bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalized Adults, Louisville, Kentucky, 2010–2013
Authors: Chow Eric J , Rolfes Melissa A , Carrico Ruth L , Furmanek Stephen , Ramirez Julio A , Ferdinands Jill M , Fry Alicia M , Patel Manish M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Preventing severe complications of influenza such as hospitalization is a public health priority; however, estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against influenza-associated acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) hospitalizations are limited. We examined influenza VE against influenza-associated LRTIs in hospitalized adult patients.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed data from a randomized trial of oseltamivir treatment in adults hospitalized with LRTI in Louisville, Kentucky, from 2010 to 2013. Patients were systematically tested for influenza at the time of enrollment. We estimated VE as 1 – the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of antecedent vaccination in influenza-positives vs negatives × 100%. Vaccination status was obtained by patient self-report. Using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, season, timing of illness, history of chronic lung disease, and activities of daily living, we estimated VE against hospitalized influenza-associated LRTIs and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with radiographic findings of infiltrate.

Results
Of 810 patients with LRTI (median age, 62 years), 184 (23%) were influenza-positive and 57% had radiographically confirmed CAP. Among influenza-positives and -negatives, respectively, 61% and 69% were vaccinated. Overall, 29% were hospitalized in the prior 90 days and &gt;80% had comorbidities. Influenza-negatives were more likely to have a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease than influenza-positives (59% vs 48%; P = .01), but baseline medical conditions were otherwise similar. Overall, VE was 35% (95% CI, 4% to 56%) against influenza-associated LRTI and 51% (95% CI, 13% to 72%) against influenza-associated radiographically confirmed CAP.

Conclusions
Vaccination reduced the risk of hospitalization for influenza-associated LRTI and radiographically confirmed CAP. Clinicians should maintain high rates of influenza vaccination to prevent severe influenza-associated complications.
Outcomes of Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in the New York City Jail Population: Successes and Challenges Facing Scale up of Care
Authors: Chan Justin , Schwartz Jessie , Kaba Fatos , Bocour Angelica , Akiyama Matthew J , Hobstetter Laura , Rosner Zachary , Winters Ann , Yang Patricia , MacDonald Ross 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
The population detained in the New York City (NYC) jail system bears a high burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Challenges to scaling up treatment include short and unpredictable lengths of stay. We report on the clinical outcomes of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment delivered by NYC Health + Hospitals/Correctional Health Services in NYC jails from 2014 to 2017.

Methods
We performed a retrospective observational cohort study of HCV patients with detectable HCV ribonucleic acid treated with DAA therapy while in NYC jails. Some patients initiated treatment in jail, whereas others initiated treatment in the community and were later incarcerated. Our primary outcome was sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR12).

Results
There were 269 patients included in our cohort, with 181 (67%) initiating treatment in jail and 88 (33%) continuing treatment started in the community. The SVR12 virologic outcome data were available for 195 (72%) individuals. Of these, 172 (88%) achieved SVR12. Patients who completed treatment in jail were more likely to achieve SVR12 relative to those who were released on treatment (adjusted risk ratio, 2.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.35–6.34). Of those who achieved SVR12, 114 (66%) had a subsequent viral load checked. We detected recurrent viremia in 18 (16%) of these individuals, which corresponded to 10.6 cases per 100 person-years of follow-up.

