bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ginsenoside Rh2 represses autophagy to promote cervical cancer cell apoptosis during starvation
Authors: Wang Jiawen , Bian Shuai , Wang Siming , Yang Song , Zhang Wanying , Zhao Daqing , Liu Meichen , Bai Xueyuan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Cancer cells through autophagy-mediated recycling to meet the metabolic demands of growth and proliferation. The steroidal saponin 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 effectively inhibits the growth and survival of a variety of tumor cell lines and animal models, but the effects of Rh2 on autophagy remain elusive.

Methods
Cell viability was measured by CCK-8 (cell counting kit-8) assays. Apoptosis, ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane potential were analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blot analyses were used to determine changes in protein levels. Morphology of apoptotic cells and autophagosome accumulation were analyzed by DAPI staining and transmission electron microscopy. Autophagy induction was monitored by acidic vesicular organelle staining, EGFP-LC3 and mRFP-GFP-LC3 transfection. Atg7 siRNA and autophagy regulator was used to assess the effect of autophagy on apoptosis induced by G-Rh2.

Results
In this study, we found that low concentration G-Rh2 attenuated cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis upon serum-free starvation. Caspase 3 inhibitors failed to block apoptosis in G-Rh2-treated cells, indicating a caspase-independent mechanism. G-Rh2-treated cells in serum-deprived conditions showed impaired mitochondrial function, increased release and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, but little changes in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic distributions of cytochrome C. Annexin A2 overexpression in 293T cells inhibited G-Rh2-induced apoptosis under serum-starved conditions. Meanwhile, G-Rh2 reduced lysosomal activity and inhibited the fusion of autophagosome and lysosome, leading to a block of autophagic flux. Knockdown Atg7 significantly inhibited autophagy and triggered AIF-induced apoptosis in serm free condition. The autophagy inducer significantly decreased the apoptosis levels of G-Rh2-treated cells in serum-free conditions.

Conclusions
Under nutrient deficient conditions, G-Rh2 represses autophagy in cervical cancer cells and enhanced apoptosis through an apoptosis-inducing factor mediated pathway.
Parent Engagement and Agency in Latin American Childhood Cancer Treatment: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Olarte-Sierra María Fernanda , Rossell Nuria , Zubieta Marcela , Challinor Julia 
Published: November 2020

