bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting long-term dynamics of soil salinity and sodicity on a global scale
Authors: Hassani Amirhossein , Azapagic Adisa , Shokri Nima 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Land degradation due to soil salinization has detrimental impacts on vegetation, crops, and human livelihoods, leading to a need for a methodologically consistent analysis of the variability of different aspects of salt-affected soils. However, previous studies on the soil salinity issue have been primarily spatial and localized, leaving the large-scale spatiotemporal variations of soil salinity widely ignored. To address this gap, we present a globally validated analysis quantifying the long-term variations (40 y) of topsoil salinity at high spatial resolutions using machine-learning techniques. The results have significant implications for agroecological modelling, land assessment, crop growth simulation, and sustainable water management.
Allosteric cooperation in a de novo-designed two-domain protein
Authors: Pirro Fabio , Schmidt Nathan , Lincoff James , Widel Zachary X. , Polizzi Nicholas F. , Liu Lijun , Therien Michael J. , Grabe Michael , Chino Marco , Lombardi Angela , DeGrado William F. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
A major mechanism of evolution involves fusing genes that encode single-domain proteins to create multidomain structures that achieve new functions. Here, we develop methods to design multidomain proteins entirely from scratch and achieve the premier de novo design of an allosterically regulated phenol oxidase that responds to the binding of a synthetic porphyrin.
Grain-boundary topological phase transitions
Authors: Chen Kongtao , Srolovitz David J. , Han Jian 
Published: December 2020

Significance
We reveal the existence of a topological phase transition (Kosterlitz–Thouless type) in grain boundaries (GBs)—important internal surfaces in crystalline materials. GB dynamics are controlled by the formation/migration of line defects (disconnections) with dislocation and step character. Below the GB KT transition, disconnections of opposite signs are bound as pairs, while above it they unbind and proliferate. We demonstrate that GB KT transitions provide a fundamental understanding of many GB properties, the temporal evolution of microstructure, and how it deforms/degrades under stress.
A new ultrafast energy funneling material harvests three times more diffusive solar energy for GaInP photovoltaics
Authors: Willich Marcel M. , Wegener Lucas , Vornweg Johannes , Hohgardt Manuel , Nowak Julia , Wolter Mario , Jacob Christoph R. , Walla Peter Jomo 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceUsing molecular systems that harvest diffusive sunlight on large areas and funnel it onto much smaller areas of precious high-performance solar cells could pave the way to affordable high-efficiency photovoltaics. Here, we discovered important structural principles of molecules suitable to align diffusive light, the underlying ultrafast depolarization/repolarization dynamics, and a material with significantly higher light harvesting in the peak of the solar spectrum.
Investigation of temporal long-range correlation and anti-correlation of the fluctuations in a radiofrequency produced plasma in a diverging magnetic field configuration
Authors: Ghosh Abhijit , Saha S K , Chowdhury S , Janaki M S , Iyengar A N S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Long range temporal correlation of the fluctuations in both the floating potential (ϕ

f
) and the ion-saturation current (I

s
) have been investigated in a radio frequency produced magnetized plasma, in which the magnetic field diverges from a narrower quartz tube into a bigger stainless steel expansion chamber. Both argon and helium have been used as the filling gases. The Hurst exponents estimated from the rescaled range statistics indicate that the fluctuations in the ion-saturation current in argon plasma are anti-correlated inside a conical surface. The same fluctuations exhibit a transition to long range correlated behaviour over a narrow radial region of the conical surface. For helium plasma, the fluctuations in I

s
are mostly long range anti-correlated. The log-log plot of the power spectra of the fluctuations in I

s
and ϕ

f
have been observed to follow power laws and the same happens in the power spectrum of the particle flux also, indicating that the self-organized-criticality may exist in the present system.
