bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Policy in India: One Hundred Years of the (Stifled) Social Question
Authors: Pellissery Sony 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhat social policy is possible in a context where equality among citizens is culturally denied but at the same time constitutionally guaranteed? This chapter attempts to answer this question by periodising how the social question was articulated in India during the last 100 years. While philosophical and religious traditions of India created “duty-oriented” social relations, the rise of the modern state prompted to change this into “right-oriented” social obligations. This tension resurfaced in the history of Indian social question through prioritising political freedom over social unfreedom, nation-building over poverty alleviation, homogenised national identity over the particularistic demands of marginalised sections, and authoritarian polity over decentralised systems. It suffices to say that Indian polity is in a denial mode regarding the social question.
Timing Potassium Applications to Synchronize with Plant Demand
Authors: Singh V. K. , Dwivedi B. S. , Rathore S. S. , Mishra R. P. , Satyanarayana T. , Majumdar K. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPotassium (K) demand by crops is almost as high as that of nitrogen (N) and plays a crucial role in many plant metabolic processes. Insufficient K application results in soil K mining, deficiency symptoms in crops, and decreased crop yields and quality. Crop K demands vary with crop types, growth patterns, nutrient needs at different physiological stages, and productivity. Science-based K application in crops needs to follow 4R Nutrient Stewardship to ensure high yield, improved farm income, and optimum nutrient use efficiency. Studies around the world report widespread K deficiency, ranging from tropical to temperate environments. Long-term experiments indicate significant yield responses to K application and negative K balances where K application is either omitted or applied suboptimally. Limited understanding of K supplementation dynamics from soil non-exchangeable K pools to the exchangeable and solution phases and over-reliance on native K supply to meet crop demand are major reasons for deficit of K supply to crops. Research on optimum timing of K fertilizer application in diverse climate–soil–crop systems is scarce. The common one-time basal K management practice is often not suitable to supply adequate K to the crops during peak demand phases. Besides, changes in crop establishment practices, residue retention, or fertigation require new research in terms of rate, time, or source of K application. The current review assesses the synchrony of K supply from indigenous soil system and from external sources vis-à-vis plant demand under different crops and cropping systems for achieving high yield and nutrient use efficiency.
Considerations for Unharvested Plant Potassium
Authors: Rosolem Ciro A. , Mallarino Antonio P. , Nogueira Thiago A. R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPotassium (K) is found in plants as a free ion or in weak complexes. It is easily released from living or decomposing tissues, and it should be considered in fertilization programs. Several factors affect K cycling in agroecosystems, including soil and fertilizer K contributions, plant K content and exports, mineralization rates from residues, soil chemical reactions, rainfall, and time. Soil K+ ions can be leached, remain as exchangeable K, or migrate to non-exchangeable forms. Crop rotations that include vigorous, deep-rooted cover crops capable of exploring non-exchangeable K in soil are an effective strategy for recycling K and can prevent leaching below the rooting zone in light-textured soils. The amount of K released by cover crops depends on biomass production. Potassium recycled with non-harvested components of crops also varies greatly. Research with maize, soybean, and wheat has shown that 50–60% of K accumulated in vegetative tissues is released within 40–45 days. A better understanding of K cycling would greatly improve the efficacy of K management for crop production. When studying K cycling in agricultural systems, it is important to consider: (1) K addition from fertilizers and organic amendments; (2) K left in residues; (3) K partitioning differences among species; (4) soil texture; (5) soil pools that act as temporary sources or sinks for K. In this chapter, the role of cash and cover crops and organic residues on K cycling are explored to better understand how these factors could be integrated into making K fertilizer recommendations.
Safe Surgery Saves Lives
Authors: Venneri Francesco , Brown Lawrence B. , Cammelli Francesca , Haut Elliott R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) Safe Surgery Saves Lives campaign aimed to implement safe surgical procedures and patient safety best practices to reduce the incidence of adverse events both in the operating room and in the ward. For decades, the main objectives of safe surgery were mainly focused on the technical procedure. More recently, the implementation of non-technical skills and interpersonal communication have been found to play a significant role in preventing harm in surgical care settings.
Patient Safety and Risk Management in Mental Health
Authors: Cuomo Alessandro , Koukouna Despoina , Macchiarini Lorenzo , Fagiolini Andrea 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter will review the most common adverse events that happen in a psychiatric unit and the safety measures that are needed to decrease the risk of errors and adverse events. The adverse events and errors that may happen in a psychiatric unit are unique and will be examined in detail. This section will also highlight the role of staff members and patients in preventing or causing the error.
