bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesoproterozoic rocks of the McDowell Mountains, Arizona—Journey into the magmatic gap
Authors: Skotnicki Steven J. , Gruber Dan 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The McDowell Mountains of central Arizona contain one of the best preserved and thickest sections of pre–Apache Group Mesoproterozoic rocks in the state. The oldest formation, ash-flow tuff, has an age of ca. 1650 Ma and is overlain by a quartzite-shale-quartzite triplet. These two units are interpreted to correlate with the Red Rock Group and Mazatzal Group, respectively. Significantly, these formations are overlain by ~6 km of ash-flow tuffs and minor psammite and metabasalt. Preliminary U-Pb analysis of igneous zircons in the youngest ash-flow tuff (the Taliesin tuff) provides an age of 1546 ± 11 Ma. The oldest granite pluton, the Antiguo granite, intrudes the Taliesin tuff and has a U-Pb age of 1525.6 ± 9.5 Ma. If these preliminary results are accurate, they record volcanism, burial and metamorphism, and plutonism that occurred within the Proterozoic ‘magmatic gap’ (between ca. 1.6 and 1.45 Ga) and may be the only voluminous igneous rocks within this age range yet recognized in North America. Additionally, the stratigraphic section was deformed into km-scale folds during an episode of contraction that formed two northwest-vergent thrust faults in the northern part of the mountain range. Both thrusts were subsequently intruded by mafic hypabyssal sills and then buried to greenschist-facies depths and intruded by the coarse-grained Carefree granite at 1425 Ma.
Walk in the footsteps of the Apollo astronauts: A field guide to northern Arizona astronaut training sites
Authors: Greg Vaughan R. , Schindler Kevin , Stevens Jeanne , Hough Ian 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Every astronaut who walked on the Moon trained in Flagstaff, Arizona. In the early 1960s, scientists at the newly formed United States Geological Survey (USGS) Branch of Astrogeology led this training, teaching geologic principles and field techniques to the astronaut crews. USGS scientists and engineers also developed and tested scientific instrument prototypes, and communication and transportation technologies that would aid in lunar exploration. Astronomers and cartographers based at the USGS and Lowell Observatory, using telescopes at Lowell Observatory and the U.S. Naval Observatory, also played a key role, preparing lunar navigation charts and landing site maps.
This historical and educational field trip will take participants along a historical path to some of the key sites where the Apollo astronauts trained. Field trip participants will see: (1) Grover, the geologic rover simulator on which the Apollo astronauts trained, which is on display at the USGS Astrogeology Science Center; (2) telescopes at Lowell Observatory used to map the lunar surface, as well as some of the original airbrushed maps; (3) the Bonito Lava Flow training area at Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument; (4) the Cinder Lake crater field, which was created in 1967 to simulate the lunar landscape for training astronauts and testing equipment; and (5) Meteor Crater, the best-preserved exposed impact crater on Earth.
During this field trip we celebrate the 50th anniversary of one of the most remarkable events and most significant achievements in the history of humankind. We hope that the sites we visit will connect participants with the experiences of the astronauts and the excitement and inspiration of the origins of human space exploration. We also hope to communicate the historical significance of these sites, facilitate continued visitation of the sites (e.g., through class field trips), and educate the broader scientific and science education communities about the role that Flagstaff scientists and engineers played in the Apollo expeditions to the Moon.
Temporal evolution of the Laramide arc: U-Pb geochronology of plutons associated with porphyry copper mineralization in east-central Arizona
Authors: Seedorff† Eric , Barton Mark D. , Gehrels George E. , Valencia§ Victor A. , Johnson§ David A. , Maher§ David J. , Stavast§ William J.A. , Marsh§ Timothy M. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We describe the time-space evolution of a segment of the Laramide arc in east-central Arizona that is associated with porphyry copper mineralization, as constrained by U-Pb zircon geochronology conducted by laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Mid-Cenozoic normal faulting dismembered and tilted many of the plutons and the associated porphyry copper deposits and produced a wide range in depths of exposure. The study area reconstructs to a 75-km-long slice along the arc, with exposures from &lt;1 to &gt;10 km depth. The copper deposits are related to granodioritic to granitic plutons that exhibit variable magmatic sources and locally severe degrees of zircon inheritance.
U-Pb zircon ages of plutons in the study area range from 75 to 61 Ma, with dioritic rocks at the older end of the range. The age range of magmatism and mineralization in a cluster of deposits near the Schultze Granite, including the Globe-Miami, Pinto Valley, and Resolution deposits, is from ca. 69–61 Ma. To the south in the Tortilla and Dripping Spring Mountains, the porphyry systems range from ca. 74 Ma at Kelvin-Riverside to ca. 69 Ma at Ray and ca. 65 Ma at Christmas. At several localities where geologic constraints exist, mineralizing plutons were emplaced following Laramide shortening. The ages of the inherited zircon cores correspond fairly closely to the ages of basement rocks in the immediate vicinity of sample sites, implying that similar basement ages and lithologies contributed to the source areas of magmas that produced Laramide porphyry deposits.
