bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Increasing Representativeness of International Organizations’ Secretariats: Evidence from the United Nations System, 1997–2015
Authors: Parizek Michal , Stephen Matthew D 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough international organizations (IOs) and their secretariats play important roles in international politics, we know surprisingly little about their staffing composition and the factors that shape it. What accounts for the national composition of the secretariats of IOs? We theorize that the national composition of international secretariats is shaped by three factors: the desire by powerful states for institutional control, a commonly shared interest in a secretariat's functional effectiveness, and, increasingly, a need for secretariats to be seen as legitimate by being representative of the global population. Building on recent constructivist literature, we argue that IOs face increasing normative pressure to be representative in their staffing patterns. Using panel regression, we assess our argument with a new dataset covering states’ representation in the secretariats of thirty-five United Nations system bodies from 1997 to 2015. The results indicate that while functional effectiveness plays a significant and stable role, international secretariats have become increasingly representative of the global population. Moreover, this has come primarily at the expense of the over-representation of powerful states. This shift from power to representation is particularly strong in large IOs with high political and societal visibility. When it comes to IO secretariats, representativeness (increasingly) matters.
Trade Competition and Worker Compensation: Why Do Some Receive More than Others?
Authors: Kim Sung Eun , Pelc Krzysztof J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dealing with the distributional consequences of trade liberalization has become one of the key challenges facing developed democracies. Governments have created compensation programs to ease labor market adjustment, but these resources tend to be distributed highly unevenly. What accounts for the variation? Looking at the largest trade adjustment program in existence, the US’ Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA), we argue that petitions for compensation are largely driven by legislative attitudes. When legislators express negative views of TAA, individuals in their districts become less likely to petition for, and receive, compensation. This effect is especially pronounced in Republican districts. An underprovision of TAA, in turn, renders individuals more likely to demand other forms of government support, like in-kind medical benefits. We use roll-call votes, bill sponsorships, and floor speeches to measure elite attitudes, and we proxy for the demand for trade adjustment using economic shocks from Chinese import competition. In sum, we show how the individual beliefs of political elites can be self-fulfilling.
Safety and efficacy of de-labelling penicillin allergy in adults using direct oral challenge: a systematic review
Authors: Cooper Lesley , Harbour Jenny , Sneddon Jacqueline , Seaton R Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Approximately 10% of people have an unverified penicillin allergy, with multiple personal and public health consequences.

Objectives
To assess the efficacy and safety of direct oral challenge, without prior skin testing, in this population.

Methods
MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library and Google Scholar were searched from inception to 28 June 2020 (updated November 2020) to find published and unpublished studies that reported direct oral challenge for the purpose of removal of penicillin allergy labels. Population weighted mean was used to calculate the proportion of patients who developed an immediate or delayed reaction to direct oral challenge across the studies.

Results
Thirteen studies were included in the review, with a sample size of 1202 (range 7–328). Studies included inpatient and outpatient cohorts assessed as low risk for true allergy. In pooled analysis of all 13 studies there were 41/1202 (3.41%) mild immediate or delayed reactions to direct oral challenge. The population-weighted mean incidence of immediate or delayed reaction to an oral challenge across studies was also 3.41% (95% CI: 2.38%–4.43%). There were no reports of serious adverse reactions, 96.5% of patients could be de-labelled and many were subsequently successfully treated with penicillin.

Conclusions
Direct oral challenge is safe and effective for de-labelling patients assessed as low risk for true allergy. Non-specialist clinicians competent in using an assessment algorithm can offer evaluation of penicillin allergy labels using direct oral challenge in appropriate patients. These measures will facilitate optimal infection treatment for patients, support antimicrobial stewardship, and minimize antimicrobial resistance.
Advancing electronic health record vendor usability maturity: Progress and next steps
Authors: Hettinger Aaron Z , Melnick Edward R , Ratwani Raj M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite basic federal requirements promoting a user-centered design approach to electronic health record (EHR) development and usability testing there have been usability and safety risks with EHR technology. Four EHR vendors were asked to provide written descriptions of their usability practices, and we reviewed these descriptions to identify areas where there has been advancement and areas for improvement. All 4 vendors described user-centered design processes and usability testing methods that demonstrate advancement from previous studies of vendor practices. Importantly, vendors are also beginning to address aspects of EHR implementation that play a critical role in shaping EHR usability. There are important areas for improvement in vendor practices including a greater focus on safety and on measurement and benchmarking. Vendors sharing their current usability practices demonstrates a step toward greater transparency which has typically been lacking.
