bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
24 Condensed tannins: structure, activity and characterization
Authors: Zeller Wayne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As a class of plant polyphenolic compounds contained in some forages [i.e., sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), big trefoil (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.)], condensed tannins (CTs) exhibit a variety of biological effects on ruminants. The potential positive impact of CTs on the agricultural industry stems from their ability to modulate proteolysis during forage conservation and ruminal digestion, to prevent bloat, to reduce intestinal parasite burdens, and to abate methane and ammonia emissions from ruminants. How CTs exert these effects on ruminants focuses on the interaction of CTs with proteins. The structure-activity relationship in CT–protein interaction is not well understood but is known to be dependent on the structure and properties of both the CT and the protein. The objectives of this presentation are fivefold. First, examples of the structural diversity of CTs will be provided to enable the audience members to appreciate that not all CTs are the same. Second, examples of how CTs structural diversity affects their interaction with the protein, which in turn, dictates the biological response from the animal will be discussed. Third, the presentation will outline hurdles in obtaining highly pure and well-characterized CTs from natural sources for use in CT structural analysis and in vitro experiments. This will be followed by brief descriptions of improved and emerging techniques for CT analysis and, finally, the presentation concludes with questions to address in future investigations and a list of recommendations for CT researchers to follow.
28 Defining Grazing Recommendations for Alfalfa-Bermudagrass Mixtures in the Southeastern U.S
Authors: Groce Kaylyn , Tucker Jennifer J , Mason Katie , Marks Landon , Mullenix Mary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recently there has been growing interest in interseeding high-quality legumes, like alfalfa, into existing bermudagrass stands as a step towards improving forage, animal, and ecosystem sustainability in the Southeast. Current work evaluating these mixtures has focused on management and production of stored forages, and limited work has evaluated the use of alfalfa-bermudagrass mixtures under grazing conditions. It is known that both grazing intensity and frequency impact overall alfalfa stand production over time. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of harvest height and frequency on alfalfa interseeded into bermudagrass to develop grazing management recommendations. In 2018 thirty-six alfalfa-bermudagrass plots were established at 4 locations across Alabama and Georgia in a randomized complete block design with four replications at each location. Alfalfa varieties utilized were selected for suitability to location and were either ‘Bulldog 505’ or ‘Bulldog 805’ interseeded into existing hybrid bermudagrass sods. Treatments included combinations of harvest frequency (2, 4, or 6 weeks) and harvest height (5, 10, 15 cm) and plots were evaluated to determine the optimum interval in relation to sward yield, alfalfa persistence, stand density, botanical composition, nutritive value, and change over time. Forage yield was affected by the interaction of location with harvest frequency and height (P &lt; 0.05). At three of the four locations, overall seasonal yield from the 5cm cutting height was greatest, however alfalfa persistence declined in these treatments throughout the season and was less than 10% at the northern locations when 2019 data collection began. Additionally, crude protein (CP) and in-vitro digestibility (IVDMD) declined throughout the season as the alfalfa presence decreased. This study is supported by funding from the USDA-NIFA-Alfalfa Forage Research Program (2017).
145 Stocker gains on diverse summer annual pastures
Authors: Mercier Kelly , Teutsch Chris , Smith Ray , Vanzant Eric , Burdine Kenny , Ritchey Edwin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if increasing forage botanical diversity improved stocker gains on warm-season annual (WSA) pastures. An opportunity exists to add extra gain on fall-born calves by grazing summer pastures after spring weaning and selling at a more favorable late summer market. However, cool-season perennial pastures in the Mid-South often have insufficient quality and yield to support desired summer gains. Therefore, the improved production and nutritive value of WSA forages shows promise in this system. A study was conducted near Princeton, KY, where calves (329, 366, and 297 kg in 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively) grazed one of three WSA forage treatments without supplementation in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included 1) sorghum-sudangrass monoculture (MONO), 2) simple mixture (SIMPLE = sorghum-sudangrass, pearl millet, soybean), and 3) complex mixture (COMPLEX = SIMPLE + sudangrass, corn, crabgrass, cowpea, sunflower, sunn hemp, daikon radish, forage rape, Korean lespedeza). In 2017, MONO and SIMPLE calves had higher average daily gain (ADG) than COMPLEX calves (0.79 kg/day vs. 0.66 kg/day, P &lt; 0.03). In 2018, no differences in ADG were detected among treatments (P &gt; 0.3); however, calves only gained 0.01 kg/day. In 2019, MONO and SIMPLE calves again had higher ADG than COMPLEX calves (0.59 kg/day vs. 0.43 kg/day, P &lt; 0.03). The exceptionally low 2018 ADG was likely due to the higher nutritional demand of heavier calves and the lower nutritive value of mature forages compared to other years. In conclusion, complex WSA forage mixtures did not offer any improvement in animal performance, and proper management of all WSA forages (maintaining a vegetative state) is paramount to achieving adequate gains on stockers without supplementation; however, supplementation may be necessary to improve WSA forage utilization in the rumen, potentially leading to more favorable gains.
