bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘On the red supergiant problem’: a rebuttal, and a consensus on the upper mass cut-off for II-P progenitors
Authors: Davies Ben , Beasor Emma R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The ‘red supergiant (RSG) problem’ describes the claim that the brightest RSG progenitors to Type II-P supernovae (SNe) are significantly fainter than RSGs in the field. This mismatch has been interpreted by several authors as being a manifestation of the mass threshold for the production of black holes (BHs), such that stars with initial masses above a cut-off of Mhi = 17 M⊙ and below 25 M⊙ will die as RSGs, but with no visible SN explosion as the BH is formed. However, we have previously cautioned that this cut-off is more likely to be higher and has large uncertainties ($M_{\rm hi}=19^{+4}_{-2}\,\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$), meaning that the statistical significance of the RSG problem is less than 2σ. Recently, Kochanek has claimed that our work is statistically flawed, and with his analysis has argued that the upper mass cut-off is as low as Mhi = 15.7 ± 0.8 M⊙, giving the RSG problem a significance of &gt;10σ. In this letter, we show that Kochanek’s low cut-off is caused by a statistical misinterpretation, and the associated fit to the progenitor mass spectrum can be ruled out at the 99.6 per cent confidence level. Once this problem is remedied, Kochanek’s best fit becomes $M_{\rm hi} =19^{+4}_{-2}\,\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }$, in excellent agreement with our work. Finally, we argue that, in the search for an RSG ‘vanishing’ as it collapses directly to a BH, any such survey would have to operate for decades before the absence of any such detection became statistically significant.
Collagen Sequence Analysis Reveals Evolutionary History of Extinct West Indies Nesophontes (Island-Shrews)
Authors: Buckley Michael , Harvey Virginia L , Orihuela Johanset , Mychajliw Alexis M , Keating Joseph N , Milan Juan N Almonte , Lawless Craig , Chamberlain Andrew T , Egerton Victoria M , Manning Phillip L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ancient biomolecule analyses are proving increasingly useful in the study of evolutionary patterns, including extinct organisms. Proteomic sequencing techniques complement genomic approaches, having the potential to examine lineages further back in time than achievable using ancient DNA, given the less stringent preservation requirements. In this study, we demonstrate the ability to use collagen sequence analyses via proteomics to assist species delimitation as a foundation for informing evolutionary patterns. We uncover biogeographic information of an enigmatic and recently extinct lineage of Nesophontes across their range on the Caribbean islands. First, evolutionary relationships reconstructed from collagen sequences reaffirm the affinity of Nesophontes and Solenodon as sister taxa within Solenodonota. This relationship helps lay the foundation for testing geographical isolation hypotheses across islands within the Greater Antilles, including movement from Cuba toward Hispaniola. Second, our results are consistent with Cuba having just two species of Nesophontes (N. micrus and N. major) that exhibit intrapopulation morphological variation. Finally, analysis of the recently described species from the Cayman Islands (N. hemicingulus) indicates that it is a closer relative to N. major rather than N. micrus as previously speculated. This proteomic sequencing improves our understanding of the origin, evolution, and distribution of this extinct mammal lineage, particularly with respect to the approximate timing of speciation. Such knowledge is vital for this biodiversity hotspot, where the magnitude of recent extinctions may obscure true estimates of species richness in the past.
ASTRAL-Pro: Quartet-Based Species-Tree Inference despite Paralogy
Authors: Zhang Chao , Scornavacca Celine , Molloy Erin K , Mirarab Siavash 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Phylogenetic inference from genome-wide data (phylogenomics) has revolutionized the study of evolution because it enables accounting for discordance among evolutionary histories across the genome. To this end, summary methods have been developed to allow accurate and scalable inference of species trees from gene trees. However, most of these methods, including the widely used ASTRAL, can only handle single-copy gene trees and do not attempt to model gene duplication and gene loss. As a result, most phylogenomic studies have focused on single-copy genes and have discarded large parts of the data. Here, we first propose a measure of quartet similarity between single-copy and multicopy trees that accounts for orthology and paralogy. We then introduce a method called ASTRAL-Pro (ASTRAL for PaRalogs and Orthologs) to find the species tree that optimizes our quartet similarity measure using dynamic programing. By studying its performance on an extensive collection of simulated data sets and on real data sets, we show that ASTRAL-Pro is more accurate than alternative methods.
