bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity Programming and Physical Function of Older Adults in Adult Day Centers: A Mixed-Methods Approach
Authors: Soto Yuliana , Aguinaga Susan , Guzman Jacqueline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With increased prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease, there is a need for long-term care services (e.g., Adult Day Centers (ADCs)) to provide physical activity (PA) programs to maintain physical function of older adults. ADCs report offering PA programs; however, information on PA programs and physical function of participants attending ADCs is limited. The study aims to a) explore perspectives of ADC directors on PA programming; b) examine physical function in older adults attending ADCs. A cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted among ADC directors and attending participants. Interviews were conducted with ADC directors to assess barriers and facilitators of PA programming. Physical function was assessed among ADC participants via the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Timed Up and Go (TUG). Five director interviews were conducted and three major themes emerged; 1) current PA programming limited by fear of falls, 2) staff training and retention, and 3) diversifying PA programming. Twenty-nine ADC participants enrolled in the study, Mage= 74.5±8.2 years; BMI= 29.2 ±7.4 kg/m2; MMSE= 25.6 ±3.3; 51.7% (n=15) African American; 79.3% (n=23) males. ADC participants scored 6.7±3.1 on the SPPB and 15.4±5.3 seconds on the TUG. Directors expressed the importance of PA; however, mentioned current programming was limited due to risk of falls and untrained staff in PA. Findings indicate that older adults attending ADCs have physical function scores indicative of high fall risk. Future PA programming may consider including alternative forms of PA while embedding falls prevention strategies to reduce risk of falls and improve physical function among ADC participants.
The Oklahoma Falls Prevention Program Targeting Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Kleszynski Keith , Campbell Janis , Henley Omolara , Jennings Lee 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Oklahoma Healthy Aging Initiative is a statewide health promotion program for older adults based at the University of Oklahoma. Seven staff educators and 32 volunteers delivered 2 community-based fall prevention programs, Staying Active and Independent for Life (SAIL) and Tai Chi Quan: Moving for Better Balance (TCBB) to 763 older Oklahomans in 71 sites across the state over 9 months. For both programs, twenty-four 60-90 minute classes were delivered over 12 weeks with pre and post assessments completed at the first and last class, respectively. Two hundred ninety eight participants (39%) completed at least 75% of class sessions and to date 140 completed a posttest evaluation and were included in the evaluation. Participants were mostly older (87% ≥60 years), female (86%), college educated (45%), white (87%), and most participated in TCBB (89%). Participants improved in 2 physical performance measures: mean 30-second chair stands increased from 11.5 (SD3.8) to 13.1 (SD3.4) stands (p&lt;0.0001); and mean timed up and go time decreased from 10.0 (SD2.9) to 9.4 (SD2.9) seconds (p=0.004 ). More participants reported vigorous or moderate activity at least 3 times per week after program completion, 134 (96%) vs. 114 (81%), p=0.0001. There was no difference in measures of global health, satisfaction with social roles and activities, or companionship with participant mean scores near the upper range of these scales at baseline. Older Oklahomans participating in community-based exercise report good overall health and report high social connection. Future efforts will focus on more socially isolated older adults and diverse communities.
The Importance of Positive Events When Living With Chronic Pain
Authors: Kircher Julie , Charles Susan , Sin Nancy , Almeida David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chronic pain is a common condition in later life that is related to high levels of anxiety and depression. One reason why chronic pain is related to affective distress is that this condition may prevent people from deriving the same positive emotions from enjoyable activities. Few studies, however, have examined how exposure and reactivity to daily events differ by chronic pain status. We hypothesized that those with chronic pain will have less exposure and less positive affect reactivity to positive daily events compared to those without chronic pain. Participants from the diary substudy of MIDUS (N = 1,733; nChronicPain = 658, nNoPain = 1,075; M = 56 years-old) completed eight interview days. Chronic pain status was unrelated to the frequency of positive events. Multi-level models revealed that although people with chronic pain had lower levels of daily positive affect, they reacted more positively to daily events (γ = -.033, SE = .010, p &lt; .0001). As a result, levels of daily positive affect on days when people experienced a positive event did not vary by pain status (MChronicPain = 2.73, MNoPain = 2.75). People with chronic pain averaged higher levels of daily negative affect compared to people without chronic pain (MChronicPain = .21, M NoPain =.20), but, on days when they experience a positive event, those with chronic pain had a greater decrease in their negative affect. Findings suggest that positive events impact those with chronic pain more than they do individuals without chronic pain.
Entomological and Anthropological Factors Contributing to Persistent Malaria Transmission in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Cameroon
Authors: Bamou Roland , Rono Martin , Degefa Teshome , Midega Janet , Mbogo Charles , Ingosi Prophet , Kamau Alice , Ambelu Argaw , Birhanu Zewdie , Tushune Kora , Kopya Edmond , Awono-Ambene Parfait , Tchuinkam Timoléon , Njiokou Flobert , Yewhalaw Delenasaw , Antonio Nkondjio Christophe , Mwangangi Joseph 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In order to improve our understanding of the fundamental limits of core interventions and guide efforts based on prioritization and identification of effective/novel interventions with great potentials to interrupt persistent malaria transmission in the context of high vector control coverage, the drivers of persistent disease transmission were investigated in three eco-epidemiological settings; forested areas in Cameroon, coastal area in Kenya and highland areas in Ethiopia.

