bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Water at Lunar Magnetic Anomalies
Authors: Li Shuai , Garrick‐Bethell Ian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe presence of water on the lunar surface has been confirmed by multiple Earth‐based and orbital observations. However, the origins of this water and the factors that control its stability at different latitudes are still debated. Magnetic anomalies on the Moon systematically reduce solar wind flux while locally keeping other confounding variables constant, which provides a natural laboratory for understanding the contribution of solar wind to lunar surface water. We find that water mapped with Moon Mineralogy Mapper data exhibit strong suppressions at magnetic anomalies, indicating that reduced solar wind flux prevents the formation of water. Our results support the hypothesis that the solar wind contributes significantly to the presence of the lunar surface water. Future missions and studies focusing on how magnetic fields affect water production can provide essential clues about how surface water is formed on the Moon and other airless bodies.
Superenhancement of Precipitation at the Center of Tropical Islands
Authors: Ulrich Max , Bellon Gilles 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe identified a canonical pattern of the diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation on tropical islands, with exceptions for small and very large islands, using an 18‐year climatology of satellite estimates. Medium‐to‐large islands receive more precipitation than the surrounding ocean with superenhancement of precipitation in their center respective to their periphery. Differential heating of the island surface generates a sea breeze front (SBF) propagating inland in the afternoon, triggering precipitation. SBF segments from different coasts meet in the island center, further invigorating precipitation. Small islands exhibit neither DC nor precipitation enhancement most likely because ventilation prevents the genesis of the land‐sea breeze circulation. On the largest islands, the SBFs decay after sunset before reaching the center; hence, the superenhancement is not significant, also precipitation lasts longer and cloud remnants delay the DC on the next day, which we attribute to the presence of high mountains.
Foraminifera Trace Anthropogenic CO2 in the NW Atlantic by 1950
Authors: Mellon Stefanie , Kienast Markus , Algar Christopher , de Menocal Peter , Kienast Stephanie S. , Marchitto Thomas M. , Moros Matthias , Thomas Helmuth 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Northwest Atlantic is a region of major climate change over the twentieth century, affected by the weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. To assess whether the ability of this region to absorb anthropogenic CO2 has been impacted by this change, we present the region's first long‐term carbon isotope (δ13C) time series of fossil foraminifera spanning the past 4,000 years. These records reveal an unprecedented negative δ13C excursion driven by anthropogenic CO2 penetration into the surface ocean, the “Suess effect” signal. This signal (amplitude −0.45‰) emerges in 1950 CE ± 15 with a decrease rate of 0.009 ± 0.001‰/yr. This marine signal is ~30% of the atmospheric Suess effect and emerges over a century later. Based on current estimates of the ratio of δ13CDIC change to dissolved inorganic carbon change and limited constraints on surface ocean residence times, we calculate a mean anthropogenic CO2 uptake rate of 0.6 ± 0.2 μmol/(kg yr) from 1950 to 2005.
Discovering the Importance of Mesoscale Cloud Organization Through Unsupervised Classification
Authors: Denby L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe representation of shallow trade wind convective clouds in climate models dominates the uncertainty in climate sensitivity estimates. In particular the radiative impact of cloud spatial organization is poorly understood. This work presents the first unsupervised neural network model which autonomously discovers cloud organization regimes in satellite images. Trained on 10,000 GOES‐16 satellite images (tropical Atlantic and boreal winter) the regimes found are shown to exist in a hierarchy of organizational scales, with sub‐clusters having distinct radiative properties. The model requires no time‐consuming and subjective hand‐labeled data based on predefined structures allowing for objective study of very large data sets. The model enables the study of environmental conditions in different organizational regimes and in transitions between regimes and objective comparisons of model behavior with observations through cloud structures emerging in both. These abilities enable the discovery of previously unknown physical relationships in cloud processes, enabling better representation of clouds in weather and climate simulations.
The Contribution of Flux Transfer Events to Mercury's Dungey Cycle
Authors: Fear R. C. , Coxon J. C. , Jackman C. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBursty dayside reconnection plays a proportionally larger role in the driving of Mercury's magnetosphere than it does at Earth. Individual bursts of reconnection, called flux transfer events (FTEs), are thought to open up to 5% of Mercury's polar cap; coupled with the much higher repetition rate of FTEs at Mercury and the short Dungey cycle timescale, this makes FTEs the major driver of Mercury's magnetosphere. However, comparison between spacecraft and ionospheric observations at Earth suggests that the terrestrial contribution of FTEs may have been severely underestimated, by making implicit assumptions about FTE structure. In this study, we consider the implications of removing these assumptions at Mercury; by considering FTE mechanisms based on longer reconnection lines, we find that the contribution of FTEs to Mercury's Dungey cycle could be 5 times greater than previously thought and that FTEs may be able to provide sufficient flux transport to drive Mercury's substorm cycle.
