bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium Hybrid Capacitor: A Next Generation Energy Storage System
Authors: Thangavel Ranjith , Kaliyappan Karthikeyan , Baek Seul Gi , Choi Hyun Jun , Ramasamy Hari Vignesh , Lee Gyung Hwan , Sun Xueliang Andy , Lee Yun Sung 
Published: February 2020

Sodium ion batteries are emerging candidate for next generation high energy application including electrical vehicles and grid storage.[1] Rather than the similar working principle, the wide availability and low cost of sodium made them a suitable and an interesting candidate for large energy applications. The research for sodium ion batteries is majorly on improving their poor kinetics due to their large ionic radii resulting in low energy and power density.[2]The possible solution could be designing a hybrid capacitor which greatly improves the energy density and power density simultaneously because of their fast kinetics.
In this work, we have developed and fabricated a new high performing 3 V sodium hybrid capacitor (NHC) using NASICON structured Na3V2(PO4)3 – (NVP) and a carbon derived from bio resource in an organic electrolyte. Two reactions occurs simultaneously, (i) intecalaction / deintercalation of sodium ions in NVP which brings high energy density, (ii) adsorption/ desorption of anion in the bio carbon giving high power density. An energy density of 118 Wh kg−1 has been achieved at a specific power of 95 W kg−1, retaining 60 Wh kg−1 of energy at high specific power of 850 W kg−1. A superior and an extremly outstanding stability of 95% is achieved after 10,000 cycles. The obtained results are one of the highest ever reported and it outperforms the present lithium hybrid capacitor by all means (energy density, power density, stability). The results will be presented and discussed in detail.

References:

1) N. Yabuuchi,M. Kajiyama, J. Iwatate, H. Nishikawa, S. Hitomi, R. Okuyama, R. Usui, Y. Yamada, S. Komaba, Nat.Mater. 2012, 11, 512.
2) V. Etacheri, R. Marom, R. Elazari, G. Salitra, D. Aurbach, Energy Environ. Sci. 2011, 4, 3243.

Figure 1
Synthesis of Metal Oxide Precursors for the Generation of Oxides or Similar Nanomaterials for Na-Ion Battery Cathode Production
Authors: Fromm Katharina M , Baichette Benoît 
Published: February 2020

The current growing need of energy storage is an issue that can be solved at least partially by electrochemical storage, like batteries. Nowadays, most of the Li-ion battery cathodes are made of lithium cobalt oxide, LiCoO2, prepared by highly energy consuming solid state processes, involving solid state method at high temperature and for long reaction times (600-900°C, 36hours [1]). Aurelien Crochet and Jean-Pierre Brog of the Fromm group developed a way of producing the high-temperature phase of LiCoO2 (HT-LiCoO2) [2] at low temperature using heterometallic Li-Co alkoxides complexes as molecular precursors, following the general equation below.
[Li2Co(OR)4(L)4] → HT-LiCoO2 + Li2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
Despite lower performances, Na-ion batteries are good candidates in an effort to produce cheaper and more environmentally friendly batteries compared to Li-ion batteries. Complexes of [NaxMy(OR)z(L)a], where M is a transition metal, OR an alkyl or aryl oxide group and L a ligand, can be synthesized in analogy to the lithium precursors in order to use them for the generation of sodium metal oxides. Those oxides will be characterized and tested as cathode materials. We will present our first efforts and results on this kind of synthesis.
Na Ion Batteries: A Promising Candidate for Large-Scale Energy Storage
Authors: de la Llave Ezequiel , Borgel Valentina , Park Kang-Joon , Hwang Jamg-Yeon , Sun Yang-Kook , Hartmann Pascal , Chesneau Frederick Francois , Aurbach Doron 
Published: February 2020

