bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hydrogel Microneedle Patch for Point‐of‐Care Testing Based on Skin Interstitial Fluid
Authors: He Rongyan , Niu Yan , Li Zedong , Li Ang , Yang Huayuan , Xu Feng , Li Fei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSkin interstitial fluid (ISF) holds great potential as a highly desirable sample resource for point‐of‐care testing (POCT), where the key is to effectively collect target biomarkers from ISF. Hydrogel microneedle patch has great promise for ISF extraction. However, it is challenging to recover target biomarkers from the extracted skin ISF in hydrogel microneedle patches in an easy‐administrated, fast, and bulky instrument‐free manner. Herein, a hydrogel microneedle patch made of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (CS) for POCT based on the ISF is developed. The phase transition property of PVA/CS hydrogel makes the microneedles stiff when dry, which is beneficial to easily penetrate into skin. Meanwhile, the highly porous microstructure of hydrogel offers good swelling ability for extraction of ISF and the thermal degradation property of PVA makes it convenient to quickly and efficiently recover target biomarkers from microneedle patch. The capability of this platform for POCT applications is further demonstrated by successful detections of typical biomarkers collected from the mimetic skin and monitoring the glucose level in rabbit skins during a day. The developed hydrogel microneedle patch holds the advantages of extraction of skin ISF and recovery of biomarkers, thus presenting as a powerful platform for skin ISF‐based POCT applications.
Lithium‐Ion Battery Separators for Ionic‐Liquid Electrolytes: A Review
Authors: Francis Candice F. J. , Kyratzis Ilias L. , Best Adam S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are widely studied as a safer alternative electrolyte for lithium‐ion batteries. The properties of IL electrolytes compared to conventional electrolytes make them more thermally stable, but they also have poor wetting with commercial separators. In a lithium‐ion battery, the electrolyte should completely wet out the separator and electrodes to reduce the cell internal resistance. Investigations of cell materials with IL electrolytes have shown that the wetting issues in IL–electrolyte cells are most likely due to poor separator compatibility, not electrode compatibility. A compatible separator must be developed before IL electrolytes can be used in commercial lithium‐ion batteries. Herein, separators for IL electrolytes, including commercial and novel separators, are reviewed. Separators with different processing methods, polymers, additives, and different IL electrolytes are considered. Collated, the separator studies show a strong correlation between ionic conductivity and membrane porosity, even more than the electrolyte type. The challenge of a suitable separator for IL electrolytes is not solved yet. Herein, it is revealed that a separator for IL electrolytes will most likely require a combination of high thermal and mechanical stability polymer, ceramic additives, and an optimized manufacturing process.
Lateral 2D WSe2 p–n Homojunction Formed by Efficient Charge‐Carrier‐Type Modulation for High‐Performance Optoelectronics
Authors: Sun Jiacheng , Wang Yuyan , Guo Shaoqiang , Wan Bensong , Dong Lianqing , Gu Youdi , Song Cheng , Pan Caofeng , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Pan Feng , Zhang Junying 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs unique building blocks for next‐generation optoelectronics, high‐quality 2D p–n junctions based on semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted wide interest, which are urgent to be exploited. Herein, a novel and facile electron doping of WSe2 by cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is achieved for the first time to form a high‐quality intramolecular p–n junction with superior optoelectronic properties. Efficient manipulation of charge carrier type and density in TMDs via electron transfer between Br− in CTAB and TMDs is proposed theoretically by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Compared with the intrinsic WSe2 photodetector, the switching light ratio (Ilight/Idark) of the p–n junction device can be enhanced by 103, and the temporal response is also dramatically improved. The device possesses a responsivity of 30 A W−1, with a specific detectivity of over 1011 Jones. In addition, the mechanism of charge transfer in CTAB‐doped 2D WSe2 and WS2 are investigated by designing high‐performance field effect transistors. Besides the scientific insight into the effective manipulation of 2D materials by chemical doping, this work presents a promising applicable approach toward next‐generation photoelectronic devices with high efficiency.
