bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-198 Major Errors on BVRT Determine Specific Cognitive Deficit in a Veteran Sample
Authors: A Boese , J Moses , A Vickery , J Lyu , R Maciel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The goal of the study is to examine the underlying conceptual factors that account for major performance errors of the Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) using indices of the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edition (WAIS-III) as gold-standard comparison variables.

Method
One hundred thirty participants with mixed cognitive and psychiatric diagnoses who were referred to the neuropsychological assessment clinic at the VA Palo Alto Health Care System and completed the BVRT and WAIS-III measures were included in the analysis of the data. Factor Analysis of BVRT major memory and copy errors (rotations, distortions, and perseverations) and WAIS-III indices were conducted using SPSS 25.

Results
BVRT major memory and copy errors factored onto WAIS-III index variables using Principal Components Analysis with Equamax rotation yielded a four-factor model explaining 79% of total variance. Major errors on the immediate recall trial of the BVRT were found to be specifically and inversely related to performance on the WAIS-III Perceptual Organization and Processing Speed Indices. Major errors on the copy trial of the BVRT showed an inverse relationship with performance on the WAIS-III Verbal Comprehension and Working Memory Indices.

Conclusions
BVRT recall errors are related to failures in visual perceptual processing. Conversely, copy errors on the BVRT are potentially attributable to deficits in auditory-verbal-attentional information processing. The results of the study provide evidence for the BVRT as a viable measurement tool to determine domain-specific cognitive impairment when considering error types on recall and copy trials.
A-199 Executive Functioning and Memory Outcomes of Children with Low-Grade Gliomas
Authors: J Sutcliff , S Vitale , G Fong , L Ingerski 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The current study used standardized performance-based measures to examine specific executive functioning and memory outcomes of children with low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Historically, this population has excellent survival and does not receive extensive neuropsychological follow-up; however, recent literature suggested the presence of late-effects following treatment completion, specifically executive functioning and memory difficulties. Additional research is needed to identify what late-effects children with LGGs experience and what degree of neuropsychological follow-up is required for optimal survivorship care.

Method
A systematic retrospective chart review was conducted to evaluate outcomes. Inclusion criteria required that youth were previously diagnosed with a pediatric LGG, followed in a single pediatric cancer center, and completed outpatient neuropsychological testing. Comprehensive neuropsychological testing assessed: executive (Conners’ Continuous Performance Test, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function) and memory functioning (California Verbal Learning Test, Wechsler Memory Scale).

Results
Preliminary data from 10 participants who completed neuropsychological testing at 12.0 (SD = 4.1) years of age has been analyzed. Seventy additional participants will be included in analyses. All participants underwent surgical resection and 40% completed additional chemotherapy. Descriptive statistics identified those youth experiencing deficits (&lt; 1SD) using standard scores in executive and memory functioning domains. In summary, 66% received ≥3 atypical scores on a measure of attention, and 80% experienced memory deficits. In total, 50% of participants were diagnosed with Mild Neurocognitive Disorder following testing.

Conclusions
This pilot study provided evidence of executive functioning and memory deficits experienced by children previously treated for LGG. Standardized neuropsychological assessment may enhance survivorship care for youth previously diagnosed with an LGG.
A-200 Which Domains of Neuropsychological Functioning are Most Strongly Related to Impairment in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living?
Authors: H Clark , R Schroeder , P Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The current study investigated relationships between neuropsychological test findings and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in a mixed sample of Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD).

Method
Archival data from a memory disorder clinic were analyzed. Patients (n = 68, mean age = 72.3, mean education = 13.2 years, 26.5% Mild NCD, 73.5% Major NCD) minimally completed the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS). Information on IADLs was obtained from family members via the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). Spearman correlations were calculated between individual IADLs from the FAQ, total FAQ ratings, RBANS index scores, and a composite executive functioning score (average scaled score on DKEFS Trail Making, Verbal Fluency, and Tower).

