bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women and participatory constitutionalism
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This article underscores the foundational exclusion of women from constitution-making as an expression of the ideology of separate and gendered spheres dominant at the birth of written constitutionalism. It traces the incorporation of women into constitution-making within a broader gender equality participatory turn taking place, since the late 1980s and especially 1990s, coinciding in time with the rise of popular constitutionalism more broadly speaking. By looking at a variety of examples drawn from multiple jurisdictions across the world, it explores the forms of participation of women in constitution-making both through their gradual (though yet insufficient) incorporation into official constitution-making bodies and institutions and, more importantly, through civil society mobilization. It claims that without taking into account the structural dimension of women’s traditional exclusion from the public sphere and constitution-making it is not possible to have an adequate comprehension of the strategies, challenges, meaning, and impact of women joining constitution-making, all of which I briefly describe.
The subjects of spatial statism: Reclaiming politics and law in international entanglement: Afterword to the Foreword by Ran Hirschl and Ayelet Shachar
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In their Foreword, Hirschl and Shachar challenge the supposed contemporary decline of state sovereignty and describe the enduring and expansive spatial reach of state power to counter threats to sovereign territorial control. This Afterword looks into the normative foundations of this account and its consequences for public international law and for international courts, in particular. “Spatial statism” exposes, I argue, a disjunction between the concepts of state sovereignty and popular sovereignty—and thus disrupts the normative expectation that those subject to the law are also its authors. It is this expectation that international judicial review must seek to restore. The attempt to do so is burdened by analytical and practical difficulties. But the project, I argue, is essential. In confronting the new “spaces” of international entanglement, judges must redeem the idea that citizens might yet reclaim those entanglements as a “common world,” not just a space in which they are brought together, unfreely, under the mantle of state coordination and coercion.
Evaluation of a New Automated Routine Measurement for Serum Adjusted Ionized Calcium (at pH 7.4) in Patients Suspected of Calcium Metabolic Disease
Authors: Kur Dår K , Hillig Thore , Hansen Steen I , Goharian Tina , Witte Majbritt L , Thode Jorgen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundTotal calcium is a less accurate test in predicting ionized calcium (Ca2+) in patients suspected of calcium metabolic disease. Nevertheless, total calcium continues to be used as routine measurement instead of adjusted Ca2+ (at pH 7.4). In the current study we evaluate a new multichannel instrument, the ISE Module E1200 for adjusted Ca2+ (at pH 7.4), containing three different ion-selective electrode (ISE) units.MethodsSerum from 1350 patients was compared to the ABL835 flex and KoneLab. Total calcium was also evaluated on the Dimension Vista 1500 system. Correlations between instruments were assessed by Deming regression and degree of agreement by Cohen’s kappa (κ).ResultsAnalytical imprecisions for the three ISE units for adjusted Ca2+ (at pH 7.4) was between 0.36% and 2.52%, and for pH between 0.32% and 3.24%. Results were comparable for each ISE unit (r = 0.797–0.917; all P &lt; 0.0001) and in high-throughput settings (r = 0.871; P &lt; 0.0001). The degree of agreement between instruments was moderate to good (κ  =  0.52–0.77). In contrast, there was a very poor agreement (κ = −0.14) for total calcium with discrepancy in 53.4% of the samples.ConclusionsThe new ISE Module E1200 is comparable with the ABL835 flex and KoneLab 30i and therefore may be used for routine analysis of serum adjusted Ca2+ (at pH 7.4). The measured adjusted Ca2+ (at pH 7.4) was less comparable with very poor agreement to total calcium measured on the Dimension Vista 1500 system.
