bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the emergence of non‐profit orchestras
Authors: Mikami Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the market for live classical music, a symphony orchestra typically has fixed costs that are high relative to demand, so that the demand curve lies entirely below the average cost curve (Baumol & Bowen, 1966)—a situation in which a for‐profit enterprise cannot survive. The present study aims to explain how a non‐profit orchestra can survive in such an adverse market environment by relying on private donations, even in the absence of altruism. We argue that a financially distressed orchestra may employ a strategy to impose a non‐profit distribution constraint on itself—thus becoming a non‐profit, tax‐deductible organization—and use its member musicians' worker surplus to produce donor privileges, which enables the orchestra to induce donations from an individually rational audience by taking advantage of a tax deduction scheme. With this strategy, the orchestra can successfully extract consumer surplus from the audience to offset its loss.
Randomised clinical trial: the safety and tolerability of fluticasone propionate orally disintegrating tablets versus placebo for eosinophilic oesophagitis
Authors: Hirano Ikuo , Safroneeva Ekaterina , Roumet Marie C. , Comer Gail M. , Eagle Gina , Schoepfer Alain , Falk Gary W. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBackgroundAPT‐1011, a fluticasone propionate orally disintegrating tablet formulation, is under investigation for the treatment of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE).AimsTo evaluate the safety and tolerability of APT‐1011 administered to patients with EoE and to assess the effect on clinical symptoms of EoE, endoscopic appearance and oesophageal eosinophilia.MethodsA randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentre, phase 1b/2a study was conducted at seven medical centres in the US to evaluate the safety and tolerability of APT‐1011 over 8 weeks in adults and adolescents with EoE. Participants were randomised to placebo (n = 8), 1.5 mg APT‐1011 BID (n = 8) or 3.0 mg APT‐1011 QD (n = 8). Safety and tolerability were assessed as the primary outcome; histologic and endoscopic measures were assessed as exploratory outcomes.ResultsThere were no deaths, serious treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), severe TEAEs or discontinuations from the study related to a TEAE. In one participant randomised to 1.5 mg APT‐1011 BID, a reduction in cortisol was observed, but without evidence of adrenal insufficiency. Compared with placebo, treatment with APT‐1011 resulted in greater reductions in oesophageal eosinophil counts, EoE Endoscopic Reference Score, patient global assessment and symptom‐based EoE activity index from baseline to end of treatment (Week 8).ConclusionsAPT‐1011 was safe and well tolerated in adolescents and adults with EoE. Exploratory efficacy outcomes demonstrated improvement in histologic and endoscopic findings as well evidence of symptom improvement. The results of this study support the continued development of APT‐1011 for the treatment of EoE (NCT‐01386112).
Spillover effects of fiscal policy in a monetary union: Why do fiscal instruments matter?
Authors: Barbier‐Gauchard Amélie , Betti Thierry 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUsing a two‐country DSGE model, we analyse the spillover effects of fiscal policy in a monetary union. Based on a non‐Walrasian labour market with a labour force participation decision and involuntary unemployment and a detailed fiscal sector, we focus on the relative cross‐border effects of different kinds of fiscal shocks (government expenditure and tax shocks). Among the major lessons from this analysis, five general and striking results are worth highlighting : (1) spillover effects differ widely according to the fiscal instrument, (2) all fiscal instruments produce positive spillover effects on foreign GDP except a rise in government consumption, (3) the response of unemployment is not always negatively correlated with the response of output (4) the different fiscal shocks trigger different effects on foreign inflation and the term of trade, which implies heterogeneous interest‐rate and trade channels, and (5) a more accommodative monetary policy and a scenario of ‘fiscal dominance’ alter greatly the effects of fiscal policy shocks.
