bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Versatile Design Platform for a Walking Robot in Harsh Environments
Authors: Lupien Simon , Lessard Patrick , Demers Jean-Christophe , Lambert Guillaume , Bigras Pascal , Sankar Thiagas S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a previous paper [1] on the design of Capra — a quadruped robot with improved agility, we had presented the main design avenues that were to be considered for the development of an agile mobile walking robot, Capra. The objective of achieving full and autonomous robot agility in harsh environments has always been predominant in our research program on robot design for improved capabilities and applications potential. In this follow-up paper, we report the design results to meet another level of objectives that we had previously determined and currently are incorporating in the Capra hierarchy. Systematic design methodologies that were developed for the robotic machine structure also enable one to consider the Capra robot as not only an agile walking-machine but also as a versatile design platform. It can be deployed for retrofit in many automation applications or for specific uses in harsh environments involving critical design constraints. This design approach has resulted in the development and integration of many of Capra’s fundamental sub-systems by means of a range of modules and prototypes. This paper addresses all the different design issues involved in the development of a versatile design platform for a truly mobile robot. The design methodologies to support the various capabilities are presented here as independent systems, which can be fitted, integrated and retrofitted for any mobile robot configuration. Several design results are presented as examples of the design process.
Incorporating Lifecycle Costs Into Product Architecture Decisions
Authors: Dahmus Jeffrey B. , Otto Kevin N. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The partitioning of a product into modules has a large impact on the design and manufacture of a product. It also has a large impact on lifecycle concerns such as repair and service. Previous work has developed product architecting rules using function structures to partition a product into modules. Straight application of these rules determines maximal modules. Often, however, subsets of these modules have varying failure rates, handling difficulties, and part costs. We develop here equations to incorporate these serviceability concerns into the architecting process. The service cost of any candidate module must incorporate part costs, labor costs, and failure rates. With this information, comparative service costs can be calculated for different modularization schemes. Examples are shown from document systems.
Comparison of Combined Embodiment Design and Control Optimization Strategies Using Optimality Conditions
Authors: Reyer Julie A. , Fathy Hosam K. , Papalambros Panos Y. , Ulsoy A. Galip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Optimal embodiment design and control systems can be solved using several different strategies. This paper considers whether those strategies will find the true system optimum.
Optimality conditions determine whether a point is an optimum of a system. This paper presents a development and comparison of the optimality conditions for several methods of optimizing fully coupled embodiment design and control systems. The results demonstrate that the methods do not possess the same optimality conditions and therefore will not converge to the same optimal solutions, often leading to sub-optimal solutions. Since these strategies have been used successfully to solve various examples, criteria are developed to determine when the various methods will find the true system optimum.
A Decision-Support Design Tool for Thermoplastic Feature Design for Dimensional Stability
Authors: Patrick Jeff , Stauffer Larry A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present a decision-support tool that will assist engineers with the design of thermoplastic parts for improved dimensional stability. The tool addresses performance issues that cause significant deformation of the plastic part during its life cycle and thus changes in critical dimensions. The degradation of dimensional stability has a direct influence on the quality of the part and its cost is estimated by applying the Taguchi Loss Function. In this way, the quality cost can be combined with the manufactured cost of the part for a total part cost. The tool helps estimate these manufacturing and quality costs early in the product-development process where changes can be made relatively easily. In this paper we present the design analysis process of the tool, a description of the software, and a case study of its use in an industrial application.
Spatial Mechanism Design in Virtual Reality With Networking
Authors: Kihonge John N. , Vance Judy M. , Larochelle Pierre M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mechanisms are used in many devices to move a rigid body through a finite sequence of prescribed locations in space. The most commonly used mechanisms are four-bar planar mechanisms that move an object in one plane in space. Spatial mechanisms allow motion in three-dimensions (3D). Spatial 4C mechanisms are two degree of freedom kinematic closed-chains consisting of four rigid links simply connected in series by cylindrical (C) joints. A cylindrical joint is a two degree of freedom joint which allows translation along and rotation about a line in space. This paper describes a synthesis process for the design of 4C spatial mechanisms in a virtual environment. Virtual reality allows the user to view and interact with digital models in a more intuitive way than using the traditional human-computer interface (HCI). The software developed as part of this research also allows multiple users to network and share the designed mechanism. Networking tools have the potential to greatly enhance communication between members of the design team at different industrial sites and therefore reduce design costs.
