bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
425 Awardee Talk: does your classroom have 4 walls?
Authors: Coleman Robert J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For many university students the question is when will I need to know this information, or how does learning this concept apply to what I will do in my chosen career? When one considers how extension plays a roll in educating the agricultural community it can also be a method to demonstrate how classroom learning is applied in real terms. Using extension situations or scenarios to explain how the concepts are used and the impact they can have on livestock production makes things come to life. Often when you use those industry situations it can spark questions that aid in learning. While technology can reduce the confinements of the classroom it does not always provide the information on application in a meaningful way. When one poses questions from an extension situation and asking the students to use what they have learned to answer the question demonstrates the application of the classroom material. It can also show how information from a different livestock production system can have application to an area they are studying. It is bringing experiences from outside the classroom into the classroom shows the students that there is reason to learn the material and then be prepared to adapt it to a real time use. Sometimes the adaptation is not exactly as described in class but the adaptation works. Bring those experiences from outside the classroom into the classroom in many different ways makes the four walls not as restrictive and the materials taught real.
179 Breeding for enhancing feed efficiency in dairy cattle
Authors: Schenkel Flavio , Brito Luiz , Oliveira Hinayah , Chud Tatiane , Seymour David , Miglior Filippo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Genetically selecting for improved feed efficiency has been recognized by the dairy cattle industry as an important economic and environmental goal. Improved feed efficiency has the potential to significantly reduce costs, improving dairy farmers’ profitability and, at the same time, minimize environmental impact, for example by reducing nutrient loss in manure and methane emissions. Feed efficiency is recognized as a complex trait that may be define in different ways, but it generally describes units of product output per unit of feed required. An overview of genetic selection for improved feed efficiency and international initiatives to implement genomic selection for feed efficiency in dairy cattle is presented. In general, studies have indicated that feed efficiency, defined and assessed in alternative ways, is moderately heritable and genetic selection could be successfully implemented. Various initiatives around the world have worked collaboratively to carried out research and create reference datasets for joint genomic evaluations. An example is the large international Efficient Dairy Genome Project (EDGP) led by Canada. The EDGP database was developed in 2017 to allow data sharing among the international collaborators. Currently, the database contains genotypes and records on feed intake of 5,289 cows and on methane emissions of 1,337 cows from eight research herds in six countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States). Genetic parameters (heritability and genetic correlations) were estimated for dry matter intake, metabolic body weight and energy corrected milk at two time-periods: a) 5–60 DIM and b) 60–150 DIM. These parameters provide a basis for development of breeding value estimation procedures and subsequent selection index for feed efficiency, which will incorporate genomic information.
PSIII-9 Effect of maternal immune activation during gestation on piglets’ cortisol response to stress
Authors: Sizemore Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Houser Alexandra K , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during gestation can affect the ability of the offspring to cope with stress such as weaning. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid released in response to stress, is an established indicator of stress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cortisol response to weaning stress of offspring exposed to MIA during gestation. Camborough gilts were inseminated at approximately 235 days of age. On gestational day 76, gilts (n = 11) were inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) intranasally whereas saline was intranasally administered to Control gilts (n = 7). On postnatal day (PD) 21 approximately half of the male and female piglets remained with sows (suckled) while the rest were weaned. Blood was collected from the piglets prior to weaning on PD21 and at PD22. ELISA was used to measure cortisol in the serum. The analysis of cortisol concentration tested for the fixed effects of gilt treatment (PRRSV or Control), piglet sex (female or male), management (suckled or weaned), day of sampling (PD21 or PD22), interactions, and for Normality assumptions. At PD22 female weaned piglets had a higher level of cortisol when compared to female suckled piglets in both Control (P &lt; 0.05) and PRRSV (P &lt; 0.05). Males exhibited a similar trend that did not reach significance. Cortisol concentrations were lower in male piglets from Control relative to PRRSV-treated gilts and the differences were more pronounced among the suckled group. The results suggest that MIA elevates basal serum cortisol in unstressed males. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, 2018-67015-27413.
