bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human CYP2E1‐dependent mutagenicity of benzene and its hydroxylated metabolites in V79‐derived cells: Suppression and enhancement by ethanol pretreatment
Authors: Hu Keqi , Cai Lu , Li Zihuan , Glatt Hansruedi , Shi Ming , Liu Yungang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBenzene is a human carcinogen that requires metabolic activation. We previously observed that benzene and its hydroxylated metabolites induce micronuclei in mammalian cells expressing human CYP2E1. This study was initially aimed to study another endpoint, the induction of gene mutations by those compounds in the same cell models. A V79‐derived cell line expressing human CYP2E1 and sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 (V79‐hCYP2E1‐hSULT1A1) pretreated with ethanol (a CYP2E1 stabilizer) was used in the hprt gene mutagenicity assay. Phenol, hydroquinone, catechol, and 1,2,4‐trihydroxybenzene all induced gene mutations, while they were inactive, or only weakly positive (hydroquinone), in parental V79‐Mz cells. Unexpectedly, benzene was non‐mutagenic in both cell lines, but it became positive in V79‐hCYP2E1‐hSULT1A1 cells using regimes of short exposure/long recovery without ethanol pretreatment, for both gene mutations and micronuclei formation. In silico molecular simulation showed binding energies and positions favorable for each compound to be oxidized by human CYP2E1, benzene demonstrating the highest affinity. By tunnel analysis, ethanol binding did not limit benzene to pass tunnel S, which was specifically active for benzene. However, its end product, acetic acid, decreased the occurrence of tunnel S from 5.4 to 2.2% and extended the length of its bottleneck from 5.5 to 9.0 Å. With residual ethanol molecules still being present in CYP2E1 for a period of time after benzene exposure, the acetic acid formed could limit the entrance of benzene, thus inhibit its metabolic activation. In summary, ethanol may interfere with the activation of benzene to mutagenic metabolites, at least in cultured cells.
An experimental investigation of the nonlinear gas flow and stress‐dependent permeability of shale fractures
Authors: Shen Zhonghui , Zhou Lei , Su Xiaopeng , Li Honglian , Tang Jiren , Zheng Xuelin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe fluid flow characteristics in shale fractures are of great significance for shale gas reservoir evaluation and exploitation. In this study, artificial tension fractures in shale were used to simulate the hydraulic fractures formed by fracturing, and a gas flow test under different pressure gradients was conducted. The nonlinear gas flow and stress‐dependent permeability characteristics were analyzed. The experimental results show the following: (a) CO2 flow in shale fractures exhibits strong nonlinearity. Forchheimer's law, which considers gas compressibility, satisfactorily describes the nonlinear relationship between the flow rate and the pressure gradients in shale fractures. (b) The permeability sensitivity of shale fractures under stress is very strong, and the exponential relationship better describes the pressure dependency of the permeability for the tested shale samples. The permeability of the shale fractures is similar when measured parallel or perpendicular to bedding. Furthermore, the pressure dependence of fractures in shale obeys the Walsh permeability model. (c) As the effective stress increases, the nonlinear flow behavior appears earlier. Based on the Reynolds number and the nonlinear coefficient, a friction factor model is proposed. (d) The normalized transmissivity exhibits a strong correlation with the Reynolds number. CO2 flow through shale fractures is generally dominated by transitional flow. The critical Reynolds number ranges from 1.8 to 102.88 and decreases with increasing effective stress.
