bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LHS 1815b: The First Thick-disk Planet Detected by TESS
Authors: Gan Tianjun , Shporer Avi , Livingston John H. , Collins Karen A. , Mao Shude , Trani Alessandro A. , Gandolfi Davide , Hirano Teruyuki , Luque Rafael , Stassun Keivan G. , Ziegler Carl , Howell Steve B. , Hellier Coel , Irwin Jonathan M. , Winters Jennifer G. , Anderson David R. , Briceño César , Law Nicholas , Mann Andrew W. , Bonfils Xavier , Astudillo-Defru Nicola , Jensen Eric L. N. , Anglada-Escudé Guillem , Ricker George R. , Vanderspek Roland , Latham David W. , Seager Sara , Winn Joshua N. , Jenkins Jon M. , Furesz Gabor , Guerrero Natalia M. , Quintana Elisa , Twicken Joseph D. , Caldwell Douglas A. , Tenenbaum Peter , Huang Chelsea X. , Rowden Pamela , Rojas-Ayala Bárbara 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report the first discovery of a thick-disk planet, LHS 1815b (TOI-704b, TIC 260004324), detected in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) survey. LHS 1815b transits a bright (V = 12.19 mag, K = 7.99 mag) and quiet M dwarf located 29.87 ± 0.02 pc away with a mass of 0.502 ± 0.015 M
⊙ and a radius of 0.501 ± 0.030 R
⊙. We validate the planet by combining space- and ground-based photometry, spectroscopy, and imaging. The planet has a radius of 1.088 ± 0.064 R
⊕ with a 3σ mass upper limit of 8.7 M
⊕. We analyze the galactic kinematics and orbit of the host star LHS 1815 and find that it has a large probability (P
thick/P
thin = 6482) to be in the thick disk with a much higher expected maximal height (Z
max = 1.8 kpc) above the Galactic plane compared with other TESS planet host stars. Future studies of the interior structure and atmospheric properties of planets in such systems using, for example, the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope, can investigate the differences in formation efficiency and evolution for planetary systems between different Galactic components (thick disks, thin disks, and halo).
Solar Contamination in Extreme-precision Radial-velocity Measurements: Deleterious Effects and Prospects for Mitigation
Authors: Roy Arpita , Halverson Samuel , Mahadevan Suvrath , Stefansson Gudmundur , Monson Andrew , Logsdon Sarah E. , Bender Chad F. , Blake Cullen H. , Golub Eli , Gupta Arvind , Jaehnig Kurt P. , Kanodia Shubham , Kaplan Kyle , McElwain Michael W. , Ninan Joe P. , Rajagopal Jayadev , Robertson Paul , Schwab Christian , Terrien Ryan C. , Wang Sharon Xuesong , Wolf Marsha J. , Wright Jason T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Solar contamination, due to moonlight and atmospheric scattering of sunlight, can cause systematic errors in stellar radial velocity (RV) measurements that significantly detract from the ∼10 cm s−1 sensitivity required for the detection and characterization of terrestrial exoplanets in or near habitable zones of Sun-like stars. The addition of low-level spectral contamination at variable effective velocity offsets introduces systematic noise when measuring velocities using classical mask-based or template-based cross-correlation techniques. Here we present simulations estimating the range of RV measurement error induced by uncorrected scattered sunlight contamination. We explore potential correction techniques, using both simultaneous spectrometer sky fibers and broadband imaging via coherent fiber imaging bundles, that could reliably reduce this source of error to below the photon-noise limit of typical stellar observations. We discuss the limitations of these simulations, the underlying assumptions, and mitigation mechanisms. We also present and discuss the components designed and built into the NEID (NN-EXPLORE Exoplanet Investigations with Doppler spectroscopy) precision RV instrument for the WIYN 3.5 m telescope, to serve as an ongoing resource for the community to explore and evaluate correction techniques. We emphasize that while “bright time” has been traditionally adequate for RV science, the goal of 10 cm s−1 precision on the most interesting exoplanetary systems may necessitate access to darker skies for these next-generation instruments.
