bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When is shared sanitation acceptable in low-income urban settlements? A user perspective on shared sanitation quality in Kumasi, Kisumu and Dhaka
Authors: Schelbert Vasco , Meili Dario , Alam Mahbub-Ul , Simiyu Sheillah , Antwi-Agyei Prince , Adjei Kwaku Amaning , Dwumfour-Asare Bismark , Rahman Mahbubur , Ferdous Sharika , Sarker Supta , Günther Isabel , Lüthi Christoph 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Shared sanitation facilities (SSFs) have contributed considerably to sanitation access in many low-income settlements. While many SSFs are of unacceptable quality, others have been found to be a hygienically safe and a socially and economically viable sanitation option. Within its framework, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP), evaluating progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, considers shared sanitation as ‘limited sanitation’. Overall, there is uncertainty about the criteria to distinguish between unacceptable and acceptable quality of SSF. In our study, we used a user-centred qualitative approach in low-income urban settlements in Kumasi (Ghana), Kisumu (Kenya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh) and conducted 17 focus group discussions to evaluate how SSF users define the quality of an SSF and which aspects they consider as essential priorities for good-quality SSF. In descending order, the user priorities identified are: immediate water access, cleanliness, gender-separated toilets, flush toilets, lighting for use at night, lockable/functional doors, tiling, handwashing stations and privacy. This list can serve as input to the sanitation guidelines, local building codes and the establishment of minimum national sanitation standards. SSFs that meet these minimal criteria can then be promoted as an incremental step when individual household facilities are not feasible.
Physicochemical properties of irrigation water in western Himalayas, Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Haider , Khan Muhammad Zafar , Begum Farida , Raut Nani , Gurung Smriti 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Appropriate irrigation water quality is essential for maintaining soil properties. This study investigates numerous physicochemical properties of irrigation water in three Himalayan valleys in northern Pakistan, receiving water from different sources. A total of 36 samples (3 replicates from four points at each site) were randomly collected and analyzed following standard laboratory techniques. The results revealed that most of the physicochemical parameters were within the permissible limits as specified by FAO, USEPA, and WWF for agriculture water. However, the total dissolved solids, potassium, mercury, nickel, and cadmium were found beyond the recommended ranges. Analysis of variance indicated that the mean values of various constituents differed significantly across the sources. Among the water sources, the mix of spring and glacial meltwater was found to contain maximum parameters within the permissible limits. The study recommends further investigating the implications of the existing water quality parameters on crop productivity and human health.
Hydrated-electron-based short chain perfluorosulfonic acid decomposition in VUV/sulfite system
Authors: Gu Yurong , Dong Zijun , Zhang Xi , Han Qi , Li Yongbing 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acids (PFSAs) have attracted increasing attention due to their global distribution, high chemical stability and persistence. As a powerful reductant, hydrated electron () shows extraordinary reactivity towards halogenated organic substances like PFSAs. In this study, -based photo-decomposition of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) in a VUV/sulfite system was investigated. The kobs of PFHxS decomposition in the studied system was 0.0049 ± 0.0005 min−1, which was 24.5-fold faster than that in a sole VUV system. It was demonstrated that was the main reactive species responsible for PFHxS decomposition. PFHxS decomposition kinetics were accelerated at higher initial solution pH and sulfite dosage, but were restrained when higher initial PFHxS concentration was introduced. Co-existence of chloride showed slight enhancement of PFHxS decomposition, whereas nitrate and bicarbonate suppressed PFHxS decomposition. Accompanying PFHxS decomposition, short chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) were detected as main intermediate products. PFHxS decomposition started with C-S bond fracture, followed by perfluoroalkyl radical hydrolysis reactions and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) formation. Afterwards, PFHxA was defluorinated by stepwise loss of CF2 units to generate other short chain PFCAs.
Survival analysis of water distribution network under intermittent water supply conditions
Authors: Mohammadi Ali , Jalili-Ghazizadeh Mohammadreza , Moslehi Iman , Yousefi-Khoshqalb Ehsan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntermittent water supply (IWS) is established temporarily or continuously in many water distribution networks (WDNs) worldwide due to prolonged drought, low rainfall periods, water scarcity and high level of leakage. IWS causes several adverse consequences on the network operation, resulting in ineffective supply and demand management. This paper presents a survival analysis of the network elements, including water mains, service connections, and valves using the Kaplan-Meier approach to determine the survival probability and the probability of failure rates of events of interest. The objective is to explore the changes in failure rates of network elements after implementing an IWS scheme. The non-parametric survival method is applied to the large zone (Zone-5) of the WDN in Tehran (Iran) based on the frequency of failures before, during, and after the implementation of an IWS regime. The results show that the probability of failure rates significantly increase after implementing the IWS scheme, and can remain for several years after, even when the network returns to continuous water supply (CWS). The results of this study can assist utility managers to understand the detrimental effects of IWS systems on increasing failure rates.
