bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fractionation and Chemical Characteristics on the Crystallization Behavior of Milk Fat
Authors: Wang Yunna , Li Yan , Yuan Dongdong , Li Yang , Payne Katherine , Zhang Liebing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe experiments reported in this study provided a more comprehensive insight into the effect of chemical composition on the crystallization behavior of milk fat (MF). MF was fractionated between 20 and 40 °C into nine fractions with different melting points and was first subjected to the heating step (L20, L30, L40, and S40) followed by the cooling phase (SS40, SL40, SS30, SL30, and LL40). Furthermore, the species of fatty acids (FAs) and triglycerides (TAGs) of the MF fractions were identified. The thermodynamics, crystallization behavior, and polymorphs were determined using differential scanning calorimetry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray diffraction, respectively. The results indicated that L40 yielded the highest percentage (∼35% of the total MF) of all the fractions. Enthalpies of the melting and crystallization processes of solid fat content in this study were related to the different FA and TAG compositions of MF and its fractions. High melting fractions (HMFs) were enriched with long‐chain saturated fatty acids and tri‐saturated (S3) TAGs, and low melting fractions (LMFs) were enriched with short‐chain unsaturated FAs and tri‐unsaturated (U3) TAGs. Moreover, the various nucleation mechanisms of MF fractions were identified according to the Avrami equation. The polymorphic transformation from a β’ form of double chain length structures to a β form of triple chain length occurred in the native MF and HMFs, whereas the LMFs displayed almost no crystals.Practical ApplicationThis study represented the first time that nine fractions were obtained using MF fractionation via a heating step, followed by a cooling phase. Furthermore, the chemical composition of MF fractions was investigated. The results obtained from this study might be of specific value in understanding the functional properties of fat‐based dairy food in both storage conditions and real‐time applications.
Community reinforcement and family training and rates of treatment entry: a systematic review
Authors: Archer Marc , Harwood Hannah , Stevelink Sharon , Rafferty Laura , Greenberg Neil 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsAdaptations with different modes of delivery and target addictions have found highly divergent rates of success for Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training (CRAFT). This study aims to clarify which (1) treatment components and (2) participant characteristics contribute to rates of identified patient (IP) treatment entry.MethodSystematic review of CRAFT evaluation studies of all designs (controlled and uncontrolled) with data synthesis and narrative analysis of addiction treatment services and university research departments in North America and Europe.ResultsA total of 691 concerned significant others (CSOs), predominately female spouses/parents, participating in 20 distinct treatment conditions from 14 studies. The main outcome of IP treatment entry rate reported by CSOs up to 12 months after starting CRAFT with key predictors/correlates including IP addiction, IP–CSO relationship, CRAFT modality and integration of treatment for IP. Meta‐analysis found CRAFT to be twice as effective as controls/comparison groups. Multi‐modality treatment, including both individual and group sessions, yielded the highest IP treatment entry rates (77 and 86%), with progressively lower rates for individual (12.5–71%), group (60%) and self‐directed workbook (13.3–40%) modalities. While all five studies targeting gambling addiction had consistently low rates (12.5–23%), other treatment components, including therapist training, treatment fidelity and integrating treatment for the IP, were implicated.ConclusionsAdaptations of Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training for different delivery modalities and addictions have yielded widely varying rates of treatment engagement for the identified patient, with those offering the most comprehensive support to the concerned significant other, including individual and group sessions, having highest levels of engagement success.
