bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Precursors of Negation in Non-Human Reasoning
Authors: Bohn Manuel , Call Josep , Völter Christoph J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLogical reasoning has been argued to crucially depend on linguistic or symbolic representations. This suggests that animals are incapable of negation. Nevertheless, animals have been found to behave in ways that suggest reasoning by negation. This chapter discusses the findings from the animal cognition literature in light of theoretical accounts of negation based on propositional and non-propositional thought. Instead of engaging in negation proper, animals might engage in proto-negation, that is reasoning based on contrary pairs instead of negated propositions. While most of the current findings might be explained in terms of proto-negation, an accumulation of evidence might eventually render negation proper a more parsimonious explanation of the evidence. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future avenues of research and a discussion of the role of negation in the evolution of human reasoning.
The Possible Positioning of Negation
Authors: Poletto Cecilia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter deals with movements of sentential negative markers from one negative position to another and puts forth the idea that there is a relation between the position of the negative marker and its etymology. It argues that negative markers target positions that are located in three areas of the clause where operator-like elements move (either quantifiers or focused or wh-items) or argumental clitics. It also shows that there is no link between the position of the negative marker and its standard or non-standard usage.
Negation and Constituent Ordering
Authors: Pearce Elizabeth 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe addition of a marker of sentential negation to an affirmative sentence can give rise to effects in the morpho-syntactic make-up of the sentence. This chapter examines selected instances in languages where the constituent ordering of a sentence including a sentential negation marker differs from that of the corresponding non-negative sentence. For the data examined in this chapter, the greatest number of affirmative/negative ordering contrasts are observed when the negative is initial and especially when it has the characteristics of a verb. But disruptions to constituent ordering are found also when the negative is medial or final, and not just with negative verbs, but also when the negative is a particle or an affix. The study of disruptions in the surface sequencing of constituents in negative sentences has the potential to improve our understanding both of the possible location of negation in clauses and of syntactic processes more generally.
Form and Function of Negative, Tag, and Rhetorical Questions
Authors: Romero Maribel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile interrogative clauses often function as neutral requests for information, they do not always do so. We will concentrate on three question types which, besides raising an issue, convey speaker bias and in which negation and negation-dependent items play an important role: (i) biased information-seeking polar questions, (ii) tag questions, and (iii) rhetorical questions. To model the pragmatic use-conditions of these question types, a more articulated representation of discourse has been developed, encompassing different epistemic states, Common ground managing operators, complex speech acts, and/or the scoreboard discourse model.
Expletive Negation
Authors: Delfitto Denis 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides the state-of-the-art around expletive negation (EN), by discussing: (i) the relationship between EN and negative concord; (ii) EN as a real negation; (iii) EN as a special formative linked to an additional evaluative/expressive layer in the semantics of language. Moreover, the chapter offers a potentially unifying analysis of EN in comparative, exclamative, and temporal clauses: EN as an operator of implicature denial. This approach derives the fact that EN is logically and compositionally independent from what is said from the fact that EN shifts the semantics of negation to the layer of implicated meaning. Some of the interpretive effects normally linked to the expressive/evaluative analysis of EN can be arguably derived as side-effects of this semantic analysis. The proposal advanced here has a number of implications regarding the relationship among morpho-syntax, pragmatic enrichment, and the non-incremental analysis of negation in theories of negation processing.
The Text of the Pauline Corpus
Authors: Holmes Michael W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe relationship between the text and form of a Pauline letter as sent to its recipients (a single letter hand-written on a scroll or in a notebook) and as read today (edited, printed, and part of a defined corpus with a fixed sequence) is complex and only partially understood. This chapter surveys the witnesses to the text of the Pauline letters, discusses the classification and characterization of the letters’ textual tradition, and notes the methodological implications of the tradition’s textual characteristics. It also discusses the formation of various collections of those letters, because the textual history of the letters is inseparable from the history of their collection, a subject which in turn must be linked to theories regarding their origins and transmission, inasmuch as there is a synergistic relationship between ideas about the creation, transmission, collection, and text of the Pauline letters.
