bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der Beitrag der Steiermark zum Marine Littering
Authors: Huter Dominik , Pomberger Roland 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDa sich immer mehr Kunststoffe im Meer ansammeln, wurde diese Studie für das Land Steiermark erstellt, um mittels Materialflussanalyse die Emissionen im Land, als auch den Transfer über Flüsse bis ins Meer abzuschätzen. Die Parameter für das Modell entstammen der Literatur und basieren teilweise auch auf begründeten Annahmen. Littering ist mit 45 % der modellierten Kunststoff-Emissionen die größte Emissionsquelle, gefolgt vom Abrieb vom Verkehr (Reifen 36 %, Fahrbahnmarkierung 2 %), sowie von Schuhsohlen (4 %) und Kunstrasen und anderen Sportflächen (6 %), welche alle diffuse Quellen bilden. Der Abrieb synthetischer Fasern von Wäsche (3 %), Innenraumstäube (2 %) und Microbeads (<1 %), in Pflegeprodukten, stellen bedeutende punktuelle Einträge über die Abwässer der Haushalte in die Kanalisation und weiter in die Kläranlagen. Etwa 3 % des gesamten Mikroplastiks gelangen über Klärschlämme und Komposte in die Umwelt. Die modellierten Kunststoff-Emissionen der Steiermark werden nach den Szenarien dieser Studie insgesamt auf 1545–5353 Tonnen pro Jahr (t/a) geschätzt. Die Kunststoff-Emissionen gelangen hauptsächlich über die Oberflächengewässer (427–1179 t/a) und anschließend über die Donau bis ins Schwarze Meer (43–109 t/a). Im Vergleich zu den Konzentrationen in Flüssen und anderen Modellen sind die im Transfermodell quantifizierten Emissionen in Oberflächengewässer und das Meer relativ hoch. Die Steiermark emittiert als Binnenland in etwa 0,0001 % des globalen Kunststoffes, welcher pro Jahr vom Land ins Meer gelangt, und um einen Faktor von in etwa 16 (7–48) weniger Kunststoffe ins Meer als ein Mensch der Erde im Durchschnitt.
“When should primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) be suspected?”: literature review and proposal of a preliminary screening algorithm
Authors: Sarti Cristina , Picchioni Antonella , Telese Roberta , Pasi Marco , Failli Ylenia , Pracucci Giovanni , Cammelli Daniele , Inzitari Domenico 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrimary angiitis of the CNS (PACNS) is a process causing variously combined neurological disturbances. Its rarity and kaleidoscopic presentation make it difficult to diagnose and even to suspect.Objective(1) To provide an up-to-date review on PACNS and (2) to create a preliminary screening algorithm based on clinical and radiological first-level data, useful to suspect PACNS and guide further investigations.MethodsReview of PUBMED case series on PACNS, published from 2002 to 2017, collection of frequencies of clinical and neuroimaging features and calculation of median values. Classification of features as “major” or “minor” if frequency was higher or lower than median value. Combination of features in sets of criteria represented by all possible combinations of major and minor clinical and neuroradiological features. Application of criteria to published PACNS case reports and selection of the ones best identifying patients with definite PACNS.ResultsWe reviewed 24 case series. “Major” clinical features were headache, stroke, cognitive impairment, focal neurological deficits; “minor” were seizures, altered consciousness, psychiatric disorders. “Major” neuroradiological features were multiple parenchymal lesions, parenchymal/meningeal contrast enhancement, magnetic resonance angiography vessel abnormalities, vessel wall enhancement; “minor” were parenchymal/subarachnoid hemorrhage, single parenchymal lesion. The selected sets of criteria able to identify all PACNS patients were (1) one clinical (major/minor) + one major neuroradiological feature; and (2) Two clinical (≥ 1 major) + one minor neuroradiological feature.ConclusionOur review provides a detailed clinical/neuroradiological picture of PACNS. The proposed algorithm should be regarded as a preliminary screening tool to move the first steps towards PACNS diagnosis that needs validation.