The U-Pb results on hypabyssal rocks are typically 1–5 m.y. older than previous K-Ar ages, and U-Pb ages on more deeply emplaced plutonic rocks are as much as 5–10 m.y. older. These results are consistent with predictions from thermal modeling and suggest that temporal evolution of the entire Laramide arc needs revision. For this segment of the arc, magmatism was stagnant for ~15 m.y., with minimal migration over time and mineralization occurring episodically over most of that lifespan. There is no simple geographic progression in ages along or across the strike of the arc. Thus, it is difficult to call upon time-specific far-field or plate margin triggers for magmatism or mineralization. The intrusive flux of the Laramide arc appears to be similar to that of the Sierra Nevada arc during the Mesozoic during its “background” periods, rather than during episodes of flare-up. The wide compositional diversity of the Laramide arc is more akin to northeastern Nevada during the onset of extension in the mid-Cenozoic than to the Mesozoic of the Sierra Nevada.
Geology and paleontology of the early-middle Pleistocene El Golfo beds, Sonora, Mexico—A field guide
Authors: Shaw† Christopher A. , Croxen† Fred W. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
The early to middle Pleistocene Colorado River Delta deposits exposed in the upper Gulf of California, Sonora, México, are host to a diverse paleo-fauna and paleo-flora (El Golfo local paleobiota) of Irvingtonian Land Mammal Age (Calabrian Stage). The fossiliferous exposures are found in badlands developed in fluvio-deltaic sediments that have been mildly deformed during late Pleistocene doming along the Cerro Prieto fault. The El Golfo Project is part of the resource inventory for the Upper Gulf of California and Colorado River Delta Biosphere Reserve. Through joint efforts by Arizona Western College, the La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, and the Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, about 50% of the region has been prospected and mapped. To date, more than 13,500 mapped vertebrate fossil localities are documented, including important microvertebrate sites. New mammalian, avian, fish, and flora taxa have been recently added to a growing paleobiota list that now numbers more than 145 taxa. The preserved paleobiota suggests the existence of three ecologic communities: freshwater aquatic, shrub and brush woodland, and savannah-like grassland. Some of the fauna are presently endemic to geographic areas farther south, suggesting a more tropical to subtropical climate on the Colorado River Delta during this part of the Irvingtonian.
Cost and cost-effectiveness of childhood cancer treatment in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Fung Alastair , Horton Susan , Zabih Veda , Denburg Avram , Gupta Sumit 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionA major barrier to improving childhood cancer survival is the perception that paediatric oncology services are too costly for low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) health systems. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise existing evidence on the costs and cost-effectiveness of treating childhood cancers in LMICs.MethodsWe searched multiple databases from their inception to March 2019. All studies reporting costs or cost-effectiveness of treating any childhood cancer in an LMIC were included. We appraised included articles using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Where possible, we extracted or calculated the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted using reported survival and country-specific life expectancy. Cost/DALY averted was compared with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as per WHO-Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective guidelines to determine cost-effectiveness.ResultsOf 2802 studies identified, 30 met inclusion criteria. Studies represented 22 countries and nine different malignancies. The most commonly studied cancers were acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n=10), Burkitt lymphoma (n=4) and Wilms tumour (n=3). The median CHEERS checklist score was 18 of 24. Many studies omitted key cost inputs. Notably, only 11 studies included healthcare worker salaries. Cost/DALY averted was extracted or calculated for 12 studies and ranged from US$22 to US$4475, although the lower-end costs were primarily from studies that omitted key cost components. In all 12, cost/DALY averted through treatment was substantially less than country per capita GDP, and therefore considered very cost-effective.ConclusionMany included studies did not account for key cost inputs, thus underestimating true treatment costs. Costs/DALY averted were nonetheless substantially lower than per capita GDP, suggesting that even if all relevant inputs are included, LMIC childhood cancer treatment is consistently very cost-effective. While additional rigorous economic evaluations are required, our results can inform the development of LMIC national childhood cancer strategies.
