bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A development of computer vision elements for processing the results of tensile tests of specimens and building diagrams of ultimate plasticity
Authors: Erpalov M V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of specimens with a round notch allows expanding the application of tensile tests in order to study the ultimate plasticity of materials. However the main difficulty in processing the results of experiments is the need to measure the radius of curvature of the neck and the diameter in the minimum cross-section of the specimen. These dimensions determine a stress triaxiality value of the material in the center of the neck according to the Bridgman model or the other ones. This article is devoted to the development of elements of a computer vision system designed to measure the neck, which is formed both on cylindrical specimens and on specimens with a notch. To extract the contour of the specimen and to measure the forming neck, the video recording of the test process on a digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera is used. The paper proposes a method for recording the test process using the background, which allows to increase the accuracy of determining the contour of the specimen during subsequent image processing. The Sobel filter is used to extract the contour of the specimen, and a special neck profile equation allows to determine the neck dimensions.
The possibility evaluation of zinc sulphate forms extraction from sludge of PJSC EVRAZ NTMK with following metalloflux obtaining
Authors: Sheshukov O Yu , Mikheenkov M A , Nekrasov I V , Egiazaryan D K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
EVRAZ NTMK JSC has significant amount of blast furnace sludges, that accumulated in dumps. Chemical and phase analysis of that sludges was carried out. It has shown significant amount of zinc sulphate, which prevents such sludge utilization in a blast furnace. Moreover, zinc sulphate requires a high temperature unit for recycling by common schemes. The possibility of zinc sulphate conversation into oxidized zinc with simultaneous metallized residue obtaining under the common for Waelz process temperatures was confirmed in laboratory. The obtained during laboratory experiments metallized residue is suitable for using in blast furnace as charge addition. The results of a thermodynamic analysis of the zinc sulphate conversion to oxide and the physicochemical basis for the extraction of such zinc forms are presented. Theoretical calculations and laboratory experiments confirmed that sludges with zinc sulphate could be suitable materials for blast furnace. But, sludges of different processes allow to obtain fired briquettes with different physical properties.
Reducing the carbonitride formation risk with increasing titanium dioxide content in the blast furnaces charge of JSC EVRAZ NTMK
Authors: Sheshukov O Yu , Mikheenkov M A , Nekrasov I V , Egiazaryan D K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Analyse of the blast furnace charge chemical content changing with the JSC EVRAZ NTMK raw materials base alteration was carried out. That expected change would result in TiO2 content increasing in the blast furnace slags. That increasing would lead to carbonitride formation in the upper levels of the blast furnace, which reduce technical parameters of the blast furnace operation by reducing effective volume of the furnace and derange regular charge moving. Possible ways of that problem solving was shown. It was proposed the complex technology, that affect 3 technological stages: agglomeration, blast furnace process and out-of-furnace treatment of steel. Converting of TiO2 into CaO·TiO2 allows to delay carbonitride formation due to increasing required temperature for that process. In that case, carbonitride formation would move to the tuyere zone of blast furnace, where it increase lining durability. The proposed technology was industrially tested, and the main idea was proved. Few problems were found during industrial tests, but theoretical solving of them was proposed.
The effect of thermoplastic processing on the structure and mechanical properties of metastable austenitic steel
Authors: Ozerets N N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The patterns of structural transformations and the change in the mechanical properties of a metastable austenitic steel subjected to cold plastic deformation by drawing with high total degrees of compression and subsequent aging were studied in this work. The studies showed that after quenching, the use of intense plastic deformation by drawing revealed the high technological capabilities of the studied austenitic steel. Austenite in the steel is deformation-unstable and turns into deformation martensite during cold plastic deformation by drawing. Aging of deformed steel causes an additional increase in mechanical properties, due to the separation of the intermetallic phase NiAl from the bcc solid solution (strain martensite). It was revealed that almost carbon-free corrosion-resistant austenitic steel, as a result of correctly selected alloying, combines the advantages of three steels: metastable austenitic steels, Transformation-Induced Plasticity (TRIP)-steels and martensitic aging steels. As a result of using all possible hardening mechanisms, a high-strength state was achieved.
