bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on dynamic consent in biomedical research: the story so far
Authors: Teare Harriet J. A. , Prictor Megan , Kaye Jane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDynamic consent (DC) was originally developed in response to challenges to the informed consent process presented by participants agreeing to ‘future research’ in biobanking. In the past 12 years, it has been trialled in a number of different projects, and examined as a new approach for consent and to support patient engagement over time. There have been significant societal shifts during this time, namely in our reliance on digital tools and the use of social media, as well as a greater appreciation of the integral role of patients in biomedical research. This paper reflects on the development of DC to understand its importance in an age where digital health is becoming the norm and patients require greater oversight and control of how their data may be used in a range of settings. As well as looking back, it looks forwards to consider how DC could be further utilised to enhance the patient experience and address some of the inequalities caused by the digital divide in society.
A review of system integration and current integrity monitoring methods for positioning in intelligent transport systems
Authors: Hassan Tarek , El‐Mowafy Ahmed , Wang Kan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractApplications of intelligent transportation systems are continuously increasing. Since positioning is a key component in these systems, it is essential to ensure its reliability and robustness, and monitor its integrity so that the required levels of positioning accuracy, integrity, continuity and availability can be maintained. In challenging environments, such as urban areas, a single navigation system is often difficult to fulfil the positioning requirements. Therefore, integrating different navigation sensors becomes intrinsic, which may include the global navigation satellite systems, the inertial navigation systems, the odometers and the light detection and ranging sensors. To bind the positioning errors within a pre‐defined integrity risk, the integrity monitoring is an essential step in the positioning service, which needs to be fulfilled for integrated vehicular navigation systems used in intelligent transportation systems. Developing such innovative integrity monitoring techniques requires knowledge of many relevant aspects including the structure, positioning methodology and different errors affecting the positioning solution of the individual and integrated systems. Moreover, knowledge is needed for the current mitigation techniques of these errors, for possible fault detection and exclusion algorithms and for computation of protection levels. This paper provides an overview and discussion of these aspects with a focus on intelligent transportation systems.
Effects of observer peculiar motion on the isotropic background frequency spectrum: From the monopole to higher multipoles
Authors: Trombetti T. , Burigana C. , Chierici F. 
Published: November 2020

Context.The observer peculiar motion produces boosting effects in the anisotropy pattern of the considered background with frequency spectral behaviours related to its frequency spectrum.Aims.We study how the frequency spectrum of the background isotropic monopole emission is modified and transferred to the frequency spectra at higher multipoles,ℓ. We performed the analysis in terms of spherical harmonic expansion up to a certain value ofℓmax, for various models of background radiation, spanning the range between the radio and the far-infrared.Methods.We derived a system of linear equations to obtain the spherical harmonic coefficients and provide the explicit solutions up toℓmax = 6. These are written as linear combinations of the signals atN = ℓmax + 1 colatitudes. We take advantage of the symmetry property of the associated Legendre polynomials with respect toπ/2, which allows for the separation of the system into two subsystems: (1) forℓ = 0 and even multipoles and (2) for odd multipoles. This improves the accuracy of the solutions with respect to an arbitrary choice of the adopted colatitudes.Results.We applied the method to different types of monopole spectra represented in terms of analytical or semi-analytical functions, that is, four types of distortions of the photon distribution function of the cosmic microwave background and four types of extragalactic background signals superimposed onto the cosmic microwave background’s Planckian spectrum, along with several different combinations of these types. We present our results in terms of the spherical harmonic coefficients and of the relationships between the observed and the intrinsic monopole spectra, as well as in terms of the corresponding all-sky maps and angular power spectra. For certain representative cases, we compare the results of the proposed method with those obtained using more computationally demanding numerical integrations or map generation and inversion. The method is generalized to the case of an average map composed by accumulating data taken with sets of different observer velocities, as is necessary when including the effect of the observer motion relative to the Solar System barycentre.Conclusions.The simplicity and efficiency of the proposed method can significantly alleviate the computational effort required for accurate theoretical predictions and for the analysis of data derived by future projects across a variety of cases of interest. Finally, we discuss the superposition of the cosmic microwave background intrinsic anisotropies and of the effects induced by the observer peculiar motion, exploring the possibility of constraining the intrinsic dipole embedded in the kinematic dipole in the presence of background spectral distortions.
