bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Synaptic Stability and Plasticity
Authors: Rune Gabriele M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Estradiol synthesis depends on the activity of aromatase, the enzyme that specifically and irreversibly converts testosterone to estradiol in steroidogenesis. Aromatase is expressed and is active in the hippocampus, a brain region related to learning and memory. Dynamics of spines and spine synapses, including expression of presynaptic and postsynaptic proteins, are controlled by hippocampus-derived estradiol in female rodents, but not in male rodents. This also holds true for long-term potentiation. Inhibition of aromatase, either pharmacologically or by genetic approaches, results in a decrease in synapse density and synaptic potentiation in female animals and in neonatal hippocampal cultures that originate from females. The consistency of the findings in rodents and in perinatal primary hippocampal cultures points to sex-specific differentiation processes during embryonic development, which underlie sex-dependent differences in neurosteroid action in the hippocampus.
Who Are You and What Do You Know?
Authors: Sheppard Paul A. S. , Kuun Talya , Paletta Pietro , Choleris Elena 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines both the classical (genomic, long-term) and rapid (nongenomic) effects of estrogens on social recognition and social learning with regards to behavior and neurobiology. The chapter discusses how estrogens regulate an animal’s ability to recognize a previously encountered conspecific (social recognition) and how estrogens regulate an animal’s ability to acquire socially transmitted information from a conspecific (social learning). It reviews the different brain regions and estrogen receptors involved in these skills. Furthermore, it discusses mechanisms that may drive estrogens’ effects on these behaviors, such as via the oxytocin system or via cell signaling pathways.
Hormone Therapy in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Driscoll Ira , Rapp Stephen R. , Johnson Karen C. , Espeland Mark A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Before 2002, hormone therapy (HT) was commonly prescribed to restore naturally diminishing hormonal levels during and after menopause. HT was also thought to prevent many health conditions faced by menopausal women, including osteoporosis, heart disease, cancer, and dementia. Support for these claims came primarily from epidemiological studies and basic research suggesting biological plausibility. Women now live a third of their life beyond ovarian function cessation. Given that cognitive impairment and dementia increase with age, increasing life expectancy may result in greater public health consequences. This chapter reviews the potential risks and benefits of HT, with a focus on cognitive function. It also discusses the implications of menopausal HT on cognitive impairment and dementia prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for aging women.
Estrogenic Regulation of Neuroprotection and Inflammation in Ischemic Stroke and Aging
Authors: Sohrabji Farida , Bake Shameena , Selvamani Amutha 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Stroke is the fifth leading cause of mortality and the major cause of long-term disability in the United States. Epidemiological studies report sex differences in ischemic stroke occurrence, mortality and functional recovery. In younger demographics, the overall incidence of stroke is higher in men than younger women, but in the elderly population, stroke rates are higher in older women compared to age-matched men, indicating an interaction of age and sex as important modifiers of disease. The increased risk for stroke in older women is attributed to loss of ovarian hormones, principally estrogens. However, estrogen/estradiol therapy is not always neuroprotective for stroke, especially in aging populations. Age-related changes in central and peripheral immune cells and the blood–brain barrier may play a crucial role in modifying stroke outcomes and the effects of estrogens. This chapter discusses the role of estrogens as a stroke protectant in younger females in contrast to its anomalous effects in the aging brain. Furthermore, the chapter describes age-related changes in support cells in the brain and in the periphery and evaluates the evidence that age-associated inflammation underlies the switch in estrogens neuroprotective action in young females to its neurotoxic effects in older females.
Attentional Engines
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What is it about art that can be so captivating? How is it that we find value in these often odd and abstract objects and events that we call artworks? My proposal is that artworks are attentional engines. They are artifacts that have been intentionally designed to direct attention to critical stylistic features that reveal their point, purpose, or meaning. My suggestion is that there is a lot that we can learn about art from interdisciplinary research focused on our perceptual engagement with artworks. These kinds of studies can reveal how we recognize artworks, how we differentiate them from other, more quotidian artifacts. In doing so they reveal how artworks function as a unique source of value. Our interactions with artworks draw on a broad base of shared artistic and cultural constitutive of different categories of art. Cognitive systems integrate this information into our experience of art, guiding attention, and shaping what we perceive. Our understanding and appreciation of artworks is therefore carried in our perceptual experience of them. Teasing out how this works can contribute valuable information to our philosophical understanding of art. Attentional Engines explores this interdisciplinary strategy for understanding art. It articulates a cognitivist theory of art grounded in perceptual psychology and the neuroscience attention and demonstrates its application to a range of puzzles in the philosophy of the arts, including questions about the nature of depiction, the role played by metakinesis in dance appreciation, the nature of musical expression, and the power of movies.
