impact of age on survival outcomes following surgical treatment.

Results
There were a total of 6076 patients identified with ependymoma, of which 1111 (18%) were children, 529 (9%) were adolescents, 2039 (34%) were young adults, and 2397 (40%) were older adults. There were statistically significant differences between cohorts with respect to race (P &lt; .001), anatomical location (P &lt; .001), extent of resection (P &lt; .001), radiation use (P &lt; .001), tumor grade (P &lt; .001), histological classification (P &lt; .001), and all-cause mortality (P &lt; .001). There was no significant difference between cohorts with respect to gender (P = .103). On multivariate logistic regression, factors associated with all-cause mortality rates included males (vs females), supratentorial location (vs spinal cord tumors), and radiation treatment (vs no radiation).

Conclusions
Our study using the SEER database demonstrates the various demographic and treatment risk factors that are associated with increased rates of all-cause mortality between the pediatric and adult populations following a diagnosis of ependymoma.
Nighttime road traffic noise exposure at the least and most exposed façades and sleep medication prescription redemption—a Danish cohort study
Authors: Roswall Nina , Poulsen Aslak H , Thacher Jesse D , Hvidtfeldt Ulla A , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Jensen Steen Solvang , Overvad Kim , Tjønneland Anne , Sørensen Mette 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
Traffic noise has been associated with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration. This study investigates the association between nighttime road traffic noise at the least and most exposed façades of the residence and redemption of sleep medication.

Methods
In a cohort of 44,438 Danes, aged 50–64 at baseline (1993–1997), we identified all addresses from 1987 to 2015 from a national registry and calculated nighttime road traffic noise at the most and least exposed façades. Using Cox Proportional Hazard Models we investigated the association between residential traffic noise over 1, 5, and 10 years before redemption of the first sleep medication prescription in the Danish National Prescription Registry. During a median follow-up time of 18.5 years, 13,114 persons redeemed a prescription.

Results
We found that 10-year average nighttime exposure to road traffic noise at the most exposed façade was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.00 to 1.10) for Ln greater than 55 as compared to not more than 45 dB, which when stratified by sex was confined to men (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.25). For the least exposed façade the HR for Ln &gt;45 vs ≤35 dB was 1.00, 95% CI (0.95 to 1.05). For the most exposed façade, the overall association was strongest in smokers and physically inactive.

