bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic spherical collapses towards growing black holes in relativistically degenerate or hot host mass reservoirs
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Shen Wei 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We study the self-similar spherical hydrodynamics of γ = 4/3, with or without shocks, of general polytropic (GP) relativistically degenerate or hot matter in global mass reservoirs under the Paczynski–Wiita (PW) gravity that retains essential general relativistic (GR) effects for dynamic accretions on to growing Schwarzschild black holes (BHs). Various self-similar dynamic solutions are derived and constructed. Among others, one important solution type is the expansion-wave collapse solution (EWCS) with a central mass-growing BH event horizon in expansion. Such GP dynamic collapses are highly efficient for the rapid dynamic growth of supermassive and hypermassive BHs (SMBHs and HMBHs) in the Universe including the early Universe, in contrast to much slower disc mass accretion and BH merger processes. Particularly, the extra degree of freedom for the effective pressure of those relativistically degenerate or hot mass reservoirs makes it possible to construct EWCSs with even higher efficiency for BH growths. Pertinent astrophysical applications of our model also include dynamic core collapses of massive or very massive stars or supermassive stars and compact objects as well as supernova explosions. Under joint actions of effective pressure and the PW gravity, self-similar dynamic solutions with central expanding spherical voids or cavities with either sharp or smooth density transitions across their rims can emerge. Dynamic expansion shocks are also constructed and examined.
The survival of star clusters with black hole subsystems
Authors: Wang Long 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Recent observations have detected top-heavy IMFs in dense star forming regions like the Arches cluster. Whether such IMFs also exist in old dense stellar systems like globular clusters is difficult to constrain, because massive stars already became black holes (BHs) and neutron stars (NSs). However, studies of stellar dynamics find that BHs/NSs influence the long-term evolution of star clusters. Following Breen & Heggie (2013) and by carrying out two-component N-body simulations, we demonstrate how this dynamical impact connects with the shape of IMFs. By investigating the energy balance between the BH subsystem and the global, we find that to properly describe the evolution of clusters, a corrected two-body relaxation time, Trh, p = Trh/ψ, is necessary. Because ψ depends on the total mass fraction of BHs, M2/M, and the mass ratio, m2/m1, the cluster dissolution time is sensitive to the property of BHs or IMFs. Especially, the escape rate of BHs via ejections from few-body encounters are linked to mass segregation. In strong tidal fields, top-heavy IMFs easily lead to the fast dissolution of star clusters and the formation of BH-dominant dark clusters, which suggests that the observed massive GCs with dense cores are unlikely to have extreme top-heavy IMFs. With the future observations of gravitational waves providing unique information of BHs/NSs, it is possible to combine the multi-message observations to have better constrains on the IMFs of old star clusters.
The First World War and the Democratic Control of Foreign Policy*
Authors: Stöckmann Jan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
As the world went to war in 1914, a group of politicians, scholars and activists developed a radically new concept of foreign policy. It rested on the assumption that the war was the result of a flawed diplomatic system and that democratic institutions would make international relations more peaceful. Specifically, they proposed a set of reforms to improve parliamentary oversight, to prohibit secret treaties and to make foreign affairs more accessible to the general public. Most historians have written them off as pacifist propagandists or isolated national splinter groups. However, as this article shows, the advocates of democratic control built a transnational campaign across more than two dozen countries and drew up an elaborate agenda which anticipated long-lasting debates about foreign policy governance. The leaders of the campaign — including American educationalist Fannie Fern Andrews, German social democrat Eduard Bernstein and British politician Arthur Ponsonby — began by protesting decision-making in July 1914, but gradually worked out a more rigorous foreign policy critique. They hosted conferences, circulated academic-style publications and lobbied governments. Although their programme resonated with Wilsonian and socialist visions for a democratic peace, it failed to materialize in 1919. Ultimately, it remained an exercise in democratic governance.
Marker gene analysis reveals the spatial and seasonal variations in the eukaryotic phytoplankton community composition in the Yangtze River, Three Gorges Reservoir, China
Authors: Hu Yuxin , Liu Xudong , Xing Weiyue , Hu Zhengyu , Liu Guoxiang 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTThe eukaryotic phytoplankton community in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) of the Yangtze River in China was investigated, based on marker gene analysis of the 18S rRNA V4 region. Community composition was investigated in four seasons (to assess seasonal variation) and in the mainstream and tributary of the river (to assess spatial variation). Chlorophyll a concentration was used to estimate eukaryotic phytoplankton biomass. A significant negative correlation of biomass and evenness was found in the TGR; this relationship may be due to a few highly competitive species dominating the eukaryotic phytoplankton community, suggesting that eukaryotic phytoplankton bloom events tend to occur in such communities. Our results showed that eukaryotic phytoplankton is more likely to bloom in the tributary when compared with mainstream, and we identified two unreported algal blooms, Tetraselmis and Mychonastes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a novel lineage in Cryptophyta and substantially more diverse species in Bacillariophyta, two high relative abundance operational taxonomic units in Bacillariophyta classified to Peridiniopsis diatom endosymbionts; their high relative abundance may result from a high relative abundance of the genus Peridiniopsis. We found that Cryptomonas was the most widely distributed genus and had the highest relative abundance, and species in TGR that have higher relative abundance tend to be distributed more widely.
Management of Supraventricular Tachycardia in Pregnancy
