bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correctness of Automatic Differentiation via Diffeologies and Categorical Gluing
Authors: Huot Mathieu , Staton Sam , Vákár Matthijs 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present semantic correctness proofs of Automatic Differentiation (AD). We consider a forward-mode AD method on a higher order language with algebraic data types, and we characterise it as the unique structure preserving macro given a choice of derivatives for basic operations. We describe a rich semantics for differentiable programming, based on diffeological spaces. We show that it interprets our language, and we phrase what it means for the AD method to be correct with respect to this semantics. We show that our characterisation of AD gives rise to an elegant semantic proof of its correctness based on a gluing construction on diffeological spaces. We explain how this is, in essence, a logical relations argument. Finally, we sketch how the analysis extends to other AD methods by considering a continuation-based method.
Exponential Automatic Amortized Resource Analysis
Authors: Kahn David M. , Hoffmann Jan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAutomatic amortized resource analysis (AARA) is a type-based technique for inferring concrete (non-asymptotic) bounds on a program’s resource usage. Existing work on AARA has focused on bounds that are polynomial in the sizes of the inputs. This paper presents and extension of AARA to exponential bounds that preserves the benefits of the technique, such as compositionality and efficient type inference based on linear constraint solving. A key idea is the use of the Stirling numbers of the second kind as the basis of potential functions, which play the same role as the binomial coefficients in polynomial AARA. To formalize the similarities with the existing analyses, the paper presents a general methodology for AARA that is instantiated to the polynomial version, the exponential version, and a combined system with potential functions that are formed by products of Stirling numbers and binomial coefficients. The soundness of exponential AARA is proved with respect to an operational cost semantics and the analysis of representative example programs demonstrates the effectiveness of the new analysis.
Contextual Equivalence for Signal Flow Graphs
Authors: Bonchi Filippo , Piedeleu Robin , Sobociński Paweł , Zanasi Fabio 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe extend the signal flow calculus—a compositional account of the classical signal flow graph model of computation—to encompass affine behaviour, and furnish it with a novel operational semantics. The increased expressive power allows us to define a canonical notion of contextual equivalence, which we show to coincide with denotational equality. Finally, we characterise the realisable fragment of the calculus: those terms that express the computations of (affine) signal flow graphs.
Practical Machine-Checked Formalization of Change Impact Analysis
Authors: Palmskog Karl , Celik Ahmet , Gligoric Milos 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChange impact analysis techniques determine the components affected by a change to a software system, and are used as part of many program analysis techniques and tools, e.g., in regression test selection, build systems, and compilers. The correctness of such analyses usually depends both on domain-specific properties and change impact analysis, and is rarely established formally, which is detrimental to trustworthiness. We present a formalization of change impact analysis with machine-checked proofs of correctness in the Coq proof assistant. Our formal model factors out domain-specific concerns and captures system components and their interrelations in terms of dependency graphs. Using compositionality, we also capture hierarchical impact analysis formally for the first time, which, e.g., can capture when impacted files are used to locate impacted tests inside those files. We refined our verified impact analysis for performance, extracted it to efficient executable OCaml code, and integrated it with a regression test selection tool, one regression proof selection tool, and one build system, replacing their existing impact analyses. We then evaluated the resulting toolchains on several open source projects, and our results show that the toolchains run with only small differences compared to the original running time. We believe our formalization can provide a basis for formally proving domain-specific techniques using change impact analysis correct, and our verified code can be integrated with additional tools to increase their reliability.
Secondary caries: what is it, and how it can be controlled, detected, and managed?
Authors: Askar Haitham , Krois Joachim , Göstemeyer Gerd , Bottenberg Peter , Zero Domenick , Banerjee Avijit , Schwendicke Falk 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess how to control, detect, and treat secondary caries. This review serves to inform a joint ORCA/EFCD consensus process.

Methods
Systematic and non-systematic reviews were performed or consulted and narratively synthesized.

Results
Secondary (or recurrent) caries is defined as a lesion associated with restorations or sealants. While the restorative material itself has some influence on secondary caries, further factors like the presence and size of restoration gaps, patients’ caries risk, and the placing dentist’s experience seem more relevant. Current detection methods for secondary caries are only sparsely validated and likely prone for the risk of over-detection. In many patients, it might be prudent to prioritize specific detection methods to avoid invasive overtreatment. Detected secondary caries can be managed either by repair of the defective part of the restoration or its complete replacement.

Conclusions
There is sparse data towards the nature of secondary caries and how to control, detect, and treat it.

