bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0154 Role of Noradrenergic Projection to the Preoptic Area in Regulation of Arousal
Authors: Antila H , Kwak I , Covarrubias I , Baik J , Hong J , Stucynski J , Weber F , Chung S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Locus coeruleus (LC) is a noradrenergic nucleus in the brainstem involved in the regulation of attention, arousal, mood and sensory gating. LC projects to multiple brain regions and recent development of novel systems neuroscience tools allows the dissection of projection-specific LC function in more detail. One of the regions with noradrenergic projection is the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA). POA has been shown to contain neurons that are important for regulating sleep, and we have examined the function of the LC projection to the POA in sleep and arousal.

Methods
We used optogenetics, chemogenetics, fiber photometry and in vivo electrophysiology to study the function of LC noradrenergic projection to the POA.

Results
Norepinephrine release in the POA fluctuates with brain state changes indicating that the LC to POA projection may be involved in regulating sleep and arousal. Optogenetic stimulation of LC fibers in the POA promotes wakefulness. Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation of the LC fibers in the POA modulates the activity of sleep- and wake-active neurons.

Conclusion
We have identified the role of the LC noradrenergic projection to the POA in the regulation of brain states. Stimulation of the LC fibers in the POA promotes wakefulness and modulates the activity dynamics of sleep- and wake-active neurons in the POA. Our results provide more detailed information about the role of this specific projection, which has been known to exist for a long time, but with insufficient in vivo evidence of its precise function.

Support
Sigrid Juselius foundation, Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship in Neuroscience, The Whitehall foundation grant, McCabe Fund Award, NARSAD Young Investigator Award.
0182 The Sleep Regularity Questionnaire: Development and Preliminary Psychometric Properties
Authors: Donovan E K , Dzierzewski J M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep is a critically important behavior which influences diverse aspects of health, functioning, and longevity. An increasing literature suggests the importance of sleep regularity, also referred to as sleep inconsistency, sleep variability, or intraindividual variability in sleep. Given there is no brief, subjective measure of sleep regularity, the purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of an in-development, ten-item Sleep Regularity Questionnaire (SRQ).

Methods
In an online study of sleep and health, participants (n = 3284; Mage (SD)= 42.74(16.72); 47.8% female; 77.1% white) completed the in-development SRQ, as well as other sleep-related measures including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Results
An exploratory factor analysis on a random half of the sample revealed a two factor structure, with four items representing “circadian regularity” and two items representing “sleep disturbance regularity.” A confirmatory factor analysis on the other random half of the sample fit the two factor model with good model fit indices (X2 = 50.9, df = 7, p &lt; .001; RMSEA = .06; CFI= .99; NFI = .99; IFI = .99; TLI = .98). The SRQ was negatively associated with poor sleep quality measured via the PSQI (r = -.37, p &lt; .001) and negatively associated with insomnia severity measured via the ISI (r = -.40, p &lt; .001).

Conclusion
The SRQ appears to be a valid instrument for the assessment of sleep regularity in adults that is related to, but distinct from, other established sleep constructs. Future research will benefit from examining test-retest reliability of the measure as well as assessing the validity of the SRQ as a measure of objective sleep regularity by comparing it to conventional diary, actigraphy, and/or polysomnography methods of sleep assessment.

Support
This work was supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K23AG049955 (PI: Dzierzewski). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
0190 Impact of Menopause-Related Sleep Fragmentation on Daytime Sleepiness and Neurobehavioral Performance: Results of an Experimental Model
Authors: Grant L K , Cohn A , Abramson M , Russell J A , Wiley A , Coborn J E , Nathan M D , Scheer F A , Klerman E B , Kaiser U B , Rahman S A , Joffe H 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Cognitive performance may be adversely affected during the menopause transition from hot flash-induced sleep fragmentation even without changes in sleep duration. We examined the effects of experimentally-induced sleep fragmentation without shortened sleep duration on daytime sleepiness and neurobehavioral performance in women in a high and low estradiol (E2) state.

