bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The missing dwarf galaxies of the Local Group
Authors: Fattahi Azadeh , Navarro Julio F , Frenk Carlos S 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the Local Group (LG) dwarf galaxy population predicted by the APOSTLE ΛCDM cosmological hydrodynamics simulations. These indicate that: (i) the total mass within 3 Mpc of the Milky Way–Andromeda mid-point (M3Mpc) typically exceeds ∼3 times the sum of the virial masses (M200crit) of the two primaries and (ii) the dwarf galaxy formation efficiency per unit mass is uniform throughout the volume. This suggests that the satellite population within the virial radii of the Milky Way and Andromeda should make up fewer than one third of all LG dwarfs within 3 Mpc. This is consistent with the fraction of observed LG galaxies with stellar mass $M_*\gt 10^7\, {\rm M}_\odot$ that are satellites (12 out of 42; i.e. 28 per cent). For the APOSTLE galaxy mass–halo mass relation, the total number of such galaxies further suggests an LG mass of $M_{\rm 3 Mpc}\sim 10^{13}\, {\rm M}_\odot$. At lower galaxy masses, however, the observed satellite fraction is substantially higher (42 per cent for $M_*\gt 10^5\, { \mathrm{ M}}_\odot$). If this is due to incompleteness in the field sample, then ∼50 dwarf galaxies at least as massive as the Draco dwarf spheroidal must be missing from the current LG field dwarf inventory. The incompleteness interpretation is supported by the pronounced flattening of the LG luminosity function below $M_*\sim 10^7\, {\rm M}_\odot$, and by the scarcity of low surface brightness LG field galaxies compared to satellites. The simulations indicate that most missing dwarfs should lie near the virial boundaries of the two LG primaries, and predict a trove of nearby dwarfs that await discovery by upcoming wide-field imaging surveys.
Intermittent planet migration and the formation of multiple dust rings and gaps in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Wafflard-Fernandez Gaylor , Baruteau Clément 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
A key challenge for protoplanetary discs and planet formation models is to be able to make a reliable connection between observed structures in the discs emission, like bright and dark rings or asymmetries, and the supposed existence of planets triggering these structures. The observation of N dark rings of emission is often interpreted as evidence for the presence of N planets which clear dust gaps around their orbit and form dust-trapping pressure maxima in the disc. The vast majority of the models that studied the impact of planets on the dynamics of dust and gas in a protoplanetary disc assumed planets on fixed orbits. Here, we go a different route and examine how the large-scale inward migration of a single planet structures the dust content of a massive disc. In many circumstances, the migration of a partial gap-opening planet with a mass comparable to Saturn is found to run away intermittently. By means of 2D gas and dust hydrodynamical simulations, we show that intermittent runaway migration can form multiple dust rings and gaps across the disc. Each time migration slows down, a pressure maximum forms beyond the planet gap that traps the large dust. Post-processing of our simulations results with 3D dust radiative transfer calculations confirms that intermittent runaway migration can lead to the formation of multiple sets of bright and dark rings of continuum emission in the (sub)millimeter beyond the planet location.
Entropy-driven winds: Outflows and fountains lifted gently by buoyancy
Authors: Keller Benjamin W , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Wadsley James W 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new theoretical framework for using entropy to understand how outflows driven by supernovae are launched from disc galaxies: via continuous, buoyant acceleration through the circumgalactic medium (CGM). When young star clusters detonate supernovae in the interstellar medium (ISM) of a galaxy, they generate hot, diffuse bubbles that push on the surrounding ISM and evaporate that ISM into their interiors. As these bubbles reach the scale height of the ISM, they break out of the disc, rising into the CGM. Once these bubbles break out, if they have sufficiently high entropy, they will feel an upward acceleration, owing to a local buoyant force. This upward force will accelerate these bubbles, driving them to high galactocentric radii, keeping them in the CGM for &gt; Gyr, even if their initial velocity is much lower than the local escape velocity. We derive an equation of motion for these entropy-driven winds that connects the ISM properties, halo mass, and CGM profile of galaxies to the ultimate evolution of feedback-driven winds. We explore the parameter space of these equations, and show how this novel framework can explain both self-consistent simulations of star formation and galactic outflows as well as the new wealth of observations of CGM kinematics. We show that these entropy-driven winds can produce long wind recycling times, while still carrying a significant amount of mass. Comparisons to simulations and observations show entropy-driven winds convincingly explain the kinematics of galactic outflows.
Field/isolated lenticular galaxies with high SN values: the case of NGC 4546 and its globular cluster system
Authors: Escudero Carlos G , Faifer Favio R , Smith Castelli Analía V , Norris Mark A , Forte Juan C 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a photometric study of the field lenticular galaxy NGC 4546 using Gemini/GMOS imaging in g′r′i′z′. We perform a 2D image decomposition of the surface brightness distribution of the galaxy using galfit, finding that four components adequately describe it. The subtraction of this model from our images and the construction of a colour map allow us to examine in great detail the asymmetric dust structures around the galactic centre. In addition, we perform a detailed analysis of the globular cluster (GC) system of NGC 4546. Using a Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm in the colour–colour plane, we detected hints of multiple groups of GC candidates: the classic blue and red subpopulations, a group with intermediate colours that present a concentrated spatial distribution towards the galaxy, and an additional group towards the red end of the colour distribution. We estimate a total GC population for NGC 4546 of 390 ± 60 members and specific frequency SN = 3.3 ± 0.7, which is relatively high compared to the typical value for galaxies of similar masses and environment. We suggest that the unusual GC population substructures were possibly formed during the interaction that led to the formation of the young ultra-compact dwarf (NGC 4546-UCD1) found in this system. Finally, we estimate the distance modulus of NGC 4546 by analysing its luminosity function, resulting in (m − M) = 30.75 ± 0.12 mag (14.1 Mpc).
