bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weather at the winter and stopover areas determines spring migration onset, progress, and advancements in Afro-Palearctic migrant birds
Authors: Haest Birgen , Hüppop Ommo , Bairlein Franz 
Published: June 2020

Significance
Migratory birds show alarming declines across the globe, especially birds that migrate over long distances. A limited ability to adjust spring arrival to climate change at the breeding grounds, especially compared to residents and shorter-distance migrants, is thought to be a major cause. Our results show that breeding area arrival of cross-continental migrant birds is nevertheless, similarly to short-distance migrants, largely driven by weather conditions at the wintering and stopover grounds. Additionally, our study indicates that not only temperature rise but also more favorable wind conditions have allowed birds to arrive earlier. A better understanding of climate change influences on the timing of biological phenomena is vital to understanding and ultimately battling the consequences of climate change on population demographics.
Functional variation of lexical bundles in academic lectures and TED talks
Authors: Liu Chen-Yu , Chen Hao-Jan Howard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study explores the differences between academic lectures and TED talks by comparing their respective frequent four-word lexical bundles, and the discourse functions of those bundles in these two registers. The results indicate that academic lectures use more varied lexical bundles at a higher frequency than TED talks do. The functional distributions of the bundles further reveal that referential bundles are prevalent in both registers. However, TED speakers use more lexical bundles to organize their discourse and to guide the audience through their talks, while academic lecturers use more stance bundles to show their intentions and to inform the audience about upcoming events. The distinctive characteristics of academic lectures and TED talks are revealed via the divergent sets of lexical bundles in the two registers; the two registers are also shown to differ greatly in terms of the use of lexical bundles for different functions.
Turkish heritage speakers in
Germany
Authors: Daller Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the present chapter,
first, the migration background of Turkish
heritage speakers in Germany will be described.
Secondly, the available literature on Turkish
heritage speakers with a focus on vocabulary will
be discussed. Finally, the results of a recent
study on heritage speakers will be presented. The
present study supports the findings of previous
studies which aim to answer the question whether
there is a vocabulary gap in bilinguals, such that
bilinguals have smaller vocabularies than
monolinguals. A deficit or gap is attested for
bilinguals in a number of studies when they are
compared with monolingual control groups (for a
detailed overview see Thordardottir, 2011).
However, this gap seems to be an artefact of the
methodology since bilinguals use their two
languages in different domains (Grosjean, 1982,
2001, 2015) and almost never develop a
vocabulary in both of their languages that is
comparable to monolinguals. We therefore need to
include both languages in an investigation of a
potential bilingual vocabulary gap. However, even
when both languages are investigated, a deficit in
vocabulary knowledge, especially productive
vocabulary is attested in many studies (for a
detailed discussion see Daller & Ongun, 2017).
Because the literature presents somewhat
inconclusive results, in this study, we wanted to
test whether or not the productive vocabulary of a
bilingual individual group also shows a gap when
compared to monolingual controls. The present
study is based on picture descriptions of 23
heritage speakers and two control groups for
German (n = 18) and Turkish
(n = 30). We take both languages
into account to obtain a fine-grained picture of
the bilingual proficiency of the heritage speakers
in our sample. A vocabulary gap can be identified
for Turkish but not for German. When the
children’s total conceptual vocabulary (Pearson, Fernández,
& Oller, 1993) is considered, however,
there is no vocabulary gap for this group of
bilinguals.
First language exposure predicts attrition
patterns in Turkish heritage speakers’ use of
grammatical evidentiality
Authors: Arslan Seçkin , Bastiaanse Roelien 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter reports on a
preliminary study examining the production of
grammatical evidentiality forms in narrative
speech samples elicited from heritage language
speakers (HLS) of Turkish. Turkish grammatically
marks direct and indirect sources of evidence one
has for their statement. We explored (1) how
Turkish HLS use evidentiality marking as compared
to monolingual Turkish speakers, and (2) which
factors predict their performances in producing
evidentiality. Our findings showed that the HLS
made a large number of contextually inappropriate
substitutions by using direct evidentials in
places where an indirect evidential would be used,
and that this pattern is largely predicted by the
amount of self-reported exposure to the first
(heritage) language in daily life.
