bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intraoperative frozen section histopathology for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection in hip revision surgery: the influence of recent dislocation and/or periprosthetic fracture
Authors: Luyckx Lucas , Somers Jan F A , Cokelaere Kristof , Deloose Stijn , Delrue Gaétan , Hermans Lore 
Published: June 2020

Aims: To evaluate the accuracy of intraoperative frozen section histopathology for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) during hip revision surgery, both for patients with and without recent trauma to the hip. Patients and methods: The study included all revision total hip replacement procedures where intraoperative frozen section histopathology had been used for the evaluation of infection in a single institution between 2008 and 2015. Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria were used to define infection. 210 hips were included for evaluation. Prior to revision surgery, 36 hips had a dislocation or a periprosthetic fracture (group A), and 174 did not (group B). Results: The prevalence of infection was 14.3% (5.6% in group A and 16.1% in group B). Using Feldman criteria, the sensitivity of histopathology was 50.0%, specificity 47.1%, positive predictive value 5.3% and negative predictive value 94.1% in group A. The sensitivity of frozen section histopathology was 75.0%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 85% and negative predictive value 95.3% in group B. Conclusions: Intraoperative frozen section histopathology is reliable for the diagnosis of PJI if no dislocation or periprosthetic fracture has occurred prior to hip revision surgery.
Dual-chambered venous access port as alternative access for extracorporeal apheresis therapy
Authors: Michell Hans , Nezami Nariman , Morris Christopher , Hong Kelvin 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the use of a dual-chambered venous access port for extracorporeal apheresis therapy. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective analysis of all patients who received a dual-chambered venous access port for apheresis therapy over a 36-month period. Clinical success was defined as successful completion of at least one round of apheresis via the venous access port. Major complications were defined as any event requiring elevation of patient care and/or venous access port removal or repositioning. Minor complications were defined as venous access port issues resolved with clinical intervention. Results: Forty-four patients had a venous access port placed at the time of this study. Patients underwent red cell exchange (n = 33), therapeutic plasma exchange (n = 6) or extracorporeal photopheresis (n = 5). Forty (90%) patients had autoimmune diseases and four (10%) had neoplastic processes. Clinical success was achieved in 42 (95.5%) patients. Average venous access port dwell time was 632 days (range = 42–1191 days). All therapies through the venous access ports were well tolerated and no patients reported pain or discomfort. Major complications were seen in nine (20.5%) patients–the majority (n = 7) of which were due to venous access port malfunction–and resolved with catheter revision. One (2.27%) major complication involved an infected venous access port, and one involved a large hematoma at the venous access port site. Minor complications were seen in eight (18.2%) patients, where simple flushing of the catheter with saline or tissue plasminogen activator resolved the issue. Conclusion: The dual-chambered venous access port was successfully used for sustained blood flow in apheresis therapy with a moderate, yet correctable complication rate.
The association of different interoceptive dimensions with functional gastrointestinal symptoms
Authors: Gajdos Panna , Chrisztó Zita , Rigó Adrien 
Published: June 2020

The aim of the current cross-sectional studies was to investigate the association of interoceptive dimensions with irritable bowel syndrome-related functional gastrointestinal symptoms using a multimethod approach. Two studies were conducted in Hungarian volunteers. Study 1 involved questionnaires regarding interoceptive sensibility. In Study 2, an experimental task was additionally used for the measurement of interoceptive accuracy. Reporters of high functional gastrointestinal symptoms were characterised by an increased perception of different somatic sensations together with a reduced trust in bodily signals. Our results support the hypothesis that there are interactions between interoceptive dimensions in the production of functional somatic symptoms. A data accessibility statement is included.
Artificial fusion: The curious case of Macaronic Latin
Authors: Demo Šime 
Published: June 2020

