bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CLiAR A digital tool for the conscious use of resources
Authors: Nölle T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We need a paradigm shift that radically questions the dominant culture of waste and lack of responsibility. We need to transform our handling of resources and respect the human values of dignity and health. And last but not least: The buildings we design today should be recyclable for the future and they should have the ability to leave the planet respectably. For this reason waste production and recycling have to be considered in the design process as early as possible.
Strategies for buildings with these principles of design and construction, can only be successfully developed in the early phases of a project. In these early project phases, however, currently exists an enormous lack of information about the sustainable and digital performance.
The use of Building Information Modeling (BIM) together with Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) is helpful in the early phases of a project. These LCA are cost-intense, complex, time-consuming and therefore rarely used. As a result, decision-makers and executives in the building industry currently have no holistic information and no basis of decisions in the early phases of a project.
In order to close this gap, we started a research project at ETH Zurich, for a digital tool named CLiAR (Closed Loop in ARchitecture). The idea of the web-based tool, was to combine and overlap the sustainable and the digital project views. It offers a circular and digital index, to achieve a holistic project evaluation, by reviewing the 40 most relevant topics for the sustainable and digital transformation in 12 sectors and generates in addition an overall project rating.
CLiAR shows decision-makers in the building industry, the sustainable and digital project potentials in early phases of a project and provides executives a basis for further decisions.
CLiAR is advantageous, because it works without BIM and LCA.
Digital Twin in Circular Economy: Remanufacturing in Construction
Authors: Chen Ziyue , Huang Lizhen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Global warming attracts increasing public attention. However, in the past few decades, the contribution of construction to greenhouse gas emissions is around 40% of total emissions. The promotion of construction waste remanufacturing faces challenges. The application of digital twins in the remanufacturing of construction waste contributes to the tracking, recycling and management of construction waste. This article reviews the current research on construction waste remanufacturing and the application of Digital Twin in construction and remanufacturing, aiming at finding the current challenge of construction waste remanufacturing and the opportunity of Digital Twin to solve it. Then, the Digital Twin platform concept for construction waste remanufacturing is provided as a solution for the current challenges. Theoretically, this paper points out the shortcomings of the current research in construction waste remanufacturing based on literature review. Meanwhile, this article proposes the application of Digital Twin in construction waste remanufacturing, which expands the research scope of circular economy in construction. In fact, this research has driven the Digital Twin application in more industries. Besides, this research proposes a concept of potential solutions for the current challenges of construction waste in circular economy.
Implementation of digital technology for connected resilient communities, enhancing access to public services
Authors: Turner P , Bourikas L , Bahaj A S , Gauthier S , James P , Dalton H , Allott N , Lines J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Digital technology has been presented as part of the solution to revolutionise public services, such as social care with its rising costs and demand. Here we present the outcome of an ongoing trial of CareTeam, a digital platform used during the redesign of the commission of domiciliary care for Portsmouth City Council, UK. CareTeam comprises a mobile app and sensors developed to support independent living, enabling communication and coordination of the wider care network. Qualitative interviews with care workers and commissioners were conducted to understand the impact on the commissioning and administration of care for clients and care workers/management. Responses indicate that technology can enhance care provision through increased transparency and collaboration. CareTeam provided (a) assurances to formal and informal carers that the care was actually being delivered and (b) improved adherence and adaptability to the care schedule delivering a more cost effective and robust service. While previous research has shown digital technologies perceived as being in competition with traditional service provision, CareTeam was found to support human interactions. Results show that connected services can be deployed to support assisted living through providing person centric, efficient and cost-effective support in the budget-restrained social services reality.
Investigation of maintenance and replacement of materials in building LCA
Authors: Francart Nicolas , Malmqvist Tove 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recent life cycle assessments (LCAs) of buildings highlight the importance of global warming potential from construction materials, in particular in energy-efficient buildings. It is therefore important to address the influence of methodological choices related to materials on LCA results. This paper focuses on scenarios for the maintenance and replacement of building elements.

Methods: A literature review is carried out to summarize the state of the art regarding scenarios for maintenance and replacement in building LCA, their influence on LCA results and related methodological issues. Additionally, a case study is carried out to investigate whether assumptions about service lives in LCA could significantly influence the recommended design for a building’s roof, using a Monte Carlo analysis considering service lives as stochastic variables.

