bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On American Values, Unalienable Rights, and Human Rights: Some Reflections on the Pompeo Commission
Authors: Risse Mathias 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn July 2019, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo launched a Commission on Unalienable Rights, charged with a reexamination of the scope and nature of human rights–based claims. From his statements, it seems that Pompeo hopes the commission will substantiate—by appeal to the U.S. Declaration of Independence and to natural law theory—three key conservative ideas: (1) that there is too much human rights proliferation, and once we get things right, social and economic rights as well as gender emancipation and reproductive rights will no longer register as human rights; (2) that religious liberties should be strengthened under the human rights umbrella; and (3) that the unalienable rights that should guide American foreign policy neither need nor benefit from any international oversight. I aim to show that despite Pompeo's framing, the Declaration of Independence, per se, is of no help with any of this, whereas evoking natural law is only helpful in ways that reveal its own limitations as a foundation for both human rights and foreign policy in our interconnected age.
Toward a Social-Democratic Peace?
Authors: Gleditsch Nils Petter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe decline in organized violence in the period after World War II provides the promise of a more peaceful future. How can we move further in this direction? Democratic peace—the absence of armed violence between democracies and the domestic peace of mature democracies—may provide part of the answer. This phenomenon is a well-established empirical regularity, but its mechanisms and its limits remain a subject of continuing research. The key role of democracy in reducing violence has been challenged by alternative explanations, such as the liberal peace, the capitalist peace, the developed peace, the organized peace, the quality of government peace, the feminist peace, and the civil society peace—but also by realism. In this essay, part of the roundtable “World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It),” I argue that it is a social-democratic peace that provides the best basis for a lasting world peace. This formula includes democracy but incorporates additional elements, such as a market economy, an active and competent state, close international cooperation, and the reduction of discrimination and group-based inequality. Combining these elements would provide a solid basis for eliminating violence between, as well as within, states. The main limitation of such a program is its demanding nature. Few states and interstate relations as yet fulfill all these conditions, but the long-term trends are moving in the right direction.
Classifications in child and adolescent psychiatry: A risky business?
Authors: B. Falissard 
Published: March 2020

Psychiatrists, like most physicians, are fascinated by their classifications. Like art critics that distinguish surrealists, cubists, hyperrealists, minimalists, etc. psychiatrists try to reveal patterns of symptoms, emotions or behaviors from the patients they see in their day-to-day practice. But psychiatric disorders are not used and determined only by psychiatrists. As pointed by P. Zachar (2015), psychiatric disorders can be considered as biological dysfunction, patterns of symptoms helpful for treatment and prognosis, categories used by health insurances, categories used by judges, words used in the media, concepts used by sociologists (“The weariness of the self”, Alain Eherenberg).We will discuss in the conference what science can say about this confusion and what clinicians should consider for their clinical practice.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
25 years of impact – how EFPT shapes the future of psychiatry
Authors: E. Sönmez 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionEstablished in 1993, the European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) has aimed to represent psychiatric trainees’ views in different platforms and to advocate for better training. Representation of more than twenty thousand psychiatry and child and adolescent psychiatry (CAP) trainees has been realized through the cooperation of currently 34 national trainee associations (NTAs).ObjectivesTo discuss the function of NTAs with regard to empowerment of psychiatry trainees and to share the relevant experience of EFPT.MethodsThe formation process of NTAs and the outcomes of NTA network of EFPT will be explored.ResultsThe history of EFPT demonstrates that NTAs played an important role, first of all, in the formation of following NTAs. Today, most of them either independent or have a semi-independent position within the national psychiatry associations. The NTA network within EFPT has enabled the conduction of international research studies, which has contributed to the development of an insight on how specific aspects of psychiatry are perceived by trainees. The input of EFPT in several guidance documents and the dissemination of them through NTAs helped raising awareness about the rights and competencies, for both individual trainees and the organizations they formed. NTAs, with the good examples, support and encourage from the other NTAs, have become more involved in discussions about curriculum changes, even to a degree where trainees facilitated the launch of different rotations.ConclusionsThe experience EFPT proves that the organized efforts of NTAs can have a positive impact on psychiatry training in general, as well as the professional development of individual psychiatry trainees.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Transcultural adaptation after migration
