bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk prediction in a multi-ethnic population
Authors: Ward Andrew , Sarraju Ashish , Chung Sukyung , Li Jiang , Harrington Robert , Heidenreich Paul , Palaniappan Latha , Scheinker David , Rodriguez Fatima 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe pooled cohort equations (PCE) predict atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk in patients with characteristics within prespecified ranges and has uncertain performance among Asians or Hispanics. It is unknown if machine learning (ML) models can improve ASCVD risk prediction across broader diverse, real-world populations. We developed ML models for ASCVD risk prediction for multi-ethnic patients using an electronic health record (EHR) database from Northern California. Our cohort included patients aged 18 years or older with no prior CVD and not on statins at baseline (n = 262,923), stratified by PCE-eligible (n = 131,721) or PCE-ineligible patients based on missing or out-of-range variables. We trained ML models [logistic regression with L2 penalty and L1 lasso penalty, random forest, gradient boosting machine (GBM), extreme gradient boosting] and determined 5-year ASCVD risk prediction, including with and without incorporation of additional EHR variables, and in Asian and Hispanic subgroups. A total of 4309 patients had ASCVD events, with 2077 in PCE-ineligible patients. GBM performance in the full cohort, including PCE-ineligible patients (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) 0.835, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.825–0.846), was significantly better than that of the PCE in the PCE-eligible cohort (AUC 0.775, 95% CI: 0.755–0.794). Among patients aged 40–79, GBM performed similarly before (AUC 0.784, 95% CI: 0.759–0.808) and after (AUC 0.790, 95% CI: 0.765–0.814) incorporating additional EHR data. Overall, ML models achieved comparable or improved performance compared to the PCE while allowing risk discrimination in a larger group of patients including PCE-ineligible patients. EHR-trained ML models may help bridge important gaps in ASCVD risk prediction.
Interrater Reliability for a Two-Interval, Observer-Based Procedure for Measuring Hearing in Young Children
Authors: Bonino Angela Yarnell , Wiens Ashton , Nightengale Emily C. , Vance Eric A. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
To overcome methodology limitations for studying auditory development in young children, we have recently developed an observer-based procedure that uses a conditioned, play-based, motor response (see Bonino & Leibold, 2017). The purpose of this article was to examine interrater reliability for the method.

Method

Video recordings of test sessions of 2- to 4-year-old children (
n
= 17) were examined. Detection of a 1000-Hz warble tone was measured with the Play Observer-Based, Two-Interval (PlayO2I) method in each of two conditions: for a fixed intensity level (30 dB SPL) or for a variable intensity level signal (0–30 dB SPL). All test sessions were scored independently by three observers (one real-time, two offline). Observer consensus was evaluated with Fleiss' kappa statistic. To determine if summary data were similar across the observers of each test session, the proportion of correct trials (fixed-level condition) or threshold (variable-level condition) were computed.

Results
The strength of observer consensus was classified as “almost perfect” and “substantial” for the fixed-level and variable-level conditions, respectively. Follow-up analysis of the variable-level data indicated that differences in observer consensus were seen based on the signal level, the type of response behavior provided by the child, and the confidence level of the real-time observer. Resulting summary data were similar across the three observers of each test session: no significant differences for estimates of the proportion of correct trials or threshold.

Conclusions
Results from this study confirm strong interrater reliability for the method. The PlayO2I method is a powerful tool for measuring detection and discrimination abilities in young children.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12978197
Determining the Underlying Relationship Between Swallowing and Maximum Vocal Pitch Elevation: A Preliminary Study of Their Hyoid Biomechanics in Healthy Adults
Authors: Venkatraman Anumitha , Fujiki Robert Brinton , Craig Bruce A. , Sivasankar M. Preeti , Malandraki Georgia A. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
Deficiencies in swallowing (aspiration) and in maximum vocal pitch elevation have been shown to correlate in dysphagia. However, the underlying mechanisms that may explain this relationship are not known. In this study, we compare hyoid kinematics between swallowing and maximum vocal pitch elevation in healthy adults.

