Phenotypic Characterization the Townes Sickle Mice
Authors: Nguyen Julia , Abdulla Fuad , Chen Chunsheng , Nguyen Phong , Nguyen Minh , Tittle Benjamin , O'Sullivan Gerard , Belcher John D. , Vercellotti Gregory M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The HbSS-Townes mouse model, developed in Dr. Tim Townes laboratory, University of Alabama, Birmingham (and kindly provided by him to our laboratory) were created on a mixed genetic background in which the murine adult α-globin genes were replaced with the human α-globin gene (genotype: Hba hα/hα) and the murine adult β-globin genes were replaced with human sickle βS- and fetal Aγ-globin gene fragments linked together (genotype: Hbb hAγβS/hAγβS) (Wu LC et al. Blood 2006;108: 1183-1188). HbSS-Townes mice have anemia, a shortened RBC half-life of 2.5 days and a severe disease phenotype. Control HbAA-Townes mice were created by replacing the murine globin genes with human α-globin gene (genotype: Hba hα/hα) and linked human βA- and fetal Aγ-globins (genotype: Hbb hAγβA/hAγβA), while HbAS-Townes heterozygous mice were developed by breeding HbAA and HbSS mice. Many laboratories are utilizing these mice but complete phenotypic description of these three models has not been described including: hematology, kidney and liver function, inflammatory markers, haptoglobin and hemopexin levels, red cell half-lives, organ histopathology and vascular responses to vaso-occlusive stimuli. Table 1 summarizes our findings.
There was a clear difference in histopathology between the HbSS and other groups (HbAA and HbAS). HbSS mice had hepatic necrosis, increased erythropoiesis and increased hemosiderin within the liver and some subtle lesions involving the glomeruli in the kidneys. Additional findings were a marked increase in size of spleen (7.0-7.6 x by % body weights) attributed to severe congestion and increased erythropoiesis. No lesions were observed in the lungs and other tissues. The tissues evaluated in the HbAS and HbAA groups were essentially normal. In contrast, HbSS mice had multifocal irregular areas of necrosis within the liver, with reactive leukocyte infiltrates (mainly neutrophils in the more acute lesions with a greater proportion of mononuclear cells (macrophages etc.) in more chronic lesions. MPO immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of neutrophils in the liver. There was a substantial increase in iron (and hemosiderin) in the livers of HbSS mice, confirmed by a Prussian Perls stain and low, but detectable, levels of iron in the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. This is consistent with increased red cell turnover in the HbSS mice. Total iron mass in the markedly enlarged spleen is very high. There is a somewhat subtle glomerulopathy present in the kidney, with enlarged glomeruli with variable ectasia of vessels, and mesangial derangement. In conclusion the Townes mouse models provide a spectrum of severe hemolytic disease that in many ways mimic the human disease albeit imperfectly. TableTable 1 HbAAHbASHbSSHb (g/dL)12.0 ± 0.610.6 ± 0.59.5 ± 1.4*Hematocrit (%)49.6 ± 2.345.0 ± 4.2*29.2 ± 0.9*#WBC (K/µL)10.8 ± 1.213.2 ± 4.038.2 ± 4.9*#Platelet Counts (K/uL)854 ± 78889 ± 1421004 ± 179Monocytes (%)8.0 ± 1.17.6 ± 1.77.4 ± 1.0Lymphocytes (%)60 ± 3.063.8 ± 5.667.5 ± 9.1Neutrophils (%)28.6 ± 5.926.1 ± 8.727.8 ± 2.2Reticulocytes (%)7.8 ± 1.78.6 ± 4.556.8 ± 2.6*#RBC Half-Life (days)15.710.62.4Expired CO (nmoles/h/g)0.92 ± 0.241.27 ± 0.236.33 ± 1.08*Serum Bilirubin (mg/dl)3.5 ± 0.94.3 ± 0.65.6 ± 0.4*Urine Creatinine (mg/dL)44.1 ± 3.845.9 ± 3.856.2 ± 7.0*Urine Osmolality (mOsm/kg H2O)2147 ± 761707 ± 2651361 ± 32*Serum Haptoglobin (µg/ml)39.3 ± 3.80.5 ± 0.2*2.3 ± 1.4*Serum Hemopexin (µg/ml)802 ± 266169 ± 51*124 ± 35*Serum SAP (µg/ml)20.9 ± 7.214.1 ± 12.086.7 ± 20.2*#Stasis at 1h in Response to Hb (%)10.0 ± 3.219.8 ± 2.7*30.0 ± 3.4*#Mortality at 24h in Response to Heme (%)00100*#Liver % of Body Weight4.95 ± 0.484.39 ± 0.356.22 ± 0.21*#Spleen % of Body Weight0.79 ± 0.140.87 ± 0.396.61 ± 0.75*#Kidney % of Body Weight0.65 ± 0.270.72 ± 0.190.73 ± 0.24Liver Necrosis Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.502.38 ± 0.25*Liver Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.53.0 ± 0.0*Lung Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.0 ± 0.0*1.0 ± 0.0*#Spleen Fe Score3.0 ± 0.03.0 ± 0.02.0 ± 0.0*#Kidney Fe Score0.0 ± 0.00.25 ± 0.51.75 ± 0.5*#Liver Gr1 Score1.0 ± 0.01.25 ± 0.52.25 ± 0.5*Lung Gr1 Score1.0 ± 0.01.0 ± 0.01.25 ± 0.5Spleen Gr1 Score1.5 ± 0.62.0 ± 0.02.0 ± 0.0Kidney Gr1 Score0.25 ± 0.50.25 ± 0.50.75 ± 0.5* p<0.05 vs HbAA; # p<0.05 vs HbAS

Disclosures
No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.