Authors: D. Bhugra 
Published: March 2020

International medical graduates (IMGs) by definition move from the country in which they received their training to another country in order to train and settle down in. The reasons for migration by IMGs can be political, educational or economic. Each reason brings with it a series of difficulties, both for the individual and for the society to which they move (as well as to the society they leave behind). Acculturation and settling down will raise specific issues in the functioning of the IMGs and to their response to the new country. Certain factorsmaycause stress and othersmaycontribute to the successful adjustment by the IMGs. Suggestions on how to support international medical graduates and how to help reduce their stress will be highlighted.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Complete closure of the ductus arteriosus in the foetus with transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Grzyb Agnieszka , Koleśnik Adam , Gruszfeld Dariusz , Szymkiewicz-Dangel Joanna 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPrenatal restriction of the ductus arteriosus can manifest as persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn, especially dangerous with the transposition of the great arteries. Its aetiology has long been related to maternal intake of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; however, some other substances, including polyphenols, may have similar properties. We describe a case of complete prenatal closure of the ductus arteriosus in the foetus with transposition of the great arteries. The newborn presented with pulmonary hypertension unresponsive to pharmacotherapy and died of multi-organ failure.
Return to the Isle of Ted: Simulating the Collective Action Problem of Climate Change
Authors: Mitchell Jocelyn Sage 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThis article modifies the classic “Isle of Ted” simulation to teach students about the collective action problems associated with climate change. Modifications include the introduction of a common-pool resource (i.e., fish) and increased pirate attacks to model rising climate threats and unequal distribution of risk. A return to the Isle of Ted enables a deeper engagement with specific collective action problems of climate change, including the tragedy of the commons and issues of global inequality. This article provides a road map for the incorporation of this modified simulation into active-learning classrooms.
Consumption of ultra-processed foods at 11, 22 and 30 years at the 2004, 1993 and 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohorts
Authors: dos Santos Costa Caroline , Formoso Assunção Maria Cecília , dos Santos Vaz Juliana , Rauber Fernanda , Oliveira Bierhals Isabel , Matijasevich Alicia , Horta Bernardo L , Gonçalves Helen , Wehrmeister Fernando C , Santos Iná S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To describe the consumption of ultra-processed foods according to demographic and socioeconomic characteristics in three birth cohorts.Design:Cross-sectional analysis.Setting:Data from the 2004, 1993 and 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohorts were used at 11, 22 and 30 years, respectively, collected between 2012 and 2015. Outcome was the relative contribution of ultra-processed foods from the total daily energy intake. Maternal-independent variables were self-reported skin colour, schooling, age and family income (obtained in the perinatal study), and variables of the cohort member, sex, skin colour, schooling and current family income (the last two obtained at the 11-, 22- and 30-year follow-ups of the respective cohorts). We calculated crude and adjusted means of the outcome for the whole cohorts and according to the independent variables.Participants:11-, 22- and 30-year-old individuals.Results:Daily energetic contribution from ultra-processed foods was higher in the younger cohort (33·7, 29·8 and 25·1 % at 11, 22 and 30 years, respectively). Maternal schooling and family income at birth showed an inverse dose–response relationship at 11 and 22 years, but a positive dose–response at 30 years. Female sex, lower schooling and family income at 22 years and higher schooling at 30 years were associated to a higher contribution from ultra-processed foods in the daily energy intake.Conclusions:Information from food and nutrition policies needs a higher dissemination, mostly among women and population groups of lower income and schooling, including its promotion in media and health services, aiming for a decreased consumption of ultra-processed foods.
