bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does trade openness andFDIreduce inequality? Evidence from South Asia
Authors: Khan Imran , Nawaz Zuhaba , Saeed Bilal Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study seeks to examine whether trade openness and inward FDI may affect income distribution in an unbalanced panel of five South Asian countries over the period of 1990–2016. The analysis of the model involves the examination of likely non‐linear effect of both trade and FDI on income distribution. Therefore, dynamic panel system‐generalized method of moments (SYS‐GMM) estimator has been applied to mitigate the problem of non‐linearity and possible endogeneity. In the second stage, the model is extended to test the impact of education on income inequality. The hypothesis was that secondary school enrolment speeds up the process of adoption of contemporary technology and decreases inequality. The results reveal that trade and FDI have significant effects on income inequality, however, inverted U‐shaped curve holds for trade as purposed by the trade theory. The component wise effect of trade was also held, except imports from advanced countries. The joint effect of trade and FDI through education has produced mixed results. South Asia needs to invest in social infrastructure and swifter the process of openness to achieve the desired goal of equitable prosperity.
The single supervisory mechanism: Competitive implications for the banking sectors in the euro area
Authors: Okolelova Iryna , Bikker Jacob A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper explores possible impact of the SSM's launch on the market power of banks in the large euro area economies. We employ the Lerner index and the Boone estimator, non‐structural measures that capture different aspects of competition. Using the results of the Lerner index, we find evidence of the significant decrease in market power for the ECB supervised entities in Austria, France, Germany and Spain. In a similar vein, the Boone indicator points towards an increase in competition among significant supervised entities of Austria, France, Germany, Italy and Spain. The evidence on changes for the total banking sector are mixed, whereas no significant effect is found for the banks remaining under national supervision. We do not find any support for significant increases in the market power of banks in Italy or Spain, suggesting that large increases in concentration do not necessarily result in anticompetitive conduct.
MAPK/HOG signaling pathway induced stress‐responsive damage repair is a mechanism for Pichia pastoris to survive from hyperosmotic stress
Authors: Wang Rongbin , Zhao Tianyu , Zhuo Junlin , Zhan Chunjun , Zhang Fuming , Linhardt Robert J , Bai Zhonghu , Yang Yankun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMAPK/HOG signaling pathway plays a key role in the response of yeast to external hyperosmotic stress. Over the past few decades, the regulation mechanism for this pathway in the robust yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been elucidated. However, the weak ability of the biotechnical workhorse, Pichia pastoris, in surviving hyperosmotic stress suggests a unique regulatory mechanism needing further investigation.RESULTHere, we identified crucial genes in the MAPK/HOG pathway of P. pastoris and investigated their effects on cell growing in osmotically stressed environments by knocking out these genes using a novel CRISPR/Cas9 system. Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and yeast two‐hybrid assay, transcription factors Hot1, Msn4 and Sko1 were demonstrated to be regulated by Pbs2 and Hog1 either at mRNA or protein level. We also examined the subcellular localization of these transcription factors, reflecting their translocation between cytoplasm and nucleus. The transcriptions of putative osmo‐responsive genes were then studied by RT‐PCR. We found the induction of glycerol‐related genes, such as GT1 and GPD1, was marginal when cells experienced high osmolarity. The ability of P. pastoris to increase intracellular glycerol level was determined and found to be much weaker than that in S. cerevisiae. By contrast, stress‐induced damage repair genes, including CTT1 and HSP12, were dramatically increased.CONCLUSIONWe conclude that P. pastoris could barely balance hyperosmotic stress by increasing intracellular glycerol concentrations, and stress‐induced damage repair is still an important mechanism for P. pastoris survival under hyperosmotic stress. This study demonstrates a description of the MAPK/HOG pathway in P. pastoris and provides a trigger for improving its robustness. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Toxicity of imidacloprid to collembolans in two tropical soils under different soil moisture
