bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed firm‐paid general training
Authors: Carter Thomas J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article adds the empirically verified, but analytically neglected, fact of delayed worker training to a model of general training. By delaying training, firms can gain partial information on worker‐firm matches, generating wage compression. Analytical results differ from those of other training models. In the noncooperative regime, all firm‐paid training is delayed, all worker‐paid training is immediate. With no externalities to other firms, the cooperative result is Pareto‐optimal. In a continuous‐time extension, firms choose a probationary period after which workers are trained. With longer probations, fewer bad‐match workers are trained and wage compression rises. Government training mandates are also studied.
Climate Change Adaptation and Community Development in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Greenwalt Julie , Dede Michael , Johnson Ibinabo , Nosa Prince , Precious Abi , Summers Barbara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPort Harcourt, Nigeria, as with many cities in Africa, is already experiencing impacts from climate change while also facing development challenges and compounding vulnerabilities. There is often a gap between the adaptation recommendations of academia and international organizations and the conditions needed to achieve these recommendations given the realities on the ground in cities with vulnerable populations, pressing challenges, and minimal capacity. This gap can make it difficult to translate theoretically persuasive plans and guidance into practically sustainable actions. This chapter builds on the experience of CMAP, a Port Harcourt-based NGO leading participatory mapping, community media, and public space design programs in the city’s informal waterfront settlements. Drawing on the perspectives of Chicoco Collective, the youth-led volunteer network which CMAP supports, and the datasets that they have built, the chapter explores local awareness and skills for climate change adaptation. This chapter concludes with recommendations relevant for Port Harcourt and similar African cities to build on such local skills and experiences and advocates for a partnership-based approach that brings together adaptation professionals and community-based actors for more effective critical analysis of local conditions and prioritization of actions to meet the development and climate change needs of local communities.
Treatment of myeloid malignancies relapsing after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with venetoclax and hypomethylating agents—a retrospective multicenter analysis on behalf of the German Cooperative Transplant Study Group
Authors: Schuler Esther , Wagner-Drouet Eva-Maria , Ajib Salem , Bug Gesine , Crysandt Martina , Dressler Sabine , Hausmann Andreas , Heidenreich Daniela , Hirschbühl Klaus , Hoepting Matthias , Jost Edgar , Kaivers Jennifer , Klein Stefan , Koldehoff Michael , Kordelas Lambros , Kriege Oliver , Müller Lutz P. , Rautenberg Christina , Schaffrath Judith , Schmid Christoph , Wolff Daniel , Haas Rainer , Bornhäuser Martin , Schroeder Thomas , Kobbe Guido ,   On behalf of the German Cooperative Transplant Study Group
Published: November 2020

