bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fisher for complements: extracting cosmology and neutrino mass from the counts-in-cells PDF
Authors: Uhlemann Cora , Friedrich Oliver , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Banerjee Arka , Codis Sandrine 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We comprehensively analyse the cosmology dependence of counts-in-cells statistics. We focus on the shape of the one-point probability distribution function (PDF) of the matter density field at mildly non-linear scales. Based on large-deviation statistics, we parametrize the cosmology dependence of the matter PDF in terms of the linear power spectrum, the growth factor, the spherical collapse dynamics, and the non-linear variance. We extend our formalism to include massive neutrinos, finding that the total matter PDF is highly sensitive to the total neutrino mass Mν and can disentangle it from the clustering amplitude σ8. Using more than a million PDFs extracted from the Quijote simulations, we determine the response of the matter PDF to changing parameters in the νΛCDM model and successfully cross-validate the theoretical model and the simulation measurements. We present the first νΛCDM Fisher forecast for the matter PDF at multiple scales and redshifts, and its combination with the matter power spectrum. We establish that the matter PDF and the matter power spectrum are highly complementary at mildly non-linear scales. The matter PDF is particularly powerful for constraining the matter density Ωm, clustering amplitude σ8 and the total neutrino mass Mν. Adding the mildly non-linear matter PDF to the mildly non-linear matter power spectrum improves constraints on Ωm by a factor of 5 and σ8 by a factor of 2 when considering the three lowest redshifts. In our joint analysis of the matter PDF and matter power spectrum at three redshifts, the total neutrino mass is constrained to better than 0.01 eV with a total volume of 6 (Gpc h−1)3. We discuss how density-split statistics can be used to translate those encouraging results for the matter PDF into realistic observables in galaxy surveys.
The high-energy emission from HD 93129A near periastron
Authors: del Palacio S , García F , Altamirano D , Barbá R H , Bosch-Ramon V , Corcoran M , De Becker M , Hamaguchi K , Maíz Apellániz J , Munar Adrover P , Paredes J M , Romero G E , Sana H , Tavani M , ud-Doula A 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We conducted an observational campaign towards one of the most massive and luminous colliding wind binaries in the Galaxy, HD 93129A, close to its periastron passage in 2018. During this time the source was predicted to be in its maximum of high-energy emission. Here we present our data analysis from the X-ray satellites Chandra and NuSTAR and the γ-ray satellite AGILE. High-energy emission coincident with HD 93129A was detected in the X-ray band up to ∼18 keV, whereas in the γ-ray band only upper limits were obtained. We interpret the derived fluxes using a non-thermal radiative model for the wind-collision region. We establish a conservative upper limit for the fraction of the wind kinetic power that is converted into relativistic electron acceleration, fNT,e &lt; 0.02. In addition, we set a lower limit for the magnetic field in the wind-collision region as BWCR &gt; 0.3 G. We also argue a putative interpretation of the emission from which we estimate fNT,e ≈ 0.006 and BWCR ≈ 0.5 G. We conclude that multiwavelength, dedicated observing campaigns during carefully selected epochs are a powerful tool for characterizing the relativistic particle content and magnetic field intensity in colliding wind binaries.
Games
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Games are a unique art form. Game designers don’t just create a world; they create who you will be in that world. They tell you what abilities to use and what goals to take on. In other words, games work in the medium of agency. This book explores what games have to teach us about our own rationality and agency. We have the capacity for a peculiar sort of motivational inversion. For some of us, winning is not the point. We take on an interest in winning temporarily, so that we can play the game. Thus, we are capable of taking on temporary and disposable ends. At the center of this book is a view about games as communicative artifacts. Games are a way of recording forms of agency; they are a library of agencies. And exploring that library can help us develop our own agency and autonomy. But this technology can also be used for art. Games can sculpt our practical activity, for the sake of the beauty of our own actions. Our struggles, in games, can be designed to fit our capacities. Games can present a harmonious world, where our abilities fit the task. Games are a kind of existential balm against the difficult and exhausting value clarity of the world. But this presents a special danger. Games can be a fantasy of value clarity, which can encourage us to oversimplify our enduring values.
