bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytomegalovirus Coinfection Is Associated with Increased Vascular-Homing CD57+ CD4 T Cells in HIV Infection
Authors: Chen Bonnie , Morris Stephen R. , Panigrahi Soumya , Michaelson Gillian M. , Wyrick Jonathan M. , Komissarov Alexey A. , Potashnikova Daria , Lebedeva Anna , Younes Souheil-Antoine , Harth Karem , Kashyap Vikram S. , Vasilieva Elena , Margolis Leonid , Zidar David A. , Sieg Scott F. , Shive Carey L. , Funderburg Nicholas T. , Gianella Sara , Lederman Michael M. , Freeman Michael L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are linked to cardiovascular morbidities and accumulate in both HIV and CMV infections, both of which are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we identify CMV coinfection as a major driver of the cytotoxic phenotype, characterized by elevated CD57 expression and reduced CD28 expression, in circulating CD4 T cells from people living with HIV infection, and investigate potential mechanisms linking this cell population to CVD. We find that human CD57+ CD4 T cells express high levels of the costimulatory receptor CD2 and that CD2/LFA-3 costimulation results in a more robust and polyfunctional effector response to TCR signals, compared with CD28-mediated costimulation. CD57+ CD4 T cells also express the vascular endothelium-homing receptor CX3CR1 and migrate toward CX3CL1-expressing endothelial cells in vitro. IL-15 promotes the cytotoxic phenotype, elevates CX3CR1 expression, and enhances the trafficking of CD57+ CD4 T cells to endothelium and may therefore be important in linking these cells to cardiovascular complications. Finally, we demonstrate the presence of activated CD57+ CD4 T cells and expression of CX3CL1 and LFA-3 in atherosclerotic plaque tissues from HIV-uninfected donors. Our findings are consistent with a model in which cytotoxic CD4 T cells contribute to CVD in HIV/CMV coinfection and in atherosclerosis via CX3CR1-mediated trafficking and CD2/LFA-3-mediated costimulation. This study identifies several targets for therapeutic interventions and may help bridge the gap in understanding how CMV infection and immunity are linked to increased cardiovascular risk in people living with HIV infection.
Characterization of Proinsulin T Cell Epitopes Restricted by Type 1 Diabetes–Associated HLA Class II Molecules
Authors: Ihantola Emmi-Leena , Ilmonen Henna , Kailaanmäki Anssi , Rytkönen-Nissinen Marja , Azam Aurélien , Maillère Bernard , Lindestam Arlehamn Cecilia S. , Sette Alessandro , Motwani Keshav , Seay Howard R. , Brusko Todd M. , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Toppari Jorma , Ilonen Jorma , Kinnunen Tuure 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell–mediated autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing β cells within the pancreas are destroyed. Identification of target Ags and epitopes of the β cell–reactive T cells is important both for understanding T1D pathogenesis and for the rational development of Ag-specific immunotherapies for the disease. Several studies suggest that proinsulin is an early and integral target autoantigen in T1D. However, proinsulin epitopes recognized by human CD4+ T cells have not been comprehensively characterized. Using a dye dilution–based T cell cloning method, we generated and characterized 24 unique proinsulin-specific CD4+ T cell clones from the peripheral blood of 17 individuals who carry the high-risk DR3-DQ2 and/or DR4-DQ8 HLA class II haplotypes. Some of the clones recognized previously reported DR4-restricted epitopes within the C-peptide (C25-35) or A-chain (A1-15) of proinsulin. However, we also characterized DR3-restricted epitopes within both the B-chain (B16-27 and B22-C3) and C-peptide (C25-35). Moreover, we identified DQ2-restricted epitopes within the B-chain and several DQ2- or DQ8-restricted epitopes within the C-terminal region of C-peptide that partially overlap with previously reported DQ-restricted epitopes. Two of the DQ2-restricted epitopes, B18-26 and C22-33, were shown to be naturally processed from whole human proinsulin. Finally, we observed a higher frequency of CDR3 sequences matching the TCR sequences of the proinsulin-specific T cell clones in pancreatic lymph node samples compared with spleen samples. In conclusion, we confirmed several previously reported epitopes but also identified novel (to our knowledge) epitopes within proinsulin, which are presented by HLA class II molecules associated with T1D risk.
