bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Observation of Urban Ambient 1,3‐Butadiene Based on Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Technique and Its Potential Alteration on the Nighttime Chemistry
Authors: Gu Chuanqi , Wang Shanshan , Yan Yuhao , Zhu Jian , Jin Dan , Wu Shijian , Zhou Bin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAs a highly reactive dialkenes similar to isoprene, 1,3‐butadiene (BD) is rapidly oxidized and fully involved in atmospheric oxidation processes. We have established a method for the online measurement of ambient BD using Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique. Lab testing demonstrated that DOAS technique can accurately measure BD concentrations in high temporal resolution of minute‐level, with accuracy and precision within ±5% and 1%, respectively. Following field measurement, the detection limit for BD reached 90 pptv, the r between DOAS and the online VOCs system results reached 0.885, and the nighttime hourly averaged concentration peaked at 0.75 ppbv. At this BD level, if the NO3 reaction pathway with BD was not considered, the maximum proportional variations in the NO3 concentration simulated by the box model exceeded 10%. In conclusion, DOAS is suitable for long‐term BD measurements, and continuous attention should be given to the potential alteration on atmospheric chemistry caused by this type of easily neglected compounds.
Visualizing risk modification of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: development and validation of prediction model for personalized interpregnancy weight management
Authors: Tano Sho , Kotani Tomomi , Ushida Takafumi , Matsuo Seiko , Yoshihara Masato , Imai Kenji , Kinoshita Fumie , Moriyama Yoshinori , Nomoto Masataka , Yoshida Shigeru , Yamashita Mamoru , Kishigami Yasuyuki , Oguchi Hidenori , Kajiyama Hiroaki 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe growing recognition of the importance of interpregnancy weight management in reducing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) underscores the importance of effective preventive strategies. However, developing effective systems remains a challenge. We aimed to bridge this gap by constructing a prediction model. This study retrospectively analyzed the data of 1746 women who underwent two childbirths across 14 medical facilities, including both tertiary and primary facilities. Data from 2009 to 2019 were used to create a derivation cohort (n = 1746). A separate temporal-validation cohort was constructed by adding data between 2020 and 2024 (n = 365). Furthermore, the external-validation cohort was constructed using the data from another tertiary center between 2017 and 2023 (n = 340). We constructed a prediction model for HDP development in the second pregnancy by applying logistic regression analysis using 5 primary clinical information: maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and HDP history; and pregnancy interval and weight change velocity between pregnancies. Model performance was assessed across all three cohorts. HDP in the second pregnancy occurred 7.3% in the derivation, 10.1% in the temporal-validation, and 7.9% in the external-validation cohorts. This model demonstrated strong discrimination, with c-statistics of 0.86, 0.88, and 0.86 for the respective cohorts. Precision-recall area under the curve values were 0.90, 0.85, and 0.91, respectively. Calibration showed favorable intercepts (−0.02 to −0.00) and slopes (0.96–1.02) for all cohorts. In conclusion, this externally validated model offers a robust basis for personalized interpregnancy weight management goals for women planning future pregnancies.
Competitive co-diffusion as a route to enhanced step coverage in chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Choolakkal Arun Haridas , Niiranen Pentti , Dorri Samira , Birch Jens , Pedersen Henrik 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSemiconductor devices are constructed from stacks of materials with different electrical properties, making deposition of thin layers central in producing semiconductor chips. The shrinking of electronics has resulted in complex device architectures which require deposition into holes and recessed features. A key parameter for such deposition is the step coverage (SC), which is the ratio of the thickness of material at the bottom and at the top. Here, we show that adding a co-flow of a heavy inert gas affords a higher SC for deposition by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). By adding a co-flow of Xe to a CVD process for boron carbide using a single source precursor with a lower molecular mass than the atomic mass of Xe, the SC increased from 0.71 to 0.97 in a 10:1 aspect ratio feature. The concept was further validated by a longer deposition depth in lateral high aspect ratio structures. We suggest that competitive co-diffusion is a general route to conformal CVD.
