bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear propagating modes beyond the phonons in fluorite-structured crystals
Authors: Bryan Matthew S. , Fu Lyuwen , Rickert Karl , Turner David , Prusnick Timothy A. , Mann J. Matthew , Abernathy Douglas L. , Marianetti Chris A. , Manley Michael E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe vibrational energy of crystals is known to propagate in a fixed number of phonon branches allowed by symmetry. In the realm of nonlinear dynamics, however, additional nonlinear propagating modes are possible. Nonlinear propagating modes have unique properties that are important in many disciplines including optical communications, conducting polymers, biology, magnetism, and nuclear physics. Yet, despite the crucial importance of crystal lattice vibrations in fundamental and applied science, such additional propagating modes have not been observed in ordinary crystals. Here, we show that propagating modes exist beyond the phonons in fluorite-structured thoria, urania, and natural calcium fluoride using neutron scattering and first-principles calculations. These modes are observed at temperatures ranging from 5 K up to 1200 K, extend to frequencies 30–40% higher than the maximum phonon frequency, and travel at velocities comparable to or higher than the fastest phonon. The nonlinear origin of the modes is explained in part via perturbation theory, which approximately accounts for nonlinearity. Given that these modes are still clearly observed at 5 K, they are likely an inherent feature of the quantum ground state. The existence of these waves in three-dimensional crystals may have ramifications for material properties.
Current-controlled nanomagnetic writing for reconfigurable magnonic crystals
Authors: Gartside Jack C. , Jung Son G. , Yoo Seung Y. , Arroo Daan M. , Vanstone Alex , Dion Troy , Stenning Kilian D. , Branford Will R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStrongly-interacting nanomagnetic arrays are crucial across an ever-growing suite of technologies. Spanning neuromorphic computing, control over superconducting vortices and reconfigurable magnonics, the utility and appeal of these arrays lies in their vast range of distinct, stable magnetization states. Different states exhibit different functional behaviours, making precise, reconfigurable state control an essential cornerstone of such systems. However, few existing methodologies may reverse an arbitrary array element, and even fewer may do so under electrical control, vital for device integration. We demonstrate selective, reconfigurable magnetic reversal of ferromagnetic nanoislands via current-driven motion of a transverse domain wall in an adjacent nanowire. The reversal technique operates under all-electrical control with no reliance on external magnetic fields, rendering it highly suitable for device integration across a host of magnonic, spintronic and neuromorphic logic architectures. Here, the reversal technique is leveraged to realize two fully solid-state reconfigurable magnonic crystals, offering magnonic gating, filtering, transistor-like switching and peak-shifting without reliance on global magnetic fields.
Accelerating land cover change in West Africa over four decades as population pressure increased
Authors: Herrmann Stefanie M. , Brandt Martin , Rasmussen Kjeld , Fensholt Rasmus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRapid population growth in West Africa has exerted increasing pressures on land resources, leading to observable changes in the land cover and land use. However, spatially explicit and thematically detailed quantitative analyses of land cover change over long time periods and at regional scale have been lacking. Here we present a change intensity analysis of a Landsat-based, visually interpreted, multi-date (1975, 2000, 2013) land cover dataset of West Africa, stratified into five bioclimatic sub-regions. Change intensities accelerated over time and increased from the arid to the sub-humid sub-regions, as did population densities. The area occupied by human-dominated land cover categories more than doubled from 493,000 km2 in 1975 to 1,121,000 km2 in 2013. Land cover change intensities within 10 km of new settlement locations exceeded the region-wide average by up to a factor of three, substantiating the significant role of population pressure as a force of change. The spatial patterns of the human footprint in West Africa, however, suggest that not only population pressure but also changing socioeconomic conditions and policies shape the complexity of land cover outcomes.
Reagent-free aerobic oxidative synthesis of amides from aldehydes and isothiocyanates
Authors: Li Jiang-Sheng , Xie Xin-Yun , Jiang Si , Yang Pan-Pan , Li Zhi-Wei , Lu Cui-Hong , Liu Wei-Dong 
Published: November 2020

A reagent-free autoxidative reaction of aldehydes with isothiocyanates is developed to readily access amides, involving capture of carboxylic acids in situ generated from aldehydes by isothiocyanates as both coupling mediators and amine surrogates.