Results
Executive functioning was the only cognitive domain that significantly correlated (p &lt; .05) with total FAQ ratings. However, all cognitive domains except language significantly correlated with individual IADLs. Tracking current events correlated with immediate memory, while financial management correlated with delayed memory. Attending to, understanding, and discussing TV, books, and magazines correlated with executive functioning and immediate and delayed memory. Remembering events correlated with attention and executive functioning. Shopping alone correlated with immediate memory, attention, and executive functioning, while operating basic kitchen appliances correlated with visuospatial skills, attention, and executive functioning. Traveling also correlated with visuospatial skills and executive functioning.

Conclusions
Executive functioning was the only domain associated with overall daily functioning; however, all domains except language corresponded with individual IADLs. Current findings highlight the utility of neuropsychological test findings in understanding the nuances of deficits in daily functioning.
A-202 A Normative Study of Neuropsychological Functioning in a Clinical Sample of Aviation Pilots
Authors: A Crane , A Dacosta , A Roccaforte , M Davies , D Prewett , F Webbe , A Logalbo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Neuropsychological evaluations are mandated by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to ensure that pilots with certain known or suspected medical/neurological or psychiatric conditions do not have neurocognitive sequelae that would impair their ability to safely carry out their responsibilities (Federal Aviation Administration, 2020). However, intact pilots’ performance on cognitive measures appears unique compared to the general population (Causse, Dehias, Arexis, & Pastor, 2011). In an effort to make appropriate comparisons, the current study thus presents normative data on the FAA core neuropsychological test battery.

Method
Sixty-three aviation pilots (age 25–62, M = 44.9, SD = 0.235) underwent neuropsychological testing using the FAA core battery following referral for alcohol utilization. All participants were considered to be cognitively intact at the time of their evaluations.

Results
Participants’ average IQ on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th edition (WAIS-IV) fell in the Superior range using traditional norms (M = 125.29, SD = 10.04). Pilots performed better than “average” across a number of neuropsychological measures. For example, pilots completed Trails-A in 19.38 seconds (SD = 4.10) and Trails-B in 40.73 seconds (SD = 10.56), which is approximately 10 seconds faster than average among individuals aged 35–44 years. Meanwhile, pilots recalled an average of 15.08 out of 16 words on the California Verbal Learning Test Version 2 (CVLT-II) short delay and 15.34 words on the CVLT-II long delay.

Conclusion(s)
This study provides comparison data for future neuropsychological evaluations of pilots with alcohol concerns. The data suggests that pilots generally outperform the civilian population across neuropsychological tests.
A-205 Digit Span Raw, A Newly Derived Embedded Performance Validity Test
Authors: R Schroeder , D Soden , H Clark , P Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Outside of Reliable Digit Span (RDS), there has been minimal research examining the utility of Digit Span (DS) score combinations from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—4th Edition (WAIS-IV) as possible performance validity tests (PVTs). We sought to determine if other DS scores/score combinations might work more effectively than RDS as a PVT.

Method
Patients included 318 individuals who completed neuropsychological evaluations. Individuals were excluded if they were not administered DS; were not administered at least 4 criterion PVTs; had diagnoses of dementia, intellectual disability, or left hemisphere cerebrovascular accident; or had indeterminate validity results (i.e., failure of one PVT). Valid performers (n = 248) were those who passed all criterion PVTs while invalid performers (n = 70) failed two or more criterion PVTs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were conducted for multiple DS indices.

Results
Area under the curve (AUC) was highest for the DS index that combined raw scores from all three trials (Digit Span Raw; AUC = .821). Likewise, when examining cutoffs that maintained 90% specificity for each DS index, a Digit Span Raw cutoff of &lt; 20 produced the highest sensitivity rate (52%) of all indices. For comparison, RDS, RDS with sequencing, and DS scaled score had AUC values of .758, .802, and .811, respectively. When maintaining specificity at 90%, sensitivity rates were 28%, 43%, and 43%, respectively.

