bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culturally learned first impressions occur rapidly and automatically and emerge early in development
Authors: Eggleston Adam , Flavell Jonathan C. , Tipper Steven P. , Cook Richard , Over Harriet 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrevious research indicates that first impressions from faces are the products of automatic and rapid processing and emerge early in development. These features have been taken as evidence that first impressions have a phylogenetic origin. We examine whether first impressions acquired through learning can also possess these features. First, we confirm that adults rate a person as more intelligent when they are wearing glasses (Study 1). Next, we show this inference persists when participants are instructed to ignore the glasses (Study 2) and when viewing time is restricted to 100 ms (Study 3). Finally, we show that 6‐year‐old, but not 4‐year‐old, children perceive individuals wearing glasses to be more intelligent, indicating that the effect is seen relatively early in development (Study 4). These data indicate that automaticity, rapid access and early emergence are not evidence that first impressions have an innate origin. Rather, these features are equally compatible with a learning model.
Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the Microbiome and Insulin Longitudinal Evaluation Study (MILES)
Authors: Jensen Elizabeth T. , Bertoni Alain G. , Crago Osa L. , Hoffman Kristi L. , Wood Alexis C. , Arzumanyan Zorayr , Lam Lok‐Sze Kelvin , Roll Kathryn , Sandow Kevin , Wu Martin , Rich Stephen S. , Rotter Jerome I. , Chen Yii‐Der I. , Petrosino Joseph F. , Goodarzi Mark O. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo investigate the role of the gut microbiome in regulating key insulin homeostasis traits (insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and insulin clearance) whose dysfunction leads to type 2 diabetes (T2D).Materials and MethodsThe Microbiome and Insulin Longitudinal Evaluation Study (MILES) focuses on African American and non‐Hispanic white participants aged 40‐80 years without diabetes. Three study visits are planned (at baseline, 15 and 30 months). Baseline measurements include assessment of the stool microbiome and administration of an oral glucose tolerance test, which will yield indexes of insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion and insulin clearance. The gut microbiome profile (composition and function) will be determined using whole metagenome shotgun sequencing along with analyses of plasma short chain fatty acids. Additional data collected include dietary history, sociodemographic factors, health habits, anthropometry, medical history, medications and family history. Most assessments are repeated 15 and 30 months following baseline.ResultsAfter screening 875 individuals, 129 African American and 224 non‐Hispanic white participants were enrolled. At baseline, African American participants have higher blood pressure, weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumferences but similar waist‐hip ratio compared with the non‐Hispanic white participants. On average, African American participants are less insulin‐sensitive and have higher acute insulin secretion and lower insulin clearance.ConclusionsThe longitudinal design and robust characterization of potential mediators will allow for the assessment of glucose and insulin homeostasis and gut microbiota as they change over time, improving our ability to discern causal relationships between the microbiome and the insulin homeostasis traits whose deterioration determines T2D, setting the stage for future microbiome‐directed therapies to prevent and treat T2D.
Generating Performance‐Level Descriptors under a Principled Assessment Design Paradigm: An Example for Assessments under the Next‐Generation Science Standards
Authors: Luecht Richard M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe educational testing landscape is changing in many significant ways as evidence‐based, principled assessment design (PAD) approaches are formally adopted. This article discusses the challenges and presents some score scale‐ and task‐focused strategies for developing useful performance‐level descriptors (PLDs) under a PAD approach. Details of the strategies are illustrated using an example based on the Next‐Generation Science Standards (NGSS).
Working with Atypical Samples
Authors: Cui Zhongmin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThanks to COVID‐19, schools were closed and tests were canceled. The result is that we may not see test‐taking data typically seen before. For some analyses, sample sizes may not meet the minimum requirement. For others, the sample of test‐takers may be different from previous years. In some situation, there may be no data at all. What do we do in these and other similar situations? Several ideas are presented in this article. Directions are suggested for not only dealing with challenges like this but also preparing for them.
Responsible antimicrobial use in critically ill adult horses
Authors: Dunkel B. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryDue to increasing antimicrobial resistance, pressure on veterinarians is mounting to adhere to responsible use of antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobials are frequently included in the treatment of systemically ill horses due to the strong likelihood of an infection and the innate difficulties in differentiating systemic inflammation secondary to noninfectious from infectious causes. In light of increasing antimicrobial drug resistance and the potential negative impact of antimicrobials on equine patients, every attempt should be made to identify noninfectious disease, choose first‐line antimicrobials and discontinue treatment as soon as possible. In most cases, a short duration of antimicrobial therapy ranging from a single dose (e.g. preoperatively) to 24–72 h might be sufficient with long‐term treatment being rarely required. This article aims to provide practical guidelines for antimicrobial drug usage in critically ill adult horses by describing ancillary diagnostic aids that can help establishing whether or not an infection is present, discussing commonly encountered pathogens and their typical antimicrobial drug sensitivity patterns, and providing some guidance how to safely shorten the duration of antimicrobial therapy.