Seasonal Changes in the North Atlantic Cold Anomaly: The Influence of Cold Surface Waters From Coastal Greenland and Warming Trends Associated With Variations in Subarctic Sea Ice Cover
Authors: Allan David , Allan Richard P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWorldwide sea surface temperatures (SST) have increased on average by about 1 °C since 1900 with the exception of a region of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre near 50°N which has cooled by up to 0.9 °C over the same period, generating the negative feature on temperature anomaly maps which has been colloquially described by Rahmstorf et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2554) as the “cold blob” (abbreviated here CB). This unique long‐term surface cooling trend is most evident in February, but in August net warming is observed even at CB epicenter and the CB itself is reduced to a mere “warming hole.” These seasonal changes in the intensity of the CB are the product of two separate factors: (1) a long‐term winter cooling specific for the CB region which appears to be associated with cooling of Greenland coastal waters in autumn, plausibly linked to summer meltwater from icebergs and sea ice and (2) summer warming effects which derive from (a) dramatic reduction in summer sea ice cover in the sub‐Arctic over the last 30 years that allows enhanced absorption of sunlight by the new open water in summer and (b) an unusual period of increased summer sub‐Arctic ice cover in the early twentieth century, which lowers the SST baseline measured from 1900, thus increasing the calculated linear rate of change of SST with time. Both of these effects could contribute to the observed Arctic amplification of warming.
Sea Surface Temperature Variability on the SE‐Greenland Shelf (1796–2013 CE) and Its Influence on Thrym Glacier in Nørre Skjoldungesund
Authors: Wangner David J. , Sicre Marie‐Alexandrine , Kjeldsen Kristian K. , Jaeger John M. , Bjørk Anders A. , Vermassen Flor , Sha Longbin , Kjær Kurt H. , Klein Vincent , Andresen Camilla S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHeat transport via ocean currents can affect the melting of marine‐terminating glaciers in Greenland. Studying past changes of marine‐terminating glaciers allows assessing the regional sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to ocean temperature changes in the context of a warming ocean. Here, we present a high‐resolution multiproxy marine sediment core study from Skjoldungen Fjord, close to the marine‐terminating Thrym Glacier. Grain‐size data are obtained to reconstruct the calving activity of Thrym Glacier; sortable silt is used as a proxy for fjord water circulation, and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are reconstructed from alkenone paleothermometry (Uk'37). Measurements of 210Pb, 137Cs, and 14C indicate that the core covers the past 220 years (1796–2013 CE). Comparisons with modeled SST data (Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST) and instrumental temperatures (International Council for the Exploration of the Sea) suggest that the SST proxy record reflects temperature variability of the surface waters over the shelf and that alkenones are advected into the fjord. Additionally, average temperatures and the amplitude of fluctuations are influenced by alkenones advected from upstream the Irminger Current. We find that the SST record compares well with other alkenone‐based reconstructions from SE‐Greenland and thus features regional shelf water variability. The calving activity as well as the terminus position of Thrym Glacier did not seem to respond to the SST variability. Limited ice‐ocean interactions owing to the specific setting of the glacier would explain this. Instead, the fjord circulation may have been influenced by enhanced meltwater production as well as to larger scale changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Predictive impact of rare genomic copy number variations in siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: D’Abate L. , Walker S. , Yuen R. K. C. , Tammimies K. , Buchanan J. A. , Davies R. W. , Thiruvahindrapuram B. , Wei J. , Brian J. , Bryson S. E. , Dobkins K. , Howe J. , Landa R. , Leef J. , Messinger D. , Ozonoff S. , Smith I. M. , Stone W. L. , Warren Z. E. , Young G. , Zwaigenbaum L. , Scherer S. W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIdentification of genetic biomarkers associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) could improve recurrence prediction for families with a child with ASD. Here, we describe clinical microarray findings for 253 longitudinally phenotyped ASD families from the Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC), encompassing 288 infant siblings. By age 3, 103 siblings (35.8%) were diagnosed with ASD and 54 (18.8%) were developing atypically. Thirteen siblings have copy number variants (CNVs) involving ASD-relevant genes: 6 with ASD, 5 atypically developing, and 2 typically developing. Within these families, an ASD-related CNV in a sibling has a positive predictive value (PPV) for ASD or atypical development of 0.83; the Simons Simplex Collection of ASD families shows similar PPVs. Polygenic risk analyses suggest that common genetic variants may also contribute to ASD. CNV findings would have been pre-symptomatically predictive of ASD or atypical development in 11 (7%) of the 157 BSRC siblings who were eventually diagnosed clinically.
