bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 in Iceland: population based cohort study
Authors: Eythorsson Elias , Helgason Dadi , Ingvarsson Ragnar Freyr , Bjornsson Helgi K , Olafsdottir Lovisa Bjork , Bjarnadottir Valgerdur , Runolfsdottir Hrafnhildur Linnet , Bjarnadottir Solveig , Agustsson Arnar Snaer , Oskarsdottir Kristin , Thorvaldsson Hrafn Hliddal , Kristjansdottir Gudrun , Armannsdottir Brynja , Bjarnason Agnar , Johannsson Birgir , Gudlaugsson Olafur , Gottfredsson Magnus , Sigurdsson Martin I , Indridason Olafur S , Palsson Runolfur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
To characterise the symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).

Design
Population based cohort study.

Setting
Iceland.

Participants
All individuals who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) between 17 March and 30 April 2020. Cases were identified by three testing strategies: targeted testing guided by clinical suspicion, open invitation population screening based on self referral, and random population screening. All identified cases were enrolled in a telehealth monitoring service, and symptoms were systematically monitored from diagnosis to recovery.

Main outcome measures
Occurrence of one or more of 19 predefined symptoms during follow-up.

Results
Among 1564 people positive for SARS-CoV-2, the most common presenting symptoms were myalgia (55%), headache (51%), and non-productive cough (49%). At the time of diagnosis, 83 (5.3%) individuals reported no symptoms, of whom 49 (59%) remained asymptomatic during follow-up. At diagnosis, 216 (14%) and 349 (22%) people did not meet the case definition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, respectively. Most (67%) of the SARS-CoV-2-positive patients had mild symptoms throughout the course of their disease.

