bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First versus last born: Flowers, pods, and yield formation in no‐tillage lentil
Authors: Bueckert Rosalind , Zakeri Hossein , Pritchard Janet , Lafond Guy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a grain legume crop grown under no‐tillage (NT) management and rhizobia inoculation in the northern Great Plains. Our goal was to characterize pod growth characteristics to understand yield formation in North American short‐season cultivars. Objectives were to compare pods on nodes during early and late reproductive growth through flower and pod number, pod setting percentage, pod growth rate, effective pod‐filling period, and final pod size, and to test if N fertility could increase pod numbers and pod growth under NT management. Two field experiments, Study 1 and Study 2, were conducted at Saskatoon and Indian Head, SK, in western Canada. For Study 1, cultivar CDC Sedley was treated with 0–60 kg N ha−1 on long‐term NT fields for 3 yr (2006–2008). For Study 2, eight cultivars from three maturity classes were grown under control, inoculant, and N fertilizer regimes under NT at Saskatoon (2006 and 2007). Lentil set more yield in early‐flowering nodes via flower number, with 2.6 flowers node−1. Late nodes had fewer (2.1) flowers but the same pod setting percentage of 80% for CDC Sedley, and a lower percentage across eight cultivars. Late nodes produced pods with greater growth rates and shorter filling times, resulting in fewer but similar sized pods. The largest pods were found on nodes with fewer flowers and when moisture was adequate during filling. Drought stress in 2007 occurred and lowered pod setting to 60% and shortened the effective pod‐filling period during late reproductive drought. During the two wet years, higher N rates increased late‐season pod growth rate, but not flower numbers. An increase in late node and flower production may further improve yield, particularly in large‐seeded cultivars.
An Organic Redox Flow Cell‐Inspired Paper‐Based Primary Battery
Authors: Navarro‐Segarra Marina , Alday Perla Patricia , Garcia David , Ibrahim Omar A. , Kjeang Erik , Sabaté Neus , Esquivel Juan Pablo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA portable paper‐based organic redox flow primary battery using sustainable quinone chemistry is presented. The compact prototype relies on the capillary forces of the paper matrix to develop a quasi‐steady flow of the reactants through a pair of porous carbon electrodes without the need of external pumps. Co‐laminar capillary flow allows operation Under mixed‐media conditions, in which an alkaline anolyte and an acidic catholyte are employed. This feature enables higher electrochemical cell voltages during discharge operation and the utilization of a wider range of available species and electrolytes and provides the advantage to form a neutral or near‐neutral pH as the electrolytes neutralize at the absorbent pad, which allows a safe disposal after use. The effects of the device design parameters have been studied to enhance battery features such as power output, operational time, and fuel utilization. The device achieves a faradaic efficiency of up to 98 %, which is the highest reported in a capillary‐based electrochemical power source, as well as a cell capacity of up to 11.4 Ah L−1 cm−2, comparable to state‐of‐the‐art large‐scale redox flow cells.
A comparison of conventional and modified vector control strategies for controlling transient currents and voltage dips in grid‐connected wind and photovoltaic hybrid system
Authors: Khemiri Nihel , Khedher Adel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA comparison of conventional and modified vector control strategies for controlling transient currents and voltage dips in grid‐connected wind and photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system is the purpose of this paper. The wind system is composed of three‐bladed rotor with a corresponding mechanical gearbox, a doubly fed induction generator, two power converters (rotor side converter [RSC] and grid side converter), a DC‐link capacitor that put with PV generator, and a grid filter. The big difficulty encountered for a wind and PV hybrid system is to withstand the voltage dip to avoid severe unbalanced grid voltage and transient currents that can damage the RSC. Simulation results show that with the new control, the wind and PV hybrid is able to eliminate large unbalanced grid voltages dips. The non‐negligence of the stator flux is taken into account of the modified control. Oscillation of rotor currents and overvoltage in the DC bus are low by the modified control strategy. The modified vector control constitutes a good alternative solution to overcome the problem introduced by voltage dips.
