bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transport of liquids in softwood: timber as a model porous medium
Authors: Burridge H. C. , Wu G. , Reynolds T. , Shah D. U. , Johnston R. , Scherman O. A. , Ramage M. H. , Linden P. F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTimber is the only widely used construction material we can grow. The wood from which it comes has evolved to provide structural support for the tree and to act as a conduit for fluid flow. These flow paths are crucial for engineers to exploit the full potential of timber, by allowing impregnation with liquids that modify the properties or resilience of this natural material. Accurately predicting the transport of these liquids enables more efficient industrial timber treatment processes to be developed, thereby extending the scope to use this sustainable construction material; moreover, it is of fundamental scientific value — as a fluid flow within a natural porous medium. Both structural and transport properties of wood depend on its micro-structure but, while a substantial body of research relates the structural performance of wood to its detailed architecture, no such knowledge exists for the transport properties. We present a model, based on increasingly refined geometric parameters, that accurately predicts the time-dependent ingress of liquids within softwood timber, thereby addressing this long-standing scientific challenge. Moreover, we show that for the minimalistic parameterisation the model predicts ingress with a square-root-of-time behaviour. However, experimental data show a potentially significant departure from this $$\sqrt{{\boldsymbol{t}}}$$t behaviour — a departure which is successfully predicted by our more advanced parametrisation. Our parameterisation of the timber microstructure was informed by computed tomographic measurements; model predictions were validated by comparison with experimental data. We show that accurate predictions require statistical representation of the variability in the timber pore space. The collapse of our dimensionless experimental data demonstrates clear potential for our results to be up-scaled to industrial treatment processes.
Predicting Effective Diffusivity of Porous Media from Images by Deep Learning
Authors: Wu Haiyi , Fang Wen-Zhen , Kang Qinjun , Tao Wen-Quan , Qiao Rui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report the application of machine learning methods for predicting the effective diffusivity (De) of two-dimensional porous media from images of their structures. Pore structures are built using reconstruction methods and represented as images, and their effective diffusivity is computed by lattice Boltzmann (LBM) simulations. The datasets thus generated are used to train convolutional neural network (CNN) models and evaluate their performance. The trained model predicts the effective diffusivity of porous structures with computational cost orders of magnitude lower than LBM simulations. The optimized model performs well on porous media with realistic topology, large variation of porosity (0.28–0.98), and effective diffusivity spanning more than one order of magnitude (0.1 ≲ De < 1), e.g., >95% of predicted De have truncated relative error of <10% when the true De is larger than 0.2. The CNN model provides better prediction than the empirical Bruggeman equation, especially for porous structure with small diffusivity. The relative error of CNN predictions, however, is rather high for structures with De < 0.1. To address this issue, the porosity of porous structures is encoded directly into the neural network but the performance is enhanced marginally. Further improvement, i.e., 70% of the CNN predictions for structures with true De < 0.1 have relative error <30%, is achieved by removing trapped regions and dead-end pathways using a simple algorithm. These results suggest that deep learning augmented by field knowledge can be a powerful technique for predicting the transport properties of porous media. Directions for future research of machine learning in porous media are discussed based on detailed analysis of the performance of CNN models in the present work.
A Study of the North Water Polynya Ice Arch using Four Decades of Satellite Data
Authors: Vincent R. F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPolynyas are sections of the polar ocean that remain relatively ice-free during winter, imparting significant physical and biological impact on the region. The North Water polynya (NOW) situated between Ellesmere Island and Greenland is the largest recurring Arctic polynya. Historically, the NOW forms every season when Arctic Ocean floes moving southward through Nares Strait become congested and form an ice arch that defines the northern border of the polynya. This blockage usually forms during winter and breaks down in spring. It is conjectured that the polynya is maintained by latent heat of fusion from the continuous formation of new ice as floes are swept southward from the ice arch by wind and ocean currents. Analysis of four decades of satellite imagery indicates a growing instability in the location of the ice arch, challenging previous models of polynya maintenance. A linear trend of the data indicates the number of days of Nares Strait blockage has decreased 2.1 days/year between 1979 and 2019 with wide interannual variations. Prior to 2007, ice arches blocked Nares Strait an average of 177 days/year compared to 128 days/year since that time. The overall trend of reduced ice arch duration is a contributing factor to the dramatic loss of multiyear ice in the Arctic basin.
