bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemoselective N‐Alkylation of Indoles in Aqueous Microdroplets
Authors: Gnanamani Elumalai , Yan Xin , Zare Richard N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMany reactions show much faster kinetics in microdroplets than in the bulk phase. Most reported reactions in microdroplets mirror the products found in bulk reactions. However, the unique environment of microdroplets allows different chemistry to occur. In this work, we present the first chemoselective N‐alkylation of indoles in aqueous microdroplets via a three‐component Mannich‐type reaction without using any catalyst. In sharp contrast, bulk reactions using the same reagents with a catalyst yield exclusively C‐alkylation products. The N‐alkylation yield is moderate in microdroplets, up to 53 %. We extended the scope of the microdroplet reaction and obtained a series of new functionalized indole aminals, which are likely to have biological activities. This work clearly indicates that microdroplet reactions can show reactivity quite different from that of bulk‐phase reactions, which holds great potential for developing novel reactivities in microdroplets.
A Robust, Precious‐Metal‐Free Dye‐Sensitized Photoanode for Water Oxidation: A Nanosecond‐Long Excited‐State Lifetime through a Prussian Blue Analogue
Authors: Ulusoy Ghobadi T. Gamze , Ghobadi Amir , Buyuktemiz Muhammed , Yildiz Elif Akhuseyin , Berna Yildiz Dilara , Yaglioglu H. Gul , Dede Yavuz , Ozbay Ekmel , Karadas Ferdi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHerein, we establish a simple synthetic strategy affording a heterogeneous, precious metal‐free, dye‐sensitized photoelectrode for water oxidation, which incorporates a Prussian blue (PB) structure for the sensitization of TiO2 and water oxidation catalysis. Our approach involves the use of a Fe(CN)5 bridging group not only as a cyanide precursor for the formation of a PB‐type structure but also as an electron shuttle between an organic chromophore and the catalytic center. The resulting hetero‐functional PB‐modified TiO2 electrode demonstrates a low‐cost and easy‐to‐construct photoanode, which exhibits favorable electron transfers with a remarkable excited state lifetime on the order of nanoseconds and an extended light absorption capacity of up to 500 nm. Our approach paves the way for a new family of precious metal‐free robust dye‐sensitized photoelectrodes for water oxidation, in which a variety of common organic chromophores can be employed in conjunction with CoFe PB structures.
A Mechanistic Perspective on Plastically Flexible Coordination Polymers
Authors: Bhattacharya Biswajit , Michalchuk Adam A. L. , Silbernagl Dorothee , Rautenberg Max , Schmid Thomas , Feiler Torvid , Reimann Klaus , Ghalgaoui Ahmed , Sturm Heinz , Paulus Beate , Emmerling Franziska 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMechanical flexibility in single crystals of covalently bound materials is a fascinating and poorly understood phenomenon. We present here the first example of a plastically flexible one‐dimensional (1D) coordination polymer. The compound [Zn(μ‐Cl)2(3,5‐dichloropyridine)2]n is flexible over two crystallographic faces. Remarkably, the single crystal remains intact when bent to 180°. A combination of microscopy, diffraction, and spectroscopic studies have been used to probe the structural response of the crystal lattice to mechanical bending. Deformation of the covalent polymer chains does not appear to be responsible for the observed macroscopic bending. Instead, our results suggest that mechanical bending occurs by displacement of the coordination polymer chains. Based on experimental and theoretical evidence, we propose a new model for mechanical flexibility in 1D coordination polymers. Moreover, our calculations propose a cause of the different mechanical properties of this compound and a structurally similar elastic material.
