bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Management in Study Abroad: Lessons from the Wilderness
Authors: Ritchie Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

This essay seeks to lay out some principles from the field of wilderness education and apply those to study abroad. It will discuss judgment and risk management, with a special emphasis on practical suggestions for programs and the study abroad field more generally. While this comes out of experience in risk management in developing countries, much of it can be applied to study abroad in industrialized countries. This essay is not intended to be a comprehensive literature review on risk management in study abroad or in wilderness education. Rather, its purpose is to share some of the experiences and lessons learned from wilderness education so that they may be put to use in risk management in study abroad.
Kajian Teknik Pengendalian Rute Circuit Switching Pada Jaringan Telekomunikasi Berbasis Simulasi
Authors: Cucu Tatang Rohana 
Published: June 2020

Perutean (routing) dimaksudkan untuk memperoleh konfigurasi jaringan optimum yang diperlukan dalam menangani trafik secara sistematis dan efisiean. Sasaran utamanya adalah menentukan semua rute yang merupakan bagian dari jaringan telekomunikasi berdasarkan ketentuan dan petunjuk yang disepakati untuk menjamin terlaksananya suatu koneksi secara cepat. Penelitian ini berisi tentang kajian teknik perutean yang merupakan bagian dari circuit swithing, yaitu alternate hierarchical routing (AHR) dan dynamic nonhierarchical routing (DNHR). Dalam Alternate Hierarchical Routing (AHR), berbagai alternatif perutean didefinisikan sebagai lintasan routing. Mekanisme perpindahan trafik ke rute alternatif didasarkan pada overflow dari trafik yang diprioritaskan, sedangkan dynamic nonhierarchical routing (DNHR) keputusan pemilihan rute didasarkan pada tabel dinamik yang merupakan fungsi waktu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kajian pustaka dan metode pengujian. Metode pengujian digunakan sebagai alat bantu terhadap perhitungan dan analisa secara pustaka. Penilaian performansi teknik perutean yang dikaji diukur dari keefektifan dan efisiensi dalam penentuan rute trafik, trafik yang ditemukan, dan efisiensi waktu pencarian rute trafik. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian yang sudah dilakukan pada penelitian ini, diperoleh hasil bahwa berdasarkan jumlah rute yang ditemukan teknik alternate hierarchical routing lebih efektif dibandingkan teknik dynamic nonhierarchical routing. Sedangkan berdasarkan efisiensi waktu pencarian trafik, teknik dynamic nonhierarchical routing lebih efisien 5.55 % dibanding teknik alternate hierarchical routing.
CIVIL SERVANTS 'COMPETENCE AS PUBLIC SERVICES
Authors: Rusdi M. Fikro , Langkai Jeane , Tangkau Charles H S 
Published: June 2020

This study aims to describe the analysis, and interpret the Competencies of Civil Servants in carrying out governmental duties as a public service at the Bolaang Mongondow Utara Regency Secretariat. This type of research is Qualitative with a case study approach.
The results showed that: The implementation of competency standards for Civil Servants in carrying out government duties as a public service at the Regional Secretariat of North Bolaang Mongondow Regency has not run as expected. This can be seen from the results data (1) the processes and procedures carried out have not fully met the process in accordance with the guidelines for rolling position in North Bolaang Mongondow Regency which is in accordance with the Minister of Administrative Reform and Bureaucracy Reform (PERMENPANRB) Number 38 of 2017 concerning Position Competency Standards State Civil Apparatus. (2). The procedure for rolling has already been stated in the Regent's decree, but the process is not yet understood and follows the stages and indicators that must be met that have not gone well as expected. (3). in the placement process there are officials who are not in accordance with their competencies to occupy the position because if viewed from the rules not in accordance with the guidelines the Managerial Competency indicator is measured from the level of education, structural training or management, and leadership experience this is contained in PP 11/2017 Article 55. ( 4) employee qualifications although it is recognized that the fulfillment of qualifications and competencies is still around 60% -70% according to the requirements. (5) meryt system is also not fully implemented, the quality factor of HR (Human Resources) seen from the level of education still needs to be improved especially at the S2 level , and the level of skills of employees who must follow Diklatpim according to the level of position they occupy must be appropriate and get attention.

