bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing Machine Learning: Science and Technology
Authors: von Lilienfeld O Anatole 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Due to the remarkable progress of ever-growing digitalisation and computing capabilities, data has become increasingly abundant, and machine learning has emerged as a key ingredient in many enabling technologies within modern society. Its potential for pushing the frontiers of science is now also clear and has been demonstrated in various domains extending from novel materials design, quantum physics and the simulation of molecules and chemical systems, to particle physics, medical imaging, space science, climate science and drug discovery. Conceived in close consultation with the community, Machine Learning: Science and Technology has been launched as a unique multidisciplinary, open access journal that will bridge the application of machine learning across the natural sciences with new conceptual advances in machine learning methods as motivated by physical insights.
Applications and advances of CRISPR/Cas9 in animal cancer model
Authors: Xu Min , Weng Qiaoyou , Ji Jiansong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The recent developments of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/-associate protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have got scientific interests due to the straightforward, efficient and versatile talents of it. Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has democratized access to gene editing in many biological fields, including cancer. Cancer development is a multistep process caused by innate and acquired mutations and leads to the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. It is obvious that establishing appropriate animal cancer models which can simulate human cancers is crucial for cancer research currently. Since the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9, considerable efforts have been taken by researchers to apply this technology in generating animal cancer models. Although there is still a long way to go we are happy to see the achievements we have made and the promising future we have.
Systematic Review: Histological Scoring of Strictures in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: De Voogd F A , Mookhoek A , Gecse K B , De Hertogh G , Bemelman W A , Buskens C J , D’Haens G R 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsIn Crohn’s disease, many patients develop a stricture, which can due to inflammation, fibrosis and muscular changes or all at the same time. Determining the predominant component has therapeutic consequences but remains challenging. To develop imaging techniques that assess the nature of a stricture, a gold standard is needed and histopathology is considered as such. This paper provides an overview of published histological scoring systems for strictures in Crohn’s disease.MethodsA systematic literature review according to PRISMA guidelines was performed of histological scoring indices that assessed whether a stricture was inflammation-predominant or fibrosis-predominant. Multiple libraries were searched from inception to December 2018. Two reviewers independently assessed abstracts and full-texts.ResultsSixteen articles were identified as suitable for this systematic review. A large number of parameters were reported. Extent of neutrophil infiltration and extent of fibrosis in the bowel wall were most frequently described to reflect severity of inflammation and fibrosis, respectively. Among the 16 studies, only two described a numerical scoring system for the inflammatory and fibrotic component separately. Smooth muscle changes were scored in a minority of studies.ConclusionsMultiple scoring systems have been developed. There was large heterogeneity in scoring per parameter and construction of numerical scoring systems. Therefore, we feel that none of the systems is suitable to be used as gold standard. We offer an overview of histological parameters that could be incorporated in a future histological scoring index for strictures.
Repetitive restenosis in a biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent with hypersensitivity reaction: a case report
Authors: Jimba Takahiro , Hashikata Takehiro , Matsushita Masashiro , Yamasaki Masao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Hypersensitivity reaction is a classic cause of in-stent restenosis (ISR) in coronary stents, typically reported in bare-metal stents and first-generation drug-eluting stents. Biodegradable polymer sirolimus-eluting stent (BP-SES) was developed with the concept of biocompatibility, and there has been no report of ISR of BP-SES with hypersensitivity reaction.

Case summary
An 81-year-old woman presented with ST-elevation acute inferior myocardial infarction. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention was performed for the culprit lesion in the left circumflex artery with a permanent polymer everolimus-eluting stent (PP-EES), followed by BP-SES implantation in the left anterior descending artery. Eight months later, coronary angiography showed total occlusion of the PP-EES and diffuse ISR in the BP-SES, treated with a paclitaxel-eluting balloon. Fluorodeoxyglucose with positron emission tomography showed increased uptake around the BP-SES, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging revealed a late gadolinium-enhanced area around both stents. Four months later, she developed re-ISR in the BP-SES, and optical coherence tomography demonstrated diffuse-layered neointimal hyperplasia with microvascularization and peri-strut low-intensity area. She was successfully treated with coronary artery bypass grafting.