Use of the Coupler Microanastomotic Device for the Treatment of a Distal Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm Via Excision and End-to-End Anastomosis—A Case Report
Authors: Goren Oded , Sampath Raghuram , Patel Akshal S , Griessenauer Christoph J , Schirmer Clemens M , Newell David W 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
The Coupler microanastomotic device (Medical Companies Alliance, Birmingham, Alabama) aims at facilitating safe and efficient end-to-end reconstruction of the native vessel ends following resection of intracranial aneurysms.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We report the first case of the Coupler device used to treat a ruptured posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm. Following aneurysmal trapping and excision, the native parent vessel ends were connected in an end-to-end fashion.

CONCLUSION
The microanastomotic Coupler device is an acceptable option for end-to-end anastomosis and was successfully applied in the management of a ruptured fusiform PICA aneurysm.
From Bench to Bedside, the Current State of Oncolytic Virotherapy in Pediatric Glioma
Authors: Soldozy Sauson , Skaff Anthony , Soldozy Kamron , Sokolowski Jennifer D , Norat Pedro , Yagmurlu Kaan , Sharifi Khadijeh A , Tvrdik Petr , Park Min S , Kalani M Yashar S , Jane John A , Syed Hasan R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Glioma continues to be a challenging disease process, making up the most common tumor type within the pediatric population. While low-grade gliomas are typically amenable to surgical resection, higher grade gliomas often require additional radiotherapy in conjunction with adjuvant chemotherapy. Molecular profiling of these lesions has led to the development of various pharmacologic and immunologic agents, although these modalities are not without great systemic toxicity. In addition, the molecular biology of adult glioma and pediatric glioma has been shown to differ substantially, making the application of current chemotherapies dubious in children and adolescents. For this reason, therapies with high tumor specificity based on pediatric tumor cell biology that spare healthy tissue are needed. Oncolytic virotherapy serves to fill this niche, as evidenced by renewed interest in this domain of cancer therapy. Initially discovered by chance in the early 20th century, virotherapy has emerged as a viable treatment option. With promising results based on preclinical studies, the authors review several oncolytic viruses, with a focus on molecular mechanism and efficacy of these viruses in tumor cell lines and murine models. In addition, current phase I clinical trials evaluating oncolytic virotherapy in the treatment of pediatric glioma are summarized.
Discretionary fiscal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Devereux Michael P , Güçeri İrem , Simmler Martin , Tam Eddy H F 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe analyse discretionary fiscal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We distinguish policies for three phases of the pandemic: (1) acute overall disruption, (2) initial recovery phase and (3) the longer term. We analyse measures already taken in (1) and consider measures relevant for (2). We distinguish between lump-sum subsidies, such as deferral of tax payments, which may ease financial constraints, and measures which intentionally affect incentives. We also identify factors that are important given the short-term nature of the measures.
Charged lepton flavor violating processes in neutrinophilic Higgs + seesaw model
Authors: Haba Naoyuki , Omija Tsuneharu , Yamada Toshifumi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We investigate charged lepton flavor violating (CLFV) processes in the “neutrinophilic Higgs + seesaw model”, in which right-handed neutrinos couple only with an extra Higgs field which develops a tiny vacuum expectation value and the right-handed neutrinos also have Majorana mass. The model realizes a seesaw mechanism around TeV scale without extremely small Dirac Yukawa couplings. A phenomenological feature of the model is CLFV processes induced by loop diagrams of the charged scalar particles and heavy neutrinos. Therefore, first we constrain the model’s parameter space from the search for $\mu\to e\gamma$. Next, we predict the branching ratios of other CLFV processes including the $\mu\to3e$, $\mu+{\rm Al}\to e+{\rm Al}$, $\mu+{\rm Ti}\to e+{\rm Ti}$, $Z\to e\mu$, $Z\to e\tau$, $Z\to \mu\tau$, $h\to e\tau$ and $h\to\mu\tau$ processes, and discuss their detectability in future experiments.
