bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for bone metastases in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Ito Kei , Yamaguchi Tatsuro , Ogawa Hiroaki , Nakajima Yujiro , Karasawa Katsuyuki 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
To clarify the clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy for colorectal cancer-derived bone metastases and identify factors predicting treatment failure.

Methods
Patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for bone metastases from colorectal cancer between September 2013 and June 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The prescribed dose for spine and non-spine bone metastases was 24 Gy in two fractions and 35 Gy in five fractions, respectively. The end point was local failure, which was defined as tumour progression on imaging evaluations. In addition, various treatment- and tumour-specific factors were evaluated to determine predictors of local failure.

Results
This study included 43 lesions in 38 patients, with solitary bone metastases in 18 lesions (42%), re-irradiation stereotactic body radiotherapy in 28 lesions (65%) and postoperative stereotactic body radiotherapy due to spinal cord compression in 10 lesions (23%). The median follow-up after stereotactic body radiotherapy was 12 (range, 2–60) months. The 1-year LF rate was 44%. In the univariate analysis, sacral metastases (P = 0.02) were found to be significantly correlated with LF, and multiple-course systemic therapy before stereotactic body radiotherapy (P= 0.06) and large target volume (P = 0.07) showed a trend towards an association with LF. However, these factors were not independent predictors of LF in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusion
More than 40% of the lesions treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy for bone metastases from colorectal cancer showed LF within 1 year. No poor prognostic factors could be identified statistically. The poor outcomes in all groups indicate that the treatment intensity of the stereotactic body radiotherapy was insufficient to control colorectal cancer bone metastases.
How the Coronavirus Disease-2019 May Improve Care: Rethinking Cervical Cancer Prevention
Authors: Feldman Sarah , Haas Jennifer S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
These past months of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-2019) pandemic have given us ample opportunity to reflect on the US health-care system. Despite overwhelming tragedy, it is an opportunity for us to learn and to change. As we postpone routine visits because of the pandemic, we worry about risks for patients who delay cancer screening. We use cervical cancer screening and prevention as an example of how we can use some “lessons learned” from the pandemic to prevent “collateral losses,” such as an increase in cancers. COVID-2019–related health-system changes, like the more rapid evaluation of diagnostic tests and vaccines, the transition to compensated virtual care for most counseling and education visits, and broadened access to home services, offer potential benefits to the delivery of cervical cancer screening and prevention. While we detail the case for cervical cancer prevention, many of the issues discussed are generalizable to other preventative measures. It would be a tragedy if the morbidity and mortality of COVID-2019 are multiplied because of additional suffering caused by delayed or deferred cancer screening and diagnostic evaluation—but maybe with creativity and reflection, we can use this pandemic to improve care.
Theoretical Analysis of Economic Growth
Authors: Cheng Thomas K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a theoretical analysis of economic growth. The first growth model in modern economics is arguably the Harrod–Domar growth model, named after Roy Harrod and Evsey Domar. Under this model, the major obstacle to economic growth is a lack of investment, which in turn is caused by a lack of capital. Therefore, the solution to poor growth is to somehow plug the savings gap by increasing domestic savings or foreign aid. Two other growth models that emphasize the importance of investment and capital accumulation were proposed by Nobel Laureate Arthur Lewis and Walt Rostow. The main thesis behind Lewis’s model is the idea of unlimited surplus of rural labor. Growth is therefore predicated on the increase in size of the industrial sector in the economy. Meanwhile, Rostow posits a five-stage evolutionary growth model. He argues that the key to moving from one stage to the next is the extension of the existing structure of production, which again requires investment in the capital stock. The chapter also looks at the Solow–Swan model, which is often regarded as the first modern growth model, as well as the endogenous growth models such as the AK model; the Lucas Human Capital model; the Romer Knowledge Spillover and Product Variety models; and the Schumpeterian growth models.
