bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive Open Online Course Evaluation Methods: Systematic Review
Authors: Alturkistani Abrar , Lam Ching , Foley Kimberley , Stenfors Terese , Blum Elizabeth R , Van Velthoven Michelle Helena , Meinert Edward 
Published: January 2020

Background
Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have the potential to make a broader educational impact because many learners undertake these courses. Despite their reach, there is a lack of knowledge about which methods are used for evaluating these courses.

Objective
The aim of this review was to identify current MOOC evaluation methods to inform future study designs.

Methods
We systematically searched the following databases for studies published from January 2008 to October 2018: (1) Scopus, (2) Education Resources Information Center, (3) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Xplore, (4) PubMed, (5) Web of Science, (6) British Education Index, and (7) Google Scholar search engine. Two reviewers independently screened the abstracts and titles of the studies. Published studies in the English language that evaluated MOOCs were included. The study design of the evaluations, the underlying motivation for the evaluation studies, data collection, and data analysis methods were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. The quality of the included studies was appraised using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and the National Institutes of Health—National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tool for cohort observational studies and for before-after (pre-post) studies with no control group.

Results
The initial search resulted in 3275 studies, and 33 eligible studies were included in this review. In total, 16 studies used a quantitative study design, 11 used a qualitative design, and 6 used a mixed methods study design. In all, 16 studies evaluated learner characteristics and behavior, and 20 studies evaluated learning outcomes and experiences. A total of 12 studies used 1 data source, 11 used 2 data sources, 7 used 3 data sources, 4 used 2 data sources, and 1 used 5 data sources. Overall, 3 studies used more than 3 data sources in their evaluation. In terms of the data analysis methods, quantitative methods were most prominent with descriptive and inferential statistics, which were the top 2 preferred methods. In all, 26 studies with a cross-sectional design had a low-quality assessment, whereas RCTs and quasi-experimental studies received a high-quality assessment.

Conclusions
The MOOC evaluation data collection and data analysis methods should be determined carefully on the basis of the aim of the evaluation. The MOOC evaluations are subject to bias, which could be reduced using pre-MOOC measures for comparison or by controlling for confounding variables. Future MOOC evaluations should consider using more diverse data sources and data analysis methods.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR2-10.2196/12087
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN VITAMIN E TERHADAP KADAR PROSTAGLANDIN (PGF2α) DAN TNF α PADA PENDERITA DISMENOREA
Authors: Rishel Rika Astria 
Published: January 2020

<p><em>Pemberian vitamin E pada wanita yang mengalami dismenorea dapat secara langsung menekan kadar ROS dan dapat memperbaiki struktur memberan sel yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh pemberian vitamin E terhadap kadar Prostaglandin dan TNF-α pada penderita dismenorea. Penelitian ini merupakan quasi eksperimental dengan desain penelitian Pre andPost Test Only Group Designyang menggunakan 22orang wanita yang mengalami dismenorea primer yang derajat 4-6. Pengambilan sampel dengan simple random sampling. Pemeriksaan kadar prostaglandin dan TNF-α dilakukan di UPTD Balai Laboratorium Kesehatan Provinsi Sumatra barat dengan metode ELISA.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata kadar prostaglandin sebelum pemberian Vitamin E yaitu 205,5 ± 143,3 pg/ml, sedangkan setelah pemberian yaitu 124,8 ± 59,0 pg/ml(p&lt;0,05). Rerata kadar TNF-α sebelum pemberian Vitamin E yaitu 207,2 ± 132,0 ng/l, sedangkan setelah pemberian yaitu 125,9 ± 35,7 ng/ll .Pada analisa data didapatkan kadar prostaglandin dan TNF-α p &lt; 0,05. Kesimpulan penelitian ini ada pengaruh pemberian vitamin E terhadap kadar Prostaglandin dan TNF-α pada penderita dismenorea</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Kata kunci :Dismenorea, Prostaglandin, TNF-α</em></strong></p>
Biodegradasi Senyawa Toksik Naftalena Pencemar Lingkungan Menggunakan Isolat Fungi Indigen Provinsi Riau
Authors: Novianty Riryn 
Published: January 2020

