bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the experiences of self-injurious behavior in autism spectrum disorder: Implications for monitoring technology design
Authors: Cantin-Garside Kristine D , Nussbaum Maury A , White Susan W , Kim Sunwook , Kim Chung Do , Fortes Diogo M G , Valdez Rupa S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
Monitoring technology may assist in managing self-injurious behavior (SIB), a pervasive concern in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Affiliated stakeholder perspectives should be considered to design effective and accepted SIB monitoring methods. We examined caregiver experiences to generate design guidance for SIB monitoring technology.

Materials and Methods
Twenty-three educators and 16 parents of individuals with ASD and SIB completed interviews or focus groups to discuss needs related to monitoring SIB and associated technology use.

Results
Qualitative content analysis of participant responses revealed 7 main themes associated with SIB and technology: triggers, emotional responses, SIB characteristics, management approaches, caregiver impact, child/student impact, and sensory/technology preferences.

Discussion
The derived themes indicated areas of emphasis for design at the intersection of monitoring and SIB. Systems design at this intersection should consider the range of manifestations of and management approaches for SIB. It should also attend to interactions among children with SIB, their caregivers, and the technology. Design should prioritize the transferability of physical technology and behavioral data as well as the safety, durability, and sensory implications of technology.

Conclusions
The collected stakeholder perspectives provide preliminary groundwork for an SIB monitoring system responsive to needs as articulated by caregivers. Technology design based on this groundwork should follow an iterative process that meaningfully engages caregivers and individuals with SIB in naturalistic settings.
Qualitative synthesis of temperate bat responses to silvicultural treatments—where do we go from here?
Authors: Loeb Susan C 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost bat species depend on forests for roosting, foraging, and drinking during part or all of their life cycles. Many of the world’s forests are managed using a variety of silvicultural treatments and, over the past 40 years, researchers have studied the responses of bats to these treatments. I carried out a qualitative synthesis of the literature on roosting and foraging responses of temperate insectivorous bats to silvicultural treatments at the stand level to determine what treatments may be most compatible with conservation and to guide future research. Eighty-eight studies from Canada, the United States, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, met review criteria. Based on my results, foraging and commuting habitat use was less affected by changes in forest structure and composition than roost habitat use. Mid-rotation treatments that reduce clutter while retaining overstory structure (e.g., thinning and fire) had more neutral and positive effects than treatments that removed all or most of the overstory. Based on an examination of the methods and assumptions of the 88 studies included in this review, I conclude that future studies should: 1) strive to account for treatment effects on detection probability of bats when using acoustic detectors; 2) examine responses of bats to silvicultural treatments outside the maternity season; 3) examine demographic and physiological responses to silvicultural treatments in addition to habitat use to fully understand the effects of these treatments on bat populations; and 4) use stand-level data to model forest management effects across large landscapes and over long time periods.
Characterization of gamma irradiation-induced mutations in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in non-homologous end joining
Authors: Du Yan , Hase Yoshihiro , Satoh Katsuya , Shikazono Naoya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To investigate the involvement of the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in plant mutagenesis by ionizing radiation, we conducted a genome-wide characterization of the mutations induced by gamma rays in NHEJ-deficient Arabidopsis mutants (AtKu70−/− and AtLig4−/−). Although both mutants were more sensitive to gamma rays than the wild-type control, the AtKu70−/− mutant was slightly more sensitive than the AtLig4−/− mutant. Single-base substitutions (SBSs) were the predominant mutations in the wild-type control, whereas deletions (≥2 bp) and complex-type mutations [i.e. more than two SBSs or short insertion and deletions (InDels) separated by fewer than 10 bp] were frequently induced in the mutants. Single-base deletions were the most frequent deletions in the wild-type control, whereas the most common deletions in the mutants were 11–30 bp. The apparent microhomology at the rejoined sites of deletions peaked at 2 bp in the wild-type control, but was 3–4 bp in the mutants. This suggests the involvement of alternative end joining and single-strand annealing pathways involving increased microhomology for rejoining DNA ends. Complex-type mutations comprising short InDels were frequently detected in the mutants, but not in the wild-type control. Accordingly, NHEJ is more precise than the backup pathways, and is the main pathway for rejoining the broken DNA ends induced by ionizing radiation in plants.
