bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cassatieberoepen tegen criminele vonnissen en arresten in het Leiedepartement, 1796-1813
Authors: Monballyu J. 
Published: April 2020

Summary
In the department of the Lys, the cassation appeal against criminal judgments was introduced in 1796 and could be made by both the criminal convicts and the Public Prosecution Service. The first cassation appeal was lodged on 5 May 1796 and the last on 18 December 1813. In total, 187 (24%) of the 779 criminal judgments were appealed in cassation, in 172 cases by 319 criminal convicts and in 15 cases by the Public Prosecution Service. Of those 187 cassation appeals, 167 (89.3%) were rejected and 20 (10.7%) were accepted. In the latter cases, this led to the annulment of the contested judgment and, in most cases, the criminal proceedings were (partially) repeated for an equivalent, nearby criminal court.
Die Schriftheimat von Vat. Reg. Lat. 886 (Codex Theodosianus libri IX-XVI)
Authors: Sirks A.J.B. 
Published: April 2020

Summary
It is generally assumed that the main manuscript of the Theodosian Code, Vat.Reg.Lat. 886, was copied in the 6th century in South-East Gaul, although Italy as provenance is not excluded. This manuscript contains marginal summaries, of which the origin is also attributed to Gaul. However, it can be shown that the largest group was made by one of the scribes (V2*) after 535 and before 554, on the very manuscript, that this was very likely done in Rome, and that the scribe was a Greek, perhaps a Byzantine official. This conclusion bears upon the provenance of Vat.Reg.Lat. 886. The errors in the Greek constitution CTh 9,45,4 imply that it cannot have been copied in the east. It must have been done in the west and not the Code, sent over in 437, was used (or else the Greek would be in order), but a copy of this Code, in which the scribe had misunderstood the Greek and made errors, which then figure in Vat.Reg.Lat. 886. The copying must have been done after 535 and just before the Summaria were made because the author of the Summaria was one of the correctors.
Changes in wood anatomical traits in Scots pine under different climate-change scenarios
Authors: Seo Jeong-Wook , Eckstein Dieter , Buras Allan , Fromm Jörg , Wilmking Martin , Olbrich Andrea 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough cell-anatomical variables are promising proxies reflecting seasonal as well as annual climate changes, their interdependencies are not yet fully understood. In the present study we assessed the changes in tree-ring width and various wood anatomical traits, including wall thickness, lumen diameter and tracheid diameter in the radial direction in saplings ofPinus sylvestrisunder six climatic conditions: 5°C warmer alone (ET) or combined with drought in June (ETJ) and in August (ETA) and CO2enrichment alone (EC, 770 ppm) or combined with drought in June (ECJ) and in August (ECA). The experiments related to temperature conditions using 2-year saplings and CO2conditions using 3-year saplings were completed in 2009 and 2010 in a greenhouse, respectively. Results showed that tree-ring width and tracheid diameter were not affected by any of the conditions applied, but the lumen diameter was larger and the wall thickness was thinner than those under control conditions. These reactions were verified under ETJin the warming treatment and under all conditions under CO2enrichment conditions. Our results indicated that drought counteracted the effects of elevated CO2concentrations on wood anatomical properties, signifying complex interactions between the two major effects of climate change. Our comparison of wood parameters through experiments highlight the potential effect of climate change — increased drought stress due to higher temperatures and water shortage as well as elevated ambient CO2, on tracheid lumen diameter and wall thickness. Whereas the ring-width and tracheid diameter practically remained unaffected under the above-mentioned conditions.
Roman Comedy
Authors: Manuwald Gesine 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This contribution provides an introduction to all varieties of ‘Roman comedy’, including primarily fabula palliata (‘new comedy’, as represented by Plautus and Terence) as well as fabula togata, fabula Atellana, mimus and pantomimus. It examines the major developments in the establishment of these dramatic genres, their main characteristics, the performance contexts for them in Republican Rome, and their reception. The presentation of the key facts is accompanied by a description of the influential turns and recent trends in scholarship on Roman comedy. The essay is designed for scholars, teachers and (graduate) students who have some familiarity with Roman literature and are looking for (further) orientation in the area of Roman comedy.
Etymological Notes on Yakut Color Terms
Authors: Khabtagaeva Bayarma 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The goal of the paper is to analyze Yakut color terms from an etymological perspective. In all, fifty-one color terms have been collected from different Yakut dictionaries and electronic sources. The terms show a heterogeneous picture: the basic color terms are of Common Turkic origin (e.g. küöx ‘blue’, qara ‘black’, kïhïl ‘red’) representing the archaic features, some basic color terms are absent in other Modern Turkic languages due to internal developments involving special Turkic or specifically Yakut suffixes (e.g. saharxay ‘yellow’, kïtarxay ‘red’). The largest group of Yakut color terms includes Mongolic loanwords, most of which are connected to the colors of animals (especially horses), which prove the Mongolic influence on the Yakut lifestyle. Another part of the paper considers the special suffixes in Yakut forming adjectives designating shades of colors, which have a mixed, i.e. Turkic and Mongolic origin. The paper tries to shed light on the way color terms may play in determining the place of the Yakut language among the Turkic languages.
Nitinol, Stainless Steel, and Titanium Kirschner Wire Durability
Authors: Jastifer James R. , Gustafson Peter A. , Silva Luis F. , Noffsinger Sarah , Coughlin Michael J. 
Published: April 2020

