bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Contact Resistance between Electrode and Current Collector
Authors: Sederholm Jarom Glen , Vogel John E. , Mazzeo Brian , Wheeler Dean 
Published: February 2020

Contact resistance between the battery film and its current collector should be minimized in order to fully optimize battery electrodes. Increased resistance results from any factor limiting electrons from transitioning between the current collector and porous electrode materials, such as increased pockets of void space, depletion of conductive additive, or formation of resistive corrosion products.
This work explores the effect on contact resistance of changes in battery aging, treatment, and film drying rates. The levels of aging include uncycled, lightly cycled, and heavily cycled electrodes. Battery treatment comparison is between the films treated with and without the commonly used oxalic acid [1]. The drying rates are varied through use of three different drying temperatures. Measurement of contact resistance is done using a four-contact microprobe previously utilized by our group [2]. Results from this measurement require a computer model to interpret. We will also compare resistance to peel strength test results.
An understanding of conditions affecting contact resistance allows one to decrease contact resistance of battery electrodes during various production stages and know to what degree aging will affect battery performance.
[1] Zhi Zhu et al. Journal of Power Sources
224, 13-19 (2012).
[2]J.E. Vogel et al. Electrochimica Acta
297, 820-825 (2019).
Electrochemical Aperture Enabling Rapid Delivery of Liquid Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Reserve Batteries
Authors: Liu Danny X. , Snyder Stephen , Hall Timothy D. , Inman Maria , Taylor E. J. 
Published: February 2020

Reserve batteries fulfill a unique role among energy storage technologies in which long-term shelf life (years, decades) is required while ensuring optimal performance upon activation. This is typically achieved through isolation of the electroactive components until battery operation is required. Commonly, the electrolyte is isolated from one or both electrodes, and thus, limiting premature degradation and parasitic side-reactions until battery activation is desired. During the reserve battery activation process, electrolyte is delivered to the electrode(s), which enable ionic conduction between the anode and cathode, and thus permitting normal operations analogous to a non-reserve design.
The feasible activation mechanisms are largely determined by battery chemistries and material properties, which give rise to several classifications including: thermal, spin-activated, and gas-activated reserve type batteries. Reserve battery activation under these various classifications require ancillary components and/or specific conditions which contribute excess complexity, weight, and/or volume towards the overall battery design and thus, significant penalties in reliability, specific and/or volumetric densities are incurred. Improvements in reserve battery technology must include strategies for limiting these penalties through innovated electrolyte delivery designs tailored for modern, high-energy, high-power density lithium-based batteries.
Herein, we report a novel electrolyte delivery mechanism facilitated by an electrochemical aperture. The electrochemical aperture exists as a physical barrier, isolating the liquid, lithium-containing electrolyte. Reserve battery activation proceeds via lithium transport to/from the electrochemical aperture, thus inducing physical transformations which permit liquid electrolyte permeation and delivery through the aperture and into the appropriate compartment, thus establishing ionic conduction between the anode and cathode. The accompanying figure highlights the lithium electrochemical aperture (LiECA) in a 3-electrode cell. During the inactive period (a), liquid electrolyte is isolated by the LiECA and stored within the cathode compartment. Electrochemical transport of lithium between the LiECA (b) and cathode induces aperture opening and injecting electrolyte into the anode compartment (c), and ultimately resulting in battery activation and operation.
Acknowledgements: Faraday Technology acknowledges the technical assistance of Dr. Joseph P. Fellner at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB (Dayton, OH) under Air Force Contract No. FA8650-19-P2024 (Phase I SBIR program).

