bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information gain-based modular fuzzy neural network to forecast rainstorms
Authors: Huang Xiaoyan , He Li , Zhao Huasheng , Huan Ying , Wu Yushuang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study considers large-scale heavy rainfall as a forecast object based on the European central numerical forecast model product and uses a nonlinear fuzzy neural network (FNN) intelligent calculation method to establish a short-term forecast model of rainstorms. The information gain method is introduced to the predictor processing of the forecast model. Then the characteristics of many rainstorm predictors are calculated and screened on the basis of feature weight, information is condensed, some non-correlated forecast information variables are extracted, and the network structure of the forecast model is optimized. The modeled samples are determined and reconstructed by setting thresholds, and the modular forecast models of heavy rainfall and weak rainfall are established. The actual forecast results of the 24 h experimental prediction of the independent samples of large-scale rainstorms in Guangxi in 2012–2016 showed that the information gain-based modular FNN rainstorm forecasting model has higher prediction accuracy and a more stable forecasting effect. The various types of scores of 24 h of rainstorm (≧50 mm) at 89 weather stations in Guangxi from 2012 to 2016 are: threat score (TS) is 0.368, ETS: equal threat score (E) is 0.141, hit rate (POD) is 0.296, empty report rate (FAR) is 0.559, forecast bias (B) is 0.671, and HSS skill score (H) is 0.247. Further comparison and analysis of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) numerical forecasting model forecast results indicated that the new model performed nonlinear intelligence calculated interpretation modeling on ECMWF numerical forecasting model products, and forecasting accuracy is improved to a certain extent compared with that of the original model. Forecasting techniques are positive and have good release effects, thereby improving the rain forecasting ability of ECMWF to a certain extent and providing a better reference value for business forecasters.
Investigation of plasticizer production industry wastewater treatability using pressure-driven membrane process
Authors: Ozay Yasin , Canli Oltan , Unal Bahar Ozbey , Keskinler Bulent , Dizge Nadir 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this study, the treatability of plasticizer production industry wastewater was investigated using nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The effect of operating pressure, pH of the wastewater, and sequential treatment option on the permeate flux, COD, phthalate, and micropollutant removal efficiencies were examined. The steady-state permeate fluxes of NF270, NF90, and BW30 membranes were 47.1, 19.0, and 13.9 L/m2/h for 15 bar, respectively. Sequential filtration using NF90 and BW30 membranes to protect the RO membrane was also tested. The initial and steady-state permeate fluxes were 30.4 and 18.9 L/m2/h, respectively, for 15 bar. The effect of wastewater pH in the range 4.0–10.0 was also studied and maximum initial and steady-state permeate fluxes were obtained at pH = 10.0. The permeate quality of NF90 and NF90 + BW30 membranes operated at 15 bar was measured and they showed a high degree for phthalate removal from wastewater from 97.7% to 99.9%. Moreover, a high degree of micropollutants was also obtained from 88.4% to 99.9% for sequential filtration (NF90 + BW30). The COD reduction efficiencies were obtained at 15 bar as 23.3%, 81.5%, and 87.6% for individual NF270, NF90, and BW30 membranes, respectively. However, COD reduction efficiency was increased up to 90.8% when sequential filtration (NF90 + BW30) was applied.
The profile of contamination with alkylphenol ethoxylates of some Israeli watercourse rivers and their sediment layers
Authors: Houshan M. , Zoller U. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The ‘hard’ non-biodegradable alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) nonionic surfactants are environmentally persistent and widely used worldwide. The aim of this work is to determine the total concentration and the homological distribution in rivers and there sediments, in central Israel. The concentrations of APEOs in the water of these rivers and in their sediments were found to be 11.83–55.32 μg/L, and 99.68–1,176.61 μg/kg, respectively. The APEOs' concentration level decreases as the sample is taken from a deeper layer of the sediment. A possible explanation for this is that in APEOs molecules, the hydrophilic fraction (CH2-CH2-O) increases the APEOs' absorption into sediment layers close to water, being saturated with water. In addition, the organic biofilm in the sediment layers used as schmutzdecke can reduce the concentration levels of APEOs that penetrates the deep layers of the sediment. The dominant homologues of APEOs in the river watercourse were those with 9–15 units of ethylene oxide (EO). Homologues with 1–12 units of ethylene oxide were found to be the dominant ones in the sediment layers of Hadera and Alexander rivers.
Evaluation of fouling and RO performance for MBR treated fruit wastewater
Authors: Jamal-Uddin A. T. , Zytner R. G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Fruit processing facilities are looking for ways to reduce water consumption to counter the impact of climate change. A good alternative is an MBR system to treat the processing wastewater, followed by tertiary treatment using a reverse osmosis (RO) unit to enable water reuse. However, fouling of the RO membrane causes operational challenges. As a result, experiments were completed on treated fruit processing wastewater to identify the causes of fouling that originated from the MBR effluent and develop best management practices (BMPs) to minimize fouling of the RO membrane. Physical and chemical analyses along with visual inspection of the membrane surface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were completed. The issue of RO membrane fouling and subsequent flux decline was directly related to the presence of soluble microbial products, specifically dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the MBR effluent. The developed BMPs show that the previously completed enhanced coagulation-GAC sorption process, when combined with an online non-chemical flushing regimen and proper membrane preservation, keeps the flux readings high, resolving frequent fouling and cleaning problems of the RO membrane.
Irinotecan or Oxaliplatin: Which is the First Move for the Mate?
Authors: Morelli Cristina , Formica Vincenzo , Riondino Silvia , Russo Antonio , Ferroni Patrizia , Guadagni Fiorella , Roselli Mario 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The aim of the present review is to discuss the potential link between
RAS, BRAF and microsatellite instability (MSI) mutational patterns and chemotherapeutic
agent efficacy [Irinotecan (IRI) vs. Oxaliplatin (OXA)], and how this can potentially influence
the choice of the chemotherapy backbone.