Assessing the sublethal impacts of anthropogenic stressors on fish: An energy‐budget approach
Authors: W. Watson Joseph , Hyder Kieran , Boyd Robin , Thorpe Robert , Weltersbach Marc Simon , Ferter Keno , Cooke Steven J. , Roy Shovonlal , M. Sibly Richard 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFish are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic stressors from human developments and activities such as agriculture, urbanization, pollution and fishing. Lethal impacts of these stressors have been studied but the potential sublethal impacts, such as behavioural changes or reduced growth and reproduction, have often been overlooked. Unlike mortality, sublethal impacts are broad and difficult to quantify experimentally. As a result, sublethal impacts are often ignored in regulatory frameworks and management decisions. Building on established fish bioenergetic models, we present a general method for using the population consequences of disturbance framework to investigate how stressors influence ecologically relevant life processes of fish. We partition impact into the initial energetic cost of attempts to escape from the stressor, followed by the energetic impacts of any injury or behavioural change, and their consequent effects on life processes. As a case study, we assess the sublethal effects of catch and release angling for the European sea bass (Dicentrachus labrax, Moronidae), a popular target species for recreational fishers. The energy budget model described is not intended to replace existing experimental approaches but does provide a simple way to account for sublethal impacts in assessment of the impact of recreational fisheries and aid development of robust management approaches. There is potential to apply our energy budget approach to investigate a broad range of stressors and cumulative impacts for many fish species while also using individual‐based models to estimate population‐level impacts.
Annual and non‐annual fish assemblages respond differently to environmental and spatiotemporal variations of temporary wetlands from southern Brazil
Authors: Volcan Matheus Vieira , Guadagnin Demetrio Luis 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

The fish community of temporary wetlands is highly dynamic due to the marked seasonal changes in hydrological and limnological conditions. In this study, we evaluated spatiotemporal variation in the fish community and the influence of environmental factors on this variation in temporary wetlands in southern Brazil.

Two different life cycles—annual and non‐annual fishes—were recorded among species. Variation in the fish community appeared to be associated with differences in the life history strategy of species. While species of annual fish were present throughout the hydroperiod, gradually decreasing in density over time, non‐annual fish species had an opposite pattern, with higher densities in the final phase of the hydrological cycle.

Variations in the composition and abundance of fish community in temporary wetlands were related to habitat and landscape attributes (area, number of microhabitats and isolation between temporary wetlands) and climate indicators of water availability (air temperature, average rainfall, and water level of the São Gonçalo channel), but not to water conditions (dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity and water temperature).

We concluded that the ichthyofauna of temporary wetlands are composed both of rare species, highly specialised for life within these ephemeral environments, and widespread generalist species that reach the wetlands opportunistically for short periods. Habitat and landscape attributes and changes in climate and hydrological variables over the hydroperiod are the factors that had the greatest influence on spatiotemporal variation of the fish community.

Maintaining physical characteristics and the hydrological cycle of temporary wetlands is critical for the conservation of fish species inhabiting these vulnerable environments in southern Brazil. Habitat and landscape attributes and climate and hydrology fluctuations affect the annual and non‐annual fishes inhabiting temporary wetlands differently.
Lack of association between Helicobacter pylori infection and childhood overweight/obesity
Authors: Pundak Oryan Y. , Topf Olivestone Chani , Hofi Lilach , Kori Michal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe reduction in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in developed countries coincides with the increasing incidence of obesity and might be a contributing factor to the obesity epidemic. We aimed to evaluate the association between H. pylori infection and childhood overweight/ obesity in Israeli children.Material and MethodsPatients diagnosed with H. pylori infection by endoscopy, histology, and a positive culture, between January 2013 and August 2018, were identified and compared with H. pylori‐negative children, of the same age and gender, undergoing endoscopy for the same indications during the same time period. Data collected included the following: age, gender, height, weight, BMI, BMI percentile, and the indication for endoscopy. Patients with missing anthropometric data or having a disease affecting growth were excluded.ResultsWe included 146 H. pylori‐positive children and 146 age‐ and gender‐matched H. pylori‐negative patients. 63.7% (186/292) were female, mean age 13.1 ± 3.7. Overweight (BMI between the 85th‐95th percentile) and obesity (BMI > 95th percentile) were present in 56/292 (19.2%). Among the H. pylori‐positive children, 11.6% were overweight, 7.5% obese, among the H. pylori‐negative children, 10.3% were overweight, 8.9% obese, demonstrating no differences between the groups. The main indication for endoscopy was abdominal/ epigastric pain in 79.8% (233/292). The percent of children with a BMI ≥ 85% did not differ by gender age or the indication for endoscopy.ConclusionsNo association between H. pylori infection and childhood overweight/ obesity was demonstrated. This is in contrasts with previous pediatric studies demonstrating an inverse correlation.
