bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐technical study of copper oxide on graphitic carbon nitride and its role in the photocatalytic reactions
Authors: Wojtyła Szymon , Baran Tomasz 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBased on a facile three‐step preparation method, CuO/g‐C3N4 photocatalysts have been successfully synthesized by exfoliation of a bulk graphitic carbon nitride and subsequent hydrothermal decoration with CuO nanoparticles. Several advanced scientific tools were used to characterize crucial features of the prepared materials, in particular, to understand the role of copper oxide in photocatalytic reactions. CuO/g‐C3N4 reached a remarkably increased light‐induced photocatalytic reduction of water to hydrogen as well as oxidation of formaldehyde to CO2, in comparison with a neat g‐C3N4. The presence of CuO co‐catalyst resulted in more than 10 times higher H2 production rate. The increase of photocatalytic efficiency was observed also in the case of HCHO oxidation, but the effect of CuO addition was less impressive. Moreover, it has been evidenced that the durability of photocatalyst raised with an increasing amount of copper oxide. Simultaneously, the copper modified composites exhibited an improved photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance, confirmed by the photocurrent density measurements. In the following paper we described our findings concerning the role of copper oxide in CuO/g‐C3N4 composites.
Conversion of explicit microplane model with boundaries to a constitutive subroutine for implicit finite element programs
Authors: Nguyen Hoang T. , Caner Ferhun C. , Bažant Zdeněk P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhereas various simplistic microplane models of limited applicability, defined by stress–strain curves on the microplane, can function as either explicit or implicit, the explicit‐to‐implicit conversion of realistic versatile microplane models for plain or fiber‐reinforced concrete, shale and composites has remained a challenge for quarter century. The reason is that these realistic models use microplane stress–strain boundaries defined by inequalities. Here, we show how the conversion can be easily achieved on the microplane level and then transferred to a tangent stiffness tensor or an inelastic stiffness tensor to be used in Newton–Raphson iterations within a loading step. To ensure convergence, a minor adjustment in the M7 algorithm is introduced to achieve continuity. Power‐law convergence, almost quadratic in most cases, is also demonstrated. Seven examples of crack‐band finite element simulations of challenging laboratory tests document nearly identical implicit and explicit results, as well as good match of test data. Three of them, including the vertex effect in compression‐torsion tests, pure Mode II shear fracture, and the “gap test” of the crack‐parallel compression effect on Mode I load‐deflection curve, have not been reproduced by other models before. The coding of implicit M7 subroutine, usable in, for example, UMAT of ABAQUS, is posted for a free download.
Coupling hydrogeophysics with hydrodynamic modelling to infer subsurface hydraulic architecture of an alluvial floodplain
Authors: Martin J. Michael , Everett Mark E. , Knappett Peter S.K. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper underscores the importance of spatially dense geophysical data sets for making informed decisions in water management strategies. Such decisions may require understanding how site‐specific subsurface architecture – especially hydraulic connectivity – impacts the response of a shallow aquifer to anthropogenic hydrologic disturbances (e.g. over‐pumping of a shallow aquifer). At a 0.2‐km2 alluvial floodplain site characterized by thick clay over fine sand to gravel and shale bedrock in the subtropical, sub‐humid belt of the Gulf Coast of the United States, we image an asymmetrically shaped, compartmentalized, sand‐dominated channel‐belt using electrical resistivity tomography and 31 time‐domain electromagnetic soundings probing to depths of ∼40 m and ∼90 m, respectively. Lithological interpretation and a hydrological model are developed based on the geophysical data and nearby sediment cores, where the resistivity of the groundwater is 9.1 Ωm. In a modelling scenario wherein the compartmentalized sand channel‐belt starts out dry (i.e. an over‐pumped shallow aquifer), we simulate 26 weeks of infiltration due to flooding of the surface. Preferential filling of the channel‐belt occurs through its sides rather than from above, generating a new understanding of the hydraulic connectivity around and into asymmetrically shaped, sand‐dominated channel‐belts. This insight can inform decisions about the optimal placement of shallow water wells in a heterogeneous alluvial floodplain aquifer system and also highlights the dangers of over‐pumping.
Drought activates MYB41 orthologs and induces suberization of grapevine fine roots
Authors: Zhang Li , Merlin Isabelle , Pascal Stéphanie , Bert Pierre‐François , Domergue Frédéric , Gambetta Gregory A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe permeability of roots to water and nutrients is controlled through a variety of mechanisms and one of the most conspicuous is the presence of the Casparian strips and suberin lamellae. Roots actively regulate the creation of these structures developmentally, along the length of the root, and in response to the environment, including drought. In the current study, we characterized the suberin composition along the length of grapevine fine roots during development and in response to water deficit, and in the same root systems we quantified changes in expression of suberin biosynthesis‐ and deposition‐related gene families (via RNAseq) allowing the identification of drought‐responsive suberin‐related genes. Grapevine suberin composition did not differ between primary and lateral roots, and was similar to that of other species. Under water deficit there was a global upregulation of suberin biosynthesis which resulted in an increase of suberin specific monomers, but without changes in their relative abundances, and this upregulation took place across all the developmental stages of fine roots. These changes corresponded to the upregulation of numerous suberin biosynthesis‐ and export‐related genes which included orthologs of the previously characterized AtMYB41 transcriptional factor. Functional validation of two grapevine MYB41 orthologs, VriMYB41 and VriMYB41‐like, confirmed their ability to globally upregulate suberin biosynthesis, export, and deposition. This study provides a detailed characterization of the developmental and water deficit induced suberization of grapevine fine roots and identifies important orthologs responsible for suberin biosynthesis, export, and its regulation in grape.
Full‐length genome sequencing of RNA viruses—How the approach can enlighten us on hepatitis C and hepatitis E viruses
Authors: Laugel Elodie , Hartard Cédric , Jeulin Hélène , Berger Sibel , Venard Véronique , Bronowicki Jean‐Pierre , Schvoerer Evelyne 
Published: November 2020