Conclusions
Results suggest that the most effective embedded DS index might be a new one, which we term Digit Span Raw. Cross-validation of these findings could provide support for using this index instead of the more commonly examined RDS.
A-208 The Effect of Language on Invalid Baselines in ImPACT
Authors: H Kuwabara , K Grant , S Moore , J Maietta , T Kinsora , S Ross , D Allen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is a computerized assessment of cognitive abilities used for management of sport-concussion that has been translated into 22 languages. Research suggests that language of administration may affect ImPACT performance in bilingual individuals. This study examined the rate of invalid baselines in bilingual/monolingual athletes and in different languages of administrations to explore any potential language biases in ImPACT’s validity index.

Methods
Participants included 47,677 athletes (Mage = 15.11; 57.37% male) from across Nevada who completed a baseline assessment. There were 90 different languages reported among 10,798 bilingual athletes (22.65%). Chi-square analyses were conducted to examine group differences in rate of invalid baselines by language (monolingual/bilingual) and administration language.

Results
Overall, 6.2% of athletes produced invalid baselines. There were no significant differences in the rate of invalid baselines in self-reported monolingual (6.1%) and bilingual athletes (6.4%; p &gt; .05). There were 12 different languages of administration; however, due to small sample sizes of some administration languages, further analyses were only conducted with English and Spanish administrations. There were no significant differences in invalid baselines in English (6.2%) and Spanish administrations (7.3%; p &gt; .05). Additionally, among the bilingual Spanish/English speakers, there were no significant differences in invalid baselines in English (6.4%) and Spanish administrations (6.5%; p &gt; .05).

Conclusion
The current study demonstrates that rates of invalid baselines do not differ based on monolingualism/bilingualism or administration language. This is promising given the high demand for baseline testing, an increase in athletes’ diverse language abilities, and various available languages of ImPACT administration.
A-210 Does Rounding Matter? Cross-Validation of E-Score Calculation Method for the Dot Counting Test
Authors: T Rhoads , Z Resch , G Ovsiew , J Soble 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Recent evidence suggested the traditional “rounding” procedure used to calculate Dot Counting Test (DCT) E-score cut-offs provides little advantage and may inadvertently lower test sensitivity. This study examined whether DCT psychometric properties differ when E-score values are rounded.

Method
This cross-sectional study included 132 mixed neuropsychiatric patients who completed the DCT during outpatient evaluation. The sample was 55% female/45% male and 36% Caucasian/35% African American/20% Hispanic/7% Asian/2% other, with mean age of 44.4 (SD=16.1), and mean education of 14.0 years (SD=2.5). In total, 105 (80%) had valid neuropsychological test performance and 27 (20%) had invalid performance based on 4 independent criterion performance validity tests.

Results
In the overall sample, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses yielded significant areas under the curve (.802-.817) for both rounded and unrounded E-score values with respective optimal cut-scores of ≥19 and ≥19.73, both producing 44% sensitivity/93% specificity. Among cognitively impaired patients, ROC curve analyses yielded significant AUCs (.756-.764), and suggested the same cut-scores and sensitivities, albeit with minimally reduced specificity (traditional: 91%; unrounded: 92%). In contrast, more liberal cut-scores of ≥13 (traditional) and ≥13.745 (unrounded) were indicated among cognitively unimpaired patients (AUCs: .880-.906), and sensitivity was notably improved (traditional: 74%; unrounded: 67%) with equivalent specificity (90%).

Conclusions
Findings from the overall sample suggested marginally better classification accuracy for the traditional E-score, though both methods demonstrated comparable psychometric properties. The optimal cut-score for cognitively unimpaired patients replicated findings from prior literature, but a higher cut-score was indicated for cognitively impaired patients.
A-219 Cross-validation of a Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System Color Word Interference Test embedded performance validity test
Authors: R Schroeder , H Clark , P Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Eglit and colleagues (2019) found that the sum of the four age-corrected scaled scores from the Color Word Interference Test (CWIT) of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) could act as a useful embedded performance validity test (PVT). As such, we attempted to cross-validate their findings.

