bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions by Using Oxygen-Enriched Combustion Air
Authors: Poola Ramesh , Sekar Raj 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the results obtained from experiments conducted on a large-bore diesel engine when oxygen-enriched combustion air is used. An operating regime was identified in which particulates and NOx could be reduced simultaneously when the concentration of intake air oxygen, fueling rate, and injection timing were optimized. Additional benefits such as higher gross power, lower peak cylinder pressures, and lower brake-specific fuel consumption were also observed under these optimized operating parameters. With an optimal operating strategy (oxygen concentration, fueling rate, and timing), particulates were reduced by approximately 60% and NOx emissions were reduced by 15–20%. Gross power was increased by about 15–20% at base peak combustion pressure, and brake-specific fuel consumption was decreased by 2–10% with load. These results were obtained on a two-cylinder (EMD 567B) locomotive research diesel engine using oxygen from an external source. To utilize this technique in practice, an air separation membrane and associated auxiliary equipment could be connected to the engine’s intake air system (after the air filter) to supply the desired oxygen-enriched combustion air; this additional evaluation is beyond the scope of current study. Although operating the membrane causes a parasitic power drain, the increase in gross power could compensate for these losses, resulting in a potential net gain in power and lower emissions for diesel engines.
Response Surface Method Optimization of a HSDI Diesel Engine Equipped With a Common Rail Injection System
Authors: Lee Taewon , Reitz Rolf D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To overcome the trade-off between NOx and particulate emissions for future diesel vehicles and engines it is necessary to seek methods to lower pollutant emissions. The desired simultaneous improvement in fuel efficiency for future DI diesels is also a difficult challenge due to the combustion modifications that will be required to meet the exhaust emission mandates.
This study demonstrates the emission reduction capability of EGR and other parameters on a High Speed Direct Injection (HSDI) diesel engine equipped with a common rail injection system using an RSM optimization method. Engine testing was done at 1757 rev/min, 45% load. The variables used in the optimization process included injection pressure, boost pressure, injection timing, and EGR rate. RSM optimization led engine operating parameters to reach a low-temperature and premixed combustion regime called the MK combustion region, and resulted in simultaneous reductions in NOx and particulate emissions without sacrificing fuel efficiency. It was shown that RSM optimization is an effective and powerful tool for realizing the full advantages of the combined effects of combustion control techniques by optimizing their parameters. It was also shown that through a close observation of optimization processes, a more thorough understanding of HSDI diesel combustion can be provided.
Working Toward Homogeneous Diesel Combustion: A Fresh Look at the Work of Max Fiedler
Authors: Baxter John M. , Hiltner Joel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Max Fiedler developed a lightweight automotive diesel engine with a novel combustion system, presenting initial results in 1939. A unique injection concept incorporated in the engine created a pre-mixed, semi-homogeneous charge using uniformly low injection pressures and advanced injection timing. His evidence showed: extremely smooth combustion and controlled energy release in the early stages of burning; complete elimination of diesel knock; appropriate timing of the onset of combustion; and a combustion event that remained robust through to its conclusion, likely forming a minimum of particulate. Fiedler’s work was largely ignored by other engineers of the day, but there is significant evidence in later work that both explains and confirms his basic claims. The available knowledge relating to Fiedler’s combustion system provides important information about the conditions required to produce smooth heat release in well mixed compression ignition systems.
Fuels Characterization for Use in Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Lanzafame R. , Messina M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
It is important provide mathematical functions able to fit with great precision experimental data on gases properties, in order to obtain reliable results when computerized models on IC engines are used.
On the basis of experimental data on equilibrium constants (for dissociation phenomena occurring during combustion process in IC engines) new mathematical functions have been determined to fit experimental data. In comparison to traditional fitting polynomials, these new mathematical functions present a great accuracy in matching experimental data. These new mathematical functions have the functional forms of a V order Logarithmic Polynomial, and their coefficients have been evaluated on the basis of the least square method. The new V order Logarithmic Polynomials have been determined for several dissociation reactions according to internal combustion processes applications.
V order Logarithmic Polynomials have been implemented also to describe the trend of specific heat at constant pressure Vs temperature and enthalpy Vs temperature. These new Logarithmic Polynomials have been calculated for several gases and fuels for IC engines applications.
The new Logarithmic Polynomials pointed out a better precision in comparison to the others polynomial functions used in literature, and the possibility to utilize a single Logarithmic Polynomial for a wide temperature range, according to a good accuracy with experimental data. Another advantage of the Logarithmic Polynomials is the possibility to extrapolate experimental data on a wide temperature range (25% of experimental T range) in order to supply to the experimental data shortage.
