bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why is labour receiving a smaller share of global income?*
Authors: Dao Mai Chi , Das Mitali , Koczan Zsoka 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The labour share of income has been on a downward trend in both advanced and emerging economies. Declining labour shares in emerging economies, though less pronounced, present an important puzzle as they contradict the predictions of classical trade theory. This paper presents a stylized mechanism to reconcile these findings, at the centre of which is routinization, that is, the automation of labour in occupations highly exposed to substitution by computer capital. We assemble a novel dataset and introduce a new measure of the exposure to routinization to analyse the drivers of falling labour shares. While technological progress and exposure to routinization explain over half the overall decline in advanced economies, in emerging markets, the globalization of trade and the accompanying capital deepening are the most significant driver, with technological progress and routinization playing a negligible role.
ESHRE PGT Consortium good practice recommendations for the detection of monogenic disorders†
Authors:   ESHRE PGT-M Working Group, Carvalho Filipa , Moutou Céline , Dimitriadou Eftychia , Dreesen Jos , Giménez Carles , Goossens Veerle , Kakourou Georgia , Vermeulen Nathalie , Zuccarello Daniela , De Rycke Martine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The field of preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) is evolving fast and best practice advice is essential for regulation and standardisation of diagnostic testing. The previous ESHRE guidelines on best practice for PGD, published in 2005 and 2011, are considered outdated, and the development of new papers outlining recommendations for good practice in PGT was necessary.
The current paper provides recommendations on the technical aspects of PGT for monogenic/single-gene defects (PGT-M) and covers recommendations on basic methods for PGT-M and testing strategies. Furthermore, some specific recommendations are formulated for special cases, including de novo pathogenic variants, consanguineous couples, HLA typing, exclusion testing and disorders caused by pathogenic variants in the mitochondrial DNA. This paper is one of a series of four papers on good practice recommendations on PGT. The other papers cover the organisation of a PGT centre, embryo biopsy and tubing and the technical aspects of PGT for chromosomal structural rearrangements/aneuploidies.
Together, these papers should assist scientists interested in PGT in developing the best laboratory and clinical practice possible.
Challenges and insights from holistic sustainability reporting for shrimp fisheries in different jurisdictions
Authors: Hornborg Sara , Hobday Alistair J , Ogier Emily , Fleming Aysha , Thomas Linda , Hartog Jason R 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sustainability of fisheries extends beyond environmental aspects. Broad information is today sought for decision-making and by many stakeholders. Here, a framework recently developed to comprehensively report on sustainability issues relevant to fisheries, the Australian Fisheries Healthcheck, was used to compare five crustacean trawl fisheries from Australia and Europe. Indicators covered 51 different aspects of sustainability in 24 sub-categories related to ecological, economic, social and ethical, governance, and external (e.g. climate, contaminants) dimensions. We found that data availability did not vary greatly between fisheries, but the indicator outcomes did. Furthermore, while environmental sustainability has received most attention in assessments to date, the associated indicators had the least publicly available data. Another finding was that eco-certification and high performance on several governance indicators did not necessarily equate to sustainability. For future international comparisons, challenges include identifying comparable and cost-effective metrics for indicators derived from different data collection strategies. Commencing holistic reporting on broader sustainability is important since the data provided (i) are sought by stakeholders; (ii) enable improved availability of empirical data for research on the effectiveness of different governance modes; (iii) can illustrate trade-offs between different dimensions of sustainability, and (iv) build trust in the fishery system as producers of sustainable food.
Impact of feed intake in early gestation on maternal growth and litter size according to body reserves at weaning of young parity sows
Authors: Mallmann André L , Oliveira Gabriela S , Ulguim Rafael R , Mellagi Ana Paula G , Bernardi Mari L , Orlando Uislei A D , Gonçalves Márcio A D , Cogo Ricardo J , Bortolozzo Fernando P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The effect of increasing the feed level (1.8, 2.5, and 3.2 kg/d) during early gestation in parity 1 (PO1) and parity 2 (PO2) sows on maternal growth and litter size was evaluated. A total of 361 sows were group-housed and fed a diet based on a corn–soybean meal (3.15 Mcal Metabolizable Energy (ME) per kg and 0.68% standardized ileal digestible lysine) from day 6 of gestation until day 30. Sows were weighed at weaning and on day 30 of gestation. Farrowing rate, number of total piglets born, piglets born alive, stillborn piglets, and mummified fetuses were recorded at farrowing. The effect of feed level on the total number of piglets born was also evaluated according to classes