bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
72 Endocrine and ovarian responses to combined estradiol benzoate-sulpiride in anestrous mares treated with kisspeptin
Authors: Bailey Victoria N , Sones Jennifer L , Camp Caroline M , Oberhaus Erin L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if incorporation of kisspeptin 10 (Kp10) into an estradiol benzoate (EB)-sulpiride treatment would result in greater endocrine responses, and a greater number of mares ovulating within 28 days of treatment compared to EB-sulpiride alone. Eighteen anestrous mares were blocked by horse type (light horse and pony crosses), body condition, and age, then randomly assigned to treatment or control. On day 0, all mares received 50 mg EB. On day 1, mini osmotic pumps containing saline (n = 9) or Kp10 (50 mg/hour; n = 9) were inserted subcutaneously in the neck and remained for 7 days. Serial blood sampling occurred for 24 hours after pump placement. On day 2, all mares received 3 g sulpiride. Serial blood sampling continued for 36 hours and daily for 28 days. Transrectal ultrasounds were performed regularly for detection of ovulation. Plasma was assayed for prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and progesterone. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures. Plasma prolactin increased (P &lt; .001) in response to sulpiride in all mares and remained stimulated for 7 days. Prolactin responses tended to be greater (P = .09) in Kp10- treated mares compared to controls. No differences were detected in plasma LH during the first 24 hours after pump placement; however, LH increased in all mares beginning 5 days after sulpiride and were greater (P &lt; .05) in Kp10-mares from day 7 to day 21. Eleven of 18 (61%) mares ovulated within 18 days of sulpiride treatment; however, no differences in ovulation dates were detected between Kp10 treated- and control- mares. No differences were detected in plasma progesterone during the first 5 days post ovulation. In conclusion, incorporation of Kp10 potentiated the prolactin and LH responses to EB-sulpiride, but did not further advance first ovulation in treated-mares.
19 Comparing stress indicators of horses used for therapy in riding activities and groundwork activities
Authors: Abbott Gabrielle , Jogan Kathi , Oberhaus Erin L , Apple Jason , Rosenkrans Charles 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Equine therapy is used to assist people suffering from various physical and mental disabilities. Equine-assisted activities and therapies (EAAT) include therapeutic riding and hippotherapy. Our objective was to determine the effects of EAAT on horse heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and serum cortisol. Horses (n = 7) were assigned to activity type (groundwork or riding) in a Latin square design in which all horses performed both activities twice. Heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, and serum cortisol concentrations were determined at 15 minutes before, and 15, 45, and 75 minutes after activity was initiated. Pearson correlations revealed that cortisol was not correlated (r &lt; 0.12; P &gt; 0.22) with heart rate, respiration rate, or rectal temperature. Heart rate was correlated (P &lt; 0.05) with respiration rate (r = 0.77) and body temperature (r = 0.2); and body temperature was correlated with respiration rate (r = 0.21; P &lt; 0.05). Analysis of variance was performed with horse within date as the experimental unit, main effects of activity type, horse, date, experimental time, and interactions. Serum concentrations of cortisol (varied from 2.8 to 89.7 ng/mL) and body temperature (37.4 ± 0.06) were affected (P &lt; 0.01) by an interaction between experimental time and horse. Heart rate (61 ± 2.1) and respiration rate (30 ± 1.4) were affected (P &lt; 0.01) by interactions between experimental time and horse; and experimental time and activity type. Our results demonstrate that equine athletes serving in EAAT programs have altered physiological responses depending on the horse, type of activity, and length of time performing the task. Based on our results, cortisol concentrations are not the best indicator of a horse’s response to EAAT work, and we recommend that trainers monitor horses’ heart and respiration rates as an indicator of horse well-being while working with patients.
