bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing radiation exposure of fingers of PET/CT technologists during 18F-FDG procedures using active extremity dosimeters: a single-center study
Authors: Ramanathan Vijitha , Gamage SP , Karunathilaka UIU , Wickramasinghe WMIS , Tudugala Ranga 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Extremity radiation exposure in nuclear medicine is a growing concern because it may surpass the maximum permissible dose of 500 mSv. This study aimed to assess the occupational finger dose received by technologists during the preparation and administration of 18F-FDG radiopharmaceuticals in positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) whole-body scan procedures. Fifty scans were selected, with one procedure excluded due to a high administered activity. The mean administered activity per scan was 207.2 ± 41.8 MBq, with preparation and administration times averaging 1.44 ± 1.30 min and 0.46 ± 0.31 min, respectively. The technologist’s mean total finger dose received during preparation and administration was 253.5 ± 153.3 µSv per procedure. A significant positive correlation was found between the administered activity and occupational dose, with patient’s body mass index, preparation time, and administration time also contributing to dose variation. Based on 703 PET-CT procedures conducted in 2022, the estimated occupational finger dose for a technologist was 178.2 mSv annually. This value is well below the International Commission on Radiological Protection’s maximum permissible dose of 500 mSv. The findings of this study have a significant impact on extremity dosimetry in nuclear medicine in Sri Lanka, as this is the first study of its kind.
A hybrid transformer masked time-domain denoising network for vibration signals
Authors: Huang Xin , Qian Weiwei , Zhang Peng , Ding Zhongtian , Li Shunming 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Health-condition-sensitive vibration information is prone to be swamped by widespread noise. Denoising is always indispensable, but existing methods still lack adaptability. Therefore, a novel intelligent denoising framework called a hybrid transformer masked time-domain denoising network (HTMTDN) is proposed. First, a dense dilation convolution block and a hybrid transformer are constructed to deal with fault impulse scale variations and unexpected noise frequency bands respectively, which greatly improves the adaptive denoising capability and relieves tough denoising parameter tuning. Further, interpretable time- and frequency-domain joint constraints are constructed to enhance the network’s optimization ability under strong noise. Finally, a novel strategy called overlapping reconstruction is introduced to recover 1D signals from 2D signal segments. Extensive experiments based on two bearing fault datasets with variable loads and rotation speeds confirm the remarkable performance of the HTMTDN under low signalnoise ratios, and present good adaptability in 15 health conditions without separate hyperparameter tuning, which shows promise for real-world applications.
Correlation between the blob properties and global plasma parameters in L-mode on EAST
Authors: Wang P , Hu G H , Chen L , Wang Y F , Shan L L , Jiang X S , Wang L , Xu G S , Yang Q Q , Meng L Y , Lin X , Wang Y B , Wu D G , Yan N , Peng J 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The correlations between blob properties and plasma density n
e, plasma current I
p, edge safety factor Q
95, toroidal magnetic field B
t, plasma stored energy W
MHD, heating power P
heating, upper triangularity

