bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Keynote) 3-D Customized and Electrically Conducting Polymer Based Skin Mapping for the Clinical Treatment of Skin
Authors: Lisak Grzegorz , Fu Xiaoxu , Ramírez-Pérez Ana C. , Zeng Wenqiu 
Published: February 2020

The conducting polymers are chemically versatile functional materials that are used widely in energy, biomedical and sensors applications [1-3]. Interestingly, conducting polymers were also explored for the use in imaging as for the recovery of the fingerprints from the metallic surfaces [4, 5].
In this work we further exploration on the use of the conducting polymer, namely PEDOT:PSS, for the purpose of customized skin mapping was performed. An ex-situ and an in-situ 3-D and electrically conducting mapping of the skin topography via electropolymerization of conducting polymer on previously sampled skin stamp or directly on an alive human subject skin (Figure 1) were performed here for the intention to be further used in biomedical applications, e.g. wound and scar healing.
The developed off-body and on-body skin patterns were evaluated for their 3-D nature/topography using AFM, for their morphology using SEM and for their conductivity using electrochemical methods. We have shown that the direct electropolymerization of skin features on alive human skin was possible and may be applied if purely non-toxic set of compounds is used to produce 3-D and electrically conducting skin patterns. For that, the electrochemistry of skin pattern polymerization was performed in custom layered electrochemical cell which opens new possibilities and designs of conducting electrochemical experiments and application of the new electrochemical cell
Figure 1. Scheme of on-body, direct electropolymerization on alive human skin featuring high-resolution camera picture of developed 3-D and electrically conducting skin pattern.
References:

Bobacka, Electroanalysis, 2006, 18, 7-18.

K. Wagner, L.L. Crowe, P. Wagner, S. Gambhir, A.C. Partridge, J.C. Earles, T.M. Clarke, K.C. Gordon, and D.L. Officer, Macromolecules, 2010, 43, 3817–3827.

Mawad, E. Stewart, D.L. Officer, T. Romeo, P. Wagner, K. Wagner and G.G. Wallace, Adv. Funct. Matt. 2012, 22, 2692-2699.

M. Sapstead, K.S. Ryder, C. Fullarton, M. Skoda, R.M. Dalgliesh, E.B. Watkins, C. Reebee, R. Baker, A. Glidle and A.R Hillman, Faraday Discuss., 2013,164, 391-410.

M. Sapstead, N. Corden and A.R. Hillman, Electrochim. Acta, 2015, 162, 119-128.

Figure 1
Charge Propagation in Redox-Conducting Materials: Diagnosis of Mechanisms and Dynamics with Microelectrochemical Devices
Authors: Kulesza Pawel J. , Rutkowska Iwona Agnieszka 
Published: February 2020