Annual 30-m maps of global grassland class and extent (2000–2022) based on spatiotemporal Machine Learning
Authors: Parente Leandro , Sloat Lindsey , Mesquita Vinicius , Consoli Davide , Stanimirova Radost , Hengl Tomislav , Bonannella Carmelo , Teles Nathália , Wheeler Ichsani , Hunter Maria , Ehrmann Steffen , Ferreira Laerte , Mattos Ana Paula , Oliveira Bernard , Meyer Carsten , Şahin Murat , Witjes Martijn , Fritz Steffen , Malek Ziga , Stolle Fred 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe paper describes the production and evaluation of global grassland extent mapped annually for 2000–2022 at 30 m spatial resolution. The dataset showing the spatiotemporal distribution of cultivated and natural/semi-natural grassland classes was produced by using GLAD Landsat ARD-2 image archive, accompanied by climatic, landform and proximity covariates, spatiotemporal machine learning (per-class Random Forest) and over 2.3 M reference samples (visually interpreted in Very High Resolution imagery). Custom probability thresholds (based on five-fold spatial cross-validation) were used to derive dominant class maps with balanced user’s and producer’s accuracy, resulting in f1 score of 0.64 and 0.75 for cultivated and natural/semi-natural grassland, respectively. The produced maps (about 4 TB in size) are available under an open data license as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs and as Google Earth Engine assets. The suggested uses of data include (1) integration with other compatible land cover products and (2) tracking the intensity and drivers of conversion of land to cultivated grasslands and from natural / semi-natural grasslands into other land use systems.
Automated analysis of ultrastructure through large-scale hyperspectral electron microscopy
Authors: Duinkerken B. H. Peter , Alsahaf Ahmad M. J. , Hoogenboom Jacob P. , Giepmans Ben N. G. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMicroscopy is a key technique to visualize and understand biology. Electron microscopy (EM) facilitates the investigation of cellular ultrastructure at biomolecular resolution. Cellular EM was recently revolutionized by automation and digitalisation allowing routine capture of large areas and volumes at nanoscale resolution. Analysis, however, is hampered by the greyscale nature of electron images and their large data volume, often requiring laborious manual annotation. Here we demonstrate unsupervised and automated extraction of biomolecular assemblies in conventionally processed tissues using large-scale hyperspectral energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) imaging. First, we discriminated biological features in the context of tissue based on selected elemental maps. Next, we designed a data-driven workflow based on dimensionality reduction and spectral mixture analysis, allowing the visualization and isolation of subcellular features with minimal manual intervention. Broad implementations of the presented methodology will accelerate the understanding of biological ultrastructure.
Hybrid mechanism‐data‐driven iron loss modelling for permanent magnet synchronous motors considering multiphysics coupling effects
Authors: Liu Lin , Yin Wenliang , Guo Youguang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe precise calculation of iron losses in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) remains challenging due to the interplay between various disciplines such as electromagnetism, magnetism, and thermal/mechanical dynamics. Purely mechanistic models require detailed theoretical knowledge and exact parameters, often struggling to accurately describe complex systems, while purely data‐driven methods lack interpretability, which are susceptible to data noise and outliers in feature extraction and complicated pattern recognition. Consequently, this paper aims to present a hybrid mechanism‐data‐driven model for accurately estimating the iron loss for PMSMs, considering the multiphysics coupling effects. Specifically, based on the well‐defined physical principles, an advanced iron loss analytical model that simultaneously considers mechanical stress, temperature rise, harmonics, load currents, and changing frequency is developed and then utilised to calculate numerous loss data under different operating conditions, providing a certain level of stability and reliability for prediction accuracy. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm is employed to perform deep learning to extract features and patterns from the data. By defining a suitable loss function, the pre‐trained model was fine‐tuned and optimised using a small amount of actual data. To validate its superiority, extensive numerical and experimental analyses are conducted on the prototype. The results demonstrate that the iron losses computed using this hybrid model overcome the limitations of singular methods by effectively leveraging both theoretical knowledge and real‐world data, thus accurately accommodating various application scenarios. This integrated approach enhances the accuracy, stability, and interpretability of the model, laying a solid foundation for more specialised applications in the future.
Polarisation results from the GOODS-N field with Apertif and polarised source counts
Authors: Berger A. , Adebahr B. , Wright A. H. , Hildebrandt H. , Dettmar R.-J. , Adams E. A. K. , Dénes H. , Hess K. M. , Morganti R. , Damstra S. , Kutkin A. , Loose G. M. , Mika A. , Oostrum L. C. , van Leeuwen J. , Ziemke J. 
Published: December 2024

Aims. We analysed six Apertif datasets, covering the GOODS-N LOFAR deep field region, aiming to improve our understanding of the faint radio source composition, their polarisation behaviour, and how this affects our interpretation of polarised source counts.
Methods. Using a semi-automatic routine, we ran rotation measure synthesis to generate a polarised intensity mosaic for each observation. The routine also performs source finding and cross-matching with the total power catalogue, as well as NVSS, SDSS and allWISE, to obtain a catalogue of 1182 polarised sources in an area of 47.4 deg2. Using the mid-infrared (MIR) radio correlation, we found no indication of any polarised emission from star formation. To robustly estimate the source counts, we performed an investigation of our sample’s completeness as a function of the polarised flux via synthetic source injection.
