bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy in Growth Accounting and the Aggregation of Capital and Output
Authors: Kümmel Reiner , Lindenberger Dietmar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe review the physical aggregation of value added and capital in terms of work performance and information processing and its relation to the deflated monetary time series of output and capital. In growth accounting it complements the time series of labor and energy, measured in hours worked per year and kilowatt-hours consumed per year, respectively. This aggregation is the conceptual basis on which those energy-dependent production functions have been constructed that reproduce economic growth of major industrial countries in the 20th century with small residuals and output elasticities that are for energy much larger and for labor much smaller than the cost shares of these factors. Accounting for growth in such a way, which deviates from that of mainstream economics, may serve as a first step towards integrating the First and the Second Law of Thermodynamics into economics.
Bioinspired Musculoskeletal Model-based Soft Wrist Exoskeleton for Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Li Ning , Yang Tie , Yang Yang , Yu Peng , Xue Xiujuan , Zhao Xingang , Song Guoli , Elhajj Imad H. , Wang Wenxue , Xi Ning , Liu Lianqing 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExoskeleton robots have demonstrated the potential to rehabilitate stroke dyskinesia. Unfortunately, poor human-machine physiological coupling causes unexpected damage to human of muscles and joints. Moreover, inferior humanoid kinematics control would restrict human natural kinematics. Failing to deal with these problems results in bottlenecks and hinders its application. In this paper, the simplified muscle model and muscle-liked kinematics model were proposed, based on which a soft wrist exoskeleton was established to realize natural human interaction. Firstly, we simplified the redundant muscular system related to the wrist joint from ten muscles to four, so as to realize the human-robot physiological coupling. Then, according to the above human-like musculoskeletal model, the humanoid distributed kinematics control was established to achieve the two DOFs coupling kinematics of the wrist. The results show that the wearer of an exoskeleton could reduce muscle activation and joint force by 43.3% and 35.6%, respectively. Additionally, the humanoid motion trajectories similarity of the robot reached 91.5%. Stroke patients could recover 90.3% of natural motion ability to satisfy for most daily activities. This work provides a fundamental understanding on human-machine physiological coupling and humanoid kinematics control of the exoskeleton robots for reducing the post-stroke complications.
Postoperative analgesic efficacy of caudal tramadol added to bupivacaine compared to bupivacaine alone for pediatric elective infra umbilical surgery at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia, a prospective cohort study
Authors: Angasa Dugo , Haddis Lidya , gashaw Amanu , Zemedkun Abebayehu , Gobena Negeso 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Caudal epidural analgesia is one of the most popular reliable, safe and commonly performed regional blocks in pediatric patients undergoing lower abdominal and lower limb surgery. Various adjuvants such as opioids or α2 agonists are being used to improve the quality and duration of caudal analgesia. Addition of Tramadol to local anesthetics has been noted to prolong the duration of analgesia after surgery.

Objective:
To assess the efficacy of adding caudal tramadol to bupivacine for post operative analgesia in pediatric infraumblical surgery.

Method:
Hospital based prospective cohort study design was employed. Comparison of two mean with equal sample size formula for two independent cohort was used to get sample size of 56 children's whose age is 1–14 years' old that undergone elective Infraumbilical surgery received caudal block with bupivacaine alone or with tramadol added. A systemic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Postoperatively severity of pain either by FLACC/NRS, time to analgesic request and analgesic consumption were evaluated at 1st, 2nd,4th,8th,12th and 24th hrs. Pain severity, first analgesia request time and analgesic consumption were assessed using Mann–Whitney U test for 24 h. Chi-square test was used to assess homogenous categorical independent variables between the two groups and a p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statically significant.

Result:
Tramadol with bupivacaine has prolonged postoperative analgesia with a median duration of 14 h compared to 5 h in bupivacaine alone. Moreover, total Paracetamol analgesic consumption was lower in tramadol group with a median total dose of 250 mg compared with 437.5 mg in bupivacaine group with statistically significant difference within 24 h (p < 0.018). Also, reduced the pain score in tramadol group, being statically significant at 4th, 8th and12th hours.

Conclusion:
Caudal tramadol with bupivacaine decrease postoperative pain severity, total analgesic consumption and prolong the duration of analgesia. Based on our finding we recommend the use of caudal tramadol with bupivacaine is effective for postoperative analgesia.

