bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of radiomics on prostate cancer detection: a systematic review of clinical applications
Authors: Sugano Dordaneh , Sanford Daniel , Abreu Andre , Duddalwar Vinay , Gill Inderbir , Cacciamani Giovanni E. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
To systematically review the current literature to assess the role of radiomics in the detection and evaluation of prostate cancer (PCa).

Recent findings
Radiomics involves the high-throughput extraction of radiologic features from clinical imaging, using a panel of sophisticated data-characterization algorithms to make an objective and quantitative determination of diagnoses and clinical characteristics. Radiomics evaluation of existing clinical images would increase their clinical value in many cancer management pathways, including PCa. However, a consensus on the implementation of radiomics has not been established across different sites, delaying its implementation in clinical practice. There are many potential advantages to radiomics. The ability to extract features from existing clinical imaging is one such advantage. A second is the empiric nature of the analysis. The third lies in the application of new technologies, such as machine learning, to be able to evaluate large quantities of data to make clinical conclusions. In this systematic review, we identify publications regarding the role of radiomics in PCa detection and evaluation. Many of these studies noted that radiomics, when incorporated into predictive models, had an advantageous impact on detection of PCa, clinically significant PCa, and extracapsular extension. This may assist in individualized decision making not only for diagnosis of PCa, but also for surveillance and surgical planning. With additional validation in large sample sizes, and randomized, multicenter studies using a consensus driven methodology, radiomics has the potential to alter the landscape of PCa detection and management, necessitating further prospective randomized investigation.

Summary
Radiomics is a promising new field, allowing for high-throughput analysis of imaging features for PCa detection and evaluation. These features can be extracted from existing data; therefore, the potential for future study is immense.
Blood Lead Testing Among Medically Underserved and Socially Vulnerable Children in the United States 2012-2017
Authors: Azofeifa Alejandro , Sripipatana Alek 
Published: September 2020

Context:
Lead poisoning can affect intellectual development, growth, hearing, and other health problems. Children 6 years or younger are particularly susceptible to lead poisoning. Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)–funded health centers (HCs) serve lower-income, minority, and vulnerable populations across the United States, who may be at a higher risk for lead exposure. At HCs, blood lead testing is monitored; however, little is known about testing rates and characteristics of children tested by HCs.

Objectives:
We assessed the prevalence and characteristics of children who received a blood lead test at HCs from 2012 to 2017.

Design:
We assessed characteristics of children 12 to 60 months of age who had a blood lead test using available self-reported data from HRSA's Health Center Patient Survey (2014-2015). In addition, using HRSA's Uniform Data System, an administrative performance data set, we calculated the annual percentage change of blood lead testing from 2012 to 2017.

Results:
During 2014-2015, 1.1 million (72.9%; 95% CI, 64.6-81.3) out of the 1.5 million (n = 365 unweighted) eligible children 12 to 60 months of age self-reported receiving a blood lead test at an HRSA-funded HC. There was a significant higher proportion of children with a blood lead test among urban HCs (74.1%; 95% CI, 59.4-88.8) and among those who reported HCs as their usual source of care (99.9%; 95% CI, 99.7-100) (P ≤ .05).
The total HC population of children younger than 72 months increased from 2 674 500 in 2012 to 2 989 184 in 2017, and we observed a 34.4% increase in blood lead testing at HRSA-funded HCs over the same time period.

Conclusions:
HCs play an important role in providing access to blood lead testing in underserved communities in the United States. While HRSA-funded HCs have made substantial efforts to screen and educate patients on lead exposure, nonetheless continued screening and education efforts with both health providers at HCs and parents/guardians are warranted to continue to improve blood lead screening rates among high-risk groups.
Classifying Community Organizational Health Communication Networks: Local Health Department Recognition of Public Information-Sharing Partners Across Sectors
Authors: Hoover Anna Goodman , Zephyr Pierre Dominique 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
Local health departments (LHDs) operate within complex, multisectoral organizational communication networks. Network composition may affect priorities, processes, and the reach of health information to key stakeholders. This study seeks to elucidate variation in local network structures to examine how different constellations may affect information sharing across audiences.

Design:
This study analyzes data from a 2016 US survey of 491 metropolitan LHDs and 556 nonmetropolitan LHDs. Researchers first conducted social network analysis of network density, defined as the total number of potential organizations contributing to a jurisdiction's health communication activities. Researchers then conducted logistic regression to compare the relationship between network density and reported health communication activities targeting 3 specific audiences: policy makers, lay publics, and mass media.

Results:
Three network types emerged on the basis of the number of organizations that contribute to health communication activities, with low-density Minimal networks more common in nonmetropolitan jurisdictions and higher-density Expanded and Robust networks more common in metropolitan jurisdictions. LHDs in Minimal networks were significantly less likely to communicate with policy makers, lay publics, and mass media than their counterparts in higher-density networks (P < .05).

