bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel coronavirus disease in patients with end‐stage kidney disease
Authors: Shimada Noriaki , Shimada Hiroaki , Itaya Yoshiaki , Tomino Yasuhiko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease outbreak started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has since spread rapidly worldwide. As almost all patients with end‐stage kidney disease have been treated with HD in Japan, they have a higher risk of infection than the healthy population. Moreover, the complications of renal failure, such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, appear to be a risk factor of death owing to novel coronavirus disease. The reported morbidity and mortality rates of novel coronavirus disease are significantly higher in dialysis patients than in the healthy population. No treatment for novel coronavirus disease has yet been developed; thus, countermeasures to prevent the spread of coronavirus disease in dialysis facilities must be rapidly established. The latest findings on novel coronavirus disease in patients with end‐stage kidney disease and the guidelines for countermeasures against the spread of novel coronavirus disease worldwide are summarized in this review.
Parametric Insurance for Solar Geoengineering: Insights from the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative
Authors: Horton Joshua B. , Lefale Penehuro , Keith David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSolar geoengineering (SG) entails using technology to modify the Earth's radiative balance to offset some of the climate changes caused by long‐lived greenhouse gases. Parametric insurance, which delivers payouts when specific physical indices (such as wind speed) cross predefined thresholds, was recently proposed by two of us as a compensation mechanism for SG with the potential to ease disagreements about the technology and to facilitate cooperative deployment; we refer to this proposal as reduced‐rate climate risk insurance for solar geoengineering, or ‘RCG’. Here we probe the plausibility of RCG by exploring the Pacific Catastrophe Risk Assessment and Financing Initiative (PCRAFI), a sovereign risk pool providing parametric insurance coverage against tropical cyclones and earthquakes/tsunamis to Pacific island countries since 2013. Tracing the history of PCRAFI and considering regional views on insurance as compensation necessitates reconfiguring RCG in a way that shifts the focus away from bargaining between developed and developing countries toward bargaining among developed countries. This revised version of RCG is challenged by an assumption of broad developed country support for sovereign climate insurance in the developing world, but it also better reflects the underlying incentive structure and distribution of power.
Elevated miR‐124‐3p in the aging colon disrupts mucus barrier and increases susceptibility to colitis by targeting T‐synthase
Authors: Huang Li , Sun Ting‐yi , Hu Liang‐jun , Hu Shi‐long , Sun Hai‐mei , Zhao Fu‐qian , Wu Bo , Yang Shu , Ji Feng‐qing , Zhou De‐shan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe risk of colitis and colorectal cancer increases markedly throughout adult life, endangering the health and lives of elderly individuals. Previous studies have proposed that bacterial translocation and infection are the main risk factors for these diseases. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to identify the underlying mechanism by focusing on the mucus barrier function and mucin‐type O‐glycosylation. We evaluated alterations in the colon mucus layer in 2‐, 16‐, and 24‐month‐old mice and aged humans. Aged colons showed defective intestinal mucosal barrier and changed mucus properties. The miR‐124‐3p expression level was significantly increased in the aged distal colonic mucosa, which was accompanied by an increase in pathogens and bacterial translocation. Meanwhile, T‐synthase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in O‐glycosylation, displayed an age‐related decline in protein expression. Further experiments indicated that miR‐124‐3p modulated O‐glycosylation by directly targeting T‐synthase. Moreover, young mice overexpressing miR‐124‐3p exhibited abnormal glycosylation, early‐onset, and more severe colitis. These data suggest that miR‐124‐3p predisposes to senile colitis by reducing T‐synthase, and the miR‐124‐3p/T‐synthase/O‐glycans axis plays an essential role in maintaining the physiochemical properties of colonic mucus and intestinal homeostasis.
