bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Lifestyle Factors and Cognitive Function in a Middle- to Older-Aged Population: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Gautam Laxmi , Millar Sean , Perry Ivan J. , Harrington Janas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCognitive impairment among the elderly is an important concern worldwide. Evidence suggests that certain lifestyle behaviours may have a protective effect against cognitive decline. In this study we examined the relationship between a 5-component protective lifestyle behaviour score and cognitive function to determine whether the number of protective lifestyle behaviours is related to cognitive decline.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of the Mitchelstown Cohort Rescreen study, a random sample of men and women aged 51–77 years recruited from a single primary care centre. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and cognitive data were available for 1,022 participants. Cognitive impairment was classified as an upper 75th percentile reversed MMSE score value for the study sample. We defined 5 low-risk protective lifestyle behaviours as never smoking, moderate alcohol intake, moderate to vigorous physical activity, a high-quality diet score (upper 40%) and a body mass index between 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2. Linear and logistic regression analyses were used to test associations between a protective factor score and the MMSE.ResultsThere was a linear relationship between the number of protective lifestyle behaviours and mean cognitive score values and a significant inverse association was observed between a protective lifestyle score and the MMSE cognitive score (β = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.30, -0.10). Logistic regression suggested a dose-response relationship, with odds ratios of having poorer cognitive functioning being noticeably increased in subjects with 0 or 1 PLBs (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.06, 4.52) when compared to participants with 4 or 5 PLBs in multivariable analysis.ConclusionsThese data imply that a combination of healthy lifestyle behaviours protects against cognitive impairment. As all of the examined factors are modifiable, small behavioural changes may help in preventing cognitive decline in an elderly population.
Dietary supplements use by fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans compared to meat eaters:, relationships with inadequate nutrient intake and sociodemographic characteristics
Authors: Allès Benjamin , Fassier Philippine , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Baudry Julia , Péneau Sandrine , Hercberg Serge , Touvier Mathilde 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionDietary supplements (DS) containing nutrients found mainly in animal products might be useful for individuals following specific type of vegetarian diet. However, the nutritional quality of the overall diet has been reported better in vegetarians compared to meat eaters, nuancing this potential interest. Little information is available about DS use according to the different types of vegetarian diets. This cross-sectional study aimed to describe DS use among fish eaters, vegetarians, vegans and meat eaters and to investigate its impact on nutritional inadequacy and its association with sociodemographic characteristics. Potentially at-risk DS use which include DS-drugs contraindicated associations; use of DS pointed out by safety authorities; and excess of tolerable upper intake levels were also described.Material and methods76,925 participants to the NutriNet-Santé cohort who completed a quantitative DS questionnaire and three 24 h dietary records were classified into 4 diet groups: 74,558 meat eaters, 1,126 fish eaters, 793 strict vegetarians and 448 vegans. A composition database including > 8000 DS was used. The prevalence of nutritional inadequacy was determined based on usual dietary intakes corrected by variance reduction, and analyses were weighted according to the French census data. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to estimate the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and DS use.ResultsThe proportion of DS users (at least one DS during the last 12 months) was 42.4% in meat eaters, 65.7% in fish eaters, 61.7% in strict vegetarians and 76.7% in vegans. As compared to food intake alone, DS use lead to low decrease in nutritional inadequacy (< 5%), except in vegan for whom substantial decrease in inadequacy was observed for zinc (-5%), riboflavin (-11%) and vitamin B12 (-28%). Compared to meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians DS users showed highest proportions of DS-drugs contraindicated associations, use of DS pointed out by safety authorities, and subjects exceeding tolerable upper intake. Vegan DS users showed the lowest proportions of DS-drugs contraindicated associations and use of DS pointed out by safety authorities. DS use was associated with higher education in fish eaters, higher education and being non-smoker in vegetarians, and higher income in vegans (all p < 0.001).DiscussionOur results suggest that DS contribute to reducing the risk of inadequate intake for specific animal product-related nutrients mostly in vegans. DS use was associated with different sociodemographic characteristics depending on the vegetarian diet type. Potential benefits or risks associated with DS use in vegetarians should be assessed in further longitudinal studies.