Classifying spaces for étale algebras with generators
Authors: Kumar Shukla Abhishek , Williams Ben 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe construct a scheme$B(r; {\mathbb {A}}^n)$such that a map$X \to B(r; {\mathbb {A}}^n)$corresponds to a degree-nétale algebra onXequipped withrgenerating global sections. We then show that when$n=2$,i.e., in the quadratic étale case, the singular cohomology of$B(r; {\mathbb {A}}^n)({\mathbb {R}})$can be used to reconstruct a famous example of S. Chase and to extend its application to showing that there is a smooth affine$r-1$-dimensional${\mathbb {R}}$-variety on which there are étale algebras${\mathcal {A}}_n$of arbitrary degreesnthat cannot be generated by fewer thanrelements. This shows that in the étale algebra case, a bound established by U. First and Z. Reichstein in [6] is sharp.
Stock price related financial fragility and growth patterns
Authors: Aßmuth Pascal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The total output of an economy usually follows cyclical movements which are accompanied by similar movements in stock prices. The common explanation relies on the demand side. It points out that stock market wealth drives consumption which triggers production afterwards. This paper focuses on influences via the supply side of the economy. The aim of the paper is to explore channels where stock price patterns influence the amount of credit taken by firms. The author examines trend and volatility cycles on the stock market. There are three channels addressed: the stock market valuation as piece of information for the assessment of a firm’s creditworthiness, the influence on restructuring prospects in times of financial distress and the stock market related remuneration of the top management affecting capital demand. The author ask to which extent a channel may contribute to the stock price - output relation when there is mutual feedback. A model à la Delli Gatti et al. (A new approach to business fluctuations: heterogeneous interacting agents, scaling laws and financial fragility, 2005) drives the results. Firms take credit to finance their production which determines their financial fragility. If their stochastic revenue is too low, they are bankrupt and leave the economy. The capital loss hurts the bank’s equity base and future credit supply is diminished. This causes business cycles. Results show that if the bank assesses creditworthiness according to the stock price then idiosyncratic stock price fluctuations have only a slight effect as they disturb selection and hinder growth. If stock market optimism matters for bankruptcy ruling the level of stock owners’ influence does not matter. If optimism is wide spread among stock investors however, investment behaviour is also correlated through the stock prices and this results in huge real economy cycles without any long-term growth. If volatility is considered in the decision of managers they act more prudently and this fosters growth.
An analysis of forest biomass sampling strategies across scales
Authors: Hetzer Jessica , Huth Andreas , Wiegand Thorsten , Dobner Hans Jürgen , Fischer Rico 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle as
they store a large amount of carbon in their biomass. To estimate the
mean biomass of a forested landscape, sample plots are often used,
assuming that the biomass of these plots represents the biomass of the
surrounding forest. In this study, we investigated the conditions under which a limited
number of sample plots conform to this assumption. Therefore, the minimum
number of sample sizes for predicting the mean biomass of tropical
forest landscapes was determined by combining statistical methods
with simulations of sampling strategies. We examined forest biomass
maps of Barro Colorado Island (50 ha), Panama
(50 000 km2), and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia
(3 × 106–11 × 106 km2). The results showed that around 100 plots (1–25 ha each) are
necessary for continent-wide biomass estimations if the sampled
plots are randomly distributed. However, locations of current
inventory plots often do not meet this requirement, for example, as their sampling design is based on spatial transects among climatic
gradients. We show that these nonrandom locations lead to a much
higher sampling intensity being required (up to 54 000 plots for accurate
biomass estimates for South America). The number of sample plots
needed can be reduced using large distances (5 km) between the
plots within transects. We also applied novel point pattern reconstruction methods to account
for aggregation of inventory plots in known forest plot
networks. The results implied that current plot networks can have
clustered structures that reduce the accuracy of large-scale estimates
of forest biomass if no further statistical approach is applied. To
establish more reliable biomass predictions across South American
tropical forests, we recommend more spatially randomly distributed
inventory plots (minimum: 100 plots) and ensuring that the analyses of
inventory plot data consider their spatial characteristics. The
precision of forest attribute estimates depends on the sampling
intensity and strategy.