Authors: Braúlio Hennig Thuanne , Ogliari Bandeira Felipe , Dalpasquale Adriano Junior , Cardoso Elke Jurandy Bran Nogueira , Baretta Dilmar , Lopes Alves Paulo Roger 
Published: August 2020

AbstractShifts in precipitation regimes due to the predicted climate changes can alter the water content in tropical soils and, consequently, may influence the toxicity of pesticides to soil fauna. This study assessed the influence of soil moisture content on the toxicity of the insecticide imidacloprid to the collembolansFolsomia candidain two tropical soils and evaluated the risk of this active ingredient for this species in the soils tested through the toxicity exposure ratio approach. Acute and chronic toxicity tests withF. candidawere performed using an Entisol and an Oxisol. The soils were spiked with increasing imidacloprid concentrations while simulating normal water availability (60% of the water holding capacity [WHC]) and water restriction (30 or 45% WHC) for the tests. In the Oxisol, the reduction of soil moisture content significantly increased the toxic effects of imidacloprid onF. candida'ssurvival (LC50at 45% WHC = 23.8 vs. LC50at 60% WHC >64 mg kg−1) and reproduction (effective concentration causing reductions in species reproduction of 50% [EC50] at 45% WHC = 0.32 vs. EC50at 60% WHC = 2.83 mg kg−1), but in the Entisol no clear influence of the soil moisture on the toxicity of imidacloprid for collembolans was found. A significant risk forF. candidawas observed in the Oxisol only when in water restriction, whereas in the Entisol it occurred regardless of soil moisture, suggesting that the imidacloprid hazard and risk forF. candidamay be increased if soil moisture decreases due to climate changes, depending on the soil type.
Smoking reduces cathelicidin LL‐37 and human neutrophil peptide 1–3 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis
Authors: Soldati Kahena R. , Toledo Felipe A. , Aquino Sabrina G. , Rossa Carlos , Deng Dongmei , Zandim‐Barcelos Daniela L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial peptides are components of innate immune response that have a key role on susceptibility and resistance of the oral cavity to diseases. This study aimed to investigate the influence of smoking on cathelicidin LL‐37 and human neutrophil peptides 1 through 3 (HNP 1‒3) levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of patients with periodontitis. The relationship between levels of these peptides with the periodontal status and selected inflammatory mediators levels in smokers and non‐smokers was also evaluated.MethodsForty patients with periodontitis, 20 smokers and 20 non‐smokers were recruited. After a full periodontal clinical assessment, GCF samples were collected from healthy (n = 5) and diseased (n = 5) sites of each patient. Peptides and inflammatory mediators in the GCF were quantitated by sandwich ELISAs and Multiplex assay, respectively.ResultsDiseased sites had significantly (P <0.05) higher levels of LL‐37 and lower levels of HNP 1‒3 than healthy sites in both smokers and non‐smokers. Diseased sites of smokers presented significantly lower levels of LL‐37 and HNP 1‒3 when compared with diseased sites of non‐smokers. Concentration of LL‐37 was directly correlated with the presence of proinflammatory mediators matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐8 and interleukin (IL)‐1β and inversely correlated with concentration of IL‐10. HNP 1‒3 concentration was positively correlated with IL‐10 and negatively correlated with concentrations of MMP‐8 and IL‐1β.ConclusionsSmoking was associated with reduced levels of LL‐37 and HNP 1‒3 in GCF of patients with periodontitis. LL‐37 had a distinct expression pattern from HNP 1‒3: LL‐37 was upregulated in diseased sites, and HNP 1‒3 was increased in periodontally healthy sites.1
A new combined sensory‐instrumental tool for pomegranate seed hardness determination
Authors: Calín‐Sánchez Ángel , Cano‐Lamadrid Marina , Alcaraz‐Mármol Francisco , García‐Sánchez Francisco , Hernández Francisca , Martínez‐Nicolás Juan José 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDScanning electron microscopy was assayed and linked with previous data with respect to obtaining a new combined sensory‐instrumental tool for pomegranate seed hardness determination. The present study aimed to develop an effective tool for the prediction of sensory properties via instrumental determinations.RESULTSSimple regression analysis determined a high correlation within descriptive seed hardness and thickness of the wall, as well as descriptive wood perception and thickness of the wall, with values of 0.71 in both cases. Multiple regression analysis improved correlations when (i) descriptive seed hardness correlated with instrumental seed hardness and wood index (0.94); (ii) descriptive wood perception correlated