bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caries experience among children born after a complicated pregnancy
Authors: van der Tas Justin T. , Wolvius Eppo B. , Kragt Lea , Rivadeneira Fernando , Moll Henriëtte A. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Schalekamp‐Timmermans Sarah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesBehavioural and lifestyle factors, as oral hygiene and diet, are well‐established risk factors in the pathogenesis of dental caries, though displaying large differences in susceptibility across individuals. Since enamel formation already starts in utero, pregnancy course and outcome may eventually play a role in enamel strength and caries susceptibility. Therefore, we studied the association between history of pregnancy complications and the caries experience in their six‐year‐old children. The pregnancy complications included small for gestational age (SGA), spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB), gestational hypertension (GH), pre‐eclampsia (PE), individually, and a combination of those, designated as placental syndrome.MethodsThis study was embedded in Generation R, a prospective longitudinal Dutch multiethnic pregnancy cohort study. Information about pregnancy complications was obtained from questionnaires completed by midwives and obstetricians with cross‐validation in medical records. These included SGA, sPTB, GH and PE. Caries experience was assessed with the decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) index at a mean age of six years. The association between dental caries experience and a history of pregnancy complications was studied by using hurdle negative binomial (HNB) models.ResultsWe were able to assess the dmft index in 5323 six‐year‐old children (mean age 6.2 years, SD 0.5). We did not find an association between the different pregnancy complications and dental caries experience in childhood, whether for SGA, sPTB, GH, PE, or for the combined outcome placental syndrome (HNB estimates: OR 1.02, 95%CI 0.87 ‐ 1.19; RR 0.90, 95%CI 0.78 ‐ 1.04). Further adjustment of the models with different confounders did not alter the outcome.ConclusionsAlthough it is expected that prenatal stress can be a risk factor for caries development later in life, our findings do not support this hypothesis. Therefore, we believe disparities in caries experience between children are probably not explained by early life events during a critical intrauterine period of development.
Overlap of allergic, eosinophilic and type 2 inflammatory subtypes in moderate‐to‐severe asthma
Authors: Chen Meng , Shepard Kirk , Yang Ming , Raut Pranil , Pazwash Hooman , Holweg Cecile T.J. , Choo Eugene 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCurrent biologic therapies target allergic, eosinophilic or type 2 inflammation phenotypic asthma. However, frequency and degree of overlap among these subtypes is unclear.ObjectiveTo characterize overlap among allergic, eosinophilic and type 2 asthma phenotypes.MethodsPost hoc analyses of baseline data were performed in two adult populations: (a) not selected for any asthma subtype (N = 935) and (b) selected for allergic asthma (N = 1049). Degree of overlap was examined using commonly accepted phenotypic definitions to guide treatment for allergic asthma (skin prick–positive and/or positive serum–specific immunoglobulin E > 0.35 kU/L) and eosinophilic asthma (blood eosinophil high count ≥ 300 cells/µL; low cut‐off ≥ 150 cells/µL). Consistent with previous studies, fractional exhaled nitric oxide high level of ≥ 35 ppb and low cut‐off of ≥ 25 ppb were selected as local markers of type 2 inflammation and to prevent overlap with the systemic eosinophilic asthma definition.ResultsIn the non‐subtype–selected population, 78.0% had allergic asthma; of these, 39.5% had eosinophilic asthma and 29.5% had type 2 asthma. Within patients with eosinophilic asthma (40.6% of total), 75.8% had allergic asthma and 41.3% had type 2 asthma. Within patients with type 2 asthma (28.3% of total), 81.1% had allergic asthma and 59.2% had eosinophilic asthma. In the allergic asthma–selected population, 38.3% had eosinophilic asthma and 29.2% had type 2 asthma. Within patients with eosinophilic asthma, 46.3% had type 2 asthma. Within patients with type 2 asthma, 60.8% had eosinophilic asthma. Overlaps among subtypes increased at low cut‐off values.Conclusions and clinical relevanceIn this post hoc analysis in adults with moderate‐to‐severe asthma, allergic asthma was the most prevalent phenotype, followed by eosinophilic and type 2 asthma. Despite observed overlaps, a considerable proportion of patients had only a predominantly allergic subtype. Understanding the degree of overlap across phenotypes will help patient management and guide treatment options.