Response of Near-Inertial Shear to Wind Stress Curl and Sea Level
Authors: Gao Jing , Wang Jianing , Wang Fan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNear-inertial waves (NIWs) contain a pronounced portion of shear energy in the internal wave field and is of great importance to deep ocean mixing. However, accurate simulation of NIWs remains a challenge. Here we analyzed 3-year long mooring observation of velocity profiles over 80–800 m to study the responses of near-inertial downward shear to varying wind stress curls and sea level anomalies (SLAs). It is demonstrated that moderate (even weak) cyclone makes more contributions to enhanced shear below the pycnocline than very strong cyclone. Because very strong curl can stall the downward propagation of large shear. The large positive and negative SLAs cause the accumulation of large shear in the lower and upper parts of the pycnocline through inducing downwelling and upwelling motions, respectively. Time variation of near-inertial shear was strongly influenced by cases of large curls and interannual variation of SLA, and thus did not follow the seasonal variation of wind stress. Our analyses suggest that matched fields of wind stress curl and SLA, and well representing the ocean response to moderate cyclone are needed in simulating the role of NIWs on mixing.
Acquisition of chopstick-operation skills with the non-dominant hand and concomitant changes in brain activity
Authors: Sawamura Daisuke , Sakuraba Satoshi , Suzuki Yumi , Asano Masako , Yoshida Susumu , Honke Toshihiro , Kimura Megumi , Iwase Yoshiaki , Horimoto Yoshitaka , Yoshida Kazuki , Sakai Shinya 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite their common use as eating utensils in East Asia, chopsticks require complex fine motor-skills for adequate operation and are thus most frequently used with the dominant hand; however, the effect of training time on the proficiency of using chopsticks with the non-dominant hand, as well as the brain activity underlying changes in skill, remain unclear. This study characterised the effect of time spent training in chopstick operation with the non-dominant hand on chopstick-use proficiency and the related brain activity to obtain data that may help individuals who are obliged to change handedness due to neurological disease to learn to use their non-dominant hand in performing daily activities. Thirty-two healthy right-handed students were randomly allocated to training (n = 16) or control (n = 16) groups; the former received 6 weeks of training in chopstick use with their non-dominant (left) hand, and the latter received none. After training, significant improvements in the execution speed and smoothness of upper extremity joints were observed in the training group. Moreover, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity significantly decreased, and bilateral premotor cortex activity significantly increased across training. These results indicated that 6 weeks of chopstick training with the non-dominant hand effectively improved chopstick operation.
Protein-bound uremic toxins are associated with cognitive function among patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Lin Yi-Ting , Wu Ping-Hsun , Liang Shih-Shin , Mubanga Mwenya , Yang Yuan-Han , Hsu Ya-Ling , Kuo Mei-Chuan , Hwang Shang-Jyh , Kuo Po-Lin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPatients with chronic kidney disease have a greater risk of cognitive impairment. Cerebral uremic solute accumulation causes uremic encephalopathy; however, the association of protein-bound uremic toxins on cognitive function remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the association of two protein-bound uremic toxins, namely indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p-cresyl sulfate (PCS), on cognitive function in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) for at least 90 days. Circulating free form IS and PCS were quantified by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) were used to evaluate cognitive function. In total, 260 HD patients were recruited with a mean age of 58.1 ± 11.3 years, of which, 53.8% were men, 40% had diabetes, and 75.4% had hypertension. The analysis revealed that both free IS and free PCS were negatively associated with the CASI score and MMSE. After controlling for confounders, circulating free IS levels persisted to be negatively associated with MMSE scores [β = −0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI): −1.16 to −0.08] and CASI scores (β = −1.97, 95% CI: −3.78 to −0.16), mainly in the CASI domains of long-term memory, mental manipulation, language ability, and spatial construction. However, there was no correlation between free PCS and total MMSE or total CASI scores after controlling for confounders. In conclusion, circulating free form IS, but not PCS is associated with lower cognitive function test scores in HD patients. Thus, a further study is needed to evaluate whether a decrease in free IS levels can slow down cognitive decline in HD patients.
Correcting the effect of magnetic tongues on the tilt angle of bipolar active regions
Authors: Poisson M. , López Fuentes M. C. , Mandrini C. H. , Démoulin P. , MacCormack C. 
Published: December 2019

Context. The magnetic polarities of bipolar active regions (ARs) exhibit elongations in line-of-sight magnetograms during their emergence. These elongations are referred to as magnetic tongues and attributed to the presence of twist in the emerging magnetic flux-ropes (FRs) that form ARs.
Aims. The presence of magnetic tongues affects the measurement of any AR characteristic that depends on its magnetic flux distribution. The AR tilt-angle is one of them. We aim to develop a method to isolate and remove the flux associated with the tongues to determine the AR tilt-angle with as much precision as possible.
Methods. As a first approach, we used a simple emergence model of a FR. This allowed us to develop and test our aim based on a method to remove the effects of magnetic tongues. Then, using the experience gained from the analysis of the model, we applied our method to photospheric observations of bipolar ARs that show clear magnetic tongues.
