bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time dose control for electron-beam lithography
Authors: Yang-Keathley Yugu , Maloney Stephen A , Hastings J Todd 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Shot-to-shot, or pixel-to-pixel, dose variation during electron-beam lithography is a significant practical and fundamental problem. Dose variations associated with charging, electron source instability, optical system drift, and ultimately shot noise in the e-beam itself conspire to critical dimension variability, line width/edge roughness, and limited throughput. It would be an important improvement to e-beam based patterning technology if real-time feedback control of electron-dose were provided so that pattern quality and throughput would be improved beyond the shot noise limit. In this paper, we demonstrate control of e-beam dose based on the measurement of electron arrival at the sample where patterns are written, rather than from the source or another point in the electron optical column. Our results serve as the first steps towards real-time dose control and eventually overcoming the shot noise.
Single-walled carbon nanotube membranes as non-reflective substrates for nanophotonic applications
Authors: Zhigunov Denis M , Shilkin Daniil A , Kokareva Natalia G , Bessonov Vladimir O , Dyakov Sergey A , Chermoshentsev Dmitry A , Mkrtchyan Aram A , Gladush Yury G , Fedyanin Andrey A , Nasibulin Albert G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We demonstrate that single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) membranes can be successfully utilized as nanometer-thick substrates for enhanced visualization and facilitated study of individual nanoparticles. As model objects, we transfer optically resonant 200 nm silicon nanoparticles onto pristine and ethanol-densified SWCNT membranes by the femtosecond laser printing method. We image nanoparticles by scanning electron and bright-field optical microscopy, and characterize by linear and Raman scattering spectroscopy. The use of a pristine SWCNT membrane allows to achieve an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the optical contrast of the nanoparticle bright field image over the results shown in the case of the glass substrate use. The observed optical contrast enhancement is in agreement with the spectrophotometric measurements showing an extremely low specular reflectance of the pristine membrane (≤0.1%). Owing to the high transparency, negligibly small reflectance and thickness, SWCNT membranes offer a variety of perspective applications in nanophotonics, bioimaging and synchrotron radiation studies.
Finite element analysis of straight twisted polymer actuators using precursor properties
Authors: Higueras-Ruiz Diego R , Center Charles J , Feigenbaum Heidi P , Swartz Amy M , Shafer Michael W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twisted polymer actuators (TPAs) are a promising new low-cost actuation technology that can generate torsional or linear actuation. While analytical models for TPAs have been explored to predict their thermal actuation responses, these models are either based on elastic properties of the twisted monofilament, which does not allow for design of initial twist, or ignore the internal stresses between layers. How the elastic properties of the precursor (untwisted) monofilament affects internal stresses is not well understood. Our goal is to better understand how the actuation response is affected by internal stresses. To study the internal stresses in TPAs, we simulate a straight twisted polymer actuator (STPA) using a finite element (FE) model. The linear elastic mechanical properties of the untwisted monofilament as a function of temperature are needed as inputs to the FE model, and are obtained experimentally. FE results are compared with experimental actuation responses and closed-form predictions using models which neglect internal stresses, namely the Shafer et al and the averaged Shafer et al models. The simulations and experiments use a STPA to generate torsional actuation under free torsion conditions. Under these conditions, we show that interlayer stresses are not the main driver for the torsional actuation of STPAs and FE model predicts experimental data about as well as closed-form models. Additionally, we use the internal stresses to better understand the actuation mechanism of TPAs and evaluate their effects on STPAs torsional actuation under free torsion conditions.
Untethered, high-speed soft jumpers enabled by combustion for motions through multiphase environments
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Yang Yang , Lin Guanzheng , Jiao Pengcheng , He Zhiguo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Soft robots have been widely studied to accomplish multifunctional on-land tasks in recent years. Here, we develop a type of combustion-enabled soft jumpers that are able to move through multiphase media (e.g. water–air multiphase) with a high-speed of ∼6 times body length per second on average and up to ∼9 times body length per second at most while the driving time is less than 0.5 s. The reported soft jumpers are driven by extremely expandable silicon-rubber membranes resulted in the combustion of oxygen-propane mixed gas. Experiments are conducted to investigate the multiphase jumping response of the soft jumpers with respect to the premixed gas ratio

r

of the combustion. Both numerical and analytical models are developed to investigate the jumping response in terms of the gas amount

