bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delta Democracy
Authors: Herrold Catherine E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFor decades, the United States has funded democracy promotion programs in the Middle East to little avail. Delta Democracy: Pathways to Incremental Civic Revolution in Egypt and Beyond argues that there is another way forward for US democracy aid. Drawing upon the author’s ethnographic research on Egypt’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the wake of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, Delta Democracy uncovers the strategies that local NGOs used to incrementally build a more democratic and just society. As it takes the reader inside the walls of Egypt’s NGOs, the book illuminates local activists’ perspectives on democracy in Egypt and reveals how savvy organizations promoted it as they navigated rapidly evolving opportunities and constraints in the years following the uprisings. Departing from US democracy brokers’ heavy-handed attempts to reform national political institutions, local organizations worked with grassroots communities to build a culture of democracy through public discussion and debate, free expression, and rights claiming. By weaving this democracy building work into public-facing economic development projects, Egypt’s NGOs managed to persevere through years of government crackdowns on civil society. Taking lessons learned from the Egyptian case, Delta Democracy advances our scholarly understanding of how civil society organizations maneuver state repression to combat political authoritarianism. It also offers a concrete set of recommendations on how US policymakers can restructure foreign aid to better connect with global contemporary civic revolutions for democracy.
A Tale of Two Laws
Authors: Plantan Elizabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares recent restrictions on foreign funding or the operation of foreign NGOs in Russia and China, including the 2012 law on “foreign agents” and the 2015 law on “undesirable” organizations in Russia and the 2017 law on the management of overseas NGOs in China. Using open sources and interview data, this chapter compares the development of these laws and their impact on domestic and international civil society groups in both countries. The chapter finds similarities in their timing and motivations for national security, their intentions to shape civil society, and their use of uncertainty as a strategic tool. They differ, however, in how quickly they were created, their choice of public versus private record, and their approach to implementation and punishment. Ultimately, the findings highlight how Russia and China use these laws to repress some groups while allowing others, striking a balance between liberalization and repression.
Holding the Government’s Attention
Authors: Elfstrom Manfred 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Labor plays an important but underappreciated role in contemporary Chinese and Russian politics. This chapter traces how industrial contention in the two countries has converged and diverged since 1989. It then argues that workers possess powerful leverage over Beijing today. The chapter further posits that employees of state-owned enterprises present a special challenge for Chinese authorities: they are concentrated in particular industries and geographic areas, they include savvy organizers, their employment by the government makes their actions inherently politically loaded, and they have a special claim on the government’s sympathies. These dynamics are illustrated with a brief statistical analysis of state reactions to worker strikes, protests, and riots—coercive and conciliatory—as well as examples of clashes drawn from the news. The chapter concludes by discussing how officials’ fears of state sector activism might shape decision-making in China and other post-state-socialist autocracies across a variety of policy areas.
Virgil
Authors: Hejduk Julia Dyson 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What emerges most stunningly in Virgil is his ability to help us see the world and human history through many different eyes. The poet never allows us either to rest confident in the morality of empire or to ignore its manifold benefits, not least of which is the poetic art itself. Characterizing “Jupiter in Virgil” is as difficult as characterizing Virgil himself. The portrayal of the god in the Eclogues is fairly conventional, with only the whisper of an association with Octavian; if anything, it is Asinius Pollio who is the “Jupiter figure.” The Georgics presents everything from the menacing architect of the Iron Age to a baby fed by bees. In the Aeneid, Jupiter’s concerns are reduced to fama and imperium, with his complexity deriving mainly from that of those concepts. While we should be cautious about attributing these shifts in focus and tone to changes in Roman society—the three poems, after all, have different genres and purposes—the god’s Virgilian trajectory at least demonstrates some of the ways Augustan poets could use Jupiter as a focus for complex reflections on the centralization and consequences of power.
