bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning back the tide? Local‐scale impacts of climate change may have positive effects by restoring natural riverine habitat and reducing invasive fish density
Authors: Roche Kevin , Jurajda Pavel , Šlapanský Luděk , White Seth M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Global biodiversity is increasingly threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and biological invasion. However, predictions of impacts on native fauna are hampered by an inadequate knowledge of how these factors interact and how climate change will affect the distribution, abundance, and behaviour of both native and invasive species, not least as most predictions are based on the long‐term effects of temperature alone.

Here, we present a case study illustrating how local‐scale climate change impacts (increased temperature, reduced rainfall, shifts in peak rainfall) affected the hydrology of a channelised lowland European river (reduced flow, reduction in flood events, increased siltation, macrophyte growth), allowing native fish species to recolonise the bankside zone and reducing the density of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus by removing its preferred habitat.

While most studies predict long‐term negative impacts on global fish populations, some suggest potential direct and indirect benefits at a local scale. We are of the opinion that, at a local scale, climate change impacts on fish will be more nuanced and complex than long‐term predictions suggest, resulting in both positive and negative effects, with consolation prizes in the face of larger losses. While impacts on fish will differ between regions and/or continents, depending on the specific impacts of climate change, identification of positive effects will be essential in clarifying long‐range forecasts and identifying management procedures for mitigating overall negative impacts.
Different mating contexts lead to extensive rewiring of female brain coexpression networks in the guppy
Authors: Bloch Natasha I. , Corral‐López Alberto , Buechel Séverine D. , Kotrschal Alexander , Kolm Niclas , Mank Judith E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the basis of behavior requires dissecting the complex waves of gene expression that underlie how the brain processes stimuli and produces an appropriate response. In order to determine the dynamic nature of the neurogenomic network underlying mate choice, we use transcriptome sequencing to capture the female neurogenomic response in two brain regions involved in sensory processing and decision‐making under different mating and social contexts. We use differential coexpression (DC) analysis to evaluate how gene networks in the brain are rewired when a female evaluates attractive and nonattractive males, greatly extending current single‐gene approaches to assess changes in the broader gene regulatory network. We find the brain experiences a remarkable amount of network rewiring in the different mating and social contexts we tested. Further analysis indicates the network differences across contexts are associated with behaviorally relevant functions and pathways, particularly learning, memory and other cognitive functions. Finally, we identify the loci that display social context‐dependent connections, revealing the basis of how relevant neurological and metabolic pathways are differentially recruited in distinct social contexts. More broadly, our findings contribute to our understanding of the genetics of mating and social behavior by identifying gene drivers behind behavioral neural processes, illustrating the utility of DC analysis in neurosciences and behavior.
Representative bureaucracy, role congruence, and Kenya's gender quota
Authors: Hassan Mai , O'Mealia Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article examines the subnational determinants of descriptive representation. Agency managers may be hesitant to hire women uniformly across all localities if they perceive geographic variation in role congruence, or the degree to which a position's duties match gender roles. We expect managerial perceptions to affect hiring patterns even after the adoption of a gender quota intended to improve descriptive representation, as managers will differentially hire women to meet the quota in localities where they perceive role congruence to be highest. Evidence from Kenya's most important security agency after the adoption of a gender quota supports the theory. Broadly, this article shows that aggregate quotas are at risk of being implemented in a way that undermines the spirit of the law. Slack in oversight pushes implementation to subnational areas where managers perceive the quota will be least disruptive, and ultimately, have the smallest effects on passive, let alone active, representation.
5. “RELATED” HISTORIES: ON EPISTEMIC AND REPARATIVE DECOLONIZATION
Authors: NEALE TIMOTHY , KOWAL EMMA 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWhat are we talking about when we talk about decolonization? In this article, we differentiate between epistemic and reparative decolonizing approaches and then consider the differences between postcolonial and decolonial modes in two fields: histories of science and, separately, museology. Touring these fields leads us to affirm the need for scholars to consider the consequences of their allegiances to different critical movements and moments. Whatever it will mean to decolonize history, we conclude, it is both a necessary and necessarily relational enterprise with material and conceptual excesses to address.
