bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food consumption in Tunisian university students and its association with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviours
Authors: Delicado-Soria Amalia , Serrano-Urrea Ramón , Cervera-Burriel Faustino , Daouas Thouraya , García-Meseguer María-José 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to characterise food consumption among students at the University of Carthage (Tunisia), assessing quality of diet and main dietary patterns, and their association with potential conditioning factors.Design:Cross-sectional study. Participants self-reported food consumption in two 24-h recalls and information about sociodemographic, anthropometric and lifestyle characteristics such as BMI, birthplace, physical activity, eating places or kitchen appliances. Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and the Nutrient Rich Foods (NRF) index (NRF9.3) were used to assess diet quality. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify eating patterns. Linear regression models were used to test the association of dietary patterns with the diet quality markers.Setting:Students at the University of Carthage, Tunisia.Participants:132 studentsResults:Almost 96 % of participants need shifts towards healthier food. Four main food patterns were identified ‘Traditional food’, ‘Transitional food’, ‘European breakfast’ and ‘Western food’. ‘Traditional food’ was the first dietary model, positively associated with MDS and NRF9.3. Women showed higher adherence to ‘European breakfast’ and higher quality of diet by NRF9.3. Students eating out of home showed higher adherence to ‘Western food’, those who never kept a regular schedule of meals consumed lower amount of vegetables and tubers, and sedentary or low active students had a higher intake of ready-to-eat products.Conclusions:Diet quality of the participating Tunisian students is inadequate, but traditional Mediterranean diet remains the main pattern in spite of the advanced transitional nutrition. Some lifestyle risk behaviours affecting quality of diet were identified in this work, which supports the youth’s particular vulnerability.
The role of colour and summary indicators in influencing front-of-pack food label effectiveness across seven countries
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Dana Liyuwork Mitiku , Talati Zenobia , Tian Maoyi , Praveen Devarsetty 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:Many countries are considering the implementation of front-of-pack nutrition labels as a strategy to address high and increasing levels of overweight and obesity. A growing body of work demonstrates the superiority of labels that use colour and/or provide a summary indicator of product healthiness to enhance comprehension. However, previous studies have been confounded in determining the relative effectiveness of these two attributes by comparing labels that also differ in other ways. The present study tested labels that varied only on use of colour and/or reliance on a summary indicator across an international sample to provide unique insights into the relative importance of these attributes.Design:Participants were randomised to see one of four variations of the Health Star Rating label that differed on the basis of use of colour and sole provision of a summary indicator.Setting:Australia, Canada, China, India, New Zealand, the UK and the USA.Participants:Adults (n 7545) in seven countries were exposed to online choice tasks requiring them to select a preferred breakfast cereal and then nominate the healthiest cereal.Results:Overall, the coloured versions, and particularly the one with just a summary indicator, outperformed the monochrome version that included nutrient-specific information. However, there were some differences by country, with results from Canada and China indicating superior outcomes for monochrome labels and those providing nutrient-specific information.Conclusions:The results highlight the importance of colour, but suggest that the introduction of front-of-pack nutrition labels should be preceded by country-specific formative testing to identify potential differences in outcomes.
Determinants of household food security and dietary diversity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Kundu Satyajit , Banna Md. Hasan Al , Sayeed Abu , Sultana Mst. Sadia , Brazendale Keith , Harris Jody , Mandal Moumita , Jahan Ishrat , Abid Mohammad Tazrian , Khan Md Shafiqul Islam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectives:The study aimed to determine the associated factors of household food security (HFS) and household dietary diversity (HDD) during the COVID−19 pandemic in Bangladesh.Design:Both online survey and face-to-face interviews were employed in this cross-sectional study. The Household Food Security Scale and Household Dietary Diversity Score were used to access HFS and HDD, respectively. The HDD scores were derived from a 24-h recall of food intake from 12 groups.Setting:Bangladesh.Participants:A total sample of 1876 households were recruited.Results:The overall mean scores of HFS and HDD were 31·86 (sd 2·52) and 6·22 (sd 5·49), respectively. Being a rural resident, having no formal education, occupation of household head other than government job and low monthly income were potential determinants of lower HFS and HDD. Approximately 45 % and 61 % of Bangladeshi households did not get the same quantity and same type of food, respectively, as they got before the pandemic. Over 10 % of respondents reported that they lost their job or had to close their businesses, and income reduction was reported by over 70 % of household income earners during the COVID-19 pandemic, which in turn was negatively associated with HFS and HDD.Conclusion:Household socio-economic variables and COVID-19 effects on occupation and income are potential predictors of lower HFS and HDD scores. HFS and HDD deserve more attention during this pandemic particularly with reference to low-earning households and the households whose earning persons’ occupation has been negatively impacted during the COVID-19 pandemic.
