bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress on Understanding Rayleigh–Taylor Flow and Mixing Using Synergy Between Simulation, Modeling, and Experiment
Authors: Schilling Oleg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSimultaneous advances in numerical methods and computing, theoretical techniques, and experimental diagnostics have all led independently to better understanding of Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, turbulence, and mixing. In particular, experiments have provided significant motivation for many simulation and modeling studies, as well as validation data. Numerical simulations have also provided data that is not currently measurable or very difficult to measure accurately in RT unstable flows. Thus, simulations have also motivated new measurements in this class of buoyancy-driven flows. This overview discusses simulation and modeling studies synergistic with experiments and examples of how experiments have motivated simulations and models of RT instability, flow, and mixing. First, a brief summary of measured experimental and calculated simulation quantities, of experimental approaches, and of issues and challenges in the simulation and modeling of RT experiments is presented. Implicit large-eddy, direct numerical, and large-eddy simulations validated using RT experimental data are then discussed. This is followed by a discussion of modeling using analytical, modal, buoyancy–drag, and turbulent transport models of RT mixing experiments. The discussion will focus on three-dimensional RT mixing arising from multimode perturbations. Finally, this focused review concludes with a perspective on future simulation, modeling, and experimental directions for further research. Research in simulation and modeling of RT unstable flows, coupled with experiments, has made significant progress over the past several decades. This overview serves as an opportunity to both discuss progress and to stimulate future research on simulation and modeling of this unique class of hydrodynamically unstable turbulent flows.
Practical Applications of Net Energy Analysis of Upstream Oil and Gas Processes
Authors: Grassian David , Olsen Daniel B. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Net energy analysis (NEA) has traditionally been utilized by nonindustry actors, such as academics, economists, and regulators. It has not been widely accepted as a beneficial method within the oil and gas industry with regard to oil extraction systems. This research describes several NEA metrics, such at the energy return on energy investment (EROI), and the energy intensity ratio (EIR), and suggests several practical benefits to oil and gas owner/operators of applying them. The benefits are primarily realized by integrating NEA into economic analysis at the field level, facility level, and well level. The high level impact of energy on both capital and operational (OPEX and CAPEX) expenditures is explored. The case is made that NEA can be used to illuminate the drivers behind energy intensive oil and gas extraction processes, and thus can be used to reveal important economic risks and opportunities.
Effects of the use of Auxectic Structures for structural damping in composite sandwich core panels for wind turbine blades
Authors: Ahsan Khalid Seher , Khan Abdul Munem , Shah Owaisur Rahman 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
With the ever increasing demand of energy necessitates the utilization of renewable energy sources such as wind energy. Wind turbines are widely used to convert wind energy into electrical and mechanical energy, with constant improvement in design so as to increase the efficiency and performance. The turbine blades are considered as long spanned unsupported structures that are prone to vibrations which reduces the performance of turbine. Honey comb and closed celled foam sandwich structure have been used to make the skin of turbine blades. This research work proposes the use of auxectic core instead of honeycomb core for use in wind turbine blades. The benefits of using auxectic core for improvement in structural damping are particularly studied. Different auxectic topologies are studied and compared using half power method and their vibration and damping behavior is analyzed in comparison to conventional honeycomb core.
Rapid emplacement of massive Duluth Complex intrusions within the North American Midcontinent Rift
Authors: Swanson-Hysell Nicholas L. , Hoaglund Steven A. , Crowley James L. , Schmitz Mark D. , Zhang Yiming , Miller James D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Duluth Complex (Minnesota, USA) is one of the largest mafic intrusive complexes on Earth. It was emplaced as the Midcontinent Rift developed in Laurentia’s interior during an interval of magmatism and extension from ca. 1109 to 1084 Ma. This duration of magmatic activity is more protracted than is typical for large igneous provinces interpreted to have formed from decompression melting of upwelling mantle plumes. While the overall duration was protracted, there were intervals of more voluminous magmatism. New 206Pb/238U zircon dates for the anorthositic and layered series of the Duluth Complex constrain these units to have been emplaced ca. 1096 Ma in &lt;1 m.y. (duration of 500 ± 260 k.y.). Comparison of paleomagnetic data from these units with Laurentia’s apparent polar wander path supports this interpretation. This rapid emplacement bears similarities to the geologically short duration of well-dated large igneous provinces. These data support hypotheses that call upon the co-location of lithospheric extension and anomalously hot upwelling mantle. This rapid magmatic pulse occurred &gt;10 m.y. after initial magmatism following &gt;20° of latitudinal plate motion. A likely scenario is one in which upwelling mantle encountered the base of Laurentian lithosphere and flowed via “upside-down drainage” to locally thinned lithosphere of the Midcontinent Rift.