of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), backfat (BF), and caliper unit at weaning for each parity order. There was no evidence for significant effect of the interaction between feed level × parity on the variables related to maternal growth and reproductive performance (P ≥ 0.128). Greater feed levels linearly increased the gains in body condition (i.e., BW, BCS, BF, and caliper unit) between weaning and day 30 of gestation (P &lt; 0.001). Farrowing rate was not influenced by the feed level (P ≥ 0.200) and parity (P ≥ 0.209). The number of total piglets born decreased linearly as the feed level increased (P = 0.041), whereas no evidences for differences were observed on piglets born alive among treatments (P ≥ 0.317), neither between parities (P ≥ 0.904). For PO1 sows, the total piglets born on BW classes (≤183 vs. &gt;183 kg) and on classes of BF (≤11.5 vs. &gt; 11.5 mm) were quadratically affected by the feed levels (P ≤ 0.041). In contrast, the number of total piglets born was marginally affected (linear; P ≤ 0.094) by the feed level in the different classes of BW, BCS, and caliper unit in PO2 sows. There was no evidence for differences for the interaction of feed level and classes of body condition (P ≥ 0.199) for PO2 sows. Similarly, no interactions between feed level and classes of BW, BCS, and BF at weaning were observed (P ≥ 0.233) for PO1 sows; however, the total piglets born were affected by an interaction between feed level and caliper unit class (P = 0.042). In conclusion, increased feed intake from day 6 of gestation until day 30 resulted in increased maternal BW gain but reduced the number of total piglets born. Furthermore, lighter and in a poor BCS PO1 sows at weaning produced fewer total born piglets with no benefits from greater amounts of feed.
Characteristics and Evolution of Microbial Drug Resistance in Burned Patients
Authors: Huang Zhifeng , Gan Yu , Yang Kun , Gao Liangdi , Xiong Bing , Li Hanhua , Niu Xiaohui , Wang Kejian , Lai Wen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Wound infection is a serious complication in burn injury, which is a common form of trauma and an important public health issue. We investigated samples from burn and nonburn wounds for microbial characteristics and temporal trends of antibiotic resistance. Wound samples were collected from 369 burned patients and 927 non-burned individuals admitted from 2007 to 2017. Higher frequency of Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed in samples from burned individuals when compared to those from non-burned. The prevalence of different groups of bacteria varied when the samples were stratified according to age and sex. The antimicrobial resistance profiles showed a significant difference between burned and non-burned patients. The different temporal trends of antimicrobial resistance rates were also found, which may be critical for the proper selection of antibiotics in burn treatment. The present study suggested that frequent pathogens and antibacterial resistance evolution could differ between burn wounds and other wounds. Therefore, periodic surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns in the burn unit might help physicians properly select antibiotics for treatment.
Soybean photosynthetic and biomass responses to carbon dioxide concentrations ranging from pre-industrial to the distant future
Authors: Drag David W , Slattery Rebecca , Siebers Matthew , DeLucia Evan H , Ort Donald R , Bernacchi Carl J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) directly impacts C3 plant photosynthesis and productivity, and the rate at which [CO2] is increasing is greater than initially predicted by worst-case scenario climate models. Thus, it is increasingly important to assess the physiological responses of C3 plants, especially those that serve as important crops, to [CO2] beyond the mid-range levels used in traditional experiments. Here, we grew the C3 crop soybean (Glycine max) at eight different [CO2] levels spanning subambient (340 ppm) to the highest level thought plausible (~2000 ppm) in chambers for 5 weeks. Physiological development was delayed and plant height and total leaf area increased at [CO2] levels higher than ambient conditions, with very little difference in these parameters among the elevated [CO2] treatments &gt;900 ppm. Daily photosynthesis initially increased with rising [CO2] but began to level off at ~1000 ppm CO2. Similar results occurred in biomass accumulation. Thus, as [CO2] continues to match or exceed the worst-case emission scenarios, these results indicate that carbon gain, growth, and potentially yield increases will diminish, thereby ultimately constraining the positive impact that continuing increases in atmospheric [CO2] could have on crop productivity and global terrestrial carbon sinks.
Minimally Invasive Management of Civilian Gunshot Wounds to the Lumbar Spine: A Case Series and Technical Report
Authors: Crutcher Clifford L , Wilson John M , DiGiorgio Anthony M , Fannin Erin S , Shields Jessica A , Morrow Kevin D , Tender Gabriel C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Treatment of penetrating gunshot wounds (GSW) to the spine remains controversial. The decision to operate is often based on surgeon preference and experience. We present a case series of 7 patients who underwent minimally invasive thoracolumbar/sacral decompression and bullet removal at a level 1 trauma center.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of minimally invasive techniques to achieve decompression and bullet removal for GSW to the spine.