Figure 1
(Battery Division Postdoctoral Associate Research Award sponsored by MTI Corporation and the Jiang Family Foundation) Toward the Stable and Reversible Lattice Oxygen Redox in Li-Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Meng Shirley , Zhang Minghao 
Published: February 2020

Conventional wisdom on utilizing cation redox in intercalation materials for energy storage has been challenged by a new class of cathode materials where oxygen anions actively participate in the reversible electrochemical reaction. This type of Li-rich layered oxides (LRLO) have captured great interests in the field of energy storage materials as they are considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for future high energy density lithium-ion and lithium metal batteries. However, the activation of solid-state oxygen redox reaction usually causes some detrimental effects on the electrochemical performance (e.g., O2 loss, voltage fade) preventing the practical application of LRLO (Y. S. Meng et al., Nature Energy, 2018, 3, 641-647; X. Yu et al., Nature Energy, 2018, 3, 690-698). Till now, the charge-compensation mechanism associated with oxygen reduction/oxidation is still under fierce debate. For instance, J.M. Tarascon et al. proposed the presence of peroxo-like species (O2
n-, O-O: 2.45 Å) in lattice oxygen redox based on the research results of 4d/5d-TM LRLO (Science, 2015, 350, 1516-1521; Nature Materials, 2017, 16, 580-586). In contrast, P. Bruce et al. clearly demonstrated that there is no peroxide species formed in 3d-TM LRLO (Nature Chemistry, 2016, 8, 684-691). The controversial viewpoints regarding oxygen reduction/oxidation at solid state may be originated from the intrinsic complexity of this class of materials and the limitations of the characterization techniques.
Our work reveals the origin of stable and reversible lattice oxygen redox in 3d TM LRLO, specifically, the localized structure distortion (i.e., short O-O pairs) accompanying the oxygen redox is favorable for the stability of the average layered lattice structure, maintaining the high-voltage character and topotactic structure-reversibility of LRLO. With a model compound (Li1.2Mn0.54Co0.13Ni0.13O2), we for the first time observe a local occurrence of short O-O pair (~2.39 Å) concomitant with the lattice oxygen redox via neutron pair distribution function. It was found that the distance of this short O-O pair is very similar to that of O-O dimer in peroxo-like species, but our quantum mechanical calculation results suggest that the bonding nature of this short O-O pair (in which potential π-type overlap dominated) is quite different from that of peroxo-like O-O dimer (in which σ-type bond formed). Based on these understandings in our work, an optimization guidance for LRLO is unambiguously presented: designing a robust layered structure with high-covalency TMs while constructing a flexible local structure (e.g., honeycomb structure) with high-ionicity TMs to accommodate the local distortion induced by oxygen redox, thus achieving the reversible high energy density in LRLO.

Figure 1
Understanding the Role of Fluoroethylene Carbonate As a Electrolyte Additive in Silicon Anode Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Pathak Anil Daliprasad , Samanta Kousik , Sahu Kisor Kumar , Pati Soobhankar 
Published: February 2020

Silicon is regarded as one of the most promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). It has a high theoretical capacity of 3579 mAh/g. In order to make silicon commercially viable, the two key challenges need to be addressed: high volume expansion during lithiation/delithiation process and formation of unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) at the silicon-electrolyte interface. Specially, to address the unstable SEI formation, different types of strategies are adopted such as; use of carbon coated silicon surface, use of nano-silicon materials, modification of the binder and use of additive in the electrolyte. Previous studies have reported1,2 that the fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) additive improves the performance of the silicon anode. Although research efforts are focused on understanding the cause of improvement in the performance of LIBs with FEC electrolyte additive, the underlying mechanism mostly remains unclear.
In this work, we studied the effect of FEC additive on the performance silicon anode in half as well as the full-cell configuration of LIBs comprising NMC cathode and attempted to find the underlying mechanism. To complement the experimental results, we provide key insights from the first principle to uncover the role of FEC additive in silicon anode LIBs.

