bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zehn Jahre Rauchverbot − Auswirkungen des Nichtraucherschutzgesetzes am Beispiel des traditionellen Kneipenviertels der Kölner Südstadt
Authors: Brünsing J. , Majorski D. S. , Windisch W. 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Seit September 2007 regelt das Bundesnichtraucherschutzgesetz ein gesetzliches Rauchverbot. Dieses regelt ein generelles Rauchverbot in Einrichtungen des Bundes, in Verkehrsmitteln des öffentlichen Personenverkehrs sowie in Personenbahnhöfen. Weitere Rauchverbote sind uneinheitlich geregelt und unterscheiden sich innerhalb der einzelnen Bundesländer. Neben Plätzen öffentlichen Interesses, Sportstätten und dem Arbeitsplatz galt immer auch besonderes Augenmerk auf Diskotheken und Gaststätten, wo seit jeher vermehrt geraucht wurde. Für die in dieser Arbeit betrachtete Situation der Kneipen der Südstadt in Köln gilt das erweiternde Gesetz zum Schutz von NichtraucherInnen in NRW vom 20. Dezember 2007.
Methodik Eine Befragung mittels gesondert erstelltem, 24-Items umfassendem Fragebogen wurde durchgeführt. Befragt wurden BesucherInnen ausgewählter Kneipen über 26 Jahre, damit sichergestellt war, dass bei Einführung des Nichtraucherschutzgesetzes die Teilnehmenden das damalige legale Alter zum Rauchen erreicht hatten.Die Datenakquirierung erfolgte sowohl in Direktbefragungen von Teilnehmenden in ausgewählten Lokalen der Kölner Südstadt als auch mittels Online-Umfragen, auf welche in Presse, Fernsehen und über soziale Medien aufmerksam gemacht wurde.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 1318 vollständig ausgefüllte Fragebögen evaluiert. Die Teilnehmenden waren im Durchschnitt 49 Jahre alt (± 12,1). Aus den 1318 auswertbaren Fragebögen ergab sich, dass im Jahr 2007 von den Befragten 726 aktiv rauchten (55,1 %). 2018 gaben noch 518 (39,3 %) (p: < 0,001) Befragte an, aktiv zu rauchen. Von den aktiven RaucherInnen konsumierten 2007 insgesamt 289 von 726 (39,8 %) mehr als 20 Zigaretten am Tag. 2018 waren es 179 von 518 (34,6 %) (p: < 0,001). In die Gruppe der mittelschweren RaucherInnen mit 10 – 19 Zigaretten pro Tag fielen 2007 303 Personen (41,7 % der Rauchenden), 2018 waren es noch 227 (43,8 %) (p: < 0,001). Der Gruppe der Wenigrauchenden mit 1 – 9 Zigaretten am Tag zugehörig waren 2007 insgesamt 134 Personen (18,5 %), 2018 noch 112 Personen (21,6 %) (p: < 0,001). Unter den aktiven RaucherInnen stellte in dieser Befragung das Rauchverbot die relevanteste Ursache für eine Veränderung des Rauchverhaltens dar. Bei Nicht- oder ehemals Rauchenden waren gesundheitliche Aspekte sowie Familie und Freunde die entscheidenden Faktoren, Tabakprodukte abzulehnen.
Zusammenfassung Durch die Untersuchung konnte anhand der 1318 TeilnehmerInnen umfassenden Stichprobe unter Kneipenbesuchenden gezeigt werden, dass die Anzahl an aktiven RaucherInnen seit Einführung des Nichtraucherschutzgesetzes 2007 signifikant und deutlich zurückgegangen ist. Weiterhin konnte festgestellt werden, dass in der heutigen Zeit die Zahl von Menschen mit eher geringem Zigarettenkonsum signifikant zunimmt.
Von der onkologischen Reha-Klinik an den Wohnort –
Schnittstellenanalyse unter Berücksichtigung der
Bewegungsangebote
Authors: Wirtz Petra , Weber Rabea , Baumann Freerk T. 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Die Erhebung untersucht und vergleicht die Wissens- und
Informationsvermittlung in den Krebssportgruppen und Rehakliniken zum Thema
Bewegung und Sport in der Krebsnachsorge in Deutschland. Ein weiterer
Untersuchungsgegenstand ist die Art der Vermittlung der Patienten in die
Krebssportgruppen. Eine etwaige Zusammenarbeit zwischen Rehakliniken und
Krebssportgruppen wird zudem überprüft.