Saharan
Authors: Cyffer Norbert 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The internal coherence of the Saharan languages (as a branch of Nilo-Saharan) is undoubted. Several common features of lexicon and grammar are attributed to the common genetic property of the family. It is likewise evident that the Saharan languages in their current form also share features with other languages of the contact area. This especially applies to the syntax of complex sentences. It can be assumed that contact features were adopted when the Saharan languages had separated into independent languages and formed individual categories through direct borrowing or calque processes. In addition, the elaboration of the TAM system also appears to be a result of contact. This chapter highlights major common genetic features, such as pronominal forms and verbal structure, but also points to traces of contact-induced change.
Baale
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Baale is a Surmic language spoken in the border area between Ethiopia and South Sudan. Whereas genetically it is closely related to Surmic languages farther towards the west (in South Sudan), it has converged towards more distantly related Surmic languages spoken farther towards the east, in Ethiopia, as a result of intensive language contact. This chapter presents a grammatical outline of Baale, and shows how contact phenomena affected the phonological, morphosyntactic, and semantic structure of this Nilo-Saharan language. In addition, the chapter presents prototypical features of a Surmic language, such as the tripartite number-marking system, case, and the distinction between conjoint and disjoint verb forms.
Reflections on the History of African Language Classification
Authors: Gerhardt Ludwig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Linguists trying to classify languages find it difficult to specify what in fact they intend to classify with any degree of precision. This is due to the fact that definitions of the concept of “language” that have been formulated in the history of linguistics are greatly at variance with one another. This chapter gives a brief overview of studies in African linguistic classification. It begins with a discussion of different kinds of linguistic relationship and classification (genetic, typological, areal, practical, geographic) and shows how and to what extent these were frequently confused in the course of the history of research far into the last century. Against the background of the era of Enlightenment and romanticism, the emergence of comparative linguistics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is worked out in the second part of the chapter.
Ideophones
Authors: Kilian-Hatz Christa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe major word classes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, even interjections or exclamations as well as function words such as adpositions and particles are natural subjects of detailed descriptions in grammars. By contrast, words subsumed under the term “ideophone” are widely ignored in most grammars or are hard to find as a separate word class. This is irritating because some linguists confirm that ideophones may form a huge class of words with even hundreds of members in many languages. This chapter gives a brief introduction to the world of ideophones, highlights formal and discourse-pragmatic criteria that can be used to define an ideophone cross-linguistically, and describes their typical characteristics.
Proverbs
Authors: Bemile Sebastian K. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Language is a system established by a people to communicate their thoughts, desires, and feelings. It is a window through which one can view the psyche of the speakers. Language is basically oral and transient. It is also conventional and arbitrary. It may be supported by writing, a mnemonic and more permanent means of communication. Humans use language to preserve their history and their culture orally and in writing. Oral communication both predates and supersedes written communication. Several genres are employed in communication, e.g. narrative, drama, and poetry. This chapter highlights the oral rendering—orature—of these genres. It, however, focuses on the linguistic and literary aspects employed in the use of proverbs. It indicates how the language of proverbs often exposes the psyche of a people and how human beings may think in the same way but express themselves in different ways due to their historical and cultural heritage.
Language and Ethnobotany
Authors: Legère Karsten 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with ethnobotany, folk taxonomy, and African languages. In its first part people’s structuring of the plant kingdom with particular reference to life forms, and generic and specific taxa is discussed. Reference is made to relevant folk taxonomic terms and plant names in Bantu languages from East Africa, especially Tanzania, Namibia, to some extent also from the Democratic Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic. It is interesting to note that on top of widespread taxa like TREE or PLANT habitat-related life forms were traced in various languages such as CLIMBER, VINE in Vidunda or BUSH, SHRUB in Kwangali, and THORN TREE in Ndonga, as well as other specific taxa. In this respect sub-life forms were also recorded and examples given. The second part of the chapter focuses on folk conceptualization and the system of Bantu noun classes.
Language and Education
Authors: Skattum Ingse 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn most of Africa south of the Sahara, imported languages (English, French, Portuguese, Arabic) dominate as language of instruction (LOI), whilst children start school speaking only indigenous African languages. This hampers learning and contributes to school repeats and dropouts. Countries adopt different language policies to cope with this pedagogical challenge in highly multilingual societies. This chapter discusses some representative cases, based on recent empirical studies. Language policy defines, inter alia, if African languages are to be used as LOI and/or as subject matter, alone or in bilingual programs, in which classes and in which disciplines. The choice of LOI(s) depends on the languages’ demographic, social, political, and historical weight, economic issues (didactic material and teacher training in widely used/minority languages), language instrumentation (lexical development, standardization), and dialectal differences. This policy must also take into account people’s attitudes, grounded in both identity and utility needs, and meet them with adequate measures.