AbstractTreatment of relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) remains a great challenge. Aiming to evaluate the combination of venetoclax and hypomethylating agents (HMAClax) for the treatment of relapse of myeloid malignancies after alloHSCT, we retrospectively collected data from 32 patients treated at 11 German centers. Venetoclax was applied with azacitidine (n = 13) or decitabine (n = 19); 11 patients received DLI in addition. HMAClax was the first salvage therapy in 8 patients. The median number of cycles per patient was 2 (1–19). All but 1 patient had grade 3/4 neutropenia. Hospital admission for grade 3/4 infections was necessary in 23 patients (72%); 5 of these were fatal. In 30 evaluable patients, overall response rate (ORR) was 47% (14/30, 3 CR MRDneg, 5 CR, 2 CRi, 1 MLFS, 3 PR). ORR was 86% in first salvage patients versus 35% in later salvage patients (p = 0.03). In 6 patients with molecular relapse (MR), ORR was 67% versus 42% in patients with hematological relapse (HR) (n = 24, p = n.s.). After a median follow-up of 8.4 months, 25 patients (78%) had died and 7 were alive. Estimated median overall survival was 3.7 months. Median survival of patients with HMAClax for first versus later salvage therapy was 5.7 and 3.4 months (p = n.s.) and for patients with MR (not reached) compared to HR (3.4 months, p = 0.024). This retrospective case series shows that venetoclax is utilized in various different combinations, schedules, and doses. Toxicity is substantial and patients who receive venetoclax/HMA combinations for MR or as first salvage therapy derive the greatest benefit.
Deletion of the transcription factor Prox-1 specifically in the renal distal convoluted tubule causes hypomagnesemia via reduced expression of TRPM6 and NCC
Authors: Schnoz Christina , Moser Sandra , Kratschmar Denise V. , Odermatt Alex , Loffing-Cueni Dominique , Loffing Johannes 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is critical for the fine-tuning of urinary ion excretion and the control of blood pressure. Ion transport along the DCT is tightly controlled by posttranscriptional mechanisms including a complex interplay of kinases, phosphatases, and ubiquitin ligases. Previous work identified the transcription factor Prox-1 as a gene significantly enriched in the DCT of adult mice. To test if Prox-1 contributes to the transcriptional regulation of DCT function and structure, we developed a novel mouse model (NCCcre:Prox-1flox/flox) for an inducible deletion of Prox-1 specifically in the DCT. The deletion of Prox-1 had no obvious impact on DCT structure and growth independent whether the deletion was achieved in newborn or adult mice. Furthermore, DCT-specific Prox-1 deficiency did not alter DCT-proliferation in response to loop diuretic treatment. Likewise, the DCT-specific deletion of Prox-1 did not cause other gross phenotypic abnormalities. Body weight, urinary volume, Na+ and K+ excretion as well as plasma Na+, K+, and aldosterone levels were similar in Prox-1DCTKO and Prox-1DCTCtrl mice. However, Prox-1DCTKO mice exhibited a significant hypomagnesemia with a profound downregulation of the DCT-specific apical Mg2+ channel TRPM6 and the NaCl cotransporter (NCC) at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of other proteins involved in distal tubule Mg2+ and Na+ handling was not affected. Thus, Prox-1 is a DCT-enriched transcription factor that does not control DCT growth but contributes to the molecular control of DCT-dependent Mg2+ homeostasis in the adult kidney.
Serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p are not elevated in testicular tumours of non-germ cell origin
Authors: Belge Gazanfer , Grobelny Francesca , Radtke Arlo , Bodes Jacqueline , Matthies Cord , Wülfing Christian , Dieckmann Klaus-Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Serum levels of microRNA-371a-3p (M371) have been shown to be a highly sensitive and specific biomarker for testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT). Little information exists on the expression of this marker in testicular neoplasms deriving from the gonadal stroma or other structures of the gonad. This study presents an expression analysis of the novel TGCT-biomarker M371 in a large cohort of testicular non-germ cell tumours.

Methods
The M371 expression was measured by quantitative real time PCR in serum of 99 patients with testicular tumours of non-germ cell origin, thereof 30 patients with malignant testicular lymphomas and 61 patients with gonadal stroma tumours such as Leydig cell tumours, Sertoli cell tumours and 8 cases with miscellaneous benign testicular tumours. Their M371 levels were compared to those of 20 patients with TGCT and to 37 tumour-free male controls.

Results
The median expression levels of benign testicular tumours and testicular lymphoma are close to zero, thus, identical with those of controls and significantly lower than those of TGCT. In summary, this study provides further evidence for the notion that M371 is exclusively expressed by germ cell tumours and not by testicular neoplasms of the non-germ cell subtypes.