Intensive care needs and long‐term outcome of pediatric toxic epidermal necrolysis – A 10‐year experience
Authors: Williams Vijai , Reddy Mounika , Bansal Arun , Baranwal Arun K. , Nallasamy Karthi , Angurana Suresh K. , Handa Sanjeev , Ram Jagat , Jayashree Muralidharan , Singhi Sunit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundToxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a life‐threatening severe cutaneous adverse reaction. Data on pediatric TEN is limited.MethodsCase records of 44 children, 1 month–12 years with a diagnosis of TEN (>30% body surface area [%BSA] detachment) admitted to a tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between 2009 and 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes were organ dysfunction, length of stay (LOS), and long‐term sequelae.ResultsMedian (IQR) age was 6.5 (3.6, 8.0) years, and 25 (57%) were boys. Median (IQR) %BSA involved, SCORTEN score, and PRISM‐III were 65% (45, 80); 2 (2, 3) and 13 (10, 16), respectively. Antiepileptics (n = 24, 54.6%) and antimicrobials (n = 8, 18.2%) were the most common offending agents. Twenty‐four (54.5%) children had culture positive sepsis. Immunomodulatory therapy was provided in 35 (79.5%) and conservative management in nine (20.5%) children. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) was given in 22 (50%), steroids in three (6.8%), and both IVIG and steroids in 10 (22.7%) children. Respiratory failure (n = 14, 31.8%) was the commonest organ failure. Mortality was 15.9% (n = 7), and median (IQR) PICU‐LOS in survivors was 8 (4, 11.75) days. There was no association between IVIG, steroids, or conservative management with mortality or LOS. Ocular sequelae (n = 20, 54.1%) were the most common long‐term complication followed by skin (18, 40.1%).ConclusionImmunomodulation with IVIG or steroids was not associated with any mortality benefit as compared to conservative management alone. Further research is required to determine the most effective treatment in pediatric TEN.
Summary and evidence grading of over‐the‐counter scar treatments
Authors: Grigoryan Konstantin V. , Kampp Jeremy T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany products claiming to improve scar appearance are readily available on the Internet. Data behind these claims are often difficult to find or summarize. Patients often ask their surgeon for advice for scarring postdermatologic surgery.ObjectiveWe aim to review the evidence behind several advertised products and techniques that claim to improve postsurgical scarring.MethodsA PubMed search was performed using products and methods claiming to improve scar appearance along with the terms “scar” and “scarring”.ResultsPublished literature on scar massage, taping of scars, silicone gel and sheeting, onion‐based extract products, and vitamin E was reviewed. Silicone gel/sheeting as well as taping have the most evidence to help improve scarring, but even then the evidence is conflicting and weak.ConclusionOnline advertising may tempt patients to buy and trial products to help minimize scarring, although the evidence for the effectiveness of these products is absent to minimal. Dermatologists must be aware of these products to maintain effective patient counseling.
Factors related to nursing performance in South Korean intensive care units
Authors: Cha Chiyoung , Sung Choa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThe purpose of this study was to investigate potential factors that influence nursing performance in South Korean intensive care units (ICUs).BackgroundAs nursing performance is directly related to patient outcomes in the ICU setting, identifying factors related to nursing performance at various levels could contribute to improving those outcomes.MethodA cross‐sectional descriptive design was employed with a convenience sample of 177 nurses having worked at least 6 months in an ICU. Data were collected from 2 to 16 March 2018.ResultsWorkplace incivility from supervisors and patients and their families was negatively related to nursing performance, whereas a relation‐oriented culture and task‐oriented culture were positively related to nursing performance. The factors that predicted nursing performance were nurse age and a task‐oriented culture.ConclusionBased on study findings, hospitals should focus on mitigating workplace incivility to help improve the nursing performance. Also, hospitals should develop strategies to assess organizational culture and foster relation‐ and task‐oriented culture to maximize nursing performance.
