bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activity of Steinernema colombiense in plant-based oils
Authors: Castruita-Esparza Gabriela , Bueno-Pallero Francisco Ángel , Blanco-Pérez Rubén , Dionísio Lídia , Aquino-Bolaños Teodulfo , Campos-Herrera Raquel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are excellent biological control agents. Although traditionally EPN application targeted belowground insects, their aboveground use can be supported if combined with adjuvants. We hypothesized that EPN infective juveniles (IJs) could be combined with plant-based oils as adjuvants, without decreasing their efficacy against insect larvae under various scenarios. Specifically, our objectives were to evaluate the activity of Steinernema colombiense (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) when mixed with two plant-based oils (coconut and olive oils) and maintained at different temperatures and times, or combined with entomopathogenic fungi. First, we evaluated how these oils affected IJ survival and virulence against last instar Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae when maintained at five different temperatures (4, 8, 14, 20, and 24°C) and five incubation times (1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days), using water as control treatment. Second, we evaluated virulence when combined with these two oils as well as with water (control) and combined with the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF), Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Infective juvenile survival was higher in coconut than olive oil and water mixtures up to 7 days at 4°C. Conversely, olive oil supported higher larval mortality than coconut oil at 4 to 20°C and 14 days. Similarly, the number of days needed to kill insect larvae increased at extreme temperatures (4 and 24°C) after 14 days. Finally, the EPN + EPF combination showed an additive effect compared to EPN and EPF single treatments. Our findings indicate that our plant-based oil mixtures maintain viable IJs at moderate temperatures and up to 7 to 14 days, and can be used in single EPN mixtures or combined with EPF.
Effect of seed-applied fluopyram on Meloidogyne incognita infection and maturity in cotton and soybean
Authors: Hawk Tracy , Faske Travis R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fluopyram is being used to manage plant-parasitic nematodes in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and soybean (Glycine max), but the duration and depth of root protection from Meloidogyne incognita by seed-applied fluopyram is unknown. Both M. incognita susceptible cotton, Stoneville ‘ST 4848 GLT’, and soybean, Delta Grow ‘DG 4880 GLY’, cultivars were treated with fluopyram or abamectin and inoculated with second-stage juveniles in two greenhouse studies. Root penetration by M. incognita was suppressed from 7 to 21 d after planting by seed-applied fluopyram in soybean, while a similar trend in suppression was observed in cotton. Fewer nematodes per root system by fluopyram contributed to a reduction in root gall counts and nematode reproduction at 28 and 35 d after planting in both crops. Based on nematode developmental stages from 7 to 21 d after planting, fluopyram had no effect on nematode maturity. Root penetration by M. incognita was suppressed at 7 d after planting by fluopyram at a depth up to 5.0 cm in cotton and 2.5 cm in soybean. These results were similar to that of abamectin-treated seed. Seed-applied fluopyram and abamectin were most effective at suppressing nematode root entry rather than nematode maturity in cotton and soybean.
Assessing biocidal activity of agents used in chemical-thermal decontamination of hospital textiles in the light of new European Standard PN-EN 16616: 2015-10. Chemical-thermal decontamination of textiles
Authors: Tarka Patryk , Chojecka Agnieszka , Paduch Olga , Nitsch-Osuch Aneta , Kanecki Krzysztof 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Appropriate decontamination of hospital textiles depends heavily on specifically defined proceedings for handling decontaminated hospital textiles (collection, segregation, packing, transportation) and appropriate disinfection in the laundry process. It is becoming increasingly common to disinfect hospital textiles in a chemical-thermal process. Disinfectants used in this process should be applied according to functional parameters defined in validated and repeatable test methods. Changes in assessing the activity of agents used in chemical-thermal disinfection of hospital textiles refer primarily to the standardization of testing methods for these agents. PN-EN 16616 Standard which regards chemical-thermal disinfection of textiles clearly regulates the rules of assessing the effectiveness of agents used in the disinfection of hospital textiles and defines a possible scope of their biocidal activity (bactericidal, tuberculocidal and fungicidal activity). It is assumed that further assessment of the activity of sporicidal agents will be developed in the future.
