bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Church History, Censorship, and Confessionalization
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the interrelationship of history and theology. From the Reformation onwards, church history presented a challenge to each confession in its own right. Protestants re-invented the prevailing models of church history; Catholics responded by underlining the uninterrupted continuity of the apostolic traditions. The second section of the chapter concentrates on the genre of papal biography, reviewing the various contemporary authors who wrote on the subject. By editing and continuing the humanist Bartolomeo Platina’s standard papal biographies from the fifteenth century, Panvinio put himself in the position of being considered the most important authority on papal history. The censorship of historical works by Catholic theologians is then discussed by comparing the cases of other important authors including Carlo Sigonio. The chapter investigates the question of the extent to which Panvinio’s unpublished Church History (Historia ecclesiastica) was an expression of the confessionalization of historiography. There follows a discussion of the censorships of several of Panvinio’s works, including that of his history of papal elections carried out by the Spanish jurist Francisco Peña and the German Jesuit Jakob Gretser.
Epilogue
Authors: Bauer Stefan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue provides thoughts on the development of ecclesiastical historiography after c.1580. Catholics published relatively few works on church history during this period; this was largely because Catholic universities neglected the teaching of church history. After the Magdeburg Centuriators had created a new Protestant church history, historical criticism in the Lutheran camp remained subdued in the shadow of their great achievement. In the Catholic Church, the censorship of historical authors remained a widespread practice. Also, papal biographies were rarely printed as individual publications directly after a pope’s death. The official Catholic answers to the Magdeburg Centuries are well known. In the field of doctrine, these were provided by Robert Bellarmine, while Cesare Baronio provided the Catholic answer on the historical side. To sum up, both Catholics and Protestants had many reasons to appeal to and invoke history. Polemicists naturally preferred the solutions which were closest to their own interests; and, depending on these interests, they accepted or rejected the results of humanist scholarship. Panvinio trod a fine line, exploring the limits of what could be said and written—but at times overstepping this line grossly.
Spaces and Places of International Criminal Justice
Authors: Lohne Kjersti 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter draws on spatial sociologists to critically map out ‘where’ international criminal justice takes place, and how it is shaped by a multiplicity of scales, geographies, and sites. First, the chapter focuses on how international criminal justice is visibly and materially located, recognizing The Hague as a hub in the global networks of global justice-making—a ‘global city’ of justice-making. Yet, it is related to and dependent on other spaces, such as those where the crimes were committed. Uganda is one of these sites. There however, ‘justice’ is almost invisible and, from a view from The Hague, at a standstill. The disconnect between the metropole and periphery of global justice-making is also apparent in the virtual spaces of international criminal justice, as the chapter moves on to identify and discuss social media as a crucial space of global justice-making. While the internet is a major ground for debate, international criminal justice is promoted and legitimized globally through social media. Delinked from the nation state, the chapter suggests that social media is but one strategy of building constituency for international criminal justice. Another is the Assembly of States Parties (ASP) meetings that work as an annual ritual of international criminal justice invoking cosmopolitan images and justifications, yet in a space of increasing political friction. The chapter’s spatial analysis teases out the north-south and the metropole/periphery divide in international criminal justice, while situating the transnational networks of NGOs as part of its geography of power.
The Self-Evidence of Human Rights
Authors: Fassbender Bardo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter is a comment on Lynn Hunt’s reconsideration, in the same volume, of a crucial moment in the history of human rights when in North America and in France for the first time a ‘self-evidence’ of certain rights of ‘all men’ was claimed in constitutional discourse and documents, and a fundamental shift occurred in the explanation of human rights from a religious framework towards a secular one. The first part of the comment is devoted to the drafting history of the 1776 Declaration of Independence of the United States and to the meaning of the claim to ‘self-evidence’ in the Declaration. In a second part, the author returns to Lynn Hunt’s analysis of the limitations of the actual enjoyment of rights in eighteenth-century North America and France. The third part of the comment deals with the importance, or rather unimportance, of the notion of the self-evidence of human rights in the present age. It is argued that the idea of self-evidence proclaimed in 1776 failed to find general recognition, so that we must search for a new credible foundation of universal human rights.
