bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Scientists Communicate
Authors: Kelly Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
What is scientific research? It is the process by which we learn about the world. For this research to have an impact, and positively contribute to society, it needs to be communicated to those who need to understand its outcomes and significance for them. Any piece of research is not complete until it has been recorded and passed on to those who need to know about it. So, good communication skills are a key attribute for researchers, and scientists today need to be able to communicate through a wide range of media, from formal scientific papers to presentations and social media, and to a range of audiences, from expert peers to stakeholders to the general public. In this book, the goals and nature of scientific communication are explored, from the history of scientific publication; through the stages of how papers are written, evaluated, and published; to what happens after publication, using examples from landmark historical papers. In addition, ethical issues relating to publication, and the damage caused by cases of fabrication and falsification, are explored. Other forms of scientific communication such as conference presentations are also considered, with a particular focus on presenting and writing for nonspecialist audiences, the media, and other stakeholders. Overall, this book provides a broad overview of the whole range of scientific communication and should be of interest to researchers and also those more broadly interested in the process how what scientists do every day translates into outcomes that contribute to society.
The Two Expanded Cinemas
Authors: Walley Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter, one of two that make up Part I of the book, provides a revised history of expanded cinema from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s. It divides this period into two phases or waves of expanded cinema. During the first phase, the term was more or less synonymous with “intermedia,” connoting hybridity, the dissolution of artistic boundaries, and the questioning of traditional art forms. But the liberatory rhetoric of this phase was countered by concerns that the expansion of cinema threatened to dilute and destabilize the art form that generations of filmmakers and film critics had worked to establish. It was within avant-garde film that the perceived threat to cinema’s identity caused the most anxiety, as that mode of film practice had always been the most preoccupied with the nature of cinema. Within a few years, the term “expanded cinema” was reclaimed by filmmakers whose work extended avant-garde cinema’s longstanding tradition of specifying the cinematic into a wide range of new, “expanded” forms. This phase of expanded cinema lasted through the 1970s into the first few years of the 1980s. Chapter 1 also introduces two other major themes: a historical process of negotiation between cinema’s specificity and its connections to the other arts, which works of expanded cinema enact, and the interplay between two conceptions of cinema—as a physical material and an ephemeral experience. This reciprocal movement between the material and ephemeral is a key factor in expanded cinema’s formal mutability.
Expanded Cinema Revis(it)ed
Authors: Walley Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 addresses a third wave of expanded cinema, running from the mid-1990s to the present. Though in dialogue with art world developments, particularly the prevalence of moving images in that world, this wave again rose out of the theory and practice of avant-garde cinema. Hence, it reflects that film culture’s skepticism about digital technology, media convergence, and the “death” of cinema. Chapter 2 considers two major factors in the resurgence of expanded cinema. The first is the spread of digital technology and the implications of this for filmmaking and the theorization of cinema’s ontology. In the wake of “new media’s” ascendency in the “digital age,” experimental filmmakers and critics took up a renewed investigation of the nature of cinema and the role that specific physical media (e.g., celluloid film) play in our conception it. Prominent theorists of new media have argued against such specificity positions, employing concepts like “remediation” and “media convergence,” which speak to a merging of media and art forms quite contrary to the broadly modernist notions of avant-garde filmmakers—including those who produced expanded cinema during its “second wave.” The second major factor for expanded cinema’s new life is the microcinema, a form of film exhibition specific to experimental cinema that appeared across the United States, Canada, and Europe beginning the mid-1990s. Microcinemas are characterized by a highly participatory social environment, wherein film screenings blend into other kinds of social activity. Microcinemas are thus models for expanded cinema, each showcasing cinema’s adaptability to varying spaces and formal heterogeneity.
La Forge
Authors: Platt Andrew R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 argues that La Forge is a “partial” occasionalist, who appeals to “body–body” occasionalism to defend Descartes’ central epistemic thesis that mind is better known than body. La Forge argues for an occasionalistic version of Descartes’ physics. However, La Forge presents a theory of the mind–body union that implies that the human mind and body causally interact. While he says bodies are the “only occasional causes” of sensations in the mind, he uses “occasional cause” to refer to a type of accidental efficient cause. La Forge’s arguments for occasionalism are limited to body–body interaction: Although he holds that God continually re-creates finite substances, he is not committed to full-blown occasionalism. La Forge does not adopt occasionalism simply because he takes it to be a logical consequence of Cartesian physics. He sees body–body occasionalism as playing a broader theoretical role: He uses it to respond to criticisms of Cartesian epistemology.
