bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Abundance of the Serpentine Leaf Miner Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on Four Winter Host Plants
Authors: Elkhouly Alansary R. , Hireereeq Elmabruk A. Al , Albasha Mohamed, O. , Shafsha Husen A. 
Published: November 2020

Background: The American serpentine leafminer, L. trifolii (Burgess), is one of the most problematic insect pest species attacking large number of vegetable crops, weeds and, ornamentals.
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate population abundance and host plant preference of L. trifolii on four winter host plants under Libyan conditions.
Methods: Four winter host plants were studied [broad bean (Veciafaba), pea (Pisum sativum), fenugreek (trigonella finum gradum) and snow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)]. The experimental field was about 1600m2 which divided to 12 equal plots (4 plots for each plant). Hundred leaflets infested with L. trifolii were taken from each host plant. Samples were kept in plastic bags and transferred to be examined in the laboratory. Number of living L. trifolii larvae were counted and recorded.
Results: Four winter host plants were targeted for this study [broad bean (Veciafaba), pea (Pisum sativum), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) and snow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)] during the growing season 2018/2019 in Alejelat region. L trifolii showed low populations in December on all studied host plants. then, developed high populations in February and March then the population decreased till the end of the growing season. L trifolii recorded four peaks of abundance on all host plants, except snow thistle (3 peaks) the highest peak recorded 488, 322, 152 and 187 individuals/ 100 infested leaflets on broad bean, pea, fenugreek and snow thistle respectively. L. trifolii showed its highest monthly average numbers in February on Broad bean, Pea and, Fenugreek recording (383.25 ± 81.05, 256.75 ± 55.18 and, 101.5 ± 37.36 individuals / 100 infested leaflets) respectively and, (153.27 ± 27.10 individuals / 100 infested leaflets) for Snow thistle in April. On the other hand, the lowest monthly average numbers occurred in April on the four studied host plants recording (240.71 ± 113.11, 176.48 ± 59.22, 71.28 ± 24.05 and, 106.28 ± 47.73 individuals / 100 infested leaflets).
Recent Research Progress and Current Understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Krishna Shwetha , Eswaran Nandini 
Published: November 2020

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large group of enveloped viruses with a positive-sense RNA that have characteristic spikes projecting from their surface. CoVs are well known for their large RNA genome (26-32 kb). They primarily affect mammals and birds, causing infections of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. The emergence of human CoVs (HCoVs) has been reported once every ten years for the last three decades. The most recent emergence occurred in December 2019, when a new strain of CoVs named SARS-CoV-2 caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, leaving a devastating impact on the global healthcare. The early cases were associated with the Huanan seafood market in Wuhan, although the exact origin of the virus is still being debated. Phylogenetic analysis reveals bats to be the reservoir hosts, but the intermediate host responsible for spill-over into the human population remains debatable. Accumulating evidence cites pangolins based on the similarity of receptor binding domain in spike protein; however, the search for a conclusive intermediate host that aided in the inter-species crossover is still underway. Advances have been made in our understanding of the functions of each structural protein, but certain non-structural proteins and accessory proteins are yet to be characterised. Owing to the large genetic diversity of CoVs that arise through recombination, genetic variation, or gene gains/losses, future re-emergence of CoVs are most likely. In this review, we provide an introduction to CoVs and discuss the origin, virology, genetics, phylogeny, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 based on relevant literature.
Comparative Nephrotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity Effects of Kerosene, Gasoline, Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Biomass Fuel Exposure on Male Albino Rats
Authors: Tochukwu Ude , Chukwuemeka Meludu Samuel , Emmanuel Dioka Chudi , Desmond Chikezie Onyebuchi , Joseph Awalu Chimezie , Nnaemeka Ibekailo Sylvester 
Published: November 2020

The effects of Kerosene, gasoline, and liquefied petroleum gas and biomass fuel exposure on biomarkers of kidney and liver were investigated in male wistar rats. Fifty adult male wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups of ten animals each. Rats in group A served as control (exposed to fresh air). Group B, C, D and E were exposed to inhalation of kerosene, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas and biomass fuel (wood smoke) respectively. All the exposures were done using whole body exposure chambers 70 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm measurement for six weeks, 6 days per week. Five millilitres of blood sample were collected and serum extracted at the end of six weeks. The serum concentration of urea, creatinine, uric acid and activities AST, ALT, γGT were determined using Cobas reagent kits manufactured by Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Sandhofer Strasse 116, D-68305 Mannheim, Germany. Values were analysed statistically using SPSS version 23.0. The result shows significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine and uric acid of test groups relative to control (p<0.05), though the effect appear to be more pronounced with exposure to kerosene, gasoline and biomass fuel. The exposure also led to significant increase in activities of AST, ALT and γGT (p<0.05). These results suggest that repeated exposure to kerosene, gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas and biomass fumes may elicit hepatic and renal toxicity, thereby impairing the normal liver and kidney function.