Conclusions
Hepatitis C virus treatment with DAA therapy is effective in a jail environment. Future work should address challenges related to discharging patients while they are on treatment, loss to follow-up, and a high incidence of probable reinfection.
Willingness to Seek Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2 With Home, Drive-through, and Clinic-Based Specimen Collection Locations
Authors: Siegler Aaron J , Hall Eric , Luisi Nicole , Zlotorzynska Maria , Wilde Gretchen , Sanchez Travis , Bradley Heather , Sullivan Patrick S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSARS-CoV-2 virus testing for persons with COVID-19 symptoms, and contact tracing for those testing positive, will be critical to successful epidemic control. Willingness of persons experiencing symptoms to seek testing may determine the success of this strategy.MethodsA cross-sectional online survey in the United States measured willingness to seek testing if feeling ill under different specimen collection scenarios: home-based saliva, home-based swab, drive-through facility swab, and clinic-based swab. Instructions clarified that home-collected specimens would be mailed to a laboratory for testing. We presented similar willingness questions regarding testing during follow-up care.ResultsOf 1435 participants, comprising a broad range of sociodemographic groups, 92% were willing to test with a home saliva specimen, 88% with home swab, 71% with drive-through swab, and 60% with clinic-collected swab. Moreover, 68% indicated they would be more likely to get tested if there was a home testing option. There were no significant differences in willingness items across sociodemographic variables or for those currently experiencing COVID-19 symptoms. Results were nearly identical for willingness to receive testing for follow-up COVID-19 care.ConclusionsWe observed a hierarchy of willingness to test for SARS-CoV-2, ordered by the degree of contact required. Home specimen collection options could result in up to one-third more symptomatic persons seeking testing, facilitating contact tracing and optimal clinical care. Remote specimen collection options may ease supply chain challenges and decrease the likelihood of nosocomial transmission. As home specimen collection options receive regulatory approval, they should be scaled rapidly by health systems.
The Reinvention of Immigration Detention in Italy in the Aftermath of the “Refugee Crisis”: A Study of Parliamentary Records (2013–2018)
Authors: Campesi Giuseppe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The aim of this article is to explore the peculiarity of Italian policies on immigration detention and their evolution over time. This will be done by highlighting the main factors that might explain the apparent political disinvestment in immigration detention in Italy, in particular in the years between 2013 and 2015, and account for the turnaround in approach announced and then implemented by the two Interior Ministers in charge between 2017 and 2019. The article uses the Italian case as an opportunity to explore the functions that are assigned to immigration detention in destination countries. In particular, it considers whether or not it can be argued that immigration detention in Italy has been “reinvented” (meaning that its functions have somewhat changed) as a consequence of the so-called “refugee crisis” and in light of Italy’s specific position in the contemporary geopolitics of the EU’s border control regime.
A Review of Multimodal Hallucinations: Categorization, Assessment, Theoretical Perspectives, and Clinical Recommendations
Authors: Montagnese Marcella , Leptourgos Pantelis , Fernyhough Charles , Waters Flavie , Larøi Frank , Jardri Renaud , McCarthy-Jones Simon , Thomas Neil , Dudley Rob , Taylor John-Paul , Collerton Daniel , Urwyler Prabitha 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hallucinations can occur in different sensory modalities, both simultaneously and serially in time. They have typically been studied in clinical populations as phenomena occurring in a single sensory modality. Hallucinatory experiences occurring in multiple sensory systems—multimodal hallucinations (MMHs)—are more prevalent than previously thought and may have greater adverse impact than unimodal ones, but they remain relatively underresearched. Here, we review and discuss: (1) the definition and categorization of both serial and simultaneous MMHs, (2) available assessment tools and how they can be improved, and (3) the explanatory power that current hallucination theories have for MMHs. Overall, we suggest that current models need to be updated or developed to account for MMHs and to inform research into the underlying processes of such hallucinatory phenomena. We make recommendations for future research and for clinical practice, including the need for service user involvement and for better assessment tools that can reliably measure MMHs and distinguish them from other related phenomena.
Conceiving of Contraception: World Society, Cultural Resistance, and Contraceptive Use, 1970–2012
Authors: Cole Wade M , Geist Claudia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTaking world society theory as our point of departure, we examine the effect of world culture on contraceptive use rates around the world. World-cultural rhetoric frames contraception as a necessity for economic development, a human rights issue, and a women’s health matter. Using data on contraceptive use among married women for a sample of 159 countries over the period from 1970 to 2012, we find that linkages to all three sets of discourses are associated with increased use of modern contraceptive methods, over and above countries’ sociocultural and economic characteristics. Nevertheless, we also find that world society influences vary across major cultural zones, defined in terms of predominant religions and geographic regions. World cultural effects are strongest in Orthodox Christian, Hindu, non-Western Protestant, and sub-Saharan African countries. There is no effect in Western and East Asian countries, where contraceptive use is comparatively high, or in zones such as non-Western Catholic nations, where the unmet need for contraception is often greatest. Compared to development and women’s rights rhetoric, health-based frames appear to have the broadest and most effective reach across cultural divides. Overall, however, we find that world society processes tend to produce cross-cultural convergence in contraceptive use rates.
Doctor of Nursing Practice Team Project Synthesis Form
Authors: McMullan Susan P. , Johnson Karmie M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The importance of teamwork in health care, the need for doctorally prepared advanced practice nurses, and the nationwide faculty shortage provided the impetus for an educational tool to synthesize the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) project. Clearly outlining the stages of the DNP project in a concise manner, the DNP project synthesis form aids learners and faculty in organization and documentation of planning, implementation, and evaluation of the project and serves as a one-stop resource when students are completing semesters. This article delineates why one school of nursing developed a project synthesis form for use across all DNP programs.
Reported Barriers Impeding Adherence to a Physical Exercise Program in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Michael Meghan , Goble Jordan , Hawk Megan , Kujawa David J. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
More than 80% of those newly diagnosed with breast cancer are now surviving 5 years or more, which creates a target group that is in need of activity programs to prevent treatment side effects and complications.