Methods
Mosquitoes were sampled in three eco-epidemiological settings using different entomological sampling techniques and analysed for Plasmodium infection status and blood meal origin in blood-fed specimens. Human behavioural surveys were conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of the population on malaria and preventive measures, their night activities, and sleeping pattern. The parasitological analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium infection in the population using rapid diagnostic tests.

Results
Despite the diversity in the mosquito fauna, their biting behaviour was found to be closely associated to human behaviour in the three settings. People in Kenya and Ethiopia were found to be more exposed to mosquito bites during the early hours of the evening (18-21h) while it was in the early morning (4-6 am) in Cameroon. Malaria transmission was high in Cameroon compared to Kenya and Ethiopia with over 50% of the infected bites recorded outdoors. The non-users of LLINs were 2.5 to 3 times more likely to be exposed to the risk of acquiring malaria compared to LLINs users. Malaria prevalence was high (42%) in Cameroon, and more than half of the households visited had at least one individual infected with Plasmodium parasites.

Conclusions
The study suggests high outdoor malaria transmission occurring in the three sites with however different determinants driving residual malaria transmission in these areas.
A Menu of Models
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Given the limited availability of the International Criminal Court (ICC) when it comes to the crimes being committed in Syria, chapter 6 presents an array of legal theories and practical modalities for exercising international jurisdiction that do not involve the ICC or the U.N. Security Council, including a number of innovative paradigms for creating a dedicated ad hoc international tribunal. These options include the potential for a subset of states to pool their respective jurisdictional competencies to create a tribunal reminiscent of the Nuremberg Tribunal. Other available models include additional action at the U.N. General Assembly; a regional tribunal within the League of Arab States; a tribunal created by way of an international agreement among interested states; trials before specialized chambers in liberated areas within Syria or within neighboring states with varying degrees of international involvement; or the building of a shell of a special chamber that could be eventually inserted into the Syrian judicial system post-transition. Any of these models could incorporate various elements of hybridity. The chapter argues that many of these models offer a better option for the situation in Syria than the ICC given the extent and nature of the international crimes being committed (war crimes in a largely non-international armed conflict) and limitations within the ICC’s subject matter and personal jurisdiction. The chapter closes with a pragmatic discussion of steps that the international community could have taken to lay the groundwork for any of the models discussed, even prior to the end of the conflict or a political transition in Syria.
Civil Suits
Authors: Van Schaack Beth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rounding out the matrix of accountability, chapter 8 presents several nonpenal options to bring justice to Syria, including civil suits in domestic courts against responsible individuals and entities and options for exercising jurisdiction over the sovereign state of Syria. Because there is no notion of state criminality under international law, only civil claims seeking money damages can be advanced against sovereign states. Jurisdiction over Syria exists before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) under the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; however, so far no state has been willing to take Syria to task before the ICJ. And so, victims must bear this burden. In this regard, some tort law options exist in domestic courts, especially in the United States with its suite of statutes giving its domestic courts jurisdiction over certain international law violations in certain circumstances. This chapter features a groundbreaking suit against Syria under the United States’ Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, which resulted in a $300 million judgment for the surviving family members of Marie Colvin, the intrepid war correspondent assassinated by the Syrian regime. The chapter observes that although civil remedies are no substitute for vigorous criminal liability, these suits do extend victims some dignitary benefits that may not accrue with participation in a criminal process, even as a partie civile, including the opportunity to control the litigation process and act where the public authorities may be unable or unwilling to do so.
Epilogue
Authors: Dalle Vacche Angela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Bazin’s model of spectatorship is grafted onto the system of the arts, with the sensuality of painting at the bottom. By contrast, the abstractions of literature belong to the top of cinema’s trajectory toward an anti-anthropocentric stance. It is as if cinema could recapitulate the history of technology and Darwinian evolution inside our consciousness so that we may better understand how we overlap with, as well as differ from, animals, plants, objects, and machines. Dialogical with Edgar Morin’s sense that man is not above nature, but only a fact in the cosmos, Bazin is most likely to disagree with Teilhard de Chardin’s anthropocentric noogenesis. Interestingly, Bazin devotes his very last essay to how humble farming weaves itself around the religious ruins of Saintonge, thus emphasizing mankind’s resilience as well as finitude.
Employers as Shapers of Health
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role of employers as Culture of Health mediators. With their significant influence over the lives of their workforce, employers have the authority to make choices that either promote or inhibit a Culture of Health within their organizations. They also may play important roles in building a Culture of Health in the communities in which they are located and where their employees live. The chapter then considers the approaches taken by three types of employers—Fortune 500 companies, a large retail chain, and the military. Two studies of Fortune 500 companies examine corporate transparency in reporting health-promotion policies and efforts to create healthy work environments and strengthen communities. Another study illustrates the feasibility of stabilizing work schedules of low-wage retail workers to benefit workers as well as store sales.
Driving Innovation Through Medicaid