173 The role of an intronic single nucleotide polymorphism within the dopamine receptor type-2 gene on pituitary prolactin protein expression in bulls
Authors: DeCarlo Andrea N , McCarty Keelee J , Richey Sarah K , Long Nathan , Pratt Scott 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Detrimental effects to male reproductive physiology have been observed due to changes in prolactin (PRL) serum concentration. Regulation of PRL by dopamine binding to the dopamine type-2 receptor (DRD2) is well defined and associations between male physiology and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the DRD2 gene have been observed. The objective of the study was to evaluate association of a DRD2 SNP to PRL protein expression in bulls. Testis and epididymis were collected from bulls grazing a forage containing or lacking a dopamine agonist at the end of a 126 d study (n = 14). Bovine pituitaries (n = 587) were collected randomly over 3 mo from a local abattoir which processes cull cows and bulls. Sex of pituitaries was verified (n = 259 males) by duplex PCR for amplification of SRY and b-actin followed by Southern blotting of PCR products for selection of male. Prolactin protein expression was assessed in testis, epididymis, and pituitary by western blotting. Expression of PRL protein was below detection range in reproductive tissues but was present in pituitary, therefore experiments continued in pituitary. Restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping was performed on pituitaries by amplification of the DRD2 SNP region followed by digestion with a Tfil enzyme. Digested of products produced 3,2, or 1 band (AG, AA, GG, respectively). A subset of male pituitaries was blotted by slot blot manifold and PRL protein expression assessed by immunodetection and densitometry analysis normalized to GAPDH expression. Pituitary genotype distribution was 17.4% AA (n = 16), 63% AG (n = 58), and 19.6% GG (n = 18). Prolactin protein expression in the pituitary was similar across genotype (P = 0.23). These findings indicate that the DRD2 SNP has no genotypic effect on PRL protein expression in bovine pituitary.
13 Changes in Cytokine Profiles in Response to Ergovaline Exposure in Slick vs. Normal Hair Coat in Beef Heifers
Authors: Brown Alecia R , Haimon McKenzie L , Poole Rebecca , Poore Matt H , Poole Daniel H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fescue toxicosis is a syndrome common in cattle grazing fescue containing an endophyte that produces ergot alkaloids. Our lab has previously demonstrated that chronic exposure of ergot alkaloids adversely effects innate immune response. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in cytokine profiles in heat tolerant heifers exposed to ergot alkaloids from endophyte-infected fescue compared to wildtype controls. Angus X Senepol heifers were blocked by weight and hair coat genotype, Slick (S) or Normal (N) then randomly fed novel endophyte fescue (EN) or endophyte-infected fescue (EI) haylage in a total mixed ration for 63d (n=5 per group). Weekly measurements were collected to monitor physiological responses during exposure to ergot alkaloids. Blood samples were collected for cytokine analysis on d 0, 14, 28 and 56. Cytokine concentrations were quantified using Quantibody® Bovine Cytokine Arrays. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with repeated measures. Statistical significance was determined at P&lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05&lt; P&lt; 0.10. Concentrations of TNF were greater in EN-S heifers (6.57 ng/ml) compared to other heifer groups (P&lt; 0.05; 1.33, 2.34, 3.15 ng/ml for EN-N, EI-S, and EI-N, respectively). Concentrations of IL21 were greater in EN-S heifers (8.15 ng/ml) compared to other heifer groups (P&lt; 0.05; 1.55, 3.43, 3.26 ng/ml for EN-N, EI-S, and EI-N, respectively). Concentrations of IFNA (P=0.0543), IFNG (P=0.0558), IL1F1 (P=0.0587), and IL1F5 (P=0.0738) tended to be greater in in EN-S heifers compared to other heifer groups. Interestingly, concentrations of chemokine CCL4 (953.5 vs. 183.7 pg/mL) and CXCL9 (2.57 vs. 0.69 ng/mL) were significantly greater in S heifers than N heifers (P&lt; 0.05). No differences were observed for IL13 and CXCL10 (P &gt;0.05). In contrast to previous data, exposure to ergovaline via endophyte-infected fescue, did not induce an innate immune response. Rather, cytokine concentrations were elevated in heifers with the slick hair genotype. Overall, developing a better understanding of the interaction between ergot alkaloids and the slick hair genotype will help to improve cattle health management.
