bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple waves of freshwater colonization of the three-spined stickleback in the Japanese Archipelago
Authors: Kakioka Ryo , Mori Seiichi , Kokita Tomoyuki , Hosoki Takuya K , Nagano Atsushi J , Ishikawa Asano , Kume Manabu , Toyoda Atsushi , Kitano Jun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a remarkable system to study the genetic mechanisms underlying parallel evolution during the transition from marine to freshwater habitats. Although the majority of previous studies on the parallel evolution of sticklebacks have mainly focused on postglacial freshwater populations in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe, we recently use Japanese stickleback populations for investigating shared and unique features of adaptation and speciation between geographically distant populations. However, we currently lack a comprehensive phylogeny of the Japanese three-spined sticklebacks, despite the fact that a good phylogeny is essential for any evolutionary and ecological studies. Here, we conducted a phylogenomic analysis of the three-spined stickleback in the Japanese Archipelago. Results: We found that freshwater colonization occurred in multiple waves, each of which may reflect different interglacial isolations. Some of the oldest freshwater populations from the central regions of the mainland of Japan (hariyo populations) were estimated to colonize freshwater approximately 170,000 years ago. The next wave of colonization likely occurred approximately 100,000 years ago. The inferred origins of several human-introduced populations showed that introduction occurred mainly from nearby habitats. We also found a new habitat of the three-spined stickleback sympatric with the Japan Sea stickleback (Gasterosteus nipponicus). Conclusions: These Japanese stickleback systems differ from those in the Pacific Northwest of North America and northern Europe in terms of divergence time and history. Stickleback populations in the Japanese Archipelago offer valuable opportunities to study diverse evolutionary processes in historical and contemporary timescales.
Preparation of PLA / Chitosan Nanoscaffolds Containing Cod Liver Oil and Experimental Diabetic Wound Healing in Male Rats Study
Authors: Khazaeli Payam , Alaei Maryam , Khaksarihadad Mohammad , Ranjbar Mehdi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders. One of the important metabolic complications in diabetes is diabetic foot ulcer syndrome, which causes delayed and abnormal healing of the wound. The formulation of nanoscaffolds containing cod liver oil by altering the hemodynamic balance toward the vasodilators state, increasing wound blood supply, and altering plasma membrane properties, namely altering the membrane phospholipids composition can be effective in wound healing. In this study electrospinning method was used to produce poly lactic acid/chitosan nanoscaffolds as a suitable bio substitute.
Results
The results showed that the optimum formulation of cod liver oil was 30%, which formed a very thin fiber that rapidly absorbed to the wound and produced significant healing effects. According to the results poly lactic acid / chitosan nanoscaffolds containing cod liver oil can be a suitable bio product to use in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer syndrome.
Conclusions
The poly lactic acid / chitosan nanoscaffolds containing 30% cod liver oil show more healing and less wound area on the fourteenth day which this can be due to permeability and sufficient oxygen for tissue repair. Moisture retention of the wound medium to accelerate its healing, color change and pH changes to keep the wound site safe from bacteria, contamination and non-contamination are among the characteristics of the nanoscaffold produced.
Community Health Workers’ Involvement in Mother-Child Care During the First Year After Birth, in Kaya Health District, Burkina Faso: A Contribution Analysis
Authors: Tougri Halima , Compaoré Rachidatou , Ouédraogo Adja Mariam , Blandine Bila , Temmerman Marleen , Kouanda Séni 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Maternal and infant morbidity and mortality remain high in the world and particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, actions to strengthen postpartum care are still weak and mainly limited to health facilities (HFs). The Missed Opportunities in Mother and Infant Health (MOMI) project implemented in the Kaya health district in Burkina Faso included community-based health workers (CHWs) in the care of women and children during the first year postpartum through home visits, accompanying mothers to health facilities and outreach sessions. The aim of this study was to assess the contribution of CHWs to postpartum women’s health facilities attendance.Methods: We conducted an effect assessment using Mayne and Lemire's contribution analysis framework. This was a mixed methodsstudy. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected through project document review and individual semi-structured interviews with key-informants.Results:The CHW carried out home visits, accompanied women to HFs, conducted outreach sessions and referred to health facilities, mothers or children who were showing signs of danger.All the participants interviewed acknowledged that the number of women, who came to postpartum care, had increased since the implementation of the project activities. Postpartum consultation rates within the first week postpartum increased from 29% in 2011 to 80% in 2015 and from 19% to 50% within 6 weeks. Others interventions such as the Performance based financing, the Save The Children (NGO) nutritional project and the health services component of MOMI were the alternative explanations.Conclusions: Community-based health workers involvement in the care of women contributed to improve their adherence to postpartum consultations in Kaya health district.
