bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex Differences in Neuromodulation Treatment Approaches for Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review
Authors: Phillips Angela , Sami Sohrab , Adamson Maheen 
Published: November 2020

Objective:
Neuromodulatory brain stimulation interventions for traumatic brain injury (TBI)–related health sequelae, such as psychiatric, cognitive, and pain disorders, are on the rise. Because of disproportionate recruitment and epidemiological reporting of TBI-related research in men, there is limited understanding of TBI development, pathophysiology, and treatment intervention outcomes in women. With data suggesting sex-related variances in treatment outcomes, it is important that these gaps are addressed in emerging, neuromodulatory treatment approaches for TBI populations.

Methods:
Four research databases (PubMED, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were electronically searched in February 2020.

Design:
This PRISMA Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR)–guided report contextualizes the importance of reporting sex differences in TBI + neuromodulatory intervention studies and summarizes the current state of reporting sex differences when investigating 3 emerging interventions for TBI outcomes.

Results:
Fifty-four studies were identified for the final review including 12 controlled trials, 16 single or case series reports, and 26 empirical studies. Across all studies reviewed, 68% of participants were male, and only 7 studies reported sex differences as a part of their methodological approach, analysis, or discussion.

Conclusion:
This review is hoped to update the TBI community on the current state of evidence in reporting sex differences across these 3 neuromodulatory treatments of post-TBI sequelae. The proposed recommendations aim to improve future research and clinical treatment of all individuals suffering from post-TBI sequelae.
Novel approaches in occupational asthma diagnosis and management
Authors: Quirce Santiago , Domínguez-Ortega Javier , Luna Juan A. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
To describe the recent findings of the last 2 years on the epidemiology and phenotypes of occupational asthma, as well as new developments in its diagnosis and management.

Recent findings
Data from nine longitudinal studies showed a population attributable fraction for the occupational contribution to incident asthma of 16%. The main phenotypes of occupational asthma are: occupational asthma caused by high-molecular-weight (HMW) or low-molecular-weight (LMW) agents, irritant-induced asthma and occupational asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap. Among the variety of causative agents of occupational asthma, food-derived components are increasingly being reported, accounting for up to 25% cases of occupational asthma and/or occupational rhinitis. Recently, a specific inhalation challenge (SIC)-independent model has been developed to calculate the probability of occupational asthma diagnosis in workers exposed to HMW agents. In this model, work-specific sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inhaled corticosteroid use, rhinoconjunctivitis and age 40 years or less were the most relevant predictive factors. Specific IgE measurements showed a pooled sensitivity of 0.74 and a specificity of 0.71 in the diagnosis of occupational asthma for HMW agents, while a lower sensitivity (0.28) and a higher specificity (0.89) was shown for LMW agents. Cessation of exposure to workplace sensitizers is the cornerstone of management of work-related conditions.