SummaryAmong the five main viruses responsible for human hepatitis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV) are different while sharing similarities. Both viruses can be transmitted by blood or derivatives whereas HEV can also follow environmental or zoonotic routes. These highly variable RNA viruses can cause chronic hepatitis potentially leading to hepatocarcinoma. HCV and HEV can develop new structures and functions under selective pressure to adapt to host immunity, human tissues, treatments or even various animal reservoirs. Elsewhere, with directly acting antiviral treatments, HCV can be eradicated whereas HEV is an emerging pathogen against which specific treatments have to be improved. As a unique molecular tool able to explore viral genomic plasticity, full‐length genome (FLG) sequencing has become easier, faster and cheaper. The present review will show how FLG sequencing can explore these RNA viruses with the aim to investigate key genomics data to improve basic knowledge, patients' healthcare and preventive tools.
Fire resistance of integral composite beams with superposed slabs
Authors: Lyu Junli , Chen Qichao , Lyu Jingjing , Cai Yongyuan , Zhou Shengnan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe uniform‐load fire behaviors of four full‐scale integral composite beams with superposed slabs were tested, considering the post‐cast‐slab thickness, shear‐connector spacing, and precast‐slab overlap length on the steel‐beam upper flange. The concrete temperature distribution along the slab thickness, the temperature of the rebar inside the slab, the temperature distribution along the steel‐beam height, the bending stiffness, and the overall integrity of the superposed slabs and steel beam were studied. ABAQUS simulations of the temperature‐field and deformation behaviors of the composite beams with superposed slabs under coupled thermal and mechanical loading were performed. No damage to the post‐cast and precast slab bonding interface during the heating process was apparent. The post‐cast joint had no obvious influence on the structure, which could still bear loads. The composite‐beam temperature field and bending stiffness were not significantly affected by the bonding interface of the new and old concrete and the post‐cast joint. Overall, the post‐cast slab thickness and shear‐connector spacing predominantly influenced the composite‐beam fire resistance. The experiment and numerical results agree well, verifying the numerical‐model validity and feasibility.
Extensive hepatic portal venous gas and gastric pneumatosis in a cat
Authors: Spiller Karin T. , Eisenberg Beth W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA 15‐year‐old female neutered Domestic Long Hair cat was presented for acute hematemesis. Initial diagnostic workup, including serum biochemistry panel, complete blood count and coagulation profile, was unremarkable. Abdominal ultrasound showed gastric mural thickening and non‐obstructive gastric foreign material. Endoscopy was performed to remove the foreign matter and obtain biopsies. Significant abnormalities of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract were not noted endoscopically. Overnight, the patient required a packed red blood cell transfusion following two episodes of severe hematemesis, hypotension and collapse. Serial radiographs and ultrasound revealed hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG). Computed tomography (CT) scan confirmed massive gas accumulation within the liver and emphysematous gastritis. The patient became increasingly unstable and, given her rapid decline, humane euthanasia was elected. Gastric and duodenal histopathology showed inflammatory changes, spirochetosis and mucosal epithelial degeneration. HPVG is a rarely described finding and prognosis varies drastically depending on aetiology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of portal vein gas documented on multiple imaging modalities, including CT, in a cat. The patient in this report had several potential risk factors including prior endoscopy, compromise of the intestinal barrier and evidence of gastric mural bacterial invasion.
A vanishing dynamic capillarity limit equation with discontinuous flux
Authors: Graf M. , Kunzinger M. , Mitrovic D. , Vujadinovic D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe prove existence and uniqueness of a solution to the Cauchy problem corresponding to the dynamics capillarity equation $$\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \partial _t u_{\varepsilon ,\delta } +\mathrm {div} {\mathfrak f}_{\varepsilon ,\delta }(\mathbf{x}, u_{\varepsilon ,\delta })=\varepsilon \Delta u_{\varepsilon ,\delta }+\delta (\varepsilon ) \partial _t \Delta u_{\varepsilon ,\delta }, \ \ \mathbf{x} \in M, \ \ t\ge 0\\ u|_{t=0}=u_0(\mathbf{x}). \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}$$

