bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELGS-YOLO: small object detection method of power switchgear images based on multi-scale feature fusion
Authors: Liang Wanyong , Zhang Yufei , Jiang Yong , Zhou Lintao , Wang Shuai , Yao Lina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
To address the challenges of difficult detection of small targets and limited computational resources prevalent in power switchgear. This paper presents an enhanced switchgear detection model, ELGS-YOLOv8, which addresses the limitations of existing models. First, ELGS-YOLOv8 employs a lightweight Efficient Mutil Scal Conv (EMSC) in the backbone network. This module reduces the number of parameters and computation of the model while improving the extraction of feature information. In addition, the local-global information extraction and fusion module (LGEF) for small targets has been proposed to further improve the detection capability of the indicator. The module integrates local information extraction module(LIEM)and local-global information fusion module (LGFM) at the neck, which are used to improve the extraction and fusion of feature information, respectively. Finally, a lightweight detection head based on the Separated and Enhancement Attention Module (LSEAM) is designed to reduce the model complexity while further improve the model’s detection performance in complex scenes. Experimental results show that the improved ELGS-YOLOv8 model achieves 90.4% in mAP@0.5, with a model size reduction of 15% and an increase in AP

s
by 7.7%, meeting the real-time and accuracy requirements for on-site deployment. Therefore, the improved strategy provides a more reliable and efficient solution for switchgear detection in substation inspections.
Optimizing light extraction from non-planar site-controlled pyramidal quantum dot system: comparative modeling of three fabricable geometries
Authors: Colavecchi Luca , Juska Gediminas , Pelucchi Emanuele 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This work explores three different fabrication methods to improve light extraction efficiency of site-controlled pyramidal GaAs quantum dot (QD) system. In the theoretically analyzed structures (mimicking the as-obtained experimentally), we focus on the effects of geometry on light emission intensity, far-field profiles, and Purcell enhancement. The three methods include a back-etched approach, which exposes the pyramid’s apex, a pillar fabrication process, and a ‘mirrored’ pyramid technique. Simulation results suggest that all three techniques have the potential to improve light extraction from as grown structures, with the pillar method offering the highest extraction efficiency (43% for a numerical aperture of 0.999) and the back-etched configuration exhibiting a strong Purcell enhancement effect. The mirrored pyramid method is also of interest, as it provides a promising alternative to the back-etched approach, potentially simplifying the integration of electrical contacts for tuning QD properties. Ultimately, we emphasize the importance of precise control over the fabrication process to optimize the performance of this QD system for future applications in quantum information processing.
‘The Kingdom of Mealies’
Authors: Tischler Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the emergence of an agricultural education infrastructure in the Transkei and the Ciskei. It focuses on the Black agricultural producers who spearheaded the progressive farming movement, invoking the notion of science-based planning in order to offset the reserves’ socio-economic destabilization caused by rapid industrialization and urbanization. By the 1920s, well over one hundred agricultural demonstrators were ‘preaching the gospel’ of improved methods throughout the Transkei and Ciskei while the agricultural schools trained future farmers and demonstrators, attracting far more applicants than they could accommodate. Demonstration caravans toured the Transkei, offering lectures and demonstrations to several thousand people. Numerous so-called Native Farmers’ Associations organized African smallholders to cooperate. In an increasingly hostile political and economic climate, Black farmers promoted independent farming as a possible alternative to a life in which Blacks were subjects of white mining and agrarian capital. African progressive farmers’ visions were steeped in Cape liberal thought, with its emphasis on acculturation, middle-class respectability, education, and Christianity rather than racial categorizations. Although Cape liberalism was waning at the time, it still opened up opportunities for the minority of formally educated aspiring Black farmers to obtain support from sections of the Cape’s paternalistic administrative and missionary establishment.
From ‘Progress’ to ‘Rehabilitation’
