bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy verification of protoacoustic measurements in a heterogeneous phantom by an optical hydrophone
Authors: Chen Ye , Kasamatsu Koki , Kuriyama Yasutoshi , Uesugi Tomonori , Ishi Yoshihiro , Murakami Taichi , Hidani Sena , Caulfield Michael , Unlu Mehmet Burcin , Rohringer Wolfgang , Matsuura Taeko 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundProtoacoustics has emerged as a promising real‐time range measurement method for proton therapy. Optical hydrophones (OHs) are considered suitable to detect protoacoustic waves owing to their ultracompact size and high sensitivity. In our previous research, we demonstrated that the time‐of‐arrival (TOA) measured by an OH showed good agreement with the simulated ground truth in a homogeneous medium.PurposeThe purpose of the study was to experimentally evaluate the accuracy of the TOA and compression peak pressures detected by the OH. Protoacoustic waves that undergo the typical distortions occurring in the human body were investigated. In such cases, the use of small detectors such as OHs is desirable to minimize the effects of detector size and directivity.MethodsA 100‐MeV proton pencil beam emitted from a fixed‐field alternating gradient accelerator was irradiated onto a homogeneous water phantom and a water phantom with a half‐ or full‐sized silicone plate downstream of the Bragg peak (BP) or a bone plate that covered half of the beam cross‐section in the beam path. The OH was shifted 70 mm laterally across the beam axis downstream of the BP to measure the protoacoustic waves. The k‐WAVE acoustic wave transport simulation was employed as the ground truth. The TOA and the first compression peak pressures were compared between the simulation and experiment.ResultsThe TOA deviation against the ground truth was primarily attributed to alignment errors of the measurement devices and phantoms, with deviations of < 1 mm. The peak pressure distribution closely resembled the ground truth, with FWHM differences of 0.0%–3.0% for the tested geometries.ConclusionThe OH was able to determine the TOA and peak pressures with sufficient accuracy in heterogeneous phantoms, even without considering the effect of the size of the detector or directivity on the measurements.
T1 and T2 measurements of the neonatal brain at 7 T
Authors: Mahmoud Aiman , Tomi‐Tricot Raphael , Leitão David , Bridgen Philippa , Price Anthony N. , Uus Alena , Boutillon Arnaud , Lawrence Andrew J. , Cromb Daniel , Cawley Paul , Deprez Maria , De Vita Enrico , Giles Sharon L. , Rutherford Mary A. , Edwards A. David , Hajnal Joseph V. , Arichi Tomoki , Malik Shaihan J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPurposeTo determine the expected range of NMR relaxation times (T1 and T2) in the neonatal brain at 7 T.MethodsData were acquired in a total of 40 examinations on infants in natural sleep. The cohort included 34 unique subjects with postmenstrual age range between 33 and 52 weeks and contained a mix of healthy individuals and those with clinical concerns. Single‐slice T1 and T2 mapping protocols were used to provide measurements in white matter, cortex, cerebellum, and deep gray matter. Automatic image segmentation of a separate T2‐weighted brain volume was used to define regions of interest for analysis.ResultsLinear regression was used to estimate relaxation times at term equivalent age (40 weeks postmenstrual age). with 95% confidence intervals was measured to be 2933 [2893, 2972] ms in white matter; 2653 [2604, 2701] ms in cerebellum; and 2486 [2439, 2532] ms in basal ganglia. was estimated as 119 [116, 121] ms in white matter, 99 [96, 102] ms in cerebellum, and 90 [89, 92] ms in basal ganglia. Most tissue‐relaxation times showed a significant negative correlation with postmenstrual age, with the strongest correlation seen in cerebellum.ConclusionsWe describe neonatal brain tissue and age‐specific T1 and T2 relaxation values at 7 T. The presented values differ substantially from both adult values at 7 T and neonate values measured at lower field strengths, and will be essential for pulse‐sequence optimization for neonatal studies.
