bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socially responsible mutual fund exit decisions
Authors: Alda Mercedes , Muñoz Fernando , Vargas María 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper studies, for the first time, socially responsible (SR) mutual fund exits. We analyse a sample of 534 U.S. SR equity mutual funds in the period 2003–2017, in which 182 exit events occurred (53 liquidations, 109 mergers within the same family, and 20 mergers across different families). The results obtained indicate that both liquidations and mergers are more likely among smaller funds that suffer net money outflows in the previous year to the event. At the family level, mergers are more frequent in outperforming families with a larger number of funds, whereas liquidations occur in families with a lower number of funds. When comparing mergers within the same family with mergers across different families, we observe that the former share more drivers with liquidations than the latter. In addition, we observe that religious and environmental funds are more likely to suffer exit events than other SR fund types. Finally, other interesting findings point out that mergers financially benefit investors in merged SR mutual funds and the financial outcomes of acquiring fund investors are not jeopardized.
Treatment of classical Hodgkin lymphoma in young adults aged 18–30 years with a modified paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma protocol. Results of a multicentre phase II clinical trial (CRUK/08/012)
Authors: Townsend William , Leong Sarah , Hoskin Peter , Diez Patricia , Patrick Pip , Linch David , Wong Wai‐Lup , Kayani Irfan , Sanghera Bal , Lopes Andre , Daw Stephen , Collins Graham , Clifton‐Hadley Laura , Ardeshna Kirit 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThis phase II trial was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of a modified paediatric risk‐stratified protocol in young adults (18–30 years) with classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The primary end‐point was neurotoxicity rate. The incidence of grade 3 neurotoxicity was 11% (80% CI, 5–19%); a true rate of neuropathy of >15% cannot be excluded. Neuropathy and associated deterioration in quality of life was largely reversible. The overall response rate was 100% with 40% complete remission (CR) rate. Twelve months disease‐free survival (DFS) was 91%. We demonstrate that a risk‐stratified paediatric combined modality treatment approach can be delivered to young adults without significant irreversible neuropathy.
Structure–activity relationships study on biological activity of peptides as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors by chemometric modeling
Authors: Kęska Paulina , Stadnik Joanna 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study is to identify the potential descriptors affecting the inhibitory activity of the peptides inhibiting dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP‐IV). This study provides important information for assessing the biological activity of the new peptide sequences of food origin or making structural modifications to the current inhibitors to improve their performance. For this purpose, the chemometric method describing the relationship between the structure of food peptides and their biological activity (structure–activity relationship [SAR]) was used to theoretically predict the potential of bioactivity of peptides. Data on the physicochemical properties of amino acids in the dipeptides acting as inhibitors of DPP‐IV were collected and analyzed for using these properties as descriptors in further analysis. A total of 252 dipeptide sequences with confirmed DPP‐IV inhibitory activity available in the BIOPEP‐UWM database were included in the analysis, and 16 descriptors defining individual amino acids (such as molecular weight, polarity, hydropathicity, bulkiness, buried residue, and acceptable and normalized frequency of alpha‐helix and beta‐sheet) were identified. Based on this information, a data matrix was constructed and used in the chemometric analysis (principal component analysis and multiple linear regression). From the SAR model created, a multiple regression equation was derived to predict the biological activity of the dipeptide DPP‐IV inhibitors.
Chimpanzees help others with what they want; children help them with what they need
Authors: Hepach Robert , Benziad Leïla , Tomasello Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHumans, including young children, are strongly motivated to help others, even paying a cost to do so. Humans’ nearest primate relatives, great apes, are likewise motivated to help others, raising the question of whether the motivations of humans and apes are the same. Here we compared the underlying motivation to help in human children and chimpanzees. Both species understood the situation and helped a conspecific in a straightforward situation. However, when helpers knew that what the other was requesting would not actually help her, only children gave her what she needed instead of giving her what she requested. These results suggest that both chimpanzees and human children help others but the underlying motivation for why they help differs. In comparison to chimpanzees, young children help in a paternalistic manner. The evolutionary hypothesis is that uniquely human socio‐ecologies based on interdependent cooperation gave rise to uniquely human prosocial motivations to help others paternalistically.