∂
t

u

ε
,
δ

+
div

f

ε
,
δ

(
x
,

u

ε
,
δ

)

=
ε
Δ

u

ε
,
δ

+
δ

(
ε
)

∂
t

Δ

u

ε
,
δ

,

x
∈
M
,

t
≥
0

u
|

t
=
0

=

u
0

(
x
)

.

Here, $${{\mathfrak {f}}}_{\varepsilon ,\delta }$$

f

ε
,
δ

and $$u_0$$

u
0

are smooth functions while $$\varepsilon $$
ε
and $$\delta =\delta (\varepsilon )$$

δ
=
δ
(
ε
)

are fixed constants. Assuming $${{\mathfrak {f}}}_{\varepsilon ,\delta } \rightarrow {{\mathfrak {f}}}\in L^p( {\mathbb {R}}^d\times {\mathbb {R}};{\mathbb {R}}^d)$$

f

ε
,
δ

→
f
∈

L
p

(

R

d

×
R
;

R

d

)

for some $$1<p<\infty $$

1
<
p
<
∞

, strongly as $$\varepsilon \rightarrow 0$$

ε
→
0

, we prove that, under an appropriate relationship between $$\varepsilon $$
ε
and $$\delta (\varepsilon )$$

δ
(
ε
)

depending on the regularity of the flux $${{\mathfrak {f}}}$$
f
, the sequence of solutions $$(u_{\varepsilon ,\delta })$$

(

u

ε
,
δ

)

strongly converges in $$L^1_{loc}({\mathbb {R}}^+\times {\mathbb {R}}^d)$$

L

loc

1

(

R

+

×

R

d

)

toward a solution to the conservation law $$\begin{aligned} \partial _t u +\mathrm {div} {{\mathfrak {f}}}(\mathbf{x}, u)=0. \end{aligned}$$

∂
t

u
+
div
f

(
x
,
u
)

=
0
.

