bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomimetic Superlyophobic Metallic Surfaces: Focusing on Their Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Lian Zhongxu , Xu Jinkai , Wang Zuobin , Yu Huadong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMetals are indispensable engineered materials for day-to-day life. Researches focused on metallic surfaces with superlyophobicity (superhydrophobicity, superoleophobicity, underwater superoleophobicity and slippery characteristic) have attracted much attention recently. Nature is a magician that gives each organic life a unique advantage. Researchers have created a large number of biomimetic superlyophobic metallic surfaces through various approaches. These biomimetic superlyophobic metallic surfaces exhibit advantages in many applications, such as self-cleaning, corrosion resistance, anti-icing, and drag reduction. In this review, the specific fabrication and applications of biomimetic superlyophobic metallic surfaces were reported. The remaining challenges and future outlook of biomimetic superlyophobic metallic surfaces were preliminarily analyzed. It is hoped that the review will be essential for broadening the scope of potential applications of metals and providing a powerful reference for future research on metal-based advanced functional materials.
Consistent ice and open water classification combining historical synthetic aperture radar satellite images from ERS-1/2, Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1A/B
Authors: Johansson A. Malin , Malnes Eirik , Gerland Sebastian , Cristea Anca , Doulgeris Anthony P. , Divine Dmitry V. , Pavlova Olga , Lauknes Tom Rune 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSynthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite images are used to monitor Arctic sea ice, with systematic data records dating back to 1991. We propose a semi-supervised classification method that separates open water from sea ice and can utilise ERS-1/2, Envisat ASAR, RADARSAT-2 and Sentinel-1 SAR images. The classification combines automatic segmentation with a manual segment selection stage. The segmentation algorithm requires only the backscatter intensities and incidence angle values as input, therefore can be used to establish a consistent decadal sea ice record. In this study we investigate the sea ice conditions in two Svalbard fjords, Kongsfjorden and Rijpfjorden. Both fjords have a seasonal ice cover, though Rijpfjorden has a longer sea ice season. The satellite image dataset has weekly to daily records from 2002 until now, and less frequent records between 1991 and 2002. Time overlap between different sensors is investigated to ensure consistency in the reported sea ice cover. The classification results have been compared to high-resolution SAR data as well as in-situ measurements and sea ice maps from Ny-Ålesund. For both fjords the length of the sea ice season has shortened since 2002 and for Kongsfjorden the maximum sea ice coverage is significantly lower after 2006.
Income growth is unlikely to help, but we can learn from international comparisons
Authors: KAPTEYN ARIE 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe paper by Paul Frijters, Andrew E. Clark, Christian Krekel and Richard Layard is a timely attempt to move subjective wellbeing (SWB) to the center of policy attention. I am essentially making three points. First of all, for this enterprise to be successful, one needs to have very solid evidence on what improves SWB and what does not. If policies are proposed that turn out not to improve SWB (or do so far less than expected), then the enterprise of making SWB the centerpiece of policy may be discredited before it has begun in earnest. As an example of this concern, my second point is that raising the incomes of all may have very disappointing effects on measured SWB. My third point is that at the current state of knowledge, the most fertile ground for learning about what works is to exploit international comparisons of policies and how these affect a nation's SWB.
Wellbeing measures of mortality risks: life-cycle contradictions and ordinal index challenges
Authors: VISCUSI W. KIP 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe value of a statistical life (VSL) monetizes the expected loss in wellbeing associated with the risk of death. The utility loss resulting from a fatality is central to the empirical framework for estimating the VSL. The VSL trajectory over the life cycle exhibits an inverted-U shape, following a trajectory similar to that of lifetime patterns of consumption. The U-shaped pattern displayed by happiness measures over the life cycle is the opposite of the inverted-U shape pattern displayed by the VSL. It is consequently inappropriate to use happiness measures as ordinal ranking substitutes for the VSL for the purposes of estimating the benefits of mortality risk reduction. Compared to ordinal wellbeing scales, the VSL also offers a variety of additional capabilities by providing a cardinal index of the unit benefits for changes in mortality risks.
