bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BIODIVERSITY OF SCLERACTINIAN CORAL AND REEF FISH AT PAPUMA BEACH, JEMBER, EAST JAVA
Authors: LUTHFI OKTIYAS MUZAKY , WIBISONO RENDY VIDYA 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Coral reef in Papuma was distributed in 3 to 20 m depth, with sand as main substrate. The coral reef was built from hard coral (scleractinian) and reef fishes. Papuma’s coral reef was interesting to be studied due to they can deal with the extreme environment such as high sand sedimentation, high wave, strong current, and anthropogenic risk. The purpose of this study was to descript distribution of hard coral and their fishes based on quantitative data in Papuma. We used Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method with 100 m long perpendicular with coast line to quantify of coral cover based on their life form. While reef fishes data was obtained using underwater visual census with 100 m long. All data was taken from 3 stasiun they were: station 1 (8°25'59.26"S 113°33'15.07"E), station 2 (8°26'0.93"S 113°33'17.53"E) and station 3 (8°26'2.02"S 113°33'20.06"E), in 3-12 m depth. The result showed that coral reef in Papuma was dominated by branching coral (CB) from genus Montipora with coral cover 30%, while sand (SD) to be main substrate with 26.9% of coverage. Montipora is one of genus famili Acroporidae that has faster growth than massive coral and strong branch as an adaptation strategy with strong current. In this research, we also found 137 of reef fishes that was 19% composed by indicator fish (Chaetodontidae). High number of indicator fish can represent of healthy coral reef. High coral cover coverage usually will be followed by increasing number of indicator fish. These fish were obligate corallivorous that consume coral polyp during their life. Coral reef in Papuma contained 10 types of life form and had coral cover about 39.9% in average.
ECONOMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL FRIENDLY OF GROWTH MEDIA FOR EDIBLE MUSHROOM Pleurotus ostreatus MADE OF THE COCONUT WASTE
Authors: CHRISTITA MARGARETTA , SURYAWAN ADY 
Published: September 2020

The abundance of coconut waste in North Sulawesi has not been processed and used optimally, then it becomes waste for the environment. Coconut coir processing for planting medium is limited only for coconut peat (coconut husk powder). One drawback in processing coconut peat requires special equipment and the fuel is expensive. This study aimed to compare the use coconut peat and coconut coir as growing medium for white oyster mushroom. Coconut coir was cut 3cm x 2cm x 1cm in size, while the comparison medium uses a coconut peat. Compositions of both media are coconut coir / coconut peat 83%, 16% ricebran, 1% limestone, 60% water. The result showed that coconut coir more productive than coconut peat. Coconut coir media produces 120.62 grams while the coconut peat media weighing 116.11 grams on each harvesting. Based on the result it can be conclude the usage of coconut coir was better compare than coconut peat for cultivation of oyster mushroom.

Key words: Coconut waste, coconut coir, coconut peat, media, mushroom
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ALTITUDE TO THE POLLEN TYPES THAT TRIGONA COLLECTED
Authors: PRATAMA I PUTU NARKA EKA , WATINIASIH NI LUH , GINANTRA I KETUT 
Published: September 2020

