bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA-Programmed Chemical Synthesis of Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials
Authors: Xu Xuemei , Winterwerber Pia , Ng David , Wu Yuzhou 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
DNA nanotechnology, based on sequence-specific DNA recognition, could allow programmed self-assembly of sophisticated nanostructures with molecular precision. Extension of this technique to the preparation of broader types of nanomaterials would significantly improve nanofabrication technique to lower nanometer scale and even achieve single molecule operation. Using such exquisite DNA nanostructures as templates, chemical synthesis of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials could also be programmed with unprecedented accuracy and flexibility. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis and assembly of polymer and inorganic nanomaterials using DNA nanostructures as templates, and discusses the current challenges and future outlook of DNA templated nanotechnology.
Towards smart biomanufacturing: a perspective on recent developments in industrial measurement and monitoring technologies for bio-based production processes
Authors: Gargalo Carina L , Udugama Isuru , Pontius Katrin , Lopez Pau C , Nielsen Rasmus F , Hasanzadeh Aliyeh , Mansouri Seyed Soheil , Bayer Christoph , Junicke Helena , Gernaey Krist V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The biomanufacturing industry has now the opportunity to upgrade its production processes to be in harmony with the latest industrial revolution. Technology creates capabilities that enable smart manufacturing while still complying with unfolding regulations. However, many biomanufacturing companies, especially in the biopharma sector, still have a long way to go to fully benefit from smart manufacturing as they first need to transition their current operations to an information-driven future. One of the most significant obstacles towards the implementation of smart biomanufacturing is the collection of large sets of relevant data. Therefore, in this work, we both summarize the advances that have been made to date with regards to the monitoring and control of bioprocesses, and highlight some of the key technologies that have the potential to contribute to gathering big data. Empowering the current biomanufacturing industry to transition to Industry 4.0 operations allows for improved productivity through information-driven automation, not only by developing infrastructure, but also by introducing more advanced monitoring and control strategies.
Influence of nutrient enrichment on the growth, recruitment and trophic ecology of a highly invasive freshwater fish
Authors: Ruiz-Navarro Ana , Jackson Michelle C. , Almeida David , Britton J. Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe establishment probability of introduced alien fish can be context dependent, varying according to factors including propagule pressure and biotic resistance. The influence of nutrient enrichment on establishment outcomes of alien fishes is uncertain, yet this is a common anthropogenic stressor of many freshwaters. Here, the small-bodied alien topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva was used in mesocosms to experimentally test how a gradient of nutrient enrichment affected their growth rates, recruitment and trophic ecology. A ‘Control’ represented ambient, mesotrophic conditions, while treatments covered three levels of nutrient enrichment: low (eutrophic), medium (hypertrophic) and high (very hypertrophic). Each mesocosm was seeded with 6 mature P. parva (equal sex ratio) at the start of their reproductive season. After 100 days, length increments of the adult fish were significantly elevated in the low treatment, and these fish had also produced significantly higher numbers of 0+ fish compared to all other treatments. The trophic niche width of the mature fish was substantially higher in the control than the treatments, but this did not appear to confer any advantages to them in somatic growth rate or reproductive output. These results suggest that the nutrient status of receiving waters can have substantial impacts on the outcomes of fish introductions, where eutrophic conditions can assist the rapid population establishment of some alien species.
Should we redefine meiofaunal organisms? The impact of mesh size on collection of meiofauna with special regard to nematodes
Authors: Ptatscheck C. , Gehner S. , Traunspurger W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMeiofaunal organisms are the predominant metazoans in benthic systems and important members of the benthic food web. They are defined by mesh size and specifically by their retention on a sieve with a 44-µm mesh size. In this study, we examined the accuracy of this standard collection method by counting the number of meiobenthic individuals, life stages and nematode species in a sample. A filter cascade consisting of five different mesh sizes (41 µm, 30 µm, 20 µm, 10 µm and 1 µm) was used to fractionate a natural freshwater meiobenthic collection, and the individuals in each fraction were then counted. In line with the current definition of meiofauna, all tardigrades, microcrustaceans, chironomids and oligochaetes were retained by the largest mesh size, whereas 9% of the rotifers were first retained on the 30-µm meshes. For nematodes, 23% were not retained on the 41-µm meshes and individuals were collected even from the 1-µm fraction. With declining mesh size, the yield of retained nematodes increased, the age structure shifted to juveniles, evenness declined, and the species composition changed. As all of these findings were significant, this study therefore shows that the current definition of meiofauna is not sufficient to encompass the entire spectrum of meiofauna present in a sample and may result in misleading assessments of the diversity and composition of these organisms. We therefore propose that, especially for nematodes, a definition based on a smaller mesh size (at least 20 µm) is more appropriate.
The Kac Ring or the Art of Making Idealisations
