bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Brownian and Flow‐Driven Rotational Dynamics of a Multicomponent DNA Origami‐Based Rotor
Authors: Ahmadi Yasaman , Nord Ashley L. , Wilson Amanda J. , Hütter Christiane , Schroeder Fabian , Beeby Morgan , Barišić Ivan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNanomechanical devices are becoming increasingly popular due to the very diverse field of potential applications, including nanocomputing, robotics, and drug delivery. DNA is one of the most promising building materials to realize complex 3D structures at the nanoscale level. Several mechanical DNA origami structures have already been designed capable of simple operations such as a DNA box with a controllable lid, bipedal walkers, and cargo sorting robots. However, the nanomechanical properties of mechanically interlinked DNA nanostructures that are in general highly deformable have yet to be extensively experimentally evaluated. In this work, a multicomponent DNA origami‐based rotor is created and fully characterized by electron microscopy under negative stain and cryo preparations. The nanodevice is further immobilized on a microfluidic chamber and its Brownian and flow‐driven rotational behaviors are analyzed in real time by single‐molecule fluorescence microscopy. The rotation in previous DNA rotors based either on strand displacement, electric field or Brownian motion. This study is the first to attempt to manipulate the dynamics of an artificial nanodevice with fluidic flow as a natural force.
Nanomaterials with active targeting as advanced antimicrobials
Authors: Smerkova Kristyna , Dolezelikova Kristyna , Bozdechova Lucie , Heger Zbynek , Zurek Ludek , Adam Vojtech 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWith a growing health threat of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the nanomaterials have been extensively studied as an alternative. It is assumed that antimicrobial nanomaterials can affect bacteria by several mechanisms simultaneously and thereby overcome antibiotic resistance. Another promising potential use is employing nanomaterials as nanocarriers for antibiotics in order to overcome bacterial defense mechanisms. The passive targeting of nanomaterials is the often used strategy for bacterial treatment, including intracellular infections of macrophages. Furthermore, the specific targeting enhances the efficacy of antimicrobials and reduces side effects. This review aims to discuss advantages, disadvantages, and challenges of nanomaterials in the context of the targeting strategies for antimicrobials as advanced tools for treatments of bacterial infections.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
ADMISSIBLE LEVEL $$ \mathfrak{osp}\left(1\left|2\right.\right) $$ MINIMAL MODELS AND THEIR RELAXED HIGHEST WEIGHT MODULES
Authors: WOOD SIMON 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe minimal model$$ \mathfrak{osp}\left(1|2\right) $$osp12vertex operator superalgebras are the simple quotients of affine vertex operator superalgebras constructed from the affine Lie super algebra$$ \hat{\mathfrak{osp}}\left(1\left|2\right.\right) $$osp̂12at certain rational values of the levelk. We classify all isomorphism classes of ℤ2-graded simple relaxed highest weight modules over the minimal model$$ \mathfrak{osp}\left(1|2\right) $$osp12vertex operator superalgebras in both the Neveu–Schwarz and Ramond sectors. To this end, we combine free field realisations, screening operators and the theory of symmetric functions in the Jack basis to compute explicit presentations for the Zhu algebras in both the Neveu–Schwarz and Ramond sectors. Two different free field realisations are used depending on the level. Fork< −1, the free field realisation resembles the Wakimoto free field realisation of affine$$ \mathfrak{sl}(2) $$sl2and is originally due to Bershadsky and Ooguri. It involves 1 free boson (or rank 1 Heisenberg vertex algebra), oneβγbosonic ghost system and onebcfermionic ghost system. Fork> −1, the argument presented here requires the bosonisation of theβγsystem by embedding it into an indefinite rank 2 lattice vertex algebra.
Quality of teaching radiation oncology in Germany—where do we stand?
Authors: Oertel M. , Linde P. , Mäurer M. , Fleischmann D. F. , Dietzel C. T. , Krug D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Medical students’ knowledge of radiation oncology (RO) is of increasing importance with a rising prevalence of malignancies. However, RO teaching in medical schools is heterogeneous and has not been analyzed at a federal level yet. Therefore, the following survey aims to provide a national overview of RO teaching in Germany.

