bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occlusion Heightened by Metal Crown Cementation is Aggressive for Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Abdalla Henrique Ballassini , Clemente‐Napimoga Juliana Trindade , Trindade‐da‐Silva Carlos Antônio , Alves Luciane Jorge , Prats Roberta da Silva , Youssef Alexandre , Vieira dos Santos Paulo César , Buarque e Silva Wilkens Aurélio , Andrade e Silva Frederico , Napimoga Marcelo Henrique 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the effect of experimental traumatic occlusion (ETO) induced by metal crowns on alveolar bone loss.Materials and MethodsMetal crowns were custom‐made for the lower first molars with occlusal discrepancy of 0.4 and 0.7 mm from the maximum intercuspation. Thirty‐six animals were randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 animals per group): 0.4‐mm hyperocclusion group, 0.7‐mm hyperocclusion group and the sham group (no metal crown). Twenty‐eight days after crown cementation, the animals were euthanized and gingival tissue was collected to assess cytokine levels of IL‐17, IL‐6, and TNF‐α using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mandibles were stained with 1% methylene blue and alveolar bone levels were quantified. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), and its ligand (RANKL), secreted osteoclastogenic factor of activated T cells (SOFAT) and TNF‐α‐converting enzyme (TACE). Also, mandibles were histologically processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, from which the presence of osteoclast‐like cells, multinucleated cells containing ≥3 nuclei was counted at 100× magnification. The data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey tests.ResultsExperimental occlusal trauma for 28 consecutive days significantly increased alveolar bone loss and multinucleated cell counts (p < 0.05). RANK, RANKL, SOFAT, TACE, IL‐6, and TNF‐α were significantly higher in gingival tissues of ETO groups (p < 0.05). IL‐17 titers were unchanged among the groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionExperimental traumatic occlusion activates and sustains bone resorption pathways in the periodontium inducing alveolar bone resorption. As the intensity of occlusal trauma increased, alternative osteoclastic pathways were activated, such as TACE and SOFAT.
Covenants and Commands
Authors: Alimi Toni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRobert Adams’s account of divine command theory argues that moral obligations are idealized versions of everyday social requirements. One type of social requirement is the ordinary demand one person makes of one another. Its idealized version is the perfect command a perfect God makes of those he loves. This paper extends Adams’s account of moral obligation by considering another kind of social requirement: promises. It argues that we can understand a divine covenant as an idealized version of a promise. Promisers take on social requirements to promisees when they make promises. Analogously, God takes on obligations to humans when God makes covenants with them. Divine command theorists might fear that this makes God subject to moral rules not of his own choosing. This paper considers these fears and argues that they are unwarranted.
Guilt and Shame, Justice and Mercy
Authors: Rothchild Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis essay argues that the criminal justice system in the United States is flawed because it focuses principally on punishment of illegal actions without considering offenders as persons in their entirety. It considers the role that constructive shame and mercy can play in addressing this flaw. The essay concludes by applying this argument to the case of shaming penalties within criminal justice.
The End(s) of Mercy
Authors: Weaver Darlene Fozard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn philosophy and in religious ethics, accounts of mercy are typically developed in relation to justice. The essays in this focus issue each insist on an integral connection between mercy and justice, yet each reconfigures that relationship by arguing that mercy is best understood as a normative response to others in their need. Defining mercy as our response to others’ need highlights the value of mercy as an effective public virtue, grounded in realism about the human condition and focused on reparative and restorative action.
Responses of some innate immune‐genes involved in the toll‐pathway in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) to Vibrio harveyi infection and on exposure to ligands in vitro
Authors: Deepika Anand , Sreedharan Krishnan , Rajendran Kooloth Valappil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn shrimp, which rely largely on their innate immune system for defense against invading pathogens, the Toll‐pathway has been extensively studied, as it plays a crucial role in innate immune responses. Different innate immune genes in the Toll‐pathway of shrimp, Penaeus monodon viz., Toll‐Like receptor (PmToll), Myeloid differentiation factor‐88 (PmMyD88), and Tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor‐6 (PmTRAF6) have been characterized and their role in immune response against white spot syndrome virus has been elucidated by real‐time PCR‐based expression analysis. In the current study, the role of these genes in the immune response against bacteria was investigated by determining the mRNA expressions of PmToll, PmMyD88, and PmTRAF6 in different tissues of P. monodon, upon experimental infection with Vibrio harveyi, using real‐time PCR. Seven tissues were selected, including hemocytes, lymphoid organ, gill, hepatopancreas, stomach, midgut, and hindgut. Significant upregulation of these genes was observed in hemocytes, lymphoid organ, and gut tissues at different time‐points after infection. Moreover, modulation of expression of the genes at different time‐points could be observed in primary cultured hemocytes in vitro upon exposure with pathogen‐mimicking ligands (lipopolysacchrides and peptidoglycans). These experimental results indicate that the Toll‐pathway plays an important role in the immune response against bacterial challenge.
