bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing risk of major bleeding between users of different oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Souverein Patrick C. , van den Ham Hendrika A. , Huerta Consuelo , Merino Elisa Martín , Montero Dolores , León‐Muñoz Luz M. , Schmiedl Sven , Heeke Andreas , Rottenkolber Marietta , Andersen Morten , Aakjaer Mia , De Bruin Marie L. , Klungel Olaf H. , Gardarsdottir Helga 
Published: July 2020

AimsThe introduction of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) has broadened the treatment arsenal for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, but observational studies on the benefit–risk balance of DOACs compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) are needed. The aim of this study was to characterize the risk of major bleeding in DOAC users using longitudinal data collected from electronic health care databases from 4 different EU‐countries analysed with a common study protocol.MethodsA cohort study was conducted among new users (≥18 years) of DOACs or VKAs with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation using data from the UK, Spain, Germany and Denmark. The incidence of major bleeding events (overall and by bleeding site) was compared between current use of DOACs and VKAs. Cox regression analysis was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and adjust for confounders.Results/ConclusionOverall, 251 719 patients were included across the 4 study cohorts (mean age ~75 years, % females between 41.3 and 54.3%), with overall hazard ratios of major bleeding risk for DOACs vs VKAs ranging between 0.84 (95% CI: 0.79–0.90) in Denmark and 1.13 (95% CI 1.02–1.25) in the UK. When stratifying according to the bleeding site, risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was increased by 48–67% in dabigatran users and 30–50% for rivaroxaban users compared to VKA users in all data sources except Denmark. Compared to VKAs, apixaban was not associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in all data sources and seemed to be associated with the lowest risk of major bleeding events compared to dabigatran and rivaroxaban.
What really is the nature of suffering? Three problems with Eric Cassell’s concept of distress
Authors: Duffee Charlotte 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEric Cassell famously defined suffering as a person’s severe distress at a threat to their personal integrity. This article draws attention to some problems with the concept of distress in this theory. In particular, I argue that Cassell’s theory turns on distress but does not define it, which, in light of the complexity of distress, problematizes suffering in three ways: first, suffering becomes too equivocal to apply in at least some cases that Cassell nevertheless identifies as suffering; second, Cassell’s account does not explain what sort of experience suffering is, resulting in theoretical and practical difficulties in distinguishing it from other medical conditions; third, there is good reason to believe that, in medical contexts, ‘distress’ just means ‘suffering’ or some cognate concept not yet distinguished from it, rendering Cassell’s theory circular. I consider a rebuttal to my objections and reply, concluding that Cassell’s theory of suffering needs a definition of distress to settle what the nature of suffering really is.
Brain control of appetite during sickness
Authors: Aviello Gabriella , Cristiano Claudia , Luckman Simon M. , D'Agostino Giuseppe 
Published: July 2020

Given the high‐energy requirements to sustain immune responses and healing processes, it is intriguing that lack of appetite (i.e., anorexia) is a cardinal feature of sickness behaviour. While our understanding of the brain mechanisms that control appetite is rapidly growing, how inflammation affects these mechanisms is not fully understood. Here, we discuss advances in our understanding of discrete appetite controlling mechanisms and how inflammation influences their function. We further discuss the pathophysiological significance of anorexia and negative energy balance during the immune regulatory response.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Cellular metabolism and diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.10/issuetoc