METHODS
From 2010 to 2017, 7 patients with spinal GSW underwent minimally invasive decompression and bullet removal at an academic level 1 trauma center.

RESULTS
Patient ages ranged from 20 to 55 yr (mean: 31 yr). The mechanisms of injury were GSW to the abdomen/pelvis (n = 6) and direct GSW to the spine (n = 1). Based on the neurological examination, the injuries were characterized as complete (n = 1) or incomplete (n = 6). Decompression and bullet removal were performed using a tubular retractor system. All patients with incomplete injuries who had postdischarge follow-up demonstrated some neurologic recovery. There were no postoperative wound infections, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas, or other complications related to the procedure.

CONCLUSION
Minimally invasive decompression and bullet removal is a safe technique that may help reduce the risk of postoperative infections and CSF fistulas in patients with GSW to the lumbar spine compared to the standard open technique. This approach appears to be particularly beneficial in patients with incomplete injuries and neuropathic pain refractory to medical treatment.
Decompression of Cavernous Sinus for Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain From Perineural Spread of Tumor: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Morris Thomas W , Hundley Kelsey N , Thomas Kevin O , Lockhart Elijah C , Rodriguez Analiz , Day John D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Head and neck malignancies with perineural spread are rare. Patients can present with neuropathic pain and cranial nerve palsies.
1
Skull base approaches for surgical decompression are a consideration for patients to provide symptom relief.
2
We demonstrate a frontotemporal extradural approach for a patient with worsening visual symptoms and refractory neuropathic pain in the V1, V2, and V3 distributions and briefly review the relevant anatomy.
3-7

A 41-yr-old female with a poorly differentiated carcinoma of the head and neck with an infiltration of the cavernous sinus and perineural spread along the trigeminal nerve presented with severe neuropathic facial pain and anesthesia. She had previously undergone radiosurgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an interval increase in perineural disease within the cavernous sinus with extension intradurally. Her pain was medically refractory. A 2-dimensional intraoperative video illustrates the microsurgical decompression of her perineural invasion along the skull base as a palliative procedure. The patient recovered well postoperatively and had a symptomatic improvement in her pain and visual symptoms. Her preoperative facial numbness persisted postoperatively as expected. Postoperative imaging demonstrates a gross total resection of the intradural component of the tumor with decompression and expected expansion of the cavernous sinus. Because of the retrospective nature of this report, informed consent was not required. Images within the video have been reproduced from Fukuda et al
4
with permission from © Georg Thieme Verlag KG; and Matsuo et al
5
by permission of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.
Central Nervous System Reorganization and Pain After Spinal Cord Injury: Possible Targets for Physical Therapy—A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Osinski Thomas , Acapo Sessi , Bensmail Djamel , Bouhassira Didier , Martinez Valéria 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Pain is one of the main symptoms associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) and can be associated with changes to the central nervous system (CNS).

