bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic microbial communities and their potential for bioenergy production in heavily biodegraded petroleum reservoirs
Authors: de Rezende Júlia R. , Oldenburg Thomas B. P. , Korin Tetyana , Richardson William D. L. , Fustic Milovan , Aitken Carolyn M. , Bowler Bernard F. J. , Sherry Angela , Grigoryan Alexander , Voordouw Gerrit , Larter Stephen R. , Head Ian M. , Hubert Casey R. J. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryMost of the oil in low temperature, non‐uplifted reservoirs is biodegraded due to millions of years of microbial activity, including via methanogenesis from crude oil. To evaluate stimulating additional methanogenesis in already heavily biodegraded oil reservoirs, oil sands samples were amended with nutrients and electron acceptors, but oil sands bitumen was the only organic substrate. Methane production was monitored for over 3000 days. Methanogenesis was observed in duplicate microcosms that were unamended, amended with sulfate or that were initially oxic, however methanogenesis was not observed in nitrate‐amended controls. The highest rate of methane production was 0.15 μmol CH4 g−1 oil d−1, orders of magnitude lower than other reports of methanogenesis from lighter crude oils. Methanogenic Archaea and several potential syntrophic bacterial partners were detected following the incubations. GC–MS and FTICR–MS revealed no significant bitumen alteration for any specific compound or compound class, suggesting that the very slow methanogenesis observed was coupled to bitumen biodegradation in an unspecific manner. After 3000 days, methanogenic communities were amended with benzoate resulting in methanogenesis rates that were 110‐fold greater. This suggests that oil‐to‐methane conversion is limited by the recalcitrant nature of oil sands bitumen, not the microbial communities resident in heavy oil reservoirs.
Omental apoplexy: Unravelling the mystery
Authors: Moriarty Heather K , Martin Katherine , Koukounaras Jim , Goh Gerard S , Clements Warren 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionTo describe cases omental haemorrhage and to review the literature on this topic.MethodsWe describe three cases of spontaneous omental haemorrhage and discuss various management strategies, in an attempt to provide direction for similar cases in the future.ResultsA number of case reports of spontaneous or idiopathic omental haemorrhage exist in the literature. These cases are often attributed to an underlying vasculopathy, such as segmental arterial mediolysis (SAM). Appropriate resuscitation is paramount for best outcome. Severe bleeding may require surgery or transcatheter arterial embolisation, which is best performed early if required. Endovascular management using selective catheterisation of the bleeding vessel and embolisation is a minimally invasive alternative to emergent operative intervention. In the three cases we present, endovascular embolisation was performed in two patients, and surgical ligation in a third. Segmental arterial mediolysis is considered the likely aetiology in at least 2 of the 3 cases, based on imaging findings. No further episodes of haemorrhage occurred at follow‐up (ranging from 6 months to 2 years).ConclusionsAcute omental haemorrhage is a rare condition; however, it may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. CT angiography is the imaging of choice. Management strategies include both endovascular and surgical intervention.
Testing the utility of species distribution modelling using Random Forests for a species in decline
Authors: Burns Phoebe A. , Clemann Nick , White Matt 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHabitat suitability estimates derived from species distribution models (SDMs) are increasingly used to guide management of threatened species. Poorly estimating species’ ranges can lead to underestimation of threatened status, undervaluing of remaining habitat and misdirection of conservation funding. We aimed to evaluate the utility of a SDM, similar to the models used to inform government regulation of habitat in our study region, in estimating the contemporary distribution of a threatened and declining species. We developed a presence‐only SDM for the endangered New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) across Victoria, Australia. We conducted extensive camera trap surveys across model‐predicted and expert‐selected areas to generate an independent data set for use in evaluating the model, determining confidence in absence data from non‐detection sites with occupancy and detectability modelling. We assessed the predictive capacity of the model at thresholds based on (1) sum of sensitivity and specificity (SSS), and (2) the lowest presence threshold (LPT; i.e. the lowest non‐zero model‐predicted habitat suitability value at which we detected the species). We detected P. novaehollandiae at 40 of 472 surveyed sites, with strong support for the species’ probable absence from non‐detection sites. Based on our post hoc optimised SSS threshold of the SDM, 25% of our detection sites were falsely predicted as non‐suitable habitat and 75% of sites predicted as suitable habitat did not contain the species at the time of our survey. One occupied site had a model‐predicted suitability value of zero, and at the LPT, 88% of sites predicted as suitable habitat did not contain the species at the time of our survey. Our findings demonstrate that application of generic SDMs in both regulatory and investment contexts should be tempered by considering their limitations and currency. Further, we recommend engaging species experts in the extrapolation and application of SDM outputs.
Effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants on male reproduction
Authors: Hales Barbara F. , Robaire Bernard 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundEnvironmental chemicals that interfere with the production and/or action of hormones may have adverse effects on male reproduction. This review focuses on the possible impact of exposure to flame retardant chemicals on male reproduction. Flame retardants are added to a wide variety of combustible materials to prevent fires from starting, slow their spread, and provide time to escape. However, these chemicals are often additive so they leach out into the environment. Governments have restricted the use of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants based on evidence that they are persistent and bioaccumulate and have adverse effects on health. The phasing out of these “legacy” flame retardants has resulted in their replacement with alternatives, such as tetrabromobisphenol A and the organophosphate esters.ObjectiveTo review the literature on the effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardant chemicals on male reproduction.MethodsPubMed database was searched for studies reporting the effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants on male reproduction.ResultsCell‐based, animal model, and human studies provide evidence that the polybrominated diphenyl ethers act as endocrine‐disrupting chemicals; further, exposure during critical windows of development may be associated with a permanent impact on male reproduction. In vitro and animal model data are accumulating with respect to the effects of tetrabromobisphenol A and organophosphate esters, but few studies have evaluated their impact on human health.ConclusionsMore research on human exposure to replacement flame retardants and the possibility that they may be associated with adverse reproductive health outcomes is a high priority.
Expanded Access as a source of real‐world data: An overview of FDA and EMA approvals
Authors: Polak Tobias B. , van Rosmalen Joost , Uyl – de Groot Carin A. 
Published: March 2020

AimsTo identify, characterize and compare all Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) approvals that included real‐world data on efficacy from expanded access (EA) programmes.MethodsCross‐sectional study of FDA (1955–2018) and EMA (1995–2018) regulatory approval documentation. We automated searching for terms related to EA in 22,506 documents using machine learning techniques. We included all approvals where EA terms appeared in the regulatory documentation. Our main outcome was the inclusion of EA data as evidence of clinical efficacy. Characterization was based on approval date, disease area, orphan designation and whether the evidence was supportive or pivotal.ResultsEA terms appeared in 693 out of 22,506 (3.1%) documents, which referenced 187 approvals. For 39 approvals, data from EA programmes were used to inform on clinical efficacy. The yearly number of approvals with EA data increased from 1.25 for 1993–2013 to 4.6 from 2014–2018. In 13 cases, these programmes formed the main evidence for approval. Of these, patients in EA programmes formed over half (median 71%, interquartile range: 34–100) of the total patient population available for efficacy evaluation. Almost all (12/13) approvals were granted orphan designation. In 8/13, there were differences between regulators in approval status and valuation of evidence. Strikingly, 4 treatments were granted approval based solely on efficacy from EA.ConclusionSponsors and regulators increasingly include real‐world data from EA programmes in the efficacy profile of a treatment. The indications of the approved treatments are characterized by orphan designation and high unmet medical need.
