bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Knowledge
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This book is an exploration of moral knowledge: its possibility, its sources, and its characteristic vulnerabilities. It addresses such questions as: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the method of reflective equilibrium as an account of how we should make up our minds about moral questions? What would count as evidence for or against a fundamental moral conviction? Are observation and testimony potential sources of moral knowledge? What, if anything, would be wrong with simply outsourcing your views about moral questions to a moral expert? How fragile is our knowledge of morality, compared to other kinds of knowledge? Does knowledge of the difference between right and wrong fundamentally differ from knowledge of other kinds in that it cannot be forgotten? To what extent are our moral views vulnerable to being “debunked” by empirical discoveries about why we hold them? What is the relationship between being able to justify a moral judgment and knowing that it is true? Should we invest more confidence in relatively abstract, general moral principles that strike us as true, or more confidence in our judgments about the rightness and wrongness of particular actions?
Introduction
Authors: McGrath Sarah 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter contains a brief overview of the topics the book addresses, together with a discussion of the working hypothesis: that moral knowledge can be acquired in any of the ways in which we acquire ordinary empirical knowledge, and that our efforts to acquire and preserve such knowledge are subject to frustration in all of the same ways that our efforts to acquire and preserve ordinary empirical knowledge are. Section 1.2 discusses methodological preliminaries and assumptions concerning the relative priority of moral epistemology (as opposed to metaphysics or semantics), the standards of moral vs. non-moral knowledge, and the relationship between moral knowledge and justified belief. Section 1.3 introduces another theme that unifies many of the arguments and views presented in this book, namely that our access to moral knowledge has an important social dimension.
The Invention of Papal History
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
How was the history of post-classical Rome and of the Church written in the Catholic Reformation? Historical texts composed in Rome at this time have been considered secondary to the city’s significance for the history of art. The Invention of Papal History corrects this distorting emphasis and shows how history-writing became part of a comprehensive formation of the image and self-perception of the papacy. By presenting and fully contextualizing the path-breaking works of the Augustinian historian Onofrio Panvinio (1530–68), this book shows what type of historical research was possible in the late Renaissance and the Catholic Reformation. Historiography in this period by no means consisted entirely of commissioned works written for patrons; rather, a creative interplay existed between, on the one hand, the endeavours of authors to explore the past and, on the other hand, the constraints of patronage and ideology placed on them. This book sheds new light on the changing priorities, mentalities, and cultural standards that flourished in the transition from the Renaissance to the Catholic Reformation.
The Call of Conscience
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Although it is common to speak of the call of conscience, the specifically linguistic character of this call is frequently occluded in the history of thought. This is clear in the modern history of the idea, in which ideas of moral intuition or moral sentiment predominate, from Cambridge Platonism through to neo-Kantianism. This occlusion is flagged by Gerhard Ebeling, who emphasizes the word-event character of conscience. This is further developed through reference to Emmanuel Levinas and his distinction between Le Dit and Le Dire, and it is contrasted with the seemingly silent ethical demand proposed by K. E. Løgstrup. This difference is interpreted further through a discussion of an incident in writings of the Japanese poet Bashō and the Good Samaritan.
Victimological Imaginations
Authors: Lohne Kjersti 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The figure of the victim is the sine qua non of the fight against impunity for international crimes. Engaging the victimological imagination of international criminal justice, the chapter shows how victims are represented, and how justice for victims is imagined. The first part focuses on imaginations of ‘justice for victims’, and argues that the ICC represents a form of hybrid justice by incorporating ‘restorative’ and ‘transformative’ rationales for justice. Unlike ordinary courts, the ICC incorporates what can be thought of as both ‘punitive’ and ‘reparative’ arms. Part of the latter is the Rome Statute’s provisions for victims’ rights to participation and reparation. However, a closer look at the implementation of these processes reveal a conspicuous discrepancy between ideologies and realities. The second part of the chapter situates victims as a source of moral authority, and one that is claimed in representational practices by both human rights NGOs and international criminal justice generally. The chapter explores suffering as a type of ‘currency’, both on an individual level for victims’ advocates, as their source of ‘purpose’, and on a broader cultural level as the source of ‘global’ moral outcry. The chapter demonstrates how the victim is culturally represented through imaginations from the global North and becomes universalized as a symbol of humanity, of which the gendered and racialized victim of sexual and gender-based violence provides particularly powerful victim imagery. In this way, the image of the victim of international crimes is characterized by her essential ‘otherness’: it is humanity that suffers.
