bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonuniform but highly preferential stemflow routing along bark surfaces and actual smaller infiltration areas than previously assumed: A case study on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.).
Authors: Tischer Alexander , Michalzik Beate , Lotze Robert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCanopy and tree morphology are assumed to play a significant role in modulating the amount of rainfall water during its routing throughout the vegetation and the near‐surface Critical Zone. One crucial point of research addresses the spatial extent of stemflow (SF) infiltration, because its concentration over small areas at the trunk base appears to affect the magnitude and timing of water and solutes input to the soil and hence amplify biogeochemical cycling. By a Brilliant Blue tracer experiment, we examined the flow patterns of SF water along the trunk surface of two broadleaved tree species (Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus) and the infiltration area at the trunk base and down to 0.12‐m soil depth following natural rainfall events.Our results point to highly preferential SF with smaller washed‐off stem areas for sycamore maple (≤15%) compared with European beech (≤39%). The infiltration area is remarkably smaller than the basal area (BA), accounting for only 17% of the BA for beech and for 30% for maple. Differences in decolourized stem areas between the trees do not relate to the magnitude of infiltration areas at the soil surface, suggesting a strong effect of coarse root abundance and run‐off properties on the funnelling of SF water.In essence, our investigation exhibited that SF routing along bark surfaces and infiltration at the trunk base were spatially more concentrated than commonly assumed. The outcome of this study might contribute to our understanding on hydrological and biogeochemical interlinkages between the plant cover and the near‐surface Critical Zone.
Detection of fuel‐oxidizer explosives utilizing portable capillary electrophoresis with wipe‐based sampling
Authors: Krauss Shannon T. , Forbes Thomas P. , Lawrence Jeffrey A. , Gillen Greg , Verkouteren Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPortable analytical instrumentation that can provide an alarm indication for the presence of explosives and related components is critical for the identification of explosives‐based hazards and threats. Many explosives incident reports involve an inorganic oxidizer‐fuel mixture which can include pyrotechnics, fireworks, flash powders, black powders, black powder substitutes, and improvised or homemade explosives. A portable CE instrument with targeted analysis of common inorganic oxidizer ions, for example, chlorate, perchlorate, and nitrate, was used here as a rapid detection platform. Unlike frequently used gas‐phase separation and detection instrumentation such as ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), an automated liquid extraction mechanism is required for CE separation using acetate paper sample collection wipes. Target inorganic oxidizers were inkjet‐printed onto sample wipes to investigate instrument response relative to the collected analyte spatial distribution. Overall, analyte signal intensities increased with off‐center sample deposition due to improved sample extraction from wipes and no change in response was observed for varied array distributions across wipes. The system demonstrated sub 200 ng detection limits for all target analytes, with further improvement when normalizing to an internal standard.
Hubs of long‐distance co‐alteration characterize brain pathology
Authors: Cauda Franco , Mancuso Lorenzo , Nani Andrea , Ficco Linda , Premi Enrico , Manuello Jordi , Liloia Donato , Gelmini Gabriele , Duca Sergio , Costa Tommaso 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is becoming clearer that the impact of brain diseases is more convincingly represented in terms of co‐alterations rather than in terms of localization of alterations. In this context, areas characterized by a long mean distance of co‐alteration may be considered as hubs with a crucial role in the pathology. We calculated meta‐analytic transdiagnostic networks of co‐alteration for the gray matter decreases and increases, and we evaluated the mean Euclidean, fiber‐length, and topological distance of its nodes. We also examined the proportion of co‐alterations between canonical networks, and the transdiagnostic variance of the Euclidean distance. Furthermore, disease‐specific analyses were conducted on schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. The anterodorsal prefrontal cortices appeared to be a transdiagnostic hub of long‐distance co‐alterations. Also, the disease‐specific analyses showed that long‐distance co‐alterations are more able than classic meta‐analyses to identify areas involved in pathology and symptomatology. Moreover, the distance maps were correlated with the normative connectivity. Our findings substantiate the network degeneration hypothesis in brain pathology. At the same time, they suggest that the concept of co‐alteration might be a useful tool for clinical neuroscience.