Conclusion
In the setting of broad access to RT-PCR testing, most SARS-CoV-2-positive people were found to have mild symptoms. Fever and dyspnoea were less common than previously reported. A substantial proportion of SARS-CoV-2-positive people did not meet recommended case definitions at the time of diagnosis.
Making information and communications technologies (ICTs) work for health: protocol for a mixed-methods study exploring processes for institutionalising geo-referenced health information systems to strengthen maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH) service planning, referral and oversight in urban Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Rubana , Adams Alayne Mary , Hasan Shaikh Mehdi , Ahmed Rushdia , Bhattacharyya Dipika Shankar , Shafique Sohana 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionDisparities in health outcomes and access to maternal neonatal and child health (MNCH) are apparent among urban poor compared with national, rural or urban averages. A fundamental first step in addressing inequities in MNCH services is knowing what services exist in urban areas, where these are located, who provides them and who uses them. This study aims to institutionalise the Urban Health Atlas (UHA)—a novel information and communications technology (ICT) tool—to strengthen health service delivery and oversight and generate critical evidence to inform health policy and planning in urban Bangladesh.Methods and analysisThis mixed-method implementation research will be conducted in four purposively selected urban sites representing larger and smaller cities. Research activities will include an assessment of information needs and task review analysis of information users, stakeholder mapping and cost estimation. To document stakeholder perceptions and experiences, key informant interviews and in-depth interviews will be conducted along with desk reviews to understand MNCH planning and referral decisions. The UHA will be refined to increase responsiveness to user needs and capacities, and hands-on training will be provided to health managers. Cost estimation will be conducted to assess the financial implications of UHA uptake and scale-up. Systematic documentation of the implementation process will be undertaken. Policy decision-making and ICT health policy process flowcharts will be prepared using desk reviews and qualitative interviews. Thematic analysis of qualitative data will involve both emergent and a priori coding guided by WHO PATH toolkit and Policy Engagement Framework. Stakeholder analysis will apply standard techniques and measurement scales. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data and cost estimation analysis will also be performed.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of icddr,b (# PR-16057). Study findings will be disseminated through national and international workshops, conferences, policy briefs and peer-reviewed publications.
Resilience support to enhance positive health outcomes for police officers in five Anglosphere nations: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Steenbeek Audrey , Giacomantonio Chris , Brooks Arlene , Holmvall Camilla , Yu Ziwa , Rothfus Melissa 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionLaw enforcement involves exposure to threatening situations and traumatic events that place police officers at risk for negative physical and mental health outcomes. Resilience support, among other elements of training, may help mitigate these risks, yet little is known about which aspects of resilience support help officers achieve better health and quality of life outcomes.Methods and analysisThis review will consider all literature that examines the links between resilience support, physical/mental health and quality of life outcomes for police officers in five Anglosphere nations: Canada, the USA, Australia, New Zealand and the UK. This review will include all literature (including those that show null or negative links) involving any public policing agency that has a formal rank structure and includes a localized, uniformed emergency response function. Resilience support may include, but is not limited to: tools, policies, models, frameworks, programmes and organizational features that seek to promote positive, physical/mental health and quality of life outcomes at three levels of resilience: (1) readiness and preparedness, (2) response and adaptation, (3) recovery and adjustment. Peer reviewed and grey literature examining resilience support since 2000 that focuses on police officers are eligible for inclusion. Databases/sources to be searched will include: PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, CINAHL, Public Affair Index, Campbell Collaboration, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Business Source Complete, Scopus and Google. Retrieval of full-text, English-language studies (and other literature), data extraction, data synthesis and data mapping will be performed independently by two reviewers, following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval is not required for this scoping review, and the literature search will start in November 2020 or upon acceptance of this protocol. The findings of the scoping review will be available [April 2021] and will be published in a peer reviewed journal.
Exclusion of enrolled participants in randomised controlled trials: what to do with ineligible participants?
Authors: Rehman Andrea M , Ferrand Rashida , Allen Elizabeth , Simms Victoria , McHugh Grace , Weiss Helen Anne 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivePost-randomisation exclusions in randomised controlled trials are common and may include participants identified as not meeting trial eligibility criteria after randomisation. We report how a decision might be reached and reported on, to include or exclude these participants. We illustrate using a motivating scenario from the BREATHE trial (Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov,NCT02426112) evaluating azithromycin for the treatment of chronic lung disease in people aged 6–19 years with HIV in Zimbabwe and Malawi.Key pointsIncluding all enrolled and randomised participants in the primary analysis of a trial ensures an unbiased estimate of the intervention effect using intention-to-treat principles, and minimises the effects of confounding through balanced allocation to trial arm. Ineligible participants are sometimes enrolled, due to measurement or human error. Of 347 participants enrolled into the BREATHE trial, 11 (3.2%) were subsequently found to be ineligible based on lung function criteria. We assumed no safety risk of azithromycin treatment; their inclusion in the trial and subsequent analysis of the intervention effect therefore mirrors clinical practice. Senior trial investigators considered diurnal variations in the measurement of lung function, advantages of retaining a higher sample size and advice from the Data Safety and Monitoring Board and Trial Steering Committee, and decided to include these participants in primary analysis. We planned and reported analyses including and excluding these participants, and in our case the interpretation of treatment effect was consistent.ConclusionThe decision, by senior investigators, on whether to exclude enrolled participants, should reflect issues of safety, treatment efficacy, statistical power and measurement error. As long as decisions are made prior to finalising the statistical analysis plan for the trial, the risk of exclusions creating bias should be minimal. The decision taken should be transparently reported and a sensitivity analysis can present the opposite decision.
Vaccination assessments using the Demographic and Health Survey, 2005–2018: a scoping review
Authors: Shenton Luke M , Wagner Abram L , Ji Mengdi , Carlson Bradley F , Boulton Matthew L 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo characterise studies which have used Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) datasets to evaluate vaccination status.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesElectronic databases including PubMed, EBSCOhost and POPLINE, from 2005 to 2018.Study selectionAll English studies with vaccination status as the outcome and the use of DHS data.Data extractionStudies were selected using a predetermined list of eligibility criteria and data were extracted independently by two authors. Data related to the study population, the outcome of interest (vaccination) and commonly seen predictors were extracted.ResultsA total of 125 articles were identified for inclusion in the review. The number of countries covered by individual studies varied widely (1–86), with the most published papers using data from India, Nigeria, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Many different definitions of full vaccination were used although the majority used a traditional schedule recommended in the WHO’s Expanded Programme on Immunisation. We found studies analysed a wide variety of predictors, but the most common were maternal education, wealth, urbanicity and child’s sex. Most commonly reported predictors had consistent relationships with the vaccination outcome, outside of sibling composition.ConclusionsResearchers make frequent use of the DHS dataset to describe vaccination patterns within one or more countries. A clearer idea of past use of DHS can inform the development of more rigorous studies in the future. Researchers should carefully consider whether a variable needs to be included in the multivariable model, or if there are mediating relationships across predictor variables.
Here’s something I prepared earlier: a review of the time to publication of cross-sectional reviews of smartphone health apps
Authors: Larsen Mark , Nicholas Jennifer , Han Jin , Lemon Christopher , Okun Kelsi , Torok Michelle , Wong David , Wong Iana , Wong Quincy , Huckvale Kit 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesAcross a range of health conditions, apps are increasingly valued as tools for supporting the delivery and coordination of healthcare. Research-led cross-sectional reviews of apps are a potential resource to inform app selection in face of uncertainties around content quality, safety and privacy. However, these peer-reviewed publications only capture a snapshot of highly dynamic app stores and marketplaces. To determine the extent to which marketplace dynamics might impact the interpretation of app reviews, the current study sought to quantify the lag between the reported time of app assessment and publication of the results of these studies.DesignSearches were conducted on MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO to identify published cross-sectional reviews of health, fitness or wellness apps. Publication timeline metadata were extracted, allowing the primary outcome measure, the delay between app store search and manuscript publication, to be calculated. A secondary measure, the time between search and manuscript submission, was also calculated where possible.ResultsAfter screening, 136 relevant cross-sectional app review studies were analysed. The median time to publication was 431 days (approximately 14 months, range: 42–1054 days). The median time to submission was 269 days (approximately 9 months, range: 5–874 days). Studies which downloaded apps typically took longer to publish (p=0.010), however the number of apps reviewed did not impact the time to publication (p=0.964). Studies which recommended specific apps were not published more rapidly (p=0.998).ConclusionsMost health app reviews present data that are at least a year out-of-date at the time of publication. Given the high rate of turnover of health apps in public marketplaces, it may not be appropriate, therefore, for these reviews to be presented as a resource concerning specific products for commissioners, clinicians and the public. Alternative sources of information may be better calibrated to the dynamics of the app marketplace.
KLF5 Is Induced by FOXO1 and Causes Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kyriazis Ioannis D. , Hoffman Matthew , Gaignebet Lea , Lucchese Anna Maria , Markopoulou Eftychia , Palioura Dimitra , Wang Chao , Bannister Thomas D. , Christofidou-Solomidou Melpo , Oka Shin-ichi , Sadoshima Junichi , Koch Walter J. , Goldberg Ira J. , Yang Vincent W. , Bialkowska Agnieszka B. , Kararigas Georgios , Drosatos Konstantinos 
Published: December 2020

