bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary fibre intake in childhood or adolescence and subsequent health outcomes: A systematic review of prospective observational studies
Authors: Reynolds Andrew N. , Diep Pham Huyen Tran , Montez Jason , Mann Jim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimTo determine whether higher fibre intakes during childhood or adolescence effect a broad range of intermediate markers of cardiometabolic risk or other health related issues.Materials and MethodsWe used online searches up to January 2020 and manual searches to identify prospective observational studies reporting on childhood or adolescent intakes of dietary fibre, vegetables, fruit and refined or whole grains. Outcomes measured later in life were body weight, blood lipids, blood pressure, glycaemia, bone health, cognition, growth and bowel habits. Potential age‐specific ranges for dietary fibre were extrapolated from published adult data.ResultsWe identified 45 publications reporting on 44 354 participants from 30 cohort studies. Mean age at dietary assessment varied from 1 to 19.3 years. Follow‐up duration varied from 4 months to 27 years. Although well‐conducted studies reported improvements in body weight, blood lipids and glycaemia, the diverse nature of studies precluded meta analysis. The quality of evidence was very low to low given the limited data available per outcome and the inability to synthesize results from multiple studies. Potential dietary fibre intake begins at 13‐16 g a day for 2‐year‐olds and increases until the age of 10 years, when values are comparable with an adult range of 25‐30 g a day.ConclusionsGiven the inconsistency in findings from cohort studies other than an absence of detrimental effects, it seems appropriate that recommendations regarding childhood fibre intake are extrapolated from relevant adult data.
Embodied Refusals: Conceptualizing Dissent in Students Labeled with Significant Disabilities
Authors: Taylor Ashley 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDissent is conceptualized as a largely able‐minded political expression. Ashley Taylor argues in this essay that educational philosophers, therefore, lack an understanding of dissent that can capture the politically relevant expressions of students labeled with significant disabilities. While traditional frameworks of dissent may capture many of the ways disabled activists and their nondisabled allies have challenged oppressive social structures, these models nevertheless rely on a conceptualization of dissent that fails to make sense of the political agency of people understood as having significant intellectual disabilities. Taylor reframes the embodied and localized refusals and transgressions of labeled students as forms of politically relevant dissent, drawing on her own observational data from the classroom as well as the ethnographic work of researchers in the field of disability studies in education. By developing a richer and experientially‐based understanding of dissent, Taylor offers an alternative conceptual orientation toward dissent that has normative implications for theorists and practitioners alike.
The Democratic Potential of Parental Dissent: Keeping Public Schools Public, Legitimate, and Educational
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this essay, Sarah Stitzlein describes the democratic potential of parents choosing to opt out of school testing, explaining how they ought to engage in political dissent to best fulfill their responsibilities as citizens and to practice democracy on behalf of children and schools. Parents' decisions to opt out are often based on rights claims about their oversight as parents; moral claims regarding the potential undue pressure testing places on children and the misuse of students' scores; political and economic concerns with the role of corporations in testing; and educational claims about the validity of scores, the narrowing of curriculum, and the deprofessionalization of teachers who feel they must teach to the test. By building publics around these rationales and shared concerns, parents may increase the political legitimacy of public schools and create public schools that are more deeply public; in some cases, they may also provide an educational model of democratic life for budding citizens in schools to observe and learn from.
Teacher Dissent in Neoliberal Times: Counter‐Publics and Alternative‐Publics in Teacher Activism
Authors: White Terrenda C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this essay, Terrenda White examines distinct forms of activism by two influential organizations: the Chicago Teachers Union (CTU) and Teach for America (TFA). Despite differences between these groups, both have created new discourses and alliances among teachers in the public sphere — what White calls “teacher publics.” These new alliances, White argues, can be conceptualized as counter‐publics and alternative‐publics. CTU is a counter‐public because its activities counter the tradition of top‐down insular unionism and embrace “social movement unionism” where teachers are part of an expansive coalition for social transformation, including contesting city and state bureaucracies for adequate resources and equitable practices on behalf of minoritized communities. TFA has also created expansive coalitions for change, embracing a “new professionalism” that rejects public contestations with state leaders for resources. As an alternative‐public, TFA engages a network of private philanthropists and business leaders to generate change in public education through market‐based initiatives that challenge bureaucratic control of teachers and schools and that incentivize competition, audit culture, and data‐driven decision‐making. These two cases, because their approaches to educational change are so different, provide fertile ground for White's evaluation of what new forms of activism mean for the democratic goals of public schools.