Emergencies and Human Rights
Authors: Dyzenhaus David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
‘May the safety of the people be the supreme law!’ Cicero’s slogan is invoked to justify the claim that during a state of emergency, the political sovereign may do whatever in his judgement is required to secure the people, including acting against the law. It would seem to follow that when human rights are made into legal entitlements, they may legitimately be suspended along with other legal protections during a state of emergency. As a result, human rights would be relativized to what we can think of as a political judgement about when the safety of the people is not in issue. The author contests this claim through an argument based in Hobbes’s political and legal theory that the safety of the people is a juridical concept, as is sovereignty itself. The sovereign cannot act outside of law and his exercises of power have to be justified to his subjects as being according to law, where accordance with law requires respect for human rights. These ideas are located in the constitutionalist tradition which stretches back to Cicero and his much-misinterpreted slogan.
A drive down memory lane
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, a man with amnesia sparks a new era in memory research; monkeys play a matching game; and a 19th-century politician explains how he seemed so clever. But mainly we consider the nature of memory and amnesia. The ‘man with amnesia’ was named Henry Molaison, better known as H. M., and he suffered from debilitating epilepsy. Brain surgery alleviated his seizures, but it had a shocking side effect: amnesia. His memory loss led scientists down two roads: one exploring the memories he lost; the other identifying the brain areas needed for normal memory. In this book, we consider memory from a different angle, examining how it evolved. We begin with a recent history of memory science and some background material on two important concepts: representation and homology.
Mammalian memories
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Toto chases a cat, so the Wizard of Oz goes home alone; a woman is attacked by her own hand; and a mouse plunders a pantry. But mainly we consider memories that evolved in early mammals. These ancestors developed a new part of the brain called the neocortex, and it changed memory forever. The neocortex endowed early mammals with an ability to manage contradictory memories, each appropriate in certain contexts. Obsolete memories could be retained and used in case the ‘good old days’ returned, and new memories received a boost when it mattered most. The neocortex empowered early mammals to strike a balance among alternative ways of surviving: spending versus conserving energy; acting habitually versus making good choices; and acting with urgency versus patience.
The story of your life
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, a wizard reads Dorothy’s mind; a hurricane lashes the Florida coast; and Gatsby remembers his long-lost love. But mainly we discuss what makes memories our own. During human evolution, our brains developed a new form of memory that helped support our complex societies. New levels of “self” representation evolved in an expanding cortex, and they empowered people to infer the intentions and mental states of others. Eventually, these new memories became incorporated into older kinds. Embedding memories of “self” into memories of events established participatory memories; and embedding them into memories of facts or fictions established cultural memories. When these memories first evolved, the sense of participating in events and owning knowledge came into the world and made human memory what it is today.
Epilogue
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In the epilogue, a couple of kids befriend a shy stegosaurus; a different stegosaurus worries about the rise of mammals; and a tyrannosaurus presents a situation report. But mainly we consider reptilian brains, the relationship of brain size to intelligence, and the evolutionary success of mammals. Contrary to an internet meme, no one has a “reptilian” or “lizard” brain lurking within. Our entire brain is human. Regarding intelligence, brain organization matters as much as brain size and maybe more. Once dinosaurs became extinct, the mammals that supplanted them had much smaller brains than large dinosaurs had. Instead, the success of mammals depended on the emergence of the neocortex, a new part of the brain. Eventually, this evolutionary innovation came to dominate both the brain and the memories that it contains.
Introduction
Authors: Riquet Johannes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Drawing on (post-)phenomenological and geopoetic perspectives, the introduction explains the book’s interest in considering islands at the intersection of material and poetic production on the one hand, and aesthetic experience of the phenomenal world on the other. It suggests that the modern experience of islands in the age of discovery went hand in hand with a disintegration of received models of understanding global space, and that fictional and non-fictional representations of islands negotiate these perceptual challenges. It thereby explains how The Aesthetic of Island Space complicates the common account of islands as discrete shapes, geometrical abstractions, and easily understandable images. Instead, it foregrounds the importance of water, mobility, and a range of dynamic geo(morpho)logical and poetic processes in the figuration of islands. The introduction ends by discussing the significance of considering islands in relation to an ‘aesthetics of the earth’ (DeLoughrey and Handley) and a poetics of the material world.
