bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lungenerkrankung durch nicht-tuberkulöse Mykobakterien
Authors: Wagner D. , Lange C. 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie neue ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA-Leitlinie beantwortet 22 PICO-Fragen zur Behandlung von Erkrankungen der Lunge durch Mycobacterium avium-Komplex (MAC), M. kansasii, M. xenopi und M. abscessus.
Allgemeines Insbesondere bei Patienten mit mikroskopischem Nachweis säurefester Stäbchen im Sputum oder kavernöser Verlaufsform sollte der Behandlungsbeginn nicht verzögert werden. Die Behandlung sollte auf einer speziesspezifischen Resistenztestung (entsprechend den CLSI-Guidelines) basieren.
MAC-Lungenerkrankung Die Therapie erfolgt hier mit mindestens 3 Medikamenten inklusive einem Makrolid (eher Azithromycin als Clarithromycin) und Ethambutol. Für Patienten mit kavitärer, mit ausgeprägter nodulär-bronchiektatischer Erkrankung oder mit Makrolid-Resistenz wird zur täglichen oralen Therapie eine additive Gabe von parenteralem Amikacin oder Streptomycin empfohlen. Liposomal verkapseltes inhalatives Amikacin wird bei Therapieversagen empfohlen. Patienten mit nodulär-bronchiektatischer Erkrankungsmanifestation sollten eine orale Makrolid-basierte Therapie, die – je nach Ausmaß – 3 ×/Woche gegeben werden kann, erhalten. Als Dauer werden 12 Monate nach Konversion der Sputumkultur empfohlen.

M. kansasii-Lungenerkrankung Empfohlen ist die Dreifachkombination aus Rifampicin, Ethambutol und Makrolid (oder Isoniazid ) für mindestens 12 Monate. Bei Rifampicin-Resistenz oder -unverträglichkeit wird Moxifloxacin als Ersatz empfohlen.

M. xenopi-Lungenerkrankung Empfohlen ist die Dreifachkombination aus Rifampicin, Ethambutol und Makrolid (oder Moxifloxacin) für mindestens 12 Monate nach Konversion der Sputumkultur. Es wird empfohlen, bei Patienten mit kavernöser Verlaufsform zumindest parenterales Amikacin zu addieren und Experten zu konsultieren.

M. abscessus-Lungenerkrankung Mindestens 3 Medikamente werden zur Therapie empfohlen. Die Substanzauswahl sollte auf einer In-vitro-Resistenztestung basieren. Makrolide sind die Grundlage, sollten aber bei Stämmen mit induzierbarer Makrolidresistenz nicht mitgerechnet werden. Zur Therapiedauer werden aufgrund fehlender Daten keine expliziten Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, eine Konsultation von Experten wird empfohlen.
Treatment of Chronic and Painful Corneal Defects with a
Complete or Partial Conjunctival Flap
Authors: Kohlhaas Markus , Perdikakis Georgios , Iraklis Vastardis , Gökel Gürol , Avermann Carsten , Fili Sofia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background The coverage of chronic and painful corneal defects with a
complete or partial conjunctival flap is a surgical practice that is still
applied to advanced stage of keratopathies, which insist despite repeated
treatments with a therapeutic contact lens, corneal transplantation or amniotic
membrane transplantation.
Material and Methods 37 cases of refractory corneal defects were treated
between January 2006 and December 2019 with conjunctival flap. 27 cases
underwent a complete and 10 cases a partial conjunctival flap. The mean age of
the patients (n = 37, 23 women and 14 men subjects) was 73 years (23 – 87
years). Unsuccessful efforts of intensive conservative treatment and repetitive
surgical procedures for several weeks or even months ended up to the indication
of performance of a conjunctival flap. Conjunctival flap was performed using the
Gundersen technique. A very thin flap of the upper bulbar conjunctiva is
dissected downward towards the limbus without creating buttonholes. When the
limbus is reached, the resultant flap is freed and without tension it is pulled
over the corneal defect and sutured with nylon sutures placed at the limbus
(complete conjunctival flap) or at the stroma of healthy cornea (partial
conjunctival flap).
