bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnitude and Kinetics of Anti–Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Responses and Their Relationship to Disease Severity
Authors: Lynch Kara L , Whitman Jeffrey D , Lacanienta Noreen P , Beckerdite Erica W , Kastner Shannon A , Shy Brian R , Goldgof Gregory M , Levine Andrew G , Bapat Sagar P , Stramer Susan L , Esensten Jonathan H , Hightower Allen W , Bern Caryn , Wu Alan H B 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can be detected indirectly by measuring the host immune response. For some viruses, antibody concentrations correlate with host protection and viral neutralization, but in rare cases, antiviral antibodies can promote disease progression. Elucidation of the kinetics and magnitude of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response is essential to understand the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and identify potential therapeutic targets.MethodsSera (n = 533) from patients with real-time polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 (n = 94 with acute infections and n = 59 convalescent patients) were tested using a high-throughput quantitative immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) assay that detects antibodies to the spike protein receptor binding domain and nucleocapsid protein. Individual and serial samples covered the time of initial diagnosis, during the disease course, and following recovery. We evaluated antibody kinetics and correlation between magnitude of the response and disease severity.ResultsPatterns of SARS-CoV-2 antibody production varied considerably. Among 52 patients with 3 or more serial specimens, 44 (84.6%) and 42 (80.8%) had observed IgM and IgG seroconversion at a median of 8 and 10 days, respectively. Compared to those with milder disease, peak measurements were significantly higher for patients admitted to the intensive care unit for all time intervals between 6 and 20 days for IgM, and all intervals after 5 days for IgG.ConclusionsHigh-sensitivity assays with a robust dynamic range provide a comprehensive picture of host antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. IgM and IgG responses were significantly higher in patients with severe than mild disease. These differences may affect strategies for seroprevalence studies, therapeutics, and vaccine development.
A Novel Human Acute Encephalitis Caused by Pseudorabies Virus Variant Strain
Authors: Liu Qingyun , Wang Xiaojuan , Xie Caihua , Ding Shifang , Yang Hongna , Guo Shibang , Li Jixuan , Qin Lingzhi , Ban Fuguo , Wang Dongfang , Wang Cui , Feng Lingxiao , Ma Haichang , Wu Bin , Zhang Liping , Dong Changxian , Xing Li , Zhang Jiewen , Chen Huanchun , Yan Ruoqian , Wang Xiangru , Li Wei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a common pathogen in multiple animal species, particularly in pigs. However, PRV infection in humans is rare and, to the best of our knowledge, PRV has never been isolated from human cases before.

Methods
Four acute encephalitis cases in humans were confirmed as PRV infection based on clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected and applied for virus isolation. Etiological and genetic characteristics of this PRV human isolate were further determined.

Results
The patients manifested respiratory dysfunction and acute neurological symptoms. The mNGS revealed PRV-specific nucleotide sequences in patients’ CSF samples (7–6198 reads and 0.2446%–80.58% coverage). The PRV envelope glycoprotein B antibody, glycoprotein E antibody, and neutralizing antibody were positively detected. For the first time, a PRV strain, designated hSD-1/2019, was isolated and identified from a CSF sample, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that hSD-1/2019 had typical morphology similar to that of swine PRV. Phylogenetic analysis illustrated that hSD-1/2019 was genetically closest to those PRV variant strains currently circulating in pigs in China, and this strain showed similar etiological characteristics to Chinese PRV variant strains, while different from Chinese classical strain. Moreover, hSD-1/2019 showed high pathogenicity and induced acute neurological symptoms in pigs.

Conclusions
A PRV strain was isolated from an acute human encephalitis case. This isolate showed close phylogenetic relationships and similar etiological characteristics to Chinese PRV variant strains, implying the great risk of PRV transmission from pigs to humans.
Switching to Bictegravir, Emtricitabine, and Tenofovir Alafenamide in Virologically Suppressed Adults With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Sax Paul E , Rockstroh Jürgen K , Luetkemeyer Anne F , Yazdanpanah Yazdan , Ward Douglas , Trottier Benoit , Rieger Armin , Liu Hui , Acosta Rima , Collins Sean E , Brainard Diana M , Martin Hal ,   GS-US-380–4030 Investigators
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Bictegravir (B)/emtricitabine (F)/tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) is guideline-recommended treatment for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). We evaluated whether people receiving dolutegravir (DTG) plus F/TAF or F/TDF (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) with viral suppression can switch to B/F/TAF without compromising safety or efficacy, regardless of preexisting nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance.

