bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Report on G4‐Med, a Geant4 benchmarking system for medical physics applications developed by the Geant4 Medical Simulation Benchmarking Group
Authors: Arce P. , Bolst D. , Bordage M.‐C. , Brown J. M. C. , Cirrone P. , Cortés‐Giraldo M. A. , Cutajar D. , Cuttone G. , Desorgher L. , Dondero P. , Dotti A. , Faddegon B. , Fedon C. , Guatelli S. , Incerti S. , Ivanchenko V. , Konstantinov D. , Kyriakou I. , Latyshev G. , Le A. , Mancini‐Terracciano C. , Maire M. , Mantero A. , Novak M. , Omachi C. , Pandola L. , Perales A. , Perrot Y. , Petringa G. , Quesada J. M. , Ramos‐Méndez J. , Romano F. , Rosenfeld A. B. , Sarmiento L. G. , Sakata D. , Sasaki T. , Sechopoulos I. , Simpson E. C. , Toshito T. , Wright D. H. 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundGeant4 is a Monte Carlo code extensively used in medical physics for a wide range of applications, such as dosimetry, micro‐ and nanodosimetry, imaging, radiation protection, and nuclear medicine. Geant4 is continuously evolving, so it is crucial to have a system that benchmarks this Monte Carlo code for medical physics against reference data and to perform regression testing.AimsTo respond to these needs, we developed G4‐Med, a benchmarking and regression testing system of Geant4 for medical physics.Materials and MethodsG4‐Med currently includes 18 tests. They range from the benchmarking of fundamental physics quantities to the testing of Monte Carlo simulation setups typical of medical physics applications. Both electromagnetic and hadronic physics processes and models within the prebuilt Geant4 physics lists are tested. The tests included in G4‐Med are executed on the CERN computing infrastructure via the use of the geant‐val web application, developed at CERN for Geant4 testing. The physical observables can be compared to reference data for benchmarking and to results of previous Geant4 versions for regression testing purposes.ResultsThis paper describes the tests included in G4‐Med and shows the results derived from the benchmarking of Geant4 10.5 against reference data.DiscussionOur results indicate that the Geant4 electromagnetic physics constructor G4EmStandardPhysics_option4 gives a good agreement with the reference data for all the tests. The QGSP_BIC_HP physics list provided an overall adequate description of the physics involved in hadron therapy, including proton and carbon ion therapy. New tests should be included in the next stage of the project to extend the benchmarking to other physical quantities and application scenarios of interest for medical physics.ConclusionThe results presented and discussed in this paper will aid users in tailoring physics lists to their particular application.
Free Wheel, Free Will! The Effects of Bikeshare Systems on Urban Commuting Patterns in the U.S.
Authors: Xu Dafeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUrban bikeshare systems have become increasingly popular in the U.S. in recent years. In this paper, I examine the effects of bikeshare systems on patterns of commuting to and from work in U.S. cities. To study this, I link cities across 2008 through 2016 American Community Survey (ACS) data and estimate the effects of bikeshare systems using both individual‐level ACS records and city panel data. Event‐study estimates suggest that bikeshare systems lead to a rise in bicycle commuting to and from work, and the effects of bikeshare systems are statistically and economically significant. I also find evidence of modal shifts after the introduction of bikeshare systems: While bicycle commuting rates increase, there is a decline in automobile commuting to and from work.
Feasibility of monitoring peripheral blood to detect emerging clones in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia†
Authors: Saliba Jason , Evensen Nikki A. , Meyer Julia A. , Newman Daniel , Nersting Jacob , Narang Sonali , Ma Xiaotu , Schmiegelow Kjeld , Carroll William L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRelapse‐enriched somatic variants drive drug resistance in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We used digital droplet‐based polymerase chain reaction to establish whether relapse‐enriched mutations in emerging subclones could be detected in peripheral blood samples before frank relapse. Although limitations in sensitivity for some probes hindered detection of certain variants, we successfully detected variants in NT5C2 and PRPS1 at a fractional abundance of 0.005% to 0.3%, 41 to 116 days before relapse. As mutations in both these genes confer resistance to thiopurines, early detection protocols using peripheral blood could be implemented to preemptively alter maintenance therapy to extinguish resistant clones before overt relapse.