Results. In contrast to previous works, we find no strong dependency of fractional polarisation on the total intensity flux density. We argue that differences regarding previous (small-scale, deep field) analyses can be attributed to sample variance. Relative to the findings of previous works, here we find a steeper slope for our Euclidean-normalised differential source counts. This is also visible as a flattening in cumulative source counts.
Conclusions. We attribute the observed steeper slope in Euclidean normalised differential source counts to a change in the source composition and properties at low total intensities.
Comparison of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Sodium Hypochlorite, Neem Extract, and Microwave Radiation for Disinfection of Type IV Dental Stone
Authors: Jabeen Bushra , Mirani Zulfiqar A. , lone Muneeb A. , Nirkhiwale Arpit , Farooqui Waqas A. , Aslam Kashif , Ahmed Muhammad Adeel , Vohra Fahim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objective The present study evaluated the effect of chemical disinfectants and microwave sterilization on the removal of biofilm containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans from type IV dental stone.
Materials and Methods One hundred twenty-eight (N = 128) type IV dental cast stone specimens were prepared, and biofilms of microorganisms were cultured. Dental stone samples were subjected to disinfection protocols, including 0.5% chlorhexidine (CHX), 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 20% neem extract, and microwave irradiation for 1 to 5 minutes. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to witness changes in the biofilm, pre- and postdisinfection/sterilization.
Results For P. aeruginosa, significant (p < 0.05) decrease in CFU counts after 1 minute (from 233 to −215) and 2, 3, and 5 minutes (from 233 to −233) were observed after CHX treatment. After microwave radiation, a significant decrease in CFU counts was also observed after 1 minute (from 233 to −130.3), 2 minutes (from 233 to −229), and 3 and 5 minutes (from 233 to −233). For S. mutans, a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in CFU counts was observed after 1, 2, 3, and 5 minutes (from 212 to −268) after NaOCl treatment and microwave radiation (from 212 to −271 after 1 minute and from 212 to −274.3 after 2, 3, and 5 minutes). For C. albicans, significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the CFU counts (1–5 minutes) was observed after CHX exposure, while NaOCl and microwave radiation demonstrated equal disinfection potency. Neem extract was effective to disinfect the dental stone; however, it was not as potent as the other disinfectants and microwave radiation.
Conclusion It was observed that exposure to CHX, NaOCl, and microwave radiation significantly reduced the microbial CFU counts. Although the use of neem extract also significantly reduced these CFU counts, this reduction was not as much as the other three tested materials. Further research exploring other chemical disinfectants with various concentrations is recommended.
The Relationship between Personality Trait and Dental Anxiety in Students of Health-Related Specialties: A Pilot Study
Authors: Khatib Dania Al , Altaheri Sereen , Sabh Mera Ismail Al , Elshirbiny Haydi , Masaad Hiyam Adel , AlAbdullah Tayebah , Alsumait Sarah , Alsulaili Hanouf , Buhamad Fatimah , Al-Rawi Natheer Hashim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objectives Dental anxiety is a common issue affecting a significant portion of the population, often leading to avoidance of dental care and subsequent oral health problems. Understanding the underlying factors contributing to dental anxiety is a crucial step toward developing an effective intervention. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental anxiety among students of health-related majors, evaluate their personality traits, and find the correlation between them. Additionally, this study aims to find the predictors of such traits and their relationship with each other.
Materials and Methods The study was conducted on 163 consented students (124 males and 39 females), selected based on major and year of study at the University of Sharjah medical campus. The questionnaire was sent online through Google Forms. It included questions from the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS)and the Big Five personality test. Data analysis was done using SPSS software (IBM Co. version 29) where all descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.
Results Moderate level of dental anxiety (12.3 ± 5.8) was observed among students of the medical campus, where nondental students scored higher in mean dental anxiety (13.0 ± 6.2) compared with dental students (10.4 ± 4.5). Males scored higher on the dental anxiety scale (12.5 ± 5.8) compared with females (11.7 ± 5.6). The Big Five personality test results displayed statistical significance association between neuroticism and dental anxiety, compared with other measured parameters (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Neuroticism (Big Five characteristics scoring) and dental anxiety (MDAS scoring) exhibit a significant correlation. The Big Five test's characteristics are interrelated, including neuroticism and conscientiousness which, in turn, had a substantial correlation with agreeableness. Subsequently, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion exhibit substantial correlations with openness. This dynamic between the traits indicates that the adoption of personality tests in dental clinics would lead to improved prediction and management of dental anxiety in health-related students.
Clinical Relevance Since dentistry relies on patient management to get the best results, understanding the relationship between personality factors and dental anxiety might enhance patient management. This would prevent health care neglect and undiagnosed oral problems.