How Robust Is the Evidence on the Impact of Diasporas on Institutional Quality in Home Countries?
Authors: Tran Ngoc Thi Minh , Cameron Michael P. , Poot Jacques 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThis paper conducts a robustness analysis of the impact of diasporas on institutional quality in home countries. Using the Database on Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC), we attest that the home country institutional development role of diasporas found in the literature is robust to modifications in terms of the dataset, the measurement of diasporas and the instrumental variable procedures used in our cross‐sectional and panel analyses. The novelty of this paper is that we take the heterogeneity of diasporas into account in terms of their distribution across host countries, their duration of stay, and the level of development of their home countries. As in earlier literature, we find robust evidence that diasporas enhance institutional quality in home countries. We also find that the intensity of the diffusion of advanced institutions from developed host countries to home countries through the international migration channel is weaker with diasporas characterized by shorter average duration of stay and with diasporas from developing home countries. However, this diffusion effect is not significantly related to the distribution of diasporas across OECD host countries.
Genomic and phenotypic divergence unveil microgeographic adaptation in the Amazonian hyperdominant treeEperua falcataAubl. (Fabaceae)
Authors: Brousseau Louise , Fine Paul V. A. , Dreyer Erwin , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Scotti Ivan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlant populations can undergo very localized adaptation, allowing widely distributed populations to adapt to divergent habitats in spite of recurrent gene flow. Neotropical trees—whose large and undisturbed populations often span a variety of environmental conditions and local habitats—are particularly good models to study this process. Here, we explore patterns of adaptive divergence from large (i.e., regional) to small (i.e., microgeographic) spatial scales in the hyperdominant Amazonian treeEperua falcataAubl. (Fabaceae) under a replicated design involving two microhabitats (~300 m apart) in two study sites (~300 km apart). A three‐year reciprocal transplant illustrates that, beyond strong maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity, genetically driven divergence in seedling growth and leaf traits was detected both between seedlings originating from different regions, and between seedlings from different microhabitats. In parallel, a complementary genome scan for selection was carried out through whole‐genome sequencing of tree population pools. A set of 290 divergence outlier SNPs was detected at the regional scale (between study sites), while 185 SNPs located in the vicinity of 106 protein‐coding genes were detected as replicated outliers between microhabitats within regions. Outlier‐surrounding genomic regions are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant responses to stress (e.g., oxidative stress, hypoxia and metal toxicity) and biotic interactions. Together with evidence of microgeographic divergence in functional traits, the discovery of genomic candidates for microgeographic adaptive divergence represents a promising advance in our understanding of local adaptation, which probably operates across multiple spatial scales and underpins divergence and diversification in Neotropical trees.
An evaluation of the amyloid cascade model using in vivo positron emission tomographic imaging
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Nakamura Akinori , Kato Takashi , Iwata Kaori , Sakurai Takashi , Arahata Yutaka , Washimi Yukihiko , Hattori Hideyuki , Ito Kengo 
Published: August 2020

AimThe amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) is the triggering factor for Alzheimer's disease, which consecutively induces aggregation of tau, synaptic loss, and cell death. Most experimental and clinical evidence supports this model, but the available data are largely qualitative. Here, we tested the amyloid cascade hypothesis by using in vivo evaluation of positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.MethodsPath analysis was used to estimate the relationships among Aβ accumulation (PiB standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR)), tau aggregation and its related neuroinflammation (THK5351 SUVR), grey matter atrophy in the medial temporal region, and memory function in Aβ‐positive subjects. We also performed additional regression analyses to evaluate the effect of Aβ on the toxicity of tau aggregation/neuroinflammation.ResultsPath analysis supported our hypothesized model: Aβ accumulation affected tau aggregation/neuroinflammation in the medial temporal region, and these pathological changes caused of the grey matter atrophy and memory dysfunction. In separate regression analyses, THK5351 SUVR had a significant effect on grey matter atrophy only in PiB‐positive subjects. The analysis of the interaction effect showed that the effects of THK5351 SUVR on grey matter atrophy were significantly different between PiB‐positive and PiB‐negative groups. When we included the effect of being an apolipoprotein E ε4 carrier as a covariate, the interaction effect remained significant.ConclusionOur in vivo evaluation of positron emission tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging data supported the amyloid cascade hypothesis. In addition, it indicated that Aβ not only accelerates tau aggregation/neuroinflammation but promotes its toxicity. Our findings showed the importance of understanding the role and therapeutic potential of the interaction between amyloid and tau aggregation/neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease.