Kirschner wires (K wires) are a common fixation device in foot and ankle surgery, particularly in lesser-toe fixation. Fatigue failure is a known complication of this fixation. The material properties of the K wire are a factor in the strength and durability of the wire. The purpose of this study is to compare the durability of K wires made of stainless steel, titanium, and Nitinol. Ten samples each of stainless steel, titanium. and Nitinol underwent cyclic durability testing using a rotating beam approach, and S-N curves (applied stress vs the number of cycles to failure) were generated. The results demonstrate that, generally, Nitinol K wires have a shorter life for the same applied stress than the stainless steel or titanium wires. Titanium had a longer life at low stresses compared with stainless steel, and stainless steel had a longer life at higher stresses. This study provides comparative durability data for K wires made of different metals, which have not been previously reported. Although there was a statistically significant difference in durability for wires used in K wire fixation, all 3 metal types are reasonable choices for temporary K wire fixation. Levels of Evidence: Level 5: Mechanical study
Brain morphologic abnormalities in migraine patients: an observational study
Authors: Bonanno Lilla , Lo Buono Viviana , De Salvo Simona , Ruvolo Claudio , Torre Viviana , Bramanti Placido , Marino Silvia , Corallo Francesco 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Migraine is a common neurological disorder characterized by a complex physiopathology. We assessed brain morphologic differences in migraine and the possible pathogenetic mechanism underlying this disease.

Methods
We analyzed brain morphologic images of migraine patients, 14 with aura (MwA) [the mean (SD) age was 42.36 (2.95) years (range, 37–47)] and 14 without aura (MwoA) [the mean (SD) age was 43.5 (3.25) years (range, 39–50)] during episodic attack compared with health subjects balanced (HS) [the mean (SD) age was 42.5 (5.17) years (range, 34–51)]. All subjects underwent a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination with a scanner operating at 3.0 T and voxel based morphometry (VBM) approach was used to examine the gray matter volume (GMV). The statistical analysis to compare clinicl characteristics was performed using unpaired t-test an one-way Anova. Results: Total cerebral GMV showed a significant difference between MwA and HS (p = 0.02), and between MwoA and HS (p = 0.003). In addition, not significative differences were found between MwA and MwoA groups (p = 0.17). We found three clusters of regions which showed significant GMV reduction in MwA compared with MwoA. MwA subjects showed a less of GMV in 4 clusters if compared with HS, and MwoA subjects showed a less of GMV in 3 clusters if compared with HS. We observed that MwA and MwoA patients had a significant reduction of GMV in the frontal and temporal lobe and the cerebellum, if compared to HS. The bilateral fusiform gyrus and the cingulate gyrus were increase in MwoA patients compared with HS.