Precision in Neuronavigation Systems: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Santos Evelen Rouse de Souza , Viana Fabiana Ramos , Gonçalves Paulo Eduardo , Lima Maria Adriely Cunha , Lyra Carlos Alberto Miranda , Santos Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Introduction To evaluate the accuracy of different neuronavigation systems and establish factors that influence their accuracy and their indications for use.
Methods This is a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis based on the guiding question of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA): What is the accuracy of neuronavigation systems and the factors that influence it? For that, a search was performed in PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Embase, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases using descriptors combined with two Boolean operators. The articles found were submitted to eligibility criteria, and the reading was partial and complete. A total of 51 studies were selected, and 11 were included in the meta-analysis.
Results In total, 5,316 procedures were evaluated using neuronavigation systems and different types of procedures performed on the skull and spine. After meta-analysis, it was possible to establish the accuracy of the optical (N = 297) and AR (N = 195), with SBT of 2.34 mm and 2.09 mm, respectively. However, studies were evaluated regarding the influence of different recording methods, the use of associated technologies, and their indications for use.
Conclusions The accuracy of the systems was established through the TRE of 2.34 mm for the optical and 2.09 mm for the augmented reality, while it was not possible to establish the electromagnetic one. Thus, the ARN is the system with the best accuracy value, in addition to presenting advantages during the surgical period when compared with the others.
Excavation deformation analysis of subway foundation pits based on finite element analysis
Authors: Li Yingchao , Liu Zhao 
Published: December 2024

The excavation deformation of subway foundation pit engineering is limited by the engineering characteristics. There is a risk of collapse lag and incalculable consequences. To improve the safety factor in subway foundation pit construction and prevent the risk of foundation pit collapse, finite element analysis was utilized to simulate the deformation of subway foundation pit excavation. Meanwhile, a risk assessment method for the collapse of foundation pit support was constructed by combining the fuzzy hierarchical comprehensive evaluation model in the experiment. Numerical analysis confirmed that the maximum horizontal displacement of the foundation pit when excavated to the bottom was 11.96 mm, and the maximum surface settlement was 11.50 mm. These simulation results were highly consistent with the measured curve, with a maximum displacement difference of only 2.87 mm and a maximum settlement difference of 2.00 mm. According to the proposed method, foundation pit engineering’s evaluation was carried out, with a support structure score of 0.437, a surrounding soil score of 0.450, a bottom soil score of 0.267, and an overall project risk score of 0.416, all within an acceptable range. Therefore, the method of simulating and predicting excavation deformation of subway foundation pits using the finite element software is effective and reliable. According to the risk assessment results of foundation pit collapse, relevant management personnel should strengthen and attach importance to the prevention of collapse of the surrounding soil and support structures of the foundation pit.
Development of Fully Self-Controllable High-Finesse Optical Reference Cavities
Authors: Jiao Dongdong , Wu Mengfan , Gao Jing , Zhang Han , Liu Junlong , Xu Guanjun , Zang Qi , Cui Jie , Dong Ruifang , Liu Tao , Qu Bo , Zhang Shougang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
High-finesse optical reference cavities are essential tools for fundamental research. In response to China’s historical reliance on importing high-finesse optical reference cavities, we successfully developed a cavity using ultralow expansion glass (ULE) materials and processed it entirely in China. Using the method of measuring the cavity linewidth, a finesse of approximately 480000 was obtained in our experiments. We adopted a relatively simple and effective approach to test the optical reference cavity, which involved measuring the resonant points using an ultrastable laser. Remarkably, an expansion coefficient of the Chinese ULE optical reference cavity reached up to the order of 10−9/K within the temperature range of 27 °C to 40 °C, with the zero expansion point occurring at approximately 34 °C. These findings demonstrate China’s independent capability to develop high-finesse optical reference cavities, which is a significant advancement in precision optics.
Explaining the singular oscillator: physical considerations and mechanical analogies
Authors: Kontomaris Stylianos Vasileios , Malamou Anna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Nonlinear oscillations in one dimension are typically described by a general differential equation of the form x″ + f(x) = 0. In many classical systems, oscillations occur around an equilibrium position, defined where f(x) = 0. A notable exception is the singular oscillator, where f(x) = c/x, with c as a positive constant. Despite extensive studies yielding approximate periodic solutions expressed as series of sinusoidal functions, the singularity at x = 0 prevents this point from being a true equilibrium position. This raises critical questions: How can periodic solutions of the singular oscillator be explained intuitively? Is it physically rational for oscillations to occur around a position where the restoring force is undefined? This paper addresses these questions using simple mechanical analogies, such as a bouncing ball and the motion of a small object’s image in a mirror, to provide intuitive explanations of the periodic solutions. This analysis is particularly useful for teaching nonlinear phenomena at the university level and will assist young scientists with limited experience in the field.