bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whale tear glands in the bowhead and the beluga whales: Source and function
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Stimmelmayr Rapahela , George John C. , Suydam Robert , McBurney Denise M. , Thewissen JGM 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOrbital glands are found in many tetrapod vertebrates, and are usually separate structures, consisting of individual glands lying in the eyelids and both canthi of the orbit. In cetaceans, however, the orbital glandular units are less distinct and have been described by numerous authors as a single, periorbital mass. There are few histochemical and immunhistochemical studies to date of these structures. In this study, we examined the orbital glandular region of both the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus: Mysticeti) and the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas: Odontoceti) using histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical techniques. Histologically, in the bowhead, three glandular areas were noted (circumorbital, including Harderian and lacrimal poles), palpebral (midway in the lower eyelid), and rim (near the edge of the eyelid). In the beluga, there was only a large, continuous mass within the eyelid itself. Histochemical investigation suggests neither sexual dimorphism nor age‐related differences, but both whales had two cell types freely intermingling with each other in all glandular masses. Large cells (cell type 1) were distended by four histochemically distinct intracellular secretory granules. Smaller cells (cell type 2) were not distended (fewer granules) and had two to three histochemically distinct intracellular secretory granules. The beluga orbital glands had additional lipid granules in cell type 1. Counterintuitively, both lipocalin and transferrin were localized to cell type 2 only. This intermingling of cell types is unusual for vertebrates in whom individual orbital glands usually have one cell type with one to two different secretory granules present. The heterogeneity of the orbital fluid produced by cetacean orbital glands implies a complex function, or series of functions, for these orbital glands and their role in producing the tear fluid.
Fibrotic changes in the infrapatellar fat pad induce new vessel formation and sensory nerve fiber endings that associate prolonged pain
Authors: Onuma Hiroaki , Tsuji Kunikazu , Hoshino Takashi , Inomata Kei , Udo Mio , Nakagawa Yusuke , Katagiri Hiroki , Miyatake Kazumasa , Watanabe Toshifumi , Sekiya Ichiro , Muneta Takeshi , Koga Hideyuki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe infrapatellar fat pad (IFP) contains nerve fiber endings and is considered to play an important role in the perception of knee pain. However, it is unclear whether and to what degree prolonged pain influences the nociceptive role of the IFP. To answer this question, we established a novel rat model of knee pain in which inflammation is restricted to the IFP. Rats received a single intra‐IFP injection of monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) (0.2 mg/10 µL or 1.0 mg/10 µL) in the left knee and a phosphate‐buffered saline (10 µL) injection in the right knee as a control. Pain‐avoidance behavior and histological changes of the knee joint were measured at multiple time points up to 28 days after MIA injection. Histological analysis showed a transient inflammatory response in the IFP body in the 0.2‐mg model, whereas prolonged inflammation followed by fibrotic changes was observed in the 1.0‐mg model. Subtle histological alterations were observed in the articular cartilage and IFP surface regardless of the dose. The pain‐avoidance behavior test indicated the development of prolonged knee pain throughout the experimental period in the 1.0‐mg group. Histological assessments showed a significant increase in calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐positive nerve fiber endings inside IFPs with fibrosis in newly vascularized surrounding regions. These data suggest that irreversible fibrotic changes in the IFP induce the formation of new vessels and CGRP‐positive nerve fiber endings that associate prolonged pain in the joint.
Assessment of visual fatigue under LED tunable white light with different blue components
Authors: Zhang Yin , Tu Yan , Wang Lili , Zhang Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLight‐emitting diode (LED) light source has high intensity emission of blue components absent in the daylight spectra and regulates human physiology and behavior. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of LED tunable white light with different blue‐component intensities on visual fatigue based on human eye photoreceptors. The short (S)‐cone and melanopsin illuminance were about 212% and 82% higher for blue‐enriched white light than blue‐less white light, respectively. The photopic illuminance was same for these two lights. The results revealed that blue‐enriched LED tunable white light with higher illuminance of S cones had a significant effect on visual fatigue. Participants experienced more eye discomfort under blue‐enriched white light accompanied with decreased vision function and changes in the autonomic nervous system. Visual acuity and tear film stability declined, and heart rhythm changed more significantly under blue‐enriched white light than blue‐less white light. While memory performance did not decline with more severe visual fatigue, improved memory performance under blue‐enriched white light may be due to enhanced alertness or arousal associated with high melanopsin illuminance. Our results suggest that blue‐enriched white light with higher illuminance of S cones and melanopsin has beneficial effects on cognitive performance, but it can induce relatively more visual fatigue.
