bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preemergent Weed Control in Container and Field Grown Woody Nursery Crops with Gallery
Authors: Neal Joseph C. , Senesac Andrew F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two container and four field tests were conducted to evaluate Gallery (isoxaben) for preemergent weed control in container and field grown woody nursery crops. Gallery was applied to newly potted nursery crops at 0.56 and 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.5 and 1 lb ai/A) alone and in combination with Surflan (oryzalin) or Treflan (trifluralin). No injury was observed on container grown Coral ‘azalea Bells,’ Rhododendron ‘Roseum Elegans,’ rockspray cotoneaster, forsythia, potentilla ‘Tangerine,’ Japanese dwarf garden juniper, ‘Old Gold’ juniper, or plaintain lily ‘Albo-marginata.’ Gallery, applied alone, caused no injury to field grown sawara false cypress, honey locust, Japanese yew, California privet, ‘San Jose’ holly, white pine, Douglas fir, white fir, green ash, or Japanese rose. Gallery injured field grown common lilac. When combined with Surflan, temporary reduction in white fir and Japanese barberry quality resulted. Douglas fir was injured significantly by Surflan, alone or in combination with Gallery. Gallery provided excellent control of many broadleaf weeds including pigweed, common groundsel, and dandelion, but poor control of annual grasses such as crabgrass, goosegrass, and fall panicum. The combination of Gallery plus Surflan provided an expanded spectrum of weed control with excellent safety on most container and field grown woody nursery crops.
Summer Annual and Winter Annual Weed Control in Field Soil and Soilless Media with Gallery (lsoxaben)
Authors: Neal Joseph C. , Senesac Andrew F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Field and container experiments were conducted to evaluate Gallery (isoxaben) efficacy on several common nursery and landscape weeds. Gallery was applied at rates from 0.14 to 1.1 kg ai/ha (0.125 and 1 lb ai/A). Annual grass control with Gallery generally was poor at application rates below 0.84 kg/ha (0.75 lb/A). Higher rates were needed for consistent foxtail and annual bluegrass control. Gallery controlled most broadleaf weeds at ≤0.56 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A) in field soil and a soilless potting medium. The exception was velvetleaf, which was not controlled with 1.1 kg/ha (1 lb/A). Combining Gallery with Surflan (Snapshot) at 1.1 + 3.4 kg/ha (1 + 3 lb/A) provided excellent control of all weeds tested. Equivalent weed control was obtained with a tank mix of Gallery plus Surflan at 0.28 + 3.4 kg/ha (0.25 + 3 lb/A) in 1989, suggesting that when used in combination with Surflan the rate of Gallery may be reduced relative to the comparable Snapshot rate, without sacrificing weed control.
Influence of Winter Protection Covers on Survival and Hardiness of Container Grown Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Green Island’ and Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) ‘Emerald 'n Gold’
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Ticknor Robert L. , Hemphill Delbert D. , Chen Tony H.H. , Murakami Paul , Fuchigami Leslie H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five systems for protection of container grown nursery stock were compared for freeze injury to shoots and roots of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Green Island’ and Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) ‘Emerald 'n Gold’. In three treatments, plants were protected starting November 15, 1988 either in a white co-polymer house or with structureless non-woven polypropylene covers (N-Sulate™ or Typar™). In a fourth treatment, structureless clear polyethylene was applied when temperatures were cold enough (−7°C (25°F) to cause injury. The controls were not covered. The white co-polymer house and the temporary covering with clear polyethylene reduced the number of hours below −7°C (25°F) in the canopy or medium and resulted in fewer plant losses compared to the nonwoven covers or the controls. Development of shoot and root hardiness of both species was monitored prior to and after the low temperature period. Roots of plants under long-term protective covers were slightly less hardy than those not covered.
Micropropagation of White Flowering Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis var. alba L.)