Utility of CD4 count measurement in the era of universal antiretroviral therapy: an analysis of routine laboratory data in Botswana
Authors: Leeme TB , Mine M , Lechiile K , Mulenga F , Mosepele M , Mphoyakgosi T , Muthoga C , Ngidi J , Nkomo B , Ramaabya D , Tau M , Tenforde MW , Hayes R , Jarvis JN 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesNational guidelines in Botswana recommend baseline CD4 count measurement and both CD4 and HIV viral load (VL) monitoring post‐antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. We evaluated the utility of CD4 count measurement in Botswana in the era of universal ART.MethodsCD4 and VL data were analysed for HIV‐infected adults undergoing CD4 count measurement in 2015–2017 at the Botswana Harvard HIV‐Reference Laboratory. We determined (1) the proportion of individuals with advanced HIV disease (CD4 count < 200 cells/µL) at initial CD4 assessment, (2) the proportion with an initial CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/µL experiencing a subsequent decline in CD4 count to < 200 cells/µL, and (3) the proportion of these immunologically failing individuals who had virological failure. Logistic regression modelling examined factors associated with advanced HIV disease. CD4 count trajectories were assessed using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS) regression.ResultsTwenty‐five per cent (3571/14 423) of individuals with an initial CD4 assessment during the study period had advanced HIV disease at baseline. Older age [≥ 35 years; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–2.1] and male sex were associated with advanced HIV disease. Fifty per cent (7163/14 423) of individuals had at least two CD4 counts during the study period. Of those with an initial CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/µL, 4% (180/5061) experienced a decline in CD4 count to < 200 cells/µL; the majority of CD4 count declines were in virologically suppressed individuals and transient.ConclusionsOne‐quarter of HIV‐positive individuals in Botswana still present with advanced HIV disease, highlighting the importance of baseline CD4 count measurement to identify this at‐risk population. Few with a baseline CD4 count ≥ 200 cells/µL experienced a drop below 200 cells/µL, suggesting limited utility for ongoing CD4 monitoring.
GLOBAL GAMES WITH STRATEGIC SUBSTITUTES
Authors: Harrison Rodrigo , Jara‐Moroni Pedro 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study global games with strategic substitutes. Specifically, for a class of binary‐action, ‐player games with strategic substitutes, we prove that under payoff asymmetry, as incomplete information vanishes, the global games approach selects a unique equilibrium. We characterize this equilibrium profile ; players employ switching strategies at different cutoff signals, the order of which is directly determined by payoff asymmetry. We provide examples that illustrate our result and its connection with dominance solvability. We extend the global game literature, which has thus far been developed for games with strategic complementarities, to new applications in industrial organization, collective action problems, finance, etc .
MAKING CARBON TAXATION A GENERATIONAL WIN WIN
Authors: Kotlikoff Laurence , Kubler Felix , Polbin Andrey , Sachs Jeffrey , Scheidegger Simon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCarbon taxation is mostly studied in social planner or infinitely lived‐agent models, which obscure carbon taxation's potential to produce a generational win win. This article's large‐scale, dynamic 55‐period, overlapping generations model calculates the carbon tax policy delivering the highest uniform welfare gain to all current and future generations. Our model features coal, oil, and gas, increasing extraction costs, clean energy, technical and demographic change, and Nordhaus' carbon/temperature/damage functions. Assuming high‐end carbon damages, the optimal carbon tax is $70, rising annually at 1.5%. This policy raises all generations' welfare by almost 5%. However, doing so requires major intergenerational redistribution.