Expression of miR-195 and its target gene Bcl-2 in human intervertebral disc degeneration and their effects on nucleus pulposus cell apoptosis
Authors: Lin Xue-Lin , Zheng Zhao-Yun , Zhang Qing-Shan , Zhang Zhen , An You-Zhi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the expression of miR-195 and its target gene Bcl-2 in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) and its effect on nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis.Methods: The expressions of miR-195 and Bcl-2 in NP tissues of IVDD patients were quantified by qRT-PCR and Western blotting respectively. NP cells were divided into Blank group, TNF-α group, TNF-α + miR-NC group, TNF-α + siBcl-2 group, and TNF-α + miR-195 inhibitors + siBcl-2 group. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, cell apoptosis evaluated by flow cytometry, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) tested by JC-1 staining, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins quantified by Western blotting. Results: Compared with controls, IVDD patients had significantly increased miR-195 expression and decreased Bcl-2 protein in NP tissues. The expression of miR-195 was negatively correlated with the expression of Bcl-2 in NP tissues of IVDD patients (r = - 0.89, P < 0.001). Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay indicated that Bcl-2 was a target gene of miR-195. In comparison with Blank group, TNF-α group showed decreased cell proliferation and MMP, increased cell apoptosis, up-regulated expression of miR-195, Bax and cleaved caspase 3, and down-regulated Bcl-2 protein, these changes were attenuated by miR-195 inhibitors. Additionally, siBcl-2 can reverse the protective effect of miR-195 inhibitors on TNF-α-induced NP cells. Conclusion: IVDD patients had increased miR-195 expression in NP tissues, and inhibiting miR-195 can specifically up-regulate Bcl-2 expression to curb apoptosis of TNF-α-induced NP cells.
Metabolite Analysis of Tubers and Leaves of Two Potato Cultivars and Their Grafts
Authors: Odgerel Khongorzul , Bánfalvi Zsófia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Grafting experiments have shown that photoperiod-dependent induction of tuberisation in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is controlled by multiple overlapping signals, including mobile proteins, mRNAs, miRNAs and phytohormones. The interaction of vegetative organs and tubers at metabolite level, however, has not been studied in detail in potato.Results: Grafting experiments were carried out to unravel the influence of vegetative organs on the primary polar metabolite content of potato tubers and the effect of tuberisation on the metabolite content of leaves. Two potato cultivars, Hópehely (HP) and White Lady (WL), were homo- and hetero-grafted, and the effects of grafting were investigated in comparison to non-grafted controls. Non-targeted metabolite analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the major difference between HP and WL tubers is in sucrose concentration. The sucrose level was higher in HP than in WL tubers and was not changed by grafting, suggesting that the sucrose concentration of tubers is genetically determined. The galactinol level was 8-fold higher in the WL leaves than in the HP leaves and, unlike the sucrose concentration of tubers, was altered by grafting. A positive correlation between the growth rate of the leaves and the time of tuber initiation was detected. The time of tuber initiation was delayed in the WL rootstocks by HP scions and shortened in the HP rootstocks by WL scions, supporting the previous finding that tuberisation is triggered by source-derived mobile signals.Conclusions: We identified the major polar metabolites in leaves and tubers of two commercial potato cultivars and tested the effect of grafting on the metabolite compositions in both organs. We found significant differences in metabolite concentrations of the two cultivars. The grafting did not change substantially the metabolite levels either in leaves or tubers with the exception of galactinol, the concentration of which was slightly influenced in leaves by rootstocks.
