bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The wisdom of John Milbank: a critical appraisal of Milbank's sophiology
Authors: May Richard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDespite the theological controversy surrounding ‘Russian sophiology' amongst Orthodox theologians, John Milbank has claimed that it has proven to be one of the most daring theological breakthroughs within twentieth-century theology. He further considers it to be a fecund avenue of theological and philosophical reflection that has the potential to effectively communicate his central theological arguments in a new idiom. However, many of the positions which Milbank adopts within his sophiology prove to be controversial. This article offers a critical appraisal of Milbank's sophiology, drawing particular attention to several theological aporias it appears to generate and leave unresolved.
Early characteristics of bone deficits in children with Fontan palliation
Authors: Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Petryk Anna , Mishra Pooja E. , Polgreen Lynda E. , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Brown Roland , Marino Bradley S. , Gremmels David , Shepard Charles , Kelly Aaron S. , Miller Bradley S. , Rudser Kyle , McCracken Courtney , Kochilas Lazaros K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground:This is a cross-sectional study aiming to understand the early characteristics and background of bone health impairment in clinically well children with Fontan circulation.Methods:We enrolled 10 clinically well children with Fontan palliation (operated >5 years before study entrance, Tanner stage ≤3, age 12.1 ± 1.77 years, 7 males) and 11 healthy controls (age 12.0 ± 1.45 years, 9 males) at two children’s hospitals. All patients underwent peripheral quantitative CT. For the Fontan group, we obtained clinical characteristics, NYHA class, cardiac index by MRI, dual x-ray absorptiometry, and biochemical studies. Linear regression was used to compare radius and tibia peripheral quantitative CT measures between Fontan patients and controls.Results:All Fontan patients were clinically well (NYHA class 1 or 2, cardiac index 4.85 ± 1.51 L/min/m2) and without significant comorbidities. Adjusted trabecular bone mineral density, cortical thickness, and bone strength index at the radius were significantly decreased in Fontan patients compared to controls with mean differences −30.13 mg/cm3 (p = 0.041), −0.31 mm (p = 0.043), and −6.65 mg2/mm4 (p = 0.036), respectively. No differences were found for tibial measures. In Fontan patients, the mean height-adjusted lumbar bone mineral density and total body less head z scores were −0.46 ± 1.1 and −0.63 ± 1.1, respectively, which are below the average, but within normal range for age and sex.Conclusions:In a clinically well Fontan cohort, we found significant bone deficits by peripheral quantitative CT in the radius but not the tibia, suggesting non-weight-bearing bones may be more vulnerable to the unique haemodynamics of the Fontan circulation.
Improved herbicide selectivity in tomato by safening action of benoxacor and fenclorim
Authors: Castro Edicarlos , Pucci Carolina , Duarte Stefano , Burgos Nilda Roma , Tseng Te Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSafeners have been widely used to reduce phytotoxicity to crops, thus serving as an alternative weed control strategy. Benoxacor and fenclorim safeners have the potential to protect plants from herbicide phytotoxicity by increasing glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity within the plant. The study aimed to evaluate the safening effect of benoxacor and fenclorim on tomato against selected herbicides applied POST. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a completely randomized designed with four replications in a 9 × 3 factorial scheme, where Factor A consisted of eight herbicides including a nontreated control, and Factor B consisted of two safeners including a nontreated control. The herbicide treatments were sulfentrazone (0.220 kg ai ha−1), fomesafen (0.280 kg ai ha−1), flumioxazin (0.070 kg ai ha−1), linuron (1.200 kg ai ha−1), metribuzin (0.840 kg ai ha−1), pyroxasulfone (0.220 kg ai ha−1), and bicyclopyrone (0.040 kg ai ha−1). Safener treatments consisted of benoxacor (0.67 g L−1) and fenclorim (10 µM). Tomato seeds were immersed in safener solution before sowing and herbicides were applied when tomato plants were at the 3-leaf stage, or 25 days after sowing. Visible injury was scored at 3, 7, 14, and 21 d after application (DAA), and shoot biomass was recorded 21 DAA. Seed treatment with fenclorim reduced injury caused by imazamox and bicyclopyrone by 5.5 and 1.3 times, respectively, whereas benoxacor reduced the injury from bicyclopyrone 1.3 times. In addition, tomato plants pretreated with fenclorim showed a lesser reduction in biomass after application of imazamox, fomesafen, and metribuzin, whereas plants pretreated with benoxacor showed lesser biomass reduction after metribuzin application. Thus, the use of safeners promotes greater crop selectivity, allowing the application of herbicides with different mechanisms of action on the crop.