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The present paper aims to situate Macaronic Latin, a peculiar type of linguistic mixture that was used in literary works in early modern Europe, within the context of phenomena such as code-switching and borrowing, as well as mixed and constructed languages. The main objective is to see whether and how it can be compared to various instances of linguistic structures originating from more than one source language. Design/Methodology/Approach: After a description of its historical background and sociolinguistic features, main linguistic traits of Macaronic Latin are sketched and, finally, compared to other language contact phenomena, with particular reference to the fusion hypothesis. Data and Analysis: The main data for the analysis are sixty samples from macaronic works belonging to eleven language pairs. The analysis shows that mixed words in Macaronic Latin have properties of both borrowings and loans, being very similar to nonce formations. When compared to mixed and constructed languages, Macaronic Latin shows peculiarities that set it apart from either group. Findings/Conclusions: Although individual structural aspects of Macaronic Latin align its individual aspects with various outcomes of linguistic contact, the sociolinguistic pattern of its creation and later development make it a rather untypical case of linguistic mixing. Originality: Latin served as the main language of learned communication in medieval and early modern Europe; yet, this paper is the first study devoted to putting it in the context of mixed language debate. Significance/Implications: The study suggests that the preservation of the widespread use of a language with no native speakers requires sociolinguistic forces so strong so as to override many trends of what has been established as regular linguistic development. This implies that in investigating such cases we might need a modified research methodology and an extended terminology.
Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications
Authors: Zarrinmayeh Hamideh , Territo Paul R. 
Published: June 2020

Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.
Sex determines the presentation and outcomes in MPN and is related to sex-specific differences in the mutational burden
Authors: Karantanos Theodoros , Chaturvedi Shruti , Braunstein Evan M. , Spivak Jerry , Resar Linda , Karanika Styliani , Williams Donna M. , Rogers Ophelia , Gocke Christopher D. , Moliterno Alison R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The factors underlying the variable presentation and clinical course of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the independent effect of sex on MPN presentation and outcomes. A total of 815 patients with essential thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera, or primary myelofibrosis were evaluated between 2005 and 2019, and the association of sex with presenting phenotype, JAK2 V617F burden, progression, and survival was examined. Men presented more often with primary myelofibrosis vs essential thrombocytosis (relative risk, 3.2; P &lt; .001) and polycythemia vera (relative risk, 2.1; P &lt; .001), had higher rates of transformation to secondary myelofibrosis (hazard ratio [HR], 1.55; P = .013) and acute myeloid leukemia (HR, 3.67; P &lt; .001), and worse survival (HR, 1.63; P = .001) independent of age, phenotype at diagnosis, and MPN-specific mutation. Men had higher JAK2 V617F allele burdens in their CD34+ cells (P = .001), acquired more somatic mutations (P = .012) apart from the MPN-specific mutations, and had an increased frequency of 1 (odds ratio, 2.35; P = .017) and 2 (odds ratio, 20.20; P = .011) high-risk mutations independent of age, phenotype, and driver mutation. Male sex is an independent predictor of poor outcomes in MPNs. This seems to be due to an increased risk of non–MPN-specific somatic mutations, particularly high-risk mutations, rather than MPN-specific mutation allele frequency. Conversely, disease progression in female subjects is more dependent on JAK2 mutation allele burden than on acquisition of other somatic mutations. Sex should be considered in prognostic models and when evaluating therapeutic strategies in MPNs.
Shorter telomere length following lung transplantation is associated with clinically significant leukopenia and decreased chronic lung allograft dysfunction-free survival
Authors: Courtwright Andrew M. , Lamattina Anthony M. , Takahashi Mai , Trindade Anil J. , Hunninghake Gary M. , Rosas Ivan O. , Agarwal Suneet , Raby Benjamin A. , Goldberg Hilary J. , El-Chemaly Souheil 
Published: June 2020