5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review
Authors: Rao Leevanshi , Pant Mohit , Malviya Leeladhar , Parmar Ajay , Charhate Sandhya Vijay 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe growing need of the compact and portable antennas with high speed and low latency wireless communication is the present and future demand of the voice over Internet protocol, on-demand bandwidth, and multimedia applications. Fifth-generation (5G) covers certain low-frequency bands under 6 GHz spectrum, and most of the high-frequency bands under 60 GHz. 5G is the part of the millimeter wave spectrum (30–300 GHz) and is introduced to overcome the problem of spectrum shortage due to exponential enhancement of wireless applications in industry, medical, airborne, radar, satellite, and research fields. The International Telecommunication Union's objective of wireless communications promises to provide higher data rates up to 10 Gbps for 5G mobile users and connectivity to the artificial intelligence devices, along with high spectral efficiencies and enhanced coverage. The users for the 5G require around 5 and 50 Gbps of data rates for low and high mobility, respectively. Beamforming in 5G is the modern powerful technique for the coverage of the intended user/direction using the narrow beam width radiation patterns. A brief survey on 5G beamforming techniques, i.e. analog, digital, hybrid, switched, and adaptive etc. and its types, working algorithms, design of compact antennas, gain, and size/type of the substrates is carried out in this paper. The study of the hybrid coupler, branchline coupler, Wilkinson power divider, and Butler matrix in beamforming is required for 5G smart antennas. Different beam widths like ±15, ±35, ±45, and ±55° etc. are produced for the intended directions using a variety of beamforming techniques. From lower to higher frequency band beamforming applications with Roger's Duroid 4003/4350/5880, tectonic, and aluminum oxide dielectric substrates are discussed here. Various beamforming techniques with their merits, demerits, and applications are included in the paper for the knowledge extension of the beamforming antenna designers and research community.
Assessments of User Comments With “Alternative Views”	as a Function of Media Trust
Authors: Kunst Marlene 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Comments sections under news articles have become popular spaces for audience members to oppose the mainstream media’s perspective on political issues by expressing alternative views. This kind of challenge to mainstream discourses is a necessary element of proper deliberation. However, due to heuristic information processing and the public concern about disinformation online, readers of comments sections may be inherently skeptical about user comments that counter the views of mainstream media. Consequently, commenters with alternative views may participate in discussions from a position of disadvantage because their contributions are scrutinized particularly critically. Nevertheless, this effect has hitherto not been empirically established. To address this gap, a multifactorial, between-subjects experimental study ( N = 166) was conducted that investigated how participants assess the credibility and argument quality of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. The findings revealed that media-dissonant user comments are, indeed, disadvantaged in online discussions, as they are assessed as less credible and more poorly argued than media-congruent user comments. Moreover, the findings showed that the higher the participants’ level of media trust, the worse the assessment of media-dissonant user comments relative to media-congruent user comments. Normative implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Land Surface Air Temperature Variations Across the Globe Updated to 2019: The CRUTEM5 Data Set
Authors: Osborn T. J. , Jones P. D. , Lister D. H. , Morice C. P. , Simpson I. R. , Winn J. P. , Hogan E. , Harris I. C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimatic Research Unit temperature version 5 (CRUTEM5) is an extensive revision of our land surface air temperature data set. We have expanded the underlying compilation of monthly temperature records from 5,583 to 10,639 stations, of which those with sufficient data to be used in the gridded data set has grown from 4,842 to 7,983. Many station records have also been extended or replaced by series that have been homogenized by national meteorological and hydrological services. We have improved the identification of potential outliers in these data to better capture outliers during the reference period; to avoid classifying some real regional temperature extremes as outliers; and to reduce trends in outlier counts arising from climatic warming. Due to these updates, the gridded data set shows some regional increases in station density and regional changes in temperature anomalies. Nonetheless, the global‐mean timeseries of land air temperature is only slightly modified compared with previous versions and previous conclusions are not altered. The standard gridding algorithm and comprehensive error model are the same as for the previous version, but we have explored an alternative gridding algorithm that removes the under‐representation of high latitude stations. The alternative gridding increases estimated global‐mean land warming by about 0.1°C over the course of the whole record. The warming from 1861–1900 to the mean of the last 5 years is 1.6°C using the standard gridding (with a 95% confidence interval for errors on individual annual means of −0.11 to +0.10°C in recent years), while the alternative gridding gives a change of 1.7°C.
