bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A retrospective cohort study of the impact of In Time obstetric simulation training on management of vaginal breech deliveries
Authors: Hardy Liesel , Garratt Jayna‐Lee , Crossley Brendan , Copson Sean , Nathan Elizabeth , Calvert Katrina , Epee‐Bekima Mathias 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundFollowing the Term Breech Trial, vaginal breech deliveries are rarely undertaken in Australia. Some women choose to have a breech delivery following counselling, while others will present in labour with an undiagnosed breech. Clinicians need to be skilled in vaginal breech delivery despite this being a rare clinical situation. Simulation training provides a means by which uncommon clinical situations can be practised.AimThis study aims to determine if the introduction of a simulation‐based training course is associated with an improvement in the management of vaginal breech delivery and neonatal outcomes.MethodsCases of term vaginal breech delivery five years prior to introduction of In Time training (2001–2005) and five years after In Time training (2007–2011) were identified in a tertiary obstetric hospital (King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth). There were 136 women identified in the pre‐training (2001–2005, n = 56) and post‐training (2007–2011, n = 80) groups. Case note review was undertaken to gather information.ResultsApgar scores of <7 at five minutes were higher in the post‐training cohort (8.8% vs 0%, P = 0.041). Arterial and venous pH readings were similar between cohorts, with a non‐significant trend toward improvement in the post‐training cohort. Special care nursery admissions and length of hospital stay were unchanged. The primary accoucheur was more likely to be a consultant (35.0% vs 16.4%) in the post‐training cohort. Appropriate manoeuvres were more likely to be used in the post‐training cohort (52.5% vs 44.6%).ConclusionsObstetric In Time simulation training improved seniority of accoucheur and documented appropriate manoeuvres in the management of term vaginal breech delivery.
Relationship between morphological and vascular alterations in geographic atrophy using a multimodal imaging approach
Authors: Hecht Alexander , Pollreisz Andreas , Sayegh Ramzi , Told Reinhard , Baratsits Magdalena , Baumann Bernhard , Pircher Michael , Hitzenberger Christoph K. , Sacu Stefan , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess geographic atrophy (GA) using a multimodal imaging approach, focusing on alterations at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the choriocapillaris (CC) layers, by lesion demarcation, and assessment of morphological alterations within the atrophic area and in the transition zone.MethodsFifty‐seven eyes of 34 patients with atrophic age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) were included in this prospective, observational, cross‐sectional study. Multimodal imaging using wide‐field polarization‐sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS‐OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT‐A) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) was performed. The images were overlaid and used to analyse and compare alterations in the retina and the CC.ResultsMean atrophic lesion size was 8.15 mm2 (range: 2.23–17.23 mm2). In 52 of 57 eyes (91%), OCT‐A displayed focal hypodense areas at the CC level in the transition zone of GA, as well as increased focal depolarizing material (e.g. melanin‐containing structures) showed in PS‐OCT en face depolarizing material maps. These regions of increased depolarizing material at the transition zone corresponded to the hypodense areas on OCT‐A scans. All 57 eyes presented with abnormal FAF patterns at the transition zone. All 57 eyes showed distinct alterations of CC flow pattern architecture. Six eyes (11%) demonstrated reduced and three eyes (5%) a complete loss of CC flow pattern architecture across the entire area of GA, while 48 of 57 eyes (84%) presented with irregular mixed patterns of different focal alterations of CC flow architecture within the area of GA. Reduced CC patterns exceeding GA lesion margins into the transitional zone were found in all eyes.ConclusionsOptical coherence tomography angiography images revealed different degrees of flow impairment within the atrophic lesion area and its transition zone. Alterations in RPE morphology and tissue integrity resulting in accumulation of depolarizing material, such as melanin, could result in misinterpretation of OCT‐A imaging in areas in the shadow of depolarizing material. These changes seem to be partially independent from autofluorescence altering processes.
