bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanism and the Modern Age
Authors: Walker Corey D. B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The story of humanism in the modern age is not a simple, linear narrative that begins in classical antiquity and continues to the contemporary moment. Rather, humanism represents a complex contestation of ideas and ideologies born out of the intercourse of the contact of cultures that mark the modern European encounter with the world. Humanism in the modern world is thus critically understood in the reflexive contact between peoples, cultures, and ideas and the processes of making sense of being human in the world. The contests and conquests for power, legitimacy, and authority shape and inform the discourse of humanism in ways that often elide this dense and diverse experience. Aimé Césaire, Frantz Fanon, and Edward Said provide critical resources to interrogate the discourse of humanism and the emergence of the human that comes to dominate the narrative and render humanism as an unique idea and event of European modernity.
Violences in the South African Student Movement
Authors: Khanyile Buhle 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay draws attention to the complexities of understanding violence as a phenomenon and experience that almost always involves multiple parties, and contestations about violence itself and its use. It does so as both a theoretical and qualitative exploration of the concept and its lived experiences. The essay begins by puzzling over the intelligibility of violence and its definitional issues. Drawing on disciplinary approaches to violence (e.g., biological, sociological and political) as well as violence as spectacle, symbolic, embodied, systemic or implicit, it shows how violence has been and is mobilized to bring attention to sociopolitical and economic challenges currently and historically. Next it examines student experiences of violence during the recent student movement events in South Africa, and locates this event within the historical context of South Africa’s past and current experience of violence. Ultimately, the essay attempts to offer a way of thinking about violence less as an aberration to our peaceful existence but rather argues that violence might shape our very existence. It concludes by offering “existential violence” as a concept to help think through the relationship between existence and violence in a more nuanced way.
Home, Belonging, and Africanity in the Film Black Panther
Authors: Bashonga Ragi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay uses the film Black Panther to explore notions of home, identity, and belonging as these relate to race and being African. Black Panther added a more positive representation of Black identity and culture which is generally lacking in popular culture. Building on this achievement, the essay engages with the tensions between racial and national identities for the African diaspora, as Africanity and notions of belonging are disrupted by migration. While race is the identity of primary importance for Black Americans due to its role in marking difference, subordination, and oppression, for Wakandans in Black Panther national identity is more significant and a source of pride. When considered in relation to the diaspora, history, and cultural connectedness, ideas about Africanity need to hold real forms of oppression alongside change and difference, acknowledging that certain bodies have been repeatedly oppressed, without assuming that local histories are universal.
First Generation Students Navigating Educational Aspirations in Zanzibar and Ghana
Authors: Markovich Morris Emily , Adjei Millicent 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In Ghana and Zanzibar, Tanzania, first-generation students navigate uncertain and precarious conditions in the pursuit of becoming graduates and achieving their educational aspirations. This essay argues that youth in the Global South perform two entwined navigational capacities in this pursuit. First, the capacity for action, or collective agency, harnessed through relations with people in youths’ families, schools, and communities. Second, the capacity to hustle, which is a strategy of mobilizing social connections, life experiences, and tenacity to persevere through struggles and uncertainties. Narratives from fifty-eight first-generation secondary school and university students in Ghana and Zanzibar inductively reveal hustling as a strategy for engaging collective agency in the process of navigating structural barriers. The authors draw on youth-centered methodologies—popular theater and life history approaches—to show the complexity of youths’ experiences in negotiating the challenges and uncertainties in their lives while pursuing an education.
Equipoise
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The term “equipoise” refers to a state of uncertainty about the relative merits of a set of interventions, such as medical treatments for a particular disease or alternative policies for promoting economic, educational, or public health outcomes. This chapter discusses the role of equipoise in ensuring that research generates scientifically sound and socially valuable information while respecting the rights and welfare of the individuals whose interests are impacted by the conduct of the research. Alternative formulations of equipoise are distinguished, as are alternative ethical frameworks that provide a rationale for, and give content to, this appeal to uncertainty. It is argued that equipoise can be grounded in a general framework that applies to all research with humans that reconciles the imperative to produce socially valuable information with respect for the status of both participants and community members as free and equal persons.