Kinetics of the cyclization and isomerization reactions in polyacrylonitrile based carbon fiber precursors during thermal‐oxidative stabilization
Authors: Liu Ying , Xue Yan , Ji Hong , Liu Jie 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe kinetics of reactions in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) based carbon fiber (CF) production should be of significance to the guidance of process control, fiber structure formation. PAN precursor fibers were isothermally stabilized at 210, 225, 240, 255, and 270 °C, respectively, for 10 to 100 min in an air oven to study the kinetics of the cyclization and isomerization reactions. The structural evolution of PAN precursor fibers during thermal‐oxidative stabilization was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR). The results indicate that the FTIR absorbance of CN (the resultant of the cyclization) in PAN shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. And then the NMR peak assigned to the carbon atoms linking imino groups (NH) proves the isomerization of CN into NH in pyridone structure. Based upon the FTIR absorbance method, the entire process of the cyclization and isomerization reactions is considered as a consecutive first‐order reaction. A kinetic model for the consecutive reaction has been established via the evaluation of the reaction rate constants of two single reactions. According to the model, the simulated kinetic curves of the characteristic groups (CN, CN, and NH) conform to the FTIR absorbance trends of these groups based on experimental data. This study is expected to furnish in‐depth information on the crucial reaction kinetics during stabilization of PAN precursors, which is of advantage to the process optimization of the CF production. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48819.
Spatio‐temporal distribution of sea turtle strandings and factors contributing to their mortality in south‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Tagliolatto Alicia Bertoloto , Goldberg Daphne Wrobel , Godfrey Matthew H. , Monteiro‐Neto Cassiano 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Data on stranded sea turtles were examined between 2010 and 2016 along the northern region of Rio de Janeiro state and between 2016 and 2017 in the southern region, looking for spatio‐temporal patterns and determining which factors contributed to their mortality.
A total of 12,162 strandings of all five species that occur in Brazil were recorded, with Chelonia mydas being the most common (89.9%). Sea turtles use the Rio de Janeiro coast as a feeding and/or migration area. The intense upwelling (October to April) may be an important factor for the sea turtles feeding in this region, mainly for Eretmochelys imbricata and Dermochelys coriacea, which had a higher number of strandings during this period.
Areas further north of the study area include an important nesting site for Caretta caretta in Brazil, which explains the higher concentration of strandings of subadults/adults of this species in this region and during its nesting season.
Many anthropogenic threats to sea turtles were documented, mainly incidental capture in fisheries and marine debris, indicating possible hotspots for these threats in the regions of Sepetiba and Guanabara Bays, Cabo Frio, and São Francisco de Itabapoana.
Among the natural causes of strandings, the primary factors were chronic illness, endoparasites, and fibropapillomatosis. However, pollution may also be an indirect threat, which negatively affects these animals through reduced health and immunosuppression, leaving them more susceptible to opportunistic diseases.
These data are valuable for directing and implementing specific and local mitigation measures along the Rio de Janeiro state coast, such as avoiding bycatch hotspots through fleet communication programmes and/or area and seasonal closures, enforceable legislation, effective penalties and proper waste management.
Ongoing tissue changes in an experimentally mummified human leg
Authors: Morozova Irina , Öhrström Lena M. , Eppenberger Patrick , Bode‐Lesniewska Beata , Gascho Dominic , Haas Cordula , Akgül Gülfirde , Neukamm Judith , Röthlin Kim A. , Imhof Alexander , Shved Natallia , Papageorgopoulou Christina , Rühli Frank J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractArtificial mummification has been used since antiquity and is best known from ancient Egypt. Despite ancient Egyptian mummies being studied for several decades, the mummification techniques of that time are not well understood. Modern mummification experiments involving animal and human tissues have contributed additional insights relevant to a broad field of research. In the current study, we present follow‐up results of an experiment on artificial mummification, which began in 2009. A human leg was artificially mummified and monitored for almost a year with histological, molecular, and radiological techniques. Since then, it has remained in a dry, natron salt blend for 9 years. The current analyses show further progression of dehydration and tissue alterations, as well as DNA degradation, suggesting an ongoing process. Our results add new insights into the mechanisms of tissue mummification. Taking into account that the process is still ongoing, further research is required, including a re‐evaluation of the human leg in the future.
