bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methyljasmonate and salicylic acid contribute to the control of Tilletia controversa Kühn, causal agent of wheat dwarf bunt
Authors: Muhae-Ud-Din Ghulam , Chen Delai , Liu Taiguo , Chen Wanquan , Gao Li 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTilletia controversa Kühn (TCK) is the causal agent of dwarf bunt of wheat, a destructive disease in wheat-growing regions of the world. The role of Meja, SA and Meja + SA were characterized for their control of TCK into roots, coleoptiles and anthers. The response of the defence genes PR-10a, Catalase, COI1-1, COII-2 and HRin1 was upregulated by Meja, SA and Meja + SA treatments, but Meja induced high level of expression compared to SA and Meja + SA at 1, 2, and 3 weeks in roots and coleoptiles, respectively. The severity of TCK effects in roots was greater at 1 week, but it decreased at 2 weeks in all treatments. We also investigated TCK hyphae proliferation into coleoptiles at 3 weeks and into anthers to determine whether hyphae move from the roots to the upper parts of the plants. The results showed that no hyphae were present in the coleoptiles and anthers of Meja-, SA- and Meja + SA-treated plants, while the hyphae were located on epidermal and sub-epidermal cells of anthers. In addition, the severity of hyphae increased with the passage of time as anthers matured. Bunted seeds were observed in the non-treated inoculated plants, while no disease symptoms were observed in the resistance of inducer treatments and control plants. Plant height was reduced after TCK infection compared to that of the treated inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. Together, these results suggested that Meja and SA display a distinct role in activation of defence genes in the roots and coleoptiles and that they eliminate the fungal pathogen movement to upper parts of the plants with the passage of time as the anthers mature.
Hydrochar did not reduce rice paddy NH3 volatilization compared to pyrochar in a soil column experiment
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Cheng Yueqin , Liu Yang , Chen Danyan , Chen Yin , Wang Yueman 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPyrochar (PC) is always with high pH value, and improper application might increase rice paddy ammonia volatilization (PAV), which is the main nitrogen loss through air during rice production. Differently, hydrochar (HC) takes the advantages of high productive rate and always with lower pH value compared with PC. However, effect pattern and mechanism of HC on PAV are still unclear. In the present study, soil column experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of PC and HC application on PAV. In total, treatments with four types of biochar (WPC, SPC, WHC and SHC, i.e., PC and HC prepared with wheat straw and sawdust, respectively) and two application rates (0.5% and 1.5%, w/w) were set up and non-biochar application was used as control. Results showed that, application of HC with low pH value could not reduce PAV compared with PC. Total PAV increased significantly as the increase of HC application rate (especially for WHC). The increment of PAV under high rate HC application might be due to the strong buffer capacity of soil, the aging of biochar, the high nitrogen from HC. The results indicated that HC should be pretreatment before utilization in agricultural environment considering PAV reduction.
Accuracy of hand localization is subject-specific and improved without performance feedback
Authors: Wang Tianhe , Zhu Ziyan , Kana Inoue , Yu Yuanzheng , He Hao , Wei Kunlin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccumulating evidence indicates that the spatial error of human's hand localization appears subject-specific. However, whether the idiosyncratic pattern persists across time with good within-subject consistency has not been adequately examined. Here we measured the hand localization map by a Visual-matching task in multiple sessions over 2 days. Interestingly, we found that participants improved their hand localization accuracy when tested repetitively without performance feedback. Importantly, despite the reduction of average error, the spatial pattern of hand localization errors remained idiosyncratic. Based on individuals' hand localization performance, a standard convolutional neural network classifier could identify participants with good accuracy. Moreover, we did not find supporting evidence that participants' baseline hand localization performance could predict their motor performance in a visual Trajectory-matching task even though both tasks require accurate mapping of hand position to visual targets in the same workspace. Using a separate experiment, we not only replicated these findings but also ruled out the possibility that performance feedback during a few familiarization trials caused the observed improvement in hand localization. We conclude that the conventional hand localization test itself, even without feedback, can improve hand localization but leave the idiosyncrasy of hand localization map unchanged.
Plasma activated water triggers plant defence responses
Authors: Zambon Yuri , Contaldo Nicoletta , Laurita Romolo , Várallyay Eva , Canel Alessandro , Gherardi Matteo , Colombo Vittorio , Bertaccini Assunta 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNowadays, one of the main challenges is moving towards an eco-sustainable agriculture, able to preserve the food production through a reduced use of pesticides. Current global food sustenance by intensive agriculture is mainly based on economic crop monocultures and drastically reduces the biodiversity, increasing the yield losses due to the presence of biotic and abiotic stresses. A technology based on plasma activated water (PAW), characterized by the presence in liquid of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, was tested to try to ensure yield stability also enhancing the plant resistance responses and to promote an eco-sustainable management of plant diseases. In PAW-treated micropropagated periwinkle shoots, periwinkle and grapevine plants, qRT-PCR and small RNAs high-throughput sequencing were used to analyse the differential expression of genes involved in the major plant defence pathways. The results indicate that PAW treatment enhances the plant defence responses and provide an encouraging framework for future applications in plant disease management programs.
A new understanding and evaluation of food sustainability in six different food systems in Kenya and Bolivia
Authors: Jacobi Johanna , Mukhovi Stellah , Llanque Aymara , Giger Markus , Bessa Adriana , Golay Christophe , Ifejika Speranza Chinwe , Mwangi Veronica , Augstburger Horacio , Buergi-Bonanomi Elisabeth , Haller Tobias , Kiteme Boniface P. , Delgado Burgoa José M. F. , Tribaldos Theresa , Rist Stephan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFood systems must become more sustainable and equitable, a transformation which requires the transdisciplinary co-production of knowledge. We present a framework of food sustainability that was co-created by academic and non-academic actors and comprises five dimensions: food security, right to food, environmental performance, poverty and inequality, and social-ecological resilience. For each dimension, an interdisciplinary research team—together with actors from different food systems—defined key indicators and empirically applied them to six case studies in Kenya and Bolivia. Food sustainability scores were analysed for the food systems as a whole, for the five dimensions, and for food system activities. We then identified the indicators with the greatest influence on sustainability scores. While all food systems displayed strengths and weaknesses, local and agroecological food systems scored comparatively highly across all dimensions. Agro-industrial food systems scored lowest in environmental performance and food security, while their resilience scores were medium to high. The lowest-scoring dimensions were right to food, poverty and inequality, with particularly low scores obtained for the indicators women’s access to land and credit, agrobiodiversity, local food traditions, social protection, and remedies for violations of the right to food. This qualifies them as key levers for policy interventions towards food sustainability.
Orexin system is expressed in avian liver and regulates hepatic lipogenesis via ERK1/2 activation
Authors: Greene E. S. , Zampiga M. , Sirri F. , Ohkubo T. , Dridi Sami 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOrexins are originally characterized as orexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in mammals. Subsequent studies found orexin to be expressed and perform pleiotropic functions in multiple tissues in mammals. In avian (non-mammalian) species, however, orexin seemed to not affect feeding behavior and its physiological roles are poorly understood. Here, we provide evidence that orexin and its related receptors are expressed in chicken hepatocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that orexin is localized in the ER, Golgi, and in the lysosomes in LMH cells. Brefeldin A treatment reduced orexin levels in the culture media, but increased it in the cell lysates. Administration of recombinant orexins upregulated the expression of orexin system in the liver of 9-day old chicks, but did not affect feed intake. Recombinant orexins increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein levels in chicken liver, activated acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCα), and increased FASN, ATP citrate lyase(ACLY), and malic enzyme (ME) protein expression in LMH cells. Blockade ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 attenuated these stimulating effects of orexin on lipogenic factors. Overexpression of ERK1/2 increased the expression of lipogenic genes, and orexin treatment induced the phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2Thr202/Tyr204, but not that of p38 Thr180/Tyr182 or JNK1/2 Thr183/Tyr185 in chicken liver and LMH cells. Taken together, this is the first report evidencing that orexin is expressed and secreted from chicken hepatocytes, and that orexin induced hepatic lipogenesis via activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
Transformation of industrial wastewater into copper–nickel nanowire composites: straightforward recycling of heavy metals to obtain products of high added value
Authors: Wasiak Tomasz , Hannula Pyry-Mikko , Lundström Mari , Janas Dawid 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLarge amounts of industrial metal containing process and waste solutions are a growing issue. In this work, we demonstrated that they could be transformed into materials of high added values such as copper-nickel nanowires (CuNi NWs) by simple chemical reduction. A thorough investigation of the parameter space was conducted. The microstructure of the obtained material was found tunable depending on the employed concentration of precursor, reducing agent, capping agent, pH, temperature, and reaction time. Moreover, the obtained product had a strong magnetic character, which enabled us to separate it from the reaction medium with ease. The results open new perspectives for materials science by proposing a new type of nanostructure: composite NWs of very promising properties, with metallic elements originating directly from industrial process solution.
High‐performance user plane function (UPF) for the next generation core networks
Authors: Chen Whai‐En , Liu Chia Hung 
Published: November 2020