Methods matter: Your measures of explicit and implicit processes in visuomotor adaptation affect your results
Authors: Maresch Jana , Werner Susen , Donchin Opher 
Published: August 2020

AbstractVisuomotor rotations are frequently used to study the different processes underlying motor adaptation. Explicit aiming strategies and implicit recalibration are two of these processes. Various methods, which differ in their underlying assumptions, have been used to dissociate the two processes. Direct methods, such as verbal reports, assume explicit knowledge to be verbalizable, where indirect methods, such as the exclusion, assume that explicit knowledge is controllable. The goal of this study was thus to directly compare verbal reporting with exclusion in two different conditions: during consistent reporting and during intermittent reporting. Our results show that our two conditions lead to a dissociation between the measures. In the consistent reporting group, all measures showed similar results. However, in the intermittent reporting group, verbal reporting showed more explicit re‐aiming and less implicit adaptation than exclusion. Curiously, when exclusion was measured again, after the end of learning, the differences were no longer apparent. We suspect this may reflect selective decay in implicit adaptation, as has been reported previously. All told, our results clearly indicate that methods of measurement can affect the amount of explicit re‐aiming and implicit adaptation that is measured. Since it has been previously shown that both explicit re‐aiming and implicit adaptation have multiple components, discrepancies between these different methods may arise because different measures reflect different components.
Standardized Testing in College Admissions: Observations and Reflections
Authors: Cai Li 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReflecting upon the experience serving on the University of California's Standardized Testing Task Force, and drawing lessons learned, I argue that the COVID‐19 pandemic has merely served to accelerate the trend of US higher education institutions moving away from current standardized tests. New educational assessments will continue to be produced. There will be strong calls for the making of completely different assessments than currently available. Educational measurement as field has much to offer and to learn.
The impact of home hemodialysis in children with severe cardiac failure
Authors: Hothi Daljit K. , Fenton Matthew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhen faced with patients with deteriorating cardiac disease, nephrologists tend to accept that heart disease is unmodifiable, accepting mediocrity and opting for stabilization. Likewise cardiac patients with persistent renal failure are presented with a poor renal prognosis and prepared for renal transplantation. We present three dialysis dependent children with moderate‐to‐severe cardiac failure in whom home hemodialysis normalized the cardiac function and restored renal function. These cases highlight the medical benefits of home hemodialysis in severe cardio‐renal cases but not without acknowledgement of the resource, commitment, and safety challenges that accompanies them.
Surgical pericardial adhesions do not preclude minimally invasive epicardial pacemaker lead placement in an infant porcine model
Authors: Kumthekar Rohan N. , Sinha Lok , Opfermann Justin D. , Mass Paige , Clark Bradley C. , Yerebakan Can , Berul Charles I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPericardial adhesions in infants and small children following cardiac surgery can impede access to the epicardium. We previously described minimally invasive epicardial lead placement under direct visualization in an infant porcine model using a single subxiphoid incision. The objective of this study was to assess the acute feasibility of this approach in the presence of postoperative pericardial adhesions.MethodsAdhesion group piglets underwent left thoracotomy with pericardiotomy followed by a recovery period to develop pericardial adhesions. Control group piglets did not undergo surgery. Both groups underwent minimally invasive epicardial lead placement using a 2‐channel access port (PeriPath) inserted through a 1 cm subxiphoid incision. Under direct thoracoscopic visualization, pericardial access was obtained with a 7‐French sheath, and a pacing lead was affixed against the ventricular epicardium. Sensed R‐wave amplitudes, lead impedances and capture thresholds were measured.ResultsEight piglets underwent successful pericardiectomy and developed adhesions after a median recovery time of 45 days. Epicardial lead placement was successful in adhesion (9.5 ± 2.7 kg, n = 8) and control (5.6 ± 1.5 kg, n = 7) piglets. There were no acute complications. There were no significant differences in capture thresholds or sensing between groups. Procedure times in the adhesion group were longer than in controls, and while lead impedances were significantly higher in the adhesion group, all were within normal range.ConclusionsPericardial adhesions do not preclude minimally invasive placement of epicardial leads in an infant porcine model. This minimally invasive approach could potentially be applied to pediatric patients with prior cardiac surgery.
Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Rebecca , Lai Meng‐Chuan , Beswick Adam , Gorman Daniel A. , Anagnostou Evdokia , Szatmari Peter , Anderson Kelly K. , Ameis Stephanie H. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundClinically significant attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are common and impairing in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder(ASD). The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to (a) evaluate the efficacy and safety of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of ADHD symptoms in ASD and (b) distil findings for clinical translation.MethodsWe searched electronic databases and clinical trial registries (1992 onwards). We selected randomized controlled trials conducted in participants <25 years of age, diagnosed with ASD that evaluated ADHD outcomes (hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention) following treatment with stimulants (methylphenidate or amphetamines), atomoxetine, alpha‐2 adrenergic receptor agonists, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, bupropion, modafinil, venlafaxine, or a combination, in comparison with placebo, any of the listed medications, or behavioral therapies. Data were pooled using a random‐effects model.ResultsTwenty‐five studies (4 methylphenidate, 4 atomoxetine, 1 guanfacine, 14 antipsychotic, 1 venlafaxine, and 1 tianeptine) were included. Methylphenidate reduced hyperactivity (parent‐rated: standardized mean difference [SMD] = −.63, 95%CI = −.95,−.30; teacher‐rated: SMD = −.81, 95%CI = −1.43,−.19) and inattention (parent‐rated: SMD = −.36, 95%CI = −.64,−.07; teacher‐rated: SMD = −.30, 95%CI = −.49,−.11). Atomoxetine reduced inattention (parent‐rated: SMD = −.54, 95%CI = −.98,−.09; teacher/investigator‐rated: SMD = −0.38, 95%CI = −0.75, −0.01) and parent‐rated hyperactivity (parent‐rated: SMD = −.49, 95%CI = −.76,−.23; teacher‐rated: SMD = −.43, 95%CI = −.92, .06). Indirect evidence for significant reductions in hyperactivity with second‐generation antipsychotics was also found. Quality of evidence for all interventions was low/very low. Methylphenidate was associated with a nonsignificant elevated risk of dropout due to adverse events.ConclusionsDirect pooled evidence supports the efficacy and tolerability of methylphenidate or atomoxetine for treatment of ADHD symptoms in children and youth with ASD. The current review highlights the efficacy of standard ADHD pharmacotherapy for treatment of ADHD symptoms in children and youth with ASD. Consideration of the benefits weighed against the limitations of safety/efficacy data and lack of data evaluating long‐term continuation is undertaken to help guide clinical decision‐making regarding treatment of co‐occurring ADHD symptoms in children and youth with ASD.
