bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invertebrate phenology modulates the effect of the leaf economics spectrum on litter decomposition rate across 41 subtropical woody plant species
Authors: Guo Chao , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Tuo Bin , Ci Hang , Yan En‐Rong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Litter quality and decomposers are critical to carbon and nutrient cycling through litter decomposition. However, how relationships between litter quality and invertebrate detritivores change litter mass loss through time is poorly known. Species’ initial leaf litter quality, as a legacy of their position on the ‘leaf economics spectrum’ (LES), may determine the invertebrate contribution to litter mass loss. This contribution may change through time, as both population peaks of invertebrate detritivores and litter quality of given species will change through time.

Here we introduce invertebrate phenology into a conceptual model of drivers of litter mass loss. We hypothesized that in the early decomposition period, LES can predict litter decomposability with or without a strong invertebrate contribution, that is, litter with higher nutrient content would decompose faster. But in the later decomposition period, when higher quality litter will already have decomposed too much and lower quality litters have still been less degraded, a strong invertebrate peak would coincide with relatively more consumption of initially lower quality litters; this would lead to a humpback relationship between leaf litter mass loss and initial LES position in this period.

We tested our hypothesis through a 1‐year field decomposition experiment using leaf litter of 41 woody species in each of two sites in subtropical forest in China; only one of these sites had a strong late peak of leaf litter‐feeding moth larvae in the litter layer.

LES score of litter species had a positive linear relationship with litter mass loss before the key invertebrate consumer peaks in the litter layer. However, with the invertebrates peaking later into the decomposition process, the invertebrate consumption peaked at initially lower quality litters, which altered the species’ decomposability trajectory on the LES, consistent with the hypothesized humpback relationship between leaf litter mass loss and LES. This phenomenon resulted in a strongly reduced slope of cumulative mass loss on initial LES score across species.

Our finding highlights the importance of considering interactions between the timing of detritivore activities and the timing of litter quality for better understanding the relationships between soil animals and ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Including dynamics in the equation: Tree growth rates and host specificity of vascular epiphytes
Authors: Wagner Katrin , Zotz Gerhard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The forest canopy is home to a rich biota. One salient feature are the dynamics of the habitat‐building trees, which are growing and eventually vanishing. Tree species strongly differ in growth rates, final size and longevity. Nevertheless, these inherent dynamics have been a blind spot in studies on host specificity of vascular epiphytes (vascular plants dwelling on trees without parasitizing them)—not least because tree growth rates and longevity are usually unknown in highly diverse tropical forests. The present study aims at tackling this blind spot.

We compared epiphyte abundances (>23,000 individuals) found on 285 individuals of four focal tree species in a lowland moist forest in Panama. Data on repeated dbh censuses from a permanent tree plot provided the unique opportunity to estimate the age of our sampled trees. We compared the relative importance of tree longevity for host biases with that of other host tree characteristics, namely microclimatic conditions and bark acidity, rugosity and stability.

The studied tree species differ in host quality and epiphyte species partly differ in host preferences. The conclusions concerning relative host tree quality depend hugely on whether or not different tree growth rates are considered. Comparing these conclusions allows important insights into the role of tree longevity in shaping epiphyte communities. Relating tree trait differences to the observed distributions of epiphytes among the focal tree species shows how the simultaneous action of various tree characteristics causes host biases.

Synthesis. This study highlights the substantial but, up to now, hidden role of different tree growth rates for host tree specificity of vascular epiphytes. Future investigations need to consider this possibly confounding factor adequately to avoid spurious conclusions.
Ecophysiological responses of the biocrust moss Syntrichia caninervis to experimental snow cover manipulations in a temperate desert of central Asia
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Yuanming 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlobal warming has given rise to variations in winter weather patterns, including changes in snow cover and soil hydrothermal properties. Biocrust mosses are a major component of desert ecosystems and are relatively sensitive to environmental change, yet the knowledge of possible ecophysiological responses of biocrust mosses to variations in annual snow cover is limited. The aim of this study was to understand how Syntrichia caninervis responds to simulated snow cover alterations in a temperate desert. Ecophysiological indicators of S. caninervis affected by snow manipulation were investigated in early winter (December), mid‐winter (January and February) and snow melt (March). Three levels of snow manipulations were complete removal of snow (−S), ambient snow cover (control, S), and double layer of snow (+S). Two‐way repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that most of the ecophysiological indices measured were significantly affected by the snow manipulation treatments, the actual time period of the snow cover and the interaction between both snow manipulation and time period. Soluble protein decreased with reduced snow cover especially during periods of snow melt. In contrast, antioxidant enzyme activity and malonydialdehyde (MDA) increased with reduced snow cover, but an exception to this trend was observed for peroxidase in early winter and MDA during snow melt. The results may indicate that biocrust moss has the ability to adapt to changes in snow cover by adjusting the physiological activities.
Carbendazim‐resistance associated β2‐tubulin substitutions increase deoxynivalenol biosynthesis by reducing the interaction between β2‐tubulin and IDH3 in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Zhou Zehua , Duan Yabing , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: November 2019