Does vitamin D status predict weight gain or increase in waist circumference? Results from the longitudinal Health 2000/2011 Survey
Authors: Jääskeläinen Tuija , Männistö Satu , Härkänen Tommi , Sääksjärvi Katri , Koskinen Seppo , Lundqvist Annamari 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:To investigate whether vitamin D status predicts weight gain or increase in waist circumference during the 11-year follow-up in general adult population.Design:A population-based longitudinal study.Setting:The study was conducted using data from the nationally representative Health 2000/2011 Survey. The analyses were based on regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.Participants:Weight, waist circumference and vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration analysed with radioimmunoassay) were measured from 2924 participants aged 30–64 years at baseline.Results:In men, low vitamin D status at baseline predicted ≥10 % increase in waist circumference during the follow-up when adjusted for age only (OR for sufficientv. deficient S-25(OH)D 0·41; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·67;Pfor trend <0·01), but the association with weight gain was only borderline significant. After adjustment for potential confounders, low vitamin D status remained a significant predictor of increase in waist circumference, but the association with weight gain was further attenuated. In women, vitamin D status at baseline did not predict weight gain or increase in waist circumference.Conclusions:Our results suggest that vitamin D insufficiency may be a risk factor of abdominal obesity among men but not among women. In men, it may also increase the risk of weight gain. Further studies are required to confirm these findings and examine potential mechanisms behind them. There is also a possibility that vitamin D is a biomarker of healthy lifestyle rather than an independent risk factor for obesity.
The dynactin subunit DCTN1 controls osteoclastogenesis via the Cdc42/PAK2 pathway
Authors: Lee Yong Deok , Kim Bongjun , Jung Suhan , Kim Haemin , Kim Min Kyung , Kwon Jun-Oh , Song Min-Kyoung , Lee Zang Hee , Kim Hong-Hee 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOsteoclasts (OCs), cells specialized for bone resorption, are generated from monocyte/macrophage precursors by a differentiation process governed by RANKL. Here, we show that DCTN1, a key component of the dynactin complex, plays important roles in OC differentiation. The expression of DCTN1 was upregulated by RANKL. The inhibition of DCTN1 expression by gene knockdown suppressed OC formation, bone resorption, and the induction of NFATc1 and c-Fos, critical transcription factors for osteoclastogenesis. More importantly, the activation of Cdc42 by RANKL was inhibited upon DCTN1 silencing. The forced expression of constitutively active Cdc42 restored the OC differentiation of precursors with DCTN1 deletion. In addition, PAK2 was found to be activated by RANKL and to function downstream of Cdc42. The DCTN1-Cdc42 axis also inhibited apoptosis and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of DCTN1 knockdown was verified in an animal model of bone erosion. Intriguingly, DCTN1 overexpression was also detrimental to OC differentiation, suggesting that DCTN1 should be regulated at the appropriate level for effective osteoclastogenesis. Collectively, our results reveal that DCTN1 participates in the activation of Cdc42/PAK2 signaling and the inhibition of apoptosis during osteoclastogenesis.
AFM-compatible microfluidic platform for affinity-based capture and nanomechanical characterization of circulating tumor cells
Authors: Deliorman Muhammedin , Janahi Farhad K. , Sukumar Pavithra , Glia Ayoub , Alnemari Roaa , Fadl Samar , Chen Weiqiang , Qasaimeh Mohammad A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) carried by the patient’s bloodstream are known to lead to the metastatic spread of cancer. It is becoming increasingly clear that an understanding of the nanomechanical characteristics of CTCs, such as elasticity and adhesiveness, represents advancements in tracking and monitoring cancer progression and metastasis. In the present work, we describe a combined microfluidic–atomic force microscopy (AFM) platform that uses antibody–antigen capture to routinely isolate and nanomechanically characterize CTCs present in blood samples from prostate cancer patients. We introduce the reversible assembly of a microfluidic device and apply refined and robust chemistry to covalently bond antibodies onto its glass substrate with high density and the desired orientation. As a result, we show that the device can efficiently capture CTCs from patients with localized and metastatic prostate cancer through anti-EpCAM, anti-PSA, and anti-PSMA antibodies, and it is suitable for AFM measurements of captured intact CTCs. When nanomechanically characterized, CTCs originating from metastatic cancer demonstrate decreased elasticity and increased deformability compared to those originating from localized cancer. While the average adhesion of CTCs to the AFM tip surface remained the same in both the groups, there were fewer multiple adhesion events in metastatic CTCs than there were in their counterparts. The developed platform is simple, robust, and reliable and can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer as well as other forms of cancer.