Keywords: Public Policy, Public Services, PNS Competence
PENGARUH LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITAS DAN KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL TERHADAP MANAJEMEN LABA
Authors: Febria Dilla 
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari Leverage, Profitabilitas, dan Kepemilikan Manajerial terhadap Manajemen Laba dengan menggunakan ukuran dan umur perusahaan sebagai variabel kontrol. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan tambang yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2016-2018. Jumlah perusahaan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 23 dengan menggunakan teknik puposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis regresi data panel, dengan beberapa pemilihan model uji chow dan uji hipotesis menggunakan software E-Views.
Dengan menggunakan T-test untuk menguji koefisien regresi secara parsial serta F-test untuk menguji pengaruh secara bersama-sama dengan tingkat signifikan 5%. Hasil yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu leverage dan kepemilikan manajerial tidak berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba. Sedangkan, profitabilitas mempunyai pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap manajemen laba. Secara simultan leverage, profitabilitas dan kepemilikan manajerial berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba.

Kata kunci: “Leverage, Profitabilitas, Kepemilikan Manajerial, Manajemen Laba”.
Fungsi Instruktif, Konsultatif, Partisipatif dan Delegasi Dalam Melihat Fungsi Kepemimpinan Kepala Desa Kelapapati Kabupaten Bengkalis
Authors: Afrizal Dedy , Saputra Riko , Wahyuni Lilis , Erinaldi Erinaldi 
Published: June 2020

Kepala desa di tuntut untuk menjalankan fungsi kepemimpinannya dalam semua aktivitas pemerintahan desa. Berperan penting dalam merencanakan dan membuat suatu keputusan yang digunakan dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan. Desa kelapapati dalam pelaksanaannya belum berjalan dengan optimal, temuan observasi iaitu masih rendah kesadaran aparatur desa dan masyarakat dalam melaksanakan perintah yang diberikan kepala desa serta kurangnya kehadiran aparatur, lembaga kemasyarakatan dan masyarakat dalam mengikuti kegiatan Desa. Tujuan penelitian ini melihat fungsi kepemimpinan kepala desa kelapapati dengan melihat fungsi instruktif, konsultatif, partisipatif dan delegasi. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan kuesioner kepada aparatur desa serta unsur-unsur desa yang terlibat. Temuan penelitian tentang pelaksanaan fungsi kepemimpinan didesa Kelapapati adalah cukup baik.
The induction of neurotrophin and trk receptor mRNA expression during early avian embryogenesis
Authors: Baig M.A. , Khan M.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNerve growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin‐3, designated neurotrophins, are a family of neurotrophic factors, having important functions in the survival of embryonic and adult neuronal subpopulations. Through the trk family of receptors, these neurotrophins utilize phosphotyrosine‐mediated signal transduction. We have used RT‐PCR to detect the expression of mRNA for the above neurotrophins and their respective receptors, namely trkA, trkB and trkC in embryonic stages 1–8 of chicken development. While trkA and trkC mRNAs were expressed from stage 1 onwards, NGF and NT‐3 mRNAs were expressed only at stages 3 and 5, respectively. In contrast, BDNF mRNA was expressed at stage 1, being the only neurotrophin expressed prior to expression of its respective receptor trkB. However, the latter was not expressed until stage 8. These results indicate an earlier expression of some but not all trk proto‐oncogenes, suggesting that the two different receptor mRNAs expressed i.e. trkA and trkC in conjunction with BDNF, at stage 1, may act in aspects of very early embryonic development, such as gastrulation. Thereafter, mRNAs for trkB, NGF and NT‐3 are expressed reflecting their later action in early embryonic development.
The birth of the bipolar disorder
Authors: Pichot P 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe history of the description by Jean-Pierre Falret of circular insanity, the origin of our present day bipolar disorder, is presented as well as the claims of priority raised by his colleague Jules Baillarger. A detailed account is given of the long-lasting controversy which has often given rise to biased judgments about the respective roles of the two psychiatrists. It is shown that the clinical concept was an expression of Falret's views about the nature of mental disorders and that, through the influence these views had on future nosological systems, the apparently purely picturesque episode corresponds to a landmark in the history of psychiatry.