The demand for inexpensive and effective energy storage technologies is rapidly increasing. The imminent exhaustion of fossil fuel resources and the environmental consequences related to their use, combined with the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources, promote the scientific community to develop advanced energy storage systems. Among the several technologies that are suitable for large-scale energy storage, Sodium-ion batteries (NIB) appear as one of the most appealing options. Sodium natural resources are unlimited everywhere, as sodium is the fourth most abundant element on earth. Additionally, sodium is the second-lightest and smallest alkali metal next to lithium. Indeed, research in this area, reflected in the number of publications, has dramatically increased since 2011.
We will describe a completed study on sodium-ion batteries. With the aim to offer a comprehensive view, we compared all the Na-ion systems studied herein to similar Li-ion systems. Na-ion and Li-ion full cells were investigated, using hard carbon as the anode material, NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 as the cathodes.
A comprehensive description and discussion of the possible use of hard carbons as anode is presented [1]. We explored storage mechanisms, cycling, stability, surface chemistry, and impedance behavior. We examined the choice of the binders, solvent and additives on the electrodes’ performance. The critical effect of the hard carbon anodes pretreatment on the total capacity and stability of full cells will be discussed.
We also offer a detailed description of the structure, phase transition, electrochemical behavior and kinetics of the NaNi0.5Mn0.5O2 cathodes, including interesting comparison with their lithium analog [2]. Using impedance spectroscopy in three electrodes cells we show that the full cell impedance is dominated by the contribution of the cathode side. We discuss possible reasons for capacity fading of these systems, in connection to the cathode’s structure and relevant surface phenomena.

References

1. E. de la Llave, V. Borgel, E. Zinigrad, F. F. Chesneau, P. Hartmann, Y-K. Sun, D. Aurbach, Study of the Most Relevant Aspects related to Hard Carbons as Anode Materials for Na-ion Batteries, Compared to Li-ion Systems. Isr. J. Chem. (2015), 55, 1260-1274.

2. E. de la Llave, V. Borgel, K.J. Park, J.Y. Hwang, Y.K. Sun, P. Hartmann, F. Chesneau and D. Aurbach, Comparison between Na-ion & Li-ion Cells: Understanding the Critical Roles of the Cathodes Stability and the Anodes Pretreatment on the Cells Behavior, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2015), DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09835
The Structural Effect of PdCu Nanocatalysts on Catalytic Activities for Rechargeable Lithium-Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Park Mihui , Song Kyeongse , Kim Soo Young , Kang Yong-Mook 
Published: February 2020

Palladium-copper (Pd-Cu) alloys have two representative crystal structures; one is body-centered cubic (bcc), the other is face-centered cubic (fcc) even though both Pd and Cu originally have fcc crystal structures. The fcc Pd-Cu alloys have disordered structure within which Pd and Cu atoms are positioned randomly in the fcc lattice whereas the bcc Pd-Cu alloys have ordered structure which consists of alternative layers with single component either Pd or Cu atoms. In order for tailoring design of Pd-Cu alloys, controlling the physical and chemical characteristics of the alloys has been investigated extensively.
Pd-Cu alloys have been widely utilized as catalysts for the hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds, for the reduction of nitrates and nitrites in water, for the oxidation of formic acid in direct formic acid fuel cell, as membrane for hydrogen separation and so on. In particular, bcc Pd-Cu alloys have occasionally shown superior performance to fcc Pd-Cu alloys. For an example of hydrogenation of acetylene, bcc Pd-Cu alloy have better ethylene selectivity than fcc Pd-Cu alloys, because isolated Pd atoms on the surface of bcc Pd-Cu alloys increase selectivity in the hydrogenation of acetylene. Most bcc Pd-Cu alloys have been synthesized by annealing of fcc Pd-Cu alloys, which leads to structural transformation and particle growth. Obtaining same sizes of fcc and bcc Pd-Cu alloys is difficult to achieve because crystallites larger than 20 nm favour the ordered bcc structure with lower symmetry. Thus, bcc Pd-Cu alloys in nanoscale have been rarely reported moreover, comparison of fcc and bcc Pd-Cu in nanoscale has been never demonstrated to date.
In this study, we successfully synthesized fcc and bcc Pd-Cu alloys in nanoscale by polyol process with same composition and particle size, furthermore we adopt fcc and bcc Pd-Cu alloys as cathode catalysts for lithium-oxygen batteries. This work would be the first time to compare the catalytic activities between fcc and bcc Pd-Cu alloys in nanoscale.
Lithium Nitrate in Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Catalytic Feature of Redox Shuttle Suppression
Authors: Ding Ning 
Published: February 2020