Evaluation of a near‐infrared light ultrasound system as a non‐invasive blood glucose monitoring device
Authors: Meyhöfer Svenja , Wilms Britta , Ihling Flavia , Windjäger Anne , Kalscheuer Hannes , Augustinov Andrej , Herrmann Vera , Lehnert Hendrik , Schmid Sebastian M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the newly developed non‐invasive blood glucose system NIRLUS® (Near‐Infra Red Light Ultra Sound; NIRLUS Engineering AG, Lübeck, Germany) under standardized conditions. Seventeen healthy men of normal weight (body mass index 22.4 ± 1.4 kg/m2), aged 18 to 45 years, were enrolled in this study. During an intravenous glucose tolerance test, blood glucose profiles were measured simultaneously using the NIRLUS system and a “gold standard” laboratory reference system. Correlation analysis revealed a strong association between NIRLUS and reference values (r = 0.934; P < 0.001). Subsequent Bland–Altman analysis showed a symmetric distribution (r = 0.047; P = 0.395), and 95.5% of the NIRLUS–reference pairs were within the difference (d) of d ± 2 SD. The median deviation of all paired NIRLUS–reference values was 0.5 mmol/L and the mean percent deviation was 11.5%. Error grid analysis showed that 93.6% of NIRLUS–reference pairs are located in the area A, and 6.4% in the area B. No data were allocated in the areas C to E. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates the reproducibility of accurate blood glucose measures obtained by NIRLUS as compared to a gold standard laboratory reference system. The technology of NIRLUS is an important step forward in the development of non‐invasive glucose monitoring.
Agrarian suicides in India: Myth and reality
Authors: Nair Sthanu R 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMotivationFarmer suicides in India have been intensely debated since the economic reforms of the early 1990s. A closer look at the statistics, however, suggests that singling out farmer suicides may miss the point, because other professions have higher rates of suicide.PurposeThis article aims to set farmer suicides in context, by comparing rates of these against suicide rates for other occupations and groups, between 1995 and 2015, and across 17 states of India.Approach and methodsThe term “agrarian suicides” is preferred to “farmer suicides,” because the reported data include deaths of agricultural labourers as well as farmers. Commonly quoted statistics on suicide across population groups are not commensurate: agrarian suicides are reported per person employed, while for other professions rates are reported against all people in households with that profession. This article corrects this by reporting rates per person employed.FindingsOne, the rate of suicide among the agrarian group is less than that among several other professions, including self‐employed and service (private).Two, while the rates of suicide have been rising for most other groups since the mid‐1990s, the rate for agrarian suicides has been falling since the early 2000s.Three, a large majority, 87%, of agrarian suicides occur in just eight states, mainly in central and southern India.Four, problems with farming are not among the most common stated reasons for agrarian suicides; rather, personal, family and other problems dominate.Policy implicationsIndia needs to encourage responsible reporting of and discussion about agrarian suicides. It would be appropriate to design and implement state‐ and region‐specific suicide prevention strategies. Priority policies should address a public health crisis, rather than pin the blame on agricultural policy, conditions, or technical changes in farming.