Social Protection and Vulnerability
Authors: Murphy John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the interlocking ensemble of public policy choices made in Australia around the beginning of the twentieth century, tracing the impact they have had over time. Policies of tariff protectionism, wage arbitration, racial exclusion, and social welfare were embedded in institutions. Using the framework of historical institutionalism, the chapter charts the gradual demolition of these policies, and of the distinctive pattern of social protection they attempted to develop. Shifting from a highly protected economy to one more exposed to global forces undermined the old system of ‘domestic defence’, placing significant pressure on a male breadwinner wages system and on the social welfare institutions built on the presumption of fair wages. In this scenario, it is remarkable that the welfare system has remained largely intact.
Settlement and Migration
Authors: Elder Catriona 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Beginning with the colonization event in 1788 and then moving through the arrival of free settlers in the nineteenth century, this chapter considers how the British and then colonial governments sutured themselves into the space that became Australia. It explores key cultural and political events that created a sense of belonging for non-Indigenous peoples at this time. The chapter then explains how policies and practices that marked out the limits of migrant belonging have worked, focusing on the migration of groups who were understood as marginal to the nation. Again, emphasis is placed on the range of ideas, events, demands, and desires about migration that complicated policies and practices that clearly sought to produce a white Australia. Lastly, the analysis in this chapter locates migration in relation to the spatial, focusing on how migration and settlement practices were shaped in terms of political and everyday understandings of Australia in relation to: first, other countries in the region, especially Asia; second, the ‘mother country’, the United Kingdom; and finally, the Indigenous peoples within the country.
Australia’s Pursuit of Place in the World
Authors: Byrne Caitlin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Australia’s place on the world stage has evolved dramatically over the past century. Although no longer preoccupied with isolation from the British Empire, Australia grapples with the challenges of its proximity at the apex of a diverse and dynamic Indo-Pacific. While holding out the aspirations of regional power with global interests, the island continent continues to be plagued by anxiety in its pursuit of place in a contested world. This chapter explores the contours of Australia’s contemporary place-making project. Recognizing the complexity of the subject matter, in which dimensions of history, memory, geography, economics, and culture collide, the chapter draws on the nation’s diplomatic practice as a lens through which to view the competing forces of change and continuity at play. It begins by noting that the theoretical underpinnings of Australian diplomacy raise interrelated concerns about material power and powerlessness, national security, and broad cultural values, all of which contribute to Australia’s evolving sense of place over key points in time. Despite claims that Australia’s approach to the outside world is gripped by repetitive impulses to ‘engage or retreat’, this chapter finds that ultimately, the nation’s place-making project tends towards openness over insularity, engagement over isolation, and activism over passivity. The central claim is that Australia’s constructive, yet pragmatic style of diplomacy—in its many forms—plays a critical though undervalued role in positioning the nation on the global and regional stage.
The Politics of the Environment in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Australia has a distinctive environment, with rich remnant biodiversity, mega-diversity (Kirkpatrick 1994), and World Heritage listings, but it persists with Eurocentric settler practices, exploiting its natural resources, and rolling back its ecological frontiers. Valuing nature and transitioning to sustainability are advocated by experts, academics, green political parties, environmental NGOs, and, increasingly, by civil society. However, attention to environmental policy waxes and wanes according to national circumstances, with the major parties typically more accommodating of pressures to develop than protect the environment. Ecology and climate change are therefore persistent challenges that are routinely subject to political contestation and polarization. While recurrent developmentalism, environmental impacts and policy failures are central to Australian politics today, they are not prominent in political or policy-based analysis. This chapter presents an overview of the key issues.
Beyond ‘Structured Inattention’
Authors: Brigg Morgan , Murphy Lyndon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Australian scholarly knowledge of Indigenous politics is predominantly conducted on settler–colonial terms that elide Indigenous sociopolitical order and shape Indigenous agency. This manifests in an evolving form of ‘structured inattention’ that implicitly or explicitly accepts the bounds of settler rule and operates across apparently divergent policy phases regardless of party-political differences. Exceptions to this pattern have tended to have relatively less influence on public policy, but have persisted from the 1980s. Critical approaches are currently burgeoning, apparently in response to unresolved questions about how colonial domination shapes politics and governing, and how these phenomena are known and studied.
Australian Politics in Local Government
Authors: Deem Jacob 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The majority of Australians live in capital cities, and the urban–rural divide represents one of the most deeply ingrained and enduring cleavages in Australian society. Regional governance is therefore a crucial part of place-making in Australian politics. This chapter highlights the strengths and challenges for local government in Australia, paying particular attention to regional and rural governance. It does so from two perspectives. The first is a top-down focus on the institutional arrangements that can either privilege or marginalize regional interests, and includes an examination of the constitutional, electoral, and executive forces that affect decision-making for these areas. The second perspective is bottom-up, and considers Australian citizens’ identification with, and sense of belonging to, regional areas. It draws on insights from recent survey data to analyse individual-level identities and their influence on political views, and also considers the broader contribution of the outback and the ‘bushman’ as important (if challenged) features of Australian national identity and popular rhetoric, which is accessible to both regional and metropolitan residents.