Terrestrial methane emissions from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial period
Authors: Kleinen Thomas , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Brovkin Victor 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We investigate the changes in terrestrial natural methane emissions
between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and preindustrial (PI) periods by performing
time-slice experiments with a methane-enabled version of MPI-ESM,
the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model. We consider
all natural sources of methane except for emissions from wild animals
and geological sources, i.e. emissions from wetlands, fires, and termites.
Changes are dominated by changes in tropical wetland emissions, with
mid-to-high-latitude wetlands playing a secondary role, and all other
natural sources being of minor importance. The emissions are determined
by the interplay of vegetation productivity, a function of CO2
and temperature; source area size, affected by sea level and ice sheet
extent; and the state of the West African monsoon, with increased
emissions from northern Africa during strong monsoon phases. We show that it is possible to explain the difference in atmospheric
methane between LGM and PI purely by changes in emissions. As emissions
more than double between LGM and PI, changes in the atmospheric lifetime
of CH4, as proposed in other studies, are not required.
On Sandoval Zapata’s Lyric Transformations
Authors: Johnson Christopher D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article examines how the lyric poetry of Luis de Sandoval Zapata transforms different kinds of matter: literary, natural, and spiritual. It shows how Sandoval Zapata’s verse converges with novohispano festive culture, even as it serves as a subtle vehicle for pondering questions concerning mortality, temporality, and the mutable nature of substance. His sonnet dedicated to the Virgen de Guadalupe is read as resolving these questions. It is also compared to efforts by Miguel Sánchez, Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz to represent María. Lyric distillation and encyclopedic dilation thus form a polarity that fuels seventeenth-century creole thought and expression.
Beliefs versus Declared Practices of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Teachers Regarding Teaching Grammar
Authors: Badash Merav , Harel Efrat , Carmel Rivi , Waldman Tina 
Published: March 2020

This study investigated English as Foreign Language (EFL) teachers' beliefs, perceptions and declared practices of teaching grammar within a communicative language teaching (CLT) framework. Participants included 221 EFL teachers, who were teaching during the years 2013-2018 in different grades and schools throughout Israel. Participants were graduates of teacher training programs in colleges and universities and included Non-Native English Speaking Teachers (NNEST) and Native English Speaking Teachers (NEST).An on-line, self-report survey designed specifically for this study contained three closed questions and two open-ended questions. One-way ANOVA statistics, and mean scores of all the responses were performed on the quantitative data. Qualitative data were grouped, analyzed, and coded.Results show a discrepancy between EFL teachers' perceptions and declared practices of teaching grammar in classrooms. Results further reveal significant differences between NEST and NNEST teachers, as well as differences between teachers who teach in different grades (elementary school, junior high school and high school). Moreover, 'vocabulary' and 'speaking' were ranked of highest importance (58% and 55%, respectively), whereas 'writing' and 'grammar' were considered least important (24%). These findings have valuable implications for teachers and teacher education regarding teaching grammar in context and using contextualized activities.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for World Journal of English Language, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Nelson Joe 
Published: March 2020