Sensitive chemical sensor array based on nanozymes for discrimination of metal ions and teas
Authors: Li Jiao , Cheng Qi , Huang Hui , Li Meini , Yan Shujun , Li Yongxin , Chang Zhiyong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTea, originating from China, is an important part of Chinese traditional culture. There are different qualities of and producing areas for tea on the market, therefore it is necessary to discriminate between teas in a fast and accurate way. In this study, a chemical sensor array based on nanozymes was developed to discriminate between different metal ions and teas. The indicators for the sensor array are three kinds of nanozymes mimicking laccase (Cu‐ATP, Cu‐ADP, Cu‐AMP). The as‐developed sensor array successfully discriminated 12 metal ions and the detection limit was as low as 0.01 μM. The as‐developed sensor array was also able to discriminate tea samples. Different kinds of tea samples appeared in different areas in the canonical score plot with different response patterns. Furthermore, in a blind experiment, we successfully discriminated 12 samples with a 100% accuracy. This sensor array integrates chemistry and food science together, realizing the simultaneous detection of several kinds of teas using a sensitive method. The as‐developed sensor array would have an application in the tea market and provide a fast and easy method to discriminate between teas.
Impact of a multidisciplinary training programme on outcome of upper rectal cancer by critical appraisal of the extent of mesorectal excision with postoperative MRI
Authors: Bondeven P , Laurberg S , Hagemann-Madsen R H , Pedersen B G 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundOptimal management of patients with upper rectal cancer remains unclear. Partial mesorectal excision (PME) without neoadjuvant therapy is currently advocated for the majority of patients. Recent studies, however, reported a high risk of local recurrence and suboptimal surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a quality assurance initiative with postoperative MRI to improve outcomes in these patients.MethodsPatients who underwent mesorectal excision with curative intent for rectal cancer in 2007–2013 were included. Postoperative MRI of the pelvis was performed 1 year after surgery. In 2011, a multidisciplinary workshop with focus on extent and completeness of surgery was held for training surgeons, pathologists and radiologists involved in treatment planning. Images of residual mesorectum and histopathological reports were reviewed with regard to the distal resection margin. Local recurrence after a minimum of 3 years' follow-up was compared between two cohorts from 2007–2010 and 2011–2013.ResultsA total of 627 patients were included; postoperative MRI of the pelvis was done in 381 patients. The 3-year actuarial local recurrence rate in patients with upper rectal cancer improved from 12·9 to 5·0 per cent (P = 0·012). After the workshop, fewer patients with cancer of the upper rectum were selected to have PME (90·8 per cent in 2007–2010 versus 80·2 per cent in 2011–2013; P = 0·023), and fewer patients who underwent PME had an insufficient distal resection margin (61·7 versus 31 per cent respectively; P &lt; 0·001).ConclusionQuality assessment of surgical practice may have a major impact on oncological outcome after surgery for upper rectal cancer.
Application of Raman spectroscopy in monoclonal antibody producing continuous systems for downstream process intensification
Authors: Yilmaz Denizhan , Mehdizadeh Hamidreza , Navarro Dunie , Shehzad Amar , O'Connor Michael , McCormick Philip 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are biopharmaceuticals produced by mammalian cell lines in bioreactors at a variety of scales. Cell engineering, media optimization, process monitoring, and control strategies for in vitro production have become crucial subjects to meet increasing demand for these high value pharmaceuticals. Raman Spectroscopy has gained great attention in the pharmaceutical industry for process monitoring and control to maintain quality assurance. For the first time, this article demonstrated the possibility of subclass independent quantitative mAb prediction by Raman spectroscopy in real time. The developed model estimated the concentrations of different mAb isotypes with average prediction errors of 0.2 (g/L) over the course of cell culture. In situ Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometric methods showed to be a useful predictive tool for monitoring of real time mAb concentrations in a permeate stream without sample removal. Raman spectroscopy can, therefore, be considered as a reliable process analytical technology tool for process monitor, control, and intensification of downstream continuous manufacturing. The presented results provide useful information for pharmaceutical industries to choose the most appropriate spectroscopic technology for their continuous processes.