Time-domain Study of the Young Massive Cluster Westerlund 2 with the Hubble Space Telescope. I
Authors: Sabbi E. , Gennaro M. , Anderson J. , Bajaj V. , Bastian N. , Gallagher J. S. , Gieles M. , Lennon D. J. , Nota A. , Sahu K. C. , Zeidler P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Time-domain studies of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars have long been used to investigate star properties during their early evolutionary phases and to trace the evolution of circumstellar environments. Historically these studies have been confined to the nearest, low-density, star-forming regions. We used the Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope to extend, for the first time, the study of PMS variability to one of the few young massive clusters in the Milky Way, Westerlund 2. Our analysis reveals that at least one-third of the intermediate- and low-mass PMS stars in Westerlund 2 are variable. Based on the characteristics of their light curves, we classified ∼11% of the variable stars as weak-line T Tauri candidates, ∼52% as classical T Tauri candidates, ∼5% as dippers, and ∼26% as bursters. In addition, we found that 2% of the stars below 6 M
⊙ (∼6% of the variables) are eclipsing binaries, with orbital periods shorter than 80 days. The spatial distribution of the different populations of variable PMS stars suggests that stellar feedback and UV radiation from massive stars play an important role in the evolution of circumstellar and planetary disks.
Neutrinos from the Galactic Center Hosting a Hypernova Remnant
Authors: He Hao-Ning , Lee Shiu-Hang , Nagataki Shigehiro , Kusenko Alexander 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Similar to star-forming galaxies or starburst galaxies, star-forming regions in our Galaxy can host cosmic-ray (CR) accelerators and rich gas as targets of hadronuclear interaction. By our estimations, the IceCube neutrino observatory might detect muon neutrinos from a CR accelerator associated with a molecular cloud complex in our Galaxy. The associated high-energy gamma-ray emission might be observed by the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), High-Altitude Water Cherenkov Gamma-Ray Observatory (HAWC), and Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO). Furthermore, taking the Galactic Center (GC) region as an example, we assume that a hypernova exploded in the past in the GC. We simulate the acceleration of CRs in the hypernova remnant (HNR) as well as their confinement and escape. The high-energy protons escape from the HNR, diffuse around the GC, interact with molecular clouds, and then produce gamma-rays and neutrinos. In the optimal cases, the GC would be a promising 100 TeV gamma-ray source for LHAASO’s one-month observation. We propose that neutrino-induced searching for starting track-like and high-energy starting events (HESEs) observed by IceCube, from the GC region with a radius of 1.°8, would help us discover the particle accelerator in the GC or constrain our models. Under the constraint from high-energy gamma-ray observations by the H.E.S.S. telescope, we estimate the exposure time needed to make a significant discovery for the optimal cases. The analysis combining observations of IceCube and ANTARES, starting track-like events and HESEs, future observations by neutrino detectors IceCube-Gen2 and KM3net, and gamma-ray telescopes CTA, HAWC, and LHAASO would help to constrain our models.