Authors: Tischler Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the ways in which white officials and experts seized the notion of emancipatory farming, turning it on its head. From the late nineteenth century, specific groups of ‘friends of the natives’—including missionaries, liberal intellectuals, and Cape officials—were highly influential in shaping discourses and policies around the ‘agrarian question’. Their staunch support of agricultural education in the reserves—against the pushback of many white farmers—reflected these reformers’ intellectual investment in an early, relatively flexible and paternalistic variant of segregationist thought. From the late 1920s onwards, however, the national Native Affairs Department (NAD) increasingly intervened in the Cape, overriding the province’s long tradition of relative local autonomy. Meanwhile, many graduates of the agricultural schools saw their professional ambitions thwarted, while the demonstration service promoted a model of farming that most of its addressees were unable to put into practice. Such setbacks, in addition to heightened concerns over soil erosion and malnutrition, were grist to the mill of NAD officials who wanted to discard the hitherto gradualist approaches to rural development in favour of restrictive and compulsive measures. NAD-style agricultural education was no longer about an individual’s progress and access to the league of ‘civilized’ farmers but rather a means of segregation and discrimination intended to safeguard the system of circular migration through which white-owned mines and farms benefitted from cheap African labour.
Women Farmers and Farmers’ Wives
Authors: Tischler Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 10 examines rural domestic training for white women. Combining inspiration from the Canadian and American domestic science movements with the Afrikaner nationalist volksmoeder (‘mother of the people’) ideal, the authorities highlighted women’s duties of motherhood focused on the nation and cast domesticity as a corrective to the supposedly degenerative effects of female wage labour. White women eagerly sought out rural education services but, at the same time, transgressed Victorian notions of separate spheres that divided ‘male’ productive work from ‘female’ consumption. Teachers and students at the private Boschetto Agricultural College, the only agricultural college for women in the southern hemisphere, sought recognition as female farmers rather than as merely farmers’ wives. Nevertheless, government interventions to oppose women’s independent farming are indicative of how the rise of commercial farming devalued female contributions to agricultural production in South Africa and elsewhere.
Connectome-based prediction of future episodic memory performance for individual amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients
Authors: Zhang Zhengsheng , Wang Mengxue , Lu Tong , Shi Yachen , Xie Chunming , Ren Qingguo , Wang Zan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The amnestic mild cognitive impairment progression to probable Alzheimer’s disease is a continuous phenomenon. Here we conduct a cohort study and apply machine learning to generate a model of predicting episodic memory development for individual amnestic mild cognitive impairment patient that incorporates whole-brain functional connectivity. Fifty amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients completed baseline and 3-year follow-up visits including episodic memory assessments (e.g. Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall) and resting-state functional MRI scanning. Using a multivariate analytical method known as relevance vector regression, we found that the baseline whole-brain functional connectivity features failed to predict the baseline Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall scores (r = 0.17, P = 0.082). Nonetheless, the baseline whole-brain functional connectivity pattern could predict the longitudinal Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test Delayed Recall score with statistically significant accuracy (r = 0.50, P &lt; 0.001). The connectivity that contributed most to the prediction (i.e. the top 1% connectivity) included within-default mode connections, within-limbic connections and the connections between default mode and limbic systems. More importantly, these connections with the highest absolute contribution weight mainly displayed long anatomical distances (i.e. Euclidean distance &gt;75 mm). These ‘neural fingerprints’ may be appropriate biomarkers for amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients to optimize individual patient management and longitudinal evaluation in a timely fashion.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments and outcomes of primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: Wang Qin-Xiao , Ye Qian , Zhou Kai-Yi , Luo Si-Yu , Fang Sheng 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis (PLCA) is a skin-limited disorder characterized histologically by amyloid deposition in the papillary dermis. This study aimed to review current treatment strategies and provide an updated perspective on the treatment of PLCA.

Methods
We searched the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases for eligible studies. Cohort studies were meta-analyzed using a random effects model to evaluate the outcomes of different treatments, while case reports and case series were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test.