Methods:
Following a review of the research literature, all pertinent articles published in the
core journals were selected for the study. The inclusion criteria regarded relevant clinical and
pre-clinical studies on the topic of interest (Relationship of OXA and IRI to KRAS/BRAF
mutations and MSI).

Results:
Excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) expression is inhibited by
KRAS mutation, making tumor cells more sensitive to OXA. Results from OPUS, COIN and
PRIME trials support that no conclusive data are available for BRAF mutant population because
of the small number of patients. Enhanced IRI cytotoxicity to MSI cell lines is due to
the participation of some of the mismatch repair (MMR) components in various DNA repair
processes and their role in the maintenance of the pro-apoptotic effect of IRI and G2/M cell
arrest.

Conclusions:
OXA and IRI are indispensable drugs for mCRC treatment and their selection
must be as careful as that of targeted agents. We suggest taking into consideration the interaction
between known genomic alterations and OXA and IRI activity to personalize chemotherapy
in mCRC patients.
Identifying Underlying Issues Related to the Inactive Excipients of Transfersomes based Drug Delivery System
Authors: Patel Drashti , Chatterjee Bappaditya 
Published: October 2020

:
Transfersomes are bilayer vesicles composed of phospholipid and edge activators, which are mostly
surfactant. Transfersomes based drug delivery system has gained a lot of interest of the pharmaceutical researchers
for their ability to improve drug penetration and permeation through the skin. Transdermal drug delivery via
transfersomes has the potential to overcome the challenge of low systemic availability. However, this complex
vesicular system has different issues to consider for developing a successful transdermal delivery system. One
of the major ingredients, phospholipid, has versatile sources and variable effect on the vesicle size and drug entrapment
in transfersomes. The other one, termed as edge activators or surfactant, has some crucial consideration
of skin damage and toxicity depending upon its type and concentration. A complex interaction between
type and concentration of phospholipid and surfactant was observed, which affect the physicochemical properties
of transfersomes. This review focuses on the practical factors related to these two major ingredients, such
as phospholipid and surfactant. The origin, purity, desired concentration, the susceptibility of degradation, etc.
are the important factors for selecting phospholipid. Regarding surfactants, the major aspects are type and desired
concentration. A successful development of transfersomes based drug delivery system depends on the
proper considerations of these factors and practical aspects.
Functional Evaluation of Anti-TNF-α Affibody Molecules in Biochemical Detection and Inhibition to Signalling Pathways of a Synovial Cell
Authors: Shibasaki Seiji , Karasaki Miki , Matsui Kiyoshi , Iwasaki Tsuyoshi 
Published: October 2020

Background:
An affibody molecule obtained from a bioengineered staphylococcal protein
was previously shown to act as an affinity binder for a wide range of targets and develop Tumour Necrosis
Factor α (TNF-α)-binding clones.

