bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socio-economic determinants of global COVID-19 mortalities: policy lessons for current and future pandemics
Authors: Ngepah Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the different socio-economic determinants of the fatalities associated with the COVID-19 pandemic globally in social determinants of health frameworks. It adapts the Poisson pseudo-maximum-likelihood (PPML) and the quantile regression techniques to effectively exploit the non-linear estimates of the data in order to derive non-biased point estimates at each quantile and make interquantile comparisons. This is particularly useful in recommending which societal variables become most significant at catastrophic levels of a pandemic like COVID-19 when existing health systems become overwhelmed. These estimators are applied to panel data for 196 countries over days of infection from the first recorded case. The COVID-19-related data is from Our World in Data, and the socio-economic variables are from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators. The results establish that an improved adequate health infrastructure for both testing and treatment is necessary, but not sufficient. Health systems ultimately become overwhelmed and ineffective in managing cases and reducing mortality in the face of the rising pandemic. Complementary social, economic, physical and environmental factors are necessary for curbing deaths. These factors relate to improving the health stock of the population through reductions in both communicable and non-communicable comorbidities; enhancing sanitation and hygiene; and improving the nutrition of the population. Socio-economic and environmental measures are the reduction of household and ambient air pollution; reduction of exposure to alcohol and cigarettes; reduction of poverty and ensuring economic inclusion; and learning from the past to fine-tune governments’ control measures in order to minimize harm to the population while effectively curbing mortality.
How to recruit inactive residents for lifestyle interventions: participants’ characteristics based on various recruitment strategies
Authors: Smit Eva , Leenaars Karlijn , Wagemakers Annemarie , van der Velden Koos , Molleman Gerard 
Published: November 2020

Summary
Care Sport Connectors (CSCs) have been appointed to create a connection between primary care and physical activity (PA) sectors to stimulate inactive residents into becoming physically active. Adequate recruitment strategies are necessary to reach the intended target group in order to foster the sustainability of lifestyle interventions. The objective of this study is to explore PA behavior and health characteristics of the target group reached by CSCs and if these characteristics differ between participants when grouped based on how they were recruited. Participants from lifestyle interventions were included between September 2014 and April 2016 using a purposive sampling method. Participants were recruited through CSCs via public relations (n = 135), a personal letter (n = 136), or a referral (n = 98) and compared based on their PA level, health-related quality of life, motivation, self-efficacy, morbidity and health-related fitness. Scores were analyzed with a multi-level (mixed model) analysis measured before the intervention. The three groups were different in PA level (p = 0.002). The outcomes regarding health-related quality of life, motivation, and number of somatic disorders were also significantly different for the three groups, except for the categories of mental health (p = 0.145) and self-efficacy (p = 0.464). For all dimensions, the referral group scored the least favorable. The investment in time and money for an active recruitment strategy like referrals is worthwhile because it provides CSCs the opportunity to reach people who are inactive and at risk of chronic disease. Future studies are necessary to reveal the effect on PA levels and health in the long-term.
A systematic review of alcohol education programs for young people: do these programs change behavior?
Authors: Calverley Hannah L M , Petrass Lauren A , Blitvich Jennifer D 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNumerous education programs have addressed young peoples’ alcohol use. To date, no peer-reviewed publication has evaluated the effectiveness of such programs delivered across a range of contexts to change alcohol-related behaviors, attitudes and/or knowledge. This systematic review aimed to identify alcohol education programs addressing young people, and determine whether they changed alcohol-related behavior, knowledge and attitudes; and, ascertain components of successful programs. Studies were identified, guided by the PRISMA review process, from the earliest records until June 2020. Included studies (N = 70) comprised an alcohol education program which focused on young people (15–24 years). Forty programs reported behavior changes, and these programs were the highest quality. Others impacted attitudes and/or knowledge only (n = 12); or reported no impacts (n = 17). Recent programs were more likely than older programs to feature online delivery and report behavior changes. To enhance alcohol education, future programs should include the identified quality criteria, alongside process and long-term outcome evaluations, to better monitor effectiveness. Findings indicated some education programs have capacity to positively change alcohol-related behavior; however, outcome consistency varied even in high-quality programs. Alcohol education programs should be designed alongside health education/promotion models and best-practice recommendations, to improve the likelihood of desirable behavior-related outcomes.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Outcomes Following Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent C. difficile Infection
Authors: Allegretti Jessica R , Kelly Colleen R , Grinspan Ari , Mullish Benjamin H , Hurtado Jonathan , Carrellas Madeline , Marcus Jenna , Marchesi Julian R , McDonald Julie A K , Gerardin Ylaine , Silverstein Michael , Pechlivanis Alexandros , Barker Grace F , Miguens Blanco Jesus , Alexander James L , Gallagher Kate I , Pettee Will , Phelps Emmalee , Nemes Sara , Sagi Sashidhar V , Bohm Matthew , Kassam Zain , Fischer Monika 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a clinical challenge. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged as a recurrent CDI therapy. Anecdotal concerns exist regarding worsening of IBD activity; however, prospective data among IBD patients are limited.