ALMA observations of the early stages of substellar formation in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds
Authors: Santamaría-Miranda A. , de Gregorio-Monsalvo I. , Plunkett A. L. , Huélamo N. , López C. , Ribas Á. , Schreiber M. R. , Mužić K. , Palau A. , Knee L. B. G. , Bayo A. , Comerón F. , Hales A. 
Published: November 2020

Context. The dominant mechanism leading to the formation of brown dwarfs (BDs) remains uncertain. While the census of Class II analogs in the substellar domain continues to grow, the most direct keys to formation, which are obtained from younger objects (pre-BD cores and proto-BDs), are limited by the very low number statistics available.
Aims. We aim to identify and characterize a set of pre- and proto-BDs as well as Class II BDs in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds to test their formation mechanism.
Methods. We performed ALMA band 6 (1.3 mm) continuum observations of a selection of 64 cores previously identified from AzTEC/ASTE data (1.1 mm), along with previously known Class II BDs in the Lupus 1 and 3 molecular clouds. Surveyed archival data in the optical and infrared were used to complement these observations. We expect these ALMA observations prove efficient in detecting the youngest sources in these regions, since they probe the frequency domain at which these sources emit most of their radiation.
Results. We detected 19 sources from 15 ALMA fields. Considering all the pointings in our observing setup, the ALMA detection rate was ∼23% and the derived masses of the detected sources were between ∼0.18 and 124 MJup. We classified these sources according to their spectral energy distribution as 5 Class II sources, 2 new Class I/0 candidates, and 12 new possible pre-BD or deeply embedded protostellar candidates. We detected a promising candidate for a Class 0/I proto-BD source (ALMA J154229.778−334241.86) and inferred the disk dust mass of a bona fide Class II BD. The pre-BD cores might be the byproduct of an ongoing process of large-scale collapse. The Class II BD disks follow the correlation between disk mass and the mass of the central object that is observed at the low-mass stellar regime.
Conclusions. We conclude that it is highly probable that the sources in the sample are formed as a scaled-down version of low-mass star formation, although disk fragmentation may be responsible for a considerable fraction of BDs.
Inferring depth-dependent plasma motions from surface observations using the DeepVel neural network
Authors: Tremblay Benoit , Cossette Jean-François , Kazachenko Maria D. , Charbonneau Paul , Vincent Alain 
Published: November 2020

Coverage of plasma motions is limited to the line-of-sight component at the Sun’s surface. Multiple tracking and inversion methods were developed to infer the transverse motions from observational data. Recently, the DeepVel neural network was trained with computations performed by numerical simulations of the solar photosphere to recover the missing transverse component at the surface and at two additional optical depths simultaneously from the surface white light intensity in the Quiet Sun. We argue that deep learning could provide additional spatial coverage to existing observations in the form of depth-dependent synthetic observations, i.e. estimates generated through the emulation of numerical simulations. We trained different versions of DeepVel using slices from numerical simulations of both the Quiet Sun and Active Region at various optical and geometrical depths in the solar atmosphere, photosphere and upper convection zone to establish the upper and lower limits at which the neural network can generate reliable synthetic observations of plasma motions from surface intensitygrams. Flow fields inferred in the photosphere and low chromosphere τ ∈ [0.1, 1) are comparable to inversions performed at the surface (τ ≈ 1) and are deemed to be suitable for use as synthetic estimates in data assimilation processes and data-driven simulations. This upper limit extends closer to the transition region (τ ≈ 0.01) in the Quiet Sun, but not for Active Regions. Subsurface flows inferred from surface intensitygrams fail to capture the small-scale features of turbulent convective motions as depth crosses a few hundred kilometers. We suggest that these reconstructions could be used as first estimates of a model’s velocity vector in data assimilation processes to nowcast and forecast short term solar activity and space weather.