Historically, electrochemistry in the absence of a bulk liquid phase has focused on the problems of energy storage and production. Recently, it has become possible to apply conventional electrochemical methods to characterize solid-state type redox electrolytes with respect to analytical characterization of materials, measurement of electron transfer rates, and determination of analytes using amperometric sensing. The characterization of materials by solid-state voltammetry primarily has focused on mixed-valence, ionically conducting compounds and on diverse organic ionomers hosting identifiable molecular (redox) sites.
We are going to address practical issues related to the principles and analytical aspects of electrochemical studies (typically done at room temperature) of solid, rigid or semi-rigid (nonfluid) systems in the absence of a liquid solution phase. Representative examples include redox and conducting organic polymers, melts and solid solutions of redox centers in solid ionic conductors, mixed-valence polynuclear inorganic materials, transition metal salts, oxides, and zeolites. The emphasis is on the elements of dynamics for the efficient delivery of charge and on reactivity of the ‘redox conducting’ materials. The effective (apparent) diffusional mechanism is critical to the success of most analytical measurements in solid-state.
The potential materials for solid-state electrochemical measurements are expected to contain three-dimensionally distributed highly concentrated redox centers between which fast electron self-exchange (hopping) is feasible. These redox centers are fixed and, although they may have short range mobility about an equilibrium position, they classically are macroscopically immobile. The applicable materials also must host mobile counter-ions that are capable of providing charge balance during electron transfers, thereby serving the same purpose as the supporting electrolytes in conventional electrochemistry. The population of these ions must be sufficient to support diffusive mass transport of electrons and to minimize ohmic effects.
We will describe typical electrochemical cells and experimental tactics to overcome the relatively slow dynamics of transport in solid (non-fluid) systems. Application of microdimensional electrodes leads to an improvement in the quality of solid-state electrochemical data and provides new diagnostic and analytical possibilities. Basic concepts of mechanistic studies, which are relevant to the development of novel analytical methods, together with trends towards possible future applications will also be addressed.
(Invited) Electrochemistry of Solid-State Inorganic Polymer Electrolyte
Authors: Zhan Dong-Ping 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemistry explores the charge transfer reaction across the interfaces, such as solid/liquid interface, liquid/liquid interface and also solid/solid interface. Most reported charge transfer behaviours across the “solid/solid” interface are involved liquid electrolyte. For example, in the lithium-ion batteries, the redox of cobalt-based active material is coupled by the heterogeneous intercalation/deintercalation of Li+ ions, which is existed in the electrolyte solution. In another words, the electron transfer occurs at the solid/solid interface while the ion transfer occurs at the solid/electrolyte solution.
We employ SECM to construct the solid-solid interface and to study the electron transfer phenomena therein. That means there is no liquid electrolyte environment. When the electron transfer occurs at the solid/solid interface, the counterion transfer will occur in the crystal due to the crystalline defects. For example, we cultured the NaCl microcrystals, which are doped with iron oxides, between the pair electrodes on a microchip. The multi-step electron transfer processes of iron from Fe(0) to Fe(VI) through Fe(II) and Fe(III) were observed.
The solid-state electrolyte solution just like an inorganic polymer. The electron transfer is wired through hopping between the neighboring redox lattice sites, coupling with the counterion transfer in the crystalline defects. The electrochemical behavior in the solid-state inorganic “polymer” electrolyte will be discussed in this presentation.
Polyviologens As Electron Transport Material in Photosystem I-Based Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Dervishogullari Dilek , Jennings G. Kane , Cliffel David E. 
Published: February 2020

Photosynthesis, the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy, fuels our increasing energy consumption through the use of fossil fuels derived from ancient organic matter. However, the associated greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in several problems such as climate change and environmental pollution. As a result of the increasing demand for alternative energy sources, decades of research have been dedicated to mimicking photosynthesis in artificial bio-hybrid devices. Photosynthesis is powered by two key proteins, Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), that act in series as biological pseudo-photodiodes. Both proteins can be extracted from a wide variety of plant materials and have the potential to be implemented on a global scale for low-cost solar energy conversion.
Photosystem I (PSI), in particular, is ideal for use in solar cells due to its innate ability to photoexcite electrons with a quantum efficiency approaching unity. In vivo, these electrons are then mediated to the water-soluble redox protein called ferrodoxin; in artificial biohybrid devices, these electron acceptor proteins must be replaced with electrodes and electrochemical mediators. In this work, novel PSI-based solar cells were prepared by using polyviologens as the electron-transport layer between the PSI protein and the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode. Redox polymer-modified electrodes are increasingly used as electron-transfer catalysts in electrochemical applications. Polyviologens are a unique class of organic polycationic polymers, which can rapidly accept excited state electrons from a primary donor such as PSI and subsequently donate them to a secondary acceptor. Our device is a unique example of the direct use of extracted PSI protein to create photoactive biohybrid electrodes and represents one of few reported methods for incorporating PSI into a solid-state device, eliminating the problems associated with wet photoelectrochemical cells, such as corrosion and leaks.
Design of a Mercury(II) Selective Electrode through a Multi-Objetive Optimization Model
Authors: Juarez-Gomez Jorge , Ramírez-Silva María Teresa , Mora-Gutierrez Roman Anselmo , Ponsich Antonin , Rincón-García Eric Alfredo 
Published: February 2020

