bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfoxaflor exposure reduces egg laying in bumblebees Bombus terrestris
Authors: Siviter Harry , Horner Jacob , Brown Mark J. F. , Leadbeater Ellouise 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Sulfoximine‐based insecticides, such as sulfoxaflor, are of increasing global importance and have been registered for use in 81 countries, offering a potential alternative to neonicotinoid insecticides.

Previous studies have demonstrated that sulfoxaflor exposure can have a negative impact on the reproductive output of bumblebee colonies, but the specific life‐history variables that underlie these effects remain unknown.

Here, we used a microcolony‐based protocol to assess the sub‐lethal effects of chronic sulfoxaflor exposure on egg laying, larval production, ovary development, sucrose consumption, and mortality in bumblebees. Following a pre‐registered design, we exposed colonies to sucrose solutions containing 0, 5, 10 and 250ppb of sulfoxaflor. Exposure at 5 ppb has been previously shown to negatively impact colony reproductive success.

Our results showed that sulfoxaflor exposure at 5 ppb (lowest exposure tested) reduced the number of eggs found within the microcolonies (Hedge's d = −0.37), with exposed microcolonies also less likely to produce larvae (Hedge's d = −0.36). Despite this, we found no effect of sulfoxaflor exposure on ovarian development. Sulfoxaflor‐exposed bumblebees consumed less sucrose solution, potentially driving the observed reduction in egg laying.

Policy implications. Regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) are under increasing pressure to consider the potential impact of insecticides on wild bees, such as bumblebees, but sublethal effects can go undetected at lower‐tier testing. In identifying just such an effect for bumblebees exposed to sulfoxaflor, this study highlights that microcolony‐based protocols are a useful tool that could be implemented within an ecotoxicology framework. Furthermore, the results provide evidence for potentially negative consequences of pollinator exposure to an insecticide that is currently undergoing the licensing process in several EU member states.
Predicting the effectiveness of community anti‐poaching patrols for conserving threatened wildlife in the Lao PDR
Authors: Kragt Marit E. , Hay Eric , Scheufele Gabriela , Bennett Jeff , Renton Michael 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Worldwide, wildlife poaching results in significant losses to biodiversity, especially for species that are most vulnerable and at risk of extinction. While studies that assess the impact of poaching have been conducted, there is limited work that evaluates strategies to reduce poaching pressure, and their subsequent effects on wildlife.

We develop a model to predict the effectiveness of a unique community‐led anti‐poaching patrol programme for conserving local wildlife in a biodiversity hotspot in the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Our model scenarios are based on local villagers’ proposals to undertake anti‐poaching patrols. To deal with limited data availability in this region, we develop a flexible modelling framework that can incorporate a range of data sources, including expert opinion. The model can be readily altered by the user if additional data becomes available.

The results predict that, without intervention, 14 out of the 19 endangered species investigated are likely to be poached to local extinction over the next 10 years. Implementing anti‐poaching patrols is predicted to protect individual animals and species in the area, although with diminishing marginal benefits as patrol‐efforts increase.

