bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Mapping and Controlling Exoskeleton Gait Patterns in Both Simulation and Real-World
Authors: Rose Lowell , Bazzocchi Michael C. F. , de Souza Connal , Vaughan-Graham Julie , Patterson Kara , Nejat Goldie 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability, and robotic lower body exoskeletons have been developed to aid in gait rehabilitation. The simulation modeling and testing processes are often developed and deployed separately. This introduces additional steps which can hinder on-the-fly customization of gait patterns required for individualized gait rehabilitation. In this paper, we present a centralized control architecture which integrates both the simulated model and the exoskeleton hardware for lower body exoskeletons. The architecture allows for ease of simulating, adapting, and deploying gait patterns on an exoskeleton for use in gait rehabilitation, and allows for the on-the-fly customization and verification of gait patterns by physiotherapists during rehabilitation. Experiments validate the use of our overall control architecture to both model and control a physical exoskeleton, while following desired gait patterns.
Incremental Needle Insertion System for Force and Position Sensing
Authors: Brown Dailen , Gonzalez-Vargas Jessica M. , Han David , Miller Scarlett , Moore Jason 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An Incremental Needle Insertion System (INIS) which simultaneously measures the force and position of a needle during insertion was designed and fabricated for use in a tissue deformation study to improve realism in medical simulation. The INIS was tested in a fresh frozen cadaver experiment and the position of the needle was plotted and compared to the expected needle path. It was found that the INIS is sufficiently accurate with an average path deviation of 1.55 mm. In addition, INIS was shown to successfully measure the maximum Central Venous Catheterization needle insertion force which ranged from 3.02 N to 3.73 N.
Development of Anaglyph 3D Functionality for Cost-Effective Virtual Reality Anatomical Education Tool
Authors: Deakyne Alex J. , Gaasedelen Erik , Iles Tinen , Iaizzo Paul A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is becoming more widely available and accessible as a technology due to the affordability of cheap computing power. Thus, it has made it possible for virtual reality systems to capture audiences in industry and education, as well as for personal use. Currently, a major limitation of VR headsets is that the user’s vision is completely occluded, making it difficult for them to interact with others. This is problematic in an educational setting since it is difficult for the given instructor and students to have a shared learning experience. Here, we have developed anaglyph 3D functionalities into the Visible Heart® Laboratories anatomical virtual reality platform. These functionalities augment what is viewed by the virtual reality user with an anaglyph shader which in turn projects it to an external display. This allows a multitude of users to wear anaglyph “red/blue 3D glasses” and view the same anatomy as the VR instructor is viewing in 3D, but while preserving the important 3D anatomical spatial relationships.
Clubfoot Kickbar: Development of an Improved Brace for Use Following Correction of Clubfoot
Authors: Kuhl Spencer , Cook Thomas M. , Morcuende Jose , Grosland Nicole 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The critical final phase of treatment for congenital talipes equinovarus, commonly referred to as clubfoot, using the Ponseti Method requires parents to use a brace in order to maintain the correct foot posture for 12–14 hours each night until four years of age. Parents have been vocal about a desire to allow their children some mobility while maintaining correct alignment for the treatment of this deformity. To that end, the University of Iowa’s medical device prototyping facility Protostudios utilizes 3D CAD design, rapid prototyping principles and state of the art 3D printers to quickly iterate upon the concept of a reciprocating brace that allows for the prescribed posture of abduction and dorsiflexion in a corrected clubfoot while allowing more mobility and higher degrees of comfort for the child. Each iteration of the design was tested for fitment with the commercially available shoe and platform system developed for the Ponseti Method of Clubfoot correction. Special attention was paid to the attachment and removal process of the brace to ensure that parents of children with the deformity would have no problem employing the brace for the prescribed frequency and duration while preventing the children from removing or destroying the brace or being pinched by its reciprocating action.
Task-Specific Assistive Device (TAD): An Accessible Technological Solution for Upper Limb Disability
Authors: Jayasree-Krishnan Veena , Ghosh Shramana , Spiegler Jack , Raghavan Preeti , Kapila Vikram 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The task-specific assistive device (TAD) is a compact and portable assistive device, consisting of an actuated six-bar linkage, designed to facilitate the activity of drinking from a cup without using the hands. In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of the device in supporting patients with conditions of incomplete tetraplegia and hemiplegia by simulating disability in 17 healthy subjects. The average percentage reduction in bending angle of torso with the use of TAD was found to be 40.31% for subjects with simulated incomplete tetraplegia and 37.14% for subjects with simulated hemiplegia. Users also completed the system usability scale (SUS), indicating that the device was easy to use. The user workload, measured using the NASA task load index (NASA-TLX), was found to be minimal and the device was found to be robust through user response to a user experience questionnaire. The results of this work indicate that TAD is a promising solution for facilitating independence in a basic activity of daily living such as drinking from a cup without using the hands.