An ulcerated giant segmental hemangioma resulting in contracture of the left elbow
Authors: Leung Alexander K C , Leong Kin Fon , Lam Joseph M 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe majority of infantile hemangiomas are benign and will resolve on their own. We report a 4-month-old infant with an ulcerated giant segmental infantile hemangioma involving the left upper limb who developed a contracture of the left elbow despite treatment with oral propranolol, proper wound care, and regular intense physiotherapy. To our knowledge, contracture resulting from an infantile hemangioma has not been reported previously.
Mechanism of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain
Authors: Lin Tiffany , Gargya Akshat , Singh Harmandeep , Sivanesan Eellan , Gulati Amitabh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionWith the advancement of technology, peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) has been increasingly used to treat various chronic pain conditions. Its origin is based on the gate control theory postulated by Wall and Melzack in 1965. However, the exact mechanism behind PNS’ analgesic effect is largely unknown. In this article, we performed a comprehensive literature review to overview the PNS mechanism of action.DesignA comprehensive literature review on the mechanism of PNS in chronic pain.MethodsComprehensive review of the available literature on the mechanism of PNS in chronic pain. Data were derived from database searches of PubMed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library and manual searches of bibliographies and known primary or review articles.ResultsAnimal, human, and imaging studies have demonstrated the peripheral and central analgesic mechanisms of PNS by modulating the inflammatory pathways, the autonomic nervous system, the endogenous pain inhibition pathways, and involvement of the cortical and subcortical areas.ConclusionsPeripheral nerve stimulation exhibits its neuromodulatory effect both peripherally and centrally. Further understanding of the mechanism of PNS can help guide stimulation approaches and parameters to optimize the use of PNS.
Information Bias in the Proxy Advisory Market
Authors: Ma Shichao , Xiong Yan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We study an information sale problem in which a monopolist proxy advisor sells recommendations to a firm’s shareholders for corporate voting. We find that even an unconflicted proxy advisor skews its recommendations based on its clients’ beliefs or preferences. A novel bias-quantity relationship affects firm value. Under some parameters, shareholders’ biased beliefs or preferences can lead shareholders to make more information purchases, which enhances their collective decision-making. Thus, firm value may increase despite the negative effects of biased proxy voting recommendations. JEL D82, G34, L15
Received: April 16, 2019; editorial decision March 25, 2020 by Editor Uday Rajan.
Femoral vein wall thickness measurement: A new diagnostic tool for Behçet’s disease
Authors: Alibaz-Oner Fatma , Ergelen Rabia , Yıldız Yasin , Aldag Mustafa , Yazici Ayten , Cefle Ayşe , Koç Ertan , Artım Esen Bahar , Mumcu Gonca , Ergun Tulin , Direskeneli Haner 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Diagnosing Behçet’s disease (BD) is a challenge, especially in countries with a low prevalence. Recently, venous wall thickness (VWT) in lower extremities has been shown to be increased in BD patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of common femoral vein (CFV) thickness measurement in BD and whether it can be used as a diagnostic tool.

Methods
. Patients with BD (n = 152), ankylosing spondylitis (n = 27), systemic vasculitides (n = 23), venous insufficiency (n = 29), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS; n = 43), deep vein thrombosis due to non-inflammatory causes (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 51) were included in the study. Bilateral CFV thickness was measured with ultrasonography by a radiologist blinded to cases.

Results
Bilateral CFV thickness was significantly increased in BD compared with all control groups (P &lt; 0.001 for all). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for bilateral CFV thicknesses in all comparator groups was &gt;0.95 for the cut-off value (0.5 mm). This cut-off value also performed well against all control groups with sensitivity rates &gt;90%. The specificity rate was also &gt;80% in all comparator groups except APS (positive predictive value: 79.2–76.5%, negative predictive value: 92–91.8% for right and left CFV, respectively).

