bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integration of an Objective Cognitive Assessment Into a Prognostic Index for 5‐Year Mortality Prediction
Authors: Kotwal Ashwin A. , Lee Sei J. , Dale William , Boscardin W. John , Waite Linda J. , Smith Alexander K. 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESPrognostic indices rarely include cognition. We determined if a comprehensive cognitive screen or brief individual items were associated with improved mortality predictions of a widely used prognostic index.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSThe National Social Life Health and Aging Project Wave 2, a nationally representative, cross‐sectional, in‐home survey conducted in 2010 to 2011 on 3,199 community‐dwelling adults aged 60 to 99 years.MEASUREMENTSCognition was measured using a Survey‐Adapted Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA‐SA) grouped into three screened categories: screen normal (≥24 points), screen positive for mild cognitive impairment (18‐23 points), and screen positive for dementia (<18 points). Single‐item cognitive measures included clock‐draw and five‐word delayed recall. We constructed a modified Lee Prognostic Index (range = 0–18 points) based on age, behavior, function, and comorbidities shown to predict long‐term mortality. We used logistic regression and the fraction of new information provided to determine if each cognitive measure improved the Lee index's 5‐year mortality prediction.RESULTSThe sample was 54% female and had a mean age of 72 years, MoCA‐SA score of 22 (SD = 4.5), and Lee index of 7 (SD = 3). Regression analysis indicated the MoCA‐SA modestly improved the Lee index's mortality prediction (P < .001; fraction of new information provided = 0.06); for low Lee index scores (<4 points), the absolute mortality rate difference was 7% by cognitive status; and for higher Lee index scores (4–7 points or 8–12 points), the absolute mortality rate difference was 15% by cognitive status. The clock‐draw and delayed‐recall items added similar value to mortality predictions as the longer MoCA‐SA. Cognition had the third highest fraction of new information of all 13 Lee index items.CONCLUSIONIncorporating a brief measure of cognition into a modified Lee index, even with single items, resulted in more accurate 5‐year mortality risk predictions. Cognition should be included in prognostic calculators in older adults given its independent association with mortality risk. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1796‐1802, 2020.
Clinical efficacy and reflectance confocal microscopy monitoring in moderate‐severe skin aging treated with a polyvinyl gel containing retinoic and glycolic acid: An assessor‐blinded 1‐month study proof‐of‐concept trial
Authors: Campione Elena , Cosio Terenzio , Lanna Caterina , Mazzilli Sara , Dika Emi , Bianchi Luca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundRetinoids and alpha‐hydroxy acids are commonly used topically as anti‐aging substances. Current medical devices contain retinoic acid (0.02%) and glycolic acid (4%) in a polyvinyl gel vehicle (R‐G gel). There are still no clinical data nor objective evaluation of the anti‐aging effect this product has in the short term.AimsTo assess in a prospective 1‐month, noncomparative, primary outcome assessor‐blinded proof‐of‐concept trial the clinical efficacy, tolerability, and the skin cells modification (evaluated through reflectance confocal microscopy; RCM), of R‐G gel in skin aging treatment.MethodsTwelve women with moderate‐severe skin aging (Glogau score ≥ 3) were enrolled. The product was applied on the face three times a week for 4 weeks. Study visits were performed at baseline and after 2 and 4 weeks. RCM evaluation was performed openly at each visit using Viva Scope 1500 to evaluate the left cheek (5 mm below the zygomatic process).ResultsEleven subjects concluded the trial. At baseline, the Glogau score was 3.4 ± 0.5 and decreased significantly at week 4 (P = .0001; ANOVA test) to 2.7 ± 0.6. Significant reductions of dark spots (−40%) and severity of wrinkles (−12%) were observed at week 4 compared to baseline. The RCM score improved significantly at week 4 with the recovery of the polygonal keratinocytes pattern as the central aspect observed.ConclusionThe gel containing retinoic acid and glycolic acid showed significant improvements of the clinical signs of severe skin aging with a concomitant improvement of epidermal and dermal structures evaluated via RCM.