A Precise Scale-Up Method to Predict Particle Delivered Dose in a Human Respiratory System Using Rat Deposition Data: An In Silico Study
Authors: Hayati Hamideh , Feng Yu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As surrogates to human beings, rats are used occasionally to study the therapeutic impact of inhaled pulmonary drug particles in microscale. To speculate human responses from rat studies, scale-up factors are widely used to extrapolate particle lung deposition from rat to human. However, available scale-up methods are highly simplified and not accurate, because they directly use the human-to-rat ratios of body weights (RBW) or lung surface areas (RSA) as the scale-up factor. To find a precise scale-up strategy, an experimentally validated Computational Fluid-Particle Dynamics (CFPD) was employed to simulate the transport and deposition of microparticles in both human and rate respiratory systems, which encompasses the pulmonary routes from mouth/nose to airways up to Generation 17 (G17) for human and G23 for the rat. Microparticles with the same range of Stk/Fr were injected into both models with the airflow at resting conditions. Numerical results indicate that particles (with the size ranging from 1 to 13 μm for humans and 0.6 to 6 μm for rat) have similar deposition pattern (DP) and deposition fraction (DF) in both models, which are resulted from both inertial impaction and gravitational sedimentation effects. A novel correlation is proposed to predict DFs in both human and rat respiratory systems as a function of the ratio of Stokes number to Froude number (Stk/Fr). Using the correlation as the novel scale-up tool, inter-species extrapolations can be precisely done on predicting particle depositions in human respiratory systems based on the deposition data in rats obtained from animal studies.
Potential of Weight Scale Based Ballistocardiography for Identifying Orthostatic Intolerance: A Tilt Table Study
Authors: Aarotale Parshuram N. , Henriksen Stian N. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Autonomic cardiovascular control is critical in regulating blood pressure during postural transition, failure of which could lead to dizziness and fall (orthostatic intolerance). In this study, the feasibility of Ballistocardiography (BCG) for quantifying autonomic nervous system activity in relation to gold standard electrocardiogram (ECG) was tested.
Simultaneous ECG, blood pressure, photoplethysmography (PPG), and BCG were continuously acquired during 5-minutes of stand tests (before and after tilt test up to 60°) from 10 participants. Heart period was derived from ECG and BCG represented as RR and JJ intervals, respectively. Spectral analysis of heart period (both RR and JJ) was performed by calculating power distributed in low-frequency (0.04–0.15 Hz) and high-frequency (0.15–0.4 Hz) bands. Strong correlation (r &gt; 0.87 for Pre-tilt and r &gt; 0.97 for Post-tilt, p &lt; 0.001) between ECG and BCG derived LF, HF, and LF/HF was observed, except for LF/HF (r &gt; 0.63 for Pre-tilt). The Wilcoxon rank sum test revealed no difference (p &gt; 0.10) in BCG or ECG LF, HF, and LF/HF during the two stand tests.
The findings of the study highlighted the feasibility of monitoring cardiovascular control via weight-scale BCG. Therefore, the developed system can gain utility as a portable and cost-effective system for early detection and mitigation of falls associated with autonomic dysfunction.
Electrical Inhibitor for Tocolysis
Authors: RajKumar Ashwin , Karsdon Jeffrey , Naftolin Frederick , Kapila Vikram 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB) is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidities and mortalities. Limited methods are available to physicians for mitigating PTB, thus posing an urgent need to develop effective methods for its prevention. In prior research, a benchtop electronic uterine control device (EUCD) was developed for tocolysis through injection of current pulses. However, the benchtop version is wall tethered and constrains patients to hospitals, i.e., it is unsuitable for deployment in outpatient or home settings. This paper focuses on the development of a mechatronics-based, low-cost, battery-powered, portable, and reproducible EUCD, which is suitable for use in home and clinical environments. The developed mechatronic version is validated for electrical performance with resistive load-tests, which indicate that the mechatronic device can generate current pulses similar to the existing benchtop EUCD. Furthermore, the signals generated from the device are evaluated for repeatability using coefficient of variation (CV) analysis and the results indicate that the mechatronic version can produce repeatable frequency (1–100Hz), amplitude (1–17mA), and pulse width (1–120ms) modulated current signals. An internet of medical things (IoMT) methodology is discussed to enable seamless transition of the developed device from a clinical environment to a home-based setting for remote use by the patients.
