bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ternary copolymerization strategy reducing the cost of benzodithiophene–benzodithiophenedione polymer, retaining high photovoltaic performance
Authors: Jing Xin , Zhong Yaqian , Wang Quanliang , Li Feng , Wang Xiangkun , Zhang Kaili , Sun Mingliang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells has been rapidly improved. However, in actual production and application, there are still many challenges for organic photovoltaic devices, and one of the important strategies for facilitating industrialization is reducing the cost of materials. The benzodithiophene (BDT)–benzodithiophenedione (BDD) binary copolymer donor material has good photovoltaic performance. However, the high cost of BDD monomer limits its industrialization. In contrast, lower‐cost benzotriazole (BTA) monomers have an enormous potential to solve this problem. Therefore, this paper reports the synthesis of ternary copolymers by adding BTA units into BDT–BDD copolymer with two different acceptor units. It is found that such a strategy can effectively reduce the cost of BDT–BDD polymer, and increasing the content of BTA units in the polymer to reduce the content of expensive BDD units can still retain the excellent photovoltaic properties of the BDT–BDD polymer. When only 20 mol% of BDD units remained, the bulk heterojunction structure with the synthesized donor polymer and acceptor ITIC can achieve an open circuit voltage of 0.913 V with a short circuit current of 16.87 mA cm−2 and 9.12% maximum photoelectric conversion efficiency, and the material is much cheaper than BDT–BDD polymer, in terms of structural units. Therefore, the results show that the addition of BTA can effectively reduce the material cost (versus BDD only) while retaining the good photovoltaic properties of the material, and has a certain guiding effect on the commercialization of organic solar cells. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of poly[2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)aniline] obtained with various dopants
Authors: Latypova Lyaysan R , Andriianova Anastasiia N , Salikhov Shamil M , Mullagaliev Ilnur N , Salikhov Renat B , Abdrakhmanov Ildus B , Mustafin Akhat G 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHighly soluble polyaniline was synthesized from a newly designed aniline derivative, namely 2‐[2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl]aniline. The corresponding polyanilines, PClPA‐HA, PClPA‐SA, PClPA‐NA and PClPA‐PA, were characterized by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, high resolution mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy and SEM images. The elemental analysis and electrical conductivity of the polymers are also presented. It is shown that the molecular weight of the polymers obtained depends on the method of synthesis. Spectroscopic studies confirmed the emeraldine form of the polyaniline derivatives. In the work, the dependence of the current passing through resistive structures based on thin poly[2‐(2‐chloro‐1‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl)aniline] films on the relative humidity of air was studied. The results of the studies showed the prospects of using thin polymer films in the design of chemical sensors. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Conjugated polymers for information storage and neuromorphic computing
Authors: Liu Shuzhi , Chen Xinhui , Liu Gang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the era of information explosion, silicon‐based storage can barely meet the burgeoning demand for data storage and making Moore's law no longer accurate. What is more, the traditional von Neumann architecture separates the computing module from the storage unit, which causes a slowing down of the overall computing efficiency. Conjugated polymer memristors, due to the advantages of simple fabrication, convenient operation and low cost, are considered as promising candidates for next‐generation memory and neuromorphic computing applications. This review summarizes the advances in conjugated polymer memristive materials and devices made during the first two decades of the 21st century, and their potential applications in information storage and neuromorphic computing. Focuses are on switching mechanisms and materials classifications, as well as memory, artificial synapse and bioinspired and in‐memory computing performance. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Introducing plant biology graduate students to a culture of mental well‐being
Authors: Dewa Carolyn S. , Nieuwenhuijsen Karen , Holmes‐Sullivan Kathy J. , Singh Alexis K. , Drakakaki Georgia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCurrently, an estimated 20%–40% of graduate students have depression and anxiety. In addition, more than half report experiencing high chronic stress. Thus, organizations such as the Plant Science Research Network have highlighted the need to prioritize trainee well‐being. This has led to a search for strategies to introduce this cultural change into scientific training. However, for faculty who do not have experience with this topic area, there are few readily available resources from which to draw. In this paper, we describe how two graduate groups, one focused on plant biology and the other on genomics and genetics approached this challenge together by introducing a course on mental and emotional well‐being to their incoming first‐year graduate students. We describe the research on workplace mental and emotional well‐being and disability prevention which served as the basis for the course content. We review the course curriculum, student reflections about what they learned, and implications for future classes.
