bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The banned sunscreen ingredients and their impact on human health: a systematic review
Authors: Suh Susie , Pham Christine , Smith Janellen , Mesinkovska Natasha A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent evidence of high systemic absorption of sunscreen ingredients has raised concerns regarding the safety of sunscreen products. Oxybenzone (BP‐3) and octinoxate (OMC), two common sunscreen ingredients, were recently banned in Key West and Hawaii owing to their toxic effects on marine ecosystems. Their impact on human health requires a careful assessment. To summarize the current evidence on the association between the systemic level of BP‐3 or OMC and its health impact, a primary literature search was conducted using PubMed database in February 2019. There are 29 studies that address the impact of these ingredients on human health. Studies show that elevated systemic level of BP‐3 has no adverse effect on male and female fertility, female reproductive hormone level, adiposity, fetal growth, child's neurodevelopment, and sexual maturation. However, the association of BP‐3 level on thyroid hormone, testosterone level, kidney function, and pubertal timing has been reported and prompts further investigations to validate a true association. The systemic absorption of OMC has no reported effect on thyroid and reproductive hormone levels. In conclusion, current evidence is not sufficient to support the causal relationship between the elevated systemic level of BP‐3 or OMC and adverse health outcomes. There are either contradictory findings among different studies or an insufficient number of studies to corroborate the observed association. To accurately evaluate the long‐term risk of exposure to BP‐3 and OMC from sunscreen, a well‐designed longitudinal randomized controlled trial needs to be conducted.
Retracted: Skin‐patch of Xin Huang Pian on relieving joint symptoms in patients with acute gouty arthritis: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Active‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Xu Bi‐Yu , Huang Ying‐Juan , Sun Bao‐Guo , Gu Dan , Zhang Yu‐Ling , Zhang Xiao‐Qin , Li Yu‐Ying , Li Ying‐Hong , Meng Jun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimsTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Xin Huang Pian skin patches for patients with acute gouty arthritis.BackgroundIn China, patients with acute gouty arthritis benefit from skin patcheses with herbal medicines. But the clinical effects of skin patches with Xin Huang Pian are rarely reported.DesignA Randomized, Double‐Blind, Active‐Controlled Trial.MethodsThe trial was performed from January 2015–December 2018 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University in China. It was conducted with one intervention group (skin patches of Xin Huang Pian, N = 30) and one active control group (skin patches of Diclofenac Diethylamine Emulgel, N = 31). Participants and study investigators were both blinded to the treatment assignments. The primary outcomes were the improvement of joints' symptoms. The secondary outcomes were changes in white blood cells, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C‐reactive protein.ResultsSkin patches of Xin Huang Pian showed quick effect on decreasing joint pain at 3rd day of treatment. Wherever only at 7th day, Diclofenac Diethylamine Emulgel markedly lowered joint pain. Xin Huang Pian also showed superior effect than Diclofenac Diethylamine Emulgel on improving joint swelling and range of motion and decreasing the levels of C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. No adverse reactions were observed in skin patches of Xin Huang Pian treatment.ConclusionSkin patches of Xin Huang Pian appeared to be safe and efficacious for relieving joint symptoms in patients with acute gouty arthritis. The mechanism might be associated with the decreased levels of C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate.ImpactSkin‐patcheses with Xin Huang Pian are more effective than Diclofenac Diethylamine Emulgel on improving joint pain, swelling and range of motion. Xin Huang Pian treatment showed superior effects compared with Diclofenac Diethylamine Emulgel on decreasing levels of C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Patients with acute gouty arthritis may benefit from skin patches of Xin Huang Pian for effective relief from joint pain and swelling.Chinese Clinical Trial Registration: ChiCTR‐TRC‐1300 4122.
Psychosocial interventions for people with intellectual disabilities and dementia: A systematic review
Authors: MacDonald Steven , Summers S. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disability experience a higher prevalence of dementia, at an earlier age, than the general population. The aim of this review was to establish the psychological interventions and outcomes for individuals with intellectual disability and dementia.MethodsA search of eight electronic databases and reference lists of all included articles was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Data were synthesized using an integrative method.ResultsInitial searching produced 2,331 papers. Twenty‐one studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were deductively categorized into behavioural, systemic and therapeutic. All studies reported positive findings for individuals and for the systems which support them, but limited by methodological issues and neglect of the direct experience and impact on individuals themselves.ConclusionsThe findings are discussed in relation to the wider literature and evidence base. Future research should aim to adopt methodologically robust designs that are inclusive of the individual experience of people with intellectual disability.
