bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Weakly Antiferromagnetically Coupled Biradical Combining Verdazyl with Nitronylnitroxide Units
Authors: Petunin Pavel V. , Rybalova Tatyana V. , Trusova Marina E. , Uvarov Mikhail N. , Kazantsev Maxim S. , Mostovich Evgeny A. , Postulka Lars , Eibisch Paul , Wolf Bernd , Lang Michael , Postnikov Pavel S. , Baumgarten Martin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAn antiferromagnetically (AFM) coupled biradical based on oxoverdazyl and nitronylnitroxide was synthesized in 46 % yield using Sonogashira coupling. The obtained heterobiradical evidenced distinct properties of both radical entities in solution. Depending on the solvent, the prepared biradical crystallized in two different forms. SQUID magnetization measurements on Form II showed coupling constants JintraII/kB=−2.1 K and zJinterII/kB=−11.5 K. Consequently, total intermolecular exchange interactions are five times larger than the intramolecular ones. Further, DFT calculations explained this phenomenon and indicated the advantage of Form I for further in‐depth investigations.
Two pair‐rule responsive enhancers regulate wingless transcription in the Drosophila blastoderm embryo
Authors: Bell Kimberly , Skier Kevin , Chen Kevin H. , Gergen John Peter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundWhile many developmentally relevant enhancers act in a modular fashion, there is growing evidence for nonadditive interactions between distinct cis‐regulatory enhancers. We investigated if nonautonomous enhancer interactions underlie transcription regulation of the Drosophila segment polarity gene, wingless.ResultsWe identified two wg enhancers active at the blastoderm stage: wg 3613u, located from −3.6 to −1.3 kb upstream of the wg transcription start site (TSS) and 3046d, located in intron two of the wg gene, from 3.0 to 4.6 kb downstream of the TSS. Genetic experiments confirm that Even Skipped (Eve), Fushi‐tarazu (Ftz), Runt, Odd‐paired (Opa), Odd‐skipped (Odd), and Paired (Prd) contribute to spatially regulated wg expression. Interestingly, there are enhancer specific differences in response to the gain or loss of function of pair‐rule gene activity. Although each element recapitulates aspects of wg expression, a composite reporter containing both enhancers more faithfully recapitulates wg regulation than would be predicted from the sum of their individual responses.ConclusionThese results suggest that the regulation of wg by pair‐rule genes involves nonadditive interactions between distinct cis‐regulatory enhancers.
Intraperitoneal dye injection method for visualizing the functioning lymphatic vascular system in zebrafish and medaka
Authors: Saito Erina , Isogai Sumio , Deguchi Tomonori , Ishida Kinji , Nozaki Takayuki , Ishiyama Eri , Wayama Marina , Shimoda Hiroshi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA hierarchically organized lymphatic vascular system extends throughout the vertebrate body for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune trafficking, and the absorption of dietary fats. Intralymphatic dye injection and serial sectioning have been the main tools for visualizing lymphatic vessels. Specific markers for identifying the lymphatic vasculature in zebrafish and medaka have appeared as new tools that enable the study of lymphangiogenesis using genetic and experimental manipulation. Transgenic fishes have become excellent organisms for visualizing the lymphatic vasculature in living embryos, but this method has limited usefulness, especially in later developmental stages. The functional lymphatic endothelium predominantly takes up foreign particles in zebrafish and medaka. We utilized this physiological activity and lymph flow to label lymphatic vessels. Intraperitoneal injection of trypan blue is useful for temporal observations of the lymphatic ducts, which are essential for large‐scale genetic screening, while cinnabar (HgS) injection allows identification of the lymphatic endothelium under electron microscopy, avoiding artefactual damage. This injection method, which is not high in cost and does not require high skill or special devices, is applicable to any live fish with functioning lymphatic vessels, even mutants, with high reproducibility for visualizing the entire lymphatic vascular system.
Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the organogenesis and development of the mammalian carotid body
Authors: Kameda Yoko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite significant advancements in understanding physiological properties of the carotid body, little attention has been paid to its organogenesis. This review addresses the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying organogenesis of the carotid body in mammals. The carotid body consists of two types of cells, that is, glomus cells and sustentacular cells, that are derived from different origins. Glomus cells are derivatives of neural crest cells which form sympathetic ganglia. Sustentacular cells are derivatives of mesenchymal neural crest cells which colonize the third pharyngeal arch and form the wall of the third arch artery. Gene‐targeting studies indicate that three elements are required for carotid body organogenesis: the carotid sinus nerve (CSN), third arch artery, and superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCG). The CSN sends sensory fibers and Schwann cells to the wall of the third arch artery. The third arch artery provides mesenchymal cells, which give rise to sustentacular cells. The nerve process from the SCG sends glomus cell progenitors into the carotid body primordium. The presence of stem cells in the adult carotid body was recently highlighted. The origin of stem cells, however, remains controversial. Based on embryonic development of the carotid body, this review proposes the origin of stem cells.
Aligning biodiversity conservation and agricultural production in heterogeneous landscapes
Authors: Butsic Van , Kuemmerle Tobias , Pallud Leo , Helmstedt Kate J. , Macchi Leandro , Potts Matthew D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the trade‐offs between biodiversity conservation and agricultural production has become a fundamental question in sustainability science. Substantial research has focused on how species’ populations respond to agricultural intensification, with the goal to understand whether conservation policies that spatially separate agriculture and conservation or, alternatively, integrate the two are more beneficial. Spatial heterogeneity in both species abundance and agricultural productivity have been largely left out of this discussion, although these patterns are ubiquitous from local to global scales due to varying land capacity. Here, we address the question of how to align agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in heterogeneous landscapes. Using model simulations of species abundance and agricultural yields, we show that trade‐offs between agricultural production and species’ abundance can be reduced by minimizing the cost (in terms of species abundance) of agricultural production. We find that when species’ abundance and agricultural yields vary across landscapes, the optimal strategy to minimize trade‐offs is rarely pure land sparing or land sharing. Instead, landscapes that combine elements of both strategies are optimal. Additionally, we show how the reference population of a species is defined has important influences on optimization results. Our findings suggest that in the real world, understanding the impact of heterogeneous land capacity on biodiversity and agricultural production is crucial to designing multi‐use landscapes that jointly maximize conservation and agricultural benefits.
Generalized host‐plant feeding can hide sterol‐specialized foraging behaviors in bee–plant interactions
Authors: Vanderplanck Maryse , Zerck Pierre‐Laurent , Lognay Georges , Michez Denis 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHost‐plant selection is a key factor driving the ecology and evolution of insects. While the majority of phytophagous insects is highly host specific, generalist behavior is quite widespread among bees and presumably involves physiological adaptations that remain largely unexplored. However, floral visitation patterns suggest that generalist bees do not forage randomly on all available resources. While resource availability and accessibility as well as nectar composition have been widely explored, pollen chemistry could also have an impact on the range of suitable host‐plants. This study focuses on particular pollen nutrients that cannot be synthesized de novo by insects but are key compounds of cell membranes and the precursor for molting process: the sterols. We compared the sterol composition of pollen from the main host‐plants of three generalist bees: Anthophora plumipes, Colletes cunicularius, and Osmia cornuta, as well as one specialist bee Andrena vaga. We also analyzed the sterols of their brood cell provisions, the tissues of larvae and nonemerged females to determine which sterols are used by the different species. Our results show that sterols are not used accordingly to foraging strategy: Both the specialist species A. vaga and the generalist species C. cunicularius might metabolize a rare C27 sterol, while the two generalist species A. plumipes and O. cornuta might rather use a very common C28 sterol. Our results suggest that shared sterolic compounds among plant species could facilitate the exploitation of multiple host‐plants by A. plumipes and O. cornuta whereas the generalist C. cunicularius might be more constrained due to its physiological requirements of a more uncommon dietary sterol. Our findings suggest that a bee displaying a generalist foraging behavior may sometimes hide a sterol‐specialized species. This evidence challenges the hypothesis that all generalist free‐living bee species are all able to develop on a wide range of different pollen types.