Simultaneous adsorption of Cu2+ and Cr (VI) using HDTMA-modified zeolite: isotherm, kinetic, mechanism, and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Zekavat Soroosh Roshan , Raouf Fereshteh , Talesh Seyed Siamak Ashraf 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Clinoptilolite modified by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br) was used to simultaneously remove copper and hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions. The surface properties of HDTMA-modified natural zeolite (HMNZ) were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), zeta potential and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. SEM images showed that surfactant is adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite, which is confirmed by the FTIR result. The results from BET demonstrated a reduction in the specific surface area and pore volume due to the presence of surfactant molecules on the external surface of zeolite. The effects of important parameters on adsorption efficiency of Cu2+ and Cr (VI) were evaluated by Box-Behnken design. The Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit to the equilibrium data of Cu2+ and Cr (VI), with the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.068 and 0.0093(mmol), respectively. The film diffusion mechanism was found to control the mass transfer, and the adsorption reactions were computed as endothermic for Cu2+ ( = 17.58 kJ) and exothermic for Cr (VI) ( −26.18 kJ). The results indicated that surfactant modification changes the surface charge of zeolite from negative to positive, which makes zeolites economic adsorbents with the possibility of simultaneous removal of cations and oxyanions. The results also showed that the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) increases in the presence of copper cations due to there being more positive sites on the adsorbent surface.
Evaluation of phenol removal via a spiral wound reverse osmosis process with different feed concentrations: simulation study
Authors: Al-Obaidi Mudhar A. , Mustafa Samir N. , Malek Kawther H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reverse osmosis (RO) process is progressively engaged in various industrial applications as a promising separation process in favour of classical methods. In this study, an earlier one-dimensional distributed model of RO process, developed by the author, is used to simulate the transport phenomena of phenol removal. The proposed model represented the process parameters as a function of longitudinal variation along the x-coordinate of feed side. The transport parameters of the membrane are optimised by the gEST parameter estimation tool of gPROMS. The model is verified against phenol removal experimental data for a pilot-scale spiral wound RO (SWRO) treatment system. The model has been used to explore the effects of key operating parameters on the phenol removal for five feed concentration cases.
Micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) for efficient COD and nitrogen removal of high-concentration wastewater
Authors: Bian Dejun , Nie Zebing , Wang Fan , Ai Shengshu , Zhu Suiyi , Guo Haiyan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) was developed for carbon and nitrogen removal of wastewater, in which dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient and internal circulation could be created by setting the aerators along one side of the reactor, and micro-pressure could be realized by sealing most of the top cap and increasing the outlet water level. In this study, velocity and DO distribution in the reactor was measured, removal performance treating high-concentration wastewater was investigated, and the main functional microorganisms were analyzed. The experiment results indicated that there was stable swirl flow and spatial DO gradient in MPSR. Operated in sequencing batch reactor mode, distinct biological environments spatially and temporally were created. Under the average influent condition of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 2,884 mg/L and total nitrogen (TN) of 184 mg/L, COD removal efficiency and removal loading was 98% and 1.8 kgCOD/(m3·d) respectively, and TN removal efficiency and removal loading reached up to 90% and 0.11 kgTN/(m3·d) respectively. With efficient utilization of DO and simpler configuration for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification, the MPSR has the potential of treating high-concentration wastewater at lower cost.
Evaluating financial sustainability along the sanitation value chain using a financial flow simulator (eSOSView™)
Authors: Furlong Claire , Singh Shirish , Shrestha Nitesh , Sherpa Mingma Gyalzen , Lüthi Christoph , Zakaria Fiona , Brdjanovic Damir 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A majority of the world's population use onsite sanitation systems, which store or treat excreta close to where it is generated. Sludge from these systems needs to be managed through a series of stages, known as the sanitation value chain. There is a huge diversity of service providers, not only within each part of the chain, but also along the chain bridging the different components. These service providers are linked not only by the flow of materials, but also by the transfer of money. Therefore for this system to be considered financially sustainable all services from the toilet to reuse or disposal need to be considered. A tool has been developed (eSOSView™) to simulate, evaluate, and optimise the financial flows along and within the sanitation value chain. In this paper eSOSView™ was tested, validated (using existing data), and piloted (including data collection). This paper demonstrates how eSOSView ™ can be used to evaluate different financial flow models, to assess financial sustainability in different parts of the sanitation value chain and optimise the financial sustainability along the sanitation value chain.
The Clinical Impact of Quantitative Cell-free DNA, KRAS, and BRAF Mutations on Response to Anti-EGFR Treatment in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Moradi-Marjaneh Reyhaneh , Asgharzadeh Fereshteh , Khordad Elnaz , Marjaneh Mahdi Moradi 
Published: October 2020

:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common leading causes of cancer death in the world. Although
EGFR inhibitors have established efficacy in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), some patients do not
respond to this treatment. The EGFR inhibitors' failure and acquired resistance are partly due to KRAS and
BRAF mutations. Thus, prognostic biomarkers that help to select eligible patients are highly in demand. To improve
patient selection, assessment of mutational status in circulating cell free DNA (cfDNA), which possibly
represents the dynamicity of tumor genetic status better than tumor tissue, could be advantageous. This review
summarizes the current knowledge of the prognostic value of cfDNA in patients with mCRC treated with
EGFR inhibitors with emphasis on the clinical importance of identification of KRAS and BRAF mutations.
Dissolution Enhancement of Eplerenone using Solvent Melt Method
Authors: Agarwal Vijay , Kumar Vipin , Sharma Pankaj K. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Eplerenone (EPL) is a BCS class II drug, thus, having poor water solubility.
The poor water solubility of this drug leads to poor dissolution and ultimately shows poor bioavailability.
To overcome this problem, the solid dispersion of EPL was prepared in this study.

Methods:
This was accomplished by using the solvent melt method as the solid dispersion technique.
In this method, Pluronic F-68 and F-127 were used as the carrier and different formulations
were prepared using varying ratios of a drug and carrier (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5). The mixture of
drug solution and carrier was prepared at 70°C, using the digital magnetic stirrer. The resultant mixture
was dried at 40°C in a hot air oven and optimized EPL-solid dispersion was undergone for
their characterization using drug content, drug entrapment efficiency (%) and drug loading content
(%), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Infra-Red spectroscopy, Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC), stability study and in-vitro dissolution studies.