Oncogenic mutation in RAS‐RAF axis leads to increased expression of GREB1, resulting in tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Kochi Masatoshi , Hinoi Takao , Niitsu Hiroaki , Miguchi Masashi , Saito Yasufumi , Sada Haruki , Sentani Kazuhiro , Sakamoto Naoya , Oue Naohide , Tashiro Hirotaka , Sotomaru Yusuke , Yasui Wataru , Ohdan Hideki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBRAFV600E mutation accounts for up to 90% of all BRAF mutations in human colorectal cancer (CRC), and constitutively activates the MEK‐MAPK pathway. It is recognized that neutralizing mAbs for epidermal growth factor receptor alone are not effective for CRC with BRAFV600E mutation. Therefore, there is increasing interest in identification of the possible therapeutic targets in downstream of BRAF mutation in CRCs. To address this, we studied genome engineered mouse models for colonic neoplasia that has BrafV600E mutation on the basis of Apc inactivation, induced in 2 distinct Cre mouse models, CDX2P‐G22Cre and CDX2P‐CreERT2 mice. We carried out oligonucleotide microarray analysis for colonic neoplasia generated in these mouse models, and compared gene expression profiles among Kras/Braf WT, Kras‐mutated, and Braf‐mutated mouse colon tumors to seek new molecular targets corresponding to the KRAS‐BRAF‐MAPK axis. We found that the expression of the growth regulation by estrogen in breast cancer protein 1 (Greb1) was the most upregulated gene in Braf‐mutated mouse tumors compared to Kras/Braf WT counterparts. The silencing of GREB1 significantly reduced the proliferation and tumorigenesis of CRC cell lines, whereas the overexpression of GREB1 promoted cell proliferation. Although GREB1 was first identified as a hormone‐responsive gene mediating estrogen‐stimulated cell proliferation in endometriosis, breast, and ovarian cancers, these results suggest that RAS‐RAF‐MAPK signaling upregulates GREB1 expression in CRC, resulting in cellular proliferation. Thus, GREB1 is a possible therapeutic target for CRCs with BrafV600E mutation.
Foster parents' experiences of using child mental health and welfare services in Norway: Associations with youth, placement, and service characteristics
Authors: Larsen Marit , Baste Valborg , Bjørknes Ragnhild , Breivik Kyrre , Myrvold Trine , Lehmann Stine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe measurement of user experience has gained international attention as a tool for improving quality of care. Because foster families have a high need for service support, we examined quality of care from the foster parent's perspective and associated characteristics. We collected information about type and frequency of service use in the last 2 years and standardized measures of user‐reported experiences and outcomes from foster parents of youths aged 11–18 years in Norway (N = 290). We analysed the data using descriptive statistics, independent samples t‐tests and multiple regressions. Overall, foster parents had positive service experiences, and around half reported improvement in youth condition and function compared with before the service contact. The foster parents gave similar evaluations of child welfare services and specialized mental health services but indicated different strengths and weaknesses of the providers. Younger age, more frequent service contact and less waiting time were associated with positive service experiences, while less mental health problems and fewer years in current foster home were related to positive perceptions of outcomes. Our results indicate focus areas for increasing quality of care from the user perspective, for example, sharing information, cooperation between services, having frequent enough service contact and reducing waiting time.
Taking a more nuanced look at behavior change for demand reduction in the illegal wildlife trade
Authors: Thomas‐Walters Laura , Veríssimo Diogo , Gadsby Erica , Roberts David , Smith Robert J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe illegal wildlife trade threatens the future of many species, and undermines economies and livelihoods. Conservationists have largely responded with supply‐side interventions, such as antipoaching patrols, but these often fail to stem the tide of wildlife trafficking. There is now increasing interest in demand‐side interventions, which seek to lower poaching pressure on sought‐after species by reducing consumer's desire for, and purchase of, specific wildlife products. Individual behavior change approaches, from environmental education to social marketing, have been widely advocated by academics, practitioners, and policy makers. However, this is an emerging field and we lack the breadth of evidence needed to understand and predict the potential outcomes of demand reduction interventions. To help us gain broader insights, we examine the literature from public health and international development on the effectiveness of behavior change interventions, and critique the current conceptualization of strategies for reducing consumer demand in the illegal wildlife trade. We show that behavior change is difficult to achieve and interventions may have unintended and undesirable consequences because of unaddressed systemic, cultural and environmental drivers, and limited resourcing. We conclude that some sections of the conservation community are advocating a shift from one reductionist approach based on limiting supply, to another based on limiting demand, and argue that conservationists should learn from the public health and international development projects that have integrated systems thinking. By accounting for the multiple interactions and synergies between different factors in the wildlife trade, we can develop more strategic approaches to protecting endangered species.