Rehabilitating an Empire: Humanitarian Collusion with the Colonial State during the Kenyan Emergency, ca. 1954–1960
Authors: Baughan Emily 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring the Kenyan Emergency of 1952–1960, one of the most violent episodes in the history of the British Empire, humanitarian organizations colluded with the colonial state to shore up British power. This article examines how aid agencies that claimed to exemplify the progressive internationalism of the postwar period participated in colonial violence. Far from condemning the brutality of the imprisonment and torture during the Kenyan Emergency, aid organizations were deeply implicated in parallel projects for women and children that sought to achieve the same objectives: the remaking of Kikuyu hearts and minds and the weakening of anticolonial resistance. Far from acting as a check on colonial violence in an era of burgeoning rights discourses in 1950s Kenya, self-proclaimed “impartial” internationalist organizations, while claiming to uphold values of universal humanity, worked as auxiliaries to the colonial counterinsurgency. Taking their cue from military counterinsurgency in 1950s Malaya, humanitarians sought to win “hearts and minds” and undertook material provision for imprisoned anticolonial activists and their families on behalf of the colonial state. They did so by importing new humanitarian expertise developed in wartime Europe and adapting it to fit within racist, colonial norms. In providing this allegedly impartial expertise, humanitarian organizations lent credence to the myth that rehabilitation in Kenya was a progressive program enacted by a liberal empire to modernize its subjects, rather than a ruthless attempt to stymie anticolonial resistance by any means necessary. In this case, postwar humanitarian internationalism did not challenge colonial brutality but enabled it.
The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria
Authors: Taylor Miles 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe past year, 2019, was the bicentenary of the birth of Queen Victoria. Since 2001, the centenary of her death, much has changed in the scholarship about the British queen. Her own journals and correspondence are more available for researchers. European monarchies are now being taken seriously as historical topics. There is also less agreement about the Victorian era as a distinct period of study, leaving Victoria's own relationship with the era she eponymizes less certain. With these changing perspectives in mind, this article looks at six recent books about Victoria (four biographies, one study of royal matchmaking, and one edited volume) in order to reassess her reign. The article is focused on three themes: Queen Victoria as a female monarch, her role in building a dynastic empire, and her prerogative—how she influenced the politics of church and state. The article concludes by warning that biography is not the medium best suited for taking advantage of all the new historical contexts for understanding Queen Victoria's life.
Ordovician turbidites and black shales of Bennett Island (De Long Islands, Russian Arctic), and their significance for Arctic correlations and palaeogeography
Authors: Danukalova Maria K. , Kuzmichev Alexander B. , Sennikov Nikolai V. , Tolmacheva Tatiana Yu. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBennett Island stands alone in a remote part of the Arctic and information on its geology is essential to ascertain relations with other terranes in order to restore the early Palaeozoic Arctic palaeogeography. Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks throughout the island were studied thoroughly for the first time. The Ordovician section (> 1.1 km thick) comprises three units: Tremadocian, lowest Floian black shale (130–140 m); Floian, lower Dapingian carbonate turbidite (> 250 m); and Dapingian, lower Darriwilian siliciclastic turbidite (> 730 m). Ordovician deposits conformably overlie Cambrian rocks deposited within the Siberian shelf, as shown earlier. Most of the Ordovician succession was formed in a deep trough that received carbonate debris from a nearby carbonate platform and silicate material from a distant landmass located to the NE (present coordinates). The Bennett Island Ordovician rocks have much in common with those of both the Central and Northern Taimyr belts. It could be tentatively suggested that both belts merged at their eastern continuation in the vicinity of De Long Islands. The whole system probably extends further eastwards. The Ordovician facies patterns and faunal assemblages in the New Siberian Islands are notably similar to those of northwestern Alaska, where the same lateral transition from turbidites to shelf limestones was reported.
Gender inequality and sexual height dimorphism in Chile
Authors: Castellucci Héctor , Viviani Carlos , Boccardo Giorgio , Arezes Pedro , Bartsch Ángelo , Martínez Marta , Aparici Verónica , Molenbroek Johan F.M. , Bragança Sara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChile has experienced significant improvements in its economy; thus, a secular trend in height has been observed in its population. Gender equality has also improved hand in hand with active policies addressing the gender gap in several dimensions (work, education, health) and overall economic improvement. This study examined changes in sexual height dimorphism in four samples of Chilean male and female working-age subjects and attempted to establish associations with gender equality and welfare. Sexual height dimorphism was calculated and compared with gender equality and overall welfare indicators between 1955 and 1995. Sexual height dimorphism reduction was seen to be strongly associated with greater gender equality and some general welfare indicators, such as the infant mortality rate. Gross domestic productper capitawas not associated with sexual height dimorphism, but it showed significant associations with gender equality indicators. Overall, the gender gap has been reduced in Chile, which can be observed through improvements in gender equality indicators and a reduction in height dimorphism, mainly in areas associated with women’s health. However, gender equality is still far behind in terms of female labour participation and women in political power, which require attention and further improvements.
