bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systems‐based Approach to Reduce Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism in Trauma Patients
Authors: Dhillon Navpreet K. , Barmparas Galinos , Lin Ting Lung , Linaval Nikhil T. , Yang Audrey R. , Sekhon Harveen K. , Mason Russell , Margulies Daniel R. , Gewertz Bruce L. , Ley Eric J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) in trauma patients carries significant morbidity and mortality. We previously described how titrating enoxaparin dosing by anti‐Xa trough levels was associated with a lower VTE rate. We combined this strategy with a higher initial enoxaparin dose for a majority of patients and modified the electronic medical record (EMR) to encourage immediate dosing. We sought to determine if this systems‐based approach was associated with a decrease in VTE rate.Study DesignA retrospective review was conducted of all trauma patients on prophylactic enoxaparin at an academic, Level I Trauma Center from 01/2013 to 05/2014 (PRE) and 06/2015 to 02/2018 (POST). The patients in PRE were prescribed enoxaparin 30 mg twice daily without dose adjustments. The patients in POST received 40 mg twice daily unless exclusion criteria applied, with doses titrated to maintain anti‐Xa trough levels between 0.1 and 0.2 IU/mL.ResultsThere were 478 patients in the PRE and 1306 in the POST. Compared to PRE, POST patients were of similar age and were as likely to present after blunt trauma, although POST patients had lower injury severity scores (10 vs. 9, p < 0.01). The overall VTE rate was lower in POST (6.9% vs. 3.6%, p < 0.01). The adjusted risk of VTE (AOR 0.61, adjusted p = 0.04) was lower in POST and POST was independently protective for VTE (AOR 0.54; p = 0.01).ConclusionBy implementing system changes to improve enoxaparin dosing after trauma, a significant reduction in VTE rate was observed. Wider application of this strategy should be considered.
Proactive Construction of an Annotated Imaging Database for Artificial Intelligence Training
Authors: Stadler Caroline Bivik , Lindvall Martin , Lundström Claes , Bodén Anna , Lindman Karin , Rose Jeronimo , Treanor Darren , Blomma Johan , Stacke Karin , Pinchaud Nicolas , Hedlund Martin , Landgren Filip , Woisetschläger Mischa , Forsberg Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) holds much promise for enabling highly desired imaging diagnostics improvements. One of the most limiting bottlenecks for the development of useful clinical-grade AI models is the lack of training data. One aspect is the large amount of cases needed and another is the necessity of high-quality ground truth annotation. The aim of the project was to establish and describe the construction of a database with substantial amounts of detail-annotated oncology imaging data from pathology and radiology. A specific objective was to be proactive, that is, to support undefined subsequent AI training across a wide range of tasks, such as detection, quantification, segmentation, and classification, which puts particular focus on the quality and generality of the annotations. The main outcome of this project was the database as such, with a collection of labeled image data from breast, ovary, skin, colon, skeleton, and liver. In addition, this effort also served as an exploration of best practices for further scalability of high-quality image collections, and a main contribution of the study was generic lessons learned regarding how to successfully organize efforts to construct medical imaging databases for AI training, summarized as eight guiding principles covering team, process, and execution aspects.
Qualitative relationism about subject and object of perception and experience
Authors: Pace Giannotta Andrea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I compare various theories of perception in relation to the question of the epistemological and ontological status of the qualities that appear in perceptual experience. I group these theories into two main views: quality externalism and quality internalism, and I highlight their contrasting problems in accounting for phenomena such as perceptual relativity, illusions and hallucinations (the “problem of perception”). Then, I propose an alternative view, which I callqualitative relationismand which conceives of the subject and the object of perceptual experience as essentially related to one another (hencerelationism) in a process of co-constitution out of fundamental qualities (hencequalitativerelationism). I lend support to this view by drawing on Husserl’s genetic phenomenology, which I complement with a form of neutral monism. I argue that the investigation of the temporal structure of perceptual experience leads us to find at its heart a qualitative process that is more fundamental than the two relata of perception and that gives rise to them. Then, I extend this account of perception into a general theory of intentionality and experience and I develop its implications into a neutral monist metaphysics.
