bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fraction Resistance as Everyday Politics
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter shows that the traditional village assembly (djemâa) was not, as often thought, confined to Kabylia but was generalized throughout the Tell, including the Chelif region. The djemâa, composed of the male elders of the families in the small community of a few hundred peasants, constituted an autonomous body which regulated the internal affairs of the fraction, and defended it when facing an external threat. The assembly often acted in defense of the community, especially when land rights were threatened by settlers, and had recourse to both petitions and legal, court actions. The Jonnart Law of 1919 introduced elected djemâas at the level of the douar and, in doing so, opened the door to a ‘political revolution’ in which djemâa presidents, and the elected delegates, provided a systematic opposition to the caids and the CM administration. As a vanguard of urban nationalists began to make contact with the peasantry, far from finding a supine rural mass, they discovered long-established forms of peasant organization and resistance upon which they could build the early maquis.
Styles of Sincerity
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChapter 4 deals with whether emotions are real in the sense of “genuine,” drawing on historical and ethnographic material to discuss social processes of assessing sincerity. The way enthusiasm is performed plays a role in whether it is perceived as sincere (and thus believable), which in turns depends on emotional norms, very often unarticulated and therefore more of an aesthetic judgment. It explores the overlap between enthusiasm and sentimentalism as concepts and asks what kind of work these concepts do in discrediting actors and their convictions. Charismatics are accused of sentimentalism, enjoying the feeling of the feeling too much, whereas mainline Lutherans are viewed as “going through the motions” without any real feeling behind them. This chapter argues that these groups have different styles of sincerity, and that the conflict over whether the emotions of the “other” group are genuine allows us to see more clearly how sincerity must be analyzed as a performance, not as a state of mind. These performances are informed by both the Enlightened and Romantic ideologies in complex ways that are somewhat unexpected and inform sincere speech in contexts beyond the religious, such as TED talks and other inspirational rhetoric.
Intelligence, Empire, and Terror
Authors: Barton Mary S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The passage to India of small arms, which often accompanied revolutionary ideas, was central to London’s concerns about the proliferation of arms prior to and after the 1919 Arms Traffic Convention. The British government attempted to combat political violence using tools developed during the Great War. Officials in London identified the province of Bengal in British India as the center of several terrorist networks. British counterterrorism strategy in India relied on three parts: arms controls, passport restrictions, and domestic anti-terrorism legislation. Intelligence memoranda warned of danger from the Communist International’s efforts to move funds, weapons, and foreign fighters into Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Persia, and Iraq, with an eye toward the penetration of India. Reports shaped the policy recommendations of the newly-established Inter-Departmental Committee on Eastern Unrest (IDCEU). However, as colonial administrators learned following the Rowlatt Act, domestic anti-terrorism legislation would be revoked were Indian and London politicians to find it oppressive.
Who’s Afraid of Virginia’s Nat Turner?
Authors: Zwarg Christina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Stowe learned from Douglass about the preemptive violence that could be generated through emotional relays and Chapter 2 shows how her second abolitionist novel Dred recasts The Confessions of Nat Turner through her unique use of the mesmeric crisis. That she does so by turning away from her familiar sentimental focus in Uncle Tom’s Cabin tells us something about the shadow archive that she begins to explore after reading “The Heroic Slave.” With its titular pun, Dred attempts to defuse the white fear of black supremacy that came with the legacy of Haiti and the tradition of Denmark Vesey and Nat Turner. In the process Stowe steps beyond her usual resort to personal feeling, with its familiar dyadic structure, to take up the collective and electric properties of the “crisis state” where sentimental distance is collapsed in uncontained transmissions of terror. The influence of Douglass is manifest in Stowe’s reconsideration of the word “thing” and her understanding of the contaminating power of a threat that always comes from the future.
From the Keynesian to the Supply-Side Revolution
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the impact of the Great Depression, Keynes’ countercyclical policies, and the Keynesian Revolution. It also looks at the growth of welfare states and of taxes, increasing levels of marginal tax rates and the increasing power of labor unions. This chapter deals with the beginnings of a conservative counter-revolution. New theories, such as growing influence of. the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis, Rational Expectations theory, and the Laffer Curve were having a growing influence. Several countries experienced stagflation in the late 1970s. The 1970s included the rise of conservative politicians the arrival of the supply-side revolution and an attempted return to some laissez faire policies. This in turn led to attacks on regulations and on high marginal tax rates. Finally, the chapter heralds the growth of globalization.