Authors: Jebeile Julie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 1959, mathematician Mark Kac introduced a model, called the Kac ring, in order to elucidate the classical solution of Boltzmann to the problem of macroscopic irreversibility. However, the model is far from being a realistic representation of something. How can it be of any help here? In philosophy of science, it is often argued that models can provide explanations of the phenomenon they are said to approximate, in virtue of the truth they contain, and in spite of the idealisations they are made of. On this view, idealisations are not supposed to contribute to any explaining, and should not affect the global representational function of the model. But the Kac ring is a toy model that is only made of idealisations, and is still used trustworthily to understand the treatment of irreversible phenomena in statistical mechanics. In the paper, my aim is to argue that each idealisation ingeniously designed by the mathematician maintains the representational function of the Kac ring with the general properties of macroscopic irreversibility under scrutiny. Such an active role of idealisations in the representing has so far been overlooked and reflects the art of modelling.
Fostering prospective teachers’ explaining skills during university education—Evaluation of a training module
Authors: Findeisen Stefanie , Deutscher Viola Katharina , Seifried Jürgen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProviding instructional explanations is a core component of effective instruction and an important teaching skill. Teaching skills are generally regarded as learnable, and teacher education programs aim to improve teachers’ professional competences. In this study, we analyze to what extent explaining skills can be fostered during teacher education at university by means of a specific training module. We designed a training (university module) for prospective economics teachers at vocational schools (candidates in a Master’s teaching program). By means of videotaped simulated interactions at two measurement points, we analyzed the development of teacher candidates’ explaining skills. Teacher candidates were asked to explain the neoclassical supply and demand model (treatment group: n = 48; control group: n = 30) to an actor playing the role of a school student. The quality of the explanations was operationalized in respect of five aspects of successful explanations, which were derived from a literature review: (1) Content, (2) Student-teacher interaction, (3) Process structure, (4) Representation, and (5) Language. The results show that there was a treatment effect on the development of the Process structure aspect, while Student-teacher interaction appeared to develop “naturally” through experience, regardless of participation in the training. The quality aspects Content, Representation, and Language appeared stable over time. Hence, the findings show that some aspects of explaining skills are learnable even in a short training module. Learning effects are attributable partly to the instructional input received and partly to repeated practice. Both imply the importance of further opportunities to practice instructional explanation in teacher education.
Mutual Gaze: An Active Ingredient for Social Development in Toddlers with ASD: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Rollins Pamela Rosenthal , De Froy Adrienne , Campbell Michelle , Hoffman Renee Thibodeau 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe examined the efficacy of an early autism intervention for use in early childhood intervention (ECI) and mutual gaze as a contributor to social development. Seventy-eight families were randomly assigned to one of three 12-week interventions: Pathways (with a mutual gaze component), communication, or services-as-usual (SAU). The Pathways/SAU comparison concerned the efficacy of Pathways for ECI, and the Pathways/communication comparison, mutual gaze. The Pathways group made significantly more change on social measures, communicative synchrony, and adaptive functioning compared with the SAU group and on social measures compared with the communication group. There were no group differences for communicative acts. The results support Pathways as a potential ECI program and mutual gaze as an active ingredient for social and communication development.
The State Space of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Lyre Holger 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe goal of the paper is to develop and propose a general model of the state space of AI. Given the breathtaking progress in AI research and technologies in recent years, such conceptual work is of substantial theoretical interest. The present AI hype is mainly driven by the triumph of deep learning neural networks. As the distinguishing feature of such networks is the ability to self-learn, self-learning is identified as one important dimension of the AI state space. Another dimension is recognized as generalization, the possibility to go over from specific to more general types of problems. A third dimension is semantic grounding. Our overall analysis connects to a number of known foundational issues in the philosophy of mind and cognition: the blockhead objection, the Turing test, the symbol grounding problem, the Chinese room argument, and use theories of meaning. It shall finally be argued that the dimension of grounding decomposes into three sub-dimensions. And the dimension of self-learning turns out as only one of a whole range of “self-x-capacities” (based on ideas of organic computing) that span the self-x-subspace of the full AI state space.
Studies on the aetiology of kiwifruit decline: interaction between soil-borne pathogens and waterlogging
Authors: Savian Francesco , Ginaldi Fabrizio , Musetti Rita , Sandrin Nicola , Tarquini Giulia , Pagliari Laura , Firrao Giuseppe , Martini Marta , Ermacora Paolo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Aims
In 2012, Italian kiwifruit orchards were hit by a serious root disease of unknown aetiology (kiwifruit decline, KD) that still causes extensive damage to the sector. While waterlogging was soon observed to be associated with its outbreak, the putative role of soil microbiota remains unknown. This work investigates the role of these two factors in the onset of the disease.

