bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting the structural design actions standard for the seismic design of new industrial plant
Authors: Lindup G. H. 
Published: January 2020

In the late 1970’s it was recognised that the seismic provisions of the current NZS 4203:1976 did not readily apply to the types of structures normally used within the land based processing facilities of the “heavy industries” such as petrochemical and oil and gas processing plants impending under the “Think Big” regime.
Since the 1984 revision to NZS 4203, there have not been any publicly available New Zealand guidelines on how to interpret the earthquake provisions of the various versions of NZS 4203 (and now AS/NZS 1170) that would update the 1981 publication created by the Ministry of Works for the Ministry of Energy, “Seismic Design of Petrochemical Plants”.
There are overseas publications that have considered the differences in the typical structural systems necessary to support the equipment and distributive systems needed to process industrial feedstock. How they behave seismically has been reviewed and recommendations made on the methods to be used to determine the design seismic actions. Such standards as ASCE 7 and FEMA 450 incorporate these in a specific manner relating to the design of industrial plant.
With the advent of new oil and gas processing plants in Taranaki, this paper takes the opportunity to review AS/NZS 1170 and adapt these overseas guidelines for the seismic design of new industrial plant in New Zealand. The background for these guidelines will be presented with examples of typical industrial structural systems and their seismic actions. This is with the aim of re-establishing a basis of seismic design for industrial plant within the framework of the new standards AS/NZS 1170.0 and NZS 1170.5.
Base isolation of timber-framed buildings
Authors: Thurston Stuart J. 
Published: January 2020

This paper investigates the practicality of using base-isolation devices to protect lightweight buildings, such as timber-framed houses, against earthquakes.
As the timber-framed buildings considered are designed to a lateral seismic force of 0.24W in Wellington (where W is building weight), it was considered that the appropriate isolation level should be significantly lower, say 0.1W, and lower still in Auckland where such buildings are designed for a lateral force of 0.12W. An analysis showed that houses which had a base-isolation yield set to yield at 0.1 W would have unacceptable deformations under the design wind load if the isolators were located beneath a timber floor, but may be satisfactory if located beneath a concrete slab. A large-scale test using isolators beneath pre-cast floor slabs showed the method used would work even if it was unduly expensive. However, an analysis indicated that there might be little protection for some building contents.
A literature survey of alternative base-isolation solutions showed a wide range of innovative, but often impractical, concepts have been proposed. However, one concept showed promise for timber-framed structures. This used two layers of synthetic sheet beneath a concrete floor slab to provide a slip layer. The sheet materials recommended reputably gave a dynamic friction coefficient of 0.07. BRANZ measured the friction coefficient using large samples of both these and other sheet materials. It was concluded that the measured friction was too high for use for the planned buildings, although it may have application for low-rise heavy-brittle construction.
Alternative base-isolation concepts are presented which will be useful to others interested in this topic.
Dynamic testing of precast, post-tensioned rocking wall systems with alternative dissipating solutions
Authors: Marriott D. , Pampanin S. , Bull D. , Palermo A. 
Published: January 2020

During the past two decades, the focus has been on the need to provide communities with structures that undergo minimal damage after an earthquake event while still being cost competitive. This has led to the development of high performance seismic resisting systems, and advances in design methodologies, in order respect this demand efficiently.
This paper presents the experimental response of four pre-cast, post-tensioned rocking wall systems tested on the shake-table at the University of Canterbury. The wall systems were designed as a retrofit solution for an existing frame building, but are equally applicable for use in new design. Design of the wall followed a performance-based retrofit strategy in which structural limit states appropriate to both the post-tensioned wall and the existing building were considered.
Dissipation for each of the four post-tensioned walls was provided via externally mounted devices, located in parallel to post-tensioned tendons for re-centring. This allowed the dissipation devices to be easily replaced or inspected following a major earthquake. Each wall was installed with viscous fluid dampers, tension-compression yielding steel dampers, a combination of both or no devices at all – thus relying on contact damping alone. The effectiveness of both velocity and displacement dependant dissipation are investigated for protection against far-field and velocity-pulse ground motion characteristics.
