bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Warm Mix Asphalt Performance Involving Synthetic Zeolite
Authors: Mohammed Humam H. , Mustafa Ahmed Naji 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Warm mix asphalt (WMA) blends at temperatures lower than those in conventional mixtures by 20-50 °C. Many additional advantages, such as a reduced susceptibility to permanent deformation, have exhibited when synthetic zeolites were used as a warm mix asphalt additive. In this research, the best gradation of aggregate was selected, and optimum asphalt content was determined for asphalt concrete layer (surface course) according to Superpave design system. All mixtures were evaluated with some tests which include Marshall characteristics, moisture damage of asphalt mixtures, Immersion–Compression, double punch shear and wheel tracking test. To compact asphalt mixtures with (100 and 150) mm in diameter, Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) was used. Five different percentages (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) of synthetic zeolite were used for preparation of warm mixes to compare with hot mixture for the effect of different percentage of synthetic zeolite on performance asphalt mixture in terms of water sensitivity. The experimental work’s results indicated that the mixture properties were affected by selected percentages of synthetic zeolite to the warm asphalt differently. The WMA mixture with 5 % of synthetic zeolite decreased the rut depths of the mixtures with increase in the punching strength of the mixtures and slight increase in the tensile strength ratio (TSR), compressive strength and index of retained strength (IRS).
Prediction models for distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction
Authors: Shubber Ammar A. M. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Taher Mustafa Hadi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The major objective of this research is to assess the distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction for different modes and to evolve a noise prediction model for any manner taking into consideration the different factors impacting the distress noise generation. Seven flexible and four rigid pavement roads were chosen for the calculation of the noise in Baghdad city. Tire-pavement interaction noise was calculated using Onboard Sound Intensity (OBSI) Method by restricting the noise generated from the vehicle exhaust and the engine systems. Prediction models were developed for assessing tire pavement noise from vehicle speed, pavement age, wheel load, mean texture depth (MTD) and pavement distresses. Four statistical models were obtained from this research to assess the distress noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction using linear regression stepwise method. These models showed the effect of different types of distresses in addition to the factors that have been taken into consideration on tire pavement noise. Vehicle speed was the greatest considerable variable influencing the noise generated due to tire-pavement surface interaction. Some distresses and factors have been excluded from the models due to their poor relationship with tire-pavement noise. These models have been categorized based on the type of pavement surface (flexible or rigid) and the presence or absence of pavement distresses. The predicted statistical models were verified with calculation, by comparing the data estimated by the models and data form field tests. Therefore, it can be used as a method of detecting distresses rather than visual inspection.
Evaluation of rigid pavement using the Pavement Condition Index: A Case Study
Authors: Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Shubber Ammar A. M. , Khaleefah Hussein Saad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The pavement is one of the most important components infrastructures of the transport, and so, that has a major and direct effect on the general levels of transportation safety, as well to providing transport services with high quality for movement of people and goods. It is difficult to keep the road on same current specifications that was it since the beginning of the opening of traffic. This requires periodic and preventive maintenance. A methodology was suggested to inspect the current pavement condition; this study focuses on concrete pavements only. A manual inspection has been done according to ASTM D 6433. Depending on two methods; the current pavement condition was calculated by manual calculations and Micro PAVER software method 5.2. The study area is divided into two sides and different sections. Each side or section is divided into sample units. The inspection includes the assessment of the distress type and severity which is assessed by visual inspection for each sample unit and the quantity measurement of each distress. Also, Arc Map 9.3 has been employed in this study for the selected roads in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to establish or implement an integrated maintenance system for each road in the presented study area, in addition to the establishment of such a system in the future to include all the main and important roads within the province of Baghdad using the GIS program). In this study, two major roads were surveyed; the pavement type is rigid. One of these roads is Salah Al-Deen Road with both sides and the other road is one segment of the Baghdad International Airport Road. The length for each side and section for these roads are 8Km, 7.25Km, respectively. The total length of study area is 23.25 km. Results indicated that the pavement condition index PCI for the two roads mentioned above using manual calculations were as follows; 64.3 and 61.5 for side1 & 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, respectively, and 80.9 for the segment of Baghdad International Airport Road. While using Micro PAVER software the results were as follows; 62 and 61 for side 1& 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, respectively, and 80 for segment of Baghdad International Airport Road. The priority of maintenance for the selected roads in the study were as follows; the first road to be maintenance is side 2 of Salah Al-Deen Road, then side 1 for the same road and finally the Baghdad International Airport Road segment.