Microbiological Quality of "Soumbala", an African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Condiment Sold in the Markets of Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Ollo Kambire , Abel Boli Zamblé Bi Irié , Mathurin Yao Konan , Pascale Ahipo Diane Marcelle , Rose Koffi-Nevry 
Published: November 2020

Aims: Produced in an artisanal way from the fermentation of the seeds of Parkia biglobosa, “Soumbala”, is a condiment very appreciated in several African countries including Côte d'Ivoire. This study was conducted to assess the microbiological quality and fungal profile of this condiment sold in the markets of nine communes in Abidjan.
Study Design: Food safety.
Place and Duration of Study: Soumbala's samples were collected in the markets during the month of October 2019 and analyzed at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Food Biotechnology of the Nangui Abrogoua University, Côte d'Ivoire.
Methodology: For this purpose, 27 samples of "Soumbala" were taken from the different markets and analysed. The loads of the different microorganisms (mesophilic aerobic germs, total coliforms, moulds) were determined by counting after culture in agar medium. The microbiological quality has been assessed according to Directive 2005/2073/EC. The physico-chemical composition (pH, titratable acidity, moisture content) of "Soumbala" has been determined according to standard methods. The identification of the mould strains isolated from the different samples was carried out using the identification keys.
Results: The results of the various physico-chemical parameters obtained ranged from 13.81 to 20.31%, 5.58 to 6.50 and 3.73 to 9.06 % for moisture content, pH and titratable acidity, respectively. The mesophilic aerobic germ loads of 7.21 to 7.70 log10 cfu/g determined in the analyzed samples are above the acceptability limit (6 log10 cfu/g) applied in this study. The maximum loading of total coliforms was 3.92 log10 cfu/g. All mould loads are below the acceptability limit. The mould strains isolated and identified from the identification keys belong to the genus Aspergillus.
Conclusion : A public health risk related to the consumption of "Soumbala" could exist if these moulds produced mycotoxin.
Torwood Broch
Authors: Cook Murray , Cavers Graeme , Cruickshanks Gemma , Hudson Gemma , Hunter Fraser , McGibbon Fiona , Watson Fiona , Bailey Geoff , Jones Cara , Richardson Phil , Cook Gordon 
Published: November 2020

This paper presents the first modern account of Torwood’s artefact assemblage and the most accurate survey of the site to date. These are combined with the results of a small-scale excavation on a newly discovered outer rampart and the publication for the first time of a reused concentric ring-marked stone and a carved face. In turn, these are combined with the results of a broader reassessment of the late prehistoric settlement in the Forth Valley. This review reveals a far greater range and variety of potentially contemporary architectural forms than previously recognised, which is argued to have arisen from conspicuous consumption in the context of local competition, which in turn was aided by the increased resources resulting from the proximity of the Roman Empire. It is further argued that Torwood may be pre-Roman in origin. The context of the concentric ring-marked stone may hint at contemporary Iron Age ritual practice, while the large proportion of local sites associated with both destruction by fire and the presence of large artefact assemblages suggests an underlying common practice regarding the closure of a site after its active use, which may share features with the destruction of souterrains in Fife and Angus.
