bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
199 Supplemental arginine affects intestinal gene expression and serum concentration of amino acids of heat stress pigs
Authors: Morales Adriana , González Fernanda , Camacho Lucero , Espinoza Salvador , González-Vega Caroline , Htoo John K , Cervantes Miguel , Bernal Hugo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The exposure of pigs to heat stress (HS) reduces feed intake and can damage their intestinal epithelia, affecting the amino acid (AA) absorption. Because Arg is involved in the restoration of intestinal epithelia cells and HS reduces Arg intake, the effect of dietary supplementation with Arg above requirement on the expression of specific AA transporters and the serum concentration (SC) of free AA in HS pigs was analyzed. Twenty pigs (25.3 ± 4.4 kg BW) were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: control wheat-soybean meal diet supplemented with L-Lys and L-Thr (CON), and the CON diet added with 0.20% L-Arg (ARG). Pigs had at libitum access to feed and water. At the end of a 21-d trial, 6 pigs per treatment were sacrificed; blood and intestinal mucosa samples from each segment of the small intestine were collected to analyze the SC of AA and the expression of AA transporters, respectively. Ambient temperature (AT) ranged from 28.2 to 38.7 °C. Supplementation of L-Arg increased approx. 5x the abundance of mRNA coding for the synthesis of AA transporter b0,+ (P&lt; 0.05) and tended to increase that of the AA transporter B0 (P&lt; 0.10) in duodenum, but no effect on gene expression in jejunum and ileum was observed. The SC of AA (mg/dL) for CON and ARG pigs were: Arg, 27.40, 38.32; His, 9.64, 12.9; Ile, 14.33, 15.73; Leu, 23.32, 29.97; Lys, 31.67, 39.72; Met, 5.14, 8.22; Phe, 15.18, 18.07; Thr, 20.82, 31.55; Trp, 8.50, 11.32; Val, 22.47, 33.35, respectively. Supplementation of L-Arg increased serum Arg, His, Met, Thr, Trp, and urea (P&lt; 0.05); tended to increase Val (P&lt; 0.10), but did not affect Ile, Leu, Lys, and Phe (P &gt;0.10). These results indicate that supplementation of L-Arg may help to recover the intestinal epithelia, improve the absorptive function of the small intestine, and increase the availability of some indispensable AA in HS pigs.
182 The effects of pure benzoic acid, an acid blend product, or their combination in nursery pig diets on post-weaning growth performance
Authors: Bergstrom Jon , Landero J , Young Malachy , Hahn J D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 1,325 pigs (Camborough × line 800, PIC Canada) were weaned (20 d of age, 5.5 kg BW) and used to compare the effects of 5 diet acidification strategies on growth performance from d 0 to 41 post-weaning. Feed acidification strategies were fed over 3 dietary phases; d 0 to 13 (P1), d 13 to 20 (P2), and d 20 to 41 (P3). The 5 strategies consisted of 1) NC, commercial diet without any acidifier; 2) P+, NC with recommended 0.1% of an acidifier and flavoring blend (fumaric, sorbic, malic, citric acids with thymol, vanillin, eugenol) in P1, 0.05% in P2, and nothing added in P3; 3) VH, NC with 0.5% pure benzoic acid (VevoVitall®; DSM Nutritional Products) in P1, P2, and P3; 4) VL, NC with 0.25% pure benzoic acid in P1, P2, and P3; and 5) P+V, P+ with 0.5% pure benzoic acid in P1, 0.25% pure benzoic acid in P2, and nothing added in P3. Experimental additives were substituted for wheat in the basal diets. There were 10 pens of 26-27 pigs allotted to each acidification strategy in a RCBD based on initial BW. During P1, ADG, F/G, and d 13 BW were improved (P&lt; 0.05) for pigs fed VH or P+V. In P2, ADG and d 20 BW were improved (P&lt; 0.05) for pigs fed VH or P+V, and there was a tendency (P=0.06) for pigs fed acids (P+, VH, VL, or P+V) to have greater ADFI; however, there were no differences in F/G. There were no differences in growth performance during P3 or overall (d 0 to 41). Nevertheless, performance differences during P1 and P2 resulted in pigs fed an acidification strategy using pure benzoic acid (VH, VL, or P+V) having numerically greater BW (+0.5 kg) and income-over-feed-cost (+CA $0.44/pig) on d 41 when compared to pigs fed NC or P+.