Comparing with previous mobile communications, the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication provides three different types of services including enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications, and ultra‐reliable and low latency communications. To fulfil various requirements of these services, 5G defines new technologies and architectures such as the next‐generation core network (NGC) and the new radio of the access network (5G‐AN). The user plane function (UPF), which is an essential component in 5G NGC, connects 5G‐AN and packet data networks (e.g. internet). Typically, the UPF provides the tunnelling, internet protocol/port translation, and forwarding functions. To provide flexibility and scalability deployment for 5G NGC, this study virtualises the UPF by using the Docker container. However, the virtualisation architecture degrades the performance of the UPF, and the performance of the UPF dominates the performance (e.g. throughput) of the 5G user‐plane transmission. To provide high‐performance packet processing, this study utilises Intel Data Plane Development Kit to develop the UPF, reduces the number of memory copy on header processing, and investigates the CPU core allocation methods for the UPF deployment. Based on the results of this study, the proposed UPF can provide the UPF functions and process the packets up to 40 Gbps on a x86‐based platform.
Unveiling the rarest morphologies of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey radio source population with self-organised maps
Authors: Mostert Rafaël I. J. , Duncan Kenneth J. , Röttgering Huub J. A. , Polsterer Kai L. , Best Philip N. , Brienza Marisa , Brüggen Marcus , Hardcastle Martin J. , Jurlin Nika , Mingo Beatriz , Morganti Raffaella , Shimwell Tim , Smith Dan , Williams Wendy L. 
Published: November 2020