Methodik Es wurde ein Befragungskonzept durch 2 aufeinander aufbauende
Querschnittsanalysen mittels selbst konzipierter Fragebögen angewendet.
Die erste Befragung (2015) fokussierte onkologische Rehabilitationskliniken in
Deutschland, die nach definierten Einschlusskriterien ausgewählt wurden.
Mithilfe der Ergebnisse wurde die zweite Befragung (2018) generiert, und mittels
eines Online-Tools an die Ansprechpartner und Leiter der Krebssportgruppen
versendet.
Ergebnisse Es wurden 33 Rehabilitationskliniken mit 44 828
behandelten Patienten (im Jahr 2014) sowie 126 Krebssportgruppen mit 1896
Krebssportgruppen-Teilnehmer einbezogen. 99% der Patienten wurden laut
der Reha-Kliniken über den Rehabilitationssport in der Krebsnachsorge
informiert. Bei 18% der Krebssportgruppen bestand direkter Kontakt mit
onkologischen Rehazentren/-kliniken, wobei umgekehrt 57% der
Kliniken persönliche Kontaktdaten der
Übungsleiter/Ansprechpartner am Wohnort an die Patienten
vermitteln. 78% der Rehaklinik-Patienten erhielten konkrete,
individuelle Bewegungsempfehlungen für den Sport am Wohnort, wobei
lediglich 23% der Teilnehmer mit spezifischen Bewegungsempfehlungen,
nach Aussage der Krebssportgruppenleiter, in die Gruppe kamen.
Schlussfolgerung Es zeigt sich insgesamt ein recht inhomogenes Bild: Die
Teilnehmer der Krebssportgruppen zeigten einen deutlich geringeren Informations-
und gegensätzlichen Verordnungsstand als die Patienten, die aus der
Rehabilitationsklinik entlassen wurden. Eine Erklärung ist, dass
weiterhin die meisten Patienten über die niedergelassenen Ärzte
in die Krebssportgruppen kommen, und von diesen nur ein Bruchteil vorher in den
Rehakliniken waren, in denen umfassende Informationsangebote existieren. Der
Aufbau einer obligaten sektorenübergreifenden Vernetzung in Deutschland,
zwischen den Krebssportgruppen, Rehabilitationskliniken und niedergelassenen
Ärzten ist abzuwägen, wodurch sich die Versorgungsstruktur
qualitativ aber auch quantitativ optimieren könnte.
A Method of Shoulder Spica Cast Application In Shoulder Muscle Transfer Patients In Supine Position
Authors: Shah Harsh R. , Bhandari Praweshi Singh , Goklani Mayur , Thatte Mukund R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Children with birth brachial plexus injury (BBPI) often require secondary surgery for the shoulder. The shoulder spica is necessary after shoulder muscle transfer surgery in babies with BBPI. However, its application can be difficult in the supine position under anesthesia. The authors describe a simple and cost-effective method of applying the shoulder spica cast without changing the supine position under anesthesia.
Technique  While still under anesthesia, the child is placed in a supine position and then elevated on the wooden bar. The POP roll is wrapped around in a cylindrical manner, starting from the level one inch above the anterior superior iliac spine. The contralateral shoulder is also incorporated into the cast.
Conclusion The spica application technique described comprises commonly available materials, such as a wooden plank, pair of bolsters, plaster of Paris rolls, and dressing materials overcoming the need for customized apparatus or the operation table. The materials are easy to assemble and thereby applicable just about anywhere. The task also becomes less challenging for the anesthetic in the supine position. This technique is easily reproducible and cost-effective.
Chronic Tenosynovitis of the Upper Extremities Caused by Mycobacterium kansasii: A Clinical Case and Systematic Review of Literature
Authors: Huayllani Maria T. , Sisti Andrea , Boczar Daniel , Restrepo David J. , Parker Alexander S. , Sarabia-Estrada Rachel , Rinker Brian D. , Forte Antonio Jorge 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Chronic tenosynovitis of the upper extremities caused by Mycobacterium kansasii (M. kansasii) is uncommon, but symptoms may overlap with other more common diseases. Late diagnosis and treatment can lead to disfiguration of structures and rupture of tendons, resulting in worse cosmetic outcomes after reconstruction.
