bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Visible Light as a Cue for Guiding Downstream Migrant Juvenile Sea Lamprey
Authors: Haro Alex , Miehls Scott , Johnson Nicholas S. , Wagner C. Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLight can modify orientation and locomotory behaviors in fish and has been applied to attract or repel migrant fish by inducing positive or negative phototaxis. Here, recently metamorphosed downstream‐migrating Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus were exposed to light cues in several orientations and intensities at night under controlled flowing‐water conditions in a laboratory flume. Behaviors and rates of downstream movement were monitored with overhead cameras and nets. When exposed to low‐intensity white light, 16–23% more Sea Lamprey were captured in a net closest to the light cue array compared to a dark control condition, suggesting some degree of positive phototaxis at low light levels (100 lx at a distance of 1 m from the light source). An interaction with the side of the flume (possibly due to varying flow conditions) and light treatment was also observed. At higher light intensities (1,000 lx at 1 m from the source), Sea Lamprey progressed downstream at a lower rate than was observed during dark conditions. After high‐intensity light treatments, fewer Sea Lamprey were observed in the nets at the downstream end of the flume and more Sea Lamprey were observed in the flume or in the release channel compared to dark control trials. Therefore, some photonegative behavior may be expressed at light levels of 1,000 lx or greater, perhaps as an attempt to avoid detection by predators by remaining stationary or seeking shelter. Light may have utility as a cue used for guidance devices to control Sea Lamprey, but further research is needed to define how light intensity and the environment (turbidity, depth, water velocity, and natural habitat features) influence locomotion, changes in swimming depth, and other behavioral responses of downstream‐migrating juvenile Sea Lamprey.
The Identity of Mapouria (Rubiaceae, Psychotrieae)
Authors: Taylor Charlotte M. , Gereau Roy E. , Callmander Martin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe genus Mapouria is synonymous with Psychotria, and based on Mapouria guianensis. The identity of M. guianensis, the correct name for P. mapourioides, and the identities of several other neotropical Psychotria names studied here have been unclear. The name M. guianensis corresponds to the plants currently treated as P. ernestii, and P. pedunculosa is an older name for P. mapourioides. The distinctions among the commonly confused species P. guianensis, P. carthagenensis, P. cupularis, and P. pedunculosa are clarified here, and typifications and identities are determined for several other names associated with these species.
Phylogenetic reconstruction of Ficus subg. Synoecia and its allies (Moraceae), with implications on the origin of the climbing habit
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Wang Xiao‐Mei , Liao Shuai , Zhang Jian‐Hang , Li Hong‐Qing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe infrageneric classification of Ficus (Moraceae) has raised concerns since Berg put forward his six subgenera system. Molecular analyses have revealed some unnatural groups within this system. The status of F. subg. Synoecia and the relationships between this subgenus and its allies are among the major challenges facing classification within the genus. To resolve these problems, we reconstructed the phylogenetic trees with three nuclear markers from 147 ingroup taxa (including approximately half of F. subg. Synoecia species and three‐fifths of F. subg. Ficus) and implemented ancestral area and life‐form reconstructions to trace the evolutionary history. Results showed that F. subg. Synoecia and F. subg. Ficus (except F. subsect. Ficus) constituted a well‐supported monophylum, which is sister to F. subg. Terega. This monophylum comprises two clades: one clade covers F. subsect. Frutescentiae of F. sect. Ficus and F. subsect. Plagiostigma of F. sect. Pogonotrophe, and the other covers F. sect. Eriosycea, F. sect. Apiosycea and the rest of F. sect. Pogonotrophe. Ancestral area reconstruction revealed that the first clade has a distinct origin in East Asia, but the second one shows fewer obvious signs. Ancestral life‐form reconstruction suggested that the climbing habit, a key trait used to divide F. subg. Ficus and F. subg. Synoecia, has evolved independently more than four times, rendering it an unsuitable characteristic to circumscribe the subgenera. Thus, we merged F. subg. Synoecia and F. subg. Ficus (excluding F. subsect. Ficus) into one subgenus, containing two newly delimited sections and six new synonyms.