Investigating the effects of L1 proficiency
and CLI
Authors: Krause Elif , Rinker Tanja , Eulitz Carsten 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the
effects of cross-linguistic influence (CLI) in L1
Turkish of Turkish-German bilingual speakers. The
study examines whether overlapping structures in
the two languages result in influences of the
dominant L2 German on the weaker L1 Turkish in
morphosyntactic processing. Plural-marking on noun
phrases was chosen for investigation since it
provides an ideal test case and it constitutes
partial overlap in German and Turkish. Since
various definitions of CLI describe effects of
this phenomenon that relate to language
processing, behavioral measures are utilized in
this research. The analyses of accuracy rates
reveal that the two languages are clearly
differentiated from each other. However, the
bilingual speakers perform better with respect to
the construction, which is only available in
Turkish, compared to the overlapping structure
between the languages. This indicates that the
speakers separate the two languages from each
other. However, interlanguage cue competition is
at play in morphosyntactic processing in the L1
heritage language. The effects of heritage
language proficiency are also examined by means of
comparing high- and low-to-intermediate heritage
speakers. The proficiency effects on L1 processing
can be found in processing speed but not in
accuracy rates. High-to-intermediate speakers do
not differ from monolinguals in their processing
speed, whereas the low-to-intermediate speakers
perform slower than both the monolinguals and the
high-to-intermediate heritage speakers. We discuss
these findings within Modular Online Growth and
Use of Language (MOGUL), which is a
processing-based linguistic framework that
accounts for the interaction of the two languages
in the bilingual mind.
Contemporary urban Turkey-Turkish in the
German-Turkish classroom
Authors: Erduyan Işil 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Drawing on a larger
linguistic ethnographic project (Erduyan,
2019), this chapter focuses on the
incorporation of urban, Turkey-Turkish speech
style into the Turkish heritage language classroom
discourse in the context of Germany. Adopting a microethnographic framework through scalar lenses, the analyses center on naturally occurring word search sessions in two different Turkish classes. The foci of analyses are on two
adjectives that have gone through semantic
widening in Turkey-Turkish in recent years
(komik, arızalı) and are
incorporated into teacher-led classroom
discussions. Findings demonstrate that the newly
attributed meanings of these adjectives in context
are not equally transparent to the teachers and
students alike; and the Turkish-German
transnational scale that gets constructed in a
diversity of ways across the students and the
teachers seems to play a role in this
difference.
Influence of species and processing parameters on recovery and content of brain tissue‐derived extracellular vesicles
Authors: Huang Yiyao , Cheng Lesley , Turchinovich Andrey , Mahairaki Vasiliki , Troncoso Juan C. , Pletniková Olga , Haughey Norman J. , Vella Laura J. , Hill Andrew F. , Zheng Lei , Witwer Kenneth W. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by shuttling material out of and between cells. Tissue EVs may thus lend insights into disease mechanisms and also betray disease when released into easily accessed biological fluids. Since brain‐derived EVs (bdEVs) and their cargo may serve as biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we evaluated modifications to a published, rigorous protocol for separation of EVs from brain tissue and studied effects of processing variables on quantitative and qualitative outcomes. To this end, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation were compared as final separation steps in protocols involving stepped ultracentrifugation. bdEVs were separated from brain tissues of human, macaque, and mouse. Effects of tissue perfusion and a model of post‐mortem interval (PMI) before final bdEV separation were probed. MISEV2018‐compliant EV characterization was performed, and both small RNA and protein profiling were done. We conclude that the modified, SEC‐employing protocol achieves EV separation efficiency roughly similar to a protocol using gradient density ultracentrifugation, while decreasing operator time and, potentially, variability. The protocol appears to yield bdEVs of higher purity for human tissues compared with those of macaque and, especially, mouse, suggesting opportunities for optimization. Where possible, perfusion should be performed in animal models. The interval between death/tissue storage/processing and final bdEV separation can also affect bdEV populations and composition and should thus be recorded for rigorous reporting. Finally, different populations of EVs obtained through the modified method reported herein display characteristic RNA and protein content that hint at biomarker potential. To conclude, this study finds that the automatable and increasingly employed technique of SEC can be applied to tissue EV separation, and also reveals more about the importance of species‐specific and technical considerations when working with tissue EVs. These results are expected to enhance the use of bdEVs in revealing and understanding brain disease.