Results. Using the developed procedure on the FR model, we can reduce the deviation in the tilt estimation by more than 60%. Next we illustrate the performance of the method with four examples of bipolar ARs selected for their large magnetic tongues. The new method efficiently removes the spurious rotation of the bipole. This correction is mostly independent of the method input parameters and significant since it is larger than all the estimated tilt errors.
Conclusions. We have developed a method to isolate the magnetic flux associated with the FR core during the emergence of bipolar ARs. This allows us to compute the AR tilt-angle and its evolution as precisely as possible. We suggest that the high dispersion observed in the determination of AR tilt-angles in studies that massively compute them from line-of sight magnetograms can be partly due to the existence of magnetic tongues whose presence is not sufficiently acknowledged.
Anterolateral Thigh Flap—the Optimal Flap in Coverage of Severe Elbow Injuries
Authors: Koteswara Rao Rayidi Venkata , Prakash Panagatla , Srikanth R , Sreenivas Jammula , Swathi Karavattula 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Introduction Traditionally, the latissimus dorsi muscle with or without skin paddle has been the flap of choice for coverage of elbow defects. The ALT flap has found application in elective upper limb defects on account of it’s ability to be tailor made for individual defects. Our series of 10 cases shows the advantages of using this flap for acute trauma defects.
Materials and Methods Consecutive 10 cases of severe elbow injuries, involving varying amounts of the lower arm and proximal forearm underwent debridement followed by coverage using the free anterolateral thigh flap. Nine of 10 arterial anastomosis were done end to side to the brachial artery and venous anastomosis to the veins accompanying the artery. Seven of these patients had long bone fractures and elbow dislocations, stabilised using external fixator. Four patients needed primary muscle or tendon repair and nerve repair or graft.
Results There was 1 total flap loss, intraoperatively where a TFL flap had been used in a 71 year-old patient. Nine of 10 had successful wound coverage. Using Jupiter criteria, 2 had excellent, 3 had good, 3 had fair, and 1 had poor outcome.
Conclusion This consecutive series of moderate and severe elbow injuries demonstrates that the ALT flap should be considered as the flap of first choice, specifically when there is a need.
Cervical rib - a clinical case report
Authors: Lokanayaki V 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe cervical rib is surgically important than being just anatomical curiosity alone. The distal parts of costal processes in seventh cervical vertebra occasionally develop as cervical rib. A 32 years old female patient who attended the vascular surgical department presented with features of cervical rib on the left side. Imaging procedures confirmed bilateral cervical rib for which the patient underwent surgery. The cervical rib can cause thoracic outlet syndrome with features of acute arterial occlusion in upper limb. This case is reported to stress the important complications due to the cervical rib.
Investigation of Respiratory Tract Pathogen Human Parechoviruses in Konya, Turkey
Authors: Tokak Semih , Özdemir Mehmet , Taşbent Fatma Esenkaya 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective This study aims to better understand the epidemiological characteristics of parechoviruses and to determine the genotype distribution in Konya, Turkey.
Methods In this study, nasal and throat swab samples taken from 1,110 children who were diagnosed with respiratory tract infection (bronchitis, pneumonia, asthmatic bronchitis, and other respiratory diseases) and applied to various pediatric polyclinics of Meram Medical Faculty Hospital, Necmettin Erbakan University between September 2017 and March 2019 were evaluated. Human parechovirus (HPeV) RNA was investigated by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in respiratory tract samples. Specific genotypes of the positive samples were identified by real-time PCR amplification of the VP1 region followed by sequence analysis.
Results Of the total of 1,110 samples, 4 were positive for HPeV. Of these, HPeV1 was the most predominant genotype (n = 3), followed by HPeV4 (n = 1). HPeV infections were detected throughout the year in Konya, Turkey.
Conclusion Although the number of positive samples for HPeV is low, these findings provide information about the genetic diversity and epidemiological of HPeV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients in Turkey. This is the first study to detect prevalence and genotyping of HPeV in respiratory tract infections in Turkey. HPeVs should be considered as causative agents especially in infants with sepsis, meningitis, or encephalitis, and routine testing panels for HPeV detection should be available in hospital laboratories. Further studies using molecular epidemiological methods will be beneficial for identifying genotypes of all HPeVs involved in the etiology and for better monitoring of these infections.