The History of Arbitration in Russia
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a background to arbitration in Russia. The history of arbitration in Russia can be traced back to the seventeenth century. In 1831, the Statute on Arbitration was enacted. In this Statute, there were two different systems of arbitration: statutory arbitration and voluntary arbitration. Statutory arbitration was not based upon the parties’ free will. This was a system in which parties were mandated to choose arbitration because of the overloaded court docket. Voluntary arbitration, on the other hand, was based upon the agreement of the parties. Statutory arbitration was abolished by the Great Judicial Reform of 1864 and only voluntary arbitration remained in the Rules of Civil Procedure. However, after the Bolshevik Revolution, all laws of the Tsarist regime, including the Rules on the Civil Procedure, were abolished. Nevertheless, the decree on the court No. 1 of 1917 accommodated arbitration as a means of settling civil law disputes. There was no commercial arbitration under socialism, except for two institutions attached to All-Union Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The chapter then looks at arbitration after the collapse of socialism. After decades of confusion, as an outcome of the 2015 Arbitral Reform, relevant laws were substantially amended and a licensing system was introduced for arbitral institutions.
Arbitration Agreements
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses arbitration agreements. The basis of arbitration is the arbitration agreement, which represents the intention of the parties to refer the dispute to arbitration. The court to which an action was taken on the subject matter of an arbitration agreement must terminate the procedure and refer the parties to arbitration, provided that either party applies for termination of the procedure not later than that party’s first submission on the merits of the case. This does not apply if the arbitration agreement is invalid, has lost effect, or is unenforceable. If an action was taken in court, the arbitration process may start, or continue, while the court is yet to decide on jurisdiction. The chapter considers the form of arbitration agreement, the court practice on arbitration clauses, and the scope of the arbitration agreement.
Reliance
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines person B’s reliance. Where B makes a proprietary estoppel claim, reliance must be pleaded. It is an essential element of B’s claim as it is necessary to establish a connection between A’s action or inaction and the detriment that B would suffer in the absence of a claim against A. As the second of the three main elements of proprietary estoppel, reliance can thus be seen as forming the link between the first and third of those elements. In the absence of reliance, A’s acquiescence, representation, or assurance cannot, by itself, mean that A should have to bear the responsibility of ensuring that B does not suffer a detriment. The reliance requirement can therefore be seen as raising an issue of causation: as in other areas of law, causation must be proved in order to attribute to A responsibility for B’s position. In the context of proprietary estoppel, such attribution depends on establishing a relevant link between A and the prospective detriment of which B complains. This is achieved by showing that the particular action or inaction of B that has exposed B to the prospect of such detriment was caused by A’s acquiescence, representation, or assurance.
Crimes Against Humanity Under General International Law
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses crimes against humanity under international law. Crimes against humanity were first introduced at Nuremberg as a means of criminalizing three sorts of criminality that so far had evaded the sanction of international law: atrocities committed outside the context of an armed conflict or independent of it; crimes committed against fellow nationals or nationals of allied nations; and institutionalized discriminatory violence that resulted in individuals being targeted and mistreated by a state because of their identity. Crimes against humanity seek to protect core attributes of all human beings: their dignity; their humanity; and their fundamental human rights. The notion of crimes against humanity reflects the fact that the protection of those interests and the punishment of serious violations of these interests is a matter of universal concern. It also makes it clear that the protection arising from international law does not depend on the nationality of the victim or his membership in a group, nor on his or relationship to the perpetrator. Instead, it is the sheer humanity of the victim that warrants and justifies the criminalization of such acts. And whilst the notion of genocide and crimes against humanity overlap in part in their efforts to protect these core values, unlike genocide, crimes against humanity seek to protect individuals as such, rather than groups of individuals. The chapter then looks at the relationship between crimes against humanity and other international crimes as well as the process of defining crimes against humanity.
Immunities, Amnesties, and Statutes of Limitation
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses immunities, amnesties, and statutes of limitation in crimes against humanity. The question of whether immunities apply and, if so, to what effect, depend on the circumstances of the case and how the domestic legal regime under consideration orders and ranks its international legal obligations. It is, therefore, not necessarily the case that immunities would prevail in every instance in this sort of scenario regardless of circumstances. Meanwhile, international law does not grant legal force to amnesties; nor does it create enforceable rights for the beneficiaries of an amnesty. Instead, international law provides for a number of basic criteria that national amnesties must satisfy, lest they be regarded as invalid under international law. This means that, aside from amnesties that are per se invalid under international law—i.e., those pertaining to genocide, torture, and grave breaches of the Geneva Convention—the validity of all other categories of amnesties pertaining to international crimes is subject to the discretionary review of the tribunal concerned. Lastly, the 1968 Convention on Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations provides that no statutory limitations shall apply to crimes against humanity, as do a number of other international instruments, including the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute.