Musicians' Hearing Handicap Index: A New Questionnaire to Assess the Impact of Hearing Impairment in Musicians and Other Music Professionals
Authors: Vardonikolaki Aikaterini , Pavlopoulos Vassilis , Pastiadis Konstantinos , Markatos Nikolaos , Papathanasiou Ilias , Papadelis Georgios , Logiadis Miltos , Bibas Athanasios 
Published: November 2020

PurposeWe aimed to develop and validate the Musicians' Hearing Handicap Index (MHHI), a new self-evaluation tool for quantifying occupation-related auditory difficulties in music professionals. Although pure-tone audiometry is often considered the “gold standard” and is usually employed as the main instrument for hearing assessment, it cannot fully describe the impact of hearing dysfunction. The MHHI is an attempt to complement the hearing impairment assessment toolbox and is based on a unique approach to quantify the effects of hearing-related symptoms or hearing loss on the performance of musicians and other music industry professionals.MethodAn initial set of 143 questionnaire items was successively refined through a series of critical appraisals, modifications, and suggestions. This yielded an intermediate questionnaire consisting of 43 items, which was administered to 204 musicians and sound engineers. After exploratory factor analysis, the final form of the MHHI questionnaire was obtained, consisting of 29 items. The questionnaire's test–retest reliability, internal consistency, discriminating power, content validity, criterion validity, and aspects of construct validity and inherent conceptual structure were assessed.ResultsExploratory factor analysis revealed a combination of four common factors for the 29 validated questionnaire items. They were named “impact on social and working lives,” “difficulties in performance and sound perception,” “communication difficulties,” and “emotional distress.” The MHHI was shown to be a valid and reliable instrument to assess musicians' and sound engineers' occupational difficulties due to hearing impairment and related symptoms.ConclusionThe ability of the MHHI to discriminate between groups of music professionals with different auditory symptoms or pure-tone audiometry thresholds suggests that auditory symptoms might influence a professional's performance to an extent that cannot be assessed by a pure-tone audiogram.
Autobiographical Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Hearing Loss, and Childhood Trauma: Implications for Social Communication Intervention
Authors: Brien Ashley , Hutchins Tiffany L. , Westby Carol 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) work with a variety of populations at risk for poor autobiographical and episodic memory. The purpose of this tutorial is to describe autobiographical memory and how it is affected in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hearing loss, and childhood trauma, as well as provide clinicians with practical strategies for supporting autobiographical memory in each of these clinical populations.

Method
This tutorial reviews the literature on (a) autobiographical and episodic memory in typical development; (b) its relation to theory of mind, personal narrative skills, and executive functions; (c) elaborative reminiscing in typical development; (d) how autobiographical memory is impaired in children with autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hearing loss, and childhood trauma; and (e) strategies for supporting autobiographical memory in each clinical population.

Conclusions
When adequately prepared, SLPs are uniquely situated to address autobiographical and episodic memory in their work with children, families, and related professionals. This is a long-overdue focus of such great clinical import that justifies its inclusion in the traditional training and preparation of SLPs. Adapting elaborative reminiscing strategies for use with various clinical populations is promising for facilitating healthy EM development and related cognitive functions.
The search for extratidal star candidates around Galactic globular clusters NGC 2808, NGC 6266, and NGC 6397 with Gaia DR2 astrometry
Authors: Kundu Richa , Navarrete Camila , Fernández-Trincado José G. , Minniti Dante , Singh Harinder P. , Sbordone Luca , Piatti Andrés E. , Reylé Céline 
Published: November 2020

Context. Extratidal stars are stellar bodies that end up outside the tidal radius of a cluster as a result of internal processes or external forces acting upon it. The presence and spatial distribution of these stars can give us insights into the past evolution of a cluster inside our Galaxy.
Aims. Previous works suggest that globular clusters, when explored in detail, show evidence of extratidal stars. We aim to search for possible extratidal stars in the Galactic globular clusters NGC 6397, NGC 2808, and NGC 6266 using the photometry and proper motion measurements from Gaia DR2 database.
