bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MASK: A Success Story for An International Collaboration
Authors: Azimaee Mahmoud , Kalappa Gangamma , Milosevic Nikola , Nenadic Goran , Dadafarin Hesam , Yassaie Mahshid , Chen Branson , Ji Sean , Barron Daniella , Candido Elisa , Qian Cheng , Vermeulen Marian 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionA significant amount of valuable information in Electronic Health Records (EHR) such as laboratory test results or echocardiogram interpretations is embedded in lengthy free-text fields. Often patients’ personal information is also included in these narratives. Privacy legislation in different jurisdictions requires de-identification of this information prior to making it available for research. This process can be challenging and time-consuming. In particular, rule-based algorithms may lead to over-masking of essential medical terms, conditions, or devices that are named after individuals.
Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to enhance ICES’ existing rule-based application to make it contextually-driven by applying Artificial Intelligence (AI). The ICES team collaborated with computer scientists at the University of Manchester who had already published work in this area and Evenset, a Toronto-based software company. Based on the Manchester University de-identification framework for name entity recognition, three machine learning-based algorithms for name entity recognition were implemented: CRF, BiLSTM recurrent neural networks with GLoVe and ELMo word embeddings. The models were trained on three different types of ICES data: Laboratory results, Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and echocardiogram data. Evenset developed the user interface and the masking modules.
ResultsPreliminary tests have generated very promising results. To improve accuracy of the models, additional data annotation to expand the training datasets is currently being undertaken at ICES. The final framework will be available as an open-source tool for public.
Conclusion / ImplicationsA collaborative approach for solving complex problems like de-identification of text-based medical data is highly efficient, especially where there are unique sets of expertise, resources, data and clinical knowledge among stakeholders.
Hospital Admissions for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Western Australia Hospitals Have Declined Significantly Over Time (1995-2014)
Authors: Almutairi Khalid Bander , Nossent Johannes , Preen David , Keen Helen , Inderjeeth Charles 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionRheumatoid arthritis (RA) imposes a considerable burden on society in terms of morbidity, long-term disability, and costs. RA prevalence is poorly described in Australia, and linked health datasets can provide a more meaningful picture for RA epidemiology in the Australian population.
Objectives and ApproachWe extracted data on all patients identified in the WA Hospital Morbidity Data Collection between 1995 and 2014, with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for RA (ICD 10 M05.00–M06.99, and the corresponding ICD 9 codes). We estimated RA point- and period prevalence rates per 1000 hospital separations and annual average percentage changes, with the total number of hospital separations each year obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, which served as the denominator.
ResultsA total of 17,125 patients were admitted to WA hospitals with a diagnostic code for RA over the study period (1995-2014). The total number of hospital separations for RA patients was 50,353, indicating an average of three hospital separations per patient over twenty years. The RA prevalence was 3.4 per 1000 separations over the study period, with a -2.89% annual average decrease since 1995.The RA point prevalence remained constant in the early part of the study period, at 7.9 per 1000 separations, then decreased in the later years, from 3 per 1000 separations in 2009 to 1.9 per 1000 separations in 2014.
Conclusion / ImplicationsThese data demonstrate that hospitalisation for RA has decreased considerably in WA over the last two decades. As this decrease roughly coincides with the introduction of biological drug treatment for RA, the reduced need for hospital admission is likely due to improvements in RA management.
Defining Acute Kidney Injury Episodes
Authors: Davies Gareth , Scale Tim , Akbari Ashley , Chess James , Lyons Ronan A 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionAcute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common, serious condition effecting up to 20% of all hospital admissions in the UK. AKI has an agreed definition for its recognition, however there is no consensus for the duration of an AKI episode.
Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to describe four different potential definitions of an AKI episode. AKI was identified using an SQL (Structured Query Language) based algorithm (an implementation of the NHS England eAlert algorithm) applied to serum creatinine (SCr) results from a South Wales population of ~518,000 people, held in the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) Databank. Using a person’s index AKI case, we applied four different rules to define an episode of AKI. These definitions are: ALERTS - until they no longer trigger an AKI eAlert, 90 DAYS - until 90 days post first AKI test and <1.2/<1.5 until the SCr recovers to <1.2 or 1.5 times their baseline creatinine.
ResultsThere were 1,832,122 SCr tests in 340,908 people between 2011-2013, of which 93,843 were alerts (5.12%). This fell to 81,948 alerts in 21,979 patients when dialysis and transplant patients were excluded. Of these patients with AKI 7,792 (35.5%) were dead at 1 year after their first episode. There were 31,482, 33,758, 26,657, 34,904 episodes in patients by <1.2, <1.5, 90 Days and ALERTS definitions respectively.