Prevalence and causes of infantile nystagmus in a large population‐based Danish cohort
Authors: Hvid Karen , Nissen Kamilla Rothe , Bayat Allan , Roos Laura , Grønskov Karen , Kessel Line 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to provide a population‐based estimate on the prevalence of infantile nystagmus and to describe the causes in the Capital Region of Denmark.MethodsReview of medical records of children with infantile nystagmus born in the period 1 January 2010 through 31 December 2017 and living in the Capital Region of Denmark. We used birth registry data from Statistics Denmark and the National Danish Birth Registry to calculate the prevalence of nystagmus in children born at term and prematurely.ResultsA total of 103 patients (52 males/51 females) with infantile nystagmus were included. The overall prevalence of infantile nystagmus was 6.1 per 10 000 live births. It was higher in premature children (28.4/10 000 live births) than children born at term (4.4/10 000), p < 0.0001, and highest in children born extremely preterm, (97.3/10 000). The most common cause of infantile nystagmus was ocular disease (44%) followed by idiopathic nystagmus (32%), neurological disorders and genetic syndromes (20%) and prematurity without retinopathy of prematurity as the only cause (4%).ConclusionsIn this study, we provide the prevalence of infantile nystagmus based on national medical records in which all residents are accounted for. Our findings show a prevalence of 6.1 per 10 000 live births but six times higher among children born preterm than born at term. Ocular disease was the leading cause of infantile nystagmus with albinism and ocular malformations as the most frequent. In 1/3 of patients, no cause could be identified.
Clinical prospects for laparoscopic stoma closure of a temporary loop ileostomy: Initial experience and report
Authors: Kita Yoshiaki , Mori Shinichiro , Tanabe Kan , Baba Kenji , Tanoue Kiyonori , Idichi Tetsuya , Wada Masumi , Arigami Takaaki , Sasaki Ken , Maemura Kosei , Natsugoe Shoji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionIn closure of a stoma, the small working space and adhesions hinder a precise surgical procedure, compared with conventional approaches to digestive surgery. The aim of this prospective study was to introduce a new technique of laparoscopic stoma closure (LASC).Materials and surgical techniquesAfter starting with three trocars, it is a priority to dissect around the arising ileum; a linear stapler is precisely inserted in both orifices of the loop stoma and applied two times, extracorporeally. Ultimately, both the oral and anal sides of the loop ileum are cut and closed using a linear cutter stapler in a delta‐shaped manner just under the abdominal wall, intracorporeally. Eventually, the arising stoma is removed using an intra‐abdominal and cutaneous approach.DiscussionLASC for patients with a temporary loop ileostomy is safe and feasible. More data and experience will be required to verify the benefits of this new technique.
What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis
Authors: Myers Alex , Earp Brian D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCircumcision is often claimed to be simpler, safer and more cost‐effective when performed in the neonatal period as opposed to later in life, with a greater benefit‐to‐risk ratio. In the first part of this paper, we critically examine the evidence base for these claims, and find that it is not as robust as is commonly assumed. In the second part, we demonstrate that, even if one simply grants these claims for the sake of argument, it still does not follow that neonatal circumcision is ethically permissible absent urgent medical necessity. Based on a careful consideration of the relevant evidence, arguments and counterarguments, we conclude that medically unnecessary penile circumcision—like other medically unnecessary genital procedures, such as ‘cosmetic’ labiaplasty—should not be performed on individuals who are too young (or otherwise unable) to provide meaningful consent to the procedure.
Long‐term trends in fruit production in a tropical forest at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Potts Kevin B. , Watts David P. , Langergraber Kevin E. , Mitani John C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFruit production in tropical forests varies considerably in space and time, with important implications for frugivorous consumers. Characterizing temporal variation in forest productivity is thus critical for understanding adaptations of tropical forest frugivores, yet long‐term phenology data from the tropics, in particular from African forests, are still scarce. Similarly, as the abiotic factors driving phenology in the tropics are predicted to change with a warming climate, studies documenting the relationship between climatic variables and fruit production are increasingly important. Here, we present data from 19 years of monitoring the phenology of 20 tree species at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Our aims were to characterize short‐ and long‐term trends in productivity and to understand the abiotic factors driving temporal variability in fruit production. Short‐term (month‐to‐month) variability in fruiting was relatively low at Ngogo, and overall fruit production increased significantly through the first half of the study. Among the abiotic variables, we expected to influence phenology patterns (including rainfall, solar irradiance, and average temperature), only average temperature was a significant predictor of monthly fruit production. We discuss these findings as they relate to the resource base of the frugivorous vertebrate community inhabiting Ngogo.