Understanding people’s responses toward predators in the Indian Himalaya
Authors: Bhatia S. , Suryawanshi K. , Redpath S. M. , Mishra C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResearch on human–wildlife interactions has largely focused on the magnitude of wildlife‐caused damage, and the patterns and correlates of human attitudes and behaviors. We assessed the role of five pathways through which various correlates potentially influence human responses toward wild animals, namely, value orientation, social interactions (i.e. social cohesion and support), dependence on resources such as agriculture and livestock, risk perception and nature of interaction with the wild animal. We specifically evaluated their influence on people’s responses toward two large carnivores, the snow leopard Panthera uncia and the wolf Canis lupus in an agropastoral landscape in the Indian Trans‐Himalaya. We found that the nature of the interaction (location, impact and length of time since an encounter or depredation event), and risk perception (cognitive and affective evaluation of the threat posed by the animal) had a significant influence on attitudes and behaviors toward the snow leopard. For wolves, risk perception and social interactions (the relationship of people with local institutions and inter‐community dynamics) were significant. Our findings underscore the importance of interventions that reduce people’s threat perceptions from carnivores, improve their connection with nature and strengthen the conservation capacity of local institutions especially in the context of wolves.
Cutaneous mastocytosis: A dermatological perspective
Authors: Di Raimondo Cosimo , Del Duca Ester , Silvaggio Dionisio , Di Prete Monia , Lombardo Paolo , Mazzeo Mauro , Spallone Giulia , Campione Elena , Botti Elisabetta , Bianchi Luca 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMastocytosis is a rare disease characterised by expansion and collection of clonal mast cells in various organs including the skin, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes and gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of mastocytosis has been estimated to be one in 10 000, while the estimated incidence is one per 100 000 people per year. Cutaneous mastocytosis is classified into (i) maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis, also known as urticaria pigmentosa; (ii) diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis; and (iii) mastocytoma of the skin. In adults, cutaneous lesions are usually associated with indolent systemic mastocytosis and have a chronic evolution. Paediatric patients, on the contrary, have often cutaneous manifestations without systemic involvement and usually experience a spontaneous regression. Diagnosis of cutaneous mastocytosis may be challenging due to the rarity of the disease and the overlap of cutaneous manifestations. This short review describes pathogenesis and clinical aspects of cutaneous mastocytosis with a focus on diagnosis and currently available therapies.
Commentary on Dermoscopy as a complementary tool for positive margin demarcation on the Mohs' map
Authors: Ocampo‐Garza Sonia Sofía , Ocampo‐Candiani Jorge , Orizaga‐Y‐Quiroga Thelma Laura , Garza‐Rodríguez Verónica 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a technique that allows removal of complex or ill‐defined skin cancer, combining tissue preservation and complete microscopic margin control. One of the main challenges of Mohs surgery is to illustrate the exact location of the tumour detected by light microscope. Using a dermoscope allows a fast, easy, reproducible way to accurately illustrate the location of a positive tumour on the Mohs map and ultimately transpose it to the surgical defect of the patient in a more precise way.
Voluntary Audit Committees and Financial Reporting: Korean Evidence*
Authors: Doo Seoyoung , Yoon Sung‐Soo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigates whether and how a regulatory change in the appointment procedure of audit committees affects firms’ choice of an auditor or a voluntary audit committee. It also investigates whether voluntary audit committees improve earnings quality. We find that relatively larger medium‐sized firms with high ownership concentration establish voluntary audit committees to reinforce the control of major shareholders and that these audit committees do not improve financial reporting. Our result that audit committees do not necessarily improve financial reporting calls for policymakers and capital market participants to devote greater attention to audit committee appointments.
