bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Radiographic Features of Giant Cell Arteritis With Intracranial Involvement
Authors: Sanchez‐Alvarez Catalina , Hawkins Alexander S. , Koster Matthew J. , Lehman Vance T. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Warrington Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is a large‐vessel vasculitis that primarily affects the aorta and its branches. Extracranial branches of the carotid artery are frequently affected; however, intracranial involvement in GCA is rare.MethodsA retrospective medical record review was performed to identify all patients with intracranial GCA (IC‐GCA) from January 1996 through May 2018.ResultsNine patients with IC‐GCA were included (78% male; mean age, 72.1 years [SD: 7.9]). All patients met ACR criteria for GCA. The median time from onset of GCA to intracranial involvement was 0.6 months (interquartile range: 0.1‐5.1). All patients had neurologic symptoms, 89% had an ischemic cerebrovascular event. Transient or permanent vision loss was frequent (56% of patients). IC‐GCA was diagnosed by cranial imaging in all nine patients. Intracranial vasculitis most commonly affected the internal carotid artery (100%), followed by the vertebral artery (67%), posterior cerebral artery (67%), middle cerebral artery (44%), anterior cerebral artery (33%), and posterior inferior cerebral artery (11%). Intracranial vessel stenosis was present in 89%, occlusion in 33%, wall thickening in 33%, and dilation in 11%.All patients received glucocorticoids. Additional therapeutic agents included cyclophosphamide (67%) and tocilizumab (22%). Despite treatment, five patients had rapid deterioration and mortality. Comparing IC‐GCA patient survival to the expected rates from the US population, the standardized mortality ratio (95% CI) for IC‐GCA was 58.1 (18.9‐135.6).ConclusionAlthough rare, IC‐GCA is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It occurs predominantly in men and presents with ischemic cerebrovascular events. Current treatment strategies appear to be of limited efficacy for IC‐GCA.
The Utility of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in Patients With Clinical Suspicion of Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Giant Cell Arteritis: A Prospective, Observational, and Cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Emamifar Amir , Ellingsen Torkell , Hess Søren , Gerke Oke , Hviid Larsen Rasmus , Ahangarani Farahani Ziba , Syrak Hansen Per , Jensen Hansen Inger Marie , Petersen Henrik , Marcussen Niels , Dahlstrøm Michael , Toftegaard Pia , Thye‐Rønn Peter 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo define the proportions of agreement between fluorine‐18‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), clinical diagnosis, and temporal artery biopsy (TAB) in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). Furthermore, the association of 18F‐FDG PET/CT uptake patterns and clinical presentation of newly diagnosed PMR and GCA was investigated.MethodsEighty patients newly suspected of having PMR, GCA, or concomitant PMR and GCA were included and followed for 40 weeks. Every patient underwent an 18F‐FDG PET/CT scan before or within 3 days of initiation of steroids in case of GCA. FDG uptakes in 8 paired articular/periarticular sites and 14 arterial segments were evaluated based on a 4‐point visual grading scale.ResultsOf the 80 patients (female: 50 [62.5%]; mean age ± SD: 72.0 ± 7.9), 64 (80.0%) patients were diagnosed with pure PMR, 3 (3.7%) with pure GCA, and 10 (12.5%) with concomitant PMR and GCA. Additionally, three (3.7%) patients were diagnosed with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis during the follow‐up period. For the diagnosis of PMR, 18F‐FDG PET/CT had a proportion of agreement of 75.3 (64.2‐84.4), compared with clinical diagnosis. When comparing findings of 18F‐FDG PET/CT with TAB, 18F‐FDG PET/CT had a proportion of agreement of 93.0 (84.3‐97.7) in all included patients and 69.2 (38.6‐90.9) in the subgroup of patients with vasculitis. C‐reactive protein was significantly higher in patients with PMR activity on 18F‐FDG PET/CT compared with those without 18F‐FDG PET/CT activity (P value = 0.006).Conclusions18F‐FDG PET/CT is a powerful imaging technique in PMR and GCA that was in good agreement with clinical diagnosis and TAB.
