bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independents in Black and White 1961–1967
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the 1960s, jazz is increasingly viewed as art music as opposed to popular music, and now it inspires art movies not pop entertainments: a wave of low-budget independent films in black and white. This chapter limns the influence of filmmaker John Cassavetes, via his low-budget film Shadows, and looks at how the director’s jazz story Too Late Blues is really a meditation on his film career. Two English films are discussed, one a horror anthology in which a jazz musician visiting the Caribbean engages in reckless cultural appropriation; the other is a jazz version of Othello featuring a Duke Ellington character. Ellington himself, as soundtrack composer, hijacks the ending of a studio jazz picture. Sammy Davis Jr. shoots a gritty jazz film after hours while starring on Broadway and comedian Dick Gregory plays a fictionalized Charlie Parker.
Spectacles 1972–1984
Authors: Whitehead Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Between 1972 and 1984, Hollywood produced several lavish jazz-related films. The failure of Lady Sings the Blues to do justice to the life or music of Billie Holiday is detailed. Martin Scorsese’s New York, New York is a swing-era musical about a clash of artistic temperaments and of musical styles, reinforced by a disjunction between stylized sets and naturalistic acting. Gangsters and musicians mix in Francis Ford Coppola’s film about Harlem’s historic Cotton Club. In the 1970s, low-budget features are also produced: TV biopics of Louis Armstrong (with Ben Vereen) and Scott Joplin (Billy Dee Williams), and the Afrofuturist spectacle Space Is the Place, starring bandleader Sun Ra as an interstellar traveler come to rescue Earth’s black people.
Exceptions
Authors: Streib Jessi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Previous chapters focused on youth whose identities followed from their resources, making identities and resources difficult to separate. This chapter examines individuals whose resources and identities are misaligned as well as those whose resources or identities dramatically changed. These stories show that resources and identities each relate to downward mobility. Among those with the same resource inheritances, identities relate to who falls. And among those with the same identities, resources relate to who falls. Moreover, when inherited resources change, identities and then mobility pathways sometimes change as well. And when identities alone change, mobility pathways tend to change too.
Fooling Father Time
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses varied methods for achieving what psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi calls “flow,” the feeling that all members of a team are working smoothly and effectively together. In order to achieve flow in rehearsal, instructions must be delivered clearly and efficiently. Based on music education research and the author’s many years of experience, this chapter examines the mechanics of giving short and cogent instructions. It further explores lessons from thin-slicing research about the importance of one’s tone of voice when delivering instructions and the impact of non-verbal behaviors. Conductors can benefit from research on interleaving, which involves taking advantage of spaced practice and the mixing of learning activities when structuring rehearsals. The chapter further examines how rehearsal efficiency will increase when conductors understand the primacy/recency effect, the phenomenon that people remember best what happens first in a learning episode, and they remember second best what happens last.
The Ringelmann Effect
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the myriad ways that individuals in a group can function. In a rehearsal environment, conductors who understand group dynamics can endeavor to counteract the common negative effects of group work, and elevate the positive aspects of working within a team. The chapter further explores methods to create accountability in the choral rehearsal, with the goal of inspiring each individual singer to consistently put forth their full effort. Additionally, the author discusses various methods for designing effective assessments that will encourage practice and accountability. This chapter also examines the role priming can play in setting up a positive rehearsal environment, and considers the positive and negative effects of stress on one’s ability to learn.
Yearn for the Sea
Authors: Paul Sharon J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book with a range of advice and reminders for the conductor/educator. These recommendations include guidance about professional behavior, how to cultivate a growth mindset, effective approaches to taking over a choral program from a colleague, and the imperative to reach out for professional support and assistance when necessary. The author examines the importance for conductors to reconnect daily with the passion that first drew them to their chosen field. Finally, the chapter draws inspiration from a letter written by a fifteen-year-old who credits acquiring the joy of discovery in all learning through her experiences as a choral musician.
The Right Soldier for the Right Job
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Military members serve in a wide variety of specific jobs that mirror civilian organizations, such as transportation, accounting, and law enforcement. They also serve in jobs unique to the military involving combat. A major contribution of military psychology is developing tests to aid the military in both screening out candidates unable to perform in a military setting, and once they are in the military, assigning them to jobs in which they may perform at their best. This chapter reviews how psychologists developed some of the first aptitude tests, used to select and assign personnel during World War I, to emerging developments in the twenty-first century that focus on noncognitive skills, including grit, hardiness, character, and a host of other attributes.