CEO Pay and the Argument from Peer Comparison
Authors: Sandberg Joakim , Andersson Alexander 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChief executive officers (CEOs) are typically paid great amounts of money in wages and bonuses by commercial companies. This is sometimes defended with an argument from peer comparison; roughly that “our” CEO has to be paid in accordance with what other CEOs at comparable companies get. At first glance this seems like a poor excuse for morally outrageous pay schemes and, consequently, the argument has been ignored in the previous philosophical literature. In contrast, however, this article provides a partial defence of the argument from peer comparison. Moreover, it is demonstrated how a serious consideration of this argument sheds further light on both incentive- and desert-based theories of just pay.
Colour, Wavelength and Turbidity in the Light of Goethe’s Colour Studies
Authors: Vijaya Gopi Krishna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe polarity of light and dark in the treatment of the Newtonian spectrum and the inverse spectrum is studied further and the validity of heterogeneity of light and darkness in relation to Goethe’s views is examined. In order to clarify the reality of the “darkness rays”, theexperimentum crucisis re-evaluated. It is shown that the commonly accepted analysis contains assumptions in the choice of the spectrum and background, which mask the inherent dynamic of the spectrum. The relation between colour and wavelength is re-examined with respect to the immutability and specific refrangibility of colour. It is then shown that both these properties are approximations that apply under the specific conditions that have later become standardized in spectroscopy, leading to a consensus regarding the relation of wavelength to colours of one particular spectrum. This consensus has resulted in the study of colour diverging into spectroscopy and colour physiology. As an alternative, the basis of the dichotomy postulated by Müller is studied, leading to the realization that the resolution of this dichotomy was begun by Goethe with the idea of turbidity. A further study shows that turbidity resolves the apparent incompatibility of light and dark.
Yeast biofilm in food realms: occurrence and control
Authors: Zara Giacomo , Budroni Marilena , Mannazzu Ilaria , Fancello Francesco , Zara Severino 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn natural environments, microorganisms form microbial aggregates called biofilms able to adhere to a multitude of different surfaces. Yeasts make no exception to this rule, being able to form biofilms in a plethora of environmental niches. In food realms, yeast biofilms may cause major problems due to their alterative activities. In addition, yeast biofilms are tenacious structures difficult to eradicate or treat with the current arsenal of antifungal agents. Thus, much effort is being made to develop novel approaches to prevent and disrupt yeast biofilms, for example through the use of natural antimicrobials or small molecules with both inhibiting and dispersing properties. The aim of this review is to provide a synopsis of the most recent literature on yeast biofilms regarding: (i) biofilm formation mechanisms; (ii) occurrence in food and in food-related environments; and (iii) inhibition and dispersal using natural compounds, in particular.
Towards social life cycle assessment of mobility services: systematic literature review and the way forward
Authors: Gompf Katharina , Traverso Marzia , Hetterich Jörg 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The main purpose of this review is to describe the state of the art of social impact assessment with a focus on mobility services. Whereas the use phase plays an important role for the assessment of services in general, the evaluation of the use phase has been underrepresented in previous social life cycle assessment studies. For that reason, particular attention has been paid to indicators, which allow the assessment of social impacts during the use phase of mobility services.

Methods
Continuous efforts to mitigate climate change and to improve quality of life in cities result in new mobility solutions based on collective use. This will have a huge impact on our society transforming the use of vehicles. In order to better understand the implications for cities, society and the automotive industry, it is essential to evaluate the social impact generated along a product life cycle with particular attention to the use phase. To reach the goal, a systematic literature review was carried out with a focus on social indicators that allow assessing use phase impacts of mobility services. The indicators were analysed and allocated to stakeholder groups. Based on the analysis, a core set of indicators is proposed under consideration of data availability.