Non‐Hospitalized Patients With Post‐COVID Condition and Myopathic Electromyography Findings Show no Difference in Symptom Severity and Clinical Manifestations Compared to Those Without Myopathic Findings
Authors: Sepic Atif , Tryfonos Andrea , Rundqvist Helene , Lundberg Tommy R. , Gustafsson Thomas , Pourhamidi Kaveh 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in a post‐infectious syndrome designated as long‐COVID or post‐COVID condition (PCC) that presents with numerous symptoms including fatigue and myalgias. This study evaluated myopathic electromyography (EMG) findings in non‐hospitalized PCC patients in relation to symptom severity, quality of life (QoL), and physical function.MethodsTwenty‐nine PCC patients with persistent symptoms ≥ 3 months after laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, without hospitalization or comorbidities, were included. EMG, nerve conduction studies (NCS), and quantitative sensory testing (QST) were performed. Symptom severity was measured with visual analog scales, QoL with validated questionnaires, and physical function with the 6‐min walk test, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, handgrip strength, and isokinetic dynamometry.ResultsMyopathic findings on EMG were present in 62% of PCC patients (n = 18). Symptom severity (muscle pain and fatigue) and QoL (physical function and fatigue) were similar between patients with and without myopathic EMG findings. The 6‐min walk test (457 ± 81 vs. 459 ± 86 m) and peak VO2 (29 ± 9 vs. 28 ± 6 mL/kg/min) were similar between patients with and without myopathic EMG findings. Handgrip strength (32 [29–43] vs. 33 [29–50] kg) and quadriceps muscle strength (136 [111–191] vs. 136 [114–184] Nm) were comparable between the groups. NCS and QST results were normal in all patients.DiscussionMyopathic findings on EMG are common in PCC patients, but no significant differences in symptom severity, QoL, or physical function were found between those with and without myopathic EMG findings. Myopathic EMG changes in PCC patients should be interpreted with caution, considering the overall clinical context.
Addressing Physical Inactivity in Mexican Children: The Role of Parents and Their Physical Literacy
Authors: Eisenburger Nina , Jáuregui Ulloa Edtna , Villegas Balderrama Cinthia Veronica , Villegas Balderrama Karen Janeth , Muñoz Rodríguez Sayra Nataly , Calderón Escalante Alicia , López Alonso Salvador Jesús , Orona Escápite Alejandra , Flores Olivares Luis Alberto , Muñoz De la Riva Marisol , Kunde Tobias‐Jorge , Tolo Antonia , Vollmer Sebastian 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIntroductionChildhood obesity and physical inactivity rates in Mexico are among the highest in the world. While parenting is a key factor in shaping children's physical activity behavior, there is a lack of research in this area, particularly in Mexico.ObjectiveThis qualitative study aims to better understand aspects of parenting relevant to children's physical engagement, including what parents understand by physical activity, how engaged they are and how important they find it, that is, their physical literacy.MethodsSeven focus group discussions were conducted with 43 caregivers of overweight primary school children. Inquiry topics included components of physical literacy (i.e., motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding, engagement in physical activity), parenting practices, role modeling, perception of children's physical activity, parental self‐efficacy and general parenting style.ResultsAlthough many participants stated that they were aware of their child's health problems and that they did not set a good example themselves, most could not overcome personal obstacles to exercise such as lack of time and energy. Most participants showed a knowledge gap about appropriate levels of physical activity or underestimated its importance. Several reported increased motivation after participating in the focus group discussion and developed their own ideas to deal with barriers or to support their children, such as engaging in physical activity together and introducing family routines.ConclusionFollowing a participatory approach, future studies should use these ideas to develop context‐sensitive group interventions. Empowering parents by considering their physical literacy in children's weight management could be a valuable addition to theory‐based strategies in research and practice.