References

1. Dalavi, S., Guduru, P., & Lucht, B. L. (2012). Performance enhancing electrolyte additives for lithium ion batteries with silicon anodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159(5), A642-A646.
2. Nakai, H., Kubota, T., Kita, A., & Kawashima, A. (2011). Investigation of the solid electrolyte interphase formed by fluoroethylene carbonate on Si electrodes. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 158(7), A798-A801.
Synthetic Vs. Real Driving Cycles: A Comparison of EV Battery Degradation
Authors: Baure George , Dubarry Matthieu 
Published: February 2020

Automobile dependency and the inexorable proliferation of electric vehicles (EV) compels accurate predictions of cycle life across multiple usage conditions and for multiple lithium-ion battery systems.
Synthetic driving cycles have been essential in accumulating data on EV battery lifetimes. However, since battery deterioration is path-dependent, the representability of synthetic cycles must be questioned. Hence, this work compared three different synthetic driving cycles to real-driving data in terms of mimicking actual EV battery degradation.
It was found that the average current and charge capacity during discharge were important parameters in determining the appropriate synthetic profile and traffic conditions have a significant impact on cell lifetimes. In addition, a stage of accelerated capacity fade was observed and shown to be induced by an increased loss of lithium inventory (LLI) resulting from irreversible Li plating. New metrics, the ratio of the loss of active material at the negative electrode (LAMNE) to the LLI and the plating threshold, were proposed as possible predictors for a stage of accelerated degradation.
The results presented here demonstrate tracking properties such as capacity loss and resistance increase were insufficient in predicting cell lifetimes and support the adoption of metrics based on the analysis of degradation modes.
Environmental Perspective of Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Ahamed Ashiq , Lisak Grzegorz , Bobacka Johan 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical sensors are increasingly used in portable single-use clinical, process and environmental quality monitoring systems. Commercially viable and scientifically reliable analyses require sensors that are easy to use and low cost, require limited maintenance, possess high selectivity and sensitivity towards the analyte, and have potential to be mass-produced. Thus, the current research focuses on sensors development to address all of the above mentioned requirements. On the other hand, owing to the increasing number of sensor applications, the spent sensors are identified as an emerging type of waste. The materials used for manufacturing of sensors are in most cases derived from fossil, often scarce sources, e.g. transition metals and carbon. Moreover, these materials are expensive and bear high carbon footprint.
In this work, we explore the use of waste-derived carbon material, such as CNTs, in order to decrease the environmental burden associated with the application of fossil derived carbon. The CNTs were produced from residues, e.g. waste plastics, which are abundant, inexpensive, and bear low or negative carbon footprint. This paper identifies the waste-derived CNTs as an environment-friendly alternative for use in sensors as they exhibited comparable performance to commercial carbon nanotubes and metal-based electrodes. The proposed alternative material provides valuable insights to the research and development of environmentally friendly alternatives for the sensor design and application.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Carbon Using Waste Orange Peel As an Anode Material for Potassium-Ion Batteries with Long Cyclability
Authors: Verma Rakesh , Park Chan-Jin 
Published: February 2020

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as the most promising candidate due to their low cost and high safety to replace the Li-ion batteries. However, current graphite anode cannot encounter the demands for high storage capacity and low cost, which are required for the commercial PIBs. Thus, it is needed to discover porous carbon anode material with high capacity, longer cycle life, low cost, and environment friendless for PIBs. Porous carbon is regarded as an attractive anode material for PIBs due to its high conductivity, chemical stability, and expanded interlayer spacing, which can helpful to accommodate more K-ions. In particular, biomass derived porous carbon has the advantages as a renewable and low cost carbon source. It can also provide excellent 3-D porous nanostructure for high storage capacity and long cyclability in batteries. Among the biomass wastes, 15.6 million tons of orange peel is discarded every year. It may be very useful if we can use these wastes as a resource for an electrode of batteries. Orange peel is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin, which are known as excellent carbon precursors.
In this study, we fabricated mesoporous carbon from orange peel through a facile one step carbonization approach without introducing extra activation agents. The mesoporous carbon displayed the first discharge and charge capacities of 408 and 224 mAh g-1, respectively, corresponding to a Coulombic efficiency of 55%. Even after 100 cycles, the electrode maintained a high capacity 210 mA g-1. When the specific current is further increased to 200 mA g-1, the high specific capacity of 150 mA g-1 was still achieved, which corresponds to a capacity retention of 80% after 2000 cycles. This superior cycling stability is attributed to the improved ionic diffusion kinetics and electronic conductivity resulting from the mesoporous structure and large interlayer spacing. Furthermore, a full cell composed of mesoporous carbon anode and potassium Prussian blue cathode displayed an adequate electrochemical performance.
Single Lithium-Ion Conducting Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Park Sodam , Jeong Kihun , Lee Sang-Young 
Published: February 2020

