bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Availability, Accessibility, and Quality of Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Urban Health Facilities of Rwanda: A survey among social and healthcare providers
Authors: Ndayishimiye Pacifique , Uwase Rosine , Kubwimana Isabelle , Niyonzima Jean de la Croix , Dzekem Roseline Dine , Nyandwi Jean Baptiste , Kadima Justin Ntokamunda 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : Access and utilization of quality and comprehensive sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS) is a very crucial point for young adolescents worldwide. This study assessed the quality of SRHS provided to Rwandan adolescents in urban health facilities in terms of availability, accessibility, cost, counseling, with particular emphasis on HIV and family planning-related cases. Method : The study was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted during the year 2019 in six selected cities of Rwanda using a mixed-methods approach, including s emi-structured questionnaire administration and in-depth interviews with social and healthcare workers. The study sample consisted of 159 social and healthcare providers ( 54.5 % men and 45.5% women) enrolled by convenience based on their responsibilities in the selected entities. All survey tools were pre-tested. SPSS version 20 served for descriptive statistics analysis of quantitative data, whereas ATLAS TI version 5.2 helped to code and analyze the qualitative data thematically. Results : Overall, the availability of adolescents sexual reproductive health services is satisfactory in more than 80% of health facilities surveyed, but the accessibility is a little bit low for some services. According to the respondents dire, some products available like female condoms are less demanded and often expire unused. In-depth interviews revealed that 94.3% of centers provide information to adolescents on SRHS available, and 51.6% affirmed delivering services at a low cost. One nurse clarified that they render services at a low price if an adolescent has insurance medical coverture. Private health facilities offer HIV testing for free, but for treatment and other services, they channel adolescents to public health facilities. Only 57.2% of respondents mentioned that adolescents are involved in designing the feedback mechanisms at their facilities. Religious leaders and family members may hinder adolescents from seeking behavior. Conclusion : SRHS were generally physically available at most of the facilities but limited in access as not all facilities were allowed to deliver some services. Adolescents were said to face structural and social challenges towards accessing services. There is a need to improve the accessibility of SRH services delivery sites while considering innovative methods to broaden access to services.
Evaluation of Wood Ash as Additive for Cow Manure Composting
Authors: Bougnom Blaise Pascal , Dieudonne Onguene , Sontsa-Donhoung Alain Martial 
Published: March 2020

