bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopically labelled macroalgae: A new method for determining sources of excess nitrogen pollution
Authors: Bailes Imogen R. , Gröcke Darren R. 
Published: September 2020

RationaleStable nitrogen isotope ratios (δ15N) can be used to discern sources of excess nitrogen pollution in water. The δ15N values of nitrate in water often do not reflect the true δ15N source value owing to high temporal variation, and there are high analytical costs associated with obtaining δ15N values from water nitrate. To find alternative solutions, we isotopically labelled macroalgae (i.e. seaweed) beyond natural variation as a new method for determining sources of excess nitrogen pollution in seawater.MethodsFucus vesiculosus (bladder wrack) non‐fertile tips were collected from Easington Colliery, County Durham, UK, and cultured in two isotopically enriched solutions containing ammonium sulphate with δ15N values of 170 ± 5‰ and –60 ± 3‰ for a period of 19 days. The macroalgae were cultured in separate opened glass jars in an incubator with set temperature (11°C) and light (125 μmol photons m−2 s−2 on a light/dark rhythm of 16 h/8 h). The oven‐dried tips were analysed for δ15N over the 19‐day experiment.ResultsThe macroalgal tips incorporated the isotopically enriched solutions rapidly, reaching 50% of the isotopically enriched seawater after ca 11 days for the 15N‐enriched solution and ca 15 days for the 14N‐enriched solution. δ15N values were incorporated more into the torn base of the macroalgal tips than into the middle and apex regions.ConclusionsF. vesiculosus rapidly incorporates the isotopic ratio of the artificial seawater solution to which it is translocated. The laboratory‐developed isotopically labelled macroalgae can be manufactured to generate ‘unnatural’ δ15N values for translocation into coastal environments. This approach can provide an efficient, low‐cost alternative to current analytical methods for determining and monitoring nitrogen pollution.
The unique features of SARS‐CoV‐2 transmission: Comparison with SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV and 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus
Authors: Wu Zhonglan , Harrich David , Li Zhongyang , Hu Dongsheng , Li Dongsheng 
Published: September 2020

SummaryFrom 2002 to 2019, three deadly human coronaviruses (hCoVs), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV), Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) emerged to produce outbreaks of SARS, MERS and coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19), respectively. All three hCoVs are members of the Betacoronavirus genus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae and share many similarities in virology and epidemiology. However, the pattern and scale of Covid‐19 global spread is similar to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza (H1N1pdm09), rather than SARS or MERS. Covid‐19 exhibits high viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract at an early stage of infection, and has a high proportion of transmission competent individuals that are pre‐symptomatic, asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic, characteristics seen in H1N1pdm09 but not in SARS or MERS. These two traits of Covid‐19 and H1N1pdm09 result in reduced efficiency in identification of transmission sources by symptomatic screening and play important roles in their ability to spread unchecked to cause pandemics. To overcome these attributes of Covid‐19 in community transmission, identifying the transmission source by testing for virus shedding and interrupting chains of transmission by social distancing and public masking are required.
Coronavirus disease‐19 and cardiovascular disease: A risk factor or a risk marker?
Authors: Liu Jing , Virani Salim S. , Alam Mahboob , Denktas Ali E. , Hamzeh Ihab , Khalid Umair 
Published: September 2020

SummarySevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 causes the clinical syndrome of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‐19) which has become a global pandemic resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. While the virus primarily affects the respiratory system, it also causes a wide variety of complex cardiac manifestations such as acute myopericarditis, acute coronary syndrome, congested heart failure, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrhythmias. There are numerous proposed mechanisms of cardiac injury, including direct cellular injury, pro‐inflammatory cytokine storm, myocardial oxygen‐demand mismatch, and systemic inflammation causing multi‐organ failure. Additionally, medications commonly used to treat COVID‐19 patients have various cardiovascular side effects. We aim to provide a succinct review about the pathophysiology and cardiac manifestations of COVID‐19, as well as treatment considerations and the various adaptations made to the current healthcare structure as a result of the pandemic.
Observer design for rectangular descriptor systems with incremental quadratic constraints and nonlinear outputs—Application to secure communications
Authors: Moysis Lazaros , Gupta Mahendra Kumar , Mishra Vikas , Marwan Muhammad , Volos Christos 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis work considers the problem of observer design for rectangular descriptor systems with nonlinearities satisfying incremental quadratic constraints. The observer design is feasible under the satisfaction of a linear matrix inequality and some algebraic relations in the system matrices. The special case of nonlinearities in the output is also considered. Finally, the developed approach is applied to the problem of secure communications and illustrated through numerical examples.
Platform pricing redux
Authors: Arce Daniel G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPlatforms such as Airbnb, Amazon, Apple iOS, eBay, Microsoft Windows, and Uber are ubiquitous. The two‐sided nature of platform markets, however, requires a reconsideration of the conditions for profit maximization and understanding of how platforms operate. Profit‐maximization in two‐sided markets is characterized as an intuitive extension of the inverse elasticity pricing rule (Lerner index). This is further expressed in terms of the participants' primitives: users' reservation values and the platform's marginal cost. Differences between one‐ and two‐sided markets are demonstrated and discussed.
Characterization of Proton Dynamics for the Understanding of Conduction Mechanism in Proton Conductive Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kolokolov Daniil I. , Lim Dae‐Woon , Kitagawa Hiroshi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProton conductivity has been traditionally investigated with various materials such as organic polymers, metal oxides, and other inorganic and organic compounds because of their potential application in the electrochemical devices. In particular, during the last decade, crystalline porous coordination polymers (PCPs) or metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have received considerable attention in recent years, as solid‐state proton conductors (SSPCs). To date, proton‐conductive MOFs have achieved high performance in proton conductivity (>10−2 S cm−1) with rational design strategies. In addition, there are dedicated efforts to define the conduction pathway and mechanism using various experimental tools. In this review, we focus on the characterization of proton conductivity and molecular dynamics in hydrated MOFs, with selected examples to provide an understanding of the overall conduction mechanism.
Performance effects of interaction between multicultural managers and multicultural team members: Evidence from elite football competitions
Authors: Szymanski Mike , Kalra Komal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMulticultural employees are an important organizational demographic and a subject of increasing interest in the literature on international management; however, few studies assess how multiculturals affect team performance. We first collect individual performance data for 442 individuals from 20 teams led by monocultural and multicultural managers. We then collect team‐level performance data for 269 teams with varying proportions of multicultural individuals. The results confirm that multicultural individuals performed better in teams with multicultural managers and that teams led by multicultural managers outperformed teams with the same percentage of multicultural individuals led by monocultural managers.
Inner speech
Authors: Langland‐Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInner speech travels under many aliases: the inner voice, verbal thought, thinking in words, internal verbalization, “talking in your head,” the “little voice in the head,” and so on. It is both a familiar element of first‐person experience and a psychological phenomenon whose complex cognitive components and distributed neural bases are increasingly well understood. There is evidence that inner speech plays a variety of cognitive roles, from enabling abstract thought, to supporting metacognition, memory, and executive function. One active area of controversy concerns the relation of inner speech to auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs) in schizophrenia, with a common proposal being that sufferers of AVH misidentify their own inner speech as being generated by someone else. Recently, researchers have used artificial intelligence to translate the neural and neuromuscular signatures of inner speech into corresponding outer speech signals, laying the groundwork for a variety of new applications and interventions.This article is categorized under:Philosophy > Foundations of Cognitive ScienceLinguistics > Language in Mind and BrainPhilosophy > ConsciousnessPhilosophy > Psychological Capacities
Empirical comparison of DSLRs and smartphone cameras for latent prints photography
Authors: Pitts Robert , Wei Mingkui , Yu Jorn , Rairden Alicia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLaw enforcement agencies take extreme caution when it comes to the selection of the image acquisition devices for evidence photography. For example, there was a large gap between when the digital camera was invented and when it became popularly used, and when it was adopted by law enforcement agencies to capture images for the documentation of crime scenes and physical evidence. Similarly, although smartphones are commonly used for taking photos and are gradually replacing digital cameras to become the mostly used photography devices, using smartphones for evidence photography is still uncommon among law enforcement agencies. In this article, we discuss a particular use scenario of smartphone photography, that is, using a smartphone to capture images of latent fingerprints. To collect experimental data, images of fingerprints were taken by a standard digital SLR camera and a smartphone camera. The numerical values representing the fingerprint qualities of these two sets of images were then generated by a Biometric SDK software. From the comparison of the quantitative image quality results, we concluded that no statistically significant difference was found between the two image acquisition devices. Our experimental data shed light on the perspective of adopting smartphones as competent devices for the purpose of latent fingerprint photography at a crime scene.This article is categorized under:
Digital and Multimedia Science > Mobile Forensics
Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Fingermarks and Other Marks
Digital and Multimedia Science > Forensic Visualization
Crime Scene Investigation > Crime Scene Examination
Recent advances in development of dendritic polymer‐based nanomedicines for cancer diagnosis