Attitudes toward Ethnocultural Diversity in Multilevel Political Communities: Comparing the Effect of National and Subnational Attachments in Canada
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine , Gagnon Audrey , White Stephen E , Turgeon Luc , Henderson Ailsa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is well documented that the strength of national attachment relates to attitudes toward ethnocultural diversity, and that the direction of the relationship varies across national contexts. Yet, little attention has been given to the fact that attachments may not be expressed solely at the national level. In federal and multinational states, individuals can express attachment to the country and to its territorial units. This study investigates the relationship between (national and provincial) attachments and attitudes toward ethnocultural diversity in the Canadian federation. Our findings indicate that stronger attachments to Canada lead to more positive attitudes toward ethnocultural diversity in all provinces. They also demonstrate that provincial attachments relate to attitudes toward ethnocultural diversity both in a minority nation provincial context (Quebec) and in other provinces (Alberta and Saskatchewan), but that the direction of this relationship can be of opposite direction than that for attachment to Canada.
Muriel Spark and the Art of Deception: Constructing Plausibility with the Methods of WWII Black Propaganda
Authors: Lopez Beatriz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
From May to October 1944, Muriel Spark was employed by the Political Warfare Executive (PWE), a secret service created by Britain during the Second World War with the mission of spreading propaganda to enemy and enemy-occupied countries. This was a formative experience which allowed her to develop an understanding of literal truth as elusive and historically contingent—even a constructed effect—as well as an interest in fictional fabrication and deception. Drawing on an account of the methods of WWII British black propaganda, Spark’s biographical accounts, and heretofore untapped archival documents from the Political Warfare Executive Papers (National Archives), this essay analyses how Spark employs the fictional equivalent of the methods of WWII black propaganda in order to examine the creation of plausibility in her novels. It explores Spark’s deployment of verifiable facts, evidence, precise information, appropriate tone, narrative coherence, targeting, covert motives, chronological disruption and repetition to construct the key elements of fiction in her novels. I argue that such fictional strategies provide a political and moral antidote to totalitarian thinking by presenting reality as necessarily contingent, and therefore open to external contestation and democratic debate. Bringing together history, biography and literary criticism, this is the first systematic and archivally supported examination of how Spark’s work for the PWE opens up a way of rethinking her fascination with the art of deception.
Long-term outcome after perineural injection with 5% dextrose for carpal tunnel syndrome: a retrospective follow-up study
Authors: Li Tsung-Ying , Chen Si-Ru , Shen Yu-Ping , Chang Chih-Ya , Su Yu-Chi , Chen Liang-Cheng , Wu Yung-Tsan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivePerineural injection therapy with 5% dextrose water is progressively becoming a mainstream method for treating carpal tunnel syndrome. However, its long-term outcome is still unknown. Hence, the purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the long-term outcome after perineural injection therapy using 5% dextrose water.MethodsA total of 185 patients diagnosed with carpel tunnel syndrome at least 1 year post-therapy were enrolled. All the patients underwent ultrasound-guided perineural injection therapy using 10 ml of 5% dextrose water at the outpatient department. In a structured telephone interview, the patients were asked about the outcome post-therapy compared with pre-injection. A symptom relief ≥50% indicated effective outcome, and a symptom relief &lt;50% was indicative of a poor outcome.ResultsIn total, 88.6% patients reported an effective outcome, and 11.4% rated the outcome as poor, after a mean of 2.2 injections with a mean of 1–3 years’ post-injection follow-up. The outcome was significantly related with severity level, and the patients that reported a poor outcome had a significantly higher incidence of severe grade compared with those who reported an effective outcome (52.4% vs 31.7%, P = 0.03). Patients with mild, moderate and severe grades, respectively, required an average of 1.7 (0.1), 2.4 (0.2) and 2.6 (0.3) injections to reach an effective outcome (P = 0.006) (severe vs mild, P = 0.008; moderate vs mild, P = 0.062).ConclusionPerineural injection therapy is a novel approach for treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome with safe and outstanding long-term effects.
