bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D deep convolutional neural network approach for the automated measurement of cerebellum tracer uptake in FDG PET‐CT scans
Authors: Xiong Xiaofan , Linhardt Timothy J. , Liu Weiren , Smith Brian J. , Sun Wenqing , Bauer Christian , Sunderland John J. , Graham Michael M. , Buatti John M. , Beichel Reinhard R. 
Published: December 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this work was to assess the potential of deep convolutional neural networks in automated measurement of cerebellum tracer uptake in F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) scans.MethodsThree different three‐dimensional (3D) convolutional neural network architectures (U‐Net, V‐Net, and modified U‐Net) were implemented and compared regarding their performance in 3D cerebellum segmentation in FDG PET scans. For network training and testing, 134 PET scans with corresponding manual volumetric segmentations were utilized. For segmentation performance assessment, a fivefold cross‐validation was used, and the Dice coefficient as well as signed and unsigned distance errors were calculated. In addition, standardized uptake value (SUV) uptake measurement performance was assessed by means of a statistical comparison to an independent reference standard. Furthermore, a comparison to a previously reported active‐shape‐model‐based approach was performed.ResultsOut of the three convolutional neural networks investigated, the modified U‐Net showed significantly better segmentation performance. It achieved a Dice coefficient of 0.911 ± 0.026, a signed distance error of 0.220 ± 0.103 mm, and an unsigned distance error of 1.048 ± 0.340 mm. When compared to the independent reference standard, SUV uptake measurements produced with the modified U‐Net showed no significant error in slope and intercept. The estimated reduction in total SUV measurement error was 95.1%.ConclusionsThe presented work demonstrates the potential of deep convolutional neural networks in automated SUV measurement of reference regions. While it focuses on the cerebellum, utilized methods can be generalized to other reference regions like the liver or aortic arch. Future work will focus on combining lesion and reference region analysis into one approach.
Characterization of and tissue density in the human lung: Application to neonatal imaging in the intensive care unit
Authors: Hahn Andrew D. , Malkus Annelise , Kammerman Jeffery , Higano Nara , Walkup Laura , Woods Jason , Fain Sean B. 
Published: December 2019

