bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with enhanced hydrophilicity
Authors: Fan Xiaoguang , Gu Shiya , Wu Liyan , Yang Lei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers with the enhanced hydrophilicity were synthesized by free radical polymerization from a mixture of the monomers N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP), hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPM) and 3-trimethoxysilypropyl methacrylate (TMSPM) at different feeding ratios. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were applied to characterize the resultant copolymers. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the copolymers was determined via dynamic light scattering (DLS). By alternating the molar ratios of NIPAAm and NVP, the copolymers were synthesized to have their own distinctive LCST from 25°C to 40°C. Regardless of the starting feed ratio used, the final copolymers had the similar monomeric ratio as planned. The copolymer films were then formed on platinum wafers by drop coating and thermal annealing owing to 3-trimethoxysilyl crosslinking and reacting with hydroxyl groups. The surface wettability and morphology of the specimens were observed using contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The results demonstrated that with the increase of the NVP content, the film surface became more hydrophilic. The surface microstructure of the thermoresponsive films varied depending on the copolymer composition and ambient temperature. The experimental results indicated that the addition of NVP not only increased the LCST of copolymers but also improved the hydrophilicity of the products derived from the copolymers. This ability to elevate the LCST of the polymers provides excellent flexibility in tailoring transitions for specific uses, like controlled drug release and nondestructive cell harvest.
Party Domination and Base Mobilization: Donald Trump and Republican Party Building in a Polarized Era
Authors: Galvin Daniel J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since the 2016 election, President Trump has achieved unparalleled dominance over the Republican Party. He has also given his party a central role in his reelection campaign and invested heavily in its organizational capacities. This dual approach to party leadership – domination paired with organizational investment – bears a strong resemblance to the way every Republican president since Eisenhower interacted with his party, different only in degree. Where Trump’s party leadership diverges qualitatively from past patterns is in its apparent purposes. Previous Republican presidents dominated and invested in their party for the explicit purpose of building a new majority in American politics. Reaching out to new demographic groups and trying to persuade them to join the party was integral to this project. Trump, in contrast, has (thus far) predominantly pursued a base-mobilization strategy. Rather than fan out horizontally in search of new groups to join the party coalition, Trump’s strategy drills down vertically to penetrate and deepen his base. Instead of trying to diversify the GOP and extend its reach, his strategy aims to swell the number of like-minded supporters who are active in electoral and party politics (while suppressing, demobilizing, and delegitimizing the opposition party). By setting into motion a mutually reinforcing cycle of party domination and base mobilization, and amplifying its effects through organizational investment, Trump has turned his party into a formidable vehicle for advancing his personal purposes and augmenting his power – while raising troubling questions about the stability of American democracy. This article examines Trump’s party leadership to date, compares it to previous presidential party leadership projects, and considers the implications.
La compleja cohabitación jurídica del catalán y el francés en el Rosellón: análisis de políticas lingüísticas en el ámbito educativo
Authors: Jiménez-Salcedo Juan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe article describes the legal configuration of France as a monolingual state and analyzes the specific case of the educational system. A certain accommodation of regional languages as a means of instruction has been accomplished, either in time-parity bilingual sections or in immersion schools. In this respect, the data provided by the literature on the case of Catalan in the historic territory of Roussillon are reviewed. The sources analyzed show two main conclusions: (1) the breakdown of intergenerational transmission, which means that there are practically no dialect speakers and that the standard language can only be learned at school; and (2) the enrollment rate either in time-parity bilingual sections or immersion schools is too low to be able to reverse language shift.
Linguistics and communication
Authors: Allan Keith 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis essay begins by identifying what communication is and what linguistics is in order to establish the relationship between them. The characterization of linguistics leads to discussion of the nature of language and of the relationship between a theory of language, i. e., linguistic theory, and the object language it models. This, in turn, leads to a review of speculations on the origins of human language with a view to identifying the motivation for its creation and its primary function. After considering a host of data, it becomes clear that, contrary to some approaches, the primary function of human language is to function as a vehicle of communication. Thus, linguistics studies what for humans is their primary vehicle of communication.
Negative existence statements: Kripke, Strawson, and topic noun phrases
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe paper focuses on the treatment of existential statements (including negative existentials), and critically engages Kripke's recent (2013) volume of John Locke lectures. It discusses Kripke's views, reaches some obvious conclusions about their theoretical adequacy, and contrasts Kripke's analysis with that of Atlas, comparing their adequacy as theories of the linguistic phenomena.
How can metaphors communicate arguments?