8333 patients had first episodes occurring in 2011. The number of these having 2/3/4/5+ later episodes within 1yr were 2332/869/344/326, 2602/1095/485/609, 1534/331/71/17, 2728/1190/543/730 by <1.2, <1.5, 90 Days and ALERTS definitions respectively.
Conclusion / ImplicationsAKI episodes can be created in SAIL using SQL, and by adjusting the definition we see a variation in the number of episodes that a patient experiences. Once described, this cohort can be used to define a gold standard for AKI in future analysis.
Using A Privacy Preserving Record Linkage to Facilitate an Ongoing Crosswalk Between Research and Health Administrative Databases
Authors: Behan Brendan , Gee Tom , Evans Susan Gilbert , Dharsee Moyez , Evans Ken , Azimaee Mahmoud , Ross Kelley , Cartagena Rosario , Victor Charles , Green-Noble Lindsay , Mikkelsen Tom , Nylen Kirk 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe Ontario Brain Institute has developed Brain-CODE, an informatics platform designed to support the collection, storage, federation, sharing and analysis of different neuroscience research data types across several brain disorders. Linking such “deep” research data with “broad” health administrative data allows for improved characterization of disorders and supports the development of related health and social policies (Anderson et al., 2015). A privacy preserving record linkage protocol, developed through the Indoc Consortium, has been used to facilitate such linkages between Brain-CODE and administrative data holdings at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES; e.g., emergency department use, inpatient records, prescription drug utilization) (Gee et al., 2018).
Objectives and ApproachThree linkage pilots in the areas of neurodevelopmental disorders, epilepsy, and stroke research have been completed with >99% success match rates across all projects. However, each of these projects required a significant amount of human and computational resources to complete. With other similar data linkages being planned, it was determined that a more permanent solution was required rather than completing linkages on a project-by-project basis. The governance and technical elements to support the creation and maintenance of such a crosswalk between Brain-CODE and ICES were reviewed with an implementation plan subsequently developed.
Results:A methodology for creating a crosswalk between Brain-CODE and ICES has been established. The same privacy preserving record linkage protocol, as used in the previous linkage pilots, will support the creation of this crosswalk. A plan has been established to update this crosswalk annually to account for new study participants on Brain-CODE.
Conclusion / ImplicationsThe creation of this crosswalk will allow for a more streamlined approach of data linkage between Brain-CODE and ICES. Such an approach can significantly reduce overall resourcing requirements, enable more efficient data linkages, and contribute to the coupling of “broad” and “deep” data.
Measuring Community Strengths – Using Data from The First Nations Regional Health Survey Linked with A Whole-Population Administrative Data Repository
Authors: Nickel Nathan C , Phillips-Beck Wanda , Campbell Rhonda , Chateau Dan , Sarkar Joykrishna , Chartier Mariette , Enns Jennifer , Burland Elaine , Quddus Farzana , Brownell Marni 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionAdministrative data studies routinely report that First Nations mothers and children experience a disproportionate burden of poor health. Due to the nature of administrative data, research often takes a deficits-oriented approach. First Nations health research needs to consider the role that community- and individual-level strengths play in promoting wellbeing and examine how these interact with the delivery and outcomes of health programs.
Objectives and ApproachThe First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba (FNHSSM) and the University of Manitoba partnered to construct measures of community-level strengths that can be linked with administrative data to examine the delivery and outcomes associated with population health programs delivered in First Nations communities.
We linked data from the FNHSSM-administered Regional Health Survey (RHS) with administrative data housed in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository. We identified 60 questions from the child, youth, and adult versions of the RHS to measure community strengths. We used principal component analysis to identify strength-based constructs. We used Eigen values and percent of variance explained to determine the final number of factors. We used random group resampling and bootstrap methods to test for community-level homogeneity. Community-level factor scores were calculated as the scaled combination of RHS questions within each factor and averaged to the community.
ResultsWe identified 12 constructs of community strength: 5 from child responses, 4 from youth, and 3 from adult responses. Strength-based constructs common to all age groups included knowledge of traditional language, involvement in cultural events, and connection with community.
Conclusion / ImplicationsColonial approaches to health research perpetuate deficit-based dialogues and negative portrayal of First Nations peoples. First Nations health research should consider how community strengths promote health and interact with program delivery. Including measures of community strength leads to richer understandings of factors that promote wellness among First Nations peoples.
US Federal Data Policy: An Update on The Federal Data Strategy and The Evidence Act
Authors: O’Hara Amy 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThe US federal data landscape is evolving through the implementation of the Foundations for Evidence-Based Policymaking Act of 2018 and the 2020 Action Plan of the Federal Data Strategy (FDS). The Act and Plan seek better data governance; making data accessible and useful for the American public, businesses, and researchers; and improving how the government uses data to make decisions and for program oversight.