SummaryMicrotubule is a well‐known structural protein participating in cell division, motility and vesicle traffic. In this study, we found that β2‐tubulin, one of the microtubule components, plays an important role in regulating secondary metabolite deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis in Fusarium graminearum by interacting with isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit 3 (IDH3). We found IDH3 negatively regulate DON biosynthesis by reducing acetyl‐CoA accumulation in F. graminearum and DON biosynthesis was stimulated by exogenous acetyl‐CoA. In addition, the expression of IDH3 significantly decreased in the carbendazim‐resistant mutant nt167 (Fgβ2F167Y). Furthermore, we found that carbendazim‐resistance associated β2‐tubulin substitutions reducing the interaction intensity between β2‐tubulin and IDH3. Interestingly, we demonstrated that β2‐tubulin inhibitor carbendazim can disrupt the interaction between β2‐tubulin and IDH3. The decreased interaction intensity between β2‐tubulin and IDH3 resulted in the decreased expression of IDH3, which can cause the accumulation of acetyl‐CoA, precursor of DON biosynthesis in F. graminearum. Thus, we revealed that carbendazim‐resistance associated β2‐tubulin substitutions or carbendazim treatment increases DON biosynthesis by reducing the interaction between β2‐tubulin and IDH3 in F. graminearum. Taken together, the novel findings give the new perspectives of β2‐tubulin in regulating secondary metabolism in phytopathogenic fungi.
Neonatal dietitian resourcing and roles in New Zealand and Australia: A survey of current practice
Authors: Cormack Barbara , Oliver Colleen , Farrent Shelley , Young Jacqui , Coster Keryn , Gilroy Melissa , Page Denise , Little Helen , McLeod Gemma ,   Australasian Neonatal Dietitians Network (ANDiN)
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimDietitian‐led implementation of evidence‐based nutrition support practices improves nutrient intakes, clinical outcomes and growth, decreases length of stay and related costs, and reduces intravenous nutrition costs and prescription errors. We aimed to investigate current neonatal dietitian resourcing and roles in New Zealand and Australian neonatal units, and to compare this with dietitian workforce recommendations and previously reported survey data.MethodsA two‐part electronic survey was emailed to 50 Australasian Neonatal Dietitians Network members and other dietitians working in neonatal intensive care or special care baby units in New Zealand and Australia. The survey ran from July to October 2018. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the distribution of responses. Responses were compared with other similar surveys and British Dietetic Association workforce recommendations.ResultsThere was an 88% response rate for Part 1. Forty‐eight percent of respondents had worked in neonatology for more than 5 years. Ward rounds were attended weekly or more often by 43% of respondents. One‐third regularly attended neonatal conferences or grand rounds. The majority spent less than 25% of their neonatal service allocation on teaching, developing policy or research. All respondents reported their unit had written enteral feeding guidelines. The neonatal dietitian workforce is at 23% of recommended levels.ConclusionsAustralasian neonatal dietitians have great potential to add value in neonatal units which has not yet been fully realised. Funding reallocation, upskilling and on‐going professional development are needed to ensure the neonatal dietitian workforce is at the recommended level to be safe, sustainable and effective.
Hidden Jedi: A critical qualitative exploration of the Fellow credential and advanced expertise
Authors: Palermo Claire , Allen Louise , Dart Janeane , Beck Eleanor J. , Daniels Lynne , Ash Susan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimThe present study aimed to describe the characteristics of a Fellow and critically review factors relevant to recognition and promotion of excellence within the profession of dietetics in Australia.MethodsThrough the development of revised Competency Standards for the Fellow credential, a critical qualitative approach drawing on action research was used whereby members of the profession were given a voice in the research process. Six focus groups with a total of 30 participants explored descriptions of expertise and perceptions of Fellow by the profession and determinants of uptake. Focus groups were conducted during February and March 2018. Data were examined using a thematic analysis approach, with additional meaning explored through cultural historical activity theory.Participants/setting – A purposive sample of Australian dietitians.ResultsFellows embodied leadership, impact, influence, innovation and inspiration, internal and external to the profession and this was reflected in the revised Competency Standards. Potential Fellows perceived they were not capable of achieving the standard required. A lack of recognition of the credential both from within the community of dietetics, and externally, was identified. The role of the social system in which these credentials operate including the role of the professional association in awarding the credential are relevant.ConclusionsChanges to the standards, and the system, may improve perceptions and uptake of the credential. This example provides highly relevant insights for the profession internationally.
Ligustilide Inhibited Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Migration via c‐Myc/MMP2 and ROCK/JNK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Luo Zhenhui , Deng Huijian , Fang Zicen , Zeng Ao , Chen Yuankun , Zhang Wei , Lu Qun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) excessive migration, a basic change of pathological intimal thickening, can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Ligustilide (LIG), the main active ingredient of angelica volatile oil, has been demonstrated to exert protective effects on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular, circulatory system, and immune function. However, whether it protects against intimal thickening and VSMCs excessive migration and its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LIG on VSMCs migration and its underlying mechanism. The protective effect of LIG on VSMCs excessive migration was assessed using an atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rat model and an angiotensin II (AngII)‐induced VSMCs migration model. The results showed that LIG exerted a protective effect against pathological intimal thickening as demonstrated by decreasing VSMCs migration in vivo and in vitro. In vivo, intimal thickening and VSMCs migration were inhibited and LIG performed a suppressive effect on the expression of c‐Myc protein while enhanced phenotypic transformation related proteins α‐SMA expression. Meanwhile, the administration of LIG significantly lowered the blood pressure and blood lipids level in atherosclerotic spontaneously hypertensive rats. In vitro, LIG suppressed AngII‐induced VSMCs migration and downregulated the expression of migration related protein c‐Myc, MMP2, ROCK1, ROCK2, p‐JNK, and JNK. These findings suggested the protective effect of LIG on VSMCs migration was associated with the decrement of c‐Myc/MMP2 signaling pathway and ROCK‐JNK signaling pathway. Thus, LIG may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for preventing cardiovascular disease.