Purpose:
The purpose of our systematic review was to identify patient perceptions, preferences, and barriers as well as the strategies to improve adherence to a physical exercise program.

Data Sources:
PubMed, Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched, yielding 2511 studies.

Study Selection:
In total, 16 qualitative studies were retained and published from 2013 to 2018 in English.

Data Extraction:
Three reviewers independently extracted data from the studies, evaluated the evidence, and organized the data into tables for ease of reference and analysis.

Data Synthesis:
Of the 16 retained studies, 7 used interviews, 6 used surveys/questionnaires, and 3 used a mix of interviews and questionnaires. The CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) instrument was used to appraise quality.

Discussion and Limitations:
Patient education, group-based programming, electronic tracking devices, enhancing confidence and self-efficacy, and providing alternatives for exercising at home were identified as strategies that could be used to improve adherence. Publication bias and 100% female participation within the retained studies could have affected the results of this review.

Conclusions:
The barriers, perceptions, preferences, motivators, and recommendations that have been identified will enable physical therapists to optimize, design, and implement a well-rounded program for the initiation and maintenance of physical activity for women with breast cancer.
Professional Identity Formation: A Role for Patients as Mentors
Authors: Kline Cathy C. , Park So Eyun , Godolphin William J. , Towle Angela 
Published: June 2020

Purpose
Medical education should foster professional identity formation, but there is much to be learned about how to support learners in developing their professional identity. This study examined the role that patients can play in supporting professional identity development during the University of British Columbia Interprofessional Health Mentors Program (HMP), a longitudinal preclinical elective in which patients, or their caregivers, act as mentors and educate students about their lived experience of a chronic condition or disability.

Method
The authors interviewed 18 medical residents in 2016, 3 to 4 years after they completed the HMP. Professional identity was explored by asking participants how the HMP had influenced their ideas about the ideal physician and the kind of doctor they aspire to become. The authors analyzed the data using the identify status paradigm as a conceptual framework.

Results
The authors identified 7 themes: patient as more than disease, patient as autonomous, patient as expert, doctor as partner, doctor as collaborator, self-aware doctor, and empathic doctor. They found firm commitments to patient partnership, interprofessional collaboration, and holistic care for patients rooted in the exploration of professional values that was prompted by patient mentors during HMP.

Conclusions
Patient mentors can help medical students begin to construct their professional identity during the preclinical period by supporting exploration of and commitment to the professional values that society expects of physicians.
The future of neuromuscular blocking agents
Authors: Stäuble Christiane G. , Blobner Manfred 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
The present review provides a summary of the literature on recent development of new neuromuscular blocking agents and presents clinically well established and new reversal agents.

Recent findings
Anesthesiologists are still waiting for the ideal neuromuscular blocking agent with a succinylcholine-like rapid onset and offset without side effects. Recent drug development led to a new series of neuromuscular compounds, called the chlorofumarates such as gantacurium, CW002, and CW011. These drugs have a promising pharmacodynamic profile; importantly, they can rapidly be reversed by L-cysteine adduction without relevant side effects. In addition, a new spectrum of reversal agents are currently examined in preclinical studies: adamgammadex sodium, a modified γ-cyclodextrin derivate that forms an inactive tight inclusion complex with rocuronium or vecuronium and calabadions, capable of reversing both benzylisoquinolines and steroidal neuromuscular blocking agents.

Summary
Although the recent advancements in neuromuscular research are very promising, to date, the presented drugs are currently not available for clinical use. Clinical studies will determine the role of these developments in anesthesia practice. Therefore, well established combinations such as rocuronium-sugammadex are popular in clinical practice to offer quick paralysis for intubation and to optimize surgical conditions, while providing a fast neuromuscular recovery at the end of surgery.
Nonoperating room anaesthesia: safety, monitoring, cognitive aids and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Authors: Borshoff David C. , Sadleir Paul 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
With an ageing population, mounting pressure on the healthcare dollar, significant advances in medical technology, and now in the context of coronavirus disease 2019, the traditional paradigm in which operative procedures are undertaken is changing. Increasingly, procedures are performed in more distant, isolated and less familiar locations, challenging anaesthesiologists and requiring well developed situational awareness. This review looks at implications for the practitioner and patient safety, outlining considerations and steps involved in translation of systems and processes well established in the operating room to more unfamiliar environments.