Methods
In this multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, active-controlled, noninferiority trial, we enrolled adults who were virologically suppressed for ≥6 months before screening (with documented/suspected NRTI resistance) or ≥3 months before screening (with no documented/suspected NRTI resistance) on DTG plus either F/TDF or F/TAF. We randomly assigned (1:1) participants to switch to B/F/TAF or DTG + F/TAF once daily for 48 weeks, each with matching placebo. The primary endpoint was proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL at week 48 (snapshot algorithm); the prespecified noninferiority margin was 4%.

Results
Five hundred sixty-seven adults were randomized; 565 were treated (284 B/F/TAF, 281 DTG + F/TAF). At week 48, B/F/TAF was noninferior to DTG + F/TAF, as 0.4% (1/284) vs 1.1% (3/281) had HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL (difference, −0.7% [95.001% confidence interval {CI}, −2.8% to 1.0%]). There were no significant differences in efficacy among participants with suspected or confirmed prior NRTI resistance (n = 138). No participant had treatment-emergent drug resistance. Median weight change from baseline at week 48 was +1.3 kg (B/F/TAF) vs +1.1 kg (DTG + F/TAF) (P = .46). Weight change differed by baseline NRTIs (+2.2 kg [F/TDF] and +0.6 kg [F/TAF], P &lt; .001), with no differences between B/F/TAF and DTG + F/TAF.

Conclusions
The single-tablet regimen B/F/TAF is a safe, effective option for people virologically suppressed on DTG plus either F/TDF or F/TAF, including in individuals with preexisting resistance to NRTIs.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03110380.
Economic Development through Migration: Facilitating Skilled Migration to China through the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Richter Eva L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Strengthening people-to-people ties is part of the Belt and Road Initiative’s (BRI) cooperation priorities and is to be realized, among others, through student and academic exchanges, research cooperation, joint vocational training, and tourism. Through national legislation and efforts in bilateral and multilateral cooperation on student, academic, and personnel mobility, China occupies a key role in shaping the way migration develops along the BRI. The findings suggest that new skilled migration legislation in China, geared towards foreigners with tertiary education, paired with BRI cooperation efforts and visa facilitation, is opening comparatively more opportunities for skilled nationals of BRI countries. BRI nationals are more often exempt from visas and have access to targeted talent attraction and retention programs. Nevertheless, up to now, these efforts have been mainly undertaken by the Chinese government, and skilled BRI nationals are not being encouraged to migrate to China under the bilateral employment agreements.
An Energy-Efficient Step-Counting Algorithm for Smartphones
Authors: Yang Runze , Song Jian , Huang Baoqi , Li Wuyungerile , Qi Guodong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Step counting is not only the key component of pedometers (which is a fundamental service on smartphones), but is also closely related to a range of applications, including motion monitoring, behavior recognition, indoor positioning and navigation. Due to the limited battery capacity of current smartphones, it is of great value to reduce the energy consumption of such a popular service. Therefore, this paper focuses on the energy efficiency of step-counting algorithms. First of all, we formulate a theoretical error model based on the well-known auto-correlation coefficient step-counting (ACSC) algorithm, so as to analyze the factors affecting step-counting accuracy. And then, in light of this model and an adaptive sampling strategy, we propose a novel energy-efficient step-counting algorithm by adaptively substituting the computationally intensive auto-correlation with simple mean absolute deviation. On these grounds, an Android pedometer is implemented. Two individual experiments are carried out and verify both the theoretical error model and the proposed algorithm. It is shown that our algorithm outperforms two famous counterparts, i.e. the original ACSC algorithm and peak detection step-counting algorithm, in terms of both accuracy and energy efficiency.
Selfhood in the Early Finance Capitalism of Manon Lescaut
Authors: Yamashita Masano 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Prévost’s memoir-novel, L’Histoire du chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut, engages with the challenges of deploying traditional modes of literary description (characterology and allegorization) in the nascent reign of finance capitalism. This article examines the interrelationship between abstraction and material existence in the early eighteenth-century French bestseller Manon Lescaut. By underscoring the ambivalences of class ideology via the context of financial revolution, I argue that Prévost experiments with a new moral economy of selfhood that grapples with, and perhaps ultimately loosens itself from, the strictures of ancien régime social identity.
Hyperbolicity and Uniformity of Varieties of Log General type
Authors: Ascher Kenneth , DeVleming Kristin , Turchet Amos 
Published: July 2020

