bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of thermal analysis in the development of high-iron-content kaolinite-based photocatalysts
Authors: Vágvölgyi Veronika , Győrfi Katalin , Zsirka Balázs , Horváth Erzsébet , Kristóf János 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDynamic and controlled-rate thermogravimetric analyses have been carried out on acid-treated (11 and 5.8 M HCl), high-iron-content kaolinites as potential photocatalysts. The mineral contaminants were determined by XRD, while the defect sites of reduced coordination number obtained by surface treatments were identified with 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy. Upon heating, water is evolved from the surface-treated samples in three main stages: (1) removal of adsorbed water up to ~ 200 °C, (2) goethite dehydroxylation between 200 and 350 °C and (3) dehydroxylation of the clay in the 300–700 °C temperature range. Identification of water released from the above mass loss steps is difficult due to the significant overlap of steps 2 and 3, as well as to the presence of coordinated water at broken edges and defect sites (–OH2+
groups). As a result, the thermal behavior of surface-treated kaolinites should be taken into account both in the preparation of hybrids/composites and in the acid–base characterization of the catalytic surface.
Whom should we ask? A systematic literature review of the arguments regarding the most accurate source of information for valuation of health states
Authors: Helgesson Gert , Ernstsson Olivia , Åström Mimmi , Burström Kristina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To determine and critically evaluate the arguments in the published literature regarding the most accurate source of information for valuation of health states: values based on experienced health states (patient values) or values based on described health states (general public values).
Why are there so few ethnic minorities in ecology and evolutionary biology? Challenges to inclusion and the role of sense of belonging
Authors: O’Brien Laurie T. , Bart Henry L. , Garcia Donna M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAfrican Americans and other ethnic minorities are severely underrepresented in both graduate education and among the professoriate in ecology and evolutionary biology (EEB). In the present research, we take a social psychological approach to studying inclusion by examining interrelationships among challenges to inclusion, the sense of belonging, and interest in pursuing graduate education in EEB. We conducted a survey of African American (N = 360), Latino/a/Hispanic (N = 313), White (N = 709), and Asian/Asian American (N = 524) college undergraduates majoring in science, technology, engineering, and math fields and used the results to test several interrelated hypotheses derived from our theoretical model. Compared to Whites, ethnic minorities were more likely to experience challenges to inclusion in EEB (e.g., less exposure to ecology, fewer same-race role models, discomfort in outdoor environments). Challenges to inclusion were associated with a decreased sense of belonging in EEB educational contexts. Finally, experiencing a low sense of belonging in EEB educational contexts was associated with lower interest in pursuing graduate education in EEB. Sense of belonging in EEB was especially low among African Americans relative to Whites. We discuss the implications of the study results for educational interventions.
Should I Stay or Should I Go: Partially Sedentary Populations Can Outperform Fully Dispersing Populations in Response to Climate-Induced Range Shifts
Authors: Cobbold Christina A. , Stana Remus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlobal mean temperatures have increased by 0.72 $$^\circ $$∘C since the 1950s, and climate warming is resulting in geographical shifts in the range limits of many species. Climate velocity is estimated to be 0.42 km/year, and if a species fails to adapt to the new climate, it must track the location of its climatically constrained niche in order to survive. Dispersal has an important role to play in enabling a population to shift is geographical range limits, but many species are partially sedentary, with only a fraction of the population dispersing each year. We ask, can partially sedentary populations keep pace with climate or will such populations be more vulnerable to extinction? Through the development of a moving-habitat integrodifference equation model, we show that, provided climate velocity is not too large, partially sedentary populations can outperform fully dispersing populations in one of two ways: (i) by persisting at climate speeds where a fully dispersing population cannot, and (ii) exhibiting higher population densities. Moreover, we find that positive density-dependent dispersal can further improve the likelihood a population can persist. Our results highlight the positive role that non-dispersers may play in mitigating the effects of overdispersal and facilitating population persistence in a warming world.
Exercise to Reduce Mobility Disability and Prevent Falls After Fall-Related Leg or Pelvic Fracture: RESTORE Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sherrington Catherine , Fairhall Nicola , Kirkham Catherine , Clemson Lindy , Tiedemann Anne , Vogler Constance , Close Jacqueline C. T. , O’Rourke Sandra , Moseley Anne M. , Cameron Ian D. , Mak Jenson C. S. , Lord Stephen R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Disability and falls are common following fall-related lower limb and pelvic fractures.