Effect of laboratory aging on moisture susceptibility of polymer-modified bituminous mixtures
Authors: Helo K H Ibrahim Al , Qasim Z I , Abdulhussein M A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The increase in heavy traffic load due to increasing number of vehicles and trucks with the effects of other exterior factors such air temperatures and moisture have caused distresses on pavement. In this study, the influence of laboratory aging on the mechanical properties of Polyethylene-modified concrete mixtures was studied utilizing different experiments. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste plastic bottles was used at different percentage i.e. 1%, 2%, 3%, and 5% by weight of bitumen. The design bitumen content was obtained for dense mixture according to superpave system. Marshall Stability, Flow, indirect tensile strength, and tensile strength ratio at two aging levels are conducted to evaluate the performance change of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures were conditioned at shortterm aging temperature of 135°C for different time periods (2, 6 and 8 hrs). Long-term aging was completed after compaction of test specimens to the desired air void level of 4 ± 0.5% using Superpave gyratory compactor at three different temperatures (75, 85 and 95) °C and four aging periods (0, 2, 5, and 10 days. The results showed that adding PET polymer to paving blend has good significance; it improved stability, flow, HMA density in addition to moisture resistance because of great elastic ability provided by PET particles, it can be found that 4 and 5% of PET content gave the best results as compared with the control mixture.
Evaluating the rutting resistance for half warm bituminous emulsion mixtures comprising ordinary portland cement and polymer
Authors: AL-Kafaji Muna , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Ewadh Hussein A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Comparison of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) technology to traditional Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) technology, reveals that the first has several advantages in terms of economic, eco-friendly, safety and sustainability. A promising development of CMA technology is Cold Bituminous Emulsion Mixtures (CBEMs). Unfortunately, some characteristics of this technology are still in development need; namely high porosity, long curing time and low early strength. Half Warm Bitumen Emulsion Mixture (HWBEM) was introduced in previous attempt, as a treated CBEMs with optimum heating temperature being less than 100 °C. This work focuses on treating the CBEMs with low heat energy technique (i.e., microwave heating), plus two types of admixtures; Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and acrylic (AR) polymer. The effect of low energy heating (i.e., microwave heating) on developed CBEMs characteristics is tested. Acrylic (AR) polymer was utilized in percentages of 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 and 5% of the residual bitumen. The developed mixtures of HWBEM is tested statically by Marshall and dynamically by Wheel track parameters. The results reveal that the HWBEM with OPC and 1.25% AR, showed better deformation resistance roundly 81 times with vital development in its mechanical and volumetric properties comparable to traditional HMA. Therefore, low energy heating and polymer treatment sustain the new promising paving technology called HWBEM.
Measuring the Pavement Distress by Implementing the Tire Sound Noise
Authors: Shubber Ammar A.M. , Al-Rubaee Rasha H. A. , Jabar Hawraa Faisal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the pavement performance and to measure the pavement distress by implementing the sound noise using sound level meter with single probe at different constant speeds. Different site locations have been selected in Baghdad city. The sound level meter was used with the separate probe, RS-232 Sound level meter model: SL-4013 and measure the noise that is produced as a result of interaction between tire and pavement.
The vehicles utilized were: KIA Soul Model 2016 (gross vehicle weight 1820 kg, tire type KUMHO 235/45R18), Land Cruiser model 2015 (gross vehicle weight 2800 kg, tire type Dunlop 285/60R18), and Mercedes Benz truck 1993 (gross vehicle weight 9 ton, Cristone tire type 315/80R22.5. Tires used satisfied the tire criteria requirement. The single probe fixed on the right rear tire [5]. The sections at various distances tested were: Street 2 Locality 902, AL-Rubaee Street, Muhammad AL-Kassim Street parallel to the University of Technology, AL-Furat Street, and Al-Mahmodia Street. The results showed that the distress increases the noise level in case of present rutting or patching in the pavement surface. The noise level varies greatly depending on vehicle type and speed. The difference in noise level between two types of vehicle Land Crusier (Dunlop tire) and Soul Kumho tire about (1) dB) A) at speed (40, 60) km/h. While the difference in noise level for Soul car on the same section at speed 40 and 60 km/h is equal to (3) dB (A) similar to Land Crusier. The Truck recorded higher noise than passenger car due to tire width and heavy load carried. Street 2 Locality 902 shows that the noise level is very low when the pavement is in a good condition and the variability over distance compared to other streets. So, this approach can be used to identify priorities of pavement for maintenance.
Using Airport Geographic Information Systems (AGIS) to develop a comprehensive digital library for Erbil International Airport
Authors: Hammodat Waseem W , Ibraheem Asmaa Th , Demir Yusuf K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBased on the principle and general implementation process of GIS and the characteristics of airport pavement management, this paper describes the implementation process of GIS for Erbil Airport planning and design. To organize the spatial entities effectively, some layers are set according to the characteristics of spatial entities. The spatial database is established, and then the function design of GIS software is presented including map exploring, map locating, spatial query, rendering style of map and output of map. Airport mangers are finding that an integrated geographic information system (IGIS) can help them to better manage both air- and ground-side operations. In this paper the section on the ground was the case study, representng the AGIS in building infrastructure layers of Erbil international airport buildings and pavement. The results were a map includg multi layers; each layer has information that contains a comprehensive database. Even more the digital library for Erbil International Airport involves general information about aircraft noise pollution and studying its effect on the surrounding area of the flight track generating a noise pollution map. Digital library also helps in controlling pavement characteristics changes and determining airports’ future developments.
