bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kill one or kill the many: interplay between mitophagy and apoptosis
Authors: Wanderoy Simone , Hees J. Tabitha , Klesse Ramona , Edlich Frank , Harbauer Angelika B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Mitochondria are key players of cellular metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. The functionality of mitochondria is tightly regulated, and dysfunctional mitochondria are removed via mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy that is compromised in hereditary forms of Parkinson’s disease. Through mitophagy, cells are able to cope with mitochondrial stress until the damage becomes too great, which leads to the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Active pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol, committing the cell to apoptosis by activating a cascade of cysteinyl-aspartate specific proteases (caspases). We are only beginning to understand how the choice between mitophagy and the activation of caspases is determined on the mitochondrial surface. Intriguingly in neurons, caspase activation also plays a non-apoptotic role in synaptic plasticity. Here we review the current knowledge on the interplay between mitophagy and caspase activation with a special focus on the central nervous system.
Einsatz von Linked Data in Archivinformationssystemen – Chancen und Herausforderungen
Authors: Weissgerber Alexandra , Stettler Niklaus 
Published: October 2020

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag zeigt auf, dass sich mit Linked Data wesentliche Schwächen bisheriger Archivinformationssysteme (AIS) überwinden lassen. Es wird ein am Schweizerischen Institut für Informationswissenschaft (SII) der FH Graubünden entwickeltes Pilotsystem vorgestellt, das dazu dient, Lösungen für aktuelle Herausforderungen aus der Praxis anzugehen. Beispielhaft wird gezeigt wie das Datenmodell flexibel für die Use Cases des Archivs erweiterbar ist und wie Materialien, die aufgrund des Datenschutzes für längere Zeit unter besonderen Schutz gestellt werden müssen, in einem Linked Data-AIS verwaltet werden können.
Developing shared communication practices: A study of BELF in multinational team meetings
Authors: Nielsen Tone Holt 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A growing number of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) adopt English as their official corporate language. Research on English used as a business lingua franca (BELF) in such contexts shows how its use is negotiated, context dependent, and influenced by cultural and linguistic diversity. Multinational teams (MNTs) are legion within MNCs, and need to find efficient ways of communicating across their diversity, in particular in demanding and complex interactions such as meetings. This case study uses non-participant observation and interviews to study how one MNT has developed shared BELF communication practices for meetings. It examines the BELF communication practices in both the MNC context and at the team level. The analysis of the data shows that team members were highly aware of the challenges posed by cultural and linguistic diversity, and how they developed their local communication practices by processes of developing common ground, building trust, and good leadership.
Modeling and simulation of Compton scatter image formation in positron emission tomography
Authors: Kazantsev Ivan G. , Matej Samuel , Lewitt Robert M. , Olsen Ulrik L. , Poulsen Henning F. , Yarovenko Ivan P. , Prokhorov Igor V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present the comparative study of the analytical forward model and the statistical simulation of the Compton single scatter in the positron emission tomography.
The formula of the forward model has been obtained using the single scatter simulation approximation under simplified assumptions, and therefore we calculate scatter projections using independent Monte Carlo simulation mimicking the scatter physics.
The numerical comparative study has been performed using a digital cylindrical phantom filled in with water and containing spherical sources of emission activity located at the central and several displaced positions.
Good fits of the formula-based and statistically generated profiles of scatter projections are observed in the presented numerical results.
Increased length of stay and hospital charges in adolescents with type 1 diabetes and psychiatric illness
Authors: Munoz Fernando A. , Chin Cindy , Kops Samantha A. , Kowalek Katie , Seckeler Michael D. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in this population contributes to significant healthcare utilization, including emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and ICU care. Comorbid psychiatric illnesses (CPI) are additional risks for increased healthcare utilization. While CPI increased risk for DKA hospitalization and readmission, there are no data evaluating the relationship between CPI and hospital outcomes. We hypothesized that adolescents with T1DM and CPI admitted for DKA have increased length of stay (LOS) and higher charges compared to those without CPI.

Methods
Retrospective review of 2000–2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s (HCUP) Kids’ Inpatient Databases (KID). Patients 10–21 years old admitted with ICD-9 codes for DKA or severe diabetes (250.1–250.33) with and without ICD-9 codes for depression (296–296.99, 311) and anxiety (300–300.9). Comparisons of LOS, mortality, and charges between groups (No CPI, Depression and Anxiety) were made with one way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, independent samples Kruskal-Wallis test with Bonferroni correction and χ2.

