bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel cysteine‐rich receptor‐like kinase gene, TaCRK2, contributes to leaf rust resistance in wheat
Authors: Gu Jia , Sun Jiawei , Liu Na , Sun Xizhe , Liu Chunji , Wu Lizhu , Liu Gang , Zeng Fanli , Hou Chunyan , Han Shengfang , Zhen Wenchao , Wang Dongmei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLeaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is one of the most destructive fungal diseases in wheat production worldwide. The hypersensitive reaction (HR) is an important defence response against P. triticina infection. In this study, the physiological races 165 and 260 of P. triticina were combined with a line derived from the bread wheat cultivar Thatcher with the leaf rust resistance locus Lr26 to form compatible and incompatible combinations, respectively. Based on an RNA‐Seq database of the interaction systems, a new wheat cysteine‐rich receptor‐like kinase gene, TaCRK2, is specifically induced and up‐regulated in the incompatible combination. We identified that TaCRK2 was regulated in a Ca2+‐dependent manner. Knockdown of TaCRK2 by virus‐induced gene silencing and RNAi leads to a dramatic increase in HR area and the number of haustorial mother cells at the single infection site. In addition, urediniospores, a P. triticina‐specific pathogenic marker in compatible combinations, were observed on leaf surfaces of silenced plants at approximately 15 days after inoculation in the incompatible combination. Moreover, transcription levels of TaPR1, TaPR2, and TaPR5 were obviously reduced in TaCRK2‐silenced plants. TaCRK2 overexpression in Nicotiana benthamiana induced strong HR‐like cell death. Finally, transient expression of green fluorescent protein fused with TaCRK2 in N. benthamiana indicated that TaCRK2 localizes in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, TaCRK2 plays an important role in the resistance to P. triticina infection and has a positive regulation effect on the HR cell death process induced by P. triticina.
How parties and interest groups protect their ties: The case of lobbying laws
Authors: Crepaz Michele 
Published: March 2020

AbstractScholars have recently shown renewed interest in the study of party‐interest group ties. According to previous studies, traditional ties between parties and organized interest are a matter of the past. Globalization, deindustrialization, and neoliberalism have posed serious challenges to their survival. Recent contributions suggest that, while these ties are indeed weaker than before, they have not disappeared. How do parties and groups protect their ties? This paper attempts to provide a partial, though often neglected, answer: their relationship survives when both actors work together to protect it. While previous literature identified regulatory policies, such as ethics and transparency regulations, as detrimental to party‐group ties, their introduction is erroneously treated as independent from these ties. Through a comparative case study of the introduction of lobbying laws in Austria, Australia, and Ireland, this paper suggests that parties and groups shape the content of lobbying regulations in such a way to protect their relationship.
The effects of mood and retrieval cues on semantic memory and metacognition
Authors: Hall Amanda C. G. , Evans Daniel G. , Higginbotham Lindsay , Thompson Kathleen S. 
Published: March 2020

We investigated whether the previously established effect of mood on episodic memory generalizes to semantic memory and whether mood affects metacognitive judgments associated with the retrieval of semantic information. Sixty‐eight participants were induced into a happy or sad mood by viewing and describing IAPS images. Following mood induction, participants saw a total of 200 general knowledge trivia items (50 open‐ended and 50 multiple‐choice after each of two mood inductions) and were asked to provide a metacognitive judgment about their knowledge for each item before providing a response. A sample trivia item is: Author – – To kill a mockingbird. Results indicate that mood affects the retrieval of semantic information, but only when the participant believes they possess the requested semantic information; furthermore, this effect depends upon the presence of retrieval cues. In addition, we found that mood does not affect the likelihood of different metacognitive judgments associated with the retrieval of semantic information, but that, in some cases, having retrieval cues increases accuracy of these metacognitive judgments. Our results suggest that semantic retrieval processes are minimally susceptible to the influence of affective state but does not preclude the possibility that affective state may influence encoding of semantic information.