Objectives and ApproachThis paper provides a brief overview of the Evidence Act, describing what has already been implemented and what is forthcoming and how it involves population data linkages. We will also describe the FDS, using the Five Safes framework to categorize its priorities for federal agencies.
ResultsWe explain how the Evidence Act established new roles for Chief Data, Evaluation, and Statistical Officials. We describe efforts to set learning agendas and data inventories in agencies. We point to some successes, such as new repositories for tools and metadata, and progress on forming an advisory committee to explore how the US could build a National Secure Data Service. We tie the FDS action plan to these Evidence Act efforts, showing how agencies and communities of practice are expected to develop over time. We focus on the ten actions that involve shared solutions across government that focus on ethics, privacy, tools and standards.
Conclusion / ImplicationsThis paper shares updates on US federal data policy that started with the 2016 Commission for Evidence-based Policymaking, up through the current administration’s efforts to leverage data as a strategic asset. We highlight accomplishments, opportunities, and challenges for federal policy, noting how political will and funding ultimately affect progress.
South African experience consolidating person-level health data for both service and research in a single environment
Authors: Boulle Andrew , Heekes Alexa , Mutemaringa Themba , Smit Mariette , Foster Rosemary , Tiffin Nicki 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionThere are few examples of functional health information exchange environments or data linkage centres in the African settings. New opportunities are emerging as unique health identifiers and patient registration systems are being established nationally in many countries, and increasingly individuated health data are available for linkage, often linked to priority global health initiatives such as to support HIV and tuberculosis services.
Objectives and ApproachWe sought to establish a province-wide health information exchange and data centre for individuated health data, leveraging a unique identifier and available individuated data. The intention with the Provincial Health Data Centre (PHDC) was to create a single well-governed environment which could simultaneous fulfil the functions of an exchange directly supporting care, as well as support research requests. Often the demands of academics, funders and global agencies for reporting result in data consolidation for research and reporting taking precedence over service delivery.
ResultsThrough pragmatic use of data from all sources, the PHDC is able to usefully enumerate many health conditions of interest with sufficient fidelity for both service and research purposes. For research data requests, there has been a huge improvement in data governance alongside increased data availability as a result of the single environment with clear procedures for patient protection, and the benefits of data linkage prior to anonymisation. Many of the inference approaches have benefited hugely from interactions with researchers, which has in turn improved the quality of outputs for routine care.
Conclusion / ImplicationsIn maturing digital health environments which are establishing consolidated data environments for the first time, aspiring from the start to a single well-governed environment for both patient care and research, is a virtuous model with many benefits over fragmented data linkage efforts
Evaluating Full Day Kindergarten – Is It Associated with Improved Short- And Long-Term Education Outcomes Among Metis Children?
Authors: Nickel Nathan C , Sanguins Julianne , Sarkar Joykrishna , Enns Jennifer , Struck Shannon , Chartier Mariette , Burland Elaine , Quddus Farzana , Hinds Aynslie , Chateau Dan , Chartrand A Frances , Brownell Marni 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionEarly education outcomes influence children’s educational trajectories with long-term effects extending into adulthood. Aboriginal peoples face numerous systemic barriers to academic success. It remains unknown if full-day kindergarten (FDK) is associated with improved academic outcomes among Metis children – a distinct Aboriginal people recognized by the Canadian Constitution.
Objectives and ApproachThe Manitoba Metis Federation and the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy partnered to identify whether FDK was associated with improved short- and long-term outcomes among Metis children. We created a cohort of Metis children by linking several provincial databases held in the Manitoba Population Research Data Repository (1998-2011). Education data were used to identify all Metis children who attended FDK (n=247) vs half day kindergarten (HDK; n=547). FDK children were matched by age and sex to children in HDK. We used a step-wedged design and applied propensity scores to adjust for measured confounding. We tested for differences in grades 3, 7, 8 outcomes and high school graduation using generalized linear models.
ResultsFDK children were more likely to live in a low-income neighbourhood. 72% FDK and 74% HDK students met or approached numeracy expectations in grade 3; and 55% FDK and 48% HDK met or approached numeracy expectations in grade 7. For reading expectations, 77% FDK and 75% HDK met or approached grade 3 reading expectations; in grade 8, 62% in each group met or approached expectations for reading and writing. High school graduation rate for FDK children was 84% and for HDK children was 64%. After adjusting for confounding we found FDK children were more likely to graduate high school than HDK children; other outcomes were non-significant.
Conclusion / ImplicationsKindergarten programs may be insufficient to overcome structural barriers that Metis children face. Culturally appropriate education strategies are needed to support improved outcomes amongst this population.