Trigona is a stingless bee, which has been found in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Fifty species have been indentified in South East Asian region, but few studies have been conducted in Indonesia. Plant species commonly differ in different altitudes, due to the climatic effect, therefore will affect the availability of food source for Trigona. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different altitudes to the pollen types collected and used by Trigona as food resources and the distance of their foraging. Samples of Trigona were collected from 3 locations: Location I was in Mawang and Taro Villages at Gianyar Regency, Location II was in Tua Village at Tabanan Regency and Location III was in Ngis Village at Karangasem Regency. The altitudes of those three locations were 750.87 m, 493.007 m and 147.15 m above sea levels respectively. Pollen samples were processed using the acetolysis methods in the Plant Structure and Development Laboratory, Department of Biology, Udayana University and pollen identification was referred to the book of “Pollen Morphology and Plant Taxonomy” (Erdtman, 1972). The results showed that in some cases, the type pollen collected by Trigona differ in different altitude. Pollen of Allamanda cathartica L was collected by the bee at Gianyar and Karangasem Regencies. Pollen of Capsicum frutescens L. and Euphorbia milii were collected by the bee at Tabanan and Karangasem Regency, while pollen Neomarica longifolia was found in bees in all three locations. The average distances of foraging of this Trigona bee was 147.15 m at Gianyar, 162.21 m at Tabanan and 53.61 m at Karangasem.
CALLUS INDUCTION ON BANANA FLOWER’S EXPLANT IN VITRO USING 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC (2,4-D)
Authors: DWIYANI RINDANG - , YUSWATI HESTIN - , - UTAMI - 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to obtain the best 2,4-D concentration on callus induction of the banana flowers in banana propagation using indirect organogenesis method. Kesuna, local banana cultivar obtained from Sembung Gede, Tabanan was used as explant material. Callus induction was performed using 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with concentration of 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0 ppm. Each treatment was represented by 3 bottles and each bottle was planted with 3 explants, so each treatment was represented by 9 explants of banana flowers. The results showed that the concentration of 2.0 ppm 2.4-D induced callus with the fastest time and gave the highest percentage of the explants producing callus. The calluses were subsequently subcultured into regeneration medium using 0.5 mg/L Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.005 mg/L Napthaleneaceticacid (NAA). The calluses were subsequently sub-cultured into a regeneration medium using 0.5 ppm (BAP) and 0.005 ppm Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) to induce shoots and roots and performed plantlets.

Keywords: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, banana’s flowers, callus
IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES ANTAGONISTIC AGAINST Fusarium oxysporum ISOLATED FROM RHIZOSPHERE ZONE OF WATERMELON
Authors: Nara-Kusuma Anak Agung Ngurah , Ramona Yan , Proborini Meitini Wahyuni 
Published: September 2020

This research was aimed to isolate and identify microbes which antagonistic against Fusarium oxysporum, the causative agent of vascular wilt in watermelon plants. The antagonistic microbes were isolated from soil samples collected from rhizosphere of watermelon farm located at west Sanur village, South Denpasar, Bali. Isolation of fungi and bacteria were conducted on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA) and nutrient agar medium (NA), respectively. Fungal isolates were then observed under light microscope for its morphological characteristics before identification using a reference book. Bacterial isolates were characterized using various tests, such as gram stain reaction, existence of endospores, catalase reaction, and ability to ferment various sugars. Their characteristics were then compared with those described in a reference book. Two fungal species (Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride) and two bacterial antagonists (Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.) were found to have potential to be developed as biocontrol agents to inhibit the growth of F. oxysporum.
Toxicity of extract seeds custard apple (Annona squamosa) on mortality of mosquito larvae Anopheles sp.
Authors: Ristiati Ni Putu , Dewi Ni Putu Sri Ratna , Mulyadiharja Sanusi , Prastuti Ni Wayan Gunia 
Published: September 2020

The aimed of this study were to determine differences of toxicity of custard apple seeds extract at different concentrations on mortality the mosquito larvae of Anopheles sp. and to find the most effective concentration of extract towards the mosquitoes’ mortality. The experiment used Randomised Complete Design. The samples used were instar larvae of Anopheles sp. The crude extracts were obtained through maceration process. The research was conducted for 48 hours at Laboratory of Biology Department of Undiksha. Data were analysed using one way anava. The results showed that there were significant differences in which the value of f count > f table (16.500>2.87). It showed different concentration of toxicity from custard apple seeds extract on mortality mosquito larvae of Anopheles sp. The concentration of the extract was linier to the mortality of the Anopheles sp. The most effective concentration extract as a larvacide was 50 ppm.
Biokontrol arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) Glomus spp. terhadap infeksi Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht et Fr. pada tanaman cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Authors: Raisani Ni Putu Muni , Proborini Meitini Wahyuni , Suriani Ni Luh , Kriswiyanti Eniek 
Published: September 2020

Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht et Fr. merupakan patogen tular tanah yang dapat menyebabkan layu fusarium pada cabai rawit. Penggunaan Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) sebagai simbion dapat meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap infeksi jamur pathogen F.oxysporum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh FMA sebagai biokontrol pertumbuhan tanaman cabai rawit terhadap infeksi F. oxysprum serta efektivitas pemberian FMA untuk menurunkan intensitas serangan penyakit layu fusarium. Bibit cabai rawit ditumbuhkan pada media tanah steril (kontrol negatif), tanah steril dan 10 ml patogen (kontrol positif), tanah steril dan FMA 100 g, FMA 100 g dan 10 ml patogen, tanah steril dan 200 g FMA, FMA 200 g dan 10 ml patogen, tanah steril dan 300 g FMA dan 10 ml patogen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 200 g spora FMA menunjukkan pengaruh berbeda nyata pada tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat kering akar dan berat kering tajuk tanaman cabai rawit berumur tiga bulan. Sedangkan inokulasi 300 g FMA memberikan hasil terbaik pada buah cabai dan persentase kolonisasi FMA sebesar 84, 45%. Inokulasi 300 g FMA menurunkan infeksi F. oxysporum saat 30 Hari Setelah Tanam (HST) sebesar 3.36%. Kesimpulan dari riset ini menunjukkan inokulasi FMA Glomus spp. mampu meningkatkan tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, berat kering akar dan berat kering tajuk, kecepatan berbunga dan ketahanan tanaman terhadap infeksi jamur F. oxysporum.
Analyzing Grammatical Error in Students' Recount Text Writing in Junior High School
Authors: Manik Ni Putu Ines Marylena Candra , Arie Suwastini Ni Komang 
Published: September 2020

Having good grammar is one of important components in the mastery of writing skills. However, grammatical errors still become an important problem in writing, especially for EFL students. Therefore, this study aimed to find out the major types of grammatical errors; and to know the major source of grammatical errors in students’ recount text writing. This study was designed as a descriptive qualitative study. Recount texts written by the eighth-grade students of SMP Pelangi Dharma Nusantara in academic year 2019/2020 were used as the research subjects of this study. The data were identified and analyzed using theory of error proposed by Dulay et al. (1982) about surface strategy taxonomy and theory of source of grammatical error proposed by Brown (2007)). The findings showed that the major type of grammatical errors was omission, with the total of 171 errors or 37. 33% of the total errors. Meanwhile, the major source of grammatical errors was intralingual transfer which the total result was 248 or 43.43% error. Thus, it can be concluded that the most frequent grammatical errors that happened among the subject was error of omission, while the most common source of errors was intralingual transfer.
Loss and Gain in the Translation of Indonesian Novel Entitled “Cantik itu Luka” into “Beauty is a Wound”
Authors: Wijaya I Made Exis , Gede Sosiowati I Gst. Ayu , Widhiarcani Matradewi Ni Ketut 
Published: September 2020

The change of meaning in translation, either in the form of loss or gain, is inevitable. The change is influenced by several factors. This study aims to examine two problems concerning the matter of change of meaning in translation, especially in information loss and gain, by using Kurniawan’s novel, Cantik itu Luka, and its English version, Beauty is a Wound as the reference. The first problem is about the loss and gain occurred in the translation, and the second is about the contributing factors. Both of the problems are analysed by using theory of translation. The first problem is analysed through the conception of loss and gain formulated by Larson (1998); the second is analysed with the conception of translation factor from Catford (1965). In collecting the data, the method used was documentation method, with note-taking technique. The comparison method is used in analysing the data. Based on the analysis that has been done, it can be concluded that loss appears mainly because of the replacement of the source language units with a cultural substitute or related equivalent that cannot represent the whole meaning components. Information gain appears from the change of implicit nuance of the source language unit into explicit, like in the modification of loan word. The contributing factors are both linguistic and cultural. The two factors intertwine with one another in influencing the loss and gain.
Peranan Sanggar Watu Bo dalam Produksi Tenun Ikat Tradisional Desa Kajowair
Authors: Marlini Sisilia , Murniasih A.A. Ayu , Kaler I Ketut 
Published: September 2020

