bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of West Nile Virus by Aedes vexans (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Anderson John F , Main Andrew J , Ferrandino Francis J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
West Nile virus (family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) first caused human and veterinary disease, and was isolated from Culex pipiens pipiens L. and Aedes vexans (Meigen) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the United States in 1999. We report that a Connecticut strain of Ae. vexans was competent to transmit West Nile virus both horizontally to suckling mice and vertically to its progeny in the laboratory. Horizontal transmission was first observed on day 6 post-exposure (pe). Daily horizontal transmission rates generally increased with the day post-virus exposure with highest rates of 67–100% recorded on days 28–30 pe. One female vertically transmitted West Nile virus on day 21 pe, but only after it had taken its third bloodmeal. Horizontal and vertical transmission may contribute to West Nile virus infection rates in Ae. vexans in summer, and vertical transmission provides a means of survival of West Nile virus during winter.
Arabidopsis ECHIDNA protein is involved in seed coloration, protein trafficking to vacuoles, and vacuolar biogenesis
Authors: Ichino Takuji , Maeda Kazuki , Hara-Nishimura Ikuko , Shimada Tomoo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractFlavonoids are a major group of plant-specific metabolites that determine flower and seed coloration. In plant cells, flavonoids are synthesized at the cytosolic surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and are sequestered in the vacuole. It is possible that membrane trafficking, including vesicle trafficking and organelle dynamics, contributes to flavonoid transport and accumulation. However, the underlying mechanism has yet to be fully elucidated. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ECHIDNA protein plays a role in flavonoid accumulation in the vacuole and protein trafficking to the vacuole. We found defective pigmentation patterns in echidna seed, possibly caused by reduced levels of proanthocyanidins, which determine seed coloration. The echidna mutant has defects in protein sorting to the protein storage vacuole as well as vacuole morphology. These findings indicate that ECHIDNA is involved in the vacuolar trafficking pathway as well as the previously described secretory pathway. In addition, we found a genetic interaction between echidna and green fluorescent seed 9 (gfs9), a membrane trafficking factor involved in flavonoid accumulation. Our findings suggest that vacuolar trafficking and/or vacuolar development, both of which are collectively regulated by ECHIDNA and GFS9, are required for flavonoid accumulation, resulting in seed coat pigmentation.
Involvement of abscisic acid, ABI5, and PPC2 in plant acclimation to low CO2
Authors: You Lei , Zhang Jumei , Li Long , Xiao Chuanlei , Feng Xinhua , Chen Shaoping , Guo Liang , Hu Honghong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a pivotal role in the photosynthetic CO2 fixation of C4 plants. However, the functions of PEPCs in C3 plants are less well characterized, particularly in relation to low atmospheric CO2 levels. Of the four genes encoding PEPC in Arabidopsis, PPC2 is considered as the major leaf PEPC gene. Here we show that the ppc2 mutants suffered a growth arrest when transferred to low atmospheric CO2 conditions, together with decreases in the maximum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and lower levels of leaf abscisic acid (ABA) and carbohydrates. The application of sucrose, malate, or ABA greatly rescued the growth of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. Metabolite profiling analysis revealed that the levels of glycine and serine were increased in ppc2 leaves, while the abundance of photosynthetic metabolites was decreased under these conditions. The transcript levels of encoding enzymes involved in glycine or serine metabolism was decreased in ppc2 in an ABI5-dependent manner. Like the ppc2 mutants, abi5-1 mutants had lower photosynthetic rates and Fv/Fm compared with the wild type under photorespiratory conditions (i.e. low CO2 availability). However, the growth of these mutants was similar to that of the wild type under non-photorespiratory (low O2) conditions. The constitutive expression of ABI5 prevented the growth arrest of ppc2 lines under low CO2 conditions. These findings demonstrate that PPC2 plays an important role in the acclimation of Arabidopsis plants to low CO2 availability by linking photorespiratory metabolism to primary metabolism, and that this is mediated, at least in part, through ABA- and ABI5-dependent processes.
Discreteness effects, N-body chaos and the onset of radial-orbit instability
Authors: Di Cintio Pierfrancesco , Casetti Lapo 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the stability of a family of spherical equilibrium models of self-gravitating systems, the so-called γ models with Osipkov–Merritt velocity anisotropy, by means of N-body simulations. In particular, we analyse the effect of self-consistent N-body chaos on the onset of radial-orbit instability. We find that degree of chaoticity of the system associated with its largest Lyapunov exponent Λmax has no appreciable relation with the stability of the model for fixed density profile and different values of radial velocity anisotropy. However, by studying the distribution of the Lyapunov exponents λm of the individual particles in the single-particle phase space, we find that more anisotropic systems have a larger fraction of orbits with larger λm.