Design of a Handheld Tissue Grasping Device to Measure Tissue Mechanical Properties In-Vivo or in a Laboratory Setting
Authors: Drahos Bradley , Safdari Amer , Malik Faizan , Smith Rebecca , Kubala Matt , Norfleet Jack , Parsey Conner , Goodwin Shikha , Kowalewski Timothy M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
With medical institutions increasing the use of medical simulators for educational purposes it is detrimental that the knowledge gap regarding tissue mechanical properties be researched further in depth. The grasper device discussed throughout this paper aims to provide researchers a handheld device capable of testing soft organs and tissue in-vivo and ex-situ in a laboratory setting. The device consists of two load cells on the inner jaws of the grasper to measure compressive force and an encoder to monitor the graspers angular position which yields tissue position and strain. Accompanying the grasper is a GUI written in Rust which is capable of data file management, and providing a 10 second live feed of load cell and encoder readings. The grasper device is currently being employed in a study testing the tissue mechanical response of porcine tissue at states ranging from in-vivo to ex-situ post freeze. The results from this test, and subsequent tests using the grasper have the capability of providing much needed knowledge regarding tissue mechanical properties to improve medical simulators and medical education as a whole.
On the Modal Analysis of Blood Flow Dynamics in Brain Aneurysms
Authors: Le Trung Bao , Akerkouch Lahcen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Complex, unstable inflow jet has been linked to aneurysm growth and rupture. However, methodologies to characterize this inflow jet have not been well established. Our previous works (Le et al., J. Biomech. Engr., 2010 and Le et al., Annals Biomedical Eng., 2013) have shown a possible transition from the stable mode (cavity) to the unstable mode (vortex ring) of this jet. We have proposed the use of a non-dimensional index called Aneurysm Number to characterize this transition (Le et al., 2013). However, the quantification of such a transition is lacking. Currently, there have no efforts in quantifying unstable flows in intracranial aneurysms, which is essential in stratifying rupture risks. In this work, the aneurysmal geometries from three patients at Sanford Health, North Dakota are reconstructed from Magnetic Resonance Angiogram and Digital Subtraction Angiogram data. Using our in-house CFD code (Virtual Flow Simulator), high-resolution flow data is obtained via numerical simulation. We perform modal analysis of blood flow dynamics for these cases using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition. Our results show that there are up to five dominant modes in the flow arising from the interaction of the incoming jet and the aneurysm dome. The spatial distribution of these modes reflect the characteristics of the inflow jet and can be used to quantify flow unsteadiness. Future works will be needed to apply the same procedure for a larger population of patients to examine its relevance in clinical practice.
Pantograph/Catenary Wear Using Multibody System Dynamic Algorithms
Authors: Daocharoenporn Siripong , Mongkolwongrojn Mongkol , Kulkarni Shubhankar , Shabana Ahmed A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this investigation, computational multibody systems (MBS) algorithms are used to develop detailed railroad vehicle models for the prediction of the wear resulting from the pantograph/catenary dynamic interaction. The catenary wear is predicted for different motion scenarios that include constant-speed curve negotiation, and acceleration and deceleration on a tangent (straight) track. The effect of the vehicle vibration in these different motion scenarios on the contact force is further used to study the wear rates of the contact wire. The wear model used in this investigation accounts for the electrical and the mechanical effects. The nonlinear finite element (FE) absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF), which is suitable for implementation in MBS algorithms, is used to model the flexible catenary system, thereby eliminating the need for using incremental rotation procedures and co-simulation techniques. The pantograph/catenary elastic contact formulation employed in this study allows for separation between the pantograph pan-head and the contact wire, and accounts for the effect of friction due to the sliding between the pantograph pan-head and the catenary cable. The approach proposed in this investigation can be used to evaluate the electrical contact resistance, contribution of the arcing resulting from the pan-head/catenary separation, mechanical and electrical wear contributions, and effect of the pantograph mechanism uplift force on the wear rate.