Nasal epithelial barrier dysfunction increases sensitization and mast cell degranulation in the absence of allergic inflammation
Authors: Kortekaas Krohn Inge , Seys Sven F. , Lund Gitte , Jonckheere Anne‐Charlotte , Dierckx de Casterlé Isabelle , Ceuppens Jan L. , Steelant Brecht , Hellings Peter W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIncreased epithelial permeability has been reported in allergic rhinitis, with histamine and type‐2 inflammation being responsible for tight junction dysfunction. The impact of an epithelial barrier defect on allergic sensitization and mast cell (MC) degranulation remains speculative.MethodsTransepithelial passage of allergens was evaluated on primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures. Active sensitization was attempted by repeated intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) applications in Naïve mice. In a passive sensitization model, mice were injected with IgE to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (rDer p)2 and then exposed intranasally to the allergen. Chitosan was used to disrupt nasal epithelial integrity in vitro and in vivo.ResultsChitosan strongly reduced transepithelial electrical resistance and facilitated transepithelial allergen passage in cultured primary nasal epithelial cells. In vivo, intranasal chitosan affected occludin expression and facilitated allergen passage. After epithelial barrier disruption, intranasal OVA application induced higher OVA‐specific IgG1 and total IgE in serum, and increased eosinophilia and interleukin‐5 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) compared to sham‐OVA mice. Chitosan exposure, prior to rDer p2 allergen challenge in passively sensitized mice, resulted in increased β‐hexosaminidase levels in serum and BAL compared to sham‐rDer p2 mice. Intranasal treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate prevented chitosan‐induced barrier dysfunction, allergic sensitization, and MC degranulation.ConclusionEpithelial barrier dysfunction facilitates transepithelial allergen passage, allergic sensitization, and allergen‐induced MC degranulation even in the absence of inflammatory environment. These results emphasize the crucial role of an intact epithelial barrier in prevention of allergy.
A model to predict the risk of aspirin/non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs‐related upper gastrointestinal bleeding for the individual patient
Authors: Petersen Jóhanna , Møller Hansen Jane , de Muckadell Ove B. Schaffalitzky , Dall Michael , Hallas Jesper 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUpper gastrointestinal bleeding is a feared complication of using non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin. Studies predicting the incidence rate for individuals with a given set of characteristics are lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a risk model to predict the incidence rate of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in users of aspirin/NSAID based on presence of well‐defined risk factors for the individual patient.MethodsThe model was developed from data from a case‐control study, sampled from a well‐defined source population, residents of the Funen County 1995‐2006. All cases and controls were characterized in terms of factors known to affect the risk of UGIB. By using census data, we rescaled the control group, so their composition accurately reflected age and sex distribution of the source population. Only persons using NSAIDs or/and aspirin and no PPI were included in the analysis. As reference group, we chose 80‐ to 89‐year‐old women with no ulcer history, using NSAID, but neither aspirin, other platelet inhibitors, vitamin K antagonists, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors nor corticosteroids.ResultsWe identified 1388 cases among non‐users of PPIs. We found a modelled baseline incidence rate of 10.7 per 1000 person‐years for the reference group. The strongest associations were found for ADP inhibitors (OR 5.80), followed by anticoagulants treatment (OR 2.62) and prior ulcer (OR 2.68). The model performed well in terms of calibration and discriminatory power.ConclusionThis study is the first to describe a model, which estimates the incidence rate of UGIB for patients using aspirin/NSAID, based on the specific combination of risk factors. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding for a given patient can be accurately estimated using this model.
Does the Identity Objection to the future‐like‐ours argument succeed?
Authors: Blackshaw Bruce P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEric Vogelstein has defended Don Marquis' ‘future‐like‐ours' argument for the immorality of abortion against what is known as the Identity Objection, which contends that for a fetus to have a future like ours, it must be numerically identical to an entity like us that possesses valuable experiences some time in the future. On psychological accounts of personal identity, there is no identity relationship between the fetus and the entity with valuable experiences that it will become. Vogelstein maintains that a non‐sentient fetus nonetheless has a future like ours because it is numerically identical with a future organism that has a mind that bears valuable experiences. Skott Brill, drawing on Jeff McMahan's embodied mind account, denies that human organisms directly have experiences, claiming that they only have experiences derivatively by virtue of their thinking part, and the loss of a future like ours is not transferred to the organism. I show that on McMahan's account, a strong case can be made for the organism having experiences directly, and the subject having these experiences derivatively. This negates Brill's reasoning, although it does imply that non‐sentient fetuses do not have a future like ours in quite the same way as we do. I conclude that this is not problematic for Marquis' argument.