Systemic Failure, Complexity, and Public Policies
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of systemic failure and the role that complexity often plays. While the quality of life has risen in the modern world, many daily operations are not as simple as they used to be. The chapter describes several examples of failures (a) in the technological world; (b) in the financial world; and (c) in the economic world. To say that a market economy is self regulating has been proven to be an illusion. The growth of complexity has affected market economies in various ways. Governments’ pursuit of multiple objectives has been one of the major contributors to the complexity: tax systems have become increasingly opaque, open to different interpretation and abuses, as have several public programs. The results of fiscal policy and monetary policy have become more difficult to determine. Complexity has influenced the income distribution by creating asymmetric opportunities for manipulating systems.
Paying It Back
Authors: Lester Anne , Santiago Katherine S. , Oh Je , Wu Livia , Chegaeva Ekaterina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses a unique new dataset to answer some exciting and fundamental questions that have not been fully addressed previously, regarding the connection between Americans’ debt, income levels, and risk tolerance. In particular, we provide an overview of the debt service patterns of older consumers derived from de-identified Chase data. Moreover, we consider how debt profiles change dynamically, as people transition into and move through retirement. Our primary purpose is to explore how real-world debt service trends vary over the life cycle, and how this influences the ways in which they save for and live in retirement.
Is Rising Household Debt Affecting Retirement Decisions?
Authors: Butrica Barbara A. , Karamcheva Nadia S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Household debt among older Americans approaching retirement has increased dramatically over time. Older households have become increasingly more indebted and more leveraged. While mortgages remain the predominant type of debt among households in their 50s and 60s, student loan debt has also risen among these households in recent years. This chapter uses household survey data to show that more indebted older adults are more likely to work, less likely to be retired, and, on average, expect to work longer than those with less debt. Furthermore, the chapter examines how different types of debt such as mortgages, credit card debt, and student loans affect those decisions.
Financial Well-being of State and Local Government Retirees in North Carolina
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Liu Siyan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how low- and moderate-income retirees utilize retirement savings, and how financially fragile they are, relying on survey data on public employees in North Carolina. We investigate whether retirees make systematic errors when they manage their assets so as to maintain their standards of living, and whether there are notable differences in financial management skills across subgroups. We also ask whether financial literacy is positively associated with lower rates of committing such errors and, and whether low-income households have lower levels of financial literacy leaving them likely to make poor financial decisions. We show that many retirees have no emergency cash, and one quarter maintain high-interest debt while leaving low-return funds in retirement saving plans. Suboptimal debt holding is associated with lower household income and lower financial literacy.
The Prosperity Paradox
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Why do farm workers become more vulnerable as countries get richer? As countries get richer, the share of workers employed in agriculture falls. In richer countries, hired farm workers do ever more of the work on the fewer and larger farms that produce most farm commodities. These hired workers include local workers who lack the skills and contacts needed to get nonfarm jobs that usually offer higher wages and more opportunities as well as legal and unauthorized migrants from poorer countries who may not know or exercise their labor-related rights. Government enforcement of labor laws depends on complaints, and vulnerable workers rarely complain. The Prosperity Paradox explains why farm-worker problems often worsen as the agricultural sector shrinks and lays out options to help vulnerable workers. Analysis of farm labor markets in the US, Mexico, and other countries shows that unions and fair trade efforts to protect farm workers cover a very small share of all workers and are unlikely to expand quickly. Most labor-intensive fruits and vegetables are eaten fresh. Unsafe food that sickened consumers led to voluntary industry and later government-mandated food-safety programs to ensure that food is safe when it leaves the farm, with protocols enforced by both government inspectors and buyers who refused to buy from noncompliant farms. This food-safety model offers the most promise for a new era in protective labor policies.