Context. The Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) is a low-frequency radio continuum survey of the Northern sky at an unparalleled resolution and sensitivity.
Aims. In order to fully exploit this huge dataset and those produced by the Square Kilometre Array in the next decade, automated methods in machine learning and data-mining will be increasingly essential both for morphological classifications and for identifying optical counterparts to the radio sources.
Methods. Using self-organising maps (SOMs), a form of unsupervised machine learning, we created a dimensionality reduction of the radio morphologies for the ∼25k extended radio continuum sources in the LoTSS first data release, which is only ∼2 percent of the final LoTSS survey. We made use of PINK, a code which extends the SOM algorithm with rotation and flipping invariance, increasing its suitability and effectiveness for training on astronomical sources.
Results. After training, the SOMs can be used for a wide range of science exploitation and we present an illustration of their potential by finding an arbitrary number of morphologically rare sources in our training data (424 square degrees) and subsequently in an area of the sky (∼5300 square degrees) outside the training data. Objects found in this way span a wide range of morphological and physical categories: extended jets of radio active galactic nuclei, diffuse cluster haloes and relics, and nearby spiral galaxies. Finally, to enable accessible, interactive, and intuitive data exploration, we showcase the LOFAR-PyBDSF Visualisation Tool, which allows users to explore the LoTSS dataset through the trained SOMs.
LOC program for line radiative transfer
Authors: Juvela Mika 
Published: November 2020