World Journal of English Language (WJEL) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether WJEL publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 10, Number 1 Aissa HANIFI, University of Chlef, AlgeriaAmelia Maria Cava, Università fdi Napoli Federicio II, Naples, ItalyCheryl Caesar, Michigan State University, USJessica Aliaga Lavrijsen, Centro Universitario de la Defensa Zaragoza / University of Defense zaragoza, SpainKenan Yerli, Sakarya University, TurkeyLeila Lomashvili, Shawnee State University, USALi Ping Chang, Department of Applied Foreign Languages, National Taipei College of Business, TaiwanMaría Luisa Carrió, Departamento de Linguistica Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, SpainÖzkanal, Ümit, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Foreign Languages Department, TurkeyŞenel, Müfit, 19 Mayıs University, Turkey Joe NelsonEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of World Journal of English LanguageSciedu Press-----------------------------------------Add: 9140 Leslie St. Suite 110, Beaver Creek, Ontario, L4B 0A9, CanadaTel: 1-416-479-0028 ext. 218Fax: 1-416-642-8548Email 1: wjel@sciedupress.comEmail 2: wjel@sciedupress.orgWeb: http://wjel.sciedupress.com
Climate Change and Ecological Migration: A Study of Villages in the Province of Khuzestan, Iran
Authors: Mohammadi Dehcheshmeh Mostafa , Ghaedi Sohrab 
Published: March 2020

Immigration is in fact the response and decision of an individual or a family to change the situation and is often one of the biggest experiences and decisions in everyone’s life. However, the key point is the reasons for immigration. Although the most extensive immigration flows among urban and rural settlements have so far been economic migrations, climate change has recently become a decisive factor for migration in many parts of the world with ecological migration becoming the dominant model in these demographic movements. Khuzestan province - with a strategic position in southwest of Iran and 30% share of rural population- is one of the provinces that has been affected by widespread climate change over the past two decades, experiencing massive population movements, especially in the rural areas. This massive population flow in the rural parts of the province has become a regional challenge. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the effects of climate change on demographic movements in the rural settlements of Khuzestan province. The study is descriptive-analytic and the information is extracted from the database of the Statistics Center of Iran. Statistical analysis has shown that the decline in the rates of rural population growth from -02 in 1986 to -4.6 in 2017 and the evacuation of more than 2398 villages over 1986-2017 have been directly and indirectly related to the diverse effects of climate change.
The 8th Edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging for Hepato-pancreato-biliary Cancer: A Review and Update
Authors: Liao Xiaoyan , Zhang Dongwei 
Published: March 2020

Context.—Cancer staging provides critical information for patients and treating physicians to battle against cancer, predict prognosis, and guide treatment decisions. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system uses a tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) scoring algorithm and is the foremost classification system for adult cancers. This system is updated every 6 to 8 years to allow sufficient time for implementation of changes and for relevant examination and discussion of data validating those changes in staging.Objective.—To review the updates in the 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system on hepato-pancreato-biliary cancer.Data Sources.—Literature review.Conclusions.—The 8th edition, published in 2016 and implemented on January 1, 2018, has been in use for approximately 3 years. Compared with the 7th edition, some of the changes are quite radical. This review aims to provide a summary of the changes/updates of the 8th edition with focus on hepato-pancreato-biliary cancers, and evaluate its performance through literature review.
Présence érudite et savoirs politiques dans la correspondance du Grand Condé
Authors: Bazière Guillaume 
Published: March 2020

Dans les travaux sur la « République des Lettres », la question de l’érudition et des savoirs est traditionnellement pensée de manière autonome par rapport aux problématiques sociales et politiques. Cet article analyse la présence d’acteurs possédant une légitimité savante dans la correspondance du Grand Condé (1621-1686) en considérant la lettre comme un véritable outil d’action politique et sociale. Cela permet de montrer, à travers l’étude de lettres comme celles de Pierre Michon Bourdelot, Bernardin Martin ou encore Isaac de Lapeyrère, comment la pratique des savoirs et l’action politique dans un contexte de service clientélaire sont intrinsèquement liées. Cela permet aussi d’identifier une police particulière d’usage des savoirs, qui définit un espace de communication efficace entre le prince et ses domestiques érudits.