Neural and non‐neural contributions to ankle spasticity in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Xu Dali , Wu Yi‐Ning , Gaebler‐Spira Deborah , Gao Fan , Clegg Nancy J , Delgado Mauricio R , Zhang Li‐Qun 
Published: March 2020

AimTo assess the neural and non‐neural contributions to spasticity in the impaired ankle of children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodInstrumented tapping of the Achilles tendon was done isometrically to minimize non‐neural contributions and elicit neural contributions. Robot‐controlled ankle stretching was done at various velocities, including slow stretching, with minimized neural contributions. Spasticity was assessed as having neural (phasic and tonic stretch reflex torque, tendon reflex gain, contraction rate, and half relaxation rate) and non‐neural origin (elastic stiffness and viscous damping) in 17 children with CP (six females and 11 males; mean age [SD] 10y 8mo [3y 11mo], range 4y–18y) and 17 typically developing children (six females and 11 males; mean age [SD] 12y 7mo [2y 9mo], range 7y–18y). All torques were normalized to weight×height.ResultsChildren with CP showed increased phasic and tonic stretch reflex torque (p=0.004 and p=0.001 respectively), tendon reflex gain (p=0.02), contraction rate (p=0.038), half relaxation rate (p=0.02), elastic stiffness (p=0.01), and viscous damping (p=0.01) compared to typically developing children.InterpretationControlled stretching and instrumented tendon tapping allow the systematic quantification of various neural and non‐neural changes in CP, which can be used to guide impairment‐specific treatment.What this paper adds

Ankle spasticity is associated with increased phasic and tonic stretch reflexes, tendon reflex gain, and contraction and half relaxation rates.

Ankle spasticity is also associated with increased elastic stiffness and viscous damping.
The ecology and evolution of wildlife cancers: Applications for management and conservation
Authors: Hamede Rodrigo , Owen Rachel , Siddle Hannah , Peck Sarah , Jones Menna , Dujon Antoine M. , Giraudeau Mathieu , Roche Benjamin , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEcological and evolutionary concepts have been widely adopted to understand host–pathogen dynamics, and more recently, integrated into wildlife disease management. Cancer is a ubiquitous disease that affects most metazoan species; however, the role of oncogenic phenomena in eco‐evolutionary processes and its implications for wildlife management and conservation remains undeveloped. Despite the pervasive nature of cancer across taxa, our ability to detect its occurrence, progression and prevalence in wildlife populations is constrained due to logistic and diagnostic limitations, which suggests that most cancers in the wild are unreported and understudied. Nevertheless, an increasing number of virus‐associated and directly transmissible cancers in terrestrial and aquatic environments have been detected. Furthermore, anthropogenic activities and sudden environmental changes are increasingly associated with cancer incidence in wildlife. This highlights the need to upscale surveillance efforts, collection of critical data and developing novel approaches for studying the emergence and evolution of cancers in the wild. Here, we discuss the relevance of malignant cells as important agents of selection and offer a holistic framework to understand the interplay of ecological, epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of cancer in wildlife. We use a directly transmissible cancer (devil facial tumour disease) as a model system to reveal the potential evolutionary dynamics and broader ecological effects of cancer epidemics in wildlife. We provide further examples of tumour–host interactions and trade‐offs that may lead to changes in life histories, and epidemiological and population dynamics. Within this framework, we explore immunological strategies at the individual level as well as transgenerational adaptations at the population level. Then, we highlight the need to integrate multiple disciplines to undertake comparative cancer research at the human–domestic–wildlife interface and their environments. Finally, we suggest strategies for screening cancer incidence in wildlife and discuss how to integrate ecological and evolutionary concepts in the management of current and future cancer epizootics.
