bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preferential flow of surface‐applied solutes: Effect of lysimeter design and initial soil water content
Authors: Williams Mark R. , Coronel Oscar , McAfee Scott J. , Sanders Laura L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUndisturbed lysimeters are widely used to study water and solute transport, where both natural and unnatural preferential flow can greatly influence leaching rates. The objective of this study was to use chemical and isotopic tracers to quantify the effect of initial soil water content and lysimeter design on preferential flows. Ten undisturbed lysimeters (900 cm2) were collected from an agricultural field, with the gap between the soil and lysimeter casing sealed with petroleum jelly for five lysimeters. Lysimeters were subjected to two rainfall simulations (3.3 cm h−1) under contrasting initial soil water contents, and leachate near the soil‐casing interface was collected separately from leachate through the bulk soil. Three‐component hydrograph separation revealed that event water comprised 21–59% of total leachate irrespective of initial soil water content and lysimeter design. Sealing the edges of the lysimeters with petroleum jelly greatly reduced but did not eliminate edge flow during rainfall simulations. Although water and solute transport were similar in both sealed and unsealed lysimeters under dry antecedent conditions due to the formation of shrinkage cracks on the soil surface, edge flow was substantially greater for the unsealed lysimeters under wet antecedent conditions. Unsealed edges under wet antecedent conditions facilitated the preferential transport of both event and pre‐event water, resulting in greater solute leaching. Using multiple tracers to contrast lysimeter designs under different initial soil water contents not only allowed for rigorous testing of a commonly used edge‐flow suppression technique but also provided new insights into preferential flow processes and patterns.
Pseudo-Riemannian structures in Pati-Salam models
Authors: Bochniak A. , Williams T.E. , Zalecki P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We discuss the role of the pseudo-Riemannian structure of the finite spectral triple for the family of Pati-Salam models. We argue that its existence is a very restrictive condition that separates leptons from quarks, and restricts the whole family of Pati-Salam models into the class of generalized Left-Right Symmetric Models.
Universal dynamics of heavy operators in CFT2
Authors: Collier Scott , Maloney Alexander , Maxfield Henry , Tsiares Ioannis 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We obtain an asymptotic formula for the average value of the operator product expansion coefficients of any unitary, compact two dimensional CFT with c > 1. This formula is valid when one or more of the operators has large dimension or — in the presence of a twist gap — has large spin. Our formula is universal in the sense that it depends only on the central charge and not on any other details of the theory. This result unifies all previous asymptotic formulas for CFT2 structure constants, including those derived from crossing symmetry of four point functions, modular covariance of torus correlation functions, and higher genus modular invariance. We determine this formula at finite central charge by deriving crossing kernels for higher genus crossing equations, which give analytic control over the structure constants even in the absence of exact knowledge of the conformal blocks. The higher genus modular kernels are obtained by sewing together the elementary kernels for four-point crossing and modular transforms of torus one-point functions. Our asymptotic formula is related to the DOZZ formula for the structure constants of Liouville theory, and makes precise the sense in which Liouville theory governs the universal dynamics of heavy operators in any CFT. The large central charge limit provides a link with 3D gravity, where the averaging over heavy states corresponds to a coarse-graining over black hole microstates in holographic theories. Our formula also provides an improved understanding of the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis (ETH) in CFT2, and suggests that ETH can be generalized to other kinematic regimes in two dimensional CFTs.
Threshold factorization of the Drell-Yan process at next-to-leading power
Authors: Beneke Martin , Broggio Alessandro , Jaskiewicz Sebastian , Vernazza Leonardo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We present a factorization theorem valid near the kinematic threshold $$ z={Q}^2/\hat{s}\to 1 $$
z
=

Q
2

/

s
̂

→
1
of the partonic Drell-Yan process $$ q\overline{q}\to {\gamma}^{\ast }+X $$
q

q
¯

→

γ
∗

+
X
for general subleading powers in the (1 − z) expansion. We then consider the specific case of next-to-leading power. We discuss the emergence of collinear functions, which are a key ingredient to factorization starting at next-to-leading power. We calculate the relevant collinear functions at $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s\right) $$
O