with instrumental seed hardness and wood index (0.79); (iii) descriptive seed hardness correlated with instrumental seed hardness and thickness of the seed wall (0.96); and (iv) descriptive wood perception correlated with instrumental seed hardness and thickness of the seed wall (0.82). The same trend was found when (i) seed hardness satisfaction degree correlated with instrumental seed hardness and wood index (0.92); (ii) wood perception satisfaction degree correlated with instrumental seed hardness and wood index (0.82); (iii) seed hardness satisfaction degree correlated with instrumental seed hardness and thickness of the wall (0.99); and (iv) wood perception satisfaction degree correlated with instrumental seed hardness and thickness of the wall (0.99).CONCLUSIONRegarding mechanical properties, the results of the present study confirm that texture analysis and scanning electron microscopy are an effective tool for obtaining reliable information. This research led to establish an objective tool allowing prediction of the consumer acceptance of pomegranate cultivars worldwide. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimal number of harvested lymph nodes for curatively resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma based on a Bayesian network model
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wu Yu‐Han , Cai Zhi‐Qiang , Xue Feng , Zhang Dong , Chen Chen , Li Qi , Fu Jia‐Lu , Tang Zhao‐Hui , Si Shu‐Bin , Geng Zhi‐Min 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTo identify the optimal range and the minimum number of lymph nodes (LNs) to be examined to maximize survival time of patients with curatively resected gallbladder adenocarcinoma (GBAC).MethodsData were collected from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database on patients with GBAC who underwent curative resection between 2004 and 2015. A Bayesian network (BN) model was constructed to identify the optimal range of harvested LNs. Model accuracy was evaluated using the confusion matrix and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsA total of 1268 patients were enrolled in this study. Accuracy of the BN model was 72.82%, and the area under the curve of the ROC for the testing dataset was 78.49%. We found that at least seven LNs should be harvested to maximize survival time, and that the optimal count of harvested LNs was in the range of 7 to 10 overall, with an optimal range of 10 to 11 for N+ patients, 7 to 10 for stage T1‐T2 patients, and 7 to 11 for stage T3‐T4 patients.ConclusionsAccording to a BN model, at least seven LNs should be retrieved for GBAC with curative resection, with an overall optimal range of 7 to 10 harvested LNs.
The role of carbon monoxide, heme oxygenase 1, and the Nrf2 transcription factor in the modulation of chronic pain and their interactions with opioids and cannabinoids
Authors: Pol Olga 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChronic pain and its associated comorbidities are difficult to treat, even when the most potent analgesic compounds are used. Thus, research on new strategies to effectively relieve nociceptive and/or emotional disorders accompanying chronic pain is essential. Several studies have demonstrated the anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of different carbon monoxide‐releasing molecules (CO‐RMs), inducible heme oxygenase 1 (HO‐1), and nuclear factor‐2 erythroid factor‐2 (Nrf2) transcription factor activators in several models of acute and chronic pain caused by inflammation, nerve injury or diabetes. More recently, the antidepressant and/or anxiolytic effects of several Nrf2 transcription factor inducers were demonstrated in a model of chronic neuropathic pain. These effects are mainly produced by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, glial activation, mitogen‐activated protein kinases and/or phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/phospho‐protein kinase B phosphorylation in the peripheral and/or central nervous system. Other studies also demonstrated that the analgesic effects of opioids and cannabinoids are improved when these drugs are coadministered with CO‐RMs, HO‐1 or Nrf2 activators in different preclinical pain models and that these improvements are generally mediated by upregulation or prevention of the downregulation of µ‐opioid receptors, δ‐opioid receptors and/or cannabinoid 2 receptors in the setting of chronic pain. We reviewed all these studies as well as studies on the mechanisms of action underlying the effects of CO‐RMs, HO‐1, and Nrf2 activators in chronic pain. In summary, activation of the Nrf2/HO‐1/carbon monoxide signaling pathway alone and/or in combination with the administration of specific analgesics is a valid strategy for the treatment of chronic pain and some associated emotional disorders.
