bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Landscape Performance of Three Landscape Plants Produced in Conventional and Pot-In-Pot Production Systems
Authors: Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Savannah’, Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei ‘Natchez’, and Magnolia × Soulangiana Soul.-Bod. grown in a conventional above-ground container production system in #7 containers compared to an in-ground “pot-in-pot” (PIP) production system. Container production system had little or no effect on the shoot growth of the species used in this study after seven months. For the container phase of the study, root dry weight and total root dry weight increased for Lagerstroemia and Magnolia grown in the PIP system and the root: shoot ratio of Lagerstroemia increased 87%. Between 4 to 5 PM EST (July 1, 1991), root-zone temperatures in the western quadrant of plants in the PIP system were 13°C (23°F) cooler than aboveground containers in the conventional production system. Root ratings were higher for all three species in the PIP system. After being transplanted in the field for several months, few differences in landscape establishment between production systems could be seen for Ilex and Lagerstroemia. Results of these studies indicate that for Lagerstroemia, production advantages seen during the container-phase of the PIP system may not be evident after one season in the field.
Composted Turkey Litter: I. Effect on Chemical and Physical Properties of a Pine Bark Substrate
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. , Fonteno William C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol.) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Compost increased container capacity and available water 12-16% and 17-30%, respectively, compared to pine bark alone (0% compost). Unavailable water and bulk density increased with increasing compost rate, while air space decreased. Total porosity was unaffected by compost addition. Substrate solutions were extracted from the ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster containers via the pour-through nutrient extraction method at 0, 18, 36, 54, 78, and 102 days after initiation. Ammonium, NO3, P, K, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient substrate solution concentrations increased with decreased irrigation frequency due to decreased leaching. Substrate nutrient concentrations and pH increased with increasing rate of compost addition. Compost provided adequate nutrient supplies throughout the growing season except for K and micronutrients which were depleted after day 78.
Promotion of Branching in Nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.) ‘Harbour Dwarf’ with ASC-66952
Authors: Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Axillary and aerial rhizomic shoot development of Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ was promoted by a single foliar application of 25-200 ppm ASC-66952. Chlorosis of immature leaflets occurred within 2 weeks of 100 or 200 ppm treatment, but was not present 4 weeks after treatment. Growth indices [(height + width in perpendicular directions) ÷ 3] of treated plants were 2-10% less than those of non-treated control plants. Ilex × Meserveae S.Y. Hu. ‘Blue Girl’, Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, Rhododendron ‘George L. Tabor’, Rhododendron ‘Trouper’, Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, and Viburnum × pragense Hort. were not affected by application of ASC-66952.
Nontarget Losses of Granular Herbicide Applied to Container-grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Porter Wayne C. , Parish Richard L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nontarget losses of granular material applied over widely spaced containers were reduced from 87% with a broadcast rotary applicator to 72–86% with a drop-type spreader and to 48–75% with a drop spreader modified to band apply the material. Plant species and container spacing configuration had a significant effect on material loss. With a drop spreader, losses ranged from a low of 10% with pot-to-pot spaced juniper to 86% with liriope on 30-cm centers. With a pot-to-pot hexagonal configuration, the losses varied from 10.2% with juniper to 19.9% with liriope. With a pot-to-pot square configuration, the losses varied from 15.1% with azalea to 31% with liriope. There were no significant differences in loss with the wide-spaced configuration with respect to plant species.
Chemically Induced Branching of Vinca minor
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Application of Pro-Shear (BA), Accel (PBA), Promalin (BA + GA4+7) or Atrimmec (dikegulac) was tested for its ability to induce branching of Vinca minor L. ‘Alba.’ In the first experiment, plants receiving a single foliar spray of 62.5, 125 or 250 ppm Pro-Shear or Accel; 125, 250 or 500 ppm Promalin; or 1000, 2000 or 3000 ppm Atrimmec were compared to controls. Promalin at 250 or 500 ppm resulted in more runners throughout the experimental period. Atrimmec initially suppressed runner development, but treated plants had more runners 8 and 10 weeks after treatment. Application of Pro-Shear or Accel did not affect the development of runners. In a second experiment, foliar sprays of 250,500 or 1000 ppm Promalin or Atrimmec applied 7 weeks apart were compared to controls. Application of Promalin increased primary and secondary runner numbers and secondary runner lengths. Atrimmec at the higher rates increased primary runner numbers 16 weeks after initial treatment but rate had no effect on numbers or lengths of secondary runners.
Potential for Integration of Chemical and Natural Enemy Suppression of Azalea Lace Bug (Heteroptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Balsdon Julie A. , Braman S. Kristine , Pendley Andrew F. , Espelie Karl E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Efficacies of nine insecticides were compared for suppression of azalea lace bug (ALB) and effect on natural enemies. Examination of leaf samples collected weekly revealed reduced ALB populations in all treatments while six of the tested products required multiple applications for effective control. Acephate was the most cost effective treatment. Emergence of Anagrus takeyanus, an egg parasitoid of ALB, was observed in all treatments and increased during the study period.
