bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a population of Pelodera strongyloides (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with the beetle Lucanus ibericus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) from Georgia
Authors: Gorgadze O. , Troccoli A. , Fanelli E. , Tarasco E. , De Luca F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
During a field survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in Georgia, in the territory of Borjomi-Kharagauli, a nematode population was isolated from the body of single dead beetle of Lucanus ibericus Motschulsky 1845 (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Based on morphological characters and molecular analyses, the nematode species is identical to Pelodera strongyloides (Schneider, 1860, 1866), being the first record of this species in Georgia. Morphometrics of the Georgian population agree with the original description, and females differ from males by very few characters. The Georgian population of P. strongyloides was molecularly characterized by sequencing the D2 to D3 expansion domains of the 28S rRNA gene and two new molecular markers as the ITS and the mitochondrial COI gene. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all P. strongyloides sequences grouped together along with all other Pelodera species.
Molecular characterization of the Pratylenchus vulnus populations on cereals in Turkey
Authors: Karaca Mehmet Sait , Yavuzaslanoglu Elif , Imriz Gul , Sonmezoglu Ozlem Ates 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Pratylenchus vulnus (walnut root lesion nematode) is one of the most damaging root lesion nematode species worldwide. In this study, 17 populations of P. vulnus obtained from wheat and barley cultivated fields in 2016 to 2017 in Turkey (Karaman and Konya provinces) were identified using real-time PCR and melting curve analysis. Samples provided a single peak at 87.3˚C with real-time PCR. D2 to D3 expansion segments of the 28S rRNA of one population from Cihanbeyli district in Konya province was sequenced and recorded in GenBank (Accession number: MT320536.1). Alignments of the population was identical 98.66% to the populations of P. vulnus available in GenBank (Accs. nos: LT985479.1 and LT965052.1) and 98.65% (Accs. nos: KY424305.1 and KY424304.1).
Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and its bacterial symbiont in Cauca-Colombia
Authors: Neira-Monsalve Esteban , Wilches-Ramírez Natalia Carolina , Terán Wilson , del Pilar Márquez María , Mosquera-Espinosa Ana Teresa , Sáenz-Aponte Adriana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In Colombia, identification of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN’s) native species is of great importance for pest management programs. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify EPNs and their bacterial symbiont in the department of Cauca-Colombia and then evaluate the susceptibility of two Hass avocado (Persea americana) pests to the EPNs isolated. EPNs were isolated from soil samples by the insect baiting technique. Their bacterial symbiont was isolated from hemolymph of infected Galleria mellonella larvae. Both organisms were molecularly identified. Morphological, and biochemical characterization was done for the bacteria. Susceptibility of Epitrix cucumeris and Pandeleteius cinereus adults was evaluated by individually exposing adults to 50 infective juveniles. EPNs were allegedly detected at two sampled sites (natural forest and coffee cultivation) in 5.8% of the samples analyzed. However, only natural forest EPN’s could be isolated and multiplied. The isolate was identified as Steinernema carpocapsae BPS and its bacterial symbiont as Xenorhabus nematophila BPS. Adults of both pests were susceptible to S. carpocapsae indicating this EPN potential for its management. The results of this study constitute the first record of S. carpocapsae in Colombia and the susceptibility of P. cinereus to this EPN.
Difference in lesion formation by male and female Pratylenchus penetrans
Authors: Saikai Kanan , MacGuidwin Ann E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Pratylenchus penetrans induce necrotic lesions, the hallmark symptom for the genus, soon after infection. The objective of our study was to characterize and quantify gender differences in lesion development. Independent experiments were conducted in vitro for three hosts; pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Early Alaskan), dill (Anethum graveolens cv. Long Island Mammoth), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Vernal). Each experimental unit was an excised radical placed on water agar in a Petri dish and inoculated with either 40 adult males or 40 fourth-stage juvenile females. Length, size, and number of lesions were recorded during the experiment and the radicals were harvested 14 days after introducing nematodes. Lesions were first observed on pea after two days for female-inoculated roots, and 24 hr after introducing both genders to dill and alfalfa. Lesions expanded either by multiple lesions coalescing or individual lesions expanding over time. Males made fewer, smaller lesions with less discoloration for all three hosts. There was no difference among genders for the total number of nematodes recovered per Petri dish or the number of endoparasitic nematodes after 14 days. The survival rate of males and females at harvest was not different, indicating that the difference in lesion formation was not related to nematode population densities. This study verified and quantified the observation that lesions induced by males are less extensive and in smaller numbers than lesions by females.