Authors: Plough Alonzo L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the expanding use of Medicaid to address social determinants of health, particularly housing instability and opioid addiction. Medicaid today is a core component of the nation's health care system, providing health coverage to more than 66 million people. With one in five Americans participating in Medicaid, the program has the reach and influence to play a key role in promoting health and health equity, especially through research and demonstration waivers that allow states to experiment. The chapter then offers examples of innovative programming and service delivery in three states and looks at a major insurer’s commitment to address the root causes of homelessness among its Medicaid beneficiaries. However, the significant infrastructure and start-up costs involved in implementing Medicaid reforms loom as potential barriers. Health care and social service providers will need to develop new information systems, recruit and retrain providers, and establish data-exchange protocols in order to realize the benefits from the federal infusion of new money into Medicaid.
The Only Wonderful Things
Authors: Homestead Melissa J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This book tells for the first time the story of the central relationship of novelist Willa Cather’s life, her nearly forty-year partnership with Edith Lewis. Cather has been described as a distinguished artist who turned her back on the crass commercialism of the early twentieth century and as a deeply private woman who strove to hide her sexuality, and Lewis has often been identified as her secretary. However, Lewis was a successful professional woman who edited popular magazines and wrote advertising copy at a major advertising agency and who, behind the scenes, edited Cather’s fiction. Recognizing Lewis’s role in Cather’s creative process changes how we understand Cather as an artist, while recovering their domestic partnership (which they did not seek to hide) provides a fresh perspective on lesbian life in the early twentieth century. Homestead reconstructs Cather and Lewis’s life together in Greenwich Village and on Park Avenue, their travels to the American Southwest that formed the basis of Cather’s novels The Professor’s House and Death Comes for the Archbishop, their summers as part of an all-woman resort community on Grand Manan Island, and Lewis’s magazine and advertising work as a context for her editorial collaboration with Cather. Homestead tells a human story of two women who chose to live in partnership and also explains how the Cold War panic over homosexuality caused biographers and critics to make Lewis and her central role in Cather’s life vanish even as she lived on alone for twenty-five years after her partner’s death.
Human Rights Advocacy in Global Health
Authors: Amon Joseph J. , Friedman Eric 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of health and human rights advocacy and describes a broad framework and the diverse strategies used by human rights advocates to advance their goals. Based upon documenting abuses, raising awareness, building coalitions, and engaging communities, human rights advocacy seeks to ensure that government laws, policies, and practices respect, protect, and fulfill the right to health of all. These rights arguments and advocacy strategies, first developed in response to the HIV epidemic, have become the basis for broader right to health campaigns. Health-related human rights advocacy, beyond specific strategies, seeks to elevate the voices of people affected by human rights violations, analyze structural barriers, and identify obligations and responsibilities. Focusing on the strategies and tools that human rights advocates use in documenting rights abuses, raising awareness, and seeking change, it is necessary to examine new advocacy partnerships and approaches for evaluating advocacy efforts.
Regulating Digital Platforms
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the most pressing regulatory challenges of recent years has been what to do about the hugely successful digital platform and related companies which now bestride the world. Their emergence provides a brutal and urgent test for positive regulation: Can legislators and regulators maintain the benefits generated by such influential new actors, but also control the adverse effects? This chapter focuses on the challenges posed by the platforms’ abuses of their market power. It starts with an exposition of the special features of two-sided platforms which may create a heightened or special need for regulation. It then considers how these features might play out, and focuses on the risk of markets ‘tipping’ into monopolies. It then discusses how general competition law might be strengthened to keep up with the new dynamics of digital platforms and how competition law can be supplemented by additional regulatory interventions. The concluding section discusses prospects for positive regulation meeting these new challenges.
Bundle Prolongations and Connections
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA synthetic introduction to the fundamental notions of differential geometry, including tangent, vertical and jet prolongations of fibered manifolds; the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket; connections of fibered manifolds and, in particular, linear connections of vector bundles and tangent bundles; the covariant differential of vector-valued forms as a generalisation of the standard covariant derivative.
Bundles of Quantum States
Authors: Canarutto Daniel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA brief introduction to Frölicher's notion of smoothness (F-smoothness) leads to a natural definition of a distributional bundle, that is a bundle whose fibers are distributional spaces constituted of generalised sections of 2-fibered classical bundles. Indeed the essential notions of finite-dimensional differential geometry can be seamlessly extended to such bundles. The case when the underlying classical bundle is a vector bundle over a mass-shell bundle yields the bundle of quantum states of a multi-particle system.
Mathematical Knowledge and Sentential vs. Subsentential Priority
Authors: Weiner Joan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, as in Chapter 7, an example is given that shows how Frege’s lessons can be put to work on contemporary issues. The focus here is on two papers, written by Paul Benacerraf in 1965 and 1973, that are still of concern to many philosophers today. In the first, Benacerraf argues that, although it seems obvious that numbers are objects, in fact numbers cannot be objects. In the second, Benacerraf presents an epistemological puzzle that seems to undermine our claims to have mathematical knowledge—even knowledge of elementary facts about numbers. These puzzles challenge our everyday understanding both of the nature of numbers and of our knowledge about them. In this chapter, it is argued that both puzzles depend on our presupposing the subsentential priority view. And both puzzles, it is argued, vanish once we accept Frege’s sentential priority view.
Spine Metastasis in Elderly
Authors: Beaufort Quentin , Terrier Louis-Marie , Dubory Arnaud , Le Nail Louis-Romée , Cook Ann-Rose , Cristini Joseph , Buffenoir Kévin , Pascal-Moussellard Hugues , Carpentier Alexandre , Mathon Bertrand , Amelot Aymeric 
Published: December 2020

