bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occupancy of two forest specialist birds in the Southern Mistbelt Forests of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: GUMEDE S. THOBEKA , EHLERS SMITH DAVID A. , EHLERS SMITH YVETTE C. , NGCOBO SAMUKELISIWE P. , SOSIBO MBALENHLE T. , MASEKO MFUNDO S. T. , DOWNS COLLEEN T. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryEstablishing the specific habitat requirements of forest specialists in fragmented natural habitats is vital for their conservation. We used camera-trap surveys and microhabitat-scale covariates to assess the habitat requirements, probability of occupancy and detection of two terrestrial forest specialist species, the Orange Ground-thrushGeokichla gurneyiand the Lemon DoveAplopelia larvataduring the breeding and non-breeding seasons of 2018–2019 in selected Southern Mistbelt Forests of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A series of camera-trap surveys over 21 days were conducted in conjunction with surveys of microhabitat structural covariates. During the wet season, percentage of leaf litter cover, short grass cover, short herb cover, tall herb cover and saplings 0–2 m, stem density of trees 6–10 m and trees 16–20 m were significant structural covariates for influencing Lemon Dove occupancy. In the dry season, stem density of 2–5 m and 10–15 m trees, percentage tall herb cover, short herb cover and 0–2 m saplings were significant covariates influencing Lemon Dove occupancy. Stem density of trees 2–5 m and 11–15 m, percentage of short grass cover and short herb cover were important site covariates influencing Orange Ground-thrush occupancy in the wet season. Our study highlighted the importance of a diverse habitat structure for both forest species. A high density of tall/mature trees was an essential microhabitat covariate, particularly for sufficient cover and food for these ground-dwelling birds. Avian forest specialists play a vital role in providing ecosystem services perpetuating forest habitat functioning. Conservation of the natural heterogeneity of their habitat is integral to management plans to prevent the decline of such species.
Risk factors for severe pulmonary regurgitation after repair of tetralogy of Fallot with transannular patch
Authors: Apandi Putria Rayani , Sukardi Rubiana , Djer Mulyadi M. , Yanuarso Piprim B. , Wardoyo Suprayitno 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Severe pulmonary regurgitation may result in right ventricular volume overload and decreased right ventricular function. Severe pulmonary regurgitation can be predicted prior to repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for severe pulmonary regurgitation in repaired tetralogy of Fallot with transannular patch.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study in 43 patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot using transannular patch. This study was carried out in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital during 2015 to 2018. Participants were followed up for routine examination using echocardiography. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression using STATA 12.1 to identify risk factors for severe pulmonary regurgitation in this population.Results:A total of 43 patients composed of 22 boys and 21 girls with repaired tetralogy of Fallot using transannular patch were enrolled in the study. Median age of participants was 6 years at admission (2.1–18.5 years) and 3.4 years (1–17 years) at repair. Median length of follow-up was 2.1(1–4.3) years. Risk factors associated with severe pulmonary regurgitation after tetralogy of Fallot repair were McGoon ratio > 1.8 (odds ratio = 6.9; 95% confidence interval = 1.6–30) and follow-up duration >1.9 years (odds ratio = 3.6; 95% confidence interval = 0.9–15.2).Conclusion:McGoon ratio > 1.8 and follow-up duration > 1.9 years are associated with severe pulmonary regurgitation after tetralogy of Fallot repair.
