bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation on risk factors of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Xuancheng City in Anhui Province, Mainland China
Authors: Wu Guangjian , Xia Zhicai , Wang Fengtian , Wu Jiabing , Cheng Deman , Chen Xiaolong , Liu Huihui , Du Zhongjun 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a rodent-borne disease, is a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. China is the most severe endemic country in the world, constituting 90% of the cases. Although the incidence of HFRS has substantively decreased in most areas of China, HFRS has rebounded remarkably in some epidemic areas. Xuancheng is one of these areas. In this study, we collected the case data reported recently in Xuancheng and designed a 1:3 case−control study. The Chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. In all cases, farmers made up the highest proportion of occupations. And there were 20 variables with statistical significance including indoor hygienic conditions; the surrounding environment; whether bitten by rats at work and other criteria. In addition, exposure to rodents and rats bites is a high-risk factor for HFRS. Rodent density was calculated at 20.9% (159/760), the virus carrier rate was 9.4% (15/159) and the index of rats with a virus was about 2.0%. Exposure to rodents and insect bites is also high-risk factors for HFRS among local residents in Xuancheng. More importantly, during the flood years, the increased density of rodents led to an increased risk of human exposure to rodents. As our statistical analysis proves, targeted strategies should be developed and implemented to reduce the incidence of local diseases in the future.
A long-term look at “early starters”: Predicting adult psychosocial outcomes from childhood conduct problem trajectories
Authors: Cyr Maeve , Zheng Yao , McMahon Robert J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCurrent evidence suggests that multiple pathways of “early-starting” conduct problems exist, including persisting and declining trajectories. Since relatively little is known about the early onset-declining pathway, this study examined the long-term outcomes of different childhood conduct problem trajectories in a disproportionately high-risk sample (N = 754). Parents reported on children's conduct problems at six time points (kindergarten to grade 7). At age 25, psychosocial outcomes were assessed across five domains (psychopathology, substance use, risky sexual behavior, antisocial behavior, and adaptive outcomes). Four childhood conduct problem trajectories were identified: extremely high increasing (EHI; 3.7%), high stable (HS; 22.0%), moderate decreasing (MD; 38.8%), and low decreasing (LD; 35.5%). The EHI and HS groups displayed the poorest psychosocial functioning at age 25, whereas the LD group exhibited the most positive adjustment. Although individuals in the MD group displayed relatively positive adjustment on some outcomes, they displayed more psychopathology and lower well-being in adulthood than the LD group. These findings suggest that there are diverse pathways of early-starting conduct problems, and that all early starters are at risk for later maladjustment. However, the degree and type of risk is related to the severity of conduct problems throughout childhood.
The Cost of Coronavirus Obligations: Respecting the Letter and Spirit of Lockdown Regulations
Authors: SHAW DAVID M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe all now know that the novel coronavirus is anything but a common cold. The pandemic has created many new obligations for all of us, several of which come with serious costs to our quality of life. But in some cases, the guidance and the law are open to a degree of interpretation, leaving us to decide what is the ethical (or unethical but desired) course of action. Because of the high cost of some of the obligations, a conflict of interest can arise between what we want to do and what it is right to do. And so, some people choose to respect only the letter of the law, but not the spirit, or not to respect even the spirit of the guidelines. This paper identifies and describes the new obligations imposed on us all by the pandemic, considers their costs in terms of the good life, and provides an ethical analysis of two personal and two public cases in terms of the letter and spirit of the guidance and legislation.
Against Personal Ventilator Reallocation
Authors: REYNOLDS JOEL MICHAEL , GUIDRY-GRIMES LAURA , SAVIN KATIE 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic has led to intense conversations about ventilator allocation and reallocation during a crisis standard of care. Multiple voices in the media and multiple state guidelines mention reallocation as a possibility. Drawing upon a range of neuroscientific, phenomenological, ethical, and sociopolitical considerations, the authors argue that taking away someone’s personal ventilator is a direct assault on their bodily and social integrity. They conclude that personal ventilators should not be part of reallocation pools and that triage protocols should be immediately clarified to explicitly state that personal ventilators will be protected in all cases.
