bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MtBE: Environmental Impacts
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMethyl tertiary‐butyl ether (MtBE) is a synthetic compound that was developed as a solution to the problem of air pollution from vehicle emissions. MtBE was originally added to gasoline as a fuel oxygenate in approximately 1979 to reduce air emissions and make the fuel burn cleaner, allowing more complete combustion in internal combustion engines. The concept was to improve air quality by producing fuels that were more readily oxidized and decrease the resulting tropospheric ozone production. In the late 1980s, the U.S. EPA supported the use of fuel oxygenates in reformulated gasoline to achieve air quality goals. Later, between 2000 and 2007, 23 states instituted a partial or complete ban on MtBE. The product bans combined with numerous lawsuits and policy changes effectively destroyed the domestic MtBE market. Now, decades after the introduction of MtBE into the nation's gasoline supply, it is easy to see where the physical and chemical characteristics of MtBE, the limitations of historic storage container designs and the lack of a life‐cycle analysis led to the predictable unintended consequence of MtBE water supply impacts. In 2017, Gulf Coast petroleum refineries are still exporting MtBE as a gasoline additive to other countries.
Sorption and Transport in Porous Media: The Distribution Coefficient

K
d

Approach
Authors: Maurice Patricia A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Sorption, or the uptake of a molecule or ion onto a solid surface such as a mineral or a bacterium, can play an important role in determining the fate and transport of contaminants in subsurface environments. One simple approach that has been widely used to incorporate sorption to the surfaces of porous media into hydrologic transport models is the partition or distribution coefficient, referred to as the linear
K
d
. While the
K
d
approach is not robust and has many limitations, it has been widely used because of its ease of incorporation in transport models. The
K
d
approach is briefly outlined, herein, along with discussion of some of its applications and strengths and weaknesses. While this approach can be problematic, especially when applied to metals, it has been so widely used that it is worthy of discussion.
Water, Life, and the Critical Zone
Authors: Maurice Patricia A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

All life as we know it requires the presence of liquid water. This article briefly discusses how and why water is essential for life. Next, the hydrologic cycle, whereby water is moved amongst reservoirs through flow paths, is introduced, along with some key observations about water quality. Finally, the concept of the “
critical zone
” is introduced as the heterogeneous, near‐surface Earth environment where the hydrosphere, the biosphere, the geosphere, and the atmosphere interact with one another and with the human sphere in a complex manner that is of critical importance to life on Earth. Although the term “critical zone” often is used in a manner that specifically excludes coastlines and large bodies of water, it is certainly true that lakes, oceans and coastal regions represent crucial ecosystems and support human societies and economies.
Groundwater and Soil Remediation Using Fenton's Chemistry
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide, an
in situ
chemical oxidizer in the form of Fenton's Chemistry, can rapidly treat wastewaters, sludges, and contaminated soils and groundwater. The effect of the Fenton's Chemistry is organic contaminant destruction, toxicity reduction, and biodegradability improvement. In addition, removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), odor, and color occur. If Fenton's Chemistry is allowed to be carried to completion, then all organic molecules will ultimately be broken into carbon dioxide and water. Fenton's Chemistry is a nonselective oxidizer. Fenton's Chemistry is also called Fenton's Reagent in the literature.

Soils contaminated with toxic and recalcitrant organic wastes such as petroleum hydrocarbons and chlorinated solvents can be effectively treated with Fenton's Chemistry.
In situ
chemical oxidation (ISCO) uses contact chemistry of the oxidizing agent to react with petroleum hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, munitions, certain pesticides, and wood preservatives in the vadose zone or in the groundwater. The gasoline including benzene, the gasoline additive, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MtBE), as well as a variety of chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), and other synthetic compounds have been shown to break down with Fenton's Chemistry.
Advanced Water Main Deterioration Model Using Bayesian Geoadditive Quantile Regression
Authors: Balekelayi Ngandu , Tesfamariam Solomon 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Once installed, water pipes “condition degrade” until failure. Utility managers anticipate the failure of water mains through a proactive management of urban water systems. In proactive management, deterioration models are used to predict the actual condition of uninspected pipes and forecast the future condition of all the pipes in the network. For an efficient planning, these models' predictions should be as close as the observed conditions of pipes during inspections. High‐degree polynomials can capture the complexity of water pipes deterioration process. However, these polynomials wiggly estimate such relationships and are unsatisfactory in some regions where they fail to fit the observed data. Flexible regression techniques that enable automatic data‐driven estimation of nonlinear relations between covariates and response constitute an alternative approach that can represent the stochastic deterioration process. In this article, a semiparametric deterioration model based on geoadditive quantile regression with smooth nonlinear function estimation of the effects of continuous covariates is proposed. The results confirm the nonlinear assumption of the continuous covariates and highlight factors contributing to the appearance of extreme values in the response variables. Maps representing the effects of the unobserved covariates on the pipes breakage rate are also produced.
