bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical characterization of AeD7L2 and its physiological relevance in blood feeding in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Martin‐Martin Ines , Kern Olivia , Brooks Steven , Smith Leticia Barion , Valenzuela‐Leon Paola Carolina , Bonilla Brian , Ackerman Hans , Calvo Eric 
Published: August 2020

Aedes aegypti saliva facilitates blood meal acquisition through pharmacologically active compounds that prevent host hemostasis. Among these salivary proteins are the D7s, which are highly abundant and have been shown to act as scavengers of biogenic amines and eicosanoids. In this work, we performed comparative structural modeling, characterized the binding capabilities, and assessed the physiological functions of the Ae. aegypti salivary protein AeD7L2 compared to the well‐characterized AeD7L1. AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 show different binding affinities to several biogenic amines and biolipids involved in host hemostasis. Interestingly, AeD7L2 tightly binds U‐46619, the stable analog of thromboxane A2 (KD = 69.4 nm), which is an important platelet aggregation mediator, while AeD7L1 shows no binding. We tested the ability of these proteins to interfere with the three branches of hemostasis: vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation, and blood coagulation. Pressure myography experiments showed these two proteins reversed isolated resistance artery vasoconstriction induced by either norepinephrine or U‐46619. These proteins also inhibited platelet aggregation induced by low doses of collagen or U‐46619. However, D7 long proteins did not affect blood coagulation. The different ligand specificity and affinities of AeD7L1 and AeD7L2 matched our experimental observations from studying their effects on vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation, which confirm their role in preventing host hemostasis. This work highlights the complex yet highly specific biological activities of mosquito salivary proteins and serves as another example of the sophisticated biology underlying arthropod blood feeding.
Nitrogen‐induced acidification, not N‐nutrient, dominates suppressive N effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Pan Shang , Wang Yang , Qiu Yunpeng , Chen Dima , Zhang Lin , Ye Chenglong , Guo Hui , Zhu Weixing , Chen Aiqun , Xu Guohua , Zhang Yi , Bai Yongfei , Hu Shuijin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbiosis with most terrestrial plant roots, obtaining photosynthates in return for mineral nutrients. Ecological theories based on the economics of trading partnership predict that nutrient enrichment would suppress AMF. Experimental results from nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions, however, were highly variable, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show distinct AMF responses to soil N:P stoichiometry manipulations via gradients of long‐term N and P additions in a Mongolian steppe. A complementary experiment with an acid addition gradient was designed to help tease apart the effect of N‐induced acidification from N nutrient. AMF root colonization and extraradical fungal biomass progressively decreased along the P gradient under two distinct host plant species, suggesting a carbon (C)‐P tradeoff. In contrast, low to moderate N inputs increased both AMF parameters, corresponding to the increasing N:P ratio. Yet, high N inputs reduced AMF colonization and biomass, and the magnitudes of N‐led inhibition were similar to those under acid additions that induced comparable changes in soil pH. Structural equation modeling further showed that while soil N:P stoichiometry primarily controlled the effect of P addition on AMF, N‐induced soil acidity overtook the N:P stoichiometry under high N inputs and dominated the effects of reactive N on AMF. In addition, AMF community composition in roots was more dependent on host plants and unresponsive to changes in soil nutrients. We further proposed a comprehensive framework that integrates biological and geochemical effects of reactive N and P inputs on AMF. Together, these results indicate that while the C‐P tradeoff controls P suppression of AMF, N‐induced acidification dominates the N inhibition. Our findings suggest that incorporation of geochemical impacts of N and P inputs would facilitate modeling efforts to project mycorrhizal impact on plant interactions and soil C balance under future nutrient enrichment scenarios.