Graphene Quantum Dots‐Based Materials as an Emerging Nanoplatform in Disease Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Bhatt Shalini , Pathak Rakshit , Punetha Vinay Deep , Punetha Mayank 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGraphene quantum dots are a subclass of graphene‐based materials that exhibit unique properties due to their nanoscale size and quantum confinement effects. Discovered in the early 21st century, these zero‐dimensional carbon nanomaterials have rapidly become important in nanotechnology research due to their diverse applications. In recent years, the medical community has been greatly benefited from these materials, significantly enhancing human health and well‐being with theranostic approaches. The present review explores various applications of graphene quantum dots in diagnostic and therapeutic, unraveling their potential contributions to advancing healthcare. Furthermore, this review elucidates the synthesis methods utilized for graphene quantum dots, encompassing a range of top‐down and bottom‐up approaches. Next, the unique fundamental properties including structural, optical, and electrical that make them a potent nanomaterial for use in healthcare have been elucidated for enhanced reader comprehension. Additionally, the review explores the opportunities and challenges ahead, offering valuable insights to help the scientific community strategically expand the potential of graphene quantum dot‐based materials for advanced theranostic healthcare applications.
How sensitive are protein hydration shells to electrolyte concentration and protein composition?
Authors: Geraili Daronkola H. , Moussa Bashar , Millet Óscar , Krenczyk Oktavian , Ortega‐Quintanilla Gabriel , Petersen Poul B. , Vila Verde Ana 
Published: December 2024

AbstractProteins of obligate halophilic organisms have an unusually high number of acidic amino acids, thought to enable them to function in multimolar KCl environments. Clarifying the molecular scale mechanisms by which this occurs is relevant for biotechnology, to enable enzymatic synthesis of economically important small molecules in salty environments and other environments with low water activity. Previous studies have suggested that acidic amino acids are necessary at high salt concentration to keep the proteins hydrated by competing with the ions in solution for available water (the “solvent‐only” model). We use a combination of solvation shell spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations for in total 13 proteins, at high and low KCl concentration, to investigate this scenario. We show that the solvation shells of halophilic and mesophilic proteins of widely different amino acid compositions, net charges, sizes, and structure respond similarly, in terms of composition and of hydrogen bond network, to changes in KCl concentration. The results do not support the solvent‐only model, and point to other mechanisms behind the acidity of halophilic proteins. Excess acidic amino acids may ensure protein solubility by the combined effects of having particularly favorable electrostatic interactions with the solvent, ensuring very short range protein–protein repulsion, and having smaller hydrophobic solvent accessible surface area than other charged amino acids. Also possible is that highly acidic proteins are well‐tolerated—but not necessarily indispensable—in terms of stability and solubility.
Quantum Network Infrastructure
Authors: Wörner Lisa , Bongs Kai , Bremer Stefanie , Kleinpaß Philipp , Moll Florian , Orsucci Davide , Meister Jaspar , Mol Jan‐Michael 
Published: December 2024

AbstractGlobal quantum state distribution has applications in many areas, one of which is global key distribution for secure communications in an era of the threat of quantum computing. Long‐distance quantum key distribution requires a global network of optical relay stations, ground stations, and quantum memories. In this study, why quantum memories should be operated in space as untrusted nodes is presented. In addition to quantum key distribution, quantum memories in space are an enabling technology for distributed quantum sensor systems. The requirements for distributed sensors are outlined and the current technology readiness level of relevant systems is referenced. Finally, the possibility of an emerging quantum internet, enabling the coherent combination of quantum computers around the world, is addressed.
Qoolchain: A QUBO Preprocessing Toolchain for Enhancing Quantum Optimization
Authors: Orlandi Giacomo , Volpe Deborah , Graziano Mariagrazia , Turvani Giovanna 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSolving combinatorial optimization problems is crucial in research and industry but still challenging since these problems are usually NP‐hard or NP‐complete. Classical solvers struggle with their non‐polynomial complexity. Although heuristic algorithms are widely used, they often fall short in execution time and accuracy, increasing the interest in quantum computing alternatives using Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization (QUBO) formulations. However, current Noisy Intermediate‐Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers and future early fault‐tolerant quantum devices face limitations in qubit availability and circuit depth, necessitating preprocessing to reduce problem complexity. This study introduces Qoolchain, a QUBO preprocessing toolchain designed to reduce problem size and enhance solver performance. Developed in Cython, Qoolchain is compatible with major quantum frameworks and optimized for the Grover Adaptive Search (GAS) algorithm. It includes steps like persistency identification, decomposition, and probing to estimate function bounds, all with polynomial complexity. Qoolchain also proposes using the Grover Search algorithm for problem segments whose optimal value is known a priori from graph theory and Shannon decomposition to reduce QUBO problem complexity further. Evaluated against the D‐Wave preprocessing toolchain on various problems, Qoolchain demonstrates higher efficiency and accuracy. It represents a significant advancement in enabling practical quantum solvers, addressing hardware limitations, and solving complex industry‐relevant problems.
