bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars and its association with distal caries in mandibular second molars: a cone beam computed tomographic study
Authors: Chen Yanan , Zheng Jianmao , Li Danna , Huang Zhuwei , Huang Zijing , Wang Xue , Zhang Xiaolei , Hu Xiaoli 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective
To analyze the prevalence of distal caries in mandibular second molars (M2Ms) and its correlation with the three-dimensional position of mandibular third molars (M3Ms) by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images.

Materials and methods
CBCT scans involving 421 M3Ms were assessed. The presence of distal caries of M2Ms, patient age and gender, impaction depths and mesial angulation of M3Ms, the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) distances and contact point localization, and the horizontal positions of M3Ms were assessed. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results
The overall prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms was 31.6%. Mesial angulation (16°–75°) of M3Ms, contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms, and a buccal or lingual position of M3Ms relative to the molar line were identified as risk factors for the prevalence of distal caries in M2Ms (p < 0.05). Distal caries was more severe when the mesial angulation of M3Ms was 16°–75° (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Buccal or lingual position of M3Ms may represent a new risk factor for the distal caries in M2Ms. Mesial angulation (16°–75°) of M3Ms is a predictive parameter for both the presence and severity of distal caries in M2Ms.

Clinical relevance
As the presence of distal caries in M2Ms is significantly associated with the three-dimensional position of M3Ms, watchful monitoring or prophylactic removal of M3Ms should be deliberated when M3Ms are mesially angulated (16°–75°), buccally or lingually positioned, and with the contact point localization at or below the CEJ of M2Ms.
Inflammatory cardiomyopathies: short- and long-term outcomes after heart transplantation—a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bobbio Emanuele , Lingbrant Marie , Nwaru Bright I , Hessman Eva , Lehtonen Jukka , Karason Kristjan , Bollano Entela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHeart transplantation (HTx) for patients with “giant cell myocarditis” (GCM) or “cardiac sarcoidosis” (CS) is still controversial. However, no single center has accumulated enough experience to investigate post-HTx outcome. The primary aim of this systematic review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize existing literature investigating whether patients who have undergone HTx because of GCM or CS have worse outcomes as compared with patients transplanted because of other etiologies. A systematic and comprehensive search will be performed using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, for studies published up to December 2019. Observational and interventional population-based studies will be eligible for inclusion. The quality of observational studies will be assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, while the interventional studies will be assessed using the Cochrane Effective Practice Organization of Care tool. The collected evidence will be narratively synthesized; in addition, we will perform a meta-analysis to pool estimates from studies considered to be homogenous. Reporting of the systematic review and meta-analysis will be in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. To our knowledge, this will be the first synthesis of outcomes, including survival, acute cellular rejection, and disease recurrence, in patients with either GCM or CS treated with HTx. Reviewing the suitability of HTx in this population and highlighting areas for further research will benefit both patients and healthcare providers. Trial registration: CRD42019140574.
Autism Symptoms, Executive Functioning and Academic Progress in Higher Education Students
Authors: Dijkhuis Renée , de Sonneville Leo , Ziermans Tim , Staal Wouter , Swaab Hanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany students with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) attending higher education drop out prematurely. The predictive value of self-reported daily executive functioning (EF) and (cognitive) performance-based EF (mental flexibility and working memory) for academic progress was evaluated in 54 young adults with ASD (Mage = 22.5, SD = 2.4, 72% male). Regression analyses showed that autism symptom severity explained 12% of variance in academic progress, which was raised to 36% by adding self-reported daily EF, and to 25% by adding performance-based EF. It is suggested that EF is a candidate marker for academic progress in higher education students with ASD and a candidate target for early intervention.
Experts and evidence in deliberation: scrutinising the role of witnesses and evidence in mini-publics, a case study
Authors: Roberts Jennifer J. , Lightbody Ruth , Low Ragne , Elstub Stephen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExperts hold a prominent position in guiding and shaping policy-making; however, the nature of expert input to decision-making is a topic of public debate. A key aspect of deliberative processes such as citizens’ juries is the provision of information to participants, usually from expert witnesses. However, there is currently little guidance on some of the challenges that organisers and advocates of citizens’ juries must consider regarding expert involvement, including the role of the witness, issues around witness identification and selection, the format of evidence provision, the evidence itself, and how these factors affect the experience of the participants and the witnesses. Here, we explore these issues through detailed case study of three citizens’ juries on onshore wind farm development in Scotland, including interviews with the witnesses involved. This is complemented by examining a cohort of mini-publics held on energy and the environment topics, and, where possible, discussion with the program organisers. We identify a series of issues and sensitivities that can compromise the effectiveness and fairness of the evidence-giving in mini-publics, for the participants, the witnesses and the organisers. We recommend approaches and areas for future work to address these challenges. This is the first time that the ways of involving witnesses in such processes have been so comprehensively examined, and is timely given the increasing interest in democratic innovations such as mini-publics and the current discourse concerning experts.