Mini
The incidence of spinal metastasis (SpM) is increasing, and life expectancy for patients with malignancy is also rising. The “elderly" represent a population with steady growth in SpM proportion. Bracing is associated with lower survival. We believe that surgery should be considered, regardless of the patient's age.

Study Design.
Multicentric prospective study.

Objective.
Through this study, we aimed to clarify and update the prognostic assessment of elderly with spine metastasis (SpM).

Summary of Background Data.
The incidence SpM is rising, in parallel life expectancy is getting longer and the number of elderly patients presenting malignancy is increasing. Elderly patients with SpM constitute a growing heterogeneous population

Methods.
The patient data used in this study were obtained from a French national multicenter database of patients treated for SpM between 2014 and 2017. Two hundred and forty-three consecutive patients >70 years’ old were diagnosed.

Results.
Median overall survival (OS) time for elderly patients following the event of SpM was 16.3 months. First, we identified significantly worse survival prognostic factors for elderly patients with SpM: poor WHO status 3/4: (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.245, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.899–2.655; P < 0.0001), >80 years (HR: 1.758, 95% CI 1.117–2.765; P = 0.015) no-ambulatory neurological status (Franckel A/B status [HR: 3.219, 95% CI 1.621–6.390; P < 0.0001)], gastrointestinal cancer (HR: 3.530, 95% CI 1.75–7.1; P < 0.0001), lung cancer (HR: 3.452, 95% CI 1.784–6.680; P < 0.0001), orthopedic brace treatment (HR: 1.329; 95% CI 1.050–1.683; P = 0.018), and epiduritis (HR: 1.52, 95% CI 1.041–2.22; P = 0.03) were independently poor prognostic factors of survival. The only good prognosis factor identified was thyroid cancer (HR: 0.257, 95% CI 0.07–0.952; P = 0.04).

Conclusion.
Prognosis factors concerning the survival of elderly patients seem to be the same as those for the general population such as primary cancer histology, neurological status, WHO status, and epiduritis. Age >80 years also appears to be an independently poor prognosis factor. Our data suggest that orthopedic brace treatment is also associated with lower survival.

Level of Evidence: 2