Results: The literature review reveals a broad range of impacts from maintenance and replacement in case studies. There is therefore no consensus about the relative impact of these processes. These differences can be partly explained by differences in scope (e.g. what elements are considered to be replaced and what kinds of processes are included), in methods for service life estimation and in future scenarios for the production and recycling of materials. Relative impacts from maintenance and replacement seem to be highest for energy efficient buildings with a long service life, and for elements such as carpets, paint, insulation, doors and windows. The case study of roofing materials exemplifies a case where assumptions about service lives could influence design decisions. Both the ranking of alternatives and the relative significance of maintenance and replacement processes depend on assumptions about service lives. An asphalt roof cover is preferred when considering only initial installation, but a clay tile roof cover is preferred over asphalt in roughly two thirds of the cases when considering maintenance and replacement. Metal roofs almost always had a poorer environmental performance under the assumptions considered.

Conclusions: Results from the case study are compared with previous studies of maintenance and replacement processes, and methodological issues deserving further consideration are highlighted. In particular, the case study is used to discuss the issue of whether a modelling based on independent service lives for various building elements accurately reflects industrial practices. Moreover, the relevance of including maintenance and replacement in regulations and climate declarations for buildings is discussed.

Grant support: This work is part of the research programme “E2B2 – Research and innovation for energy-efficient construction and housing”, funded by the Swedish Energy Agency.
Life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of urban roads: a literature review
Authors: Hoxha E , Vignisdottir R.R , Passer A , Kreiner H , Wu S , Li J , Bohne R.A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the ratification of the Paris climate agreement to avoid the uncompensated effects of climate change, 197 countries will have to dramatically reduce their greenhouse gas emissions in half by 2030. In the case of the urban space, roads are responsible for the consumption of 105M tons of bitumen and 115M tons of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, the reduction of the environmental impacts of road construction is becoming an urgent necessity. So far the vast majority of the Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used to evaluate the environmental burdens of existing roads and new asphalt solutions. However, due to the different LCA methodological choices, recent studies have highlighted the difficulties in comparing the results of cases published in literature. Driven by this knowledge gap, the aim of the present study was to identify key aspects missing in the assessment of urban roads. Through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), 47 publications have been selected for further investigation. An intensive analysis of these documents clearly demonstrate the heterogeneity of the applied LCA methodological choices as well as the selected approaches regarding i.e. the goal of the studies, functional unit, system boundary, database and stratigraphy of the road pavement. Aiming to harmonize the LCA methodology, we have identified key aspects that require solutions for a robust LCA application. The results are expected to be useful for the National Road Administration (NRA) in assessing the environmental impacts of future urban road projects. As a response to the Paris climate agreement targets, the application of harmonized methods regarding LCA should lead to a more robust and structured process in terms of identifying low carbon urban road solutions and contributing to the SDGs respectively.
Environmental and economic optimisation of buildings for different climates
Authors: Kiss B , Silvestre J D , Madeira J F A , Santos R A , Szalay Zs 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a scientific method for evaluating the environmental impact of products. Standards provide a general framework for conducting an LCA study and calculation rules specifically for buildings. A challenge is to design energy-efficient buildings that have a low environmental impact, reasonable costs, and provide high thermal comfort, as these are usually conflicting aspects. Efficient mathematical optimisation algorithms can be applied to such engineering problems. Methodology: In this paper, a multi-objective optimisation technique, the Direct MultiSearch method, is described and its applicability is tested on a multi-story residential building’s case study for two locations, Portugal and Hungary. The objectives are to minimise the life cycle environmental impacts and costs. Results and conclusions: The results indicate that optimum solutions are found at a higher cost but lower Global Warming Potential for Portugal than for Hungary. Optimum solutions have walls with a thermal transmittance of about 0.23 and 0.15 W/m2K for Portugal and Hungary, respectively. Multi-objective optimisation algorithms can be successfully applied to find solutions with low environmental impact and eco-efficient thermal envelope.