Results
There were 79,673 admissions during the study period: 68,573 (86%) No CPI, 8,590 (10.7%) Depression and 12,510 (15.7%) Anxiety. Female patients comprised 58.2% (n=46,343) of total admissions, 66% of the Depression group, and 71% of the Anxiety group. Patients with depression or anxiety were older and had longer LOS and higher mean charges (p<0.001 for both).

Conclusion
Comorbid depression or anxiety are associated with significantly longer LOS and higher charges in adolescents with T1DM hospitalized for DKA. This study adds to the prior findings of worse outcomes for patients with both T1DM and CPI, emphasizing the importance of identifying and treating these comorbid conditions.
Comparability of signed and spoken languages: Absolute and relative modality effects in cross-modal typology
Authors: Zeshan Ulrike , Palfreyman Nick 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article sets out a conceptual framework and typology of modality effects in the comparison of signed and spoken languages. This is essential for a theory of cross-modal typology. We distinguish between relative modality effects, where a linguistic structure is markedly more common in one modality than in the other, and absolute modality effects, where a structure does not occur in one of the modalities at all. Using examples from a wide variety of sign languages, we discuss examples at the levels of phonology, morphology (including numerals, negation, and aspect) and semantics. At the phonological level, the issue of iconically motivated sub-lexical components in signs, and parallels with sound symbolism in spoken languages, is particularly pertinent. Sensory perception metaphors serve as an example for semantic comparison across modalities. Advocating an inductive approach to cross-modal comparison, we discuss analytical challenges in defining what is comparable across the signed and spoken modalities, and in carrying out such comparisons in a rigorous and empirically substantiated way.
Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparins in thromboprophylaxis of major orthopaedic surgery – randomized, prospective pilot study
Authors: Biławicz Jan , Lipa Michał , Wielgos Miroslaw 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Aim
To compare the clinical effectiveness of the two most commonly used LMWHs, dalteparin (DALT) and enoxaparin (ENOX), in thromboprophylaxis of elective total hip replacement (THR) or total knee replacement (TKR).

Material and methods
To the prospective, randomized study were included 66 adult patients qualified to undergo THR or TKR (age 63 ± 12 years, 44 women). The patients were randomized to daily in-hospital subcutaneous prophylaxis with 5,000 I.U. of DALT or 40 mg of enoxaparin. Clinical and laboratory data were collected before surgery, and on 1st and 5th days after surgery.

Results
Thirty-four patients were randomized to prophylaxis with ENOX and 32 with DALT. The groups did not differ significantly in age, sex, creatinine and most of the laboratory parameters. The compared groups had similar surgical parameters, but more patients in the ENOX group received red blood cell infusion (17(50%) vs 8(25%); p < 0.05). The Lee–White coagulation time mildly decreased in ENOX and DALT following the surgery (p = ns). There was a shortening of Duke’s bleeding time in DALT after the surgery and it became significantly quicker than that in ENOX on Day 5 (p = 0.03).

