bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social determinants and causes of child mortality in Pakistan: Analysis of national demographic health surveys from 1990 to 2013
Authors: Afshan Kiran , Narjis Ghulam , Qureshi Irfan Z , Cappello Michael 
Published: November 2019

AimThe aim of the study was to define social determinants, causes and trends in child mortality from 1990 to 2013 in Pakistan. Understanding social determinants, causes and temporal trends in child mortality can inform strategies aimed at improving child health in low and middle income countries.MethodsWe characterised temporal trends and social determinants of child mortality in Pakistan using national demographic health survey data (1990–1991, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013). We analysed national data to generate regional estimates of health programme effectiveness.ResultsThe annual rates of reduction for child mortality between 1990 and 2013 were estimated as follows: neonatal (−0.33% per annum), post‐neonatal (3.13% per annum), infant (0.9% per annum), child (2.47% per annum) and under 5 (1.19% per annum). Bivariate analyses of 2013 data showed that living in Punjab or Balochistan province, belonging to lowest wealth quintile, lack of maternal education, previous birth interval < 2 years, first birth order and below average birth size were associated (p < 0.05) with greater risk of child mortality in Pakistan. Common factors associated with child mortality were fever, diarrhoea and pneumonia, while among stillbirths, intrapartum asphyxia, unexplained antepartum and antepartum maternal disorders were most frequent.ConclusionChild survival strategies should integrate leading biosocial indicators and causes of death. Further research is needed to define the role(s) of social factors in child health and survival. These data should inform the implementation of cost‐effective interventions for child survival and advance targeting of interventions to populations at increased risk of child mortality.
Population dynamics and exploitation patterns of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Tana, northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Assefa Workiyie Worie , Wondie Ayalew , Enyew Belachew Getnet 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOreochromis niloticus is the dominant commercial fish in the Lake Tana region. However, its fishery is progressively declining over time. Little or no updated information exists on the population dynamics and exploitation patterns of the species, which is crucial to guide its sustainable management. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study was to generate essential biological parameters on the growth, mortality and stock status of O. niloticus, using length‐frequency data collected monthly from the commercial fish catches of 1 year (2014–2015). The total mortality coefficient (Z) was derived from the length‐converted catch curve. Biological reference points were predicted from relative yield‐ and biomass‐per‐recruit analyses. The estimated values of the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were L∞ = 44.1 cm, K = 0.44/year, and t0 = −0.34/year, and the growth performance index (Φ′) was 2.93. The total mortality (Z), natural (M) and fishing mortality (F) rates were 2.37, 0.98 and 1.39 per year, respectively. The current fishery exploitation rate of 0.59 exceeds the estimated biological reference points of Emax (0.52), confirming the stock of O. niloticus in the lake is being overexploited above optimum levels. Size indicators of the catches further illustrate 31% of the landed fish are harvested before reaching sexual maturity, with mega‐spawners comprising only 15%. This indicates the stock is suffering from both growth and recruitment overfishing. The logistic selection model indicated 50% of the fish vulnerable to capture was at 18.14 cm TL. The fish exhibited a year‐round recruitment pattern, with a major peak during May and June. Sustainably managing the fishery, therefore, requires increasing the fish size at first capture (Lc) towards Lopt.
Survival of Phortica variegata experimentally and naturally infected with Thelazia callipaeda
Authors: Arme T. M. , Lia R. P. , Annoscia G. , Casalino E. , Pombi M. , Otranto D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractKnowledge of the effects that Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) infection has on the survival of its vector Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae) is scarce. The present study aimed to: (a) assess the rate of infection between experimentally infected (EI) and not experimentally infected (NEI) flies and (b) determine how T. callipaeda infection may affect the survival of P. variegata. In addition, fat composition was evaluated in flies that died during overwintering. Molecular analysis showed that T. callipaeda prevalence in flies that died before experimental infection, plus those from the NEI group, is 0.75% (i.e. 11 out of 1462 individuals). The EI group showed a significantly higher positivity to T. callipaeda (i.e. 51 out of 682 individuals; 7.48%) compared with the NEI group (i.e. 9 out of 750 individuals; 1.2%). Thelazia callipaeda DNA was detected until 147 days after experimental infection. This demonstrates that larvae of this eyeworm may survive in the fly for a significant period of the winter. Fat composition analysis showed that flies produced more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids during diapause, probably because unsaturated fatty acids remain in a liquid state at lower temperatures, providing anti‐freeze properties to survive winter.