Characterization of antioxidant from daunkemangi (Ocimum sanctum) extracted using ultrasonic bath
Authors: nasution H , Wijaya F , Ellsworth  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The antioxidant properties of Ocimumsanctum extract were characterized. The extract was prepared by extraction using ultrasonic bath at 50 °C for 30 minutes. The characterization was performed using FT-IR analysis.The phytochemical assays were carried out using various reagents. The results confirmed the presence of phenolics, flavanones, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids in the extract. The DPPH assay also showed the antioxidant radical scavenging activity by percentage of inhibition of 57.95%.
Effect of Impeller Types on Saponification Reaction Using Stirred Tank Reactor
Authors: Hasibuan R , Parsaulian R R , Adventi F , Manurung R , Hidayati J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The choice of impeller type is an important factor in maximizing the performance of a stirred tank reactor in saponification process. This study aims to determine the type of impeller that can produce the highest reaction rate by taking into account changes in alkali concentration in saponification reactions so as to obtain a shorter residence time. The saponification process was carried out by reacting 30% oil with alkali (KOH) at operating conditions 70°C, stirring speed of 400 rpm for 45 minutes using 4 types of impellers namely paddle-2 blades, pitch blade turbine 45°-2 blades, paddle-4 blades, pitch blade turbine 45°-4 blades. Testing of alkali concentration was carried out every 5 minutes until the reaction was complete. Alkali concentration was obtained at the end of the reaction using a paddle-2 bladesimpeller of 0.182 M with a conversion of 97.35%, a pitch blade turbine 45°-2 bladesof 0.142 M with a conversion of 97.93%, paddle-2 bladesof 0.106 M with conversion of 98.46%, pitch blade turbine 45°-4 blades of 0.100 M with conversion of 98.54%.
Design of Interactive Virtual Reality for Erection Steel Construction Simulator System Using Senso Gloves
Authors: Nainggolan F , Siregar B , Fahmi F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In steel construction, some stages demand a learning process first to understand the functions and procedures that will occur. The erection process in steel construction is a process of assembling steel components so that it becomes a unity that will be carried out in the field. When carrying out steel as part of erection activities, there are huge potential risks to employees, subcontractors, or other personnel within the construction area, therefore it requires intensive training before real work done. Various methods can be done to facilitate the teaching of the erection process in steel construction; one of them is by using a simulator. A simulator system that uses hand gesture readings and haptic feedback is the best choices of learning methods to help the learning process of erection in steel construction. Virtual reality is an option to be applied the desired simulator system. With virtual reality, users can utilize cognitive and motor skills to interact with the system. The cognitive and motor skills are increasingly driven by control devices like senso gloves that can read and display the motion at the system interface in the same time. In addition, the addition of haptic feedback in the form of vibrations at each fingertip of the glove makes the simulation closer to reality. The purpose of this study is to design the use of motion control Senso Glove as a tool in developing simulator for the erection process learning in steel construction within a virtual reality environment.