Discussion
Our case demonstrated repetitive short-term ISR of the BP-SES. Observation by both intravascular and non-invasive imaging modalities suggested the presence of hypersensitivity reaction localized in the stent. Hypersensitivity to the metal may be a possible mechanism because both stents are composed of L605 cobalt–chromium alloy. This is the first report of ISR of a BP-SES with hypersensitivity reaction. Non-invasive imaging can be useful to assess this critical condition.
Antithrombotic therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome complicated by cardiogenic shock or out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a joint position paper from the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Working Group on Thrombosis, in association with the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) and European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI)
Authors: Gorog Diana A , Price Susanna , Sibbing Dirk , Baumbach Andreas , Capodanno Davide , Gigante Bruna , Halvorsen Sigrun , Huber Kurt , Lettino Maddalena , Leonardi Sergio , Morais Joao , Rubboli Andrea , Siller-Matula Jolanta M , Storey Robert F , Vranckx Pascal , Rocca Bianca 
Published: February 2020

abstractTimely and effective antithrombotic therapy is critical to improving outcome, including survival, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Achieving effective platelet inhibition and anticoagulation, with minimal risk, is particularly important in high-risk ACS patients, especially those with cardiogenic shock (CS) or those successfully resuscitated following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), who have a 30-50% risk of death or a recurrent ischaemic event over the subsequent 30 days. There are unique challenges to achieving effective and safe antithrombotic treatment in this cohort of patients that are not encountered in most other ACS patients. This position paper focuses on patients presenting with CS or immediately post-OHCA, of presumed ischaemic aetiology, and examines issues related to thrombosis and bleeding risk. Both the physical and pharmacological impacts of CS, namely impaired drug absorption, metabolism, altered distribution and/or excretion, associated multiorgan failure, co-morbidities and co-administered treatments such as opiates, targeted temperature management, renal replacement therapy and circulatory or left ventricular assist devices, can have major impact on the effectiveness and safety of antithrombotic drugs. Careful attention to the choice of antithrombotic agent(s), route of administration, drug-drug interactions, therapeutic drug monitoring and factors that affect drug efficacy and safety, may reduce the risk of sub- or supra-therapeutic dosing and associated adverse events. This paper provides expert opinion, based on best available evidence, and consensus statements on optimising antithrombotic therapy in these very high-risk patients, in whom minimising the risk of thrombosis and bleeding is critical to improving outcome.
Fate of contralateral asymptomatic bullae in patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Jang Hyo Jun , Lee Jun Ho , Nam Seung Hyuk , Ro Sun Kyun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This retrospective cohort study aimed to analyse the impact of asymptomatic blebs/bullae on the occurrence of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) by monitoring the natural course of contralateral blebs/bullae in patients with ipsilateral pneumothorax.

METHODS
From January 2003 to December 2017, 1055 patients [age 19.6 ± 3.98 years (mean ± standard deviation), 953 men] experiencing the first episode of unilateral PSP were enrolled in this study, excluding patients aged 30 years or more. The presence, number and maximal size of the blebs/bullae were investigated in contralateral asymptomatic lungs based on high-resolution computed tomography.