Technological properties of indigenous Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from Lait caillé, a spontaneous fermented milk from Burkina Faso
Authors: Bayili Geoffroy Romaric , Johansen Pernille Greve , Hougaard Anni Bygvrå , Diawara Bréhima , Ouedraogo Georges Anicet , Jespersen Lene , Sawadogo-Lingani Hagretou 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe experiments reported in this research paper aimed to determine the technological properties of indigenous Lactococcus lactis strains isolated from Lait caillé, a spontaneous fermented milk, from the perspective of starter culture development. Fermentations were conducted to determine the acidification patterns. The ropy character, growth in 0.04 g/ml NaCl and citrate metabolism were additionally tested. Furthermore, the rheological properties of samples from selected strains and the impact of cold storage were evaluated. Based on the rate of acidification, the indigenous strains were divided into 2 groups depending on their fermentation time, i.e. 10–13 h (fast acidifier), and up to 72 h (slow acidifier), respectively. The physiological tests suggested that most of these strains produced exopolysaccharides but none could ferment citrate. The flow properties of the samples inoculated by the fast acidifier strains showed a time-dependent shear thinning behaviour, while their viscoelastic properties corresponded structurally to those of weak gels. Cold storage decreased the viscosity and CFU counts for most of the indigenous strains tested. This study is a step towards the definition of starter cultures for African spontaneous fermented milks such as Lait caillé.
E-commerce promotes trade in invasive turtles in China
Authors: Liu Sha , Newman Chris , Buesching Christina D. , Macdonald David W. , Zhang Yu , Zhang Kai-Jie , Li Feng , Zhou Zhao-Min 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFreshwater habitats in China are potentially suitable for invasive alien turtle species and, consequently, raising turtles in aquaculture facilities and the trade in turtles this supplies pose risks to habitats and native wetland communities when exotic turtles escape or are released deliberately. Online trade (e-commerce) is making an increasing contribution to turtle sales in China, seemingly driving demand and thus potentially exacerbating the risk of release. We document the scale and spatial pattern of online sales of non-native turtles over 90 days on China's Taobao.com e-commerce site. The majority of sales were in the ecologically sensitive middle and lower Yangtze river basin (82.35% of > 840,000 slider turtles Trachemys scripta elegans, and 68.26% of > 100,000 snapping turtles, Chelydridae spp.). These species are native to the Americas. Concurrently, over 2008–2018, we found 104 mentions of feral turtle issues listed on Baidu News where, among the 53 prefectures mentioned, issues with invasive turtle populations also focused predominantly in the middle and lower Yangtze river basin. Although circumstantial, this association suggests that the substantial online sale of alien turtles could be having detrimental effects in China's Yangtze river basin. It is important to safeguard these wetland habitats, which are of global importance, by improving policies for detecting and regulating invasive alien turtle issues and by warning consumers about the ecological hazard of their purchases.
Closing the cycle of innovation in healthcare in Europe
Authors: Hulstaert Frank , Ruether Alric , Demotes Jacques , Melien Øyvind 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPragmatic or practice-oriented comparative effectiveness trials may be conducted to fill the evidence gaps that are revealed after the private sector has performed the trials needed for bringing their product to the market. A tool of increasing importance to identify such evidence gaps is resulting from health technology assessments (HTA) whereby the data derived from clinical research are examined in a systematic manner with reference to effect, safety, as well as additional parameters. Practice-oriented trials are informative for healthcare decision makers, practice-changing and may even be cost-saving for the healthcare payers. There are however only a limited number of funding sources for such trials. Public and private healthcare payers should stimulate the conduct of practice-oriented trials in their effort to maximize patient benefit within the limitation of the available resources. Pragmatic randomized trials can be performed at low cost when based on existing coded electronic health records and as well health registries. Public health decision makers are increasingly taking advantage of results from health technology assessments to support priority setting. In accordance with this it would appear reasonable that decision makers should get more involved in priority setting and funding also in the field of clinical research in order to provide further evidence needed for assessments, reassessments, and subsequent qualified decisions and resource allocations in health care. A closer dialogue and collaboration between the clinical research and HTA communities would facilitate a more efficient utilization of such opportunities.
Såli (Micronesian starling –Aplonis opaca) as a key seed dispersal agent across a tropical archipelago
Authors: Pollock Henry S. , Fricke Evan C. , Rehm Evan M. , Kastner Martin , Suckow Nicole , Savidge Julie A. , Rogers Haldre S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeed dispersal is an important ecological process that structures plant communities and influences ecosystem functioning. Loss of animal dispersers therefore poses a serious threat to forest ecosystems, particularly in the tropics where zoochory predominates. A prominent example is the near-total extinction of seed dispersers on the tropical island of Guam following the accidental introduction of the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis), negatively impacting seedling recruitment and forest regeneration. We investigated frugivory by a remnant population of Såli (Micronesian starling –Aplonis opaca) on Guam and two other island populations (Rota, Saipan) to evaluate their ecological role as a seed disperser in the Mariana archipelago. Using a combination of behavioural observations, nest contents and fecal samples, we documented frugivory of 37 plant species. Native plants comprised the majority (66%) of all species and 90% of all seeds identified in fecal and nest contents. Diet was highly similar across age classes and sampling years. In addition, plant species consumed by Såli comprised 88% of bird-dispersed adult trees and 54% of all adult trees in long-term forest monitoring plots, demonstrating the Såli’s broad diet and potential for restoring native forests. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive assessment to date of frugivory by the Såli and confirm its importance as a seed disperser on Guam and throughout the Marianas.