Methods
Seven pre-menopausal women (29.4 ± 3.8 years) participated in two 6-day inpatient studies repeated in a high-E2 (mid-to-late follicular phase) then low-E2 state (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist-induced E2 suppression - similar to levels during menopause) ~6 weeks apart. Sleep was uninterrupted on nights 1–2 [8-h time-in-bed (TIB)] and fragmented on nights 3–5 (9-h TIB) using an auditory stimulus delivered every 15 min that sustained wake for 2 minutes, producing 1-h total wake after sleep onset. Wakefulness was confirmed by event-markers during polysomnographically-recorded sleep episodes. Daytime subjective sleepiness (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; KSS) and neurobehavioral performance (Psychomotor Vigilance Task; PVT) were assessed every 2–3 hours on study days 2–5. The effects of study day and E2 state on KSS scores and PVT measured reaction time (RT) and attentional failures (RT&gt;500ms) were examined using linear mixed models.

Results
Participants reported feeling sleepier (+10%), had longer RTs (+22ms), and more attentional failures (+53%) after sleep fragmentation than after uninterrupted sleep (all p&lt;0.001). While there was no main effect of E2 state, there was a differential effect of sleep fragmentation by E2 state on PVT, but not sleepiness, such that the increase in RT and attentional failures in response to sleep fragmentation was only observed in the high-E2 state (p&lt;0.001).

Conclusion
Eight hours of total sleep time may not be sufficient to maintain subjective sleepiness and PVT performance levels when sleep is not consolidated. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of sleep and E2-modulated cognitive impairment during the menopause transition.

Support
This work was supported by the NIH: 5R01 AG053838-02 (HJ) and K24-HL105664 (EBK).
0245 Relationship of Chronotype with Sleep Duration, Daytime Sleepiness, and Sustained Attention in High School Students: A Pilot Study
Authors: Morrison S W , Scheer F A , Mason I C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
People with a later chronotype typically sleep later and perform better later in the day. In an early high school schedule, students with later chronotypes earn lower average grades than those with earlier chronotypes. However, other effects of late chronotype on high school students are poorly understood. This study examined the relationship of chronotype with sleep duration, daytime sleepiness and sustained attention in high school students.

Methods
This study was conducted at Byram Hills High School in Armonk, NY, where classes begin at 7:45am. During three class periods, 36 participants (female n=24, n=12, 14–17 years old) completed the Morning-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), and Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) during their class. Subjects recorded time spent on homework/extracurricular activities and bedtime/waketime from the night prior to the assessment.

Results
Later chronotype (lower MEQ score) was significantly associated with later bedtime, shorter sleep duration, and increased sleepiness (r=-0.82, p&lt;0.001; r=0.72, p&lt;0.001; and r=-0.40, p=0.016; respectively). Shorter sleep duration was significantly correlated with increased sleepiness (r=-0.34, p=0.045). Increased workload (time on homework/extracurriculars) was significantly associated with later bedtime (r=0.42, p=0.011). Chronotype, sleep duration, and sleepiness showed no significant association with PVT scores (r=-0.16, p=0.360; r=-0.10, p=0.933; r=0.09, p=0.619, respectively); however, increased workload was significantly associated with increased PVT scores (r=-0.35, p=0.041).

Conclusion
These results are important for the wellbeing of high school students, as they show relationships between late chronotype, short sleep, and increased sleepiness during class in an early school schedule. Further research is needed to determine the best school schedule for high school students based on individual differences in chronotype.

Support
We thank the Authentic Science Research program at Byram Hills High School, specifically teachers Mrs. Stephanie Greenwald, Dr. Caroline Matthew, and Mrs. Megan Salomone.
0267 School Night Sleep Duration Effect on Risk for In-and-Out of School Suspensions: An Investigation in a Middle-School Aged Sample
Authors: Cook J D , Peppard P E , Blair E E , Tran K M , Plante D T 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep plays an important role in adolescent education and development. Sleep impacts student school attendance, academic performance, and daytime behaviors. There has been limited investigation into the impact on sleep duration (SD) on school suspension risk. Given the growing public health and policy focus on altering school start times to increase SD, this study assessed SD association with school suspension risk using a middle-school aged sample from the Madison (Wisconsin) Metropolitan School District (MMSD), prior to implementation of a planned district-wide delay in middle school start times.