Real-time kinetics and high-resolution melt curves in single-molecule digital LAMP to differentiate and study specific and non-specific amplification
Authors: Rolando Justin C , Jue Erik , Barlow Jacob T , Ismagilov Rustem F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Isothermal amplification assays, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), show great utility for the development of rapid diagnostics for infectious diseases because they have high sensitivity, pathogen-specificity and potential for implementation at the point of care. However, elimination of non-specific amplification remains a key challenge for the optimization of LAMP assays. Here, using chlamydia DNA as a clinically relevant target and high-throughput sequencing as an analytical tool, we investigate a potential mechanism of non-specific amplification. We then develop a real-time digital LAMP (dLAMP) with high-resolution melting temperature (HRM) analysis and use this single-molecule approach to analyze approximately 1.2 million amplification events. We show that single-molecule HRM provides insight into specific and non-specific amplification in LAMP that are difficult to deduce from bulk measurements. We use real-time dLAMP with HRM to evaluate differences between polymerase enzymes, the impact of assay parameters (e.g. time, rate or florescence intensity), and the effect background human DNA. By differentiating true and false positives, HRM enables determination of the optimal assay and analysis parameters that leads to the lowest limit of detection (LOD) in a digital isothermal amplification assay.
Tectono-magmatic Interplay and Related Metasomatism in Gabbros of the Chenaillet Ophiolite (Western Alps)
Authors: Tribuzio R , Manatschal G , Renna M R , Ottolini L , Zanetti A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Jurassic Chenaillet ophiolite in the Western Alps consists of a gabbro–mantle association exhumed to the seafloor through detachment faulting and partly covered by basaltic lavas. One of the Chenaillet gabbroic bodies includes mylonites that are transected by a network of felsic veins, thereby testifying to the interplay of ductile shearing and magma emplacement. The deformed gabbros preserve clinopyroxene porphyroclasts of primary magmatic origin, which are typically mantled by amphibole (titanian edenite) and minor secondary clinopyroxene. Titanian edenite and secondary clinopyroxene also occur as fine-grained syn-kinematic phases locally associated with fine-grained plagioclase. The felsic veins are made up of anorthite-poor plagioclase and minor titanian edenite. Geothermometric investigations document that the ductile gabbro deformation and the crystallization of the felsic veins occurred at 765 ± 50 °C and 800 ± 55 °C, respectively. With respect to undeformed counterparts, the deformed gabbros are variably enriched in SiO2 and variably depleted in Mg/(Mg + Fetot2+) and Ca/(Ca + Na). In addition, the deformed gabbros show relatively high concentrations of incompatible trace elements such as rare earth elements (REE), Y, Zr and Nb. The felsic veins are characterized by low Mg/(Mg + Fetot2+) and Ca/(Ca + Na), high SiO2 and high concentrations of incompatible trace elements. Relict clinopyroxene porphyroclasts from the deformed gabbros display a rather primitive, mid-ocean ridge-type geochemical signature, which contrasts with the trace element fingerprint of titanian edenite from both the deformed gabbros and the felsic veins. For instance, titanian edenite typically has relatively high REE abundances, with chondrite-normalized REE patterns characterized by a pronounced negative Eu anomaly. A similar trace element signature is shown by secondary clinopyroxene from the deformed gabbros. Amphibole from both the deformed gabbros and the felsic veins displays high F/Cl values. We show that the SiO2-rich hydrous melts feeding the felsic veins were involved in the high-temperature gabbro deformation and that melt–gabbro reactions led to major and trace element metasomatism of the deforming gabbros.
Endless and Infinite
Authors: Malpass Alex , Morriston Wes 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It is often said that time must have a beginning because otherwise the series of past events would have the paradoxical features of an actual infinite. In the present paper, we show that, even given a dynamic theory of time, the cardinality of an endless series of events, each of which will occur, is the same as that of a beginningless series of events, each of which has occurred. Both are denumerably infinite. So if (as we believe) an endless series of events is possible, then the possibility of a beginningless series of past events should not be rejected merely on the ground that it would be an actual infinite. What would be required to rebut our argument is a symmetry breaker – something that motivates treating the past relevantly differently to the future. We consider several attempts to provide a symmetry breaker and show that none of them is successful.
“How equity should assess a rate of interest against a defaulting trustee”: investment performance of express trustees considered in the light of Watson v Kea
Authors: Graham Toby , McPhail Tom 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Court of Appeal in Watson v Kea Investments [2019] EWCA Civ 1759 unanimously upheld an award of equitable interest of 6.5% compounded annually on the footing that the relevant inquiry for the Court was how equity should assess a rate of interest against a defaulting trustee. This article discusses how the Court determined the appropriate proxy basis for the award by reference to evidence adduced by the Claimant, Kea, and looks at potential ramifications for defaulting trustees in other contexts, including claims relating to poor investment performance of trust portfolios.
Prediction of fatal adverse prognosis in patients with fever-related diseases based on machine learning: A retrospective study
Authors: Zhao Chun-Hong , Wu Hui-Tao , Che He-Bin , Song Ya-Nan , Zhao Yu-Zhuo , Li Kai-Yuan , Xiao Hong-Ju , Zhai Yong-Zhi , Liu Xin , Lu Hong-Xi , Li Tan-Shi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Fever is the most common chief complaint of emergency patients. Early identification of patients at an increasing risk of death may avert adverse outcomes. The aim of this study was to establish an early prediction model of fatal adverse prognosis of fever patients by extracting key indicators using big data technology.

