bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population‐wide differentials in HIV service access and outcomes in the Western Cape for men as compared to women, South Africa: 2008 to 2018: a cohort analysis
Authors: Osler Meg , Cornell Morna , Ford Nathan , Hilderbrand Katherine , Goemaere Eric , Boulle Andrew 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionFew studies have systematically described population‐level differences comparing men and women across the continuum of routine HIV care. This study quantifies differentials in HIV care, treatment and mortality outcomes for men and women over time in South Africa.MethodsWe analysed population‐wide linked anonymized data, including vital registration linkage, for the Western Cape Province, from the time of first CD4 count. Three antiretroviral therapy guideline eligibility periods were defined: 1 January 2008 to 31 July 2011 (CD4 cell count <200 cells/µL), 1 August 2011 to 31 December 2014 (<350 cells/µL), 1 January 2015 to 31 August 2016 (<500 cells/µL). We estimated care uptake based on service attendance, and modelled associations for men and women with ART initiation and overall, pre‐ART and ART mortality. Separate Cox proportional hazard models were built for each outcome and eligibility period, adjusted for tuberculosis, pregnancy, CD4 count and age.ResultsAdult men made up 49% of the population and constituted 37% of those living with HIV. In 2009, 46% of men living with HIV attended health services, rising to 67% by 2015 compared to 54% and 77% of women respectively. Men contributed <35% of all CD4 cell counts over 10 years and presented with more advanced disease (39% of all first presentation CD4 cell counts from men were <200 cells/µL compared to 25% in women). ART access was lower in men compared to women (AHR 0.79 (0.77 to 0.80) summarized for Period 2) over the entire study). Mortality was greater in men irrespective of ART (AHR 1.08 (1.01 to 1.16) Period 3) and after ART start (AHR 1.15 (1.05 to 1.20) Period 3) with mortality differences decreasing over time.ConclusionsCompared to women, men presented with more advanced disease, were less likely to attend health care services annually, were less likely to initiate ART and had higher mortality overall and while receiving ART care. People living with HIV were more likely to initiate ART if they had acute reasons to access healthcare beyond HIV, such as being pregnant or being co‐infected with tuberculosis. Our findings point to missed opportunities for improving access to and outcomes from interventions for men along the entire HIV cascade.
Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy due to biallelic pathogenic variants in PIGQ: Report of seven new subjects and review of the literature
Authors: Johnstone Devon L. , Nguyen Thi Tuyet Mai , Zambonin Jessica , Kernohan Kristin D. , St‐Denis Anik , Baratang Nissan V. , Hartley Taila , Geraghty Michael T. , Richer Julie , Majewski Jacek , Bareke Eric , Guerin Andrea , Pendziwiat Manuela , Pena Loren D. M. , Braakman Hilde M. H. , Gripp Karen W. , Edmondson Andrew C. , He Miao , Spillmann Rebecca C. , Eklund Erik A. , Bayat Allan ,   Undiagnosed Diseases Network,   Care4Rare Canada Consortium, McMillan Hugh J. , Boycott Kym M. , Campeau Philippe M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe investigated seven children from six families to expand the phenotypic spectrum associated with an early infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class Q (PIGQ) gene. The affected children were all identified by clinical or research exome sequencing. Clinical data, including EEGs and MRIs, was comprehensively reviewed and flow cytometry and transfection experiments were performed to investigate PIGQ function. Pathogenic biallelic PIGQ variants were associated with increased mortality. Epileptic seizures, axial hypotonia, developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies were consistently observed. Seizure onset occurred between 2.5 months and 7 months of age and varied from treatable seizures to recurrent episodes of status epilepticus. Gastrointestinal issues were common and severe, two affected individuals had midgut volvulus requiring surgical correction. Cardiac anomalies including arrythmias were observed. Flow cytometry using granulocytes and fibroblasts from affected individuals showed reduced expression of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins. Transfection of wildtype PIGQ cDNA into patient fibroblasts rescued this phenotype. We expand the phenotypic spectrum of PIGQ‐related disease and provide the first functional evidence in human cells of defective GPI‐anchoring due to pathogenic variants in PIGQ.