A blueberry MIR156a–SPL12 module coordinates the accumulation of chlorophylls and anthocyanins during fruit ripening
Authors: Li Xuyan , Hou Yanming , Xie Xin , Li Hongxue , Li Xiaodong , Zhu Yan , Zhai Lulu , Zhang Chunyu , Bian Shaomin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Color change is an important event during fruit maturation in blueberry, usually depending on chlorophyll degradation and anthocyanin accumulation. MicroRNA156 (miR156)–SPL modules are an important group of regulatory hubs involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. However, little is known regarding their roles in blueberry or in chlorophyll metabolism during color change. In this study, a MIR156 gene (VcMIR156a) was experimentally identified in blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum). Overexpression of VcMIR156a in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis and chlorophyll degradation in the stem by altering pigment-associated gene expression. Further investigation indicated that the VcSPL12 transcript could be targeted by miR156, and showed the reverse accumulation patterns during blueberry fruit development and maturation. Noticeably, VcSPL12 was highly expressed at green fruit stages, while VcMIR156a transcripts mainly accumulated at the white fruit stage when expression of VcSPL12 was dramatically decreased, implying that VcMIR156a–VcSPL12 is a key regulatory hub during fruit coloration. Moreover, VcSPL12 decreased the expression of several anthocyanin biosynthetic and regulatory genes, and a yeast two-hybrid assay indicated that VcSPL12 interacted with VcMYBPA1. Intriguingly, expression of VcSPL12 significantly enhanced chlorophyll accumulation and altered the expression of several chlorophyll-associated genes. Additionally, the chloroplast ultrastructure was altered by the expression of VcMIR156a and VcSPL12. These findings provide a novel insight into the functional roles of miR156–SPLs in plants, especially in blueberry fruit coloration.
Halakhic Flexibility and Communal Unity: R. Marcus Horovitz and the Schächtfrage
Authors: Skloot Joseph A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Unlike his mentor, R. Esriel Hildesheimer, and his chief antagonist, R. Samson Raphael Hirsch, R. Marcus Horovitz, the “communal Orthodox rabbi” (orthodoxer Gemeinderabbiner) of Frankfurt am Main at the end of the nineteenth century, has received relatively little scholarly attention. Horovitz was both a creative halakhic mind and a passionate communal leader devoted to Jewish unity at a time of intense ideological and political division. This article considers Horovitz’s analysis of the halakhic permissibility of stunning an animal with a blow to the head after slaughter, a practice that was being advanced by animal protection groups in Switzerland and Germany at the time. In a lengthy responsum on the topic, after a thorough reading of halakhic sources, Horovitz argued that the practice was permissible and called for a united Jewish response. The responsum illuminates both the virtuosity of its under-studied author and the complex social and political forces faced by Orthodox rabbis at the time of the Schächtfrage (the controversy over the legality of kosher animal slaughter in German-speaking lands).
Design, creation and in vitro testing of a reduced immunogenicity humanized anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody that retains functional activity
Authors: Stickler Marcia , Reddy Anita , Xiong Joanna M , Wong Melanie H , Akamatsu Yoshiko , Hinton Paul R , Harding Fiona A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHumanized and fully human sequence-derived therapeutic antibodies retain the capacity to induce anti-drug antibodies. Daclizumab (humanized version of the murine anti-Tac antibody; E.HAT) was selected for a proof of concept application of engineering approaches to reduce potential immunogenicity due to its demonstrated immunogenicity in the clinic. Reduced immunogenicity variants of E.HAT were created by identifying and modifying a CD4+ T cell epitope region in the VH region. Variant epitope region peptides were selected for their reduced capacity to induce CD4+ T cell proliferative responses in vitro. Variant antibody molecules were created, and CD25 affinity and potency were similar to the unmodified parent antibody. Fab fragments from the variant antibodies induced a lower frequency and magnitude of responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation tests. By the empirical selection of two amino acid mutations, fully functional humanized E.HAT antibodies with reduced potential to induce immune responses in vitro were created.
The distributions by foreign trusts to Italian tax residence beneficiaries: the new rules
Authors: Belluzzo Luigi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
New rules in Italy are now reshaping years of discussion about the use of non-tax resident trusts. Although the new law places certain interpretative issues, in the following article, the author analyses the main concepts and the impact of Article 13 of Law Decree 124/2019 in connection with guidelines previously issued by the Italian Tax Office and circular newsletter 61/E/2010 in particular. For non-Italian resident trusts, the distinction between capital and income, within the Italian meaning and according to the new (tax) assumption also related to black-listed income, is of paramount importance as the new rules set the tax treatment for trust attributions to Italian tax resident trust beneficiaries.