The mercury (Hg) is an element that is naturally present in air, water and soils, however it is one of the most toxic metals, so that severe damage to in the health of living organisms are cause by the exhibition of they whit at small amounts of Hg. The importance its timely detection in the environment is to avoid or lessen the damage to public health. One of the various devices for detecting pollutants are the so-called ion-selective electrodes, which offer advantages over traditional instrumental methods, such as: low prices, short response times, simple construction, among others.
In the present work, the design and development of efficient electrodes for the determination of mercury(II) in aqueous medium is addressed. We should be mentioned that the design and construction of electrodes is not an easy task, since the potential of the electrode is a function of several variables such as temperature, analyte concentration, ionophore concentration, etc., as well as the interactions between them. Therefore, it is necessary to build a broad experimental design to achieve the limit of detection (LOD) and the slope closest to the prediction for the Nernst equation. However, generally into experimental purposes a set of simplified and carried out in the behaviors of the variables are involved with in order to minimize experimental work. As a result of the experimental work, information be able serve as base into developing of new electrodes is generated. Here, three multiobjective optimization models are proposed, in which the concentration of mercury ions, the concentration of ionophore, the concentration of plasticizer and the ion exchanger concentration in the membrane as well as their possible interactions are involved as variables. It should be mentioned that the objectives implied in the models are to minimize the LOD and minimize the difference between the slope and the experimental one.
The results obtained by the models were tested in the laboratory to determine and characterize their behavior, later the model data were compared with the experimental results.
(Invited) Fluid Spectroscopy with Piezoelectric Ultrasound MEMS Transducers
Authors: Pratap Rudra , Dangi Ajay , Roy Kaustav , Gupta Harshvardhan 
Published: February 2020

Piezoelectric micromachined ultrasound transducers (PMUTs) are making rapid strides in terms of application development in varied areas such as proximity sensing, gesture recognition, medical imaging, photoacoustics, etc. Our ability to fabricate these devices more reliably and integrate them in suitable form factors is paving the way for new and promising applications. PMUTs are now expanding in terms of their fabrication technology as well, with the introduction of new active materials such as AlN and ZnO. In particular, AlN based PMUTs hold great promise because of their CMOS compatibility. We have been exploring PMUT fabrication using three different materials — PZT, AlN and ZnO — and integrating them in fluidic environments for developing fluid spectroscopy.
Probing fluids in very small volumes for detecting changes in their properties such as density, viscosity, and homogeneity can pave the way for online and in-situ monitoring of various fluids in applications as wide ranging as petrochemical industries to medical emergency care. In most health monitoring applications, whether for machines or humans, the emphasis is on early detection of onset of undesirable conditions. For fluids, minute but persistent changes in their density and viscosity can be used as signatures for such onsets. PMUTs hold promise for such detection because of the ease with which they can scan for these changes. We have carried out experiments with PMUTs in different fluids to find spectral shifts with change in their density and viscosity. In this paper, we show how these shifts are quantitatively related to density variation. We report a density sensitivity of 145 Hz/(kg/m3) with a 500 kHz PMUT. We also show some initial results with an array of PMUTs of different frequencies — a new technique we are developing for fluid spectroscopy. PMUTs spanning a range of frequencies and embedded in microfluidic channels are intended for probing fluid inhomogeneity due to particulate suspensions or variations in discrete constituents such as cells in biofluids. Our PMUTs in these studies employ the same material stack for the individual PMUT-cell structures with thin film PZT as the active material, and the frequency variation is achieved simply from geometric scaling. This approach provides great flexibility in terms of building frequency-pixelation of desired resolution. The study of the relationship between frequency-pixelation and the resolution of inhomogeneity in fluids does not exist and is currently underway in our research group.
Cu2-x­se Nanorods with Tunable Surface Plasmon Resonance for NIR Photocatalysis
Authors: Kuo Ming-Yu , Hsu Yung-Jung 
Published: February 2020

Heavily doped semiconductors such as Cu2-xSe have demonstrated significant surface plasmon resonance (SPR) primarily in the NIR region.[1,2] For solar fuel generation, the effective use of NIR spectrum has been limited although it accounts for over 50% of the solar radiation. In this work, we demonstrated the tunable NIR SPR absorption for Cu2-xSe nanorods with various aspect ratios. The samples were prepared by directly inserting Cu+ ions into Se nanorods during the ion exchange process.[3] With the distinctive NIR SPR absorption, the Cu2-xSe nanorods exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production. This demonstration suggests a possibility to further extend the utilization of solar spectrum toward near IR region, an important merit for advanced photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical applications.
References
[1] A. Comin, L. Manna, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 3957-3975.
[2] J. Kim, A. Agrawal, F. Krieg, A. Bergerud, D. J. Milliron, Nano Lett., 2016, 16, 3879-3884.
[3] M.-Y. Chen, Y.-J. Hsu, Nanoscale, 2013, 5, 363-368.
Hydrogen Generation Reaction Catalyzed By Platinum Nanoparticle Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Abdel-Fattah Tarek M , Huff Clay , Long Julia Madeline 
Published: February 2020