Methods We present a clinical case and literature review of M. kansasii in patients with chronic tenosynovitis of upper extremities. PubMed was queried for cases of upper extremities tenosynovitis caused by M. kansasii. The keywords “M. kansasii,” “tenosynovitis” and synonyms were used for search in different combinations. Manuscripts, with no specific data or another condition, where the infection was not located in the upper extremities, were reviews, or not in English, were excluded from the study.
Results We described 23 reported cases of tenosynovitis of the upper extremity caused by M. kansasii. An immunosuppressed state was present in eight (34.8%) cases, and 12 (52.2%) patients received immunosuppressive treatment. A long-time period between the first appearance of symptoms and the definitive diagnosis was identified (median: 7 months, interquartile range: 9). The most frequent symptoms were local swelling (65.2%), pain (56.5%), mass effect (26%), and stiffness (13%). Tendon rupture was found in three (13%) patients as a complication of the disease. Moreover, seven (30.4%) patients underwent previous surgeries to try to relieve the symptoms before definitive diagnosis was achieved.
Conclusion M. kansasii is an important differential causal pathogen for tenosynovitis of the upper extremities. Although rare, raising awareness about this infectious disease is imperative to avoid inadequate management and hazardous aesthetic sequelae.
How do speakers and hearers disambiguate multi-functional words?
Authors: Rühlemann Christoph , Gries Stefan Th. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWellis an exemplary multi-functional word performing pragmatic and syntactic functions. That multi-functionality poses a potential problem: How do hearers in conversation determine which function is actualized and how do speakers project the function actualized? We address both questions examining factors hearers rely on to disambiguatewelland the resources speakers deploy to designatewell’s function. The study is based on 8-, 9-, and 10-word turns containingwellextracted from the British National Corpus for which audio files from the Audio BNC are available. We include duration, measuringwell’s durations in Praat. The workflow comprised both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitatively, all turns were manually inspected and the functions and subfunctions ofwellwere identified. Due to data paucity the quantitative analysis was based only on a broad distinction between syntactic and pragmatic functions. The analysis involved two logistic regression model selection processes, one adopting a hearer, one a speaker perspective. Based on the factors position in the turn, duration and lexical context, our final models indicate that hearers disambiguate the two main functions ofwelldrawing on lexical context and position in the turn while speakers projectwell’s functions by modulating duration. We propose thatHoey’s (2005)6th priming hypothesis, concerned with polysemy, can be extended to also include polyfunctionality. Position also suggests a reading in terms of Hoey’s ‘textual colligation’ hypothesis related to a word’sposition: particularly in its incarnation as a marker of dispreferreds, pragmaticwellis heavily primed to occur turn-initially.
Pò(‘break’),qiē(‘cut’) andkāi(‘open’) in Chinese
Authors: Du Jing , Li Fuyin Thomas , Xu Mengmin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study explores the conceptual boundaries amongbreak, cutandopenfrom an under-investigated diachronic perspective and addresses the diachronic conceptual variations of Chinesepò(‘break’),qiē(‘cut’) andkāi(‘open’). The Center for Chinese Linguistics corpus is employed for the extraction of historical data. Correspondence analyses are conducted for uncovering the conceptual boundary variations amongpò, qiē, andkāi. In doing so, this study, situated in Diachronic Prototype Semantics, has revealed that: (1) The conceptual ranges ofpò,qiēandkāigreatly overlapped in ancient Chinese, but their division of labor becomes increasingly clear-cut in Mandarin. (2) By the stage of Modern Mandarin, these three lexical categories have formed their own prototypical structures and categorize separation events of state change in virtue of a lexical continuum “kāi-pò-qiē”. (3) Language selection, semantic specialization, as well as conceptual reorganization are proposed as contributing factors for these changes.
On the crucial role of “Arousal” and “Saliency” in affective iconicity
Authors: Aryani Arash 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tsur and Gafni (T&G) claim that individual sounds can suggest “elementary percepts,” which, depending on the context, can evoke “specific emotions.” However, their proposal suffers from a lack of a theoretical framework and embedding of the theory in the broader scholarly literature. In terms of existing emotion theories and in line with the results of our previous neurocognitive studies on the topic, the proposed differentiation between these two levels of processing can be best represented by two affective dimensions of arousal and valence, respectively. In addition, our statistical measure for assessing the basic affective tone of texts suggests that the use of mere or rational frequencies of occurrence of all phonemes in a poem – instead of a focus on foregrounded and salient phonemes – may be a further reason for discrepancies of results of previous studies.
