bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sizing-based approach to evaluate hypersonic demonstrators: demonstrator-carrier constraints
Authors: Haley J.G. , McCall T.P. , Maynard I.W. , Chudoba B. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to identify, evaluate, and provide recommendations towards the realisation of near-term hypersonic flight hardware through the consideration of carrier vehicle constraints. The current rush of available funds for hypersonic research cannot cause a program to ignore growth potential for future missions. The prior NB-52 carrier vehicles, famous for the X-15 and X-43A missions, are retired. Next generation hypersonic demonstrator requirements will necessitate a substitution of carrier vehicle capability. Flight vehicle configuration, technology requirements, and recommendations are arrived at by constructing and evaluating a hypersonic technology demonstrator design matrix. This multi-disciplinary parametric sizing investigation of hypersonic vehicle demonstrators focuses on the evaluation of the combined carrier platform, booster, and hypersonic cruiser solution space topography. Promising baseline configurations are evaluated against operational requirements by trading fuel type, endurance cruise time, and payload weight. The multi-disciplinary study results are constrained with carrier payload mass and geometry limitations. The multi-disciplinary results provide physical insights into near-term hypersonic demonstrator payload and cruise time requirements that will stretch the capability of existing carrier aircraft. Any growth in hypersonic research aircraft size or capability will require new carrier vehicle investments.
Akratic Action under the Guise of the Good
Authors: Chislenko Eugene 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMany philosophers have thought that human beings do or pursue only what we see as good. These “guise-of-the-good” views face powerful challenges and counterexamples, such as akratic action, in which we do what we ourselves believe we ought not do. I propose a new way for guise-of-the-good views to address this central counterexample by appealing to conflicting beliefs. I then answer concerns that this appeal is insufficiently explanatory, attributes too much conflict, leaves out an essential asymmetry in action against one’s “better” judgment, attributes systematic error about one’s own beliefs, and is too implausible.
Health impact of the Anthropocene: the complex relationship between gut microbiota, epigenetics, and human health, using obesity as an example
Authors: Torp Austvoll Cecilie , Gallo Valentina , Montag Doreen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe growing prevalence of obesity worldwide poses a public health challenge in the current geological epoch, the Anthropocene. Global changes caused by urbanisation, loss of biodiversity, industrialisation, and land-use are happening alongside microbiota dysbiosis and increasing obesity prevalence. How alterations of the gut microbiota are associated with obesity and the epigenetic mechanism mediating this and other health outcome associations are in the process of being unveiled. Epigenetics is emerging as a key mechanism mediating the interaction between human body and the environment in producing disease. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a role in obesity as it contributes to different mechanisms, such as metabolism, body weight and composition, inflammatory responses, insulin signalling, and energy extraction from food. Consistently, obese people tend to have a different epigenetic profile compared to non-obese. However, evidence is usually scattered and there is a growing need for a structured framework to conceptualise this complexity and to help shaping complex solutions. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyse the observed associations between the alterations of microbiota and health outcomes and the role of epigenetic mechanisms underlying them using obesity as an example, in the current context of global changes within the Anthropocene.
Using a Systematic Review to Explore Single-Subject Design Use Within Special Education Over Time
Authors: Zanuttini Jessica Zoe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhile teachers and researchers of students with disability are commonly interested in individual students and their progress towards individualised goals, traditional approaches to educational research that aim to illustrate generalisation between cause and effect are still commonly used. Traditional approaches, such as group-comparison designs, are used to demonstrate improved performance for the average student; however, they also obscure individual student data. Within special and inclusive education, single-subject designs may provide more appropriate conclusions to particular types of questions than traditional research methods as they allow for the examination of a functional relationship between the dependent and independent variables and rely on the participant serving as their own control. This article provides a summary of the use of single-subject designs within the field of special education over time and the findings of a systematic review conducted according to the PRISMA statement are presented. Through this systematic review, published articles from 7 prominent special education journals that involved intervention for school-aged students with disability were examined. In addition, a sample of exemplar studies that have employed single-subject designs are discussed.
Is it correct to project and detect? How weighting unipartite projections influences community detection
Authors: Cann Tristan J. B. , Weaver Iain S. , Williams Hywel T. P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBipartite networks represent pairwise relationships between nodes belonging to two distinct classes. While established methods exist for analyzing unipartite networks, those for bipartite network analysis are somewhat obscure and relatively less developed. Community detection in such instances is frequently approached by first projecting the network onto a unipartite network, a method where edges between node classes are encoded as edges within one class. Here we test seven different projection schemes by assessing the performance of community detection on both: (i) a real-world dataset from social media and (ii) an ensemble of artificial networks with prescribed community structure. A number of performance and accuracy issues become apparent from the experimental findings, especially in the case of long-tailed degree distributions. Of the methods tested, the “hyperbolic” projection scheme alleviates most of these difficulties and is thus the most robust scheme of those tested. We conclude that any interpretation of community detection algorithm performance on projected networks must be done with care as certain network configurations require strong community preference for the bipartite structure to be reflected in the unipartite communities. Our results have implications for the analysis of detected community structure in projected unipartite networks.