Canopy photosynthetic capacity drives contrasting age dynamics of resource use efficiencies between mature temperate evergreen and deciduous forests
Authors: Xu Hang , Xiao Jingfeng , Zhang Zhiqiang , Ollinger Scott V. , Hollinger David Y. , Pan Yude , Wan Jiaming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractForest resource use efficiencies (RUEs) can vary with tree age, but the nature of these trends and their underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Understanding the age dynamics of forest RUEs and their drivers is vital for assessing the trade‐offs between forest functions and resource consumption, making rational management policy, and projecting ecosystem carbon dynamics. Here we used the FLUXNET2015 and AmeriFlux datasets and published literature to explore the age‐dependent variability of forest light use efficiency (LUE) and inherent water use efficiency as well as their main regulatory variables in temperate regions. Our results showed that evergreen forest RUEs initially increased before reaching the mature stage (i.e., around 90 years old), and then gradually declined; in contrast, RUEs continuously increased with age for mature deciduous forests. Changing canopy photosynthetic capacity (Amax) was the primary cause of age‐related changes in RUEs across temperate forest sites. More importantly, soil nitrogen (N) increased in mature deciduous forests through time but decreased in older evergreen forests. The age‐dependent changes in soil N were closely linked with the age dynamics of Amax for mature temperate forests. Additionally, soil nutrient conditions played a greater role in deciduous forest RUEs than evergreen forest RUEs. This study highlights the importance of stand age and forest type on temperate forest RUEs over the long term.
Reframing human rights: the global network of moral conservative homeschooling activists
Authors: Permoser Julia Mourão , Stoeckl Kristina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the composition and actions of a principled issue network within the field of human rights that uses rights‐claims to pursue traditionalist goals: the moral conservative pro‐homeschooling network. We analyse the rising importance of homeschooling within the global moral conservative movement and examine the transnationalization of pro‐homeschooling advocacy. We show that the transnational homeschooling advocacy network, while not successful in court cases, has managed to establish home education as part of a global conservative agenda and has made incursions into redefining the terms of the debate within international organizations. Moral conservative homeschooling advocates use a vocabulary of rights and freedoms, and even of moral pluralism, but in the conservative reading human rights are reframed and used to defend a pro‐family agenda that establishes the patriarchal family as the ultimate source of authority and the primary carrier of rights.
Enhanced Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation revealed attenuation of exogenous plasmid DNA installation in recipient bacteria by exonuclease VII and SbcCD
Authors: Kiyokawa Kazuya , Ohmine Yuta , Yunoki Kazuya , Yamamoto Shinji , Moriguchi Kazuki , Suzuki Katsunori 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn DNA transfer via type IV secretion system (T4SS), relaxase enzyme releases linear ssDNA in donor cells and recircularizes in recipient cells. Using VirB/D4 T4SS, Agrobacterium cells can transfer an IncQ‐type plasmid depending on Mob relaxase and a model T‐DNA plasmid depending on VirD2 relaxase. Mobilization to Escherichia coli of the former plasmid is much more efficient than that of the latter, whereas an entirely reverse relationship is observed in transfer to yeast. These data suggest that either plasmid recircularization or conversion of ssDNA to dsDNA in the recipient bacterial cells is a rate‐limiting step of the transfer. In this study, we examined involvement of exonuclease genes in the plasmid acceptability. By the VirD2‐dependent T‐DNA plasmid, E. coli sbcDΔ and sbcCΔ mutant strains produced threefold more exconjugants, and a sbcDΔ xseAΔ mutant strain yielded eightfold more exconjugants than their wild‐type strain. In contrast to the enhancing effect on the VirD2‐mediated transfer, the mutations exhibited a subtle effect on the Mob‐mediated transfer. These results support our working hypothesis that VirD2 can transport its substrate ssDNA efficiently to recipient cells and that recipient nucleases degrade the ssDNA because VirD2 has some defect(s) in the circularization and completion of complementary DNA synthesis.
