bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Our Shoes or the Protagonist’s? Knowledge, Justification, and Projection
Authors: Gonnerman Chad , Poag Lee , Redden Logan , Robbins Jacob , Crowley Stephen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Sackris and Beebe show that many people seem willing to attribute knowledge in the absence of justification. Their results provide some reason to claim that the folk concept of knowledge does not treat justification as necessary for its deployment. This chapter provides some support for this claim. It does so by addressing an alternative account of Sackris and Beebe’s results—the possibility that the observed knowledge attributions stemmed from protagonist projection, a linguistic phenomenon in which the speaker uses words that the relevant protagonist might use to describe her own situation and the listener interprets the speaker accordingly. That said, caution is recommended. There are alternative possibilities regarding what drives knowledge attributions in cases of unjustified true belief that must be ruled out before much confidence is given to the claim that the folk concept of knowledge does not take justification to be necessary for its use.
The Relevance of Alternate Possibilities for Moral Responsibility for Actions and Omissions
Authors: Willemsen Pascale 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Many philosophers have argued that alternative possibilities are required for an agent’s moral responsibility for the consequences of omitting an action. In contrast, it is argued that alternative possibilities are not required for moral responsibility for the consequences of performing an action. Thus, while an agent can be morally responsible for an action she could not have avoided, an agent is never morally responsible for omitting an action she could not have performed. Call this the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis. This chapter describes various strategies to challenge the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis and identifies the predictions those strategies make about the conditions under which an agent will be held morally responsible for an unavoidable action or omission. Studies reported in the chapter indicate that whether there is an Action/Omission Asymmetry strongly depends, first, on the type of moral judgment considered relevant for the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis, and, second, the scale used to test the folk’s intuition.
Sleeping in Error in Spenser’s Faerie Queene, Book 1
Authors: Sullivan, Jr. Garrett A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how Edmund Spenser coordinates the contradictory nature of sleep—its status as something both within and beyond an individual’s control—to religious difference. Spenser associates Protestantism with ‘timely rest’ and Catholicism with a ‘daemonic’ conception of sleep that overtakes Redcrosse and comes to emblematize his alienation from Una, the ‘true faith’. These two conceptions of sleep also form the basis for what Spenser constructs as Catholic and Protestant models of cognition, affect, and embodiment. However, Spenser smudges the differences between these models even as he highlights them, and, in doing so, betrays an anxiety about the potential indistinguishability of error and truth.
Afterword
Authors: Paster Gail Kern 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Early modern scholarship’s turn to the body in the 1990s was driven by powerful dissatisfaction with the universal models of autonomous selfhood and trans-historical emotion inherited from traditional intellectual history. Newer cultural histories of the body produced a foundational recognition of the early modern body’s porous openness and of an ecological self in continual interaction with its environment. In rich archival detail, the chapters in this volume refine the embodied self’s complex placement in its inspirited cosmos from the animated ground up. Together, they demonstrate that the geography of embodiment is fundamental to any properly constituted historical phenomenology because the early moderns believed that their passions were reflected everywhere—in meteorology, sleep, landscapes, sheepfolds, and foreign lands.
The Beauty of the Pre-existent Wisdom and Word ‘in Heaven’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Augustine named God as ‘the Beauty of all things beautiful’. The Old Testament speaks not only of the beauty of God but even more of overlapping realities: light, glory, wisdom, and word. The radiant light and glory of God, celebrated frequently in the Psalms and other biblical books, manifest the divine beauty. God’s creative and self-revealing activity is personified in beautiful Lady Wisdom. By being identified with divine Wisdom, Christ justifies Augustine in calling him beautiful in his pre-existence ‘in heaven’. Identified also with Word, another personification of God’s active power and self-manifestation, Christ can also be declared beautiful before his incarnation. By ‘becoming flesh’ the Word (or Wisdom) of God brought into the world the beautiful glory and light of God.