Mental Illness through the Lens of Mindfulness
Authors: Dobkin Patricia Lynn , Monshat Kaveh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The intention of this chapter is to re-envision mental illness within a paradigm that unites the biopsychosocial paradigm with a modern Buddhist spirituality, particularly associated with mindfulness. Emotion regulation, a balanced relationship with one’s self-concept, and social connection are usually regarded as essential components of well-being within both systems of thought. Western psychology and mindfulness practice have, at times, been seen to have fundamentally opposing aims: one to strengthen the self and the other to arrive at “no-self” or “emptiness.” This chapter purports that the two approaches may overlap and can be complementary both in their contribution to understanding the self and the regulation of emotions. Clinical narratives of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and psychosis are included to exemplify the application of a whole-person outlook to understand mental illness. While an orientation to well-being through a mindfulness perspective may be generally helpful, mindfulness meditation is not a panacea: for some patients, it may be contraindicated, applied in a modified format, or used alongside medication and/or psychotherapy. This chapter presents a “middle way” between the views of suffering that informs mindfulness practice and that which is drawn from psychology and psychiatry.
The Unfinished Book: Introduction
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra , Lynch Deidre 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The introduction outlines the case made by the contributors to The Unfinished Book for the continuing vitality of the material book as object of humanistic inquiry. It argues, first, that book studies and literary studies remain mutually relevant in the in the twenty-first century; and second, that the book’s unfinishedness is constitutive—of its manifold meanings as well as its doings in the world. The introduction goes on to explains the volume’s division into three sections. Chapters in the first section respond to the question “what is a book?” as they assemble a long history of bibliodiversity. In the second section, dedicated to the question “where are books?,” chapters explore books’ locations and boundary-crossing migrations. Finally, the introduction describes section of the volume that asks “when are books?” In this section, chapters highlight books’ existence in time, their amenability to recycling and reordering, and their resistance to linear accounts of development and change.
Book Faces
Authors: Goldsby Jacqueline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Across the first half of the twentieth century, author portraits migrated from the frontispiece inside of books to the exterior covers of dust jackets; at the same time, while Jim Crow segregation reached its repressive heights in the United States, African-American literature enjoyed unprecedented circulation in the mainstream literary marketplace. This chapter traces this convergence to explore the cultural work performed by the “face” of a book—frontispieces, dust jackets, and author portraits. Examining these lays bare the signal development that distinguishes mid-twentieth-century African-American authorship from its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century precedents: namely, the turn away from writing as corroboration of black humanity to writing as expressive of black pluralities or personae. By setting alterity, not authenticity, as the threshold where readers meet and interpret black literature as works of art, the migration of author portraits also functions as a trope for the ethics of reading.
Pilgrims’ Texts
Authors: Bale Anthony 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores reading and writing on the move, through the transnational medium of pilgrims’ books. It considers literary writing about pilgrimage by the likes of William Langland and Geoffrey Chaucer; a printed indulgence sold to pilgrims the shrine of St Cornelius in St Margaret’s Church at Westminster; and the routes taken, books read, and texts produced by particular medieval pilgrims, including Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV of England. The chapter examines the ways in which pilgrimage was a stimulus to writing as well as to reading, and was a process that put the material facets of textual production into a variety of dynamic and often surprising relations with communities of readers and writers.
Books in Ether
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Priyasha 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders some of the premises of the still-nascent field of global book history. What is the work of a “global” book? To open up cultural worlds? How far does a book have to circulate to be considered “global”? I take as my test case Helena Blavatsky’s bestselling esoteric world history, Isis Unveiled (1877). Despite its commercial success, the work—on the surface of it, syncretic, scholarly, and erudite—was surrounded by accusations that it was almost completely plagiarized. Blavatsky spent the next twenty years of her life defending her magnum opus: first, claiming that it was the product of divine dictation; later, that its errors were the work of sloppy proofreaders. Tracking the colorful history of this eccentric text, I show how Isis Unveiled, a triumph of circulation, but also a failed exercise in cultural understanding, both supports and challenges methods in global book history.