EXTRAGRADIENT METHODS FOR QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS IN BANACH SPACES
Authors: DJAFARI ROUHANI BEHZAD , MOHEBBI VAHID 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe study the extragradient method for solving quasi-equilibrium problems in Banach spaces, which generalizes the extragradient method for equilibrium problems and quasi-variational inequalities. We propose a regularization procedure which ensures strong convergence of the generated sequence to a solution of the quasi-equilibrium problem, under standard assumptions on the problem assuming neither any monotonicity assumption on the bifunction nor any weak continuity assumption of f in its arguments that in the many well-known methods have been used. Also, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the solution set of the quasi-equilibrium problem to be nonempty and we show that, in this case, this iterative sequence converges strongly to a solution of the quasi-equilibrium problem. In other words, we prove strong convergence of the generated sequence to a solution of the quasi-equilibrium problem without assuming existence of a solution of the problem. Finally, we give an application of our main result to a generalized Nash equilibrium problem.
Health care practitioners’ views of the support women, partners, and the couple relationship require for birth trauma: current practice and potential improvements
Authors: Delicate Amy , Ayers Susan , McMullen Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aim:
To examine health care practitioners’ views of the support women, partners, and the couple relationship require when affected by birth trauma, barriers to gaining such support, and potential improvements.

Background:
Ongoing distress following psychologically traumatic childbirth, also known as birth trauma, can affect women, partners, and the couple relationship. Birth trauma can lead to post traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) or disorder (PTSD). Whilst there is a clear system of care for a PTSD diagnosis, support for the more prevalent experience of birth trauma is not well-defined.

Method:
An online survey of health care practitioners’ views of the support parents require for birth trauma, barriers to accessing support, and potential improvements. Practitioners were recruited in 2018 and the sample for the results presented in the article ranged from 95 to 110.

Results:
Practitioners reported differing needs of support for women, partners, and the couple as a unit. There was correlation between practitioners reporting having the skills and knowledge to support couples and feeling confident in giving support. The support most commonly offered by practitioners to reduce the impact on the couple relationship was listening to the couple. However practitioners perceived the most effective support was referral to a debriefing service. Practitioners observed several barriers to both providing support and parents accessing support, and improvements to birth trauma support were suggested.

Conclusions:
Practitioners indicate that some women, partners, and the couple as a unit require support with birth trauma and that barriers exist to accessing effective support. The support that is currently provided often conflicts with practitioners’ perception of what is most effective. Practitioners indicate a need to improve the identification of parents who need support with birth trauma, and more suitable services to support them.
Towards a Holistic Environmental Flow Regime in Chile: Providing for Ecosystem Health and Indigenous Rights
Authors: Macpherson Elizabeth J. , Weber Salazar Pia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA widespread response to the pressures placed on the ecological condition of rivers is the design and implementation of environmental flow regimes in domestic regulatory frameworks for water. Environmental interests in water are not confined to hydrological functioning but include relationships between water resources and human cultural and economic livelihoods, including those of Indigenous communities. Since the mid-1980s there has been some provision for environmental flows in Chilean law. However, the legal and policy requirements are limited in scope and have been poorly implemented by regulatory institutions. In this article we critically examine the treatment of environmental flows in Chilean legal and policy frameworks. We argue that there is an urgent need for a comprehensive minimum flow regime in Chile to protect the environmental qualities of rivers, which must also reflect and provide for Indigenous water rights and interests. The developing constitutional crisis in Chile, the most significant political crisis since the end of the Pinochet dictatorship (1973–90), highlights the need to revisit the sensitive and unresolved issues of water governance and equity.