Synthesis and applications. We present the first model developed in the Southeast Asia region to examine the effectiveness of community anti‐poaching patrols on protecting wildlife populations. This work is directly linked to an innovative Payments for Environmental Services programme where villagers are being paid for community‐led anti‐poaching patrols. Our model results demonstrate how different patrolling strategies can help to protect vulnerable species, and are being used to determine the payment levels for different patrolling schemes.
A novel chemoprotective effect of tiopronin against diethylnitrosamine‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats: Role of ASK1/P38 MAPK‐P53 signalling cascade
Authors: Mo'men Yomna S. , Hussein Rasha M. , Kandeil Mohamed A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. Oxidative stress contributes significantly to HCC pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the possible chemoprotective effect of the thiol group‐containing compound, tiopronin, against HCC induced chemically by diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in rats. In addition, we elucidated the possible underlying molecular mechanism. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into: Control group, DENA‐treated group and tiopronin + DENA‐treated group. Liver function tests (ALT, AST, ALP, albumin, total and direct bilirubin) as well as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) concentration were measured in the sera of samples. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were measured in the liver tissue homogenates. Determination of the phosphorylated apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 (phospho‐ASK1), phospho‐P38 and phospho‐P53 proteins by western blotting, caspase 3 by immunofluorescence in addition to histopathological examination of the liver tissues were performed. Our results showed that tiopronin prevented the DENA‐induced elevation of the liver function enzymes and AFP. It also preserved the activities of antioxidant enzymes as well as providing protection from the appearance of HCC histopathological features. Interestingly, tiopronin significantly decreased the expression level of phospho‐ASK1, phospho‐P38 and phospho‐P53, caspase 3 in the liver tissues. These novel findings suggested that tiopronin is an antioxidant drug with a chemoprotective effect against DENA‐induced HCC through maintaining the normal activity of ASK1/ P38 MAPK/ P53 signalling pathway.
DIY gerontechnology: circumventing mismatched technologies and bureaucratic procedure by creating care technologies of one's own
Authors: Bergschöld Jenny M. , Neven Louis , Peine Alexander 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study analyses ‘Do‐It‐Yourself’ (DIY) gerontechnologies and shows that they can be viable and valuable alternatives to ‘ready‐made’ gerontechnologies. Using the concept of innosumption, we analyze the work of care workers in gerontechnology showrooms in Norway. We show how and why care workers will sometimes advice older adults to assemble DIY‐gerontechnologies. Such DIY‐gerontechnologies are not high‐tech solutions made by technology producers, but creative solutions that older adults’ suit to their specific needs and assemble for themselves from mundane objects that are available in shops. So far, analyses of the design, implementation and use of gerontechnologies have almost exclusively focused on professionally designed and produced ‘ready‐made’ gerontechnologies. But for various reasons, ready‐made gerontechnologies often do not fit in well with the lives of older people. In such cases, care workers guide older people to the innosumption of DIY‐gerontechnologies that offer workable solutions that are useful, quickly implemented, easily understandable and often cheap. We show that and how the existence of DIY‐gerontechnologies questions the reasons behind the strong and widely accepted assumption that only high‐tech innovations are a proper solution to the needs of older people.
Transitions to adulthood: self‐governance and disciplining in the making of patient citizens
Authors: Renedo Alicia , Miles Sam , Marston Cicely 
Published: October 2019