Greater tree community structure complexity in sacred forest compared to reserve forest land tenure systems in eastern India
Authors: Rath Subhani , Banerjee Subham , John Robert 
Published: January 2020

SummarySacred forests are small patches of forest that are preserved and protected from human exploitation. Although they are identified primarily for spiritual or religious purposes, their contribution to biodiversity conservation has been widely debated. Sacred sites are known to harbour greater biodiversity compared to exploited forests, but the patterns are not well known. We studied tree diversity in a remote forested location in eastern India where sacred forests and reserve forests used by people are present. Tree data from eight sacred forest sites and nine reserve forest sites showed that species richness was significantly greater in sacred forests; species diversity and evenness tended to be greater, but these were not statistically significant. Basal area (a measure of aboveground biomass) was significantly greater, mainly due to the greater density of large trees. There were significant departures from the theoretical expectation of stem size density distributions under pure asymmetric competition for both land tenures, which indicated that extraneous mortality increased death rates of large trees under both regimes, but sacred forests had a greater range of stem sizes. Our results suggest that sacred forests can contribute to biodiversity conservation by preserving greater tree diversity than forests subject to human use.
The Political Philosophy of Henry Sidgwick
Authors: Miller David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhy has Sidgwick's political philosophy fallen into oblivion while his ethics continues to be celebrated? Not because his performance in that field was inferior, nor because his choice of topics has become outdated, nor because his conclusions were largely conservative. Instead the problem stems from the weight he attached to common sentiments and beliefs in his application of the utility principle, illustrated by his treatment of topics such as secession and colonialism. Moreover hisElements of Politicsis arranged in such a way that he never has to confront the basic question of what makes states legitimate. This means that neither political moralists, who want to see the utility principle applied in more radical fashion, nor political realists, for whom the problem of establishing political order is central, find much to commend in his political philosophy.
China's Trade‐Off Between Economic Benefits and Sulfur Dioxide Emissions in Changing Global Trade
Authors: Wang Feng , Li Yongyuan , Zhang Wei , He Pan , Jiang Ling , Cai Beiming , Zhang Jing , Zhang Pengyan , Pan Haoran , Jiang Hongqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChina has been suffering from air quality degradation since its ascension into the World Trade Organization in 2001. The unequal exchange that occurs with international trade—that is, developed countries obtaining larger shares of trade‐related value added relative to the shares of trade‐related air pollution incurred locally—may obstruct the greening of global supply chains. In this study, we conduct a multi‐regional input‐output analysis to examine the change in the distribution of economic benefits and sulfur dioxide emissions underlying China's international trade from 2002 to 2015. The results show that both net trade‐related economic benefits and SO2 emissions in China rapidly increased from 2002 to 2007 and then decelerated after 2007 due to changes in China's green development strategy. In the past 13 years, China has suffered from economic‐environmental inequality due to trade with most developed countries, for example, the United States, the European Union, East Asia, and Canada. East Asia, particularly Japan and South Korea, became both an economic and environmental winner while trading with China in 2015. China has also outsourced emissions to less developed regions, such as Sub‐Saharan Africa. We propose policy implications to further reduce the economic‐environmental inequality underlying China's international trade.
Climate Assessment Moves Local
Authors: Holmes K. J. , Wender B. A. , Weisenmiller R. , Doughman P. , Kerxhalli‐Kleinfield M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractState and local governments, businesses, community organizations, and the general public are taking an increasingly significant role in climate impact assessment. Driven by impacts to constituents and customers and threats to human health, essential services, and property values, local organizations are on the front lines of responding to climate change. National and international efforts such as the U.S. National Climate Assessment and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change provide fundamental scientific understanding as well as methods and modeling tools. Subnational climate assessments can build on this foundation and tailor models and analyses to specific local or decision contexts. However, subnational climate assessment and adaptation presents new scientific and research challenges, such as those related to downscaling climate models, simulating extreme events, and understanding local values and institutional practices. As state, local, and sectoral assessments become more common across the nation, there is a critical opportunity to share learnings and identify challenges and pitfalls. Building off a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine activity focusing exclusively on subnational climate assessment, we consider the methods and results from a variety of examples to synthesize findings about current practices and the future of subnational climate assessment.