Biofilm Formation in Water Supply Pipes
Authors: Xiao Yeyuan , Waheed Hira 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBiofilm formation in water supply pipes is ubiquitous despite the practice of keeping a certain level of disinfectant residual. Biofilms in water supply pipes play a dominant role in shaping the microbial community and governing the microbial quality of tap water. However, this role has long been overlooked largely due to the unavailability ofin situbiofilm monitoring tools and complexity of biofilm ecology. Recent development in molecular biology techniques has opened up a new window for biofilm studies, and thus sparked a new boom in research on biofilms in water supply pipes. This article introduces the new knowledge of occurrence and significance of biofilms in water supply pipes, their impacts on water quality and relationships with pipe corrosion. Then the factors affecting biofilm formation and methods to control it are elaborated. Furthermore, new insights into the microbial ecology of biofilms are presented, which include the dominant microorganisms and their potential roles in biofilms, the diversity and richness of the microbial communities, etc. At the end, future perspectives of research on biofilms in water supply pipes are discussed.
Coastal Oceanography: Physics and Biology
Authors: Wang Xiao Hua , Gao Yue Xin , Wang Qian , He Tianqi , Guan Weibing , Chai Fei 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Many world estuaries and coastal environments are under tremendous stress in response to the increased anthropogenic forcing and climate change. A good understanding of the current state of these marine environments and lessons learnt from these human influences would be extremely valuable to restore and protect these habitats and ecosystems from further environmental degradation and catastrophe. This article provides a synthesis in which the latest research addressing the physics, sedimentary processes, biology, chemistry, and ecological processes is associated with these rapidly changing estuarine and coastal environments. It will explore the challenges and opportunities for future research in China's estuaries and coastal waters around the world.
Climate Change and Agriculture
Authors: Todorović Mladen , Jovanović Nebojša 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClimate change impacts on agriculture are driven by many complex factors and feedback mechanisms. The principal climate change processes influencing agriculture are global warming, elevated CO2, air pollution, and changes in precipitation patterns. The main effects are increased potential crop productivity through CO2fertilization, changes in crop growth and development through temperature increase, phytotoxicity due to air pollutants such as O3, and increased risks of extreme events (droughts, floods, heat waves, cyclones, etc.). This results in socioeconomic impacts such as reduced profits, changes in the price of agricultural products, food insecurity, and population displacement and migration. A large set of “climate‐smart” technical and institutional measures are proposed in order to mitigate/adapt to climate change both for crop and livestock production. Such measures are beneficial to agriculture regardless of climate change (“no regret actions”) and they cover both the biophysical and socioeconomic spheres in order to facilitate the uptake by practitioners. Scientific efforts should be strengthened in order to address research gaps (e.g. predictive modeling at local scale, the impacts of climate change on complex processes such as pest and disease occurrence) and to promote capacity building and public awareness on climate change impacts to agriculture, mitigation, and adaptation measures.
Water Infrastructure and Asset Management
Authors: Kabir Golam , Tesfamariam Solomon , Sadiq Rehan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Health, safety, and economic prosperity of the citizens of any country are ensured with services provided by core public infrastructures such as water, roads, transit, bridges, and wastewater. The water infrastructures are linear systems, among the most important and expensive municipal infrastructure assets. Maintaining integrity and reliability of water infrastructures is the primary goal of water utilities, governmental agencies, and other stakeholders. It has been quite challenging to maintain the integrity and reliability of water infrastructures because of the aging, aggressive environmental factors, climate change, improper maintenance and renewal, and resource shortages. In this article, the asset management framework for the water infrastructures has been discussed. The main objective of the asset management framework is to provide a desired level of service at a minimum cost. The asset management framework will provide the water utility with the capacity to make informed decisions based on the current and anticipated future performance of the asset. This framework will also help the water utility to improve strategic, tactical, and operational planning‐level decisions considering different dimensions of analysis such as performance, risk, and cost analysis.