Methods
Secondary analysis from an open-label, prospective, multicenter cohort study among IBD patients with 2 or more CDI episodes was performed. Participants underwent a single FMT by colonoscopy (250 mL, healthy universal donor). Secondary IBD-related outcomes included rate of de novo IBD flares, worsening IBD, and IBD improvement—all based on Mayo or Harvey-Bradshaw index (HBI) scores. Stool samples were collected for microbiome and targeted metabolomic profiling.

Results
Fifty patients enrolled in the study, among which 15 had Crohn’s disease (mean HBI, 5.8 ± 3.4) and 35 had ulcerative colitis (mean partial Mayo score, 4.2 ± 2.1). Overall, 49 patients received treatment. Among the Crohn’s disease cohort, 73.3% (11 of 15) had IBD improvement, and 4 (26.6%) had no disease activity change. Among the ulcerative colitis cohort, 62% (22 of 34) had IBD improvement, 29.4% (11 of 34) had no change, and 4% (1 of 34) experienced a de novo flare. Alpha diversity significantly increased post-FMT, and ulcerative colitis patients became more similar to the donor than Crohn’s disease patients (P = 0.04).

Conclusion
This prospective trial assessing FMT in IBD-CDI patients suggests IBD outcomes are better than reported in retrospective studies.
Double-Balloon Endoscopy in Crohn Disease: A Tertiary Referral Center Experience
Authors: Halloran Brendan P , Jamil Laith H , Lo Simon K , Reeson Matt , Vasiliauskas Eric A , Targan Stephan , Ippoliti Andrew , Mann Neel K , Melmed Gil Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Crohn disease (CD) affects the small bowel in 80% of patients. Double balloon endoscopy (DBE) provides the potential for direct and extensive mucosal visualization with the potential for diagnostic monitoring and therapeutic intervention. This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of DBE in small-bowel CD.

Methods
From our DBE database, patients with CD at the time of index DBE (January 2004-January 2013) were identified. Data collection included demographics, CD phenotype (age at diagnosis, disease location, disease activity), procedural information, adverse events (perforation, pancreatitis, death), therapeutic intervention (stricture dilation), and outcome (escalation or maintenance of existing therapy, referral to surgery).

Results
A total of 184 DBEs were performed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease over 162 endoscopic sessions. In this cohort, 115 patients had previously diagnosed CD. A diagnosis of CD was made in 22 patients. Of those with known CD, 140 DBEs were performed in 82 patients; DBE findings led to escalation of medical therapy in 26% of patients, maintenance of therapy in 26% of patients, and surgery in 18% of patients. We considered DBE to have failed in 11% (n = 18) of patients. During 46 endoscopic sessions, in 29 patients, 103 strictures were dilated via balloon dilation. Of patients undergoing dilation with clinical follow-up, 19 of 24 (79%) patients were surgery-free during the study period. Overall, there were 2 perforations.