When is a trustee's decision momentous and is momentousness sufficient?
Authors: Alexander Stephen , Hooper Katie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
How should a trustee judge whether or not a decision is momentous, justifying an application for a blessing on Public Trustee v Cooper principles and what will the Court’s approach be if the decision put before it is, in fact, routine in nature? If a decision may be properly characterised as momentous, when will the court nonetheless refuse to bless it and to how much scrutiny will the decision be subject in this regard? These are questions with which the Royal Court of Jersey has had to grapple in two recent decisions, and those decisions provide useful lessons to trustees.
CE: PANDAS: Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Pabst Christine , Subasic Kim 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT:
If undiagnosed and untreated, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) can suddenly and drastically disrupt the lives of previously healthy children and their families. The key to prompt diagnosis of PANDAS and its appropriate treatment is provider awareness that streptococcal infection may present with neuropsychiatric symptoms. The authors discuss the signs and symptoms that characterize PANDAS, as well as its presumed pathogenesis, and illustrate, through a composite case history, a symptom presentation, diagnostic journey, treatment course, and recovery that is representative of many PANDAS cases.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Scrotal Elephantiasis Case Report
Authors: Snyder Stephanie N. , Kolli Sree S. , Hughes Olivia B. , Pichardo Rita O. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Scrotal elephantiasis occasionally presents in conjunction with hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). A 39-year-old morbidly obese African American man, with a previous smoking history, has a 20-year history of HS complicated by a 3-year history of scrotal elephantiasis. His Hurley Stage III HS affects the scrotum, penis, lower abdomen, bilateral groin, and buttock regions. Although his scrotal edema is likely attributed to his history of HS, other causes were ruled out. A computed tomography scan of pelvis with intravenous contrast revealed edematous enlargement of the scrotum and multiple inflammatory abscesses consistent with HS. His condition was complicated by development of infection of the scrotal, perineal, and penile areas. He is currently on adalimumab 40 mg weekly and uses silvadene 1% cream topically. Improvement of his HS has been attributed to the current medical regimen and weight loss. He is responding well to implemented adalimumab for HS with no adverse effects reported. He has undergone several irrigation and debridement procedures for scrotal elephantiasis with success. He is currently preparing for gastric bypass surgery and lumpectomy after this procedure.
Development and Implementation of a Nurse-Led Home Phototherapy Program for Challenging Chronic Skin Conditions
Authors: Matthews Sarah W. , Sherman Karen J. , Chien Andy J. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Chronic skin conditions pose complex treatment challenges, and treatment adherence issues are a common problem. Home phototherapy is a well-documented, effective treatment for chronic skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Nonetheless, its effectiveness is dependent on patient self-management at home, and lack of adherence to complex prescribed treatment protocols occurs frequently. Additional problems that can occur include clinical teams failing to address patient concerns or treatment challenges with home phototherapy or failing to increase or modify therapy when treatments are not meeting therapeutic goals. This phenomenon is referred to as clinical inertia. The aims of this article are to (a) describe the development and implementation of a nurse-led home phototherapy program designed to both prevent clinical inertia and support patients' success in learning self-management for their chronic skin conditions at home and (b) outline the study protocol designed to evaluate the health outcomes and clinical resource utilization from the home phototherapy program.
Could It Be Pneumonia? Lung Ultrasound in Children With Low Clinical Suspicion for Pneumonia
Authors: Scheier Eric , Levick Nadine , Peled Julia , Balla Uri 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality worldwide. Emergency department point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is a first-line modality for diagnosis of CAP. The current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic creates a unique opportunity to incorporate lung POCUS into the evaluation of a broader range of children. It has increased the utility of lung POCUS in both evaluation and follow-up of pediatric coronavirus cases. An increased use of lung POCUS creates an opportunity for earlier diagnosis while allowing the opportunity for overdiagnosis of small infiltrates and atelectasis. We collated a case series to demonstrate the benefit of lung POCUS in a very broad range of children.