Context. Radiative transfer (RT) modelling is part of many astrophysical simulations. It is used to make synthetic observations and to assist the analysis of observations. We concentrate on modelling the radio lines emitted by the interstellar medium. In connection with high-resolution models, this can be a significant computationally challenge.
Aims. Our aim is to provide a line RT program that makes good use of multi-core central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). Parallelisation is essential to speed up computations and to enable large modelling tasks with personal computers.
Methods. The program LOC is based on ray-tracing (i.e. not Monte Carlo) and uses standard accelerated lambda iteration methods for faster convergence. The program works on 1D and 3D grids. The 1D version makes use of symmetries to speed up the RT calculations. The 3D version works with octree grids, and to enable calculations with large models, is optimised for low memory usage.
Results. Tests show that LOC results agree with other RT codes to within ∼2%. This is typical of code-to-code differences, which are often related to different interpretations of the model set-up. LOC run times compare favourably especially with those of Monte Carlo codes. In 1D tests, LOC runs were faster by up to a factor ∼20 on a GPU than on a single CPU core. In spite of the complex path calculations, a speed-up of up to ∼10 was also observed for 3D models using octree discretisation. GPUs enable calculations of models with hundreds of millions of cells, as are encountered in the context of large-scale simulations of interstellar clouds.
Conclusions. LOC shows good performance and accuracy and is able to handle many RT modelling tasks on personal computers. It is written in Python, with only the computing-intensive parts implemented as compiled OpenCL kernels. It can therefore also a serve as a platform for further experimentation with alternative RT implementation details.
Key comparison CCQM-K18.2016: pH of carbonate buffer
Authors: Waters Jason F , Máriássy Michal , Bastkowski Frank , Asakai Toshiaki , Prokunin Sergey V , Gonzaga Fabiano B , Dimitrova Lyudmila , Amaya Ronald C , Quezada Henry T , Vospelova Alena , Rozikova Matilda , Snedden Alan , Stoica Daniela , Sander Beatrice , Jakusovszky Beáta , Maksimov Igor , Onuma Sachiko , Suzuki Toshihiro , Ruiz Jazmin M , Ortiz-Aparicio José L , Tincona Galia , Vasquez Javier , Pawlina Monika , Kozlowski Wladyslaw , Dobrovolskiy Vladimir I , Aprelev Alexey V , Hanková Zuzana , Rodruangthum Patumporn , Uysal Emrah , Liv Lokman , Nakiboglu Nuri , Gavrilkin Vladimir , Petrenko Anton , Manska Oleksandra , Easley Regina A , Fajardo Simone 
Published: November 2020

