bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges faced by necessity entrepreneurship, the case of Syrian refugees in Jordan
Authors: Zighan Saad 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThis study aims to understand the challenges facing Syrian refugee entrepreneurs in Jordan and offers professional support to refugee entrepreneurs, with a view to improve their economic and social status, aid cultural integration and ultimately to help turn their business idea into reality.Design/methodology/approachA total of 62 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Syrian refugees in Jordan.FindingsThe study reveals that refugee entrepreneurs are both entrepreneurs of necessity and opportunity. Refugee entrepreneurship improves social welfare and drives economic growth. Nevertheless, refugee entrepreneurship faces many challenges and difficulties, mainly in terms of financing difficulties, cultural differences and a lack of business management skills.Research limitations/implicationsFuture studies could investigate if the research results can be generalised to global refugee entrepreneurship by gathering data from other countries and comparing the subsequent results with this research.Practical implicationsThe research shows that programmes and instruments should be created to support refugee entrepreneurship. It is also suggested that both social and economic support is needed to prompt refugee entrepreneurs. International cooperation and international organisations are important to support refugees and support countries that receive them, with a view to reduce the economic burden on these countries, which will in turn improve the quality of life for refugees.Social implicationsThe increasing number of refugees is becoming a very serious social issue. The international community should contribute to helping those refugees through economic, social and cultural integrations.Originality/valueThis paper focuses refugee entrepreneurship to understand refugees’ entrepreneurial behaviour and any challenges facing Syrian entrepreneurship in Jordan.
Inbound and outbound medical travel in Austria
Authors: Österle August , Diesenreiter Carina , Glinsner Barbara , Reichel Eva 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: First, it analyzes demand and supply-side factors that influence patient flows to and from Austria. Second, building on the empirical research and existing conceptualizations, the study offers a general extended framework to guide future comparative analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on multiple data sources including a literature review, secondary data, website analysis and semi-structured interviews with patients and health providers. Content analysis was carried out to identify common motives for seeking care abroad and providers' orientation towards medical travel.FindingsOutbound medical travel is largely determined by factors of access, affordability and vicinity, while inbound medical travel is predominately driven by a lack of adequate medical infrastructure in source countries and quality, both in terms of medical and service quality. Providers distinguish themselves according to the extent they take part in medical travel.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings emerging from a single country case study approach cannot be generalized across settings and contexts, albeit contributing to a better understanding of current medical travel patterns in Europe.Originality/valueUnlike most recent contributions, this study focuses both on inbound and outbound medical travel in Austria and investigates patient flows for distinctive treatments and drivers. While analysis of the supply-side of medical travel is often limited to tourism studies, this study provides a critical insight into developments in Europe from a health policy perspective, acknowledging that diverse medical travel patterns in Europe coexist.
The determinants of capital structure of Islamic and conventional banks: an autoregressive distributed lag approach
Authors: Guizani Moncef 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to explore how Sharia principles could impact capital structure determinants and speed of adjustment of Islamic banks (IBs) compared to conventional banks (CBs) in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC).

Design/methodology/approach
This study applies the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach for a sample of 69 banks listed on GCC stock markets over the period 2009–2018.

Findings
Regression results indicate that tangibility and bank size are positively related to book leverage of both IBs and CBs, whereas profitability, liquidity and risk are negatively related. For growth opportunities, the results show opposing effect on book leverage of IBs and CBs, regarding macroeconomic variables, the authors find that gross domestic product and financial development are negatively related to book leverage of both IBs and CBs, whereas oil price change is positively related. Moreover, the authors find that IBs slowly adjust their capital structure toward the desired leverage ratio than CBs. In sum, the capital structure of IBs appears to be driven by similar factors to those previously found in the corporate finance literature.

Research limitations/implications
This research contributes to the theory in re-validating capital structure theories on IBs. It helps understand the capital structure of IBs in comparison with CBs. It highlights some areas where further research on topics related to capital structure of IBs is needed.

Practical implications
The paper can contribute to policymakers and governance function in understanding the choice of capital structure for IBs within the bound of Sharia requirement in different economic climate through its relation with the macroeconomic variables. Practically, the directors and managers can predict the best capital structure to be achieved by IBs in ensuring their performance is at par, in their quest of additional capital.

