bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Whistler Heat Flux and Anisotropy Instabilities in Solar Wind
Authors: Sarfraz M. , Yoon P. H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhistler heat flux and electron temperature anisotropy instabilities are spontaneously generated in the expanding solar wind. The present study investigates the interplay between the two unstable modes and how each contributes to the dynamical evolution of macroscopic quantities. Whistler heat flux instability is excited in the forward direction along the heat flow, whereas anisotropy instability propagates in both backward and forward directions. Velocity moment‐based quasi‐linear theory is employed in order to investigate the saturation behavior of these instabilities, and it is shown that under certain conditions, the forward propagating whistler heat flux instability dominates, while for other conditions, especially when the temperature anisotropies are sufficiently high, it is shown that the backward mode may also contribute to the dynamical process, and even dominate. These saturation behaviors cannot be predicted by linear growth rate alone and that they imply that in the global‐kinetic models of the solar wind, bidirectional nature of these instabilities must be carefully taken into account.
Reactions of the Middle Atmosphere Circulation and Stationary Planetary Waves on the Solar Activity Effects in the Thermosphere
Authors: Koval A.V. , Gavrilov N.M. , Pogoreltsev A.I. , Shevchuk N.O. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUsing numerical simulations of the general atmospheric circulation during boreal winter, statistically confident evidences are obtained for the first time, demonstrating that changes in the solar activity (SA) in the thermosphere at heights above 100 km can influence propagation and reflection conditions for stationary planetary waves (SPWs) and can modify the middle atmosphere circulation below 100 km. A numerical mechanistic model simulating atmospheric circulation and SPWs at heights 0–300 km is used. To achieve sufficient statistical confidence, 80 pairs of 15‐day intervals were extracted from an ensemble of 16 pairs of model runs corresponding to low and high SA. Results averaged over these intervals show that impacts of SA above 100 km change the mean zonal wind and temperature up to 10% at altitudes below 100 km. The statistically confident changes in SPW amplitudes due to SA impacts above 100 km reach up to 50% in the thermosphere and 10–15% in the middle atmosphere depending on zonal wavenumber. Changes in wave amplitudes correspond to variations of the Eliassen‐Palm flux and may alter dynamical and thermal SPW impacts on the mean wind and temperature. Thus, variable conditions of SPW propagation and reflection at thermospheric altitudes may influence the middle atmosphere circulation, thermal structure, and planetary waves.
High‐density O+ in Earth's outer magnetosphere and its effect on dayside magnetopause magnetic reconnection
Authors: Fuselier S. A. , Mukherjee J. , Denton M. H. , Petrinec S. M. , Trattner K. J. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , André M. , Aunai N. , Chappell C. R. , Glocer A. , Haaland S. , Hesse M. , Kistler L. M. , Lavraud B. , Li W. Y. , Moore T. E. , Graham D. , Tenfjord P. , Dargent J. , Vines S. K. , Strangeway R. J. , Burch J. L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe warm plasma cloak is a source of magnetospheric plasma that contain significant O+. When the O+ density in the magnetosphere near the magnetopause is >0.2 cm‐3 and the H+ density is <1.5 cm‐3, then O+ dominates the magnetospheric ion mass density by more than a factor of 2. A survey is conducted of such O+‐rich warm plasma cloak intervals and their effect on reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. The survey uses data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) and the results are compared and combined with a previous survey of the warm plasma cloak. Overall, the warm plasma cloak and the O+‐rich warm plasma cloak reduce the magnetopause reconnection rate by >20% due to mass‐loading only about 2% to 4% of the time. However, during geomagnetic storms, O+ dominates the mass density of the warm plasma cloak and these mass densities are very high. Therefore, a separate study is conducted to determine the effect of the warm plasma cloak on magnetopause reconnection during geomagnetically disturbed times. This study shows that the warm plasma cloak reduces the reconnection rate significantly about 25% of the time during disturbed conditions.