Assessing and decomposing gender differences in evaluative and emotional well-being among older adults in the developing world
Authors: Kieny Clémence , Flores Gabriela , Maurer Jürgen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUsing data from the World Health Organization’s Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE), we evaluate the relationship between gender and several measures of subjective well-being among older adults in developing countries. Furthermore, we contrast the partial associations of gender with these well-being measures when controlling only for age (age-adjusted analyses) with the corresponding partial associations when including individual characteristics and life circumstances as controls (multivariable-adjusted analyses). While age-adjusted analyses reveal that older women have lower levels of evaluative well-being than older men, multivariable-adjusted analyses show that - given similar life circumstances - they have equal or slightly higher evaluative well-being. This suggests that the gender gap in evaluative well-being may be explained by less favorable life circumstances of older women. Age-adjusted results also show that older women tend to have lower levels of emotional well-being. However, we find no reversal, but merely an attenuation of these gender differences in emotional well-being when controlling for additional individual characteristics and life circumstances. Finally, we perform Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions to disaggregate the gender gaps in well-being into explained parts - attributable to gender differences in individual characteristics and life circumstances - and unexplained parts - related to gender differences in the association between life circumstances and subjective well-being. These results further corroborate our findings that women tend to be disadvantaged in terms of both evaluative and emotional well-being, and that this disadvantage is mostly driven by observable factors related to the explained part of the decomposition, such as gender differences in socio-economic status and health.
Contamination of Soil with Diesel Oil, Application of Sewage Sludge and Content of Macroelements in Oats
Authors: Wyszkowski Mirosław , Wyszkowska Jadwiga , Borowik Agata , Kordala Natalia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of soil contamination with diesel oil (0, 5, 10 and 15 mL/kg d.m. of soil) on the macroelement content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium and calcium) in the above-ground parts of oats (Avena sativa L.). A remediation effect of sludge as a substance which reduces the negative impact of this petroleum product on its element content in oats was also evaluated. Sewage sludge was applied in doses 0, 4, 8 and 12 g/kg of soil. The macroelement content in the above-ground parts of oats depended on the soil contamination with diesel oil and on the addition of sewage sludge to the soil. Soil contamination with diesel oil caused significant changes in the content of all macroelements in the above-ground biomass of oats. Increasing doses of the petroleum product in the series without sewage sludge decreased the content of all macroelements, except phosphorus and calcium. The highest effect was observed for the content of sodium in oats. The addition of sewage sludge to the soil alleviated the negative impact of diesel oil on the chemical composition of the plants. The application of sewage sludge to soil resulted in an increase in average content of nitrogen, sodium and magnesium (as opposed to phosphorus and partly calcium) in the above-ground parts of oats, compared to the series without sewage sludge.
The hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Mesoproterozoic–Paleozoic intracratonic Voltaian Basin, West African Craton, Ghana
Authors: Abu Mahamuda , Adeleye Mutiu Adesina , Ehinola Olugbenga Ajayi , Asiedu Daniel Kwadwo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNeoproterozoic sedimentary basins are increasingly gaining hydrocarbon exploration attention globally following results of significant discoveries in these basins as a result of long, consistent and focused research and exploration efforts. The hydrocarbon prospectivity of the unexplored Mesoproterozoic–Early Paleozoic Voltaian basin is reviewed relative to global Neoproterozoic basins. Like the Voltaian basin of Ghana, global Neoproterozoic basins have experienced similar geological event of glaciation with accompanying deposition of marginal–shallow marine carbonates and associated siliciclastic argillaceous sediments. These carbonates and argillaceous sediments coupled with deep anoxic depositional environments, favored the preservation of organic matter in these sediments and carbonates globally making them source rocks and in some cases the reservoir rocks as well, to hydrocarbon occurrence. The hydrocarbon prospectivity of the Voltaian is highly probable with Neoproterozoic basins of similar geologic analogies, Amadeus basin, Illizi basin, the Tindouf and Taoudeni basins of the WAC, having proven and active petroleum systems with some listed as world class oil/gas producing basins together with other Neoproterozoic basins like South Salt Oman basin, Barnett shales and giant gas reserves of southwestern Sichuan basin of China.
Translational health technology and system schemes: enhancing the dynamics of health informatics
Authors: Rissanen Marjo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTranslational health technology and design schemes reflect certain themes in systems approach and its dynamics. This paper discusses these aligned ideas in view of their value to translational design processes. The ideas embedded in these two approaches are considered in the light of critical questions associated with the development of health informatics. Health care processes for patients might be very fragmented. Synergy thinking is required in all areas of design: it is crucial to understand the theoretical frames and issues associated with focus environments, administration, and cost policy. By internalizing common nuances in these approaches, designers can ease the interaction and communication between experts from different backgrounds. Synergistic thinking aids designers in health informatics to produce more sophisticated products. Maturing in recognizing the whole aids to take into account “the very essentials” more easily. These skills are very vital in prioritizing development substances in health informatics area.