Conclusions
Long-term residential nighttime noise exposure at the most exposed façade may be associated with a higher likelihood of redeeming prescriptions for sleep medication, especially among men, smokers, and physically inactive.
Formal or Functional? Traditional or Inclusive? Bible Translations as Markers of Religious Subcultures
Authors: Perry Samuel L , Grubbs Joshua B 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEnglish Bible translations are often classified along two axes: (1) whether their translation approach pursues “formal correspondence” (prioritizing literalness) or “functional equivalence” (prioritizing meaning); and (2) whether their translation approach emphasizes “gender-traditionalism” (translating gendered language literally) or “gender-inclusivism” (minimizing unnecessarily gendered language). Leveraging insights from research on how religious subcultural capital shapes consumption patterns, we examine how indicators of conservative Protestant subcultural attachment potentially shape Christians’ choices of Bible translation along these axes. Compared with Catholics and “other Christians,” Conservative Protestants are more likely to read functional equivalence translations. Biblical literalists are more likely to read gender-traditionalist translations, but curiously no more likely than others to read formal correspondence translations. The link between conservative Protestant affiliation and reading a gender-traditionalist or inclusive Bible is heavily influenced by how we classify the New International Version. Importantly, we also find Bible reading and overall religiosity are positively associated with reading functional equivalence and gender-inclusive Bibles. Thus while conservative Bible beliefs seem to incline Christians toward translations that reflect conservative subcultural priorities (gender-traditionalism), consistent Bible practice is more prevalent among Christians who read more dynamic and inclusive translations.
To Hop or Not to Hop? The Answer Is in the Bird Trees
Authors: Provini Pauline , Höfling Elizabeth 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBirds can use different types of gaits to move on the ground: they either walk, hop, or run. Although velocity can easily explain a preference for running, it remains unclear what drives a bird species to favor hopping over walking. As many hopping birds are relatively small and arboreal, we wanted to test the link between size, arboreality, and hopping ability. First, we carried out ancestral character state reconstructions of size range, hopping ability, and habitat traits on over 1000 species of birds. We found that both hopping ability and arboreality were derived and significantly correlated traits in avian evolution. Second, we tested the influence of hopping ability on the morphology of the lower appendicular skeleton by quantifying the shape differences of the pelvis and the three long bones of the hind limbs in 47 avian species with different habitats and gait preferences. We used geometric morphometrics on 3D landmarks, digitized on micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) and surface scans of the pelvis, femur, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus. Locomotion habits significantly influence the conformation of the pelvis, especially at the origin of hip and knee muscle extensors. Interestingly, habitat, more than locomotion habits, significantly changed tarsometatarsus conformation. The morphology of the distal part of the tarsometatarsus constrains digit orientation, which leads to a greater ability to perch, an advantageous trait in arboreality. The results of this work suggest an arboreal origin of hopping and illuminate the evolution of avian terrestrial locomotion.[Anatomy; avian; gait; leg; lifestyle; pelvis; tree-dwelling.]
Responding empathically to patients: a communication skills training module to reduce lung cancer stigma
Authors: Banerjee Smita C , Haque Noshin , Bylund Carma L , Shen Megan J , Rigney Maureen , Hamann Heidi A , Parker Patricia A , Ostroff Jamie S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Most lung cancer patients report perceiving stigma surrounding their diagnosis, and routine clinical interactions with their health care providers (HCPs) are reported as a common source. The adverse effects of lung cancer stigma are associated with several adverse psychosocial and behavioral outcomes. One potential clinician-level intervention target is empathic communication because of its association with higher rates of patients’ satisfaction, treatment adherence, and lower levels of psychological distress. This study describes the conceptual model and evaluation of clinician-targeted empathic communication skills training to reduce lung cancer patients’ experience of stigma. The goal of the training module is to enhance clinician recognition and responsiveness to lung cancer patients’ empathic opportunities by communicating understanding, reducing stigma and distress, and providing support. Thirty multidisciplinary HCPs working in thoracic oncology, thoracic surgery, or pulmonary medicine participated in 2.25 hr of didactic and experiential training on responding empathically to patients with lung cancer. Overall, participants reported highly favorable evaluations of the training, with at least 90% of participants agreeing or strongly agreeing to 11 of the 12 items assessing clinical relevance, novelty, clarity, and facilitator effectiveness. Participants’ self-efficacy to communicate empathically with lung cancer patients increased significantly from pretraining to posttraining, t(29) = −4.58, p &lt; .001. The empathic communication skills training module was feasible and well received by thoracic and pulmonary medicine HCPs and demonstrated improvements in self-efficacy in empathic communication from pretraining to posttraining. The examination of patient outcomes is warranted.
Evaluation of acute oral toxicity, embryotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the polar fraction of Parkinsonia aculeata aerial parts extract
Authors: Menezes Tamires Meira , Gaião Wyndly Daniel Cardoso , de Almeida Sousa Lima Larissa Caroline , da Silva Ana Katarina Bezerra , Lima Laísa Wanessa Santos , de Souza Pereira Áurea Marcela , da Silva Luciano Clemente , da Silva Valdir Luna , de Souza Franco Eryvelton , Paz Silvania Tavares , Maia Carina Scanoni , da Silva Tânia Maria Sarmento , de Sousa Maia Maria Bernadete 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEthnopharmacobotanical information reports that Parkinsonia aculeata infusion is used to control diabetes-related complications and dyslipidemia. However, few studies are reported on the safe use of this species. The aim of this study is to evaluate the acute toxicity, embryotoxicity and cytotoxicity of a polar fraction obtained from hydroethanolic extract of P. aculeata (PfrHEPA). For the acute toxicity test, we considered the Up and Down method which the guidelines are described by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD N°425). The animals were treated with PfrHEPA (2000 mg/kg) or with distilled water (10 ml/kg) by gavage and observed from Day 1 to14. For embryotoxicity assay, zebrafish embryos were exposed to PfrHEPA (100 mg/L) and toxicity parameters were observed during four consecutive days. The cytotoxicity of PfrHEPA (5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/ml, respectively) was performed on normal cell lines (mesenchymal stem cells, African green monkey renal cells and mouse pre-adipocytes 3 T3-L1 using the MTT salt reduction assay. In the acute toxicity test, no mortality was observed in mice treated with PfrHEPA (2000 mg/kg), as well as behavioral changes, histopathological abnormalities and hematological and biochemical variables. In the embryotoxicity test, no abnormal changes related to the toxicological parameters were observed in the period of 96 h. Regarding the cytotoxicity assay, PfrHEPA showed no cytotoxic effect on the normal cell lines tested, with an IC50 value &gt; 100 μg/ml. These results suggest the safe use of P. aculeata, however, more trials are needed for PfrHEPA to be presented as new safe therapeutic proposal for the control of metabolic disorders.
The Professional Behaviors New Nurses Need: Findings From a National Survey of Hospital Nurse Leaders
Authors: Sortedahl Charlotte , Ellefson Shanna , Fotsch Danielle , Daley Katie 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to survey hospital nurse leaders throughout the United States to determine which professional behaviors they believe are essential for nursing students to learn in the classroom.