Orius similis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae): A Promising Candidate Predator of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Zeng Guang , Zhi Jun-Rui , Zhang Chang-Rong , Zhang Tao , Ye Jia-Qin , Zhou Lei , Hu Chao-Xing , Ye Mao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The bug Orius similis Zheng is a native generalist predator of insect pests in southern China. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a notorious defoliator that is now an economically important insect pest throughout China. To investigate the ability of O. similis to control FAW, we evaluated the predatory capacity, behavior, and functional response of O. similis with respect to FAW and their olfactory response. Both females and males successfully preyed on FAW eggs and first-instar larvae but not on second-instar or older larvae. Adult O. similis only attacked and killed one egg or one larva at a time before sucking the prey, and similar predatory behavior was also observed with regard to FAW egg masses. Both female and male O. similis exhibited type II functional response when preying on FAW eggs and first-instar larvae. Maximum estimated prey consumed per day was 23.7 eggs and 26.2 larvae for adult females and 22.5 eggs and 19.6 larvae for adult males. Moreover, in a Y-tube olfactometer experiment, both female and male O. similis exhibited a significant preference for maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings damaged by FAW over clean air, healthy seedlings, FAW feces, and FAW, suggesting that seedlings damaged by FAW may releases specific volatiles attracting the predator. Collectively, the results of the study suggest that O. similis is a promising candidate for the biological control of FAW eggs and first-instar larvae, particularly given its attraction to FAW-damaged leaves, which may enable it to locate the target prey rapidly.
Residual Activity of Acaricides for Controlling Spider Mites in Watermelon and Their Impacts on Resident Predatory Mites
Authors: Schmidt-Jeffris Rebecca A , Coffey John L , Miller Gilbert , Farfan Monica A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae), is an important, worldwide pest of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus L. (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae). Feeding results in chlorotic spots and leaf necrosis, which can substantially reduce yields. In watermelon, T. urticae is managed solely with acaricides. Issues with acaricide resistance and pesticide label restrictions on number of applications per season require research-based recommendations on products with effective, long-lasting residues. To improve recommendations for T. urticae management in watermelon and to measure possible effects on non-target beneficial mites, we conducted acaricide efficacy trials in two locations in South Carolina, United States. The adulticidal products abamectin, bifenazate, fenpyroximate, and tolfenpyrad and the ovicidal products spiromesifen and etoxazole were tested. We also conducted two bioassays to better determine duration of acaricide residues. In the field trials, all acaricides except tolfenpyrad reduced T. urticae abundance, but all acaricides also reduced abundance of the most common predatory mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae). In the bioassays, abamectin and bifenazate residues caused high adult T. urticae mortality at up to 21 d after treatment, performing better than fenpyroximate and tolfenpyrad. Etoxazole and spiromesifen were longer lasting, with &lt;1 offspring per treated female in the etoxazole treatment at 28 d after treatment. Based on efficacy, abamectin or bifenazate should be rotated with etoxazole for fast knockdown of active stages while reducing reproduction, respectively. However, development and registration of more selective acaricides in watermelon is needed to preserve biological control of T. urticae by predatory mites.
Learning from Incidental Exposure to Political Information in Online Environments
Authors: Nanz Andreas , Matthes Jorg 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article aims to explain learning outcomes of incidental exposure (IE) to political information in online environments. Drawing on the Political Incidental News Exposure Model, we predict learning outcomes by distinguishing between first-level (i.e., scanning of incidentally encountered information) and second-level IE (i.e., effortful processing of incidentally encountered information appraised as relevant). Furthermore, we conceptualize intention-based IE (i.e., while looking for non-political content) and topic-based IE (i.e., while looking for different political content). In a 2x2 experiment (N = 290), we manipulated respondents’ initial processing goal (i.e., political or non-political information) and low (i.e., first-level IE) versus high (i.e., second-level IE) relevance of the incidentally encountered information. Results show stronger learning effects for second level than for first-level IE. Learning effects do not differ between topic-based and intention-based IE, but second-level IE decreases learning related to the initial processing goal. Theoretical implications are discussed.
A method of finding stress solutions for a general plastic material under plane strain and plane stress conditions
Authors: Alexandrov Sergei , Jeng Yeau-Ren 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA general plastic material under plane strain and plane stress is classified by a yield criterion that depends on both the first and second invariants of the stress tensor. The yield criterion together with the stress equilibrium equations forms a statically determinate system. This system is investigated in the principal lines coordinate system (i.e. the coordinate curves of this coordinate system coincide with trajectories of the principal stress directions). It is shown that the scale factors of the principal lines coordinate system satisfy a simple equation. Using this equation, a method for constructing the principal stress trajectories is developed. Therefore, the boundary value problem of plasticity theory reduces to a purely geometric problem. It is believed that the method developed is useful for solving a wide class of boundary value problems in plasticity.