Prevalence of PD‐L1 expression in head and neck squamous precancerous lesions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Girolami Ilaria , Pantanowitz Liron , Munari Enrico , Martini Maurizio , Nocini Riccardo , Bisi Nicola , Molteni Gabriele , Marchioni Daniele , Ghimenton Claudio , Brunelli Matteo , Eccher Albino 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies concerning programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression in precancerous lesions of head and neck (HN) region have shown variable results.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the published evidence on PD‐L1 expression in HN precancerous lesions.ResultsOf 1058 original articles, 14 were included in systematic review and 9 in meta‐analysis. The pooled estimate of PD‐L1 expression was 48.25% (confidence interval [CI] 21.07‐75.98, I2 98%, tau2 0.18). PD‐L1 expression appeared to be more frequent in precancerous lesions than in normal mucosa (risk ratio [RR] 1.65, CI 0.65‐4.03, I2 91%, tau2 0.82) and less frequent than in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (RR 0.68, CI 0.43‐1.08, I2 91%, tau2 0.22).ConclusionsPD‐L1 expression could reflect a point of balance between host immune response and cancer escape ability. High heterogeneity and moderate quality suggest that further studies with larger sample size and more rigorous case selection will allow more precise assessment of PD‐L1 expression in HN precancerous lesions.
Impact of 3D printed medical equipment on the management of the Covid19 pandemic
Authors: Belhouideg Soufiane 
Published: June 2020

SummaryVery high mortality rates of coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) are observed around the world due to lack of medical equipment. The increased need for medical devices and personal protective equipment (PPE) has kept several healthcare professionals at risk. Fortunately, 3D printing technology allows to overcome the lack of medical supplies. This study highlights the impact of 3D printing on the combat against COVID19, and its importance in the medical product supply chain. Indeed, the existing medical equipment fabricated by 3D printing technology and its role in the management of Covid19 pandemic is presented. Moreover, the last works are examined to know whether the models of the medical equipment are free of use and whether useful informations are presented (eg, available design data and setup guidelines).
A review of heat and fluid flow characteristics in microchannel heat sinks
Authors: Coskun Turgay , Cetkin Erdal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHeat transfer and flow characteristic in microchannel heat sinks (MCHS) are extensively studied in the literature due to high heat transfer rate capability by increased heat transfer surface area relative to the macroscale heat sinks. However, heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics in MCHS differ from conventional ones because of the scaling effects. This review summarizes the studies that are mainly based on heat transfer and fluid flow characteristic in MCHS. There is no consistency among the published results; however, everyone agrees on that there is no new physical phenomenon in microscale that does not exist at macroscale. Only difference between them is that the effect of some physical phenomena such as viscous dissipation, axial heat conduction, entrance effect, rarefaction, and so forth, is negligibly small at macroscale, whereas it is not at microscale. The effect of these physical phenomena on the heat transfer and flow characteristics becomes significant with respect to specified conditions such as Reynolds number, Peclet number, hydraulic diameter, and heat transfer boundary conditions. Here, the literature was reviewed to document when these physical phenomena become significant and insignificant.
