bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is piracy sustainable?
Authors: Chan Kenneth S. , Laffargue Jean‐Pierre 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe develop a model of international trade between three countries, one of which hosts pirates. When the number of pirate ships increases, the probability for one of the pirate ships (for one commercial ship) encountering a commercial (pirate) ship decreases (increases). Then, the commercial ships have an incentive to spend more on defence and pirate ships to invest less on attack. If pirates operate under free entry, they do not internalize the entry externality. Then, their number rises until it reaches a level such that their attack power has become negligible and the defence of the commercial ships has reached a high level. The economy settles in a full deterrence equilibrium. However, if the number of pirate ships is controlled by an authority, which maximizes piracy's profit, the economy settles in an equilibrium where piracy is active and commercial ships spend less on defence.Piracy is a substitute for trade. Piracy depends on the terms of trade of the pirate country and on the relative efficiency of the attack versus the defence.
Impact of food challenge on local oesophageal immunophenotype in eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Philpott Hamish , Lee Shawn Zhenhui , Arrington Ashley , McGee Sarah J. , Dellon Evan S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundEosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is caused by the ingestion of food antigens. Dietary avoidance can result in clinical and histological remission, while food reintroduction can cause recurrence. It is uncertain if food antigen processing and immune activation occurs locally, in the oesophagus. Therefore, we performed a comparative study of the density of cell surface proteins (known to be involved with antigen presentation) on oesophageal tissue prior to, and following food antigen induced disease recurrence. A secondary aim was to consider novel biomarkers.MethodAdult patients with a diagnosis of EoE, who had achieved histological remission with an elimination diet (<15 eosinophils per high power field at oesophageal biopsy), and who underwent food challenge with proven recurrence were included. Immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence for CD1a, CD3, CD28, CD40, CD69, CD80, CD138, CXCR3 and HLA‐DR was performed. Staining intensity of each biomarker (pixels/mm2) was quantified by semi‐automated analysis (Studio‐FL software).ResultsFourteen cases of EoE (pre and post food challenge), 6 GORD and 5 healthy controls were included. HLA‐DR, CD3, CD28, CD40 and CD 138 significantly increased with food reintroduction (P = <0.05). CD1a, CD 69, CD 80 and CXCR3 did not measurably change.ConclusionThe presence of cell surface proteins typically associated with antigen presentation (following food antigen induced recurrence) suggests immune activation occurs in the oesophagus, and the relative lack of langerhans cells (CD1a) may indicate this cell type is unimportant. The cell surface protein CD 138 increases with disease recurrence, is not elevated in GORD or healthy controls, and has promise as a biomarker.
Convergent spaces: Intersectional analysis of ethnic minority status and childhood disability in Irish safeguarding work
Authors: Flynn Susan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe core argument of this paper is that intersectionality provides a constructive conceptual lens for the convergence of ethnic minority status and childhood disability in Irish child protection and welfare. The utility of intersectionality in this paper lies in broadening the scope of reflection on the complex intersections of ethnic minority status and childhood disability. Within this, intersectionality is implicitly situated within an overarching critical disability studies perspective. Theoretically informed commentary on the literature attends to three aspects of practice. These are respectively novel intersections of ethnic minority status and childhood disability, as a consequence of intensifying globalization; compounded levels of risk; and the importance of nonconflation of potential sites of oppression, such as race and disability. Overall, the intention of the paper is to be illustrative. Specifically, analysis is presented as an aid to students and practitioners, moving forward, in negotiating a complex and dynamic field of practice.