Preselection TCR repertoire predicts CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell differentiation state
Authors: Hou Xianliang , Chen Wenbiao , Zhang Xujun , Wang Guangyu , Chen Jianing , Zeng Ping , Fu Xuyan , Zhang Qiong , Liu Xiangdong , Diao Hongyan 
Published: September 2020

SummaryT cells must display diversity regarding both the cell state and T‐cell receptor (TCR) repertoire to provide effective immunity against pathogens; however, the generation and evolution of cellular T‐cell heterogeneity in the adaptive immune system remains unclear. In the present study, a combination of multiplex PCR and immune repertoire sequencing (IR‐seq) was used for a standardized analysis of the TCR β‐chain repertoire of CD4+ naive, CD4+ memory, CD8+ naive and CD8+ memory T cells. We showed that the T‐cell subsets could be distinguished from each another with regard to the TCR β‐chain (TCR‐β) diversity, CDR3 length distribution and TRBV usage, which could be observed both in the preselection and in the post‐selection repertoire. Moreover, the Dβ‐Jβ and Vβ‐Dβ combination patterns at the initial recombination step, template‐independent insertion of nucleotides and inter‐subset overlap were consistent between the pre‐ and post‐selection repertoires, with a remarkably positive correlation. Taken together, these results support differentiation of the CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell subsets prior to thymic selection, and these differences survived both positive and negative selection. In conclusion, these findings provide deeper insight into the generation and evolution of TCR repertoire generation.
Repeat presentations to the emergency department for non‐fatal suicidal behaviour: Perceptions of patients
Authors: Meehan Tom , Baker Debra , Blyth Deborah , Stedman Terry 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPresentations to emergency departments (EDs) for non‐fatal suicidal behaviour (NFSB) are increasing in Australia and overseas. Our understanding of the factors contributing to this trend remains unclear. In this qualitative phenomenological study, we explored patient perceptions of their ED experience and the interventions provided. The study group comprised 10 adults who had had 3 or more presentations to the ED in a 12‐week period for NFSB. Individual interviews were conducted in person with participants and transcribed verbatim. Three broad themes emerged from analysis of the transcripts: ED – a safety net; 'treatment – what treatment!'; and maintaining ED dependence. The findings highlight a failure to understand the needs of those with NFSB and establish better ED treatment strategies and models of aftercare for this sub‐group of patients. The findings have implications for mental health nurses working with consumers in the ED and in broader case management roles.
AntagomiR‐29b inhibits vascular and valvular calcification and improves heart function in rats
Authors: Fang Ming , Liu Kangyong , Li Xinming , Wang Yudai , Li Wei , Li Bin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe aimed to investigate the role of the miR‐29b and its effect on TGF‐β3 pathway in vascular and valvular calcification in a rat model of calcific aortic valve diseases (CAVD). A rat model of CAVD was established by administration of warfarin plus vitamin K. The expression levels of miR‐29b, osteogenic markers and other genes were determined by qRT‐PCR, Western blot and/or immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. The calcium content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were measured. The calcium content, ALP activity and osteogenic markers levels in calcified aorta and aortic valve were augmented compared to controls. The expression of miR‐29b, p‐Smad3, and Wnt3 and β‐catenin was significantly up‐regulated, whereas TGF‐β3 was markedly down‐regulated. However, compared with the CAVD model group, the calcium content and ALP activity in rats treated with antagomiR‐29b were significantly decreased, and antagomiR‐29b administration reversed the effects of CAVD model on the expression of miR‐29b and osteogenic markers. Inhibition of miR‐29b in CAVD rats prevented from vascular and valvular calcification and induced TGF‐β3 expression, suggesting that the miR‐29b/TGF‐β3 axis may play a regulatory role in the pathogenesis of vascular and valvular calcification and could play a significant role in the treatment of CAVD and other cardiovascular diseases.
