bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐foundress confinement elicits kinship effects in a naturally sub‐social parasitoid
Authors: Abdi Mohamed Khadar , Lupi Daniela , Hardy Ian C. W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKinship among interacting individuals is often associated with sociality and also with sex ratio effects. Parasitoids in the bethylid genus Goniozus are sub‐social, with single foundress females exhibiting post‐ovipositional maternal care via short‐term aggressive host and brood defence against conspecific females. Due to local mate competition (LMC) and broods normally being produced by a single foundress, sex ratios are female‐biased. Contests between adult females are, however, not normally fatal, and aggression is reduced when competing females are kin, raising the possibility of multi‐foundress reproduction on some hosts. Here, we screen for further life‐history effects of kinship by varying the numbers and relatedness of foundresses confined together with a host resource and also by varying the size of host. We confined groups of 1–8 Goniozus nephantidis females together with a host for 5+ days. Multi‐foundress groups were either all siblings or all nonsiblings. Our chief expectations included that competition for resources would be more intense among larger foundress groups but diminished by both larger host size and closer foundress relatedness, affecting both foundress mortality and reproductive output. From classical LMC theory, we expected that offspring group sex ratios would be less female‐biased when there were more foundresses, and from extended LMC theory, we expected that sex ratios would be more female‐biased when foundresses were close kin. We found that confinement led to the death of some females (11% overall) but only when host resources were most limiting. Mortality of foundresses was less common when foundresses were siblings. Developmental mortality among offspring was considerably higher in multi‐foundress clutches but was unaffected by foundress relatedness. Groups of sibling foundresses collectively produced similar numbers of offspring to nonsibling groups. There was little advantage for individual females to reproduce in multi‐foundress groups: single foundresses suppressed even the largest hosts presented and had the highest per capita production of adult offspring. Despite single foundress reproduction being the norm, G. nephantidis females in multi‐foundress groups appear to attune sex allocation according to both foundress number and foundress relatedness: broods produced by sibling foundresses had sex ratios similar to broods produced by single foundresses (ca. 11% males), whereas the sex ratios of broods produced by nonsibling females were approximately 20% higher and broadly increased with foundress number. We conclude that relatedness and host size may combine to reduce selection against communal reproduction on hosts and that, unlike other studied parasitoids, G. nephantidis sex ratios conform to predictions of both classical and extended LMC theories.
Sampling to determine density of arthropods in intensively grazed grasslands
Authors: McNeill Mark Richard , van Koten Chikako 
Published: April 2020

AbstractArthropod population field studies undertaken to understand the impacts and population dynamics of the target organism rely on sampling methods that provide accurate measurements of population density. Unsuitable methods may underestimate or provide widely variable measures of population density. The suitability of three vacuum sampling methods: a domestic vacuum cleaner, Vortis™, and blower‐vac (G‐vac), plus heat extraction of turves were compared for sampling common species in an intensively grazed irrigated dairy pasture. Each method used a different approach to sampling with the number of samples per method based on protocols that had been used in grasslands. Overall, for adults of the weevil Listronotus bonariensis, no method provided a consistently high mean density, while for adults of the weevil Sitona obsoletus, the vacuum cleaner and turf heat extraction methods gave generally higher mean densities. For predatory beetles and lacewings, heat extraction was the most effective for density measurements, while for ladybirds and spiders, the Vortis™ provided the best estimate of mean density. Increasing pasture dry matter (kg Dm/ha) generally had a significant negative effect on S. obsoletus density but not for L. bonariensis. While no method was consistently superior than another, the vacuum cleaner and heat extraction methods generally provided higher mean densities. The G‐vac generally produced the lowest density estimates, but the sampling protocol meant a larger collection area per unit effort and therefore the probability of detection was higher compared with the three other methods. In conclusion, the study showed that the optimal sampling method depends on the taxa targeted, and more than one method may be required to measure density and diversity of species in both natural and modified grasslands.
