bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Dynamics of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus Titer in Mature Leaves from Citrus sinensis cv Valencia Are Associated with Vegetative Growth
Authors: Ibanez Freddy , Stelinski Lukasz L 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHuanglongbing, a highly destructive disease of citrus species, is associated with a fastidious, gram-negative, phloem-limited bacteria (Candidatus Liberibacter spp.). In Florida, the causative agent of Huanglongbing (HLB) is C. Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and it is transmitted by the insect vector, Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama). Previous investigations have revealed systemic infection of CLas with an erratic and uneven distribution of pathogen in tree phloem. However, previous investigations did not consider the potential impact of plant vegetative growth on presence/absence of CLas in planta. Our objectives were to determine: 1) the effect of vegetative growth of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv Valencia on detection of CLas in mature leaves, and 2) the impact of CLas inoculation frequency on progression of CLas titer in citrus leaves through the first year of infection. Temporal dynamics of CLas detection were associated with vegetative flush growth. Surprisingly, there was no difference in CLas titer detected between plants exposed to infected vectors for a one-time 7 d inoculation access period, as compared with plants exposed to continuously breeding CLas-infected insects over the course of an entire year of plant infection. Our results suggest that the CLas bacterium is transported through phloem during annual movement of carbon compounds needed for vegetative plant growth, including transportation from roots to mature leaves. These results highlight the importance of vegetative growth on temporal dynamics of CLas in citrus, and suggest a critical role of the sink-source interaction on presence/absence of CLas in leaves.
Comparison of Trap Designs for Detection of Euwallacea nr. fornicatus and Other Scolytinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) That Vector Fungal Pathogens of Avocado Trees in Florida
Authors: Kendra Paul E , Montgomery Wayne S , Narvaez Teresa I , Carrillo Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Laurel wilt and Fusarium dieback are vascular diseases caused by fungal symbionts of invasive ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Both diseases threaten avocado trees in Florida. Redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, is the primary vector of the laurel wilt pathogen, Raffaelea lauricola, but in recent years this symbiont has been transferred laterally to at least nine other species of ambrosia beetle, which now comprise a community of secondary vectors. Dieback disease, caused by Fusarium spp. fungi, is spread by shot hole borers in the Euwallacea fornicatus species complex. In this study, we conducted field tests in Florida avocado groves to compare efficacy of four trap designs for detection of Scolytinae. Treatments included an 8-funnel Lindgren trap, black 3-vane flight interception trap, green 3-vane interception trap, white sticky panel trap, and an unbaited sticky panel (control). In two tests targeting E. nr. fornicatus and X. glabratus, traps were baited with a two-component lure (α-copaene and quercivorol). In a test targeting other species, traps were baited with a low-release ethanol lure. For E. nr. fornicatus, sticky panels and black interception traps captured significantly more beetles than Lindgren traps; captures with green traps were intermediate. With ethanol-baited traps, 20 species of bark/ambrosia beetle were detected. Trap efficacy varied by species, but in general, sticky traps captured the highest number of beetles. Results indicate that sticky panel traps are more effective for monitoring ambrosia beetles than Lindgren funnel traps, the current standard, and may provide an economical alternative for pest detection in avocado groves.
The study of narrative acts with and for digital media
Authors: Szilas Nicolas , Estupiñán Sergio , Marano Monika , Richle Urs 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this article, we introduce the concept of narrative act which denotes a meta-action—an action on an action—that contributes to the narrative sequence. Narrative acts have been often described in narrative theories, in particular within structuralism, but never systematically studied. Examples of narrative acts include Ask, Order, or Forbid. Moreover, in the interactive digital narrative (IDN) field, such narrative acts may take a central role when they are used as building blocks in combinatorial generative systems. Therefore, this article proposes a unique effort to establish an extensive catalog of such narrative acts, with the view that this catalog is a work in progress by definition since it targets the IDN domain, which consists of a very limited corpus of works. It is, however, a necessary step toward a more theoretical approach of narrative acts in IDN. The catalog contains more than 200 narrative acts, for which a number of features have been collected. Among those is the source of the act, either a narrative or speech act theory or a theoretical work or an implemented system. A general three-level taxonomy is also proposed, associated with an interactive visualization tool available online, allowing researchers and creative authors to consult and expand the catalog.
