bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybridizing UN Peace Operations: The Role of the European Union and Canada
Authors: St-Pierre Kristine 
Published: May 2020

The prevalence of hybrid peacekeeping missions on the international stage underscores the increasing flexibility with which the UN can meet the peacekeeping demand. This flexibility results from the growing number of actors that the UN can rely on, allowing in turn for more diverse responses to conflict. However, current confusion surrounding hybrid missions points to the need to further clarify the role of regional actors in hybrid missions and elaborate on the implication of these missions for UN peacekeeping. This paper thus discusses the importance of hybrid missions in peace operations by examining the current nature of European Union (EU) and Canadian contributions to peace operations, and by analysing the implications of these contributions for hybrid missions and UN peacekeeping in general.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v3i2.185
Rethinking the ‘Problem’ of Religious Pluralism in Canada and the European Union
Authors: Morrison Ian 
Published: May 2020

In recent years the nature of secularism and the rights of religious minorities have come to the fore as issues in debates concerning citizenship, multiculturalism and immigration, both in Canada and the European Union. Unlike earlier campaigns of secularization, these recent discourses of secularisation concern not only the institutional separation of Church and State but seek to protect modern secular society from the perceived threat of various externally rooted religious threats through the secularisation of subjects within public spaces. In an attempt to more fully understand this new form of secularisation, the consequences it has had and the debates it has generated in both Canada and the EU, the proposed paper will proceed on four fronts. First, it will outline the earlier discourses and practices of secularisation. Second, the article will posit that we are presently witnessing a different discourse of secularisation, one that is distinct from this earlier form. Third, the article will offer a critique of both discourses, arguing that both involve the deployment of essentialised conceptions of the religious, the secular, and their interaction. Fourth, an alternative approach will be offered, one that seeks to denaturalise the aforementioned categories. The article argues that it is only in this manner that a space and possibility for genuine dialogue concerning secularism and religious pluralism in Canada and the EU can be created.

Full ext available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v4i2.197
The Success of France’s Youth: Children of Algerian Descent in the Classroom
Authors: Boyd Marisa 
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this exploratory research is to elucidate the connection between the institution of the French educational system and its function as a vehicle of integration for the children of immigrants. Focusing on those of Algerian descent, this paper asks if and how the educational system is failing this particular demographic. By contextualising colonial France in Algeria, this paper shows the connection between history and the educational institution as it relates to contemporary French culture. This paper argues that the French educational system, although well established, does not recognise nor meet the needs of the multi-ethnic classroom. By identifying integration as a key player, this paper explores the relationships between citizenship and integration and how perceptions of both concepts are produced and reproduced in the school system. This paper notes the need for a shift in the current discourse for the “second generation” from one of “immigrants and immigration” to a more precise discourse on ethnic minorities.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v5i1.202
The Evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy and the Current Challenges of a Disintegrated Neighbourhood
Authors: Ghazaryan Narine 
Published: May 2020

The paper traces the evolution of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) since its origins until the present day. The ENP was initiated in 2003 attracting vast institutional and scholarly interest in its various aspects. The extraordinary events of the Arab Spring revolutions in the Southern neighbourhood prompted a renewed interest towards the ENP despite the internal economic turmoil faced by the European Union (EU) and its Member States. The EU institutions undertook a substantive revision of the policy in 2011 in addition to the regional split that had taken place previously. The legal framework of the ENP, comprising its objectives, methodology and instruments, is analysed to reveal the various stages of the existence of the policy and the shortcomings undermining its success. The initial stage of policy formation, the subsequent impact of the Treaty of Lisbon, and the most current state of affairs with a regional emphasis will be addressed in sequence.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v7i1.211
Democratization in Serbia: An Analysis of Rational Choice and Structuralist Explanations
Authors: Apostolov-Dimitrijevic Dunja 
Published: May 2020

This paper explains political democratization in Post-Milosevic Serbia, utilizing two different accounts of the democratization process: one rooted in the rational choice framework and the other in structuralism. While rational choice explains the decisive role of political leadership in overcoming path dependence, the structuralist explanations show the transnational linkages that encourage democratization in the face of domestic setbacks. This particular debate between the two types of explanations represents the larger debate concerning the role of internal factors and external linkages in propelling democratization in transitional societies. The paper concludes by integrating the two sets of explanations offered by each theoretical perspective, in order to develop a coherent understanding of Serbia's democratization.

Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v9i1.240
The Pursuit of Independence in Catalonia and Scotland: Towards a new form of civic nationalism in Europe?
Authors: Gunn Alexander , Schmidtke Oliver 
Published: May 2020

Territorial politics and the prospect of minority nationalist secession have assumed renewed prominence in Europe in recent years, centring on the relationships between Scotland and the United Kingdom and between Catalonia and Spain. For both cases, 2014 proved a momentous year, with Scotland holding a binding referendum on independence in September, and Catalonia holding a non-binding (and disputed) consultation vote in November. This paper explores the recent push for independence in these two contexts, employing frame analysis to assess how the pro-independence movements in Scotland and Catalonia conceptualize and articulate the ideas of nationhood, collective identity, and self-determination. It specifically explores the various political cleavages that these movements draw on in promoting the idea of autonomy or independence, and how these movements have positioned themselves within a changing European political environment. The paper demonstrates that, for both pro-independence movements, territorial politics and the idea of independence serve as vehicle for articulating traditional centre-periphery grievances and for promoting policies that reflect the needs and demands of the Scottish and Catalan communities. At the same time, both movements put forward a form of civic nationalist discourse that advocates democratic renewal and civic engagement.
Full text available at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v9i1.239
EL PODER DEL AGUA. GESTIÓN COMUNITARIA DEL AGUA Y LUCHA POPULAR CONTRA LAS SEPARACIONES CAPITALISTAS: EL CASO DE LA EMPRESA COMUNITARIA DE ACUEDUCTO, ALCANTARILLADO Y ASEO DEL MUNICIPIO DE SARAVENA, COLOMBIA, 2019
Authors: Gaona Sandra Milena Rátiva 
Published: May 2020

Esta Tesis de Grado de Maestria[1] se realizó entre el 2016 y el 2018. El trabajo estuvo dirigido y acompañado por la Dra María Raquel Gutiérrez Aguilar y siempre en diálogo con las Dras Lucía Linsalata, y Mina Navarro, a quienes agradezco su generosidad.Mi mayor intuición, aprendida de la vida política y organizativa, es que es preciso alcanzar autonomía económica para tener autonomía política, y sin embargo, es preciso siempre complejizar y politizar la relación entre economía y política. Así, y procurando una construcción académica y sociológica, decidí retomar la pregunta por la posibilidad de estabilizar en el tiempo ciertas formas de autonomía en oposición al orden social impuesto (Gutierrez Aguilar, 2009, p. 56). Me propuse comprender alguna experiencia organizativa que conjugue formas políticas comunitarias populares con formas de economía no plenamente capitalistas.
The Impact of Cardiovascular Disease and Chronic Kidney Disease on Life Expectancy and Direct Medical Cost in a 10-Year Diabetes Cohort Study
Authors: Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Chin Weng Yee , Yu Esther Yee Tak , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Chan Esther Wai Yin , Li Shirley Xue , Cheung Nico Kwan Lok , Wang Yuan , Lam Cindy Lo Kuen 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE
The relative effects of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and varying severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on mortality risk, direct medical cost, and life expectancy in patients with diabetes are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate these associations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study that included 208,792 adults with diabetes stratified into 12 disease status groups with varying combinations of heart disease, stroke, moderate CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m2) and severe CKD (eGFR &lt;30 mL/min/1.73 m2) in 2008–2010. The effect of risk of mortality, annual direct medical costs, and life expectancy were assessed using Cox regression, gamma generalized linear method with log-link function, and flexible parametric survival models.