Sclerotherapy — an adjuvant therapy to endometriosis
Authors: Chang C.‐C. , Lee H.‐F. , Tsai H.‐D. , Lo H.‐Y. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: Recurrent endometriomas after medical or surgical treatmentis a difficult clinical problem for those patients who wish to perform ovulation induction. Therefore we tried to investigate the efficacy of sclerotherapy as an adjuvant management before ovulation induction to preserve more ovarian tissue for folliculogenesis in ART program. Methods: Thirty‐two patients with persistent or recurrent endometrioma after surgical or medical treatment were included in this study. Transvaginal ultrasound needle guided aspiration of the cyst followed by tetracycline instillation was performed before ovulation induction. Results: There is an encouraging clinical pregnancy rate of 34.37%. Also, there is a disappointing recurrent rate of 46.87% in 12 months follow‐up course. Conclusion: The increased interest in cost‐effective outpatient therapy and the expected difficulty in surgical treatment of recurrent endometriomas made aspiration and sclerotherapy of endometrioma an attractive option before ovulation induction.
Suppression of fibrous adhesion by proteoglycan decorin
Authors: Fukui Naoshi , Fukuda Akira , Kojima Kazunori , Nakajima Kohei , Oda Hiromi , Nakamura Kozo 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSmall proteoglycan decorin is known to suppress the bioactivity of TGF‐β through a competitive binding with the cell surface receptors for the cytokine. Based on this knowledge, we hypothesized that decorin could reduce the formation of fibrous adhesion, because our previous study showed the neutralizing antibody to TGF‐β1 has that effect. An intra‐articular adhesion model in the rabbit knee joint was employed in this study, and decorin was administered into the joint cavity continuously during the 4 weeks of the experiment. The results of the dose—response study demonstrated that decorin suppresses formation of fibrous adhesion in a dose‐dependent manner. When the administration of decorin was limited to shorter periods, this effect was considerably impaired and the necessity of long‐term administration was demonstrated. On the other hand, when administered together with TGF‐β1, decorin still suppressed adhesion but to a lesser extent, and it was suggested that this proteoglycan could have other significant mechanism(s) to suppress adhesion besides the neutralization of TGF‐β. Thus, the present study showed that decorin could inhibit adhesion formation by both TGF‐β dependent and independent mechanisms. Considering that decorin exists ubiquitously in the body, its administration might be a promising approach to suppress adhesion. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of nmda antagonists on the activity ofglutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase in thedeveloping rat cerebellum
Authors: Moran Julio , Alavez Silvestre , Rivera‐gaxiola Maritza , Valencia Antonio , Hurtado Sandra 
Published: July 2002

AbstractChronic treatment of rats from postnatal day 6 to 25 with drugs that interact with the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor induced a differential effect on theactivity of some enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Two of these drugs ((5R,10S)‐ (+)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo (a,d)cyclohepten‐5,10‐iminehydrogen maleate (MK‐801) and 3‐ (2‐carboxypiperazin‐4‐yl)propyl‐1‐phosphonic acid (CPP))caused a marked reduction (20–40%) of glutaminase and aspartate aminotransferase activity inthe cerebellum. These changes were observed only at a very precise time of development (i.e. 10to 19 postnatal day). The competitive antagonist, amino phosphonovaleric acid (APV), did notaffect any of the enzymes studied at all tested ages. When animals were treated with NMDA onlya slight, but significant, increase in the activity of glutaminase was observed at 9–11 postnatal dayonly. Any of the agonists or antagonists tested significantly affected the activity of lactatedehydrogenase as compared to control animals. Histologic observations of cerebella treated withthe indicated drugs showed that only MK‐801, and CPP to a lesser extent, induced a smallreduction in the width of the internal granule layer. The body weight of animals treated withMK‐801 was clearly reduced, but only in more mature rats (>16 postnatal day), when animals didnot show any alteration in the enzymes tested. These results support the suggestion thatpresynaptic influences, particularly from glutamatergic neurons, are critical to promote cerebellargranule neurons differentiation during critical periods of the cerebellar development.