Authors: Yusnita S. , Geneve R. L. , Kester S. T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A white flowering Eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis var. alba L.) has been successfully micropropagated. Two node explants collected from the initial flush of spring growth were cultured on woody plant medium (WPM). Increased shoot multiplication occurred at 10,15 and 20 μM (2.3, 3.4 and 4.5 ppm) benzyladenine (BA). Microshoots were rooted in vitro on half strength WPM with a 15-day treatment of 100 and 300 μM (18.6 and 55.9 ppm) α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 100 and 300 μM (20.3 and 60.9 ppm) indolebutyric acid (IBA) prior to being moved to full strength WPM without growth regulators. Percentage rooting and the mean number of roots per cutting were comparable between NAA and IBA treated microcuttings, however, the subsequent root morphology differed between the two treatments. NAA treated plants developed a coarse, unbranched root system, while IBA treated cuttings developed a more desireable fine, branched root system. Rooted microshoots were successfully acclimated to greenhouse conditions.
Effect of Pruning on the Growth Inhibiting Activity of Sumagic (Uniconazole)
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Knox Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pruning date was investigated as a possible factor influencing the inhibitory activity of Sumagic (uniconazole) on growth of 6 container grown woody landscape plants. Plants were pruned 1 or 10 days before uniconazole was applied as a foliar spray or medium drench on June 22, 1988. Plant height and width were recorded weekly through November 30, 1988. Pruning date influenced the pattern of growth and/or the final size of plants treated with foliar-applied uniconazole. It also influenced uniconazole's inhibitory activity the first 2 to 3 weeks after application. Uniconazole was most effective on Pyracantha and Ligustrum lucidum the first 2 to 3 weeks after treatment if applied 1 day after pruning. Drench applications resulted in greater growth inhibition than foliar sprays; however, drench treatments caused unacceptable reduction in plant size.
Desiccation Tolerance in Bare-rooted Apple Trees Prior to Transplanting
Authors: Chen Tony H.H. , Murakami Paul , Lombard Porter , Fuchigami Leslie H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ten types of apple (Malus domestica L.) trees (six different scions on M.7 rootstock and four ‘Red Delicious’ scions on M.7, MM. 111, MM.106 and seedling rootstocks) were subjected to air drying for periods of 0 to 48 hr with or without 3 months of cold storage at 0°C (32°F). The kinetics of water loss during drying treatment and the transplanting survival and regrowth vigor were recorded. Both the scions and rootstocks influenced the tolerance of apple trees to desiccation stress. Among the plant materials tested, ‘Red Delicious’ on MM. 111 rootstock had the highest level of tolerance to desiccation. Three months of cold storage at 0°C (32°F) resulted in the considerable loss of tissue water, but the grafted trees survived if no further desiccation occurred prior to planting. Only ‘Red Delicious’/MM. 111 tolerated desiccation from the combination of three months of cold storage followed by a 48 hr exposure to air drying, while other scion/rootstock compound systems seldom survived. The analyses of water loss from apple trees indicated that the loss did not follow a simple first order reaction. However, there were two distinct first order water loss slopes suggesting that the loss was from two fractions of water inside plant tissues. One fraction of tissue lost water at a faster rate than the following second fraction which was slowly released from the plant tissues. There was no difference in the critical water content and rate of water loss between the tolerant trees, (i.e., ‘Red Delicious’ on MM. 111) and the others. Therefore it is suggested that trees on MM. 111 are more tolerant to desiccation because of the tolerance to water loss in the tissue.
Seed Germination of Intermountain Penstemons as Influenced by Stratification and GA3 Treatments
Authors: Kitchen Stanley G. , Meyer Susan E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Propagation of the genus Penstemon for use in landscape horticulture has been handicapped by a lack of understanding of seed dormancy and a practical method for breaking dormancy for numerous species. The extent of dormancy in seeds of 27 wild populations of Penstemon representing 16 Intermountain species was investigated by subjecting seeds to stratification (moist prechilling) of 2 to 16 weeks at 2°C (36°F) and varying concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3). Germination varied from 0 to 88% for non-treated seeds and from 13 to 100% for seeds treated with 250 ppm GA3. Collections from 10 species required 12 or more weeks of stratification for complete germination. Three species exhibited reduced germination after stratification when compared to the non-chilled control. Gibberellic acid significantly reduced the stratification requirement of seeds for the more dormant species. Concentrations of 150, 250, and 500 ppm GA3 were equally effective in breaking dormancy for most species. The considerable variability in seed dormancy suggests that the most practical solution to penstemon propagation from seed may be the selection of species and ecotypes with minimal dormancy.