Der Funktionsregler nach Fränkel
Authors: Köbel Chris 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel gibt einen kleinen Überblick über den von Rolf
Fränkel entwickelten Funktionsregler. Das von ihm beschriebene
Behandlungskonzept der orofazialen Orthopädie ist auch heute noch
fester Bestandteil im Repertoire vieler Kieferorthopäden
weltweit.Von den ursprünglichen 4 Grundtypen finden noch die Typen FR-1 und
FR-2 Anwendung bei der Therapie einer Unterkieferrücklage. Der Typ
FR-3 kommt als Frühbehandlungsgerät bei einem
Missverhältnis im Wachstum beider Kiefer, d. h. bei einer
Unterentwicklung des Oberkiefers und/oder Überentwicklung
des Unterkiefers zum Einsatz.In diesem Artikel wird der aktuelle Stand der Weiterentwicklungen der
verschiedenen Typen des Funktionsreglers erläutert und die
zwischenzeitlich stattgefundenen Modifikationen dargestellt. Es wird das
klinische Management aufgezeigt. Vorbereitende Maßnahmen, wie
z. B. die Abformung der Kiefer und des Vestibulums oder die
Anfertigung des Konstruktionsbiss werden erläutert und es wird
hierbei auf mögliche Fehlerquellen hingewiesen.Da insbesondere der Erfolg der Therapie auch von der labortechnischen
Herstellung abhängt, widmet sich dieser Artikel ebenfalls der
Umsetzung der Vorgaben von Rolf Fränkel bei der Fabrikation der
Funktionsregler Typen FR-2 und FR-3.
„Wir sind jetzt auch auf dem Weg dahin“ – Qualitative Untersuchung zu den Perspektiven älterer gesunder Erwachsener über Voraussetzungen, Schwierigkeiten und Nutzen von Gesprächen über das Lebensende
Authors: Nagelschmidt Katharina , Leppin Nico , Seifart Carola , Rief Winfried , von Blanckenburg Pia 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel Frühzeitige Gespräche über das Lebensende können zu einer personenzentrierten Versorgung am Lebensende beitragen. Allerdings finden derartige Gespräche oft nicht oder zu spät statt. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Pilotforschung soll ein Einblick in die Voraussetzungen für eine Gesprächsinitiierung, Schwierigkeiten und Nutzen aus Sicht gesunder Erwachsener ermöglicht werden. Die Ergebnisse können in der psychosomatischen Grundversorgung Berücksichtigung finden, sodass die Kommunikation über das Lebensende bei erkrankten, sowie gesunden älteren Personen frühzeitig initiiert und gefördert werden kann.
Methoden Die Interviews entstammen einer experimentellen Untersuchung zum Umgang mit Gesprächen über das Lebensende bei gesunden Probanden des höheren Erwachsenenalters, die über Aushänge rekrutiert wurden. Sechs Transkripte von 2 männlichen und 4 weiblichen Teilnehmerinnen (65–78 Jahre) wurden mithilfe der Thematischen Analyse nach Braun & Clarke ausgewertet.
Ergebnisse Voraussetzungen für eine Gesprächsinitiierung ließen sich in Überzeugungen und Einstellungen, intrinsische Motivation, Erfahrung, familiäre Kommunikation und praktische Umsetzung einteilen. Schwierigkeiten zeigten sich in den Bereichen kognitive Barrieren, praktische Umsetzung, emotionale Barrieren, Beziehungsebene, und Umgebungsbedingungen. Die Befragten sahen den Nutzen auf der Beziehungsebene, in den Bereichen Organisatorisches und Wertvorstellungen, sowie den kognitiven und emotionalen Nutzen.
Diskussion Die Ergebnisse knüpfen an die bisherige Forschung insofern an, dass es aus Sicht älterer Gesunder einen zu späten Zeitpunkt für familiäre Gespräche über das Lebensende gibt. Es wird deutlich, dass bestimmte Barrieren frühzeitige Kommunikation verhindern können. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse liefern Anstöße für weitere Forschung und können zur Entwicklung von Interventionen zur Erhöhung der Bereitschaft, rechtzeitig das Thema Lebensendeplanung anzusprechen, verwendet werden.