Mechanisms that mitigate the effects of child poverty and improve children's cognitive and social–emotional development: A systematic review
Authors: Saitadze Inga , Lalayants Marina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe negative effects of poverty on children's development have been examined in many studies. Poverty exerts its influence on children indirectly through mediating pathways, some of which have powerful effects in reducing the impact of early economic deprivation. However, the literature on the mediating mechanisms through which poverty operates and influences children's cognitive and social–emotional development is limited. This review provides a systematic analysis of published and unpublished studies that investigate mediating mechanisms that have been found to be effective in reducing the effects of early childhood poverty and in improving children's cognitive and social–emotional development. The findings of this review suggest that positive parenting and cognitively stimulating home environments have the potential to enhance the developmental outcomes of children living in poverty—in particular, educational materials including books and computers and home learning activities such as reading and counting are salient for the outcomes of children living in poverty. Findings on the effects of early childhood programmes for low‐income children's development and well‐being are also discussed.
Phylogenomics reveals accelerated late Cretaceous diversification of bee flies (Diptera: Bombyliidae)
Authors: Li Xuankun , Teasdale Luisa C. , Bayless Keith M. , Ellis Allan G. , Wiegmann Brian M. , Lamas Carlos José E. , Lambkin Christine L. , Evenhuis Neal L. , Nicholls James A. , Hartley Diana , Shin Seunggwan , Trautwein Michelle , Zwick Andreas , Lessard Bryan D. , Yeates David K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBombyliidae is a very species‐rich and widespread family of parasitoid flies with more than 250 genera classified into 17 extant subfamilies. However, little is known about their evolutionary history or how their present‐day diversity was shaped. Transcriptomes of 15 species and anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE) sequence captures of 86 species, representing 94 bee fly species and 14 subfamilies, were used to reconstruct the phylogeny of Bombyliidae. We integrated data from transcriptomes across each of the main lineages in our AHE tree to build a data set with more genes (550 loci versus 216 loci) and higher support levels. Our overall results show strong congruence with the current classification of the family, with 11 out of 14 included subfamilies recovered as monophyletic. Heterotropinae and Mythicomyiinae are successive sister groups to the remainder of the family. We examined the evolution of key morphological characters through our phylogenetic hypotheses and show that neither the “sand chamber subfamilies” nor the “Tomophthalmae” are monophyletic in our phylogenomic analyses. Based on our results, we reinstate two tribes at the subfamily level (Phthiriinae stat. rev. and Ecliminae stat. rev.) and we include the genus Sericosoma Macquart (previously incertae sedis) in the subfamily Oniromyiinae, bringing the total number of bee fly subfamilies to 19. Our dating analyses indicate a Jurassic origin of the family (165–194 Ma), with the sand chamber evolving early in bee fly evolution, in the late Jurassic or mid‐Cretaceous (100–165 Ma). We hypothesize that the angiosperm radiation and the hothouse climate established during the late Cretaceous accelerated the diversification of bee flies, by providing an expanded range of resources for the parasitoid larvae and nectarivorous adults.