Quantifying late Quaternary Australian rainfall seasonality changes using the Poaceae:Asteraceae pollen ratio
Authors: Herbert Annika V. , Fitchett Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMounting evidence suggests that the Southern Westerly Winds were significantly equatorially displaced and more intense during the last glacial maximum (LGM), prompting deliberate research identifying proxies to reconstruct these changes. This has focused on rainfall seasonality to track changes in major circulation patterns across the southern hemisphere midlatitude regions. Using a common methodology to reconstruct climatic changes aids comparability and makes it easier to draw significant conclusions regarding general circulation movements. We assess the applicability of Coetzee's (1967) Poaceae:Asteraceae pollen ratio, which has been used successfully in South Africa, in the Australian context. The ratio scores from modern samples fail to capture the weak seasonality in the southeast and on Tasmania but is successful for the rest of the continent. The periods of greatest change compared to present day match known periods of distinct climatic events, namely the mid-Holocene (6–7 cal ka BP), the last deglacial period (15–17 cal ka BP), and two periods during the LGM (20–22 and 31–33 cal ka BP), suggesting large parts of Australia experienced a “double peak” of rainfall seasonality change during the LGM. This confirms that the Poaceae:Asteraceae pollen ratio can be used on records outside of South Africa.
High levels of fatty acids inhibit β-casein synthesis through suppression of the JAK2/STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways in mammary epithelial cells of cows with clinical ketosis
Authors: Shu Xin , Fang Zhiyuan , Guan Yuan , Chen Xiying , Loor Juan J. , Jia Hongdou , Dong Jihong , Wang Yazhe , Zuo Rankun , Liu Guowen , Li Xiaobing , Li Xinwei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractKetosis is a metabolic disease of dairy cows often characterized by high concentrations of ketone bodies and fatty acids, but low milk protein and milk production. The Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are central for the regulation of milk protein synthesis. The effect of high levels of fatty acids on these pathways and β-casein synthesis are unknown in dairy cows with clinical ketosis. Mammary gland tissue and blood samples were collected from healthy (n = 15) and clinically-ketotic (n = 15) cows. In addition, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) were treated with fatty acids, methionine (Met) or prolactin (PRL), respectively. In vivo, the serum concentration of fatty acids was greater (P > 0.05) and the percentage of milk protein (P > 0.05) was lower in cows with clinical ketosis. The JAK2-STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways were inhibited and the abundance of β-casein was lower in mammary tissue of cows with clinical ketosis (P > 0.05). In vitro, high levels of fatty acids inhibited the JAK2-STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways (P > 0.05) and further decreased the β-casein synthesis (P > 0.05) in BMEC. Methionine or PRL treatment, as positive regulators, activated the JAK2-STAT5 and mTOR signaling pathways to increase the β-casein synthesis. Importantly, the high concentration of fatty acids attenuated the positive effect of Met or PRL on mTOR, JAK2-STAT5 pathways and the abundance of β-casein (P > 0.05). Overall, these data indicate that the high concentrations of fatty acids that reach the mammary cells during clinical ketosis inhibit mTOR and JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathways, and further suppress β-casein synthesis.
The effect of bleeding on children's haemodynamic indices: an analysis of previous post-tonsillectomy bleeding cases
Authors: Ronen O , Sela E , Degabli L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivePost-surgical bleeding after tonsillectomy occurs in 2–7 per cent of cases. This study examined whether heart rate and haematocrit changes are associated with the amount of bleeding.MethodIn this retrospective analytical study, data were collected from the medical charts of patients admitted with post-surgical bleeding.ResultsOver the course of 10 years, there were 218 cases of post-operative bleeding in children aged under 18 years. There was a significant increase in heart rate after the bleeding had started, and a significant decrease in both haemoglobin and haematocrit levels (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between the differences in haemoglobin and haematocrit and changes in heart rate.ConclusionNo correlation was found between the differences in haemoglobin and haematocrit levels and the changes in heart rate from before the surgery to after the bleeding had started. The monitoring of paediatric patients’ heart rate after tonsillectomy surgery solely for the purpose of predicting acute blood loss is therefore discouraged.
Arachnoid cysts on magnetic resonance imaging: just an incidental finding?