Clinical significance
Despite often claimed to be a major complication of restorations, there is surprisingly little data on secondary caries. Longer-term studies may be needed to identify differences in secondary caries risk between materials and to identify characteristic features of progressive lesions (i.e., those in need of treatment).
Using the borehole permeameter to estimate saturated hydraulic conductivity for glacially over-consolidated soils
Authors: Kindred J. Scott , Reynolds W. Daniel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe borehole permeameter (BP) method was developed in the 1950s by the United States Bureau of Reclamation to estimate saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (KS) in shallow boreholes completed above the water table. The approach has been improved over the years, and now accounts for flow due to pressure, gravity and soil capillarity. However, the BP method is calibrated only for normally consolidated soils and ponding depth (H) versus borehole radius (r) ratios (H/r) ≤ 22. The primary objective of this study was to recalibrate the BP method for use in glacially over-consolidated soils with H/r ranging from 0.05 to 200. Recalibration consisted of using numerically simulated steady BP flow for five representative glacially over-consolidated soils to update the BP shape function fitting parameters (Z1, Z2, Z3) for nine specified KS values and 15 test pit and borehole configurations. Four sets of fitting parameters were determined, which apply for H/r ≤ 20, H/r ≥ 20, soil with <12% silt content, and soil with >12% silt content. Relative to specified KS, the updated shape function parameters yielded BP estimates of KS with a maximum error of 13% and an average error of 3%, whereas the original shape function parameters (developed for normally consolidated soils and H/r ≤ 22) produced a maximum KS error of 94% and an average error of 23%. The numerical simulations were also used to develop criteria for estimating time required to achieve steady BP flow, and for correcting BP estimates of KS where steady flow was not achieved.
Intragenic meiotic recombination in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is sensitive to environmental temperature changes
Authors: Brown Simon D. , Audoynaud Charlotte , Lorenz Alexander 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChanges in environmental temperature influence cellular processes and their dynamics, and thus affect the life cycle of organisms that are unable to control their cell/body temperature. Meiotic recombination is the cellular process essential for producing healthy haploid gametes by providing physical links (chiasmata) between homologous chromosomes to guide their accurate segregation. Additionally, meiotic recombination—initiated by programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs)—can generate genetic diversity and, therefore, is a driving force of evolution. Environmental temperature influencing meiotic recombination outcome thus may be a crucial determinant of reproductive success and genetic diversity. Indeed, meiotic recombination frequency in fungi, plants and invertebrates changes with temperature. In most organisms, these temperature-induced changes in meiotic recombination seem to be mediated through the meiosis-specific chromosome axis organization, the synaptonemal complex in particular. The fission yeastSchizosaccharomyces pombedoes not possess a synaptonemal complex. Thus, we tested how environmental temperature modulates meiotic recombination frequency in the absence of a fully-fledged synaptonemal complex. We show that intragenic recombination (gene conversion) positively correlates with temperature within a certain range, especially at meiotic recombination hotspots. In contrast, crossover recombination, which manifests itself as chiasmata, is less affected. Based on our observations, we suggest that, in addition to changes in DSB frequency, DSB processing could be another temperature-sensitive step causing temperature-induced recombination rate alterations.
Genetic diversity and similarity of pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars in Central Europe revealed by SSR markers
Authors: Kocsisné Gitta M. , Bolla Dávid , Anhalt-Brüderl Ulrike C. M. , Forneck Astrid , Taller János , Kocsis László 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Hungarian pear gene bank, located and founded in Keszthely in 1981, contains 210 pear cultivars including regional cultivars, cultivars of foreign origin and standard commercial cultivars. There are some cultivars with synonym names in the pear gene bank and in other pear growing areas within the Hungary. The aim of our work was to systematically analyse the genotypes of Hungarian cultivars in the pear gene bank and to set up a robust protocol for molecular identification and the interpretation of data. Eighty-eight cultivars were analysed employing eight SSR primers resulting in a total of 216 alleles. Seventy-seven cultivars were thoroughly analysed. Among the samples 29 were considered to be diploids and 59 triploids. A genetic diversity analysis was computed based on a Neighbour-Joining algorithm and combined with a PCA indicating close genetic relationship and an overall high amount of genetic diversity among the samples tested. Similarities and very close relations were verified in our studies between different pear cultivar variants: 'Korai szagos' A and B, which were planted with the same name in the gene bank. Six different 'Császár körte' and three 'Köcsög körte' cultivars were compared. It was important to establish how close their relationship was. Some cultivars originating from the same regions were compared. The 'Mezőkövesdi 2′ and '3′ are in the same main branch, however their distance is larger, the number of common alleles is less than those of the two 'Erdélyi körte' cultivars.