Achieving cost‐effective landscape‐scale forest restoration through targeted natural regeneration
Authors: Crouzeilles Renato , Beyer Hawthorne L. , Monteiro Lara M. , Feltran-Barbieri Rafael , Pessôa Ana C. M. , Barros Felipe S. M. , Lindenmayer David B. , Lino Eric D. S. M. , Grelle Carlos E. V. , Chazdon Robin L. , Matsumoto Marcelo , Rosa Marcos , Latawiec Agnieszka E. , Strassburg Bernardo B. N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHigh costs of tree planting are a barrier to meeting global forest restoration targets. Natural forest regeneration is more cost‐effective than tree planting, but its potential to foster restoration at scale is poorly understood. We predict, map, and quantify natural regeneration potential within 75.5 M ha of deforested lands in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Of 34.1 M ha (26.4%) of current forest cover, 2.7 M ha (8.0%) regenerated naturally from 1996 to 2015. We estimate that another 2.8 M ha could naturally regenerate by 2035, and a further 18.8 M ha could be restored using assisted regeneration methods, thereby reducing implementation costs by US$ 90.6 billion (77%) compared to tree planting. These restored forests could sequester 2.3 GtCO2 of carbon, reduce the mean number of expected species at risk of extinction by 63.4, and reduce fragmentation by 44% compared to current levels. Natural regeneration planning is key for achieving cost‐effective large‐scale restoration.
Organ donation and transplant: The Islamic perspective
Authors: Ali Abeera , Ahmed Tibyan , Ayub Ali , Dano Sumaya , Khalid Maroof , El‐Dassouki Noor , Orchanian‐Cheff Ani , Alibhai Shabbir , Mucsi Istvan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIslam is the second most practiced religion globally, and the number of Muslims in Western countries has been increasing due to recent trends in migration. Studies have shown that Muslims in the Western world have more negative attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation compared with individuals from other religious backgrounds. Multiple barriers have been postulated that may prevent Muslims from exploring organ donation or transplantation. We conducted a literature review with the goal of summarizing the opinions of major Sunni and Shia scholars and Islamic bodies about organ donation and transplantation, including their opinions and rulings on the neurological determination of death to inform healthcare professionals, community members, and leaders. We also identified factors and attitudes that may prevent members of the Muslim community from achieving equitable access to transplantation or from consenting to donate organs during life or after death. Key factors or concerns identified included: lack of information regarding organ donation, mistrust of the healthcare system, family opinions, sacredness of the body, lack of clear understanding of religious rulings, and opinions of religious leaders. Studies have suggested that partnering with religious leaders to address these concerns may help foster positive attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation.
Characterization of the inflammatory features of central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
Authors: Flamm Alexandra , Moshiri Ata S. , Roche Fritzlaine , Onyekaba Ginikanwa , Nguyen Jennifer , James Alaina J. , Taylor Susan , Seykora John T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCentral centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is a scarring alopecia that primarily affects women of African descent. Although histopathological features of CCCA have been described, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. To better understand the components of CCCA pathophysiology, we evaluated the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate, the distribution of Langerhans cells (LCs), and the relationship between fibrosis and perifollicular vessel distribution. Our data indicate that CCCA is associated with a CD4‐predominant T‐cell infiltrate with increased LCs extending into the lower hair follicle. Fibroplasia associated with follicular scarring displaces blood vessels away from the outer root sheath epithelium. These data indicate that CCCA is an inflammatory scarring alopecia with unique pathophysiologic features that differentiate it from other lymphocytic scarring processes.