The role of right temporoparietal junction in processing social prediction error across relationship contexts
Authors: Park BoKyung , Fareri Dominic , Delgado Mauricio , Young Liane 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
How do people update their impressions of close others? Although people may be motivated to maintain their positive impressions, they may also update their impressions when their expectations are violated (i.e. prediction error). Combining neuroimaging and computational modeling, we test the hypothesis that brain regions associated with theory of mind, especially right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), underpin both motivated impression maintenance and impression updating evoked by prediction error. Participants had money either given to or taken away from them by a friend or a stranger and were then asked to rate each partner on trustworthiness and closeness across trials. Overall, participants engaged in less impression updating for friends vs strangers. Decreased rTPJ activity in response to a friend’s negative behavior (taking money) was associated with reduced negative updating and increased positive ratings of the friend. However, to the extent that participants did update their impressions (more negative ratings) of friends, this behavioral pattern was explained by greater prediction error and greater rTPJ activity. These findings suggest that rTPJ recruitment represents the integration of prediction error signals and the capacity to overcome people’s motivation to maintain positive impressions of friends in the face of conflicting evidence.
The antioxidant defense system in Chinese jujube is triggered to cope with phytoplasma invasion
Authors: Xue Chaoling , Liu Zhiguo , Wang Lihu , Li Hongtai , Gao Weilin , Liu Mengjun , Zhao Zhihui , Zhao Jin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants increase dramatically under pathogen attack, and the antioxidant defense system is then triggered to protect the plant against the ROS. Jujube witches’ broom disease (JWB), caused by phytoplasma, is a destructive disease of Chinese jujube. The results of fluorescence-based measurement revealed that ROS were overproduced within jujube leaves after phytoplasma invasion. Furthermore, analysis based on mRNA and metabolite levels revealed that ascorbic acid (AsA) metabolism was strengthened under phytoplasma stress. The high expression of genes involved in the AsA/glutathione (GSH) cycle and thioredoxin (Trx) synthesis in diseased leaves indicated that GSH and Trx actively respond to phytoplasma infection. Moreover, higher activities of enzymatic antioxidants and the upregulated expression of related genes were confirmed in diseased tissues. Both nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants in the host jujube were strongly stimulated to cope with ROS caused by phytoplasma stress. Compared with that in the susceptible variety, the activities of glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase in the resistant variety at the earlier infection stage were higher, indicating that enzymes might be involved in the resistance to phytoplasma. These results highlight the roles of the antioxidant defense system of the host plant in the tolerance to phytoplasma invasion.
A phylogeny for AfricanPipistrellusspecies with the description of a new species from West Africa (Mammalia: Chiroptera)
Authors: Monadjem Ara , Richards Leigh R , Decher Jan , Hutterer Rainer , Mamba Mnqobi L , Guyton Jen , Naskrecki Piotr , Markotter Wanda , Wipfler Benjamin , Kropff Anna S , Dalton Desire L 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPipistrelloid bats are among the most poorly known bats in Africa, a status no doubt exacerbated by their small size, drab brown fur and general similarity in external morphology. The systematic relationships of these bats have been a matter of debate for decades, and despite some recent molecular studies, much confusion remains. Adding to the confusion has been the recent discovery of numerous new species. Using two mitochondrial genes, we present a phylogeny for this group that supports the existence of three main clades in Africa: Pipistrellus, Neoromicia and the recently described Parahypsugo. However, the basal branches of the tree are poorly supported. Using an integrative taxonomic approach, we describe a new species of Pipistrellus sp. nov. from West Africa, which has been cited as Pipistrellus cf. grandidieri in the literature. We demonstrate that it is not closely related to Pipistrellus grandidieri from East Africa, but instead is sister to Pipistrellus hesperidus. Furthermore, the species Pi. grandidieri appears to be embedded in the newly described genus Parahypsugo, and is therefore better placed in that genus than in Pipistrellus. This has important taxonomic implications, because a new subgenus (Afropipistrellus) described for Pi. grandidieri predates Parahypsugo and should therefore be used for the entire “Parahypsugo” clade. The Upper Guinea rainforest zone, and particularly the upland areas in the south-eastern Guinea—northern Liberia border region may represent a global hotspot for pipistrelloid bats and should receive increased conservation focus as a result.