Authors: Li L , Begbie F , Grimmond N , Kontorinis G 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the clinical significance of arachnoid cysts.MethodsThe scans of 6978 patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging of the internal acoustic meatus for unilateral cochleovestibular symptoms were retrospectively reviewed. We identified the scans with arachnoid cysts, and assessed the statistical associations between the laterality, location and size of the arachnoid cyst, the laterality of symptoms, the patients’ age and gender.ResultsIn a total of 37 arachnoid cysts identified in 36 patients (0.5 per cent), no associations were identified between the laterality of symptoms and the laterality of the arachnoid cyst, regardless of its size or location. There were no significant associations between the location of the arachnoid cyst and the age (p = 0.99) or gender of the patient (p = 0.13), or size (p = 0.656) or side of the cyst (p = 0.61). None of the cysts with repeat imaging scans (17 cysts) demonstrated growth.ConclusionOur results suggest that most, if not all, arachnoid cysts are of no clinical significance. Given their indolent behaviour, even serial imaging is not essential.
The number of unknown paradoxes
Authors: Sorensen Roy , Sainsbury Mark 
Published: April 2020

‘A logical theory may be tested by its capacity for dealing with puzzles, and it is a wholesome plan, in thinking about logic, to stock the mind with as many puzzles as possible, since these serve much the same purpose as is served by experiments in physical science’.How many paradoxes are there? By 1920, Bertrand Russell's star student had concluded that there are few or zero paradoxes in philosophy. Most philosophical propositions ‘are not false but nonsensical’.
The Radical Goals of Slave Morality in Nietzsche'sOn the Genealogy of Morality
Authors: Meredith Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper offers a new account of Nietzsche's critique of morality in the first treatise of hisOn the Genealogy of Morality. According to the general view, Nietzsche places political revenge at the center of slave morality: the priest invents slave morality in order to rule the noble. I argue that this view is incomplete, for Nietzsche's deeper critique reveals that the priest's revenge is not purely political but also radically ontological. Ultimately, the priest aims at supplanting not just the noble but also the rule of nature. This reading reveals the priest's attempt to transform the natural order of rank through imagining the human being as subject to the omnipotent God of monotheism, i.e., the “just God.” This interpretation not only broadens our understanding of Nietzsche's critique of morality but also clarifies its purpose, namely, to show us how the demand for morality can blind us to the world's truths.
Coupling law enforcement and community-based regulations in support of compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations
Authors: Atuo Fidelis Akunke , Fu Jun , O’Connell Timothy John , Agida Jonathan Akomaye , Agaldo Jennifer Arubemi 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe scope and scale of wildlife crimes around the world have risen in intensity and complexity, yet current enforcement strategies have often not delivered desired effects on illegal activities, even within protected areas. Tackling the array of illegal activities by emphasizing law enforcement above other options is challenging and potentially unsustainable. We explored the potential for social norms, community regulations and socioeconomic factors to promote compliance with wildlife laws by interviewing 334 respondents in 28 villages that share boundaries with protected areas in Nigeria. Using an anonymous direct questioning approach, we recorded a high prevalence of non-compliance behaviours in all studied communities. Injunctive norms (i.e., perceptions of acceptable behaviour within a social group) significantly predicted compliance, as respondents with no complicit friends or family members were more likely to comply with wildlife regulations. Perceived likelihood of community-level sanctions played a more salient role than the fear of arrest by rangers in influencing compliance. In addition, non-compliance increased with number of dependents, but reduced with average monthly household income. Our study demonstrates that clear knowledge of the social norms that drive local behaviour as well as the authorities that enforce them is integral to understanding the forces that drive community involvement and participation in conservation. Incorporating local communities in planning enforcement interventions may help protect threatened species and landscapes.
Pilot study of milnacipran in panic disorder
Authors: Ansseau M , von Frenckell R , Serre C 
Published: April 2020

SummaryTen outpatients with panic disorder were treated over an 8 week-period with milnacipran, an antidepressant active on both noradrenergic and serotonergic systems, at a dose between 100 and 150 mg/d. Clinical assessments included the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Cottraux Rating Scale for phobias, panic attacks, and generalized anxiety. Results showed very significant improvements in the frequency and intensity of panic attacks and in the level of generalized anxiety. A good or excellent response was noted in 7 patients. Only 3 patients complained of side-effects, mostly of the digestive type. These promising results of milnacipran in panic disorder need to be confirmed in controlled studies.