Hardware architecture for real-time EEG-based functional brain connectivity parameter extraction
Authors: Gutierrez Nuno Rafael Angel , Chung Chi Hang Raphael , Maharatna Koushik 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Design a novel architecture for real-time quantitative characterization of functional brain connectivity (FC) networks derived from wearable electroencephalogram (EEG). Approach. We performed an algorithm to architecture mapping for the calculation of phase lag index to form the functional connectivity networks and the extraction of a set of graph-theoretic parameters to quantitatively characterize these networks. This mapping was optimized using approximations in the mathematical definitions of the algorithms which reduce its computational complexity and produce a more hardware amenable implementation. Main results. The architecture was developed for a 19-channel EEG system. The system can calculate all the functional connectivity parameters in a total time of 131 µs, utilizes 71% of the total logic resources in the FPGA, and shows 51.84 mW dynamic power consumption at 22.16 MHz operation frequency when implemented in a Stratix IV EP4SGX230K FPGA. Our analysis also showed that the system occupies an area equivalent to approximately 937 K 2-input NAND gates, with an estimated power consumption of 39.3 mW at 0.9 V supply using a 90 nm CMOS application specific integrated circuit technology. Significance. The proposed architecture can calculate the FC and extract the graph-theoretic parameters in real-time with low power consumption. This characteristic makes the architecture ideal for applications such as a wearable closed-loop neurofeedback systems, where constant monitoring of the brain activity and fast processing of EEG is necessary to control the appropriate feedback.
A robust two-stage sleep spindle detection approach using single-channel EEG
Authors: Jiang Dihong , Ma Yu , Wang Yuanyuan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective. Sleep spindles in the electroencephalogram (EEG) are significant in sleep analysis related to cognitive functions and neurological diseases, and thus are of great clinical interests. An automatic sleep spindle detection algorithm could help decrease the workload of visual inspection by sleep clinicians. Approach. We propose a robust two-stage approach for sleep spindle detection using single-channel EEG. In the pre-detection stage, a stable number of sleep spindle candidates are discovered using the Teager energy operator with adaptive parameters, where the number of true sleep spindles are ensured as many as possible to maximize the detection sensitivity. In the refinement stage, representative features are designed and a bagging classifier is exploited to further recognize the true spindles from all candidates, in order to remove the false detection in the first stage. Main results. Using the union of all experts’ annotations as the ground truth, its performance outperforms state-of-the-art works in terms of F1-score (F1) on two public databases (F1: 0.814 for Montreal archive of sleep studies dataset and 0.690 for DREAMS dataset). The annotation consistency between the proposed method and certain selected expert as the trainer could exceed the consistency between two human experts. Significance. The proposed sleep spindle detection method is based on single-channel EEG thus introduces as less interference to the subjects as possible. It is robust to subject variations between databases and is capable of learning certain annotation rules, which is expected to help facilitate the manual labeling of certain experts. In addition, this method is fast enough for real-time applications.
Which Fitch?
Authors: Jago Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Jago (2019) uses a Fitch-style argument in an attempt to demonstrate that every truth has a truthmaker (maximalism). But Trueman (forthcoming) shows that there is a parallel argument, this time to the conclusion that no truth has a truthmaker. Since we cannot accept both, we must ditch at least one Fitch. But which?
Keywords: Truth, truthmaking, truthmaker maximalism, Fitch paradox, Robert Trueman
I Am Not Invisible: The Impact of Age Discrimination in the Workplace
Authors: McConatha Jasmin Tahmaseb , Schnell Frauke , Stricker Lauren , Magnarelli Jacqueline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ageism and age stereotypes are widespread. They shape the lived experiences of older workers. This presentation focuses on the results of responses to an online survey exploring the impact of ageist treatment in the workplace. The results of online surveys from 113 teachers over the age of 50 indicated that ageist treatment is widespread. An analysis of open ended questions addressing the stressful impact of being victimized by ageism indicated that feeling invisible, isolated, and helpless are the three most common responses to ageist treatment in the workplace. Being victimized by ageism presents a threat to older workers sense of self and feelings of competence. The cultivation hypothesis suggests that in technologically advanced societies such as the United States, people often rely on the media as a primary source of cultural information. Media images tend to depict older adults in ways that maintain and create ageist stereotypes. Our research suggests that the framing of media content significantly influences the self-worth of older workers. In this presentation, we discuss examples of ageism in the workplace, the family, and the media, and discuss ways of combating biased and discriminatory treatment. Based on our ongoing research, we make suggestions for ways of responding to and coping with ageist treatment.