Conclusion
Clinically, the test might be of value in preoperative characterization of benign testicular tumours eligible for conservative surgery.
Phosphate availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with Pinus sylvestris have independent effects on the Paxillus involutus transcriptome
Authors: Paparokidou Christina , Leake Jonathan R. , Beerling David J. , Rolfe Stephen A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMany plant species form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal fungi, which help them forage for limiting nutrients in the soil such as inorganic phosphate (Pi). The transcriptional responses to symbiosis and nutrient-limiting conditions in ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae, however, are largely unknown. An artificial system was developed to study ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Paxillus involutus growth in symbiosis with its host tree Pinus sylvestris at different Pi concentrations. RNA-seq analysis was performed on P. involutus hyphae growing under Pi-limiting conditions, either in symbiosis or alone. We show that Pi starvation and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis have an independent effect on the P. involutus transcriptome. Notably, low Pi availability induces expression of newly identified putative high-affinity Pi transporter genes, while reducing the expression of putative organic acid transporters. Additionally, low Pi availability induces a close transcriptional interplay between P and N metabolism. GTP-related signalling was found to have a positive effect in the maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, whereas multiple putative cytochrome P450 genes were found to be downregulated, unlike arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We provide the first evidence of global transcriptional changes induced by low Pi availability and ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in the hyphae of P. involutus, revealing both similarities and differences with better-characterized arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Debunking a myth: plant consciousness
Authors: Mallatt Jon , Blatt Michael R. , Draguhn Andreas , Robinson David G. , Taiz Lincoln 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClaims that plants have conscious experiences have increased in recent years and have received wide coverage, from the popular media to scientific journals. Such claims are misleading and have the potential to misdirect funding and governmental policy decisions. After defining basic, primary consciousness, we provide new arguments against 12 core claims made by the proponents of plant consciousness. Three important new conclusions of our study are (1) plants have not been shown to perform the proactive, anticipatory behaviors associated with consciousness, but only to sense and follow stimulus trails reactively; (2) electrophysiological signaling in plants serves immediate physiological functions rather than integrative-information processing as in nervous systems of animals, giving no indication of plant consciousness; (3) the controversial claim of classical Pavlovian learning in plants, even if correct, is irrelevant because this type of learning does not require consciousness. Finally, we present our own hypothesis, based on two logical assumptions, concerning which organisms possess consciousness. Our first assumption is that affective (emotional) consciousness is marked by an advanced capacity for operant learning about rewards and punishments. Our second assumption is that image-based conscious experience is marked by demonstrably mapped representations of the external environment within the body. Certain animals fit both of these criteria, but plants fit neither. We conclude that claims for plant consciousness are highly speculative and lack sound scientific support.
Regional broad-band ground-shaking modelling over extended and thick sedimentary basins: an example from the Lower Rhine Embayment (Germany)
Authors: Pilz Marco , Cotton Fabrice , Razafindrakoto Hoby Njara Tendrisoa , Weatherill Graeme , Spies Thomas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe simulation of broad-band (0.1 to 10 + Hz) ground-shaking over deep and spatially extended sedimentary basins at regional scales is challenging. We evaluate the ground-shaking of a potential M 6.5 earthquake in the southern Lower Rhine Embayment, one of the most important areas of earthquake recurrence north of the Alps, close to the city of Cologne in Germany. In a first step, information from geological investigations, seismic experiments and boreholes is combined for deriving a harmonized 3D velocity and attenuation model of the sedimentary layers. Three alternative approaches are then applied and compared to evaluate the impact of the sedimentary cover on ground-motion amplification. The first approach builds on existing response spectra ground-motion models whose amplification factors empirically take into account the influence of the sedimentary layers through a standard parameterization. In the second approach, site-specific 1D amplification functions are computed from the 3D basin model. Using a random vibration theory approach, we adjust the empirical response spectra predicted for soft rock conditions by local site amplification factors: amplifications and associated ground-motions are predicted both in the Fourier and in the response spectra domain. In the third approach, hybrid physics-based ground-motion simulations are used to predict time histories for soft rock conditions which are subsequently modified using the 1D site-specific amplification functions computed in method 2. For large distances and at short periods, the differences between the three approaches become less notable due to the significant attenuation of the sedimentary layers. At intermediate and long periods, generic empirical ground-motion models provide lower levels of amplification from sedimentary soils compared to methods taking into account site-specific 1D amplification functions. In the near-source region, hybrid physics-based ground-motions models illustrate the potentially large variability of ground-motion due to finite source effects.
Evaluation of Phytotoxicity of Bimetallic Ag/Au Nanoparticles Synthesized Using Geum urbanum L.