The increasing dependence of the modern world on fossil fuels has resulted in major economic and environmental crisis. The strain of these events has prompted a deeper investigation into the study of carbon-free fuels. [1] Hydrogen gas is known for its renewable nature when produced by the hydrolysis reaction of water and sodium borohydride. The reaction produces no harmful emissions and results in only environmentally-benign byproducts. [1,2] Platinum nanoparticles were synthesized using beta-cyclodextrin and were adhered onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) via an incipient wetness impregnation method. [3-5] The resulting composite was characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM confirmed the presence of uniformly shaped 3 nm platinum nanoparticles decorated onto the sidewalls of ~30 nm MWCNTs. Catalytic activity of the composite in a hydrogen evolution reaction was measured. [3-5] The composite best catalyzed the reaction at 303K and a pH of 7 generating hydrogen at a rate of 21.2 mLmin-1gcat
-1. Overall, the composite performed well as a catalyst of the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride with the activation energy being calculated to be 46.17 kJmol-1.

References

Retnamma, R.; Novais, A.Q.; Rangel, C.M. Kinetics of hydrolysis of sodium borohydride

for hydrogen production in fuel cell applications: a review. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2011,
36, 9772-9790.

Chinnappan, A.; Kang, H.C.; Kim, H. Preparation of PVDF nanofiber composites for

hydrogen generation from sodium borohydride. Energy 2011, 36, 755-759.

Huff, C.; Dushatinski, T.; Barzanjii, A.; Abdel-Fattah, N.; Barzanjii, K.; Abdel-Fattah,

T.M. Pretreatment of gold nanoparticle multi-walled carbon nanotube composites for
catalytic activity toward hydrogen generation reaction. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol
2017, 6, M69-M71.

Huff, C.; Dushatinski, T.; Abdel-Fattah, T. M. Gold nanoparticle/multi-walled carbon

nanotube composite as novel catalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions. Int J Hydrogen
Energy 2017, 42, 18985-18990.

Huff, C.; Long, J.; Aboulatta, A.; Heyman, A.; T. Abdel-Fattah, Silver Nanoparticle/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Composite as Catalyst for Hydrogen

Production. ECS J Solid State Sci Technol. 2017, 6, M115-118.
Engineering Artificial SEI for Improving Performance of Anode Free Batteries
Authors: Assegie Addisu Alemayehu , Cheng Ju-Hsiang , Huang Chen-Jui , Kuo Li-Ming , Su Wei-Nien , Hwang Bing-Joe 
Published: February 2020

Practical implementation of a lithium battery or an anode-free battery with promising high capacity is hampered by dendrite formation and low coulombic efficiency [1,2]. Most notably, these challenges stem from non-uniform lithium platting and unstable SEI layer formation. Here, we revealed a homogeneous lithium deposition and effective dendrite suppression with engineering artificial SEI layer. Surface coating reinforces a thin and robust artificial SEI layer film formation via hosting lithium and regulating the inevitable reaction of lithium with electrolyte. The cell with engineered SEI layer showed stable cycling of lithium with an average coulombic efficiency of ~100% over 200 cycles and low voltage hysteresis (~30 mV) at current density of 0.5 mA cm-2. Moreover, we have proved the anode-free battery experimentally by integrating it with various cathodes into a full cell configuration. The new cell demonstrated stable cycling with excellent average coulombic efficiency. These impressive enhanced cycle life and capacity retention results from the synergy of electrode modification, high electrode-electrolyte interface compatibility, and stable artificial SEI formation. Our result opens up a new route to realize the anode-free batteries by engineering artificial SEI layer to achieve safe interfacial chemistry and controlled dendrite formation.