Watu Bo institut server as container of eduction and preserves by reproducing traditional woven cloth passed down from the ancestor using natural substance and dyes as well traditional loom loms, not machines (ATMB). The problem formula in this research covers (1) how was the traditional binding processin the Watu Bo Workshop?, (2) what is the Watu Bo’s strategic role in the existence of traditional Weaving?. As for the purpose of this study is (1) to know the traditional weaving works in the Watu Bo cage. (2) to identify Watu Bo’s strategic role against traditional weaving.The theory used in the study, the theory of production and the theory of role, because weavers in Watu Bo industries play a part in this traditional weaving work. But among the concepts that are used: roles, Watu Bo cage, and the production of zip looms. In this study the method in use is qualitative descriptive, with primary and secondary data sources, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and library studies.Results found in studies suggest that a Watu Bo clinic produces traditional weaving, using natural materials and dyes and using loom equipment instead of maschines to produce colth. Production products are sold booth local and foregin communities. Watu Bo’s cage plays strategic role in the traditional weaving of weaving; help to boots the family economy, preserving cultural heritage, passing on the rising generation, absorbing the peach of work, tourism, and helping to preserve the environment
Kekerasan Wanita dalam komik Azumi karya Yuu Koyama
Authors: Candra Sari Made Cindy 
Published: September 2020

This research’s titled is "Women's Violence in Azumi Comics by Yuu Koyama". This research aims to find out how the forms of female violence in the comic Azumi by Yuu Koyama and what attitudes are shown by women towards violence. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The research results are, there are five forms of violence against women such as, physical violence, rape, prostitution, sexual harassment and verbal harassment. Also, the attitudes shown by female characters in comics are the strong women and brave women.
After the Trade Dispute: Is Indonesian Food Sovereignty Threatened?
Authors: Sarna Kadek , Ismail Nurhasan , Supriyono Harry 
Published: September 2020

The winning of New Zealand and the United States in a trade dispute with Indonesia regarding quantitative restrictions on the import of horticultural products, animals and animal products at the World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute panel assembly with case number DS (Dispute Settlement) 477 and 478, forces Indonesia to adjust its national policies with the existing rules in the 1994 GATT. This obviously becomes a concern for Indonesia's goal of realizing national food security and food sovereignty. This article aims to discuss how Indonesia's position in the case of DS 477 and DS 478 and how policy efforts in agriculture can be implemented so that Indonesia can withstand the development of international trade liberalization. This article is normative legal research that applies case and statutory approaches. It discusses the legal position of Indonesia when defending its reasons behind the restriction policies as well as analyses Indonesia’s opportunities to create food sovereignty and proposing legitimate policies after the cases decided. This article concludes that despite Indonesia was defeated in these cases, the opportunities for Indonesian agricultural products to be internationally marketed are still available and that bilateral arrangement would enable Indonesia to discuss the upcoming legitimate measures to be adopted. Reflecting on the results of WTO DS 477 and DS 478 cases, Indonesia should propose a Mutually Agreed Solution (MAS) and improving the provisions on horticulture imports and imports of animal products, carry out intensification and extensification policy, combat food cartels, and pay concern on the creation and implementation of various international trade regulations.
Великий Хурал — высший и представительный орган власти Тувинской Народной Республики
Authors: Моллеров Николай Михайлович 
Published: September 2020

В статье представлено исследование истории высшего представительного органа власти Тувинской Народной Республики — Великого хурала (1923–1941 гг.). В деятельности Великих Хуралов ТНР выделяются два периода: 1923–1928 гг. и 1930–1941 гг. Источниковой базой выступили работы предшественников и документы из архивов Тувы и Москвы, часть которых (особенно по VI и VIII Великим Хуралам) вводится в научный оборот впервые.
Годы проведения Великих хуралов были разными: с I по VI-й (1923–1928 гг.) они проходили каждый год и вписывались в годовой хозяйственный цикл. Однако, ежегодное проведение, а значит и частые смены составов правительства и Малого Хурала не способствовали обретению и закреплению опыта государственного управления. Последующие Великие Хуралы (1930–1941 гг.), собирались реже, без четкой периодичности. В этот период их авторитет и роль в жизни тувинского общества начинают падать, они находятся в тени ТНРП и правительства. Одновременно с этим возрастает роль Малых Хуралов, более отвечающих требованиям бурных революционных преобразований. К началу 1940-х гг. главную роль в государстве начинает играть ЦК ТНРП, который в годы Великой Отечественной войны возглавил переход страны на военные рельсы и организацию многосторонней помощи СССР.
Заключается, что Великие Хуралы ТНР, несмотря на внутреннее (со стороны ЦК ТНРП) и внешнее (Коминтерн и советский фактор) политическое влияние, были школой народовластия, управления государством, а их деятельность способствовала поддержанию самостоятельности и суверенитета ТНР.
Тувинская орфография в период Тувинской Народной Республики
Authors: Саая Оюмаа Маадыр-ооловна , Бадарч Баярсайхан 
Published: September 2020