A note on knowledge discovery and machine learning in digital soil mapping
Authors: Wadoux Alexandre M. J.‐C. , Samuel‐Rosa Alessandro , Poggio Laura , Mulder Vera Leatitia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn digital soil mapping, machine learning (ML) techniques are being used to infer a relationship between a soil property and the covariates. The information derived from this process is often translated into pedological knowledge. This mechanism is referred to as knowledge discovery. This study shows that knowledge discovery based on ML must be treated with caution. We show how pseudo‐covariates can be used to accurately predict soil organic carbon in a hypothetical case study. We demonstrate that ML methods can find relevant patterns even when the covariates are meaningless and not related to soil‐forming factors and processes. We argue that pattern recognition for prediction should not be equated with knowledge discovery. Knowledge discovery requires more than the recognition of patterns and successful prediction. It requires the pre‐selection and preprocessing of pedologically relevant environmental covariates and the posterior interpretation and evaluation of the recognized patterns. We argue that important ML covariates could serve the purpose of providing elements to postulate hypotheses about soil processes that, once validated through experiments, could result in new pedological knowledge.Highlights
We discuss the rationale of knowledge discovery based on the most important machine learning covariates
We use pseudo‐covariates to predict topsoil organic carbon with random forest
Soil organic carbon was accurately predicted in a hypothetical case study
Pattern recognition by random forest should not be equated to knowledge discovery
Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Razi Ebrahim , Radak Mehran , Mahjoubin-Tehran Maryam , Talebi Samaneh , Shafiee Alimohammad , Hajighadimi Sarah , Moradizarmehri Sanaz , Sharifi Hossein , Mousavi Nousin , Sarvizadeh Mostafa , Nejati Majid , Taghizadeh Mohsen , Ghasemi Faezeh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe discovery of stem cells and their potential abilities in self‐renewal and differentiation has opened a new horizon in medicine. Scientists have found a small population of stem cells in some types of cancers with the same functions as normal stem cells. There are two models for tumor progression: clonal (stochastic) and cancer stem cell (CSCs) models. According to the first model, all transformed cells in the tumor have carcinogenic potential and are able to proliferate and produce the same cells. The latter model, which has received more attention recently, considers the role of CSCs in drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Following the model, researchers have found that targeting CSCs may be a promising way in cancer therapy. This review describes CSC characteristics in general, while also focusing on CSC properties in the context of pancreatic cancer.
Effects of extra‐pair paternity and maternity on the provisioning strategies of the Azure‐winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus
Authors: Gao Li‐Fang , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Zhang Wen , Sun Yuan‐Hai , Liang Mao‐Jun , Du Bo 
Published: November 2019

Altricial birds show enormous intraspecific diversity in their provisioning strategies, in terms of both the provisioning rate and the amount of food delivered per feeding bout. Extra‐pair copulations (EPCs), which result in either extra‐pair paternity (EPP) or maternity (EPM), provide an opportunity to demonstrate why provisioning strategies vary among individuals. Because EPP‐cuckolded males and EPM‐cuckolded females must raise unrelated young, whereas EPM‐cuckolded males and EPP‐cuckolded females need not, we hypothesized that the first two categories of breeders would reduce parental effort, whereas the latter two categories of breeders would increase parental effort. We tested this hypothesis in the Azure‐winged Magpie Cyanopica cyanus by comparing the number and body mass of fledglings, provisioning rates and food amount delivered per feeding bout between EPP‐ and EPM‐cuckolded breeders and faithful breeders. We found that (1) the number of fledglings did not differ significantly between cuckolded and faithful breeders, and (2) fledglings raised by EPM‐cuckolded males and EPP‐cuckolded females did not differ from faithful breeders, whereas fledglings raised by EPP‐cuckolded males and EPM‐cuckolded females were significantly smaller than those raised by faithful breeders. Compared with faithful breeders, cuckolded breeders increased parental efforts in nests that contained no unrelated young; hence, their loss in parentage may be compensated for by the enhanced quality of fledglings. In nests that contained unrelated young, cuckolded breeders did not reduce parental efforts; hence, their own offspring would not starve and could survive in competition with mixed brood‐mates. Our findings suggest that the differences in parentage created by EPP and EPM scenarios and the potential fitness return of raising a brood for the cuckolded breeders can explain the intraspecific variation in provisioning strategies of altricial birds.