1. Introduction. 2. Categorisation of hospital textiles and required scope of decontamination. 3. Chemical-thermal disinfection in the laundry process. 4. Chemical-thermal disinfection of hospital textiles in the laundry process – agents. 5. European Standard PN-EN 16616: 2015-10. Chemical Disinfectants And Antiseptics – Chemical-Thermal Textile Disinfection – Test Method And Requirements (phase 2, step 2). 6. Assessing sporicidal activity of disinfectants in the process of chemical-thermal disinfection – perspectives. 7. Assessing virucidal activity of disinfectants in the process of chemical-thermal disinfection – perspectives. 8. Conclusions
1. Wprowadzenie. 2. Kategoriebieliznyszpitalnej i wymaganyzakresdekontaminacji. 3. Proceschemiczno-termicznejdezynfekcji w procesieprania. 4. Dezynfekcjachemiczno-termicznabielizny w procesieprania–preparaty. 5. Norma Europejska PN-EN 16616: 2015-10. Chemiczneśrodki dezynfekcyjne i antyseptyczne. Dezynfekcjachemiczno-termicznatekstyliów. Metodabadania i wymagania (faza 2, etap 2). 6. Metodyocenyaktywności sporobójczej preparatów dezynfekcyjnych w procesiedezynfekcjichemiczno-termicznej–perspektywy. 7. Metodyocenyaktywności wirusobójczej preparatów dezynfekcyjnych w procesiedezynfekcjichemiczno-termicznej–perspektywy. 8. Podsumowanie
Microflora and parasitofauna of alien and invasive turtle species
Authors: Goławska Olga , Demkowska-Kutrzepa Marta , Borzym Ewa , Różański Paweł , Zając Magdalena , Rzeżutka Artur , Wasyl Dariusz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Invasiveness of alien turtles results from their impact on the functioning of the local ecosystem. It is due to predation on or competing with resident species, but also transfer of new and unknown pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi. Salmonella is the most often reported microorganism, both in free-living and captive turtles. Zoonotic aspect of Salmonella spp. carriage has led to the definition of RAS (Reptile Associated Salmonellosis) acquired from domestic pet reptiles. Mycobacterium spp., Leptospira spp. and aquatic bacteria are also found in turtles. Additionally, nematode transmissions from invasive turtles to the autochthonic ones have been described. Alien turtles were less affected by parasitic invasion than animals living in a native location, but the infestation of alien parasites in native turtle species was usually more severe. Reports on viral or fungal infections in turtles are scarce. The identified knowledge gaps justify the need for research which will provide basic and systematic data on microbial threats related to alien and invasive turtles present in the natural environment of Poland. It will also give more insight in the scope and the impact of the problem on epidemiology and public health.
1. Introduction. 2. Invasive turtle species. 3. Bacteria. 3.1. Salmonella spp. 3.1.1. Reptile Associated Salmonellosis (RAS). 3.2. Mycobacteria. 3.3. Other bacteria. 4. Parasitofauna of turtles. 4.1. Invasive turtles as a source of helminth invasion of European pond turtle. 4.2. Occurrence and invasiveness of alien parasites in native and alien turtles. 5. Viral infections. 6. Mycotic infection. 7. Conclusions
1. Wstęp. 2. Inwazyjne gatunki żółwi. 3. Bakterie. 3.1. Salmonella spp. 3.1.1. Reptile Associated Salmonellosis (RAS). 3.2. Prątki. 3.3. Inne bakterie. 4. Parazytofauna żółwi. 4.1. Żółwie inwazyjne źródłem zarażenia helmintami żółwia błotnego. 4.2. Występowanie i patogenność obcych pasożytów u natywnych i obcych gatunków żółwi. 5. Infekcje wirusowe. 6. Infekcje grzybicze. 7. Podsumowanie
Bacterial metallothioneins
Authors: Mierek-Adamska Agnieszka , Tylman-Mojżeszek Wioleta , Znajewska Zuzanna , Dąbrowska Grażyna B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heavy metals are found in all living organisms where, as indispensable microelements (e.g. zinc, iron, copper), are involved in endless metabolic processes. However, living organisms are also at a risk of exposure to highly toxic metals, including cadmium or lead, which do not play any physiological role. Among multiple mechanisms associated with the maintenance of micronutrient homeostasis and detoxification of unwanted metals, there is a family of low-molecular-weight, cysteine-rich proteins, able to chelate multiple metal ions i.e. the metallothioneins (MTs). They are widely distributed among Eucaryota, however, they have also been found in some limited Procaryota, including cyanobacteria, pseudomonads and mycobacteria. These bacterial MTs differ in terms of primary structure, the number and type of metal ions they bind, as well as with regard to their physiological functions. The expression of bacterial MTs is regulated by metals via metalosensors. MTs from cyanobacteria seem to be involved in zinc homeostasis, while in Pseudomonas they are linked to cadmium detoxification. In Mycobacterium, MTs bind copper ions and may play a pivotal role in the virulence of these bacteria. The presence of MTs in other groups of bacteria remains questionable. Problems with identification of new bacterial MTs are mainly associated with low level of homology between MT amino acid sequences of different bacterial groups. Further research is needed to evaluate the physiological functions of metallothioneins in Procaryota.