89 Fermentation Kinetics of Different Cool-Season Annual Mixtures With or Without Silage Inoculant
Authors: Shoup Sarah L , Mullenix Mary K , Dillard Sandra L , Muntifering Russ B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High moisture feeds such as baleage are becoming a more practiced feed storage method in the Southeast due to the ability for more timely harvests and consistent forage quality compared with dry hay. The objective of this study was to determine the nutritive quality and fermentation kinetics of three different cool-season annual mixtures stored as baleage. The forage treatments were wheat (Triticum aestivum) + T-Raptor (Brassica rapa × napus; WT), wheat + crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum; WC), and annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) + oats (Avena sativa) + crimson clover (ROC) which were planted at the E.V. Smith Research Center in Shorter, AL, as a 3 × 2 × 8 factorial design (n = 3). Forage was either inoculated (I) or not inoculated (N) with a cereal/grass silage inoculant to determine its efficacy in promoting proper fermentation. Samples were taken at 8 different days after ensiling to determine fermentation kinetics and quality. Crude protein of WC was greater (P ≤ 0.005) than all other forage treatments (17.1%) and wheat + crimson clover-I was greater (P = 0.024) than WC-N (17.7 and 16.4%, respectively). However, ROC–N had greater (P = 0.033) CP than ROC–I (16.5 and 15.0%, respectively). Wheat + T-raptor ensiled with the lowest (P ≤ 0.003) pH while ROC had the greatest (P ≤ 0.001; 4.5 and 5.4, respectively). Forage treatments WC and WT did not differ (P = 0.140) in lactic acid concentration (3.7%); however, both were greater (P ≤ 0.001) than ROC (0.9%). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.128) in acetic acid concentration among all forage treatments (3.5%). The results of this study indicate that WC had the greatest nutrient quality, but do not indicate that silage inoculants offer benefits to baleage fermentation kinetics.
109 Metabolic and endocrine indicators in male goats differing in genetic propensity to consume juniper
Authors: Tolleson Douglas R , Welsh Thomas H , Walker John W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We sampled Spanish goats selected for their propensity to consume above (H) or below (L) the population average for proportion of juniper/monoterpenes in the diet (as determined by fecal near infrared spectroscopy) to determine the effect of juniper/monoterpenes on metabolic/endocrine indicators in adult male goats (Y: 2-year-old and O: 3-5-year-old). Body weight (kg) and serum samples were collected from 20 animals [n = 5 of each age (i.e. length of exposure to monoterpenes) and juniper consumption combination] maintained solely on pastures inhabited by juniper. Differences in serum analytes between groups were determined by analysis of variance. Body weight was not different between juniper groups (~71.1 ± 3.4 each) but was greater in O (76.0 ± 3.7) than Y (66.3 ± 1.9). Glucose (mg/dL) was numerically higher (P = 0.15) in H (82.3 ± 7.3) than L (69.5 ± 3.8) and in O (81.9 ± 1.9) than Y (69.9 ± 2.3). Serum urea nitrogen (mg/dL) was 10.5 ± 1.0 in both H and L (P &gt; 0.1) but was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.004) in O (12.9 ± 1.3) compared to Y (8.2 ± 0.5). NEFA (mEq/L) was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.02) in H (0.33 ± 0.04) than L (0.26 ± 0.02), but not in O (0.30 ± 0.04) versus Y (0.29 ± 0.03). Total globulin (g/dL) was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.007) in L (4.34 ± 0.35) than H (3.40 ± 0.16), and in O (4.29 ± 0.38) than Y (3.45 ± 0.12). Gamma glutamyl transferase was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.0001) in H (59.2 ± 2.1) than L (44.3 ± 2.2), and in Y (55.3 ± 2.9) than O (48.2 ± 3.2). Length of exposure (via advancing age) and preference for juniper may incur a cost of fitness in goats selected for higher than average consumption of monoterpenes.
