bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a High-Fidelity Finite Element Tire Model on Pavement
Authors: Wasfy Tamer , Wasfy Hatem , Jayakumar Paramsothy , Sanikommu Srinivas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to validate a high-fidelity finite element tire model on hard pavement. In this model, the tire rubber matrix is modeled using locking-free brick elements with embedded thin beam elements along the tire’s circumference, meridian, and diagonals for modeling the tire’s reinforcements (belt, ply and bead). The internal air pressure is applied as a distributed force on the inner surface of the brick elements. Frictional contact between the outer surface of the brick elements and the pavement is modeled using the penalty method along with an asperity based Coulomb friction model. In order to validate the tire model, a medium duty truck tire is modeled and the following response quantities are compared to experimental results: (1) normal load versus deflection at different tire pressures; (2) rolling resistance versus speed; (3) longitudinal force versus slip; (4) lateral force versus slip angle for different normal loads; and (5) self-aligning torque versus slip angle for different normal loads.
Investigation of Printing Parameters of Additive Manufacturing Process for Sustainability Using Design of Experiments
Authors: Khalid Marwan , Peng Qingjin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Additive Manufacturing (AM) offers many advantages to make objects compared to traditional subtractive manufacturing, for example, complex geometries can be easily fabricated, and light weight parts can be formed while maintaining the parts strength for the low carbon footprint, low material consumption and waste. But there are areas for AM to improve in sustainability, reliability, productivity, robustness, material diversity and part quality. Life cycle assessment (LCA) studies have identified that the AM printing stage has a big impact on the life cycle sustainability (LCS) of 3D printed products. AM building parameters can be properly selected to control the LCS. This research explores the optimal AM process parameters to reduce the process energy and material consumption. Investigated parameters include the printing layer height, number of shells, material infilling percentage, infilling type and building orientation. Design of experiments (DOE) approach and statistical analysis tools are used to find optimal parameter settings for sustainable AM. Models formulated in this research can be easily extended to other additive manufacturing processes.
An Approach for Representing and Evaluating User Tactics in Early Stage Product Development
Authors: Owens Trent , Mattson Christopher A. , Sorensen Carl D. , Stapleton Tyler , Anderson Michael L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Frequent and effective design evaluation is foundational to the success of any product development effort. Products that will be used, installed, or otherwise handled by humans would benefit from both an evaluation of the product itself (the physical embodiment of the technology, termed technology), and the steps a user should take to use that technology (termed tactics). Current methods for the evaluation of tactics are scattered across multiple research areas, and are often inaccessible to engineers who have no prior experience with them. Furthermore, the existing tactics evaluation methods often focus mostly on the use of a product and do not simultaneously consider technological performance. In this paper we present a method for the simultaneous evaluation of tactics and technology during the conceptual design stage. To achieve this, we propose three contributions; an approach for representing tactics concepts, a set of criteria for tactics evaluations, and a means for presenting the results of the technology/tactics evaluation to facilitate team ideation.
Incidence and predictors of violence from clients, intimate partners and police in a prospective US-based cohort of women in sex work
Authors: Decker Michele , Rouhani Saba , Park Ju Nyeong , Galai Noya , Footer Katherine , White Rebecca , Allen Sean , Sherman Susan 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveGender-based violence threatens women’s health and safety. Female sex workers (FSWs) experience violence disproportionately, yet prospective data on violence predictors is lacking. In the first US-based prospective FSW cohort study, we examine incidence rates (IRs) and predictors of violence from distinct perpetrators: paying clients, non-paying intimate partners and police.MethodsThe parent cohort (Sex Workers and Police Promoting Health In Risky Environments) recruited street-based cisgender FSWs in urban Baltimore, MD (n=250) with 5 assessments at 3-month intervals through 12-month follow-up. Stratifying by violence perpetrator, we characterise violence at baseline, IR over the study period and time-varying predictors using Poisson models.ResultsThe violence IR per person year was highest for client-perpetrated violence (0.78), followed by intimate partner violence (IPV; IR 0.39), and police violence (IR 0.25). Prevalence over the 12-month follow-up period among participants with complete visit data (n=103), was 42% for client violence, 22% for IPV and 16% for police violence. In adjusted analyses, risk factors for incident violence varied across perpetrators and included entry to sex work through force or coercion (adjusted IR ratio (aIRR)IPV2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.6), homelessness (aIRRIPV2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.9; aIRRpolice2.7; 95% CI 1.3 to 5.8) and daily injection drug use (aIRRclient1.9; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.0). Risk of incident client violence and IPV was elevated by past abuse from each respective perpetrator. Help-seeking following abuse was limited.ConclusionsFSWs face profound, enduring risk for violence from a range of perpetrators, likely enabled by criminalisation-related barriers to justice and perpetrator impunity. FSWs represent a priority population for access to justice, trauma-informed healthcare and violence-related support services. Structural vulnerabilities including homelessness and addiction represent actionable priorities for improving safety and health.
An update on the performance of STI services for gay and bisexual men across European cities: results from the 2017 European MSM Internet Survey
Authors: Doran Jason , Weatherburn Peter , Hickson Ford , Marcus Ulrich , Reid David , Schmidt Axel Jeremias 
Published: November 2020