Patients with short telomeres and interstitial lung disease may have decreased chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)-free survival following lung transplantation. The relationship between post-transplant telomere length and outcomes following lung transplantation has not been characterised among all recipients, regardless of native lung disease.This was a single-centre prospective cohort study. Consenting transplant recipients had their telomere length measured using quantitative real-time PCR assays on peripheral blood collected at the time of surveillance bronchoscopy. We assessed the association between early post-transplant telomere length (as measured in the first 100 days) and CLAD-free survival, time to clinically significant leukopenia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) viraemia, chronic kidney disease, and acute cellular rejection. We also assessed the association between rate of telomere shortening and CLAD-free survival.Telomere lengths were available for 98 out of 215 (45.6%) recipients who underwent lung transplant during the study period (median measurement per patient=2 (interquartile range, 1–3)). Shorter telomere length was associated with decreased CLAD-free survival (hazard ratio (HR)=1.24; 95% CI=1.03–1.48; p=0.02), leukopenia requiring granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (HR=1.17, 95% CI=1.01–1.35, p=0.03), and CMV viraemia among CMV-mismatch recipients (HR=4.04, 95% CI=1.05–15.5, p=0.04). Telomere length was not associated with acute cellular rejection or chronic kidney disease. Recipients with more rapid loss in telomere length (defined as the highest tertile of telomere shortening) did not have worse subsequent CLAD-free survival than those without rapid loss (HR=1.38, 95% CI=0.27–7.01, p=0.70).Shorter early post-transplant telomere length is associated with decreased CLAD-free survival and clinically significant leukopenia in lung transplant recipients, regardless of native lung disease.
Messinian or Pleistocene valley incision within the Southern Alps
Authors: Winterberg Sascha , Picotti Vincenzo , Willett Sean D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany of the valleys on the southern slope of the Alps are over-deepened, having bedrock valley floors well below sea level. This has typically been attributed to incision that occurred during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) when sea level dropped by hundreds of meters, leading to incision of many of the margins of the Mediterranean. We reassess this interpretation by documenting the correct elevation of the valley floor of the Adige river, one of the major valleys draining the Southern Alps, and by estimating the vertical motion of that valley floor since the end of Messinian incision. We re-evaluated the bedrock incision in the Adige valley using existing borehole data and seismic profiles. We estimate the vertical post-Messinian uplift using thermochronometric data that reveal the removed rock mass and then infer the expected isostatic uplift. These data are combined to reconstruct paleo-river gradients and to test viability of incision profiles. We find that the erosive surfaces in the drill holes restore to a paleo-elevation well below estimates of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) sea level. Restored valley gradients are often reversed compared to todays river gradients, as the uplift correction is higher upstream. A Messinian age of the erosional unconformities within the Alps can therefore be excluded based on the current best estimates of Messinian Mediterranean sea level and post-Messinian rock uplift. Pleistocene glacial erosion left a major signature on the geomorphology of the valleys, which is documented by glacially over-deepended valleys in the northern Alps. These valleys are not influenced by the Messinian sea-level drawdown. Therefore, it is suggested that the over-deepened valleys on the southern slope of the Alps are also glacial in origin.
Simulation Study of the Double-Gate Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor with Step Channel Thickness
Authors: Zhang Maolin , Guo Yufeng , Zhang Jun , Yao Jiafei , Chen Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDouble-gate tunnel field-effect transistor (DG TFET) is expected to extend the limitations of leakage current and subthreshold slope. However, it also suffers from the ambipolar behavior with the symmetrical source/drain architecture. To overcome the ambipolar current, asymmetry must be introduced between the source and drain. In this paper, we investigate the performances of DG TFET with step channel thickness (SC TFET) by utilizing the 2D simulation. The asymmetry between source and drain is introduced through the step channel thickness; hence, the ambipolar behavior is expected to be relieved. The results show that the SC TFET exhibits significant reduction of ambipolar current compared with the conventional DG TFET. The mechanisms of SC TFET are thoroughly discussed to explore the physical insight. The impacts introduced by the structure parameters on onset voltage, subthreshold slope, drain current in on-state and ambipolar-state are also exhibited in determining the optimal structure.
Public knowledge and attitudes towards bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Anto-Ocrah Martina , Maxwell Nick , Cushman Jeremy , Acheampong Emmanuel , Kodam Ruth-Sally , Homan Christopher , Li Timmy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background and objectives
Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most important predictors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) survival. There is a dearth of literature on CPR engagement in countries such as Ghana, where cardiovascular events are increasingly prevalent. In this study, we sought to evaluate Ghanaians’ knowledge of and attitudes towards bystander CPR, in the context of the country’s nascent emergency medicine network.

Methods
Capitalizing on the growing ubiquity and use of social media across the country, we used a novel social media sampling strategy for this study. We created, pre-tested, and distributed an online survey, using the two most utilized social media platforms in Ghana: WhatsApp and Facebook. An airtime data incentive of 5 US dollars, worth between 5 and 10 GB of cellular data based on mobile phone carrier, was provided as incentive. Inclusion criteria were (1) ≥ 18 years of age, (2) living in Ghana. Survey participants were encouraged to distribute the survey within their own networks to expand its reach. We stratified participants’ responses by healthcare affiliation, and further grouped healthcare workers into ambulance and non-ambulance personnel. We used chi-square (χ2)/Fisher’s Exact tests to compare differences in responses between the groups. Based on the question “have you ever heard of CPR?”, an alpha of 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval, we expected to have 80% power to detect a 15% difference in responses between lay and healthcare providers with an estimated sample size of 246 study participants.