Patients' expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Kenihan Lucinda , McTier Lauren , Phillips Nicole M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundStem cell therapy is a novel treatment option for people living with osteoarthritis. Research investigating stem cell therapy for this debilitating condition has predominantly involved the pathogenesis of the cells and efficacy of the treatment. There is little understanding of patients' expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy treatment.ObjectiveTo explore the expectations and experiences of people undergoing stem cell therapy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.DesignAn exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews was conducted.Setting and participantsParticipants were recruited into two groups: (a) Expectations Group (n = 15); the expectations of stem cell treatment were explored with participants that were yet to commence stem cell therapy. (b) Experiences Group (n = 15); the experiences of stem cell therapy were explored with participants 12 months after their initial stem cell treatment. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis to identify themes in both groups.ResultsThemes for the Expectations Group were active involvement in the treatment; treatment will improve symptoms; and benefits of treatment outweigh the risks. Themes for the Experiences Group were symptoms of treatment; satisfaction with treatment; and anticipation of further improvement.Discussion and conclusionsThe findings are the first qualitative study to represent patients' perspective on expectations and experiences of stem cell therapy for knee osteoarthritis. They provide insight into the potential areas for improvement within this field to aid patients' preparation and approach to the treatment, promoting patient‐centred care.
Comparison of p53 immunohistochemical staining in differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) with that in inflammatory dermatoses and benign squamous lesions in the vulva
Authors: Liu Y Ariel , Ji Jennifer X , Almadani Noorah , Crawford Richard I , Gilks C Blake , Kinloch Mary , Hoang Lien 
Published: August 2020

AimsDifferentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN), the precursor lesion to human papillomavirus‐independent vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), can be difficult to distinguish from vulvar inflammatory dermatoses. Our goal was to determine if p53 could be a useful biomarker for dVIN, by characterizing p53 percentage, intensity and patterns of staining in dVIN and its histological mimics.Methods and resultsWe studied p53 immunohistochemical staining patterns in 16 dVIN cases and 46 vulvar non‐neoplastic squamous lesions [12 lichen sclerosus (LS); seven lichen simplex chronicus; three lichen planus (LP); six psoriasis; 13 spongiotic dermatitis (SPO); and five candidiasis]. dVIN cases were adjacent to a p16‐negative invasive VSCC in resection specimens. All dVIN cases showed null‐type or moderate to strong uniform p53 staining in >70% of basal cells, with moderate to strong continuous parabasal staining extending to two‐thirds of the epidermis. This was in contrast to weak or weak to moderate patchy p53 staining in the majority of other lesions. Moderate to strong and increased basal p53 staining (≥70%) was also observed in a subset of LS cases (5/12, 42%), LP cases (1/3, 33%), and SPO cases (36%, 4/11); however, in all categories, this was limited to the basal layer, and any staining in the parabasal layers was patchy.ConclusionStrong and uniform p53 staining of basal cells, extending into the parabasal layers, and a complete absence of staining (null type) is useful in distinguishing dVIN from other mimics in the vulva. p53 staining of lesser intensity or quantity, particularly basal overexpression only, overlaps with that in vulvar inflammatory lesions.
Microbial ecology and predicted metabolic pathways in various oral environments from patients with acute endodontic infections
Authors: Moraes L. C. , Lang P. M. , Arcanjo R. A. , Rampelotto P. H. , Fatturi‐Parolo C. C. , Ferreira M. B. C. , Montagner F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo assess in a cross‐sectional clinical study the effect of antibiotics on the diversity, structure and metabolic pathways of bacterial communities in various oral environments in patients with acute primary infections.MethodologySamples of saliva (SA), supragingival biofilm (SB) and from the pulp cavity (PC) were collected from teeth with acute primary infections and then grouped according to previous use of antibiotics (NoAtb = no antibiotics [n = 6]; Atb = antibiotics [n = 6]). DNA sequencing was conducted using MiSeq (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). The V1–V3 hyper‐variable region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified. A custom Mothur pipeline was used for 16S rRNA processing. Subsequent analyses of the sequence dataset were performed in R (using vegan, phyloseq and ggplot2 packages) or QIIME.ResultsTwelve patients aged from 22 to 56 years were recruited. Participants in the Atb group had taken the beta‐lactamics amoxicillin (5/6) or cephalexin (1/6) for 2–3 days. A total of 332 bacterial taxa (OTUs) were identified, belonging to 120 genera, 60 families and nine phyla. Firmicutes (41%) and Bacteroidetes (38%) were the most abundant phyla in all samples. Taxa clustered significantly by oral site (PCoA analysis; P < 0.05, ANOSIM). Use of antibiotics had little effect on this clustering. However, SA, SB and PC had different degrees of richness, diversity and evenness. The greatest diversity was observed in SB samples and the least diversity was observed in PC samples. Metabolic prediction identified 163 pathways and previous use of antibiotics had a major effect on the estimated functional clustering in SA and PC samples.ConclusionThe ecological niche had a strong influence on the bacterial content of samples from various oral sites. Previous exposure to antibiotics may exert an effect on the phylogenetic composition of SA. Metabolic pathways appear to be modulated by antimicrobial agents in SA and PC samples. The dynamics of host/microbial interactions in the apical region and the functional ecology of the infected pulp cavity should be revisited.