Methods:
: In this study, we demonstrated that affibody molecules against TNF-α could bind to recombinant
TNF-α on the membrane for biochemical detection. In addition, we examined whether the
affibody molecules could block binding between recombinant TNF-α and its receptor on MH7A synovial
cells.

Results:
When a TNF-α-binding affibody was added, the production level of inflammatory mediators
IL-6 and MMP-3 in MH7A were found to decrease up to 44%. Additionally, proliferation of synovial
cells was also inhibited by the addition of TNF-α to cultivation media.

Conclusion:
These results suggest that affibody molecules against TNF-α could be candidate molecules
for the detection of TNF-α during biochemical analysis and pharmacotherapy for rheumatoid
arthritis.
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Novel Mannich Base and Conazole Derivatives Containing Biologically Active Pharmacological Groups
Authors: Cebeci Yıldız Uygun , Ceylan Sule , Demirbas Neslihan , Karaoğlu Şengül Alpay 
Published: October 2020

Background:The aim of this study was to synthesize new mannich bases and conazol derivatives with biological activity by the microwave-assisted method.Introduction:1,2,4-Triazole-3-one (3) acquired from tryptamine was transformed to the corresponding carbox(thio)amides (6a-c) via several steps. Compounds 6a-c were refluxed with sodium hydroxide to yield 1,2,4-triazole derivatives (7a-c). Compounds 3 and 7a-c on treatment with different heterocyclic secondary amines in an ambiance with formaldehyde afforded the mannich bases 8-15 having diverse pharmacophore units with biologically active sites. The reaction of compound 3 and 2-bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone in the presence of sodium ethoxide gave the corresponding product 2-substituted-1,2,4-triazole-3-one, 16, which was reduced to 1,2,4-triazoles (17). Synthesis of compounds 18, 19, and 20 was carried out starting from compounds 17 with 4-chlorobenzyl chloride (for 18), 2,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 19), and 2,6-dichlorobenzyl chloride (for 20).Methods:he conventional technique was utilized for the synthesis of compounds, 3-7, and microwave- assisted technique for the compounds, 8-20. That is, green chemistry techniques were applied during these reactions. The structures of molecules were elucidated on the foundation of1H NMR,13C NMR, FT-IR, EI-MS methods, and elemental analysis. Novel synthesized molecules were investigated for their antimicrobial activity using MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) method.Results:Aminoalkylation of triazole derivatives 3 and 7a-c with fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin provided an enhancement to the bioactivity of mannich bases 8-11 against the tested microorganisms. The MIC values ranged between <0.24 and 3.9 μg/mL. Moreover, molecules 10 and 11 exhibited more effects on M. smegmatis than the other compounds by the MIC values of <1 μg/mL. They have shown very good antituberculosis activity.Conclusion:Most of the synthesized structures were observed to have excellent antimicrobial activity against most microorganisms taken into account. These molecules have better activity than the standard drug ampicillin and streptomycin.
Emerging Biomarkers and Contributing Factors of Prostate Cancer.
Authors: Dahiya Mini , Yadav Monu , Nagpal Kalpana , Sharma Nidhi , Joshi Kajal , Kadian Monika 
Published: October 2020