Authors: Peterson Ashley A , Arendt Katherine W , Sharpe Emily E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Supraventricular tachycardia is a common arrhythmia in pregnancy. During labor and delivery, neuraxial analgesia is important to prevent arrhythmia recurrence. We present the case of a 27-year-old gravida 2 para 1 woman at 35 weeks’ gestation presenting with supraventricular tachycardia that converted to normal sinus rhythm with adenosine. To prevent recurrence of the arrhythmia, an early epidural was provided during labor to minimize catecholamine release.
Decoding fairness motivations from multivariate brain activity patterns
Authors: Speer Sebastian P H , Boksem Maarten A S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A preference for fairness may originate from prosocial or strategic motivations: we may wish to improve others’ well-being or avoid the repercussions of selfish behavior. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify neural patterns that dissociate these two motivations. Participants played both the ultimatum and dictator game (UG–DG) as proposers. Because responders can reject the offer in the UG, but not the DG, offers and neural patterns between the games should differ for strategic players but not prosocial players. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we found that the decoding accuracy of neural patterns associated with UG and DG decisions correlated significantly with differences in offers between games in regions associated with theory of mind (ToM), such as the temporoparietal junction, and cognitive control, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and inferior frontal cortex. We conclude that individual differences in prosocial behavior may be driven by variations in the degree to which self-control and ToM processes are engaged during decision-making such that the extent to which these processes are engaged is indicative of either selfish or prosocial motivations.
A Gamble to Take? Visas and Delegated Legislative Power on English Language in Australia
Authors: Npoanlari Dagbanja Dominic 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article seeks to engender scholarly and policy engagement with the neglected but important subject of subsidiary legislative power on different levels of English language capability for Australian visas. The question is, does the Migration Act 1958 (Commonwealth) permit regulations and legislative instruments on different levels of English language capability such as ‘competent English’? I argue that since section 5(2) of the Migration Act defines ‘functional English’ for purposes of the whole of the Act and Regulation 5.17 of the Migration Regulations 1994 (Commonwealth) has been made giving effect to it, the object of the Act on the level of English language proficiency a visa applicant must have is effectively and exhaustively addressed. Therefore, the Governor-General and Minister lack subsidiary legislative power to regulate different levels of English language proficiency. I also argue that the Governor-General cannot subdelegate regulation-making power under the Migration Act. I argue as well that the competent English regulations and instruments do not contain an exhaustive definition of what it takes to prove competent English and that by virtue of sections 54(1) and 55(1) of the Migration Act, the evidence to be used to prove a visa criterion is not limited to only the prescribed evidence.
Mapping Microaggressions on a Southern University Campus: Where Are the Safe Spaces for Vulnerable Students?
Authors: Johnson Kirk A , Johnson Willa M , Thomas James M , Green John J 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen leaders at institutions of higher education downplay everyday incivilities directed against racial and other minority groups, it can obscure the magnitude of intergroup antipathy at these schools. At the most prominent university in the only state whose flag contains the Confederate emblem, we wondered whether reports of so-called microaggressions were more common than university leaders sometimes suggest, more frequent in certain campus spaces than in others, and likely to invoke the South and its history. Using online diaries, we collected 1,301 accounts of incidents from 684 students during the 2014–2015 academic year. Our mixed-method approach revealed widespread incivilities, many of them blatant, both on and off campus. Microaggressions in classrooms were less frequent but as blatant as those in living spaces, and reports of environmental microaggressions seemed particularly likely to invoke students’ references to the history of the region. This research suggests the value of using online diaries as a method for understanding the everyday experiences of vulnerable students at predominantly white institutions of higher learning.
The Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma in the Era of CAR-T Cell Therapy
Authors: Lekakis Lazaros J. , Moskowitz Craig H. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
For many years now and based on the results of the PARMA trial, relapsed Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is treated with salvage combination cytotoxic chemotherapy (most often platinum-based) followed by high dose myeloablative chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-HCT). This approach has resulted in long-term disease free survival in about half of the patients. With the incorporation of rituximab in the upfront treatment (RCHOP), more patients with DLBCL are cured but there has been a signal of inferior outcomes with auto-HCT if DLBCL relapses. Nevertheless, a careful review of the literature still shows very good outcomes with auto-HCT for DLBCL with complete remission to salvage chemotherapy. For those who do not respond well to classic salvage other approaches are reviewed here including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and treatment with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) as well as bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs). The outcome of auto-HCT after successful treatment with ADCs or BITEs is unknown. It is also unknown if CAR-T cell therapy should be reserved for those who have failed 2 lines of chemotherapy or it should be moved earlier. Finally, we review here the effects of Myc and bcl2 amplifications or translocations to the outcome of the auto-HCT. Some attempts to improve the salvage or conditioning regimens are mentioned. We also discuss the role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT) in the paradigm of treatment for relapsed DLBCL.
Serum Cryptococcal Antigen Testing in Immunosuppressed HIV-positive Children and Adolescents
Authors: Zuma Phumzile , Ramsamy Yogandree , Mlisana Koleka , Archary Moherndran 
Published: November 2019