Multiday expected shortfall under generalized t distributions: evidence from global stock market
Authors: Iqbal Robina , Sorwar Ghulam , Baker Rose , Choudhry Taufiq 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe apply seven alternative t-distributions to estimate the market risk measures Value at Risk (VaR) and its extension Expected Shortfall (ES). Of these seven, the twin t-distribution (TT) of Baker and Jackson (in Twin t distribution, University of Salford Manchester. https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.3237, 2014) and generalized asymmetric distribution (GAT) of Baker (in A new asymmetric generalization of the t-distribution, University of Salford Manchester. https://arxiv.org/abs/1606.05203, 2016) are applied for the first time to estimate market risk. We analytically estimate VaR and ES over 1-day horizon and extend this to multi-day horizon using Monte Carlo simulation. We find that taken together TT and GAT distributions provide the best back-testing results across individual confidence levels and horizons for majority of scenarios. Moreover, we find that with the lengthening of time horizon, TT and GAT models performs well, such that at the 10-day horizon, GAT provides the best back-testing results for all of the five indices and the TT model provides the second best results, irrespective period of study and confidence level.
Automated multi-model deep neural network for sleep stage scoring with unfiltered clinical data
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqing , Xu Mingkai , Li Yanru , Su Minmin , Xu Ziyao , Wang Chunyan , Kang Dan , Li Hongguang , Mu Xin , Ding Xiu , Xu Wen , Wang Xingjun , Han Demin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To develop an automated framework for sleep stage scoring from PSG via a deep neural network.

Methods
An automated deep neural network was proposed by using a multi-model integration strategy with multiple signal channels as input. All of the data were collected from one single medical center from July 2017 to April 2019. Model performance was evaluated by overall classification accuracy, precision, recall, weighted F1 score, and Cohen’s Kappa.

Results
Two hundred ninety-four sleep studies were included in this study; 122 composed the training dataset, 20 composed the validation dataset, and 152 were used in the testing dataset. The network achieved human-level annotation performance with an average accuracy of 0.8181, weighted F1 score of 0.8150, and Cohen’s Kappa of 0.7276. Top-2 accuracy (the proportion of test samples for which the true label is among the two most probable labels given by the model) was significantly improved compared to the overall classification accuracy, with the average being 0.9602. The number of arousals affected the model’s performance.

Conclusion
This research provides a robust and reliable model with the inter-rater agreement nearing that of human experts. Determining the most appropriate evaluation parameters for sleep staging is a direction for future research.
The Optimal Age of Vaccination Against Dengue with an Age-Dependent Biting Rate with Application to Brazil
Authors: Maier Sandra B. , Massad Eduardo , Amaku Marcos , Burattini Marcelo N. , Greenhalgh David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper we introduce a single serotype transmission model, including an age-dependent mosquito biting rate, to find the optimal vaccination age against dengue in Brazil with Dengvaxia. The optimal vaccination age and minimal lifetime expected risk of hospitalisation are found by adapting a method due to Hethcote (Math Biosci 89:29–52). Any number and combination of the four dengue serotypes DENv1–4 is considered. Successful vaccination against a serotype corresponds to a silent infection. The effects of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and permanent cross-immunity after two heterologous infections are studied. ADE is assumed to imply risk-free primary infections, while permanent cross-immunity implies risk-free tertiary and quaternary infections. Data from trials of Dengvaxia indicate vaccine efficacy to be age and serostatus dependent and vaccination of seronegative individuals to induce an increased risk of hospitalisation. Some of the scenarios are therefore reconsidered taking these findings into account. The optimal vaccination age is compared to that achievable under the current age restriction of the vaccine. If vaccination is not considered to induce risk, optimal vaccination ages are very low. The assumption of ADE generally leads to a higher optimal vaccination age in this case. For a single serotype vaccination is not recommended in the case of ADE. Permanent cross-immunity results in a slightly lower optimal vaccination age. If vaccination induces a risk, the optimal vaccination ages are much higher, particularly for permanent cross-immunity. ADE has no effect on the optimal vaccination age when permanent cross-immunity is considered; otherwise, it leads to a slight increase in optimal vaccination age.