This study was conducted to produce high-quality compost using both cow manure and wood ash that can specifically be used to increase the fertility of soils in tropical regions. Increased proportions of wood ash were co-composted with cow manure. During composting, the composts produced presented the classical composting temperature curve and attain a thermophilic composting phase (about 60 oC). After 117 days of composting, the produced composts (CMA 0%; CMA 5%; CMA 10% and CMA15%) had a C/N ratio between 16 and 30, and their pH, was basic, indicating maturity. They were rich in minerals (Mg; Ca; K+; and Na+) and poor in heavy metals (Zn; Cu and Pb). Wood ash addition raise the fungal communities except for CMA 0% and did not impair significantly on bacteria communities; however, addition of high amounts of wood ash could reduce the metabolism of the microbial communities including cellulase activity that showed a proportional decrease according to the added amount except for CMA 15%. The composts showed a germination index greater than 80% at all concentrations, indicating the absence of phytotoxicity. Therefore, co-composting of cow manure with wood ash (<15%) allowed to obtain a good organic fertilizer with higher liming potential, nutrient content, and less hazardous material which could be used in farms to remediate acidity of tropical soils.
Identifying the primary sources of fecal contamination along the beaches and rivers of Trinidad
Authors: Bridgemohan Ronell S. H. , Bachoon Dave S. , Wang Yingfan , Bridgemohan Puran , Mutiti Christine , Ramsubhag Adesh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the main sources of fecal pollution at popular beaches and rivers in the island of Trinidad. Escherichia coli enumeration and microbial source tracking (MST) were used to identify the primary sources of fecal bacteria contamination at the sites. Nineteen sites exceeded USEPA water quality standards for safe recreational use. Highest levels of fecal contamination were recorded on the central and west coasts of the island and included Brickfield River (4,839 MPN 100 ml−1), Orange Valley Bay (2,406.6 MPN 100 ml−1) and Chaguaramas Bay (1,921.2 MPN 100 ml−1). MST detected human (HF183) fecal pollution at ∼63%, birds at ∼67%, chicken at ∼36% and cattle (BacCow) at ∼34% of the sites. MST is a useful and rapid method for identifying major sources of fecal pollution in rivers and beaches. In Trinidad water bodies, the main sources of fecal pollution were humans and birds. The large number of sites with elevated levels of fecal pollution detected is particularly alarming and represents a serious public health risk.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
Diversity, virulence and antibiogram traits of Escherichia coli recovered from potable water sources in Gharbia, Egypt
Authors: Elmonir Walid , Abo Remela Etab Mohamed , Alwakil Yasmine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to assess the public health risk of coliforms and Escherichia coli contamination of potable water sources in Egypt. A total of 150 water samples (100 tap and 50 well) were collected from five districts in Gharbia governorate, Egypt. High rates of coliforms contamination were recorded in 52 and 76% of examined tap and well water samples, respectively. E. coli strains were detected in 16% of the water samples (15% tap water and 18% well water; 23.7% rural and 8.1% urban). Rural water sources were 3.5 times more likely to be contaminated than urban sources (P = 0.01). Eight (33.3%) E. coli isolates were Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was observed for 62.5% of the isolates. Seven (29.2%) E. coli isolates harboured at least one of the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes. The majority (87.5%) of the STEC isolates were MDRs and harboured ESBL genes. STEC isolates were significantly more likely to resist six classes of antibiotics than non-STEC isolates. This is the first report of potable water contamination with MDR-STEC in Egypt. This study highlights an alarming public health threat that necessitates preventive interventions for public and environmental safety.
Berberine Chloride Dihydrate Enthused Nanovesicles for the Management of Dermatitis Nanovesicles for Dermatitis
Authors: Srivastava Nimisha , Fatima Zeeshan , Kaur Chanchal D. , Rizvi Dilshad A. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that is affecting up to
25% of children and 1%-3% of adults worldwide. The paucity of the exact cure for dermatitis and
untoward side effects of topical immunosuppressive steroids, has resulted in a great need for making
use of complementary medicine to treat dermatitis.

Objective:
The present research work involved the development of Berberine chloride dihydrate (BCD) enthused nanovesicles i.e. ethosomes for the management of dermatitis.

Method:
Ethosomes were prepared by slight modification of cold method using varying concentrations of SPC (1-3%) and ethanol (10-40%) Optimized batch BCD 12 was further added to Carbopol 934P for gel formation. GEL BCD 12 was subjected to “anti-bacterial, dermatitis and skin irritation study.

Result:
The vesicles were in size range 142.42-398.31 nm while polydispersity index (PDI) ranges from 0.114-1.56 and for zeta potential it was from-18.8 to -39.4. Entrapment efficiency was from 46.05-88.79 %. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed penetration depth of rhodamine enthused ethosome across rat skin upto 110 µm which was significantly higher than rhodamine solution (10 µm). In the anti-bacterial study, BCD loaded ethosomal gel (EG) showed maximum zone of inhibition of 18.5 mm against E. coli, 14.5 mm against P. aeruginosa and 23.0 mm against S. aureus. In dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) induced mice dermatitis model histopathology study showed marked decrease in amount of inflammatory cell nucleus in mice treated with BCD loaded ethosomal gel followed by 56% and 50 % increase in ear swelling and ear mass respectively in morphology study. Conventional marketed formulation showed nominal decrease in epidermal thickness, 66.67 % increase in ear thickness and 63.64 % increase in ear mass. Further Primary irritation index was less than 0.4 indicating negligible irritation in all the groups.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded that ethosomal gel is not only an efficient carrier for BCD but also proves its potential for the management of dermatitis.
ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK IN THE VERTEBRAL-BASILAR SYSTEM
Authors: Геник С. І. , Гриб В. А. , Максимчук Л. Т. , Дорошенко О. О. , Геник Я. І. 
Published: March 2020

