bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droplet‐Based Self‐Propelled Miniboat
Authors: Song Jinlong , Guan Fusheng , Pan Weihao , Liu Ziai , Sun Jing , Ling Siying , Deng Xu , Sun Yuwen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSelf‐propelled autonomous devices have huge application prospects in the field of environmental protection and energy. Nonetheless, the requirement of special chemicals or external electric and thermal energy limits their practical application. Here, a green self‐propelling method based on Laplace pressure originated from water droplets is reported. First, a triangle‐shaped miniboat composed of a superhydrophobic plate with an inclined superhydrophilic pore is fabricated. Water droplets put on superhydrophilic pore pass through the pore and form a jellyfish‐like jet, which further propels the miniboat to move spontaneously and directionally. The propelling distance, propelling time, and instantaneous propelling velocity of the miniboat is greatly affected by the pore size and the initial water droplet volume. Then, two types of devices are designed and installed on the miniboat to successively provide small water droplets from the reservoir or rain to realize the continuous and long‐distance self‐propelled motion. Moreover, a spindle‐shaped miniboat with two or four symmetrical and inclined pores is designed. Under propelling by the torque, the spontaneous and continuous rotation motion is also achieved. This finding will open a new avenue for a wide range of applications ranging from a detecting minirobot on the water surface to a power generation device from rain.
Amine‐Functionalized Boron Nitride Nanosheets: A New Functional Additive for Robust, Flexible Ion Gel Electrolyte with High Lithium‐Ion Transference Number
Authors: Kim Donggun , Liu Xin , Yu Baozhi , Mateti Srikanth , O'Dell Luke A. , Rong Qiangzhou , Chen Ying (Ian) 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIon gel electrolytes show great potential in solid‐state batteries attributed to their outstanding characteristics. However, because of the strong ionic nature of ionic liquids, ion gel electrolytes generally exhibit low lithium‐ion transference number, limiting its practical application. Amine‐functionalized boron nitride (BN) nanosheets (AFBNNSs) are used as an additive into ion gel electrolytes for improving their ion transport properties. The AFBNNSs‐ion gel shows much improved mechanical strength and thermal stability. The lithium‐ion transference number is increased from 0.12 to 0.23 due to AFBNNS addition. More importantly, for the first time, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis reveals that the amine groups on the BN nanosheets have strong interaction with the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide anions, which significantly reduces the anion mobility and consequently increases lithium‐ion mobility. Battery cells using the optimized AFBNNSs‐ion gel electrolyte exhibit stable lithium deposition and excellent electrochemical performance. A LiFePO4|Li cell retains 92.2% of its initial specific capacity after the 60th cycle while the cell without AFBNNSs‐gel electrolyte only retains 53.5%. The results not only demonstrate a new strategy to improve lithium‐ion transference number in ionic liquid electrolytes, but also open up a potential avenue to achieve solid‐state lithium metal batteries with improved performance.
Universal Surfactant‐Free Strategy for Self‐Standing 3D Tremella‐Like Pd–M (M = Ag, Pb, and Au) Nanosheets for Superior Alcohols Electrocatalysis
Authors: Gao Fei , Zhang Yangping , Ren Fangfang , Shiraishi Yukihide , Du Yukou 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPd‐based nanosheet materials have emerged as efficient catalysts for monobasic and polyhydric alcohol oxidation reactions. However, most reported synthetic methods of Pd‐based nanosheets (NSs) are nonuniversal and surfactant‐involved, leading to residue‐covered surfaces with drastically damaged electrocatalytic properties. Herein, a universal, surfactant‐free, simple one‐pot route is developed for the precise synthesis of a kind of novel self‐standing Pd–M (M = Ag, Pb, Au, Ga, Cu, Pt, etc.) NSs with tremella‐like superstructures are assembled using ultrathin two‐dimensional (2D) NSs. Benefiting from the universal surfactant‐free methods, the obtained Pd–M NSs exhibit clean surfaces and stable three‐dimensional (3D) self‐standing structures that overcome the difficulty of normal close packing and overlapping 2D NSs. The Pd–M (M = Ag, Pb, and Au) NSs with tremella‐like structures all show excellent ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and ethylene glycol oxidation reaction (EGOR) properties. In particular, with the optimal superstructure, better electronic effect, and promoted toxicity tolerance, the EOR/EGOR mass activities of Pd7Ag NSs, Pd7Pb NSs, and Pd7Au NSs are 8.2/7.3, 7.2/5.7, and 5.3/4.4 times higher than that of commercial Pd/C catalysts. This advanced 3D construction also endows Pd–M NSs with more favorable stability than Pd/C. This study may be extended to Pd–M (M = other metals) NSs and open up more opportunities for broad catalytic applications.
