bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retention‐in‐care in the PMTCT cascade: definitions matter! Analyses from the INSPIRE projects in Malawi, Nigeria and Zimbabwe
Authors: Font Helene , Rollins Nigel , Essajee Shaffiq , Becquet Renaud , Foster Geoff , Mangwiro Alexio‐Zambezio , Mwapasa Victor , Oyeledun Bolanle , Phiri Sam , Sam‐Agudu Nadia A , Bellare Nita B , Orne‐Gliemann Joanna ,   for the INSPIRE group
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionDefinitions of retention‐in‐care in Prevention of Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV (PMTCT) vary substantially between studies and programmes. Some definitions are based on visits missed/made, others on a minimum total number of visits, or attendance at a final clinic visit at a specific time. An agreed definition could contribute to developing evidence‐based interventions for improving retention‐in‐care. In this paper, we estimated retention‐in‐care rates according to different definitions, and we quantified and visualized the degree of agreement between definitions.MethodsWe calculated retention in care rates using nine definitions in the six INSPIRE PMTCT intervention studies, conducted in three sub‐Saharan African countries between 2013 and 2017. With data from one of the studies (E4E), we estimated the agreement between definitions using Gwet’s agreement coefficient (AC1) and concordance. We calculated positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) for all definitions considering successively each definition as the reference standard. Finally, we used a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) to examine clustering of the way different definitions handle retention‐in‐care.ResultsRetention‐in‐care rates among 5107 women ranged from 30% to 76% in the complete dataset with Gwet’s AC1 being 0.56 [0.53; 0.59] indicating a moderate agreement between all definitions together. Two pairs of definitions with high inner concordance and agreement had either very high PPV or very high NPV, and appeared distinct from the other five definitions on the MCA figures. These pairs of definitions were also the ones resulting in the lowest and highest estimates of retention‐in‐care. The simplest definition, that only required a final clinic visit to classify women as retained in care, and classified 55% of women as retained in care, had a PPV ranging from 0.7 to 1 and a NPV ranging from 0.69 to 0.98 when excluding the two pairs afore‐mentioned; it resulted in a moderate to substantial agreement and a 70% to 90% concordance with all other definitions.ConclusionsOur study highlights the variability of definitions in estimating retention‐in‐care. Some definitions are very stringent which may be required in some instances. A simple indicator such as attendance at a single time point may be sufficient for programme planning and evaluation.
Responding to the ECHO trial results: modelling the potential impact of changing contraceptive method mix on HIV and reproductive health in South Africa
Authors: Smith Jennifer A , Beacroft Leo , Abdullah Fareed , Buthelezi Buyile , Makua Manala , Morroni Chelsea , Ramjee Gita , Velasquez Claudia , Hallett Timothy B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionSome observational data suggest that the progestogen injectable contraceptive depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) may increase a woman’s risk of HIV acquisition but a randomized clinical trial did not find a statistically significant increase in HIV risk for women using DMPA compared to two other methods. However, it could not rule out up to 30% increased HIV risk for DMPA users. We evaluate changes to contraceptive method mix in South Africa under different assumptions about the existence and strength of a possible undetected relationship between DMPA use and HIV risk.MethodsA mathematical model was developed to simulate the ongoing HIV epidemic and contraceptive method mix in South Africa to estimate how changes in method mix could impact HIV‐ and reproductive health‐related outcomes. We made different assumptions about the relationship between DMPA use and HIV risk, from no relationship to a 30% increase in HIV risk for women using DMPA. Scenario analyses were used to investigate the impact of switching away from DMPA predominance to new patterns of contraceptive use.ResultsIn South Africa, the HIV‐related benefits of reduced DMPA use could be as great as the harms of increased adverse reproductive health outcomes over 20 years, if DMPA did increase the risk of HIV acquisition by a relative hazard of infection of 1.1 or greater. A reduction in DMPA use among HIV‐positive women would have no benefit in terms of HIV infections, but would incur additional negative reproductive health outcomes. The most important driver of adverse reproductive health outcomes is the proportion of women who switch away from DMPA to no contraceptive method.ConclusionsIf there is any real increased HIV risk for DMPA users that has not been detected by the recent randomized trial, a reduction in DMPA use could reduce the ongoing number of new HIV infections. However, such a change would place more women at risk of adverse reproductive health effects. It is imperative that these effects are minimized by focusing on expanding access to safe, effective and acceptable alternative contraceptive methods for all women.
Variation in the growth and development of the hind limbs in frogs of the genus Telmatobius (Anura: Telmatobiidae)
Authors: Barrionuevo J. Sebastián 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are remarkable interspecific differences in the sizes of the larvae of Andean frogs of the genus Telmatobius. This size variation seems to be associated with the duration of the larval stage and may affect the hind‐limb morphology in Telmatobius. Larval, juvenile, and adult Telmatobius rubigo and T. oxycephalus were examined to determine the variation in relative sizes of hind‐limb elements, their growth patterns during postmetamorphic life, and skeletal ontogeny. The results showed that the proportionately shorter hind limbs of T. rubigo relative to those of T. oxycephalus are associated with the protracted development and ossification of hind limbs during the prolonged larval life of T. rubigo. Postmetamorphically, the hind limbs grew faster than the body in juveniles of both species in contrast to the relative growth rates of the hind limbs and bodies of the adults. The growth phase of juvenile T. rubigo seems shorter than that of juvenile T. oxycephalus; possibly, this heightens the difference in the relative lengths of hind limbs after metamorphosis. Temperature affects the effects of thyroid hormone on growth and development, and T. rubigo lives at much higher, colder elevations than does T. oxycephalus. It is not clear whether the developmental differences described here are plastic (i.e., environmentally induced) or genetically fixed in each species.
Kinetics of ultrasound‐assisted esterification of maleic acid and butanol using heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Mulay Aarti , Rathod Virendra K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe present research investigates the kinetics of ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of dibutyl maleate using a heterogeneous catalyst (Amberlyst‐15) in solvent‐free system. Reaction parameters were optimized based on conversion by varying the various parameters such as n‐butanol to maleic acid mole ratio, temperature, molecular sieves, catalyst loading, power, and duty cycle. Optimization of parameters resulted in 56.2% yield at 343 K, alcohol to acid mole ratio as 4:1, catalyst loading of 4%, molecular sieves of 4% with an ultrasound power input of 100 W with 60% duty cycle and 22 kHz frequency. In the presence of ultrasound, the reaction time reduced to 120 min in comparison with 240 min of the conventional process. The experimental kinetic data were correlated using Pseudo‐Homogeneous model as well as heterogeneous models like Eley‐Rideal model and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) model based on single as well as dual‐site mechanisms. LHHW (reactants and products) model was found to be the best fit. The results proved that the reaction follows second‐order kinetics. The activation energy of the reaction was calculated as 14.64 kJ/mol.
The transition of ARVO journals to open access
Authors: Mallett Jonathan J. , Chin Debra L. , Rush Iris M. , Smith Justine R. 
Published: October 2020

