bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Triassic stem-salamander from Kyrgyzstan and the origin of salamanders
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Werneburg Ralf , Voigt Sebastian 
Published: May 2020

SignificanceThe origin of modern amphibians remains controversial, and especially the fossil record of salamanders remains poor. Their tiny, feeble skeletons are rarely preserved in rocks of the early Mesozoic era, the time frame in which they are believed to have originated. Here we report 230 million-year-old fossils from Kyrgyzstan, Inner Asia, providing the most ancient evidence of salamanders. They enable us to reconstruct crucial steps in the evolution of the salamander body plan, sharing numerous features with ancient amphibians, the temnospondyls. These finds push back the rock record of salamanders by 60 to 74 Ma and at the same time bridge the wide anatomic gap among salamanders, frogs, and temnospondyls.
Superhydrophobic photothermal icephobic surfaces based on candle soot
Authors: Wu Shuwang , Du Yingjie , Alsaid Yousif , Wu Dong , Hua Mutian , Yan Yichen , Yao Bowen , Ma Yanfei , Zhu Xinyuan , He Ximin 
Published: May 2020

Significance
Here cheap candle soot is utilized to make superhydrophobic photothermal icephobic surfaces. The candle soot provides the hierarchical structure for superhydrophobicity; meanwhile, sunlight can be trapped in the hierarchical structure to enhance the light absorption leading to a high photothermal efficiency. The superhydrophobicity can help maintain the excellent photothermal performance. Firstly, the superhydrophobic candle soot surface can remove the melted water immediately leaving a dry surface, which avoids the reflectance and thermal mass of melted water and thus reduces the heat loss. Secondly, the surface is capable of self-cleaning; dust and other contaminants can be washed away by rain or melted water to prevent the blocking and scattering of sunlight, highly benefiting the maintaining of long-term high photothermal efficiency.
Unexpected formation of oxygen-free products and nitrous acid from the ozonolysis of the neonicotinoid nitenpyram
Authors: Wang Weihong , Ezell Michael J. , Lakey Pascale S. J. , Aregahegn Kifle Z. , Shiraiwa Manabu , Finlayson-Pitts Barbara J. 
Published: May 2020

