bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource allocation at an income‐sharing community: An application of Elinor Ostrom's commons framework
Authors: Azergun Nazli 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElinor Ostrom's framework for commons management is used here to analyse ethnographic material from long‐term fieldwork in an income‐sharing community in the United States. By requiring participants to pool labour and share resources for survival and well‐being, income‐sharing communities align with Ostrom's allocation design for common‐pool resources. These communities can figure as a node within the hybrid and polycentric networks designated by Ostrom for equitable and effective commons management, which requires both effective institutional arrangements and shared social capital among system participants. While a case is made for analysing resource‐sharing practices at these communities with Elinor Ostrom's framework, shortcomings and possible future directions are indicated.
Thomas Aquinas on the conduct of sales
Authors: Koehler Benedikt 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the Summa theologiae, Thomas Aquinas treated the conduct of sales. Aquinas took into consideration writings on the subject in the Bible, Antiquity, and early Christianity. Aquinas differentiated between selling and mis‐selling; showed that sales intermediation was an integral component of an economy; and concluded that salespeople were entitled to earn profit. Aquinas overturned a consensus that had obtained in Stoicism and early Christianity regarding duties to disclose private information on volatility of price. Aquinian disposition of the sales process anticipated the economics of information asymmetry.
Differentiation of Bilayer interventricular septum function in children with systemic lupus erythematosus by tissue Doppler and speckle tracking imaging
Authors: Mawlana Wegdan , Tolba Osama , Abdel Nabi Hend , Shabana Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe ventricular septum (VS) is considered a single functional wall. However, a line with high echogenicity in the middle of the VS could be detected with the recent echocardiographic modalities which separate the left from the right side of the VS. Our study aimed to evaluate functional differences between both sides of VS by tissue Doppler and Speckle Tracking Imaging (STI) in children with Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).Subjects and MethodsThis is a case–control study that included 40 children divided into 20 active SLE patients and 20 healthy children matched for age and sex as controls. Tissue Doppler imaging from the VS was performed with the region of interest was positioned in both sides at the mid‐part of the septum. Longitudinal strain of both sides of the VS was obtained by (STI). Ejection fraction (EF) of the right and left ventricles were assessed by real‐time 3‐dimensional echocardiography.ResultsThere was significant impaired S`, È, Á, compared with controls. STI of the VS showed significant affection of the left side regarding systolic strain (SS) and strain rate late diastole (SRDA). However, strain rate systole (SRS) and strain rate early diastole (SRED) are affected on both sides of VS compared with control. Á and SRDE of the left VS correlated significantly with SLEDAI (P ≤ .05). È of the right VS correlated with the duration of the disease (P ≤ .05).ConclusionBilayer analysis of VS could helps in the evaluation of right and left ventricular functions in subclinical myocarditis in SLE patients.
Trophic ecology of detritivorous fish along a reservoir cascade in a tropical semi‐arid region
Authors: de Oliveira Jean Carlos Dantas , de Oliveira Jonnata Fernandes , Marques Alexandre de Oliveira , Peretti Danielle , da Costa Rodrigo Silva , Novaes José Luís Costa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate the food resources consumed by two species of detritivorous fishes along the Apodi‐Mossoró River reservoir cascade system, located in the tropical semi‐arid region of Brazil. The hypotheses tested were as follows: (a) the diet, niche breadth and niche overlap of the species in the reservoirs downstream of the cascade are different due to the blockage of food resources upstream, and (b) the two species coexist in the reservoir cascade system due to resource partitioning. The diets of the species were analysed based on the volumetric data of the food resources using NMDS ordination, and possible differences in diet were tested with PERMANOVA. The contribution of each food resource was analysed by SIMPER analysis. Trophic niche breadth was evaluated by PERMDISP analysis, and the trophic niche overlap was calculated by the Pianka index. The difference in niche overlap between the reservoirs was evaluated by Welch's t test. Plant material, detritus and sediment were the most important food resources in the diets of the two species, but they differed along the reservoir cascade. Plant material, detritus and sediments were the predominant resources in their diets, which showed differences in feeding, a narrow trophic niche and high dietary overlap. The differences in diet observed along the cascade did not follow the expected pattern, and the narrow trophic niche and high trophic overlap indicate that the sharing of food resources was not the main cause of the coexistence of these species in the reservoirs.