Not just vegetations: focal myocardial changes in patients with fungal infections
Authors: Cresalia Nicole M. , Owens Sonal T. , Stillwell Terri L. , Norris Mark D. , Yu Sunkyung , Retzloff Lauren , Ensing Gregory J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Fungal endocarditis classically involves dense heterogenous vegetations. However, several patients with fungal infections were noted to have myocardial changes ranging from focal brightening to nodular thickening of chordae or papillary muscles. This study evaluates whether these findings are associated with fungal infections.Methods:In a retrospective case–control study, paediatric inpatients with fungal infections (positive blood, urine, or catheter tip culture) in a 5-year period were matched 1:1 to inpatients without positive fungal cultures. Echocardiograms were scored on a 5-point scale by two independent readers for presence of myocardial brightenings, nodular thickenings, and vegetations. Clinical data were compared.Results:Of 67 fungal cases, positive culture sites included blood (n = 44), vascular catheter tip (n = 7), and urine (n = 29); several had multiple positive sites. “Positive” echo findings (score ≥ 2+) were more frequent in the Fungal Group (33 versus 18%, p = 0.04). Fungal Group patients with “positive” versus “negative” echo findings had similar proportion of bacterial infections. Among fungal cases, those with “positive” echo findings had longer hospital length of stay than cases with “negative” echos (median 58 versus 40 days, p = 0.03) but no difference in intensive care unit admission, extracorporeal membranous oxygenation support, or mortality.Conclusions:Myocardial and papillary muscle brightening with nodular thickening on echocardiogram appear to be associated with fungal infections. There may be prognostic implications of these findings as patients with “positive” echo have longer length of stay. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanism and temporal progression of these changes and determine the prognostic value of this scoring system.
Case report: duct dependency in hypoplastic left heart complex can be reversible without surgery
Authors: Alhuzaimi Abdullah N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe describe an infant with duct-dependent hypoplastic left heart complex with moderate hypoplasia of the left ventricle and aortic arch who was not operated due to resource limitations. The left-sided structures grew remarkably due to favourable loading condition changes of the left ventricle, allowing weaning from prostaglandin at the age of 3 months and discharging the patient without intervention.
Clinical Presentations and Outcomes of Industrial Chlorine Gas Exposure Incidence in Oman
Authors: Khilji Muhammad Faisal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:The main objective was to study different clinical presentations and outcomes of patients after acute industrial chlorine gas exposure in Oman with evaluation of overall incident management to help develop a chemical exposure incident protocol.Methods:This was a retrospective observational study of 15 patients exposed to chlorine gas after an accidental chlorine gas leak in a metal melting factory in Oman.Results:Six (40%) patients were admitted and nine (60%) patients were discharged from the emergency department (ED) after initial management. The important post-chlorine gas exposure clinical symptoms were eye irritation (66.6%), cough (73.3%), shortness of breath (40.0%), chest discomfort (66.6%), rhinorrhea (66.6%), dizziness (40.0%), vomiting (46.6%), sore throat (13.3%), and stridor (53.3%). Important signs included tachycardia (40.0%), tachypnea (40.0%), wheeze (20.0%), and use of accessory muscles for breathing (20.0%). Signs and symptoms of eye irritation, rhinorrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, wheeze, and use of accessory muscles for breathing have shown significant correlation with outcome (admission) having P value of <.05.Conclusion:In the presented acute chlorine gas exposure incidence, 15 exposed persons were brought to the ED, out of which six were admitted and nine were discharged after symptomatic treatment. Signs and symptoms of eye irritation, rhinorrhea, tachycardia, tachypnea, wheeze, and use of accessory muscles of breathing show significant relation with the outcome of admission.
Power and all its guises. Environmental determinism and locating ‘the crux of the matter’
Authors: Govier Eloise 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCan we theorize the relationship between discourses that antagonize each other? In a recent article, Arponenet al.demonstrate the tension between two different research models, and spotlight the compelling impact these methods have on archaeological interpretation. In response to their observations, this paper theorizes how we can understand the position of the researcher in relation to the events they analyse. Using Michel Foucault’s approach to the ‘discursive formation’ and Karen Barad’s theory of agential realism, in this reaction I argue that focusing on a single and most important point (the crux) is problematic, and theoretically outline how creating conceptual space for polymorphous causality can aid the analysis of a ‘dispersion of events’.
Dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and impairment of placental metabolism in the offspring of obese mothers
Authors: Bucher Matthew , Montaniel Kim Ramil C. , Myatt Leslie , Weintraub Susan , Tavori Hagai , Maloyan Alina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObesity is a chronic condition associated with dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. Here, we show that the offspring of obese mothers are dyslipidemic and insulin resistant from the outset.Maternal and cord blood and placental tissues were collected following C-section at term. Patients were grouped as being normal weight (NW, BMI = 18–24.9) or obese (OB, BMI ≥ 30), and separated by fetal sex. We measured plasma lipids, insulin, and glucose in maternal and cord blood. Insulin resistance was quantified using the HOMA-IR. Placental markers of lipid and energy metabolism and relevant metabolites were measured by western blot and metabolomics, respectively.For OB women, total cholesterol was decreased in both maternal and cord blood, while HDL was decreased only in cord blood, independent of sex. In babies born to OB women, cord blood insulin and insulin resistance were increased. Placental protein expression of the energy and lipid metabolism regulators PGC1α, and SIRT3, ERRα, CPT1α, and CPT2 decreased with maternal obesity in a sex-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Metabolomics showed lower levels of acylcarnitines C16:0, C18:2, and C20:4 in OB women’s placentas, suggesting a decrease in β-oxidation. Glutamine, glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG), and 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG) were increased, and the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio decreased (P < 0.05), in OB placentas, suggesting induction of glutamate into αKG conversion to maintain a normal metabolic flux.Newly-born offspring of obese mothers begin their lives dyslipidemic and insulin resistant. If not inherited genetically, such major metabolic perturbations might be explained by abnormal placental metabolism with potential long-term adverse consequences for the offspring’s health and wellbeing.
Age patterns of suicide with different methods for US Whites: APC modelling analysis of the 1999–2017 national data
Authors: Yu B. , Chen X. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsSuicide emerges as a threat to national health of USA with Whites being at extra risk. More information is needed regarding the increased suicide among Whites to improve national suicide prevention strategies. This study aims to characterise the age pattern of suicide among Whites by suicide methods adjusting for time period and birth cohort.MethodsSuicide mortality data by age of 15–84 years during 1999–2017 were derived from the Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research, prepared by US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality data for three common suicide methods, firearms, suffocation and poisoning were analysed using the age–period–cohort (APC) model. Period–cohort adjusted mortality rates by age were estimated based on results from APC modelling.ResultsPeriod–cohort adjusted rates indicated that the overall age pattern for males contained five phases, including three increasing phases (ages 15–20, 30–50 and 65+), connected by two declining phases (ages 20–30 and 50–65); and the age pattern for females was a parabolic with an increasing phase from 15 years of age up to 50, followed by a declining phase after age 50. Furthermore, the age pattern for different suicide methods differed substantially for males, but did not for females. Among males, suicide by firearms contained two rapid increasing phases, one during adolescence and another in older ages; suicide by suffocation showed a high plateau across an age span from 20 to 55 years; and suicide by poisoning followed a parabolic, increasing by age up to 45 before it declined. Age patterns revealed by the unadjusted crude rates were biased because of significant linear period effect and W-shaped cohort effect.ConclusionsThis study is the first to quantify the age patterns of suicide by different methods for US Whites using period–cohort adjusted rates. Study findings provide valid evidence supporting precision interventions to reduce the extra suicide mortality among Whites by targeting specific age ranges with different suicide methods.