Authors: Szymanski Marcin , Dobrucka Renata 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe growing production and wider application of metal nanoparticles gives rise to many concerns about their release to natural ecosystems. It is very important to be aware of the harmful impact of nanoparticles on living organisms, including plants. Therefore, it is of vital significance to explore the impact of metal nanoparticles on plants. This work assessed the phytotoxicity of bimetallic Ag/Au nanoparticles and Geum urbanum L. extract. The obtained bimetallic Ag/Au nanoparticles were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometry (UV–vis), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The microscopic studies enabled the determination of the size of the obtained nanoparticles, which was 50 nm. The wide range of concentrations evaluated in the course of the study made it possible to observe changes in selected plants (seeds of Lepidium sativum, Linum flavum, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum var. Cerasiforme and Salvia hispanica-Chia) caused by a stress factor. The studies showed that the solution of Ag/Au nanoparticles was most toxic to flax (IC50 = 9.83 × 10–6/9.25 × 10–6 mg/ml), and least toxic to lupine (IC50 = 1.23 × 10–3/1.16 × 10–3 mg/ml). Moreover, we studied the toxicity of Geum urbanum extract. The extracts diluted to 0.00875 mg/ml stimulated the growth of lupine, flax and garden cress; extracts diluted to 0.175 mg/ml stimulated the growth of Chia and tomatoes; and extracts diluted to 0.00875 mg/ml stimulated the growth of corn. G. urbanum extract was most toxic to lupine (IC50 = 0.374 mg/ml), and least toxic to corn (IC50 = 4.635 mg/ml).
Patterns of Romantic Relationship Experiences and Psychosocial Adjustment From Adolescence to Young Adulthood
Authors: Gonzalez Avilés Tita , Finn Christine , Neyer Franz J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEngaging in a romantic relationship is a key developmental task of adolescence and adolescents differ greatly in both the age at which they start dating and in how romantically active they are. These differences in romantic relationship experiences could be relevant for adolescents’ short- and long-term psychosocial adjustment. The present study describes the diversity of relationship experiences during adolescence and examines their connection to psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood.N = 2457 adolescents (49.3% female) from a German representative longitudinal study provided information on their relationship experiences between the ages 10 and 20, as well as on their psychosocial adjustment. Data were collected via annual assessments starting in 2008 at ageM = 16.50 years (SD = 0.88) through young adulthood (M = 25.46,SD = 0.87). Latent profile analysis identified three romantic involvement groups: late starters, moderate daters, and frequent changers, which were further compared to adolescents without any romantic experiences (continuous singles). Growth curve analyses indicated that continuous singles reported lower life satisfaction and higher loneliness than the moderate daters in adolescence and young adulthood. The continuous singles were also less satisfied with their life in young adulthood and felt more lonely in both adolescence and young adulthood compared to the late starters. The findings of the study suggest great variability in adolescents’ romantic relationship experiences and point toward the developmental significance of these experiences for short- and long-term well-being.
Towards Transparency by Design for Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Felzmann Heike , Fosch-Villaronga Eduard , Lutz Christoph , Tamò-Larrieux Aurelia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, we develop the concept of Transparency by Design that serves as practical guidance in helping promote the beneficial functions of transparency while mitigating its challenges in automated-decision making (ADM) environments. With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and the ability of AI systems to make automated and self-learned decisions, a call for transparency of how such systems reach decisions has echoed within academic and policy circles. The term transparency, however, relates to multiple concepts, fulfills many functions, and holds different promises that struggle to be realized in concrete applications. Indeed, the complexity of transparency for ADM shows tension between transparency as a normative ideal and its translation to practical application. To address this tension, we first conduct a review of transparency, analyzing its challenges and limitations concerning automated decision-making practices. We then look at the lessons learned from the development of Privacy by Design, as a basis for developing the Transparency by Design principles. Finally, we propose a set of nine principles to cover relevant contextual, technical, informational, and stakeholder-sensitive considerations. Transparency by Design is a model that helps organizations design transparent AI systems, by integrating these principles in a step-by-step manner and as an ex-ante value, not as an afterthought.
Constitutive PGC-1α Overexpression in Skeletal Muscle Does Not Contribute to Exercise-Induced Neurogenesis
Authors: Karlsson Lars , González-Alvarado María Nazareth , Motalleb Reza , Wang Yafeng , Wang Yong , Börjesson Mats , Zhu Changlian , Kuhn Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhysical exercise can improve age-dependent decline in cognition, which in rodent is partly mediated by restoration of an age-dependent decline in neurogenesis. Exercise-inducible myokines in the circulation present a link in muscle-brain crosstalk. The transcription factor PGC-1α regulates the release of such myokines with neurotrophic properties into the circulation. We study how chronic muscular overexpression of PGC-1α could contribute to exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis and if this effect could be enhanced in a running wheel paradigm. We used 3- and 11-month-old transgenic mice with overexpression of PGC-1α under the control of muscle creatinine kinase promoter (MCK-PGC-1α), which have a constitutively developed endurance muscle phenotype. Wild-type and MCK-PGC-1α mice were single housed with free access to running wheels. Four weeks of running in female animals increased the levels of newborn cells, immature neurons, and, for young animals, new mature neurons, compared to sedentary controls. However, no difference in these parameters was observed between wild-type and transgenic mice under sedentary or running conditions. Multiplex analysis of serum cytokines, chemokines, and myokines suggested several differences in serum protein concentrations between genotypes with musclin found to be significantly upregulated 4-fold in male MCK-PGC-1α animals. We conclude that constitutive muscular overexpression of PGC-1α, despite systemic changes and difference in serum composition, does not translate into exercise-induced effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, independent of the age of the animal. This suggests that chronic activation of PGC-1α in skeletal muscle is by itself not sufficient to mimic exercise-induced effects or to prevent decline of neurogenesis in aging.
On a Problem of Pichorides
Authors: Bakas Odysseas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLet $$S^{(\Lambda )}$$