Recent findings
Despite limited nonoperating room anaesthesia outcome data, analysis of malpractice claims, anaesthesia-related medical disputes and clinical outcome registries have suggested higher morbidity and mortality. Complications were often associated with suboptimal monitoring, nonadherence to recommended guidelines and sedationist or nonanaesthesiologist caregivers. More recently, clear monitoring guidelines, global patient safety initiatives and widespread implementation of cognitive aids may have contributed to nonoperating room anaesthesia (NORA) outcomes approaching that of traditional operating rooms.

Summary
As NORA caseloads increase, understanding structural and anaesthetic requirements is essential to patient safety. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has provided an opportunity for anaesthesiologists to implement lessons learned from previous analyses, share expertise as patient safety leaders and provide valuable input into protecting patients and caregivers.
Simulation to Support Standardization of Delivery Room Management of the Very Low Birth-Weight Infant
Authors: Wiesbrock Jeanne , Andresen Pamela , Brough Megan 
Published: June 2020

Background:
The birth of a very low birth-weight (VLBW) infant occurs infrequently, especially in the community hospital setting. It is critical that the team managing care of the infant in its first minutes of life follow evidence-based resuscitation guidelines and practices to optimize outcomes for this population.

Purpose:
To implement a simulation program in a community hospital setting that supports standardized evidence-based delivery room practices of the premature infant born less than 30 weeks' gestation.

Methods:
Two VLBW emergent delivery scenarios were developed utilizing the neonatal resuscitation program scenario template. Special care nursery interprofessional team members from a community hospital were invited to participate in the simulation program (n = 28). Participants were asked to complete a neonatal version of the Emergency Response Confidence Tool, then view a short presentation related to delivery room management of VLBW infants. Participants attended a simulation program and completed the confidence tool after simulation. The simulation facilitator and unit educator documented team actions during each simulation session.

Findings/Results:
Fifteen opportunities for improvement within 4 simulation sessions were identified and categorized. Fourteen paired pre- and postsurveys were analyzed. Reported confidence increased in 22 of 23 resuscitation-related items.

Implications for Practice:
Education and simulation programs providing opportunities to experience high-risk, low-frequency VLBW delivery situations can assist in identifying areas for improvement and may improve team member confidence.

Implications for Research:
Additional research is needed to assess whether results would be similar if this program were provided at all levels of neonatal care throughout the healthcare system.
Tocilizumab and Remdesivir in a Pregnant Patient With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Naqvi Mariam , Zakowski Phillip , Glucksman Lindsey , Smithson Sarah , Burwick Richard M. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND:
There are limited data regarding treatment options for pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

CASE:
A 35-year-old primigravid patient at 22 weeks of gestation presented with 7 days of fever, cough, anosmia, and dyspnea. Nasopharyngeal swab was positive for the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and a chest X-ray demonstrated bilateral patchy infiltrates. Laboratory evaluation was notable for marked elevation of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein concentrations. On hospital day 3, owing to increased dyspnea and oxygen requirement, the patient was treated with tocilizumab followed by 5 days of remdesivir. She responded well, recovered to room air, and was discharged home after a 9-day hospitalization.

CONCLUSION:
Tocilizumab and remdesivir may be effective for treatment of severe COVID-19 in pregnancy, but additional data are needed to guide risk–benefit considerations.
FINGERPRINT SIGN OF THE HENLE FIBER LAYER
Authors: Griffin Shane M. , McDonald H. Richard , Johnson Robert N. , Jumper J. Michael , Fu Arthur D. , Cunningham Emmett T. , Kiang Lee , Ng Caleb C. , Lujan Brandon J. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To describe the appearance of concentric, fingerprint-like waves within the Henle fiber layer (HFL) using en face optical coherence tomography in patients with tractional pathologies of the retina.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of six eyes of six patients imaged by optical coherence tomography with volumetric slabs positioned at the level of the HFL.

Results:
Optical coherence tomography data from six patients with tractional vitreoretinal pathology were reviewed. Concentric, fingerprint-like microwaves were visualized through en face optical coherence tomography in all six study eyes at the level of the HFL. This finding resembled the finding of HFL waves previously noted histopathologically from force exerted on this layer.

Conclusion:
In retinal pathologies in which specific physical forces act on the retina, volumetric optical coherence tomography may permit visualization of en face concentric, fingerprint-like hyperreflective rings within the HFL. This “fingerprint sign” may represent a biomechanical consequence of traction on the retina and allow clinical decision making based on improved recognition of the existence of such traction.