bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of herbicides onLysimachia vulgaris: a 17-year case study
Authors: De Luccia Marisa R. , Peterson Ben , Bradshaw Michael J. , Tobin Patrick C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGarden loosestrife (Lysimachia vulgarisL.), is an invasive wetland plant that is subject to management in King County, WA, USA. Large-scale management efforts are generally conducted using herbicides. In this case study, we analyzed 17 yr of monitoring and treatment data in four riparian areas in King County to estimate the rate of spread ofL. vulgarisand the efficacy of herbicidal treatments againstL. vulgarispopulations. In each area, herbicide treatments were applied annually. In three of the areas, the area infested withL. vulgarisdid not change over time, while in the fourth area populations ofL. vulgariswere spreading at a rate of 0.79 m2yr−1. There were a greater number of sampled locations infested withL. vulgarisover the 17-yr period, and because populations were either not spreading or spreading slowly, it is possible that populations were becoming more fragmented. There was no relationship between the percentage of the infested area treated with herbicides and the area infested in the following year. However, there was a negative relationship between the area treated and the percent change in the invaded area; specifically, in years when <80% of the infested area was treated, there was an increase in the percent change of the invaded area between the year of treatment and the following year. The results of this study suggest that at the current level of management effort, the spatial extent ofL. vulgarisdid not retract over the 17-yr study period.
ReducingEragrostis lehmannianapopulations by preparing seedbeds with unconventional tillage implements and seeding in a semiarid grassland
Authors: Morales-Nieto Carlos Raúl , Álvarez-Holguín Alan , Santellano-Estrada Eduardo , Villarreal-Guerrero Federico , Corrales-Lerma Raúl 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe invasion of Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmannianaNees) in rangelands of Chihuahua, Mexico, has resulted in a need for revegetation to recover lost forage productivity. Thus, new knowledge on generating alternatives to improve these invaded grasslands is of great importance. This study evaluated seedbeds prepared with unconventional tillage implements and seeded with a grass mixture to reduce the plant density ofE. lehmannianawhile increasing the productivity of an invaded semiarid grassland of Chihuahua. The unconventional tillage implements were: a Rangeland Harrow, which was used to prepare the Striped Harrowing and Full Harrowing seedbeds; Rangeland Rehabilitator, which was used to prepare the Deep-Stingray Subsoiler seedbed; and a Tandem-type Aerator Roller, which was used to prepare the Double-Digging Aeration seedbed. An area without tillage was left as a control. The seed mixture was composed of blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis(Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths var. Hachita] (25%); sideoats grama [Bouteloua curtipendula(Michx.) Torr. ‘6107 Kansas’] (25%); green sprangletop [Leptochloa dubia(Kunth) Nees var. Van Horn] (5%); weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula(Schrad.) Nees var. Ermelo] (40%), and Columbus grass [Sorghum almumParodi] (5%). The experiment was conducted across 4 yr, and the evaluation started at the second year. Plant density and dry matter (DM) production were evaluated per species. In the control plot, the plant density ofE. lehmannianaincreased approximately 180% from the 2nd to the 4th year (18 to 50 plants m−2). The use of unconventional tillage implements for seedbed preparation and the inclusion ofE. curvulain the seed mixture decreasedE. lehmannianadensity in more than 50% of plots and increased DM production in around 100% of plots. Considering the whole experimental period, in all the prepared seedbed treatments,E. curvulahad the highest establishment and DM production of all the seeded species. The native speciesB. gracilis,B. curtipendula, andL. dubiahad poor establishment in all the prepared seedbeds.
Consequences of Ventenata dubia 30 years postinvasion to bunchgrass communities in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Jones Lisa C. , Davis Cleve , Prather Timothy S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVentenata [Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss.], an invasive winter annual grass, negatively impacts grassland community composition and function in the Pacific Northwest. Ventenata dubia established in Palouse prairie (PP) and canyon grasslands (CG) of northern Idaho/eastern Washington in the mid-1980s to early 1990s. Understanding and comparing patterns of invasion can elucidate future trends as its range expands. We performed surveys in PP (2012 and 2013) and CG (2018) to assess V. dubia abundance. Specifically, we correlated species richness, Shannon diversity, rank abundance, and indicator species with no, low (<12.5%), and high (>12.5%) V. dubia cover. We used nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) to visualize species similarities and associations with abiotic variables. In both ecoregions, V. dubia was very common, appearing in nearly 60% of 450 plots. When present, V. dubia cover averaged 26% (±2.3 SE) in PP and 19% (±1.8 SE) in CG. Indigenous plant species richness and diversity were lowest in plots with high V. dubia cover. In CG, this relationship held for nonindigenous species; in PP, nonindigenous plant richness and diversity were higher with high V. dubia cover. Ventenata dubia and other winter annual grasses (Bromus spp., medusahead [Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski]) were moderately associated according to the NMDS analysis. Indicator species analysis showed V. dubia was positively associated with nonindigenous winter annual grasses and negatively associated with indigenous low shrub species. Abiotic factors that explained V. dubia abundance included shallow soils and a south to west aspect. Overall, these findings indicate V. dubia can successfully invade both dry and relatively wet plant communities and is more abundant than other invasive annual grasses. We suggest these findings foreshadow what will happen in sagebrush steppe and Great Plains grasslands, regions where V. dubia recently became established.