Selected psychological aspects and medication adherence in oncological patients
Authors: Gruszczyńska Magdalena , Bąk‐Sosnowska Monika , Szemik Szymon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between selected psychological features and adherence to therapy in oncological patients.MethodsThe study included 102 patients of oncological clinics, 66.67% of whom were female. The average (SD) age of the study subjects was 49.15 ± 18.16 years old. The following tools were used: Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ‐4), Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, Personal Values Inventory (LWO), and a study‐specific survey questionnaire.ResultsHigh MAQ‐4 scores were declared by 39.2% of the subjects, medium scores by 32.3% and low scores by 28.5%. The values were higher in female patients (P = .23), younger subjects (P < .001), and in individuals with higher education (P = .03). The greatest adherence was observed in subjects who placed their locus of control in chance (P = .022). Significant relationships were identified between the level of medication adherence and the use of avoidance strategies of coping with stress (P = .037), including the willingness to engage in social relationships (P = .04). It was demonstrated that the risk of noncompliance in the analyzed group was associated with a lower assessment of appearance (OR = 0.75) and health (OR = 0.78) on the scale of values.ConclusionMedication adherence in oncological patients is related to the health locus of control, strategies of coping with stress, and the value assigned to appearance and health.
Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy of 18F‐Fluorine‐2‐Deoxy‐D‐Glucose PET/CT for lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis in a Tuberculosis‐endemic Country
Authors: Niyonkuru Alexandre , Chen Xiaomin , Bakari Khamis Hassan , Wimalarathne Dilani Neranjana , Bouhari Altine , Arnous Maher Mohamad Rajab , Lan Xiaoli 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic efficacy of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in distinguishing between pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and lung cancer in solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) in a country with a high prevalence of PTB.MethodsPatients with SPN who underwent 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging were retrospectively included in the study. The final diagnosis was established by histopathology. A linear regression equation was fitted to a scatter plot of size and SUVmax of lung cancer and PTB. ROC was used to determine the optimal cutoff values and diagnostic accuracy of 18F‐FDG PET/CT in PTB and lung cancer.ResultsAbout 514 patients were included with the mean age of 57.5 ± 10.6 years. Four hundred and seventy‐five cases were diagnosed as lung cancer, and 39 cases were PTB by histopathology. 18F‐FDG PET/CT had sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of 96.0%, 48.7%, and 92.0%, respectively. Utilization of SUVmax ≥2.5 in SPN resulted in 2 and 11 false positives cases of lung cancer and PTB, respectively, whereas SUVmax <2.5 resulted in 18 and 10 false‐positive cases of lung cancer and PTB, respectively. The SUVmax and the size of short‐axis in the lung cancer group were statistically higher than those in the PTB group. The linear regression equation parameters indicated the slope of the regression line of lung cancer was greater than that of PTB. The ROC curve demonstrated the SUVmax cutoff values of 4.85 and 2.25 for lung cancer and PTB, respectively for predicting the diagnostic accuracy of 18F‐FDG PET/CT.Conclusion18F‐FDG PET/CT has a higher sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy for malignant SPN. However, it has high false‐positive rate and low specificity in tuberculosis endemic areas. Neither SUVmax nor the sizes of the nodules are valuable parameters for distinguishing between lung cancer and PTB. However, the SPN with larger short‐axis and higher SUVmax would be inclined to malignant tumor.
A follow‐up study to a randomised control trial to investigate the perceived impact of mindfulness on academic performance in university students
Authors: Bóo Sebastian J. M. , Childs‐Fegredo Jasmine , Cooney Steven , Datta Bella , Dufour Géraldine , Jones Peter B. , Galante Julieta 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesMindfulness research in education has focused on its potential to support student well‐being. There is a paucity of research on the interaction between mindfulness and academic performance (AP). This qualitative study builds on results of the largest randomised control trial of mindfulness in education to date which suggested mindfulness can have mixed effects on academic performance. A more in‐depth understanding of the relationship between mindfulness and academic performance is therefore needed to ascertain if, how and for which students mindfulness facilitates academic performance. The objective of the study was to capture students’ perceptions of the impact of mindfulness on their academic performance.MethodsThematic analysis was applied to data obtained by six in‐depth interviews from three higher and three lower performing undergraduate participants in the mindfulness intervention arm of the Mindful Student Study randomised control trial.ResultsThree themes emerged, whereby five students described mindfulness having a positive impact on their academic performance. One student felt mindfulness had an initial negative impact on academic performance. All students felt mindfulness enhanced self‐awareness and self‐regulation of their thinking, feelings and behaviours, and our analysis suggests students perceived these processes underpinned the effect of mindfulness on academic performance.ConclusionDifferences in students’ psychological distress and study habits may determine the differing initial impact of mindfulness on academic performance.