The young adult service: An evaluation of a youth mental health service in the independent sector in Ireland
Authors: Bond Laura , Power Paddy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsIncreasing concerns about the specific needs and rates of mental illness among young adults have spurred the development of youth mental health services. Yet few outcome studies exist. This study aims to evaluate a young adult service in an independent mental health sector in Ireland.MethodsThis is a service evaluation using a retrospective, descriptive and naturalistic study design. Routine demographic, diagnostic and service usage data were collected at entry into the service. Outcomes were recorded at discharge from the service using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) improvement scores. Factors associated with better or worse outcomes were analyzed.ResultsFive hundred and sixty‐seven young adults were assessed and managed during a 3‐year period by the Young Adult Service. Their characteristics fell midway between adolescent and adult mental health service populations. They had high levels of Axis I & II co‐morbidities reflecting the complex and fluid nature of emerging conditions in this age group. The majority (62.8%) had clinically improved by the end of follow‐up. Outcomes were significantly better in those who were hospitalized, prescribed psychotropic medication, received 1:1 psychology sessions and attended a group‐based psychology program or group program for specific disorders. One hundred and sixty‐six patients (29.3%) dropped out of follow‐up. Drop out was associated with longer time spent in the service, being treated solely in the community, without medication, not having a developmental disorder and not transferring from CAMHS.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that it is possible to establish an effective youth mental health service with favourable outcomes within a broader mental health system. It provides a benchmark for similar services, bridging the gap between adolescent and adult mental health services.
Compression: Nietzsche, Williams, and the problem of style
Authors: Babbiotti Paolo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe fact that Bernard Williams' writing is at times compressed, intense, almost epigrammatic, is acknowledged by many different reviewers of his work. Are these just incidental features? Or do they have any philosophical significance? The aim of this article is to study those features of Williams' style as part of a stylistic method that I (and Williams) refer to as compression. In the course of my paper, I will reflect on the idea of compression as a stylistic method for doing more with less in philosophical (and musical) writing; then I will take an excursus on some properties of Nietzsche's aphoristic writing (properties that can be found in Williams' writing as well); finally, I will locate some stylistic affinities between Williams and Nietzsche: from the image they both use to describe their philosophical style to the use of different devices (rhetorical questions, the use of em‐dashes, humor…) they both employ—devices that embody a free spirit they revealed in their own writing and towards their own environment.
Lateral patellar instability in Standardbred horses at the weanling age: Clinical and morphological features in four cases (2017–2019)
Authors: Pagliara E. , Cantatore F. , Pallante M. , Valazza A. , Riccio B. , Bertuglia A. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe objective of this study was to describe lateral patellar instability (LPI) in a population of weanling Standardbreds and characterise the prevalence, clinical features, imaging findings and long‐term follow‐up. A total of 222 weanling Standardbreds were examined between June 2017 and December 2019 for presales examination, and LPI was identified in four horses. Presumptive diagnosis was made on clinical and dynamic examination at walk and confirmed by radiography. One horse was subject to euthanasia for causes related to LPI (Case 3), and computed tomography (CT) of both hindlimbs was performed post‐mortem in order to better characterise the anatomical variations of the affected stifle. The intertrochlear groove angle (IGA), the angle of anteversion (AA) of the femoral neck, the anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) and the degree of tibial torsion (TT) were measured. LPI prevalence in Standardbreds weanlings was 1.8%, and it carried a poor athletic prognosis. Radiographic abnormalities were observed in the shape of the patella, characterised by a rounder profile and a less pronounced sagittal crest. The abnormal limb also presented a wider IGA, an outward rotation of the proximal aspect of the tibia and varus deformity of the femorotibial joint compared with the contralateral limb. LPI seems to occur with a high prevalence in the Standardbred weanling population, and our findings suggest that LPI is related to a combination of epiphyseal dysplasia and rotational and angular abnormalities of the affected limb. No effective treatments have been reported.