Schlussfolgerung Frühzeitige Gespräche über das Lebensende sollten im Sinne der präventiven Gesundheitsvorsorge niedrigschwellig angeboten werden. Behandelnde in der psychosomatischen Grundversorgung können Gesprächsbedarf erkennen, Informationen vermitteln, Barrieren abbauen und strukturierte Gesprächsbegleitung anbieten.
Photochemical internalization and gemcitabine combined with first-line chemotherapy in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma: observations in three patients
Authors: Dechêne Alexander , Kasper Stefan , Olivecrona Hans , Schirra Joerg , Trojan Joerg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhotochemical internalization (PCI) is a technology to induce a localized, intracellular enhancement of therapeutics that are processed through endosomal pathways, including gemcitabine in malignant cells. In addition to a direct phototoxic and tumoricidal effect, PCI specifically disrupts endosomal membranes and, thereby, the compartmentalization of certain cytotoxic compounds to enhance a drug’s intended intracellular target reach within the tissue treated.Non-resectable extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (eCCA) is a common primary tumor and gemcitabine/cisplatin chemotherapy is widely considered standard of care for it. PCI is well suited as an endoscopic intervention, and clinical observations in three subjects participating in a phase I/IIa dose escalation safety trial are described. The trial included patients with perihilar, non-resectable CCA suitable for standard-of-care chemotherapy. Per protocol, a single endoscopic PCI procedure with gemcitabine was conducted at the initiation of standard gemcitabine/cisplatin therapy. Sixteen patients enrolled in the initial dose escalation phase of the trial, which later was extended to explore the safety of a second PCI procedure during chemotherapy.While limited to a case series, the various clinical observations described here serve to illustrate the effects of localized, perihilar tumor targeting in appropriate patients by any safe methodology, including PCI. As previously indicated by clinical data using other localized treatment modalities, adding a directed, tumor-targeting treatment to systemic therapy to ameliorate the progressively expanding extrahepatic tumor burden can have important effects on the overall outcome of systemic treatment in many patients who have incurable eCCA.
Long-term follow-up after fetal radiation exposure during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Laudanno Oscar , Garrido Jose , Ahumarán Gabrial , Gollo Pablo , Khoury Marina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and study aims The main concern about endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during pregnancy is the risk of radiation exposure to the fetus. The potential exists not only in the short-term, but also in the long-term and includes growth and development problems and the possibility of childhood cancer. Little is known about the long-term effects of fetal radiation exposure at the time of ERCP. The aim of the study was to report the long-term outcome of babies born after radiation exposure to mothers who underwent ERCP during pregnancy.Patients and methods This was a single-center retrospective cohort study. We included 24 consecutive pregnant patients who underwent ERCP due to choledocholithiasis and their children, between June 1997 and June 2015. All patients and their babies were followed up until birth to assess their short-term outcome. To assess long-term outcomes, from September 2014 to September 2015, a comprehensive medical interview was conducted with the mothers and their children. We also evaluated medical records, lab tests, school report cards, and the families completed a questionnaire inquiring about perceived health status of the children.Results Fifteen patients had full-term pregnancies. One patient had a preterm delivery (32 weeks) due to preeclampsia. There were no cases of miscarriage, stillbirth or fetal malformations. Long-term follow-up was performed at a mean age of 11.08 years (range 1–18) for the children, with no developmental delays, poor school performance, or malignancies found.Conclusions Long-term outcome in children born after radiation exposure during ERCP was unremarkable.
Operabilität und pathologisches Ansprechen des Lungenkarzinoms nach neoadjuvanter Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren
Authors: Lücke E. , Ganzert C. , Föllner S. , Wäsche A. , Jechorek D. , Schoeder V. , Walles T. , Genseke P. , Schreiber J. 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Eine Blockade von Immun-Escape-Mechanismen (z. B. PD1 /PD-L1) mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibition (ICI) kann das Überleben von Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem NSCLC wesentlich verlängern und ausgeprägte Remissionen induzieren. Eine neoadjuvante ICI bei Patienten mit resektablem (UICC-Stadium III) oder oligometastasiertem (UICC-Stadium IVA) NSCLC wurde bisher kaum untersucht.