35 Differential haptoglobin responsiveness to a Mannheimia haemolytica challenge altered immunologic, physiologic, and behavioral responses in beef steers
Authors: Wottlin Lauren , Carstens Gordon E , Kayser William , Welsh Thomas H , Pinchak William 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A retrospective analysis of data from a previous study (Kayser et al., J. Anim. Sci. 97:596; 2019) revealed that steers challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica (MH) had divergent serum haptoglobin (HPT) despite having similar leukocyte and temperature responses. In that study, 36 steers (BW 352 ± 23 kg) were fitted with rumen boluses and were fed from electronic bunks to measure DMI and feeding behavior prior to inoculation with saline or MH. Whole blood was collected on days -4, 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 relative to MH inoculation. The MH steers were retrospectively classified as HPT responsive (RES; n = 9; mean AUC = 62.6 mg/dL/d) or HPT non-responsive (NON; n = 9; mean AUC = 4.5 mg/dL/d). The current objective was to determine if the HPT responsive phenotype altered other immunologic, physiologic, or behavioral responses, compared to saline controls (CON; n = 18). The magnitude of increase in neutrophils (P&lt; 0.01) and total leukocytes (P&lt; 0.05) was greater in RES than NON or CON on day 1. All MH-challenged steers experienced a transient febrile response, but temperature was greater (P&lt; 0.01) in RES on days 0 and 4 compared to NON and CON. Intake was depressed in all three groups d 0, but magnitude of depression in RES was greater (P&lt; 0.01) than NON or CON, and remained lower (P&lt; 0.01) d 1, 2, 3, 6, and 8. Bunk-visit duration was decreased (P&lt; 0.01) in all MH-challenged steers on day 0, but RES were greater (P&lt; 0.02) than NON and CON d 11 and 12. Correspondingly, bunk-visit eating rate of RES was decreased (P&lt; 0.01) from day 2 - 14. Had this not been a sub-clinical challenge model, the greater reduction in intake and increased leukocyte recruitment may have resulted in performance differences between RES and NON steers. These results suggest that differences in HPT responsiveness may be associated with differences in innate immunocompetence.
22 Comparison of vaginal microbiome and concentrations of estradiol at artificial insemination in Brangus heifers
Authors: Messman Riley D , Contreras-Correa Zully , Paz Henry A , Perry George , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The knowledge surrounding the bovine vaginal microbiome and its implications on fertility and reproductive traits remains incomplete. The objective of the current study was to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiome and estradiol concentrations at time of artificial insemination (AI). Brangus heifers (n = 78) underwent a 7-d Co-Synch + CIDR estrus synchronization protocol. At AI, a double guarded uterine culture swab was used to sample the anterior vaginal tract. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture to determine concentrations of estradiol. Heifers were retrospectively classified as pregnant (n = 29) versus nonpregnant (n = 49) on day 35. Lastly, heifers were classified into low (1.1 - 2.5 pg/ml; n = 21), medium (2.6 - 6.7 pg/ml; n = 30), and high (7.2 - 17.6 pg/ml; n = 27) concentrations of estradiol. The vaginal bacterial community composition was determined through sequencing of the V4-V5 region from the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform. ANOVA was used to compare the diversity metrics between treatment groups. PERMANOVA was utilized to determine variation in community structure. There were no statistical differences in the Shannon diversity index (alpha diversity; P = 0.336) or principal component analysis (beta diversity; P = 0.744) of pregnant versus nonpregnant animals. The vaginal microbiome of pregnant and nonpregnant animals was similar with the four most abundant phyla being Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes. Overall bacterial community composition in animals with high, medium, or low concentrations of estradiol did not differ (P = 0.512). These results indicate that concentration of estradiol does not impact vaginal microbiome composition. In conclusion, the composition of the bovine vaginal microbiome, although dynamic, may not be directly linked to an animal’s reproductive ability.
69 Effects of supplementing heifers with dietary quercetin during late-gestation
Authors: Hisaw Zachary A , Willis Caleta M , Kipp Kaylee R , Eborn Douglas , Owen Megan P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction of antioxidants, such as quercetin, into the diets of livestock species have become a new and revolutionary field of study. The objective was to examine effects of dietary supplementation of quercetin in beef heifers. Assessments were evaluated based on uterine artery hemodynamics and maternal hormone concentrations during late-gestation, as well as calf morphometric parameters. Eleven pregnant, Angus x Brahman heifers were randomly assigned to receive one of two dietary treatments: 1) quercetin (250 mg/day; Liftmode.com, Synaptent LLC, Chicago, IL, USA) supplemented group (QR; n = 6) or 2) no quercetin supplemented group (CON; n = 5). Dietary treatments were applied daily from d 190 of gestation until calving in a Calan System (American Calan, Inc., Northwood, NH) with 3.63 kg of a commodity grain and approximately 8.16 kg of hay per head per day. Both groups were subject to ultrasound scanning via rectal ultrasonography of the uterine artery using Color Doppler on d 190, 220, 250, and 270 of gestation. Blood samples were also collected via coccygeal venipuncture for hormone analysis. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA method within the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS 9.4. Total blood flow was greater (P &lt; 0.05) on d 248 and even greater (P &lt; 0.05) on d 270 of gestation as compared to d 190 and 220. Contralateral Pulsatility Index (PI) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in QR treated heifers as compared to CON. Additionally, QR heifers yielded a greater serum progesterone concentration (P &lt; 0.05) as compared to CON but no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments regarding serum estrogen concentrations. Calf birth weight was not different (P &gt; 0.05), but calves from quercetin supplemented dams resulted in greater wither and hip height (P &lt; 0.05). Future research with antioxidant supplementation could lead to further fetal programming implications.