The chemical composition of the Herbig Ae SB2 system AK Sco (HD 152404)
Authors: Castelli F , Hubrig S , Järvinen S P , Schöller M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We investigate the stellar atmospheres of the two components of the Herbig Ae SB2 system AK Sco to determine the elements present in the stars and their abundance. Equal stellar parameters Teff = 6500 K and log  g = 4.5 were used for both stars. We studied HARPSpol spectra (resolution 110 000) that were previously used to state the presence of a weak magnetic field in the secondary. A composite synthetic spectrum was compared in the whole observed region λλ 3900–6912 Å with the observed spectrum. The abundances were derived mostly from unblended profiles, in spite of their sparsity, owing to the complexity of the system and to the not negligible v sin  i of 18 km s−1 and 21 km s−1 adopted for the two components, respectively. The identified elements are those typical of stars with spectral type F 5 IV-V, except for Li i at 6707 Å and He i at 5875.61 Å, whose presence is related with the Herbig nature of the two stars. Furthermore, overabundances were determined in both stars for Y, Ba, and La. Zirconium is overabundant only in the primary, while sulfur is overabundant outside the adopted error limits only in the secondary. In contrast to previous results showing a high occurrence rate of λ Boo peculiarities or normal chemical composition among the Herbig Ae/Be stars, the abundance pattern of AK Sco is similar to that of only few other Herbig stars displaying weak Ap/Bp peculiarities. A few accretion diagnostic lines are discussed.
A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations
Authors: Samuel Jenna , Wetzel Andrew , Tollerud Erik , Garrison-Kimmel Shea , Loebman Sarah , El-Badry Kareem , Hopkins Philip F , Boylan-Kolchin Michael , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Bullock James S , Benincasa Samantha , Bailin Jeremy 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
While many tensions between Local Group (LG) satellite galaxies and Λ cold dark matter cosmology have been alleviated through recent cosmological simulations, the spatial distribution of satellites remains an important test of physical models and physical versus numerical disruption in simulations. Using the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in baryonic simulations, we examine the radial distributions of satellites with $M_*\gt 10^5$ M⊙ around eight isolated Milky Way (MW) mass host galaxies and four hosts in LG-like pairs. We demonstrate that these simulations resolve the survival and physical destruction of satellites with $M_*\gtrsim 10^5$ M⊙. The simulations broadly agree with LG observations, spanning the radial profiles around the MW and M31. This agreement does not depend strongly on satellite mass, even at distances ≲100 kpc. Host-to-host variation dominates the scatter in satellite counts within 300 kpc of the hosts, while time variation dominates scatter within 50 kpc. More massive host galaxies within our sample have fewer satellites at small distances, likely because of enhanced tidal destruction of satellites via the baryonic discs of host galaxies. Furthermore, we quantify and provide fits to the tidal depletion of subhaloes in baryonic relative to dark matter-only simulations as a function of distance. Our simulated profiles imply observational incompleteness in the LG even at $M_*\gtrsim 10^5$ M⊙: we predict 2–10 such satellites to be discovered around the MW and possibly 6–9 around M31. To provide cosmological context, we compare our results with the radial profiles of satellites around MW analogues in the SAGA survey, finding that our simulations are broadly consistent with most SAGA systems.
Some thoughts on emission-line spectroscopy
Authors: Judge Philip G 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTThe interpretation of emission lines formed in large astrophysical plasmas such as the solar atmosphere faces many challenges. Relatively simple line-ratio estimates of physical parameters, while appealing, are heavily laden with assumptions. In practical cases, some critical assumptions are neither defensible from first principles, nor testable by experiment. Free parameters and functional forms must be defined, whose numbers of degrees of freedom exceed the number of independent data points. These issues are illustrated in the particular case of using lines of Si iv and O iv formed in the solar transition region, observed for decades, most recently using the IRIS mission. The problems highlighted are in addition to well-known problems of mathematical ill-posedness.
An in vitro single-molecule assay for eukaryotic cap-dependent translation initiation kinetics
Authors: Wang Hongyun , Sun Lexi , Gaba Anthony , Qu Xiaohui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEukaryotic mRNAs are predominantly translated via the cap-dependent pathway. Initiation is a rate-limiting step in cap-dependent translation and is the main target of translational control mechanisms. There is a lack of high-resolution techniques for characterizing the cap-dependent initiation kinetics. Here, we report an in vitro single-molecule assay that allows characterization of both initiation and peptide chain elongation kinetics for cap-dependent translation. Surprisingly, the histogram of the first-round initiation time is highly asymmetrical and spans a large time range that is several-fold greater than the average peptide synthesis time in translation reactions with a firefly luciferase-encoding mRNA. Both the histogram and single-molecule trajectories reveal an unexpected high-degree of asynchrony in translation activity between mRNA molecules. Furthermore, by inserting a small stem-loop (ΔG = −4.8 kcal/mol) in the middle of the mRNA 5′ untranslated region (UTR), our assay robustly detects small changes in budding yeast initiation kinetics, which could not be resolved by bulk luminescence kinetics. Lastly, we demonstrate the general applicability of this assay to distinct cell-free translation systems by using extracts prepared from budding yeast, wheat germ, and rabbit reticulocyte lysates. This assay should facilitate mechanistic studies of eukaryotic cap-dependent translation initiation and translational control.
