bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Hinterlands of Pre-Colonial Indian Cities
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper explores relations between Western Indian cities and the supply areas connected to them. It begins with a discussion of the term “hinterland,” frequently used to describe these relations. As we shall see, the term greatly simplifies a complex set of relationships between cities, smaller towns, and rural villages. We will consider three case studies of money advanced against future assets. The first concerns the relation of thirteenth-century Jewish traders to their indigenous spice suppliers on the Malabar Coast; the second, the relation of eighteenth-century East India Company traders to cloth producers; and the third, the relation of Pune investors to taxation areas against which they loaned money to the Maratha government. In a time of slow communications and transportation the central problem was “trust at a distance”; the operative relationships were as much emotional and moral as economic. Finally, I will suggest a new way to conceptualize cities and their hinterlands.
<p><strong>Rediscovery of <em>Diplazium procumbens</em> (Athyriaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia after more than 70 years, with notes on the morphology, spore ornamentation and anatomy</strong></p>
Authors: MAIDEEN HAJA , ALIAH NUR , NORHAZRINA NIK , GO RUSEA 
Published: October 2019

Recent floristic sampling in Fraser’s Hill, Pahang, Malaysia resulted in recollection of a rare Diplazium species in Peninsular Malaysia, D. procumbens, a poorly known species which was first described by R.E. Holttum in 1940. In this paper, we provide comprehensive morphological and anatomical description of the species based on our thorough examination of specimens including the type, and designate a lectotype and isolectotype. We also studied the spore ornamentation of D. procumbens using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and discovered that the spores have folds and non-fenestrate perine. Descriptions of the habitat and ecology are also presented.
Formulating Industrial Policy
Authors: Besley Tim , Davies Richard 
Published: October 2019

Executive SummaryAlongside the challenge of maintaining economic competitiveness in the face of great uncertainty, Brexit brings an opportunity for the government to set out a new industrial strategy. The case for doing so rests on the need to address areas of persistent structural weakness in the UK economy, including low productivity. But it is important that any new industrial strategy be based on appropriately granular data reflecting the real structure of the UK corporate sector: the overwhelmingly preponderant role of services as opposed to manufacturing, for example; the importance of young, fast-growing firms as opposed to SMEs; the relatively high failure rate of companies in the UK; and the relative lack of successful mid-sized firms. Such a data-driven approach might spawn an industrial strategy quite different from the piecemeal programmes of recent years.Internationally, the UK is a laggard in this area, and the recently-created Industrial Strategy Council does not look strong enough to change that position. To move forward, the government needs to make industrial strategy a central plank of economic policy, embedded at the heart of the administration with its own staff and funding, and operations based on a comprehensive review of the economic contribution and potential of various types of firm. Needless to say, it cannot be a substitute for a continuing commitment to competition and markets, or a stalking horse for protectionism: interventions should be justified by carefully-argued market failure arguments, be time-limited, and transparently evaluated.
Clinical analysis of emergency exploratory laparotomy in patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Lichun , Wu Baohua , Han Qing , Yan Jianying 
Published: October 2019

Objective This study was performed to explore the causes and clinical characteristics of emergency exploratory laparotomy in patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage. Methods This retrospective study was performed from January 2004 to December 2017. Patients with intractable postpartum hemorrhage were grouped according to the initial pathogenesis as determined by exploratory laparotomy: uterine atony, placental factors, coagulation dysfunction, or uterine rupture. Results This study involved 72 patients who underwent emergency exploratory laparotomy, accounting for 0.04% of total deliveries. Uterine preservation surgery and hysterectomy were performed in 31 and 41 patients, respectively. Abnormal events upon returning to the ward were primarily vaginal hemorrhage and pelvic hematoma. The frequency of uterine artery ligation was lower in the hysterectomy group than uterine preservation group. The prothrombin activity level, fibrinogen level, and platelet count before surgery were lower in the hysterectomy group than uterine preservation group. The international normalized ratio and activated partial thromboplastin time were higher in the hysterectomy group than uterine preservation group. In total, 44 patients developed complications. Conclusion Placental implantation is a primary cause of hysterectomy after emergency laparotomy. However, the possibility of postpartum hemorrhage caused by coagulation disorders should not be ignored.
Effect of regional arterial infusion combined with early enteral nutrition on severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Xu Jinbu , Li Jiguang , Cheng Yajuan , Liu Lu , Du Zhiqiang 
Published: October 2019