Realised toxicity of plant defences to an insect herbivore depends more on insect dehydration than on energy reserves
Authors: Reid Mary L. , Ahn Sangwook 
Published: February 2020

1. Climate effects on plant defences, and subsequently insect herbivores, have received considerable attention. However, climate also directly affects the physiological condition of insects that may influence their ability to combat plant defences.2. This study tested the effects of body fat and water content on the ability of mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, to tolerate monoterpenes, the primary defences of their host pine trees. To manipulate their physiological condition, we exposed beetles to one of three environmental treatments: cold (4 °C, 30% RH), humid (21 °C, 70% RH) or dry (21 °C, 30% RH). Beetles had the highest fat and water content in the cold treatment, followed by lower fat but the same water content in the humid treatment, and the lowest of both in the dry treatment. Following environmental treatments, beetles were exposed to 0, 312.5 or 625 ppm vapours of monoterpenes (−)‐α‐pinene or (R)‐(+)‐limonene.3. Survival during both environmental and monoterpene treatments was highest for the cold treatment, less for the humid treatment, and lowest for the dry treatment. Fat and water content positively predicted survival. In response to increasing monoterpene concentration, survival, body condition and water content, but not fat, declined.4. These results indicate that water content of insect herbivores was important for the realised toxicity of plant defences, presumably due to the process of excreting detoxified compounds. Energetic costs of detoxification were less evident. Dehydration of insects has not been widely considered in insect–plant interactions, but effects of climate change on humidity may become increasingly important for these interactions.
Horyzons USA: A moderated online social intervention for first episode psychosis
Authors: Ludwig Kelsey A. , Browne Julia W. , Nagendra Arun , Gleeson John F. , D'Alfonso Simon , Penn David L. , Alvarez‐Jimenez Mario 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimWe evaluated the feasibility and acceptability of Horyzons, an online social media platform designed to facilitate relationship development among, and introduce therapeutic content to, first‐episode psychosis (FEP) clients. We also evaluated whether participation in the platform was related to reduced loneliness, improved social integration and increased psychological well‐being.MethodsTwenty‐six participants diagnosed with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder were provided access to the moderated Horyzons platform for 12 weeks. During the intervention period, participants were encouraged to access therapeutic content and social components embedded within the site. Participants were recruited from three first‐episode coordinated specialty care clinics in North Carolina and assessed at four time points: baseline, mid‐treatment, post‐treatment and 1‐month follow‐up.ResultsFindings indicated that Horyzons was both feasible and very well tolerated, with a 92.3% retention rate and 79.2% of participants actively engaged in the platform. The most commonly identified personal strengths selected by Horyzons users were creativity (61.5%), curiosity (42.3%) and courage (38.5%). Feedback from participants indicated Horyzons could be improved by the development of a smartphone application, expanding the size of the Horyzons community and facilitating private messages between users. Preliminary results with engaged participants showed the greatest improvements in psychosis‐related symptoms, followed by self‐reported experience of negative emotions, depressive symptoms and loneliness.ConclusionsThis open trial found that Horyzons is both feasible and acceptable to FEP persons early in the course of illness living in the United States.
Variation in flash speed of Japanese firefly,Luciola cruciata(Coleoptera: Lampyridae), identifies distinct southern “quick‐flash” population on Goto Islands, Japan
Authors: Ohba Shin‐ya , Numata Kaoru , Kawano Keisuke 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLuciola cruciata, a bioluminescent firefly endemic to Japan, communicates with species‐specific flashing patterns. Previous studies reported that flying males possess three distinct flashing frequencies: slow (4 s), intermediate (3 s) and fast (2 s). Our study focused on geographical variations in flashing patterns in the northwestern part of the Kyushu region of southern Japan (including its isolated islands) and their relationship to the mitochondrialCOIIregion of firefly DNA. We found that “quick‐flash (1 s)” fireflies occur in the Goto Islands, at the western tip of Kyushu, and that, although they possess a unique haplotype, they do not differ much genetically from “fast‐flash” fireflies inhabiting mainland Kyushu. In contrast, although fireflies inhabiting the Tsushima and Iki Islands also possess a unique haplotype, their flashing patterns were the same (fast‐flash) as fireflies inhabiting mainland Kyushu. We determined that flash patterns ofL. cruciatain Japan should be classified according to four flashing patterns: slow, intermediate, fast and quick.