Highlights:
Potential clinically significant life-threatening drug–drug interactions of lopinavir and ritonavir used in the treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Biswas Mohitosh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPotential clinically significant life-threatening drug–drug interactions (DDIs) of lopinavir (LPV) and ritonavir (RTV) used in the treatment of COVID-19 is not systematically reviewed. It was aimed to identify severe DDI pairs of LPV/RTV from international resources predicted to cause life-threatening adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Severe DDI pairs predicted to cause life-threatening ADRs were identified from the FDA and Liverpool COVID-19 prescribing information of LPV/RTV. In total, 62 severe DDI pairs were identified from the FDA and Liverpool COVID-19 resources predicted to cause life-threatening ADRs in patients with COVID-19. Of these, seven unique DDI pairs (11.3%; 95% CI 3%–19%) were identified from the FDA only whereas 45 unique DDI pairs (72.6%; 95% CI 61%–84%) were identified from the Liverpool COVID-19 drug interactions resource. Of interest, only 10 DDI pairs (16.1%; 95% CI 7%–25%) were recognized by both of these drug interaction resources. Clinicians should not entirely rely on any individual DDI resource for checking life threatening ADRs of LPV/RTV in patients with COVID-19.
RAMSEY-LIKE THEOREMS AND MODULI OF COMPUTATION
Authors: PATEY LUDOVIC 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRamsey’s theorem asserts that every k-coloring of
$[\omega ]^n$
admits an infinite monochromatic set. Whenever
$n \geq 3$
, there exists a computable k-coloring of
$[\omega ]^n$
whose solutions compute the halting set. On the other hand, for every computable k-coloring of
$[\omega ]^2$
and every noncomputable set C, there is an infinite monochromatic set H such that
$C \not \leq _T H$
. The latter property is known as cone avoidance.In this article, we design a natural class of Ramsey-like theorems encompassing many statements studied in reverse mathematics. We prove that this class admits a maximal statement satisfying cone avoidance and use it as a criterion to re-obtain many existing proofs of cone avoidance. This maximal statement asserts the existence, for every k-coloring of
$[\omega ]^n$
, of an infinite subdomain
$H \subseteq \omega $
over which the coloring depends only on the sparsity of its elements. This confirms the intuition that Ramsey-like theorems compute Turing degrees only through the sparsity of its solutions.
How responsive is Trade Adjustment Assistance?
Authors: Kim Sung Eun , Pelc Krzysztof 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHow responsive is the US’ Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) to the labor dislocation that results from trade integration? Recent findings suggest that the world's most ambitious trade adjustment program barely responds to import shocks, and that the shortfall is made up by disability insurance and early retirement. This holds considerable implications: TAA offers a lens onto the central question of whether developed democracies can effectively redistribute the gains from international economic integration. We take a closer look at these results. Using petition-level data over a 20-year period, we find that TAA is between 1.7 and 3.3 times more responsive than current estimates suggest. Yet the news is not all good. As we show, the responsiveness of TAA has decreased considerably since the 1990s, just as developed democracies started facing increasing pushback against liberalization. This shortfall, in turn, has political consequences: areas where TAA has been least responsive were also more likely to shift toward voting for Trump in the 2016 Presidential election. Our findings speak to the considerable challenge governments face in aiding workers “left behind” by liberalization.
Pre-weaning adaptation responses in piglets fed milk replacer with gradually increasing amounts of wheat
Authors: Amdi Charlotte , Pedersen Marie Louise M. , Klaaborg Joanna , Myhill Laura J. , Engelsmann Maiken N. , Williams Andrew R. , Thymann Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHyperprolific sows rear more piglets than they have teats, and to accommodate this, milk replacers are often offered as a supplement. Milk replacers are based on bovine milk, yet components of vegetable origin are often added. This may reduce growth, but could also accelerate maturational changes. Therefore, we investigated the effect of feeding piglets a milk replacer with gradually increasing levels of wheat flour on growth, gut enzyme activity and immune function compared with a diet based entirely on bovine milk. The hypothesis tested was that adding a starch component (wheat flour) induces maturation of the mucosa as measured by higher digestive activity and improved integrity and immunity of the small intestines (SI). To test this hypothesis, piglets were removed from the sow at day 3 and fed either a pure milk replacer diet (MILK) or from day 11 a milk replacer diet with increasing levels of wheat (WHEAT). The WHEAT piglets had an increased enzyme activity of maltase and sucrase in the proximal part of the SI compared with the MILK group. There were no differences in gut morphology, histopathology and gene expression between the groups. In conclusion, the pigs given a milk replacer with added wheat displayed immunological and gut mucosal enzyme maturational changes, indicatory of adaptation towards a vegetable-based diet. This was not associated with any clinical complications, and future studies are needed to show whether this could improve responses in the subsequent weaning process.