AbstractProjective varieties with ample cotangent bundle satisfy many notions of hyperbolicity, and one goal of this paper is to discuss generalizations to quasi-projective varieties. A major hurdle is that the naive generalization is false—the log cotangent bundle is never ample. Instead, we define a notion called almost ample that roughly asks that it is as positive as possible. We show that all subvarieties of a quasi-projective variety with almost ample log cotangent bundle are of log general type. In addition, if one assumes globally generated then we obtain that such varieties contain finitely many integral points. In another direction, we show that the Lang–Vojta conjecture implies the number of stably integral points on curves of log general type, and surfaces of log general type with almost ample log cotangent sheaf are uniformly bounded.
Novel Use of Rifabutin and Rifapentine to Treat Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Rat Model of Foreign Body Osteomyelitis
Authors: Karau Melissa J , Schmidt-Malan Suzannah M , Albano Mariana , Mandrekar Jayawant N , Rivera Christina G , Osmon Douglas R , Oravec Caitlin P , Berry Daniel J , Abdel Matthew P , Patel Robin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Owing to patient intolerance or drug interactions, alternative agents to rifampin are needed for management of staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infection. In the current study, we evaluated rifabutin, rifapentine and rifampin, with and without vancomycin, in a rat model of foreign body osteomyelitis.

Methods
Proximal tibiae were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and a Kirschner wire (K-wire) implanted in each. After 4 weeks of infection, rifampin, rifabutin, or rifapentine were administered, alone or with vancomycin. Tibiae and K-wires were cultured, and medians were reported as log10 colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram of bone or log10 CFUs per K-wire, respectively.

Results
Rifampin, rifabutin or rifapentine administered with vancomycin yielded less MRSA from bones (0.10, 3.02, and 0.10 log10 CFUs/g, respectively) than did no treatment (4.36 log10 CFUs/g) or vancomycin alone (4.64 log10 CFUs/g) (both P ≤ .02). The K-wires of animals receiving no treatment or vancomycin monotherapy recovered medians of 1.76 and 2.91 log10 CFUs/g per K-wire, respectively. In contrast, rifampin, rifabutin and rifapentine administered with vancomycin yielded medians of 0.1 log10 CFUs per K-wire, respectively. Rifampin resistance was detected in a single animal in the rifampin monotherapy group.