Conclusion
Our findings could provide a approach to understand possible differences in the pathogenesis of two type of migraine.
Preparation and Evaluation of Novel Emodin-loaded Stearic Acid-g-chitosan Oligosaccharide Nanomicelles
Authors: Jiang Xiaohong , Ma Mingxing , Li Mingjuan , Shao Shihong , Yuan Hong , Hu Fuqiang , Liu Jianwen , Huang Xuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize emodin-loaded stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO-SA/EMO) and to evaluate its antitumor activity in vitro. In this study, stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide was used as a carrier and its physicochemical properties were determined by different methods. Cell uptake behavior was examined using FITC-labeled stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide. CSO-SA/EMO was prepared using ultrasonication and dialysis. Particle size, surface potential, entrapment efficiency, and drug release behavior were studied in vitro. The effects of CSO-SA/EMO on gastric cancer cells were investigated using MTT assay and flow cytometry. Results showed CSO-SA/EMO particle size was larger and potential was smaller than that of stearic acid-g-chitosan oligosaccharide. The 12 h micellar uptake by MGC803 and BGC823 cells was sufficient, and the micelles were able to abundantly accumulate at lesion sites in mice thus achieving good passive EPR targeting. MTT and cell cycle arrest assays showed CSO-SA/EMO-enhanced antitumor activity significantly towards MGC803 and BGC823 cells compared with that of free emodine. Tumor volume, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and terminal deoxynucleotide transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay proved CSO-SA/EMO had a significant antitumor effect on tumor tissues in vivo. In conclusion, the ultrasonication-dialysis method provided a simple and effective method for preparing CSO-SA/EMO. The delivery of emodine using a micelle system improved its antitumor effects effectively.
A review of ocular adverse events of biological anti-TNF drugs
Authors: Nicolela Susanna Fernanda , Pavesio Carlos 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe recent introduction of biological agents has revolutionized the treatment of chronic immune-inflammatory diseases; however, this new therapy did not come without significant side effects.Through large controlled studies indicating decrease in the number of uveitis flares, the role of TNF inhibitors therapy for non-infectious uveitis gained more ground. Paradoxically to its therapeutic effect, there are reports associating these drugs with the onset or recurrence of inflammatory eye disease.A number of studies have suggested possible roles for anti-TNF-α agents in precipitating or worsening an underlying inflammatory process, including the hypothesis of a disequilibrium in cytokine balance, but to date the mechanisms responsible for these adverse events are not fully understood.A PubMed literature search was performed using the following terms: ophthalmic complication, uveitis, inflammatory eye disease, optic neuritis, neuropathy, adverse events, anti-TNF, TNF alpha inhibitor, infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, golimumab, certolizumab, and biologics. The data presented in this study was mainly derived from the use of TNF inhibitors in rheumatology, essentially because these drugs have been used for a longer period in this medical field.Many of the ocular adverse events reported on this review may be considered a paradoxical effect of anti-TNF therapy. We found a variety of data associating new onset of uveitis with anti-TNF therapy for rheumatic conditions, predominantly under etanercept.In conclusion, although there is increasing data on ocular adverse events, it remains to be seen whether the suggested link between TNF inhibitors and the onset of ocular inflammation is substantiated by more quality data. Nevertheless, the awareness of potential treatment side effects with anti-TNF should be highlighted.
Pattern and timing of diversification in the African freshwater fish genus Distichodus (Characiformes: Distichodontidae)
Authors: Arroyave Jairo , Denton John S. S. , Stiassny Melanie L. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundDistichodusis a clade of tropical freshwater fishes currently comprising 25 named species distributed continent-wide throughout the Nilo-Sudan and most Sub-Saharan drainages. This study investigates the phylogenetic relationships, timing of diversification, and biogeographic history of the genus from a taxonomically comprehensive mutilocus dataset analyzed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian methods of phylogenetic inference, coalescence-based species-tree estimation, divergence time estimation, and inference of geographic range evolution.ResultsAnalyses of comparative DNA sequence data in a phylogenetic context reveal the existence of two major clades of similar species-level diversity and provide support for the monophyletic status of most sampled species. Biogeographic reconstruction on a time-scaled phylogeny suggest that the origins of the genus date back to the late Oligocene and that current geographic distributions are the result of a Congo Basin origin followed by dispersal and range expansion into adjacent ichthyofaunal provinces at different times during the evolutionary history of the group.ConclusionsWe present the most comprehensive phylogenetic, chronological, and biogeographic treatment yet conducted for the genus. The few instances of species paraphyly (D. teugelsi, D. fasciolatus) revealed by the resulting phylogenies are likely a consequence of post-divergence introgressive hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting due to recent speciation. Historical biogeographic findings are both in agreement and conflict with previous studies of other continent-wide African freshwater fish genera, suggesting a complex scenario for the assemblage of Africa’s continental ichthyofaunal communities.
How are systematic reviews of prevalence conducted? A methodological study
Authors:   on behalf of the Prevalence Estimates Reviews – Systematic Review Methodology Group (PERSyst), Borges Migliavaca Celina , Stein Cinara , Colpani Verônica , Barker Timothy Hugh , Munn Zachary , Falavigna Maicon 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
There is a notable lack of methodological and reporting guidance for systematic reviews of prevalence data. This information void has the potential to result in reviews that are inconsistent and inadequate to inform healthcare policy and decision making. The aim of this meta-epidemiological study is to describe the methodology of recently published prevalence systematic reviews.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE (via PubMed) from February 2017 to February 2018 for systematic reviews of prevalence studies. We included systematic reviews assessing the prevalence of any clinical condition using patients as the unit of measurement and we summarized data related to reporting and methodology of the reviews.