Event‐Based Storylines to Address Climate Risk
Authors: Sillmann Jana , Shepherd Theodore G. , van den Hurk Bart , Hazeleger Wilco , Martius Olivia , Slingo Julia , Zscheischler Jakob 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe climate science community is challenged to adopt an actionable risk perspective, which is difficult to align with the traditional focus on model‐based probabilistic climate change projections. Event‐based storylines can provide a way out of this conundrum by putting emphasis on plausibility rather than probability. This links directly to common practices in disaster risk management using “stress‐testing” for emergency preparedness based on events that are conditional on specific and plausible assumptions. Event‐based storylines allow for conditional explanations, without full attribution of every causal factor, which is crucial when some aspects of the latter are complex and highly uncertain.
The Most Parsimonious Ultralow‐Velocity Zone Distribution From Highly Anomalous SPdKS Waveforms
Authors: Thorne Michael S. , Leng Kuangdai , Pachhai Surya , Rost Sebastian , Wicks June , Nissen‐Meyer Tarje 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe locations of ultralow‐velocity zones (ULVZs) at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) have been linked to a variety of features including hot spot volcanoes and large low‐velocity province (LLVP) boundaries, yet only a small portion of the CMB region has been probed for ULVZ existence. Here we present a new map of lower mantle heterogeneity locations using a global collection of highly anomalous SPdKS recordings based on a dataset of more than 58,000 radial component seismograms, which sample 56.9% of the CMB by surface area. The inference of heterogeneity location using the SPdKS seismic phase is challenging due to source‐versus receiver‐side ambiguity. Due to this ambiguity, we conducted an inversion using the principle of parsimony. The inversion is conducted using a genetic algorithm which is repeated several thousand times in order to construct heterogeneity probability maps. This analysis reveals that at probabilities 0.5, 0.25, and 0.125 up to 1.3%, 8.2%, or 19.7% of the CMB may contain ULVZ‐like heterogeneities. These heterogeneities exist in all lower mantle settings, including both high‐ and low‐velocity regions. Additionally, we present evidence that the Samoan ULVZ may be twice as large as previously estimated, and also present evidence for the existence of additional mega‐sized ULVZs, such as a newly discovered ULVZ located to the east of the Philippines. We provide new evidence for the ULVZ east of the Philippines through an analysis of ScP records.
On the Quasi‐Three Dimensional Configuration of Magnetic Clouds
Authors: Hu Qiang , He Wen , Qiu Jiong , Vourlidas Angelos , Zhu Chunming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe develop an optimization approach to model the magnetic field configuration of magnetic clouds, based on a linear force‐free formulation in three dimensions. Such a solution, dubbed the Freidberg solution, is kin to the axisymmetric Lundquist solution, but with more general “helical symmetry.” The merit of our approach is demonstrated via its application to two case studies of in situ measured magnetic clouds. Both yield results of reduced χ2 ≈ 1. Case 1 shows a winding flux rope configuration with one major polarity. Case 2 exhibits a double‐helix configuration with two flux bundles winding around each other and rooted on regions of mixed polarities. This study demonstrates the three‐dimensional complexity of the magnetic cloud structures.
Parameterizing Subgrid Variations of Land Surface Heat Fluxes to the Atmosphere Improves Boreal Summer Land Precipitation Simulation With the NCAR CESM1.2
Authors: Sun Wenqi , Wang Bin , Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , Han Yilun , Wang Xu , Yang Mengmiao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSubgrid horizontal variations of land surface heat fluxes to the atmosphere resulting from subgrid land cover heterogeneity are important in land‐atmosphere interaction in global climate models (GCMs). To incorporate it, a parameterization using stochastic sampling based on truncated normal distributions diagnosed from the land model and internal ensemble mean of multiple calls to the planetary boundary layer and deep convection schemes is developed. After its implementation in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2), large changes of simulated land precipitation are found to occur in regions where large subgrid variations of surface heat fluxes exist. The simulated precipitation is improved in boreal summer, especially over eastern China and the coastal areas of the Bay of Bengal. The improved precipitation is mainly a result of improved large‐scale moisture convergence and advection by altered vertical diffusion and convection.
Changing Spatial Structure of Summer Heavy Rainfall, Using Convection‐Permitting Ensemble
Authors: Chen Yuting , Paschalis Athanasios , Kendon Elizabeth , Kim Dongkyun , Onof Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSubdaily rainfall extremes have been found to intensify, both from observations and climate model simulations, but much uncertainty remains regarding future changes in the spatial structure of rainfall events. Here, future changes in the characteristics of heavy summer rainfall are analyzed by using two sets (1980–2000, 2060–2080) of 12‐member 20‐year‐long convection‐permitting ensemble simulations (2.2 km, hourly) over the UK. We investigated how the peak intensity, spatial coverage and the speed of rainfall events will change and how those changes jointly affect hourly extremes at different spatial scales. We found that in addition to the intensification of heavy rainfall events, the spatial extent tends to increase in all three subregions, and by up to 49.3% in the North‐West. These changes act to exacerbate intensity increases in extremes for most of spatial scales (North: 30.2%–34.0%, South: 25.8%). The increase in areal extremes is particularly pronounced for catchments with sizes 20–500 km2.