Methods. The extratidal stars for the clusters were selected on the basis of: their distance from the cluster center, similarity in their proper motions to the cluster population, and their position on the color-magnitude diagram of the clusters. Each cluster was explored in an annulus disk from the tidal radius up to five times the tidal radii. The significance level of the number of selected extratidal stars was determined on the basis of the distribution of Milky Way stars according to the Besançon Galaxy model and Gaia data. To understand the observed extratidal features, the orbits of the clusters were also determined using GravPot16.
Results. Finally, 120, 126, and 107 extratidal candidate stars were found lying outside the tidal radius of the globular clusters NGC 6397, NGC 2808, and NGC 6266, respectively. 70%, 25.4%, and 72.9% of the extratidal stars found are located outside the Jacobi radius of NGC 6397, NGC 2808, and NGC 6266, respectively. The spatial distribution of the extratidal stars belonging to NGC 6397 appears S-like, extending along the curved leading and trailing arms. NGC 2808 has an overdensity of stars in the trailing part of the cluster and NGC 6266 seems to have overdensities of extratidal stars in its eastern and northern sides.
Conclusions. Proper motions and color-magnitude diagrams can be used to identify extratidal candidate stars around GCs. Nonetheless, depending on how different the kinematics and stellar populations of a cluster are compared to the Milky Way field, the fraction of contamination can be larger. All three clusters are found to have extratidal stars outside their tidal radii. For NGC 6397 and NGC 2808, these stars may be the result of a combined effect of the disc shocks and tidal disruptions. For NGC 6266, the distribution of extratidal stars is symmetrical around it, most likely indicating that the cluster has an extended stellar envelope.
Search for flares and associated CMEs on late-type main-sequence stars in optical SDSS spectra
Authors: Koller Florian , Leitzinger Martin , Temmer Manuela , Odert Petra , Beck Paul G. , Veronig Astrid 
Published: November 2020

Aims.This work aims to detect and classify stellar flares and potential stellar coronal mass ejection (CME) signatures in optical spectra provided by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data release 14. The sample is constrained to all F, G, K, and M main-sequence type stars, resulting in more than 630 000 stars. This work makes use of the individual spectral exposures provided by the SDSS.Methods.An automatic flare search was performed by detecting significant amplitude changes in theHαandHβspectral lines after a Gaussian profile was fit to the line core. CMEs were searched for by identifying asymmetries in the Balmer lines caused by the Doppler effect of plasma motions in the line of sight.Results.We identified 281 flares on late-type stars (spectral types K3 – M9). We identified six possible CME candidates showing excess flux in Balmer line wings. Flare energies inHαwere calculated and masses of the CME candidates were estimated. The derivedHαflare energies range from 3 × 1028− 2 × 1033erg. TheHαflare energy increases with earlier types, while the fraction of flaring times increases with later types. Mass estimates for the CME candidates are in the range of 6 × 1016− 6 × 1018g, and the highest projected velocities are ~300−700 km s−1.Conclusions.The low detection rate of CMEs we obtained agrees with previous studies, suggesting that for late-type main-sequence stars the CME occurrence rate that can be detected with optical spectroscopy is low.
Radiologische Diagnostik der Nasenhaupt- und Nasennebenhöhlen
Authors: Nelles Christian , Zopfs David , Neuschmelting Hannah 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDie diagnostische und periinterventionelle Schnittbildgebung der Nasenhaupt- und Nasennebenhöhlen ist heute aus dem Alltag der HNO-Heilkunde nicht mehr wegzudenken. Zu den Aufgaben des Radiologen gehört es, Verdachtsdiagnosen zu bestätigen, Pathologien ätiologisch einzuordnen und deren Ausdehnung exakt zu bestimmen sowie die sinunasale Anatomie und Normvarianten zur Operationsplanung zu beschreiben. CT und MRT ergänzen sich dabei.