Crimes Against Humanity and Other International Crimes
Authors: Mettraux Guénaël 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides an overview of crimes against humanity. Crimes against humanity are characterized by several core features. First, they are crimes of scale insofar as they must involve and form part of a widespread or systematic attack against a civilian population. Second, similar to genocide but unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity may be committed in times of peace or in times of war. Third, the possibility of being a victim to a crime against humanity does not depend on the victim's nationality or on the victim's membership in any particular community or faction in an armed conflict. Fourth, crimes against humanity are intrinsically serious criminal offences and reflect some of the most important human interests protected by international law. Lastly, crimes against humanity are not subject to any statutory limitations as a matter of international law. The chapter then looks at the differences between crimes against humanity and other international crimes. These include war crimes, genocide, aggression, and terrorism.
Oxford Handbook of General Practice
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Francoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of General Practice offers hands-on advice to help with any day-to-day problems that might arise in general practice, and covers the entire breadth and depth of general practice in concise, quick-reference topics. It starts by exploring the definition of general practice, and moves on to practical advice on practice management, consulting with patients, social aspects of primary care, and prescribing and managing medicines. It gives practical advice on all clinical areas of general practice, including minor surgery, healthy living, chronic disease and elderly care, cardiology and vascular disease, respiratory medicine, endocrinology, gastrointestinal medicine, renal medicine and urology, musculoskeletal problems, neurology, dermatology, infectious disease, haematology and immunology, breast disease, gynaecology, sexual health and contraception, pregnancy, child health, ear, nose, and throat medicine, ophthalmology, mental health, cancer care, palliative care, and emergencies in general practice. It is written for general practitioners (GP), GPs in training, medical students, and allied health professionals working in the community.
Practice management
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice discusses all aspects of GP practice management, including GPs as managers, contracts and payments, partnership agreements, practice premises, practice staff, registration of patients, out-of-hours services, patient records, confidentiality, consent, complaints, quality improvement, audit and research, and outcome measures for primary care
Consulting with patients
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores everything you need to know about consulting with patients. It includes the consultation itself and consultation models, telephone consulting and home visits, referrals and electronic media, the doctor’s bag, evidence-informed decision-making, guidelines, protocols and integrated care pathways, breaking bad news, confirmation and certification of death, and organ donation.
Respiratory medicine
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores respiratory medicine in general practice. It covers breathlessness, cough, chest signs, and other signs of respiratory disease. It examines asthma in adults, bronchodilators and steroids, asthma management in practice, and drug treatment of asthma, as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute exacerbations of COPD. It discusses lung cancer, colds and influenza, pneumonia, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis and Kartagener syndrome, diffuse parenchymal lung disease, occupational lung disease, and snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea.
Pregnancy
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores pregnancy in general practice. It covers pre-conception and early pregnancy counselling through to labour and postnatal care. It discusses bleeding in early pregnancy, haemolytic disease and rhesus isoimmunization, antenatal care, health promotion for pregnant women, and advice on location of delivery. It explores screening and medical conditions seen in pregnancy, including specific antenatal screening tests, common symptoms, pruritus and rashes, hypertension, diabetes, and epilepsy. It examines intrauterine growth, multiple pregnancy and malpresentation, and ante- and postpartum haemorrhage. It also discusses common postnatal problems, stillbirth, and neonatal death.
Palliative care
Authors: Simon Chantal , Everitt Hazel , van Dorp Françoise , Hussain Nazia , Nash Emma , Peet Danielle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores palliative care in general practice. It covers pain control and general debility, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal problems. It discusses skin, neurological, orthopaedic, respiratory, haematological, and vascular problems. It also explores problems with mental well-being and examines the last 48 hours and the role of syringe drivers.