The compactness of spatial structure in Chinese cities: measurement, clustering patterns and influencing factors
Authors: Zhao Fangqi , Tang Lina , Qiu Quanyi , Wu Gang 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Rapid urbanization in China has led to an excessive urban expansion of built-up areas, which makes quantitative research on compact city important. We adopted density and the degree of mixed land use to measure the compactness of 160 Chinese cities. Spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed to identify spatial clustering patterns, and the relationships between compactness and five variables were explored through regression models. The result shows that in nearly half of the cases, the calculated values of two indices are less than the average. The high or low values of density and the degree of mixed land use tend to be spatially clustered. The hot spot regions of density and the degree of mixed land use lie mainly in the south of China, while the north present as cold spots or the insignificant regions. Urban compactness can be affected by multifaceted factors and the relationships between compactness and five variables are not consistent throughout the areas of analysis. The GWR model can identify this phenomenon and provides a better fit than the OLS model. This study proposed a new approach to measure the compactness, and the results of GWR analysis can conducive to appropriate policy-making based on different local conditions.
Substrate orientation effects on nanoelectrode lithography: ReaxFF molecular dynamics and experimental study
Authors: Murad Hasan Rashed Md. , Politano Olivier , Luo Xichun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The crystallographic orientation of the substrate is an essential parameter in the kinetic mechanism for the oxidation process. Hence, the choice of substrate surface orientation is crucial in nanofabrication industries. In the present work, we have studied qualitatively the influence of substrate orientation in nanoelectrode lithography using ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulation. We have investigated the oxidation processes on (100), (110) and (111) orientation surfaces of silicon at different electric field intensities. The simulation results show the thickness of the oxide film and the initial oxygen diffusion rate follow an order of (100) > (110) > (111) at lower electric field intensities. It also confirms that surfaces with higher surface energy are more reactive at lower electric field intensity. Crossovers occurred at a higher electric field intensity (7 V nm−1) under which the thickness of the oxide film yields an order of T(110) > T(100) > T(111). These types of anomalous characteristics have previously been observed for thermal oxidation of silicon surfaces. Experimental results show different orders for the (100) and (111) substrate, while (110) remains the largest for the oxide thickness. A good correlation has been found between the oxide growth and the orientation-dependent parameters where the oxide growth is proportional to the areal density of the surfaces. The oxide growth also follows the relative order of the activation energies, which could be another controlling factor for the oxide growth. Less activation energy of the surface allows more oxide growth and vice versa. However, the differences between simulation and experimental results probably relate to the empirical potential as well as different time and spatial scales of the process.
Torque magnetometry study of the spin reorientation transition and temperature-dependent magnetocrystalline anisotropy in NdCo5
Authors: Kumar Santosh , Patrick Christopher E , Edwards Rachel S , Balakrishnan Geetha , Lees Martin R , Staunton Julie B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We present the results of torque magnetometry and magnetic susceptibility measurements to study in detail the spin reorientation transition (SRT) and magnetic anisotropy in the permanent magnet NdCo5. We further show simulations of the measurements using first-principles calculations based on density-functional theory and the disordered local moment picture of magnetism at finite temperatures. The good agreement between theory and experimental data leads to a detailed description of the physics underpinning the SRT. In particular we are able to resolve the magnetization of, and to reveal a canting between, the Nd and Co sublattices. The torque measurements carried out in the ac and ab planes near the easy direction allow us to estimate the anisotropy constants, K
1, K
2 and K
4 and their temperature dependences. Torque curves, τ(γ) recorded by varying the direction of a constant magnetic field in the crystallographic ac plane show a reversal in the polarity as the temperature is changed across the SRT (240 < T < 285 K). Within this domain, τ(γ) exhibits unusual features different to those observed above and below the transition. The single crystals of NdCo5 were grown using the optical floating zone technique.