Methods
A questionnaire containing multiple-choice and free-text questions covering the extent and topics of RO teaching was sent to RO departments of all university hospitals in Germany and was answered by the heads of department/main lecturers.

Results
24/35 (68.6%) RO departments returned completed forms. Most faculties employ lectures (91.7%), seminars (87.5%), and practical/bedside training (75.0%), whereas training in radiation biology and medical physics are rare (25% and 33.3%, respectively). Main topics covered are general RO (100%), radiation biology (91.7%), and side effects (87.5%). Regarding RO techniques and concepts, image-guided and intensity-modulated radiotherapy are taught at all faculties, followed by palliative and stereotactic techniques (87.5% each). Notably, all departments offered at least a partial rotation in RO in conjunction with radiology and/or nuclear medicine departments in the last year of medical school, while only 70.8% provided a complete rotation in RO. In addition, 57.1% of the departments have taken measures concerning the upcoming National Competence-Based Learning Objectives Catalogue (NKLM) for medical education.

Conclusion
RO plays an integral but underrepresented role in clinical medical education in Germany, but faces new challenges in the development of practical and competence-based education, which will require further innovative and interdisciplinary concepts.
CANVAS: Fallbericht einer neuen Repeat-Erkrankung mit spät beginnender Ataxie
Authors: Meindl Tobias , Cordts Isabell , Scherzer Anna-Lisa , Lingor Paul , Maegerlein Christian , Galassi Deforie Valentina , Dominik Natalia , Houlden Henry , Cortese Andrea , Deschauer Marcus 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungWir schildern den Fall einer 74-jährigen Patientin, die ab dem 60. Lebensjahr ein progressives Krankheitsbild mit sensibler Neuropathie, zerebellärer Ataxie und bilateraler Vestibulopathie entwickelte. Die Familienanamnese war leer. Magnetresonanztomographisch zeigten sich eine im Vermis betonte Kleinhirnatrophie sowie eine Myelonatrophie. Syndromal wurde ein CANVAS (zerebelläre Ataxie, Neuropathie, vestibuläre Areflexie Syndrom) diagnostiziert. Für diese Erkrankung wurde 2019 der Gendefekt beschrieben, eine autosomal-rezessiv vererbte intronische Repeat-Expansion im RFC1-Gen. Diese Veränderung war bei unserer Patientin biallelisch nachweisbar. CANVAS ist eine relativ häufige Ursache einer hereditären spät beginnenden Ataxie (geschätzte Häufigkeit 5–13/100.000). Nicht immer liegt wie bei unserer Patientin das Vollbild vor. Daher sollte bei Patienten mit unklarer sporadischer spät beginnender Ataxie die Untersuchung der RFC1-Gen-Expansion erwogen werden. Da die intronische Repeat-Expansion der Next-generation-Sequenzierung entgeht, ist eine gezielte Diagnostik erforderlich.
St. Corona – eine Fürsprecherin gegen Seuchen?
Authors: Moll Friedrich H. , Schwarzburger Marie-Isabelle 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungHagiographie spielt in der Wissenschaftsgeschichte noch immer, gerade bei lokalgeschichtlichen Analysen, eine wichtige Rolle. Während sich in der Urologie das Wissen um den Hl. Liborius gehalten hat, ist die Bekanntheit der Seuchenheiligen insbesondere denjenigen, die bei Geschlechtskrankheiten angerufen werden, in der Regel gesunken.
Influence of the different variants of the surface treatment on the durability of forging dies made of Unimax steel
Authors: Hawryluk Marek , Dobras Daniel , Kaszuba Marcin , Widomski Paweł , Ziemba Jacek 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe study performs an analysis as well as makes a comparison of the durability of forging tools used in the die forging process made of high-strength steel Unimax. For tool steel WCL (1.2343 according to DIN), which has been applied so far, the obtained average durability has been at the level of about 6000 forgings. Additionally, in order to increase the durability of the Unimax material, two surface treatment variants were applied: in the form of ion nitriding (for nitrides A) and gas nitriding together with a PVD-Alvin coating, which were compared with the results for an insert without surface treatment. For each variant, three tools were produced, in order to obtain repeatable and verified results. In the first place, an analysis of the working conditions of the tools was performed through thorough observations of the industrial forging process, particularly the tribological conditions, including the manner of lubrication as well as the temperature distributions, by means of, among