Emission Color Manipulation in Transparent Nanocrystals‐in‐Glass Composites Fabricated by Solution‐Combustion Process
Authors: Pan Qiwen , Ouyang Tianchang , Wu Xintong , Huang Xiongjian , Yang Jingxuan , Kang Shiliang , Yang Dandan , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong , Dong Guoping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRational design and fabrication of multicolor fluorescent sources represent one of the significant challenges in the development of high‐performance solid‐state lighting, tunable coherent lasing, and full‐color display technologies. However, generation of simultaneous multicolor emission, especially white light generation with a wide color gamut is usually beyond the ability of a single material. Heterogeneous structures made by combinations of red, green, and blue emission building blocks are bulky, inefficient, complicated, and costly. Here reported is a bottom‐up strategy to generate simultaneous multicolor emission with continuous tunability in a single monolithic material based on the “nanocrystals‐in‐glass composite” (NGC) architecture. In this approach, a self‐sustained low‐temperature solution combustion process enables homogeneous solvent dispersion and eventually stable immobilization of multiple nanocrystals in transparent matrix. With transparency of up to 80%, further demonstrated is drawing of fiber from the melt of these combustion‐processed NGC materials. The optical spectra of the as‐drawn glass fiber can be precisely tuned and clustering is effectively suppressed. Moreover, the NGC materials exhibit remarkable anti‐thermal quenching behavior at temperatures of up to 200 °C. The bottom‐up strategy for NGC provides a versatile platform for the fabrication of high‐performance multifunctional fiber‐based devices for advanced applications in lasers, illumination, displaying, and biophotonics.
Recent Advances in the Construction of Phosphorus‐Substituted Heterocycles, 2009–2019
Authors: Chen Long , Liu Xiao‐Yan , Zou Yun‐Xiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhosphorus‐substituted heterocycles represent an important class of organophosphorus compounds, which not only widely exist in biologically active pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, but also have widespread applications in material science and organic synthesis as ligands for transition metal complexes. The synthesis of such compounds integrates the development of new synthetic methods and exploration of efficient catalytic systems, reflects the latest achievements in organic, transition metal, photo and even electrochemical catalysis, and facilitates the synthesis of sufficient quantities of related compounds as potential medicinal agents and biological probes in this area. Over the past few decades, two major synthetic strategies have been established toward phosphorus‐substituted heterocycles. This review summarizes the recent progress in this field and discusses the reaction mechanisms in detail. The advantages and limitations of each subdivisional tactic are presented, and the synthetic opportunities still open are outlined.magnified image
Can Hybrid Na–Air Batteries Outperform Nonaqueous Na–O2 Batteries?
Authors: Khan Ziyauddin , Vagin Mikhail , Crispin Xavier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an upsurge in the study of novel and alternative energy storage devices beyond lithium‐based systems due to the exponential increase in price of lithium. Sodium (Na) metal‐based batteries can be a possible alternative to lithium‐based batteries due to the similar electrochemical voltage of Na and Li together with the thousand times higher natural abundance of Na compared to Li. Though two different kinds of Na–O2 batteries have been studied specifically based on electrolytes until now, very recently, a hybrid Na–air cell has shown distinctive advantage over nonaqueous cell systems. Hybrid Na–air batteries provide a fundamental advantage due to the formation of highly soluble discharge product (sodium hydroxide) which leads to low overpotentials for charge and discharge processes, high electrical energy efficiency, and good cyclic stability. Herein, the current status and challenges associated with hybrid Na–air batteries are reported. Also, a brief description of nonaqueous Na–O2 batteries and its close competition with hybrid Na–air batteries are provided.
A study of the axial and radial competition segregation in a rotating drum with internal diameter changing
Authors: Huang An‐Ni , Cheng Tung‐Hsin , Kuo Hsiu‐Po 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA binary mixture is mixed in a rotating drum composed by 19 rings with different inner diameters. It is found that the larger particles are concentrated in the rings with smaller inner diameters. The collection of the larger particles in these rings is due to the particle dynamic angle of repose. The transition from the particle segregation core pattern at the end wall to the good radial mixing rings is through a transient turning comet segregation pattern. This transition is closely related to the distance from the ring with the smallest inner diameter to the ring with the largest inner diameter. Having a higher fraction of larger particles in a ring requires both the collection ring having a smaller inner diameter and a smoother inner diameter transition to the neighboring rings.
Spin‐Polarized Current, Spin‐Transfer Torque, and Spin Hall Effect in Presence of an Electromagnetic Non‐Minimal Coupling
Authors: Turcati Rodrigo , Quintero Carlos Andres Bonilla , Helayël‐Neto José Abdalla , Arias Enrique 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo start, a fully relativistic description of a single electron non‐minimally coupled to an external electromagnetic field is provided. Making use of the field equation, the relativistic total angular momentum is attained, where the effect of the relativistic torque due to the external sources is also considered. Both the spin density and the orbital angular momentum tensors are identified in the relativistic‐covariant approach. Furthermore, the symmetric and gauge invariant energy‐momentum tensor is derived. To inspect the non‐relativistic regime, a perturbative expansion of the field equation is carried out, where spin‐orbit interaction terms emerge in the non‐relativistic Hamiltonian as a consequence of the non‐minimal coupling. Features related to the spin currents, the spin‐transfer torque and their dependence on both magnetic and electric external fields are then calculated and discussed. Considering that spin‐orbit coupled systems are of particular interest in the study of spin Hall effect, a two‐dimensional (planar) scenario of the system is contemplated, where the contributions to the Landau levels are re‐assessed. As a consequence, a peculiar sort of fractionalization of the spin‐up and ‐down components emerges with the different spin components localized in distinct positions.