Resilience of coastal cities with accumulating climate-change coupled threats; depends on the cooperation of government, experts and the citizens
Authors: Sanders Fred C , Oliveira Ana Cláudia de 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most cities in the world are coastal cities, especially facing accumulating climate-change coupled threats. These cities are precisely the ones that are growing the fastest, what makes this development a risk for millions of people in our world. These accumulating threats happen when seawater-level rise, clustered heavy rainfall, and meltwater river-level rise fall occur simultaneously. Within the H2020 Marie Curie ‘SOS Climate Waterfront’ 2019-2021 research program, researchers exchanged between coastal cities in Europe to explore whether they are aware of the need for resilience, and how the resilience in these cities is structured systematically. Aiming for the accelerated adjustment of the research methodology, the situation of three EU islands was examined as a sidekick. Thereby Actions/Actors-diagram is developed as a tool. The conclusions are: this diagram helps to make the positions of actors clear, helps to clarify which measures are being worked on, and can help to identify any obstacles to work on resilience. In relation to the situation on the three islands, the diagram also helped to clarify the reason for the blockade. It has been concluded that for this type of research it is important to first properly visualize the local situation, and to make extra efforts to talk to many experts and make extra additions to interview citizens connected to community initiatives.
Upscaling the housing renovation market through far-reaching industrialization
Authors: Decorte Y , Steeman M , Krämer U B , Struck C , Lange K , Zander B , Haan A de 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The European existing building stock contributes to 40% of the total energy use and 36% of the CO2 emissions. To deal with the climate crisis, European climate and energy objectives were defined. By 2050, CO2 emissions should be cut to 80-95% compared to 1990 and all buildings must be energy-neutral. The North-Sea Region alone consists of 22 million outdated dwellings built between 1950 and 1985 that are in high need of renovation. Nowadays, the renovation industry applies mainly manual on-site renovation techniques, resulting in a low renovation pace, relatively high labour costs and a long duration. To tackle the urgent need for rapid renovations, six countries of the North-Sea Region collaborate to upscale the current renovation process in the Interreg project INDU-ZERO “Industrialization of house renovations toward energy-neutral”. The project focuses on modular prefabricated renovation packages with fully integrated HVAC technologies to arrive at energy-neutral dwellings. The project researches the possibilities of far-reaching automated and industrialized production processes. A smart factory blueprint will be designed to speed up the renovation pace to a target of 15,000 renovation packages per year per factory while cutting the current price with 50%. This contribution focusses on three main topics: material use, operational energy use and transport. Firstly, the reasoning behind the renovation package design is explained. Next, the packages are adopted on an archetype dwelling to document the thermal performance before and after renovation. Finally, the associated logistics are studied. To summarize each individual research in a blanket result, the environmental impact is determined and compared to the non-renovated dwelling.
Robust and resilient renovation solutions in different climate change scenarios
Authors: Galimshina Alina , Moustapha Maliki , Hollberg Alexander , Padey Pierryves , Lasvaux Sébastien , Sudret Bruno , Habert Guillaume 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Building renovation is currently urgent in order to decrease the energy consumption of a building stock. In order to achieve robust renovation scenarios, uncertainty quantification is needed. Climate change scenarios are important factors and need to be included in the analysis. In this paper, three climate change scenarios are applied probabilistically for a renovation scenario using dimensionality reduction techniques and further uncertainty propagation. The results show that RCP2.6 provides more robust results and saves on average 2. 105 CHF and 2. 105kgCO2eq. in a building life cycle comparing to RCP 8.5. The analysis under climate change is also compared to the probabilistic calculations under current climate and the results show the underestimation of both costs and environmental impacts when climate change is not included. It can also be clearly seen that even under the best case of RCP 2.6, building renovation is urgently needed to decrease the environmental impacts and costs.
Are high-rise residential buildings rising to future weather scenarios?
Authors: Wegertseder-Martínez P , Piderit-Moreno Beatriz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvaluating the energy and thermal performance of existing buildings during their lifetime brings about uncertainty, since there is strong evidence suggesting that climate change (CC) will affect indoor environment quality. CC has been reflected, among other phenomena, in a temperature rise that is necessarily related to the indoor temperature of buildings. Recognizing possible future climate scenarios and their possible effects will allow improving the resilience of existing buildings.Today’s buildings are sources of high energy demand. In the case of Chile, an ordinary house, due to its poor thermal performance, requires between 40% and 60% of its energy consumption for heating or cooling, depending on the location. On the other hand, a constructive phenomenon has been seen in Latin American cities over the last three decades, where city centres are densified with high-rise residential buildings. These are characterized by very small apartments, which affect indoor environment quality, solar gains, ventilation, etc. Thus, the proposal of this paper is to evaluate this residential typology. The aim of this research is to prospectively study the effects produced by CC on the energy-thermal performance of high-rise residential buildings, using an exploratory research, in three different thermal zones of Chile through to 2080. The analysis consists in comparing the performance of the same case built in three cities, using the Design Builder software for dynamic simulations. The results show a temperature increase that affects apartments in different ways. In the northernmost city, Iquique, the heating demand would disappear in 60 years; in Santiago, it will be reduced by half and in the south, while in Puerto Montt, it will represent only 62% of current demand; however, the cooling demand will increase in all cases. While hours within the comfort range will increase in the southernmost cities, in the northernmost and central cities, the risk of overheating will increase significantly This provides great challenges in terms of improving thermal comfort for the coming years, incorporating possible CC impacts into housing design to prevent negative results, such as overheating.