The importance of sex differences in pharmacology research
Authors: Gogos Andrea , Langmead Christopher , Sullivan Jennifer C. , Lawrence Andrew J. 
Published: November 2019

LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on The Importance of Sex Differences in Pharmacology Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.21/issuetoc
[Parenting stress in long‐term foster carers: A longitudinal study]
Authors: Bergsund Hans B. , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Jacobsen Heidi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundChildren in foster care tend to exhibit adverse psychosocial functioning, and foster parents tend to experience high levels of stress related to their role as carers.MethodsThe study included 60 foster children and 42 children living in biological families as a comparison group. Caregiver stress was measured using the Parenting Stress Index, while child problem behavior was measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Children and their primary carer were assessed when the children were 2, 3, and 8 years, respectively.ResultsThe results showed higher stress scores for foster parents at all time points, with the difference being most pronounced in stress related to the child. Problem behavior was also higher for foster children at age 8 years. Foster parent stress increased in all domains during the course of the study. Child domain stress was the only significant predictor of child problem behavior.ConclusionFoster parents are overall more stressed than biological parents, with stress levels increasing over time. Foster children have more behavior problems, and these problems are closely related to their carers' child‐related stress. Further implications for the reduction of parenting stress are discussed.
Rates, knowledge and risk factors of non‐fatal opioid overdose among people who inject drugs in India: A community‐based study
Authors: Saini Romil , Rao Ravindra , Parmar Arpit , Mishra Ashwani K. , Ambekar Atul , Agrawal Alok , Dhingra Neeraj 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsNon‐fatal opioid overdose (NFOO) predicts future fatal opioid overdose and is associated with significant morbidity. There is limited literature on the rates and risk factors for NFOO in people who inject drugs (PWID) from India. We aimed to study the rates of NFOO and documented risk factors for NFOO, as well as knowledge‐level of NFOO among PWID from India.Design and MethodsCommunity‐based, cross‐sectional and observational study. We interviewed 104 adult male participants receiving HIV prevention services. Drug use patterns, rates of NFOO and opioid overdose risk factors, knowledge about opioid overdose and its management were assessed.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 27.9 years. The most common opioid used for injecting was heroin followed by buprenorphine. About 45% (n = 47) participants had experienced an opioid overdose at least once in their lifetime. Around 25% (n = 26) participants had overdosed in the past year, while 21% (n = 22) participants had overdosed within the past 3 months. The majority had risk factors that could predispose them to NFOO. No participant was aware of the use of naloxone for opioid overdose.Discussion and ConclusionThe rates of NFOO as well as risk factors for overdose among PWID from India are high, with poor knowledge on overdose management. There is urgent need for a program to prevent and manage opioid overdose among PWID in India.