Optimization of dye removal by diesel exhaust emission soot using response surface methodology
Authors: Singh Vishvendra P. , Singhal Rushil , Vaish Rahul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe waste soot particles emitted from a diesel engine were studied as a dye adsorbent for water treatment. The input parameters were optimized using response surface methodology to achieve the maximum removal of dye methylene blue (MB). Experiments were conducted according to three‐level Box–Behnken Design with three factors time, pH, and initial concentration of dye in the solution. Further, analysis of variance analysis was carried out to find the level of significance of each parameter toward dye removal. Finally, for 0.05 g of diesel soot in a 50 ml solution, the maximum dye removal predicted was more than 99%. The basic medium (pH 12) found was favorable for the adsorption of MB. Also, 96% of detergent was removed in 60 min. Langmuir isotherm model and Pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model were most suitable for equilibrium and kinetic studies, respectively, for the removal of MB on diesel exhaust emission soot.
Biotransformations, Antioxidant System Responses, and Histopathological Indexes in the Liver of Fish Exposed to Cyanobacterial Extract
Authors: Paulino Marcelo Gustavo , Tavares Driele , Terezan Ana Paula , Sakuragui Marise Margareth , Pesenti Emanuele , Giani Alessandra , Cestari Marta Margareth , Fernandes João Batista , Fernandes Marisa Narciso 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Radiocystis fernandoi, a microcystin (MC) producer, has been common in cyanobacterial blooms in tropical regions. Microcystin is a hepatotoxin that causes tissue damage and even death in animals, including humans; its detoxification process may involve biotransformation and activation of the antioxidant defense system. We evaluated the detoxification pathway, examined the antioxidant defense system responses, and determined the alterations and the organ histopathological indexes in the liver of the tropical fish Hoplias malabaricus after acute and subchronic intraperitoneal exposure to microcystin. The crude microcystin extract of R. fernandoi had predominantly MC-RR and MC-YR. The detoxification process was activated by increasing ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, whereas glutathione S-transferase was inhibited. The activity of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase decreased after acute exposure; the SOD–catalase system and the glutathione level increased after subchronic exposure. The carbonyl protein level, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage were unchanged after acute exposure, whereas protein carbonyl was unchanged, LPO decreased, and DNA damage increased after subchronic exposure. Histopathological alteration indexes differed between acute and subchronic exposure, but the histopathological organ indexes indicate liver dysfunction in both exposure periods. We conclude that MC-RR and MC-YR induce different liver responses depending on the time of exposure, and the antioxidant defense responses after subchronic exposure may help to partially restore the liver function. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1041–1051. © 2020 SETAC
Abstract
Crude extract of Radiocystis fernandoi content microcystins alters the biotransformation and the antioxidant system defense enzyme activity and induces liver histopathologies after acute and subchronic exposure. Abc = ATP-binding cassette; CAT = catalase; EROD = ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase; GPX = glutathione peroxidase; GR = glutathione reductase; GSH = glutathione; GSSG = glutathione disulfide; GST = glutathione S-transferase; LPO = lipid peroxidation; LOH = lipid alcohol; MC = microcystin; Oatp = organic anion transporter polypeptide; SOD = superoxide dismutase.
On numerical diffusion of simplified lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Chen Zhen , Shu Chang 
Published: February 2020

SummaryIn this article, we analyze the numerical diffusion in the recently developed simplified lattice Boltzmann method (SLBM) and propose amending strategies towards lower numerical diffusion. It is noted that, in the original SLBM, the intermediate flow properties are utilized to evaluate the nonequilibrium distribution function, which may bring in excessive numerical diffusion. In the revised scheme, this evaluation strategy is nurtured by using the corrected flow properties to calculate the nonequilibrium distribution function. In the meantime, the numerically evaluated nonequilibrium distribution function only approximately fulfills the conservation relationship in the second order of accuracy. Although such approximation does not violate the global order of accuracy, offsetting the extra error would contribute to reducing the numerical diffusion. After implementing the proposed amending strategies, the revised SLBM (RSLBM) is validated through three numerical examples. The results indicate that RSLBM bears comparable order of accuracy as the original SLBM but shows lower numerical error on the same mesh size. And the reduced numerical error facilitates recovery of delicate flow structures. The proposed RSLBM can be flexibly implemented on nonuniform or body‐fitted meshes, and in three‐dimensional simulations.
