bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of lavage in addition to native fluid collection during fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration in infection diagnosis
Authors: Nwawka O. Kenechi , Tischler Brian , Lin Bin , Ko Lydia , Schneider Robert , Miller Theodore T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImage‐guided prosthetic joint aspirations have been criticized in the literature as having poor sensitivity and specificity. Native fluid is typically analyzed for the presence of infection. Joint lavage during fluoroscopically guided aspiration of prosthetic joints is not routinely performed, and the lavage aspirate is not typically analyzed unless native fluid could not be aspirated for culture. This study aims to determine if concordance of culture results from native fluid and an additional joint lavage sample improves sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection by fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration. A retrospective review of the fluoroscopically guided joint aspirations at our institution between December 2007 and December 2009 was performed. Data collected from the electronic medical record included culture results for both native fluid and lavage aspirate, histopathology results, final clinical diagnosis, as well as clinical/surgical management. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and likelihood ratio for infection were calculated for the following culture analysis scenarios: native fluid alone; lavage aspirate alone; native fluid; and lavage aspirate. Five hundred sixty‐three aspirations, mostly prosthetic joints, were identified in the reviewed time period, of which 397 were sent for both native fluid and lavage aspirate analysis. Concordance between positive culture results from native fluid and joint lavage aspirate markedly increased the likelihood ratio for infection from 23.8 to 138.7 and improved specificity and PPV of fluoroscopically guided joint aspiration, with similar sensitivity and NPV to that of native fluid culture alone.
Testes of DAZL null neonatal sheep lack prospermatogonia but maintain normal somatic cell morphology and marker expression
Authors: McLean Zachariah L. , Appleby Sarah J. , Wei Jingwei , Snell Russell G. , Oback Björn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMultiplying the germline would increase the number of offspring that can be produced from selected animals, accelerating genetic improvement for livestock breeding. This could be achieved by producing multiple chimaeric animals, each carrying a mix of donor and host germ cells in their gonads. However, such chimaeric germlines would produce offspring from both donor and host genotypes, limiting the rate of genetic improvement. To resolve this problem, we disrupted the RNA‐binding protein DAZL and generated germ cell‐deficient host animals. Using Cas9‐mediated homology‐directed repair (HDR), we introduced a DAZL loss‐of‐function mutation in male ovine fetal fibroblasts. Following manual single cell isolation, 4/48 (8.3%) of donor cell strains were homozygously HDR‐edited. Sequence‐validated strains were used as nuclear donors for somatic cell cloning to generate three lambs, which died at birth. All DAZL null male neonatal sheep lacked germ cells on histological sections and showed greatly reduced germ cell markers. Somatic cells within their testes were morphologically intact and expressed normal levels of lineage‐specific markers, suggesting that the germ cell niche remained intact. This extends the DAZL mutant phenotype beyond mice into agriculturally relevant ruminants, providing a pathway for using absolute germline transmitters in rapid livestock improvement.
Trajectory correction based on the gradient impulse response function improves high‐resolution UTE imaging of the musculoskeletal system
Authors: Kronthaler Sophia , Rahmer Jürgen , Börnert Peter , Makowski Marcus R. , Schwaiger Benedikt J. , Gersing Alexandra S. , Karampinos Dimitrios C. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeUTE sequences typically acquire data during the ramping up of the gradient fields, which makes UTE imaging prone to eddy current and system delay effects. The purpose of this work was to use a simple gradient impulse response function (GIRF) measurement to estimate the real readout gradient waveform and to demonstrate that precise knowledge of the gradient waveform is important in the context of high‐resolution UTE musculoskeletal imaging.MethodsThe GIRF was measured using the standard hardware of a 3 Tesla scanner and applied on 3D radial UTE data (TE: 0.14 ms). Experiments were performed on a phantom, in vivo on a healthy knee, and in vivo on patients with spine fractures. UTE images were reconstructed twice, first using the GIRF‐corrected gradient waveforms and second using nominal‐corrected waveforms, correcting for the low‐pass filter characteristic of the gradient chain.ResultsImages reconstructed with the nominal‐corrected gradient waveforms exhibited blurring and showed edge artifacts. The blurring and the edge artifacts were reduced when the GIRF‐corrected gradient waveforms were used, as shown in single‐UTE phantom scans and in vivo dual‐UTE gradient‐echo scans in the knee. Further, the importance of the GIRF‐based correction was indicated in UTE images of the lumbar spine, where thin bone structures disappeared when the nominal correction was employed.ConclusionThe presented GIRF‐based trajectory correction method using standard scanner hardware can improve the quality of high‐resolution UTE musculoskeletal imaging.
