bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Simulated Cloud Ice, Radiation Fields, Surface Wind Stress, Sea Surface Temperatures, and Precipitation Over Tropical and Subtropical Oceans
Authors: Li J.‐L. F. , Xu K.‐M. , Jiang J. H. , Lee Wei‐Liang , Wang Li‐Chiao , Yu Jia‐Yuh , Stephens G. , Fetzer Eric , Wang Yi‐Hui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe potential links between ice water path (IWP), radiation, circulation, sea surface temperature (SST), and precipitation over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans resulting from the falling ice radiative effects (FIREs) are examined from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) and phase 6 (CMIP6) historical simulations. The latter is divided into two subsets with (SON6) and without FIREs (NOS6) in CMIP6. Improvement in nonfalling cloud ice (~20 g m−2) is noticeable over convective regions in CMIP6 relative to CMIP5. The inclusion of FIREs in SON6 subset may contribute to reduce biases of overestimated outgoing longwave radiation and downward surface shortwave and underestimated reflected shortwave at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) by magnitudes of ~8 W m−2 over convective regions against CERES, compared to NOS6 subset. The reduced biases in radiative fluxes in convective regions stabilize the atmosphere and lead to circulation, SST, cloud, and precipitation changes over the trade wind regions, as seen from improved radiative fluxes (~15 W m−2), surface wind stress biases, SST (~0.8 K), and precipitation (1 mm day−1) biases. The significant improvement from NOS6 to SON6 leads to improved multimodel means for CMIP6 relative to CMIP5 for radiation fields over the trade wind regions but the degradation over convective zones is attributed to NOS6 subset. The results suggest that other sources of uncertainty and deficiencies in climate models may play significant roles for reducing discrepancies although FIREs, via radiation‐circulation coupling, may be one of the factors that help to reduce regional biases.
High step‐down dc–dc converter with low voltage stress and wide soft‐switching range
Authors: Khalili Siamak , Farzanehfard Hosein , Esteki Morteza 
Published: June 2020

In this study, the integration of buck converter with Cuk converter to achieve a non‐isolated high step‐down dc–dc converter is investigated. Also, a soft‐switching cell is modified and used in the integrated converter to provide zero current switching and zero voltage switching condition for the converter switches at turn‐on and turn‐off, respectively. The auxiliary cell also eliminates the reverse recovery problem of the converter diodes. As a result, a high efficiency high step‐down converter with reduced voltage stress for semiconductor components is derived. The analysis, operational principle and design considerations of the proposed converter are discussed in this study. The accuracy of the converter operation is verified by a 200 W, 155 V‐to‐24 V laboratory prototype.
Search for the sub-stellar lithium depletion boundary in the open star cluster Coma Berenices
Authors: Martín E. L. , Lodieu N. , Béjar V. J. S. 
Published: June 2020

Aims. We mainly aim to search for the lithium depletion boundary (LDB) among the sub-stellar population of the open star cluster Coma Berenices.
Methods. Since the number of brown dwarf candidates in Coma Ber available in the literature is scarce, we carried out a search for additional candidates photometrically using colour–magnitude diagrams combining optical and infrared photometry from the latest public releases of the following large-scale surveys: the United Kingdom InfraRed Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIRT/UKIDSS), the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS), the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and AllWISE. We checked astrometric consistency with cluster membership using Gaia DR2. A search for Li in three new and five previously known brown dwarf candidate cluster members was performed via spectroscopic observations using the OSIRIS instrument at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio de Canarias (GTC).
Results. A couple dozen new photometric candidate brown dwarfs located inside the tidal radius of Coma Ber are reported, but none of these are significantly fainter and cooler than previously known members. No LiI resonance doublet at 6707.8 Å was detected in any of eight Coma Ber targets in the magnitude range J = 15–19 and G = 20–23 observed with the GTC. Spectral types and radial velocities were derived from the GTC spectra. These values confirm the cluster membership of four L2–L2.5 dwarfs, two of which are new in the literature.
Conclusions. The large Li depletion factors found among the four bona fide sub-stellar members in Coma Ber implies that the LDB must be located at spectral type later than L2.5 in this cluster. Using the latest evolutionary models for brown dwarfs, a lower limit of 550 Myr on the cluster age is set. This constraint has been combined with other dating methods to obtain an updated age estimate of 780 ± 230 Myr for the Coma Ber open cluster. Identification of significantly cooler sub-stellar cluster members in Coma Ber awaits the advent of the Euclid wide survey, which should reach a depth of about J = 23; this superb sensitivity will make it possible to determine the precise location of the sub-stellar LDB in this cluster and to carry out a complete census of its sub-stellar population.
Studies of stationary features in jets: BL Lacertae
Authors: Arshakian T. G. , Pushkarev A. B. , Lister M. L. , Savolainen T. 
Published: June 2020