Global Survey and Empirical Model of Fast Magnetosonic Waves Over Their Full Frequency Range in Earth's Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Ma Q. , Li W. , Bortnik J. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe investigate the global distribution and provide empirical models of fast magnetosonic waves using the combined observations by the magnetometer and waveform receiver on board Van Allen Probes. The magnetometer measurements of magnetosonic waves indicate a significant wave power within the frequency range from the helium gyrofrequency to 20 Hz at L ≥ 4 in the afternoon sector, both inside and outside the plasmapause. The waveform receiver measurements indicate a significant wave power from 20 Hz to the lower hybrid resonance frequency at L ≤ 5.5 near the dayside outside the plasmapause or in the afternoon sector inside the plasmapause. The sum of the wave powers from the two instruments provides the wave power distribution over the complete frequency range. The most significant root‐mean‐square wave amplitude of magnetosonic waves is typically 100–200 pT inside or outside the plasmapause with a magnetic local time coverage of 30–50% during geomagnetically active times when AE* > 500 nT. The magnetosonic wave frequency increases with decreasing L shell following the trend of the proton gyrofrequency outside the plasmapause, indicating a close relation with the local wave generation. Inside the plasmapause, the dependence of wave frequency on L shell is weaker, and the wave frequency is more stable across L shells, indicating the wave propagation effects from the source located at higher L shells. We have performed polynomial fits of the global magnetosonic wave distribution and wave frequency spectra, which are useful in future radiation belt simulations.
Introduction to Special Issue on “Long‐Term Changes and Trends in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere”
Authors: Yue Jia , Li Tao , Qian Liying , Lastovicka Jan , Zhang Shunrong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis special issue reports the latest results on long‐term variations and trends in the middle and upper atmosphere, in particular, in the mesosphere and thermosphere. The issue is based on selected papers from the 10th IAGA/ICMA/SCOSTEP workshop on Long‐term changes and trends in the atmosphere, held in Hefei, China, 14–18 May 2018. This introduction highlights recent progress in key science areas of long‐term changes in the upper atmosphere.
Buoyancy Waves in Earth's Nightside Magnetosphere: Normal‐Mode Oscillations of Thin Filaments
Authors: Toffoletto F. R. , Wolf R. A. , Schutza A. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe derive a coupled pair of differential equations that describe linear oscillations of a thin magnetic filament that slides without friction through a stationary medium that is in equilibrium. Background field lines are assumed to be in the xz plane, and filament motion is confined to that plane. Sample eigenfunctions and eigenfrequencies are computed for a numerical equilibrium that approximately represents the average magnetosphere but departs from exact equilibrium due to finite grid spacing and other numerical inaccuracy. The most important result of the calculation is the value of the eigenfrequency of the lowest even mode for filaments that cross the equatorial plane at y = 0 and −18 < x < −2 RE. The characteristics of the lowest even mode depend on geocentric distances of the field line. For field lines that extend out in the plasma sheet, that mode is characterized as a buoyancy wave but, for the inner magnetosphere, it is best characterized as a long‐wavelength slow mode.
Long‐Term Trend of Topside Ionospheric Electron Density Derived From DMSP Data During 1995–2017
Authors: Cai Yihui , Yue Xinan , Wang Wenbin , Zhang Shunrong , Liu Libo , Liu Huixin , Wan Weixing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, significant efforts have been made to characterize and understand the global pattern of ionospheric long‐term trend. However, little attention has been paid to the topside ionosphere trend. In this study, the unique in situ data measured by series Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites were utilized to derive the long‐term trend of the topside ionosphere for the first time. We checked carefully data quality, gap, and consistency between different satellites for both electron density and ion temperature, and compared the techniques of artificial neuron network (ANN) and multiple linear regression methods for deriving the trend. The electron density (Ne) trend in the middle and low latitudes at ~860 km around 18 MLT was derived using the ANN method from 1995–2017. The trend from DMSP observations has a mean magnitude ranging from ~ − 2% to ~2% per decade, with clear seasonal, latitude and longitude variations. The derived trend was evaluated by directly comparing with the simulated trend at 500 km from the NCAR‐TIEGCM driven by realistic changes of CO2 level and geomagnetic field. The observed and simulated trends have similar geographic distribution patterns at 18 MLT. The good agreement between the observed trend around 860 km and the simulated trend near 500 km implies that the physical processes controlling the Ne trends above the peak height might be identical. Further control simulations show that the geomagnetic field secular variation is the dominant factor of the electron density trend at around 500 km, rather than the CO2 long‐term enhancement.
