bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of cell cycling and polyploidy in placental trophoblast of different mammalian species
Authors: Zybina Tatiana G. , Zybina Eugenia V. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe trophoblast cells that take part in placenta formation are characterized by different modes of multiplication of their genome that largely designates their eu‐ or aneuploidy level. The two main ways of genome multiplication are described in different degree: (a) endoreduplication that involves almost complete shutdown of mitosis and (b) reduced mitosis (‘endomitosis’) in which, by contrast, entry into mitosis and the passage of its initial stages is a prerequisite of genome multiplication. Endoreduplication observed in the trophoblast giant cells (TGC) in a range of mammalian species implies uncoupling of DNA replication from mitosis achieved by reduction of mitotic Cdk activity. The key role in the regulation of endoreduplication and endomitosis play activity of APC/C complex, geminin and E2F family. A programme of genome multiplication and cell cycle progression may include depolyploidization achieved by specific mitotic or non‐mitotic (amitotic) division of the giant nucleus. In some mammalian species (Rodents), this process represents the final step of the giant cell lifespan that coincides with complete cessation of cell or genome reproduction. Meantime, in other species the process may take part in cell reproduction during lengthy pregnancy. The dynamics of fox and human polyploidization is similar by the possibility of a simultaneous increase in the proportion of endopolyploid and low‐polyploid cells. Reduced mitoses, endoreduplication and depolyploidization appear to be an evolution strategy allowing to generate the functionally different trophoblast cell populations depending of the lifestyle of life of the animal species. Some placental pathologies may be accounted for disturbance of the programme of the cell/genome reproduction of the giant and low‐ploid cell populations.
Why Black‐Majority Neighbourhoods Are The Epicentre Of Population Shrinkage In The American Rust Belt
Authors: Hackworth Jason 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDespite a clear association between the most African‐American neighbourhoods and overall population shrinkage in Rust Belt cities, few have explored the theoretical challenges that this poses. First, if racial prejudice is the key ingredient for this relationship, why would this result in overall population loss and not simply a reduction of White residents? Second, why if stigmatisation generates the pre‐conditions for in‐migration and investment – as the gentrification and urban ecologies literatures suggest – why would Black neighbourhoods not be the epicentre of population growth? This paper explores these questions through a theoretical synthesis of the residential choice, shrinking cities, and racial prejudice literatures. I rely on an intra‐city examination of neighbourhood change in Cleveland, Detroit and Pittsburgh. I argue that three factors in shrinking Rust Belt cities limit the application of more general neighbourhood change paradigms: (i) the persistence of racial prejudice; (ii) abundant housing supply; and (iii) housing stock characteristics.
Small‐area patch‐merging method accounting for both local constraints and the overall area balance
Authors: Li Chengming , Yin Yong , Dai Zhaoxin , Wu Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSmall‐area patch merging is a common operation in land use data generalization. However, existing research on small‐area patch merging has mainly focused on local compatibility measures, which often lead to area imbalances among land use types from a global perspective. To address the shortcomings of previous studies by resolving local and global concerns simultaneously, this article proposes a merging method that considers both local constraints and the overall area balance. First, a local optimization model that considers three constraints—namely, the areas of neighboring patches, the lengths of shared arcs, and semantic similarity—is established. The areas of small patches are first pre‐allocated. Subsequently, in accordance with an area change threshold for individual land use types, land use types with area changes that exceed this threshold are identified. The patches corresponding to these land use types are subjected to iterative adjustments while considering the overall area balance. Based on their area splitting abilities, the split lines for small‐area patches are determined, and small‐area patches are merged. Finally, actual data from Guangdong Province are used for validation. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of preserving the local compatibility of patches while balancing the overall area associated with each land use type.