The role of reporting in the evaluation of rape victims
Authors: Naseralla Eyad J. , Warner Ruth H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn three studies, we examined how individuals evaluate a rape victim based on whether she reports or does not report her rapist. Across all three studies, a victim who did not report the perpetrator was evaluated more negatively than a victim who did report the perpetrator. In Studies 2 and 3, symbolic concerns (the view that the victim’s actions violated shared values and disempowered herself) mediated the effect of reporting on evaluation of the victim. The effects of the victim’s relationship to the perpetrator (Study 1) and the victim’s decision to forgive the perpetrator (Study 2) were also examined. Results indicate that observers evaluate victims who do not report their perpetrators more negatively, and that this evaluation may be the result of perceptions of not reporting rape as a transgression.
Crossed categorization outside the lab: Findings from a factorial survey experiment
Authors: Grigoryan Lusine 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCrossed categorization studies investigate intergroup attitudes in situations when two categorization dimensions are simultaneously salient, often looking at artificial groups in laboratory settings. The current study tests (a) patterns of evaluation in crossed categorization scenarios when more than two real‐life categorization dimensions are crossed, and (b) the moderating role of identity importance. We conduct a factorial survey experiment with a diverse sample (N = 524), crossing eight categorization dimensions. The results provide strong support for the additive pattern of crossed categorization, challenging the view that with an increased number of categories category‐based information processing will not be used. Identity importance predicts the strength of intergroup bias only on the dimension of religion, which was the dominant dimension in this sample. The study contributes to multiple and crossed categorization literature by testing some of its key assumptions using a design that increases the ecological validity of the findings.
Subtraction Ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) as a guide in localizing childhood epilepsy
Authors: Foiadelli Thomas , Lagae Lieven , Goffin Karolien , Theys Tom , De Amici Mara , Sacchi Lucia , Van Loon Johannes , Savasta Salvatore , Jansen Katrien 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo assess feasibility and efficacy of subtraction ictal SPECT coregistered to MRI (SISCOM) for epilepsy localization in children who are candidates for resective surgery.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients ≤16 years with drug‐resistant epilepsy screened for epilepsy surgery in the University Hospital of Leuven from January 2009 to January 2018. Fifty‐eight hospitalizations for ictal SPECT and 51 SISCOM analyses in 44 patients were included. Mean age was 9.1 years. Hospitalizations for SISCOM were analyzed in terms of multiple variables affecting feasibility and efficacy. The localization of SISCOM was compared with the localization of the presumed epileptogenic zone (PEZ) as determined by video‐EEG.ResultsSISCOM was feasible in terms of chronic medication management, rescue antiepileptic therapy during hospitalization, and operative timings. Radiotracer injection occurred within 30 seconds from seizure onset in 91.4% of the patients. ictal SPECT imaging was performed within two hours from injection in 100% of the patients (mean: 40 minutes). SISCOM was able to localize the PEZ in 51.0% (26/51) and to additionally lateralize the PEZ in 17.6% (9/51), achieving better localizations than ictal SPECT, FDG‐PET, and MRI (P < .01). SISCOM was useful to localize the PEZ in 25% of patients with poorly localizing video‐EEG and in 27.8% of MRI‐negative cases. The occurrence of habitual seizures during injection for ictal SPECT and the temporal localization of the PEZ both correlated with a better SISCOM localization (P < .05). 36.4% (16/44) patients were finally selected for resective surgery, with a 87.5% seizure‐free rate at 12 months. A localizing SISCOM was associated with seizure freedom in 66.7% and with a Engel I‐II in 75.0% of our patients.SignificanceSISCOM is a reliable tool to localize the epileptogenic zone in clinical practice and is both feasible and useful in children, adding precious presurgical information especially in patients with noninformative MRI or a poorly localizing video‐EEG.