Reactivity with Water and Bulk Ruthenium Redox of Lithium Ruthenate in Basic Solutions
Authors: Rao Reshma R. , Tułodziecki Michał , Han Binghong , Risch Marcel , Abakumov Artem , Yu Yang , Karayaylali Pinar , Gauthier Magali , Escudero‐Escribano María , Orikasa Yuki , Shao‐Horn Yang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe reactivity of water with Li‐rich layered Li2RuO3 and partial exchange of Li2O with H2O within the structure is studied under aqueous (electro)chemical conditions. Upon slow delithiation in water over long time periods, micron‐sized Li2RuO3 particles structurally transform from an O3 structure to an O1 structure with a corresponding loss of 1.25 Li ions per formula unit. The O1 stacking of the honeycomb Ru layers is imaged using high‐resolution high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and the resulting structure is solved by X‐ray powder diffraction and electron diffraction. In situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy suggests that reversible oxidation/reduction of bulk Ru sites is realized on potential cycling between 0.4 and 1.25 VRHE in basic solutions. In addition to surface redox pseudocapacitance, the partially delithiated phase of Li2RuO3 shows high capacity, which can be attributed to bulk Ru redox in the structure. This work demonstrates that the interaction of aqueous electrolytes with Li‐rich layered oxides can result in the formation of new phases with (electro)chemical properties that are distinct from the parent material. This understanding is important for the design of aqueous batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and chemically stable cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries.
Climbing Plant‐Inspired Micropatterned Devices for Reversible Attachment
Authors: Fiorello Isabella , Tricinci Omar , Naselli Giovanna Adele , Mondini Alessio , Filippeschi Carlo , Tramacere Francesca , Mishra Anand Kumar , Mazzolai Barbara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractClimbing plants have evolved over millions of years and have adapted to unpredictable scenarios in unique ways. These crucial features make plants an outstanding biological model for scientists and engineers. Inspired by the ratchet‐like attachment mechanism of the hook‐climber Galium aparine, a novel micropatterned flexible mechanical interlocker is fabricated using a 3D direct laser lithography technique. The artificial hooks are designed based on a morphometric analysis of natural hooks. They are characterized in terms of pull‐off and shear forces, both in an array and as individual hooks. The microprinted hooks array shows high values of pull‐off forces (up to F⊥ ≈ 0.4 N cm−2) and shear forces (up to F// ≈ 13.8 N cm−2) on several rough surfaces (i.e., abrasive materials, fabrics, and artificial skin tissues). The contact separation forces of individual artificial hooks are estimated when loads with different orientations are applied (up to F ≈ 0.26 N). In addition, a patterned tape with directional microhooks is integrated into a mobile platform to demonstrate its climbing ability on inclined surfaces of up to 45°. This research opens up new opportunities for prototyping the next generation of mechanical interlockers, particularly for soft‐ and microrobotics, the textile industry, and biomedical fields.
An Acoustic Meta‐Skin Insulator
Authors: Tong Lei , Xiong Zhu , Shen Ya‐Xi , Peng Yu‐Gui , Huang Xin‐Yu , Ye Lei , Tang Ming , Cai Fei‐Yan , Zheng Hai‐Rong , Xu Jian‐Bin , Cheng Gary J. , Zhu Xue‐Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcoustic metamaterials with artificial microstructures are attractive to realize intriguing functions, including efficient waveguiding, which requires large impedance mismatches to realize total side reflection with negligible transmission and absorption. While large impedance mismatch can be readily realized in an air environment, acoustic waveguiding in an underwater environment remains elusive due to insufficient impedance mismatch of state‐of‐the‐art metamaterials. Here, a superhydrophobic acoustic metasurface of microstructured poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane, referred to as a “meta‐skin” insulator, which is able to confine acoustic waves in an all‐angle and wide spectrum range due to tremendous impedance mismatch at stable air/water interfaces, viz., the Cassie–Baxter state is demonstrated. By utilizing the meta‐skin insulator with broadband and high throughput, orbital‐angular‐momentum multiplexing at a high spectral efficiency and binary coding along large‐angle bending channels for bit‐error‐free acoustic data transmission in an underwater environment are demonstrated. Very different from optical and/or electrical cable communications, acoustic waves can be simply and effectively coupled into remote meta‐skin acoustic fibers from free space, which is technologically significant for long‐haul and anti‐interference communication. This work can enlighten many fluidic applications based on efficient waveguiding, such as in vivo ultrasound medical treatment and imaging.