Adherence to the infant vitamin D supplementation policy in Ireland; data from two longitudinal, prospective birth cohort studies
Authors: Hemmingway Andrea , Fisher Dawn , Berkery Teresa , Murray Deirdre M. , Kiely Mairead E 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe high prevalence of maternal deficiency and the low vitamin D content of breastmilk places newborns and infants at particular risk of vitamin D deficiency. In response to an increase in the incidence of nutritional rickets, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland published an interim infant vitamin D supplementation policy in 2007, which was implemented by the Health Service Executive in Ireland in May 2010. This recommends that all infants be given a 5μg exclusive vitamin D3 supplement daily from birth to 12 months. As adherence is not monitored nationally and the policy has not been evaluated, the aim of this study was to conduct a detailed evaluation of supplementation practices across two maternal-infant cohort studies. Data from the prospective BASELINE (recruited 2008–2011) and COMBINE (recruited 2015–2017) birth cohorts, based in Cork, Ireland, were used to examine supplementation practices. After supplementation policy implementation, BASELINE collected vitamin D supplement use data (n = 1528) at 2, 6 and 12 months. In COMBINE, 7 study visits from birth to 12 months allowed continuous collection of detailed longitudinal supplementation data in 364 participants. Use of supplemental vitamin D was higher in COMBINE than BASELINE at 2 (93 vs. 49%), 6 (89 vs. 64%) and 12 (72 vs. 44%) months (all P < 0.001). In COMBINE, 92% initiated vitamin D supplementation at birth and the median supplementation duration was 51 (40, 52) weeks, although there was a wide range (3–52 weeks). 94% of COMBINE parents used a vitamin D3 only supplement and 88% used the recommended 5μg dose. Half (51%) always supplemented daily; a further 33% supplemented at least 3–6 times/week. Full policy adherence was defined as the provision of a 5μg vitamin D3 supplement daily from birth; 64% adhered fully to 2 months and 52% did so to 6 months. By 12 months, 30% had adhered fully to the policy and a further 16% gave 5μg frequently for the full 12 months. This data indicates a high level of awareness of the supplementation policy amongst new mothers, with substantially higher rates of supplementation in our current cohort compared with BASELINE. While most parents gave an exclusive 5μg vitamin D3 supplement, frequency and duration were the key barriers to full policy adherence. Given the lack of a maternal vitamin D supplementation policy in Ireland and high prevalence of low vitamin D status at birth, supplementation of infants with vitamin D remains a vital public health policy.
Dietary assessment in the German National Cohort (GNC)
Authors: Knüppel Sven , Clemens Matthias , Conrad Johanna , Gastell Sylvia , Michels Karin , Leitzmann Michael , Krist Lilian , Pischon Tobias , Krause Gerard , Ahrens Wolfgang , Ebert Nina , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Kluttig Alexander , Obi Nadia , Kaaks Rudolf , Lieb Wolfgang , Schipf Sabine , Brenner Hermann , Heuer Thorsten , Harttig Ulrich , Linseisen Jakob , Nöthlings Ute , Boeing Heiner 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe describe a novel dietary assessment strategy to estimate usual food intake in the ongoing large-scale multi-center German National Cohort (GNC). The dietary assessment is based on three 24 h food lists (24h-FL) and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) enriched by information from the representative German National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II). The novelty of this dietary assessment strategy is based on separating the probability of food intake from daily consumption amounts. The probability of consumption is estimated from 24h-FLs used in the GNC. To estimate daily consumption amounts, the already collected data of the NVS II are used. The 24h-FL simplifies the question on food consumption for all foods asked to consumption or not and so the questionnaire can be completed in about 10 minutes, reducing the burden on study participants. As proof of concept, we applied the assessment strategy to pretest data collected in 2012 to 2013 to assess the feasibility of the instruments. In brief, the novel dietary assessment strategy comprises three steps. First, the individuals’ consumption probability is estimated by three 24h-FLs and one FFQ applying a logistic linear mixed model adjusted for characteristics of the participants. Second, person-specific daily consumption amounts are estimated from the NVS II applying a linear mixed model taking the characteristics of the participants into account. Third, usual food intake is estimated by the consumption probability multiplied by person-specific daily amounts. Usual intake of 41 food groups in 318 men and 377 women were estimated. Of those participants who completed the first 24h-FL, 84.4, and 68.5% completed the second and third 24h-FL, respectively. No associations were observed between probability to participate and lifestyle factors. The estimated usual food intake distributions were in a plausible range as shown by comparing the estimated energy intake to the energy needs approximated by estimated total energy expenditure. Total energy was estimated to be 2,707 kcal/day for men and 2,103 kcal/day for women. With a few exceptions, the estimated food-based consumption probabilities did not differ considerably between men and women. The differences in energy intake between men and women were mainly due to their differences in the estimated person-specific daily amounts. As a conclusion, plausible but not validated values for usual food intake were derived in the pretest study, so that the combination of three repeated 24h-FLs, an FFQ and person-specific daily amounts from an external source is a feasible strategy for dietary assessment.