The deep magmatic cumulate roots of the Acadian orogen, eastern North America
Authors: Tassara S. , Ague J.J. , Valencia V. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The dearth of cumulate magmatic roots in accretionary orogens is a cornerstone of models that postulate redistribution of mass and energy within the crust for the genesis of intermediate to silicic magmatism. Likewise, the origin of the evolved Acadian (Devonian) plutonism in the New England Appalachians (northeastern USA) has long been explained by closed-system crustal melting due to the absence of associated coeval deep mafic counterparts. Here, we report the discovery of Acadian hydrous ultramafic cumulate rocks that formed by deep-seated (∼1.1 GPa) fractional crystallization processes from a mantle-derived parental melt (Connecticut, southern New England, USA). These rocks are the first of their kind identified in the Appalachian orogen, and one of only a handful of preserved deep subarc hydrous cumulates worldwide. We propose a genetic link between the studied rocks and the evolved coeval plutonism in central-southern New England, where the former represent the missing deep cumulate roots of the same magmatic arc. Our findings support the hypothesis that differentiation of mantle-derived hydrous magmas by fractional crystallization and assimilation processes in the deep crust is a fundamental process in the production of intermediate to silicic magmatism and the geochemical evolution of the continental crust.
A link between rift-related volcanism and end-Ediacaran extinction? Integrated chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and U-Pb geochronology from Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Hodgin Eben B. , Nelson Lyle L. , Wall Corey J. , Barrón-Díaz Arturo J. , Webb Lucy C. , Schmitz Mark D. , Fike David A. , Hagadorn James W. , Smith Emily F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology from a succession that spans the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary in Sonora, Mexico. A sandy hematite-rich dolostone bed, which occurs 20 m above carbonates that record the nadir of the basal Cambrian carbon isotope excursion within the La Ciénega Formation, yielded a maximum depositional age of 539.40 ± 0.23 Ma using U-Pb chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry on a population of sharply faceted volcanic zircon crystals. This bed, interpreted to contain reworked tuffaceous material, is above the last occurrences of late Ediacaran body fossils and below the first occurrence of the Cambrian trace fossil Treptichnus pedum, and so the age calibrates key markers of the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary. The temporal coincidence of rift-related flood basalt volcanism in southern Laurentia (&gt;250,000 km3 of basalt), a negative carbon isotope excursion, and biological turnover is consistent with a mechanistic link between the eruption of a large igneous province and end-Ediacaran extinction.
Redefining East African Rift System kinematics
Authors: Stamps D.S. , Kreemer C. , Fernandes R. , Rajaonarison T.A. , Rambolamanana G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEast African Rift System plate geometries and surface motions are some of the least constrained in the context of global plate motion models. In this study, we used GPS data to constrain Somalian plate rotation and to suggest a new tectonic plate geometry for the region. In addition, we tested geologic data from the Southwest Indian Ridge and new GPS data on Madagascar to determine refined kinematics of the Lwandle microplate. A zone of broad deformation was discovered, extending from the eastern boundary of the Rovuma microplate, across the Comoros Islands, and including parts of central and northern Madagascar. Madagascar is fragmenting, with southern Madagascar rotating with the Lwandle microplate and a piece of eastern and south-central Madagascar moving with the Somalian plate. Divergence of the Nubian-Somalian plate system across the East African Rift System involves both diffuse deformation and strain accommodation along narrow rift segments that bound rigid blocks.
Sexuality post gynaecological cancer treatment: a qualitative study with South African women
Authors: Pitcher Sorrel , Fakie Nazia , Adams Tracey , Denny Lynette , Moodley Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesThis study investigated women’s experiences of their sexuality post gynaecological cancer treatment. Using a holistic sexuality framework, the study explored how women felt their sexual functioning, sexual relationships and sexual identity had been affected by treatment.DesignThe study was qualitative in nature and made use of an interpretive descriptive design. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.SettingData collection took place at a follow-up clinic within the gynaeoncology unit at a public-sector tertiary hospital in Cape Town, South Africa.ParticipantsPurposive sampling was used to recruit participants, and the final sample consisted of 34 women aged 29–70 (x´=52). All women had received a gynaecological cancer diagnosis and had been treated with either surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combination of these. On average, the participants were between 12 and 30 months post treatment.ResultsWomen expressed how their sexual functioning post treatment was both nuanced and complex, how heteronormative gender expectations influenced their intimate relationships, and how they experienced a re-embodiment of their sexual subjectivity post treatment. Participants felt that more sexual functioning information from healthcare providers, as well as peer support groups, would assist them in navigating the sexuality changes they experienced.ConclusionsThe findings of this study broaden conceptualisations of sexuality post treatment by detailing the ways that it is complex, nuanced, relational and ever shifting. More research is needed about how to incorporate holistic psychosexual support post treatment into the public healthcare system in South Africa.