Functional Competence and Cognition in Individuals With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Dham Pallavi , Bingham Kathleen S. , Bowie Christopher R. , Butters Meryl A. , Fischer Corinne E. , Flint Alastair , Herrmann Nathan , Kumar Sanjeev , Mah Linda , Mulsant Benoit H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Rajji Tarek K. ,   for PACt‐MD Study Group
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study is to characterize functional competence (measure of assistance needed for independence) on Performance Assessment of Self‐Care Skills (PASS) Cognitively Mediated Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (C‐IADL), in individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). It aims to determine: (1) the association of functional competence on PASS C‐IADL tasks with neurocognitive test performance in aMCI, (2) its ability to discriminate individuals with aMCI from healthy control (HC) individuals, and (3) its added value in discriminating aMCI from HC individuals when combined with neurocognitive test performance.DESIGNCross‐sectional secondary analysis of baseline data from a cohort of individuals enrolled in a clinical trial (NCT02386670).SETTINGFive university‐affiliated outpatient clinics in Toronto, Canada.PARTICIPANTSaMCI (N = 137) and HC (N = 51) participants, all aged 60 years or older.METHODSWe assessed the relationship between functional competence on three C‐IADL PASS tasks (shopping, bill paying, and checkbook balancing) and neurocognitive tests in 137 participants with aMCI using multiple linear regressions. Additionally, we constructed receiver operating characteristic curves to assess the role of PASS functional competence in discriminating between 137 aMCI and 51 HC participants.RESULTSFunctional competence on PASS was significantly associated with tests of verbal memory, information processing speed, and executive function. It demonstrated 79% accuracy in discriminating aMCI from HC participants. Combining functional competence on PASS with individual neurocognitive tests significantly increased the discriminant accuracy of individual tests, and neurocognitive test scores combined with functional competence on PASS had the highest discriminant accuracy (94%).CONCLUSIONFunctional competence on PASS is predicted by the underlying cognitive deficits and possibly captures additional element of effort that could improve the diagnostic accuracy of aMCI when combined with neurocognitive tests. Thus, PASS appears to be a promising tool for assessment of functional competence in aMCI in clinical or research settings. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1787‐1795, 2020.
Giant Cerebral Aneurysms: Comparing CTA, MRA, and Digital Subtraction Angiography Assessments
Authors: Wang Xiao , Benson John C. , Jagadeesan Bharathi , McKinney Alexander 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEComprehensive imaging characterization of the morphology and luminal patency of cerebral aneurysms are cornerstones of their successful treatment and subsequent appropriate management. Giant cerebral aneurysms (GCAs), a distinct subgroup of aneurysms, are defined by large size (≥ 25 mm in greatest diameter), complex blood flow dynamics, and a high risk of rupture. The purpose of this study is to explore compare multiple imaging modalities in the assessment of GCAs.METHODSThis study retrospectively evaluated CT angiography (CTA), 3D time‐of‐flight (TOF) MR angiography (MRA), contrast‐enhanced MRA (CEMRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in characterizing GCAs in 21 patients.RESULTSAneurysm size ranged from 26 to 58 mm (mean 31.3 ± 12.2) and 18/21 (85.7%) had intraluminal thrombus. No significant difference was found between the aneurysmal sizes of any two modalities regarding comparisons of CTA, 3D TOFMRA, and CEMRA. However, there were significant differences in the aneurysmal patency visibility grade between CTA versus TOFMRA and CTA versus CEMRA. Moreover, the patent luminal size measured on CTA was significantly larger than DSA.CONCLUSIONSCTA, 3D TOFMRA, and CEMRA are equivalent in the delineation of size of GCAs. Nevertheless, 3D TOFMRA and CEMRA seem to be inferior to CTA in demonstrating luminal size/patency, likely because of the signal loss resulting from the presence of intraluminal thrombus and flow turbulence. Moreover, CTA is superior to DSA in determining lumen patency in GCAs, probably due to CTA's multipass‐related luminal enhancement while DSA general fills the lesion via the first pass of enhancement or soon thereafter. In addition, CTA may also better demonstrate intraluminal thrombus, adjacent anatomical structures, and calcified rims.