Improvement of overall survival in the Collaborative Wilms Tumour Africa Project
Authors: Chagaluka George , Paintsil Vivian , Renner Lorna , Weijers Janna , Chitsike Inam , Borgstein Eric , Kamiza Steve , Afungchwi Glenn M. , Kouya Francine , Hesseling Peter , Molyneux Elizabeth , Israels Trijn 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe Collaborative Wilms Tumour (WT) Africa Project implemented an adapted WT treatment guideline in six centres in sub‐Saharan Africa. The primary objectives were to describe abandonment of treatment, death during treatment, event‐free survival (EFS) and relapse following implementation. An exploratory objective was to compare outcomes with the baseline evaluation, a historical cohort preceding implementation.MethodsThe Collaborative WT Africa Project is a multi‐centre prospective clinical trial that began in 2014. Funding was distributed to all participating centres and used to cover treatment, travel and other associated costs for patients. Patient characteristics, tumour characteristics and events were described.ResultsIn total, 201 WT patients were included. Two‐year EFS was 49.9 ± 3.8% when abandonment of treatment was considered an event. Relapse of disease occurred in 21% (42 of 201) of all included patients and in 26% (42 of 161) of those who had a nephrectomy. Programme implementation was associated with significantly higher survival without evidence of disease at the end of treatment (52% vs 68.5%, P = .002), significantly reduced abandonment of treatment (23% vs 12%, P = .009) and fewer deaths during treatment (21% vs 13%, P = .06).ConclusionThis collaborative implementation of an adapted WT treatment guideline, using relatively simple and low‐cost interventions, was feasible. Two‐year EFS was almost 50%. In addition, a significant decrease in treatment abandonment and an increase in survival at the end of treatment were observed compared to a pre‐implementation cohort. Future work should focus on decreasing deaths during treatment and will include enhancing supportive care.
Plasma‐assisted synthesis and deposition of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles on polyethylene terephthalate for photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B
Authors: Sirotkin Nikolay , Khlyustova Anna , Titov Valeriy , Agafonov Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, an atmospheric pressure glow discharge initiated between the metal molybdenum anode and the liquid cathode is applied to produce molybdenum oxide nanoparticles, which are deposited on a polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The presence of nanoparticles in the liquid solution is confirmed by ultraviolet‐vis absorbance spectroscopy and the dynamic light scattering method. The obtained composites are characterized by methods of scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The efficiency of the obtained composite as a photocatalyst is investigated. The composite demonstrates a high photocatalytic performance, ~100% dye removal in 30 min during five cycles of use.
Revisiting the identification of wintertime atmospheric circulation regimes in the Euro‐Atlantic sector
Authors: Falkena Swinda K.J. , de Wiljes Jana , Weisheimer Antje , Shepherd Theodore G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAtmospheric circulation is often clustered in so‐called circulation regimes, which are persistent and recurrent patterns. For the Euro‐Atlantic sector in winter, most studies identify four regimes: the Atlantic Ridge, Scandinavian Blocking and the two phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These results are obtained by applying k‐means clustering to the first several empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of geopotential height data. Studying the observed circulation in reanalysis data, it is found that when the full field data are used for the k‐means cluster analysis instead of the EOFs, the optimal number of clusters is no longer four but six. The two extra regimes that are found are the opposites of the Atlantic Ridge and Scandinavian Blocking, meaning they have a low‐pressure area roughly where the original regimes have a high‐pressure area. This introduces an appealing symmetry in the clustering result. Incorporating a weak persistence constraint in the clustering procedure is found to lead to a longer duration of regimes, extending beyond the synoptic time‐scale, without changing their occurrence rates. This is in contrast to the commonly used application of a time‐filter to the data before the clustering is executed, which, while increasing the persistence, changes the occurrence rates of the regimes. We conclude that applying a persistence constraint within the clustering procedure is a better way of stabilizing the clustering results than low‐pass filtering the
data.