Development of infantile tremor syndrome after initiation of hydroxycobalamin treatment in an infant with a late diagnosis of cobalamin C disorder
Authors: Wilson Ashley , Cruz Vivian , Kronick Jonathan B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCombined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (cobalamin C deficiency, cblC) is a well‐described disorder of vitamin B12 metabolism caused by mutations in the MMACHC gene with multisystemic manifestations. While there is no cure, combined treatment with intramuscular hydroxycobalamin and oral betaine may reduce the severity of symptoms and improve clinical outcome. We report a female patient diagnosed with late‐onset cobalamin C deficiency at the age of 8 months who presented with developmental regression and severe dermatitis. She developed a movement disorder after initiation of hydroxycobalamin treatment. Similar movement disorders have been described in patients with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiencies following cobalamin supplementation but have not previously been reported in patients with cobalamin C disorder. The movement disorder in our patient gradually resolved with clonazepam treatment, despite no seizure activity detected on EEG. She was eventually weaned off the clonazepam and the abnormal movements have not recurred. The patient remains developmentally delayed but is showing no other symptoms related to cobalamin C deficiency. The patient has a younger affected sibling who was treated from birth and who is physically and developmentally entirely normal; she did not have abnormal movements after treatment with hydroxycobalamin was initiated. There is no clear consensus on the cause of movement disorders that develop following initiation of intramuscular vitamin B12 treatment.
Resting‐State Power and Regional Connectivity After Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Stephenson David D. , Meier Timothy B. , Pabbathi Reddy Sharvani , Robertson‐Benta Cidney R. , Hergert Danielle C. , Dodd Andrew B. , Shaff Nicholas A. , Ling Josef M. , Oglesbee Scott J. , Campbell Richard A. , Phillips John P. , Sapien Robert E. , Mayer Andrew R. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPhysiological recovery from pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (pmTBI) as a function of age remains actively debated, with the majority of studies relying on subjective symptom report rather than objective markers of brain physiology.PurposeTo examine potential abnormalities in fractional amplitude of low‐frequency fluctuations (fALFF) or regional homogeniety (ReHo) during resting‐state fMRI following pmTBI.Study TypeProspective cohort.PopulationConsecutively recruited pmTBI (N = 105; 8–18 years old) and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HC; N = 113).Field Strength/Sequence3T multiecho gradient T1‐weighted and single‐shot gradient‐echo echo‐planar imaging.AssessmentAll pmTBI participants were assessed 1 week and 4 months postinjury (HC assessed at equivalent timepoints after the first visit). Comprehensive demographic, clinical, and cognitive batteries were performed in addition to primary investigation of fALFF and ReHo. All pmTBI were classified as “persistent” or “recovered” based on both assessment periods.Statistical TestsChi‐square, nonparametric, and generalized linear models for demographic data. Generalized estimating equations for clinical and cognitive data. Voxelwise general linear models (AFNI's 3dMVM) for fALFF and ReHo assessment.ResultsEvidence of recovery was observed for some, but not all, clinical and cognitive measures at 4 months postinjury. fALFF was increased in the left striatum for pmTBI relative to HC both at 1 week and 4 months postinjury; whereas no significant group differences (P > 0.001) were observed for ReHo. Age‐at‐injury did not moderate either resting‐state metric across groups. In contrast to analyses of pmTBI as a whole, there were no significant (P > 0.001) differences in either fALFF or ReHo in patients with persistent postconcussive symptoms compared to recovered patients and controls at 4 months postinjury.Data ConclusionsOur findings suggest prolonged clinical recovery and alterations in the relative amplitude of resting‐state fluctuations up to 4 months postinjury, but no clear relationship with age‐at‐injury or subjective symptom report.Level of Evidence1Technical Efficacy2 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2020;52:1701–1713.