Association between measured teamwork and medical errors: an observational study of prehospital care in the USA
Authors: Herzberg Simone , Hansen Matt , Schoonover Amanda , Skarica Barbara , McNulty James , Harrod Tabria , Snowden Jonathan M , Lambert William , Guise Jeanne-Marie 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesThe goal of this study was to examine the relationship between measured teamwork and adverse safety events in the prehospital emergency care of children using high-fidelity simulation. We posit that non-technical skills such as leadership, teamwork, situation awareness and decision-making are associated with the clinical success of teams.DesignObservational study.SettingEmergency medical services (EMS) responders were recruited from public fire and private transport agencies in Oregon State to participate in four simulations of paediatric emergencies using high-fidelity patient simulators, scene design, and professional actors playing parents and bystanders.ParticipantsForty-four fire/transport teams consisting of 259 EMS professionals consented to participate and completed simulations.Primary and secondary outcome measuresTeams were assessed using the Clinical Teamwork Scale (CTS), a validated instrument that measures overall teamwork and 15 specific elements in five overarching domains: communication, decision-making, role responsibility (leadership and followership), situational awareness/resource management and patient-friendliness. We used generalised estimating equations to estimate the odds of error with increasing overall CTS teamwork score while adjusting for clinical scenario and potential clustering by team.ResultsAcross 176 simulations, the mean overall score on the CTS was 6.04 (SD 2.10; range 1=poor to 10=perfect) and was normally distributed. The distribution of scores was similar across the four clinical scenarios. At least one error was observed in 82% of the simulations. In simulations with at least one observed error, the mean CTS score was 5.76 (SD 2.04) compared with 7.16 (SD 1.95) in scenarios with no observed error. Logistic regression analysis accounting for clustering at the team level revealed that the odds of an error decreased 28% with each unit increase in CTS (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.88).ConclusionsThis study found that overall teamwork among care delivery teams was strongly associated with the risk of serious adverse events in simulated scenarios of caring for critically ill and injured children.
Towards a safer culture: implementing multidisciplinary simulation-based team training in New Zealand operating theatres - a framework analysis
Authors: Jowsey Tanisha , Beaver Peter , Long Jennifer , Civil Ian , Garden A L , Henderson Kaylene , Merry Alan , Skilton Carmen , Torrie Jane , Weller Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

AimNetworkZ is a simulation-based multidisciplinary team-training programme designed to enhance patient safety by improving communication and teamwork in operating theatres (OTs). In partnership with the Accident Compensation Corporation, its implementation across New Zealand (NZ) began in 2017. Our aim was to explore the experiences of staff – including the challenges they faced – in implementing NetworkZ in NZ hospitals, so that we could improve the processes necessary for subsequent implementation.MethodWe interviewed staff from five hospitals involved in the initial implementation of NetworkZ, using the Organising for Quality model as the framework for analysis. This model describes embedding successful quality improvement as a process of overcoming six universal challenges: structure, infrastructure, politics, culture, motivation and learning.ResultsThirty-one people participated. Structural support within the hospital was considered essential to maintain staff enthusiasm, momentum and to embed the programme. The multidisciplinary, simulation-based approach to team training was deemed a fundamental infrastructure for learning, with participants especially valuing the realistic in situ simulations and educational support. Participants reported positive changes to the OT culture as a result of NetworkZ and this realisation motivated its implementation. In sites with good structural support, NetworkZ implementation proceeded quickly and participants reported rapid cultural change towards improved teamwork and communication in their OTs.ConclusionImplementation challenges exist and strategies to overcome these are informing future implementation of NetworkZ. Embedding the programme as business as usual across a nation requires significant and sustained support at all levels. However, the potential gains in patient safety and workplace culture from widespread multidisciplinary team training are substantial.Trial registration numberACTRN12617000017325.
Family-based, healthy living intervention for children with overweight and obesity and their families: a ‘real world’ trial protocol using a randomised wait list control design
Authors: Liu Sam , Marques Isabela Gouveia , Perdew Megan A , Strange Karen , Hartrick Teresa , Weismiller Joy , Ball Geoff D C , Mâsse Louise C , Rhodes Ryan , Naylor Patti-Jean 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionFamily-based behavioural weight management interventions are efficacious and widely used to address childhood obesity. Curriculum and strategies vary extensively and scale-up often depends on ensuring that the intervention fits the adoption context.Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the impact and implementation of a ‘made in British Columbia’ (BC) family-based early intervention programme (EIP) for 8–12 years old with overweight and obesity and their families.Methods and analysisA randomised waitlist-control trial will assess a 10-week interactive, family-based lifestyle intervention followed by four maintenance sessions, in BC, Canada. We aim to enrol 186 families. The blended intervention includes at least 26 contact hours between participants and programme providers, including interactive activities and educational materials through weekly 90-min group sessions, an online family portal, and self-directed family activities. Curricular content includes information and activities related to healthy eating, physical activity (PA), positive mental health, parenting practices and sleep hygiene. The waitlist control group will receive a modified programme with the same 10-week sessions in the family portal, and four group sessions. Families participate in data collection at baseline, postintervention (week 10) and follow-up (week 18). The primary outcome is to assess changes in child body mass index z-score at 10 weeks between the groups. Secondary outcomes include changes at 10 weeks between the groups in child and parent PA behaviour and skills, healthy eating behaviour, and mental health. Process evaluation will address reach, implementation and maintenance (baseline, 10-week and 18-week) using recruitment tracking forms, parent questionnaire, programme attendance tracking forms, leader feedback surveys, parents and children satisfaction surveys and postprogramme interviews with facilitators, stakeholders and parents. Intention-to-treat analyses will be conducted. Process evaluation will be analysed thematically.Ethics and disseminationStudy procedures were designed to address research and community needs and will follow ethical standards.Trial registration numberNCT03643341.