Methods:
We collected a case series of 5 patients between December 2018 and December 2019 who presented nonclassically and were diagnosed with CAP on POCUS by a pediatric emergency physician.

Conclusion:
Routine lung POCUS in ill children will allow treating physicians to identify and follow a pulmonary infiltrate consistent with CAP quickly. We anticipate that early and more frequent use of POCUS and earlier diagnosis of CAP may improve outcomes by decreasing healthcare encounters within the same illness and by reducing the incidence of late sequelae of pneumonia such as empyema and effusions. However, we acknowledge that this may come at the expense of the overtreatment of viral infiltrates and atelectasis. Further study is required to improve the specificity of lung POCUS in the evaluation of CAP.
Severe intimate partner violence is associated with all-cause mortality among women living with HIV
Authors: Closson Kalysha , McLinden Taylor , Parry Rebeccah , Lee Melanie , Gibbs Andrew , Kibel Mia , Wang Lu , Trigg Jason , Braitstein Paula , Pick Neora , Parashar Surita , Montaner Julio S.G. , Kaida Angela , Hogg Robert S. 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
To examine the independent association between intimate partner violence (IPV) severity and all-cause mortality among women living with HIV (WLHIV).

Design:
Cross-sectional questionnaire linked to longitudinal vital statistics data.

Methods:
We examined the lifetime prevalence of IPV and age-standardized all-cause mortality rates by IPV severity reported by WLHIV. Lifetime IPV (emotional/verbal, physical, or sexual) severity was assessed as a categorical variable: no history of any IPV (none); experienced one or two forms of IPV (moderate); or experienced all three forms of IPV (severe IPV). Two separate logistic regression models examined associations between any IPV (vs. none) as well as IPV severity (none vs. moderate, severe) and all-cause mortality.

Results:
At the time of interview (2007–2010), 260 participants self-identified as women with a median (Q1–Q3) age of 41 years (35–46). Of these women, the majority were unemployed (85%), 59% reported any IPV and 24% reported severe IPV. Of the 252 women followed until 31 December 2017, 25% (n = 63) died. Age-standardized all-cause mortality rates for WLHIV who experienced severe IPV were two-times higher than women with no history of IPV (44.7 per 1000 woman-years vs. 20.9 per 1000 woman-years). After adjustment for confounding, experiences of severe IPV (vs. none) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (aOR = 2.42, 95% CI = 1.03–5.70).

Conclusion:
Although we found that any lifetime experience of IPV was not associated with all-cause mortality, women ever experiencing severe IPV were significantly more likely to die during the study period. This may suggest a need for increased trauma- and violence-aware approaches.
Plasmids and temperate phages influence each other’s transfer rates
Authors: Schwyter Lukas , Igler Claudia , Hall Alex , Wendling Carolin 
Published: July 2020