Fatty Acid Content, Flavor Compounds, and Sensory Quality of Pork Loin as Affected by Dietary Supplementation with l‐arginine and Glutamic Acid
Authors: Guo Qian , Kong Xiangfeng , Hu Chengjun , Zhou Bing , Wang Chengtao , Shen Qingwu W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo investigate the effect of functional amino acid on meat flavor and eating quality, 60 growing‐finishing pigs (Duroc × Large White × Landrace) were dietarily supplemented with or without 1.0% l‐arginine, glutamic acid, or l‐arginine plus glutamic acid for 2 months. After animals were slaughtered, the muscle fatty acid profile, flavor compounds, and meat sensory quality were comparatively investigated. The results showed that dietary supplementation with arginine, glutamic acid, or arginine plus glutamic acid had little effect on free amino acids, no effect on 5′‐nucleotides and meat sensory taste traits, but supplementation with arginine plus glutamic acid significantly increased (P < 0.05) fat accumulation and fatty acid content in muscle, increased (P < 0.05) the formation of multiple fatty acid oxidation‐derived volatile compounds, and improved the tenderness, juiciness, and overall eating quality of meat. This study revealed that dietary supplementation with 1.0% l‐arginine and glutamic acid could be used to improve meat eating quality in pork production.
Acetylation changes tau interactome to degrade tau in Alzheimer’s disease animal and organoid models
Authors: Choi Heesun , Kim Haeng Jun , Yang Jinhee , Chae Sehyun , Lee Wonik , Chung Sunwoo , Kim Jisoo , Choi Hyunjung , Song Hyeseung , Lee Chang Kon , Jun Jae Hyun , Lee Yong Jae , Lee Kyunghyeon , Kim Semi , Sim Hye‐ri , Choi Young Il , Ryu Keun Ho , Park Jong‐Chan , Lee Dongjoon , Han Sun‐Ho , Hwang Daehee , Kyung Jangbeen , Mook‐Jung Inhee 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is an age‐related neurodegenerative disease. The most common pathological hallmarks are amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. In the brains of patients with AD, pathological tau is abnormally accumulated causing neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive decline. We found a histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor, CKD‐504, changed the tau interactome dramatically to degrade pathological tau not only in AD animal model (ADLPAPT) brains containing both amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles but also in AD patient‐derived brain organoids. Acetylated tau recruited chaperone proteins such as Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp110, and this complex bound to novel tau E3 ligases including UBE2O and RNF14. This complex degraded pathological tau through proteasomal pathway. We also identified the responsible acetylation sites on tau. These dramatic tau‐interactome changes may result in tau degradation, leading to the recovery of synaptic pathology and cognitive decline in the ADLPAPTmice.
A retrospective look at the common sense nutrition disclosure act: Small business lifeline or an impediment to informed consumer decision making?
Authors: Adams Ronald 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs consumer lifestyles have changed over recent decades, people have increasingly turned to meals prepared away from home. A major consequence of this shift in eating patterns has been a concomitant rise in obesity rates worldwide. Research has consistently documented that consumers tend to make less healthy choices when purchasing prepared meals away from home. In part, this can be attributed to inadequate information at the time of purchase; both nutrition experts and lay consumers tend, for example, to underestimate calories in food purchased away from home and thus portion sizes tend to be larger. Thus, by requiring restaurants and other purveyors of prepared foods to provide the calorie content and other nutrition information at the point of purchase, consumers should be able to make more informed decisions and public health should be improved. The often maligned Affordable Care Act (i.e., “Obamacare”) addressed this issue in a mandate calling for compulsory nutrition labeling of prepared foods at the point of sale. In response to this effort, conservatives in Congress introduced the “Common Sense Nutrition Disclosure Act” (CSNDA) which, if enacted, would have effectively eviscerated the menu labeling provisions mandated by the Affordable Care Act. The stated rationale behind this legislation: to protect small business and prevent job loss resulting from overly‐burdensome federal regulations. This article provides a historical look at the evolution of federally mandated menu labeling in the United States with particular emphasis on opposition to its passage. The position is taken such that this legislation is beneficial, warranted, and long overdue, and its opposition, as reflected in the CSNDA, points to the need for new metrics when evaluating public policy.
Evidence‐based policy development for cannabis? Insights on preventing use by youth
Authors: Hathaway Andrew 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article challenges the assumptions underlying the shared federal, provincial, and territorial goals of reducing criminal involvement in the drug trade and preventing substance use by youth. These official government objectives, it is argued, reflect a harmful tendency that continues the tradition of neglecting decades of sociological research on the efficiency of informal sources of control. Rather than continue to prioritize prevention, consistent evidence‐based policy development for cannabis requires articulation of more informed and realistic goals of harm reduction. New educational initiatives need to build on informal controls that more effectively regulate responsible substance use behaviour.
Dynamic multibenefit solutions for global water challenges
Authors: Rohde Melissa M. , Reynolds Mark , Howard Jeanette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIncreasing water scarcity and extreme weather due to climate change have implications for securing water for food, drinking, and the environment. These 21st century global water challenges are often co‐located, yet the solutions to these issues are often decoupled. To efficiently address global water challenges, implementing dynamic multibenefit solutions is needed to respond rapidly and nimbly to diverse and multiple water needs simultaneously. In this article, we provide an example of how dynamic multibenefit solutions have been used to provide “pop‐up” wetland habitat for migratory birds, while replenishing depleted aquifers to create environmental and water supply benefits. Additionally, this article outlines six design principles that can enhance the scalability of multibenefit solutions through the use of recent technological advances borrowing concepts from the shared economy that enable scarce water resources to be dynamically shared between people and nature when and where it is needed.
Therapie von Patienten mit cholinergischer Urtikaria im Alltag in deutschsprachigen Ländern
Authors: Mellerowicz Emilia , Weller Karsten , Zuberbier Torsten , Maurer Marcus , Altrichter Sabine 
Published: November 2019