Methods
Historical rainfall data were analysed to identify changes that might explain KD outbreak and mimic the flooding conditions required to reproduce the disease in a controlled environment. A greenhouse experiment was thus designed, and vines were grown in either unsterilized (U) or sterilized (S) soil collected from KD-affected orchards, and subjected (F) or not (N) to artificial flooding. Treatments were compared in terms of mortality rate, growth, and tissue modifications.

Results
KD symptoms were only displayed by FU-treated vines, with an incidence of 90%. Ultrastructural observations detected tyloses and fibrils in the xylem vessels of all plants, irrespective of the treatment. Phytopythium vexans and Phytopythium chamaehyphon, isolated from roots of FU plants, emerged as the associated microorganisms.

Conclusions
We succeeded in reproducing KD under controlled conditions and confirmed its association with both waterlogging and soil-borne microorganism(s).
Balancing Emotion and Reason to Develop Critical Thinking About Popularized Neurosciences
Authors: Lombard François , Schneider Daniel K. , Merminod Marie , Weiss Laura 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBioscientific advances raise numerous new ethical dilemmas. Neuroscience research opens possibilities of tracing and even modifying human brain processes, such as decision-making, revenge, or pain control. Social media and science popularization challenge the boundaries between truth, fiction, and deliberate misinformation, calling for critical thinking (CT). Biology teachers often feel ill-equipped to organize student debates that address sensitive issues, opinions, and emotions in classrooms. Recent brain research confirms that opinions cannot be understood as solely objective and logical and are strongly influenced by the form of empathy. Emotional empathy engages strongly with salient aspects but blinds to others’ reactions while cognitive empathy allows perspective and independent CT. In order to address the complex socioscientific issues (SSIs) that recent neuroscience raises, cognitive empathy is a significant skill rarely developed in schools. We will focus on theprocessesof opinion building and argue that learners first need a good understanding of methods and techniques to discuss potential uses and other people’s possible emotional reactions. Subsequently, in order to develop cognitive empathy, students are asked to describe opposed emotional reactions as dilemmas by considering alternative viewpoints and values. Using a design-based-research paradigm, we propose a new learning design method for independent critical opinion building based on the development of cognitive empathy. We discuss an example design to illustrate the generativity of the method. The collected data suggest that students developed decentering competency and scientific methods literacy. Generalizability of the design principles to enhance other CT designs is discussed.
A theory of instrumental and existential rational decisions: Smith, Weber, Mauss, Tönnies after Martin Buber
Authors: Khalil Elias L. , Marciano Alain 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper proffers a dialogical theory of decision-making: decision-makers (DMs) are engaged in two modes of rational decisions, instrumental and existential. Instrumental rational decisions take place when the DM views the self externally to the objects, whether goods or animate beings. Existential rational decisions take place when the DM views the self in union with such objects. While the dialogical theory differs from Max Weber’s distinction between two kinds of rationality, it follows Martin Buber’s philosophical anthropology. The paper expounds the ramifications of the dialogical theory in understanding structures of exchange considering assessments of diverse thinkers.
Predictive factors of posttreatment fracture by definitive radiotherapy for uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Ishikawa Kazuki , Yamashiro Tsuneo , Ariga Takuro , Toita Takafumi , Kudaka Wataru , Heianna Joichi , Maemoto Hitoshi , Kusada Takeaki , Makino Wataru , Aoki Yoichi , Murayama Sadayuki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Fractures are known to shorten life expectancy and worsen the quality of life. The risk of fractures after radiation therapy in cervical cancer patients is known to be multifactorial. In this study, we examined risk factors for fractures in cervical cancer patients, especially by evaluating bone densities and DVH parameters for fractured bones.

Materials and Methods
For 42 patients, clinical characteristics, pretreatment CT bone densities, and radiation dose were compared between patients with and without fractures.

Results
Posttreatment fractures occurred in 25 bones among ten patients. Pretreatment CT bone densities were significantly lower in patients with fractures (P < 0.05–0.01 across sites, except for the ilium and the ischium). Although DVH parameters were also significantly associated with fractures in univariate analysis, only CT densities were significantly associated with fractures in multivariate analysis.