Smart Technology and the Emergence of Algorithmic Bureaucracy: Artificial Intelligence in UK Local Authorities
Authors: Vogl Thomas M. , Seidelin Cathrine , Ganesh Bharath , Bright Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, local authorities in the UK have begun to adopt a variety of “smart” technological changes to enhance service delivery. These changes are having profound impacts on the structure of public administration. Focusing on the particular case of artificial intelligence, specifically autonomous agents and predictive analytics, a combination of desk research, a survey questionnaire, and interviews were used to better understand the extent and nature of these changes in local government. Findings suggest that local authorities are beginning to adopt smart technologies and that these technologies are having an unanticipated impact on how public administrators and computational algorithms become imbricated in the delivery of public services. This imbrication is described as algorithmic bureaucracy, and it provides a framework within which to explore how these technologies transform both the socio‐technical relationship between workers and their tools, as well as the ways that work is organized in the public sector.
Daughters’ experiences of shared caregiving to a parent with dementia
Authors: Kokorelias Kristina M. , Nguyen Lily , Elane Genalyn , Wasilewski Marina Bastawrous , Rittenberg Nira , Cameron Jill I. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundSiblings often share in the care of parents with dementia, but little is known about how care is shared. Research suggests that in comparison with their brothers, sisters provide the majority of care to a parent with dementia and this can contribute to the sisters experiencing poorer health outcomes. There is limited knowledge about how to guide siblings who share in the care of a parent with dementia.AimOur qualitative descriptive study sought to explore the experiences of adult daughters sharing care responsibilities with their siblings. The study protocol was approved by institutional (University of Toronto and Baycrest Health Sciences) research ethics boards.Materials & methodsThirty‐four daughters participated in an online qualitative survey. Data were analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 2006, 77) 6‐step process.ResultsIn an overarching theme, daughters expected shared caregiving with their siblings. They conceptualised this to be a practice of being equitable in dividing care responsibilities and fulfilling a supportive role for a parent with dementia; however, this expectation was not met by most daughters. Two subthemes were identified: (a) factors facilitating/constraining shared caregiving and (b) consequences of sharing care. The findings highlight the importance of understanding shared caregiving among siblings when caring for a parent with dementia.DiscussionResults from this study suggest that although shared caregiving is often the goal, factors such as gender roles, geographical proximity, caregiver expertise/skill set and work schedules affect caregivers’ abilities to share caregiving. These factors affected whether daughters viewed the caregiving situation as being shared equitably or inequitably, and this led to feelings of acceptance or resentment of their sibling’s contribution to the care of their parent.ConclusionsHealthcare providers can utilise these findings to better support adult–child caregivers negotiating care with their siblings.
Predefined vs data‐guided training prescription based on autonomic nervous system variation: A systematic review
Authors: Düking Peter , Zinner Christoph , Reed Jennifer L. , Holmberg Hans‐Christer , Sperlich Billy 
Published: August 2020

Monitoring variations in the functioning of the autonomic nervous system may help personalize training of runners and provide more pronounced physiological adaptations and performance improvements. We systematically reviewed the scientific literature comparing physiological adaptations and/or improvements in performance following training based on responses of the autonomic nervous system (ie, changes in heart rate variability) and predefined training. PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched systematically in July 2019. Keywords related to endurance, running, autonomic nervous system, and training. Studies were included if they (a) involved interventions consisting predominantly of running training; (b) lasted at least 3 weeks; (c) reported pre‐ and post‐intervention assessment of running performance and/or physiological parameters; (d) included an experimental group performing training adjusted continuously on the basis of alterations in HRV and a control group; and (e) involved healthy runners. Five studies involving six interventions and 166 participants fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Four HRV‐based interventions reduced the amount of moderate‐ and/or high‐intensity training significantly. In five interventions, improvements in performance parameters (3000 m, 5000 m, Loadmax, Tlim) were more pronounced following HRV‐based training. Peak oxygen uptake () and submaximal running parameters (eg, LT1, LT2) improved following both HRV‐based and predefined training, with no clear difference in the extent of improvement in . Submaximal running parameters tended to improve more following HRV‐based training. Research findings to date have been limited and inconsistent. Both HRV‐based and predefined training improve running performance and certain submaximal physiological adaptations, with effects of the former training tending to be greater.