Results and discussion
Based on the selected search strings, 51 publications were selected for the literature review, including 579 social indicators. The analysis revealed a wide variety and diversity of indicators that are trying to measure the same aspect. The allocation to the respective stakeholder groups showed that most of the indicators (36%) evaluate impacts regarding the stakeholder group local community. The majority of analysed indicators are of quantitative nature (63%). Nevertheless, a clear assessment method was often missing in the respective publications. Therefore, for the core set of indicators, an assessment method is proposed for every indicator.

Conclusions
The results from this study can help practitioners as well as researchers in the field of urban mobility assessment as it systematically analyses social sustainability aspects. The presented data gives an overview of various indicators that are suggested in other publications, and the proposed core set of indicators can be used to evaluate different mobility services in further research.
Carbon and water footprint of coffee consumed in Finland—life cycle assessment
Authors: Usva Kirsi , Sinkko Taija , Silvenius Frans , Riipi Inkeri , Heusala Hannele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Coffee is one of the most widely grown cash crops globally, but there are few scientific articles on its carbon footprint and water scarcity impacts. The aim of this study was to assess the carbon footprint and water scarcity impacts throughout the life cycle of the coffee chain (cradle-to-grave) and to identify the most important sources of the impacts (hotspots).

Methods
The system included all the key stages of the supply chain from land use change and coffee cultivation to roasting and household consumption. Primary data was collected from eight coffee cultivation farms in Brazil, Nicaragua, Colombia and Honduras and coffee roastery and packaging manufacturers in Finland. The AWARE method was applied in a water scarcity impact assessment.

Results and discussion
The carbon footprint varied from 0.27 to 0.70 kg CO2 eq/l coffee. The share of the coffee cultivation stage varied from 32 to 78% and the consumption stage from 19 to 49%. The use of fertilizers was the most important process contributing to the carbon footprint. Furthermore, deforestation-related emissions notably increased the carbon footprint of coffee from Nicaragua. Compared with the previous literature, our results indicate a relatively larger share of climate impacts in the cultivation stage and less during consumption.
The water scarcity impact was relatively low for non-irrigated systems in Central America, 0.02 m3 eq/l coffee. On Brazilian farms, irrigation is a major contributor to the water scarcity impact, varying from 0.15 to 0.27 m3 eq/l coffee.

Conclusions
Improving the management practices in cultivation and fertilization is key for lower GHG emissions. Irrigation optimization is the most important mitigation strategy to reduce water scarcity impact. However, actions to reduce these two impacts should be executed side by side to avoid shifting burdens between the two.
Bewegungsfördernde Bibliotheksarbeitsplätze an Hochschulen
Authors: Mann David , Helten Jessica , Hoffmann Sascha W. , von Sommoggy Julia , Rüter Jana , Loss Julika , Germelmann Claas Christian , Tittlbach Susanne 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrundBewegungsmangel und lange, ununterbrochene Sitzzeiten gelten verstärkt als eigenständige, gesundheitliche Risikofaktoren und sind bei Personen mit hohem Bildungsgrad sehr ausgeprägt. Dies betrifft insbesondere junge Erwachsene allgemein sowie Studierende an Hochschulen im Speziellen.FragestellungAkzeptanz und Wirksamkeit einer präventiven Verhältnismaßnahme zur Reduktion der Sitzzeit und Erhöhung der Sitzunterbrechungen von Studierenden an der Hochschule werden evaluiert.Material und MethodenEs wird ein Mixed-methods-Design (quantitative Erfassung des Bewegungsprofils per Bewegungssensoren und qualitative Leitfadeninterviews) zur Implementierung bewegungsfördernder, höhenverstellbarer Arbeitsplätze in einer Universitätsbibliothek zur Evaluation des Sitzverhaltens bei 10 Studierenden erhoben.ErgebnisseDurch die Nutzung der bewegungsfördernden, höhenverstellbaren Arbeitsplätze erfolgt eine signifikante Reduktion der Sitzzeit sowie eine signifikante Erhöhung der Sitzunterbrechungen. Zudem lässt sich eine positive Bewertung und hohe Akzeptanz der neuen Arbeitsplätze bei den Nutzenden erkennen und es kann ein Beitrag zu deren Wohlbefinden geleistet werden.SchlussfolgerungDer Einsatz bewegungsfördernder Arbeitsplätze in Universitätsbibliotheken kann eine wirksame Interventionsmaßnahme zur Steigerung gesundheitsfördernder Rahmenbedingungen im universitären Setting darstellen und damit zur Erhöhung eines bewegungsfördernden Lebensstils bei Studierenden beitragen.