A Global Perspective on Firefly Extinction Threats
Authors: Lewis Sara M , Wong Choong Hay , Owens Avalon C S , Fallon Candace , Jepsen Sarina , Thancharoen Anchana , Wu Chiahsiung , De Cock Raphael , Novák Martin , López-Palafox Tania , Khoo Veronica , Reed J Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInsect declines and their drivers have attracted considerable recent attention. Fireflies and glowworms are iconic insects whose conspicuous bioluminescent courtship displays carry unique cultural significance, giving them economic value as ecotourist attractions. Despite evidence of declines, a comprehensive review of the conservation status and threats facing the approximately 2000 firefly species worldwide is lacking. We conducted a survey of experts from diverse geographic regions to identify the most prominent perceived threats to firefly population and species persistence. Habitat loss, light pollution, and pesticide use were regarded as the most serious threats, although rankings differed substantially across regions. Our survey results accompany a comprehensive review of current evidence concerning the impact of these stressors on firefly populations. We also discuss risk factors likely to increase the vulnerability of certain species to particular threats. Finally, we highlight the need to establish monitoring programs to track long-term population trends for at-risk firefly taxa.
Topography of the pain in classical trigeminal neuralgia: insights into somatotopic organization
Authors: Sindou Marc , Brinzeu Andrei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTrigeminal neuralgia is defined by its clinical characteristics of paroxysmal unilateral facial pain in a well-defined territory. Distribution of the pain may be in one or several of the cutaneous and/or mucous territories of the three divisions with V2 pain being the most frequent territory followed by V3 and V1. Factors determining the distribution of pain have not yet been systematically investigated. It is now well recognized that vascular compression factor is a predominant aetiology of classical trigeminal neuralgia. In this study we aimed to find whether there is a relation between the location of the vascular compression and the peripheral distribution of the pain. Patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia in whom microvascular decompression was performed were included. Data recorded pertained to the nature of the conflict, its degree and, most importantly, location around the root: supero-median, supero-lateral or inferior. Equally, clinical data for the distribution of pain were recorded. Most of the patients 318 (89.3%) had the compression coming from above, i.e. 220 (61.7%) had compression from a supero-medial direction and 98 (27.5%) from a supero-lateral direction; inferior compression was present in 38 patients (10.7%). Distribution of the pain was significantly different according to the location of the conflict (P = 0.0005, Fisher Exact test). Odds ratios were computed for each location of compression and painful territory involved. According to the overall distribution of pain, patients with supero-medial compression had an odds ratio of 2.7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.66–4.41] of manifesting with V1 pain. Conversely V3 pain was less likely to occur with supero-median compression than the other types of pain (odds ratio 0.53, 95% CI 0.34–0.83). Inferior compression on the other hand was more likely to manifest with V3 pain with an odds ratio of 2.56 (95% CI 1.21–5.45). Overall V2 pain had an odds ratio close to 1 regardless of the type of compression. These findings suggest an association between the location of the neurovascular conflict with its resulting insult and the distribution of pain supporting a somatotopic view of the organization of the trigeminal root and a role of the conflict in the clinical manifestation of trigeminal neuralgia.