<em>Napthalene is two ring aromatic of a group Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) that is one priority pollutans established in nature which can cause carcinogenic. The aim of this study is determine the effectiveness of three isolates of indigenous fungi from Riau Province to degrade naphthalene. The growth and the ability of isolates to degrade naphthalene were examined into liquid MM (Minimal Medium) containing 0.2 mM naphthalene for 16 days incubation.The potential of fungi isolates during the degradation process was influenced by several parameters, including biomass, pH and the percentage of degradation which was measured at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 days of incubation. The results showed that the three isolates could use the naphthalene substrate as an energy source. The three isolates can degraded naphthalene each 51.28% oleh Aspergillus sp. LBKURCC151, 55.13% oleh Aspergillus sp. LBKURCC152 dan 48.72% oleh Penicillium sp. LBKURCC153. LBKURCC152. In conclusion, Aspergillus sp. LBKURCC152 is the best isolate for naphthalene degradation in this research</em>
O Tribunal de Segurança Nacional e a sua atuação no Brasil dos anos 1930 e 1940
Authors: Pinto Julia Kertesz Renault 
Published: January 2020

RESUMOO presente artigo trata da atuação do Tribunal de Segurança Nacional, como Corte de exceção, entre os anos de 1936 e 1945. Estritamente vinculado à política militar anticomunista do Estado Novo (1937-1945), o TSN foi criado e elaborado a partir de leis de segurança nacional, que viriam a ser, durante a Ditadura Militar, uma das principais armas da repressão.PALAVRAS-CHAVEHistória do Direito. Tribunal de Segurança Nacional. Getúlio Vargas. Estado Novo. ABSTRACTThe present paper analyses the role of the Court of National Security, as a Court of exception, between the years of 1936 and 1945. Strictly connected to the military anti-communist policy of the Estado Novo (1937-1945), the Court of National Security was created and elaborated through the Laws of National Security, which would become, during the Military Dictatorship, one of the main weapons of the repression.KEYWORDSLegal history. Court of National Security. Getúlio Vargas. Estado Novo.
O legislador entre “felicidade pública” e “máxima felicidade”: contribuição à história da filosofia jurídica às vésperas da era dos direitos
Authors: Castro Alexander Rodrigues de 
Published: January 2020

RESUMOO presente trabalho é um estudo de história intelectual do direito e tem como objetivo descrever a evolução de alguns tópicos do pensamento jurídico-político setecentista. Na teoria política pró-absolutista do século XVIII, um dos tópicos mais importantes foi a figura do legislador, que aparece já no começo do século no âmbito do discurso da felicidade pública. Posteriormente, o tema volta a ser elaborado pela incipiente filosofia utilitarista que se desenvolvia ainda dentro do iluminismo com Claude-Adrien Helvétius e Cesare Beccaria. De tal forma, o tema do legislador contribuiu de forma decisiva para a transição à segunda modernidade no âmbito do pensamento jurídico, fundamentando a hegemonia da lei sobre as outras fontes de direito e facilitando a emergência dos direitos – direitos humanos, direitos fundamentais, direitos da personalidade – como centro da ordem jurídica. Procuramos seguir este itinerário, demonstrando como a questão do legislador e os temas a ele conectados vão sendo reelaborados ao longo do desenvolvimento do pensamento político setecentista. Demonstramos, assim, que no âmbito de uma fundamentação teórica do absolutismo monárquico, que se inicia com a metamorfose na compreensão do papel da coroa com relação à sociedade, o tema do legislador converte-se em pedra angular de algumas importantes tendências do pensamento jurídico moderno. Utilizamos os métodos propostos pela história conceitual.PALAVRAS-CHAVEHistória do pensamento jurídico. Legislador. Utilitarismo. Máxima felicidade. ABSTRACTThe present work is a study on the intellectual history of law and aims to describe the evolution of some topics of eighteenth-century legal-political thinking. In the eighteenth-century pro-absolutist political theory, one of the most important subjects of debate was the legislator, which appears already at the beginning of the century in the “public happiness” discourse. Subsequently, it continued to be discussed by the incipient utilitarian philosophy that started being developed within the Enlightenment with Claude-Adrien Helvétius and Cesare Beccaria. The debate on the legislator contributed decisively to the transition to the second modernity in the field of legal thought, laying the foundations for the hegemony of statutory law over other sources of law and facilitating the emergence of rights – human rights, fundamental rights, personality rights – as the center of the legal order. We seek to follow this itinerary, demonstrating how the legislator question evolved throughout the eighteenth-century political thought. We thus intend to demonstrate that within the framework of a theoretical justification for monarchical absolutism, the legislator subject became the cornerstone of some important trends in modern legal thought. We use the methods proposed by conceptual history.KEYWORDSHistory of legal thought. Legislator. Utilitarianism. Greatest happiness.
Group Labeling Methodology Using Distance-based Data Grouping Algorithms
Authors: Filho Francisco Imperes , Machado Vinicius Ponte , Veras Rodrigo De Melo Souza , Aires Kelson Romulo Teixeira , Montenegro Leal Silva Aline 
Published: January 2020