Magnifying the Structural Components of Biomembranes: A Prototype for the Study of the Self‐Assembly of Giant Lipids
Authors: Yan Xiao‐Yun , Lin Zhiwei , Zhang Wei , Xu Hui , Guo Qing‐Yun , Liu Yuchu , Luo Jiancheng , Liu Xian‐You , Zhang Rongchun , Huang Jiahao , Liu Tong , Su Zebin , Zhang Ruimeng , Zhang Shuailin , Liu Tianbo , Cheng Stephen Z. D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHow biomembranes are self‐organized to perform their functions remains a pivotal issue in biological and chemical science. Understanding the self‐assembly principles of lipid‐like molecules hence becomes crucial. Herein, we report the mesostructural evolution of amphiphilic sphere‐rod conjugates (giant lipids), and study the roles of geometric parameters (head–tail ratio and cross‐sectional area) during this course. As a prototype system, giant lipids resemble natural lipidic molecules by capturing their essential features. The self‐assembly behavior of two categories of giant lipids (I‐shape and T‐shape, a total of 8 molecules) is demonstrated. A rich variety of mesostructures is constructed in solution state and their molecular packing models are rationally understood. Giant lipids recast the phase behavior of natural lipids to a certain degree and the abundant self‐assembled morphologies reveal distinct physiochemical behaviors when geometric parameters deviate from natural analogues.
Method for determining mixing index in microfluidics by RGB color model
Authors: Mahmud Fahizan , Tamrin Khairul Fikri 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMicrofluidic mixing is a key process in miniaturized analysis system. Achieving adequate mixing performance is considerably difficult in microfluidic micromixer, as the flow is always associated with unfavorable laminar flow and dominated by molecular diffusion. The mixing performance of these micromixers are generally characterized as a function of mixing index based on dispersion (homogeneity) information, leading to either an overestimated or underestimated mixing index. This paper presents a new method for determining the mixing index of micromixers based on RGB color model by decoding mixing images to their respective red, green, and blue pixel intensities. Several digital composite images were used to perform initial benchmarking, and the proposed method accurately quantified the mixing index significantly better than previously adopted methods. The practicality of the method was further demonstrated by characterizing mixing of well‐known micromixers, namely T‐ and Y‐ micromixers, at varying Reynolds numbers of 5 ≤ Re ≤ 100. The results show that the mixing index decreases with the increase in Reynolds number, whereas the mixing index of the T‐micromixer was superior to that of Y‐micromixer, both agreeing well with the literature. The mixing index of these micromixers at varying Reynolds numbers of 5 ≤ Re ≤ 100 calculated using other methods were also compared and discussed. The proposed method is foreseen handy and robust in characterizing mixing in real time for gradient mixing in networked microchannels and multivortex mixing for the manipulation of fluids, particles, and biological substances.
PDMS microfluidics: A mini review
Authors: Raj M Kiran , Chakraborty Suman 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTPolydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is hailed as one of the foundational materials for microfluidics. Though a silicone‐based elastomer of many desirable properties, the emergence of microfluidic fabrication techniques, especially soft lithography, has elevated its status to an exceptional one. In this mini review, we look at the salient aspects that make PDMS so special in achieving such a coveted status in the microfluidics community. A methodical approach is followed to touch upon the application of PDMS in various aspects of microfluidics with the advantages, limitations, and some future directions. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48958.
How women have fared in the labour market with China's rise as a global economic power
Authors: Wang Limin , Klugman Jeni 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnder a centrally planned system, China made significant achievements in gender equality. Half a century later, China has joined the ranks of upper‐middle‐income countries, and decades of rapid growth have accompanied major structural changes in the economy. We assess the evolution of women's economic opportunities during the period, focusing on labour force participation, occupational segregation, leadership in business, and the gender wage gap, as well as informal sector employment and migration. We undertake a review of existing research and conduct new empirical analysis using a combination of data sources, including four waves of Chinese population census data through 2010, and province‐level migration data. We focus especially on migrant women, a group typically excluded from similar studies. Although investments in human capital have advanced prospects for better‐paid jobs for women, we find that rapid economic growth has not alleviated discrimination against women rooted in cultural and social norms and that the implementation of existing laws designed to protect and support women needs to improve.