Global N2O Emissions From Cropland Driven by Nitrogen Addition and Environmental Factors: Comparison and Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: Xu Rongting , Tian Hanqin , Pan Shufen , Prior Stephen A. , Feng Yucheng , Dangal Shree R. S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHuman activities have caused considerable perturbations of the nitrogen (N) cycle, leading to a ~20% increase in the concentration of atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) since the preindustrial era. While substantial efforts have been made to quantify global and regional N2O emissions from cropland, there is large uncertainty regarding how climate change and variability have altered net N2O fluxes at annual and decadal time scales. Herein, we applied a process‐based dynamic land ecosystem model (DLEM) to estimate global N2O emissions from cropland driven by synthetic N fertilizer application and multiple environmental factors (i.e., elevated CO2, atmospheric N deposition, and climate change). We estimate that global cropland N2O emissions increased by 180% (from 1.1 ± 0.2 to 3.3 ± 0.1 Tg N year−1; mean ±1 standard deviation) during 1961–2014. Synthetic N fertilizer applications accounted for ~70% of total emissions during 2000–2014. At the regional scale, Europe and North America were two leading regions for N2O emissions in the 1960s. However, East Asia became the largest emitter after the 1990s. Compared with estimates based on linear and nonlinear emission factors, our results were 150% and 186% larger, respectively, at the global scale during 2000–2014. Our higher estimates of N2O emissions could be attributable to the legacy effect from previous N addition to cropland as well as the interactive effect of N addition and climate change. To reduce future cropland N2O emissions, effective mitigation strategies should be implemented in regions that have received high levels of N fertilizer and regions that would be more vulnerable to future climate change.
Extensive Magmatic Heating of the Lithosphere Beneath the Hawaiian Islands Inferred From Salt Lake Crater Mantle Xenoliths
Authors: Guest Imani , Ito Garrett , Garcia Michael O. , Hellebrand Eric 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn ongoing challenge in studies of the oceanic upper mantle is how intraplate hotspots impact the thermal structure of the lithosphere. To address this issue at the Hawaiian hotspot, we analyze mineral compositions for a petrographically diverse suite of garnet pyroxenite xenoliths from the Salt Lake Crater (SLC) rejuvenation stage, volcanic tuff ring in Honolulu. Garnet‐clinopyroxene geobarometry and two‐pyroxene geothermometry indicate equilibrium pressures of 13–18 kbar and temperatures of 1000°C–1100°C. These pressures place the xenoliths at mid‐lithospheric depths of 45–55 km, with temperatures 200°C–300°C hotter than expected for normal 90‐Myr‐old oceanic lithosphere. Garnet and clinopyroxene occur as discrete primary grains, as well as exsolution blebs and lamellae, with lateral dimensions up to several hundred microns. Compositions within garnet and pyroxene grains are remarkably uniform and display no systematic variation with distance to grain boundaries. Together, these observations indicate that the calculated pressures and temperatures reflect the thermal state of the lithosphere under which the xenoliths last equilibrated. We attribute the elevated lithospheric temperatures under Honolulu primarily to the heating by magma as it penetrated the lithosphere during rejuvenation magmatism and the voluminous shield magmatic stage. We anticipate such magmatic heating to be common among all Hawaiian volcanoes, supporting conclusions of a recent study of earthquakes beneath Hawai‘i Island. This local lithospheric thermal anomaly may also contribute to the enigmatically weak flexural response of the lithosphere due to volcano loading along the Hawaiian hotspot chain.
A Potential Link Between the Southern Ocean Warming and the South Indian Ocean Heat Balance
Authors: Yang Lina , Murtugudde Raghu , Zhou Lei , Liang Peng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing a suite of reanalysis products, model output, and observational data, the Southern Ocean (SO) is demonstrated to be undergoing a significant warming during recent decades, and this SO warming influences the subsurface heat redistribution in the South Indian Ocean (SIO) via two pathways. First, the increasing surface heat flux over the SO induces a poleward shift of the westerlies and the entire subtropical gyre. Consequently, waters on the equatorial side of the potential density troughs become cooler and those on the poleward side become warmer. The specific outcome is that the subsurface SIO is dominated by an extensive cooling, with a prominent deep‐reaching warming around 30°S‐20°S. Second, the SO warming signals are transmitted northward along isopycnal surfaces from around 40°S up to the tropical SIO through the meridional overturning circulation, modulating the decadal variability of the SIO. The present study highlights the role of the SO in regulating global ocean heat balance and facilitates a better understanding of the moderating effects of oceans on global climate.