CHORUS. III. Photometric and Spectroscopic Properties of Lyα Blobs at z = 4.9–7.0
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Ouchi Masami , Itoh Ryohei , Shibuya Takatoshi , Ono Yoshiaki , Harikane Yuichi , Inoue Akio K. , Rauch Michael , Kikuchihara Shotaro , Nakajima Kimihiko , Yajima Hidenobu , Arata Shohei , Abe Makito , Iwata Ikuru , Kashikawa Nobunari , Kawanomoto Satoshi , Kikuta Satoshi , Kobayashi Masakazu A. R. , Kusakabe Haruka , Mawatari Ken , Nagao Tohru , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Taniguchi Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We report the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) discovery of two Lyα blobs (LABs), dubbed z70-1 and z49-1 at z = 6.965 and z = 4.888, respectively, that are Lyα emitters with a bright (

) and spatially extended Lyα emission, and present the photometric and spectroscopic properties of a total of seven LABs: the two new LABs and five previously known LABs at z = 5.7–6.6. The z70-1 LAB shows extended Lyα emission with a scale length of 1.4 ± 0.2 kpc, about three times larger than the UV continuum emission, making z70-1 the most distant LAB identified to date. All of the seven LABs, except z49-1, exhibit no active galactic nucleus (AGN) signatures such as X-ray emission, N v
λ1240 emission, or Lyα line broadening, while z49-1 has a strong C iv
λ1548 emission line indicating an AGN on the basis of the UV-line ratio diagnostics. We carefully model the point-spread functions of the HSC images and conduct two-component exponential profile fitting to the extended Lyα emission of the LABs. The Lyα scale lengths of the core (star-forming region) and halo components are r
c = 0.6–1.2 kpc and r
h = 2.0–13.8 kpc, respectively. The relations between the scale lengths and galaxy properties (Lyα luminosity L
Lyα
, Lyα rest-frame equivalent width EW0, and UV continuum magnitude M
UV) of our LABs are similar to those of Lyα halos (LAHs) identified around star-forming galaxies found previously by the Very Large Telescope/MUSE at similar redshifts, suggesting that our LABs are likely the bright version of high-z LAHs.
In Primitive Zebrafish, MHC Class II Expression Is Regulated by IFN-γ, IRF1, and Two Forms of CIITA
Authors: Hou Jing , Chen Shan Nan , Gan Zhen , Li Nan , Huang Lin , Huo Hui Jun , Yang Yue Cong , Lu Yishan , Yin Zhan , Nie Pin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Mammalian CIITA isoforms are tightly regulated by independent promoters. These promotors are induced by IFN-γ through JAK–STAT signaling pathway. The induction of CIITA controls the expression of MHC class II (MHCII) and Ag presentation to the adaptive immune system. In the current study, to our knowledge, we first identified two independent promoters, p1 and p2, in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) that control the expression of the two variants of CIITA, CIITA variant 1 (CIITAv1), and CIITA variant 2 (CIITAv2), respectively. Moreover, although IRF1 in an IFN-γ signaling pathway induced CIITAv2, which has two ISRE motifs in its promoter, CIITAv1 expression was not induced by this signal. Further, the transcription of MHCII DAB was controlled by IRF1 via two distinct mechanisms: 1) the transcription of MHCII DAB was controlled by IRF1 indirectly through the two ISREs in p2; and 2) directly via the ISRE in MHCII DAB promoter. We also found that IRF1 associated with CIITAv1 and CIITAv2 via protein–protein interactions to synergistically drive the transcription of MHCII DAB. The IFN-γ–IRF1–CIITA–MHCII signaling cascade was functional in early life stages of CIITA−/− and IRF1−/− zebrafish. Our findings imply that the immune system develops early in fishes and that the IFN-γ signaling cascade–induced CIITA and MHCII DAB is conserved in teleost fishes and mammals.