Method
Patients included 312 individuals who completed neuropsychological evaluations. Individuals were excluded if they were not administered CWIT, were not administered at least 4 criterion PVTs, had diagnoses of dementia or intellectual disability, or had indeterminate validity results (i.e., failure of one PVT). Valid performers (n = 231) were those who passed all criterion PVTs while invalid performers (n = 81) failed two or more criterion PVTs. A receiver operating characteristic curve was conducted for the CWIT embedded PVT.

Results
Area under the curve (AUC) was .804. At a cutoff of &lt; 26, specificity was 90% and sensitivity was 48%. At a cutoff of &lt; 20 (the first cutoff at which 90% specificity was found by Eglit et al.), specificity was 95% and sensitivity was 32%. At an even more conservative cutoff of &lt; 18 (the cutoff recommended by Eglit et al.), specificity was 96% and sensitivity was 22%.

Conclusions
These results cross-validate Eglit et al.’s findings, indicating that the sum of age-corrected scaled scores across the four CWIT trials can effectively serve as an embedded PVT. A more liberal cutoff was able to be applied in our sample but, even at conservative cutoffs documented in Eglit et al., sensitivity rates were adequate enough to warrant use of the index as an embedded PVT.
A-220 Screening for Cognitive Over-Reporting with the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory
Authors: S Rolin , K Kitchen Andren , C Mullen , N Kurniadi , J Davis 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Considerable research in veteran and military populations has focused on the development of embedded symptom validity indicators on the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) including the low frequency (LOW6), negative impression management (NIM5), and validity (VAL10) scales. These measures have been less studied in other clinical settings. This study examined embedded NSI validity scales in a rehabilitation setting.

Method
Participants (N = 94) underwent outpatient neuropsychological evaluation using the NSI, MMPI-2-RF, and Memory Complaints Inventory (MCI), among other measures. Cognitive symptom over-reporting was psychometrically determined if the MCI (average score &gt; 39) and MMPI-2-RF (RBS &gt; 79 T or FBS &gt; 79 T) were elevated.

Results
Thirty-four participants (36%) met over-reporting criteria. NSI total scores were significantly different between over-reporting (M = 48.7, SD = 12.2) and non-over-reporting (M = 28.1, SD = 14.3) groups (p &lt; .0001, d = 1.5). Receiver operating characteristic analysis using embedded NSI scales to classify cases showed area under the curve (AUC) values of .82 for LOW6 and NIM5, and .83 for VAL10. A VAL10 cutoff (&gt;18) showed sensitivity of 56% and 90% specificity. VAL10 scores of 4 or below demonstrated 100% sensitivity and may be considered evidence that additional assessment of cognitive over-reporting is not needed.

Conclusion
Findings support the utility of NSI validity indicators to screen for cognitive over-reporting in a rehabilitation setting.
A-223 Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) Embedded Performance Validity Analyses in a Healthy Non-Clinical Sample
Authors: A Arzuyan , A Mathew , A Rosenblatt , E Gracian , D Osmon 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Hopkins Verbal Learning Test–Revised (HVLT-R) and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised (BVMT-R) are memory tests with embedded measures of performance validity (Recognition Discrimination [RD] and Discrimination Index [DI], respectively). We evaluated whether cognitive ability and age influenced embedded measures of effort.

Methods
Participants included 30 young adults (YA) and 29 older adults (dichotomized into unimpaired [OAu] and impaired [OAi]). Participants completed a medication management ability assessment (MMAA), daily memory lapses survey (DM), digit span, and the Transverse Patterning (TP) and Reversal Learning (RL) computerized tests. Two Repeated-Measures MANOVAs were conducted to determine if Passing PVT and Age/Cognitive Ability influenced performance. An ROC analysis was conducted for HVLT-RD and BVMT-DI to determine pass/fail, and false positives/negatives on embedded measures.

Results
Those in the YA group who failed RDS (YA-fail), performed better than OAi-fail and OAi-pass groups on RT Errors (p &lt; .0001). On TP Errors, the YA group differed from all four OA groups (p &lt; .0001). On MMAA a significant difference was observed between OAi-fail and all other groups (p &lt; .001). On RD, YA groups differed from both OAi groups (p = .0008). On DI, the YA groups differed from the OAi-fail group (p = .002). A logistic regression classified 43/57 participants successfully into the three cognitive groups using the six predictors (χ2 = 55.73, p &lt; .0001, R2 = .468). RT Errors and TP were significant (Likelihood χ2 = 7.25, p = .027).