Interesterification of a commonly consumed palm-based hard fat blend does not affect postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in healthy older adults
Authors: Hall Wendy , Mills Charlotte , Gray Robert , Harding Scott , Fielding Barbara , Bruce Johanna , Le Roy Caroline , Berry Sarah 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInteresterified (IE) fats are widely used to replace partially-hydrogenated fats as hard fats with functional and sensory properties needed for spreads/margarines, baked goods, and confectionary, while avoiding the health hazards of trans fats. Detailed mechanistic work to determine the metabolic effects of interesterification of commonly-consumed hard fats has not yet been done. Earlier studies using fats less commonly consumed have shown either neutral or a lowering effect on postprandial lipaemia. We investigated postprandial lipaemia, lipoprotein remodelling, and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction apolipoprotein concentrations following a common IE blend of palm oil/kernel fractions versus its non-IE counterpart, alongside a reference monounsaturated (MUFA) oil. A 3-armed, double blind, randomized controlled trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03191513) in healthy adults (n = 20; 10 men, 10 women) aged 45–75 y, assessed effects of single meals (897 kcal, 50 g fat, 16 g protein, 88 g carbohydrate) on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations, lipoprotein profiles, and TRL fraction apolipoprotein B48 and TAG concentrations. Test fats were IE 80:20 palm stearin/palm kernel fat, the equivalent non-IE fat, and a high-MUFA reference oil (rapeseed oil, RO). Blood was collected at baseline and hourly for 8 h. Linear mixed modelling was performed, adjusting for treatment order and baseline values (ver. 24.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Total 8 h incremental area under the curves (iAUC) for plasma TAG concentrations were lower following IE and non-IE compared with RO (mean difference in iAUC: non-IE vs. RO -1.8 mmol/L.h (95% CI -3.3, -0.2); IE vs. RO -2.6 mmol/L.h (95% CI -5.3, 0.0)), but iAUCs for IE and non-IE were not significantly different. There were no differences between IE and non-IE for chylomicron fraction apoB48 concentrations nor TAG:apoB48 ratio. No differences were observed between IE and non-IE for lipoprotein (VLDL, HDL, LDL) particle size or sub-class particle concentrations. However, LDL particle diameters were reduced at 5 and 6 h following IE vs RO (P < 0.05). XXL- (including chylomicron remnants and VLDL particles), XL- and L-VLDL particle concentrations (average diameters > 75, 64, and 53.6 nm respectively) were higher following IE and non-IE vs. RO at 6 h (P < 0.05) and 8 h postprandially (P < 0.005–0.05). In conclusion, both IE and non-IE palmitic acid-rich fats generated a greater preponderance of pro-atherogenic large TRL remnant particles in the late postprandial phase relative to an oleic acid-rich oil. However, the process of interesterification did not modify postprandial TAG response or lipoprotein metabolism.
Examination of protein intakes at 2-years and weight status and body composition at 5-years in the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort
Authors: Hennessy Áine , Chaoimh Carol ní , McCarthy Elaine , Murray Deirdre , Kiely Mairead 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDietary protein is critical for normal growth and development through its contribution of essential amino acids. In high-resource settings, protein intakes are generally adequate. Previous studies have suggested that higher protein intakes in infancy and early childhood are associated with higher body mass index in later childhood.This analysis was performed in a subgroup of 2-year-old children (n = 468) with detailed dietary intake data (2-d weighed food record) participating in an extensively-characterised, prospective birth cohort, the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort Study (n = 2183). Body weight and height were measured at 2- and 5-years, and indices of body composition (fat mass, fat free mass) were obtained at 5 years in a subgroup of 295 children. Total protein intake was estimated at 2-years and the contribution of animal and plant sources to total protein intake was quantified. Children were split into thirds of protein intake (as % total energy, %TE) and anthropometry and body composition at 5 years was compared across groups. The relationship between protein intake (total and animal sources) and BMI-SDS, fat mass index-SDS and fat free mass index-SDS was explored in multivariate linear regression models, adjusted for common confounders (energy intake, gestational age, duration of breastfeeding, birthweight-SDS, maternal education).Mean (SD) daily protein intake was 41.3 (11.2) g/d, representing 16.1 %TE (girls: 16.2 %TE; boys: 15.9 %TE, P = 0.202) and all children met EFSA average requirement and population reference intake thresholds. Meat (25%), cows’ milk (22%), breads (7%), yoghurt (6%), breakfast cereals (6%) and cheese (5%) were key sources of protein intake in toddlers. The majority of dietary protein intake was from animal sources (69%).Girls with high %TE from protein [mean (SD): 19.7 (2.6) %TE] were significantly heavier and taller at 5 years than their counterparts [low: 13.1 (1.4) %TE; medium: 16.0 (0.7) %TE], and had significantly higher fat free mass, fat free mass index and total body bone area (indicative of body size), but not fat mass. When adjusted for confounders in multivariate regression models, no association was observed between total protein intake and BMI-SDS, fat mass index-SDS or fat free mass index-SDS at 5 years.Children with high animal protein intakes (as %TE) had significantly higher fat free mass than their low and medium group counterparts; however, when adjusted for height and other confounders, no association was observed.Protein intakes in early childhood were associated with larger body size, but not BMI or body composition at 5-years.