Character: The Essential Ingredient in Success
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In recent years psychologists have developed new and comprehensive models of positive human character and methods for assessing it. This chapter reviews these developments as they apply to training and preparing soldiers for combat. Positive character is especially important for those who lead others in dangerous and threatening contexts, including leaders in the military, law enforcement, firefighting, and similar occupations. A model of character strengths is described, and different approaches to formally teaching character are explored. The West Point Leader Development System in described in detail. Specific character strengths linked to successful performance in in extremis conditions are described. The relevance of new developments in character science to nonmilitary domains is discussed.
When the Going Gets Rough, the Rough Get Going: Leading in Combat
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Leadership in dangerous, sometimes life or death, situations may call for different skills compared to managing a team of workers in a corporate setting. This chapter reviews recent research that defines the type of attributes that these in extremis leaders possess, including inherent task motivation, embracing continuous learning, sharing risk with followers, having a common lifestyle with followers, and having and inspiring high competence, trust, and loyalty. How such leaders develop psychological body armor is reviewed, with emphases on courage and resilience. Approaches to influencing others in dangerous situations and how organizations may be built and structured to support leadership when threat to life and well-being is tangible are considered. The chapter concludes with a model that helps clarify and define different types of in extremis situations and how these leadership styles and traits may apply in nonmilitary settings.
The Twenty-First-Century Patton
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The image of a tough, overbearing military leader, exemplified by the portrayal of General Patton in the movie Patton, has never truly reflected the characteristics and attributes of effective combat leaders. The Hollywood image of officers barking orders to soldiers loudly and with threats to comply are seldom seen on or off the battlefield. This chapter explores the types of leadership skills and attributes needed to successfully lead soldiers in the twenty-first century in conflicts characterized by insurgencies and cultural/religious divides. After reviewing military leadership doctrine, the role of trust is discussed in depth. The chapter closes with a discussion of functional contemporary leader attributes, including egalitarianism, transformational leadership style, adaptive thinking, technological competence, social and political intelligence, diversity, and the ability and willingness to work with nonmilitary organizations to achieve goals.
Building Better Soldiers Through Science
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how psychology and related sciences may contribute to training and developing more effective soldiers. Topics include approaches to engineering a more resilient soldier, one that is less vulnerable to posttraumatic stress disorder and other forms of combat stress. Engineering 24/7 soldiers, that is, soldiers who can perform for extended periods of time without sleep, is examined. Psychological approaches to increasing the ability of soldiers to kill are considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of approaches to increase the physical capabilities of soldiers that also have psychological consequences, including advanced prosthetics, robotics and human-robot interface, and augmented cognition.
Reproducing Music
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Amateur musicians played an important role in the material reproduction of musical texts in the eighteenth century. Their work represents the coalescence of technological, bibliographical, and cultural forces in the early national period. Print and manuscript were mutually informing technologies for music reproduction, and both entailed manual and creative labor and expertise. Yet, unlike print, chirography (handwriting) focused attention on the creation of unique, personalized items; moreover, the practice of copying music by hand challenged the primacy of the author by emphasizing an effort to re-cord (to take material to heart). Thus, manuscript music books can be linked to earlier modes of book production, such as commonplace books. Yet they also align with other genres, such as anthologies. Finally, gendered expectations informed books’ creation: like other forms of handwork, musical penmanship expressed femininity. The work of copying music was subject to the same gendered evaluations that minimized the significance of (and yet relied on) women’s domestic work.
Consumerism and the Materiality of Music Books
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Well-to-do amateur musicians were consumers of luxury goods. Consumer culture in the early American republic was heavily reliant on imports. Not only was sheet music imported, often from Britain, but the raw materials out of which manuscript books were made relied on global trade. Although amateurs’ music books were not particularly fine, making the books required time, expense, and effort—all of which meant they were considered luxuries. The music books of Sarah Brown [Herreshoff] and Elizabeth Van Rensselaer demonstrate the importance of consumer expertise and decision-making, while their elite upbringing in wealthy homes contextualizes their collecting habits. Furthermore, Sarah Brown’s family wealth stemmed from overseas trade, including the transatlantic slave trade, implicating her privileged music consumerism with regimes of oppression. The refined and leisurely labor of collecting and creating music books is contrasted with the invisible, immiserated labor of foreign workers who produced the raw materials of those same books.
