bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Steel Structure Elements in the Specialized Module of the IMAGE-SP Image Processing Software
Authors: Anisovich A. G. 
Published: December 2020

Grain size is one of the most important characteristics of the microstructure of metals and alloys. Determination of the grain size of steel is regulated by Standart 5639-82 "Steels and alloys. Methods for detection and determination of the grain size". Standart includes determining the grain score by comparison with reference scales, as well as manual measurement methods. The use of image processing software opens up new opportunities for the materials analysis, including for the quantitative metallographic analysis of steels and alloys. The purpose of this work was to test the specialized "Metallography" module to determine the grain score of the image processing software "IMAGE – SP", as well as to check the reliability of the obtained results using the example of ferritic and austenitic steels.In the "Metallography" module, the analysis of standard images of annex No. 3 of Standart 5639-82, as well as real images of the structures of ferritic and austenitic steel, is carried out. It is shown that the results correspond to the definition of the Standart grain score. The divergence in the results is 1 point, which is acceptable.The active development of software products for the quantitative analysis of images in metallography will make it possible to legitimize the methods of computer measurement of parameters of the structures of metals and alloys by creating appropriate standards. Successful testing of the specialized "Metallography" module demonstrates opportunities and prospects for further development of specialized software products for measuring quantitative values of metal and alloy structures. The active development of software for quantitative analysis of the images in metallography will make it possible to legalize methods for measuring parameters of metal and alloy structures by computer techniques.
Impact of environmental cleaning on the colonization and infection rates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in patients within the intensive care unit in a tertiary hospital&nbsp;
Authors: Li Yang , Ge Hai , Zhou Hui , Zhou Wanqing , Zheng Jie , Chen Wei , Cao Xiaoli 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective: To continuously evaluate the effect of environmental cleaning and hand hygiene compliance on the colonization and infection rates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR-AB) in the patients within an intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: Environmental cleaning on the high-touch clinical surfaces (HTCS) within a comprehensive ICU was evaluated through monitoring fluorescent marks when the overall compliance with hand hygiene during 2013-2014 was monitored. Meanwhile, samples from the HTCS and inpatients were collected and sent for bacterial culture and identification. The drug susceptibility testing was further implemented to monitor the prevalence of MDR-AB. The genetic relatedness of MDR-AB collected either from the HTCS or inpatients was analyzed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) when an outbreak was doubted. Results: The overall compliance with hand hygiene remained relatively stable during 2013-2014. Under this circumstance, the clearance rate of fluorescence marks on the environmental surfaces within ICUs significantly increased from 21.9% to 85.7%, and accordingly the colonization and infection rates of MDR-AB decreased from 16.5‰ to 6.6‰ and from 7.4‰ to 2.8‰, respectively, from the beginning to the end of 2013. However, during 2014, because of frequent change and movement of environmental services staff, the clearance rate of fluorescence marks decreased below 50.0%, and the overall colonization and infection rates of MDR-AB correspondingly increased from 9.1‰ to 11.1‰ and from 1.5‰ to 3.9‰, respectively. PFGE displayed a high genetic relatedness between the MDR-AB strains analyzed, indicating a dissemination of MDR-AB during the surveillance period. Conclusion. For the easily disseminated MDR-AB within ICUs, the clearance rate of fluorescence labeling on HTCS is negatively correlated with the hospital infection rate of MDR-AB. Such an invisible fluorescence labelling is an effective and convenient method to continuously monitor cleanness of medical environment within hospitals.
Changes in Elastic Fibres in Yak Lungs at Different Developmental Stages
Authors: Li Jingyi , Meng Xiangqiong , Wang Lihan , Yu Yang , Yu Hongxian , Wei Qing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundYaks have a strong adaptability to the plateau environment, which is closely associated with the effective oxygen utilization rate of their lung tissue. The elastic fibre is an important adaptive structure of alveolar tissue. However, there are few studies on the development of the structure of lung tissue and the changes in elastic fibres of yak after birth. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes of elastic fibers in the lungs of yaks after birth and the relationship between these changes and adaptation to hypoxic environment.ResultsIn this experiment, a histological method was employed to observe the changes in the lung tissue structure of yaks at four ages: 1 day old, 30 days old, 180 days old and adult. There was no significant difference in the area of a single alveolus between the 1-day-old and 30-day-old groups (P > 0.05). In yaks aged over 30 days, the single alveolar area gradually increased with age (P < 0.05). The observation of elastic fibres showed that elastic fibres in alveolar tissue increased significantly from the ages of 30 days to 180 days (P < 0.05) and stabilized after 180 days of age. Transcriptome analysis determined the highest levels of differentially expressed genes between 30 days of age and 180 days of age. KEGG analysis showed that the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway and MAPK pathway, which are involved in fibre formation, accounted for the largest proportion of differentially expressed genes between 30 days of age and 180 days of age. The expression levels of 36 genes related to fibre formation were analysed, and several genes related to elastic fibre formation and collagen fibre formation were determined to be highly expressed at the age of 30 days.ConclusionsThe content of elastic fibres in the alveolar tissue of yaks increases significantly after birth, but this change occurs only from 30 days of age to 180 days of age to make better use of oxygen in the environment.
Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment Among an Eastern Chinese Population At High Cardiovascular Disease Risk in 2020
Authors: YANG Li , Xuan Cheng , Yu Caiyan , Zheng Pinpin , Yan Jing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cardiovascular factors increased the risk of dementia. We investigated the associations between such factors, and tested that if a population with a high level of cardiovascular risk would have a higher prevalence of cognitive impairment. Participants (n=3082; ages=55+; 46.4% female) at high risk of CVD in Zhejiang province Registry for PEACE Million Persons Project, completed 3+ neuropsychological evaluations. Age-, gender- standardized prevalence rates were calculated based on the sixth population census for population of China. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to ascertain the risk factors of dementia. Trial registration number: NCT02536456. There was a high prevalence of cognitive Impairment, coupled with the fact that stroke, diabetes, hypertension and depression were significant risk factors. Cognitive impairment are highly prevalent among elderly at high risk of CVD in Zhejiang province. More population-based strategies, including preventing CVD and reducing cardiovascular risk factors would be an effective way to reduce the dementia burden.
Impairment of the visuospatial working memory in the patients with Parkinson’s Disease: an fMRI study
Authors: Kawashima Shoji , Shimizu Yoko , Ueki Yoshino , Matsukawa Noriyuki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common symptom in the patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). MCI is a transitional stage between normal ageing and dementia. The neuropsychological characteristics of the PD-MCI are impairment in frontal executive function and/or visuospatial working memory. The newly modified version of the n-back test, visuospatial n-back test can assess both visuospatial recognition and visuospatial working memory. Methods: In this study, we aimed to clarify the advantage of visuospatial n-back test as a tool for the detection of the impairment of working memory in the patients with PD. Using functional MRI, we aimed to search the specific brain regions associated with the impairment of visuospatial working memory. The score of 0-back reflects visuospatial recognition, and the scores of 1-back and 2-back reflect visuospatial working memory. We recruited 13 patients with PD-MCI, and 15 patients with cognitive normal PD (PD-CN). Group comparisons between PD-MCI and PD-CN were performed for three loads of this test. The correlations between the scores of n-back test and task-related activations were analysed for all patients. Results: We found that the correct answer rate of patients with PD-MCI was lower in the 2-back test than those with PD-CN. However, scores of the 0-back and 1-back tests were not different between the groups. The result of fMRI showed that the activations within the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) during the 2-back test were reduced in the patients with PD-MCI.Conclusions: This study revealed an impaired visuospatial working memory in PD-MCI in association with the reduced activations of MFG and IPL. Combinations of functional neuroimaging and the visuospatial n-back test are beneficial to evaluate the impairment of working memory in PD.
Lifestyle Factors Associated With Undernutrition in Older People After the Great East Japan Earthquake. A Prospective Study
Authors: Okazaki Kanako , Ohira Tetsuya , Sakai Akira , Shimabukuro Michio , Kazama Junichiro , Takahashi Atsushi , Nakano Hironori , Hayashi Fumikazu , Nagao Masanori , Yasumura Seiji , Ohto Hitoshi , Kamiya Kenji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to conduct a longitudinal examination to assess the relationship between lifestyle habits, including exercise habits, and the incidence of undernutrition after the Great East Japan Earthquake.Methods: We included residents aged 60 years or more who lived in the evacuation area municipalities from 2008 to 2010 before the disaster. A total of 31,411 participants (14,350 men and 17,061 women) who underwent a physical examination during this period were followed-up through 2017. We estimated the associations between undernutrition after the disaster and lifestyle factors using a multivariate-adjusted analysis with a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The variables included the model were evacuation, exercise habits, meals before bedtime, history of gastrointestinal surgery, history of lifestyle-related diseases, and 2 or more subjective symptoms.Results: In all, 1721 of the 13,378 participants were newly undernourished after the disaster. The statistically significant variables influencing the occurrence of undernutrition were non-evacuation (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval 1.17–1.47), poor exercise habits (HR, 1.14; 95% CI 1.03–1.50), and poor physical activity (HR, 1.12; 95% CI 1.01–1.25). Other related variables were surgical history, lifestyle-related diseases, and two or more subjective symptoms. No statistically significant interactions with exercise habits were identified for each lifestyle factor. Conclusions: These results suggest that regular exercise and/or maintaining physical activity might be important, regardless of sex, other lifestyle habits, or past medical history, in preventing undernutrition following a disaster.