PurposeNovel demonstration of and tissue density estimation in infant lungs using 3D ultrashort echo time MRI. Differences between adult and neonates with no clinical indication of lung pathology is explored, as well as relationships between parameter estimates and gravitationally dependent position and lung inflation state. This provides a tool for probing physiologic processes that may be relevant to pulmonary disease and progression in newborns.Methods and tissue density were estimated in a phantom consisting of standards allowing for ground truth comparisons and in human subjects (N = 5 infants, N = 4 adults, no clinical indication of lung dysfunction) using a 3D radial multiecho ultrashort echo time MRI sequence. Whole lung averages were compared between infants and adults. Dependence of the metrics on anterior‐posterior position as well as between end‐tidal inspiration and expiration were explored, in addition to the general relationship between and tissue density.ResultsEstimates in the phantom did not differ significantly from ground truth. Neonates had significantly lower mean (P = .006) and higher mean tissue density (P = 1.5e‐5) than adults. Tissue density and were both significantly dependent on anterior‐posterior position and lung inflation state (P < .005). An overall inverse relationship was found between and tissue density, which was similar in both neonates and adults.ConclusionEstimation of tissue density and in free breathing, nonsedated, neonatal patients is feasible using multiecho ultrashort echo time MRI. was no different between infants and adults when matched for tissue density, although density of lung parenchyma was, on average, lower in adults than neonates.
Comparative‐fill urodynamics in individuals with and without detrusor overactivity supports a conceptual model for dynamic elasticity regulation
Authors: Cullingsworth Zachary E. , Klausner Adam P. , Li Rui , Nagle Anna S. , Carroll Ashley W. , Roseman John T. , Speich John E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimsDynamic elasticity was previously identified in individuals with overactive bladder (OAB) using comparative‐fill urodynamics (UD) and is a biomechanical mechanism for acutely regulating detrusor wall tension. On the basis of this data, a conceptual model of dynamic elasticity regulation mediated through a balance of passive mechanisms and active contractions was constructed. The present study tested this model by determining whether individuals with detrusor overactivity (DO) exhibit less dynamic elasticity than individuals without DO.MethodsIndividuals with and without urgency based on International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐OAB surveys were prospectively enrolled in a comparative‐fill UD study. An initial fill defined the presence or absence of DO and determined cystometric capacity. Three additional fills were employed with either passive emptying via a catheter or active voiding. To identify dynamic elasticity, average filling pressures (Pves) were compared for fill 1 (before strain softening), fill 2 (after strain softening), and fill 3 (after active void). A dynamic elasticity index was defined.ResultsFrom 28 participants, those without DO showed decreased Pves during filling after strain softening and restored Pves during filling following active voiding, revealing dynamic elasticity. Participants with DO did not show dynamic elasticity. A dynamic elasticity index less than 1.0 cmH2O/40% capacity was identified in 2 out of 13 participants without DO and 9 out of 15 with DO, revealing a significant association between DO and reduced/absent dynamic elasticity (P = .024).ConclusionsThis study supports a conceptual model for dynamic elasticity, a mechanism to acutely regulate detrusor wall tension through a balance of competing active contractile and passive strain mechanisms. Improved understanding of this mechanistic model may help us to identify novel treatment strategies for OAB.
Optimizing expiratory flows during mechanical cough in a pediatric neuromuscular lung model
Authors: Hov Brit , Andersen Tiina , Toussaint Michel , Fondenes Ove , Carlsen Karin C. L. , Hovland Vegard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMechanical insufflation‐exsufflation (MI‐E) is recommended for subjects of all ages with neuromuscular disorders (NMDs) and weak cough. There is a lack of knowledge on the optimal treatment settings for young children. This study aims to determine the MI‐E settings providing high expiratory airflow while using safe inspiratory volumes, and to identify possible limits where the benefit of incrementing the MI‐E settings to achieve a higher expiratory airflow, decreased. Using an MI‐E device and a lung model imitating a 1‐year‐old child with NMD, we explored the impact of 120 combinations of MI‐E pressure and time settings on maximal expiratory airflow and inspiratory volume. High expiratory airflows were achieved with several pressure and time combinations where the exsufflation pressure, followed by insufflation pressure and time, had the greatest impact. The benefit of incrementing the settings to increase the expiratory airflow leveled off for the insufflation pressure and time, but not for the exsufflation pressure. Given exsufflation pressure of −40 or −50 cmH2O and insufflation time longer than 1 second, a plateau in the expiratory airflow curve was present at insufflation pressures from 25 cmH2O, whereas a plateau in the inspired volume curve occurred at insufflation pressures from 35 cmH2O. The present neuromuscular pediatric lung model study showed that expiratory pressure impacts expiratory airflow more than inspiratory pressure and time. An inspiratory and expiratory pressure set between 20 to 30 and −40 cmH2O, respectively, and an inspiratory time longer than 1 second may be considered as a basis when titrating MI‐E settings in young children with NMD. The findings must be confirmed in clinical trials.
A python script to design site‐directed mutagenesis primers