258 Effects of iron administration timing on subsequent nursery performance
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Maurer Ryan T , Carrender Brittany , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Coble Kyle , Holtcamp Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Weaned pigs (n=1,722; 5.9 kg BW) were used in a 53-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing on subsequent nursery pig performance. Treatments consisted of a negative control for piglets receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus an additional 200-mg injection on d 12. At weaning, pigs were placed in a commercial wean-to-finish facility in a total of 15 pens with equal representation of treatments in each pen. Pigs were weighed on d 73 after birth to determine subsequent nursery growth performance. Growth data were analyzed (GLIMMIX procedure of SAS) as a completely randomized design with individual pig as the experimental unit and pen as a random effect. Increasing the age that piglets received a 200-mg Fe injection showed no evidence of difference (P &gt;0.10) for subsequent nursery ADG (Table 1). Not providing an Fe injection after birth decreased (P=0.0001) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.0001) d 73 BW compared to all other treatments. Providing a 200-mg injection of Fe on d 1 plus a 200-mg injection on d 12 decreased (P=0.010) subsequent nursery ADG and decreased (P=0.024) d 73 BW compared to pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 only. There was no evidence of difference (P &gt;0.10) for nursery mortality amongst the treatments. These results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing subsequent nursery growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 decreased subsequent nursery growth performance and ending BW.
262 Effects of phase-feeding programs on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Galloway Stewart T , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Production systems commonly have multiple fill events in the nursery, which can lead to inaccurate feeding of dietary budgets. A simpler feeding program may provide practical benefits to producers. Five trials were conducted to compare nursery phase-feeding programs. Two treatments consisting of a 2-phase or a single-phase program were applied for 22 d postweaning. The 2-phase program consisted of a feed budget of 1.4 kg of a phase 1 diet formulated with 1.45% SID Lys and 5.4 kg of a phase 2 diet with 1.36% SID Lys. The single-phase program provided 6.8 kg of a unique diet with 1.38% SID Lys. Diets were corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 3,000 mg/kg Zn. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC (2012) recommendations. After the experimental period, pigs were fed a common diet for 23 d. In the five trials, 5,090 pigs were used with a total of 63 and 69 replicates per treatment for 2-phase and single-phase programs, respectively. There was no treatment × trial interactions (P &gt; 0.10), thus data was combined for statistical analysis using SAS PROC MIXED. From d 0 to 22, pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.041) ADFI and a tendency (P = 0.075) for higher BW. From d 22 to 45, pigs previously fed the single-phase program had a tendency (P = 0.057) for higher ADG. Overall (d 0 to 45), pigs fed the single-phase program had higher (P = 0.037) ADG and a tendency (P = 0.077) for higher final BW, with comparable (P &gt; 0.10) ADFI and G:F to the 2-phase program. In conclusion, feeding a single-phase nursery program in the first 22 d postweaning resulted in higher overall ADG and similar ADFI and G:F compared to a 2-phase nursery program.
277 Effects of timing and amount of feed prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance under commercial conditions
Authors: Gourley Kiah M , Swanson Analicia J , Royall Rafe , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Milnes Kayla J , Hastad Chad W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 727 mixed parity (mean=3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and amount of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (d 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three feeding management treatments until farrowing: 1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% SID lysine and 2,153 Kcal/kg NE) once daily at 0700 h; 2) 4 daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, 1900 h); 3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100 h, 0700 h, 1300 h, and 1900 h. Data was analyzed using the lme function (lmer package of R, version 3.5.2). Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight loss (P=0.077) and reduce backfat loss (P=0.003) from entry to weaning compared to sows fed 4 daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P=0.073) in sows fed ad libitum or 4 times daily prior to farrowing compared to sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P=0.050) in sows fed ad libitum before farrowing, compared to those fed one meal, with those fed 4 times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However from 24 h to weaning, sows fed one daily meal had higher (P=0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared to sows fed ad libitum, and increased (P=0.027) preweaning mortality compared to sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P=0.006) weaned percentage compared to sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for a negative impact when sows were fed ad libitum from 2 to 3 days before farrowing.