Numerical Simulation Study on Battery-Casing Sealing Considering Rubber Aging
Authors: Huang Yijie , Guo Fei , Ke Yuchao , Wu Fangyong , Jia Xiaohong , Wang Yuming 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBattery-casing sealing is the key factor for secure travel of new energy vehicles. We constructed a relatively accurate mechanical-simulation model by selecting a constitutive model, analyzing the influence of thermal elongation, verifying the grid-independence and comparing numerically by the pressure-measurement film on the basis of studying the physical performance of a certain type of sealing material that had been used in battery-casings after aging. Based on a porous-media model and combined with changes of macroscopic and microscopic contact characteristics of materials at different times after aging, the evolution rule of sealing performance with time was analyzed quantitatively by calculating the leakage. By analyzing the structure of circular arc bulge on the surface of sealing material, the radius of circular arc bulge with better sealing performance was obtained, which could reduce the leakage of sealing structure during the material’s lifecycle.
Research on Edge Surface Warping Defect Diagnosis Based on Fusion Dimension Reduction Layer DBN and Contribution Plot Method
Authors: Jianliang Sun , Mengqian Sun , Hesong Guo , Yan Peng , Jiang Ji , Lipu Xu 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThe edge surface warping defect seriously affect the surface quality of strips. In this paper, a technology for diagnosis of warping defects in hot-rolled strip based on data-driven methods is studied. Based on the mechanism analysis of the warping defects, the process parameters affecting the warping defects were sorted out and used as the original input parameters of the defect diagnosis model. Firstly, a diagnostic model that combines the deep belief network and contribution plots of each dimensionality reduction layer is proposed. The deep belief network that integrates each dimensionality reduction layer can predict product defects more accurately and stably than the traditional deep belief network. Meanwhile, on the basis of the pre-judgment model, the method of contribution plot is further introduced to trace the defects, and the comprehensive diagnosis function of model pre-judgment and traceability is realized. Finally, collected the production data from a hot rolling production line for a period of time. Tested the model and predicted a hit rate of 85%. The main influencing factors of edge surface warping defects were determined that the rate of defect decrease with the increase of furnace temperature. When the heating temperature of the second stage of the heating furnace is higher than 1160°C, the incidence of defects is significantly reduced. Defect rate is relatively low within 240min of total furnace time. With the first and third pass phosphorus removal equipment turned on, the incidence of defects was relatively low.
In defense of a divided opposition: programmatic distribution and ethnic minor party support
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhy do so many voters in African countries vote for minor ethnic parties instead of unifying into a powerful multi-ethnic opposition coalition? I present a model that demonstrates that as the incumbent devotes more resources to programmatic goods, which voters can access regardless of how they voted, the opportunity cost of voting for a sincerely preferred, but losing, candidate decreases. I provide experimental and cross-national observational evidence that voters are more likely to support a minor party as they perceive more or more valuable goods being distributed programmatically. Those who perceive poor distribution, or only clientelist distribution, instead vote strategically for a major opposition party. In general, support for minor parties increases along with positive outcomes and approval of the incumbent.
