bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Distal Influences and Proximal Resources on the Mental Health of African American Older Adults: Findings From the Georgia Centenarian Study
Authors: Johnson Nicholson Meneka C , Martin Peter , Gilligan Megan , Cutrona Carolyn E , Russell Daniel W , Schofield Tom J , Poon Leonard W 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Over the years, a large amount of research has been devoted to the investigation of factors that led to mental health outcomes in older adults. For African American older adults, their lived experiences place them at high risk for mental health problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of early life influences (i.e., education, childhood life events, and childhood financial well-being) and present psychosocial resources (i.e., individual, financial, and social) on current mental health outcomes in a sample of African American older adults in their 60s, 80s, and 100s.

Research Design and Methods
Using data from the Georgia Centenarian Study, 125 participants were interviewed about their mental health, resources, and early life influences.

Results
A structural equation model was tested and resulted in a good fit. Results indicated that the more social resources African American older adults had available, the lower the number of depressive symptoms they reported. African Americans with higher levels of financial well-being during childhood reported higher self-rated mental health. Older adults had higher levels of financial resources. Level of education showed a positive relationship with financial resources. Indirect effects of distal influences on health outcomes via current resources were not found.

Discussion and Implications
The findings are of direct practical relevance and can be used to more readily identify older African Americans who may be susceptible to poorer mental health outcomes based upon the impact of their unique distal and proximal psychosocial resources.
The influence of elastic thickness non-uniformity on viscoelastic crustal response to magma emplacement: application to the Kutcharo caldera, eastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Yamasaki Tadashi , Takahashi Hiroaki , Ohzono Mako , Wright Tim J , Kobayashi Tomokazu 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYAn elastic layer plays an important role in deformation of the crust. At active volcanoes, its thickness would be effectively thinned by a higher geothermal gradient, particularly in a region beneath which magmatic activity is relatively high. This study examines the influence of elastic thickness non-uniformity on viscoelastic crustal deformation by magma emplacement. A 3-D linear Maxwell viscoelastic model is employed, in which an elastic layer underlain by a viscoelastic layer with a spatially uniform viscosity is thinned to be hi in the volcano centre, compared with hi + Δh in the peripheral regions, and a sill-like magma emplacement occurs in the upper layer beneath the centre. It is found that the post-emplacement viscoelastic subsidence is diminished or enhanced by the elastic thickness non-uniformity, depending on whether or not the horizontal width of the magma emplacement (ωs) is greater than the horizontal width (ωe) over which the elastic layer is thinner. The available signature of the non-uniformity is explored by comparison with a model that has a spatially uniform elastic thickness (UET) of hi. If an apparent viscosity (ηa) of the UET model is adjusted so that the difference in post-emplacement subsidence is minimized at the deformation centre, the non-uniformity appears in the overall deformation field as a displacement anomaly over the perimeter of the sill in which viscoelastic subsidence is greater for the non-uniform model. The anomaly is, however, by no more than the magnitude of ∼15 per cent of the maximal syn-emplacement uplift, though ηa is necessarily modified to be ∼0.2–10 times the non-uniform model viscosity (ηc). If ωe is larger than a few times ωs, a weak signature is no longer expected in the deformation field, and ηa is not significantly deviated from ηc. Since the signature appears so faintly in a displacement field, the InSAR data in the Kutcharo caldera for a period from 1993 August 13 to 1998 June 9 do not allow us to capture the non-uniformity. However, it can be concluded that if ωe beneath the caldera is comparable with or greater than the topographic caldera diameter (ωc) as implied by the spatial variation of the geothermal gradient, the non-uniformity has no significant influence. Otherwise, if ωe &lt; ωc, the non-uniformity influences the estimation of the crustal viscosity, but does not affect the overall deformation field. The elastic thickness non-uniformity can be theoretically captured in the deformation field, but in practice, its influence, particularly on estimating crustal viscosity, cannot be properly inferred without other geophysical data such as the geothermal gradient in and around the caldera.
