bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the argument and event structure of psych verbs in the history of Spanish
Authors: Batllori Montserrat , Gibert-Sotelo Elisabeth , Pujol Isabel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter offers a detailed study of changes affecting the argument structure of Spanish psych verbs that appear with a dative experiencer (EXP). After proposing a three-way classification of these verbs based on their etymological origin, the chapter traces two parallel, but interconnected, diachronic paths: the first one involves the development from transitive (or pronominal) to unaccusative constructions with a dative EXP, whereas the second one concerns the evolution from dynamic to stative events. The use and decrease of the passive in Classical Spanish is also shown to play a role in this change: to wit, passive and unaccusative structures with a dative EXP are structurally similar, as the prepositional agent phrase and the dative EXP originate in the same position.
Victory
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVictory has historically been regarded as the ‘telos’ or ‘very object’ of war. As one well-placed commentator has noted, war is all about winning. It is baffling to note, then, that contemporary just war theory, the predominant framework for addressing the moral and legal questions that war raises, does not engage the discourse of victory. Today’s just war theorists shun the language of victory, preferring instead to speak about the ‘endings’ of warfare. This book investigates why just war theorists have been so reluctant to speak about victory. It identifies seven principal objections to invoking victory in just war theory and subjects them to cross-examination. It concludes that while there are good reasons for regarding victory as a problematic concept, these same reasons could (and arguably should) be taken as an argument for embracing rather than ignoring victory within the just war framework. Such a move would not only spare just war theory of the charge of irrelevance by ensuring that it remains connected to the pointy end of warfare, it would also illuminate the tragic character of just war itself, revealing both its necessity and limitations.
The Smell of Napalm in the Morning
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe third problem that victory poses for just war theorists arises from the view that it is a part of the strategic rather than normative vocabulary of war. To the degree that victory is a function of might rather than right, the argument goes, just war theorists have no business engaging it. This chapter examines this contention. It reveals that the idea that victory is an amoral category is out of step with how victory has been conceived down the centuries. From classical times to the present day, victory has always been regarded as a concept that is freighted with ethical and even divine overtones. My purpose in highlighting this is to draw attention to what it reveals about the idea of just war: namely, how it is prone to seed a dangerous combination of complacency and self-righteousness in those who invoke it.
Mission Accomplished
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe penultimate problem that just war theorists find with victory pertains to the contingencies of modern warfare. Insofar as today’s wars are configured in such a way that they are fundamentally ‘unwinnable’, it would be anachronistic to address them in the idiom of victory. This chapter assesses this contention. It confirms that, to the degree that victory is understood through the prism of so-called ‘decisive battles’, which is the standard way it has historically been conceived, there is a sound historical basis for declaiming victory as an obsolete concept. While this is true, it is not, however, the entire story. It overlooks the moral weight that this idealized vision of victory carries today, and indeed has always carried. Reflecting on this insight, this chapter concludes that what the examination of the relevance of victory to modern war reveals is the dated conception of war that underpins just war thinking.
Birth and Natality in Feminist Philosophy
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter sets out the views on birth and being born of Irigaray, Cavarero, and Jantzen. Irigaray’s feminism of sexual difference and her attention to the maternal body lead her to consider birth. She argues that we have psychological difficulties around birth, difficulties that have found expression in canonical works of philosophy. For Irigaray, these expressions help us to piece together what is in fact involved in being born, and to remember our debts to the mothers from whom we are born. The chapter also looks at Cavarero’s understanding of natality, which is informed by Arendt as well as Irigaray, and at how Irigaray, Cavarero, and Jantzen criticize Western culture for being preoccupied with death and mortality while neglecting birth and natality.
Birth Anxieties
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter looks at some forms and sources of birth anxiety. Our beginnings are mysterious to us, and because of infantile amnesia we can remember neither being born nor our formative years, which leaves much of our own personalities and motivations opaque to us. The chapter incorporates psychoanalytic insights into birth anxiety provided by Rank and Freud, and interprets separation anxiety as an anxiety that we suffer because of our natality. It also shows that Sartre’s and Kierkegaard’s existentialist views of anxiety leave room for certain kinds of birth anxiety. One is anxiety that we cannot honour all the obligations that come from the attachments we have inherited from birth; another is anxiety to be caught up in the wrongs of the society around us where, having been born, we are deeply shaped by these wrongs and cannot readily extricate ourselves from them.
