bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging for Tissue Analysis
Authors: Song Xiaowei , Chen Hao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has become a significant technique of mass spectrometry (MS) to visualize the spatial distribution of molecules such as drugs, metabolites, lipids, and proteins by their molecular masses. As a representative ambient ionization method that requires minimal or no sample preparation, desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) has been shown to have its unique strength in MSI. This article provides an overview of this powerful DESI‐MSI technique, including its basic principle, instrumentation, sample preparation, method optimization, 2D and 3D imaging, quantitation, statistical analysis, software, and its applications in pharmaceutical, clinical, biomedical, plant, microbial, and forensic researches.
A Nanozyme‐Based Artificial Peroxisome Ameliorates Hyperuricemia and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Xi Juqun , Zhang Ruofei , Wang Liming , Xu Wei , Liang Qian , Li Jingyun , Jiang Jian , Yang Yili , Yan Xiyun , Fan Kelong , Gao Lizeng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArtificial peroxisome has drawn a lot of attentions for its usefulness in fabricating protocell system and great potential in treating diseases. However, it is still a significant challenge to prepare a practicable artificial peroxisome to complement multiple and stable functions under physiological condition. Herein, a novel strategy is reported to design an artificial peroxisome using a nanozyme to accommodate multiple enzyme‐like activities that mimics those enzymes in natural peroxisome. The enzymatic active sites are introduced into graphitized moieties on the shell of a hollow carbon nanozyme by doping iron and nitrogen to form Fe–N4 coordination and atomic Fe cluster. With Fe clusters as reversible cofactors and Fe–N4 as prosthetic group, the resulted carbon nanozyme exhibits stable and multiple peroxisomal‐like activities, including catalase, uricase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and oxidase, which is referred as nanozyme‐based artificial peroxisome (pero‐nanozysome). This pero‐nanozysome shows therapeutic effect for treating hyperuricemia and protecting neurons from free radicals generated during ischemic stroke by employing the tandem activities of uricase‐catalase and superoxide‐dismutase‐catalase, respectively. This study indicates that the pero‐nanozysome is a promising candidate to design artificial peroxisome performing in vivo functions.
Electrically Reconfigurable 3D Spin‐Orbitronics
Authors: Dong Yiqing , Xu Teng , Zhou Heng‐An , Cai Li , Wu Huaqiang , Tang Jianshi , Jiang Wanjun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe explosive demands of storage capacity and the von Neumann bottleneck of modern computer architectures trigger many innovations in information technology. Amongst them, nonvolatile spintronics attract considerable attentions for which can embed the computation capability into memory, enable neuromorphic, and probabilistic computing. These exciting progresses typically rely on the manipulation of the relative magnetization orientations of two magnetic layers. By extending to 3D spintronic architectures made of multiple magnetic layers (n), the exponentially increased 2n magnetic states can provide ample opportunities for implementing novel spintronic functionalities. Here, through building perpendicularly magnetized 3D spin‐orbitronic architectures – [Pt/Fe1−xTbx/Si3N4]n multilayers, it is demonstrated the electrical programing of 2n memory states via current‐induced spin–orbit torques (SOTs), and the accompanied reconfigurable multifunction in‐memory logic features in a single four‐terminal Hall device. Further, an electrical readout of these 2n states, together with the implementation of Boolean logic gates and digital circuitry such as 2–4 and 3–8 decoders, are successfully conducted. More complex logic circuits are also envisioned. The experiments thus substantiate 3D spin‐orbitronic structures as a promising platform for exponentially boosting the storage capacity and accommodating in‐memory computing that can be important for promoting the emerging 3D nanospintronics.