Differential control of VEGF synthesis and secretion in human glioma cells by IL‐1 and EGF
Authors: Valter Markus Maria , Wiestler Otmar Dieter , Pietsch Torsten 
Published: July 2002

AbstractVEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor), one of the most potent angiogenic factors, has recently been identified as an inducer of neoangiogenesis in many tumors including gliomas. VEGF itself appears to be regulated through different pathways. Since malignant gliomas frequently show EGF receptor amplification and express IL‐1, a pivotal regulatory cytokine involved in angiogenesis, we analyzed interactions between EGF/EGF receptor and IL‐1/IL‐1 receptor and VEGF in the established glioblastoma cell lines U‐87 MG and A‐172. Basal VEGF expression was an order of magnitude higher in U‐87 MG compared to A‐172. IL‐1 caused a fast and strong increase of VEGF secretion in U‐87 MG which appeared to harbor an intracellular VEGF pool for enhanced exocytosis. The IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1‐ra) reversed this effect suggesting an IL‐1 receptor‐associated mechanism. In contrast, VEGF secretion could not be increased by exogenous IL‐1 exposure in A‐172, which apparently lacked an intracellular VEGF pool for augmented exocytosis. However, IL‐1‐ra treatment alone caused a significant reduction of basal VEGF secretion in both U‐87 MG and A‐172. This suggests that baseline secretion of VEGF involves IL‐1 receptor activation by endogenously produced IL‐1. EGF also stimulated the secretion of VEGF into the cell supernatant. However, this effect, observed in both U‐87 MG and A‐172, was delayed and only occurred following replenishment of the intracellular VEGF pool. EGF upregulated the amount of VEGF mRNA. In general, the effects of IL‐1 and EGF on VEGF were additive, suggesting independent mechanisms. Since IL‐1 appears to be involved in VEGF secretion in glial tumors through an autocrine/paracrine mechanism, recombinant human IL‐1‐ra may evolve as a new agent for anti‐angiogenic glioma therapy.
GFAP gene methylation in different neural cell types from rat brain
Authors: Barresi V. , Condorelli D.F. , Giuffrida Stella A.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIt is generally believed that specific demethylation processes take place in the promoter of tissue‐specific genes during development. It has been suggested that hypomethylation of the −1500/−1100 domain of the 5′ flanking regulatory region of the rat glial fibrillary acidic protein gene may be specific for neuroectodermal derivatives such as neurons and astrocytes. In the present work the methylation status of one of those seven CG sites (the −1176) of the ‘neuroectoderm‐specific domain’ was analyzed. In agreement with the neuroectoderm hypothesis, the −1176 site is highly demethylated in astroglial, oligodendroglial and neuronal cells, but heavily methylated in microglial and fibroblast cells. The three different glial population are derived from the same tissue (cerebral hemispheres of newborn rats) but have a different embryological origin: oligodendrocytes and astrocytes originate from neuroectoderm, while microglia is of mesodermal origin.It is not clear if GFAP‐negative neuronal cells maintain such demethylation in the advanced stage of maturation or if they undergo a second phase of de novo methylation. In order to clarify this point we used a subcellular fractionation method which allowed us to separate two different nuclear populations from adult rat cerebral hemispheres: one enriched in neuronal nuclei (called N1) and the other enriched in glial nuclei (N2). A higher methylation level of the −1176 site was detected in the N1 fraction, suggesting the GFAP gene undergo a de novo methylation process during neuronal maturation. This observation is in agreement with recent results showing a de novo methylation of the −1176 site during postnatal brain development. We hypothesize that a DNA demethylation process takes place in neuroectodermal precursor cells and that the −1176 site persists demethylated at the earlier stages of neuronal differentiation (immature neurons) and becomes fully methylated at more advanced stages of differentiation.
Effectiveness of CEO pay‐for‐performance
Authors: Mishra Chandra S , McConaughy Daniel L , Gobeli David H 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFirm performance has a generally positive, but diminishing relationship with the level of CEO pay‐for‐performance sensitivity to stock returns, consistent with the tradeoffs between incentives and risk sharing that underlie the use of pay‐for‐performance. Two moderating risk variables capture this tradeoff and significantly shape the pay‐for‐performance relationship: a firm's business risk and the standard deviation of its stock returns. At higher levels of pay‐for‐performance sensitivity, the future performance of higher risk firms is more negatively related to sensitivity than for lower risk firms. Our results support the notion that CEO risk aversion limits the benefits from incentive pay, and that when too much risk is placed on the CEO, firm performance suffers. Compensation managers should take these results into account when making changes in CEO pay‐for‐performance plans.