:
Prostate Cancer (PC) is one the most prominent cause of deaths in males worldwide especially in western
countries. The exhaustive research into prostate cancer to date has demonstrated ELAC2, RNASEL, MSR1, NBS1,
CHEK2, MYC, BCL-2, c-Kit, tumor suppressor genes, BRCA1, BRCA2, PACE4, GSTP1, PTEN,CDKN1B, NKX3.1,
KLF6, FOXA1, Retinoblastoma, p53, androgen receptor, kallikreins, ETS, CYP17, SRD5A2, E-cadherin, KAI1/CD82,
hepsin, AMACR, PIM1, MTA-1, EZH2, EPHB2, growth factors & its receptors, cannabinoid receptors, annexins,
oxidative stress and inflammation are entailed changes underlying the initiation, development, and progression of PC.
Furthermore, oncology would shift from a reactive to proactive discipline so exploring these targets open new area of
research. Therefore, the present review is focused on molecular pathophysiology biomarkers for the progression of PC
that would encourage the researchers and pharmaceutical industries to investigate potential therapeutic strategy to
overcome demerits of currently available clinically therapies.
Combination Therapy of Cisplatin and other Agents for Osteosarcoma: A Review
Authors: Kasiram Mohamad Z. , Hapidin Hermizi , Abdullah Hasmah , Ahmad Azlina , Sulong Sarina 
Published: October 2020

Background:Osteosarcoma is the most common type of primary bone tumor in children and adolescents, which is associated with rapid progression and poor prognosis. Multimodal therapy is the most common approach utilized for osteosarcoma management, such as the application of chemotherapy in combination with surgery or radiation therapy. Cisplatin is one of the predominantly used chemotherapeutic agents for osteosarcoma. Optimally, it is employed in combination with other chemotherapeutic drugs along with surgery or radiation therapy. Despite the availability of numerous treatment approaches, the patient survival rate has not definitively improved over the past three decades.Methods:We have summarized all findings regarding the combination of cisplatin with other chemotherapeutic agents as well as with phytochemical compounds.Results:A combination of cisplatin with a phytochemical compound synergistically enhances the killing effect of cisplatin on osteosarcoma cells with fewer side effects compared to combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.Conclusion:Conclusively, a combination of cisplatin with selected chemotherapeutic drugs has been shown to be effective. However, the unchanged survival rate has posed an urge to search for a new combination regimen. As a collaborative effort to substantiate the therapeutic efficacy, the combination with phytochemical compounds shows a promising response both in vitro as well as in the preclinical study.
Stability Indicating Method for Known and Unknown Impurities Profiling for Vildagliptin in Vildagliptin Tablet
Authors: Mahajan Nitin , Deshmukh Suparna , Farooqui Mazhar 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Vildagliptin is a drug for the treatment of diabetes. DPP-IV inhibitor represents
a new class of oral antihyperglycemic agents to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. Several
RP-HPLC methods have been reported to determine Vildagliptin alone. However, it has been noted
that there are no available stability-indicating methods in pharmacopeias (USP/BP/EP/JP) nor in
the available literature to quantify known and unknown impurity patterns for vildagliptin in
vildagliptin tablets.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to develop a new single, sensitive, robust and specific gradient
RP-HPLC method to quantify known and unknown impurities and degradants of Vildagliptin in
Vildagliptin tablets.

Methods:
Chromatographic separation has been accomplished on the Hypersil ODS column (250 x
4.6) mm, 5 μm with a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Perchloric acid Buffer, methanol,
acetonitrile and Triethylamine delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL minute-1 and the detection wavelength
210 nm. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines.

Results:
Vildagliptin was found degraded significantly under oxidative and alkaline stress conditions.
The degradation products were well resolved from Vildagliptin and its impurities. An analytical
method was found linear, accurate and precise from LOQ (Limit of Quantification) level to
150% of impurity specification limit (0.5%).

Conclusion:
The method found sensitive, rapid and accurate quantification of known, unknown impurities
and degradants. The peak purity results confirmed that the Vildagliptin peak was homogeneous
and pure in all stress samples, thus proving the stability-indicating nature of the method.
Pharmacologic Evidence of Green Tea in Targeting Tyrosine Kinases
Authors: Li Joyce T.S. , Hon Kam L. , Leung Alexander K.C. , Lee Vivian W.Y. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Green tea has been extensively studied for its potential health benefits against
diseases, such as cancers, cognitive degenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.

Methods:
The authors undertook a structured search of peer-reviewed research articles from three databases
including PubMed, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE. Recent and up-to-date studies relevant to
the topic were included.

Results:
Green tea extract exerts its functions by interacting with multiple signalling pathways in human
cells. Protein tyrosine kinase is one of the examples. Abnormal activation of tyrosine kinase is
observed in some tumour cells. Green tea extract inhibits phosphorylation, reduces expression, or attenuates
downstream signalling of epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin-like growth factor receptor,
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and non-receptor tyrosine kinase. Combination of
green tea extract with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may provide synergistic effects by overcoming acquired
resistance.