Results This kind of conjunctival flap has low rates of complication. The
postoperative follow-up after the partial or complete conjunctival flap was
satisfying in 34 cases and showed a good healing process without major
complications. Partial conjunctival flap shrinkage was observed in 3 cases,
which could be revised in 2 of them. One case underwent enucleation, because of
recurrent severe keratopathy.
Conclusion Conjunctival flap is an established surgical procedure that is
applied rarely. The more frequent performance of this technique is suggested as
it consists the ultima ratio for the treatment of refractory neurotrophic
keratitis and non-healing epithelial defects.
Der Migrationshintergrund als Grenze der Palliativversorgung am Lebensende?
Authors: Banse Christian , Owusu-Boakye Sonja , Schade Franziska , Jansky Maximiliane , Marx Gabriella , Nauck Friedemann 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund nutzen nach dem Stand der Forschung das palliative Versorgungsangebot wenig. Die möglichen Gründe sind weitgehend unklar. Häufig werden kulturelle Unterschiede geltend gemacht. Eine Untersuchung der Bedürfnisse von krebskranken Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund, ihren Angehörigen und medizinischen und pflegenden Versorgenden in Deutschland bietet einen Überblick über die Versorgungsprobleme.
Methoden In dem qualitativen Forschungsdesign stehen biografische Erzählungen der Patienten, ihrer Angehörigen und der medizinischen und pflegenden Versorgenden im Vordergrund. Mit der Grounded Theory wurde eine Zeile-für-Zeile-Analyse der Daten durchgeführt, mit der verschiedene Kategorien und Handlungsstrategien im Umgang mit der Krankheit und der Versorgungssituation gefunden werden konnten.
Ergebnisse Wenn schwerkranke Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund in einer palliativen Versorgungsstruktur ankommen, erleben sie in dieser politische und soziale Abgrenzungen. Migrationsspezifische Einflüsse erschweren deshalb die Bearbeitung der Krankheit und die palliativmedizinische Behandlung und Versorgung am Lebensende. Angehörige und medizinische und pflegende Versorgende erleben die Situation als eine Herausforderung, weil sie den Erwartungen der Patienten nicht entsprechen können und auf Übersetzer und Vermittler angewiesen sind. Viele Probleme werden kulturellen Unterschieden zugerechnet, obwohl die Patienten am Lebensende eher allgemeine Bedürfnisse formulieren.
Schlussfolgerung Die Palliativversorgung von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund findet häufig ohne spezifische Kenntnisse der Migrationsbiografie statt. Um den politischen und sozialen Einflüssen gerecht zu werden, bedarf es einer Unterstützung, die die Migrationsbiografie berücksichtigt.
Investigation of the microstructure and mechanical performance of bimetal components fabricated using CMT-based wire arc additive manufacturing
Authors: Han Shaohua , Zhang Zhongzhong , Liu Zhisen , Zhang Hong , Xue Dingqi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Traditionally, wear-resistant components are manufactured by cladding hard facing material on the base metal. This production process is typically complicated, expensive, and time-consuming. This study proposes a method of fabricating components with high wear resistance requirements utilizing cold metal transfer based wire and arc additive manufacturing with hard facing welding wire as the consumable material. Thin-walled and block components were manufactured by depositing a combination of a low alloy steel, ER80S-G, and a hard facing material, MF6–55GP. Microstructure characterization and mechanical properties (hardness, tensile and Block-on-Ring wear test) were performed. The results revealed that the ER80S-G/MF6–55GP bimetal components were able to be fused with no detectable defects near the border. As the deposited height was increased, the residual stress also increased; this internal residual stress combined with the external tensile load lead to a very low tensile strength of 447.79 ± 24.32 MPa of the ER80S-G/MF6-55GP/ER80S-G sandwich structure. The microstructures, constituent phases, and hardness distributions differ greatly among the layers due to their different thermal histories. The wear weight loss varies as the load condition changes for both the MF6-55G and Cr12MoV steels. Compared to Cr12MoV, MF6-55GP weld metal exhibits better wear resistance at higher loads in dry sliding wear tests.