RESULTS
Over a median follow-up of 8.5 years (1.6 million patient-years), 50,154 deaths were recorded. Mortality risks for patients with only a single condition among heart disease, stroke, and moderate CKD were similar. The mortality risks were 1.75 times, 2.63 times, and 3.58 times greater for patients with one, two, and all three conditions (consisting of stroke, heart disease, and moderate CKD), compared with patients without these diseases, suggesting an independent and individually additive effect for any combination. A similar trend was observed in annual public health care costs with 2.91-, 3.90-, and 3.88-fold increased costs for patients with one, two, and three conditions, respectively. Increases in the number of conditions reduced life expectancy greatly, particularly in younger patients. Reduction in life expectancy for a 40-year-old with one, two, and three conditions was 20, 25, and 30 years for men and 25, 30, and 35 years, respectively, for women. A similar trend of greater magnitude was observed for severe CKD.

CONCLUSIONS
The effects of heart diseases, stroke, CKD, and the combination of these conditions on all-cause mortality and direct medical costs are independent and cumulative. CKD, especially severe CKD, appears to have a particularly significant impact on life expectancy and direct medical costs in patients with diabetes. These findings support the importance of preventing both CVD and CKD in patients with diabetes.
ANALISIS KESALAHAN EJAAN PADA KARANGAN MAHASISWA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UIN SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
Authors: Didah Nurhamidah Didah  nurhamidah 
Published: May 2020

Huruf kapital dan tanda baca merupakan bagian dari komponen ortografi yang harus diperhatikan di dalam tulisan. Berdasarkan pengalaman penulis, terdapat kesalahan penggunaan huruf kapital dan tanda baca yang dilakukan mahasiswa saat belajar bahasa Indonesia ketika menulis karangan mahasiswa. Kesalahan ini tidak disadari karena lebih terfokus pada isi tulisan dibandingkan dengan cara penulisannya. Akibatnya, tidak jarang mahasiswa melakukan kesalahan pada penggunaan huruf kapital dan tanda baca dalam bahasa Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan kesalahan ejaan pada penggunaan huruf kapital dan tanda baca dalam karangan mahasiswa, jenis-jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan serta mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab kesalahan tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 26 kesalahan yang terdiri dari 17 kesalahan penggunaan huruf kapital dan 9 kesalahan penggunaan tanda baca yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa dalam karangan. Kesalahan penggunaan huruf kapital paling banyak terdapat pada jenis penggunaan huruf kapital untuk menunjukkan kata tempat, penggunaan tanda baca paling banyak dilakukan mahasiswa pada enggunaan tanda titik (.) dan tanda koma (,). Dari hasil penelitian tersebut disarankan agar mahasiswa mempelajari lebih dalam serta meningkatkan frekuensi latihan tentang aturan penggunaan huruf kapital dan tanda baca bahasa Indonesia. Kata Kunci: penggunaan huruf, tanda baca, kesalahan berbahasa
Hubungan Faktor Individu Dengan Tingkat Kelelahan Kerja Subyektif Pada Supir Travel Kangaroo Premier di Kota Samarinda
Authors: Dinarita Itami , Akhmad Akhmad , Ghalib Muhammad Dalhar 
Published: May 2020

Lelah bagi setiap orang akan mempunyai arti tersendiri dan bersifat subyektif karena terkait dengan perasaan. Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya kelelahan kerja antara lain yaitu keadaan monoton, beban kerja, keadaan lingkungan, dan faktor individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara faktor individu (umur, tingkat pendidikan, masa kerja, dan status gizi) dengan tingkat kelelahan kerja subyektif pada supir. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan wawancara dan pengukuran sebagai metode pengumpulan data sedangkan menurut waktunya adalah cross sectional. Tingkat kelelahan kerja subjektif diukur dengan menggunakan 30 panduan pertanyaan dari IFRC. Populasi penelitian adalah supir Travel Kangaroo Premier yang berjumlah 42 orang. Sampel diambil dari populasi dengan total sampling sehingga didapatkan 42 responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 42 responden sebagian besar mengalami tingkat kelelahan rendah sebanyak 25 orang (59,5%) dan 17 orang (40,5%) mengalami tingkat kelelahan sedang. Dari hasil analisa data terdapat hubungan antara faktor individu yang berupa umur (p = 0,019) dan status gizi (p = 0,010) dengan tingkat kelelahan kerja subjektif.Saran yang diajukan kepada Travel Kangaroo Premier yaitu agar lebih memperhatikan pekerja yang berumur di atas 30 tahun dan memperhatikan status gizi pekerja. Untuk pengemudi travel hendaknya membiasakan diriuntuk melakukan peregangan otot di sela mengemudi atau pun saat beristirahat.
Peran Masyarakat Terhadap Pembayaran Retribusi Sampah Di Kota Samarinda
Authors: Rachim Abd 
Published: May 2020