Patienten/Methoden Es wurden Biopsien von Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem oder oligometastasiertem NSCLC untersucht. Es erfolgte bei einer PD-L1-Expression > 50 %, gutem ECOG-Status und zu erwartender Operabilität die ICI-Applikation und nach ca. 4 Wochen die thoraxchirurgische OP. Alle Patienten erhielten ein komplettes Staging einschließlich PET-CT, cMRT und endobronchialem Ultraschall. Es wurden die Verträglichkeit, das radiologische und histologische Tumoransprechen und das chirurgische Outcome analysiert.
Ergebnisse 4 Patienten (2 männlich, 2 weiblich, Alter 56–78 Jahre, n  =  3 Adenokarzinom, n  =  1 Plattenepithelkarzinom) erhielten präoperativ einen ICI. Alle Patienten hatten lokal fortgeschrittene Tumore, und die mediastinalen Lymphknoten waren in 3 Fällen positiv. Bei einem Patienten lag eine isolierte Hirnmetastase vor, welche stereotaktisch radiotherapiert wurde. Alle Patienten erhielten präoperativ komplikationslos 2–6 Zyklen eines ICI (3 × Pembrolizumab; 1 × Atezolizumab). Dies führte nicht zu einer Verzögerung der OP. Nach iRECIST zeigten 3 Tumore eine partielle response (PR), und ein Patient wies ein stable disease (SD) auf. Alle Tumore wurden komplett reseziert, und die OP erwies sich trotz inflammatorischer Veränderungen als technisch unproblematisch. Es gab keine behandlungsbezogene Morbidität oder Mortalität und keine perioperativen Komplikationen. In den Resektaten waren jeweils 2-mal ein komplettes pathologisches Ansprechen (CPR), Regressionsgrad III nach Junker, und 2-mal ein Regressionsgrad IIa nach Junker nachweisbar. Das mittlere Follow-up betrug 12 (1–24) Monate. Die PPR-Patienten entwickelten entweder Fernmetastasen nach 6 Monaten oder ein Lokalrezidiv nach 4 Monaten. Die CPR-Patienten sind bisher rezidivfrei.
Schlussfolgerungen Eine neoadjuvante Therapie mit ICI ist gut verträglich und kann bei ausgewählten Patienten eine komplette Tumorremission induzieren. Die Behandlung hat keinen negativen Einfluss auf den chirurgischen Eingriff. Die Prognose ist vielversprechend bei CPR und eingeschränkt bei PPR.
Endoscopic plastic stent therapy for bile leaks following total vs subtotal cholecystectomy
Authors: Yachimski Patrick , Orr Jordan K. , Gamboa Anthony 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims Plastic biliary stents are standard therapy for treatment of post-cholecystectomy bile leaks. An increasing proportion of patients now undergo subtotal cholecystectomy and are at perceived risk for high-grade bile leak. Data are limited regarding the optimal endoscopic therapy following subtotal cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of endoscopic plastic stent therapy for treatment of bile leak following total vs subtotal cholecystectomy.
Patients and methods A retrospective cohort of patients with bile leak following cholecystectomy and treated with biliary stent was identified from an institutional database. Primary outcome was defined as cholangiographic resolution of leak at follow-up endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
Results Sixty-one subjects met study inclusion criteria, 27 following total cholecystectomy and 34 following subtotal cholecystectomy. A single plastic biliary stent was placed in 87 % of subjects (53/61), while a fully covered self-expanding metal stent (FCSEMS) was placed in 13 % (8/61). Leak resolution was evident at first follow-up ERCP in 96 % of subjects (26/27) who had undergone total cholecystectomy and 91 % of subjects (31/34) who had undergone subtotal cholecystectomy (P = 0.25). Among subjects who had received a plastic stent at index ERCP, leak resolution was evident at first follow-up ERCP in 96 % (23/24) of those who had undergone total cholecystectomy and 90 % (26/29) of those who had undergone subtotal cholecystectomy (P = 0.62).
Conclusions High rates of leak resolution can be achieved with placement of a single plastic biliary stent for treatment of post-cholecystectomy bile leaks, including after subtotal cholecystectomy.