The Effect of Herbicide Formulations and Herbicide–Adjuvant Mixtures on Aquatic Food Web Species of the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta, California, USA
Authors: Stillway Marie E. , Teh Swee J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Herbicides have recently been designated as one of the most frequently detected chemical types in aquatic systems. We evaluated the effect of the herbicide formulations Clearcast® (active ingredient imazamox) and Galleon® SC (active ingredient penoxsulam), in conjunction with the adjuvant Agri-dex®, on the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and the copepod Eurytemora affinis and whether their application in invasive aquatic weed control has acutely negative effects on important delta food web species. Herbicide–adjuvant mixtures were more toxic than herbicide formulations alone. For the diatom, 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) were 84.4 mg/L for Clearcast, &gt;100 mg/L for Galleon SC, and 38.5 mg/L for Agri-dex. In the herbicide mixture diatom tests, IC50s decreased to 2.8 mg/L for Clearcast + 64 mg/L Agri-dex and to 6.6 mg/L for Galleon SC + 41 mg/L Agri-dex. In the copepod tests, 50% effect concentrations (EC50s) were 45.4 mg/L for Agri-dex, 31.2 mg/L for Galleon SC, and &gt;100 mg/L for Clearcast. When tested together, EC50s were reduced to 24.1 for Galleon SC and 67.6 mg/L for Clearcast in the presence of 50 mg/L Agri-dex. Environmentally relevant herbicide–adjuvant mixture ratios were at the no-observed-effect level. Mixture interactions between herbicides and adjuvants indicate the potential for increased toxicity in herbicide formulations and tank mixes, especially in consideration of the unlisted, proprietary ingredients which are included in herbicide formulations, making predicting nontarget effects challenging. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1375–1381. © 2020 SETAC
Abstract
Herbicide formulations and herbicide–adjuvant mixtures were added to individual test replicates containing either the copepod Eurytemora affinis (top row) or the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (bottom row). Test treatments were conducted in quadruplicate, and species were tested separately.
Effect of feeding regimen on meat quality, MyHC isoforms, AMPK, and PGC‐1α genes expression in the biceps femoris muscle of Mongolia sheep
Authors: Hou Yanru , Su Lin , Su Rina , Luo Yulong , Wang Bohui , Yao Duo , Zhao Lihua , Jin Ye 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe effects of two feeding regimens on meat quality, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types, and key factors regulating muscle fiber type (AMP‐activated protein kinase [AMPK] and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐coactivator‐1α [PGC‐1α]) in the biceps femoris muscle of Mongolia sheep were investigated. A total of 20 Mongolia sheep were weaning for 90 days and divided into two groups (pasture group (P) and confinement group (C)) at 10.36 ± 0.35 kg of weaning weight. After weaning, sheep were pasture fed or confinement fed for 9 months. The results showed that live weights, carcass weight, intramuscular fat (IMF), and Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in P group were significantly lower (p < .05) than that in C group. Compared with P group, color evaluations with respect to L* and b* values were significantly higher (p < .05) in C group. Expression of the MyHC I gene in the P group was significantly higher, while MyHC IIa and MyHC IIb genes expression was significantly lower (p < .05) than that in C group. Also, AMPK activity and expression of AMPKα2 and PGC‐1α genes were significantly higher (p < .05) in P group compared with C group. The present study indicated that muscle fiber composition was one of the key differences leading to the differences of meat quality in different feeding regimens. AMPK, particularly AMPKα2, and PGC‐1α were considered to be two key factors regulating muscle fiber types in Mongolia sheep. The results support that AMPK activity and the expression of AMPKα2 and PGC‐1α genes may affect the composition of muscle fibers; thus, AMPK activity and the expression of AMPKα2 and PGC‐1α genes had an effect on meat quality by changed composition of muscle fibers.