The demands for high-energy density power sources are growing from the beginning on the advent of portable devices. Since the beginning, liquid electrolyte was adopted owing to their high ionic conductivity, excellent wetting to electrode components. However, liquid electrolyte contains risks since it exhibits highly flammable and sometimes explosive characteristics. To resolve safety issue for demanded high-energy density batteries, all-solid-state battery, which utilizes solid electrolyte instead of liquid electrolyte, hold particular promise as solid-state electrolytes feature low flammability and highly compaction nature for high-energy density battery performance.
So far, all-solid-state batteries have generally been powered using inorganic sulfides/oxides or polymer-based electrolyte. In addition to these conventional approaches, solid-state Li-ion conductors based on porous crystalline materials (i. e. covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)) have garnered attention due to their directional ion conduction pathways through the ordered pores and versatile structural design. Porous crystalline materials, however, additionally incorporate lithium salts and/or solvents inside the pores of frameworks so that these COFs or MOFs act as conducting medium, not solid-state ion conductors in specific. Herein, we demonstrate a lithium sulfonated covalent organic framework (denoted as TpPa-SO3Li) as a solvent-free, single lithium-ion conductors. Benefiting from the well-designed directional ion channels, high number density of lithium-ions, and covalently tethered anion groups, TpPa-SO3Li exhibits an ionic conductivity of 2.7 × 10–5 S cm–1 with a lithium-ion transference number of 0.9 at room temperature, and an activation energy of 0.18 eV. Moreover, unusual ion transport phenomena of TpPa-SO3Li allow reversible and stable lithium plating/stripping on lithium metal electrodes. These features show promising results to be adopted in next-generation all-solid-state batteries and also demonstrate potential usage for lithium metal batteries.
Li7La3Zr2O12-PEO Composite Electrolytes and the Role of Interface Resistance
Authors: Langer Frederieke , Bardenhagen Ingo , Brogioli Doriano , Schwenzel Julian , Kun Robert , La Mantia Fabio 
Published: February 2020

Composite electrolytes consisting of both polymer and ceramic solid state electrolytes have recently received more attention because of their potential to combine high ionic conductivity, facile interface formation and simplified processing compared to conventional ceramic processing routes.
Ceramics (e.g. Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)) show high ionic conductivity, but processing the materials into thin membranes is challenging. Energy consuming sintering steps are necessary to obtain dense specimen. In addition, ceramics are brittle, posing further challenges on subsequent processing steps. Polymer electrolytes (e.g. based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)) are facile to prepare by tape casting method and offer flexibility; however, ionic conductivities are lower compared to inorganic materials. Hence, combining both materials forming a composite electrolyte may be a solution.
Here, we present the preparation of composite electrolytes consisting of LLZO and PEO based polymer electrolyte with high weight fractions of LLZO. The composites are investigated with regard to their electrochemical properties, paying special attention to the interface between ceramic and polymer. A model system is used to determine the interface resistance between LLZO and PEO as a function polymer electrolyte composition using both experimental and computational methods.
Lithium Dendrite Growth in All-Solid-State Batteries Based on Li-Argyrodite Li6PS5cl
Authors: Schlenker Ruth , Stępień Dominik , Koch Pascal , Hupfer Thomas , Indris Sylvio , Ehrenberg Helmut 
Published: February 2020