An Investigation Into the Optothermal Behavior of a High Power Red Light Emitting Diode: Impact of an Optical Path
Authors: Muslu Ahmet Mete , Ozluk Burak , Arik Mehmet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Monochromatic light emitting diodes (LEDs) are getting more attention day by day for a very wide range of applications such as general lighting, signage, automotive lighting, display, water purification, and skin imaging. While they are taking place in a large number of applications, thermal challenges associated with the operation of LEDs have become a significant issue to address since their performance is greatly affected by thermal conditions. Thus, this study focuses on identifying thermal, optical, and electrical characteristics of an AlGaInP-based red LED considering the impact of the LED dome on the chip performance. The junction temperature measurement results obtained with forward voltage change method were validated with thermal imaging method (TIM) and computational models. It was observed that the LED dome may critically affect the thermal, optical, and electrical behaviors of the LED chip. In fact, a 3.7% increase in junction temperature and a 6.1% drop in optical conversion efficiency were found at the normal operation of the red LED after the LED dome was removed. The results were also compared with a blue LED, and lower junction temperatures were measured for the red LED at each driving current. The difference in junction temperature became even more noticeable at higher driving currents. Results have shown a good agreement between three different methods with a maximum variation of 6.9%.
Repeated Electrical Point Stimulation (EPS) Treatments for Myofascial Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle
Authors: Long Blaine C. 
Published: May 2020

Electrical point stimulation (EPS) is suggested to decrease myofascial trigger point (MTrP) pain without influencing pressure pain threshold (PPT) following one treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine if repeated EPS treatments decrease pain perception or PPT. EPS decreased pain immediately following and 10 min following (p < .05) application. For those receiving EPS, pretreatment pain on day 1 was greater than pre- and posttreatments on days 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (p < .05). Patients receiving EPS experienced less pain than placebo and control. Pain did not change for placebo or control (p > .05). PPT did not change for treatment, time, or day (p > .07).
No Effect of New Zealand Blackcurrant Extract on Recovery of Muscle Damage Following Running a Half-Marathon
Authors: Costello Rianne , Willems Mark E.T. , Myers Stephen D. , Myers Fiona , Lewis Nathan A. , Lee Ben J. , Blacker Sam D. 
Published: May 2020

New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) contains anthocyanins, known to moderate blood flow and display anti-inflammatory properties that may improve recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. The authors examined whether NZBC extract supplementation enhances recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage after a half-marathon race. Following a randomized, double-blind, independent groups design, 20 (eight women) recreational runners (age 30 ± 6 years, height 1.73 ± 0.74 m, body mass 68.5 ± 7.8 kg, half-marathon finishing time 1:56:33 ± 0:18:08 hr:min:s) ingested either two 300-mg/day capsules of NZBC extract (CurraNZ™) or a visually matched placebo, for 7 days prior to and 2 days following a half-marathon. Countermovement jump performance variables, urine interleukin-6, and perceived muscle soreness and fatigue were measured pre, post, and at 24 and 48 hr after the half-marathon and analyzed using a mixed linear model with statistical significance set a priori at p < .05. The countermovement jump performance variables were reduced immediately post-half-marathon (p < .05), with all returning to pre-half-marathon levels by 48 hr, except the concentric and eccentric peak force and eccentric duration, with no difference in response between groups (p > .05). Urine interleukin-6 increased 48-hr post-half-marathon in the NZBC group only (p < .01) and remained unchanged compared with pre-half-marathon levels in the placebo group (p > .05). Perceived muscle soreness and fatigue increased immediately post-half-marathon (p < .01) and returned to pre-half-marathon levels by 48 hr, with no difference between groups (p > .05). Supplementation with NZBC extract had no effect on the recovery of countermovement jump variables and perceptions of muscle soreness or fatigue following a half-marathon in recreational runners.