Generic instruments for drug discontinuation in primary care: A systematic review
Authors: Michiels‐Corsten Matthias , Gerlach Navina , Schleef Tanja , Junius‐Walker Ulrike , Donner‐Banzhoff Norbert , Viniol Annika 
Published: March 2020

AimsThe aim of this systematic review was to identify generic instruments for drug discontinuation in patients with polypharmacy in the primary care setting.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE, 8 guideline databases (AWMF, NICE, NGC, SIGN, NHMRC, CPG, KCE), the Cochrane Library and grey literature (Google) in 2016 and 2017. Two independent researchers screened and analysed data. The drug discontinuation instruments of the included publications were described and classified.ResultsWe identified 16 relevant publications. Here we found complex algorithms as well as instruments composed of distinct sequential steps. Two guidelines are constructed as electronic web‐applications. Instruments revealed diverging emphases on the stages of deprescribing, i.e. preparation, drug evaluation, decision‐making and implementation. Accordingly, 3 types of instruments emerged: general frameworks, detailed drug assessment tools and comprehensive discontinuation guidelines.ConclusionDiverse generic instruments exist for different areas of applications in regard to drug discontinuation. However, there is still a need for practical and user‐friendly tools that support physicians in communicational aspects, visualise trade‐offs and also enhance patient involvement.
A new technique for peri‐implant recession treatment: Partially epithelialized connective tissue grafts. Description of the technique and preliminary results of a case series
Authors: Frisch Eberhard , Ratka‐Krüger Petra 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundData on implant recession coverage (RC) are very scarce.PurposeTo present a new surgical approach and preliminary results for the treatment of peri‐implant soft tissue recession via partially epithelialized connective tissue grafts (PECTGs).Materials and MethodsWe harvested PECTGs from the palate using a double‐blade scalpel. All donor sites were sutured and covered with a stent. Dissection lines were placed minimally coronal to the mucogingival border. The recipient areas were prepared epiperiostally. All PECTGs were sutured with the keratinized mucosa (KM) portion toward the local KM tissue and were subsequently widely covered by the local mucosal tissue layer.ResultsFifteen patients with 22 implants were available for follow‐up. The recession depth at baseline was 2.4 ± 1.1 mm (median: 2.5). After a mean observational period of 5 years, we found a mean recession value of 0.4 ± 0.5 mm (median: 0). We found a mean increase in the peri‐implant KM width of 2.2 ± 1.1 mm (median: 1.5). In all cases, progression of the recession had stopped. None of the grafts was lost. The mean RC was 2 ± 0.9 mm (median: 1.5 mm) [88 ± 20% (median: 100)]. Complete RC was found in 64% of the implants. The results have remained stable for up to 13 years.ConclusionSoft tissue recession around dental implants may successfully be treated using the PECTG technique.
Population and Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Oxybate Support Weight‐Based Dosing in Children and Adolescents With Narcolepsy With Cataplexy
Authors: Chen Cuiping , Rosen Carol L. , Ruoff Chad , Boyce Leslie H. , Parvataneni Rupa , Zomorodi Katie , Brantley Scott , Sale Mark , Plazzi Giuseppe 
Published: March 2020

The pharmacokinetics (PKs) of sodium oxybate (SXB) was evaluated in a subset of participants from a study of SXB treatment in children (aged 7–11 years; n = 11) and adolescents (aged 12–17 years; n = 18) with narcolepsy with cataplexy. PK evaluation was conducted over 2 nights during the period when participants received a stable nightly SXB dose. The SXB dose on night 1 was half of night 2 and was administered in two equally divided doses: dose 1 was administered > 2 hours after the evening meal, and dose 2 was administered ≥ 4 hours after dose 1. Noncompartmental PK analysis demonstrated higher plasma concentrations post‐dose 2 vs. post‐dose 1, higher than dose‐proportional increases in area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to 4 hours (AUC0–4h) after dose 1, indicating nonlinear clearance, and better correlation between exposure and mg/kg than exposure and gram dose. To confirm the noncompartmental findings, identify factors affecting SXB PK, and compare with prior results in adults, a population PK (PopPK) model was established combining PK data from the current study with prior data from adults (132 healthy volunteers and 13 with narcolepsy). A two‐compartment PopPK model with first‐order absorption and nonlinear clearance from the central compartment described the data well. PopPK identified weight as the main intrinsic factor and food as the main extrinsic factor affecting SXB PK, and predicts similar PK profiles on a mg/kg basis across ages. These results, along with previously reported efficacy and safety outcomes, support weight‐based SXB dose initiation in pediatric patients.