Comparative study of the nutritional composition of local brown rice, maize (obaatanpa), and millet—A baseline research for varietal complementary feeding
Authors: Yankah Nancy , Intiful Freda Dzifa , Tette Edem M. A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionChildhood malnutrition remains a major public health issue of concern particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa, and inadequate complementary feeding is a common cause. Promoting dietary diversity is one way of tackling this problem. High dependence on maize has its limitations; modifying other local staples into complementary foods can be a feasible alternative to promote optimum nutrition.ObjectivesComparing the nutritional composition of brown rice to millet and maize to determine its beneficial value as complementary food.MethodsExperimental study was carried out at the Department of Nutrition and Food Science of University of Ghana. Samples of maize, millet, and brown rice were obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture, Accra and nutritional contents analyzed. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 and ANOVA were used to assess differences.ResultsResults showed brown rice contained the highest content of carbohydrates (77.94 ± 0.32) % and zinc (12.15 ± 0.21) mg while millet had the highest protein (10.49 ± 0E‐7) mg and fat (4.99 ± 0.46) % content. Maize contained highest amount of calcium (21.24 ± 0.14) mg. Iron was only found in millet (10.72 ± 0.15) mg. The zinc content per 100 g of all three (3) cereals was above RDA. All three (3) cereals contributed significantly <10% to the RDA of calcium. Iron content of millet contributed more than 90% to RDA.ConclusionsLocally produced brown rice is rich in zinc and carbohydrates compared to millet and maize. Thus, can be used for complementary feed but, given the low protein and iron content, it may need to be fortified or diversified and used as a cereal blend.
Assessment of aflatoxin in milk and feed samples and impact of seasonal variations in the Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Akbar Naveed , Nasir Muhammad , Naeem Naureen , Ahmad Mansur‐ud‐Din , Saeed Farhan , Anjum Faqir Muhammad , Iqbal Sanaullah , Imran Muhammad , Tufail Tabussam , Shah Faiz‐ul‐Hassan , Atif Muhammad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe present study was designed to assess the incidence of aflatoxin contamination in animal feed and raw milk samples (total 240 each) collected from dairy farms during the complete year of 2015. These samples were collected through a cluster random sampling technique by dividing the province of Punjab, Pakistan into five clusters (north, south, east, west and central). Factors (environmental & physical) affecting aflatoxin contamination in milk and animal feed at farms were also studied. The AFM1 levels in raw milk & AFB1 levels in feed samples were analyzed by using the ELISA technique. Results demonstrated that overall about 53% raw milk samples from dairy farms were contaminated beyond the US MRL (0.50 µg/L) for AFM1 with than average level of 0.59 µg/L, while the 95% farm feed samples were exceeding the FDA MRL (20 µg/kg) of AFB1 with average level of 43 µg/kg. During winter season, the concentration of AFM1 was higher in all clusters with avg 0.68 µg/L, while the AFB1 contamination was highest in the spring season with avg 54 µg/kg. Market feed prices had negative correlation with AFB1 contamilevels, which were further supported by the positive correlation between quantity of feed at farms with AFM1 and AFB1 contamination. Results exhibited significantly positive impact of environmental factors on milk and feed aflatoxin contamination levels, whereas temperature showed an inverse relationship with AFM1 and AFB1 levels. The study recommends need of synergistic extension work to support dairy farms and highlight the contamination levels for regulatory bodies to introduce strategic policies for control measures.
Climate change shapes the future evolution of plant metabolism
Authors: Xu Sophia Y. , Weng Jing‐Ke 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPlanet Earth has experienced many dramatic atmospheric and climatic changes throughout its 4.5‐billion‐year history that have profoundly impacted the evolution of life as we know it. Photosynthetic organisms, and specifically plants, have played a paramount role in shaping the Earth's atmosphere through oxygen production and carbon sequestration. In turn, the diversity of plants has been shaped by historical atmospheric and climatic changes: plants rose to this challenge by evolving new developmental and metabolic traits. These adaptive traits help plants to thrive in diverse growth conditions, while benefiting humanity through the production of food, raw materials, and medicines. However, the current rapid rate of climate change caused by human activities presents unprecedented new challenges to the future of plants. Here, we discuss the potential effects of modern climate change on plants, with specific attention to plant specialized metabolism. We explore potential avenues of future scientific investigations, powered by cutting‐edge methods such as synthetic biology and genome engineering, to better understand and mitigate the consequences of rapid climate change on plant fitness and plant usage by humans.