Extracellular vesicles and their potential role inducing changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nair Soumyalekshmi , Ormazabal Valeska , Lappas Martha , McIntyre H. David , Salomon Carlos 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common endocrine disorders during gestation and affects around 15% of all pregnancies worldwide, paralleling the global increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Normal pregnancies are critically dependent on the development of maternal insulin resistance balanced by an increased capacity to secrete insulin, which allows for the allocation of nutrients for adequate foetal growth and development. Several factors including placental hormones, inflammatory mediators and nutrients have been proposed to alter insulin sensitivity and insulin response and underpin the pathological outcomes of GDM. However, other factors may also be involved in the regulation of maternal metabolism and a complete understanding of GDM pathophysiology requires the identification of these factors, and the mechanisms associated with them. Recent studies highlight the potential utility of tissue‐specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the diagnosis of disease onset and treatment monitoring for several pregnancy‐related complications, including GDM. To date, there is a paucity of data defining changes in the release, content, bioactivity and diagnostic utility of circulating EVs in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Placental EVs may engage in paracellular interactions including local cell‐to‐cell communication between the cell constituents of the placenta and contiguous maternal tissues, and/or distal interactions involving the release of placental EVs into biological fluids and their transport to a remote site of action. Hence, the aim of this review is to discuss the biogenesis, isolation methods and role of EVs in the physiopathology of GDM, including changes in maternal insulin sensitivity during pregnancy.
Adult‐onset eosinophilic airway diseases
Authors: Asano Koichiro , Ueki Shigeharu , Tamari Mayumi , Imoto Yoshimasa , Fujieda Shigeharu , Taniguchi Masami 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEosinophilic airway inflammation is one of the cardinal features of allergic airway diseases such as atopic asthma and allergic rhinitis. These childhood‐onset conditions are mediated by allergen and allergen‐specific IgE and often accompanied by other allergic diseases including food allergy and eczema. They can develop consecutively in the same patient, which is referred to as an allergic march. In contrast, some phenotypes of asthma, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs‐exacerbated airway disease (N‐ERD), chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP)/eosinophilic CRS and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis/mycosis (ABPA/ABPM) are adult‐onset airway diseases, which are characterized by prominent peripheral blood eosinophilia. Most of these conditions, except for ABPA/ABPM, are nonatopic, and the coexistence of multiple diseases, including an adult‐onset eosinophilic systemic disease, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), is common. In this review, we focus on eosinophil biology, genetics and clinical characteristics and the pathophysiology of adult‐onset eosinophilic asthma, N‐ERD, CRSwNP/eosinophilic CRS, ABPA/ABPM and EGPA, while exploring the common genetic, immunological and pathological conditions among these adult‐onset eosinophilic diseases.
Longitudinal egg‐specific regulatory T‐ and B‐cell development: Insights from primary prevention clinical trials examining the timing of egg introduction
Authors: Lai Catherine L. , Campbell Dianne E. , Palmer Debra J. , Makrides Maria , Santner‐Nanan Brigitte , Gold Michael , Tan John Wei‐Liang , Valerio Carol , Nanan Ralph , Prescott Susan L. , Hsu Peter S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundEgg allergy affects almost 1 in 10 Australian infants. Early egg introduction has been associated with a reduced risk in developing egg allergy; however, the immune mechanisms underlying this protection remain unclear.ObjectiveTo examine the role of regulatory immune cells in tolerance induction during early egg introduction.MethodsCryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from infants from 2 randomized controlled trials of early introduction of egg for the primary prevention of egg allergy; BEAT (at 12 months, n = 42) and STEP (at 5 months n = 82; 12 months n = 82) study cohorts. In vitro ovalbumin‐stimulated PBMC were analyzed by flow cytometry for presence of ovalbumin‐specific regulatory T cells, using activation markers, FoxP3, and IL‐10 expression. Ovalbumin‐specific regulatory B cells were identified by co‐expression of fluorescence‐conjugated ovalbumin and IL‐10.ResultsSpecific, age‐dependent expansion of ovalbumin‐specific regulatory T cells was only observed in infants who (a) had early egg introduction and (b) did not have egg allergy at 12 months. This expansion was blunted or impaired in children who did not undergo early egg introduction and in those with clinical egg allergy at 12 months. Infants with egg allergy at 12 months of age also had reduced frequency of ovalbumin‐specific regulatory B cells compared to egg‐tolerant infants.ConclusionEarly egg introduction and clinical tolerance to egg were associated with expansion of ovalbumin‐specific T and B regulatory cells, which may be an important developmental process for tolerance acquisition to food allergens.