Public family firms and capital structure: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Hansen Christopher , Block Joern 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResearch Question/IssueIn this study, we examine the impact of family firm status on publicly listed firms' leverage ratios. Furthermore, we investigate the moderating role of a country's institutional setting, especially its shareholder and creditor rights, on this relationship.Research Findings/InsightsConducting a meta‐analysis on 869 effect sizes from 613 studies, we find an overall slightly negative but significant relationship between family firm status and leverage. Our results reveal a large amount of heterogeneity and considerable mean effect size differences across the 48 countries included in the study. The results of our meta‐regression analysis reveal significant moderating effects of shareholder and creditor rights on family firms' capital structure decisions. Whereas stronger shareholder rights have a positive impact on family firm leverage, stronger creditor rights have a negative impact.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study combines the two dominating and competing views on family firm leverage. On the one hand, the overall lower leverage ratio of family firms confirms the risk‐aversion view of family firms. On the other hand, control considerations also have a significant impact on leverage ratios, as family firms adjust their capital structure dependent on shareholder and creditor rights in their home country. Our study highlights the importance of the institutional setting on firms' financing patterns.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe results suggest a significant impact of a country's institutional setting in general, and its strength on shareholder and creditor rights in particular, on family firms' capital structure decisions. Control considerations result in a strategic use of debt financing that ensures the owner family's dominant position in the firm and prevents potentially harmful conflicts with minority shareholders or creditors.
Knowledge of obstructive sleep apnoea in final year medical students and junior doctors‐a multi‐centre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zaidi Gull Afshan , Rehman Syed Tabish , Shafiq Muhammad Mudassir , Zehra Talat , Israar Muhammad , Hussain Syed Mazher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundSleep medicine is an under‐recognised medical specialty in Pakistan and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) often goes unnoticed. Final year medical students and junior doctors are the primary medical contact to elicit patient history and physical examination. We aimed to measure the current knowledge of OSA amongst the final year medical students and junior doctors at four university teaching hospitals across three large Pakistani cities.MethodsCross‐sectional survey of final year medical students and junior doctors rotating through medical wards of four university teaching hospitals were conducted during August–October 2019. The knowledge section of the OSA knowledge and attitude (OSAKA) questionnaire was used. Descriptive statistics were used to present the data with Chi‐Square test and independent samples student t‐test to compare the differences between individual items and mean scores of the participants, respectively.ResultsA total 282 final year medical students and 204 junior doctors completed the survey yielding a response rate of 53% for medical students and 97% for junior doctors. The knowledge of sleep apnoea was poor in both groups of participants with a mean score of 7.6 (42%) on the knowledge scale of OSAKA questionnaire. Medical students scored higher on the item related to snoring as the most prevalent symptom in OSA patients when compared to the junior doctors (χ2 = 8.92, P = 0.003). More junior doctors responded correctly about the role of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the management of OSA when compared to the medical students (χ2 = 5.14, P = 0.02). Differences in scores of both groups of participants on other items were small and did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionFinal year medical students and junior doctors from a sample of four university teaching hospitals in three large cities of Pakistan have limited knowledge about the diagnosis and management of OSA. The observed limited knowledge of OSA may contribute towards under‐diagnosis of this increasingly prevalent medical condition.
Epidemiology and issues of NIV‐treated AECOPD patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure in Shanghai: A multicentre retrospective survey
Authors: Wang Sheng‐mei , Zhang Feng‐ying , Du Chun‐ling , Wang Xiong‐biao , Li Fan , Hang Jing‐qing , Chen Yuan‐jing , Cheng Ke‐wen , Zhao Lei , Jin Xiao‐yan , Shi Jin‐dong , Jie Zhi‐jun , Qu Jie‐ming ,   Shanghai Primary Respiratory Care Union, Shanghai Respiratory Society
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment and outcome of Noninvasive ventilation (NIV)‐treated acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) patients in secondary hospitals of Shanghai.MethodRelying on Shanghai alliances for respiratory diseases, a retrospective observational study was performed in 34 secondary hospitals of Shanghai. The AECOPD patients treated with NIV and admitted to the respiratory department or respiratory intensive care unit were recruited between December 1, 2016, and November 30, 2017.ResultsThere were 555 patients finally recruited in this study. The age was 75.8 ± 9.6 years old and 380 patients (68.5%) were male. 70.5% of all patients had respiratory acidosis (pH <7.35). 55.3% of all patients received nebulised bronchodilator and 77.7% were treated with systemic or inhaled corticosteroids during hospitalisation. 525 patients (94.6%) recovered successfully and the mortality was 3.2%. The hospitalisation was 15.3 ± 6.7 days and hospital expenses were 22 911 ± 13 595 RMB. Inadequate and nonstandard drug treatments were the most important problems during management.ConclusionThe NIV can be successfully used for AECOP patients in local hospitals of Shanghai, but accompanied by high costs and long hospital stays. However, the treatments for exacerbation and stable COPD patients are still insufficient.