Objective
To evaluate the impact of an exercise self-management intervention on mobility-related disability and falls after lower limb or pelvic fracture.

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Participants
Three hundred thirty-six community dwellers aged 60+ years within 2 years of lower limb or pelvic fracture recruited from hospitals and community advertising.

Interventions
RESTORE (Recovery Exercises and STepping On afteR fracturE) intervention (individualized, physiotherapist-prescribed home program of weight-bearing balance and strength exercises, fall prevention advice) versus usual care.

Main Measures
Primary outcomes were mobility-related disability and rate of falls.

Key Results
Primary outcomes were available for 80% of randomized participants. There were no significant between-group differences in mobility-related disability at 12 months measured by (a) Short Physical Performance Battery (continuous version, baseline-adjusted between-group difference 0.08, 95% CI − 0.01 to 0.17, p = 0.08, n = 273); (b) Activity Measure Post Acute Care score (0.18, 95% CI − 2.89 to 3.26, p = 0.91, n = 270); (c) Late Life Disability Instrument (1.37, 95% CI − 2.56 to 5.32, p = 0.49, n = 273); or in rate of falls over the 12-month study period (incidence rate ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.69 to 1.34, n = 336, p = 0.83). Between-group differences favoring the intervention group were evident in some secondary outcomes: balance and mobility, fall risk (Physiological Profile Assessment tool), physical activity, mood, health and community outings, but these should be interpreted with caution due to risk of chance findings from multiple analyses.

Conclusions
No statistically significant intervention impacts on mobility-related disability and falls were detected, but benefits were seen for secondary measures of balance and mobility, fall risk, physical activity, mood, health, and community outings.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12610000805077
Size Effects of Hardness and Strain Rate Sensitivity in Amorphous Silicon Measured by Nanoindentation
Authors: Jarząbek Dariusz M. , Milczarek Michał , Nosewicz Szymon , Bazarnik Piotr , Schift Helmut 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this work, dynamic mechanical properties of amorphous silicon and scale effects were investigated by the means of nanoindentation. An amorphous silicon sample was prepared by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Next, two sets of the samples were investigated: as-deposited and annealed in 500 °C for 1 hour. A three-sided pyramidal diamond Berkovich’s indenter was used for the nanoindentation tests. In order to determine the strain rate sensitivity (SRS), indentations with different loading rates were performed: 0.1, 1, 10, 100 mN/min. Size effects were studied by application of maximum indentation loads in the range from 1 up to 5 mN (penetrating up to approximately one-third of the amorphous layer). The value of hardness was determined by the Oliver–Pharr method. An increase of hardness with decrease of the indentation depth was observed for both samples. Furthermore, the significant dependence of hardness on the strain rate has been reported. Finally, for the annealed samples at low strain rates a characteristic “elbow” during unloading was observed on the force-indentation depth curves. It could be attributed to the transformation of (β-Sn)-Si to the PI (pressure-induced) a-Si end phase.
Elective Impairment Minus Elective Disability: The Social Model of Disability and Body Integrity Identity Disorder
Authors: Gibson Richard B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIndividuals with body integrity identity disorder (BIID) seek to address a non-delusional incongruity between their body image and their physical embodiment, sometimes via the surgical amputation of healthy body parts. Opponents to the provision of therapeutic healthy-limb amputation in cases of BIID make appeals to the envisioned harms that such an intervention would cause, harms such as the creation of a lifelong physical disability where none existed before. However, this concept of harm is often based on a normative biomedical model of health and disability, a model which conflates amputation with impairment, and impairment with a disability. This article challenges the prima facie harms assumed to be inherent in limb amputation and argues in favour of a potential treatment option for those with BIID. To do this, it employs the social model of disability as a means to separate the concept of impairment and disability and thereby separate the acute and chronic harms of the practice of therapeutic healthy-limb amputation. It will then argue that provided sufficient measures are put in place to ensure that those with atypical bodily constructions are not disadvantaged, the chronic harms of elective amputation would cease to be.
Wenn CPAP nicht genutzt oder nicht vertragen wird – Vorschlag für eine standardisierte Terminologie
Authors: Fietze Ingo , Ficker Joachim H. , Heiser Clemens , Hofauer Benedikt , Schädlich Steffen , Warmuth Ralf , Stuck Boris A. 
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Standardtherapie einer obstruktiven Schlafapnoe (OSA) ist die nächtliche positive Überdruckbeatmung (PAP). Sie ist in der Regel nebenwirkungsarm und stellt eine Langzeittherapie dar. Doch nicht jeder Patient toleriert oder akzeptiert die Therapie oder möchte sie fortführen. Andere müssen sie aus objektiven Gründen beenden.