A new method to build the (inverse) distance ladder
Authors: Camarena David , Marra Valerio 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The cosmic distance ladder is the succession of techniques by which it is possible to determine distances to astronomical objects. Here, we present a new method to build the cosmic distance ladder, going from local astrophysical measurements to the CMB. Instead of relying on high-redshift cosmography in order to model the luminosity–distance relation and calibrate supernovae with BAO, we exploit directly the distance–duality relation dL = (1 + z)2dA – valid if photon number is conserved and gravity is described by a metric theory. The advantage is that the results will not depend on the parametrization of the luminosity–distance relation at z &gt; 0.15: no model is adopted in order to calibrate BAO with supernovae. This method yields local measurements of the Hubble constant and deceleration parameter. Furthermore, it can directly assess the impact of BAO observations on the strong 4–5σ tension between local and global H0. Using the latest supernova, BAO and CMB observations, we found a consistently low value of q0 and strong inconsistency between angular-only BAO constraints and anisotropic BAO measurements, which are, or not, in agreement with CMB depending on the kind of analysis (see Table 4). We conclude that, in order to understand the reasons behind the H0 crisis, a first step should be clarifying the tension between angular and perpendicular anisotropic BAO as this will help understanding if new physics is required at the pre-recombination epoch or/and during the dark energy era.
Power
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Christian nationalism helps explain Americans’ responses toward a host of sociocultural issues. It examines how and why Ambassadors, Accommodators, Resisters, and Rejecters respond differently to disputes over immigration, the refugee crisis, gun control, and arguments over “respecting the flag,” to name a few. It also explores how Christian nationalism played an integral role in the outcome of the 2016 election and can similarly explain continued support for President Trump among American Christians. Because Christian nationalism provides a unifying vision of how the world should look, and how that vision should be enacted, the realm of politics is central to understanding the influence of Christian nationalism on American life. We also demonstrate that Christian nationalism is not synonymous with private religiosity. Therefore, in order to understand religion and politics we must recognize that Christian nationalism is unique and cannot be equated with other expressions of religiosity.
Immunological Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on how Salafists try to distance themselves from the rest of French society and with what they see as un-Islamic. Through an internal hijra (religious salutary migration), they attempt to build a countersociety based on respect for pure religious norms. Through an external hijra, they leave France and the West in order to settle in an Islamic society: Morocco, Algeria, Egypt, or elsewhere. There are two types of Hijra. One that is temporary and allows to get familiar with a Muslim society for a relatively short amount of time. One that is designed to be forever entitling a spiritual and social rebirth in a Muslim country.
Filtered Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with how French Salafists come to embrace their conception of Islam. Three major structural factors are considered: socialization in a suburb, an area marginalized geographically and socially; coming from a certain type of immigrant family; belonging to marginalized youth. This chapter also addresses how Salafism echoes a generational rebellion against the rest of the society. Salafism turns out to be to a large extent the religious way of reacting a society that is seen as rejecting Muslims, especially the young generations. Besides, this chapter also sheds light on the much debated question of converts by explaining the reasons why Islam is positively regarded by some people who were not in a Muslim family.
The Scope and Justification of Planetary Protection
Authors: Schwartz James S.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the scope of planetary protection policies should be expanded to include all potential sites of interest to space science. It begins by providing an overview of planetary protection policies and their history. This is followed by discussions of Charles Cockell’s views on the ethics of microbial life, Holmes Rolston’s views on the preservation of natural value in the solar system, and Tony Milligan’s views on respecting natural integrity in space. It argues that each view unnecessarily understates the scope of science’s interest in the protection of space environments. Since every space environment is virtually unexplored, as a precautionary default it should be assumed that a space environment is of interest to science (and thus worth protecting) until otherwise proven.
From Access to Monopoly
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an evaluation of Google’s influence on copyright law and identifies the implications for the public interest. Google’s influence raises critical questions regarding monopoly power, accountability, transparency, and bias in digital copyright governance. From Google Books, to the issues over Google News in Europe, to private copyright rule-making and algorithmic enforcement, we have moved beyond narrow debates about access versus remuneration, even beyond Google’s “innovate first, permission later” heuristic. Today, the digital copyright debate is entangled with issues of accountability, transparency, due process, and concentrated private power in a rapidly evolving digital environment. Grappling with copyright under the influence of Google requires responding to issues that are complex, unstable, and inconsistent.