Making Sense of Affirmative Action
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What makes affirmative action morally (un)justified? That is this book’s core question. Its main contribution consists in a meticulous scrutiny of the strength of the six main arguments for—i.e., the compensation, the anti-discrimination, the equality of opportunity, the role model, the diversity, and the integration-based justifications—and the five main objections to affirmative action—i.e., the reverse discrimination, the stigma, the mismatch, the publicity, and the merit-based objections—and of how these arguments relate to one another. The book argues that all of the five main objections to affirmative action are either flawed or quite limited in terms of their implications. With regard to the arguments in favor of affirmative action, the book shows why the anti-discrimination and equality of opportunity-based arguments provide strong justifications for many affirmative action schemes. In light thereof and the fact that the five most influential arguments against affirmative action are all flawed or otherwise weak, the overall claim defended in the book is that many of the schemes that people have in mind when they discuss affirmative action (many of which are presently on the retreat) are justified. However, the book also emphasizes that any definitive answer to the question Is affirmative action morally (un)justified? must rest on a wide range of empirical results in the social sciences etc., e.g., about the likely effects of various affirmative action schemes; and that the question, when posed in such general form (unlike when it is asked about specific schemes of affirmative action), admits of no direct positive or negative answer.
Decoding search and partnerships across news, journalism, and social media
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Semantic news tags processed via cloud servers are in amongst big data and machine learning systems. The latter may have influenced Murdoch’s acquisition of a ‘social media news agency’, and other partnerships, as a mix of new roles across journalism, analytics, and search emerged. Some editing roles in journalism focus on SEO, but Murdoch’s Storyful, which started as a verification business created jobs for cloud operations engineers, viral video editors, and trends editors. Data-mining techniques were a lure for news and social media partnerships circa 2013–2016. In the name of verification, access to big data was matched by social media gaining credibility, evident in Facebook Newswire and other journalism projects. Deep learning methods in search, referrals, and automated tagging have also produced mutual benefits, mostly via third party agreements. However, data sharing for political ends by targeting particular users, and verification projects, have not stopped fake news.
Drone journalism and aviation laws, systems, training, and tech trends
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The professional use of civilian drones involves training in air safety and law set by aviation authorities, like CASA, which modified its laws, licences, and procedures in 2016. By 2019 media producers in countries like the UK, Australia, and the US, had used drones for almost a decade. Amidst the rules and deterrents, there are mixed benefits in using drones for news media. Prior to 2015 drone training in Australia began with PPL (Private Pilot’s Licence) theory, followed by an alternative pathway of a RePL (Remote Pilot’s Licence). The firsthand experiences of PPL training and subsequent training covers many aviation topics, from flight controllers to OzRunway apps. Beyond training, recent tech trends include networks for drones and swarm systems already used in the US and Korea. However, tracking and registration systems are only just emerging in Australia and drones, regarded as disruptive technologies in the UK, are complicated by Brexit.
Game spaces and the transformation of language for new journalism systems
Authors: Dowd Cate 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Semantic CAT Method, informed by participatory design, game design, and language attributes, is used for the elicitation and articulation of domain vocabulary and concepts in journalism and public relations, for the design of new semantic learning systems for journalism. Data in any new systems for journalism will require explicit labels extending to behaviour attributes. For these ends, drawings, creative lists, and game messages were created by journalists using Trigger documents integral to the CAT Method. Explicit domain concepts from doorstop interviews to online noise emerged from participatory drawing as well as game messages for meaningful language statements. The VerbIT technique, conceived by the author, was applied to statements from journalism and public relations, to turn language into imperatives for action, amongst other applied language features for online systems. UML diagrams, including Activity diagrams for logic pathways in professional tasks are also integral to the Semantic CAT Method.
Transnational Networks
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes four circuits of musical practice in the 1920s and 1930s, in order to locate the emergence of Latin America as a musical space. It analyzes: (1) the entertainment scene’s repertoire of Manila, Philippines, in the early 1920s; (2) the Latin American repertoire in the career of Russian Jewish singer Isa Kremer, who ended up in Argentina in the 1930s; (3) the copyright strategy of Sociedad Argentina de Autores, Intérpretes y Compositores de Música (SADAIC), the Argentine society for composers of tango and other popular styles, in the late 1920s; and (4) the Mexican broadcasting system XEW, the very first commercial attempt to build a Latin American musical platform. In every case, local, national, and transational dimensions of musical practice are approached in terms of music genres, market structures, and musical ideologies.
State Musical Populisms
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows the emergence of a regional sense of Latin America as part of the musical pedagogy of the nationalist states at the peak of the state-building efforts to organize, through a variety of instruments of cultural activism, what at the time were called “the masses.” It analyzes particularly the cases of Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina—the three largest countries of the time in population and economic development—from the 1910s through the 1950s. It proposes a comparative history of Latin American musical populisms, focusing in particular on policies of music education, broadcasting, censorship, and experiences of state-sponsored collective singing.