Development of a Point System to Predict Discharge to Home for Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Kubo Kosei , Kamo Tomohiko , Momosaki Ryo , Mitsutomi Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundWhile in an acute hospital setting, it is challenging for clinicians to make discharge decisions due to the multifactorial process and individual patient characteristics.ObjectiveTo evaluate and develop a scoring system utilizing the Japan Rehabilitation Database (JRD) to identify acute stroke patients with a high possibility of discharge to home.DesignRetrospective observational cohort study.SettingThirty‐seven acute hospitals in Japan.ParticipantsA total of 10 270 patients admitted to the acute hospitals with stroke were identified. The inclusion criteria were (1) admission within 3 days of onset and (2) admission from home. Exclusion criteria were (1) incomplete data and (2) death in hospital. A total of 4216 patients were included in the study.InterventionNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasurementsDischarge destination from acute care hospital, that is, home versus other locations.ResultsIn the multivariate logistic regression, age, stroke type, Barthel Index on admission, modified Rankin scale on admission, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission, and extent of paralysis were retained. When the cutoff point was 33, the scoring system showed a sensitivity of 80.4% and specificity of 80.3%. The area under curve (AUC) was 0.88. On evaluating the predictive performance, the model showed a sensitivity of 78.2% and a specificity of 78.5% with an AUC = 0.86.ConclusionsWe developed a point system to identify acute stroke patients with a high possibility of discharge to home using the JRD. This point system may provide useful information for clinicians to plan the discharge of acute stroke patients.
The Comparative Effectiveness of Autologous Blood‐derived Products Versus Steroid Injections in Plantar Fasciitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Che , Uy Jhanna , Chiu Yi‐Hsiang , Chen Wen‐Shiang , Vora Ariana 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivePlantar fasciitis is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and nearly 90% of patients can be successfully treated by nonsurgical options. However, it is yet to be determined which nonsurgical treatment has the best efficacy. The present study investigated differences between autologous blood‐derived products and corticosteroid injections in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.TypeSystematic Review and Meta‐analysis.Literature SurveyPubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles up to November 2019. There was no language restriction, and unpublished trials were excluded. This systematic review included only randomized controlled trials.MethodologyThe primary outcomes were Visual Analog Scale and American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Score (AOFAS). The follow‐up times were divided into short term (3‐6 weeks), intermediate term (3 months or 12 weeks), and long term (6 months or 24 weeks). The random‐effects model was utilized, and weighted mean difference was calculated as the pool estimates.SynthesisThirteen randomized controlled trials and 640 patients were included. No significant difference in Visual Analog Scale reduction was observed between autologous blood‐derived product and corticosteroid injections in the short term (weighted mean difference [WMD] = −0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.71 to 0.03; P = .057), intermediate term (WMD = −0.24; 95% CI, −0.90 to 0.42; P = .475), and long term (WMD = 0.47; 95% CI, −0.72 to 1.65; P = .44). No significant difference in AOFAS was observed between autologous blood‐derived products and corticosteroids in the short term (WMD = −0.65; 95% CI, −5.40 to 4.10; P = .79), intermediate term (WMD = 0.17; 95% CI, −8.07 to 8.41; P = .97), and long term (WMD = 1.16; 95% CI, −4.54 to 6.86; P = .69).ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta‐analysis of autologous blood‐derived products versus corticosteroids for plantar fasciitis is the first that includes only randomized controlled trials. The meta‐analysis found no significant difference between autologous blood‐derived products and corticosteroids, as measured by Visual Analog Scale or AOFAS. These findings applied whether followed up in short, intermediate, or long term. These results differ from previous studies that showed superior efficacy of autologous blood‐derived products compared with corticosteroids in the long term.