Prospects of Trapping Atoms with an Optical Dipole Trap in a Deep Parabolic Mirror for Light–Matter‐Interaction Experiments
Authors: Sondermann Markus , Fischer Martin , Leuchs Gerd 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe prospects of employing a deep parabolic mirror as a focusing device for trapping neutral atoms in an optical dipole trap are evaluated. It is predicted that such a dipole trap will result in a deep trapping potential as well as in a small spatial spread of the atom's center of mass wave function already for a Doppler cooled atom. This strong confinement is beneficial for many applications, one of which is the increase of the interaction strength between an atom and a light field focused from full solid angle.
Destroyed lung due to sustained inflammation after chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab
Authors: Taima Kageaki , Tanaka Hisashi , Itoga Masamichi , Ishioka Yoshiko , Kurose Akira , Tasaka Sadatomo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA 68‐year‐old male patient with squamous cell carcinoma (cT4N2M0) of the left upper lobe received chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor. The tumour responded well to the therapy, but an infiltrative shadow appeared in the left upper lobe, which was outside the radiation field. Despite treatment with corticosteroid and antibiotics, the development of a cavitary lesion was noted. As Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated from the bronchoscopy specimen, antifungal agents were also administered, but the cavitary lesion further developed. Because his general condition worsened and the entire left lung was destroyed, the patient underwent a left pneumonectomy and recovered without recurrence. The pathology of the removed lung revealed a scarred nodule with granulation tissue around and a cavernous lesion having a necrotic substance inside. We considered that durvalumab might further accelerate the inflammatory response, which had been introduced by fungal infection, leading to uncontrollable inflammation of the lung.
Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel Coumarinylthiazolyl Iminothiazolidinone Hybrids as Potent Urease Inhibitors
Authors: Mahmood Shams‐Ul , Nazir Yasir , Saeed Aamer , Abbas Qamar , Ashraf Zaman 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present paper is designed to explore the potential of an important class of heterocycles coumarinylthiazolyl iminothiazolidinone to inhibit jack bean urease. The final products 6a–j were prepared by condensation of substituted aldehydes with intermediate 5 in sodium methoxide/methanol mixture. The synthesized compounds were characterized by their FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. The synthesized coumarinylthiazolyl iminothiazolidinone hybrids 6 a–j were evaluated for their potential to inhibit urease activity. All the synthesized derivatives showed remarkable inhibitory activity with IC50 ranging 8 to 34 nM, while IC50 of standard thiourea is 18.5 nM. The compound 5‐(2,4‐Dichlorobenzylidene)‐2‐(4‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)thiazol‐2‐yl imino) thiazolidin‐4‐one 6 h bearing 2,4‐di‐chloro substituted phenyl ring exhibited excellent activity with IC50 value 8 nM. In silico molecular docking studies was performed against urease enzyme PDBID 4H9 M and predicted possible binding modes in catalytic site for these active compounds. The thiazole nitrogen in compound 6 h formed a strong hydrogen bonding interaction with side chain Gln635 having distance 2.01 Å and rest part of this inhibitor is present close to Val640. The most potent derivative 6 h have highest binding affinity with binding energy −6.178 kcal/mol. It is concluded based upon our results that 6 a and 6 h are most promising compounds from this series and provide a basis for rationale design of most potent urease inhibitors.
Meso‐Reconstruction of Wool Keratin 3D “Molecular Springs” for Tunable Ultra‐Sensitive and Highly Recovery Strain Sensors
Authors: Zhang Lin , Hu Fan , Zhu Shuihong , Lin Youhui , Meng Zhaohui , Yu Rui , Liu Xiang Yang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWool keratin (WK) consists of a large number of α‐helices, which are just like many molecular‐scale springs. Herein, the construction of 3D WK molecular spring networks are reported by cross‐linking individual WK molecules via a Michael addition reaction. The as‐prepared springs display a superior recovery capability with unusual nonlinear elasticity, very low dissipative energy, and turntable elastic constant achieved by adjusting the chemical crosslinking density of WK networks. Owing to these unique characteristics, the 3D WK networks based flexible strain sensors reveal a high sensitivity, broad sensing ranges, and extremely long and stable performance. While normal highly sensible strain sensors, obtained by highly sophisticated surface or bulk patterning, often exhibit a relatively narrow range of measurements and limited life cycles. Such the WK mediated sensing materials have widespread applications in wearable electronics, such as detection and tracking of different human motions, and even discern voice during speaking.