An optimized tracer-based approach for estimating organic carbon emissions from biomass burning in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Authors: Nirmalkar Jayant , Batmunkh Tsatsral , Jung Jinsang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The impact of biomass burning (BB) on atmospheric particulate matter of
<2.5 µm diameter (PM2.5) at Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, was
investigated using an optimized tracer-based approach during winter and
spring 2017. Integrated 24 h PM2.5 samples were collected on quartz-fiber filters using a 30 L min−1 air sampler at an urban site in
Ulaanbaatar. The aerosol samples were analyzed for organic carbon (OC) and
elemental carbon (EC), anhydrosugars (levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan), and water-soluble ions. OC was found to be the predominant species, contributing 64 % and 56 % to the quantified aerosol components in PM2.5 in winter and spring, respectively. BB was identified as a major source of PM2.5, followed by dust and secondary aerosols. Levoglucosan ∕ mannosan and levoglucosan ∕ K+ ratios indicate that BB in Ulaanbaatar mainly originated from the burning of softwood. Because of the large uncertainty associated with the quantitative estimation of OC emitted from BB (OCBB), a novel approach was developed to optimize the OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio for estimating OCBB. The optimum OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio in Ulaanbaatar was obtained by regression analysis between
OCnon-BB (OCtotal–OCBB) and levoglucosan concentrations that gives the lowest coefficient of determination (R2) and slope. The
optimum OC ∕ levoglucosan ratio was found to be 27.6 and 18.0 for winter and spring, respectively, and these values were applied in quantifying OCBB. It was found that 68 % and 63 % of the OC were emitted from BB during winter and spring, respectively. This novel approach can also be applied by other researchers to quantify
OCBB using their own chemical measurements. In addition to OCBB, sources of OCnon-BB were also investigated through multivariate correlation analysis. It was found that OCnon-BB originated mainly from coal burning, vehicles, and vegetative emissions.
Early results and validation of SAGE III-ISS ozone profile measurements from onboard the International Space Station
Authors: McCormick M. Patrick , Lei Liqiao , Hill Michael T. , Anderson John , Querel Richard , Steinbrecht Wolfgang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III (SAGE
III, 2018) instrument was launched on 19 February 2017 from the NASA Kennedy
Space Center and was integrated aboard the International Space Station (ISS).
SAGE III-ISS has been providing ozone profile measurements since June 2017.
This paper presents an early validation of the Level 2 solar and lunar
occultation ozone data products using ground-based lidar and ozonesondes
from Hohenpeißenberg and Lauder as well as satellite ozone vertical products from
the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer
(ACE-FTS) instrument. Average differences in the ozone concentration between
SAGE III-ISS and Hohenpeißenberg lidar observations for 1 year are less
than 10 % between 16 and 42 km and less than 5 % between 20 and 40 km.
Hohenpeißenberg ozonesonde comparisons are mostly within 10 % between 18
and 30 km. The Lauder lidar comparison results are less than 10 % between
17 and 37 km, and the Lauder
ozonesonde comparison results are less than 10 % between 19 and 31 km. The seasonal average differences in the ozone concentration between
SAGE III-ISS and ACE-FTS are mostly less than 5 % between 20 and 45 km for
both the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. All results from these
comparisons show that the SAGE III-ISS ozone solar data compare well with
correlative measurements throughout the stratosphere. With few comparisons
available, the percentage difference between the SAGE III-ISS lunar ozone
data and the ozonesonde data is less than 10 % between 19 and 27 km. The
percentage difference between the SAGE III-ISS lunar ozone data and the
ACE-FTS ozone data is less than 10 % between 20 and 40 km.
Who Governs a Movement? The IAAF and Road-Running—Historical and Contemporary Considerations
Authors: Krieger Jörg , Henning April 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During the 1970s and the 1980s, road-running experienced an extraordinary growth in terms of participants and running events. Even though the runners mainly participated for reasons of well-being and fitness, and less for competition, the world governing body of track and field, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), attempted to govern and profit off the running movement from the end of the 1970s onward. This paper utilizes previously unexamined historical sources such as IAAF Council and Commission minutes to analyze the IAAF’s approach to the road-running movement against the background of elite sport’s increasing commercialization and professionalization at the end of the amateur era. It will be demonstrated that the federation did not understand road-running on its own terms as a mass health-and-fitness movement but approached it as a track-and-field discipline. These misunderstandings led to friction with many road-running stakeholder groups.