Endoscopic pressure study integrated system reflects gastroesophageal junction competence in patients with erosive esophagitis and Barrett´s esophagus
Authors: Iwaya Yugo , Inoue Haruhiro , Rodríguez de Santiago Enrique , Abad Mary Raina Angeli , Fujiyoshi Yusuke , Ueno Akiko , Tanabe Mayo , Sumi Kazuya , Tomida Hideomi , Ominami Masaki , Ikeda Haruo , Onimaru Manabu , Shimamura Yuto 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesThe endoscopic pressure study integrated system (EPSIS) is a novel diagnostic tool for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by monitoring intragastric pressure (IGP). Evaluation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) function may be achieved endoscopically by utilizing this newly developed diagnostic tool. This study aimed to evaluate the association between EPSIS results and gastroesophageal reflux‐related diseases, e.g., erosive esophagitis (EE) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE).MethodsThis was a retrospective, single‐center study. All patients who underwent EPSIS between November 2016 and July 2018 were included. EPSIS was performed during esophagogastroduodenoscopy with a dedicated electronic device and a through‐the‐scope catheter. The maximum IGP (IGP‐max) and IGP waveform pattern (flat or uphill) were recorded with this system. Evaluation of an EE and BE was based on the Los Angeles classification and Prague classification, respectively.ResultsA total of 104 patients were enrolled; 29 (28%) had EE and 42 (40%) had BE. Patients with EE had lower IGP‐max values (16.0 vs 18.8 mmHg, P = 0.01) and an EPSIS flat pattern was seen more frequently (82.8% vs 37.3%, P < 0.001). Similarly, patients with BE displayed a lower IGP‐max (15.7 vs 19.6 mmHg, P < 0.001) and presented with an EPSIS flat pattern in a higher proportion (69% vs 37.1%, P < 0.001). These differences remained significant on multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThe EPSIS, as a novel diagnostic tool, was shown to exhibit a relation with EE and BE, implying that EPSIS is a promising modality to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux‐related diseases and LES function endoscopically.
Metformin and cardiorenal outcomes in diabetes: A reappraisal
Authors: Petrie John R. , Rossing Peter R. , Campbell Ian W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe guidance issued to the pharmaceutical industry by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2008 has led to the publication of a series of randomized, controlled cardiovascular outcomes trials with newer therapeutic classes of glucose‐lowering medications. Several of these trials, which evaluated the newer therapeutic classes of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, have reported a reduced incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and/or renal outcomes, usually relative to placebo and standard of care. Metformin was the first glucose‐lowering agent reported to improve cardiovascular outcomes in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and thus became the foundation of standard care. However, as this clinical trial reported more than 20 years ago, differences from current standards of trial design and evaluation complicate comparison of the cardiovascular profiles of older and newer agents. Our article revisits the evidence for cardiovascular protection with metformin and reviews its effects on the kidney.
Time trends, frequency, characteristics and prognosis of short‐duration transient global amnesia
Authors: Romoli M. , Tuna M. A. , Li L. , Paciaroni M. , Giannandrea D. , Tordo Caprioli F. , Lotti A. , Eusebi P. , Mosconi M. G. , Pellizzaro Venti M. , Salvadori N. , Gili A. , Ricci S. , Stracci F. , Sarchielli P. , Parnetti L. , Rothwell P. M. , Calabresi P. 
Published: February 2020

Background and purposeTransient global amnesia (TGA) is characterized by a sudden onset of anterograde amnesia lasting up to 24 h. One major differential for TGA is transient epileptic amnesia, which typically lasts < 1 h. However, TGA can also be short in duration and little is known about the time trends, characteristics and prognosis of TGA cases lasting < 1 h.MethodsWe compared the clinical features of TGA ascertained in two independent cohort studies in Oxfordshire, UK [Oxford cohort 1977–1987 versus Oxford Vascular Study (OXVASC) 2002–2018] to determine the time trends of clinical features of TGA. Results were validated in another independent contemporary TGA cohort in Italy [Northern Umbria TGA registry (NU) 2002–2018]. We compared the risk factors, clinical features and long‐term prognosis (major cardiovascular events, recurrent TGA and seizure/epilepsy) of patients presenting with episodes lasting < 1 h versus those lasting ≥ 1 h.ResultsOverall, 639 patients with TGA were included (114 Oxford cohort, 100 OXVASC, 425 NU). Compared with the original Oxford cohort, there were more cases with TGA lasting < 1 h in OXVASC [32 (32.0%) vs. 9 (8.8%)] and NU (11.8% vs. 8.8% in Oxford cohort). In both OXVASC and NU, patient age, vascular risk factors and clinical features were largely similar between those with TGA lasting < 1 h versus those lasting ≥ 1 h. Moreover, there was no difference in the long‐term risk of seizure/epilepsy or major cardiovascular events between TGA lasting < 1 h versus TGA lasting ≥ 1 h.ConclusionsShort‐duration TGA episodes (<1 h) were not uncommon and were more frequent than in earlier studies. The clinical features and long‐term prognosis of short‐duration TGA did not differ from more typical episodes lasting ≥ 1 h.