Achieving Ultrahigh‐Rate and High‐Safety Li+ Storage Based on Interconnected Tunnel Structure in Micro‐Size Niobium Tungsten Oxides
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhu He , Xiao Jinfei , Geng Hongbo , Zhang Yufei , Zhao Jinbao , Li Gen , Wang Xun‐Li , Li Cheng Chao , Liu Qi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeveloping advanced high‐rate electrode materials has been a crucial aspect for next‐generation lithium ion batteries (LIBs). A conventional nanoarchitecturing strategy is suggested to improve the rate performance of materials but inevitably brings about compromise in volumetric energy density, cost, safety, and so on. Here, micro‐size Nb14W3O44 is synthesized as a durable high‐rate anode material based on a facile and scalable solution combustion method. Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals the existence of open and interconnected tunnels in the highly crystalline Nb14W3O44, which ensures facile Li+ diffusion even within micro‐size particles. In situ high‐energy synchrotron XRD and XANES combined with Raman spectroscopy and computational simulations clearly reveal a single‐phase solid‐solution reaction with reversible cationic redox process occurring in the NWO framework due to the low‐barrier Li+ intercalation. Therefore, the micro‐size Nb14W3O44 exhibits durable and ultrahigh rate capability, i.e., ≈130 mAh g−1 at 10 C, after 4000 cycles. Most importantly, the micro‐size Nb14W3O44 anode proves its highest practical applicability by the fabrication of a full cell incorporating with a high‐safety LiFePO4 cathode. Such a battery shows a long calendar life of over 1000 cycles and an enhanced thermal stability, which is superior than the current commercial anodes such as Li4Ti5O12.
Reconfigurable Plasmonic Chirality: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Neubrech Frank , Hentschel Mario , Liu Na 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMolecular chirality is a geometric property that is of great importance in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Recently, plasmonic nanostructures that exhibit distinct chiroptical responses have attracted tremendous interest, given their ability to emulate the properties of chiral molecules with tailored and pronounced optical characteristics. However, the optical chirality of such human‐made structures is in general static and cannot be manipulated postfabrication. Herein, different concepts to reconfigure the chiroptical responses of plasmonic nano‐ and micro‐objects are outlined. Depending on the utilized strategies and stimuli, the chiroptical signature, the 3D structural conformation, or both can be reconfigured. Optical devices based on plasmonic nanostructures with reconfigurable chirality possess great potential in practical applications, ranging from polarization conversion elements to enantioselective analysis, chiral sensing, and catalysis.
High‐Resolution Crystal Truncation Rod Scattering: Application to Ultrathin Layers and Buried Interfaces
Authors: Disa Ankit S. , Walker Frederick J. , Ahn Charles H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn crystalline materials, the presence of surfaces or interfaces gives rise to crystal truncation rods (CTRs) in their X‐ray diffraction patterns. While structural properties related to the bulk of a crystal are contained in the intensity and position of Bragg peaks in X‐ray diffraction, CTRs carry detailed information about the atomic structure at the interface. Developments in synchrotron X‐ray sources, instrumentation, and analysis procedures have made CTR measurements into extremely powerful tools to study atomic reconstructions and relaxations occurring in a wide variety of interfacial systems, with relevance to chemical and electronic functionalities. In this review, an overview of the use of CTRs in the study of atomic structure at interfaces is provided. The basic theory, measurement, and analysis of CTRs are covered and applications from the literature are highlighted. Illustrative examples include studies of complex oxide thin films and multilayers.