Canmore ID 47004
Canmore ID 45379
Canmore ID 44651
Canmore ID 33350
Canmore ID 30539
Canmore ID 35451
Canmore ID 45356
La Roundele, Berwick-upon-Tweed
Authors: Kent Catherine 
Published: November 2020

A late 13th-century survey of Berwick-upon-Tweed includes an entry entitled ‘la Roundele’. It has not previously been interpreted satisfactorily but this paper shows it to have been a large circular site, in a secondary use by the time of the survey, at the head of the town’s early beachside marketplace. It is argued that the site’s shape, size and ability to survive in the changing townscape means that it originated in a substantial earlier structure – such as a broch or similar complex Atlantic roundhouse. The proposition accords with what is known of the early history of the Tweed estuary and southern brochs in general. Archaeological evidence for the structure may survive beneath later buildings.

Canmore ID 25990
Leaf Trait Plasticity and Evolution in Different Plant Functional Types
Authors: Niinemets Ülo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is the potential of a genotype to form different phenotypes in contrasting environments. Phenotypic plasticity is always present among plant leaves due to modularity of design such that individual leaves can acclimate to their own environment. Plasticity differs among genotypes, populations, and species and as the result plants vary in their capacity to reach the optimum phenotype and maximise fitness under different environmental conditions. Owing to high energy and carbon costs of plasticity, being most plastic does not always guarantee the maximum fitness, and the benefit of a given plastic modification depends on the rate of environmental variability, extent of plasticity, potential reversibility, and leaf longevity. There are extensive variations in the degree of plasticity, rate of plastic changes, and reversibility of different leaf chemical, physiological, and structural leaf traits. In particular, leaf chemical and physiological traits change faster and more reversibly than structural traits. Leaf photosynthetic plasticity is often structural, determined during leaf development, and therefore, largely irreversible, especially the light‐dependent plasticity. Plant adaptability to the environment is driven by plasticity and ecotypic adaptation to environmental conditions and species from different plant functional types largely vary in the share of different adaptability components along resource availability gradients. Globally, the plastic component is expected to be greater in species from high resource habitats with higher leaf metabolic activity and leaf turnover and less in species from low resource habitats with opposite suite of leaf traits. Plant functional types with persistent leaves and low leaf metabolic activity rely primarily on high constitutive tolerance to survive adverse environmental conditions, whereas plant functional types with short leaf lifespan and high leaf metabolic activity survive adverse conditions by plastic trait modifications or avoidance (ephemerals). Future work should focus on understanding the global variation in leaf plasticity as driven by plant metabolic activity and rate of regulation of transcriptome and epigenome level changes.
Whole‐plant Hydraulics, Water Saving, and Drought Tolerance: A Triptych for Crop Resilience in a Drier World
Authors: Monnens Daniel , Sadok Walid 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA global increase in atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) or ‘atmospheric drought’ is driving productivity losses across ecosystems and agrosystems. Fortunately, over the last 15 years, substantial progress has been made in developing cultivars of major crops that take advantage of increases in evaporative demand to increase yields under drought. Such progress has been achieved thanks to knowledge leveraged from plant hydraulics to identify water‐saving traits enabling increased soil moisture during the critical seed‐fill phase (i.e. a yield‐based drought‐tolerance, in opposition to plant survival). Such promising traits include enhancing crop transpiration rate sensitivity to increasing VPD or to soil drying and decreasing night‐time transpiration, especially in areas with high nocturnal VPD. Despite a surge of literature on the topic of drought‐tolerance over the same period, an integrative, organismal understanding of the processes underlying these water‐saving traits is still, surprisingly, limited. This hampers much‐needed efforts to fast‐track breeding of drought‐tolerant cultivars and to increase accuracy of models predicting vegetation response to climate change. In this article, we provide an overview of the triptych defined by whole‐plant hydraulics, water‐saving traits, and yield‐based drought‐tolerance by recruiting basic concepts in plant–water relations, crop physiology, and recent developments in plant hormonal biology and functional ecology, at scales ranging from cellular to whole‐plant levels. We discuss knowledge gaps, trade‐offs, and outline general guidelines for future, integrative research efforts.
