bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes for School-Aged Children with Aural Atresia
Authors: Hyland Anna , Arnott Wendy L , Rushbrooke Emma , Cheadle Simone 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study compared the language, reading, classroom, and quality of life outcomes of primary school-aged children with aural atresia (AA) to matched controls. Participants included 10 children with AA (eight unilateral) and 10 children with typical hearing matched by chronological and mental age. All children with AA had been fitted with an amplification device. Outcome measures included standardized tests of language, reading, and functional communication questionnaires of children’s classroom performance and hearing quality of life. The children with AA recorded significantly reduced hearing quality of life. The two groups did not differ on any other measures. The present preliminary findings suggest that children with AA who receive early amplification have similar language, communication, reading, and classroom outcomes as their typically hearing peers. Despite these promising outcomes, however, the children’s quality of life is significantly reduced. Further research is needed to further elucidate these findings.
Minimally invasive esophagectomy is associated with superior survival, lymphadenectomy and surgical margins: propensity matched analysis of the National Cancer Database
Authors: Worrell Stephanie G , Bachman Katelynn C , Sarode Anuja L , Perry Yaron , Linden Philip A , Towe Christopher W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite excellent short-term outcomes of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), there is minimal data on long-term outcomes compared to open esophagectomy. MIE’s superior visualization may have improved lymphadenectomy and complete resection rate and therefore improved long-term outcomes. We hypothesized that MIE would have superior long-term survival. Patients undergoing an esophagectomy for cancer between 2010 and 2016 were identified in the National Cancer Database. MIE included laparoscopic/robotic approach, and conversions were categorized as open. A 1:1 propensity match was performed. Lymphadenectomy and margin status were compared between MIE and open using Stuart Maxwell marginal homogeneity and Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-rank test. Survival was compared using log-rank test. 13,083 patients were identified: 8,906 (68%) open and 4,177 (32%) MIE. Propensity matching identified 3,659 ‘pairs’ of MIE and open esophagectomy patients. Among them, MIE was associated with higher number lymph nodes examined (16 vs. 14, P &lt; 0.001) and similar number of positive lymph nodes (0 vs. 0, P = 0.33). MIE had higher rate of negative pathologic margin (95 vs. 93.5%, P &lt; 0.001). MIE was also associated with shorter hospitalization (9 vs. 10 days, P &lt; 0.001). Survival was improved among MIE patients (46.6 vs. 41.4 months for open, P = 0.003) and among pathologic node-negative patients (71.4 vs. 61.5 months, P = 0.005). These data suggest that MIE has improved short-term outcomes (improved lymphadenectomy, pathologic margins, and length of stay) and also associated improved overall survival. The etiology of superior overall survival is likely secondary to many factors related and unrelated to surgical approach.
Contemporary management of patients with syncope in clinical practice: an EHRA physician-based survey
Authors: Dan Gheorghe-Andrei , Scherr Daniel , Jubele Kristine , Farkowski Michal M , Iliodromitis Konstantinos , Conte Giulio , Jędrzejczyk-Patej Ewa , Vitali-Serdoz Laura , Potpara Tatjana S 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSyncope is a heterogeneous syndrome encompassing a large spectrum of mechanisms and outcomes. The European Society of Cardiology published an update of the Syncope Guidelines in 2018. The aim of the present survey was to capture contemporary management of syncope and guideline implementation among European physicians. A 23-item questionnaire was presented to 2588 European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) members from 32 European countries. The response rate was 48%, but only complete responses (n = 161) were included in this study. The questionnaire contained specific items regarding syncope facilities, diagnostic definitions, diagnostic tools, follow-up, and therapy. The survey revealed that many respondents did not have syncope units (88%) or dedicated management algorithms (44%) at their institutions, and 45% of the respondents reported syncope-related hospitalization rates &gt;25%, whereas most (95%) employed close monitoring and hospitalization in syncope patients with structural heart disease. Carotid sinus massage, autonomic testing, and tilt-table testing were inconsistently used. Indications were heterogeneous for implanted loop recorders (79% considered them for recurrent syncope in high-risk patients) or electrophysiological studies (67% considered them in bifascicular block and inconclusive non-invasive testing). Non-pharmacological therapy was consistently considered by 68% of respondents; however, there was important variation regarding the choice of drug and device therapy. While revealing an increased awareness of syncope and good practice, our study identified important unmet needs regarding the optimal management of syncope and variable syncope guideline implementation.
Lighten Up! Postural Instructions Affect Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Cohen Rajal G , Baer Jason L , Ravichandra Ramyaa , Kral Daniel , McGowan Craig , Cacciatore Timothy W 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Increased fall risk in older adults is associated with declining balance. Previous work showed that brief postural instructions can affect balance control in older adults with Parkinson’s disease. Here, we assessed the effects of brief instructions on static and dynamic balance in healthy older adults.