Effect of frictional treatment with a dense cubic boron nitride indenter on the micromechanical properties of the NiCrBSi–Cr3C2 coating
Authors: Soboleva N N , Makarov A V , Nikolaeva E P , Skorynina P A , Malygina I Yu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Coatings based on NiCrBSi alloys with Cr3C2 addition can effectively resist wear, corrosion, and oxidation at high temperatures. The use of frictional treatment by sliding indenters as finishing is a modern way to create high surface quality and to enhance the strength and wear resistance of the surface of parts. The article studies the characteristics determined by instrumented microindentation of the surface of a NiCrBSi–Cr3C2 laser clad coating subjected to frictional treatments with a sliding indenter made of dense cubic boron nitride DBN in the air at loads on the indenter of 350, 500 and 700 N, and after grinding. Frictional treatment in the entire considered range of loads contributes to an increase in strength performance, as well as parameters indicating an increased ability of the coating surface to resist elastoplastic deformation. The highest growth of the parameters is observed after frictional treatment at a load of 700 N.
Destruction of cement stone modified with a plasticizer and a nanoscale aluminum oxide
Authors: Gerasimova E S , Trestsova E D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is well known that hydration and hardening of Portland cement are associated with complicated physical and chemical processes, in particular the interaction of clinker minerals with water to form new hydrate phases of different composition. Sometimes the presence of various substances can affect these processes leading to self-destruction of the hydrated cement stone. The morphology and composition of damaged cement stone modified with an additive and with a nanoscale aluminum oxide were studied. It is shown that in the presence of the ‘Linamix PC’ plasticizer and a nanoscale aluminum oxide, well-crystallized Ca(OH)2 plates with an average thickness of 1.5 microns and a length and width equal to 300–400 microns are formed. Also, a network of thread-like ettringite with a diameter of less than 1 micron on the surface of microcracks of cement stone is formed. Most likely the cement stone sample could be damaged by the forces of crystallization pressure during the growth of both Ca(OH)2 and ettringite crystals.
Utilization of final tailings concentration of titano-magnetite ores in Portland cement production
Authors: Kapustin F L , Bashkatov N N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
When producing iron ore concentrate at Kachkanarsk integrated mining works 2 types of wastes are formed, namely: final tailings of dry magnetic separation (DMS) and final tailings of wet magnetic separation (WMS). Final tailings of wet magnetic separation (WMS) are pulled off or dumped into disposal area up to 45mln tons annually causing great damages to the environment. These final tailings are finely dispersed materials, their chemical composition is oxides of silicon, aluminium, calcium and iron in general. All this allows to use the wastes under consideration to produce Portland cement clinker replacing clayey and iron components in the raw material mixture completely and limestone partially. The replacement of clay with final tailings of ore enrichment are suitable to manufacture clinker raw material mixture allowing to use two-component raw mix instead of three-component and four-component one thus simplifying the technology of cement production and improving the ecological situation in Sverdlovsk region. The utilization of final tailings for concentration of titano-magnetite ores decreases fuel consumption when burning clinker compared to the traditional compositions. Experimental cement meets all the requirements of the Russian Standard 10178 as to their chemical and physic-mechanical properties and have grade 500.
Utilization of ferrochrome slag in concrete production
Authors: Bashkatov N N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Ferrochrome slag is waste resulted from the manufacture process of ligature melting. It is a porous material of dark grey-green colour with 2530 kg/m3 density and the open pores size from 1mm to 5 mm. After crushing crushed slag possesses the following characteristics or properties, namely: the least grain coarseness is 20 mm, the largest one is 120mm, the needle and plane grain content is 25.5%, so it refers to ordinary group of crushed stone, its crushability grade is M800, attrition grade AI and frostproofness is F25. Screenings or riddlings obtained by crushing and fractioning of slag possess gradation factor 2.9 and it refers it coarse sand group of class II. Concrete mixes have been investigated by using granite aggregates and ferrochrome ones. It is determined that mixes containing ferrochrome aggregate are stiffer than the traditional ones. In this case strength characteristics of the experimental concretes are 1.7 times higher than those of the traditional concretes. When evaluating approximate cement consumption for concrete made of ferrochrome slag aggregates it was established that such concrete possesses strength of B30 class, but by using granite aggregate in the concrete mix result in strength of B20 class.
Decoding variant for dilatometric measurements of metal samples heating and cooling
Authors: Mikhailov S B , Sharapova V A , Mikhailova N A , Karelova A E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dilatometric measurements in the form of sample sizes registration with temperature changes are widely used in the practice of physical materials science. In recent decades, the hardware component of these measurements has substantially changed with a practically unchanged version of their use as applied to the characteristics of various phase transformations. The basic point, in this case, is the identification of the critical points temperature for the ‘start/finish’ transformations based on the analysis of dilatograms deviations from a tangents carried out in the temperature intervals near the break observed on the obtained experimental curves. However, in most cases, this information has a framework character due to the presence of deficiencies in the critical points temperatures determining. In some cases, to compensate for these shortcomings, results of the changes analysis in the first derivative of dilatometric curves are additionally used. A series of works carried out by the authors is studying the features at changing the temperature coefficient of linear expansion true values. An algorithm for obtaining this spectrum is prescribed.