Improvement of the Dynamic Characteristic of an Automotive Engine by a Turbocharger Assisted by an Electric Motor
Authors: Katrašnik Tomaž , Trenc Ferdinand , Rodman Samuel , Hribernik Aleš , Medica Vladimir 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Increase of the mean effective pressure in an automotive Diesel engine is generally the consequence of the turbocharging and subsequent charge cooling of the working medium. A problem of poor performance during the engine speed and load change is attributed to the nature of energy exchange between the engine and the turbocharger. Filling of the intake and exhaust manifolds, consequent increase of the pressure and acceleration of the rotating components of the turbocharger require a certain period of time. Dynamic performance of the turbocharger can be substantially improved by the assistance of an electric motor attached directly to the turbo shaft. A new concept of asynchronous electric motor with a very thin rotor was applied to support the turbocharger during the transient regimes of the engine. Experimental work for matching an electrically assisted turbocharger to an engine is rather expensive; it was therefore decided to determine general characteristic of the electric motor separately by experiments, whereas transient response of the turbocharged and intercooled Diesel engine was simulated by a zero-dimensional filling and emptying computer simulation method. A lot of experimentally obtained data and empirical formulae for the compressor, gas turbine, flow coefficients of the engine valves, intercooler, high pressure fuel pump with the pneumatic control device (LDA), combustion parameters etc. were applied to overcome deficiency introduced by the zero-dimensional simulation model. As the result a reliable and accurate program compatible with the experimental results in steady and transient engine operation was developed and is presented in the work. Faster transient response of the engine was obtained by applying an electric motor to assist the turbocharger; a few versions were introduced in the simulation program and were also analysed in the work.
A New Approach to Engine Misfire Detection by Crankshaft Speed Variation Analysis
Authors: Abdel Jalil Nashat K. , Das Manohar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A new algorithm to detect cylinder misfire in automotive gasoline engines is presented in this paper. It is based on processing the variations in crankshaft speed of the engine. In the algorithm, the crankshaft speed data is preprocessed and then modeled as a Mixture of Gaussian components. The appropriate number of components in the data is determined using a goodness-of-fit measure. When misfire is taking place, two or more Gaussian components will appear in the mixture model. Based on the estimated parameters (mean, variance) of the components and a specified probability of false alarms, a Generalized Likelihood decision rule is designed to classify every data point as a misfire or no-misfire behavior. The algorithm was tested on real engine data and the results were encouraging.
Constraints from cosmogenic nuclides on the glaciation and erosion history of Dove Bugt, northeast Greenland
Authors: Skov Daniel Søndergaard , Andersen J.L. , Olsen J. , Jacobsen B.H. , Knudsen M.F. , Jansen J.D. , Larsen N.K. , Egholm D.L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe intricate interplay between subglacial topography and ice-sheet dynamics is key to the evolution of large ice sheets, but in Greenland as elsewhere the effects of long-term glacial history on landscape evolution remain poorly constrained. Here we measure abundances of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in bedrock and transported boulders to unveil the glaciation and erosion history of Dove Bugt, northeast Greenland. In agreement with studies of west Greenland, we find that apparent exposure ages increase with elevation from 9 ka to 13 ka in low-lying valleys to 21 ka to 204 ka on high-elevation, blockfield-covered plateaus. We employ a Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion framework to constrain the probability of various erosion histories, and we quantify the residence time of samples within the upper 2 m of the bedrock subsurface—a measure defined as the cosmogenic nuclide memory. This cosmogenic nuclide memory exceeds 600 ka on the highest plateaus but is limited to less than 500 ka in most other high-elevation samples and to less than 100 ka at low-elevations. Our results define maximum limits for the fraction of ice cover during the past 1 Ma to ∼70% on the Store Koldewey peaks and ∼90% farther inland at Pusterdal, respectively. Minimum limits to ice cover, however, cannot be reliably constrained by the data. Finally, we propose that limited erosion on the highest plateaus of Store Koldewey since 0.6–1.0 Ma indicates a minimum age for fjord-plateau formation within this area of northeast Greenland.