Work adaptations insufficient to address growing heat risk for U.S. agricultural workers
Authors: Tigchelaar Michelle , Battisti David S , Spector June T 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The over one million agricultural workers in the United States (U.S.) are amongst the populations most vulnerable to the health impacts of extreme heat. Climate change will further increase this vulnerability. Here we estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of the growing heat exposure and health risk faced by U.S. crop workers and assess the effect of workplace adaptations on mitigating that risk. We find that the average number of days spent working in unsafe conditions will double by mid-century, and, without mitigation, triple by the end of it. Increases in rest time and the availability of climate-controlled recovery areas can eliminate this risk but could affect farm productivity, farm worker earnings, and/or labor costs much more than alternative measures. Safeguarding the health and well-being of U.S. crop workers will therefore require systemic change beyond the worker and workplace level.
Devolution and the politics of communal tenure reform in Kenya
Authors: Achiba Gargule A , Lengoiboni Monica N 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Increased legal access and the devolution of natural resource administration are generally seen as sources of power for local communities and their institutions. However, beyond this widely held expectation, the politics of land reform suggest that legal recognition of rights and devolution is not the only issue with implications for communal tenure reforms. Misconceptions about communal tenure, which are rooted in history, and their appropriation by local elites in the processes of communal tenure reform are characteristic of both colonial and post-colonial governments in Kenya. Although typically articulated and promulgated to enhance political representation and to devolve control over resources to the local level, unresolved issues in the reform process have worked to undermine the legitimacy of communal land rights in contemporary Kenyan society. A case study of the post-2010 community land legislation process demonstrates the continuing relevance of historically conditioned political and ideological representations of communal tenure built during the colonial period and reproduced in policy in independent Kenya. This paper offers reflections on the centrality of sustained communal tenure misconceptions, fetishization of formal governance institutions, and the institutional and power configurations that primarily benefit powerful stakeholders as sources of the current breakdown in the implementation of community land law.
Evaluation of Alcohol Industry Action to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol: Case Study from Great Britain
Authors: Anderson Peter , Jané Llopis Eva , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimsTo describe a case study in the British market of one of the global beer-producing companies that has set a target to increase the proportion of its products with an alcohol by volume (ABV) of 3.5% or less, and to reduce the mean ABV of its beer products.MethodsDescriptive statistics and time-series analyses using Kantar Worldpanel’s British household purchase data for 2015–2018.ResultsAs assessed by British household purchase data, 15.7% of the company’s beer products had an ABV of 3.5% or less in 2018, compared with 8.8% in 2015. The mean ABV of its beer products dropped from 4.69 in 2015 to 4.55 in 2018. Associated with these changes, the increase in purchased grams of alcohol in all beer that occurred during 2015–2016 (standardized coefficient = 0.007), plateaued during 2017 (standardized coefficient = −0.006) and decreased during 2018 (standardized coefficient = −0.034). Similar findings applied to the purchased grams of alcohol in beer other than ABI beer, suggesting some switching from other beer products to ABI products; and in all alcohol, suggesting, on balance, no overall switching to higher strength products. Greater decreases in purchases were found in the younger age groups, the highest purchasing households in terms of grams of alcohol, class groups D and E, and Scotland; there was no clear pattern by household income.ConclusionsThe proportion of the company’s beer purchased in Great Britain that had an ABV of 3.5% or less increased since the launch of the target, and the mean ABV of its beer products decreased. The changes were associated with reduced purchases of grams of alcohol within its beer products. The associated reductions in purchases of alcohol in all beer and in all alcohol products suggest no evidence of overall switching to other higher strength beer or alcohol products. Other beer-producing companies should undertake similar initiatives. A regulatory tax environment should be introduced to ensure a level-playing field favouring lower alcohol concentration across all beer and other alcohol products.
The OMEGA-NET International Inventory of Occupational Cohorts
Authors: Kogevinas Manolis , Schlünssen Vivi , Mehlum Ingrid S , Turner Michelle C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In a recent count of cohort studies in Europe capturing information on occupation and/or occupational exposures, we estimated that there are more than 60 major studies with some type of occupational information that enrolled over 30 million persons. With few exceptions there have been no large-scale analyses systematically combining cohorts from this extraordinary resource. We present the development of an inventory of cohorts with occupational information in Europe and internationally and describe the online interactive tool with detailed information on existing cohorts. The OMEGA-NET inventory can be accessed at http://occupationalcohorts.net/ includes cohorts, case-control studies nested within cohorts and intervention studies that are active or can substantiate that their data are potentially accessible; that include data on occupation and/or industry or at least one occupational exposure; and that have at least one follow-up, either already conducted or planned. We expect that this open access inventory will be an important prerequisite for use of this resource of existing studies for research and policy development.