Using ovarian and brain cell culture from the Mullet, Liza klunzingeri, to assess the inhibitory effects of benzo[a]pyrene on aromatase activity
Authors: Sheibani Zahra , Salamat Negin , Movahedinia AbdolAli , Hashemitabar Mahmoud , Bayati Vahid 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe assessed the toxic effects of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) on cell viability, aromatase (Aro) activity and steroid production using ovarian and brain cell cultures obtained from Mullet, Liza klunzingeri. The brain and ovary were minced and digested, and the cells were suspended in Leibovitz's L‐15 medium supplemented with 15% and 20% fetal bovine serum. The cell suspensions were seeded on 25‐cm2 cell‐culture flasks at 1 × 106 cells/mL and incubated at 25 °C for 2 weeks. A BaP concentration of 10−5 mol/L was accepted as the half‐maximal inhibitory concentration. Ovarian and brain cells were exposed to different concentrations of BaP [0 (control), 10−6, 2 × 10−6, 3 × 10−6 mol/L] and incubated at 30 °C. At different sampling times (0, 12, 24 and 48 h) 40 ng/105 cells of 1,4,6‐androstatriene‐3,17‐dione (ATD) was added to each well. Aro activity, 17β‐estradiol (E2) and ATD production were determined. The sensitivity of the cultivated ovarian and brain cells to BaP increased dose dependently. BaP was a potent inhibitor of Aro activity at 2 × 10−6 and 3 × 10−6 mol/L, both in the cultivated brain and ovarian cells at different sampling times, with 10−6 mol/L BaP found to be the least potent Aro inhibitor. E2 production decreased from cultivated ovarian and brain cells treated by different concentrations of BaP. In conclusion, BaP is able to change the activity of Aro and disrupt the biosynthesis of estrogens, and thus affects reproduction in fish.
Interleukin‐4 administration improves muscle function, adult myogenesis, and lifespan of colon carcinoma‐bearing mice
Authors: Costamagna Domiziana , Duelen Robin , Penna Fabio , Neumann Detlef , Costelli Paola , Sampaolesi Maurilio 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnorexia, body wasting, inflammation, muscle, and adipose tissue loss are hallmarks of cancer cachexia, a syndrome that affects the majority of cancer patients, impairing their ability to endure chemotherapeutic therapies and reducing their lifespan. In the last 10 years, alterations of protein turnover and impairment of adult myogenesis have been proposed as major contributing factors.MethodsMuscle stem cells, including satellite cells, mesoangioblasts, and fibroadipogenic progenitors, were isolated and characterized from C26 colon carcinoma‐bearing (C26) mice. Circulating levels of interleukin‐4/13 (IL4/IL13) were analysed by ELISA, and the effects of IL4 on muscle mass and function, protein synthesis, muscle regeneration, and myogenic progenitor cell number were analysed at both functional (treadmill and grip test) and molecular levels (qRT–PCR, immunofluorescence analysis, surface sensing of translation, and western blot). The Kaplan–Meier test was used to analyse the survival curve of IL4‐treated and IL4‐untreated C26 mice.ResultsThe administration of IL4 to C26 mice rescued muscle mass by increasing protein synthesis. The IL4 treatment improved performances and prolonged survival of C26 mice. IL4 administration re‐established both number and function of satellite cells and fibroadipogenic progenitors without affecting mesoangioblasts in C26 mice, rescuing myogenesis. Upon IL4 treatment, a high number of cytotoxic lymphocytes and type II macrophages were observed with a subsequent increase in necrotic areas of C26 tumours.ConclusionsThe results here presented shed new light on IL4 signalling during muscle wasting and early stages of muscle regeneration that explain the beneficial effect observed in IL4‐treated C26 mice. These findings might aid to develop therapeutic approaches to improve mobility and quality of life in cachectic patients.