Transient ischemic attack (TIA) in the vertebral-basilar system (VBS) is characterized by an acute onset of focal neurological symptoms due to short-term local ischemia of the brain. According to various authors, temporary neurological manifestations of circulatory insufficiency in VBS can progress to complete stroke within 2-5 years in 30-50% of patients, leading to disability of about 80% of patients. Its diagnosis is associated with some difficulties due to the variability of clinical manifestations, clinical similarity with other diseases and, as a consequence, incorrect therapeutic tactics.
The aim of the study was to investigate changes of endothelial function in TIA in VBS by determining the levels of homocysteine (HC) and vascular endothelial growth factor (WEGF) at different stages of neurological deficiency (ND). 78 patients with TIA in VBS were examined. The questionnaire developed by us was used to determine the stage of ND in TIA. The level of HC was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. WEGF was determined using the "sandwich" method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In the group of patients with stage I ND, a tendency to HC increase in 1.1 times was detected compared with almost healthy persons (AHP), stage II - HC increased in 1.5 times (p <0.05), and stage III - in 1.9 times (p <0.05). Also significant difference (1.8 times) was revealed at stage III compared to the index of stage I (p <0.05). WEGF at the 1st stage of ND significantly increased in 1,7 times in comparison with AHP (p <0.05), at the 2nd stage there was a tendency to increase (in 1.2 times), at the 3d stage there was a significant increase in WEGF in comparison with AHP (in 2.9 times) (p <0.05), and compared with indicators of I (in 1.8 times) (p <0.05) and II stages (2.6 times) (p <0 , 05).
We have shown that TIA in VBS is accompanied by endothelial dysfunction (increase in HC and WEGF), which is more pronounced with aggravation of the ND. To evaluate the prognosis of the disease, we recommend using a questionnaire for determination the stage of ND in TIA in VBS and to identify markers of endothelial function such as HC and WEGF.
The effect of CTL learning model and learning style on the historical learning outcomes
Authors: Syahra Inda , Sarkadi Sarkadi , Ibrahim Nurzengky 
Published: March 2020

This study aims to obtain the influence of learning models and learning styles on historical learning outcomes. Students are given a CTL and conventional learning model by measuring visual learning styles and auditory learning styles. This type of research is a quantitative study using an experimental method with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population is all students of class X 2019/2020 school year. The sampling technique used is multistage random sampling. Class X-A as an experimental class and grade X-B as a control class with a total of 70 students construct validity is analyzed by the correlation between items using Product Moment Correlation, and Cronbach's alpha formula tested reliability. The results showed that learning outcomes with the CTL learning model were higher than conventional learning models. While student learning outcomes using visual learning styles are more effective than auditory learning styles. There is a relationship between learning models with learning styles.
Health Care Employees’ Perceptions of the Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications: Survey Study
Authors: Abdullah Rana , Fakieh Bahjat 
Published: March 2020

Background
The advancement of health care information technology and the emergence of artificial intelligence has yielded tools to improve the quality of various health care processes. Few studies have investigated employee perceptions of artificial intelligence implementation in Saudi Arabia and the Arabian world. In addition, limited studies investigated the effect of employee knowledge and job title on the perception of artificial intelligence implementation in the workplace.

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore health care employee perceptions and attitudes toward the implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in health care institutions in Saudi Arabia.

Methods
An online questionnaire was published, and responses were collected from 250 employees, including doctors, nurses, and technicians at 4 of the largest hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Results
The results of this study showed that 3.11 of 4 respondents feared artificial intelligence would replace employees and had a general lack of knowledge regarding artificial intelligence. In addition, most respondents were unaware of the advantages and most common challenges to artificial intelligence applications in the health sector, indicating a need for training. The results also showed that technicians were the most frequently impacted by artificial intelligence applications due to the nature of their jobs, which do not require much direct human interaction.