PURPOSEParent engagement in childhood cancer treatment is central for positive outcomes. Aspects of fruitful engagement have been described mainly in high-income countries (HICs) where family autonomy is valued, health care provider-patient relationships are less hierarchical, and active family participation in health care is welcomed. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), these aspects are not always valued or encouraged. We explored childhood cancer treatment engagement in Latin America as part of a larger engagement study in 10 LMICs worldwide.METHODSA qualitative investigation was conducted with parents (with the exception of one grandmother and two aunts in loco parentis; n = 21) of children with cancer in El Salvador, Peru, and Mexico. Participants were recruited by two Childhood Cancer International foundations and two local hospitals. A pediatric oncology psychologist and a medical anthropologist (experienced, native Latin Americans researchers) conducted focus-group discussions and in-depth interviews that were recorded and transcribed, and analyzed data.RESULTSParents in the three countries actively engage in their child’s treatment, despite challenges of communicating effectively with health care staff. Hierarchical health care provider relationships and generalized socioeconomic disparities and cultural diversity with health care staff notwithstanding, parents find ways to navigate cancer treatment by exerting their agency and exploiting resources they have at hand.CONCLUSIONIn Latin America, engagement materializes in ways that are not necessarily reflected in existing literature from HICs and, thus, engagement may seem nonexistent. Health care teams’ recognition of parents’ substantial sacrifices to adhere to complex demands as treatment engagement, may positively impact the children’s (and family’s) quality of life, treatment experience, adherence, and posttreatment circumstances.
Kakanian Flyspecks: Film Criticism in Austria since the 1990s
Authors: Naqvi Fatima 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFilm criticism helped constitute what is now called New Austrian Cinema. This article looks at “short form” criticism in edited volumes and emerging journals that worked to establish this cinema’s coherence and prestige. The virtuous cycle inaugurated in the 1990s—when critics wrote with great acuity about recent films, and filmmakers seemed to work to meet heightened expectations—has continued with full-length monographs for a wider audience in the new millennium. This development, however, has not been without its detractors. Specifically, Michael Haneke’s Caché (2005) can be interpreted as an ambivalent statement about the power of the critic.
Playing the “Lady Sambo”
Authors: Francis Leigh-Anne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the post–Civil War South, black women litigants made conscious tactical appeals to white male judges’ racism, particularly the racist-sexist stereotypes at the heart of the white paternalism ethos, in order to win lawsuits against whites who defrauded them. African American women’s arsenal of legal strategies included the “Lady Sambo,” an intentional racialized gender performance of feigned ignorance. By performing the “Lady Sambo”—an ignorant, servile black woman in need of protection—some poor black women mobilized their expertise in white racism to defend their economic rights. In a white-dominated society predicated upon the denial of black rights, freedom, and dignity, poor black women seeking justice in civil court cases had to employ resistance strategies that did not openly challenge white authority. In white paternalism, a cultural mainstay of the postbellum South, poor black women discerned and wrested an opportunity to covertly resist economic racism. Unable to attenuate or eradicate structural racism, black women treated racism as a weakness that, at times, made whites vulnerable to manipulation. As long as judges’ legal decisions left the white male power structure intact, some black women were the potential beneficiaries of jurists’ racial paternalism ethos. While whites imagined themselves as controlling paternalistic exchanges with blacks, black people engaged whites as conscious actors drawing on a keen understanding of white people’s supremacist self-perceptions and projections onto blacks. When possible, black women exploited white racism to their advantage and white judges’ racial paternalism ethos occasioned such exploitation. In so doing, black women earned their legal victories by acting intentionally and with savvy.
Different When I Opened My Mouth
Authors: Sembiante Sabrina F. , Salinas Cristóbal , Ramírez J. Andrés , Vásquez-Colina Maria D. , Silva Yamilé 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article explores experiences, reflections, and perspectives of actual or perceived linguistic discrimination as experienced by four Latina/o and one White foreign-born professors currently working in research universities across the United States. Building on the literature on linguistic discrimination and the theoretical framing of LangCrit, the authors exemplify instances of linguistic discrimination resulting from a member of the majority culture asserting their native speaker power over the foreign-born speaker with an accent. Through examining the participants’ accents, the authors expose the paradoxical simultaneous positions the participants occupy as oppressed-privileged beings. In the discussion and implications, the authors address raising consciousness around linguistic discrimination in an effort to transform the educational landscape and opportunities for historically marginalized communities.
MR lymphography with superparamagnetic iron oxide for sentinel lymph node mapping of N0 early oral cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Sugiyama Satomi , Iwai Toshinori , Baba Junichi , Oguri Senri , Izumi Toshiharu , Sekino Masaki , Kusakabe Moriaki , Mitsudo Kenji 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the usefulness of magnetic resonance lymphography (MRL) with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) in sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping of clinically N0 early oral cancer, and to conduct a comparative study of this MRL with CT lymphography (CTL). Methods: CTL and MRL were performed for SLN mapping before surgery for 20 patients with clinically N0 early oral cancer. The detection rate, number, and location of SLNs in CTL and MRL were evaluated. Furthermore, optimal scanning/imaging timing in MRL was examined. Results: SLNs were detected by CTL in 18 (90%) patients, and the total and mean number of SLN were 35 and 1.8, respectively. All SLNs could be detected 2 min and 3.5–5 min after contrast medium injection. In all patients, SLNs were detected by MRL at 10 min after SPIO injection, and the total and mean number of SLN was 53 and 2.7, respectively. MRL at 30 min after the injection showed additional 18 secondary lymph nodes. Conclusion: MRL with SPIO is safe and useful imaging for the detection of SLNs in clinically N0 early oral cancer, and the optimal imaging timing is 10 min after SPIO injection.
Mandatory vaccination for seasonal influenza: what are nurses' views?
Authors: Flanagan Paula , Dowling Maura , Gethin Georgina 
Published: November 2020

Background: Preventing seasonal influenza is a public health priority but, although the benefits of vaccinating healthcare workers (HCWs) are emphasised, seasonal influenza vaccine uptake rates remain low. Voluntary vaccination policies have been less successful in achieving high vaccine uptake when compared to mandatory policies and the persistently low vaccine uptake among HCWs has fuelled debate on whether mandatory vaccination programmes should be implemented in the interest of patient safety. Aim: This study explored nurses' views on mandatory vaccination policy for seasonal influenza. Methods: A self-selected sample (n=35) of qualified nurses working in two large hospital sites in Ireland participated in five focus groups. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke's framework. Findings: Two themes were identified: (1) mixed views on mandatory vaccination and (2) leave nurses to make their own choice on vaccination. Conclusion: This study provides an understanding of nurses' views regarding mandatory vaccination policy for seasonal influenza and highlights that individual choice and autonomy are crucial for vaccine acceptance.
Peer reviewing power: a case for a European evidence ombudsman
Authors: Hines Philip A. , Brand Angela 
Published: November 2020