Biological clocks in depression: phase-shift experiments revisited
Authors: Souêtre E , Salvati E , Candito M , Darcourt G 
Published: April 2020

SummaryFive endogenous depressed patients were asked to participate in a phase-shift experiment consisting of advancing, by 5 hours, the time-schedule of the major external synchronizers such as light/dark cycle, sleep/wake, meal-time and social activity cycles. Clinical and biological parameters (body temperature, plasma cortisol, TSH and norepinephrine (NE) circadian rhythms) were observed throughout this two week period. The circadian rhythms were severely altered in the pre-treatment period, with a significant reduction of amplitude. During the phase shift experiment, the clinical state of the patients improved significantly. Their circadian rhythms were dramatically impaired in the first days of the procedure and were then restored after the first week, with higher amplitude. However, the TSH circadian rhythm remained unentrained by the phase shift leading to an internal desynchronization. Our findings suggest that entrainment of internal clocks by environmental information may be impaired in depression.
Severity of the prisoner of war experience and post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Crocq MA , Hein KD , Duval F , Macher JP 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThis study evaluates the relationship between stress of captivity and subsequent presence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been evaluated in a homogeneous population of 817 Alsatian World War II veterans who were imprisoned in the USSR during and after the war. Data were collected in 1988 by a questionnaire structured to investigate the presence of DSM-III-R criteria for PTSD as well as events experienced in captivity. The presumptive diagnosis of PTSD was found to be significantly associated with longer internment and with higher scores on a severity of POW experience index.
The evaluation of the severity of illness, affective blunting and neuroleptic treatment outcome in schizophrenic subgroups
Authors: Jarema M , Kacperczyk J 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn 61 schizophrenic patients divided into subgroups according to DSM III-R, positive/negative symptoms and Leonhard's classification of systematic and non-systematic schizophrenia, the severity of illness (BPRS) and affective blunting (MARS and RSEB scales) were measured before and after neuroleptic therapy. The evaluation of affective blunting with the use of RSEB revealed more significant differences within schizophrenic subgroups than with the use of MARS. The severity of illness did not differentiate the subgroups studied. The affective blunting was more severe in patients with systematic than with non-systematic schizophrenia as well as in mixed and negative than in positive schizophrenia. The severity of illness correlated however with the severity of affective blunting. Clinical improvement after neuroleptic treatment was more favorable in patients with positive schizophrenia. The diminution of affective blunting after neuroleptic therapy varied among the subgroups.
Midline anomalies and organic psychosis: congenital or degenerative? A cross-sectional study of 62 patients with Andermann syndrome
Authors: Filteau MJ , Pourcher E , Bouchard RH , Baruch P , Mathieu J , Bédard F , Simard N , Vincent P 
Published: April 2020

Brain alterations have been sought since the beginning of the century to explain the ‘dementia’ of dementia præcox. Kraepelin suggested in 1913 that it might have its internal origins in early childhood, while Southard (1915) considered likely a congenital or early acquired basis for the development of the disease. Afterwards, degenerative processes were described for decades until neurodevelopmental theories emerged recently (Lewis, 1988).Using pneumoencephalography, Jacobi and Winkler (1927) first reported that some patients with schizophrenia presented enlarged ventricles. Johnstone et al (1976, 1978), in CT-scan studies, observed an increase in mean lateral ventricular size in a group of institutionalized schizophrenic patients. This finding has been replicated by other studies (Weinberger et al, 1983) but challenged by others (Gluck et al, 1980; Jernigan et al, 1982).
Social skills training as a way of improving quality of life among chronic mentally ill patients: presentation of a theoretical model
Authors: Chambon O , Eckman T , Trinh A , Liberman RP , Marie-Cardine M 
Published: April 2020

SummarySocial skill training is aimed at not only preventing rehospitalization of chronic psychiatric patients by maintaining them in the community, but also to help patients have a good quality of life. We address the question of how social skill training could improve the quality of life of chronic mentally ill patients. A theoretical model, including environmental as well as individual considerations, indicates which psychological factors could be both targets of social skill training interventions and determinatives of patients subjective quality of life. The clinical and research implications of this theoretical model are discussed.
The role of maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy in the etiology of schizophrenia in offspring
Authors: Stöber G , Franzek E , Beckmann H 
Published: April 2020

SummaryIn 55 chronic schizophrenics, the occurrence of infectious diseases during their mothers’ pregnancies was investigated. Different psychiatric diagnostic systems were compared. Infections were reported by the mothers of familial and sporadic DSM III-R schizophrenics in equal proportion. However, applying Leonhard's classification, the frequency of infections was found to be significantly increased in ‘systematic’ schizophrenia (mainly exogenously induced in the view of Leonhard) compared to ‘unsystematic’ schizophrenia (mainly genetically determined according to Leonhard's findings). Most of the infections occurred during the second trimester (nine out of 13). Thus, in the ‘systematic’ forms of schizophrenia (low genetic loading), maternal infections in this crucial period of neurodevelopmenl would appear to be important causative factors in the cytoarchitectural deviance delected in the central nervous system of schizophrenics.