bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Off‐label use of midazolam in older inpatients: analysis of prescribing practices in a French hospital (MIDnight study)
Authors: Michelon Hugues , Pons‐Peyneau Cécile , Gourdon Mathilde , Le Dastumer Bruno , Teillet Laurent , Herr Marie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMidazolam is a short‐acting benzodiazepine approved for sedation and anesthesia induction. Recent data suggested that midazolam may also be used in off‐label indications such as treatment of behavioral and psychological disturbances in older people. Given the scarcity of published data and a lack of evidence in older people in such indications, midazolam raises concern because it may also cause serious‐related adverse events. To provide a better understanding of its real‐life use in geriatrics, we examined the prescribing practices of midazolam in French older inpatients. Of the 460 patients aged 65 years and over hospitalized at the time of the study, 21 had a prescription of midazolam (5%) which was mainly prescribed for anxiolysis (n = 12), premedication before painful procedures (n = 5), and agitation (n = 4). Midazolam was often prescribed “as required,” and the median duration of prescription was 6 months. This work results in a better knowledge and information about the use of midazolam in older people. These prescribing practices, which are not anecdotal, also plead for age‐specific guidelines for the treatment of behavioral and psychological disturbances.
Drug‐induced hearing loss: a case/non‐case study in the French pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Favrelière Sylvie , Delaunay Paul , Lebreton Jean‐Pascal , Rouby Franck , Atzenhoffer Martine , Lafay‐Chebassier Claire , Pérault‐Pochat Marie Christine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHearing loss is defined as a decrease in the ability to perceive sounds which can occur suddenly or gradually and affects one ear or both. It is related to various etiologies, in particular drugs. The identification of all drugs that could be associated with hearing loss is essential for the patients' life quality. The objective of our study was to identify signals of hearing loss involving drugs approved in the last 20 years. The occurrence in association with drugs known for their ototoxicity was also analyzed. We used a case/non‐case method in the French Pharmacovigilance Database (FPVD). The cases were reports of hearing loss in the FPVD between January 2007 and August 2017. Non‐cases were all reports over the same period. We calculated the reporting odds ratio (ROR) with 95% confidence intervals. Among the 555 reports of hearing loss, significant RORs were found for 68 drugs. The main therapeutic classes implicated were antineoplastic agents (n = 240), systemic anti‐infective agents (n = 182), immunosuppressants (n = 42) loop diuretics (n = 26), and salicylate analgesics (n = 26). We found signals of hearing loss with azacitidine, vaccines and nevirapine, immunosuppressants such as leflunomide, and biotherapies such as panitumumab and vandetanib. Prescribers should be informed about the potential associations with all these drugs. The role of the pathology itself and the known ototoxic drugs that can be associated do not allow to conclude definitively. Audiograms for the early detection of hearing loss induced by drugs known to be ototoxic are rarely carried out. Preventive treatments exist and must be considered.
Experimental fracture investigation of CNT/epoxy nanocomposite under mixed mode II/III loading conditions
Authors: Karami Javane , Ayatollahi Majid Reza , Saboori Behnam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFor the first time, the brittle fracture of epoxy‐based nanocomposite reinforced with MWCNTs (multi‐walled carbon nanotubes) and subjected to mixed mode II/III loading conditions is investigated. This experimental investigation is carried out using a newly developed test configuration. Araldite LY 5052 epoxy, which is a resin frequently used in aerospace industry, is utilized to fabricate pure epoxy and nanocomposite test specimens with two different MWCNTs contents of 0.1 and 0.5 wt%. The obtained experimental results reveal that adding MWCNTs to epoxy resin up to 0.5 wt% improves the fracture toughness under pure mode II and pure mode III loading with an increasing trend. This is while the improvement under mixed mode II/III loading is reduced by adding nanotubes more than 0.1 wt%. To justify the variations of fracture toughness in terms of nanoparticles content, SEM (scanning electron microscopy) photographs of the fracture surfaces of the specimens in the vicinity of the initial crack front are prepared. Additional fracture mechanisms caused by adding carbon nanotubes are discussed in detail based on the provided SEM images.