286 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals in a sodium urate-induced transient lameness model in pigs and validation of lameness measurements
Authors: Wedekind Karen J , Provin Ashley , Foran Chelsie , Hampton Tom , Ren Ping , Chen Juxing , Herbstreit Sara , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lameness in gilts and sows has an economic impact on pig production and is a major welfare concern. Study objectives were to compare subjective and objective lameness measurements and assess efficacy of chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. Two dietary treatments: metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet were fed. Four groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 pigs/grp) were fed dietary treatments for a duration of 8 wk prior to injection of 2 mg sodium urate crystals into the right rear distal interphalangeal joint. Data collection occurred at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 144 hr post-urate injection. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4), a panel of serum biomarkers for synthesis and degradation of cartilage (P2CP, CTX2, C2C), bone (osteocalcin, CTX1) and static force-plate. A Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. Urate injections resulted in elevated gait scores, peaking at 12 hr and similar to baseline at 72 hr; pigs fed MMHAC had lower gait scores (P&lt; 0.01) compared to sulfate. C2C (P=0.09), CTX2 (P=0.10) and osteocalcin (P&lt; 0.01) paralleled closely to changes in gait score, peaking at 12 h and returning to baseline at 24 to 72 hr. Osteocalcin (P=0.07) and osteocalcin: CTX1 ratio (P=0.05) were increased with MMHAC. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish between healthy vs lame pigs and MMHAC, at lower concentrations vs sulfates, reduced gait score and increased osteocalcin.
234 In utero heat stress alters the postnatal immune and metabolic response of growing pigs subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge
Authors: Johnson Jay S , Maskal Jacob M , Duttlinger Alan W , Kpodo Kouassi R , McConn Betty R , Byrd Christopher , Richert Brian T , Lay Donald , Marchant-Forde Jeremy , Lucy Matthew , Safranski Tim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In utero heat stress (IUHS) reduces swine productivity and welfare but little is known about the long-term impact on immune function. The study objective was to determine the effects of IUHS on the immune and metabolic response of pigs subjected to an 8 h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge during postnatal life. Twenty-four pregnant gilts were exposed to thermoneutral (TN; n = 12; 17.5 ± 2.1⁰C) or heat stress (HS; n = 12; cyclical 27°C-37°C) conditions from d 1 to 58 of gestation, and TN conditions from d 59 of gestation to farrowing. After farrowing, all piglets were housed under the same conditions. At 12 weeks post-farrowing, 16 IUHS and 16 in utero thermoneutral (IUTN) pigs were selected, balanced by sex and given an intravenous injection of LPS (2 µg/kg BW) or saline (SAL). Treatment combinations were: IUTN-SAL, IUTN-LPS, IUHS-SAL, IUHS-LPS. Body temperature was monitored in 30-min intervals and blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 h. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and cytokine concentrations. Body temperature increased (P &lt; 0.01; 1.05°C) in LPS versus SAL pigs, regardless of in utero treatment. Glucose concentrations were reduced overall (P = 0.05; 5.9%) in IUHS versus IUTN pigs. Non-esterified fatty acid concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.07; 143.4%) in IUHS-LPS pigs compared to all other treatments, and IUTN-LPS pigs tended to have greater circulating NEFA concentrations (127.4%) compared to IUTN-SAL and IUHS-SAL pigs. At 1 h, TNFα was increased (P = 0.01; 115.1%) in IUHS-LPS compared to IUTN-LPS pigs. Overall, IL-1β and IL-6 were greater (P &lt; 0.04; 56.0 and 46.8%, respectively) in IUHS-LPS compared IUTN-LPS pigs. In summary, IUHS altered the postnatal immune and metabolic response of pigs during postnatal life, which has negative implications towards future disease susceptibility.