oRNAment: a database of putative RNA binding protein target sites in the transcriptomes of model species
Authors: Benoit Bouvrette Louis Philip , Bovaird Samantha , Blanchette Mathieu , Lécuyer Eric 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProtein–RNA interactions are essential for controlling most aspects of RNA metabolism, including synthesis, processing, trafficking, stability and degradation. In vitro selection methods, such as RNAcompete and RNA Bind-n-Seq, have defined the consensus target motifs of hundreds of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). However, readily available information about the distribution features of these motifs across full transcriptomes was hitherto lacking. Here, we introduce oRNAment (o RNA motifs enrichment in transcriptomes), a database that catalogues the putative motif instances of 223 RBPs, encompassing 453 motifs, in a transcriptome-wide fashion. The database covers 525 718 complete coding and non-coding RNA species across the transcriptomes of human and four prominent model organisms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Danio rerio, Drosophila melanogaster and Mus musculus. The unique features of oRNAment include: (i) hosting of the most comprehensive mapping of RBP motif instances to date, with 421 133 612 putative binding sites described across five species; (ii) options for the user to filter the data according to a specific threshold; (iii) a user-friendly interface and efficient back-end allowing the rapid querying of the data through multiple angles (i.e. transcript, RBP, or sequence attributes) and (iv) generation of several interactive data visualization charts describing the results of user queries. oRNAment is freely available at http://rnabiology.ircm.qc.ca/oRNAment/.
Introduction: History and Development of Flow Diverter Technology and Evolution
Authors: Kühn Anna Luisa , Gounis Matthew J , Puri Ajit S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction of flow diverter technology to the field of neurointervention has revolutionized the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. The therapy approach has shifted from intrasaccular aneurysm treatment to exclusion of the aneurysm from the blood circulation with remodeling of the parent artery. Previously, “difficult”-to-treat aneurysms including fusiform and blister aneurysms, but also aneurysms arising from a diseased vessel segment, can now be safely and permanently treated with flow diverters.
A little over a decade ago, after extensive bench testing and refinement of the flow diverter concept, the device was eventually available for clinical use and today it has become a standard treatment for intracranial aneurysms. Currently, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved flow diverters are the Pipeline Embolization Device (Medtronic) and the Surpass Streamline Flow Diverter (Stryker).
The devices can either be delivered or deployed via a standard femoral artery approach or a radial artery approach. Other considerations for catheter setup and device deployment strategies depending on aneurysm location or vessel anatomy are described.
Suzaku observation of diffuse X-ray emission from a southwest region of the Carina Nebula
Authors: Ezoe Yuichiro , Hamaguchi Kenji , Fukushima Aoto , Ogawa Tomohiro , Ohashi Takaya 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A southwest region of the Carina Nebula was observed with the Suzaku observatory for $47\:$ks in 2010 December. This region shows distinctively soft X-ray emission in the Chandra campaign observations. Suzaku clearly detects the diffuse emission above known foreground and background components between 0.4–$5\:$keV at the surface brightness of $3.3\times 10^{-14}\:$erg$\:$s$^{-1}\:$arcmin$^{-2}$. The spectrum requires two plasma emission components with $kT \sim 0.2$ and $0.5\:$keV, which suffer interstellar absorption of $N_{\,\rm H} \sim 1.9 \times 10^{21}\:$cm$^{-2}$. Multiple absorption models assuming two-temperature plasmas at ionization equilibrium or non-equilibrium are tested but there is no significant difference in terms of $\chi ^{2}/$d.o.f. These plasma temperatures are similar to those of the central and eastern parts of the Carina Nebula measured in earlier Suzaku observations, but the surface brightness of the hot component is significantly lower than those of the other regions. This means that these two plasma components are physically separated and have different origins. The elemental abundances of O, Ne, and Mg with respect to Fe favor that the diffuse plasma originates from core-collapsed supernovae or massive stellar winds.
