bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of the retronasal odor of soy sauce to salt reduction
Authors: Manabe Mariko , Sakaue Ryoichi , Obata Akio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe characteristic odor of soy sauce has been reported to enhance saltiness. However, soy sauce is used not only as a sauce that is added directly to food, but also as a seasoning. In addition, some of the aromatic compounds that contribute to the soy sauce odor change during cooking or heating. In the present study, the effects of the retronasal odor of uncooked and cooked soy sauce on the enhancement of saltiness and palatability of a low‐salt solution were sensory evaluated. A probit analysis indicated that the saltiness‐enhancing effect of the odor of 15% uncooked soy sauce was lost by heating. The odors of soy sauce boiled for 10 min (cooked SS) and the residue of soy sauce heated at 200 °C for 1 min improved the palatability of the low‐salt solution. Gas chromatography (GC) analyses, namely, GC–olfactometry and GC–mass spectrometry, showed that one active candidate aromatic component of soy sauce contributing to saltiness enhancement was 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol (3‐Me‐BuOH). The saltiness‐enhancing effects of cooked SS could be restored by adding 3‐Me‐BuOH, as assessed by the sensory evaluation. These data demonstrated that 3‐Me‐BuOH contributes to saltiness enhancement.Practical ApplicationWe found that the odor of cooked soy sauce could improve the palatability of low‐salt food. Although the saltiness‐enhancing effect provided by the odor of uncooked soy sauce was lost, the saltiness‐enhancing effect of the odor of cooked soy sauce can be partially restored by adding 3‐methyl butanol. Thus, not only the odor of unheated soy sauce but also the odor of heated soy sauce following addition of 3‐methyl butanol may be useful for developing palatable salt‐reduced food.
Is Audit Committee Equity Compensation Related to Audit Fees?*
Authors: Liu Xinming , Lobo Gerald J. , Yu Hung‐Chao 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTSection 301 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) implicitly assumes that audit committees can independently determine audit fees. Critics of section 301 have questioned this assumption in particular, and the efficacy of section 301 more generally. In response, the SEC issued a concept release in 2015 calling for public disclosure of the process that audit committees follow for determining auditor compensation. Motivated by these calls and the widespread use of stocks and options to compensate firms' independent directors, we examine the relation between equity compensation granted to audit committee members and audit fees. Using a sample of 3,685 firm‐year observations during 2007–2015, we find a negative relation between audit committee equity compensation and audit fees, consistent with larger equity pay inducing audit committee members to compromise independence by paying lower audit fees. These findings are robust to controlling for endogeneity, firm size, alternative measures of equity compensation, alternative samples, and an alternative treatment of extreme values. We further show that larger equity compensation is associated with lower earnings quality. We also find that the negative effect of equity compensation on audit fees is stronger when city‐level audit market competition is high. However, this negative relation disappears when (i) firms face high litigation risk, (ii) auditors have stronger bargaining power, (iii) the audit committee includes a high proportion of accounting experts, and (iv) auditors are industry experts. Our results are relevant for regulators and investors.
Archival Evidence on the Audit Process: Determinants and Consequences of Interim Effort*
Authors: Christensen Brant E. , Newton Nathan J. , Wilkins Michael S. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTUsing proprietary data from a global accounting firm, we investigate the determinants of auditors' interim effort as well as the impact of interim effort on audit quality, client disclosure timeliness, audit hours, and audit fees. Public statements from accounting firms and regulators suggest various benefits from accelerating auditor effort, but these claims remain largely untested. We find that interim effort is higher for large, complex clients that require integrated audits of both financial statements and internal control over financial reporting. With respect to consequences, we find that allocating relatively more work to the interim period is associated with a reduced likelihood of late 10‐K filings, decreased total audit hours, and higher fees. Although increasing interim period effort is not, on average, associated with a reduced likelihood of misstatement, we do find that current period material weaknesses are less likely with greater interim work. Thus, greater interim effort appears to facilitate the remediation of internal control deficiencies before year‐end. We also show that the benefits of increased interim period effort allocation are much stronger—including improved audit quality—when manager and partner interim involvement is high. Overall, our study provides important new insights on audit production and highlights benefits of reduced hours for auditors, earlier identification of control deficiencies for clients, and more timely financial reports for investors.
Determining marine bioregions: A comparison of quantitative approaches
Authors: Hill Nicole , Woolley Skipton N. C. , Foster Scott , Dunstan Piers K. , McKinlay John , Ovaskainen Otso , Johnson Craig 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Areas that contain ecologically distinct biological content, called bioregions, are a central component to spatial and ecosystem‐based management. We review and describe a variety of commonly used and newly developed statistical approaches for quantitatively determining bioregions.