‘Attuning-with’, affect, and assemblages of relations in a transdisciplinary environmental education
Authors: Riley Kathryn , White Peta 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn these Anthropocene times humans are vulnerable through the effects of socio-ecological crises and are responsible for attending to past, present and future socio-ecological injustices and challenges. The purpose of this article is to challenge discursive structures that influence knowledge acquisitionabout/ofthe world through binary logics, acknowledging that we are never apart from the world we are seeking to understand, but that we are entangled through a mutual (re)configuringwiththe world. Through storytelling and entangled poetry from outdoor education and environmental science education contexts, this article explores discursive/material forces (socially meaningful statements/affective intensities) enacted through pedagogies ‘attuning-with’. As pedagogies ‘attuning-with’ take up a relational ontology, in which sense-making is generated from the grounded, lived, embodied and embedded politics of location in relationship with broader ecologies of the world, they illuminate a transdisciplinary environmental education. A transdisciplinary environmental education is important for these Anthropocene times, because it not only promotes a multivocal approach to environmental education, but in acknowledging our inherent and intrinsic responsibility and accountability for the kinds of worlds that we are co-constituting, it provides opportunities to change the story of how we choose to live with/in/for these Anthropocene times.
Happiness economics as technocracy
Authors: SINGH RAMANDEEP , ALEXANDROVA ANNA 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHappiness economics as advocated by Frijters et al. makes three assumptions: that policy should be based on facts about the net effect of a factor on happiness; that wellbeing policy should be technocratic and centralized; and that the only credible objections come from critics who do not value happiness. We argue that all three should be rejected and that the science and policy of wellbeing should instead be pluralistic, context-sensitive and participatory.
From the Outside Looking In: One Woman's Acimowin
Authors: Mayer Lorraine 
Published: January 2020

I struggle mamereTo bringYour wordsInto nokum'sCabinBut the wordsAre in battleCompetingfor my mindI am a mixed-blood woman raised in Canada where my two ancestries have competing worldviews, from social, political, and religious ideology to ancient philosophies. These mixed ancestries also come with different social expectations. In the social-political world of Native Studies where I walk daily, my French grandmother, mamere, is argued as coming from a world of privilege because she was white-skinned, and my Cree grandmother, nokum is thought to come from a world of oppression because she was dark-skinned. Yet both my grandmothers experienced abuse and prejudice. How and where the abuses originated may be different, but they did occur. I have a lot to learn from my grandmothers, but it has taken me many years of inner conflict, self-righteousness, and pain to get to this understanding. To acknowledge both grandmothers having been oppressed means I cannot continue to think of the world in simplistic, binary terms of colonizer/colonized. I must legitimize the equality of suffering in both cultures. Indeed, my worldviews had been turned upside down as I began to identify with the feminist movement, nonetheless it is nokum's world that was shattered, demeaned, and distorted, so it is her world I bring to you today with this story. Another day I may talk about my mamere's patriarchal world, but today is for nokum.
Endogenous democracy: causal evidence from the potato productivity shock in the old world
Authors: Barceló Joan , Rosas Guillermo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite a high cross-country correlation between development and democracy, it is difficult to gauge the impact of economic development on the probability that autocracies will transition to democracy because of endogeneity, especially due to reverse causation and omitted variable bias. Hence, whether development causes democracy remains a contested issue. We exploit exogeneity in the regional variation of potato cultivation along with the timing of the introduction of potatoes to the Old World (i.e., a potato productivity shock) to identify a causal effect of urbanization, a proxy for economic development, on democratization. Our results, which hold under sensitivity analyses that question the validity of the exclusion restriction, present new evidence of the existence of a causal effect of economic development on democracy.
Anomalous Radiocarbon Dates from the Early Medieval Cremation Graves from Broechem (Flanders, Belgium): Reservoir or Old Wood Effects?
Authors: Annaert Rica , Boudin Mathieu , Deforce Koen , Ervynck Anton , Haneca Kristof , Lentacker An , Snoeck Christophe 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAs part of the study of the early medieval cemetery at Broechem (Belgium), human bones from 32 cremation graves have been dated through radiocarbon (14C) analysis. It was noted that many of the dates were not in accordance with the chronological ranges provided by the characteristics of the cultural artifacts deposited in the graves. In fact, the human bones were “older” than the artifacts. Subsequently, a number of animal bones (in all cases from domestic pigs) was radiocarbon dated, yielding dates that were more consistent with the information from the cultural artifacts than the human bones. The dates obtained on human and pig bones from the same grave often differed around 100 radiocarbon years. This paper tries to find an explanation for the pattern observed, concentrating on two hypotheses: aquatic reservoir versus old wood effects. The evaluation takes into account additional radiocarbon dates derived from charcoal fragments of the funeral pyre, from both short-lived and long-lived taxa. A conclusive explanation for the anomalous radiocarbon dates could not be reached but clear suggestions can be put forward for future experimental work that will without doubt shed more light upon the interpretational problems raised.