Key points
In January 2016, the three journals of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) transitioned to gold open access.
Increased author charges were introduced to partially offset the loss of subscription revenue.
Submissions to the two established journals initially dropped by almost 15% but have now stabilized.
The transition has not impacted acceptance rates and impact factors, and article pageviews and downloads may have increased as a result of open access.
Recent advances of medical biosensors for clinical applications
Authors: Saylan Yeşeren , Özgür Erdoğan , Denizli Adil 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe determination of clinically important biomolecules such as proteins, amino acids, antibodies, enzymes, nucleic acids, hormones and cells is necessary to figure out the physiological and biological functions and also to develop the diagnostics platforms. The improvement of medical biosensors for highly selective, sensitive and rapid biomolecule detection has fundamental significance for clinical diagnostics. Many potential analytical complexities can be smoothly sorted by the biosensors. Health problems have appeared due to the rising population with a risk of chronic diseases such as tuberculosis, prostate, stroke, cardiovascular disease and cancer that require to be deciphered for common health. This review summarizes the importance of medical biosensors for clinical applications, and the use of medical biosensors in the diagnosis of various diseases is extensively discussed with different types of biosensors. Conclusion and future outlooks are mentioned at the end of the review.
The Hispanic paradox in the prevalence of obesity at the county‐level
Authors: Valencia Areli , Zuma Bongeka Z. , Spencer‐Bonilla Gabriela , López Lenny , Scheinker David , Rodriguez Fatima 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe percentage of Hispanics in a county has a negative association with prevalence of obesity. Because Hispanic individuals are unevenly distributed in the United States, this study examined whether this protective association persists when stratifying counties into quartiles based on the size of the Hispanic population and after adjusting for county‐level demographic, socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental factors.MethodsData were extracted from the 2018 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation County Health Rankings. Counties were categorized into quartiles based on their percentage of Hispanics, 0%–5% (n = 1794), 5%–20% (n = 962), 20%–50% (n = 283), and >50% (n = 99). For each quartile, univariate and multivariate regression models were used to evaluate the association between prevalence of obesity and demographic, socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental factors.ResultsCounties with the top quartile of Hispanic individuals had the lowest prevalence of obesity compared to counties at the bottom quartile (28.4 ± 3.6% vs. 32.7 ± 4.0%). There was a negative association between county‐level percentage of Hispanics and prevalence of obesity in unadjusted analyses that persisted after adjusting for all county‐level factors.ConclusionsCounties with a higher percentage of Hispanics have lower levels of obesity, even after controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, healthcare, and environmental factors. More research is needed to elucidate why having more Hispanics in a county may be protective against county‐level obesity.
A comparative analysis of the abrasion wear characteristics of industrial wastes filled glass/polyester composites based on the design of experiment and neural network
Authors: Ray Subhrajit , Kumar Rout Arun , Kumar Sahoo Ashok 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article presents the abrasion wear behaviour of different industrial wastes filled glass/polyester composites. Two types of fillers such as fly ash and granite dust are chosen with different weight proportions along with polyester and glass fiber for fabricating the composite using hand layup route. Abrasion wear properties of the developed composites are studied in the dry sand abrasion wear test rig as per the ASTM‐G‐65 standard. The experiments were conducted based on Taguchi design. Between the two fillers, granite filled composite showed better abrasion resistance property as compared with fly ash. Normal load and filler content are found to be the most influential factor for the abrasion loss of the composites followed by abrading distance and sliding velocity. The results are predicted using neural network and also compared with the experimental and regression model data. Abraded surfaces are examined by the SEM to ascertain the different wear mechanisms responsible for abrasion loss of material.