Longitudinal impact of interactive science activities: Developing, implementing, and validating a graphing integration inventory
Authors: Boda Phillip A. , Bathia Shruti , Linn Marcia C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntegrating sophisticated graphical analysis skills as they learn science is essential for K‐12 students and emphasized in current standards. In this study, we iteratively designed a Graphing Integration Inventory (GII) over a three‐year period, while also supporting students to develop their capabilities to use graphs to learn science content in complex ways through interactive curriculum materials implemented on a novel technology enhanced curriculum platform. We applied the Knowledge Integration framework to design the curriculum, the assessments, and the rubrics for scoring student explanations. The framework delineates ways to promote links among graphs and science ideas. The rubrics award students higher scores on their explanations based on the level of complexity of their connections between science concepts and, in this research, graphs. The GII and the aligned curriculum were implemented by over 300 middle school students (Grades 6–8) across a 3‐year period. We investigated the impact of the designed curriculum on the integration of graphing and science while also studying the psychometric properties of the GII to validate it for use in future studies. Findings suggest both that the curriculum used to support these students improved their Knowledge Integration capabilities significantly and that the GII instrument is suitable for use with populations across gender and native English language status demographics in Grades 6–8. Implications are discussed around using graphs to learn complex science ideas, as well as the affordances of technology enhanced platforms to support this type of learning and assessment.
Genome‐wide analysis of PmTCP4 transcription factor binding sites by ChIP‐Seq during pistil abortion in Japanese apricot
Authors: Iqbal Shahid , Pan Zhenpeng , Wu Xinxin , Shi Ting , Ni Xiaopeng , Bai Yang , Gao Jie , Khalil‐ur‐Rehman Muhammad , Gao Zhihong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe TCP4 transcription factor plays an important role in plant growth and development, especially in flower development. PmTCP4 is involved in the process of pistil abortion in Japanese apricot, but its molecular mechanism, particularly the DNA binding sites and co‐regulatory genes, are quite unknown. Therefore, to identify the genome‐wide binding sites of PmTCP4 transcription factors and their co‐regulatory genes, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP‐Seq) was carried out. ChIP‐Seq data produced the maximum enriched peaks in two Japanese apricot cultivars ‘Daqiandi’ (DQD) and ‘Longyan’ (LY), which showed that the majority of DNA‐protein interactions are relevant and have a significant function in binding sites. Moreover, 720 and 251 peak‐associated genes regulated by PmTCP4 were identified in DQD and LY, respectively, and most of them were involved in the flower and pistil development process. Furthermore, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation were the most enriched pathways in both cultivars and all identified genes related to these pathways were down‐regulated. This study will provide a reference for a better understanding of the PmTCP4 regulatory mechanism during pistil abortion in Japanese apricot.
Vacuum Challenges for Ion Thruster Testing
Authors: Lausberg Stefan 
Published: August 2020

SummaryElectrical propulsion is the keyword for nowadays movement of space vehicles. Ionized particles, usually xenon ions, are accelerated by thrusters in an electric field. State‐of‐the‐art xenon thrusters emit a gas flow of 0.1 to 10 mg/sec. In order to maintain a high vacuum pressure at this flow in thruster test chambers, a large pumping speed is required, often in the range of 10'000 to 100'000 l/s for xenon.The advantage of a large ion mass for the propulsion system is a major challenge for vacuum pumps.Leybold has developed an optimized and simple cryogenic solution for Xe pumping. Strong single‐stage Gifford‐McMahon type cold heads carry metal discs which condense the Xe gas with a pumping speed at the edge of the theoretical limit. In this work, we will present the whole vacuum system for a thruster testing facility.