Salah satu masalah lingkungan hidup di daerah perkotaan adalah pencemar an yang diakibatkan oleh sampah. Masalah sampah disebabkan oleh berbagai faktor seperti pertambahan jumlah penduduk, perubahan standar hidup, gaya hidup dan p erilaku masyarakat, serta bagaimana system pengelolaan sampah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana peran masyarakat terhadap Pembayaran retribusi sampah di Kota Samarinda. Penelitian ini bersifat diskriptif, yakni data yang dikumpulkan kemudian disusun, dijelaskan dan dianalisis menggunakan analisis frekuensi relatif. Peran serta masyarakat membayar "retribusi sampah", yang menya takan membayar setiap bulan = 96,67%, dan mengenai tarif masyarakat menyatakan murah, sedang dan cukup, masing - masing 46,08%, 21,21%, 21,04%. Dari data tersebut peran serta masyarkat dalam membayar "retribusi sampah" cukup tinggi.
Estudo dos alimentos na educação de jovens e adultos e o ensino de química
Authors: Leão Marcelo Franco , Oliveira Eniz Conceição , Guerra Cecília , Del Pino José Claudio 
Published: May 2020

O presente texto relata uma intervenção pedagógica cujo objetivo foi avaliar se a abordagem contextualizada sobre alimentos associada ao desenvolvimento de estratégias inovadoras favorece o aprendizado de Química na Educação de Jovens e Adultos. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, envolveu uma turma de 1º Ano do Ensino Médio, constituída por 21 mulheres, do Centro de Educação de Jovens e Adultos “15 de outubro”, de Barra do Bugres – MT. Para a realização deste estudo, a metodologia empregada buscou adequar as estratégias de ensino às reações dos participantes seguindo a sequência didática: motivação inicial, problematização, situação problema, conteúdos âncora, trabalhos de pesquisa em grupo e avaliação. Os instrumentos de coletas de dados utilizados foram as entrevistas e um questionário com todas as participantes, além das observações registradas em um diário. Para analisar os resultados utilizou-se a metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo. Das falas das participantes emergiram três categorias: favoreceu o aprendizado, a temática facilitou o entendimento e abordou aspectos interessantes. O uso de materiais concretos contribuiu para a compreensão dos conceitos da Química que muitas vezes são abstratos. Proporcionar um ambiente estimulante e envolvente é fundamental nos processos de ensino e de aprendizagem, pois cria condições para que as estudantes se relacionem com o objeto de estudo e construam conhecimentos.
Agroindústria: espaço educativo nos institutos federais de ensino
Authors: Castaman Ana Sara , Silveira Flávia Da Rosa 
Published: May 2020

Este ensaio tem por objetivo discutir sobre a importância da agroindústria enquanto um espaço educativo na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica (EPT), uma vez que em diversos Institutos Federais de Ensino este setor tem sido empregado para ministrar aulas teóricas/práticas aos estudantes do Ensino Médio Integrado. Para tanto, os procedimentos metodológicos foram selecionados com o intuito de realizar uma pesquisa ancorada na técnica bibliográfica e no estudo de caso e está dividido em três partes: (1) conceito, classificação e fundamentos das agroindústrias; (2) a agroindústria como espaço de ensino e formação do educando, sua relação com o trabalho como princípio educativo nos Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IF); e (3) as ações empreendidas na agroindústria no IFCatarinense – campus Santa Rosa do Sul. Percebeu-se que a agroindústria, por meio de aulas teórico-práticas nos cursos de Ensino Médio Integrado, tem servido como um excelente espaço educativo, auxiliando o IF no seu compromisso com a educação e preparando os estudantes para suprir a demanda crescente no setor agroindustrial.
Encouraging Reading Habit among Chinese University Students
Authors: Li Jie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract:
University and college curriculum in China is increasing placing more emphasis on producing and developing graduates with comprehensive qualities in recent years. One of the main factors that affects the development of high quality college graduate is the students' active reading habit. However, recent statistics on Chinese college students have shown that the number of students who read habitually is not ideal nor encouraging. Campaigns launched to promote reading habits in the university have only minimal effects on the students. In this work, some of the problems faced in promoting reading habit among college students in China and the potential solution for solving these problems are discussed. It is hoped that the content in this article would provide some insights for college administrators to encourage reading habits among college students.
Prophylaxis of complications in postoperative period in patients, suffering stenosis of carotid arteries
Authors: Pulyaeva I. S. , Prasol V. A. , Ivanova Yu. V. 
Published: May 2020