Serological and molecular prevalence of hepatitis E virus among blood donors from Uruguay
Authors: Bangueses Fernanda , Abin‐Carriquiry Juan A. , Cancela Florencia , Curbelo Jorge , Mirazo Santiago 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is considered a neglected disease of major concern in developed countries. Clinically, HEV occurs as an acute and self‐limited disease, though chronic cases mostly associated to HEV‐3 are now being commonly reported in immunocompromised individuals and solid organ transplant recipients. Transmission of HEV through blood and derivatives have been increasingly described in the last years, highlighting the importance of including this agent on the screening programs. Since 2010 both acute and chronic hepatitis E cases have been frequently reported in Uruguay. However, updated prevalence data among different population groups are lacking and HEV is not currently screened in blood banks. Herein, we report a seroprevalence and molecular survey of HEV in 400 plasma samples from blood donors. Overall, our results showed an HEV seroprevalence rate of 10% (40/400); almost 10‐fold higher than 20 years ago. Total anti‐HEV immunoglobulin antibodies were found to increase with age. Moreover, we reported an RNA detection rate of at least 0.75%, and two strains were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis grouped them with human and swine HEV‐3 strains from Uruguay. Data presented here should prompt public health policies of HEV screening in blood banks to minimize the risk of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis E.
Internal variability versus multi‐physics uncertainty in a regional climate model
Authors: Lavin‐Gullon Alvaro , Fernandez Jesus , Bastin Sophie , Cardoso Rita M. , Fita Lluis , Giannaros Theodore M. , Goergen Klaus , Gutierrez Jose Manuel , Kartsios Stergios , Katragkou Eleni , Lorenz Torge , Milovac Josipa , Soares Pedro M. M. , Sobolowski Stefan , Warrach‐Sagi Kirsten 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn a recent study, Coppola et al. assessed the ability of an ensemble of convection‐permitting models (CPM) to simulate deep convection using three case studies. The ensemble exhibited strong discrepancies between models, which were attributed to various factors. In order to shed some light on the issue, we quantify in this article the uncertainty associated to different physical parameterizations from that of using different initial conditions, often referred to as the internal variability. For this purpose, we establish a framework to quantify both signals and we compare them for upper atmospheric circulation and near‐surface variables. The analysis is carried out in the context of the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study on Convective phenomena at high resolution over Europe and the Mediterranean, in which the intermediate RCM WRF simulations that serve to drive the CPM are run several times with different parameterizations. For atmospheric circulation (geopotential height), the sensitivity induced by multi‐physics and the internal variability show comparable magnitudes and a similar spatial distribution pattern. For 2‐m temperature and 10‐m wind, the simulations with different parameterizations show larger differences than those launched with different initial conditions. The systematic effect over 1 year shows distinct patterns for the multi‐physics and the internal variability. Therefore, the general lesson of this study is that internal variability should be analysed in order to properly distinguish the impact of other sources of uncertainty, especially for short‐term sensitivity simulations.
Virtual Interpolation Images of Tumor Development and Growth on Breast Ultrasound Image Synthesis With Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Fujioka Tomoyuki , Kubota Kazunori , Mori Mio , Katsuta Leona , Kikuchi Yuka , Kimura Koichiro , Kimura Mizuki , Adachi Mio , Oda Goshi , Nakagawa Tsuyoshi , Kitazume Yoshio , Tateishi Ukihide 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesWe sought to generate realistic synthetic breast ultrasound images and express virtual interpolation images of tumors using a deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN).MethodsAfter retrospective selection of breast ultrasound images of 528 benign masses, 529 malignant masses, and 583 normal breasts, 20 synthesized images of each were generated by the DCGAN. Fifteen virtual interpolation images of tumors were generated by changing the value of the input vector. A total of 60 synthesized images and 20 virtual interpolation images were evaluated by 2 readers, who scored them on a 5‐point scale (1, very good; to 5, very poor) and then answered whether the synthesized image was benign, malignant, or normal.ResultsThe mean score of overall quality for synthesized images was 3.05, and that of the reality of virtual interpolation images was 2.53. The readers classified the generated images with a correct answer rate of 92.5%.ConclusionsA DCGAN can generate high‐quality synthetic breast ultrasound images of each pathologic tissue and has the potential to create realistic virtual interpolation images of tumor development.