No Differences Between Beetroot Juice and Placebo on Competitive 5-km Running Performance: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Hurst Philip , Saunders Samantha , Coleman Damian 
Published: May 2020

The authors examine the effect of an acute dose of beetroot juice on endurance running performance in “real-world” competitive settings. In total, 70 recreational runners (mean ± SD: age = 33.3 ± 12.3 years, training history = 11.9 ± 8.1 years, and hours per week training = 5.9 ± 3.5) completed a quasi-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 5-km competitive time trials. Participants performed four trials separated by 1 week in the order of prebaseline, two experimental, and one postbaseline. Experimental trials consisted of the administration of 70-ml nitrate-rich beetroot juice (containing ∼4.1 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) or nitrate-depleted placebo (containing ∼0.04 mmol of nitrate, Beet It Sport®) 2.5 hr prior to time trials. Time to complete 5 km was recorded for each trial. No differences were shown between pre- and postbaseline (p = .128, coefficient variation = 2.66%). The average of these two trials is therefore used as baseline. Compared with baseline, participants ran faster with beetroot juice (mean differences = 22.2 ± 5.0 s, p < .001, d = 0.08) and placebo (22.9 ± 4.5 s, p < .001, d = 0.09). No differences in times were shown between beetroot juice and placebo (0.8 ± 5.7 s, p < .875, d = 0.00). These results indicate that an acute dose of beetroot juice does not improve competitive 5-km time-trial performance in recreational runners compared with placebo.
Accuracy of Thresholds Based on Cadence and Lifestyle Counts per Minute to Detect Outdoor Walking in Older Adults With Mobility Limitations
Authors: Webber Sandra C. , Hahn Francine , Lix Lisa M. , Tittlemier Brenda J. , Salbach Nancy M. , Barclay Ruth 
Published: May 2020

Objective: To determine the optimal threshold, based on cadence and lifestyle counts per minute, to detect outdoor walking in mobility-limited older adults. Methods: Older adults (N = 25, median age: 77.0 years, interquartile range: 10.5) wore activity monitors during 80 outdoor walks. Walking bouts were identified manually (reference standard) and compared with identification using cadence thresholds (≥30, ≥35, ≥40, ≥45, and ≥50 steps/min) and >760 counts per minute using low frequency extension analysis. Results: Median walking bout duration was 10.5 min (interquartile range 4.8) and median outdoor walking speed was 0.70 m/s (interquartile range 0.20). Cadence thresholds of ≥30, ≥35, and ≥40 steps/min demonstrated high sensitivity (1.0, 95% confidence intervals [0.95, 1.0]) to detect walking bouts; estimates for specificity and positive predictive value were highest for ≥40 steps/min. Conclusion: A cadence threshold of ≥40 steps/min is recommended for detecting sustained outdoor walking in this population.
Incorporating Behavior Change Strategies Into an Exercise Trial to Improve Physical Activity Maintenance Among Adults at High Risk for Type II Diabetes
Authors: West Ashley B. , Konopka Adam R. , LeBreton Kelli A. , Miller Benjamin F. , Hamilton Karyn L. , Leach Heather J. 
Published: May 2020

This study examined the feasibility and effects of a 1-hr physical activity (PA) behavior change (PABC) discussion session on PA, 12 weeks after completing an exercise trial. Adults at high risk of Type II diabetes were randomized to the PABC or a control group. PA was self-reported using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Chi-square tests compared the proportion of participants classified as moderately active or greater at the 12-week follow-up. Participants (N = 50) were M = 61.8 ± 5.5 years old and mostly female (80%). All participants completed the PABC discussion session, and compliance with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire at 12-week follow-up was 78%. Barrier self-efficacy increased immediately following the PABC (MΔ0.5 ± 0.9; t(22) = −2.45, p = .023). At 12-week follow-up, 88% in the PABC were moderately active or greater, compared with 50% in the control (p = .015). Incorporating a PABC discussion session as part of an exercise efficacy trial was feasible and may help improve PA maintenance.
Motor Skill Development and Youth Physical Activity: A Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. 