Impacts of Humidity Adjustment Through Radar Data Assimilation Using Cloud Analysis on the Analysis and Prediction of a Squall Line in Southern China
Authors: Pan Yujie , Wang Mingjun , Xue Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study examines the impacts of humidity adjustment in a cloud analysis system on the analysis and forecast of a squall line that occurred in southeast China on 23–24 April 2007. Radial velocity data are assimilated using the ARPS three‐dimensional variational system while reflectivity data are assimilated by a cloud analysis system. Experiments with two different humidity adjustment schemes are performed, with the original and enhanced versions. Another experiment does not adjust moisture. Both schemes generally decrease the humidity in front of the convective line and increase the humidity within the convective and stratiform regions of squall line compared to no humidity adjustment, and the original scheme produces the higher humidity within precipitation regions, especially the stratiform region. Both schemes improve the forecast of squall line structure, including the leading convective line, a transition zone, and a trailing stratiform region. Among the three experiments, the enhanced scheme produces the highest precipitation forecast skill. The latent heating rates are also diagnosed to investigate the microphysical responses to the humidity adjustment. The cooling outside of the observed precipitation regions corresponding to the humidity reduction also acts to suppress spurious precipitation. Water vapor condensation into cloud water and cloud water evaporation generally dominate the latent heating/cooling below the freezing level. Compared to the enhanced scheme, the original scheme releases much more latent heat in the middle troposphere, causing more warming. This is linked to the higher cloud water condensation rate, due to the higher amount of moisture addition/adjustment by the original scheme.
Deriving Surface Ages on Mars Using Automated Crater Counting
Authors: Benedix G. K. , Lagain A. , Chai K. , Meka S. , Anderson S. , Norman C. , Bland P. A. , Paxman J. , Towner M. C. , Tan T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractImpact craters on solar system bodies are used to determine the relative ages of surfaces. The smaller the limiting primary crater size, the higher the spatial resolution in surface/resurfacing age dating. A manually counted database (Robbins & Hynek, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JE003966) of >384,000 craters on Mars >1 km in diameter exists. But because crater size scales as a power law, the number of impact craters in the size range 10 m to 1 km is in the tens of millions, a number making precise analysis of local variations of age, over an entire surface, impossible to perform by manual counting. To decode this crater size population at a planetary scale, we developed an automated Crater Detection Algorithm based on the You Only Look Once v3 object detection system. The algorithm was trained by annotating images of the controlled Thermal Emission Imaging System daytime infrared data set. This training data set contains 7,048 craters that the algorithm used as a learning benchmark. The results were validated against the manually counted database as the ground truth data set. We applied our algorithm to the Thermal Emission Imaging System global mosaic between ±65° of latitude, returning a true positive detection rate of 91% and a diameter estimation error (~15%) consistent with typical manual count variation. Importantly, although a number of automated crater counting algorithms have been published, for the first time we demonstrate that automatic counting can be routinely used to derive robust surface ages.
Impact of Changes to the Atmospheric Soluble Iron Deposition Flux on Ocean Biogeochemical Cycles in the Anthropocene
Authors: Hamilton Douglas S. , Moore J. Keith , Arneth Almut , Bond Tami C. , Carslaw Ken S. , Hantson Stijn , Ito Akinori , Kaplan Jed O. , Lindsay Keith , Nieradzik Lars , Rathod Sagar D. , Scanza Rachel A. , Mahowald Natalie M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIron can be a growth‐limiting nutrient for phytoplankton, modifying rates of net primary production, nitrogen fixation, and carbon export ‐ highlighting the importance of new iron inputs from the atmosphere. The bioavailable iron fraction depends on the emission source and the dissolution during transport. The impacts of anthropogenic combustion and land use change on emissions from industrial, domestic, shipping, desert, and wildfire sources suggest that Northern Hemisphere soluble iron deposition has likely been enhanced between 2% and 68% over the Industrial Era. If policy and climate follow the intermediate Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 trajectory, then results suggest that Southern Ocean (>30°S) soluble iron deposition would be enhanced between 63% and 95% by 2100. Marine net primary productivity and carbon export within the open ocean are most sensitive to changes in soluble iron deposition in the Southern Hemisphere; this is predominantly driven by fire rather than dust iron sources. Changes in iron deposition cause large perturbations to the marine nitrogen cycle, up to 70% increase in denitrification and 15% increase in nitrogen fixation, but only modestly impacts the carbon cycle and atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1–3 ppm). Regionally, primary productivity increases due to increased iron deposition are often compensated by offsetting decreases downstream corresponding to equivalent changes in the rate of phytoplankton macronutrient uptake, particularly in the equatorial Pacific. These effects are weaker in the Southern Ocean, suggesting that changes in iron deposition in this region dominates the global carbon cycle and climate response.