Unravelling selection signatures in a single dog breed suggests recent selection for morphological and behavioral traits
Authors: Friedrich Juliane , Talenti Andrea , Arvelius Per , Strandberg Erling , Haskell Marie J. , Wiener Pamela 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStrong selection has resulted in substantial morphological and behavioral diversity across modern dog breeds, which makes dogs interesting model animals to study the underlying genetic architecture of these traits. However, results from between‐breed analyses may confound selection signatures for behavior and morphological features that were coselected during breed development. In this study, we assess population genetic differences in a unique resource of dogs of the same breed but with systematic behavioral selection in only one population. We exploit these different breeding backgrounds to identify signatures of recent selection. Selection signatures within populations were found on chromosomes 4 and 19, with the strongest signals in behavior‐related genes. Regions showing strong signals of divergent selection were located on chromosomes 1, 24, and 32, and include candidate genes for both physical features and behavior. Some of the selection signatures appear to be driven by loci associated with coat color (Chr 24; ASIP) and length (Chr 32; FGF5), while others showed evidence of association with behavior. Our findings suggest that signatures of selection within dog breeds have been driven by selection for morphology and behavior. Furthermore, we demonstrate that combining selection scans with association analyses is effective for dissecting the traits under selection.
Small lesions of the dorsal or ventral hippocampus subregions are associated with distinct impairments in working memory and reference memory retrieval, and combining them attenuates the acquisition rate of spatial reference memory
Authors: Hauser Jonas , Llano López Luis H. , Feldon Joram , Gargiulo Pascual A. , Yee Benjamin K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe importance of the hippocampus in spatial learning is well established, but the precise relative contributions by the dorsal (septal) and ventral (temporal) subregions remain unresolved. One debate revolves around the extent to which the ventral hippocampus contributes to spatial navigation and learning. Here, separate small subtotal lesions of dorsal hippocampus or ventral hippocampus alone (destroying 18.9 and 28.5% of total hippocampal volume, respectively) spared reference memory acquisition in the water maze. By contrast, combining the two subtotal lesions significantly reduced the rate of acquisition across days. This constitutes evidence for synergistic integration between dorsal and ventral hippocampus in mice. Evidence that ventral hippocampus contributes to spatial/navigation learning also emerged early on during the retention probe test as search preference was reduced in mice with ventral lesions alone or combined lesions. The small ventral lesions also led to anxiolysis in the elevated plus maze and over‐generalization of the conditioned freezing response to a neutral context. Similar effects of comparable magnitudes were seen in mice with combined lesions, suggesting that they were largely due to the small ventral damage. By contrast, small dorsal lesions were uniquely associated with a severe spatial working memory deficit in the water maze. Taken together, both dorsal and ventral poles of the hippocampus contribute to efficient spatial navigation in mice: While the integrity of dorsal hippocampus is necessary for spatial working memory, the acquisition and retrieval of spatial reference memory are modulated by the ventral hippocampus. Although the impairments following ventral damage (alone or in combination with dorsal damage) were less substantial, a wider spectrum of spatial learning, including context conditioning, was implicated. Our results encourage the search for integrative mechanism between dorsal and ventral hippocampus in spatial learning. Candidate neural substrates may include dorsoventral longitudinal connections and reciprocal modulation via overlapping polysynaptic networks beyond hippocampus.
Numerical and experimental investigation on capture of CO2 and other pollutants from an SI engine using the physical adsorption technique
Authors: Subramaniam Mohankumar , Satish S. , Solomon Jenoris Muthiya , Sathyamurthy Ravishankar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) is considered as a major contributor to global warming. Automobile contributes to around 65% of total carbon dioxide emissions globally when compared with other sources. On considering the upcoming stringent emission norms, this problem needs to be addressed properly. In this proposed study, an attempt is made to capture CO2 and other emissions from spark ignition engines using activated carbon as an adsorbent. In the initial part of this study, a numerical investigation on backpressure was carried out by varying the porosity factor of activated carbon. Computational analysis is carried out by placing activated carbon at three different variations. It is done by varying three different porosity percentages 30, 35, and 45 by placing activated carbon at three different locations. The final study reveals that activated carbon placed at the PC 35‐3 layout shows optimum backpressure and high filtration efficiency when compared with the other two layouts. Then, the PC35‐3 layout is fabricated and tested on a three‐cylinder, carburetted, variable speed, water‐cooled petrol engine at various load conditions (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%.). Final results show that considerable amount of hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and CO2 gets reduced while operating the engine at idle and part load conditions and reduced exhaust gas temperature.