Natural and human‐induced environmental changes and their effects on adaptive potential of wild animal populations
Authors: Garant Dany 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA major challenge of evolutionary ecology over the next decades is to understand and predict the consequences of the current rapid and important environmental changes on wild populations. Extinction risk of species is linked to populations’ evolutionary potential and to their ability to express adaptive phenotypic plasticity. There is thus a vital need to quantify how selective pressures, quantitative genetics parameters, and phenotypic plasticity, for multiple traits in wild animal populations, may vary with changes in the environment. Here I review our previous research that integrated ecological and evolutionary theories with molecular ecology, quantitative genetics, and long‐term monitoring of individually marked wild animals. Our results showed that assessing evolutionary and plastic changes over time and space, using multi‐trait approaches, under a realistic range of environmental conditions are crucial steps toward improving our understanding of the evolution and adaptation of natural populations. Our current and future work focusses on assessing the limits of adaptive potential by determining the factors constraining the evolvability of plasticity, those generating covariation among genetic variance and selection, as well as indirect genetic effects, which can affect population's capacity to adjust to environmental changes. In doing so, we aim to provide an improved assessment of the spatial and temporal scale of evolutionary processes in wild animal populations.
Differential interactions of the β‐lactam cloxacillin with human renal organic anion transporters (OATs)
Authors: Lalanne Sébastien , Le Vée Marc , Lemaitre Florian , Le Corre Pascal , Verdier Marie‐Clémence , Fardel Olivier 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe β‐lactam penicillin antibiotic cloxacillin (CLX) presents wide inter‐individual pharmacokinetics variability. To better understand its molecular basis, the precise identification of the detoxifying actors involved in CLX disposition and elimination would be useful, notably with respect to renal secretion known to play a notable role in CLX elimination. The present study was consequently designed to analyze the interactions of CLX with the solute carrier transporters organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 and OAT3, implicated in tubular secretion through mediating drug entry at the basolateral pole of renal proximal cells. CLX was first shown to block OAT1 and OAT3 activity in cultured OAT‐overexpressing HEK293 cells. Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for OAT3 (13 µm) was however much lower than that for OAT1 (560 µm); clinical inhibition of OAT activity and drug–drug interactions may consequently be predicted for OAT3, but not OAT1. OAT3, unlike OAT1, was next shown to mediate CLX uptake in OAT‐overexpressing HEK293 cells. Kinetic parameters for this OAT3‐mediated transport of CLX (Km = 10.7 µm) were consistent with a possible in vivo saturation of this process for high CLX plasma concentrations. OAT3 is consequently likely to play a pivotal role in renal CLX secretion and consequently in total renal CLX elimination, owing to the low plasma unbound fraction of the antibiotic. OAT3 genetic polymorphisms as well as co‐administered drugs inhibiting in vivo OAT3 activity may therefore be considered as potential sources of CLX pharmacokinetics variability.
Rainfall manipulation experiments as simulated by terrestrial biosphere models: Where do we stand?
