bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality-improving and cost-reducing strategic alliances
Authors: Di Dio Fabio , Correani Luca 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe develop a two-stage Salop-type model to examine quality-improving and process innovation alliances in an oligopolistic context. In the first stage, a network of alliances among firms is assumed while in the second stage firms set prices, product quality and cost-reducing process innovation. We find that quality-improving networks tend to be denser than networks characterized by process innovation sharing, while the quality effort decreases with the number of connections. Furthermore, link formation is welfare improving if both absorptive capacity and quality spillovers are sufficiently small. Although the empirical evidence on cooperation in R&D is fragmentary it nonetheless supports most of the theoretical predictions. We also formulate some variants of the model to assess the robustness of the previous results.
Hormonelle Behandlung von Jugendlichen mit Transidentität
Authors: Riedl Stefan 
Published: March 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Seit den 1990er Jahren wurde gezeigt, dass eine hormonelle Therapie ab Pubertät die Geschlechtsdysphorie bei Transgender-Jugendlichen (Mann-zu-Frau, MzF; Frau zu Mann, FzM) lindert, weswegen sie zu einem empfohlenen Standardvorgehen in diversen Leitlinien geworden ist.

Methoden
Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen einer Hormontherapie bei Adoleszenten (Pubertätsarretierung; Menstruationsunterdrückung; antiandrogene Therapie; geschlechtsangleichende Therapie mit Östrogen/Testosteron) werden im Lichte der rezenten medizinischen Literatur diskutiert.

Ergebnisse
GnRH-Analoga werden zur Unterdrückung der isosexuellen Pubertätsentwicklung verwendet. Alternativ werden Progesteron und Antiandrogene (Cyproteronacetat) eingesetzt. Gefolgt von einer geschlechtsangleichenden Therapie, kann dieses therapeutische Regime die Geschlechtsdysphorie signifikant lindern und verhindert, bei frühem Beginn, die somatische Stigmatisierung im unerwünschten biologischen Geschlecht. Jedoch bieten negative Effekte auf die Knochengesundheit, die neuropsychologische Entwicklung, das soziale Funktionsniveau und im Besonderen Themen rund um Fertilität Anlass zur Sorge.

Diskussion
Eine Hormontherapie bei transidenten Jugendlichen kann effektiv die vorliegende Geschlechtsdysphorie und assoziierte Begleitpsychopathologie verbessern. Ein hochselektiver diagnostischer Prozess durch ein interdisziplinäres Gender-Team mit regelmäßigen Fallkonferenzen ist unabdingbare Voraussetzung, um sich den zahlreichen, je individuellen ethischen Herausforderungen zu stellen.
Visually Analysing Urban Mobility: Results and Insights from Three Student Research Projects
Authors: Nagel Till 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSince the digitalization of urban mobility, such systems generate large and heterogenous data sets. Handling these, however, is still a major challenge. To help people making sense of urban data, skills in data literacy are needed. In this paper, we present results and insights from a set of mobility visualization projects, students from computer science and design developed over one semester. The resulting prototypes visualize (a) user-generated bike trajectories, (b) population movement, and (c) public transit passengers. After a brief justification on why we find urban mobility a practical domain for teaching data literacy, we introduce the course and describe its set and setting. For each project, we report on the challenge, the data, the visualization prototype, and the impact these projects had. Our contribution is twofold: in the description of the problem-oriented course and its results, and in the reflection of our approach and our lessons learnt.
An Aposteriorical Clusterability Criterion for k-Means++ and Simplicity of Clustering
Authors: Kłopotek Mieczysław A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the notion of a well-clusterable data set is defined combining the point of view of the objective ofk-means clustering algorithm (minimizing the centric spread of data elements) and common sense (clusters shall be separated by gaps). Conditions are identified under which the optimum ofk-means objective coincides with a clustering under which the data is separated by predefined gaps. Two cases are investigated: when the whole clusters are separated by some gap and when only the cores of the clusters meet some separation condition. A major obstacle for using known clusterability criteria is their reference to the optimal clustering which is NP hard to identify. In this paper, this obstacle is overcome. Compared to other approaches to clusterability, the novelty consists in the possibility of an a posteriori (after runningk-means) check if the data set is well-clusterable or not. As thek-means algorithm applied for this purpose has polynomial complexity so does therefore the appropriate check. Additionally, ifk-means++ fails to identify a clustering that meets clusterability criteria, with high probability the data is not well-clusterable.