One‐carbon metabolism‐related micronutrients intake and risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Antwi Samuel O. , Petrick Jessica L. , Campbell Peter T. , Norez Daniel A. , Stevens Victoria L. , Liao Linda M. , Roberts Lewis R. , Patel Tushar , McGlynn Katherine A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDeficient intake of micronutrients involved in one‐carbon metabolism (eg, choline, methionine, vitamin B12 and folic acid) leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in rodents, but is under‐investigated in humans. We investigated the association between one‐carbon metabolism‐related micronutrient intake and HCC risk in a prospective cohort of 494 860 participants with 16 years of follow‐up in the NIH‐AARP study. Dietary intakes and supplement use were ascertained at baseline using a food‐frequency questionnaire. Total intake (diet plus supplements) of the following one‐carbon metabolism‐related micronutrients were calculated: folate, methionine and vitamins B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 and B12. These micronutrients were examined both individually and simultaneously, with adjustment for covariates. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Over the 16‐year follow‐up period, 647 incident HCC cases were diagnosed. When examined individually, higher total vitamin B3 intake was associated with a lower HCC risk (HRQ5 vs Q1 = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.42‐0.85; Ptrend = .008), and the association remained significant when all six micronutrients were examined simultaneously (HRQ5 vs Q1 = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.18‐0.55; Ptrend < .0001). Among participants with >3 years of follow‐up, higher total vitamin B3 intake was again associated with lower risk (HRQ5 vs Q1 = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.20‐0.68; Ptrend = .001), whereas higher total vitamin B6 intake was associated with higher risk (HRQ5 vs Q1 = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.02‐4.07; Ptrend = .04). Restricted cubic spline analyses showed a dose‐response inverse association between total vitamin B3 intake and HCC risk, and dose‐response positive association between total vitamin B6 intake and HCC risk. The study suggests that higher vitamin B3 intake is associated with lower HCC risk, whereas higher vitamin B6 intake is associated with increased risk.
Development and validation of a stromal immune phenotype classifier for predicting immune activity and prognosis in triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Zheng Shaoquan , Zou Yutian , Xie Xinhua , Liang Jie‐ying , Yang Anli , Yu Kai , Wang Jian , Tang Hailin , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOur study aims to construct a prognosis‐related immune phenotype classifier for predicting clinical prognosis and immune activity in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC). A total of 237 patients with TNBC from Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) and 533 patients with TNBC from public datasets were included in our study. A stromal immune quantified index was generated with a LASSO Cox regression model based on five prognosis‐related immune cells evaluated by CIBERSORT or IHC and was used to determine immune phenotypes. Immune features were evaluated in the samples before chemotherapy. A total of 119 patients in the SYSUCC training cohort were classified into immune Phenotypes A and B according to the density of stromal CD4+ T cells, γδ T cells, monocytes, M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages. Phenotype A predicted better survival than Phenotype B, and the classification was further validated in the testing cohort of 118 patients and the validation cohort of 533 patients. In the combined cohort, significant differences were found in Phenotype A compared to Phenotype B for the 5‐year overall survival (83.5% vs 65.8%, respectively, P < .01) and the 5‐year disease‐free survival (87.3% vs 76.0%, respectively, P < .01). In Phenotype A, immune‐related pathways were significantly enriched, and a higher level of immune checkpoint molecules, including PD‐L1, PD‐1 and CTLA‐4, could be observed. The immune phenotype classification was an independent prognostic indicator for TNBC and might serve as a potential predictor for immune activity within the tumor microenvironment.