The nature of deep overturning and reconfigurations of the silicon cycle across the last deglaciation
Authors: Dumont M. , Pichevin L. , Geibert W. , Crosta X. , Michel E. , Moreton S. , Dobby K. , Ganeshram R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChanges in ocean circulation and the biological carbon pump have been implicated as the drivers behind the rise in atmospheric CO2 across the last deglaciation; however, the processes involved remain uncertain. Previous records have hinted at a partitioning of deep ocean ventilation across the two major intervals of atmospheric CO2 rise, but the consequences of differential ventilation on the Si cycle has not been explored. Here we present three new records of silicon isotopes in diatoms and sponges from the Southern Ocean that together show increased Si supply from deep mixing during the deglaciation with a maximum during the Younger Dryas (YD). We suggest Antarctic sea ice and Atlantic overturning conditions favoured abyssal ocean ventilation at the YD and marked an interval of Si cycle reorganisation. By regulating the strength of the biological pump, the glacial–interglacial shift in the Si cycle may present an important control on Pleistocene CO2 concentrations.
Direct observation of nuclear reorganization driven by ultrafast spin transitions
Authors: Jiang Yifeng , Liu Lai Chung , Sarracini Antoine , Krawczyk Kamil M. , Wentzell Jordan S. , Lu Cheng , Field Ryan L. , Matar Samir F. , Gawelda Wojciech , Müller-Werkmeister Henrike M. , Miller R. J. Dwayne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOne of the most basic molecular photophysical processes is that of spin transitions and intersystem crossing between excited states surfaces. The change in spin states affects the spatial distribution of electron density through the spin orbit coupling interaction. The subsequent nuclear reorganization reports on the full extent of the spin induced change in electron distribution, which can be treated similarly to intramolecular charge transfer with effective reaction coordinates depicting the spin transition. Here, single-crystal [FeII(bpy)3](PF6)2, a prototypical system for spin crossover (SCO) dynamics, is studied using ultrafast electron diffraction in the single-photon excitation regime. The photoinduced SCO dynamics are resolved, revealing two distinct processes with a (450 ± 20)-fs fast component and a (2.4 ± 0.4)-ps slow component. Using principal component analysis, we uncover the key structural modes, ultrafast Fe–N bond elongations coupled with ligand motions, that define the effective reaction coordinate to fully capture the relevant molecular reorganization.
Ferromagnetic quasi-atomic electrons in two-dimensional electride
Authors: Lee Seung Yong , Hwang Jae-Yeol , Park Jongho , Nandadasa Chandani N. , Kim Younghak , Bang Joonho , Lee Kimoon , Lee Kyu Hyoung , Zhang Yunwei , Ma Yanming , Hosono Hideo , Lee Young Hee , Kim Seong-Gon , Kim Sung Wng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn electride, a generalized form of cavity-trapped interstitial anionic electrons (IAEs) in a positively charged lattice framework, shows exotic properties according to the size and geometry of the cavities. Here, we report that the IAEs in layer structured [Gd2C]2+·2e− electride behave as ferromagnetic elements in two-dimensional interlayer space and possess their own magnetic moments of ~0.52 μB per quasi-atomic IAE, which facilitate the exchange interactions between interlayer gadolinium atoms across IAEs, inducing the ferromagnetism in [Gd2C]2+·2e− electride. The substitution of paramagnetic chlorine atoms for IAEs proves the magnetic nature of quasi-atomic IAEs through a transition from ferromagnetic [Gd2C]2+·2e− to antiferromagnetic Gd2CCl caused by attenuating interatomic exchange interactions, consistent with theoretical calculations. These results confirm that quasi-atomic IAEs act as ferromagnetic elements and trigger ferromagnetic spin alignments within the antiferromagnetic [Gd2C]2+ lattice framework. These results present a broad opportunity to tailor intriguing ferromagnetism originating from quasi-atomic interstitial electrons in low-dimensional materials.