Rationale:
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DbCM) is a major complication in type-1 diabetes, accompanied by altered cardiac energetics, impaired mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress. Previous studies indicate that type-1 diabetes is associated with increased cardiac expression of KLF5 (Krüppel-like factor-5) and PPARα (peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor) that regulate cardiac lipid metabolism.

Objective:
In this study, we investigated the involvement of KLF5 in DbCM and its transcriptional regulation.

Methods and Results:

KLF5 mRNA levels were assessed in isolated cardiomyocytes from cardiovascular patients with diabetes and were higher compared with nondiabetic individuals. Analyses in human cells and diabetic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific FOXO1 (Forkhead box protein O1) deletion showed that FOXO1 bound directly on the
KLF5
promoter and increased KLF5 expression. Diabetic mice with cardiomyocyte-specific FOXO1 deletion had lower cardiac KLF5 expression and were protected from DbCM. Genetic, pharmacological gain and loss of KLF5 function approaches and AAV (adeno-associated virus)-mediated
Klf5
delivery in mice showed that KLF5 induces DbCM. Accordingly, the protective effect of cardiomyocyte FOXO1 ablation in DbCM was abolished when KLF5 expression was rescued. Similarly, constitutive cardiomyocyte-specific KLF5 overexpression caused cardiac dysfunction. KLF5 caused oxidative stress via direct binding on NADPH oxidase (
NOX
)4 promoter and induction of NOX4 (NADPH oxidase 4) expression. This was accompanied by accumulation of cardiac ceramides. Pharmacological or genetic KLF5 inhibition alleviated superoxide formation, prevented ceramide accumulation, and improved cardiac function in diabetic mice.

Conclusions:
Diabetes-mediated activation of cardiomyocyte FOXO1 increases KLF5 expression, which stimulates NOX4 expression, ceramide accumulation, and causes DbCM.
Inhibition of miR‐155 Attenuates Detrimental Vascular Effects of Tobacco Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Frati Giacomo , Forte Maurizio , di Nonno Flavio , Bordin Antonella , Chimenti Isotta , Picchio Vittorio , Cavarretta Elena , Stanzione Rosita , Bianchi Franca , Carnevale Roberto , Nocella Cristina , Schiavon Sonia , Vecchio Daniele , Marchitti Simona , De Falco Elena , Rubattu Speranza , Paneni Francesco , Biondi‐Zoccai Giuseppe , Versaci Francesco , Volpe Massimo , Pagano Francesca , Sciarretta Sebastiano 
Published: December 2020

Background
The role of microRNAs dysregulation in tobacco cigarette smoking–induced vascular damage still needs to be clarified. We assessed the acute effects of tobacco cigarette smoking on endothelial cell‐related circulating microRNAs in healthy subjects. In addition, we investigated the potential role of microRNAs in smoking‐dependent endothelial cell damage.