Objective To measure the therapeutic effects of regional arterial infusion (RAI) in combination with early enteral nutrition (EEN) in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Methods A prospective randomized controlled study enrolled patients with SAP. They were randomly divided into a conventional treatment group that served as the control and a combination therapy group that received RAI combined with EEN. The Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) scores, the levels of serum biochemical indices, functional recovery, the incidence of complications and total effectiveness rate were evaluated. Results A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study. The APACHE II scores and the concentrations of blood glucose, serum amylase, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-17 were significantly decreased, while albumin and serum calcium and total effectiveness rate in the combination therapy group were significantly higher than in the conventional treatment group. The combination therapy group had a significantly reduced time to abdominal pain relief, time of first defaecation, hospital stay and incidence of complications compared with the conventional treatment group. Conclusion The combination of RAI and EEN improved clinical biochemical indices, reduced the incidence of complications and promoted early recovery in patients with SAP.
Comparative Evaluation of Effects of Different Corticotomy Designs on Velocity of Upper Canine Retraction: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Ahuja Sachin , Gupta Seema , Bhambri Eenal , Jaura Baljinder , Ahuja Varun 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: Understanding the effects of different corticotomy designs on the velocity of maxillary canine retraction. Materials and Method: The 3-dimensional model of maxillary dentition was constructed and 3 corticotomy designs were compared with the conventional approach of canine retraction. 4 models were constructed for the present study: 1 with no corticotomy cuts (model 1), 1 with vertical cuts on both buccal and palatal side (model 2), other with cuts only on buccal side (model 3), and 1 with circular holes (model 4). Stress intensity and force distribution were evaluated after applying 150 gm of orthodontic forces on maxillary canine. Results: Models with corticotomy approaches exhibited approximately twice the displacement when compared with conventional noncorticotomy procedure. The stresses were mainly concentrated on the distal side of the canine in all the models. The rate of canine retraction was the highest in model with buccal and palatal corticotomy compared to other designs. Conclusions: Corticotomies help orthodontists to alter the biomechanical responses of dentoalveolar structures during maxillary canine retraction and accelerate tooth movement. Clinically, buccal corticotomy is a better choice for the patients as it is less traumatic and more acceptable to patients.
Prostatectomy Versus Observation for Localized Prostate Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Luo Xiaojin , Yi Meilian , Hu Qun , Yin Weihua 
Published: October 2019

Background and Aims: Controversy exists regarding whether prostatectomy benefits localized prostate cancer patients; the aim of our study was to evaluate the role of prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted using PubMed and Web of Science through March 22, 2019, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines to identify randomized studies reporting on prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer patients. Results: Of a total of 1827 studies, six were considered for evidence synthesis. A total of 2524 patients in 3 studies were included for survival analysis, where 1256 patients received prostatectomy and 1268 patients received no treatment but were regularly followed up. Three other studies were included for adverse effects analysis. Prostatectomy displayed a significantly decreased risk of death of 9% compared with that of observation for patients with localized prostate cancer (risk ratio = 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.97; p = 0.007). Pooled data indicated that prostatectomy reduced the risk of disease progression by 43% (risk ratio = 0.57; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–0.70; p < 0.00001). Anxiety, depressed mood, well-being, and sense of meaningfulness for patients were not different between the prostatectomy and observation groups. However, prostatectomy increased the risk of erectile dysfunction by 2.10-fold (risk ratio = 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.36–3.26; p = 0.0009) and the risk of urinary function problems by 2.02-fold (risk ratio = 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–3.54; p = 0.01). Conclusion: Prostatectomy prolonged survival and deferred disease progression compared to observation for patients with localized prostate cancer. Symptoms between the two groups were not significantly different except for erectile and urinary function. Patients should decide on prostatectomy after balancing the survival benefit and risk of erectile dysfunction.
Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Cuenca, Ecuador
Authors: Correa-Díaz Edgar Patricio , Ortiz María Angélica , Toral Ana María , Guillen Fernando , Terán Enrique , Ontaneda Daniel , García-Castillo María , Jácome-Sánchez Carolina , Torres-Herrán Germaine , Ortega-Heredia Andrés , Buestán María Eugenia , Murillo-Calle Juan , Raza Praneeta , Baño Guillermo 
Published: October 2019

Background Cuenca, a city in the Andean Region of southern Ecuador, has 591,996 inhabitants. A decade-old study showed the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Cuenca was 0.75 cases per 100,000 inhabitants but no new epidemiological studies in this city have been performed since then. The aim of this study, conducted in 2016, was to update the prevalence records of multiple sclerosis in Cuenca. Methods We performed a descriptive cross-sectional study in which we investigated prevalence rates in November of 2016. We estimated the prevalence of multiple sclerosis by cross-matching registries from the two neurological referral hospitals in Cuenca. Results A total of 23 records were obtained from the two sources. The estimated prevalence was 3.88 per 100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval: 3.83–3.94). The disease was predominant among women (60%). The mean age of this cohort was 37 years (standard deviation ±12.4). Of the cases, 78% were relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis. The mean Expanded Disability Status Scale score was 2.5. Conclusions This study is an update to the first study conducted 10 years ago and shows the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Cuenca has increased. However, the prevalence of multiple sclerosis is still low and very similar to that reported in neighbouring countries.
Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With Acute Stroke
Authors: Padmaja Mantha Satya , Krishnaswamy Uma Maheswari , Javali Mahendra V. 
Published: October 2019