Bronze Age Swordsmanship: New Insights from Experiments and Wear Analysis
Authors: Hermann Raphael , Dolfini Andrea , Crellin Rachel J. , Wang Quanyu , Uckelmann Marion 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe article presents a new picture of sword fighting in Middle and Late Bronze Age Europe developed through theBronze Age Combat Project. The project investigated the uses of Bronze Age swords, shields, and spears by combining integrated experimental archaeology and metalwork wear analysis. The research is grounded in an explicit and replicable methodology providing a blueprint for future experimentation with, and wear analysis of, prehistoric copper-alloy weapons. We present a four-step experimental methodology including both controlled and actualistic experiments. The experimental results informed the wear analysis of 110 Middle and Late Bronze Age swords from Britain and Italy. The research has generated new understandings of prehistoric combat, including diagnostic and undiagnostic combat marks and how to interpret them; how to hold and use a Bronze Age sword; the degree of skill and training required for proficient combat; the realities of Bronze Age swordplay including the frequency of blade-on-blade contact; the body parts and areas targeted by prehistoric sword fencers; and the evolution of fighting styles in Britain and Italy from the late 2nd to the early 1st millennia BC.All primary data discussed in the article are available as supplementary material (Appendix) so as to allow scrutiny and validation of the research results.
Infantile Myelofibrosis and Myeloproliferation with CDC42
Dysfunction
Authors: Verboon Jeffrey M. , Mahmut Dilnar , Kim Ah Ram , Nakamura Mitsutoshi , Abdulhay Nour J. , Nandakumar Satish K. , Gupta Namrata , Akie Thomas E. , Geddis Amy E. , Manes Becky , Kapp Meghan E. , Hofmann Inga , Gabriel Stacey B. , Klein Daryl E. , Williams David A. , Frangoul Haydar A. , Parkhurst Susan M. , Crane Genevieve M. , Cantor Alan B. , Sankaran Vijay G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStudies of genetic blood disorders have advanced our understanding of
the intrinsic regulation of hematopoiesis. However, such genetic studies have only
yielded limited insights into how interactions between hematopoietic cells and their
microenvironment are regulated. Here, we describe two affected siblings with
infantile myelofibrosis and myeloproliferation that share a common de novo mutation
in the Rho GTPase CDC42 (Chr1:22417990:C>T, p.R186C) due to paternal germline
mosaicism. Functional studies using human cells and flies demonstrate that this
CDC42 mutant has altered activity and thereby disrupts interactions between
hematopoietic progenitors and key tissue microenvironmental factors. These findings
suggest that further investigation of this and other related disorders may provide
insights into how hematopoietic cell-microenvironment interactions play a role in
human health and can be disrupted in disease. In addition, we suggest that
deregulation of CDC42 may underlie more common blood disorders, such as primary
myelofibrosis.
The problem of nonhuman agency and bodily intentionality in the Anthropocene
Authors: Kim Jonggab 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOne of the vital issues in the discourse on the Anthropocene is the problem of material or bodily agency. Agency has long been the exclusive attribute of human consciousness and intentionality, but now the boundary between humans and nonhumans, mind and body, has become problematic. How might we reconceptualize agency? This article attempts to answer that question by working through Bruno Latour's posthuman configuration of agency. Latour's plea to reject not only consciousness but also intentionality conflicts with his animistic vision. What we need is not to dismiss intentionality in toto but to dehumanize it and acknowledge that there is a nonhuman form of intentionality. The intentionality that he wrongly paired with consciousness is a restricted and derived version of bodily intentionality. The body is not inert matter but is animate and intentional, for it is an endeavor to continue in its being. This article argues that there is no animism without such intentionality and that Latour's animism will become indistinguishable from mechanism as long as Latour fails to acknowledge animism’s intentionality.
Effects of urbanisation and landscape heterogeneity mediated by feeding guild and body size in a community of coprophilous beetles
Authors: Foster Christopher W. , Kelly Christopher , Rainey Jordan J. , Holloway Graham J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough the impacts of urbanisation on biodiversity are well studied, the precise response of some invertebrate groups remains poorly known. Dung-associated beetles are little studied in an urban context, especially in temperate regions. We considered how landscape heterogeneity, assessed at three spatial scales (250, 500 and 1000 m radius), mediates the community composition of coprophilous beetles on a broad urban gradient. Beetles were sampled using simple dung-baited traps, placed at 48 sites stratified across three distance bands around a large urban centre in England. The most urban sites hosted the lowest abundance of saprophagous beetles, with a lower mean body length relative to the least urban sites. Predicted overall species richness and the richness of saprophagous species were also lowest at the most urban sites. Ordination analyses followed by variation partitioning revealed that landscape heterogeneity across the urban gradient explained a small but significant proportion of community composition. Heterogeneity data for a 500-m radius around each site provided the best fit with beetle community data. Larger saprophagous species were associated with lower amounts of manmade surface and improved grassland. Some individual species, particularly predators, appeared to be positively associated with urban or urban fringe sites. This study is probably the first to examine the response of the whole coprophilous beetle community to urbanisation. Our results suggest that the response of this community to urbanisation matches expectations based on other taxonomic groups, whilst emphasising the complex nature of this response, with some smaller-bodied species potentially benefitting from urbanisation.