Incorporation of U, Pb and Rare Earth Elements in Calcite through Crystallisation from Amorphous Calcium Carbonate: Simple Preparation of Reference Materials for Microanalysis
Authors: Miyajima Yusuke , Saito Ayaka , Kagi Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Tatsunori , Takahashi Yoshio , Hirata Takafumi 
Published: November 2020

Uncertainty for elemental and isotopic measurements in calcite by LA‐ICP‐MS is largely controlled by the homogeneity of the reference materials (RMs) used for calibration and validation. In order to produce calcite RMs with homogeneous elemental and isotopic compositions, we incorporated elements including U, Pb and rare earth elements into calcite through heat‐ and pressure‐induced crystallisation from amorphous calcium carbonate that was precipitated from element‐doped reagent solution. X‐ray absorption spectra showed that U was present as U(VI) in the synthesised calcite, probably with a different local structure from that of aqueous uranyl ions. The uptake rate of U by our calcite was higher in comparison with synthetic calcite of previous studies. Variations of element mass fractions in the calcite were better than 12% 2RSD, mostly within 7%. The 207Pb/206Pb ratio in the calcite showed < 1% variations, while the 238U/206Pb ratio showed 3–24% variations depending on element mass fractions. Using the synthetic calcite as primary RMs, we could date a natural calcite RM, WC‐1, with analytical uncertainty as low as < 3%. The method presented can be useful to produce calcite with controlled and homogeneous element mass fractions and is a promising alternative to natural calcite RMs for U‐Pb geochronology.
ISG20 and nuclear exosome promote destabilization of nascent transcripts for spliceosomal U snRNAs and U1 variants
Authors: Kawamoto Takahito , Yoshimoto Rei , Taniguchi Ichiro , Kitabatake Makoto , Ohno Mutsuhito 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrimary RNA transcripts are processed in a plethora of ways to become mature functional forms. In one example, human spliceosomal U snRNAs are matured at their 3′‐end by an exonuclease termed TOE1. This process is important because mutations in TOE1 gene can cause a human genetic disease, pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH). Nevertheless, TOE1 may not be the only maturation exonuclease for U snRNAs in the cell. Here, we biochemically identify two exonucleolytic factors, Interferon‐stimulated gene 20‐kDa protein (ISG20) and the nuclear exosome as such candidates, using a newly developed in vitro system that recapitulates 3′‐end maturation of U1 snRNA. However, extensive 3′‐end sequencing of endogenous U1 snRNA of the knockdown (KD) cells revealed that these factors are not the maturation factors per se. Instead, the nascent transcripts of the spliceosomal U snRNAs as well as of unstable U1 variants were found to increase in quantity upon KD of the factors. These results indicated that ISG20 and the nuclear exosome promote the degradation of nascent spliceosomal U snRNAs and U1 variants, and therefore implied their role in the quality control of newly synthesized U snRNAs.
Appropriation, firm dynamics, and wage inequality
Authors: Yu Eden S. H. , Chao Chi‐Chur 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the income distribution and welfare effects of appropriation activities in an economy. In the short run, with a given number of firms, appropriation can narrow wage inequality between skilled and unskilled labor when the capital resources accrued by appropriators are not large. However, wage inequality widens when the capital accrued is large. In the long run, with free entry and exit of firms, an increase in appropriation can cause firms to enter when the accrued capital is not large. This gives rise to a win–win outcome by raising the wages of skilled and unskilled labor. However, if accrued capital is large, firms exit and a lose–lose situation may occur in which skilled and unskilled wages are reduced.