others, thermovisual examinations. Additionally, numerical modeling of the process was carried out with the purpose of a more accurate analysis of the tool work in contact. Next, a detailed analysis of the exploitation of the worn tools was performed, including a macroscopic and geometrical analysis through 3D scanning, microscopic optical, and SEM tests as well as microhardness measurements. The obtained results demonstrated that only the application of the new material, Unimax, itself caused a durability increase by 2.5 times with regard to the WCL steel used so far. In turn, with the application of additional surface engineering techniques, Unimax tools characterized in better operational properties (high thermal and abrasive wear resistance at elevated temperatures), which made it possible to forge over four times more forgings, i.e., 26,000 items, after nitriding with a PVD-Alvin coating had been applied to the tool.
Integrating in vitro data and physiologically based kinetic modeling-facilitated reverse dosimetry to predict human cardiotoxicity of methadone
Authors: Shi Miaoying , Bouwmeester Hans , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. , Strikwold Marije 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDevelopment of novel testing strategies to detect adverse human health effects is of interest to replace in vivo-based drug and chemical safety testing. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-facilitated conversion of in vitro toxicity data is an adequate approach to predict in vivo cardiotoxicity in humans. To enable evaluation of predictions made, methadone was selected as the model compound, being a compound for which data on both kinetics and cardiotoxicity in humans are available. A PBK model for methadone in humans was developed and evaluated against available kinetic data presenting an adequate match. Use of the developed PBK model to convert concentration–response curves for the effect of methadone on human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) in the so-called multi electrode array (MEA) assay resulted in predictions for in vivo dose–response curves for methadone-induced cardiotoxicity that matched the available in vivo data. The results also revealed differences in protein plasma binding of methadone to be a potential factor underlying variation between individuals with respect to sensitivity towards the cardiotoxic effects of methadone. The present study provides a proof-of-principle of using PBK modeling-based reverse dosimetry of in vitro data for the prediction of cardiotoxicity in humans, providing a novel testing strategy in cardiac safety studies.
Impact of spectral body imaging in patients suspected for occult cancer: a prospective study of 503 patients
Authors: Andersen Michael Brun , Ebbesen Dyveke , Thygesen Jesper , Kruis Matthijs , Rasmussen Finn 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the diagnostic impact and performance of spectral dual-layer detector CT in the detection and characterization of cancer compared to conventional CE-CT.

Methods
In a national workup program for occult cancer, 503 patients (286 females and 217 males) were prospectively enrolled for a contrast-enhanced spectral CT scan. The readings were performed with and without spectral data available. A minimum of 3 months between interpretations was implemented to minimize recall bias. The sequence of reads for the individual patient was randomized. Readers were blinded for patient identifiers and clinical outcome. Two radiologists with 9 and 33 years of experience performed the readings in consensus. If disagreement, a third radiologist with 11 years of experience determined the outcome of the reading

Results
Significantly more cancer findings were identified on the spectral reading. In 73 cases of proven cancer, we found a sensitivity of 89% vs 77% and a specificity of 77% vs 83% on spectral CT compared to conventional CT. A slight increase in reading time in spectral images of 82 s was found (382 vs 300, p < 0.001). For all cystic lesions, the perceived diagnostic certainty increased from 30% being completely certain to 96% most pronounced in the kidney, liver, thyroid, and ovaries. And adding the spectral information to the reading gave a decrease in follow-up examination for diagnostic certainty (0.25 vs 0.81 per reading, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The use of contrast-enhanced spectral CT increases the confidence of the radiologists in correct characterization of various lesions and minimizes the need for supplementary examinations.