Water Hammer Analysis in the main pipe-line for the proposed Taq-Taq Dam irrigation project in Iraq
Authors: Karim I R , Sahib S A , Abdullah H H , Aziz R R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A water hammer is a common problem occurring in water distribution systems, such as water transport pipelines. Transient hydraulic occurs in the distribution system, which may cause system failure due to pipe collapse or bursting. In this paper, an irrigation pipeline system of the proposed Taq-Taq dam (north-eastern part of Iraq) is used to represent the common situation of lifting water from the dam reservoir to another higher reservoir (irrigation project reservoir) through a pipeline. The transmission line is subject to a potential water hammer where the water level in two main reservoirs is controlled at both ends. The hydraulic simulation model used in the design and analysis of hydraulic and transverse behaviour (water hammer) was adopted by a software named Bentley HAMMER through two scenarios (with and without control device). An operational control measure was proposed to be adopted by a surge tank for minimizing the probability of the occurrence of the water hammer, also to protect the dam from this problem. The results showed that using of surge tank protects the pipe network effectively from the effect of water hammer. Distribution profiles of velocities and pressures on the pipeline indicate that the water hammer on the pipeline was clearly reflected.
Dissipation energy of Flow by Stepped Type Gabion Weir
Authors: Al-Fawzy A M , Al-Mohammed F M , Al-Fatlawi Th J , Al-Zubaidy R Z 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe energy of flow can be defined in general form as a measure of an object’s capability to perform work, and it can be done in many different forms. The present study aims to investigate the dissipated energy of flow in the stepped shape of gabion weir with three steps. A set of 25 laboratory experiments and 175 operation tests were carried out by using a laboratory flume channel with different discharges. The tested gabion weir has five different lengths, and the filling material used is natural quarry gravel with five different median diameter. The experimental data have been analyzed to correlate the energy dissipation with the independent dimensionless terms of the other variables. The results of analysis showed that the energy dissipation has a direct proportion with discharge, and an inverse proportion with both the ratio of length of the third step to total length of the weir, the diameter of the gravel sample, and the porosity in general form, respectively. The concluded equation of energy dissipation gives good agreement for comparison between measured and predicted values of energy dissipation.
Simulation of groundwater fluctuation for Baghdad City and its effect on soil properties
Authors: Irzooki R H , Al-Obaidi A A , Al-Dulaimy H F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Baghdad city is one of the most densely populated cities in the Middle East. The fluctuation of the groundwater in Baghdad city is due to leakage of water from distribution networks or sewage networks, as well as climate change and the existence of the Tigris River. The groundwater level in Baghdad city was simulated using the MODFLOW program, based on Tigris River as the main source of groundwater recharge by raising the water surface of this river to the maximum level, which reached 32.44 meters above sea level. In addition, soil properties of 262 sites were linked to the groundwater level fluctuation through the GIS program. It was found that the river fluctuation affects the groundwater level on both sides of the river for a distance about 500m from the riverbank in Al-Karkh side and about 550m in Al-Rusafa side. Also, from the simulation process, the study found that the soil on both sides of the Tigris River is divided into three zones; dry, partially saturated, and fully saturated in the areas near the river. A new relationship between the volumetric water content and shear strength parameters (Cu and ϕ) were developed for adjacent zones to the river.
Hydrological study and analysis for proposed Al-Arkhama Dam, Iraq
Authors: Sammen Saad Sh. , Jalut Qasim H. , Nama Ala Hassan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe hydrological study and analysis for the proposed Al-Arkhama Dam which is located 90 km south west of Kirkuk City is presented in this work. The main aim of this research is to estimate the probable maximum flood (PMF) to perform the main objective of constructing the proposed dam through designing the necessary hydraulic structures. For the analysis of the maximum annual rainfall, the asymptotic extreme distribution type I was adopted as theoretical model. The computed PMF discharge for return periods of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 years for the proposed Al-Arkhama Dam catchment area were 48, 66, 112, 134 and 212 m3/s, respectively. The PMF hydrographs of the 25, 50, 100, and 1000 years return periods were computed. The results show that uncertainty of using the SCS-CN method for estimating PMF increases if the values of its parameters are not optimized. In addition, to determine the peak runoff in the study area, this method is better than the rational method, which is permissive in estimation of peak runoff. However, in the proposed location of the Al-Arkhama Dam, considerable amount of water can be harvested. Consequently, this quantity can contribute in solving the problem of water shortage within the region. Moreover, this dam could be very useful in mitigation of the drought and flood risks in the study area and Tigris River. However, assessment of the surface runoff and sediment yield spatiotemporal distribution and the method of mitigation of these yields should be investigated.