Being a Realist about Human Rights
Authors: Reus-Smit Christian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Being a realist about human rights requires a sober understanding of the dynamics of power. Yet conventional realist accounts of power, which relegate human rights to the margins of world politics, misunderstand power’s complexities. Rights revolutions have transformed world politics, not the least by driving the shift from empires to a universal state system. This chapter explains this more complex relationship between rights and power, drawing on recent theories of ‘protean power’, where it emerges from innovation under conditions of uncertainty. Uncertainty is ubiquitous in world politics, but is accentuated by meaning indeterminacy and institutional complexity, conditions that are inherent to the politics of rights. The chapter concludes by illustrating this argument with a critique of recent accounts of the post-1945 politics of human rights.
Women’s Progress and Women’s Human Rights
Authors: Nussbaum Martha C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Focusing primarily on CEDAW, this chapter examines the role that international human rights law plays in the advancement of the protection of human rights of women. The author claims that although human rights law lags well behind the women’s movement in some crucial ways, nonetheless, it is worthwhile that documents like CEDAW exist, and not merely for their direct legal value (which can be questioned). Documents help people to network across national boundaries and to develop a sense of common purpose, a common language, a common set of demands, and a sense that progress is being made. In a few cases, moreover, CEDAW has had a real, if limited, legal significance, when implemented by friendly jurists. The author suggests that the influence of international human rights law ought to be assessed, often at least, in this broader way, looking at the role of documents in political and social movements.
The Limits of Human Rights in Times of Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Armed Violence
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Human rights are said to be ill-adapted to times of armed conflict or for dealing with exceptional terrorist threats. Are human rights limited by the applicability of other branches of international law including the laws of war? Are there limits to the work human rights can usefully do in situations of threatened violence when their strict application is said to put lives at risk? This chapter tackles some of the contemporary arguments surrounding the limitations of human rights law in the face of the competing demands of winning the war and killing terrorists. It focuses on killings and detention inside and outside armed conflict. It also asks whether there are limits to the obligations we can impose on armed groups.
Beastly brains
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, a brainless cockroach has a shocking experience; a giant anemone eats a lawyer; and a drunken sailor considers the danger of dead bees. But mainly we consider the kinds of memories that evolved in early animals. Some of these ancestors didn’t have a brain, but they could still learn about their world. They could, for example, remember that a particular sensation predicted something beneficial or harmful in the near future. After the brain evolved, memories empowered animals to make similar predictions based on what they chose to do, such as where they went for food or safe haven. These predictions enabled early animals to prepare, in advance, for what was about to happen to them and to make choices attuned to their current needs.
Human heritage
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, a horse talks; pigs fly; and mice design a computer. But mainly we consider a form of memory that evolved in humans. Part of the temporal lobe expanded and added a generalization—representing the concepts and categories of cultural memory—to a specialization: representing distant signs of food. At about the same time, posterior parietal areas also expanded and added a different form of generalization—representing relations of many kinds—to a specialization: representing relations among quantities. Both the temporal and parietal lobes interact with the prefrontal cortex, especially the parts that first emerged in anthropoids. Together, these evolutionary innovations improved the ability of evolving hominins to cope with novel and challenging problems. In this sense, hominin evolution produced cortical areas with a specialization for generalization.
The Aesthetics of Island Space
Authors: Riquet Johannes 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Aesthetics of Island Space discusses islands as central figures in the modern experience of space. It examines the spatial poetics of islands in literary texts (from The Tempest to The Hungry Tide), journals of explorers and scientists (such as Cook and Darwin), and Hollywood cinema (e.g. The Hurricane and King Kong), tracing how islands have offered vivid perceptual experiences as well as a geopoetic oscillation between the poetic energies of words and images and the material energies of the physical world. Its chapters focus on America’s island gateways (e.g. Roanoke and Ellis Island), tropical islands (e.g. Tahiti and imagined South Sea islands), the islands of the Pacific Northwest, and mutable islands (e.g. the volcanic and coral islands in Wells’s fiction). The book argues that the modern voyages of discovery posed considerable perceptual challenges to spatial experience, and that these challenges were negotiated via the poetic engagement with islands. Postcolonial theorists maintain that islands have been imagined as geometrical abstractions subjected to the colonial gaze. There is, however, a second story of islands in the Western imagination which runs parallel to this colonial story: the experience of islands in the age of discovery also went hand in hand with a disintegration of received models of global space. Rethinking (post-)phenomenological, geocritical, and geopoetic theories, The Aesthetics of Island Space suggests that the modern encounters with islands as mobile and shifting territories implied a diversification of spatial experience, and explores how this disruption is registered and negotiated by non-fictional and fictional responses.