The Concept of A Marriage Agreement in the Compilation of Islamic Law
Authors: Yunus Haerunnisa , Rusli Rusli , Abidin Abidin 
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to discusse the concept of a marriage agreement in the Compilation of Islamic Law. This study is literature review research with a qualitative methods. The data was gathered through content analysis and written material. Data analysis was analyzed using grounded theory approach and thematic building. The result of research shows basically, there is no difference between the Marriage Law and the Islamic Law Compilation regarding the marriage agreement. Second, the legal consequences of the marriage agreement made by each party—husband and wife, are binding. Therefore, if a violation occurs, each party can take legal action.
Method of Sharing Marriage Properties in the Religious Court, Palu
Authors: Thariq Godal Moh. , Hasyim Syarif , Musyahidah Musyahidah 
Published: December 2020

The aim of this paper is to discusses Marriage properties method sharing in the Religious Court of Palu City. This study uses qualitative methods and data was gathered through observation, in-depth interviews, and written material. Data analysis was analyzed using grounded theory approach. The results of this study indicate that terminating the distribution of marital assets is sufficient to provide justice for the plaintiffs and defendants. Joint assets are divided in half for each party if under normal conditions, namely the husband provides support for the family and the wife takes care of the household. The division of joint assets based on contributions in marriage is one of the considerations by the judge in deciding joint property cases. This means that the sharing of joint assets does not refer to Article 97 of the Compilation of Islamic Law, namely that joint assets are divided in two for each party, but divided by 2/3 for the wife and 1/3 for the husband in certain cases (casuistik). Judges in the decision on the distribution of joint assets are still based on legal principles and norms.
The difference of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent Pre- and Post-Ultrafiltration Hemodialysis in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Hermawathi Ni Made Rindra , Hajat Arifoel , Hernaningsih Yetti , Widodo Widodo 
Published: December 2020

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by kidney damage and a decrease of Glomerular Filtration Rate of less than 60 mL/ min/1.73 m2 in more than three months. Anemia is the most common complication in patients with CKD who regularly undergo hemodialysis. Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (Ret-He) is a new parameter that can reflect the storage of iron for erythropoiesis. This study compared the Ret-He level pre and post-hemodialysis and evaluated the effect of ultrafiltration (UF) hemodialysis to Ret-He level in CKD patients. This research was an observational analytical study. Samples were 50 patients with CKD who underwent hemodialysis regularly in Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya by consecutive sampling from August–September 2017. The measurement of the Ret-He level pre ultrafiltration hemodialysis was divided into UF < 2 L and UF â‰¥ 2 L. Both groups showed homogenous results. The group with UF < 2 L increased significantly from pre to post ultrafiltration (p=0.010). The group with UF â‰¥ 2 L was not increased considerably from 30.57±3.62 to 32.69±3.45 (p=0.413). Ret-He level in the group with UF < 2 L was 0.81±1.10, significantly higher than the group with UF â‰¥ 2 L 0.12±0.83 (p=0.017). The difference of Ret-He level pre and post ultrafiltration was significant in UF < 2 L. There was a significant increase of the Ret-He level in hemodialysis with UF < 2 L compared to UF â‰¥ 2 L. The measurement of Ret-He should be performed before hemodialysis due to an increase in Ret-He after ultrafiltration hemodialysis.
Lithostratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa
Authors: Lenhardt N. , Altermann W. , Humbert F. , de Kock M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation of the Pretoria Group is a lava-dominated unit that has a basin-wide extent throughout the Transvaal sub-basin of South Africa. Additional correlative units may be present in the Kanye sub-basin of Botswana. The key characteristic of the formation is its general geochemical uniformity. Volcaniclastic and other sedimentary rocks are relatively rare throughout the succession but may be dominant in some locations. Hekpoort Formation outcrops are sporadic throughout the basin and mostly occur in the form of gentle hills and valleys, mainly encircling Archaean domes and the Palaeoproterozoic Bushveld Complex (BC). The unit is exposed in the western Pretoria Group basin, sitting unconformably either on the Timeball Hill Formation or Boshoek Formation, which is lenticular there, and on top of the Boshoek Formation in the east of the basin. The unit is unconformably overlain by the Dwaalheuwel Formation. The type-locality for the Hekpoort Formation is the Hekpoort farm (504 IQ Hekpoort), ca. 60 km to the west-southwest of Pretoria. However, no stratotype has ever been proposed. A lectostratotype, i.e., the Mooikloof area in Pretoria East, that can be enhanced by two reference stratotypes are proposed herein. The Hekpoort Formation was deposited in a cratonic subaerial setting, forming a large igneous province (LIP) in which short-termed localised ponds and small braided river systems existed. It therefore forms one of the major Palaeoproterozoic magmatic events on the Kaapvaal Craton.