On hybrid energy utilization for harvesting base station in 5G networks
Authors: Yu Chih‐Min , Tala’t Mohammad , Feng Kai‐Ten 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, hybrid energy utilization was studied for the base station in a 5G network. To minimize AC power usage from the hybrid energy system and minimize solar energy waste, a Markov decision process (MDP) model was proposed for packet transmission in two practical scenarios. In this model, one buffer is transmitted with a given number of data packets over finite transmission time intervals. In the two scenarios of packet transmission, solar energy harvesting (SEH) is stored in the first scene, while the other scene uses the energy immediately. The MDP model determines the best actions and decisions for both scenarios. When considering a finite battery size and finite packet buffer, the MDP model defines the actions, states, state transition probabilities, and cost value for each action. In the first scenario, the received solar energy harvester will not be used if it is not enough to transmit the packets in the buffer. In the second scenario, the received solar energy harvester will be used immediately. In both scenarios, the cost value is the weighted sum of AC power and SEH wastage. The simulation results showed the optimum buffer sizes could be determined for the balance between AC power consumption and SEH wastage based on the cost value of the proposed model. Finally, the numerical results indicated that the proposed MDP model could reduce AC power usage by up to 50%.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Gaseous Emissions from Household Cooking Devices: A Kenyan Case Study
Authors: Munyeza Chiedza F. , Osano Aloys M. , Maghanga Justin K. , Forbes Patricia B.C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In developing countries, household energy use is highly variable and complex, yet emissions arising from fuel combustion indoors are typically poorly quantified. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are emitted during the combustion of organic fuels such as charcoal and biomass. In the present study, multichannel polydimethylsiloxane rubber traps were used for gas-phase PAH sampling and extracted using a low–solvent volume plunger-assisted solvent extraction method. Sixteen US Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs, primarily in the gas phase, were investigated in indoor air of rural and urban residential homes in coastal Kenya (Mombasa and Taita Taveta Counties) using typical combustion devices of each area. Average gaseous PAH concentrations per household were higher in rural (ranging 0.81–6.09 µg m–3) compared to urban (ranging 0–2.59 µg m–3) homes, although ambient PAH concentrations were higher in urban environments, likely attributable to traffic contributions. The impact of fuel choice and thereby combustion device on PAH emissions was very clear, with the highest concentrations of PAHs quantified from wood-burning emissions from 3-stone stoves (total PAH averages 46.23 ± 3.24 µg m–3 [n = 6]). Average benzo[a]pyrene equivalent total concentrations were evaluated for the priority PAHs and ranged from not detected to 43.31, 88.38, 309.61, and 453.88 ng m–3 for gas, kerosene, jiko, 3-stone, and improved 3-stone stoves, respectively. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:538–547. © 2019 SETAC
Abstract
Sampling, extraction and analysis of gaseous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from rural and urban kitchens in Kenya.
Study on quality characteristics of cassava flour and cassava flour short biscuits
Authors: Lu Haiqin , Guo Liyun , Zhang Lichao , Xie Caifeng , Li Wen , Gu Bi , Li Kai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the basic components, nutrient composition, and processing characteristics of cassava flour were determined. In addition, the effects of xanthan gum and inulin on the pasting properties, microstructure, and thermal properties of cassava flour were studied. Biscuits were prepared using cassava flour as the main raw material and the optimal technology and formula for the biscuits were determined by single‐factor and orthogonal tests. The effects of xanthan gum and inulin on the quality of cassava flour short biscuits were also investigated, and volatile components in the biscuits were determined using electronic nose technique. The addition of xanthan gum improved the pasting properties and microstructure of cassava flour, and improved the taste and increased hardness and brittleness of the biscuits, making their quality similar to that of commercially available short biscuits. The addition of inulin inhibited the setback of starch and improved starch gelatinization. However, inulin was not suitable for processing of cassava flour biscuits as it decreased their hardness, brittleness, and taste. The optimal formula and baking conditions of cassava flour short biscuits were as follows: cassava flour 100 g, water 24 g, shortening 25 g, sugar 30 g, baking powder 0.6 g, salt 1 g, and egg 25 g; the surface fire and primer fire temperatures were 180°C, and the baking time was 9 min. In addition, although the main aroma volatile components present in cassava flour and low gluten wheat flour short biscuits were similar, the proportions of each component were different.