ZusammenfassungHintergrundDie cholinergische Urtikaria (CholU) ist eine häufige Unterform der chronischen induzierbaren Urtikaria. Die aktuellen Leitlinien empfehlen eine symptomatische Therapie mit Antihistaminika (AH) der zweiten Generation (sgAH, second‐generation antihistamines) als Therapie der ersten Wahl. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt, welche Therapien CholU‐Patienten im klinischen Alltag tatsächlich erhalten und wie sie auf diese ansprechen.ZielUntersuchung der Therapie der CholU in deutschsprachigen Ländern unter Alltagsbedingungen.MethodenPatienten mit CholU (n = 111) nahmen an einer Online‐Befragung teil und gaben Auskunft über die eingesetzten Therapieformen und das Ansprechen.ErgebnissePraktisch alle Patienten (97 %) hatten bereits Antihistaminika eingenommen, davon 87 % sgAH, 23 % auch Antihistaminika der ersten Generation (fgAH). Der Anteil der Patienten, die von einer AH‐Therapie in Standarddosierung profitierten, war niedrig (sgAH: 32 % vs. fgAH: 16 %); die Nebenwirkungen unter sgAH und fgAH waren vergleichbar. 66 Patienten (59 %) hatten es bereits mit einem Updosing der AH (meist sgAH [98 %, n = 65]) versucht und das Ansprechen darunter war marginal besser (sgAH: 38 % vs. fgAH: 32 %). Nur sehr wenige Patienten hatten andere Behandlungsoptionen ausprobiert, zumeist Glukokortikosteroide (30 %) und Omalizumab (5 %).SchlussfolgerungensgAH wurden häufig eingesetzt, erwiesen sich aber bei etwa zwei Dritteln der CholU‐Patienten als nicht ausreichend wirksam. Entsprechend sollten die Therapieoptionen der dritten und vierten Linie effektiver genutzt werden. Auch ist die Entwicklung von besseren Therapieoptionen für Patienten mit CholU erforderlich.