Conclusion
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
When private companies negotiate and enforce copyright rules that determine the scope and application of copyright across large portions of the digital environment, do they have a responsibility to act in the public interest? In this chapter, it is argued that they do bear a responsibility to act in the public interest, and strategies aimed at ensuring copyright regimes operate in the interest of a broad range of stakeholders are enumerated. There are multiple courses of action available. Monopoly power can be addressed directly, by breaking up companies or by breaking down barriers to entry in digital markets. Or public interest responsibilities can be imposed upon the intermediaries that dominate the digital environment. Both pathways are viable options for lawmakers and activists seeking to curtail Google’s power and to secure public interest outcomes in digital copyright governance.
Darius’ Last Stand and the Collapse of Persian Resistance
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Darius III attempted to avert a second major battle through a flurry of diplomatic activity. Whatever he promised the Conqueror and demanded in return, it was not sufficient to bring an end to hostilities. The forces met north of the Tigris River at Gaugamela, not far from modern-day Mosul. The Persian force was the largest that Darius had fielded to this point, though the numbers are clearly exaggerated. Nevertheless, they were sufficient to attempt a double envelopment of the enemy—for the terrain was ideal for cavalry, which the Persians had in abundance. But the Conqueror managed to knife into the center of the Persian line, roll up the infantry that protected the Great King, and put the Persian leader to flight. This signaled the collapse not only of the battle line but of the Persian resistance as a whole. After the defeat (from which Darius once again escaped), the capitals of the empire surrendered in quick succession: Babylon, Susa, Persepolis, and, eventually, Ecbatana. However, the satrap of Persis, Ariobarzanes, put up a valiant defense at the Persian Gates, only to be overwhelmed by the invader. The occupation and destruction of Persepolis followed. It was a symbol to the Greeks who had joined the Panhellenic cause but also a political dilemma for the new King of Asia.
From the Hindu Kush to the Indus
Authors: Heckel Waldemar 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Having settled affairs in Bactria and Sogdiana, Alexander recrossed the Hindu Kush and began his march to the Indus River, subduing as he went the satrapy of Gandhāra. Perdiccas and Hephaestion were sent ahead to bridge the Indus and accept the submission of Taxiles, who lived beyond the river. Taxiles, however, preferred to meet the king in person at Nicaea in Gandhāra. The campaign proved difficult, since the various tribes—the Aspasians, Assacenians, and Guraeans—withdrew into their mountain fastnesses and forced the Macedonians to conduct sieges of their major towns. One final attempt at resistance at Aornus, which was situated by the banks of the Indus, failed, and its capture enhanced Alexander’s reputation for invincibility.
Feminist Trouble
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
For more than two decades Islamic veils, niqabs, and burkinis have been the object of intense public scrutiny and legal regulations in many Western countries, especially in Europe, and feminists have been actively engaged on both sides of the debates: defending ardently strict prohibitions to ensure Muslim women’s emancipation, or, by contrast, promoting accommodation in the name of women’s religious agency and a more inclusive feminist movement. These recent developments have unfolded in a context of rising right-wing populism in Europe and have fueled “femonationalism,” that is, the instrumentalization of women’s rights for xenophobic agendas. This book explores this contemporary troubled context for feminism, its current divisions, and its future. It investigates how these changes have transformed contemporary feminist movements, intersectionality politics, and the feminist collective subject, and how feminists have been enrolled in the femonationalist project or, conversely, have resisted it in two contexts: France and Quebec. It provides new empirical data on contemporary feminist activists, as well as a critical normative argument about the subject and future of feminism. It makes a contribution to intersectionality theory by reflecting on the dynamics of convergence and difference between race and religion. At the normative level, the book provides an original addition to vivid debates in feminist political theory and philosophy on the subject of feminism. It argues that feminism is better understood not as centered around an identity—women— but around what it calls a feminist ethic of responsibility, which foregrounds a pragmatist moral approach to the feminist project.