Productivity and inequality in the UK: a political economy perspective
Authors: Arestis Philip 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis contribution is based on the proposition that labour productivity and income inequality are closely and significantly related; this relies on the proposition that that there is a strong relationship between productivity, inequality, economic growth and real wages. Productivity growth is the key determinant of how demand can grow without inflation, thereby reducing inequality of income, wealth and opportunity. Indeed, productivity is a significant factor in terms of inequality. It is also the case that the slowdown in productivity growth and increase in inequality that have occurred over a number of years now has affected many advanced economies, as well as others, and has become more pronounced following the Global Financial Crisis. Although weak productivity growth and increase in inequality predate the Global Financial Crisis and the subsequent Great Recession, they have both been exacerbated following them. We deal with these problems from a political economy perspective, and from the point of view that emphasises the structure and power in an economic system. We focus on the UK relevant experience along with other countries.
Migration in sub-Saharan Africa: The Somali refugee and migrant experience
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed , Malik Aditi , Wielenga Cori 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:This forum contributes to debates on migration, displacement, and place-making in contemporary sub-Saharan Africa. We bring together an interdisciplinary group of scholars to move the existing literature beyond the dominant focus on thecausesof displacement to a rich and granular exploration of itsconsequences. The forum focuses on Somali refugees and migrants for two reasons. First, Somalia is one of the largest refugee-producing countries in the world. Second, depending on the host states in which they find themselves, Somali migrants and refugees can encounter many different fates, ranging from living in refugee camps to migrating to other countries in sub-Saharan Africa to a small minority being resettled in countries of the global north. These varied circumstances make it possible to study strategies of place-making among Somali communities from several different perspectives. A central theme of this forum is to highlight the agency of migrants and refugees and to emphasize the fact that these groups are more than mere victims of their circumstances. The articles in this volume will be of interest to scholars of African studies, anthropology, comparative politics, migration studies, peace studies, and Somali studies.
Sex Differences in Stroke Rehabilitation Care in Alberta
Authors: Tanlaka Eric , King-Shier Kathryn , Green Theresa , Seneviratne Cydnee , Dukelow Sean 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT:Background:Female stroke patients may experience poorer functional outcomes than males following inpatient rehabilitation.Methods:Data from Alberta inpatient stroke rehabilitation units were examined to determine: (1) the impact of sex on time to inpatient rehabilitation, functional gains (using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)), length of stay (LOS), and discharge destination; (2) if sex was related to age at the time of stroke, stroke severity, and living arrangement at discharge from rehabilitation; and (3) whether patients’ age and preadmission living arrangement had an influence on LOS in rehabilitation or discharge destination.Results:Two thousand two hundred sixty-six adult stroke patients (1283 males and 983 females) were subcategorized as mild (FIM >80; n = 1155), moderate (FIM 40–80; n = 994), or severe (FIM <40; n = 117). Fifty-five percent of males (45.7% females) had mild stroke; 39.5% of males (49.5% females) had moderate stroke; and 5.5% of males (4.8% females) had severe stroke. Females were significantly older than males (p = 2.4 × 10−4). No sex difference existed in time from acute care to rehabilitation admission (p = 0.73) or in mean FIM change (p = 0.294). Mean LOS was longer for females than males (p=0.018). Males were more likely than females to be discharged home (p = 1.8 × 10−13). Further, male patients (p = 6.4 × 10−7) and those < 65 years (p = 1.4 × 10−23) were more likely to be discharged home without homecare.Conclusion:There are significant sex and age differences in LOS in rehabilitation and discharge destination of stroke patients. These differences may suggest that sex and age of the patient need to be considered in care planning.
