bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uniform Fracture Growth from Horizontal Wells with Multistage Plug-and-Perf: An Application of Engineered Solid Particulate Diverters
Authors: Fragachan Francisco , Omer Mohammed , Huang Jian 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To stimulate a reservoir efficiently, multistage plug-and-perf completion and fracturing technologies are widely utilized to create multiple hydraulic fractures along a horizontal wellbore. However, excessive field cases and lab tests evidenced that, the simultaneous initiation and propagation of multiple fractures within a stage could compete with each other, cause uneven fluid and proppant partition into each placed cluster. Resulting in low cluster efficiency and non-uniform fracture development. Solid particulate diverters can aid to influence the fluid distribution between open clusters to optimize stimulation efficiency. The objective of this study is to use numerical models to thoroughly investigate the functionality of particulate system in fracturing process and optimize the completion and stimulation strategy under specific downhole conditions.
In this study, both CFD-DEM model and a 3D fracture simulator are employed to model fluid diversion and fracturing process for wells completed with plug-and-perf technique. For a field case study, sensitive analyses were performed to quantify the impact of completion design and pumping strategy on the resulted stimulation efficiency. The overall conductive reservoir volume is predicted to compare the cluster efficiency between different design scenarios. Thereafter, the stimulation efficiency of placed perforation clusters is analyzed and optimized with engineered solid particulate diverters.
For the presented particulate diversion technique, both in-stage and inter-stage fluid diversion are operationally feasible. From our analysis, engineered solid particulate diverters can effectively plug the active perforation clusters and build-up enough pressure to divert fracturing fluid into non-active perforation clusters to create additional fractures. Proper number of diverter pills and adequate pumping schedule can boost the cluster efficiency and eventually increase the conductive reservoir volume.
Through a field case study, the presented geomechanical analyses showed that the diverter design and operational parameters can be customized to enhance cluster efficiency. By adjusting completion design, the usage of particulate diverters can be optimized accordingly to maximize the stimulation efficiency. With the proposed efficient design, all the planned perforation clusters can develop and propagate hydraulic fractures and contribute to the overall production.
Drix USV - Improving Safety and Margins Through Efficient Data Acquisition
Authors: Eudeline Guillaume 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives/Scope
The scope of the present paper is to show from concept to track record how iXblue maximized its clients financial and HSE results the use of DriX, an innovative yet seasoned Unmanned Surface Vehicle in the field of Survey and Energies industries.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The overall approach was to create an offshore-going USV with data quality and speed of gathering as the two focal points. In order to do that, iXblue designed –A purely hydrodynamic shape with low water resistance and a higher tolerance to sea states–A gondola housing the sensors which provides the sensors with a perfect data gathering environment. I shall explain how iXblue suppressed the aeration effects on the sensors, and deeply dampened the vibrations and the USV radiated noise
I will also show the audience our Launch and Recovery System, a corner stone for realistic Unmanned Operations at sea.

Results, Observations, Conclusions
The results were excellent. I shall show the audience how DriX exceeded expectations on the field by choosing past missions or trials and providing the audience with the results. These missions could be, for instance: Oil and Gas: Subsea Positioning: a Box-in in the Caspian Sea, performed in minutes; Renewable: Seabed Survey off the North Wales Coast in the UK in North Sea conditions, where DriX performed 3 times faster than a traditional asset; Survey: Multiple months survey in the Tonga islands in the Pacific Ocean along with a regular survey vessel; other missions within the Energy environment. The conclusions are that DriX is reliable, versatile and efficient. It has been designed with HSE and financial sense in mind. Almost two years in operations have shown that the goals have been reached, thanks to the guidance of a number of actors within the Energy Community. DriX is today operating daily around the world, and the scope of applications it does increases regularly.

Novel/Additive Information
DriX ecosystem today encompasses number of capabilities that make it a relevant asset to own or rent. During the conference, I shall equally give a heads up on where we are planning to go in the next few months.