Shape‐Memory Polymers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Delaey Jasper , Dubruel Peter , Van Vlierberghe Sandra 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOne of the most promising fields for shape‐memory polymers is the biomedical field. Shape‐memory polymers that can be triggered by various (physiological) conditions such as temperature and moisture have been reported, as well as remotely triggerable shape‐memory polymers that make use of electromagnetic fields, ultrasound, etc. These polymers have shown great promise in in vitro studies as well as in early in vivo studies. Their biocompatibility, and in some cases biodegradability, renders them excellent candidates for minimal invasive surgery and for the design of triggerable biomedical devices. The current review provides a nonexhaustive overview of recent developments realized throughout the last decade in the field of shape‐memory polymers serving specific biomedical applications while considering relevant triggers and biocompatible chemistries.
Low genetic diversity and limited genetic structure across the range of the critically endangered Mexican howler monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana)
Authors: Melo‐Carrillo Adrián , Dunn Jacob C. , Cortés‐Ortiz Liliana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGenetic diversity provides populations with the possibility to persist in ever‐changing environments, where selective regimes change over time. Therefore, the long‐term survival of a population may be affected by its level of genetic diversity. The Mexican howler monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana) is a critically endangered primate restricted to southeast Mexico. Here, we evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of this subspecies based on 83 individuals from 31 groups sampled across the distribution range of the subspecies, using 29 microsatellite loci. Our results revealed extremely low genetic diversity (HO = 0.21, HE = 0.29) compared to studies of other A. palliata populations and to other Alouatta species. Principal component analysis, a Bayesian clustering method, and analyses of molecular variance did not detect strong signatures of genetic differentiation among geographic populations of this subspecies. Although we detect small but significant FST values between populations, they can be explained by a pattern of isolation by distance. These results and the presence of unique alleles in different populations highlight the importance of implementing conservation efforts in multiple populations across the distribution range of A. p. mexicana to preserve its already low genetic diversity. This is especially important given current levels of population isolation due to the extreme habitat fragmentation across the distribution range of this primate.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Allenes: Remote Asymmetric 1,8‐Addition of Indole Imine Methides
Authors: Li Xingguang , Sun Jianwei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn organocatalytic enantioconvergent synthesis of chiral tetrasubstituted allenes is disclosed. With suitable chiral phosphoric acid catalysts, a range of racemic indole‐substituted propargylic alcohols reacted with nucleophiles to provide efficient access to a series of enantioenriched allenes with high enantioselectivities. Control experiments suggested a mechanism involving remotely controlled asymmetric 1,8‐addition of the in situ generated indole imine methide via a bifunctional transition state.
Biokatalyse: Enzymatische Synthese für industrielle Anwendungen
Authors: Wu Shuke , Snajdrova Radka , Moore Jeffrey C. , Baldenius Kai , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDie Biokatalyse hat in verschiedenen Einsatzgebieten Anwendung als Alternative zur chemischen Katalyse gefunden, wobei die herausragendsten Beispiele die Herstellung chiraler Verbindungen für Pharmazeutika und für die Riechstoff‐ und Aromen‐Industrie sind. Zunehmend werden Biokatalysatoren im großen Maßstab genutzt, um Spezial‐ und sogar Bulkchemikalien herzustellen. Dieser Aufsatz soll lehrreiche Beispiele in diesem Gebiet mit besonderem Augenmerk auf skalierbare chemische Verfahren aufzeigen. Es werden Möglichkeiten und Grenzen enzymatischer Synthesen diskutiert, und es wird ein Ausblick auf neu aufstrebende Enzymklassen gegeben.
Ein Schwefelmonoxid‐Addukt eines frustrierten Sn/P‐Lewis‐Paares
Authors: Holtkamp Philipp , Glodde Timo , Poier Dario , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDie Reaktion des geminalen frustrierten Lewis‐Paares (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2 (1) mit N‐Sulfinylanilin PhNSO ergab das erste Schwefelmonoxid‐Addukt eines Hauptgruppenmetalls (F5C2)3SnCH2P(tBu)2⋅SO (2). Es enthält einen SnCPSO‐Ring. Das zweite Produkt ist ein Phenylnitren‐Addukt von 1. Die überraschende Stabilität von 2 wurde mit denen der bisher unzugänglichen O2‐ und S2‐Addukte von 1 verglichen. Versuche, diese aus 1 und den elementaren Chalkogenen (O2, S8, Se∞, Te∞) herzustellen, führten zu viergliedrigen SnCPE‐Ringsystemen. Quantenchemische Untersuchungen von 2 zeigen den Beitrag der Bindungspolarität der SO‐Einheit zur Stabilisierung von 2.