bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secession with Natural Resources
Authors: Dhillon Amrita , Krishnan Pramila , Patnam Manasa , Perroni Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We look at the formation of new Indian states in 2001 to uncover the effects of political secession on the comparative economic performance of natural resource rich and natural resource poor areas. Resource rich constituencies fared comparatively worse within new states that inherited a relatively larger proportion of natural resources. We argue that these patterns reflect how political reorganisation affected the quality of state governance of natural resources. We describe a model of collusion between state politicians and resource rent recipients that can account for the relationships we see in the data between natural resource abundance and post-break-up local outcomes.
Monopolizing War: Codifying the Laws of War to Reassert Governmental Authority, 1856–1874
Authors: Benvenisti Eyal , Lustig Doreen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this article, we challenge the canonical narrative about civil society’s efforts to discipline warfare during the mid-19th century – a narrative of progressive evolution of Enlightenment-inspired laws of war, later to be termed international humanitarian law. Conversely, our historical account shows how the debate over participation in international law-making and the content of the law reflected social and political tensions within and between European states. While the multifaceted influence of civil society was an important catalyst for the inter-governmental codification of the laws of war, the content of that codification did not simply reflect humanitarian sensibilities. Rather, as civil society posed a threat to the governmental monopoly over the regulation of war, the turn to inter-state codification of IHL also assisted governments in securing their authority as the sole regulators in the international terrain. We argue that, in codifying the laws of war, the main concern of key European governments was not to protect civilians from combatants’ fire, but rather to protect combatants from civilians eager to take up arms to defend their nation – even against their own governments’ wishes. We further argue that the concern with placing ‘a gun on the shoulder of every socialist’ extended far beyond the battlefield. Monarchs and emperors turned to international law to put the dreaded nationalist and revolutionary genies back in the bottle. These concerns were brought to the fore most forcefully in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871 and the subsequent short-lived, but violent, rise of the Paris Commune. These events formed the backdrop to the Brussels Declaration of 1874, the first comprehensive text on the laws of war. This Declaration exposed civilians to war’s harms and supported the growing capitalist economy by ensuring that market interests would be protected from the scourge of war and the consequences of defeat.
The EU’s Most Influential Economic Policy-maker: Mario Draghi at the European Central Bank
Authors: Waibel Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article assesses the legacy of Mario Draghi as president of the European Central Bank (ECB) from 2011 to 2019, with particular reference to the Greek’s sovereign debt crisis. Most macro-economic indicators improved over the course of Draghi’s tenure at the ECB, including inflation, budget deficits, yield spreads among euro-area borrowers and unemployment. Draghi played a decisive role in turning the tide on the crisis of confidence that afflicted the euro area and threatened the survival of Europe’s single currency in the wake of Greece’s sovereign debt crisis. Yet the ECB’s unconventional policies prompted sustained controversy and contributed to a low level of trust in the central bank among people in the euro-area member states. The focus of controversy has been on possible asset-price bubbles and ‘hidden’ transfers between euro-area member states. When and how to normalize its policies is a major challenge for the ECB, as it is for other major central banks that adapted similar policies in response to the global financial crisis.
Introduction of covariance components in slip inversion of geodetic data following a non-uniform spatial distribution and application to slip deficit rate estimation in the Nankai Trough subduction zone
Authors: Agata Ryoichiro 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYInappropriate mathematical treatment of prediction errors associated with inaccurate forward modelling in an inversion scheme may result in significant unnatural short-wavelength components in the estimated slip distribution, which is a typical consequence of overfitting data. When geodetic data in observation stations following a non-uniform spatial distribution are used in a geodetic slip inversion, the spatial non-uniformity of the observation can possibly influence the distribution pattern of the short-wavelength components significantly, which may be confused with slip patterns that are geophysically meaningful. Such situations often occur when land and seafloor geodetic data are used in combination in slip inversions. To avoid overfitting, this study proposes a method that incorporates covariance components in the covariance matrix of the misfit vector, which originate from prediction errors. Because the proposed method retains the linearity of the inversion problem, widely known approaches that introduce prior constraints to a linear inversion problem are easily combined with the