bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cosmic-ray content of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
Authors: Joubaud T. , Grenier I. A. , Casandjian J. M. , Tolksdorf T. , Schlickeiser R. 
Published: January 2020

Aims.The nearby Orion-Eridanus superbubble, which was blown by multiple supernovae several million years ago, has likely produced cosmic rays. Its turbulent medium is still energised by massive stellar winds and it can impact cosmic-ray transport locally. Theγradiation produced in interactions between cosmic rays and interstellar gas can be used to compare the cosmic-ray spectrum in the superbubble and in other regions near the Sun. It can reveal spectral changes induced in GeV to TeV cosmic rays by the past and present stellar activity in the superbubble.Methods.We used ten years of data from theFermiLarge Area Telescope (LAT) in the 0.25–63 GeV energy range to study the closer (Eridanus) end of the superbubble at low Galactic latitudes. We modelled the spatial and spectral distributions of theγrays produced in the different gas phases (atomic, molecular, dark, and ionised) of the clouds found in this direction. The model included other non-gaseous components to match the data.Results.We found that theγ-ray emissivity spectrum of the gas along the outer rim and in a shell inside the superbubble is consistent with the average spectrum measured in the solar neighbourhood. It is also consistent with the cosmic-ray spectrum directly measured in the Solar System. This homogeneity calls for a detailed assessment of the recent supernova rate and current census of massive stellar winds in the superbubble in order to estimate the epoch and rate of cosmic-ray production and to constrain the transport conditions that can lead to such homogeneity and little re-acceleration. We also found significant evidence that a diffuse atomic cloud lying outside the superbubble, at a height of 200–250 pc below the Galactic plane, is pervaded by a 34% lower cosmic-ray flux, but with the same particle energy distribution as the local one. Super-GeV cosmic rays should freely cross such a light and diffuse cirrus cloud without significant loss or spectral distorsion. We tentatively propose that the cosmic-ray loss relates to the orientation of the magnetic field lines threading the cirrus, which point towards the halo according to the dust polarisation data fromPlanck. Finally, we gathered the present emissivity measurements with previous estimates obtained around the Sun to show how the local cosmic-ray flux decreases with Galactic height and to compare this trend with model predictions.
Efficacy and Safety of Psychostimulants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kishi Taro , Sakuma Kenji , Iwata Nakao 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Introduction Several reports of the effectiveness of the use of psychostimulants for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are available.
Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted including double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Outcomes were the improvement of apathy scales score (primary), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, activities of daily living scale score, Zarit burden interview score, all-cause discontinuation, discontinuation due to adverse events, and incidence of at least 1 adverse event.
Results Three methylphenidate studies and 1 modaﬁnil study were identified (n=156). Results from combined psychostimulants were superior to placebo in the improvement of apathy scales score (standardized mean differences [SMD]=−0.63 (−1.22, −0.04), p=0.04, all studies) and the MMSE score (SMD=−0.58 (−1.14, −0.02), p=0.04, 3 methylphenidate studies). The modaﬁnil study was excluded from the meta-analysis for the improvement of apathy scales score; therefore, the effect size increased (SMD=−0.82 (−1.43, −0.20), p=0.009). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of other outcomes, including safety outcomes between the treatment groups.
Discussion Methylphenidate would be effective in treating apathy and cognitive impairment in AD patients.
Antifungal Therapy: New and Evolving Therapies
Authors: Nivoix Yasmine , Ledoux Marie-Pierre , Herbrecht Raoul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInvasive fungal diseases primarily occur in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppression has become more prevalent due to novel treatments, and this has led to a rise in the incidence of invasive fungal diseases. The antifungal armamentarium has long been insufficient and has taken quite some time to become diverse. Antifungal spectrum, tolerability, and toxicity are critical issues. Amphotericin B and its lipid formulations still have the widest spectrum, but, in spite of the better tolerance of the lipid formulations, toxicity remains a drawback, mostly with regard to renal function. Azoles constitute a heterogeneous antifungal class, in which newer molecules have an improved spectrum of activity. The main concern for the clinician when using azoles relates to the management of their many potential drug–drug interactions in an often fragile patient population. Echinocandins are better tolerated but possess a narrower antifungal spectrum and lack an oral route of administration. Still, their fungicidal activity makes them a weapon of first choice against Candida species. For certain uncommon fungal infections, antifungals such as flucytosine and terbinafine can also be useful. This article will give an overview of the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, as well as their spectrum of activity, clinically relevant pharmacological features, drug–drug interactions, and frequent side effects, all of which should drive the clinician's choice of agent when managing invasive fungal infections.