Aesthetic Design of Machine Systems Using Evaluation Maps
Authors: Yoshimura Masataka , Horie Satoshi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The benefits of including aesthetic factors in the design of mechanical systems have been receiving increasing attention and study. Designs that successfully incorporate aesthetic considerations are more likely to create positive impressions in users, while offering increased usability and improved ergonomics. However, mechanical system design methods that successfully integrate the simultaneous evaluation of aesthetic factors with other parameters are not yet widely used. This paper presents a total design method that specifically includes aesthetic factors in the design process. The proposed method consists of three parts: (1) the analysis of the aesthetic factors; (2) the analysis of other factors (e.g. cost, function, mechanical characteristics, and so on); and (3) the evaluation of the overall system, using evaluation maps that include all system information. The use of evaluation maps allows other mechanical system factors to be treated concurrently with those of aesthetic importance. This method is applied to the design of a service robot that will offer a cup of beverage to a person.
Comprehensive Satisfactory Design Method for Product Designs
Authors: Adachi Eiji 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Actual product designs aim to fulfill all product requirements of market needs and wants, which are technical or non-technical, logical or illogical, objective or subjective, and quantitative or qualitative. The actual product designs are objective-aiming designs and can be supposed to be multi-objective satisfactory designs with heterogeneous objective functions and dimensional design variables. To realize computer-aided product designs which can obtain rational and satisfactory solutions, we classify the objective functions and contrive methods to deal with non-theoretical, non-technical, subjective, or illogical objective functions as well. This paper shows all of our methods, including an expression of heterogeneous objective functions which consists of objective and evaluated values, a satisfactory design method by simultaneous equations which searches solutions sequentially, identification methods of non-theoretical or non-technical objective functions and sensitivity coefficients for the simultaneous equations, a decision-making method of promising solutions to fulfill product requirements, and also numerical applications of these methods to actual product designs.
Incorporating Manufacturing Cycle Time Cost in New Product Development
Authors: Chincholkar Mandar M. , Herrmann Jeffrey W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Manufacturing cycle time (the time that elapses from work order release to completion) affects the cost of developing and manufacturing a product. However, most cost models consider only the setup and processing times and ignore the move times and queue times, which form most of the manufacturing cycle time. This paper discusses the economic impact of manufacturing cycle time. It presents methods for estimating the manufacturing cycle time of a new product that will be made in a manufacturing system that makes other products as well. It identifies the benefits of reducing manufacturing cycle time and shows how those benefits yield increased profitability.
High Production Manufacturing Considerations for Metallic Compliant Mechanisms With Long Thin Beams
Authors: Herring Aaron , Magleby Spencer , Howell Larry , Todd Robert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The long thin beams commonly used in compliant mechanisms (CMs) present a challenge when manufacturing metallic CMs at high production rates. This paper discusses the difficulty of forming one-piece metallic CMs at high production rates. This is followed by a discussion of possible joining methods for assembling these mechanisms, and a selection criteria for choosing between various joining methods. This is followed by several examples of how to implement the selection criteria. Finally a list of manufacturing process choices and design factors is given, and the conclusions from the research are outlined.
Evolving a Functional Basis for Engineering Design
Authors: Hirtz Julie M. , Stone Robert B. , McAdams Daniel A. , Szykman Simon , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
All products and artifacts are designed for a purpose. There is some intended reason behind their existence: the product or artifact function. Functional modeling provides an abstract, yet direct, method for understanding and representing an overall product or artifact function. Function modeling also provides a strategy for problem decomposition, physical modeling, product architecting, concept generation, and team organization. A formal function representation is needed to support function modeling, and a standardized set function-related terminology is necessary to achieve repeatable and meaningful results from such a representation. We refer to this representation as a functional basis; in this paper, we seek to reconcile and integrate two independent research efforts into a significantly evolved functional basis. These efforts include research from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and two U.S. universities, and their industrial partners. The overall approach for integrating the functional representations is developed, in addition to the final results. The integration process is discussed relative to differences, similarities, insights into the representations, and product validation. Based on the results, a more versatile and comprehensive design vocabulary is obtained. This vocabulary will greatly enhance and expand the frontiers of research in design repositories, product architecture, design synthesis, and general product modeling.
