bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A nurse shrub species helps associated herbaceous plants by preventing shade‐induced evaporation in a desert ecosystem
Authors: Liu Liang , Bai Yuxuan , She Weiwei , Qiao Yangui , Qin Shugao , Zhang Yuqing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractXeric shrubs often play an important role in reversing desertification and promoting ecological restoration of degraded dryland ecosystems. However, how shrubs affect their associated herbaceous species and environmental conditions remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted a removal experiment along with stable isotope analysis to determine the water use strategy of a shrub species (Artemisia ordosica) and its associated perennial graminoids (PG) in the Mu Us Desert, northern China. We observed that in the intact plots, both shrubs and PG predominantly utilized water from the shallow soil layer (0–20 cm, 54.36%, and 63.63%, respectively). Compared to this, when shrubs were removed, soil water content decreased, the main water source of PG switched to the middle soil layer (20–60 cm, 48.25%), and their water use efficiency (WUE) increased. However, the removal of PG had no significant impacts on the soil water content in any layer or on the water source of shrubs but for slightly decreased WUE. We highlighted that rather than hydraulic lift, shade‐induced evaporation decline is the primary mechanism by which shrubs facilitate the growth of associated herbaceous plants in desert ecosystems, indicating that the facilitated herbaceous plants have more flexible water use strategies than shrubs, which probably drives the community succession from being shrub‐dominated to herb‐dominated.
tert‐Butyl Esters as Potential Reversible Chain Transfer Agents for Concurrent Cationic Vinyl‐Addition and Ring‐Opening Copolymerization of Vinyl Ethers and Oxiranes
Authors: Hotta Daisuke , Kanazawa Arihiro , Aoshima Sadahito 
Published: November 2020