Keto‐enol tautomerism of the 4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazole in water solution: Modeling equilibrium between neutral forms and accurate assignment of the absorption bands
Authors: Kapusta Dmitry P. , Mulashkin Fedor D. , Khrenova Maria G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTautomerizarion between keto, cis‐ and trans‐enol forms of the 4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazole (DMHI) is studied using molecular dynamics simulations with the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) potentials. We applied the live solvent selection approach that presumes division of water molecules to either QM or MM subsystems on the fly depending on their distances from the chromophore. This allowed us to treat a water shell around the chromophore at the QM level and to describe properly all chromophore‐water interactions. According to the calculated Gibbs energy profiles the most stable is a keto form and a cis‐enol form is ~1 kcal/mol higher. The trans‐enol form is much higher in energy and should not be observed in experiment. Vertical S0,min − S1 excitation energies of all neutral tautomers were calculated at the XMCQDPT2 level: both enol forms have similar values ~4 eV and keto form is red‐shifted, with the excitation energy of 3.3 eV. Thus, we conclude that two absorption bands in experimental absorption spectrum of DMHI in water solution are due to the presence of cis‐enol and keto forms of the chromophore.
Improvement of COVID‐19 with renal failure and paralytic ileus by using steroids
Authors: Kitamura Atsushi , So Clara , Jinta Torahiko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA 51‐year‐old man attended our hospital with chief complaints of fever and diarrhoea for the past eight days. Chest computed tomography showed peripherally dominant ground‐glass opacity. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) RNA was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and the patient was diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID‐19). His clinical course included respiratory failure, acute kidney injury, and paralytic ileus. Systemic management was difficult, but he recovered with high‐dose steroids, temporary haemodialysis therapy, and a nasointestinal tube, without antiviral drugs. COVID‐19 can be associated with multiple organ failure due to vascular endothelial injury.
Recent Developments in the Synthetic Strategies of 4‐Quinolones and Its Derivatives
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Devi Varsha , Monga Vikramdeep 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ubiquitous presence of 4‐quinolones and its derivatives in a wide range of natural as well as synthetic drug molecules made them molecule of utmost importance for organic and medicinal chemists. Their wide array of biological activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, anti‐HIV, genitourinary infection, antifilarial, etc., has augmented their appeal both for synthetic and medicinal chemistry campaigns. Moreover, they are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of various fused heterocyclic compounds of synthetic and medicinal importance. Considering their array of synthetic and biological importance, new strategies for the synthesis of 4‐quinolones and their derivatives have been designed and successfully demonstrated by researchers around the globe. The present review covers recent advances in the synthetic chemistry of 4‐quinolones since 2015 along with an insight into their mechanistic studies. We hope that the review article will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community engaged in the synthesis and utilization of 4‐quinolones and their derivatives.
Diffusion Along Dislocations Mitigates Self‐Limiting Na Diffusion in Crystalline Sn
Authors: Byeon Young‐Woon , Ahn Jae‐Pyoung , Lee Jae‐Chul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe diffusion of carrier ions in alloying anodes often develops compressive stresses in front of the propagating interface, suppressing the carrier‐ion diffusion and limiting their full penetration into alloying anodes during battery cycles. This phenomenon, termed “self‐limiting diffusion (SLD)”, reduces the rate performance of batteries and hinders the full usage of anode materials. However, SLD is mitigated in some systems where tensile residual stresses develop at the interface, causing them to manifest significantly improved rate performance and energy capacity. Here, a comparative study of LiSi and NaSn systems to elucidate how the differing diffusion kinetics displayed by the two systems can influence SLD behaviors and the rate performance of batteries is performed. Experiments show that the Na diffusion into soft Sn crystals induces tensile stresses near the interface, promoting the nucleation of high‐density dislocations. Thus‐formed dislocations facilitate Na diffusion at ultrafast rates by providing pathways for dislocation pipe diffusion and alleviate SLD, making crystalline Sn suitable for fast‐charging anode material. The outcomes of this study, while filling the knowledge gaps on the reasons for SLD, offer some guidelines for the appropriate choice of potential anode materials with superior rate performance and energy capacity suitable for future applications.
