bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Realistic Engineering Critical Assessment ECA Assurance for Sour Service Pipelines
Authors: Chaubey Rajeev , Singh Nawin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Through a case study this paper presents influence of design engineering on Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) outcome and how this influence can be predicted in early stage of project life cycle. A comparison is made between controlling ECA input sensitive parameters during detail design verses optimization of standalone ECA calculations in parallel. Standardized correlation guidelines between operational strain and service sourness is developed for a typical carbon steel pipeline installed in shallow water handing sour fluid (low pH).
The outcome of ECA study is mainly dependent on two important parameters i.e. results from detail/material engineering and design aspect of girth weld. In this paper, the detail and material engineering aspect have been investigated through numerous ECA calculations with various sensitivity run for key input parameters of the ECA study. Further, backward calculations are performed within detail design deliverables to control operational strain and stress range. An equilibrium is achieved for optimized design which is best suitable for realistic ECA outcome and from overall project view point. Consequently, a standardized correlation between operational strain and service sourness is developed.
There was some significant progress made in last few years through research on tensile strain capacity (TSC) for pipelines in sour services. Gordon et al (ISOPE 2017) has highlighted ECA input sensitivity parameters (ISP) while comparing various strain-based models for predicting TSC of Material. Though weld acceptance criteria finalization comes under gamut of material and welding engineering; it is observed that managing these ISP at early stage of project life cycle has significant advantage over performing standalone ECA for the given design.
Having this parametric study done at early stage will also benefit the project in terms of the cost while meeting the challenging pipeline installation schedule. At present, this study and formulation developed is only applicable to high temperature CS pipeline installed in shallow water following S-lay method.
Collapsible Landing Sub Deployed with Mechanical Inflow Test Packer Allows Liner Lap Testing and Shoe Track Drill Out in One Trip, Decreasing Costs and Increasing Reliability
Authors: Alotaibi Ali Sanhat , Riskiawan Arris , Alotaibi Majed , Ronson Michael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Liner lap testing operations in the gas fields have evolved to include shoe track drill out operations in the same trip. Typically, a drilling BHA is run and spaced below an inflow test packer to drill out the shoe track to 20ft above the shoe. A landing sub or no-go lands in the liner top at the predetermined bit depth to activate a test packer mechanically. This order of operation exposes the packer elements to debris circulated from drill out operations resulting in damage to the packer elements or incorrect engagement of the packer elements and casing ID.
Deploying a hydraulically activated collapsible land sub in conjunction with the mechanical inflow test packer allows a change in the order of this operation. The collapsible landing sub is run in hole below the test packer and lands in the liner top to facilitate the packer activation. The liner lap test can be conducted with little or no drill-out debris in the well. Once the liner lap test is considered successful, the landing sub is hydraulically collapsed allowing entry into and below the liner top. Drilling operations can then resume without concern to packer element damage. Applications of this system include liner lap testing and any subsequent drilling operation in the same trip.
This paper introduces and discusses the step change in operational liner lap testing procedures while incorporate this new approach to market technology of the collapsible landing sub. It describes the lesson learned and the limitations of the previous method of conducting this operation. It analyzes and compares actual job data and success rates between the previous methods and methods incorporating the new technology. This paper shows that using the collapsible landing sub in conjunction with the mechanical in flow test packer cost reduction and increases reliability and profitability in these operations.
Comparison of CO2 Flow Patterns Between Offshore North Sea and Onshore United States
Authors: Ghanbari Saeed , Mackay Eric J , Pickup Gillian E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In any flooding process, the flow pattern determines the quality of the macroscopic sweep and expected recovery efficiency. The flow pattern also controls the choice of the flooding strategy. This study compares CO2 flow patterns between two major classes of reservoirs; first, the United States CO2 flooded reservoirs, considered as benchmark for CO2 application elsewhere, and second, the North Sea class of reservoirs considered as future target for CO2 flooding offshore.
An inventory of reservoir data was first prepared by inspecting the literature. North Sea reservoirs are characterised with higher temperatures, higher pressures, thicker pays and higher permeabilities. Well spacing is also larger in the North Sea and these reservoirs are depleted faster.
Using appropriate correlations, the in-situ CO2 and oil properties were inferred for each individual reservoir knowing its ambient reservoir conditions. Scaling analysis was used to characterise the CO2 displacing oil process in each reservoir by calculating a few key dimensionless numbers. Numerical simulation of CO2 displacing oil in stochastic permeability fields revealed the CO2 flow pattern in each individual reservoir.