Participant engagement in a community based participatory research study to reduce alcohol use among Latino immigrant men
Authors: Torres Vanessa N , Williams Emily C , Ceballos Rachel M , Donovan Dennis M , Duran Bonnie , Ornelas India J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough Latino immigrant men experience many health disparities, they are underrepresented in research to understand and address disparities. Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) has been identified to encourage participant engagement and increase representation in health disparities research. The CBPR conceptual model describes how partnership processes and study design impact participant engagement in research. Using this model, we sought to describe how these domains influenced participant engagement in a pilot randomized controlled trial of brief intervention for unhealthy alcohol use (n = 121) among Latino immigrant men. We conducted interviews with a sample of study participants (n = 25) and reviewed logs maintained by ‘promotores’. We identified facilitators of participant engagement, including the relevance of the study topic, alignment with participants’ goals to improve their lives, partnerships with study staff that treated participants respectfully and offered access to resources. Further, men reported that the study time and location were convenient and that they appreciated being compensated for their time. Barriers to participant engagement included survey questions that were difficult to understand and competing demands of work responsibilities. Findings suggest that engaging underserved communities requires culturally responsive and community engagement strategies that promote trust. Future studies should further investigate how CBPR partnership processes can inform intervention research.
Clinical-stage Approaches for Imaging Chronic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Greer Mary-Louise C , Cytter-Kuint Ruth , Pratt Li-tal , Soboleski Don , Focht Gili , Castro Denise A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The number of imaging-based indices developed for inflammatory bowel disease as research tools, objectively measuring ileocolonic and perianal activity and treatment response, has expanded in the past 2 decades. Created primarily to assess Crohn’s disease (CD), there is increasing adoption of these indices into the clinical realm to guide patient care. This translation has been facilitated by validation in adult and pediatric populations, prompted by simplification of score calculations needed for practical application outside the research environment. The majority of these indices utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), specifically MR enterography (MRE) and pelvic MRI, and more recently ultrasound. This review explores validated indices by modality, anatomic site and indication, including for documentation of the presence and extent of CD, disease progression, complications, and treatment response, highlighting those in clinical use or with the potential to be. As well, it details index imaging features used to quantify chronic inflammatory activity, severity, and to lesser extent fibrosis, in addition to their reference standards and any modifications. Validation in the pediatric population of indices primarily developed in adult cohorts such as the Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MaRIA), the Simplified Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity (MARIAs), and the MRE global score (MEGS), together with newly developed pediatric-specific indices, are discussed. Indices that may be predictive of disease course and investigational techniques with the potential to provide future imaging biomarkers, such as multiparametric MRI, are also briefly considered.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Chronic Inflammatory Conditions of the Pouch
Authors: Hasan Badar , Yim Yunjoo , Ur Rashid Mamoon , Khalid Rumman A , Sarvepalli Deepika , Castaneda Daniel , Ur Rahman Asad , Palekar Nicole , Charles Roger , Castro Fernando J , Shen Bo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Pouchitis can be a chronic complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. We aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) and other inflammatory conditions of the pouch.

Methods
This was a retrospective case series of adults with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who underwent ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and then developed CARP and received HBOT between January 2015 and October 2019. A modified Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (mPDAI) score was used to quantify subjective symptoms (0–6) and endoscopic findings (0–6) before and after HBOT.

Results
A total of 46 patients were included, with 23 (50.0%) being males with a mean age of 43.6 ± 12.9 years. The median number of HBOT sessions was 30 (range 10–60). There was a significant reduction in the mean mPDAI symptom subscore from 3.19 to 1.91 after HBOT (P &lt; 0.05). The pre- and post-HBOT mean mPDAI endoscopy subscores for the afferent limb were 2.31 ± 1.84 and 0.85 ± 1.28 (P = 0.006); for the pouch body, 2.34 ± 1.37 and 1.29 ± 1.38 (P &lt; 0.001); and for the cuff, 1.93 ± 1.11 and 0.63 ± 1.12 (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Transient side effects included ear barotrauma in 5 patients (10.9%) and hyperbaric myopic vision changes in 5 patients (10.9%).

Conclusions
Despite minor adverse events, HBOT was well tolerated in patients with CARP and significantly improved symptoms and endoscopic parameters.
Wavelet-based approximations of pointwise bound constraints in Lebesgue and Sobolev spaces
Authors: Dahlke S , Surowiec T M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Many problems in optimal control, PDE-constrained optimization and constrained variational problems include pointwise bound constraints on the feasible controls and state variables. Most well-known approaches for treating such pointwise inequality constraints in numerical methods rely on finite element discretizations and interpolation arguments. We propose an alternative means of discretizing pointwise bound constraints using a wavelet-based discretization. The main results show that the discrete, approximating sets converge in the sense of Mosco to the original sets. In situations of higher regularity, convergence rates follow immediately from the underlying wavelet theory. The approach exploits the fact that one can easily transform between a given multiscale wavelet representation and single-scale representation with linear complexity. This allows, for example, a direct treatment of variational problems involving fractional operators, without the need for lifting techniques. We demonstrate this fact with several numerical examples of fractional obstacle problems.