Different regions of synaptic vesicle membrane regulate VAMP2 conformation for the SNARE assembly
Authors: Wang Chuchu , Tu Jia , Zhang Shengnan , Cai Bin , Liu Zhenying , Hou Shouqiao , Zhong Qinglu , Hu Xiao , Liu Wenbin , Li Guohui , Liu Zhijun , He Lin , Diao Jiajie , Zhu Zheng-Jiang , Li Dan , Liu Cong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractVesicle associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2/synaptobrevin2), a core SNARE protein residing on synaptic vesicles (SVs), forms helix bundles with syntaxin-1 and SNAP25 for the SNARE assembly. Prior to the SNARE assembly, the structure of VAMP2 is unclear. Here, by using in-cell NMR spectroscopy, we describe the dynamic membrane association of VAMP2 SNARE motif in mammalian cells, and the structural change of VAMP2 upon the change of intracellular lipid environment. We analyze the lipid compositions of the SV membrane by mass-spectrometry-based lipidomic profiling, and further reveal that VAMP2 forms distinctive conformations in different membrane regions. In contrast to the non-raft region, the membrane region of cholesterol-rich lipid raft markedly weakens the membrane association of VAMP2 SNARE motif, which releases the SNARE motif and facilitates the SNARE assembly. Our work reveals the regulation of different membrane regions on VAMP2 structure and sheds light on the spatial regulation of SNARE assembly.
Leptin receptor-expressing neuron Sh2b1 supports sympathetic nervous system and protects against obesity and metabolic disease
Authors: Jiang Lin , Su Haoran , Wu Xiaoyin , Shen Hong , Kim Min-Hyun , Li Yuan , Myers Martin G. , Owyang Chung , Rui Liangyou 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLeptin stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), energy expenditure, and weight loss; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we uncover Sh2b1 in leptin receptor (LepR) neurons as a critical component of a SNS/brown adipose tissue (BAT)/thermogenesis axis. LepR neuron-specific deletion of Sh2b1 abrogates leptin-stimulated sympathetic nerve activation and impairs BAT thermogenic programs, leading to reduced core body temperature and cold intolerance. The adipose SNS degenerates progressively in mutant mice after 8 weeks of age. Adult-onset ablation of Sh2b1 in the mediobasal hypothalamus also impairs the SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis; conversely, hypothalamic overexpression of human SH2B1 has the opposite effects. Mice with either LepR neuron-specific or adult-onset, hypothalamus-specific ablation of Sh2b1 develop obesity, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. In contrast, hypothalamic overexpression of SH2B1 protects against high fat diet-induced obesity and metabolic syndromes. Our results unravel an unrecognized LepR neuron Sh2b1/SNS/BAT/thermogenesis axis that combats obesity and metabolic disease.
Regulating strain in perovskite thin films through charge-transport layers
Authors: Xue Ding-Jiang , Hou Yi , Liu Shun-Chang , Wei Mingyang , Chen Bin , Huang Ziru , Li Zongbao , Sun Bin , Proppe Andrew H. , Dong Yitong , Saidaminov Makhsud I. , Kelley Shana O. , Hu Jin-Song , Sargent Edward H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThermally-induced tensile strain that remains in perovskite films following annealing results in increased ion migration and is a known factor in the instability of these materials. Previously-reported strain regulation methods for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have utilized substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients that limits the processing temperature of perovskites and compromises power conversion efficiency. Here we compensate residual tensile strain by introducing an external compressive strain from the hole-transport layer. By using a hole-transport layer with high thermal expansion coefficient, we compensate the tensile strain in PSCs by elevating the processing temperature of hole-transport layer. We find that compressive strain increases the activation energy for ion migration, improving the stability of perovskite films. We achieve an efficiency of 16.4% for compressively-strained PSCs; and these retain 96% of their initial efficiencies after heating at 85 °C for 1000 hours—the most stable wide-bandgap perovskites (above 1.75 eV) reported so far.