Inhibition of glutaminase to reverse fibrosis in iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis
Authors: Tsai Hsiu‐Wen , Motz Kevin M. , Ding Dacheng , Lina Ioan , Murphy Michael K. , Benner Dimitri , Feeley Michael , Hooper Jody , Hillel Alexander T. 
Published: January 2020

Objectives/HypothesisGlutamine metabolism is a critical energy source for iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis (iLTS) scar fibroblasts, and glutaminase (GLS) is an essential enzyme converting glutamine to glutamate. We hypothesize that the GLS‐specific inhibitor BPTES will block glutaminolysis and reduce iLTS scar fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and fibroblast metabolism in vitro.Study DesignTest‐tube Lab Research.MethodsImmunohistochemistry of a cricotracheal resection (n = 1) and a normal airway specimen (n = 1) were assessed for GLS expression. GLS expression was assessed in brush biopsies of subglottic/tracheal fibrosis and normal airway from patients with iLTS (n = 6). Fibroblasts were isolated and cultured from biopsies of subglottic/tracheal fibrosis (n = 6). Fibroblast were treated with BPTES and BPTES + dimethyl α‐ketoglutarate (DMK), an analogue of the downstream product of GLS. Fibroblast proliferation, gene expression, protein production, and metabolism were assessed in all treatment conditions and compared to control.ResultsGLS was overexpressed in brush biopsies of iLTS scar specimens (P = .029) compared to normal controls. In vitro, BPTES inhibited iLTS scar fibroblast proliferation (P = .007), collagen I (Col I) (P < .0001), collagen III (P = .004), and α‐smooth muscle actin (P = .0025) gene expression and protein production (P = .031). Metabolic analysis demonstrated that BPTES reduced glycolytic reserve (P = .007) but had no effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. DMK rescued BPTES inhibition of Col I gene expression (P = .0018) and protein production (P = .021).ConclusionsGLS is overexpressed in iLTS scar. Blockage of GLS with BPTES significantly inhibits iLTS scar fibroblasts proliferation and function, demonstrating a critical role for GLS in iLTS. Targeting GLS to inhibit glutaminolysis may be a successful strategy to reverse scar formation in the airway.Level of EvidenceNALaryngoscope, 2020
Spatial–temporal variations in urbanization in Kunming and their impact on urban lake water quality
Authors: Yang Kun , Luo Yi , Chen Kexin , Yang Yang , Shang Chunxue , Yu Zhenyu , Xu Jiaxin , Zhao Yisong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs a radiation centre or hub in Southeast Asia and South Asia and the only Chinese metropolis bordering other ASEAN countries, Kunming has experienced extensive urbanization since the 1980s. This type of human activity has been accompanied by environmental deterioration, especially water quality pollution, in Dianchi Lake, China's sixth largest freshwater lake. This study reveals that the urbanization process has led to land degradation over the past 30 years. First law of geography was introduced to analyze the effects of impervious surface area (ISA) expansion on the lake water environment. The results indicate that the ISA encompassed the lake and radiated outwards. Since the 1990s, approximately 35% of natural surfaces transformed to ISA, and the urban district density exploded from one in 2001 to four in 2017. The urban district area density exploded from 0.06% to 12.05% over the past 17 years. During the past 30 years, the growth rate of ISA exceeded 21 km2 a−1 and even reached 38 km2 a−1 between 2004 and 2017. The spatial pattern of lake water quality was determined by the spatial influences of ISA (G). Then the relationship between water quality indicators and G was analyzed, and the threshold between G and water quality was investigated using an exponential regression analysis method. The results of the correlation analysis indicated that a significant correlation exists between G and lake water quality; although the lake water quality showed a cyclical change, the G impact on the lake water quality was notable. This research proposed an effective method to calculate the spatial influence of the impervious surface on the water quality to reveal the effect of urbanization on the water environment quantitatively and helps us to enhance the understanding of ISA expansion impact on lake environment. Moreover, this research provides decision supports for the environmental protection and management of the lake and empirical evidence regarding urban development impacts on watershed planning.