Method

Ten young (
M
= 21 ± 1.33 years) and eight older (
M
= 72.85 ± 5.59 years) healthy adults completed trials of maximum vocal pitch elevation (vowels /a/ and /i/) and swallowing (thin liquid and pudding) under videofluoroscopy. Superior and anterior hyoid excursions were obtained using kinematic analysis. Two-way analyses of variance and Spearman rho correlations were used to examine differences and relationships between swallowing and maximum pitch elevation biomechanics.

Results

Superior hyoid excursion was significantly greater for liquid swallows compared to pitch elevation tasks (/a/ and /i/;
p
= .002; Cohen's
d
= 1.28;
p
= .0179, Cohen's
d
= 1.03, respectively) and for pudding swallows compared to pitch tasks (
p
= .000, Cohen's
d
= 1.64;
p
= .001, Cohen's
d
= 1.38, respectively). Anterior hyoid excursion was not significantly different between the two functions, but was overall reduced in the older group (
p
= .0231, Cohen's
d
= .90). Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation between the degree of superior excursion during liquid swallows and maximum pitch elevation for both vowels (
r
s
= .601,
p
= .001;
r
s
= .524,
p
= .003) in young adults, and between the degree of anterior excursion during liquid swallows and pitch elevation for both vowels (
r
s
= .688,
p
= .001;
r
s
= .530,
p
= .008) in older adults.

Conclusions
Swallowing and maximum pitch elevation require similar anterior, but not superior, hyoid excursion in healthy adults. Differential correlations between the two tasks for each age group may be associated with age-related muscle changes. We provide evidence of partially shared biomechanics between swallowing and maximum pitch elevation.
Real‐time temperature estimation method for electromagnetic performance improvement of a large axisymmetric radio telescope under solar radiation
Authors: Lian Peiyuan , Wang Congsi , Xu Qian , Xiang Binbin , Shi Yu , Jia Yu , Wang Wei , Xu Wanye 
Published: September 2020

The temperature field caused by solar radiation can seriously affect the electromagnetic (EM) performances of large‐aperture and high‐frequency radio telescopes, and achieving the EM performance improvements under solar radiation is of great importance. In this study, combining temperature simulation and measurement, a fast estimation method of the temperature field is presented. First, a temperature database based on transient temperature field simulation is constructed in advance, and by utilising the telescope's axisymmetric structure, the dimension of the database can be greatly reduced. Then, a small number of temperature sensors are installed and the real‐time measured data are applied to correct the simulation temperature field extracted from the above temperature database by the table look‐up method, which can ensure the temperature field estimation speed. Thus, based on the real‐time estimated temperature field and the telescope's finite element model, thermal deformations can be calculated in real‐time and used for deformation compensation. A 7.3 m reflector antenna with 21 temperature sensors is adopted to verify the proposed strategy, and the results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the strategy. This study can provide helpful guidance for the real‐time compensation of thermal deformations derived from large axisymmetric telescopes.
Look‐up table method for optimising coupling ratio in broadband sequential power amplifiers
Authors: Chen Peng , Quaglia Roberto , Lees Jonathan , Merrick Brian M. , Alt Alexander , Tasker Paul J. 
Published: September 2020

This study reappraises the optimum design parameters for the sequential power amplifier (SPA) when taking relative phase difference into account. By including the phase relationship between the main and peaking amplifiers, a modified efficiency formulation is derived that reveals the impacts of the key design parameters on the SPA efficiency at output power back‐off. To optimise a wideband high‐efficiency SPA design, a look‐up table method is used to predict the required coupling ratio for a wideband directional coupler. To validate the design approach, a 1.5–2.4GHz SPA is designed and measured, showing drain efficiency higher than 40% at 6dB back‐off across the band. When characterised using a 20MHz long term evolution (LTE) signal and digital predistortion, the SPA shows good linearity with error vector magnitude <1.3%, and adjacent channel leakage ratio levels better than −45 dBc across the band.
Metal‐rim‐connected inductive coupler for smartwatch applications
Authors: Zhu Jia‐Qi , Ban Yong‐Ling , Zhang Yiming , Yan Zhengchao , Xu Rui‐Min , Mi Chunting Chris 
Published: September 2020