Including massive neutrinos in thermal Sunyaev Zeldovich power spectrum and cluster counts analyses
Authors: Bolliet Boris , Brinckmann Thejs , Chluba Jens , Lesgourgues Julien 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We consistently include the effect of massive neutrinos in the thermal Sunyaev Zeldovich (SZ) power spectrum and cluster counts analyses, highlighting subtle dependencies on the total neutrino mass and data combination. In particular, we find that using the transfer functions for cold dark matter (CDM) + baryons in the computation of the halo mass function, instead of the transfer functions including neutrino perturbations, as prescribed in recent work, yields an ≈0.25 per cent downward shift of the σ8 constraint from tSZ power spectrum data, with a fiducial neutrino mass Σmν = 0.06 eV. In ΛCDM, with an X-ray mass bias corresponding to the expected hydrostatic mass bias, i.e. (1 − b) ≃ 0.8, our constraints from Planck SZ data are consistent with the latest results from SPT, DES-Y1, and KiDS+VIKING-450. In νΛCDM, our joint analyses of Planck SZ with Planck 2015 primary CMB yield a small improvement on the total neutrino mass bound compared to the Planck 2015 primary CMB constraint, as well as (1 − b) = 0.64 ± 0.04 (68 per cent CL). For forecasts, we find that competitive neutrino mass measurements using cosmic variance limited SZ power spectrum require masking the heaviest clusters and probing the small-scale SZ power spectrum up to ℓmax ≈ 104. Although this is challenging, we find that SZ power spectrum can realistically be used to tightly constrain intracluster medium properties: we forecast a 2 per cent determination of the X-ray mass bias by combining CMB-S4 and our mock SZ power spectrum with ℓmax = 103.
Centroid frequency ratios of simultaneous low-frequency QPOs in black hole low-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: van Doesburgh Marieke , van der Klis Michiel 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We measure the centroid frequency ratios of simultaneous quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) that occur at low frequency (0.1–30 Hz) in a selection of accreting black hole (BH) low-mass X-ray binaries. We use all data in the RXTE archive on GX 339–4, GRO J1655–40, 4U 1630–47, XTE J1550–564, and H 1743–322. We select the power spectra that show at least two simultaneous QPOs, and empirically divide them into four main categories, whose occurrence correlates systematically to X-ray spectral state. In the hard/hard-intermediate state, all sources show sets of QPO peaks with near-harmonic frequency relations, which we measure as precisely as possible using an improved analysis method. We find small but significant offsets from purely harmonic frequency relations that in most cases can be explained by the fit function not describing the QPOs accurately; for some QPO pairs, however, the ‘sub-harmonic’ is at a higher frequency than expected. In the intermediate and ultraluminous states, in all sources we find non-harmonic QPO pairs, some previously reported. We distinguish several different types of non-harmonic QPO pairs that occur across sources. We discuss these findings in the framework of classification schemes and models proposed for black hole low-frequency QPOs. We conclude that the phenomenology of the frequency ratios indicates that in addition to the physical mechanism (possibly precession) explaining the common harmonically related sets of (Type B and C) QPO peaks, at least one additional mechanism is required to explain the occurrence of pairs of QPOs in other states that are not only not harmonically related, but also stand out by the absence of harmonics to either of them.
Spin parity of spiral galaxies II: a catalogue of 80 k spiral galaxies using big data from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey and deep learning
Authors: Tadaki Ken-ichi , Iye Masanori , Fukumoto Hideya , Hayashi Masao , Rusu Cristian E , Shimakawa Rhythm , Tosaki Tomoka 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We report an automated morphological classification of galaxies into S-wise spirals, Z-wise spirals, and non-spirals using big image data taken from Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Survey and a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based deep learning technique. The HSC i-band images are about 36 times deeper than those from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and have a two times higher spatial resolution, allowing us to identify substructures such as spiral arms and bars in galaxies at z &gt; 0.1. We train CNN classifiers by using HSC images of 1447 S-spirals, 1382 Z-spirals, and 51 650 non-spirals. As the number of images in each class is unbalanced, we augment the data of spiral galaxies by horizontal flipping, rotation, and rescaling of images to make the numbers of three classes similar. The trained CNN models correctly classify 97.5 per cent of the validation data, which is not used for training. We apply the CNNs to HSC images of a half million galaxies with an i-band magnitude of i &lt; 20 over an area of 320 deg2. 37 917 S-spirals and 38 718 Z-spirals are identified, indicating no significant difference between the numbers of two classes. Among a total of 76 635 spiral galaxies, 48 576 are located at z &gt; 0.2, where we are hardly able to identify spiral arms in the SDSS images. Our attempt demonstrates that a combination of the HSC big data and CNNs has a large potential to classify various types of morphology such as bars, mergers, and strongly lensed objects.