Statistical approaches to bioregionalization can broadly be classified as two‐stage approaches that either ‘Group First, then Predict’ or ‘Predict First, then Group’, or a newer class of one‐stage approaches that simultaneously analyse biological data with reference to environmental data to generate bioregions. We demonstrate these approaches using a selection of methods applied to simulated data and real data on demersal fish. The methods are assessed against their ability to answer several common scientific or management questions.

The true number of simulated bioregions was only identified by both of the one‐stage methods and one two‐stage method. When the number of bioregions was known, many of the methods, but not all, could adequately infer the species, environmental and spatial characteristics of bioregions. One‐stage approaches, however, do so directly via a single model without the need for separate post‐hoc analyses and additionally provide an appropriate characterization of uncertainty.

One‐stage approaches provide a comprehensive and consistent method for objectively identifying and characterizing bioregions using both biological and environmental data. Potential avenues of future development in one‐stage methods include incorporating presence‐only and multiple data types as well as considering functional aspects of bioregions.
The accuracy of phenology estimators for use with sparsely sampled presence‐only observations
Authors: Belitz Michael W. , Larsen Elise A. , Ries Leslie , Guralnick Robert P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPhenology is one of the most immediate responses to global climate change, but data limitations have made examining phenology patterns across greater taxonomic, spatial and temporal scales challenging. One significant opportunity is leveraging rapidly increasing data resources from digitized museum specimens and community science platforms, but this assumes reliable statistical methods are available to estimate phenology using presence‐only data. Estimating the onset or offset of key events is especially difficult with incidental data, as lower data densities occur towards the tails of an abundance distribution.The Weibull distribution has been recognized as an appropriate distribution to estimate phenology based on presence‐only data, but Weibull‐informed estimators are only available for onset and offset. We describe the mathematical framework for a new Weibull‐parameterized estimator of phenology appropriate for any percentile of a distribution and make it available in anrpackage,phenesse. We use simulations and empirical data on open flower timing and first arrival of monarch butterflies to quantify the accuracy of our estimator and other commonly used phenological estimators for 10 phenological metrics: onset, mean and offset dates, as well as the 1st, 5th, 10th, 50th, 90th, 95th and 99th percentile dates. Root mean squared errors and mean bias of the phenological estimators were calculated for different patterns of abundance and observation processes.Results show a general pattern of decay in performance of estimates when moving from mean estimates towards the tails of the seasonal abundance curve, suggesting that onset and offset continue to be the most difficult phenometrics to estimate. However, with simple phenologies and enough observations, our newly developed estimator can provide useful onset and offset estimates. This is especially true for the start of the season, when incidental observations may be more common.Our simulation demonstrates the potential of generating accurate phenological estimates from presence‐only data and guides the best use of estimators. The estimator that we developed, phenesse, is the least biased and has the lowest estimation error for onset estimates under most simulated and empirical conditions examined, improving the robustness of these estimates for phenological research.
Are the evaluation criteria used in preclinical endodontic training courses relevant? A preliminary study
Authors: Vantorre Trystan , Bécavin Thibault , Deveaux Etienne , Marchandise Pierre , Chai Feng , Robberecht Lieven 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the relevance of a conventional evaluation protocol (CEP) for preclinical endodontic training. Seven dental students performed root canal treatments on an extracted human molar which was then evaluated by CEP (clinical and radiographic observations, including preparing the access cavities, preparing and filling the root canal, and detecting iatrogenic errors). A reference evaluation protocol (REP) based on micro‐computed tomographic images analysis was used as a control. The evaluation scores obtained by CEP and REP were compared using a non‐parametric Wilcoxon’s test. CEP was relevant for access cavity, irrigation, working length and ledge detection training but was no more effective than the REP for evaluating the apical diameter and taper of the root canals, the quality of the fillings, and the presence of perforations and fractured instruments using retro‐alveolar radiographs. The conventional evaluation criteria used in preclinical endodontics should be used with care to detect ‘unsafe’ students.
Novel predictive and therapeutic options for better pregnancy outcome in frozen embryo transfer cycles
Authors: Huber Warren J. , Sauerbrun‐Cutler May‐Tal , Krueger Paula M. , Sharma Surendra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince 1978, in the first decades of in vitro fertilization (IVF), the use of ovarian hyperstimulation allowed for the development and transfer of multiple embryos. As IVF technology improved, the number of multiple pregnancies increased, which led to gradual reduction in the number of embryos that were transferred. Embryo freezing (vitrification) was recommended to allow subsequent transfer if the fresh cycle was unsuccessful. However, experimentation has continued to improve pregnancy outcomes. We discuss here the significance of frozen embryo transfer cycle and the impact of uterine and peripheral immunity dominated by NK cells and regulatory T cells and human chorionic gonadotropin on pregnancy outcome in this innovative mode of IVF therapy.