α
s

by employing an operator matching equation and we compare our results to the expansion-by- regions computation up to the next-to-next-to-leading order, finding agreement. Factorization holds only before the dimensional regulator is removed, due to a divergent convolution when the collinear and soft functions are first expanded around d = 4 before the convolution is performed. This demonstrates an issue for threshold resummation beyond the leading-logarithmic accuracy at next-to-leading power.
Preventable Trauma Deaths and Corrective Actions to Prevent Them: A 10‐Year Comparative Study at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Konadu‐Yeboah Dominic , Kwasi Kusi , Donkor Peter , Gudugbe Senyo , Sampen Ossei , Okleme Augustus , Boakye Frank Nketiah , Osei‐Ampofo Maxwell , Okrah Helena , Mock Charles 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the rate of preventable trauma deaths in an African hospital, identify the potential effect of improvements in trauma care over the past decade and identify deficiencies in care that still need to be addressed.MethodsA multidisciplinary panel assessed pre‐hospital, hospital, and postmortem data on 89 consecutive in‐hospital trauma deaths over 5 months in 2017 at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. The panel judged the preventability of each death. For definitely and potentially preventable deaths, the panel identified deficiencies in care.ResultsThirteen percent (13%) of trauma deaths were definitely preventable, 47% potentially preventable, and 39% non‐preventable. In comparison with a panel review in 2007, there was no change in total preventable deaths, but there had been a modest decrease in definitely preventable deaths (25% in 2007 to 13% in 2017, p = 0.07) There was a notable change in the pattern of deficiency (p = 0.001) with decreases in pre‐hospital delay (19% of all trauma deaths in 2007 to 3% in 2017) and inadequate resuscitation (17 to 8%), but an increase in delay in treatment at the hospital (23 to 40%).ConclusionsOver the past decade, there have been improvements in pre‐hospital transport and in‐hospital resuscitation. However, the preventable death rate remains unacceptably high and there are still deficiencies to address. This study also demonstrates that preventable death panel reviews are a feasible method of trauma quality improvement in the low‐ and middle‐income country setting.
Prediction Model Based on the Combination of Cytokines and Lymphocyte Subsets for Prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Luo Ying , Mao Liyan , Yuan Xu , Xue Ying , Lin Qun , Tang Guoxing , Song Huijuan , Wang Feng , Sun Ziyong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
There are currently rare satisfactory markers for predicting the death of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study is to establish a model based on the combination of serum cytokines and lymphocyte subsets for predicting the prognosis of the disease.

Methods
A total of 739 participants with COVID-19 were enrolled at Tongji Hospital from February to April 2020 and classified into fatal (n = 51) and survived (n = 688) groups according to the patient’s outcome. Cytokine profile and lymphocyte subset analysis was performed simultaneously.

Results
The fatal patients exhibited a significant lower number of lymphocytes including B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells and remarkably higher concentrations of cytokines including interleukin-2 receptor, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α on admission compared with the survived subjects. A model based on the combination of interleukin-8 and the numbers of CD4+ T cells and NK cells showed a good performance in predicting the death of patients with COVID-19. When the threshold of 0.075 was used, the sensitivity and specificity of the prediction model were 90.20% and 90.26%, respectively. Meanwhile, interleukin-8 was found to have a potential value in predicting the length of hospital stay until death.

Conclusions
Significant increase of cytokines and decrease of lymphocyte subsets are found positively correlated with in-hospital death. A model based on the combination of three markers provides an attractive approach to predict the prognosis of COVID-19.
The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Menstrual Abnormalities—a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Różańska-Walędziak Anna , Bartnik Paweł , Kacperczyk-Bartnik Joanna , Czajkowski Krzysztof , Walędziak Maciej 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Obesity is associated with hyperestrogenism along with other hormonal abnormalities affecting the menstrual cycle. The most effective and decisive method of obesity treatment is bariatric surgery. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of bariatric surgery on menstrual cycle, the incidence of menstrual abnormalities, hyperandrogenism manifestation, and contraception use.

Materials and Methods
It was a cross-sectional study of 515 pre-menopausal women who had undergone bariatric surgery between 1999 and 2017 in a bariatric center. Data was collected via anonymous questionnaire, and the questions covered a 1-year period before the surgery and the last year before questionnaire completion.

Results
Before the surgery, 38.6% of the patients reported irregular menstruations in comparison with 25.0% after bariatric surgery (RR = 0.65; 95%CI 0.53–0.79). The mean number of menstruations per year did not differ before and after surgery (10.2 ± 3.9 vs 10.4 ± 3.3; p < .45). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of prolonged menstruations, acne, and hirsutism prevalence. A total of 14.4% of patients before surgery reported estrogen-based contraception use in comparison with 15.0% after the surgery (p < .95). There were no significant differences in the frequency of OC use (11.0% before surgery vs 13.6% 12 months after the surgery vs 11.5% at the moment of survey administration; p < 0.46).