Water Supply Systems: Performance Indicators
Authors: Haider Husnain , Sadiq Rehan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA water utility consists of different key components (to operate one or more water supply systems in its geographical jurisdiction), including water resources and environmental, physical assets, operations, public health, services, personnel, and finance. Performance of these components can be assessed using suitable performance indicators (PIs). Indicators should be cautiously selected based on their relevance, measurability, and comparability for both the inter‐utility benchmarking and Intra‐utility performance assessment. Inter‐utility benchmarking process may generate long documentation presenting the comparisons of several indicators. Conversely, performance indices are generated by aggregating the PIs at the component level, which are more convenient to top‐level utility's management, policy makers, and the general public. Operations managers are more engrossed in the underlying processes. Intra‐utility performance assessment informs about the performance of subcomponents for each water supply system operating in a utility's dominion. Knowledge shared in this article reveals that effective use of PIs can contribute to the overall sustainability of our water supply systems. More recent applications, (i) multilevel performance assessment, (ii) risk‐based benchmarking, and (iii) continuous performance improvement, are also discussed.
The 2010 Marshall, Michigan Tar Sands Oil Spill
Authors: Insko Jeffrey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
On 25 July 2010, an oil pipeline transporting diluted bitumen from the tar sands region of Alberta, Canada ruptured near Marshall, Michigan. Over the course of 17 hours, oil gushed from a six‐foot seam in the pipeline. By the time personnel from the pipeline company Enbridge, Inc., finally realized the line was compromised, over a million gallons of oil had spilled into Talmadge Creek, a tributary of the Kalamazoo River. The oil traveled almost two miles down the creek and entered the river, which flows some 130 miles in a northwesterly direction until it reaches Lake Michigan. Because a spill of this type and magnitude had never before occurred in a body of fresh water, it would ultimately take nearly seven years and cost more than a billion dollars to clean it up, making it the costliest inland oil spill in the US history. The Marshall spill is significant for what it taught scientists, industry, and the public about the behavior of diluted bitumen in fresh water, for bringing into visibility the threats posed by the nation's vast pipeline infrastructure to sensitive freshwater resources, and for its bellwether role in North American grassroots and indigenous movements focused on water protection.
Co‐Digestion of Food Waste at Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Martis Mary , Leverenz Harold , Raibley Tim , Thomas Brian , Roa Amanda 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is well established that the addition of food waste and similar feedstock to municipal wastewater anaerobic digesters, a practice known as co‐digestion, can be used to increase the production of biogas. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the practice and considerations for food waste co‐digestion for engineers and planners. Items discussed include the rationale for the practice of co‐digestion, including legal requirements, excess capacity, potential revenue, and sustainability goals. Details on food waste sources, conducting a food waste survey, and food waste collection programs are discussed. This report also contains a review of considerations for food waste loading to an anaerobic digester, including potential challenges and costs.
Water Distribution Systems: Hydraulics and Quality Modeling
Authors: Mian Haroon R. , Saleem Sana , Hu Guangji , Sadiq Rehan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water is considered one of the key elements of life. It is important to deliver, manage, and maintain the quantity and quality of drinking water for safe ingestion. Water is supplied through a water distribution system (WDS), which delivers water from the source to end consumers with required flow and pressure. Moreover, water treatment is applied to maintain the quality of water. To achieve the required water quantity and quality, it is important to evaluate the conditions of water in WDS. Motivated by rapid population growth and urbanization, city planners, designers, and engineers are more interested in evaluating water quantity and quality in the planning phase. Development of models (numerical or conceptual) has become a widely recognized approach for any system, especially in the evaluation stage. Several models have been developed in the context of WDS to evaluate water quantity and quality, and most of these have been developed based on real‐world water sampling data. This article comprehensively reviews the existing hydraulic and quality models that have been applied in various WDSs. Some of the commonly used water modeling software used in WDS hydraulic and quality designs are also listed.
Water Quality Failure Pathways
Authors: Hu Guangji , Mian Haroon R. , Hager James , Sadiq Rehan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water utilities around the globe strive to provide safe and reliable drinking water supplies to the public. Based on human health and aesthetic considerations, various water quality parameters have been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) for effective water quality monitoring and communication. The water quality parameters are listed in the Guidelines for Drinking‐water Quality, providing references to water regulatory authorities in developing water guidelines/standards that fit local circumstances. Water quality parameters can generally be divided into four aspects, including chemical, biological, radiological, and acceptability parameters. Water quality failure in water distribution systems (WDSs) can pose great threats to human health since a WDS in many cases is the last barrier providing water quality protection. In WDSs, five important pathways, including contaminant intrusion, leaching and corrosion, permeation, biofilm formation and microbial regrowth, and the formation of disinfectant byproducts (DBPs), are responsible for water quality failure. A water quality management system (WQMS) comprises operational protocols and communication mechanisms and is required as guidance on effective water quality management. A WQMS standard has also been recommended by the WHO to assist water supply stakeholders in developing localized water quality management frameworks to minimize the risk of water quality failure.