The neighbourhood natural environment is associated with asthma in children: A birth cohort study
Authors: Cavaleiro Rufo João , Paciência Inês , Hoffimann Elaine , Moreira André , Barros Henrique , Ribeiro Ana Isabel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundA lower exposure to the natural environment has been hypothesized to adversely affect the human microbiome and its immunomodulatory capacity. However, the underlying effects of this hypothesis are still not understood. We aimed to evaluate the effect of early‐life exposure to greenness and species richness on the development of allergic diseases and asthma in children.MethodsA longitudinal study was conducted comprising 1050 children from a population‐based birth cohort recruited in Portugal. Residential normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and species richness index (SRI) were assessed at baseline to estimate their association with allergic diseases and asthma at the ages of 4 and 7.ResultsSignificant predisposing associations were observed between the exposure to species richness at baseline and the onset of asthma and wheezing at the age of 7. Children living in neighbourhoods surrounded by high levels of SRI were at a significantly higher risk developing allergic sensitization(OR [95% CI] = 2.00 [1.04:3.86] at age 4; 2.35 [1.20:4.63] at age 7). Living surrounded by greener environments was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of asthma and rhinitis at the age of 7(0.41 [0.18:0.97] and 0.37 [0.15:0.93], respectively).ConclusionsLiving in close proximity to a greener environment at birth has a protective effect on the development of allergic diseases and asthma at the age of 7. Conversely, living in neighbourhoods with a high number of fauna species appears to be associated with a higher risk for allergy, asthma and wheezing.
Classification of sleep‐related sudden unexpected death in infancy: A national survey
Authors: Garstang Joanna , Cohen Marta , Mitchell Edwin A. , Sidebotham Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo identify how British Child Death Overview Panels (CDOPs) and paediatric pathologists classify cause of death for sleep‐related Sudden Unexpected Death in Infancy (SUDI). To determine compliance with national requirements for SUDI investigation.MethodsElectronic survey of CDOPs and pathologists using three vignettes of SUDI cases illustrating: accidental asphyxia, typical Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and SIDS with co‐sleeping.ResultsThirty‐eight (41%) of 92 CDOPs returned questionnaires, and 32 were complete. Thirteen (14%) of 90 pathologists returned complete questionnaires. Thirty‐one (97%) CDOPs and 7 (53%) pathologists agreed with the cause of death in the accidental asphyxia case; 24 (75%) CDOPs and 9 (69%) pathologists in the typical SIDS case; and 11 (34%) CDOPs and 1 (8%) pathologist in the co‐sleeping SIDS case. Pathologists used the terms SUDI or unascertained as the cause of death for the accidental asphyxia case (46%) and the co‐sleeping SIDS case (77%). These terms were used by CDOPs for the typical SIDS case (25%) and the co‐sleeping SIDS case (41%). Seventeen (46%) CDOPs reported compliance with guidelines for investigation in more than 75% of cases.ConclusionThere is wide variation in classification of deaths, with only limited agreement between CDOPs and pathologists. The terms SIDS and accidental asphyxia are underused, even in typical cases.
Symptoms of problematic feeding in infants under 1 year of age undergoing frenotomy: A review article
Authors: Hill Rebecca R. , Pados Britt F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe aims of this systematic review were to first identify and summarise original research that compared symptoms of problematic feeding in infants with tongue tie before and after frenotomy and then evaluate the quality of measures used to assess problematic feeding.MethodsCINAHL and PubMed were searched for ((tongue‐tie) or (ankyloglossia)) and ((feeding) or (breastfeeding) or (bottle‐feeding)) and ((frenotomy) or (frenectomy) or (frenulectomy) or (frenulotomy)). Original research reporting on feeding before and after frenotomy in infants under 1 year old was included.ResultsMaternal nipple pain, breastfeeding self‐efficacy and LATCH scores improved after frenotomy. Few data are available on the effect of frenotomy on infant feeding. The measures used to assess infant feeding were not comprehensive and did not possess strong psychometric properties.ConclusionLiterature suggests that maternal nipple pain, self‐efficacy and LATCH scores improve in breastfeeding mother‐infant dyads after frenotomy. However, current literature does not provide adequate data regarding the effect of frenotomy on the infant's ability to feed or which infants benefit from the procedure. Future research should utilise comprehensive, psychometrically sound measures to assess infants for tongue tie and to evaluate infant feeding to provide stronger evidence for the effect of frenotomy on feeding in infants with tongue tie.