The main tools employed in the proof are the Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem for the first part and reduction to the kinetic formulation combined with recent results in the velocity averaging theory for the second. These results have the potential to generate a stable semigroup of solutions to the underlying scalar conservation laws different from the Kruzhkov entropy solutions concept.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N-substituted nipecotic acid derivatives with tricyclic cage structures in the lipophilic domain as GABA uptake inhibitors
Authors: Rudy Heinrich-Karl A. , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA new class of GABA reuptake inhibitors with sterically demanding, highly rigid tricyclic cage structures as the lipophilic domain was synthesized and investigated in regard to their biological activity at the murine GABA transporters (mGAT1–mGAT4). The construction of these compounds, consisting of nipecotic acid, a symmetric tricyclic amine, and a plain hydrocarbon linker connecting the two subunits via their amino nitrogens, was accomplished via reductive amination of a nipecotic acid derivative with an N-alkyl substituent displaying a terminal aldehyde function with tricyclic secondary amines. The target compounds varied with regard to spacer length, the bridge size of one of the bridges, and the substituents of the tricyclic skeleton to study the impact of these changes on their potency. Among the tested compounds nipecotic acid ethyl ester derivates with phenyl residues attached to the cage subunit showed reasonable inhibitory potency and subtype selectivity in favor of mGAT3 and mGAT4, respectively.
Self-organization of organoids from endoderm-derived cells
Authors: Lewis Allison , Keshara Rashmiparvathi , Kim Yung Hae , Grapin-Botton Anne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganoids constitute biological systems which are used to model organ development, homeostasis, regeneration, and disease in vitro and hold promise for use in therapy. Reflecting in vivo development, organoids form from tissue cells or pluripotent stem cells. Cues provided from the media and individual cells promote self-organization of these uniform starting cells into a structure, with emergent differentiated cells, morphology, and often functionality that resemble the tissue of origin. Therefore, organoids provide a complement to two-dimensional in vitro culture and in vivo animal models of development, providing the experimental control and flexibility of in vitro methods with the three-dimensional context of in vivo models, with fewer ethical restraints than human or animal work. However, using organoids, we are only just beginning to understand on the cellular level how the external conditions and signaling between individual cells promote the emergence of cells and structures. In this review, we focus specifically on organoids derived from endodermal tissues: the starting conditions of the cells, signaling mechanisms, and external media that allow the emergence of higher order self-organization.
Snow mold of winter cereals: a complex disease and a challenge for resistance breeding
Authors: Ponomareva Mira L. , Gorshkov Vladimir Yu. , Ponomarev Sergey N. , Korzun Viktor , Miedaner Thomas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKey messageSnow mold resistance is a complex quantitative trait highly affected by environmental conditions during winter that must be addressed by resistance breeding.AbstractSnow mold resistance in winter cereals is an important trait for many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. The disease is caused by at least four complexes of soilborne fungi and oomycetes of whichMicrodochium nivaleandM. majusare among the most common pathogens. They have a broad host range covering all winter and spring cereals and can basically affect all plant growth stages and organs. Their attack leads to a low germination rate, and/or pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings after winter and, depending on largely unknown environmental conditions, also to foot rot, leaf blight, and head blight. Resistance in winter wheat and triticale is governed by a multitude of quantitative trait loci (QTL) with mainly additive effects highly affected by genotype × environment interaction. Snow mold resistance interacts with winter hardiness in a complex way leading to a co-localization of resistance QTLs with QTLs/genes for freezing tolerance. In practical breeding, a multistep procedure is necessary with (1) freezing tolerance tests, (2) climate chamber tests for snow mold resistance, and (3) field tests in locations with and without regularly occurring snow cover. In the future, resistance sources should be genetically characterized also in rye by QTL mapping or genome-wide association studies. The development of genomic selection procedures should be prioritized in breeding research.
Optimal Control of the Principal Coefficient in a Scalar Wave Equation
