bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isocyanuric acid-modified cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resins for fire-retardant polyurethane
Authors: Yivlik Yusuf , Kizilcan Nilgun , Akar Ahmet 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
Cyclohexanone–formaldehyde resin (CFR) was in situ modified with isocyanuric acid (ICA) in the presence of hydrochloric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid by condensation polymerization. The purpose of this study is to produce isocyanuric acid-modified ketonic resins that have higher melting and decomposition temperature, and to use the produced resin in the production of fire-retardant polyurethane.

Design/methodology/approach
Two methods were used for in situ preparation of ICA-modified CFR in the presence of an acid catalyst. Method I: cyclohexanone, paraformaldehyde and ICA were mixed, and then an acid catalyst was added to form the modified CFR. Method II: ICA and formalin were mixed to produce N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate, and then water was removed under vacuum. The produced N, N, N-trihydroxymethyl isocyanurate solution was mixed with cyclohexanone and paraformaldehyde, then an acid catalyst was slowly added to this mixture to obtain ICA-modified CFR.

Findings
CFR was prepared in the presence of an acid catalyst. The product, CFR, has a dark red colour. The resulting resins have similar physical properties with the resin prepared in the presence of a basic catalyst. The solubility of ICA-modified CFR is much different than CFR in organic solvents.

Research limitations/implications
This study focuses on obtaining an ICA-modified ketonic resin. Cyanuric acid has the form of an enolic structure under a basic condition; therefore, it cannot give a product with formaldehyde under basic conditions. The modification experiments were carried out in acidic conditions.

Practical implications
This study provides technical information for in situ modification of ketonic resin in the presence of acid catalysts. The resins may also promote the adhesive strength of the coating and provide corrosion inhibition on metal surfaces for a coating. The modified resins may also be used in the field of fire-retardant polyurethane applications.

Social implications
These resins may be used for the preparation of non-toxic fire-retardant polyurethane foam. Polyurethane containing ICA-modified resin may exhibit better fire-retardant performance because of the incorporation of ICA molecule into the polyurethane structure.

Originality/value
ICA-modified CFRs have been synthesized in the presence of an acid catalyst, and the ICA-modified resin was used to produce fire-retardant polyurethane.
Beyond researcher as instrument
Authors: Becker Kelly Mancini 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the use of an arts-based methodology in conducting a doctoral study on The Nile Project, an East African based musical collective. Despite some evidence that music is an effective tool for qualitative inquiry, there are few studies on its use, especially the use of musicking in the interview process.

Design/methodology/approach
The author used a qualitative and arts-based research approach.

Findings
Outcomes suggest that music may help to create an “in-between” space challenging researcher positionality and giving voice to the “researched.” Music also acted as a bridging agent encouraging open and honest dialogue and relationship building.

Research limitations/implications
Findings suggest that music may be a useful tool for researchers interested in arts-based and participatory methods in qualitative research particularly when interviewing participants with varied linguistic, cultural, political and musical backgrounds.

Originality/value
There is sparse research on the use of musicking in the interview process of qualitative research.
Understanding school-based policing: recommendations for improving School Resource Officer programs and promoting safer schools
Authors: Glenn Jonathan W. , Taylor Lorraine C. , Chesterton Hannah P. , Williams Shepeara , Moavenzadeh Faith 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to leverage the perspectives of School Resource Officers (SROs) to develop improvement strategies aimed toward effective and efficient school-based policing. This study offers recommendations to improve SRO programs, with the goal of streamlining the path toward safer schools.

Design/methodology/approach
The present study was guided by two overarching research questions that aim to leverage the perspectives of SROs. The first question aimed to identify SROs’ perceived barriers to successful school-based policing, while the second question explores their perspectives in hopes of developing solutions for improved school safety. This study used secondary qualitative data to explore the perspectives of SROs (n=456) via an opened-ended section of a statewide survey of SROs conducted by the North Carolina Center for Safer Schools. Conventional content analysis was the approach used to explore the data.

Findings
SROs identified the need for improved quality of and access to training, additional resources allocations and improved program implementation on the part of both policing agencies and school districts.

Practical implications
The authors recommend standardizing the manner in which SRO programs are implemented. In addition, partnerships should be developed between school districts and policing agencies to use school-based behavioral specialists to support SRO programs. Finally, the authors recommend further study of school-based policing as a concept in the academic community.