Swedish references for weight, weight‐for‐height and body mass index: The GrowUp 1990 Gothenburg study
Authors: Albertsson‐Wikland Kerstin , Niklasson Aimon , Gelander Lars , Holmgren Anton , Sjöberg Agneta , Aronson A. Stefan , Nierop Andreas F. M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo update the Swedish references for weight, weight‐for‐height and body mass index (BMI) considering the secular trend for height but not including that for weight.MethodsLongitudinal measures of height and weight were obtained (0‐18 years) from 1418 (698 girls) healthy children from the GrowUp 1990 Gothenburg cohort born at term to non‐smoking mothers and Nordic parents. A total of 145 individuals with extreme BMI value vs GrowUp 1974 BMI SDS reference were excluded (0‐2 years: ±4SDS, 2 < years: −3SDS, +2.3SDS). References were constructed using the LMS method.ResultsThe updated weight reference became similar to the GrowUp 1974 Gothenburg reference: BMI increased rapidly up to lower levels in the 1990 cohort during infancy/early childhood, similar in both groups in late childhood/adolescence, despite lower values at +2SDS. Compared with the WHO weight standard, median and −2SDS weight values were higher for the 1990 cohort, whereas +2SDS values were lower, resulting in narrower normal range. Median values were greater and ±2SDS narrower for the 1990 vs the WHO weight‐for‐height reference. International Obesity Task force (IOTF) BMI lines for definitions for over‐ and underweight were added.ConclusionWe present updated references for weight, weight‐for‐height and BMI, providing a healthy goal for weight development when monitoring growth within healthcare settings.
Impact of rotavirus vaccine on admissions due to acute gastroenteritis and rotavirus gastroenteritis in Israel
Authors: Klivitsky Amir , Algabria Salam , Paret Gideon , Michaan Nadav , Goldberg Lior , Halutz Ora , Grisaru‐Soen Galia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimWe examined the impact of insertion of the Rotavirus vaccine (RVV) into the Israeli National Immunisation Programme (NIP) on hospitalisations due to both acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and Rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in children.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the medical records of children aged <5 years admitted with a diagnosis of AGE between 2008 and 2016 in two children's hospitals in central Israel. Clinical, laboratory, microbiological data and RV immunisation status were retrieved. Data were compared before and after the introduction of the RVV into the NIP.ResultsA total of 2042 children were admitted with AGE. Hospitalisations due to AGE and RVGE decreased from 3310 to 1950 and from 1027 to 585 per 100 000 admissions, respectively, after the RVV (relative risk reduction (RRR) of 41% and 43%, respectively). RV remained the most common pathogen in both study periods. There was no significant difference in the clinical course between immunised and non‐immunised children admitted with RVGE.ConclusionThe introduction of the RVV to the NIP significantly reduced the admissions due to both AGE and RVGE in children <5 years. However, RV is still the most common agent for admissions due to AGE in this age group.
The influence of borderline personality traits on clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder
Authors: Saunders Kate E. A. , Jones Tomos , Perry Amy , Di Florio Arianna , Craddock Nick , Jones Ian , Gordon‐Smith Katherine , Jones Lisa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesSystematic reviews suggest comorbid borderline personality disorder is present in approximately 20% of individuals who have bipolar disorder, but current diagnostic systems demonstrate a move towards dimensional rather than categorical approaches to classifying personality pathology. We aimed to examine the presence and severity of borderline personality traits in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder, and to explore associations between the presence/severity of borderline personality traits and clinical outcomes in bipolar disorder.MethodsBorderline personality traits were measured in 1447 individuals with DSM‐IV bipolar disorder (1008 bipolar I disorder and 439 bipolar II disorder) using the Borderline Evaluation of Severity over Time (BEST) questionnaire. Lifetime clinical outcomes were assessed via Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN) semi‐structured interview and clinical case notes.ResultsBorderline personality traits were common in both bipolar disorder groups, with 86.2% participants reporting at least one trait. These included traits that overlap with (eg mood instability) and those that are distinct from the symptoms of bipolar disorder (eg fear of abandonment). Borderline personality traits were significantly more frequent and more severe in bipolar II disorder compared to bipolar I disorder. More severe borderline traits, and even the presence of a single borderline personality trait, were significantly associated with younger age of bipolar disorder onset and higher prevalence of lifetime alcohol misuse in both bipolar disorder groups.ConclusionsThe presence of comorbid borderline personality traits should be considered in the management of all patients with bipolar disorder irrespective of whether criteria for a categorical borderline personality disorder diagnosis are met.