A synthesis of methane emissions from shallow vegetated coastal ecosystems
Authors: Al‐Haj Alia N. , Fulweiler Robinson W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVegetated coastal ecosystems (VCEs; i.e., mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrasses) play a critical role in global carbon (C) cycling, storing 10× more C than temperate forests. Methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas, can form in the sediments of these ecosystems. Currently, CH4 emissions are a missing component of VCE C budgets. This review summarizes 97 studies describing CH4 fluxes from mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass ecosystems and discusses factors controlling CH4 flux in these systems. CH4 fluxes from these ecosystems were highly variable yet they all act as net methane sources (median, range; mangrove: 279.17, −67.33 to 72,867.83; salt marsh: 224.44, −92.60 to 94,129.68; seagrass: 64.80, 1.25–401.50 µmol CH4 m−2 day−1). Together CH4 emissions from mangrove, salt marsh, and seagrass ecosystems are about 0.33–0.39 Tmol CH4‐C/year—an addition that increases the current global marine CH4 budget by more than 60%. The majority (~45%) of this increase is driven by mangrove CH4 fluxes. While organic matter content and quality were commonly reported in individual studies as the most important environmental factors driving CH4 flux, they were not significant predictors of CH4 flux when data were combined across studies. Salinity was negatively correlated with CH4 emissions from salt marshes, but not seagrasses and mangroves. Thus the available data suggest that other environmental drivers are important for predicting CH4 emissions in vegetated coastal systems. Finally, we examine stressor effects on CH4 emissions from VCEs and we hypothesize that future changes in temperature and other anthropogenic activites (e.g., nitrogen loading) will likely increase CH4 emissions from these ecosystems. Overall, this review highlights the current and growing importance of VCEs in the global marine CH4 budget.
Geochemical constraints on the depositional environment of the 1.84 Ga Embury Lake Formation, Flin Flon Belt, Canada
Authors: Motomura Kento , Kiyokawa Shoichi , Ikehara Minoru , Tanaka Kentaro , Sano Yuji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Flin Flon Belt of Canada contains Paleoproterozoic volcanic–sedimentary sequences that are related to the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny. The sequences include island arc volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Amisk Group) that are unconformably overlain by subaerial sedimentary rocks (Missi Group), and younger deep facies sediments. In the Flin Flon area, several north–south trending faults divide the sequences into blocks and obscure the depositional environment of the deep facies sediments. Locally, within the Flin Flon area, the Embury Lake Formation is in fault contact with island arc volcanic–sedimentary sequences of the Amisk and Missi Groups. To identify the depositional environment of the Embury Lake Formation, we used lithologic and geochemical approaches. Here, we report carbon isotopic values in organic matter (δ13Corg) and sulfur isotopes (δ34S), as well as total organic carbon and total sulfur measurements for the black shale in the formation. Samples were taken from a drill core that contains alternating bands of sandstone and black shale. Pyrite in the black shale is divided into four textural types: euhedral, vein‐type, elliptical, and microcrystalline. Microcrystalline pyrite is typically generated by microbially mediated sulfate reduction. An extremely low S/C ratio (avg. = 0.04) is consistent with lacustrine deposition. The ranges of δ13Corg (−36 ‰ to −27 ‰) and δ34S (+3.0 ‰ to +7.7 ‰) values can be explained by bacterial photosynthesis that involved Calvin cycle and acetyl CoA pathways, and sulfate reduction in a low‐sulfate environment. Considering the depositional age reported in a previous study of < 1.84 Ga, the Embury Lake Formation was likely emplaced in a lacustrine setting during the Trans‐Hudson Orogeny.