Self‐Assembly of Surface‐Acylated Cellulose Nanowhiskers and Graphene Oxide for Multiresponsive Janus‐Like Films with Time‐Dependent Dry‐State Structures
Authors: Liu Huan , Pang Bo , Tang Qiyun , Müller Marcus , Zhang Hua , Dervişoğlu Riza , Zhang Kai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor the first time Janus‐like films of surface‐acylated cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) with or without graphene oxide (GO) via one‐step evaporation‐driven self‐assembly process are reported, which have reconstructible time‐dependent micro‐/nanostructures and asymmetric wettability. The heterogeneous aggregation of CNWs on rough Teflon substrates favors the formation of uniform films, leading to hydrophobic smooth bottom surface. The homogeneous nucleation of residual CNWs in bulk suspensions promotes the growth of patchy microspheres with an average diameter of 22.7 ± 2.1 µm, which precipitate on the top surface leading to enhanced hydrophobicity. These patchy microspheres are thermoresponsive and vanish after heating at 60 °C within 1 min, while they are reconstructed at room temperature with time‐dependent evolving micro‐/nanostructures in dry state within 2 d. The thermoresponsive transition of patchy microparticles leads to accompanied switchable change between transparency and opacity of Janus‐like films. Furthermore, the incorporation of GO generates more patchy microspheres with an average diameter of 13.5 ± 1.3 µm on the top surface of hybrid Janus‐like films. Different distributions of CNWs and GO in Janus‐like films and the solvent‐responsive self‐assembled patchy microparticles of CNWs facilitate their reversible actuation by showing fast curling in THF within 6 s and flattening in water for at least 25 cycles.
Determination of fetal heart rate short‐term variation from umbilical artery Doppler waveforms
Authors: Cahill L. S. , Stortz G. , Ravi Chandran A. , Milligan N. , Shinar S. , Whitehead C. L. , Hobson S. R. , Millard S. , Macgowan C. K. , Kingdom J. C. , Sled J. G. , Baschat A. A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibility of using umbilical artery (UA) Doppler waveforms to measure fetal heart rate (FHR) short‐term variation (STV) across gestation.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal study, conducted at two study sites, of 195 pregnancies considered low risk. Pulsed‐wave Doppler of the UAs was performed at 4‐weekly intervals, between 14 and 40 weeks of gestation, using a standardized imaging protocol. Up to 12 consecutive UA Doppler waveforms were analyzed using offline processing software. FHR STV was calculated using average R–R intervals extracted from the waveforms and baseline corrected for FHR.ResultsBaseline‐corrected FHR STV increased significantly with gestational age (conditional R2 = 0.37; P < 0.0001) and was correlated inversely with FHR (conditional R2 = 0.54; P < 0.0001). The STV ranged (median (interquartile range)) from 3.5 (2.9–4.1) ms at 14–20 weeks' gestation to 6.3 (4.8–7.7) ms at 34–40 weeks' gestation. The change in heart rate STV did not differ between study sites or individual sonographers.ConclusionsUA Doppler waveforms offer a robust and feasible method to derive STV of the FHR. It should be emphasized that the UA Doppler‐derived STV is not interchangeable with measurements derived with computerized cardiotocography. Accordingly, further investigations are needed to validate associations with outcome, in order to determine the value of concurrent fetal cardiovascular and heart rate evaluations that are possible with the technique described here. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Turn on Nanolight in a Tiny Gap
Authors: Kumagai Takashi 
Published: October 2020