Cordemoy
Authors: Platt Andrew R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cordemoy was the first of the Cartesians to argue in print for occasionalism about both body–body and mind–body causation—however, chapter 7 argues that Cordemoy had motives for adopting occasionalism similar to those of Geulincx and La Forge. Sections 7.1 and 7.2 present Cordemoy’s arguments for body–body and mind–body occasionalism. (Section 7.3 examines his account of the mind–body union, and argues his view about body–mind causation is unclear.) Geulincx’s overriding argument for body–body occasionalism is based on theses from Cartesian physics, including Descartes’ claim that motion is a mode of body, and the thesis that a mode of one substance cannot be transferred to another substance. But section 7.4 argues that Cordemoy’s occasionalism is not just a logical result of these metaphysical principles. Section 7.5 concludes that (like La Forge) Cordemoy also used occasionalism to defend Descartes’ epistemology, and thus had a broader theoretical motive for adopting occasionalism.
Concluding Meditations
Authors: Dubler Joshua , Lloyd Vincent W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In two concluding vignettes, the authors gesture toward how the religious traditions of their divergent upbringings inform their respective abolitionist commitments. Dubler, who was raised an observant Jew, reflects on how, among other aspects of the Jewish tradition, his formative encounters with Passover seder helped shape him into the abolitionist he is today. Drawing a connection between Jewish liturgy and the nineteenth-century abolitionist opponents of slavery, Dubler accounts for how the book acquired its title. Lloyd reflects on the experience of “witness” and how the ambivalence of this practice motivated his interest in prison abolition, and his scholarship. Both authors meditate on how direct action, prison education, scholarship, and citizenship are entangled, and how those tangles can be worked through Judaism or Protestantism.
A Systemic Perspective on the Global Sanitation Challenge
Authors: Welie Mara J. van , Truffer Bernhard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The sanitation target of the millennium development goals (MDGs) was not reached and progress toward the sustainable development goal on water and sanitation (SDG6) is very slow. The lack of sanitation is especially persistent in cities in the Global South, as the world is rapidly urbanizing. This problem demands long-term fundamental transformations of urban sanitation services and infrastructures. This chapter analyzes the challenges and opportunities of innovations that have the potential to contribute to solving urban sanitation problems. The authors therefore use a sociotechnical systems perspective that draws on insights from innovation studies and the sustainability transitions literature. Such a systemic perspective enables the analysis of the interplay between technologies, infrastructures and their associated actor networks, and institutions and user and provider practices. The chapter presents the analysis of the case of sanitation in Nairobi, Kenya, building on qualitative data from 104 expert interviews. Based on the analysis, the authors show that innovative efforts should focus on improving alignments between the various sanitation service regimes in the city—for example, through making utility services work in informal settlements or improving collaborations in the efforts to scale on-site sanitation innovations. The chapter illustrates how factors hindering innovation development toward reaching SDG6 often go beyond technological aspects, but rather represent system weaknesses related to actors, networks, and institutional aspects.
Two Decades of GMOs
Authors: Adenle Ademola A. , De Steur Hans , Hefferon Kathleen , Wesseler Justus 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Agricultural technologies have a key role to play in advancing international development, including achievement of the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are among a wide of range of agricultural technologies that can play a significant role in meeting SDG1 (poverty eradication), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG13 (climate change), and other interlinked SDGs. Yet GMO opposition persists in Europe with spillover effects in Africa, Asia, South America, and Latin America, thereby limiting the adoption of the new technology in the developing world. This chapter outlines two decades of positive impacts of GMOs in terms of socioeconomic and environmental benefits and considers their potential role in addressing the challenges presented in the 2030 development agenda. The authors highlight fundamental challenges in the application of GMOs, including the overly cautious application of precautionary principle and the lack of an international GMO regulatory framework. Developing countries need to employ risk-assessment models that balance benefits, costs, and risks of GMOs, focusing on local agricultural and environmental practices, rather than following developed countries.