Context.Monitoring of BL Lacertae at 15 GHz with the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) has revealed a quasi-stationary radio feature in the innermost part of the jet, at 0.26 mas from the radio core. Stationary features are found in many blazars, but they have rarely been explored in detail.Aims.We aim to study the kinematics, dynamics, and brightness of the quasi-stationary feature of the jet in BL Lacertae based on VLBA monitoring with submilliarcsecond resolution (subparsec-scales) over 17 years.Methods.We analysed position uncertainties and flux leakage effects of the innermost quasi-stationary feature and developed statistical tools to distinguish the motions of the stationary feature and the radio core. We constructed a toy model to simulate the observed emission of the quasi-stationary component.Results.We find that trajectories of the quasi-stationary component are aligned along the jet axis, which can be interpreted as evidence of the displacements of the radio core. The intrinsic motions of the core and quasi-stationary component have a commensurate contribution to the apparent motion of the stationary component. During the jet-stable state, the core shift significantly influences the apparent displacements of the stationary component, which shows orbiting motion with reversals. The quasi-stationary component has low superluminal speeds on time scales of months. On time-scales of few years, the apparent mean speeds are subrelativistic, of about 0.15 the speed of light. We find that the brightness profile of the quasi-stationary component is asymmetric along and transverse to the jet axis, and this effect remains unchanged regardless of epoch.Conclusions.Accurate positional determination, a high cadence of observations, and a proper accounting for the core shift are crucial for the measurement of the trajectories and speeds of the quasi-stationary component. Its motion is similar to the behaviour of the jet nozzle, which drags the outflow in a swinging motion and excites transverse waves of different amplitudes travelling downstream. A simple modelling of the brightness distribution shows that the configuration of twisted velocity field formed at the nozzle of the jet in combination with small jet viewing angle can account for the observed brightness asymmetry.
The future of IMF studies with the ELT and MICADO
Authors: Leschinski K. , Alves J. 
Published: June 2020

Context. Young stellar cluster cores in the local Universe provide the most pristine information available on the stellar initial mass function (IMF), but their stellar densities are too high to be resolved by present-day instrumentation. With a resolving power 100 times better than the Hubble Space Telescope, the Multi-Adaptive Optics Imaging CameraA for Deep Observations (MICADO), which is the near-infrared camera on the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), will for the first time provide access to a significant number of dense young stellar clusters that are critical for direct studies on the universality and shape of the IMF.
Aims. In this work we aim to estimate the lowest stellar mass that MICADO will be able to reliably detect given a stellar density and distance. We also show that instrumental effects that will play a critical role, and report the number of young clusters that will be accessible for IMF studies in the local Universe with the ELT.
Methods. We used SimCADO*, the instrument simulator package for the MICADO camera, to generate observations of 56 dense stellar regions with densities similar to the cores of young stellar clusters. We placed the cluster fields at distances between 8 kpc and 5 Mpc from the Earth, implying core densities from 102 to 105 stars arcsec−2, and determined the lowest reliably observable mass for each stellar field through point-spread function fitting photometry.
Results. Our results show that stellar densities of <103 stars arcsec−2 will be easily resolvable by MICADO. The lowest reliably observable mass in the Large Magellanic Cloud will be around 0.1 M⊙ for clusters with densities <103 stars arcsec−2. MICADO will be able to access the stellar content of the cores of all dense young stellar clusters in the Magellanic Clouds, allowing the peak and shape of the IMF to be studied in great detail outside the Milky Way. At a distance of 2 Mpc, all stars with M > 2 M⊙ will be resolved in fields of <104 stars arcsec−2, allowing the high-mass end of the IMF to be studied in all galaxies out to and including NGC 300.
Conclusions. We show that MICADO on the ELT will be able to probe the IMF of star clusters that are ten times denser than what the James Webb Space Telescope will be able to access, and over one hundred times denser than the clusters that the Hubble Space Telescope can successfully resolve. While the sensitivity of MICADO will not allow us to study the brown dwarf regime outside the Milky Way, it will enable access to all stellar members of over 1000 young clusters in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. Furthermore, direct measurements of the Salpeter slope of the IMF will be possible in over 1500 young clusters out to a distance of 5 Mpc. MICADO on the ELT will be able to measure resolved IMFs for a large ensemble of young clusters under starkly different environments and test the universality of the IMF in the local Universe.
Triple-Plane Dissection of Combined Forehead and Scalp Flaps for Large Posttraumatic Forehead Defects
Authors: Saha Srinjoy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction Reconstruction of large (>20 cm2) posttraumatic forehead defects, with esthetically pleasing results and without distorting the surrounding anatomical landmarks like eyebrow and hairline, is a significant surgical challenge. This study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of a triple-plane dissection technique of significantly-sized flaps, combining forehead, and scalp to cover large forehead defects.
Materials and Methods A retrospective review from January 2009 to December 2019 revealed that 12 patients with large defects over the forehead were operated on. Significantly-sized rotation and advancement flaps, combining both the forehead and scalp tissues, were performed. Triple-plane dissection and careful galeal scoring recruited more tissues and increased the reach of these flaps while maintaining adequate flap vascularity.
Results Large forehead posttraumatic defects in all 12 patients were covered in a single surgery with this combined flap. Eight patients were men and four were women (mean age, 58 years). Size of the defects ranged from 21 to 40 cm2 (mean, 27 cm2). Complications included deep marginal necrosis in one patient (8%), superficial necrosis in one patient (8%), and mild venous stasis in four patients (33%). Superficial necrosis and venous stasis resolved by itself. Good color and contour match, minimal alopecia, maintained positions of eyebrow, and hairline positions were found in most patients. Six months postoperatively, patient satisfaction measured on a visual analogue scale ranged between 3 and 9 out of 10 (mean, 7).
Conclusion Primary forehead reconstruction with significant-sized flaps combining forehead and scalp tissues, with triple-plane dissection and galeal scoring, appears to be an effective option for covering large forehead defects.
Cachexia in Cancer Patients: Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Hariyanto Timotius I. , Kurniawan Andree 
Published: June 2020