The experimental results validate the behaviour of ‘Advanced Flag-Shape’ rocking, dissipating solutions which have been recently proposed and numerically tested. Maximum displacements and material strains were well controlled and within acceptable bounds, and residual deformations were minimal due to the re-centring contribution from the post tensioned tendons. Damage was confined to inelastic yielding (or fluid damping) of the external dampers.
The Pisco (Peru) earthquake of 15 August 2007
Authors: Hopkins David , Bell Darrin , Benites Rafael , Burr James , Hamilton Craig , Kotze Rudolph 
Published: January 2020

The Mw 8.0 Pisco earthquake struck at 6.40pm local time with an epicentre offshore about 150 km south of Lima. At least 519 people were killed, and over 1,300 injured. Over 38,000 homes were destroyed and more than 100,000 were made homeless. 14 hospitals were destroyed and many other facilities damaged. The city of Pisco was worst affected with serious damage to the majority of adobe buildings. Other cities and towns nearby suffered similar damage to a lesser extent, depending on the distance from the epicentre. The capital Lima was not seriously affected, although there was some minor damage to buildings.
Strong ground motions were felt for over two minutes. In this subduction earthquake a tsunami was generated and affected tens of kilometres of coast.
The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering Society (NZSEE) sent a 6-person reconnaissance team to Peru. The team spent three days in Lima meeting with key authorities and four days in the field observing some of the earthquake-affected area. This report describes the team’s observations and comments on the implications for earthquake engineering practice.
Highlights of the event in the eyes of the team were:

The long duration of the event – over 2 minutes of strong shaking
The unique geotechnical context – no rainfall and sandy soils
Significant liquefaction damage to roads and buildings
Poor performance of adobe construction
Generally good performance of reinforced concrete brick infill – but there were major collapses.
Good performance of some unreinforced masonry buildings
Widespread use of shear walls in major buildings in Lima
Engineered structures generally performed well
Damage to parts of Pan American Highway due to liquefaction
Minimal damage to a major steel mill, designed to international standards
Collapse and/or overload of telecom systems for up to four hours following the event, isolating Pisco and Ica
Water and waste water systems and storage were seriously affected in Pisco, and significantly in Ica
Port St Martin, serving Pisco, was seriously damaged but functional
Coordination of overseas / international aid needs careful consideration as part of response planning.
Management of response resources is critical.
There were significant tsunami effects which were variable in height up to 10 metres.
Relatively minor damage to architectural finishes and building services can render hospitals non-functional.
Survival of industrial facilities was important in reducing social impact by saving jobs.
The best of Peruvian earthquake engineering is international standard.
The development of earthquake-resistant standards in schools over the last three decades has paid dividends with modern designs performing well.
Effective stress analysis of piles in liquefiable soil
Authors: Bowen Hayden J. , Cubrinovski Misko 
Published: January 2020

When evaluating the seismic performance of pile foundations in liquefiable soils, it is critically important to estimate the effects of cyclic ground displacements on the pile response. Advanced analyses based on the effective stress principle account for these effects in great detail by simulating the process of pore pressure build-up and associated stress-strain behaviour of soils. For this reason, the effective stress method has been established as a principal tool for the analysis and assessment of seismic performance of important engineering structures.
In this paper, effective stress analysis is applied to a case study of a bridge pier founded on piles in liquefiable soil. The study examines the likely effects of liquefaction, cyclic ground displacements and soil-structure interaction on the bridge foundation during a strong earthquake. A fully coupled effective stress method of analysis is used to compute the dynamic response of the soil-pile-bridge system. In the analysis, an elastoplastic deformation law based on a state concept interpretation is used for modelling nonlinear behaviour of sand. The seismic performance of the pile foundation is discussed using computed time histories and maximum values of ground and pile displacements, excess pore water pressure and pile bending moments. The advantages of the effective stress analysis are discussed through comparisons with a more conventional pseudo-static analysis of piles.