Purpose
This article provides an overview of the evidence relating to CNS changes (structural and functional) associated with pain in SCIs.

Data Sources
A systematic review was performed, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations, on PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science in March 2018.

Study Selection
Studies were selected if they concerned changes in the CNS of patients with SCI, regardless of the type of imagery.

Data Extraction
Data were extracted by 2 blinded reviewers.

Data Synthesis
There is moderate evidence for impaired electroencephalographic function and metabolic abnormalities in the anterior cingulate in patients experiencing pain. There is preliminary evidence that patients with pain have morphological and functional changes to the somatosensory cortex and alterations to thalamic metabolism. There are conflicting data regarding the relationships between lesion characteristics and pain. In contrast, patients without pain can display protective neuroplasticity.

Limitations and Conclusion
Further studies are required to elucidate fully the relationships between pain and neuroplasticity in patients with SCIs. However, current evidence might support the use of physical therapist treatments targeting CNS plasticity in patients with SCI pain.
Emptying the wastebasket: a historical and taxonomic revision of the Jurassic crocodylomorphSteneosaurus
Authors: Johnson Michela M , Young Mark T , Brusatte Stephen L 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTeleosauroidea is a clade of ancient crocodylomorphs that were integral components of coastal marine environments throughout the Jurassic. For nearly two centuries, one of the most familiar genera of teleosauroids has been Steneosaurus, encompassing nearly every teleosauroid species at some point. However, no type species has been designated for Steneosaurus under ICZN Code rules; the type specimen of the presumed type species S. rostromajorGeoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1825 (MNHN.RJN 134c-d) is a chimera that has been largely neglected in the literature. Moreover, there is confusion as to which teleosauroid species it pertains to, and the genus Steneosaurus is often recovered as paraphyletic or polyphyletic in phylogenetic analyses. As such, the validity of Steneosaurus is uncertain. Here we formally designate S. rostromajor as the type species of Steneosaurus, designate a lectotype and re-evaluate MNHN.RJN 134c-d. We compare it with several well-known teleosauroids, including Lemmysuchus and ‘S.’ edwardsi. Due to lack of autapomorphic characters, poor preservation and a tortured taxonomic history, we find MNHN.RJN 134c-d to be an undiagnostic and unreliable specimen. Thus, we consider S. rostromajor as a nomen dubium and propose that the genus Steneosaurus is undiagnostic. This has profound implications for teleosauroid phylogenetics, which we will clarify in an upcoming paper.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Respiratory Failure
Authors: Quintel Michael , Bartlett Robert H. , Grocott Michael P. W. , Combes Alain , Ranieri Marco V. , Baiocchi Massimo , Nava Stefano , Brodie Daniel , Camporota Luigi , Vasques Francesco , Busana Mattia , Marini John J. , Gattinoni Luciano 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This review focuses on the use of veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure across all blood flow ranges. Starting with a short overview of historical development, aspects of the physiology of gas exchange (i.e., oxygenation and decarboxylation) during extracorporeal circulation are discussed. The mechanisms of phenomena such as recirculation and shunt playing an important role in daily clinical practice are explained.
Treatment of refractory and symptomatic hypoxemic respiratory failure (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]) currently represents the main indication for high-flow veno-venous-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. On the other hand, lower-flow extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal might potentially help to avoid or attenuate ventilator-induced lung injury by allowing reduction of the energy load (i.e., driving pressure, mechanical power) transmitted to the lungs during mechanical ventilation or spontaneous ventilation. In the latter context, extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal plays an emerging role in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients during acute exacerbations. Both applications of extracorporeal lung support raise important ethical considerations, such as likelihood of ultimate futility and end-of-life decision-making. The review concludes with a brief overview of potential technical developments and persistent challenges.
Early or Late Bacterial Lung Infection Increases Mortality After Traumatic Brain Injury in Male Mice and Chronically Impairs Monocyte Innate Immune Function
Authors: Doran Sarah J. , Henry Rebecca J. , Shirey Kari Ann , Barrett James P. , Ritzel Rodney M. , Lai Wendy , Blanco Jorge C. , Faden Alan I. , Vogel Stefanie N. , Loane David J. 
Published: March 2020

