bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-term follow-up of all-polyethylene tibial components when used for oncological endoprosthetic reconstruction
Authors: Bernthal Nicholas M. , Burke Zachary D. C. , Hegde Vishal , Upfill-Brown Alexander , Chen Clark J. , Hwang Richard , Eckardt Jeffrey J. 
Published: February 2020

Aims We aimed to examine the long-term mechanical survivorship, describe the modes of all-cause failure, and identify risk factors for mechanical failure of all-polyethylene tibial components in endoprosthetic reconstruction. Methods This is a retrospective database review of consecutive endoprosthetic reconstructions performed for oncological indications between 1980 and 2019. Patients with all-polyethylene tibial components were isolated and analyzed for revision for mechanical failure. Outcomes included survival of the all-polyethylene tibial component, revision surgery categorized according to the Henderson Failure Mode Classification, and complications and functional outcome, as assessed by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) score at the final follow-up. Results A total of 278 patients were identified with 289 all-polyethylene tibial components. Mechanical survival was 98.4%, 91.1%, and 85.2% at five, ten and 15 years, respectively. A total of 15 mechanical failures were identified at the final follow-up. Of the 13 all-polyethylene tibial components used for revision of a previous tibial component, five (38.5%) failed mechanically. Younger patients (< 18 years vs > 18 years; p = 0.005) and those used as revision components (p < 0.001) had significantly increased rates of failure. Multivariate logistic regression modelling showed revision status to be a positive risk factor for failure (odds ratio (OR) 19.498, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.598 to 82.676) and increasing age was a negative risk factor for failure (OR 0.927, 95% CI 0.872 to 0.987). Age-stratified risk analysis showed that age > 24 years was no longer a statistically significant risk factor for failure. The final mean MSTS score for all patients was 89% (8.5% to 100.0%). Conclusion The long-term mechanical survivorship of all-polyethylene tibial components when used for tumour endoprostheses was excellent. Tumour surgeons should consider using these components for their durability and the secondary benefits of reduced cost and ease of removal and revision. However, caution should be taken when using all-polyethylene tibial components in the revision setting as a significantly higher rate of mechanical failure was seen in this group of patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint J. 2020;102-B(2):170–176
Coned hemipelvis reconstruction for osteoporotic acetabular fractures in frail elderly patients
Authors: McMahon Samuel E. , Diamond Owen J. , Cusick Laurence A. 
Published: February 2020

Aims Complex displaced osteoporotic acetabular fractures in the elderly are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Surgical options include either open reduction and internal fixation alone, or combined with total hip arthroplasty (THA). There remains a cohort of severely comorbid patients who are deemed unfit for extensive surgical reconstruction and are treated conservatively. We describe the results of a coned hemipelvis reconstruction and THA inserted via a posterior approach to the hip as the primary treatment for this severely high-risk cohort. Methods We have prospectively monitored a series of 22 cases (21 patients) with a mean follow-up of 32 months (13 to 59). Results The mean patient age was 79 years (67 to 87), and the mean ASA score was 3.3 (3 to 5). Three patients had high-energy injuries and 18 had low-energy injuries. All cases were associated fractures (Letournel classification: anterior column posterior hemitransverse, n = 13; associated both column, n = 6; transverse posterior wall, n = 3) with medialization of the femoral head. Mean operative time was 93 minutes (61 to 135). There have been no revisions to date. Of the 21 patients, 20 were full weight-bearing on day 1 postoperatively. Mean length of hospital stay was 12 days (5 to 27). Preoperative mobility status was maintained in 13 patients. At one year, mean Merle d’Aubigné score was 13.1 (10 to 18), mean Oxford Hip Score was 38.5 (24 to 44), mean EuroQol five-dimension five-level (EQ-5D-5L) health score was 68 (30 to 92), and mean EQ-5D-5L index score was 0.68 (0.335 to 0.837); data from 14 patients. Mortality was 9.5% (2/21) at one year. There have been no thromboembolic events, deep infections, or revisions. Conclusion The coned hemipelvis reconstruction bypasses the fracture, creating an immediately stable construct that allows immediate full weight-bearing. The posterior approach minimizes the operative time and physiological insult in this vulnerable patient population. Early results suggest this to be a safe addition to current surgical options, targeted at the most medically frail elderly patient with a complex displaced acetabular fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2020;102-B(2):155–161.
Implications of Some Selected Ethical Theories for Environmental Sustainability and Development in Nigeria
Authors: Ikegbu Ephraim Ahamefula , Enyimba Maduka 
Published: February 2020