Economic Feasibility of a Shade Tree Container Production System
Authors: Chinery D.H. , Rhodus T. , Struve D.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An economic model was developed to estimate the feasibility of producing red oak (Quercus rubra) whips in an established container nursery. Cost per plant was compared for a simulated container nursery of 6.88 and 13.76 ha (17 and 34 acres) at different levels of production. Variable cost per plant ranged from $3.48 when producing 100 plants to $3.16 when producing 4,160 or more. Fixed cost per plant was $.42 to $.55 higher in the small nursery, depending upon level of production. Total cost per plant varied from $3.86 to $4.59, depending upon nursery size and level of production. Sensitivity analysis indicated that total cost per plant is less responsive to changes in wage rate than changes in interest rates on operating capital. Reducing losses during the rapidgrowth and overwintering phases of production is necessary in order to minimize total cost per plant.
Anomalous Root Structure on Woody Plants in vitro
Authors: Smith M.A.L. , McClelland M.T. , Timmermann R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The anatomical structure of in vitro-generated roots contrasted sharply with ex vitro roots produced on parallel treatments of micropropagated woody plant clones. In vitro roots contained enlarged, irregular, frequently pigmented cortical cells with numerous intercellular spaces, and only primary vascular system 4–5 weeks after initiation, while ex vitro roots of the same age were comprised of smaller, uniformly arranged cell layers and were developmentally further advanced (exhibited secondary vascular system development). Light exposure was not a major influence on anomalous structure of in vitro roots, other than pigmented cell frequency. Ex vitro rooting hormone stimulated production of thicker, more frequent root initials, although root structure beyond the point of emergence from the stem quickly transformed to the slender, compact character typical of ex vitro production.
Soil Temperature and Copper Application Rate Affect Growth and Copper Deficiency of Aglaonema commutatum ‘Fransher’
Authors: Conover C.A. , Poole R.T. , Satterthwaite L.N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fransher aglaonema (Aglaonema commutatum Schott. ‘Fransher’) were used during the winter and spring in two duplicate 4 × 3 factorial randomized block design experiments with four continuous soil temperatures [13.0, 18.5, 24.0 and 29.5° ± 1°C (55, 65, 75, and 85°F ± 1.8°F)] and three copper levels [0, 0.05, and 0.1 g/15 cm pot (0, 0.0017 and 0.0035 oz/6 in pot(] from Cu Sequestrene. Plants were placed into zoned forced-air systems for soil temperature control in a glass greenhouse with an average maximum light intensity of 13 klx (1200 ft-c) and minimum and maximum air temperatures of 16 and 30°C (60 and 86°F), resp. Plant grade, color grade, number of breaks, root fresh weights, and elemental tissue content of Ca, Mg, and Cu increased linearly with increased soil temperature, while elemental tissue content of K decreased linearly with increased soil temperature. As copper application rate increased, plant grade, color grade, and elemental tissue content of Cu increased linearly and elemental tissue content of K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and B decreased linearly. Interactions of increased soil temperature and Cu application rate resulted in increased top fresh weights, elimination of Cu deficiency symptoms, and decreased leaf elemental P content.
Effects of K-IBA Rates and Timing on Rooting Percentage and Root Quality of Amelanchier laevis
Authors: Still Steven M. , Zanon Scott 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Semi-hardwood cuttings of Amelanchier laevis Weig. were taken on May 24, June 15, and July 26 and treated with five different rates of K-IBA: 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, 15,000, and 25,000 ppm. Rooting percentage and root quality were highest in cuttings taken in Mayor June. Root quality was significantly higher when cuttings were treated with higher rates of IBA.
Influence of Entomophagous Nematodes and Irrigation on Black Vine Weevil in Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hard. Mazz. Beds
Authors: Owen Nancy P. , Raupp Michael J. , Sadof Clifford S. , Bull Brenda C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Entomophagous nematodes were applied to beds of Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hard. Mazz. in an urban park to evaluate their potential for controlling black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius). Although no significant difference was attributed to nematode treatments, weevil damage in non-irrigated beds was lower than in irrigated beds. Irrigation management may be helpful for controlling this pest.