Fragestellung
Klare Begrifflichkeiten für eine Nicht-Anwendung der PAP-Therapie sind bisher nicht in den Leitlinien definiert. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, einheitliche Definitionen einzuführen, die eine Vorlage für klinisches Handeln und wissenschaftliche Ansätze sein können.

Material und Methode
Ein Expertengremium hat sich intensiv mit der Literatur, Definitionen und Hintergrundinformationen hinsichtlich des Themas befasst. Es wurden verschiedene Möglichkeiten der PAP-Nicht-Nutzung bzw. der Beendigung der Therapie betrachtet und dementsprechend Kategorien und Definitionen zusammengestellt.

Ergebnisse
Dies sind die vom Expertengremium vorgeschlagenen Kategorien für eine PAP-Nichtbenutzung: PAP-Inakzeptanz, PAP-Unverträglichkeit, PAP-Intoleranz, PAP-Versagen und PAP-Abbruch.

Diskussion
Diese Kategorien inklusive Definition können die Grundlage für ein einheitliches Management bei Patienten/Patientinnen mit obstruktiver Schlafapnoe (OSA) sein, die auf eine PAP-Therapie eingestellt werden bzw. wurden.
Children’s perception of structures when determining cardinality of sets—results of an eye-tracking study with 5-year-old children
Authors: Sprenger Priska , Benz Christiane 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe ability to perceive structures in sets and to use them to determine cardinality is one important basis for arithmetical learning. This study is based on a theoretical model that distinguishes between the two processes of perception and determination. A total of 95 5-year-old children were interviewed individually to find out whether and how children of this age perceive structures in a visually presented set and whether and how they use these structures to determine the cardinality of the set. To gain insights into the invisible process of perception, eye-tracking was used. Known structures, such as the pattern of a dice-four, seem to play a role in these processes. With the help of an analyzing process consisting of three different types of data, final interpretations were generated that suggest that 5-year-old children can already perceive structures and use them to determine cardinalities. There also seem to be children who are already aware of a structure, but cannot use it to determine the cardinality. This leads to the conclusion that perception and use of structures are possible elements for early mathematical education at this age.
Diet and Kidney Function: a Literature Review
Authors: van Westing A. C. , Küpers L. K. , Geleijnse J. M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing worldwide. For CKD prevention, it is important to gain insight in commonly consumed foods and beverages in relation to kidney function.

Recent Findings
We included 21 papers of prospective cohort studies with 3–24 years of follow-up. We focused on meat, fish, dairy, vegetables, fruit, coffee, tea, soft drinks, and dietary patterns. There was convincing evidence that a healthy dietary pattern may lower CKD risk. Plant-based foods, coffee, and dairy may be beneficial. Unhealthy diets and their components, such as red (processed) meat and sugar-sweetened beverages, may promote kidney function loss. For other foods and beverages, associations with CKD were neutral and/or the number of studies was too limited to draw conclusions.