Neoproterozoic Blaini Formation of Lesser Himalaya, India: Fiction and Fact
Authors: Dey Sumit , Dasgupta Prabir , Das Kaushik , Matin Abdul 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe long-conceived idea of the glacial origin of Blaini diamictite of Lesser Himalayan Neoproterozoic succession reached its maxima when the diamictites and capping pink limestone were attributed to the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth event and its aftermath, respectively. Occurrences of diamictite-limestone association in two different levels have also been correlated with the Sturtian and Marinoan glaciations. Critical review, however, reveals that the interpretations of the glacial origin of diamictites are not well founded. The diamictite-limestone association, which occurs at the lower part of a thick, light brown shale unit and laterally grades into light brown shale, primarily indicates episodic surge events in an otherwise tranquil condition favorable for hemipelagic sedimentation. The lithology, bed geometry, internal organization, and disposition of the diamictite bodies suggest deposition of debris flow fan lobes along fault scarps in a rift setting. Emplacement of subaqueous debris flows is indicated by the associated deposits of entrained turbidity currents. The limestone also bears the signature of claciturbidites. The appearance of diamictite bodies and associated limestone in two distinct levels is not a stratigraphic disposition; on the contrary, the deposits were dislocated and repeated by two successive regional thrust faults. The Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) values of the light brown shale and the matrix of the diamictites indicate that these sediments formed through prolonged subaerial weathering. The events leading up to development of the rift system and evidence of prolonged weathering within the basin-fill sediments are consistent with supercontinental break up, the prologue of Snowball Earth.
How do trainee doctors learn about research? Content analysis of Australian specialist colleges’ intended research curricula
Authors: Stehlik Paulina , Noble Christy , Brandenburg Caitlin , Fawzy Peter , Narouz Isaac , Henry David , Glasziou Paul 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesPatients do better in research-intense environments. The importance of research is reflected in the accreditation requirements of Australian clinical specialist colleges. The nature of college-mandated research training has not been systematically explored. We examined the intended research curricula of Australian trainee doctors described by specialist colleges, their constructive alignment and the nature of scholarly project requirements.DesignWe undertook content analysis of publicly available documents to characterise college research training curricula.SettingWe reviewed all publicly accessible information from the websites of Australian specialist colleges and their subspecialty divisions. We retrieved curricula, handbooks and assessment-related documents.ParticipantsFifty-eight Australian specialist colleges and their subspecialty divisions.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTwo reviewers extracted and coded research-related activities as learning outcomes, activities or assessments, by research stage (using, participating in or leading research) and competency based on Bloom’s taxonomy (remembering, understanding, applying, analysing, evaluating, creating). We coded learning and assessment activities by type (eg, formal research training, publication) and whether it was linked to a scholarly project. Requirements related to project supervisors’ research experience were noted.ResultsFifty-five of 58 Australian college subspecialty divisions had a scholarly project requirement. Only 11 required formal research training; two required an experienced research supervisor. Colleges emphasised a role for trainees in leading research in their learning outcomes and assessments, but not learning activities. Less emphasis was placed on using research, and almost no emphasis on participation. Most learning activities and assessments mapped to the ‘creating’ domain of Bloom’s taxonomy, whereas most learning outcomes mapped to the ‘evaluating’ domain. Overall, most research learning and assessment activities were related to leading a scholarly project.ConclusionsAustralian specialist college research curricula appear to emphasise a role for trainees in leading research and producing research deliverables, but do not mandate formal research training and supervision by experienced researchers.
Effect of tart cherry juice on risk of gout attacks: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lamb Kirstie Louise , Lynn Anthony , Russell Jean , Barker Margo E 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionGout is a painful form of inflammatory arthritis associated with several comorbidities, particularly cardiovascular disease. Cherries, which are rich in anti-inflammatory and antioxidative bioactive compounds, are proposed to be efficacious in preventing and treating gout, but recommendations to patients are conflicting. Cherry consumption has been demonstrated to lower serum urate levels and inflammation in several small studies. One observational case cross-over study reported that cherry consumption was associated with reduced risk of recurrent gout attacks. This preliminary evidence requires substantiation. The proposed randomised clinical trial aims to test the effect of consumption of tart cherry juice on risk of gout attacks.Methods and analysisThis 12-month, parallel, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial will recruit 120 individuals (aged 18–80 years) with a clinical diagnosis of gout who have self-reported a gout flare in the previous year. Participants will be randomly assigned to an intervention group, which will receive Montmorency tart cherry juice daily for a 12-month period, or a corresponding placebo group, which will receive a cherry-flavoured placebo drink. The primary study outcome is change in frequency of self-reported gout attacks. Secondary outcome measures include attack intensity, serum urate concentration, fractional excretion of uric acid, biomarkers of inflammation, blood lipids and other markers of cardiovascular risk. Other secondary outcome measures will be changes in physical activity and functional status. Statistical analysis will be conducted on an intention-to-treat basis.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been granted ethical approval by the National Research Ethics Service, Yorkshire and The Humber—Leeds West Research Ethics Committee (ref: 18/SW/0262). Results of the trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT03621215.