Key Points
• Spectral CT is associated with a higher sensitivity, but a slightly lower specificity compared to conventional CT.
• Spectral CT increases the confidence of the radiologists.
• The need for supplementary examinations is decreased, with only a slight increase in reading times.
Cinacalcet studies in pediatric subjects with secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving dialysis
Authors: Warady Bradley A. , Ng Eric , Bloss Laura , Mo May , Schaefer Franz , Bacchetta Justine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT), a complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD) characterized by persistently elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH), alterations in calcium-phosphorus homeostasis, and vitamin D metabolism, affects 50% of children receiving dialysis. A significant proportion of these children develop CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), associated with an increased risk of fractures and vascular calcification. The standard of care for sHPT in children includes vitamin D sterols, calcium supplementation, and phosphate binders. Several agents are approved for sHPT treatment in adults undergoing dialysis, including vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics, with limited information on their safety and efficacy in children. The calcimimetic cinacalcet is approved for use in adults with sHPT on dialysis, but is not approved for pediatric use outside Europe.

Methods
This review provides dosing, safety, and efficacy information from Amgen-sponsored cinacalcet pediatric trials and data from non-Amgen sponsored clinical studies.

Results
The Amgen cinacalcet pediatric clinical development program consisted of two Phase 3 randomized studies, one Phase 3 single arm extension study, one open-label Phase 2 study, and two open-label Phase 1 studies. Effects of cinacalcet on PTH varied across studies. Overall, 7.4 to 57.1% of subjects who received cinacalcet in an Amgen clinical trial attained PTH levels within recommended target ranges and 22.2 to 70.6% observed a ≥ 30% reduction in PTH. In addition, significant reductions in PTH were demonstrated in all non-Amgen-supported studies.