Reaching for Unique Resources: Structural Holes and Specialization in Scientific Collaboration Networks
Authors: Bojanowski Michał , Czerniawska Dominika 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
On some fundamental level, we can think of scholars as actors possessing, or controlling, various types of resources. Collaboration in science is understood here as a process of pooling and exchanging such resources. We show how diversity of resources engaged in scientific collaboration is related to the structure of collaboration networks. We demonstrate that scholars within their personal networks simultaneously (1) diversify resources in collaboration ties surrounded by structural holes and (2) specialize resources in collaboration ties embedded in dense collaboration groups. These complementary mechanisms decrease individual efforts required to maintain effective collaborations in complex social settings. To this end, we develop a concept of “pairwise redundancy” capturing structural redundancy of ego’s neighbors vis-à-vis each other.
Application of the bacterial outer membrane vesicles in vaccine design
Authors: Klim Joanna Jadwiga , Godlewska Renata 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are extracellular structures produced by most gram-negative bacteria, including pathogens of humans and animals. OMVs play an important role in the physiology of microorganisms and are an integral part of many biological processes. Following the discovery that they are able to transport many biomolecules, also these which have the ability to interact with the immune system, their potential use as non-replicating vaccines has become an important aspect of immunotherapeutic researches. These nano-sized elements exhibit remarkable potential for immunomodulation of immune response, thanks to the ability to deliver naturally or artificially incorporated antigens within their structure. First vaccine based on outer membrane vesicles was developed almost 30 years ago against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B. This review presents some basic information on biogenesis and functions of OMVs. It also provides examples of pathogens, whose OMVs (in natural or modified form) have been used in the development of immunogenic vaccines against the organisms from which the vesicles had been obtained. OMVs are proving to be more versatile than first conceived and may become important part of biotechnology research, not limited to medical applications.
1. Introduction. 2. Outer membrane vesicles biogenesis. 3. Biological functions of outer membrane vesicles. 3.1. Role in response to stressors. 3.2. Role in the extracellular transport. 3.3. Role in biofilm formation. 4. OMVs in vaccine construction. 4.1. Neisseria meningitidis. 4.2. Vibrio cholerae. 4.3. Bordetella pertussis. 4.4. Chlamydia trachomatis. 4.5. Burkholderia pseudomallei. 4.6. Acinetobacter baumannii. 4.7. Francisella noatunensis. 4.8. Shigella spp. 4.9. Campylobacter jejuni. 5. Conclusions
1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Biogeneza pęcherzyków zewnątrzbłonowych. 3. Funkcje pęcherzyków zewnątrzkomórkowych. 3.1. Udział w odpowiedzi na czynniki stresogenne. 3.2. Udział w transporcie pozakomórkowym. 3.3. Udział w tworzeniu biofilmu. 4. Pęcherzyki zewnątrzbłonowe w konstrukcji szczepionek. 4.1. Neisseria meningitidis. 4.2. Vibrio cholerae. 4.3. Bordetella pertussis. 4.4. Chlamydia trachomatis. 4.5. Burkholderia pseudomallei. 4.6. Acineto bacter baumannii. 4.7. Francisella noatunensis. 4.8. Shigella spp. 4.9. Campylobacter jejuni. 5. Podsumowanie
Plasmids – vectors for gene therapy
Authors: Zaleski Piotr , Wawrzyniak Paweł , Sobolewska Agnieszka , Płucienniczak Grażyna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The first confirmed transfer of genetic material in human was performed in 1990. Ever since, gene therapy was considered to be one of the best promising treatments of genetic diseases. The sine qua non of successful gene therapy are efficient genetic vectors. Recently, the most frequently used vectors in clinical trials for genetic therapies are virus-based and plasmid-based. A range of features makes plasmids useful for gene therapy, however, they have also some characteristics which make it difficult to consider plasmids as ideal vectors. The main goal of this article is to address and describe these unfavourable factors.