Seeking Salience
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 evaluates the role played by aesthetics in the arts, argues that the shortcomings of neuroaesthetics emerge from conflating aesthetics with art, and introduces an alternative cognitivist model for understanding art. Artworks are communicative devices. They are artifacts designed to direct attention to formal-compositional features diagnostic for their point, purpose, or meaning. The communicative exchange between artists and consumers is, in turn, governed by a familiar set of Gricean conditions operative in communication and interpretation more generally. Artworks can therefore be understood as communicative events structured by a shared understanding of genre and stylistic categories.
Seeking Salience
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the role played by categorization processing in perceptual recognition and introduces a diagnostic recognition framework for engaging art derived from a biased competition model for selective attention. The environment is replete with information. Perceptual systems are limited capacity cognitive systems. Perceptual systems are by their very nature, therefore, selective. In ordinary contexts, task demands and general world knowledge are used to direct attention to task-salient features of the environment. In artistic contexts these task demands are constrained by shared knowledge of different categories of art which serve as recipes to direct attention to minimal sets of diagnostic compositional features that carry the content of a work. Neurophysiological evidence demonstrates that these psychological processes not only guide attention, but also shape perception. This in turn entails that psychology and neuroscience can contribute to an understanding of how an artwork carries and conveys its artistically salient content.
Musical Expression
Authors: Seeley William P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores philosophical discussions about the nature of music expression. Musical works are inanimate artifacts. It has, as a result, been thought to be puzzling that listeners attribute expressive qualities to them. The chapter evaluates two alternative philosophical solutions to this puzzle: contour theory and embodied appraisal theory. Current research in psychology of music suggests that the conjunction of these two alternative theories provides a comprehensive model for how music carries and conveys information about the affective contours of ordinary behaviors. An appeal to facts about sensorimotor processing can in this case, as in the previous chapter, be used to dissolve a longstanding philosophical puzzle about art.
The Canon of Ancient Iranian Art
Authors: Colburn Henry P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The canon of ancient Iranian art coalesced during the heyday of archaeological research in Iran during the 1950s and 1960s. Scholars sought to reconcile both excavated material from a series of type sites and unexcavated objects, with a sequence of historical and cultural phases from Proto-Elamite to Sasanian. Consequently, the canon has some notable weaknesses. First, the term “Iranian” can refer to geography or people, either of which excludes important material. Second, the periodization of the canon relies on Mesopotamian and Mediterranean history, which is not always a good fit for Iran. Third, the use of style to assign material to these periods relies on the problematic assumption that multiple artistic styles cannot coexist at the same time and place. This chapter argues that it is useful to adopt an approach that focuses instead on individual sites or micro-regions, thus better reflecting the richness and diversity of ancient Iranian art.
“Classical” versus “Ancient” in the Near Eastern Canon
Authors: Friedland Elise A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Despite art historians’ inclination to expand the narrative of the Near East into the Graeco-Roman period, there is no published survey of the art and archaeology of the classical Near East. Likewise, handbooks of classical and general art history underrepresent the Levant. This chapter explores that lacuna through three canonical examples from the Levant, which are typically represented in these handbooks, and one canon-worthy example that is not. It addresses contributing factors to this lacuna: the dynamic politics of the Graeco-Roman Levant, disciplinary and historiographic biases, and the nature of the evidence. Finally, it exhorts specialists to publish a classical Near East survey representing the full range of sites, architecture, monuments, media, and styles from 330 bce to 636 ce. Without such a handbook, material culture from the region is rarely interpreted within its historical, political, and artistic contexts and is more often (mis)represented in the broader narrative of world art history.
The Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Glyptic on a Roll
Authors: Stein Diana L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Once valued purely as objets d’art and gems of the ancient Near Eastern canon, seals are today integral to any investigation into ancient bureaucracies and their implications. While practical inquiries into seal use and design now adopt a holistic approach, thematic investigations are thwarted by long-standing assumptions about seals, their function, and the key to deciphering their imagery. Taking the “banquet scene” as an example, this chapter questions the basis for its conventional interpretation and reexamines the data from the viewpoint of its archaeological correlates. A longer perspective highlights the norm and suggests an alternative explanation that better fits the assembled evidence. This particular case also underscores the importance of glyptic (seals and sealings) as the longest continuous record of symbolic communication. To the extent that it revolves around man’s timeless quest to access, comprehend, and control what many perceive to be an alternate but ineffable reality, the glyptic corpus has a key role to play in updating the ancient Near Eastern canon.