Properties of stainless-steel surface after hollow cathode assisted plasma nitriding
Authors: Zhang Zhehao , Bi Yongjie , Zhang Minyi , Li Yang , Zhao Fushuai , Zhang Shangzhou , He Yongyong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
AISI 304 stainless steel was nitrided at different temperature in the plasma equipment using a new auxiliary device. The proposed hollow cathode auxiliary device improves the plasma density, thereby accelerating the nitriding process. The modified surface was characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy, surface microhardness testing. Electrochemical corrosion test was used to measure the localized corrosion resistance of the samples. Single S-phase layer without the CrN precipitation was obtained by hollow cathode plasma nitriding at 450 °C, which improved the microhardness, wear and corrosion resistance of the steel surface. Nitriding at higher temperature of 550 °C resulted in substitution of the S-phase towards layer composed from CrN and α-Fe phases, improving the microhardness but decreasing the corrosion resistance.
Three Weeks Versus Six Weeks of Antibiotic Therapy for Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Prospective, Randomized, Noninferiority Pilot Trial
Authors: Gariani Karim , Pham Truong-Thanh , Kressmann Benjamin , Jornayvaz François R , Gastaldi Giacomo , Stafylakis Dimitrios , Philippe Jacques , Lipsky Benjamin A , Uçkay lker 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) who underwent surgical debridement, we investigated whether a short (3 weeks) duration compared with a long (6 weeks) duration of systemic antibiotic treatment is associated with noninferior results for clinical remission and adverse events (AEs).MethodsIn this prospective, randomized, noninferiority pilot trial, we randomized (allocation 1:1) patients with DFO after surgical debridement to either a 3-week or a 6-week course of antibiotic therapy. The minimal duration of follow-up after the end of therapy was 2 months. We compared outcomes using Cox regression and noninferiority analyses (25% margin, power 80%).ResultsAmong 93 enrolled patients (18% females; median age 65 years), 44 were randomized to the 3-week arm and 49 to the 6-week arm. The median number of surgical debridements was 1 (range, 0–2 interventions). In the intention-to-treat (ITT) population, remission occurred in 37 (84%) of the patients in the 3-week arm compared with 36 (73%) in the 6-week arm (P = .21). The number of AEs was similar in the 2 study arms (17/44 vs 16/49; P = .51), as were the remission incidences in the per-protocol (PP) population (33/39 vs 32/43; P = .26). In multivariate analysis, treatment with the shorter antibiotic course was not significantly associated with remission (ITT population: hazard ratio [HR], 1.1 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .6–1.7]; PP population: HR, 0.8 [95% CI: .5–1.4]).ConclusionsIn this randomized controlled pilot trial, a postdebridement systemic antibiotic therapy course for DFO of 3 weeks gave similar (and statistically noninferior) incidences of remission and AE to a course of 6 weeks.Clinical Trials RegistrationNCT03615807; BASEC 2016-01008 (Switzerland).
The omics of channelopathies and cardiomyopathies: what we know and how they are useful
Authors: Pappone Carlo , Micaglio Emanuele , Locati Emanuela T , Monasky Michelle M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sudden cardiac death results from arrhythmias commonly caused by channelopathies and cardiomyopathies, often due to several genetic factors. An emerging concept is that these disease states may in fact overlap, with variants in traditionally classified ‘cardiomyopathy genes’ resulting in ‘channelopathies phenotypes’. Another important concept is the influence of both genetic and non-genetic factors in disease expression, leading to the utilization of systems biology approaches, such as genomics/epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, and glycomics, to understand the disease severity and progression and to determine the prognosis and the best course of treatment. In fact, our group has discovered significant differences in metabolites, proteins, and lipids between controls and Brugada syndrome patients. Omics approaches are useful in overcoming the dogma that both channelopathies and cardiomyopathies exist as Mendelian disorders (caused by a mutation in a single gene). This shift in understanding could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Temporal changes in the microbiome of stingless bee foragers following colony relocation
Authors: Hall Mark A , Brettell Laura E , Liu Hongwei , Nacko Scott , Spooner-Hart Robert , Riegler Markus , Cook James M 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Maintaining beneficial interactions with microbial symbionts is vital for animal health. Yet, for social insects, the stability of microbial associations within and between cohorts is largely unknown. We investigated temporal changes in the microbiomes of nine stingless bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) colonies at seven timepoints across a 10-month period when moved between two climatically and florally different sites. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS amplicon sequencing confirmed that microbiomes varied considerably between colonies initially at site one. However, following relocation, considerable changes occurred in bacterial community composition within each colony, and the microbiome composition became more similar across colonies. Notably, Snodgrassella disappeared and Zymobacter appeared as relatively abundant taxa. Remarkably, bacterial communities within colonies continued to shift over time but remained similar across colonies, becoming dominated by Acinetobacter six months after returning to the original site. Our results indicate that the stingless bee microbiome can undergo major changes in response to the environment, and that these changes can be long-lasting. Such legacy effects have not been reported for corbiculate bees. Further understanding the microbial ecology of stingless bees will aid future management of colonies used in agricultural production.