States
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter concerns the general rules about statehood. The debate about statehood is traditionally conducted between adherents of the ‘declaratory’ theory, who say that it depends on criteria of effectiveness such as government, population, territory, and independence, and adherents of the ‘constitutive’ theory’, who argue that it depends on recognition by other states. The chapter raises doubts about both these approaches in their pure forms. It argues instead that there are two coexisting, alternative rules about statehood. An entity that meets effectiveness criteria is generally a state (the effectiveness norm). Equally, an entity that is recognized by other states, even if not effective, generally has the attributes of a state relative to recognizing states (the recognition norm). If an ineffective entity is recognized by some but not all other states, it may be described as a ‘state-in-context’; but if the entity is recognized universally, for legal purposes it may be considered a state without qualification.
States
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to identify exceptions to the general rules discussed in the previous chapter (the effectiveness and recognition norms). Among the exceptions that are identified is an exception to the recognition norm that partly aligns it with the effectiveness norm: a unilateral secessionist entity cannot be recognized in derogation from an existing state’s territorial integrity. There are other exceptions based on the principle that no law arises from unlawfulness (ex iniuria ius non oritur). The chapter also discusses the role of self-determination and postulates an exception to the exceptions: a right to external self-determination may enable states to emerge in circumstances that would otherwise render their creation invalid.
Hypertonic external medium represses cellular respiration and promotes Warburg/Crabtree effect
Authors: Hamraz Minoo , Abolhassani Raymond , Andriamihaja Mireille , Ransy Céline , Lenoir Véronique , Schwartz Laurent , Bouillaud Frédéric 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHyperosmotic conditions are associated to several pathological states. In this article, we evaluate the consequence of hyperosmotic medium on cellular energy metabolism. We demonstrate that exposure of cells to hyperosmotic conditions immediately reduces the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation rate. This causes an increase in glycolysis, which represses further respiration. This is known as the Warburg or Crabtree effect. In addition to aerobic glycolysis, we observed two other cellular responses that would help to preserve cellular ATP level and viability: A reduction in the cellular ATP turnover rate and a partial mitochondrial uncoupling which is expected to enhance ATP production by Krebs cycle. The latter is likely to constitute another metabolic adaptation to compensate for deficient oxidative phosphorylation that, importantly, is not dependent on glucose.
TRPV4 receptor as a functional sensory molecule in bladder urothelium: Stretch‐independent, tissue‐specific actions and pathological implications
Authors: Roberts Max W. G. , Sui Guiping , Wu Rui , Rong Weifang , Wildman Scott , Montgomery Bruce , Ali Ahmed , Langley Steve , Ruggieri Michael R. , Wu Changhao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe newly recognized sensory role of bladder urothelium has generated intense interest in identifying its novel sensory molecules. Sensory receptor TRPV4 may serve such function. However, specific and physiologically relevant tissue actions of TRPV4, stretch‐independent responses, and underlying mechanisms are unknown and its role in human conditions has not been examined. Here we showed TRPV4 expression in guinea‐pig urothelium, suburothelium, and bladder smooth muscle, with urothelial predominance. Selective TRPV4 activation without stretch evoked significant ATP release—key urothelial sensory process, from live mucosa tissue, full‐thickness bladder but not smooth muscle, and sustained muscle contractions. ATP release was mediated by Ca2+‐dependent, pannexin/connexin‐conductive pathway involving protein tyrosine kinase, but independent from vesicular transport and chloride channels. TRPV4 activation generated greater Ca2+ rise than purinergic activation in urothelial cells. There was intrinsic TRPV4 activity without exogeneous stimulus, causing ATP release. TRPV4 contributed to 50% stretch‐induced ATP release. TRPV4 activation also triggered superoxide release. TRPV4 expression was increased with aging. Human bladder mucosa presented similarities to guinea pigs. Overactive bladders exhibited greater TRPV4‐induced ATP release with age dependence. These data provide the first evidence in humans for the key functional role of TRPV4 in urothelium with specific mechanisms and identify TRPV4 up‐regulation in aging and overactive bladders.
Consensus and Controversies Between Pain and Addiction Experts on the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Prescription Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Kraus Mark , Lintzeris Nicholas , Bhaskar Arun , Alho Hannu , Alon Eli , Bouhassira Didier , Haro Gonzalo , D’Agnone Oscar , Dematteis Maurice , Kern Kai-Uwe , Maremmani Icro , Perrot Serge , Sittl Reinhard , Pellicano Kaitlin 
Published: November 2019