Metabolic changes, agronomic performance, and quality of seeds in soybean with the pat gene after application of glufosinate
Authors: Albrecht Alfredo Junior P. , Brito Ivana Paula F. S. de , Albrecht Leandro P. , Silva André Felipe M. , Matos Ana Karollyna A. de , Carbonari Caio Antonio , Velini Edivaldo D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe transgenic Liberty Link® (LL) soybean is tolerant to glufosinate, conferred by the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), which is encoded by the pat gene from Streptomyces viridochromogenes. Because symptoms of injury can be observed in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants in some situations, this study evaluated the effects of rates of glufosinate on agronomic performance; quality of LL soybean seeds; and the ammonia, glufosinate, and N-acetyl-l-glufosinate concentration (NAG) in soybeans with and without the pat gene after application of increasing glufosinate rates. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted; the first evaluated the selectivity of glufosinate in LL soybeans, and the second evaluated the metabolic changes in soybeans with (LL) and without (RR2) the pat gene, after application of glufosinate. For fieldwork, application of glufosinate at rates up to four times the maximum recommended caused initial injury symptoms (up to 38.5%) in LL soybean plants. However, no negative effect was found on seed quality and agronomic performance of LL plants, including yield. This shows the selectivity of glufosinate promoted by pat gene insertion for application in POST (V4), in LL soybean. For the greenhouse experiment, it was concluded that the LL soybean plants presented high glufosinate metabolism, lower ammonia concentration, and no reduction in dry matter, in comparison with RR2 soybean, after application of high rates of glufosinate.
Under pressure: maternal effects promote drought tolerance in progeny seed of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Authors: Matzrafi Maor , Osipitan O. Adewale , Ohadi Sara , Mesgaran Mohsen B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe environmental conditions under which parental plants are reared can affect the seed characteristics of the progeny. The variation originating from such maternal effects has rarely been incorporated into models of seed germination. Here, using Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson), we examined the effects of water stress during the growth of parental plants on the progeny seed characteristics, including weight, size, final germination, and parameters of a hydrotime germination model. We grew two populations (from California and Kansas) under continuous water-deficit or well-watered conditions. In bothA. palmeripopulations, progeny seeds originating from water-stressed plants were heavier and larger than those from well-watered plants. Plants exposed to water stress also produced seeds that were ~30% less dormant than seeds from control plants. To test whether the maternal environment affects the parameters of a hydrotime model, progeny seeds were subject to five water potentials (0, −0.2, −0.4, −0.6, and −0.8 MPa) and incubated at 20 and 30 C; germination was monitored daily. The estimated median base water potential (Ψb(50)), that is, the water potential at which 50% of seeds cannot germinate, was consistently lower for seeds from water-stressed plants than for seeds from well-watered plants. Our results showed thatA. palmeriplants experiencing drought during their growth produce seeds that are less dormant and can germinate from drier conditions—a maternal response that seems to be adaptive. These findings also call for development of germination models that incorporate the environmental conditions of both the current and past seasons to better describe the variability in germination of weed seeds.
Convection in the Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere System: A Multimission Survey of Its Response to IMF By Reversals
Authors: Case N. A. , Grocott A. , Fear R. C. , Haaland S. , Lane J. H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPast studies have demonstrated that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By component introduces asymmetries in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) system, though the exact timings involved are still unclear with two distinct mechanisms proposed. In this study, we statistically analyze convective flows from three regions of the M‐I system: the magnetospheric lobes, the plasma sheet, and the ionosphere. We perform superposed epoch analyses on the convective flows in response to reversals in the IMF By orientation, to determine the flow response timescales of these regions. We find that the lobes respond quickly and reconfigure to the new IMF By state within 30–40 min. The plasma sheet flows, however, do not show a clear response to the IMF By reversal, at least within 4 hr postreversal. The ionospheric data, measured by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), match their counterpart magnetospheric flows, with clear and prompt responses at ≥75° magnetic latitude (MLAT) but a less pronounced response at 60–70 MLAT. We discuss the potential implication of these results on the mechanisms for introducing the IMF By component into the M‐I system.