Implementation of the FilmArray ME panel in laboratory routine using a simple sample selection strategy for diagnosis of meningitis and encephalitis
Authors: Pfefferle Susanne , Christner Martin , Aepfelbacher Martin , Lütgehetmann Marc , Rohde Holger 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: Infectious meningitis is a serious disease and patient outcome relies on fast and reliable diagnostics. A syndromic panel testing approach like the FilmArray ME can accelerate diagnosis and therefore decrease the time to pathogen specific therapy. Yet, its clinical utility is controversial, mainly because of a remaining uncertainty in correct interpretation of results, limited data on its performance on clinical specimens and its relatively high costs. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical performance of the assay in a real life setting at a tertiary university hospital using a pragmatic and simple sample selection strategy to reduce the overall cost burden. Methods: Over a period of 18 months we received n=4.623 CSF samples (n=2.338 hospitalizations, n=1.601 individuals). FilmArray ME analysis was restricted to CSF-samples with a high pretest probability of infectious meningitis, e.g. conspicuous Gram-stain, samples in which leukocytes and/or bacteria were evident or urgent suspicion of infection was communicated by clinicians. N=171 samples matched to our risk criteria and were subjected to FilmArray ME analysis. Those samples were also analyzed by reference methods: culture only (n=45), PCR only (n=20) or both methods (n=106). Results: 56/171 (32.75 %) were FilmArray ME positive. Bacterial pathogens were detected in 30/56 (53.57 %), viral pathogens were detected in 27/56 (48.21 %) and yeast DNA was detected in 1/56 (1.79 %) of positive samples. Double detection occurred in 2/56 samples. In 52/56 (92.86 %) FilmArray ME positive samples, results could be confirmed by the reference assays (sensitivity=96.30%, specificity =96.58%). Conclusion: The FilmArray ME assay is a fast and reliable diagnostic tool for the management of infectious meningitis and can easily be implemented in routine diagnostic workflows. However, correlation of test results and underlying clinical symptoms requires experienced users and the awareness of potentially false negative or false positive results. Moreover, considering the need for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, the use of molecular tests as a stand-alone diagnostic cannot be recommended.
CRISPR elements provide a new framework for the genealogy of the citrus canker pathogen Xanthomonas citri pv. citri
Authors: Jeong Kwanho , Muñoz-Bodnar Alejandra , Rojas Nathalia Arias , Poulin Lucie , Rodriguez-R Luis Miguel , Gagnevin Lionel , Vernière Christian , Pruvost Olivier , Koebnik Ralf 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: Xanthomonads are an important clade of Gram-negative bacteria infecting a plethora of economically important host plants, including citrus. Knowledge about the pathogen’s diversity and population structure are prerequisite for epidemiological surveillance and efficient disease management. Rapidly evolving genetic loci, such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR), are of special interest to develop new molecular typing tools. Results: We analyzed CRISPR loci of 56 Xanthomonas citri pv. citri strains of world-wide origin, a regulated pathogen causing Asiatic citrus canker in several regions of the world. With one exception, 23 unique sequences built up the repertoire of spacers, suggesting that this set of strains originated from a common ancestor that already harbored these 23 spacers. One isolate originating from Pakistan contained a string of 14 additional, probably more recently acquired spacers indicating that this genetic lineage has or had until recently the capacity to acquire new spacers. Comparison of CRISPR arrays with previously obtained molecular typing data, such as amplified fragment length polymorphisms(AFLP), variable-number of tandem-repeats (VNTR) and genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), demonstrated that these methods reveal similar evolutionary trajectories. Notably, genome analyses allowed to generate a model for CRISPR array evolution in X. citri pv. citri, which provides a new framework for the genealogy of the citrus canker pathogen. Conclusions: CRISPR-based typing will further improve the accuracy of the genetic identification of X. citri pv. citrioutbreak strains in molecular epidemiology analyses, especially when used concomitantly with another genotyping method.