Individual-Level Identification of Gene Expression Associated with Volume Differences among Neocortical Areas
Authors: Fu Jilian , Liu Feng , Qin Wen , Xu Qiang , Yu Chunshui ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The human cerebral cortex is the source of many complex behaviors and is a vulnerable target of various neuropsychiatric disorders, but transcriptional profiles linked to cerebral cortical volume (CCV) differences across brain areas remain unknown. Here, we screened CCV-related genes using an across-sample spatial correlation analysis in 6 postmortem brains and then individually validated these correlations in 1091 subjects with different ages and ethnicities. We identified 62 genes whose transcriptional profiles were repeatedly associated with CCV in more than 90% of individuals. CCV-related genes were specifically expressed in neurons and in developmental periods from middle childhood to young adulthood, were enriched in ion channels and developmental processes, and showed significant overlap with genes linked to brain functional activity and mental disorders. The identified genes represent the conserved transcriptional architecture of the human cerebral cortex, suggesting a link between conserved gene transcription and neocortical structural properties.
Immunomodulatory Effect of Urine-derived Stem Cells on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases via Downregulating Th1/Th17 Immune Responses in a PGE2-dependent Manner
Authors: Zhou Chi , Wu Xian-Rui , Liu Hua-Shan , Liu Xuan-Hui , Liu Gui-Hua , Zheng Xiao-Bin , Hu Tuo , Liang Zhen-Xing , He Xiao-Wen , Wu Xiao-Jian , Smith Leona C , Zhang Yuanyuan , Lan Ping 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground and AimsDespite the therapeutic promise of stem cell therapy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD], most donor cell populations have to be obtained via invasive approaches and often remain insufficiently validated. Urine-derived stem cells [USC] were recently shown to have regenerative properties and can be harvested in a safe, low-cost, and noninvasive way. This study aims to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of USC and their efficacy in the management of IBD.MethodsHuman USC were isolated and expanded from the urine of healthy male adult volunteers [n = 3, age range 24–30 years]. USC were characterised by cell surface marker expression profile and multipotent differentiation. The in vitro immunomodulatory effect of USC was evaluated by co-culturing with human CD4+ T cells upon stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin [PHA]. The proliferation of CD4+ T was measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting [FACS]. Cytokine array and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] were applied to examine cytokine levels. In vivo therapeutic value of USC was assessed using a murine colitis model induced by dextran sulphate sodium [DSS] or 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid [TNBS]. The immunomodulatory effect of USC and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells [BMSC] was compared when co-cultured with CD4+ T cells. The therapeutic efficacy of USC and BMSC on IBD was compared when administered in an acute DSS model in vivo.ResultsUSC were positive for mesenchymal stem cell markers but were negative for haematopoietic stem cell markers. These cells differentiated into osteo-, adipo-, and chondrogenic cell lineages. Similar to BMSC, the proliferation of CD4+ T cells was significantly inhibited when co-cultured with USC, as a consequence of Th1/Th17 immune response inhibition. Systemic administration of USC significantly ameliorated the clinical and histopathological severity of colitis and increased the survival rate in both acute and chronic murine colitis models. Moreover, implantation of USC led to downregulation of the Th1/Th17 immune responses in a PGE2-dependent manner.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that implantation of USC reduces inflammation in an IBD rodent model via downregulation of Th1/Th17 immune responses, indicating that USC therapy serves as a potential cell-based therapeutic candidate treatment for IBD.
Inequalities in participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes: a systematic review
Authors: Mosquera Isabel , Mendizabal Nere , Martín Unai , Bacigalupe Amaia , Aldasoro Elena , Portillo Isabel ,   from the Desberdinak Group
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem due to its incidence and mortality. Screening programmes help decrease its impact on the population through early detection. However, the uneven distribution of social determinants of health can cause inequalities. The aim of this study is to identify the social inequalities in the participation in CRC screening programmes.

Methods
A systematic review of the literature was carried out, searching in both health and social databases for papers published since 2000 in English, Spanish, Portuguese and French. The search strategies combined terms regarding screening, CRC, participation and social inequalities. Included papers were quantitative or qualitative primary studies analyzing gender and socioeconomic inequalities in the participation in CRC screening programmes implemented by public and private health-care providers and addressing 45- to 75-year-old population.