Fracture toughness of zirconia with a nanometer size notch fabricated using focused ion beam milling
Authors: Liao Yifeng , Gruber Max , Lukic Henry , Chen Si , Megremis Spiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesZirconia with 3 mol% yttria (3Y‐TZP) has been used for dental crowns and bridges due to its excellent mechanical behavior. Performing fracture toughness testing on this nanograin material, however, can be a challenge. For reliable results, fracture toughness testing requires an extremely sharp notch in the test specimen that closely approximates a very sharp crack. This study was to investigate an alternative method to produce nanometer‐sized notches, which are less than the average grain size of 3Y‐TZP, during the preparation of single‐edge V‐notched beam specimens and report the resulting fracture toughness value.MethodsWe present a method using focused ion beam (FIB) milling to fabricate nanometer‐sized notches in 3Y‐TZP. The notch tip is <100 nm wide, which is smaller than the grain size, and is consistent throughout the thickness of the specimen.ResultsThe FIB‐notched specimens show a much reduced average fracture toughness of 5.64 ± 1.14 MPa√m compared to 8.90 ± 0.23 MPa√m for the specimens without FIB‐notches. The FIB‐milling did not appear to create any monoclinic phase prior to fracture toughness testing. Fractures originated at the FIB‐notches, and the notch size can be readily identified post‐mortem using a microscope. A considerable amount of tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation was observed throughout the fracture surfaces.SignificanceFIB milling provides an alternative method to fabricate nanometer‐sized notches that are smaller than the grain size of tetragonal zirconia polycrystal. The fracture toughness determined using FIB‐notches was ~5.64 MPa√m, smaller than the specimens with V‐notches fabricated using saw blades.
Ultrasound‐assisted fermentation for production of β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase by Beauveria bassiana
Authors: Schmaltz Silvana , Aita Bruno C , Alves Eliana A , Fochi Alex , Bolson Vinícius F , Navarro‐Díaz Helmut J , Kuhn Raquel C , Mazutti Marcio A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDUltrasound (US) treatment was applied to increase the production of β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase by Beauveria bassiana (IBCB 66) cultivated in submerged fermentation. Application of US at different growth stages, US power outputs, time of ultrasonication, and duty cycles were the parameters evaluated.RESULTSThe best strategy comprised ultrasonication during 5 min at 24 h of fermentation with a power output of 195 W (fixed frequency of 24 kHz) and a duty cycle of 0.5 s.s−1 (0.5 s ON, 0.5 s OFF). The US treatment resulted in a production increase of 46% for β‐1,3‐glucanase and 42% for chitinase compared to the non‐sonicated control. Fragmentations of the mycelia in the sonicated samples were observed in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) micrographs after the US application, supporting the idea of a better release of enzymes to outside the cell.CONCLUSIONUltrasound‐assisted fermentation was a promising tool to increase the production of β‐1,3‐glucanase and chitinase by Beauveria bassiana (IBCB 66). The combination of US parameters showed to be decisive in obtaining higher enzyme production when compared to the control non‐sonicated experiment. Therefore, this work brings a significant contribution to the field of stimulation of bioprocesses with ultrasound since it shows a strategy to obtain higher enzyme production when compared to traditional fermentation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Static mixer proposal for tubular photobioreactors to reduce mixing energy consumption and enhance light–dark cycles
Authors: Salguero‐Rodríguez Yulánderson , Gómez‐Pérez C A , Arango‐Restrepo Juan P , Espinosa Jairo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDTubular Photobioreactors (PBR) present better productivity using static mixers but they consume large amounts of energy. In this study, a tubular PBR is presented with a new static mixer that produces swirl mixing, inducing light–dark (LD) cycles, and adequate uptake of nutrients in the culture. This study was focused on diminishing the pumping energy required for culture transport while improving productivity by the development of LD cycles in microalgae culture.RESULTSThree types of tubular PBRs with mixers that induce swirl flow were simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Pumping energy and mixing degree were estimated. Mixing conditions and swirl flow were calculated through the swirl number. Evaluation of the illumination periodic behavior induced by the proposed new configuration in the frequency domain, using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), revealed a distinctive correlation between main frequencies and average flow velocity. Energy consumption results showed that the proposed mixer consumes the least energy in comparison with others proposed previously in the literature; moreover, the proposed mixer also is simpler than traditional types. Thus, there are cost benefits in using this static mixer in tubular PBR mixing. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sample preparation and microscopical investigation techniques for metal and ceramics containing graphite and graphene‐like layered particles
Authors: Baskut Sinem , Turan Servet 
Published: June 2020

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques are widely used in microstructural investigations of materials since it can provide surface morphology, topography, and chemical information. However, it is important to use correct imaging and sample preparation techniques to reveal the microstructures of materials composed of components with different polishing characteristics such as grey cast iron, graphene platelets (GPLs)‐added SiAlON composite, SiC and B4C ceramics containing graphite or graphene‐like layered particles. In this study, all microstructural details of gray cast iron were successfully revealed by using argon ion beam milling as an alternative to the standard sample preparation method for cast irons, that is, mechanical polishing followed by chemical etching. The in‐lens secondary electron (I‐L‐SE) image was clearly displayed on the surface details of the graphites that could not be revealed by backscattered electron (BSE) and Everhart–Thornley secondary electron (E‐T SE) images. Mechanical polishing leads to pull‐out of GPLs from SiAlON surface, whereas argon ion beam milling preserved the GPLs and resulted in smooth surface. Grain and grain boundaries of polycrystalline SiC and B4C were easily revealed by using I‐L SE image in the SEM after only mechanical polishing without any etching process. While the BSE and E‐T SE images did not clearly show the residual graphites in the microstructure, their distribution in the B4C matrix was fully revealed in the I‐L SE image.
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of integrating screening and treatment of selected non‐communicable diseases into HIV/AIDS treatment in Uganda
Authors: Sando David , Kintu Alexander , Okello Samson , Kawungezi Peter Chris , Guwatudde David , Mutungi Gerald , Muyindike Winnie , Menzies Nicolas A , Danaei Goodarz , Verguet Stéphane 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionDespite growing enthusiasm for integrating treatment of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) care and treatment services in sub‐Saharan Africa, there is little evidence on the potential health and financial consequences of such integration. We aim to study the cost‐effectiveness of basic NCD‐HIV integration in a Ugandan setting.MethodsWe developed an epidemiologic‐cost model to analyze, from the provider perspective, the cost‐effectiveness of integrating hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and high cholesterol screening and treatment for people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Uganda. We utilized cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk estimations drawing from the previously established Globorisk model and systematic reviews; HIV and NCD risk factor prevalence from the World Health Organization’s STEPwise approach to Surveillance survey and global databases; and cost data from national drug price lists, expert consultation and the literature. Averted CVD cases and corresponding disability‐adjusted life years were estimated over 10 subsequent years along with incremental cost‐effectiveness of the integration.ResultsIntegrating services for hypertension, DM, and high cholesterol among ART patients in Uganda was associated with a mean decrease of the 10‐year risk of a CVD event: from 8.2 to 6.6% in older PLWH women (absolute risk reduction of 1.6%), and from 10.7 to 9.5% in older PLWH men (absolute risk reduction of 1.2%), respectively. Integration would yield estimated net costs between $1,400 and $3,250 per disability‐adjusted life year averted among older ART patients.ConclusionsProviding services for hypertension, DM and high cholesterol for Ugandan ART patients would reduce the overall CVD risk among these patients; it would amount to about 2.4% of national HIV/AIDS expenditure, and would present a cost‐effectiveness comparable to other standalone interventions to address NCDs in low‐ and middle‐income country settings.