Rapid Shifts in Chemical and Isotopic Compositions of Sediment Pore Waters in the Amami Sankaku Basin in Response to Initial Arc Rifting in the Mid‐Oligocene
Authors: Zhang Zhaohui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPore waters were recovered from the sediment cores drilled in the back‐arc Amami Sankaku Basin (ASB) during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 351. The sediment sequence is composed of the recent mud and ooze from late Oligocene/early Miocene accumulated at 7 m/Ma and rapid deposition of thick volcaniclastic sequence at 50 m/Ma. Such variations are reflected in the evolutions of chemical and isotopic compositions of pore waters. Cl and Ca concentrations in pore waters increased rapidly with depth and became enriched in the deep portion. Before arc rifting, extremely high deposition rates of volcaniclastic gravity‐flow sediments from the nearby Kyushu‐Palau arc into the ASB resulted in strong alteration, removing Mg and Si from pore waters. Mg concentrations were initially almost zero but abruptly shifted to substantial increases after ~29.5 Ma, indicating extended rifting of the active volcanic axis from the ASB. The δ18O and δD values of pore waters also evolved from more depleted and wide range to more positive and narrow range as a response to reduced alteration and increasing influence of seawater. Concentrations of Si and Mn in pore waters rapidly increased since ~29.5 Ma but suddenly declined at ~17.5 Ma due to the cessation of input of volcaniclastic materials. Covariations of Ca and Mg in pore waters are very similar to those in the back‐arc West Philippine Basin but significantly different from those in the Izu‐Bonin fore‐arc basin. Variations in chemical and isotopic compositions of pore waters can assist the reconstruction of tectonic activities.
Elastic Strain Effects on Wave Scattering: Implications for Coda Wave Interferometry (CWI)
Authors: Azzola Jérôme , Schmittbuhl Jean , Zigone Dimitri , Lengliné Olivier , Masson Frédéric , Magnenet Vincent 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCoda Wave Interferometry (CWI) is a highly sensitive monitoring technique built on the sensitivity of elastic coda waves to small changes in a diffusive medium. However, a clear connection between the physical processes involved in the evolution of the medium and the time changes observed by CWI has not been clearly described yet. Here, we quantify the impact of elastic deformation on CWI measurements at laboratory scales. We compare experimental results from wave scattering measurements during a uniaxial compression test to those of a numerical approach based on the combination of two codes (SPECFEM2D and Code_Aster), which allows us to model wave propagation in complex diffusive media during its elastic deformation. In both approaches, the reversible time delays measured between waveforms increase with the elastic deformation of the sample. From the numerical modeling, we gain insight to the relative contributions of different physical effects on the CWI measurement: local density changes from volumetric strain, the deformation of scatterers, and acoustoelastic effects. Our results suggest that acoustoelastics effects related to nonlinear elasticity are dominant.
Ocean Bottom Pressure Variability: Can It Be Reliably Modeled?
Authors: Androsov Alexey , Boebel Olaf , Schröter Jens , Danilov Sergey , Macrander Andreas , Ivanciu Ioana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOcean bottom pressure (OBP) variability serves as a proxy of ocean mass variability, the knowledge of which is needed in geophysical applications. The question of how well it can be modeled by the present general ocean circulation models on time scales in excess of 1 day is addressed here by comparing the simulated OBP variability with the observed one. To this end, a new multiyear data set is used, obtained with an array of bottom pressure gauges deployed deeply along a transect across the Southern Ocean. We present a brief description of OBP data and show large‐scale correlations over several thousand kilometers at all time scales using daily and monthly averaged data. Annual and semiannual cycles are weak. Close to the Agulhas Retroflection, signals of up to 30 cm equivalent water height are detected. Further south, signals are mostly intermittent and noisy. It is shown that the models simulate consistent patterns of bottom pressure variability on monthly and longer scales except for areas with high mesoscale eddy activity, where high resolution is needed to capture the variability due to eddies. Furthermore, despite good agreement in the amplitude of variability, the in situ and simulated OBP show only modest correlation.
Secondary Gravity Waves Generated by Breaking Mountain Waves Over Europe
Authors: Heale C. J. , Bossert K. , Vadas S. L. , Hoffmann L. , Dörnbrack A. , Stober G. , Snively J. B. , Jacobi C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA strong mountain wave, observed over Central Europe on 12 January 2016, is simulated in 2D under two fixed background wind conditions representing opposite tidal phases. The aim of the simulation is to investigate the breaking of the mountain wave and subsequent generation of nonprimary waves in the upper atmosphere. The model results show that the mountain wave first breaks as it approaches a mesospheric critical level creating turbulence on horizontal scales of 8–30 km. These turbulence scales couple directly to horizontal secondary waves scales, but those scales are prevented from reaching the thermosphere by the tidal winds, which act like a filter. Initial secondary waves that can reach the thermosphere range from 60 to 120 km in horizontal scale and are influenced by the scales of the horizontal and vertical forcing associated with wave breaking at mountain wave zonal phase width, and horizontal wavelength scales. Large‐scale nonprimary waves dominate over the whole duration of the simulation with horizontal scales of 107–300 km and periods of 11–22 minutes. The thermosphere winds heavily influence the time‐averaged spatial distribution of wave forcing in the thermosphere, which peaks at 150 km altitude and occurs both westward and eastward of the source in the 2 UT background simulation and primarily eastward of the source in the 7 UT background simulation. The forcing amplitude is
2
that of the primary mountain wave breaking and dissipation. This suggests that nonprimary waves play a significant role in gravity waves dynamics and improved understanding of the thermospheric winds is crucial to understanding their forcing distribution.