Bantu and Bantoid
Authors: Marten Lutz 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Bantu family is the largest African language family in terms of geographic and demographic spread: the 450–500 Bantu languages are spoken in 27 countries, by about 240 million speakers. The close linguistic relation between Bantu languages has been recognized since the nineteenth century and was the focus of the earliest comparative linguistic studies in Africa, leading to the establishment of a reconstructed proto-language. Following the work of Bleek, Meinhof, and Guthrie, contemporary work on the internal classification of Bantu languages employs computational and phylogenetic methods, insights from comparative work on smaller subgroups, as well as models of language contact. A particular concern of comparative Bantu has for a long time been the relation between classification and social history, and hypotheses about the spread of Bantu languages across central, eastern, and southern Africa have had considerable influence on models of African history.
Indigenous African Scripts
Authors: Rovenchak Andrij , Buk Solomija 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe chapter begins with a brief introduction to the history of writing in Africa. It goes on to describe the indigenous African scripts: the Tifinagh family of scripts; West African syllabaries, which include Vai, Mende, Kpelle, Loma, and Bambara scripts; West African alphabets, which include Bassa, Nko, Wolof, and some Hausa scripts; Bamum and Bagam scripts; East African scripts, including Somali alphabets (Osmanya, Gadabuursi, and Kaddariya), Oromo script, Beria alphabet, and some Nubian scripts. A separate section is devoted to the invention of writing within religious communities (Obɛri Ɔkaimɛ, Yoruba “holy” script, and Mandombe). Then, several recent attempts at orthography development from the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century are analyzed: Fula alphabets, Bété syllabary, Nwagu Aneke Igbo syllabary, Aka Umuagbara script, Mwangwego script, and some others. A description of writing systems among African diasporas conclude the chapter.
Language Contact
Authors: Beyer Klaus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe chapter starts with a short history of contact studies related to Africa. It briefly looks at early works from Heine (pidgins in the Bantu area) and the French tradition exemplified in the LACITO series on language contact. Considerable space is given to the developments of the last ten years or so when areal linguistics (Aikhenvald and Dixon), linguistic geography (Heine and Nurse), and contact linguistics (Childs, Mesthrie) were put center stage in the African linguistic context. The second part of the chapter looks at methodological issues. Substantial space is given to social contexts in the description of contact-induced language change. The social network approach and other sociolinguistic tools are demonstrated by means of a brief case study from a West African rural contact zone.
Language and Archaeology
Authors: Bostoen Koen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractArchaeology and historical linguistics have been crucial for the reconstruction of pre-colonial African history, as these two disciplines offer complementary approaches to societies of the past. Despite being fundamentally distinct, they do in fact share a number of key principles and concepts, such as stratigraphy, seriation, geographic distribution, and time-depth. This chapter offers an outline of these shared principles and their interpretation with reference to the Bantu Expansion, which was the main linguistic, cultural, and demographic process in Late Holocene Africa. The chapter also provides some thoughts on what a judicious interdisciplinary archaeo-linguistic approach to the African past might look like.
Seasonal variability of the fatty acid composition in Aurelia aurita (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa): implications for gelativore food web studies
Authors: Stenvers Vanessa , Chi Xupeng , Javidpour Jamileh 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Jellyfish population play an important role in aquatic food chains, and many animals predate on this ‘mostly water containing’ organisms. However, what gelativores predators could gain from their prey is still poorly understood. This study provides insight into the nutritional value of the moon jelly (Aurelia aurita) by means of its fatty acid (FA) composition, while investigating seasonal variability and differences between its free-swimming life stages. A biweekly sampling was carried out in a temperate coastal ecosystem, the Kiel Fjord, Germany and during two consecutive years. FA profile of A. aurita showed significant seasonal variability, while mature medusae (due to reproductive tissues) possessed highest FA content. In addition, moon jelly contained several essential FAs (i.e. arachidonic acid, 20:4ω6; eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5ω3; docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6ω3), which likely support predator’s vital physiological functions. Even though total FA contents proved to be low (7 × 10−3–34 × 10−3% per g dry weight), evidence supporting A. aurita’s capability to meet the dietary requirements of predators such as fish and crustaceans is provided. Finally, implications for gelativore and future food web configurations are discussed, while proposing that jellyfish are likely to be, and become, more than an opportunistic prey to many organisms.