A

, the premixed gas ratio

r

and the water depth

D

W

, and satisfactory agreements are obtained from the comparisons among the experimental, numerical and analytical results.
Low-power high-speed half-flux-quantum circuits driven by low bias voltages
Authors: Li Feng , Takeshita Yuto , Hasegawa Daiki , Tanaka Masamitsu , Yamashita Taro , Fujimaki Akira 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Half-flux-quantum (HFQ) circuits store and propagate half-flux quanta. The basic circuit element is a 0-π SQUID, which is a superconducting quantum interference device with a conventional Josephson junction (0-junction) and a π-shifted ferromagnetic junction (π-junction). A 0-π SQUID achieves a small critical current in the absence of an external magnetic field, thus reducing power consumption. It is easy to set up 0-0-π SQUIDs with two 0-junctions and a π-junction which serves as a π phase-shifter. We simulated 0-0-π SQUID-based HFQ circuits driven by low bias voltages, referred to as LV-HFQ circuits. In these circuits, shunt resistors are not required for switching junctions because there is no hysteresis in the current–voltage characteristics of 0-0-π SQUIDs. We estimated the power consumption and maximum operating frequency of an HFQ Josephson transmission line based on 0-0-π SQUIDs. When operating at 43.5 GHz, the power dissipation of a single element composed of a 0-0-π SQUID and a bias resistor fell to about 0.165 nW when biased at 60 μV. The LV-HFQ circuit is potentially more power-efficient than all other currently available superconducting logic circuits.
Complex Berry curvature pair and quantum Hall admittance in non-Hermitian systems
Authors: Fan Annan , Huang Guang-Yao , Liang Shi-Dong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We propose complex Berry curvatures associated with the non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and its Hermitian adjoint and use these to reveal new physics in non-Hermitian systems. We give the complex Berry curvature and Berry phase for the two-dimensional non-Hermitian Dirac model. The imaginary part of the complex Berry phase induces susceptance so that the quantum Hall conductance is generalized to admittance for non-Hermitian systems. This implies that the non-Hermiticity of physical systems can induce intrinsic capacitive or inductive properties, depending on the non-Hermitian parameters. We analyze the complex energy band structures of the two-dimensional non-Hermitian Dirac model, determine the point and line gaps, and identify the conditions for their closure. We find that closure is associated with the exceptional degeneracy of the energy bands in the parameter space, which, in turn, is associated with topological phase transitions. In the continuum limit, we obtain the complex Berry phase in the parameter space.
Problems faced by people living at home with dementia and incontinence: causes, consequences and potential solutions
Authors: Murphy Catherine , De Laine Christine , Macaulay Margaret , Hislop Lennie Kelly , Fader Mandy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
many people living at home with dementia (PLWD) also have poorly managed toilet-use or incontinence problems with damaging consequences for both people with dementia, unpaid carers and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Currently, there are no theoretically or empirically based interventions to help. The underlying causes and subsequent consequences of these problems need to be fully understood in order to support the development of interventions that have the potential to decrease the impact of these problems on people’s lives.

Aim
to establish the range of causes, consequences and potential solutions of toilet-use and incontinence problems for PLWD and their carers.

Method
a qualitative design was used. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with PLWD, carers and HCPs (continence or dementia nurses). PLWD and carers were recruited via www.joindementiaresearch.nihr.ac.uk and via dementia/carer groups. Nurses were recruited via their employers. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Framework analysis was used to interpret the data to address the goal of the research.

Results
in total, 45 people (26 unpaid carers, 2 people with dementia, 9 continence and 8 dementia HCPs) took part. The causes of toilet-use and incontinence problems were reported to be multi-faceted and complex including those related to dementia (e.g. lack of insight into toileting needs or how to use the toilet), those which are physical (e.g. existing bladder or bowel issues or poor mobility), psychosocial (e.g. inability to ask for help for incontinence) or societal (e.g. fear of stigma), or related to care systems (e.g. lack of expert knowledge) or products (e.g. poor fit or confusing for users). Consequences included harms to physical and mental health, social isolation, increased carer workload and care system resource implications.