“Rambo root” to the rescue: How a simple, low‐cost solution can lead to multiple sustainable development gains
Authors: Villarino Ma. Eliza J , Da Silva Mayesse , Becerra Lopez‐Lavalle Luis Augusto , Castro‐Nuñez Augusto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRugged and resilient, cassava is a bulky root crop that can thrive on poor soils. Cultivating it offers the potential to restore degraded land, which in turn may reduce hunger, generate livelihoods, fight climate change and even promote peace. As such, farming cassava offers a nature‐based solution that can contribute to achieving numerous sustainable development targets. The authors acknowledge that scaling up production of any commodity may bring risks of deforestation and biodiversity loss through clearing forest areas. In the case of increasing cassava production, though, this may not be the case because cassava can be cultivated on land affected by degradation, and this resource is abundant; policies and initiatives exist to mitigate those risks; and the principal goal is to scale up a sustainable land use system.
Can the Timed Up & Go Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment predict outcomes in patients waitlisted for renal transplant?
Authors: Bozhilov Kliment , Vo Kristine B. , Wong Linda L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeFrail patients who undergo renal transplantation (RT) have more complications; however, little is known if these patients can sustain the wait to RT. We used the Timed Up and Go Test (TUGT) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to determine outcomes of RT candidates.MethodsIn this retrospective study, 526 RT candidates underwent TUGT and MoCA (2015‐2019) and were divided into “favorable” (transplanted or remained on the list) or “unfavorable” (not listed, removed from list, or died) outcome. Demographics, education, language, comorbidities, dialysis type, use of a walking device, TUGT, and MoCA were compared by outcome.ResultsOverall, 230 patients (43.7%) passed TUG, 268 (51%) passed MoCA, 133 (25.3%) passed both, and 161 (30.6%) failed both tests. Multivariate analysis demonstrated age ≥ 65 (OR 1.58, CI 1.03–2.43), cardiac disease (OR 3.09, CI 2.02–4.72), ≥36 months on dialysis (OR 1.80, CI 1.24–2.69), EPTS < 20% at time of MoCA (OR 0.26, CI 0.07–0.98), and failing TUGT (OR 2.14, CI 1.43–3.19) were associated with unfavorable outcome. Failing MoCA was not associated with outcome.ConclusionsMoCA test results were not associated with RT waitlist outcomes; however, passing the TUGT was associated with receiving RT or remaining on the list. Additional studies are needed to validate this and determine outcome after RT.
A case of oral foreign‐body granuloma due to diatoms
Authors: Brody Gabrielle , Yale Katerina , Slater Lee J. , Lanzon Jesse , Carey David L. , Ragsdale Bruce D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiatoms are photosynthetic algae with a siliceous exoskeleton. Diatoms are utilized by a wide array of industries for applications such as filtration and pest control. Unsubstantiated claims have also propelled their societal reach to trendy oral and topical uses. This case highlights a rare case of an oral granuloma secondary to diatoms. An 80‐year‐old woman presented with a mobile, firm, asymptomatic submucosal mass on her lower left mandibular vestibular mucosa. Histopathology showed a non‐caseating granulomatous reaction to diatoms. Her only verified contact with a diatomaceous earth product was a dental impression using alginate after upper front teeth trauma 5 months before. Although there have been several cases of allergic contact dermatitis attributed to diatoms, there are no reported cases of diatom‐induced granuloma formation found in the literature. There are, however, ample data on granulomas initiated by silica. Given the silica‐based composition of diatoms, and the broad use of diatoms in industry and alternative medicine, it is unclear why diatom‐induced granulomas are not more widely described. This report may alert clinicians to the existence of diatom granulomas and incline them to tailor their history to cover questions about possible exposure when evaluating patients presenting with a localized oral lesion.