Summary
An early and precise diagnosis of occupational asthma is crucial, allowing appropriate management and implementation of preventive strategies.
The Prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence and Association With Depression in University Students
Authors: Musa Arif , Valdez Alfonso J. , Aguilar Jose L. , Pendi Kasim , Wolitzky-Taylor Kate B. , Lee Danny , Lee Joshua , Safani David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) among university students, investigate the potential predictors of IPV in this population, and study the link between IPV and depression. The survey included sociodemographic, relationship quality, and depression-related questions. From 498 respondents, the prevalence of IPV was 4.8%, depression was 30.9%, and suicidal ideation was 20.3%. After adjusting for covariates and confounders, relationship satisfaction (odds ratio [OR], 0.201; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.101–0.401; p < 0.001) and jealousy (OR, 0.270; 95% CI, 0.094–0.776; p = 0.015) were significant predictors of IPV. Relationship satisfaction predicted depressive disorders (OR, 0.504; 95% CI, 0.365–0.698; p < 0.001). IPV trended toward predicting the presence of a depressive disorder (OR, 0.436; 95% CI, 0.170–1.113; p = 0.083). Relationship satisfaction and jealousy predicted IPV. Although IPV did not predict depression, poor relationship satisfaction increased the odds of depression, implicating the influence of relationship satisfaction on both IPV and depression.
Estimated Proportions and Characteristics of National Survey Respondents Reporting New Diagnoses of Schizophrenia or Other Psychoses in the Past Year as Compared With Prior Years
Authors: Bommersbach Tanner , Rhee Taeho Greg , Stefanovics Elina , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Epidemiologic data on first-episode psychosis is limited due to the infrequency of cases in the general population. This study uses the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (N = 36,309) to examine population-based estimates of early psychosis based on adults who report a first-time diagnosis of schizophrenia from a doctor in the past year and compares them with those receiving diagnoses in previous years. Altogether, 60 respondents reported past-year schizophrenia (170 per 100,000) or 6.7% of 901 with any reported schizophrenia. Mean age was 41.4 ± 2.1, and they reported significantly higher rates of any past-year substance use disorder (44.7%) than individuals diagnosed in previous years (27.7%), specifically alcohol use disorder. Compared with other samples (many of which excluded older adults), this study suggests that early psychosis may affect older populations more than previously recognized, but comorbidity with substance use disorders showed similar elevations.
An Intervention to Change Illness Representations and Self-Care of Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chan Virginia W.Y. , Kong Alice P.S. , Lau Joseph T.F. , Mak Winnie W.S. , Cameron Linda D. , Mo Phoenix K.H. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective
Suboptimal self-care by individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant public health concern. The common-sense model (CSM) proposes that illness representations are associated with coping and health outcomes across various conditions. The present study examined the efficacy of a CSM-based intervention in improving illness representations, self-care, self-care self-efficacy, use of adaptive coping strategies, and glycated hemoglobin among individuals with type 2 DM (T2DM).

Methods
A two-arm randomized controlled trial was used. A total of 455 T2DM patients were recruited from an outpatient DM clinic and randomized to an intervention group that consisted of five weekly group-based education sessions or a control group that received five weekly educational booklets. Evaluation was conducted at baseline and at 1- and 6-month follow-up.

Results
The 2 × 3 linear mixed-model analysis using a modified intention to treat revealed a significant time by condition interaction effect on level of self-care (F(2,840) = 7.78, p < .001), self-care self-efficacy (F(1.89,794.57) = 14.40, p < .001), and use of adaptive coping strategies (F(1.94,812.93) = 4.75, p = .010) in which participants in the intervention group reported greater improvement in such aspects compared with those in the control group. A significant time effect was observed in some dimensions of illness representations. No significant effect was found in glycated hemoglobin. Participants reported positive feedback to the intervention and perceived improvement in various domains.

Conclusions
The CSM-based intervention was effective in improving self-care and coping among DM patients. The intervention also demonstrated high feasibility and acceptability. Findings provided important insights in improving health-related outcomes for patients with T2DM using the CSM framework.
Somatosensory Illusions Elicited by Sham Electromagnetic Field Exposure: Experimental Evidence for a Predictive Processing Account of Somatic Symptom Perception
Authors: Wolters Carolin , Harzem Jana , Witthöft Michael , Gerlach Alexander L. , Pohl Anna 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective
According to the predictive processing theory of somatic symptom generation, body sensations are determined by somatosensory input and central nervous predictions about this input. We examined how expectations shape predictions and consequently bodily perceptions in a task eliciting illusory sensations as laboratory analogue of medically unexplained symptoms.

Methods
Using the framework of signal detection theory, the influence of sham Wi-Fi on response bias (c) and somatosensory sensitivity (d′) for tactile stimuli was examined using the somatic signal detection task (SSDT). A healthy student sample (n = 83) completed the SSDT twice (sham Wi-Fi on/off) in a randomized order after watching a film that promoted adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields.

Results
When expecting a Wi-Fi signal to be present, participants showed a significantly more liberal response bias c (p = .010, ηp
2
= 0.08) for tactile stimuli in the SSDT as evidence of a higher propensity to experience somatosensory illusions. No significant alteration of somatosensory sensitivity d′ (p = .76, ηp
2
< 0.002) was observed.