Platelet function analysed by ROTEM platelet in cardiac surgery after cardiopulmonary bypass and platelet transfusion
Authors: Kjellberg Gunilla , Holm Manne , Lindvall Gabriella , Gryfelt Gunilla , van der Linden Jan , Wikman Agneta 
Published: March 2020

SummaryObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether ROTEM platelet can provide additional information to the traditional ROTEM analysis to guide treatment with platelet transfusions in cardiac surgery and to identify factors triggering platelet administration.BackgroundPlatelets play a crucial role in coagulation and haemostasis after cardiac surgery. Excessive bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass usually requires transfusions of blood products, including platelets. The ROTEM platelet is a novel point‐of‐care analysis for whole blood.Materials and methodsWe included 23 patients scheduled for complex cardiac surgery. ROTEM (in‐tem, ex‐tem), ROTEM platelet (ARA‐tem, ADP‐tem and TRAP‐tem) and platelet count were analysed before induction of anaesthesia (T0), after cardiopulmonary bypass and protamine reversal (T1) and after platelet transfusion (T2, n = 10).ResultsROTEM and ROTEM platelet tests were all significantly reduced between T0 and T1. ROTEM parameters improved significantly after platelet transfusion. Regarding ROTEM platelet, only TRAP‐tem increased between T1 and T2 (P = .008). Factors triggering platelet transfusion were long duration of surgery and time on cardiopulmonary bypass.ConclusionROTEM platelet with thrombin activation, TRAP‐tem, improved significantly, indicating that platelet transfusion may reverse cardiopulmonary bypass‐induced platelet dysfunction. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether TRAP‐tem can be a valuable analysis regarding indications for transfusion of platelets after extensive cardiac surgery.
Unchanged cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity and hypercapnic ventilatory response during strict head‐down tilt bed rest in a mild hypercapnic environment
Authors: Laurie Steven S. , Christian Kate , Kysar Jacob , Lee Stuart M.C. , Lovering Andrew T. , Macias Brandon R. , Moestl Stefan , Sies Wolfram , Mulder Edwin , Young Millennia , Stenger Michael B. 
Published: March 2020

Key points

Carbon dioxide levels are mildly elevated on the International Space Station and it is unknown whether this chronic exposure causes physiological changes to astronauts.
We combined ∼4 mmHg ambient with the strict head‐down tilt bed rest model of spaceflight and this led to the development of optic disc oedema in one‐half of the subjects.
We demonstrate no change in arterialized , cerebrovascular reactivity to CO2 or the hypercapnic ventilatory response.
Our data suggest that the mild hypercapnic environment does not contribute to the development of spaceflight associated neuro‐ocular syndrome.

AbstractChronically elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels can occur in confined spaces such as the International Space Station. Using the spaceflight analogue 30 days of strict 6° head‐down tilt bed rest (HDTBR) in a mild hypercapnic environment ( = ∼4 mmHg), we investigated arterialized , cerebrovascular reactivity and the hypercapnic ventilatory response in 11 healthy subjects (five females) before, on days 1, 9, 15 and 30 of bed rest (BR), and 6 and 13 days after HDTBR. During all HDTBR time points, arterialized was not significantly different from the pre‐HDTBR measured in the 6° HDT posture, with a mean (95% confidence interval) increase of 1.2 mmHg (–0.2 to 2.5 mmHg, P = 0.122) on day 30 of HDTBR. Respiratory acidosis was never detected, although a mild metabolic alkalosis developed on day 30 of HDTBR by a mean (95% confidence interval) pH change of 0.032 (0.022–0.043; P < 0.001), which remained elevated by 0.021 (0.011–0.031; P < 0.001) 6 days after HDTBR. Arterialized pH returned to pre‐HDTBR levels 13 days after BR with a change of –0.001 (–0.009 to 0.007; P = 0.991). Compared to pre‐HDTBR, cerebrovascular reactivity during and after HDTBR did not change. Baseline ventilation, ventilatory recruitment threshold and the slope of the ventilatory response were similar between pre‐HDTBR and all other time points. Taken together, these data suggest that the mildly increased ambient combined with 30 days of strict 6° HDTBR did not change arterialized levels. Therefore, the experimental conditions were not sufficient to elicit a detectable physiological response.