Introduction
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter first identifies the trouble with feminism in post-secular times. It explains that the current crisis is different than previous ones because at its center is the question of feminist and religious agency. The chapter argues that we need to go beyond this debate which has been framed by the work of Saba Mahmood on religious agency, and limited to a critical analysis. To do so, drawing on critical feminist theories and on theories of care, it posits that we must consider feminism as both a political and a moral project. It details what such a conception of feminism entails, and what it brings to the analysis of current feminist conflicts. It then provides an outline of the subsequent chapters.
Theorizing Feminism
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops the implications of considering feminism as a moral and political project and articulates this conception with intersectionality. It argues that to capture both the political and moral dimensions of feminism we must explore feminists’ political subjectivations. Such an approach places at the center of its inquiry the moral dispositions that feminists cultivate toward other feminists, taking into account the power inequalities—particularly, but not only, along axes of race and religion—that shape these relations between feminists. This perspective is indebted to specific genealogies of intersectional feminist theory that have insisted on how social locations and hierarchies of power shape feminist subjectivities through emotions and moral sentiments. Theorizing feminism in this way also offers important insights on intersectionality theory when it comes to analyzing feminist movements and how they address power hierarchies of race and religion.
Race, Religion, and Gender
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter retraces the Islamic veiling debates in France and Quebec, and how feminist organizations engaged in them in both contexts. It explains why intersectional coalitions in the context of heated debates over secularism and the hijab proved possible in Quebec, while they vastly failed in France. In particular, it underlines the specificity of intersectional politics over Islam that uses feminist discourses on female autonomy and emancipation to exclude “improper” subjects from the feminist project. Documenting the feminist debates over Islamic veiling in France and Quebec, the chapter shows that the strength of racialized women’s self-organizing plays a crucial role in the possibility of forging and sustaining coalitions that remain inclusive and critical of femonationalist discourses. Feminist coalitions’ previous history with antiracism also matters when it comes to their capacity to resist femonationalist discourses.
Toward a Feminist Ethic of Responsibility
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The chapter first reviews normative proposals centered on coalitions as a “remedy” to intersectionality and the challenges it raises for feminism. Then the chapter turns to feminist theorists Iris Young and Linda Zerilli, who have attempted to define an ethics of inclusion that could be appropriate for the feminist project. Using the empirical material analyzed in previous chapters, this chapter argues that the demand for inclusion that is voiced by nonwhite feminists is not only a call for political inclusion: it is also a claim for recognition of common ground with white feminists, a project of creating moral relations among feminists. Drawing on an ethic of care, the chapter proposes a feminist ethics of responsibility that aims at making space for the other within the feminist project, responding to others—which often means finding compromise and translating demands—in a way that recognizes hierarchies of power and privilege.
Conclusion
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conclusion first shows that the dynamics of femonationalism should be explained while taking into account feminists’ political subjectivations, and the link between feminist whiteness and nationalism. It also explores how a feminist ethic of responsibility enables us to go beyond the critical question of the foundation of feminism—that is, who the “we” is in the name of which feminists make their claims. A feminist ethics of responsibility implies redefining the subject of feminism as relations among feminists rather than a “we women,” and defining the feminist project as a project of treating other feminists equally. Finally, the conclusion revisits the question of agency and emancipation. It argues that a feminist ethic of responsibility can help define emancipation outside of the liberal vocabulary of agency.
Synchronized Minds
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The first of the book’s four empirical chapters use the survey data to examine three issues empirically: first, we show that activists rely on a specific understanding of common good and politics that departs from that held by the general population. Second, we consider how their inclusion in a specific commitment community provides them with a particular understanding of common good and politics. Activists of a specific commitment community hence see both common good and politics through particular cognitive lenses. Third, we show that activists who evolve in the same commitment site but are members of different organizations, as well as active and passive members involved in the same organization, rely on similar views about common good and politics. From these primary analyses, we demonstrate that activists rely on socially shared meanings that are distinct from one commitment community to another. Their minds are synchronized with that of their peers and enable them to perform and sustain joint action.
Politics and Intentionality
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Whereas Chapter 4 focused on understandings of common good, Chapter 5 concentrates on activists’ understandings of politics. Based on activists’ narratives, we offer a thorough analysis of how activists apprehend state and civil society actors that goes beyond the general sketch provided by survey data in Chapter 3. We then proceed to assess how activists’ views on politics allow the construction of cognitive components that set their intentionality and orient them toward particular forms of action. Finally, the in-depth analysis of activists’ understanding of common good and politics in both chapters enables us to grasp the types of political citizenship activists adhere to. We thereby show that notions of democratic cultures vary across commitment communities.