Skin barrier immunity and ageing
Authors: Chambers Emma S. , Vukmanovic‐Stejic Milica 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe skin is the outermost layer of the body with an extensive surface area of approximately 1·8 m2, and is the first line of defence against a multitude of external pathogens and environmental insults. The skin also has important homeostatic functions such as reducing water loss and contributing to thermoregulation of the body. The structure of the skin and its cellular composition work in harmony to prevent infections and to deal with physical and chemical challenges from the outside world. In this review, we discuss how the structural cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts and adipocytes contribute to barrier immunity. We also discuss specialized immune cells that are resident in steady‐state skin including mononuclear phagocytes, such as Langerhans cells, dermal macrophages and dermal dendritic cells in addition to the resident memory T cells. Ageing results in an increased incidence of cancer and skin infections. As we age, the skin structure changes with thinning of the epidermis and dermis, increased water loss, and fragmentation of collagen and elastin. In addition, the skin immune composition is altered with reduced Langerhans cells, decreased antigen‐specific immunity and increased regulatory populations such as Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Together, these alterations result in decreased barrier immunity in the elderly, explaining in part their increased susceptiblity to cancer and infections.
The Bolsonaro Election, Antiblackness, and Changing Race Relations in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Antonio José Bacelar , Larkins Erika Robb 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe apply the concept of antiblackness and a Deleuzian approach to sociopolitical events to analyze Jair Bolsonaro's 2018 election in Brazil. Historically, Brazilians turned from overt expressions of antiblackness to subtler forms of racial prejudice, what Sérgio Buarque de Holanda (1956) called the “cordial man” who practiced a “gentlemanly” form of white supremacy. Recently, however, cordial racism has eroded in favor of more virulent and explosive manifestations of antiblackness that fueled the sociopolitical climate that enabled Bolsonaro's rise to power. We examine the antiblack backlash against race‐conscious laws and policies implemented during the Workers’ Party era (2002–16), showing a gradual shift toward more overt expressions of antiblackness that Bolsonaro wielded to political effect in his 2018 campaign. [affirmative action, blackness, Bolsonaro, Brazil, race]
The Stranger‐King of the Caribbean: François Duvalier, State Politics, and the Othering of Brutality
Authors: Belleau Jean‐Philippe 
Published: November 2019

ResumenFrançois Duvalier (1907‐1971) gobernó Haití de 1957 hasta su muerte en 1971. Su régimen ha sido descrito como uno de los más brutales en la historia de esta nación. Duvalier también era conocido y hoy se lo recuerda como alguien de origen extranjero que creció sin consanguíneos, salvo a su padre y su abuelo, ni afines. Duvalier no tenía hermanos conocidos, primos, sobrinos, sobrinas, tías, tíos, abuelas, nietos, etc.; casi nada se sabe sobre su propia madre. Tal socialización en una sociedad donde la familia extendida generalmente enmarca la identidad, la socialización y la posición social de una persona, es extraordinaria. Los documentos presentados en este artículo demuestran que Duvalier no era en realidad de origen extranjero. La sociedad creó una genealogía moral para se distanciara de la brutalidad de Duvalier; otrificó su gobernante al vincularlo con la alteridad.
