bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caribbean Constitutions and the Death Penalty
Authors: Burnham Margaret A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The states of the Commonwealth Caribbean have sought to pursue a constitutional path that rests upon the ancient origins of the English common law while also speaking to the unique needs and aspirations of their dynamic and diverse populations. To advance this project, in 2005 the Caribbean Court of Justice was launched to indigenize and harmonize the constitutional law of these small states. An area of great legal intricacy and political complexity has been the death penalty. While capital punishment is declining in popularity and usage around the world, by and large the Commonwealth Caribbean states have resisted these trends. It has been for the appellate courts in the region and in London to integrate local practices, regional rules, and international standards. This chapter examines the origins of Commonwealth Caribbean capital punishment jurisprudence, the status of the mandatory penalty, and the effect of the savings clause on human rights adjudication in this arena.
Mapping the Future of Caribbean Constitutionalism
Authors: Barrow-Giles Cynthia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter explores the contours of the major constitutional debates in the Caribbean in the last decade or so. Though the discussion attempts to ferret out some of the major constitutional and legal developments in non-English Speaking Caribbean countries of Cuba, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, in the main, its primary focus is the major recommendations of the various constitutional reform commissions. Drawing on the insights provided by these Commissions, viewed as a main site of resistance and activism, the Chapter attempts to identify the main trends and opinions, as well as resistance to issues of constitutionalism in the post-independence era. Beyond the focus on these commissions, the chapter draws insights of public opinion on issues of constitutional reform as revealed by an assessment of the response of civil society to the various referendum. While not seeking to confront the breath of the challenges of post-colonial constitutional making in the Caribbean, exposes some of the key problems associated with constitutional reformation in the Caribbean. It links these attempts and failures, to some of the values, entrenched traditional beliefs and stated aspirations of its citizens and political elite. It further exposes how the politics of constitutionalism are influenced by constraints and opportunities facing political elites, the imprint of popular mobilisation and the seeming political apathy and tensions around long standing and more recent constitutional questions. It concludes that whilst there is an imperative for reform, there is also tremendous pessimism.
To β or not to β: can higher order Jeans analysis break the mass–anisotropy degeneracy in simulated dwarfs?
Authors: Genina A , Read J I , Frenk C S , Cole S , Benítez-Llambay A , Ludlow A D , Navarro J F , Oman K A , Robertson A 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We test a non-parametric higher order Jeans analysis method, GravSphere, on 32 simulated dwarf galaxies comparable to classical Local Group dwarfs like Fornax. The galaxies are selected from A Project Of Simulating The Local Environment (APOSTLE) suite of cosmological hydrodynamics simulations with cold dark matter (CDM) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) models, allowing us to investigate cusps and cores in density distributions. We find that, for CDM dwarfs, the recovered enclosed mass profiles have a bias of no more than 10 per cent, with a 50 per cent scatter in the inner regions and a 20 per cent scatter near the half-light radius, consistent with standard mass estimators. The density profiles are also recovered with a bias of no more than 10 per cent and a scatter of 30 per cent in the inner regions. For SIDM dwarfs, the mass and density profiles are recovered within our 95 per cent confidence intervals but are biased towards cuspy dark matter distributions. This is mainly due to a lack of sufficient constraints from the data. We explore the sources of scatter in the accuracy of the recovered profiles and suggest a χ2 statistic to separate successful models from biased ones. Finally, we show that the uncertainties on the mass profiles obtained with GravSphere are smaller than those for comparable Jeans methods and that they can be further improved if stronger priors, motivated by cosmological simulations, are placed on the velocity anisotropy. We conclude that GravSphere is a promising Jeans-based approach for modelling dark matter distributions in dwarf galaxies.
Reduced chromatin binding of MYC is a key effect of HDAC inhibition in MYC amplified medulloblastoma
Authors: Ecker Jonas , Thatikonda Venu , Sigismondo Gianluca , Selt Florian , Valinciute Gintvile , Oehme Ina , Müller Carina , Buhl Juliane L , Ridinger Johannes , Usta Diren , Qin Nan , van Tilburg Cornelis M , Herold-Mende Christel , Remke Marc , Sahm Felix , Westermann Frank , Kool Marcel , Wechsler-Reya Robert J , Chavez Lukas , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Jäger Natalie , Pfister Stefan M , Witt Olaf , Milde Till 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The sensitivity of myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) amplified medulloblastoma to class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has been shown previously; however, understanding the underlying molecular mechanism is crucial for selection of effective HDAC inhibitors for clinical use. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct molecular interaction of MYC and class I HDAC2, and the impact of class I HDAC inhibition on MYC function.