Significance
The neonicotinoid nitenpyram (NPM) has widespread use in agricultural settings and for flea control in animals. This may be oxidized on contact with air pollutants such as ozone to form new products that have different toxicity compared to the parent compound, yet little is known of the reaction kinetics, products, and mechanisms. We show here that many of the ozonolysis products of NPM do not contain oxygen, despite the highly oxidizing environment. Understanding such unusual and previously unrecognized chemistry is critical for accurate assessment of the environmental fates and impacts of this neonicotinoid. We also show that nitrous acid, a major source of the highly reactive hydroxyl free radical in air (but whose sources are controversial), is also generated.
Tell us about that
Authors: Burn Jo Anna , Crezee Ineke H.M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter contains a discussion of the
findings of a small study in which the authors applied voice
recording technology to enable student interpreters to practise
authentic legal question-and-answer discourse from the
examination-in-chief and cross-examination phases of two jury trials
in New Zealand. The chapter discusses the purpose of lawyers’
questions in the common law adversarial courtroom, and identifies
the question types used in the video clips shown to students. It
then focuses on student renditions, identifying which types of
questions were interpreted most accurately, and which types of
questions were interpreted least accurately. The authors offer some
suggestions as to why some question forms may pose difficulties for
interpreters, and make some practical suggestions to improve student
understanding of the pragmatic intent of questions in the different
parts of the trial process.
Australian court interpreters’ preparation practices
Authors: Wong Vicky Wan Kei 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In a pioneering national survey of court
interpreting in Australia, 84% of the surveyed interpreters
responded that they did not receive any preparation materials prior
to their court interpreting assignments.1 As part of a larger PhD project
investigating the role of preparation using case-related
materials2 in court
interpreting,3 I
conducted a national survey of Australian court interpreters’
preparation practices in 2016. This article highlights the survey
results and presents a synthesis of findings from the quantitative
and qualitative data collected in the survey.4
Organising a profession
Authors: Ortega Herráez Juan Miguel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The establishment and consolidation of sound
professional organisations is a necessary step towards the
professionalisation of community interpreting, alongside the
adoption of legal provisions. This contribution will firstly focus
on how the community of translators and interpreters in Spain is
organised professionally. Next it will analyse its role in the
current process of introducing a new regulatory framework for legal
interpreting and translation (LIT) and a register of court
interpreters and translators. These changes respond to the
obligation to transpose EU supranational legislation which aims to
secure interpreting and translation quality, and the right to a fair
trial in multilingual proceedings. The main features and
shortcomings of the newly introduced Spanish legislation (Ley Orgánica 5/2015) will
also be addressed and critically discussed in this chapter.
Teaching police to work effectively with interpreters
Authors: Del Pozo Triviño Maribel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The right of individuals to understand and be
understood in judicial procedures is enshrined in several
international and national legislative instruments. This right is
often exercised through the intervention of translators and
interpreters whenever individuals do not speak or understand the
language of the country in which they are a party in a judicial
procedure. In order to make such a right effective, legislation has
moved a step forward in recent years and established the need to
guarantee quality translation/interpreting. One mechanism provided
to ensure quality is training of police and judicial staff to
effectively work with interpreters. This chapter describes a 20-hour
training course taught to a mixed group of Spanish police
officers.
Relational, situational and discourse features of mental health
interactions
Authors: Hlavac Jim , Surla Biserka , Zucchi Emiliano 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the paucity of
interpreter-focused studies in mental health interpreting and
presents the voices of spoken-language interpreters reporting on
relational, situational and discourse features of the speech of
interlocutors with whom they work. Responses from 10 interpreters
are presented on pre-interactional contact and briefing, physical
configuration of setting, discourse of mental health clinicians, and
discourse of mental health patients. Despite guidelines to both
clinicians and interpreters, occurrence of a pre-interaction
briefing is variable. An equidistant position to other interlocutors
is the most common configuration. Descriptions of discourse relate
to pace of speech, brevity, clinicians’ alignment with patients,
with the physiological, emotional and psychological state of
patients listed as challenging features. Code-switching as an
unmarked speech variety but also as a conspicuous feature relevant
to diagnosis is also reported.
Metaphor emergence in cinematic discourse
Authors: Urios-Aparisi Eduardo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, I analyze the creation of meaning in cinema with two of the components of their mise-en-scéne: food and cityscapes. I compare Sofia Coppola’s Lost in Translation (2003) and Isabel Coixet’s Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (2009a) and I show how those components work as meaning attractors within the complex system of cinematic discourse following Larsen-Freeman & Cameron (2008) and Cameron & Deignan (2006). I consider that metaphor in cinema is a dynamic phenomenon in the Complex Adaptive System created by the work of a team actively participating in the development of a narrative. Processes such as metaphor and the interaction of repetition, intertextuality and cinematic resources are essential elements in this kind of group-creativity.
Figuring it out
Authors: Bhaya Nair Rukmini 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Satya Nadella, Vikram Chandra and Manjul Bhargava, three public figures of Indian origin, have recently suggested that significant similarities exist between the creative processes involved in writing poetry and in producing computer codes. This paper explores some of the consequences of drawing on unfamiliar ‘non-western’ cultural traditions to augment current theories of creativity, coding and performativity. More specifically, it examines the premise that ‘creativity’ relies on an able grasp of rules, extends to a risk-taking capacity to break these very rules and, sometimes, to combine them with other embodied modes such as music and dance. The chapter argues that this premise is investigated in Indian treatises from Bharata to Nagojibhatta, who may have been early advocates of multimodality in the pre-modern world.
The dynamic co-development of linguistic and discourse-semantic
complexity in advanced L2 writing
Authors: Wang Yu , Tao Shoucun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study reports on an exploratory investigation of the
developmental and interaction patterns of linguistic and discourse-semantic
complexity in two advanced Chinese EFL learners’ argumentative writings.
Adopting a complex dynamic systems theory approach, this work captures
linguistic complexity by using subordination and phrasal elaboration
metrics, and semantic complexity by examining grammatical metaphor. The
findings are: (a) the two sub-systems of linguistic complexity develop
through different paths, featuring nonlinearity with progress and
regression; (b) semantic complexity generally undergoes dynamic
development – however, there seems to be inter-participant variation in
terms of transitional phases; (c) the interaction of linguistic and semantic
complexity is diversified between the subsystems and at the individual
level. The level of L2 skillfulness and integrated feedback are likely to
contribute jointly to the results. These findings have implications for both
L2 writing research and instruction.
Profiling the dynamic changes of syntactic complexity in L2 academic
writing
Authors: Rosmawati R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates changes in the textual
manifestation of the syntactic complexity construct in second language (L2)
academic writing at the advanced level through linguistically profiling the
academic essays of an L2 graduate student in a Master of Education (TESOL)
program in Australia. This work explores the dynamic changes of the