Originality/value
This paper offers some insights on the determinants of capital structure by investigating IBs and CBs. It explores the implication of relevant Islamic principles on capital structure. Moreover, it analyses the determinants of capital structure using ARDL method that permits to identify the short-run and long-run relationships between capital structure and its main determinants.
The impact of coronavirus on business: developing service research agenda for a post-coronavirus world
Authors: Mele Cristina , Russo-Spena Tiziana , Kaartemo Valtteri 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe coronavirus (COVID-19) has had a tremendous impact on companies worldwide. However, researchers have no clear idea of the key issues requiring their attention. This paper aims to close this gap by analysing all business-related posts on a coronavirus subreddit (“r/coronavirus”) and identifying the main research streams that are guiding the research agenda for a post-coronavirus world.Design/methodology/approachWe use data from reddit, particularly the subreddit “r/coronavirus” to identify posts that reveal the impact of coronavirus on business. Our dataset has more than 200,000 posts. We used an artificial intelligence–based algorithm to scrape the data with business-related search terms, clean it and analyse the discussion topics.FindingsWe show the key topics that address the impact of coronavirus on business, combining them into four themes: essential service provision, bricolage service innovation, responsible shopping practices and market shaping amid crisis. We discuss these themes and use them to develop a service research agenda. The results are reported against the backdrop of service research priorities.Originality/valueThe study identifies four key themes that have emerged from the impact of coronavirus on business and that require scholarly attention. Our findings can guide service research with unique insights provided immediately after the coronavirus outbreak to conduct research that matters to business and helps people in vulnerable positions in a post-coronavirus world.
A draft framework for quality management system auditor education: findings from the initial stage of a Delphi study
Authors: Ab Wahid Roslina , Grigg Nigel Peter 
Published: December 2020

PurposeChanges in structure and conceptual underpinnings of ISO 9001 mean that quality management system (QMS) auditors require a wide knowledge base and skill set to effectively evaluate contemporary QMS and add value to the process. Hence, this study presents an open curriculum framework of the knowledge, skills and attributes for quality auditor education.Design/methodology/approachThis study describes the first two phases of a three-phase study examining the educational requirements for external quality auditors (EQAs). Phase 1 involved a review of relevant international literature on auditor competence and education; Phase 2 involved the collection of qualitative data from a panel of experts, combined with the initial round of a Delphi study. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the findings from the questionnaire.FindingsThe findings of this study suggests there is a need to improve EQAs education, as most experts reported the quality of audit to be variable, inconsistent, poor and diminishing in value. The most important improvements to auditor education are to update and improve the auditors' knowledge on the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard and technology in business and skills such as report writing, communication, IT understanding and analytical ability. Some of the attributes reported as being desirable to instill in EQAs include the following: objectivity, integrity, ethics and professionalism; being observant, perceptive, articulate and confident; having good judgment; flexibility, adaptivity and diplomacy, fairness and open-mindedness.Originality/valueThis study highlights the need for wider EQA education based on the gap identified in its performance. The resulting framework can be adopted by accreditation and certification bodies to evaluate and improve their auditors' audit performance.
Effect of graphene on the methyl methacrylate beam under lateral low-velocity impact
Authors: Alhusseini Raed Salman Saeed , Qanber Ali Sadik Gafer , Al-Kasob Bashar Dheyaa Hussein , Jasim Manar Hamid , Ranjbar Mehdi 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to present the potential of using aligned single-layer graphene sheets to reinforce the methyl methacrylate cantilever beam in low-velocity impact problem.

Design/methodology/approach
The Halpin–Tsai law is applied to compute the mechanical properties of isotropic polymer beam reinforced by aligned graphene sheet. Using both longitudinal and lateral displacements in composite beam, all components of the stress and strain fields are written. The equations of motion are derived by applying energy method, generalized Lagrange equations and Ritz method.

Findings
The analytical formulation accuracy is corroborated by comparing the present results with those available in the literature. Numerical examples indicate that the contact duration is decreased with increasing of graphene volume fraction, whereas the values of peak contact force, shear strain and shear stress at peak contact force tend to be vice versa. Also, among the results, shear stress at the peak contact force has the most effect with graphene volume fraction changes.

Originality/value
This research fulfils an identified need to investigate how graphene-reinforced beam behavior subjected to low-velocity impact can be enabled.
Permafrost thaw in boreal peatlands is rapidly altering forest community composition
Authors: Dearborn Katherine D. , Wallace Cory A. , Patankar Rajit , Baltzer Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Boreal peatlands are frequently underlain by permafrost, which is thawing rapidly. A common ecological response to thaw is the conversion of raised forested plateaus to treeless wetlands, but unexplained spatial variation in responses, combined with a lack of stand‐level data, make it difficult to predict future trajectories of boreal forest composition and structure.