Conclusions
Negative expectations about the harmfulness of electromagnetic fields may foster the occurrence of illusory symptom perceptions via alterations in the somatosensory decision criterion. The findings are in line with central tenets of the predictive processing account of somatic symptom generation. This account proposes a decoupling of percept and somatosensory input so that perception becomes increasingly dependent on predictions. This biased perception is regarded as a risk factor for somatic symptom disorders.
Carpal Tunnel Release Despite Normal Nerve Conduction Studies in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Patients
Authors: Lee Jun-Ku , Yoon Byung-Nam , Cho Jin Woo , Ryu Han-Seung , Han Soo-Hong 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy, often requiring carpal tunnel release (CTR) surgery. Often, a nerve conduction study (NCS) is performed before CTR; however, there are various reports questioning the sensitivity of NCS, and some patients do undergo CTR despite normal NCS results. We had the following purposes: (1) to report clinical outcome of CTS patients who undergo CTR despite normal NCS, (2) to identify the characteristics and compare those with abnormal NCS patients in terms of basic features and risk factors, and (3) to analyze and compare normal and abnormal NCS results.

Materials and Methods
Medical records of 546 CTS (30 normal NCS and 516 abnormal NCS) patients were retrospectively reviewed. Of 30 normal NCS patients, 7 were excluded, leaving 23 patients in the experimental group. We investigated the influence of age, sex, operative arm, and body mass index, as well as medical conditions known to be risk factors for CTS. In normal NCS patients, as a functional score, we investigated Boston carpal tunnel scores before and after CTR. The NCS results were compared in terms of median motor and median sensory testing. In normal NCS patients, NCS data were compared with that of the contralateral nonoperated wrists.

Results
There were 18 women and 5 men in the normal NCS group (mean age 43.7 years). On physical examination, 22 (94.7%) patients showed a positive Tinel test, 19 (82.6%) showed a positive Phalen test, 8 (34.8%) complained of nocturnal paresthesia, and only 1 (4.3%) presented with thenar atrophy. In 19 of 23 patients, the Boston CTS scores showed significant improvement after CTR. Normal NCS patients were significantly younger and significantly heavier and more likely to be a current smoker. In NCS analysis of normal NCS patients, the operated wrists were closer to the reference values than nonoperated wrists.

Conclusions
Surgeons should evaluate the possibility of other combined lesions before CTR in normal NCS patients. Normal NCS can be present with a CTS diagnosis, especially in younger patients. Nevertheless, CTR after failed conservative management, despite normal NCS, could relieve subjective symptoms and function.
Excluding Antibiotics in the Management of Nonoperative Orbital and Zygomatic Fractures
Authors: Pessino Kenneth , Cook Tracey , Layliev John , Bradley James P. , Bastidas Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

Introduction
Indications for prophylactic antibiotic therapy in nonoperative, closed fractures of the orbit and zygoma remain controversial and are based on anecdotal data. The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of infectious sequelae among patients who presented to our institution with stated fractures and who were not administered prophylactic antibiotic therapy. The authors hypothesized that an increase in infectious complications would not be seen in these patients.

Methods
The authors conducted a prospective single site study from October 2015 to December 2019. Patients with closed, nonoperative fractures involving the orbit and/or zygoma were included. These patients did not receive prophylactic antibiotic therapy for their fracture patterns, and infectious complications including orbital cellulitis, meningitis, and bacterial sinusitis were noted if present during follow-up.

Results
Of 301 patients with closed, nonoperative orbital and/or zygomatic fractures, 268 were included in the study and 33 were excluded because of administration of antibiotics. The average age was 60 years, and the most common mechanism of injury was a traumatic fall. Fracture types included 100 orbital wall, 133 orbital floor, 15 orbital rim, 23 orbital roof, 48 zygoma, and 44 zygomaticomaxillary compound fractures. Infectious sequelae were not identified in any patient.