1. Introduction. 2. The history of discoveries of bacterial metallothioneins. 3. Structure and metal-binding properties of bacterial MTs. 4. Functions of bacterial metallothioneins. 5. Regulation of metallothionein gene expression. 6. Presence of metallothioneins in bacteria. 7. Summary
1. Wstęp. 2. Historia odkryć metalotionein u bakterii. 3. Budowa i sposób wiązania jonów metali ciężkich przez bakteryjne MT. 4. Funkcje metalotionein bakteryjnych. 5. Regulacja ekspresji bakteryjnych metalotionein. 6. Obecność metalotionein u bakterii. 7. Podsumowanie
Candida auris– emerging fungal pathogen
Authors: Grondalska Dominika , Kmieciak Wioletta 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In recent years, the incoming information about the emergence of new superbacteria and superviruses has been causing growing anxiety. However, also fungi are with increasing frequency reported as the sources of intercontinental microbiological hazards. According to the latest reports, quickly spreading, multidrug-resistant and difficult to identify yeast Candida auris may soon become the center of attention for clinicians, laboratory diagnosticians and the groups of advisers on the hospital-acquired infections, also in Poland. Unfortunately, the methods employed in routine microbiological diagnostics in the Polish medical laboratories cannot reliably identify this dangerous species. It is, therefore, necessary to implement measures to develop this field.
1. Introduction. 2. Candida spp. infections. 3. New fungal pathogen–Candida auris. 3.1. Epidemiology and pathogenicity. 3.2. Difficulties with identification. 3.3. Virulence factors. 3.4. Drug resistance of C. auris. 4. Preventive actions. 5. Summary
Secretion of outer membrane vesicles as a mechanism promoting H. pylori infections
Authors: Krzyżek Paweł 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori commonly colonizes the human gastric mucosa. Infections with this microorganism can contribute to serious health consequences, such as peptic ulceration, gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Chronic persistence of this bacteria in the host organism is probably strongly dependent on the secretion of outer membrane vesicles (OMV). These organelles are small, electron-dense, extracellular structures which are secreted in large amounts during stressful conditions, among others. H. pylori OMV mediate transfer of virulence factors such as toxins and immunomodulatory compounds. They contribute to avoiding a response from the host immune system and inducing chronic gastritis. OMV secretion also affects the formation of cell aggregates, microcolonies and biofilm matrix. Enhanced OMV production is connected to maintenance of direct contact through cell-cell and cell-surface interactions. A key component of OMV, which determines their structural function, is extracellular DNA (eDNA) anchored to the surface of these organelles. eDNA associated with OMV additionally determines the genetic recombination in the process of horizontal gene transfer. H. pylori is naturally competent for genetic transformation and is constantly capable of DNA uptake from the environment. The natural competence state promotes the assimilation of eDNA anchored to the OMV surface. This is probably dependent on ComB and ComEC components, which are involved in the transformation process. For this reason, the OMV secretion mediates intensive exchange of genetic material, promotes adaptation to changing environmental conditions and enables persistent infecting of the gastric mucosa by H. pylori.