Methods
Co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry were used to determine the co-localization of MYC and HDAC2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing and gene expression profiling were used to analyze the co-localization of MYC and HDAC2 on DNA and the impact on transcriptional activity in primary tumors and a MYC amplified cell line treated with the class I HDAC inhibitor entinostat. The effect on MYC was investigated by quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence.

Results
HDAC2 is a cofactor of MYC in MYC amplified medulloblastoma. The MYC-HDAC2 complex is bound to genes defining the MYC-dependent transcriptional profile. Class I HDAC inhibition leads to stabilization and reduced DNA binding of MYC protein, inducing a downregulation of MYC activated genes (MAGs) and upregulation of MYC repressed genes (MRGs). MAGs and MRGs are characterized by opposing biological functions and by distinct enhancer-box distribution.

Conclusions
Our data elucidate the molecular interaction of MYC and HDAC2 and support a model in which inhibition of class I HDACs directly targets MYC’s transactivating and transrepressing functions.
Inherent Constraints on Constituent Power
Authors: Duke George 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article argues that recent attempts to domesticate the concept of constituent power by appeal to inherent liberal-democratic constraints on its exercise are untenable. The article first outlines the conceptual background and some of the underlying motivations for the inherent constraints thesis. It then critically examines two attempts to defend the inherent constraints thesis, by reference to liberal and democratic principles respectively. These attempts, I contend, rest on a conflation of strong and weak popular sovereignty and assumptions about political legitimacy that should be kept conceptually distinct from the theory of constituent power. Finally, the article argues that the inherent constraints thesis ultimately derives from a failure to attend to the ‘ideal’ or ‘central’ concept of the constitution. The conclusion to draw from these arguments is that while there may be some minimal constraints on constituent power, these will not be inherently liberal-democratic in nature.
Organizing and Managing Data Analytics Teams for Procurement
Authors: Shao Benjamin , St. Louis Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Many companies are forming data analytics teams to put data to work. To enhance procurement practices, chief procurement officers (CPOs) must work effectively with data analytics teams, from hiring and training to managing and utilizing team members. This chapter presents the findings of a study on how CPOs use data analytics teams to support the procurement process. Surveys and interviews indicate companies are exhibiting different levels of maturity in using data analytics, but both the goal of CPOs (i.e., improving performance to support the business strategy) and the way to interact with data analytics teams for achieving that goal are common across companies. However, as data become more reliably available and technologies become more intelligently embedded, the best practices of organizing and managing data analytics teams for procurement will need to be constantly updated.
Within-Organizational Structures and Roots of the Buyer–Supplier Relationship
Authors: Andersen Poul Houman , de Boer Luitzen , Choi Thomas Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The extant literature conceptualizes a buyer–supplier relationship (BSR) as something that exists between two organizations. These relationships are thought to be captured in short- versus long-term contracts, interorganizational communications, implementation of technologies at the interface such as electronic data interchange, etc. However, this chapter posits that a BSR is defined more by what exists within the two organizations that face each other than by what exists between them. The goal of this chapter is to characterize and substantiate within-organizational structures that support a BSR. This chapter calls such structures the roots of a BSR.
Procurement Analytics
Authors: Goul Michael , Raghu T. S. , Li Ziru 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As procurement organizations increasingly move from a cost-and-efficiency emphasis to a profit-and-growth emphasis, flexible data architecture will become an integral part of a procurement analytics strategy. It is therefore imperative for procurement leaders to understand and address digitization trends in supply chains and to develop strategies to create robust data architecture and analytics strategies for the future. This chapter assesses and examines the ways companies can organize their procurement data architectures in the big data space to mitigate current limitations and to lay foundations for the discovery of new insights. It sets out to understand and define the levels of maturity in procurement organizations as they pertain to the capture, curation, exploitation, and management of procurement data. The chapter then develops a framework for articulating the value proposition of moving between maturity levels and examines what the future entails for companies with mature data architectures. In addition to surveying the practitioner and academic research literature on procurement data analytics, the chapter presents detailed and structured interviews with over fifteen procurement experts from companies around the globe. The chapter finds several important and useful strategies that have helped procurement organizations design strategic roadmaps for the development of robust data architectures. It then further identifies four archetype procurement area data architecture contexts. In addition, this chapter details exemplary high-level mature data architecture for each archetype and examines the critical assumptions underlying each one. Data architectures built for the future need a design approach that supports both descriptive and real-time, prescriptive analytics.