Authors: Macagno Fabrizio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetaphors are considered as instruments crucial for persuasion. However, while many studies and works have focused on their emotive, communicative, and persuasive effects, the argumentative dimension that represents the core of their “persuasiveness” is almost neglected. This paper addresses the problem of explaining how metaphors can communicate arguments, and how it is possible to reconstruct and justify them. To this purpose, a distinction is drawn between the arguments that are communicated metaphorically and interpreted based on relevance considerations, and the ones that are triggered implicitly by the use of a metaphorical expression. In both cases, metaphorical arguments are reconstructed through different patterns of argument, called argumentation schemes (Walton, Reed and Macagno 2008). However, while the purpose of a metaphorical sequence of discourse (called metaphorical move) can guide and justify the reconstruction of the argument that can sufficiently support the intended conclusion in a persuasive move, a more complex analysis is needed for analyzing the additional inferences that a metaphorical move can trigger. These inferences are claimed to represent part of the connotation of the metaphorical expression and can be captured through its most frequent collocations, determinable using some tools of the corpus linguistics.
De seattitudes in discourse
Authors: Oishi Etsuko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDe seattitudes have been regarded as a semantic issue. By utilizing Austin’s idea of the expositive illocutionary act, and Austin's distinction of four types of illocutionary act performed by the utterance “I is a T,” the present paper presents a speech-act-theoretic model of expressing a belief according to which the belief of a speaker is brought to the discourse as the belief of the performer of an expositive illocutionary act type.De seattitudes are brought to the discourse when the inner self of a speaker is perceived from the perspective of the performer of an expositive illocutionary act type, and specified discursively through the acts of this type.
Dynamic assessment and requesting: Assessing the development of Japanese EFL learners’ oral requesting performance interactively
Authors: Nicholas Allan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the use of dynamically-administered strategic interaction scenarios (D-SIS) in identifying Japanese EFL participants’ difficulties with requesting-in-interaction, and tracking their development. Informed by conversation analysis research, six Japanese EFL learners at a university in Japan carried out D-SIS tasks in two phases, with the aim of both identifying specific aspects of requesting-in-interaction that were challenging, and learner development. Analysis focuses on three particular areas of difficulty that arose for participants during the dialogic interactions—connecting request turn utterance linguistic choices to social context; pre-request expansions of requesting talk, and pre-closing sequences. A coding scheme was applied that analyzed mediation sequences in terms of the efficiency with which participants oriented to and resolved problems, allowing ZPD movement to be quantified. In combination with close qualitative analysis of the transcript data, mediation sequences provided insights into the participants’ knowledge and understanding of these areas that would not have been gained through non-dynamic methods. Results therefore provide insight into areas of difficulty for Japanese learners with regards to requesting, and provide support for the use of the D-SIS task type as a diagnostic tool in regards to request-based talk-in-interaction.
Regionale Industrialisierung revisited – Die niederrheinische Textilregion von der Protoindustrialisierung bis zum 20. Jahrhundert als Fallbeispiel
Authors: Kerkhof Stefanie van de 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concept of Regional Industrialization developed by Rainer Fremdling, Toni Pierenkemper and Richard Tilly is based on a small-scale research approach and composes regions according to criteria of homogeneity. This paper argues that the concept is fruitful in regard to textile regions and their analysis in a long-term perspective from proto-industrialization to the 20th century. It examines relevant factors such as capital, labour, raw materials, transfer of capital, technology and knowledge in order to analyse the specific regional path of growth. Especially the role of migrant pioneer entrepreneurs and the institutional-cultural setting, i.e. the state monopolies of the regional silk and velvet producers are addressed. Mechanisation and the factory system were introduced relatively late in comparison to other regions in the wool and cotton branch of textile industry. But innovations in weaving and energy technology diffused rather rapidly in Krefeld, Mönchengladbach and the rural surroundings. The paper shows how the growing textile industry of the left lower Rhine region diversified during the Great Depression of the 1870s-90s and induced forward and backward linkages to the machinery, tool and chemical industries. In all segments of the textile industry in the region (silk, velvet, cotton, wool, synthetics) path dependencies evolved which still have an effect on research institutions and industrial culture today.
The politeness formulasi placetin Late Latin: on the role of pragmatic conventions in discourse traditions
Authors: Fedriani Chiara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper analyzes uses, functions, and literary distribution of the negative politeness formulasi placet‘(lit.) if it pleases (you)’ in a corpus of Late Latin texts (third–sixth century CE). Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative observations, it is suggested that the pragmatic enrichment undergone by this conditional parenthetical clause is due to a conspiracy of factors, namely a process of semantic and pragmatic change fostered by a “politeness-induced invited inference” (Beeching 2005), which was triggered by a general process of literary imitation within the very specific discourse tradition of philosophical dialogues. The analysis shows, indeed, thatsi placetis very rarely used in the history of Latin and it is circumscribed to this specific literary genre. This suggests that this politeness formula developed as a genre-specific stylistic feature and as such it was replicated over centuries through the circulation of textual models and the propagation of genre-related practices, as a valuable linguistic device to render the idea of an urbane conversation among educated peers and, ultimately, as a marker of socio-cultural identity.