Authors: Paschalis Athanasios , Fatichi Simone , Zscheischler Jakob , Ciais Philippe , Bahn Michael , Boysen Lena , Chang Jinfeng , De Kauwe Martin , Estiarte Marc , Goll Daniel , Hanson Paul J. , Harper Anna B. , Hou Enqing , Kigel Jaime , Knapp Alan K. , Larsen Klaus S. , Li Wei , Lienert Sebastian , Luo Yiqi , Meir Patrick , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Ogaya Romà , Parolari Anthony J. , Peng Changhui , Peñuelas Josep , Pongratz Julia , Rambal Serge , Schmidt Inger K. , Shi Hao , Sternberg Marcelo , Tian Hanqin , Tschumi Elisabeth , Ukkola Anna , Vicca Sara , Viovy Nicolas , Wang Ying‐Ping , Wang Zhuonan , Williams Karina , Wu Donghai , Zhu Qiuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChanges in rainfall amounts and patterns have been observed and are expected to continue in the near future with potentially significant ecological and societal consequences. Modelling vegetation responses to changes in rainfall is thus crucial to project water and carbon cycles in the future. In this study, we present the results of a new model‐data intercomparison project, where we tested the ability of 10 terrestrial biosphere models to reproduce the observed sensitivity of ecosystem productivity to rainfall changes at 10 sites across the globe, in nine of which, rainfall exclusion and/or irrigation experiments had been performed. The key results are as follows: (a) Inter‐model variation is generally large and model agreement varies with timescales. In severely water‐limited sites, models only agree on the interannual variability of evapotranspiration and to a smaller extent on gross primary productivity. In more mesic sites, model agreement for both water and carbon fluxes is typically higher on fine (daily–monthly) timescales and reduces on longer (seasonal–annual) scales. (b) Models on average overestimate the relationship between ecosystem productivity and mean rainfall amounts across sites (in space) and have a low capacity in reproducing the temporal (interannual) sensitivity of vegetation productivity to annual rainfall at a given site, even though observation uncertainty is comparable to inter‐model variability. (c) Most models reproduced the sign of the observed patterns in productivity changes in rainfall manipulation experiments but had a low capacity in reproducing the observed magnitude of productivity changes. Models better reproduced the observed productivity responses due to rainfall exclusion than addition. (d) All models attribute ecosystem productivity changes to the intensity of vegetation stress and peak leaf area, whereas the impact of the change in growing season length is negligible. The relative contribution of the peak leaf area and vegetation stress intensity was highly variable among models.
Acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity of cultured hepatocytes depends on timing of isolation from light‐cycle controlled mice
Authors: Moriya Koji , Tamai Miho , Koga Takumi , Tanaka Toshiaki , Tagawa Yoh‐ichi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMost physiological changes follow a daily cycle in animals because their circadian rhythm is adjusted to and synchronized with sunlight. In particular, the circadian rhythm affects liver functions, including pharmacokinetics and metabolism. The influence of circadian rhythm has not been included in hepatotoxicity assays used in drug discovery and development. In this study, the contribution of circadian rhythm was investigated in acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice and primary cultured hepatocytes. Hepatotoxicity was induced via the intraperitoneal administration of acetaminophen to a greater extent at night than during the day in mice. The sensitivity of acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity was consistent with the expression levels of acetaminophen‐metabolizing enzyme and circadian genes. The host‐derived circadian rhythm was still evident in the primary cultured hepatocytes within a day after their isolation from the liver. Primary cultured hepatocytes isolated at night were significantly more sensitive to acetaminophen than those isolated during the day. The sensitivity toward acetaminophen‐induced hepatotoxicity depended on the circadian rhythm of the expression of acetaminophen‐metabolizing genes and intracellular glutathione levels in primary cultured hepatocytes. These results obtained from cultured cells correspond to those in mice, suggesting that the timing of hepatocyte isolation is important when investigating drug metabolism and toxicity tests in culture.
Prognostic index consisting of early post‐transplant variables <2 weeks in adult living‐donor liver transplantation
Authors: Kusakabe Jiro , Hata Koichiro , Tanaka Shiro , Omae Katsuhiro , Okamura Yusuke , Tajima Tetsuya , Tamaki Ichiro , Miyauchi Hidetaka , Kubota Toyonari , Tanaka Hirokazu , Uemoto Shinji 
Published: February 2020

AimSix‐month recipient mortality after adult‐to‐adult living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) remains high. Early and accurate prediction of recipient outcome and continuous monitoring of recipient severity after surgery are both essential for guiding appropriate care. This study was designed to identify early post‐transplant parameters associated with 6‐month mortality, and thereby to construct a discriminatory prognostic index (PI).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 400 consecutive primary adult‐to‐adult LDLTs in our center (2006–2017). Perioperative variables were comprehensively analyzed for their accuracy in predicting recipient mortality by comparing the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) of each factor.ResultsThe AUROCs of preoperative predictive factors, for example, Model for End‐stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and donor age, were 0.56 and 0.64, respectively, whereas those of post‐transplant platelet count (PLT), total bilirubin (T‐BIL), and prothrombin time – international normalized ratio (INR) on postoperative day (POD)‐7−14 were 0.71/0.84, 0.68/0.82, and 0.71/0.78, respectively. Logistic regression analysis provided a formula: PIPOD‐14 = 3.39 + 0.12 × PLTPOD‐14 − 0.09 × T‐BILPOD‐14 − 1.23 × INRPOD‐14, indicating a high AUROC of 0.87. Recipient 6‐month survival with PIPOD‐14 < 2.38 (n = 173) was 71.7%, whereas that with PIPOD‐14 ≥ 2.38 (n = 222) was 97.7% (P < 0.001). The AUROCs of PIPOD‐7 were as high as 0.8 in the subgroups with younger donors (<50 years of age), right lobe grafts, ABO‐identical/compatible combinations, or low MELD score (<20), indicating usefulness of PI to identify unexpectedly complicated cases within the first week.ConclusionsA novel, post‐transplant survival estimator, PI, accurately predicts recipient 6‐month mortality within 1–2 weeks after adult LDLT. Daily monitoring of PI could facilitate early interventions including retransplantation in critically ill patients.