Abstracttert‐Butyl esters are demonstrated to function as chain transfer agents (CTAs) in the cationic copolymerization of vinyl ether (VE) and oxirane via concurrent vinyl‐addition and ring‐opening mechanisms. In the copolymerization of isopropyl VE and isobutylene oxide (IBO), the IBO‐derived propagating species reacts with tert‐butyl acetate to generate a copolymer chain with an acetoxy group at the ω‐end. This reaction liberates a tert‐butyl cation; hence, a polymer chain with a tert‐butyl group at the α‐end is subsequently generated. Other tert‐butyl esters also function as CTAs, and the substituent attached to the carbonyl group affects the chain transfer efficiency. In addition, ethyl acetate does not function as a CTA, which suggests the importance of the liberation of a tert‐butyl cation for the chain transfer process. Chain transfer reactions by tert‐butyl esters potentially occur reversibly through the reaction of the propagating cation with the ester group at the ω‐end of another chain.
Efficient eddy current characterization using a 2D image‐based sampling scheme and a model‐based fitting approach
Authors: Schwerter Michael , Zimmermann Markus , Felder Jörg , Shah N. Jon 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo propose two innovations to existing eddy current characterization techniques, which include (1) an efficient spatio‐temporal sampling scheme and (2) a model‐based fitting of spherical harmonic eddy current components.Theory and MethodsThis work introduces a three‐plane 2D image‐based acquisition scheme to efficiently sample eddy current fields. Additionally, a model‐based spherical harmonic decomposition is presented, which reduces fitting noise using a rank minimization to impose an exponential decay on the eddy current amplitude evolution. Both techniques are applied in combination and analyzed in simulations for their applicability in reconstructing suitable pre‐emphasis parameters. In a proof‐of‐concept measurement, the routine is tested for its propriety to correctly quantify user‐defined field dynamics. Furthermore, based on acquired precompensation and postcompensation eddy current data, the suitability of pre‐emphasis parameters calculated based on the proposed technique is evaluated.ResultsSimulation results derived from 500 data sets demonstrate the applicability of the acquisition scheme for the spatio‐temporal sampling of eddy current fields. Compared with a conventional data processing strategy, the proposed model‐based approach yields pre‐emphasis parameters that reduce the average maximum residual field offset within a 10‐cm‐diameter spherical volume from 3.17 Hz to 0.58 Hz. Experimental data prove the proposed routine to be suitable to measure and effectively compensate for eddy currents within 10 minutes of acquisition time.ConclusionThe proposed framework was found to be well‐suited to efficiently characterize and compensate for eddy current fields in a one‐time calibration effort. It can be applied to facilitate pre‐emphasis implementations, such as for dynamic B0 shimming applications.
Bidding Farewell to 2020
Authors: Atwood Stephen P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe're nearing the end of 2020, and I think many people will be happy to see it in the rearview mirror. While the actual boundaries of years do not enforce control over nature's events, they provide a framework to organize our past and imagine our future as we turn the calendar page. Indeed, it's understandable that most new year celebrations focus on spiritual renewal—building hope for comfort, health, and prosperity in the year ahead.
Influence of statin‐potency on the risk of kidney disease – A nationwide cohort study using laboratory data
Authors: Citarella Anna , Linder Marie , Cammarota Simona , Sundström Anders , Kieler Helle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the risk of kidney disease in high‐potency statin users compared to those treated with low‐potency statins without history of kidney disease at statin initiation, linking the Swedish national healthcare registers and laboratory data.MethodsIncident users of statins, ≥40 years of age, with estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) >60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and no diagnosis of kidney disease at treatment initiation were identified between 2006 and 2007 and then followed for 2‐years. The outcome was the incidence of kidney disease identified by the presence of the diagnostic code in the healthcare registers or eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjusted and propensity score (PS)‐matched Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsA total of 27 385 patients were identified, 25.2% of which treated with a high‐potency statin. During the follow‐up, 68 (0.25%) patients were identified with a diagnosis of kidney disease from the registers. The number increased to 2498 (9.1%) when the criteria of eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 was added. The adjusted HR of kidney disease in high‐potency statin users was 1.14 (95%CI 1.03–1.25) compared to low‐potency users; the result was unchanged after the PS approach.ConclusionsAdding information from laboratory data to those from the national health registers, a slightly increased risk for kidney disease was found in high‐potency statin users without pre‐existing kidney disease at treatment initiation compared to those treated with low‐potency statins.
Usefulness of screening tests for diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children