Selective Formation of 2‐(2‐Aminophenyl)benzothiazoles via Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic C−C Bond Cleavage of Isatins
Authors: Wang Hongfen , Xu Zhenhua , Deng Guo‐Jun , Huang Huawen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHerein, two kinds of structurally significant 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzothiazoles were selectively generated by the copper‐catalyzed aerobic C−C bond cleavage of isatins. Morpholine served not only as a reactant but a promoter in the three‐component assembly of 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzothiazoles. Also it proved to be an efficient additive for the formation of free amino 2‐(2‐aminophenyl)benzothiazoles. This protocol represents a step‐economic entry to the title compounds with a range of compatible functionalities.magnified image
Enantioselective One‐pot Synthesis of 3‐Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes via Allylic Substitution and Oxidative Cyclization
Authors: Chaki Bijan Mohon , Takenaka Kazuhiro , Zhu Linpeng , Tsujihara Tetsuya , Takizawa Shinobu , Sasai Hiroaki 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn enantioselective one‐pot synthesis of 3‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes from allyl carbonates and propargyl amines is reported. An amine catalyst promoted the allylic substitution to form intermediary N‐allyl propargylamines, which underwent enantioselective Pd(II)/Pd(IV)‐mediated oxidative cyclization in situ. The chiral ligand (P,R,R)‐i‐Pr‐SPRIX is crucial to the cyclization, producing the desired bicyclic compounds in up to 92% yield and 90% ee.magnified image
Dissolvable Polyacrylamide Beads for High‐Throughput Droplet DNA Barcoding
Authors: Wang Yongcheng , Cao Ting , Ko Jina , Shen Yinan , Zong Will , Sheng Kuanwei , Cao Wenjian , Sun Sijie , Cai Liheng , Zhou Ying‐Lin , Zhang Xin‐Xiang , Zong Chenghang , Weissleder Ralph , Weitz David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDroplet‐based single cell sequencing technologies, such as inDrop, Drop‐seq, and 10X Genomics, are catalyzing a revolution in the understanding of biology. Barcoding beads are key components for these technologies. What is limiting today are barcoding beads that are easy to fabricate, can efficiently deliver primers into drops, and thus achieve high detection efficiency. Here, this work reports an approach to fabricate dissolvable polyacrylamide beads, by crosslinking acrylamide with disulfide bridges that can be cleaved with dithiothreitol. The beads can be rapidly dissolved in drops and release DNA barcode primers. The dissolvable beads are easy to synthesize, and the primer cost for the beads is significantly lower than that for the previous barcoding beads. Furthermore, the dissolvable beads can be loaded into drops with >95% loading efficiency of a single bead per drop and the dissolution of beads does not influence reverse transcription or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in drops. Based on this approach, the dissolvable beads are used for single cell RNA and protein analysis.
Flexible Lead‐Free Perovskite Oxide Multilayer Film Capacitor Based on (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi0.5TiO3/Ba0.5Sr0.5(Ti0.97Mn0.03)O3for High‐Performance Dielectric Energy Storage
Authors: Lv Panpan , Yang Changhong , Qian Jin , Wu Haitao , Huang Shifeng , Cheng Xin , Cheng Zhenxiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFlexible thin film dielectric capacitors with high energy storage density and a fast charging–discharging rate have attracted increasing attention as the development of microelectronics progresses toward flexibility and miniaturization. In this work, an all‐inorganic thin film dielectric capacitor with a multilayer structure based on (Na0.8K0.2)0.5Bi0.5TiO3and Ba0.5Sr0.5(Ti0.97Mn0.03)O3is designed and synthesized on a mica substrate. By optimizing the periodic number (N), concomitantly enhanced breakdown strength and large polarization difference are achieved in the film withN= 6, which contributes to the large energy density (Wrec) of 91 J cm−3, high efficiency (η) of 68%, and fast discharging rate of 47.6 µs. The obtained energy density is the highest value up to now in flexible dielectric capacitors, including lead‐free and lead‐based inorganic films as well as organic dielectric films. Moreover, no obvious deterioration of the energy storage performance is observed in the wide ranges of working temperature (−50–200 °C), operating frequency (500 Hz to 30 kHz), and fatigue cycles (1–108). Besides, theWrecand η are ultra‐stable under various bending radii (R= 12–2 mm) and even after 104bending cycles atR= 4 mm, demonstrating an outstanding mechanical bending endurance. This excellent performance will allow the capacitor thrive in flexible microenergy storage systems.