Originality/value
Little is known about the experiences and needs of SROs themselves. The present studies address this gap in the literature, leveraging their perspectives to streamline a path toward safer schools.
“Proud to be a Special”: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of Special Constables in the UK
Authors: Plimley Sarah L. , Krahenbuhl Sarah 
Published: October 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand what motivates members of the public to volunteer within the Special Constabulary and seek to understand their experiences when engaging in this role. There is little qualitative research examining the experiences of volunteers and yet such literature is pivotal in supporting positive future engagement of a valuable resource.Design/methodology/approachSix currently serving Special Constables (SC) were interviewed about their role. The semi-structured interviews were transcribed and analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis.FindingsThematic analysis identified four main themes: “Proud to be a Special”: active demonstration of pro-social behaviour; “Lines of Division”: recognition of distinction between SC and Regular Police Officers; “Levels of Training”: adverse consequences of inadequate training; and “Mind the Gap”: impact of financial austerity. The SC recognised their role as a utilitarian resource with both positive and negative impacts on all Police Officers.Originality/valueThe findings highlighted the need for a careful balance between having enough SC to maintain appropriate policing and yet ensuring opportunity for sufficient experience to develop and implement their skills, successful demonstration of which would support more positive working relationships with Regular Police Officers.
Detection of point scatterers using diffraction imaging and deep learning
Authors: Tschannen Valentin , Ettrich Norman , Delescluse Matthias , Keuper Janis 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTDiffracted waves carry high‐resolution information that can help interpreting fine structural details at a scale smaller than the seismic wavelength. However, the diffraction energy tends to be weak compared to the reflected energy and is also sensitive to inaccuracies in the migration velocity, making the identification of its signal challenging. In this work, we present an innovative workflow to automatically detect scattering points in the migration dip angle domain using deep learning. By taking advantage of the different kinematic properties of reflected and diffracted waves, we separate the two types of signals by migrating the seismic amplitudes to dip angle gathers using prestack depth imaging in the local angle domain. Convolutional neural networks are a class of deep learning algorithms able to learn to extract spatial information about the data in order to identify its characteristics. They have now become the method of choice to solve supervised pattern recognition problems. In this work, we use wave equation modelling to create a large and diversified dataset of synthetic examples to train a network into identifying the probable position of scattering objects in the subsurface. After giving an intuitive introduction to diffraction imaging and deep learning and discussing some of the pitfalls of the methods, we evaluate the trained network on field data and demonstrate the validity and good generalization performance of our algorithm. We successfully identify with a high‐accuracy and high‐resolution diffraction points, including those which have a low signal to noise and reflection ratio. We also show how our method allows us to quickly scan through high dimensional data consisting of several versions of a dataset migrated with a range of velocities to overcome the strong effect of incorrect migration velocity on the diffraction signal.
Deprescription in elderly: A spotlight on pharmacoeconomic aspect
Authors: El Desoky Ehab S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAging is a complex process and many factors in the elderly, especially multiple diseases and related unnecessary drug use, support a deprescription approach to this age group to save money and health cost. In this review, we have searched for studies related to the pharmacoeconomic aspect of this deprescription approach in the elderly. Few studies are available, but they are promising and effective in paving the way for prospective longitudinal studies to assess the role of deprescription in optimizing the drugs prescribed to aged patients in a way that reduces the costs of both drug adverse effects and/or hospitalization. Awareness of deprescription is important not only to society, but also to hospital stuff and individual patients.
Impact of Public Investment on Private Investment in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Crowding In or Crowding Out?
Authors: Ouédraogo Rasmané , Sawadogo Hamidou , Sawadogo Relwendé 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper investigates the possible crowding‐in or crowding‐out effect of public investment on private investment in sub‐Saharan Africa. While this relationship has been theoretically and empirically studied in the literature, most studies used traditional panel fixed effects or Generalized Method of Moments estimators which can potentially lead to biased and inconsistent estimates. We employ heterogeneous parameter models, including the Mean Group, the Common Correlated Effects Mean Group Model, and the Augmented Mean Group estimators, to incorporate the possibility of slope heterogeneity and the presence of cross‐sectional dependence. Using a large sample of 44 sub‐Saharan African countries over the period 1960–2015, we find that on average public investment crowds in private investment in sub‐Saharan Africa. We also find that the impact differs between countries and is higher in countries with a strong private sector.
Determination of Changes in Crystal Violet and Phenoxyethanol (Dating Ink)