Efficacy and safety of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, TAS‐303, in women with stress urinary incontinence: Results of a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, early phase II trial
Authors: Takahashi Satoru , Kato Kumiko , Takei Mineo , Yokoyama Osamu , Gotoh Momokazu 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo carry out an exploratory assessment of the efficacy and safety of TAS‐303, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, in women with stress urinary incontinence.MethodsIn a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, early phase II study, women with stress urinary incontinence and stress urinary incontinence‐predominant mixed urinary incontinence were randomized to a placebo or TAS‐303 (3 or 6 mg) once daily for 8 weeks. The main efficacy end‐points were mean percentage change in incontinence episode frequency per 24 h from baseline to week 8 (the primary end‐point) and week 4.ResultsAt week 8, the mean percentage change in incontinence episode frequency per 24 h was −34.73% in the TAS‐303 3 mg group, −35.41% in the TAS‐303 6 mg group and −28.07% in the placebo group (differences vs placebo, not significant). In patients with stress urinary incontinence, or incontinence episode frequency less than two episodes per 24 h at baseline, TAS‐303 significantly reduced incontinence episode frequency versus placebo after 4 weeks; some secondary end‐points also showed a tendency to improve in the same subgroups. No serious adverse events (e.g. central nervous system or cardiovascular effects) were observed; TAS‐303 was well tolerated and had a favorable safety profile.ConclusionThese findings suggest that TAS‐303 is effective for improving stress urinary incontinence symptoms in some subgroups of patients with stress urinary incontinence. Therefore, further research is warranted.
Functions of a C‐type lectin with a single carbohydrate‐recognition domain in the innate immunity and movement of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Li J. , Bi J. , Zhang P. , Wang Z. , Zhong Y. , Xu S. , Wang L. , Li B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractC‐type lectins (CTLs) are a superfamily of proteins found in almost all vertebrates and invertebrates. They play an important role in innate immune defences, development and epidermal structure. Here, a CTL with one carbohydrate‐recognition domain containing a highly conserved Gln‐Pro‐Asp (QPD) motif was identified in Tribolium castaneum and given the name TcCTL5. Spatiotemporal analyses showed that Tcctl5 was highly expressed in the late pupa stage and mainly existed in the central nervous system and haemolymph. The transcript level of Tcctl5 was prominently induced after bacterial infection. Recombinant TcCTL5 proteins (rTcCTL5) were found to bind to lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan and tested bacteria and induce microbial agglutination in the presence of Ca2+. Interestingly, when Tcctl5 was knocked down, the transcript level of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (attacin1, defensins3, coleoptericin1 and cecropins3) was prominently downregulated after induction with Gram‐negative Escherichia coli. More interestingly, Tcctl5 was knocked down, leading to increased mortality and loss of locomotor activity, which exhibited less travel distances among early adults. These results demonstrate that Tcctl5 plays an important role in the innate immune reaction and the movement of T. castaneum. Thus, it may represent an alternative molecular target for pest control and thus reduce the use of pesticides in agricultural production.
The Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Cardiac Electrophysiology Training: A Survey Study
Authors: Singla Virginia K. , Jain Shashank , Ganeshan Raj , Rosenfeld Lynda E. , Enriquez Alan D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has resulted in a significant decrease in volume of electrophysiology (EP) procedures. There has been concern that trainees may not achieve the procedural numbers required to graduate as independent electrophysiologists within the usual timeline. We sought to determine the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the percentage of clinical cardiac EP (CCEP) fellows in jeopardy of not meeting procedural volume requirements and overall sentiments regarding preparedness of fellows for independent practice.MethodsWe surveyed CCEP fellows and program directors about baseline procedural volumes, curriculum changes due to the pandemic, and attitudes about preparedness for board examinations and independent practice.ResultsNinety‐nine fellows and 27 program directors responded to the survey. Ninety‐eight percent of responding fellows reported a decrease in procedural volume as a result of the pandemic. Program directors reported an overall decrease in annual number of ablations and device procedures performed by each fellow during the 2019–2020 academic year compared to the preceding year. Despite this, a minority of fellows and program directors reported concerns about meeting Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education procedural requirements for devices (9% and 4%, respectively) and ablation (19% and 9%) or preparedness for independent practice after a 2‐year fellowship.ConclusionsThe COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in a decrease in procedural volume for CCEP trainees, but the majority of fellows and program directors do not anticipate major barriers to timely graduation. This may change with COVID‐19 resurgence and further interruptions in training.