A nonlinear strain-rate dependent constitutive model for uncured rubber materials under large deformation
Authors: Zhou Weihua , Fang Changqing , Tan Huifeng , Sun Huiyu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Uncured rubber possesses remarkable hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties while it undergoes large deformation; therefore, it has wide application prospects and attracts great research interests from academia and industry. In this paper, a nonlinear constitutive model with two parallel networks is developed to describe the mechanical response of uncured rubber. The constitutive model is incorporated with the Eying model to describe the hysteresis phenomenon and viscous flow criterion, and the hyperelastic properties under large deformation are captured by a non-Gaussian chain molecular network model. Based on the model, the mechanical behaviors of hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity and hysteresis under different strain rates are investigated. Furthermore, the constitutive model is employed to estimate uniaxial tensile, cyclic loading–unloading and multistep tensile relaxation mechanical behaviors of uncured rubber, and the prediction results show good agreement with the test data. The nonlinear mechanical constitutive model provides an efficient method for predicting the mechanical response of uncured rubber materials.
Analysis of the transmission loss of double-leaf panels with an equivalent spring–mass model for studs
Authors: Li Yuan-Wei , Wang Chao-Nan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sound insulation of double-leaf panels. In practice, double-leaf panels require a stud between two surface panels. To simplify the analysis, a stud was modeled as a spring and mass. Studies have indicated that the stiffness of the equivalent spring is not a constant and varies with the frequency of sound. Therefore, a frequency-dependent stiffness curve was used to model the effect of the stud to analyze the sound insulation of a double-leaf panel. First, the sound transmission loss of a panel reported by Halliwell was used to fit the results of this study to determine the stiffness of the distribution curve. With this stiffness distribution of steel stud, some previous proposed panels are also analyzed and are compared to the experimental results in the literature. The agreement is good. Finally, the effects of parameters, such as the thickness and density of the panel, thickness of the stud and spacing of the stud, on the sound insulation of double-leaf panels were analyzed.
Parasitic extraction and power loss estimation of power devices
Authors: Cheng H-C , Shen Y-H , Chen W-H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study aims to characterize the switching transients and power losses of silicon (Si) power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) in an SOT-227 package (hereinafter named “power MOSFET package”) and Si power MOSFET-based three-phase MOSFET inverter during load cycles through numerical modeling and experimental validation. The three-phase inverter comprises six power MOSFET packages as switches for brushless direct current motor drive. First of all, three-dimensional electromagnetic analyses are performed to extract the parasitic parameters of these two power devices. Subsequently, the device model and the previously derived package model of the power MOSFET are combined together in circuit simulation of a double pulse test (DPT). The calculated waveform profiles and switching times are compared with those obtained from the DPT experiment. Likewise, an effective compact circuit simulation model of the three-phase six-switch inverter, considering the parasitic effects, is developed for the switching loss estimation in the first switching interval of the six-step switching sequence. At last, parametric study is performed to explore, respectively, the influences of some crucial factors on the parasitic inductances and switching transients of the power MOSFET package and the switching losses of the three-phase inverter.
A case report—nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve and associated vascular anomalies: the role of imaging
Authors: Kozhisseri Raseena Nechikkattu , Rajapurkar Mayuri , Ramachandran Ranjini , Mallya Pranav , Sadananda Arjun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The anomalous position of nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) predisposes it to injury during thyroid surgery. The presence of right aberrant subclavian artery is a strong indicator of having an NRLN. Here, we are presenting a case report of an NRLN and role of imaging in its prediction.
Ebselen and diphenyl diselenide against fungal pathogens: A systematic review
Authors: Benelli Jéssica Louise , Poester Vanice Rodrigues , Munhoz Lívia Silveira , Melo Aryse Martins , Trápaga Mariana Rodrigues , Stevens David A , Xavier Melissa Orzechowski 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFungal infections are one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and there is a lack of new antifungal drug development for these diseases. We conducted a systematic review of the literature regarding the in vitro antifungal activity of the organoselenium compounds ebselen (Eb) and diphenyl diselenide [(PhSe)2]. A systematic review was carried out based on the search for articles with data concerning Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values, indexed in international databases and published until August 2020. A total of 2337 articles were found, and, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria used, 22 articles were included in the study. Inhibitory activity against 96% (200/208) and 95% (312/328) of the pathogenic fungi tested was described for Eb and [(PhSe)2], respectively. Including in these 536 fungal isolates tested, organoselenium activity was highlighted against Candida spp., Cryptococcus ssp., Trichosporon spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Pythium spp., and Sporothrix spp., with MIC values lower than 64 μg/mL. In conclusion, Eb and [(PhSe)2] have a broad spectrum of in vitro inhibitory antifungal activity. These data added with other pharmacological properties of these organoselenium compounds suggest that both compounds are potential future antifungal drugs. Whether MICs toward the upper end of the ranges described here are compatible with efficacious therapy, and whether they may achieve such end as a result of the favorable non-antimicrobial effects of selenium on the host, requires more in vivo testing.