Formation and Release of the Harang Reversal Relating With the Substorm Onset Process
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Den M. , Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Kataoka R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWith the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) that turns from northward to southward, the global simulation successively reproduces the growth phase, the onset, and the expansion phase of the substorm. The calculated ionospheric convection for the growth phase reproduces the development of the Harang reversal (HR), the upward field‐aligned current (FAC), and the upcoming onset point as observed. Magnetic field lines traced from the center of the nightside upward FAC are open, while the magnetic field line traced from the onset point is closed. These open magnetic field lines map to flow shear just outside the O/C boundary. Seen from the magnetic configuration, the growth phase proceeds as the replacement process of nulls. Two new nulls appear on the dayside under the southward IMF, while two old nulls under the northward IMF retreat tailward forming two bifurcation regions on the dawn and dusk flanks. Flow shear around the O/C boundary forms by magnetospheric convection that returns to the dayside via bifurcation regions. The expansion phase proceeds through a topological change by the near‐earth neutral line (NENL). The NENL occurs inside the thinned structure of the northward IMF remnant, on the low‐latitude side of the flow shear, and projects down to the low‐latitude edge of the upward FAC. Associated with the NENL, the convection return path changes to the center of the plasma sheet and reveals in the ionosphere as the release of the HR. By the shrinkage of projecting magnetic field line, the O/C boundary migrates poleward in the ionosphere.
Equatorial Pitch Angle Distributions of 1–50 keV Electrons in Earth's Inner Magnetosphere: An Empirical Model Based on the Van Allen Probes Observations
Authors: Zhao H. , Friedel R. H. W. , Chen Y. , Baker D. N. , Li X. , Malaspina D. M. , Larsen B. A. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , Reeves G. D. , Boyd A. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing 7 years of data from the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron instrument on the Van Allen Probes, equatorial pitch angle distributions (PADs) of 1–50 keV electrons in Earth's inner magnetosphere are investigated statistically. An empirical model of electron equatorial PADs as a function of radial distance, magnetic local time, geomagnetic activity, and electron energy is constructed using the method of Legendre polynomial fitting. Model results show that most equatorial PADs of 1–10s of keV electrons in Earth's inner magnetosphere are pancake PADs, and the lack of butterfly PADs is likely due to their relatively flat or positive flux radial gradients at higher altitudes. During geomagnetically quiet times, more anisotropic distributions of 1–10s of keV electrons at dayside than nightside are observed, which could be responsible for moderate chorus wave activities at dayside during quiet times as reported by previous studies. During active times, the anisotropy of 1–10s of keV electrons significantly enhances, consistent with the enhanced chorus wave activity during active times and suggesting the critical role of 1–10s of keV electrons in generating chorus waves in Earth's inner magnetosphere. Different enhanced anisotropy patterns of different energy electrons are also observed during active times: at R > ∼4 RE, keV electrons are more anisotropic at dawn to noon, while 10s of keV electrons have larger anisotropy at midnight to dawn. These differences, combined with the statistical distribution of chorus waves shown in previous studies, suggest the differential roles of electrons with different energies in generating chorus waves with different properties.
Occurrence Distribution of Polar Cap Patches: Dependences on UT, Season and Hemisphere
Authors: Kagawa A. , Hosokawa K. , Ogawa Y. , Ebihara Y. , Kadokura A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPolar cap patches are islands of enhanced electron density in the polar cap F region ionosphere, which sometimes affect the propagation of trans‐ionospheric radio waves. Considering the intake of daytime sunlit plasma by the high‐latitude convection as the primary cause of patches, the spatial overlap between the convection and the daytime sunlit plasma should be one of the critical factors controlling the generation of patches. To confirm this hypothesis, we statistically investigated the UT and seasonal distributions of patch occurrence frequency in both the hemispheres by using in situ plasma density data from the Swarm satellite. As a result, it was found that the occurrence distribution of patches is a complex function of UT, season and hemisphere, but it can be mostly interpreted by the spatial overlap between the high‐latitude convection and the solar terminator. This suggests that polar cap patches are not necessarily phenomena that occur only during winter months. That is, patches can often be observed even in periods away from the winter solstice if the location of solar terminator in the magnetic coordinate system is appropriate for the generation of patches. For example, in the southern hemisphere, where the offset between the geographic and magnetic poles is larger than that in the northern hemisphere, the highest patch occurrence rate is obtained around the equinoctial periods. These results indicate that it is needed to take these dependences into account when we discuss and predict the space weather impacts of patches on the trans‐ionospheric radio propagation.