Cinema
Authors: Weir David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article analyzes the role of decadence in cinema, first by comparing two adaptations of plays by Oscar Wilde: Alla Nazimova’s Salomé (1922) and Ernst Lubitsch’s Lady Windermere’s Fan (1925). These films illustrate, respectively, two subsequent cinema aesthetics that could not be more unlike: the camp and the classic. Nazimova’s inadvertent camp leads to Ken Russell’s deliberately tasteless adaptation of Wilde in Salome’s Last Dance (1988). Questions of taste, technique, and audience become especially problematic in the relationship of John Waters to Douglas Sirk. In the 1950s, Sirk’s melodramatic films were enormously popular with mainstream audiences, but their outlandish plots and artificial style now appeal mostly to the camp sensibility. Waters’s Polyester (1981) doubles down on Sirk’s middle-class decadence: while still camp, Polyester is such an extreme instance of the style that it is better described as “trash,” Waters’s own preferred term for the tasteless fakery of his cinematic world.
Millennial Sovereignty and the Mughal Dynasty
Authors: Moin A. Azfar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A distinguishing feature of the Mughal (or Timurid) Empire is that several of its most powerful rulers styled themselves not only as temporal sovereigns but also as sacred beings, and claimed authority over matters of religion. This aspect of Mughal sovereignty was institutionalized by Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605) when he publicly proclaimed his spiritual lordship close to the turn of the first Islamic millennium and protected all religions and sects under a “universal peace” (sulh-i kull). This article connects and compares this style of Mughal sacred kingship to religious developments in Iran and Central Asia after the Mongol conquests led by Chinggis Khan. There the destruction of the caliphate and the strengthening of Sufi orders had given shape to saintly and messianic forms of sovereignty as exemplified by the Safavid dynasty of ‘Alid and Sufi origins. Less tolerant than the Mughals in India, the Safavids forcibly converted Iran to Shi‘ism.
Sufism and the Growth of State Power in Northern India and the Deccan
Authors: Green Nile 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys the political and socioeconomic foundations of South Asian Islam in the precolonial period. It examines the relationship between Sufi Islam and political and economic power across a series of Muslim-ruled states. After contextualizing Sufi expansion, and its links to state formation, in South Asia amid a wider set of Eurasian Islamic norms, the chapter turns to the religious institutions (shrines, lodges, pilgrimage centers) that, through royal and aristocratic land grants, assured longevity and resources to Sufi Islam. It then turns to the dynamics of exchange between religious and political elites, showing how royal patronage saw Sufi Islam shape imperial culture at the same time that imperial tastes shaped the architecture and rituals of the Sufis. Finally, the chapter turns to the realm of religious ideas by contextualizing doctrinal circulation into the material and ideological dimensions of Mughal power.
Potassium Channel Mutations in Epilepsy
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes recent advances in understanding the clinical significance of rare variants in potassium channel genes in the causation of epilepsy. The α subunits of potassium channels fall into three major families, which are encoded by at least 70 different genes, of which at least 40 are brain-expressed. Brain-expressed potassium channels, in both nerve and glial cells, have complex roles in the regulation of neurodevelopment and cortical excitability. The chapter discusses the 20 potassium channel α-subunit genes in which rare variants have been linked to a wide variety of neurocognitive phenotypes. Advances in the understanding of how gene variants affect channel function to result in neuronal dysfunction and epilepsy are discussed, as well as descriptions of the phenotypic characteristics of the disorder and how a genetic diagnosis currently impacts clinical management. The rapid discovery of potassium channelopathies causal of epilepsy needs to be matched by improved understanding of the impact of individual variants within the human brain in order to develop truly targeted therapies that will result in seizure control and potentially improved neurodevelopmental outcome.
Punk and Aging
Authors: Bennett Andy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an in-depth critical analysis of the relationship between punk and aging. It begins with a consideration of the broader field of music and aging studies and the insights that this work has provided concerning the shifting cultural significance of genres such as punk, rock, and dance away from the exclusive domain of youth and toward a more multigenerational significance. This is followed by a focus on various ways in which individuals have aged with punk and how its cultural values and practices have remained with them as they have aged, effectively becoming components of an active and ongoing punk lifestyle. As the chapter illustrates, this extends to what could effectively be termed punk “careers,” whereby those with a strong commitment to a punk ethic strive to create alternative and DIY careers that are independent of traditional career pathways. The final section of the chapter looks at the legacy of punk and the attempts made to preserve and promote this through, for example, museum exhibitions, heritage media, and academic scholarship.