Herbicide Use During Propagation Affects Root Initiation and Development
Authors: Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes D. Joseph , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the influence of herbicides on root initiation and development from stem cuttings of three woody landscape species. In the first experiment, Rhododendron obtusum ‘Hino Crimson’ rooting percentage was suppressed with Rout 3G (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin). Both root quality ratings and root lengths were lower for stem cuttings when herbicides were applied compared to untreated controls. Rooting percentages of Rhododendron × ‘Trouper’ and Gardenia jasminoides ‘August Beauty’ were not affected by herbicide application. Root quality ratings and root lengths were generally lower with Rout 3G, OH-2 3G (oxyfluorfen + pendimethlin), Snapshot 2.5TG (trifluralin + isoxaben), and Southern Weed Grass Control 2.68G (pendimethlin) when compared to untreated controls. In the second experiment, depth of sticking Gardenia jasminoides ‘August Beauty’ cuttings and herbicide treatments were evaluated. Cuttings in Rout 3G and Snapshot 2.5 TG treatments had improved root quality ratings when stuck to a depth of 2.5 cm (1.0 in) compared to 1.3 cm (0.5 in); however, all other herbicide treatments had similar root quality ratings to the untreated controls, regardless of depth of sticking.
Host Plant Suitability of the Orangestriped Oakworm (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)
Authors: Coffelt Mark A. , Schultz Peter B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Orangestriped oakworm, Anisota senatoria (J. E. Smith), suitability for oak (Quercus sp.) was determined by tree defoliation, percentage survival, developmental rate, pupal weight and oviposition. Suitable hosts, from the greatest to the least, were determined for the following oak species grown in southeastern Virginia: pin oak (Quercus palustris), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), willow oak (Q. phellos), northern red oak (Q. rubra borealis), and sawtooth oak (Q. acutissima); intermediate in swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), chestnut oak (Q. prinus), southern red oak (Q. falcata), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), and water oak (Q. nigra); and least in white oak (Q. alba), Planting less suitable species in the urban landscape, like white oak (Q. alba), may contribute to lower A. senatoria populations.
Changes in Physical and Chemical Properties of a Loamy Sand Soil When Amended With Composted Poultry Litter
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Fonteno William C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of composted poultry litter (CPL) on the physical and chemical properties of a loamy sand soil. To accomplish this, a loamy sand soil, amended with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% by volume with CPL, was placed in 3.8-liter (#1) container for 13 weeks. Substrate pH increased with increasing rates of CPL. For most landscape plants, pH was in the recommended range (5.5 ≤ pH ≤ 6.5) at 10% to 30% CPL incorporation. Cation exchange capacity, available P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg increased linearly with increasing rates of CPL. The 20% amendment rate raised the available P, exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg to levels within the recommended range for landscape plants (N.C. Dept, of Agr.). Total porosity and unavailable water increased linearly with increasing rate of CPL amendment from 42% to 55.5% and 4% to 30.2%, respectively. Bulk density decreased linearly with increasing CPL concentration. Water content and available water capacity increased with increasing CPL rates. CPL amended soil had a 100% to 116% increase in available water capacity, compared to unamended soil. Amending soil with CPL reduced air space 3% to 36% with the largest decrease occurring between 20% and 30% CPL. This data supports the use of composted poultry litter to improve the chemical and physical properties of a loamy sand soil.
Effect of Copper-Treated Containers on Transplant Survival and Regrowth of Four Tree Species
Authors: Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea Muenchh.), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflura L.), and ‘Autumn Flame’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) liners were produced in copper-treated (100 gm Cu(OH)2/1 white latex paint) or untreated black plastic 3.8 1 containers (Lerio C-700) in 1989. In spring 1990, liners were transplanted into field plots. Half the liners produced in untreated containers were root pruned just before transplanting, half were not. Liners grown in copper-treated containers were not root pruned before transplanting. Survival percentage was high for all species ranging from 92% for red maple to 65% for scarlet oak. Three years after transplanting, red and scarlet oak liners produced in copper-treated containers had higher survival rates (but not statistically significant) and greater regrowth (taller, greater trunk caliper and percent central leader formation) than liners produced in untreated containers, whether root pruned or not before transplanting. Regrowth of red maple and sweetgum were not affected by container type used during liner production. The study demonstrates species differences to transplanting; each species responds to transplant via a unique combination of growth characteristics. Transplant responses are expressed up to three years after transplanting.