Ursodeoxycholic acid protects against lung injury induced by fat embolism syndrome
Authors: Niu Fangfang , Li Huafei , Xu Xiaotao , Sun Lingling , Gan Ning , Wang Aizhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAcute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life‐threatening disease with a high mortality rate, which was a common complication of fat embolism syndrome (FES). Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been reported to exert potent anti‐inflammatory effects under various conditions. In vivo, perinephric fat was injected via tail vein to establish a rat FES model, the anti‐inflammatory effects of UDCA on FES‐induced lung injury were investigated through histological examination, ELISA, qRT‐PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. In vitro, human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) were employed to understand the protective effects of UDCA. The extent of ALI/ARDS was evaluated and validated by reduced PaO2/FiO2 ratios, increased lung wet/dry (W/D) ratios and impaired alveolar‐capillary barrier, up‐regulation of ALI‐related proteins in lung tissues (including myeloperoxidase [MPO], vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM‐1], intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 [ICAM‐1]), elevated protein concentration and increased proinflammatory cytokines levels (TNF‐α and IL‐1β) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Pre‐treatment with UDCA remarkably alleviated these pathologic and biochemical changes of FES‐induced ALI/ARDS; our data demonstrated that pre‐treatment with UDCA attenuated the pathologic and biochemical changes of FES‐induced ARDS, which provided a possible preventive therapy for lung injury caused by FES.
Dynamics of NK, CD8 and Tfh cell mediated the production of cytokines and antiviral antibodies in Chinese patients with moderate COVID‐19
Authors: Yan Lin , Cai Bei , Li Yi , Wang Min‐Jin , An Yun‐Fei , Deng Rong , Li Dong‐Dong , Wang Li‐Chun , Xu Huan , Gao Xue‐Dan , Wang Lan‐Lan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated a marked decrease in peripheral lymphocyte levels in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Few studies have focused on the changes of NK, T‐ and B‐cell subsets, inflammatory cytokines and virus‐specific antibodies in patients with moderate COVID‐19. A total of 11 RT‐PCR‐confirmed convalescent patients with COVID‐19 and 11 patients with non‐SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia (control patients) were enrolled in this study. NK, CD8+ T, CD4+ T, Tfh‐like and B‐cell subsets were analysed using flow cytometry. Cytokines and SARS‐CoV‐2‐specific antibodies were analysed using an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. NK cell counts were significantly higher in patients with COVID‐19 than in control patients (P = 0.017). Effector memory CD8+ T‐cell counts significantly increased in patients with COVID‐19 during a convalescent period of 1 week (P = 0.041). TIM‐3+ Tfh‐like cell and CD226+ Tfh‐like cell counts significantly increased (P = 0.027) and decreased (P = 0.022), respectively, during the same period. Moreover, ICOS+ Tfh‐like cell counts tended to decrease (P = 0.074). No abnormal increase in cytokine levels was observed. The high expression of NK cells is important in innate immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2. The increase in effector memory CD8+ T‐cell counts, the up‐regulation of inhibitory molecules and the down‐regulation of active molecules on CD4+ T cells and Tfh‐like cells in patients with COVID‐19 would benefit the maintenance of balanced cellular and humoural immune responses, may prevent the development of severe cases and contribute to the recovery of patients with COVID‐19.