Motivating antibiotic stewardship in Bangladesh: Identifying audiences and target behaviours using the Behaviour Change Wheel
Authors: Unicomb Leanne , Nizame Fosiul , Uddin Mohammad Rofi , Nahar Papreen , Lucas Patricia , Khisa Nirnita , Akter S. M. Salim , Islam Mohammad Aminul , Rahman Mahbubur , Rousham Emily 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: South Asia is a hotspot for antimicrobial resistance due largely to over-the-counter antibiotic sales for humans and animals, a lack of compliance with policy among healthcare providers, high population density and high infectious disease burden. This paper describes development of social and behavioural change communication (SBCC) to increase appropriate use of antibiotics. Methods: We used formative research to explore contextual drivers of antibiotic sales, purchase, consumption/use and promotion among four groups: 1) households, 2) drug shop staff, 3) qualified physicians and 4) pharmaceutical companies/medical representatives. We used formative research findings and an intervention design workshop with stakeholders to select target behaviours, to prioritize audiences and develop SBCC messages, in consultation with a creative agency, and through pilots and feedback. The behaviour change wheel was used to summarise findings. Results: Workshop participants identified behaviours considered amenable to change for all four groups. Household members and drug shop staff were prioritized as target audiences, both of which could be reached at drug shops. Among household members, there were two behaviours to change; suboptimal health seeking and ceasing antibiotic courses early. Thus, SBCC target behaviours included: seek qualified physician consultations; ask whether the medicine provided is an antibiotic; ask for instructions on use and timing. Among drug shop staff, several antibiotic dispensing practices needed to change. SBCC target behaviours included: asking customers for prescriptions; referring them to qualified physicians and increasing customer awareness by instructing that they were receiving antibiotics to take as a full course. Conclusions: We prioritized drug shops for intervention delivery to drug shop staff and their customers to improve antibiotic stewardship. Knowledge deficits among these groups were notable and considered amenable to change using a SBCC intervention addressing improved health seeking behaviours, improved health literacy on antibiotic use, and provision of information on policy governing shops. Further intervention refinement should consider using participatory methods and should address the impact on profit and livelihoods for drug shop staff for optimal compliance.
The perspectives and experiences of physiotherapists and general practitioners in the use of the STarT Back Tool: A review and meta-synthesis.
Authors: Hill Julia , Try Freya , Agnew Georgia , Saywell Nicola 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Chronic low back pain is associated with disability and work absence. Stratified primary care management of acute low back pain using a prognostic screening tool (STarT Back) allows triage of those at risk of chronicity. Primary health practitioners can use this method of stratification to assess patients with low back pain then allocate them to matched treatment groups. STarT Back was designed for use in the health service in the United Kingdom (UK) where stratification using STarT Back has been shown to improve clinical outcomes, patient satisfaction, and reduce treatment costs and time off work. Implementation of STarT Back in health care systems outside of the UK is in an early stage and its success is dependent on the health practitioners using it and the healthcare system in which they work. Gaining health practitioners’ perspectives on STarT Back is an important step in effective implementation. This will help contextualise the tool to each healthcare environment, making it easier and more meaningful for intended users. Methods: A computerised search of qualitative literature was conducted across seven databases in August 2020 using keywords to identify studies that investigate the perspectives of physiotherapists and general practitionners on the use of STarT Back in primary health care. Study quality was assessed using the CASP tool. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Eight articles met the inclusion criteria where qualitative data was retrievable and included the views of general practitioners and physiotherapists from primary health care settings from four countries. Participants’ perspectives varied across the data, and three key themes were created from these findings: ‘making it work’, ‘will I do it?’, and ‘it’s all about the patient’. Conclusions: Physiotherapists and general practitioners found using STarT Back frequently enhanced their practice. General practitioners did express concerns about time constraints and the potential for STarT Back to undermine their clinical experience. Findings from this study will inform adaptations of STarT Back to ensure successful implementation into different health contexts.