Antibody dynamics to SARS‐CoV‐2 in asymptomatic COVID‐19 infections
Authors: Lei Qing , Li Yang , Hou Hong‐yan , Wang Feng , Ouyang Zhu‐qing , Zhang Yandi , Lai Dan‐yun , Banga Ndzouboukou Jo‐Lewis , Xu Zhao‐wei , Zhang Bo , Chen Hong , Xue Jun‐biao , Lin Xiao‐song , Zheng Yun‐xiao , Yao Zong‐jie , Wang Xue‐ning , Yu Cai‐zheng , Jiang He‐wei , Zhang Hai‐nan , Qi Huan , Guo Shu‐juan , Huang Sheng‐hai , Sun Zi‐yong , Tao Sheng‐ce , Fan Xiong‐lin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe missing asymptomatic COVID‐19 infections have been overlooked because of the imperfect sensitivity of the nucleic acid testing (NAT). Globally understanding the humoral immunity in asymptomatic carriers will provide scientific knowledge for developing serological tests, improving early identification, and implementing more rational control strategies against the pandemic.MeasureUtilizing both NAT and commercial kits for serum IgM and IgG antibodies, we extensively screened 11 766 epidemiologically suspected individuals on enrollment and 63 asymptomatic individuals were detected and recruited. Sixty‐three healthy individuals and 51 mild patients without any preexisting conditions were set as controls. Serum IgM and IgG profiles were further probed using a SARS‐CoV‐2 proteome microarray, and neutralizing antibody was detected by a pseudotyped virus neutralization assay system. The dynamics of antibodies were analyzed with exposure time or symptoms onset.ResultsA combination test of NAT and serological testing for IgM antibody discovered 55.5% of the total of 63 asymptomatic infections, which significantly raises the detection sensitivity when compared with the NAT alone (19%). Serum proteome microarray analysis demonstrated that asymptomatics mainly produced IgM and IgG antibodies against S1 and N proteins out of 20 proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2. Different from strong and persistent N‐specific antibodies, S1‐specific IgM responses, which evolved in asymptomatic individuals as early as the seventh day after exposure, peaked on days from 17 days to 25 days, and then disappeared in two months, might be used as an early diagnostic biomarker. 11.8% (6/51) mild patients and 38.1% (24/63) asymptomatic individuals did not produce neutralizing antibody. In particular, neutralizing antibody in asymptomatics gradually vanished in two months.ConclusionOur findings might have important implications for the definition of asymptomatic COVID‐19 infections, diagnosis, serological survey, public health, and immunization strategies.
False individual patient data and zombie randomised controlled trials submitted to Anaesthesia
Authors: Carlisle J. B. 
Published: October 2020

SummaryConcerned that studies contain false data, I analysed the baseline summary data of randomised controlled trials when they were submitted to Anaesthesia from February 2017 to March 2020. I categorised trials with false data as ‘zombie’ if I thought that the trial was fatally flawed. I analysed 526 submitted trials: 73 (14%) had false data and 43 (8%) I categorised zombie. Individual patient data increased detection of false data and categorisation of trials as zombie compared with trials without individual patient data: 67/153 (44%) false vs. 6/373 (2%) false; and 40/153 (26%) zombie vs. 3/373 (1%) zombie, respectively. The analysis of individual patient data was independently associated with false data (odds ratio (95% credible interval) 47 (17–144); p = 1.3 × 10−12) and zombie trials (odds ratio (95% credible interval) 79 (19–384); p = 5.6 × 10−9). Authors from five countries submitted the majority of trials: China 96 (18%); South Korea 87 (17%); India 44 (8%); Japan 35 (7%); and Egypt 32 (6%). I identified trials with false data and in turn categorised trials zombie for: 27/56 (48%) and 20/56 (36%) Chinese trials; 7/22 (32%) and 1/22 (5%) South Korean trials; 8/13 (62%) and 6/13 (46%) Indian trials; 2/11 (18%) and 2/11 (18%) Japanese trials; and 9/10 (90%) and 7/10 (70%) Egyptian trials, respectively. The review of individual patient data of submitted randomised controlled trials revealed false data in 44%. I think journals should assume that all submitted papers are potentially flawed and editors should review individual patient data before publishing randomised controlled trials.