Conclusion
The observed difference in Duke’s bleeding time and exceeding blood loss during the surgery on the enoxaparin demands confirmation, as it can be important information for clinical management.
Diagnosis of complication in lung transplantation by TBLB + ROSE + mNGS
Authors: Wang Qing , Feng Jing , Zhang Ji , Shi Lingzhi , Jin Zhixian , Liu Dong , Wu Bo , Chen Jingyu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Lung transplantation is a potentially life-saving therapy for patients with terminal respiratory illnesses. Long-term survival is limited by the development of a variety of opportunistic infections and rejection. Optimal means of differential diagnosis of infection and rejection have not been established. With these challenges in mind, we tried to use transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) rapid on-site cytological evaluation (ROSE), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS), and routine histologic examination to timely distinguish infection and rejection, and accurately detect etiologic pathogens. We reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with infection or rejection by these means from December 2017 to September 2018 in our center. We identified seven recipients whose clinical course was complicated by infection or rejection. Three patients were diagnosed with acute rejection, organizing pneumonia, and acute fibrinoid organizing pneumonia, respectively. Four of the seven patients were diagnosed with infections, including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, cytomegalovirus, Aspergillus, and bacterial pneumonia. These patients recovered after proper treatment. TBLB + ROSE + mNGS might be a good method to accurately detect etiologic pathogens, which may help us to facilitate the use of targeted and precision medicine therapy in postoperative complications and avoid unnecessary potential adverse effects of drugs.
High-efficiency metadevices for bifunctional generations of vectorial optical fields
Authors: Wang Dongyi , Liu Tong , Zhou Yuejiao , Zheng Xiaoying , Sun Shulin , He Qiong , Zhou Lei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVectorial optical fields (VOFs) exhibiting tailored wave fronts and spatially inhomogeneous polarization distributions are particularly useful in photonic applications. However, devices to generate them, made by natural materials or recently proposed metasurfaces, are either bulky in size or less efficient, or exhibit restricted performances. Here, we propose a general approach to design metadevices that can efficiently generate two distinct VOFs under illuminations of circularly polarized lights with different helicity. After illustrating our scheme via both Jones matrix analyses and analytical model calculations, we experimentally demonstrate two metadevices in the near-infrared regime, which can generate vortex beams carrying different orbital angular momenta yet with distinct inhomogeneous polarization distributions. Our results provide an ultracompact platform for bifunctional generations of VOFs, which may stimulate future works on VOF-related applications in integration photonics.
The Insula Cortex Contacts Distinct Output Streams of the Central Amygdala
Authors: Ponserre Marion , Peters Christian , Fermani Federica , Conzelmann Karl-Klaus , Klein Rüdiger 
Published: October 2020

The emergence of genetic tools has provided new means of mapping functionality in central amygdala (CeA) neuron populations based on their molecular profiles, response properties, and importantly, connectivity patterns. While abundant evidence indicates that neuronal signals arrive in the CeA eliciting both aversive and appetitive behaviors, our understanding of the anatomy of the underlying long-range CeA network remains fragmentary. In this study, we combine viral tracings, electrophysiological, and optogenetic approaches to establish in male mice, a wiring chart between the insula cortex (IC), a major sensory input region of the lateral and capsular part of the CeA (CeL/C), and four principal output streams of this nucleus. We found that retrogradely labeled output neurons occupy discrete and likely strategic locations in the CeL/C, and that they are disproportionally controlled by the IC. We identified a direct line of connection between the IC and the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which engages numerous LH-projecting CeL/C cells whose activity can be strongly upregulated on firing of IC neurons. In comparison, CeL/C neurons projecting to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) are also frequently contacted by incoming IC axons, but the strength of this connection is weak. Our results provide a link between long-range inputs and outputs of the CeA and pave the way to a better understanding of how internal, external, and experience dependent information may impinge on action selection by the CeA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur current knowledge of the circuit organization within the central amygdala (CeA), a critical regulator of emotional states, includes independent information about its long-range efferents and afferents. We do not know how incoming sensory information is appraised and routed through the CeA to the different output channels. We address this issue by using three different techniques to investigate how a sensory region, the insula cortex (IC), connects with the motor, physiological and autonomic output centers of the CeA. We uncover a strong connection between the IC and the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with a monosynaptic relay in the CeA and shed new light on the previously described functions of IC and CeA through direct projections to the LH.
Disparity Sensitivity and Binocular Integration in Mouse Visual Cortex Areas
Authors: La Chioma Alessandro , Bonhoeffer Tobias , Hübener Mark 
Published: October 2020

Binocular disparity, the difference between the two eyes' images, is a powerful cue to generate the 3D depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, binocular disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to binocular disparity. A detailed characterization of disparity tuning across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging in female mice to characterize the disparity tuning properties of neurons in visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented binocular gratings, as well as random dot correlograms (RDC). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance (OD) measurements. Neurons in higher areas exhibited broader and more asymmetric disparity tuning curves compared with V1, as observed in primate visual cortex. Finally, we probed neurons' sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated RDC (cRDC) and anticorrelated RDC (aRDC). Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level disparity processing in LM compared with V1 and RL.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA major cue for inferring 3D depth is disparity between the two eyes' images. Investigating how binocular disparity is processed in the mouse visual system will not only help delineating the role of mouse higher areas for visual processing, but also shed light on how the mammalian brain computes stereopsis. We found that binocular integration is a prominent feature of mouse visual cortex, as many neurons are selectively and strongly modulated by binocular disparity. Comparison of responses to correlated and anticorrelated random dot correlograms (RDC) revealed that lateromedial area (LM) is more selective to correlated stimuli, while less sensitive to anticorrelated stimuli compared with primary visual cortex (V1) and rostrolateral area (RL), suggesting higher-level disparity processing in LM, resembling primate ventral visual stream areas.
The Hippocampus and Dorsolateral Striatum Integrate Distinct Types of Memories through Time and Space, Respectively
Authors: Ferbinteanu Janina 
Published: October 2020

