bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local treatment of infectious and noninfectious intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: current concepts and emerging therapeutics
Authors: Thomas Akshay S. , Lin Phoebe 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
Local therapeutics play an important role in the management of infectious and noninfectious uveitis (NIU) as well as certain masquerade syndromes. This review highlights the established therapeutics and those under investigation for the management of uveitis.

Recent findings
An injectable long-acting fluocinolone acetonide insert was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of NIU affecting the posterior segment. Intravitreal methotrexate, sirolimus, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are being evaluated for efficacy in NIU. Intravitreal foscarnet and ganciclovir are important adjuncts in the treatment of viral retinitis as are methotrexate and rituximab for the management of vitreoretinal lymphoma.

Summary
Local injectable steroids with greater durability are now available for NIU but comparative efficacy to other treatment modalities remains to be determined. Local steroid-sparing immunosuppressive agents are undergoing evaluation for efficacy in NIU as are anti-VEGF agents for uveitic macular edema. Local antivirals may improve outcomes in cases of viral retinitis. Local chemotherapeutics can help induce remission in vitreoretinal lymphoma.
The future of retinal imaging
Authors: Li Daniel Q. , Choudhry Netan 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of reviewThis article reviews emerging technologies in retinal imaging, including their scientific background, clinical implications and future directions.Recent findingsFluorescence lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy is a technology that will reveal biochemical and metabolic changes of the retina at the cellular level. Optical coherence tomography is evolving exponentially toward higher resolution, faster speed, increased portability and more cost effective. Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy fluorescein angiography will provide unprecedented detail of the retinal vasculature down to the level of capillaries, enabling earlier and more sensitive detection of retinal vascular diseases.SummaryContinued developments in retinal imaging focus on improved resolution, faster speed and noninvasiveness, while providing new information on the structure–function relationship of the retina inclusive of metabolic activity at the cellular level.
Changes in Pancreatic Endocrine Function and Morphology After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Yoon Hye Jeong , Choi Jeong Sik , Shin Woo Young , Lee Keon-Young , Ahn Seung-Ik 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
It is unclear whether the improved glucose metabolism in pancreas head cancer (PHC) patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy is due to the anatomical change or the relief of pancreatic duct obstruction.

Methods
We divided 170 patients into the PHC group (n = 54, 31.8%) and other pathology (non-PHC) group (n = 116, 68.2%). Glucose metabolic function was evaluated using the glucose tolerance index (GTI), and the pancreatic duct obstruction and dilatation was measured using the pancreatic atrophic index (PAI).

Results
The preoperative GTI was significantly higher in the PHC group (mean [standard deviation {SD}], 0.84 [1.16]) than in the non-PHC group (0.41 [SD, 0.59], P = 0.000). The postoperative GTI decreased significantly in the PHC group but remained unchanged in the non-PHC group. Similarly, the preoperative PAI was higher in the PHC group (0.32 [SD, 0.19]) than in the non-PHC group (0.13 [SD, 0.09], P = 0.000). The postoperative PAI decreased significantly in the PHC group, but not in the non-PHC group.

Conclusions
The impaired glucose metabolism in PHC can be caused by pancreatic duct obstruction. After pancreaticoduodenectomy, glucose metabolism is improved by the relief of pancreatic duct obstruction, and not by the anatomical change. The patients should be counseled accordingly.
Routine Chest Computed Tomography for Staging of Pancreatic Head Carcinoma
Authors: Leeuw Dianne , Pranger Bobby K. , de Jong Koert P. , Pennings Jan Pieter , de Meijer Vincent E. , Erdmann Joris I. 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
The diagnostic value of routine chest computed tomography (CT) in addition to abdominal CT in workup for pancreatic head carcinoma is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine if routine chest CT revealed significant lesions that altered the management of patients with suspected pancreatic head carcinoma.

Methods
All Dutch pancreatic cancer centers were surveyed on the use of chest CT in preoperative staging. In addition, a single-center retrospective cohort study was performed including all patients referred with suspected pancreatic head malignancy without chest CT between 2005 and 2016. The primary end point was the proportion of patients in which chest CT revealed clinically significant lesions, leading to a change in management.

Results
In 7 of 18 Dutch pancreatic cancer centers (39%), a preoperative chest CT is not routinely performed. In the study cohort, 170 of 848 patients (20%) were referred without chest CT and underwent one by local protocol. Chest CT revealed new suspicious lesions in 17 patients (10%), of whom 6 had metastatic disease (3.5%).