A Self‐Sodiophilic Carbon Host Promotes the Cyclability of Sodium Anode
Authors: Tao Lei , Hu Anyang , Mu Linqin , Kautz David J. , Xu Zhengrui , Feng Yiming , Huang Haibo , Lin Feng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBenefiting from abundant resource reserves and considerable theoretical capacity, sodium (Na) metal is a strong anode candidate for low‐cost, large‐scale energy storage applications. However, extensive volume change and mossy/dendritic growth during Na electrodeposition have impeded the practical application of Na metal batteries. Herein, a self‐sodiophilic carbon host, lignin‐derived carbon nanofiber (LCNF), is reported to accommodate Na metal through an infiltration method. Na metal is completely encapsulated in the 3D space of the LCNF host, where the strong interaction between LCNF and Na metal is mediated by the self‐sodiophilic sites. The resulting LCNF@Na electrode delivers good cycling stability with a low voltage hysteresis and a dendrite‐free morphology in commercial carbonate‐based electrolytes. When interfaced with O3‐NaNi0.33Mn0.33Fe0.33O2 and P2‐Na0.7Ni0.33Mn0.55Fe0.1Ti0.02O2 cathodes in full cell Na metal batteries, the LCNF@Na electrode enables high capacity retentions, long cycle life, and good rate capability. Even in a “lean” Na anode environment, the full cells can still deliver good electrochemical performance. The overall stable battery performance, based on a self‐sodiophilic, biomass‐derived carbon host, illuminates a promising path towards enabling low‐cost Na metal batteries.
Thermo‐Adaptive Block Copolymer Structural Color Electronics
Authors: Park Tae Hyun , Eoh Hongkyu , Jung Youngdoo , Lee Geon‐Woo , Lee Chang Eun , Kang Han Sol , Lee Junseok , Kim Kwang‐Bum , Ryu Du Yeol , Yu Seunggun , Park Cheolmin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFlexible electronics that enable the visualization of thermal energy have significant potential for various applications, such as thermal diagnosis, sensing and imaging, and displays. Thermo‐adaptive flexible electronic devices based on thin 1D block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) films with self‐assembled periodic nanostructures are presented. By employing a thermo‐responsive polymer/non‐volatile hygroscopic ionic liquid (IL) blend on a BCP film, full visible structural colors (SCs) are developed because of the temperature‐dependent expansion and contraction of one BCP domain via IL injection and release, respectively, as a function of temperature. Reversible SC control of the bi‐layered BCP/IL polymer blend film from room temperature to 80 °C facilitates the development of various thermo‐adaptive SC flexible electronic devices including pixel arrays of reflective‐mode displays and capacitive sensing display. A flexible diagnostic thermal patch is demonstrated with the bi‐layered BCP/IL polymer blend enabling the visualization of local heat sources from the human body to microelectronic circuits.
In Situ Construction of Lithium Silicide Host with Unhindered Lithium Spread for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Yue Xin‐Yang , Zhou Qi‐Yang , Bao Jian , Ma Cui , Yang Si‐Yu , Li Xun‐Lu , Sun Dalin , Fang Fang , Wu Xiao‐Jing , Zhou Yong‐Ning 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPerformance degradation and safety issue caused by Li dendrite growth and huge volume variation hinder the practical application of Li metal anode in high‐energy‐density lithium batteries. Li diffusion barrier of the host is a key parameter that determines the dendrite growth. Herein, a stable Li21Si5 alloy host with very low Li diffusion barriers is designed and prepared by an in situ metallurgical method using low‐cost micron silicon precursor. The low diffusion barrier of Li21Si5 host enables a dendrite‐free Li deposition behavior. It is revealed that the in‐situ formed porous Li21Si5 host not only has high Li affinity, but also suppresses volume variation of the electrode effectively and thus keeps superior structural stability during Li stripping and plating processes. As a result, this new Li metal anode with Li21Si5 host exhibits promising cycle stability and rate capability with low polarization in both symmetric and full cells. This study opens new opportunities for using alloy‐based materials as the hosts for Li composite anodes.
