bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IPCC baseline scenarios have over-projected CO2 emissions and economic growth
Authors: Burgess Matthew G , Ritchie Justin , Shapland John , Pielke Roger 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Scenarios used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) are central to climate science and policy. Recent studies find that observed trends and International Energy Agency (IEA) projections of global CO2 emissions have diverged from emission scenario outlooks widely employed in climate research. Here, we quantify the bases for this divergence, focusing on Kaya Identity factors: population, per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), energy intensity (energy consumption/GDP), and carbon intensity (CO2 emissions/energy consumption). We compare 2005–2017 observations and IEA projections to 2040 of these variables, to ‘baseline’ scenario projections from the IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), and from the shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs) used in the upcoming Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). We find that the historical divergence of observed CO2 emissions from baseline scenario projections can be explained largely by slower-than-projected per-capita GDP growth—predating the COVID-19 crisis. We also find carbon intensity divergence from baselines in IEA’s projections to 2040. IEA projects less coal energy expansion than the baseline scenarios, with divergence expected to continue to 2100. Future economic growth is uncertain, but we show that past divergence from observations makes it unlikely that per-capita GDP growth will catch up to baselines before mid-century. Some experts hypothesize high enough economic growth rates to allow per-capita GDP growth to catch up to or exceed baseline scenarios by 2100. However, we argue that this magnitude of catch-up may be unlikely, in light of: headwinds such as aging and debt, the likelihood of unanticipated economic crises, the fact that past economic forecasts have tended to over-project, the aftermath of the current pandemic, and economic impacts of climate change unaccounted-for in the baseline scenarios. Our analyses inform the rapidly evolving discussions on climate and development futures, and on uses of scenarios in climate science and policy.
Processes controlling the flux of legacy phosphorus to surface waters at the farm scale
Authors: Barcala Victoria , Rozemeijer Joachim , Osté Leonard , Van der Grift Bas , Gerner Laurens , Behrends Thilo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) leaching from agriculture is a major driver of water eutrophication in downstream rivers and lakes. In drained lowland areas with intensive agriculture, a reduction in the fertilizer applications may be insufficient to improve the water quality in the short term as the P accumulated in the soil during decades of high fertilization may continue leaching for many years. A complementary approach to reduce P exports from agriculture is to implement edge-of-field mitigation measures at the farm scale. The selection of effective measures requires a detailed insight into the chemical and hydrological transport mechanisms. Here, we determined the main P sources, processes, and transport routes at the farm scale to support the selection of appropriate mitigation measures. We quantified the legacy P, the different P pools stored in the upper soil, and related it to the yearly P export downstream. To do this, we combined high-resolution monitoring data from the soil, groundwater, surface water, and ditch sediments. The legacy P in the topsoil was high, about 2500 kg ha−1. The predominant subsurface flow and the subsoils’ P sorption capacity retained the P mobilized from the topsoil and explained the relative moderate flux of P to surface waters (0.04 kg ha−1 during the 2018–2019 drainage season). The dissolved P entering the drainage ditch via groundwater discharge was bound to iron-containing particles formed due to the oxidation of dissolved ferrous iron. Once leached from the soil to the drainage ditch, resuspension of P-rich sediment particles during flow peaks were the most important P transport mechanism (78%). Therefore, we expect that hydraulic constructions that reduce flow velocities and promote sedimentation of P-containing particles could reduce the export of P further downstream.
Isolation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from banana fiber in poly(lactic acid) biocomposite produced from solvent casting technique
Authors: Luqman. M , Vesuanathan Tamil Arasi , Salleh Mohd Nazry 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this project is to extract Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Banana fiber to produce Poly(Lactic Acid)/Microcrystalline Cellulose, (PLA/MCC) biocomposite film using a solvent casting technique. The initial phase is the production of MCC from Banana fiber by involving three steps; alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. MCC produced from the different concentration of Nitric acid in the acid hydrolysis process, were used to analyze the morphological and crystalline properties using SEM and XRD respectively. MCC produced from the higher concentration of Nitric acid shows good morphological properties and higher % crystallinity. Then, MCC compounded into PLA with different filler loading to produce PLA/MCC biocomposite film using a different solvent which is Chloroform and Dichloromethane. Results show that lower MCC loading, induces good filler matrix interaction and this evidences by the improvement of the Tensile strength and Young’s Modulus, as well as shows improvement in loss factor and storage modulus which studied from DMA. Moreover, the addition of MCC slightly improved the thermal stability of PLA. From using a different solvent to produce PLA/MCC biocomposite film, Dichloromethane solvent improves the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of biocomposite film, while Chloroform reduces the tensile properties of biocomposite film.