Nanoscale Correlations between Metal–Insulator Transition and Resistive Switching Effect in Metallic Perovskite Oxides
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rosillo Juan Carlos , Catalano Sara , Maggio‐Aprile Ivan , Gibert Marta , Obradors Xavier , Palau Anna , Puig Teresa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStrongly correlated perovskite oxides are a class of materials with fascinating intrinsic physical functionalities due to the interplay of charge, spin, orbital ordering, and lattice degrees of freedom. Among the exotic phenomena arising from such an interplay, metal–insulator transitions (MITs) are fundamentally still not fully understood and are of large interest for novel nanoelectronics applications, such as resistive switching‐based memories and neuromorphic computing devices. In particular, rare‐earth nickelates and lanthanum strontium manganites are archetypical examples of bandwidth‐controlled and band‐filling‐controlled MIT, respectively, which are used in this work as a playground to correlate the switching characteristics of the oxides and their MIT properties by means of local probe techniques in a systematic manner. These findings suggest that an electric‐field‐induced MIT can be triggered in these strongly correlated systems upon generation of oxygen vacancies and establish that lower operational voltages and larger resistance ratios are obtained in those films where the MIT lies closer to room temperature. This work demonstrates the potential of using MITs in the next generation of nanoelectronics devices.
Wafer‐Scale Fabrication of Nanopore Devices for Single‐Molecule DNA Biosensing using MoS2
Authors: Thakur Mukeshchand , Macha Michal , Chernev Andrey , Graf Michael , Lihter Martina , Deen Jochem , Tripathi Mukesh , Kis Andras , Radenovic Aleksandra 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAtomically thin (2D) nanoporous membranes are an excellent platform for a broad scope of academic research. Their thickness and intrinsic ion selectivity (demonstrated for example in molybdenum disulfide‐MoS2) make them particularly attractive for single‐molecule biosensing experiments and osmotic energy harvesting membranes. Currently, one of the major challenges associated with the research progress and industrial development of 2D nanopore membrane devices is small‐scale thin‐film growth and small‐area transfer methods. To address these issues, a large‐area protocol including a wafer‐scale monolayer MoS2 synthesis, Si/SiNx substrate fabrication and wafer‐scale material transfer are demonstrated. First, the 7.62 cm wafer‐scale MOCVD growth yielding homogenous monolayer MoS2 films are introduced. Second, a large number of devices are fabricated in one batch by employing the wafer‐scale thin‐film transfer method with high transfer efficiency (>70% device yield). The growth, the transfer quality and cleanliness are investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, the applicability and robustness of the large‐area protocol is demonstrated by performing a set of double‐stranded DNA translocation experiments through as‐fabricated MoS2 nanopore devices. It is believed that the shown approach will pave the way toward wafer‐scale, high‐throughput use of 2D nanopores in various applications.
Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics and Nonlinear Response of Few‐Layer Niobium Carbide MXene
Authors: Gao Lingfeng , Chen Hualong , Zhang Feng , Mei Shan , Zhang Ye , Bao Wenli , Ma Chunyang , Yin Peng , Guo Jia , Jiang Xiantao , Xu Shixiang , Huang Weichun , Feng Xiaobo , Xu Fuming , Wei Songrui , Zhang Han 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs one of the rising 2D materials, niobium‐carbide (Nb2C, well‐known as a member of MXene family) has attracted considerable attention owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. In this work, few‐layer Nb2C nanosheets (NSs) with large (≈255 nm) and small (≈48 nm) lateral dimensions are obtained via a combination of selective etching and liquid cascade centrifugation. Their relaxation time and photophysics process are systematically investigated by transient absorption spectroscopy, and the size effect is demonstrated by phonon‐bottleneck mechanism. Ultrafast fast relaxation time (37.43 fs) and slow relaxation time (0.5733 ps) are observed due to the symmetric structure and metallicity of Nb2C NSs. The nonlinear optical properties of Nb2C NSs are studied by Z‐scan technique, and both saturable absorption and reverse‐saturable absorption are observed. According to first principle calculations, these phenomena can be attributed to the special band structure of Nb2C near the Fermi level, where two‐photon absorption or multiphoton absorption may occur under the irradiation of long wavelength light. These intriguing results suggest that few‐layer Nb2C NSs can be used as building blocks for broadband ultrafast photonics and optoelectronic devices and also hold the potential for breakthrough developments in these fields.