Unraveling the Crystallization Kinetics of 2D Perovskites with Sandwich‐Type Structure for High‐Performance Photovoltaics
Authors: Song Jingnan , Zhou Guanqing , Chen Wei , Zhang Quanzeng , Ali Jazib , Hu Qin , Wang Jing , Wang Cheng , Feng Wei , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Zhu Haiming , Zhang Yongming , Russell Thomas , Liu Feng 
Published: July 2020

Abstract2D perovskite solar cells with high stability and high efficiency have attracted significant attention. A systematical static and dynamic structure investigation is carried out to show the details of 2D morphology evolution. A dual additive approach is used, where the synergy between an alkali metal cation and a polar solvent leads to high‐quality 2D perovskite films with sandwich‐type structures and vertical phase segregation. Such novel structure can induce high‐quality 2D slab growth and reduce internal and surface defects, resulting in a high device efficiency of 16.48% with enhanced continuous illumination stability and improved moisture (55–60%) and thermal (85 °C) tolerances. Transient absorption spectra reveal the carrier migration from low n to high n species with different kinetics. An [PbI6]4− octagon coalescence transformation mechanism coupled with metal and organic cations wrapped is proposed. By solvent vapor annealing, a recrystallization and reorientation of the 2D perovskite slabs occurs to form an ideal structure with improved device performance and stability.
Simultaneous Piezoelectrocatalytic Hydrogen‐Evolution and Degradation of Water Pollutants by Quartz Microrods@Few‐Layered MoS2 Hierarchical Heterostructures
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ting , Lai Sz‐Nian , Wu Jyh Ming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntense light attenuation in water/wastewater results in photocatalysts exhibiting a low quantum efficiency. This study develops a novel piezoelectrocatalysis system, which involves quartz microrods (MRs) abundantly decorated with active‐edge‐site MoS2 nanosheets to form a quartz microrods@few‐layered MoS2 hierarchical heterostructure (QMSH). Through theoretical calculations, it is found that the quartz MRs serve as a parallel‐plate capacitor, which is self‐powered to provide an internal electric field to the few‐layered MoS2 nanosheets surrounding the quartz MR surfaces, and the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) effectively facilitates redox reactions with the free carriers in MoS2. The self‐powered quartz MRs in the QMSH present an internal bias to the MoS2 nanosheets, thus yielding a piezoelectrocatalysis system. An efficient piezoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction and decomposition of wastewater without light irradiation can be achieved simultaneously. The second‐order rate constant of the QMSH is ≈0.631 L mg−1 min−1, which is 650‐fold that of quartz MRs, indicating that the piezoelectric heterostructural catalysts display exceptionally high efficiency on piezoelectrocatalytic redox reactions rather than in the piezocatalytic process. The H2‐production rate of QMSH catalysts approaches ≈6456 µmo1 g−1 h−1 and peaks at ≈16.8 mmol g−1 in 8 h. The piezoelectrocatalytic process may be a promising method for treating industrial wastewater and producing clean energy.