Are All Contributions Equal? Investigating the Role of Community Participation in Crowdwork
Authors: Ma Xiao , Kuem Jungwon , Hou Jinghui (Jove) , Khansa Lara , Zhu Zhuo 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTA characteristic of crowdwork (i.e., online labor) is that many workers actively participate in online communities. Despite some anecdotal evidence that these communities help sustain workers, crowdwork struggles with high turnover rate. Meanwhile, it is unclear whether the acclaimed benefits of online communities materialize in earnings. Our objective is to understand what forms of active participation behavior in crowdwork communities affect workers’ earnings and continuance, why, and how. Our empirical probe to these questions is guided by a theoretically grounded tripartite taxonomy of active community participation behavior. We adopt simultaneous equations modeling with instrumental variables and analyze a multisource dataset of 283 crowdworkers who are members of a crowdwork community. We show that decomposing posting behavior into different types reveals its controversial relationships with work outcomes. Specifically, discussing crowdwork skills increases earnings. In contrast, socializing with other workers results in lower earnings. Somewhat counterintuitively, contributing knowledge to the community is negatively related to crowdwork continuance intention. Overall, the effects of the disaggregated community posting behavior imply that online communities can have profound impacts on crowdwork.
The impact of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist liraglutide on natriuretic peptides in heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction with and without type 2 diabetes
Authors: Nielsen Roni , Jorsal Anders , Tougaard Rasmus S. , Rasmussen Jon J. , Schou Morten , Videbæk Lars , Gustafsson Ida , Faber Jens , Flyvbjerg Allan , Wiggers Henrik , Tarnow Lise , Kistorp Caroline 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo assess the effect of liraglutide, a glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, on urinary sodium excretion as well as on circulating adrenomedullin and copeptin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and methodsIn the LIVE study, patients (n = 241) with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤45% were randomized to liraglutide 1.8 mg daily or placebo for 24 weeks, and 30% had a concomitant diagnosis of T2D. Plasma levels of N‐terminal brain‐natriuretic‐peptide (NT‐proBNP) (a predefined secondary endpoint), midregional pro‐atrial‐natriuretic‐peptide (MR‐proANP), midregional pro‐adrenomedullin (MR‐proADM) and copeptin were measured at baseline and after 24 weeks in this substudy. The potential effect modification of T2D was assessed.ResultsIn the eligible subgroup of 231 patients with available biomarkers (115 randomized to liraglutide and 116 to placebo), MR‐proANP decreased by 12% (P = .002) and NT‐proBNP by 9% (P = .009) during liraglutide treatment compared with placebo at week 24. Interaction with T2D for the treatment effect of change in MR‐proANP and NT‐proBNP levels was P = .003 and P = .03, respectively. Consequently, in patients with T2D, liraglutide decreased MR‐proANP by 27% (P < .001) and NT‐proBNP by 25% (P = .02) compared with placebo, whereas no change was observed in patients without T2D. There was no effect of liraglutide on MR‐proADM (P = .10) or copeptin (P = .52).ConclusionLiraglutide decreased the A‐ and B‐type natriuretic peptides significantly in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and concomitant T2D, suggesting a beneficial mechanism of liraglutide in T2D patients with HFrEF.