An artificially simulated outbreak of a respiratory infectious disease
Authors: Guo Zuiyuan , Xu Shuang , Tong Libo , Dai Botao , Liu Yuandong , Dan Xiao 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background Outbreaks of respiratory infectious diseases often occur in crowded places. To understand the spreading pattern of an outbreak of a respiratory infectious disease and provide a theoretical basis for targeted implementation of scientific prevention and control, we attempted to establish a stochastic model to simulate an outbreak of a respiratory infectious disease at a military camp. This model fits the general pattern of disease transmission and further enriches theories on the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases.Methods We established an enclosed system of 500 people exposed to adenovirus type 7 (ADV 7) in a military camp. During the infection period, the patients transmitted the virus randomly to susceptible people. The spread of the epidemic under militarized management mode was simulated using a computer model named “the random collision model”, and the effects of factors, such as the basic reproductive number (R0), time of isolation of the patients (TOI), interval between onset and isolation (IOI), and immunization rates (IR), on the developmental trend of the epidemic were quantitatively analysed. Results Once the R0 exceeded 1.5, the median attack rate increased sharply; when R0=3, with a delay in the TOI, the attack rate increased gradually and eventually remained stable. When the IOI exceeded 2.3 days, the median attack rate also increased dramatically. When the IR exceeded 0.5, the median of the attack rate approached zero. The median generation time was 8.26 days, (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.84-8.69 days). The partial rank correlation coefficients between the attack rate of the epidemic and the R0, TOI, IOI, and IR were 0.61, 0.17, 0.45, and -0.27, respectively. Conclusions The random collision model not only simulates how an epidemic spreads with superior precision but also allows more flexibility in setting the activities of the exposure population and different types of infectious diseases, which is conducive to furthering exploration of the epidemiological characteristics of epidemic outbreaks.
Impact of the Ebola virus disease outbreak (2014-2016) on Tuberculosis Surveillance Activities in Guinea's National Tuberculosis Program: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Magassouba Aboubacar Sidiki , Diallo Boubacar Djelo , Camara Lansana Mady , Sow Kadiatou , Camara Souleymane , Bah Boubacar , Barry Alpha Oumar , Diallo Thierno Hassane , Aboubacar Camara , Bangoura Adama Marie , Sow Oumou Younoussa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a major cause of disease and death worldwide. According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, Guinea is a country with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) and TB / HIV co-infection. In March 2014, the WHO announced the Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in Guinea that caused a health system disruption. Our study aimed to assess the impact of the Ebola virus disease outbreak on the TB surveillance system through the main indicators of TB-related morbidity and mortality. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study comparing TB trends using TB surveillance data from periods before (2011-2013), during (2014-2016) and after (2017-2018) the Ebola virus disease outbreak. A time-series analysis was conducted to investigate the link between the decrease in TB incidence and the Ebola virus disease through cross-correlation. We evaluated the lag observed in the cross-correlation test using the ANCOVA type II delayed variable dependent model. The current status of the surveillance system was compared to that of 2015 during the EVD through the Standards and benchmarks for TB surveillance and vital registration systems established by WHO. Results The reporting rate of TB cases decreased from 120 cases per 100,000 in 2011 to 100 cases per 100,000 in 2014, while the EVD outbreak was at its peak. The cross-correlation test between the time series of incident cases of all forms of TB and Ebola shows a significant lag of -0.4 (40%), which corresponds to the decrease in the incidence of TB cases observed when the EVD was steep in 2014 (p-value=0.024). However, the EVD had no negative impact on patient treatment outcomes (p-value=0.258). Regarding the surveillance system, out of 13 WHO standards and benchmark, five were reached in 2019 compared to three in 2015. Conclusion The EVD outbreak had a severe impact on TB surveillance in Guinea, with a significant decline in TB reporting rates during the epidemic period. The introduction of an early warning system would preserve the TB surveillance system ; which could encourage the implementation of interventions to ensure access to diagnosis, and enhanced surveillance for the treatment of TB.