Phaeohyphomycosis
Authors: Arcobello Jonathan T. , Revankar Sanjay G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPhaeohyphomycosis refers to infections due to a large group of heterogenous organisms called “dematiaceous” or “melanized” fungi. These fungi are distinguished by the predominance of melanin in their cell walls, which likely acts as a virulence factor. Virtually, everyone is exposed to dematiaceous fungi through inhalation, as they are ubiquitous in the environment, although the development of infection is extremely uncommon. Invasive disease is rare but remains important due to the ability to cause serious disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, unlike other fungal infections such as aspergillosis. A large variety of invasive manifestations can be caused by these organisms, including deep local infections, pulmonary infection, cerebral infection, and disseminated disease, which is associated with high mortality. While advances in molecular techniques are promising, they have still not replaced histology and culture as the primary diagnostic tools. Therapy is not standardized and is based primarily on clinical experience from descriptive case reports.
“Nine Syndrome”: A Rare Neuroophthalmological Syndrome Associated with HIV Vasculopathy
Authors: Tiwari Nikhlesh , Sharma Suryanarayan , K. Madhusudan B. , Mathad Veeresh U. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere are many named brainstem syndromic variants of medullary infarcts among which “eight-and-a-half” syndrome is a rare condition that involves ipsilateral abducens nucleus or paramedian pontine reticular formation, ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus, and adjacent facial colliculus/facial nerve. Here, we describe a new variant of brainstem syndrome, which includes the clinical features of “eight-and-a-half syndrome” with associated hemiparesis. This patient is a known case of HIV illness since 6 years on antiretroviral therapy, presented with features of “Nine” syndrome.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Ledoux Marie-Pierre , Guffroy Blandine , Nivoix Yasmine , Simand Célestine , Herbrecht Raoul 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains difficult to diagnose and to treat. Most common risk factors are prolonged neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, inherited or acquired immunodeficiency, administration of steroids or other immunosuppressive agents including monoclonal antibodies and new small molecules used for cancer therapy. Critically ill patients are also at high risk of IPA. Clinical signs are unspecific. Early computed tomography (CT)-scan identifies the two main aspects, angioinvasive and airway invasive aspergillosis. Although CT-scan findings are not fully specific they usually allow early initiation of therapy before mycological confirmation of the diagnosis. Role of 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) is discussed. Confirmation is based on microscopy and culture of respiratory samples, histopathology in case of biopsy, and importantly by detection of Aspergillus galactomannan using an immunoassay in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Deoxyribonucleic acid detection by polymerase chain reaction is now standardized and increases the diagnosis yield. Two point of care tests detecting an Aspergillus glycoprotein using a lateral flow assay are also available. Mycological results allow classification into proven (irrespective of underlying condition), probable or possible (for cancer and severely immunosuppressed patients) or putative (for critically ill patients) IPA. New antifungal agents have been developed over the last 2 decades: new azoles (voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole), lipid formulations of amphotericin B (liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex), echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin). Results of main trials assessing these agents in monotherapy or in combination are presented as well as the recommendations for their use according to international guidelines. New agents are under development.
Barycentric Lagrange interpolation for solving Volterra integral equations of the second kind
Authors: Shoukralla E S , Elgohary H , Ahmed B M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An improved version of Barycentric Lagrange interpolation with uniformly spaced interpolation nodes is established and applied to solve Volterra integral equations of the second kind. The given data function and the unknown functions are transformed into two separate interpolants of the same degree, while the kernel is interpolated twice. The presented technique provides the possibility to reduce the solution of the Volterra equation into an equivalent algebraic linear system in matrix form without any need to apply collocation points. Convergence in the mean of the solution is proved and the error norm estimation is found to be equal to zero. Moreover, the improved Barycentric numerical solutions converge to the exact ones, which ensures the accuracy, efficiency, and authenticity of the presented method.
Design and Implementation of an SPO2 Based Sensor for Heart Monitoring Using an Android Application
Authors: Sameh Radwa , Genedy M. , Abdeldayem A , Abdel azeem Mohamed H. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The heart is one of the most vital organs in the human body therefore; its wellbeing and health are monitored continuously to determine the medical conditions of patients. The current paper presents a heart rate measuring device, which can also be used to measure oxygen saturation levels, and body temperature. All measured results have been analyzed by an Arduino platform to decide the patient’s health status. The obtained measurements were also monitored using an in-house mobile application with an integrated alarm system acquainted by both the therapist and patient. The design of this device is dependent on many types of platforms such as Arduino, Android and cloud server. This device can help the patients to check their health status and provide suggested course of action.