Methods
A retrospective study of patients’ data was conducted using the Emergency Rescue Database of Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. Patients were divided into the fatal adverse prognosis group and the good prognosis group. The commonly used clinical indicators were compared. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) method was used to determine the optimal number of the included variables. In the training model, logistic regression, random forest, adaboost and bagging were selected. We also collected the emergency room data from December 2018 to December 2019 with the same inclusion and exclusion criterion. The performance of the model was evaluated by accuracy, F1-score, precision, sensitivity and the areas under receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC-AUC).

Results
The accuracy of logistic regression, decision tree, adaboost and bagging was 0.951, 0.928, 0.924, and 0.924, F1-scores were 0.938, 0.933, 0.930, and 0.930, the precision was 0.943, 0.938, 0.937, and 0.937, ROC-AUC were 0.808, 0.738, 0.736, and 0.885, respectively. ROC-AUC of ten-fold cross-validation in logistic and bagging models were 0.80 and 0.87, respectively. The top six coefficients and odds ratio (OR) values of the variables in the Logistic regression were cardiac troponin T (CTnT) (coefficient=0.346, OR = 1.413), temperature (T) (coefficient=0.235, OR = 1.265), respiratory rate (RR) (coefficient= –0.206,OR = 0.814), serum kalium (K) (coefficient=0.137, OR = 1.146), pulse oxygen saturation (SPO2) (coefficient= –0.101, OR = 0.904), and albumin (ALB) (coefficient= –0.043, OR = 0.958). The weights of the top six variables in the bagging model were: CTnT, RR, lactate dehydrogenase, serum amylase, heartrate, and systolic blood pressure.

Conclusions
The main clinical indicators of concern included CTnT, RR, SPO2, T, ALB and K. The bagging model and logistic regression model had better diagnostic performance comprehesively. Those may be conducive to the early identification of critical patients with fever by physicians.
The Cerebrospinal Fluid Interleukin-6/Interleukin-10 Ratio Differentiates Pediatric Tick-borne Infections
Authors: Ygberg Sofia , Fowler Åsa , Bogdanovic Gordana , Wickström Ronny 
Published: February 2020

Background:

Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are 2 types of tick-borne pathogens that can cause central nervous system infection. Routine diagnostics have so far included analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell numbers, CSF serology for Borrelia burgdorferi and serum serology for TBE virus. However, early diagnosis may be difficult based on antibody detection which takes time to analyze, and with the possibility of false negative results, thus delaying treatment. Cytokine analyses are becoming increasingly available in clinical routine care and may offer important information.

Methods:
Fifteen cytokines and chemokines were measured in the CSF from the diagnostic lumbar puncture of 37 children with TBE, 34 children with neuroborreliosis and 19 children without evidence of central nervous system infection, using Luminex technology.

Results:
Significantly higher levels of proinflammatory interleukin-6 were detected in the samples from TBE-infected children, when compared with neuroborreliosis or controls. In comparison, children with neuroborreliosis had significantly higher levels of interleukin-7, interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and interleukin-13 when compared with TBE infected or controls. Furthermore, the ratio between interleukin-6 and interleukin-10 was significantly different between the 2 types of tick-borne infections.