In the recent years, all-solid-state batteries have attracted much attention as they are safer in terms of flammability compared to liquid electrolyte systems. There are polymer, oxidic, and sulfidic solid electrolytes with advantages and disadvantages. One major advantage of sulfidic electrolytes is their high ionic conductivity at room temperature which is even comparable with that of liquid electrolytes. Another feature is the possible usability of lithium anodes in this system which leads to very high energy density. One major challenge of the lithium metal anode is the formation and growth of lithium dendrites which results in short circuits. A lot of research is done to prevent dendrite growth but more research is needed to understand the actual dendrite growth mechanism [1].
In our work we analyzed the reasons for increase of overpotentials that is very likely related to lithium dendrite growth in symmetric lithium metal cells with solid electrolyte Li6PS5Cl. In a three-electrode set up, the interface of a lithium symmetric cell is analyzed during stripping and plating with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The changes of the resistance contributions are discussed in terms of possible major mechanisms that are involved in lithium dendrite growth. Furthermore, the plating behavior of lithium is investigated which gives insight into possible onset for lithium dendrite growth.

Reference
s
:

[1] Xin-Bing Cheng, Rui Zhang, Chen-Zi Zhao, and Qiang Zhang, Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review, Chem. Rev. 2017, 117, 10403−10473.
High-Throughput Electrochemical Testing of Positive Electrode for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Potts Karlie , McCalla Eric 
Published: February 2020

In the search for high-energy Li-ion positive electrodes, the layered lithium NMC oxides have been extensively studied. Despite wide interest in this system, the phase diagram remained poorly understood until recently, which resulted in many conflicting reports in the literature. Combinatorial synthesis, coupled with X-ray diffraction was used to determine the phase diagrams under various synthetic conditions [1-2]. The unexpected complexity seen in this system included multiple 3-phase regions that transform during cooling along with boundaries to single phase regions which also shift during cooling. Even with a deepened understanding of the structural phase diagram, there is still minimal knowledge of how the electrochemical properties evolve across these complex phase spaces. Herein, we adapt a high-throughput electrochemical testing system wherein 64 samples are cycled simultaneously in order to measure the cycling of mg-scale powder combinatorial samples. The methodology involves using a solution-dispensing robot to make the samples by co-precipitation synthesis, followed by high temperature annealing. The samples are subsequently mounted in the combinatorial electrochemical cell and cycled simultaneously. Figure 1 shows cyclic voltammograms obtained for identical LiCoO2 samples (weighing at most 2.5 mg) in the combinatorial cell. A remarkable level of consistency is achieved in comparison to published cyclic voltammograms for LiCoO2 [3]. The described methodology allows for the determination of specific capacity, with an RSD approaching 10%. Given that these combinatorial samples are powders, synthesized using methods comparable to those used commercially, the results scale-up very well. The proof-of-concept of this novel high-throughput electrochemical technique will be presented, exploring the level of precision that can be achieved for important electrochemical metrics (redox potential, specific capacity, irreversible capacity, voltage during storage experiments, etc.). Preliminary results from this combinatorial electrochemistry methodology using the Li-Mn-Ni-O system will be displayed, and the ramifications of electrochemically probing this critical composition space will be examined.
[1] McCalla, E., Rowe, A. W., Shunmugasundaram, R., & Dahn, J. R. (2013). Structural study of the Li–Mn–Ni oxide Pseudoternary system of interest for positive electrodes of Li-ion batteries. Chemistry of Materials, 25(6), 989-999.
[2] Brown, C. R., McCalla, E., Watson, C., & Dahn, J. R. (2015). Combinatorial study of the Li–Ni–Mn–Co oxide pseudoquaternary system for use in Li–Ion battery materials research. ACS combinatorial science, 17(6), 381-391.
[3] Cho, J., Kim, Y.J., Park, P. (2001). LiCoO2 cathode material that does not show a phase transition from hexagonal to monoclinic phase. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 148(10), A1110-A1115
Figure 1: Cyclic voltammetry of LiCoO2 performed in the high-throughput electrochemical testing system

Figure 1