Selective Removal of Zinc from BOF Sludge by Leaching with Mixtures of Ammonia and Ammonium Carbonate
Authors: Rodriguez Rodriguez Nerea , Gijsemans Lukas , Bussé Jakob , Roosen Joris , Önal Mehmet Ali Recai , Masaguer Torres Victoria , Manjón Fernández Álvaro , Jones Peter Tom , Binnemans Koen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The zinc content of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) sludges is too high for direct recycling into the blast furnace via the sinter plant, as excessive zinc concentrations are detrimental for the refractory lining of the blast furnace. However, by partial and selective removal of zinc from the BOF sludge, the residual sludge can be used as a secondary iron resource in the blast furnace. In this paper, BOF sludge was leached with aqueous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium salts (chloride, carbonate, and sulfate), and aqueous mixtures of ammonia and ammonium salt. The mixtures of ammonia and ammonium salt could leach more zinc with respect to either the aqueous ammonia or the aqueous ammonium salt solution. The ammonia–ammonium carbonate (AAC) mixture was selected as the most suitable lixiviant due to the high zinc leaching efficiency in combination with a high selectivity towards iron; furthermore, this combination does not introduce unwanted chloride or sulfate impurities in the residue. The leaching process was optimized in terms of the liquid-to-solid ratio, total ammonia concentration, ammonium:ammonia molar ratio, temperature, and leaching time. The co-dissolved iron was precipitated as a hydroxide after oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions by an air stream, without co-precipitation of zinc, while the dissolved zinc could be easily recovered as zinc sulfide by precipitation with ammonium sulfide. The (almost) closed-loop process was successfully up-scaled from 10 mL to 1 L scale.

Graphical Abstract
Komplexe Organisation und organisierte Komplexität. Die Pädagogik partizipativer Organisationsgestaltung im Zeitalter des Populismus
Authors: Manhart Sebastian , Wendt Thomas 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungOrganisationen sind die zentralen Komplexitätsgeneratoren der modernen Gesellschaft. Sie regulieren und steigern die Möglichkeiten gleichzeitiger Handlungsvollzüge immer weiter. Der Beitrag konzipiert Populismus als gesellschaftsweit verbreitete Form der Kritik an dieser organisierten Komplexität und grenzt ihn systematisch von Fundamentalismen und Verschwörungstheorien als weiteren wichtigen komplexitätsreduzierenden Deutungen der Moderne ab. Die Strukturlogik von Organisationen und ihre Rolle in der Gesellschaft wird im Verhältnis zu den gesellschaftlichen Ansprüchen auf individuelle Teilhabe analysiert. Die pädagogischen Potenziale partizipativer Organisationsgestaltung werden im Blick darauf diskutiert, dass dieser Modus systematisch erzeugter Komplexität sich damit selbst populistischer Kritik aussetzt.
Ethik und Corona
Authors: Schulze Heuling Dagmar 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Maßnahmen gegen die Covid-19-Pandemie sind einschneidend. Begründet und gerechtfertigt werden sie mit einem ethischen Argument: dem Schutz des menschlichen Lebens. Doch während konkrete Maßnahmen Gegenstand intensiver Auseinandersetzungen sind, fehlen Betrachtungen des Diskurses aus der Metaperspektive. Dieser Artikel leistet dazu einen ersten Beitrag. Er zeigt auf, dass die vorherrschende Argumentationsstruktur die einer Güterabwägung ist. Dabei wird jedoch der Tatsache, dass die Maßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Infektionsausbreitung nicht nur schützen, sondern selbst Todesfälle verursachen, nicht genügend Rechnung getragen. Unter Rückgriff auf das Trolley-Dilemma sowie das Bundesverfassungsgerichtsurteil zum Luftsicherheitsgesetz wird gezeigt, dass die Corona-Pandemie die Politik vor die Wahl stellt, entweder das Sterben von Menschen nicht zu verhindern, oder aber andere Menschen zu diesem Zweck zu opfern. Letzteres ist ethisch bedenklich und verfassungswidrig. Daraus folgt, dass einige der verfügten Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie in Frage zu stellen sind. Daraus folgt jedoch nicht, dass jedes Handeln unmoralisch wäre. Daher schließt der Artikel mit Überlegungen zu Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer politischen Reaktion auf die Pandemie.
Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Heart Rate Variability in Children with Cystic Fibrosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: McCreery J. L. , Mackintosh K. A. , McNarry M. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a multisystem disease associated with symptoms such as dyspnoea, tachycardia and tachypnea that may be related to changes in autonomic function and sensitive to improvement following inspiratory muscle training (IMT). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of IMT on heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory function in children.

Methods
Five CF and five matched controls (40% boys) performed a 4-weeks IMT programme, involving 30 breaths, twice a day. Weeks 1–2 of training were set at 40% of a participant’s maximal strength index (S.Index), with week’s 3–4 set at 50%. Participants wore an ActiHeart for three consecutive days at baseline and post-intervention and indices of HRV were derived. Standard measures of lung function were obtained along with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the CF-specific questionnaire (CFQ-R).

Results
IMT elicited clinically meaningful increases in respiratory muscle strength and respiratory symptom domain scores, but no improvements in respiratory volume, irrespective of group. Similarly, no significant improvements were found in HRQoL despite 62.5% of the population increased their HRQoL score. Post-intervention, CF participants showed a clinically meaningful decrease in the very low frequency (VLF) domain.