From Island to Island, and Beyond
Authors: Riquet Johannes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the centrality of islands as gateways to the New World. The texts examined in it poeticize spatial experiences that oscillate between a sense of emergence and possibility and a corresponding fear of submergence and dissolution. The chapter begins by discussing accounts by immigrants passing through Angel Island and Ellis Island in the context of a long tradition of real and imaginary voyages to America. It then turns to two transoceanic island narratives. The first is Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1611), which is read alongside accounts of England’s early colonial experiments on Roanoke Island. It is argued that Shakespeare’s play and the Roanoke documents negotiate an island arrival that is both hopeful and fraught with uncertainty. The second is Cecil B. DeMille’s film Male and Female (1919), which imagines a sort of fictional Ellis Island, thereby responding to a long line of island arrivals in the New World.
Conceptualizing IO Emergency Powers
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces a constitutional perspective on international organizations (IOs) that foregrounds the legally constituted relationship between authority-holders and authority-addressees. Distinct from the common principal–agent perspective, it paves the way for understanding IOs’ crisis-induced authority-leaps as an assumption of emergency powers—an act defined as the constitutionally deviant widening of executive discretion at the expense of the political autonomy of the rule-addressees that is justified by exceptional necessity. The chapter taxonomizes the possible institutional embodiments of IO exceptionalism according to its constitution, reach, and intrusiveness and highlights its phenomenological differences with respect to domestic exceptionalism. Given the structural conditions of the international spheres of authority in which IO exceptionalism operates, it is expected to rely on the acquiescence of the most powerful member states, to be stratified in scope and application according to states’ power differentials, and to instrumentalize rather than openly suspend norms of international law.
Emergency Powers of the UN Security Council
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 applies the proportionality model to two cases of IO exceptionalism at the United Nations (UN) Security Council. First, it explains the normalization of the Council’s self-asserted emergency power to act as a global legislator. After 9/11, the Council, for the first time, decreed abstract, general, and indefinite rules to the entire international community. Despite opposition in the aftermath, it was capable to arrogate a permanent de facto legislative competence by credibly justifying the measures as necessary. Second, the chapter accounts for the constitutional containment of the Council’s regime of targeted sanctions against terror suspects. Through Resolution 1390 (2002), the UN Security Council implemented the so-called “terror lists” financially sanctioning all listed individuals without providing for a legal remedy. Against the preferences of the most powerful states, a coalition of societal actors and courts successfully induced procedural improvements by delegitimizing the measures as excessive.
Conclusion
Authors: Kreuder-Sonnen Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter revisits the proportionality theory and assesses its explanatory power relative to the theoretical competitors by way of an aggregated cross-case comparison. It finds that the theory fares exceptionally well in both explaining single case outcomes and accounting for variance across cases. The model holds across a variety of institutional designs, levels of authority, issue areas, and crisis types. Second, this chapter turns to the question of how to normatively evaluate IO exceptionalism. It proposes to distinguish three different questions about the normative legitimacy of (a) the adoption and exercise of emergency powers by IOs, (b) the process of constitutional change after IO exceptionalism, and (c) the post-exceptionalist political order of IOs. While the preliminary assessments of the cases on these dimensions are not uniform, overall they warrant skepticism regarding the normative legitimacy of mostly unregulated emergency politics at the global level.