Ectopic Cushing’s syndrome in a patient with inferior petrosal sinus sampling indicating pituitary‐dependent ACTH secretion
Authors: Micko Alexander , Wolfsberger Stefan , Knosp Engelbert , Marik Wolfgang , Haberler Christine , Winhofer Yvonne , Luger Anton , Vila Greisa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn an unclear case of Cushing's syndrome, IPSS identifies the origin of ACTH secretion, and together with MRI enables the localization of an ectopic corticotroph adenoma in the parasellar or cavernous sinuses region.
Advanced materials development from corncob ash for economic sustainability
Authors: Adigun Bidemi Omowunmi , Jegede Floxy Imhande , Tunmilayo Sanya Olajide 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe objective of this paper was to provide a suitable scientific and economic method of reusing corncob to develop glass ceramics for useful products. Corncobs were procured from the Faculty of Agricultural Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and converted to ash. Chemical analysis to ascertain the chemical constituents of the ash was done by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) which indicated that corncob ash (CCA) has high silica content (68.70%). A sodium aluminosilicate glass batch was formulated using the corncob ash (CCA) and adding alumina and soda ash as supplementary sources of sodium oxide and alumina. The batch formulated for test‐melting was 127.56 g total weight. The Petrurgic method was employed for this study. The batch was melted in ceramic molds at 1200°C and cooled to room temperature at the rates of 1, 5 and 10°C/min in a temperature‐controlled furnace. The resultant glass ceramics was characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope to determine their atomic and molecular structure and their microstructural morphology, respectively.
Photoinduced Betaine Generation for Efficient Photothermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Sasikumar Devika , Takano Yuta , Biju Vasudevanpillai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe conversion of solar energy to thermal, chemical, or electrical energy attracts great attention in chemistry and physics. There has been a considerable effort for the efficient extraction of photons throughout the entire solar spectrum. In this work light energy was efficiently harvested by using a long‐lived betaine photogenerated from an acridinium‐based electron donor–acceptor dyad. The photothermal energy‐conversion efficiency of the dyad is significantly enhanced by simultaneous illumination with blue (420–440 nm) and yellow (>480 nm) light in comparison with the sum of the conversion efficiencies for individual illumination with blue or yellow light. The enhanced photothermal effect is due to the photogenerated betaine, which absorbs longer‐wavelength light than the dyad, and thus the dyad–betaine combination is promising for efficient photothermal energy conversion. The mechanisms of betaine generation and energy conversion are discussed on the basis of steady‐state and transient spectral measurements.
Discovering multi‐dimensional motifs from multi‐dimensional time series for air pollution control
Authors: Liu Bo , Zhao Huaipu , Liu Yinxing , Wang Suyu , Li Jianqiang , Li Yong , Lang Jianlei , Gu Rentao 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThe motif discovery of multi‐dimensional time series datasets can reveal the underlying behavior of the data‐generating mechanism and reflect the relationship between time series in different dimensions. The study of motif discovery is of important significance in environmental management, financial analysis, healthcare, and other fields. With the growth of various information acquisition devices, the number of multi‐dimensional time series datasets is rapidly increasing. However, it is difficult to apply traditional multi‐dimensional motif discovery methods to large‐scale datasets. This paper proposes a novel method for motif discovery and analysis in large‐scale multi‐dimensional time series. It can effectively find multi‐dimensional motifs and the correlation among the motifs. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better performance than the related arts on synthetic and real datasets. It is further validated on practical air quality data and provides theoretical support for real air pollution control in places such as Beijing.