RESULTS
Multiple and single blebs/bullae were noted in contralateral lungs in 425 (40.3%) and 88 (8.3%) patients, respectively. The median follow-up period was 44.0 (interquartile range 71.5) months. The 1-, 3- and 5-year cumulative occurrence rates of PSP in contralateral lungs were 7.9%, 13.7% and 16.7%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, younger age [hazard ratio (HR) 1.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12–1.27; P &lt; 0.001) and multiple bullae (HR 4.42, 95% CI 3.06–6.38; P &lt; 0.001) were independent risk factors for spontaneous pneumothorax in the contralateral lung. The 5-year cumulative occurrence rates of PSP were significantly higher in patients with multiple blebs/bullae than in those with no or a single bleb/bulla (28.2% vs 8.5%, respectively; P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Asymptomatic blebs/bullae often lead to PSP. If the patient is eligible for surgery for pneumothorax, preemptive surgery for contralateral bullae could be considered, especially in patients with multiple blebs/bullae.
A path to early diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: validity and reliability of the myMemCheck® self-administered screening tool
Authors: Mansbach William E , Mace Ryan A , Tanner Melissa A , Simmons Steven P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Barriers to the early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia can delay diagnosis and treatment. myMemCheck® was developed as a rapid free cognitive self-assessment tool that can be completed at home to identify older adults that would benefit from a more comprehensive cognitive evaluation.

Objective
Two prospective cross-sectional studies were conducted to examine the psychometric properties and clinical utility of myMemCheck®.

Methods
In Study 1, participants were independent living residents referred to an outpatient memory clinic (N = 59); older adults in the community and post-acute nursing home residents (N = 357) comprised Study 2.

Results
Psychometric analyses were performed on cognitive and psychological testing data, including myMemCheck®. myMemCheck® evidenced adequate reliability and strong construct validity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis evidenced an optional myMemCheck® cut score for identifying older adults at risk for MCI or dementia. myMemCheck® explained 25% of cognitive status beyond basic patient information.

Conclusions
myMemCheck® may help fast-track the diagnostic process, facilitate appropriate referrals for cognitive and neuropsychological evaluation, reduce assessment burden in health care and prevent negative outcomes associated with undetected cognitive impairment.
The role of mental disease on the association between multimorbidity and medical expenditure
Authors: Yamanashi Hirotomo , Nobusue Kenichi , Nonaka Fumiaki , Honda Yukiko , Shimizu Yuji , Akabame Shogo , Sugimoto Takashi , Nagata Yasuhiro , Maeda Takahiro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Multimorbidity is the presence of two or more chronic diseases and is associated with increased adverse outcomes, including hospitalization, mortality and frequency of use of medical institutions.

Objective
This study aimed to describe multimorbidity patterns, determine whether multimorbidity was associated with high medical expenditure, and determine whether mental diseases had an interaction effect on this association.

Methods
We conducted a claims data-based observational study. Data were obtained for 7526 individuals aged 0–75 years from a medical claims data set for Goto, Japan, over a 12-month period (2016–17). Annual medical expenditure was divided into quintiles; the fifth quintile represented high medical expenditure. Multimorbidity status was defined as the occurrence of two or more health conditions from 17 specified conditions. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for high medical expenditure were calculated by number of comorbidities.

Results
In total, 5423 (72.1%) participants had multimorbidity. Multimorbidity was significantly associated with high medical expenditure, even after adjustment for age, sex and income category (OR: 10.36, 95% CI: 7.57–14.19; P &lt; 0.001). Mental diseases had a significant interaction effect on the association between multimorbidity and high medical expenditure (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Multimorbidity is associated with high medical expenditure in Japan. Mental diseases may contribute to increased medical costs.
Opioid Use and the Risk of Falls, Fall Injuries and Fractures among Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Yoshikawa Aya , Ramirez Gilbert , Smith Matthew Lee , Foster Margaret , Nabil Anas K , Jani Sagar N , Ory Marcia G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
There is increasing concern about opioid use as a pain treatment option among older adults. Existing literature implies an association between opioid use and fracture, increasing the risk of death and disabilities; yet, this relationship with other fall-related outcomes has not been fully explored. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between opioid use and adverse health outcomes of falls, fall injuries, and fractures among older adults.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted using nine databases: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, Global Health, Northern Light Sciences Conference Abstracts, Cochrane CENTRAL, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and ClinicalTrials.gov. We log-transformed effect sizes (relative risk [RR], odds ratio [OR], and hazard ratio [HR]) to compute pooled risk estimates comparable across the studies. The random-effects model was applied to calculate the pooled risk estimates due to heterogeneity. Meta-regressions explored differences in risk estimates by analysis method, study design, setting, and study quality.