Prophylactic potential of cytolethal distending toxin B (CdtB) subunit of typhoid toxin against Typhoid fever
Authors: Thakur Reena , Pathania Preeti , Kaur Navneet , Joshi Vattan , Kondepudi Kanthi Kiran , Suri Chander Raman , Rishi Praveen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTyphoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S.Typhi) continues to be a major problem, especially in developing countries. Due to the rapid emergence of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains, which limits the efficacy of conventional antibiotics as well as problems associated with the existing vaccines, efforts are being made to develop effective prophylactic agents. CdtB subunit of typhoid toxin was selected for assessing its vaccine potential due to its high conservation throughout the Typhi strains. In-vitro assessment of DNase activity of cloned and purified CdtB protein showed a significant decrease in the band intensity of DNA. The measure of metabolic activity and morphological alterations assessed using different cell lines in the presence of CdtB protein showed no significant signs of toxicity. These observations were further strengthened by cell cycle analysis, assessed by flow cytometry. Keeping these observations in mind, the immunoprotective potential of CdtB was assessed using S.Typhi induced mouse peritonitis model. A significant titer of IgG antibodies (>128000) against CdtB protein was recorded in the immunized mice by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which was also validated by immunoblotting. Active immunization with the protein protected 75% mice against a lethal dose of S.Typhi Ty2. The data indicated a significant (up to 5 log) reduction in the bacterial load in the spleen and liver of immunized-infected mice compared to control (unimmunized-infected) mice which might have resulted in the modulation of histoarchitecture of spleen and liver and the levels of cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10) production; thereby indicating the effectiveness of the subunit. The observations deduced from the study give the proof of concept of immunogenic potential of protein. However, further studies involving the immunoreactivity of CdtB with the statistically significant number of sera samples obtained from the human patients would be helpful in establishing the relevance of CdtB protein in humans and for making the strategies to develop it as an effective vaccine candidate.
Experimental realization of Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou recurrence in a long-haul optical fiber transmission system
Authors: Goossens Jan-Willem , Hafermann Hartmut , Jaouën Yves 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe integrable nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) is a fundamental model of nonlinear science which also has important consequences in engineering. The powerful framework of the periodic inverse scattering transform (IST) provides a description of the nonlinear phenomena modulational instability and Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou (FPUT) recurrence in terms of exact solutions. It associates the complex nonlinear dynamics with invariant nonlinear spectral degrees of freedom that may be used to encode information. While optical fiber is an ideal testing ground of its predictions, maintaining integrability over sufficiently long distances to observe recurrence, as well as synthesizing and measuring the field in both amplitude and phase on the picosecond timescales of typical experiments is challenging. Here we report on the experimental realization of FPUT recurrence in terms of an exact space-time-periodic solution of the integrable NLSE in a testbed for optical communication experiments. The complex-valued initial condition is constructed by means of the finite-gap integration method, modulated onto the optical carrier driven by an arbitrary waveform generator and launched into a recirculating fiber loop with periodic amplification. The measurement with an intradyne coherent receiver after a predetermined number of revolutions provides a non-invasive full-field characterization of the space-time dynamics. The recurrent space-time evolution is in close agreement with theoretical predictions over a distance of 9000 km. Nonlinear spectral analysis reveals an invariant nonlinear spectrum. The space-time scale exceeds that of previous experiments on FPUT recurrence in fiber by three orders of magnitude.
New insights into Paeoniaceae used as medicinal plants in China
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Zhai Yuhui , Yuan Junhui , Hu Yonghong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPaeoniaceae is an abundant germplasm resource with significant medicinal values in China, the principal medicinal components of which include paeoniflorin and paeonol. These compounds are typically obtained from air-dried root samples, which the use of freeze-drying as an alternative method has not been tested. Additionally, the presence of these two compounds in various wild Paeoniaceae species has not been previously explored, nor have the differences between various plant organs been fully evaluated. Here, freeze-drying and air-drying methods were compared to assess the changes in paeoniflorin and paeonol in root samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer. The contents of these compounds in the roots, leaves, stems, and petals were then tested in freeze-dried materials. We also quantitatively detected the paeoniflorin and paeonol contents in the roots of 14 species collected from 20 natural habitats. Results indicated that the paeoniflorin content decreased under air-drying in comparison to freeze-drying, while the opposite trend was observed for paeonol. Our findings also demonstrated that the root xylem of species in Section Moutan, particularly Paeonia ostii, contains considerable paeonol and paeoniflorin and should thus be fully utilized as a medicinal resource. Furthermore, paeonol was mainly detected in the roots, while paeoniflorin was widely distributed in different organs; the highest content was in the leaf at the budding stage, suggesting that the leaves should be developed as a new paeoniflorin resource. Paeoniflorin contents were also found to be higher at earlier development stages. Based on the standards of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, five species of Section Moutan and six species of Section Paeonia could be used as potential traditional Chinese medicinal resources. These findings of this study enhance our understanding of these two medicinal compounds and provide a foundation for the further development and utilization of Paeoniaceae as medicinal plant resources.