Intra‐annual variation in feeding of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: the importance of ephemeral prey bursts
Authors: Grønkjær Peter , Ottosen Rasmus , Joensen Thor , Reeve Lee , Nielsen Einar E. , Hedeholm Rasmus 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeasonal prey bursts are important for the life cycles and energy budgets of many predators. This study documents the diet and, especially, the importance of the ephemeral occurrence of capelin as prey for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Godthaabsfjord, west Greenland, over an annual cycle. The cod showed clear differences in diet composition on the 11 sampling dates resulting in a spring–summer, late summer–autumn and winter cluster. Moreover, a single sampling date, 12 May, was defined by cod gorge feeding on spawning capelin, which led to average stomach contents 4.3 times higher than the average for the remaining sampling dates. Changes in nitrogen stable isotope values from 22 April to 7 July in cod liver and muscle tissue were used to calculate the consumption of capelin. Based on this, the consumption of capelin varied between 538 and 658 g wet weight for a 1.3 kg cod. Using published consumption/biomass estimates and observed growth rates, the capelin intake corresponds to 10.1%–33.3% of the annual food consumption and accounts for 28.1%–34.5% of the annual growth of the cod. The present study documents the omnivorous feeding mode of Atlantic cod but highlights the utilization and importance of ephemeral prey bursts for the annual energy budget of the cod. It is hypothesized that access to capelin is critical for the postspawning recovery of Godthaabsfjord cod.
A self‐determination theory analysis of reflective debrief themes about dietetic student placement experiences in hospital: implications for education
Authors: Markwell K. E. , Ross L. J. , Mitchell L. J. , Williams L. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHealthcare placements in dietetics education contribute significantly to student learning. Exploring students’ self‐conceptualisation of placement experiences may provide insights to better support learning. Self‐determination theory (SDT) has been used to seek insight into clinical and educational settings but has not yet been applied to dietetic placement learning. The present study investigated dietetics students’ reflections of key influences on placement learning experiences and their alignment with an SDT framework.MethodsA post‐placement two‐stage critical incident debrief was conducted with seven successive cohorts (168 students) of dietetic undergraduate students on final placement. In debriefs, students’ anonymous themes were collected and discussed, inductively analysed, and then mapped against an SDT framework of psychological and motivational constructs.ResultsNine key themes were identified that impacted upon placement experiences. Four themes related to framework constructs: (1) Supervisor (and Peer) Autonomy Support; (2) Perceived Competence; (3) Relatedness; and (4) Autonomy and Intrinsic Motivation. Non‐SDT themes were also present, including: (5) Learning Environment and Experience; as well as themes about professional behaviours and identity: (6) Teamwork and Interactions; (7) Managing Emotions and Self‐Care; (8) Dietetic Communications and Behaviours; and (9) Developing a Professional Identity.ConclusionsEmbedding a structured debrief in the curriculum and using a psychological motivational SDT framework to analyse themes arising can provide valuable information about the learning needs of students on placement with potential for wider application in dietetic learning and teaching and workforce employability. The current findings may have application in university curricula before and after professional placement.
Abdominal ultrasound in Saguinus ursulus
Authors: Borges Laiza Bastos , Pereira Ana Karolina Ferreira , Silva Wellington Bandeira da , Monteiro Frederico Ozanan Barros , Coutinho Leandro Nassar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe classification of Saguinus ursulus as a new taxon and the vulnerability of this species highlighted the need for data on its specific morphophysiological attributes. This study used ultrasound to determine the typical characteristics of pelvic‐abdominal structures and organs.MethodsNine healthy primates of the species S. ursulus were evaluated, through ultrasound tests, to determine the morphometry of the organs of the pelvic‐abdominal cavity and the levels of ovarian activity.ResultsTopography, morphology, and biometrics of the organs were described. It was observed that organs of S. ursulus are similar to those of other Neotropical primate species. However, the kidney morphology is different,the left is triangular and the right is elliptical, while the gallbladder is bilobed.ConclusionUltrasonography has proven to be efficient and effective for organ evaluation. The ultrasound findings are a first step toward understanding the physiology of a less‐known species.