Mortality Prediction in Pediatric Patients with Sepsis of Abdominal Origin: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Shan Yijun , Shi Jingyi , Sun Ting , Ren Yuqian , Zhu Guangyao , Zhou Yiping , Cui Yun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to assess the prediction of mortality in pediatric patients with sepsis of abdominal origin.
Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients with sepsis of abdominal origin admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Shanghai Children’s Hospital between May 2014 and April 2018.
Results: A total of 143 patients were enrolled in this study. The mortality rate in pediatric patients with sepsis of abdominal origin was 11% (17/143). PRISMIII score, the grade of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI), hematologic malignancy, acute kidney injury, the initial number of organ dysfunction, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood platelet (PLT) were potential risk factors for increased mortality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that higher Pediatric risk of mortality III (PRISM III) score and the grade of AGI were independent risk factors of mortality in patients with sepsis of abdominal origin. Furthermore, the area under receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) for PRISM III score and the grade of AGI were 0.91 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86–0.96, P<0.001) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.74–0.92, P<0.001), in which the optimal cut-off value was 10.5 and 2.5, respectively. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier curve indicated that the 28-day survival rate was significantly lower in patients with higher PRISM III score (>10.5) and the grade of AGI (>2.5).
Conclusions: Higher PRISM III score and the grade of AGI were associated with poor outcomes in pediatric patients with sepsis of abdominal origin.
The importance of strengthening public health systems based on primary health care in designing a successful vaccination strategy: an example of qualitative research in three regions of Senegal.
Authors: Bianchi Jacopo , Milani Chiara , Bechini Angela , Boccalini Sara , Pinilla Maria José Caldes , Bonaccorsi Guglielmo , Bonanni Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Because of its low cost and its capability in reducing child mortality and morbidity, vaccination is considered a successful preventive deed in Low and Middle-Income Countries. In Senegal, vaccines are provided free of charge by the public health system, but the provision of the service is not evenly distributed between and within the Regions. Our study aimed at identifying barriers and enabling factors towards vaccination in three Regions of Senegal.
Methods
We performed 41 face-to-face semi-structured interviews with health services’ workers and three focus groups with local women in nine different structures in three different Regions of Senegal. We combined health workers’ (HW) and mothers’ points of view with direct observation in order to fulfill our purpose.
Results
We identified three groups of barriers – structural, personal and psychological – and many subthemes for each of them. Structural and personal barriers such as inadequacy of health structures, shortage of HW, lack of money, distance between villages and health facilities and lack of public transport, hamper mothers from utilising the vaccination service, even when they want to. The lack of effective communication between health personnel and mothers, the lack of collaboration between traditional and conventional medicine and the lack of trust in the public health system as a whole, are major problems to the vaccination uptake too.
Conclusions
The interlink of several elements in conditioning vaccination coverage suggests the need of implementing global and national strategies to overcome them. The key factor is the presence of a solid health system, publicly funded, based on primary health care. On the other hand, context-specific determinants cannot be detected based on global and non-specific information. The role of community health workers (CHWs) is crucial in overcoming wrong beliefs, lack of knowledge and distrust. They must be regarded as a bridge between HW and population. CHWs should be formally included in the organization of the social-health system, adequately formed and enhanced.