Introduction
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Introduction critiques the methodological frameworks available to the historian of medieval emotions, arguing for the enduring value of the social constructionist approach and the need to simultaneously respond to the theoretical principles associated with the linguistic turn. Relevant crusades scholarship is then surveyed, including the long historiographical tradition of seeking to reconstruct participants’ beliefs and ideologies from historical narratives, before outlining the book’s structure and arguments. An overview of the core sources which form the backbone of this study follows, with the intention of introducing uninitiated readers to the breadth and diversity of sources available to historians of the crusades.
The Multifaceted Nature of Fear
Authors: Spencer Stephen J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
By exploring the intersections between fear and contemporary conceptions of chivalry, masculinity, deception, and power, this chapter demonstrates that the ways in which fear was represented in twelfth- and thirteenth-century crusade narratives were far more complex and multifaceted than has hitherto been appreciated. This, in turn, necessitates that we reject the scholarly approach of treating chroniclers’ accounts of crusader trepidation as representative evidence of participants’ actual feelings. Gender- and shame-centred appraisals of fear add further weight to the argument set forth in Chapter 1: that fear was an emotion which Latin combatants ought to relinquish. However, in alternative contexts, such as in the face of treachery, it was simultaneously considered an understandable—perhaps even praiseworthy—sentiment for crusaders to openly display; and fear terminology was integral to the texts’ power dynamics.
Empire Ascendant
Authors: Heere Cees 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In 1902, the British government entered into a defensive alliance with Japan, a state that had surprised much of the world with its sudden rise to global prominence. For the next two decades, the Anglo-Japanese alliance would hold the balance of power in East Asia, shielding Japan from foreign rivals, and allowing Britain to concentrate on meeting the German challenge in Europe. Yet it was also a relationship shaped by its contradictions. On the one hand, Anglo-Japanese alliance legitimized Japan’s participation in great-power diplomacy, and worked to counteract racist notions of a ‘yellow peril’. On the other, Japan’s defiance of established racial hierarchies made the alliance controversial across much of the British Empire. On the settlement frontiers of Australasia and North America, white colonial elites formulated their own responses to the growth of Japan’s power, charged by the twinned forces of colonial nationalism and racial anxiety, as they designed immigration laws to exclude Japanese migrants, developed autonomous military and naval forces, and pressed Britain to rally behind their vision of a ‘white empire’. On the eve of the First World War, Japan stood at the centre of a series of escalating inter-imperial disputes over foreign policy, defence, migration, and ultimately, over the future of the British imperial system itself. This account weaves together studies of diplomacy, strategy, and imperial relations to pose searching questions about how Japan’s entry into the ‘family of civilized nations’ was complicated by ideas of race.
Backstage
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to shed light on the informal realm of European deliberation and decision-making and the role the Commission presidency plays in it. The Commission presidency occupies a unique intermediary position within the institutional system of the European Union, as the only office that participates in the four European-level policymaking arenas—the College of Commissioners, the European Council, the Council of Ministers, and the European Parliament. Mediative-institutional leadership encompasses the capacity to build consensus in the different decision-making arenas of the European Union as well as managing and guiding the Commission’s work effectively. The chapter analyzes the performance of institutional mediation of three Commission presidents, Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors, and José Manuel Barroso. The study is based on twenty-nine semi-structured expert interviews as well as fourteen interviews conducted by the Oral History Program of the Historical Archives of the European Union.
The Audience
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Politics is not a business exclusively conducted “behind closed doors,” so any comprehensive analysis of political leadership needs to take into account leaders’ public performance. This chapter examines the public leadership performance of the Commission presidents Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors, and José Manuel Barroso. Based on the theory of candidate–media agenda convergence, performance of public leadership is considered strong when a leader is not only visible in the media but when his or her political agenda and issue frames are accepted by the media and overlap with the topics with which he or she is associated. The analysis thus focuses on the media’s attention allocation to the presidents’ political agendas and the tone of the reporting, assessing it as positive, neutral, or negative. The analysis is based on one print medium, the British Financial Times, encompassing 536 articles between 1958 and 2014 that directly cover each president under study.