106 In Utero Exposure of Ergot Alkaloids does not Impact Heifer Growth and Reproductive Performance
Authors: Haimon McKenzie L , Brown Alecia R , Poore Matt H , Poole Daniel H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In utero exposure to toxins can alter fetal development and postnatal performance. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of in utero exposure of ergot alkaloids via endophyte-infected (EI) fescue diets during gestation on heifer growth, onset of puberty, ovarian characteristics and AI pregnancy rates. Pregnant Angus and SimAngus cows grazed either endophyte-free (EF) or EI pastures on d90-180 of gestation. Assessment of puberty of heifer (n = 40) via measurement of BW, BCS, reproductive tract scores (RTS), pelvic area (PA) and weekly blood sample for progesterone (P4) analysis started at 10 mo of age. At 14 mos of age, all heifers were synchronized using the CoSynch+7d CIDR protocol and inseminated to examine reproductive measurements, follicle mapping and AI pregnancy rate. Data were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS and examined for effects of EI, sire, and age. Statistical significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.10. In utero exposure to EI did not affect ADG, BW, or BCS (P &gt; 0.05) however, there was a sire by treatment interaction for ADG during onset of puberty (P &lt; 0.05). While EI did not affect PA or RTS (P &gt; 0.05), sire significantly influenced RTS and PA (P &lt; 0.05) thus impacting of onset of puberty. Based on P4 concentrations, only 55% of all heifers were cyclic by 14 months of age and there was a sire by treatment interaction for onset of puberty (P &lt; 0.05). No differences were observes in AI pregnancy rate between heifer groups (EF 39.5±7; EI, 43.7±7; P &gt;0.05). While EI did not affect follicle counts or luteal area (P &gt; 0.05), sire significantly influenced the percentage of preselected (2-4mm) and selected (&gt;9mm), but not transitional (5-8mm), ovarian follicles at breeding age (P &lt; 0.05). While consumption of EI fescue during gestation impacts cow performance and onset of puberty in heifers, it has minimal effect on heifer growth and reproductive development and performance.
120 Performance Effects on Weaned Calves using 3 Weaning Strategies and Nutritional Supplementation
Authors: Hendricks Meagan , Eborn Douglas , Kipp Kaylee R , Willis Caleta M , Owen Megan P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare nutritional and management strategies on performance of beef calves at weaning. Forty crossbred beef calves were assigned to receive either nutritional supplementation (Drench) 3 wks prior to weaning and again at weaning or nothing (Cntrl). In addition, calves were assigned 1 of 3 weaning treatments: 1) abrupt weaning with complete separation (Abrupt); 2) 4d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 4 d before removal (4Fence); and 3) 7 d fence line weaning with cows allowed to interact with calves through a fence for 7 d before removal (7Fence). Calves were blocked by sex and BW. Nutritional supplementation consisted of an oral drench (5cc/100 lbs. BW; Cellarator Turbo Drench; ADM Animal Nutrition; Quincy, IL). Calves were weighed at weaning, 7 d after, and 85 d after weaning. At weaning, average age of calves was 213 ± 19 d and average weight 224 ± 30 kg. Average final weight of calves was 279 ± 33 kg. Weight differences between weaning and 7 d after weaning and weaning and 85 d after weaning were analyzed using Proc Mixed with nutritional supplementation, sex, and weaning duration as fixed variables. Calves receiving Drench gained more (P &lt; 0.05) 1 wk after weaning (7.9 vs. 3.7 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) 7 d after weaning. Weight gain in calves assigned to 4Fence and 7Fence treatments were not different (P &lt; 0.05) but gained more (P &lt; 0.05) than Abrupt calves (8.5 vs. 7.6 vs. 1.2 kg, respectively). Weight gains 85 d after weaning were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between weaning treatments. In conclusion, nutritional supplementation and fence-line weaning improved calf performance 1 wk after weaning but not after 3 mo.