Summary
Healthy dietary patterns are associated with a lower risk of CKD. More research is needed into the effects of specific food groups and beverages on kidney function.
Tumour-infiltrating cytotoxic T lymphocytes in somatotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Iacovazzo Donato , Chiloiro Sabrina , Carlsen Eivind , Bianchi Antonio , Giampietro Antonella , Tartaglione Tommaso , Bima Chiara , Bracaccia Maria Elena , Lugli Francesca , Lauretti Liverana , Anile Carmelo , Gessi Marco , Colosimo Cesare , Rindi Guido , Pontecorvi Alfredo , Korbonits Márta , De Marinis Laura 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Somatotroph pituitary tumours are often resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogues and can invade the surrounding structures, limiting the chances of curative surgery. Recent studies suggested that the immune microenvironment and pro-angiogenic factors can influence neuroendocrine tumour prognosis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prognostic role of immune cell-specific markers and endocan, a proteoglycan involved in neoangiogenesis and cell adhesion, in a cohort of acromegaly patients who underwent pituitary surgery as first-line treatment.

Subjects and methods
Sixty four eligible subjects were identified. CD4+, CD8+ and CD68+ cells and endocan expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and results correlated with clinical and neuroradiological findings. Responsiveness to somatostatin analogues was assessed in patients with persistent disease following surgery.

Results
The number of CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly lower in tumours with cavernous sinus invasion (median 0.2/HPF, IQR: 2.2) compared with those without cavernous sinus invasion (median 2.4/HPF, IQR: 2.3; P = 0.04). Tumours resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogues had lower CD8+ lymphocytes (median 1/HPF, IQR: 2.4) compared with responders (median 2.4/HPF, IQR: 2.9; P = 0.005). CD4+ lymphocytes were observed sporadically. The number of CD68+ macrophages and the endothelial or tumour cell endocan expression did not differ based on tumour size, cavernous sinus invasion or treatment responsiveness.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that a lower number of CD8+ lymphocytes is associated with cavernous sinus invasion and resistance to treatment with first-generation somatostatin analogues in acromegaly patients. These results highlight a potential role of the tumour immune microenvironment in determining the prognosis of somatotroph pituitary tumours.
Neuroepithelial Structures of the Oral Soft Tissues Including the Juxtaoral Organ of Chievitz: A Literature Review and Audit of Diagnosed Cases
Authors: Kennedy Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe juxtaoral organ of Chievitz (JOOC) is a part of microanatomy composed of bland epithelial islands closely associated with small nerves and usually described within the soft tissue on the lingual aspect of the posterior mandible. Similar structures are documented in the posterior tongue. There is a risk of misinterpretation as carcinoma showing perineural invasion. An audit was undertaken of diagnosed cases of the JOOC and similar neuroepithelial structures identified within the oral soft tissues of surgical specimens. Nineteen cases were identified. Epithelial islands ranged < 0.5–4 mm in maximum dimension and lay in close association with small nerves. Epithelial cells showed a squamoid appearance but were without keratinisation. There was no atypia and mitotic figures were not seen. In 53% of cases the epithelial cells showed cytoplasmic clearing, in 26% of cases there was brown pigment and in 11% of cases there were calcifications. In 53% of cases, these neuroepithelial structures lay within the soft tissue lingual to the mandible in the retromolar area, 26% of the structures were placed buccal to the mandible, 11% of the structures lay adjacent to the maxillary tuberosity and 11% of the structures were within the posterior tongue.
Dietary requirements of individual nectar foragers, and colony-level pollen and nectar consumption: a review to support pesticide exposure assessment for honey bees
Authors: Rodney Sara , Purdy John 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExposure to pesticides is a potential concern for pollinators that may forage on plants containing residues. A key element of estimating dietary risk to pollinators is to determine the nature and amount of food consumed by individuals. Recent efforts have focused on honey bees (Apis mellifera), of which nectar foragers are thought to be at greatest risk of dietary exposure due to their foraging behavior and high energy requirements for the flight-foraging activities. At upper tiers of pesticide risk assessment for honey bees, field studies with whole colonies are carried out to gauge effects of expected exposures; however, without knowing how much nectar and pollen is being consumed by colonies and the potential variability in these parameters, it is difficult to accurately assess risk under other untested exposure scenarios. The objective of this review was to collate available data from the literature regarding (1) the quantity of nectar required by nectar foragers and (2) the quantities of nectar, pollen, and supplements that are consumed by colonies; the purposes being to develop a database that can be used to improve exposure and risk assessments, and to identify data gaps for further research. A number of studies investigating honey bee energetics have been identified that can be used to estimate sugar requirements for foragers under different conditions (e.g., resting, flying). A few more recent studies have been able to quantify the amount of time foragers spend outside the hive. Factors requiring further investigation include levels of energy expenditure while outside the hive, and the sugar content of available nectars, which may also affect foraging behavior. At the colony level, data on food consumption are sparse and primarily anecdotal. Colony size, management, and location seem to be major factors contributing to differences in nectar foraging and honey production. Further research is needed to better quantify and predict colony use and storage of food resources.
Students’ perceptions of learning environment and their leisure-time exercise in medical school: Does sport background matter?
Authors: Babenko Oksana , Mosewich Amber , Sloychuk Janelle 
Published: February 2020