Patient Safety in Pediatrics
Authors: Albolino Sara , De Luca Marco , Morabito Antonino 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince the publication of the 1999 IOM report “To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health System,” much has been learned about pediatric patient safety. However, adverse events still affect one-third of all hospitalized children [1]. The main areas of adverse events are hospital-acquired infections, intravenous line complications, surgical complications, and medication errors [2].
Patient Safety in Radiology
Authors: Montazeran Mahdieh , Caramella Davide , Fatehi Mansoor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMedical imaging (in short radiology) includes diagnostic and interventional procedures and has an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The objective in this field of medicine is focused on providing diagnostic and therapeutic benefit to the patients along with protecting them from the possible hazards associated with the procedures. By continuously upgrading imaging technologies and improving imaging modalities, such as ultrasound imaging, X-ray-based imaging (radiography, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and interventional radiology, safety has become more and more crucial. The potential hazards in radiology for the patients and the staff are multidimensional and will be discussed in the chapter.
Patient Safety in Ophthalmology
Authors: Lippera Myrta , Bijon Jacques , Eandi Chiara , Virgili Gianni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractModern ophthalmic surgery has reached very high safety standards. Yet, given the large number of ophthalmic procedures, medical errors are common in eye care. This chapter presents general safety issues in ophthalmic surgery and focuses on the most common procedures: cataract surgery and intravitreal injection therapy. The literature on the translation of safety strategies to ophthalmology is summarized alongside with guidance elaborated by professional and regulatory bodies that are of greatest importance in eye care. The perspective adopted in this chapter is largely that of ophthalmology trainees, who are asked to guide the progression of ophthalmology toward safer care.
Medication Safety
Authors: Soon Hooi Cheng , Geppetti Pierangelo , Lupi Chiara , Kho Boon Phiaw 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPharmacotherapy is the most common therapeutic intervention in healthcare to improve health outcomes of patients. However, there are many instances where prescribed medications resulted in patient morbidity and mortality instead. Medication errors can happen at any step of the medication use process, but a substantial burden of medication-related harm is focused primarily on three priority areas of healthcare delivery: transitions of care, polypharmacy and high-risk situations. This chapter highlights prevalence of issues concerning these three core areas and describes common medication errors as well as risk mitigation strategies to improve service delivery. An appreciation of these inherent risks will enable healthcare providers to navigate the pitfalls better and make efforts to ensure medication safety while providing health services.
Mentoring und arbeitsplatzbasierte Prüfungen im Praktischen Jahr
Authors: Weissenbacher A. , Bolz R. , Zimmermann A. , Donaubauer B. , Stehr S. N. , Hempel G. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDas praktische Jahr (PJ) ist an vielen Universitäten der am wenigsten strukturierte und standardisierte Studienabschnitt. Studierende beklagen mangelnde Anleitung, Supervision und Feedback. Häufig übernehmen sie delegationsfähige, nichtmedizinische Aufgaben, obwohl das PJ ein Hauptentscheidungsfaktor für die spätere Facharztwahl ist.MethodenNach einer Bedarfsanalyse erfolgte die Entwicklung eines Mentoring-basierten Curriculums für Studierende im PJ mithilfe des Kern-Zyklus. Hierzu wurden 10 fachspezifische klinisch-praktische Basiskompetenzen etabliert, die jeder Studierende bis zum Tertialende beherrschen sollte. Eine Überprüfung erfolgte formativ anhand von arbeitsplatzbasierten Prüfungen. Das Tertial wurde durch alle Studierenden abschließend online evaluiert.ErgebnisseDie Priorisierung und Prüfung von klinisch-praktischen Kompetenzen durch Mentoren/Mentorinnen ermöglichten eine bedarfsorientierte und qualitative hochwertige Ausbildung. Das Mentoring und Feedback wurden durchweg positiv beurteilt und unterstützten den Lernerfolg (Note 1,5). Das Prüfungsformat wurde mehrheitlich als unbekannt (64,6 %), aber hilfreich und sinnvoll erlebt (76,7 %). Studierende fühlten sich durch das Curriculum gut auf die Staatsexamensprüfung (81,3 %) und den Berufsbeginn vorbereitet (71,0 %). Dies ging mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit (Note 1,7) einher.SchlussfolgerungenEin bedarfsgerechtes, Mentoring-basiertes Curriculum mit integrierten arbeitsplatzbasierten Prüfungen geht nicht nur mit einer hohen Ausbildungszufriedenheit einher, sondern fördert effektiv und ressourcenschonend die Ausbildungsqualität.
Kooperative Planung von Maßnahmen zur Bewegungsförderung
Authors: Gelius Peter , Brandl-Bredenbeck Hans Peter , Hassel Holger , Loss Julika , Sygusch Ralf , Tittlbach Susanne , Töpfer Clemens , Ungerer-Röhrich Ulrike , Pfeifer Klaus 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Trotz verschiedener nationaler und internationaler politischer Initiativen zur Steigerung des Bewegungsniveaus in der Bevölkerung bleibt die Erarbeitung effektiver Interventionen zur Bewegungsförderung eine Herausforderung. Dabei rücken zunehmend partizipative Ansätze, die zentrale Gruppen und Organisationen in den Settings aktiv in die Erarbeitung konkreter Maßnahmen einbeziehen, in den Fokus der Betrachtung.