Self-Rated Health in Older Adults (60+) Who Are Sexually Active: Association With Pleasure
Authors: Viviano Nicole 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Older adults who engage in sexual activity (SA) tend to have greater enjoyment in life compared to their less sexually active counterparts. Further, older adults tend to report more satisfying or pleasurable SA when less health conditions are reported. Although self-rated health (SRH) is often incorporated in studies concerning SA, it is not always included when examining sexual intimacy, pleasure, and pain/discomfort. It is important to understand how SRH is associated with both SA and sexual pleasure as it could indicate when providers need to initiate conversations with their patients regarding safe sex practices and/or diagnose related health conditions (i.e. erectile dysfunction, vaginal dryness, etc.). The current study examined the association between SRH and experiencing pleasurable sexual interactions in older adults (60+). The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher dataset (2011-2014) was used for this secondary data analysis. The dependent variable is pleasure in sexual interaction; the independent variable is self-rated health. Covariates include marital status, race, sex, sexual intimacy and sexual pain/discomfort. An ordinal logistic regression shows that for every one-unit increase in SRH, there is 1.341 times odds of experiencing pleasure in sexual interactions in older adults 60+ after adjusting for covariates. Individuals who had higher SRH had increased odds of having pleasurable sexual encounters. It is already clear that older adults are engaging in sexual activity, despite stereotypical myths. Further understanding the relationships between factors of SA like pleasure, pain/discomfort, and intimacy and health factors might allow for the extension of a healthy sexual life.
Social Problem-Solving and Suicide Risk Across the Lifespan: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Molaie Ali , Chong Adrienne , Fisher Jane 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Social disconnectedness, or thwarted belongingness (TB) is a risk factor for suicide across the lifespan. Perceived time left (PTL) to live may impact perceptions of hopefulness for future social connectedness, and thus the generation of problem-solving strategies for decreasing TB and the risk for suicide. We conducted an exploratory analysis of the quantity and quality of older and younger adults’ recommendations for decreasing TB of characters in vignettes who were depicted as having high or low TB (i.e., described as lonely or not lonely) and high or low PTL (i.e., described as being 35-years-old or 85-years-old). We also examined the relation between participants’ social recommendations and suicide risk. Participants with higher suicide risk endorsed higher hopelessness on the High TB/Low PTL vignette and were more likely to recommend contact with family as a means of reducing TB (χ^2(1) = 4.25, p = 0.04) than were participants with lower suicide risk. Participants with higher suicide risk were also more likely to recommend social activity with friends than were participants with lower suicide risk on the High TB/High PTL vignette, (χ^2(1) = 6.66, p = 0.01) and on the High TB/Low PTL vignette (χ^2(1) = 6.14, p = 0.02). Additionally, age differences were observed such that older participants made fewer recommendations involving socializing with family and friends than did younger adults, and provided more nonsocial or made no recommendations across vignettes. The results suggest that social problem-solving may be an important differentiating variable among older and younger adults at risk for suicide.