Conclusion
Increased CFV thickness is a distinctive feature of BD and is rarely present in healthy and diseased controls, except APS. Our results suggest that CFV thickness measurement with ultrasonography, a non-invasive radiological modality, can be a diagnostic tool for BD with sensitivity and the specificity rates higher than 80% for the cut-off value ≥0.5 mm.
Changes in Local Network Activity Approximated by Reverse Spike-Triggered Local Field Potentials Predict the Focus of Attention
Authors: Sharafeldin Abdelrahman , Mock Vanessa L , Meisenhelter Stephen , Hembrook-Short Jacqueline R , Briggs Farran 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The effects of visual spatial attention on neuronal firing rates have been well characterized for neurons throughout the visual processing hierarchy. Interestingly, the mechanisms by which attention generates more or fewer spikes in response to a visual stimulus remain unknown. One possibility is that attention boosts the likelihood that synaptic inputs to a neuron result in spikes. We performed a novel analysis to measure local field potentials (LFPs) just prior to spikes, or reverse spike-triggered LFP “wavelets,” for neurons recorded in primary visual cortex (V1) of monkeys performing a contrast change detection task requiring covert shifts in visual spatial attention. We used dimensionality reduction to define LFP wavelet shapes with single numerical values, and we found that LFP wavelet shape changes correlated with changes in neuronal firing rate. We then tested whether a simple classifier could predict monkeys’ focus of attention from LFP wavelet shape. LFP wavelet shapes sampled in discrete windows were predictive of the locus of attention for some neuronal types. These findings suggest that LFP wavelets are a useful proxy for local network activity influencing spike generation, and changes in LFP wavelet shape are predictive of the focus of attention.
In Utero Infection with Coxsackievirus-B is Associated with Congenital Pulmonary Atresia
Authors: Sharma Vipul , Goessling Lisa S. , Brar Anoop K. , Eghtesady Pirooz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe research for this study was undertaken to examine association between perinatal infection with Coxsackievirus B (CVB) and congenital heart defects (CHD). Suggestive, although inconclusive, data exists of an association between CVB infection during pregnancy and CHD. We present data from a clinical study showing that CVB infection in early pregnancy induces heart defects. In a prospective study of 123 pregnant women with pregnancies affected with CHD we found circulating CVB IgG and IgM in the serum. A significant number of the women were positive for CVB antibodies; 30.9% for IgG and 6.5% for IgM. Our data demonstrates not only an association of CVB with CHD in pregnant women but this is the first report showing significant association between in-utero CVB infection and Pulmonary Atresia (PA) and HLHS (AA/MS variant). Elevated levels of IgG were seen in 55.5% of women carrying babies with PA and 60% of women carrying babies with HLHS (AA/MS), with p-values of 0.01 and 0.03 respectively. To determine specific CVB serotypes involved, neutralizing antibody titers to CVB1, CVB3, and CVB4 were analyzed on samples with positive IgG/IgM levels, and showed a possible association between CVB4 and CHD in the cohort. Our study has broad implications for the future understanding and potential management of CHD as well as introduces a new avenue of research for cardiac defects.