Music and Regionalism Since the 1950s
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the consolidation of Latin American music as a category and of Latin America as a musical space since the 1950s, as part of a larger web of commercial, political, diplomatic, and musicological practices and discourses that consolidated the region as such. It shows how the discourses and markets discussed in previous chapters ended up shaping the current musical understanding of the region. It describes the decades of inter-American and radical musical Latin Americanism in the region from the 1950s to the 1970s, the expansion of the “Latin music” market in the United States and Latin America since the turn of the twenty-first century, and the naturalized meanings of Latin American music in contemporary culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Palomino Pablo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The epilogue describes the recent history of political and diplomatic regional projects in Latin America and the Caribbean, which was the context in which the research behind this book took place. It reflects, on the one hand, on the links between contemporary regional formation and the consolidation of Latin American music as a cultural category, and on the links between this category and other geocultural categories in world history, on the other. Finally, it argues in favor of considering Latin America as a project, instead of a given framework, a natural reality, or a historical necessity, and situates the study of Latin American music within a broader reflection on the future possibilities for regionalist projects.
Mechanisms of Criminal Persistence
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the case studies that compose the qualitative part of the mixed-methods data collection, and examines cases of individuals who persisted in criminal activity after their release from incarceration. Commonly, individuals who returned home to neighborhoods in close proximity to where they resided prior to incarceration tended to quickly fall back into old patterns of behavior, and ended up back in prison in short order. For instance, a contributor to relapse into active drug use is the fact that many released prisoners return home to the same environment, with the same criminal peers and opportunities for drug use, that proved so detrimental to their behavior in the past. This chapter shows that several of the most potent mechanisms of criminal persistence discussed in the literature appear to be particularly damaging in familiar social environments where someone resided in the past.
For Whom Does Moving Matter?
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
With evidence from Chapter 4 that residential relocation is associated with a lower likelihood of reincarceration, Chapter 5 examines whether the magnitude of the association is dependent upon an individual’s incarceration history, age, substance abuse problems, gender, or race. With very few exceptions, evidence reveals that most formerly incarcerated individuals reap some benefit from living in a new physical and social environment. However, some groups benefit far more than others from a fresh start in a new location. The effect of residential change on reincarceration is substantially larger for first-releases from imprisonment relative to repeat offenders. Similarly, formerly incarcerated women benefit more than men, as do Whites relative to Blacks. The only subgroup analysis that did not reveal much difference in the magnitude of the effect of residential relocation was related to substance abuse. Individuals with and without a history of substance abuse each benefitted similarly from a residential change.
The Maintenance of Desistance
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters presenting qualitative evidence for understanding why moving away from old neighborhoods can lead to desistance from crime. Chapter 6 examines the case of a former gang leader named Kenneth who was convicted of manslaughter. Whereas guilt and remorse may have been the initial reasons for Kenneth’s desistance from crime, his post-prison experiences touch upon several potential mechanisms explaining why a change of residence helps maintain his desistance. These mechanisms included marriage and parenthood, employment, separation from criminal peers, reduced opportunity for crime, and a new set of daily routines. More generally, his residential move severed some of his short-term situational inducements to crime and thereby provided a foundation for him to pursue long-term commitments to conformity. Additionally, this chapter explores the utility of residential change for separating individuals from the street codes and violent expectations of an old neighborhood.
Policy Levers to Foster Residential Change and Reduce Recidivism
Authors: Kirk David S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 seeks to inform public policy debates about how to reduce criminal recidivism, with a particular focus on parole and housing policies. In many states, prisoners released onto parole are legally required to return to their county of last residence, thus contributing to a return to old neighborhoods. Accordingly, this chapter argues that parole policies and practices need to be fundamentally altered. In addition, barriers to securing housing mean that many former prisoners will return to their home neighborhoods even when they do not want to because they simply have nowhere else to go. Such barriers curtail efforts at residential change and residential mobility. This chapter suggests that policies that expand stable housing opportunities for the formerly incarcerated, particularly opportunities outside of their old neighborhoods, may be a fruitful way to reduce recidivism. The chapter concludes by calling for a multipronged approach to reduce recidivism, including both mobility-based strategies and place-based interventions.