Fixed‐dose three‐factor prothrombin complex concentrates is safe and effective in warfarin reversal
Authors: Marshall Kirsty , Merriman Eileen , Hanna Merit , Chan Henry 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundReversal of warfarin with prothrombin complex concentrates (PCC) is required in cases of significant bleeding or need for urgent surgery. A weight‐based regimen is commonly, but a fixed‐dose approach is also feasible with clinically equivalent outcomes. The purpose of this audit is to review the clinical and laboratory outcomes of patients treated in our centre where fixed‐dose PCC is used for warfarin reversal.AimsThe primary objective was to evaluate the post‐reversal international normalised ratio (INR). The secondary objectives were the proportion of patients requiring repeat PCC and 30‐day complication rates (death, haemorrhage and thrombosis). A subgroup analysis was also performed to compare the outcomes of those who received a dose of ≤15 IU/kg (reduced dose) with those who received >15 IU/kg (standard dose).MethodsPatients who received three‐factor PCC for warfarin reversal between 1 January and 31 December 2016 were identified and analysed. Clinical data and PCC dosages were extracted from electronic patient records.ResultsA total of 144 patients were analysed. The median INR pre‐reversal was 3.25 (range 1.4–10), which reduced to 1.5 (0.9–3.0) post‐reversal. Eighty‐seven percent of patients achieved a post‐reversal INR of less than 2 and 55% less than 1.5. Sixteen patients required a repeat dose. Complications occurred in 22 (15.3%) patients, which consisted of 15 deaths, 7 thrombosis and 2 haemorrhage. No statistically significant differences in the primary and secondary outcomes were noted between reduced‐dose and standard‐dose subgroups.ConclusionOur results support the use of fixed‐dose PCC for warfarin reversal in a day‐to‐day clinical practice in a hospital setting.
Nurses’ health beliefs about paper face masks in Japan, Australia and China: a qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Omura M. , Stone T.E. , Petrini M.A. , Cao R. 
Published: July 2020

AimTo explore the health beliefs of clinical and academic nurses from Japan, Australia and China regarding wearing paper masks to protect themselves and others, and to identify differences in participants' health beliefs regarding masks.BackgroundThe correct use of face masks and consensus among health professionals across the globe is essential for containing pandemics, and nurses need to act according to policy to protect themselves, educate the public and preserve resources for frontline health workers. Paper masks are worn by health professionals and the general public to avoid the transmission of respiratory infections, such as COVID‐19, but there appear to be differences in health beliefs of nurses within and between countries regarding these.MethodsThis qualitative descriptive study used content analysis with a framework approach.FindingsThere were major differences in nurse participants’ beliefs between and within countries, including how nurses use paper masks and their understanding of their efficacy. In addition, there were cultural differences in the way that nurses use masks in their daily lives and nursing practice contexts.ConclusionNurses from different working environments, countries and areas of practice hold a variety of health beliefs about mask wearing at the personal and professional level.Implications for nursing policy and health policyThe COVID‐19 pandemic has sparked much discussion about the critical importance of masks for the safety of health professionals, and there has been considerable discussion and disagreement about health policies regarding mask use by the general public. Improper use of masks may have a role in creating mask shortages or transmitting infections. An evidence‐based global policy on mask use for respiratory illnesses for health professionals, including nurses, and the general public needs to be adopted and supported by a wide‐reaching education campaign.
Helicobacter pylori infection and the prevalence of hypertension in Chinese adults: The Dongfeng‐Tongji cohort
Authors: Xiong Xuelian , Chen Jun , He Meian , Wu Tangchun , Yang Handong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough many studies explored the association between helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection and hypertension, there is no consensus. This study is to investigate the association between H pylori infection and the prevalence of hypertension among a middle‐ and old‐age Chinese population. A cross‐sectional study including 17,100 participants from the Dongfeng‐Tongji cohort study was performed. All participants underwent a 14C‐urea breath test and a routine health check‐up. Logistics and linear regression with multivariable adjustment were used to quest the association between H pylori infection and hypertension. The individuals with H pylori infection had a higher prevalence of hypertension (57.5% vs 55.1%, P = .002), and infection rate of H pylori in patients with hypertension is higher than that in non‐hypertensive individuals (48.8% vs 46.4%, P = .002). After adjustment for potential confounders, H pylori infection increased the prevalence of hypertension (odds ratio, 1.117, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.029‐1.213, P = .008). Moreover, compared with participants without H pylori infection, individuals infected had an increase of 0.905 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.025‐1.785, P = .044) for diastolic blood pressure. However, there was no interaction between H pylori infection and traditional risk factors on hypertension. These findings suggested that H pylori infection was positively associated with the prevalence of hypertension.