Suspension of flexible cylinders in laminar liquid flow
Authors: Derksen Jos J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA methodology for particle‐resolved simulation of dense suspensions of flexible cylindrical particles in Newtonian liquid flow is described. It is based on the Lattice–Boltzmann method for solving the liquid flow and an immersed boundary method for imposing no‐slip at the particle surfaces and providing the distribution of liquid–solid interaction forces over the particle surfaces. These forces—along with contact forces—translate, rotate as well as bend the cylindrical particles. Verification tests have been performed for a single cylinder settling and deforming under gravity at a low Reynolds number. The method has been applied to a clamped flexible cylinder in microchannel flow for which experimental data are available. It then is used to investigate the behavior of hundreds of flexible cylinders with length over diameter aspect ratios of 4 and 6 in a container agitated by an impeller at a Reynolds number of 87 which implies laminar flow. The overall solids volume fraction is 15%. We study the effect of the bending stiffness of the particles on the solids suspension process, on the extent of particle deformation as well as on the torque required to spin the impeller.
Novel semibatch supersaturation control approach for the cooling crystallization of heat‐sensitive materials
Authors: Zhang Teng , Szilágyi Botond , Gong Junbo , Nagy Zoltan K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article introduces the application of a novel supersaturation control (SSC) approach for the crystallization of heat‐sensitive materials. Traditional SSC implements parabolic temperature profile with slow initial cooling that maximizes growth over nucleation, however, which may also promote heat degradation. The proposed semibatch SSC fixes the crystallization temperature to a sufficiently low value to minimize thermal degradation, and manipulates the flow rate of a higher temperature feed stream to control the supersaturation. The high temperature feed is produced in a continuous dissolver before feeding, thus the solution spends considerably shorter time at high temperature than in the traditional batch cooling crystallization. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of the semibatch operation for the cooling crystallization of heat‐sensitive substances by thorough simulation study as well as experimental investigations. The experimental validation confirmed the simulation results, and both analyses revealed the superiority of semibatch SSC for the crystallization of heat‐sensitive materials.
Social, neurodevelopmental, endocrine, and head size differences associated with atypical deletions in Williams–Beuren syndrome
Authors: Lugo Michael , Wong Zoë C. , Billington Charles J. , Parrish Phoebe C. R. , Muldoon Glennis , Liu Delong , Pober Barbara R. , Kozel Beth A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWilliams–Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a multisystem disorder caused by a hemizygous deletion on 7q11.23 encompassing 26–28 genes. An estimated 2–5% of patients have “atypical” deletions, which extend in the centromeric and/or telomeric direction from the WBS critical region. To elucidate clinical differentiators among these deletion types, we evaluated 10 individuals with atypical deletions in our cohort and 17 individuals with similarly classified deletions previously described in the literature. Larger deletions in either direction often led to more severe developmental delays, while deletions containing MAGI2 were associated with infantile spasms and seizures in patients. In addition, head size was notably smaller in those with centromeric deletions including AUTS2. Because children with atypical deletions were noted to be less socially engaged, we additionally sought to determine how atypical deletions relate to social phenotypes. Using the Social Responsiveness Scale‐2, raters scored individuals with atypical deletions as having different social characteristics to those with typical WBS deletions (p = .001), with higher (more impaired) scores for social motivation (p = .005) in the atypical deletion group. In recognizing these distinctions, physicians can better identify patients, including those who may already carry a clinical or FISH WBS diagnosis, who may benefit from additional molecular evaluation, screening, and therapy. In addition to the clinical findings, we note mild endocrine findings distinct from those typically seen in WBS in several patients with telomeric deletions that included POR. Further study in additional telomeric deletion cases will be needed to confirm this observation.