Methanogenesis of raw cheese whey: pH and substrate–inoculum ratio evaluation at mesophyll temperature range
Authors: Flores‐Mendoza Ana P , Hernández‐García Héctor , Cocotle‐Ronzón Yolanda , Hernandez‐Martinez Eliseo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDCheese whey is a byproduct of the dairy industry, which is characterized by its high organic matter content, so its valorization by anaerobic digestion (AD) requires a pretreatment or a dilution that allows high values of degradability. However, this increases the cost and duration of whey treatment. In this paper, a study on the viability of anaerobic treatment of a type of crude whey is presented. For it, the effect of pH, substrate–inoculum ratio (S:I) and its interaction during mesophilic AD of raw cheese whey were evaluated. The interactions of the parameters were analyzed by response surface analysis.RESULTSThe results showed that in the mesophilic temperature range, the pH most suitable for AD of whey is slightly alkaline (pH = 8). Production and methane yield were improved, increasing the proportion of raw whey, which means that it is possible to operate with high organic loading rate, maintaining adequate operation conditions (pH = 8, T = 40 °C). The best performance of the digester reached 7.1 LCH4 Lwhey−1, and a specific methanogenic activity of 1.15 gCOD gTVSi−1 day−1.CONCLUSIONIt is possible to use raw cheese whey to produce methane. The alkaline pH and high S:I ratio improved the methane yield and promote methanogenic activity. Intermediate compounds (volatile fatty acids, NH3 and/or H2S) accumulated during the AD operation, which could have influenced the reactor performance; hence, further study is advisable to elucidate their effect on the global process. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality consistency evaluation of commercial transfer factor injections by chromatographic fingerprint combined with multivariate statistical analysis
Authors: Huang Qing , Qian Hanyu , Feng Dong , Wang Yao , Luo Nan , Lu Suya , Shi Qingshui , Zhang Mei , Lu Yihong , Tan Li 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe current quality control methods relying mainly on chromogenic reaction can hardly ensure the quality and safety of the biochemical drug with complex chemical composition. Therefore, a chromatographic fingerprint method was developed for the quality evaluation of a multicomponent biochemical drug, transfer factor injection. High‐performance liquid chromatography fingerprint was measured by using a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid–water and 0.085% trifluoroacetic acid–acetonitrile under gradient elution. The developed method was validated and was subsequently applied to 57 batches of commercial products which were sampled by National Drug Assessment Program. High‐resolution mass spectrometry analysis was performed on characteristic peaks of fingerprints, and a series of amino acids, nucleosides, and deoxynucleosides were identified. In the fingerprint assessments, principal component analysis and Hotelling T2 analysis yielded the best results. The results generally indicated that there was a significant difference among products of batch‐to‐batch or from different manufacturers. Abnormal samples and its discriminatory components were also explored. In summary, the established fingerprinting method with multivariate statistical analysis could offer an efficient, reliable, and practical approach for quality consistency evaluation of transfer factor injection, providing a reference for the quality control of other multicomponent biochemical drugs.
Regulation of Adipocyte and Macrophage Functions by mTORC1 and 2 in Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Festuccia William T. 
Published: February 2020

ScopeEvidence gathered in the last decades suggests that lipotoxicity and inflammation are the main factors connecting adipose tissue dysfunction to the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer, among others. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine threonine kinase that functions as the catalytic entity of two multiprotein complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). These complexes are important components of signaling pathways activated by nutrients, growth factors, and inflammatory mediators and are therefore directly involved in the regulation of adipocyte and macrophage metabolism and function.Methods and ResultsIn this article, studies that evaluate the involvement of mTORC1 and 2 in the regulation of macrophage and adipocyte function and their implication in the development of metabolic‐disease‐associated adipose tissue dysfunction are reviewed.ConclusionIn adipocytes, optimal levels of mTORC1 activity are required for its pro‐lipogenic actions, while in macrophages, mTORC1 regulates features of both M1 and M2 polarization. mTORC2, on the other hand, promotes glucose uptake and de novo lipogenesis in adipocytes and counteracts macrophage inflammatory response.