Cross-reactive probes on Illumina DNA methylation arrays: a large study on ALS shows that a cautionary approach is warranted in interpreting epigenome-wide association studies
Authors: Hop Paul J , Zwamborn Ramona A J , Hannon Eilis J , Dekker Annelot M , van Eijk Kristel R , Walker Emma M , Iacoangeli Alfredo , Jones Ashley R , Shatunov Aleksey , Khleifat Ahmad Al , Opie-Martin Sarah , Shaw Christopher E , Morrison Karen E , Shaw Pamela J , McLaughlin Russell L , Hardiman Orla , Al-Chalabi Ammar , Van Den Berg Leonard H , Mill Jonathan , Veldink Jan H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Illumina DNA methylation arrays are a widely used tool for performing genome-wide DNA methylation analyses. However, measurements obtained from these arrays may be affected by technical artefacts that result in spurious associations if left unchecked. Cross-reactivity represents one of the major challenges, meaning that probes may map to multiple regions in the genome. Although several studies have reported on this issue, few studies have empirically examined the impact of cross-reactivity in an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). In this paper, we report on cross-reactivity issues that we discovered in a large EWAS on the presence of the C9orf72 repeat expansion in ALS patients. Specifically, we found that that the majority of the significant probes inadvertently cross-hybridized to the C9orf72 locus. Importantly, these probes were not flagged as cross-reactive in previous studies, leading to novel insights into the extent to which cross-reactivity can impact EWAS. Our findings are particularly relevant for epigenetic studies into diseases associated with repeat expansions and other types of structural variation. More generally however, considering that most spurious associations were not excluded based on pre-defined sets of cross-reactive probes, we believe that the presented data-driven flag and consider approach is relevant for any type of EWAS.
Safety, Efficacy, and Durability of Stent Plus Balloon-Assisted Coiling for the Treatment of Wide-Necked Intracranial Bifurcation Aneurysms
Authors: Aydin Kubilay , Stracke Paul , Berdikhojayev Mynzhylky , Barburoglu Mehmet , Mosimann Pascal J , Suleimankulov Nurzhan , Sarshayev Marat , Sencer Serra , Chapot Rene 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms remain a challenge for endovascular surgeons. Dual-stent-assisted coiling techniques have been defined to treat bifurcation aneurysms with a complex neck morphology. However, there are still concerns about the safety of dual-stenting procedures. Stent plus balloon-assisted coiling is a recently described endovascular technique that enables the coiling of wide-necked complex bifurcation aneurysms by implanting only a single stent.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the feasibility, efficacy, safety, and durability of this technique for the treatment of wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms.

METHODS
A retrospective review was performed of patients with wide-necked intracranial bifurcation aneurysms treated with stent plus balloon-assisted coiling. The initial and follow-up clinical and angiographic outcomes were assessed. Preprocedural and follow-up clinical statuses were assessed using modified Rankin scale.

RESULTS
A total of 61 patients (mean age: 54.6 ± 10.4 yr) were included in the study. The immediate postprocedural digital subtraction angiography revealed complete aneurysm occlusion in 86.9% of the cases. A periprocedural complication developed in 11.5% of the cases. We observed a delayed ischemic complication in 4.9%. There was no mortality in this study. The permanent morbidity rate was 3.3%. The follow-up angiography was performed in 55 of 61 patients (90.1%) (the mean follow-up period was 25.5 ± 27.3 mo). The rate of complete aneurysm occlusion at the final angiographic follow-up was 89.1%. The retreatment rate was 1.8%.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study showed that stent plus balloon-assisted coiling is a feasible, effective, and relatively safe endovascular technique for the treatment of wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms located in the posterior and anterior circulation.
Micronutrient gaps during the complementary feeding period in South Asia: A Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment
Authors: Beal Ty , White Jessica M , Arsenault Joanne E , Okronipa Harriet , Hinnouho Guy-Marino , Murira Zivai , Torlesse Harriet , Garg Aashima 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Micronutrient malnutrition is a key driver of morbidity and mortality for millions of children in South Asia. Understanding the specific micronutrients lacking in the diet during the complementary feeding period is essential for addressing undernutrition caused by inadequate diets. A Comprehensive Nutrient Gap Assessment was used to synthesize diverse evidence and estimate the public health significance of complementary-feeding micronutrient gaps and identify evidence gaps in 8 countries in South Asia. There were important gaps across the region in iron, zinc, vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, and, to a lesser extent, calcium and vitamin C. The most nutrient-dense, whole-food sources of these micronutrients include liver, small fish, eggs, ruminant meat, and dark leafy greens. Investment is needed in some countries to collect data on micronutrient biomarkers and dietary intakes. A food systems approach is essential for improving child diets and reducing malnutrition, which affects millions of children, their futures, and society at large across South Asia and beyond.