Efficacy and safety of iGlarLixi versus IDegLira in adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists: a systematic literature review and indirect treatment comparison
Authors: Home Philip D. , Aroda Vanita R. , Blonde Lawrence , Guyot Patricia , Shaunik Alka , Fazeli Mir Sohail , Goswami Hardik , Kalra Sanjay , Pourrahmat Mir‐Masoud 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsTo estimate the relative treatment effect between the fixed‐ratio combinations iGlarLixi and IDegLira (glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist with basal insulin) in people with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on a glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonist.Materials and MethodsA systematic literature review of randomized controlled trials followed by an indirect treatment comparison was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of the available fixed‐ratio combinations. Main outcomes were glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change and target achievement [<6.5% and <7.0% (<48 and <53 mmol/mol)], fasting plasma glucose, self‐monitored plasma glucose, body weight, and incidence and rate of hypoglycaemia.ResultsFrom 4850 abstracts screened, 78 qualified for full‐text article review and two randomized controlled trials were included. Baseline characteristics were similar in the two studies. The mean difference at 26 weeks between IDegLira and iGlarLixi was −0.36 (95% credible intervals −0.58, −0.14) % [−3.9 (−6.3, −1.5) mmol/mol] for HbA1c and −1.0 (−1.6, −0.4) mmol/L for fasting plasma glucose. No significant differences were found in HbA1c target attainment, preprandial or postprandial self‐monitored plasma glucose, or body weight change. Formal comparisons of hypoglycaemia were limited by differences in definitions between the studies: in non‐sulphonylurea users, incidence was 28% for IDegLira (‘confirmed’ at ≤3.1 mmol/L); for iGlarLixi, incidence was 9% (‘documented symptomatic’ at <3.0 mmol/L).ConclusionsResults of this indirect treatment comparison using two studies suggest iGlarLixi and IDegLira appear to offer similar benefits for HbA1c target achievement. However, the findings suggest differences in other glycaemia results and hypoglycaemia, which may reflect differences in study design and titration approaches.
Relationship between specific temporomandibular disorders and impaired upper neck performance
Authors: Greenbaum Tzvika , Dvir Zeevi , Emodi‐Perelmam Alona , Reiter Shoshana , Rubin Pessia , Winocur Ephraim 
Published: July 2020

Upper neck impairments are more prevalent in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) but the differences between specific types of TMDs are unclear. This study evaluated the distribution of such impairments among different forms of TMD. In total, 116 participants (86 women and 30 men, age range 21–75 yr) were investigated. Forty‐two individuals had no TMDs and were assigned to the control group. The remaining 74 patients were assigned to one of three groups based on the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) findings: pain‐related (n = 37); intra‐articular (n = 17); or mixed (combined pain‐related and intra‐articular) (n = 20). Analyses of impairments included between‐group comparisons of key parameters of upper neck performance (active/passive mobility and muscular capabilities) and pain (subjective neck disability and pain sensitivity). Patients in the pain‐related and mixed TMD groups were found to have decreased upper neck mobility in the cervical flexion‐rotation test compared with patients in intra‐articular and control groups, as well as poorer capabilities of the deep neck flexor muscles in the cranio‐cervical flexion test compared to the control group. It was concluded that patients with pain‐related TMD diagnoses are more likely to experience significant upper‐neck hypomobility and poor muscular capabilities than patients with intra‐articular diagnoses of TMD.
A Method to Represent a Well in a Three‐Dimensional Discrete Fracture Network Model
Authors: Pham Hai , Parashar Rishi , Sund Nicole , Pohlmann Karl 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn discrete fracture network (DFN) modeling, fractures are randomly generated and placed in the model domain. The rock matrix is considered impermeable. Small fractures and isolated fractures are often ignored to reduce computational expense. As a result, the rock matrix between fractures could be large and intersections may not be found between a well introduced in the model and the hydraulically connected fracture networks (fracture backbones). To overcome this issue, this study developed a method to conceptualize a well in a three‐dimensional (3D) DFN using two orthogonal rectangular fractures oriented along the well's axis. Six parameters were introduced to parameterize the well screen and skin zone, and to control the connectivity between the well and the fracture backbones. The two orthogonal fractures were discretized using a high‐resolution mesh to improve the quality of flow and transport simulations around and along the well. The method was successfully implemented within dfnWorks 2.0 (Hyman et al. 2015) to incorporate a well in a 3D DFN and to track particles leaving an injection well and migrating to a pumping well. Verification of the method against MODFLOW/MODPATH found a perfect match in simulated hydraulic head and particle tracking. Using three examples, the study showed that the method ensured the connectivity between wells and fracture backbones, and honored the physical processes of flow and transport along and around wells in DFNs. Recommendations are given for estimating the values of the six introduced well parameters in a real‐world case study.