Religion, crime, and financial reporting
Authors: Hofmann Christian , Schwaiger Nina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe literature provides evidence on the separate roles of injunctive and descriptive norms in explaining corporate financial reporting, ignoring that descriptive norms are likely endogenous and partly explained by injunctive norms. We jointly analyze the direct and indirect effects of religious social norms (an injunctive norm) via local crime rates (a descriptive norm) on financial reporting quality. We find that religious social norms relate negatively to corporate earnings management and tax avoidance. We also show that this association is partially explained by crime rates in the firm’s geographical environment, underlining the indirect relation between religious social norms and financial reporting quality. Overall, the study highlights the importance of considering the interrelations between injunctive and descriptive norms when analyzing the effect of norms on corporate decision-making.
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding—Should a Second Chance Be Given?
Authors: Leca Bianca M. , Khan Uzma , Abraham Jenny , Halder Louise , Shuttlewood Emma , Shah Neha , Ellis Hugh L. , Aylwin Simon J. B. , Barber Thomas M. , Menon Vinod , Randeva Harpal S. , Dimitriadis Georgios K. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Obesity is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease and a global pandemic, being associated with multiple comorbidities. Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) is one of the safest surgical procedures used for the treatment of obesity, and even though its popularity has been decreasing over time, it still remains an option for a certain group of patients, producing considerable weight loss and improvement in obesity-associated comorbidities.

Methods
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of weight loss following LAGB on obesity-associated comorbidities, and to identify factors that could predict better response to surgery, and patient sub-groups exhibiting greatest benefit. A total of 99 severely obese patients (81.2% women, mean age 44.19 ± 10.94 years, mean body mass index (BMI) 51.84 ± 8.77 kg/m2) underwent LAGB in a single institution. Results obtained 1, 2, and 5 years postoperatively were compared with the pre-operative values using SPPS software version 20.

Results
A significant drop in BMI was recorded throughout the follow-up period, as well as in A1c and triglycerides, with greatest improvement seen 2 years after surgery (51.8 ± 8.7 kg/m2 vs 42.3 ± 9.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05, 55.5 ± 19.1 mmol/mol vs 45.8 ± 13.7 mmol/mol, p < 0.05, and 2.2 ± 1.7 mmol/l vs 1.5 ± 0.6 mmol/l). Better outcomes were seen in younger patients, with lower duration of diabetes before surgery, and lower pre-operative systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions
Younger age, lower degree of obesity, and lower severity of comorbidities at the time of surgery can be important predictors of successful weight loss, making this group of patients the ideal candidates for LAGB.
Neue Entwicklungen in der Pflegekinderhilfe
Authors: Ehlke Carolin , Schröer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Vergleich zur sogenannten Heimerziehung gibt es im Bereich der Pflegekinderhilfe bislang weniger empirische Studien, die umfassende Erkenntnisse zu den Strukturen von Vollzeitpflege und den Erfahrungen der in ihr agierenden Akteure liefern. Gleichwohl ist in den letzten Jahren eine Fachdebatte entstanden, die nachhaltig die Strukturen der Pflegekinderhilfe beeinflussen und verändern könnte. Der Schwerpunkt gibt einen Einblick in aktuelle Diskurse der Wissenschaft und Fachpraxis der Vollzeitpflege.
Triboelectric nanogenerators: Fundamental physics and potential applications
Authors: Zhou Linglin , Liu Di , Wang Jie , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBased on the conjunction of contact electrification and electrostatic induction, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) can harvest mechanical energy dispersed in our environment. With the characteristics of simple structure, light weight, broad material availability, low cost, and high efficiency even at low operation frequency, TENG can serve as a promising alternative strategy for meeting the needs of distributed energy for the internet of things and network. The major potential applications of TENG can be summarized as four fields containing micro/nano power sources, self-powered sensors, large-scale blue energy, and direct high-voltage power sources. In this paper, the fundamental physics, output performance enhancement, and applications of TENGs are reviewed to timely summarize the development of TENGs and provide a guideline for future research.