Usefulness of a template‐based anterolateral thigh flap for reconstruction of head and neck defects
Authors: Driessen Caroline , van Hout Naomi , van Kuppenveld Phoebe , Cristobal Lara , Liu Tianyi , Mani Maria , Rodriguez Lorenzo Andres 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundOne of the challenges in head and neck reconstruction is to have an adequate understanding of the three‐dimensionalities of the defects created after resections due to the high variability of clinical scenarios. Consequently, it is essential to design the flap to match the requirements of the defect in order to facilitate the insetting and to achieve a successful outcome. The anterolateral thigh flap (ALT) is a robust and versatile flap commonly used in head and neck reconstruction. In this study the authors use a hand‐made template as a tool to customize ALT flaps and its variations to fit more accurately the different shapes, volume, and components of the resulting defects. The aim of this study is to describe in detail this surgical approach and present the clinical experience in 100 consecutive cases using a template‐based ALT flaps in head and neck reconstruction.MethodsA retrospective review was performed on all microvascular head and neck reconstruction cases between January 2013 and December 2017 in our institution where a template‐based ALT flap design was performed. We describe in detail the surgical technique used and present the clinical outcomes. In addition, we analyzed the use of different designs of the ALT flaps including different flap components in relation to the location of the defect.ResultsOne hundred reconstructions for head and neck defects were performed in 97 patients. Seven types of ALT free flaps were performed: fasciocutaneous (46%), suprafascial (8%), adipofascial (9%), vastus lateralis muscle (3%), composite fasciocutaneous/adipofascial (9%), chimeric flaps (21%), and vascularized nerve grafts (4%). Oropharyngeal and periauricular defects were mostly reconstructed with fasciocutanoues design. In more complex three‐dimensional defects such as skull base or midface defects, a chimeric flap was selected. In all cases the used of template facilitated the insetting of the free flap. The total flap loss was 2%.ConclusionsCustomization of ALT flaps using intraoperative templates is a useful method for flap design which facilitates fitting of the flap to a variety of defects in head and neck reconstruction.
Microsurgical reconstruction of extensive lower extremity defects with the conjoined parascapular and latissimus dorsi free flap
Authors: Bigdeli Amir K. , Thomas Benjamin , Falkner Florian , Radu Christian A. , Gazyakan Emre , Kneser Ulrich 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundExtensive lower extremity soft‐tissue defects pose a reconstructive challenge. We present our experience with the conjoined parascapular and latissimus dorsi (CPLD) free flap.MethodsFrom October 2008 to October 2017, 69 patients (14 female, 55 male) with a mean age of 50 years (range: 16–79 years) underwent reconstruction of lower extremity defects with the CPLD free flap. Mean defect size was 24 × 36 cm (range: 14 × 20 to 45 × 80 cm).ResultsMean latissimus dorsi (LD) flap size was 19 × 28 cm (range: 14 × 20 to 28 × 42 cm) and mean parascapular (PSC) flap size was 8 × 25 cm (range: 5 × 12 to 11 × 33 cm). Six patients (9%) experienced a total of eight microvascular complications: arterial thrombosis (n = 1), venous thrombosis (n = 6), combined arterial and venous thrombosis (n = 1). The re‐exploration rate was 13%. Major complications of the donor‐site were seen in 9 patients (13%), of the flap in 13 patients (19%), and of both in 6 patients (9%). Fifteen patients experienced partial flap necrosis (22%). Three CPLD and one PSC flap were lost (5%). PSC flap length was a significant predictor of distal flap necrosis (χ2(1) = 13.2, p = .004, OR = 1.343, 95% CI [1.098–1.642]). PSC flap width was a significant predictor of donor‐site revisions (χ2(1) = 15.9, p = .010, OR = 4.745, 95% CI [1.584–14.213]). Arterio‐venous loops (AVLs) tended to increase the risk of microvascular thrombosis (χ2(1) = 3.7, p = .08, OR = 4.1, 95% CI [0.9–18.7]).ConclusionsThe CPLD free flap is an extremely large and highly reliable flap, allowing one‐stage reconstruction of extensive lower extremity defects. It may overcome the need for multiple flaps in selected cases.