A big breakthrough in the study of rechargeable Li-S batteries was the discovery of LiNO3 additive in 2008, which effectively suppresses LiPSs redox shuttle and enables real rechargeable Li-S batteries. The role of LiNO3, according to conventional understandings, was to react with lithium anode in a controlled way to form a LiNxOy passiviation layer on the anode which prevents the reduction of polysulfide thereon. This understanding, however, is seeing more challenges. Recently, Dr. Sheng S. Zhang of US Army Research Lab detected progressive reduction of LiNO3 on Li anode accompanied by the gradual increase of internal resistance in Li-S batteries. This finding is a direct challenge to the claim that LixNOy layer on anode prevents the LiPSs reduction thereon, as LiPSs with higher reduction voltage (2.1 V) are more easily to be reduced than LiNO3 (1.7 V). The unclear mechanism of redox-shuttle suppression and limited understanding on the impact of LiNO3 have hampered the development of Li-S batteries with long-term cycling stability, despite huge efforts and encouraging progress made in the engineering of nanostructured sulfur cathode reported in a large number of high impact journal publications.
In this manuscript, we revisit some key factors that influence LiPSs redox shuttles, clarify the roles of LixNOy passivation layers, and propose a new mechanism that redox shuttle suppression in the presence of LiNO3 is due to strong binding between the soluble high-order LiPSs and nitrate (NO3
–) anions adsorbed on carbon substrate, which promotes the oxidation of polysulfides to sulfur on charging. This is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and NO3
–-induced low self-discharge rate in Li-S batteries. As the progressive reduction of LiNO3 compromises long-term cycling stability of Li-S batteries by gradual increase of the internal resistance, we propose the substitution of soluble LiNO3 with solid oxide catalyst of good polysulfide oxidation reaction (PSOR) activity, to which ruthenium oxide was found as a preferable choice. This new understanding on the role of LiNO3 is opening a new research path to the development of nanostructured polysulfide oxidation catalysts with fine-tuned composition and morphology to boost the performance of Li-S batteries holistically.
Electrodeposited Three-Dimensional Porous Ru/RuO2 Foam Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Suk Jungdon , Kwak Kyoung Hwan , Kang Yongku 
Published: February 2020

Among many cathode materials explored for lithium-oxygen cathode, carbons are often used because they help achieve high discharge capacities and good ORR performance. However, most lithium-oxygen batteries containing carbon electrodes suffer from a low round-trip efficiency, low rate capability, a poor cycle life, and electrolyte instability. In this poster, we report a binder- and carbon-free, 3D porous Ru and RuO2 foam cathode for lithium-oxygen batteries. The cathode was simply fabricated by three-step process; co-electrodeposition, electrochemical dealloying and heat treatment process. Both 3D porous Ru and RuO2 dendritic foams have lots of cavity and pits which provide a large surface area for catalytic sites and buffer spaces for the morphological volume stress by the formation/decomposition of Li2O2 during the cycling process. Moreover, both dendritic foams provide a facile electron pathway, a short ion diffusion length, a rapid transport channel for oxygen and electrolytes, and numerous catalytic sites for high electrochemical performance. 3D porous Ru and RuO2 foam cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 1570 mAh/g and 4900 mAh/g at 50 mA/g and can be recharged for OER under low charge voltage with good reversibility and cyclability. We systematically investigated the reversibility and cyclability of a lithium-oxygen battery using the 3D porous Ru/RuO2 foam cathode using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), in-situ Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry (DEMS) and FT-IR spectroscopy. The results using the 3D porous nanostructured electrodes in our study represent a promising approach for high-performance electrodes which are compatible with scaled-up manufacturing process for next-generation lithium- air batteries due to their simple and rapid fabrication process.
A Quantitative Tool to Predict the Phase Composition of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Dibden James William , Garcia-Araez Nuria , Smith John William , Owen John R. 
Published: February 2020