Coffee sensory quality study based on spatial distribution in the Mantiqueira mountain region of Brazil
Authors: Borém Flávio M. , Cirillo Marcelo Â. , de Carvalho Alves Ana P. , dos Santos Cláudia M. , Liska Gilberto R. , Ramos Mariana F. , de Lima Renato R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the sensory quality of the coffee cultivated in the Mantiqueira region of Brazil (Minas Gerais State) and to identify its main descriptors. The sensory quality of red and yellow coffee fruit varieties (Coffea arabica L.) grown in environments with different slopes, at altitudes ranging from 932 to 1,391 m, was analyzed in three different crop seasons. The dry processing method and the wet processing method, based on mechanical removal of skin and mucilage, were used. The variables were analyzed through correspondence analysis. There was no correspondence with sample discrimination between the direction the slope face and coffee sensory profile. The sensory characteristics of coffee such as flavor, acidity, body and sweetness correspond to the cultivation environment with altitudes above 1,050 m. However, for the red coffee fruit varieties, that correspondence only occurred when subjected to a wet‐processing method. The quality of the coffee as a micro‐region product was identified in this study at altitudes above 1,050 m. This effect was not found in natural red coffee fruit varieties.Practical ApplicationsEnvironmental aspects such as latitude, longitude, altitude and slope, as well as different coffee varieties and processing methods were analyzed in consecutive crop seasons, based on multivariate logistic regression and correspondence analysis techniques. The impacts of different methods of coffee production and processing on beverage quality have been debated for years and will surely continue to be studied in the coming decades, mainly because it is a phenomenon of high complexity. The variations in the sensory profile of coffee produced in different countries or microregions, or even at different planting sites, are noteworthy.
School Interventions–based Prevention of Early‐Childhood Caries among 3–5‐year‐old children from very low socioeconomic status: Two‐year randomized trial
Authors: Samuel Srinivasan Raj , Acharya Shashidhar , Rao Jeevika Chandrasekar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the effectiveness of school‐based interventions to prevent early childhood caries (ECC) among preschool children from very low socioeconomic background over a period of 2 years.Materials and methodsFour hundred and twenty preschool children between the ages of 3–5 years participated in this double blind, three parallel arm clinical trial. School only interventions such as prohibition of sugary snack consumption in school, teacher supervised daily brushing using fluoridated toothpaste, and oral health education were implemented with regular follow‐up at 6 months, 1, and 2 years. The study group had all three interventions, in active control‐tooth brushing and oral health education, and in negative control, only oral health education. Decay at d1/d2 using World Health Organization criteria, visible plaque and gingival inflammation were assessed at all follow‐ups. The value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAbsolute caries risk reduction in the study group was 20 percent and 12 percent when compared to active, negative controls after 2 years. Mean caries increment in the study group was 0.4 for d1/d2, for the active control group was 0.9 and negative control 0.8. The effect of interventions to prevent ECC in each group was calculated using the Çohen's d, and the study group had a score of 0.6 when compared with active controls and 0.9 in comparison to the negative control group.ConclusionsProhibition of sugary snacking in school and daily supervised tooth brushing, with or without oral health education is effective in preventing ECC among preschool children with health neglect in very low‐resource settings.
Effects of stocking density of Chinese soft‐shelled turtle and interactions between cultivated species on growth performance and the environment in a turtle–rice coculture system
Authors: Zhao Jing , Zou Yiyi , Chen Hanxiang , Xu Jiehao , Liang Zhenzhen , Xu Haisheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractExperiments were performed to investigate the effects of stocking density (6, 8, 10, and 12 turtles/m2) of Chinese soft‐shelled turtles (Pelodiscus sinensis) and coculture interactions on growth performance and environment in a turtle–rice coculture system. The average yields of rice grain and rice straw in four turtle–rice coculture (TR) groups were significantly higher than those in a rice monoculture with fertilizer (RMF) group and a rice monoculture (RM) group (p < .05). The yield of turtles increased gradually with increasing stocking density until reaching 10 turtles/m2, and the yield of TR10 was 1,297.51 ± 106.31 g/m2. The death rate in TR6, TR8, and TR10 groups was significantly lower than that in the turtle monoculture (TM) group (p < .05), whereas the specific growth rate and weight gain in TR6, TR8, and TR10 groups were significantly higher than those in the TM group (p < .05). The nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiencies in the TR groups were significantly higher than those in the TM and RM groups (p < .05). The water environment was improved in the TR group. The results suggest that an appropriate stocking density (10 turtles/m2) of turtles in the coculture system can effectively increase the yield of turtles and reduce the impacts on the environment compared with the TM.