Background:The use of evidence in the European Union’s (EU) policymaking remains largely ad hoc, political and opaque. These flaws are substantial, with a residual lack of appropriate methodology and transparency in the selection and use of evidence - including from stakeholder consultations - to inform policymaking across all EU institutions.
Aims and objectives:To build on previous research and suggest a systematic solution to improving the use of evidence in EU policymaking.
Methods:The solution was assessed using principles of good governance of evidence.
Findings:This paper presents the idea of a European Evidence Ombudsman (EEO), a body to systematically and independently make proposals to improve the EU’s governance.
Discussion and conclusion:Through better evidenced and more transparent policymaking, the EEO could help improve the legitimacy, quality and predictability of the EU’s legislation. Its mandate could include designing, recommending, and upon their approval by the EU institutions, enforcing improvements to evidence governance. This advisory mandate could see validated methods to select and weigh evidence in a transparent manner become a norm. Through using pre-existing EU expertise and engaging independent academics, the ombudsman could have a role as an evidence ambassador, providing an independent voice to strongly criticise the misuse of evidence, and improve evidence accountability and governance across all EU institutions.
Theoretical explanation of spectral super-broadening of backward stimulated Raman scattering in liquids
Authors: He Guang S. , Zhang Feng-Dong , Shen Yuzhen , Cui Yiping 
Published: November 2020

Spectral super-broadening (could be up to

≥

450

c
m

−
1

) has been recently observed for backward stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) in several liquids under the pump conditions using 532 nm and

∼

11

n
s

pulses from a frequency-doubled and Pockels

Q

-switched Nd:YAG laser device working in multi-longitudinal modes. A theoretical model of Raman resonance-enhanced refractive-index change and the cross-phase modulation (XPM) between the pump sub-pulse and the SRS sub-pulse is presented. Based on the experimental fact that the pump pulse consists of successive sub-pulses of

≤

50

p
s

duration, the pump-induced phase change experienced by a forward and a backward SRS sub-pulse is calculated separately as a function of the peak intensity of the pump sub-pulse. For an individual forward SRS sub-pulse, it can only interact with one co-propagating pump sub-pulse; thus, the XPM induced spectral broadening remains in a limited spectral broadening range. However, for each individual backward SRS sub-pulse, it can sequentially interact with multiple counter-propagating pump sub-pulses, which results in a much larger broadening range of more than several hundreds of

c
m

−
1

, depending on how many pump sub-pulses could interact with a single backward SRS sub-pulse within the Raman liquid. By choosing appropriate numerical simulation parameters, the calculated distribution of spectral broadening can be in good agreement with the experimental result.
Probable PTSD, depression and anxiety in 40,299 UK police officers and staff: Prevalence, risk factors and associations with blood pressure
Authors: Stevelink Sharon A. M. , Opie Elena , Pernet David , Gao He , Elliott Paul , Wessely Simon , Fear Nicola T. , Hotopf Matthew , Greenberg Neil 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionPolice employees undertake challenging duties which may adversely impact their health. This study explored the prevalence of and risk factors for probable mental disorders amongst a representative sample of UK police employees. The association between mental illness and alterations in blood pressure was also explored.MethodsData were used from the Airwave Health Monitoring Study which was established to monitor the possible physical health impacts of a new communication system on police employees. Data included sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and blood pressure. Descriptive statistics were used to explore the prevalence of probable mental disorders and associated factors. Stepwise linear regression was conducted, controlling for confounding variables, to examine associations between mental disorders and blood pressure.ResultsThe sample included 40,299 police staff, police constable/sergeants and inspectors or above. Probable depression was most frequently reported (9.8%), followed by anxiety (8.5%) and PTSD (3.9%). Groups at risk for probable mental disorders included police staff, and police employees who reported drinking heavily. Police employees exposed to traumatic incidents in the past six months had a doubling in rates of anxiety or depression and a six-fold increase in PTSD compared to those with no recent trauma exposure. Adjusted logistic regression models did not reveal any significant association between probable mental disorders and systolic blood pressure but significantly elevated diastolic blood pressure (≈1mmHg) was found across mental disorders.ConclusionsThese results show lower rates of probable mental disorders, especially PTSD, than reported in other studies focusing on police employees. Although mental ill health was associated with increased diastolic blood pressure, this was unlikely to be clinically significant. These findings highlight the importance of continued health monitoring of members of the UK police forces, focusing on employees recently exposed to traumatic incidents, heavy drinkers and police staff.
Repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19: Rapid prediction of commercially available drugs through machine learning and docking
Authors: Mohapatra Sovesh , Nath Prathul , Chatterjee Manisha , Das Neeladrisingha , Kalita Deepjyoti , Roy Partha , Satapathi Soumitra 
Published: November 2020

Background
The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly around the globe during the past 3 months. As the virus infected cases and mortality rate of this disease is increasing exponentially, scientists and researchers all over the world are relentlessly working to understand this new virus along with possible treatment regimens by discovering active therapeutic agents and vaccines. So, there is an urgent requirement of new and effective medications that can treat the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2.

