bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
31-year contrasting agricultural managements affect the distribution of organic carbon in aggregate-sized fractions of a Mollisol
Authors: Sheng Ming , Han Xiaozeng , Zhang Yihe , Long Jinghong , Li Na 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEvaluation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics is often limited by the complexity of soil matrix. Quantitative information on the distribution of SOC within aggregate hierarchy will help elucidate the carbon flow in soil matrix. However, this knowledge still needs to be documented. Soils were sampled from a surface Mollisol with plots under 100 years of continuous cropping, 31 years of simulated overgrazing to severely degraded bareland, and grassland restoration from cropped soil. A combined density and chemical fractionation procedure within water-stable aggregate was utilized to quantify the distribution of OC after long-term different land use patterns. Results showed that grassland significantly increased total SOC and mean aggregate associated OC compared to initial soil in 1985 with total SOC (g kg−1 soil) from 46.1 to 31.7 and mean aggregate associated OC (g kg−1 aggregate) from 31.6 to 44.7. Converting cropland to grassland also enhanced the formation of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) (from 34.7% to 52.2%) and increased the OC concentrations in density and humic fractions by 48.3%-75.9% within aggregates. But the proportions of OC in density and humic fractions to SOC only increased in macroaggregates in grassland. Alternatively, converting cropland to bareland caused substantial depletion of total SOC, macroaggregates and their associated OC concentrations. The SOC (g kg−1 soil) and mean aggregate associated OC (g kg−1 aggregate) significantly decreased from 31.7 to 25.7 and from 31.6 to 26.2, respectively. While the OC concentration of density and humic fractions within aggregates in bareland did not show significant decreases. Principal component analysis demonstrated that the soils were developed by contrasting land use changes, with the grassland soil being more associated with labile OC fractions within macroaggregats and bareland soil more associated with recalcitrant OC fractions within microaggregates and silt-clay units. These findings highlighted the favorable preservation of plant-derived carbon within soil aggregates, particularly in the labile OC fractions within macroaggregates under high plant inputs with 31 years of grassland conversion. For the cropland and bareland soils without organic inputs, more OC was stabilized within fine aggregates via organo-mineral interactions, tending to be more recalcitrant.
The magnifying effect of a thin shallow stiff layer on Love waves as revealed by multi-component analysis of surface waves
Authors: Dal Moro Giancarlo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the last decades, surface wave analysis has become a standard tool for an increasingly large number of geotechnical applications that require the determination of the subsurface shear-wave velocity (VS) profile. In the present paper, we investigate the role of a shallow stiff layer on Rayleigh and Love wave propagation. Multi-component synthetic and field data are considered to analyse the vertical (Z) and radial (R) components of Rayleigh waves as well as Love waves (T component). Velocity spectra are analysed according to the Full Velocity Spectrum (FVS) approach together with the Rayleigh-wave Particle Motion (RPM) frequency-offset surface that reveals the actual prograde-retrograde motion of Rayleigh waves. The FVS approach to surface wave analysis reveals particularly powerful in case we intend to reproduce the actual modal energy and when, because of complex mode excitation, the velocity spectra cannot be easily interpreted in terms of modal dispersion curves. The analysis of both synthetic and field data highlights two major facts. On one side, along the T component (Love waves) the presence of a thin shallow stiff layer excites higher modes whose top velocity is controlled by the shear-wave velocity of the deeper layers. On the other side, such a stiff layer does not massively influence the velocity spectra of the Z and R components (Rayleigh waves) and the related RPM: irrespective of the presence of the superficial stiff layer, RPM clearly shows the change from retrograde to prograde due to the VS increase in the deep layers. In case a superficial stiff layer is present (this condition is quite common in urbanized areas such as the one of the field dataset here considered), Love waves can be then an interesting tool for an expeditious estimation of the VS of the deep layers.