Energy R&D Investments and Emissions Abatement Policy
Authors: Yin Di , Chang Youngho 
Published: March 2020

The study examines the interactions of the energy R&D investments and the CO2 abatement policy using an endogenous energy R&D climate-economy model. Energy R&D investments affect the carbon emissions directly through efficiency improvements and indirectly by changing the comparative advantages of resources. This study considers the R&D investments in energy efficiency and low-carbon technology and explores how energy R&D investments accelerate the energy transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon technology. Three policies of carbon abatements are considered, namely, the optimal policy, the 2 ଌ policy, and the 1.5 ଌ policy. From the perspectives of benefits and costs, the optimal policy leads to the least abatement costs compared to the other two abatement policies. This study indicates that the more restrictive the abatement policy is, the more severe economic damage is caused in the short run, but more economic welfare is gained in the long run.
International Oil Market Risk Anticipations and the Cushing Bottleneck: Option-implied Evidence
Authors: Gagnon Marie-Hélène , Power Gabriel J. 
Published: March 2020

This paper studies crude oil market integration and spillovers between Brent and WTI oil indexes over the 2006-2019 period. In addition to prices, we estimate time series of model-free option-implied moments to capture forward-looking market views and anticipations of different risk categories. We describe the WTI-Brent equilibrium relationship in prices and in risk expectations measured by implied volatility, skewness, and kurtosis. Using a fractional cointegration model, we find long memory in the price cointegrating vector and in implied moments, implying that persistence of shocks is an important feature of crude oil markets. The evidence supports a differential in implied volatility but not in prices, and suggests equilibrium fragmentation during the Cushing bottleneck period. Analysis of implied moments reveals that Brent and WTI risk anticipations generally share a common equilibrium. Unlike volatility, asymmetric and tail risks are more locally driven, especially during market disruptions such as the Cushing bottleneck, so there is potential for diversifying extreme risks using both indexes.
Impact of Permit Allocation on Cap-and-trade System Performance under Market Power
Authors: Wang Mei , Zhou Peng 
Published: March 2020

The presence of market power usually has negative impacts on the cost-effectiveness of the carbon market. As market power-induced efficiency loss depends on permit allocation, the choice of permit allocation methods is likely to affect the cost-effectiveness of the carbon market. This paper examines theoretically how the choice of emission permit allocation method affects the cost-effectiveness of an emissions trading system when market power exists. We find that, under grandfathering and benchmarking, the carbon market would be more efficient if the permits initially allocated to the dominant firm were closer to its CO2 emissions. Under auctioning, the dominant firm tends to lower the CO2 price, which may result in efficiency loss. By combining the modelling results of efficiency loss due to market power and the fairness in terms of CO2 cost pass-through, we finally provide some policy recommendations on how to choose a CO2 emission permit allocation method for different industries.
Yaş Tip Senil Maküla Dejeneresansı Olan Hastalarda İntravitreal Enjeksiyonun Okülokardiak Refleks Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: KARAHAN Mine , ERDEM Seyfettin , AVA Sedat , DURSUN Mehmet Emin , KARAHAN Zülküf , DEMİRTAŞ Atılım Armağan , KEKLİKÇİ Uğur 
Published: March 2020

Amaç: Kliniğimizde yaş tip senil maküla dejeneresansı (SMD) olan hastalarda intravitreal enjeksiyonun (İVE) okülokardiak reflex (OKR) gelişimi ve kan basıncı değişikliklerine etkisini analiz etmeyi amaçladık.