Phylogenetic Relationships within the Nematode Subfamily Phascolostrongylinae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) from Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials
Authors: Sukee Tanapan , Beveridge Ian , Sabir Ahmad Jawad , Jabbar Abdul 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: The strongyloid nematode subfamily Phascolostrongylinae are parasites of the large intestine and stomach of Australian macropods (Macropodidae) and wombats (Vombatidae). Based on morphological classifications, the Phascolostrongylinae is comprised of seven genera belonging to three tribes (Phascolostrongylinea, Macropostrongyloidinea, and Hypodontinea). The phylogenetic relationships among the genera of the Phascolostrongylinae were tested using the first and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS+) sequences of the ribosomal DNA. Results: Monophyly was encountered in the tribe Phascolostrongylinea comprising two genera, Phascolostrongylus and Oesophagostomoides, found exclusively in the large intestine of wombats. The tribe Hypodontinea, represented by the genera Hypodontus and Macropicola from the ileum and large intestine of macropods was also found to be monophyletic, but with low support. The tribe Macropostrongyloidinea comprising the genera Macropostrongyloides and Paramacropostrongylus was paraphyletic with the species occurring in the stomach grouping separately to those found in the large intestines of their hosts. Finally, Macropostrongyloides dissimilis from the stomach of the swamp wallaby and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis from the large intestine of the eastern grey kangaroo were distinct from their respective congeners. Conclusion: The current study provided strong support for the generic composition of the tribe Phascolostrongylinea and low support for the tribe Hypodontinea. However, the relationships within the tribe Macropostrongyloidinea are more complex and its monophyly was not supported by the current ITS+ dataset. The unexpected finding of M. dissimilis and P. toraliformis being distantly related to their respective congeners suggests a requirement for future taxonomic revision which may warrant separation of these species at the generic level.
Relativity and View Effects
Authors: Fischli Bernard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Relativity has been based on the implicit assumption that electromagnetism would exclusively describe interactions. Relativistic view effects are included as well, and they act with no force and no energy exchanges. The Ehrenfest paradox is solved. View effects specific to each point of view are the solution. The calculation of the deflection of light by the sun explains in detail why the deflection angle must be almost double the value obtained with Newton’s laws. The compatibility of General Relativity with the new interpretation is discussed. View effects cannot impact total energy. An object has no speed limit due to relativity but can be limited due to other causes. Inertial behavior is examined. Inertial masses are redundant, but this does not introduce gravitation to General Relativity.
Marital Status, Sex and Utilisation of Healthcare Service Among the Older Adults in India
Authors: Hossain Babul , James K.S. , Rana Md Juel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: The association between marital status and health status among the elderly has been at the forefront of investigation for a long time. However, the study on the effects of marital status on health care utilisation is limited. This study assesses the association between use of inpatient health services and marital status among older adults in India from the perspective of sex. Methods: Data used in the study have been obtained from the 75th Round of National Sample Survey (NSS) on "Social Consumption: Health" with the sample size of 42,762 individuals aged 60 years or above. The study implements the Andersen's behavioural framework controlling the predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics and uses binary logistic regression models to assess the effect of marital status on inpatient health service. Results: There is a significant difference in inpatient healthcare use between married and widowed elderly by age, educational level, perceived health and mobility for both sexes. The unadjusted regression analysis shows that widowed are more likely to use inpatient health services both for women (OR=1.57; CI 95%= 1.47, 1.68) and men (OR=1.11; CI 95%= 1.02, 1.2). However, after controlling the predisposing, enabling, and need factors, a strong association between healthcare services and marital status has been found for women, but not for men. Widowed women (OR=1.43; CI 95%=1.33, 1.54) are more likely to use inpatient health care than married women. Conclusion: The present study has reported the association between the utilisation of inpatient health services and marital status for the elderly in India. Our study advocates that there is a sex difference in the utilisation of inpatient health services by the marital Status in India. Older widowed women should get more focus on health and elderly policy perspectives.
The Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates on Yield and Quality of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Hawzen, Ethiopia
Authors: Gebremedhin Hilay , Gebremicheal Mehari , Fitsum Gebregwergis 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background

More than 50% of the soil in Tigray is deficient in macro essential nutrients. Hence, poor soil chemical fertility is a major challenges for low production of crops like tomato in Hawzen. The aim of this work was to study the effects of N and P rates on the yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Hawzen, Tigray, Ethiopia.
Methods

Four different rates of N (0, 69, 138 and 207 kg Nha− 1) and P (0, 46, 69 & 92 kg Pha− 1) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Soil analysis were done before executing of the experiment. Data were collected on yield, and fruit quality of tomato.
Results

The results revealed that plant height, leaf area index, number of primary branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, number of flower clusters, number of fruit per clusters and fruit set were significantly influenced by the main effects of N and P rates. The interaction of N and P rates only had significant effects on marketable, total fruit yield, mean fruit weight, and fruit length. Compared to control, application of 138 kg Nha− 1 and 69 kg Pha− 1 increased mean fruit weight, marketable fruit weight and total fruit yield by 35.9%, 70.5% and 68.4%, respectively. Likewise, the main effects of N and P rates were remarkable on total soluble solids, total sugar, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, lycopene content, and protein. A significant influence on the P content of tomato was detected due to varied rates of P. fruit N concentration was significantly influenced by rates of N only.