Barriers and challenges for the fast treatment of bleeds in the non‐haemophilia treatment centre hospital setting
Authors: de Moerloose Philippe , Davis Joanna A. , Benchikh El Fegoun Soraya , Habis Richard , Klamroth Robert 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionEarly treatment for acute bleeds in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors is feasible when patients are managed in haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs). Patients may need to attend non‐HTCs for out‐of‐hours emergency care, especially if HTCs are not local and/or transport is difficult.AimWe evaluated the barriers to the fast treatment of bleeds in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors presenting at non‐HTCs.MethodsHealthcare professionals (HCPs) from non‐HTCs in the United States (n = 218) and Germany (n = 98) were selected from validated online panels and invited to participate in a survey (October‐November 2017).ResultsA mean of 6 (US) and 5 (German) patients with haemophilia and inhibitors were managed for bleeds by these HCPs over 12 months; patient characteristics were similar in both countries. The main HCPs involved in treating bleeds were emergency room specialists (94%) and haematologists (91%) (US); haematologists (79%) and anaesthesiologists (59%) (Germany). Only 26% (US) and 28% (Germany) of HCPs had access to treatment guidelines for these patients; access to bypassing agents was similarly limited: 44% (US) and 38% (Germany) of HCPs reported their institution did not stock these agents. In both countries, key reasons for delaying treatment were lack of bypassing agent availability, HCP experience/education of bleed disorders and internal process time.ConclusionBarriers to fast treatment of bleeds in patients with haemophilia and inhibitors were identified in non‐HTCs in the United States and Germany. These could be reduced by improving the availability of treatment guidelines, bypassing agents and HCP education/training.
Inhibition of PHLPP1 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction via activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in diabetic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhang Mingjun , Wang Xuyang , Liu Ming , Liu Dian , Pan Jinyu , Tian Jingjing , Jin Tao , Xu Yunfan , An Fengshuang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundPleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine‐rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) is a kind of serine/threonine phosphatase, whose dysregulation is accompanied with numerous human diseases. However, its role in diabetic cardiomyopathy remains unclear. We explored the underlying function and mechanism of PHLPP1 in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM).MethodIn vivo, Type 1 diabetic rats were induced by intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Lentivirus‐mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of PHLPP1. In vitro, primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and H9C2 cells were incubated in 5.5 mmol/L glucose (normal glucose, NG) or 33.3 mmol/L glucose (high glucose, HG). PHLPP1 expression was inhibited by PHLPP1‐siRNA to probe into the function of PHLPP1 in high glucose‐induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells.ResultsDiabetic rats showed up‐regulated PHLPP1 expression, left ventricular dysfunction, increased myocardial apoptosis and fibrosis. PHLPP1 inhibition alleviated cardiac dysfunction. Additionally, PHLPP1 inhibition significantly reduced HG‐induced apoptosis and restored PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activity in H9c2 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, abolished the anti‐apoptotic effect of PHLPP1 inhibition.ConclusionOur study indicated that PHLPP1 inhibition alleviated cardiac dysfunction via activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway in DCM. Therefore, PHLPP1 may be a novel therapeutic target for human DCM.
Molecular insights into post‐mating immune response in a fish with internal fertilization
Authors: Pauletto Marianna , Cattelan Silvia , Pilastro Andrea , Babbucci Massimiliano , Bargelloni Luca , Gasparini Clelia 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe tight connection between immunity and reproduction has been studied for decades. However, basic knowledge at the molecular level of the effect of mating on immune function is still lacking in many taxa. Determining whether and how the immune system is engaged after mating is a crucial step in understanding post‐mating mechanisms of reproduction and sexual selection. Here, we study the transcriptional changes in immunity‐related genes caused by the ejaculate in the female reproductive tract using a model species for sexual selection studies, the guppy Poecilia reticulata. To study changes triggered by the ejaculate only, rather than caused by mating, we used artificial inseminations to transfer ejaculate into females. We then compared gene expression in the reproductive tract (gonoduct and ovary) of females artificially inseminated either with ejaculate or with a control solution, after 1 hr and after 6 hr. Overall, contact with ejaculate caused short‐term changes in the expression of immune‐related genes in the female reproductive tract, with a complex pattern of up‐ and down‐regulation of immune‐related pathways, but with clear indication of a marked down‐regulation of the immune system shortly after ejaculate contact. This suggests a link between immune function and processes occurring between mating and fertilization in this species.