Methods and Results
A panel of endothelial‐related microRNAs was quantified in healthy subjects before and after smoking 1 tobacco cigarette. Serum levels of miR‐155 were found to be significantly increased shortly after smoking. We also observed a progressive and significant miR‐155 accumulation in culture media of human endothelial cells after 30 minutes and up to 4 hours of cigarette smoke condensate treatment in vitro without evidence of cell death, indicating that miR‐155 can be released by endothelial cells in response to smoking stress. Cigarette smoke condensate appeared to enhance oxidative stress and impair cell survival, angiogenesis, and NO metabolism in human endothelial cells. Notably, these effects were abrogated by miR‐155 inhibition. We also observed that miR‐155 inhibition rescued the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke condensate on endothelial‐mediated vascular relaxation and oxidative stress in isolated mouse mesenteric arteries. Finally, we found that exogenous miR‐155 overexpression mimics the effects of smoking stress by inducing the upregulation of inflammatory markers, impairing angiogenesis and reducing cell survival. These deleterious effects were associated with downregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial NO synthetase.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that miR‐155 dysregulation may contribute to the deleterious vascular effects of tobacco smoking.
Compared to What? Establishing Environmental Baselines for Tornado Warning Skill
Authors: Anderson-Frey Alexandra K. , Brooks Harold 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn any discussion of forecast evaluation, it is tempting to fall back on statements reflecting unverified assumptions: “this tornado warning had lower skill because the underlying meteorology reflected a complicated or atypical scenario,” or “that forecast performed worse than we would have expected given the straightforward setup.” These statements of what is and is not a reasonable expectation for warning skill are particularly relevant as the meteorological community’s focus has begun to emphasize non-classic storm environments (e.g., tornadoes spawned by quasi-linear convective systems). In this paper, we build a proof-of-concept methodology to quantify the effect of the near-storm environment on tornado warning skill, and we then test these methods on a 15-yr dataset composed of tens of thousands of tornado events and warnings over the contiguous United States. Our findings include that significant tornadoes rated (E)F2+ have a higher probability of detection (POD) than expected based on their near-storm environments, that nocturnal tornadoes have both worse POD and false alarm ratio (FAR) than even their marginal near-storm environments would suggest, and that tornadoes occurring during the summer months also show worse POD and FAR than their environment-based expectation. Quantifying these shifts in performance in an environmental skill score framework allows us to target the situations in which the greatest improvements may be possible, in terms of forecaster training and/or conceptual models. This work also highlights the essential question that should always be asked in the context of forecast verification: what, exactly, is the baseline standard to which we are comparing forecast performance?
Greater Arterial Stiffness in Children with or without Second-generation Antipsychotic Treatment for Mental Health Disorders: Rigidité Artérielle Plus Importante Chez Les Enfants Avec ou Sans Traitement Par Antipsychotiques de la Deuxième Génération Pour des Troubles de Santé Mentale
Authors: Henderson Amanda M. , Islam Nazrul , Sandor George G. S. , Panagiotopoulos Constadina , Devlin Angela M. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are used for a variety of mental disorders and are associated with cardiometabolic side effects in children. The objective of this study was to assess the cardiovascular health of children with mental disorders that are SGA-treated or SGA-naive. Methods: SGA-treated ( n = 47) or SGA-naive ( n = 37) children (aged 6 to 18 years) with mental disorders and control children ( n = 83, no mental disorder) underwent assessment for cardiac function and morphology by echocardiography, aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). Body mass index (BMI) z-scores, waist circumference z-scores, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) percentiles for height and sex, and fasting plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were also assessed. Differences between SGA-treated, SGA-naive, and control children were assessed by linear and log-linear regression models. Results: SGA-treated children had greater BMI z-scores and overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile for age and sex) and hypertension than SGA-naive and control children. The PWV geometric mean was 11.1% higher in SGA-treated (95%CI, 3.95 to 18.77) and 12.9% higher in SGA-naive children (95% CI, 5.60 to 20.59) compared to controls in models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and systolic BP percentile. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension/body surface area (BSA), LV end-systolic dimension/BSA, and LV ejection fraction were lower in SGA-treated and SGA-naive children compared to controls in models adjusted for sex and age. Conclusions: Children with mental disorders have greater arterial stiffness and altered cardiac structure/function than children with no mental health diagnosis. SGA treatment in children is not associated with alterations in cardiovascular structure/function.