A role for the Auxin Response Factors ARF6 and ARF8 homologs in petal spur elongation and nectary maturation in Aquilegia
Authors: Zhang Rui , Min Ya , Holappa Lynn D. , Walcher‐Chevillet Cristina L. , Duan Xiaoshan , Donaldson Emily , Kong Hongzhi , Kramer Elena M. 
Published: May 2020

Summary

The petal spur of the basal eudicot Aquilegia is a key innovation associated with the adaptive radiation of the genus. Previous studies have shown that diversification of Aquilegia spur length can be predominantly attributed to variation in cell elongation. However, the genetic pathways that control the development of petal spurs are still being investigated.

Here, we focus on a pair of closely related homologs of the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR family, AqARF6 and AqARF8, to explore their roles in Aquileiga coerulea petal spur development.

Expression analyses of the two genes show that they are broadly expressed in vegetative and floral organs, but have relatively higher expression in petal spurs, particularly at later stages. Knockdown of the two AqARF6 and AqARF8 transcripts using virus‐induced gene silencing resulted in largely petal‐specific defects, including a significant reduction in spur length due to a decrease in cell elongation. These spurs also exhibited an absence of nectar production, which was correlated with downregulation of STYLISH homologs that have previously been shown to control nectary development.

This study provides the first evidence of ARF6/8 homolog‐mediated petal development outside the core eudicots. The genes appear to be specifically required for cell elongation and nectary maturation in the Aquilegia petal spur.
Maize BIG GRAIN1 homolog overexpression increases maize grain yield
Authors: Simmons Carl R. , Weers Benjamin P. , Reimann Kellie S. , Abbitt Shane E. , Frank Mary J. , Wang Wuyi , Wu Jingrui , Shen Bo , Habben Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe Zea Mays BIG GRAIN 1 HOMOLOG 1 (ZM‐BG1H1) was ectopically expressed in maize. Elite commercial hybrid germplasm was yield tested in diverse field environment locations representing commercial models. Yield was measured in 101 tests across all 4 events, 26 locations over 2 years, for an average yield gain of 355 kg/ha (5.65 bu/ac) above control, with 83% tests broadly showing yield gains (range +2272 kg/ha to −1240 kg/ha), with seven tests gaining more than one metric ton per hectare. Plant and ear height were slightly elevated, and ear and tassel flowering time were delayed one day, but ASI was unchanged, and these traits did not correlate to yield gain. ZM‐BG1H1 overexpression is associated with increased ear kernel row number and total ear kernel number and mass, but individual kernels trended slightly smaller and less dense. The ZM‐BG1H1 protein is detected in the plasma membrane like rice OS‐BG1. Five predominant native ZM‐BG1H1 alleles exhibit little structural and expression variation compared to the large increased expression conferred by these ectopic alleles.
Evaluating the Perceived Efficacy of Randomized Security Measures at Airports
Authors: Stotz Tamara , Bearth Angela , Ghelfi Signe Maria , Siegrist Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBoth the increase in traveler numbers and the heightened threat posed by terrorism in recent years represent significant challenges to airport security measures. To ensure that a high level of security is maintained, randomized security checks have been proposed as a promising alternative to traditional security approaches. The use of randomized checks means that only a specific number of people are selected for security screening. However, the likely effects of such a change in security procedures on travelers’ security perceptions and on the deterrence of criminal activities remain unclear. Thus, the present study examines how varying the percentage of people screened during security checks influences people's security perceptions. In two online experiments, the participants were asked to imagine that they sought to smuggle an explosive dummy past an airport security check. The only information provided was the number of people screened during security checks, which was manipulated between‐subjects in the first experiment and within‐subjects in the second experiment. The participants then had to rate their security perception (i.e., the perceived likelihood of successfully smuggling the explosive dummy). The findings show that people perceive traditional security checks to be safer than randomized checks, irrespective of whether 90% or 30% of people are screened. Hence, if randomized security checks would indeed be implemented, it would automatically lead to a decreased perception of security. Furthermore, this decreased security perception might lead to an actual reduction in security, as the deterrence of criminal activities could also be reduced.