PSVI-11 Antioxidative effects of red-osier dogwood extract on H2O2-treated human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells
Authors: Yang Runqiang , Liu Shangxi , Hui Qianru , Wu Jiandong , Lin Francis , O Karmin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Red-osier dogwood is a species of flowering plant native in North America. Its extract may exhibit the anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial properties because it contains plenty of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, and bioactive peptides. Hence, red-osier dogwood extract (RDE) could be a potential alternative to antibiotics. In the present study, an in vitro oxidative damage model via using Caco-2 cells was established to evaluate the antioxidative effects of RDE. The results showed that 1 mM H2O2 significantly decreased the cell viability, and increased interleukin 8 (IL-8) secretion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (P &lt; 0.05). The mRNA abundance of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 also increased in cells treated by H2O2. Caco-2 cells exposed to H2O2 for 6 h were then treated with 100 µg/mL RDE for 24 h. The IL-8 secretion and ROS production induced by H2O2 was significantly blocked by RDE (P &lt; 0.05). RDE reduced the leakage of Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, and increased transepithelial resistance (TEER) value compared with the control (H2O2 treatment). Moreover, RDE increased Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and β-actin staining in the cells and tight junction proteins expression including ZO-1, claudin 1, claudin 3 and occludin. These results suggested that RDE enhanced barrier functions and reduced ROS production in the epithelial cells under H2O2-induced oxidative damage.
PSII-34 Comparison of the activity level of high and low residual feed intake beef steers
Authors: Augenstein Sheyenne M , Andreini Emily M , Oltjen James W , Sainz Roberto 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Activity level may affect residual feed intake (RFI), and cattle that move more may have less energy for gain. We compared activity level in high and low RFI beef steers under different nutritional conditions. Lying time, lying duration and lying bouts were recorded at 1-minute intervals utilizing Hobo G Pendant Loggers attached to the right hind leg. To identify RFI classification, 57 Angus-cross steers were individually housed and offered ad libitum access to a TMR for 56 d. RFI was defined as the residual of the regression of DMI on mid-test BW0.75 and ADG. High and low RFI groups (14 steers each) were defined as &gt; 0.5 SD above or below the mean of zero, respectively. Ad libitum feeding was followed by restricted feeding at 75% of previous ad libitum DMI/BW0.75. After 56 d ad libitum feeding, steers were moved to group pens, ad libitum fed 4 days (ADLIBFED), then fasted 4 days (ADLIBFASTED). This was followed by the 56 d individual restricted feeding, after which, steers were moved to group pens, fed 4 days of restricted DMI (RESTRICTFED), then fasted 4 days (RESTRICTFASTED). There was no difference in lying time (800 and 804 minutes/day, P = 0.85), lying bouts per day (9.8 and 11.4, P = 0.16) and lying duration (99 and 84 minutes/bout, P = 0.18) between low RFI and high RFI cattle, respectively. Fasted animals had less lying time each day (P &lt; 0.05), manifested by fewer lying bouts per day (P &lt; 0.05), that tended (P &gt; 0.05) to be slightly longer than fed animals. Ad lib animals tended (P &gt; 0.05) to have less lying time each day, with a similar number of lying bouts per day, that were slightly (P &gt; 0.05) shorter than restricted animals. Although activity is not affected by RFI level, results suggest that periods of limited feed availability increases activity level.
PSIV-18 Effect of two dietary crude protein levels on finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of lambs
Authors: Shelby Sarah , Thakali Keshari , Wang Yongjie , Apple Jason , Huang Yan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of 2 different CP levels on the finishing performance, meat quality, and genomic changes of market lambs. Seventeen crossbred lambs were assigned randomly to low-protein (LP; 8% CP, n = 9) and high-protein (HP; 13% CP, n = 8) diets, with initial mean body weights tabulated (37.5±1.97 and 39.5±2.17 for LP and HP group), and allowed ad libitum access to diets and water in individual, indoor digestibility pens for 9 weeks. The final BW, ADFI, and ADG of the HP lambs were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the LP lambs; however, G:F for the LP lambs was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than the HP lambs. Hot carcass weight, adjusted fat thickness, and drip loss of LM was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) for the HP than LP lambs. In contrast, instrumental color values L*, a*, b*, C*, and hue angle of meat from the LP lambs scored higher (P &lt; 0.05) than the HP lambs. Oxymyoglobin percentage from LP lambs tended greater (P &lt; 0.10) than HP lambs. Deoxymyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.01) than LP lambs. Metmyoglobin from HP lambs was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.01) than LP lambs. The n6:n3 of the LM from LP lambs tended to be greater than that of HP lambs (P &lt; 0.10); conversely, the LM from HP lambs had significantly greater CLA of cis-9 trans-11 isomer (P &lt; 0.05) than the LP lambs. According to the RNA-Seq data, genes that were highly expressed in the LP group (fold change &gt; 3, P &lt; 0.05) were involved in lipid metabolism (GRAMD2, PIK3R3), fatty acid composition (CHAC1), IMF content (ATXN7L1), and carcass quality traits (CCDC158). These results demonstrated that higher CP protein promotes growth performance for finishing lambs, whereas lower CP is beneficial for meat quality, especially when evaluating color characteristics in the final product.