Human actions and conduct have both positive and negative effects on humankind and its environment. This is why ethicists have propounded different theories that are supposed to guide peoples’ conduct in order to distinguish the right from the wrong. Environmental ethics as an aspect of environmental philosophy attempts a justification of the rightness and wrongness of human activities as they affect other non-human members of the society or environment. Despite the efforts of both ethicists and environmentalist, humans have continued to conduct themselves in a manner, most unhealthy to the environmental resources. This is the problematic that informed this research on “Ethics, Environment and Philosophy: Towards Sustainable Development in Africa”. The main objective is to apply selected ethical theories to the philosophical study of environment in order to ascertain their implications for sustainable development in Africa. To achieve this goal, philosophical methods of critical analysis, conceptual clarification and deduction were employed in the examination and exposition of the nature and tenets of the following selected ethical theories: Platonism, Hedonism, Subjectivism, Teleologism and Deontologism. It was discovered upon application that, these theories present both positive and negative implication for environment, philosophy and development. Hence, humans must be positively minded whenever they undertake any action be it from the perspective of Platonists, Hedonists, Subjectivists, Teleologists or Deontologists. If there must be development and sustainability in the environment, then the positive aspects of each of these theories must be harnessed to yield what this paper describes as environmental eclecticism.
Keywords: Ethical Theories, Environment, Philosophy, Sustainable Development, Environmental Eclecticism.
One Health Approach in Traditional Milk Production as a Part of Steps towards SDGs
Authors: Jevtic Marija , Belic Branislava , Glavas–Trbic Danica 
Published: February 2020

The production of milk and cheese assumes activities in the field of agricultural production, veterinary health, and the use of milk and dairy products has public health significance, and can be viewed through the "one health" concept. The aim of the paper is to underline public health and sustainability significance of interconnection among agriculture, veterinary and technology. Production of hard cheese with added value from milk produced in organic and self-sustaining systems research the risks, advantages and possibilities of traditional cheese production and focused on creating conditions for organic milk and hard cheese with added value production, with precisely defined conditions: isolating land plots, livestock farms and processing facilities from possible sources of pollution, water quality, harmonized development of plant and animal production and the capability of producers for organic agriculture with the obligation to constantly innovate knowledge. The new products ensure the employment and livelihood of people in the countryside, the economic prosperity of small family farms, link the activities in the field of veterinary health and agricultural production, contribute to the development of risk-management technology, healthy chooses and compatible with SDGs.
Keywords: One Health approach, Traditional Milk Production, sustainability, Healthy Choices, SDGs
Optimality of Tax Policy on the Basis of Comparative Analysis of Income Taxation
Authors: Abuselidze George 
Published: February 2020

This paper is to determine the optimality of taxation based on a comparative analysis of income taxation in developed and developing countries. In our opinion, the main idea of income tax should be the optimal distribution of tax literacy on the basis of a direct definition of income of taxpayers or progressive taxation.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the main provisions of the market economy, classical and modern tax theories, legislative and regulatory acts of foreign countries. The main part of the empirical material is from 2002 to 2017. In the process of analysis of the actual material, together with the general scientific method of research, is used: Comparative and systemic analysis, analogy, statistical data monitoring and other methods. The comparative and systemic analysis will give us an opportunity to reveal and evaluate the ways of perfection. Analogy and comparative analysis is based on variables and features, such as the of income taxes structure, withdrawal rules, rates, tax base. Statistic concept tries to explain the named phenomena by the way of fundamental analyzing of the statistic data received resulted multiple statistic observation. Previous analyses of tax rates tend to support the hypothesis that Developed countries emphasize the importance of fairness, while developing countries are mainly focused on mobilizing budget revenues and lesser consideration of fair taxation principles, since the tax system performs a fiscal function more effectively than developing countries.
Keywords: Tax policy, income tax, tax burden, budget, well-being
Urban Form and Productivity in México 1995-2015
Authors: Montejano Jorge , Caudillo Camilo , Monkkonen Paavo , Guerra Erick , Núñez Juan M. , Garza Blanca E. , Ávila Gerardo , Medina Sandra 
Published: February 2020