Optimum Polar Codes Encoder over Binary Discrete Memory-less Channels
Authors: Moussa Karim H. , El-Sakka Ahmed H. , Shaaban Shawki 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In modern communication systems, there is an increasing need for more capacity-achieving coding schemes to fulfill high data rates demands. Polar codes are very promising candidates to achieve near Shannon’s capacity and improved systems’ reliability due to their polarized channel construction idea which depends on utilizing the good channel in data transmission and consumes the noisy ones in frozen bits transmission as pilots. This paper presented the performance of polar codes for binary-erasure-channel, binary-symmetric channel, and additive-white-Gaussian-noise-channel at various rates and different design parameter to find the optimum ones for these channels. The numerical analysis showed that when the rate increased the system bit error rate performance degrades, while it is improved when the design parameters are optimized for all the studied channels.
Circularly Polarized Flat-Topped Beam Using Concentric Circular Arrays of Microstrip Patches
Authors: Abo El-Hassan M , Hussein K F A , Farahat A E , Awadalla K H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A circularly polarized flat-topped beam is synthesized by concentric circular arrays of microstrip patch antennas using the particle swarm optimization (PSO). The beam synthesis is performed by controlling only the magnitudes of excitation of the array elements where all the array elements are excited in phase. To get circularly symmetric radiation pattern, the elements on the same circle are fed with the same magnitude. The numerical investigations show that the obtained beam shape is very close to the desired one with almost no ripples on the flat top. The final antenna design show acceptable performance regarding the impedance matching, the axial ratio and the sidelobe level over the operating bandwidth of the array.
Electromagnetic Simulation of Volume Scattering for Monitoring the Height of Natural Grass using PolSAR Radar Vegetation Index
Authors: Soliman S A M , Farahat A E , Hussein K F A , Ammar A A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The present work proposes a new method for monitoring the natural grass height through the fully polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data. For electromagnetic simulation, the grassland area is modelled as a cloud of random curly strips with high conductivity. The physical problem of electromagnetic scattering of plane waves of vertical and horizontal polarizations from ensemble of random structures representing the grasslands are solved using the electric field integral equation (EFIE) with the method of moments (MoM). The ensemble average of the fully polarimetric backscattering coefficients is calculated and the corresponding radar vegetation index (RVI) is estimated. It is shown that the ensemble average of the RVI is strongly correlated to the average height of the grass model. It is found that the relation between the grass height and the corresponding RVI can be approximated to either linear or quadratic dependence with 95% confidence level.
The Effect of Source and Drain Pocketing on the Performance of Double-Gate Tunnelling Field-Effect Transistor
Authors: Elgamal Muhammad 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper the digital and analogue performance of double-gate tunnelling FET, DGTFET, is reported, when a pocket of different dielectric is inserted near the source, drain or both. The variation of these pocket lengths and their relative shift to the edge of source or drain region affects device performance. The investigated performance parameters include the ON/OFF ratio, the maximum cut-off frequency, fT, the subthreshold swing, SS, and the ambipolar current, Iambi. With the aid of TCAD simulator, the effect of pocket parameter variation is studied. Our study shows that when the main gate dielectric is hafnium dioxide, the source pocket is favored to be of low dielectric constant and high width. However, for the drain case, it is better to have shorter pockets with a low dielectric constant. The investigation shown here proves that pocketing the DGTFET can enhance its whole performance in terms of investigated parameters.
Power Allocation in 5G mmWave Networks with Massive MIMO and Block Diagonalization
Authors: Fikry M S , Shaaban S , Esmail N , Abdelkarim M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we consider an energy-efficient downlink power allocation problem of a massive multiple-input multiple –output (MIMO) system in cellular networks. We propose a new technique that uses block diagonalization (BD) precoding with massive MIMO in 5G networks that employs milli-meter wave (mmWave) channel matrix to reduce the level of interference. A power allocation algorithm is then introduced by increasing the energy efficiency (EE) of the system to obtain optimal downlink power values using sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm. The results reveal that using BD reduces the interference level and hence, increases the energy.
Parallel implementation for ECCP based on Montgomery ladder algorithm
Authors: Abu Khadra Shaimaa , Abdulrahman Salah Eldin S E , Ismail Nabil A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An Elliptic Curve Crypto-Processor (ECCP) is a favourite public-key cryptosystem. It is used for embedded systems due to its small key size and its high security arithmetic unit. It is applied in constrained devices which often run on batteries and have limited processing, storage capabilities and low power. A finite field polynomial multiplier takes the most implementation effort of an ECCP because it is the most consuming operation for time and area. So, it is preferable to optimize this operation especially for light devices where the small area is needed. This research introduces a hardware design for parallel ECCP binary implementation that is based on Montgomery ladder algorithm. This implementation is targeted for GF(2163) and GF(2409) where the executed time are 2.9 μs and 29 μs respectively. The implementation is performed on Xilinx ISE Virtex6.