Energy is essential in modern society, however ensuring that it is both affordable and environmentally benign presents a major challenge. Electrical energy storage is important in overcoming these issues; grid energy storage and electric cars being some of the primary uses. Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are one of the most promising candidates in next generation electrical energy storage, possessing a theoretical specific energy of 2600 W h kg-1.1 Several other advantages of using sulfur as the positive electrode include its abundance, low cost and non-toxicity. The complete reduction of sulfur (S8) to lithium sulfide (Li2S) occurs via a multistep reaction pathway, which has been the subject of much debate. Unlike the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, the discharge/charge reactions do not occur in the solid state but rather electron transfer occurs between the carbon positive electrode interface and the various sulfur species dissolved in the electrolyte. Due to the high solubility of the intermediate polysulfides species, several technical challenges exist that have hindered Li-S battery commercialization, including the widely reported shuttle mechanism.2 In addition to their high solubility, the intermediate polysulfide species are only stable in solution, sensitive to moisture and are known to disproportionate/comproportionate to a variety of polysulfides that change further on dilution.3 In order to overcome these issues, a better understanding of the polysulfide composition in the electrolyte, their concentration and the number of phases present is required.
We have developed two techniques, one which is able to determine the concentration of dissolved polysulfides in terms of the total sulfur content [S] and the other is able to determine the average oxidation state of the sulfur species, between S0 (as S8) and S2- (as Li2S). To determine the concentration of sulfur species present in the electrolyte, gravimetric analysis has been performed exploiting the low solubility of barium sulfate (BaSO4). To determine the average oxidation state of sulfur species, a redox titration has been developed. Using these methods and the information obtained, it is possible to develop a ternary phase diagram between S, Li2S and the electrolyte. This can be used to predict phase boundaries and determine the appearance of Li-S discharge profiles. The figure shows the proposed ternary phase diagram with the phases and degrees of freedom stated as determined using Gibbs’ phase rule: Freedom = Components – Phases, at fixed temperature and pressure.
[1] P. G. Bruce, S. A. Freunberger, L. J. Hardwick and J. M. Tarascon, Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 19-29.
[2] S. M. Al-Mahmoud, J. W. Dibden, J. R. Owen, G. Denuault and N. Garcia-Araez, J. Power Sources, 2016, 306, 323-328.
[3] D. Zheng, X. R. Zhang, C. Li, M. E. McKinnon, R. G. Sadok, D. Y. Qu, X. Q. Yu, H. S. Lee, X. Q. Yang and D. Y. Qu, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2015, 162, A203-A206.

Figure 1
Electrochemical Analysis in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Using Carbonaceous Materials
Authors: Park Jungjin , Kim Chunjoong , Sung Yung-Eun 
Published: February 2020

Recently, the expansion of energy consumption of high technology devices and the requirement of nature-friendly energy sources make a necessity of new conceptual energy source. Notably, among various approaches for new energy sources, electrochemical energy storage system seems appealing for its high efficiency and low product of pollutant. Lithium-sulfur secondary battery is one of the most promising electrochemical system for storage chemical energy directly to electrical energy. Although a plenty of research has been conducted in this field, several issues remain, including the irreversible loss of polysulfides and low electrical conductivity.
In this talk, carbonaceous materials are carefully introduced for analyzing electrochemical performance in lithium sulfur battery; not only increasing electrical conductivity for fast kinetics and but also anchoring soluble polysulfides for reversible redox reactions. In addition, the carbon-sulfur bonds originated from oxygen functional groups and polymeric sulfides shows that can support the effective polysulfides affinity with carbon, those effects are proved from various advanced measurements and electrochemical analyses based on theoretical model. These considerations can support tailoring cathode design to solving limitations in lithium-sulfur battery field.
High Energy Density Na-Ion Battery Technology
Authors: Barker Jerry , Heap Richard John , Roche Noel , Tan Chaou , Sayers Ruth , Whitley James , Liu Yang 
Published: February 2020