Objectives:
Respiratory infections in the postacute phase of traumatic brain injury impede optimal recovery and contribute substantially to overall morbidity and mortality. This study investigated bidirectional innate immune responses between the injured brain and lung, using a controlled cortical impact model followed by secondary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice.

Design:
Experimental study.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Subjects:
Adult male C57BL/6J mice.

Interventions:
C57BL/6J mice were subjected to sham surgery or moderate-level controlled cortical impact and infected intranasally with S. pneumoniae (1,500 colony-forming units) or vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline) at 3 or 60 days post-injury.

Main Results:
At 3 days post-injury, S. pneumoniae-infected traumatic brain injury mice (TBI + Sp) had a 25% mortality rate, in contrast to no mortality in S. pneumoniae-infected sham (Sham + Sp) animals. TBI + Sp mice infected 60 days post-injury had a 60% mortality compared with 5% mortality in Sham + Sp mice. In both studies, TBI + Sp mice had poorer motor function recovery compared with TBI + PBS mice. There was increased expression of pro-inflammatory markers in cortex of TBI + Sp compared with TBI + PBS mice after both early and late infection, indicating enhanced post-traumatic neuroinflammation. In addition, monocytes from lungs of TBI + Sp mice were immunosuppressed acutely after traumatic brain injury and could not produce interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, or reactive oxygen species. In contrast, after delayed infection monocytes from TBI + Sp mice had higher levels of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and reactive oxygen species when compared with Sham + Sp mice. Increased bacterial burden and pathology was also found in lungs of TBI + Sp mice.

Conclusions:
Traumatic brain injury causes monocyte functional impairments that may affect the host’s susceptibility to respiratory infections. Chronically injured mice had greater mortality following S. pneumoniae infection, which suggests that respiratory infections even late after traumatic brain injury may pose a more serious threat than is currently appreciated.
Enhancing Interprofessional Communications Training in Internal Medicine. Lessons Drawn From a Systematic Scoping Review From 2000 to 2018
Authors: Ng Cheng Han , Ong Zhi Hao , Koh Jeffery Wei Heng , Ang Rachel Zu Er , Tan Laura Hui Shuen , Tay Kuang Teck , Chin Annelissa Mien Chew , Toh Ying Pin , Zhou Jamie Xuelian , Krishna Lalit Kumar Radha 
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Interprofessional communication (IPC) enhances patient experiences and outcomes and improves well-being and satisfaction among health care professionals. This scoping review seeks to guide design of IPC training in internal medicine.

Methods:
The framework of Arksey and O'Malley (2005) guided this systematic scoping review in internal medicine across PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, ERIC, JSTOR, and Google Scholar databases for publications from the years 2000 to 2018.

Results:
Twenty-two thousand eight hundred seventy-four abstracts were retrieved, 326 full-text articles were reviewed, and 32 articles were included. The themes identified using directed content analysis were indications for an IPC program, training stages, and obstacles. The rationale for IPC programs was to improve interprofessional teamwork and enhance patient care. IPC training occurs in five stages beginning with instilling the role, value, and skills behind IPC and gradually practicing these skills within the clinical setting. The challenges to IPC highlight the need to confront workplace hierarchies and the lack of resources.

Discussion:
The findings of this systematic scoping review also serve to underscore the importance of understanding, evaluating, and influencing the clinical environment and the work environment and the need for new assessment tools that will guide the individualized, longitudinal, competency-based learning process that underpins IPC training.