The effect of feed form and delivery method on feed microbiology and growth performance in grow-finisher pigs
Authors: O’Meara Fiona M , Gardiner Gillian E , O’Doherty John V , Lawlor Peadar G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
There is no generally accepted optimal feed form and delivery method for feeding finisher pigs. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of feed form (meal and pellet) and delivery method (liquid, dry, and wet/dry) on feed microbiology and growth, gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), and carcass quality of finisher pigs. Two batches of pigs were used, each with six pen replicates per treatment. In each batch 216 pigs (32.7 kg; ± 0.48 SE) housed in same-sex (entire male or female) pens of six pigs per pen were on treatment for ~62 d prior to slaughter. The experiment was a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two factors for diet form (meal and pellets) and three factors for feed delivery (dry, wet/dry, liquid). The treatments were 1) meal from dry feeder, 2) meal from wet/dry feeder, 3) meal from liquid system, 4) pellet from dry feeder, 5) pellet from wet/dry feeder, and 6) pellet from liquid system. Pig growth performance was determined, blood samples collected at slaughter for hematological analysis and microbiological and proximate analysis of feed performed. A significant feed form × delivery interaction was found for G:F. During the overall period G:F was 0.446, 0.433, 0.423, 0.474, 0.459, and 0.418 g/g (SE = 0.0080; P &lt; 0.01) for treatments 1 through 6, respectively. When feed was pelleted, G:F was improved when feed delivery was dry or wet/dry compared to meal but when the delivery was liquid, pelleting did not affect G:F. There were no interactive effects for overall average daily gain (ADG). Overall ADG was 1,114 and 1,156 g/d (SE = 16.9; P &lt; 0.01) for pigs fed diets in meal and pellet form, respectively and 1,080, 1,114, and 1,210 g/d (SE = 18.4; P &lt; 0.001) for dry-, wet/dry-, and liquid-fed pigs, respectively. Carcass weight was 76.6 and 79.0 kg (SE = 0.55; P &lt; 0.001) for pigs fed in meal and pellet form, respectively, while it was 74.7, 77.3, and 81.5 kg (SE = 0.60; P &lt; 0.001) for pigs delivered dry, wet/dry, and liquid diets, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria (P &lt; 0.05) and yeast (P &lt; 0.01) counts in troughs were greater for the liquid than the dry diet in both meal and pelleted form. There was also evidence of lysine degradation in the liquid diet but this did not impact pig growth. Feeding the diet in pelleted vs. meal form led to lower hemoglobin and greater white blood cell and neutrophil counts (P &lt; 0.05). To conclude, wet/dry feeding of a pelleted diet is recommended to maximize growth rate while optimizing G:F in grow-finisher pigs.
Breast Lesions in Women Aged Younger than 30 Years: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Clark Haley R , Merchant Kanwal A , Omar Lena A , Compton Lindsay M , Hayes Jody C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Women aged younger than 30 years frequently present with palpable breast lesions, breast pain, and nipple discharge. Diagnostic work-up often results in benign findings, including a variety of benign solid masses, infectious or inflammatory conditions, pregnancy- or lactation-related abnormalities, and normal variants. While rare, breast cancer can occur within this demographic, and it is often more advanced and aggressive than in older women. Other rare tumors can present within this patient demographic, including primary sarcoma of the breast and granular cell tumors. A knowledge of the clinical presentation, diagnostic approach, and management of this spectrum of pathologic entities is crucial to ensure optimal and cost-effective care within this patient demographic.
Adaptive rank-reduction method for seismic data reconstruction
Authors: Wu Juan , Bai Min 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Seismic data reconstruction plays an important role in the whole seismic data processing and imaging workflow, especially for those data that are acquired from severe field environment and are missing a large portion of the reflection signals. The rank-reduction method is considered to be a very effective method for interpolating data that are of small curvature, e.g. the post-stack data. However, when the data are more complicated, the rank-reduction method may fail to achieve acceptable performance. A useful strategy is to use local windows to process the data so that the data in each local window satisfy the plane-wave assumption of the rank-reduction method. However, the rank in each window requires a careful selection. Traditional methods select a global rank for all windows. We have proposed an automatic algorithm to select the rank in each processing window. The energy ratio between two consecutive singular values is chosen as the criterion to define the optimal rank. We apply this strategy to seismic data interpolation and use both synthetic and field data examples to demonstrate its potential in practical applications.
Culture-specific Evidence before Internationalized Criminal Courts
Authors: Cheah W L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As commentators press the International Criminal Court and other internationalized criminal courts to adopt a more sensitive approach to culture-specific evidence when determining individual criminal responsibility, this article argues that important lessons may be obtained from Asian jurisdictions where courts have discussed and assessed such evidence. The Asian examples studied here highlight the possibilities and challenges of having courts consider culture-specific evidence. By comparing judicial experiences, this article also shows that a more sensitive judicial approach to culture-specific evidence may be cultivated if attention is given not only to the cultural knowledge of judges, but also the court’s broader legal architecture, the position of the accused, and judicial identity.
Intermediary liability for trade mark infringement in India: the Louboutin case
Authors: Panwar Aklovya , Gehlot Ashwini 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Christian Louboutin SAS v Nakul Bajaj and Ors, CS (COMM) 344/2018, Delhi High Court (Prathiba M Singh J), 2 November 2018
In Christian Louboutin SAS v Nakul Bajaj and Ors, the Delhi High Court has given for the first time an indispensable ruling to clarify the responsibility and liability of online intermediaries for trade mark infringement. In a subsequent judgment in L’Oreal v Brandworld & Anr (CS(COMM) 980/2016, Prathiba M Singh J, 12 November 2018), the same court has confirmed the approach taken in Louboutin.