δ

U

, and the outer midplane gap in the L-mode plasmas on EAST are studied. It was found that the blob size and lifetime exhibit a strong positive correlation with plasma density, toroidal magnetic field, and edge safety factor, and a strong negative correlation with plasma current, heating power, and stored energy. Conversely, the blob detection rate shows essentially the opposite correlations with these parameters. Given that the normalized collisionality parameter Λ is proportional to n
e, B
t, Q
95 and inversely proportional to I
p and T
e, it suggests that the normalized collisionality parameter Λ may play a crucial role in influencing blob size, lifetime, and detection rate. However, the radial velocity of blobs was found to be only negatively correlated with the heating power and independent of other parameters, indicating that it is not only affected by the collisionality Λ. The dependence of blob velocity on the heating power may be related to the effect of the heating power on the E× B flow of the background plasma. In addition, the plasma configuration in the range of this study has no noticeable impact on the blob properties measured in this study.
Enhancement of all-inorganic perovskite solar cell performance through the addition of CuI as a hole transport layer additive
Authors: Wang Xiao , Jia Zelin , Zhang Cui , Liu Bei , Zhou Jinghua , Zhang Qing , Zhang Yu , Wang Donghui , Xue Tao , Guo Kunping , Huang Jin , Zhang Fanghui 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The transport layer is one of the main factors affecting the stability and efficiency of all-inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is still difficult to produce an HTL with the required properties using the present production methods. Based on the solubility, a new porous transport layer of CuI doped on the surface of inorganic perovskite is proposed. CuI inclusion promotes an energy level alignment that reduces ionic loss, inhibits charge carrier recombination, and improves hole extraction efficiency. CuI addition corrects surface imperfections of the perovskite and avoids defects caused by Spiro-OMeTAD pinholes, leading to excellent hole extraction performance and fast hole mobility rates. Due to this adjustment, power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved by 26%, resulting in an optimized PCE of 12.39%. The filling factor and the short circuit current density (J
sc) were increased to 17.93 mA cm−2 and 0.71, respectively. In addition, the stability of CuI is improved due to the barrier effect of inorganic Cul on air and water entering the perovskite layer. The results show that CuI doped hole transport layer film is a promising method to realize high performance and air-stable PSC.
Optimization of specific on-resistance of a two-zone variational vertical doping superjunction with insulating layers
Authors: Huang Haimeng , Li Wenjun , Xiong Juncheng , Jin Zhenghao , Zhang Zonghao , Cheng Junji , Yi Bo , Yang Hongqiang , Wang Zhiming 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A novel two-zone variational vertical doping superjunction structure with insulating layers (I-VVDSJ) is proposed. The path length of the impact ionization integral can be shortened by the insertion of a lateral insulator layer. This allows for a higher average doping concentration and a superior specific ON-resistance (R

on,sp

). Two-dimensional electric field (E-field) distributions are unified for the entire structure by utilizing the sign function for optimization of R

on,sp

with MATLAB and MEDICI. Compared with a conventional superjunction structure for breakdown voltage (BV) larger than 700 V, the optimized R

on,sp

(R

on,sp(opt)

) can be reduced by over 27%. Formulae for the design parameters are proposed as a function of BV and aspect ratio (AR). Furthermore,

R

on
,
sp
(
opt
)

=

δ

(
2.278
×

10

−
5

)

AR

−
1.295

BV

2.33

mΩ cm2 is proposed to guide the design for the I-VVDSJ structure with the factor

δ

representing the junction field effect transistor effect.
Correlation of srf performance to oxygen diffusion length of medium temperature heat treated cavities*
Authors: Bate C , Kasprzak K , Reschke D , Steder L , Trelle L , Weise H , Wiencek M , Wolff J 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This comprehensive study, being part of the European XFEL R&D effort, elucidates the influence of medium temperature (mid-T) heat treatments between 250 ∘C and 350 ∘C on the performance of 1.3 GHz superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) niobium cavities. Utilizing a refurbished niobium retort furnace equipped with an inter-vacuum chamber and cryopumps at DESY, we have embarked on an investigation to enhance the state-of-the-art SRF cavity technology. Our research reveals that mid-T heat treatments significantly boost the quality factor (Q
0) of the cavities, achieving values between

2
⋅

10

10

and

5
⋅

10

10

at field strengths around 16 MV m−1, while the maximum field strengths are limited to 25–35 MV m−1 and enhanced sensitivity to trapped magnetic flux is observed. Moreover, we delve into the effects of surface impurity concentration changes, particularly the diffusion of oxygen content, and its impact on performance enhancements. By categorizing treatments based on calculated diffusion lengths using the whole temperature profile, we recognize patterns that suggest an optimal diffusion length conducive to optimizing cavity performance. SIMS results from samples confirm the calculated oxygen diffusion lengths in most instances. Deviations are primarily attributed to grain boundaries in fine–grain materials, necessitating repeated measurements on single-crystal materials to further investigate this phenomenon. Investigations into cooling rates and the resulting spatial temperature gradients across the cavities ranging from 0.04 to 0.2