Emotions in a Crusading Context, 1095-1291
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Emotions in a Crusading Context is the first book-length study of the emotional rhetoric of crusading. It investigates the ways in which a number of emotions and affective displays—primarily fear, anger, and weeping—were understood, represented, and utilized in twelfth- and thirteenth-century western narratives of the crusades, making use of a broad range of comparative material to gauge the distinctiveness of those texts: crusader letters, papal encyclicals, model sermons, chansons de geste, lyrics, and an array of theological and philosophical treatises. In addition to charting continuities and changes over time in the emotional landscape of crusading, this book identifies the underlying influences which shaped how medieval authors represented and used emotions; analyses the passions crusade participants were expected to embrace and reject; and assesses whether the idea of crusading created a profoundly new set of attitudes towards emotions. Emotions in a Crusading Context calls on scholars of the crusades to reject the traditional methodological approach of taking the emotional descriptions embedded within historical narratives as straightforward reflections of protagonists’ lived feelings, and in so doing challenges the long historiographical tradition of reconstructing participants’ beliefs and experiences from these texts. Within the history of emotions, it demonstrates that, despite the ongoing drive to develop new methodologies for studying the emotional standards of the past, typified by recent experiments in ‘neurohistory’, the social constructionist (or cultural-historical) approach still has much to offer the historian of medieval emotions.
Discourses of Tears and Sorrow
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter extends from Chapter 3 by exploring the interplay between ‘religious’ and ‘non-religious’ weeping in a crusading context, and then broadens the scope of enquiry to consider discourses of grief in crusade texts. It starts with a discussion of the social value of the crusaders’ tears, principally as expressions of the fraternal love which supposedly bound participants together in a Christian community and as devices for arousing the mercy of co-religionists. An analysis of these interrelated themes reveals that the boundaries between ‘religious’ and ‘non-religious’ modes of weeping were frequently blurred, especially in ecclesiastical texts. The remainder of the chapter treats tears as part of the broader rhetoric of lamentation and sorrow to assess their implications in terms of the texts’ gendered presentation of crusading and power dynamics.
Cultural Evolution in the Digital Age
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
From emails to social media, from instant messaging to political memes, the way we produce and transmit culture is radically changing. This book uses, for the first time, cultural evolution theory to analyze how information spreads, and how it affects our behavior in the digital age. Online connectedness and digital media allows access to networks where cultural transmission is possible, increasing both the availability of cultural models (from whom we can copy) and our reach (the number of individuals who can copy from us). This poses new problems, and new opportunities (Chapter 1). A cognitive and evolutionary approach suggests that we are wary learners, and the power of social influence, either online or offline, is often overestimated (Chapter 2). The background developed in the initial chapters into the details of different online phenomena is used: the tendency to copy popular individuals (Chapter 3), popular opinions (Chapter 4), or exchange information only with same-minded individuals (Chapter 5). The spread of online misinformation is then scrutinized at length (Chapter 6), proposing that to understand the phenomenon we need to understand why, generally, some information is more successful in spreading than other. The last two chapters examine how online, digital, transmission is different from other forms of cultural transmission, providing more “fidelity amplifiers” (Chapter 7), and how this could affect future cultural cumulation (Chapter 8). Overall, it is proposed that a “long view” to the current situation, based on a personal perspective of cognitive and evolutionary approaches to culture, suggests that some of the dangers of digital, online, interactions may have been overestimated, and the opportunities still ahead of us are discussed.
A growing network for cultural transmission
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The first chapter discusses how digital media increased, and are still increasing, the network in which cultural transmission can occur. Research inspired by the social brain hypothesis shows that our social networks did not change radically in the last years. The size of our digital social networks (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) is similar to the size of our offline social networks, and some of their characteristics, such as their geographical extension, are also comparable. Nonetheless, it is argued that digital connections, together with our tendency to share information for limited or null gains, made cultural transmission relatively detached from these networks. In cultural evolutionary terms, online digital media increased cultural population sizes, that is, the number of individuals with whom we may exchange information. This hyper-availability together with new opportunities pose new problems related to cultural evolution. One is that, when we can copy from everybody, it may become potentially more difficult to decide from whom we should.
Echo chambers
Authors: Acerbi Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the focus is on the phenomenon of online echo chambers, trying an evaluation from the broad perspective of cultural evolution. It has been noted that individuals associate on social media in communities of like-minded people, where they are repeatedly exposed to the same kind of information and, even more importantly, they are not exposed to contrary information. How strong are echo chambers? What are their effects on the flow of online information? Although the formation and existence of echo chambers is consistent with the cognitive and evolutionary approach defended here, individuals are exposed online to a considerable amount of contrary opinions: in fact, against current common sense, to more diverse opinions than what happens in their offline life. As a consequence, the increase of polarization, which many link to a more informationally segregated society, could also have been overestimated, or, in any case, may be due to motifs other than our social media activity.