Characterization and antifungal activity of a plant peptide expressed in the interaction between Capsicum annuum fruits and the anthracnose fungus
Authors: Maracahipes Álan Chrisleyr , Taveira Gabriel Bonan , Sousa-Machado Lorran Yves , Machado Olga Lima Tavares , Rodrigues Rosana , Carvalho André Oliveira , Gomes Valdirene Moreira 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Plant defensins are low molecular weight basic peptides ranging from 5 to 7 kDa, with capacity of inhibiting various pathogens, including fungi. They are present in different tissues of plants, including floral parts and fruits of Capsicum sp. The IIF48 extract, present in immature fruits of Capsicum annuum inoculated with C. gloeosporioides, was able to inhibit up to 100% growth ‘in vitro’ of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The main objective of this work was the purification and antifungal activity characterization of a defense-related plant defensin-like isolated of the IIF48 immature fruits extract. The IIF48 extract was subjected to HPLC purification and 13 fractions were obtained, followed by a tricine gel electrophoresis to obtain the protein profile. The different fractions were submitted to a growth inhibition assay against C. gloeosporioides fungus. Fraction 7 (F7) was the most active causing 73% inhibition. Because of the higher F7 activity and the presence of only a peptide of approximately 5 kDa this fraction was subjected to N-terminal sequencing. F7 fraction was carried out plasma membrane permeabilization assays, induction of intracellular ROS production analysis and investigated mitochondrial membrane potential. The F7 fraction showed significant inhibitory activity on the tested fungus, besides promoting membrane permeabilization, induction of endogenous ROS production in Colletotrichum cells and impairing mitochondrial functionality. The first 18 amino acid sequence of the F7 fraction peptide suggests homology to plant-like defensin and was named IIFF7Ca. We also concluded that IIFF7Ca peptide has an effective antimicrobial action against the fungus C. gloeosporioides.
Socioeconomic and Experiential Influences on the Neurobiology of Language Development
Authors: Romeo Rachel R. 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
The process by which young children acquire language is an incredible feat subserved by neurobiological language circuitry. Although the foundations of brain structure and function are genetically determined, children's experiences during sensitive periods in early life have a significant influence on the development of language systems. The purpose of this review is to provide practitioners with a comprehensive summary of foundational and recent research on the ways that children's early experiences—both favorable and adverse—may influence the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology underlying language development. A specific focus is given to the burgeoning neuroimaging evidence of relationships between socioeconomic status and brain development, as well as to emerging research on proximal experiences that may serve as the direct mechanisms by which socioeconomic status influences language development.

Conclusion
Findings from the neuroscience field have direct implications for practice in speech-language pathology. Specifically, clinicians can have immense influence on crafting supportive language environments during windows of maximal neural influence, both via direct intervention and parent coaching. Practical suggestions are provided for translating research findings to practice.
A census of the pulsar population observed with the international LOFAR station FR606 at low frequencies (25–80 MHz)
Authors: Bondonneau L. , Grießmeier J.-M. , Theureau G. , Bilous A. V. , Kondratiev V. I. , Serylak M. , Keith M. J. , Lyne A. G. 
Published: December 2019

Context. To date, only 69 pulsars have been identified with a detected pulsed radio emission below 100 MHz. A LOFAR-core LBA census and a dedicated campaign with the Nançay LOFAR station in stand-alone mode were carried out in the years 2014–2017 in order to extend the known population in this frequency range.
Aims. In this paper, we aim to extend the sample of known radio pulsars at low frequencies and to produce a catalogue in the frequency range of 25–80 MHz. This will allow future studies to probe the local Galactic pulsar population, in addition to helping explain their emission mechanism, better characterising the low-frequency turnover in their spectra, and obtaining new information about the interstellar medium through the study of dispersion, scattering, and scintillation.
Methods. We observed 102 pulsars that are known to emit radio pulses below 200 MHz and with declination above −30°. We used the Low Band Antennas (LBA) of the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) international station FR606 at the Nançay Radio Observatory in stand-alone mode, recording data between 25 and 80 MHz.
Results. Out of our sample of 102 pulsars, we detected 64. We confirmed the existence of ten pulsars detected below 100 MHz by the LOFAR LBA census for the first time (Bilous et al. 2020, A&A, 635, A75) and we added two more pulsars that had never before been detected in this frequency range. We provided average pulse profiles, DM values, and mean flux densities (or upper limits in the case of non-detections). The comparison with previously published results allows us to identify a hitherto unknown spectral turnover for five pulsars, confirming the expectation that spectral turnovers are a widespread phenomenon.