Conclusions
Routine use of chest CT in diagnostic workup for pancreatic head carcinoma reveals clinically significant lesions in 10% of patients, being metastases in up to 4%.
Clinical Benefits of Telotristat Ethyl in Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors and Low Bowel Movement Frequency
Authors: Benson Al B. , Strosberg Jonathan , Joish Vijay N. , Dharba Samyukta , Sapre Dipa , Lapuerta Pablo 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
We evaluated carcinoid syndrome (CS) symptoms and the real-world effectiveness of telotristat ethyl (TE) among patients with ≤3 bowel movements (BM) per day.

Methods
Patients with CS initiating TE between March and November 2017 could participate in a nurse support program collecting demographic and CS symptom data before TE initiation (baseline) and during ≥1 monthly follow-up within 3 months. Symptoms for patients averaging ≤3 BM/d at baseline were evaluated using pre/post–Student t tests.

Results
Sixty-eight patients reported ≤3 BM/d at baseline. Symptom burden was high and similar to participants with higher daily BM frequency. After 3 months of TE, most patients reported stable or improved symptoms with significant improvements in urgency (88%; mean [SD], –13.2 [32.2]), stool consistency (88%; −1.3 [2.0]), BMs per day (81%; −0.2 [1.2]), abdominal pain (86%; −13.7 [25.8]), nausea (85%; −30.9 [35.7]), and daily flushing episodes (83%; −1.7 [4.4]; all except BMs per day, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
This analysis illustrates high CS symptom burden among patients with relatively low daily BM frequency. After initiating TE, patients reported significant improvements in urgency, stool consistency, abdominal pain, nausea, and flushing episodes. Clinicians and population health managers should consider CS symptom burden beyond daily BM frequency when evaluating treatment selection.
Neoadjuvant Capecitabine/Temozolomide for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Squires Malcolm H. , Worth Patrick J. , Konda Bhavana , Shah Manisha H. , Dillhoff Mary E. , Abdel-Misih Sherif , Norton Jeffrey A. , Visser Brendan C. , Dua Monica , Pawlik Timothy M. , Schmidt Carl R. , Poultsides George , Cloyd Jordan M. 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
The combination chemotherapy regimen capecitabine/temozolomide (CAPTEM) is efficacious for metastatic well-differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), but its role in the neoadjuvant setting has not been established.

Methods
The outcomes of all patients with locally advanced or resectable metastatic PNETs who were treated with neoadjuvant CAPTEM between 2009 and 2017 at 2 high-volume institutions were retrospectively reviewed.

Results
Thirty patients with locally advanced PNET (n = 10) or pancreatic neuroendocrine hepatic metastases (n = 20) received neoadjuvant CAPTEM. Thirteen patients (43%) exhibited partial radiographic response (PR), 16 (54%) had stable disease, and 1 (3%) developed progressive disease. Twenty-six (87%) patients underwent resection (pancreatectomy [n = 12], combined pancreatectomy and liver resection [n = 8], or major hepatectomy alone [n = 6]); 3 (18%) declined surgery despite radiographic PR, and 1 (3%) underwent aborted pancreatoduodenectomy. Median primary tumor size was 5.5 cm, and median Ki-67 index was 3.5%. Rates of PR were similar across tumor grades (P = 0.24). At median follow-up of 49 months, median progression-free survival was 28.2 months and 5-year overall survival was 63%.

Conclusions
Neoadjuvant CAPTEM is associated with favorable radiographic objective response rates for locally advanced or metastatic PNET and may facilitate selection of patients appropriate for surgical resection.
The Value of Total Lymph Nodes Examined and Number of Positive Lymph Nodes in Determining the Role of Adjuvant Radiation in Pancreatic Cancer Patients
Authors: Zhu Fan , Wang Haoyu , Guirguis Adel , Ashamalla Hani 
Published: March 2020

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the survival benefits by adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in pancreatic cancer patients with different total lymph nodes examined (TNE), number of positive lymph nodes (NPN), and lymph nodes ratio (LNR).

Methods
National Cancer Database was queried for nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer patients from 2004 to 2015. Cox models were utilized. Interaction terms were applied to evaluate the effect of RT in different NPN, LNR, and margin strata. Multivariate analysis was performed.

Results
Of 19,759 patients identified, 10,910 patients qualified. Compared with TNE of 1 to 9, TNE of 10 to 14, 15 to 19, 20 to 24, and 25 or greater had progressive overall survival (OS) benefits. Adjuvant RT had similar OS benefits among them. In negative margin patients, adjuvant RT improved OS when NPN was 2 to 3 (hazards ratio [HR], 0.84; P = 0.01) or LNR was 0.15 to 0.25 (HR, 0.79; P = 0.002). In positive margin patients, adjuvant RT nonsignificantly improved OS when NPN was 1 to 3 (HR, 0.89; P = 0.36) or when NPN was 4 or greater (HR, 0.79; P = 0.07).