US Farm Labor
Authors: Martin Philip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hired farm workers do two-thirds of US farm work. The hired labor system that developed in the western US in the nineteenth century has spread across the US, as the large farms that hire most farm workers expect seasonal crews to be available when needed and to fend for themselves in the off season. The major source of seasonal US farm workers is rural Mexico. Most Mexicans arrive as unauthorized workers and move to nonfarm US jobs after gaining experience in the US. Unions such as the United Farm Workers tried and failed to turn seasonal farm work from a decade-long job into a lifelong career. Farm-labor costs have been rising since the 2008–9 recession slowed unauthorized Mexico–US migration, prompting the 4-S adjustments: satisfy current workers to reduce turnover; stretch current workers with mechanical aids that increase their productivity; substitute machines for workers where possible and switch to less labor-intensive crops; and supplement current workforces with H-2A guest workers.
Limited Poetic Liability
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Of all the corporate person’s vital qualities, the most powerful and contentious was limited liability: the rule that a corporation’s shareholders cannot be held responsible for more than the value of the shares they own. This chapter examines challenges to that rule and its effects in the world by analyzing the responses of three very different writers: law professor Maurice Wormser, novelist Theodore Dreiser, and poet and lawyer Charles Reznikoff. Should corporations be understood as veils for individuals or as fully formed entities inextricably meshed with their managers, owners, and environment? Each writer struggled to know a corporate person behind its “entity veil” (as Wormser terms it), coming to see that limited liability functioned to minimize the essential duties of managers, employees, and owners. While Wormser recommends “veil piercing” when corporations are taken over by nefarious individuals, Dreiser’s The Financier (1912) uncovers problems with this strategy, and Reznikoff’s epic poem Testimony (1965–78), maps out systemic injuries that limited liability generated. Dreiser and Reznikoff deploy literary form to think about this corporate person precisely when it did not acknowledge all of its attributes as a legal person. When the corporate person devolved and acted more like a tool or machine, how was society supposed to treat it? This chapter’s three conceptual explorations of corporate limited liability shine light on the legal system’s deficiencies when contending with the corporation’s social role. Each writer begins, in his own way, to envision solutions other than strictly legal remedies.
Introduction: Britain and International Law in West Africa
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This introduction provides an overview of the main arguments and structure of the book. It introduces the state of the art with respect to the history of international law and empire in West Africa and proposes an approach that relies on the analysis of legal instruments and international legal discourse to contextualize existing narratives. It argues in favour of an approach that moves beyond the traditional focus on treaties that cede sovereignty and territory or on Western legal treatises and that recognizes the inherent scattered nature of empire-building. It explains who the main protagonists of empire-building in West Africa were and the manner in which they employed an international legal ‘vernacular’ to create and interpret legal instruments to further their interests.
Critical issues facing the animal and food industry: a Delphi analysis
Authors: Lamm Kevan W , Randall Nekeisha L , Fluharty Francis L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
By the year 2050, the world's population is estimated to increase by approximately 2.1 billion people. For the sake of food security and safety, it is vital for the animal and food industry to act now in preparation for future consumption needs. The study at hand explored the most critical issues facing the field, according to industry experts. Using Delphi and constant comparative methods, seven thematic categories emerged that serve as overarching areas for attention: Industry Image and Relationship with the Public, Workforce Development and Pipeline, Economic and Environmental Sustainability, Animal and Human Health/Well-Being, Production and Distribution Efficiency, Government Regulations and Relationship with Legislative Leaders, and Relationship with Higher Education/Researchers. Findings and recommendations on how the industry can move forward in light of future challenges and opportunities are explored.
Mobile digital x-ray and portable cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test machines for point-of-care diagnosis of TB in rural India
Authors: Datta Bornali , Ford David , Goyal Pinky , Prakash Ashish , Tripathy Jaya Prasad , Gnanashanmugam Devasena , Mishra Sunil , Aggarwal Ankit , Kotalwar Sameer Gopalrao , Mittal Sandeep , Mangla Anshul , Jaiswal Anand , Trehan Naresh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
There is no experience of point-of-care (POC) microbiological confirmation for TB in India in field settings.