Conclusion
Bariatric surgery improves the regularity of the menstrual cycle in obese women in reproductive age. The lack of any changes in the combined hormonal contraception (CHC) use, especially OC, before and after bariatric surgery may be a result of a possibly low level of contraception counseling.
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure in Normotensive Subjects
Authors: Lecarpentier Yves , Schussler Olivier , Hébert Jean-Louis , Vallée Alexandre 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian rhythm (CR) in normotensive subjects. BP increases in the morning and decreases at night. This review aims at providing an up-to-date overview regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the circadian regulation of BP.

Recent Findings
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the regulatory center for CRs. In SCN astrocytes, the phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK-3β) also follows a CR and its expression reaches a maximum in the morning and decreases at night. pGSK-3β induces the β-catenin migration to the nucleus. During the daytime, the nuclear β-catenin increases the expression of the glutamate excitatory amino acid transporter 2 (EAAT2) and glutamine synthetase (GS). In SCN, EAAT2 removes glutamate from the synaptic cleft of glutamatergic neurons and transfers it to the astrocyte cytoplasm where GS converts glutamate into glutamine. Thus, glutamate decreases in the synaptic cleft. This decreases the stimulation of the glutamate receptors AMPA-R and NMDA-R located on glutamatergic post-synaptic neurons. Consequently, activation of NTS is decreased and BP increases. The opposite occurs at night.

Summary
Despite several studies resulting from animal studies, the circadian regulation of BP appears largely controlled in normotensive subjects by the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway involving the SCN, astrocytes, and glutamatergic neurons.
Affect and Arousal in Insomnia: Through a Lens of Neuroimaging Studies
Authors: Schiel Julian E. , Holub Florian , Petri Roxana , Leerssen Jeanne , Tamm Sandra , Tahmasian Masoud , Riemann Dieter , Spiegelhalder Kai 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Previous research has struggled with identifying clear-cut, objective counterparts to subjective distress in insomnia. Approaching this discrepancy with a focus on hyperarousal and dysfunctional affective processes, studies examining brain structures and neural networks involved in affect and arousal are reviewed and conclusions for an updated understanding of insomnia are drawn.

Recent Findings
Recent studies found that amygdala reactivity, morphometry and adaptation in insomnia are altered, indicating that processing of negative stimuli is intensified and more lasting. Also, patients with insomnia show aberrant connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN), which is associated with subjective sleep disturbances, hyperarousal, maladaptive emotion regulation and disturbed integration of emotional states. The limbic circuit is assumed to play a crucial role in enhanced recall of negative experiences.