Dynamic Vulcanization of Polypropylene / Natural Rubber Blends Filled with Cyperus Odoratus
Authors: Abidin Norfatulikmah Zainal , Wahab Mohamad Kahar Ab 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new thermoplastic blend was developed using polypropylene (PP) with natural rubber (NR) as the base material. The natural filler is added to enhance the properties of PP/NR blend. The first series was to compare the properties of PP/NR blend with different filler loading. Second series was to investigate the effect of dynamic vulcanization on the properties of PP/NR blend filled with Cyperus Odoratus with the intention of improving the blend properties. Process development, tensile properties, thermal analysis, FTIR analysis and morphological characterization of blends were investigated with the variation of the conditions of the blend. The increasing filler loading decrease the tensile properties of the PP/NR blend and it shows in the morphology study of the blend. Dynamic vulcanization of the blend resulted in improved tensile and thermal properties compared to unvulcanized counterpart. This result is confirmed by the SEM study that showed better dispersion of NR in the PP matrix and improved adhesion between the two phases.
Tensile Properties of Polyethylene Composites Based Kaolin Geo-Filler
Authors: Lun Loh Zhen , Daud Yusrina Mat , Zainal Farah Farhana , Hashim Mohammad Firdaus Abu , Hasri  , Hartati  , Shern Tan Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The current work studies the tensile properties of polyethylene composites-based kaolin geo-filler. Polyethylene composites was prepared based on kaolin geo-filler at different loading content varies from 0,2,4,6,8 and 10 wt%. The optimum results were compared with polyethylene composites based on raw kaolin to study the effect both filler on tensile properties. Tensile test was conducted according to ASTM D638. Based on these research studies, the use of kaolin geo-filler is effectively improved the tensile properties of polyethylene as compared to the raw kaolin filler. As the result, 8% of kaolin geo-filler content demonstrate the optimum formulation to enhance the tensile properties of polyethylene composites.
The efficiency of Zero Charge Corrosion Protection on pure Mg by Planned Interval Test
Authors: Shamsudin Shaiful Rizam , Sanusi Muhamad Syazwan , Wardan Rajaselan , Rahmat Azmi , Derman Mohd Nazree 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concept of zero charge potential (Epzc) is manipulated to eliminates the effect of the electric double layer in order to mitigate the corrosion reactions through the zero-charge corrosion protection (ZCCP) method. The efficiency of the ZCCP method was examined by planned intervals test on pure Mg metal in 3.5% NaCl solution. The test results showed that the tendency of both liquid corrosiveness and metal corrodibility are decreased from -1562.7mm/yr (Eocp) to -98.2mm/yr (Epzc). ZCCP technique was succeeded by corrosion protection efficiency of pure Mg which was recorded between 93 to 96% in 3.5%) NaCl solution.
Effect of using Palm Char and Coke as a Reductant in Production of Ferrosilicon
Authors: Yunos Nur Farhana Mohd , Idris Muhammad Asri , Munusamy Sri Raj Rajeswari , Perumal K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis research focused on the synthesis of ferrosilicon alloy by coke and palm char as a reductant. Raw materials which were iron ore, silica sand, coke and palm char mixed and compacted into pellets. The pellets were reduced at temperature of 1300°C using horizontal tube furnace with nitrogen gas flow. The pellets after reduction process were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X- ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive spectra (SEM/EDS). The results from XRD analysis indicated that the formation of FeSi, Fe3Si and SiC phases were appeared at 1300 °C for both reductants. The brighter phases were observed in SEM/EDS mapping analysis represents as iron and silicon. The EDX analysis showed the high amount silica developed for coke compared to palm char due to high content of silica and carbon. The results found that palm char as carbon reductant has the potential to produce ferrosilicon and silica carbide in sustainable way.