Conclusions
Of the 268 patients included in the study, no infectious complications were identified during the follow-up period. This outcome further supports that the use of prophylactic antibiotics is not indicated for closed, nonoperative fractures involving the orbital and/or zygoma. Prospective randomized control studies would be useful to support this outcome and better guide clinical antibiotic prescribing practices.
COVID-19 Mortality Following Mass Gatherings
Authors: Miron Oren , Yu Kun-Hsing , Wilf-Miron Rachel , Davidovitch Nadav 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe examined Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) mortality following 5 mass gatherings at outdoor rallies in the United States, during August 2020. We found that COVID-19 mortality started increasing 19-24 days after the mass gathering. In a 50-mile radius there was a 2.1-fold increase in COVID-19 mortality, and in a 51-100 miles radius there was a 1.4-fold increase. Our results suggest that precautions should be taken in mass gatherings and in at least a 50-mile radius, in order to limit COVID-19 mortality.
Surgically Implanted Electrodes Enable Real-Time Finger and Grasp Pattern Recognition for Prosthetic Hands
Authors: Vaskov A. K. , Vu P. P. , North N. , Davis A. J. , Kung T. A. , Gates D. H. , Cederna P. S. , Chestek C. A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrently available prosthetic hands are capable of actuating anywhere from five to 30 degrees of freedom (DOF). However, grasp control of these devices remains unintuitive and cumbersome. To address this issue, we propose directly extracting finger commands from the neuromuscular system via electrodes implanted in residual innervated muscles and regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs). Two persons with transradial amputations had RPNIs created by suturing autologous free muscle grafts to their transected median, ulnar, and dorsal radial sensory nerves. Bipolar electrodes were surgically implanted into their ulnar and median RPNIs and into their residual innervated muscles. The implanted electrodes recorded local electromyography (EMG) with Signal-to-Noise Ratios ranging from 23 to 350 measured across various movements. In a series of single-day experiments, participants used a high speed pattern recognition system to control a virtual prosthetic hand in real-time. Both participants were able to transition between 10 pseudo-randomly cued individual finger and wrist postures in the virtual environment with an average online accuracy of 86.5% and latency of 255 ms. When the set was reduced to five grasp postures, average metrics improved to 97.9% online accuracy and 135 ms latency. Virtual task performance remained stable across untrained static arm positions while supporting the weight of the prosthesis. Participants also used the high speed classifier to switch between robotic prosthetic grips and complete a functional performance assessment. These results demonstrate that pattern recognition systems can use the high-quality EMG afforded by intramuscular electrodes and RPNIs to provide users with fast and accurate grasp control.SummarySurgically implanted electrodes recorded finger-specific electromyography enabling reliable finger and grasp control of an upper limb prosthesis.
Phylogenetic analysis of kinetoplast DNA: kDNA ofLeishmania tropicain Thi-Qar province, Iraq
Authors: Flaih Mohammed Hassan , Al-Abady Fadhil Abbas , Hussein Khwam Reissan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionCutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of wobbling endemic disease in Iraq, that cause intracellular obligate protistan parasite returned to the genusLeishmania. This study is aimed to identify epidemiology of CL, detect the prevalence ofLeishmania tropicaand find the phylogenetic relationship.MethodologyThe current study was conducted in the main hospitals of Thi-Qar province-south of Iraq for period from November 2018 to October 2019. Nested-PCR was used to amplify kinetoplast minicircle fragments DNA.ResultsIt was recorded 247 clinical cases with CL, the infections of males were higher than females, while infection rate appeared gradual reduction with age progress. Furthermore, the most CL infections were as single lesions and occurred in December. The infections of upper limbs were high when compared with other body regions. The molecular diagnosis showedL. tropicawas more frequently. DNA sequences ofkDNAgene ofL. tropicashowed confirmative genetic detection of local isolates using NCBI-Blast data and phylogenetic tree analysis after comparison with global recorded isolates. The localL. tropicaisolates showed genetically closed related to NCBI-BlastL. tropicawith accession numberAB678350.1. Generally, the analysis of kDNA nitrogen bases sequences showed that all of samples were consistent with those recorded at the NCBI.ConclusionThe kDNA minicircle sequences analysis results showed mismatching of the local isolates decrease whenever approached from the Iranian border. In addition, genetic heterogeneity diagnosis is important for detection of therapy, control and epidemiological studies.