Diffusion Imaging in the Post HCP Era
Authors: Moeller Steen , Pisharady Kumar Pramod , Andersson Jesper , Akcakaya Mehmet , Harel Noam , Ma Ruoyun(Emily) , Wu Xiaoping , Yacoub Essa , Lenglet Christophe , Ugurbil Kamil 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDiffusion imaging is a critical component in the pursuit of developing a better understanding of the human brain. Recent technical advances promise enabling the advancement in the quality of data that can be obtained. In this review the context for different approaches relative to the Human Connectome Project are compared. Significant new gains are anticipated from the use of high‐performance head gradients. These gains can be particularly large when the high‐performance gradients are employed together with ultrahigh magnetic fields. Transmit array designs are critical in realizing high accelerations in diffusion‐weighted (d)MRI acquisitions, while maintaining large field of view (FOV) coverage, and several techniques for optimal signal‐encoding are now available. Reconstruction and processing pipelines that precisely disentangle the acquired neuroanatomical information are established and provide the foundation for the application of deep learning in the advancement of dMRI for complex tissues.Level of Evidence: 3Technical Efficacy Stage: Stage 3
Planning for a pandemic: Mitigating risk to radiation therapy service delivery in the COVID‐19 era
Authors: Anderson Nigel , Thompson Kenton , Andrews Judy , Chesson Brent , Cray Alison , Phillips Damien , Ryan Michelle , Soteriou Sally , Trainor Glenn , Touma Nilgun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (COVID‐19) has rapidly impacted all of our lives following its escalation to pandemic status on 11 March 2020. Government guidelines and restrictions implemented to mitigate the risk of COVID‐19 community transmission have forced radiation therapy departments to promptly adjust to the significant impact on our ability to deliver best clinical care. The inherent nature of our tri‐partied professions relies heavily on multidisciplinary teamwork and patient–clinician interactions. Teamwork and patient interaction are critical to the role of a radiation therapist. The aim of this paper is to describe the experience of the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre’s (Peter Mac) radiation therapy services during the preliminary stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic in minimising risk to patients, staff and our clinical service. Four critical areas were identified in developing risk mitigation strategies across our service: (a) Workforce planning, (b) Workforce communication, (c) Patient safety and wellbeing, and (d) Staff safety and wellbeing. Each of these initiatives had a focus on continuum of clinical care, whilst minimising risk of cross infection for our radiation therapy workforce and patients alike. Initiatives included, but were not limited to, establishing COVID‐Eclipse clinical protocols, remote access to local applications, implementation of Microsoft Teams, personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines and virtual ‘Division of Radiation Oncology’ briefing/updates. The COVID‐19 pandemic has dictated change in conventional radiation therapy practice. It is hoped that by sharing our experiences, the radiation therapy profession will continue to learn, adapt and navigate this period together, to ensure optimal outcomes for ourselves and our patients.
Validation of the Ottawa knee rule in adults: A single centre study
Authors: Sims Jordan I. , Chau Minh , Davies Josephine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis clinical audit aimed to evaluate performance of the Ottawa Knee Rule (OKR) and degree of compliance by emergency referrers for acute knee injuries in adults.MethodsKnee radiography requests were analysed retrospectively for eligibility. Data were extracted from eligible requests under headings describing the OKR criteria, patient history, diagnosis and referrer profession. Sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio and positive likelihood ratio were calculated with 95% CI for the entire sample and each profession (consultant doctors, resident medical officers [RMO], physiotherapists and triage nurses) individually. The frequency of each OKR criterion and correlation with fracture, referrer compliance to the rule and the relative reduction in radiography were also calculated.ResultsOf 713 patients identified, 149 were enrolled by the eligibility criteria. The overall sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio and positive likelihood ratio of the OKR for knee fracture were 71% (95%CI, 49‐87%), 46% (95%CI, 37‐55%), 0.64 (95%CI, 0.33‐1.22) and 1.3 (95%CI, 0.96‐1.76), respectively. Physiotherapists and triage nurses demonstrated better rule performance than consultant doctors and RMOs, with a sensitivity of 100% and negative likelihood ratio of 0.0. Physiotherapists were most compliant at 73% (19/26). Only 85 requests were OKR positive and, when abiding by the rule, this would have reduced radiography by 43% (64/149).ConclusionsIn this first Australian study, moderate OKR performance and variable compliance by emergency referrers were observed. This led to unnecessary irradiation of patients without a fracture. The findings suggest emergency referrers could benefit from education on applying and documenting the OKR on radiography requests.