The acuity of pediatric neuroscience nursing using the Inpatient Complexity Assessment and Monitoring to Ensure Optimal Outcomes (CAMEO©) tool
Authors: Atkinson Carole , Cerrato Benjamin , Shiers Deborah , Connor Jean A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeThe neuroscience nurse must possess advanced knowledge and skills to care for a wide range of unique congenital and acquired neurological diagnoses. For each of these clinical scenarios, the measurement of complexity and acuity of patient care is key to informing staffing models and patient assignments. The Inpatient Complexity Assessment and Monitoring to Ensure Optimal Outcomes (CAMEO©) acuity tool measures patient acuity in terms of nursing cognitive workload complexity. We describe the implementation and evaluation of the Inpatient CAMEO© in a pediatric neuroscience unit in a large free‐standing children's hospital in the northeast United States.Design and MethodsUsing a quality improvement approach, the Inpatient CAMEO© was implemented and evaluated over a 12‐month period by a neuroscience clinical lead and unit‐based ambassadors. Monthly data reports evaluating unit‐level completion and the level of acuity (I–V) were generated for unit leadership. Data were further stratified by type of admission to the neuroscience unit. Five categories of patients included neurology medical, epilepsy, neurosurgical, neurooncology, and other, which is defined as nonneurology patients, admitted to unit.ResultsThe monthly proportion of Inpatient CAMEO©s Classified as III–V ranged from 62.3% to 83.3% with a median of 78.2%. The type of neuroscience admissions varied in level of acuity. Patients identified as neurology (68.7%) and epilepsy (67.5%) had the lowest acuity, patients identified as neurosurgery (82.8%) and other (80.2%) had moderate acuity, and neurooncology (94.5%) had the highest acuity.Practice ImplicationsUsing the Inpatient CAMEO©, the acuity of neuroscience pediatric care was demonstrated to be increased and variable across disease categories. Neurooncology patients were identified as having the highest acuity as compared to other pediatric neuroscience admissions.
Insights from the study of Arabic reading
Authors: Hermena Ehab W. , Reichle Erik D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCurrent reading models were largely designed to explain findings from experiments of the reading of English and other European languages (Reichle, 2020, Computational models of reading: A handbook). Recent evidence from studies of other languages and writing systems (e.g., Chinese) has demonstrated the need to critically evaluate the assumptions of these models, and whether they are sufficient to explain the full range of findings related to reading, as required, for example, to understand the universal and specific cognitive principles that support reading. In this article, we review the recent behavioural and cognitive‐neuroscience research on the reading of Arabic, a world language that until recently has received scant attention despite the fact that its writing system poses fundamental challenges for current models of reading. We also highlight the points of convergence and difference between what has been learned about the reading of Arabic and the reading of another, more widely studied Semitic language, Hebrew. We then discuss the theoretical implications of these findings for existing models of reading.
Developmental changes in the reflectance spectra of temperate deciduous tree leaves and implications for thermal emissivity and leaf temperature
Authors: Richardson Andrew D. , Aubrecht Donald M. , Basler David , Hufkens Koen , Muir Christopher D. , Hanssen Leonard 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Leaf optical properties impact leaf energy balance and thus leaf temperature. The effect of leaf development on mid‐infrared (MIR) reflectance, and hence thermal emissivity, has not been investigated in detail.

We measured a suite of morphological characteristics, as well as directional‐hemispherical reflectance from ultraviolet to thermal infrared wavelengths (250 nm to 20 µm) of leaves from five temperate deciduous tree species over the 8 wk following spring leaf emergence.

By contrast to reflectance at shorter wavelengths, the shape and magnitude of MIR reflectance spectra changed markedly with development. MIR spectral differences among species became more pronounced and unique as leaves matured. Comparison of reflectance spectra of intact vs dried and ground leaves points to cuticular development – and not internal structural or biochemical changes – as the main driving factor. Accompanying the observed spectral changes was a drop in thermal emissivity from about 0.99 to 0.95 over the 8 wk following leaf emergence.

Emissivity changes were not large enough to substantially influence leaf temperature, but they could potentially lead to a bias in radiometrically measured temperatures of up to 3 K. Our results also pointed to the potential for using MIR spectroscopy to better understand species‐level differences in cuticular development and composition.