AbstractYoung people develop new behaviours and redefine their identities during health transitions when they move from paediatric to adult healthcare environments. Their identities help to guide their health‐related actions in response to life changes. Young people's health is increasingly recognised as important, yet we lack understanding of how health transitions shape identities and how they relate to other transitions to adulthood. We conducted a longitudinal interview study with young people with sickle cell disease to explore how young people define new identities as they transition to adulthood. We show how ‘disciplining at a distance’ via healthcare self‐management discourses and neoliberal norms governing adolescence play out in the tensions participants encounter when they are crafting new identities. Health transitions involve struggles to negotiate competing demands for self‐discipline. It is crucial to create enabling spaces for young people to protect their health while still developing identities that help them achieve life goals.
Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Findling Mary G. , Casey Logan S. , Blendon Robert J. , Benson John M. , SteelFisher Gillian K. , Sayde Justin M. , Miller Carolyn 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo examine experiences of racial discrimination among black adults in the United States, which broadly contribute to their poor health outcomes.Data Source and Study DesignData come from a nationally representative, probability‐based telephone survey including 802 non‐Hispanic black and a comparison group of 902 non‐Hispanic white US adults, conducted January–April 2017.MethodsWe calculated the percent of blacks reporting discrimination in several domains, including health care. We used logistic regression to compare the black‐white difference in odds of discrimination, and among blacks only to examine variation by socioeconomic status, gender, and neighborhood racial composition.Principal FindingsAbout one‐third of blacks (32 percent) reported experiencing discrimination in clinical encounters, while 22 percent avoided seeking health care for themselves or family members due to anticipated discrimination. A majority of black adults reported experiencing discrimination in employment (57 percent in obtaining equal pay/promotions; 56 percent in applying for jobs), police interactions (60 percent reported being stopped/unfairly treated by police), and hearing microaggressions (52 percent) and racial slurs (51 percent). In adjusted models, blacks had significantly higher odds than whites of reporting discrimination in every domain. Among blacks, having a college degree was associated with higher odds of experiencing overall institutional discrimination.ConclusionsThe extent of reported discrimination across several areas of life suggests a broad pattern of discrimination against blacks in America, beyond isolated experiences. Black‐white disparities exist on nearly all dimensions of experiences with public and private institutions, including health care and the police. Evidence of systemic discrimination suggests a need for more active institutional interventions to address racism in policy and practice.
Understanding how discrimination can affect health
Authors: Williams David R. , Lawrence Jourdyn A. , Davis Brigette A. , Vu Cecilia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundTo provide an overview of the empirical research linking self‐reports of racial discrimination to health status and health service utilization.MethodsA review of literature reviews and meta‐analyses published from January 2013 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science. Articles were considered for inclusion using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) framework.ResultsTwenty‐nine studies met the criteria for review. Both domestic and international studies find that experiences of discrimination reported by adults are adversely related to mental health and indicators of physical health, including preclinical indicators of disease, health behaviors, utilization of care, and adherence to medical regimens. Emerging evidence also suggests that discrimination can affect the health of children and adolescents and that at least some of its adverse effects may be ameliorated by the presence of psychosocial resources.ConclusionsIncreasing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is an emerging risk factor for disease and a contributor to racial disparities in health. Attention is needed to strengthen research gaps and to advance our understanding of the optimal interventions that can reduce the negative effects of discrimination.
Scale‐appropriate spatial modelling to support area‐wide management of a polyphagous fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: van Klinken Rieks D. , Murray Justine V. , Garcia Javier N. , Clarke Anthony R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractControl of mobile pests frequently requires area‐wide management (AWM) that spans commercial and non‐commercial habitats. Spatial modelling of habitat suitability can guide investment and implementation of AWM, but current approaches rarely capture population drivers, including local foraging, at an appropriate spatial resolution. To support the development of AWM for the fruit fly pest, Bactrocera tryoni (Tephritidae), we developed a habitat suitability model for the three premier fruit‐growing regions in south‐eastern Australia (~34,780 km2). Expert elicitation and published literature was used to develop a Bayesian network to model the drivers of B. tryoni habitat suitability, as determined by the ability of populations to persist and increase. The effect of uncertainty was tested through sensitivity analysis. The model was then linked with spatially explicit data (at 10 m resolution) to generate risk maps, using moving windows to capture local foraging movement. Habitat suitability was most strongly influenced by host availability within a distance of 200 m. Climate stress, and soil moisture for pupation, was also limiting. Experts were uncertain regarding the relative importance of drivers of host availability (host preference, host density, fruit seasonality), but this did not greatly affect model outputs. Independent trapping data supported model predictions, but their value was limited as traps were placed almost exclusively in optimal or suitable habitat. Amenability to AWM, when assessed as the ratio of suitable or optimal habitat that was under non‐horticultural versus horticultural land‐uses, differed by region (0.15–1.17). However, risk‐mapping did identify where ratios were locally most favourable (lowest). Also, predominantly local dispersal by B. tryoni suggests AWM for pest suppression could be applied at a landscape‐scale. Results show that a relatively simple model could capture the multi‐scale drivers of population dynamics and the complexity of landscapes sufficiently to guide AWM of a mobile pest.
PBC‐10: a short quality of life measure for clinical screening in primary biliary cholangitis
Authors: Alrubaiy Laith , Mells George , Flack Steven , Bosomworth Helen , Hutchings Hayley , Williams John , Jones David ,   on behalf of the UK‐PBC Research Consortium
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundCurrent guidelines in primary biliary cholangitis ( PBC) recommend routine screening for symptoms. However, at present there are no validated practical tools suitable for screening use in practice.AimTo develop a short quality of life questionnaire for PBCMethodsThe short PBC HRQL questionnaire was derived and validated by analysing the PBC‐40 questionnaires from the UK‐PBC Research Cohort. Construct validity was assessed using the European Quality of Life Five Dimensions (EQ5D) questionnaire. Test‐retest analysis was done by asking a subgroup of patients to complete the questionnaire twice within 2‐4 weeks.ResultsA total of 2219 patients completed PBC‐40 questionnaire in 2013. Stepwise regression identified 10 questions that contributed to more than 95% of the PBC‐40 score variance and covered the main domains of PBC. The short HRQL questionnaire, PBC‐10, had good internal consistency (Cronbach's α 0.905) and item‐total correlations. PBC‐10 demonstrated no ceiling effects but a floor effect was noted. Further validation on 2502 patients who completed the PBC questionnaire in 2017 confirmed the psychometric properties of PBC‐10. Further analysis on 186 patients showed that PBC‐10 demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.936), had good reproducibility (intra‐class correlation coefficient = 0.945), good correlation with the EQ5D (r = .736), and was responsive to change. A change of 4 points in the PBC‐10 score would be considered clinically important.ConclusionPBC‐10 is a short and valid questionnaire for assessing the HRQL in patients with PBC in clinical practice.
Presence of chlorogenic acid during in vitro maturation protects porcine oocytes from the negative effects of heat stress
Authors: Nguyen Thanh‐Van , Do Lanh Thi Kim , Somfai Tamas , Otoi Takeshige , Taniguchi Masayasu , Kikuchi Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2019

AbstractChlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to protect oocytes from oxidative stress. Here we investigated the effects of CGA on porcine oocyte maturation under heat stress and subsequent embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation. For in vitro maturation (IVM) at 41.0°C (hyperthermic condition), supplementation of the maturation medium with 50 μM CGA significantly improved the percentage of matured oocytes and reduced the rate of apoptosis relative to oocytes matured without CGA (p < .05). CGA treatment of oocytes during IVM under hyperthermia tended to increase (p < .1) percentage of blastocyst formation after parthenogenesis and significantly increased (p < .05) the total cell number per blastocyst relative to oocytes matured without CGA. For IVM at 38.5°C (isothermic condition), CGA significantly improved the rate of blastocyst development compared with oocytes matured without CGA (p < .05), but did not affect oocyte maturation, apoptosis rate or the number of cells per embryo. Omission of all antioxidants from the IVM medium significantly reduced the rate of oocyte maturation, but the rate was restored upon addition of CGA. These results demonstrate that CGA is a potent antioxidant that protects porcine oocytes from the negative effects of heat stress, thus reducing the frequency of apoptosis and improving the quality of embryos.
A novel approach to support implementation of biosimilars within a UK tertiary hospital
Authors: Saxby Katherine , Sanghvi Sonali , Bodalia Pritesh N. , Ferner Robin E. , Leandro Maria , Urquhart Robert , Sofat Reecha 
Published: October 2019

AimsTo assess the transfer of patients treated with originator biological therapies to biosimilar products in a large UK tertiary referral hospital reflecting practice within the National Health Service (NHS) using prospectively collected data by a hospital‐based registry administered by the Biologics Steering Group (BSG).MethodsWe analysed data collected prospectively in a hospital‐based registry in a large NHS tertiary referral hospital in the UK. The registry was administered by the hospital's BSG, which considered requests for patients to remain on or revert to originator products. The registry contained prospectively collected data on patients switching therapy from an originator to a biosimilar. The data included clinical circumstances or rationale for each request, whether it was granted, and the results of clinical reviews at 3–6 months.ResultsIn a 12‐month period, we identified 1299 patients who could switch to the respective biosimilar and, of these, 1196 (92%) did so. Of the 260 patients taking infliximab, 250 (96%) switched to infliximab biosimilar; of the 390 patients taking etanercept 50 mg, 298 (76%) switched to etanercept 50 mg biosimilar; and of the 649 patients taking rituximab, 648 (99%) switched to rituximab biosimilar. The BSG received 39 applications: 12 (out of 39) applications were to remain on the originator and 27 (out of 39) were to switch back to the originator. Of the applications to remain on the originator 10 (out of 12) were approved. At 3–6 month review, 2 of these approvals reported continued efficacy, 3 switched to the biosimilar, 3 switched to an alternative therapy and 2 stopped treatment. Two (out of 10) applications were not approved, both applicants reported efficacy with the biosimilar at follow up. Of the 27 applications to switch back to the originator, 16 (out of 27) applications were approved. At 3–6 months, 9 (out of 16) applicants reported regain of efficacy, 6 (out of 16) reported cessation of reported adverse effects and 1 (out of 16) switched to alternative therapy. Eight (out of 27) applications were not approved, and, at point of follow up, 50% reported efficacy with the biosimilar and 50% had switched to an alternative therapy. Three (out of 27) applications were withdrawn by the clinical team as efficacy was achieved with the biosimilar.ConclusionWe have set up a system within a busy NHS clinical practice to successfully switch patients to biosimilars, and established a mechanism to guide decisions on continuing with or reverting back to the originator. Such a system could be of use more broadly within the NHS and other health care systems.
MicroRNA profiles of MS gray matter lesions identify modulators of the synaptic protein synaptotagmin‐7
Authors: Fritsche Lena , Teuber‐Hanselmann Sarah , Soub Daniel , Harnisch Kim , Mairinger Fabian , Junker Andreas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe established microRNA (miRNA) profiles in gray and white matter multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions and identified seven miRNAs which were significantly more upregulated in the gray matter lesions. Five of those seven miRNAs, miR‐330‐3p, miR‐4286, miR‐4488, let‐7e‐5p, miR‐432‐5p shared the common target synaptotagmin7 (Syt7). Immunohistochemistry and transcript analyses using nanostring technology revealed a maldistribution of Syt7, with Syt7 accumulation in neuronal soma and decreased expression in axonal structures. This maldistribution could be at least partially explained by an axonal Syt7 transport disturbance. Since Syt7 is a synapse‐associated molecule, this maldistribution could result in impairment of neuronal functions in MS patients. Thus, our results lead to the hypothesis that the overexpression of these five miRNAs in gray matter lesions is a cellular mechanism to reduce further endogenous neuronal Syt7 production. Therefore, miRNAs seem to play an important role as modulators of neuronal structures in MS.