Conclusions
We found that DBE is a safe and effective procedure in patients with suspected or established CD. Furthermore, patients undergoing dilation of strictures via DBE had an 80% surgery-free rate within the follow-up period.
Bacterial colonization of explanted non-endocarditis cardiac valves: evidence and characterization of the valvular microbiome
Authors: Di Bella Stefano , Campisciano Giuseppina , Luzzati Roberto , Di Domenico Enea Gino , Lovecchio Antonio , Pappalardo Aniello , Comar Manola , Gatti Giuseppe 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bacterial colonization has been already demonstrated in heart valve tissues of patients without cardiovascular infections. However, the evidence of a valvular microbiome is still scarce. The next-generation sequencing method was carried out on 34 specimens of aortic (n = 20) and mitral valves (n = 14) explanted from 34 patients having neither evidence nor history of infectious diseases, particularly infective endocarditis. While no bacteria were demonstrated using standard culture methods, bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences were found using next-generation sequencing in 15/34 (44%) cases. Escherichia coli was present in 6 specimens and was the most frequently identified bacterium. There was a trend towards a higher rate of bacterial DNA positivity in specimens of calcific valves than in those of non-calcific valves (10/17 vs 5/17, P = 0.17). Based on a quantitative test, E. coli accounted for 0.7% ± 1% in calcific valvular tissue and 0.3% ± 0.3% in non-calcific valvular tissue (P = 0.2), and for 11% ± 27% in the valvular tissue of diabetic patients and 0.3% ± 1% in the valvular tissue of non-diabetic patients (P = 0.08). Detection of bacterial DNA in non-endocarditis valvular tissues could be a relatively common finding. There could be an association between the valvular microbiome and certain models of valve degeneration and common metabolic disorders.
Is the effect of Mediterranean diet on hip fracture mediated through type 2 diabetes mellitus and body mass index?
Authors: Mitchell Adam , Fall Tove , Melhus Håkan , Wolk Alicja , Michaëlsson Karl , Byberg Liisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
We examined whether the inverse association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and hip fracture risk is mediated by incident type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body mass index (BMI).

Methods
We included 50 755 men and women from the Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort who answered lifestyle and medical questionnaires in 1997 and 2008 (used for calculation of the Mediterranean diet score 9mMED; low, medium, high) and BMI in 1997, and incident T2DM in 1997–2008). The cumulative incidence of hip fracture from the National Patient Register (2009–14) was considered as outcome.

Results
We present conditional odds ratios (OR) 9[95% confidence interval, CI) of hip fracture for medium and high adherence to mMED, compared with low adherence. The total effect ORs were 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) and 0.75 (0.62, 0.91), respectively. The controlled direct effect of mMED on hip fracture (not mediated by T2DM, considering BMI as an exposure-induced confounder), calculated using inverse probability weighting of marginal structural models, rendered ORs of 0.82 (0.72, 0.95) and 0.73 (0.60, 0.88), respectively. The natural direct effect ORs (not mediated by BMI or T2DM, calculated using flexible mediation analysis) were 0.82 (0.71, 0.95) and 0.74(0.61, 0.89), respectively. The path-specific indirect and partial indirect natural effects ORs (through BMI or T2DM) were close to 1.