Conclusions
Rifabutin or rifapentine with vancomycin were as active as rifampin with vancomycin against MRSA in rat foreign body osteomyelitis, suggesting that rifabutin and/or rifapentine may be alternatives to rifampin in the clinical management of staphylococcal periprosthetic joint infections.
A patient-centred approach to deprescribing antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV
Authors: Guaraldi Giovanni , Milic Jovana , Marcotullio Simone , Mussini Cristina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Only a few studies have explored the benefit of deprescribing in people living with HIV (PLWH), focusing on the discontinuation of non-antiretrovirals (non-ARVs) used for HIV-associated comorbidities (co-medications), or the management of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between ARVs or between ARVs and co-medications. The availability of modern single-tablet regimens, two-drug regimens and long-acting therapy opens a discussion regarding ARV deprescribing strategies. The objective of this article is to discuss ARV deprescribing strategies in the context of medication-related burden and patients’ lived experience with medicine (PLEM) and to suggest indications for whom, when, how and why to consider these ARV options in PLWH. A PLEM construct helps to better interpret these strategies and provides a patient-centred precision-medicine approach. There are several safe and virologically effective ARV deprescribing strategies, but the ultimate benefits of these interventions still need to be further explored in terms of the overall health and quality of life of patients.
Rare cancers in Japan: definition, clinical features and future perspectives
Authors: Kawai Akira , Higashi Takahiro , Shibata Taro , Yoshida Akihiko , Katoh Yoko , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Nishida Toshirou 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This review introduces the definition, epidemiology and therapeutic challenges of rare cancers and describes the establishment of the Rare Cancer Center at the National Cancer Center, Japan. Rare cancers are defined as malignant tumors with an incidence rate of less than 6 cases per 100 000 individuals. Due to their low incidence rate, medical treatment for rare cancers is more challenging than for more common cancer types. Specifically, 190 types of cancers, including bone and soft tissue sarcomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), neuroendocrine tumors and gliomas, are classified as rare cancers. Individually, each of the rare cancers accounts for less than 1% of all cancers, but collectively they account for 15% of all cancers. On the basis of their medical management, rare cancers can be subclassified into two types: Type I (rare cancers within cancer-rare organs) and Type II (rare cancers within cancer-common organs). Most importantly, the outcomes for rare cancers are poorer compared to those of common cancers. In 2014, the Rare Cancer Center was established at the National Cancer Center to address the various challenges related to rare cancers. The Rare Cancer Center has adopted a multifaceted approach for overcoming these challenges, including active sharing of information through a dedicated website and an online seminar series ‘Rare Cancer Meet the Expert’, providing medical support through telephone consultations via a ‘Rare Cancer Hotline’, supporting basic research and establishing the ‘MASTER KEY Project’ aimed at developing new treatments.
Asian Tiger Mosquito in Yucatan Peninsula: First Record of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Campeche, Mexico
Authors: Hernández–Rodríguez Jorge Luis , Perez-Pacheco Rafael , Vásquez-López Alfonso , Mejenes–Hernández Meret Chantal , Granados–Echegoyen Carlos Alejandro , Arcos-Cordova Irma Del Rosario , Pérez–Rentería Crescencio , Benítez-Alva José I , Manrique-Saide Pablo , Huerta Herón 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This report describes the presence of Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Yucatan Peninsula and represents the first record of the Asian tiger invasive mosquito in Campeche State, southeastern Mexico. We collected specimens using 11,326 ovitraps put into houses of urban and rural areas, as part of the entomological surveillance by the local Ministry of Health from January 2019 to February 2020. We found Ae. albopictus in five of the 12 municipalities of Campeche (San Francisco de Campeche, Tenabo, Hecelchakán, Calkíni and Escárcega). We record 68 positive ovitraps and 226 Ae. albopictus larvae. This finding increases the number of mosquito species recorded in Campeche, Mexico, and possibly the potential for 22 arbovirus transmission.
Urban Ecology of Arboviral Mosquito Vectors Along the Kenyan Coast