proposed method. This study demonstrates a combination of the newly introduced covariance components with a prior constraint on the smoothness of slip distribution, constructing a Bayesian model with unknown hyperparameters, which are objectively determined by minimizing Akaike’s Bayesian information criterion. In the synthetic tests, the proposed method estimated slip deficit rate (SDR) distributions that are closer to the true one, avoiding overfitting the geodetic data with spatial non-uniformity. By contrast, a conventional approach, which does not introduce covariance components, estimates unnaturally rough SDR distributions using the same synthetic data. The proposed method was applied to the estimation of SDR in the Nankai Trough subduction zone, using geodetic data of displacement rates provided by land GNSS stations and seafloor GNSS-Acoustic stations. This method estimates a reasonably smooth distribution of SDR, avoiding overfitting. The spatial distribution of residuals of the displacement rates suggests that the proposed method avoids overfitting some portions of the observed displacement rates that the forward model set for the analyses could not fundamentally explain.
Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidea) Pollen Forage in a Highly Cultivated Agroecosystem: Limited Diet Diversity and Its Relationship to Virus Resistance
Authors: Zhang Ge , St. Clair Ashley L , Dolezal Adam , Toth Amy L , O’Neal Matthew 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Intensified agriculture reduces natural and seminatural habitats and plant diversity, reducing forage available to honey bees (Apis mellifera L. [Hymenoptera: Apidea]). In agricultural landscapes of Iowa, United States, we studied the impact of extrinsic agricultural intensification on the availability of pollen for honey bees by placing colonies next to soybean fields surrounded by either a low or high level of cultivation. The abundance and diversity of pollen returned to a colony were estimated by placing pollen traps on bee colonies during the summer and fall of 2015 and 2016. We observed no difference in abundance and diversity of pollen collected by colonies in either landscape, but abundance varied over time with significantly less collected in September. We explored if the most commonly collected pollen from these landscapes had the capacity to support honey bee immune health by testing if diets consisting of these pollens improved bee resistance to a viral infection. Compared to bees denied pollen, a mixture of pollen from the two most common plant taxa (Trifolium spp. L. [Fabales: Fabaceae] and Chimaechrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene [Fabales: Fabaceae]) significantly reduced honey bee mortality induced by viral infection. These data suggest that a community of a few common plants was favored by honey bees, and when available, could be valuable for reducing mortality from a viral infection. Our data suggest a late season shortage of pollen may be ameliorated by additions of fall flowering plants, like goldenrod (Solidago spp. L. [Asterales: Asteraceae]) and sunflower (Helianthus, Heliopsis, and Silphium spp. [Asterales: Asteraceae]), as options for enhancing pollen availability and quality for honey bees in agricultural landscapes.
Extensive mediastinal thymolipoma mimicking pulmonary edema
Authors: Yusuf Mohamud Mohamed Farah , Ahmed Mohamed Abdi , Ali Ibrahim Hussein 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Thymolipoma is a rare benign slow-growing encapsulated tumor of anterior mediastinum that accounts for 2–9% of all thymic neoplasms. About 30–50% of them are asymptomatic and found incidentally. Less than 200 cases have been published in the world literature so far. Here we report a case of thymolipoma of an adult female presented with progressive dyspnea, chest tightness and non-productive chough for 2-month duration. All blood investigations were normal. Radiological examinations suggested the presence of fat and soft tissue within the tumor without invading the neighboring structures. We concluded that the only curative treatment of thymolipoma is surgical excision. Unfortunately, the patient did not give consent despite telling her the outcomes if we do not do the surgical procedure, and a week later she passed away due to respiratory distress secondary to the mass effect of the tumor.
Aviation-Modeled Investigation of Significant Obstetric Events
Authors: Powell-Dunford Nicole , Deuster Patricia , McPherson Mark , Gaydos Steven J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
In this research, the authors attempted to ascertain whether or not the Root Cause Analysis Event Support and Engagement Team (RESET) investigates the use of U.S. Army aviation-based techniques by staff members or organizations in which serious obstetrical events have occurred. Root cause analysis (RCA), originating in the manufacturing and engineering sectors, attempts to elucidate an underlying cause of a problem. Most recently, this process has been applied to the investigation of medical error. RESET was established in order to perform centralized investigation of significant medical error within U.S. Army medical and dental treatment facilities based on request from a hospital commander or general officer. Significant obstetric events are high profile, discussed in multiple safety forums, and an area of close RESET focus. Yet it is unclear if RESET investigates the use of aviation-based techniques by staff and/or organizations involved in serious obstetrical events. Therefore the present survey study was conducted.