Role Overload, Perceived Gratitude, and Health Among Spousal Caregivers: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Nah Suyoung , Martire Lynn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Spouses are likely the most vulnerable caregivers due to their advanced age and more intense caregiving than other family members. Thus, it is crucial to identify risk and protective factors for spousal caregivers’ health. According to Pearlin’s stress process model, caregivers’ subjective stressors and resources may impact their health. We focused on spousal caregivers’ role overload, a critical indicator of subjective stressors, and their perception that the partner is grateful for their help, which may be beneficial for their health but has rarely received attention. This study tested the hypotheses that spousal caregivers’ higher role overload and lower perceived gratitude are associated with poorer physical and mental health over time. We also examined whether greater perceived gratitude buffers the negative relationships between role overload and health. We focused on 223 spousal caregivers of older adults without dementia from the 2015 and 2017 National Study of Caregiving. Autoregressive models revealed that spousal caregivers’ higher role overload at baseline was associated with poorer self-rated health at follow-up (b = -0.23, p &lt; .05), but not with depressive symptoms or anxiety. Spousal caregivers’ greater perceived gratitude at baseline was associated with lower anxiety at follow-up (b = -0.32, p &lt; .01). There were no moderating effects of perceived gratitude on the relationships between role overload and health. These findings suggest that spousal caregivers’ role overload is a risk factor for their physical health, while their perception that the partner is grateful for their help serves as a protective factor for their mental health.
Epidemiology of Suicide in Older Adults
Authors: Pearson Jane 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This individual symposium abstract will focus on the epidemiology of suicide in older adults, with particular focus on risk factors, changing demographics, and population shifts with the baby-boomers aging. Epidemiologically, older men aged 75 and older have a suicide rate of 39.7 deaths per 100,000 in 2017, compared to the general population of 14.0 deaths per 100,000. Risk factors for suicide in older adults include functional disability, multiple chronic physical conditions, and social isolation. In addition, older adults often face stressors such as relationship issues, life crises (loss of spouse), and social factors (employment and financial challenges, housing stress, and legal issues). Limited mobility, physical and mental health conditions, and lack of social support can affect healthcare access and utilization. Many older adults do not routinely seek behavioral health treatment, with reported under-detection of mental health conditions such as depression, substance use disorders, and suicidal ideation.
Factors Associated With Social Isolation Among Older Adults: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Barrenetxea Jon , Yi Yang , Koh Woon Puay , Qiushi Feng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Social isolation is a determinant of mortality and well-being among older people. Factors associated with isolation could be different in societies where older adults live mainly with family, as individuals might feel isolated despite living with others. We studied the factors associated with isolation among 16,948 older adults from follow-up 3 of the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort of older Singapore Chinese (mean age of 73, range: 61-96 years). We defined social isolation as having “zero hour per week” of participation in social activities involving 3 or more people and scoring the lowest decile on the Duke Social Support Scale of perceived social support. We used multivariable logistic regressions to compute odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for factors associated with likelihood of social isolation. Although only 14.4% of isolated participants lived alone, living alone remained a significant factor associated with isolation (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.58-2.35), together with cognitive impairment (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.46-2.04) and depression (OR 2.44, 95% CI 2.12-2.80). Higher education level was inversely associated with isolation (p for trend&lt;0.001). In stratified analysis, among those living alone, compared to women, men had higher odds of social isolation (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.43-3.32) than among those not living alone (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.84-1.17) (p for interaction&lt;0.001). Our results showed that living alone, cognitive impairment and depression were indicators of isolation among older Singaporeans. In addition, among those living alone, men were more likely to experience social isolation than women.