Results
Thirty studies, providing 34 relevant effect sizes, met the inclusion criteria for this meta-analysis. Overall, opioid use was significantly associated with falls, fall injuries, and fractures, with effect sizes ranging from 0.15 to 0.71. In meta-regressions, no selected factors explained heterogeneity.

Conclusion
While heterogeneity is present, results suggest an increased risk of falls, fall injuries, and fractures among older adults who used opioids. Findings highlight the need for opioid education and nonopioid-related pain management interventions among older adults to decrease fall-related risk.
Transcriptional dysregulation in developing trigeminal sensory neurons in the LgDel mouse model of DiGeorge 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Maynard Thomas M , Horvath Anelia , P Bernot James , Karpinski Beverly A , Tavares Andre L P , Shah Ankita , Zheng Qianqian , Spurr Liam , Olender Jacqueline , Moody Sally A , Fraser Claire M , LaMantia Anthony-S , Lee Norman H 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLgDel mice, which model the heterozygous deletion of genes at human chromosome 22q11.2 associated with DiGeorge/22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), have cranial nerve and craniofacial dysfunction as well as disrupted suckling, feeding and swallowing, similar to key 22q11DS phenotypes. Divergent trigeminal nerve (CN V) differentiation and altered trigeminal ganglion (CNgV) cellular composition prefigure these disruptions in LgDel embryos. We therefore asked whether a distinct transcriptional state in a specific population of early differentiating LgDel cranial sensory neurons, those in CNgV, a major source of innervation for appropriate oropharyngeal function, underlies this departure from typical development. LgDel versus wild-type (WT) CNgV transcriptomes differ significantly at E10.5 just after the ganglion has coalesced. Some changes parallel altered proportions of cranial placode versus cranial neural crest-derived CNgV cells. Others are consistent with a shift in anterior–posterior patterning associated with divergent LgDel cranial nerve differentiation. The most robust quantitative distinction, however, is statistically verifiable increased variability of expression levels for most of the over 17 000 genes expressed in common in LgDel versus WT CNgV. Thus, quantitative expression changes of functionally relevant genes and increased stochastic variation across the entire CNgV transcriptome at the onset of CN V differentiation prefigure subsequent disruption of cranial nerve differentiation and oropharyngeal function in LgDel mice.
Isolated Singularities of Yang–Mills–Higgs Fields on Surfaces
Authors: Chen Bo , Song Chong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study isolated singularities of 2D Yang–Mills–Higgs (YMH) fields defined on a fiber bundle, where the fiber space is a compact Riemannian manifold and the structure group is a compact connected Lie group. In general, the singularity cannot be removed due to possibly non-vanishing limit holonomy around the singular points. We establish a sharp asymptotic decay estimate of the YMH field near a singular point, where the decay rate is precisely determined by the limit holonomy. Our result can be viewed as a generalization of the classical removable singularity theorem of 2D harmonic maps.
Griffithsin Inhibits Nipah Virus Entry and Fusion and Can Protect Syrian Golden Hamsters From Lethal Nipah Virus Challenge
Authors: Lo Michael K , Spengler Jessica R , Krumpe Lauren R H , Welch Stephen R , Chattopadhyay Anasuya , Harmon Jessica R , Coleman-McCray JoAnn D , Scholte Florine E M , Hotard Anne L , Fuqua Joshua L , Rose John K , Nichol Stuart T , Palmer Kenneth E , O’Keefe Barry R , Spiropoulou Christina F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that causes fatal encephalitis and respiratory disease in humans. There is currently no approved therapeutic for human use against NiV infection. Griffithsin (GRFT) is high-mannose oligosaccharide binding lectin that has shown in vivo broad-spectrum activity against viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, hepatitis C virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro antiviral activities of GRFT and its synthetic trimeric tandemer (3mG) against NiV and other viruses from 4 virus families. The 3mG had comparatively greater potency than GRFT against NiV due to its enhanced ability to block NiV glycoprotein-induced syncytia formation. Our initial in vivo prophylactic evaluation of an oxidation-resistant GRFT (Q-GRFT) showed significant protection against lethal NiV challenge in Syrian golden hamsters. Our results warrant further development of Q-GRFT and 3mG as potential NiV therapeutics.