Conclusions:
LHDs are embedded in organizational communication networks that vary in both the number of communication partners and the types of audiences reached. Examining their own local organizational communication networks may provide insights into LHDs that wish to improve the effectiveness of public health messaging. By adding organizational communication partners and reaching new audiences, LHDs in Minimal networks can expand the reach of messages designed to help policy makers, communities, and individuals promote health and prevent disease.
Central nervous system injury from novel cancer immunotherapies
Authors: Winter Sebastian F. , Vaios Eugene J. , Dietrich Jorg 
Published: September 2020

Purpose of review
Neurotoxicity from antineoplastic treatment remains a challenge in oncology. Cancer treatment-induced central nervous system (CNS) injury can be therapy-limiting, severely disabling, and even fatal. While emerging cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized oncology during the past decade, their immunomodulatory properties can cause immune-related adverse effects (IRAE) across organ systems, including the nervous system. Central neurologic IRAEs from chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are challenging complications of such therapies.
We aim to provide clinicians with a comprehensive review of the relevant forms of CAR-T and ICPI-associated CNS toxicity, focusing on clinical features of such complications, diagnostic workup, predictive biomarkers, and management considerations in affected patients.

Recent findings
Unique forms of CAR-T and ICPI-related CNS toxicity have been characterized in the recent literature. CAR-T-related neurotoxicity is common and clinically well delineated. ICPI-related CNS toxicity is relatively rare but includes a heterogenous spectrum of severe and diagnostically challenging conditions. While putative risk factors, neurotoxicity biomarkers, imaging correlates and treatment strategies have been put forward, development of tailored diagnostic and management consensus guidelines awaits further clinical investigation.