Conclusion
Authors: Müller Henriette 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The conclusion offers a summary of the main theoretical and empirical insights this book has produced. The empirical findings confirm the study’s basic argument that weak institutional powers and an unreliable situational setting presuppose a stronger dependence on the incumbent’s personal capacities and (pre-)dispositions to successfully address the office’s leadership demands. A comprehensive assessment of the political leadership performance of the three Commission presidents Walter Hallstein, Jacques Delors, and José Manuel Barroso, concerning their agenda-setting leadership, mediative-institutional leadership, and public leadership, finds that Hallstein’s leadership performance was moderately strong-executive, Delors’ was strong-entrepreneurial, and Barroso’s was weak-passive/non-leadership. A preliminary evaluation of the leadership performance of Jean-Claude Juncker, Commission president between 2014 and 2019, follows. Finally, there is a plea to substantially strengthen the institutional powers of the Commission presidency to make it less dependent on individual agency and incumbents’ personal (pre-)dispositions.
Alcohol as Embodied Material Culture
Authors: Dietler Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive agent in the world, and it has a very deep history. Human beings have demonstrated remarkable creativity in producing alcoholic beverages from a diverse array of substances. Many varieties of alcoholic drinks have substantial nutritional value and they often form a significant component of the diet of many peoples. Like other foods, alcohol is a form of ‘embodied material culture’; that is, a substance created to be destroyed through ingestion into the human body. Hence, it has close relationship to the inculcation and symbolization of concepts of identity. Alcoholic drinks are not reducible to a chemical substance with physiological effects: they are a form of material culture with almost unlimited possibilities for cultural variation and are a versatile symbolic medium and social tool crucial to ritual, politics, and the construction of social and economic relations.
‘Solidarity’ versus Values as Drivers of Support for Immigrants’ Access to Social Benefits
Authors: Wright Matthew , Levy Morris 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA large literature argues that ‘inclusiveness’ on the provision of social benefits flows from positive social identification with immigrants on the basis of mutually shared national identity. This chapter, however, argues that ‘identification with’ is perhaps sufficient but not necessary. The evidence demonstrates the limited influence of national identity as a social identity beyond a set of core values: (1) Americans, on average, are willing to extend social benefits to immigrants they do not identify with, and withhold them from those they do; (2) a ‘categorical’ response dominates questions about rights and benefits but not about ‘identity’, indicating that the two are considered differently; (3) a respondent’s own national identity does not necessarily influence how people approach questions about rights and benefits. Americans support or withhold benefits based on whether they see immigrants as living ‘civic’ lives, even if they do not necessarily identify with them on this basis. In terms of normative theory, most Americans are not liberal nationalists, they are simply liberal.
Inclusive Identities
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter defends an account of a cultural identity that is able to build trust in diverse, democratic states. It is developed using both normative and empirical material, with the objective of defining the parameters of its moral permissibility, from a specifically liberal perspective, with attention to capturing the role a shared identity must play in a democracy. The chapter begins by outlining the ways in which trust relations underpin and support robust democratic practice before offering a careful delineation of the features of a cultural identity in order to outline the range of possible features a morally permissible cultural identity may possess. Finally, this account of cultural identity is defended against three broad objections, one which proposes that the account remains too thin to be motivationally efficacious, a second which proposes that it remains too thick to be appropriate in liberal, democratic societies, and a third which protests that a cultural identity can permissibly include religious elements and remain inclusive in a democratic state.
An Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores some of the tensions between cosmopolitanism and nationalism, from above, and ethnic identity and nationalism, from below, in the light of some of the other chapters in this book. To do so, it sketches a general account of identity, with its three components: criteria of membership, psychological identification, and the treatment of members by others as members of the group, and argues that all are standardly contested. It then incorporates the insights of some of the earlier chapters that show that identification can involve (a) feelings of warmth for the nation, or (b) celebrating national culture and achievements, or (c) conceiving of one’s nation as superior to others, and it discusses the different effects of these on redistributive solidarity with minorities and migrants. Finally, it urges attention to the role of national honour in thinking about national identity and suggests that there is scope for more work on the political psychology of nationalism.
The Snake and the Whale
Authors: Thonemann Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces ancient Graeco-Roman traditions of dream-interpretation through a close reading of the opening scene of Aristophanes’ Wasps, which presents two slaves comparing their dreams. This scene provides us with a helpful encapsulation of popular views in antiquity about dreams and their significance. The chapter briefly summarizes five basic ancient assumptions about dreams: that dreams (or at least some dreams) come from the gods; that dreams (or at least some dreams) are predictive; that predictive dreams deal in symbols, not narratives; that predictive dreams resemble riddles; and that accurate dream-interpretation calls for the services of a professional dream-interpreter like Artemidorus.