Conclusions:
The interleukin-6/interleukin-10 ratio can be used as a rapid diagnostic cue upon suspected tick-borne infection, enabling fast and correct treatment. Also, in serology-negative results, such information may strengthen a clinical suspicion.
The Correlation Between Fall Prevention Knowledge and Behavior in Stroke Outpatients
Authors: Huang Yanxia , Wu Chanchan , Peng Huiping , Chen Qiaogen , Fan Xiujun , Xiao Lilan , Song Baiyan , Wan Lihong 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Stroke outpatients have a high risk of falling. However, fall prevention measures in the community are insufficient to effectively reduce the fall rate among outpatients with stroke. We aimed to determine the correlation between fall prevention knowledge and behavior among outpatients with stroke and provide new strategies for community fall prevention. METHODS: We recruited 124 patients with stroke who were followed up in the outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Zhuhai, China. Patients were assessed using a general information questionnaire, a fall prevention knowledge questionnaire for patients with stroke, and the Stroke Fall Prevention Behavior Scale. IBM SPSS 22.0 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The median fall prevention knowledge was 82.76 (68.97, 93.10) points, out of 100. The mean (SD) score for fall prevention behavior was 2.90 (0.52; range, 1–4) points. Fall prevention knowledge scores were positively related to those fall prevention behavior (Spearman r = 0.454, P < .01). CONCLUSION: Levels of fall prevention knowledge among outpatients with stroke were adequate, and this population had medium to high levels of fall prevention behavior. Better knowledge was accompanied with better prevention of falls. However, whether enriching the knowledge could lead to improvement of fall prevention is still undetermined.
Hospitalized Adult Patient Characteristics Associated With Participation in a Volunteer-Assisted Mobility Program
Authors: Dermody Gordana , Odom-Maryon Tamara , Zimmerman Jennifer , Glass Courtney 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Physical inactivity during hospitalization commonly results in functional decline. Structured multidisciplinary programs/approaches may be useful to promote mobility in hospitalized adults.

Purpose:
The purpose was to determine whether a volunteer-assisted mobility program was feasible to improve the ambulation of hospitalized patients, and examine the characteristics of patients associated with willingness to participate in the program.

Methods:
A prospective descriptive correlation study was conducted in 2 acute care units. A volunteer-staffed program was implemented with the aim of improving the ambulation of hospitalized patients.

Results:
Hospitalized patients (N = 490) were approached, with 39.2% (n = 192) agreeing to ambulate an average of 109.7 m (interquartile range = 51.45-172.2 m). Patients with a low clinical frailty score, high body mass index, or physical therapy order were more likely to participate in the volunteer-assisted mobility program.

Conclusions:
The findings suggest that a volunteer-assisted interdisciplinary program is a feasible way to promote the ambulation of some patients.
Clinical Characteristics, Major Morbidity, and Mortality in Trauma-Related Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome*
Authors: Nair Alison B. , Cohen Mitchell J. , Flori Heidi R. 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
To determine the presence, central characteristics, and impact on major morbidity and mortality of trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Design:
Retrospective review of a prospective trauma database.

Setting:
American College of Surgeons verified level 1 trauma center in an urban setting.

Patients:
Trauma patients age 0 to 18 years old inclusive.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of the 7,382 patients presenting within the 10-year study period, 646 met study criteria for inclusion in the analysis. Trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome was present in 9% of the analyzed cohort. On univariate analysis and compared with those without, trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred more commonly among those with traumatic brain injury (77.2% vs 45.5%; p < 0.001), non-accidental trauma (28.8% vs 10.2%; p < 0.001), and an injury severity score greater than 30 (27.1% vs 3.8%; p 0.001). New or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was significantly higher in trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome patients (86.7% vs 10.4%; p < 0.001) as was mortality (18.3% vs 3.1%; p < 0.001) than in those without. The presence of trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (odds ratio, 6.98; 95% CI, 2.95–16.5; p < 0.001), younger age (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.87–0.99; p = 0.038), and worse injury severity (odds ratio, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.14–1.24; p < 0.001) were all independent statistical predictors of new or progressive multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in this retrospective cohort. Mortality in patients without trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome increased with increasing injury severity, whereas mortality in patients with trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome was the same regardless of injury severity. On multivariable regression analysis, while age and injury severity were independent statistical predictors of mortality, trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome was not (odds ratio, 2.35; 95% CI, 0.88–6.28; p = 0.087).

Conclusions:
Pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome is present in the pediatric trauma population. Trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with eight times the organ dysfunction and five times the mortality compared with patients without trauma-related pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome, yet research in this area is lacking. Further prospective, mechanistic evaluations are essential to understand why these patients are at risk and how to effectively intervene to improve outcomes.