Authors: Bi Chuyun , Huang Xiaofang , Tang Dan , Shi Yuanyuan , Zhou Lixiang , Hu Yunzhuo , Chen Xuanyang , Qi Shiqian , Lin Shiqiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrimer design is essential to conduct whole plasmid site‐directed mutagenesis for protein study. Traditionally, primers of mutagenesis are designed manually that is time‐consuming and fallible. Here, we present a Python script for searching primers by presetting parameters of nucleotide composition and percentage of guanine‐cytosine (GC content). The running results showed that the script is able to search primers with mutations of target residue automatically. This script may facilitate primer design for whole plasmid site‐directed mutagenesis and aid protein mutant construction.
Trade‐off between defense priming by herbivore‐induced plant volatiles and constitutive defense in tomato
Authors: Zhang Peng‐Jun , Zhao Chan , Ye Zi‐Hong , Yu Xiao‐Ping 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDHerbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) can prime plant defenses and enhance herbivore resistance in neighboring plants. Although a trade‐off between constitutive defense and HIPV emission has been documented in many plant species, little is known about the effect of HIPV variation on defense priming, and whether there is a trade‐off between defense priming and constitutive defense in neighboring plants.RESULTSUsing three tomato genotypes, including two wild types [Moneymaker (MM) and Castlemart (CM)] and one jasmonic acid (JA) overexpression 35S::prosys genotype, we investigated the effects of exposure to volatiles from plants infested by beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) caterpillars on the defenses and resistance of conspecific neighboring plants. We also analyzed the HIPV emissions from the three genotypes and their constitutive defense and resistance. Exposure to volatiles from S. exigua‐infested MM plants primed an array of defensive responses (including the accumulation of JA and PI‐II protein and the expression of the defense genes PI‐I and PI‐II), and enhanced plant resistance against the caterpillars. In contrast, exposure to volatiles from S. exigua‐infested CM or 35S::prosys did not result in defense priming or an increase in plant resistance. Analyses of HIPVs and gene expression indicated that defense priming in MM was due to enhanced emission of β‐ocimene and linalool. We further demonstrated that levels of constitutive defense and resistance are low in MM and high in CM and 35S::prosys, suggesting a negative correlation between defense priming and constitutive defense.CONCLUSIONOur findings suggest that there is a trade‐off between defense priming by HIPVs and constitutive defense in tomato. This suggests that defense priming should be used with caution in agriculture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatial structures of student mobility: Social, economic and ethnic ‘geometries of power'
Authors: Donnelly Michael , Gamsu Sol 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThere now exists a growing literature on educational mobilities, and this paper contributes to understanding the way contemporary youth imagine the geography of the United Kingdom and how this translates to their mobility intentions. Using Giddens and Massey and drawing on a unique multi‐sited qualitative dataset, we examine how these flows can be understood as embedded within narratives of the self that are situated within a particular spatial structuring of social, economic, and ethnic difference. The multi‐sited dataset provides a unique opportunity to see the simultaneity of these social relations across space, mutually shaping, and reshaping each other over time. We illustrate how embedded within imagined mobility narratives are deeply unequal structures of economic power, (re)producing oppressed and dominant positions across social and geographic space. Geometries of race and ethnicity are also shown to structure the ways in which different ethnic groups look upon the geography of their university choices. The patterning of these imagined spatial flows around the United Kingdom at the point of university entry can be interpreted as one further manifestation of deep‐seated geometries of power that pervade social life.
Fibrous‐Structured Freestanding Electrodes for Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Jiang Shan , Li Jingliang , Fang Jian , Wang Xungai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrocatalysts used for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions are critical materials in many renewable‐energy devices, such as rechargeable metal–air batteries, regenerative fuel cells, and water‐splitting systems. Compared with conventional electrodes made from catalyst powders, oxygen electrodes with a freestanding architecture are highly desirable because of their binder‐free fabrication and effective elimination of catalyst agglomeration. Among all freestanding electrode structures that have been investigated so far, fibrous materials exhibit many unique advantages, such as a wide range of available fibers, low material and material‐processing costs, large specific surface area, highly porous structure, and simplicity of fiber functionalization. Recent advances in the use of fibrous structures for freestanding electrocatalytic oxygen electrodes are summarized, including electrospun nanofibers, bacterial cellulose, cellulose fibrous structures, carbon clothes/papers, metal nanowires, and metal meshes. After detailed discussion of common techniques for oxygen electrode evaluation, freestanding electrode fabrication, and their electrocatalytic performance, current challenges and future prospects are also presented for future development.
A Two Competing Substrates Michaelis–Menten Kinetics Scheme for the Analysis of In Vitro Starch Digestograms
Authors: Meraz Monica , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose , Vernon‐Carter E. Jaime , Reyes Isabel , Hernandez‐Jaimes Carmen , Martinez‐Martinez Filiberto 
Published: December 2019