Key comparison (KC) CCQM-K18.2016 was performed to evaluate the degree of equivalence between pH measurement results on an unknown carbonate buffer reported by participating National Metrology Institutes and Designated Institutes (NMI/DIs). The participants used the highest metrological method existing at their institution. The nominal buffer pH was 10.0 and was determined only at 25 °C. Good agreement of the results is demonstrated by most participants.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
A modified practical homodyne detector model for continuous-variable quantum key distribution: detailed security analysis and improvement by the phase-sensitive amplifier
Authors: Huang Yundi , Zhang Yichen , Xu Bingjie , Huang Luyu , Yu Song 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The practical homodyne detector model of continuous-variable quantum key distribution models the inherent imperfections of the practical homodyne detector, namely the limited detection efficiency and the electronic noise, into trusted loss. However, the conventional practical homodyne detector model is valid only when both the imperfections of the practical homodyne detector are calibrated. In this paper, we show a modified practical homodyne detector model that can model the imperfections separately. The phase-sensitive amplifier (PSA) is further applied to compensate the imperfections of the practical homodyne detector. The feasibility of the modified practical homodyne detector model with the PSA is proved and the security analysis is provided in detail. Simulation results reveal that the PSA can be used to improve the performance of the modified practical homodyne detector model, and when the gain is infinitely high, the limited detection efficiency can be fully compensated.
Ultra-high-resolution optical absorption spectroscopy of DC plasmas at low pressure using a supercontinuum laser combined with a laser line tunable filter and a HyperFine spectrometer
Authors: Durocher-Jean Antoine , Jean-Ruel Hubert , Dion-Bertrand Laura-Isabelle , Blais-Ouellette Sébastien , Stafford Luc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Optical absorption spectroscopy of non-equilibrium plasmas using a supercontinuum laser combined with a laser line tunable filter and a HyperFine spectrometer is examined. Owing to the <2 pm spectral resolution of the HyperFine system, details on the absorption line intensity, position and width can be obtained with very high precision using a broadband light emission source. As an example, absorption spectroscopy measurements were recorded in a reduced-pressure, nominally pure argon DC plasma column and allowed for the determination of the neutral gas temperature and the Ar 1s2 and Ar 1s4 (Paschen notation) number densities. At a pressure of 1 Torr, a discharge current of 20 mA, and an absorption length of 18 cm, the analysis of the Ar 2p3-1s2 and Ar 2p8-1s4 absorption lines at respectively 840.8 nm and 842.5 nm resulted in number densities of

n

1

s
2

=

5.5

×

1015 m−3 and

n

1

s
4

=

1.1

×

1016 m−3 and a neutral gas temperature of T
g = 340 K. These values are typical of DC discharges operated under similar experimental conditions. While the fractional absorption of both lines decreased with decreasing optical absorption path, the number densities remained the same, as expected. Finally, the number densities increased with increasing discharge current, a result also coherent with the literature.
A first-principles comparative study of lithium, sodium, potassium and calcium storage in two-dimensional Mg2C
Authors: Chu Y Z , Yeoh K H , Chew K-H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials have recently emerged as potential candidates for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries anode materials because of their compelling physicochemical and structural properties. In the present study, we use first-principles calculations to investigate the performance of 2D Mg2C as anode materials for Li, Na, K and Ca-ions batteries. The calculated average open-circuit voltage are 0.37, 0.50, 0.03 and 0.06 eV vs Li, Na, K, Ca. No significant structural deformations are observed on the 2D Mg2C upon the adsorption of Li, Na, K or Ca and the metallic characteristic of the 2D Mg2C is retained. The metallic behaviour of both pristine and adsorbed Mg2C ensures the desirable electric conductivity, implying the advantages of 2D Mg2C for batteries. The Na and K atoms show an extremely high diffusivity on the 2D Mg2C with a low energy barrier of 0.08 and 0.04 eV respectively, which is about an order of magnitude smaller than that of Li atom. For the Na and K atoms, the theoretical storage capacity can reach up to 1770 mAh g−1, nearly two times that of the Li atom of 885 mAh g−1. Our study suggests that the 2D Mg2C is a promising anode material which offers a fast ion diffusion and high storage capacity.
Effect of an inhomogeneous electron density profile on the transmission microwave frequency spectrum of the cutoff probe
Authors: Kim S J , Lee J J , Lee Y S , Kim D W , You S J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The cutoff probe (CP), which precisely measures electron density from a microwave transmission (S
21) spectrum, has been successfully developed through physical models under the assumption of homogeneous plasma between the probe tips. In practice, however, the chamber and sheath structure, flow effects, and the probe insertion itself produce plasma inhomogeneity between the probe tips, which necessitates the study of any related effects on the CP measurement results. This paper investigated the effect of inhomogeneous plasma on the S
21 of the CP through a three-dimensional E/M wave simulation with various density gradient directions. The simulations found, notably, double cutoff peaks and a cutoff frequency shift in the S
21 that depend on the gradient direction. These results are analyzed via a simple circuit model of the CP, and their origins are elucidated at the end of this paper.