Introduction Cachexia in cancer patients, especially in advanced stage, is recently known as an emerging problem. Cachexia occurs in about half of all patients with neoplastic disease. The diagnosis of cachexia needs comprehensive evaluation of body weight and body composition for several months. Cachexia will give negative impacts such as increased mortality, chemotoxicity, and decreased quality of life. Here, we review the current evidence describing the definition, stages, mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of cachexia in cancer patients.
Methods We identified 75 studies and/or review articles evaluating cachexia and weight loss in cancer patients by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases.
Results Cachexia is reported across all stages and types of cancers. The most recent definition of cachexia is reported in a 2011 paper by International Consensus. The mechanism of cachexia in cancer is complex and involved many factors which elaborate together to produce cachexia. The diagnostic evaluation and cut-off measurement of cachexia, especially in cancer varied across studies. The loss of weight that happens during chemotherapy will make a poor prognosis. Cachexia can worsen chemotherapy toxicity. Combination of dietary modification and exercise with supplementation of medication that control appetite and inflammation are important in the management of cachexia in cancer patients.
Conclusion Patients with cancer are the population at risk for developing cachexia before and after chemotherapy. Cachexia diagnosis needs evaluation of body weight and body composition. Nonpharmacological treatments, such as dietary modification and physical exercise, are the best strategy to reduce cachexia in cancer patients.
Introduction.
Authors: Mung'Ong'O Claude G. , Yanda Pius Z. , Mabhuye Edmund B. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

This book provides a detailed analysis of the impacts of climate change on various tropical ecosystems in Tanzania and their related aspects of economic endeavour - from agriculture, marine resources and wildlife to weather forecasting. The analyses concentrate on Real and potential impacts of climate change, focusing on changes in temperature and precipitation, as well as alternative adaptive capacity and resilience-enhancing strategies such as changing crop types and cropping patterns. Across all of the analyses, particular attention is paid to impacts, vulnerability and resilience of ecosystems and communities to climate change outcomes with special reference to the impacts of extreme events such as droughts and flooding. The chapters in this book represent some of the early attempts at analysing the implications of climate change carried out at the Centre for Climate Change Studies of the University of Dar es Salaam. The chapters employ 'a bottom-up systems approach' whereby the implications of climate change are evaluated based on analytical models from agriculture, wildlife management and weather forecasting systems. The approach allows for experimentation with alternative policy options for achieving research and development objectives in the context of climate change.
Lessons learnt and the way forward for research on climate change in Tanzania.
Authors: Yanda Pius Z. , Mung'Ong'O Claude G. , Mabhuye Edmund B. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