A 0.5 nJ/b 60 GHz ultra wideband transmitter for short range wireless sensor network applications
Authors: Jin Ling , Rolland Nathalie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA novel monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design of ultra wide band (UWB) transmitter at 60 GHz with simple architecture and high‐range resolution ability is presented in this paper. Implemented with 0.1 μm 100 GHz GaAs positive channel high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) technology offered by OMMIC, the transmitter comprises a millimeter wave oscillator, a buffer amplifier (BA), a medium power amplifier (MPA) and two UWB Pulse Generators (UWBPG). For the sake of the goal on reducing the entire transmitter consumption, the oscillator is controlled by one UWBPG and another UWBPG drives the BA and MPA simultaneously. The transmitter has infinite isolation level to minimize the interference with neighboring devices. For a pulse repetitive time of 5 ns, pulse width of 500 ps and supply voltage of 3 V, the transmitter consumes only 101 mW and has a peak transmit power of 9.2 dBm corresponding to 0.5 nJ per pulse energy consumption, which is suitable for future short range wireless sensor network (WSN) applications.
Detection and recognition of a ground moving target under random dynamic conditions
Authors: Zhang Xiaoqian , Li Hanshan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe infrared radiation characteristic of ground moving targets under random dynamic conditions is an important research hotspot to study for the detection performance of the airborne photoelectric detection system. This paper studies the detection mechanism of the airborne photoelectric detection system to a ground moving target and analyzes the relevant factors that affect the infrared radiation characteristics of ground moving targets. Based on spectral radiation theory, establishes the infrared radiation illumination function of a ground moving target under a complex background environment, combines the rotation relationship matrix between ground moving target and airborne photoelectric detection system, and derives the new calculation model of the signal‐to‐noise ratio under the Fraunhofer diffraction effect. The experimental results showed that the infrared radiation characteristics of the ground moving target are affected by detection time and photoelectric detector's wavelength, which verifies the spatial position relationship between the ground moving target and the airborne photoelectric detection system also determines the size of the output signal of the photoelectric detector. To effectively improve the infrared radiation characteristics of the ground moving target, the appropriate wavelength of the photoelectric detector changes the flight attitude and velocity of the carrier aircraft, which can improve the infrared radiation characteristics of ground the moving target in the detection process.
A multicenter, randomized trial comparing pelvic organ prolapse surgical treatment with native tissue and synthetic mesh: A 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: da Silveira Simone dos Reis B. , Auge Antomio PF. , Jarmy‐Dibella Zsuzsanna IK. , Margarido Paulo FR. , Carramao Silvia , Alves Rodrigues Claudinei , Doumouchtsis Stergios K. , Chada Baracat Edmund , Milhem Haddad Jorge 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to compare long‐term outcomes in patients who underwent either native tissue repair or monofilament macroporous polypropylene mesh.MethodsThis multicenter, randomized trial included—at the end of 5 years follow‐up—122 women with severe pelvic organ prolapse, who were randomly assigned to undergo surgical treatment using native tissue repair (native tissue group, n = 59) or synthetic mesh repair (mesh group, n = 63). Cure criterion was when pelvic organ prolapse‐quantification (POP‐Q) point was ≤0. Quality of life was assessed using the prolapse quality‐of‐life questionnaire and sexual function with the quality of sexual function.ResultsGroups were homogeneous preoperatively with the exception of the previous pelvic surgery variable, which was higher in mesh (P = .019). Cure rate was significantly better for mesh group in the anterior compartment (P = .002) and in the combination of all compartments (P = .001). Native tissue group was significantly better when there was prolapse in the posterior and apical compartment (P = .031). In the quality of life analysis, mesh group showed a significant improvement compared with native tissue group (P = .004). Complications were significantly higher in mesh and recurrence in native tissue. Regarding the reoperation rate, there was no difference between groups, but native tissue had a higher reoperation rate due to recurrence (P = .031).ConclusionsOutcomes in women with severe POP were better with mesh use than native tissue repair, both in the anterior compartment and in the multicompartmental prolapse after 5‐year follow‐up. Complications were more common in the mesh group and recurrences were more frequent in the native tissue group.