Population genetics of the brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys in the early phase of invasion in South Tyrol (Northern Italy)
Authors: Schuler Hannes , Elsler David , Fischnaller Stefanie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys is one of the most harmful invasive species in the world. Native to East Asia, this insect was introduced into North America in the 1990s and into Europe in the 2000s where it subsequently established and spread across the continent. Previous population genetic studies determined the invasion pathways at continental and national levels. However, information on the dynamics on a small-scale is currently scarce. Here we study the genetic diversity and population dynamics of H. halys in South Tyrol, a region in Northern Italy, since its arrival to its widespread establishment over a period of four years. By haplotyping 162 individuals from ten populations (including six previously published individuals) we found a high haplotype diversity in most populations with an increasing diversity across the different years. Most haplotypes were previously found in other regions of Northern Italy, providing evidence for migration from neighboring regions. However, the presence of four previously undescribed haplotypes as well as a haplotype previously found exclusively in Greece highlights additional long-distance dispersal across the continent. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes found in South Tyrol showed that the majority of haplotypes clustered with haplotypes predominantly found in Japan. This suggests a potential recent introduction of H. halys individuals from Japan into Europe, and thus an additional invasion pathway that was previously unidentified.
Differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol associated with its differential acute effects on glial function and cortisol
Authors: Colizzi Marco , Weltens Nathalie , Lythgoe David J , Williams Steve CR , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Bhattacharyya Sagnik 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundCannabis use has been associated with psychosis through exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), its key psychoactive ingredient. Although preclinical and human evidence suggests that Δ9-THC acutely modulates glial function and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, whether differential sensitivity to the acute psychotomimetic effects of Δ9-THC is associated with differential effects of Δ9-THC on glial function and HPA-axis response has never been tested.MethodsA double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study investigated whether sensitivity to the psychotomimetic effects of Δ9-THC moderates the acute effects of a single Δ9-THC dose (1.19 mg/2 ml) on myo-inositol levels, a surrogate marker of glia, in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), and circadian cortisol levels, the key neuroendocrine marker of the HPA-axis, in a set of 16 healthy participants (seven males) with modest previous cannabis exposure.ResultsThe Δ9-THC-induced change in ACC myo-inositol levels differed significantly between those sensitive to (Δ9-THC minus placebo;M= −0.251,s.d.= 1.242) and those not sensitive (M= 1.615,s.d.= 1.753) to the psychotomimetic effects of the drug (t(14) = 2.459,p= 0.028). Further, the Δ9-THC-induced change in cortisol levels over the study period (baseline minus 2.5 h post-drug injection) differed significantly between those sensitive to (Δ9-THC minus placebo;M= −275.4,s.d.= 207.519) and those not sensitive (M= 74.2,s.d.= 209.281) to the psychotomimetic effects of the drug (t(13) = 3.068,p= 0.009). Specifically, Δ9-THC exposure lowered ACC myo-inositol levels and disrupted the physiological diurnal cortisol decrease only in those subjects developing transient psychosis-like symptoms.ConclusionsThe interindividual differences in transient psychosis-like effects of Δ9-THC are the result of its differential impact on glial function and stress response.
On the incompatibility of God's knowledge of particulars and the doctrine of divine immutability: towards a reform in Islamic theology
Authors: AZADEGAN EBRAHIM 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAffirming that divine knowledge of occurrent changes among particulars is incompatible with the doctrine of divine immutability, this article seeks to resolve this tension by denying the latter. Reviewing this long-running debate, I first formalize the exchange between al-Ghazālī and Avicenna on this topic, and then set out the ways in which contemporary Sadrāean philosophers have tried to resolve the incompatibility. I argue that none of the cited Sadrāean attempts to resolve the incompatibility between divine omniscience and immutability is successful. Then, by reference to certain principles drawn from Shia theology, I indicate how one might seek to reject the dogma of divine immutability. I conclude that by emancipating ourselves from that dogma, new horizons could be opened for Islamic philosophy, free from traditional Hellenistic constraints.
Research into practice: Teaching notetaking to L2 students
Authors: Siegel Joseph 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews and discusses research on notetaking during academic listening conducted in both first (L1) and second language (L2) contexts and is organized into two main categories: research that is beginning to impact English for academic purposes (EAP) classrooms and that which has yet to make an impact on EAP, but should. Overall, I assert that, while some relevant research on notetaking is reaching EAP classrooms, there is an abundance of knowledge from L1 contexts as well as a number of unexplored areas that have potential to improve instruction and student ability. Throughout the paper, I hypothesize why certain research findings are not being applied in classrooms. In concluding, I provide suggestions for how researchers and teachers might further support colleagues in applying research findings.