Hybrid of Gradient Descent and Semidefinite Programming for Certifying Multipartite Entanglement Structure
Authors: Wu Kai , Chen Zhihua , Xu Zhen‐Peng , Ma Zhihao , Fei Shao‐Ming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMultipartite entanglement is a crucial resource for a wide range of quantum information processing tasks, including quantum metrology, quantum computing, and quantum communication. The verification of multipartite entanglement, along with an understanding of its intrinsic structure, is of fundamental importance, both for the foundations of quantum mechanics and for the practical applications of quantum information technologies. Nonetheless, detecting entanglement structures remains a significant challenge, particularly for general states and large‐scale quantum systems. To address this issue, an efficient algorithm that combines semidefinite programming with a gradient descent method is developed. This algorithm is designed to explore the entanglement structure by examining the inner polytope of the convex set that encompasses all states sharing the same entanglement properties. Through detailed examples, it is demonstrated that the superior performance of this approach compared to many of the best‐known methods available today. This method not only improves entanglement detection but also provides deeper insights into the complex structures of many‐body quantum systems, which is essential for advancing quantum technologies.
Establishment of a Mass Spectrometric Fingerprint of the Most Common Phytocannabinoids in Electrospray Ionization in Positive Ion Mode
Authors: Mahmoud Radwa , Khajavinia Amir , Barzegar Sedigheh , Purves Randy W. , Laprairie Robert B. , El‐Aneed Anas 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundAnalysis of the phytocannabinoids holds significant importance because of their various pharmacological properties and potential therapeutic applications. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled with electrospray ionization in positive ion mode is employed in this study to describe the collision‐induced dissociation (CID) behavior of a series of common phytocannabinoids with the aim of establishing a generalized MS/MS fingerprint.Materials and MethodsEight phytocannabinoids, namely, ∆9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), 11‐hydroxy‐Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (11‐OH‐THC), 6‐hydroxy‐cannabidiol (6‐OH‐CBD), and 7‐hydroxy‐cannabidiol (7‐OH‐CBD), were studied. A Quadrupole‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI‐Q Orbitrap) is used to provide accurate mass measurement data for single‐stage and MS/MS analysis. In addition, a triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap mass spectrometer was used to perform MS/MS and second‐generation MS/MS (MS3) analyses.ResultsAn abundant, singly charged [M + H]+ species during single‐stage MS analysis was observed for all phytocannabinoids, with mass accuracies less than 5 ppm. Because of their structural similarities, all compounds showed some common fragmentation behavior in their MS/MS analysis. By comparing the fragmentation patterns and identifying diagnostic ions, a universal MS/MS fragmentation pattern was established. The structures of the various product ions proposed in the fragmentation pathway were confirmed with exact mass measurements and MS3 experiments.ConclusionsThe evaluated compounds contain varying functional groups, resulting in unique product ions, specific to each structure. The MS/MS fingerprints will be utilized in the future for the identification of new structures as well as the development of targeted quantification methods.