Preliminary Study of Hydrothermal Synthesis of TiO2–GO Composites as a High Performance Photocatalyst
Authors: Azira N.M.N , Murizam D. , Halin D.S.C. , Idris M.A. , Yunos N. F. M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the addition of graphene oxide (GO) into TiO2 was investigated. GO was prepared by modified Hummer method before it was added into TiO2 via hydrothermal method. The graphite and GO was characterized by Raman spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) along with the TiO2-GO composites also have been characterized. The morphology of TiO2 deposited on the surface of the GO sheet was observed by SEM. the phase formation of anisotropic anatase (TiO2) of the TiO2-GO was detected in XRD. The photocatalytic activity was determined by calculating the photodegradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) under UV light irradiation. The photodegradation of MB were increased with time for TiO2-GO compared to pure TiO2. The results indicated that TiO2-GO composites was successfully produced using hydrothermal method for the photocatalytic application.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) as an UAV Information Processor for Generating an ‘As Built Drawing’
Authors: Romeli Norsyakilah , Desa Hazry , Azizan Muhammad Azizi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The heritage building is a valuable asset to humans and countries due to the grandeur symbolization and the dignity representation of a country. However, the dramatic changes on the historical building physical feature has been documented poorly. Subsequently, the depletion of the building information has making the maintenance works intricate. On site surveying might difficult due to the safety issue that putting manpower into risky circumstances. Advance technology may allow many to obtain information using aid of remote sensing, photogrammetry, geographic information system (GIS) and 3D laser scanning. The projection of the As Built Drawing might possible without utilisation of BIM as an analyser for the raw information congregated. Thus, the objective of this research is to develop an ‘As Built Drawing’ for heritage building using Building Information Modelling (BIM) as an information processor. The methodology involved the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) application and Terrestrial Laser Scanner, photogrammetry image then been analysed using BIM. The identification of design properties of heritage building was obtained which consisted of architectural properties and structural properties. Therefore, the development of ‘As Built Drawing’ will be produced completely using BIM and in the other hand solving the problem on facilities management on the historical building.
Development of iron thin films by electron beam physical vapour deposition (EBPVD): A Review
Authors: Nadzri Nur Izzati Muhammad , Halin Dewi Suriyani Che , Khemar Athirah , Hasbi Mohd Asyraaf M. , Wahab Yufridin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This review paper study about the possibilities of results obtained from conducted experiment of iron (Fe) thin films by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EBPVD). Previous studies showed that by exposing the substrate of the thin film to pre-heat environment, the changes of morphology and adatom mobility is expected. Furthermore, annealed influence in the thin film also will give better-quality thin films as the surface are expected to be smoother and flat. Three different annealed temperature is conducted on the samples, which are 400°C, 800°C and 1200°C. Structural changes such as transition from alpha phase to beta phase, is possible due to the presence of high temperature.
Superconducting Lead-free Solder Joint: A Short Review
Authors: Said Rita Mohd , Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd , Saud Norainiza , Ramli Mohd Izrul Izwan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Superconducting solders are widely used as joining material to connect superconducting wires such as Niobium-titanium (NbTi) and Niobium–tin (Nb3Sn) wires in commercial superconducting magnet applications. The physical and superconducting properties of the solder materials are very important since it influence the overall performance of the joint during service. Pb-Bi solder alloy widely used due to their good properties suitable for the superconducting application, however, the restriction on the use of Pb in industry lead to the development of new Pb-free solder material. This paper reviews the superconducting Pb-free solder alternatives, including In-Sn based solder. Besides that, the effect of bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb) addition to the binary In-Sn solder alloy were also discussed.
Determination of Protective Potential in the Zero Charge Corrosion Protection System
Authors: Shamsudin Shaiful Rizam , Wardan Rajaselan , Rahmat Azmi , Derman Mohd Nazree , Sanusi Muhamad Syazwan , Wahid Mohd Fitri Mohamad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zero charge corrosion protection, ZCCP, is a new invention in the field of corrosion protection. It applies alternating current, AC, mode while the protective potential to ensure that the metal exposed in the corrosive environment still does not exist in any of the previous works of literature. The study was conducted by the voltage scanning within corrosion potential, Ecorr, and polarized potential, Eimpressed, using potentiostat. It was carried out by examining the behavior of the current flow in the circuit. The experimental results found that the protective potential for maximum protection in the ZCCP system is 0 mV. By keeping the AC metal potential at 0 mV, the surface will not acquire any charges, hence the corrosion reaction will be inhibited.
The effect of aging time on microstructure and hardness value of AZ80 Mg Alloy
Authors: Daud Zuraidawani Che , Azahar Siti Hajar , Derman Mohd Nazree , Adzali Nur Maizatul Shima , Zaidi Nur Hidayah Ahmad , Adnan Sinar Arzuria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
AZ 80 Magnesium (Mg) alloy (AZ80) is the lightest structural metallic materials with good mechanical properties. However, Mg AZ80 has drawbacks which result in poor ductility and low strength where applications of Mg alloy have been restricted. The AZ80 has high aluminium content can cause the precipitation of ß-phase which is Mg17Al12 in Mg-Al alloy. It can affect the mechanical properties such as poor strengthening. This paper was discussed the effect of aging time on microstructure and hardness value of AZ80. The AZ80 samples were cut to 1cm × 1cm. Samples heat treated at 360 °C for one-hour quenching in water. Then, samples aged at 170 °C with different aging times (2 to 8 hours) with same quench. Optical Microscope (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Vickers Microhardness machine were used to analyse the samples. As the results showed ß-Mg17Al12 phase was discontinuously distributed along the grain boundary throughout solid solution treatment. The ß-Mg17Al12 phase did not fully dissolve into the α-Mg phase and distributed along the grain boundary. The results showed that sample after 2 hours aging time with highest hardness value 62.5 HV is the optimum sample.