Modeling suggests fossil fuel emissions have been driving increased land carbon uptake since the turn of the 20th Century
Authors: Schwalm Christopher R. , Huntzinger Deborah N. , Michalak Anna M. , Schaefer Kevin , Fisher Joshua B. , Fang Yuanyuan , Wei Yaxing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTerrestrial vegetation removes CO2from the atmosphere; an important climate regulation service that slows global warming. This 119 Pg C per annum transfer of CO2into plants—gross primary productivity (GPP)—is the largest land carbon flux globally. While understanding past and anticipated future GPP changes is necessary to support carbon management, the factors driving long-term changes in GPP are largely unknown. Here we show that 1901 to 2010 changes in GPP have been dominated by anthropogenic activity. Our dual constraint attribution approach provides three insights into the spatiotemporal patterns of GPP change. First, anthropogenic controls on GPP change have increased from 57% (1901 decade) to 94% (2001 decade) of the vegetated land surface. Second, CO2fertilization and nitro  gen deposition are the most important drivers of change, 19.8 and 11.1 Pg C per annum (2001 decade) respectively, especially in the tropics and industrialized areas since the 1970’s. Third, changes in climate have functioned as fertilization to enhance GPP (1.4 Pg C per annum in the 2001 decade). These findings suggest that, from a land carbon balance perspective, the Anthropocene began over 100 years ago and that global change drivers have allowed GPP uptake to keep pace with anthropogenic emissions.
Atractylon treatment prevents sleep-disordered breathing-induced cognitive dysfunction by suppression of chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced M1 microglial activation
Authors: Lin Yan , Liu Xiuxiu , Tan Dan , Jiang Zhiyan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) induced by sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a key factor involved in cognitive dysfunction (CD). Increasing evidence has shown that atractylon (ATR) has anti-inflammatory effects. However, it remains unclear if ATR has a protective effect against SDB-induced nerve cell injury and CD. So, in the present study, CIH-exposed mice and CIH-induced BV2 cells were used to mimic SDB. The results showed that ATR treatment decreased CIH-induced CD and the expression of inflammatory factors in the hippocampal region by suppression of M1 microglial activation and promotion of M2 microglial activation. Also, ATR treatment promoted sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) expression. Down-regulation of SIRT3 decreased the protective effect of ATR against CIH-induced microglial cell injury. Furthermore, in vitro detection found that SIRT3 silencing suppressed ATR-induced M2 microglial activation after exposure to CIH conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that ATR treatment prevents SDB-induced CD by inhibiting CIH-induced M1 microglial activation, which is mediated by SIRT3 activation.
The efficacy of L-carnitine in improving malnutrition in patients on maintenance hemodialysis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Jianwei , Yang Tubao 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The improvement of malnutrition with levocarnitine in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients is controversial. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of levocarnitine in improving malnutrition in MHD patients. We performed a literature search for relevant articles related to the treatment of malnutrition by L-carnitine in MHD patients in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang databases. We set the publication dates from 1950 to July 2019. The levels of albumin, prealbumin, total protein, and transferrin before and after treatment were used for assessing malnutrition. Twenty-seven studies were included in the present analysis. The results of the random effects model indicated that L-carnitine treatment improved the albumin level in patients on MHD patients. The pooled standardized mean difference of albumin level was 2.51 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.13−2.90, P&lt;0.001). The pooled total protein level was 3.83 (95% CI: 2.41−5.24, P = 0.000) and the pooled transferrin level was 0.35 (95% CI: 0.18−0.52, P = 0.000). Significant differences were observed with the total protein and transferrin levels. The results indicated that levocarnitine significantly improved the prealbumin level in patients on MHD. The pooled prealbumin level was 70.86 (95% CI: 42.99−98.73, P = 0.000). No publication bias was detected (P&gt;0.05). The present meta-analysis indicated that L-carnitine can have a favorable effect on malnutrition biomarkers in patients on MHD, including the increase in albumin, total protein, transferrin, and prealbumin levels. The L-carnitine could be an option for treatment of MHD patients.
SARS-CoV-2-Infektion (COVID-19): Was kommt auf uns zu?
Authors: Kern Winfried V. , Biever Paul M. , Rieg Siegbert , Panning Marcus 
Published: June 2020

Was ist neu?
Diagnostik von Coronavirus-Infektionen Die Diagnostik der Wahl bleibt der Nachweis mittels PCR im Nasopharyngealsekret. Die PCR-Positivität bei Nasen-Rachen-Abstrichen hält oft länger als 10 Tage an und wird anschließend auch bei klinischer Gesundung noch einige Tage intermittierend beobachtet. Die Erregerzahl ist dann jedoch meistens niedrig, und Viruskulturen in dieser Zeit sind in der Regel negativ, es besteht also meist keine Infektiosität mehr.