Improved prediction of brain age using multimodal neuroimaging data
Authors: Niu Xin , Zhang Fengqing , Kounios John , Liang Hualou 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBrain age prediction based on imaging data and machine learning (ML) methods has great potential to provide insights into the development of cognition and mental disorders. Though different ML models have been proposed, a systematic comparison of ML models in combination with imaging features derived from different modalities is still needed. In this study, we evaluate the prediction performance of 36 combinations of imaging features and ML models including deep learning. We utilize single and multimodal brain imaging data including MRI, DTI, and rs‐fMRI from a large data set with 839 subjects. Our study is a follow‐up to the initial work (Liang et al., 2019. Human Brain Mapping) to investigate different analytic strategies to combine data from MRI, DTI, and rs‐fMRI with the goal to improve brain age prediction accuracy. Additionally, the traditional approach to predicting the brain age gap has been shown to have a systematic bias. The potential nonlinear relationship between the brain age gap and chronological age has not been thoroughly tested. Here we propose a new method to correct the systematic bias of brain age gap by taking gender, chronological age, and their interactions into consideration. As the true brain age is unknown and may deviate from chronological age, we further examine whether various levels of behavioral performance across subjects predict their brain age estimated from neuroimaging data. This is an important step to quantify the practical implication of brain age prediction. Our findings are helpful to advance the practice of optimizing different analytic methodologies in brain age prediction.
Ordinal Outcomes Are Superior to Binary Outcomes for Designing and Evaluating Clinical Trials in Compensated Cirrhosis
Authors: D’Amico Gennaro , Abraldes Juan G. , Rebora Paola , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Garcia‐Tsao Guadalupe 
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims
Prevention of decompensation is a primary therapeutic target in patients with compensated cirrhosis (CC). However, a major problem is the large sample size and long follow‐up required to demonstrate a significant treatment effect because of the relatively low baseline risk. For this reason, it has been recently suggested that ordinal outcomes may be used in this area to gain power and reduce sample size. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of ordinal outcomes in cirrhosis.

Approach and Results
An inception cohort of 202 patients with CC (no ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, encephalopathy, or jaundice) without esophageal varices was included, and 5‐year outcome is reported. Etiology was mostly viral and alcoholic, and there were no dropouts. Ordinal outcome was set according to six grades with a previously established prognostic ordinality: grade 1 = no disease progression; grade 2 = development of varices; grade 3 = bleeding alone; grade 4 = nonbleeding single decompensation; grade 5 = more than one decompensating event; and grade 6 = death. At the 60‐month time point, patients were distributed in grades 1 through 6 as follows: 129, 43, 2, 7, 5, and 16, respectively. Emulation of a clinical trial performed by dividing patients based on baseline platelet count into two groups (cutoff, 150 × 109/L) demonstrated a statistically significant outcome difference between groups when using ordinal outcomes not detectable by binary logistic or chi‐square or time‐to‐event analyses. Additionally, using ordinal outcomes in a hypothetical study to prevent decompensation resulted in sample‐size estimates 3‐to 4‐fold lower than using a binary composite endpoint.

Conclusions
Compared to traditional binary outcomes, the use of ordinal outcomes in trials of cirrhosis decompensation may provide more power and thus may require a smaller sample size.