Influence of guide wire removal on tip location in peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs): a retrospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Dan , Niu Fangfang , Gao Huining , Yu Mingkai , Li Yuhang , Xu Liqun , Cao Huizhi , Wang Lili , Liu Jinhua , Ding Xue , Wang Ying , Yu Chen , Li Huiyan , Yu Kaijiang , Wang Changsong 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify the prevalence of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) malposition and the influence of guide wire removal on tip location in PICCs and determine whether related factors, including age, sex, side of insertion and brand of catheter, influence the PICC tip location.SettingSingle-centre research institute in China recruiting patients from the hospital.ParticipantsA total of 837 adult patients with inserted PICCs were recruited from October 2016 to May 2017.InterventionsThis was a cross-sectional study aiming to identify the prevalence of PICC malposition and the influence of guide wire removal on tip location in PICCs. A linear regression model and a variance of factorial design analysis were performed. The PICC tip location was documented on a postinsertion chest X-ray. Multivariable analyses were performed based on the following related factors: age, sex, side of insertion and brand of catheter.ResultsThe tip location moved a mean of 17.4 mm among the 837 included patients. The prevalence of PICC malposition was 83.6% (700/837), while 16.4% (137/837) of PICCs remained in correct location. The mean movement caused by guide wire removal without an adjusted tail end was (−1.95±26.90) mm. The difference between tail end adjustment movement and actual tip position movement in each PICC was (33.0±17.1) mm in type C, which was significantly higher than the findings for type A (12.8±13.3) mm and type B (12.9±12.7) mm.ConclusionsPICC malposition is a frequent event. Different catheter brands were associated with different ranges of movement in tip location after guide wire removal. The age and sex of the patients and the insertion side did not influence the extent of movement.
Prototyping for public health in a local context: a streamlined evaluation of a community-based weight management programme (Momenta), Northumberland, UK
Authors: Dodd-Reynolds Caroline J , Nevens Lisa , Oliver Emily J , Finch Tracy , Lake Amelia A , Hanson Coral L 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesStakeholder co-production in design of public health programmes may reduce the ‘implementation gap’ but can be time-consuming and costly. Prototyping, iterative refining relevant to delivery context, offers a potential solution. This evaluation explored implementation and lessons learnt for a 12-week referral-based weight-management programme, ‘Momenta’, along with feasibility of an iterative prototyping evaluation framework.DesignMixed methods evaluation: Qualitative implementation exploration with referrers and service users; preliminary analysis of anonymised quantitative service data (12 and 52 weeks).SettingTwo leisure centres in Northumberland, North East England.ParticipantsIndividual interviews with referring professionals (n=5) and focus groups with service users (n=13). Individuals (n=182) referred by healthcare professionals (quantitative data).InterventionsThree 12-week programme iterations: Momenta (n=59), Momenta-Fitness membership (n=58) and Fitness membership only (n=65).Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome: Qualitative themes developed through stakeholder-engagement. Secondary outcomes included preliminary exploration of recruitment, uptake, retention, and changes in weight, body mass index, waist circumference and psychological well-being.ResultsService users reported positive experiences of Momenta. Implementation gaps were revealed around the referral process and practitioner knowledge. Prototyping enabled iterative refinements such as broadening inclusion criteria. Uptake and 12-week retention were higher for Momenta (84.7%, 45.8%) and Momenta-Fitness (93.1%, 60.3%) versus Fitness only (75.4%, 24.6%). Exploration of other preliminary outcomes (completers only) suggested potential for within-group weight loss and increased psychological well-being for Momenta and Momenta-Fitness at 12 weeks. 52 week follow-up data were limited (32%, 33% and 6% retention for those who started Momenta, Momenta-Fitness and Fitness, respectively) but suggested potential weight loss maintenance for Momenta-Fitness.ConclusionsIdentification of issues within the referral process enabled real-time iterative refinement, while lessons learnt may be of value for local implementation of ‘off-the-shelf’ weight management packages more generally. Our preliminary data for completers suggest Momenta may have potential for weight loss, particularly when offered with a fitness membership.