Results
Overall, 117 studies (535 patients) were included. Surgery favoured nodular amyloidosis (NA), with statistically significant differences for the other therapies. For the non-NA group, 62 case-level studies (79 patients) and 20 cohort studies (418 patients) were analyzed separately. Although there were no statistically significant differences between therapies in the case-level studies, biological agents and JAK inhibitors may be a promising treatment for refractory lesions. Of the cohort studies, the partial response (PR) rate was 100.0%, 100.0%, 97.5%, 96.9%, and 94.4% of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, micro-needling, laser therapies, topical therapies, and systemic immunosuppressants; the complete response (CR) rate was 22.2% and 2.5% of surgical interventions and laser therapies.

Conclusion
This study suggest that surgery is the most effective option for NA and laser therapy is recommended for non-NA patients. Biologic agents and JAK inhibitors may be promising treatment options for lesions that do not respond to conventional therapies.
VPS13D mutations affect mitochondrial homeostasis and locomotion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yin Xiaomeng , Wang Ruoxi , Thackeray Andrea , Baehrecke Eric H , Alkema Mark J 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Mitochondria control cellular metabolism, serve as hubs for signaling and organelle communication, and are important for the health and survival of cells. VPS13D encodes a cytoplasmic lipid transfer protein that regulates mitochondrial morphology, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum contact, and quality control of mitochondria. VPS13D mutations have been reported in patients displaying ataxic and spastic gait disorders with variable age of onset. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create VPS13D-related spinocerebellar ataxia-4 missense mutations and C-terminal deletion in VPS13D's ortholog vps-13D in Caenorhabditis elegans. Consistent with SCAR4 patient movement disorders and mitochondrial dysfunction, vps-13D mutant worms exhibit locomotion defects and abnormal mitochondrial morphology. Importantly, animals with a vps-13D deletion or a N3017I missense mutation exhibited an increase in mitochondrial unfolded protein response. The cellular and behavioral changes caused by VPS13D mutations in C. elegans advance the development of animal models that are needed to study SCAR4 pathogenesis.
From the 4Ms to a Disability-Friendly Healthcare System
Authors: Moro Teresa , McGinley Jacqueline , Ewald Bonnie 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There are approximately 3,922 Age-Friendly Health Systems (AFHS) sites in the United States (US). These systems promote better healthcare for adults age 65 and older by implementing the following four elements, referred to as the “4Ms”, into care provision: 1) What Matters; 2) Medication; 3) Mentation; and 4) Mobility. There are no equivalent parameters to ensure high-quality care for adults with disabilities. This is problematic because many individuals with disabilities experience conditions associated with aging well before their 65th birthday. For example, adults with Down syndrome are more likely to develop earlier onset dementia and many will be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in their early 50s. While AFHS are of critical importance, by focusing solely on adults over age 65, we are missing an opportunity to improve the health and well-being of people with disabilities. Many adults living with disabilities would likely benefit from providers deliberately and thoughtfully addressing what matters, medication, mentation, and mobility. In this paper, we posit that implementing the 4Ms framework with younger adults with disabilities has the potential to both enhance compliance with the ADA and lay the ground work for making an equitable, disability-friendly health system a reality.
Disseminated Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and hyperammonemic encephalopathy in a patient with Activated PI3K- delta syndrome 2 (APDS2)
Authors: Lai Yi Wye , Lin Ray Junhao , Maiwald Matthias , Lim Gareth Zigui , Pooja Rao , Koh Tse Hsien , Puah Ser Hon , Tan Teck Choon , Howe Hwee Siew , Lim Xin Rong 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Hyperammonemia syndrome (HS) from Ureaplasma infection is typically reported in post-transplant recipients, particularly lung transplant. We describe a young female with activated PI3K-delta syndrome (APDS) 2 who presented with HS from disseminated Ureaplasma urealyticum infection with septic arthritis. We also performed a literature review of Ureaplasma-associated HS in non-transplant patients.
Will my Child Walk Funny? The Rotational Profile of Infants and Children With Classic Bladder Exstrophy
Authors: Regan Maia D. , Cardin Stefano , Defrancesco Christopher , Horn B. David 
Published: February 2025

Background:
Bladder exstrophy is a rare, complex disorder that involves the urinary, reproductive, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems and is marked by an incomplete lower abdominal wall, leaving the bladder exposed to the outside world. Skeletal findings in this condition include externally rotated innominate bones. While the resulting acetabular retroversion might be expected to cause out-toeing, there is no published data on the gait parameters or rotational profile of children with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) in isolation. This study, therefore, characterizes the rotational profile and walking age of infants and toddlers with CBE.