Analysis of Sports Injury in Lower Extremities of High School Taekwondo Athletes
Authors: Oh Hyeri , Lim Hyosung , Jeon minsoo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Sports injuries commonly occur in sportspersons during competitive activities and practice routines, and the causes include cumulative fatigue from repeated training, lack of warm-up exercises, and absence of motivation during the competition. We aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of lower extremity injuries in high school taekwondo athletes.Methods: This study evaluated lower extremity sports injuries in 463 high school taekwondo athletes. We conducted frequency and cross analyses. The questionnaire tools were developed to identify the characteristics of lower extremity injuries in taekwondo athletes.Results: For injury by person, thigh injuries and re-injuries were most frequent. In non-contact injury, ankle injuries and re-injuries were the highest. In the men’s lightweight category, thighs were injured the highest in injury by person and ankles were highest in non-contact injury. In the men’s heavyweight category, knee injuries were highest in injury by person, and ankles were highest in non-contact injury. In the female lightweight category, thighs were higher in injury by person, whereas ankles were highest in non-contact injury. In the female heavyweight category, thighs were the highest in injury by person, whereas ankles were the highest in non-contact injury. The ankle injury causes in weight classes were different between both sexes.Conclusion: Our findings could help formulate basic guidelines for preventing sports injury in taekwondo athletes.
Effectiveness of The PPAR Agonist Saroglitazar in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Positive Data from Preclinical &amp; Clinical Studies
Authors: Krishnappa Manjunath , Patil Kishor , Sharma Sunil , Jain Payal , Trivedi Purav , Parmar Deven , Patel Pankaj 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background & Aims: Saroglitazar, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist, was evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies to evaluate its effectiveness in NASH. Methods: Preclinical studies included: (a) choline deficient L-amino acid-defined high fat diet (CDAHFD) murine NASH model; (b) Long Evans and Wistar rats model for hepatotropic activity; (c) DIAMOND™ NASH mice model. Clinical studies included: Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies in patients with biopsy proven NASH in India.Results: In CDAHFD murine NASH model, Saroglitazar improved aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and prevented hepatocellular steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning and lobular inflammation. In Long Evans and Wistar rats model, Saroglitazar was found to be hepatotropic. In the DIAMOND™ NASH mice model, Saroglitazar showed a systemic effect with resolution of steatohepatitis and improvement in all the key histological features of NASH, dyslipidemia and insulin sensitivity. In the phase 2 study, Saroglitazar 4 mg significantly reduced ALT levels (U/L) from baseline (95.86±37.65) to week 12 (44.37±35.43). In the phase 3 study, there was a significantly higher proportion of patients with decrease in NAS ≥2 spread across at least 2 of the NAS components without worsening of fibrosis at week 52 in Saroglitazar 4 mg group (52.3%) compared to placebo group (23.5%) (p value – 0.0427), achieving the primary efficacy endpoint. In the phase 3 study, there were no concerns with the safety profile of Saroglitazar.Conclusions: Positive results from the preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of Saroglitazar in the treatment of NASH.Trial registration numbers:Phase 2 Study – CTRI (www.ctri.nic.in) identifier: CTRI/2010/091/000108Phase 3 Study – CTRI (www.ctri.nic.in) identifier: CTRI/2015/10/006236
GPC3 Decreases IGF-1R–Grb10 Interaction and Promotes Cell Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in a Gender-Dependent Manner
Authors: Liu Shu-Hsiang , Huang Po-Chun , Chen Shiu-Ling , Fu Tsai-Feng , Hsu Chun-Hsien , Hwu Wuh-Liang , Lee Yu-May , Cheng Wei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Glypican-3 (GPC3) mRNA was more frequently overexpressed in women and patients with invasive HCC. We explore possible molecular mechanisms of the effect of GPC3 on growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (Grb10) and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) interaction of tumor invasion in women. Methods: For in vitro experiments, GPC3 and pertinent mutants were transfected, and Western blotting (HEK293T cells), confocal microscopy (HeLa and PLC-PRF-5 cells), luciferase assays for AP-1 reporter activities (NIH3T3 and HuH-7 cells), gelatin zymography (PLC-PRF-5 cells) and cell culture in 3D collagen I gels (NIH3T3 and R- cells) were performed. For in vivo experiments, GPC3 and IGF-1R coexpression was evaluated in hepatocellular carcinoma clinical samples. Results: We found that interaction of IGF-1R with Grb10 was hindered by GPC3, and GPC3 causes IGF-1R colocalization with Grb10 to a lesser extent after IGF-1 stimulation; moreover, it promoted IGF-1-stimulated AP-1 activation and matrix metalloproteinase -2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) secretion in vitro, which seemingly play a role in tumor invasion or recurrence. Further, gender differences existed among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in terms of GPC3 and IGF-1R coexpression in vivo.Conclusions: We believe that a more intensive surveillance of GPC3 expression in female patients with hepatocellular carcinoma should contribute to the prediction of recurrence, and this may highlight new strategies for treating hepatocellular carcinoma in women.