Summary
As CAR-T and ICPI become more widely adopted, early recognition, documentation, and management of immunotherapy-related CNS toxicity are of paramount importance in the clinical setting.
Tonic firing mode of midbrain dopamine neurons continuously tracks reward values changing moment-by-moment
Authors: Wang Yawei , Toyoshima Osamu , Kunimatsu Jun , Yamada Hiroshi , Matsumoto Masayuki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAppropriate actions are taken based on the values of future rewards. The phasic activity of midbrain dopamine neurons signals these values. Because reward values often change over time, even on a subsecond-by-subsecond basis, appropriate action selection requires continuous value monitoring. However, the phasic dopamine activity, which is sporadic and has a short duration, likely fails continuous monitoring. Here, we demonstrate a tonic firing mode of dopamine neurons that effectively tracks changing reward values. We recorded dopamine neuron activity in monkeys during a Pavlovian procedure in which the value of a cued reward gradually increased or decreased. Dopamine neurons tonically increased and decreased their activity as the reward value changed. This tonic activity was evoked more strongly by non-burst spikes than burst spikes producing a conventional phasic activity. Our findings suggest that dopamine neurons change their firing mode to effectively signal reward values, which could underlie action selection in changing environments.
Constrained brain volume in an efficient coding model explains the fraction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in sensory cortices
Authors: Alreja Arish , Nemenman Ilya , Rozell Christopher 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe number of neurons in mammalian cortex varies by multiple orders of magnitude across different species. In contrast, the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory neurons (E:I ratio) varies in a much smaller range, from 3:1 to 9:1 and remains roughly constant for different sensory areas within a species. Despite this structure being important for understanding the function of neural circuits, the reason for this consistency is not yet understood. While recent models of vision based on the efficient coding hypothesis show that increasing the number of both excitatory and inhibitory cells improves stimulus representation, the two cannot increase simultaneously due to constraints on brain volume. In this work, we implement an efficient coding model of vision under a volume (i.e., total number of neurons) constraint while varying the E:I ratio. We show that the performance of the model is optimal at biologically observed E:I ratios under several metrics. We argue that this happens due to trade-offs between the computational accuracy and the representation capacity for natural stimuli. Further, we make experimentally testable predictions that 1) the optimal E:I ratio should be higher for species with a higher sparsity in the neural activity and 2) the character of inhibitory synaptic distributions and firing rates should change depending on E:I ratio. Our findings, which are supported by our new preliminary analyses of publicly available data, provide the first quantitative and testable hypothesis based on optimal coding models for the distribution of neural types in the mammalian sensory cortices.
Dual strategies in human confidence judgments
Authors: Bertana Andrea , Chetverikov Andrey , van Bergen Ruben S. , Ling Sam , Jehee Janneke F.M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough confidence is commonly believed to be an essential element in decision making, it remains unclear what gives rise to one’s sense of confidence. Recent Bayesian theories propose that confidence is computed, in part, from the degree of uncertainty in sensory evidence. Alternatively, observers can use physical properties of the stimulus as a heuristic to confidence. In the current study, we developed ideal observer models for either hypothesis and compared their predictions against human data obtained from psychophysical experiments. Participants reported the orientation of a stimulus, and their confidence in this estimate, under varying levels of internal and external noise. As predicted by the Bayesian model, we found a consistent link between confidence and behavioral variability for a given stimulus orientation. Confidence was higher when orientation estimates were more precise, for both internal and external sources of noise. However, we observed the inverse pattern when comparing between stimulus orientations: although observers gave more precise orientation estimates for cardinal orientations (a phenomenon known as the oblique effect), they were more confident about oblique orientations. We show that these results are well explained by a strategy to confidence that is based on the perceived amount of noise in the stimulus. Altogether, our results suggest that confidence is not always computed from the degree of uncertainty in one’s perceptual evidence, but can instead be based on visual cues that function as simple heuristics to confidence.
Processing variables of direct-write, near-field electrospinning impact size and morphology of gelatin fibers
Authors: Davis Zachary G. , Hussain Aasim F. , Fisher Matthew B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSeveral biofabrication methods are being investigated to produce scaffolds that can replicate the structure of the extracellular matrix. Direct-write, near-field electrospinning of polymer solutions and melts is one such method which combines fine fiber formation with computer-guided control. Research with such systems has focused primarily on synthetic polymers. To better understand the behavior of biopolymers used for direct-writing, this project investigated changes in fiber morphology, size, and variability caused by varying gelatin and acetic acid concentration, as well as process parameters such as needle gauge and height, stage speed, and interfiber spacing. Increasing gelatin concentration at a constant acetic acid concentration improved fiber morphology from large, planar structures to small, linear fibers with a median of 2.3 μm. Further varying the acetic acid concentration at a constant gelatin concentration did not alter fiber morphology and diameter throughout the range tested. Varying needle gauge and height further improved the median fiber diameter to below 2 μm and variability of the first and third quartiles to within +/-1 μm of the median for the optimal solution combination of gelatin and acetic acid concentrations. Additional adjustment of stage speed did not impact the fiber morphology or diameter. Repeatable interfiber spacings down to 250 μm were shown to be capable with the system. In summary, this study illustrates the optimization of processing parameters for direct-writing of gelatin to produce fibers on the scale of collagen fibers. This system is thus capable of replicating the fibrous structure of musculoskeletal tissues with biologically relevant materials which will provide a durable platform for the analysis of single cell-fiber interactions to help better understand the impact scaffold materials and dimensions have on cell behavior.
Phytophthora sojaeeffector Avr1d functions as E2 competitor and inhibits ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 to facilitate infection