La importancia del trabajo social comunitario
Authors: Sarasola Sanchez-Serrano José Luis , González González Juan Manuel , Roiz Vázquez Alicia 
Published: January 2020

El presente artículo es resultado de una revisión bibliográfica en conjunto con una reflexión por parte de los que escribimos el mismo. Tiene como objetivo explicar por qué es importante el Trabajo Social Comunitario. Para esta explicación, nos hemos fundamentado en un fenómeno social que es la exclusión social.
Durante la realización del presente, se observa perfectamente que todo está relacionado y que desde la disciplina del Trabajo Social se puede trabajar para la mejora de los problemas que van surgiendo. Pero debemos tener cuidado también con esto último. La sociedad cambian, surgen dificultades y problemáticas sociales nuevas, y es tarea del Trabajo Social y de los trabajadores sociales el ir evolucionando para poderles hacer frente.
En cambio, encontramos varias problemáticas sociales que a pesar de los años, las intervenciones, las perspectivas de análisis y de intervención; perduran a lo largo del tiempo. El mejor ejemplo de esto, es la exclusión social. Atendiendo a una visión naturalista podríamos decir que “siempre ha habido ricos y pobres”, pero no nos cuestionamos sobre la procedencia de que siempre haya ricos y pobres.
Estudiamos la historia de la exclusión social, analizamos la situación de la población y acudimos al trabajo social para ver cómo se puede responder a esto
This article is the result of a literature review in conjunction with a reflection on the hand that you write the same.It is intended to explain why it is important to Community Social work. For this explanation, we have informed us in a social phenomenon that is social exclusion.
During the realization of the present, is seen perfectly that everything is related and that from the discipline of Social work you can work for the improvement of the problems that arise. But we must be careful also with this last. Society change, emerging new social problems, and difficulties, and task of Social work and social workers go to evolve tomake them front.
On the other hand, found several social problems that despite age, interventions, the prospects of analysis and intervention they endure over time. The best example of this is social exclusion. Attending a naturalistic view we could say that "there havealways been rich and poor",but we do not question about the provenance of that there is always rich and poor.
We studied the history of social exclusion, we analyzed thesituation of the population and went to social work to seehow it can respond to this.
Secularity and burial space in 19th century England
Authors: Rugg Julie 
Published: January 2020

Este artículo cuestiona la afirmación de que la secularidad ha sido siempre un debate central en la idea de cementerio. En gran parte de Inglaterra se impuso una ‘guerra cultural’ entre partidarios de la Iglesia Anglicana y varias confesiones de Disidencia protestante. El cementerio fue un foco de conflicto, centra- do en el grado de control ejercido por la Iglesia Establecida. Este conflicto no reflejó la demanda de funerales ‘civiles’. Los protestantes No Conformistas buscaron asegurar un espacio de enterramiento y donde pudieran expresar sus propias creencias. A lo largo del siglo XIX y hasta la I Guerra Mundial, la formulación del derecho de enterramiento estuvo acompañada de conflictivos debates. Los cementerios llegaron a significar tanto la libertad religiosa como la influencia opresiva de la Iglesia Establecida. También estuvieron acompañados de una regulación sobre el gestión de entierros sanitarios, pero esto no definió el espacio de enterramiento como específicamente secular. Más bien, en Inglaterra, el cementerio fue, y sigue siendo, una coproducción espacial de tecnología sanitaria, burocracia municipal y expresión espiritual.