Effect of aging and obesity on GLUT12 expression in small intestine, adipose tissue, muscle, and kidney and its regulation by docosahexaenoic acid and exercise in mice
Authors: Gil-Iturbe Eva , Félix-Soriano Elisa , Sáinz Neira , Idoate-Bayón Adrián , Castilla-Madrigal Rosa , Moreno-Aliaga María J. , Lostao María Pilar 
Published: March 2020

Obesity is characterized by excessive fat accumulation and inflammation. Aging has also been characterized as an inflammatory condition, frequently accompanied by accumulation of visceral fat. Beneficial effects of exercise and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in metabolic disorders have been described. Glucose transporter 12 (GLUT12) is one of the less investigated members of the GLUT family. Glucose, insulin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) induce GLUT12 translocation to the membrane in muscle, adipose tissue, and intestine. We aimed to investigate GLUT12 expression in obesity and aging, and under diet supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone or in combination with physical exercise in mice. Aging increased GLUT12 expression in intestine, kidney, and adipose tissue, whereas obesity reduced it. No changes on the transporter occurred in skeletal muscle. In obese 18-month-old mice, DHA further decreased GLUT12 in the 4 organs. Aerobic exercise alone did not modify GLUT12, but the changes triggered by exercise were able to prevent the DHA-diminishing effect, and almost restored GLUT12 basal levels. In conclusion, the downregulation of metabolism in aging would be a stimulus to upregulate GLUT12 expression. Contrary, obesity, an excessive energy condition, would induce GLUT12 downregulation. The combination of exercise and DHA would contribute to restore basal function of GLUT12. Novelty In small intestine, kidney and adipose tissue aging increases GLUT12 protein expression whereas obesity reduces it. Dietary DHA decreases GLUT12 in small intestine, kidney, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Exercise alone does not modify GLUT12 expression, nevertheless exercise prevents the DHA-diminishing effect on GLUT12.
Enhanced detectability of spinning primordial black holes
Authors: Kühnel Florian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrimordial black holes which are produced during an epoch of matter domination are expected to spin rapidly. It is shown that this leads to an enhancement of the detectability of the stochastic gravitational-wave background from their mergers. For a specific model, we explicitly demonstrate that this yields a $$50\,\%$$50% increase of the gravitational-wave amplitude as compared to the non-spinning case.
Molecular dynamics simulation of sintering of Cu and Au nanoparticles
Authors: Wu Zhuangjun , Li Maoxiang , Tian Sen , Zhang Linxing 
Published: March 2020

Particle coalescence has wide applications in nature and industry. In this study, molecular dynamics (MDs) simulations were employed to examine the sintering of Cu and Au nanoparticles, as well as two other systems, namely, Cu nanoparticles and Au nanoparticles. The results suggested that, the Au atoms diffused through the outer area of the sintering neck before the nanoparticles were fused into one sphere. The possible reason was that the Au atoms resembled fluid, which could be ascribed to the local thermal energy at the contact area. Typically, the change in energy per atom from 300 K to the contact temperature denoted that less energy was required for the atoms in the pure Cu system to contact with each other than those in the other two systems.
Infiltrating Mast Cell–Mediated Stimulation of Estrogen Receptor Activity in Breast Cancer Cells Promotes the Luminal Phenotype
Authors: Majorini Maria Teresa , Cancila Valeria , Rigoni Alice , Botti Laura , Dugo Matteo , Triulzi Tiziana , De Cecco Loris , Fontanella Enrico , Jachetti Elena , Tagliabue Elda , Chiodoni Claudia , Tripodo Claudio , Colombo Mario P. , Lecis Daniele 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Tumor growth and development is determined by both cancer cell–autonomous and microenvironmental mechanisms, including the contribution of infiltrating immune cells. Because the role of mast cells (MC) in this process is poorly characterized and even controversial, we investigated their part in breast cancer. Crossing C57BL/6 MMTV-PyMT mice, which spontaneously develop mammary carcinomas, with MC-deficient C57BL/6-KitW-sh/W-sh (Wsh) mice, showed that MCs promote tumor growth and prevent the development of basal CK5-positive areas in favor of a luminal gene program. When cocultured with breast cancer cells in vitro, MCs hindered activation of cMET, a master regulator of the basal program, and simultaneously promoted expression and activation of estrogen receptor (ESR1/ER) and its target genes (PGR, KRT8/CK8, BCL2), which are all luminal markers. Moreover, MCs reduced ERBB2/HER2 levels, whose inhibition further increased ESR1 expression. In vivo and in silico analysis of patients with breast cancer revealed a direct correlation between MC density and ESR1 expression. In mice engrafted with HER2-positive breast cancer tumors, coinjection of MCs increased tumor engraftment and outgrowth, supporting the link between MCs and increased risk of relapse in patients with breast cancer. Together, our findings support the notion that MCs influence the phenotype of breast cancer cells by stimulating a luminal phenotype and ultimately modifying the outcome of the disease.

Significance:
Mast cells impact breast cancer outcome by directly affecting the phenotype of tumor cells through stimulation of the estrogen receptor pathway.