BACKGROUND
This study was part of a multiphase study. The survey was revised from a previous survey administered to nurse leaders in the Midwest.

METHOD
Participants were surveyed using 46 items in the categories of Change, Communication, Conflict, Leadership, and Self-Awareness.

RESULTS
The highest ranked category was Communication, followed by Self-Awareness, Change, Leadership, and Conflict. The highest rated items in each category were communication with patients, accept constructive criticism, manage change, prioritization, and conflict resolution techniques.

CONCLUSION
Nurse educators and leaders can use the findings to continue to refine nursing education.
Menstrual Bleeding and Spotting With the Levonorgestrel Intrauterine System (52 mg) During the First-Year Post-Insertion: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Maldonado Lauren Y. , Sergison Jill E. , Gao Xiaoming , Hubacher David 
Published: February 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.044)
Many users of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) have medically benign changes in their menstrual pattern. Prescribing information for the most commonly used LNG-IUS devices report an overall decrease in bleeding and spotting days over time.
Oral Antihypertensive Regimens (Nifedipine Retard, Labetalol, and Methyldopa) for Management of Severe Hypertension in Pregnancy: An Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Easterling Thomas , Mundle Shuchita , Bracken Hillary , Parvekar Seema , Mool Sulabha , Magee Laura A. , von Dadelszen Peter , Shochet Tara , Winikoff Beverly 
Published: February 2020

(Abstracted from Lancet 2019;394:1011–1121)
Hypertension complicates 1 in 10 pregnancies and has been associated with a number of maternal, fetal, and neonatal adverse events. In cases of severe hypertension (defined by a systolic blood pressure [BP] ≥ 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP ≥ 110 mg), urgent antihypertensive treatment is warranted.
Ursodeoxycholic Acid Versus Placebo in Women With Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy (PITCHES): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chappell Lucy C. , Bell Jennifer L. , Smith Anne , Linsell Louise , Juszczak Edmund , Dixon Peter H. , Chambers Jenny , Hunter Rachael , Dorling Jon , Williamson Catherine , Thornton Jim G. 
Published: February 2020

(Abstracted from Lancet 2019;394:849–860)
Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a common liver disorder associated with preterm birth, stillbirth, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and admission to the neonatal unit. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDA) is widely recommended for the treatment of ICP, but adequate evidence to support this treatment is lacking.
Incidence of Maternal Sepsis and Sepsis-Related Maternal Deaths in the United States
Authors: Hensley Matthew K. , Bauer Melissa E. , Admon Lindsay K. , Prescott Hallie C. 
Published: February 2020