В истории развития тувинского языка и письменности период Тувинской Народной Республики является одним из самых значимых. Именно в это время начала формироваться тувинская орфография, которая тесно связана с возникновением национальной письменности тувинского народа. В статье исследованы нормы тувинского правописания, опубликованные на латинском и кириллическом алфавитах, представлен обзор орфографических правил. Основными источниками материала являлись «Правила тувинской орфографии», изданные в 1931 г., 1932, г., 1933 г., 1941 г. и 1943 г..
Анализ правил пяти изданий показал особенности тувинской орфографии и процессы их совершенствования. Основными принципами орфографии были: фонетический и этимологический, учитывался и морфологический принцип. Они остаются приоритетными и для правил правописания современного тувинского языка. Прослеживается введение унифицирующих правил, предусматривающих единое морфологическое написание окончаний и других форм с различными диалектными вариантами. Они оказали положительное влияние на формирование литературного тувинского языка.
Правила правописания фарингализованных гласных, сильных и слабых т–д, п–б в начале тувинских слов с самого возникновения тувинской орфографии были сложными для разработки. Но основное понимание специфики этих звуков было достигнуто в период ТНР.
Тувинская литература периода Тувинской Народной Республики: рождение поэтики художественной модальности
Authors: Донгак Уран Алдын-ооловна 
Published: September 2020

В статье анализируется история зарождения тувинской национальной литературы в период Тувинской Народной Республики (1921–1944 гг.). Новизна работы заключается в обнаружении процесса перехода от традиционализма (фольклорного сознания) к индивидуально-авторскому творчеству в основных категориях исторической поэтики — Жанр, Автор, Стиль. В контексте «большого» исторического времени выделяется поэтика художественной модальности на начальном этапе становления литературного сознания.
В одном из первых литературных изданий тувинской литературы «Cььndь cogaaldar» («Избранные произведения») 1939 г. выделяются тексты разного структурного характера: произведения в канонической форме народной песни, коллективно сочиненные новые песни революционного содержания (аратские песни) и произведения собственно авторские, а также лозунговые стихотворения-призывы. Показано, что тувинская литература в 1930-ые гг. еще использует традиционалистскую поэтику, но поэтика художественной модальности уже актуализируется.
Тувинская национальная поэзия 30–40-х годов XX века
Authors: Мижит Людмила Салчаковна 
Published: September 2020

В статье анализируются первые два десятилетия становления тувинской поэзии 1930–1940-х гг. Разбираются тексты сборников произведений поэзии тех лет, привлекаются архивные материалы Тувинского института гуманитарных и прикладных социально-экономических исследований.
В первую очередь поэзия опиралась на традиции народного устно-поэтического творчества, а также формировалась под влиянием русской, советской поэзии (приемы стихосложения, способы построения художественных образов, развития и углубления поэтической мысли, идейное содержание и т. д.). Наряду с Сергеем Пюрбю и Степаном Сарыг-оолом, фундамент письменной тувинской поэзии закладывали: Монгуш Идам-Сюрюн, Байкара Ховенмей, Леонид Чадамба, Салчак Самба-Люндуп, Салчак Тамба, Александр Тамба-Сюрюн, Василий Эренчин.
В 1940-е годы тувинская поэзия обрела свой неповторимый облик, заключающийся в национальной самобытности, гуманистическом пафосе борьбы за справедливость, светлое будущее и возвышение человека новой эпохи. Появились первые зрелые, знаковые произведения, ставшие классикой тувинской литературы: поэмы «Чечек» С. Пюрбю и «Саны-Мөге» С. Сарыг-оола. Так, были созданы крепкие основы гражданской, лирической и эпической поэзии Тувы.