SummaryA new low‐temperature scanning tunneling microscopy technique with laser optics allows for optical excitation and spectroscopy at the level of a single atom or molecule.Shape and material of the microscope's tip prove essential for these investigations; thus, the tip is produced with nanoscale precision by Focused Ion‐Beam milling. The localized surface plasmon properties of the tips are engineered by altering the tip structures providing spectral tunability. Local optical excitation is performed by a wavelength‐tunable laser source. This tip‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy provides a new approach for the atomic‐scale optical characterization of local electron‐phonon coupling and could ultimately lead to new nanoscale optoelectronic devices with exceptional high sensitivity and efficiency.
Heavy dark matter through the dilaton portal
Authors: Fuks Benjamin , Goodsell Mark D. , Kang Dong Woo , Ko Pyungwon , Lee Seung J. , Utsch Manuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We re-examine current and future constraints on a heavy dilaton coupled to a simple dark sector consisting of a Majorana fermion or a Stückelberg vector field. We include three different treatments of dilaton-Higgs mixing, paying particular attention to a gauge-invariant formulation of the model. Moreover, we also invite readers to re-examine effective field theories of vector dark matter, which we show are missing important terms. Along with the latest Higgs coupling data, heavy scalar search results, and dark matter density/direct detection constraints, we study the LHC bounds on the model and estimate the prospects of dark matter production at the future HL-LHC and 100 TeV FCC colliders. We additionally compute novel perturbative unitarity constraints involving vector dark matter, dilaton and gluon scattering.
Improving the clinical outcomes by extended culture of day 3 embryos with low blastomere number to blastocyst stage following frozen–thawed embryo transfer
Authors: Li Bo , Huang Jianlei , Li Li , He Xiao , Wang Ming , Zhang Hengde , He Yuping , Kang Bin , Shi Yongqian , Chen Shuqiang , Wang Xiaohong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate whether the extended culture of day 3 (D3) embryos with low blastomere number to blastocyst following frozen–thawed embryo transfer improved the clinical outcomes.