Impact of asthma and its medication on salivary characteristics and oral health in adolescents: A cross‐sectional comparative study
Authors: Bairappan Santhiya , Puranik Manjunath P. , R Sowmya K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess and compare the salivary characteristics and oral health and to evaluate the impact of asthma and its medication on dental caries among adolescents with and without asthma.MethodsA cross‐sectional comparative study was conducted among 50 asthmatic and 50 nonasthmatic adolescents aged 12‐15 years in Bangalore City. Data were acquired using a structured questionnaire. Salivary samples were collected to determine the flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli counts. Oral health assessment was performed using WHO 2013 proforma. Inferential statistics such as chi‐square, student's t‐test, spearman's correlation, multinomial logistic. and stepwise linear regression were applied with P < .05 considered as significant.ResultsAsthmatic participants had significantly higher mean number of teeth with dental caries, gingival bleeding, and dental erosion than nonasthmatics (P < .05). The prevalence of fluorosis, traumatic dental injuries, and oral mucosal lesions in asthmatics were 34.0%, 38.0%, and 28.0%, respectively. Most of the asthmatic participants required preventive or routine (18.0%) and prompt treatment (30.0%). Statistically significant difference was found in the flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, S. mutans and Lactobacilli counts, and Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth (DMFT) index between asthmatic and nonasthmatic participants. Severity of asthma, medication use, and dental caries experience significantly correlated with low salivary flow rate, pH and buffering capacity, and higher levels of S. mutans and Lactobacilli (P < .001). Asthmatic participants had significantly higher odds of having very low unstimulated salivary flow rate (odds ratio [OR] = 3.2), buffering capacity (OR = 2.94), highly acidic pH (OR = 3.65), high risk of S. mutans (OR = 6.02), and DMFT ≥ 1 (OR = 2.06) than nonasthmatics (P < .05).ConclusionSalivary characteristics and oral health were significantly poor in asthmatic adolescents. Asthma and its medications had significant impact on salivary characteristics and dental caries among asthmatic adolescents.
Cost‐effectiveness evaluation of the PROPPR trial transfusion protocols
Authors: Callcut Rachael A. , Simpson Kit N. , Baraniuk Sarah , Fox Erin E. , Tilley Barbara C. , Holcomb John B. ,   PROPPR Study Group
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUNDThere have been no prior investigations of the cost effectiveness of transfusion strategies for trauma resuscitation. The Pragmatic, Randomized, Optimal Platelet and Plasma Ratios (PROPPR) study was a Phase III multisite, randomized trial in 680 subjects comparing the efficacy of 1:1:1 transfusion ratios of plasma and platelets to red blood cells with the 1:1:2 ratio. We hypothesized that 1:1:1 transfusion results in an acceptable incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio, when estimated using patientsʼ age‐specific life expectancy and cost of care during the 30‐day PROPPR trial period.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSInternational Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes were prospectively collected, and subjects were matched 1:2 to subjects in the Healthcare Utilization Program State Inpatient Data to estimate cost weights. We used a decision tree analysis, combined with standard costs and estimated years of expected survival to determine the cost effectiveness of the two treatments.RESULTSThe 1:1:1 group had higher overall costs for the blood products but were more likely to achieve hemostasis and decreased hemorrhagic death by 24 hours (p = 0.006). For every 100 patients treated in the 1:1:1 group, eight more achieved hemostasis than in the 1:1:2 group. At 30 days, the total hospital cost per 100 patients was $5.6 million in the 1:1:1 group compared with $5.0 million in the 1:1:2 group. For each 100 patients, the 1:1:1 group had 218.5 more years of life expectancy. This was at a cost of $2994 per year gained.CONCLUSIONThe 1:1:1 transfusion ratio in severely injured hemorrhaging trauma patients is a very cost‐effective strategy for increasing hemostasis and decreasing trauma deaths.