Farmer-Prioritized Climate-Smart Agriculture Technologies
Authors: Mwongera Caroline , Mwungu Chris M. , Lungaho Mercy , Twomlow Steve 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) focuses on productivity, climate-change adaptation, and mitigation, and the potential for developing resilient food production systems that lead to food and income security. Lately, several frameworks and tools have been developed to prioritize context-specific CSA technologies and assess the potential impacts of selected options. This study applied a mixed-method approach, the climate-smart agriculture rapid appraisal (CSA-RA) tool, to evaluate farmers’ preferred CSA technologies and to show how they link to the sustainable development goals (SDGs). The chapter examines prioritized CSA options across diverse study sites. The authors find that the prioritized options align with the food security and livelihood needs of smallholder farmers, and relate to multiple sustainable development goals. Specifically, CSA technologies contribute to SDG1 (end poverty), SDG2 (end hunger and promote sustainable agriculture), SDG13 (combating climate change), and SDG15 (life on land). Limited awareness on the benefits of agriculture technologies and the diversity of outcomes desired by stakeholders’ present challenges and trade-offs for achieving the SDGs. The CSA-RA provides a methodological approach linking locally relevant indicators to the SDG targets.
Human Dignity
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive jurisprudence of just punishment would thus incorporate four propositions: Justice as proportionality: Offenders should never be punished more severely than can be justified by their blameworthiness in relation to the severity of punishments justly imposed on others for the same and different offenses. Justice as fairness: Processes for responding to crimes should be publicly known, implemented in good faith, and applied even-handedly. Justice as equal treatment: Defendants and offenders should be treated as equals; their circumstance and interests should be accorded equal respect and concern when decisions affecting them are made. Justice as parsimony: Offenders should never be punished more severely than can be justified by appropriate, valid, normative purposes.
The Four-Phase Model of Digital Campaign Development
Authors: Gibson Rachel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the core argument of the book, which is that over the past two decades digital technology has moved from the margins to the mainstream of campaign operations, and in doing so has fundamentally changed how elections are conducted. This process of transformation is broken down into four main phases: experimentation; standardization and professionalization; community building and activist mobilization; and individual voter mobilization. The theoretical framework for the model and its basis in the work of early e-democracy is presented. The phases are then described in more detail, using a set of common criteria that focus on the power distribution within and between campaigns, the technology and tools used, and the primary goal and target for the campaign. The four phases are summarized in tabular form.
The View from Inside the Machine
Authors: Hiskey Jonathan T. , Moseley Mason W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the proposition that intranational differences in political culture are one consequence of an uneven political regime landscape in which subnational dominant-party enclaves exist alongside multiparty systems. The chapter offers robust support for this proposition, demonstrating that individuals living in the dominant-party machines that are the focus of this study tend to be less supportive of democracy in the abstract. They also hold more ambivalent views regarding key features of democracy in practice such as limits on executive power and other institutional checks and balances. The conclusion for this chapter examines the role that exposure to corruption and vote-buying efforts plays in shaping citizens’ views toward democracy. The finding is that, indeed, the heightened exposure to such practices in dominant-party enclaves contributes substantially to the lower support for democracy expressed by those individuals living within them.
The Rise of the Modern White Nationalist Movement
Authors: Fording Richard C. , Schram Sanford F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the rise of the modern white nationalist movement and the process by which it was mainstreamed in American politics. The chapter describes the ideology of white nationalists and the variety of racialized political narratives utilized by movement leaders to foster white racial consciousness. These narratives became increasingly resonant among white racists due to observable increases in racial diversity, which was portrayed as a threat to white supremacy. Nonetheless, because of the relatively closed nature of the political opportunity structure, white racists had few vehicles open to them to express their frustration. From the 1980s until the election of Obama in 2008, white racists became increasingly disillusioned with contemporary politics. Most white racists sat out of politics altogether as an increasingly angry minority fueled a rapid growth in white nationalist groups that were relegated to the extremist fringe.
Courting Migrants
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis book examines state–migrant relations in four countries with a long history of migration, regime change, and democratic fragility: Turkey, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and the Philippines. It uses these cases to develop an integrative theory of the interaction between “diaspora-making” by states and “state-making” by diasporas. Specifically, it tackles three questions: (1) Under what conditions and in what ways do states alter the boundaries of political membership to reach out to migrants and thereby “make” diasporas? (2) How do these migrants respond? (3) To what extent does their response, in turn, transform the state? Through historical case narratives and qualitative comparison, the book traces the feedback loops among migrant profiles, state strategies of diaspora-making, party transnationalization, and channels of migrant engagement in politics back home. The analysis reveals that most migrants follow the pathways established by the state and thereby act as “loyal” diasporas but with important deviations that push states to alter rules and institutions.