Authors: Karisa Jonathan , Muriu Simon , Omuoyo Donwilliams , Karia Boniface , Ngari Moses , Nyamwaya Doris , Rono Martin , Warimwe George , Mwangangi Joseph , Mbogo Charles M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the ecology of the common arboviral mosquito vectors in Mombasa, Kilifi and Malindi urban areas of coastal Kenya. Mosquito larvae were collected using standard dippers and pipettes. Egg survivorship in dry soil was evaluated by collecting soil samples from dry potential larval developmental sites, re-hydrating them for hatching and rearing of the eventual larvae to adults. Adult mosquitoes were collected with CDC light traps and BG-Sentinel traps. All blood-fed females were tested for bloodmeal origin. Mosquitoes were screened for arboviruses using RT-qPCR. Overall, the predominant species were Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) 72.4% (n = 2,364) and Aedes aegypti (L.), 25.7%, (n = 838). A total of 415 larval developmental sites were identified indoors (n = 317) and outdoors (n = 98). The most productive larval developmental sites, both indoors and outdoors, were assorted small containers, water tanks, drainages, drums, and jerricans. Overall, 62% (n = 18) of the soil samples collected were positive for larvae which were used as a proxy to measure the presence of eggs. The mosquitoes fed on humans (29.8%) and chickens (3.7%). Of 259 mosquitoes tested for viral infection, 11.6% were positive for Flavivirus only. The most productive larval developmental sites for arboviral vectors indoors were small containers, water tanks, jerricans, and drums whereas small containers, water tanks, drainage channels, buckets, tires, and water troughs were the productive larval developmental sites outdoors.
Tailgut cyst: from differential diagnosis to surgical resection—case report and literature review
Authors: de Castro Gouveia Gustavo , Okada Letícia Yukari , Paes Beatriz Pires , Moura Thalita Millene , da Conceição Júnior Amarildo Henrique , Pinheiro Rodrigo Nascimento 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Tailgut cyst is a rare tumor originating from the embryonic remnant located in the retrorectal space. The diagnosis is usually incidental duse to the absence of symptoms. When present, they are nonspecific, such as abdominal pain, dysuria and tenesmus. Imaging tests are a great help in the diagnosis and surgical planning. The standard treatment is resection, which the surgeon must perform to avoid future complications, such as malignancy. We present a case of tailgut cyst in a young patient with prior pilonidal cyst excision, subsequently submitted to surgical resection, to share our experience with a rare case, with few reports in the literature.
Hydrogen sulfide promotes hypocotyl elongation via increasing cellulose content and changing the arrangement of cellulose fibrils in alfalfa
Authors: Li Jisheng , Wang Xiaofeng , Wang Xiao , Ma Peiyun , Yin Weili , Wang Yanqing , Chen Ying , Chen Shaolin , Jia Honglei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known to have positive physiological functions in plant growth, but limited data are available on its influence on cell walls. Here, we demonstrate a novel mechanism by which H2S regulates the biosynthesis and deposition of cell wall cellulose in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Treatment with NaHS was found to increase the length of epidermal cells in the hypocotyl, and transcriptome analysis indicated that it caused the differential expression of numerous of cell wall-related genes. These differentially expressed genes were directly associated with the biosynthesis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and with the degradation of pectin. Analysis of cell wall composition showed that NaHS treatment increased the contents of cellulose and hemicellulose, but decreased the pectin content. Atomic force microscopy revealed that treatment with NaHS decreased the diameter of cellulose fibrils, altered the arrangement of the fibrillar bundles, and increased the spacing between the bundles. The dynamics of cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) were closely related to cellulose synthesis, and NaHS increased the rate of mobility of the particles. Overall, our results suggest that the H2S signal enhances the plasticity of the cell wall by regulating the deposition of cellulose fibrils and by decreasing the pectin content. The resulting increases in cellulose and hemicellulose contents lead to cell wall expansion and cell elongation.
Feeling the heat: developmental and molecular responses of wheat and barley to high ambient temperatures
Authors: Jacott Catherine N , Boden Scott A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The increasing demand for global food security in the face of a warming climate is leading researchers to investigate the physiological and molecular responses of cereals to rising ambient temperatures. Wheat and barley are temperate cereals whose yields are adversely affected by high ambient temperatures, with each 1 °C increase above optimum temperatures reducing productivity by 5–6%. Reproductive development is vulnerable to high-temperature stress, which reduces yields by decreasing grain number and/or size and weight. In recent years, analysis of early inflorescence development and genetic pathways that control the vegetative to floral transition have elucidated molecular processes that respond to rising temperatures, including those involved in the vernalization- and photoperiod-dependent control of flowering. In comparison, our understanding of genes that underpin thermal responses during later developmental stages remains poor, thus highlighting a key area for future research. This review outlines the responses of developmental genes to warmer conditions and summarizes our knowledge of the reproductive traits of wheat and barley influenced by high temperatures. We explore ways in which recent advances in wheat and barley research capabilities could help identify genes that underpin responses to rising temperatures, and how improved knowledge of the genetic regulation of reproduction and plant architecture could be used to develop thermally resilient cultivars.