Body composition of medium to giant breed dogs with or without cranial cruciate ligament disease
Authors: Santarossa Amanda , Gibson Thomas W. G. , Kerr Carolyn , Monteith Gabrielle J. , Durzi Tiffany , Gowland Shannon , Verbrugghe Adronie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the body composition of dogs with or without cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease.Study designCross‐sectional.AnimalsAdult dogs in which CCL disease was diagnosed (n = 30) and adult dogs without clinical signs of orthopedic disease (n = 30).MethodsBody weight, body condition score, and muscle condition score (MCS) were recorded. Body composition of the whole body and pelvic limbs were assessed by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Body condition score, whole body, and pelvic limb body composition measurements were compared by using general linear mixed‐model analysis of variance. Muscle condition score between groups was assessed by using a Mann–WhitneyUtest, while paired data were analyzed by using a Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsBody fat percentage (P < .0001) was higher in affected dogs (38.78% ± 1.40) than in control dogs (27.49% ± 1.24). Affected dogs had lower MCS (1.90 ± 0.13,P < .0001) compared with control dogs (2.77 ± 0.08). The affected pelvic limb of affected dogs contained less lean soft tissues (P < .0001) but more fat (P= .0451) compared with the contralateral pelvic limb.ConclusionDogs with CCL disease were overweight compared with the control group.Clinical significanceDogs that are overweight may be predisposed to developing CCL disease. Body composition changes in the pelvic limbs should be considered when managing the care of these dogs.
Non-Wear Time and Presentation of Compositional 24-Hour Time-Use Analyses Influence Conclusions About Sleep and Body Mass Index in Children
Authors: Haszard Jillian J. , Meredith-Jones Kim , Farmer Victoria , Williams Sheila , Galland Barbara , Taylor Rachael 
Published: May 2020

Although 24-hour time-use data are increasingly being examined in relation to indices of health, consensus has yet to be reached about the best way to present estimates from compositional analyses. This analysis explored the impact of different presentations of results when assessing the relationship between 24-hour time-use and body mass index (BMI) z-score using compositional analysis of 5-day actigraphy data in 742 children. First it was found that reallocating non-wear time to day-time components only (sedentary behavior, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA]) before normalization to 24 hours provided stronger estimates with BMI z-score than simply removing non-wear time before normalization. Estimates for sleep time were substantially affected, where associations with BMI z-score nearly doubled (mean difference [95% CI] in BMI z-score for 10% longer sleep were −0.20 [−0.32, −0.08] compared to −0.11 [−0.23, 0.002]). Presenting estimates in terms of a greater number of minutes in a component, relative to all others, showed MVPA to be the strongest predictor of BMI z-score, while estimates in terms of the proportion of minutes showed sleep to be the strongest predictor. Both presentations have value. However, presentations in terms of one-to-one “substitutions” of time may need careful interpretation due to the uneven distribution of time in each component. In conclusion, when analyzing relationships between 24-hour time-use and health outcomes, non-wear time and presentation of estimates can impact final conclusions. As a result, the current understanding of the importance of sleep for child health may be underestimated.