Restoring Legitimacy: Public Diplomacy Campaigns during Civil Wars
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora , Jones Benjamin T 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGovernments involved in civil wars often gain a strategic advantage from intentionally killing civilians. However, targeting civilians might also tarnish perceptions of the government’s legitimacy abroad, increasing the risk of foreign actors punishing the government. How can governments attempt to navigate this dilemma? Focusing on the United States as one of the most frequent interveners in civil wars after the Cold War, we examine one particular strategy governments might employ: public diplomacy campaigns (PDCs) targeting both the public and elites in the United States. PDCs can help governments restore perceptions of their legitimacy abroad in the face of civilian targeting by mobilizing coalitions of support and undermining critics. When governments can achieve plausible deniability for civilian deaths via militias, PDCs enable governments to reduce the damage to foreign perceptions of their legitimacy. When rebels engage in civilian targeting, PDCs allow governments to publicize these actions. We compile data PDCs in the United States by governments engaged in civil wars. Our results have important implications for current understandings of civil war combatant foreign policies, foreign interventions, and international human rights laws and norms.
The Testament politique of Nicholas I? Monarchical propaganda and the birth of a national collection
Authors: Sopo Elina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article explores the symbolic function of ritual and collecting during the political rule of Tsar Nichol- as I through a close reading of the unpublished letters of the protégés of the emperor who played decisive roles in the Society for the Encouragement of the Culture of the Fine Arts in Finland. It explores how long-established aspects of the psychology of authority and monarchical propaganda were performed and expressed, and how they were deployed in the image creation and governance of the empire. Also addressed are questions about the degree to which the government’s view of Romantic nationalism was ambivalent, and how the essentially ancien régime outlook of an enlightened autocrat came to be reconciled with the radical views of the nationalists.
Microsatellites for the Neotropical Ant, Odontomachus chelifer (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Lemos Alessandra S M , Azevedo-Silva Marianne , Gonçalves-Neto Salatiel , Souza Anete P , Oliveira Paulo S 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOdontomachus chelifer (Latreille) (Ponerinae) is a ground-dwelling, predominantly carnivorous ant whose colonies may contain multiple egg-laying queens and are potentially susceptible to border effects in the Brazilian savanna known as Cerrado. The ecology and natural history of O. chelifer is well studied, but very little is known about the genetic diversity of O. chelifer colonies. In this study, we developed microsatellite markers for the study of genetic variation in O. chelifer. We created a microsatellite-enriched library that resulted in the development and characterization of 22 markers, of which 18 were found to be polymorphic in the population studied. The mean expected heterozygosity was 0.59, whereas the mean rarified allelic richness was determined as 4.27 alleles per locus. The polymorphism level detected was similar to genetic diversity estimates found in other poneromorph ant species. The microsatellites developed here are likely to be useful for the investigation of colony structure, functional polygyny, breeding system, and population genetics in O. chelifer. Moreover, the description of O. chelifer’s genetic diversity is crucial for its conservation and maintenance of its ecological role in the Cerrado savanna.
Genetic diversity and conservation of the endemic tuco-tucoCtenomys ibicuiensis(Rodentia: Ctenomyidae)
Authors: Medeiros Mayara Delagnelo , Galiano Daniel , Kubiak Bruno Busnello , Roratto Paula Angélica , de Freitas Thales Renato Ochotorena 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEndemic, small range species are susceptible to environmental changes and landscape modification. Understanding genetic diversity and distributional patterns is important for implementation of effective conservation measures. In this context, genetic diversity was evaluated to update the conservation status of an endemic tuco-tuco, Ctenomys ibicuiensis. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses of mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite loci were carried out using 46 individuals sampled across the species’ distribution. Ctenomys ibicuiensis presented moderate to high genetic diversity and highly structured populations with low levels of gene flow and isolation by distance. Anthropogenic landscape changes threaten this restricted-range tuco-tuco. Considering its limited geographic distribution and highly structured populations with low gene flow, we consider C. ibicuiensis to be at significant risk of extinction.