This paper challenges the contention that secularity is always central to the idea of the cemetery. In largely England a ‘culture war’ was enjoined between supporters of the Church of England and various denom- inations of Protestant Dissent. The cemetery was a focus of conflict, centred on the degree of control exercised by the Established Church. This conflict did not reflect demand for ‘civic’ funerals. Protestant Nonconformists sought to secure burial space where they might express their own beliefs. Through the 19th century and up until the First World War, the framing of burial law was accompanied by divisive debate. Cemeteries came to signify both religious freedom and the oppressive influence of the Established Church. Cemetery establishment was also accompanied by regulation on sanitary burial management, but this did not define burial space as being innately secular. Rather, in England the cemetery was, and remains, a spatial co-production of sanitary technology, municipal bureaucracy and spiritual expression.
Evaluation of a new secondary dose calculation software for Gamma Knife radiosurgery
Authors: Prusator Michael T. , Zhao Tianyu , Kavanaugh James A. , Santanam Lakshmi , Dise Joe , Goddu S. Murty , Mitchell Timothy J. , Zoberi Jacqueline E. , Kim Taeho , Mutic Sasa , Knutson Nels C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCurrent available secondary dose calculation software for Gamma Knife radiosurgery falls short in situations where the target is shallow in depth or when the patient is positioned with a gamma angle other than 90°. In this work, we evaluate a new secondary calculation software which utilizes an innovative method to handle nonstandard gamma angles and image thresholding to render the skull for dose calculation. 800 treatment targets previously treated with our GammaKnife Icon system were imported from our treatment planning system (GammaPlan 11.0.3) and a secondary dose calculation was conducted. The agreement between the new calculations and the TPS were recorded and compared to the original secondary dose calculation agreement with the TPS using a Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Further comparisons using a Mann‐Whitney test were made for targets treated at a 90° gamma angle against those treated with either a 70 or 110 gamma angle for both the new and commercial secondary dose calculation systems. Correlations between dose deviations from the treatment planning system against average target depth were evaluated using a Kendall’s Tau correlation test for both programs. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test indicated a significant difference in the agreement between the two secondary calculations and the TPS, with a P‐value < 0.0001. With respect to patients treated at nonstandard gamma angles, the new software was largely independent of patient setup, while the commercial software showed a significant dependence (P‐value < 0.0001). The new secondary dose calculation software showed a moderate correlation with calculation depth, while the commercial software showed a weak correlation (Tau = −.322 and Tau = −.217 respectively). Overall, the new secondary software has better agreement with the TPS than the commercially available secondary calculation software over a range of diverse treatment geometries.
An expanded parenchymal CD8+ T cell clone in GABAA receptor encephalitis
Authors: Bracher Aline , Alcalá Carmen , Ferrer Jaime , Melzer Nico , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Casanova Bonaventura , Beltrán Eduardo , Dornmair Klaus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe role of T cells in autoimmune encephalitis syndromes with autoantibodies against cell surface antigens is still enigmatic. Here we analyzed the T cell receptor repertoires of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in a patient with “idiopathic” gamma‐aminobutyric‐acid‐A receptor (GABAA‐R) encephalitis by next‐generation sequencing and single‐cell analyses. We identified a CD8+ T cell clone that was strongly expanded in the cerebrospinal fluid and in the hippocampus but not in the operculo‐insular cortex. By contrast, CD4+ T cells were polyclonal in these tissues. Such a strong clonal expansion suggests that CD8+ T cells may play a significant role in the pathogenesis.
Nanocontact Tailoring via Microlensing Enables Giant Postfabrication Mesoscopic Tuning in a Self‐Assembled Ultrasonic Metamaterial
Authors: Ghanem Maroun Abi , Khanolkar Amey , Zhao Han , Boechler Nicholas 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe ability to tune the resonant frequency of a self‐assembled ultrasonic metamaterial with mesoscale spatial resolution, after fabrication, by up to 250% is demonstrated. This tunability is achieved by the microlensing‐enabled modification of nanocontact features, wherein the metamaterial resonant elements “dig in” to the substrate. In addition to tunability exceeding prior MHz–GHz frequency ultrasonic metamaterial examples, the system presented herein can be tuned after assembly at a spatial resolution commensurate with the laser spot's diameter. It is posited that these aforementioned advantages will enable a new class of ultrasonic gradient index devices, such as ultrasonic elastic wave cloaks, that can be manufactured in a scalable manner and then rapidly tuned. Finally, it is expected that this large tunability at ultrasonic frequencies will have broader application to areas including optomechanics, acoustoplasmonics, quantum‐mechanical oscillators, and adhesion control.