Phylogenetic relationships and sectional delineation within Gentiana (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Favre Adrien , Pringle James S. , Heckenhauer Jacqueline , Kozuharova Ekaterina , Gao Qingbo , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Lemmon Alan R. , Sun Hang , Tkach Natalia , Gebauer Sebastian , Sun Shan‐Shan , Fu Peng‐Cheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGentiana is a sub‐cosmopolitan temperate genus among the most species‐rich in Gentianaceae. Although molecular data (produced via Sanger sequencing) allowed the resolution of phylogenetic relationships between Gentiana and other genera in subtribe Gentianinae, the validity of sections within the genus remains largely untested. In this study, we evaluated the monophyly of all 14 sections attributed to Gentiana, using 294 unlinked anchored loci, the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) cistron as well as plastid genomes, all produced by anchored hybrid enrichment. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships by conducting maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. These analyses represent a significant improvement over previous taxonomic studies using molecular tools. Our results partly correspond to traditional taxonomic treatments, with several sections being well supported as monophyletic, including Gentiana sect. Calathianae, sect. Ciminalis, sect. Cruciata, sect. Frigida, sect. Gentiana and sect. Pneumonanthe. In contrast, G. sect. Isomeria, sect. Microsperma and sect. Monopodiae were found to be polyphyletic, whereas sect. Dolichocarpa and sect. Fimbricorona were nested within sect. Chondrophyllae. We here provide new taxonomic treatments for these sections, mostly based upon the traditional delineation of their series, which were recovered as monophyletic. In our new treatment, Gentiana encompasses 13 sections. A new determination key to the sections of Gentiana is provided.
Pushing the Bounds of Olefin Metathesis with Vanadium
Authors: Farrell Wesley S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOlefin metathesis has been a key player in organic and polymer synthesis for over 50 years. While countless catalysts have been reported over this time, new compounds that offer improved selectivity, efficiency, robustness, and/or cost‐effectiveness are still highly desired. This minireview will detail efforts made in this regard through the development of catalysts based on abundant and inexpensive vanadium. Special attention will be given to reports within the past three years concerning ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of low ring‐strain cyclic olefins and expansion to other olefin metathesis transformations, such as cross‐metathesis.
Livestock Breeders’ Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change in Morocco’s Arid Rangelands
Authors: Snaibi Wadii , Mezrhab Abdelhamid 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince the mid-1970s, the high plateaus of eastern Morocco have experienced proven trends of climate change (CC) such as a significant decrease in rainfall amounts and an increase in the droughts’ frequency. Consequently, the CC threatens the sustainability of this pastoral ecosystem and negatively affects the breeding of small ruminants, the main local-level livelihood, which becomes more vulnerable due to its high dependence on climatic conditions. This article aims to analyze breeders’ adaptation practices by taking into account their social stratification based on the size of the sheep flock in possession. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests to examine the differences in the adoption’ frequency of CC adaptation measures according breeders’ classes and Chi-square independence test to identify the factors explaining these observed differences. The analysis of local adaptation practices reveals that they are endogenous but above all curative, aiming at a short-term logic and have a low to medium relevance compared to the specific objective of adaptation to CC. In addition, there are significant differences in the frequency of adoption of CC adaptation strategies (chi-square value = 8.1112, p = 0.017, df = 2) within categories of breeders, in particular between small and larger breeders (U statistic = 58.000, p = 0.008). The significant factors explaining these differences are socioeconomic (age, household size, equipment, training, and membership of a basic professional organization). It is therefore recommended to target small breeders as a priority and to set up support measures (equipment, training, funding, organization of breeders).
Epilogue
Authors: Ouahes Idir 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this epilogue, Ouahes considers the context of cultural diplomacy through secular networks within a broader Arab milieu, both in the Eastern Mediterranean and in Europe. Comparing the complexities of three politicised arenas of cultural diplomacy—education, newspapers and humanitarianism—this epilogue considers the interactions between various Western powers and new Arab political formations. Contrasting the French Mission Laique, the secularisation of American apparatus and the rise of Bolshevism after the Russian Revolution in 1917, it shows the strong competition among foreign powers for spheres of influence in Arab communities. Just as importantly, it also shows Arab contestations of colonial ambitions and the ways in which cultural diplomacy was deployed in aid of Arab political agendas.
The Melkite Community, Educational Policy and French Cultural Diplomacy: Archbishop Grigorios Hajjar and Mandatory Galilee
Authors: Nassif Charbel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe British Mandate over Palestine did not prevent France from exercising its cultural influence over the Melkite community. This chapter analyses the ways in which the French deployed cultural diplomacy in relation to the Melkites, attempting to use culture as a means to politically influence the Melkite community in Palestine. It highlights the role of Archbishop Gregorios Hajjar (1875–1940, in post 1901–1940), a central figure in the Melkite Arabic community as well as a francophone and francophile personality. In particular, it considers Hajjar’s efforts to expand education for Melkite children in northern Palestine, and how both Hajjar and the French used aspects of cultural diplomacy to achieve their respective aims in funding the building and staffing schools, versus the expansion of francophone education in Mandate Palestine.