Comparison of The Effect of Steel Slag Usage As a Fine Aggregate Against Compressive Strength And Flexture on Reinforced Concrete With Normal Concrete (Experimental Study)
Authors: Karolina R , Gaol T A M L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
One key element in that development is concrete. The basic ingredients of concrete is a mixture of cement, water, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate, while the concrete using steel reinforcement called reinforced concrete. The times in the era of rapid globalization have resulted in increasing number of second-hand goods / waste can be a problem for the existence of life, one of which is the existence of waste steel slag. To that end, much has been done in order to recycle in order to overcome the problem of the existence of this waste. One way is to capitalize upon such waste for purposes that could be used. In this study, the steel slag is used as a substitute or substitutes in normal concrete mix. Variations addition of steel slag at normal concrete to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength better and is expected to improve the quality of the concrete form of the compressive strength and strong bending. The variation of the addition of steel slag used was 0%, 15%, 25%, and the testing was done by the compressive strength and flexural strength. From the test results obtained by the resulting increase in the value of the slump, the increase in the compressive strength and increased compressive strength lentur. The increase in the capacity of steel slag respectively 11.91% and 20.35%, of normal concrete. Whereas the increase in the flexural strength of steel slag substitution respectively 16.62% and 31.18% of normal concrete. Therefore, if conducted further research it is better grades of steel slag enlarged variation of more than 25% in order to be used as a substitute. Continued research for high quality concrete can be done by mixing a solution that can increase the holding capacity of steel slag with other concrete constituent materials.
Diversity of Reef Fish in Tapian Nauli Bay, Central Tapanuli
Authors: Fadhilah A , Harahap Z A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Tapian Nauli Bay is along the coast of Sibolga Bay starting from the border of Sibolga City towards Barus, Tapanuli Tengah. In the Tapian Nauli Bay area there are plenty of fish biological resources and coral reef ecosystems. It is known that the reef fish community is a biotic component of the coral reef ecosystem that can be utilized as marine biological resources.This study aims to examine the diversity of reef fish. The method used in monitoring reef fish is a method Underwater Visual Census (UVC).The reef fishes observed were then grouped into 3 groups of fish, namely: target species, indicator species, and major species, then the structure of the reef fish community was calculated. The results showed that the composition of reef fish species in Sitardas Beach and Bakar island was dominated by major fish (97%), then followed by target fish (2%) and indicator fish (1%).And, overall the diversity of reef fish species in the Sitardas Beach and Bakar island waters shows a low level and shows a relatively unstable uniformity level.
The Use of Virtual Reality Controllers and Comparison Between Vive, Leap Motion and Senso Gloves Applied in The Anatomy Learning System
Authors: Tanjung K , Nainggolan F , Siregar B , Panjaitan S , Fahmi F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The availability of control devices that use hand and finger movements in virtual reality systems has an essential role in increasing the level of interaction in the virtual reality system. Hand and finger movements in a virtual reality system can be displayed either in the form of a controller that resembles its original shape or in the form of a virtual hand. The translation motion and rotation of the virtual reality controller can be used as input to the system. In addition, the virtual reality controllers allow the use of buttons or gestures as triggers on the system. Input in the form of translational and rotational movements on the virtual reality controller and its triggers can be applied to anatomical learning systems in a virtual reality environment. Virtual reality controller has a role as a system control tools. Different virtual reality controllers have different levels of feasibility to the system, similarity when used, and ease of learning. Therefore a comparison was performed on three virtual reality controllers that have different usage methods and features. The three tools chosen in this study are the VIVE Controller, Leap Motion Controller, and Senso Glove. These three tools have different ways of using and feature, including differences in touching the user or not, triggers in the form of buttons or gestures, and whether or not haptic feedback is available. The analysis of the use and its comparison between these three virtual reality controllers are the outcome of this study.