1. Introduction. 2. Natural modification of DNA as an obstacle to the use of plasmids for gene therapy. 3. Plasmid DNA usage safety. 4. Plasmid DNA entry into eucaryotic cells. 5. Post-entry fate of plasmid DNA in eucaryotic cells. 6. pDNA-based gene therapies. 7. Alternative routes of development of pDNA-based gene therapies. 7.1. Baktofection. 7.2. Alternative Gene Therapy – AGT. 7.3. Hydrogels. 7.4. DNA minicircles. 7.5. DNA ministrings. 8. Summary
1. Wstęp. 2. Naturalna modyfikacja DNA jako przeszkoda w stosowaniu plazmidów w terapii genowej. 3. Bezpieczeństwo użycia plazmidowego DNA. 4. Wprowadzenie pDNA do komórek eukariotycznych. 5. Los plazmidowego DNA po wprowadzeniu do komórek eukariotycznych. 6. Terapie genowe bazujące na pDNA. 7. Inne kierunki rozwoju terapii genowych opartych na plazmidowym DNA. 7.1 Baktofekcja. 7.2. Alternatywna terapia genowa (Alternative Gene Therapy – AGT). 7.3. Hydrożele. 7.4. Minikoliste DNA. 7.5. Mininici DNA. 8. Podsumowanie
Antibiotic biosynthesis and secondary metabolism in high-yielding strains of Streptomyces, Penicillium chrysogenumand Acremonium chrysogenum
Authors: Kurzątkowski Wiesław , Kuczerowska Joanna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article, the secondary metabolism as a basis for antibiotics production by industrial strains of Streptomyces, Penicillium chrysogenum and Acremonium chrysogenum is discussed. Images from transmission electron microscopy reveal some important features of the mycelial cells which are related to antibiotics biosynthesis. This discovery is important for further industrial strain improvement and has economic significance. Possibilities of new strategies for antimicrobial treatment are discussed.
1. Introduction. 2. Industrial strain improvements. 3. The pathways of antibiotic biosynthesis by Streptomyces spp. 4. Compartmentalization in antibiotic biosynthesis by Streptomyces spp. 5. The pathway of penicillin G biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum. 6. Compartmentalization in penicillin G biosynthesis by Penicillium chrysogenum. 7. The pathway of cephalosporin C biosynthesis by Acremonium chrysogenum.8. Compartmentalization in cephalosporin biosynthesis by Acremonium chrysogenum. 9. The future of antibiotic therapy. 10. Conclusions
Characteristics and potential applications of circular bacteriocins
Authors: Błaszczyk Urszula , Dąbrowska Kamila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized peptides or proteins exerting anatagonistic activity toward organisms which are closely related to the producer strain. Circular bacteriocins are produced by Gram-positive bacteria, mainly lactic acid bacteria, and to a lesser extent by Bacillus, Clostridium and Staphylococcus genera. These bacteriocins are characterized by the head-to-tail cyclization of their backbone. The circular nature of these peptides makes them resistant to many proteolytic enzymes and provides great thermal and pH stability. Circular bacteriocins are divided into 2 subgroups based on their physicochemical properties and sequence identity. These bacteriocins are synthesized as linear precursors with a leader sequence which is cleaved off during maturation. The mature circular peptides are composed of 58–70 amino acid residues. Biosynthesis of circular bacteriocins requires three stages: cleavage of the leader sequence, circularization and export out of the cell. Circular bacteriocins have broad antimicrobial activity spectrum, including many food spoilage bacteria and pathogens, such as Listeria, Staphylococcus and Clostridum spp. Circular bacteriocins permeabilize the membrane of sensitive bacteria, causing loss of ions and dissipation of the membrane potential, and finally cell death. Enterocin AS-48 was the first identified circular bacteriocin and is best characterized so far. Circular bacteriocins or bacteriocin-producing lactic acid bacteria have great potential in food preservation, and possibly in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thanks to their properties, circular bacteriocins could be an alternative not only to preservatives and methods used to provide microbial food safety presently, but also to less stable, linear bacteriocins.