Taxable income, future profitability, and stock returns
Authors: Blaylock Bradley , Lawson Bradley P. , Mayberry Michael A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrior research suggests that investors behave ‘as if’ taxable income contains information about future performance by providing evidence of a positive association between taxable income and stock returns. We draw on the fundamental analysis literature and provide direct evidence on this assertion by examining whether taxable income predicts future pretax performance. We find that taxable income positively predicts future pretax cash flows, pretax book income, and ‘Street’ pretax earnings, suggesting that taxable income provides incremental information to book income regarding performance. Moreover, we find a positive association between taxable income and analysts’ pretax forecasts, consistent with analysts utilizing the information in taxable income when forming earnings expectations. We do not find an association between taxable income and future analyst forecast errors, implying analysts do not overreact or underreact to taxable income's performance signal. Overall, we find that taxable income provides a signal of fundamental value and corroborate the implications of prior research.
Computational thinking and assignment resubmission predict persistence in a computer science MOOC
Authors: Chen Chen , Sonnert Gerhard , Sadler Philip M. , Malan David J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMassive open online course (MOOC) studies have shown that precourse skills (such as precomputational thinking) and course engagement measures (such as making multiple submission attempts with assignments when the initial submission is incorrect) predict students' grade performance, yet little is known about whether these factors predict students' course retention. In applying survival analysis to a sample of more than 20,000 participants from one popular computer science MOOC, we found that students' precomputational thinking skills and their perseverance in assignment submission strongly predict their persistence in the MOOC. Moreover, we discovered that precomputational thinking skills, programming experience, and gender, which were previously considered to be constant predictors of students' retention, have effects that attenuate over the course milestones. This finding suggests that MOOC educators should take a growth perspective towards students' persistence: As students overcome the initial hurdles, their resilience grows stronger.
Benefits of BCG‐induced metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in autoimmune and nervous system diseases
Authors: Faustman D. L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe most commonly used vaccine worldwide, bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), appears to have the ability to restore blood sugar control in humans with early‐onset but long‐duration type 1 diabetes when a repeat vaccination strategy is used. This is a process that may be driven by a metabolic switch from overactive oxidative phosphorylation to accelerated aerobic glycolysis and a reset of the immune system. BCG is a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacteria bovis, a cousin of M. tuberculosis. Humans and Mycobacteria, which are found in the environment and in warm‐blooded hosts, share a long coevolutionary history. In recent times, humans have had fewer exposures to these and other microorganisms that historically helped shape the immune response. By ‘re‐introducing’ an attenuated form of Mycobacteria via BCG vaccination, humans might benefit from an immunological perspective, a concept supported by a growing body of data in autoimmunity and robust data on the nonspecific immune effects of BCG related to protection from diverse infections and early mortality. New findings of immune and metabolic defects in type 1 diabetes that can be corrected with repeat BCG vaccination suggest that this therapeutic strategy may be applicable in other diseases with inadequate aerobic glycolysis, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia, depression and other disorders affecting the nervous system.
Longitudinal Patterns of School Disengagement before Conception among New York City Teen Mothers
Authors: Yunzal‐Butler Cristina , Sackoff Judith , Korenman Sanders 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSchool‐based pregnancy prevention programs should optimally be offered while students are still engaged in school since early disengagement is strongly associated with risk of a teen birth.METHODSWe used linked New York City birth and enrollment data (2005–2013), a sample of 6,809 teen mothers (mean age conception = 16.2 years). We measured preconception disengagement using monthly absences, age 12 until conception, and identified five attendance trajectories using group‐based trajectory modeling.RESULTSWe identified five attendance trajectories that were heterogeneous with respect to age of onset and rate of increase of absenteeism. In two groups, 80% were chronically absent (CA) [2–<4 absences/month] or severely chronically absent (SCA) [4+ absences/month] at age 12, and over 90% by age 13, when they averaged 3.8–5.1 absences/month. Despite heterogeneity, 37% of teen mothers were CA or SCA at age 12, increasing to 56% by age 14. By early high school, age 15, 63% of teen mothers had absenteeism problems; 26% were CA and 37%
SCA.CONCLUSIONSMost teen mothers were disengaged before high school, years before conception. School‐based pregnancy prevention programs should be offered in middle school or earlier when at‐risk students are not missing significant amounts of school and may be more receptive to prevention messages.