Results
A total of 235 systematic reviews of prevalence were analyzed. The median number of authors was 5 (interquartile range [IQR] 4–7), the median number of databases searched was 4 (3–6) and the median number of studies included in each review was 24 (IQR 15–41.5). Search strategies were presented for 68% of reviews. Forty five percent of reviews received external funding, and 24% did not provide funding information. Twenty three percent of included reviews had published or registered the systematic review protocol. Reporting guidelines were used in 72% of reviews. The quality of included studies was assessed in 80% of reviews. Nine reviews assessed the overall quality of evidence (4 using GRADE). Meta-analysis was conducted in 65% of reviews; 1% used Bayesian methods. Random effect meta-analysis was used in 94% of reviews; among them, 75% did not report the variance estimator used. Among the reviews with meta-analysis, 70% did not report how data was transformed; 59% percent conducted subgroup analysis, 38% conducted meta-regression and 2% estimated prediction interval; I2 was estimated in 95% of analysis. Publication bias was examined in 48%. The most common software used was STATA (55%).

Conclusions
Our results indicate that there are significant inconsistencies regarding how these reviews are conducted. Many of these differences arose in the assessment of methodological quality and the formal synthesis of comparable data. This variability indicates the need for clearer reporting standards and consensus on methodological guidance for systematic reviews of prevalence data.
Bayesian joint modelling of longitudinal and time to event data: a methodological review
Authors: Alsefri Maha , Sudell Maria , García-Fiñana Marta , Kolamunnage-Dona Ruwanthi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn clinical research, there is an increasing interest in joint modelling of longitudinal and time-to-event data, since it reduces bias in parameter estimation and increases the efficiency of statistical inference. Inference and prediction from frequentist approaches of joint models have been extensively reviewed, and due to the recent popularity of data-driven Bayesian approaches, a review on current Bayesian estimation of joint model is useful to draw recommendations for future researches.MethodsWe have undertaken a comprehensive review on Bayesian univariate and multivariate joint models. We focused on type of outcomes, model assumptions, association structure, estimation algorithm, dynamic prediction and software implementation.ResultsA total of 89 articles have been identified, consisting of 75 methodological and 14 applied articles. The most common approach to model the longitudinal and time-to-event outcomes jointly included linear mixed effect models with proportional hazards. A random effect association structure was generally used for linking the two sub-models. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms were commonly used (93% articles) to estimate the model parameters. Only six articles were primarily focused on dynamic predictions for longitudinal or event-time outcomes.ConclusionMethodologies for a wide variety of data types have been proposed; however the research is limited if the association between the two outcomes changes over time, and there is also lack of methods to determine the association structure in the absence of clinical background knowledge. Joint modelling has been proved to be beneficial in producing more accurate dynamic prediction; however, there is a lack of sufficient tools to validate the prediction.
Study design factors influencing patients’ willingness to participate in clinical research: a randomised vignette-based study
Authors: Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Rudaz Sandrine , Perneger Thomas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
High patient participation in clinical research reduces selection bias and ensures the generalizability of study findings. We explored study-related factors that may influence patients’ willingness to participate in research.