Although CO2 and oil densities are comparable in North Sea and United States classes of reservoirs, scaling analysis shows that "gravity numbers" for a CO2 displacing oil process are an order of magnitude larger offshore North Sea. This indicates a more gravity dominated CO2 flooding in the North Sea compared to United States reservoirs principally due to thicker pays and significantly higher permeabilities in this province but not due to larger CO2 and oil density contrast.
The "mobility number" for a CO2-oil displacement process is also considerably lower (or better) in the North Sea due to lower North Sea oil viscosities. This indicates, in the absence of gravity, the viscous CO2 flooding is expected to be more stable in the North Sea. "Effective aspect ratios", illustrating the degree of cross flow are also lower in the North Sea mainly due to considerably thicker pay reservoirs in these systems.
Visual comparison of displacement profiles in different stochastic permeability fields shows that, unlike the majority of United States CO2 flooded reservoirs where the displacement may be characterised with an unstable viscous dominated process, in the North Sea CO2 flow patterns vary mostly between gravity dominated and stable viscous displacements.
Better understanding of the CO2 flow pattern can help in the selection of the appropriate CO2 flooding process e.g. selection between horizontal and gravity stable CO2 flooding or the decision to implement WAG instead of continuous CO2 injection for future provinces targeted for CO2-EOR like the North Sea. North Sea reservoirs thus may benefit from a different CO2 flood design than that observed historically in the United States since their CO2 flow patterns is fundamentally different.
Rule Based Design Application to Offshore Jacket Structures
Authors: N. Nagaraju , Pillai Syam , Kumar Chaithanya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rule based system design has been developed in two stages - first for weight estimates and second for jacket design automation using a standardized jacket concept. A simple fixed offshore jacket design involves many governing parameters such as environmental criteria, deck size and weight, site specific parameters, construction and installation variables. A domain-based approach has been used to minimize the governing parameters in the design, so that rule-based system can be developed. The paper presents the rule-based system developed for fixed well head platform jacket with 4 legs, leg through pile, lift installed jacket in a water depth up to 60m.
McDermott has constructed and installed more than 300 jackets in the above domain. A database has been developed from these jackets installed in middle east, which included the key design variables required for the jacket design. Empirical formulae along with the information from this database, were used to develop rules to generate the gravity loads, environmental loads and installation loads required for the jacket design. A range of soil capacity curves were used to simulate the soil capacity variation in the selected jacket domain. Rules for developing the pile diameter, pile penetration and possible hammer required to drive the piles were developed. These rules formed the basis for the knowledge base required for the rule-based system. This rule-based system has been used in the first stage for weight estimation with accuracy of +/−20%, so that this can form a good input for the cost estimate with a quick turnaround.
In the second stage, a screening analysis was performed using the rules developed to select the design parameters and site-specific data to be used for jacket design without compromising the optimization of the jacket. Similarly, the appurtenances viz. conductors, risers, boat landing, etc. on the jacket were grouped into a range to minimize the parameters to be considered for the jacket design. Using this approach, few thousand possible design parameters were reduced to less than hundred governing parameters for possible range of water depth, specific to site. Standard jacket configuration developed for the selected domain has been analyzed and compared with the jacket weights derived from the rules. Rules were finetuned based on this standard jacket analysis to aid automation of the jacket for a specific location with predefined design parameters. Construction, installation and build methods were confirmed along with the jacket configuration development.
Rule based system which is a part of the Artificial Intelligence development tool, has been historically used in disease diagnosis, automobile production industry, select tactical moves to play a game, graphic interface development. This paper presents a McDermott's initiative to arrive at jacket configuration by using rule based system which can help to automate the jacket design.
The Feasibility of Resistivity Responses as Fluid Monitoring Controlled System in Conventional Reservoir-Hydrocarbon Production
Authors: Hasan Kurniawan Adha , Lubis Luluan Almanna , Hermana Maman , Latiff Abdul Halim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During field recovery optimization, EOR takes a role to keep active and always develop the techniques for increasing oil production from time to time. Foam flooding has been introduced as a new technique to overcome the limitation of gas injection by reducing gas mobility. Specifically, the foam injection was a success to optimize the recovery. Unfortunately, the utilization of foam creates several challenges, especially in the foam monitoring system. Resistivity analysis is the best parameters used for generating the foam system monitoring. This study was focusing on identifying the major controlling factor which donates to resistivity responses. Characteristic of the resistivity responses towards the fluid's injection as the function of the variances in fluids type with the divergence of reservoir properties (i.e., porosity and permeability) is the primary objectives in this study. Variances in type fluids and reservoir properties were applied in this study for enhancing the application of this project in global used. Competent clastic reservoirs samples were used in this study (Idoha and Berea), which resistivity responses was determined using the equipment rig for all samples in 4 saturation (Air, Brine, and Foam in concentration 0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt%). Resistivity measurement was conducted as a function of foam injection time to determine the correlation of foam propagation in porous media based on the resistivity difference in two reservoir condition. Generally, the resistivity of dry condition (air saturation) is higher as compared to the wet condition. Storage capacity, fluids integrity (density, viscosity, interfacial tension, and the concentration) and mix fluids windows are the most factors which influence the resistivity responses. Fluids integrity have been controlled by chemical and physical properties of the fluids, i.e., density, viscosity, interfacial tension, and the concentration. All features donate the producing of fluids resistivity responses. All parameters were sensitive to temperature changes. Foam monitoring, wherein the positive side the resistivity responses are important tools in fluids determination due to detailed answers for each condition.