Determinants of smallholder farmers’ decisions on fertilizer use for cereal crops in the Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Tefera Tewodros , Elias Eyasu , van Beek Christy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study identified decision variables influencing fertilizer adoption and optimal fertilizer rates among smallholder farmers in the Ethiopian highlands. The fertilizer adoption and fertilizer use were examined in four regional states using a questionnaire survey, which was administered to 2880 farm households. A double hurdle model was used to analyze factors influencing the two independent decisions of adoption of fertilizers and use of fertilizers. The model estimates of the first hurdle revealed that the probability of fertilizer adoption increased by 1.2% as household education status improved, by 1.4% for an increased number of active family members, by 5.6% with improved access to credit, by 3.4% with cooperative membership, by 3.3% with an increase in farm size, by 4.6% when soil and water conservation practices are employed, and by 3.4% when agroecology of the farm is located in the medium to highland zone. Conversely, the probability of fertilizer adoption reduced by 0.9% for an increase in family size, 0.6% with 1 km distance from all-weather road, 1.6% for a kilometer further to farm plots, and 0.9% for an increase in number of parcels. The intensity of use of fertilizers was influenced by education status of the household head, family size, access to credit, membership to cooperatives, use of crop rotation, annual income, number of farm plots owned, use of soil and water conservation, and agroecology. Therefore, a concerted effort is needed to encourage fertilizer adoption and optimum fertilizer use intensity by improving households’ resource endowment, institutional capacity to deliver services, and infrastructure development.
Genesis of high-Ni olivine phenocrysts of the Dali picrites in the Central Emeishan large igneous province
Authors: Cai Wen-Chang , Zhang Zhao-Chong , Zhu Jiang , Santosh M. , Pan Rong-Hao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) in SW China is considered to be a typical mantle-plume-derived LIP. The picrites formed at relatively high temperatures in the ELIP, providing one of the important lines of argument for the role of mantle plume. Here we report trace-element data on olivine phenocrysts in the Dali picrites from the ELIP. The olivines are Ni-rich, and characterized by high (>1.4) 100×Mn/Fe value and low (<13) 10 000×Zn/Fe value, indicating a peridotite-dominated source. Since the olivine–melt Ni partition coefficient (KDNiol/melt) will decrease at high temperatures and pressures, the picrites derived from peridotite melting at high pressure, and that crystallized olivines at lower pressure, can generate high concentrations of Ni in olivine phenocrysts, excluding the necessity of a metasomatic pyroxenite contribution. Based on the Al-in-olivine thermometer, olivine crystallization temperature and mantle potential temperature (TP) were calculated atc. 1491°C andc. 1559°C, respectively. Our results arec. 200°C higher than that of the normal asthenospheric mantle, and are consistent with the role of a mantle thermal plume for the ELIP.
VICTORIAN POLITICS AND POLITICS OVERSEAS
Authors: MIDDLETON ALEX 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis review explores recent historiography on the international and imperial dimensions of nineteenth-century British politics. In particular, it charts historians’ attempts to assess how British engagement with politics overseas – in Europe, the empire, and the ‘rest of the world’ – helped to shape domestic political structures, cultures, and ideologies. While concentrating mainly on studies produced during the last twenty years, the review also affirms the continued relevance of work from before the turn of the century, and suggests that some of the most compelling approaches to connecting ‘domestic’ and ‘international’ politics may lie in older historiography. It proposes also that political historians might engage more closely with relevant scholarship by intellectual historians and historians of political thought.
Fermentation profile, microbial populations, taxonomic diversity and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages based on Cactus and Gliricidia
Authors: Santos F. N. S. , Santos E. M. , Oliveira J. S. , Medeiros G. R. , Zanine A. M. , Araújo G. G. L. , Perazzo A. F. , Lemos M. L. P. , Pereira D. M. , Cruz G. F. L. , Paulino R. S. , Oliveira C. J. B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Cactus (Opuntia spp) levels in total mixed ration silages based on Cactus and Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud) on the fermentation profile, microbial populations, aerobic stability and taxonomic diversity. The completely randomized design was used in a 4 × 4 factorial design with four replications, being four rations with different levels of Cactus (15, 30, 45, 60% based on the dry matter) and four opening periods (0, 15, 30 and 60 days of fermentation). An interaction effect (P < 0.050) was observed among the diets and opening times for mould and yeast populations. An interaction effect for the levels of acetic acid was observed, where the diets 15, 30, 45 and 60% showed higher values at 60 days (0.44, 0.41, 0.35 and 0.40 g/kg DM, respectively). A significant difference was observed for the richness and diversity index (Chao1 and Shannon). The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and the genera Lactobacillus and Weissella. Cactus can be added in total mixed ration silages up to the level of 60% in a way that it positively affects the qualitative indicators of the silages, modulating the taxonomic communities and allowing the predominance of important groups for preservation of the ensiled mass.