Transendothelial Insulin Transport is Impaired in Skeletal Muscle Capillaries of Obese Male Mice
Authors: Williams Ian M. , McClatchey P. Mason , Bracy Deanna P. , Bonner Jeffrey S. , Valenzuela Francisco A. , Wasserman David H. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThe continuous endothelium of skeletal muscle (SkM) capillaries regulates insulin’s access to skeletal myocytes. Whether impaired transendothelial insulin transport (EIT) contributes to SkM insulin resistance (IR), however, is unknown.MethodsMale and female C57/Bl6 mice were fed either chow or a high‐fat diet for 16 weeks. Intravital microscopy was used to measure EIT in SkM capillaries, electron microscopy to assess endothelial ultrastructure, and glucose tracers to measure indices of glucose metabolism.ResultsDiet‐induced obesity (DIO) male mice were found to have a ~15% reduction in EIT compared with lean mice. Impaired EIT was associated with a 45% reduction in endothelial vesicles. Despite impaired EIT, hyperinsulinemia sustained delivery of insulin to the interstitial space in DIO male mice. Even with sustained interstitial insulin delivery, DIO male mice still showed SkM IR indicating severe myocellular IR in this model. Interestingly, there was no difference in EIT, endothelial ultrastructure, or SkM insulin sensitivity between lean female mice and female mice fed a high‐fat diet.ConclusionsThese results suggest that, in male mice, obesity results in ultrastructural alterations to the capillary endothelium that delay EIT. Nonetheless, the myocyte appears to exceed the endothelium as a contributor to SkM IR in DIO male mice.
Event‐triggered H∞ synchronization control for switched master‐slave systems subject to stochastic cyber attacks and quantization
Authors: Li Xianling , Liu Ziyang , Qiu Zhiqiang , Qi Yiwen , Yuan Shuo 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThis paper studies the event‐triggered H∞ control for synchronization of networked switched master‐slave systems under external disturbance, stochastic attacks, and quantization. With the proposed event‐triggering schemes, the communication frequency and data packets can be effectively regulated and reduced. To reduce further the burden of network transmission, the quantized control is applied. Moreover, the network transmission delay and the stochastic cyberattacks are concerned. In addition, the synchronization problem between switched master systems and switched slave systems is transformed into a stability problem of switched error systems. By adopting multiple Lyapunov functions and average dwell time method, sufficient conditions are constructed to assure the mean‐square exponential stability with H∞ performance of the switched error systems. Meanwhile, the stagger between data switching instants and triggering instants is discussed in the system in detail. Accordingly, the controller gains and event‐triggering parameters are obtained utilizing a set of linear matrix inequalities. Finally, a numerical simulation and a practical example are illustrated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented method.
Optimization of graphene in carbon black‐filled nitrile butadiene rubber: Constitutive modeling and verification using finite element analysis
Authors: Goswami Mohit , Mandloi Bharat Singh , Kumar Abhay , Sharma Sujit , Ghorai Sanjoy Kumar , Sarkar Kajal , Chattopadhyay Santanu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGraphene nanoplatelet loading is varied in carbon black‐filled nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) to form a hybrid system. The mechanical properties of the hybrid system are determined by performing tension and compression tests. It is found that graphene nanosheets are well dispersed possessing strong interfacial interaction with NBR and carbon black. There is an increment of 9% in tensile strength of the carbon black‐filled hybrid system with a graphene loading of 4 phr without hampering ultimate strain. Further addition of graphene resulted in degraded properties. Hyperelastic material models describing nonlinear mechanical behavior are fitted with experimental data to acquire material constants. Young's modulus is determined using various models, and a synergistic effect is observed with graphene loading of 4 phr. A comparison between experimental result and finite element analysis (FEA) result is presented for uniaxial tension and compression. Maximum principal stresses at break are also visualized with the help of FEA.