Published: May 2020

Children and youth participate in physical activities to develop and demonstrate physical competence, attain social acceptance and approval, and experience enjoyment. Satisfying these motives enhances interest in sustaining physical activity, which contributes to improved motor skills, self-confidence, social relationships, and other positive outcomes. My essay explores motor skill development and youth physical activity through a social psychological lens and the benefits of integrating scientific knowledge from our respective fields to inform research and professional practice. Motor development and sport psychology researchers can collaborate to address critical issues related to motor and perceived competence and physical activity. I recommend five ways for integrating knowledge: (1) applying social psychological theory to guide research questions, (2) using more longitudinal designs, (3) using a variety of quantitative and qualitative methods, (4) designing studies on physical literacy, and (5) employing a positive youth development (PYD) approach for improving motor and social-emotional skills. These efforts can assist teachers, coaches, and parents in creating opportunities for youth to learn and improve fundamental motor and sport skills and to achieve feelings of competence, autonomy, relatedness, and joy for motivating a lifetime of physical activity.
Reconciling seismic structures and Late Cretaceous kimberlite magmatism in northern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Chen Yunfeng , Gu Yu Jeffrey , Heaman Larry M. , Wu Lei , Saygin Erdinc , Hung Shu-Huei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Late Cretaceous kimberlites in northern Alberta, Canada, intruded into the Paleoproterozoic crust and represent a nonconventional setting for the discovery of diamonds. Here, we examined the origin of kimberlite magmatism using a multidisciplinary approach. A new teleseismic survey reveals a low-velocity (−1%) corridor that connects two deep-rooted (&gt;200 km) quasi-cylindrical anomalies underneath the Birch Mountains and Mountain Lake kimberlite fields. The radiometric data, including a new U-Pb perovskite age of 90.3 ± 2.6 Ma for the Mountain Lake intrusion, indicate a northeast-trending age progression in kimberlite magmatism, consistent with the (local) plate motion rate of North America constrained by global plate reconstructions. Taken together, these observations favor a deep stationary (relative to the lower mantle) source region for kimberlitic melt generation. Two competing models, mantle plume and slab subduction, can satisfy kinematic constraints and explain the exhumation of ultradeep diamonds. The plume hypothesis is less favorable due to the apparent age discrepancy between the oldest kimberlites (ca. 90 Ma) and the plume event (ca. 110 Ma). Alternatively, magma generation may have been facilitated by decompression of hydrous phases (e.g., wadsleyite and ringwoodite) within the mantle transition zone in response to thermal perturbations by a cold slab. The three-dimensional lithospheric structures largely controlled melt migration and intrusion processes during the Late Cretaceous kimberlite magmatism in northern Alberta.
How do basin margins record long-term tectonic and climatic changes?
Authors: Zhang Jinyu , Sylvester Zoltán , Covault Jacob 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A long-standing goal of sedimentary geoscience is to understand how tectonic and climatic changes are reflected in basin fill. Here, we use 14 numerical models of continental-scale sediment-routing systems spanning millions of years to investigate the responses of sediment supply and basin sedimentation to changes in uplift and precipitation in the source area. We also investigate the extent to which these signals can be altered by relative sea level (the sum of subsidence and eustasy). In cases of constant relative sea level, sediment supply and margin progradation have similar responses because nearly all of the sediment is transported beyond the coastal plain and continental shelf to the basin margin. Thus, margin progradation can be used as a proxy for sediment supply. However, changes in uplift and precipitation result in different erosional patterns in the source area and different basin-margin depositional patterns. Changes in uplift result in gradual (over several million years) adjustment to new steady states of source-area erosion and margin progradation, whereas changes in precipitation result in abrupt changes in erosion and progradation followed by a return to the initial steady states. In cases of changing relative sea level, sediment storage on the shelf attenuates signals of uplift, but signals of precipitation change can be interpreted in the basin-margin record because climate-induced sediment supply changes are large enough to influence margin progradation. Understanding the relationship between sediment supply and basin-margin progradation, and their linked responses to forcings, improves our ability to interpret signals of environmental change in the stratigraphic record.