A qualitative examination of men’s participation in contraceptive use and its barriers in Tehran
Authors: Bagheri Reyhaneh , Shuib Rashidah , Karupiah Premalatha , Farvid Panteá , Khalajabadi-Farahani Farideh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFrom 1989 to 2014, Iran was known as a country with a successful family planning programme, and has experienced a sharp decline in fertility over recent decades. This led to the introduction of pronatalist policies in 2014 and the restriction of family planning services. The aim of this study was to explore men’s views on their access to contraceptive information and services and the socio-cultural barriers to such access in Tehran. The qualitative study was conducted in 2014 using in-depth interviews with 60 married men of varying ages and socioeconomic status from across Tehran. The data were analysed with a basic interpretive approach using MAXQDA10. Although the majority of the men acknowledged the importance of family planning and contraceptive use, they reported that their access to contraceptive information and services was limited. Discussion of sexual matters and contraception among men was identified as being somewhat embarrassing. Three main issues were identified: (1) men’s poor awareness of contraceptive use; (2) men’s poor access to high-quality health care services; and (3) cultural taboos and gender norms as barriers to contraception use by men. Socio-cultural and gender norms were found to significantly affect the men’s contraceptive use. The study results support the growing call for gender-transformative approaches to family planning and reproductive health service delivery in Iran, to involve men and facilitate their greater participation.
Computed tomographic analysis of the prevalence of International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cells and their association with frontal sinusitis
Authors: Seth N , Kumar J , Garg A , Singh I , Meher R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the radiological prevalence of frontal cells according to the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification in patients undergoing computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses for clinical symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis, and to examine the association between cell classification and frontal sinusitis development.MethodsA total of 180 (left and right) sides of 90 patients were analysed. The prevalence of each International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cell was assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to compare the distribution of various cells in patients with and without frontal sinusitis.ResultsThe agger nasi cell was the most commonly occurring cell, seen in 95.5 per cent of patients. The prevalence rates for supra agger cells, supra agger frontal cells, supra bullar frontal cells, supra bullar cells, supra-orbital ethmoid cells and frontal septal cells were 33.3 per cent, 22.2 per cent, 21.1 per cent, 36.1 per cent, 39.4 per cent and 21.1 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of any of the cell types in patients with frontal sinusitis compared to those without (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe presence of any of the International Frontal Sinus Anatomy Classification cells was not significantly associated with frontal sinusitis.
Why Is It So Difficult to Reform Collective Labour Law? Associational Power and Policy Continuity in Chile in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Pérez Ahumada Pablo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSince Chile returned to democracy in 1990, centre-left governments have tried to reform the provisions on collective bargaining, strikes and unions established by the Pinochet dictatorship. Between 2015 and 2016 President Michelle Bachelet made the latest attempt to reform them. Despite favourable conditions, the changes were modest. This article explains why this is so. Drawing upon the notion of ‘associational power’ and through comparisons with labour reforms in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay, this article suggests that the imbalance between workers’ and employers’ collective power is key for explaining why pro-labour reforms fail.
Data-driven cognitive phenotypes in subjects with bipolar disorder and their clinical markers of severity
Authors: Rabelo-da-Ponte Francisco Diego , Lima Flavia Moreira , Martinez-Aran Anabel , Kapczinski Flávio , Vieta Eduard , Rosa Adriane Ribeiro , Kunz Maurício , Czepielewski Leticia Sanguinetti 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundSubjects with bipolar disorder (BD) show heterogeneous cognitive profile and that not necessarily the disease will lead to unfavorable clinical outcomes. We aimed to identify clinical markers of severity among cognitive clusters in individuals with BD through data-driven methods.MethodsWe recruited 167 outpatients with BD and 100 unaffected volunteers from Brazil and Spain that underwent a neuropsychological assessment. Cognitive functions assessed were inhibitory control, processing speed, cognitive flexibility, verbal fluency, working memory, short- and long-term verbal memory. We performed hierarchical cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis to determine and confirm cognitive clusters, respectively. Then, we used classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to determine clinical and sociodemographic variables of the previously defined cognitive clusters.ResultsWe identified three neuropsychological subgroups in individuals with BD: intact (35.3%), selectively impaired (34.7%), and severely impaired individuals (29.9%). The most important predictors of cognitive subgroups were years of education, the number of hospitalizations, and age, respectively. The model with CART algorithm showed sensitivity 45.8%, specificity 78.4%, balanced accuracy 62.1%, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.61. Of 10 attributes included in the model, only three variables were able to separate cognitive clusters in BD individuals: years of education, number of hospitalizations, and age.ConclusionThese results corroborate with recent findings of neuropsychological heterogeneity in BD, and suggest an overlapping between premorbid and morbid aspects that influence distinct cognitive courses of the disease.