Residual Strength Evaluation of First-Stage Absorber With Weld Considering Corrosion and Thermal Stress
Authors: Mou Yisheng , Lian Zhanghua , Zhang Qiang , Liu Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The first-stage absorber, which is often used to purify crude oil or highly acidic natural gas, is the core equipment of petrochemical enterprises. Uniaxial strength is checked considering axial stress, hoop stress, and radial stress which is the main design idea of high-pressure vessel. However, absorber integrity issues, due to corrosion, thermal stress, and residual stress caused by welds, can cause absorber deformation, strength degradation, and even explosion. In this paper, mathematical models for absorber strength degradation, due to corrosion and thermal stress, are established. Another finite element model by element activation is established to evaluate the residual stress caused by the welding process. According to the parametric study, the effects of various parameters on residual strength of damaged absorber are studied. Strength check is carried out based on Lame thick-walled solution, and von Mises yield a criterion for the absorber according to the stress distribution of the absorber considering corrosion, thermal stress, and residual stress under tri-axial stress. Finally, accuracy of the mathematical model and the element model, of the effect of corrosion, thermal stress, and residual stress on residual strength, is verified according to actual service environment of the absorber. The research results presented in this paper can offer a technological basis and theoretical foundation for residual strength evaluation and absorber design of the first-stage principal absorber with weld considering corrosion and thermal stress in a sour environment.
Efficacy of colistin in multidrug-resistant neonatal sepsis: experience from a tertiary care center in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Ambreen Gul , Salat Muhammad Sohail , Hussain Kashif , Raza Syed Shamim , Ali Umer , Azam Iqbal , Iqbal Junaid , Fatmi Zafar 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveInfections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) such as Gram-negative bacteria have high morbidity and mortality with limited treatment options. Colistin, an antibiotic active against MDRO, was rarely used due to frequent adverse effects, but its use has now been recommended among adults. In this study, we determined the efficacy of colistin for the treatment of sepsis in neonates.Design/setting/patients/outcomesWe conducted a retrospective record review of all neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, between June 2015 and June 2018, who had sepsis and received colistin by intravenous, inhalation and/or intrathecal routes. Predictors of colistin efficacy, for neonatal survival and microbial clearance, were assessed using multiple logistic regression.Results153 neonates received colistin; 120 had culture-proven sepsis; and 93 had MDR-GNB (84 colistin-sensitive). 111 (72.5%) neonates survived and were discharged from hospital; 82.6% had microbial clearance. Neonates with colistin-sensitive bacteria (adjusted OR (AOR)=3.2, 95% CI 2.8 to 4.0), and those in which colistin therapy started early (AOR=7.2, 95% CI 3.5 to 13.6) were more likely to survive. Neonates with increased gestational age (AOR=1.9, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.0), higher weight (AOR=5.4, 95% CI 3.3 to 11.8) and later onset of sepsis (AOR=4.3, 95% CI 2.0 to 9.0) had higher survival. Adverse events included nephrotoxicity in 5.2%; 13.7% developed seizures and 18.3% had electrolyte imbalance.ConclusionsColistin therapy was associated with survival among neonates suffering from MDR-GNB sepsis. The frequency of side effects was moderate.
The practice of blood volume submitted for culture in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Singh Moni Pankhuri , Balegar V Kiran Kumar , Angiti Rajeshwar Reddy 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundNeonatal sepsis is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in neonatal intensive care units. The volume of blood taken for culture remains one of the most important factors in isolating microorganisms.ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of the intervention on the blood volume submitted for culture and to identify factors influencing the volume as determined by the phlebotomist.MethodsBlood culture volume was determined by weighing the culture bottle before and immediately after blood inoculation. A 3-month preintervention audit revealed that in 126/130 samples (96.9%), the volume of blood submitted was suboptimal. Multiple intervention measures were instituted, and volume was monitored over the next 9 months.Results637 blood culture samples were included in the study, 130 were in preintervention and 507 were in postintervention epochs. Following the intervention, suboptimal volume samples reduced from 96.9% (126/130 samples) to 25% (126/507 samples), p<0.0001 and the median (IQR) sample volume improved from 0.36 (0.23) ml to 0.9 (0.27) ml, p<0.0001. Poor blood flow was identified as the most common reason for an inadequate sample.ConclusionThe study underscores the role of educational intervention in improving the blood culture volume in newborn infants. Poor backflow from the cannula is an important cause of inadequate volume collection.