S

(
Λ
)

denote the classical Littlewood–Paley operator formed with respect to a lacunary sequence $$\Lambda $$
Λ
of positive integers. Motivated by a remark of Pichorides, we obtain sharp asymptotic estimates of the behaviour of the operator norm of $$S^{(\Lambda )}$$

S

(
Λ
)

from the analytic Hardy space $$H^p_A (\mathbb {T})$$

H
A
p

(
T
)

to $$L^p (\mathbb {T})$$

L
p

(
T
)

and of the behaviour of the $$L^p (\mathbb {T}) \rightarrow L^p (\mathbb {T})$$

L
p

(
T
)

→

L
p

(
T
)

operator norm of $$S^{(\Lambda )}$$

S

(
Λ
)

($$1< p < 2$$

1
<
p
<
2

) in terms of the ratio of the lacunary sequence $$\Lambda $$
Λ
. Namely, if $$\rho _{\Lambda }$$

ρ
Λ

denotes the ratio of $$\Lambda $$
Λ
, then we prove that $$\begin{aligned} \sup _{\begin{array}{c} \Vert f \Vert _{L^p (\mathbb {T})} = 1 \\ f \in H^p_A (\mathbb {T}) \end{array}} \big \Vert S^{(\Lambda )} (f) \big \Vert _{L^p (\mathbb {T})} \lesssim \frac{1}{p-1} (\rho _{\Lambda } - 1)^{-1/2} \quad (1< p < 2) \end{aligned}$$

sup

‖
f
‖

L
p

(
T
)

=
1

f
∈

H
A
p

(
T
)

‖

S

(
Λ
)

(
f
)

‖

L
p

(
T
)

≲

1

p
-
1

(

ρ
Λ

-
1
)

-
1
/
2

(
1
<
p
<
2
)

and $$\begin{aligned} \big \Vert S^{(\Lambda )} \big \Vert _{L^p (\mathbb {T}) \rightarrow L^p (\mathbb {T})} \lesssim \frac{1}{(p-1)^{3/2}} (\rho _{\Lambda } - 1)^{-1/2} \quad (1<p < 2) \end{aligned}$$

‖

S

(
Λ
)

‖

L
p

(
T
)

→

L
p

(
T
)

≲

1

(
p
-
1
)

3
/
2

(

ρ
Λ

-
1
)

-
1
/
2

(
1
<
p
<
2
)

and that these results are optimal as $$p \rightarrow 1^+$$

p
→

1
+

. Variants in higher dimensions and in the Euclidean setting are also obtained.