Conclusion
HVLT-RD failed to detect validity for OAi, as did BVMT-DI for YA and OAu. Instead, impairment effects are seen on HVLT-RD and BVMT-DI where YA groups differed from some combination of both/one of the OA groups.
A-227 Boston Naming Test as an Embedded Performance Validity Test: A Replication Study
Authors: D Abramson , D White , Z Resch , G Ovsiew , J Soble 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The Boston Naming Test (BNT) has recently been proposed as an embedded performance validity test (PVT) with high specificity/low sensitivity; however, this has not been replicated. This study therefore aimed to cross-validate findings in a mixed clinical neuropsychiatric sample.

Method
This cross-sectional study of 136 primary monolingual English-speaking patients who completed the BNT during outpatient evaluation was 57% female/43% male, 38% Caucasian, 39% African American, 16% Hispanic, and 6% Asian with mean age of 47.7 years (SD = 16.6) and mean education of 14.0 years (SD = 2.7). In total, 109/136 (80%) were classified as valid and 27/136 (20%) as invalid based on 4 independent criterion PVTs.

Results
Respective mean BNT raw/T-scores were 49.5 (SD = 9.2)/45.3 (SD = 10.9) for the valid group and 45.8 (SD = 8.2)/41.1 (SD = 7.8) for the invalid group. Analyses of variance fell just above significance for both BNT raw F(1, 134) = 3.75, p = .05 and T-scores F(1, 134) = 3.55, p = .06. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis for the raw score was significant, with an area under the curve (AUC) of .67 (p &lt; .01) and an optimal cutoff of ≤ 35 (4% specificity/90% sensitivity). BNT raw scores remained significant after removing bilingual participants, (AUC = .68; p &lt; .01), with identical psychometric properties. In contrast, analysis of BNT T-scores (AUC = .61; p = .08) were nonsignificant.

Conclusions
Overall, results showed that the BNT cannot psychometrically distinguish valid versus invalid performance and therefore has questionable utility as a PVT in a mixed clinical setting. Findings contribute to a growing literature base cautioning against the indiscriminate use of measures of actual cognitive ability as validity indicators, particularly in populations with cognitive impairment.
A-232 Using Rates of Low Scores to Assess Agreement between ImPACT and a Traditional Battery of Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: B Ivins , J Arrieux , W Cole , K Schwab 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
ImPACT is a brief computerized test battery used to assess cognitive function most often following sports concussion. We compare intra-individual agreement between ImPACT and a battery of traditional neuropsychological tests using rates of low scores.

Methods
Complete and valid data from 246 healthy soldiers and 177 soldiers ≤ 7 days from sustaining mild TBI (mTBI) were used in this analysis. All soldiers were consecutively administered ImPACT and a traditional test battery consisting of: TOPF, WAIS-IV, CVLT-II, RCFT, DKEFS, and CPT-II. We performed base rate analyses of both batteries to determine the proportions of soldiers who had various numbers of scores that were 1.0+, 1.5+, and 2.0+ standard deviations below the normative mean. We used those rates to place Soldiers into a “low score hierarchy” ranging from the least poor (i.e. ~ &gt; 10th %ile) to the worst overall performance (i.e. ~ ≤ 10th %ile). We then compared agreement between the batteries at each of those levels.

Results
More soldiers with mTBI had low scores than healthy soldiers on both batteries. Of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on one battery, 100.0% from ImPACT and 73.1% from traditional had some level of poor performance on the other battery. However, of the soldiers who performed at the worst level on either battery, only 42.9% from ImPACT and 34.6% from traditional also performed at the worst level on the other battery.

Conclusion
These batteries similarly identify poor performance to a degree, though with some potentially meaningful differences still present.