Materials and Methods
A structured, anonymous, voluntary survey was fielded to RESET staff in order to assess whether or not the RESET investigates the use of aviation-based techniques by staff members or organizations in which serious obstetrical events have occurred.

Results
Five of six members of this small team completed the survey. Prebriefs, debriefs, and checklist use were consistently investigated. The employment of a sterile cockpit, first-name introductions, annual check ride, and emergency procedure rehearsal were infrequently investigated.

Conclusion
Obstetric RESET investigations inconsistently ascertain whether or not some of the aviation-based techniques are utilized by staff members or organizations in which serious obstetrical events have occurred. Standardization of investigative procedures and education directed at under-investigated practices may optimize medical investigation using proven tenets of an aviation-based approach.
Verification of Ocular Trauma Score for Intraocular Foreign Bodies in Lethal-Weapon-Related Ocular Injuries
Authors: Guven Soner 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The ocular trauma score (OTS) is a widely used predictive tool in determining the visual prognosis of ocular injuries. Intraocular-foreign-body (IOFB)-type injuries comprise the leading type of open-globe injuries (OGI) in ocular combat injuries. However, there are scarce reports evaluating the efficacy of OTS in IOFB-type injuries. Only one study is available that explored the validity of OTS in combat-related IOFB injuries with a limited number of eyes. The aim of this study is to confirm the predictive value of OTS in lethal-weapon (LW)-related OGI with IOFB.

Material and Methods
The charts of 488 patients with IOFB-type-eye injuries between January 1998 and January 2018 were analyzed. Only the LW-related ocular injuries were included. Baseline details (patient demographics, surgeries, OTS categories, and visual acuity [VA]) were recorded. To test the validity of OTS, Fischer exact test was used to compare the likelihood of the final VAs for every OTS subgroups between OTS study group and this study.

Results
The complete data of 206 eyes of 142 patients including two civilians were analyzed in the study. No subjects had ocular protection at the time of the injury. OTS study and this current study did not show an exact validation in first three OTS categories in various final VA subgroups (no light perception (NLP) subgroup (P: 0.001), light perception/hand movements subgroup (P: 0.033), 20/200 to 20/50 subgroup (P: 0.047) in OTS category 1; NLP subgroup (P: 0.000), 20/200 to 20/50 subgroup (P: 0.036), 20/40 subgroup (P: 0.018) in OTS 2; and 20/200 to 20/50 subgroup (P: 0.01), 20/40 subgroup (P: 0.003) in OTS 3, respectively). The above results indicate that in first three OTS categories, OTS study was not useful in visual prognosis prediction in the mentioned VA subgroups. The results predicted the final VA only in OTS categories 4 and 5 in which all P values were greater than 0.05.