Conclusion
this study provides the first detailed characterisation of the causes and consequences of and potential solutions for incontinence problems for PLWD at home and their carers. Multifaceted and complex problems were identified, layering dementia, physical, psychosocial, societal and care system factors and highlighting contextual variation. This new knowledge provides the essential basis for the (now underway) development of urgently needed practical and implementable interventions for this underserved population.
Psychological Distress and Intention to Leave the Profession: The Social and Economic Exchange Mediating Role
Authors: Zychlinski Ester , Lavenda Osnat , Shamir Michal Mahat , Kagan Maya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between psychological distress among social workers and their intention to leave the profession through the economic and social exchange perspective. The research sample was comprised of 380 Israeli social workers who manually filled in structured questionnaires regarding psychological distress, economic and social exchange between employees and employers in their workplace, self-defined burnout and demographic information. The data analysis showed that higher levels of psychological distress were associated with higher economic exchange and with lower social exchange, which resulted in increased intention to leave. These findings are important for understanding the process that social workers experience regarding the emergence of psychological distress and for clarifying that this process consists of two concurrent components: increasing preoccupation with economic aspects and increasing emotional distancing from the profession. On the basis of the transactional model of stress and coping and the social and economic exchange perspectives, it would be desirable to develop an organisational culture that promotes social exchange (trust, manager support, teamwork), which would allow social workers to cope with active emotional regulation and to strengthen their sense of belonging to the profession and thus reduce their intention to leave.
A fractal concentrator of direct and indirect sunlight
Authors: Katardjiev Ilia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A novel concept for concentrating both direct and indirect sunlight employing a combination of waveguiding and refractive optics is presented. More specifically, it is based on both the individual and the collective focusing effects of an array of refractive optical elements of specific geometry. An analytical framework and design principles regarding the geometry of the optical elements taking into account Fresnel reflection and refraction are presented. The principle of operation along with loss mechanisms and acceptance angles are discussed in detail. Ray-tracing simulations of a light concentrator designed accordingly indicate transmittance &gt;90% with acceptance angles of ≤65° at 3 suns for moderate refractive indices. It is further numerically demonstrated that the new approach allows the utilization of the dominant fraction of the solar radiation by harvesting the waste heat in addition to photovoltaic conversion with an operating energy efficiency for diffuse light &gt;70%.
β-blockers in hemodialysis: simple questions, complicated answers
Authors: Hundemer Gregory L , Sood Manish M , Canney Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this issue of the Clinical Kidney Journal, Wu et al. present the results of a nationwide population-based study using Taiwanese administrative data to compare safety and efficacy outcomes with initiation of bisoprolol versus carvedilol among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis for &gt;90 days. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events over 2 years of follow-up. The study found that bisoprolol was associated with a lower risk for both major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality compared with carvedilol. While the bulk of the existing evidence favors a cardioprotective and survival benefit with β-blockers as a medication class among dialysis patients, there is wide heterogeneity among specific β-blockers in regard to pharmacologic properties and dialyzability. While acknowledging the constraints of observational data, these findings may serve to inform clinicians about the preferred β-blocker agent for dialysis patients to help mitigate cardiovascular risk and improve long-term survival for this high-risk population.
Metabolic profiling of angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4 inhibition: a drug-target Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Wang Qin , Oliver-Williams Clare , Raitakari Olli T , Viikari Jorma , Lehtimäki Terho , Kähönen Mika , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Salomaa Veikko , Perola Markus , Danesh John , Kettunen Johannes , Butterworth Adam S , Holmes Michael V , Ala-Korpela Mika 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
Angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and 4 (ANGPTL4) inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and represent emerging drug targets to lower circulating triglycerides and reduce cardiovascular risk. To investigate the molecular effects of genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 inhibition and compare them to the effects of genetic mimicry of LPL enhancement.

Methods and results
Associations of genetic variants in ANGPTL3 (rs11207977-T), ANGPTL4 (rs116843064-A), and LPL (rs115849089-A) with an extensive serum lipid and metabolite profile (208 measures) were characterized in six cohorts of up to 61 240 participants. Genetic associations with anthropometric measures, glucose-insulin metabolism, blood pressure, markers of kidney function, and cardiometabolic endpoints via genome-wide summary data were also explored. ANGPTL4 rs116843064-A and LPL rs115849089-A displayed a strikingly similar pattern of associations across the lipoprotein and lipid measures. However, the corresponding associations with ANGPTL3 rs11207977-T differed, including those for low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle concentrations and compositions. All three genotypes associated with lower concentrations of an inflammatory biomarker glycoprotein acetyls and genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 inhibition and LPL enhancement were also associated with lower C-reactive protein. Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement were associated with a lower waist-to-hip ratio, improved insulin-glucose metabolism, and lower risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, whilst genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 was associated with improved kidney function.

Conclusions
Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement have very similar systemic metabolic effects, whereas genetic mimicry of ANGPTL3 inhibition showed differing metabolic effects, suggesting potential involvement of pathways independent of LPL. Genetic mimicry of ANGPTL4 inhibition and LPL enhancement were associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. These findings reinforce evidence that enhancing LPL activity (either directly or via upstream effects) through pharmacological approaches is likely to yield benefits to human health.
Long-term observation of catheter ablation vs. pharmacotherapy in the management of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (CAPA study)
Authors: Wu Gang , Huang He , Cai Lin , Yang Yanzong , Liu Xu , Yu Bo , Tang Yanhong , Jiang Hong , Huang Congxin ,   for the CAPA Study Investigators
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
The roles of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) and pharmacotherapy in treating persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) have not been sufficiently investigated. We conducted a multicentre, randomized, controlled trial to compare the effects of RFCA and pharmacotherapy on the prognosis of these patients.