Investigating the implications of shifting baseline syndrome on conservation
Authors: Jones Lizzie P. , Turvey Samuel T. , Massimino Dario , Papworth Sarah K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Shifting baseline syndrome (SBS) describes a persistent downgrading of perceived ‘normal’ environmental conditions with every sequential generation, leading to under‐estimation of the true magnitude of long‐term environmental change on a global scale. The presence of SBS should be considered when local ecological knowledge and participatory techniques are involved in conservation target‐setting. However, despite increasing recognition of the phenomenon, there is little empirical evidence for SBS. Here we provide evidence of SBS, and the first empirical investigation of the impacts of SBS on public perceptions of conservation need.

Large‐scale online questionnaires were used to collect public perceptions of long‐term biological change regarding 10 UK bird species, as well as demographic information and measures of knowledge and experience of the local environment (n = 330). A paired data approach compared social perceptions to a large‐scale longitudinal biological dataset. Using information theoretic and model selection techniques, we estimate the relative importance of multiple demographic, social and psychological predictors of SBS. We provide a framework for investigating evidence of SBS and its impacts on perceptions of conservation need for species in decline.

Evidence of generational amnesia was found as an age‐related difference in perceptions of past ecological conditions. The perceptions of older participants had significantly higher agreement with biological data than the perceptions of younger participants. Our results therefore support the expectation that younger, less experienced people are less aware of historical ecological conditions and show greater evidence of SBS. We also present evidence of a negative impact of SBS on future conservation, as older people were more likely than younger people to perceive a greater need for conservation action for three declining species.

Our research supports the need to encourage greater intergenerational communication and increase experience of local nature. Discovering evidence of SBS in public perceptions of species experienced within everyday life demonstrates SBS as a pervasive social issue with the potential to impact public perceptions of local nature.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Microstructure and mechanical performance examination of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene thermoplastic parts
Authors: Gupta Chhavi , MB Pallavi , Shet Nitesh Kumar , Ghosh Anup K , Bandyopadhyay Sumanda , Mukhopadhyay Prasanta 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFused filament fabrication (FFF) is a process where thermoplastic materials are heated to its melting point and then extruded, layer by layer, to create a three dimensional printed part. Printing occurs in a layered manner, which leads to creation of voids (air gaps) in the 3D printed parts. These voids act as centers for crack initiation, propagation and therefore resulting bulk mechanical properties are lower. This paper focuses on microstructural characterization and analysis of fused filament fabricated tensile test coupons made from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer, at various design conditions. Comparable tensile modulus with injection molded specimens was obtained for FFF design condition that is, slice height (0.1778 mm), raster width (0.4064 mm), raster to raster air gap (−0.0015 mm), contour to raster air gap (−0.0508 mm) and raster angle (0°). Scanning electron microscope studies provided an understanding as to why FFF processed specimens yielded lower failure strain and an insight into the presence of intralayer voids in specimens having lower tensile modulus. The study confirmed that though bulk mechanicals were affected by the combined effect of inter, intra and interfacial voids, intravoids had a predominant influence.