CO2‐Based Dual‐Tone Resists for Electron Beam Lithography
Authors: Lu Xin‐Yu , Luo Hao , Wang Kai , Zhang Yao‐Yao , Zhu Xiao‐Feng , Li Dongxue , Ma Bingze , Xiong Shisheng , Nealey Paul F. , Li Qiang , Wu Guang‐Peng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe increasing global environmental and energy crisis has urgently motivated the advancement of sustainable materials. Significant effort has been focused on developing new materials to replace the fossil‐based resists in the semiconductor industry based on greener sources such as ice, dry ice, small organic molecules, and proteins. Such resist materials, however, have yet to meet the stringent requirements of high sensitivity, high resolution, reliable repeatability, and good compatibility with the current protocols. To this end, CO2‐based polycarbonates (CO2‐PCs) obtained from the copolymerization of CO2 and epoxides are demonstrated as sustainable dual‐tone (positive & negative tone) resists for electron beam lithography. By adjusting the chemical structure, developing agent, and molecular weight, the CO2‐PCs present high sensitivities to electron beam (1.3/120 µC cm−2), narrow critical dimensions (29/58 nm), and moderate line edge roughness (4.6/26.7 nm) for negative and positive resists, respectively. A deep understanding of the exposure mechanism of CO2‐PC resists is provided on the basis of the Fourier transform infrared, Raman, and electron ionization mass spectroscopy. 2D photonic crystal devices are fabricated using the negative and positive CO2‐PC resists, respectively, and both devices show distinct colors derived from their well‐defined nanostructures, indicating the great practical potential of CO2‐derived electron beam resists.
Engineering Platelet‐Rich Plasma Based Dual‐Network Hydrogel as a Bioactive Wound Dressing with Potential Clinical Translational Value
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Yao Dan , Zhao Weiyi , Zhang Rui , Yu Bingran , Ma Guiping , Li Yang , Hao Daifeng , Xu Fu‐Jian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDelayed wound healing has a profound impact on patients, healthcare, and society. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) gel, as a preparation for regenerative medicine, has proven to be of clinical value in various wound treatments. Nevertheless, its weak mechanical properties and consequent burst release effect have restricted its application and efficacy. Here, an engineered PRP dual‐network hydrogel (named DN gel) based on sodium alginate is constructed through a simple “one‐step” activation process. Its improved gelling property and sustained release of growth factors may be beneficial for clinical use. Evaluations in rats indicate that DN gel promote wound healing in terms of rapid re‐epithelialization, up‐regulated growth factor levels and early transitions in the wound healing and angiogenesis stages. As a proof of concept, DN gel also exhibits superior healing efficiency in a porcine wound model. These results demonstrate the great potential of transforming this hydrogel into the next generation of PRP‐based bioactive wound dressing.
Full Concentration Gradient‐Tailored Li‐Rich Layered Oxides for High‐Energy Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Tianhao , Liu Xiang , Zhang Xu , Lu Yue , Wang Boya , Deng Qingsong , Yang Yubo , Wang Errui , Lyu Zhongtian , Li Yaoqian , Wang Yongtao , Lyu Yan , He Cunfu , Ren Yang , Xu Guiliang , Sun Xueliang , Amine Khalil , Yu Haijun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLithium‐rich layered oxides (LLOs) are prospective cathode materials for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), but severe voltage decay and energy attenuation with cycling still hinder their practical applications. Herein, a series of full concentration gradient‐tailored agglomerated‐sphere LLOs are designed with linearly decreasing Mn and linearly increasing Ni and Co from the particle center to the surface. The gradient‐tailored LLOs exhibit noticeably reduced voltage decay, enhanced rate performance, improved cycle stability, and thermal stability. Without any material modifications or electrolyte optimizations, the gradient‐tailored LLO with medium‐slope shows the best electrochemical performance, with a very low average voltage decay of 0.8 mV per cycle as well as a capacity retention of 88.4% within 200 cycles at 200 mA g−1. These excellent findings are due to spinel structure suppression, electrochemical stress optimization, and Jahn‐Teller effect inhibition. Further investigation shows that the gradient‐tailored LLO reduces the thermal release percentage by as much as about 41% when the battery is charged to 4.4 V. This study provides an effective method to suppress the voltage decay of LLOs for further practical utilization in LIBs and also puts forward a bulk‐structure design strategy to prepare better electrode materials for different rechargeable batteries.