SEM-Tree hybrid models in the preferences analysis of the members of Polish households
Authors: Sagan Adam , Łapczyński Mariusz 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is to identify the dimensions of the strategy of resources allocation of Polish households members and test the hypothesis concerning risky shift effect in the relationship between strategy of family decision making and trade-off in family scarce resources allocation. These dimensions were identified on the basis of nationwide empirical data gathered on a representative sample of 1020 respondents nested in 410 households. SEM-Tree hybrid models are used in the analysis of the results, which combine the confirmatory structural equation models with exploratory and predictive classification and regression trees. This allows to apply structural modeling for the study of heterogeneous populations and to assess the hierarchical impact of exogenous predictors on the identification of segments with separate and unique model structural parameters. The approach combines the advantages of a model approach (at the stage of constructing hypotheses on structural relationships and specifications of measurement models) and exploration-based data (at the stage of recursive division of the sample).
Researchers’ Perceptions of a Responsible Research Climate: A Multi Focus Group Study
Authors: Haven Tamarinde , Pasman H. Roeline , Widdershoven Guy , Bouter Lex , Tijdink Joeri 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe research climate plays a key role in fostering integrity in research. However, little is known about what constitutes a responsible research climate. We investigated academic researchers’ perceptions on this through focus group interviews. We recruited researchers from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and the Amsterdam University Medical Center to participate in focus group discussions that consisted of researchers from similar academic ranks and disciplinary fields. We asked participants to reflect on the characteristics of a responsible research climate, the barriers they perceived and which interventions they thought fruitful to improve the research climate. Discussions were recorded and transcribed at verbatim. We used inductive content analysis to analyse the focus group transcripts. We conducted 12 focus groups with 61 researchers in total. We identified fair evaluation, openness, sufficient time, integrity, trust and freedom to be mentioned as important characteristics of a responsible research climate. Main perceived barriers were lack of support, unfair evaluation policies, normalization of overwork and insufficient supervision of early career researchers. Possible interventions suggested by the participants centered around improving support, discussing expectations and improving the quality of supervision. Some of the elements of a responsible research climate identified by participants are reflected in national and international codes of conduct, such as trust and openness. Although it may seem hard to change the research climate, we believe that the realisation that the research climate is suboptimal should provide the impetus for change informed by researchers’ experiences and opinions.
Short-term Impact of Item-based Loyalty Program on Customer Purchase Behaviors
Authors: Wu Bo , Sun Yi , Yada Katsutoshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStudies based on the analysis of a new design of loyalty program, item-based loyalty programs (IBLPs), indicate that customers are more interested in item-based reward points than in traditional price discounts. However, we are still unaware of customer responses to the different point settings on IBLP items. This study investigates an analysis with Tobit II to explore IBLPs’ short-term (4 months) impact on customers’ purchase behaviors using data from two newly opened Japanese supermarket chains that have implemented this new IBLP program from the beginning. The results showed that different types of customers are differently affected by IBLPs, and that heavy customers are more inclined to purchase more items with more spending money than others. The results also indicated that customers’ purchase behaviors are affected by IBLPs’ different point levels. Moreover, to an IBLP with different points, the responses from different types of customers are different. The findings of this study have important guiding significance in IBLP design and marketing management.