Tracking the Resistance
Authors: Maresca Alex , Meyer David S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA massive, and very diverse, oppositional movement emerged in the wake of Donald Trump's 2016 election to the presidency. “The Resistance” mobilized people across the political spectrum, who were concerned with a wide range of policy issues. The movement includes new activists and institutional actors; grassroots groups and social movement organizations; and conservatives and progressives. The range of activists, concerns, and approaches to politics poses practical and theoretical challenges for scholars studying this social movement. Drawing on the early research on this movement, this review answers four questions: who joined the Resistance, what the Resistance wants, how it employs social media and other technology, and what are its implications for social movement theory.
New Farmer Identity: The Emergence of a Post‐Productivist Agricultural Regime in China
Authors: Xie Xiaoru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe back‐to‐the‐land migration has become an emerging phenomenon in the developing countries over recent years. In this context, more and more people go to the countryside to practice peasant‐like agriculture, which gives rise to the ‘repeasantisation’. This research aims to understand the relations between new farmer identity and an emerging agricultural regime in recent years in China. It investigates how the new farmer identity is (re)constructed in their interactions with organic farming. Drawing on identity theory and concepts of ‘post‐productivism’ and ‘new peasantry’, empirical evidence shows that by performing a new agricultural regime, farmer identity has been redefined. On the one hand, the new farmer identity is shaped by their farm as a ‘significant symbol’, and is maintained and reinforced by their interactions with the farm and consumers. On the other hand, the new farmer identity is contested by common social thoughts of ‘farmer’. However, they fashion new boundaries to differentiate themselves from traditional farmers with stereotypes and elite discourses. Contributing to the post‐productivism debates, this research argues that the shifting meanings of farmer and farming in this new agricultural movement show the emergence of a post‐productivist agricultural regime in China.
CIPK23 regulates blue light‐dependent stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Inoue Shin‐Ichiro , Kaiserli Eirini , Zhao Xiang , Waksman Thomas , Takemiya Atsushi , Okumura Masaki , Takahashi Hirotaka , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Endo Yaeta , Sawasaki Tatsuya , Kinoshita Toshinori , Zhang Xiao , Christie John M. , Shimazaki Ken‐Ichiro 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYPhototropins (phot1 and phot2) are plant blue light receptor kinases that function to mediate phototropism, chloroplast movement, leaf flattening, and stomatal opening in Arabidopsis. Considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms associated with phototropin receptor activation by light. However, the identities of phototropin signaling components are less well understood by comparison. In this study, we specifically searched for protein kinases that interact with phototropins by using an in vitro screening method (AlphaScreen) to profile interactions against an Arabidopsis protein kinase library. We found that CBL‐interacting protein kinase 23 (CIPK23) interacts with both phot1 and phot2. Although these interactions were verified by in vitro pull‐down and in vivo bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays, CIPK23 was not phosphorylated by phot1, as least in vitro. Mutants lacking CIPK23 were found to exhibit impaired stomatal opening in response to blue light but no deficits in other phototropin‐mediated responses. We further found that blue light activation of inward‐rectifying K+ (K+in) channels was impaired in the guard cells of cipk23 mutants, whereas activation of the plasma membrane H+‐ATPase was not. The blue light activation of K+in channels was also impaired in the mutant of BLUS1, which is one of the phototropin substrates in guard cells. We therefore conclude that CIPK23 promotes stomatal opening through activation of K+in channels most likely in concert with BLUS1, but through a mechanism other than activation of the H+‐ATPase. The role of CIPK23 as a newly identified component of phototropin signaling in stomatal guard cells is discussed.
Effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation and Ras activation in canine tumour cells
Authors: Kobayashi Kosuke , Baba Kenji , Kambayashi Satoshi , Okuda Masaru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStatins are inhibitors of the mevalonate cascade that is responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and the formation of intermediate metabolites, farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) used in the prenylation of proteins. Although statins are widely used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, recent studies suggest that they also inhibit proliferation of tumour cells by reducing prenylation of small GTP‐binding proteins, such as, Ras. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of simvastatin on cell proliferation and Ras activation in various canine tumour cell lines, including hemangiosarcoma (HSA), melanoma, and lymphoma cell lines. Simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation of all cell lines tested in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner, but the susceptibilities were different amongst the cell lines. Simvastatin induced apoptotic cell death via activation of caspase‐3 and cell cycle arrest. The cytotoxic effects of simvastatin were attenuated by GGPP and FPP. Simvastatin decreased the amount of prenylated Ras and GTP‐bound Ras in HSA and melanoma cell lines, but not in lymphoma cell lines. These results indicate that simvastatin induces cytotoxic effects through the depletion of GGPP and FPP in a variety of canine tumour cells, whereas multiple mechanisms are involved in the effects. Further study is required to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of simvastatin‐induced cytotoxic effects in a variety of canine tumour cells.