Structurally informed design of interlocking block assemblages using limit analysis
Authors: Mousavian Elham , Casapulla Claudia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a computational framework to design assemblages of interlocking blocks and to analyze their structural feasibility. The core of this framework is an extension of limit analysis to corrugated interfaces with orthotropic sliding behavior. Such block interfaces are made of a number of locks (i.e. projections on the corrugated faces, locking the blocks together) with rectangular cross section. The sliding resistance at the block interfaces is governed by the shear resistance of the locks and Coulomb’s friction law, normal to and along the locks, respectively. This resistance is assumed as a function of different interface geometric parameters and the stress state on an interface is represented by using a number of contact points distributed over the lock centerlines. The abstraction model has been validated through the comparison of the torsion–shear behavior of an interface obtained by the proposed model and experimental tests reported in the literature. The extended limit analysis has been implemented to model single-layer shells. When the model is infeasible, the geometry of the overall shell, blocks, and interlocking interfaces can be adjusted by the designer to make the model structurally feasible. The performance of the framework is presented through several examples, which demonstrate the relationships between the geometry of the interlocking interfaces and the stability of the assemblages.
Polyplax brachyrrhyncha (Anoplura: Polyplacidae) and Rhipicephalus turanicus (Ixodidae: Rhipicephalinae) in an Ancient Louse Comb
Authors: Mumcuoglu Kosta Y , Sukenik Naama , Bar-Oz Guy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A fine-toothed comb found in the Judean Desert and resembling an ancient louse comb was examined. Based on radiocarbon dating, it ranged between 1660 AD and 1950 AD. From the material accumulated between the teeth, an oribatid mite, a pseudoscorpion, exuviae of beetle larvae, a sucking louse (Polyplax brachyrrhyncha Cummings, 1915), as well as a fully engorged larva and a nymph of the ixodid tick Rhipicephalus turanicus Pomerantzev, 1936 were recorded. Additionally, the comb included numerous hairs of a spiny mouse (Acomys sp.). Although finding mites, beetle larvae, and a pseudoscorpion on a louse comb could be regarded as contamination, the findings of P. brachyrrhyncha, as well as of a larva and nymph of R. turanicus, are noteworthy. We hypothesize that the presence of animal lice and ticks could indicate some sort of pet grooming.
The Impact of Obesity on Tumor Glucose Uptake in Breast and Lung Cancer
Authors: Leitner Brooks P , Perry Rachel J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObesity confers an increased incidence and poorer clinical prognosis in more than 10 cancer types. Paradoxically, obesity may provide protection from poor outcomes in lung cancer. Mechanisms for the obesity-cancer links are not fully elucidated, with altered glucose metabolism being a promising candidate. Using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission-tomography/computed tomography images from The Cancer Imaging Archive, we explored the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and glucose metabolism in several cancers. In 188 patients (BMI mean [SD] = 27.7 [5.1], range = 17.4–49.3 kg/m2), higher BMI was associated with greater tumor glucose uptake in breast cancer (r = 0.36; P = .02) and with lower tumor glucose uptake in non-small cell lung cancer (r = -0.26; P = .048) using two-sided Pearson correlations. No relationship was observed in soft tissue sarcoma or squamous cell carcinoma. Harnessing the National Cancer Institute’s open-access database, we demonstrate altered tumor glucose metabolism as a potential mechanism for the detrimental and protective effects of obesity on breast and lung cancer, respectively.