Mechanized Significance and Machine Learning: Why It Became Thinkable and Preferable to Teach Machines to Judge the World
Authors: Mendon-Plasek Aaron 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe slow and uneven forging of a novel constellation of practices, concerns, and values that became machine learning occurred in 1950s and 1960s pattern recognition research through attempts to mechanize contextual significance that involved building “learning machines” that imitated human judgment by learning from examples. By the 1960s two crises emerged: the first was an inability to evaluate, compare, and judge different pattern recognition systems; the second was an inability to articulate what made pattern recognition constitute a distinct discipline. The resolution of both crises through the problem-framing strategies of supervised and unsupervised learning and the incorporation of statistical decision theory changed what it meant to provide an adequate description of the world even as it caused researchers to reimagine their own scientific self-identities.
South Africa in Global Development Fora: Cooperation and Contestation
Authors: Sidiropoulos Elizabeth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince 1994, post-apartheid South Africa has embraced its Southern and African identity, with its foreign policy reflecting its aim to engage in international fora to advance Southern principles and the African voice. It also developed instruments to undertake South-South cooperation that focused largely on sharing its own lessons from its political transformation with post-conflict countries. This chapter explores the tensions between cooperation and contestation in South Africa’s involvement in global development and in its own development cooperation. South Africa has worked on global reforms with large emerging powers, but their interests are not always aligned with those of Africa. South Africa and Africa have derived leverage from their numbers and the related legitimacy in selecting what initiatives of more influential actors they will support.
Maximising Goal Coherence in Sustainable and Climate-Resilient Development? Polycentricity and Coordination in Governance
Authors: Chan Sander , Iacobuta Gabriela , Hägele Ramona 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that most efforts to mobilise non-state and subnational actor engagement so far has insufficiently contributed to goal coherence—the balanced implementation of internationally agreed goals. Despite the increased level of attention being given to the polycentric nature of sustainable development and climate governance—especially the role of non-state and subnational actors—the predominant focus of both policy-makers and researchers has been on filling functional gaps, for example closing the global mitigation gap, or financing gaps. As a result, voluntariness and self-organisation in polycentric governance could increase the level of incoherence. Insights on emerging polycentric structures should be combined with tools that map (goal) coherence. The combination of these fields of knowledge could inform supportive policies, for instance in development cooperation to ensure greater coherence in implementing sustainable development priorities.
“The Asian Century”: The Transformational Potential of Asian-Led Development Cooperation
Authors: Mulakala Anthea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAsia’s rise is having a profound impact on the policies and practices of development and South-South cooperation (SSC). This chapter describes the contours of these trends in relation to the sustainable development agenda. China and India are dominant players with their large-scale connectivity schemes, increasing multilateralism, and diversified partnerships. The author discusses the controversy, contestation, and opportunities these approaches generate. Finally, this chapter offers a set of recommendations for improving the effectiveness of Asian SSC to deliver the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
South Africa as a Development Partner: An Empirical Analysis of the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund
Authors: Mthembu Philani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs South Africa looks to consolidate its role as a development partner, it remains an open question whether it can maintain a strong presence in Africa while facing significant challenges at home. With the economy struggling to grow and the government increasingly cutting back on expenditure, one has to wonder whether these cuts are translating into a reduction of its role as a development partner in Africa. With the eagerly awaited South African Development Partnership Agency in mind, this chapter examines data from the African Renaissance and International Cooperation Fund (ARF) between 2003 and 2015. It shows empirically that, despite increasing allocations and disbursements in the years following its inception, the global financial crisis and domestic challenges have taken their toll on the ARF’s activities.
Development Finance and the 2030 Goals
Authors: Mawdsley Emma 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn their attempt to stimulate an exponential financing rise of “billions to trillions”, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda are helping to normalise and promote a radical shift in development finance. A growing concern is that private finance is not forthcoming, calling into question the “billions to trillions” model. In this chapter, however, I focus on the risks of “successfully” moving in this direction. The mainstream bilateral and multilateral community appear too sanguine, and even naïve, about the financial sector. Any analysis of the SDGs must be attentive to the possibilities and risks of the emerging development finance regime that they are helping to legitimate.1