‘Beautiful in His Parents’ Arms’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Luke’s story of the Visitation hints at the beauty of the unborn Christ, a theme taken up by Leo the Great, by composers of the Magnificat, and by John Donne. After the Christ Child was born, the joy and praise of shepherds, the ‘great joy’ of the Magi, and Simeon’s reception of the Child in the temple testify implicitly to his beauty. Christmas carols, Christian painters, and poets have celebrated his beauty, and justify Augustine when acknowledging the Child’s beauty in the arms of Mary and Joseph. The imagery and language that Jesus prepared in his hidden life and used in his ministry also witness to the beautiful way in which his sensibility developed during his many years at home in Nazareth.
‘Beautiful in the Tomb’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Faithful to the end, women, including Jesus’ mother Mary, remained present at his death on Calvary, deposition from the cross, and burial. The courageous and generous intervention of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus also played their part in bringing beauty to the burial. Artists have caught something of the tragic beauty of the occasion by their versions of the deposition from the cross (e.g. the work by Peter Paul Rubens) and the dead Jesus in the embrace of his mother (e.g. Michelangelo’s different versions of the Pietà). Eastern icons of Christ descending to the underworld (e.g. at Chora in Istanbul) represent him as supremely beautiful when he liberates those who have been waiting for his coming.
‘Beautiful in Taking up His Life again’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The silent flight of the three women at the end of Mark’s Gospel responds appropriately to the highpoint of divine self-revelation, the unique wonder of the resurrection of the crucified Jesus. Matthew writes of the women’s ‘fear and great joy’. Matthew’s ‘angel of the Lord’, who rolls away the massive stone from the entrance to the tomb and announces the resurrection, has a ‘face like lightning’ and reflects something of the risen Christ’s own beauty. None of the Easter narratives attempts to describe directly Christ’s beauty, but it is conveyed through the joy that his presence brings to the disciples. When Acts reports the Damascus road meeting, it is from the light of God that the gloriously beautiful Christ encounters Paul. What the apostle teaches in 1 Corinthians 15 about the glory of the risen body applies pre-eminently to the risen Jesus. The New Testament ends with the glory of the beautiful, exalted Christ of the Book of Revelation. Early Christians knew that the gift of the Holy Spirit involved sharing in the light and beauty of the risen Jesus.
Turning the Tables
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers what we can learn about mutual intelligibility from instances where it meets obstacles. That may happen not just where there is no desire to understand others, even no willingness to do so, where transparency is not the aim, but rather a deliberate cultivation of opacity. Difficulties may also arise because of perceived or imagined differences between human groups, including in their core values. It examines critically anthropological and philosophical theses to do with the radical differences in the ontologies presupposed or assumed by different human groups. The opacity of many communicative acts should not mislead us into taking the obstacles to mutual understanding to be always insurmountable.
The Roots of Verbal Meaning
Authors: Beavers John , Koontz-Garboden Andrew 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.
Is There a Christian Ethics?
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The central theme of this chapter is to assess how far the project with which we started has been fulfilled, which was to characterize Jesus’s proclamation to love the neighbour in purely human terms. Against the objection that the demand is silent, while Jesus tells us how to behave in relation to one another, it is argued that the latter is in fact not the case, and Jesus offers no concrete moral guidance. It is conceded, however, that a Christian perspective may find it easier to explain the radicality of the demand, insofar as it treats life as a gift from God—and this issue is taken up in Chapter 6. This chapter concludes by arguing that nothing gives the Christian any special insight into morality, so that in that sense there is not a specifically Christian ethics.
The Ethical Decision
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers a variety of ways in which, as fundamentally self-interested individuals, we try to camouflage that self-interest by making it look as if we are behaving rightly: for example, by evading an ethical action by insisting that it requires further reflection, or by inspecting our motives so that the time for action has passed. We reason in this way because we do not like being griped by the decision, and required to act. Nonetheless, our conscience can make us aware of these evasions, while also, in certain extreme or ‘heightened’ situations, we can still come to do the right thing, even while in more ordinary circumstances, when the risks are a lot less, we remain oblivious to the needs of others.