Affordance: The Fundamental Concept in Engineering Design
Authors: Maier Jonathan R. A. , Fadel Georges M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In an effort to ground the art and practice of design, especially engineering design, in a formal science, there is a need to identify the core, fundamental concepts on which such a science should be based. Popular engineering design guides have long emphasized the importance of function as a fundamental concept. In this paper we argue that another concept, that of affordance, a term coined by the perceptual psychologist James J. Gibson to describe how animals perceive objects in their environment, is a more fundamental and in fact more powerful concept than function. Accepting affordance as a fundamental concept in design leads to a novel view of the design process, in which the designer’s task is to find a system that possesses specific desired affordances, but does not possess other, undesired affordances. The concept of affordance also lends a unifying framework to a variety of disparate approaches to design, while suggesting new metrics and methods of decomposition to the design process in general.
Closest–to–Desired Methods of Multi-Objective Optimization: Some Comments and Questions
Authors: Lin JiGuan G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The intent of this paper is to:
1. Classify various multi-objective optimization methods that are based on trying to attain certain desired values.
2. Make some critical comments on each class as a whole, and illustrate by simple graphically visualizable examples the potential problems or drawbacks pertinent to the general nature of each class.
3. Make some questions that could possibly “provoke” some further investigation.
As a result, the relative advantages and disadvantages of each class of these methods become apparent.
The Development and Adoption of VIDEEO (Virtual Development Enterprise for Europe) in European Wide Product Development Projects
Authors: Thomson A. I. , Ion W. J. , Temple B. K. , Allan M. , Kemohan N. , Davidson S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
VIDEEO which is an acronym of VIrtual Development Enterprise for EurOpe is a web-based environment which supports both students and tutors in the creation and execution of multidisciplinary, distributed, product development projects. One of the main aims of VIDEEO is to provide a teaching and learning environment which provides an appropriate balance between technical and vocational study. The VIDEEO project was funded by SOCRATES and was completed by a team of partners from eight european institutions. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the lifecycle of the VIDEEO project from development through to evaluation and usage.
Global Engineering Design Team (GEDT): A Business View on Structuring Undergraduate Projects
Authors: Baxter Jim , Henderson Mark , Barnes Cathy , Bourdo Tom , de Pennington Alan , Wells Valana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Global Engineering Design Team (GEDT) is an experience sponsored by University of Leeds and Arizona State University to give qualified undergraduates an international non-collocated design team assignment. This is the third year of the programme and in this document, it is examined with respect to the 9 areas of the European Foundation for Quality Management’s (EFQM) Business Excellence Model (BEM), a framework commonly used in business self-evaluation in the UK. The 9 areas reviewed are: leadership, policy and strategy, people, partnerships and resources, processes, people results, customer results, society results and key performance results. The overall evaluation shows how the GEDT has made strides in all 9 areas, yet still needs some specific improvements for effectiveness in the future.
Web-Based Collaborative Product Design Review in Extended Enterprises
Authors: Huang G. Q. , Shen J. Y. , Mak K. L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a web-based framework supporting collaborative product design review between partners in the extended enterprise. On the one hand, the product design team can use the system to upload all the relevant design documents onto the web site. On the other hand, the design review committee members can use the system to download the subject product design, and organize and conduct the design review sessions. Individual members can continuously submit their comments and suggestions about a design. Review meetings can be arranged for the members to simultaneously collate and discuss individual opinions. A common workspace is shared among the members with the support of a VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) 3D display of the product. Such a web-based design review framework is expected to greatly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the design review process.
A Wavelet-Logarithmic Decrement to Identify Damping in MDOF Systems: Theory and Applications
Authors: Lamarque C. H. , Pernot S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A wavelet-based formula similar to the logarithmic decrement formula is introduced to estimate damping in multi-degree-of-freedom systems from time-domain responses. The new formula is then validated upon both numerical and in-situ experiments.
A Component Mode Synthesis Look at Planar Beam Elements
Authors: Meijaard J. P. , Schwab A. L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with the improvement in efficiency of simulations in flexible multibody system dynamics. On the basis of concepts from component mode synthesis techniques some improved elements for planar beams which are hinged at one or both ends are developed. These elements show a considerable increase in accuracy, or alternatively allow a reduction of the number of elements, with respect to a standard element with cubic polynomial interpolation. The use of the elements is demonstrated in two examples: a planar slider-crank mechanism with a flexible connecting rod and a cantilevered beam in a spin-up motion.