Enamel thickness and growth rates in modern human permanent first molars over a 2000 year period in Britain
Authors: Aris Christopher , Mahoney Patrick , O'Hara Mackie C. , Deter Chris 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study explores variation and trends in first molar enamel thickness and daily enamel secretion rates over a 2000 year period in Britain.MethodsPermanent first molars (n = 89) from the Roman, Anglo‐Saxon, and Medieval periods, as well as modern‐day Britain, were analyzed using standard histological methods. Relative enamel thickness (RET) and linear measurements of cuspal and lateral thickness were calculated for mesial cusps. Daily secretion rates (DSRs) were calculated for inner, mid, and outer enamel regions in both cuspal and lateral enamel. Significant differences and trends were identified between samples using nonparametric statistical tests.ResultsEnamel thickness differed between some populations, but no temporal trends were identified. Early Anglo‐Saxon molars had significantly thinner RET than both Late Anglo‐Saxon (p < .00) and Medieval (p < .00) molars. Lateral enamel from the Roman molars was significantly thinner than the modern‐day sample (p = .04). In contrast, a significant slowing trend in DSRs was observed across the more ancient to modern‐day samples in every measured region except the mid‐lateral enamel region.DiscussionThis study presents the first evidence for a gradual slowing in the daily rate that enamel is secreted in molars over the past 2000 years in Britain. However, this trend was not matched by consistent or significant positive or negative shifts in enamel thickness. These findings suggest that modern human molars of similar enamel thickness, from different modern and ancient populations, formed at different rates.
Transcranial Doppler in children with sickle cell disease: Five years of screening experience
Authors: Crow Amanda 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionSickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive, inherited disorder of haemoglobin. Children with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at risk of vascular occlusions. If this occurs in the brain, it can result in stroke. Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability in children with SCD.Transcranial Doppler (TCD) has been shown to accurately predict those children at risk of stroke so appropriate preventative treatment can commence.MethodTCD screening with a non‐imaging Doppler machine to assess stroke risk has been in operation at our institution for 5 years. Eighty‐eight patients attending the haematology clinic for SCD are scanned annually. If abnormal velocities are found, repeat scans are performed at close interval to ensure results are reproducible.ResultsNo child has had a stroke since the start of our screening. Seven of the eighty‐eight patients have shown high velocities on annual screening.ConclusionThe introduction of a TCD programme at out institution has identified children at risk of stroke so they can be closely monitored and potentially receive prophylactic treatment.
Persistence of the processus vaginalis and its related disorders
Authors: Brainwood Michelle , Beirne Geraldene , Fenech Michelle 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe processus vaginalis is a blind‐ended evagination of the abdominal wall that develops during fetal life and typically undergoes obliteration in early life. Persistence of the processus vaginalis is associated with a number of pathologies including congenital indirect inguinal hernias, communicating hydroceles, funicular and encysted hydroceles, canal of Nuck cysts, and acquired undescended testis. Whilst all are detectable sonographically, there is little educational material relevant to the field of ultrasound with much of the literature directed at surgical and primary care physicians. Furthermore, within the literature there is a lack of consensus on several areas including the anatomy and embryology of the processus vaginalis and the mechanisms behind its obliteration. As such the objective of this paper is to distil the information regarding the persistent processus vaginalis as it is relevant to ultrasound and in doing so address the literature gap for sonographers and sonologists. The anatomy and embryology of the persistent processus vaginalis will be discussed including causative mechanisms for anomalies with their sonographic appearance highlighted.
Paediatric point‐of‐care ultrasound in a resource‐limited Melanesian setting: A case series
Authors: Henry Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPoint‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) is an imaging modality with high potential impact on the practice of paediatric emergency medicine in resource‐limited settings. Aside from the obvious diagnostic utility, it facilitates safe procedural guidance at the bedside and provides haemodynamic information to guide resuscitation of shocked states. This five‐patient paediatric case series illustrates the range of POCUS modalities used while working in emergency medicine at a regional referral hospital in Vanuatu. Cases described include a teenager with meningococcaemia, femoral central line insertion in an infant, ventricular septal defect in an infant, a child with a leg abscess, and a child with rheumatic heart disease.