Access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya
Authors: Otieno Peter O. , Wambiya Elvis Omondi Achach , Mohamed Shukri M , Mutua Martin Kavao , Kibe Peter M , Mwangi Bonventure , Donfouet Hermann Pythagore Pierre 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: Access to primary healthcare is crucial for the delivery of Kenya’s universal health coverage policy. However, disparities in healthcare have proved to be the biggest challenge for implementing primary care in poor-urban resource settings. In this study, we assessed the level of access to primary healthcare services and associated factors in urban slums in Nairobi-Kenya. Methods: The data were drawn from the Lown scholars’ study of 300 randomly selected households in Viwandani slums (Nairobi, Kenya), between June and July 2018. Access to primary care was measured using Penchansky and Thomas’ model. Access index was constructed using principal component analysis and recoded into tertiles with categories labeled as poor, moderate and highest. Generalized ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with access to primary care. The adjusted odds ratios and 95 percent confident intervals were used to interpret the strength of associations. Results : The odds of being in the lowest versus combined moderate and highest access tertile were significantly higher for female than male-headed households (AOR 1.91 [95% CI 1.03-3.54]; p < .05). Households with an average quarterly out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure of ≥$30 had significantly lower odds of being in the lowest versus combined moderate and highest access tertile compared to those spending ≤ $5 quarterly (AOR 0.33 [95% CI 0.50-1.90]; p< .001). Households that sought care from private facilities had significantly higher odds of being in the lowest versus combined moderate and highest access compared to the public facilities (AOR 3.77 [95% CI 2.16-6.56]; p < .05). Conclusion : In Nairobi slums in Kenya, the gender of the household head, out of pocket healthcare expenditure, and source of primary care are significantly associated with access to primary care. Therefore, the universal health coverage program in this setting should be designed with an equity lens so that the most vulnerable groups within the community can have access.
One-year clinical and angiographic outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions in ostial versus distal left main lesions – a retrospective single center study
Authors: Stephan Tilman , Goldberger Nadine , Keßler Mirjam , Felbel Dominik , Rattka Manuel , Wöhrle Jochen , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Markovic Sinisa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of left main coronary artery disease (LMD) is associated with appropriate clinical and angiographic outcomes, resulting in a class I recommendation in patients with less complex coronary anatomy. Due to higher SYNTAX scores and worse clinical outcomes, PCI in distal LMD is accomplished with a lower strength of recommendations for revascularization compared to ostial LM lesions. We compare angiographic and clinical outcomes of ostial/midshaft lesions versus distal lesion in LMD after PCI.
Methods: This retrospective study included 176 patients with LMD undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stents. The study population was divided into 34 patients with ostial/midshaft LMD and 142 patients with distal LMD. Patients were routinely scheduled for 9 months of angiographic and 12 months of clinical follow-up. Quantitative coronary analysis (QCA) was performed for all lesions, using an 11-segment model. Primary outcome was MACE (major adverse cardiac events) defined as a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction and target lesion revascularization (TLR).
Results: The primary outcome measure was comparable in both cohorts after 12 months follow-up (20.6% in ostial/midshaft LMD vs. 17.6% in distal LMD, P=0.71). As expected, TLR rates were increased in distal LM lesions compared to ostial LM lesions, but without reaching statistical significance (14.1% vs. 5.9%, P=0.15). Late lumen loss (LLL) in ostial/midshaft LMD was 0.42±0.33mm. In distal LM lesions value for LLL in the main vessel was 0.42±0.97 mm, with the highest values observed in segments adjacent to the bifurcation (0.37±1.13mm and 0.37±0.73 mm). On cox proportional regression analysis LLL in a bifurcation segment (P=0.03, HR 1.68 [1.1-2.7]) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.046, HR 2.77 [1.0-7.5] were independent correlates for occurrence of MACE.
Conclusion: PCI of distal LM lesions result in comparable angiographic and clinical outcomes compared to ostial LM lesions. Highest rates for binary restenosis were observed in segments nearest to the bifurcation.
Regioselective Synthesis of Diverse Thio-, Seleno-substituted 1,2,3-Triazoles
Authors: Zhang Lin-Lin , Wu Qin-Pei , Xu Zhi-Bin 
Published: November 2019

:
Thio-, seleno-substituted triazoles are useful scaffolds employed in the fields of
organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and material science. A number of synthetic approaches
to efficient formation of thio- and seleno-triazoles have been disclosed, including
the interception of copper(I) triazolides generated in-situ, cycloaddition of internal alkynes
(thio-, halo-, and metalated alkynes) to azides, and the coupling of azides and nonalkyne
substrates. This mini-review intends to summarize the synthetic methods toward
thio-, seleno-1,2,3-triazoles and the relative reaction mechanisms.