Authors: Clason Christian , Kunisch Karl , Trautmann Philip 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe consider optimal control of the scalar wave equation where the control enters as a coefficient in the principal part. Adding a total variation penalty allows showing existence of optimal controls, which requires continuity results for the coefficient-to-solution mapping for discontinuous coefficients. We additionally consider a so-called multi-bang penalty that promotes controls taking on values pointwise almost everywhere from a specified discrete set. Under additional assumptions on the data, we derive an improved regularity result for the state, leading to optimality conditions that can be interpreted in an appropriate pointwise fashion. The numerical solution makes use of a stabilized finite element method and a nonlinear primal–dual proximal splitting algorithm.
Indications and Outcomes for Non‐Trauma Emergency Laparotomy: A Comparison of Rwanda, South Africa, and the USA
Authors: Rickard Jennifer , Pohl Linda , Abahuje Egide , Kariem Nazmie , Englbrecht Surita , Kloppers Christo , Malatji Sekoaere , Sibomana Isaie , Robbins Alexandria J. , Chu Kathryn 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundEmergency conditions requiring exploratory laparotomy (EL) can be challenging. The objective of this study is to describe indications, outcomes, and risk factors for perioperative mortality (POMR) after non‐trauma EL.MethodsThis was a prospective study of patients undergoing non‐trauma EL at four hospitals in Rwanda, South Africa, and the USA. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with POMR.ResultsOver one year, there were 632 EL with the most common indications appendicitis (n = 133, 21%), peptic ulcer disease (PUD) (n = 101, 16%), and hernia (n = 74, 12%). In Rwanda, the most common indications were appendicitis (n = 41, 19%) and hernia (n = 37, 17%); in South Africa appendicitis (n = 91, 28%) and PUD (n = 60, 19%); and in the USA, PUD (n = 16, 19%) and adhesions from small bowel obstruction (n = 16, 19%).POMR was 11%, with no difference between countries (Rwanda 7%, South Africa 12%, US 16%, p = 0.173). Risk factors associated with increased odds of POMR included typhoid intestinal perforation (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 16.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.31, 62.98; p value < 0.001), mesenteric ischemia (aOR: 13.77, 95% CI: 4.21, 45.08, p value < 0.001), cancer (aOR: 5.84, 95% CI: 2.43, 14.05, p value < 0.001), other diagnoses (aOR: 3.97, 95% CI: 3.03, 5.20, p value < 0.001), high ASA score (score ≥ 3) (aOR: 3.95, 95% CI: 3.03, 5.15, p value < 0.001), peptic ulcer disease (aOR: 2.82, 95% CI: 1.64, 4.85, p value < 0.001), age > 60 years (aOR: 2.32, 95% CI: 1.41, 3.83, p value = 0.001), and ICU admission (aOR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.99, p value = 0.007). Surgery in the US was associated with decreased odds of POMR (aOR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.80, p value = 0.009).ConclusionsIndications for EL vary between countries and POMR is high. Differences in mortality were associated with patient and disease characteristics with certain diagnoses associated with increased risk of mortality. Understanding the risk factors and outcomes for patients with EL can assist providers in judicious patient selection, both for patient counselling and resource allocation.
Glucocorticoid maintenance therapy and severe infectious complications in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Speer Claudius , Altenmüller-Walther Christine , Splitthoff Jan , Nusshag Christian , Kälble Florian , Reichel Paula , Morath Christian , Zeier Martin , Bergner Raoul , Schaier Matthias 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo study the impact of glucocorticoid maintenance dose and treatment duration on outcomes in patients with AAV (ANCA-associated vasculitis) with emphasis on infectious complications. A total of 130 AAV patients from two German vasculitis centers diagnosed between August 2004 and January 2019 treated with cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids for induction therapy and glucocorticoids for maintenance therapy were retrospectively enrolled. We investigated the influence of glucocorticoid maintenance therapy on patient survival, time to relapse, kidney function, infectious complications and irreversible physical damage. The patients were divided into the following groups: patients treated according to the predefined reduction scheme (< 7.5 mg) or patients treated with glucocorticoids ≥ 7.5 mg after 6 months. Compared to patients receiving < 7.5 mg glucocorticoids after 6 months, patients receiving $$\ge $$
≥
7.5 mg had an increased rate of infectious episodes per patient (1.7 vs. 0.6; p < 0.001), including urinary tract infection (p = 0.007), pneumonia (p = 0.003), opportunistic pneumonia (p = 0.022) and sepsis (p = 0.008). Especially pneumonia during the first 24 months after disease onset [hazard ratio, 3.0 (95% CI 1.5 − 6.1)] led to more deaths from infection (p = 0.034). Glucocorticoid maintenance therapy after 6 months had no impact on relapse rate or patient survival and decline in kidney function was comparable. Glucocorticoid maintenance therapy with $$\ge $$
≥
7.5 mg after 6 months is associated with more severe infectious complications leading to an increased frequency of deaths from infection. Glucocorticoid maintenance therapy has no effect on time to relapse or patient survival and should therefore be critically revised throughout the aftercare of AAV patients.