Methods:
Patients treated at a tertiary care pediatric hospital for CBE from January 2014 to June 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient history, examination, and radiographic findings—including rotational profile and age at independent ambulation—were recorded. Patients with a diagnosis of cloacal exstrophy or epispadias without exstrophy were excluded.

Results:
Out of 46 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 17 (37%) were female and 29 (63%) were male. All underwent exstrophy repair combined with iliac osteotomies (24 anterior and 22 posterior). The anterior pelvic ring was secured with suture fixation (44/46) or threaded wires (2/46). Patients were immobilized with either a spica cast (n=41, 89%) or skin traction (n=5, 11%).
Preoperatively, hip internal and external rotation with the hip in extension averaged 43 and 78 degrees, respectively. Postoperatively, internal rotation initially decreased and then increased over time, while external rotation decreased over the same time. There was no difference in internal or external rotation between patients who had either anterior or posterior osteotomies (P=0.35, 0.09, respectively).
At 3 years of age, foot progression angle (n=21) averaged +8.7 degrees ±5.5 (range: 0 to 20 degrees) while thigh foot angle (n=30) averaged +2.8 degrees ±4.4 (range: 0 to 10 degrees). Despite most patients undergoing surgery before age 1, all patients walked independently on time at a mean age of 13±2.4 months (range: 11 to 18 mo).

Conclusions:
Infants and toddlers with CBE who undergo early reconstruction walk independently at a normal age. Their rotational profile falls within normal bounds, even though their underlying pelvic anatomy may predispose them towards an externally rotated gait.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective cohort study.
Validating the Hierarchical Nature of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Spine Injury Classification System
Authors: Narayanan Rajkishen , Dalton Jonathan , Bransford Richard , Dvorak Marcel R. , Singh Chhabra Harvinder , Joaquim Andrei F. , El-Sharkawi Mohammad , Benneker Lorin M. , Schnake Klaus , Oner Cumhur , Dandurand Charlotte , Canseco Jose A. , Kepler Christopher K. , Vaccaro Alexander R. , Schroeder Gregory D. ,   AO Spine Upper Cervical Spine Injury Classification System Validation Members
Published: February 2025

Study Design.
Global cross-sectional survey.

Objective.
To validate the hierarchical nature of the AO Spine Upper Cervical Spine Injury Classification (UCIC) across AO geographical regions/practice experience.

Summary of Background Data.
In order to create a universally validated scheme with prognostic value, AO Spine established an upper cervical spine injury classification involving three elements: injury morphology (region: I – occipital condyle and craniocervical junction; II – C1 ring and C1-2 joint; III – C2 and C2-3 joint), and (subtype: A - isolated bony injury; B – bony/ligamentous injury; C – displaced/translational injury), neurologic status (N0 – intact; N1 – transient deficit; N2 – radiculopathy; N3 – incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI); N4 – complete SCI, and NX – unable to examine), and case-specific modifiers (M1 – injuries at risk of nonunion; M2 – injuries at risk of instability; M3 – patient specific factors; M4 – vascular injury).

Methods.
151 AO Spine members (orthopaedic and neurosurgery) were surveyed globally regarding the severity (zero - low severity to 100 - high severity) of each UCIC variable. Primary outcomes were differences in perceived injury severity score (ISS) over various geographic/practice settings, level of experience, and subspecialty.