Analysis on PVT test and empirical formula of Bohai heavy oil with different types of dissolved gases
Authors: Liu Yigang , Yuan Yingzhong , Zhou Fayuan , Qi Zhilin , Zhang Wei , Zhang Hua , Wang Qiuxia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccurate prediction of PVT properties of heavy oil system is of great significance to the design of injection–production parameters and dynamic analysis of multi-thermal fluid stimulation in heavy oil reservoir. The saturation pressure and viscosity of Bohai heavy oil system at different temperature and different gas oil ratio conditions were tested and analyzed. The functional relations of regression equations for saturation pressure and viscosity are constructed based on classical PVT correlations, but the parameters in the equations different from classical correlations are obtained from present experiment test data with multiple regression method. The empirical formula analysis results indicate that the 2-parameter equation can almost completely fit the experimental data, but its application scope is narrow. Although the 4-parameter equation has an extensive adaptability, its fitting accuracy is very low. The 3-parameter equation can not only better fit the saturation pressure and viscosity of heavy oil for the same gas under different dissolved gas oil ratios and different temperatures, but also has a wide application range. It is recommended to use the 3-parameter equation for physical property analysis and calculation of heavy oil. The research results provide a basis for the accurate prediction of heavy oil PVT parameters.
Pericarditis as a cardiac manifestation of acute leptospirosis
Authors: Zechel M. , Franz M. , Baier M. , Hagel S. , Schleenvoigt B. T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLeptospirosis is an infectious disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. The clinical presentation is unspecific and ranges from an asymptomatic clinical course to an acute fulminant disease. The current case report describes a 32-year-old male patient who presented with ST segment elevation in the electrocardiogram about 14 days after cross-country running. Pericarditis was diagnosed and linked to an acute leptospirosis that was serologically confirmed.
Impact of diabetes on COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality: a retrospective study from Northern Italy
Authors: Ciardullo S. , Zerbini F. , Perra S. , Muraca E. , Cannistraci R. , Lauriola M. , Grosso P. , Lattuada G. , Ippoliti G. , Mortara A. , Manzoni G. , Perseghin G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of pre-existing diabetes on in-hospital mortality in patients admitted for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).MethodsThis is a single center, retrospective study conducted at Policlinico di Monza hospital, located in the Lombardy region, Northern Italy. We reviewed medical records of 373 consecutive adult patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 between February 22 and May 15, 2020. Data were collected on diabetes status, comorbid conditions and laboratory findings. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the effect of diabetes on in-hospital mortality after adjustment for potential confounding variables.ResultsMean age of the patients was 72 ± 14 years (range 17–98), 244 (65.4%) were male and 69 (18.5%) had diabetes. The most common comorbid conditions were hypertension (237 [64.8%]), cardiovascular disease (140 [37.7%]) and malignant neoplasms (50 [13.6%]). In-hospital death occurred in 142 (38.0%) patients. In the multivariable model older age (Relative Risk [RR] 1.06 [1.04–1. 09] per year), diabetes (RR 1.56 [1.05–2.02]), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR 1.82 [1.13–2.35]), higher values of lactic dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.ConclusionIn this retrospective single-center study, diabetes was independently associated with a higher in-hospital mortality. More intensive surveillance of patients with this condition is to be warranted.
Theoretical virtues in eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition
Authors: van den Berg Hein 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWithin eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition we can distinguish at least three main theoretical positions: (i) Buffon’s mechanism, (ii) Reimarus’ theory of instincts, and (iii) the sensationalism of Condillac and Leroy. In this paper, I adopt a philosophical perspective on this debate and argue that in order to fully understand the justification Buffon, Reimarus, Condillac, and Leroy gave for their respective theories, we must pay special attention to the theoretical virtues these naturalists alluded to while justifying their position. These theoretical virtues have received little to no attention in the literature on eighteenth-century animal cognition, but figure prominently in the justification of the mechanist, instinctive, and sensationalist theories of animal behavior. Through my philosophical study of the role of theoretical virtues in eighteenth-century debates on animal cognition, we obtain a deeper understanding of how theoretical virtues were conceptualized in eighteenth-century science and how they influenced the justification of theories of animal cognition.