Conquering Space through Internal Improvements: Federal Nation-Building in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Clarke Andrew J , Pears Emily 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Early American political leaders were tasked with sustaining a representative republic on a seemingly impossible scale. Their struggle to stave off political dissolution raises an important question for scholars of federalism. How can democratic governments integrate disparate political communities across a vast—and rapidly expanding—territory? We revisit the solution most often proposed by contemporary political leaders: a nationally directed system of internal improvements. Using a dataset of nineteenth-century appropriations, we find that patterns in internal improvement funding are consistent with a nation-building strategy. Congressional districts at the fringes of the republic received disproportionate support from the federal government, even after accounting for political preferences, positions of legislative authority, and sub-national spending patterns. Our research stands in contrast to existing work on internal improvements, which is primarily interested in testing theories of distributive politics, and contributes to a diverse body of research on federalism, nation-building, congressional politics, and American political development.
The Return to Protectionism*
Authors: Fajgelbaum Pablo D , Goldberg Pinelopi K , Kennedy Patrick J , Khandelwal Amit K 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAfter decades of supporting free trade, in 2018 the United States raised import tariffs and major trade partners retaliated. We analyze the short-run impact of this return to protectionism on the U.S. economy. Import and retaliatory tariffs caused large declines in imports and exports. Prices of imports targeted by tariffs did not fall, implying complete pass-through of tariffs to duty-inclusive prices. The resulting losses to U.S. consumers and firms that buy imports was $51 billion, or 0.27% of GDP. We embed the estimated trade elasticities in a general-equilibrium model of the U.S. economy. After accounting for tariff revenue and gains to domestic producers, the aggregate real income loss was $7.2 billion, or 0.04% of GDP. Import tariffs favored sectors concentrated in politically competitive counties, and the model implies that tradeable-sector workers in heavily Republican counties were the most negatively affected due to the retaliatory tariffs. JEL Code: F1.
Combining Life and Health Insurance*
Authors: Koijen Ralph S J , Van Nieuwerburgh Stijn 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We estimate the benefit of life-extending medical treatments to life insurance companies. Our main insight is that life insurance companies have a direct benefit from such treatments because they lower the insurer’s liabilities by pushing the death benefit further into the future and raising future premium income. We apply this insight to immunotherapy, treatments associated with durable gains in survival rates for a growing number of cancer patients. We estimate that the life insurance sector’s aggregate benefit from FDA-approved immunotherapies is $9.8 billion a year. Such life-extending treatments are often prohibitively expensive for patients and governments alike. Exploiting this value creation, we explore various ways life insurers could improve stress-free access to treatment. We discuss potential barriers to integration and the long-run implications for the industrial organization of life and health insurance markets, as well as the broader implications for medical innovation and long-term care insurance markets.
Initial Coin Offerings: Financing Growth with Cryptocurrency Token Sales
Authors: Howell Sabrina T , Niessner Marina , Yermack David 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Initial coin offerings (ICOs) have emerged as a new mechanism for entrepreneurial finance, with parallels to initial public offerings, venture capital, and presale crowdfunding. In a sample of more than 1,500 ICOs that collectively raise ${\$}$12.9 billion, we examine which issuer and ICO characteristics predict successful real outcomes (increasing issuer employment and avoiding enterprise failure). Success is associated with disclosure, credible commitment to the project, and quality signals. An instrumental variables analysis finds that ICO token exchange listing causes higher future employment, indicating that access to token liquidity has important real consequences for the enterprise.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Brain Structural Correlates of Metacognition in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Alkan Erkan , Davies Geoff , Greenwood Kathryn , Evans Simon L H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Metacognition is impaired in schizophrenia and is an important predictor of functional outcome, but the underlying neuropathology is not clear. Studies have implicated frontal regions and there is also some evidence that the hippocampus might play a pivotal role, but findings are inconsistent. We set out to more comprehensively investigate the neural underpinnings of insight in first-episode psychosis (FEP) using 2 metacognitive measures (the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale [BCIS]) and a perceptual metacognitive accuracy task alongside structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We measured cortical thickness in insula and frontal regions, hippocampal (including subfield) volumes, hippocampal microstructure (using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging [NODDI]), and fractional anisotropy in fornix. Relative to controls, FEP showed poorer metacognitive accuracy, thinner cortex in frontal regions and lower fornix integrity. In healthy controls (but not FEP), metacognitive accuracy correlated with cortical thickness in frontal cortex and insula. Conversely, in FEP (but not controls), metacognitive accuracy correlated with hippocampal volume and microstructural indices. Subicular hippocampal subregions were particularly implicated. No structural correlates of BCIS were found. These findings suggest that the neural bases of metacognition might differ in FEP: hippocampal (rather than frontal) integrity seems to be critical. Further, the use of objectively measured metacognitive indices seems to be a more powerful method for understanding the neurocircuitry of metacognition in FEP, which has the potential to inform therapeutic strategies and improve outcome in these patients.