1. Characteristics and classification of circular bacteriocins. 2. Genetics of circular bacteriocins. 3. Biosynthesis of circular bacteriocins. 4. Structure of circular bacteriocins. 5. Modes of action of circular bacteriocins. 6. Enterocin AS-48. 7. Potential applications of circular bacteriocins. 8. Summary
Gammaherpesviral infections in patients with immunological disorders
Authors: Żuk-Wasek Anna , Przybylski Maciej , Żeber Natalia , Młynarczyk Grażyna , Dzieciątkowski Tomasz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Human herpes virus type 4 (HHV-4), commonly known as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) are members of Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. They both develop latent infections in B lymphocytes. Infection with these viruses in immunocompetent patients is usually mild and self-limiting, but it can have more severe course in immunocompromised individuals. Failure of the immune system often leads to oncogenesis related to gammaherpetic infection. Thus, immunocompromised patients are far more likely to develop proliferative diseases caused by EBV or HHV-8. This problem also applies to HIV-positive individuals coinfected with EBV or HHV-8. Gammaherpesviruses can also be the cause of post-transplantation issues in patients on immunosuppressive drugs and EBV is known to induce severe clinical syndromes in people with specific genetic disorders. Presented article summarizes epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical syndromes and treatment of EBV and HHV-8 in individuals with immunological disorders.
1. Introduction. 2. Gammaherpetic infections in patients with HIV/AIDS. 2.1. Burkitt’s lymphoma. 2.2. Other lymphomas associated with EBV, 2.3. Kaposi sarcoma, 2.4. Multicentric Castleman’s disease. 2.5. Primary effusion lymphoma. 3. Gammaherpetic infections in immunosuppressed individuals. 3.1. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. 3.2. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. 3.3. Hodgkin lymphoma. 3.4. KSHV infections. 4. Gammaherpetic infections in intrinsic immune deficiency syndromes. 5. Summary
THE RISK OF DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY INSECT VECTORS IN ANIMALS IN EUROPE
Authors: Krasoń Katarzyna , Larska Magdalena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Currently, the emergence of exotic diseases in areas where they have not previously occurred is reported more frequently. For these reasons, the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and individual countries are introducing regulations aimed at preventing and combating these diseases. Globalization and intensification of trade of animals and food products of animal origin contributes to the transmission of infectious animal diseases throughout the world. Global warming and human interference in nature affect the occurrence of diseases. The increase in temperature creates the right conditions for the growth and spread of vectors such as mosquitoes. Climate change may become a serious threat to the spread of infectious diseases in the future.
1. Introduction. 2. Diseases transmitted by insect vectors in Europe. 2.1. Vectors. 2.2. Participation of insects in mechanical transmission. 2.3. Primary and secondary vectors. 2.4. Transmission factor. 2.5. Emerging infectious diseases 3. Viral diseases transmitted by insect vectors. 3.1. Flaviviruses. 3.2. Buniaviruses. 3.3. Reoviruses. 3.4. Poxviruses. 3.5. Asfarviruses. 4. Bacterial diseases transmitted by insect vectors. 5. Protozoan diseases transmitted by insect vectors. 6. Nematode diseases transmitted by insect vectors. 7. Endosymbiotes. 8. Summary
Quantifying natural organic matter concentration in water from climatological parameters using different machine learning algorithms
Authors: Moradi Sina , Agostino Anthony , Gandomkar Ziba , Kim Seokhyeon , Hamilton Lisa , Sharma Ashish , Henderson Rita , Leslie Greg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The present understanding of how changes in climate conditions will impact the flux of natural organic matter (NOM) from the terrestrial to aquatic environments and thus aquatic dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations is limited. In this study, three machine learning algorithms were used to predict variations in DOC concentrations in an Australian drinking water catchment as a function of climate, catchment and physical water quality data. Four independent variables including precipitation, temperature, leaf area index and turbidity (n = 5,540) were selected from a large dataset to develop and train each machine learning model. The accuracy of the multivariable linear regression, support vector regression (SVR) and Gaussian process regression algorithms with different kernel functions was determined using adjusted R-squared (adj. R2), root-mean-squared error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). Model accuracy was very sensitive to the time interval used to average climate observations prior to pairing with DOC observations. The SVR model with a quadratic kernel function and a 12-day time interval between climate and water quality observations outperformed the other machine learning algorithms (adj. R2 = 0.71, RMSE = 1.9, MAE = 1.35). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve method (AUC) confirmed that the SVR model could predict 92% of the elevated DOC observations; however, it was not possible to estimate DOC values at specific sampling sites in the catchment, probably due to the complex local geological and hydrological changes in the sites that directly surround and feed each sampling point. Further research is required to establish potential relationships between climatological data and NOM concentration in other water catchments – especially in the face of a changing climate.