Asthma in urban Aboriginal children: A cross‐sectional study of socio‐demographic patterns and associations with pre‐natal and current carer smoking
Authors: Skinner Adam , Falster Kathleen , Gunasekera Hasantha , Burgess Leonie , Sherriff Simone , Deuis Margot , Thorn Allison , Banks Emily 
Published: August 2020

AimTo describe socio‐demographic patterns of asthma prevalence in urban Aboriginal children and quantify associations between asthma prevalence and pre‐natal maternal and current carer smoking.MethodsAnalyses used carer‐reported survey data for 1290 urban Aboriginal children aged 2–17 years from the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health. Multilevel log‐binomial regression was used to estimate asthma prevalence ratios (PRs) for child‐ and family‐level socio‐demographic factors, pre‐natal maternal smoking and current carer smoking. Smoking‐related PRs were compared with general‐population estimates derived from meta‐analyses of published cross‐sectional data.ResultsOverall, 33.9% of children had ever had asthma, and 12.9% had received treatment for asthma in the past month. Prevalence estimates declined with increasing household income and increasing household size (posterior probabilities of decreasing trend >0.98), while children exposed to pre‐natal maternal smoking had a higher risk of asthma ever than unexposed children (PR 1.18 (95% credible interval 1.00–1.40)). Recently treated asthma prevalence was not significantly associated with pre‐natal maternal (0.98 (0.71–1.41)) or current carer smoking (0.97 (0.68–1.37)); however, there was substantial uncertainty in our PR estimates, and 95% credible intervals contained general‐population estimates derived from the meta‐analyses (1.37 (1.17–1.65) for pre‐natal smoking, 1.28 (1.15–1.44) for current parental or household smoking).ConclusionAmong urban Aboriginal children in the Study of Environment on Aboriginal Resilience and Child Health cohort, asthma prevalence declines as household income and household size increase, while children exposed to pre‐natal maternal smoking are at increased risk of ever having asthma. Our results emphasise the importance of reducing smoking in Aboriginal communities, particularly among pregnant women.
Comparison of non‐burn‐specific systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria and burn‐specific American Burn Association systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in paediatric burned patients
Authors: Dalgic Nazan , Sahin Ayse , Karadag Cetin A , Sancar Mesut 
Published: August 2020

AimWe aim to investigate the diagnostic value of newly defined criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) for paediatric burn patients by the American Burn Association (ABA) by comparing the non‐burn‐specific SIRS criteria for children.MethodsA total of 147 paediatric burn patients were included in this study. Patients diagnosed with sepsis were included in the sepsis group. Clinical parameters were obtained from the electronic medical records at the time of preliminary sepsis diagnosis. Both the non‐burn‐specific SIRS criteria and the burn‐specific ABA SIRS criteria were applied to both the sepsis group and the non‐sepsis group.ResultsOf 147 patients, 50 had sepsis according to the non‐burn‐specific sepsis criteria. When the 50‐patient sepsis group was compared to the 97‐patient non‐sepsis group, the sepsis group had a significantly higher duration of hospitalisation, burn percentage, burn state and abbreviated burn scoring index (ABSI) (P < 0.05). The specificity of the two scales was 29.9% for the non‐burn‐specific SIRS and 74.2% for the burn‐specific ABA SIRS. The sensitivity for the burn‐specific ABA SIRS was calculated as 58%, the sensitivity for the non‐burn‐specific SIRS was 100%. While positive predictive value was calculated as 42.4% for the non‐burn‐specific SIRS, this value was found as 53.7% for the burn‐specific ABA SIRS criteria. The correlation coefficient between the non‐burn‐specific SIRS and the burn‐specific ABA SIRS was 0.378 (P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur study underlines the need for widespread use of more specific and sensitive burn‐specific clinical criteria to early diagnosis of infection in burn patients to prevent unnecessary antibiotic usage.