Design for Dematerialisation: examining an approach for reducing the life cycle energy requirements of residential buildings
Authors: Skillington Katie , Crawford Robert H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Responsible for significant energy demand and emissions, the building sector has an opportunity to contribute to global sustainability efforts. In creating resilient and sustainable human settlements, alternative design approaches that address life cycle energy requirements are needed. Design for Dematerialisation is one such approach that aims to lower life cycle energy requirements by reducing material and resource inputs. Yet, despite its conceptual simplicity, the application of the approach within the building sector and its effect on life cycle energy demand is poorly understood. This study seeks to briefly outline the approach from the perspective of the building sector and examine the effect of dematerialisation actions on the life cycle energy requirements of a multi-residential building in Melbourne, Australia. This study demonstrates that while an effect is observed – most notably in recurrent embodied energy – a partial rebound effect exists. Savings from the reduction of key materials and components are partially negated by the energy intensity of alternative materials introduced, and/or additional elements required to maintain the building’s fitness-for-purpose. The assessment highlights the need for designers to address energy performance holistically, by taking into account the effect of actions on multiple life cycle stages concurrently. By employing this considered approach, dematerialisation has the potential to be an accessible strategy for designers tasked with creating sustainable, resilient urban settlements.
Austrian GHG emission targets for new buildings and major renovations: an exploratory study
Authors: Hoxha E , Röck M , Truger B , Steininger K , Passer A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To avoid uncontrollable and uncompensated effects of climate change, within the ratification of the Paris Agreement, 197 countries including Austria have committed to limit their emissions of greenhouse gases to hold the warming below 2°C. Achievement of this objective will oblige Austrian society to stay within a carbon budget of 1000 Mt CO2eq until 2050. Due to the long-life span of buildings as well as their high contribution and reduction potentials regarding embodied and operational greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specific environmental benchmarks are required for new buildings and major renovations. The evaluation of environmental targets presented in this paper follows a methodology combining top-down and bottom-up approaches. First, GHG emissions and reduction targets are calculated for the emission intensity of the Austrian energy mix with the help of top-down decomposition. Second, a hybrid top-down-bottom-up approach is applied as a basis for establishing GHG emission targets on building level. The embodied and operational impacts of Austrian building stock and from construction of new buildings are evaluated. Following on from this and using the Austrian carbon budget, the reduction targets are set at building level based on the hypothesis for 2050. This paper present and exploratory study and can be presented as a basis for definition of GHG targets.
CartujaQanat: Recovering the street life in a climate changing world. Bioclimatic lattices and confinement of air in exterior conditions
Authors: Marcos A , Tenorio J A , Guerrero M C , Pavón M C , Sánchez-Ramos J , Álvarez S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
CartujaQanat represents the necessity to rethink the way our cities are conceived as time passes by and the world evolves. Current and future needs demand up-to-date solutions that combine the knowledge obtained from experience and tradition with innovative research. Cities have the responsibility to contribute to a better environment for their inhabitants while minimizing resource consumption. Passive techniques and bioclimatic solutions have significant benefits for the health and well-being of humans, making them ideal when properly adapted to their suitable climates. Keeping this in mind, CartujaQanat pursues the creation of open-air spaces that provide a comfortable environment in hot and dry weather conditions with minimal negative impacts. Strategies developed for the project utilize water as a heat transfer fluid in open and closed systems to enable the acclimatization of exterior spaces. The project includes the use of physical barriers in the form of bioclimatic lattices that act as a solar screen, enabling natural ventilation and providing a certain level of confinement to the air. These effects are enhanced with the hygrothermal capabilities of water, which is incorporated for direct and indirect evaporative cooling as well as thermally activated elements.