Krankheitsbild Die Hauptkomplikation der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion ist die Pneumonie mit Entwicklung eines akuten Atemnotsyndroms (ARDS). Asymptomatische und oligosymptomatische Verläufe mit Virussauscheidung sind nicht selten, bei Kindern sind sie möglicherweise häufiger als bei Erwachsenen. Die Virusausscheidung bei symptomlosen Menschen und in der präsymptomatischen Phase einer Infektion ist für Übertragungen relevant.
Therapieoptionen und Impfung Eine effektive antivirale Therapie ist bisher nicht etabliert. Steroide zur antientzündlichen Therapie werden nicht empfohlen. Ein Impfstoff wird frühestens Mitte bis Ende 2021 erwartet.
Epidemiologie Die bisherigen Angaben zur Sterblichkeit der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion sind widersprüchlich; die Sterblichkeit ist sicher niedriger als bei SARS und MERS, vermutlich jedoch höher als bei den meisten saisonalen Grippewellen der letzten Jahre. Eine Vorbereitung aller Akteure im Gesundheitswesen auf eine längerfristige Belastung durch stationär Behandlungspflichtige und Komplikationen und Schaffung entsprechender Kapazitäten ist sehr wichtig. Niederschwelliges diagnostisches Testen und rasches Aufdecken von Infektionsketten bleiben wesentlich zur besseren Kontrolle der Pandemie. Eine effektive Vakzine ist dringlich.
Ausweg aus der Versorgungslücke: Voll Krankenkassen-finanzierte konservative Adipositas-Therapie
Authors: Frenzel Sarah Victoria , Bach Sophie , Ahrens Swantje , Hellbardt Mario , Hilbert Anja , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias , Schlögl Haiko 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Das Leipziger Adipositasmanagement ist das deutschlandweit erste interdisziplinäre Therapieprogramm für Patienten mit Adipositas Grad 2 und 3 mit einem langfristigen (i. e., 4-jährigen) konservativen Behandlungsarm, welches über einen Vertrag der integrierten Versorgung (IV) komplett durch eine gesetzliche Krankenkasse finanziert wird. Die vorliegende Arbeit evaluiert die Effektivität des ersten Abschnitts des Programms mit einer mittleren Laufzeit von 72 Wochen.
Methoden Von 243 Personen wurden Gewicht, Körperumfänge sowie ausgewählte metabolische und psychologische Parameter vor Beginn (t0) und nach Abschluss des ersten Therapieabschnitts (t1) erhoben. Das methodische Design entspricht einer prospektiven Auswertung klinischer Real-World-Daten.
Ergebnisse Die Kosten pro Patient betrugen durchschnittlich 2022 €. Die Teilnehmer erreichten eine durchschnittliche Gewichtsreduktion von 5 kg (95 %-Konfidenzintervall (KI) 3,8–6,2) bzw. 4 % (KI 3,1–4,9) des Ausgangsgewichts. Der Hämoglobin-A1c-Wert reduzierte sich in der Gesamtkohorte von 5,9 % auf 5,6 % und bei Diabetes-mellitus-Patienten von 6,7 % auf 6,2 %. Weitere metabolische (z. B. Low-density-Lipoprotein- und Gesamtcholesterin) sowie psychologische (z. B. Lebensqualität) Parameter verbesserten sich ebenfalls signifikant.
Schlussfolgerung Die vorliegenden Daten belegen unter Real-World-Bedingungen, dass ein über einen IV-Vertrag voll kassenfinanziertes Therapieprogramm bei Adipositas Grad 2 und 3 eine klinisch relevante Gewichtsreduktion und damit verbundene metabolische Verbesserungen erreicht. Das Leipziger Adipositasmanagement trägt zur Schließung der Versorgungslücke, die aktuell für die Adipositas-Therapie in Deutschland besteht, bei und verbessert die Qualität der Angebote durch eine individuelle langjährige Betreuung.