Military Innovation and Technological Determinism: British and US Ways of Carrier Warfare, 1919–1945
Authors: Kuo Kendrick 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMajor theories of military innovation suggest that military organizations will converge on the proper employment of new weapons if they are responsive to strategic threats and overcome cultural, bureaucratic, and material constraints. Using a comparison of British and US interwar carrier programs, I show how these standard intuitions about military innovation wrongly assume that there is a predetermined performance trajectory embedded in new technology. The Royal Navy employed carrier technology differently from its American counterpart, not because of cultural biases, bureaucratic parochialism, or resource scarcity, but because the British possessed in-theater military bases and faced the threat of land-based enemy aircraft in the North Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Far East. British carrier warfare, which the field of military innovation studies roundly criticizes as non-innovative and ineffective, was in fact a creative solution for Britain's geostrategic challenges that proved effective for the first couple of years of World War II. Since carrier warfare is a canonical case for military innovation studies, revising our understanding of Britain's interwar carrier program has significant implications for the way scholars conceptualize military innovation and its relationship to wartime military performance.
Between contestation and collaboration: The internal dynamics of multidisciplinary accounting firm responses to institutional pressures
Authors: Taminiau Yvette , Heusinkveld Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe colonization of adjacent professional fields has been considered as crucial to understand the success and influence of large accounting firms, such as the Big 4. Yet, given the complexities of managing different professional groups, remarkably little is known about the internal dynamics behind large multidisciplinary accounting firms’ external responses to institutional pressures. In this article, we show how exogenous coercive pressure, such as regulation (in this case Dutch accountancy regulations), not only affect the day-to-day work of accountants, but also that of non-accountants such as tax advisors. From the perception of the tax advisors who confront regulations which are not ‘theirs’, we show how their internal responses evolve and tread a fine line between contestation and collaboration with their colleague accountants/auditors. Using a boundary work perspective, we examine this shift in responses and explain how tensions between professional groups may be reduced. Overall, our study not only furthers our insights into the internal dynamics behind professional service firms’ external responses, but also sheds light on why professional groups stay on board despite unfavorable internal conditions.
Neural-network assisted study of nitrogen atom dynamics on amorphous solid water – I. adsorption and desorption
Authors: Molpeceres Germán , Zaverkin Viktor , Kästner Johannes 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Dynamics of adsorption and desorption of (4S)-N on amorphous solid water are analysed using molecular dynamic simulations. The underlying potential energy surface was provided by machine-learned interatomic potentials. Binding energies confirm the latest available theoretical and experimental results. The nitrogen sticking coefficient is close to unity at dust temperatures of 10 K but decreases at higher temperatures. We estimate a desorption time-scale of 1 μs at 28 K. The estimated time-scale allows chemical processes mediated by diffusion to happen before desorption, even at higher temperatures. We found that the energy dissipation process after a sticking event happens on the picosecond time-scale at dust temperatures of 10 K, even for high energies of the incoming adsorbate. Our approach allows the simulation of large systems for reasonable time-scales at an affordable computational cost and ab initio accuracy. Moreover, it is generally applicable for the study of adsorption dynamics of interstellar radicals on dust surfaces.
Sex-Specific Selection Drives the Evolution of Alternative Splicing in Birds
Authors: Rogers Thea F , Palmer Daniela H , Wright Alison E 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMales and females of the same species share the majority of their genomes, yet they are frequently exposed to conflicting selection pressures. Gene regulation is widely assumed to resolve these conflicting sex-specific selection pressures, and although there has been considerable focus on elucidating the role of gene expression level in sex-specific adaptation, other regulatory mechanisms have been overlooked. Alternative splicing enables different transcripts to be generated from the same gene, meaning that exons which have sex-specific beneficial effects can in theory be retained in the gene product, whereas exons with detrimental effects can be skipped. However, at present, little is known about how sex-specific selection acts on broad patterns of alternative splicing. Here, we investigate alternative splicing across males and females of multiple bird species. We identify hundreds of genes that have sex-specific patterns of splicing and establish that sex differences in splicing are correlated with phenotypic sex differences. Additionally, we find that alternatively spliced genes have evolved rapidly as a result of sex-specific selection and suggest that sex differences in splicing offer another route to sex-specific adaptation when gene expression level changes are limited by functional constraints. Overall, our results shed light on how a diverse transcriptional framework can give rise to the evolution of phenotypic sexual dimorphism.