PSIV-5 Effects of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on performance of growing Hanwoo steers
Authors: Woo Junsik , Song Geunhong , Kim Juri , Ryu Gyeonglim , Oh Youngkyun , Kawk Wansup , Park Keunkyu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding fruit-vegetable byproducts on the growth of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers. The treatments were Control (byproduct 0%), T1 (fruit-vegetable byproduct 20%), and T2 (cabbage peel 15% plus Chinese cabbage peel 15%, total byproduct 30%). The fruit-vegetable byproduct for T1 was produced from a hypermarket, containing various types of fruits and vegetables (orange, apple, tomatoes, onion, etc.). These byproducts were milled and treated with 6 g/kg of sodium metabisulfite for long term storage. The cabbage and Chinese cabbage byproduct for T2 produced from a traditional wholesale market was added as a raw material without pretreatment. Thirty-six steers (initial BW. 287 ± 89kg, 9.1 ± 2.7 months) were allocated into 12 pens (3 steers/pen) for 12 weeks according to BW and age. TMR diets were formulated by the Korean Feeding Standard for Hanwoo (2017) to supply the same nutrient contents (CP 16 % and TDN 73 %). The DMI was not different among treatments because the amount of feed was kept constant according to the BW of growing steers to prevent overweight during the growing period. For ADG, Control (1.03 kg/d) and T2 (0.82 kg/d) were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than T1 (1.41 kg/d) in the 2nd period. On the other hand, ADG of T2 (1.72 kg/d) was higher (P &lt; 0.05) than Control (0.82 kg/d) and T1 (1.16 kg/d) in the 3rd period. Overall, ADG for the whole experimental period was not different among treatments (1.20 kg/d for Control, 1.25 kg/d for T1, 1.16 kg/d for T2). FCR showed no significant difference during the whole period (18.36 for Control, 18.82 for T1, 19.75 for T2). Therefore, this study demonstrated that fruit-vegetable and cabbage byproducts in TMR diets for beef cattle can be replaced by 20 % and 30 %, respectively.
PSIV-10 Preference evaluation of plant functional types grasses in calves
Authors: Vulliez María A , Bruni María , Trujillo Ana I , Durante Martín , Lezana Lucrecia , Soca Pablo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The functional types of plants (PFT) ecological approach could be used to link the preferences of ruminants. In order to investigate if ruminant preferences were associated with this approach, three PFT groups were evaluated. A group “B”, represented by Paspalum urvillei (PU-B), “C” by Nassella neesiana (NN-C) and Sporobolus indicus (SI-C) and “D” by Andropogon lateralis (AL-D). In a randomized block design with repeated measures over time, two independent cafeteria trials (autumn-winter, A-W, and spring-summer, S-S) were carried out in calves (n = 8 for A-W; n = 4 for S-S; BW=240–270 kg) arranged in four pens. In three sessions of ten minutes each, calves received 120–160 gDM of fresh cut leaves from the different species. Dry matter intake (DMI), nitrogen intake (NI) and neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI) were measured. Data were analyzed with a mixed model that included specie and session as fixed effects and blocks as a random. The statistical analyses were performed with SAS (University Edition), data is expressed as lsmeans and was considered to differ when Tukey test presented P &lt; 0.05. No significant differences were observed between sessions. The DMI and NI were higher in NN-C and lower in AL-D (P &lt; 0.01) during A-W. However, in S-S, higher DMI and NI were observed in AL-D and SI-C while NN-C presented the lower DMI and NI (P &lt; 0.01). The FDNI did not show differences in A-W meanwhile in S-S was positively associated with DMI (Table1). Interestingly, when the season changed, it was observed a change in PFT preference, in A-W calves preferred NN-C whereas in S-S preferred AL-D. However, attributes associated with preferences were maintained in both stations, for instance, higher DMI was associated with higher NI. Additional research is required on the interactions between PFT approach and the preference of animals for different species.