132 Proportional tissue weights in male goats differing in genetic propensity to consume juniper
Authors: Tolleson Douglas R , Welsh Thomas H , Garza Nick , Hollingsworth Kaylee , Walker John W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Metabolic and endocrine tissues of goats (Capra hircus) consuming juniperus species containing monoterpenes were evaluated. Monoterpenes have toxicological and pharmacological effects. We sampled Spanish goats selected for their propensity to consume above (H) or below (L) the population average for proportion of juniper in the diet as determined by fecal near infrared spectroscopy. Our objective was to determine the effect of divergent propensity to consume juniper on various tissues in adult male goats [young (2-year-old) and old (3-5-year-old)] grazing pastures containing juniper at the Texas A&M AgriLife Sonora Research Station. In June 2019, 20 animals (n = 5 of each age and juniper consumption combination) were slaughtered at the Angelo State University Meats Lab. Body weight was recorded 2 days prior to harvest. Tissue samples (i.e. liver, kidney, heart, adrenal, testicle, epididymis) were collected and weighed at the time of harvest. Tissue weights were analyzed as a proportion of body weight. Differences in proportional tissue weights between young (Y) and old (O), H and L animals were determined by analysis of variance. Body weights (kg) were 75.5 ± 4.2, 76.5 ± 6.2, 63.5 ± 1.9, and 69.0 ± 2.8 for HO, LO, HY and LY respectively. Body weight for O (76.0 ± 3.72) was greater (P &lt; 0.03) than Y (66.3 ± 1.9). Total paired testicle, epididymal, adrenal, and heart proportional weight (g/kg) was not affected (P &gt; 0.1) by age nor juniper consumption group. Total paired proportional weight was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) in H (2.53 ± 0.09) than L (2.19 ± 0.08) for kidneys and greater (P = 0.15) in H (15.80 ± 0.75) than L (14.58 ± 0.39) for liver. High apparent consumption of juniper was associated with an increase in mass of tissues typically involved in metabolism, biotransformation, and elimination of plant secondary compounds.
121 Physiological effects of low level laser therapy on exercised horses
Authors: Rosenkrans Ashley , Freeman Carson , Oberhaus Erin L , Morse Palika Dias , Rosenkrans Charles 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a form of phototherapy, which may stimulate healing of injuries and lesions from exercise. Our objective was to determine effects of LLLT before or after exercise on equine serum concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition. Twelve quarter horses were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (A) received no laser therapy, (B) received six minutes of laser therapy before exercise, and (C) received six minutes of laser therapy after exercise. Laser (635 nm) treatment was with a class II handheld low-level laser with constant wave modulation. Horses were exercised using a walker for 30 min five days a week for three weeks. Within 30 min after exercise blood was collected on day 7, 14, and 21; blood was collected on day 0 prior to exercise as a reference point. Serum was collected, frozen; and cortisol, lactate, and CYP inhibition were determined via validated assays. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with horse as the experimental unit; an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between treatment group and day of study affected serum concentrations of cortisol, lactate, and CYP inhibition. For group B horses, cortisol concentrations decreased (P &lt; 0.001) from day 14 to day 21 (31 vs 20 ± 2.9 ng/mL). Serum lactate concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.0001) during the three weeks of training (2700, 2773, 3064, and 6061 ± 232 μM; respectively for day 0, 7, 14, and 21); whereas, inhibition of CYP decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from day 0 to day 21. Interaction of main effects on lactate can be explained by larger increases in lactate concentrations for horses treated with LLLT during the trial; conversely, CYP inhibition decreased for horses treated with LLLT after exercise. Our results suggest that LLLT may be useful in improving performance of equine athletes.