Biobehavioral Intervention Targeting Physical Activity Behavior Change for Older Veterans after Nontraumatic Amputation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Christiansen Cory L. , Miller Matthew J. , Kline Paul W. , Fields Thomas T. , Sullivan William J. , Blatchford Patrick J. , Stevens‐Lapsley Jennifer E. 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundLower‐limb amputation (LLA) due to non‐traumatic vascular etiology is linked to extremely low physical activity and high disability.ObjectiveTo test the feasibility of a biobehavioral intervention designed to promote physical activity.DesignA randomized, single‐blind feasibility trial with a crossover design.SettingVeterans Administration Medical Center.ParticipantsMilitary veterans (age: 65.7 [7.8] years; mean [standard deviation]) with nontraumatic lower‐limb amputation (LLA), randomized to two groups: GROUP1 (n = 16) and GROUP2 (n = 15). Both groups had similar baseline amputation characteristics (level of amputation and time since amputation).InterventionsTwelve weekly, 30‐minute telehealth sessions of physical activity behavior‐change intervention, with GROUP1 participating in weeks 1‐12 and GROUP2 in weeks 13‐24. GROUP1 noncontact phase in weeks 13‐24 and GROUP2 attention control telehealth phase in weeks 1‐12.Main Outcome MeasuresFeasibility (participant retention, dose goal attainment, intervention acceptability [Intrinsic Motivation Inventory [IMI] Interest and Enjoyment scale], safety) and signal of efficacy (free‐living physical activity [accelerometer‐based average daily step count], Late Life Function and Disability Index ‐ Disability Scale [LLFDI‐DS]).ResultsParticipant retention rate was high (90%), with three participants lost to follow‐up during the intervention period. Dose goal attainment was low, with only 10% of participants achieving an a priori walking dose goal. Intervention was rated as acceptable, with mean IMI Interest and Enjoyment score (5.8) statistically higher than the null value of 5.0 (P = .002). There were no between‐group differences in adverse event rates (falls: P = .19, lower extremity wounds: P = .60). There was no signal of efficacy for change in average daily step count (d = −0.15) or LLFDI‐DS (d = −0.22 and 0.17 for frequency and limitations scales, respectively).ConclusionsTelehealth delivered biobehavioral intervention resulted in acceptable participant retention, low dose goal attainment, high participant acceptability, and low safety risk, while having no signal of efficacy (physical activity, disability) for people with nontraumatic LLA.
A novel negative thermotaxis behavior in rice planthoppers is regulated by TRPA1 channel
Authors: He Hualiang , Zhao Rui , Hu Kui , Qiu Lin , Ding Wenbing , Li Youzhi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the field, we observed that many white‐backed planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera, WBPHs) stayed in the top region of rice plants exposed to direct sunshine. It was known that WBPHs frequently took flight when the ground temperature was about 25 °C, then climbed to and flew in a dense layer corresponding to an air temperature of about 16 °C in the sky. Its migration height was higher than the top of the surface temperature inversion. It is still unclear whether WBPHs prefer warm or cold regions, and therefore we studied the thermal responses of WBPHs and other insects using a simulated system.RESULTSWe found that WBPHs preferred a cold region to a warm one, unexpectedly below their comfort temperature zone. After comparative analysis with other insect species, such as small brown planthoppers, brown planthoppers, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (stinkbugs, a predator of planthoppers) and Bemisia tabaci (whitefly), only three planthoppers showed cold preference behavior. RNA interference experiments revealed that this behavior of WBPHs can be regulated by the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPA1 channel. Furthermore, podocarpic acid, an agonist of TRPA1, weakened the cold preference, whereas A‐967079, an antagonist of TRPA1, had the opposite effect.CONCLUSIONWe reported a novel cold preference (negative thermotaxis) in rice planthoppers that was regulated in WBPHs by the TRPA1 channel. Cold preference of rice planthoppers is probably related to its choice behavior of the special migratory temperature layer. Our results expanded a new perspective to develop novel strategies for behavioral manipulation and management of rice planthoppers. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Expression and comparison of sweet corn CYP81A9s in relation to nicosulfuron sensitivity