Sampling errors arising from carousel entrainment and insufficient flushing of oceanographic sampling bottles
Authors: Paver Christopher R. , Codispoti Louis A. , Coles Victoria J. , Cooper Lee W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCollection of representative water samples is necessary for limnology and oceanography. Unfortunately, some common sampling practices using current technology have the potential to introduce significant sampling errors. For example, modern carousel hardware and software can permit closing of sampling bottles as soon as the bottle reaches the desired depth rather than allowing sufficient time (i.e., soak time) for ambient water to flush the sampling bottles. The large size of many conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)/carousels and their associated instrumentation also increase the impacts of water entrainment as the equipment travels within the water column. Finally, some modern sampling bottles have small openings relative to their volumes, a factor that inhibits bottle flushing, particularly if the bottle closures are not completely open. Inspection of data from selected research cruises suggests that insufficient soak times can produce biased water samples. In this study, we undertook field experiments that help to quantify the errors that can arise from CTD carousel entrainment and insufficient bottle flushing. The experiments demonstrate that under stratified conditions, soak times of more than 2 min may be required to collect representative water samples. The experiments also demonstrate the occurrence of stratification within sample bottles. Some protocols that may reduce sampling errors are suggested.
Q‐Switched Nd:YAG (532 nm) Laser Versus Intra‐Dermal Tranexamic Acid for Treatment of Facial Ephelides: A Split Face, Randomized, Comparative Trial
Authors: Sayed Khadiga S. , Tuqan Samar , Hilal Rana F. 
Published: June 2020

Background and ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy and safety of intradermal injection of tranexamic acid (TXA) versus Q switched (QS) KTP (532 nm) in the treatment of facial ephelides.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA randomized comparative split‐face study included a total of 30 female patients with bilateral facial ephelides. One cheek was treated by intra‐dermal TXA injections and the other was treated by QS‐KTP (532 nm). Patient assessment was performed by photography, pigmentation area, severity index and spectrophotometry at baseline, 1 week after treatment, and 2 months after treatment.ResultsA significant difference was found between both sides regarding the percentage change of pigmentation area, severity score (PSI) and melanin index (MI) after treatment and during follow up, favoring laser (P = 0.001). PSI decreased after treatment by 66.5% and 15.4% (laser and TXA sides respectively), further decrease after follow‐up was 69.4% with laser and 26.1% with TXA. MI improved by 3.7% after KTP laser to 7.7% after follow‐up and by 2.4% after TXA injections to 6.5% after follow‐up. Four patients developed post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation following QS‐KTP.ConclusionQS‐KTP laser is superior to intradermal TXA injection in the treatment of facial ephelides. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
LEADER HUMILITY: THE ESSENCE OF WORKING TOGETHER
Authors: Gist Marilyn 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBy observing the negative effects caused by some leaders, it became clear to me that there is one variable at the heart of leadership that is too often overlooked. That variable is humility. It guides a leader’s behaviors by placing central importance on the fact that others’ dignity matters. Many people are dismayed at the prevalence of leader dysfunction when progress is so essential. The need for stronger business leadership is equally urgent as we face challenges from volatile economies, technological change, global markets, cybersecurity, and sustainability. Executives in all sectors need to be able to bring divergent groups together and forge consensus on a path forward. Leadership takes place in relationship with others and a leader’s biggest challenge is to inspire their enthusiastic engagement with a shared goal. When we talk about motivating people, conversation typically turns to rewards and compensation. Largely unnoticed is leader humility—an extraordinarily powerful way of influencing people to volunteer their full support to achieving shared goals. When dignity is violated, we feel resentment, anger, or withdrawal—as opposed to empowerment, engagement, and enthusiasm.