Authors: Böncüoğlu Elif , Kıymet Elif , Şahinkaya Şahika , Akaslan Kara Aybüke , Çağlar İlknur , Arıkan Kamile Ö. , Gülfidan Gamze , Bayram Nuri , Devrim İlker 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study is to provide a basis for the development of appropriate screening strategies and evaluate the indications of the interferon‐gamma release assay (IGRA) in Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG)‐vaccinated children.MethodsChildren who were examined with both IGRA (QuantiFERON®‐TB Gold Plus) and tuberculin skin test (TST) for tuberculosis infection were included in the study. Underlying medical conditions of the patients were recorded. Cohen's κ was run to determine if there was an agreement between TST and IGRA.ResultsA total of 220 patients with a mean age of 11.05 ± 4.43 years (2.5–18 years) were analyzed. Ninety‐nine patients were immunocompromised and 121 patients were immunocompetent. TSTs and IGRA showed none to the slight agreement in both of the immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. In the immunocompromised group, 43/99 (43.4%) and the immunocompetent group 35/121 (28.9%) of the tests did not show any correlation.ConclusionIn a high‐risk setting where the BCG vaccine is mandatory, it may be beneficial to use IGRA primarily in immunocompetent patients. In immunocompromised patients, the use of both the TST and IGRA could increase the efficacy of screening for latent tuberculosis infection.
Conserved patterns and interactions in the unfolding transition state across SH3 domain structural homologues
Authors: Demakis Cullen , Childers Matthew C. , Daggett Valerie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProteins with similar structures are generally assumed to arise from similar sequences. However, there are more cases than not where this is not true. The dogma is that sequence determines structure; how, then, can very different sequences fold to the same structure? Here, we employ high temperature unfolding simulations to probe the pathways and specific interactions that direct the folding and unfolding of the SH3 domain. The SH3 metafold in the Dynameomics Database consists of 753 proteins with the same structure, but varied sequences and functions. To investigate the relationship between sequence and structure, we selected 17 targets from the SH3 metafold with high sequence variability. Six unfolding simulations were performed for each target, transition states were identified, revealing two general folding/unfolding pathways at the transition state. Transition states were also expressed as mathematical graphs of connected chemical nodes, and it was found that three positions within the structure, independent of sequence, were consistently more connected within the graph than any other nearby positions in the sequence. These positions represent a hub connecting different portions of the structure. Multiple sequence alignment and covariation analyses also revealed certain positions that were more conserved due to packing constraints and stabilizing long‐range contacts. This study demonstrates that members of the SH3 domain with different sequences can unfold through two main pathways, but certain characteristics are conserved regardless of the sequence or unfolding pathway. While sequence determines structure, we show that disparate sequences can provide similar interactions that influence folding and lead to similar structures.
Phase I evaluation of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of GSK3640254, a next‐generation HIV‐1 maturation inhibitor
Authors: Joshi Samit R. , Fernando Disala , Igwe Stephanie , McKenzie Litza , Krishnatry Anu S. , Halliday Fiona , Zhan Joyce , Greene Thomas J. , Xu Jianfeng , Ferron‐Brady Geraldine , Lataillade Max , Min Sherene 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite advances in HIV‐1 management with antiretroviral therapy, drug resistance and toxicities with multidrug regimens can result in treatment failure. Hence, there is a continuing demand for antiretroviral agents (ARVs) with novel mechanisms of action. Maturation inhibitors inhibit HIV‐1 replication via a unique mechanism of action and can be combined with other ARVs. Two phase I randomized clinical trials were conducted for a maturation inhibitor, GSK3640254, to determine safety, pharmacokinetics (NCT03231943), and relative bioavailability (NCT03575962) in healthy adults. The first trial was conducted in two parts. Part 1 was conducted in a two‐cohort, interlocking, eight‐period fashion in 20 participants with single ascending doses of GSK3640254 (1‐700 mg) or placebo. In Part 2, 58 participants were randomized to receive GSK3640254 (n = 44) or placebo (n = 14). Four participants reported adverse events (AEs) leading to study discontinuation, with one adverse drug reaction (maculopapular rash). There was no relationship between frequency or severity of AEs and dose. Pharmacokinetic assessments showed that GSK3640254 was slowly absorbed, with time to maximum concentration (tmax) occurring between 3.5 and 4 hours and half‐life of ~24 hours. In the relative bioavailability study of GSK3640254 mesylate salt vs bis‐hydrochloride salt capsules in 14 healthy adults, the mesylate salt performed slightly better than the bis‐hydrochloride formulation (12%‐16% increase in area under the concentration‐time curve and maximum concentration); tmax (5 hours) was similar between the formulations. Initial pharmacokinetic and safety data from these healthy‐participant studies informed further development of GSK3640254 for once‐daily dosing for the treatment of HIV‐1 infection.
Spherical shallow‐water wave simulation by a cubed‐sphere finite‐difference solver