Obstetric outcomes of pregnancy complicated by urolithiasis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Clennon Emily K. , Garg Bharti , Duty Brian D. , Caughey Aaron B. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluate the association between urolithiasis during pregnancy and obstetric outcomes outside the context of urological intervention.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of singleton, non-anomalous gestations delivered at 23–42 weeks in California from 2007 to 2011. Maternal outcomes (preterm delivery [early (<32 weeks) and late (<37 weeks)], preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, cesarean deliveries, urinary tract infection [UTI] at delivery, chorioamnionitis, endomyometritis, and maternal sepsis) and newborn outcomes (seizure, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, jaundice, and neonatal abstinence syndrome [NAS]) were compared using χ
2-tests and multivariable logistic regression.

Results
A total of 2,013,767 pregnancies met inclusion criteria, of which 5,734 (0.28%) were complicated by urolithiasis. Stone disease during pregnancy was associated with 30% greater odds of each early (aOR 1.30; 95% CI 1.19–1.43) and late (aOR 1.29; 95% CI 1.18–1.41) preterm delivery. Cesarean delivery, UTI at delivery, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and sepsis were all significantly positively associated with urolithiasis. Odds of NAS (aOR 2.11; 95% CI 1.27–3.51) and jaundice were significantly greater in the neonates of stone-forming patients (aOR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.16).

Conclusions
Urolithiasis during pregnancy was associated with 30% greater odds of preterm delivery and increased risk of myriad metabolic, hypertensive, and infectious disorders of gestation. Neonates born to stone-forming patients were more than twice as likely to develop neonatal abstinence syndrome but did not have significantly greater odds of complications of prematurity.
Attrition-basedOliganthrôpiaRevisited
Authors: Decety Nathan 
Published: November 2020

SummaryIn a previous paper (When Valor Isn’t Always Superior to Numbers:homoioi oliganthrôpiaCaused by Attrition in Incessant Warfare, KLIO 100, 2018, 626–666) I argued that the population of Ancient Spartan citizens,homoioi, declined predominantly due to attrition in warfare. Here, I revisit the argument and present a more refined model that includes additional samples, directly incorporates information on losses, and improves assumptions. I argue that Sparta may have experienced an initial population plunge in the early 5th century and was unable to recover. The results of this study reaffirm that warfare may have been an integral cause ofoliganthrôpia.
Modal Realism and the Possibility of Island Universes: Why There are no Possible Worlds
Authors: Benovsky Jiri 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article, I defend Lewisian modal realism against objections arising from the possibility of ‘Island Universes’ and other similar cases. The problem comes from Lewis’ claim that possible worlds are spatio-temporally isolated. I suggest a modification of Lewisian modal realism in order to avoid this family of objections. This modification may sound quite radical since it amounts to abandoning the very notion of a possible world, but as radical as it may sound it in fact remains well in the spirit of Lewis’ original view.
The crystal structure of (3S,12R,20R,24R)-3,12-diacetyl-20,24-epoxy-dammarane-3,12,25–triol–ethyl acetate (4/1), C34H56O6⋅ 0.25(C4H8O2)
Authors: Zhao Ruo-Lin , Wang Hui-Yun , Wang Xiao-Hui , Luan Ming-Zhu , Zhao Feng-Lan , Meng Qing-Guo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
C34H56O6⋅0.25(C4H8O2), orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 8.17152(14) Å, b = 17.6728(3) Å, c = 23.1916(5) Å, V = 3349.18(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0416, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1143, T = 293 K.
Fear of Disconnecting: Global Health Imaginations and the Transformations of the Taiwanese State
Authors: Tseng Po-Chia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlobal health scholarship concerning AIDS governance often regards the global either as products of translocal connections or as external forces that initiate local restructurings. As a state without a membership in major global organizations, Taiwan alternatively presents a case for conceiving of global health as grounded, competing imaginations which serve as the foundation both for a symbolic pursuit of Taiwan’s global membership and for the transformations of the Taiwanese state. Building on a global ethnography perspective, this study explores the idea of in-pursuit-of-globality nationalism by examining three AIDS projects in Taiwan that configured global and national imaginations simultaneously. It particularly looks into how sexuality and race became sites of transformative struggles in those projects, arguing that Taiwan’s marginality is not only a product of global geopolitics but also a standpoint on which multiple globalities are imagined and (re)produced. As such, this study contributes to global health scholarship by rejecting a monolithic view of the global and the national and by centering racial and sexual imaginations in processes of globalization.
A functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite with superior adsorption capacity for Cr(VI)
Authors: Li Zhongmin , Zou Peng , Yang Junzhou , Huang Miaoyang , Zhang Linye , Huang Chuanzhou , Yang Funeng , Huang Renyu , Lv Songyi , Wei Guangtao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A novel functionalized tannin-chitosan bentonite composite (TCBC) was successfully synthesized. The formation of the composite was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The pHpzc of TCBC was 3.38. The influences such as pH, dosage of TCBC, temperature and initial Cr(VI) concentration on adsorption capacity were investigated. The experimental data indicated that the almost saturated adsorption of the TCBC towards Cr(VI) in 100 min. The maximum adsorption capacity was 262.08 mg/g at 333 K with initial pH = 2.5. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) on TCBC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The isothermal data were well described by the models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The results revealed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on TCBC existed comprehensive effects and mainly belong to the chemisorption. The TCBC could keep good performances (q
e = 192.17 mg/g) in five runs, 1 M NaOH was used as eluent for desorption, which showed a high desorption efficiency. Studies showed TCBC prepared with low cost and green raw materials, and simple green preparation technology had high adsorption capacity, good reusability and acidic tolerance. By exploring the Cr(VI)-Cr(III) hybrid system, part of Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) and adsorbed by TCBC. The optimal adsorption pH of Cr(III) was 5.0.
Efficient removal of radiocobalt and manganese from their binary aqueous solutions by batch adsorption process using PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF composite
Authors: Hamoud Moustafa A. , Allan Karam F. , Ayoub Refaat R. , Holeil Mohamed , Mahmoud Mamdoh R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous removal of radiocobalt and manganese by adsorption onto polyacrylonitrile/hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide/potassium copper hexacyanoferrate (PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF) composite was studied. The synthesized composite was characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influence of the solution pH was studied in the range 1.5–7.8 and the results showed the effectiveness of the synthesized composite for simultaneous adsorption of radiocobalt and manganese in the pH range 2.5–6 at an adsorbent mass of 4 g/L. Adsorption kinetic data of manganese at the studied concentrations were best fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the diffusion study showed that the adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔGo, ΔHo and ΔSo) were estimated and the results indicated that adsorption processes of the concerned (radio)toxicants were spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Of the studied isotherm models, Freundlich and Langmuir were the best ones for describing the adsorption isotherm data of radiocobalt and manganese, respectively. The adsorption capacity of PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF was found to be 23.629 (for radiocobalt) and 62.854 (for manganese). Desorption of Radiocobalt and manganese loaded onto PAN/HDTMA/KCuHCF composite was studied using various desorbing agents at different concentrations.
A zinc(II) coordination polymer based on a flexible bis(benzimidazole) ligand: synthesis, crystal structure and fluorescence study
Authors: Zhang Geng , Xia Xinzhao , Xu Jianhua , Xia Lixian , Wang Cong , Wu Huilu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new one-dimensional Zn(II) coordination polymer, {[ZnCl2(BBM)]·CH3OH}
n
(2,2-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1,3-benzimidazole [BBM]), has been obtained from the hydrothermal reaction of zinc chloride with the flexible bis-benzimidazole ligand BBM and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, IR and UV–vis spectra. Structural analysis has revealed that the BBM ligand connects the Zn(II) atoms to form a square-wave chain, which is further extended into supramolecular layers through hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions. Solid-state fluorescence investigations showed that the Zn(II) coordination polymer has an emission peak at 381 nm upon excitation at 330 nm, which is attributed to ligand-centered luminescence. It is only slightly red shifted as compared to the ligand but partially quenched due to the strong π···π stacking interactions.
Comparative photophysical study of Pt(II) complex-nanoclay hybrid materials as dry powders and hydrogels
Authors: Chatnahalli Gangadharappa Sathish , Strassert Cristian A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The excited state properties of Pt(II) complexes are strongly influenced by their microenvironment and by intermolecular interactions. In this work, we investigated the photoluminescence of six Pt(II) complexes adsorbed onto a layered nanoclay, namely Laponite® (LAP). The excellent water dispersibility and gel-forming nature of the LAP was exploited to achieve a class of versatile materials. In particular, we report on the comparative photophysics of the dry powders and the hydrogels. Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to assess the role of structural features at molecular level on the interaction between the nanodiscs, which in turn affects the intermolecular coupling of the coordination compounds in the excited state.