High energy density sodium-ion (Na-ion) batteries are now close to successful commercialization. These energy storage devices offer some significant advantages over their lithium-ion counterparts, such as lower material costs, improved safety characteristics and superior transportation properties [1,2]. In this study we demonstrate the electrochemical performance characteristics of full Na-ion cells constructed using a proprietary layered oxide cathode NaaNi(1-x-y-z)MnxMgyTizO2 and a hard carbon anode material [3].
Figure 1 depicts the voltage profile for a typical Faradion Na-ion cell. The cathode material delivers a reversible specific capacity of over 146 mAh/g and the cell generates an average discharge cell voltage of around 3.2 V. The projected specific energy for this battery system is 140-150 Wh/kg. The cell cycles with low polarization and with excellent columbic and (round-trip) energy efficiency. Figure 2 denotes a typical cycle life plot (100 % DOD) for a representative Na-ion cell. Following 170 cycles the discharge capacity fade is less than 1%. Simple linear extrapolation indicates that this cell should cycle 1000 cycles while maintaining well over 90% of its original discharge capacity.
To demonstrate the commercial viability of Na-ion batteries, Faradion has scaled-up this cell chemistry to the 3 Ah (9 Wh) prismatic pouch cell level. These cells were fabricated using traditional Li-ion manufacturing methods. Multiple prototype cells have been incorporated successfully into E-Bike (>400 Wh) and E-Scooter (>750 Wh) demonstrator packs [4,5].
Further performance and safety characteristics of the Na-ion cells will be provided during the presentation.
References:
1. V. Palomares, P. Serras, I. Villaluenga, K. B. Hueso, J. Carretero-Gonzalez and T. Rojo, Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 5884.
2. J. Barker, M.Y. Saidi and J. Swoyer, Electrochem. Solid-State Chem. 2003, 6, A1
3. For example, J. Barker and R.J. Heap, PCT Patent App. WO/2014/057258 (filed October 2013)
4. J. Barker and C. J. Wright. Presentation at the Advanced Automotive and Stationary/Industrial Battery Conference, AABC, Detroit, Michigan, USA, June 2015
5. J. Barker, R.J. Heap, N. Roche, C. Tan, R. Sayers. J. Whitley and Y. Liu. Presentation at the 2nd International Symposium on Sodium Batteries, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, October 2015

Figure 1
Oxygen-Rich Binder Improves Vulcanized Polyacrylonitrile Cathodes for Li-S Batteries
Authors: Li Yang , Zeng Qingcong , Gentle Ian , Wang Da-Wei 
Published: February 2020

Lithium sulfur batteries have very high theoretical energy density. However, the cyclic stability of carbon-sulfur cathode is seriously hindered by the notorious polysulfide dissolution.
Vulcanized polyacrylonitrile is an alternative to carbon-sulfur cathodes where the carbon and sulfur are covalently bonded resulting in much improved stability. Although water-soluble binders are being used widely to stabilize carbon-sulfur cathodes, we observe here that oxygen-rich water-soluble binder can instead facilitate the high-rate performance of vulcanized polyacrylonitrile cathode. In this study, oxygen-rich water-soluble sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) is selected as binder for vulcanized polyacrylonitrile (PANS) cathode. Comparing with traditional oxygen-free PVDF binder, NaCMC shows a preference in fixing active materials and enabling better surface wettability. A high capacity of 938 mA h/g for sulfur is retained after 450 cycles at 0.9C (1C=1675 mA/g). In addition the capacity from NaCMC electrode at 4.5 C rate reaches 677 mA h/g, which is much higher than that obtained with PVDF binder (nearly zero at 4.5C). Our study here reveals the facilitated redox chemistry of PANS cathode by using oxygen-rich binders. The origin is believed relevant to the affinity of oxygen functional groups to lithium polysulfides in terms of chemical adsorption and interfacial charge transfer.