Conclusion:
Green tea extract can affect multiple receptor targets. In the current review, we discuss
the pharmacological mechanisms of green tea on tyrosine kinases and their implications on common
diseases.
Erythema Pernio-Like in Four Adolescents in the Era of the Coronavirus-2 Infection
Authors: Promenzio Luigi , Arcangeli Fabio , Cortis Elisabetta , Sama Elisa , Longhini Federico 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Although epidemic, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection rarely affects pediatric
population. However, in the last months an increasing number of Italian pediatricians has reported the occurrence of
erythema pernio-like in children following a flu-like syndrome, after the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Objective:
To report cutaneous manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 infection in 4 adolescents.

Methods:
Observational study reporting 4 adolescents with skin lesions, 2 weeks after the occurrence of a flu-like
syndrome.

Results:
Fourteen days after a flu-like syndrome, adolescents exhibited skin lesions to toes and
feet. These lesions were rounded, with blurred limits, with a 5-15 mm diameter, red-violaceous-
bluish colored, sometimes resulting in bullous lesions in correspondence of the central or apical
portion, which tended to be covered with blackish crusts after evolution. Lesions were also accompanied
by pain of variable intensity and evolved within two or three weeks to self-resolution
without particular sequelae. In two patients, pharyngeal and nasal swabs were negative for SARSCoV-
2 infection, at the presentation of skin lesions. After 2 months from clinical manifestations,
patients were tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

Conclusions:
In pediatric and adolescent population, the occurrence of an erythema pernio-like after a flu-like syndrome
could be associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The Anti-Diabetic Effect of Some Plant Extracts Against Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetes Type 2 in Male Albino Rats
Authors: Gomaa Heba F. , Abdelmalek Imen Ben , Abdel-Wahhab Khaled G. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
One of the widely spread disorders is Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2
(T2DM). T2DM is attributed to the change in life style and stress. A possible strategy to block dietary
carbohydrate absorption is regulation of postprandial blood glucose level as well, the use of
some natural plant extracts with inhibitory effect against carbohydrate digestive enzymes such as alpha-
amylase and fewer side effects than synthetic drugs. This study was conducted to investigate
the anti-diabetic effect of Cinnamon and Saussurea extract, individually, on blood glucose, lipid
profile, insulin, interleukin1-beta and weight loss in diabetic rats treated with Streptozotocin
(STZ).

Methods:
The experiment was performed on 60 Wistar male rats; the experimental study include 6
groups (10 rats each): (I) normal rats, (II) Streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats, (III) normal rats
orally received (200 mg/kg/day) Saussurea ethanolic extract (SEE) for consecutive 4 weeks, (IV)
normal rats orally received (100mg/kg/day) Cinnamon aqueous extract (CAE) for consecutive 4
weeks, (V) Streptozotocin –treated rats received SEE orally (200mg /kg/ day) for consecutive 4
weeks, and (VI) Streptozotocin –treated rats received CAE orally (100mg /kg/ day) for consecutive
4 weeks.

Results:
The results of the following study revealed that SEE has more anti-diabetic effect against
Streptozotocin treatment than CAE due to the high α-amylase inhibition potential and higher phenolic
content. Also, GC-MS analysis of SEE exhibited higher concentrations of phenolic compounds
such as: dehydrocostus lactone, azuleno, eicosa-pentaenoic acid and linoelaidic acid that revealed
anti-diabetic, anti-lipidemic and anti-inflammatory activities, while CAE showed the presence of
cinnamic and quinic acids. Injection of STZ resulted in a decline in the insulin, high density lipoprotein
and body weight values matched with the increase in glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol,
triglycerides and interleukin1- β (IL-1β). The administration of extracts of SEE and
CAE into STZ-treated rats separately resulted in a decline in the elevated levels of blood glucose,
total cholesterol, triglycerides and improving serum HDL-Cholesterol and body weight.

Conclusion:
Both tested herbal extracts performed anti-diabetic effect that mainly could be mechanized
via the α-amylase- inhibitory potentials due to the high phenolic and flavonoids content.