S3‐Leitlinie: Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen und Arzneimitteln – Kurzfassung Teil 2
Authors: Mahler Vera , Nast Alexander , Bauer Andrea , Becker Detlef , Brasch Jochen , Breuer Kristine , Dickel Heinrich , Drexler Hans , Elsner Peter , Geier Johannes , John Swen Malte , Kreft Burkhard , Köllner Arno , Merk Hans , Ott Hagen , Pleschka Silvia , Portisch Maria , Spornraft‐Ragaller Petra , Weisshaar Elke , Werfel Thomas , Worm Margitta , Schnuch Axel , Uter Wolfgang 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungDer diagnostische Standard zum Nachweis einer bestehenden allergischen Kontaktdermatitis ist der Epikutantest. Die vorliegende Leitlinie richtet sich an Assistenz‐ und Fachärzte der Dermatologie, Allergologie und Ärzte weiterer Fachgruppen in Klinik und Praxis, die an der Indikationsstellung oder Durchführung von Epikutantests bei Patienten mit Kontaktekzemen und weiteren Spättypallergien beteiligt sind, sowie Kooperationspartner der Ärzteschaft (Fachberufe im Gesundheitswesen, Kostenträger).Die Leitlinie zur Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen wurde auf der Basis einer systematischen Literatursuche zu definierten Schlüsselfragen evidenzbasiert und im formellen Konsensusverfahren (S3) von Dermatologen unter Einbindung von Pädiatern, Arbeitsmedizinern, Assistenzpersonal und Patientenvertretern erstellt. Bezüglich der methodischen und inhaltlichen Arbeit, auf denen die Empfehlungen basieren, wird auf Methodenbericht und Evidenztabellen verwiesen. Die Leitlinie stellt allgemeine Aspekte der Epikutantestung sowie medizinrechtliche Aspekte dar. Es werden Empfehlungen gegeben zur Indikationsstellung, Patientenaufklärung, Auswahl von Testsubstanzen und Kammersystemen, Expositionsort, ‐dauer und Ablesezeitpunkten, Interpretation von Testreaktionen, endogenen und exogenen Einflussfaktoren, Testung besonderer Personengruppen (Kinder, Schwangere, Immunsupprimierte) sowie Risiken und unerwünschten Nebenwirkungen bei der Durchführung des Epikutantests mit Kontaktallergenen.
Bar Code Reader – an algorithmic approach to cutaneous occluding vasculopathies? part II medium vessel vasculopathies
Authors: Ratzinger Gudrun , Zelger Bettina G. , Zelger Bernhard W. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryAimsClassifications of occluding vasculopathies (except vasculitis [1]) may exhibit some difficulties. Firstly, classifications may follow different principles, e.g. clinicopathologic findings, etiology or pathogenesis. Secondly, authors may not distinguish between vasculitis and occluding vasculopathies. Thirdly, occluding vasculopathies are systemic diseases. Organ‐specific variations make morphologic findings difficult to compare. Moreover, subtle changes are recognized in the skin, but may be invisible in other organs. Our aim was to use the skin and subcutis as a tool and clinicopathological correlation as the basic process for classification.Methods and resultsWe first differentiate in the skin between small and medium vessel occluding vasculopathies. Here we focus on medium vessel‐occluding vasculopathies. In the second step we differentiate the vessel subtypes. In the final step, we differentiate according to the time point of the coagulation/reorganization process and the involved inflammatory cells/stromal features. By applying the same procedure to the various entities and visualizing the findings in the style of bar codes, the overlaps and differences in the clinical picture as well as the histopathology become more apparent.ConclusionsOccluding vasculopathies are often not separate entities, but reaction patterns and epiphenomena. Distinguishing them from vasculitides is crucial because of the differences in pathogenesis, therapeutic approach and prognosis.
Impairments, functional limitations, and access to services and education for children with cerebral palsy in Uganda: a population‐based study
Authors: Andrews Carin , Kakooza‐Mwesige Angelina , Almeida Rita , Swartling Peterson Stefan , Wabwire‐Mangen Fred , Eliasson Ann-Christin , Forssberg Hans 
Published: November 2019

AimTo describe the functional limitations and associated impairments of children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Uganda, and care‐seeking behaviour and access to assistive devices and education.MethodNinety‐seven children with CP (42 females, 55 males; age range 2–17y) were identified in a three‐stage population‐based screening with subsequent medical examinations and functional assessments. Information on school and access to care was collected using questionnaires. The data were compared with Swedish and Australian cohorts of children with CP. We used the χ2test and linear regression models to analyse differences between groups.ResultsYounger children were more severely impaired than older children. Two‐fifths of the children had severe impairments in communication, about half had intellectual disability, and one third had seizures. Of 37 non‐walking children, three had wheelchairs and none had walkers. No children had assistive devices for hearing, seeing, or communication. Care‐seeking was low relating to lack of knowledge, insufficient finances, and ‘lost hope'. One‐third of the children attended school. Ugandan children exhibited lower developmental trajectories of mobility and self‐care than a Swedish cohort.InterpretationThe needs for children with CP in rural Uganda are not met, illustrated by low care‐seeking, low access to assistive devices, and low school attendance. A lack of rehabilitation and stimulation probably contribute to the poor development of mobility and self‐care skills. There is a need to develop and enhance locally available and affordable interventions for children with CP in Uganda.What this paper addsDevelopment of mobility and self‐care skills is lower in Ugandan than Swedish children with cerebral palsy (CP).Older children in Uganda with CP are less impaired than younger children.Untreated seizures and impairments of communication and intellect are common.Access to health services, assistive devices, and education is low.Caregivers lack knowledge and finances to seek care and often lose hope of their child improving.