Summary
There is reason to consider insomnia as a disorder of affect and arousal. Dysregulation of the limbic circuit might perpetuate impaired connectivity in the DMN and the SN. However, the interplay between the networks is yet to be researched.
Nlrp3 Inflammasome Signaling Regulates the Homing and Engraftment of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSPCs) by Enhancing Incorporation of CXCR4 Receptor into Membrane Lipid Rafts
Authors: Adamiak Mateusz , Abdel-Latif Ahmed , Bujko Kamila , Thapa Arjun , Anusz Krzysztof , Tracz Michał , Brzezniakiewicz-Janus Katarzyna , Ratajczak Janina , Kucia Magda , Ratajczak Mariusz Z. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFast and efficient homing and engraftment of hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) is crucial for positive clinical outcomes from transplantation. We found that this process depends on activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome, both in the HSPCs to be transplanted and in the cells in the recipient bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. For the first time we provide evidence that functional deficiency in the Nlrp3 inflammasome in transplanted cells or in the host microenvironment leads to defective homing and engraftment. At the molecular level, functional deficiency of the Nlrp3 inflammasome in HSPCs leads to their defective migration in response to the major BM homing chemoattractant stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) and to other supportive chemoattractants, including sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and extracellular adenosine triphosphate (eATP). We report that activation of the Nlrp3 inflammasome increases autocrine release of eATP, which promotes incorporation of the CXCR4 receptor into membrane lipid rafts at the leading surface of migrating cells. On the other hand, a lack of Nlrp3 inflammasome expression in BM conditioned for transplantation leads to a decrease in expression of SDF-1 and danger-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs), which are responsible for activation of the complement cascade (ComC), which in turn facilitates the homing and engraftment of HSPCs.
Tactile discrimination of material properties: application to virtual buttons for professional appliances
Authors: De Pra Yuri , Papetti Stefano , Fontana Federico , Järveläinen Hanna , Simonato Michele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn experiment is described that tested the possibility to classify wooden, plastic, and metallic objects based on reproduced auditory and vibrotactile stimuli. The results show that recognition rates are considerably above chance level with either unimodal auditory or vibrotactile feedback. Supported by those findings, the possibility to render virtual buttons for professional appliances with different tactile properties was tested. To this end, a touchscreen device was provided with various types of vibrotactile feedback in response to the sensed pressing force and location of a finger. Different virtual buttons designs were tested by user panels who performed a subjective evaluation on perceived tactile properties and materials. In a first implementation, virtual buttons were designed reproducing the vibration recordings of real materials used in the classification experiment: mainly due to hardware limitations of our prototype and the consequent impossibility to render complex vibratory signals, this approach did not prove successful. A second implementation was then optimized for the device capabilities, moreover introducing surface compliance effects and button release cues: the new design led to generally high quality ratings, clear discrimination of different buttons and unambiguous material classification. The lesson learned was that various material and physical properties of virtual buttons can be successfully rendered by characteristic frequency and decay cues if correctly reproduced by the device.
Water quality assessment along Tigris River (Iraq) using water quality index (WQI) and GIS software
Authors: Chabuk Ali , Al-Madhlom Qais , Al-Maliki Ali , Al-Ansari Nadhir , Hussain Hussain Musa , Laue Jan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMost of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, TDS, BOD5, NO3, and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the water quality index (WQI). The interpolation method (IDW) was applied in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the prediction maps for 12 parameters at 11 stations along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons in 2016. The regression prediction was applied on three stations in the Tigris River between observed values and predicted values, from the prediction maps, in both seasons. The results showed that the regression prediction for all parameters was given the acceptable values of the determination coefficient (R2). Furthermore, the state of water quality for the Tigris River was degraded downstream of the Tigris River, especially at the station (8) in Aziziyah in the wet and dry seasons and increase degradation clearly at Qurnah (Basrah province) in the south of Iraq. This paper considers the whole length of the Tigris River for the study. This is important to give comprehensive knowledge about the contamination reality of the river. Such that it becomes easier to understand the problem of contamination, analyze it, and then find the suitable treatments and solutions.
COVID-19 in the Greater Mekong Subregion: how resilient are rural households?
Authors: Waibel Hermann , Grote Ulrike , Min Shi , Nguyen Trung Thanh , Praneetvatakul Suwanna 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper we submit some thoughts on the possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for rural people in the countries of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). We base our observations and conclusions on our long-term research experience in the region. The paper focuses on the economics of rural households during this crisis period and its aftermath. We conclude that country differences clearly exist due to their different stages of development. However, while rural households belong to the Corona risk groups, they are also resilient to such a shock. We submit that Governments in the GMS should strengthen policies that conserve the safety-net function of rural villages.
The magnetic method as a tool in groundwater investigation in a basement complex terrain: Modomo Southwest Nigeria as a case study
Authors: Oni Ademakinwa George , Eniola Ponmile Japheth , Olorunfemi Martins Olusola , Okunubi Michael Olajide , Osotuyi Gaius Abayomi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA detailed ground magnetic survey was carried out in a basement complex underlain Modomo community in southwestern Nigeria with a view to delineating the subsurface structures, estimate the overburden thicknesses and assess the relevance of the geophysical method in groundwater investigation in the locality. The total field component of the earth’s magnetic field was measured at station intervals of 10–100 m along access routes within the study area. The data were corrected for diurnal variation and offset and subsequently reduced to the magnetic equator (RTE). Data enhancement techniques including the second vertical derivative, total horizontal derivative and Euler deconvolution were applied to the RTE data to map edges and estimate depths to the structures. Overburden thicknesses were estimated from 2D magnetic subsurface modeling along eight profiles. The magnetic survey derived lineaments (structures) and overburden thicknesses were validated with resistivity survey derived 2D structures and overburden thicknesses and borehole log data from the study area. Twenty-four lineaments with lengths ranging from 150 to 777 m were identified from the magnetic map. The lineament orientations were E–W, ENE–WSW, WNW–ESE, NNW–SSE, NW–SE and NE–SW directions. Many of the identified lineaments correlated significantly with structures derived from the 2D resistivity images. Comparable thicknesses were observed between correlated magnetic derived overburden thicknesses (4.41–29.4 m) and depths from wells and boreholes (5.48–27.1 m). The study concluded that the magnetic method could be reliably used for overburden thickness estimation and structure mapping required in groundwater potential assessment in a typical basement complex terrain.