Authors: Choe Eunsoo , Williams Martin M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDNicosulfuron, a sulfonylurea herbicide widely used for grass weed control in corn production, injures some sweet corn hybrids and inbreds. A specific cytochrome P450 (P450), CYP81A9, is suggested to be responsible for sensitivity to nicosulfuron and other P450‐metabolized herbicides. Corn CYP81A9 enzymes were expressed in E. coli and investigated to find the factor(s) associated with their function and variation in metabolizing nicosulfuron.RESULTRecombinant expressed CYP81A9s from tolerant sweet corn inbreds produced an active form of P450, while CYP81A9 from a sensitive inbred produced an inactive form. Nicosulfuron bound to tolerant CYP81A9s, and produced reverse‐type I ligand, while sensitive CYP81A9 showed no interaction with nicosulfuron. Investigation of 106 sweet corn inbreds showed variation in nicosulfuron injury. A survey of sweet corn CYP81A9 sequences showed mutations in codons for amino acids at 269, 284, 375, and 477 occurred in sweet corn inbreds with complete loss of P450 function (with mean injury >91%) and amino acid changes at 208 and 472 occurred in inbreds with moderate and complete loss of P450 function (with mean injury >14%).CONCLUSIONOur results support that CYP81A9 enzyme is responsible for metabolizing nicosulfuron in sweet corn, and different types of amino acid changes in CYP81A9 sequence are associated with variation in nicosulfuron injury. Therefore, a careful selection of the tolerant allele will be critical for improving tolerance to nicosulfuron and several other P450‐metabolized herbicides. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Biocidal radiuses of cycloxaprid, imidacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin droplets controlling against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii) using an unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Nahiyoon Shahzad Ali , Cui Li , Yang Daibin , Yan Xiaojing , Rui Changhui , Yuan Huizhu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are a recently advanced aerial spraying technology. However, the median lethal number of droplets (LN50) and biocidal radiuses (r50) of insecticides droplets sprayed by UAVs are still unknown. Therefore, we evaluated the LN50 and r50 of cycloxaprid, imidacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin droplets associated with adjuvant controlling against Aphis gossypii.RESULTSA small UAV and Potter spray tower (PST) were used to generate different size of droplets (Dv0.5 = 185 ± 5 and 43 ± 2 μm). The mortality of A. gossypii showed a droplet density‐dependent process. At the concentration of 5 g L−1, the LN50 of lambda‐cyhalothrin, imidacloprid and cycloxaprid droplets sprayed by the UAV were only 49.2, 34.6 and 19.7 droplets cm−2, respectively, and the r50 were 0.57, 0.68 and 0.90 mm, respectively. The LN50 values were negatively correlated with insecticide concentrations, but the r50 values increased with the increasing concentrations. Although cycloxaprid is less toxic to A. gossypii than lambda‐cyhalothrin, cycloxaprid had a larger r50 than lambda‐cyhalothrin due to its translocation ability. Furthermore, cycloxaprid had a relatively larger r50 than imidacloprid because it is more toxic to A. gossypii. Moreover, adjuvant silwet DRS‐60 can significantly increase the r50 of droplets.CONCLUSIONOur results revealed that the r50 of a droplet was higher than its droplet size at tested concentrations. Smaller droplets generated by the PST had relatively higher insecticidal potential. The median lethal dose (LD50) and translocation ability of insecticides and spray adjuvant contributed to their r50. Therefore, ultra‐low‐volume spray with UAVs is feasible to control cotton aphids. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Perspective: root exudation of herbicides as a novel mode of herbicide resistance in weeds
Authors: Ghanizadeh Hossein , Harrington Kerry C 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe evolution of resistance to herbicides in weeds has become a great challenge for global agricultural production. Weeds have evolved resistance to herbicides through many different physiological mechanisms. Some weed species are known to secrete herbicide molecules from roots into the rhizosphere upon being treated. However, root exudation of herbicides as a mechanism of resistance has only recently been identified in two weed species. Root exudation pathways have been investigated in Arabidopsis, and this work suggested that ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) transporters play a role in the secretion of primary and secondary plant products from roots. We hypothesize that the mechanisms involved in root exudation of herbicides that result in resistance are mediated by overactive or overexpressed transporters, probably similar to those found for the exudation of primary and secondary compounds from roots. Elucidating the molecular and physiological basis of root exudation in herbicide‐resistant weeds would improve our understanding of the pathways involved in herbicide root secretion mediated by transporters in plants. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Identifying drivers of spatio‐temporal dynamics in barley yellow dwarf virus epidemiology as a critical factor in disease control