Conclusions
Mediterranean diet has a direct effect on hip fracture risk via pathways other than through T2DM and BMI. We cannot exclude mediating effects of T2DM or BMI, or that their effects cancel each other out.
Antibio’Malin: an e-health resource to raise awareness of antibiotic stewardship and resistance in France
Authors: Rodari Sophie , Essilini Anaïs , Le-Dref Gaëlle , Patoor Félicie , Kivits Joëlle , Thilly Nathalie , Pulcini Céline 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a nationwide French website with reliable, practical and public-oriented information on antibiotic stewardship and resistance.MethodsThe design and evaluation were based on the following process: (i) development of a pilot website by a multidisciplinary group; (ii) evaluation phase, using mixed methods and involving health professionals (GPs and community pharmacists) and the general population; and (iii) launch of a final version of the website with 6 month follow-up usage statistics.ResultsThe Antibio’Malin website (https://sante.fr/antibiomalin), supported by the French Ministry of Health, contains practical information for the general population on antibiotics marketed in the outpatient setting and on the most common infections, with an antibiotic stewardship perspective. A ‘For further information’ section provides details on various concepts, such as antibiotic resistance. As part of the evaluation, 8 general practitioners and 5 community pharmacists were individually interviewed, 46 health system users replied to an online questionnaire and 5 focus groups were conducted (17 participants). In addition, more than 100 people (professionals and general population) provided feedback directly on the website. The website was well received by health professionals, particularly general practitioners, and described as a reference site for patients and a communication tool. The general population also found the site useful. Several comments helped improve the website before the launch of the final version on 18 November 2019. At 6 month follow-up, more than 25 000 persons had visited the website.ConclusionsThe Antibio’Malin information website was developed and tested. Post-launch data suggest a useful addition to the multifaceted French national antibiotic stewardship strategy.
From Impropriety to Betrayal: Policing Non-Marital Sex in the Early Modern Dutch Empire
Authors: Rose Sophie , Heijmans Elisabeth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The policing of illicit sex formed a key mode of social control in early modern Europe, where reproduction in legally sanctioned marriage was the primary means through which property and status was passed. When Europeans formed overseas colonial settlements sustained by slave labor and populated by people of a broad variety of ethnic and religious backgrounds, this concern with sexually transgressive behavior took on new dimensions. This article takes the case of Dutch trade-company-led colonialism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to examine how colonial visions of social order in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean shaped authorities’ responses to different types of non-marital sex. To facilitate comparison, these acts are read through narratives of criminalization, comprised of both conceptualizations of crime and prosecution practices. Through an analysis of legislation issued across the Dutch empire, most notably bylaws, combined with a selection of case studies from the juridical practice, we show that a concern with keeping different ethnic, religious, and status groups separate and maintaining European dominance shaped the policing of sexuality in such a way that the distinction between relatively benign sexual “improprieties” and a more serious criminal narrative of sexual “betrayal” was re-arranged along gendered and racialized lines. Conceptualizations and prosecutions alike show a considerably more stringent treatment of sex between non-Christian or non-white men and women of European status than between European men and enslaved or free local women, even when the latter scenario was coercive or violent.
Infectious complications related to medical tourism
Authors: Pavli Androula , Maltezou Helena C 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMedical tourism has been increasing dramatically globally, with people travelling from developed countries to low-income or middle-income countries, often to avoid high costs or long delays associated with seeking healthcare in their countries of origin. The current review summarizes healthcare-related infections associated with medical tourism, focusing on cosmetic surgery and organ transplantation.MethodsA systematic MEDLINE and PubMed search from January 2010 to December 2019 yielded 80 relevant articles, including 49 articles on medical tourism-related infections focusing on cosmetic surgery and organ transplantation, which were included in this reviews.ResultsThe literature reveals specific types of cross-border, healthcare-related infections depending on medical intervention. Destinations include low-income countries such