Densification and electrical conductivity of Fe and Mn‐doped Ce0.83Sm0.085Nd0.085O2‐& by solid‐liquid method
Authors: Jiang Dingbang , Wang Jianxin , Su Yu , Chang Xiaohui , Cao Baohua , Chen Ming , Wang Qin , Guan Wanbing , Yang Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFe and Mn‐doped Ce0.83Sm0.085Nd0.085O2‐& (SNDC) powders are successfully synthesized by the simple and efficient solid‐liquid method. The crystallinity and morphologies of the powders were characterized by X‐ray diffractometer, Raman spectrum, and scanning electron microscopy. The effect of doping on sintering behavior, grain interior, and grain boundary conductivity are studied. The doping of Fe can effectively reduce the sintering temperature from 1450oC to 1250°C and keep the same density. Compared with SNDC, 1 mol% Fe‐doped SNDC (Fe‐SNDC) sintered at 1250°C shows a higher total conductivity of 2.13 × 10−2 S·cm‐1 at 650°C. Also, it exhibits that doping of Fe can increase the conductivity of grain interior and grain boundary simultaneously. The present work shows that the Fe‐SNDC synthesized by solid‐liquid method can be used as a potential electrolyte for intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells.
Quality improvement in community pharmacy: a qualitative investigation of the impact of a postgraduate quality improvement educational module on pharmacists understanding and practice
Authors: Latif Asam , Gulzar Nargis , Gohil Sejal , Ansong Theo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
Quality improvement (QI) is increasingly featuring in the United Kingdom (UK) National Health Service (NHS) agenda to promote safety, effectiveness and patient experience. However, the use of QI techniques by healthcare professionals appears limited and constrained with only isolated examples of good practice. This study explores QI within the pharmacy context. Focusing on the community pharmacy ‘Healthy Living Pharmacy scheme’, this study aims to explore changes in QI understanding resulting from a postgraduate QI educational intervention.

Methods
Four focus groups were held involving 13 community pharmacists enrolled onto a newly developed postgraduate QI educational module. Two focus groups were held before and two after the module’s completion. Knowledge of QI and practical applications following the learning was explored.

Key findings
Three themes emerged: pharmacists’ motivation for learning about QI, conceptual understanding and translation into practice. Pharmacists expressed positive views about learning new skills but expressed logistical concerns about how they would accommodate the extra learning. Prior knowledge of QI was found to be lacking and its application in practice ineffectual. Following completion of the QI module, significant improvements in comprehension and application were seen. Pharmacists considered it too soon to make an assessment on patient outcomes as their improvements required time to effectively embed changes in practice.

Conclusions
Quality improvement forms an important part of the NHS quality and safety agenda; however, community pharmacists may not currently have adequate knowledge of QI principles. The postgraduate educational intervention showed promising results in pharmacist’s knowledge, organisational culture and application in practice.