Objective. To analyze the surgical treatment results in patients, suffering carotid arteries stenosis, using endarterectomy in combination with conservative therapy.
Materials and methods. Results of treatment were analyzed in 58 patients, suffering hemodynamically significant stenosis of carotid arteries and/or presence of embologenic pluck, in whom from 2017 to 2019 yrs in V. T. Zaytsev Institute of General and Urgent Surgery NAMS of Ukraine, Kharkov intraoperative supportive conservative therapy, taking into account the risk for development of the cerebral ischemia and the reperfusion syndrome, was conducted.
There were 52 (89.7%) men and 6 (10.3%) women. Middle age of the patients operated on have constituted (65 ± 15) yrs.
Results. Basing on the literature data analyzed as well as on investigation of the thrombocytes aggregation in patients in perioperative period the algorithm of supportive conservative therapy was elaborated: injection of 5000 IU heparin 5 min before the internal carotid artery clamping under the ICT control; injection of Citicoline 1000 mg 5 min before the internal carotid artery clamping to the patients with neurological deficiency in accordance to the neurological test data and with application of a temporary by-pass. In all the patients in postoperative period the complications were absent. Control of the carotid arteries passability and the ischemia zone state on the 14th day was conducted, the carotid arteries stenosis was not revealed. Nonsignificant complications, such as the stressed hematoma, demanding postoperative wound revision and hemostasis performance, were observed in 4 patients. In 2 patients postoperative period was complicated by the hypoglossal nerve paresis because of its squeezing by hematoma.
Conclusion. Citicoline injection before the carotid artery clamping in the carotid endarterectomy with a temporary by-pass permits to lower the risk for development of neurological complications, and while development of postoperative reperfusion syndrome –to reduce its signs.
The impact of early peroral feeding on concentration of the serum interleukin–6 in patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Skums A. V. , Kuzmenko V. O. , Stasenko A. A. 
Published: May 2020

Objective. The impact of early peroral feeding on concentration of the serum interleukin-6 in patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy was analyzed.
Materials and methods. Results of pancreaticoduodenectomy in 39 patients, suffering the pancreatic head and periampullar zone tumors, was analyzed, in whom various methods of nutritive support were applied through period 2015 - 2017 yrs. With the aim of comparative analysis accomplishment of immunological reactivity the patients were divided into two groups: the first - 24 patients, to whom in postoperative period a combination of peroral and enteral feeding was conducted, and in the second - 15 patients, to whom peroral feeding was applied only. There were studied concentration of the serum interleukin-8 preoperatively and on the third postoperative day, as well as the levels of general protein and albumin on the first, third and 7th postoperative days.
Results. In the patients, to whom nutritive support was done in a combined way (through microjejunostomy and in a peroral way), the level of interleukin-6 was higher (p=0.05), than in the patients, who used a peroral feeding only postoperatively: mediana 76.2 [51.5; 96.4] and 63.4 [43.5; 65,7] pg/ml, accordingly (p=0.055). While application of various methods of feeding in the patients a trustworthy difference between middle levels of albumin and general protein in the blood on the first, third and 7th days after pancreaticoduodenectomy was not observed (p > 0.05) while application of different feeding methods.
Conclusion. Application of combined enteral and peroral feeding in patients after pancreaticoduodenectomy has no advantages upon a peroral one. Early peroral feeding promotes the reduction of immunological reactivity of organism as an answer on operative trauma, and the proteins levels, comparing with combined feeding in patients in postoperative period up to the 7th day do not differ essentially.