Objectives
Rectal STIs compromise health and are common in men who have sex with men (MSM). However, the European-MSM-Internet-Survey (EMIS-2010) showed that in 2010, the prevalence of anal swabbing during STI screening by MSM varied widely across 40 European cities. In this paper, we replicate a variety of measures of STI testing performance using 2017–18 data and extending the geographic spread of the analysis.

Methods
Data were analysed from the EMIS-2017, a 33-language online sexual health survey accessible from 18 October 2017 to 31 January 2018. We focus on a subsample of 38 439 respondents living in the same 40 European cities we reported on in 2010. For a broader perspective, we also included an additional 65 cities in the analysis (combined n=56 661). We compared the prevalence of STI screening in MSM and disclosure of same-sex sexual contacts to the healthcare provider. We applied multivariable logistic regression models to compare the odds of MSM receiving each of four diagnostic procedures, including anal swabbing in the previous 12 months, controlling for age, HIV diagnosis, pre-exposure prophylaxis use and number of sexual partners.

Results
In 2017, across 40 European cities, the proportion of respondents screened for STIs ranged from under 19% in Belgrade to over 59% in London. At an individual level, in comparison to London, the adjusted OR (AOR) of having received anal swabbing ranged from 0.03 in Belgrade, Bucharest and Istanbul to 0.80 in Oslo, with little evidence for a difference in Amsterdam and Dublin. Since 2010, most cities in West and South-west Europe have substantially narrowed their performance gap with London, but some in East and South-east Europe have seen the gap increase.

Conclusions
Although comprehensive STI screening in MSM has expanded across many European cities, the low prevalence of anal swabbing indicates that rectal STIs continue to be underdiagnosed, particularly in East/South-east Europe.
A dimension-reduction model for brittle fractures on thin shells with mesh adaptivity
Authors: Almi Stefano , Belz Sandro , Micheletti Stefano , Perotto Simona 
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we derive a new 2D brittle fracture model for thin shells via dimension reduction, where the admissible displacements are only normal to the shell surface. The main steps include to endow the shell with a small thickness, to express the three-dimensional energy in terms of the variational model of brittle fracture in linear elasticity, and to study the [Formula: see text]-limit of the functional as the thickness tends to zero. The numerical discretization is tackled by first approximating the fracture through a phase field, following an Ambrosio–Tortorelli like approach, and then resorting to an alternating minimization procedure, where the irreversibility of the crack propagation is rigorously imposed via an inequality constraint. The minimization is enriched with an anisotropic mesh adaptation driven by an a posteriori error estimator, which allows us to sharply track the whole crack path by optimizing the shape, the size, and the orientation of the mesh elements. Finally, the overall algorithm is successfully assessed on two Riemannian settings and proves not to bias the crack propagation.
Turning Up the Heat on the Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment by Epigenetic Priming
Authors: Nephew Kenneth P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study by Gonda and colleagues, in this issue of Cancer Research, represents the first combinatorial approach based on epigenetic therapy priming to overcome resistance to immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The authors show that treatment with a DNA hypomethylating agent causes profound changes in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment, including increased numbers of tumor-infiltrating T cells, elevated IFN signaling, and immune checkpoint expression, as well as increased antigen presentation in tumor cells. Accordingly, they show that the combination of decitabine plus immune checkpoint blockade effectively restores antitumor immunity and results in a significant survival benefit in a widely accepted mouse model of pancreatic cancer. The study provides evidence for a new therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer having antitumor efficacy through modulation of the immune suppressive microenvironment, leading to an increased response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. As the incidence of pancreatic cancer continues to increase, new treatment strategies for this devastating disease are urgently needed. Gonda and colleagues provide preclinical proof of concept for a new therapeutic strategy and address an unmet need for this difficult to treat disease.
See related article by Gonda et al., p. 4754
Setting the Pick: Can PI3K Inhibitors Circumvent CDK4/6 Inhibitor Resistance?
Authors: Clark Amy S. , Makhlin Igor , DeMichele Angela 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
PI3K and CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are targeted therapies approved to treat advanced breast cancer; CDK4/6is are more widely used. Here, we discuss trials that examine PI3K inhibitors with novel drug combinations, including a CDK4/6i, given data implicating the pathway in CDK 4/6 resistance.
See related articles by Lu et al., p. 408, and Tolaney et al., p. 418
Metabolomic Effects of Hormone Therapy and Associations With Coronary Heart Disease Among Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Balasubramanian Raji , Demler Olga , Guasch-Ferré Marta , Paynter Nina P. , Sheehan Ryan , Liu Simin , Manson JoAnn E. , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Martínez-Gonzalez Miguel Á. , Hu Frank B. , Clish Clary , Rexrode Kathryn M. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
In the WHI-HT trials (Women’s Health Initiative Hormone Therapy), treatment with oral conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE+MPA) resulted in increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas oral conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) did not.