3D Interfacing between Soft Electronic Tools and Complex Biological Tissues
Authors: Li Hegeng , Liu Hongzhen , Sun Mingze , Huang YongAn , Xu Lizhi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent developments in soft functional materials have created opportunities for building bioelectronic devices with tissue‐like mechanical properties. Their integration with the human body could enable advanced sensing and stimulation for medical diagnosis and therapies. However, most of the available soft electronics are constructed as planar sheets, which are difficult to interface with the target organs and tissues that have complex 3D structures. Here, the recent approaches are highlighted to building 3D interfaces between soft electronic tools and complex biological organs and tissues. Examples involve mesh devices for conformal contact, imaging‐guided fabrication of organ‐specific electronics, miniaturized probes for neurointerfaces, instrumented scaffold for tissue engineering, and many other soft 3D systems. They represent diverse routes for reconciling the interfacial mismatches between electronic tools and biological tissues. The remaining challenges include device scaling to approach the complexity of target organs, biological data acquisition and processing, 3D manufacturing techniques, etc., providing a range of opportunities for scientific research and technological innovation.
Rational Design of Bimetallic Oxide Multi‐Nanoarchitectures for High‐Rate and Durable Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Arbaz Shaik Junied , Sekhar S. Chandra , Nagaraju Goli , Ramulu Bhimanaboina , Yu Jae Su 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDesigning porous multi‐nanoarchitectures can be advantageous to reduce the ion impregnation and enhance the electrokinetics in the active materials of electrochemical energy storage devices. Herein, the nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hybrid nanoarchitecture (NCO HNA) is prepared by using a facile wet‐chemical method, followed by calcination. The effect of surfactants on the evolution of morphology is comprehensively investigated. The NCO HNA prepared with both the carbamide and methenamine as surfactants (NCO‐C+M) demonstrates 1D nanorods along with 2D hexagonal nanosheets. Owing to its advantageous structural features, the NCO‐C+M electrode exhibits maximum areal capacity of 154.7 μAh cm−2 compared to the other electrodes, with decent capacity retention of 86.7% after 10 000 cycles. The hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) device is fabricated with NCO‐C+M as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode. The fabricated HSC device delivers a superior areal capacitance of 221.7 mF cm−2 at 1.5 mA cm−2 and still retains 93.2% at a high current density. Besides, the HSC displays a high energy density of 67.8 μWh cm−2 and a high power density of 19545 µW cm−2, with good cycling efficiency (81.3%) after 10 000 cycles. The practicability of HSC is further tested by powering‐up various electronic components.
High‐Performance PVA/PEDOT:PSS Hydrogel Electrode for All‐Gel‐State Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Qifan , Qiu Jianhui , Yang Chao , Zang Limin , Zhang Guohong , Sakai Eiichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFlexible supercapacitors are widely favored because they can provide a stable energy supply under different deformations. However, how to avoid the delamination of flexible matrix and electroactive materials under high deformation and balance mechanical durability and electrochemical performance is still an urgent problem to be overcome. Here, a hybrid polyvinyl alcohol/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PVA/PEDOT:PSS) hydrogel electrode with 3D interpenetrated network structure is prepared by the freeze–thaw crosslinking and solution immersion method. Due to the strong intermolecular force between PVA and PEDOT:PSS, coupling with the use of liquid phase mixing, this hybrid hydrogel electrode shows uniform interconnectivity and robust mechanical properties. The all‐gel‐state flexible supercapacitor based on the PVA/PEDOT:PSS hydrogel is fabricated to demonstrate its excellent mechanical durability of which capacitance retention retains 98.1% after 1000 bending cycles as well as excellent electrochemical performance whose areal specific capacitance is 128.9 mF cm−2 and energy density is up to 11.46 μWh cm−2. Moreover, it can continuously power the liquid‐crystal display (LCD) watch in bending, compression, and low‐temperature environments. The outstanding comprehensive performance of this supercapacitor indicates that it has the potential to be used in a new generation of flexible energy storage devices.