Worldwide, urban policies are encouraging more compact development in cities arguing environmental sustainability and higher economic productivity. However, there is limited evidence for the relationship between urban form and economic productivity outside high-income countries. While we know that workers in larger cities are more productive, existing empirical evidence on the relationship between compactness and productivity is only from high-income countries, with a productive service sector. Given that the economic base of many cities in Mexico consists of land-intensive manufacturing activities, policies promoting urban compactness have potential negative impacts on economic growth by restraining expansion.
In this paper we explore the relationship in time between urban form/spatial structure and economic productivity in Mexico, by testing the hypothesis that growing in a compact way is positively associated with labor productivity. That hypothesis is not completely rejected because several measures of urban form are positively correlated with higher levels of productivity, and other measures are negatively correlated. As the principal findings are counterintuitive, they raise questions about what is the accepted knowledge of urban growth.
Keywords: Urban Form; urban structure; productivity; manufacturing; México.
The Barriers to High-Growth Enterprises: What Do Businesses in Africa Experience?
Authors: Nwajiuba Chinyere Augusta , Igwe Paul Agu , Binuomote Micheal Olayinka , Nwajiuba Anulika O. , Nwekpa Kenneth Chukwuma 
Published: February 2020

This study examines the challenges that micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) face and provide insights on African business environment and entrepreneurial ecosystem. In the context of growth-oriented entrepreneurship, good policies and favourable institutional environments support firms' growth, productivity and development, while adverse formal and informal institutions constrain business development. Secondary data from World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) was used to capture barriers to entrepreneurship and high-growth opportunities which include – lack of finance, lack of innovation and technology, low skilled workforce, poor infrastructure, unfavorable regulations and more pervasively corruption. These barriers are evident in the micro, meso and macro environments. These have implications on the unemployment rate, poverty rates and economic growth of the African region.
Keywords: Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises; Entrepreneurial Ecosystem; African Entrepreneurship; African Business Environments.
Curator Searching for Urban Identity; From ''Yousef Abad'' to ''Vali Asr''
Authors: Nezhad Roudabeh Tankarami Bagheri , Kateb Fatemeh 
Published: February 2020

By changing the approach of modern art from the middle of the twentieth century to attention to conceptual art, art exhibitions became a spiritual movement that could provide different ways of shaping society. At the same time, the Curator becomes mediator between art and its audience. Victoria D Alexander considers the quality and impact of art on audiences in today's world dependent on distribution systems by presenting a "Better Culture Diamond" based on Wendy Griswold's Crystal Diamond Design. In this analytic-descriptive study, its data were collected through library studies, field research and interviews, while highlighting the importance of Curator as an important part in the art distribution system by examining two Curatorial projects names "Vali Asr-First Folder" and "Yousef Abad" have come to the conclusion that contemporary Curator in Iran represent the social role of art and seek to redefine social concepts such as "urban identity" through Curatorial projects.
Keywords: Curator, Contemporary Iranian Art, Cultural Diamond, Urban Identity, Identity Crisis
Greening of Public Spaces in Cherepovets during Urbanization, 1870 - 1930s: Contradictions of Sustainable Development
Authors: Agafonova Anna B. 
Published: February 2020

From the second half of the XIX century, public gardens and boulevards have become an integral part of provincial Russian towns. They played an aesthetic and sanitary-hygienic role in urban space, being, in fact, green oases in a dusty and noisy town. However, in the XX century, the functional purpose of town gardens has changed: the recreational component is being replaced by the cultural and entertainment one, which became dominant in the Soviet period. This article considers the process of urban space greening in the provincial town of Cherepovets as an example of this process and transforming the functions of the town garden. It also presents the analysis of everyday practices of using urban flora by the population of Cherepovets. The methodological basis of the work is urban environmental history. The research is based on archival and office materials, official statistics, and periodicals. Soviet power kept the tradition of new blocks greening, that formed in the pre-revolutionary period. At the same time, the entertainment and leisure functions of the recreation park supplanted the recreational function, and everyday practices of the town residents showed a dismissive and utilitarian attitude towards the town green spaces. It was due to the peculiarities of urbanization in the city. In the conditions of the constantly expanding town space and the influx of rural population, green spaces could not prevent the degradation of the natural environment, which led to the destabilization of the ecological situation in Cherepovets and prevented the sustainable development of the city.
Keywords: urban environmental history, urban greening, a city garden, everyday practice
The Case for Prostate Cancer Risk Reduction by 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Tanagho Youssef S. , Andriole Gerald L. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: Prostate cancer remains a significant public health problem. The current approach with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening has questionable effects on prostate cancer–specific mortality but is clearly associated with overdiagnosis of prostate cancer, especially relatively low-risk and low-volume tumors. Methods to decrease overdiagnosis include alterations in screening practices and, potentially, the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors. This article reviews the major trials that have evaluated 5-alpha reductase inhibitors in this setting: the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and the Reduction by Dutasteride Prostate Cancer Events Trial (REDUCE). Although these trials enrolled different patient populations, their findings are complementary and suggest a potential role for these agents in prostate cancer risk reduction. Use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors results in an approximate 25% reduction in the detection of prostate cancer, reduces diagnosis of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and improves benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related outcomes and the performance of PSA as a diagnostic test for aggressive prostate cancer. Side effects occur in a small percentage of men and consist of decreased sexual function and libido as well as gynecomastia. The risk of high-grade tumor development while receiving these agents is uncertain.
The Interventional Radiologist Role in Treating Liver Metastases for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Solomon Stephen B. , Sofocleous Constantinos T. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: Interventional radiologists (IRs) have an expanding role in the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal cancer. Increasing data on the ability to treat liver metastases with locoregional therapies has solidified this position. Ablative approaches, such as radiofrequency ablation and microwave ablation, have shown durable eradication of tumors. Catheter-directed therapies—such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), drug-eluting beads (DEB), Y90 radioembolization, intra-arterial chemotherapy ports, and isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP)—are potential techniques for managing patients with unresectable liver metastases. Understanding the timing and role of these techniques in the multidisciplinary care of the patient is critical. Implementation of the IR clinic for consultation has enabled better integration of these therapies into the patient's overall care and has facilitated improved opportunities for clinical studies.
A Renaissance in Therapeutic Options for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Kunz Pamela L. 
Published: February 2020