Notebooks
Authors: Reader Simon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The eighteenth-century German polymath Georg Christoph Lichtenberg developed a utopian style of note-taking that anticipated the fantasy of democratically organized information promulgated by social media in the twenty-first century. In his “waste-books” (a term drawn from accounting) Lichtenberg made a virtue of the unfinished, promoting the use of the notebook as a tool directed to purposes other than publication: first, as an accumulation of informational wealth (“pennyworths); second, as an incubator for future possibilities over which he exercised no control (“seeds”); and, third, as a space where the micro trades places with the macro (“keyholes”). Lichtenberg elected to live in manuscript, relinquishing his witty retorts, aphoristic reflections, or ideas for whole books entirely to posterity. He kept marginal notations as a way of honing an individual style that was simultaneously divorced from social exchange with the living.
The Things Books Make
Authors: Festa Lynn 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines objects shaped like books, from memorial stone tablets and love tokens to more utilitarian objects like spruce-gum containers and sewing kits, to twentieth-century mass-produced gag gifts. Focusing on those forms of non-literary value inhering in the book, this chapter analyzes the sentimental and ludic values assigned to the dazzling array of book-look objects (or “blooks”) fashioned across the centuries in Britain and America. What do these objects borrow from the book, on the one hand, and what do they tell us about the unique nature of the book, on the other? Focusing on the object-orientation of reading, I examine how book-look objects transform our understanding of the materiality of the book, and of the modes of perdurability and history the book, as opposed to the text, is asked to carry.
The Mutilated Text
Authors: Whittington Leah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the history and affordances of personifying unfinished or materially altered books as violated and dismembered human beings. While medieval book catalogs sometimes alerted readers to books with partial contents, early Italian humanists such as Francesco Petrarca, Poggio Bracciolini, Leonardo Bruni, and Angelo Poliziano forged a new language for textual loss, using metaphors of mutilation to register their grief and to announce their project of cultural repair. Appropriating classical myths of dispersal and reassembly to lament damage done by the ravages of time, humanists cast the scholar-critic in the redemptive role of physician and healer, inventing in turn some the tropes for thinking about lost texts that textual critics still use today. If humanists shifted the language of mutilation from the book’s integrity to the text’s correctness, what poetic language do we use to register and experience textual loss in the digital age?
Encountering Indigenous Law in Canada
Authors: Thom Brian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter reflects on the work happening at the intersection of anthropology and law in Canada with respect to Indigenous peoples’ rights, title, governance, and legal orders. Indigenous legal scholars have ignited an important new engagement with Indigenous legal orders that are reshaping mainstream Canadian legal discourses. The chapter reviews how this work has profound implications for the direction of the recognition of Indigenous land title, territorial rights, and Indigenous jurisdictions. It argues that anthropologists have the opportunity to shift their engagement with Indigenous law from essentialized production of traditional cultures to ethnographically engaging with the logics and practices of Indigenous legal orders. The chapter develops a brief ethnographic case-study involving several closely related Island Hul’q’umi’num’ (Coast Salish) communities on the east coast of Vancouver Island (British Columbia) as they work to mobilize longstanding Indigenous principles and understandings of land tenure and harvest rights among themselves in a complex, state-regulated environment of shellfish harvesting. The purpose of the case-study is to highlight a path of anthropological engagement with contemporary Indigenous law, working both to appreciate the ways Indigenous and state legal orders are brought to life concurrently over time, and to reflect on the on-the-ground ways legal pluralism is experienced. The case also offers conceptual opportunities to transcend problematic state discourses of ‘overlapping claims’ and makes space for workable principles of co-existence through Indigenous legal sensibility.
The Ethnographic Gaze on State Law in India
Authors: Baxi Pratiksha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRather than offering an exhaustive catalogue of anthropological and sociological writings on law in India in the last two to three decades, this review essay shows how the ethnographic gaze constitutes state law in this body of work. Locating ethnography in police stations, forensic laboratories, customary courts, or trial courts implies a rejection of the idea that appellate law exhausts state law. Emphasizing everyday processes of the law and providing accounts of subjection and resistance allows us to re-think the categories that are normalized in the doctrinal picture of law. Ethnographic descriptions of state and non-state law in different sites and temporalities do not merely rehearse Dean Roscoe Pound’s well-known distinction between law in books and law in practice. Rather, these works offer a compelling account of how law is localized, often ceasing to bear resemblance to itself.