Modeling of Overactuated Closed-Loop Mechanisms With Singularities: Simulation and Control
Authors: Ganovski Latchezar L. , Fisette Paul , Samin Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The modeling and control of redundantly actuated closed-loop mechanical systems is considered in the present work an illustrated with a planar four-bar mechanism and a 3-D parallel manipulator. A specific trajectory involving singular configurations is generated and then followed using the overactuation. To generate the trajectory, four-degree polynomial functions are considered. The loop constraint equations are solved by means of the Newton-Raphson numerical algorithm. In order to describe the dynamics of the systems, the Lagrange multiplier technique is used. The multipliers are eliminated via the coordinate partitioning method. To overcome the underdetermined state of the system induced by the overactuation, additional equations that represent a specific condition for smoothly passing through the singularities are applied. Further, to control the redundantly actuated mechanisms a feed-forward controller is chosen. The robustness of the controller is investigated through several cases of simulation including random noise applied to the controller input and instantaneous loading.
Motion and Vibration Analysis of a Roller Coaster
Authors: Fujita Katsuhisa , Kimura Tetsuya , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Motion and vibration analysis of a roller coaster running in a 3D trajectory is carried out. The equation of motion of the roller coaster is derived in which the restriction in the trajectory is dealt with by using differential-algebraic equations (DAE) method. The effects of a parameter variation of the roller coaster to the vibration of the passenger are investigated in simulation analysis. The simulation result shows that when the parameter associated with the stiffness of the wheels of the roller coaster decreases, the passenger’s vibration increased. In addition, it shows that the discontinuity of the rate of increment of the trajectory induces large vibration.
Power Demand of Actively Controlled Multibody Systems
Authors: Schiehlen Werner O. , Guse Nils 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Flexible manufacturing systems are characterized by machines and mechanisms with some or all mechanical degrees of freedom actively controlled resulting in the prescribed motion necessary for the production process or rheonomic constraints, respectively. Due to the high nonlinearity of large displacement motions inverse dynamics is a standard control concept well established in manufacturing, robotics and walking machines. It is shown that inverse dynamics results in high energy consumption and requires large power supply. For autonomous robots and walking machines the power supply adds to the weight, and additional weight needs more power again. Finally, actively controlled walking machines are very heavy devices not comparable to the light weight design of passive walking mechanisms. It is proposed to use local energy storage by springs to overcome the drawback of inverse dynamics. The design principles for reduced energy consumption are outlined with simple mechanical models and include nonlinear characteristics of the springs, too, to improve further the local energy storage capacity.
Modeling Controlled Articulated Flexible Systems Using Assumed Modes: Part II — Numerical Investigation
Authors: Mordfin Theodore G. , Tadikonda Sivakumar S. K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Guidelines are sought for generating component body models for use in controlled, articulated, flexible multibody dynamics system simulations. In support of this effort, exact truth models and linearized large-articulation models are developed in a companion paper. The purpose of the truth models is to aid in evaluating the use of various types of component body assumed modes in the large-articulation models. The assumed mode models are analytically evaluated from the perspectives of both structural dynamics and multibody dynamics. In this paper, component body assumed modes are tested in a linearized large-articulation model. The numerical behavior of the model and its performance in the presence of parameter variation is investigated and explained. The results show that high accuracy, high simulation efficiency, and numerical robustness cannot be simultaneously achieved. However, in many cases, satisfactory levels of all three are achievable. Guidelines are proposed for modeling the flexible bodies in controlled-articulation flexible multibody dynamic systems.
Inverse Dynamics of Musculo-Skeletal Systems Using an Efficient Min/Max Muscle Recruitment Model
Authors: Damsgaard Michael , Rasmussen John , Christensen Søren T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an efficient criterion for solving the redundancy of the muscle recruitment problem in inverse dynamics of musculo-skeletal systems. It is a minimum fatigue criterion that is formulated as a min/max optimization problem. The criterion is briefly reviewed in comparison to other criteria and its implementation for large and complex system, such as the human body, is explained in detail. The optimization problem is solved numerically by means of linear programming, providing a very efficient, final algorithm. It is shown that special care must be taken of systems with groups of sub-maximally loaded muscles and methods to deal with this automatically are presented. The algorithms are implemented into a software system called AnyBody, and examples involving up to 100 muscles are demonstrated. Even models of this size are solved in fractions of a second for a single time step on a standard PC.