Bands of Brothers 1941–1948
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Several jazz films made just before, after, or during World War II draw or suggest parallels between jazz bands and military units. Some jazz bands benefit from a strong sense of mutual support and commitment to the greater good, as in Blues in the Night. Bands in others movies are challenged by wartime problems: sabotage, mutiny within the ranks, and personality clashes among the leadership (in films involving, respectively, Glenn Miller, Benny Goodman, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey). Two films by director Howard Hawks are examined, Ball of Fire and its remake A Song Is Born, focusing on the latter’s (mis)use of critic Winthrop Sargeant’s analytical work Jazz: Hot and Hybrid. Other films are also discussed.
Suffering Artists 1984–1989
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The 1980s sees a mix of independent and studio jazz pictures, and a few nonjazz films with jazz characters. Warner Bros. releases two stylish, high-profile pictures: Director Bertrand Tavernier’s ’Round Midnight intertwines the lives and personalities of jazz greats Lester Young, Bud Powell, and the film’s star Dexter Gordon, in the story of an expatriate saxophonist in Paris; Clint Eastwood’s Charlie Parker biopic Bird tells the bebop founder’s story in jumbled chronological order, prefiguring later jazz biopics. Date movie The Fabulous Baker Boys draws a parallel between prostitution and playing insincere commercial music. In the UK’s Stormy Monday, a Polish free-jazz band bedevils an American capitalist. Two low-budget features chronicle unsuccessful bands: in one, amateur dixielanders get and lose a professional job; in another, a New Jersey wedding band fails to graduate to New York jazz clubs.
The Jazz Musician (and Fan) as Character 1959–2016
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This short chapter looks at instances of jazz musicians as characters in mainstream entertainment after 1992. Unreliable narrators tell tall jazz tales, in the film The Legend of 1900 and on TV series The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Two jazz musicians save the day in Tom Hanks’s rock movie That Thing You Do! A jazz snob taunts a 1960s folk musician in the Coen brothers’ Inside Llewyn Davis. The discussion also reaches back to some earlier fiction films in which jazz luminaries Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, and Anita O’Day perform in incongruously modest venues—ending with Benny Golson’s appearance in Steven Spielberg’s The Terminal. Other films are also discussed.
Family Men
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There are two types of family men: those raised in conservative communities and with resource strengths, and those raised with resource weaknesses who use the identity to make a virtue of necessity. The former distances themselves from school, college, and work but maintain enough resources to remain insecurely tied to the upper-middle class. The latter distances themselves from school, college, and work too. However, having started with fewer resources, they are unable to stay in the upper-middle class. Still, most are pleased with how their lives unfold: they are on route to marrying, becoming fathers, and providing—becoming the family men they’ve long wanted to be.
Artists and Athletes
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Youth with more human and cultural capital than economic capital tend to identify as artists and athletes. These identities hold that individuals should follow their passion rather than following the money—making it seem virtuous that their families have little money compared to those in their class. However, by following their passion without thinking about money, they do not realize that there are few full-time jobs in the arts or in sports. They then graduate from college and struggle to find a professional job—putting them on the path toward downward mobility.
The Search for Meaning
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores research findings that the brain more easily remembers information it deems useful, relevant, or meaningful. In addition, the brain will pay particular attention to information containing emotional content. The neural mechanisms underlying emotion, motivation, and learning intertwine. The author shares various exercises to take advantage of this aspect of brain function, encouraging singers to find meaning and relevance to their own lives in the texts and music they perform. While perhaps difficult to achieve in an algebra class, the choral classroom provides an ideal environment to encourage an emotional connection to learning by encouraging singers to develop backstories and a deep personal understanding of the texts they sing. Humor is included in the range of emotions that will help encode memories and can be another useful tool in rehearsal.
Psychological Science and the Art of War
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of military psychology and its influence on war. Beginning with World War I and continuing to today’s military operations, psychology has provided the military with better ways to select, train, develop, and lead soldiers in combat. Notable contributions of military psychology include aptitude testing, human factors engineering, clinical psychology, cyber technology, and positive psychology. Military psychologists may be civilians or uniformed members of all branches of service. They are employed in universities, government laboratories, hospitals, and nongovernment organizations including corporations and private consulting firms. The Society for Military Psychology is a founding division of the American Psychological Association. Given that the human element is the most important factor in warfare, military psychology is an essential science for winning the wars of today and tomorrow.