Upper respiratory viral load in asymptomatic individuals and mildly symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Ra Sang Hyun , Lim Joon Seo , Kim Gwang-un , Kim Min Jae , Jung Jiwon , Kim Sung-Han 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundAsymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection have viable viral loads and have been linked to several transmission cases. However, data on the viral loads in such individuals are lacking. We assessed the viral loads in asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison with those in symptomatic patients with COVID-19.MethodsStudy participants were recruited from a community facility designated for the isolation of patients with mild COVID-19 in South Korea. The presence of symptoms was evaluated with a questionnaire-based survey. Viral loads in the upper respiratory tract were measured with real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) targeting theE,RdRpandNgenes of SARS-CoV-2, with a cycle threshold (Ct) value of 40 for determining positivity.ResultsIn 213 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, 41 (19%) had remained asymptomatic from potential exposure to laboratory confirmation and admission; of them, 39 (95%) underwent follow-up RT-PCR testing after a median 13 days. In 172 symptomatic patients, 144 (84%) underwent follow-up RT-PCR testing. Twenty-one (54%) asymptomatic individuals and 92 (64%) symptomatic patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at follow-up. Asymptomatic individuals and symptomatic patients did not show any significant differences in the mean Ct values of theE(31.15 vs 31.43; p>0.99),RdRp(32.26 vs 32.93; p=0.92) andN(33.05 vs 33.28; p>0.99) genes.ConclusionApproximately one-fifth of the individuals without severe symptoms were asymptomatic, and their viral loads were comparable to those in symptomatic patients. A large proportion of mildly symptomatic patients with COVID-19 or asymptomatic individuals with SARS-CoV-2 showed persistent positive upper respiratory RT-PCR results at follow-up.
Intrathoracic gastric torsion following surgical management of a type IV hiatal hernia
Authors: Hernon Tom , Chanoit Guillaume , Meakin Lee B 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYA five‐month‐old French bulldog was referred for assessment and management of regurgitation. Investigations suggested a type IV hiatal hernia, with the stomach and spleen found to be within the thorax. This was surgically managed with a phrenoplasty and fundic gastropexy. The dog recovered well and was free from clinical signs for four months, at which point he presented with sudden onset tachypnoea and increased respiratory effort. Radiographs identified a distended stomach within the thorax. An emergency coeliotomy identified that the stomach had torsed 180° around the gastropexy and herniated, along with the spleen, through the oesophageal hiatus. A sternotomy was required to decompress and subsequently reduce the stomach and spleen into the abdomen. The gastric torsion was corrected, and a right‐sided gastropexy, a phrenoplasty and oesophagopexy were performed. The dog was doing well with no evidence of regurgitation four months following surgery.
3‐T MRI of protothecosis encephalic lesions in a Scottish shepherd dog
Authors: Cocchetto Aurora , Briola Chiara , Furlanello Tommaso , Danesi Patrizia , Cirla Alessandro , Menchetti Marika 
Published: September 2020

A four‐year‐old Scottish Shepherd dog was referred for acute onset of disorientation, blindness and chronic diarrhoea. The neurological examination was consistent with a multifocal neurolocalisation involving the prosencephalon and the brainstem. The ophthalmological exam showed bilateral chorioretinitis with retinal detachment. The brain MRI showed periventricular and left caudate nucleus lesions, increased thickness of the left III, IV, VI and opthalmic branch of V cranial nerves and bilateral multifocal lesions in the temporal and masseter muscles. Cerebrospinal fluid examination showed mild mixed pleocytosis. Faecal and urine cultures were positive for Prototheca zopfii genotype 2. Despite starting itraconazole therapy, the dog's conditions deteriorated and the owner elected euthanasia. Protothecosis should be suspected in young dogs with multifocal neurological signs, blindness and chronic diarrhoea.MRI study of the central nervous system (CNS), together with blood exam, cytology and cultures, is a useful tool to evaluate the CNS in disseminated form of Prototheca infection.
Charmed and bottomed hadronic cross sections from a statistical model
Authors: Balassa Gábor , Wolf György 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this work, we extended our statistical model with charmed and bottomed hadrons, and fit the quark creational probabilities for the heavy quarks, using low energy inclusive charmonium and bottomonium data. With the finalized fit for all the relevant types of quarks (up, down, strange, charm, bottom) at the energy range from a few GeV up to a few tens of GeV’s, the model is now considered complete. Some examples are also given for proton–proton, pion–proton, and proton–antiproton collisions with charmonium, bottomonium, and open charm hadrons in the final state.