Transforaminal intrathecal delivery of nusinersen for older children and adults with spinal muscular atrophy and complex spinal anatomy: an analysis of 200 consecutive injections
Authors: Weaver John J , Hallam Danial K , Chick Jeffrey Forris Beecham , Vaidya Sandeep , Shin David S , Natarajan Niranjana , Rad Nassim , Reis Joseph , Koo Kevin S H , Shivaram Giridhar M , Thibodeau Ashley , Apkon Susan , Monroe Eric James 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundNusinersen is the only approved treatment for all spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) subtypes and is delivered intrathecally. Distorted spinal anatomy and instrumentation preclude standard approaches for intrathecal access, necessitating alternative techniques for delivery. The purpose of this study is to report technical success and adverse events of transforaminal intrathecal delivery of nusinersen.Methods28 patients, mean age 24.1±9.8 years (range 10.0–51.0 years), with intermediate or late onset SMA, underwent a combined 200 transforaminal nusinersen injections. All patients had osseous fusion or spinal instrumentation precluding standard posterior access routes. Patients who underwent nusinersen injections using a technique other than transforaminal lumbar puncture (n=113) were excluded. Technical success, adverse events (AEs) and radiation exposure were recorded.Results200 (100%) procedures were technically successful; 6 (3%) required a second level of attempt for access. 187 (93.5%) interventions were completed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) with two-axis fluoroscopic navigational overlay. 13 (6.5%) procedures were performed with fluoroscopic-guidance only at subsequent sessions. There were 8 (4.0%) mild AEs and 2 (0.5%) severe AEs; one patient received antibiotics for possible traversal of the large bowel but did not develop meningitis, and one patient developed aseptic meningitis. Mean air kerma was 74.5±161.3 mGy (range 5.2–1693.0 mGy).ConclusionTransforaminal intrathecal delivery of nusinersen is feasible and safe for gaining access in patients with distorted spinal anatomy. The use of CBCT delineates anatomy and optimizes needle trajectory during the initial encounter, and may be used selectively for subsequent procedures.
Developing a 3D animation tool to improve veterinary undergraduate understanding of obstetrical problems in horses
Authors: Gao Ruifeng , Liu Jing , Jing Shangfei , Mao Wei , He Pengfei , Liu Bo , Yang Hui‐Di , Cao Jinshan 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundMany challenges are encountered in both teaching and learning veterinary obstetrics. This may be due to outdated teaching materials, as the main model of content transmission remains centred around text and images.MethodsVisualisation methods such as three‐dimensional (3D) and Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) tools were applied in an attempt to improve obstetrics education outcomes in the third‐year class. Traditional teaching methods were utilised in the fourth‐year and fifth‐year students.ResultsThese supplementary tools significantly increased the third‐year students’ final examination results compared with the results of fourth‐year and fifth‐year students (P<0.05). These examinations were designed to evaluate comprehension of the subject matter. Self‐assessment questionnaire results further indicated that 3D animation and GIF promoted learning efficiency.ConclusionIncorporation of 3D animation learning tools into the veterinary curriculum is predicted to better prepare students for the management of obstetrical cases after graduation.
Bacterial translocation in horses with colic and the potential association with surgical site infection: a pilot study
Authors: Hann Michelle , Timofte Dorina , Isgren Cajsa M , Archer Debra C 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundSurgical site infection (SSI) is a leading cause of morbidity in horses undergoing emergency exploratory laparotomy for the treatment of acute colic. The exact mechanism by which SSI develops in these cases is unclear. This prospective observational study investigated whether bacterial translocation occurs in horses with acute colic and if there is an association between bacterial translocation and development of SSI.MethodsPeripheral venous blood (PVB) and peritoneal fluid (PF) samples were collected on admission and PF samples were collected at the end of surgery from horses presenting for investigation of acute colic. Any discharge from the laparotomy incision in horses that developed SSI was also collected. All samples were submitted for bacterial culture.ResultsIn total, 7.7 per cent of PVB samples (3/39), 11.8 per cent (4/34) of admission PF samples and 8.7 per cent (2/23) of the PF samples at surgery were culture positive. The prevalence of SSI was 10.2 per cent. No association was identified between a positive PVB or PF culture and development of a SSI or survival to hospital discharge.ConclusionBacterial translocation can occur in some horses with acute colic. However, we were unable to identify any association between bacterial translocation and the development of SSIs following emergency exploratory laparotomy.