Authors: Salkım İşlek Dilek , İşat Esra , Cengiz Salih 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInk dating is a significant problem in terms of forensic science. Ballpoint pens are generally used as writing tools on the documents. Aging is determination of the changes in dyes and solvents in the composition of ink over time by analytical methods. The evaporation of the solvents from the paper surface is faster than the decomposition process of the dyes. In this study, in 2017, we were asked by the court to determine whether the texts on the suspicious pages of an agenda dated 1996 were written within 2 years or earlier. Phenoxyethanol and dyes were examined in the composition of all suspected ink samples. The results show the determination of both the decomposition process of the dyes and the evaporation process of phenoxyethanol in the aging of the document entries written by ballpoint pen.
Wolbachia‐induced expression of kenny gene in testes affects male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Biwot John C. , Zhang Hua‐Bao , Liu Chen , Qiao Jun‐Xue , Yu Xiao‐Qiang , Wang Yu‐Feng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWolbachia are Gram‐negative endosymbionts that are known to cause embryonic lethality when infected male insects mate with uninfected females or with females carrying a different strain of Wolbachia, a situation characterized as cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). However, the mechanism of CI is not yet fully understood, although recent studies on Drosophila melanogaster have achieved great progress. Here, we found that Wolbachia infection caused changes in the expressions of several immunity‐related genes, including significant upregulation of kenny (key), in the testes of D. melanogaster. Overexpression of key in fly testes led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates when these flies mate with wild‐type females. Wolbachia‐infected females could rescue this embryonic lethality. Furthermore, in key overexpressing testes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick‐end labeling signal was significantly stronger than in the control testes, and the level of reactive oxygen species was significantly increased. Overexpression of key also resulted in alterations of some other immunity‐related gene expressions, including the downregulation of Zn72D. Knockdown of Zn72D in fly testes also led to a significant decrease in egg hatch rates. These results suggest that Wolbachia might induce the defect in male host fertility by immunity‐related pathways and thus cause an oxidative damage and cell death in male testes.
Metabolite Profile Differences Among Different Storage Time in Beef Preserved at Low Temperature
Authors: Yang Bin , Liu Xue‐Jun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStorage temperature influences meat color stability and quality. This study was performed to quality change‐associated metabolites profiles using a nontargeted liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS)‐based method. Beef longissimus dorsi samples were purchased immediately after slaughter, and then stored at room temperature, 4 °C and 0 °C. Water holding capacity (WHC), moisture content and pH value of the muscle samples were detected. Muscle samples and quality control samples were then prepared for nontargeted LC‐MS/MS system, followed by identification of distinct metabolites. Pearson correlation coefficients between metabolites and quality indexes were calculated. Storage reduced pH values of beef, and room temperature and 4 °C displayed the lowest pH value. Moisture content and WHC in beef muscles, especially WHC declined obviously during the first 24 hr. The significantly altered metabolites profiles in meat samples at 0, 3.5, and 7 days during 4 °C storage were identified using LC‐MS/MS. Most metabolites showed linear changes during storage (0 to 7 days). Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, we found 1(α)‐naphthol, urocanic acid, tyramine, guanine, histamine, picolinic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and hypoxanthine were increased, and 2‐(S‐glutathionyl)acetyl glutathione and glutathione were decreased in beef during 4 °C storage. Correlation analysis showed there were significantly correlations between metabolites and meat quality indexes (WHC, moisture content, and pH). In summary, 1(α)‐naphthol, urocanic acid, tyramine, guanine, histamine, picolinic acid, 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and hypoxanthine, proved to be harmful to human body, accumulated gradually, especially after 3.5 days during storage at 4 °C. While the contents of beneficial substances, including 2‐(S‐glutathionyl)acetyl glutathione and glutathione, were decreased, which provided reference for the nutrition guidance of using beef meat.
Effects of Lactic Acid and Salt on Enterotoxin A Production and Growth of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Elahi Shaheem , Fujikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFood poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) produced in foods. Staphylococcal food poisoning is mostly caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin type A (SEA) among SEs. Growth/no growth for S. aureus under various environmental conditions was well studied with a logistic regression model so far. Recently we successfully described the boundaries of SEA production and growth of S. aureus in broth at various temperatures and salt concentrations with the model. In this study, the effects of lactic acid and salt on SEA production and growth of S. aureus was quantitatively studied. Consequently the boundaries of SEA production and growth of S. aureus cocktail in broth at various combinations of salt concentrations and pH values that were adjusted with lactic acid were successfully described with a logistic regression model. Here the cocktail was incubated in stationary culture at 30 °C and 10 °C. The maximum toxin production and cell growth of the cocktail were observed both at 5% salt in the pH range from 4.5 to 7.0. Also, the characteristics of individual strains of the cocktail in SEA production and growth at 30 °C and 10 °C were found to be specific to the strains. The present study revealed the effect of lactic acid and salt on SEA production and growth of S. aureus as well as the variety of SEA production and growth of S. aureus strains. These results would become useful information in food industry to prevent staphylococcal food poisoning.Practical ApplicationBoundaries of enterotoxin A production/no production and growth/no growth of staphylococcal cocktail at various combinations of pHs adjusted with lactic acid and salt concentrations were well described with a logistic regression model. The maximum toxin production and cell growth were observed both at 5% salt in the pH range from 4.5 to 7.0. A variety of the toxin production and cell growth were observed in terms of pH and salt concentration among individual strains of the cocktail.