FRACTIONAL SCHRÖDINGER–POISSON SYSTEM WITH SINGULARITY: EXISTENCE, UNIQUENESS, AND ASYMPTOTIC BEHAVIOR
Authors: YU SHENGBIN , CHEN JIANQING 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the following fractional Schrödinger–Poisson system with singularity
\begin{equation*}
\left \{\begin{array}{lcl}
({-}\Delta)^s u+V(x)u+\lambda \phi u = f(x)u^{-\gamma}, &&\quad
x\in\mathbb{R}^3,\\
({-}\Delta)^t \phi = u^2, &&\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^3,\\
u>0,&&\quad x\in\mathbb{R}^3,
\end{array}\right.
\end{equation*}
where 0 < γ < 1, λ > 0 and 0 < s ≤ t < 1 with 4s + 2t > 3. Under certain assumptions on V and f, we show the existence, uniqueness, and monotonicity of positive solution uλ using the variational method. We also give a convergence property of uλ as λ → 0, when λ is regarded as a positive parameter.
Field Ion Emission in an Atom Probe Microscope Triggered by Femtosecond-Pulsed Coherent Extreme Ultraviolet Light
Authors: Chiaramonti Ann N. , Miaja-Avila Luis , Caplins Benjamin W. , Blanchard Paul T. , Diercks David R. , Gorman Brian P. , Sanford Norman A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper describes initial experimental results from an extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation-pulsed atom probe microscope. Femtosecond-pulsed coherent EUV radiation of 29.6 nm wavelength (41.85 eV photon energy), obtained through high harmonic generation in an Ar-filled hollow capillary waveguide, successfully triggered controlled field ion emission from the apex of amorphous SiO2 specimens. The calculated composition is stoichiometric within the error of the measurement and effectively invariant of the specimen base temperature in the range of 25 K to 150 K. Photon energies available in the EUV band are significantly higher than those currently used in the state-of-the-art near-ultraviolet laser-pulsed atom probe, which enables the possibility of additional ionization and desorption pathways. Pulsed coherent EUV light is a new and potential alternative to near-ultraviolet radiation for atom probe tomography.
Historical and Future Roles of Internal Atmospheric Variability in Modulating Summertime Greenland Ice Sheet Melt
Authors: Sherman Peter , Tziperman Eli , Deser Clara , McElroy Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how internal atmospheric variability affects Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) summertime melting would improve understanding of future sea level rise. We analyze the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM‐LE) over 1951–2000 and 2051–2100. We find that internal variability dominates the forced response on short timescales (~20 years) and that the area impacted by internal variability grows in the future, connecting internal variability and climate change. Unlike prior studies, we do not assume specific patterns of internal variability to affect GrIS melting but derive them from maximum covariance analysis. We find that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the major source of internal atmospheric variability associated with GrIS melt conditions in CESM‐LE and reanalysis, with the positive phase (NAO+) linked to widespread cooling over the ice sheet. CESM‐LE and CMIP5 project an increase in the frequency of NAO+ events, suggesting a negative feedback to the GrIS under future climate change.
The 2019 Mississippi and Missouri River Flooding and Its Impact on Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dynamics
Authors: Pal Sandip , Lee Temple R. , Clark Nicholas E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn spring 2019, a catastrophic flood occurred along the Missouri and Mississippi River basins in the United States, which was characterized as the longest lasting flood since the Great Flood of 1927. The 2019 flooding resulted in extremely wet soils for 3–4 months over the Great Plains. Using rawinsonde‐derived atmospheric boundary layer depths (BLDs) and in situ soil moisture (SM) data sets at 10 sites located meridionally across the two river‐valleys, we investigated the SM controls on regional‐scale BLDs during spring 2019. The impact of spring flooding on atmospheric boundary layer dynamics is reported via regression analyses between daily SM and BLDs yielding statistically significant negative r (p < 0.0012) with substantial spatial variability (r: −0.25 to −0.70). Results suggest (1) the strengthening of the negative SM‐BLD relationship in the wake of extreme flooding and (2) positive SM anomalies of 0.05–0.12 m3 m−3 resulted in negative BLD anomalies (−100 to −400 m) compared to 8‐year means, confirming the impact of perturbed land atmosphere feedback processes (LAFP). These results offer a test bed for developing better numerical models with advanced representations of LAFP.