Methods and results
A total of 648 patients with persistent and long-standing persistent AF were enrolled from 30 centres and randomized to either the ablation group (n = 327) or the pharmacotherapy group (n = 321). After 54.2 ± 10.6 months of follow-up, the primary endpoints occurred significantly more rarely in the ablation group than in the pharmacotherapy group (10.4% vs. 17.4%; hazard ratio 0.59, 95% confidence interval 0.48–0.75; P &lt; 0.001). The incidence of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) was significantly lower in the ablation group (4.2% vs. 7.2%, P &lt; 0.001). Likewise, the incidence of new-onset congestive heart failure (CHF) was lower in the ablation group (2.8% vs. 7.2%, P &lt; 0.001). More patients had sinus rhythm in the ablation group than in the pharmacotherapy group (60.6% vs. 20.9%, P &lt; 0.001), but fewer patients were on antiarrhythmic drugs (24.4% vs. 41.6%, P &lt; 0.001) and warfarin (60.8% vs. 83.9%, P = 0.001). Both the 6-min walk distance and the quality of life (QoL) were improved in the ablation group at the end of follow-up.

Conclusion
In patients with persistent and long-standing persistent AF, RFCA-based treatment was superior to pharmacotherapy in decreasing stroke/TIA and new-onset CHF and improving QoL.
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in transplant patients
Authors: Giannella Maddalena , Bartoletti Michele , Conti Michela , Righi Elda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are a serious public health concern and represent a major threat to immunocompromised hosts, including solid organ (SOT) and stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Transplant patients are at particular risk of developing CPE colonization and/or infection due to their frequent exposure to prolonged courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics, altered immunocompetence and exposure to invasive procedures and immunosuppressive drugs. Gut colonization with CPE, in particular carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, may occur before or after SOT in 2%–27% of patients and among 2%–9% of HSCT and has been associated with increased risk of developing CPE infections. In endemic areas, CPE infections occur in up to 18% of SOT, and HSCT patients can account for 5%–18% of all patients with CPE bacteraemia. Mortality rates up to 70% have been associated with CPE infections in both patient populations. The rapid initiation of an active therapy against CPE is advocated in these infections. Therapeutic options, however, are limited by the paucity of novel compounds that are currently available and by potential antibiotic-associated toxicities. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving infection control and antimicrobial stewardship programmes still represents the mainstay for the management of CPE infections among transplant patients. The evidence for the use of prevention strategies such as CPE-targeted perioperative prophylaxis or gut decolonization is still scarce. Large, multicentre trials are required to better define prevention strategies and to guide the management of CPE infections in the transplant setting.
Architectural Distortion on Screening Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Pathologic Outcomes and Indicators of Malignancy
Authors: Wadhwa Anubha , Majidi Shadie S , Cherian Solomon , Dykstra Daniel S , Deitch Sarah G , Hansen Colin , Bhave Sampada , Koch Kevin M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) has significantly improved cancer detection capabilities through its identification of subtle findings often imperceptible on 2D digital mammography, particularly architectural distortion (AD). The purpose of this study was to analyze of suspicious AD detected on screening DBT to evaluate the incidence of malignancy and to determine other patient or imaging characteristics in these cases as possible predictors of malignancy.

Methods
This was an IRB approved retrospective analysis of subjects with AD detected on DBT screening mammography who were given a biopsy recommendation between January 1, 2016, and June 30, 2018. Univariate analysis of various imaging characteristics and patient high-risk factors was performed for statistical correlation with diagnosis of malignancy.

Results
In the 218 DBT-detected AD findings with a final BI-RADS assessment of 4 or 5 on diagnostic workup, 94 (43.1%) yielded malignancy, 57 (26.2%) were classified as high-risk, and 67 (30.7%) were benign. There was a strong statistically significant association with malignancy in the cases with an US correlate (P &lt; 0.0001). There was a statistically significant inverse correlation between malignancy and one-view findings (P = 0.0002). The presence of AD on 2D (P = 0.005) or synthetic 2D views (P = 0.002) showed statistically significant correlations with malignancy, whereas breast density or high-risk factors (P = 0.316) did not.

Conclusion
AD detected on DBT that persists on further workup and has no explainable cause should be considered suspicious for malignancy. Identification of the AD on both standard mammographic views and the presence of an US correlate significantly increase the probability of malignancy.