Enhancing UV Photopolymerization by a Red‐light Preirradiation: Kinetics and Modeling Strategies for Reduced Oxygen Inhibition
Authors: Lin Jui‐Teng , Cheng Da‐Chuan , Chen Kuo‐Ti , Chiu Yin‐Chen , Liu Hsia‐Wei 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTA novel strategy for red‐light‐controlled oxygen inhibition for improved UV‐light‐initiated monomer conversion is theoretically presented for the first time. The dual‐wavelength kinetic equations are derived, numerically and analytically solved for the oxygen and photoinitiator concentration profiles. The UV‐light‐initiated Type I conversion efficacy is an increasing function of its concentration (C20) and the light dose at transient state, but it is a decreasing function of the light intensity, scaled by [C20/I20]0.5, at steady state. In contrast, the red‐light‐initiated Type II efficacy is mainly dose dependent. Longer red‐light preirradiation time (TP) leads to a shorter UV‐light TID of UV‐light conversion, which is strongly red‐light dose dependent, rather than intensity dependent. The numerical new finding is also predicted by the analytic formulas showing that oxygen and monomer conversion are strongly red‐light dose dependent in a Type II mechanism. Finally, strategies for controlled initiation–inhibition switch based on two mechanisms, (a) oxygen inhibition for improved conversion and (b) radical inhibition for spatial confirmation in 3D printing, are presented. To conclude, UV‐light conversion could be improved by a red‐light preirradiation and more importantly and could be customizely tailored by the controlled induction time. UV‐light photopolymerization conversion could be improved by a red‐light preirradiation and could be customizely tailored by the controlled induction time. The UV‐light‐initiated Type I conversion efficacy is an increasing function of its concentration and the light dose at transient state, but it is a decreasing function of the light intensity at steady state. In contrast, the red‐light‐initiated Type II efficacy is mainly dose dependent. Longer red‐light preirradiation time leads to a shorter UV light. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 683–691
Does the endometrial thickness on the day of the trigger affect the pregnancy outcomes after fresh cleaved embryo transfer in the clomiphene citrate‐based minimal stimulation cycle?
Authors: Nishihara Seiko , Fukuda Junichiro , Ezoe Kenji , Endo Masako , Nakagawa Yuko , Yamadera Rie , Kobayashi Tamotsu , Kato Keiichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThin endometrium is often observed after clomiphene citrate (CC) administration for follicular development and is one of the reasons for embryo transfer (ET) cancelation or implantation failure. We retrospectively analyzed whether the endometrial thickness (EMT) on the days of the maturation trigger and ET are predictive factors of pregnancy outcomes after fresh cleaved ET in a CC‐based minimal stimulation cycle (CC‐cycle).MethodsA total of 746 CC‐cycles in vitro fertilization (IVF), followed by fresh cleaved ET, from November 2018 to March 2019 were analyzed. Associations between the pregnancy outcomes and EMT on the days of the trigger and ET were statistically evaluated.ResultsAlthough the EMT on the day of ET was not significantly associated with the ongoing pregnancy rate (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.043; P = .3251), a decreased EMT on the day of the trigger was significantly associated with a low ongoing pregnancy rate (AOR, 1.154; P = .0042). Furthermore, the clinical pregnancy rate was significantly lower when the EMT was <7 mm on the day of the trigger during the CC‐cycle.ConclusionsThese results suggest that measurement of the EMT on the day of the trigger could be effective for predicting the pregnancy outcomes after fresh cleaved ET during the CC‐cycle.