The student-centered classroom: the new gut feeling
Authors: Lyles Jennifer K , Oli Monika 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
A student-centered, interactive course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) was implemented in a microbiology course in order to provide an authentic research experience and to stimulate student interest and improve understanding of fermentation, probiotics, the human microbiome and related topics. Students were immersed in the scientific process as they used fundamental techniques to investigate the probiotic composition of a fermented milk beverage, kefir—an unknown question with no predetermined outcomes. In order to assess the benefits and effect of this learning experience on the students, pre- and post-study surveys were administered using Qualtrics. Post-study, 93% of participants agreed that fermented foods are beneficial to human health (compared to 52% pre-study), and notably, 100% of participants indicated that they plan to apply this material in both their personal and professional lives and would suggest consuming probiotics or fermented products to alleviate gastrointestinal issues. As evidenced by demographic data, this CURE is suitable for implementation at both large and small institutions with diverse student populations. Collectively, these data indicate that this collaborative, discovery-based learning experience is a powerful educational tool, encouraging students to make real-life connections between microbiology, medicine and their own health.
Sin taxes and their effect on consumption, revenue generation and health improvement: a systematic literature review in Latin America
Authors: Miracolo Aurelio , Sophiea Marisa , Mills Mackenzie , Kanavos Panos 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sin or public health taxes are excise taxes imposed on the consumption of potentially harmful goods for health [sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), tobacco, alcohol, among others], aiming to reduce consumption, raise additional revenue and/or improve population health. This paper assesses the extent to which sin taxes (a) can reduce consumption of potentially harmful goods, (b) raise revenue for national health systems and (c) contribute to population health in Latin America. A systematic literature review was conducted on peer-reviewed and grey literature; endpoints included: impact of raising sin taxes on consumption, ability to raise revenue for health and the possibility of population health improvements. Risk of bias for each study was assessed. The synthesis of the literature on sin tax implementation showed improvements in all three endpoints across the study countries. Following the introduction of sin taxes or by simulating their potential impact, nearly all studies explicitly reported that consumption of potentially harmful goods (mainly SSBs and tobacco) declined; revenue was found to have increased in almost all countries, suggesting that there may be additional scope for further tax increase. Simulated improvements in population health have also been shown, by demonstrating a relationship between sin tax increases and reduction in prevalence of diabetes, stroke, heart attacks and associated deaths. However, sin tax effects on health would be better quantified over the long-term. Data quality and availability challenges did place some limitations on sin tax impact assessment. Sin taxes can be effective in reducing consumption of potentially harmful goods, improve population health and generate additional revenue. Promoting further research on this topic should be a priority.
The enabling technologies of industry 4.0: examining the seeds of the fourth industrial revolution
Authors: Martinelli Arianna , Mina Andrea , Moggi Massimo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Technological revolutions mark profound transformations in socio-economic systems. They are associated with the development and diffusion of general-purpose technologies (GPTs) that display very high degrees of pervasiveness, dynamism and complementarity. This article provides an in-depth examination of the technologies underpinning the “factory of the future” as profiled by the Industry 4.0 paradigm. It contains an exploratory comparative analysis of the technological bases and the emergent patterns of development of Internet of Things, big data, cloud, robotics, artificial intelligence, and additive manufacturing. We qualify the “enabling” nature of these technologies. We then test whether, taken together and individually, they display the characteristics of generality, originality, and longevity associated with GPTs. Finally, we discuss key themes for future research on this topic from an industrial structural change perspective.