Clustering algorithms are often used to form groups based on the similarity of their members. In this context, understanding a group is just as important as its composition. Identifying, or labeling groups can assist with their interpretation and, consequently, guide decision-making efforts by taking into account the features from each group. Interpreting groups can be beneficial when it is necessary to know what makes an element a part of a given group, what are the main features of a group, and what are the differences and similarities among them. This work describes a method for finding relevant features and generate labels for the elements of each group, uniquely identifying them. This way, our approach solves the problem of finding relevant definitions that can identify groups. The proposed method transforms the standard output of an unsupervised distance-based clustering algorithm into a Pertinence Degree (GP), where each element of the database receives a GP concerning each formed group. The elements with their GPs are used to formulate ranges of values for their attributes. Such ranges can identify the groups uniquely. The labels produced by this approach averaged 94.83% of correct answers for the analyzed databases, allowing a natural interpretation of the generated definitions.
CHANGING ENERGY GEOPOLITICS: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF SUSTAINABILITY IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY GEOPOLITICS?
Authors: Mousinho Maria Cândida Arrais de Miranda , Torres Ednildo Andrade , Vieira de Melo Silvio Alexandre Beisl , Kumar Nanda 
Published: January 2020

The act of dominating energy resources undoubtedly permeates the conquest of territories and their respective societies. Energy and geopolitics have always walked conjointly in the process of economic and social development in which societies have been based over the time. The multiplicity of issues that geopolitics gathered helped broaden the spectrum of analysis of geopolitical turning it more complex. This paper has the main objective to contribute for a discussion about the transition from the geopolitics based on the physical space to the geopolitics based on sustainability in which renewable energy has consolidated in the international scenario. The final considerations highlight the quest for energy security requires more than the quest for energy self-sufficiency itself. In addition, the sustainable paradigm introduced in the geopolitics of energy new challenges as the insertion of renewable energy in a context dominated by traditional sources of energy that provokes a reflection on how the challenges related to geopolitics will be dealt with. In that way, China and India appears as a global players. The choice of cooperative dialogues appears as an essential element in the balance of the energy system.
DESANCORAGEM E ABALROAMENTO: TRAJETÓRIAS RECENTES DA SEMIPERIFERIA NO SISTEMA-MUNDO
Authors: Vieira Maíra Baé Baladão 
Published: January 2020

The concept of semiperiphery is considered by many authors as the most important contribution of Immanuel Wallerstein’s work. Since its definition in the 1970s, strenuous attempts have been made to define a geographical dimension. This article seeks to retake the relevance of the semiperiphery to the understanding of contemporary international circumstances. Its operation allows global data to be aggregated, offering a factual and updated cut of the most diverse economic and political facets that make up the World-System. To define which countries make up the semiperiphery in the present time, one of the attempts is replicated and an update of the listing is presented. In the end, some examples of instrumentation of the concept are presented, based on selected indicators.
MODERNIZAÇÃO ARMAMENTISTA NA AMÉRICA DO SUL: PRESSÕES EMPÍRICAS E TEÓRICAS SOBRE AS VISÕES DUALISTAS DE SEGURANÇA REGIONAL
Authors: Duarte Villa Rafael 
Published: January 2020