Effect of Pulse Frequencies on Low Carbon Steel in 3.5 wt% NaCl Solution under Zero Charge Corrosion Protection
Authors: Wardan Rajaselan , Shamsudin Shaiful Rizam , Wahid Mohd Fitri Mohamad , Sanusi Muhammad Syazwan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zero charge corrosion protection (ZCCP) is an alternative to the existing cathodic protection methods. It applies a current/voltage pulse with a certain particular frequency to attain a potential of zero charge (Epzc) on the electrode-electrolyte interface. A study on the pulse frequencies of ZCCP system on low-carbon steel in 3.5 % NaCl Na solution was carried out for 14 days. The pulse frequencies are varied from 4, 20, 50 and 100 Hz. The ability of these frequencies in protecting samples is determined by means of corrosion rate based on weight loss analysis and surface morphology. Experimental observations indicate that low carbon steel corrosion protection is strongly influenced by changes in pulse frequency. Corrosion rates were found to gradually decrease as pulse frequency increased from 4, 20 to 50 Hz, nevertheless at higher frequencies (100 Hz), corrosion protection was observed to be less effective where the corrosion rate dramatically grew up. The surface morphology of the steel surface is smooth and protected at a pulse frequency of 50 Hz. This indicates that the current / voltage pulse of ZCCP system only requires 50 Hz which is equivalent to a standard AC power frequency applied in most countries including Malaysia.
Effect of infill pattern on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA and cPLA
Authors: Yeoh Cheow Keat , Cheah Chee Son , Pushpanathan Raguvaran , Song Cheah Chie , Tan Mei Ai , Teh Pei Leng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
PLA are the most sustainable alternatives and can fit in a wide-range of applications of electronics, nonwoven fabrics and food packaging. With these PLA’s adaptability and suitability in many techniques of production such as injection moulding, extrusion, and blow moulding, PLA has become high interest in the production process. Besides, PLA as a thermoplastic polyester that mostly obtained from renewable materials [1]. Infill patterns can affect the mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA and cPLA. PLA with zig zag infill pattern has higher tensile strength of 23.409 MPa compared to PLA with grid and concentric infill pattern. Meanwhile, cPLA with grid infill pattern has higher tensile strength of 30.5638 MPa compared to cPLA with concentric and zig zag infill pattern. By using the suitable infill pattern parameter, the 3D printed PLA and cPLA can have good mechanical properties and can be applied in packaging, pharmaceuticals, textiles, automotive, biomedical and tissue engineering. It has been widely investigated for biomedical applications due to its biodegradability and biocompatibility.
Influence of electron beam irradiation on crosslink behaviour of reclaimed tire rubber/EVA blend in the presence of radiation sensitizers
Authors: Ramarad Suganti , Ratnam Chantara Thevy , Khalid Mohammad , Chuah Luqman 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. To address the issue, this study utilized radiation sensitizers and electron beam irradiation to enhance the poor properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (RTR/EVA) blend. The RTR, EVA and radiation sensitizers were mixed in the internal mixer followed by electron beam (EB) irradiation with doses ranging from 50 to 200 kGy. Radiation sensitizers loading was fixed at 4 wt%. The degradation and stability in RTR were studied in term of crosslink behaviour upon irradiation. Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and the blends. RTR, EVA and the RTR/EVA blend suffered from further oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) and tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and the RTR/EVA blend. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to enhanced crosslink formation within RTR and the RTR/EVA blend. These findings validated the feasibility of using ionizing radiation in the presence of radiation sensitizers for recycling inferior waste polymers into higher quality material.
Effect of object shape on the flow past microstructures in small channel
Authors: Mule Gunwant M , Kulkarni Amol A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Flow past objects in microfluidics and microscale devices are used to perturb the flow and thereby achieve effective mixing and heat transfer. This paper presents the observations on the flow past bluff (elliptical, rectangular and triangular) cylindrical micropillars (objects) having different cross-sectional area in a micro-channel through 2D simulations. The pertinent range of Re based on object dimension (0.1 ⩽ Re ⩽ 150) was chosen to understand the wake dynamics that would remain relevant for comparison with literature data. Drag coefficient, recirculation region, critical Reynolds number for flow oscillations and vortex strength in a channel were studied. The drag coefficient was found to increase with aspect ratio of the object. The critical Re for flow oscillations was found to increase with the cross-sectional area of the object. The vortex strength in a channel was seen highest for triangular cylinder compared to elliptical and rectangular cylinder.