The effect of elastic deformation on the minor hysteresis loops of low carbon steel
Authors: Mushnikov A N , Gorkunov E S , Zadvorkin S M , Goruleva L S , Kryucheva K D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of elastic tensile deformations on the magnetic permeability of a structural low-carbon steel 20K (0.23 % C, 0.20 % Si, 0.46 % Mn) at various magnetic states was experimentally studied. To obtain these parameters, the measurements of minor hysteresis loops, which begin in the demagnetized state and in the remanent magnetization state, were carried out. The maximum tensile stress equal to 250 MPa that corresponds to 90 % of the conditional yield strength of studied steel. Stress dependences of the initial and reversible magnetic permeabilities as well as differential magnetic permeability along the descending branch of the minor hysteresis loop, which starts in the remanent magnetization state, are non-monotonic. They have extremums at σ = 50–70 MPa. However, stress dependences of the sums of those parameters are monotonic. The relative changes reach 25 % at tensile stresses of 250 MPa which make the promise of using the sums of magnetic permeabilities as parameters for assessing the magnitude of tensile stresses.
Analysis of the influence of the parameters of the power supply network on the operating modes of the electric drives of the stands of the hot rolling mill 1700 of ArcelorMittal Temirtau JSC
Authors: Breido I V , Druzhinin V M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The finishing group of stands of the 1700 SRS-1 continuous mill of ArcelorMittal Temirtau JSC is characterized by high rolling speeds and high productivity. The use of DC motors as power sources for the main drives of the stands of high-power thyristor converter units significantly affects the nature of the operating modes of the power supply system and the quality of electricity on the buses of the SRS-1 substation. Experiments were performed to study the electricity grid supply substation in which the basic indexes of quality of electric energy and the built waveform voltage SAG during rolling. Voltage dips are observed throughout the rolling process and reach 10% of the rated network voltage. Due to the complexity of removing individual parameters of electric drives and conducting experiments on a real mill, an adequate model of the electric drive of the stand of the finishing group of the 1700 SRS-1 mill was developed and built.
Optimization of the ion-plasma nitriding of structural steel
Authors: Baraz V R , Yurchenkov E A , Ishina E A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mathematical planning was used in order to determine the optimal mode for ion nitriding the structural steel 0.38C–2Cr–2Ni–Mo. This was justified by the requirement to preserve strictly limited functional parameters obtained as a result of diffusion saturation: hardness in the range of 450–650 HV in a layer 0.15–0.40 mm deep. According to of X-ray diffraction analysis in addition to reflections from the matrix phase (alloyed ferrite α-Fe), the reflexes of nitride compounds are recorded, namely, the γ′-phase with a FCC lattice (Fe4N) and the ε-phase with a HCP lattice (Fe3N) with a high nitrogen content. An analytical expression in the form of a linear function for the studied optimization parameters (microhardness and depth of nitration) was obtained by implementing factor planning and regression processing of the obtained data. This made it possible to assess the degree and direction of influence of the investigated factors on the optimization parameters under study.
Technologies for remote lidar sensing of the surface to detect low concentrations of hydrocarbons in Siberia and the far north
Authors: Leshchenko S L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The results of research in the field of remote sensing using the technologies of radar and laser detection of hydrocarbons raw materials aimed at the search, localization and topographic location of discovered oil and gas field, the determination of leaks and atmospheric pollution by hydrocarbon gases (e.g. methane) are presented. The main problems with sounding are revealed. To determine the extremely low concentrations of methane in the atmosphere, the main constraining factors were determined and the need to suppress side interference arising on the probing path of the laser beam was shown. To formulate requirements for the sensitivity of equipment and the accuracy of software calculations, the choice of a mathematical model of the path of the laser beam is justified. A modification of the known model is proposed to represent the lidar path based on the differential absorption method taking into account correction coefficients of molecular and aerosol absorption and scattering. Thus, the presented model is a set of methods for providing more accurate and localized data for the implementation of a hardware-software complex.