Authors: Li Haonan , Sun Jiayu , Zhu Hongyan , Wu Haoxing , Zhang Hu , Gu Zhongwei , Luo Kui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDendritic polymers have highly branched three‐dimensional architectures, the fourth type apart from linear, cross‐linked, and branched one. They possess not only a large number of terminal functional units and interior cavities, but also a low viscosity with weak or no entanglement. These features endow them with great potential in various biomedicine applications, including drug delivery, gene therapy, tissue engineering, immunoassay and bioimaging. Most review articles related to bio‐related applications of dendritic polymers focus on their drug or gene delivery, while very few of them are devoted to their function as cancer diagnosis agents, which are essential for cancer treatment. In this review, we will provide comprehensive insights into various dendritic polymer‐based cancer diagnosis agents. Their classification and preparation are presented for readers to have a precise understanding of dendritic polymers. On account of physical/chemical properties of dendritic polymers and biological properties of cancer, we will suggest a few design strategies for constructing dendritic polymer‐based diagnosis agents, such as active or passive targeting strategies, imaging reporters‐incorporating strategies, and/or internal stimuli‐responsive degradable/enhanced imaging strategies. Their recent applications in in vitro diagnosis of cancer cells or exosomes and in vivo diagnosis of primary and metastasis tumor sites with the aid of single/multiple imaging modalities will be discussed in great detail.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Diagnostic Tools > in vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Diagnostic Tools > in vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing
Global Radioxenon Emission Inventory from Nuclear Power Plants for the Calendar Year 2014
Authors: Kalinowski Martin B. , Tatlisu Halit 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFor the purpose of monitoring for compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), the International Monitoring System (IMS) is being established that includes 40 sensor systems for atmospheric xenon radioactivity. Its purpose is to monitor the atmosphere for signatures that may indicate a nuclear explosion. Normal operational releases of radioxenon from nuclear facilities can regularly be observed by these very high-sensitive noble gas systems. Existing best estimates of releases for a generic year are unlikely to apply for any specific year at the level of individual facilities because their releases are highly variable and can change by several orders of magnitude from year to year. In this paper, best knowledge of the radioxenon emission inventory from nuclear power plants (NPPs) is collected for the calendar year 2014. The distribution function for each CTBT relevant radioxenon isotope is derived from all releases from NPPs as reported for 2014. The data of this paper can be used for developing and validating methods based on atmospheric transport modelling that are designed to enhance understanding of the impact of known sources on the IMS background observations.
Prevalence and outcome of contrast-induced nephropathy in major trauma patients
Authors: Kelemen Julian Alexander , Kaserer Alexander , Jensen Kai Oliver , Stein Philipp , Seifert Burkhardt , Simmen Hans-Peter , Spahn Donat R. , Pape Hans-Christoph , Neuhaus Valentin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundContrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) has been well investigated in patients undergoing coronary angiography, but not in trauma patients. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to investigate independent risk factors for the development of CIN.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2014, all pre-hospital intubated major trauma patients with documented serum creatinine levels (SCr) undergoing a contrast-enhanced whole-body CT at admission were retrospectively analyzed. CIN was defined as a relative increase in SCr > 25% over the baseline value or an absolute SCr increase of > 44 µmol/l within 72 h. Univariate and multivariable regression analyses were performed to identify significant risk factors. Apvalue of < 0.01 was considered statistically significant and apvalue of 0.01–0.049 suggested evidence.ResultsOf 284 analyzed patients, 41 (14%) met the criteria for CIN. There is suggestive evidence that age and lactate level influenced the development of CIN. Six patients (15%) had hemodialysis in the CIN-group and eight (3.3%) in the group without CIN. Complication and mortality rate was higher in patients with CIN (71% vs. 56% and 32% vs. 23%, respectively). CIN was not an independent risk factor for complications or mortality while controlling for age, gender, injury severity score, and lactate level. The length of stay was not affected by CIN.ConclusionCIN occurs frequently in trauma patients, but is not an independent risk factor for complications or mortality. Therefore, contrast enhanced whole-body CT can safely be performed in trauma patients.
Deformation behavior of steel-to-aluminum tailor blanks made by laser/MIG hybrid and cold metal transfer brazing methods
Authors: Shaker M. A. , Jain M. K. , Chen J. Z. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, dual phase steel (DP780) and AA2024-T3 aluminum sheets were successfully butt-welded together utilizing laser/MIG hybrid and cold metal transfer (CMT) brazing methods. A comparative study was conducted between the brazed joints produced by both methods in terms of wetting length, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layer thickness, fracture position, and fracture mode. The results of testing showed that the produced joints from each method introduced significantly different deformation behavior. In addition, better wetting length and lower IMCs layer thickness are not the only factors that improve the mechanical behavior of brazed joints. The susceptibility of the aluminum base metal and time of exposure to the heat sources during joining process are also important.
A transformation-based discretization method for solving general semi-infinite optimization problems
Authors: Schwientek Jan , Seidel Tobias , Küfer Karl-Heinz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiscretization methods are commonly used for solving standard semi-infinite optimization (SIP) problems. The transfer of these methods to the case of general semi-infinite optimization (GSIP) problems is difficult due to the $$\mathbf {x}$$
x
-dependence of the infinite index set. On the other hand, under suitable conditions, a GSIP problem can be transformed into a SIP problem. In this paper we assume that such a transformation exists globally. However, this approach may destroy convexity in the lower level, which is very important for numerical methods. We present in this paper a solution approach for GSIP problems, which cleverly combines the above mentioned two techniques. It is shown that the convergence results for discretization methods in the case of SIP problems can be transferred to our transformation-based discretization method under suitable assumptions on the transformation. Finally, we illustrate the operation of our approach as well as its performance on several examples, including a problem of volume-maximal inscription of multiple variable bodies into a larger fixed body, which has never before been considered as a GSIP test problem.
Development of a new empirical formula for prediction of triple point path
Authors: Xiao W. , Andrae M. , Gebbeken N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper develops a new empirical formula for the prediction of the triple point path in irregular shock reflection cases. Numerical simulations using a two-dimensional axisymmetric multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation are employed to obtain the data of fluid density. Using the data of fluid density and nodal coordinates, the gradients of fluid density are determined and then used to generate numerical schlieren images. Based on these images, the triple point paths are derived and compared with the models of the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) and Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) as well as two models from the open literature. It is found that the numerically derived triple point paths are in good agreement with those predicted by a recently published model in the open literature for the typical ground range of shock wave propagation of up to 6 m. Considering the whole distance range, it is found that the agreement of different models of the triple point path with the numerical ones depends on the considered blast scenario, i.e., the scaled charge height. For small-scaled charge heights, the model of the UFC and the recently published model in the open literature are in better agreement with the numerical results than the other two models, whereas the NRDC model has the best agreement with the numerical results for large-scaled charge heights. Based on the numerical results, a new empirical formula is proposed for the prediction of the triple point path, which is valid for a wide range of the scaled charge heights from 0.5 to 3.5 m/kg1/3 and scaled ground distances up to 15 m/kg1/3.
Entropy Accumulation
Authors: Dupuis Frédéric , Fawzi Omar , Renner Renato 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe ask the question whether entropy accumulates, in the sense that the operationally relevant total uncertainty about an n-partite system $$A = (A_1, \ldots A_n)$$