Methods:
Four hundred eighty-one metabolites were measured at baseline and at 1-year in 503 and 431 participants in the WHI CEE and CEE+MPA trials, respectively. The effects of randomized HT on the metabolite profiles at 1-year was evaluated in linear models adjusting for baseline metabolite levels, age, body mass index, race, incident CHD, prevalent hypertension, and diabetes. Metabolites with discordant effects by HT type were evaluated for association with incident CHD in 944 participants (472 CHD cases) in the WHI-OS (Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study), with replication in an independent cohort of 980 men and women at high risk for cardiovascular disease.

Results:

HT effects on the metabolome were profound; 62% of metabolites significantly changed with randomized CEE and 52% with CEE+MPA (false discovery rate–adjusted
P
value<0.05) in multivariable models. Concerted increases in abundance were seen within various metabolite classes including triacylglycerols, phosphatidylethanolamines, and phosphatidylcholines; decreases in abundance was observed for acylcarnitines, lysophosphatidylcholines, quaternary amines, and cholesteryl/cholesteryl esters. Twelve metabolites had discordant effects by HT type and were associated with incident CHD in the WHI-OS; a metabolite score estimated in a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator regression was associated with CHD risk with an odds ratio of 1.47 per SD increase (95% CI, 1.27–1.70,
P
<10
-6
). All twelve metabolites were altered in the CHD protective direction by CEE treatment. One metabolite (lysine) was significantly altered in the direction of increased CHD risk by CEE+MPA; the remaining 11 metabolites were not significantly changed by CEE+MPA. The CHD associations of a subset of 4 metabolites including C58:11 triacylglycerol, C54:9 triacylglycerol, C36:1 phosphatidylcholine and sucrose replicated in an independent dataset of 980 participants in the PREDIMED trial (Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea).

Conclusions:
Randomized treatment with oral HT resulted in large metabolome shifts that generally favored CEE alone over CEE+MPA in term of CHD risk. Discordant metabolite effects between HT regimens may partially mediate the differences in CHD risk between the 2 WHI-HT trials.
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in England
Authors: Kwok Chun Shing , Gale Chris P. , Curzen Nick , de Belder Mark A. , Ludman Peter , Lüscher Thomas F. , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Roebuck Chris , Denwood Tom , Burton Tony , Hains Julian , Deanfield John E. , Mamas Mamas A. 
Published: November 2020

Background:
The objective of the study was to evaluate changes in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practice in England by analyzing procedural numbers, changes in the clinical presentation, and characteristics of patients and their clinical outcomes during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent PCI in England between January 2017 and April 2020 in the British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database.

Results:

Forty-four hospitals reported PCI procedures for 126 491 patients. There were ≈700 procedures performed each week before the lockdown. After the March 23, 2020 lockdown (11th/12th week in 2020), there was a 49% fall in the number of PCI procedures after the 12th week in 2020. The decrease was greatest in PCI procedures performed for stable angina (66%), followed by non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (45%), and ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (33%). Patients after the lockdown were younger (64.5 versus 65.5 years,
P
<0.001) and less likely to have diabetes (20.4% versus 24.6%,
P
<0.001), hypertension (52.0% versus 56.8%,
P
=0.001), previous myocardial infarction (23.5% versus 26.7%,
P
=0.008), previous PCI (24.3% versus 28.3%,
P
=0.001), or previous coronary artery bypass graft (4.6% versus 7.2%,
P
<0.001) compared with before the lockdown.

Conclusions:
The lockdown in England has resulted in a significant decline in PCI procedures. Fewer patients underwent PCI for stable angina. This enabled greater capacity for urgent and emergency cases, and a reduced length of stay was seen for such patients. Significant changes in the characteristics of patients towards a lower risk phenotype were observed, particularly for non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction, reflecting a more conservative approach to this cohort.
Ischemic Cerebral Endothelial Cell–Derived Exosomes Promote Axonal Growth
Authors: Zhang Yi , Qin Yi , Chopp Michael , Li Chao , Kemper Amy , Liu Xianshuang , Wang Xinli , Zhang Li , Zhang Zheng Gang 
Published: November 2020

Background and Purpose:
Cerebral endothelial cells (CECs) and axons of neurons interact to maintain vascular and neuronal homeostasis and axonal remodeling in normal and ischemic brain, respectively. However, the role of exosomes in the interaction of CECs and axons in brain under normal conditions and after stroke is unknown.