An All‐Round Athlete on the Track of Phototheranostics: Subtly Regulating the Balance between Radiative and Nonradiative Decays for Multimodal Imaging‐Guided Synergistic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Xu Wenhan , Kang Miaomiao , Wen Haifei , Guo Heng , Zhang Pengfei , Xi Lei , Li Kai , Wang Lei , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAiming to achieve versatile phototheranostics with the integrated functionalities of multiple diagnostic imaging and synergistic therapy, the optimum use of dissipated energy through both radiative and nonradiative pathways is definitely appealing, yet a significantly challenging task. To the best of the knowledge, there have been no previous reports on a single molecular species effective at affording all phototheranostic modalities including fluorescence imaging (FLI), photoacoustic imaging (PAI), photothermal imaging (PTI), photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). Herein, a simple and highly powerful one‐for‐all phototheranostics based on aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐active fluorophores is tactfully designed and constructed. Thanks to its strong electron donor–acceptor interaction and finely modulated intramolecular motion, the AIE fluorophore‐based nanoparticles simultaneously exhibit bright near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) fluorescence emission, efficient reactive oxygen species generation, and high photothermal conversion efficiency upon NIR irradiation, indicating the actualization of a balance between radiative and nonradiative energy dissipations. Furthermore, the unprecedented performance on NIR‐II FLI‐PAI‐PTI trimodal‐imaging‐guided PDT–PTT synergistic therapy is demonstrated by the precise tumor diagnosis and complete tumor elimination outcomes. This study thus brings a new insight into the development of superior versatile phototheranostics for practical cancer theranostics.
Galvanic Replacement of Liquid Metal/Reduced Graphene Oxide Frameworks
Authors: Wang Yushu , Wang Shengnan , Chang Hao , Rao Wei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGalvanic replacement reaction has been widely concerned, where a variety of materials can be nanostructured in different shapes. The galvanic replacement of gallium‐based liquid metals (LMs) can be remarkably valued, because the highly dynamic and homogeneous film of LMs can offer more active metal atoms for the reaction. Nevertheless, the galvanic replacement mechanism of the gallium‐based LM nanodroplets is still unrevealed entirely. To overcome this challenge, 2D graphene material (reduced graphene oxide, RGO) is employed to stabilize the liquid metal droplets and restrain the formation of oxide layer for the first time (LM@RGO). Two types of galvanic replacement patterns (intracellular and extracellular replacements) are revealed, which depend on the Gibbs free energy of redox reaction. The extracellular replacement pattern is adopted to produce the noble nanoparticles and the multilayered nanoparticles. In the intracellular replacement pattern, the galvanic replacement is not limited on the surface of LM@RGO. Owing to the internal alloying, LM@RGO with the superior electrochemical detection sensitivity is utilized to detect heavy metal ions. LM@RGO shows great potential in the application of preparing noble metal nanoparticles, the formation of composite nanoparticles with delicate structure and electrochemical detection of heavy metal ions.
Key Factor Study for Amphiphilic Block Copolymer‐Templated Mesoporous SnO2 Thin Film Synthesis: Influence of Solvent and Catalyst
Authors: Yin Shanshan , Tian Ting , Wienhold Kerstin S. , Weindl Christian L. , Guo Renjun , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAs a crucial material in the field of energy storage, SnO2 thin films are widely applied in daily life and have been in the focus of scientific research. Compared to the planar counterpart, mesoporous SnO2 thin films with high specific surface area possess more attractive physical and chemical properties. In the present work, a novel amphiphilic block copolymer‐assisted sol–gel chemistry is utilized for the synthesis of porous tin oxide (SnO2). Two key factors for the sol–gel stock solution preparation, the solvent category and the catalyst content, are systematically varied to tune the thin film morphologies. A calcination process is performed to remove the polymer template at 500 °C in ambient conditions. The surface morphology and the buried inner structure are probed with scanning electron microscope and grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering. Crystallinity is characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The multi‐dimensional characterization results suggest that cassiterite SnO2 with spherical, cylindrical, and vesicular pore structures are obtained. The variation of the film morphology is governed by the preferential affinity of the utilized solvent mixture and the hydrogen bond interaction between the employed cycloether and H2O molecules in the solution.
Nanoplatforms for mRNA Therapeutics
Authors: Meng Chaoyang , Chen Zhe , Li Gang , Welte Thomas , Shen Haifa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractmRNA‐based therapeutics are a unique class of drugs for treatment of human diseases. Since in vitro transcribed mRNA molecules have relatively low stability and their surface charge prevents them from direct cell entry, they need to be packaged into specially designed delivery platforms to exert their activities. Multiple nanotechnology‐based delivery platforms have been developed for mRNA delivery, such as polymer‐based polyplex, lipid‐based lipoplex, and lipid‐coated polymer‐based lipopolyplex. In this review, an overview of the nanoplatforms for mRNA delivery is provided. A number of applications in biotechnology including cell reprogramming and gene editing are also described. In addition, their clinical translational potential for protein replacement therapy and for infectious disease and cancer treatment is introduced.