Conclusions
Visual outcome of this type of ocular injury may be unpredictable due to more frequent discouraging results. OTS failed to predict visual outcome in first three OTS categories in this study. Therefore, OTS appears to be verified only in better (OTS categories 4 and 5) categories.
The role of galaxies and AGN in reionizing the IGM – III. IGM–galaxy cross-correlations at z ∼ 6 from eight quasar fields with DEIMOS and MUSE
Authors: Meyer Romain A , Kakiichi Koki , Bosman Sarah E I , Ellis Richard S , Laporte Nicolas , Robertson Brant E , Ryan-Weber Emma V , Mawatari Ken , Zitrin Adi 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We present improved results of the measurement of the correlation between galaxies and the intergalactic medium transmission at the end of reionization. We have gathered a sample of 13 spectroscopically confirmed Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) and 21 Lyman-α emitters (LAEs) at angular separations 20 arcsec ≲ θ ≲ 10 arcmin (∼0.1–4 pMpc at z ∼ 6) from the sightlines to eight background z ≳ 6 quasars. We report for the first time the detection of an excess of Lyman-α transmission spikes at ∼10–60 cMpc from LAEs (3.2σ) and LBGs (1.9σ). We interpret the data with an improved model of the galaxy–Lyman-α transmission and two-point cross-correlations, which includes the enhanced photoionization due to clustered faint sources, enhanced gas densities around the central bright objects and spatial variations of the mean free path. The observed LAE(LBG)–Lyman-α transmission spike two-point cross-correlation function (2PCCF) constrains the luminosity-averaged escape fraction of all galaxies contributing to reionization to $\langle f_{\rm esc} \rangle _{M_{\rm UV}\lt -12} = 0.14_{-0.05}^{+0.28}\, (0.23_{-0.12}^{+0.46})$. We investigate if the 2PCCF measurement can determine whether bright or faint galaxies are the dominant contributors to reionization. Our results show that a contribution from faint galaxies ($M_{\rm UV} \gt -20 \, (2\sigma)$) is necessary to reproduce the observed 2PCCF and that reionization might be driven by different sub-populations around LBGs and LAEs at z ∼ 6.
The White Dwarf Binary Pathways Survey −III. Contamination from hierarchical triples containing a white dwarf
Authors: Lagos F , Schreiber M R , Parsons S G , Zurlo A , Mesa D , Gänsicke B T , Brahm R , Caceres C , Canovas H , Hernandez M-S , Jordan A , Koester D , Schmidtobreick L , Tappert C , Zorotovic M 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The White Dwarf Binary Pathways Survey aims at increasing the number of known detached A, F, G, and K main-sequence stars in close orbits with white dwarf companions (WD+AFGK binaries) to refine our understanding about compact binary evolution and the nature of Supernova Ia progenitors. These close WD+AFGK binary stars are expected to form through common envelope evolution, in which tidal forces tend to circularize the orbit. However, some of the identified WD+AFGK binary candidates show eccentric orbits, indicating that these systems are either formed through a different mechanism or perhaps they are not close WD+AFGK binaries. We observed one of these eccentric WD+AFGK binaries with SPHERE and find that the system TYC 7218-934-1 is in fact a triple system where the WD is a distant companion. The inner binary likely consists of the G-type star plus an unseen low-mass companion in an eccentric orbit. Based on this finding, we estimate the fraction of triple systems that could contaminate the WD+AFGK sample. We find that less than 15 per cent of our targets with orbital periods shorter than 100 d might be hierarchical triples.
Bevacizumab-based treatment as salvage therapy in patients with recurrent symptomatic brain metastases
Authors: Berghoff Anna Sophie , Breckwoldt Michael Oliver , Riedemann Lars , Karimian-Jazi Kianush , Loew Sarah , Schlieter Franziska , Furtner Julia , Cinci Marc , Thomas Michael , Strowitzki Moritz J , Marmé Frederik , Michel Laura L , Schmidt Thomas , Jäger Dirk , Bendszus Martin , Preusser Matthias , Wick Wolfgang , Winkler Frank 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Salvage treatment for recurrent brain metastases (BM) of solid cancers is challenging due to the high symptomatic burden and the limited local treatment options.

Methods
Patients with recurrent BM with no option for further local therapies were retrospectively identified from BM databases. Bevacizumab-based treatment was initiated as a salvage treatment. Radiological imaging before and after bevacizumab-based treatment was reevaluated for treatment response using the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) BM criteria.