Triphasic mitral flow pattern may indicate subclinical left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Bektaş Osman , Karagöz Ahmet , Bayramoğlu Adil , Günaydın Zeki Yüksel , Kaya Ahmet 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeIn this study, the presence and severity of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction were investigated by speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) technique in patients with mitral triphasic mitral flow pattern (TMFP). The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible role of TMFP in the ethiopathogenesis of congestive heart failure.Methods and resultsA total of 45 patients who were diagnosed with TMFP and 30 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers were included in the study. The mean age in the study and control groups was 64 ± 12 and 62 ± 11 (P = .642), respectively. When echocardiographic parameters were evaluated, LV ejection fraction was found to be 63% ± 14 and 64 ± 12 (P = .745), in the study and control groups, respectively. LV end‐diastolic and systolic diameters and LV mass index were also similar (P < .05). When LV diastolic parameters were compared, diastolic dysfunction was detected in 38 (84.4%) patients in the study population and 13 patients (43.3%) in the control group (P < .001). When STE findings were evaluated, both global longitidunal strain and global circumferential strain were significantly lower in the TMFP group when compared to controls (18.3 ± 1.7 vs 21.5 ± 1.5, P < .001 and 17.9 ± 1.6 vs 21.3 ± 2.1, P < .001, respectively).ConclusionTMFP results in LV systolic dysfunction. Therefore, these patients may develop congestive heart failure in the long term. It will be rational that the patients with TMFP should be followed up more closely in terms of preventing manifest heart failure symptoms.
Simulation training for ceramic crown preparation in the dental setting using a virtual educational system
Authors: Liu Luwei , Zhou Ruyu , Yuan Siyang , Sun Zhida , Lu Xiaoqing , Li Jin , Chu Fengqing , Walmsley Anthony Damien , Yan Bin , Wang Lin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a pre‐clinical training of ceramic crown preparation using the Virtual Educational System for Dentistry.Material and MethodsFifty‐seven dental students were recruited to prepare a ceramic crown under the guidance of the Real‐time Dental Training and Evaluation System (RDTES) in order to collect pre‐learning data. They participated in the online virtual learning course independently on the Virtual Learning Network Platform (VLNP). One week later, the students were invited to complete their post‐learning crown preparation with the RDTES. A questionnaire survey explored students' perceived benefits or drawbacks of the virtual educational system. Students were allocated into Group A (n = 15), B (n = 24) and C (n = 18) based on their pre‐learning performance. Differences of assessment results amongst different groups were evaluated by ANOVA and Kruskal‐Wallis tests. The pre‐ and post‐learning assessment results in all groups were compared using paired t tests or Wilcoxon signed rank tests.ResultsThe error scores for four assessment items (instrument selection, preparation section, preparation reduction, preparation surface and profile) and total score of outcome assessment after the virtual learning were significantly different with those before the virtual learning (P < 0.05). There were significant interactions between time and student group in the mean scores of process and outcome assessments (P < 0.001), except for the assessment item “damage of adjacent teeth.”ConclusionThe application of a Virtual Educational System for Dentistry with the VLNP and RDTES in pre‐clinical operative training helps students improve their clinical skills.