Healthcare worker mask reuse in a global pandemic: Using idle resources to create an inexpensive, scalable, and accessible UV system for N95 sterilization
Authors: Gilbert Rachel M. , Donzanti Michael J. , Minahan Daniel J. , Shirazi Jasmine , Hatem Christine L. , Hayward-Piatkovskyi Brielle , Dang Allyson M. , Nelson Katherine M. , Bothi Kimberly L. , Gleghorn Jason P. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTAs the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrates, not all hospitals and other facilities are equipped with enough personal protective equipment to meet the demand in a crisis. Healthcare workers around the world utilize N95 masks to protect themselves and their patients, yet during this global pandemic they are forced to re-wear what is intended to be single-use masks. This poses significant risk to these healthcare workers along with the populations they are trying to protect. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been validated previously as a way to effectively sterilize these masks between use, however, not all facilities have access to the high cost commercial UV-C lamp sterilization equipment. However, UV-C bulbs are sitting idle in biosafety cabinets (BSCs) at universities and research facilities around the globe that have been shuttered to slow the spread of COVID-19. These bulbs may also be available in existing medical centers where infectious diseases are commonly treated. Therefore, we have developed a method to modify existing light fixtures, or create custom light fixtures compatible with new or existing common UV-C bulbs. This system is scalable and can be created for less than 50 US dollars, on site, at the point of need, and leverages resources that are currently untapped and sitting unused in public and private research facilities. The freely-accessible design can be easily modified for use around the world. Hospitals can obtain this potentially life-saving UVGI resource with minimal funds, via collaboration between research facilities to obtain the UV-C meters and limited availability UVGI bulbs. While mask reuse is not ideal, we must do what we can in emergency situations to protect our frontline healthcare workers and the communities they serve.
Evidence-Based, Cost-Effective Interventions To Suppress The COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Juneau Carl-Etienne , Pueyo Tomas , Bell Matt , Gee Genevieve , Collazzo Pablo , Potvin Louise 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn an unparalleled global response, during the COVID-19 pandemic, 90 countries asked 3.9 billion people to stay home. Yet some countries avoided lockdowns and focused on other strategies, like contact tracing and case isolation. How effective and cost-effective are these strategies? We aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the evidence on pandemic control, with a focus on cost-effectiveness.MethodsFollowing PRISMA systematic review guidelines, MEDLINE (1946 to April week 2, 2020) and Embase (1974 to April 17, 2020) were searched using a range of terms related to pandemic control. Articles reporting on the effectiveness or cost-effectiveness of at least one intervention were included and grouped into higher-quality evidence (randomized trials) and lower-quality evidence (other study designs).ResultsWe found 1,653 papers; 62 were included. Higher-quality evidence was only available to support the effectiveness of hand washing and face masks. Modelling studies indicated that these measures are highly cost-effective. For other interventions, lower-quality evidence suggested that: (1) the most cost-effective interventions are swift contact tracing and case isolation, surveillance networks, protective equipment for healthcare workers, and early vaccination (when available); (2) home quarantines and stockpiling antivirals are less cost-effective; (3) social distancing measures like workplace and school closures are effective but costly, making them the least cost-effective options; (4) combinations are more cost-effective than single interventions; (5) interventions are more cost-effective when adopted early and for severe viruses like SARS-CoV-2. For H1N1 influenza, contact tracing was estimated to be 4,363 times more cost-effective than school closures ($2,260 vs. $9,860,000 per death prevented).ConclusionsA cautious interpretation of the evidence suggests that for COVID-19: (1) social distancing is effective but costly, especially when adopted late and (2) adopting as early as possible a combination of interventions that includes hand washing, face masks, ample protective equipment for healthcare workers, and swift contact tracing and case isolation is likely to be the most cost-effective strategy.FundingLP holds the Canada Research Chair in Community Approaches and Health Inequalities (CRC 950232541). This funding source had no role in the design, conduct, or reporting of the study.