14 Characterization of adipose tissue extracellular matrix component mRNA expression during porcine adipogenesis using real-time PCR
Authors: Reeves Maegan A , Charlton Courtney E , Brandebourg Terry D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Given adipose tissue is histologically classified as connective tissue, we hypothesized expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components are significantly altered during adipogenesis. However, little is known about the regulation of the ECM during adipose tissue development in the pig. Therefore, the objective of this study was to characterize expression of ECM components during porcine adipogenesis. Primary cultures of adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells were harvested from 3-day-old neonatal pigs (n=6) and preadipocytes induced to differentiate in vitro for 8 days in the presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and rosiglitazone. Total RNA was extracted from these cultures on days 0 and 8 post-induction. Real-time PCR was then utilized to determine changes in mRNA expression for collagen type I alpha 1 chain (COL1A), collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL2A), collagen type I alpha 3 chain (COL3A), collagen type I alpha 4 chain (COL4A), collagen type I alpha 6 chain (COL6A), biglycan, fibronectin, laminin, nitogen-1 (NID1), matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), metallopeptidase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3). The mRNA abundances of COL1A, COL3A and MMP2 were significantly downregulated 2.86-fold (P &lt; 0.05), 16.7-fold (P &lt; 0.01) and 3.1-fold (P &lt; 0.05) respectively in day 8 (differentiated) compared to day 0 (undifferentiated) cultures. Meanwhile, mRNA abundances were significantly upregulated during adipogenesis for the COL2A (2.82-fold; P &lt; 0.05), COL4A (2.01-fold; P &lt; 0.05), COL6A (2.8-fold; P &lt; 0.05), biglycan (49.9- fold; P &lt; 0.001), fibronectin (452-fold; P &lt; 0.001), laminin (6.1-fold; P &lt; 0.05), NID1(47.4-fold; P &lt; 0.01), MMP9 (76.8- fold; P &lt; 0.01), and TIMP3(3.04-fold; P &lt; 0.05) genes. These data support the hypothesis that significant changes in ECM components occur during porcine adipogenesis. Modulating adipose tissue ECM remodeling might be a novel strategy to manipulate adiposity in the pig.
137 Randel Lecture: Genetic control of thermotolerance in cattle at the whole-animal and cellular level
Authors: Hansen Peter J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Research by Randel and others has revealed the extensive genetic diversity in thermotolerance existing in cattle. Genetic differences in resistance to heat stress involve genes that affect body temperature regulation and that stabilize cellular function during hyperthermia. There are large differences between breeds in ability to regulate body temperature during heat stress. There is also genetic variation in thermoregulatory ability within breeds that arose in cold climates – the estimate of heritability of rectal temperature during heat stress in Holsteins is 0.17. Efforts are underway to identify genes conferring increased thermoregulatory ability in thermotolerant breeds and transfer these to thermosensitive breeds. One such gene is the prolactin receptor gene (PRLR). Several mutations in PRLR exist in criollo-type B. taurus that result in formation of a truncated receptor protein. Cattle with this mutation, which is dominant, have a short sleek hair coat and are referred to as “slick”. The slick mutation has been introduced into Holsteins by crossbreeding with Senepol cattle and in Red Angus by gene editing. Slick Holsteins are less affected by heat stress than wild-type Holsteins with respect to rectal temperature, milk yield and reproduction. Genetic variation also exists in cellular responses to elevated temperature (i.e., heat shock). Exposure of preimplantation embryos to heat shock, for example, causes a greater reduction in subsequent development of Angus, Holstein, Angus x Holstein or Jersey embryos than embryos from Brahman or Nelore (B. indicus) or Romosinuano (criollo). One gene with alleles affecting cellular resistance is the heat shock protein 70 gene HSPA1A. A mutation in the promoter region of HSPA1Ais associated with increased transcription of the encoded protein and enhanced survival of lymphocytes exposed to heat shock. Identification of other genes conferring thermotolerance will result in the increased ability to produce thermotolerant lines of cattle via genetic selection or gene transfer.