A metal‐rim‐connected inductive coupler with series‐none compensation topology is proposed for smartwatch applications. By cross‐connecting the receiving coil to the metal rim with a 1 mm slot, the direction of the induced current on the metal rim is transformed to be the same as the current flowing on the receiving coil, leading to a strong magnetic coupling between the transmitting coil and receiving coil. Considering the space limitation in the smartwatch, non‐compensation components are needed inside the smartwatch and only a series capacitance is integrated on the transmitter side. A prototype of the proposed inductive coupler has been built and the wireless power transfer through metal rim has been validated via experiment. The experimental results show that the prototype achieves 5 W output power with 87.4% coil‐to‐coil efficiency.
The Villafranca catalog of Galactic OB groups
Authors: Maíz Apellániz J. , Crespo Bellido P. , Barbá R. H. , Fernández Aranda R. , Sota A. 
Published: September 2020

Context.The spectral classifications of the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS) and the astrometric and photometric data fromGaiahave significantly improved our ability to measure distances and determine memberships of stellar groups (clusters, associations, or parts thereof) with OB stars. In the near future, the situation will be further improved thanks to subsequentGaiadata releases and new photometric and spectroscopic surveys.Aims.We initiated a program to identify and determine the membership of Galactic stellar groups with OB stars and measure distances to them. Given the data currently available, we started with the identification and distance determinations of groups with O stars. In this paper, we concentrate on groups that contain stars with the earliest spectral subtypes.Methods.We used GOSSS to select Galactic stellar groups with O2–O3.5 stars and the method described in paper 0 of this series, which combinesGaiaDR2G+GBP+GRPphotometry, positions, proper motions, and parallaxes to assign robust memberships and measure distances. We also included Collinder 419 and NGC 2264, the clusters cited in that paper, to generate our first list of 16 O-type Galactic stellar groups.Results.We derived distances, determined the membership, and analyzed the structure of sixteen Galactic stellar groups with O stars, Villafranca O-001 to Villafranca O-016, including the fourteen groups with the earliest-O-type optically accessible stars known in the Milky Way. We compared our distance with previous results from the literature and establish that the best consistency is with (the small number of) VLBI parallaxes and the worst is with kinematic distances. Our results indicate that very massive stars can form in relatively low-mass clusters or even in near-isolation, as is the case for the Bajamar star in the North America nebula. This lends support to the hierarchical scenario of star formation, where some stars are born in well-defined bound clusters but others are born in associations that are unbound from the beginning: groups of newborn stars come in many shapes and sizes. We propose that HD 64 568 and HD 64 315 AB could have been ejected simultaneously from Haffner 18 (Villafranca O-012 S). Our results are consistent with a difference of ≈20μas in theGaiaDR2 parallax zero point between bright and faint stars.
Forward modelling of MHD waves in braided magnetic fields
Authors: Fyfe L. E. , Howson T. A. , De Moortel I. 
Published: September 2020