Sporopollenin Spikes Augment Antigen‐Specific Immune Response and Generate Long‐Lived Humoral Immunity
Authors: Uddin Md Jasim , Gonzalez‐Cruz Pedro , Warzywoda Juliusz , Gill Harvinder Singh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOral vaccine delivery remains an unmet goal due to biochemical and immunological barriers in the gastrointestinal tract. Sporopollenin microcapsules from natural pollen grains have recently been engineered to overcome these multifaceted challenges. Using four morphologically different sporopollenin shells and two inbred mouse strains, this study addresses three key questions regarding sporopollenin shell's application for oral vaccine delivery: i) the impact of sporopollenin shell surface morphology on the immune response, ii) the duration of the immunity, and iii) the applicability of the delivery system across a diverse genetic background population. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model vaccine antigen, this study demonstrates that OVA can adsorb on the sporopollenin shell surfaces. Mice orally vaccinated with a sporopollenin shell‐based OVA formulation show sustained antibody responses for 454 days after the immunization that are correlated with the generation of OVA‐specific plasma cells in the vaccinated mice bone marrow. Sporopollenin shell surface spikes have a greater impact on immune responses than the shell size and shape. A spiky ragweed sporopollenin formulation induces systemic and mucosal responses in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Together, this study provides a framework to select sporopollenin shells based on the surface morphology to use as a microcapsule for oral vaccination.
A Rotating Spiral Micromotor for Noninvasive Zygote Transfer
Authors: Schwarz Lukas , Karnaushenko Dmitriy D. , Hebenstreit Franziska , Naumann Ronald , Schmidt Oliver G. , Medina‐Sánchez Mariana 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEmbryo transfer (ET) is a decisive step in the in vitro fertilization process. In most cases, the embryo is transferred to the uterus after several days of in vitro culture. Although studies have identified the beneficial effects of ET on proper embryo development in the earlier stages, this strategy is compromised by the necessity to transfer early embryos (zygotes) back to the fallopian tube instead of the uterus, which requires a more invasive, laparoscopic procedure, termed zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). Magnetic micromotors offer the possibility to mitigate such surgical interventions, as they have the potential to transport and deliver cellular cargo such as zygotes through the uterus and fallopian tube noninvasively, actuated by an externally applied rotating magnetic field. This study presents the capture, transport, and release of bovine and murine zygotes using two types of magnetic micropropellers, helix and spiral. Although helices represent an established micromotor architecture, spirals surpass them in terms of motion performance and with their ability to reliably capture and secure the cargo during both motion and transfer between different environments. Herein, this is demonstrated with murine oocytes/zygotes as the cargo; this is the first step toward the application of noninvasive, magnetic micromotor‐assisted ZIFT.
Universal Memory Characteristics and Degradation Features of ZrO2‐Based Bipolar Resistive Memory
Authors: Hur Ji‐Hyun , Lee Dongsoo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA bilayer structured ZrO2‐based bipolar resistance random access memory (ReRAM) is demonstrated with near‐universal memory performances that meets almost all the requirements of the representative volatile and nonvolatile memories such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and NAND flash memory. The near‐universal device features include the very high initial on/off ratio up to 106, large switching endurance (1012 switching cycles), long retention (≈10 years), and fast programming speed (≈50 ns) along with the relatively small power consumption (≈50 pJ bit−1). Such high levels of performance and reliability characteristics of ReRAM are accomplished by adopting the layer‐by‐layer oxidation method that makes the junction of two oxide layers, ZrO2/TaOx, as sharp as possible. However, despite all these excellent features of the ReRAM, there are unwanted clear degradations of off‐state resistance as time and switching cycles go on in reliability tests resulting in a gradual decrease of the on/off ratio. Through theoretical simulations based on the self‐consistent switching model of bilayer oxide ReRAM, the underlying fundamental principles of this phenomenon are suggested, the validity of which are confirmed by excellent agreement with experiment.