86 Evaluation of the effect of prenatal transportation stress on endocrine and immune tissues of neonatal Brahman calves
Authors: Earnhardt Audrey L , Wellman Catherine L , Hairgrove Thomas , Cardoso Rodolfo C , Long Charles R , Riley David G , Randel Ron , Welsh Thomas H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate whether prenatal transportation stress (PNS) affects the weight of endocrine and immune tissues of calves. Mature Brahman cows inseminated to a single Brahman sire in 2018 were assigned to be either Control (n = 35; not transported) or PNS (n = 37; 2 h of transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ± 5 d of gestation). Of the calves born in 2019, 16 Control (8 bulls and 8 heifers) and 16 PNS (8 bulls and 8 heifers) calves were studied. Pen score, body weight, and blood samples were obtained from calves at 25 ± 2 d of age. At that time, calves were euthanized by barbiturate overdose in order to collect tissues (brain, pituitary and adrenal glands, spleen and thymus). Tissues were trimmed and weighed. Serum cortisol was determined by RIA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, GLM, and CORR procedures of SAS with body weight at sample collection as a covariate. Whole pituitary weight tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in females compared to males, whereas anterior pituitary weight tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in PNS. Whole brain weight was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in males. The interaction of treatment and sex on whole brain weight of PNS tended (P = 0.09) to fall between that of the Control females and Control males. Whole pituitary weight was positively correlated with total adrenal weight (r = 0.32; P = 0.08). Total thymus weight positively correlated with whole brain and total adrenal weight (r = 0.43 and 0.41, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Serum cortisol was negatively correlated with spleen weight and total immune tissue weight (r = -0.37 and -0.38, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Results suggest next steps should include a closer look at function of immune tissues by studying PNS effect on thymus response to immunization.
2 Acute phase response to lipopolysaccharide challenge in beef steers supplemented with prebiotic blends
Authors: Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , Broadway Paul R , Carroll Jeffery A , Compart Devan M Paulus , Forcherio J C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of two prebiotic blends on the acute phase response (APR) following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in steers. Crossbred steers (n = 36; 273±4 kg) were fed for 21d on three different treatments: 1) Control, fed a standard receiving ration; 2) Control ration supplemented with a Prebiotic/Probiotic blend (28.4 g/hd/d; PMI); and 3) Control ration supplemented with a DFM/Prebiotic blend (19.0 g/hd/d; PMI). On d20, calves were fitted with indwelling rectal temperature (RT) monitors and jugular catheters and moved into individual stanchions in a covered barn. On d21, blood samples were collected, and sickness behavior scores recorded at 0.5-h intervals from -2 to 8h and again at 24h relative to an i.v. challenge with 0.25 µg/kg BW LPS. Serum was isolated and stored until analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines, cortisol and glucose concentrations. Complete blood counts were measured every 2h from -2 to 8h and again at 24h. Pre-challenge RT measured for 18h prior to the challenge tended (P = 0.10) to be affected by treatment such that calves fed the Prebiotic/Probiotic blend had greater RT than Control and tended to be greater than calves fed the DFM/Prebiotic blend (38.9, 39.2, and 39.0±0.1oC, respectively). Post-challenge RT increased 0.8–1.0oC on average but did not differ between treatments (P = 0.53). Sickness behavior scores were not different between treatments (P = 0.14). There were no differences in white blood cell or differential counts between treatments (P ≥ 0.25). Serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ increased in response to the challenge (P &lt; 0.01) but were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.26). Serum cortisol and glucose concentrations were reduced in both supplemented groups compared to Control steers (P ≤ 0.006). Therefore, the data suggest that the effects of the prebiotic blends during an immune challenge were limited to alterations in metabolic biomarkers and energy utilization.