112 Mineral supplement intake by weaned steers as affected by offering multiple salt sources
Authors: Parish Jane A , Yankey Kalisha C , Durst Libby S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pastured cattle are sometimes offered multiple separate salt (NaCl)-containing nutritional supplements. This study objective was to determine how range meal presence impacts mineral supplement intake when cattle choose between multiple salt source offerings. Weaned Bos taurus crossbred steers (n = 24) (initial BW = 263 ± 4.0 kg) were stratified by BW in a completely randomized design across 4 pens with 2 GrowSafe bunks per pen with ad libitum access to mixed-grass pasture and 1) one bunk supplied with a mineral supplement containing 15.0% salt (Grazer Hi/Se Hi/Cu CTC 2800; Multi-Kare, Inc., Tifton, GA) (MINERAL) or 2) one bunk containing a 2:1 range meal containing 30% salt and 13% CP (HI-GRAIN RANGE MEAL 1–2; Land O’Lakes Purina Feed LLC, Shoreview, MN) and the other bunk containing the mineral supplement (RM2) (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2 the 2:1 range meal was replaced with a 3:1 range meal containing 22.5% salt and 15% CP (HI-GRAIN RANGE MEAL 1–3; Land O’Lakes Purina Feed LLC, Shoreview, MN) (RM3). After a 14-d acclimation period intake was monitored for 42 days for Exp. 1 followed by a 7-d acclimation and Exp. 2 spanning 42 days. Mean daily DMI per steer were 104.6 ± 22.7 g and 525.8 ± 228.0 g of the 2:1 and 3:1 range meal, respectively. In Exp. 1 steer daily DMI was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for MINERAL (31.9 ± 2.2 g) than for the mineral portion (4.3 ± 2.2 g) of RM2. Mean steer daily DMI in Exp. 2 was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for MINERAL (57.2 ± 6.1 g) than the mineral portion (3.4 + 6.1 g) of RM3. Range meal offered separately and simultaneously with a salt-containing mineral supplement decreases mineral supplement consumption by severalfold with implications for potential inadequate daily intake of nutrients and medications mixed in these supplements.
101 Impact of weaning strategy on beef cow and calf weight and body condition
Authors: Moore Mikayla , Cox-O’Neill Jordan , Poore Matt H , Pickworth Carrie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaning is one of the largest stressors in an animal’s life and can have long term impacts on the animal. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of weaning strategy on the weight and body condition of beef cattle. A total of 249 Angus-based pairs at two locations were assigned to one of three treatments: abrupt removal of the calf on d0 (Abrupt, n = 84), fenceline contact for 7 days followed by complete separation on d7 (Fence, n = 85), or late weaning d84 (Late, n = 80). Weaned calves were supplemented 0.23 kg/hd/d of grain as fed while Late were not supplemented. Weights were obtained on d0, 7, 14, 28, 56, 84, 91, and 112. Body condition scores were recorded monthly. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS and weights were analyzed with repeated measures. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05. During the initial week post-abrupt weaning, Abrupt calves lost weight, Fence maintained weight, and Late calves gained weight (-0.4, 0, and 0.7 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Over the complete weaning period (d0 to 112), Abrupt and Late weaned differed (P &lt; 0.05) in their gains, while Fence was not different (P &gt;0.05) than either treatment (0.58, 0.64, and 0.62 kg/d, respectively). Cow overall ADG was not affected by weaning treatment (1.2, 0.8, and 0.5 kg/d, respectively; P &gt; 0.05). From d28 to 84, lactating Late cows gained less weight than Abrupt and Fence (0.3, 0.8, 0.8 kg/d, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). This contributed to a -0.1 BCS decrease at d112 for Late compared to a 0.3 and 0.2 BCS gain for Abrupt and Fence, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). Cows weaning calves after 10 mo of lactation were lighter than cows weaned after 7 mo; however calves remaining with their dam maintained growth rates similar to grain supplemented weaned calves on pasture. While treatments influenced cow measures, all remained within normal values, therefore late weaning may be an option for producers to sell heavier calves without grain supplementation if marketing older calves.