Zielsetzung
Dieser Artikel berichtet über die Erfahrungen des Forschungsverbundes Capital4Health mit der Nutzung des partizipativen Ansatzes der „kooperativen Planung“ bei der Entwicklung von Maßnahmen zur Bewegungsförderung für verschiedene Altersgruppen.

Ergebnisse
Der kooperative Planungsansatz wurde von Capital4Health in den Settings Kindertagesstätte, Schule, berufliche Bildung (Automechatronik und Pflege) sowie Kommunen (mit Fokus auf Männer über 50) umgesetzt. Während die zentralen Elemente des Ansatzes in allen Settings umgesetzt wurden, unterschieden sich die Planungsprozesse teils deutlich bezüglich des Spektrums der einbezogenen Gruppen und Organisationen, Anzahl der Teilnehmenden und Sitzungen, der konkret entwickelten Maßnahmen sowie der Evaluationsmethoden und erzielten Wirkungen auf individueller und systemischer Ebene.

Fazit
In der Zusammenschau der bisherigen empirischen Ergebnisse aus den verschiedenen Settings ergibt sich aus Sicht der Projektverantwortlichen in Capital4Health die Schlussfolgerung, dass der Ansatz der kooperativen Planung in sehr verschiedenen Settings funktioniert und erfolgreich gesundheitsförderliche Wirkungen erzeugen kann. Allerdings muss (und kann) er an das Setting angepasst werden, v. a. bei der Einbeziehung von Bevölkerungsgruppen. Die Änderungsbereitschaft von Gruppen und Organisationen ist entscheidend, da Bewegung in den Settings nicht immer oberste Priorität hat. Einzelne Schlüsselfiguren mit hoher intrinsischer Motivation, sich einzubringen, können in diesem Zusammenhang einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum Projekterfolg leisten.
Impact of age at type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis on mortality and vascular complications: systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Nanayakkara Natalie , Curtis Andrea J. , Heritier Stephane , Gadowski Adelle M. , Pavkov Meda E. , Kenealy Timothy , Owens David R. , Thomas Rebecca L. , Song Soon , Wong Jencia , Chan Juliana C.-N. , Luk Andrea O.-Y. , Penno Giuseppe , Ji Linong , Mohan Viswanathan , Amutha Anandakumar , Romero-Aroca Pedro , Gasevic Danijela , Magliano Dianna J. , Teede Helena J. , Chalmers John , Zoungas Sophia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Few studies examine the association between age at diagnosis and subsequent complications from type 2 diabetes. This paper aims to summarise the risk of mortality, macrovascular complications and microvascular complications associated with age at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

Methods
Data were sourced from MEDLINE and All EBM (Evidence Based Medicine) databases from inception to July 2018. Observational studies, investigating the effect of age at diabetes diagnosis on macrovascular and microvascular diabetes complications in adults with type 2 diabetes were selected according to pre-specified criteria. Two investigators independently extracted data and evaluated all studies. If data were not reported in a comparable format, data were obtained from authors, presented as minimally adjusted ORs (and 95% CIs) per 1 year increase in age at diabetes diagnosis, adjusted for current age for each outcome of interest. The study protocol was recorded with PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD42016043593).