Geoethics as a common thread that can bind a geoscience department together
Authors: Cronin Vincent S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As ethics is a fundamental part of science, so too is geoethics at the centre of geoscience. Many university geoscience departments have not incorporated considerations of ethics or geoethics into their routine operations, strategies for student development, curriculum or research efforts. Starting to emphasize ethics within a departmental community takes an ongoing commitment to learn the vocabulary of ethics, engage in open and continuing conversations with all persons in the department and promote a shared understanding that ethics – geoethics – is an essential part of everything we do as geoscientists. Geoethics can be a common thread that helps to bind a geoscience department together.
From ‘good’ intentions to principled practices and beyond: ethical issues in risk communication
Authors: Cerase Andrea 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Ethical issues emerge whenever a decision or action has the potential to affect another person (Sellnow
et al.
2008: 147)

This chapter summarizes and critically addresses the evolution of risk communication approaches through the lens of ethical issues. The growth and the consolidation of risk communication as an independent, cross-cutting discipline appear to be strictly connected to the growing concern for both public's and individual recipients’ needs and rights.
Geoethics in groundwater management: the geoethical dilemma in La Galera aquifer, Spain
Authors: Bellaubi Francesc , Arasa Alvaro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Groundwater management is a major challenge in natural resources governance because of the uncertainty of the nature of the resource in estimating the reserve, the complexity of water dynamics and evolution and the irreversibility of exploitation, including possible contamination. Furthermore, from a political ecology point of view, discourses of power between involved social actors shape institutional frameworks, economic incentives and access to technology, which determine who gets water in practice and define the groundwater management as a common pool resource in terms of excludability and rivalry. Underlying cultural values in groundwater management are usually dismissed whilst they sustain traditional ways of living related to territorial identities and values that, in turn, may play a role in groundwater management and protection. Considering La Galera aquifer (Ebro River Basin, Spain) as a case study, the paper presents a geoethical dilemma as a method to explore the underlying conflicting values that may explain current management practices and a way forward to reverse current trends.
Geoethics as global ethics to face grand challenges for humanity
Authors: Peppoloni Silvia , Di Capua Giuseppe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Geoethics is not simply professional ethics. Originally, it was developed in the context of geosciences to increase the awareness of geoscientists to their cultural and social role, but over time expanded to define a way in which humans can rethink their relationship with the Earth system in the light of principles and values that can provide a healthy and safe life in respect for geo-ecosystems. The theoretical framework of geoethics has now consolidated, and it has become the proposal on which to base a global ethics for the new millennium. This chapter outlines the scientific and cultural reference framework in which geoethics developed; the theoretical foundations of geoethics and its main characteristics; global anthropogenic issues under a geoethical perspective; ethical and social aspects related to two potential human activities respectively to combat global warming (geoengineering); and to provide for the growing demand for georesources (deep-sea/ocean mining). The authors highlight the importance of sharing values and actions among planetary human communities to manage global changes and threats. One wonders if the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic can suggest or confirm reflections on geoethical thinking. Finally, a charter for a responsible course of human development, articulated in nine principles and actions, is proposed.
Ethics in climate change: a climate scientist's perspective
Authors: Wuebbles Donald J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
There are many dimensions to a look at ethics in climate change, the underlying science and the responses to societal challenges. The rapid changes occurring in the Earth's climate are impacting every part of our lives, economically, culturally and physically, and these are driving concerns about vulnerability, equity and justice. The good news is that the science is providing a clear message – climate change is one of the most important issues facing humanity and our planet. There is basically no debate about this conclusion any longer within the science community; this understanding is data-driven, based on extensive observations and associated analyses using many different research tools. Science shows that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming and other major changes in the Earth's climate since at least the mid-twentieth century. However, that doesn't keep misinformation and overstatement of remaining uncertainties from appearing in the news, social media or in various blogs, but to do so requires distortions and misrepresentations of the science, or refutation of the underlying premises for basic physics. Denial of climate change and why it is occurring adds its own ethical dimension. Finally, there are major ethical dilemmas complicating the debate of how to respond to the continuing changes in climate. How do we balance the rights and responsibilities of the developed and developing nations of our planet? How do we sort out the possible use of geoengineering approaches that are being proposed to reduce or reverse climate change and/or its adverse societal impacts? How do we assess our responsibility to future generations for the actions we take today and the resulting changes in climate they must live with? These are complex considerations requiring solutions that meet the needs of humanity across its many dimensions.