Water and radiation use in maize–pea intercropping is enhanced with increased plant density
Authors: Fan Zhilong , Chai Qiang , Yu Aizhong , Zhao Cai , Yin Wen , Hu Falong , Chen Guodong , Cao Weidong , Coulter Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCrop management to improve water use is a well‐established strategy for the effective use of limited natural resources in intercropping systems. Here, maize (Zea mays L.)– pea (Pisum sativum L.) strip intercropping with three maize densities (D1: 45,000, D2: 52,500, and D3: 60,000 plants ha−1) was compared to sole maize with three maize densities and sole pea. Soil water extraction and water difference were determined through soil water content over depth and across rows in intercropping, measured six times during the growing season. Land equivalent ratio (LER), radiation use efficiency (RUEGY for grain yield, and RUEBM for biomass), and water use efficiency (WUE) were calculated to compare intercropping with sole cropping. A soil water supplement potential from intercropped maize strips to intercropped pea was observed during the pea independent growth and co‐growth with maize periods, which declined as the growing season progressed and with increased maize density. After pea harvest, the potential of compensatory soil water for maize existed from the pea strips, which was greater with increased maize density. Maize–pea intercropping produced 23–38% greater total yield than corresponding sole crops, as the LER ranged from 1.23 to 1.38. Maize–pea intercropping with D3 attained the greatest grain yield, RUEGY, RUEBM, and WUE among three maize density treatments, and was 10, 9, 17, and 14% greater than that of corresponding sole maize. Increasing maize density increased grain yield, radiation and water use efficiency, and LER, indicating that the intercropping advantage was improved with increased maize density.
Endemic violence in a pre‐Hispanic Andean community: A bioarchaeological study of cranial trauma from the Majes Valley, Peru
Authors: Scaffidi Beth K. , Tung Tiffiny A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study examines violence‐related cranial trauma frequencies and wound characteristics in the pre‐Hispanic cemetery of Uraca in the lower Majes Valley, Arequipa, Peru, dating to the pre‐ and early‐Wari periods (200–750 CE). Cranial wounds are compared between status and sex‐based subgroups to understand how violence shaped, and was shaped by, these aspects of identity, and to reconstruct the social contexts of violence carried out by and against Uracans.Materials and MethodsPresence, location, and characteristics (lethality, penetration, and post‐traumatic sequelae) of antemortem and perimortem cranial fractures are documented for 145 crania and compared between subgroups. Cranial wounds are mapped in ArcGIS and the locational distribution of injuries is compared between male and female crania.ResultsMiddle adult males were disproportionately interred at Uraca, particularly in the elite Sector I. The Uraca mortuary population presents the highest rate of cranial trauma reported for pre‐Hispanic Peru: 67% of adults present trauma, and among those, 61.1% present more than one cranial injury. Males exhibit significantly more cranial trauma than females and present a higher mean number of injuries per person. Elite males show the highest mean number of injuries per person, more antemortem injuries, and are the only ones with perimortem cranial trauma, bladed injuries, penetrating injuries, and post‐traumatic sequelae. Both sexes were most frequently injured on the anterior of the cranium, while the proportion of posterior injuries was higher for females.DiscussionThe rate, intensity, and locational patterns of cranial trauma suggests the community was engaged in raids and/or war with enemy groups, some of which may have increased physical violence between community members. Engaging in violence was likely a prerequisite for burial in the elite sector and was bound up with the generation and maintenance of social status differences linked to male social life.