Research Design and Methods
Nineteen participants practiced three sets of instructions, then attempted to implement each instructional set during: (1) quiet standing on foam for 30 s with eyes open; (2) a 3-s foot lift. “Light” instructions relied on principles of reducing excess tension while encouraging length. “Effortful” instructions relied on popular concepts of effortful posture correction. “Relax” instructions encouraged minimization of effort. We measured kinematics and muscle activity.

Results
During quiet stance, Effortful instructions increased mediolateral jerk and path length. In the foot lift task, Light instructions led to the longest foot-in-air duration and the smallest anteroposterior variability of the center of mass, Relax instructions led to the farthest forward head position, and Effortful instructions led to the highest activity in torso muscles.

Discussion and Implications
Thinking of upright posture as effortless may reduce excessive co-contractions and improve static and dynamic balance, while thinking of upright posture as inherently effortful may make balance worse. This may partly account for the benefits of embodied mindfulness practices such as tai chi and Alexander technique for balance in older adults. Pending larger-scale replication, this discovery may enable physiotherapists and teachers of dance, exercise, and martial arts to improve balance and reduce fall risk in their older students and clients simply by modifying how they talk about posture.
Trace operators of the bi-Laplacian and applications
Authors: Führer Thomas , Haberl Alexander , Heuer Norbert 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We study several trace operators and spaces that are related to the bi-Laplacian. They are motivated by the development of ultraweak formulations for the bi-Laplace equation with homogeneous Dirichlet condition, but are also relevant to describe conformity of mixed approximations. Our aim is to have well-posed (ultraweak) formulations that assume low regularity under the condition of an $L_2$ right-hand side function. We pursue two ways of defining traces and corresponding integration-by-parts formulas. In one case one obtains a nonclosed space. This can be fixed by switching to the Kirchhoff–Love traces from Führer et al. (2019, An ultraweak formulation of the Kirchhoff–Love plate bending model and DPG approximation. Math. Comp., 88, 1587–1619). Using different combinations of trace operators we obtain two well-posed formulations. For both of them we report on numerical experiments with the discontinuous Petrov–Galerkin method and optimal test functions. In this paper we consider two and three space dimensions. However, with the exception of a given counterexample in an appendix (related to the nonclosedness of a trace space) our analysis applies to any space dimension larger than or equal to two.
The Anti-deterrence Hypothesis
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although there is by now considerable debate on how much general deterrence effect international criminal justice has, there has been far less discussion of a discreet dimension that has long been identified in the criminology literature, namely the possibility that criminal justice would have an anti-deterrent effect. Along what lines, then, might we understand international criminal justice to be partly ‘criminogenic’? This article sketches some ways in which this phenomenon might be understood, taking into account the specificities of international justice. It argues that the risk of further violence by suspects, of imperfect justice revealing its weaknesses and creating a backlash, and of romanticization of ‘outlaws’ can all count as potential anti-deterrent effects, although their significance for the larger project remains hard to gauge.
Sensitivity of Polyvoltine Thai Strains of Bombyx mori to a BmNPV Isolate From Mahasarakham
Authors: Suraporn Siripuk , Terenius Olle 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Virus infection by the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is the most severe disease in Thai sericultural practice of polyvoltine silkworms. Here, we characterized a newly isolated BmNPV isolated from the Mahasarakham province in Thailand (BmNPV-MSU). The purity and morphology of BmNPV-MSU were examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) of BmNPV-MSU appeared in tetragonal, hexagonal, octagonal, and globular forms. The virions were both single and multiple embedded as observed by transmission electron microscopy. We also determined the virulence of BmNPV-MSU for six different Thai polyvoltine strains by LC50 and time to death after infection. The LC50 values of Nang Lai, NK04, and Sam Rong strains were 5.05–1.52 × 107 PIBs per ml and mortality peaked 7- to 8-d after inoculation. For Nang Noi, SP2, and RE05 strains the LC50 values were 7.91–1.82 × 106 PIBs/ml and mortality peaked 4–5 d after inoculation, thus having lower chance of survival to infection by BmNPV-MSU.
Worker Trust in Management and Delegation in Organizations
Authors: Meagher Kieron J , Wait Andrew 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing a unique employee–establishment survey, we find a causal relationship between an individual employee’s trust of management and their decision-making rights (delegation). We utilize both fixed effects (FE) and instrumental variables to control for unobserved factors: establishment-level FE control for management quality, practices, culture, and other characteristics; our instruments of inherited trust in management, and trust of equivalent workers in a different but similar country address the possible endogeneity of employee trust. Across all specifications, we find that delegation to a worker is more likely if that employee trusts management. In our preferred model, which includes establishment FE and accounts for endogeneity, we find a 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in employee trust increases delegation by approximately 0.6 of 1 SD. Our results are robust to the inclusion of worker preferences for individualism (which favors delegation), incentives/bonuses, and alternative measures of decision authority. (JEL D23, L22, L23).