as countries of Asia and the Indian subcontinent, middle-income countries including Central and South America, and high-income countries such as the United States and Europe. In terms of type of infections, in 36 (68%) and 15 (28.3%) studies, wound and blood-borne infections were documented, respectively, while in 21 studies (58.3%) non-tuberculous mycobacteria were isolated, including Mycobacterium abscessus, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium senegalense and Mycobacterium fortuitum. The choices of medical tourists could have significant consequences for them and their home countries, including infectious complications and importation of pathogens, particularly antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, with public health implications.ConclusionsThere is a need for public health strategies in order to prevent morbidity and mortality as well as future management and education of patients engaging in medical tourism.
Ultracool dwarfs in deep extragalactic surveys using the virtual observatory: ALHAMBRA and COSMOS
Authors: Solano E , Gálvez-Ortiz M C , Martín E L , Gómez Muñoz I M , Rodrigo C , Burgasser A J , Lodieu N , Béjar V J S , Huélamo N , Morales-Calderón M , Bouy H 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Ultracool dwarfs (UCDs) encompass a wide variety of compact stellar-like objects with spectra classified as late-M, L, T, and Y. Most of them have been discovered using wide-field imaging surveys. The Virtual Observatory (VO) has proven to be of great utility to efficiently exploit these astronomical resources. We aim to validate a VO methodology designed to discover and characterize UCDs in deep extragalactic surveys like Advance Large Homogeneous Area Medium-Band Redshift Astronomical (ALHAMBRA) and Cosmological Evolution Survey (COSMOS). Three complimentary searches based on parallaxes, proper motions and colours, respectively, were carried out. A total of 897 candidate UCDs were found, with only 16 previously reported in SIMBAD. Most of the new UCDs reported here are likely late-M and L dwarfs because of the limitations imposed by the utilization of optical (Gaia DR2 and r-band) data. We complement ALHAMBRA and COSMOS photometry with other catalogues in the optical and infrared using VOSA, a VO tool that estimates effective temperatures from the spectral energy distribution fitting to collections of theoretical models. The agreement between the number of UCDs found in the COSMOS field and theoretical estimations together with the low false-negative rate (known UCDs not discovered in our search) validates the methodology proposed in this work, which will be used in the forthcoming wide and deep surveys provided by the Euclid space mission. Simulations of Euclid number counts for UCDs detectable in different photometric passbands are presented for a wide survey area of 15 000 deg2, and the limitations of applicability of Euclid data to detect UCDs using the methods employed in this paper are discussed.
Evidence for galaxy quenching in the green valley caused by a lack of a circumgalactic medium
Authors: Kacprzak Glenn G , Nielsen Nikole M , Nateghi Hasti , Churchill Christopher W , Pointon Stephanie K , Nanayakkara Themiya , Muzahid Sowgat , Charlton Jane C 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The relationship between a galaxy’s properties and its circumgalactic medium (CGM) provides a unique view of how galaxies evolve. We present an interesting edge-on (i = 86°) disc galaxy (G1547) where the CGM is probed by a background quasar at a distance of 84 kpc and within 10° of the galaxy major axis. G1547 does not have any detectable CGM absorption down to stringent limits, covering H i (EWr &lt;0.02 Å, log(N(H i)/cm−2) &lt; 12.6) and a range of low and high ionization absorption lines (O i, C ii, N ii, Si ii, C iii, N iii, Si iii, C iv, Si iv, N v, and O vi). This system is rare, given the covering fraction of $1.00_{-0.04}^{+0.00}$ for sub-L* galaxies within 50–100 kpc of quasar sightlines. G1547 has a low star formation rate (SFR, 1.1 M⊙ yr−1), specific SFR (sSFR, 1.5 × 10−10 yr−1), and ΣSFR (0.06 M⊙ yr−1 kpc−2) and does not exhibit active galactic nucleus or star-formation-driven outflows. Compared to the general population of galaxies, G1547 is in the green valley and has an above average metallicity with a negative gradient. When compared to other H i absorption-selected galaxies, we find that quiescent galaxies with log(sSFR/yr−1) &lt; −11 have a low probability (4/12) of possessing detectable H i in their CGM, while all galaxies (40/40) with log(sSFR/yr−1) &gt; −11 have H i absorption. We conclude that sSFR is a good indicator of the presence of H i CGM. Interestingly however, G1547 is the only galaxy with log(sSFR/yr−1) &gt; −11 that has no detectable CGM. Given the properties of G1547, and its absent CGM, it is plausible that G1547 is undergoing quenching due to a lack of accreting fuel for star formation, with an estimated quenching time-scale of 4 ± 1 Gyr. G1547 provides a unique perspective into the external mechanisms that could explain the migration of galaxies into the green valley.