Methods
Under the TB-Free Haryana project, a mobile van-mounted digital x-ray and portable GeneXpert system screened all presumptive TB patients with strong clinic-radiological suspicion for TB.

Results
Of 1673 x-rays, 215 (13%) had findings suggestive of TB, 109 had strong clinical suspicion and were eligible for POC GeneXpert, in whom a test was performed in 82 (75%) cases; 59 (72%) tested positive and were initiated on treatment within 24 h.

Conclusions
A mobile van equipped with digital x-ray and POC GeneXpert is feasible and has a good success rate with potential for replication.
Neglected tropical disease control in a world with COVID-19: an opportunity and a necessity for innovation
Authors: Brooker Simon J , Ziumbe Kundai , Negussu Nebiyu , Crowley Siobhan , Hammami Mona 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Countries have seen substantial disruptions to usual health services related to coronavirus disease 2019 and these are likely to have immediate and long-term indirect effects on many disease control programmes, including neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). The pandemic has highlighted the usefulness of mathematical modelling to understand the impacts of these disruptions and future control measures on progress towards 2030 NTD goals. The pandemic also provides an opportunity, and a practical necessity, to transform NTD programmes through innovation.
Cardiac arrest in adult intensive care units in the Medellin metropolitan area, Colombia: observational study
Authors: Villa-Velásquez Juan Carlos , Hoyos-Vanegas Natalia Andrea , Gómez-Echeverry Juan Carlos , Payares-Benítez Airton , Casas-Arroyave Fabián David 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: In-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) is a rare but lifethreatening event. However, the epidemiology of this event in intensive care units (ICU) is not clear.
Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of CA in adult patients hospitalized in several ICU of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Colombia, over a period of 1 year.
Methods: Observational study for a limited period of 1 year for adult patients with CA in the ICU of the hospitals of the Metropolitan Area of the Aburrá Valley, Colombia: San Vicente Foundation University Hospital, IPS University, and Manuel Uribe Ángel Hospital.
Results: Of 3710 eligible patientswhowere treated in 91 beds, 646 CA events occurred during this period, of which 151 were candidates for resuscitation maneuvers. The overall incidence of CA in the ICU was 17.1%, without differences between the 3 hospitals included and the incidence of resuscitable CA was 39.9 cases per 1000 admissions to the ICU. The most common CA rhythm was asystole (54.3%) and the overall survival at hospital discharge was 3.3%.
Conclusion: In the analyzed ICU, CA was an infrequent event, but it presents a high mortality at discharge from the ICU and hospital. However, the few patients who survive have a good neurological prognosis.
Anesthesia assessment in the era of competences: state of the art
Authors: Jaramillo-Rincón Sandra Ximena , Durante Eduardo , Ladenheim Roberta , Díaz-Cortés Juan Carlos 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Anesthesiology requires procedure fulfillment, problem, and real-time crisis resolution, problem, and complications forecast, among others; therefore, the evaluation of its learning should center around how students achieve competence rather than solely focusing on knowledge acquisition. Literature shows that despite the existence of numerous evaluation strategies, these are still underrated in most cases due to unawareness.
Objective: The present article aims to explain the process of competency-based anesthesiology assessment, in addition to suggesting a brief description of the learning domains evaluated, theories of knowledge, instruments, and assessment systems in the area; and finally, to show some of the most relevant results regarding assessment systems in Colombia.
Methodology: The results obtained in “Characteristics of the evaluation systems used by anesthesiology residency programs stakeholders in the educational process, a fact that motivated the publishing of this discussion around the topic of competency-based assessment in anesthesiology. Following a bibliography search with the keywords through PubMed, OVID, ERIC, DIALNET, and REDALYC, 110 articles were reviewed and 75 were established as relevant for the research’s theoretical framework.
Results and conclusion: Anesthesiology assessment should be conceived from the competency’s multidimensionality; it must be longitudinal and focused on the learning objectives.
Continuous erector spinae plane block for pain management in laparoscopic liver resection: case report
Authors: Piangatelli Cristiano , Dalla Bona Enrico , Tavoletti Diego , Rosanò Elisabetta , Mocchegiani Federico , Vivarelli Marco , Cerutti Elisabetta 
Published: November 2020

Pain after liver resection can be difficult to manage. Epidural anesthesia (EA) isaneffective technique inpain control inthis surgery.
However, postoperative coagulopathy and hypotension due to autonomic nervous system block in high-risk patients, may result that the EA is an inadequate analgesic technique in according to enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) recommendations for liver surgery.
Regional block techniques have been recommended for liver surgery in ERAS guidelines.
Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is a recent block described for thoracic and abdominal surgeries and provides both somatic and visceral analgesia.
We describe a high-risk patient with cardiac dysfunction and Parkinson’s disease who underwent laparoscopic right liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Satisfactory intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved by a combined continuous ESP block, transversus abdominis plane (TAP), and oblique subcostal TAP blocks.
Surgery and postoperative period was uneventful. No opioids were administered during hospitalization.
A combined of thoracic and abdominal wall blocks can be an effective approach for intra and postoperative analgesia in highrisk patients undergoing laparoscopic liver resection.
Further clinical research is recommended to establish the effectiveness of the ESP block as an analgesic technique in this surgery.
Sustained Abdominal Exercises Affect Abdominal Muscle Activation and Maximal Expiratory Pressures Differently in Healthy Men and Women
Authors: Kasawara Karina Tamy , Delafontaine Arnaud , Tajali Shirin , Goligher Ewan , Brochard Laurent , Artico Romain , Reid W. Darlene 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To compare the effects of sustained abdominal exercises—pelvic tilt and twist curl-up—on the magnitude of abdominal muscle activation and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) in healthy men and women. It was hypothesized that the activation would differ between men and women during these 3 exercise maneuvers.

Methods:
Using a cross-sectional design, 10 healthy men and 10 women sustained pelvic tilt and twist curl-up exercises until task failure. Baseline MEP was compared with MEP immediately after both exercises. The root mean square of the internal oblique, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and transverse abdominis were evaluated during pelvic tilt, twist curl-up, and MEP.

Results:
Pelvic tilt and twist curl-up were sustained for similar durations. Twist curl-up induced higher activations and more shifts to lower median frequency in all 4 abdominals compared with pelvic tilt. Although internal oblique activation was highest during MEP and lowest during pelvic tilt in women, these comparisons did not differ in men. Maximal expiratory pressure tended to decrease after sustained pelvic tilt in women but did not change in men.

Conclusions:
Twist curl-up activated abdominal muscles more so than pelvic tilt. Some sex differences were shown that should be considered in future research of abdominal muscle exercise prescription.