Reassessing Potential for Exotic Larch in Northern United States
Authors: Maass David I , Irland Lloyd C , Anderson James L , Laustsen Kenneth M , Greenwood Michael S , Roth Brian E 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAbstractField measurements of operational plantations and research plots demonstrate that growth rates of exotic larches in unmanaged stands can exceed 12 m3 per hectare per year in Maine and elsewhere. This paper briefly reviews the recent history of exotic larch (Larix decidua, L. kaempferi, and L. × marschlinsii) in northeastern United States and Canada. Stands can be commercially thinned as early as 15 years; further thinnings add to significant volume accumulation, based on stand table projections. Genetic development of the hybrid (L. × marschlinsii) could yield additional volume. Even at current low stumpage values, exotic larch plantations offer positive returns at realistic discount rates. In map form, we report a current inventory of known trials and operational plantings across the Northern United States, including adjacent Canada.
International migration management in the age of artificial intelligence
Authors: Beduschi Ana 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionise the way states and international organisations seek to manage international migration. AI is gradually going to be used to perform tasks, including identity checks, border security and control, and analysis of data about visa and asylum applicants. To an extent, this is already a reality in some countries such as Canada, which uses algorithmic decision-making in immigration and asylum determination, and Germany, which has piloted projects using technologies such as face and dialect recognition for decision-making in asylum determination processes. The article’s central hypothesis is that AI technology can affect international migration management in three different dimensions: (1) by deepening the existing asymmetries between states on the international plane; (2) by modernising states’ and international organisations’ traditional practices; and (3) by reinforcing the contemporary calls for more evidence-based migration management and border security. The article examines each of these three hypotheses and reflects on the main challenges of using AI solutions for international migration management. It draws on legal, political and technology-facing academic literature, examining the current trends in technological developments and investigating the consequences that these can have for international migration. Most particularly, the article contributes to the current debate about the future of international migration management, informing policymakers in this area of growing importance and fast development.
From hydrogen to helium: the spectral evolution of white dwarfs as evidence for convective mixing
Authors: Cunningham Tim , Tremblay Pier-Emmanuel , Gentile Fusillo Nicola Pietro , Hollands Mark , Cukanovaite Elena 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a study of the hypothesis that white dwarfs undergo a spectral change from hydrogen- to helium-dominated atmospheres using a volume-limited photometric sample drawn from the Gaia-DR2 catalogue, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX). We exploit the strength of the Balmer jump in hydrogen-atmosphere DA white dwarfs to separate them from helium-dominated objects in SDSS colour space. Across the effective temperature range from 20 000 to 9000 K, we find that 22 per cent of white dwarfs will undergo a spectral change, with no spectral evolution being ruled out at 5σ. The most likely explanation is that the increase in He-rich objects is caused by the convective mixing of DA stars with thin hydrogen layers, in which helium is dredged up from deeper layers by a surface hydrogen convection zone. The rate of change in the fraction of He-rich objects as a function of temperature, coupled with a recent grid of 3D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of convective DA white dwarfs – which include the full overshoot region – lead to a discussion on the distribution of total hydrogen mass in white dwarfs. We find that 60 per cent of white dwarfs must have a hydrogen mass larger than MH/MWD = 10−10, another 25 per cent have masses in the range MH/MWD = 10−14–10−10, and 15 per cent have less hydrogen than MH/MWD = 10−14. These results have implications for white dwarf asteroseismology, stellar evolution through the asymptotic giant branch and accretion of planetesimals on to white dwarfs.
Converging shock waves in a Van der Waals gas of variable density
Authors: Chauhan Antim , Arora Rajan , Tomar Amit 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe converging problem of cylindrically or spherically symmetric strong shock wave collapsing at the axis/centre of symmetry, is studied in a non-ideal inhomogeneous gaseous medium. Here, we assume that the undisturbed medium is spatially variable and the density of a gas is decreasing towards the axis/centre according to a power law. In the present work, we have used the perturbation technique to the implosion problem and obtained a global solution that also admits Guderley’s asymptotic solution in a very good agreement which holds only in the vicinity of the axis/centre of implosion. The similarity exponents together with their corresponding amplitudes are determined by expanding the flow parameters in powers of time. We also refined the leading similarity exponents near the axis/centre of convergence. We compared our calculated results with the already existing results and found them in good agreements up to two decimal places. Shock position and flow parameters are analysed graphically with respect to the variation of values of different parameters. It is observed that an increase in the density variation index, adiabatic exponent and Van der Waals excluded volume, causes the time of shock collapse to decrease due to which the shock acceleration gets increased and shock reaches the axis/centre much faster.