PSII-35 Melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition do not affect chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH) concentration in ovine placenta from mid- to late- gestation
Authors: Mansour Hanaa , Lemley Caleb O , Anthony Russell , Swanson Kendall C , Grazul-Bilska Anna T , Mansour Hanaa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Melatonin plays a role as a vasodilator. Vasoactive and angiogenic factors are expressed by placental binucleate cells (BNC) and produce chorionic somatomammotropin (CSH), known to impact fetal and placental growth. We hypothesized that melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition from mid- to late-gestation would alter CSH concentration and some characteristics of BNC in placenta. At day 50 of gestation, ewes carrying singletons were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design and were fed either an adequate (ADQ; 100% NRC; n = 15) or restricted (RES; 60% NRC; n = 15) diet supplemented with 0 (CON, n = 14) or 5 mg of melatonin (MEL; n = 16). Placentomes were collected on day 130 of gestation and preserved in formalin for histological analysis. Cotyledon (COT) were snap frozen for western immunoblotting analyses. Tissue sections were stained using biotinylated Dolichos Biflurus (DBA; a marker of fetal membrane) lectin and fluorescein labeled Texas red-avidin and fluorescein labeled Griffonia Simplifolica (BS) lectin (a marker of BNC). The number, area, and diameter of BNC in COT were determined by image analysis. For immunoblotting, protein was extracted from COT in SDS phosphate buffer, loaded equally, and separated on 12.5% polyacrylamide gels. Protein was transferred to PVDF membranes and incubated with rabbit anti-CSH. Bands were visualized and imaged. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Melatonin supplementation and restricted nutrition did not affect BNC number, area, or diameter, or CSH protein expression. While we reject our hypothesis that melatonin supplementation and nutrient restriction would alter the CSH concentration and BNC characteristics in COT, we continue to evaluate if the BNC produce angiogenic or vasoactive factors that may influence placental and mammary gland functions in sheep.
PSI-19 Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters placental IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in sheep
Authors: Splaine Caitlyn A , Hoffman Maria L , Jones Amanda K , Pillai Sambhu , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E , Reed Sarah A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) modulate placental and fetal growth and development through nutrient sensing and endocrine signaling. We hypothesized that poor maternal nutrition during gestation would alter IGF-I, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 mRNA expression in the ovine placenta, but would not affect IGF-II mRNA expression. Pregnant ewes (n = 57) were individually fed: 60% (RES), 100% (CON), or 140% (OVER) of National Research Council requirements for TDN starting at day 30±0.2 of gestation. Ewes were euthanized and cotyledon and caruncle samples were collected at days 45, 90, and 135 of gestation. Relative mRNA expression of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3 was quantified using real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. Relative IGF-I mRNA expression increased during gestation in the caruncle (d45: 0.96±0.06; d90: 1.28±0.06; d135: 1.38±0.05; P &lt; 0.001). In the caruncle, IGFBP-2 expression was greater at d90 and d135 than d45 (d45: 0.67±0.20; d90: 1.90±0.20; d135: 1.65±0.18; P &lt; 0.001). There was no observed effect of diet or day of gestation on IGF-II or IGFBP-3 expression in the caruncle. In the cotyledon, IGF-I expression tended to be greater in RES than OVER, which was similar to CON (CON: 0.96±0.07; RES: 1.10±0.06; OVER: 0.89±0.07; P = 0.08). Relative IGF-II mRNA expression was greater in RES cotyledons than OVER (CON: 1.30±0.35; RES: 1.96±0.31; OVER: 0.54±0.32; P = 0.01). During gestation, IGFBP-2 expression decreased in the cotyledon (d45: 1.26±0.12; d90: 0.93±0.12; d135: 0.59±0.11; P &lt; 0.001). Relative IGFBP-3 mRNA expression was less in RES cotyledons than in OVER or CON (CON: 1.84±0.64; RES: 0.03±0.57; OVER: 3.62±0.66;P &lt; 0.001). The changes in IGF expression in the cotyledon to a greater extent than in the caruncle in response to poor maternal diet suggest a potential mechanism by which maternal-fetal exchange may be modified to restrict placental and fetal growth.