Methods:
Exosomes were isolated from CECs of nonischemic rats and is chemic rats (nCEC-exos and isCEC-exos), respectively. A multicompartmental cell culture system was used to separate axons from neuronal cell bodies.

Results:
Axonal application of nCEC-exos promotes axonal growth of cortical neurons, whereas isCEC-exos further enhance axonal growth than nCEC-exos. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that CEC-exos applied into distal axons were internalized by axons and reached to their parent somata. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that both nCEC-exos and isCEC-exos contain abundant mature miRNAs; however, isCEC-exos exhibit more robust elevation of select miRNAs than nCEC-exos. Mechanistically, axonal application of nCEC-exos and isCEC-exos significantly elevated miRNAs and reduced proteins in distal axons and their parent somata that are involved in inhibiting axonal outgrowth. Blockage of axonal transport suppressed isCEC-exo–altered miRNAs and proteins in somata but not in distal axons.

Conclusions:
nCEC-exos and isCEC-exos facilitate axonal growth by altering miRNAs and their target protein profiles in recipient neurons.
Is Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) a possible biological control agent against the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris (Gastropoda: Arionidae)?
Authors: Laznik Žiga , Majić Ivana , Trdan Stanislav , Malan Antoinette P. , Pieterse Annika , Ross Jenna L. 
Published: November 2020

Summary
In the period from August to October 2018, 140 specimens of the Spanish slug, Arion vulgaris, were collected from Podbrezje, Slovenia. Slugs were dissected and examined for the presence of parasitic nematodes within the cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was conducted using morphological and molecular techniques and confirmed the presence of Phasmarhabditis papillosa. This is the first record of P. papillosa from the mollusc host, A. vulgaris. Laboratory experiments aimed at testing the efficacy of P. papillosa against A. vulgaris were conducted using nematodes grown in vivo. Nematodes were applied at concentration rates of 50, 100 and 200 nematodes slug−1, respectively. Three weeks following treatment, the mortality of slugs was confirmed in all treatments (50 nematodes slug−1, 37.4 ± 2.7%; 100 nematodes slug−1, 48.4 ± 2.7%; 200 nematodes slug−1, 50.6 ± 2.7%). However, the pathogenesis of P. papillosa was observed first in the treatments with the lowest nematode dose at 4 days after treatments, while a decrease in the feeding behaviour of slugs was noted first in the treatments with the highest nematode dose. Future opportunities for the potential use of P. papillosa as a biological control agent against slugs are discussed. This is the first report of P. papillosa from Slovenia, and of its virulence against A. vulgaris.
Environmental adaptation in language
Authors: Hansen Magnus Pharao , O’Meara Carolyn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We argue that the human ability to linguistically describe spatial locations, relations and paths is likely to contribute importantly to human survival, and that consequently the relation between linguistic elements and structures used in spatial reference, and the environment in which humans navigate, ought to be of concern for evolutionary studies of language. We make the case for systematically studying the correspondences between the structures of human spatial language and the spatially structured practices of human groups within specific landscapes, and for considering this relation within a diachronic framework, as a process of cultural and linguistic adaptation to the physical environment. The last section presents the research design of the Nahuatl Space Project, which investigates the possibility of environmental adaptation of spatial language in four varieties of the Nahuan languages of Mexico.
Radiative Relaxation Time Scales Quantified from Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Bloxam Kevin , Huang Yi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are impressive events that occur in the winter hemisphere’s polar stratosphere and are capable of producing temperature anomalies upward of +50 K within a matter of days. While much work has been dedicated toward determining how SSWs occur and their ability to interact with the underlying troposphere, one underexplored aspect is the role of radiation, especially during the recovery phase of SSWs. Using a radiative transfer model and a heating rate analysis for distinct layers of the stratosphere averaged over the 60°–90°N polar region, this paper accounts for the radiative contribution to the removal of the anomalous temperatures associated with SSWs. In total 17 events are investigated over the 1979–2016 period. This paper reveals that in the absence of dynamical heating following major SSWs, longwave radiative cooling dominates and often results in a strong negative temperature anomaly. The polar winter stratospheric temperature change driven by the radiative cooling is characterized by an exponential decay of temperature with an increasing e-folding time of 5.7 ± 2.0 to 14.6 ± 4.4 days from the upper to middle stratosphere. The variability of the radiative relaxation rates among the SSWs was determined to be most impacted by the initial temperature of the stratosphere and the combined dynamic and solar heating rates following the onset of the events. We also found that trace-gas anomalies have little impact on the radiative heating rates and the temperature evolution during the SSWs in the mid- to upper stratosphere.