Results
Data from 26 observational studies comprising 1,325,493 individuals from 30 countries were included. Random-effects meta-analyses with inverse variance weighting were used to obtain the pooled ORs. Age at diabetes diagnosis was inversely associated with risk of all-cause mortality and macrovascular and microvascular disease (all p < 0.001). Each 1 year increase in age at diabetes diagnosis was associated with a 4%, 3% and 5% decreased risk of all-cause mortality, macrovascular disease and microvascular disease, respectively, adjusted for current age. The effects were consistent for the individual components of the composite outcomes (all p < 0.001).

Conclusions/interpretation
Younger, rather than older, age at diabetes diagnosis was associated with higher risk of mortality and vascular disease. Early and sustained interventions to delay type 2 diabetes onset and improve blood glucose levels and cardiovascular risk profiles of those already diagnosed are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Adaptation of reach action to a novel force-field is not predicted by acuity of dynamic proprioception in either older or younger adults
Authors: Kitchen Nick M. , Miall R. Chris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHealthy ageing involves degeneration of the neuromuscular system which impacts movement control and proprioception. Yet the relationship between these sensory and motor deficits in upper limb reaching has not been examined in detail. Recently, we reported that age-related proprioceptive deficits were unrelated to accuracy in rapid arm movements, but whether this applied in motor tasks more heavily dependent on proprioceptive feedback was not clear. To address this, we have tested groups of younger and older adults on a force-field adaptation task under either full or limited visual feedback conditions and examined how performance was related to dynamic proprioceptive acuity. Adaptive performance was similar between the age groups, regardless of visual feedback condition, although older adults showed increased after-effects. Physically inactive individuals made larger systematic (but not variable) proprioceptive errors, irrespective of age. However, dynamic proprioceptive acuity was unrelated to adaptation and there was no consistent evidence of proprioceptive recalibration with adaptation to the force-field for any group. Finally, in spite of clear age-dependent loss of spatial working memory capacity, we found no relationship between memory capacity and adaptive performance or proprioceptive acuity. Thus, non-clinical levels of deficit in dynamic proprioception, due to age or physical inactivity, do not affect force-field adaptation, even under conditions of limited visual feedback that might require greater proprioceptive control.
A multiparametric approach to improve the prediction of response to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic NSCLC
Authors: Del Re Marzia , Cucchiara Federico , Rofi Eleonora , Fontanelli Lorenzo , Petrini Iacopo , Gri Nicole , Pasquini Giulia , Rizzo Mimma , Gabelloni Michela , Belluomini Lorenzo , Crucitta Stefania , Ciampi Raffaele , Frassoldati Antonio , Neri Emanuele , Porta Camillo , Danesi Romano 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
It is still unclear how to combine biomarkers to identify patients who will truly benefit from anti-PD-1 agents in NSCLC. This study investigates exosomal mRNA expression of PD-L1 and IFN-γ, PD-L1 polymorphisms, tumor mutational load (TML) in circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and radiomic features as possible predictive markers of response to nivolumab and pembrolizumab in metastatic NSCLC patients.

Methods
Patients were enrolled and blood (12 ml) was collected at baseline before receiving anti-PD-1 therapy. Exosome-derived mRNA and cfDNA were extracted to analyse PD-L1 and IFN-γ expression and tumor mutational load (TML) by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) and next-generation sequencing (NGS), respectively. The PD-L1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) c.-14-368 T > C and c.*395G > C, were analysed on genomic DNA by Real-Time PCR. A radiomic analysis was performed on the QUIBIM Precision® V3.0 platform.