Objectives:
Prescription opioid use disorder (POUD) is an established public health crisis in many countries, and current evidence indicates it is a growing problem in Europe. Many specialists play a role, including pain and addiction medicine specialists, in the diagnosis and management of POUD, but neither group can fully address these patients’ needs alone. The purpose of this consensus process was to bring together experts from pain and addiction medicine to examine the positions of both specialties.

Methods:
In all, 13 international pain medicine, addiction medicine, and addiction psychiatry experts convened a meeting to formulate a set of consensus statements on the diagnosis and management of POUD. The statements were further refined by a wider group of 22 European expert clinicians. At a second meeting of all 35 participants, a set of controversy statements was also developed to recognize some of the key areas of divergent opinion.

Results/conclusions:
There was a high level of agreement between pain and addiction specialists. Key themes that emerged were the need to strengthen interdisciplinary communication, a desire for greater education and training for clinicians in both specialties, and mutual acknowledgment of the importance of multidisciplinary management of POUD. The blurred line between poorly managed pain and POUD was also a subject of much discussion, reflecting the difficulties in defining and diagnosing this complex condition.
Vital Signs Monitoring with Wearable Sensors in High-risk Surgical Patients
Authors: Breteler Martine J. M. , KleinJan Eline J. , Dohmen Daan A. J. , Leenen Luke P. H. , van Hillegersberg Richard , Ruurda Jelle P. , van Loon Kim , Blokhuis Taco J. , Kalkman Cor J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Vital signs are usually recorded once every 8 h in patients at the hospital ward. Early signs of deterioration may therefore be missed. Wireless sensors have been developed that may capture patient deterioration earlier. The objective of this study was to determine whether two wearable patch sensors (SensiumVitals [Sensium Healthcare Ltd., United Kingdom] and HealthPatch [VitalConnect, USA]), a bed-based system (EarlySense [EarlySense Ltd., Israel]), and a patient-worn monitor (Masimo Radius-7 [Masimo Corporation, USA]) can reliably measure heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) continuously in patients recovering from major surgery.

Methods
In an observational method comparison study, HR and RR of high-risk surgical patients admitted to a step-down unit were simultaneously recorded with the devices under test and compared with an intensive care unit–grade monitoring system (XPREZZON [Spacelabs Healthcare, USA]) until transition to the ward. Outcome measures were 95% limits of agreement and bias. Clarke Error Grid analysis was performed to assess the ability to assist with correct treatment decisions. In addition, data loss and duration of data gaps were analyzed.

Results
Twenty-five high-risk surgical patients were included. More than 700 h of data were available for analysis. For HR, bias and limits of agreement were 1.0 (–6.3, 8.4), 1.3 (–0.5, 3.3), –1.4 (–5.1, 2.3), and –0.4 (–4.0, 3.1) for SensiumVitals, HealthPatch, EarlySense, and Masimo, respectively. For RR, these values were –0.8 (–7.4, 5.6), 0.4 (–3.9, 4.7), and 0.2 (–4.7, 4.4) respectively. HealthPatch overestimated RR, with a bias of 4.4 (limits: –4.4 to 13.3) breaths/minute. Data loss from wireless transmission varied from 13% (83 of 633 h) to 34% (122 of 360 h) for RR and 6% (47 of 727 h) to 27% (182 of 664 h) for HR.

Conclusions
All sensors were highly accurate for HR. For RR, the EarlySense, SensiumVitals sensor, and Masimo Radius-7 were reasonably accurate for RR. The accuracy for RR of the HealthPatch sensor was outside acceptable limits. Trend monitoring with wearable sensors could be valuable to timely detect patient deterioration.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Electrocardiographic Effects of Propofol versus Etomidate in Patients with Brugada Syndrome
Authors: Flamée Panagiotis , Varnavas Varnavas , Dewals Wendy , Carvalho Hugo , Cools Wilfried , Bhutia Jigme Tshering , Beckers Stefan , Umbrain Vincent , Verborgh Christian , Forget Patrice , Chierchia Gian-Battista , Brugada Pedro , Poelaert Jan , de Asmundis Carlo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Brugada Syndrome is an inherited arrhythmogenic disease, characterized by the typical coved type ST-segment elevation in the right precordial leads from V1 through V3. The BrugadaDrugs.org Advisory Board recommends avoiding administration of propofol in patients with Brugada Syndrome. Since prospective studies are lacking, it was the purpose of this study to assess the electrocardiographic effects of propofol and etomidate on the ST- and QRS-segments. In this trial, it was hypothesized that administration of propofol or etomidate in bolus for induction of anesthesia, in patients with Brugada Syndrome, do not clinically affect the ST- and QRS-segments and do not induce arrhythmias.

Methods
In this prospective, double-blinded trial, 98 patients with established Brugada syndrome were randomized to receive propofol (2 to 3 mg/kg-1) or etomidate (0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg-1) for induction of anesthesia. The primary endpoints were the changes of the ST- and QRS-segment, and the occurrence of new arrhythmias upon induction of anesthesia.