The Canon of Ancient Near Eastern Palaces
Authors: Kertai David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter identifies a list of ancient Near Eastern palaces that emerge as canonical across scholarly literature. The result is rather haphazard, with a palace’s canonical status being dependent on archaeological discovery and preservation rather than on the building’s ancient historical or architectural significance. Indeed, the study of ancient Near Eastern palaces has been dominated by a morphological approach, exemplified by the German tradition of Formengeschichte (“history of form”). Ignoring the specificities of particular times and places, this approach uses general typologies that create grand narratives of a timeless Oriental architecture. This approach has allowed an implicit set of theoretical and methodological assumptions to dominate scholarly discourse on ancient Near Eastern palaces. In response, after tracing the formation of the canon of palaces, this chapter questions the relevance of the resulting canon and ponders potential alternative approaches to ancient Near Eastern royal architecture.
How Ancient and Modern Memory Shapes the Past
Authors: Nadali Davide 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ancient Near Eastern state agencies that produced monumental art and architecture and crafted rare works out of luxury materials were essentially materializing their own interpretations of reality and thereby producing memories. Because elite memories were rendered into tangible forms and images, they dominated and endured. Thus, ruling bodies curated their particular memories through a range of canonical sites, buildings, monuments, and artworks, which they would have viewed as most representative of their power and legitimacy. Modern canons of ancient Near Eastern art and architecture are an indirect legacy of antiquity’s broken and biased record. Modern aesthetic and political agendas have isolated certain archaeological finds and elevated them to canonical status as representatives of a past best suited to modern needs. This chapter aims to detangle the ancient and modern canons, and, using the Assyrians as a case study, proposes a new memory-based paradigm for canon construction.
Conceptualizing the Past in Museum Exhibitions of Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern Art
Authors: Kreiter Rachel P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Should Egypt be exhibited as part of the ancient Near East? This chapter considers the museological place of objects that cannot currently be accommodated in either the Egyptian or ancient Near Eastern canons. First, the chapter broadly defines the traits shared by objects in the Egyptian art canon and argues that museum displays have been primarily responsible for its formation. Then a selection of exhibitions that have incorporated Egyptian material with that of the Near East and traditional African art are considered in order to demonstrate the benefits of an international approach to display. The conclusion is that, as a powerful technology of knowledge production, a curatorial vision that integrates cross-cultural and international strategies into the display of permanent collections would encourage a broadening of the types of objects included in regional and global canons.
The Lucrative Business of the Cyrus Cylinder
Authors: Abdi Kamyar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Cylinder of Cyrus the Great (c. 600–530 bce) of Persia. More commonly known as the “Cyrus Cylinder,” this archaeological find housed in the British Museum is about 22 centimeters long, made of baked clay, and covered in cuneiform writing that has been noted by biblical scholars to corroborate the story of Cyrus’s liberation of the Jewish people from Babylonian captivity. Since the mid-twentieth century, it has been (mis/ab)used as a political tool to promote Iranian national identity. With its exhibition in Iran in 2010 and in the United States in 2013, it has also become a commodified icon in a lucrative international business.
Kick It
Authors: Brennan Matt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The drum kit—the combination of kick drum, snare drum, and cymbals—has provided the pulse of popular music from before the dawn of jazz up to the present day pop charts. This book is a provocative social history of the instrument that looks closely at key innovators in the development of the kit: inventors and manufacturers like the Ludwig and Zildjian dynasties, jazz icons like Gene Krupa and Max Roach, rock stars from Ringo Starr to Keith Moon, and popular artists who haven't always got their dues as drummers, such as Karen Carpenter and J Dilla. Addressing a seeming contradiction – the centrality of the drum kit on the one hand, and the general disparagement of drummers on the other—this book makes the case for the drum kit’s role as one of the most important and transformative musical inventions of the modern era. Going beyond its purely musical history, it uses the instrument to replay the wider history of the United States and to chart the rise of the drum kit’s global economic and cultural influence. Tackling the history of race relations, global migration, and the changing tension between high and low culture, it shows how the drum kit, drummers, and drumming helped change modern music—and society as a whole—from the bottom up.
Working drummers, musical labour, role playing, and authorship
Authors: Brennan Matt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines drumming as a form of musical labour. It documents the establishment of different roles the drummer is expected to play in different contexts, from session work in the recording studio to the work performed by rock stars onstage. It also considers the globalization of drum kit production in the postwar era and the rise of East Asian manufacturers such as Pearl, Tama, and Yamaha. Finally, it considers the plight of the drummer when it comes to receiving credit as a songwriter, and how the history of copyright law has influenced the perception of drummers and the remuneration they can expect for their work.