The Arrival of the Romans
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Mithridates II was succeeded by his ephemeral son, Mithridates III, and then by 220 bc his son, Pharnakes I, was on the throne. He was a powerful and aggressive monarch who ruled for over thirty years and greatly expanded the territorial extent of the kingdom. He lived in an era of great change in the Hellenistic world, as the Romans began to become involved in the destinies of the eastern Mediterranean states: Pharnakes reached out to the Romans in the 180s bc concerning territorial disputes in Asia Minor. He engaged in war with his powerful neighbor to the west, Pergamon, but was forced to sign a peace treaty not to his advantage. Yet he expanded Pontic territory along the Black Sea coast and made several alliances with the Greek cities on the northern and western coast of the sea, especially in the kingdom of Bosporos (modern Crimea).
The End of the Mithridatic Kingdom
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Under wide-ranging legislation, the proconsul C. Pompey was given a command in 66 bc to settle the matter of Mithridates for once and all. As the Romans pressed him, Mithridates made an epic journey around the east side of the Black Sea and took up residence in Pantikapaion, in the Bosporan territories on the north short of the sea. Here he lived for nearly two years, devoting himself to scholarship, gardening, and planning an invasion of Italy. Pompey pursued him for a while but lost interest and turned to other matters. Yet the king had effectively lost control of his kingdom and was in poor health. In early 63 bc his son Pharnakes II was proclaimed king, and Mithridates committed suicide. The parts of the kingdom in Asia Minor were taken over by the Romans; Pharnakes II was recognized as king of Bosporos. But the reputation of Mithridates VI the Great continued into modern times in art, literature, and opera.
Introduction
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock’s clearest articulation of a pure cinema method appears in a lengthy discussion with François Truffaut in 1962. Discussing landmark works such as Rear Window and Vertigo, Hitchcock frames pure cinema as a philosophical approach to film style. It is both medium-specific and part of a larger narrative describing the evolution of moving image art forms in the twentieth century. The introduction situates the relationship between Hitchcock and his “imitators,” filmmakers who reflexively evolved the pure cinema method. Brian De Palma emerges in the 1970s as the Hitchcockian imitator par excellence, the New Hollywood director who strove to take Hitchcock’s pure cinematic method further in terms of mise en scène, montage, and sound design.
Pure Cinema in Context
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pure cinema is situated in terms of a larger aesthetic narrative that involves visual artists, theorists, intellectuals, and avant-garde filmmakers such as René Clair, Germaine Dulac, and Sergei Eisenstein. Hitchcock appears in this milieu in his relation to a German experimental cinema tradition, and most obviously in his work with F. W. Murnau at UFA studios from 1924 to 1925. The chapter traces pure cinema as an evolution of a silent cinematic ethos that championed pure form: shape, pattern, line, symmetry, and the freedom of expression of movement and time within a moving image medium.
Music You Can Hear
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pure cinema and the aesthetic of the fragment is applied to the evolution of sound design in the avant-garde experimental silent cinema of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The chapter argues that sound design and production were conceived as an integral part of pure cinema, tracing the emergence and development of this philosophy within the avant-garde experimentation with film form. Hitchcock articulates a philosophy of pure sound cinema in a number of critical pieces from the early 1930s and is clearly influenced by European philosophies of the early sound image. Sound is read as a discretized contrapuntal aesthetic form, achieving the abstraction of noise as patterned pitch (melodic), harmonic, and rhythmic form, in close analyses of Rear Window, The Birds, the imitation of Vertigo’s “Madeleine” theme in Pino Donaggio’s score for Dressed to Kill, and Argento’s cutting of a narrative segment of Deep Red to a standard blues I–IV–V harmonic progression. The chapter concludes with a study of Bernard Herrmann’s concluding sonic motif in Psycho as the purity of sound form in its atonal harmonic structure.