In vivo monitoring of remnant undifferentiated neural cells following human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells transplantation
Authors: Tanimoto Yuji , Yamasaki Tomoteru , Nagoshi Narihito , Nishiyama Yuichiro , Nori Satoshi , Nishimura Soraya , Iida Tsuyoshi , Ozaki Masahiro , Tsuji Osahiko , Ji Bin , Aoki Ichio , Jinzaki Masahiro , Matsumoto Morio , Fujibayashi Yasuhisa , Zhang Ming-Rong , Nakamura Masaya , Okano Hideyuki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Transplantation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (hiPSC-NS/PCs) is a promising treatment for a variety of neuropathological conditions. Although previous reports have indicated the effectiveness of hiPSC-NS/PCs transplantation into the injured spinal cord of rodents and nonhuman primates, long-term observation of hiPSC-NS/PCs post-transplantation suggested some “unsafe” differentiation-resistant properties, resulting in disordered overgrowth. These findings suggest that, even if “safe” NS/PCs are transplanted into the human central nervous system (CNS), the dynamics of cellular differentiation of stem cells should be noninvasively tracked to ensure safety. Positron emission tomography (PET) provides molecular-functional information and helps to detect specific disease conditions. The current study was conducted to visualize Nestin (an NS/PC marker)-positive undifferentiated neural cells in the CNS of immune-deficient (nonobese diabetic-severe combined immune-deficient) mice after hiPSC-NS/PCs transplantation with PET, using 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands as labels. TSPO was recently found to be expressed in rodent NS/PCs, and its expression decreased with the progression of neuronal differentiation. We hypothesized that TSPO would also be present in hiPSC-NS/PCs and expressed strongly in residual immature neural cells after transplantation. The results showed high levels of TSPO expression in immature hiPSC-NS/PCs-derived cells, and decreased TSPO expression as neural differentiation progressed in vitro. Furthermore, PET with [18F] FEDAC (a TSPO radioligand) was able to visualize the remnant undifferentiated hiPSC-NS/PCs-derived cells consisting of TSPO and Nestin+ cells in vivo. These findings suggest that PET with [18F] FEDAC could play a key role in the safe clinical application of CNS repair in regenerative medicine.

Significance statement Stem cell-based therapy using neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human-induced pluripotent cells (hiPSCs) provides a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma. However, not all transplanted cells fully differentiate into mature neurons and glial cells, even if clinically “safe” clones are used. These undifferentiated cells can trigger tumorigenic overgrowth due to their pluripotency. By utilizing the characteristic of NS/PCs to express the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), positron emission tomography with TSPO ligand was able to visualize residual immature neural cells after NS/PCs transplantation into central nervous system and could potentially have critical importance in regenerative medicine.
Procoagulant in vitro effects of clinical cellular therapeutics in a severely injured trauma population
Authors: George Mitchell J. , Prabhakara Karthik , Toledano-Furman Naama E. , Gill Brijesh S. , Wade Charles E. , Cotton Bryan A. , Cap Andrew P. , Olson Scott D. , Cox Charles S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Clinical trials in trauma populations are exploring the use of clinical cellular therapeutics (CCTs) like human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) and mononuclear cells (MNC). Recent studies demonstrate a procoagulant effect of these CCTs related to their expression of tissue factor (TF). We sought to examine this relationship in blood from severely injured trauma patients and identify methods to reverse this procoagulant effect. Human MSCs from bone marrow, adipose, and amniotic tissues and freshly isolated bone marrow MNC samples were tested. TF expression and phenotype were quantified using flow cytometry. CCTs were mixed individually with trauma patients’ whole blood, assayed with thromboelastography (TEG), and compared with healthy subjects mixed with the same cell sources. Heparin was added to samples at increasing concentrations until TEG parameters normalized. Clotting time or R time in TEG decreased relative to the TF expression of the CCT treatment in a logarithmic fashion for trauma patients and healthy subjects. Nonlinear regression curves were significantly different with healthy subjects demonstrating greater relative decreases in TEG clotting time. In vitro coadministration of heparin normalized the procoagulant effect and required dose escalation based on TF expression. TF expression in human MSC and MNC has a procoagulant effect in blood from trauma patients and healthy subjects. The procoagulant effect is lower in trauma patients possibly because their clotting time is already accelerated. The procoagulant effect due to MSC/MNC TF expression could be useful in the bleeding trauma patient; however, it may emerge as a safety release criterion due to thrombotic risk. The TF procoagulant effect is reversible with heparin.

Significance statement Stem cells are currently under investigation as a treatment for sequela of trauma like brain or lung injury. However, stem cells express tissue factor (TF) that causes rapid blood clotting. It is demonstrated that stem cells make blood from trauma patients, which clot faster. A potential antidote to this effect is heparin, a common and inexpensive blood thinner. It is believed that stem cells used in trauma studies should be risk-stratified based on their TF expression.