Poetry and Ethics
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the underexplored topic of the relation between ethics and poetry. It is argued that what draws us to poetry is not to experience the beautiful, but rather the way in which poetry has the capacity to cut through the triviality of much of our daily lives, and thus to pay proper attention to our surroundings. This kind of attention is equally necessary if we are to engage with others in an ethically responsive manner, which is where the connection between poetry and ethics can be seen. The poet could not achieve this effect if their poetry were merely a matter of subjective expression, so that while they must tell us about the world as they see it, it must also open us up to what is around us. In this way, poetry can give us the kind of experience that philosophy can only help us understand.
On Kierkegaard’s Account of the Doubling of the Relations of Spirit
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Kierkegaard’s account of the self in The Sickness unto Death. It is argued that for Kierkegaard, because we experience a demand, we must understand the self as a synthesis of infinity and finitude, and that through relating to this demand the human existence as openness and possibility (becoming and movement) is constituted. This synthesis however places the self in a contradictory position, which it tries to forget either by sinking into the finitude of life in the crowd, or abstracting away into the infinitude of Hegelian speculation. As well as trying to escape a fundamental tension which cannot in fact be resolved, both these options drain away the passion that comes from engaging with this tension, and thus come at a significant loss to the human spirit.
Canada
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The second case study zooms in on the case of the Canadian system of multilevel government. In contrast to the US case, Canada has demonstrated remarkable adaptability in its patterns of vertical power-sharing. The chapter finds that despite the provinces’ initial lack of voice in its self-rule setting, the Canadian federation has been able effectively to construct a regime of ongoing, constructive, and trusting vertical dialogue in the field of international trade policy. Against the backdrop of increasing domestic market integration and a generally low degree of politicization, their increased voice has eventually incited subcentral executives to forego their sovereign right to exit. Ultimately, the Canadian case demonstrates that, under certain conditions, self-rule systems can adapt to their increasing embeddedness in multilevel trade governance. Despite being built on a delineation of central and subcentral spheres of competence in ‘watertight compartments’, the Canadian system integrated means of shared rule to deal with pressures from the international realm while preserving a substantive measure of subcentral autonomy. The concomitant increase in subcentral voice leads to two observations of immediate relevance to the theorizing of multilevel trade governance. First, despite the systematic inclusion of subcentral executives in trade policy-making, the destructive side-effects of the joint-decision trap can be avoided. Second, multilevel systems are dialectically capable of integrating certain fields while decentralizing authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Marcel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the key arguments of the book and highlights the broader implications of its findings for our understanding of Germany’s postwar history. In particular, it emphasizes the need to reconcile what might be described as the opposing bottom-up and top-down histories of the divided Germany. As much as the history of the divided Germany was a history of antagonistic conceptions of society, it was also a history of local attempts to get by in an era of rapid social change. The chapter thus emphasizes the need to include more local perspectives in studies of Cold War societies. It argues that explorations of how larger processes of change played out in the specific local settings of everyday life allow us to complicate traditional narratives of life on both sides of the Iron Curtain and overcome persisting divisions in the historical literature.
‘Active climber[s] of the hills’
Authors: Bainbridge Simon 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As ‘active climber[s] of the hills’ to use Dorothy Wordsworth’s phrase, women played a significant part in the Romantic-period development of mountaineering and its literature, with Wordsworth herself and Ann Radcliffe producing two of the era’s most influential ascent narratives. This chapter examines the climbing activities and writing of the era’s female mountaineers, including Elizabeth Smith, Sarah Murray, and Ellen Weeton, in addition to Wordsworth and Radcliffe. It argues that these women were responding to a developing culture of climbing which increasingly sought to differentiate modes of ascent in terms of gender. The chapter concludes with a focused examination of Dorothy Wordsworth as both a mountaineer and a climbing writer, tracing her remarkable development over the course of three decades during which she wrote her narrative of her pioneering ascent of Scafell Pike, which was published unattributed in her brother’s Guide to the Lakes.