Research that focuses on security systems in South America usually identifies the existence of two regional security subsystems: one in the Andean countries of the North, with more traditional characteristics such as militarized tensions at the borders and intense drug trafficking problems; and a second one located in the Southern Cone, with security and integration regimes, which could qualify as a security community. This is what we call a dualistic view of security. This paper challenges this thesis to show that contemporary developments and concerns about the purchase of sophisticated weaponry by some South American countries, especially Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil in the first two decades of this century are critical points for the idea of a permanent (democratic) peace zone located only in the Southern Cone. In fact, arms purchases transform the South American region into a single regional security complex with tensions and militarized representations in both the Andean system and the Southern Cone.
RÚSSIA, CHINA E A COREIA DO SUL NO MERCADO DE DEFESA SUL-AMERICANO
Authors: Borges Gama Neto Ricardo 
Published: January 2020

The article tries to discuss if the impact of the political changes, which occurred in South America from the first decade of the century, influenced the purchase of military equipment by some countries of the region. The emergence of new governments, with a strong left leaning, occurred concurrently with a clear change in the classic pattern of buying defense equipment. European countries and the US have come to be preferred, as opposed to Russia and China, as suppliers of arms to the various South American armed forces.
Zimbabwean Manufacturing Firms' Propensity and Intensity to Export in the Post Zimbabwean Dollar Era
Authors: Mugumisi Nathan 
Published: January 2020

After the adoption of the multicurrency system in 2009 Zimbabweâ€™s macroeconomic environment stabilized but the new economic order exposed the economy to a crippling liquidity crisis. Exports remain the only sustainable solution to Zimbabweâ€™s liquidity crisis in the short to medium term given the current sanctions that limits other international capital flows. This study sort to understand the factors that determine Zimbabwean manufacturing firmsâ€™ likelihood and intensity to export. The study a was based on panel data from a 19 manufacturing firms listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange over the period 2009 to 2017. The propensity and intensity to export was estimated using the logit and Tobit regression models respectively. Bigger firms and firms that engage in research and development had a high propensity to export. Foreign owned firms and firms that engage in research and development had a high intensity to export, while those with high domestic turnover tended to export less. The appreciation of the USD increased Zimbabwean manufacturing firmsâ€™ propensity and intensity to export. We urge the policy makers to design investment laws that attract foreign investors, and managers to prioritize research and development. We also recommend firm managers to take advantage of periods of currency appreciation to recapitalize at a cheaper cost and export more goods since Zimbabweâ€™s manufacturing production is highly import dependent.
Capital Structure and The Profitability of Listed Retail Firms
Authors: Kasozi Jason Stephen 
Published: January 2020

The South African retail sector continues to experience a decline in sales and returns amidst growing external competition and a drop in consumer confidence stemming from the recent credit downgrades in the country. Yet, firms in this sector appear to maintain high debt to equity levels. This study investigated whether the capital structure practices of these firms influence their profitability. A Panel data methodology, using three regression estimators, is applied to a balanced sample of 16 retail firms listed on the Johannesburg Securities Exchange (JSE) during the period 2008-2016. The analysis estimates functions relating capital structure composition with the return on assets (ROA). Results reveal a statistically significant but negative relationship between all measures of debt (short-term, long-term, total debt) with profitability, suggesting a possible inclination towards the pecking order theory of financing behaviour, for listed retail firms. Additionally, retail firms are highly leveraged yet over 75% of this debt is short-term in nature. Policy interventions need to investigate the current restrictions on long-term debt financing which offers longerterm and affordable financing, to boost returns. While this studyâ€™s methodology differs slightly from earlier studies, it incorporates vital aspects from these studies, and simultaneously specifies a possible model fit. This helps to capture unique but salient characteristics like the transitional effects of debt financing on firm profitability. It therefore delivers some unique findings on the financing behaviour of retail firms that both in form policy change, while stimulating further research on the phenomenon.
Food Insecurity and the Rising Urbanisation in Africa: Can ICT Revolution Bridge the GAP?
Authors: Oluwatayo Isaac B. , Ojo Ayodeji O. 
Published: January 2020