Several decades of research have established that different kinds of memories result from the activity of discrete neural networks. Studying how these networks process information in experiments that target specific types of mnemonic representations has provided deep insights into memory architecture and its neural underpinnings. However, in natural settings reality confronts organisms with problems that are not neatly compartmentalized. Thus, a critical problem in memory research that still needs to be addressed is how distinct types of memories are ultimately integrated. Here we demonstrate how two memory networks, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum, may accomplish such a goal. The hippocampus supports memory for facts and events, collectively known as declarative memory and often studied as spatial memory in rodents. The dorsolateral striatum provides the basis for habits that are assessed in stimulus–response types of tasks. Expanding previous findings, the current work revealed that in male Long–Evans rats, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use time and space in distinct and largely complementary ways to integrate spatial and habitual representations. Specifically, the hippocampus supported both types of memories when they were formed in temporal juxtaposition, even if the learning took place in different environments. In contrast, the lateral striatum supported both types of memories if they were formed in the same environment, even at temporally distinct points. These results reveal for the first time that by using fundamental aspects of experience in specific ways, the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum can transcend their attributed roles in information storage.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe current paradigm in memory research postulates that different types of memories reflected in separate types of behavioral strategies result from activity in distinct neural circuits. However, recent data have shown that when rats concurrently acquired in the same environment of hippocampal-dependent spatial navigation and striatal-dependent approach of a visual cue, each of the two types of memories became dependent on both the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum. The current work reveals that the hippocampus and dorsolateral striatum use distinct and complementary principles to integrate different types of memories in time and space: the hippocampus integrates memories formed in temporal proximity, while the lateral striatum integrates memories formed in the same space.
Auditory and Visual System White Matter Is Differentially Impacted by Normative Aging in Macaques
Authors: Gray Daniel T. , De La Peña Nicole M. , Umapathy Lavanya , Burke Sara N. , Engle James R. , Trouard Theodore P. , Barnes Carol A. 
Published: October 2020

Deficits in auditory and visual processing are commonly encountered by older individuals. In addition to the relatively well described age-associated pathologies that reduce sensory processing at the level of the cochlea and eye, multiple changes occur along the ascending auditory and visual pathways that further reduce sensory function in each domain. One fundamental question that remains to be directly addressed is whether the structure and function of the central auditory and visual systems follow similar trajectories across the lifespan or sustain the impacts of brain aging independently. The present study used diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual system function in adult and aged macaques to better understand how age-related changes in white matter connectivity at multiple levels of each sensory system might impact auditory and visual function. In particular, the fractional anisotropy (FA) of auditory and visual system thalamocortical and interhemispheric corticocortical connections was estimated using probabilistic tractography analyses. Sensory processing and sensory system FA were both reduced in older animals compared with younger adults. Corticocortical FA was significantly reduced only in white matter of the auditory system of aged monkeys, while thalamocortical FA was lower only in visual system white matter of the same animals. Importantly, these structural alterations were significantly associated with sensory function within each domain. Together, these results indicate that age-associated deficits in auditory and visual processing emerge in part from microstructural alterations to specific sensory white matter tracts, and not from general differences in white matter condition across the aging brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAge-associated deficits in sensory processing arise from structural and functional alterations to both peripheral sensory organs and central brain regions. It remains unclear whether different sensory systems undergo similar or distinct trajectories in function across the lifespan. To provide novel insights into this question, this study combines electrophysiological assessments of auditory and visual function with diffusion MRI in aged macaques. The results suggest that age-related sensory processing deficits in part result from factors that impact the condition of specific white matter tracts, and not from general decreases in connectivity between sensory brain regions. Such anatomic specificity argues for a framework aimed at understanding vulnerabilities with relatively local influence and brain region specificity.