Diffusion of Being Pivotal and Immoral Outcomes
Authors: Falk A , Neuber T , Szech N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We study how the diffusion of being pivotal affects immoral outcomes. In our main experiment, subjects decide about agreeing to kill mice and receiving money versus objecting to the killing and foregoing the monetary amount. In a baseline condition, subjects decide individually about the life of one mouse. In the main treatment, subjects are organized into groups of eight and decide simultaneously. Eight mice are killed if at least one subject opts for killing. The fraction of subjects agreeing to kill is significantly higher in the main condition compared with the baseline condition. In a second experiment, we run the same baseline and main conditions but use a charity context and additionally study sequential decision-making. We replicate our finding from the mouse paradigm. We further show that the observed effects increase with experience, i.e., when we repeat the experiment for a second time. For both experiments, we elicit beliefs about being pivotal, which we validate in a treatment with non-involved observers. We show that beliefs are a main driver of our results.
Barriers to engagement in implementation science research: a national survey
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth R , Shelley Donna , Boden-Albala Bernadette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Low levels of engagement in implementation science (IS) among health researchers is a multifaceted issue. With the aim of guiding efforts to increase engagement in IS research, we sought to identify barriers to engagement in IS within the health research community. We performed an online survey of health researchers in the United States in 2018. Basic science researchers were excluded from the sample. IS engagement was measured by self-reported conduct of or collaboration on an IS study in the past 5 years. Potential barriers tested were (a) knowledge and awareness of IS, (b) attitudes about IS research, (c) career benefits of IS, (d) research community support, and (e) research leadership support. We performed simple logistic regressions and tested multivariable logistic regression models of researcher characteristics and potential barriers as predictors of IS engagement. Of the 1,767 health researchers, 49.7% indicated they engaged in an implementation study. Being able to define IS (aOR 3.42, 95%CI 2.68–4.36, p &lt; .001) and having attended IS training (aOR 3.77, 95%CI 2.96–4.81, p &lt; .001) were associated with engaging in IS research. Among other potential barriers tested, perceptions that engaging in IS would not be good for their career (aOR 0.29, 95%CI 0.2–0.41, p &lt; .001) was strongly associated with decreased engagement in IS research. Efforts to increase researcher familiarity with IS methods and foster support for IS within research communities, along with decreasing barriers to funding and publishing, are likely to be most effective for increasing engagement in IS research.
Optimal memory-aware backpropagation of deep join networks
Authors: Beaumont Olivier , Herrmann Julien , Pallez (Aupy) Guillaume , Shilova Alena 
Published: January 2020

Deep learning training memory needs can prevent the user from considering large models and large batch sizes. In this work, we propose to use techniques from memory-aware scheduling and automatic differentiation (AD) to execute a backpropagation graph with a bounded memory requirement at the cost of extra recomputations. The case of a single homogeneous chain, i.e. the case of a network whose stages are all identical and form a chain, is well understood and optimal solutions have been proposed in the AD literature. The networks encountered in practice in the context of deep learning are much more diverse, both in terms of shape and heterogeneity. In this work, we define the class of backpropagation graphs, and extend those on which one can compute in polynomial time a solution that minimizes the total number of recomputations. In particular, we consider join graphs which correspond to models such as siamese or cross-modal networks.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science’.
Preparing sparse solvers for exascale computing
Authors: Anzt Hartwig , Boman Erik , Falgout Rob , Ghysels Pieter , Heroux Michael , Li Xiaoye , Curfman McInnes Lois , Tran Mills Richard , Rajamanickam Sivasankaran , Rupp Karl , Smith Barry , Yamazaki Ichitaro , Meier Yang Ulrike 
Published: January 2020

Sparse solvers provide essential functionality for a wide variety of scientific applications. Highly parallel sparse solvers are essential for continuing advances in high-fidelity, multi-physics and multi-scale simulations, especially as we target exascale platforms. This paper describes the challenges, strategies and progress of the US Department of Energy Exascale Computing project towards providing sparse solvers for exascale computing platforms. We address the demands of systems with thousands of high-performance node devices where exposing concurrency, hiding latency and creating alternative algorithms become essential. The efforts described here are works in progress, highlighting current success and upcoming challenges.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science’.
The future of computing beyond Moore’s Law
Authors: Shalf John 
Published: January 2020

Moore’s Law is a techno-economic model that has enabled the information technology industry to double the performance and functionality of digital electronics roughly every 2 years within a fixed cost, power and area. Advances in silicon lithography have enabled this exponential miniaturization of electronics, but, as transistors reach atomic scale and fabrication costs continue to rise, the classical technological driver that has underpinned Moore’s Law for 50 years is failing and is anticipated to flatten by 2025. This article provides an updated view of what a post-exascale system will look like and the challenges ahead, based on our most recent understanding of technology roadmaps. It also discusses the tapering of historical improvements, and how it affects options available to continue scaling of successors to the first exascale machine. Lastly, this article covers the many different opportunities and strategies available to continue computing performance improvements in the absence of historical technology drivers.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Numerical algorithms for high-performance computational science’.