Applications of radiomics and machine learning for radiotherapy of malignant brain tumors
Authors: Kocher Martin , Ruge Maximilian I. , Galldiks Norbert , Lohmann Philipp 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and amino acid positron-emission tomography (PET) of the brain contain a vast amount of structural and functional information that can be analyzed by machine learning algorithms and radiomics for the use of radiotherapy in patients with malignant brain tumors.

Methods
This study is based on comprehensive literature research on machine learning and radiomics analyses in neuroimaging and their potential application for radiotherapy in patients with malignant glioma or brain metastases.

Results
Feature-based radiomics and deep learning-based machine learning methods can be used to improve brain tumor diagnostics and automate various steps of radiotherapy planning. In glioma patients, important applications are the determination of WHO grade and molecular markers for integrated diagnosis in patients not eligible for biopsy or resection, automatic image segmentation for target volume planning, prediction of the location of tumor recurrence, and differentiation of pseudoprogression from actual tumor progression. In patients with brain metastases, radiomics is applied for additional detection of smaller brain metastases, accurate segmentation of multiple larger metastases, prediction of local response after radiosurgery, and differentiation of radiation injury from local brain metastasis relapse. Importantly, high diagnostic accuracies of 80–90% can be achieved by most approaches, despite a large variety in terms of applied imaging techniques and computational methods.

Conclusion
Clinical application of automated image analyses based on radiomics and artificial intelligence has a great potential for improving radiotherapy in patients with malignant brain tumors. However, a common problem associated with these techniques is the large variability and the lack of standardization of the methods applied.
Bax inhibitor-1 deficiency leads to obesity by increasing Ca2+-dependent insulin secretion
Authors: Philippaert Koenraad , Roden Michael , Lisak Dmitrij , Bueno Diones , Jelenik Tomas , Radyushkin Konstantin , Schacht Teresa , Mesuere Margot , Wüllner Verena , Herrmann Ann-Kathrin , Baumgart Jan , Vennekens Rudi , Methner Axel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 6 (TMBIM6), also known as Bax inhibitor-1, is an evolutionarily conserved protein involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. TMBIM6 is an ER Ca2+ leak channel and its deficiency enhances susceptibility to ER stress due to inhibition of the ER stress sensor IRE1α. It was previously shown that TMBIM6 overexpression improves glucose metabolism and that TMBIM6 knockout mice develop obesity. We here examined the metabolic alterations underlying the obese phenotype and subjected TMBIM6 knockout mice to indirect calorimetry and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic tests with stable isotope dilution to gauge tissue-specific insulin sensitivity. This demonstrated no changes in heat production, food intake, activity or hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity. TMBIM6 knockout mice, however, featured a higher glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo as assessed by the hyperglycemic clamp test and hepatic steatosis. This coincided with profound changes in glucose-mediated Ca2+ regulation in isolated pancreatic β cells and increased levels of IRE1α levels but no differences in downstream effects of IRE1α like increased Xbp1 mRNA splicing or Ire1-dependent decay of insulin mRNA in the pancreas. We therefore conclude that lack of TMBIM6 does not affect insulin sensitivity but leads to hyperinsulinemia, which serves to explain the weight gain. TMBIM6-mediated metabolic alterations are mainly caused by its role as a Ca2+ release channel in the ER.

Key messages

TMBIM6−/− leads to obesity and hepatic steatosis.

Food intake and energy expenditure are not changed in TMBIM6−/− mice.

No changes in insulin resistance in TMBIM6−/− mice.

Increased insulin secretion caused by altered calcium dynamics in β cells.