How Hands-On Pain Skills Intensive Trainings Complement ECHO Pain and Opioid Management Programs: A Program Evaluation with the Indian Health Service
Authors: Katzman Joanna G , Gygi Kathleen , Swift Robin , Comerci George , Bhatt Snehal , Daitz Benson , Martin Chamron , Fore Chris 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of Pain Skills Intensive trainings (PSIs) as a complement to the Indian Health Service (IHS) and the Chronic Pain and Opioid Management TeleECHO Program (ECHO Pain) collaboration.DesignOn-site PSIs conducted over two to three days were added to complement ECHO Pain at various IHS areas to enhance pain skills proficiency among primary care teams and to expand the reach of ECHO collaboration to ECHO nonparticipants.SettingThis evaluation focuses on two PSI trainings offered to IHS clinicians in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Spokane, Washington, in 2017.MethodsThe mixed-methods design comprises CME surveys and focus groups at the end of training and 12 to 18 months later. Quality of training and perceived competence were evaluated.ResultsThirty-eight participants attended the two PSI workshops. All provided CME survey results, and 28 consented to use of their postsession focus group results. Nine clinicians participated in the virtual follow-up focus groups. IHS clinicians rated the PSIs highly, noting their hands-on and interdisciplinary nature. They reported above-average confidence in their skills. Follow-up focus groups indicated they were pursuing expanded options for their patients, consulting other clinicians, serving as pain consultants to their peers, and changing prescribing practices clinic-wide. However, rurality significantly limits access to ancillary and complementary services for many. Clinicians reported the need for additional training in integrating behavioral health into their practice.ConclusionsHands-on pain skills and information on medication-assisted treatment (MAT) are critical to the successful treatment of chronic pain and opioid use disorder. The PSIs provide clinicians with critical competencies in assessment and screening, pain management, and communication skills, complementing required IHS training and telementoring from ECHO Pain.
Default network interactivity during mentalizing about known others is modulated by age and social closeness
Authors: Laurita Anne C , DuPre Elizabeth , Ebner Natalie C , Turner Gary R , Spreng R Nathan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn young adults, mentalizing about known others engages the default network, with differential brain response modulated by social closeness. While the functional integrity of the default network changes with age, few studies have investigated how these changes impact the representation of known others, across levels of closeness. Young (N = 29, 16 females) and older (N = 27, 12 females) adults underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while making trait judgments for social others varying in closeness. Multivariate analyses (partial least squares) identified default network activation for trait judgments across both age cohorts. For young adults, romantic partner and self-judgments differed from other levels of social closeness and were associated with activity in default and salience networks. In contrast, default network interactivity was not modulated by social closeness for older adults. In two functional connectivity analyses, both age groups demonstrated connectivity between dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex and other default network regions during trait judgments. However older, but not young, adults also showed increased functional coupling between medial and lateral prefrontal brain regions that did not vary by category of known other. Mentalizing about others engages default and frontal brain regions in older adulthood, and this coupling is poorly modulated by social closeness.
Is it “Good” to Have a Stay-at-Home Mom? Parental Childcare Time and Work–Family Arrangements in Italy, 1988–2014
Authors: Dotti Sani Giulia M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article investigates whether there are childcare penalties and premiums at the intersection of gender, work–family arrangements, and education among parents in Italy, a country with a familistic welfare state and a traditional division of labor within couples. The results indicate that children in male breadwinner households are not exposed to more childcare time than those living in a dual-earner arrangement, except when both parents are highly educated, in which case a childcare premium emerges. The implications for social inequalities are discussed in light of the societal transformations that have occurred in the country over the past few decades.
Gender, Violence, and Political Institutions: Struggles over Sexual Harassment in the European Parliament
Authors: Berthet Valentine , Kantola Johanna 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The global #MeToo movement exposed the prevalence of sexual harassment across countries, in diverse contexts, and within institutions; including the supposedly gender-friendly European Parliament (EP). Using a unique set of interview data with key actors in the #MeTooEP campaign and Members of European Parliament and staff, this article analyzes the discursive struggles around sexual harassment in the EP. The analysis shows how these discourses fundamentally shaped the patchy institutional response to sexual harassment with findings that illuminate the resistance to institutional change.