Effective Wellbore Stimulation Methods Utilizing Advanced Thermal Technologies
Authors: Othman Haitham , Batarseh Sameeh , San Roman Alerigi Damian , Alhubai Ali 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to optimize heat generation for effective wellbore stimulation and clean up utilizing advanced thermal techniques. In this study, resistivity heat (electric), Microwave, Radio frequencies, and steam have been evaluated utilizing large patented apparatus. Different heating technologies can be configured in the apparatus using vertical, horizontal, or a combination of vertical and horizontal wells. Baselines are measured and methods of enhancing heat propagation are discussed.
Thermal stimulation techniques are the efficient for wellbore stimulation and clean up, however, these technologies have major limitations in penetrating the formation and lower efficiency in deep formations. To solve these drawbacks, alternative methods using microwave have been identified and investigated. Another alternative is to combine microwave with steam and electric heaters, among others.
A state-of-the-art Universal Apparatus has been designed and built to investigate multiple thermal stimulation techniques; namely microwave with microwave enabler materials (they can heat up to 800°F), steam injection, and electric (resistivity) heaters. The apparatus was designed to simulate a real oil formation, it can be filled with 1-m3 of sand or rock blocks. Each of the heating mechanism can be inserted into the sand/rock bed either vertically or horizontally at multiple positions. It is also equipped with 60 temperature measurement points and 5 acoustic sensors for real-time monitoring. Heating methods were tested individually to evaluate their heat propagation and efficiencies and to set their baselines. Then they were tested in-combination to optimize the controlling parameters for effective heat generation and propagation, and to develop new methods for formation stimulation.
The results demonstrated that the heating dynamics can be optimized by controlling the configuration of the heating tools, their operating parameters, and the microwave enablers distribution, type, and volume. This work also showed that the microwave enablers can be used to improve the heat transfer into oil formations. This paper will present the different evaluated scenarios and the optimized combinations for effective heat generation and propagation.
Evaluation of Hydrogen Sulfide Scavengers for Use with Static Mixers
Authors: Lehmann Marc , Pojtanabuntoeng Thunyaluk , Long Yu , Yookhong Marisa , Iannuzzi Mariano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The efficiency of hydrogen sulfide scavengers directly injected into gas streams is often compromised by short contact times due to space limitations on offshore assets. The use of static mixers is often employed to increase the efficiency of gas-liquid mixing. The performance of two commercially available hydrogen scavenger products were assessed in the laboratory utilising a specially fabricated test chamber designed to mimic a static mixer. A continuous feed of both gas and a liquid scavenger solution were mixed through a glass bead static mixer. The liquid scavenger was atomized into the gas prior to traveling through the bed. The impact of dose rate, water content, carbon dioxide and contact time were assessed on the scavenging efficiency and kinetics of two triazine chemicals used to sequester H2S from a gas stream containing 180 ppmv H2S in nitrogen, to achieve a target H2S concentrations of &lt;10 ppmv. Efficiencies derived from the test apparatus revealed that the formulation based on the ethanolamine triazine chemistry performed significantly better than the methylamine triazine product at the two contact times of 3 and 25 seconds. The equilibration time required to reach the target concentration were significantly longer at the shorter contact time, and unachievable without the static mixer. The dosages of scavenger required to reduce the H2S concentrations from 180 ppmv to 10 ppmv were much higher than theoretical dosages. The addition of water to the scavenger mixtures was found to increase the efficiency of the ethanolamine scavenger but decrease the performance of the methylamine based triazine. The importance of atomisation of the scavenger onto the fixed bed was reinforced by the dramatic reductions in performance associated with a lack of atomisation. The presence of CO2 had no significant impact on the scavenging efficiency but had a kinetic impact and reduced the time to achieve the target concentration.