Results
The analysis included 80 patients: 43 were administered propofol and 37 etomidate. None of the patients had a ST elevation greater than or equal to 0.2 mV, one in each group had a ST elevation of 0.15 mV. An ST depression up to −0.15mV was observed eleven times with propofol and five with etomidate. A QRS-prolongation of 25% upon induction was seen in one patient with propofol and three with etomidate. This trial failed to establish any evidence to suggest that changes in either group differed, with most percentiles being zero (median [25th, 75th], 0 [0, 0] vs. 0 [0, 0]). Finally, no new arrhythmias occurred perioperatively in both groups.

Conclusions
In this trial, there does not appear to be a significant difference in electrocardiographic changes in patients with Brugada syndrome when propofol versus etomidate were administered for induction of anesthesia. This study did not investigate electrocardiographic changes related to propofol used as an infusion for maintenance of anesthesia, so future studies would be warranted before conclusions about safety of propofol infusions in patients with Brugada syndrome can be determined.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Spinal fusion in children with osteogenesis imperfecta: A nationwide retrospective comparative cohort study over a 12-year period
Authors: Belyea Christopher M. , Knox Jeffrey B. 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an uncommon disorder frequently associated with spinal deformity. Relatively little is known about the effect this disorder has on the outcomes of spinal fusion for spinal deformity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the differences in treatment and outcomes of this unique patient population.

Methods:
The nationwide HCUP Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID) from 2000 to 2012 was queried to identify patients with OI who underwent spinal fusion surgery for treatment of scoliosis. Demographic variables were obtained along with length of stay, mortality, length of fusion, transfusion rates, and hospital charges. Control data consisting of pediatric patients who underwent spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) were acquired and compared.

Results:
A total of 60 patients (average age of 13.2 yr) with OI underwent spinal fusion during the study period. Of the patients who underwent fusions, 63.3% had involvement of nine or more vertebrae, which was significantly higher than patients with AIS (35.7%: P<0.001). Patients with OI also had a higher average length of stay (8.1 vs. 5.7 days: P<0.001). Nearly half of the patients with OI required blood transfusions, which was significantly more than patients with AIS (43.3% vs. 30.4%; P=0.029). Patients with OI also experienced significantly higher hospital charges versus controls ($173,652 vs. $46,953; P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Spinal deformity surgery in patients with OI is a technically demanding procedure with high morbidity and high cost. In this nationwide series, a higher rate of blood transfusions, longer hospital stays, and significantly higher hospital charges were identified compared to patients with AIS.

Level of Evidence:
Level III, Retrospective comparative cohort study
Venous thromboembolism following foot and ankle surgery: A case series of two tertiary medical centers and a review of the literature
Authors: Arafah Orfan , Aldawsari Khalifah , Alsubaie Mohammed , Alshehri Khaled , Sayed Albaraa 
Published: November 2019

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a serious medical concern after surgical interventions. The overall incidence of clinically symptomatic VTE after foot and ankle surgery is considered to be low. However, there are limited data on the actual incidence of symptomatic VTE after foot and ankle surgery especially in our region. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of clinically symptomatic VTE after foot and ankle surgery in two tertiary medical centers and to review the most recent literature on VTE incidence, risk factors, and prophylaxis after foot and ankle surgery. This study is divided into two parts: a retrospective case series and a review of the literature from 2017 to 2018. A retrospective review was performed of patients who underwent foot or ankle surgery in two tertiary medical centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia for 3 consecutive years. Patients 18 yr of age and older were included. The patients’ demographic data (age, gender, body mass index [BMI]), medical comorbidities (diabetes mellitus [DM] and hypertension [HTN]), type of procedure, and the use of prophylaxis were obtained from the medical records. The incidence of clinically symptomatic VTE was determined based on the 90-days follow-up and/or the radiographic report. All of the information was then confirmed by calling patients on the phone. Data were entered and analyzed. Out of 125 patients, 69 (55.2%) were female and 56 (44.8%) were male. Patients had a mean age of 38.7 yr and a BMI of 28.11 kg/m2. The incidence of clinically symptomatic VTE was 0.8% (one out of 125), diagnosed in a 39-year-old male who was medically cleared and not on prophylaxis. Symptomatic deep vein thrombosis was confirmed by the radiographic report. The incidence of symptomatic VTE after foot and ankle surgery appeared to be low (less than 1%). The decision to prescribe thromboprophylaxis should be based on individual factors and characteristics.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.