Patterns of allele distribution in a hybrid population of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex
Authors: Samarasinghe Himeshi , Vogan Aaron , Pum Nicole , Xu Jianping 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe sister yeast species Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype A) and Cryptococcus deneoformans (serotype D) are causative agents of deadly cryptococcosis and fungal meningoencephalitis. These haploid yeasts can hybridise in nature, giving rise to AD hybrids that are predominantly diploid or aneuploid. Despite their increasing prevalence in clinical settings, much remains unknown about the allelic distribution patterns in AD hybrid strains.ObjectivesThis study aims to characterise allele distributions in AD hybrids derived from the same basidium as well as from multiple basidia in a laboratory‐derived C neoformans × C deneoformans hybrid cross.MethodsWe dissected a total of 1625 basidiospores from 31 basidia. The 297 basidiospores that successfully germinated were genotyped by molecular characterisation of 33 markers using PCR‐RFLP, with at least two markers on each of the 14 chromosomes in the genome.ResultsOf the 297 strains, 294 contained at least one heterozygous locus, with a mean heterozygosity of ~30% per strain. Most hybrid genomes and chromosomes displayed significantly distorted allele distributions, with offspring originating from the same basidium tended to have alleles at different loci from the same parent. More basidia were skewed in favour of C deneoformans alleles, the mitochondria‐donor parent, than the C neoformans alleles.ConclusionsThe divergence between C neoformans and C deneoformans genomes has likely created co‐adapted allelic combinations, with their co‐segregation in hybrid offspring imparting a significant fitness benefit. However, the diversity of genotypes recovered here in a single hybridisation event indicates the enormous capacity of AD hybrids for adaptation and diversification.
Wood allocation trade‐offs between fiber wall, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees
Authors: Janssen Thomas A. J. , Hölttä Teemu , Fleischer Katrin , Naudts Kim , Dolman Han 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFunctional relationships between wood density and measures of xylem hydraulic safety and efficiency are ambiguous, especially in wet tropical forests. In this meta‐analysis, we move beyond wood density per se and identify relationships between xylem allocated to fibers, parenchyma, and vessels and measures of hydraulic safety and efficiency. We analyzed published data of xylem traits, hydraulic properties and measures of drought resistance from neotropical tree species retrieved from 346 sources. We found that xylem volume allocation to fiber walls increases embolism resistance, but at the expense of specific conductivity and sapwood capacitance. Xylem volume investment in fiber lumen increases capacitance, while investment in axial parenchyma is associated with higher specific conductivity. Dominant tree taxa from wet forests prioritize xylem allocation to axial parenchyma at the expense of fiber walls, resulting in a low embolism resistance for a given wood density and a high vulnerability to drought‐induced mortality. We conclude that strong trade‐offs between xylem allocation to fiber walls, fiber lumen, and axial parenchyma drive drought resistance in neotropical trees. Moreover, the benefits of xylem allocation to axial parenchyma in wet tropical trees might not outweigh the consequential low embolism resistance under more frequent and severe droughts in a changing climate.
Effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety disorders in secondary‐care settings: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ninomiya Akira , Sado Mitsuhiro , Park Sunre , Fujisawa Daisuke , Kosugi Teppei , Nakagawa Atsuo , Shirahase Joichiro , Mimura Masaru 
Published: November 2019

AimThe primary objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) in secondary‐care settings where the vast majority of the patients have already undergone pharmacotherapy but have not remitted.MethodsEligible participants were aged between 20 and 75 years and met the criteria for panic disorder/agoraphobia or social anxiety disorder specified in the DSM‐IV. They were randomly assigned to either the MBCT group (n = 20) or the wait‐list control group (n = 20). The primary outcome was the difference in mean change scores between pre‐ and post‐intervention assessments on the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The outcome was analyzed using an intent‐to‐treat approach and a mixed‐effect model repeated measurement.ResultsWe observed significant differences in mean change scores for the STAI State Anxiety subscale (difference, −10.1; 95% confidence interval, −16.9 to −3.2; P < 0.005) and STAI Trait Anxiety subscale (difference, −11.7; 95% confidence interval, −17.0 to −6.4; P < 0.001) between the MBCT and control groups.ConclusionMBCT is effective in patients with anxiety disorders in secondary‐care settings where the vast majority of patients are treatment‐resistant to pharmacotherapy.
Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are linearly retained by common insect crop pests (cabbage looper and bertha armyworm) and alter insect biomass
Authors: Colombo Stefanie M. , Shukla Kruti , Campbell Lesley G. , Tsimbaliouk Alina , Arts Michael T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are prevalent in aquatic ecosystems and are not part of the natural diet of herbivorous, terrestrial insects, which generally consume alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LNA). However, recent advances in genetic engineering have lead to the development of terrestrial crops that express the novel traits of EPA and DHA production. In the present study, we examine the effects of dietary EPA and DHA on the growth, development and fatty acid content of two crop pest insects: bertha armyworm and cabbage looper. Five experimental diets were formulated to include increasing amounts of pure EPA and DHA (in relation to the total diet lipid level), according to the ratios (EPA + DHA relative to a vegetable oil containing ALA and LNA): 0 (control), 0.25 : 0.75 (lowest), 0.5 : 0.5 (low), 0.75 : 0.25 (medium) and 1 : 0 (high). Dietary EPA and DHA had significant effects on development time, mass and fatty acid content in both species. Dietary treatment (interactive with time) had a significant effect on individual mass of both insects, indicating that, over time, EPA and DHA impacted growth. However, insect mass, development and morphology results are not linearly related with increasing dietary EPA and DHA. Both species retained EPA and DHA in adult form, and the body content of EPA and DHA was significantly, positively correlated with EPA and DHA diet treatments in both the bertha armyworm (r2 = 91.3%) and cabbage looper (r2 = 75.8%). Dietary EPA and DHA could have fitness consequences for these organisms and could be nutritionally transferred to higher consumers.
A low‐cost open‐source workflow to generate georeferenced 3D SfM photogrammetric models of rocky outcrops
Authors: Froideval Laurent , Pedoja Kevin , Garestier Franck , Moulon Pierre , Conessa Christophe , Pellerin Le Bas Xavier , Traoré Kalil , Benoit Laurent 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStructure‐from‐Motion (SfM) software and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been increasingly adopted in the geosciences. The current mainstream generation of 3D models is still expensive as it relies on UAVs, Differential Global Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS) ground control points and commercial software. This paper proposes an end‐to‐end reproducible SfM workflow with minimal legal, financial or field issues. The procedure avoids both UAVs and DGNSS and relies on open‐source software. Interlocked models of a rocky shore in Normandy, France were generated at different scales and point densities, being georeferenced using free spatial data. A spherical target was used for scaling and assessing the relative accuracy, which was better than 1 cm.
Changes in the carbon concentrations and other soil properties of some Scottish agricultural soils: Evidence from a resampling campaign
Authors: Lilly Allan , Baggaley Nikki J. , Edwards Anthony C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe change in soil carbon (C) concentration, soil pH and major nutrients for approximately 1,000 topsoil sampled from on‐farm experimental sites over a thirty‐year period from 1950 to 1980 in north‐east Scotland are summarized. This period coincided with increased agricultural intensification, which included regular liming and fertilizer additions. During 2017, 37 of these sites were resampled and reanlaysed. While pH and extractable phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) increased over this period, there was no detectable change in the percentage loss on ignition. Composite soil samples were taken by auger from a depth of 0–15 cm and compared with the corresponding archived samples collected at the initiation of each experiment. Analysis of these resampled soils indicated no significant change in soil carbon (C), although soil pH, extractable magnesium (Mg) and K and Nitrogen (N) concentrations were significantly greater (p < .001) but extractable soil P concentration was significantly less (p = .015) compared with the original samples. Even though measuring C concentration alone is a poor indicator of overall changes in soil C stocks, it does provide a relative quick “early warning” of C losses that would justify a more comprehensive measure of stocks.
Freezing and storage effects on enzyme, electrolyte, and mineral compositions in canine prostatic fluid
Authors: Umbach Anne‐Kathrin , Failing Klaus , Goericke‐Pesch Sandra , Wehrend Axel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is a paucity of information about the storage stability of seminal plasma components in literature.ObjectivesThis study investigates the potential effects of storage at −18.0°C on the enzyme activities and concentrations of selected electrolytes and minerals in canine prostatic fluid.MethodsSemen was obtained in fractions from ten male dogs, and the third ejaculate fraction was analyzed immediately after sampling and after storage at −18.0°C for 7 days. The following analytes were assessed: gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), sodium, potassium, total calcium, inorganic phosphate, magnesium, zinc, and copper.ResultsWhereas electrolyte and mineral concentrations were not affected by freezing and 7 days of storage, effects on the enzyme activities were variable. ALP, AST, and LDH activities were significantly decreased (P < .05) in the post‐thaw samples compared with the freshly prepared samples.ConclusionsBecause freezing and storage of seminal plasma at −18°C had an impact on the activity of some enzymes, analyses should be performed in fresh, not frozen samples.