Conclusions
Higher TNE correlates with better survival. Adjuvant RT may not compensate for inadequate lymph node dissection. Adjuvant RT improves survival in negative-margin patients with 2 to 3 positive lymph nodes or LNR of 0.15 to 0.25.
Emotional appraisal processing of computer-generated facial expressions: an functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
Authors: Zhao Tinghao , Chen Jiangtao , Wang Lan , Yan Nan 
Published: March 2020

Objective:
The current study aims to investigate whether computer generated (CG) expressions of emotion evoke similar emotional appraisal processing in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) compared to real human expressions, as well as how speech cues would influence the processing.

Methods:
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the neural activations in the prefrontal cortex during emotion recognition task. Thirty normal participants were asked to view videos of dynamic facial expressions and selected the emotions that were best matches with the expressions.

Results:
CG expressions evoked less activation in the lOFC comparing to real human expressions. Furthermore, speech cues increased the activation in the lOFC for CG expressions but not real expressions.

Conclusion:
Comparing to real expressions, CG expressions evoked less appraisal processing related to motivational values although this disadvantage can be compensated to some extent by presenting the expressions with speech cues.
New psychoactive substances in Taiwan: challenges and strategies
Authors: Feng Ling-Yi , Li Jih-Heng 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
Abuse of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has been a new global concern. So far, there has been no international consensus on legislative control of NPS. Scrutiny of Taiwan's illegal drug use history reveals that legislation and policy play an important role in tackling the drug issues.

Recent findings
Since the early 2000s, use of club drugs (mostly NPS) has become popular in local rave parties and dance clubs in Taiwan. Some NPS, such as ketamine, synthetic cathinones, and para-methoxymethamphetamine, have posed a risk to public health and a challenge to drug policy.