Cold Hardiness Estimates of Woody Taxa From Cultivated and Wild Collections
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Lindstrom Orville M. , Lewandowski Rick , Vehr Matthew J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty woody taxa from cultivated and wild collections were laboratory tested for midwinter and/or late winter cold hardiness using leaf and/or stem tissue. Potential introductions from Acer rubrum, Cedrus libani, Gardenia jasminoides, and Osmanthus americanus were more cold hardy than their species zone ratings. ‘Alice’ and ‘Alison’ oakleaf hydrangea, Hydrangea quercifolia, and three clones of Osmanthus americanus, although similar in ornamental characteristics, showed large differences in cold hardiness. Clones of Cornus florida and C. mas from Spring Grove, Cincinnati, Ohio, were cold hardy to at least−30°C (−22°F) in January. Wild-collected Camellia japonica, Staphylea bumalda and Styrax obassia from Korea were at least one zone hardier than typical for the species.
Importance of Red Oak Mother Tree to Nursery Productivity
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , McKeand Steven E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acorns from 19 red oak (Quercus rubra L.) trees were collected in fall 1988. Whips were produced in 1989 and field planted in 1990. Mother tree identity was maintained throughout the study. Growth during the whip production phase was rapid; the average height growth for the 19 families was 122 cm (approximately 4 ft). The best family averaged 167 cm (5.5 ft), the worst 73 cm (2.5 ft) with average individual whip values of $11.20 and $2.80, respectively. When transplanted to nursery fields, the whips had high survival and rapid growth rates. Average individual tree value at the end of three growing seasons ranged from $38.60 to $11.20 for families 6 and 12, respectively. All the traits measured in this study: height, caliper, % acceptable and individual tree value, have relatively high heritability estimates, indicating that traits are under genetic control and thus subject to manipulation by nursery mangers and breeders. The family that produced the highest value whips, did not produce the highest value finish stock. Average finish stock value for a family was determined more by the percentage of the acceptable trees (a measure of quality), than by plant height or caliper (measures of growth).
Effects of Contrasting Climate and Paclobutrazol on the Growth and Water Use of Two Container-Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Ruter John M. , Martin Chris A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted under contrasting climates [southwestern Georgia (humid, temperate) and central Arizona (arid, Sonoran desert)] to evaluate the effects of paclobutrazol on the growth and water use of container-grown Feijoa Sellowiana O. Berg and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. Plants grown in Georgia were taller, had approximately twice as many leaves and five times more canopy leaf area, a lower shoot:root ratio, and generally higher water use compared to plants grown in Arizona. Differences in meteorological factors such as higher maximum and minimum temperatures and increased solar radiation in Arizona compared to Georgia were coincident with smaller plant size and lower water use of plants grown in Arizona compared to those grown in Georgia. Paclobutrazol inhibited height growth of plants grown in Arizona; however, this growth inhibition was not affected by application concentration. In Georgia, paclobutrazol inhibited height growth of all plants; however, Ligustrum treated with 250 ppm paclobutrazol appeared to begin to overcome growth suppression after five months. Paclobutrazol reduced canopy leaf area and water use for all plants except for Arizona Feijoa.
Seasonal Cold Hardiness Differences of Three Woody Plant Taxa during the Production Stage and as Established Landscape Plants
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seasonal cold hardiness levels of Crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia L. ‘Natchez’), Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A.B. Jacks. and Dallim.) Dallim. and A.B. Jacks.] ‘Haggerston Gray’ and Lacebark elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. Allee™) were determined for nursery production and established landscape plants grown at the same location. Differences in cold hardiness between the growth treatments were taxon specific. During October, November and December, nursery-grown crape myrtle plants were up to 11°C (20°F) less cold hardy than those established in the landscape. Differences in Leyland cypress cold hardiness were detected, but were not as great as in crape myrtle. During October, November and December newly transplanted Leyland cypresses were from 3 to 6°C (5 to 11°F) less cold hardy compared to established landscape plants. Differences occurred between nursery production and established landscape plants of lacebark elm in January and February.
Establishment of White Oak Seedlings with Three Post-Plant Handling Methods on Deep-Tilled Minesoil during Reclamation
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Cleveland Brenda , Foutch Mike 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three methods to improve first-year establishment of bare-root white oak on compacted minesoil during reclamation were investigated. We applied tree-shelter, hydrophilic-polymer, and nitrogen-fertilization treatments to seedlings planted on deep- and untilled soil. Predawn and midday water potential, and midday stomatal conductance (gs) were measured in early, mid, and late season. Leaf area, trunk diameter growth, and survival were measured in early fall. Single-row deep tillage loosened the soil to 0.7 m (2.3 ft), but outward from the midrow the effect dissipated rapidly. Water stress increased in all treatments during an extended mid-summer dry period. Deep tillage resulted in higher initial gs but differences in water stress between tillage treatments were not sustained during the dry period. Trees in shelters, however, were able to delay water stress longer than those in the other handling treatments. While there were no differences in trunk diameter growth among all treatments, trees on deep-tilled soil had greater leaf area and survival than those on unfilled soil. Among handling treatments, only trees in shelters had leaf area and survival significantly greater than the control. Both deep tillage and shelters contributed to improved survival, and the greatest effect occurred with shelters on deep-tilled soil.