Histone deacetylases as targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: Challenges and future opportunities
Authors: Rodrigues Daniel A. , Pinheiro Pedro de S. M. , Sagrillo Fernanda S. , Bolognesi Maria L. , Fraga Carlos A. M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the applicability of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) for cancer treatment, several works in the literature have shown that these inhibitors can be used in several other diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). This review begins by discussing the signaling pathways of HDACs, focused on the context of NDs, presenting a discussion about the pharmacophoric features of HDACis and crystal structure analysis and discussing interesting case studies from the literature about the development of HDACis. Additionally, a discussion about the consequences of isoform‐selective inhibition vs pan‐HDACis on neurotoxic effects and clinical trial investigations of HDACis for NDs is also presented. Finally, we describe our perspective related to the future use of these inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of NDs.
A model for the energy and angular distribution of x rays emitted from an x‐ray tube. Part II. Validation of x‐ray spectra from 20 to 300 kV
Authors: Omar Artur , Andreo Pedro , Poludniowski Gavin 
Published: June 2020

PurposeTo present and validate a complete x‐ray emission model (bremsstrahlung and characteristic x‐ray emission) for the energy range 20–300 kV.MethodsAn analytical x‐ray spectrum model that combines the bremsstrahlung emission model developed in Part I with a previously developed characteristic x‐ray emission model is validated by comparison with Monte Carlo calculations, published measured spectra, and models developed by other authors. Furthermore, the assumptions and limitations of previous spectrum models are summarized, and their predictions are compared with results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of x rays emitted from tungsten and molybdenum targets.ResultsThe model is able to reproduce narrow‐beam Monte Carlo calculations to within 0.5% in terms of the first and second aluminum half‐value layer thickness (HVL). Compared with measured spectra, the difference in HVL is < 2% for typical diagnostic and therapeutic beam qualities available at primary standard laboratories. Compared with previous spectrum models, the present model performs especially well for low kilovoltage x‐ray beams (below 50 kV), and is reliable for a wider range of take‐off angles, that is, the angle between the target surface and the direction of emission. The difference in model and Monte Carlo predictions of the energy‐fluence weighted air kerma (i.e., the photon energy absorption in air) is < 0.5% using the present model, while previous spectrum models can differ by more than 10%.ConclusionsThe x‐ray emission model developed in this work has been validated against Monte Carlo calculations and measured results. The model provides an efficient alternative to comprehensive Monte Carlo simulations and is an improvement over previous models. The model can be used to predict both central‐ and off‐axis spectra, as well as off‐axis effects such as the (anode) heel effect.
Recent progresses, challenges and perspectives on rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries
Authors: Yu Haohan , Liu Dapeng , Feng Xilan , Zhang Yu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith fast development of portable electronics, electric/hybrid vehicles, and energy‐storage devices, it becomes quite urgent and necessary to fabricate next‐generation batteries with a much higher ability of energy storage. However, in the past decade, the widely applied intercalation‐deintercalation Li‐ion batteries were found to be limited by their theoretical energy densities and safety. Given the ultrahigh theoretical energy densities (about 3500 Wh kg−1), Li‐O2 battery has emerged as a kind of promising energy storage and conversion devices. But the following issues need to be well addressed before use, including the low round‐trip efficiency, instability, and random growth of Li dendrite et al. A large number of efforts have been focused on improving its performance as well as making the reaction mechanisms clearer. This review mainly aims at providing readers with an understanding of recent progresses and challenges on rechargeable Li‐O2 batteries. In this review, we introduce the fundamental structures and histories of Li‐O2 batteries, and also summarize the strategies for material design and the widely accepted discharge/charge mechanisms. Finally, we will separately discuss the cathode, anode and electrolyte in constituents of a typical Li‐O2 battery and give prospects to its future application.