Troubled waters: Maori values and ethics for freshwater management and New Zealand's fresh water crisis
Authors: Stewart‐Harawira Makere W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe landmass of Aotearoa New Zealand totals some 268,000 km2, including 425,000 km of rivers, more than 4,000 lakes and approximately 200 aquifers. For Aotearoa New Zealand's indigenous Maori, these freshwater bodies are part of a complex system of genealogical relationships from which derive the traditional Maori knowledge, values and ethics which shape Maori customary practices for freshwater monitoring and freshwater management. The rupture of these relationships through a century and a half of colonization and industrialization and the dispossession of Maori from their lands and waters also dispossessed Maori of their rights and responsibilities to enact traditional customary practices of kaitiakitanga, stewardship of the natural environment. In 2017 Aotearoa New Zealand's freshwater systems were designated as among the worst in the world. Today they are continuing to degrade. This article focuses on Maori traditional knowledge, ethics and values for freshwater monitoring and management. The article reviews the impact of colonization and development on Aotearoa New Zealand's freshwater systems, the extensive struggle by Maori for recognition of Maori traditional knowledge, rights and responsibilities regarding waterways, and the development of contemporary Maori models for freshwater monitoring and management. Treaty settlements and other legislative initiatives have also catalyzed changes in freshwater management. Faced with catastrophic climatic impacts on freshwater systems and implications for the wellbeing of species and communities, questions of how to ethically manage freshwater are critical. Maori freshwater ethics, values and practices provide a model of renewal and possibility, although one that is not without contest.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Human Water > Water Governance
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
A review of public water infrastructure financing in the United States
Authors: Greer Robert A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe delivery of clean drinking water and the treatment of wastewater are critical public services, and in the United States, they are provided by a complex system of federal, state, and local governments. The process of water treatment and delivery requires significant investment in infrastructure both for initial capital requirements as well as the on‐going maintenance and operating costs. The quality of drinking water in the United States is, on average, relatively high, but according to the American Water Works Association, an estimated $1 trillion is necessary to maintain and expand service to meet demands over the next 25 years. The water infrastructure needs in the United States require both immediate attention and long‐term solutions, and the dollar cost is climbing rapidly. It remains unclear, however, where these funds will come from and how they will be allocated. The goal of this paper is to review the portfolio of financing options that exist for public entities responsible for the construction and maintenance of water infrastructure in the United States, including the municipal bond market, state revolving loan funds, federal grant and loan programs, public–private partnerships, and recent financing innovations.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Human Water > Value of Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Understanding different perspectives on economic growth and climate policy
Authors: Jakob Michael , Lamb William F. , Steckel Jan Christoph , Flachsland Christian , Edenhofer Ottmar 
Published: August 2020

AbstractShould economic growth continue in a world threatened by the prospect of catastrophic climate change? The scientific and public debate has brought forth a broad spectrum of views and narratives on this question, ranging from neoclassical economics to degrowth. We argue that different positions can be attributed to underlying differences in views on (a) factors that determine human well‐being, (b) the feasibility and desirability of economic growth, (c) appropriate intervention points, and (d) preferences about governance and policy options. For each of these dimensions, we propose points of agreement on which a consensus between conflicting positions might be achieved. From this basis, we distill a sustainability transition perspective that could act as a basis for a renewed debate on how to align human well‐being with environmental sustainability.This article is categorized under:
Climate Economics>Economics and Climate Change
Intrinsic stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers for smart drug delivery of antibacterial agents—An in‐depth review of the last two decades