The research themes in this volume have focused on impacts of climate change, vulnerability and resilience of ecosystems and communities to climate change. Other key sub-themes have been community access, control, and rights to climate information, importance of integration of indigenous and scientific knowledge in weather forecasting, participation of communities in decision making, and gender roles in response to impacts of climate change in various areas of mainland Tanzania. This last chapter of the book synthesizes the lessons learnt from the reported case studies and tries to chart out a road map for future research on climate change in Tanzania.
Compliance with animal welfare regulations: drivers and consequences
Authors: Berg Charlotte , Frida Lundmark Hedman 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the field of animal welfare science focus has traditionally been on the risk factors for, and prevention of, animal welfare problems. More recently, the topic of measuring animal welfare at the individual level or at the group level has attracted substantial attention among animal welfare scientists. Furthermore, research into the content and structure of various regulations—including both official legislation and private standards—and their effects on animal welfare outcomes is growing. However, the amount of research related to compliance with animal welfare regulations is still extremely limited. In this review, we aim at illuminating the concept of compliance, how it can be measured within different audit systems, and the scientific challenges encountered when comparing different regulations in terms of compliance. In addition, we analyse and discuss different drivers for compliance, as well as the obstacles and complications in relation to various inspection and follow-up approaches in cases of non-compliance. We conclude that if participation in voluntary private animal welfare schemes is to be used as one of the variables when applying a risk-based approach to official animal welfare control, then the methods of measuring and accounting for compliance within such schemes must be clearly reported.
Precision livestock farming: automatic lameness detection in intensive livestock systems
Authors: Azarpajouh Samaneh , Díaz Julia A. Calderón , Taheri Hossein 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLameness is a major production disease affecting animal welfare and profitability. Although lameness is a prevalent condition in livestock production systems, its identification can be unreliable due to lack of individual animal observation for gait and posture abnormalities and standard evaluation criteria. To prevent financial losses and welfare problems, early and accurate lameness detection and treatment are essential. Visual scoring is the most common method to evaluate lameness, which is time and labor involved and is prone to observer error. Therefore, automated lameness detection methods that do not rely on the human eyes and are not subjective may offer a more accurate lameness identification method. Application of engineering techniques in livestock farming to monitor, model, and manage animal production is called precision livestock farming (PLF). Using PLF, a large amount of data can be collected in short period of time, which can improve lameness prediction accuracy. This review paper will (a) explain engineering advances in PLF; (b) describe lameness and visual and automatic lameness detection; and (c) discuss sensors applied in PLF research.
The influence of various basalt mineral and sodium hydroxide concentration on the physical properties and characterization of geo-polymer products
Authors: Handoko A S , Amin M , Pertiwi D R , Syafriadi  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Environment friendly product has a major concern nowadays. The use of cement as a binder to make concrete cannot be negligible since cement production has contributed to the increasing of CO2 emissions. To produce 1 ton of cement, approximately 1 ton of CO2 is also released from the process. Rock geo-polymer cement as one categories of cement is known to be more environmentally friendly than Portland cement. Basalt rock has an opportunity for a material substitute in geo-polymer cement production. Variability influence of basalt and sodium hydroxide concentration on the physical properties and characterization of Geopolymer products are observed in this research. The raw materials used are basalt, sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, and water. Geo-polymer is made by adding basalt as much as 2.5 %, 5 % and 7.5 % with basalt grain size of 80, 150 and 270 mesh. This research shows that the greater variation of sodium hydroxide concentration, the smaller compressive strength produced; however the absorption considered becomes greater. Geo-polymer with addition sodium hydroxide 2.5 % with basalt grain size of 270 mesh has a highest compressive strength and the lowest absorption rate. Characterization of the sample using XRF and XRD have indicated that the sample has the highest SiO2 compound content of 48.731 % with 2.5 % sodium hydroxide in the 270 mesh, while the phases formed were Albite Na(Si3Al)O8, Cristobalite (SiO2), Forseterit (Mg2SiO4), Anorthite Ca(Al2Si2O8) and Magnetide (Fe3O4).
Modification of photocatalyst Ti-Pillared clay by Zn metal addition for decolorization process of organic liquid waste
Authors: Rinaldi N , Nashiruddin I , Dwiatmoko A A , Saridewi N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Black liquor produced from a pretreatment process of bioethanol using the lignocellulose material, such as an empty palm bunch. Black liquor is organic liquid waste and should be treated before release to the environment. One of the degradation processes of black liquor is by the photocatalytic reaction using the Ti-Pillared Clay (Ti-PiLC) catalyst. However, there is a limitation of process condition if using a Ti-PiLC catalyst; the degradation process should be conducted under a UV light source. This study is focused on the modification of photocatalytic catalyst Ti-PiLC by adding Zn metal (Ti-Zn/PiLC), thus the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on a visible light source. Characterizations of the prepared photocatalysts were obtained using XRD, BET, TPD, TGA, SEM, TEM and UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the degradation degree. Although the degradation process of black liquor could be conducted on the visible light source, the degradation degree was still minor compared with only using Ti-PiLC photocatalyst. It is assumed that combination Ti and Zn as the active metals of the photocatalyst was not good enough to enhance the degradation process of black liquor even on the visible light source, perhaps using other metal, such as cerium (Ce).