Infections and nutritional status of internationally adopted children in France
Authors: Goutines Juliette , Miller Laurie C. , Sorge Frederic 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimIn the context of global changes in the epidemiology of internationally adopted children (IACs), the prevalence of infectious diseases and nutritional impairment has not been recently reviewed. Moreover, in France, these characteristics of the children according to their continents of origin and preadoption special needs (SN) status have been incompletely explored.MethodsDemographic, infectious data and anthropometric of all the newly arrived IACs seen in a specialised clinic for international adoptees in Paris, France, between 2013 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsThree hundred and fifty IACs [mean age: 3.4 years (±2.7), 204 male] from 39 countries were included; 55% had SN. Ninety‐nine patients had at least one infection, 42% being classified as ‘serious’ (chronic viral infection, tuberculosis or malaria). Chronic viral infection was diagnosed in 26 (7%) patients (HIV: 16 cases, HBV: 5, HCV: 4) and affected especially Asian children (P < .001). The prevalence of stunting, underweight, wasting and microcephaly was, respectively, 25%, 22%, 15% and 8%. Stunting was more frequent in children from Eastern Europe (P = .02), while SN children were more often microcephalic or underweight (respectively P = .03 and .02).ConclusionThe prevalence of serious infections and nutritional impairment remains high in IACs and requires early detection and careful follow‐up.
Letrozole targets the human ether‐a‐go‐go–related gene potassium current in glioblastoma
Authors: Shugg Tyler , Dave Nimita , Amarh Enoch , Assiri Abdullah A. , Pollok Karen E. , Overholser Brian R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAberrant expression of human ether‐a‐go‐go–related gene (hERG) potassium channels has been implicated in the pathophysiology of glioblastoma (GBM). Letrozole has demonstrated efficacy in pre‐clinical GBM models. The objective of this research was to assess the potential for hERG inhibition by letrozole to mediate efficacy in GBM. hERG currents were assessed using patch‐clamp electrophysiology in an overexpression system during treatment with letrozole, exemestane or vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide). Relative to vehicle, peak hERG tail current density was reduced when treated with 300 nmol/L and 1 µmol/L letrozole but not when treated with exemestane (up to 1 µmol/L). Cell proliferation was assessed in cultured glioblastoma cell lines (U87 and U373) treated with letrozole, exemestane, doxazosin (hERG blocker) or vehicle. Letrozole, but not exemestane, reduced cell proliferation relative to vehicle in U87 and U373 cells. The associations between expression of hERG (KCNH2), aromatase (CYP19A1) and the oestrogen receptors (ESR1 and ESR2) and time to all‐cause mortality were assessed in GBM patients within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. hERG expression was associated with reduced overall survival in the TCGA GBM cohort. Future work is warranted to investigate hERG expression as a potential biomarker to predict the therapeutic potential of hERG inhibitors in GBM.
Rejoinder to Discussions on “Approval policies for modifications to machine learning‐based software as a medical device: A study of bio‐creep”
Authors: Feng Jean , Emerson Scott , Simon Noah 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe thank the discussants for sharing their unique perspectives on the problem of designing automatic algorithm change protocols (aACPs) for machine learning‐based software as a medical device. Both Pennello et al. and Rose highlighted a number of challenges that arise in real‐world settings, and we whole‐heartedly agree that substantial extensions of our work are needed to understand if and how aACPs can be safely deployed in practice. Our work demonstrated that aACPs that appear to be harmless may allow for biocreep, even when the data distribution is assumed to be representative and stationary over time. While we investigated two solutions that protect against this specific issue, many more statistical and practical challenges remain and we look forward to future research on this topic.