Inkjet‐Printed Composites for Room‐Temperature VOC Sensing: From Ink Formulation to Sensor Characterization
Authors: Kiaee Mohammad Mahdi , Maeder Thomas , Brugger Juergen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe authors report the fabrication and characterization of chemiresistive sensors, composed of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), styrene‐ethylene‐ran‐butylene‐styrene, and a high‐structure carbon black (CB) targeted for detecting hydrocarbons at or near room‐temperature (RT). The sensors are fabricated via drop‐on‐demand inkjet‐printing (IJP) for which jettable inks are formulated and their printability systematically studied as a function of different ink components, that is, polymer concentration, solvent mixture, and CB dispersion. The printed sensors are characterized upon exposure to various analytes showing a high sensitivity to nonpolar compounds (pentane, heptane), moderate sensitivity to polar aprotic analytes (acetone), low sensitivity to polar protic analytes (ethanol), and almost no sensitivity to humidity. While operating at 28 °C, the sensors have a fast response and recovery (a few seconds) owing to the rapid analyte diffusion into the TPE. Moreover, it is shown that the sensor response and recovery further improve without affecting the sensitivity by increasing the droplet spacing in the printed film. Such performance demonstrates the great potential of TPE‐based nanocomposites for RT detection of volatile organic compounds and IJP as a suitable manufacturing method for integrating the sensing material with the electronic devices in applications where low‐cost sensors with low power consumption are required.
A Novel Approach to Design Luminomagnetic Pigment Formulated Security Ink for Manifold Protection to Bank Cheques against Counterfeiting
Authors: Kanika  , Kedawat Garima , Singh Satbir , Gupta Bipin Kumar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA new strategy for formulating a high‐security anti‐counterfeiting ink by synthesizing a pigment having both luminescent and magnetic features is demonstrated. The as‐synthesized pigment (Zn0.98Mn0.02S @ Gd1.7Yb0.2Er0.1O3 @ Fe3O4) emits intense orange (580 nm wavelength) and red (660 nm wavelength) color upon excitation with 351 and 980 nm wavelength, respectively. Moreover, the room temperature M–H curve of as‐synthesized pigment shows a typical ferromagnetic behavior. Due to the magnetic behavior of multi‐functional security ink along with dual‐mode luminescence, it can potentially be suitable to use for the printing of bank cheques (logos, magnetic ink character recognition codes), smart tags, etc., where the important information needs to be delicately encrypted and can be authenticated without being getting decoded. The security ink has been also studied using magnetic force microscopy for magnetic behavior and photoluminescence mapping to examine the uniform distribution of emission intensity over the printed pattern. Further, the patterns printed from the synthesized security ink are highly stable against the various bleaching agents and atmospheric conditions like hot, cold, and humid for the investigated period of six months. Hence, the new exceptional outcome of multi‐functional pigment formulated security ink offers a set of new distinctive features against counterfeiting.
RuRh Bimetallene Nanoring as High‐efficiency pH‐Universal Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Mu Xueqin , Gu Jiani , Feng Feiyan , Xiao Ziyin , Chen Changyun , Liu Suli , Mu Shichun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractElectrocatalysis of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a vital and demanding, yet challenging, task to produce clean energy applications. Here, the RuRh2 bimetallene nanoring with rich structural defects is designed and successfully synthesized by a mixed‐solvent strategy, displaying ascendant HER performance with high mass activity at −0.05 and −0.07 V, separately higher than that of the commercial Pt catalyst. Also, it maintains steady hydrogen bubble evolution even after 30 000 potential cycles in acid media. Furthermore, the RuRh2 bimetallene nanoring shows an outstanding activity in both alkaline and neutral media, outperforming that of Pt catalysts and other reported HER catalysts. A combination of atomic‐scale structure observation and density functional theory calculations demonstrates that both the grain boundaries and symmetry breaking of RuRh2 bimetallene cannot only weaken the adsorption strength of atomic hydrogen, but also facilitate the transfer of electrons and the adsorption of reactants, further boosting the HER electrocatalytic performance in all pH values.