Row Cover Management of Field-Grown Cercis canadensis and Lagerstroemia (indica x fauriei) ‘Muskogee’
Authors: Newman Steven E. , Baldridge Leila P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Field-grown Cercis canadensis and Lagerstroemia (indica x fauriei) ‘Muskogee’ with or without trickle irrigation and three row cover management systems, including a summer leguminous cover crop, pine bark mulch or bare cultivation, were evaluated. Cercis plants grown with lespedeza clover as a row cover had less plant growth than those bare cultivated or mulched with pine bark, even with supplemental irrigation. Mulched plots exhibited higher stomatal conductance rates attributable to high canopy temperatures. Lagerstroemia plants with no cover grew as well as those with a cover of mulch or clover, when sufficient water was available from either rainfall or irrigation. Clover interplantings decreased the height and number of branches in Lagerstroemia without supplemental irrigation, but did not affect the water relations significantly.
Choice of Nursery-Appropriate Marketing Channels in the Landscape Plant Industry
Authors: Hinson Roger A. , Turner Steven C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Producers of landscape plants utilize different marketing channels based on various factors including the age, size, region, and corporate status of firm, number of trading methods used, competitive pressures, and negotiating attitudes. This study identified significant influences on market channel choice as negotiation propensity, use of various transaction methods, competitive pressures, and the region of the country where the nursery was located. These results lend support and empirical evidence to the hypothesis that marketing channel choice is influenced by trading attitudes and styles as well as economics.
Preemergence Herbicide Evaluations on Selected Spring and Summer Flowering Bulbs and Perennials
Authors: Skroch W.A. , Catanzaro C.J. , De Hertogh A.A. , Gallitano L. B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine species of field-grown flowering bulbs and perennials were screened for tolerance to the preemergence herbicide products Dacthal (DCPA), Gallery (isoxaben), Pennant (metolachlor), PRE-M (pendimethalin), Stakeout (dithiopyr), Derby (metolachlor + simazine) and Snapshot (isoxaben + oryzalin). Herbicides were applied at recommended rates three to five times over two to three years. No detrimental effects on growth, development or flowering were observed. Most products controlled large crabgrass, horseweed and prostrate spurge. However, control of crabgrass and spurge was poor with Gallery at 0.84 kg ai/ha, and control of horseweed and spurge was poor with Dacthal.
Influence of Dates and Frequency of Drive Treatments On Large Crabgrass Control in Tall Fescue Turf
Authors: Johnson B. Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
When postemergence (POST) herbicides are used to control large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in turfgrasses, it is desirable to maintain a high level of control with minimum number of applications. A field experiment was conducted during 1992 and 1993 to determine the influence of timing and frequency of applications with Drive (quinclorac) on large crabgrass control in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) turf. Drive (quinclorac) applied as a single application at 0.84 kg/ha (0.75 lb/A) on June 11 controlled 98% large crabgrass throughout the summer in tall fescue turf. The control was consistently higher than when the herbicide was applied earlier (April 12 or May 3) at the same rate. There was no increase in large crabgrass control with multiple Drive (quinclorac) applications, when compared to a single application made on June 11. Drive (quinclorac) applied on June 11 caused a maximum of 35% injury to tall fescue in 1992, but the turfgrass recovered to an acceptable level (&lt;20%) within one week. Maximum turfgrass injury was only 13% when the herbicide was applied at the same date in 1993. Tall fescue treated with multiple applications of Drive (quinclorac) was injured similarly to that reported from a single application, but the turfgrass required a longer recovery period.
Propagation of Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim, by Softwood Cuttings
Authors: McNamara Steve , Graves William R. , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Softwood terminal stem cuttings were collected at two developmental stages from twenty mature trees of Amur maackia (Maackia amurensis Rupr. and Maxim) growing in Minnesota, Maryland, and Washington DC. Cuttings were treated with either 0 or 2500 ppm (0.25%) of a potassium salt formulation of indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) and stuck under intermittent mist with bottom-heat. Cuttings were evaluated for rooting after 12 weeks. Cutting collection date did not affect rooting of most genotypes. Treatment with K-IBA nominally improved root rating scores and root numbers. All trees exhibited the capacity for rooting with individual rooting percentages ranging from 19% to 92%. Based upon mean visual ratings, cuttings from 14 of the 20 trees produced root systems of acceptable quality. These findings indicate that mature Maackia amurensis trees can be propagated by softwood cuttings, but refinement of the rooting protocol may be required to achieve acceptable levels of rooting for some genotypes.