Conclusions
To help inform the pediatric nephrology community, this manuscript contains the most comprehensive review of cinacalcet usage in pediatric CKD patients to date.
Clinical utility of circulating tumor DNA as a response and follow-up marker in cancer therapy
Authors: Boonstra Pieter A. , Wind Thijs T. , van Kruchten Michel , Schuuring Ed , Hospers Geke A. P. , van der Wekken Anthonie J. , de Groot Derk-Jan , Schröder Carolien P. , Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , Reyners Anna K. L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractResponse evaluation for cancer treatment consists primarily of clinical and radiological assessments. In addition, a limited number of serum biomarkers that assess treatment response are available for a small subset of malignancies. Through recent technological innovations, new methods for measuring tumor burden and treatment response are becoming available. By utilization of highly sensitive techniques, tumor-specific mutations in circulating DNA can be detected and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) can be quantified. These so-called liquid biopsies provide both molecular information about the genomic composition of the tumor and opportunities to evaluate tumor response during therapy. Quantification of tumor-specific mutations in plasma correlates well with tumor burden. Moreover, with liquid biopsies, it is also possible to detect mutations causing secondary resistance during treatment. This review focuses on the clinical utility of ctDNA as a response and follow-up marker in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. Relevant studies were retrieved from a literature search using PubMed database. An overview of the available literature is provided and the relevance of ctDNA as a response marker in anti-cancer therapy for clinical practice is discussed. We conclude that the use of plasma-derived ctDNA is a promising tool for treatment decision-making based on predictive testing, detection of resistance mechanisms, and monitoring tumor response. Necessary steps for translation to daily practice and future perspectives are discussed.
Regional Variations in Alirocumab Dosing Patterns in Patients with Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia During an Open-Label Extension Study
Authors: Langslet Gisle , Hovingh G. Kees , Guyton John R. , Baccara-Dinet Marie T. , Letierce Alexia , Manvelian Garen , Farnier Michel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeDuring the alirocumab open-label extension study ODYSSEY OLE (open-label extension; NCT01954394), physicians could adjust alirocumab dosing for enrolled patients, who were diagnosed with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) and who had completed previous phase III clinical trials with alirocumab. This post hoc analysis evaluated the differences in physician–patient dosing decisions between the regions of Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, and the rest of the world (ROW).MethodsPatients (n = 909) who received starting dose alirocumab 75 mg every 2 weeks (Q2W) during ODYSSEY OLE (patients from FH I, FH II, and LONG TERM parent studies) were included. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were blinded until week 8; subsequently, LDL-C values were communicated to physicians. From week 12, dose adjustment from 75 to 150 mg Q2W, or vice versa, was possible.ResultsMean LDL-C values used for the decision to increase dose from 75 to 150 mg Q2W were higher in Eastern Europe (3.7 mmol/L; 144.0 mg/dL) and ROW (3.8 mmol/L; 145.2 mg/dL) compared with Western Europe (3.1 mmol/L; 118.6 mg/dL) and North America (3.3 mmol/L; 126.6 mg/dL). Irrespective of region, the mean LDL-C at the time of decision to maintain at 75 mg Q2W was approximately 1.8 mmol/L (70 mg/dL). During ODYSSEY OLE (median treatment duration of 131.7 weeks), alirocumab was shown to have no unexpected long-term safety concerns.ConclusionsIn this OLE study, the observed variations in clinical treatment decisions suggest that physicians may perceive the severity of HeFH and/or the treatment of HeFH differently depending on their region.
From Path Integrals to Dynamical Algebras: A Macroscopic View of Quantum Physics
Authors: Buchholz Detlev , Fredenhagen Klaus 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe essence of the path integral method in quantum physics can be expressed in terms of two relations between unitary propagators, describing perturbations of the underlying system. They inherit the causal structure of the theory and its invariance properties under variations of the action. These relations determine a dynamical algebra of bounded operators which encodes all properties of the corresponding quantum theory. This novel approach is applied to non-relativistic particles, where quantum mechanics emerges from it. The method works also in interacting quantum field theories and sheds new light on the foundations of quantum physics.
Language and imagined Gesellschaft: Émile Durkheim’s civil-linguistic nationalism and the consequences of universal human ideals
Authors: Tada Mitsuhiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhen Thomas Luckmann, a pioneer of the “linguistic turn” in sociology, regarded Émile Durkheim as a source for the sociology of language, he had lifeworldly community–building in mind. However, the French sociologist himself understood language in the context ofcivil society–building. To Durkheim, language was a “social thing in the highest degree” that enabled general ideas and intermediated them to people. Abstract human ideals like the civil religion since the French Revolution could be shared through (a common) language. Thus, Durkheim took the exclusive use of French in the Third Republic’s laic public education for granted, ignoring the patois in the country: This “child of the Enlightenment” considered French to be a universal language ofGesellschaftand, beyond ethno-communal elements, to work as a basis for the organic solidarity of French national civil society where the social division of labor was progressing. Durkheim’s theory was predicated on civil-linguistic, not ethnolinguistic, nationalism.
Why do startups pursue initial coin offerings (ICOs)? The role of economic drivers and social identity on funding choice
Authors: Schückes Magnus , Gutmann Tobias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInitial coin offerings (ICOs) are a novel form of funding that has driven billions of dollars into the blockchain ecosystem, potentially challenging traditional funding vehicles such as business angel or venture capital investments. However, little is known of entrepreneurs’ rationales for leveraging this emerging form of financing. This article investigates the economic and behavioral factors that motivate entrepreneurs to fund their startup operations with ICOs. By conducting in-depth interviews with C-level managers or founders of ICO-funded startups, our analysis reveals four dimensions that have an impact on the decision: (1) funding, (2) community building, (3) tokenomics, and (4) personal and ideological drivers. Our findings suggest that the entrepreneur’s social identity in conjunction with the enabling mechanisms of the blockchain technology shape entrepreneurial pursuits and funding choice. We contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial finance by increasing understanding of ICOs and to the literature on entrepreneurial decision making by providing qualitative insights into the influence of founder identity on key decisions in startups such as financing.