The Era of the Seven Brothers in Avignon, 1783–1790
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on what can be seen as a golden era in the history of the Avignon Society. Although dating from the time when A.-J. Pernety relocated to Valence in southern France, in late 1783, the era of the Seven Brothers only began when Grabianka arrived in Avignon in early 1787. Thenceforth, a leadership council of seven brothers was formed, and it remained intact until 1790. This three-year period began with a determined effort to promote the society among like-minded peers throughout Europe. This part of the book examines the society’s success in persuading illuminists from across Europe to travel to Avignon to be consecrated into the millenarian sect. The chapter mines the accounts left by those foreign travellers and provides new insights into the remarkable consecration rite practised in Avignon, as well as the everyday life of the society in the late 1780s. The chapter also analyses the seeds of discord that were planted in late 1787 by the arrival of Ottavio Cappelli in Avignon, whose influence as a purported prophet led the group to renounce its espousal of Swedenborgian doctrine in favour of an emphasis on a Marian cult.
Light from the North
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the five-year period between 1802 and 1807 when key members of the Avignon Society relocated to St. Petersburg in Russia. It carries out an in-depth examination of the pivotal role played by Natal’ia Pleshcheeva, the widow of Sergei Pleshcheev, the first Russian initiate of the Avignon Society, in harbouring leaders of the society in her home between 1802 and 1805. The chapter also examines the time Grabianka spent in Galicia and Podolia between 1803 and 1805, prior to his arrival in the Russian capital, when he succeeded in recruiting a number of rich, pro-Russian members of the Polish nobility. The bulk of the chapter then focuses on Grabianka’s residence in St. Petersburg between August 1805 and his arrest in February 1807, when he oversaw the initiation of over sixty new members, from among the highest echelons of the Russian nobility, into what was now known as the New Israel Society.
The “Shield” of the Sacred Sea
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
During the mid-1960s, industrial development on the southern shore of Lake Baikal raised grave concerns among scientists, writers, and the general public. These concerns prompted geographers, architectural institutes, economists, and others to develop plans for national parks (or a single park) on Baikal’s shoreline. Although the ideas for Baikal’s parks varied, their supporters believed they would orient the regional economy to tourism and stave off future industrial development. In the years after the establishment of Zabaikal’skii and Pribaikal’skii National Parks in 1986, the USSR’s political and economic crisis resulted in the neglect of these parks. Supporters of Baikal’s parks turned to foreign support, especially after the USSR’s collapse, only to realize that without state support it would yield minimal results. While few planned Russian national parks were more ambitious in scope, perhaps none were more disappointing to a broad swathe of Russian environmentalists than those around Lake Baikal.
Paddling Upstream
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Samara Bend region on the Volga River experienced rapid industrial growth in the two decades after World War II. Uncertain about the future of the Zhiguli Zapovednik after the government had twice eliminated it (it was re-established after being eliminated the first time) and wanting to expand the area of Samara Bend under protection, some environmentally concerned citizens conceived a national park that they hoped would transform the regional economy. From its establishment in 1984, Samara Bend National Park was mired in conflicts with local populations whose uses of the land were made illegal and industries that had long operated in the park’s territory. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, a young radical environmentalist named Sergei Fomichev staged a protest against continued illegal mining and gained the support of many of the park’s supporters who had become deeply frustrated about what they saw as the indifference of government officials to the park.
The Crisis of National Parks in the 1990s
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes a broad view of the state of Russia’s national parks in the 1990s by looking at three case studies—Meshcherskii National Park, the proposed Beringia International Park, and Nalychevo Nature Park—and the broader discourse about national parks among Russian environmentalists. Park supporters knew that state support for park development would be difficult in the wake of the USSR’s collapse, but they initially believed that Yeltsin and the new government would become still more responsive to environmental concerns. Moreover, they now felt more connected than ever to Western colleagues and hoped that support from international NGOs and organizations might help develop parks until the state could undertake this independently. However, by the end of the decade, Russian park supporters realized that international support was no panacea and were increasingly convinced that their Russian government had little interest in national parks or environmental protection.
The Challenges of Communication in the Dementia Context
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Much has been learned about how to provide good-quality care for dementia. While specific methods and approaches may come and go, some core underpinning principles—respect for personhood, empathy, quality engagement, identity, and sense of purpose and worth—have become well established, are consistently focal, and are recognized as vital for the well-being of not only people living with a dementia but also those caring for them. This chapter poses the question that shapes the book: Why is it so difficult to sustain effective communication practices in dementia interaction? Preliminary explanations are considered, and the book’s approach to finding more in-depth answers is outlined. The terms dementia and communication are defined, and the core orientation of care, personhood, is described, along with consideration of how ego-centrism shapes cultural expectations about dementia care.