Curve Sprinting in Soccer: Kinematic and Neuromuscular
Analysis
Authors: Filter Alberto , Olivares-Jabalera Jesús , Santalla Alfredo , Morente-Sánchez Jaime , Robles-Rodríguez Jose , Requena Bernardo , Loturco Irineu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSprinting in curvilinear trajectories is an important soccer ability,
corresponding to ~85% of the actions performed at maximum
velocity in a soccer league. We compared the neuromuscular behavior and foot
contact-time between outside leg and inside leg during curve sprinting to both
sides in soccer players. Nine soccer players (age=23±4.12 years)
performed: 3×Sprint linear, 3×Sprint right curve, and
3×Sprint left curve. An ANOVA with repeated measures was used to compare
the differences between inside and outside leg, and Cohen’s d was used
to calculate the effect-size. Considering the average data, the performance
classification (from best to worst) was as follows: 1. Curve
“good” side (2.45±0.11 s), 2. Linear (2.47±0.13
s), and 3. Curve “weak” side (2.56±0.17 s). Comparing
linear with curve sprinting, inside leg recorded significant differences
(“good” and “weak”; effect size=1.20 and
2, respectively); in contrast, for outside leg, there were no significant
differences (“good” and “weak”; effect
size=0.30 and 0.49, respectively). Electromyography activity showed
significant differences (p≤0.05) during curve sprinting between outside
(higher in biceps femoris and gluteus medius) and inside leg (higher activity in
semitendinosus and adductor). In summary, inside and outside leg play different
roles during curved sprints, but inside leg is more affected by the change from
straight to curve sprint.
SGLT-2-Inhibitoren zur Progressionshemmung der chronischen Nierenerkrankung
Authors: Heine Gunnar Henrik 
Published: June 2020

Was ist neu?
Potenzielle nephroprotektive Effekte von SGLT-2-Inhibitoren Nachdem kardiovaskuläre Sicherheitsstudien bei Patienten mit Diabetes mellitus und erhöhtem kardiovaskulärem Risiko vor einigen Jahren einen potenziellen nephroprotektiven Effekt von SGLT-2-Inhibitoren suggerierten, konnte nun die CREDENCE-Studie bei diabetischen Patienten mit gering- bis mittelgradig verminderter glomerulärer Filtrationsrate und höhergradiger Albuminurie eine verlangsamte Progression der chronischen Nierenerkrankung hin zur Dialysepflichtigkeit nachweisen.
Ausblick Die nachfolgenden DAPA-CKD- und EMPA-KIDNEY-Studien sollten untersuchen, ob auch SGLT-2-Inhibitoren bei chronisch nierenkranken Menschen (a) ohne Diabetes mellitus, (b) ohne Albuminurie und/oder (c) mit höhergradig eingeschränkter glomerulärer Filtrationsrate nephroprotektive Eigenschaften haben. Im März 2020 wurde mitgeteilt, dass DAPA-CKD auch für Dapagliflozin einen nephroprotektiven Effekt eindeutig nachweist. Die Publikation steht zum Druckzeitpunkt dieses Artikels noch aus. Neue Leitlinien der globalen Kidney-Disease:-Improving-Global-Outcomes (KDIGO)-Initiative werden 2020 bei chronisch nierenkranken Diabetikern SGLT-2-Inhibitoren als Standardtherapie vorschlagen, auch wenn diese Empfehlung momentan in Konflikt mit dem europäischen Zulassungsstatus steht.
Influence of Clinical Expertise Between Clinician-Instructors Versus Student-Instructors on the Effectiveness of Ultrasound Courses
Authors: Hofer Matthias , Kamper Lars , Heussen Nicole , Martin Ole , Heverhagen Johannes 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose To investigate how the extent of an ultrasound instructor’s clinical expertise influences the level of hands-on ultrasound competency achieved by clinicians after three-day ultrasound courses in abdominal and emergency ultrasound. The second goal was to determine how physicians in residency rate the sonographic and didactic skills of student instructors compared to medical staff instructors.
Method A total of N = 100 residents participating in a 3-day ultrasound workshop were randomly trained either by 15 student instructors or by clinical staff physicians, both with > 2 years of teaching experience. Both instructor groups had previously completed 120 hours of didactic instructor training. Ultrasound competencies were assessed by a standardized objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) of healthy individuals. The sonographic and didactic skills of both instructor groups were rated by questionnaires with six-step Likert items (1 = excellent, 6 = poor).
Results The cohort, trained by student instructors, achieved the same scoring level as the second cohort, trained by physician instructors (mean score 76.4, versus 73.7 of max. 100 points, p = 0.28) in the final OSCE. The sonographic qualification was rated for student educators as 1.44 (mean) [1.1–1.62], versus residents 1.46 [1.26–1.61], versus attendings 1.29 [1.05–1.61]. Didactic skill levels were rated without significant differences with means of 1.53, 1.57 and 1.53, respectively.
Discussion & Conclusion The didactic competence of student instructors does not differ statistically from the competency levels of experienced physicians. In terms of the acquired ultrasound skills of trainees, our data indicate that student instructors can be as efficient as staff instructors. Therefore, student instructors can be employed as resource-saving ultrasound educators without decreasing the skills level achieved by course participants, provided that they previously underwent a comprehensive didactic and sonographic training program.