Positive biotic interactions in freshwaters: A review and research directive
Authors: Silknetter Samuel , Creed Robert P. , Brown Bryan L. , Frimpong Emmanuel A. , Skelton James , Peoples Brandon K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPositive interspecific interactions such as mutualism, commensalism, and facilitation are globally ubiquitous. Although research on positive interactions in terrestrial and marine systems has progressed over the past few decades, comparatively little is known about them in freshwater ecosystems. However, recent advances have brought the study of positive interactions in freshwater systems to a point where synthesis is warranted.In this review, we catalogue the variety of direct positive interactions described to date in freshwater ecosystems, discuss factors that could influence prevalence and impact of these interactions, and provide a framework for future research.In positive interactions, organisms exchange key resources such as nutrients, protection, transportation, or habitat to a net benefit for at least one participant. A few mutualistic relationships have received research attention to date, namely seed‐dispersing fishes, crayfishes and their ectosymbiotic cleaners, and communal‐spawning stream fishes. Similarly, only a handful of commensalisms have been studied, primarily phoretic relationships. Facilitation via ecosystem engineering has received more attention, for example habitat modification by beavers and bioturbation by salmon.It is well known that interaction outcomes vary with abiotic and biotic context. However, only a few of studies have examined context dependency in positive interactions in freshwater systems. Likewise, positive interactions incur costs as well as benefits; conceptualising interactions in terms of net cost/benefit to participants will help to clarify complex interactions.It is likely that there are many positive interactions that have yet to be discovered in freshwater systems. To identify these interactions, we encourage inductive natural history studies combined with hypotheses deduced from general ecological models. Research on positive interactions must move beyond small‐scale experiments and observational studies and adopt a cross‐scale approach. Likewise, we must progress from reducing systems to oversimplified pairwise interactions, toward studying positive interactions in broader community contexts. Positive interactions have been greatly overlooked in applied freshwater ecology, but have great potential for conservation, restoration, and aquaculture.
Turbid reefs moderate coral bleaching under climate‐related temperature stress
Authors: Sully Shannon , van Woesik Robert 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThermal‐stress events that cause coral bleaching and mortality have recently increased in frequency and severity. Yet few studies have explored conditions that moderate coral bleaching. Given that high light and high ocean temperature together cause coral bleaching, we explore whether corals at turbid localities, with reduced light, are less likely to bleach during thermal‐stress events than corals at other localities. We analyzed coral bleaching, temperature, and turbidity data from 3,694 sites worldwide with a Bayesian model and found that Kd490, a measurement positively related to turbidity, between 0.080 and 0.127 reduced coral bleaching during thermal‐stress events. Approximately 12% of the world's reefs exist within this “moderating turbidity” range, and 30% of reefs that have moderating turbidity are in the Coral Triangle. We suggest that these turbid nearshore environments may provide some refuge through climate change, but these reefs will need high conservation status to sustain them close to dense human populations.
Anthropogenic global shifts in biospheric N and P concentrations and ratios and their impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem productivity, food security, and human health
Authors: Penuelas Josep , Janssens Ivan A. , Ciais Philippe , Obersteiner Michael , Sardans Jordi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe availability of carbon (C) from high levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and anthropogenic release of nitrogen (N) is increasing, but these increases are not paralleled by increases in levels of phosphorus (P). The current unstoppable changes in the stoichiometries of C and N relative to P have no historical precedent. We describe changes in P and N fluxes over the last five decades that have led to asymmetrical increases in P and N inputs to the biosphere. We identified widespread and rapid changes in N:P ratios in air, soil, water, and organisms and important consequences to the structure, function, and biodiversity of ecosystems. A mass‐balance approach found that the combined limited availability of P and N was likely to reduce C storage by natural ecosystems during the remainder of the 21st Century, and projected crop yields of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment indicated an increase in nutrient deficiency in developing regions if access to P fertilizer is limited. Imbalances of the N:P ratio would likely negatively affect human health, food security, and global economic and geopolitical stability, with feedbacks and synergistic effects on drivers of global environmental change, such as increasing levels of CO2, climatic warming, and increasing pollution. We summarize potential solutions for avoiding the negative impacts of global imbalances of N:P ratios on the environment, biodiversity, climate change, food security, and human health.
A substantial role of soil erosion in the land carbon sink and its future changes
Authors: Tan Zeli , Leung L. Ruby , Li Hong‐Yi , Tesfa Teklu , Zhu Qing , Huang Maoyi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRealistic representation of land carbon sink in climate models is vital for predicting carbon climate feedbacks in a changing world. Although soil erosion that removes land organic carbon has increased substantially since the onset of agriculture, it is rarely included in the current generation of climate models. Using an Earth system model (ESM) with soil erosion represented, we estimated that on average soil erosion displaces 5% of newly fixed land organic carbon downslope annually in the continental United States. In the lower Mississippi river basin and the Cascades, the fraction can be as large as 40%. About 12% of the eroded organic carbon is eventually exported to inland waters, which is equal to 14% of the simulated net carbon gain by terrestrial ecosystems. By comparing the eroded organic carbon export to rivers with the particulate organic carbon export to oceans, we demonstrated that a large fraction of the carbon export to rivers could have been mineralized in inland waters. Importantly, with a direct comparison of eroded and exported soil organic carbon and land net carbon uptake, we found that ESMs that ignore soil erosion likely offset the erosional carbon loss by increasing heterotrophic respiration implicitly. But as soil erosion and heterotrophic respiration respond differently to a warming climate, this unrealistic compensation would lead to biased predictions of future land carbon sink.