MANET’s Energy Consumption using proposed Ant-Colony Optimization and Integer Linear Programming Algorithms
Authors: Ashraf Mohamed , Tawfik BenBella S , El Diasty Sherif , Hassan Mohamed 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is a self-organizing wireless network that communicates without infrastructure and suffering from low power-battery. The challenges of under-optimization have received a great amount of attention from researchers, and Energy Consumption (EC) is the most important of those challenges for them in this field. Therefore, the main objective in finding a route from source to destination is to minimize node EC. Integer Linear Programming (ILP) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are two algorithms that enhance EC and processing time, which are Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In our paper, we proposed the two algorithms, which are evaluated regarding two criteria: EC and processing time using an experimental study. The optimal route of the proposed ILP is chosen from all possible routes using the minimum EC as an objective function and a set of constraints. The second algorithm is a proposed ACO version, based on ants’ behaviour Looking for a path from their colony to their food source. The two proposed algorithms were implemented and compared according to different criteria (route selection, EC and processing time).
Secure Image Encryption Scheme Based on DNA and New Multi Chaotic Map
Authors: Ismail Abdelfattah Roayat , Mohamed Hager , Nasr Mohamed E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Encryption of medical image is very important subject especially in wireless body area networks (WBAN) applications where the devices have many limitations in memory size, energy and computation capabilities. In this paper an image encryption scheme is introduced to be suitable for this limitations. The scheme consists of two phases. Firstly, the patient information (as name, age, ..etc) is hidden in the patient medical image (as x-ray, MRI, ..etc) using Least Signification Bit technique to reduce the capacity of data encrypted and make this information visually unavailable to unauthorized personnel. Secondly, the patient’s medical image is encrypted using DNA coding rules and a new multi chaotic map system. DNA coding improves computational speed and provides large capacity for data transmission while the new multi chaotic map consists by merging Henon, Sin and Ten map (HST) to produces pseudo random sequences with more chaotic characteristics. Results show that this scheme has a good peak signal to noise ratio, low correlation, huge key space, key-dependent pixel value replacement and can resist statistical and differential attacks.
Surface roughness, wear and thermal conductivity of ternary electroless Ni–Ag–P coating on copper substrate
Authors: S Nur Ariffah M , S Nurulakmal M , S Anasyida A , K Shiu E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Thermal testing tool used in electronic industries requires a high thermal conductivity and wear resistant coating to ensure efficient thermal transfer over some period of testing cycles. A study on ternary nickel-silver-phosphorus (Ni–Ag–P) coating was carried out by adding silver sulphate into electroless nickel-phosphorus (Ni–P) bath solution with a target to improve thermal conductivity. The results showed that silver can be co-deposited into Ni–P coating but in limited concentration without causing bath decomposition. Cethyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) were added into the bath solution as surfactant to improve the coating surface morphology and roughness. Characterization of coatings were done using atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), optical microscope, Knoop microhardness tester, pin-on-disc wear tester and hot disk thermal analyser. When the concentration of silver sulphate added was low, coating produced have smoother surface with improved thickness, hardness and wear resistance. Higher concentration of silver sulphate led to bath decomposition thus coatings have rougher surface with reduced thickness, hardness and wear resistance. Thermal conductivity test showed increment in the thermal conductivity value of Ni–P coating from 445.7 W m−1.K to 466.9 W m−1.K with addition of 10 mg l−1 silver sulphate. It is found that co-deposition of silver at low concentration can improve the hardness, wear resistance and thermal conductivity, and as comparable thickness value is possible, ternary Ni–Ag–P showed interesting potential to replace current NiP coating used in thermal testing tool.
Direct combination of carbon structure with optoelectronics crystal: thermal behavior of implanted carbon in lithium niobate crystal at near surface
Authors: Xu Yuhang , Lu Fei , Liu Kaijing , Ma Changdong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe thermal motion mechanism of carbon (C) in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) crystal was briefly studied, which provides experience and direction for the experimental parameters of graphene production by direct implantation of carbon ions into LiNbO3. Thin-film LiNbO3crystal and bulk LiNbO3crystal of z-cut were direct implanted by carbon ions with a dose of 1.14 × 1016cm−2and then annealed at different temperatures, thin-film LiNbO3at 700 °C and bulk LiNbO3at 900 °C. The experimental conditions and parameters of ion implantation and annealing were all the same except the annealing temperature. The samples were characterized by RBS, XRD, EDS and Raman spectrum. The results show that during annealing, the implanted carbon ions aggregate into clusters while moving towards the surface. This behavior prevents the carbon ions from precipitating on the LiNbO3surface, which is not conducive to the production of graphene. The formation of graphene on LiNbO3surface by direct ion implantation can only occur when implanted C dose and annealing temperature lie in a specific range.