Reducing moisture effects on soil organic carbon content prediction in visible and near-infrared spectra with an external parameter othogonalization algorithm
Authors: Cao Yue , Bao Nisha , Liu Shanjun , Zhao Wei , Li Shimeng 
Published: May 2020

Field spectroscopy and other efficient hyperspectral techniques have been widely used to measure soil properties, including soil organic carbon (SOC) content. However, reflectance measurements based on field spectroscopy are quite sensitive to uncontrolled variations in surface soil conditions, such as moisture content; hence, such variations lead to drastically reduced prediction accuracy. The goals of this work are to (i) explore the moisture effect on soil spectra with different SOC levels, (ii) evaluate the selection of optimal parameter for external parameter othogonalization (EPO) in reducing moisture effect, and (iii) improve SOC prediction accuracy for semi-arid soils with various moisture levels by combing the EPO with machine learning method. Soil samples were collected from grassland regions of Inner Mongolia in North China. Rewetting laboratory experiments were conducted to make samples moisturized at five levels. Visible and near-infrared spectra (350–2500 nm) of soil samples rewetted were observed using a hand-held SVC HR-1024 spectroradiometer. Our results show that moisture influences the correlation between SOC content and soil reflectance spectra and that moisture has a greater impact on the spectra of samples with low SOC. An EPO algorithm can quantitatively extract information of the affected spectra from the spectra of moist soil samples by an optimal singular value. A SOC model that effectively couples EPO with random forest (RF) outperforms partial least-square regression (PLSR)-based models. The EPO–RF model generates better results with R2 of 0.86 and root-mean squared error (RMSE) of 3.82 g kg−1, whereas a PLSR model gives R2 of 0.79 and RMSE of 4.68 g kg−1.
Can thin coals be resolved in seismic data? An example of the challenges for Carboniferous (Visean to Westphalian) source-rock definition across the Elbow Spit Platform (Netherlands) and the Mid North Sea High (UK) through well synthetic modelling
Authors: Gallo Alessandro Boscolo , Kilhams Ben , de Keijzer Martin , Nicolai Carlo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The ability to predict coal units from seismic data has become important for hydrocarbon exploration, especially in areas away from traditional play sweetspots. An understanding of coal distribution/thickness from seismic data can influence the risking of basin source-rock presence/charge efficiency. A selection of wells is presented from the Carboniferous of the Elbow Spit Platform (Netherlands), the Mid North Sea High (UK) and adjacent areas. These wells penetrated various coal thicknesses, as well as sandstones, mudstones and thin limestones in different stratigraphic configurations. For each well, full-stack synthetic seismograms (acoustic impedance domain) using a conventional seismic wavelet are generated along with supporting rock physics. This analysis suggests, as a guideline, that coal thickness needs to meet a threshold of 25–35% of loop thickness to be uniquely distinguishable from the surrounding lithologies (discernible soft kick). If the coals are thinner than this threshold, they will be comparable to soft sandstone-related kicks, although some exceptions exist where thin coals directly overlie soft sandstone intervals. The exact percentage value will depend on seismic-data quality and rock properties. This study highlights the need for careful consideration of thin-coal seismic expression when devising interpretation strategies and risking source-rock presence.
Fast Charging of Li-Ion Cells: Part III. Relaxation Dynamics and Trap-Controlled Lithium Ion Transport
Authors: Shkrob Ilya A. , Rodrigues Marco-Tulio F. , Abraham Daniel P. 
Published: May 2020

Fast charging of Li-ion batteries would ease consumer concerns regarding refueling time of electric vehicles. In this series of articles, we are systematically examining the effects of high currents flowing through the cell. Here we consider open-circuit relaxation dynamics for cell voltage and individual electrode potentials after abrupt termination of steady-state charging currents (1-6C) or short current pulses (< 30 s) of either polarity (to 16C). We demonstrate that dispersive kinetics observed after these current perturbations become faster for higher currents applied before the rest period. Our observations indicate that the voltage relaxation behaviors (i) depend on the current during charge, and less so on the state of charge, (ii) display universal stretched-exponential kinetics, (iii) can be induced by a short current pulse, (iv) require a minimum amount of charge transfer during the pulse, and (v) originate mainly from the oxide cathode. Trap controlled Li+ ion transport through a partially disordered oxygen-depleted subsurface layer in the cathode is suggested as a possible origin for the relaxation behavior. The slow multidecadal responses to high currents can cause the nonlinearities observed during rapid charging of the electrochemical cells, reported in Part 2 of this series.