The Competitive Effects of the GDPR
Authors: Gal Michal S , Aviv Oshrit 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The GDPR is the Magna Carta of data protection, the importance of which cannot be overstated. Yet, as this article shows, the price of data protection through the GDPR is much higher than previously recognized. The GDPR creates two main harmful effects on competition and innovation: it limits competition in data markets, creating more concentrated market structures and entrenching the market power of those who are already strong; and it limits data sharing between different data collectors, thereby preventing the realization of some data synergies which may lead to better data-based knowledge. To illustrate its claims, the article analyzes the competitive dynamics created by the GDPR, focusing on how it affects the options available to firms for amassing the data necessary for their operations, and their resultant ability to realize economies of scale and scope in data analysis. It identifies seven main parallel and cumulative market dynamics that may limit data collection and data sharing, only some of which have been recognized so far. As shown, under some market conditions, the GDPR has unintended and so far unrecognized effects on competition, efficiency, innovation, and the resultant welfare. The dynamics identified in this article offer partial explanations for some of the troubling empirical evidence regarding investment in EU data-driven markets following the adoption of the GDPR. Furthermore, the analysis enables us to identify which effects are short-term and which are here to stay. The effects on competition and innovation identified may justify a reevaluation of the balance reached to ensure that overall welfare is increased. The article suggests some means of reducing harmful competitive effects, while still protecting the vital goal of privacy, including reaching a better balance between data protection and competition law, reducing uncertainty in the GDPR, creating certification mechanisms for GDPR compliance, and structuring of mandatory data-sharing obligations under other laws in a way, which is sensitive to the dynamics of data markets.
HIV Care Continuum and Meeting 90-90-90 Targets: Cascade of Care Analyses of a U.S. Military Cohort
Authors: Anglemyer Andrew , Haber Noah , Noiman Adi , Rutherford George , Ganesan Anuradha , Blaylock Jason , Okulicz Jason , Maves Ryan C , Lalani Tahaniyat , Schofield Christina , Mancuso James , Agan Brian K ,   The Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The new initiative by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) aims to decrease new HIV infections in the U.S. by 75% within 5 years and 90% within 10 years. Our objective was to evaluate whether the U.S. military provides a good example of the benefits of such policies.

Materials and methods
We conducted an analysis of a cohort of 1,405 active duty military personnel with HIV enrolled in the Natural History Study who were diagnosed between 2003 and 2015 at six U.S. military medical centers. The study was approved by institutional review boards at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences and each of the sites. We evaluated the impact of Department of Defense (DoD) HIV care policies, including screening, linkage to care, treatment eligibility, and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation on achieving viral suppression (VS) within 3 years of diagnosis. As a secondary outcome, we evaluated the DoD’s achievement of UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets.

Results
Nearly all (99%) were linked to care within 60 days. Among patients diagnosed in 2003–2009, 77.5% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 73.9–80.6%) became eligible for cART within 3 years of diagnosis, 70.6% (95% CI 66.6–74.1%) overall initiated cART, and 64.2% (95% CI 60.1–68.0%) overall achieved VS. Among patients diagnosed in 2010–2015, 98.7% (95% CI 96.7–99.5%) became eligible for cART within 3 years of diagnosis, 98.5% (95% CI 96.4–99.4%) overall initiated cART, and 89.8% (95% CI 86.0–92.5%) overall achieved VS.

Conclusions
U.S. military HIV policies have been highly successful in achieving VS goals, exceeding the UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets. In spite of limitations, including generalizability, this example demonstrates the feasibility of the DHHS initiative to decrease new infections through testing, early treatment, and retention in care.
Lessons from isavuconazole therapeutic drug monitoring at a United Kingdom Reference Center
Authors: Borman Andrew M , Hughes Jessica M , Oliver Debra , Fraser Mark , Sunderland Julie , Noel Alan R , Johnson Elizabeth M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We determined isavuconazole serum concentrations for 150 UK patients receiving standard isavuconazole dosing regimens, including serial therapeutic drug monitoring for several patients on prolonged therapy. Mean trough isavuconazole concentrations in these patients were virtually identical to those reported previously from clinical trials, although greater variability was seen in patients below 18 years of age. Serial monitoring in patients receiving prolonged therapy suggested gradual, near-linear accumulation of the drug over many weeks.