The task of reducing food insecurity in Africa is very challenging. This is because of the changing conditions such as adverse climate change impacts. This study examined food insecurity, urbanisation and ICT in Africa. The paper employed a combination of both secondary and historical information obtained from different sources (UNHCR, FAO, Mo Ibrahim Foundation etc). Analytical method used include descriptive statistics such as charts. Food security indices in Africa is alarming and disturbing. One in four people in Africa do not have access to food in adequate quantities and one in five African children are underweight. African agriculture is rendered unattractive by low productivity hence the exodus of labour from rural to urban areas. Africa is the most rapidly urbanising continent in the world with enabling factors comprising of infrastructure deficits in rural areas, dearth of employment opportunities and glamour of city life. However, Africaâ€™s urban centres are not immune to the challenges inducing rural-urban migration in the first place. In fact, youth unemployment in Africa is 6 times higher in urban areas than in rural areas. About 72percent of urban dwellers live in slums with the most of them having no access to basic amenities. These culminated in what is regarded in literature as â€˜urbanisation of povertyâ€™. Migrants are generally scapegoated as the causes of crimes, violence and even unemployment in urban areas. Therefore, they are subjected to sub-human living conditions. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is particularly critical to the achievement of food security in Africa. This is because of the huge gap between markets and farmers which it is capable of filling. The paper therefore recommends increased but monitored investments in infrastructure in Africa in order to make rural areas more attractive and discourage rural-urban migration. There is also the need to provide favourable micro and macro-environment for businesses to grow especially in rural Africa.
Causes of Poor Service Delivery and the Feasibility of Outsourcing to Improve Services in Local Authorities
Authors: N. Wadesango , C. Mhaka , T. Chikomo , O Wadesango V 
Published: January 2020

This theoretical paper was undertaken to ascertain the causes of poor service delivery and to establish if outsourcing of public service delivery could be used to improve local Authority services. It interrogated and critiqued documents on what other researchers in their different contexts had established in view of the feasibility of outsourcing as a strategy to improve service delivery. It emerged in this study that political interference, lack of citizen participation. lack of funds and corruption were the main causes of poor service delivery in local authorities. Therefore, outsourcing was seen to bring quality and affordable services for the public while costs savings and emergence of hidden costs were the financial implications unveiled for the local authorities (LAs). Social costs, accountability for public service delivery and quality shading were cited to be the outsourcing challenges. It also emerged in this study that outsourcing can increase service quality and provide affordable services for the public. Taking into account the information that was accumulated and examined, the researchers came to the conclusion that the current services being offered by local authorities are very poor and this is attributed to many causes such as political interference, lack of citizen participation, lack of funds and corruption. The study therefore, concludes that outsourcing could be a feasible option to use to improve service delivery by local authorities.
Practicing learner-centred and technology-enabled course (co/re)design
Authors: Lees Amanda B 
Published: January 2020

This presentation focuses on sharing a journey of practice using a series of case studies based on my experiences as a lecturer and learner within health-related tertiary education. As someone who would be very hesitant to describe themselves as ‘technical’ I share some of the ways in which curiosity, perseverance and technology-enabled transdisciplinary collaborations have enhanced the learning experiences of my students while providing incremental gains to my own capacity to learn.
Each case study is underpinned by a variety of technologies, pedagogies and philosophies which have provided not only a foundation for course (co/re) design but also associated evaluations. Demonstrating how innovative developments, triumphs, challenges, student feedback, peer insights and self-reflection have informed iterative cycles of change in my courses, I reflect on the implications for future learning design as continual shifts are made toward student-determined, learner-defined learning.