Conclusion
These results may indicate clinically meaningful changes in HRV and inspiratory muscle strength following a 4-week IMT intervention, although a more powerful study is required to draw further conclusions. Indeed, the trends for improved HRQoL support the need for such studies to ascertain the potential therapeutic role of IMT in those with CF.
Risk factors for person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
Authors: Ye Chao , Qi Rui 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine the risk factors for person-to-person transmission of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS).Design:Studies reporting the person-to-person transmission or cluster infection of SFTS were identified and included for risk-factor analyses.Methods:Risk factors were investigated by analyzing characteristics of index patients who caused cluster infection and correlation between exposure history and secondary infection.Results:Analyses of 23 clusters of SFTS infections indicated that all index patients died and that they all had a symptom of bleeding 24 hours before death. Of 89 secondary cases, 82% had been exposed to the index patients’ blood. The blood-contact–specific secondary attack rate was 62.4% (73 of 117). The risk relative value was 25 (95% CI, 15–42); thus, the probability of a person getting infected was 25 times more likely when they had contacted blood than when they had not.Conclusion:Exposure to blood of SFTS patients is the highest risk factor for person-to-person infection with SFTSV. SFTS patients’ families and healthcare workers should be educated to handle SFTS patients properly and safely to prevent the spread of SFTSV.
On the Ballot in 2020: Will the United States (finally) embrace civil rights?
Authors: García Bedolla Lisa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article situates the 2020 presidential election within the context of U.S. history, specifically the longstanding relationship between white supremacist views and what types of U.S. citizens were considered capable of exercising democratic citizenship. I argue that President Trump's use of racialized, nativist tropes must be understood within that context and the ongoing backlash to the advancement of civil rights in the United States. White resistance to racial progress is not new, nor is the violence associated with it. Only by looking at the intersection of white racial resentment and modern sexism can we fully understand the durability of the Trump coalition. The article closes by considering what political scientists should be learning from this moment in order to better explain American political dynamics moving forward.
A Comparative Discussion of the Judicial Disqualification of Directors under the South African Companies Act
Authors: Cassim Rehana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSection 162 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 empowers courts to declare directors delinquent and hence to disqualify them from office. This article compares the judicial disqualification of directors under this section with the equivalent provisions in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States of America, which have all influenced the South African act. The article compares the classes of persons who have locus standi to apply to court to disqualify a director from holding office, as well as the grounds for the judicial disqualification of a director, the duration of the disqualification, the application of a prescription period and the discretion conferred on courts to disqualify directors from office. It contends that, in empowering courts to disqualify directors from holding office, section 162 of the South African Companies Act goes too far in certain respects.
Ordeals, women and gender justice
Authors: Gheaus Anca 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRationing health care by ordeals is likely to have different effects on women and men, and on distinct groups of women. I show how such putative effects of ordeals are relevant to achieving gender justice. I explain why some ordeals may disproportionately set back women’s interest in discretionary time, health and access to health care, and may undermine equality of opportunity for positions of advantage. Some ordeals protect the interests of the worse-off women yet set back the interests of better-off women in equal opportunities. I suggest how we can use ordeal design to advance particular aims of gender justice.
Use of real-world data and evidence for medical devices: a qualitative study of key informant interviews
Authors: Polisena Julie , Jayaraman Gayatri 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionHealth Canada is committed to the modernization of the use of real-world data (RWD) and evidence (RWE) to support regulatory decisions. As such, telephone interviews with stakeholders, including government decision makers, health technology assessment (HTA) producers, industry, and patients, to understand their experiences with and perspectives on how to enhance RWE use for medical devices were performed.MethodsThirty-four semi-structured telephone interviews with forty key informants were conducted. Transcripts were reviewed independently by one individual to identify, define, and categorize key concepts and were verified by a second reviewer.Key FindingsThere are expectations for Health Canada to provide a framework and guidance on RWE use, identify relevant outcomes for data collection and criteria for data quality, conduct post-market surveillance more systematically, and partner with HTA organizations to develop methods for RWE generation. Stakeholders interviewed support the RWE use for regulatory decisions and HTA recommendations. Moreover, robust scientific methods for RWE generation will be critical to ensure that relevant questions are asked and rigorous statistical analyses are done to answer them. Patients are likely to consent to share their anonymized or de-identified medical information for nonprofit purposes.ConclusionsKey concepts from the interviews centered on the current and future RWE use for medical devices, considerations for the organizational, medical, scientific, and legal aspects and privacy issues of RWD collection or RWE generation, and options to implement the use of RWD and RWE. Our study findings will help inform the development of an RWE framework for regulatory decisions and HTA recommendations.