Bio‐based Algae Oil: an oxidation and structural analysis
Authors: Birjandi Nejad H. , Blasco L. , Moran B. , Cebrian J. , Woodger J. , Gonzalez E. , Pritts C. , Milligan J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn search of natural components, vegetal oils are increasingly becoming more popular in cosmetics. However, high oxidation instability, presence of potential allergens and synthetic anti‐oxidants have limited their applications so far. Therefore, a need exists for a natural emollient with high oxidation stability. In this work, we report on a novel sustainably produced triglyceride containing primarily three monounsaturated oleic acid chains, dubbed ‘Bio‐Based Algae Oil’ hereafter, as a natural emollient for cosmetic formulations. To produce Bio‐Based Algae Oil, simple sugars are converted into triglyceride oils using microalgae fermentation with minimal environmental impact.MethodsBio‐Based Algae Oil was compared to other commonly used triglyceride‐based emollients in the skincare industry in terms of thermal/oxidation stability, composition and moisturizing properties. Oxidation stability of emollients was compared using Rancimat and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) techniques. Fatty acid composition of each oil was analysed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) and gas chromatography (GC) techniques to correlate unsaturation level of each oil to its oxidation stability. We also conducted an in vivo moisturizing study in which skin hydration level of human subjects was compared before and after application of emollient up to 24 h.ResultsResults showed that Bio‐Based Algae Oil was the most stable emollient in thermal and oxidation stability studies given its low unsaturation and high anti‐oxidant content determined by 1H‐NMR and GC techniques. It also provided the highest skin hydration level when applied on skin demonstrating its efficacy as a moisturizing emollient in cosmetic formulations.ConclusionsCompositional analysis of Bio‐Based Algae revealed that it is a triglyceride containing primarily three monounsaturated oleic acid chains with very low polyunsaturated fatty acid content resulting in high oxidation stability and consequently prolonged shelf‐life. Given its sustainability, high oxidation stability and skin health benefits such as moisturization demonstrated during an in vivo study, we envision to utilize Bio‐Based Algae Oil in many cosmetic formulations across skincare, suncare and bath and shower markets.
Musculoskeletal disorders among dental hygienist and students of dental hygiene
Authors: Netanely Shifra , Luria Shai , Langer Danit 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to present an up‐to‐date report on the prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints in dental hygienists and dental hygiene students in Israel. It examined the areas of the body that were most frequently affected and the intensity of pain in both groups. The possible differences between groups and the likelihood that musculoskeletal symptoms in students can be attributed to their workload.MethodA modified version of The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to assess reports of Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) in general and in different body areas. A numerical pain scale was administered to evaluate pain intensity.ResultsTwo hundred and five women participated in the study: 85 experienced dental hygienists, 17 dental hygiene students and 103 students in a non‐clinical track (control group). MSD reports were the most common in the neck (60%), upper back (52%) and lower back (61%). This tendency was seen across all three groups. Hygiene students differed significantly from the control group in terms of number of body areas with MSD and for pain intensity. By contrast, no significant differences were found between dental hygienists and hygiene students,ConclusionsThe findings suggest that dental hygienists and students are at high risk of developing MSD. The high prevalence of MSD among hygiene students underscores the need to commence intervention prior to the initiation of fieldwork.