Assessing and Managing Geologic Hazards in the Appalachian Region of the United States
Authors: Derby Martin P. , Theriault Bailey 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Geohazards have the potential to adversely affect the operation or integrity of an existing pipeline, or the routing, design, and construction of a proposed pipeline. Identifying, characterizing, evaluating, and if necessary, mitigating and monitoring geologic hazards have become critical steps to successfully and safely building and operating pipelines in the Appalachian Basin region of the United States. The recent, rapid expansion of pipeline construction and operation in the region, along with natural geologic and geographic conditions which are conducive to landsliding and ground subsidence, have resulted in a recent increase in geohazard-related incidences both during and post-construction of pipelines. As such, there is an increasing need to recognize, understand, and closely manage geohazards in this region, prior to, during, and post-construction of pipelines. This paper will provide an overview of essential tools that have proven most useful in this region, to identify, characterize, and ultimately mitigate and monitor potential geohazards. This paper will also provide insight on how to evaluate specific project needs and best-fit approaches and solutions for the project at hand, to reduce the operator’s risk. A case study will be presented from the Appalachian Basin region, including how a phased approach was used to assess and manage geohazards. The phased approach includes (1) Phase I Assessments, which consist of a regional-scale desktop assessment to identify, initially characterize, and qualitatively classify (e.g., low, moderate, high hazards) geohazards; (2) Phase II Assessments, which consist of a non-intrusive ground reconnaissance completed at targeted sites; and (3) Phase III Assessments, which consist of subsurface investigations such as drilling, test pitting, or geophysical surveys to further characterize specific hazards.
The information obtained from the phased approach can be used for the design of mitigation and/or monitoring, if deemed necessary. Overall approaches to selecting and utilizing best-fit mitigation and monitoring options, both during and post-construction, fit for the regional conditions and to the individual project, will also be discussed.
Highly Iterative Planning of Manufacturing Technologies: Evaluation of Manufacturing Technology Capabilities Considering Information Uncertainties
Authors: Rey Jan , Grünebaum Timm , Trauth Daniel , Bergs Thomas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Highly iterative product development is a promising approach, which enables a continuous inclusion of customers in the product development process. A stronger involvement of customers results in more frequent changes of the required product characteristics while the product is being developed. For the planning of manufacturing technologies, which takes place in parallel to product development, this means that very uncertain product and technology information have to be processed. In order to consider these uncertainties when designing technology chains, technology planners have to be able to model and quantify them. Moreover, due to the frequent product changes during the highly iterative development process, an evaluation of how capable manufacturing technologies are for handling future changes of product characteristics is essential for technology planners. This paper presents a new methodology, which enables the evaluation of manufacturing technologies regarding their capability to react to future product changes within the development process. Firstly, a new method based on fuzzy sets and the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is presented. It allows an aggregation of uncertain product and technology information from different sources. Afterwards, the influences of manufacturing technologies within a technology chain on the product characteristics are modeled considering the different uncertainties. Finally, a new method to evaluate the capability of manufacturing technologies to cope with future product changes is introduced. This allows technology planners to predict the capability of manufacturing technologies to manufacture the future, fully developed product and hence to identify alternatives to reduce the information uncertainties, for example by executing prototype experiments.
Investigation on Residual Stress Development During Multiple Impacts in Cold Spray Process
Authors: James Sagil , Shah Karan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Cold Spray Process (CS) is a solid-state particle deposition process. Unlike thermal spray coating methods, the CS process does not involve melting of the particles and thus retains the desired original material properties along with oxide-free deposition. As the technology is of dynamic nature with high-velocity particle impacts, the bonding mechanism involved is hugely complicated to understand. Even though the CS process offers great benefits, its potential applications are restrained by a lack of knowledge of the complex operations involved. Preliminary research which used molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the CS process revealed that factors including the angle of impact, size of particle and impact velocity significantly affect the material deposition. However, the preliminary study only considered a single particle impact during the coating process. The CS process involves the impact of multiple particles on the substrate surface depositing layer-by-layer. This research focuses on investigating the residual stresses distribution caused by the impact of multiple nanoparticles on the substrate surface during the CS process using MD simulation technique. The results obtained by this study are instrumental in further advancing the applications of the CS processes.
Analytical Study on Tooth Profile of Non-Circular Gear Based on Hobbing Process Simulation
Authors: Han Jiang , Li Dazhu , Xia Lian , Tian Xiaoqing 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Based on the hobbing process simulation of non-circular gears, a method for obtaining the precise tooth profile and evaluating the undercutting characteristics according to the profile generated after the finite number of envelop is proposed. The profile points formed by different hobbing strategies are compared, then the envelope method with uniform accuracy for all teeth is selected. The formation rule of tooth profile morphology is analyzed, and the pickup method with high convergence rate is proposed. The influences of the envelope number and gear parameters on the tooth profile accuracy are analyzed inductively, and the reasonable number of envelopes for expected accuracy is given. The results show that the tooth profile analysis method based on the hobbing process simulation can accurately acquire all feature points of the tooth profile and analysis the undercutting phenomenon.