Ophthalmology Program Director Perspectives of Scoring Step 1 Pass/Fail
Authors: Hamdan Saif A. , Makhoul Alan T. , Drolet Brian C. , Lindsey Jennifer L. , Law Janice C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Scoring for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 was recently announced to be reported as binary as early as 2022. The general perception among program directors (PDs) in all specialties has largely been negative, but the perspective within ophthalmology remains uncharacterized.
Objective This article characterizes ophthalmology residency PDs' perspectives regarding the impact of pass/fail USMLE Step 1 scoring on the residency application process.
Methods A validated 19-item anonymous survey was electronically distributed to 111 PDs of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education-accredited ophthalmology training programs.
Results Fifty-six PDs (50.5%) completed the survey. The median age of respondents was 48 years and the majority were male (71.4%); the average tenure as PD was 7.1 years. Only 6 (10.7%) PDs reported the change of the USMLE Step 1 to pass/fail was a good idea. Most PDs (92.9%) indicated that this will make it more difficult to objectively compare applicants, and many (69.6%) did not agree that the change would improve medical student well-being. The majority (82.1%) indicated that there will be an increased emphasis on Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) scores, and many (70.4%) felt that medical school reputation will be more important in application decisions.
Conclusion Most ophthalmology PDs who responded to the survey do not support binary Step 1 scoring. Many raised concerns regarding shifted overemphasis on Step 2 CK, uncertain impact on student well-being, and potential to disadvantage certain groups of medical students including international medical graduates. These concerns highlight the need for reform in the ophthalmology application process.
Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning: Systematic Review
Authors: Galafassi Giovanna Zambo , Aguiar Paulo Henrique Pires , Takahashi André Akira , Pagura Jorge Roberto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) leasioning (DREZ-otomy) is considered an effective treatment for chronic pain due to spinal cord injuries, brachial and lumbosacral plexus injuries, postherpetic neuralgia, spasticity, and other conditions. The objective of the technique is to cause a selective destruction of the afferent pain fibers located in the dorsal region of the spinal cord.Objective To identify and review the effectiveness and the main aspects related to DREZ-otomy, as well as the etiologies that can be treated with it.Methods The PubMed, MEDLINE and LILACS databases were used as bases for this systematic review, having the impact factor as the selection criteria. The 23 selected publications, totalizing 1,099 patients, were organized in a table for systematic analysis.Results Satisfactory pain control was observed in 70.1% of the cases, with the best results being found in patients with brachial/lumbosacral plexus injury (70.8%) and the worst, in patients with trigeminal pain (40% to 67%).Discussion Most of the published articles observed excellent results in the control of chronic pain, especially in cases of plexus injuries. Complications are rare, and can be minimized with the use of new technologies for intraoperative monitoring and imaging.Conclusion DREZ-otomy can be considered a great alternative for the treatment of chronic pain, especially in patients who do not tolerate the side effects of the medications used in the clinical management or have refractory pain.
Endonasal Endoscopic Pituitary Adenoma Resection in light of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Technical Report
Authors: Barbosa Danilo Talacimon , Oberman Dan Zimelewicz , Moreira Alick Durão , Borges Luisa , Gonçalves Felipe , Cabral Gustavo Sereno Porto , Barros Rafael Rego , Vaitsman Rafael , Sodré Rodrigo , Kleskoski João , Maia Orlando , Correa Jorge Luis Amorim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA) is routinely used to treat sellar and suprasellar tumors. It provides safe and direct access to tumors in these locations, with wide visualization of anatomical landmarks and great surgical results. With the COVID-19 pandemic, despite the high risk of transmission involved, various surgical procedures cannot be postponed due to their emergency.
Case Report A 62-year-old female presented in the previous two months with headaches, followed by bilateral severe visual loss. In 2016, she was submitted to subtotal resection of a non-secretory macroadenoma. Because of the progressive visual deficits, the EETA was used to the resect the pituitary adenoma.
Technical Note We developed a low-cost adaptation to the surgical fields, covering the patient's head and superior trunk with a regular surgical microscope bag with a tiny slit to enable the endoscope and surgical instruments to enter the nose, thus protecting the personnel in the operating room from the aerosolization of particles. This makes surgery safer for the surgical team and for the patient.