Indispensable drummers, drum machines, and record production
Authors: Brennan Matt 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores attempts to replace drummers with new technologies, but also the gradual move of the drum kit—both acoustic and synthesized—from the margins to the center of pop record production from the 1970s to the present. It examines the development of recording the drum kit through the multi-tracking era and into the digital production era. It also discusses the important role the drum kit played in the creation of reggae, Afrobeat, hip-hop, disco, and dance music. It charts the rise of drum machines, digital samplers, augmenting the drum kit, and drumming without drummers.
Innovation
Authors: Gordon Eric , Mugar Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of civic innovation, which is distinct from the more commonly understood market innovation. Instead of moving quickly and disrupting markets through the introduction of novelties, civic innovators use novelties to change organizational cultures, and build publics around common cause. The chapter introduces four primary activities of civic innovation: network building, holding space, distributing ownership and persistent input. Drawing on two case studies, the Chicago Police Data Project and the Boston Student Rights App, the chapter shows how people are putting these activities into practice and reshaping how innovation happens. The chapter reviews popular conceptualizations of innovation, especially as they emerge from Silicon Valley, and describes why innovating in a civic context comes with different demands.
Didactic Poetry of Mergen Gegeen
Authors: Ujeed Uranchimeg 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Mergen Gegeen’s popular poetry and songs are intended to popularize Buddhist teaching among the laity. “A Teaching on the Maṇi” is about impermanence of lives. Nothing can help when someone dies other than relying on Buddha Dharma and recite the maṇi mantra. “A Human Life Difficult to Obtain” speaks of the preciousness and rarity of a human rebirth and meeting with the Dharma. It encourages people to dedicate themselves to the practice of Buddhism and set themselves onto the Bodhisattva Path in order to attain Buddhahood. “Saṃsāra” warns the audience of the ripening of karma, sufferings of human life, and of the dangers of youthful negligence and ignorance. It encourages the audience to generate virtue, abandon sins, and progress on the stages of the path. “Supreme Śākyamuni” conveys Buddhist knowledge by recounting the Buddha’s life story
Oral Narratives from the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Gecse Adrienn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The stories introduced in this chapter tell about the life of various monks, the teachers of the storyteller who was the then-ninety-two-year-old G. Sukhbat in Erdenetsogt district of Bayankhongor Province. Through the narratives we get a glimpse of the early twentieth-century Mongolia, when religion and religious values became worthless or rather dangerous in the eyes of those in power. Western principles came to the front, became superior, and traditional culture was eliminated for its outdatedness and primitivity. Because religion was considered the main carrier of traditional Mongolian culture, neither monks nor their followers and monasteries could escape the punishment. Various sources quote somewhat differing figures, but undoubtedly, due to the so-called Modern Mongolia project, tens of thousands of people lost their lives in the purges. The 1990s meant a huge transformation into a free society and the rediscovery of traditions and religion. Because of the circumstances, monks and others followed the traditional way of preserving their heritage that is through keeping the knowledge within for future generations to come, similarly to the stories told as follows. They did not get written down, and they emerged to the surface and became more widely known only after the passing of the danger. Only thanks to the strength and persistence of monks and laypeople could these stories emerge to be learned from.
The Internal Regulations of Gandan Monastery
Authors: Tsultemin Uranchimeg 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter provides a translation of the first nine folios of the “Internal Regulations of Gandan Monastery in Ulaanbaatar” written in Classical Mongolian in 1925. To date, this is the only monastic constitution jayig (Tib. bca’ yig) of Ikh Khüree (Cl. M. Yeke küriye), the main seat of the Jebtsundampa Khutugtus, known to us. As this text was written shortly upon the foundation of the People’s Republic of Mongolia (1924–1992), it testifies to the prompt reforms undertaken by the socialist government toward religion and its institutions. While the main content addresses the temples in both parts of former Ikh Khüree—Züün Khüree and Gandan—the title, by its clear reference to exclusively Gandan as the Monastery in Ulaanbaatar, indicates that the reforms began with the immediate separation of religion from politics. Even though the main content focuses on the details of rituals, monks’ duties, and daily routines of Ikh Khüree’s temples, which primarily follow Géluk scholastic models and curricula, the authors use explicit language to instruct subordination of religious constituents to the socialist government. One wonders whether this deliberate start was in anticipation of the upcoming measures that would gradually eradicate the Mongolian Buddhism and its culture.