Authors: Brachet M. , Croisille J.‐P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe consider the test suite for the shallow‐water (SW) equations on the sphere suggested by Paldor in earlier work. This series of tests consists of zonally propagating wave solutions on the full sphere. Two series of solutions are considered. The first series is referred to as “barotropic". It consists of an extension of the Rossby–Haurwitz test case. The second series, referred to as “baroclinic”, consists of a generalisation of the Matsuno solution to the linearized SW equations in an equatorial channel. The Hermitian Compact Cubed Sphere (HCCS) model which is used in this paper is a recently introduced SW solver on the sphere. The spatial approximation is a centred finite‐difference scheme based on high‐order differencing along great circles. The time stepping is performed by the explicit RK4 scheme or by an exponential scheme. For both barotropic and baroclinic test case series, the results show a very good agreement of the numerical solution with the analytic one, even for long time simulations.
Ambipolar 2D Semiconductors and Emerging Device Applications
Authors: Hu Wennan , Sheng Zhe , Hou Xiang , Chen Huawei , Zhang Zengxing , Zhang David Wei , Zhou Peng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith the rise of 2D materials, new physics and new processing techniques have emerged, triggering possibilities for the innovation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. Among them, ambipolar 2D semiconductors are of excellent gate‐controlled capability and distinctive physical characteristic that the major charge carriers can be dynamically, reversibly and rapidly tuned between holes and electrons by electrostatic field. Based on such properties, novel devices, like ambipolar field‐effect transistors, light‐emitting transistors, electrostatic‐field‐charging PN diodes, are developed and show great advantages in logic and reconfigurable circuits, integrated optoelectronic circuits, and artificial neural network image sensors, enriching the functions of conventional devices and bringing breakthroughs to build new architectures. This review first focuses on the basic knowledge including fundamental principle of ambipolar semiconductors, basic material preparation techniques, and how to obtain the ambipolar behavior through electrical contact engineering. Then, the current ambipolar 2D semiconductors and their preparation approaches and main properties are summarized. Finally, the emerging new device structures are overviewed in detail, along with their novel electronic and optoelectronic applications. It is expected to shed light on the future development of ambipolar 2D semiconductors, exploring more new devices with novel functions and promoting the applications of 2D materials.
Patterns of River Discharge and Temperature Differentially Influence Migration and Spawn Timing for Coho Salmon in the Umpqua River Basin, Oregon
Authors: LovellFord Rachel M. , Flitcroft Rebecca L. , Lewis Sarah L. , Santelmann Mary V. , Grant Gordon E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe movement patterns of native migratory fishes may reflect different selection pressures in different environments that are associated with predictable patterns of temperature and discharge. Spatial and temporal variability in the movement patterns of adult Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were explored with data that were collected from the Umpqua River basin, Oregon, focusing on two points in their return migration: (1) main‐stem midriver migration timing of adult Coho Salmon as they pass Winchester Dam, Oregon, and (2) adult spawn timing in tributary streams of the Smith River. Main‐stem migration of Coho Salmon as they pass Winchester Dam began 7 to 15 d after peak annual water temperature, when mean daily temperatures cooled to 18°C, but before the increases in discharge that are associated with autumn rains. Although migration timing appeared to be strongly related to river temperature, spawn timing of Coho Salmon in tributaries of the Smith River subbasin appeared to respond to a combination of both discharge and temperature thresholds. Spawning occurred after initial annual peak discharge events and when stream temperatures fell below a threshold of 12°C. These results directly inform water conservation and protection planning for environmental flow criteria and thermal ranges during migration and spawn timing of imperiled Coho Salmon in the Oregon Coast Range.
Synthesis of the magnetic core–shell bi‐metallic and tri‐metallic metal–organic framework nanocomposites for dye adsorption
Authors: Akbarbandari Fatemeh , Zabihi Mohammad , Faghihi Morteza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBi‐metallic and tri‐metallic metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) supported on the magnetic activated carbon (MAC) were synthesized for the reduction of methylene blue (MB) concentration in the aqueous solutions. The adsorbent nanocomposites were characterized by applying the general tests including XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TEM, BET, and VSM. The XRD achievements demonstrated that crystalline structure of MOFs was derived on the MAC by the presented method. The core–shell morphology with nano‐scale size of the magnetic carbonaceous MOFs was detected in TEM and FESEM micro‐images. The acceptable magnetic strength of the prepared adsorbents was proved by using the VSM analysis. The important operating conditions including pH and temperature were also evaluated, while the other parameters were kept constant. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model was matched with the experimental data to show the kinetic behavior of the multi‐component MOFs. The isotherm studies showed that the good agreement between the experimental data with both Langmuir model and the maximum capacities was calculated to be about 66.51 and 71.43 mg/g for the bi‐metallic and tri‐metallic nanocomposites, respectively. Regeneration experiments indicated that the fabricated adsorbents have an excellent reusing adsorption capacity which can be a proper selection for the industrial applications.Practitioner points