Migration and Homeland Politics
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChapter 1 introduces the main research questions in this book: (1) Under what conditions and in what ways do states alter the boundaries of political membership to reach out to migrants and thereby “make” diasporas? (2) How do these migrants respond? (3) To what extent does their response, in turn, transform the state? It begins with a discussion of how global economic restructuring and political regime change have reshaped the contours of migrant-homeland engagement. It then lays out the main research questions and discusses the case selection and methodology. It also specifies the causal feedback loops driving state–migrant relations. The chapter concludes with a brief overview of the remaining chapters in the book.
Diasporas, States, and Loyalty
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChapter 2 lays out the book’s theoretical framework. It begins by defining a diaspora as any group living outside its real or imagined homeland that has been constructed as belonging to that homeland. It argues that states often try to extend their authority beyond territorial borders by constructing migrants as diasporas and cultivating their loyalty. It discusses the menu of objectives, tools, and strategies from which states choose when deciding why and how to do so. It then examines how migrants respond, arguing that they may either reinforce or resist the state’s incorporation project and thereby alter the state themselves.
A Genealogy of Dance Modernity
Authors: Franko Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at a variety of phenomena including folkloric dance that contained old regime materials, the ballet itself, and the scholarly research and collecting devoted to the grand siècle at the turn of the century. Three distinct seventeenth centuries were under construction in the historical imagination of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century dance. Research conducted in the early 1970s shows that elements of la belle danse found their way into regional folkloric performance; the seventeenth century became a predominant subject of ballets; musicology—a nascent discipline in France—turned to the discovery and reading of texts of musical theater that were no longer performed. These three activities engendered three versions of the seventeenth century in dance that I refer to as survival, revival, and archival. Survival corresponds to the emergence of ethnography thanks to Van Gennep and later Guilcher; revival refers to the principles of ballet evidenced in the writings of Volynsky on the basis of which new work could be created; archival refers to the discovery of the past as other in the research of Henry Prunières. These led in turn to concepts of performance as artifact, myth, and document, which together constituted the dispersed field of neoclassicism as I understand it in this book. Each of these versions of the seventeenth century came with a political potential with respect to questions of national identity.
The Critical Reception of Serge Lifar (1929–1939)
Authors: Franko Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 analyzes the critical reception of Serge Lifar at the Paris Opera during the 1930s. Evidence is presented of Lifar’s poor critical reception at the start of the decade and the characteristics of his dancing are analyzed in relation to the developing ideals of neoclassical ballet. The analysis reveals a gradual drift in critical language toward a fascist conception of Lifar’s dancing body as a polarity machine. This vision of Lifar is put forward with respect to the double level of artistic activity demanded of the dance artist who, as choreographer, is the contemplative painter of compositions, but who as dancer is the sculptor whose artistic material is his own body. Lifar seemed to embody by turns both the Apollonian and Dionysian sides of Nietzsche’s influential argument on the origin of tragedy. The chapter also covers the debate over the meaning of neoclassicism in French ballet during the 1930s and the role Lifar played in this debate both as an object of discussion and an interlocutor. Critics include Russian émigrés under the influence of Akim Volynsky: André Levinson, Julia Sazonova, and André Schaïkevitch and their French compeers Roger Lannes and Maurice Brillant. Arguing for a formalist and idealist conception of balletic neoclassicism, the Russo-French school used the work of Serge Lifar as their main example. This chapter also explores in depth André Levinson’s change of heart concerning Lifar and the relation of Lifar to Vaslav Nijinsky in Levinson’s criticism.
“Bringing many souls home to Jesus Christ”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As the pastor of the Charleston Baptist Church, Oliver Hart established a pattern of moderate revivalist ministry. His weekly routine of public and private ministry of the Word mirrored that of most ministers in the broadly Reformed tradition. Hart invested a significant portion of each week to preparing and delivering sermons, which he developed according to the classic Puritan method. Outside his own congregation, he partnered with evangelical leaders from a variety of other denominations, including the Anglican evangelist George Whitefield, to spread the revivalism of the Great Awakening. Hart gained a wide acceptance among the residents of Charleston in part because of the respectable social persona he developed, in contrast to the erratic behavior of the Separate Baptists and other radical revivalists. Most significant, Hart adopted the classic moderate evangelical approach to slavery while in Charleston, ministering earnestly to enslaved Africans even as he owned slaves himself. Hart’s respectable, moderate revivalism set the tone for the next century and a half for white Baptists in Charleston and the broader South.