Clinical practice guidelines for monitoring children's behavioural development at the 18‐month well‐baby visit: A decision analysis comparing the expected benefit of two alternative strategies
Authors: Baillargeon Raymond H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe current American Academy of Pediatrics policy calls for universal developmental screening (UDS) at the 18‐month well‐baby visit (18MWBV). In contrast, different clinical practice guidelines exist in other developed countries where only toddlers of concerned parents are referred for (selective) developmental screening (SDS). This study compares the expected benefit (EB) of these two strategies for monitoring children's behavioural development at the 18MWBV.MethodA clinical decision analysis was performed, with EB defined as gain (probability of screening when appropriate + probability of not screening when appropriate) minus cost (probability of screening when not appropriate + probability of not screening when not appropriate). Accordingly, a strategy's EB referred to its efficiency at distinguishing between toddlers who need to be referred for screening and those who do not.ResultsThe EB of the UDS strategy was estimated at −0.242. In contrast, the EB of the SDS strategy was much greater at 0.326. In fact, the EB of the UDS strategy could only equal or surpass that of the SDS strategy if screening toddlers with a problem was considered almost five times more important than not screening well toddlers. However, our monitoring effort should be more evenly distributed between these two imperatives. Also, the evidence in favour of the SDS strategy remained largely unchanged after considering a broad range of values for the (unique) probabilities in the decision tree.ConclusionThere are many steps involved in the monitoring of children's early behavioural development, but when it comes to decide whether or not to use behavioural screening, there is evidence for adopting the SDS strategy, and screening only if a behavioural concern is being raised by parents.
Chinese and South Korean Families' Conceptualizations of a Fair Household Labor Distribution
Authors: Midgette Allegra J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe present study set out to investigate how Chinese and South Korean families conceptualize fairness and a fair division of household labor.BackgroundPrevious cross‐cultural research has found that a good portion of women and men find the gendered division of household labor fair. In response, scholars have attempted to discover what factors lead to a greater likelihood of reporting a gendered division fair. However, the majority of the scholarship on fairness perceptions has been limited to survey methods, in which fairness is not defined, and the individual's reasons for their fairness perception is not investigated.MethodThis study employed thematic analysis of in‐depth interviews with the members of 12 Chinese (N = 39) and 12 Korean (N = 40) families.ResultsNo participation in household labor was considered across families to be unfair. On the other hand, the majority of participants justified an unequal division to be fair based on gendered applications of differences in time‐availability and levels of tiredness, in which the amount of housework that each member should do was left unspecified.ConclusionMany adult participants believed that fairness should not apply to the family context. Instead, most participants argued that household labor should be divided based on emotional satisfaction, maintained through mechanisms of understanding and agreement.ImplicationsFuture studies on fairness perceptions should clearly define what they mean by “fairness,” and the gendering of gender‐neutral appearing justifications such as time availability should be further investigated.
Maternal anxiety and diet quality among mothers and toddlers from low‐income households
Authors: Trude Angela C. B. , Black Maureen M. , Surkan Pamela J. , Hurley Kristen M. , Wang Yan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe evaluated the association between maternal anxiety score and diet quality over time among mothers and toddlers in low‐income families. Longitudinal data were collected from 267 mother–toddler dyads in an obesity prevention trial. Participants were recruited from the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and paediatric clinics between 2007 and 2010. Dyads were assessed at study enrolment (Time 1), 6‐month (Time 2), and 12‐month follow‐up (Time 3). On the basis of a 1‐day 24‐hr dietary recall, we estimated maternal and toddler diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index 2015. Anxiety, a time‐varying variable, was assessed via the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory. Associations between maternal anxiety score and maternal and toddler diet quality over time were assessed in adjusted mixed models. Maternal and toddler diet quality were positively correlated (r = .48, p < .001). Higher maternal anxiety scores were related to lower toddler Healthy Eating Index scores (b = −0.51, 95% confidence interval, CI [−0.87, −0.15]) with no significant variation over time. The relation between maternal diet quality and anxiety score varied over time (b = 0.28, p = .03, for time–anxiety interaction). Higher maternal anxiety scores were associated with lower maternal diet quality at Time 1 (b = −0.71, 95% CI [−1.09, 0.34]) and at Time 2 (b = −0.51, 95% CI [−0.97, −0.05]), but not at Time 3 (b = −0.14, 95% CI [−0.54, 0.26]). Findings suggest that mothers and toddlers exhibited similar low‐quality dietary patterns and that lower diet quality was associated with higher maternal anxiety scores. Approaches to enhance diet quality may consider incorporating anxiety‐reducing strategies into maternal and toddler care and feeding behaviour guidelines.