Objectives:
Describe the epidemiology of immunocompromised HIV-infected pediatric (children and adolescents ≤ 19 years) and adults (> 19 years) with positive serum cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (CrAg-LFA) in KwaZulu-Natal.

Design:
Retrospective review of laboratory-based database and clinical charts.

Methods:
A review of the National Health Laboratory Services database of all serum CrAg-LFA performed in KwaZulu-Natal between June 2015 and December 2016 and comparison of the epidemiology of pediatric and adult patients was conducted. A reflex serum CrAg-LFA (IMMY CrAg-LFA) was performed on samples with CD4 counts < 100 cells/μL. Charts of all pediatric patients with a positive CrAg-LFA at Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital were reviewed and 1-year outcome assessed.

Results:
A total of 22,741 laboratory records were retrieved, and 1140 records were removed because of duplicate entries (1074) and insufficient data (64). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of positive CrAg-LFA in pediatrics and adults, respectively [40 (3.5%) versus 1194 (5.8%), P = 0.001]. The incidence of positive CrAg-LFA in Ethekwini district was 59 and 56 cases per 100,000 persons in adolescents 10–14 years and 15–19 years, respectively. Six of the 8 patients with available treatment history were on antiretroviral treatment (ART) with immune failure at the time of CrAg-LFA testing.

Conclusions:
Severe immune suppression in adolescents on ART is a risk factor for cryptococcal antigenemia. A concerted effort to timeously manage ART failure in adolescents with appropriate changing of ART regimens is urgently warranted.
Prevalence of myocardial injury requiring percutaneous coronary intervention after acute carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Nakajima Mikio , Aso Shotaro , Matsui Hiroki , Kaszynski Richard H. , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Yasunaga Hideo 
Published: November 2019

Objective
More than one-third of patients with moderate to severe acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning had myocardial injury. However, the ratio of acute CO patients necessitating percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains unknown. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of myocardial injury requiring PCI or CABG in patients with CO poisoning.

Methods
This was a nationwide retrospective cohort study, using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination inpatient database focusing on the period between 2010 and 2017. We extracted data on patients diagnosed with CO poisoning and determined the prevalence of cases presenting with myocardial injury requiring PCI or CABG.