Conclusion
Pretreatment CT densities of spinal and pelvic bones, which may reflect osteoporosis, have a significant impact on the risk for posttreatment fractures.
Differential variational–hemivariational inequalities: existence, uniqueness, stability, and convergence
Authors: Tang Guo-ji , Cen Jinxia , Nguyen Van Thien , Zeng Shengda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to study a comprehensive system called differential variational–hemivariational inequality which is composed of a nonlinear evolution equation and a time-dependent variational–hemivariational inequality in Banach spaces. Under the general functional framework, a generalized existence theorem for differential variational–hemivariational inequality is established by employing KKM principle, Minty’s technique, theory of multivalued analysis, the properties of Clarke’s subgradient. Furthermore, we explore a well-posedness result for the system, including the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the solution in mild sense. Finally, using penalty methods to the inequality, we consider a penalized problem-associated differential variational–hemivariational inequality, and examine the convergence result that the solution to the original problem can be approached, as a parameter converges to zero, by the solution of the penalized problem.
Novel Vascular Anastomoses and Moyamoya Disease in a Woman with Down Syndrome
Authors: Byworth Miles Timothy , Moffatt James Ian , Perera Kanjana S 
Published: September 2020

A 56-year-old woman with Down syndrome presented with right-sided weakness and dysarthria, and was found on CT/CTA to have a left middle cerebral artery infarct secondary to moyamoya disease. Her left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) was fed both by the left vertebral artery, and the left ascending pharyngeal artery (APA), with a variant origin from the internal carotid artery (ICA), then passing through the jugular foramen (Figure 1). Her right PICA originated exclusively from her right occipital artery, also via the jugular foramen (Figure 2). The left vertebral artery originated directly from the aortic arch, whereas the right vertebral artery originated from the brachiocephalic trunk. In addition, she had a trifurcated anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and just prior to this trifurcation, her left ACA was partially supplied by the left ICA, via a superior hypophyseal artery. This case is noteworthy for several reasons. First, though it is exceedingly rare to have the PICA supplied by the jugular branch of the APA, this is the first reported case with an ICA origin of that APA.1,2 The fact that both PICAs in this patient originate from the anterior circulation should remind clinicians that in unexplained posterior circulation infarctions, vascular anatomy should be explored, as carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses such as these are rare, but possible. Lastly, the conjunction of moyamoya disease and anomalies of the vertebrobasilar system in a patient with Down syndrome raises interesting questions about the influence of trisomy 21 on the developing vasculature. Connections from the APA to the vertebrobasilar system are hypothesized to result from a lack of regression of an embryological anastomosis, in line with the more common persistent trigeminal and persistent hypoglossal arteries.1 Patients with moyamoya disease have a significantly higher rate of persistent carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses than the general population,3 and are also 26 times more likely to have Down syndrome.4 Correspondingly, patients with Down syndrome have significantly higher levels of moyamoya disease, and are more than 10 times as likely as the general population to have abnormalities of the Circle of Willis5 and vertebral arteries.6 Several genes on chromosome 21 are known to affect angiogenesis, namely collagen XIII/endostatin (COL18A1), DYRK1A, and Down syndrome candidate region 1 (DSCR1), possibly through inhibition of VEGF activity.7 Whether additional copies of these genes are responsible for the anomalous vascular development seen in Down syndrome, in turn predisposing to the development of moyamoya disease, could benefit from further exploration.
ON WIDE ARONSZAJN TREES IN THE PRESENCE OF MA
Authors: DŽAMONJA MIRNA , SHELAH SAHARON 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA wide Aronszajn tree is a tree of size and height

$\omega _{1}$
with no uncountable branches. We prove that under

$MA(\omega _{1}\!)$
there is no wide Aronszajn tree which is universal under weak embeddings. This solves an open question of Mekler and Väänänen from 1994.
We also prove that under

$MA(\omega _{1}\!)$
, every wide Aronszajn tree weakly embeds in an Aronszajn tree, which combined with a result of Todorčević from 2007, gives that under

$MA(\omega _{1}\!)$
every wide Aronszajn tree embeds into a Lipschitz tree or a coherent tree. We also prove that under

$MA(\omega _{1}\!)$
there is no wide Aronszajn tree which weakly embeds all Aronszajn trees, improving the result in the first paragraph as well as a result of Todorčević from 2007 who proved that under

$MA(\omega _{1}\!)$
there are no universal Aronszajn trees.
SELF-REFERENTIAL THEORIES
Authors: ALEXANDER SAMUEL A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study the structure of families of theories in the language of arithmetic extended to allow these families to refer to one another and to themselves. If a theory contains schemata expressing its own truth and expressing a specific Turing index for itself, and contains some other mild axioms, then that theory is untrue. We exhibit some families of true self-referential theories that barely avoid this forbidden pattern.
Notes from Libya
Authors: Bennett Paul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies, and follows the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organization of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merits a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.