Melatonin confers cadmium tolerance by modulating critical heavy metal chelators and transporters in radish plants
Authors: Xu Liang , Zhang Fei , Tang Mingjia , Wang Yan , Dong Junhui , Ying Jiali , Chen Yinglong , Hu Bing , Li Cui , Liu Liwang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant that causes health hazard to living organisms. Melatonin (MT) has emerged as a ubiquitous pleiotropic molecule capable of coordinating heavy metal (HM) stresses in plants. However, it remains unclear how melatonin mediates Cd homeostasis and detoxification at transcriptional and/or post‐transcriptional levels in radish. Herein, the activities of five key antioxidant enzymes were increased, while root and shoot Cd contents were dramatically decreased by melatonin. A combined small RNA and transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that 14 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) and 966 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared between the Cd and Cd + MT conditions. In all, 23 and ten correlated miRNA‐DEG pairs were identified in Con vs. Cd and Con vs. Cd + MT comparisons, respectively. Several DEGs encoding yellow stripe 1‐like (YSL), heavy metal ATPases (HMA), and ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters were involved in Cd transportation and sequestration in radish. Root exposure to Cd2+ induced several specific signaling molecules, which consequently trigger some HM chelators, transporters, and antioxidants to achieve reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and detoxification and eliminate Cd toxicity in radish plants. Notably, transgenic analysis revealed that overexpression of the RsMT1 (Metallothionein 1) gene could enhance Cd tolerance of tobacco plants, indicating that the exogenous melatonin confers Cd tolerance, which might be attributable to melatonin‐mediated upregulation of RsMT1 gene in radish plants. These results could contribute to dissecting the molecular basis governing melatonin‐mediated Cd stress response in plants and pave the way for high‐efficient genetically engineering low‐Cd‐content cultivars in radish breeding programs.
Sensory Processing Sensitivity Moderates the Relationships Between Life Skills and Depressive Tendencies in University Students1
Authors: Yano Kosuke , Kase Takayoshi , Oishi Kazuo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUniversity students often experience depressive symptoms, and strengthening of life skills may be beneficial for improving their mental health. Several studies have suggested that life skills effective in reducing depressive tendencies vary by individuals depending on differences in sensory processing sensitivity (SPS). SPS is a genetically determined trait characterized by sensitivity and reactivity to environmental stimuli. This study investigated the relationship between life skills and depressive tendencies based on individual differences in SPS. A total of 868 Japanese university students (mean age = 19.8 years, SD = 1.3 years) completed a questionnaire measuring levels of SPS—decision‐making, interpersonal relationships, effective communication, and emotional coping skills—and depressive tendencies. Hierarchical multiple regression and simple slopes analyses indicated that interpersonal relationship skills were negatively correlated with depression regardless of SPS levels. Furthermore, decision‐making skills were negatively correlated with depressive tendencies only in low‐SPS students. Emotional coping skills were negatively correlated with depressive tendencies in high‐SPS students. These results may help universities incorporate SPS levels when creating life‐skills‐based interventions for students.
Histiocytic sarcoma in miniature schnauzers: 30 cases
Authors: Purzycka K. , Peters L. M. , Elliott J. , Lamb C. R. , Priestnall S. L. , Hardas A. , Johnston C. A. , Rodriguez‐Piza I. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesTo summarise the clinical presentation and outcomes in a series of miniature schnauzers diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma.Materials and MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of miniature schnauzers diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma between 2008 and 2019 at two referral centres in the UK. Signalment, clinical signs at initial presentation, imaging results and clinico‐ and histopathological findings, treatment type and outcome were recorded. Progression‐free survival and overall survival time were calculated.ResultsThirty dogs were included. Twenty‐four of 29 dogs undergoing imaging of the thorax had lung and/or mediastinal involvement. The median overall survival time for dogs that were not euthanased within 3 days of diagnosis was 117 days (range 10 to 790). Three dogs underwent surgery; 13 received treatment with lomustine as a sole therapy ‐ with partial responses documented on imaging in five of six dogs and 11 of 13 showing clinical improvement.Clinical SignificanceHistiocytic sarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis for miniature schnauzers with pulmonary masses. Although responses to treatment were common, they were usually short‐lived because of the aggressive nature of the disease.