The Evidence for Selective Loss of Otolithic Function
Authors: Curthoys Ian S. , Burgess Ann M. , Manzari Leonardo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecent advances in vestibular testing now permit functional testing of all peripheral vestibular sense organs (all three semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule). This makes it possible to identify patients with isolated dysfunction of the utricle or saccule, even though parallel pathways for vestibular information are ultimately integrated centrally. Selective, isolated unilateral loss of utricular function as measured by ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) has been observed in patients with normal semicircular canal function as measured by the video head impulse test of all six semicircular canals, and normal bilateral saccular function as determined by symmetrical cervical VEMPs. How these patients present clinically and how they recover is discussed and contrasted with acute vestibular neuritis. In some patients, the unilateral loss of otolith organ (utricle or saccule) function persists and yet the patient recovers functionally to their usual lifestyle. Until the testing of all peripheral vestibular sense organs is routine, the frequency of isolated loss of otolith function cannot be gauged.
The Evolution of Blood Transfusion in the Trauma Patient: Whole Blood Has Come Full Circle
Authors: Black Jonathan A. , Pierce Virginia S. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Holcomb John B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhole blood transfusion in the United States dates back to the Civil War, and it was widely used in all major conflicts since World War I. To understand our current civilian transfusion practices and to anticipate future changes in trauma resuscitation, it is important to understand the series of decisions that led trauma surgeons away from whole blood resuscitation and toward component therapy. In this review, we examine the historical basis for blood transfusion in trauma and examine the recent literature and future directions pertaining to blood product resuscitation in hemorrhaging patients.
Plasma-assisted electrochemical synthesis of monodisperse Au and Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: Kim Tae Hwan , Lee Ho-Jun , Lee Seung Whan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The synthesis of well defined nanoparticles with green chemistry has been an area of intense investigation, but still requires development. In this study, we propose a novel approach for controlling the particle size and distribution through diffusion-controlled growth of plasma-assisted electrochemical synthesis. The continuous, controlled addition of an Au precursor with syringe pump successfully controls the particle size in the range of 50–300 nm with a monodisperse size distribution. Moreover, gold nanoparticles can be formed successfully without any stabilizer and reducing agent. Through optimization of the reaction parameters, including the reaction temperature, discharge current of the microplasma, pH, and concentration of D-(-)-fructose, we verify two distinct feature of diffusion-controlled growth that the particle growth is good agreement of theoretical growth rate (r ∼ t
1/3) and the formed gold nanoparticles exhibit polyhedral or near-spherical shapes. This method has been applied to synthesize Au@Ag core–shell nanoparticles and control the Ag shell thickness.
Acoustic topological devices based on emulating and multiplexing of pseudospin and valley indices
Authors: Gao Meng , Wu Shiqiao , Mei Jun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We present a design paradigm for acoustic devices in which robust and controllable transport of wave signals can be realized. These devices are based on a simple acoustic platform, where different topological phases such as acoustic quantum spin Hall and quantum valley Hall insulators are emulated by engineering the spatial symmetries of the structure. Edge states along interfaces between different topological phases are shown to be promising information channels, where the multiplexing of pseudospin and/or valley degrees of freedom is unambiguously demonstrated in various devices including a multiport valve for acoustic power dividing and feeding. The information capacity in the input channel is substantially enhanced due to the creating of an extra dimension for the data carriers. The topological devices proposed here, when integrated with other state-of-the-art communication techniques, may suggest a significant step towards acoustic communication circuits with complex functionalities.
A land systems science approach to assessing forest governance and characterizing the emergence of social forestry in the Western Cascades of Oregon
Authors: Gosnell Hannah , Kennedy Robert , Harris Tyler , Abrams Jesse 
Published: December 2019

AbstractNational forests in the United States are undergoing a spatially and temporally uneven governance transition in response to Congressional policies, agency mandates, and social and economic pressures, with many moving from a wholly state-led ‘dominant federal’ model to a more collaborative networked governance model which we refer to as ‘social forestry’. While the broad contours of this transition have been observed and studied previously, there have been few attempts to characterize it using quantitative, qualitative, or geospatial methods. Here, we combine a novel remote sensing-based method with qualitative social science research to understand the emergence of social forestry and its implications for land use/land cover change associated with implementation of the Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP) in the Western Cascades of Oregon. We linked time-series satellite data with forest inventory data to track patterns of timber harvest at scales commensurate with timber management decision-making. We then compared these patterns to policy-based expectations. We found a significant disconnect between NWFP policy and actual timber harvest patterns, raising questions about the effectiveness of the NWFP land use allocation system and the ‘land sparing’ approach to managing tensions between conservation and production. Qualitative research, including semi-structured interviews with federal agency personnel and local stakeholders, shed light on the causal mechanisms and reciprocal relationships driving spatial patterns of timber harvesting, which we discuss in terms of the emergence of social forestry involving complex, place-based negotiations between the federal government and local veto actors advocating for conservation. Findings have implications for US Forest Service public engagement strategies and efforts to establish zones of agreement regarding timber harvesting, as well as broader discussions about the agency’s future.