Iron and steel industry of Russia in the XXI century
Authors: Dokuchaev S V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The author states that over the past twenty years, the iron and steel industry of Russia has held its position as one of the key industries of the Russian economy. Technological upgrading of production facilities has minimized the backwardness, however the rapid steel production growth in Asia has resulted in loosing business in the global steel market, while getting more dependent on the market situation. This article deals with the main trends, problems and collisions of the steel industry development in the first two decades of this century. The structure of Russian steel export is reviewed. This work is based on statistical and comparative analysis, ratings and forecasts, as well as theoretical postulates of Douglas North about the close relationship of market economy processes with political and social institutions of the country. The purpose of the article is to show that the industry is facing impending stagnation under the economic sanctions, export dependency of the Russian steel industry and worldwide steel overproduction. The following may be taken as the scientific results of the study: systematization, generalization and author’s assessment of processes in the Russian steel industry and its development prospects, against the background of global trends in the industry.
Resource-saving potential of brick scrap from demolition of buildings
Authors: Domanskaya I K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The composition and properties of crushing products of brick scrap of different sizes were studied. It is shown that a large (5–40 mm) and small (0.16–5.0 mm) fraction of brick scrap crushing products may be of interest for replacing natural aggregates, while a pulverized (0–0.16 mm) fraction has pozzolanic activity. The presence of cement masonry mortar in the composition of products for crushing scrap brick walls of buildings is the main obstacle to their use as a large aggregate for light concrete: the average density of crushed brick grains in this case was 890 kg/m3, while for crushed cement grains – at least 1350 kg/m3. With an increase in the degree of crushing of these wastes, their material composition and physical properties are averaged and therefore more suitable for reuse in construction, including as a fine aggregate for mortars. The chemical and mineral composition of brick scrap, studied on the example of a dusty fraction, allows us to predict its good prospects for replacing natural mineral raw materials in the production of firing materials, for example, Portland cement.
Study of the main metallurgical characteristics of iron ore raw materials (sinter and pellets)
Authors: Vitkina G Yu , Dmitriev A N , Alektorov R V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the results of studies of the chemical, phase composition and metallurgical characteristics of titanomagnetite sinter. The iron ore used in blast furnaces of JSC ‘EVRAZ NTMK’ is titanomagnetite sinter obtained from ores of the Gusevogorsky deposit. Samples of sinter with different basicities as well as with addition of binding polymers in the amount of 300 and 500 g per ton of sinter were investigated. The results of industrial tests of the production and blast furnace smelting of sinter with different basicities and additives of binding polymers are presented on the example of the operation of blast furnaces no. 5 and 6 of JSC ‘EVRAZ NTMK’. It was shown that an increase in the basicity of the sinter from 2.1 to 2.4 and the introduction of a polymer binder (in the amount of 500 g per ton of sinter) positively affect the complex of sinter metallurgical characteristics – durability after reduction, reducibility, softening and melting temperatures, and also decrease the coke rate in blast furnace smelting by 1.0–1.2%.
Improvement in vanadium-containing titanomagnetite processing technology
Authors: Kushnarev A V , Mironov K V , Zagainov S A , Forshev A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article describes the modern technology of iron smelting from vanadium-containing titanomagnetite. The complex of research presented by the NTMK team and the leading research teams of the Ural Institute of metals, the metallurgical Institute of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Ural Federal University is the basis for achieving high productivity of the blast furnaces EVRAZ NTMK. The presented research and development works are the basis for the technology of metallurgical processing of vanadium-containing titanomagnetite. The developed technology makes it possible to achieve high rates of melting intensity and total consumption of carbon contained in the fuel. Such indicators are achieved by reconstruction, namely by changing the line of the working space of the blast furnace. Modern loading devices were used, energy-efficient technology of coal-dust fuel intake was introduced, and the oxygen content in the air was increased. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the domain process and problems of domain melting of titanomagnetite. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of measures to reduce the content of titanium in cast iron.
Plasma hardening of corrosion-resistant steel
Authors: Mironova M V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The structure, phase composition and hardness of a 20X13 steel coating treated with two consecutive passes of a plasma arc are studied. It is shown that plasma treatment makes it possible to obtain martensite with a significant (30–50 %) share of permanent austenite in the structure of the local hardening zone. In this case, the hardness of the heat-strengthened blanket is 650–700 HB. The total depth of the local hardening zone with the modified structure reaches one millimeter. The study shows that a homogeneous structure with periodically changing phase composition and hardness develops in the surface layer of 20X13 steel, heat-treated plasma arc. in this case, the plasma arc must pass sequentially with a certain degree of overlap of local quenching zones. It is obvious that by adjusting the parameters of the processing conditions (the current of the plasma arc, the speed of its movement, the degree of overlap of local quenching zones), it is possible to purposefully form a certain structural-phase state of the surface layer with properties that best meet the operating conditions.