Accessory genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) can spread horizontally by mobile genetic elements, including plasmids and (temperate) bacteriophages leading to increased bacterial fitness in particular environments. In contrast to plasmids, temperate phages i.e. viruses that can incorporate their own genetic material into their host bacteria (then called lysogen) can additionally increase their hosts’ fitness through their ability to kill phage-susceptible competitors. However, in contrast to ARG-transfer by plasmids (conjugation), which has been extensively studied, ARG-transfer by phages (lysogenization) has received far less attention. Here we combined experiments using E. coli, phage lambda and the Rp4 plasmid (phage and plasmid both with an ampicillin resistance gene) and mathematical models to test which mechanism (lysogenization or conjugation) dominates under which conditions.
In the absence of selection and in two-species experiments (Donor & Recipient), conjugation was significantly more common than lysogenization. However, in three-species experiments (DonorPlasmid, DonorPhage& Recipient) lysogenization rates increased by several orders of magnitude. By using phage-friendly environments that favour phage adsorption we were able to shift the ratio between lysogens and transconjugants even further towards lysogens and in extreme-events to the extinction of transconjugants. Mathematical models additionally allowed us to investigate how starting population sizes of both donors and the recipient influence conjugation and lysogenization dynamics. Taken together, our results suggest that plasmids and temperate phages can influence each other’s transfer rates which, in the present study system, seems to be largely driven by population size effects.
Safety and passivation of faecal contamination in waste
Authors: Takaya C. , Carpenter J. , Muir R. , Brittle S. , Sarker D.K. , Cooper I. 
Published: July 2020

Absorbent hygiene wastes like nappies and incontinence pads are ubiquitous in municipal and healthcare waste streams around the world as they are convenient products used in child-care and adult incontinence management. Absorbent Hygiene Product (AHP) manufacturing is resource-intensive as the products are required to be of the highest value as they are in almost-constant contact with sensitive body parts. The potential for recovering such valuable resources such as cellulose-based fibres and super-absorbent polymers for reuse in non-food sectors like the construction and wastewater industries has been considered in this study. Appropriate decontamination via chemical methods have been examined using AHPs contaminated with human-associated bacteria.
Findings suggest that for simulated AHP wastes inoculated with 108–109 CFU g-1 of human-associated bacteria like Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes, a 1:1 ratio of 0.5% calcium hypochlorite/AHP waste is adequate to inactivate the bacteria particularly when combined with an inorganic salt for at least 60 min. Specifically, 4 to 5 log10 reductions were observed. Following such disinfection, material storage and temperatures above 25ºC minimise incidences of microbial regrowth. The disinfection protocol was not found to adversely affect the AHP quality. Overall, such findings suggest that AHP recycling is a potential alternative to current AHP waste disposal practices like incineration (with or without energy recovery) and landfilling.
Household transmission and host immune evasion factors of LA-MRSA CC398
Authors: Niklaus Sieber Raphael , Ravnholt Urth Tinna , Rhod Larsen Anders , Leo Skov Robert , Stegger Marc , Larsen Jesper 
Published: July 2020

Staphylococcus aureus uses several strategies to evade the host immune reaction including expression of the genes on the immune evasion cluster (IEC), which target the innate immune response, and tarP, which alters the structure of the bacterial wall teichoic acids to avoid binding of host antibodies. IEC is carried on an ΦSa3 prophage, while the tarP gene is found located on diverse prophages. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus of clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) typically lacks the IEC, but a number of Danish isolates have been found to carry the elements regardless.
In this study, whole-genome sequences of 96 isolates from humans and 45 isolates from pigs from the North Denmark Region were used to establish a maximum-likelihood phylogeny from core-genome SNPs and to investigate the prevalence of IEC and tarP. Furthermore, epidemiological and national surveillance data were used to investigate household transmission and the prevalence of IEC in LA-MRSA CC398 isolates from the general population. The study documents several independent acquisitions of IEC on distinct ΦSa3 prophages in humans and an almost 3-fold higher human-to-human transmission rate of LA-MRSA CC398 in households with strains carrying IEC than in households with strains lacking it. No such effect was found for tarP, which is widespread among LA-MRSA CC398 isolates from both humans and pigs. Moreover, IEC also seems to promote spread of LA-MRSA CC398 in the general population. Thus, LA-MRSA CC398 is capable of re-adapting to the human host by acquisition of human-specific immune evasion factors encoded on mobile genetic elements.