Children on the Run: The Reception and Integration of Unaccompanied Minors in Israel and Germany
Authors: KÄckmeister Hannes , Yaron Mesgena Hadas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Over the past 20 years both Israel and Germany have become destination countries for unaccompanied minors (UM), albeit at different speeds and scales and in contrasting geopolitical settings. This article compares the reception and integration of UM in the two countries with a particular focus on their access to education and employment. The movement of UM over borders goes hand in hand with the drawing of legal, ideological, and conceptual boundaries within these two countries that discriminate between citizens and foreigners. However, the answers provided by the respective migration regimes could not be more different, even though both countries are signatories to the relevant international conventions on UM: while in Germany the primacy of child and youth welfare is applied, the Israeli authorities consider UM as illegal ‘infiltrators’ and a threat to national security and the Jewish State.
Metastatic spine oncology: symptom-directed management
Authors: Ruppert Lisa Marie , Reilly Julia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Spinal tumors pose significant treatment challenges for the physicians treating them. Understanding the location of the tumor within the intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, or extradural (epidural) space is not only critical in determining a differential diagnosis but may also provide important information about current and future neurologic deficits. Despite significant advances in the treatment of spinal tumors over the past few decades, these patients may still experience significant symptoms related to the tumor or its treatment, such as pain, weakness, impaired sensation, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Treatment of spinal tumors should involve a multidisciplinary team of neuro-oncologists, spine surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, physiatrists, and pain specialists to provide comprehensive oncologic management, while optimizing the patient’s functional status and quality of life.
Different conformational responses of the β2-adrenergic receptor-Gs complex upon binding of the partial agonist salbutamol or the full agonist isoprenaline
Authors: Yang Fan , Ling Shenglong , Zhou Yingxin , Zhang Yanan , Lv Pei , Liu Sanling , Fang Wei , Sun Wenjing , Hu Liaoyuan A , Zhang Longhua , Shi Pan , Tian Changlin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are responsible for most cytoplasmic signaling in response to extracellular ligands with different efficacy profiles. Various spectroscopic techniques have identified that agonists exhibiting varying efficacies can selectively stabilize a specific conformation of the receptor. However, the structural basis for activation of the GPCR-G protein complex by ligands with different efficacies is incompletely understood. To better understand the structural basis underlying the mechanisms by which ligands with varying efficacies differentially regulate the conformations of receptors and G proteins, we determined the structures of β2AR-Gαs$\beta $γ bound with partial agonist salbutamol or bound with full agonist isoprenaline using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy at resolutions of 3.26 Å and 3.80 Å, respectively. Structural comparisons between the β2AR-Gs-salbutamol and β2AR-Gs-isoprenaline complexes demonstrated that the decreased binding affinity and efficacy of salbutamol compared with those of isoprenaline might be attributed to weakened hydrogen bonding interactions, attenuated hydrophobic interactions in the orthosteric binding pocket and different conformational changes in the rotamer toggle switch in TM6. Moreover, the observed stronger interactions between the intracellular loop 2 or 3 (ICL2 or ICL3) of β2AR and Gαs with binding of salbutamol versus isoprenaline might decrease phosphorylation in the salbutamol-activated β2AR-Gs complex. From the observed structural differences between these complexes of β2AR, a mechanism of β2AR activation by partial and full agonists is proposed to provide structural insights into β2AR desensitization.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Pregnancy: What Obstetricians Need to Know
Authors: Rasmussen S.A. , Smulian J.C. , Lednicky J.A. , Wen T.S. , Jamieson D.J. 
Published: November 2020

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222:415–426)
As Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) spreads across the globe, infecting more than the reported cases for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS) combined, this paper reviews relevant information on COVID-19 for practicing obstetricians. As little is known at this time about COVID-19, information on SARS and MERS and their effects on pregnancy is also reviewed.