Conclusion

Application of N and P at rates of 138 and 69 kgha− 1, respectively, showed the highest values in most yield and quality measurements and particularly increased yield by 70.5% as compared to the nil fertilizer application. Therefore, 138 kg Nha− 1 and 69 kg Pha− 1 can be used by producers for better yield and quality of tomato in the area.
Effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Microbial Inoculants on the Growth, Rhizosphere Soil Properties, and Bacterial Community of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica Annual Seedlings
Authors: Song Qian , Song Xiaoshuang , Deng Xun , Luo Jiayu , Wang Junkai , Min Kai , Song Ruiqing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
[Objective] Determine the ability of three plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains (Pseudomonas Mandelli A36, Serratia plymuthica A13 and Pseudomonas koreensis A20) to promote plant growth, evaluate the effect of inoculation with PGPR strains on seedling biomass, root structure, nutrient index, and enzyme activity, and assess the effect of PGPR inoculation on soil nutrient index, enzyme activity, and the soil microecological environment.[Method] The ability of the three PGPR strains to secrete indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), dissolve inorganic phosphorus, and produce siderophore and hydrolase was determined by the medium color change method, pot experiment to determine the effects of three PGPR strains on plant biomass, physicochemical properties, soil physicochemical properties and microbial diversity. [Result] The three PGPR strains had the ability to secrete IAA, solubilize inorganic phosphorus, and produce siderophore, the results of the pot experiment showed that inoculation with PGPR strain had a significant effect on plant biomass, root index, nutrient index and enzyme activity, as well as soil nutrient index, enzyme activity and bacterial diversity. [Conclusion] This study provides basic data references for PGPR strains to improve the soil microecological environment and promote the growth and development of Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica seedlings.
A Couple with Different Symptoms after Simultaneously 2019-nCoV Infected
Authors: Zhang Ying , Tang Huaping , Li Jing , Zhang Feng , Chen Jianyou , Wang Fang , Li Jiayi , Lin Sujie , Liu Fenghai , Zhou Ran , Liu Shuangmei 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background 2019-nCoV has posed a significant threat to human health since the epidemic began. So far, there is no definite safe and effective drug treatment. Proper management can help prevent mild patients from becoming severe. We report a couple with different symptoms after simultaneously infected by the same source of 2019-nCoV and analyze the changes in the diagnosis and treatment process. Case presentation We report a couple with different symptoms after simultaneously infected by the same source of 2019-nCoV in Shandong, China，describe their clinical course，characteristics and detection results in detail, and analyze the changes in the diagnosis and treatment process. The wife was mainly affected by respiratory system and had ever experienced high fever for several days. The husband's condition is lighter than his wife，mainly manifested as digestive tract symptoms，but it took longer than his wife for the nucleic acid of nasopharynx swab for 2019-nCoV to turn negative. Conclusions In the course of the disease both of the couple had hypokalemia which was easy to be corrected. CRP and ESR were consistent with the changes of the disease during the 2019-nCoV infection, which were good indicators to reflect the severity and development of the disease. Two months after discharge, both of them showed negative IgM antibody and positive IgG antibody.
Reliability and validity of A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) in Iranian older adults
Authors: Afshar Pouya Farokhnezhad , Wiig Elisabeth H. , Malakouti Seyed Kazem , Shariati Behnam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background: Cognitive disorders are one of the most important issues in old age. They may remain hidden in the early stages. There are many cognitive tests, but some variables affect their results (e.g., age and education.) This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) in Iranian older adults.Methods: This study aimed to test the psychometric properties of AQT. 114 older adults participated in the study and were divided into three groups (46 with mild cognitive impairments (MCI), 24 with dementia, and 45 without MCI and dementia) based on the diagnosis of two geriatric psychiatrists. Participants were assessed by AQT and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, independent t-test, and ROC curve by SPSS v.23.Results: There was no significant correlation between AQT subscales and age and no significant difference between the AQT subscales in male and female, educational levels, and marital status. The test-retest correlations (r) were significant for Color (C) 0.84, Form (F) 0.91 and Color-Form (CF) 0.94. Convergent validity was significant between MMSE and AQT. Its correlation was with Color -0.78, Form -0.71, and Color-Form -0.72. The cut-off point for Color was 43.50 s, Form 52 s, and Color-Form 89 s were based on sensitivity and specificity for differentiating older patients with MCI with controls. The cut-off point for Color was 62.50 s, for Form 111 s, and Color-Form 197.50 s based on sensitivity and specificity measures for differentiating older patients with dementia and MCI.Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed (AQT) is a suitable tool for assessing cognitive function in older adults.