DNA ploidy measurement and human papillomavirus in abnormal cervical cytology
Authors: Costa Ane Francyne , Pogere Adriane , Pasinato Ana Paula Beltrame Farina , Bello Edson Jose Monteiro , Onofre Alexandre Sherlley Casimiro , Onofre Fabiana Botelho de Miranda 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) and DNA image cytometry (DNA‐ICM) status for identifying high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (≥CIN2).MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was performed in women undergoing follow‐up procedure after a previous abnormal cervical cytology. Cervical cells were collected for HPV detection and DNA ploidy measurement. Biopsy samples were taken for histological confirmation. Sensitivity and specificity values for ≥CIN2 detection with HR‐HPV and DNA‐ICM were determined.ResultsHR‐HPV was present in 74.5% of the women. The most frequent HPV infection was HPV 16, followed by HPV 31, 33 and 58. Aneuploidy was observed in 60.6% of all cases. Referral cytology revealed 78.0% sensitivity and 68.6% specificity for detecting a ≥CIN2 lesion. The HR‐HPV test alone showed 92.7% sensitivity, albeit it was not statistically different from DNA‐ICM (88.1%, P > .05). Positivity for HPV or DNA‐ICM resulted in 100% sensitivity. Higher specificity was observed for the combination of HR‐HPV and DNA‐ICM (88.6%), with no difference from DNA‐ICM alone (85.7%, P > .05).ConclusionDNA‐ICM or HR‐HPV positivity identified all cases of ≥CIN2 in women undergoing follow‐up procedure after a previous abnormal cervical cytology. Routine cervical cancer screening could be improved by the incorporation of DNA‐ICM as a complementary method to primary screening to identify which women need closer follow‐up.
Can long‐lived species keep pace with climate change? Evidence of local persistence potential in a widespread conifer
Authors: Bisbing Sarah M. , Urza Alexandra K. , Buma Brian J. , Cooper David J. , Matocq Marjorie , Angert Amy L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimClimate change poses significant challenges for tree species, which are slow to adapt and migrate. Insight into genetic and phenotypic variation under current landscape conditions can be used to gauge persistence potential to future conditions and determine conservation priorities, but landscape effects have been minimally tested in trees. Here, we use Pinus contorta, one of the most widely distributed conifers in North America, to evaluate the influence of landscape heterogeneity on genetic structure as well as the magnitude of local adaptation versus phenotypic plasticity in a widespread tree species.LocationWestern North America.MethodsWe paired landscape genetics with fully reciprocal in situ common gardens to evaluate landscape influence on neutral and adaptive variation across all subspecies of P. contorta.ResultsLandscape barriers alone play a minor role in limiting gene flow, creating marginal geographically‐based structure. Local climate determines population performance, with survival highest at home but growth greatest in mild climates (e.g., warm, wet). Survival of two of the three populations tested was consistent with patterns of local adaptation documented for P. contorta, while growth was indicative of plasticity for populations grown under novel conditions and suggesting that some populations are not currently occupying their climatic optimum.Main ConclusionsOur findings provide insight into the role of the landscape in shaping population genetic structure in a widespread tree species as well as the potential response of local populations to novel conditions, knowledge critical to understanding how widely distributed species may respond to climate change. Geographically based genetic structure and reduced survival under water‐limited conditions may make some populations of widespread tree species more vulnerable to local maladaptation and extirpation. However, genetically diverse and phenotypically plastic populations of widespread trees, such as many of the P. contorta populations sampled and tested here, likely possess high persistence potential.