Cold Hardiness of Magnolia grandiflora L. Cultivars
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Established cultivars of Magnolia grandiflora L. with observed cold hardiness limits and recently introduced cultivars with unknown cold hardiness limits were subjected to laboratory cold hardiness evaluation. The laboratory cold hardiness data corresponded closely to the observed field performance of ‘Edith Bogue’, ‘Little Gem’, ‘Spring Grove #16’, and ‘Spring Grove #19’. ‘Edith Bogue’ is considered the most cold hardy cultivar under landscape conditions. It also proved the most cold hardy in laboratory tests with leaves and stems hardy to at least − 24°C (−11°F) and −27°C (−17°F) over the three test dates. ‘Little Gem’, the least cold hardy under field conditions, was also the least cold hardy in laboratory tests. The Spring Grove cultivars survived −32°C (−25°F) in 1976 and 1983 and −30°C (−22°F) in 1989 under landscape conditions. Laboratory test data corroborated observed field hardiness.
Three recent introductions, ‘Bracken's Brown Beauty’, ‘Phyllis Barrow’ and ‘Select #3’ showed different laboratory cold hardiness profiles. ‘Bracken's Brown Beauty’ developed the greatest stem cold hardiness followed by ‘Select #3’ and ‘Phyllis Barrow’. ‘Select #3’ and ‘Phyllis Barrow’ exhibited similar leaf cold hardiness, while ‘Bracken's Brown Beauty’ had less hardy leaves. Results indicated that promising clones of Magnolia grandiflora could be laboratory tested for cold hardiness with the resultant data used to predict survivability and geographic adaptability.
Birch Seedling Response to Irrigation Frequency and a Hydrophilic Polymer Amendment in a Container Medium
Authors: Tripepi R.R. , George M.W. , Dumroese R.K. , Wenny D.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Water-absorbing polymers (hydrogels) are promoted for their potential to increase the water-holding capacity of container media. European birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings (1 + 0 plugs) were planted in a container growth medium amended with 0, 1.2, 2.4 or 3.6 kg/m3 (0, 2, 4 or 6 lb/yd3) of Broadleaf P-4, a commercial hydrogel, and watered either daily or once every 3 or 5 days. When hydrogel was incorporated in the growth medium, shoot and root dry weights and leaf area were reduced by 19, 29 and 18%, respectively, compared to controls. Increases in stem height and diameter as well as shoot-root ratio were unaffected by hydrogel amendment rate. Compared to seedlings in polymer-amended media, plants growing in medium without hydrogel had significantly lower stomatal conductance and transpiration on fewer than 25% of the measurement dates. Irrigation frequency significantly affected all plant growth indices and stomatal parameters; seedlings irrigated daily grew the most and had the highest stomatal conductance and transpiration. Although polymer-amended media held more water than medium without hydrogel at all measured tensions, this moisture was retained in the expanded gel rather than being available for plant uptake at higher tensions. The hydrogel appeared to have little benefit for container production of birch.
Effect of Time and Application of Sodium Chloride in the Dormant Season on Selected Tree Seedlings
Authors: Headley David B. , Bassuk Nina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seedlings of Acer platanoides, A. rubrum, Quercus palustris, and Q. rubra were subjected to soil-applied sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions of 0.0, 1.1, and 5.0 N NaCl once every month beginning in October and ending in April. In May, the trees were evaluated for damage, harvested and dried. Growth measurements and shoot Na and Cl content were analyzed. For all four species, plants in the November through February/March salt treatments sustained little plant damage and reduction in growth. The October application of NaCl resulted in heavy plant damage and reduced growth in each species, while April NaCl applications produced similar results in A. rubrum and Q. palustris alone. Shoot Na and Cl content were greater in plants in the October, March, and April salt treatments.
In a second experiment, actively-growing, greenhouse-grown plants of the four species were subjected to either a fertilizer solution plus 0.25 N NaCl at every irrigation or a single application of 1.1 N NaCl followed by normal irrigation thereafter. A. platanoides lost its resistance to soil-applied NaCl by mid summer, while A. rubrum and Q. palustris were sensitive to a high dosage of NaCl applied at this time and Q. rubra was resistant. In both experiments, there were significant interactions between the time of NaCl application and the periodicity of plant growth, soil temperature, precipitation, and leaching of the salt from the soil as well as genetic factors, which affected the amount the salt injury sustained by trees.