At the speed of Juul: measuring the Twitter conversation related to ENDS and Juul across space and time (2017–2018)
Authors: Kim Yoonsang , Emery Sherry L , Vera Lisa , David Bryn , Huang Jidong 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundElectronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are the most-used tobacco product by adolescents, and Juul has rapidly become the most popular ENDS brand. Evidence indicates that Juul has been marketed heavily on social media. In light of recent lawsuits against the FDA spurred by claims that the agency responded inadequately to this marketing push, measuring the social media conversation about ENDS like Juul has important public health implications.MethodsWe employed search filters to collect Juul-related and other ENDS-related data from Twitter in 2017–2018 using Gnip Historic PowerTrack. Trained coders labelled random samples for Juul and ENDS relevance, and the labelled samples were used to train a supervised learning classifier to filter out irrelevant tweets. Tweets were geolocated into US counties and theirfitness for usewas assessed.ResultsThe amount of Juul-related tweets increased 67 times over the study period (from 18 849 in the first quarter of 2017 to 1 287 028 in the last quarter of 2018), spreading widely across US counties. By the last quarter 2018, 34% of US counties had more than 6 Juul-related posts per 10 000 people, up from 0% in the first quarter 2017. However, during the same period, the total of non-Juul ENDS-related tweets decreased by 25%.ConclusionsJuul-related content grew exponentially on Twitter and spread across the entire country during the time when the brand was gaining market share. This social media buzz continued to increase even after FDA’s multiple interventions to curb promotions targeting minors.
Looking at the axionic dark sector with ANITA
Authors: Esteban I. , Lopez-Pavon J. , Martinez-Soler I. , Salvado J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe ANITA experiment has recently observed two anomalous events emerging from well below the horizon. Even though they are consistent with tau cascades, a high-energy Standard Model or Beyond the Standard Model explanation is challenging and in tension with other experiments. We study under which conditions the reflection of generic radio pulses can reproduce these signals. Furthermore, we propose that these pulses can be resonantly produced in the ionosphere via axion–photon conversion. This naturally explains the direction and polarization of the events and avoids other experimental bounds.
Low molecular weight heparin promotes transcription and release of placental growth factor from endothelial cells
Authors: McLaughlin Kelsey , Nadeem Lubna , Wat Jovian , Baczyk Dora , Lye Stephen J. , Kingdom John C. 
Published: March 2020

Circulating levels of placental growth factor (PlGF) are significantly reduced in women who develop preeclampsia. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been shown to acutely elevate circulating PlGF levels in pregnant women at increased risk of preeclampsia. The objective of the current investigation was to determine the mechanisms by which LMWH mediates the extracellular release of PlGF from endothelial cells. Cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to LMWH; PlGF transcription, translation, mobilization, and secretion were then assessed. LMWH significantly increased the release of PlGF from both HAECs and HUVECs. LMWH treatment promoted a significant increase of PlGF-1 mRNA expression in HAECs, accompanied by the intracellular transport and release of PlGF into the conditioned media. LMWH-mediated release of PlGF from HAECs was not directly mediated by extracellular mobilization, synthesis, or stability of PlGF mRNA/protein. LMWH exposure promotes the release of PlGF from endothelial cells through the upregulation of PlGF-1 mRNA expression. Stimulation of circulating PlGF levels by LMWH may be an important mechanism by which LMWH could reduce the risk of preeclampsia or minimize disease severity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There are few therapeutic options available for the prevention of preeclampsia, a serious hypertensive disorder of pregnancy. Women who subsequently develop preeclampsia exhibit significantly reduced circulating levels of the proangiogenic placental growth factor protein. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has previously been investigated as a preventative therapy against the development of preeclampsia; however, its mechanism of action is not known. The current study determined that LMWH promotes the transcription and release of placental growth factor protein from endothelial cells, providing a mechanistic basis by which LMWH could reduce the risk of preeclampsia or minimize disease severity.
Endothelial calreticulin deletion impairs endothelial function in aged mice
Authors: Biwer Lauren A. , Askew-Page Henry R. , Hong Kwangseok , Milstein Jenna , Johnstone Scott R. , Macal Edgar , Good Miranda E. , Bagher Pooneh , Sonkusare Swapnil K. , Isakson Brant E. 