Methods
4,175 middle-school aged students from 12 MMSD schools completed a sleep survey, which included school-night SD (SNSD). Self-reported SNSD between 4-and-12 hours served as criterion for inclusion in final sample. Mixed effects modeling was employed with students nested within school. Logistic regression determined SNSD association with in-school (ISS) and out-of-school (OSS) suspensions. ISS and OSS were dichotomized (No ISS/OSS = 0; nonzero ISS/OSS = 1) to serve as outcome variables. Full model covariates included age, sex, race, circadian preference, parent educational level, homelessness, free and reduced lunch, and special education status.

Results
Final sample included 3,860 students. Shorter SNSD associated with greater likelihood of OSS [OR = 0.83, 95% CI (-0.28, -0.09), X2 = 16.1, p &lt; 0.0001], but not ISS [OR = 0.97, 95% CI (-0.14, -0.070), X2 = 0.44, p = 0.51]. Significance between SNSD and OSS was maintained in the full model [OR = 0.84, 95% CI (-0.27, -0.08), X2 = 13.2, p = 0.0003]. Each additional hour of sleep associated with 16% lower risk of OSS.

Conclusion
These results suggest that students with shorter SD are at increased risk for OSS, which further highlights the potential deleterious impact of short SD on adolescent educational experience.

Support
This research was generously supported by a grant from the Madison Education Partnership (MEP).
0293 Sleep Deprivation Affects the Acoustic Properties of Human Speech
Authors: Thoret E , Gauriau C , Andrillon T , Pressnitzer D , Leger D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Lack of sleep drastically aﬀects many aspects of human behavior. The early detection of sleepiness is thus a major challenge for health and security reasons. Here we investigated the eﬀect of sleep deprivation on the acoustic properties of human speech.

Methods
Twenty-four participants were sleep deprived for two days (two successive nights with only 3 hours of sleep). They were recorded reading a short text aloud before and after sleep deprivation. An auditory model, based on spectro-temporal modulations, was used to analyse the acoustic properties of their speech and served as a front-end to machine-learning classiﬁers.

Results
Results showed that sleepiness could be accurately detected with individually-trained classiﬁers. However,we were not able to ﬁt a generic classiﬁer for all participants. As we relied on an auditory-inspired model,we could identify and interpret the acoustic features impacted by sleep deprivation. Again,no simple diagnostic feature could be easily identiﬁed in the group- level analyses of the speech signals. We therefore developed a novel probing method, combining signal detection theory and noise activation of the classiﬁer, to understand what made the classiﬁer successful for each participant. This led to a diagnostic map for each participant, specifying which frequency region and modulation rates were impacted by sleep deprivation for this particular individual

Conclusion
In addition to suggesting a practical machine learning algorithm to detect sleep deprivation, combining our probing method with considerations about voice production could help uncover the physiological impact of sleep deprivation at the level of each individual.

Support
0296 Less Self-Reported Alertness and Motivation During Sleep Restriction are Associated with Decreased Attentional Performance
Authors: Mathew G M , Strayer S M , Ness K , Bailey D S , Buxton O M , Chang A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Some individuals demonstrate more performance decrements on the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) after sleep restriction (SR). We investigated whether individuals who reported less alertness and/or less motivation after SR demonstrated poorer performance on the PVT.