Conclusion In view of the lack of literature on this subject, except for some reports of experiences from some services around the world, we describe the way we have adjusted the EETA in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Computed Tomographic Measurement of Trochlear Depth in Three Breeds of Brachycephalic Dog
Authors: Matchwick Alexandra , Bridges Janis P. , Mielke Benjamin , Pead Matthew J. , Phillips Andrew , Meeson Richard L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to determine the trochlear sulcus depth of three common brachycephalic breeds at risk of medial patellar luxation.
Study Design Retrospective blinded clinical study using a previously validated ratio (T/P) of maximal trochlear sulcus depth (T) and maximal patellar craniocaudal thickness (P) measured on computed tomography, to assess trochlear sulcus depth in Pugs, French Bulldogs and English Bulldogs without clinical patellar luxation. The effect of breed on T/P was assessed using one-way linear regression models.
Results The mean T/P was affected by breed (p < 0.001). There was significant difference between Pugs (0.45) and French Bulldogs (0.38) and between Pugs and English Bulldogs (0.4). There was no significant difference between Pugs and previously published data for non-brachycephalic and mixed breed dogs (0.46) (p = 0.39). Mean T/P was significantly reduced in the brachycephalic dog breeds combined compared with the previously published data (p < 0.001).
Conclusion The trochlear sulcus varies by breed and was more shallow in French and English Bulldogs than Pugs, hence a shallow sulcus may be a breed-driven characteristic. The three breeds assessed are at risk of patellar luxation but sulcus depth did not directly correlate with previously published risk factors—the contribution of sulcus depth to the aetiopathogenesis of patellar luxation remains unclear. Trochlear recession to achieve patellar coverage of 50% may be excessive considering maximal breed normal depth.
日语母语者汉语是非疑问句语调习得研究
Authors: Xiao Yao , Liu Yi 
Published: November 2020

抽象本实验通过考察日本学习者汉语陈述句和疑问句语调的产出和感知，分析学习者疑问句语调习得情况，并结合其母语疑问句语调特点分析偏误产生原因，总结其习得难点，为实际教学提供参考。学习者在音高上线、下线、调域、句末音高等方面均与母语者存在较大差异，总的来说，其语调感知能力先于产出能力的发展。
汉语女性第三人称指代词 “她”字的发展、使用和教学
Authors: Chiang Mien-hwa , Yang Lei 
Published: November 2020

提要
第三人称指代词的基本功能是替代一个实体专用名词，避免表述的累赘重复。在1919年新文化运动之前，汉语中的“他”一直是一个中性第三人称指代词，既可指代男性,也可指代女性, 还可指代一切其他事物。汉语女性第三人称指代词的 “她”
直到二十世纪早期才出现。在现代社会中，“她”
字笔画简单，运用易教易学，但是为人所忽略的是由人字旁的“他”到女字旁的“她”紧密联系着近代中国社会和语言的变化。本文旨在结合文化史、语言学和语言认知来描述女性第三人称指代词在书面语、口语中的发展。通过讨论中国早期作品中关于女性人物的叙述，分析新文化运动后“她”字的产生、确立和使用，作者认为在现代汉语中，“她”字的存在，不仅可以避免专用名词的累赘重复，还能够降低第三人称代词在文本中回指关系的模糊性。然而，在汉语教学中，由于汉语省略主语和中性“他”在近现代汉语指代范围不清的特点，汉语学习者时不时在阅读和写作中有第三人称指代对象模糊现象。因此，汉语老师需要在教学实践中帮助学生特别厘清“他”与“她”的指代关系。
Africa–EU relations and natural resource governance: understanding African agency in historical and contemporary perspective
Authors: Money Duncan , Frøland Hans Otto , Gwatiwa Tshepo 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTThis article examines the changing forms of African agency in the context of contestations over natural resource governance with the European Union. The authors argue that EU policy is motivated by material self-interest but that it has not been able to successfully implement these policies. The way these policies have been challenged by African states has changed, however. The authors argue that a crucial context for this is the failure of the New International Economic Order in the 1970s. The failure of these initiatives helps to explain why the impetus for natural resource governance continues to come from outside the African continent.