Origins and Current Status of the Different Communications-Based Train Control Products
Authors: Diemunsch Kenneth , Rabindran Nagaratnam 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC) technology is used by transit agencies in large cities to maximize the use of their infrastructure. In comparison with conventional block signal system and cab signaling system, CBTC provides the most efficient capabilities with respect to headway and throughput while being the most economical in terms of maintenance cost [1]. CBTC also provides better diagnostic capabilities compared to traditional signaling systems. It uses limited number of equipment on the trackside compared to traditional signaling systems and allows either a centralized architecture or distributed architecture. For these reasons, CBTC is now the favored system for new lines as well as most signaling system renewals.[1]
Despite widely used CBTC standards, the signaling industry is not in agreement regarding what qualifies as a CBTC system and which projects are the first “real” CBTC projects. This work describes the different CBTC vendors, their genesis, when access point based radio was first introduced (access point based radio is also referred by signaling engineers as free space propagation radio), the different consolidations with other CBTC companies, and their major projects.
From the authors’ viewpoint, it is appropriate to present the CBTC vendors by geographical areas, for instance in North America: Bombardier Transportation, Thales Rail Signaling Solutions, in Europe: Alstom Transport, Hitachi Rail, Siemens Mobility, in Asia: Beijing Traffic Control Technology, China Railway Signal and Communications, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, and Nippon Signals.
Design and Optimization of Front-End Structure With Integrated Energy Absorption for Railway Vehicles
Authors: Liu Xiaofang , Wang Jianran , Liu Yanwen , Fang Ziwen , Zhang Yanping , Hong Haifeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As the main energy absorbing area of a railway vehicle, the front-end structure is critical to reduce the collapse of the passenger area and increase the safety of the vehicle in case of collision. In this paper, a front-end structure with integrated energy absorbing is introduced in detail as well as the iteration process. The front-end structure is mainly composed of anti-climber, collision posts, corner posts and four kinds of crush elements including center crush elements, side crush elements, interior crush elements and head girders. The shape, dimension, position, connection and material of those components are optimized multiple times based on the finite element analysis results of various load cases. The finalized structure can provide progressive controlled collapse with energy absorbing capacity of 1.22MJ and impact force less than 4450kN. At the same time, it is capable to withstand a static longitudinal load of 1224kN and vertical load of 334kN. To validate the design and analysis, the front-end structure is manufactured and tested under impact. The crash velocity, deformation and impact force show great agreement between the simulations and test results. From the design and optimization of this front end structure, it is concluded that placing the crush elements behind the collision post is beneficial for static strength design, the energy absorbing capability can be largely increased without taking additional space by using interior crush element and the geometry of the head girders plays an critical role in balancing the force distribution and providing stable crush performance.
Railroad Tie Lateral Resistance on Open-Deck Plate Girder Bridges
Authors: Gergel John T. , Vasudevan Vishali M. , Hebdon Matthew H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
On open-deck railroad bridges, the crossties (sleepers) are directly supported by the bridge superstructure and anchored with deck tie fasteners such as hook bolts. These fasteners provide lateral resistance for the bridge ties, and in railroad bridge design, their spacing is controlled by the required lateral resistance of the ties. Currently there are no provisions to assist in the calculation of lateral resistance provided by railroad ties on open-deck bridges, and as a result there are no specific requirements for the spacing of deck tie fasteners. This has led to different design practices specific to each railroad, and inconsistent fastener spacing in existing railroad bridges.
A research plan was conducted to experimentally quantify the lateral resistance of timber crossties on open-deck plate girder bridges using different wood species and types of fasteners. Experimental tests were conducted on four different species of timber crossties (Beech, Sycamore, Southern Pine, and Oak) with three different types of fasteners (square body hook bolt, forged hook bolt, and Quick-Set Anchors). A structural test setup simulated one half of an open-deck bridge with a smooth-top steel plate girder, and hydraulic actuators to apply both vertical and horizontal load to a railroad tie specimen. The three main contributions to lateral resistance on open-deck bridges were identified as friction resistance between tie and girder due to vertical load from a truck axle, resistance from the fastener, and resistance from dapped ties bearing against the girder flange. Initial testing conducted at Virginia Tech isolated each component of lateral resistance to determine the friction coefficient between tie and girder as well as resistance from just the fastener itself. Results indicate that friction resistance varies based on the magnitude of vertical truck axle load, species of wood, and quantity of creosote preservative on the tie, while fastener resistance varies based on type of fastener and displacement of the tie. With the experimental results, a preliminary equation for calculating the overall resistance of open-deck timber crossties is developed, which allows for a recommendation of fastener spacing based on the type of fastener, wood species, and anticipated lateral loads on the structure.