K

mm

−
1

reveal no significant correlation with performance following a mid-T heat treatment. However, the increased sensitivity to trapped magnetic flux leads to new challenges in the quest for next-generation accelerator technologies since the requirement for magnetic hygiene gets stricter.
Local reorganisation of the intermediate mixed state in niobium below the critical depinning current
Authors: Brems X S , Mühlbauer S , Cubitt R 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The intermediate mixed state under the influence of a transport current was studied using small angle neutron scattering. The internal magnetic domain structure consisting of mixed state domains and flux free Meissner state domains was observed to rearrange at intermediate currents well before the critical depinning current marked by a finite voltage. The local rearrangement can be traced by the changes in the vortex lattice Bragg peak scattering and the current-induced anisotropy of the low-q scattering connected to the internal magnetic domain structure. It is argued, that the local reorganisation prior to the critical depinning current is inherently linked to the interplay of the pinning landscape with the vortex lattice domain structure governed by the physics of the intermediate mixed state.
Quantum backreaction effect in optical solitons
Authors: Baak Sang-Shin , König Friedrich 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Optical solitons classically are stationary solutions of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. We perform a quantum field theoretic treatment by quantising a linearised fluctuation field around the classical soliton solution which can be seen as providing a background spacetime for the field. The linearised fluctuation modifies the soliton background, which is often neglected, reminiscent of the nondepleted-pump approximation. Going beyond this approximation and by using a number-conserving Bogoliubov approach, we find unstable modes that grow as the soliton propagates. Eventually, these unstable modes induce a considerable (backreaction) effect in the soliton. We calculate the backreaction in the classical field fully analytically in the leading second order. The result is a quadratic local decrease of the soliton photon number in propagation due to the backreaction effect of the unstable mode. Provided the initial pulse is close to the classical soliton solution, the unstable mode contributions always become dominant. We also consider practical scenarios for observing this quantum-induced soliton distortion, in the spectral domain. The backreaction, which we expect to be present in bright and dark, discrete and continuous solitons and other nonlinear pulses plays an important role in future optical analogue gravity experiments, for soliton lasers, and optical communications.
Thermomechanical response of biological tissues to sudden temperature rise induced by laser beam: insights from three-phase lag theory
Authors: Salem Mohamed G , Abouelregal Ahmed E , Alsharari Fahad , Sedighi Hamid M 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The laser irradiation of living tissues poses a risk of thermal damage, making it a critical factor in medical procedures such as laser surgery and thermal therapies. Effectively predicting and managing this damage, particularly in hyperthermia therapy, is essential for maximizing treatment efficacy while protecting surrounding healthy tissues. In this context, theoretical and computational models of biological heat transfer, especially the enhanced Pennes bioheat transport equation, have attracted significant research interest. This study contributes to the field by providing a novel analytical solution to the refined Pennes bioheat model, incorporating the three-phase lag (TPL) concept. The research examines heat transfer in a one-dimensional region, where the outer surface is exposed to laser heating while the inner surface remains thermally insulated. It explores the mechanical effects of thermal shock induced by laser treatment, focusing on heat generation patterns across different laser intensities in diseased human skin tissues. To validate the model, numerical inverse and Laplace transform techniques were applied, producing results consistent with existing literature. The findings not only advance the theoretical understanding of bioheat transfer but also enhance the safety and effectiveness of laser-based medical therapies.
Nonlinear vibration characteristics of size-dependent moving microbeams considering axial forces