Methods
This was a retrospective study of clinical data of women undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles in the Tangdu Hospital. The patients were divided into groups with 4–5, 6, 7–9 and > 9 cells based on the blastomere number of D3 embryos. The clinical outcomes were compared.

Results
In fresh transfer cycles, the implantation and clinical pregnancy rates significantly decreased, while the abortion rate significantly increased in the groups with 4–5 and 6 cells compared with those with 7–9 and > 9 cells. In frozen–thawed transfer cycles, the clinical pregnancy and implantation rates for a single blastocyst transfer cycle showed no significant differences in the groups with 4–5 and 6 cells compared with those with 7–9 and > 9 cells. However, the abortion rate was significantly higher in the group with 4–5 cells than in that with 7–9 and > 9 cells. In the double blastocyst transfer cycle, the clinical pregnancy rate showed no significant differences among the groups with 4–5, 6, and 7–9 cells.

Conclusion
The implantation and clinical pregnancy rates of D3 embryos with 6 cells significantly decreased; these embryos were not considered as high-quality embryos. Extended culture of D3 embryos with ≤ 6 blastomeres to blastocysts, particularly 6-cell embryos, resulted in a similar clinical pregnancy rate as that of blastocysts derived from D3 embryos with ≥ 7 blastomeres.
Scaling exponents of step-reinforced random walks
Authors: Bertoin Jean 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLet $$X_1, X_2, \ldots $$

X
1

,

X
2

,
…

be i.i.d. copies of some real random variable X. For any deterministic $$\varepsilon _2, \varepsilon _3, \ldots $$

ε
2

,

ε
3

,
…

in $$\{0,1\}$$

{
0
,
1
}

, a basic algorithm introduced by H.A. Simon yields a reinforced sequence $$\hat{X}_1, \hat{X}_2 , \ldots $$

X
^

1

,

X
^

2

,
…

as follows. If $$\varepsilon _n=0$$

ε
n

=
0

, then $$ \hat{X}_n$$

X
^

n

is a uniform random sample from $$\hat{X}_1, \ldots , \hat{X}_{n-1}$$

X
^

1

,
…
,

X
^

n
-
1

; otherwise $$ \hat{X}_n$$

X
^

n

is a new independent copy of X. The purpose of this work is to compare the scaling exponent of the usual random walk $$S(n)=X_1+\cdots + X_n$$

S

(
n
)

=

X
1

+
⋯
+

X
n

with that of its step reinforced version $$\hat{S}(n)=\hat{X}_1+\cdots + \hat{X}_n$$

S
^

(
n
)

=

X
^

1

+
⋯
+

X
^

n

. Depending on the tail of X and on asymptotic behavior of the sequence $$(\varepsilon _n)$$

(

ε
n

)

, we show that step reinforcement may speed up the walk, or at the contrary slow it down, or also does not affect the scaling exponent at all. Our motivation partly stems from the study of random walks with memory, notably the so-called elephant random walk and its variations.
Die Bedeutung der interdisziplinären Behandlung von vaskulären Anomalien im Kindesalter
Authors: Metzger Ulrike , Metzger Roman , Michel Armin-Johannes , Ardelean Mircia-Aurel , Prodinger Christine , Waldenberger Peter 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungVaskuläre Anomalien gehören größtenteils zu den seltenen Erkrankungen. Sie werden in vaskuläre Tumoren und vaskuläre Malformationen eingeteilt.Fallbesprechungen sind im Rahmen der Morbidity and Mortality Conferences (MMC) in den meisten Kliniken etabliert. Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die strukturierte Methodik einer Fallbesprechung die Wahrscheinlichkeit von möglichen Systemänderungen erhöht. Zudem kann durch die Interdisziplinarität die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Umsetzung in einem Behandlungsplan erhöht werden. Die MMC sind jedoch stark darauf projiziert, dass ein Fehler oder ein drohender Fehler aufgetreten ist. Trotzdem sind die Erkenntnisse und guten Erfahrungen übertragbar. Im Bereich der seltenen Erkrankungen stehen nicht die Fehlervermeidung, sondern der Erfahrungsaustausch und die optimale Behandlung im Vordergrund. Aufgrund der Komplexität und Individualität des Einzelfalls sind Konsilien oder einzelne Face-to-face-Besprechungen häufig zu unsystematisch und die Meinungen der Experten zu divergent. Interdisziplinäre Fallkonferenzen bieten insbesondere für komplexe Fälle den Vorteil der Bündelung der Kompetenz und der Entwicklung von individuellen Behandlungskonzepten. Ziel ist die zeitnahe korrekte Diagnosestellung, die optimale und individuelle Behandlung und die umfassende Information von Patientinnen und Patienten, Eltern und Zuweiserinnen und Zuweisern. Patienten mit vaskulären Gefäßfehlbildungen und ihren Eltern sollte immer ein multidisziplinär besetztes Behandlungsteam mit Anschluss an eine überregionale Arbeitsgruppe (z. B. AIVA, die Österreichische Arbeitsgruppe für interdisziplinäre Behandlung Vaskulärer Anomalien) zur Verfügung stehen.