New Organic Dyes from Phthalonitrile via Interesting Nucleophilic Reactions
Authors: Li Cheng-Hui , Zheng Wei 
Published: June 2020

Phthalonitrile (PN) is regarded mostly as an important precursor for phthalocyanine (Pc). However, the presence of two ortho triple bonds also endow PN with significant potential to form novel conjugated systems. Based on several unexpected nucleophilic reactions, our group has discovered novel applications of PN for the synthesis of asymmetric benzo-fused aza-BOIDPYs and new fused-ring phthalorubines (Pr). This Synpacts highlights our recent advances in this field.1	Introduction2	Benzo-Fused Aza-BODIPYs3	Phthalorubines4	Conclusion
How to Develop a Leadership Training Program
Authors: Fleshman James W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLeadership training is an essential component of faculty development and resident training. Characteristics of leaders include growth mindset, curiosity, humility, selflessness, intrinsic motivation, hunger to achieve, insight, collaboration, harmony, introversion and analytical approach (inherited) and emotional intelligence, empathy, flexibility, adaptability, conflict management, resilience, interpersonal skills, and judgment (learned). Training for each of these characteristics will enhance the leadership abilities of the surgical department.
COVID-19 Pandemic and Role of Human Saliva as a Testing Biofluid in Point-of-Care Technology
Authors: Hamid Hiba , Khurshid Zohaib , Adanir Necdet , Zafar Muhammad S. , Zohaib Sana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNovel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has termed as a controllable pandemic, and the entire world has come to a standstill trying to mitigate the disease with health systems. Health care providers, around the globe, are fighting day and night. Currently, rapid testing is taking place with the help of nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal swab, bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum, urine, and blood. All these approaches are invasive or embarrassing to the infected person. It is observed that salivary glands are hosting severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) because of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the detection of high viral loads in the saliva and is playing a crucial role in virus transmission, especially from individuals showing absolutely no symptoms. Saliva is proving to be a promising noninvasive sample specimen for the diagnosis of COVID-19, thus helping to monitor the infection and prevent it from further spreading by prompt isolation.
A processual view of organizational stigmatization in foreign market entry: The failure of Guggenheim Helsinki
Authors: Ritvala Tiina , Granqvist Nina , Piekkari Rebecca 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMultinational organizations increasingly face strong resistance to their market entry by some local audiences, reflecting growing ideological divisions and populism in societies. We turned to the organizational stigma literature for the conceptual tools and vocabulary to uncover why multinationals can simultaneously be praised by some audiences and tainted by others. Drawing on a longitudinal explanatory case study of an unsuccessful market entry, we develop a process model of organizational stigmatization in a foreign market entry. Our model explains how and why some local audiences may taint the core attributes of an entry-seeking organization and its market entry process, while others may embrace the foreign entrant. We also introduce the notion of cross-border stigma translation where negative audience evaluations are amplified across geographic contexts. A focus on competing local audiences is important for understanding the generative mechanisms of the liability of foreignness and liability of origin and how to manage them. Our study grounds a conversation on the processes and mechanisms of organizational stigmatization that may cause permanent liabilities to foreign organizations.
The gains of reduction in translational processes: illness blogs and clinical-ethics cases
Authors: Wohlmann Anita , Michl Susanne 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTranslational processes in clinical contexts and literature studies are ubiquitous. This article first outlines three different models of translation, which describe how source text and target text relate to one another, namely as sameness, reduction, and production. The article makes a case for understanding translation as a relational ontology and focuses on the role of reduction in translational processes. Rather than condemning reduction a priori for its many problems, the authors suggest reevaluating reduction as a necessary and welcome dynamic and dialogical process. Reduction is approached from a double perspective: In literary studies, reduction is a process that entails condensation, rawness and directness, and thus reduction is associated with a positive ethos. In science studies and comparative studies, reduction has been described as a heuristic mechanism that enables theory building. The article makes a contribution to translation in clinical contexts by describing the gains of reduction in translational processes. These claims are exemplified through the analysis of two text genres: an illness blog and clinical-ethics cases. Our analysis suggests that reduction is not necessarily an antonym to production or complexity but a practice that makes visible the ties that motivate translation or are its result. In doing so, the contribution aims to provide a more positive account of the processes of reduction in translational practices.