Methods and findings
We perform the study of drugs that are already available in the market and being used for other diseases to accelerate clinical recovery, in other words repurposing of existing drugs. The vast complexity in drug design and protocols regarding clinical trials often prohibit developing various new drug combinations for this epidemic disease in a limited time. Recently, remarkable improvements in computational power coupled with advancements in Machine Learning (ML) technology have been utilized to revolutionize the drug development process. Consequently, a detailed study using ML for the repurposing of therapeutic agents is urgently required. Here, we report the ML model based on the Naive Bayes algorithm, which has an accuracy of around 73% to predict the drugs that could be used for the treatment of COVID-19. Our study predicts around ten FDA approved commercial drugs that can be used for repurposing. Among all, we found that 3 of the drugs fulfils the criterions well among which the antiretroviral drug Amprenavir (DrugBank ID–DB00701) would probably be the most effective drug based on the selected criterions.

Conclusions
Our study can help clinical scientists in being more selective in identifying and testing the therapeutic agents for COVID-19 treatment. The ML based approach for drug discovery as reported here can be a futuristic smart drug designing strategy for community applications.
Sex disparities in dialysis initiation, access to waitlist, transplantation and transplant outcome in German patients with renal disease—A population based analysis
Authors: Melk Anette , Schmidt Bernhard M. W. , Geyer Siegfried , Epping Jelena 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundRenal transplantation access and outcome differ between men and women, but no analysis has considered all transition phases and transplant outcome using the same data set. We analyzed sex disparities in all phases of patients’ clinical path (progression to dialysis, waitlisting, transplantation, graft failure/death).MethodsIn a population based approach using health insurance data (2005–2013) we examined patients’ risk of changing from one phase to another applying Cox Proportional Hazards model.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and comorbidities, women had a 16% lower risk of progression to ESRD (HR/95%-CI: 0.84/0.79–0.88). Access to the waitlist was lowered by 18% in women compared to men (HR/95%-CI: 0.82/0.70–0.96). An age stratified analysis did not reveal differences in any age group. Once waitlisted, the chance to receive a transplant was identical (HR/95%-CI: 0.96/0.81–1.15). The risk of transplant failure/death was identical for both sexes (HR/95%-CI: 0.99/0.73–1.35), but the effect was modified by age: in younger women (18–45 years) the risk was twice as high compared to men (HR/95%-CI: 2.08/1.04–4.14), whereas the risk in elderly women (> 65 years) was only half the risk of men (HR/95%-CI: 0.47/0.24–0.93).ConclusionSex disparities occurred at different steps in the history of patients with renal disease and affected progression to dialysis, waitlisting and transplantation outcome in a population with equal access to medical treatment.
Probing cardiomyocyte mobility with multi-phase cardiac diffusion tensor MRI
Authors: Moulin Kévin , Verzhbinsky Ilya A. , Maforo Nyasha G. , Perotti Luigi E. , Ennis Daniel B. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Cardiomyocyte organization and performance underlie cardiac function, but the in vivo mobility of these cells during contraction and filling remains difficult to probe. Herein, a novel trigger delay (TD) scout sequence was used to acquire high in-plane resolution (1.6 mm) Spin-Echo (SE) cardiac diffusion tensor imaging (cDTI) at three distinct cardiac phases. The objective was to characterize cardiomyocyte organization and mobility throughout the cardiac cycle in healthy volunteers.

Materials and methods
Nine healthy volunteers were imaged with cDTI at three distinct cardiac phases (early systole, late systole, and diastasis). The sequence used a free-breathing Spin-Echo (SE) cDTI protocol (b-values = 350s/mm2, twelve diffusion encoding directions, eight repetitions) to acquire high-resolution images (1.6x1.6x8mm3) at 3T in ~7 minutes/cardiac phase. Helix Angle (HA), Helix Angle Range (HAR), E2 angle (E2A), Transverse Angle (TA), Mean Diffusivity (MD), diffusion tensor eigenvalues (λ1-2-3), and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) in the left ventricle (LV) were characterized.

Results
Images from the patient-specific TD scout sequence demonstrated that SE cDTI acquisition was possible at early systole, late systole, and diastasis in 78%, 100% and 67% of the cases, respectively. At the mid-ventricular level, mobility (reported as median [IQR]) was observed in HAR between early systole and late systole (76.9 [72.6, 80.5]° vs 96.6 [85.9, 100.3]°, p<0.001). E2A also changed significantly between early systole, late systole, and diastasis (27.7 [20.8, 35.1]° vs 45.2 [42.1, 49]° vs 20.7 [16.6, 26.4]°, p<0.001).

Conclusion
We demonstrate that it is possible to probe cardiomyocyte mobility using multi-phase and high resolution cDTI. In healthy volunteers, aggregate cardiomyocytes re-orient themselves more longitudinally during contraction, while cardiomyocyte sheetlets tilt radially during wall thickening. These observations provide new insights into the three-dimensional mobility of myocardial microstructure during systolic contraction.