Authors: Van den Eynde Renik , Van Leeuwen Thomas , Haesaert Geert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBarley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) is one of the most important viral diseases of small grains worldwide. An understanding of its epidemiology is crucial to control this disease in a sustainable way. The virus moves through the agricultural landscape via cereal aphids as vectors. Understanding movement of these aphids in space and time is of key importance and in doing so, the spatial and temporal variables that influence BYDV epidemiology can be identified. The presence of summer hosts, crop rotation, crop diversity, agricultural practices and climate variables are crucial. Through digitalization, spatial (e.g. land‐use) and temporal (e.g. weather) information is becoming more readily available. Including this information into a prediction model could improve decision support systems that will rationalize the decision‐making process towards a more integrated control of the disease. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Virtual screening, synthesis, and bioactivity evaluation for the discovery of β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐hexosaminidase inhibitors
Authors: Dong Yawen , Hu Song , Zhao Xiao , He Qi , Yang Qing , Zhang Li 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMolting is an essential insect developmental process, in which a variety of enzymes are involved. The inhibition of these enzymes effect normal insect growth and development and may even cause death. OfHex1, one of the β‐N‐acetyl‐D‐hexosaminidases, is a key enzyme involved in the molting process of the Asian corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis), and is deemed a potential insecticidal target.RESULTSBased on the crystal structure of OfHex1, virtual screening was carried out to obtain a novel class of OfHex1 inhibitors, of which, 28 compounds were subjected to bioactivity evaluation. The compound 3, N‐(3‐cyano‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)benzamide, showed good inhibition against OfHex1 with a Ki value of 11.2 μM. Structure optimization and molecular docking were applied for the structure–activity relationship analysis. The results also showed that the cyano group of this compound was essential for the maintenance of its inhibitory activity against OfHex1. Additionally, the interaction between this compound and Trp490, Glu328, Tyr475 and Trp524 were important for inhibitory activity.CONCLUSIONThe advantages of the derivatives of 2‐amino‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene‐3‐carbonitrile, which have simple chemical structures and are easily synthesized, suggests them to be developed further as potential OfHex1 inhibitors for pest control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Bayesian adaptive linearization method for phase I drug combination trials with dimension reduction
Authors: Pan Haitao , Cheng Cheng , Yuan Ying 
Published: April 2020

SummaryMany phase I drug combination designs have been proposed to find the maximum tolerated combination (MTC). Due to the two‐dimension nature of drug combination trials, these designs typically require complicated statistical modeling and estimation, which limit their use in practice. In this article, we propose an easy‐to‐implement Bayesian phase I combination design, called Bayesian adaptive linearization method (BALM), to simplify the dose finding for drug combination trials. BALM takes the dimension reduction approach. It selects a subset of combinations, through a procedure called linearization, to convert the two‐dimensional dose matrix into a string of combinations that are fully ordered in toxicity. As a result, existing single‐agent dose‐finding methods can be directly used to find the MTC. In case that the selected linear path does not contain the MTC, a dose‐insertion procedure is performed to add new doses whose expected toxicity rate is equal to the target toxicity rate. Our simulation studies show that the proposed BALM design performs better than competing, more complicated combination designs.