DEA‐based centralized resource allocation with network flows
Authors: Tao Xiangyang , Xiong Beibei , An Qingxian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the centralized resource allocation problem among individual units using network flow theory in a data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework. Existing research on DEA‐based resource allocation is primarily concerned with the amount of allocated resources to individual units, and only a few studies have considered resource flows when resources are allocated. To identify the internal structure of the resource allocation process, network structure is introduced and network flow theory is used to search for the optimal resource allocation scheme. Moreover, resource allocation cost is considered in network flows and a resource allocation gain (RAG) function is formulated to provide a quantitative analysis of the trade‐off between production gains from resource allocation and resource allocation cost in the resource allocation process. In addition, several characteristics of the RAG function are also discussed. Lastly, the proposed method is demonstrated through an expository example with several random data and an application of the centralized resource reallocation to bank systems.
Impact of texturing on the phase transitions in sol–gel‐processed Bi(Sm)FeO3 thin films on LaNiO3‐buffered silicon
Authors: Liu Lisha , Qiu Xiaofu , Zhang Suwei , Zhou Zhen , Huang Yu , Shu Liang , Cheng Yue‐Yu‐Shan , Wang Xuping , Li Jing‐Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe orientation modulation of ferroelectric materials is a suitable method to optimize material performance. Textured Bi1‐xSmxFeO3 thin films (near the rhombohedral‐orthorhombic (R‐O) phase boundary, that is, x = 0, 0.1, 0.12, 0.14, and 0.16) were fabricated using the sol‐gel process by introducing a LaNiO3 (LNO) seed layer. Structural and ferroelectric characterizations were used to investigate the effect of texturing on the Sm doping‐induced R‐O phase transition of the BiFeO3 thin films. It was found that a phase transition occurred from the rhombohedral to the orthorhombic structure with increasing Sm content in the nontextured polycrystalline films, resulting in an R‐O phase boundary at x = 0.12. In contrast, the R‐O phase boundary in the textured films was more diffuse, indicating a two‐phase coexistence in a boarder range of Sm doping levels (x = 0.12‐0.16). This discrepancy was attributed to the complexity of the stress status in thin films. The dielectric and electrical properties of the nontextured and textured samples were investigated. The current study shows that the phase boundary in ferroelectric thin films can be altered by diverse means, thus providing insights into potential applications.
How can care settings for people with intellectual disabilities embed health promotion?
Authors: Vlot‐van Anrooij Kristel , Koks‐Leensen Monique C. J. , van der Cruijsen Anneke , Jansen Henk , van der Velden Koos , Leusink Geraline , Hilgenkamp Thessa I. M. , Naaldenberg Jenneken 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities (ID) depend on their environment to live healthily. Asset‐based health promotion enhances a settings’ health‐promoting capacity starting with identifying protective or promotive factors that sustain health.MethodThis inclusive mixed‐methods study used group sessions to generate and rank ideas on assets supporting healthy nutrition and physical activity in Dutch intellectual disability care settings. Participants included people with moderate intellectual disabilities and family and care professionals of people with severe/profound intellectual disabilities.ResultsFifty‐one participants identified 185 assets in group sessions. They include the following: (i) the social network and ways “people” can support, (ii) assets in/around “places,” and person–environment fit, and (iii) “preconditions”: health care, prevention, budget, and policy.ConclusionThis inclusive research provides a user perspective on assets in the living environment supporting healthy living. This gives insight in contextual factors needed for development and sustainable embedment of health promotion in the systems of intellectual disability support settings.