AbstractProgress curves of enzymatic hydrolysis are commonly used for gaining insights on the structure and functionality of native and modified starch. Commonly, heuristic models (e.g., first‐order kinetics) are used to fit the experimental data. Models derived from kinetics schemes provide valuable insights on the digestibility properties of starch. In this work, a two competing substrates Michaelis–Menten scheme with enzyme inhibition by‐products is used for developing a structured model for enzymatic hydrolysis of starch dispersions. The resulting nonlinear model can provide estimates of the hydrolysis dynamics of rapidly and slowly digested starch fractions. The estimation of parameters is carried out by the numerical solution of a least‐squares problem, and illustrated with the hydrolysis by α‐amylase of gelatinized corn starch dispersions.
Intra-articular venous malformation of the knee in children: magnetic resonance imaging findings and significance of synovial involvement
Authors: Mattila Katariina A. , Aronniemi Johanna , Salminen Päivi , Rintala Risto J. , Kyrklund Kristiina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Intra-articular venous malformations of the knee are an uncommon cause of unilateral knee pain in children. Timely diagnosis is important because lesions with intrasynovial involvement can lead to joint space hemorrhage and secondary cartilage damage.

Objective
To describe our tertiary center’s experience of diagnostics and typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.

Materials and methods
A retrospective review of all patients ≤16 years of age managed for intra-articular venous malformations of the knee at our institution between 2002 and 2018.

Results
Of 14 patients (8 male), the mean age at presentation was 6 years (range: 0–14 years). The most common clinical findings were unilateral knee pain (93%), joint swelling (79%), quadriceps atrophy (50%) and a limited range of motion (29%). Cutaneous manifestations were present in four patients (29%). Contrast-enhanced MRI was available in all cases. After initial MRI, a vascular anomaly etiology had been identified in 11 cases (79%), and correctly reported as a venous malformation in 6 (55%). Three patients received entirely different diagnoses (arthritis, tumor or pigmented villonodular synovitis). Three of seven patients with intrasynovial lesions had established chondropathy at diagnosis. Two patients with lesions of the suprapatellar fat pad had intrasynovial involvement that was not visualised on MRI.

Conclusion
Although MRI usually permits the diagnosis, clinical awareness of these lesions is important for optimal imaging, accurate interpretation and timely diagnosis. Involvement of the intrasynovial cavity carries a risk of hemarthrosis and progressive chondropathy that may be underestimated by MRI.
Policy and Practice Certainty for Effective Uptake of Diffuse Pollution Practices in A Light-Touch Regulated Country
Authors: Knook Jorie , Dynes Robyn , Pinxterhuis Ina , de Klein Cecile A. M. , Eory Vera , Brander Matthew , Moran Dominic 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlthough the link between agriculture and diffuse water pollution has been understood for decades, there is still a need to implement effective measures to address this issue. In countries with light-touch regulation, such as New Zealand and Australia, most efforts to promote environmental management practices have relied on voluntary initiatives such as participatory research and extension programmes; the success of which is largely dependent on farmers’ willingness and ability to adopt these practices. Increased understanding of the factors influencing farmer decision-making in this area would aid the promotion of effective advisory services. This study provides insights from 52 qualitative interviews with farmers and from observations of nine farmer meetings and field days. We qualitatively identify factors that influence farmer decision-making regarding the voluntary uptake of water quality practices and develop a typology for categorising farmers according to the factors that influence their decision-making. We find that in light-touch regulated countries certainty around policy and also around the effectiveness of practices is essential, particularly for farmers who delay action until compelled to act due to succession or regulation. The contribution of this paper is threefold: (i) it identifies factors influencing decision-making around the uptake of water quality practices in a light-touch regulated country; (ii) it develops a typology of different farmer types; and (iii) it provides recommendations on policy approaches for countries with light-touch regulation, which has potential relevance for any countries facing changes regarding their agricultural policy, such as post-Brexit policy in the UK.
The four-minute approach revisited: accelerating MRI-based multi-factorial age estimation
Authors: Neumayer Bernhard , Lesch Andreas , Thaler Franz , Widek Thomas , Tschauner Sebastian , De Tobel Jannick , Ehammer Thomas , Kirnbauer Barbara , Boldt Julian , van Wijk Mayonne , Stollberger Rudolf , Urschler Martin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objectives
This feasibility study aimed to investigate the reliability of multi-factorial age estimation based on MR data of the hand, wisdom teeth and the clavicles with reduced acquisition time.