The Political Economy of Bilateral Bailouts
Authors: Schneider Christina J. , Tobin Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIMF loans during times of financial crisis often occur in conjunction with bilateral financial rescues. These bilateral bailouts are substantial in size and a central component of international cooperation during financial crises. We analyze the political economy of bilateral bailouts and study the trade-offs that potential creditor governments experience when other countries find themselves in financial distress. Creditor governments want to stabilize crisis countries by providing additional liquidity, particularly if the crisis country is economically or politically important to them, but they are constrained by domestic politics. Politicians aim to balance these countervailing pressures. They provide bailouts when their own economy is exposed to negative spillover effects and when the crisis country is important for geostrategic, military, or political reasons. Domestic economic and political constraints, on the other hand, limit their ability to bail out other countries. We test our hypotheses using an original data set on bilateral bailouts by the G7 countries to countries that experienced financial crises between 1975 and 2010. The findings of our statistical analysis support our theoretical argument and contribute to a deeper understanding of international cooperation's complex structure during financial crises.
Political Authority in International Relations: Revisiting the Medieval Debate
Authors: Costa Lopez Julia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn international relations, accounts of medieval political authority are divided between those who see a heteronomous patchwork of overlapping authorities and those who claim that the era of the state started in the twelfth century. How can we overcome this divide? I argue that IR's current difficulties in grasping the nature of medieval political authority stem from shortcomings in how the notion of political authority itself has been conceptualized. Thus, rather than starting from a substantive definition of political authority, I focus on contestation over the categorization and authorization of rule, that is, on how authority is produced in historically specific ways as a result of contemporary contestation over what political authority is, who is authorized, and how rulers stand in relation to one another. This reorientation allows us to appreciate how medieval political authority emerged from the competition between four sets of ordering categories:iurisdictio, potestas, lord/vassal, and magistrate. Each one of these four categories understood authority, rulers, and the relation between rulers in different ways. The problem with existing accounts of medieval authority is that they attempt to findthe singleordering principle of medieval international relations. In doing so, they not only fail to capture the features of the time but also reinforce a particular approach to political authority that is unhelpful for understanding medieval and modern politics alike.
Assessment of oxidative/nitrosative stress biomarkers and DNA damage inTeladorsagia circumcinctafollowing exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Baghbani Z. , Esmaeilnejad B. , Asri-Rezaei S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDrug resistance to helminth parasites is one of the most serious problems to threaten the livestock industry. The problem also poses a major threat to public health. Therefore, novel and safe agents should urgently be investigated to control parasitic infections. The current study was conducted to evaluate the possible antiparasitic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes,Teladorsagia circumcincta. The worms were incubated with various concentrations of ZnO-NPs: 1, 4, 8, 12 and 16 ppm for 24 hours. Mobility and mortality of the parasites were recorded at four-hour intervals. At the endpoint, several biomarkers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, including superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, as well as lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation, total antioxidant status, nitric oxide contents and DNA damage, were measured in the homogenized samples. ZnO-NPs showed significant anthelminthic effects, depending on time and concentration. Furthermore, the nanoparticle induced severe oxidative/nitrosative stress and DNA damage. ZnO-NPs could be considered as a novel and potent anthelminthic agent.
Interpolation-free particle simulation
Authors: Lin H. , Liu C. P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractParticle-in-Cell (PIC) simulation is an interpolation-based method on the Newton–Maxwell (N–M) system. Its well-known drawback is its shape/interpolation functions often causing the violation of continuity equations (CEs) at mesh nodes and that of Maxwell equations (MEs) at particles' positions. Whether this drawback can be overcome by choosing/solving suitable shape/interpolation functions is of fundamental importance for the PIC simulation. Until now, these shape/interpolation functions are usually subjectively chosen and, hence, always invoke the drawback. Here, we first investigate whether these shape/interpolation functions can be self-consistently solved by considering under what condition the CEs and the MEs can be satisfied anywhere. Strict mathematical analysis reveals that strict self-consistent shape/interpolation functions are unavailable. Only few approximately self-consistent shape/interpolation functions are luckily found by some authors. This fact drives us to present another universal interpolation-free strict method on the N–M system.