Bi‐metallic and tri‐metallic MOFs supported on the magnetic activated carbon were synthesized by the facile preparation method.

Adsorption of methylene blue by using MOFs were successfully done.

Nanocomposites were evaluated by XRD, FTIR, BET, FESEM, TEM, and VSM techniques.

Maximum of adsorption capacity was observed for tri‐metallic MOF as 71.43 mg/g.
Irrigation with reclaimed water in an urban watershed and nutrient levels in adjacent streams
Authors: Alsharif Kamal A. , Rivera Anamarie E. , van Beynen Philip E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractReclaimed water, used commonly for lawn irrigation, can be a complicating factor for watershed managers addressing sources of nonpoint source pollution. This research examined concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the reclaimed water effluent from the City of St. Petersburg wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (secondary treatment), the Pinellas County WWTP (tertiary treatment), and four tributary sites in the highly urbanized Joe's Creek watershed in Pinellas County, Florida. Two of the four tributary sites are control sites (35‐10 and 35‐11). The Bonn Creek tributary is within the tertiary treatment service area, and Miles Creek tributary is within the secondary treatment service area. For the 6‐year study period, results show that Bonn Creek's mean TN concentration of 0.92 mg/L was lower than Miles Creek's (1.077 mg/L), and both control sites were the lowest (0.66 mg/L and 0.71 mg/L, respectively). Similar results were found for TP concentrations. Bonn Creek's TP concentration was 0.084 mg/L slightly lower than Miles Creek's (0.096 mg/L), and both control sites were the lowest (0.064 mg/L and 0.07 mg/L, respectively). Potential TN and TP loadings from each WWTP to their service areas were calculated, as well as potential TN loadings to each landscape.Practitioner points

We investigated TN and TP concentrations from secondary and tertiary WWTPs and streams that receive runoff from two neighborhoods using reclaimed water from these plants for landscape irrigation.

As expected, reclaimed water from the secondary WWTP had higher TN and TP concentrations.

The surface water concentrations of TN and TP in the adjacent streams within the reclaimed service areas were higher than the concentrations at the control sites outside of the reclaimed service areas.

The nitrogen applied to landscapes in the secondary WWTP reclaimed service area was ten times higher than the nitrogen applied to landscapes in the tertiary WWTP reclaimed service area.
Explaining g − 2 anomalies in two Higgs doublet model with vector-like leptons
Authors: Chun Eung Jin , Mondal Tanmoy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We consider the two Higgs doublet model (2HDM) along with a generation of vector-like lepton doublet and singlet to explain the observed discrepancies in the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moments. The type-X (lepton-specific) 2HDM can allow a light pseudo-scalar which is known to explain the muon anomalous magnetic moment at two-loop. Such a light particle induces a sizable negative contribution to the electron anomalous magnetic moment at one-loop in the presence of vector-like leptons evading all the experimental constraints.
Characterisation of diamond abrasive grains of grinding tools using industrial X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Pagani Luca , Qi Qunfen , Lu Jing , Huang Hui , Huang Guoqin , Cui Changcai , Xu Xipeng , Jiang Xiangqian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a characterisation of diamond abrasive grains of grinding tools using industrial X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is carried out. One of the most challenge tasks in the characterisation is extracting the diamond abrasive grains from the XCT volume data. Methods that are able to extract the grains are then developed and introduced in this paper. The first step is to create a triangular mesh surface from the reconstructed volume file using a gradient anisotropic diffusion filter. The second step is to convert the measured greyscale volume into a signed distance field using a global threshold value and then a localised method for grain segmentation. To validate the proposed method, three different types of grinding tool specimens are measured and analysed. Each abrasive grain is segmented and the distributions of grains (with both random and designed patterns) are then calculated, plotted and analysed. The quantitative analysis clearly shows the deviations between the measured distribution and the designed pattern of the grinding tool, which indicates that the proposed method can provide an accurate and comprehensive characterisation of the grinding tools.