Authors: Lin Yachun , Hu Qinli , Zhou Jia , Yin Weixiao , Yao Deqiang , Shao Yuanyuan , Zhao Yao , Guo Baodian , Xia Yeqiang , Chen Qian , Wang Yan , Ye Wenwu , Xie Qi , Tyler Brett M. , Xing Weiman , Wang Yuanchao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOomycete pathogens such asPhytophthorasecrete a repertoire of effectors to host cells to manipulate host immunity and benefit infection. In this study, we found that an RxLR effector, Avr1d, promotedPhytophthora sojaeinfection in soybean hairy-roots. Using a yeast two-hybrid screen, we identified the soybean E3 ubiquitin ligase GmPUB13 as a host target for Avr1d. By co-immunoprecipitation, gel infiltration and ITC assays, we confirmed that Avr1d interacts with GmPUB13 bothin vivoandin vitro. Furthermore, we found that Avr1d inhibits the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. The crystal structure of Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 was solved and revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site for E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme on GmPUB13. In line with this, Avr1d competed with E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzymes for GmPUB13 bindingin vitro,thereby decreasing the E3 ligase activity of GmPUB13. Meanwhile, we found that inactivation of the ubiquitin ligase activity of GmPUB13 stabilized GmPUB13 by blocking GmPUB13 degradation. Silencing of GmPUB13 in soybean hairy-roots decreasedP. sojaeinfection, suggesting that GmPUB13 acts as a susceptibility factor, negatively regulating soybean resistance againstP. sojae. Altogether, this study highlights a novel virulence mechanism ofPhytophthoraeffectors, by which Avr1d competes with E2 for GmPUB13 binding to repress the GmPUB13 E3 ligase activity and thereby stabilizing the susceptibility factor GmPUB13 to facilitatePhytophthorainfection. This is the first study to unravel the structural basis for modulation of host targets byPhytophthoraeffectors and will be instrumental for boosting plant resistance breeding.Significance StatementUbiquitination acts as a crucial regulator in plant immunity. Accordingly, microbial pathogens secrete effectors to hijak host ubiquitination system. However, the molecular mechanisms by which microbial effectors modulate host ubiquitination system are not yet clear. Here, we found that thePhytophthora sojaeeffector Avr1d physically binds to the U-box type E3 ligase GmPUB13, a susceptibility factor in soybean. The crystal structure of Avr1d in complex with GmPUB13 revealed that Avr1d occupies the binding site in GmPUB13 for the E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme and competes with E2 for physical binding to GmPUB13. Avr1d stabilized GmPUB13 by suppressing the self-ubiquitination activity of GmPUB13 and thereby promotingPhytophthorainfection. This study provides structural basis for modulation of host targets byPhytophthoraeffectors.
Patients' perception of user involvement in psychiatric outpatient treatment: Associations with patient characteristics and satisfaction
Authors: Thimm Jens C. , Antonsen Liss , Malmedal Wenche 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe patient's right to be involved in treatment decisions is anchored in guidelines and legislation in many countries. Previous research suggests challenges in the implementation of user involvement across different areas of health care, including mental health. However, little is known about psychiatric outpatients’ experiences of being involved in their treatment.ObjectiveTo investigate how psychiatric outpatients after treatment rate the degree to which they were included in the treatment and explore the associations between perceived user involvement, demographic characteristics of the sample and patient satisfaction.DesignCross‐sectional.Setting and participantsThe sample consisted of 188 psychiatric outpatients (67% female, mean age 42.2 years) who were discharged in the two years prior to data collection.Main variables studiedPerceived user involvement in psychiatric outpatient treatment and patient satisfaction as measured by the Psychiatric Out‐Patient Experiences Questionnaire.ResultsAbout half of the participants rated the overall degree of involvement in their treatment as high or very high. The lowest percentage of participants reporting high or very high involvement was found for sufficient information to contribute to treatment decisions (36%). Female gender, higher education and, to a small degree, younger age were associated with more involvement. Perceived user involvement was strongly associated with treatment satisfaction.Discussion and conclusionThe findings suggest that user involvement in psychiatric outpatient treatment can be improved. Patient information that facilitates user involvement should be given more attention.Patient or Public ContributionThe hospital's user panel was involved in the development of items assessing user involvement.
Individual dynamics of delta–beta coupling: using a multilevel framework to examine inter‐ and intraindividual differences in relation to social anxiety and behavioral inhibition
Authors: Anaya Berenice , Vallorani Alicia M. , Pérez‐Edgar Koraly 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundVariation in EEG‐derived delta–beta coupling has recently emerged as a potential neural marker of emotion regulation, providing a novel and noninvasive method for assessing a risk factor for anxiety. However, our understanding of delta–beta coupling has been limited to group‐level comparisons, which provide limited information about an individual’s neural dynamics.MethodsThe present study used multilevel modeling to map second‐by‐second coupling patterns between delta and beta power. Specifically, we examined how inter‐ and intraindividual delta–beta coupling patterns changed as a function of social anxiety symptoms and temperamental behavioral inhibition (BI).ResultsWe found that stronger inter‐ and intraindividual delta–beta coupling were both associated with social anxiety. In contrast, the high‐BI group showed weaker coupling relative to the non‐BI group, a pattern that did not emerge when analyzing continuous scores of BI.ConclusionsIn characterizing inter‐ and intraindividual coupling across the sample, we illustrate the utility of examining neural processes across levels of analysis in relation to psychopathology to create multilevel assessments of functioning and risk.
PALEOENVIRONMENTAL AND MATURITY INDICATOR OF CEPU BLOCK OIL, WONOCOLO FORMATION, EAST JAVA-INDONESIA
Authors: Burhan R. Y. Perry , Zetra Yulfi , Amini Yuanita Aisyah 
Published: September 2020

Biomarkers identification of aromatic hydrocarbon fraction of Cepu oil samples was carried out to determine the ancient depositional environment, the source of origin and indicators of the maturity of the old well of the Cepu Block oil, Wonocolo Formation, East Java Indonesia. Biomarkers was identified through the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) method. The distribution of aromatic hydrocarbon biomarkers indicates the presence of naphthalene compounds and their derivatives, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and heterocyclic aromatic groups. The presence of identified biomarkers indicates the source of the oil organic compound coming from higher plants Angiosperms. The presence of methyl phenanthrene and aromatic heterocyclic biomarkers such as dibenzothiophene and dibenzofuran , as well as fluorene shows that Cepu Block oil was deposited not only in the terrestrial environment, but also lacustrine and marin under oxidic precipitation conditions. The presence of methyl phenanthrene with MPI value of 0.86 and isocadalene abundance higher than cadalene indicates moderate to high maturity of the Cepu Block oil analyzed. Keywords: Cepu Block oil, aromatic hydrocarbon, biomarker, paleoenvironment, GC-MS analysis.