Neighboring Mode‐Dependent Dynamic Event‐Triggered Control for Markov Jump Interconnected Systems With Unknown Interconnections
Authors: Li Li‐Wei , Lv Huifang , Shen Jie , Shen Mouquan 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis work is absorbed in the neighboring mode‐dependent event‐triggered control scheme for Markov jump systems with unknown interconnections. To save communication resources and reduce cost, a dynamic event‐triggered scheme relies on neighboring modes information is proposed. Then, the state feedback controllers are designed based on neighboring mode–dependent dynamic event‐triggered approach to assure the stability of the system. Distinguished from existing results, the proposed method does not need to access the operation modes of all sub‐systems. The cyclic‐small‐gain criterion is used to tackle the unknown interconnections, thereby a novel stability criteria are obtained for the closed‐loop systems with performance. Finally, two simulation results are given to reveal the validity of the obtained results.
Workers to capitalists: Repositioning Berlin's middle class
Authors: Weiss Hadas 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn the late 1920s, Siegfried Kracauer studied the then new middle class in Berlin, asking why they were not more disruptive of the structures that bore down on them. I ask the same about insecure professionals in contemporary Berlin, using Kracauer's book Die Angestellten as foil. Kracauer demonstrated that, in the 1920s, they still perceived themselves as workers, albeit white‐collar and salaried workers. Berlin's professionals today perceive themselves and most everyone else as autonomous individuals possessing human capital that can appreciate or depreciate as the result of their actions. Work is but one of the sites in which a classless, self‐formed identity can be cultivated and calibrated in all aspects of life. I show how this perception plays out in professionals' attitudes toward their work lives and after‐work activities.
Augmented and Cloud Computing With Chemical Process Simulators
Authors: Cowart Samuel V. , Yuk Simuck F. , James Corey M. , Nagelli Enoch A. , Biaglow Andrew I. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTMethodologyMathematica provides unique symbolic and machine learning tools for developing and solving mathematical models that make it attractive for engineering applications. Chemical engineers frequently have a need to update process design software with custom unit operation models. This paper shows two new methods to connect Mathematica to chemical process simulators, including a local PC‐based connection and a cloud‐based connection. Both methods are discussed in detail using an illustrative example of a membrane separation process. We also demonstrate how the connection between Mathematica and Excel facilitates spreadsheet calculations while enabling the connection with the process simulator software. Furthermore, all methods shown here are model‐independent and can be implemented with any equation‐based model or with machine‐learning models when adequate training data is available.ResultsOur results show that Mathematica can be connected to chemical process simulators such as CHEMCAD or Aspen Plus. The performance of the methods was evaluated by direct comparison to standard models that already exist in the literature and in the process simulator software. To date, we have experimented with multicomponent flash, well‐mixed membrane calculations and machine‐learning models. However, any model that can be functionalized in Mathematica can be connected to the process simulator.ConclusionThis paper demonstrates that Mathematica can be connected to chemical process simulators such as CHEMCAD and Aspen Plus. This is important because of the symbolic mathematics and machine‐learning tools available in Mathematica. The software can be connected using a local connect with Mathematica Link for Excel, or a cloud‐based connection using Wolfram Cloud Connector. Both methods are relatively easy to implement and are particularly exciting for research and design of new process models, or if one wishes to use CHEMCAD with proprietary models.
Kreislauf‐Wohnhaus in Stahl‐Hybrid‐Leichtbau
Authors: Fischli‐Boson Patric , Graser Jürg 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDas Kreislauf‐Wohnhaus in Zürich‐Oerlikon ersetzt zwei bisherige, rd. 100‐jährige Wohngebäude, vergrößert deren Fläche und erlaubt Wohnraum für mehr Personen. Infolge steigender Ressourcenknappheit und der Bemühung, die Emissionen zu reduzieren, werden neue Konzepte benötigt, um dies in der Baubranche zu erfüllen. Das in einer Stahlverbund‐Hybridkonstruktion verwirklichte Projekt erlaubt aufgrund seiner Montier‐ und Demontierbarkeit diese Vorgehensweise. Das Tragwerk wurde 2023 mit dem Prix Acier des Stahlbau Zentrums Schweiz (SZS) ausgezeichnet und soll an dieser Stelle näher vorgestellt werden. Dabei soll neben architektonischen Aspekten auf die besonderen Herausforderungen der Ausbildung der Anschlüsse und des Brandschutzes eingegangen werden.