The Net Landscape Carbon Balance—Integrating terrestrial and aquatic carbon fluxes in a managed boreal forest landscape in Sweden
Authors: Chi Jinshu , Nilsson Mats B. , Laudon Hjalmar , Lindroth Anders , Wallerman Jörgen , Fransson Johan E. S. , Kljun Natascha , Lundmark Tomas , Ottosson Löfvenius Mikaell , Peichl Matthias 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe boreal biome exchanges large amounts of carbon (C) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) with the atmosphere and thus significantly affects the global climate. A managed boreal landscape consists of various sinks and sources of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) across forests, mires, lakes, and streams. Due to the spatial heterogeneity, large uncertainties exist regarding the net landscape carbon balance (NLCB). In this study, we compiled terrestrial and aquatic fluxes of CO2, CH4, DOC, DIC, and harvested C obtained from tall‐tower eddy covariance measurements, stream monitoring, and remote sensing of biomass stocks for an entire boreal catchment (~68 km2) in Sweden to estimate the NLCB across the land–water–atmosphere continuum. Our results showed that this managed boreal forest landscape was a net C sink (NLCB = 39 g C m−2 year−1) with the landscape–atmosphere CO2 exchange being the dominant component, followed by the C export via harvest and streams. Accounting for the global warming potential of CH4, the landscape was a GHG sink of 237 g CO2‐eq m−2 year−1, thus providing a climate‐cooling effect. The CH4 flux contribution to the annual GHG budget increased from 0.6% during spring to 3.2% during winter. The aquatic C loss was most significant during spring contributing 8% to the annual NLCB. We further found that abiotic controls (e.g., air temperature and incoming radiation) regulated the temporal variability of the NLCB whereas land cover types (e.g., mire vs. forest) and management practices (e.g., clear‐cutting) determined their spatial variability. Our study advocates the need for integrating terrestrial and aquatic fluxes at the landscape scale based on tall‐tower eddy covariance measurements combined with biomass stock and stream monitoring to develop a holistic understanding of the NLCB of managed boreal forest landscapes and to better evaluate their potential for mitigating climate change.
Phase diagram of the Li2SO4–Na2SO4 system
Authors: Fedorov Pavel P. , Proydakova Vera Y. , Kuznetsov Sergey V. , Voronov Valery V. , Pynenkov Alexandr A. , Nishchev Konstantin N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe thermal analysis and X‐ray powder diffraction studies of the Li2SO4–Na2SO4 system, including the high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction technique, have elucidated four phases of variable composition: three solid solutions based on the α‐Li2SO4, α‐Na2SO4, and α‐LiNaSO4 high‐temperature polymorphs, and a low‐temperature β‐LiNaSO4 phase. α‐Na2SO4‐Base solid solution disintegrates into two phases via a monotectoid phase transformation. It is quite probable that the monotectoid process is related to the conversion of the second‐order phase transition to the first‐order phase transition.
Co‐doping effects of (Al, Ti, Mg) on the microstructure and electrical behavior of ZnO‐based ceramics
Authors: Sun Qianying , Li Guorong , Tian Tian , Zeng Jiangtao , Zhao Kunyu , Zheng Liaoying , Barré Maud , Dittmer Jens , Gouttenoire Francois , Rousseau Anthony , Kassiba Abdel Hadi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCo‐doped ZnO‐based ceramics using Al, Ti, and Mg ions in different ratios were synthesized with the objective to investigate the doping effects on the crystalline features, microstructure and the electrical behavior. For Al and Ti doping, a coexistence of crystalline phases was shown with a major wurtzite ZnO structure and secondary spinel phases (ZnAl2O4, Zn2TiO4, or ZnaTibAlcOd), while Mg doping did not alter significantly the structural features of the wurtzite ZnO phase. The electrical behavior induced by Al, Ti, and Mg co‐doping in different ratios was investigated using Raman, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 27Al and 67Zn solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Al doping induces a high electrical conductivity compared to other doping elements. In particular, shallow donors from Zni‐AlZn defect structures are inferred from the characteristic NMR signal at about 185 ppm; that is, quite far from the usual oxygen coordinated Al. The Knight shift effect emanating from a highly conducting Al‐doped ZnO ceramics was considered as the origin of this observation. Oppositely, as Ti doping leads to the formation of secondary spinel phases, EPR analysis shows a high concentration of Ti3+ ions which limit the electrical conductivity. The correlation between the structural features at the local order, the involved defects and the electrical behavior as function of the doping process are discussed.