Authors: Wang Jing , shen xiaodong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the nonlinear vibration behavior of viscoelastic microbeams under axial velocity, incorporating both nonlocal strain gradient theory and the microelement method to establish governing equations. Wickert’s quasi-static assumption is utilized for comparison with the effects of classical nonlocal axial forces. Numerical simulations of the natural frequency, mode function, and stability reveal that the linear vibration of the microbeam is scale-dependent. Under the conditions of nonlocal parameter dominance selected herein, the critical velocities of divergence and flutter decrease by 23.1% and 46.0%, respectively, while the dominance of the material&#xD;characteristic length parameter increases them by 43.1% and 141.10%, respectively, and the velocity interval of the flutter instability is also affected by the scale parameter. Additionally, the nonlinear frequency is analyzed using the direct multiscale method, showing that the nonlinear effect varies with scale and is dependent on the nonlinear characteristics of the model. Specifically, the model based on classical nonlocal axial force is more sensitive to changes in the material characteristic length parameter, while the model incorporating Wickert’s quasi-static hypothesis is more sensitive to the nonlocal parameter.
Synergistic impact of Mg and Ge co-doping on stacking fault energy and underlying mechanisms in Al
Authors: Yu Libin , Li Yawen , Pang Xueyong , Qin Gaowu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study utilizes first-principles calculations to explore the impact of element additions of Mg and Ge on the stacking fault energy (SFE) of aluminum alloys, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the electronic structure modifications underlying these effects. The findings indicate that both Mg and Ge additions, either alone or in combination, substantially diminish the SFE of the Al alloys, with Ge additions exhibiting a more marked influence. The introduction of Mg and Ge elements alters the electronic structure of the Al-based alloy, largely due to adjustments in the interplanar spacing. Specifically, Ge additions lead to a more uniform electron cloud distribution, while Mg additions cause a redistribution of charge density. Building upon the computed SFE results, this study further analyzes their implications on plastic deformation. The mechanisms behind the SFE reduction differ: Al alloys with Mg additions achieve this through increased interlayer spacing and weakened bonding strength, whereas those with Ge additions exhibit a combination of larger interlayer spacing and a homogeneous region of low Electron Localization Function. By linking electronic structure analysis with the SFE and its effects on plastic deformation, this study offers profound insights into the underlying reasons for the observed changes in SFE. Ultimately, it provides a theoretical foundation for designing novel Al alloys with tailored mechanical properties through precise control of element additions of Mg and Ge.
Simulation of β-induced Alfvén eigenmode instabilities and mode transition for HL-3 hybrid scenario
Authors: Zou Yunpeng , Chan Vincent S , Todo Yasushi , Ma Ruirui , Xue Miao , Zhang Xiaoran , Zhu Yiren , Chen Wei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A kinetic-magnetohydrodynamic hybrid simulation is performed to investigate the Alfvén eigenmode (AE) and fishbone (FB)/FB-like (FBL) instabilities excited by neutral beam injection (NBI)-deposited energetic particles (EPs) in an HL-3 hybrid scenario. The hybrid scenario is characterized by a flat q-profile in the core due to off-axis electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD). A nonlinear simulation with multiple toroidal mode numbers indicates that the n = 2 β-induced AE (BAE) is excited initially in the linear stage and the n = 1 FB mode has the highest nonlinear saturation level. The EP distribution is modified only slightly in both real and velocity space from its initial state because of a narrow mode structure near the axis. Focusing on the n = 2 mode, sensitivity analysis indicates that mode activity and transition depend on the EP pressure, injected energy, and q-profile. The dominant unstable mode deviates from FBL mode to BAE by raising the EP pressure, and from BAE to toroidicity-induced AE by raising the. NBI injected energy. The mechanism is interpreted through a resonant condition and a corresponding transition threshold is observed. In addition, extending the flat shear region could increase the BAE width, resulting in stronger EP transport. Furthermore, a nonlinear simulation only considering n = 1 and n = 2 modes demonstrates that the low-energy EPs, as intermediates, gain energy from n = 2 mode, which subsequently transfers energy to the n = 1 mode through resonant interaction.
Characterizing impurity sourcing and transport in the high temperature boundary of DIII-D wide pedestal QH-mode plasmas
Authors: Ma X. , Abrams T. , Ernst D.R. , Wang H.Q. , Bortolon A. , Chen X. , Odstrcil T. , Osborne T. , Scotti F. , Thomas D.M. , Truong D. , Watkins J. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Wide Pedestal QH-mode (WPQH) plasmas in the DIII-D tokamak show a sheath limited SOL, where electron density and temperature remain nearly constant along field lines from the midplane to the divertor. Consequently, parallel gradients are weak. The first Langmuir probe measurements in this regime point to a high sheath temperature with target electron temperature