Methods
We submitted by mail two vignettes that described clinical research studies – a drug trial and a diagnostic study – to patients recently discharged from hospital and assessed their willingness to participate. We used a factorial design to randomly allocate three study attributes per vignette: in the drug trial, presumed superiority of new drug versus equipoise, public versus industry funding, and random versus non-random treatment allocation; in the diagnostic study, common versus rare disease, genetic versus protein analysis, and automatic reporting of results versus reporting on request.

Results
Of 2600 patients contacted, 1140 (44%) participated. Globally, willingness to participate in a drug trial was lower than in a diagnostic study (44.8% vs. 76.2%; P < 0.001). In the drug trial, participation was significantly higher when the new drug was presented as presumably better than the old (vs. equipoise) and when the study was funded by public sources (vs. industry), but was not affected by the allocation method. None of the factors tested in the diagnostic study was associated with participation.

Conclusions
Patients were more likely to participate in a hypothetical observational diagnostic study than in a hypothetical drug trial. Participation in the trial was lower when clinical equipoise was expressed and when the trial was funded by industry. These results suggest that some features of study design can influence participation.
Ordinal logistic regression model describing factors associated with extent of nodal involvement in oral cancer patients and its prospective validation
Authors: Singh Vishwajeet , Dwivedi Sada Nand , Deo S. V. S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundOral cancer is the most common cancer among Indian men, and has strong tendency of metastatic spread to neck lymph node which strongly influences prognosis especially 5 year survival-rate and also guides the related managements more effectively. Therefore, a reliable and accurate means of preoperative evaluation of extent of nodal involvement becomes crucial. However, earlier researchers have preferred to address mainly its dichotomous form (involved/not-involved) instead of ordinal form while dealing with epidemiology of nodal involvement. As a matter of fact, consideration of ordinal form appropriately may increase not only the efficiency of the developed model but also accuracy in the results and related implications. Hence, to develop a model describing factors associated with ordinal form of nodal involvement was major focus of this study.MethodsThe data for model building were taken from the Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr.BRA-IRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, India. All the OSCC patients (duly operated including neck dissection) and confirmed histopathologically from 1995 to 2013 were included. Further, another data of 204 patients collected prospectively from 2014 to 2015 was considered for the validation of the developed model. To assess the factors associated with extent of nodal involvement, as a first attempt in the field of OSCC, stepwise multivariable regression procedure was used and results are presented as odds-ratio and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). For appropriate accounting of ordinal form, the ordinal models were assessed and compared. Also, performance of the developed model was validated on a prospectively collected another data.ResultsUnder multivariable proportional odds model, pain at the time of presentation, sub mucous fibrosis, palpable neck node, oral site and degree of differentiation were found to be significantly associated factors with extent of nodal involvement. In addition, tumor size also emerged to be significant under partial-proportional odds model.ConclusionsThe analytical results under the present study reveal that in case of ordinal form of the outcome, appropriate ordinal regression may be a preferred choice. Present data suggest that, pain, sub mucous fibrosis, palpable neck node, oral site, degree of differentiation and tumor size are the most probable associated factors with extent of nodal involvement.