A CALL FOR CAUTIOUS INTERPRETATION OF META-ANALYTIC REVIEWS
Authors: Boers Frank , Bryfonski Lara , Faez Farahnaz , McKay Todd 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMeta-analytic reviews collect available empirical studies on a specified domain and calculate the average effect of a factor. Educators as well as researchers exploring a new domain of inquiry may rely on the conclusions from meta-analytic reviews rather than reading multiple primary studies. This article calls for caution in this regard because the outcome of a meta-analysis is determined by how effect sizes are calculated, how factors are defined, and how studies are selected for inclusion. Three recently published meta-analyses are reexamined to illustrate these issues. The first illustrates the risk of conflating effect sizes from studies with different design features; the second illustrates problems with delineating the variable of interest, with implications for cause-effect relations; and the third illustrates the challenge of determining the eligibility of candidate studies. Replication attempts yield outcomes that differ from the three original meta-analyses, suggesting also that conclusions drawn from meta-analyses need to be interpreted cautiously.
EFFECTS OF MULTITALKER INPUT AND INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD ON THE DIMENSION-BASED STATISTICAL LEARNING OF SYLLABLE-TONE COMBINATIONS
Authors: Wiener Seth , Ito Kiwako , Speer Shari R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo test the effects of talker variability and explicit instruction on the statistical learning of lexical tone, 80 monolingual English listeners were taught an artificial language that mimicked Mandarin’s asymmetric distribution of syllable-tone co-occurrences. Training stimuli consisted of either speech from one talker or speech from four talkers. Participants were either never instructed or explicitly taught associations between phonemes (CVs), tones, and nonce symbols across four consecutive days. Learning was assessed by the accuracy of mouse clicks and eye movements to visual nonce symbols. Critical trials induced competition between the target symbol, which matched the acoustic input, and a competitor symbol that had a statistically more probable tone (but mismatched the acoustic input). Eye fixations indicated that participants were sensitive to syllable-tone co-occurrence probabilities even without explicit instruction of tone. The degree to which statistical knowledge was used to recognize words appeared to increase when participants processed more variable speech.
EXPLORING THE POTENTIAL OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS AND KEYWORDS AS LABELS FOR PERCEPTUAL TRAINING
Authors: Fouz-González Jonás , Mompean Jose A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the potential of phonetic symbols and keywords as response labels for perceptual training of L2 sounds. Seventy-one Spanish learners of English were assigned to three groups: symbols, keywords, and control. Students in the symbols and keywords groups followed a 4-week High Variability Phonetic Training (HVPT) program based on identification tasks. The target aspects addressed were eight English vowels that tend to be problematic for Spanish EFL learners (/iː ɪ æ ʌ ɜː e ɒ ɔː/). Training stimuli consisted of consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonwords featuring these vowels on a range of phonetic contexts. Overall, the results revealed significant differences between the perception gains made by the two experimental groups, which performed similarly, and the control group. Both experimental groups were able to transfer gains to untrained nonwords, and to untrained voices. Moreover, gains were maintained over time. Improvements were also made in real words, especially by the symbols group, although no significant differences were found between groups. The results suggest that both phonetic symbols and keywords are effective labels for perceptual training and the creation/consolidation of perceptual sound categories. The study offers further evidence of the effectiveness of HVPT for pronunciation training as well as implications for perceptual training studies and language teaching.
Investigating differences between traditional (paper bag) ordering and online ordering from primary school canteens: a cross-sectional study comparing menu, usage and lunch order characteristics
Authors: Leonard Alecia , Delaney Tessa , Seward Kirsty , Zoetemeyer Rachel , Lamont Hannah , Sutherland Rachel , Reilly Kathryn , Lecathelinais Christophe , Wyse Rebecca 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess differences between traditional paper bag ordering and online ordering from primary school canteens in terms of menu, usage and lunch order characteristics.Design:A cross-sectional study.Setting:New South Wales (NSW) primary schools that offered both paper bag and online canteen ordering.Participants:Students (aged 5–12 years) with a lunch order on the day of the observation.Results:Across the six school canteens, 59–90 % of all available items were listed on both the online and paper menus, with no significant differences in the nutritional quality (‘Everyday’/‘Occasional’) or nutritional content (kJ/saturated fat/sugar/sodium) of menu items. In total, 387 student lunch orders were placed, containing 776 menu items. Most orders (68 %) were placed online. There were no significant differences between order modality in the quantity of items ordered or the cost of orders, or the nutritional quality of orders based on the classification system of the NSW Healthy School Canteen Strategy (‘Everyday’/’Occasional’). However, nutritional analysis revealed that paper bag orders contained 222 fewer kJ than online orders (P= 0·001), 0·65 g less saturated fat (P= 0·04) and 4·7 g less sugar (P< 0·001).Conclusions:Online canteens are commonly used to order canteen lunches for primary school children. This is the first study to investigate differences between traditional paper bag ordering and online ordering in this setting. Given the rapid increase in the use of online ordering systems in schools and other food settings and their potential to deliver public health nutrition interventions, additional research is warranted to further investigate differences in ordering modalities.