Conclusions
The Saudi health care sector presents an advantageous market potential that should be attractive to researchers and developers of artificial intelligence solutions.
ORAL ANTIDIABETICS AGENTS AVAILABLE IN INDIAN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET: A PRICE VARIATION ANALYSIS
Authors: S THACKER KUNTAL , R MISTRY VIMESH , J KANANI NEETA 
Published: March 2020

Objective: There are hundreds of brands in Indian markets for a single drug which is manufactured by various companies and thus leads to wide variation in prices for the same drug. Hence, we decide to evaluate the variation in price of different brands of the same drug available in Indian market.
Methods: An analysis was done for comparing price variations among various drugs prescribed in diabetes mellitus. Indian Drug Review (IDR) (2019 Volume XXV Issue 4) and Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS) (July 2019–October 2019) were referred to know the maximum and minimum price in INR of drugs in all available strength and dosage forms being manufactured by different companies in India and percentage price variation was calculated.
Results: Wide variation in the price of several brands of oral antidiabetics is found in Indian market. In single drug, highest price variation is found for glimepiride 1 mg tablet (1365.5%). In fixed-dose combinations (FDCs), highest price variation is found for glimepiride + metformin (2 mg + 500 mg) sustain release tablet (689.2%). Lowest price variation for FDCs was found for glimepiride + metformin (3 mg + 500 mg) tablet (4.8%). Furthermore, only few oral antidiabetic agents were included in the drug pricing control order 2013. Wide variation is seen in prices of brand and generic medicines.
Conclusion: All the stakeholders should collectively make efforts to reduce price variation among the various brands so as to make them affordable and aim to improve the health status of the community.
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND DETERMINATION OF ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN EXTRACTED FROM ROHU (LABEO ROHITA) FISH SKIN
Authors: GHOSH NABANITA , DK BHATTACHARYYA 
Published: March 2020

Objective: Isolation, characterization and analysis of antioxidant activity of protein extracted from Labeo rohita skin.
Methods: The present work aimed to characterize protein isolated from Indian major carp L. rohita skin. Protein isolation was carried out by the salting-out method and the protein content was estimated with bovine serum albumin. Isolated protein was subjected to Fourier-transform infrared analyzer to identify the presence of –NH3 group to be claimed as protein. It was also subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyzer and run against standard collagen (Sigma), the molecular weight of the protein was determined through mass spectroscopy (MS) to know the protein structure more precisely the protein isolate was studied under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Antioxidative activity of the crude protein sample was studied through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay.
Results: The protein isolated was 23% of the dry weight of fish skin. In HPLC analysis, the isolated protein gives peaks that are similar to that of standard collagen, and in MS, its molecular weight was near about 300 kDa, which is the molecular weight of collagen type 1. The SEM image shows a crystal structure of protein isolates. Results of antioxidative property show that fish skin protein isolates have good antioxidative activity also.
Conclusion: The isolated protein was collagen and it can be used as a replacer of the renowned market available collagen.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO INVESTIGATIONS OF PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIALS OF CASSIA OBTUSIFOLIA PLANT
Authors: SM KEWATKAR , VV PAITHANKAR , SS BHUJBAL , SP JAIN , DH NAGORE 
Published: March 2020

Objectives: Cassia obtusifolia L. belonging to the Family Caesalpiniaceae, proposed to have abundant pharmacological potential and widely consumed as laxative, diuretic, and stomachic. The aim of the present research was to study the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antioxidant potentials of C. obtusifolia plant.
Methods: Various acute and chronic animal models such as Carrageenan-induced paw edema, tail immersion method, acetic acid-induced writhing, and in vitro methods were used to study the profound pharmacological and antioxidant potentials.
Results: The results for pharmacological study were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons using INTA software.
Conclusion: The present study reveals that C. obtusifolia possesses comparable anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and antioxidant potential.
PREDICTION OF ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND EXCRETION ACTIVITY OF THE COMPONENTS OF MADHUCA LONGIFOLIA AND ITS INHIBITING TARGET MOLECULE
Authors: S JERINE PETER , PANCHAL NAGESH KISHAN , ANKITHA V  , LAKSHMI SAI , KARCHALKAR POOJITA , SABINA EVAN PRINCE 
Published: March 2020