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an eminently modifiable and emerging risk factor for acute stroke. This prospective study was conducted in a tertiary care center to estimate the proportion of OSA in patients presenting with acute stroke. Materials and Methods: Consecutive stable patients with acute stroke were included. Stroke severity, subtype, and anatomical location were classified using standardized scales. Included subjects were screened for OSA with a detailed history (intrusive snoring, witnessed apneas, and excessive daytime sleepiness), quantification of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), clinical examination, and level-3 polysomnography. OSA severity was quantified based on the Apnea–Hypopnea Index. Results: 104 clinically stable stroke patients (67 males and 37 females) were included in the study; mean age was 60.9±13.2 years. Most patients (92 [88.5%]) had ischemic stroke, 9 (8.7%) had hemorrhagic stroke, and 3 (2.9%) had a transient ischemic attack. Intrusive snoring was reported by 37 (35.6%) patients, excessive daytime sleepiness by 32 (30.8%) and witnessed apneas by 19 (18.3%) patients. On level-3 polysomnography, 74 (71.2%) patients were diagnosed to have OSA. Mild OSA was diagnosed in 34 patients, while moderate and severe OSA were diagnosed in 20 patients each. Conclusions: Our study has demonstrated a strong causal relationship between OSA and stroke, thus reinforcing the need to screen all patients with stroke for OSA. Timely institution of nocturnal noninvasive ventilation in stroke patients with OSA would help to reduce the effects of OSA on stroke morbidity and recurrence.
Preventing the risks of monotony related fatigue while driving through gamification
Authors: Bier Lukas , Emele Michael , Gut Kaja , Kulenovic Jasna , Rzany David , Peter Max , Abendroth Bettina 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Driving fatigue can have serious consequences. Too often fatal accidents are caused by fatigue. However, it is not uncommon for fatigue to occur while driving when the driver is under-challenged. Due to the increasing automation of vehicles, it is foreseeable that the number of accidents caused by monotony will increase. Interactions between driver and vehicle through gamification can remedy the situation and provide the driver with new stimuli during an otherwise monotonous journey.

Methods
In order to test the effectiveness of such interactions, we conducted a driving simulator study with 31 test persons to investigate driving performance and psycho-physiological parameters. Each subject ran through the experiment three times in randomized order to test the interaction system in comparison to a ride in which the driver was alone and a ride in which the driver had a co-driver.

Results
The results provide clear indications of safer driving of the test subjects when driving with gamification and with a passenger. The tested interaction system prevents upcoming fatigue in a similar way to communication with a passenger. The experiments also provide insights into the effects of monotony in vehicle driving.
Strong selection pressures maintain divergence on genomic islands in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) populations
Authors: Rodríguez-Ramilo Silvia T. , Baranski Matthew , Moghadam Hooman , Grove Harald , Lien Sigbjørn , Goddard Mike E. , Meuwissen Theo H. E. , Sonesson Anna K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTwo distinct populations have been extensively studied in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhuaL.): the Northeast Arctic cod (NEAC) population and the coastal cod (CC) population. The objectives of the current study were to identify genomic islands of divergence and to propose an approach to quantify the strength of selection pressures using whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data. After applying filtering criteria, information on 93 animals (9 CC individuals, 50 NEAC animals and 34 CC × NEAC crossbred individuals) and 3,123,434 autosomal SNPs were used.ResultsFour genomic islands of divergence were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 7 and 12, which were mapped accurately based on SNP data and which extended in size from 11 to 18 Mb. These regions differed considerably between the two populations although the differences in the rest of the genome were small due to considerable gene flow between the populations. The estimates of selection pressures showed that natural selection was substantially more important than genetic drift in shaping these genomic islands. Our data confirmed results from earlier publications that suggested that genomic islands are due to chromosomal rearrangements that are under strong selection and reduce recombination between rearranged and non-rearranged segments.ConclusionsOur findings further support the hypothesis that selection and reduced recombination in genomic islands may promote speciation between these two populations although their habitats overlap considerably and migrations occur between them.
Genome-wide identification and transcript analysis of TCP transcription factors in grapevine
Authors: Leng Xiangpeng , Wei Hongru , Xu Xiaozhao , Ghuge Sandip A. , Jia Dongjie , Liu Gengsen , Wang Yongzhang , Yuan Yongbing 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The plant-specific TCP transcription factors play different functions in multiple processes of plant growth and development. TCP family genes have been identified in several plant species, but no comprehensive analysis of the TCP family in grapevine has been undertaken to date, especially their roles in fruit development.