Effect of amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid on clinical scores, intestinal microbiome, and amoxicillin‐resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea
Authors: Werner Melanie , Suchodolski Jan S. , Straubinger Reinhard K. , Wolf Georg , Steiner Jörg M. , Lidbury Jonathan A. , Neuerer Felix , Hartmann Katrin , Unterer Stefan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite limited evidence of efficacy, antibiotic treatment is still frequently prescribed in dogs with uncomplicated acute diarrhea (AD).ObjectiveTo assess whether amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid has a clinical benefit, an effect on the fecal microbiome, and the proportion of amoxicillin‐resistant Escherichia coli in dogs with AD.AnimalsSixteen dogs with AD of <3 days duration.MethodsProspective, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded study. Clinical scores were compared between client‐owned dogs randomly assigned to an antibiotic (AG) or a placebo (PG) group. The intestinal microbiome was analyzed using quantitative PCR assays. Amoxicillin‐resistant fecal E. coli were assessed semiquantitatively with microbiological methods.ResultsThere was no difference in clinical recovery between treated dogs or controls (CADS index day 10: AG group median: 2 (range: 1‐3; CI [1.4; 2.6]); PG group median: 1.6 (range: 1‐3; CI [1.1; 2.4]); P > .99). All dogs gained normal clinical scores (CADS index ≤3) after 1 to 6 days (median 2 days) after presentation. There was no significant difference in the fecal dysbiosis index (during treatment: AG mean −2.6 (SD 3.0; CI [−5.1; 0.0]); PG mean −0.8 (SD 4.0; CI [−4.2; 2.5]; P > .99) or its bacterial taxa. The proportion of resistant fecal E. coli increased (to median: 100%; range: 35%‐100%) during treatment with amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid and was still increased (median: 10%; range 2%‐67%) 3 weeks after treatment, both of which were significantly higher proportions than in the placebo group for both time points (during treatment AG median 100% versus PG median 0.2% (P < .001); after treatment AG median 10% versus PG median 0.0% (P = .002)).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur study suggests that treatment with amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid confers no clinical benefit to dogs with AD, but predisposes the development of amoxicillin‐resistant E. coli, which persist for as long as 3 weeks after treatment. These findings support international guideline recommendations that dogs with diarrhea should not be treated with antimicrobials unless there are signs of sepsis.
Urine hemojuvelin in cats with naturally occurring kidney disease
Authors: Jing Hwei , Hsu Wei‐Li , Wu Vin‐Cent , Tsai Han‐Ju , Tsai Shang‐Feng , Tsai Pei‐Shiue Jason , Lai Tai‐Shuan , Lee Ya‐Jane 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundSoluble‐type hemojuvelin in serum and urine has been shown to be a biomarker in humans for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI). No similar research has been conducted on cats.ObjectiveUrine hemojuvelin (u‐hemojuvelin) can be used as a clinical indicator for cats with various renal diseases.AnimalsEighteen healthy cats, 10 cats with AKI, 21 cats with acute‐on‐chronic kidney injury (ACKI), and 45 cats with CKD were enrolled.MethodsThe expression profile of u‐hemojuvelin was assessed by Western blot analysis, whereas the u‐hemojuvelin concentration was measured using an in‐house sandwich ELISA. Each cat's u‐hemojuvelin‐to‐creatinine ratio (UHCR) also was determined.ResultsSignificant differences were found in both u‐hemojuvelin concentration and UHCR between the control cats and the other cats (AKI, CKD, ACKI). Both u‐hemojuvelin and UHCR had high areas under the receiver operator curve (AUROC) for diagnoses of AKI (u‐hemojuvelin, 0.885; UHCR, 0.982), CKD (hemojuvelin, 0.869; UHCR, 0.959), and ACKI (hemojuvelin, 0.910; UHCR, 1). Late stage (International Renal Interest Society, IRIS stages 3 and 4) CKD cats had significantly higher u‐hemojuvelin concentration and UHCR than did early stage cats (IRIS stages 1 and 2). Both u‐hemojuvelin and UHCR were significantly correlated with high blood urea nitrogen, plasma creatinine, and plasma phosphate concentrations and with low hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) count, and plasma albumin concentration. The UHCR values were also significantly correlated with white blood cell count in blood.ConclusionBoth u‐hemojuvelin and UHCR potentially can serve as diagnostic indicators for a range of renal diseases in cats.