1. Introduction. 2. Secretion of outer membrane vesicles by H. pylori. 3. Proteome of H. pylori outer membrane vesicles. 4. Transport of virulence factors through OMV. 4.1. Toxin VacA. 4.2. Oncoprotein CagA. 4.3. Other substances. 5. OMV involvement in biofilm formation. 5.1. Functions of biofilm. 5.2. OMV influence on bacterial biofilm formation. 5.3. OMV influence on biofilm formation by H. pylori. 5.4. Structural function of H. pylori extracellular DNA. 6. Extracellular DNA as an information carrier. 6.1. Influence on virulence. 6.2. Transformation. 6.3. Natural competence of H. pylori. 7. Conclusions
Deadly microbes – microbes used as a biological weapon
Authors: Abramczyk Karol , Gałązka Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Due to the development of civilization, people’s needs and expectations increase. The global development of civilization, the desire of some countries to expand their borders and achieve a higher political, social and military influence, cause insecurity among the people. Security is one of the main factors for the proper functioning of individuals and whole societies. Currently, a major threat to people is terrorism. Especially dangerous is the use of biological weapons for this purpose, which significantly interferes with a sense of security and restricts the freedom of human activities. Currently, biological terrorism is a global threat associated with the use of weapons for political or religious reasons. The threat from radical religious fundamentalists is particularly dangerous.
The most common biological threat agents are microorganisms causing zoonoses, i.e. diseases which can be transmitted from animals to humans. The most dangerous are Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis and Francisella tularensis. They are characterized by high virulence, ease of spread and the possibility to obtain and use them at low cost.
The aim of this paper is to characterize, based on the available literature, the most dangerous microorganisms which pose a potential threat to humans as biological warfare. The article also provides basic information on the diagnosis and treatment of diseases caused by pathogens which can be used in a bioterrorist attack.
1. Introduction. 2. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis). 2.1. Pathogenicity of anthrax. 2.2. Diagnosis and treatment of anthrax. 3. Plague (Yersinia pestis). 3.1. Pathogenicity of Yersinia pestis. 3.2. Diagnosis and treatment of plague. 4. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis). 4.1. Pathogenicity of Francisella tularensis. 4.2. Diagnosis and treatment of Francisella tularensis. 5. Ebola virus. 5.1. Pathogenicity of Ebola virus.5.2. Diagnosis and treatment of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). 6. Summary
Amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba – pathological agents in humans
Authors: Padzik Marcin , Hendiger Edyta B. , Szaflik Jacek P. , Chomicz Lidia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Free living, cosmopolitan amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba present a serious risk to human health. As facultative human parasites, these amoebae may cause health and life-threatening diseases, such as Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) and cutaneous acanthamebiasis. AK is a severe, vision-threatening cornea infection with non-specific symptoms and course. GAE is a unique central nervous system disease, almost always leading to death. Cutaneous acanthamebiasis is most common in patients with AIDS. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the diseases is still incompletely understood, therefore no definitive effective therapy is currently available. Prevention is very difficult due toAcanthamoeba ubiquity and resistance. Further studies on effective solutions for the prevention and treatment of Acanthamoeba infections are needed.
1. Introduction. 2. Genus Acanthamoeba. 2.1. Occurrence. 2.2. Pathogenicity. 3. Acanthamoeba keratitis – AK. 3.1. Risk factors. 3.2. Course of the disease. 3.3. Diagnostics. 3.4. Treatment and prevention. 4. Granulomatous amebic encephalitis – GAE. 4.1. Course of disease. 4.2. Diagnostics and treatment. 5.Cutaneousacanthamebiasis. 5.1. Course of disease. 5.2. Diagnostics and treatment. 6. Summary
Pandemic Human Coronavirus– characterization and comparison of selected properties of HCoV-SARS and HCoV-MERS
Authors: Pancer Katarzyna W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two Coronaviruses, HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43, causing generally mild respiratory tract infections in humans, were described in the XX c. Pandemic Coronaviruses were first discovered as late as in the XXI c.: SARS-HCoV in 2002 – causing severe respiratory tract infections (SARS) in China; MERS-HCoV in 2012 – circulating mostly on the Arabian Peninsula. The SARS epidemic ended in 2004 resulting in morbidity of > 8000 and > 770 deaths, while the MERS epidemic is still ongoing (> 2000 ill, > 700 deaths) although its intensity decreased. Both viruses are zoonotic and require at least two “host jumps” for the transmission of the infection to humans: for HCoV-SARS – from bat to palm civet and then to human; for HCoV-MERS – from bats to camels and subsequently to humans. Primary mode of transmission is droplet in close contact (< 1 m), but both viruses remain active in aerosol (up to 24 h), so infection can be also spread by air (ventilation). The ability for human-to-human transmission is higher for HCoV-SARS than for HCoV-MERS (8 generations vs. 4, respectively). Moreover, there are differences in genome structure and pathogenic mechanisms: different receptor, cell entry mechanism, different way of host response modulation (e.g. inhibition of IFNβ cascade), etc. Probably, these differences influence the overall manifestation of the disease in humans. Infection caused by HCoV-MERS might manifest itself as ARDS, a mild-mannered and asymptomatic disease. HCoV-SARS infections seem to be associated with severe disease only. In this paper, a comparison of the structure of these viruses, the mechanisms underlying their ability to cross the interspecies barrier and to multiply in the human body, including modulation of IFNβ cascade, as well as routes of infection transmission and symptoms caused, were presented.