subconstructs of syntactic complexity at the sentential, clausal, and
phrasal levels synchronously through the perspective of complex dynamic
systems theory (CDST). To do so, this chapter also introduces a multilevel
synchrony method which translates the feature of nestedness of language
structure into data mapping, exploration, and profiling. The resulting
profile offers visual access, through numerical data and graphs, to the
mechanisms that underpin the changes manifest in the language produced by
the learner. The findings are then discussed within the framework of CDST
and the characteristics of academic writing in English.
The elusive phase shift
Authors: Hepford Elizabeth 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores phase shifts,
which occur when dynamic systems enter a period of fluctuation that results
in a new stable pattern (Larsen-Freeman
& Cameron, 2008). Phase shifts remain elusive in L2 writing
research due to a lack sufficiently dense data to detect them and a lack of
recognition when they occur. Moreover, the majority of L2 writing research
involving phase shift analysis focuses on cognitive factors analyzed with
quantitative tools, thus neglecting qualitative methods and the influence of
external social factors that may impact change. This chapter examines the
definition of phase shifts, reviews relevant complexity theory-inspired
quantitative and qualitative methodologies for analyzing L2 writing, and
proposes adapting quantitative descriptive research techniques (Ortega & Iberri-Shea, 2005) to
investigate social ecosystem variables that may lead to phase shifts.
Identity (self-)deconstruction in Chinese police’s civil conflict mediation
Authors: Feng Wenjing , Chen Xinren 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile recent pragmatic research on identity in discourse mainly focuses on ubiquitous construction of one’s own or others’ identity, inadequate attention has been directed to the frequently occurring deconstruction of self-constructed and other-assigned identities. Drawing on transcripts of recordings of 19 Chinese police officer-mediated interactions, this study examines what, how and why self-constructed and other-assigned identities of police officers are deconstructed. Qualitative analysis of the data shows that Chinese police officers’ self-constructed non-institutional identities were often deconstructed by disputants via negating their contextual appropriateness or their social or institutional rightness, whereas police officers also often deconstructed the institutional identities assigned to them by the disputants via negating the validity of the assigned institutional identity or the institutional relationship. It is argued that the cause of this identity deconstruction phenomenon is rooted in police officers’ identity dilemma arising from social changes regarding police work in China.
Mean field approach of dynamical pattern formation in underdamped active matter with short-ranged alignment and distant anti-alignment interactions
Authors: Arold Dominic , Schmiedeberg Michael 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Many active matter systems, especially on the microscopic scale, are well approximated as overdamped, meaning that any inertial momentum is immediately dissipated by the environment. On the other hand, especially for macroscopic active systems but also for many mesoscopic systems the time scale of translational inertial motion can become large enough to be relevant for the dynamics. This raises the question how collective dynamics and the resulting states in active matter are influenced by inertia. Therefore, we propose a coarse-grained continuum model for underdamped active matter based on a mean field description for passive systems. Furthermore, as an example, we apply the model to a system with interactions that support an alignment on short distances and an anti-alignment on longer length scales as known in the context of pattern formation due to orientational interactions. Our numerical calculations of the under- and overdamped dynamics both predict a structured laning state. However, activity induced convective flows that are only present in the underdamped model destabilize this state when the anti-alignment is weakened, leading to a collective motion state which does not occur in the overdamped limit. A turbulent transition regime between the two states can be characterized by strong density fluctuations and the absence of global ordering.
3D constitutive modeling of electro-magneto-visco-hyperelastic elastomers: a semi-analytical solution for cylinders under large torsion–extension deformation
Authors: Yarali E , Baniasadi M , Bodaghi M , Baghani M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The rise of a new class of smart materials known as electro-magnetorheological elastomers (EMREs) requires comprehensive understanding of their electro-magneto-visco-hyperelastic behaviors. The aim of this paper is to develop a generalized three-dimensional (3D) continuum-based framework of the electro-magneto-visco-hyperelastic behaviors of EMREs. The finite strain model is established based on the linear viscoelasticity theory and non-linear electro-magneto-elastic framework. As EMRE devices can be used in a cylindrical shape undergoing shear and normal stresses in many engineering applications like artificial muscles, a boundary-value problem simulating torsion–extension deformations of EMRE cylinders is developed in the finite strain regime and solved semi-analytically. The behaviors of EMRE cylinders under different loading conditions such as purely mechanical loading, purely electric loading as well as full coupling between mechanical, electric and magnetic loading are studied in detail. Influence of different parameters such as electric field, magnetic field, applied strain (-rate) and their coupling on the induced moment and axial force of the EMRE cylinder as well as its relaxation and creep under torsion–extension loading is also examined. It is shown that EMREs have adaptive capability and great potential in applications where the stiffness needs to be controllable. Due to simplicity and accuracy, the model is expected to be used in the future studies dealing with the analysis of EMREs in particular cylinders under torsion–extension developments like 4D printing of artificial EMRE-based cylindrical muscles.
Commentary: COVID in care homes—challenges and dilemmas in healthcare delivery
Authors: Gordon Adam L , Goodman Claire , Achterberg Wilco , Barker Robert O , Burns Eileen , Hanratty Barbara , Martin Finbarr C , Meyer Julienne , O’Neill Desmond , Schols Jos , Spilsbury Karen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected care home residents internationally, with 19–72% of COVID-19 deaths occurring in care homes. COVID-19 presents atypically in care home residents and up to 56% of residents may test positive whilst pre-symptomatic. In this article, we provide a commentary on challenges and dilemmas identified in the response to COVID-19 for care homes and their residents. We highlight the low sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction testing and the difficulties this poses for blanket screening and isolation of residents. We discuss quarantine of residents and the potential harms associated with this. Personal protective equipment supply for care homes during the pandemic has been suboptimal and we suggest that better integration of procurement and supply is required. Advance care planning has been challenged by the pandemic and there is a need to for healthcare staff to provide support to care homes with this. Finally, we discuss measures to implement augmented care in care homes, including treatment with oxygen and subcutaneous fluids, and the frameworks which will be required if these are to be sustainable. All of these challenges must be met by healthcare, social care and government agencies if care home residents and staff are to be physically and psychologically supported during this time of crisis for care homes.
Prognostic Value of Masked Uncontrolled Hypertension Defined by Different Ambulatory Blood Pressure Criteria
Authors: Coccina Francesca , Pierdomenico Anna M , Cuccurullo Chiara , Pizzicannella Jacopo , Madonna Rosalinda , Trubiani Oriana , Cipollone Francesco , Pierdomenico Sante D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Masked uncontrolled hypertension (MUCH), that is, nonhypertensive clinic but high out-of-office blood pressure (BP) in treated patients is at increased cardiovascular risk than controlled hypertension (CH), that is, nonhypertensive clinic and out-of-office BP. Using ambulatory BP, MUCH can be defined as daytime and/or nighttime and/or 24-hour BP above thresholds. It is unclear whether different definitions of MUCH have similar prognostic information. This study assessed the prognostic value of MUCH defined by different ambulatory BP criteria.