Evaluation of Ten Landscape Trees for the Midwest
Authors: Hensley David L. , Wiest Steven C. , Long Charles E. , Pair John C. , Gibbons Frank D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Specific problems in plant selection for the midwest vary widely because of large differences in climate, soils, and urbanization. A project was started in 1984 to identify and evaluate worthy landscape plants for use in Kansas and other areas of the midwest. As of 1991, 40 species and cultivars have been planted in six locations throughout Kansas. Data collected for four years include survival, height, stem diameter, foliage quality, and overall quality. The results of the first two completed segments of this study (1984 and 1985) are presented.
Results and Future Production and Marketing Estimates Projected from a Survey of Christmas Tree Growers in Georgia
Authors: Lindstrom O.M. , Florkowski W.J. , Moorhead D.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) is the most planted Christmas tree in the South and its production has remained stable over the past few years. Leyland cypress [x Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) and Dallim. and A.B. Jacks.] is relatively new to the market, but the number of trees harvested has increased dramatically in the past 5 years (over 600%) where as Redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) production shows little market growth over the past 5 years. Due to the long lag period from planting to harvest, the data to correlate planting to harvests of White pine (Pinus strobus L.) was limited. Pearson correlation coefficients support the idea that future Christmas tree harvests can be reliably estimated from existing and estimated tree planting data for Virginia pine, White pine, Redcedar and Leyland cypress in the short term. With this information, growers can make better decisions regarding the numbers and species of trees to produce and be able to choose an appropriate marketing approach.
Effects of Growing Media and Aerial Environments on Acclimatization of In Vitro-Grown Miniature Rose Plantlets
Authors: Rogers R.B. , Knight S.L. , Smith M.A.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Initial acclimatization of in vitro-rooted plantlets of miniature rose (Rosa chinensis var. minima ‘Red Ace’) in high humidity and continuous light (most similar to the in vitro environment) increased plant growth (33% greater root area and 34% greater shoot area) relative to plants acclimatized under intermittent mist during early ex vitro growth stages, but later transfer to standard greenhouse conditions caused a temporary lag in continued growth. Direct transfer from in vitro culture conditions to a greenhouse mist bench inhibited growth during acclimatization, but permitted more rapid growth rate (28 and 30% more shoot and root area, respectively) during transition to the greenhouse growing environment. Direct transplant of in vitro rooted microcuttings to a growing medium containing soil resulted in high survival rate and circumvented the need for an interim potting medium, whereas transplant to Jiffy-9 pellets resulted in the highest plant losses.
Growth Regulators and Pruning Alter Growth and Axillary Shoot Development of Dianthus
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Annual carnation, Dianthus caryophyllus L., and garden pink, Dianthus chinensis L., were treated with foliar sprays of Bonzi (paclobutrazol), Cycocel (chlormequat chloride), or Pro-Shear (BA), and/or pruned to suppress shoot elongation or promote axillary shoot development. Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at 100 or 200 ppm was effective in suppressing shoot elongation of annual carnation over a 14-week period and garden pink over an 8-week period without increasing days to flower of either species. The combination of pruning and Bonzi (paclobutrazol) inhibited shoot elongation of both species compared to pruning alone. Flowering of both species was delayed 11 to 14 days compared to the control when pruning was combined with Bonzi (paclobutrazol). Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) suppressed shoot elongation of annual carnation but was not as effective as Bonzi (paclobutrazol); shoot elongation of garden pink was only suppressed for 2 weeks after Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) application. Application of ProShear (BA) at 100 or 200 ppm did not promote axillary shoot development of either species nor did Pro-Shear (BA) combined with pruning. Pruning of annual carnation and garden pink suppressed shoot elongation through week 7 and week 4, respectively, compared to the control. Pruning of annual carnation increased axillary shoot development compared to all other treatments, while pruning of garden pink decreased flower and primary axillary shoot numbers. Pruning delayed flowering in both species about 12 days compared to the control.