Inferred time-scales for common envelope ejection using wide astrometric companions
Authors: Igoshev Andrei P , Perets Hagai B , Michaely Erez 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Evolution of close binaries often proceeds through the common envelope stage. The physics of the envelope ejection (CEE) is not yet understood, and several mechanisms were suggested to be involved. These could give rise to different time-scales for the CEE mass-loss. In order to probe the CEE-time-scales we study wide companions to post-CE binaries. Faster mass-loss time-scales give rise to higher disruption rates of wide binaries and result in larger average separations. We make use of data from Gaia DR2 to search for ultrawide companions (projected separations 103–2 × 105 au and M2 &gt; 0.4 M⊙) to several types of post-CEE systems, including sdBs, white dwarf post-common binaries, and cataclysmic variables. We find a (wide-orbit) multiplicity fraction of 1.4 ± 0.2 per cent for sdBs to be compared with a multiplicity fraction of 5.0 ± 0.2 per cent for late-B/A/F stars which are possible sdB progenitors. The distribution of projected separations of ultrawide pairs to main sequence stars and sdBs differs significantly and is compatible with prompt mass-loss (upper limit on common envelope ejection time-scales of 102 yr). The smaller statistics of ultrawide companions to cataclysmic variables and post-CEE binaries provide weaker constraints. Nevertheless, the survival rate of ultrawide pairs to the cataclysmic variables suggest much longer, ∼104 yr time-scales for the CEE in these systems, possibly suggesting non-dynamical CEE in this regime.
Relative alignment between dense molecular cores and ambient magnetic field: the synergy of numerical models and observations
Authors: Chen Che-Yu , Behrens Erica A , Washington Jasmin E , Fissel Laura M , Friesen Rachel K , Li Zhi-Yun , Pineda Jaime E , Ginsburg Adam , Kirk Helen , Scibelli Samantha , Alves Felipe , Redaelli Elena , Caselli Paola , Punanova Anna , Di Francesco James , Rosolowsky Erik , Offner Stella S R , Martin Peter G , Chacón-Tanarro Ana , Chen Hope H-H , Chen Michael C-Y , Keown Jared , Seo Youngmin , Shirley Yancy , Arce Hector G , Goodman Alyssa A , Matzner Christopher D , Myers Philip C , Singh Ayushi 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The role played by magnetic field during star formation is an important topic in astrophysics. We investigate the correlation between the orientation of star-forming cores (as defined by the core major axes) and ambient magnetic field directions in (i) a 3D magnetohydrodynamic simulation, (ii) synthetic observations generated from the simulation at different viewing angles, and (iii) observations of nearby molecular clouds. We find that the results on relative alignment between cores and background magnetic field in synthetic observations slightly disagree with those measured in fully 3D simulation data, which is partly because cores identified in projected 2D maps tend to coexist within filamentary structures, while 3D cores are generally more rounded. In addition, we examine the progression of magnetic field from pc to core scale in the simulation, which is consistent with the anisotropic core formation model that gas preferably flows along the magnetic field towards dense cores. When comparing the observed cores identified from the Green Bank Ammonia Survey and Planck polarization-inferred magnetic field orientations, we find that the relative core–field alignment has a regional dependence among different clouds. More specifically, we find that dense cores in the Taurus molecular cloud tend to align perpendicular to the background magnetic field, while those in Perseus and Ophiuchus tend to have random (Perseus) or slightly parallel (Ophiuchus) orientations with respect to the field. We argue that this feature of relative core–field orientation could be used to probe the relative significance of the magnetic field within the cloud.
Evolving grain-size distributions embedded in gas flows
Authors: Sumpter R , Van Loo S 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a numerical approach for accurately evolving a dust grain-size distribution undergoing number-conserving (such as sputtering) and/or mass-conserving (such as shattering) processes. As typically observed interstellar dust distributions follow a power law, our method adopts a power-law discretization and uses both the grain mass and number densities in each bin to determine the power-law parameters. This power-law method is complementary to piecewise-constant and linear methods in the literature. We find that the power-law method surpasses the other two approaches, especially for small bin numbers. In the sputtering tests, the relative error in the total grain mass remains below 0.01 per cent independent of the number of bins N, while the other methods only achieve this for N &gt; 50 or higher. Likewise, the shattering test shows that the method also produces small relative errors in the total grain numbers while conserving mass. Not only does the power-law method conserve the global distribution properties, it also preserves the inter-bin characteristics so that the shape of the distribution is recovered to a high degree. This does not always happen for the constant and linear methods, especially not for small bin numbers. Implementing the power-law method in a hydrodynamical code thus minimizes the numerical cost while maintaining high accuracy. The method is not limited to dust grain distributions, but can also be applied to the evolution of any distribution function, such as a cosmic ray distribution affected by synchrotron radiation or inverse-Compton scattering.