Introduction The effectiveness of medical school efforts in addressing suboptimal student wellbeing rests, in part, on how students perceive their learning environment. The study aim was to determine whether students’ sport background was a contributing factor in students’ perceptions of the medical program as supportive of their basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. We also examined the relationship between sport background and students’ leisure-time exercise in medical school.
Methods Using an online questionnaire, quantitative data were collected from students enrolled in the 4‑year medical program at a large Canadian university. Two hundred (n = 200) students had complete responses on the measures used in the study. Analysis of variance and correlational analysis were used to examine the relationships between students’ sport background, their perceptions of the learning environment, and leisure-time exercise in medical school.
Results Compared with students with no sport background, students with a team sport background perceived their need for relatedness to be satisfied to a greater degree in the medical program. Students who pursued sports at higher levels of involvement (competitively) perceived the medical program as more autonomy-supportive than students who pursued sports at lower levels of involvement (recreationally). Irrespective of their sport background, students’ involvement in leisure-time exercise decreased over the years in the medical program. However, students with a sport background engaged in leisure-time exercise in medical school to a greater extent than students with no sport background.
The Effect of Thermal Processing and Chemical Composition on Secondary Carbide Precipitation and Hardness in High-Chromium Cast Irons
Authors: Guitar M. Agustina , Nayak U. Pranav , Britz Dominik , Mücklich Frank 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe excellent abrasion resistance of high-chromium cast irons (HCCIs) is given by an optimal combination of hard eutectic and secondary carbides (SC) and a supporting matrix. The tailoring of the microstructure is performed by heat treatments (HTs), with the aim to adjust the final properties (such as hardness and abrasion resistance). In this work, the influence of chemical composition on the microstructure and hardness of HCCI_26%Cr is evaluated. An increase in the matrix hardness was detected after HTs resulting from combining precipitation of M23C6 SC during destabilization, and austenite/martensite transformation during quenching. Kinetic calculations of the destabilization process showed that M7C3 secondary carbides are the first to precipitate during heating, reaching a maximum at 850 °C. During subsequent heating up to 980 °C and holding at this temperature, they transformed completely to M23C6. According to the MatCalc simulations, further precipitation of M23C6 occurred during cooling, in the temperature range 980–750 °C. Both phenomena were related to experimental observations in samples quenched after 0-, 30-, 60- and 90-min destabilization, where M23C6 SC were detected together with very fine SC precipitated in areas close to eutectic carbides.