Circular bio‐based production systems in the context of current biomass and fossil demand
Authors: Bos Harriëtte L. , Broeze Jan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this article we explore the quantitative challenges posed by the intended circular biobased economy. To do this, we present the relative sizes, in terms of mass and energy, of the agro‐food and fossil production system, and the interrelations in the system of transformation to food, feed, materials, and energy. We deduce that the flows in the fossil system are of a comparable magnitude to the agricultural / biomass production in terms of mass and energy. This implies that replacing a significant fraction of fossil‐derived products by biobased products will be a huge challenge. Solving this challenge will require both efficiency improvements and circular innovations. The analysis reveals major inefficiencies in the current system. In terms of mass, the pathways from agricultural production to food seem quite inefficient, on average less than 10%. This suggests space for efficiency improvement. The relatively low efficiency of livestock production confirms the relevance of diet change. Likewise, enhanced utilization of side streams appears significant. However, we show that in the current system of linear chains, such solutions are insufficient to provide an alternative to the current volume of fossil use. We argue that, next to biobased solutions, multifunctional use and recycling will be essential if we want to maintain current living standards and reduce dependence on fossil feedstock. We reflect on this consideration, and define four different cycles in the combined biomass / fossil system. These circles may be optimized and extended to improve the circularity of our carbon‐based production systems and to fight climate change. © The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptide Presentation to T Cells: Solving the Immunogenic Puzzle
Authors: Croft Nathan P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe vertebrate immune system uses an impressive arsenal of mechanisms to combat harmful cellular states such as infection. One way is via cells delivering real‐time snapshots of their protein content to the cell surface in the form of short peptides. Specialized immune cells (T cells) sample these peptides and assess whether they are foreign, warranting an action such as destruction of the infected cell. The delivery of peptides to the cell surface is termed antigen processing and presentation, and decades of research have provided unprecedented understanding of this process. However, predicting the capacity for a given peptide to be immunogenic—to elicit a T cell response—has remained both enigmatic and a long sought‐after goal. In the era of big data, a point is being approached where the steps of antigen processing and presentation can be quantified and assessed against peptide immunogenicity in order to build predictive models. This review presents new findings in this area and contemplates challenges ahead.
Developing risk models for multicenter data using standard logistic regression produced suboptimal predictions: A simulation study
Authors: Falconieri Nora , Van Calster Ben , Timmerman Dirk , Wynants Laure 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough multicenter data are common, many prediction model studies ignore this during model development. The objective of this study is to evaluate the predictive performance of regression methods for developing clinical risk prediction models using multicenter data, and provide guidelines for practice. We compared the predictive performance of standard logistic regression, generalized estimating equations, random intercept logistic regression, and fixed effects logistic regression. First, we presented a case study on the diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Subsequently, a simulation study investigated the performance of the different models as a function of the amount of clustering, development sample size, distribution of center‐specific intercepts, the presence of a center‐predictor interaction, and the presence of a dependency between center effects and predictors. The results showed that when sample sizes were sufficiently large, conditional models yielded calibrated predictions, whereas marginal models yielded miscalibrated predictions. Small sample sizes led to overfitting and unreliable predictions. This miscalibration was worse with more heavily clustered data. Calibration of random intercept logistic regression was better than that of standard logistic regression even when center‐specific intercepts were not normally distributed, a center‐predictor interaction was present, center effects and predictors were dependent, or when the model was applied in a new center. Therefore, to make reliable predictions in a specific center, we recommend random intercept logistic regression.
Approaches for missing covariate data in logistic regression with MNAR sensitivity analyses
Authors: Ward Ralph C. , Axon Robert Neal , Gebregziabher Mulugeta 
Published: January 2020

AbstractData with missing covariate values but fully observed binary outcomes are an important subset of the missing data challenge. Common approaches are complete case analysis (CCA) and multiple imputation (MI). While CCA relies on missing completely at random (MCAR), MI usually relies on a missing at random (MAR) assumption to produce unbiased results. For MI involving logistic regression models, it is also important to consider several missing not at random (MNAR) conditions under which CCA is asymptotically unbiased and, as we show, MI is also valid in some cases. We use a data application and simulation study to compare the performance of several machine learning and parametric MI methods under a fully conditional specification framework (MI‐FCS). Our simulation includes five scenarios involving MCAR, MAR, and MNAR under predictable and nonpredictable conditions, where “predictable” indicates missingness is not associated with the outcome. We build on previous results in the literature to show MI and CCA can both produce unbiased results under more conditions than some analysts may realize. When both approaches were valid, we found that MI‐FCS was at least as good as CCA in terms of estimated bias and coverage, and was superior when missingness involved a categorical covariate. We also demonstrate how MNAR sensitivity analysis can build confidence that unbiased results were obtained, including under MNAR‐predictable, when CCA and MI are both valid. Since the missingness mechanism cannot be identified from observed data, investigators should compare results from MI and CCA when both are plausibly valid, followed by MNAR sensitivity analysis.