Results
Twenty-two patients (36.4% male) with recurrent BM from breast cancer (40.9%), colorectal cancer (31.8%), or lung cancer (27.3%) were identified. Previous BM-directed therapies were radiosurgery in 16/22 (72.7%) patients, whole-brain radiotherapy in 8/22 (36.4%), and neurosurgical resection in 11/22 (50.0%). Time since BM diagnosis to initiation of bevacizumab treatment was 16.5 months. Of 22 patients 14 (63.6%) received concurrent systemic therapies. Neurological symptom improvement could be achieved in 14/22 (63.6%) and stabilization in 6/22 (27.3%) patients, resulting in a clinical benefit in 20/22 (90.9%) patients. Steroids could be reduced or stopped in 15/22 (68.2%) patients. Rate of improvement on T1-weighted imaging was 15/19 (78.9%; median reduction: −26.0% ± 32.9) and 19/20 (95%; median reduction: −36.2% ± 22.2) on T2-weighted FLAIR imaging. According to RANO-BM best response was partial response in 7/19 (36.8%), stable disease in 9/19 (47.3%), and progressive disease in 3/19 (15.7%) patients. Median CNS-specific progression-free survival was 8 months and median overall survival after initiation of bevacizumab treatment was 17 months.

Conclusions
Bevacizumab-based treatment had clinically relevant intracranial activity in the vast majority of patients suffering from recurrent, symptomatic BM. The data supports a prospective clinical trial of bevacizumab as a salvage treatment in BM.
Prevalence and Discordance of the “Startle Response” with True Discogenic Pain According to Spine Intervention Society Guidelines for Provocation Discography: A Cohort Study
Authors: DeFrancesch Fred , Sperry Beau P , Aprill Charles N , Choe Douglas , McCormick Zachary L 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSummary of Background DataThe literature on cervical provocation discography (C-PD) is sparse. A “Startle Response” during C-PD is a known phenomenon that might be mistaken as an indicator of discogenic pain at the provoked disc level, but this has not been quantitatively described.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of the Startle Response and its concordance/discordance with true-positive C-PD in patients referred for surgical planning or evaluation after ruling out other axial pain generators.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who received C-PD at an outpatient spine center. The primary outcome was the rate of discordance of the Startle Response with true-positive C-PD according to the operational criteria of the Spine Intervention Society (SIS) guidelines.ResultsOne hundred five discs were provoked in 36 individuals (19 female, mean age [SD] = 45.7 [10.9] years). C-PD was performed at a median of three levels (range = 1–5) with C4/5 (N = 30), C5/6 (N = 30), and C6/7 (N = 31) the most commonly evaluated. Twenty-six of 36 patients reported responses consistent with true-positive C-PD. A Startle Response was observed in 14 patients (39%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 23–57%), and 22 of 105 (21%, 95% CI = 14–30%) provoked discs. Of the 14 patients who exhibited a Startle Response, four had negative C-PD results (29%, 95% CI = 8–58%). As assessed per disc, C-PD results were positive in 12 of the 22 (55%, 95% CI = 32–76%) provoked discs that generated a Startle Response.ConclusionsThe present data demonstrate high discordance, 45% (95% CI = 24–68%), between the Startle Response and true-positive C-PD. Clinicians should be aware of this phenomenon and take care to distinguish it from a true-positive response during C-PD, as defined by the SIS guidelines. Misinterpretation of the Startle Response as a positive C-PD result may lead to inappropriate future care decisions in a substantial proportion of patients.
Identification of Reproducible BCL11A Alterations in Schizophrenia Through Individual-Level Prediction of Coexpression
Authors: Chen Junfang , Cao Han , Kaufmann Tobias , Westlye Lars T , Tost Heike , Meyer-Lindenberg Andreas , Schwarz Emanuel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Previous studies have provided evidence for an alteration of genetic coexpression in schizophrenia (SCZ). However, such analyses have thus far lacked biological specificity for individual genes, which may be critical for identifying illness-relevant effects. Therefore, we applied machine learning to identify gene-specific coexpression differences at the individual subject level and compared these between individuals with SCZ, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and healthy controls. Utilizing transcriptome-wide gene expression data from 21 independent datasets, comprising a total of 9509 participants, we identified a reproducible decrease of BCL11A coexpression across 4 SCZ datasets that showed diagnostic specificity for SCZ when compared with ASD and MDD. We further demonstrate that individual-level coexpression differences can be combined in multivariate coexpression scores that show reproducible illness classification across independent datasets in SCZ and ASD. This study demonstrates that machine learning can capture gene-specific coexpression differences at the individual subject level for SCZ and identify novel biomarker candidates.