Dual targeting of hepatic fibrosis and atherogenesis by icosabutate, an engineered eicosapentaenoic acid derivative
Authors: Stokman Geurt , van den Hoek Anita M. , Denker Thorbekk Ditte , Pieterman Elsbet J. , Skovgård Veidal Sanne , Basta Brittany , Iruarrizaga‐Lejarreta Marta , van der Hoorn José W. , Verschuren Lars , Berbée Jimmy F. P. , Rensen Patrick C. N. , Skjæret Tore , Alonso Cristina , Feigh Michael , Kastelein John J. P. , Friedman Scott L. , Princen Hans M. G. , Fraser David A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsWhile fibrosis stage predicts liver‐associated mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the major overall cause of mortality in patients with NASH. Novel NASH drugs should thus ideally reduce both liver fibrosis and CVD. Icosabutate is a semi‐synthetic, liver‐targeted eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derivative in clinical development for NASH. The primary aims of the current studies were to establish both the anti‐fibrotic and anti‐atherogenic efficacy of icosabutate in conjunction with changes in lipotoxic and atherogenic lipids in liver and plasma respectively.MethodsThe effects of icosabutate on fibrosis progression and lipotoxicity were investigated in amylin liver NASH (AMLN) diet (high fat, cholesterol and fructose) fed ob/ob mice with biopsy‐confirmed steatohepatitis and fibrosis and compared with the activity of obeticholic acid. APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, a translational model for hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis, were used to evaluate the mechanisms underlying the lipid‐lowering effect of icosabutate and its effect on atherosclerosis.ResultsIn AMLN ob/ob mice, icosabutate significantly reduced hepatic fibrosis and myofibroblast content in association with downregulation of the arachidonic acid cascade and a reduction in both hepatic oxidised phospholipids and apoptosis. In APOE*3Leiden.CETP mice, icosabutate reduced plasma cholesterol and TAG levels via increased hepatic uptake, upregulated hepatic lipid metabolism and downregulated inflammation pathways, and effectively decreased atherosclerosis development.ConclusionsIcosabutate, a structurally engineered EPA derivative, effectively attenuates both hepatic fibrosis and atherogenesis and offers an attractive therapeutic approach to both liver‐ and CV‐related morbidity and mortality in NASH patients.
The Simple Cholestatic Complaints Score is a valid and quick patient‐reported outcome measure in primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: van Munster Kim N. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , van Gennep Sara , Beuers Ulrich , Ponsioen Cyriel Y. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundMeasuring symptoms and disease burden in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is increasingly important for daily practice and clinical trials. The Simple Cholestatic Complaints Score (SCCS) is a four‐item questionnaire, that measures cholestatic symptoms (pruritus, fatigue, RUQ abdominal pain and fever) in PSC patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity of SCCS in a Dutch population.MethodsThe study population consisted of 212 patients from the Dutch prospective PSC registry. Data were collected via digital surveys. Reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and reproducibility. Construct‐, criterion‐ and discriminant validity were determined. The ability to detect clinical change with SCCS was evaluated in patients who underwent endoscopic intervention. Simple Cholestatic Complaints Score collected by email and by a mobile application were compared.ResultsA total of 153 patients completed the questionnaire. Internal consistency was moderate and increased to 0.71 after removal of the fever item. Test‐re‐test reproducibility was high (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.96). Criterion validity was good (all > 0.82). Construct validity was in line with a priori hypothesized correlations in 80%. SCCS was able to differentiate between clinically different groups. There was no difference between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and non‐IBD patients. Simple Cholestatic Complaints Score was responsive to change after endoscopic intervention in successfully treated patients. Simple Cholestatic Complaints Score measurement by digital questionnaire and a mobile application was comparable.ConclusionThe SCCS is a valid instrument to measure cholestatic symptoms in PSC patients. Because of its quick and easy to use properties it is suitable for frequent monitoring of symptoms in clinical trials and daily practice.
Learning modals: A grammatical perspective
Authors: Cournane Ailís 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, we address the mapping problem for modal words: how do children learn the form‐to‐ meaning mappings for words likecouldorhave toin their input languages? Learning modal words poses considerable challenges as their meanings are conceptually complex and the way these meanings are mapped to grammatical forms and structures is likewise complex and cross‐linguistically variable. Against a backdrop of how cross‐linguistic modal systems can vary, we focus on new work highlighting the developmental roles of the following: (a) syntactic categories of modal words, (b) interrelationships between modal ‘force’ (possibility and necessity) and ‘flavour’ (root and epistemic), (c) semantic representations for modal forms and (d) children's own emerging modal systems, as a whole, which show that the way they map forms to the ‘modal meaning space’ (considering both force and flavour dimensions) diverges from how adults do, even if the same forms are present. Modality provides a rich natural laboratory for exploring the interrelationships between our conceptual world of possibilities, how concepts get packaged by the syntax–semantics of grammatical systems, and how child learners surmount these form‐meaning mapping challenges.