A Study of Chaetoceros debilis Sensu Lato Species (Bacillariophyceae), with Ememdation of C. debilis and Description of C. galeatus Sp. Nov.1
Authors: Xu Xiaojing , Lundholm Nina , Li Yang 
Published: February 2020

Chaetoceros debilis is considered one of the most abundant and widespread diatoms in the coastal marine phytoplankton, and is often used in research studies ranging from ecophysiology and molecular biology to oceanography and aquaculture. To clarify the species delineation of C. debilis and explore the diversity among C. debilis sensu lato taxa, monoclonal strains were established from different geographical regions, including the Danish coast, close to the type locality of C. debilis, the Denmark Strait (between Iceland and Greenland) as well as the Taiwan Strait, East China Sea and Daya Bay, South China Sea. Vegetative cells and resting spores were examined using light and electron microscopy. The hypervariable D1–D3 region of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal gene and the small subunit ribosomal gene were sequenced to address phylogenetic relationships. In both SSU and LSU trees, the C. debilis sensu lato strains clustered in four distinct clades. Culture material from the type locality was, along with molecular data, used to delineate and emend the description of C. debilis. Based on molecular data and detailed morphological features, one of the clades originating from Chinese waters was described as C. galeatus sp. nov., characterized by curved and helical chains, elliptical valves, and smooth and helmet‐shaped primary valves of the resting spores. The remaining two clades, which also represent two novel taxa, C. cf. debilis‐1 and C. cf. debilis‐2, were not formally described as new species due to the insufficient information on their morphology.
Molecular inflammation and oxidative stress are shared mechanisms involved in both myocardial infarction and periodontitis
Authors: Díaz Carmen M. , Bullon Beatriz , Ruiz‐Salmerón Rafael J. , Fernández‐Riejos Patricia , Fernández‐Palacín Ana , Battino Maurizio , Cordero Mario D. , Quiles José L. , Varela‐López Alfonso , Bullón Pedro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveOur aims were to improve the understanding of the pathogenic relationship between cardiovascular diseases and periodontitis and to generate new perspectives in the prevention and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and periodontitis. The present study evaluates possible differences in inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy markers among subject suffering AMI, periodontitis, or both, to explore possible common pathogenic mechanisms.Material and MethodsA total of 260 subjects were enrolled in the study: 106 subjects that survived to a first AMI (AMI group) and 154 subjects had no cardiac events in their clinical record (control group). A questionnaire was used to assess age, height, weight, blood pressure, and heart rate. The clinical probing depth, clinical attachment loss, number of remaining teeth, and average number of sites with bleeding on probing were assessed. Lipid peroxidation and protein levels of phosphorylated AMP‐activated protein kinase (p‐AMPK) and microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B‐light chain 3‐II (LC3‐II) were determined in isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and Western blot, respectively. Plasma levels of interleukin‐1β were determined using a commercial ELISA kit. All the obtained variables were compared between subjects suffering an AMI with or without periodontitis and control subject periodontal healthy or with periodontitis.ResultsA higher proportion of subjects suffering AMI + periodontitis than only AMI (without periodontitis) was found. Higher levels of TBARS were found in subjects with periodontitis than in subjects without periodontitis in both AMI and control subjects. Positive correlations between IL‐1β levels and TBARS and between IL‐1β levels and LC3‐II were found only in control subjects.ConclusionResults from the present study are consistent with the suggestion of periodontitis as a potential risk factor for AMI. Periodontitis association with circulating lipid peroxides in both AMI and control subjects were found. The absence of differences in IL‐1β levels between AMI subjects (only AMI vs AMI + periodontitis) suggests that oxidative stress could be the main pathogenic link between AMI and periodontitis.
Plant Breeders’ Rights Act 2016: Prospects and challenges for Pakistan as an agricultural country
Authors: Abbas Muhammad Z. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWith diminishing land availability and increasing population, food security and loss of agricultural biodiversity are two of the current common challenges faced by the global community. In this context, the Plant Breeders’ Rights Act 2016 (PBRA 2016) may have far‐reaching consequences for Pakistan, an agricultural country where the livelihood of a majority of the population is linked with agriculture. This paper critically analyses the new legislation and seeks to answer the following research questions: To what extent the PBRA 2016 complies with Pakistan's obligations under Article 27(3)(b) of the TRIPS Agreement and to what extent has Pakistan availed itself of the flexibility or latitude offered under TRIPS? What are the salient features of the Act? What are the prospects and challenges for the seed industry in Pakistan? What are practical implications for farmers, especially small farmers, who find it difficult to access protected or certified varieties of seeds from the formal seed sector due to physical and financial constraints? To what extent the Act is able to reconcile Pakistan's conflicting obligations under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (CPB) and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA)?