We sought to characterize patterns and identify drivers of forest structure, composition, mortality and recruitment in a boreal peatland experiencing permafrost thaw. To do this, we established a large (10 ha) permanent forest plot (completed in 2014), located in the Northwest Territories, Canada, that includes 40,584 mapped and measured trees. In 2018, we conducted a comprehensive mortality and recruitment recensus. We also measured frost table depth, soil moisture, soil humification and organic layer thickness within the plot between 2012 and 2018, and used habitat association tests to link these variables to forest characteristics and dynamics.

Forest composition and structure varied markedly throughout the plot and were strongly governed by patterns in permafrost presence and organic layer thickness. Overall, there was a net loss of trees from the plot at a rate of 0.7% year−1. Mortality of black spruce, the dominant tree species, was more than double that of recruitment and was strongly associated with permafrost thaw. In contrast, recruitment of larch was over four times greater than mortality, and occurred primarily in low‐lying, permafrost‐free wetlands with mineral soil near the surface.

Synthesis. The trends in tree demography and underlying drivers suggest that spruce‐dominated permafrost plateaus will be converted into larch‐dominated wetlands as permafrost thaw progresses in boreal peatlands, particularly in areas where mineral soil is near the surface. In the longer term, thaw could increase the hydrologic connectivity of the landscape, resulting in widespread drainage and re‐vegetation by spruce, but we did not find evidence that this is occurring yet. Given the increasing rates of permafrost thaw, and positive feedbacks between thaw and forest change, we predict that larch abundance will continue to increase in boreal peatlands over the coming decades, leading to shifts in ecosystem function, wildlife habitat, albedo and snow dynamics.
EmhR is an indole‐sensing transcriptional regulator responsible for the indole‐induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Han Jian‐Ting , Li Di‐Yin , Zhang Meng‐Yuan , Yu Xiao‐Quan , Jia Xiang‐Xue , Xu Hang , Yan Xu , Jia Wen‐Juan , Niu Shaomin , Kempher Megan L. , Tao Xuanyu , He Yong‐Xing 
Published: December 2020

SummaryIndole is well known as an interspecies signalling molecule to modulate bacterial physiology; however, it is not clear how the indole signal is perceived and responded to by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere. Here, we demonstrated that indole enhanced the antibiotic tolerance of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2P24, a PGPR well known for its biocontrol capacity. Proteomic analysis revealed that indole influenced the expression of multiple genes including the emhABC operon encoding a major multidrug efflux pump. The expression of emhABC was regulated by a TetR‐family transcription factor EmhR, which was demonstrated to be an indole‐responsive regulator. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that indole allosterically affected the distance between the two DNA‐recognizing helices within the EmhR dimer, leading to diminished EmhR–DNA interaction. It was further revealed the EmhR ortholog in Pseudomonas syringae was also responsible for indole‐induced antibiotic tolerance, suggesting this EmhR‐dependent, indole‐induced antibiotic tolerance is likely to be conserved among Pseudomonas species. Taken together, our results elucidated the molecular mechanism of indole‐induced antibiotic tolerance in Pseudomonas species and had important implications on how rhizobacteria sense and respond to indole in the rhizosphere.
P2C2M.GMYC: An R package for assessing the utility of the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent model
Authors: Fonseca Emanuel M. , Duckett Drew J. , Carstens Bryan C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

In clades that contain large numbers of undescribed species, DNA barcoding methods can serve as a first pass at identifying species limits. The General Mixed Yule Coalescent (GMYC) approach to species delimitation is accurate under certain conditions that are difficult to verify in the very clades for which the GMYC holds the greatest appeal.

To circumvent this challenge, we have developed an R package for assessing how well the statistical model implemented in the GMYC fits empirical data. Our approach uses either a parametric bootstrap or a posterior predictive simulation to evaluate model fit.

Computational requirements are modest for our package, and most analyses can be completed within minutes to an hour on a typical laptop, depending on whether a user selects a maximum likelihood or Bayesian framework.