Water Desalination: Electrostatic and Electrochemical Separation Processes
Authors: Shanbhag Sneha , Karimi Leila , Whitacre Jay F. , Mauter Meagan S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrostatic and electrochemical separations offer significant potential in the deionization of water as either stand‐alone processes or pre‐/posttreatment processes for achieving targeted water quality. This article critically reviews these electrically driven methods for the desalination of water. We begin by chronicling the historical development of electrostatic and electrochemical separation processes in both research and commercial applications. Further, we review the fundamental transport and reaction phenomenon critical to process performance and define metrics for assessing this performance. The subsequent two sections provide a deeper review of CDI (electrostatic) and electrosorption (electrochemical ion removal), and electromembrane separation systems, such as electrodialysis (ED), electrodialysis reversal (EDR), and electrodeionization (EDI), as well as membrane‐assisted electrosorption systems. For each of these electrostatic or electrochemical separation methods, we discuss the process fundamentals, key challenges associated with these technologies as well as recent innovations in materials and process design that are overcoming historical limits. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of practical applications of these methods and summarize opportunities to advance electrochemical processes for materially and energy‐efficient ionic separations.
Drinking Water Treatment Unit Processes: Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Ladner David A. , Zhou Zuo , Xie Peng 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The conventional drinking water treatment plant train of unit processes includes an intake structure, rapid mix, flocculation, sedimentation, granular media filtration, disinfection, and distribution. As populations grow and unconventional sources of water are sought, alternative unit processes are becoming more common, such as ozonation and reverse osmosis. Novel ideas to accomplish certain goals in the treatment plant have resulted in modified processes that function differently than their conventional counterparts; static mixers are one example. With this changing landscape of drinking water treatment, it behooves engineers to use modern tools to compare options and optimize their designs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling is a method for accomplishing those goals. This article discusses CFD modeling in the context of the above drinking water treatment plant unit processes. The most common software packages are discussed, including ANSYS Fluent, COMSOL Multiphysics, and OpenFOAM. With each unit process, the goals of CFD modeling are explored. Some common threads emerge among processes, such as the utility of identifying dead zones or eddies in vessels and the importance of calculating shear and mixing intensity. This article thus serves as an overview for practitioners or others interested in using CFD as a drinking‐water treatment plant design tool.
Overview of Drinking Water Distribution System Microbiome and Water Quality
Authors: Gomez Christa K. , Aggarwal Srijan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAfter treating the source water at the water treatment plant, the water is distributed to the consumer through the large network of drinking water distribution system pipes and mains. Since the water can spend days to weeks in this buried infrastructure, there is a possibility of introduction of recontamination or undesirable biological growth in the treated water. There needs to be a delicate balance among the three components of this system: water, microbiome, and the infrastructure itself; with the overarching goal to provide high‐quality drinking water to ensure public health and safety. There exists a strong interplay and feedback among these three components, each impacting the other. While drinking water treatment revolutionized public health in the last few decades, in the United States we are currently dealing with an aging water infrastructure which is nearing the end of its life – making it all the more important to understand the processes that impact water quality during distribution. In this article, we provide an overview of factors and processes that govern the microbial communities and biofilms in the distribution system, and thereby impacting water quality – by revisiting key concepts and highlighting new information as well as future directions.
Water Distribution System
Authors: Saleem Sana , Mian Haroon R. , Hu Guangji 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Providing sufficient water with appropriate quality has been an important challenge in human history. This challenge has become more significant in recent years due to increased water demands as a result of global population growth. To address the challenge, water infrastructure, known as water supply system, has been specially designed to provide a sufficient supply of clean water to the public. A water supply system broadly consists of four components: collection works, treatment works, transmission works, and distribution works. Among these components, distribution works, also collectively known as a water distribution system (WDS), is recognized as one of the main components of the water supply system. WDS comprises pipes, storage tanks, valves, and pumps. A WDS can be very complex because different types of components are used and different areas may have different water demands. Many efforts have been made to improve WDSs for better water supply services. These studies developed some design parameters to ensure reliable, long‐range operations of WDSs. This article classifies WDSs according to their sizes and components and highlights some key challenges related to the operation and management of WDSs.