High performance of a novel antigen detection test on nasopharyngeal specimens for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis: a prospective study
Authors: Courtellemont L. , Guinard J. , Guillaume C. , Giaché S. , Rzepecki V. , Seve A. , Gubavu C. , Baud K. , Helloco C. Le , Cassuto G.N. , Pialoux G. , Hocqueloux L. , Prazuck T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become a major public health issue worldwide. Developing and evaluating rapid and easy-to-perform diagnostic tests is an absolute priority. The current study was designed to assess diagnostic performances of an antigen-based rapid detection test (COVID-VIRO®) in a real-life setting.MethodsTwo nasopharyngeal specimens of symptomatic or asymptomatic adult patients hospitalized in the Infectious Diseases Department or voluntarily accessing the COVID-19 Screening Department of the Regional Hospital of Orléans, France, were concurrently collected. COVID VIRO® diagnostic specificity and sensitivity were assessed in comparison to real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results. A subset of patients underwent an additional oropharyngeal and/or a saliva swab for rapid testing.Results121 patients already having a confirmed infection and 127 patients having no evidence of recent or ongoing infection were enrolled, for a total of 248 couple of nasopharyngeal swab specimens. Overall COVID-VIRO® sensitivity was 96.7% (IC: 93.5%-99.9%). In asymptomatic patients, symptomatic patients having symptoms for more than 4 days and those having a RT-qPCR Cycle threshold value ≥32, sensitivity was of 100%, 95.8% and 91.9% respectively. The concordance between RT-qPCR and COVID VIRO® rapid test was 100% for the 127 patients with no SARS-CoV-2 infection.ConclusionCOVID-VIRO® test had 100% specificity and above 95% sensitivity, better than WHO recommendations (specificity ≥97-100%, sensitivity ≥80%). These rapid tests are particularly interesting for large-scale screening in Emergency Department, low resource settings and airports.
COVID-Anosmia Checker: A rapid and low-cost alternative tool for mass screening of COVID-19
Authors: Basu Budhaditya , Riya Paul Ann , Issac Joby , Parvathy Surendran , Nair Biju Surendran , Tokdar Pradipta , Kumar Devika Sanal , Kulkarni Pranav Ravi , Hanumanram Gowtham , Jagadeesan Mohanan , Suthakaran Prasanna Karthik , Nair Lal Devayani Vasudevan , Vennila Rosy , Kannan Rajendran , Kaimal Balarama , Anoop Gopa Kumar , Joseph Iype , Nair Radhakrishnan , George Saji , James Jackson , Pillai Madhavan Radhakrishna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 curve can be flattened by adopting mass screening protocols with aggressive testing and isolating infected populations. The current approach largely depends on RT-PCR/rapid antigen tests that require expert personnel resulting in higher costs and reduced testing frequency. Loss of smell is reported as a major symptom of COVID-19, however, a precise olfactory testing tool to identify COVID-19 patient is still lacking.MethodsTo quantitatively check for the loss of smell, we developed an odor strip, “COVID-Anosmia checker”, spotted with gradients of coffee and lemon grass oil. We validated its efficiency in healthy and COVID-19 positive subjects. A trial screening to identify SARS-CoV-2 infected persons was also carried out to check the sensitivity and specificity of our screening tool.FindingsIt was observed that COVID positive participants were hyposmic instead of being anosmic when they were subjected to smelling higher odor concentration. Our tool identified 97% of symptomatic and 94% of asymptomatic COVID-19 positive subjects after excluding most confounding factors like concurrent chronic sinusitis. Further, it was possible to reliably predict COVID-19 infection by calculating a loss of smell score with 100% specificity. We coupled this tool with a mobile application, which takes the input response from the user, and can readily categorize the user in the appropriate risk groups.ConclusionLoss of smell can be used as a reliable marker for screening for COVID-19. Our tool can be used for first-line screening to trace out COVID-19 infection effectively. It can be used in difficult to reach geographical locations.