A Model for Turbulence Spectra in the Equilibrium Range of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Authors: Cheng Yu , Li Qi , Argentini Stefania , Sayde Chadi , Gentine Pierre 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStratification can cause turbulence spectra to deviate from Kolmogorov's isotropic
power law scaling in the universal equilibrium range at high Reynolds numbers. However, a consensus has not been reached with regard to the exact shape of the spectra. Here we propose a shape of the turbulent kinetic energy and temperature spectra in horizontal wavenumber for the equilibrium range that consists of three regimes at small Froude number: the buoyancy subrange, a transition region, and the isotropic inertial subrange through dimensional analysis and substantial revision of previous theoretical approximation. These spectral regimes are confirmed by various observations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The representation of the transition region in direct numerical simulations will require large‐scale separation between the Dougherty‐Ozmidov scale and the Kolmogorov scale for strongly stratified turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, which is still challenging computationally. In addition, we suggest that the failure of Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory in the very stable atmospheric boundary layer is due to the fact that it does not consider the buoyancy scale that characterizes the transition region.
Impact of Flow Alteration and Temperature Variability on Hyporheic Exchange
Authors: Wu Liwen , Gomez‐Velez Jesus D. , Krause Stefan , Singh Tanu , Wörman Anders , Lewandowski Jörg 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCoupled groundwater flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones extensively affect water, energy, and solute exchange with surrounding sediments. The local and cumulative implications of this tightly coupled process strongly depend on characteristics of drivers (i.e., discharge and temperature of the water column) and modulators (i.e., hydraulic and thermal properties of the sediment). With this in mind, we perform a systematic numerical analysis of hyporheic responses to understand how the temporal variability of river discharge and temperature affect flow and heat transport within hyporheic zones. We identify typical time series of river discharge and temperature from gauging stations along the headwater region of Mississippi River Basin, which are characterized by different degrees of flow alteration, to drive a physics‐based model of the hyporheic exchange process. Our modeling results indicate that coupled groundwater flow and heat transport significantly affects the dynamic response of hyporheic zones, resulting in substantial differences in exchange rates and characteristic time scales of hyporheic exchange processes. We also find that the hyporheic zone dampens river temperature fluctuations increasingly with higher frequency of temperature fluctuations. This dampening effect depends on the system transport time scale and characteristics of river discharge and temperature variability. Furthermore, our results reveal that the flow alteration reduces the potential of hyporheic zones to act as a temperature buffer and hinders denitrification within hyporheic zones. These results have significant implications for understanding the drivers of local variability in hyporheic exchange and the implications for the development of thermal refugia and ecosystem functioning in hyporheic zones.
Spin-preserving chiral photonic crystal mirror
Authors: Semnani Behrooz , Flannery Jeremy , Al Maruf Rubayet , Bajcsy Michal 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChirality refers to a geometric phenomenon in which objects are not superimposable on their mirror image. Structures made of nanoscale chiral elements can exhibit chiroptical effects, such as dichroism for left- and right-handed circularly polarized light, which makes these structures highly suitable for applications ranging from quantum information processing and quantum optics to circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular recognition. At the same time, strong chiroptical effects have been challenging to achieve even in synthetic optical media, and chiroptical effects for light with normal incidence have been speculated to be prohibited in thin, lossless quasi-two-dimensional structures. Here, we report an experimental realization of a giant chiroptical effect in a thin monolithic photonic crystal mirror. Unlike conventional mirrors, our mirror selectively reflects only one spin state of light while preserving its handedness, with a near-unity level of circular dichroism. The operational principle of the photonic crystal mirror relies on guided-mode resonance (GMR) with a simultaneous excitation of leaky transverse electric (TE-like) and transverse magnetic (TM-like) Bloch modes in the photonic crystal slab. Such modes are not reliant on the suppression of radiative losses through long-range destructive interference, and even small areas of the photonic crystal exhibit robust circular dichroism. Despite its simplicity, the mirror strongly outperforms earlier reported structures and, contrary to a prevailing notion, demonstrates that near-unity reflectivity contrast for opposite helicities is achievable in a quasi-two-dimensional structure.