Aims. We investigate synthetic observational signatures generated from numerical models of transverse waves propagating in complex (braided) magnetic fields.
Methods. We consider two simulations with different levels of magnetic field braiding and impose periodic, transverse velocity perturbations at the lower boundary. As the waves reflect off the top boundary, a complex pattern of wave interference occurs. We applied the forward modelling code FoMo and analysed the synthetic emission data. We examined the line intensity, Doppler shifts, and kinetic energy along several line-of-sight (LOS) angles.
Results. The Doppler shift perturbations clearly show the presence of the transverse (Alfvénic) waves. However, in the total intensity, and running difference, the waves are less easily observed for more complex magnetic fields and may be indistinguishable from background noise. Depending on the LOS angle, the observable signatures of the waves reflect some of the magnetic field braiding, particularly when multiple emission lines are available, although it is not possible to deduce the actual level of complexity. In the more braided simulation, signatures of phase mixing can be identified. We highlight possible ambiguities in the interpretation of the wave modes based on the synthetic emission signatures.
Conclusions. Most of the observables discussed in this article behave in the manner expected, given knowledge of the evolution of the parameters in the 3D simulations. Nevertheless, some intriguing observational signatures are present. Identifying regions of magnetic field complexity is somewhat possible when waves are present; although, even then, simultaneous spectroscopic imaging from different lines is important in order to identify these locations. Care needs to be taken when interpreting intensity and Doppler velocity signatures as torsional motions, as is done in our setup. These types of signatures are a consequence of the complex nature of the magnetic field, rather than real torsional waves. Finally, we investigate the kinetic energy, which was estimated from the Doppler velocities and is highly dependent on the polarisation of the wave, the complexity of the background field, and the LOS angles.
Understanding regional value chains through the interaction of public and private governance: Insights from Southern Africa’s apparel sector
Authors: Pasquali Giovanni , Godfrey Shane , Nadvi Khalid 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRegional value chains (RVCs) and South–South trade are increasingly considered key features of 21st-century globalisation. This article investigates how RVCs are shaped by the interaction of private and public governance. It evaluates how this interaction unfolded in Southern Africa’s apparel RVCs, exploring trade, investment and labour regimes across three levels of analysis: national, regional, and global. The paper draws on trade data, secondary literature, and interviews with suppliers and institutions in Eswatini and Lesotho (the largest exporters to the region), and lead firms in South Africa (the largest regional importer). The findings underline the critical role of public governance in shaping retailers’ and suppliers’ participation in RVCs through: (i) regional ‘trade regimes’ protecting regional exporters from global competitors, and recent shifts in global trade regimes; (ii) national and regional ‘investment regimes’ facilitating investment flows from South Africa to Lesotho and Eswatini, and the more recent shift of US-oriented suppliers towards regional markets; and (iii) ‘labour regimes’, including lower wages, less comprehensive labour legislation and weaker trade unions in Lesotho and Eswatini compared to South Africa. The article concludes by considering the policy implications of the interaction of private and public governance for existing and future RVCs in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Riemannian Newton-CG methods for constructing a positive doubly stochastic matrix from spectral data*
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhao Zhi , Bai Zheng-Jian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the inverse eigenvalue problem for the positive doubly stochastic matrices, which aims to construct a positive doubly stochastic matrix from the prescribed realizable spectral data. By using the real Schur decomposition, the inverse problem is written as a nonlinear matrix equation on a matrix product manifold. We propose monotone and nonmonotone Riemannian inexact Newton-CG methods for solving the nonlinear matrix equation. The global and quadratic convergence of the proposed methods is established under some assumptions. We also provide invariant subspaces of the constructed solution to the inverse problem based on the computed real Schur decomposition. Finally, we report some numerical tests, including an application in digraph, to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Anodization-induced ZrOx/AlOx stacked films for low-temperature, solution-processed indium oxide thin-film transistors