Published: March 2020

Discrete calcium signals within the vascular endothelium decrease with age and contribute to impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation. Calreticulin (Calr), a multifunctional calcium binding protein and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone, can mediate calcium signals and vascular function within the endothelial cells (ECs) of small resistance arteries. We found Calr protein expression significantly decreases with age in mesenteric arteries and examined the functional role of EC Calr in vasodilation and calcium mobilization in the context of aging. Third-order mesenteric arteries from mice with or without EC Calr knockdown were examined for calcium signals and constriction to phenylephrine (PE) or vasodilation to carbachol (CCh) after 75 wk of age. PE constriction in aged mice with or without EC Calr was unchanged. However, calcium signals and vasodilation to endothelial-dependent agonist carbachol were significantly impaired in aged EC Calr knockdown mice. Ex vivo incubation of arteries with the ER stress inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) significantly improved vasodilation in mice lacking EC Calr. Our data suggests diminished vascular Calr expression with age can contribute to the detrimental effects of aging on endothelial calcium regulation and vasodilation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Calreticulin (Calr) is responsible for key physiological processes in endoplasmic reticulum, especially in aging tissue. In particular, endothelial Calr is crucial to vascular function. In this study, we deleted Calr from the endothelium and aged the mice up to 75 wk to examine changes in vascular function. We found two key differences: 1) calcium events in endothelium were severely diminished after muscarinic stimulation, which 2) corresponded with a dramatic decrease in muscarinic vasodilation. Remarkably, we were able to rescue the effect of Calr deletion on endothelial-dependent vasodilatory function using tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum stress that is currently in clinical trials.
Becoming the Past: Time and Memory in Stanley Fung’s Biblical Icons
Authors: Lin Su-Chi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes a contemporary Taiwanese artist Stanley Fung’s portrait photography and his contextual biblical interpretation of time and memory: the experience of the coming of the kingdom can be lingered on in an artist’s imagination. As a biblical interpreter, Fung’s visual exegesis asks the viewer to reconsider how the historical consciousness of self and community together impact one’s sense of time. Fung uses clothing and plants to invoke the viewer’s longing for a new, local culture where the gospel can be dressed, and a new soil where it can be planted. Photography as a legitimate extension of the sacred text engages the viewer’s biblical imagination and demands a response. Eternal beings and Christian anthropology, as manifested in Fung’s work serve to remind us of the distinction between memory and the sacred, life and destruction, creation and redemption.
The Effect of Atmospheric Transmissivity on Model and Observational Estimates of the Sea Ice Albedo Feedback
Authors: Donohoe Aaron , Blanchard-Wrigglesworth Ed , Schweiger Axel , Rasch Philip J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe sea ice-albedo feedback (SIAF) is the product of the ice sensitivity (IS), that is, how much the surface albedo in sea ice regions changes as the planet warms, and the radiative sensitivity (RS), that is, how much the top-of-atmosphere radiation changes as the surface albedo changes. We demonstrate that the RS calculated from radiative kernels in climate models is reproduced from calculations using the “approximate partial radiative perturbation” method that uses the climatological radiative fluxes at the top of the atmosphere and the assumption that the atmosphere is isotropic to shortwave radiation. This method facilitates the comparison of RS from satellite-based estimates of climatological radiative fluxes with RS estimates across a full suite of coupled climate models and, thus, allows model evaluation of a quantity important in characterizing the climate impact of sea ice concentration changes. The satellite-based RS is within the model range of RS that differs by a factor of 2 across climate models in both the Arctic and Southern Ocean. Observed trends in Arctic sea ice are used to estimate IS, which, in conjunction with the satellite-based RS, yields an SIAF of 0.16 ± 0.04 W m−2 K−1. This Arctic SIAF estimate suggests a modest amplification of future global surface temperature change by approximately 14% relative to a climate system with no SIAF. We calculate the global albedo feedback in climate models using model-specific RS and IS and find a model mean feedback parameter of 0.37 W m−2 K−1, which is 40% larger than the IPCC AR5 estimate based on using RS calculated from radiative kernel calculations in a single climate model.