Results
We identified 9091 eligible patients. Within this patient pool, eight patients underwent PCI within 2 days of admission. No patients required CABG. The prevalence of subsequent PCI was 0.09% (8/9091). The patients who required PCI had a significantly higher median age than those who did not (75 vs. 52 years of age, respectively). Patients requiring PCI were older and were more likely to have underlying comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion
The present study reported a low prevalence of myocardial injury requiring PCI in acute CO poisoning patients. Although myocardial injury due to coronary artery occlusion would be a very rare presentation in the setting of acute CO poisoning, coronary occlusion should be taken into consideration for elderly patients and/or patients who have coronary risk factors.
Impact of dogs with deltamethrin-impregnated collars on prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Zahid Mondal Hasan , Kribs Christopher M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLeishmaniasis is a vector borne zoonosis which is classified as a neglected tropical disease. Among the three most common forms of the disease, Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is the most threatening to human health, causing 20,000 to 30,000 deaths worldwide each year. Areas where VL is mostly endemic have unprotected dogs in community and houses. The presence of dogs usually increases VL risk for humans since dogs are the principal reservoir host for the parasite of the disease. Based on this fact, most earlier studies consider culling dogs as a control measure for the spread of VL. A more recent control measure has been the use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars (DIDCs) to protect both humans and dogs by putting DIDCs on dogs neck. The presence of dogs helps to grow the sandfly population faster by offering a more suitable blood-meal source. On the other hand, the presence of DIDCs on dogs helps to reduce sandfly population by the lethality of deltamethrin insecticide. This study brings an ecological perspective to this public health concern, aiming to understand the impact of an additional host (here, protected dogs) on disease risk to a primary host (here, humans). To answer this question, we compare two different settings: a community without dogs, and a community with dogs protected with DIDC. Our analysis shows the presence of protected dogs can reduce VL infection risk in humans. However, this disease risk reduction depends on dogs’ tolerance for sandfly bites.
Emergence of neuronal diversity during vertebrate brain development
Authors: Raj Bushra , Farrell Jeffrey A. , McKenna Aaron , Leslie Jessica L. , Schier Alexander F. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTNeurogenesis in the vertebrate brain comprises many steps ranging from the proliferation of progenitors to the differentiation and maturation of neurons. Although these processes are highly regulated, the landscape of transcriptional changes and progenitor identities underlying brain development are poorly characterized. Here, we describe the first developmental single-cell RNA-seq catalog of more than 200,000 zebrafish brain cells encompassing 12 stages from 12 hours post-fertilization to 15 days post-fertilization. We characterize known and novel gene markers for more than 800 clusters across these timepoints. Our results capture the temporal dynamics of multiple neurogenic waves from embryo to larva that expand neuronal diversity from ∼20 cell types at 12 hpf to ∼100 cell types at 15 dpf. We find that most embryonic neural progenitor states are transient and transcriptionally distinct from long-lasting neural progenitors of post-embryonic stages. Furthermore, we reconstruct cell specification trajectories for the retina and hypothalamus, and identify gene expression cascades and novel markers. Our analysis reveal that late-stage retinal neural progenitors transcriptionally overlap cell states observed in the embryo, while hypothalamic neural progenitors become progressively distinct with developmental time. These data provide the first comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic time course for vertebrate brain development and suggest distinct neurogenic regulatory paradigms between different stages and tissues.
Higher anhedonia during withdrawal from initial opioid exposure is protective against subsequent opioid self-administration in rats
Authors: Swain Yayi , Muelken Peter , Skansberg Annika , Lanzdorf Danielle , Haave Zachary , LeSage Mark G. , Gewirtz Jonathan C. , Harris Andrew C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUnderstanding factors contributing to individual differences in vulnerability to opioid addiction is essential for developing more effective preventions and treatments, yet few reliable behavioral predictors of subsequent opioid self-administration have been identified in rodents. Sensitivity to the acute effects of initial drug exposure predicts later addiction vulnerability in both humans and animals, but the relationship of sensitivity to withdrawal from initial drug exposure and later drug use vulnerability is unclear. The goal of the current study was to evaluate whether the degree of anhedonia experienced during withdrawal from early opioid exposure predicts subsequent vulnerability to opioid addiction. Rats were first tested for withdrawal sensitivity following acute injections of morphine (i.e., “acute dependence”), measured as elevations in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds (anhedonia-like behavior) during naloxone-precipitated and spontaneous withdrawal. Rats were then tested for addiction vulnerability using various measures of i.v. morphine self-administration (MSA) including acquisition, demand, extinction, and reinstatement induced by morphine, stress, and/or drug-associated cues. Greater naloxone-precipitated withdrawal across repeated morphine injections and greater peak spontaneous withdrawal severity following a single morphine injection were associated with lower addiction vulnerability on multiple MSA measures. Withdrawal-induced anhedonia predicted a wider range of MSA measures than did any individual measure of MSA itself. These data suggest that high anhedonia during withdrawal from initial opioid exposure is protective against subsequent opioid addiction vulnerability in rodents, thereby establishing one of the first behavioral measures to predict individual differences in opioid SA. This model promises to be useful for furthering our understanding of behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms underlying vulnerability to opioid addiction.
Secondary motifs enable concentration-dependent regulation by Rbfox family proteins
Authors: Begg Bridget E. , Jens Marvin , Wang Peter Y. , Burge Christopher B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Rbfox family of splicing factors regulate alternative splicing during animal development and in disease, impacting thousands of exons in the maturing brain, heart, and muscle. Rbfox proteins have long been known to bind to the RNA sequence GCAUG with high affinity, but just half of Rbfox CLIP peaks contain a GCAUG motif. We incubated recombinant RBFOX2 with over 60,000 transcriptomic sequences to reveal significant binding to several moderate-affinity, non-GCAYG sites at a physiologically relevant range of RBFOX concentrations. We find that many of these “secondary motifs” bind Rbfox robustlyin vivoand that several together can exert regulation comparable to a GCAUG in a trichromatic splicing reporter assay. Furthermore, secondary motifs regulate RNA splicing in neuronal development and in neuronal subtypes where cellular Rbfox concentrations are highest, enabling a second wave of splicing changes as Rbfox levels increase.