Isolated right superior vena cava drainage into the left atrium: An uncommon cause of persistent hypoxia in a neonate
Authors: Gulati Rashmi , Smith Trevor , Siow Maria , Batten Lynn 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis report describes the case of a 13‐day‐old African American female with persistent hypoxia found to have an isolated right superior vena cava (RSVC) draining into the left atrium (LA) confirmed with contrast echocardiography.
Accounting for stochasticity in demographic compensation along the elevational range of an alpine plant
Authors: Andrello Marco , de Villemereuil Pierre , Carboni Marta , Busson Delphine , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Gaggiotti Oscar E. , Till‐Bottraud Irène 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDemographic compensation arises when vital rates change in opposite directions across populations, buffering the variation in population growth rates, and is a mechanism often invoked to explain the stability of species geographic ranges. However, studies on demographic compensation have disregarded the effects of temporal variation in vital rates and their temporal correlations, despite theoretical evidence that stochastic dynamics can affect population persistence in temporally varying environments. We carried out a seven‐year‐long demographic study on the perennial plant Arabis alpina (L.) across six populations encompassing most of its elevational range. We discovered demographic compensation in the form of negative correlations between the means of plant vital rates, but also between their temporal coefficients of variation, correlations and elasticities. Even if their contribution to demographic compensation was small, this highlights a previously overlooked, but potentially important, role of stochastic processes in stabilising population dynamics at range margins.
Reorganizing theSingle‐ParentFamily System: Exploring the Process Perspective on Divorce
Authors: Van Gasse Dries , Mortelmans Dimitri 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveThis study investigated how single parents reorganize their family system after divorce.BackgroundFamilies are dynamic systems that change over time and adapt to crises. Family researchers often approach divorce as a discrete event, however; and little is known about how single parents overcome this crisis and carry on with their lives. Therefore, we investigated the process of how single parents reorganize their households after divorce.MethodQualitative analysis based on grounded theory was used to code in‐depth retrospective interviews. Two sources of interviews, as well as triangulation and confirmation techniques, were developed to improve the validity of the study. Sensitizing concepts were derived from Olson's circumplex model and life course theory.ResultsThe reorganization process after divorce is described as having six successive stages, each with particular needs and challenges. By overcoming challenges, single parents move on from one phase to another, ultimately finding a new balance.ConclusionSingle‐parent family systems, like other family systems, strive for homeostasis and search for a new equilibrium in which it is possible to organize and coordinate various life spheres. This is not a linear process, however, and single parents may experience setbacks.ImplicationsIt can be difficult for family practitioners to help people through the process of divorce and reorganization as a single parent because every experience is individual and atypical. However, our findings suggest that there are certain stages that practitioners can monitor to increase the pace of the reorganization process.
Cannabidiol alleviates hemorrhagic shock‐induced neural apoptosis in rats by inducing autophagy through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Lin Bo , Gao Youguang , Li Zhiwang , Zhang Zhiming , Lin Xianzhong , Gao Jinpeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecently, several studies have reported that the pharmacological effects exerted by cannabidiol (CBD) are partially related to the regulation of autophagy. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy provides protection against ischemia‐induced brain injury. However, the protective effect of CBD against mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in hemorrhagic shock (HS)‐induced brain injury has not been studied. In the present study, we observed the protective effects of CBD against neural mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis in a rat model of HS. In addition, CBD increased Beclin‐1 and LC3II expression and reduced P62 expression, which were indicative of autophagy. CBD treatment attenuated the neural apoptosis induced by HS, as reflected by restoring mitochondrial dysfunction, downregulation of BAX, neuro‐apoptosis ratio and NF‐κB signaling activation, and upregulation of BCL2 in the cerebral cortex. Such protective effects were reversed by 3‐Methyladenine, a specific autophagy inhibitor, indicating that the protective effects of CBD treatment involved autophagy. LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, significantly inhibited CBD‐induced autophagy, demonstrating that PI3K/AKT signaling is involved in the CBD’s regulation of autophagy. Furthermore, we found that CBD treatment upregulated PI3K/AKT signaling via cannabinoid receptor 1. Therefore, these findings suggested that CBD treatment protects against cerebral injury induced by HS‐mediated mitochondrial‐dependent apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to reinforce autophagy.