Methods
The raw MR data of 34 volunteers—acquired on a 3T system and using acquisition times (TA) of 3:46 min (hand), 5:29 min (clavicles) and 10:46 min (teeth)—were retrospectively undersampled applying the commercially available CAIPIRINHA technique. Automatic and radiological age estimation methods were applied to the original image data as well as undersampled data to investigate the reliability of age estimates with decreasing acquisition time. Reliability was investigated determining standard deviation (SSD) and mean (MSD) of signed differences, intra-class correlation (ICC) and by performing Bland-Altman analysis.

Results
Automatic age estimation generally showed very high reliability (SSD < 0.90 years) even for very short acquisition times (SSD ≈ 0.20 years for a total TA of 4 min). Radiological age estimation provided highly reliable results for images of the hand (ICC ≥ 0.96) and the teeth (ICC ≥ 0.79) for short acquisition times (TA = 16 s for the hand, TA = 2:21 min for the teeth), imaging data of the clavicles allowed for moderate acceleration (TA = 1:25 min, ICC ≥ 0.71).

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that reliable multi-factorial age estimation based on MRI of the hand, wisdom teeth and the clavicles can be performed using images acquired with a total acquisition time of 4 min.
Formation and degradation of lipid droplets in human adipocytes and the expression of aldehyde oxidase (AOX)
Authors: Heid Hans , Zimbelmann Ralf , Dörflinger Yvette , Rickelt Steffen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLipid droplet (LD) binding proteins in mammary glands and in adipocytes were previously compared and striking similar sets of these specific proteins demonstrated. Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) together with perilipins and the lactating mammary gland protein butyrophilin play an important role in the secretion process of LDs into milk ducts. In contrast, in adipose tissue and in adipocytes, mainly perilipins have been described. Moreover, XOR was reported in mouse adipose tissue and adipocyte culture cells as “novel regulator of adipogenesis”. This obvious coincidence of protein sets prompted us to revisit the formation of LDs in human-cultured adipocytes in more detail with special emphasis on the possibility of a LD association of XOR. We demonstrate by electron and immunoelectron microscopy new structural details on LD formation in adipocytes. Surprisingly, by immunological and proteomic analysis, we identify in contrast to previous data showing the enzyme XOR, predominantly the expression of aldehyde oxidase (AOX). AOX could be detected tightly linked to LDs when adipocytes were treated with starvation medium. In addition, the majority of cells show an enormous interconnected, tubulated mitochondria network. Here, we discuss that (1) XOR is involved—together with perilipins—in the secretion of LDs in alveolar epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland and is important in the transcytosis pathway of capillary endothelial cells. (2) In cells, where LDs are not secreted, XOR cannot be detected at the protein level, whereas in contrast in these cases, AOX is often present. We detect AOX in adipocytes together with perilipins and find evidence that these proteins might direct LDs to mitochondria. Finally, we here report for the first time the exclusive and complementary localization of XOR and AOX in diverse cell types.