Results of simulation testing indicate that our approach is effective for assessing the utility of the GMYC model and suggest that it should be included in the analytical pipeline whenever researchers apply the GMYC to clades with unknown species boundaries.
Assessment of true vertical root fracture line in endodontically treated teeth using a new subtraction software – A Micro‐CT and CBCT study
Authors: Gulibire Aihemaiti , Cao Ya , Gao Antian , Wang Congyue , Wang Tiemei , Xie Xin , Liang Jiahao , Li Weifeng , Lin Zitong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to find true facture lines in endodontically treated teeth on CBCT images using digital subtraction and to evaluate the influence of width of facture lines in the diagnosis. Thirty‐two endodontically treated teeth with vertical root fractures (VRFs) from 30 patients were included in this study. The CBCT images of the patients and the micro‐CT images of extracted teeth were imported into our digital subtraction software to distinguish the true facture lines from the streak artefacts. Of them, 23(71.87%) teeth did not present true fracture lines on the CBCT images (CBCT negative), and 9 (28.13%) teeth presented true fracture lines on the CBCT images (CBCT positive). The width of the facture lines was significantly different between these two groups (P < 0.05). To summarise, for in vivo endodontically treated teeth with subtle VRFs, many true fractures lines could not be demonstrated on CBCT images and wider fractures could be better distinguished.
Fetal heart rate nadir during bradycardia and umbilical artery acidemia at birth
Authors: Lepercq Jacques , Nghiem My‐Anh , Goffinet François 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionFetal bradycardia due to sentinel events such as placental abruption, cord prolapse or uterine rupture is associated with an increased risk of acidemia at birth. In the absence of a sentinel event, data regarding neonatal prognosis are scarce, and it seems plausible that the depth of bradycardia might be associated with an increased risk of acidosis at birth. The objective was to determine whether the depth of bradycardia is associated with a higher risk of umbilical artery acidemia at birth in term singleton pregnancies requiring cesarean delivery during labor.Material and methodsA retrospective comparative study of all cesarean deliveries for bradycardia in an academic tertiary center in the 6‐year period of 2013‐2018, among term singleton pregnancies. Bradycardia associated with a sentinel event such as placental abruption, cord prolapse or uterine rupture, were excluded. The nadir of the bradycardia was defined as the lowest fetal heart rate baseline lasting at least 3 minutes during bradycardia. Women who delivered an infant with an umbilical pH at birth <7.00 (acidosis group) were compared with women who delivered an infant with an umbilical pH at birth ≥7.00 (non‐acidosis group).ResultsAmong 111 eligible cases, 32 women in the acidosis group were compared with 79 in the non‐acidosis group. The median nadir of the bradycardia was lower in the acidosis than in the non‐acidosis group (60 bpm, interquartile range [56‐65] vs 70 [60‐76], P < .01). A bradycardia nadir <60 bpm emerged as the optimal threshold for predicting acidemia and was more frequently observed in the acidosis than in the non‐acidosis group (10 [31%] vs 10 [13%], P = .02). In the multivariable analysis, a nadir <60 bpm was independently associated with an umbilical artery pH <7.00 (adjusted OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.10‐9.04).ConclusionsA bradycardia nadir <60 bpm was associated with a tripled risk of umbilical artery acidemia at birth.
Problematic Internet usage, personality, loneliness, and psychological well‐being in emerging adulthood
Authors: Dalton Francesca , Cassidy Tony 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe current study explored the relationship between problem Internet use, personality, loneliness, and well‐being in emerging adulthood. An online survey using questionnaires assessed 673 emerging adults (247 males and 426 females) aged between 18 and 25 years on measures of problem Internet use, personality, loneliness and well‐being. Results show that problematic Internet use is directly related to emotional stability, conscientiousness, loneliness and well‐being. This relationship holds which ever direction of relationship between the personality variables and problematic Internet use is posited. It is argued that understanding the risk and protective factors for problem Internet use is particularly important at this emerging adult stage where attitudes, traits and behavior are malleable. There is a need for more longitudinal data on problem Internet use in emerging adulthood in order to prevent it leading to more serious pathology.
“A victim/survivor needs agency”: Sexual assault survivors’ perceptions of university mandatory reporting policies
Authors: Holland Kathryn J. , Cipriano Allison E. , Huit T. Zachary 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn institutions of higher education, mandatory reporting policies require certain employees to report students’ sexual assault disclosures to university officials, even if the student does not want to report. It is commonly assumed that these policies will benefit survivors, but there is a paucity of research to substantiate this assumption. The current study examined college sexual assault survivors’ perceptions of mandatory reporting policies, including three specific policy approaches (Universal, Selective, Student‐Directed). Interviews were conducted with 40 college sexual assault survivors and thematic analysis was used to analyze these data. Results found that the mandatory reporting policy approaches that survivors prefer, which limit the number of mandatory reporters and offer more autonomy and flexibility, do not align with the policy approaches most frequently implemented within institutions of higher education (i.e., Universal). Survivors anticipated more harms resulting from mandatory reporting than benefits (e.g., pushing survivors into disclosures before they are ready, increasing stress and anxiety, discouraging help‐seeking from trusted sources of support on campus). Survivors lacked substantive knowledge of their university's mandatory reporting policy. Findings suggest that policy makers at institutional, state, and federal levels should consider survivors’ perspectives when crafting such policies and institutions should increase educational efforts about mandatory reporting.