Using Big Data for Clinical Decision Making
Authors: Woods Diana , Yefimova Maria 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The current workforce is ill prepared for the rise in Americans 65 and older from 46.3 million in 2010 to 98.2 million by 2050, a national increase of 112.2 % accompanied by increasing chronic conditions. The increase in older Americans, the prevalence of those with dementia, accompanied by behavioral symptoms of dementia (BSD) is increasing. Innovative technology may alert health providers to early signs of decline in frail older adults with multiple chronic conditions. Remote monitoring in the home and community living spaces can address complex care needs for older adults. Monitoring may identify and predict deviations in a person’s daily routine that herald a change in a chronic condition. We present two examples that can potentially assist in clinical decision making. The first exemplar used 24/7 sensor data to identify changes, potentially clinically significant, such that early intervention may prevent hospitalizations; the second exemplar presents the use of pattern recognition software (THEME TM) for temporal pattern analysis, to identify and quantify behavior patterns with regard to intensity, frequency and complexity, such that interventions may be individually tailored and timed. Clinical researchers and technology developers need to collaborate early in the process to consider the sources and frequency of clinical measures for meaningful predictions. One major challenge lies in the interpretation of the vast amounts of within individual data. Our insights strive to improve future interdisciplinary development of monitoring systems to support aging in place and support clinical decisions for timely and effective care for frail older adults.
Impact of Frailty on Medical and Long-Term Care Expenditures for the Elderly Age 75 or Over in Japan
Authors: Yoshida Hiroto , Kihara Yuriko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study examined the impact of frailty on medical and long-term care expenditures in an older Japanese population. The subjects were those aged 75 years and over who responded to the survey (March 2018) in Bibai, Hokkaido, Japan (n=1,203) and have never received certification of long-term care insurance at the survey. We followed up 867 individuals (72.1%) until the end of December 2018 (10 month-period). We defined frailty as a state in performing 4 items and over of 15 items which were composed of un-intentional weight loss, history of falls, etc. Among 867 subjects, 233 subjects (26.9%) were judged to be frailty group, and 634 subjects (73.1%) non-frailty group. We compared period to the new certification of long-term care insurance (LTCI), accumulated medical and long-term care expenditures adjusted for age and gender between the two groups during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between baseline frailty and the new certification of LTCI. The relative hazard ratio (HR) was higher in frailty group than non-frailty group (HR=3.51, 95% CI：1.30-9.45, P=.013). The adjusted mean accumulated medical and long-term care expenditures per capita during the follow-up were significantly (P=.002) larger for those in the frailty group (629,699 yen), while those in the non-frailty group were 450,995 yen. We confirmed strong economic impact of frailty in the elderly aged 75 or over in Japan.
The Electronic Frailty Index and Area Deprivation Index: Independent Constructs in Risk Stratification
Authors: Callahan Kathryn , Lenoir Kristin , Pajewski Nicholas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Frailty and social determinants of health (SDOH) have been associated with mortality for older adults. Given time limitations, passive electronic tools such as the eFI and publicly available data such as the Area Deprivation Index (ADI) hold appeal for targeting limited resources to support at-risk older adults. Literature is conflicting with regards to the relationship between frailty and SDOH. A retrospective, observational cohort of adults 65+ (n=44,548) identified as part of the Wake Forest Baptist Health (WFBH) accountable care organization was used to evaluate the association between ADI, eFI, and mortality between 1/1/2019 and 1/1/2020. A cox proportional hazard model was fit, adjusting for age, sex, race, and weighted Charlson Comorbidity Index. Sources of mortality data include claims data, the EHR at WFBH, and NC Vital Statistics. Block-level geographic identifiers (GEOID) were extracted and used to merge ADI national percentiles (Neighborhood Atlas), derived from U.S. Census 5-year American Community Survey estimates, which incorporates 17 SDOH measures (e.g., income, education, housing, employment.) Frailty was calculated by the WFBH eFI. 9216 (20.7%) were frail by eFI (eFI&gt;0.21) and 235 (0.5%) died. The interaction between ADI tertile and eFI category was not significant (p=0.78). Being frail was associated with poorer survival when compared to the fit group; HR= 1.94 (95% CI =1.23, 3.08; p&lt;0.01.) Survival did not differ between the maximum deprivation tertile and the minimum tertile, HR=1.21 (95% CI=0.88-1.68, p=0.25). Frailty and SDOH may represent independent constructs in risk stratification for older adults. Future work will explore associations within healthcare utilization.