A
=
(

A
1

,
…

A
n

)

corresponds to the sum of the entropies of its parts $$A_i$$

A
i

. The Asymptotic Equipartition Property implies that this is indeed the case to first order in n—under the assumption that the parts $$A_i$$

A
i

are identical and independent of each other. Here we show that entropy accumulation occurs more generally, i.e., without an independence assumption, provided one quantifies the uncertainty about the individual systems $$A_i$$

A
i

by the von Neumann entropy of suitably chosen conditional states. The analysis of a large system can hence be reduced to the study of its parts. This is relevant for applications. In device-independent cryptography, for instance, the approach yields essentially optimal security bounds valid for general attacks, as shown by Arnon-Friedman et al. (SIAM J Comput 48(1):181–225, 2019).
Leaching effect of water on photodegraded hardwood species monitored by IR spectroscopy
Authors: Varga Denes , Tolvaj Laszlo , Molnar Zsolt , Pasztory Zoltan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBlack locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), aspen (Populus tremula L.) and sessile oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) hardwood samples were irradiated by a strong ultraviolet (UV) emitter mercury lamp at 50 °C. Other series of specimens were exposed to a combined treatment of UV irradiation and water leaching. Ratio of UV radiation and water leaching time was 2:1. While the total duration of UV radiation was 20 days for both test series that of water leaching was 10 days. IR measurement was taken after both UV radiation and water leaching to monitor both effects separately. Lignin degradation proved to be more intensive in leached samples than in purely UV-irradiated samples. Guaiacyl and syringyl lignin showed similar degradation properties. Unconjugated carbonyl groups generated by the photodegradation were the most sensitive chemical components to leaching. Photodegradation generated two absorption bands of unconjugated carbonyl groups at around 1710 and 1760 cm−1 wavenumbers. The band at 1760 cm−1 was much more sensitive to water leaching than the band at 1710 cm−1. Three to ten days of water leaching was enough to remove all unconjugated carbonyls generated by the photodegradation, depending on the species. Sessile oak was the most sensitive species to water leaching, whereas black locust proved to be the most stable against both photodegradation and water leaching. Water was able to leach out unconjugated carbonyl groups (absorbing at 1745 cm−1) originally present in all investigated wood species.