Methods
Fifteen healthy men (22.3±2.8 years) participated in a 10-night inpatient protocol with three nights of 10-hour baseline time in bed (TIB), five nights of SR (5-hour TIB), then two recovery (10-hour TIB) nights. Participants completed the 10-minute PVT (Joggle Research® battery) approximately every two hours during wake. Outcomes included number of false starts (&lt;100 ms reaction time, RT) and number of lapses (≥500 ms RT). Participants reported alertness and motivation levels after each PVT. Median splits were used to characterize changes in alertness (“sleepy,” n=8, versus “alert,” n=7) and motivation (“unmotivated,” n=7, versus “motivated,” n=8) from the last day of baseline to the last day of SR. Outcomes were analyzed in mixed models with the predictor day*alertness or day*motivation, excluding the first three baseline days to preclude practice effects.

Results
There were significant interactions between day and alertness (p=.025) and day and motivation (p=.043) for false starts. False starts followed a quadratic inverted-U shape across days in sleepy (b=-0.16, p=.003) and unmotivated (b=-0.16, p=.004) participants, but not in alert or motivated participants (p&gt;.05). There was a significant interaction between day and alertness for lapses (p=.008); lapses followed a quadratic inverted-U shape across days with a stronger effect in sleepy (b=-0.43, p&lt;.001) versus alert (b=-0.15, p=.031) participants. There was no interaction between day and motivation for lapses.

Conclusion
Participants reporting less alertness were more likely to make both false starts and lapses after SR; those reporting less motivation were more likely to make false starts, but not lapses. Findings suggest greater motivation is sufficient to preserve inhibitory control but not vigilance after sleep restriction. In contrast, greater alertness despite sleep restriction was sufficient to preserve inhibitory control and resulted in lower vigilance decrements.

Support
This study was funded by grant UL1TR000127 from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute and the College of Health and Human Development at the Pennsylvania State University (Chang PI).
0314 Resilience to Inhibitory Deficits During Sleep Deprivation is Predicted by Gray Matter Volume in the Ventrolateral and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Killgore W D , Dailey N S , Raikes A C , Vanuk J R , Taylor E , Grandner M A , Alkozei A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Stable, trait-like inter-individual resilience to sleep loss has been demonstrated for psychomotor vigilance, mood, subjective sleepiness, and some reasoning tasks, some of which have been associated with specific genetic or neurobiological markers. Resilience to executive control deficits induced by sleep deprivation (SD) has not been explored in terms of neurobiological markers. We, therefore, collected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of healthy individuals when well rested and correlated gray matter volume with resistance to inhibitory declines during 29 hours of SD.

Methods
Forty-five healthy individuals (22 female) ranging in age from 20 to 43 underwent structural MRI. Within 2-4 days after scanning, participants returned to the lab to undergo one night of SD, during which they completed a standard go/no-go task involving inhibitory processing every 4 hours. Scores were calculated as throughput (correct responses per working minute). The difference between performance in the evening (22:45) versus the performance the next morning (06:45) was calculated as an index of “inhibitory resilience.” Gray matter volume was regressed against the inhibitory resilience measure. Based on prior research, regions were constrained to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

Results
Greater resilience against declines in inhibitory capacity during SD was predicted by 1) larger gray matter volume within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and 2) reduced volume within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (p&lt;.05, FWE cluster corrected). These two clusters contributed significant unique explanatory variance to the model (R2=.45, p&lt;.0001).

Conclusion
The ability to sustain performance during an inhibitory go/no-go task during SD was predicted by greater gray matter volume within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, a region that has been previously associated with inhibitory capacity, and reduced volume within an area of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which is often related to the default mode network. Findings suggest that specific brain networks may confer task-specific resistance to SD.

Support
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA Young Faculty Award: DARPA-12-12-11-YFA-FP-029
0327 NREM Sleep EEG in Typically Developing and Drug-Naïve ADHD Adolescents: Data from a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Basishvili T , Eliozishvili M , Oniani T , Tchintcharauli T , Sakhelashvili I , Oniani N , Campbell I G , Feinberg I , Darchia N 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Structural MRI studies suggest delayed brain maturation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The steep adolescent decline in sleep slow wave EEG activity provides an opportunity to investigate brain electrophysiological evidence for this maturational delay. Most ADHD sleep EEG studies have been cross-sectional. Here we present data from an ongoing longitudinal study of the maturational trajectories of sleep EEG in drug-naïve ADHD and typically developing adolescents.