Low Noise Transducer for Logging While Drilling Borehole Imaging in Oil Based and Water-Based Muds
Authors: Jin Jing , Li Peng , Coates Richard , Hany Mohamed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High-quality borehole imaging is of great value during the evaluation of borehole conditions, such as wellbore stability, fracture identification, and dip mapping. Obtaining borehole images from logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools provides real-time information and allows access to highly deviated wells, which could be difficult to access using wireline tools.
Borehole images can be acquired in water-based mud (WBM) systems with both resistivity and ultrasonic measurements. However, oil-based mud (OBM) systems limit the use of resistivity and pose great challenges to the ultrasonic method because of the high acoustic attenuation of the muds. This high attenuation can be overcome in wireline tools using larger ultrasonic transducers with representative dimensions of 2 in. diameter and 2 in. length. However, corresponding transducers intended for LWD tools, particularly for 4¾-in. collar sizes, should be smaller and sufficiently rugged to withstand the drilling environment.
This paper describes a transducer developed by the authors to meet these output, size, and ruggedness constraints. The transducers have high acoustic output and low inherent noise to produce sufficient output to provide reliable imaging, even in heavy muds. Four of these transducers and associated electronics are integrated into an LWD tool. A real-time ringing removal algorithm was implemented to record low-noise echo waveforms in pulse-echo mode. These waveforms are then processed automatically to generate both time-of-flight and reflection amplitude measurements. The former can be used to gauge the borehole shape, while the latter characterizes the acoustic impedance and rugosity of the borehole wall, which, in turn, reveal fractures and formation bedding.
During the development phase we conducted laboratory measurements to illustrate the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the transducer, which is vital when operating in the transmitting mode. We obtained satisfactory results that demonstrate high sensitivity and well-collimated directionality in receiving mode. During laboratory tests, the transducer was able to detect a 0.1-in. fracture in a cement block immersed in water. In addition, results from a prototype tool incorporating the transducers run in 9.5-lbm/gal OBM in a test well, which are comparable to wireline quality ultrasonic results, are discussed.
How Solar Hybrid Wind Turbine Brings Continuous Power Supply and Cost Optimization to Offshore Platforms in Malaysia
Authors: Lee Joel Yong , Liew Daniel Khee 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Solar power is one of the consideration for many oil & gas platform operators who are going for renewable energy to provide power. However for solar power, continuous power has been an issue especially during the Northeast monsoon (October – March) where the sun is frequently blocked by rain clouds. By using a hybrid of Photovoltaic (PV) modules and wind turbines to harvest both solar and wind power, power generation will be more stable and reliable. The results of this can be concluded by the results taken from a Malaysia offshore platform which had installed a wind turbine to their solar system in March 2018. The results show more consistent power generation with the hybridization of solar and wind power.
A Model Testing to Improve Punch-Through Failure Assessment
Authors: Hu Nanding , Yang Jin , Bao Suduna , Yang Guodong , Liu Xun , Wang Yichen , Yu Chen , Zhou Jianyi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The jack-up platform will face the risk of punch-through failure when pilling in areas where a stronger-thinner layered soil overlays a softer soil layer. The punch-through failure that occurred in the South China Sea indicates that there are still shortcomings in the existing punch-through failure assessment methods. Therefore, this paper improves the shortcomings of the existing punch-through failure assessment method based on the simulation experiment.
Firstly, the shortcomings of the existing punch-through failure assessment method were analyzed based on the case of punch-through incidents occurred in the South China Sea. Then, the main factors of punch-through were analyzed by means of simulation experiment, and the shortcomings of the existing method were improved. Meanwhile, a punch-through failure assessment method considering the spudcan tip height and loading process was established. Finally, taking a case of the South China Sea as an example, the improved model guided the penetration of jack-up platform and avoided punch-through failure successfully.
By analyzing the case of the punch-through failure occurred in the South China Sea, the soil layer in which punch-through failure occurs has the characteristics that the thickness of stronger-thinner layered soil is close to the height of pile tip. In order to explore the main factors leading to punch-through failure, a set of experimental system simulating the spudcan punch-through was designed, and a series of punch-through simulation experiments were conducted. Simulation experiment results show that the reduction ratio of bearing capacity will decreases with the ratio of stronger-thinner layered soil thickness and pile tip height (d/h) increases. When the d/h is greater than 2, the reduction ratio of bearing capacity is less than 5%; When the pile tip height is equal to the thickness of stronger-thinner layered soil, the reduction ratio of bearing capacity is more than 95%.
The innovation of this paper is that punch-through failure assessment method considering ratio of pile tip height and soil layer thickness was established.