Estimation of Abbreviated Mycophenolic Acid Area Under the Concentration- Time Curve during Stable Post-transplant Period by Limited Sampling Strategy
Authors: Karimani Asieh , Abedi Hasan , Nazemian Fatemeh , Poortaji Atena , Pour Amir Hooshang Mohammad 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The Area Under the Concentration-time curve (AUC) of Mycophenolic
Acid (MPA), is a valid prognosticator of the risk of rejection and the gold standard in its Therapeutic
Drug Monitoring (TDM), over time post-transplantation.

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate MPA pharmacokinetic parameters and develop a Limited
Sampling Strategy (LSS) to estimate an abbreviated MPA AUC, in the stable phase post-renal
transplantation.

Methods:
In this study, 19 patients with normal graft function (glomerular filtration rate >70
ml/min) who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were involved. Blood samples at various
times were taken in the stable phase after transplantation. MPA plasma concentration was measured
by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. MPA AUC0–12h was calculated using
the linear trapezoidal rule. Multiple stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the minimal
time points of MPA levels that could be used to yield model equations best fitted to MPA
AUC 0-12h. The findings of this study were compared with the results of our previous study, which
was done similarly in the early phase post-renal transplantation.

Results:
The results demonstrated that the MPA-AUC and clearance were not affected over time,
but MPA-tmax was significantly lower in the stable phase in comparison with the early phase
(P=0.001). The best regression equation for AUC estimation in the stable phase was
AUC=9.57*C6+27.238 (r2=0.907). The validation of the method was performed using the jackknife
method. The mean prediction error of these models was not different from zero (P > 0.05) and had
a high root mean square prediction error (7.91).

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of MPA could be affected by time after transplantation,
making it essential to develop a limited sampling strategy as an efficacious approach for
therapeutic drug monitoring during the stable post-transplant period.
Postcolonial Aesthetics: Talempong Kreasi and Talempong Goyang in West Sumatra
Authors: Sastra Andar Indra , Fulzi Nadya , Anton Syahri 
Published: August 2020

The aim of this article is to disclose the postcolonial aesthetics of talempong kreasi and talempong goyang in West Sumatra. Aesthetics can be defined as a sense of perception or the various kinds of feelings that are aroused by an art object that is being observed. Postcolonialism is understood to be the continuation of colonialism; hence postcolonial aesthetics discusses the sense of perception, in this case with reference to talempong kreasi and talempong goyang as the material object. Talempong is a type of bronze musical instrument found in West Sumatra; the word kreasi means ‘creation’ or something new, while the word goyang means ‘rocking’ or ‘swaying’ and refers to the body movements of the spectators as they appear to dance in time to the talempong music. The addition of the words kreasi and goyang after the word talempong create the impression that this type of music belongs to the domain of popular music. The emergence of these two concepts in West Sumatra cannot be separated from the influence and power of a number of leading figures in the field of education – specifically artists – from the colonial era, who had a background in Western music education. Talempong kreasi and talempong goyang are dynamic in nature and have the ability to play both major and minor melodies as the talempong instruments are tuned to chromatic pitches. The tuning system of the talempong is akin to that of diatonic musical instruments, and as a musical system it presents the harmonies of Western music through its melodies and chords. The problem to be addressed in this article focuses on postcolonial aesthetics, with talempong kreasi and talempong goyang in West Sumatra as the material object of the study. This phenomenon is examined using the postcolonial theory, relying on qualitative data which is supported by additional qualitative data. The results of the research show that talempong kreasi and talempong goyang in West Sumatra are a product of postcolonialism.