Un « gai savoir » : stratégies du rire dans les lettres d’une érudite des Lumières
Authors: Chollet Mathilde 
Published: March 2020

Entre 1753 et 1755, la châtelaine éclairée Henriette Edme des Rouaudières écrit à son ami le parlementaire exilé Louis Angran d’Allerai. Dans les 35 lettres conservées de leur correspondance, elle mobilise le bel esprit quasi systématiquement en l’associant aux échanges savants qu’elle entretient avec son correspondant. Belles lettres, physique, théologie, philosophie ou politique sont l’occasion de jeux de mots, clins d’oeil, remarques badines. Entre rire érudit et érudition riante, les lettres d’Henriette font état d’une remarquable ambigüité : écrire à Angran revêt un enjeu sérieux pour elle, mais n’empêche pas la légèreté du propos, une conciliation que seule la lettre permet. Tout cela éclaire les stratégies discursives complexes de cette érudite isolée : valorisation de soi par l’esprit, trait classique des élites françaises ; banalisation de l’échange érudit, de ce fait plus acceptable sous une plume féminine ; réduction des distances qui existent entre elle et son prestigieux interlocuteur. À la fois mondain, savant et politique, le discours épistolaire d’Henriette est un bel exemple de l’agentivité féminine au xviiie siècle.
Estilos, estratégias e técnicas de ensino na educação básica: professores em formação continuada
Authors: Batista Giovani De Paula , Portilho Evelise Maria Labatut 
Published: March 2020

O presente artigo apresenta os resultados referentes à identificação dos estilos, das estratégias e técnicas de ensino na educação básica utilizadas por professores em formação continuada, de duas escolas de um município do Paraná/Brasil. A metodologia de pesquisa utilizada é de caráter fenomenológico hermenêutico, em que participaram do programa de formação continuada dezesseis professores, oito do ensino fundamental e oito do ensino médio. Como instrumentos de pesquisa, foram utilizados o Questionário Portilho/Banas de Estilos de Ensino e um protocolo de observação de sala de aula desenvolvido pela pesquisa “Aprendizagem e Conhecimento na Formação Continuada”. Foi possível reconhecer o predomínio do estilo de ensino dinâmico, seguido pelos estilos analítico, sistemático e prático. Os estilos combinados dinâmico/analítico, analítico/sistemático e dinâmico/analítico/sistemático/prático apareceram uma vez cada. Também ficou evidenciada a presença da estratégia de ensino diretiva, mediante a utilização das técnicas de aula expositiva e resolução de exercícios; da estratégia dialógica, por meio das técnicas de ensino aula expositiva dialogada, seminário, dramatização e da estratégia de ensino laissez - faire , caracterizada pela ausência de diretividade do trabalho pedagógico. Diante dos resultados apresentados, evidencia-se a necessidade de se pensar e propor programas de formação continuada que propiciem aos professores o desenvolvimento de práticas de ensino diferenciadas, de modo a possibilitar aos educandos maior autonomia e eficácia sobre o próprio processo de aprendizagem.
Como aprendem estudantes universitários? Estudo de caso sobre estratégias e estilos de aprendizagem
Authors: Mineiro Márcia , D´Ávila Cristina 
Published: March 2020

O artigo tem como temática central os estilos de aprendizagem em contexto universitário. Objetivou-se em âmbito geral: Analisar compreensivamente as estratégias de aprendizagem referidas por discentes de um curso de Ciências Contábeis, em uma Universidade pública na Bahia, inferindo sobre seus estilos de aprendizagem preferenciais. Como objetivos específicos, pretende-se levantar as estratégias de aprendizagem prevalentes e inferir sobre os estilos de aprendizagem prevalentes dos alunos. Crê-se que ao atingir os objetivos, o material produzido pode servir de auxílio às escolhas inerentes à mediação didática em contexto universitário com vistas a uma docência emancipadora. Buscou-se apoio na literatura concernente aos estilos de aprendizagem que mantém congruência com aprendizagem de adultos, bem como com a teoria da aprendizagem significativa. A investigação é de abordagem qualitativa, interpretativa, adotando-se como método procedimental um estudo de caso único instrumental. Utilizou-se questionário misto eletrônico e grupo focal para a produção dos dados, examinados mediante a análise de conteúdo de orientação francesa com categorias a posteriori. Encontraram-se estratégias prevalentes, as quais estando congruentes com os variados estilos subjetivos de aprendizagem, ao longo da vida acadêmica dos discentes pesquisados, podem fomentar melhores condições para aprender e atuar assertivamente na sociedade. Concluiuse, ainda, que o aspecto socioemocional influencia nos estilos de aprendizagem e suas preferências.