Overview:The field of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has seen a remarkable renaissance in recent years with exponential increases in published research, clinical trials, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments. Surgical resection remains the foundation for management of locoregional disease. However, for patients with advanced disease, novel therapeutic options have emerged. Two separate randomized placebo-controlled studies have shown prolonged progression-free survival (PFS) with everolimus or sunitinib. Future studies are designed to answer questions about the role of somatostatin analogs as antiproliferative agents, combinations of biologic therapies, and new cytotoxic chemotherapy backbones.
Role of Doxorubicin in Rhabdomyosarcoma: Is the Answer Knowable?
Authors: Arndt Carola A. S. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: The role of doxorubicin in treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) has been controversial for 30 years. Despite its known activity in RMS, because of its risk of cardiotoxicity, its use is not justified in low-risk patients who have an excellent chance of cure with vincristine, actinomycin with or without cyclophosphamide, and primary tumor treatment. For patients with intermediate and high risks, the risk/benefit ratio must be carefully considered. In addition, the peak incidence of RMS is in toddlers, with whom the risk of cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines is higher. A number of trials both in North America and Europe, which are reviewed in this article, have investigated the role of doxorubicin in RMS, with no conclusive outcomes. In addition, differences in risk-group assignment on two sides of the Atlantic further complicate comparisons and analyses. The current European EpSSG 2005 study for high-risk RMS (by the European definition) may come closest to giving an answer to the role of doxorubicin in RMS.
Will Disease Heterogeneity Help Define Treatment Paradigms for Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma? A Global Perspective
Authors: Shah Manish A. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: Cancers of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract form a heterogeneous group of diseases for which treatment paradigms for localized disease continue to emerge. Recently, several phase III studies in esophagus and gastric cancer that have attempted to define new standards of care have been reported. However, controversy still persists and treatment algorithms often depend on individual preference, patient referral patterns, and treatment biases. In the current era of improving quality control and standardization of care, such variations in practice present a substantial challenge for both patients and physicians. In this article, I will highlight differences in disease biology for upper GI diseases, and in particular, gastric cancer.
Predicting Clinical Outcome in B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Kay Neil E. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: B-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a relatively common B-cell malignancy that has a very heterogeneous clinical course, despite carrying the designation of “chronic,” which is a gross oversimplification. Being able to give some estimate of the rates of disease progression and overall survival (OS) at first diagnosis is, therefore, important in CLL. The ability to accurately predict response to therapy, as well as subsequent duration of response to therapy, is required given the variability of current therapies to induce and sustain treatment responses. The holy grail of prognostics would be to state with accuracy which therapy or types of therapy are best for a given patient. Although there is no complete answer to prognostic counseling, there is a continued development of markers specific to the CLL B cell and/or to its environment, as well as of testing of prognostic models. These models use both traditional and novel prognostic markers that can aid in the dissection of outcome for early-stage CLL in terms of progression risk and time to therapy. This has resulted in significant enhancement of our ability to guide and predict outcome for our patients with CLL.
Gene Patents and Personalized Medicine
Authors: Klein Roger D. 
Published: February 2020

Overview: The use of genetic information to design and guide therapies and to develop novel diagnostic procedures creates important patent issues. Patents on human gene sequences have likely helped stimulate the introduction of new biologics; however, their role and that of patents on genotype-phenotype correlations in diagnostic testing is highly controversial. Genotype-phenotype associations are at the heart of personalized medicine. The intellectual property rules by which these biologic relationships are governed have profound implications for the growth of individualized medicine.