Results
Thirty-eight patients were enrolled. High baseline IFN-γ was independently associated with shorter median PFS (5.6 months vs. not reached p = 0.0057), and levels of PD-L1 showed an increase at 3 months vs. baseline in patients who progressed (p = 0.01). PD-L1 baseline levels showed significant direct and inverse relationships with radiomic features. Radiomic features also inversely correlated with PD-L1 expression in tumor tissue. In subjects receiving nivolumab, median PFS was shorter in carriers of c.*395GG vs. c.*395GC/CC genotype (2.3 months vs. not reached, p = 0.041). Lastly, responders had higher non-synonymous mutations and more links between co-occurring genetic somatic mutations and ARID1A alterations as well.

Conclusions
A combined multiparametric approach may provide a better understanding of the molecular determinants of response to immunotherapy.
Dual-energy computed tomography in acute ischemic stroke: state-of-the-art
Authors: Mangesius Stephanie , Janjic Tanja , Steiger Ruth , Haider Lukas , Rehwald Rafael , Knoflach Michael , Widmann Gerlig , Gizewski Elke , Grams Astrid 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) allows distinguishing between tissues with similar X-ray attenuation but different atomic numbers. Recent studies demonstrated that this technique has several areas of application in patients with ischemic stroke and a potential impact on patient management. After endovascular stroke therapy (EST), hyperdense areas can represent either hemorrhage or contrast staining due to blood-brain barrier disruption, which can be differentiated reliably by DECT. Further applications are improved visualization of early infarctions, compared to single-energy computed tomography, and prediction of transformation into infarction or hemorrhage in contrast-enhancing areas. In addition, DECT allows detection and evaluation of the material composition of intra-arterial clots after EST. This review summarizes the clinical state-of-the-art of DECT in patients with stroke, and features some prospects for future developments.

Key points
• Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) allows differentiation between tissues with similar X-ray attenuation but differentatomic numbers.
• DECT has several areas of application in patients with ischemic stroke and a potential impact on patient management.
• Prospects for future developments in DECT may improve treatment decision-making.
Ultrasound-guided targeted biopsies of CT-based radiomic tumour habitats: technical development and initial experience in metastatic ovarian cancer
Authors: Beer Lucian , Martin-Gonzalez Paula , Delgado-Ortet Maria , Reinius Marika , Rundo Leonardo , Woitek Ramona , Ursprung Stephan , Escudero Lorena , Sahin Hilal , Funingana Ionut-Gabriel , Ang Joo-Ern , Jimenez-Linan Mercedes , Lawton Tristan , Phadke Gaurav , Davey Sally , Nguyen Nghia Q. , Markowetz Florian , Brenton James D. , Crispin-Ortuzar Mireia , Addley Helen , Sala Evis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To develop a precision tissue sampling technique that uses computed tomography (CT)–based radiomic tumour habitats for ultrasound (US)-guided targeted biopsies that can be integrated in the clinical workflow of patients with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC).

Methods
Six patients with suspected HGSOC scheduled for US-guided biopsy before starting neoadjuvant chemotherapy were included in this prospective study from September 2019 to February 2020. The tumour segmentation was performed manually on the pre-biopsy contrast-enhanced CT scan. Spatial radiomic maps were used to identify tumour areas with similar or distinct radiomic patterns, and tumour habitats were identified using the Gaussian mixture modelling. CT images with superimposed habitat maps were co-registered with US images by means of a landmark-based rigid registration method for US-guided targeted biopsies. The dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to assess the tumour-specific CT/US fusion accuracy.

Results
We successfully co-registered CT-based radiomic tumour habitats with US images in all patients. The median time between CT scan and biopsy was 21 days (range 7–30 days). The median DSC for tumour-specific CT/US fusion accuracy was 0.53 (range 0.79 to 0.37). The CT/US fusion accuracy was high for the larger pelvic tumours (DSC: 0.76–0.79) while it was lower for the smaller omental metastases (DSC: 0.37–0.53).

Conclusion
We developed a precision tissue sampling technique that uses radiomic habitats to guide in vivo biopsies using CT/US fusion and that can be seamlessly integrated in the clinical routine for patients with HGSOC.

Key Points
• We developed a prevision tissue sampling technique that co-registers CT-based radiomics–based tumour habitats with US images.
• The CT/US fusion accuracy was high for the larger pelvic tumours (DSC: 0.76–0.79) while it was lower for the smaller omental metastases (DSC: 0.37–0.53).