Results
A total of 96 studies, described in 102 articles, were included. Most were quantitative observational studies and analyzed population-based screening programmes. They were carried out mainly in the UK (n=29) and the USA (n=18). Participation in screening programmes varied from 1.1% to 82.8% using several methods. A total of 87 studies assessed participation by sex and one focussed on men, but only two provided an analysis from a gender perspective. Although men are at a higher risk of developing CRC, they generally were less likely to participate in screening programmes. Screening attendance was higher among the least deprived areas.

Conclusions
Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in CRC screening participation should be addressed through the design of tailored interventions with a multidimensional focus.
Parental History of Dementia Is Associated with Increased Small Vessel Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Stamm Bessie C , Lao Patrick J , Rizvi Batool , Colon Juliet , Igwe Kay , Chesebro Anthony G , Maas Benjamin , Schupf Nicole , Mayeux Richard , Manly Jennifer J , Brickman Adam M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Small vessel cerebrovascular dysfunction that manifests on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as white matter hyperintensities (WMH) is linked to increased risk and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but there is considerable debate about whether it represents a core feature of the disease. Parental history of dementia is a risk factor for AD, suggesting a strong heritable component; the examination of the extent to which parental history of dementia is associated with cerebrovascular disease could provide insight into the aggregation of AD and cerebrovascular disease.

Methods
This study included 481 community-dwelling older adults (mean age = 74.07 ± 5.81; 56% women) with available MRI scans. Participants were classified as having a parental history of dementia or having no parental history based on self-report. Total WMH values were calculated and compared between the two groups with general linear models, adjusting for relevant covariates. We also compared WMH volume between those with a reported sibling history of dementia and those without.

Results
One hundred twelve participants reported having a parental history of dementia and 369 reported no parental history. Those with parental history had greater total WMH volume than those without (F = 4.17, p = .042, partial η 2 = 0.009). Results were strongest for those with maternal versus paternal history (F = 2.43, p = .089, partial η 2 = 0.010 vs &lt;0.001) and among Hispanic (F = 5.57, p = .020, partial η 2 = 0.038) and non-Hispanic White participants (F = 4.17, p = .042, partial η 2 = 0.009). Those with reported sibling history of dementia did not differ from those without.

Conclusions
Older adults with parental, particularly maternal, history of dementia have increased WMH. The results highlight the possibility that cerebrovascular changes are a core feature of AD, as WMH severity and parental history aggregate together.
Improved Human Muscle Biopsy Method To Study Neuromuscular Junction Structure and Functions with Aging
Authors: Aubertin-Leheudre Mylene , Pion Charlotte H , Vallée Joanne , Marchand Sandrine , Morais José A , Bélanger Marc , Robitaille Richard 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Reduced mobility and physical independence of elders has emerged as a major clinical and public health priority with extended life expectancy. The impact of the neuromuscular function on muscle activity and properties has emerged as a critical factor influencing the progress and outcome of muscle changes with aging. However, very little is known about the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in humans, in part due to technical constraints limiting the access to healthy, fresh neuromuscular tissue. Here, we describe a method, called Biopsy using Electrostimulation for Enhanced NMJ Sampling (BeeNMJs) that improves the outcome of muscle biopsies. We used local cutaneous stimulation to identify the area enriched with NMJs for each participant at the right Vastus lateralis (VL). The needle biopsy was then performed in proximity of that point. The BeeNMJs procedure was safe for the participants. We observed NMJs in 53.3% of biopsies in comparison with only 16.7% using the traditional method. Furthermore, we observed an average of 30.13 NMJs per sample compared to only 2.33 for the traditional method. Importantly, high-quality neuromuscular material was obtained whereby pre-, postsynaptic, and glial elements were routinely labeled, simultaneously with myosin heavy chain type I. The BeeNMJs approach will facilitate studies of NMJs, particularly in human disease or aging process.