Methods
Nine children diagnosed with ADHD (combined subtype, DSM-V criteria, mean age 12.39±0.61 years), and nine typically developing controls (12.07±0.35 years) were recruited. Subjects underwent an adaptation night and all night polysomnography twice yearly at the Laboratory. Sleep EEG was analyzed using fast Fourier transform. NREM delta and theta EEG activity were compared across first two recordings.

Results
Group effects (ADHD vs. control) on all night delta and theta energy, and delta power were not significant (p&gt;0.2 for all). All night theta power was lower (p=0.035) for the ADHD group, and all night NREM sleep duration trended (p=0.060) toward being lower for the ADHD group. Controlling for sleep duration differences by examining only the first 5 h of NREM sleep showed no group effect on delta power (p=0.77) and a trend toward lower theta power (p=0.057) for the ADHD group.

Conclusion
At age 12 to 13 years, NREM sleep delta EEG did not differ between ADHD and control subjects. Theta power, which declines at a younger age than delta, was lower in control subjects. The two recordings thus far differ only by 6 months. The entire study will provide 5 semiannual recordings and allow us to determine if the higher theta power in the ADHD group will hold and if delta power will be greater as well, and thus provide electrophysiological support for the delayed brain maturation suggested by MRI findings.

Support
Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation Grant FR17_94; Subjects Recruitment Support - Mental Health Service in Tbilisi “Kamara”.
0358 Sleep Among Transgender and Cisgender Adolescents
Authors: Levenson J C , Thoma B C , Hamilton J L , Choukas-Bradley S , Salk R H 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep problems are germane to the majority of adolescents, but stigmatized youth may experience poorer sleep than those who have not experienced stigma. However, no prior studies have examined sleep among transgender adolescents (TGAs). Investigating these sleep disparities is critical, since low sleep duration and poor sleep quality are predictive of depressive symptoms and suicidality among adolescents, two mental health outcomes experienced disproportionately by TGAs. Using a nationwide survey of adolescents, we examined sleep duration, sleep quality, and rates of insufficient sleep among a sample of adolescents, and we compared those parameters between TGAs and cisgender adolescents (CGAs).

Methods
Adolescents (n=1784) ages 14-18 completed an anonymous survey including measures of sleep, sexual and gender identity, depressive symptoms, and demographic variables. Participants were grouped as TGA or CGA. Unadjusted associations between gender identity and sleep outcomes were examined, followed by multivariate regression models examining associations adjusted for demographics and depressive symptoms.

Results
TGAs reported sleeping fewer hours, higher odds of being a ‘poor sleeper’, and lower odds of getting the right amount of sleep and getting ‘enough sleep’ than CGAs. After adjusting for key demographic variables, TGAs were still more likely to report that they were poor sleepers and less likely to report getting enough sleep compared to CGAs. When adding depressive symptoms as a covariate, the finding that TGAs reported they got enough sleep less often than CGAs remained marginally significant.

Conclusion
Transgender adolescents reported receiving poorer sleep than cisgender adolescents. Future studies should focus on longitudinally examining the emergence of sleep problems among TGAs and CGAs, which may also serve to identify specific biopsychosocial pathways that contribute to heightened risk for sleep problems among TGAs. Sleep disparities may be a promising target for prevention and intervention programs to improve health outcomes among stigmatized youth.

Support
This study was funded by the University of Pittsburgh Central Research Development Fund through an award to Drs. Salk, Choukas-Bradley, and Thoma. Dr. Levenson was supported by grant K23HD087433. Dr. Thoma was supported by grants T32MH018951 and K01MH117142, Dr. Salk was supported by grant T32MH018269, and Dr. Hamilton was supported by grant T32HL082610.