The production and clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies
Authors: Hu Qianfang , Cui Xiaoping , Liu Xinzhu , Peng Bin , Jiang Jinyue , Wang Xiaohui , Li Yan , Hu Wenhui , Ao Zhi , Duan Jun , Wang Xue , Zhu Linxiao , Wu Guicheng , Guo Shuliang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), a novel betacoronavirus, has caused an outburst of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China. We report the production of specific IgM and IgG antibodies after the infection of SARS-CoV-2 and its implication for the diagnosis, pathology and the course of the disease as well as the recurrence of positive nucleic acid tests after discharge.MethodsTest results for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies of 221 confirmed COVID-19 patients were retrospectively examined, and their clinical data were collected and analyzed based on various subgroups. SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies were determined with the chemiluminescence method.FindingsThe concentration (S/CO) of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies peaked on day 19-21 after symptom onset, with a median of 17.38 (IQR 4.39-36.4) for IgM and 5.59 (IQR 0.73-13.65) for IgG. Detection rates reached highest on day 16-18 and day 19-21 for IgM and IgG, which were 73.6% and 98.6%, respectively, with significantly higher concentration of IgG in critically ill patients than in those with mild to moderate disease (P=0.027). The concentration of the antibodies on day 16-21 is not correlated with the course or outcome of the disease (Spearman r < 0.20, P > 0.05). Nasopharyngeal swabs revealed positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA in up to 52.7% of recovered patients after discharge, whose IgG proved to be significantly lower than that of those with negative RNA results (P = 0.009). IgG and IgM were tested twice within 14 days after discharge with a 7-day interval, and the second testing of these antibodies displayed a decrease in concentration of 21.2% (IQR, 11.2%,34.48%) for IgG and 23.05% (IQR, −27.96%,46.13%) for IgM, without statistical significance between the patients with re-detectable positive RNA results and those with negative RNA results after discharge. However, those with positive results experienced a count decrease in lymphocyte subsets.InterpretationThe concentration of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies peaked on day 19-21 after symptom onset, and antibody testing on day 16-21 is associated with increased detection rates, but the antibody concentration does not affect the course and outcome of the infection. Recovering patients with re-detectable positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA displayed lower concentration of IgG, but the downward trend of IgG during recovery indicated its limited duration of protection, and the protective effect of IgG remains to be investigated.FundingChongqing Education Board, Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau, Famous teacher project of Chongqing talent plan
Modest effects of contact reduction measures on the reproduction number of SARS-CoV-2 in the most affected European countries and the US
Authors: Ensser Armin , Überla Pia , Überla Klaus 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPopulation density, behaviour and cultural habits strongly influence the spread of pathogens. Consequently, key epidemiological parameters may vary from country to country. Many estimates of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 strongly depend on testing frequency and case definitions. The fatal cases due to SARS-CoV2 could be a more reliable parameter, since missing of deaths is less likely. We analysed the dynamics of new infection and death cases to estimate the daily reproduction numbers (Rt) and the effectiveness of control measures in the most affected European Countries and the US. In summary, calculating Rt based on the daily number of deaths as well as of new infections may lead to more reliable estimates than those based on infection cases alone, as death based Rt are expected to be less susceptible to testing bias or limited capacities.
Detection of Nucleocapsid Antibody to SARS-CoV-2 is More Sensitive than Antibody to Spike Protein in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Burbelo Peter D. , Riedo Francis X. , Morishima Chihiro , Rawlings Stephen , Smith Davey , Das Sanchita , Strich Jeffrey R. , Chertow Daniel S. , Davey Richard T. , Cohen Jeffrey I. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundSARS-CoV-2, the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is associated with respiratory-related morbidity and mortality. Assays to detect virus-specific antibodies are important to understand the prevalence of infection and the course of the immune response.MethodologyQuantitative measurements of plasma or serum antibodies by luciferase immunoprecipitation assay systems (LIPS) to the nucleocapsid and spike proteins were analyzed in 100 cross-sectional or longitudinal samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. A subset of samples was tested with and without heat inactivation.ResultsFifteen or more days after symptom onset, antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein showed 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity, while antibodies to spike protein were detected with 91% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Neither antibody levels nor the rate of seropositivity were significantly reduced by heat inactivation of samples. Analysis of daily samples from six patients with COVID-19 showed anti-nucleocapsid and spike antibodies appearing between day 8 to day 14 after initial symptoms. Immunocompromised patients generally had a delayed antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 compared to immunocompetent patients.ConclusionsAntibody to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 is more sensitive than spike protein antibody for detecting early infection. Analyzing heat-inactivated samples by LIPS is a safe and sensitive method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.