(Abstracted from JAMA 2019;322(9):890–892)
Limited data exist on the incidence of maternal sepsis and sepsis-related mortality in the US population-based estimates have had a limited focus on specific populations or have not followed patients longitudinally. In this research letter, the authors assess the nationwide incidence and outcomes of maternal sepsis and sepsis-related mortality overall, during, and after delivery hospitalization.
Using a Logic Model to Design and Evaluate a Quality Improvement Leadership Course
Authors: Rajashekara Shruthi , Naik Aanand D. , Campbell Claire M. , Gregory Megan E. , Rosen Tracey , Engebretson Autumn , Godwin Kyler M. 
Published: February 2020

Strong leadership is an essential factor in the success of quality improvement (QI) initiatives that generate and sustain improvements in patient outcomes. Notably, there is a rising need for frontline clinicians, who are often charged with leading QI efforts, to receive training in blended QI and leadership methods and skills. The Leading Healthcare Improvement (LHI) course is a longitudinal leadership course embedded within the Department of Veterans Affairs Quality Scholars (VAQS) program, a multisite interprofessional QI fellowship program. The LHI course was developed to provide frontline clinicians who are emerging QI leaders with the skills to lead and advance improvement efforts at their institutions. It consists of eight 60-minute online sessions and was implemented and delivered to a cohort of interprofessional fellows at 9 sites during the 2017–2018 academic year.
This article describes the use of a logic model as a framework to guide the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the LHI course. The authors developed 5 logic model components: inputs, activities, outputs, short-term outcomes, and long-term outcomes. They defined the short-term outcomes using feedback from fellows and an evaluation of the fellows’ abstract submissions to the VAQS Summer Institute. Submissions were reviewed to identify how fellows applied the LHI course concepts to QI projects at their respective sites. The authors also collected preliminary impact data from fellows to determine long-term outcomes.
Finally, they used the logic model to inform changes to the LHI course based on the evaluation data they collected and developed plans to measure the impact of the course on learners, patients, and the health care system. The authors conclude with lessons learned to guide others who are implementing similar QI efforts.
Toward Creating Equity in Awards Received During Medical School: Strategic Changes at One Institution
Authors: Teherani Arianne , Harleman Elizabeth , Hauer Karen E. , Lucey Catherine 
Published: February 2020

Membership in the Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society (AΩA) is a widely recognized achievement valued by residency selection committees and employers. Yet research has shown selection favors students from racial/ethnic groups not underrepresented in medicine (not-UIM). The authors describe efforts to create equity in AΩA selection at the University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, through implementation of a holistic selection process, starting with the class of 2017, and present outcomes.Informed by the definition ofholistic review, medical school leaders applied strategic changes grounded in evidence on inclusion, mitigating bias, and increasing opportunity throughout the AΩA selection process. These addressed increasing selection committee diversity, revising selection criteria and training committee members to review applications using a new instrument, broadening student eligibility and inviting applications, reviewing blinded applications, and making final selection decisions based on review and discussion of a rank-ordered list of students that equally weighted academic achievement and professional contributions.The authors compared AΩA eligibility and selection outcomes for 3 classes (2014–2016) during clerkship metric–driven selection, which prioritized academic achievement, and 3 classes (2017–2019) during holistic selection. During clerkship metric–driven selection, not-UIM students were 4 times more likely than UIM students to be eligible for AΩA (P= .001) and 3 times more likely to be selected (P= .001). During holistic selection, not-UIM students were 2 times more likely than UIM students to be eligible for AΩA (P= .001); not-UIM and UIM students were similarly likely to be selected (odds ratio = .7,P= .12)This new holistic selection process created equity in representation of UIM students among students selected for AΩA. Centered on equity pedagogy, which advocates dismantling structures that create inequity, this holistic selection process has implications for creating equity in awards selection during medical education.