124 High-throughput, digital platforms and potential impact on genetic improvement in pork production
Authors: Herring William O , Holl Justin W , Fitzgerald Rob 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The application of high-throughput phenotyping technologies in a pig breeding program has the potential for accelerating genetic trends in pig breeding, ultimately improving the efficiency of commercial pork production. Over the past 40 years, dramatic and economically-relevant genetic progress has been achieved in commercial pig performance using easily measured traits in large breeding populations. Within the last 10 years, advancement in genotyping strategies and application of genomic selection has accelerated rates of genetic gain by at least 35% compared to historical trends. Developing digital platforms provide the opportunity to explore new phenotypes, transition measurements from subjective to objective, and deepen the understanding of trait complexes such as animal behavior. For existing historical and routinely measured traits such as body weight which may have single-time point measurements, these platforms have potential to improve measurement accuracy by facilitating numerous repeated measurements. Therefore, these platforms can improve genetic progress by their impact on the breeder’s equation through improving accuracy and the possible underlying genetic variance. Consequently, existing statistical models used for genetic improvement will have to transform to accommodate the addition of these phenotypes if they are to provide commercial-level pork production improvements.
4 Effect of Inclusion Rate of Silage With or Without the Presence of Alpha-Amylase on Feedlot Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Efficiency Measures
Authors: Rusche Warren C , Walker Julie , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One hundred ninety-two Continental × British steers (initial BW 420 kg [SD 24.7]) were used in a randomized complete block design finishing study to evaluate the effects of feeding two types of silage germplasm at two inclusion rates. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with either a conventional (CON) or increased expression of alpha-amylase (Enogen, Syngenta Seeds, LLC, ENO) hybrid fed at either 12% (12SIL) or 24% (24SIL) of diet DM. Steers were blocked (n = 5) and assigned randomly within block to treatments, resulting in five pens and 48 steers per treatment. Steers were harvested after 126 (12SIL) or 140 (24SIL) days on feed. There were no silage source by inclusion rate interactions detected for live growth performance. Silage source did not affect live based average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), or final BW (FBW; P ≥ 0.35). Feeding 24% silage reduced ADG (P = 0.04) and G:F (P = 0.01) but increased FBW (P = 0.02) compared to 12SIL. A source by inclusion rate interaction was detected (P = 0.04) for calculated yield grade (YG) with steers fed 24% silage having increased YG within CON but not ENO. Hot carcass weight and ribfat were unaffected by silage source (P ≥ 0.81), but were increased by feeding 24% silage (P = 0.03 and P = 0.02, respectively). Feeding increased amounts of silage increased beef produced per hectare (P = 0.05). Conventional silage produced more beef per hectare (P &lt; 0.01) due to differences in silage yield, but source of silage did not affect feedlot performance independent of silage yield. Feeding increased amounts of silage reduced DM efficiency on a live animal basis but increased beef produced per hectare which is of major value to cattle feeders who produce the majority of their own feedstuffs.
100 Young Scholar Presentation: Energy and Mineral Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle Grazing the Northern Great Plains
Authors: McCarthy Kacie L , Underdahl Sarah , Undi Michael , Becker Stephanie , Sedivec Kevin K , Christopher Forcherio J , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel S , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies for beef cattle grazing in the Northern Great Plains. In experiment 1, 28 cow-calf pairs had access to electronic feeders (SmartFeed system; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) that monitored individual vitamin and mineral supplement (VTM) intake. Cows had greater VTM intakes (81.1 ± 8.2 g/d; P &lt; 0.01) than calves (44.2 ± 8.6 g/d) but both attended feeders a similar (P = 0.71) proportion of days. Furthermore, we noted greater (P &lt; 0.01) concentrations of Se, Cu, and Co in livers of HIGH intake cows compared to LOW intake cows. Experiment 2, we used the SmartFeed system to regulate intake of individual heifers (n = 60) in a group pasture scenario assigned to control (CON), VTM, or energy supplement (NRG) treatments, and evaluated supplement intake, and concentrations of liver mineral and metabolites. Though no differences were observed in BW and ADG, treatments that provided VTM enhanced liver concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Co (P &lt; 0.05). No differences (P = 0.85) were observed in concentrations of NEFA; however, NRG heifers had greater (P = 0.01) glucose concentrations than CON and VTM heifers. Experiment 3 objectives were to determine the influence of feeding VTM and NRG supplements to beef heifers (n = 35) during the first 84 days of pregnancy on concentrations of progesterone (P4), corpus luteum (CL) size and fetal body measurements. Providing NRG during early gestation resulted in heavier CLs (P = 0.003) that produced more P4 (P = 0.002) and greater fetal femur growth (P = 0.009) whereas providing VTM enhanced fetal liver growth (P = 0.05). Overall, we were able to successfully monitor and control individual mineral intake, corroborated those differences in liver mineral concentrations, and observed alterations in fetal growth after mineral and energy supplementation.