Authors: Devnarain Nikita , Osman Nawras , Fasiku Victoria Oluwaseun , Makhathini Sifiso , Salih Mohammed , Ibrahim Usri H. , Govender Thirumala 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAntibiotic resistance due to suboptimal targeting and inconsistent antibiotic release at bacterial infection sites has driven the formulation of stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers for antibacterial therapy. Unlike conventional nanocarriers, stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers have the ability to specifically enhance targeting and drug release profiles. There has been a significant escalation in the design and development of novel nanomaterials worldwide; in particular, intrinsic stimuli‐responsive antibiotic nanocarriers, due to their enhanced activity, improved targeted delivery, and superior potential for bacterial penetration and eradication. Herein, we provide an extensive and critical review of pH‐, enzyme‐, redox‐, and ionic microenvironment‐responsive nanocarriers that have been reported in literature to date, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of drug release, the nanomaterials used, the nanosystems constructed and the antibacterial efficacy of the nanocarriers. The review also highlights further avenues of research for optimizing their potential and commercialization. This review confirms the potential of intrinsic stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers for enhanced drug delivery and antibacterial killing.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Hip-Spine-Syndrom – Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Evidenzlage
Authors: Zimmerer Alexander , Hoffmann Manuela , Hofer Andre , Janz Viktor , Wassilew Georgi I. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDas physiologische Zusammenspiel von Wirbelsäule, Becken und Hüfte gewährleistet ein Gleichgewicht zwischen dem Rumpf und der Hüfte bei Alltagaktivitäten, wie z. B. dem Stehen und Sitzen. Die degenerativen Veränderungen oder Spondylodese der Wirbelsäule reduzieren die Beckenbeweglichkeit und können nach einem endoprothetischen Hüftgelenksersatz zu einer erhöhten Luxationsrate führen. Um die Risikopatienten zu identifizieren und die Luxationsraten zu reduzieren, wurden kürzlich von verschiedenen Autoren funktionelle Wirbelsäulen- und Beckenaufnahmen sowie individuelle Zielzonen für die Komponentenorientierung empfohlen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die derzeitige Datenlage bezüglich des spinopelvinen Alignements und dessen Rolle in der Hüftendoprothetik und mögliche Ableitungen für den Klinikalltag kritisch darzustellen.
Effective strain gradient continuum model of metamaterials and size effects analysis
Authors: Yang Hua , Timofeev Dmitry , Giorgio Ivan , Müller Wolfgang H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a strain gradient continuum model for a metamaterial with a periodic lattice substructure is considered. A second gradient constitutive law is postulated at the macroscopic level. The effective classical and strain gradient stiffness tensors are obtained based on asymptotic homogenization techniques using the equivalence of energy at the macro- and microscales within a so-called representative volume element. Numerical studies by means of finite element analysis were performed to investigate the effects of changing volume ratio and characteristic length for a single unit cell of the metamaterial as well as changing properties of the underlying material. It is also shown that the size effects occurring in a cantilever beam made of a periodic metamaterial can be captured with appropriate accuracy by using the identified effective stiffness tensors.
The effect of milk fat substitution on the rheological properties of Edam-type cheese
Authors: Myhan Ryszard , Jeliński Tomasz , Białobrzewski Ireneusz , Sadowska Jadwiga , Jachimczyk Ewelina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn cheese-like products, milk components (in particular fat) are partially or completely replaced with non-dairy substitutes. An attempt was made in this study to determine whether Edam-type cheese can be distinguished from its substitute, where milk fat was replaced with palm oil, based on rheological properties. The rheological properties of Edam cheese and its substitute were analyzed during a 16-week ripening period, based on the results of a stress-relaxation test. The values of the rheological parameters were estimated with the use of the generalized Maxwell model and a non-linear model proposed by the authors, which accounted for the plastic deformation of the analyzed samples. The study revealed that both methods were equally effective in describing the stress relaxation process; therefore, they can be regarded as equivalent. Excluding the initial stage of ripening (which is not important from the consumers’ point of view), the replacement of milk fat with palm oil did not influence the rheological properties of Edam-type cheese and the cheese-like product. In subsequent stages of ripening, no significant differences were found in the rheological properties of both products, which could only be used to evaluate their ripeness.