Marketing Strategy for Kemenyan (Styrax spp.) by Community Around The Protected Area HPHTI of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari
Authors: Azhar I , Riswan  , Chandra R , Aulin F R , Risnasari I 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Incense is a type of sap produced from kemenyan tree (Styrax spp.) by tapping the wood bark. Incense is one of the vegetative non-timber forests product which categorized to resins group that can be processed and utilized for various uses. The purpose of this study was to determine the marketing strategy of incense by the community around the protected area in PT. Toba Pulp Lestari concession. A SWOT analysis was applied to find the best strategy scenario. The analysis result recommends Strength-Opportunity (SO) is the best marketing strategy to be adopted.
Computational analysis of heat transfer in three types of motorcycle exhaust materials
Authors: Tulus  , Marpaung J.L. , Marpaung T.J. , Suriati  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The finite element method is one method used in the structural and nonstructural analysis. This paper aims to the simulated of the finite element method on nonstructural problems namely heat transfer. The media used has been a motorcycle exhaust system modeled with COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software by combining annealed stainless steel 405 with 35% chrome stainless steel, Beta-21S Titanium, and Carbon II type as a large tube on the exhaust model. The results of computing simulation obtained are that the lowest heat transfer value in Carbon II material type with a heat transfer rate of 325 K.
Study of Corellation between Coral Reef Cover and Abundance of Reef Fish in Poncan Gadang Island Sibolga City
Authors: Harahap Z A , Maulana R M , Usman S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Poncan Gadang Island used by people for marine tourism, underwater and fisheries activities. These activities make the island’s area as a ship transportation route and feared the condition of the coral reef ecosystem will be damaged. This research aims to find out the condition of coral reef (life coral), the abundance of reef fish and the corellation between those two variables in Poncan Gadang Island. This research was conducted in June 2018 using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) and Underwater Visual Cencus (UVC) methods. From the results of this research were found 14 species of reef fish that consists of 5 families and 161 individual fish with 23.96 % coral reef lifeform percentage (damaged category). The corellation between coral reef lifeform and abundance of reef fish is 29.5%, which means showing sufficient or moderate corellation.
Performance of a Photovoltaic Solar Cold Storage
Authors: Ambarita H , Sitanggang C , Sipayung R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Energy is an element of a very important need and can not be separated from human life, especially electrical energy, electrical energy is energy that is widely used and can not be separated from everyday life. In this technological era, the need for electrical energy continues to grow with the development of technology. The energy source for power generation in Indonesia is largely supplied from fossil energy (combustion energy), but these energy sources will be exhausted within about 20 years. Various studies have now led to the development of alternative energy sources such as nuclear energy, solar energy (solar energy), water energy, wind energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy and wave energy. The use of engine coolant in this era has widened where refrigeration is not only applied to household needs, but can also be applied to the needs of industry such as the pharmaceutical industry and the fishing industry as fishermen at sea takes time from weeks to months. The cold storage’s performance analysis aims to determine the best condition of the cooling engine with a variation of 5 photovoltaic units with 250 WP per unit. From the test results obtained daily average performance at 3:32 with testing carried out for 9 hours.
Isolation And Characterization Of Flavonoid From Leaves Of Bauhinia kockiana Lour And Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Pasaribu A , Nurtjahja K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Isolation and purification of flavonoid compounds from the leaves of Bauhinia kockiana Lour had been done. Concentrated methanol extract was hydrolyzed with HCl 6%, partitioned with chloroform and it was separated by column chromatography using n-hexane: ethyl acetate (60:40 v/v). Pure yellow-crystalline amorphous compound; mass = 33.8 mg, m.p = 155 °C and Rf = 0.29, was then characterized by spectroscopy UV-Visible, FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Interpretation of Spectrofotometer of compound compared with data standard showed the compound is flavonoid Flavonol. The antibacterial activity test toward methanol, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts respectively was conducted using diffusion method which inoculated bacteria were dipped into Mueller Hinton Agar. Results showed that inhibitory effect of bacterial growth was better with effective inhibition zone againsts Escherichia coli at concentration 500 mg/ml with diameter zone 17.8 mm