223 The effects of supplemental zinc and ractopamine hydrochloride on the Longissimus dorsi proteome of finishing beef steers
Authors: Hochmuth Katherine , Schulte Matthew , Huff-Lonergan Elisabeth , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine how steer growth rate and Zn nutrition affects the muscle proteome. Forty-eight, high percentage Angus steers (494 ± 18.2 kg) were blocked by BW and GeneMax gain score (GeneMax Focus, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) to treatments arranged in a 2×2 factorial. On d 0, steers were assigned to control (CON; 36 mg Zn/kg dry matter [DM]) or supranutritional Zn (SUPZN; CON + 60 mg Zn/kg DM as ZnSO4+ 60 mg Zn/kg DM as Zn-amino acid complex) dietary treatment (ZNTRT), and housed in pens (n = 6 or 8 steers/pen) with Growsafe bunks. On d 62, within ZNTRT steers were assigned to ractopamine hydrochloride treatments (RACTRT) of 0 (NO) or 300 mg·steer-1·d-1(RAC) for 28 d. Longissimus dorsi biopsies (between 12thand 13thrib) were collected on d 77. Sarcoplasmic fractions were extracted and submitted for proteomics analysis using mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Data were log transformed and comparisons made using t-tests with adjusted P-value cutoffs of 0.1. Differences were noted in abundance of proteins involved in glycolytic, retinol and fatty acid metabolism. A shift from slow to fast muscle fiber type was suggested by decreased abundance of myoglobin and slow skeletal troponin 1 in steers fed RAC compared to steers not fed RAC within CON (P ≤ 0.04), while these proteins also tended to be lesser due to SUPZN within steers not fed RAC (P ≤0.09). The intermediate filament associated protein, vimentin, tended to be less abundant in RAC steers (P ≤ 0.09), suggesting RAC affects cellular remodeling. Proteins involved in immune function were also affected; for instance, the acute phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein was more abundant in CON-RAC compared to either SUPZN-RAC (P = 0.001) or CON-NO (P = 0.02). Ractopamine hydrochloride and supranutritional Zn, independently and collectively, affect proteins involved in muscle metabolism, cellular remodeling and immune function in beef steers.
139 Ruminal microbiota mineral requirements to optimize performance on different diets
Authors: Spears Jerry W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This presentation will discuss mineral requirements of ruminal microorganisms, and the effect of trace mineral source on ruminal fermentation. Sulfur and phosphorus are required in relatively large amounts by ruminal microorganisms, and dietary deficiencies of these minerals have been related to impaired ruminal fermentation. A number of trace minerals are required in low concentrations by ruminal microorganisms. With the except of cobalt (Co) minimal trace mineral requirements of the host ruminant appear to be considerably greater than that needed for rumen microbial requirements. It is well known that certain bacteria can synthesize vitamin B12 from inorganic Co. Some bacteria require vitamin B12 as a growth factor, and adequate dietary Co is needed to allow sufficient ruminal B12 synthesis to meet their requirement. Vitamin B12 is needed as a cofactor for ruminal microorganisms to convert succinate to propionate. Dietary Co deficiency results in decreased ruminal propionate in ruminants fed high concentrate diets, and decreased fiber digestion in ruminants fed high fiber diets. Attempts have been made to use high concentrations of certain trace minerals to favorably manipulate ruminal fermentation. For example, attempts have been made to increase rumen protein bypass by feeding high dietary zinc (Zn). However, studies have indicated that high concentrations of copper (Cu), Zn, and iron reduce cellulose digestion in vitro. Recent studies have indicated lower fiber digestibility in cattle supplemented with sulfate sources of Cu, Zn, and manganese compared with those fed similar concentrations from hydroxy or certain organic sources. Additional research is needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) whereby trace mineral sources affect fiber digestibility differently.