Relative Managerial Networking and Performance: The Moderating Role of Environmental Context
Authors: Rho Eunju , Han Sumin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article examines how a dynamic view of managerial networking contributes to the cumulative knowledge of the study of managerial networking in the public sector. The current study contributes to our understanding of the relative influences of past and current networking relationships on current program performance by (1) exploring the nonlinear effects of relative levels of networking on performance and (2) investigating how relative networking influences may interact with organizational conditions characterized by different aspects of institutional and task environments. Employing a panel data set of U.S. local school districts from 1999 to 2015, the research finds that organizational performance improves at an increasing rate as the relative level of managerial networking increases and that the advantages of relative networking are leveraged more effectively when the organization meets its institutional requirements and when the environment is less complex, highly munificent, and highly turbulent.
Accommodation and sediment‐supply controls on clastic parasequences: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Colombera Luca , Mountney Nigel P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study combines data from many published case studies to undertake a quantitative characterization of clastic parasequences, with the aim to determine how accommodation, sediment supply and autogenic sediment‐storage dynamics are recorded in their sedimentary architecture and stacking patterns. Results of this study are used to critically evaluate the validity of paradigms and models that are routinely used to explain and predict trends in the anatomy and arrangement of parasequences. Data on 957 parasequences from 62 case studies of clastic, shallow‐water successions were coded in a relational database, which includes outcrop and subsurface datasets of ancient and Quaternary examples. These units cover the preserved records of both river‐dominated deltas and wave‐dominated coasts, representing shoreline transits over a breadth of timescales, likely of both local and regional extent. The role of extant accommodation, rates of creation of accommodation and rates of sediment supply in determining parasequence architecture is assessed through analysis of relationships between: (i) proxies of these variables at different scales (rates of aggradation and progradation, facies‐belt shoreline trajectories, systems‐tract type, parasequence‐set stacking patterns, parasequence progradation angle and stratigraphic rise, size of feeder rivers); and (ii) parameters that describe the geometry and stacking style of parasequences, and associated shallow‐water sand bodies. Statistical analyses of database outputs indicate which proxies of accommodation, sediment supply and accommodation/sediment‐supply ratio are significant as predictors of parasequence architecture, and allow for interpretations of the importance of allogenic and autogenic factors. The principal results of this study reveal the following: (i) parasequence thickness varies as a function of water depth, accommodation generation and erosional truncation, and these variations are also reflected across types of systems tracts and parasequence sets; (ii) the dip length of parasequence sand bodies demonstrates scaling with measures of accommodation/sediment‐supply ratio at multiple scales, partly in relation to the possible effect of sediment supply on progradation rates; (iii) in systems tracts, stratigraphic trends in parasequence stacking due to autogenic mechanisms or to acceleration or deceleration in relative sea‐level fluctuations are not revealed quantitatively; (iv) some association is seen between the abundance of deltaic or river‐dominated parasequences and progradational stacking; (v) positive but modest correlation is observed between measures of river‐system size and the dip length of shallow‐marine parasequence sand bodies. The resulting insights can be applied to guide sequence stratigraphic interpretations of the rock record and the characterization of sub‐seismic stratigraphic architectures of subsurface successions.