Prediction of long-term recurrent ischemic stroke: the added value of non-contrast CT, CT perfusion, and CT angiography
Authors: Kauw Frans , Greving Jacoba P. , Takx Richard A. P. , de Jong Hugo W. A. M. , Schonewille Wouter J. , Vos Jan A. , Wermer Marieke J. H. , van Walderveen Marianne A. A. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Velthuis Birgitta K. , Dankbaar Jan W. ,   On behalf of the Dutch acute stroke study (DUST) investigators, Majoie C. B. , Roos Y. B. , Duijm L. E. , Keizer K. , van der Lugt A. , Dippel D. W. , Greve K. E. Droogh-de , Bienfait H. P. , Lycklama à Nijeholt G. J. , Boiten J. , Duyndam D. , Kwa V. I. , Meijer F. J. , van Dijk E. J. , Kesselring F. O. , Hofmeijer J. , van Rooij W. J. , de Kort P. L. , Pleiter C. C. , Bakker S. L. , Bot J. , Visser M. C , van der Schaaf I. C. , Mali W. P. , van Seeters T. , Horsch A. D. , Niesten J. M. , Biessels G. J. , Luitse M. J. , van der Graaf Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the addition of brain CT imaging data to a model incorporating clinical risk factors improves prediction of ischemic stroke recurrence over 5 years of follow-up.

Methods
A total of 638 patients with ischemic stroke from three centers were selected from the Dutch acute stroke study (DUST). CT-derived candidate predictors included findings on non-contrast CT, CT perfusion, and CT angiography. Five-year follow-up data were extracted from medical records. We developed a multivariable Cox regression model containing clinical predictors and an extended model including CT-derived predictors by applying backward elimination. We calculated net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement indices. Discrimination was evaluated with the optimism-corrected c-statistic and calibration with a calibration plot.

Results
During 5 years of follow-up, 56 patients (9%) had a recurrence. The c-statistic of the clinical model, which contained male sex, history of hyperlipidemia, and history of stroke or transient ischemic attack, was 0.61. Compared with the clinical model, the extended model, which contained previous cerebral infarcts on non-contrast CT and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score greater than 7 on mean transit time maps derived from CT perfusion, had higher discriminative performance (c-statistic 0.65, P = 0.01). Inclusion of these CT variables led to a significant improvement in reclassification measures, by using the net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement indices.

Conclusion
Data from CT imaging significantly improved the discriminatory performance and reclassification in predicting ischemic stroke recurrence beyond a model incorporating clinical risk factors only.
Management of Locally Advanced and Unresectable Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumours
Authors: Koea Jonathan ,   the Commonwealth Neuroendocrine Tumour Research Collaborative (CommNETs) Surgical Section, Hallett Julie , Law Calvin , Pasieka Janice , Koea Jonathan , Meyer‐Rochow Win 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThree subtypes of small bowel neuroendocrine tumours (SBNETs) have been described: Type A: SBNET with resectable mesenteric disease that does not involve the mesenteric root; Type B: “Borderline resectable” SBNET presenting with mesenteric nodal metastases and fibrosis adjacent but not encasing the main trunk of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV); and Type C: “Locally advanced or irresectable” SBNET where tumour deposits and fibrosis encase the SMA and SMV. Type C SBNETs are rare and constitute around 5% of patients in reported series, although this may underestimate the prevalence. In these patients, almost all will present with symptoms of intestinal ischemia or obstruction and symptom management should be a primary main focus of treatment. All patients should be carefully staged with cross‐sectional imaging and 68 Ga‐dotate positron emission tomography, and discussed at a dedicated neuroendocrine tumour multidisciplinary meeting. Expert surgical review should always be sought as experienced centers have a high rate of successful resection of primary tumours and mesenteric disease. If resection is not feasible, surgical bypass should be considered in patients with a discrete and symptomatic point of obstruction. Non‐operative management should emphasize symptomatic treatment with somatostatin analogs, nutritional advice and support and palliative care. Successful neoadjuvant approaches utilizing peptide radionucleide receptor therapy and systemic chemotherapy with everolimus or temazolamide/capecitabine have not been reported.