Results
The survey was launched on 8 July 2019 and closed approximately 51 h post-launch. With a 64% completion rate and 479 unique survey completions, the study was overpowered at 96% power, to detect differences in responses between the groups. There was geographic representation across all 10 historic regions of Ghana. Over half (57.8%, n = 277) of the respondents were non-medically affiliated, and 71.9% were women. Healthcare workers were more aware of CPR than lay respondents (96.5% vs 68.1%; p < 0.001). Eighty-five percent of respondents were aware that CPR involves chest compressions, and almost 70% indicated that “mouth to mouth” is a necessary component of CPR. Fewer than 10% were unwilling to administer CPR. Lack of skills (44.9%) and fear of causing harm (25.5%) were barriers noted by respondents for not administering CPR. Notably, a quarter of ambulance workers reported never having received CPR training. If they were to witness a collapse, 62.0% would call an ambulance, and 32.6% would hail a taxi.

Conclusion
The majority of participants are willing to perform CPR. Contextualized training that emphasizes hands-only CPR and builds participants’ confidence may increase bystander willingness and engagement.
Performance of a three-level triage scale in live triage encounters in an emergency department in Hong Kong
Authors: Lam Rex Pui Kin , Kwok Shing Lam , Chaang Vi Ka , Chen Lujie , Lau Eric Ho Yin , Chan Kin Ling 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDespite its continued use in many low-volume emergency departments (EDs), 3-level triage systems have not been extensively studied, especially on live triage cases. We have modified from the Australasian Triage Scale and developed a 3-level triage scale, and sought to evaluate its validity, reliability, and over- and under-triage rates in real patient encounters in our setting.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study in a single ED with 24,000 attendances per year. At triage, each patient was simultaneously assessed by a triage nurse, an adjudicator (the “criterion standard”), and a study nurse independently. Predictive validity was determined by comparing clinical outcomes, such as hospitalization, across triage levels. The discriminating performance of the triage tool in identifying patients requiring earlier medical attention was determined. Inter-observer reliability between the triage nurse and criterion standard, and across providers were determined using kappa statistics.ResultsIn total, 453 triage ratings of 151 triage cases, involving 17 ED triage nurses and 57 nurse pairs, were analysed. The proportion of hospital admission significantly increased with a higher triage rating. The performance of the scale in identifying patients requiring earlier medical attention was as follows: sensitivity, 68.2% (95% CI 45.1–86.1%); specificity, 99.2% (95% CI 95.8–100%); positive predictive value, 93.8% (95% CI 67.6–99.1%); and negative predictive value, 94.8% (95% CI 90.8–97.1%). The over-triage and under-triage rates were 0.7% and 4.6%, respectively. Agreement between the triage nurse and criterion standard was substantial (quadratic-weighted kappa = 0.76, 95% CI, 0.60–0.92,p< 0.001), so was the agreement across nurses (quadratic-weighted kappa = 0.81, 95% CI 0.65–0.97,p< 0.001).ConclusionsThe 3-level triage system appears to have good validity and reasonable reliability in a low-volume ED setting. Further studies comparing 3-level and prevailing 5-level triage scales in live triage encounters and different ED settings are warranted.
Effects of nicotine on regional blood flow in the olfactory bulb in response to olfactory nerve stimulation
Authors: Uchida Sae , Kagitani Fusako 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examined the effect of olfactory nerve stimulation on regional cerebral blood flow and assessed the effect of intravenous nicotine administration on this response in anesthetized rats. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured with laser Doppler flowmetry or laser speckle contrast imaging. Unilateral olfactory nerve stimulation for 5 s produced current (≥ 100 μA) and frequency-dependent (≥ 5 Hz) increases in blood flow in the olfactory bulb ipsilateral to the stimulus. The increased olfactory bulb blood flow peaked at 30 ± 7% using stimulus parameters of 300 μA and 20 Hz. Nerve stimulation did not change frontal cortical blood flow or mean arterial pressure. The intravenous injection of nicotine (30 μg/kg) augmented the olfactory bulb blood flow response to nerve stimulation (20 Hz, 300 μA) by approximately 1.5-fold (60-s area after the stimulation). These results indicate that olfactory nerve stimulation increases olfactory bulb blood flow, and the response is potentiated by the activation of nicotinic cholinergic transmission.