METHODS
Cardiovascular events were evaluated in 738 treated hypertensive patients with nonhypertensive clinic BP. Among them, participants were classified as having CH or daytime MUCH (BP ≥135/85 mm Hg) regardless of nighttime BP (group 1), nighttime MUCH (BP ≥120/70 mm Hg) regardless of daytime BP (group 2), 24-hour MUCH (BP ≥130/80 mm Hg) regardless of daytime or nighttime BP (group 3), daytime MUCH only (group 4), nighttime MUCH only (group 5), and daytime + nighttime MUCH (group 6).

RESULTS
We detected 215 (29%), 357 (48.5%), 275 (37%), 42 (5.5%),184 (25%) and 173 (23.5%) patients with MUCH from group 1 to 6, respectively. During the follow-up (10 ± 5 years), 148 events occurred in patients with CH and MUCH. After adjustment for covariates, compared with patients with CH, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for cardiovascular events was 2.01 (1.45–2.79), 1.53 (1.09–2.15), 1.69 (1.22–2.34), 1.52 (0.80–2.91), 1.15 (0.74–1.80), and 2.29 (1.53–3.42) from group 1 to 6, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
The prognostic impact of MUCH defined according to various ambulatory BP definitions may be different.
Aortic Hemodynamics and Cognitive Performance in Postmenopausal Women: Impact of Pregnancy History
Authors: Miller Kathleen B , Fields Julie A , Harvey Ronée E , Lahr Brian D , Bailey Kent R , Joyner Michael J , Miller Virginia M , Barnes Jill N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Studies demonstrate an association between aortic hemodynamics and cognitive function. The impact of pregnancy history on this association is unknown.

METHODS
Postmenopausal women (age 59 ± 5 years; years since last pregnancy 35 ± 3) with either a history of preeclampsia (PE; n = 34) or a history of a normotensive pregnancy (NP; n = 30) underwent cognitive testing: Letter-Number Sequencing, Digit Span, Trail Making Test, and letter and category fluency. Applanation tonometry was used to derive aortic systolic and diastolic blood pressure and augmentation index.

RESULTS
Distribution of cognitive scores and aortic hemodynamic measures was similar between the PE and NP groups. Principal component (PC) analysis was used to reduce the 3 aortic hemodynamic measures and the 5 cognitive variables to single summary indices, each representing a weighted average of their respective constituent variables. Using a multivariable linear model based on these PCs that adjusted for pregnancy history and body mass index, the composite index of aortic hemodynamics was associated with the summary cognitive index, whether taking into account a potential interaction with pregnancy history (P = 0.035) or not (P = 0.026) (interaction P = 0.178). Multivariable modeling of individual cognitive tests revealed a differential association for letter fluency by pregnancy history (test for interaction P = 0.023); this score correlated with the aortic hemodynamic index in the PE (partial R2 = 0.20), but not the NP (partial R2 = 0.00) group.

CONCLUSIONS
Elevated aortic hemodynamics may negatively impact cognitive function in postmenopausal women with specific executive functions, such as letter fluency, being impacted more by a pregnancy history of PE.