Hydrogeological characteristics of Dammam confined aquifer, West Razzaza Lake, Iraq
Authors: Al-Dabbas Moutaz , Al-Kubaisi Qusai , Hussain Tariq A. , Al-Qaraghuli Shahad 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Rahhalia to Ekhedhur area to the west of the Razzaza Lake in central Iraq is chosen due to its distinguished hydrogeological nature through the existing systems of the faults. The Dammam Formation confined aquifer is one of the important basins of groundwater in Iraqi western desert. The flow map of Dammam basin shows the groundwater flow from the west of the basin, towards Razzaza Lake to the east. The objectives of the current research are to define the hydraulic properties for the Dammam Basin, west Razzaza Lake. Recovery and Pumping experiments for three wells distributed in the area were evaluated to determine the hydraulic properties. The values of Transmissivity (T), Hydraulic conductivity (k), and Specific capacity (SC) are ranged from (392 to 600.25 m2/day), (13.06 to 20.0 m/day), and (88.61 to 215.1 m2/day), respectively. Highest transmissivity value was found in well W 2, while low values were found in well W 1. Most of the weak zones (fractures, joints, and bedding planes) composed of carbonate rocks that are very soluble. The variations of hydraulic characteristics of the aquifer depend on the inhomogeneity of the Dammam basin that shows differences within the studied area. As well as, these variations of values are due to the type of Dammam aquifer, which is a karst confined aquifer
A Rainfall-Runoff model for highly urbanized areas: A case study at Istanbul Technical University main campus
Authors: Samouei S , Özger M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Rapid urbanization and increasing impervious surfaces at the urban areas leads to serious reduction in infiltration rate of the surface and this causes several environmental problems and critical challenges in stormwater management. This research work dedicated to develop a Rainfall-Runoff and inundation model for a highly urbanized area using EPA SWMM (Storm Water Management Model). For this purpose, Istanbul Technical University main campus selected to model development and simulations under a rain storm event with 25-year return period and duration of 2 hours. This model developed based on the GIS data and infrastructure map of the study area. The peak runoff value and its occurring time have calculated through the model. Also, the number and location of flooded nodes of the study area’s drainage system at the peak runoff moment have determined in this study. According to the model results at the peak runoff moment there will be several flooded nodes in the study area. For reducing the number of flooded nodes and peak runoff value it is proposed to use LID (Low Impact Development) strategies at the university campus.
Location of the Outlet of the West Part of Al Hammar Marsh
Authors: Makki Jamal S. , Al Zubaidy Riyadh Z. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The brackish water of the Main Outfall Drain (MOD) is supplied to the west part of Al Hammar Marsh to overcome the shortage of water supply and prevent dryness of the marsh. However, salts started to accumulate in high concentrations in the marsh as the MOD water contains high salt concentrations. This study aims to find an optimal outlet location in the west part of Al Hammar Marsh to drain out the water of the marsh back to the (MOD). Hydrodynamic and water quality distribution mathematical models for the marsh were developed to specify the depths of water, flow velocity profiles, and the distribution of salt concentrations in the marsh. The obtained hydrodynamic properties and the quality of the water within the marsh area were used as indicators for selecting the optimal outlet location among five suggested locations at six operation conditions. Results showed that the water depth, velocity profiles, and concentration of the total dissolved solids (TDS) are affected by the location, discharge, the concentration of the TDS of the feeders, location of the outlet, the topographic characteristics at the upstream of outlet, and evapotranspiration. It is found that the third location of the outlet, located at E=699003 and N=3404760, gives the minimum deterioration in the concentration of the TDS, depending on the overall distribution of TDS concentrations.
Generation of rainfall for Mosul city using statistical downscaling method (SDSM)
Authors: Abbas A S , Abdulateef T M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study deals with the application of statistical downscaling method for precipitation. Daily historical rainfall data for Mosul city during the period (1986 - 2014) and the National Centre for the Environmental Prediction (NCEP) re-analysis data are used to calibrate the model. The scatter plot and correlation matrix are used to investigate the degree of association between the selected predictors and predictand. Prior model calibration the fourth root power transform facility is selected for daily precipitation in order to produce none linear regression model. The results obtained from Statistical Downscaling Method (SDSM) model were compared with the observed data. The simulation from Hadly Centre climate model (Had-CM3) emission scenario have been used for future periods. The generation of future climate scenario used 10 years (2026-2035) of daily time scale under HadCM3 predictor data.