Cold tolerance of diverse stevia cultigens under controlled environment conditions
Authors: Kozik Elzbieta U. , Yücesan Buhara , Saravitz Carole , Wehner Todd C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLow temperature is a major limiting factor for the growth and development of many crops, including stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni), a natural low‐calorie sweetener. In this study, 14 stevia half‐sib families selected from several populations were evaluated for chilling stress using controlled growth chambers. The experiment was set up as a split‐plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design. Whole plots were chilling temperatures (2, 0, –2, or ‐4 °C) and subplots were the combination of 14 cultigens and 5 chilling durations (2–10 d of chilling). Genetic differences were large at chilling temperatures of +2 °C for a duration of 10 d, 0 °C for 8 d, or –2 °C for a duration of 6 d. Ten days of chilling induced severe damage in all cultigens except for the three with the highest tolerance (7947‐3, 7918‐1, and 7686‐6). In this study, 5 of 14 cultigens were highly susceptible, 8 were moderately susceptible, and 1 was tolerant after 6 d of chilling at –2 °C (7947‐3).
Distinct neuropsychological presentation and progression between early‐ and late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tort‐Merino Adrià , Balasa Mircea , Olives Jaume , Contador José , Falgàs Neus , Castellví Magdalena , Juncà Jordi , Borrejo‐Écija Sergi , Bosch Beatriz , Fernández‐Villullas Guadalupe , Ramos‐Campoy Oscar , Antonell Anna , Rami Lorena , Sanchez‐Valle Raquel , Lladó Albert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (EOAD, onset before 65 years), is the most common early‐onset neurodegenerative dementia. However, it still represents a diagnostic challenge especially when compared with late‐onset Alzheimer’s disease (LOAD). Our aim was to describe and compare the neuropsychological presentation at diagnosis and its progression in patients with EOAD and LOAD.MethodsOne‐hundred ninety‐five participants were included and classified accordingly to their CSF AD biomarker profile and clinical status: 46 young controls (Y‐CTR) aged below 65 years (age=57.4±4.7; MMSE=28.7±1.6), 23 old controls (O‐CTR) aged 65 or above (age=69.7±3.7; MMSE=28.0±1.4), 89 EOAD (age=59.8±4.2; MMSE=22.6±3.9) and 37 LOAD (age=74.5±4.8; MMSE=24.3±3.1). All subjects underwent clinical and neuropsychological assessment, APOE genotyping and lumbar puncture at baseline. Clinical and neuropsychological follow‐up was performed annually over 2 years.ResultsNo differences were found in terms of gender or years of education among the study groups. APOE4 was more frequent in EOAD and LOAD groups than controls (p<0.01). As expected, the control groups presented higher CSF Aβ42 and lower CSF tau and p‐tau levels than AD groups (Table 1). Baseline neuropsychological assessment (Figure 1) revealed differences between EOAD and LOAD in global cognitive function (p<0.05), ideomotor (p<0.05) and constructional (p<0.01) praxis, visuoperceptive (p<0.05) and visuospatial (p<0.01) function and working memory (p<0.05). When comparing controls and AD groups, EOAD performed significantly worse than Y‐CTR in all cognitive domains while LOAD showed differences with O‐CTR in memory, language and executive function but obtained a similar performance in ideomotor and constructional praxis, visuospatial function, attention and working memory. Longitudinally (Figure 2), no differences between EOAD and LOAD were observed on memory or language domains but EOAD showed higher decline in global cognitive function (p<0.05), ideomotor (p<0.05) and constructional (p<0.01) praxis, visuoperceptive (p<0.05) and visuospatial (p<0.01) function, attention (p<0.05) and working memory (p<0.05).ConclusionsEarly‐ and late‐onset AD present distinct neuropsychological profiles at diagnosis with EOAD displaying higher difficulties in non‐memory domains and a more aggressive course. The present data may help on enhancing EOAD diagnosis and therefore on ensuring an earlier intervention in this population.