Controlling Influences
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the rationalist account of autonomy outlined in the previous chapter, this chapter provides a framework for identifying different forms of influence on individual decision-making. The author explains how his theory allows for a broader understanding of rational persuasion than that which is suggested by the standard account, and shows how different forms of persuasion can be compatible with autonomous decision-making. Such persuasion can be contrasted with psychological manipulation, which serves to directly alter an individual’s motivational states in a manner that bypasses the cognitive element of the target’s decisional autonomy. Having identified the various forms that psychological manipulation can take, the author argues that global forms of manipulation, which involve wholesale changes to an individual’s psychological economy, raise concerns about identity and responsibility but not autonomy. Finally, he outlines the implications of his theory for informational manipulation and deception.
Coercion
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers two questions: First, in what sense does coercion undermine voluntariness, and second, can offers be coercive? The second is particularly relevant in bioethics, as there are a number of practical debates in which it is claimed that vulnerable individuals’ autonomy is undermined by their being subject to ‘coercive offers’. Having adverted to cases of this, the author draws on the philosophical literature on the nature of coercion to answer the two aforementioned questions. He argues that our answers to these questions are importantly interrelated, and that this point has been obscured by a widespread misunderstanding of the difference between threats and offers. He then provides an account that accommodates the possibility of some coercive offers, and that also identifies features that are central to establishing whether an offer can serve to undermine voluntariness in a manner that is sufficient to invalidate consent.
The Practical Dimension of Autonomy
Authors: Pugh Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In bioethical discussions, the concept of autonomy is understood to incorporate a practical dimension, pertaining to an agent’s ability to act in pursuit of their autonomously chosen ends. Having defended the inclusion of this dimension of autonomy in one’s overall theory, the author outlines the different kinds of freedom at the point of action that may be necessary for practical autonomy, and how these can be socially mediated. He goes on to outline a modal test that can be used to identify whether a particular freedom is necessary for practical autonomy, and suggests that it can also be used to identify certain beliefs that a person must hold in order to be autonomous with respect to their decision. The chapter concludes by considering the implications that an agent’s freedoms at the point of decision may have for their decisional autonomy, and what bearing this has for the development and enhancement of autonomy.
International Law and the Theory of War
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the question of the immunity of private property from capture at sea, examining the views of its opponents and supporters. The immunity of private property at sea posed a serious challenge to sea powers—it was feared that this step would result in a further curtailment of belligerent rights. The chapter analyses the positions of the United States, Great Britain, and Germany in the first and second Hague peace conferences. The naval thinkers Alfred T. Mahan and Julian S. Corbett saw the proposal as an existential danger to waging economic warfare. Their reflection on the impact of international law on maritime strategy illustrated the limitation of the adoption of such a far-reaching proposal. The question also demanded a theoretical reflection on warfare and the chapter compares how international lawyers and strategists understood warfare and international law.
Conclusion
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Custom, state practice, and codification provided important reference points for the legal framework governing international relations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Conclusion explores the shifts from custom to codification in international maritime law. It also outlines how Great Britain used international maritime law as an instrument in foreign policy to protect its economic and strategic interests as a sea power. This last chapter then discusses how international maritime law in turn affected visions of future warfare. Great Britain’s neutrality policy, and in particular the Foreign Enlistment Act, shaped the country’s state practice in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the conclusion discusses the importance of state practice in foreign policy at the time.
A Bankers’ Bank
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the Storting’s passing of a new law in 1892 which superseded all former laws pertaining to Norges Bank. As with the bank’s foundations of 1816, the 1892 act reflected its era and responded to the perceptions and needs of that period. The new law facilitated the transformation of the regionalized bank of issue into an institution more closely resembling central banks elsewhere. Discussions on the legal framework were thus held with varying intensity from the 1870s and onwards. Three conditions in particular influenced the process and the final character of the law. The first was the international context the law itself was a part of. The second condition was the integration and centralization process already underway in Norway. The third significant condition was the conflict between the government authorities that framed Norway’s entry into the Scandinavian Monetary Union.