Discovery of the oldest known biomarkers provides evidence for phototrophic bacteria in the 1.73 Ga Wollogorang Formation, Australia
Authors: Vinnichenko Galina , Jarrett Amber J. M. , Hope Janet M. , Brocks Jochen J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe discovery of mid‐Proterozoic (1.8–0.8 billion years ago, Ga) indigenous biomarkers is a challenge, since biologically informative molecules of such antiquity are commonly destroyed by metamorphism or overprinted by drilling fluids and other anthropogenic petroleum products. Previously, the oldest clearly indigenous biomarkers were reported from the 1.64 Ga Barney Creek Formation in the northern Australian McArthur Basin. In this study, we present the discovery of biomarker molecules from carbonaceous shales of the 1.73 Ga Wollogorang Formation in the southern McArthur Basin, extending the biomarker record back in time by ~90 million years. The extracted hydrocarbons illustrate typical mid‐Proterozoic signatures with a large unresolved complex mixture, high methyl alkane/n‐alkane ratios and the absence of eukaryotic steranes. Acyclic isoprenoids, saturated carotenoid derivatives, bacterial hopanes and aromatic hopanoids and steroids also were below detection limits. However, continuous homologous series of low molecular weight C14–C19 2,3,4‐ and 2,3,6‐trimethyl aryl isoprenoids (AI) were identified, and C20–C22 AI homologues were tentatively identified. Based on elevated abundances relative to abiogenic isomers, we interpret the 2,3,6‐AI isomer series as biogenic molecules and the 2,3,4‐AI series as possibly biogenic. The biological sources for the 2,3,6‐AI series include carotenoids of cyanobacteria and/or green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae). The lower concentrated 2,3,4‐AI series may be derived from purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatiaceae). These degradation products of carotenoids are the oldest known clearly indigenous molecules of likely biogenic origin.
Traits mediate drought effects on wood carbon fluxes
Authors: Hu Zhenhong , Chen Han Y. H. , Yue Chao , Gong Xiao Ying , Shao Junjiong , Zhou Guiyao , Wang Jiawei , Wang Minhuang , Xia Jianyang , Li Yongtao , Zhou Xuhui , Michaletz Sean T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCO2 fluxes from wood decomposition represent an important source of carbon from forest ecosystems to the atmosphere, which are determined by both wood traits and climate influencing the metabolic rates of decomposers. Previous studies have quantified the effects of moisture and temperature on wood decomposition, but these effects were not separated from the potential influence of wood traits. Indeed, it is not well understood how traits and climate interact to influence wood CO2 fluxes. Here, we examined the responses of CO2 fluxes from dead wood with different traits (angiosperm and gymnosperm) to 0%, 35%, and 70% rainfall reduction across seasonal temperature gradients. Our results showed that drought significantly decreased wood CO2 fluxes, but its effects varied with both taxonomical group and drought intensity. Drought‐induced reduction in wood CO2 fluxes was larger in angiosperms than gymnosperms for the 35% rainfall reduction treatment, but there was no significant difference between these groups for the 70% reduction treatment. This is because wood nitrogen density and carbon quality were significantly higher in angiosperms than gymnosperms, yielding a higher moisture sensitivity of wood decomposition. These findings were demonstrated by a significant positive interaction effect between wood nitrogen and moisture on CO2 fluxes in a structural equation model. Additionally, we ascertained that a constant temperature sensitivity of CO2 fluxes was independent of wood traits and consistent with previous estimates for extracellular enzyme kinetics. Our results highlight the key role of wood traits in regulating drought responses of wood carbon fluxes. Given that both climate and forest management might extensively modify taxonomic compositions in the future, it is critical for carbon cycle models to account for such interactions between wood traits and climate in driving dynamics of wood decomposition.