PSIII-21 Relationship between companion animal interaction and emotional safety within college students
Authors: Nicodemus Molly , Cagle-Holtcamp Katie , Ugur Muhammet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Creating an emotionally safe learning environment for a student where they can learn without distress is the goal of educational programs. This emotionally safe environment has been promoted through equine interaction with at risk high school youth. In the collegiate setting canine therapy programs have been set up to reduce student stress, yet studies evaluating the program impact on the emotional safety of the student are lacking. Study objective is to evaluate the relationship between emotional safety in college students and various forms of companion animal interactions. A forced-choice survey instrument measuring companion animal knowledge (19 questions) and emotional safety (49 questions) was given at the beginning of the semester to students enrolled in a companion animal course (25 students). At the start of the survey, 4 questions focused on student companion animal activities. These questions divided students into 3 groups: no daily interaction with companion animals, daily interaction with dogs only, and daily interaction with dogs and other forms of companion animals. All students interacted with companion animals on a weekly basis, but 28% had no access to daily interaction with any form of companion animals, while 40% had daily interaction only with dogs. While the type and extent of companion animal interaction varied, the companion animal knowledge base of each group was similar. All groups answered 65% or more of the companion animal questions correctly (P &gt; 0.05). Similar to the knowledge questions, the extent and type of companion animal interaction did not significantly influence student emotional safety (P &gt; 0.05). All groups responded with no more than 25% of the questions in a negative manner. Thus, when developing a companion animal therapy program that promotes emotional safety in college students, the type and extent of the companion animal interaction does not have to be a limitation to the program.
PSI-9 Molecular characterization of Berganês sheep, a locally adapted ecotype from Brazilian semi-arid region
Authors: Soares Riani Ananda Nunes , Nogueira Joel Fonseca , Neto João Bandeira de Moura , Gouveia Gisele Veneroni , Ribeiro Maria Norma , Gouveia João José de Simoni 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Ovis aries species is phenotypically diverse and it is bred around the world for meat, milk and wool production. In the 1980s, small farmers in the semi-arid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, initiated the introgression of genes from Santa Inês and Bergamácia breeds in their local sheep of undefined breed, and the selection of individuals in an unstructured form, giving rise to an ecotype with unique characteristics called Berganês. The aim of this study was to perform genetic structure analysis of the Berganês ecotype population on farms in the state of Pernambuco using the Illumina® BeadChip OvineSNP50 high density chip as a way of increasing knowledge about the ecotype. Animals from seven farms were genotyped, totaling 96 animals (17 males and 79 females). Of the 54,241 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) found, we elected the ones with GenCall Score &gt; 0.5, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (significance at 0.01) and lower allele frequency (MAF) &gt; 0.2. In addition, only SNPs located on the autosomal chromosomes were maintained, according to version 4.0 of the sheep genome, with 39,250 SNPs being selected. The observed and expected mean heterozygosity values were, respectively, 0.37159 and 0.37943. The F statistics found were: FIS = 0.02622, FST = 0 and FIT = 0.02394. Most of the variability found (97.61%), which was estimated by AMOVA, is uniformly distributed within the herds and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) did not allow the visual identification of a substructure considering herds, sex or phenotypic characteristics (coat color, ear size and insertion, and head morphology). Thus, the genetic variability presented in the animals of the Berganês ecotype is distributed homogeneously among the herds analyzed. Therefore, the genetic characterization presented here represents a key point in the creation of conservation plans and breeding programs, improving the efficiency of selection processes and the selection of breeders.