1. Background. 2. Comparison of structure. 3. Transmission of infections. 3.1. Origin of the viruses. 3.2. Interspecies transmission. 4. Infections in humans. 5. Growth of the viruses in the human body. 5.1. Inhibition of interferon cascade. 6. Infections due to MERS- HCoV and SARS-HCoV. 7. Hospital outbreaks. 8. Summary
Relapsing fevers
Authors: Tylewska-Wierzbanowska Stanisława , Fiecek Beata , Chmielewski Tomasz 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Relapsing fevers are considered, on the one hand, emerging or re-emerging diseases, and on the other hand, they still belong to neglected diseases which attract little attention of researchers and the public in developed countries. Genus Borrelia is divided into two large groups. The first of these is Borreli aburgdorferi sensulato– the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, first isolated from the Ixodesdamminitick. The second large group of Borrelia spirochetes contains more than 20 species associated with relapsing fever, which are mainly transmitted by soft ticks, with the exception of B. recurrentis transmitted by lice. Comparision of the DNA of different species within this genus showed that the similarity between them is often small, e.g. the DNA homology between B. miyamotoi and B. burgdorferi s.s. or B. garinii is 13%, and B. afzelii only 8%, whereas the B. miyamotoi DNA has a profile similar to the representatives of the tick-borne relapsing fevers, such as B. hermsii (44%), B. turicatae (41%), B. Parkeri (51%). Symptoms of relapsing fevers transmitted by lice and by ticks are very similar. The following symptoms are characteristic for both types of relapsing fevers: high fever with sudden onset, chills, severe headache, muscle and joint pain, drowsiness, photophobia and cough.
1. Introduction. 2. Systematics – classification. 3. Clinical symptoms. 4. Summary
Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance – PMQR MECHANIZMY OPORNOŚCI NA FLUOROCHINOLONY
Authors: Piekarska Katarzyna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fluoroquinolones(FQ) are broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents widely used to treat a range of infections in clinical medicine. However, the surveillance studies demonstrate that fluoroquinolone resistance rates increased in Enterobacteriaceae in the past years. FQ inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis by interfering with the action of two bacterial enzymes - DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. There are two categories of quinolone resistance mechanisms: chromosomally encoded and acquired. Mutations in chromosomal genes encoding gyrase and topoisomerase IV are the most common mechanisms responsible for high-level fluoroquinolone resistance. Mutations can occur also in regulatory genes which control the expression of native efflux pumps located in bacterial membrane. Furthermore, three mechanisms of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) have been discovered so far, including Qnr proteins, the aminoglycoside acetylotransferase variant - AAC(6’)-Ib-cr, and plasmid-mediated efflux pumps - QepA and OqxAB. Although the PMQR mechanisms alone cause only low-level resistance to fluoroquinolone, they can complement other mechanisms of chromosomal resistance and facilitate the selection of higher-level resistance. Moreover, plasmids with PMQR mechanisms often encode additional resistance traits (ESBLs, pAmpC, KPC) contributing to multidrug resistance (MDR). This review is focused on a range of molecular mechanisms which underlie quinolone resistance.
1. Introduction. 2. Mechanisms of fluoroquinolone action. 3. Chromosomally-encoded fluoroquinolone resistance. 3.1. Mutations changing the functions of target enzymes. 3.2. Reduction of drug concentration in the cytoplasm - efflux pump. 4. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. 4.1. Qnr proteins. 4.2. AAC(6’)-Ib-cr enzyme. 4.3. Plasmid-mediated efflux pump: QepA i OqxAB. 4.4. The impact of PMQR on fluoroquinolone susceptibility level. 5. Summary