“Empirical Prewhitening” Spectral Analysis Detects Periodic but Inconsistent Signals in Abyssal Hill Morphology at the Southern East Pacific Rise
Authors: Goff John A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe existence, or not, of periodicities in abyssal hill morphology has been vigorously debated in recent publications, and some have hypothesized that such periodicities are evidence of the impact of Milankovitch cycle‐caused sea level fluctuations on the volcanic construction process at mid‐ocean ridges. Periodicities are detected by the presence of spectral peaks that rise significantly above the random variations of sample power spectra associated with an aperiodic, continuous spectrum process, typically modeled as a band‐limited fractal (von Kármán model). Here, I formulate and test a new algorithm to “empirically prewhiten” the sample power spectrum which, without needing to model the continuous spectrum, flattens it to a zero‐mean process. This greatly simplifies definition of the null hypothesis, and additional modeling approximates standard deviation levels that provide a conservative basis for detecting peaks that may be indicative of periodicity. The algorithm is applied to extensive bathymetric data flanking the southern East Pacific Rise. Significant periodicities are detected on many profiles analyzed, but the periods vary widely, and do not cluster at Milankovitch periods. The most substantial harmonic signals detected exhibit periods ∼0.082–0.216 my, with root‐mean square (RMS) heights approximately a quarter to a third of the RMS height for the aperiodic signal. It is hypothesized that the dominant aperiodic component of abyssal hills corresponds to morphology constructed by faults that follow a random distribution governed by scaling laws, whereas longer‐scale periodic signals are associated with crustal thickness variations controlled internally by variations in melt supply.
Impact of Calving Dynamics on Kangilernata Sermia, Greenland
Authors: Kane Emily , Rignot Eric , Mouginot Jeremie , Millan Romain , Li Xin , Scheuchl Bernd , Fahnestock Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIceberg calving is a major component of glacier mass ablation that is not well understood due to a lack of detailed temporal and spatial observations. Here, we measure glacier speed and surface elevation at 3 min intervals using a portable radar interferometer at Kangilernata Sermia, West Greenland, for a period of 2 weeks in July 2016. We detect a 20% diurnal variation in glacier speed in phase with tidal height propagating kilometers inland. We find no speedup from ice shedding off the calving face or the detachment of floating ice blocks but a 30% speedup within a few hundred meters of the ice front that persists for days when calving removes full‐thickness grounded ice blocks. Within one ice thickness from the calving front, we detect maximum strain rates 2 to 3 times larger than observable from satellite data, which has implications for studying iceberg calving as a fracturing process.
Multiscale Coupling During Magnetopause Reconnection: Interface Between the Electron and Ion Diffusion Regions
Authors: Genestreti K. J. , Liu Y.‐H. , Phan T.‐D. , Denton R. E. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Webster J. M. , Wang S. , Trattner K. J. , Argall M. R. , Chen L.‐J. , Fuselier S. A. , Ahmadi N. , Ergun R. E. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Eriksson S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMagnetospheric multiscale (MMS) encountered the primary low‐latitude magnetopause reconnection site when the interspacecraft separation exceeded the upstream ion inertial length. Classical signatures of the ion diffusion region (IDR), including a subion‐Alfvénic demagnetized ion exhaust, a superion‐Alfvénic magnetized electron exhaust, and Hall electromagnetic fields, are identified. The opening angle between the magnetopause and magnetospheric separatrix is 30° ± 5°. The exhaust preferentially expands sunward, displacing the magnetosheath. Intense pileup of reconnected magnetic flux occurs between the magnetosheath separatrix and the magnetopause in a narrow channel intermediate between the ion and electron scales. The strength of the pileup (normalized values of 0.3 – 0.5) is consistent with the large angle at which the magnetopause is inclined relative to the overall reconnection coordinates. MMS‐4, which was two ion inertial lengths closer to the X line than the other three spacecraft, observed intense electron‐dominated currents and kinetic‐to‐electromagnetic‐field energy conversion within the pileup. MMS‐1, MMS‐2, and MMS‐3 did not observe the intense currents nor the particle‐to‐field energy conversion but did observe the pileup, indicating that the edge of the generation region was contained within the tetrahedron. Comparisons with particle‐in‐cell simulations reveal that the electron currents and large inclination angle of the magnetopause are interconnected features of the asymmetric Hall effect. Between the separatrix and the magnetopause, high‐density inflowing magnetosheath electrons brake and turn into the outflow direction, imparting energy to the normal magnetic field and generating the pileup. The findings indicate that electron dynamics are likely an important influence on the magnetic field structure within the ion diffusion region.