Reference
s
:

[1] A.M. Tripathi, W.N. Su and B.J. Hwang, Chem. Soc. Rev., 47, 736–851 (2018).
[2] J.H. Cheng, A.A. Assegie, C.J. Huang, M.H. Lin, A.M. Tripathi, C.C. Wang, M.T. Tang, Y.F. Song, W.N. Su, and B.J. Hwang, J. Phys. Chem. C, 121, 7761–7766 (2017).
(Invited) Polymer Simulations Under External Fields
Authors: Washizu Hitoshi 
Published: February 2020

In order to design next generation functional polymers, not only the structure but the dynamics under external field should be understood. In this paper we report our simulation approach to investigate the structure and dynamics.
Polymer brush is used for the model system of very low friction such as synovial joints. Recently, polymer brush is focused as a functional binder of sodium ion secondary battery. Since sodium ions are hard to make passive film, or SEI (solid electrolyte interphase) layer on the negative electrode, functional polymer binder help to stabilize the atmosphere around the electrode. We simulate the ionic conductivity of polyelectrolyte binder system under external electric field. The conductivity depend on the polymer structure, such as hardness and linear charge density of the polymer chain.
The other important function of polymers are the fluid dynamics effect of polymers under external fluid field. As a model system of VII (viscosity index improver) polymers, we simulate the dynamics under shear filed. The dynamics of polymers are studied for bulk system and the confined system. We made simulation algorithm. The Brownian motion of polymer segments are treated by Langevin Dynamics, and the solvent flow is treated by Lattice Boltzmann Method, in order to obtain both high computational efficiency and precise dynamics. We succeed to reproduce the flow dynamics of polymers under shear. Moreover, the model is extended to include long-range interactions of functional groups. In low dielectric constant medium such as lubricant oils, the functional groups interact as ionic groups in high dielectric constant medium such as waters. The specific results shows that the colloidal science in oils have many problems to be solved.
High-Speed AFM Reveals the Detailed Mechanism of Dynamic Protein Adsorption Onto Individual Hydrogel Microspheres
Authors: Matsui Shusuke , Hosho Kensuke , Uchihashi Takayuki , Suzuki Daisuke 
Published: February 2020

Hydrogel microspheres, i.e., microgels have both colloidal and hydrogel properties, which are composed of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer network. Due to the colloidal size property and biocompatibility, microgels are promising for advanced bio-nanomaterials such as protein drug delivery vehicles [1]. In order to establish the design concept of such protein carrier, understanding the dynamic interaction between the protein and microgels is essential. Up to now, the dynamic interaction between protein and microgels is well characterize by means of scattering, spectroscopy, and sensor [2]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no study that direct visualization during protein adsorption to individual microgels at nanoscale in real-time. Against this background, we visualized individual microgels during protein adsorption onto the microgels at nanoscale in real-time for the first time [3]. This approach, which enabled us to monitor the moment of protein adsorption to individual microgels, was realized by high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) [4]. This method allows the direct visualization of the dynamics of biological molecules in action, without significantly disturbing the physiological function of the molecules [5]. We have already monitored the dynamic adsorption behavior of microgels onto solid/liquid interface [6]. The microgels were synthesized through aqueous free-radical precipitation polymerization of N-isopropyl acrylamide, the cross-linker N,N'-methylenebis (acrylamide), and acrylic acid with different content. In this presentation, the effect of protein interaction on the microgels’ dynamics will be discussed.
Partially reproduced with permission from [6] Copyright (2017) John Wiley and Sons.
References
[1] Y. Tahara, K. Akiyoshi, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 95, 65 (2015)
[2] N. Welsch, Y. Lu, J. Dzubiella, M. Ballauff, Polymer, 54, 2835 (2013)
[3] S. Matsui et al., in preparation
[4] T. Ando, T. Uchihashi, T. Fukuma, Progr. Surf. Sci., 83, 337 (2008)
[5] T. Ando, T. Uchihashi, S. Scheuring, Chem. Rev., 114, 3120 (2014)
[6] S. Matsui, T. Kureha, S. Hiroshige, M. Shibata, T. Uchihashi, D. Suzuki, Angew. Chem.; Int. Ed., 56, 12146 (2017)