Differential divergence in autosomes and sex chromosomes is associated with intra‐island diversification at a very small spatial scale in a songbird lineage
Authors: Bourgeois Yann X. C. , Bertrand Joris A. M. , Delahaie Boris , Holota Hélène , Thébaud Christophe , Milá Borja 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecently diverged taxa showing marked phenotypic and ecological diversity provide optimal systems to understand the genetic processes underlying speciation. We used genome‐wide markers to investigate the diversification of the Reunion grey white‐eye (Zosterops borbonicus) on the small volcanic island of Reunion (Mascarene archipelago), where this species complex exhibits four geographical forms that are parapatrically distributed across the island and differ strikingly in plumage colour. One form restricted to the highlands is separated by a steep ecological gradient from three distinct lowland forms which meet at narrow hybrid zones that are not associated with environmental variables. Analyses of genomic variation based on single nucleotide polymorphism data from genotyping‐by‐sequencing and pooled RAD‐seq approaches show that signatures of selection associated with elevation can be found at multiple regions across the genome, whereas most loci associated with the lowland forms are located on the Z sex chromosome. We identified TYRP1, a Z‐linked colour gene, as a likely candidate locus underlying colour variation among lowland forms. Tests of demographic models revealed that highland and lowland forms diverged in the presence of gene flow, and divergence has progressed as gene flow was restricted by selection at loci across the genome. This system holds promise for investigating how adaptation and reproductive isolation shape the genomic landscape of divergence at multiple stages of the speciation process.
Capillary microscopy in Europeans with idiopathic Moyamoya angiopathy
Authors: Sander Oliver , Schwitalla Jan Claudius , Ringelstein Marius , Aktas Orhan , Schneider Matthias , Berlit Peter , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Albrecht Philipp , Kraemer Markus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn Europe, MMA is a very rare non‐inflammatory vasculopathy. MMA is an important differential diagnosis of cerebral vasculitis. Systemic manifestations, such as livedo racemosa or renal artery stenosis, associated with Moyamoya variants suggest the involvement also of non‐cerebral vessels. Hypothetically, capillary microscopy could be a promising non‐invasive screening method to visualize microcirculation, for example prior to cerebral angiography.MethodsStandardized capillary microscopic images were taken in European patients with MMA and subsequently evaluated in a blinded analysis, using data obtained from a large NP cohort and a large SLE cohort by the same blinded Investigator as controls.ResultsTwenty‐four European MMD patients and 14 healthy accompanying controls were included in this study. The results were compared to 116 SLE patients and 754 NP subjects. In MMD patients, no capillary morphological differences were found in comparison with NP, in particular no density reduction or increased neoangiogenesis. The pattern observed in the SLE cohort was clearly distinct from NP and MMD with regard to vascular density, vascular damage, and neoangiogenesis.ConclusionsMMD is not associated with microvascular changes of the nailfold capillaries. In this respect, it is clearly distinct from SLE.
Prevalence of triple/dual disease (Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, and white matter disease)
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Tateno Fuyuki , Aiba Yosuke , Ogata Tsuyoshi , Terada Hitoshi , Inaoka Tsutomu , Nakatsuka Tomoya , Katsuragawa Shuichi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveAlzheimer's disease (AD), Lewy body disease (LBD), and white matter disease (WMD) are common in the elderly. Although these diseases are observed together pathologically, the extent to which these diseases occur together clinically is uncertain. To address this question, we analyzed the clinical neuroimaging data of Japanese patients.Patients and MethodsThis was a prospective study with a 3.0‐year recruiting period, a prospective follow‐up period of 2.0 ± 1.5 years, and ≥1×/year visits. We recruited 770 referred subjects who had undergone three neuroimaging markers: brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), dopamine transporter (DAT) scanning, and metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) myocardial scintigraphy.ResultsAmong the 770 patients, 731 fulfilled the criteria of some of or all of the three diseases as follows: WMD (n = 46), WMD + AD (n = 110), WMD + LBD (n = 89), WMD + AD +LBD (n = 86), AD (n = 118), LBD (n = 239), and AD + LBD (n = 43). In total, there were patients with WMD (n = 331), AD (n = 357), and LBD (n = 414) (with overlap); dual diseases (n = 242; 33%) and triple diseases (n = 86; 12%). Clinically, pure WMD showed overactive bladder but mild gait/cognitive disorder. Pure AD showed cognitive disorder alone. Pure LBD showed cognitive, gait, and sleep/autonomic disorders. Triple/dual diseases showed combined clinical features, depending on the underlying diseases. However, these differences did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionForty‐five percent of the patients who visited dementia/movement disorder/sleep‐autonomic disorder clinics showed either triple or dual diseases. It is important to follow such patients from the viewpoint of disease progression and necessary care.
From rights to prerogatives
Authors: Muñoz Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeontologists believe in two key exceptions to the duty to promote the good: restrictions forbid us from harming others, and prerogatives permit us not to harm ourselves. How are restrictions and prerogatives related? A promising answer is that they share a source in rights. I argue that prerogatives cannot be grounded in familiar kinds of rights, only in something much stranger: waivable rights against oneself.