Etching time and bonding of adhesive systems to dentin of primary teeth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gindri Larissa D'Olanda , Fröhlich Tatiana Tambara , Rosso Carolina Ramos , Rocha Rachel de Oliveira 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to the chemical and morphological differences between primary vs. permanent teeth, the time reduction of the acid etching or acidic primer can result in higher values of bond strength.AimTo assess through a systematic review and meta‐analysis the influence of the reducing etching (acid etching or acidic primer) time on the bond strength of adhesive systems to primary dentin.DesignA systematic search was carried out in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. Studies that evaluated the effect of reducing the etching time on the bond strength of adhesive systems to primary dentin were included. Meta‐analyses were performed using a random‐effects model, with subgroups for etch‐and‐rinse and self‐etching adhesives, with a significance level of P < .05. The risk of bias and heterogeneity between studies (Cochrane and I2 tests) were assessed.ResultsEight studies were included in the systematic review and seven in the meta‐analyses. The shortening etching time did not influence the immediate dentin bond strength for etch‐and‐rinse (Z = 0.07, P = .95) and self‐etching adhesives (Z = 0.41, P = .69). After ageing, however, the shorting etching time improved the bond strength for etch‐and‐rinse adhesives (Z = 2.01, P = .04). All studies presented high bias risk.ConclusionsReducing the acid‐etching time to primary dentin improves the long‐term bond strength to this substrate.
International consensus on pressure injury preventative interventions by risk level for critically ill patients: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Lovegrove Josephine , Fulbrook Paul , Miles Sandra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this modified Delphi study was to determine a minimum pressure injury preventative intervention set for implementation relative to critically ill patients' risk level. Preventative interventions were identified via systematic review, risk levels categorised by an intensive‐care‐specific risk‐assessment‐scale (COMHON Index), and panel members (n = 67) identified through an international critical care nursing body. Round 1: panel members were asked to rate implementation of 12 interventions according to risk level (low, moderate, high). Round 2: interventions were rated for use at the risk level which received greatest round 1 support. Round 3: interventions not yet achieving consensus were again rated, and discarded where consensus was not reached. Consensus indicated all patients should receive: risk assessment within 2‐hours of admission; 8‐hourly risk reassessment; and use of disposable incontinence pads. Additionally, moderate‐ and high‐risk patients should receive: a reactive mattress support surface and a heel off‐loading device. High‐risk patients should also receive: nutritional supplements if eating orally; preventative dressings (sacral, heel, trochanteric); an active mattress support surface; and a pressure‐redistributing cushion for sitting. Repositioning is required at least 4‐hourly for low‐risk, and 2‐hourly for moderate‐ and high‐risk patients. Rigorous application of the intervention set has the potential to decrease pressure injuries in intensive care.
Enhanced up‐conversion luminescence and optical thermometry characteristics of Er3+/Yb3+ co‐doped Sr10(PO4)6O transparent glass‐ceramics
Authors: Cui Sanchuan , Chen Guohua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the Yb3+/Er3+ co‐doped parent glass (PG) with composition (in mol%) of 30P2O5‐10B2O3‐38SrO‐22K2O and transparent glass‐ceramics (GCs) containing hexagonal Sr10(PO4)6O nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized for the first time by melt‐quenching method and subsequent heating treatment in air. Under 980 nm laser prompting, the GCs samples showed intense red and green up‐conversion emissions compared to those characteristics for the PG sample. The emission intensities varied with Er3+ concentration and heat treatment conditions. Furthermore, in Yb3+/Er3+ co‐doped GCs specimens, the optical thermometry was researched by means of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of 4S3/2 and 2H11/2 levels. The GC sample heated at 620°C for 5 hours possessed a high relative temperature sensitivity (Sr) of 0.769% K−1 at 303 K and the maximal absolute temperature sensitivity (Sa) of 5.951 × 10−3 K−1 at 663 K, respectively. It is expected that the as‐fabricated GC materials with Sr10(PO4)6O NCs are promising efficient up‐conversion materials for optical temperature sensor.