Turkey and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: Economic Pragmatism meets Geopolitics
Authors: Köstem Seçkin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article explores Turkey's expectations for the AIIB as a new multilateral development bank (MDB) and examines the projects that the AIIB has financed in Turkey so far. The main argument is that economic pragmatism, national developmental needs, and geopolitical motivations together explain Turkey's interest in the AIIB. Ankara initially hoped to attract funds from the AIIB for its connectivity projects in Eurasia. Ankara has also seen the AIIB as an important contributor to its long‐standing goal of enhancing Turkey's national energy supply security. The Bank's lending in Turkey has so far concentrated on energy sector projects. As of 2019, Turkey is the third largest recipient of AIIB loans. From a geopolitical perspective, Ankara's interest in the AIIB is part of its recent pivot to Eurasia and its self‐identification as a rising power with a growing regional and global crossroads agenda. As such, Ankara's expectations for the AIIB are also evolving as the Bank's own agenda is becoming more concrete and as Turkey makes these shifts in its geostrategic positioning.
Trajectory of criterion symptoms of major depression under newly started antidepressant treatment: sleep disturbances and anergia linger on while suicidal ideas and psychomotor symptoms disappear early
Authors: Tajika A. , Furukawa T. A. , Inagaki M. , Kato T. , Mantani A. , Kurata K. , Ogawa Y. , Takeshima N. , Hayasaka Y. , Noma H. , Maruo K. 
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveIn modern psychiatry, depression is diagnosed with the diagnostic criteria; however, the trajectory of each of the criterion symptoms is unknown. This study aims to examine this.MethodsWe made repeated assessments of the nine diagnostic criterion symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) among 2011 participants of a 25‐week pragmatic randomised controlled trial of sertraline and/or mirtazapine for hitherto untreated major depressive episodes. The changes from baseline were estimated with the mixed‐effects model with repeated measures. The time to disappearance of each symptom was modeled using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.ResultsThe total score on PHQ‐9 was 18.5 (SD = 3.9, n = 2011) at baseline, which decreased to 15.3 (5.2, n = 2011) at week 1, to 11.5 (5.9, n = 1953) at week 3, to 7.8 (6.0, n = 1927) at week 9, and to 6.0 (5.9, n = 1910) at week 25. Suicidal ideas, psychomotor symptoms decreased rapidly, while anergia and sleep disturbance also decreased but only slowly. The survival analyses confirmed the primary analyses.ConclusionsUpon initiation of antidepressant treatment, patients with newly treated major depressive episodes can expect their suicidal ideas and psychomotor symptoms to disappear first but sleep disturbances and anergia to linger on.
Transitions across tobacco use profiles among adolescents: results from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study waves 1 and 2
Authors: Simon Patricia , Buta Eugenia , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Kong Grace , Morean Meghan E. , Camenga Deepa R. , Bold Krysten W. , Krishnan‐Sarin Suchitra 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsTo estimate progression to polytobacco use (PTU) over 1 year among a sample of US youth.DesignProspective survey with two waves 1 year apart: wave 1 (2013–14) and wave 2 (2014–15). We conducted latent transition analysis (LTA) to identify latent class transitions and examine socio‐demographic predictors of transition types.SettingUnited States.ParticipantsA total of 11, 996 people who were aged 12–17 years at wave 1.MeasurementsPublicly available data were used from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, a nationally representative sample of US civilian, non‐institutionalized population aged 12 years and older. Tobacco use status was assessed and classified in terms of: never use, non‐current (not in the past 30 days) and current (past 30‐day) use of cigarettes, cigars, e‐cigarettes, hookah and smokeless tobacco. Other nicotine products were excluded because rates of use were either too low to model (e.g. pipe) or the product was not assessed in the PATH youth sample (e.g. nicotine replacement products).FindingsWe identified three distinct patterns: class 1, non‐use (wave 1 prevalence = 86%; wave 2 prevalence = 78%); class 2, ever use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes (wave 1 prevalence = 11%; wave 2 prevalence = 14%); and class 3, current PTU (wave 1 prevalence = 4%; wave 2 prevalence = 7%). Probability of progression from non‐use to ever use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes was 0.06 and ever use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes to current PTU was 0.32. Non‐users were more likely to transition to ever use of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes if they were older (versus younger), white (versus non‐white) or if their parental education level was high school or less (versus more than high school); and ever users of cigarettes and e‐cigarettes to current PTU if they were older, male or white.ConclusionsUS youth who had previously tried e‐cigarettes and cigarettes at wave 1 (2013–14) had a 32% chance of transitioning to current use of two or more tobacco products within 1 year.