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Lu Kuankuan , Zhang Shengdong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this study, anodization is introduced to induce dehydroxylation and condensation of solution-processed ZrOx films as well as growth of AlOx films. The anodization-induced ZrOx/AlOx stacked films are systematically studied in structure, surface morphology, density, chemical composition, dielectric and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy reveal that anodization-induced ZrOx/AlOx stacked films exhibit amorphous structure and smooth surface roughness (<1 nm). X-ray reflectivity and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the solution-processed ZrOx films exhibit a higher density and a lower content of hydroxyl groups after anodization, suggesting the anodization can induce dehydroxylation and condensation for the ZrOx films. The synergistic effect of collision inducing dissociation and the self-heating from anodization of Al film is proposed to explain the dehydroxylation of the ZrOx films. Dielectric and electrical measurements illustrate that the anodization-induced ZrOx/AlOx stacked films exhibit a lower leakage current, a higher breakdown voltage and a slighter capacitance dispersion on frequency comparing with that of solution-processed ZrOx films without anodization. To verify the possible applications of anodization-induced ZrOx/AlOx stacked films as the gate dielectric in metal-oxide (MO) thin-film transistors (TFTs), they were integrated in low-temperature, directly photopatternable InOx TFTs. Remarkably, with a low process temperature of 200 °C, the InOx TFTs based on the optimized ZrOx/AlOx dielectrics exhibit an average mobility of 8.94 cm2 V−1 s−1, an I
on/I
off of large than 105 and negligible hysteresis in transfer curves. These results demonstrate the potential application of anodization-induced solution-processed MO dielectric films for low-temperature TFTs.
Controllable liquid water sensitivity of polymer-encapsulated oxide thin-film transistors
Authors: Yu Kyeong Min , Kim Sung-Hun , Park Ji-Won , Sim Eun-Seon , Boampong Amos Amoako , Kim Min-Hoi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We demonstrated the controllable liquid water sensitivity of polymer-encapsulated oxide-based thin-film transistors (OxTFTs). The oxide active channels of the fabricated TFTs were utilized as water-sensitive layers. The OxTFTs were encapsulated with several polymers as water controlling layers (WCLs) to investigate and optimize the water sensitivity. It was found that the surface energy and porosity of the WCL significantly affect the water-dependent electrical characteristics of the OxTFTs. By employing poly(vinylidene-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) as a WCL and annealing the chosen polymer properly, we achieved a continuous shift of the threshold voltage even after several hours of direct exposure to the liquid phase of water which is crucial for sensor properties of the OxTFTs. The device using P(VDF-TrFE) as the WCL exhibits long-term stable detection characteristics and repeatability, demonstrating its applicability as a low-cost soil moisture sensor.
Combined effect of nanorod and stacking fault for improving nanorod interface in YBa2Cu3O7−δ nanocomposite films
Authors: Horide Tomoya , Ishimaru Manabu , Sato Kazuhisa , Matsumoto Kaname 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Self-organized nanorods in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films are important pinning centers from the technical and fundamental views. While influence of nanoscale factors (>4–5 nm) on the vortex pinning has already been discussed in detail, the interface control of nanorods (at the smaller scale) has not yet been performed. Here, it is demonstrated that the stacking faults can control the nanorod interface to improve the vortex pinning. The stacking faults were formed across the nanorods by post-annealing the YBa2Cu3O7−δ films containing BaMO3 (M = Zr, Sn, Hf) nanorods. The strong bonding between YBa2Cu3O7−δ and BaMO3 varies the atomic position of YBa2Cu3O7−δ, degrading an interface sharpness and an elementary pinning force of the nanorod. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculation clarified that the stacking faults broke the strong bonding between YBa2Cu3O7−δ and BaMO3 at the nanorod interface, and reduced the local strain around the nanorods, improving the elementary pinning force. As a result, the critical current density was improved in low temperature and low magnetic field when magnetic field was aligned with the c-axis. Thus, the combined effect of nanoinclusions and crystalline defects, in the present case, nanorods and stacking faults, can control the interface of nanoinclusion pinning centers, opening the interface design to realize the ideal pinning situation.
Mathematical computations for Peristaltic flow of heated non-Newtonian fluid inside a sinusoidal elliptic duct
Authors: Saleem Anber , Akhtar Salman , Nadeem Sohail , Alharbi Fahad M , Ghalambaz Mehdi , Issakhov Alibek 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This research work interprets the mathematical study of peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian fluid across an elliptical duct. The heat transfer mechanism for this elliptical duct problem is also considered in detail. The mathematical equations for Casson fluid model are developed and then by using appropriate transformations and long wavelength approximation, this mathematical problem is converted into its dimensionless form. After converting the problem in dimensionless form, we have obtained partial differential equations for both velocity and temperature profiles. These partial differential equations are solved subject to given boundary conditions over elliptical cross sections and exact mathematical solutions are obtained. The results are further discussed by plotting graphical results for velocity, pressure gradient, temperature, pressure rise and streamlines.