The most primitive mesosiderite Northwest Africa 1878, subgroup 0
Authors: Kimura M. , Sugiura N. , Yamaguchi A. , Ichimura K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAll mesosiderites previously reported were subjected to thermal metamorphism and/or partial melting on the parent body. Therefore, their primordial features have been mostly lost. Here, we report detailed petrological and mineralogical features on a mesosiderite, Northwest Africa (NWA) 1878. This meteorite comprises silicate lithology and aggregates of small spheroidal Fe‐Ni metal grains. Silicate lithology typically shows igneous texture without recrystallization features, and mainly consists of low‐Ca pyroxene and plagioclase. Pyroxenes often show normal zoning. Exsolution lamella of augite is rarely noticed and very thin in width, compared with other mesosiderites. A few magnesian olivine grains are encountered without typical corona texture around them. They are not equilibrated with pyroxene on a large scale. Plagioclase shows a wide compositional range. These results show that NWA 1878 hardly experienced thermal metamorphism, distinguished from mesosiderites of subgroups 1–4. Therefore, we propose that this is classified as subgroup 0 mesosiderite. Nevertheless, NWA 1878 was locally subjected to secondary reactions, such as weak reduction of pyroxene and Fe‐Mg diffusion between olivine and pyroxene, on the parent body.
The impact of age on patient tolerance of mycophenolate following kidney transplantation
Authors: Rennie Trijntje J. W. , Petrie Michaela , Metcalfe Wendy , Walbaum David , Joss Nicola , Barton Ellen , Marson Lorna , Clancy Marc J. , Henderson Lorna , Traynor Jamie P. , Geddes Colin G. , Phelan Paul J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn Scotland, standard maintenance immunosuppression following kidney transplantation consists of mycophenolate (MPA), tacrolimus and prednisolone irrespective of recipient age. We analyzed the tolerability of this immunosuppression regimen and the association with transplant outcomes.MethodsA national, multicentre retrospective analysis of patients transplanted in 2015 and 2016, comparing graft function, acute rejection, significant infection rates and immunosuppression dosing between patients aged 18 and 59 years (Group 1) and ≥60 years (Group 2).ResultsOf the 490 patients, 26% were aged ≥60 years. Acute rejection (AR) rates at 1 year were 15% and 11% in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Full‐dose MPA was poorly tolerated with 53% in Group 1 and 77% in Group 2 requiring dose reduction or cessation. Female gender and age ≥60 years were independent predictors for MPA dose changes. One year following MPA dose reduction, AR risk was low (5%) in Group 2, however, those remaining on full dose MPA had a 79% increased rate of serious infections.ConclusionThe majority of renal transplant recipients aged ≥60 fail to tolerate full‐dose MPA. In this group, MPA dose reduction is associated with low rejection rates, but full‐dose MPA is associated with high infection rates. We suggest that a tailored approach to immunosuppression in elderly recipients incorporating lower doses of MPA may be appropriate.
Urinary exosomes: Potential biomarkers for diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Sinha Nisha , Kumar Vivek , Puri Veena , Nada Ritambhra , Rastogi Ashu , Jha Vivekanand , Puri Sanjeev 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy is the most common diabetic complication culminating often into end‐stage renal disease. Classically, it is defined by the presence of albuminuria which has limited ability to be detected at early stages but deterioration in kidney function generally precedes albuminuria. This necessitates the development of newer diagnostic assays for diabetic nephropathy to determine the progression of the disease. Kidney associated diseases with non‐albuminuria further complicates a timely diagnosis and thus demands an early biomarker. Urinary exosomes, the nanovesicular entities are released by every epithelial cells of the nephron. Their protein or molecular cargo varies in the diseased state which may provide the pathophysiology of the kidney associated diseases. This drives them to be exploited as non‐invasive biomarker. This review thus integrates the recent findings on the significance of the urinary exosomes as diagnostic biomarker in kidney‐associated diseases, primarily in diabetic nephropathy.