Summary
The illegal drug use history in Taiwan was firstly briefly reviewed, and the recent NPS use situation was depicted. Heroin and methamphetamine have been the most predominant drugs, but NPS such as ketamine and synthetic cathinones have become a new issue. The toxicological profiles of commonly abused NPS in Taiwan, although limited, were discussed. By comparison of the legislative mechanism for NPS control between Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan, it was found that timely and flexible legislative mechanism(s) is essential for early identification, surveillance, and comprehensive evaluation. In addition, researches on NPS epidemiology and toxicology are needed to firm up evidence-based strategies for effective prevention, treatment, and harm reduction measures.
Quantifying and contextualizing the impact of bioRxiv preprints through automated social media audience segmentation
Authors: Carlson Jedidiah , Harris Kelley 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEngagement with scientific manuscripts is frequently facilitated by Twitter and other social media platforms. As such, the demographics of a paper’s social media audience provide a wealth of information about how scholarly research is transmitted, consumed, and interpreted by online communities. By paying attention to public perceptions of their publications, scientists can learn whether their research is stimulating positive scholarly and public thought. They can also become aware of potentially negative patterns of interest from groups that misinterpret their work in harmful ways, either willfully or unintentionally, and devise strategies for altering their messaging to mitigate these impacts. In this study, we collected 331,696 Twitter posts referencing 1,800 highly tweeted bioRxiv preprints and leveraged topic modeling to infer the characteristics of various communities engaging with each preprint on Twitter. We agnostically learned the characteristics of these audience sectors from keywords each user’s followers provide in their Twitter biographies. We estimate that 96% of the preprints analyzed are dominated by academic audiences on Twitter, suggesting that social media attention does not always correspond to greater public exposure. We further demonstrate how our audience segmentation method can quantify the level of interest from non-specialist audience sectors such as mental health advocates, dog lovers, video game developers, vegans, bitcoin investors, conspiracy theorists, journalists, religious groups, and political constituencies. Surprisingly, we also found that 10% of the highly tweeted preprints analyzed have sizable (>5%) audience sectors that are associated with right-wing white nationalist communities. Although none of these preprints intentionally espouse any right-wing extremist messages, cases exist where extremist appropriation comprises more than 50% of the tweets referencing a given preprint. These results present unique opportunities for improving and contextualizing research evaluation as well as shedding light on the unavoidable challenges of scientific discourse afforded by social media.
Analytical sensibility and specificity of two RT-qPCR protocols for SARS-CoV-2 detection performed in an automated workflow
Authors: Barra Gustavo Barcelos , Santa Rita Ticiane Henriques , Góes Mesquita Pedro , Jácomo Rafael Henriques , Abdalla Nery Lídia Freire 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe World Health Organization declared that COVID-19 outbreak constituted a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and the development of reliable laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 became mandatory to identify, isolate and provide optimized care for patients early. RT-qPCR testing of respiratory secretions is routinely used to detect causative viruses in acute respiratory infection. RT-qPCR in-house protocols to detect the SARS-CoV-2 have been described. Validations of these protocols are considered a key knowledge gap for COVID-19, especially if executed in a high throughput format. Here, we investigate the analytical sensitivity and specificity of two interim RT-qPCR protocols for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 executed in a fully automated platform. Under our conditions, the N1 and RdRP (modified) showed the highest analytical sensitivity for their RNA targets. E assay, in its original concentration, was considered a tertiary confirmatory assay. Taken together, N1, RdRP (optimized) and E presented appropriated analytical sensibility and specificity in our automated RT-qPCR workflow for COVID-19 virus, E being at least 4-fold less sensitive than the others. This study highlights the importance of local validation of in-house assays before its availability to the population. The use of the synthetic RT-qPCR target to investigate novel assays diagnostic parameters in automated workflows is a quick, simple effective way to be prepared for upcoming threats. The proposed assay detected the fisrt SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazilian Central-West.
Baseline analysis of patients presenting for surgical review of ACL rupture reveals heterogeneity in patient-reported outcome measures
Authors: Ting Chee Han , Scholes Corey , Zbrojkiewicz David , Bell Christopher 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDespite establishment of successful surgical techniques and rehabilitation protocols for ACL reconstruction, published return to sport rates are less than satisfactory. This has led orthopaedic surgeons and researchers to develop more robust patient selection methods and investigate prognostic patient characteristics. No previous studies have integrated baseline characteristics and responses to PROMs of patients with ACL rupture presenting for surgical review.Patients electing to undergo ACL reconstruction under the care of a single orthopaedic surgeon at a metropolitan public hospital were enrolled in a clinical quality registry. Patients completed VR-12 PCS and MCS scores, Tegner activity scale and IKDC questionnaires at presentation. Total scores were extracted from the electronic registry, and a machine learning approach (k-means) was used to identify subgroups based on similarity of questionnaire responses. The average scores in each cluster were compared using ANOVA (Kruskal-Wallis) and nominal logistic regression was performed to determine relationships between cluster membership and patient age, gender, BMI and injury-to-examination delay.A sample of 107 patients with primary ACL rupture were extracted, with 97 (91%) available for analysis with complete datasets. Four clusters were identified with distinct patterns of PROMs responses. These ranged from lowest (Cluster 1) to highest scores for VR-12 and IKDC (Cluster 4). In particular, Cluster 4 returned median scores within 6 points of the PASS for the IKDC score for ACL reconstruction (70.1, IQR 59 - 78). Significant (p<0.05) differences in PROMs between clusters was observed using ANOVA, with variance explained ranging from 40-69%. However, cluster membership was not significantly associated with patient age, gender, BMI or injury-to-examination delay.Patients electing to undergo ACL reconstruction do not conform to a homogenous group but represent a spectrum of knee function, general physical and mental health, and preinjury activity levels, which may not lend itself to uniform treatment and rehabilitation protocols. The factors driving these distinct responses to PROMs remain unknown, but are unrelated to common demographic variables.
A deterministic epidemic model for the emergence of COVID-19 in China
Authors: Wang Meng , Qi Jingtao 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, Hubei province, China, in December 2019 and soon after Chinese health authorities took unprecedented prevention and control measures to curb the spreading of the novel coronavirus-related pneumonia. We develop a mathematical model based on daily updates of reported cases to study the evolution of the epidemic. With the model, on 95% confidence level, we estimate the basic reproduction number, R0 = 2.82 ± 0.11, time between March 19 and March 21 when the effective reproduction number becoming less than one, the epidemic ending after April 2 and the total number of confirmed cases approaching 14408 ± 429 on the Chinese mainland excluding Hubei province.
Handedness measures for the Human Connectome Project: Implications for data analysis
Authors: Ruck Lana , Schoenemann P. Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOpen data initiatives such as the UK Biobank and Human Connectome Project provide researchers with access to neuroimaging, genetic, and other data for large samples of left-and right-handed participants, allowing for more robust investigations of handedness than ever before. Handedness inventories are universal tools for assessing participant handedness in these large-scale neuroimaging contexts. These self-report measures are typically used to screen and recruit subjects, but they are also widely used as variables in statistical analyses of fMRI and other data. Recent investigations into the validity of handedness inventories, however, suggest that self-report data from these inventories might not reflect hand preference/performance as faithfully as previously thought. Using data from the Human Connectome Project, we assessed correspondence between three handedness measures – the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI), the Rolyan 9-hole pegboard, and grip strength – in 1179 healthy subjects. We show poor association between the different handedness measures, with roughly 10% of the sample having at least one behavioral measure which indicates hand-performance biasoppositeto the EHI score, and over 65% of left-handers having one or more mismatched handedness scores. We discuss implications for future work, urging researchers to critically consider direction, degree,andconsistency of handedness in their data.