Precipitation Loss of Radiation Belt Electrons by Two‐Band Plasmaspheric Hiss Waves
Authors: He Zhaoguo , Yan Qi , Zhang Xiaoping , Yu Jiang , Ma Yonghui , Cao Yong , Cui Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA two‐band plasmaspheric hiss consisting of a low‐frequency band (normal hiss with the frequency below 2 kHz) and a high‐frequency band (locally generated hiss with the frequency up to 10 kHz) was observed on 6 January 2014 by the Van Allen Probes (He et al., 2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL081578). The electron scattering effect driven by this kind of two‐band plasmaspheric hiss is evaluated by the quasi‐linear diffusion simulation for the first time. Realistic wave characteristic parameters of the two‐band plasmaspheric hiss from statistics are adopted for driving our simulation. The pitch angle diffusion rates of the low‐frequency band hiss present a “gap” with minimum magnitude at pitch angle αe ∼ 70°, a condition not favoring the transport of large pitch angle electrons toward the loss cone. However, the diffusion rates of the high‐frequency band hiss have peak values at αe ∼ 70°, filling up for the “gap” of the low‐frequency hiss diffusion rates. The realistic wave‐driven electron PSD evolutions demonstrate that the collaborated effect of the low‐frequency band and high‐frequency band hiss can cause significant precipitation losses of energetic electrons of tens to several hundred keV within 2 days.
Statistical Characteristics of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions Inside the Magnetopasue Based on MMS Observations
Authors: Li Haimeng , Peng Qianshui , Tang Rongxin , Zhang He , Zhong Zhihong , Deng Xiaohua , Wang Dedong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractElectron pitch angle distributions (PADs) are very important to understand dynamics in the Earth's magnetosphere. Using observations of the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission, we statistically investigate the characteristics of several types of electron PADs with energies of 200 eV to 2 keV (low energy) and 2–30 keV (energetic energy) inside the dayside magnetopause (L = 8 ∼ 13). For the low (energetic) energy level, the occurrence rates of pancake, flat‐top, butterfly, isotropy, cigar, and rolling‐pin distributions are as follows: 50.34% (45.20%), 17.92% (43.41%), 3.07% (7.28%), 4.34% (1.54%), 16.20% (1.20%), and 1.80% (0.06%), respectively. The pancake PAD is mainly located at lower L‐shells with a maximum rate near the noonside, but other types of electron PADs occur at higher L‐shells. In addition, the occurrence rate of the flat‐top PAD is nearly the same for different magnetic local time. The butterfly and rolling‐pin PADs occur in the afternoon side. The cigar PAD is mostly located in both the dawnside and duskside but is very scarce in the noonside. Furthermore, the relationships between these PADs and the solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn) are studied. For low‐energy electrons, the occurrence rate of the pancake distribution decreases, and that of the butterfly distribution increases with the enhancement of Pdyn. However, for energetic energy level, the occurrence rate of the pancake (butterfly) PAD does not clearly decrease (increase) with the enhancement of Pdyn at L ≤ 12. The statistical results reveal the important role of Pdyn in electron dynamics inside the magnetopause.