Elucidation of the Synergistic Effect of Dopants and Vacancies on Promoted Selectivity for CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Li Zhongjian , Cao Ang , Zheng Qiang , Fu Yuanyuan , Wang Tingting , Arul K. Thanigal , Chen Jeng‐Lung , Yang Bin , Adli Nadia Mohd , Lei Lecheng , Dong Chung‐Li , Xiao Jianping , Wu Gang , Hou Yang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSn‐based materials are identified as promising catalysts for the CO2 electroreduction (CO2RR) to formate (HCOO−). However, their insufficient selectivity and activity remain grand challenges. A new type of SnO2 nanosheet with simultaneous N dopants and oxygen vacancies (VO‐rich N‐SnO2 NS) for promoting CO2 conversion to HCOO− is reported. Due to the likely synergistic effect of N dopant and VO, the VO‐rich N‐SnO2 NS exhibits high catalytic selectivity featured by an HCOO− Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 83% at −0.9 V and an FE of > 90% for all C1 products (HCOO− and CO) at a wide potential range from −0.9 to −1.2 V. Low coordination Sn–N moieties are the active sites with optimal electronic and geometric structures regulated by VO and N dopants. Theoretical calculations elucidate that the reaction free energy of HCOO* protonation is decreased on the VO‐rich N‐SnO2 NS, thus enhancing HCOO− selectivity. The weakened H* adsorption energy also inhibits the hydrogen evolution reaction, a dominant side reaction during the CO2RR. Furthermore, using the catalyst as the cathode, a spontaneous Galvanic Zn‐CO2 cell and a solar‐powered electrolysis process successfully demonstrated the efficient HCOO− generation through CO2 conversion and storage.
Thin‐Metal‐Film‐Based Transparent Conductors: Material Preparation, Optical Design, and Device Applications
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Ji Chengang , Park Yong‐Bum , Guo L. Jay 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTransparent conductors are essential elements in an array of optoelectronic devices. The most commonly used transparent conductor – indium tin oxide (ITO) suffers from issues including poor mechanical flexibility, rising cost, and the need for annealing to achieve high conductivity. Consequently, there has been intensive research effort in developing ITO‐free transparent conductors over the recent years. This article gives a comprehensive review on the development of an important ITO‐free transparent conductor, that is based on thin metal films. It starts with the background knowledge of material selection for thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors and then surveys various techniques to fabricate high‐quality thin metal films. Then, it introduces the spectroscopic ellipsometry method for characterizing thin metal films with high accuracy, and discusses the optical design procedure for optimizing transmittance through thin‐metal‐film‐based conductors. The review also summarizes diverse applications of thin‐metal‐film‐based transparent conductors, ranging from solar cells and organic light emitting diodes, to optical spectrum filters, low‐emissivity windows, and transparent electromagnetic interference coatings.
Aerosol‐Jet‐Printed Donor‐Blocking Layer for Organic Photodiodes
Authors: Seiberlich Mervin , Strobel Noah , Ruiz‐Preciado Luis Arturo , Ruscello Marta , Lemmer Uli , Hernandez‐Sosa Gerardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrganic photodiodes (OPDs) are optical sensors combining high performance, lightweight mechanical flexibility, and processability from solution. Their fabrication by industrial printing techniques opens a wide range of innovative applications for emerging fields in sensing and the Internet of Things. They typically consist of printed multilayers with functionalities to absorb light, to extract charges, or to reduce detection noise. However, the printing of such device architecture poses a challenge as the deposition of a material can lead to disruption of film morphology or intermixing of materials if its solvent interacts with the previously deposited layer. This work proposes a process to print multilayers from the same solvent system utilizing the aerosol‐jet technique. By fine adjustment of the aerosol properties through the tube temperature (TTube), the drying time of poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) printed layers is significantly reduced. This allows its deposition onto a P3HT‐based bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) without negatively affecting its performance. The additional printed P3HT layer, spatially extends the donor region of the BHJ, providing ideal hole extraction and simultaneous noise reduction by the blocking of injected electrons. This donor blocking layer (DBL) yields a noise reduction of two orders of magnitude in OPDs operated under −2 V reverse bias.