Results:
The result indicated that there was no interaction between EPL and Pluronics (Pluronic
F-68 & F-127), and optimized formulation (P127-2) of EPL-solid dispersion had encapsulation efficiency
> 95%. Experimental work also showed that optimized formulation has 31.7% of drug loading
content which was greater than other existing solid dispersion having less than 30% of drug
loading content. Out of different batches, the optimized batch exhibits the faster dissolution rate in
comparison to other batches. It released the almost total amount of drug (98.96%) in 30 minutes.
The stored ESM-solid dispersion also exhibited remarkable stability and remains in a solid state,
when it was exposed to 25°C/60% relative humidity and room temperature (38ºC) for two months.
Such stability was confirmed by DSC method. The DSC thermogram of optimized formulation exhibited
a melting endotherm at an onset temperature of 160°C, a peak temperature of 165°C and a
heat of fusion of 25.68 J/gm. Similarly, the DSC thermogram of the physical mixture of bulk EPL/-
pluronic F-127 also exhibited the onset of temperature at 165°C, and a peak temperature at 171°C.
Thus, the result indicated that both samples showed almost similar DSC pattern and no sample altered
its state after the treatment of temperature and humidity used in stability testing. SEM study
was also performed in this research and the result indicated that the particle size of optimized formulation
was varied, having irregular matrices due to the porous nature of the carrier.

Conclusion:
Based on different findings, it can be concluded that the solvent melt method could be
a potential method for preparing the solid dispersion of EPL like BCS class-II Drugs and will be
able to solve the dissolution and solubilization related problem of poorly soluble drugs.
Dose Formulation, Biodistribution and PET Imaging Studies of a First-in-Class Fluorine-18 Organophosphorus Cholinesterase Inhibitor Tracer in Rat
Authors: Neumann Kiel D. , Blecha Joseph E. , Chao Chih-Kai , Huynh Tony , Zinn Kurt R. , VanBrocklin Henry F. , Thompson Charles M. , Gerdes John M. 
Published: October 2020

Background::
To investigate dynamic live tissue organophosphorus nerve agent
uptake and distribution fates resulting in acetylcholinesterase inhibition, we recently reported
the first-in-class fluorine-18 [18F] radiolabeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging
tracer known as [18F]O-(2-fluoroethyl)-O-(p-nitrophenyl)methylphosphonate. This tracer
has been initially studied in live rats with PET imaging.

Objective.:
We sought to evaluate the PET tracer in vivo using a new dose formulation of saline,
ethanol and L-ascorbic acid, and compare the influence of this formulation on in vivo
tracer performance to previous data collected using a CH3CN:PBS formulation.

Methods::
A high molar activity [18F]tracer radiosynthesis was used. Doses were formulated
as saline, ethanol (≤ 1%) and L-ascorbic acid (0.1%), pH 4.0-4.5. Stability was evaluated to 6
h. Dose injection (i.v.) into male rats was followed by either ex vivo biodistribution profiling
at 5, 30, 90 min, or dynamic 90 min PET imaging. Rat biodistribution and PET imaging data
were compared.

Results and Discussion::
An optimized radiosynthesis (8 ± 2 % RCY) resulted in stable
doses for 6 h (>99%). Arterial blood included a tracer and a single metabolite. The ex vivo
biodistribution and live tissue PET imaging data revealed rapid radioactivity uptake and distributed
tissue levels: heart and lung, highest; liver, moderate; and brain, lowest.

Conclusions::
Imaging and biodistribution data were highly correlated with expected radioactivity
tissue uptake and distribution in target organs. Lower brain radioactivity levels by PET
imaging were found for the new formulation (saline, 1% L-ascorbic acid, < 1% ethanol) as
compared to the established CH3CN:PBS formulation. Overall, we found that the i.v. dose
formulation changed the in vivo profile of an organophosphorus PET tracer that is considered
an important finding for future organophosphorus PET tracer studies.
Integrating Genomics and Clinical Data for Statistical Analysis by Using GEnome MINIng (GEMINI) and Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR): System Design and Implementation
Authors: Gruendner Julian , Wolf Nicolas , Tögel Lars , Haller Florian , Prokosch Hans-Ulrich , Christoph Jan 
Published: October 2020

Background
The introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) into molecular cancer diagnostics has led to an increase in the data available for the identification and evaluation of driver mutations and for defining personalized cancer treatment regimens. The meaningful combination of omics data, ie, pathogenic gene variants and alterations with other patient data, to understand the full picture of malignancy has been challenging.