T

e

up to ∼150 eV, leading to high carbon self-sputtering. Midplane carbon densities from SOLPS-ITER modeling of these plasmas in a double-null configuration fall far below experimental measurements unless full drifts are activated. In the drift-dependent SOLPS-ITER modeling, anomalous poloidally uniform, radially varying transport is adjusted to match measured radial electron temperature and density profiles in the pedestal and SOL region. The resulting carbon density (C6+) matches measured carbon densities just inside the separatrix. The C2+ density near the outer strike point is also consistent with spectroscopic imaging. With the ion B

×

∇B drift towards the X-point, carbon in the lower divertors is redistributed from the private flux region to the high field side (HFS) and pushed upstream in the SOL by poloidal E

×

B drifts. The

B
×
∇
B

drift dominates the radial flow of carbon as it moves upstream. Simulations with reversed toroidal field (ion

B
×
∇
B

drift away from the X-point) show a radically different behavior, where carbon accumulates on the low field side in lower divertors, and is pushed towards the HFS in the upper divertors, indicating a strong effect of particle drifts on impurity distribution. In double-null configurations which are usually used in WPQH plasmas, these drift effects tend to counterbalance, so that the carbon density and Z
eff are reduced at the outer mid-plane only modestly, by around 7% in the modeling. Further predictivemodeling indicates that the carbon density can be significantly reduced by an order of magnitude by implementing a single-null shape with reversed toroidal field.
A low voltage ride-through approach for virtual synchronous machines under asymmetric fault conditions
Authors: Mu Longfei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
With the advancement of renewable energy generation technologies, virtual synchronous machine (VSG) technology has garnered significant attention for enhancing power system stability. However, under asymmetric grid faults, the operational stability of VSMs under low voltage conditions remains a challenge. To address this, this paper presents a low-voltage ride-through strategy that utilizes dual-loop control for managing both positive and negative sequence components, aiming to improve the dynamic response of VSG during asymmetric faults. By thoroughly analyzing the VSM topology and mathematical model, an improved control scheme is developed. The effectiveness and practicality of the proposed strategy are ultimately validated through simulations under complex fault conditions.
Discrimination of bosonic dephasing quantum channels
Authors: Khabbazi Oskouei Samad , Memarzadeh Laleh , Mancini Stefano , Rexiti Milajiguli 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We study the possibility of discriminating between two bosonic dephasing quantum channels. We show that unambiguous discrimination is not realizable. We then consider discrimination with nonzero error probability and minimize this latter in the absence of input constraints. In the presence of an input energy constraint, we derive an upper bound on the error probability. Finally, we extend these results from single-shot to multi-shot discrimination, envisaging the asymptotic behavior.
Land processing machines for farming preparation
Authors: Saparin  , Inonu I , Rodiawan  , Filgantara Y 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The texture of agricultural land is one of the determining factors for success in agricultural cultivation. Plants will grow well in loose soil. Traditional tools such as shovels and hoes are still used to loosen the soil, requiring human labor, and the process is very tiring. Besides, the processing time is also long. Many soil processing machines are available on the market, but farmers’ limited funds make them unable to buy these machines. This study designed a machine according to farmers’ demands: simple, easy to operate, and affordable. The machine was designed like a soil processing machine in general, but the study focused on the claw-type plowshare. The number of plowshares is 36 pcs with a plowshare height of 20 cm, a width of 7 cm, and a thickness of 5 mm. The machine trial was carried out on land that had been processed. The machine uses a gasoline motor with a power of 7 HP and a maximum rotation of 3600 rpm. The results showed that the plow depth ranged from 50 mm to 90 mm in one process. The adequate machine capacity is 0.86 square meters per second.