High energy storage efficiency and thermal stability of A‐site‐deficient and 110‐textured BaTiO3–BiScO3 thin films
Authors: Abbas Waseem , Ho Derek , Pramanick Abhijit 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe development of thin film dielectrics having both high energy density and energy conversion efficiency, as well as good thermal stability, is necessary for practical application in high‐temperature power electronics. In addition, there is a demand for the development of new Pb‐free high‐energy density dielectric materials due to environmental concerns. In this regard, thin films of weakly coupled relaxors based on solid solutions of BaTiO3–BiMeO3 have shown good promise, because they exhibit a remarkably large polarization over a wide temperature range. Nevertheless, the performance of Pb‐free thin films has lagged behind that of their Pb‐based counterparts in terms of thermal stability and energy conversion efficiency. Toward this end, most recent studies on BaTiO3–BiMeO3 systems have focused on the optimization of material composition, while relatively less attention has been paid to other aspects such as defect chemistry and crystallographic texture. In this study, we examine the effects of A‐site vacancy and crystallographic texture on the energy storage performance of BaTiO3–BiScO3 thin films synthesized using pulsed laser deposition (PLD). It is shown that a high energy storage density (Wr) of ~28.8 J/cm3 and a high efficiency of η >90% are achieved through a combination of moderate A‐site vacancy concentration and (110) crystallographic texture. Furthermore, Wr remains nearly temperature independent while a high efficiency of η >80% is maintained for temperatures up to 200°C, which constitutes one of the best performances for Pb‐free ferroelectric films for high‐temperature capacitor applications.
Estimation of additive and non‐additive genetic effects for fertility and reproduction traits in North American Holstein cattle using genomic information
Authors: Alves Kristen , Brito Luiz F. , Baes Christine F. , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Robinson John Andrew B. , Schenkel Flavio S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNon‐additive genetic effects are usually ignored in animal breeding programs due to data structure (e.g., incomplete pedigree), computational limitations and over‐parameterization of the models. However, non‐additive genetic effects may play an important role in the expression of complex traits in livestock species, such as fertility and reproduction traits. In this study, components of genetic variance for additive and non‐additive genetic effects were estimated for a variety of fertility and reproduction traits in Holstein cattle using pedigree and genomic relationship matrices. Four linear models were used: (a) an additive genetic model; (b) a model including both additive and epistatic (additive by additive) genetic effects; (c) a model including both additive and dominance effects; and (d) a full model including additive, epistatic and dominance genetic effects. Nine fertility and reproduction traits were analysed, and models were run separately for heifers (N = 5,825) and cows (N = 6,090). For some traits, a larger proportion of phenotypic variance was explained by non‐additive genetic effects compared with additive effects, indicating that epistasis, dominance or a combination thereof is of great importance. Epistatic genetic effects contributed more to the total phenotypic variance than dominance genetic effects. Although these models varied considerably in the partitioning of the components of genetic variance, the models including a non‐additive genetic effect did not show a clear advantage over the additive model based on the Akaike information criterion. The partitioning of variance components resulted in a re‐ranking of cows based solely on the cows’ additive genetic effects between models, indicating that adjusting for non‐additive genetic effects could affect selection decisions made in dairy cattle breeding programs. These results suggest that non‐additive genetic effects play an important role in some fertility and reproduction traits in Holstein cattle.
Global biogeographic synthesis and priority conservation regions of the relict tree family Juglandaceae
Authors: Song Yi‐Gang , Fragnière Yann , Meng Hong‐Hu , Li Ying , Bétrisey Sébastien , Corrales Adriana , Manchester Steven , Deng Min , Jasińska Anna K. , Văn Sâm Hoàng , Kozlowski Gregor 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimTo establish a complete database of Juglandaceae at a spatiotemporal scale and develop a phylogeographic framework with which to elucidate the distributional patterns, diversity patterns, origins, evolution, and conservation priority regions of this family.LocationWorldwide.TaxonWalnut family (Juglandaceae).MethodsData on the distribution of all the extant and fossil species of Juglandaceae were collected, followed by analyses of its latitudinal distribution, elevational distribution, and species and generic diversity. Furthermore, based on all genera and 87% of the species, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships, estimated divergence times, calculated phylogenetic diversity and inferred ancestral distributions.ResultsExtant Juglandaceae (10 genera and 60 species) are mainly distributed in eastern Asia and North America (principally between 20 and 40°N). Tropical Juglandaceae mainly inhabit mountainous areas higher than 1,000 m, especially in the New World. Southwest China and northern Vietnam are characterized by high species, generic and phylogenetic diversity. The United States of America has only high species diversity. The area of origin of Juglandaceae was North America and Europe in the early Eocene, and its widespread dispersal mainly occurred between 13 and 26 Ma.Main conclusionsThe members of Juglandaceae inhabit areas with temperate climatic conditions. The diversification centre has shifted intercontinentally from North America and Europe to Southwest China and northern Vietnam, which are identified as conservation priority regions. The high‐latitude cooling during the Oligocene followed by a long‐term stable warmer climate in the early and middle Miocene drove the southward translocation of the family.