Queer and Feminist Punk in the UK
Authors: Lohman Kirsty 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on contemporary “do it yourself” (DIY) queer and feminist punk scenes in the UK. It traces a lineage from queercore, Riot Grrrl, and punk, noting transatlantic influence and exchange between North American and UK scenes. It delves into issues of identity and inclusion/exclusion, aesthetics, and economic practices. The chapter situates queer and feminist punk as part of wider DIY creative cultures of inclusion and opportunity, with distinct political and organizational modes.
Standardized Identifiers and Electronic Data Interchange Rules for Music
Authors: Elton Serona 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The music industry uses several categories of information standards, which involve policies, governance rules, and technical specifications. This chapter explains the standardized ways of identifying music-related parties, intellectual property, publications, products, and releases; of formatting music metadata; and of exchanging data electronically. It describes how parties such as songwriters/composers, music publishers, recording artists, performers on sound recordings, and record companies are identified through use of the IPI, IPN, and ISNI; intellectual property such as musical compositions and sound recordings and music videos are identified through use of the ISWC, ISRC, acoustic fingerprints, and watermarks; and publications, products, and releases are identified through the use of the ISMN, GTIN, and GRiD. It explores the way that Music Data Style Guides are used to set rules regarding the presentation of information to consumers and the structure of data which accompanies digital music files. It explains the electronic data interchange standards, including the CIS and DDEX message suites, which are used to efficiently communicate information between parties in the supply and value chains. Finally, the chapter looks to the future, considering the information management segment of the music industry as a form of IT service management and explores ways that people, process, and technology may come together to maximize business value.
Border Violence in Latin America
Authors: Carrión-Mena Fernando , Gottsbacher Markus 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Violence across borders has experienced a global transformation as a consequence of regional integration, especially in border regions where the presence of global crime networks exacerbates complementary asymmetries. In such cases, borders are transformed from predominantly national spaces of encountering and separation into hubs of world economic circuits—both legal and illegal. This transformation produces two important changes: on the one hand, borders become less geographically fixed and more fluid spaces; on the other hand, the central actor of illegal markets is no longer the contraband smuggler but rather a trafficker of persons, goods, and services from distant territories. The text addresses these dynamics and focuses on three topics: the relationship between borders and actors, the configuration of particular forms of border violence, and the security politics in South American countries.
Historical Approaches to the Study of Political Executives
Authors: Laing Matthew , McCaffrie Brendan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Historical research has always been used to inform the study of politics, and historical analysis is a common thread through political theories from Plato to Habermas. Several traditions that take a historical approach to political executives can be discerned, including political history, historical patterning, hermeneutics, and historical institutionalism, though it has been the lattermost which has dominated in recent decades. This has made history as a foundation for political analysis considerably more methodical and robust, and has spawned important subfields, many of which have made valuable and influential contributions to the study of executive politics. That ‘history matters’ has been well-established, but how it matters is still an evolving subject of study, as methodological debates, idiosyncratic theories, and inconsistent analytical frameworks are still commonplace. Moreover, political history, once a flourishing tradition in executive politics, has declined in recent decades, exposing the complex relationship between political and historical disciplines.
Government Formation and Termination
Authors: Schleiter Petra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost of the time government formation and termination in parliamentary, semi-presidential, and presidential democracies entails a degree of bargaining between political parties and, where relevant, the president. This chapter reviews the literature that analyses these bargaining processes and their outcomes. It examines the motivations and resources of parties and presidents in negotiating cabinet representation, the attributes of cabinets, their durability, the different modes of cabinet termination, and the methodological challenges that studying cabinet formation and termination gives rise to. Since the 1990s, I argue, the confluence of the institutionalist turn in the literature on parliamentary governments and the rising interest in cabinet formation and termination among scholars who study semi-presidential and presidential democracies has lent increasing realism to models of government formation and termination. At the same time, the merger of these different research traditions highlights new challenges which are identified in the chapter’s conclusion.
Presidents and Cabinets
Authors: Elgie Robert 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe relationship between presidents and cabinets has attracted less scholarly attention than the prime minister/cabinet relationship. The relationship is typically captured in the theoretical and conceptual terms of the principal-agent framework. In presidential systems, cabinet is the agent of the president, as it is the agent of parliament in parliamentary systems, but in semi-presidential systems, and especially in the president-presidentialism variety, cabinet has two principals. This has resulted in hypotheses for empirical research into the powers of the president over cabinet, and the level of conflict between president and cabinet. With regard to the dominance of the president, the proportion of non-partisan ministers in the cabinet has been shown to be an important indicator. However, the chapter ends with the suggestion to look beyond regime-level differences. The category of presidential systems in particular hides considerable variety, and the study of presidential systems, especially in Latin America, has important potential in this regard.