Results.
148 responses were received. There was an increase in median perceived severity as each anatomic region (I-III) progressed from types A to B to C. Neurologic status progressed similarly, except N1 and N2 were perceived similarly. Modifier M2 was perceived more severely than M3. There were no differences in ISS amongst levels of surgeon experience. There were small geographic differences with respondents from North and Central and South America perceiving types IC (P=0.003), IIB (P=0.003), and IIIB (P=0.003) somewhat more severely than other regions. Neurosurgeons perceived types IB (P=0.002) and IIIB (P=0.026) as more severe than orthopaedic spine surgeons.

Conclusions.
The AO Spine UCIC has overall excellent hierarchical progression in subtype ISS. These findings are consistent across geographic regions, spine subspecialty training and experience levels.
Completion, Safety and Tolerability of Once-Weekly Isoniazid and Rifapentine for Tuberculosis Infection by Children and Adolescents
Authors: Cruz Andrea T. , Cameron Lindsay H. , Starke Jeffrey R. 
Published: February 2025

Background:
Treating patients for tuberculosis (TB) infection prevents future cases and transmission. Long treatment regimens have been associated with low completion rates. We describe a 1-decade experience with treating children and adolescents for TB infection (TBI) with 3 months of once-weekly doses of isoniazid and rifapentine (3HP).

Methods:
This was a retrospective review (2014–2024) of 2 to <21 year olds who received 3HP under directly observed therapy for TBI. We abstracted demographic data, testing methods and treatment course information. Our primary outcome was treatment completion; our secondary outcome was adverse events (AEs).

Results:
Eight hundred two patients met inclusion criteria; 94.1% completed therapy. Completion rates were not associated with demographic data or testing methods. The most common reasons for not completing 3HP were AEs (23/802, 3%), moving out of the area (11, 1.4%) and pill burden (7, 0.9%). AEs resulting in failure to complete 3HP were rare. These included vomiting (15; 2 with elevated aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase), abdominal pain (7, all with normal aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase), rash (6), angioedema (4) and myalgias (2); 16/23 had >1 AE. Of the 23 with AEs, 20 began alternative regimens [rifampin (12), levofloxacin (5) and isoniazid (3)], and 17/20 (85%) completed TBI therapy.

Conclusions:
Over 94% of children as young as 2 years of age completed 3HP for TBI, which is remarkable considering the large pill burden and lack of child-friendly formulations available in the United States. The only factor associated with treatment completion was the presence of an AE.
Subglottic spray via epidural catheter in awake tracheal intubation: A CARE-compliant case report
Authors: Chen Chao , Chen Junheng , Chen Weiqiang , Guo Chunming , Zhan Yinzhou 
Published: February 2025

Rationale:
For anticipated difficult airways, awake tracheal intubation is strongly recommended by guidelines for its high success rate and safety. The key to successful awake tracheal intubation is effective airway topicalization. Currently available topicalization techniques have corresponding drawbacks and complications. Especially for subglottic topicalization, noninvasive techniques are not effective. Subglottic spray via epidural catheter with a flexible bronchoscope provided an effective and noninvasive technique.

Patient concerns:
A 73-year-old female patient with a history of giant goiter for 9 years suffered chest tightness and shortness of breath, and a 54-year-old male patient with a neck mass and hoarseness were scheduled for thyroidectomy.

Diagnoses:
Two cases of anticipated difficult airway due to compression by a giant goiter.

Interventions:
The subglottic area was topicalized via an epidural catheter with a flexible bronchoscope, and awake tracheal intubation was successfully performed.

Outcomes:
This technique was effective in eliminating airway reactions and hemodynamic fluctuations during awake intubation and improving the intubation success rate and patient tolerance.

Lessons:
This is the first report of subglottic topicalization via an epidural catheter with a flexible bronchoscope applied in cases of awake intubation in giant goiter. The epidural catheter spray is safe and effective in awake intubation of an anticipated difficult airway, and this noninvasive technique is an alternative option to transtracheal injection.