Results
A total of 18 non-redundant grapevine TCP (VvTCP) genes distributing on 11 chromosomes were identified. Phylogenetic and structural analysis showed that VvTCP genes were divided into two main classes - class I and class II. The Class II genes were further classified into two subclasses, the CIN subclass and the CYC/TB1 subclass. Segmental duplication was a predominant duplication event which caused the expansion of VvTCP genes. The cis-acting elements analysis and tissue-specific expression patterns of VvTCP genes demonstrated that these VvTCP genes might play important roles in plant growth and development. Expression patterns of VvTCP genes during fruit development and ripening were analyzed by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR. Among them, 11 VvTCP genes were down-regulated during different fruit developmental stages, while only one VvTCP genes were up-regulated, suggesting that most VvTCP genes were probably related to early development in grapevine fruit. Futhermore, the expression of most VvTCP genes can be inhibited by drought and waterlogging stresses.

Conclusions
Our study establishes the first genome-wide analysis of the grapevine TCP gene family and provides valuable information for understanding the classification and functions of the TCP genes in grapevine.
Characterization of genome-wide variations induced by gamma-ray radiation in barley using RNA-Seq
Authors: Tan Cong , Zhang Xiao-Qi , Wang Yin , Wu Dianxin , Bellgard Matthew I. , Xu Yanhao , Shu Xiaoli , Zhou Gaofeng , Li Chengdao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundArtificial mutagenesis not only provides a new approach to increase the diversity of desirable traits for breeding new varieties but are also beneficial for characterizing the genetic basis of functional genes. In recent decades, many mutation genes have been identified which are responsible for phenotype changes in mutants in various species includingArabidopsisand rice. However, the mutation feature in induced mutants and the underlying mechanisms of various types of artificial mutagenesis remain unclear.ResultsIn this study, we adopted a transcriptome sequencing strategy to characterize mutations in coding regions in a barley dwarf mutant induced by gamma-ray radiation. We detected 1193 genetic mutations in gene transcription regions introduced by gamma-ray radiation. Interestingly, up to 97% of the gamma irradiation mutations were concentrated in certain regions in chromosome 5H and chromosome 7H. Of the 26,745 expressed genes, 140 were affected by gamma-ray radiation; their biological functions included cellular and metabolic processes.ConclusionOur results indicate that mutations induced by gamma-ray radiation are not evenly distributed across the whole genome but located in several concentrated regions. Our study provides an overview of the feature of genetic mutations and the genes affected by gamma-ray radiation, which should contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of radiation mutation and their application in gene function analysis.
Exercise therapy improves eGFR, and reduces blood pressure and BMI in non-dialysis CKD patients: evidence from a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Wang Yangyang , Xiong Lianlian , Luo Yanfang , Huang Zhijun , Yi Bin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases, which often lead to physical inactivity that correlates with CKD exacerbation. The benefits of regular exercise to cardiovascular health have been well established in healthy population and highly suggestive in patients with CKD. To further strengthen the evidence base for the management of CKD, this meta-analysis was performed to systematically evaluate the effects of exercise therapy on renal function, blood pressure, blood lipid and body mass index (BMI) in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Methods
This meta-analysis was conducted following a previous protocol. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of exercise therapy in non-dialysis CKD patients were searched in Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and three major Chinese biomedical databases (CNKI, WANGFANG and VIP) from their start date to October 30th, 2018. The Cochrane systematic review methods were applied for quality assessment and data extraction, and Revman version 5.3 was used for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results
13 RCTs, representing 421 patients with non-dialysis CKD, were included in this meta-analysis. Compared to the controls, exercise therapy brought an increase in eGFR (MD = 2.62, 95% CI:0.42 to 4.82, P = 0.02, I2 = 22%), and decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD = -5.61, 95% CI:-8.99 to − 2.23, P = 0.001, I2 = 44%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD = -2.87, 95% CI:-3.65 to − 2.08, P < 0.00001, I2 = 16%) and BMI (MD = -1.32, 95% CI:-2.39 to − 0.25, P = 0.02, I2 = 0%) in non-dialysis CKD patients. Exercise therapy of short-term (< 3 months) decreased triglyceride (TG) level (P = 0.0006). However, exercise therapy did not significantly affect serum creatinine (SCr), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) or low density lipoprotein (LDL) in non-dialysis CKD patients.

Conclusion
Exercise therapy could benefit non-dialysis CKD patients by increasing eGFR while reducing SBP, DBP and BMI. Additionally, short-term intervention of exercise could decrease TG.