Visual stimulation with food pictures in regulation of hunger hormones and nutrient deposition
Authors: Duszka Kalina , Baierl Andreas , Reichel Martin , Gregor András , Ogris Manfred , König Jürgen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFood cues modulate hunger and dictate nutritional choices. The omnipresent stimulus of palatable food promotes the epidemics of obesity and metabolic diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the impact of visual stimulation with food pictures on appetite-related hormones as well as the functionality of the secreted hormones and its impact on macronutrient uptake and deposition in healthy subjects. Additionally, we sought to identify differences in response to visual food cues of total and active ghrelin to and to a meal followed by the stimulation.Healthy, non-obese participants were recruited for two two-day studies. During the first study, the subjects were shown random non-food pictures on the first day and pictures of appetizing foods on the second day of the study. The second study followed the same schedule and additionally, following the picture session, the participants were asked to drink a milkshake. The subjects reported subjective hunger. Levels of glucose, triglycerides and hunger-related hormones were measured in blood. In addition, an animal study was performed, during which 4 hours fasted mice were submitted to visual and olfactory stimulation using chow, while not being able to access the food. Following the stimulation, oral glucose tolerance test was performed, gene expression and blood total, as well as acylated ghrelin, were measured.Exposure to food pictures affected participant's blood glucose and incretin levels. Concentrations of several hormones in the blood were interdependent and in case of ghrelin and GIP as well as ghrelin and GLP-1 this co-occurrence relied on the visual cues. Changes of total ghrelin concentration following food stimulation was highly individual and participants could be grouped as ghrelin responders or non-responders. The responders showed upregulated total ghrelin and their total ghrelin levels correlated with food picture score revealing that in ghrelin non-responders reaction to food pictures was diminished. The concentration of active ghrelin decreased following a meal but was not affected by exposure to the pictures of food. Protein content and color intensity of food pictures correlated reversely with participants’ rating of the pictures. Sensory stimulation of mice resulted in increased blood glucose levels.We conclude that observation of food pictures significantly influences blood glucose levels and concentration of several appetite-related hormones. The protein content of the observed foods and green color intensity in pictures may serve as a predictor of subjective attractiveness of the presented meal.
Nutrient content of products purchased following the implementation of the “Healthier Vending Policy” in Ireland.
Authors: Porter Olivia , Stanley Isobel , Lawless Agatha , O'Brien Sarah , Kelleher Cecily C. , Murrin Celine M. , Bel-Serrat Silvia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe food environment influences food choices made by populations. On-the-go snacking has become an integral part of modern Irish life and must be considered when shaping such environments, considering that the Republic of Ireland population consume an average of 2.5 snacks daily, with 22% of snacking occasions occurring outside the home. This has driven the increased prevalence of snack food vending machines which typically stock unhealthy products that are high in energy, fat and sugar. The Health Service Executive (HSE) implemented the Healthier Vending Policy in 2015 to increase the availability of healthier products across HSE premises. This research examined the nutrient content of snacks and beverages purchased in vending machines on HSE premises following the implementation of the HSE Healthier Vending Policy.Materials and MethodsVending machines product and sales data were obtained from two vending machines companies at baseline in 2015 and following policy implementation in 2016. Product labels and online product information were used to obtain the energy and nutrient contents. The products were assigned to a snack or beverage category; nuts, mints, cereal bars, chocolates, sweets, crisps, waters, juices, carbonated drinks and other. New variables were computed, descriptive analyses were undertaken and Wilcoxon-signed rank tests performed using SPSS Statistics 24. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsSnacks and beverages sold in 295 vending machines across 89 HSE premises were analysed. There were statistically significant decreases in median energy sold per packet (9.7%) and per 100 g (7.1%) following policy implementation. Reductions in total fat (53.2%), saturated fat (32.4%), sugar (10.0%) and sodium (20.0%) sold also occurred. When snacks were analysed separately the findings were less positive, as a statistically significant increase in energy sold per packet and an increase in total fat sold per 100 g occurred. The findings in relation to beverages were mixed. The effect of the policy varied across snack categories, with particularly large reductions in energy sold per packet in carbonated drinks (54.0%) and cereal bars (44.2%).DiscussionAdecrease in the amount of energy, total fat, saturated fat, sugar and sodium sold was observed following the implementation of the policy. The HSE Healthier Vending Policy seemed to promote a healthier environment. It is recommended that this policy continues to be implemented and is reviewed to ensure the best possible outcomes nationally. It is also advisable to bring this policy to other settings to combat obesogenic environments and promote public health.