Yöntemler: Nisan 2018 ile Eylül 2019 tarihleri arasında X kliniğinde İVE yapılan 55 hastanın dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi. Hastaların takip muayene bulguları ve demografik verileri incelenip kaydedildi. Hastaların enjeksiyon öncesi ve enjeksiyon sırasında sistolik ve diyastolik kan basıncı, kalp atım hızı ve ritim değişiklikleri kaydedildi.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya alınan 55 hastanın 30’unun (%54,5) erkek, 25‘inin (%45,5) ise kadın olduğunu saptadık. Hastalarda ortalama yaş 66.67±7.39 (40-91) olarak saptandı. Hastaların 4’ünde (%7,3) kalp atım hızında %20 oranında düşüş izlenirken, 11’inde (%20,0) kalp atım hızında %10 oranında düşüş izlendi. 2 (%3,6) hastada supraventiküler taşikardi gözlendi. Ortalama sistolik kan basıncında 129 mmHg‘dan 133 mmHg‘a arttığı izlenirken, ortalama diastolik kan basıncında 76 mmHg’dan 79 mmHg’a artmış olduğu izlendi. İVE’e bağlı olarak hastalarımızdan 5’inde (%9) sistolik kan basıncının 180 mmHg veya üzeri olduğu, 4 hastada (%7,2) diastolik kan basıncının 110 mmHg veya üzeri olduğu izlendi. Ortalama kalp hızının 85’ten 84’e düştüğü belirlendi.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda ortalama kalp hızında azalma ile ortalama sistolik ve diastolik kan basıncında artış izlendi. İVE işlemi, kan basıncında geçici artış ile ilişkili olabileceği gibi OKR gelişimine sebep olabilmektedir. Bu değişiklikler tedavi sırasında kardiyovasküler veya serebrovasküler komplikasyonlar açısından risk faktörü oluşturabilir ve özellikle yüksek risk altındaki hastalarda önemli olabilir.
Bir Araştırma Hastanesinde Kan ve İdrar Kültür Sonuçlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ASENA Muhammet 
Published: March 2020

Amaç: Bakteriyemi ve üriner sistem enfeksiyonlarında tanının erken konması enfeksiyona neden olan organizmanın tespit edilmesi ve bu organizmanın antimikrobiyal ajanlara duyarlılığının saptanması hastalığın prognozu için önemlidir. Özellikle hastane enfeksiyonlarının yüksek mortalite ve morbiditesinin azaltılması için hastane florasının bilinmesi önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı hastanemizde alınan kültür sonuçlarından izole edilen mikroorganizmaların tespiti, hastanemiz yoğun bakım ve klinik florasına ait bilgi edinmek, sık görülen enfeksiyon nedenlerini tespitini sağlayarak daha sonraki süreçte enfeksiyonu önleyici çalışmalara temel oluşturmaktır.
Yöntemler: Çalışmaya dahil edilen 5927 kan ve idrar kültüründen 1524 tanesinin sonucu pozitif bulundu. Hastalar yaş grubu (yenidoğan, pediatrik, erişkin) ve özel durumlarına göre (gebelik) göre ayrı gruplar halinde değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Alınan 4532 idrar kültüründen 1319 (%29,1)’unda, 1395 kan kültüründen 205 (%14,6)’inde üreme olmuştur. Anlamı mikroorganizma üremesi olan idrar kültürü oranı %86,5 iken kan kültürü oranı %13,5’tir. İdrar kültür sonuçlarında mikroorganizma üremesi daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Kültür sonuçlarının 1211 (%79,5)’inde Gram (-) bakteri üremesi olurken, 294 (%19,3)’sinde Gram (+) bakteri üremesi, 19 (%1,2)’sinde mantar üremesi olmuştur. Kültür sonuçlarının %74,2’sinde üreme saptanmamıştır. En sık üreyen bakteri E.coli olup üriner sistem hastalıkları nedeniyle gönderilen sonuçlarda saptanırken, genişletilmiş spektrumlu beta laktamaz (ESBL) oranı %42,6 olarak bulunmuştur. Yenidoğan hasta grubunda en sık koagulaz negative stafilokoklar iken gebelerde en sık E.coli saptanmıştır. Yenidoğanlarda metisilin direnci, gebelerde ESBL (+)’liği genel populasyondan düşük saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Kültür sonuçları toplumdan topluma, hastaneden hastaneye hatta klinikler arasında bile değişebilmektedir. Bu nedenle toplum florasının, yaş ve özel durumlara göre mikroorganizma üreme sıklığının, hastane florasının kliniklere göre dağılımının belirli aralıklarla taranması hastalıklarda olası etkenlerin tahmini ve etkin tedavinin erken başlamasını sağlayabilecektir.