Objective
This study describes the implementation of a system capable of processing, analyzing, and subsequently combining NGS data with other clinical patient data for analysis within and across institutions.

Methods
On the basis of the already existing NGS analysis workflows for the identification of malignant gene variants at the Institute of Pathology of the University Hospital Erlangen, we defined basic requirements on an NGS processing and analysis pipeline and implemented a pipeline based on the GEMINI (GEnome MINIng) open source genetic variation database. For the purpose of validation, this pipeline was applied to data from the 1000 Genomes Project and subsequently to NGS data derived from 206 patients of a local hospital. We further integrated the pipeline into existing structures of data integration centers at the University Hospital Erlangen and combined NGS data with local nongenomic patient-derived data available in Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources format.

Results
Using data from the 1000 Genomes Project and from the patient cohort as input, the implemented system produced the same results as already established methodologies. Further, it satisfied all our identified requirements and was successfully integrated into the existing infrastructure. Finally, we showed in an exemplary analysis how the data could be quickly loaded into and analyzed in KETOS, a web-based analysis platform for statistical analysis and clinical decision support.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that the GEMINI open source database can be augmented to create an NGS analysis pipeline. The pipeline generates high-quality results consistent with the already established workflows for gene variant annotation and pathological evaluation. We further demonstrate how NGS-derived genomic and other clinical data can be combined for further statistical analysis, thereby providing for data integration using standardized vocabularies and methods. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of the pipeline integration into hospital workflows by providing an exemplary integration into the data integration center infrastructure, which is currently being established across Germany.
A Blended Electronic Illness Management and Recovery Program for People With Severe Mental Illness: Qualitative Process Evaluation Alongside a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Beentjes Titus A A , van Gaal Betsie G I , Vermeulen Hester , Nijhuis-van der Sanden Maria W G , Goossens Peter J J 
Published: October 2020

Background
We conducted a trial to test the electronic Illness Management and Recovery (e-IMR) intervention to provide conclusions on the potential efficacy of eHealth for people with severe mental illness (SMI). In the e-IMR intervention, we used the standard IMR program content and methodology and combined face-to-face sessions with internet-based strategies on the constructed e-IMR internet platform. During the trial, the e-IMR platform was sparsely used.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the added value of the e-IMR intervention and the barriers and facilitators that can explain the low use of the e-IMR platform.

Methods
This process evaluation was designed alongside a multicenter, cluster randomized controlled trial. In this study, we included all available participants and trainers from the intervention arm of the trial. Baseline characteristics were used to compare users with nonusers. Qualitative data were gathered at the end of the semistructured interviews. Using theoretical thematic analyses, the data were analyzed deductively using a pre-existing coding frame.

Results
Out of 41 eligible participants and 14 trainers, 27 participants and 11 trainers were interviewed. Of the 27 participants, 10 were identified as users. eHealth components that had added value were the persuasive nature of the goal-tracking sheets, monitoring, and the peer testimonials, which had the potential to enhance group discussions and disclosure by participants. The low use of the e-IMR platform was influenced by the inflexibility of the platform, the lack of information technology (IT) resources, the group context, participants’ low computer skills and disabilities, and the hesitant eHealth attitude of the trainers.

Conclusions
The extent of eHealth readiness and correlations with vulnerabilities in persons with SMI need further investigation. This study shows that flexible options were needed for the use of e-IMR components and that options should be provided only in response to a participant’s need. Use of the e-IMR intervention in the future is preconditioned by checking the available IT resources (such as tablets for participants) providing computer or internet guidance to participants outside the group sessions, evaluating the eHealth attitude and skills of trainers, and tailoring eHealth training to increase the skills of future e-IMR trainers.

Trial Registration
Netherlands Trial Register NTR4772; https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/4621

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR2-10.1186/s12913-016-1267-z