Prospective Translational Study Investigating Molecular PrEdictors of Resistance to First-Line PazopanIb in Metastatic reNal CEll Carcinoma (PIPELINE Study)
Authors: Sepe Pierangela , Martinetti Antonia , Mennitto Alessia , Verzoni Elena , Claps Melanie , Raimondi Alessandra , Sottotetti Elisa , Grassi Paolo , Guadalupi Valentina , Stellato Marco , Zattarin Emma , Di Maio Massimo , Procopio Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
Despite the initial clinical benefit, resistance to antiangiogenic therapies develops through the activation of alternative pathways. We measured plasma levels of circulating angiogenic factors to explore their predictive role in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) patients treated with pazopanib.

Materials and Methods:
mRCC patients receiving first-line pazopanib were prospectively enrolled. The levels of circulating interleuchine (IL)-6, IL-8, stromal derived factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor-A, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), osteopontin, and E-selectin were quantified at baseline and every 4 weeks until disease progression (PD). Patients were dichotomized into “low” and “high” subgroups by a cutoff point defined by the respective median circulating angiogenic factor (CAF) value at baseline. Then, association with the objective response was determined. Changes in CAF levels between baseline and PD were also compared.

Results:
Among 25 patients included in the final data set, 6 patients were still on treatment. As best response, 12 patients presented a partial response (48%), 9 showed stable disease, and 4 showed PD. The median follow-up was 31.9 months. The median progression-free survival was 14.8 months. Low baseline levels of IL-6, IL-8, HGF, and osteopontin were found to be significantly associated with objective response. In addition, patients with low baseline levels of HGF showed longer progression-free survival and overall survival, whereas patients with low baseline levels of IL-8 showed longer overall survival. Among patients experiencing PD, the median plasma levels of stromal derived factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A were significantly higher compared with the baseline (P=0.01; P=0.011). Conversely, the median levels of E-selectin were significantly lower compared with the baseline (P=0.017).

Conclusion:
Changes in levels of selected CAFs were associated with response/resistance to pazopanib in mRCC patients.
The Association Between PHQ-9 and Fitness for Work Among Depressive Patients
Authors: Zack Oren , Strul Iris , Segal Noa , Eden Izhak , Rinsky-Halivni Lilah , Moshe Shlomo 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
One of the tools to assess depression severity is the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Our aim was to investigate the correlation between PHQ-9 scores and fitness for work (FFW) in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods:
A cross-sectional study in patients who were evaluated for their FFW and later compared with PHQ-9.

Results:
Questionnaires were collected for 125 patients. A negative correlation between depression severity and absolute working ability (WA) was found for both women (β = –0.4, P < 0.001) and men (β = –0.4, P = 0.05). Multivariate linear regression revealed a negative correlation between WA and depression severity based on PHQ-9 scores (β = –0.4, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
A negative correlation exists between absolute and relative WA and depression severity, meaning, with the higher severity of depression the lower the WA.
Preworkout Supplement Induced Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Case Report
Authors: Amatto Alycia N. , Amatto Michael D. , Yu Jaime C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract:
Hemorrhagic stroke is a catastrophic cause of both long-term morbidity and mortality. Many risk factors for development of these strokes are in fact preventable or modifiable in nature. This case report outlines an incident involving a previously healthy 24-year-old man with no apparent risk factors apart from consumption of preworkout supplementation who developed a hemorrhagic stroke. The supplements that this particular patient was consuming included various potential causative agents—with the most significant being Dendrobium extract, which contains compound B-phenylethylamine, a precursor in the amphetamine formation pathway. This case study highlights the potential correlation between the consumption of preworkout supplementation and occurrence of hemorrhagic stroke, as well as the implications of understanding potential effects of the constituent ingredients in commercially available preworkout supplements.