Simultaneous Observations of SAR Arc and Its Ionospheric Response at Subauroral Conjugate Points (L ≃ 2.5) During the St. Patrick's Day Storm in 2015
Authors: Hong J. , Kim J.‐H. , Chung J.‐K. , Kim Y. H. , Kam H. , Park J. , Mendillo M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDuring the St. Patrick's Day storm on 17 March 2015, an all‐sky imager at King Sejong Station (KSS; geo: 62.2°S, 58.8°W; mag: 50.2°S) captured diffuse aurora and a stable auroral red (SAR) arc. Ground‐based Global Positioning System observations were also simultaneously conducted at KSS, but there was no significant increase in the total electron content's rate‐of‐change index or the ionospheric scintillation indices around the SAR arc region. Auroral activities including a SAR arc were also detected by the all‐sky imager at Millstone Hill Station (geo: 42.6°N, 71.4°W; mag: 52.5°N), which is magnetically conjugate to KSS. The total electron content's rate‐of‐change index map around Millstone Hill Station, too, indicates that the ionospheric irregularities occurred only near the diffuse aurora and not in the SAR arc. The northern SAR arc is broader than the southern one and also shows a multiplicity pattern, which may be due to latitude structure within the seasonally dependent midlatitude ionospheric trough. These conjugate observations, despite their hemispheric differences, validate the classical SAR arc mechanism of emission driven by heat conduction from the inner magnetosphere that does not generate small‐scale ionospheric irregularities that can affect Global Positioning System radio signals. Previous studies of SAR arcs and very high frequency radiowave scintillations did show a positive correlation.
Energy Flux and Characteristic Energy of Electrons Over Jupiter's Main Auroral Emission
Authors: Allegrini F. , Mauk B. , Clark G. , Gladstone G. R. , Hue V. , Kurth W. S. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. , Bonfond B. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Greathouse T. , Imai M. , Levin S. , Louarn P. , McComas D. J. , Saur J. , Szalay J. R. , Valek P. W. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractJupiter's ultraviolet (UV) aurorae, the most powerful and intense in the solar system, are caused by energetic electrons precipitating from the magnetosphere into the atmosphere where they excite the molecular hydrogen. Previous studies focused on case analyses and/or greater than 30‐keV energy electrons. Here for the first time we provide a comprehensive evaluation of Jovian auroral electron characteristics over the entire relevant range of energies (~100 eV to ~1 MeV). The focus is on the first eight perijoves providing a coarse but complete System III view of the northern and southern auroral regions with corresponding UV observations. The latest magnetic field model JRM09 with a current sheet model is used to map Juno's magnetic foot point onto the UV images and relate the electron measurements to the UV features. We find a recurring pattern where the 3‐ to 30‐keV electron energy flux peaks in a region just equatorward of the main emission. The region corresponds to a minimum of the electron characteristic energy (<10 keV). Its polarward edge corresponds to the equatorward edge of the main oval, which is mapped at M shells of ~51. A refined current sheet model will likely bring this boundary closer to the expected 20–30 RJ. Outside that region, the >100‐keV electrons contribute to most (>~70–80%) of the total downward energy flux and the characteristic energy is usually around 100 keV or higher. We examine the UV brightness per incident energy flux as a function of characteristic energy and compare it to expectations from a model.
Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Oman Mountains, Part of the Strait of Hormuz Syntaxis: New Structural and Paleothermal Analyses and U‐Pb Dating of Synkinematic Calcite
Authors: Carminati E. , Aldega L. , Smeraglia L. , Scharf A. , Mattern F. , Albert R. , Gerdes A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe Oman Mountains expose Permo‐Mesozoic shelf rocks of Arabia overridden by continental slope/basinal sediments and Semail Ophiolites during Late Cretaceous. A major syntaxis is represented by the Musandam Peninsula and Dibba Zone. The overthrusting of allochthonous units onto the Musandam shelf carbonates initiated during the Cenomanian. Structural analyses in the Musandam Peninsula constrained top‐to‐the‐west thrusting that took place 74–60 Ma ago (U‐Pb datings of synkinematic calcites), about 15–30 Ma after the obduction of the Semail Ophiolite. The Dibba faults exhibit a first interval of thrusting (top‐to‐the‐west) followed by dextral slip. We propose that SW vergent thrusts, initially parallel to those of the Central and Southern Oman Mountains, were subsequently rotated to their present‐day NE‐SW strike during the development of the syntaxis and then reactivated by dextral slip. Mixed layers illite‐smectite (I‐S) constrain the thermal evolution of the passive margin sequence and of the allochthonous deep‐water sediments. In particular, the proximal Hawasina unit (Hamrat Duru) and Sumeini groups of the Dibba Zone are characterized by long‐range ordered mixed layers I‐S with an illite content of 90–95%, whereas Musandam carbonate units show mixed layers I‐S with illite layers ranging from 80–90%, indicating deep diagenetic conditions. Such levels of thermal maturity were acquired during the Late Cretaceous emplacement of a 3.5‐km‐thick pile of allochthonous units, which were removed by erosion and denudation since the Campanian. U‐Pb dating of synkinematic calcite vein highlights reactivation of thrusts at 13.2 Ma, likely due to the involvement of the Musandam area in the Arabia‐Eurasia collision.
The Role of the Dynamic Plasmapause in Outer Radiation Belt Electron Flux Enhancement
Authors: Bruff M. , Jaynes A. N. , Zhao H. , Goldstein J. , Malaspina D. M. , Baker D. N. , Kanekal S. G. , Spence H. E. , Reeves G. D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe plasmasphere is a highly dynamic toroidal region of cold, dense plasma around Earth. Plasma waves exist both inside and outside this region and can contribute to the loss and acceleration of high energy outer radiation belt electrons. Early observational studies found an apparent correlation on long time scales between the observed inner edge of the outer radiation belt and the modeled innermost plasmapause location. More recent work using high‐resolution Van Allen Probes data has found a more complex relationship. For this study, we determine the standoff distance of the location of maximum electron flux of the outer belt MeV electrons from the plasmapause following rapid enhancement events. We find that the location of the outer radiation belt based on maximum electron flux is consistently outside the plasmapause, with a peak radial standoff distance of ∆L ~ 1. We discuss the implications this result has for acceleration mechanisms.
The role of noncoding RNAs in epithelial cancer
Authors: Agostini Massimiliano , Ganini Carlo , Candi Eleonora , Melino Gerry 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRegulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a class of RNAs transcribed by regions of the human genome that do not encode for proteins. The three main members of this class, named microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA play a key role in the regulation of gene expression, eventually shaping critical cellular processes. Compelling experimental evidence shows that ncRNAs function either as tumor suppressors or oncogenes by participating in the regulation of one or several cancer hallmarks, including evading cell death, and their expression is frequently deregulated during cancer onset, progression, and dissemination. More recently, preclinical and clinical studies indicate that ncRNAs are potential biomarkers for monitoring cancer progression, relapse, and response to cancer therapy. Here, we will discuss the role of noncoding RNAs in regulating cancer cell death, focusing on those ncRNAs with a potential clinical relevance.
Two-dimensional magnetic monopole gas in an oxide heterostructure
Authors: Miao L. , Lee Y. , Mei A. B. , Lawler M. J. , Shen K. M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMagnetic monopoles have been proposed as emergent quasiparticles in pyrochlore spin ice compounds. However, unlike semiconductors and two-dimensional electron gases where the charge degree of freedom can be actively controlled by chemical doping, interface modulation, and electrostatic gating, there is as of yet no analogue of these effects for emergent magnetic monopoles. To date, all experimental investigations have been limited to large ensembles comprised of equal numbers of monopoles and antimonopoles in bulk crystals. To address these issues, we propose the formation of a two-dimensional magnetic monopole gas (2DMG) with a net magnetic charge, confined at the interface between a spin ice and an isostructural antiferromagnetic pyrochlore iridate and whose monopole density can be controlled by an external field. Our proposal is based on Monte Carlo simulations of the thermodynamic and transport properties. This proposed 2DMG should enable experiments and devices which can be performed on magnetic monopoles, akin to two-dimensional electron gases in semiconductor heterostructures.