Objectives: Madhuca longifolia is a versatile tropical tree mostly cultivated or harvested in the wild in South Asia for its edible flowers and oil seeds. Mahua trees are vegetatively propagated; they act as soil improvers, and also help in soil reclamation and erosion control. M. longifolia is a plant of great importance due to its scientifically proven uses such as antioxidant activity, immune suppression, and neuroprotective activity, which is because of the various chemical constituents present in different parts of the plant. The aim of our study is to analyze the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties and pathways analysis of active components of M. longifolia.
Methods: The detailed study of these chemical constituents is done using PubChem and software’s such as Rasmol and Pymol. Swiss ADME was used to find out the ADME properties of the chemical constituents present in the plant. The pathway analysis was done using a literature survey and Swiss TargetPrediction.
Results: The research has identify the potentially active compound from the plant with its inhibitory target protein.
Conclusion: The ADME result demonstrates the potential pharmacological activity of the plant compound, which can be studied through in vivo model against its potential inhibitory target molecules.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF CERTAIN ENZYMES IN DENGUE FEVER PATIENTS
Authors: SUMAN JAIN , KUMAR SAMAR RAJENDRAR , SONAL SOGANI 
Published: March 2020

Objective: The main objective of the present study is to correlate the effect of certain enzymes in diagnosis of dengue fever (DF) and impact of these elevated/decreased blood levels of enzymes on patients of DF.
Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients suspected to be suffering from DF. Blood sample was collected and tested for various parameters such as protein (albumin), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).
Results: Serum enzymes such as LDH and CK were found to be elevated to be a good marker of muscle damage and progression of diseases. CRP as a marker of inflammation was also found to be elevated. Enzymes like acid phosphatase increased abruptly while alkaline phosphatase was irregular. Liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT activity were also enhanced.
Conclusion: Increased level of transaminases can be reflective of the formation of various amino acids for the synthesis of new protein and for channeling of glutamate and aspartate along with glycine for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Objective: The main objective of the present study is to correlate the effect of certain enzymes in diagnosis of dengue fever (DF) and impact of these elevated/decreased blood levels of enzymes on patients of DF.
Methods: The study was carried out on 30 patients suspected to be suffering from DF. Blood sample was collected and tested for various parameters such as protein (albumin), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatinine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT).
Results: Serum enzymes such as LDH and CK were found to be elevated to be a good marker of muscle damage and progression of diseases. CRP as a marker of inflammation was also found to be elevated. Enzymes like acid phosphatase increased abruptly while alkaline phosphatase was irregular. Liver enzymes SGOT and SGPT activity were also enhanced.
Conclusion: Increased level of transaminases can be reflective of the formation of various amino acids for the synthesis of new protein and for channeling of glutamate and aspartate along with glycine for the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides.
Derechos Humanos y pena de muerte
Authors: Núñez Carpizo Elssié 
Published: March 2020

<br /><p class="p2"><span class="s1">La</span> autora realiza un repaso sobre las tensiones del discurso de los derechos humanos y el derecho penal, particularmente lo relativo de la sanción de pena de muerte. Para ello, analiza las siguientes películas: Monsieur Verdoux, La mujer que no quería morir, A sangre fría, Pena de muerte y Sacco y Vanzetti. Estas piezas cinematográficas producen la reflexión y la interrogante ¿Quién tiene la autoridad para decidir la muerte de otro ser humano: el Estado, la sociedad o el individuo? Sobre este y otros tópicos se desarrolla el presente ensayo.</p>