The Bathymetry of Moray Sinus at Titan's Kraken Mare
Authors: Poggiali V. , Hayes A. G. , Mastrogiuseppe M. , Le Gall A. , Lalich D. , Gómez‐Leal I. , Lunine J. I. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMoray Sinus is an estuary located at the northern end of Titan's Kraken Mare. The Cassini RADAR altimeter acquired three segments over this mare during the T104 flyby of Titan, on August 21, 2014. Herein, we present a detailed analysis of the received echoes. Some of these waveforms exhibit a reflection from the seafloor, from up to m of depth (1σ error). Monte Carlo simulations have been performed in order to assess the most probable values and estimation errors for the seafloor depth. Insights from this study, featuring the synergic use of the synthetic aperture radar images coupled to the altimetry and passive radiometry datasets, have been used to constrain the dielectric properties (i.e., absorptivity of the liquid) and roughness of this region of Kraken Mare. The resulting Ku‐band specific attenuation of the liquid is dB/μs, corresponding to a loss tangent of , which is very similar to the loss tangent estimated at Ligeia Mare. The data in hand do not permit us to discern the most likely explanation for the lack of a seafloor reflection from the main body of Kraken Mare: either a very deep sea or a more absorbing liquid composition. However, if the main body of Kraken Mare is characterized by an absorption similar to Moray Sinus, then based on models of the response to altimetry mode observations we can conclude that it exceeds 100 m of depth, which is also compatible with radiometry observations.
Nonlinear Increase of Vegetation Carbon Storage in Aging Forests and Its Implications for Earth System Models
Authors: Zhu Chen , Xia Jianyang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVegetation carbon stock (Cveg) in global forests, which is important for C cycle‐climate feedbacks, commonly increases with forest age. Due to the allometric growth of plants, the nonlinear increase in Cveg with woody fraction (fw) is expected across space. However, it remains unclear whether such a nonlinear relationship between Cveg and fw can be constrained by observations and further used to benchmark Earth system models (ESMs). Here, based on the in situ measurements at 1,145 forest sites, we found that the nonlinear relationship between Cveg and fw followed an exponential equation (i.e.,
). Then, we showed that such an exponential dependence of Cveg on fw also exists in ESMs of CMIP5 and CMIP6 (all P < 0.01), even though age‐dependent processes have not been incorporated in most models. However, the exponential Cveg‐fw relationship varied greatly among the models, and the coefficient b was systematically lower in the ESMs (0.08 ± 0.11; mean ± SD) than the observations (0.28). Based on a compiled forest age data set, we further found that the observed nonlinear increase of Cveg with forest age across the Northern Hemisphere (>30°N) was not captured by ESMs. These findings reveal a high disagreement on the spatially nonlinear relationship between vegetation carbon stock and woody fraction in current ESMs. The exponential relationship based on observations provides one useful benchmark for ESMs when they implement the age‐dependent processes in the future.
S-nitrosylation-mediated activation of a histidine kinase represses the type 3 secretion system and promotes virulence of an enteric pathogen
Authors: Gu Dan , Zhang Yibei , Wang Qiyao , Zhou Xiaohui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-borne diarrheal diseases. Experimental overproduction of a type 3 secretion system (T3SS1) in this pathogen leads to decreased intestinal colonization, which suggests that T3SS1 repression is required for maximal virulence. However, the mechanisms by which T3SS1 is repressed in vivo are unclear. Here, we show that host-derived nitrite modifies the activity of a bacterial histidine kinase and mediates T3SS1 repression. More specifically, nitrite activates histidine kinase sensor VbrK through S-nitrosylation on cysteine 86, which results in downregulation of the entire T3SS1 operon through repression of its positive regulator exsC. Replacement of cysteine 86 with a serine (VbrK C86S mutant) leads to increased expression of inflammatory cytokines in infected Caco-2 cells. In an infant rabbit model of infection, the VbrK C86S mutant induces a stronger inflammatory response at the early stage of infection, and displays reduced intestinal colonization and virulence at the later stage of infection, in comparison with the parent strain. Our results indicate that the pathogen V. parahaemolyticus perceives nitrite as a host-derived signal and responds by downregulating a proinflammatory factor (T3SS1), thus enhancing intestinal colonization and virulence.