bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desempeño de las cien firmas más grandes y el crecimiento de la economía ecuatoriana. 2010-2016
Authors: Jativa Pesantes María Augusta 
Published: December 2019

El presente estudio compara el comportamiento de las cien mayores firmas privadas registradas ante la Superintendencia de Compañías que se corresponden con la evolución del ingreso, renta o Producto Interno Bruto –PIB- del Ecuador de los sectores económicos, durante el período comprendido entre 2010 y 2016; incluye el desempeño del empleo, la inversión y los precios, por ser datos significativos.
El PIB es una magnitud que sirve para medir el comportamiento de una economía, su inversión y empleo; si su medición se muestra creciente, habrá mayor bienestar en la sociedad. El nivel de empleo se relaciona directamente con la forma como el talento humano contribuye a esa producción de manera plena, no precaria y mejora aún más si hay un mejor nivel de capitalización, por tanto, inversión. Por otro lado, toda firma es una organización que busca alcanzar los fines usando los medios y coordinando los intercambios tanto en el mercado de factores como en el de productos y opera en cumplimiento de la función empresarial para alcanzar objetivos valiosos para la sociedad.
Allah’ın İsrailoğulları ile Ahidleşmesi
Authors: KORKMAZ Mehmet Fatih 
Published: December 2019

Bu makalede, Allah’ın İsrâiloğulları ile ahidleşmesi ele
alınmıştır. Çalışmamızda ahidleşmenin mahiyeti, keyfiyeti, muhtevası, nimetle
ilişkisi, İsrâiloğulları’nın ahidleşme karşısındaki tavrı ve ahidleşmeye neden
gerek duyulduğu gibi soruların cevapları aranmıştır. Araştırmamız, ahid ve
mîsâk odaklı olduğundan ahdin lüğavi analizi ve ayetler, ilk dönem lügatler
kıstas alınarak tahlil edilmiştir.
Ayrıca, Allah’ın İsrâiloğulları’na karşı kullanmış olduğu müspet ve
menfi hitap tarzı ve bu hitap tarzındaki değişimin arka planı Kur’an bütünlüğü
ilkesi dikkate alınarak, konuyla ilgili ayetlerden deliller sunularak ele
alınmış, İsrâiloğulları’nın ilahi davete karşı geliştirmiş oldukları olumlu
veya olumsuz tutumlar analiz edilmiştir.
Çalışmamızda ana kaynak olarak; Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, klasik ve çağdaş tefsirler;
yardımcı kaynak olarak da Dinler Tarihi, konuyla ilgili kitap ve makalelerden
istifade edilmiştir.
Utilization of Trapa natans
Authors: CEYLAN Esra , KILIÇ PEKGÖZLÜ Ayben 
Published: December 2019

In this study, Trapa natans nut
collected from the costs of Inkumu-Bartin was analyzed according to its lignin content.
Acid-insoluble lignin content was determined according to TAPPI T222om-02 as
28.31%. TGA and FTIR analyses were performed.

FTIR analysis indicated that Trapa
natans contained cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The peaks at
1506-1510 cm-1 in both samples are characteristic peaks for the
lignin components due to C = O and COO-non-symmetric stretching vibrations in
the aromatic rings of the lignin structure. 1510 cm-s peak is found
in the literature as lignin’s fingerprint peak. The peaks at 1230-1270 cm-1 band
show the vibrations of guayasil ring with CO tension in lignin and
hemicelluloses. Around the peaks of 900, 1025, 1030 and 1050 cm-1
bands cellulose’s O-H, C-H and C-O-C type bonds are seen. When TGA analyzes are
examined, approximately 4.5% of the sample is lost from 30 °C to 200 °C. At
these intervals, samples generally lose volatile constituents and moisture.
From 200 to 271 °C 4.6% of the weight is lost. The decrease in this range may
be due to the decomposition of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The DTG curve
shows maxima weight-loss occurring at 349 °C. The weight-loss in the range from
271-352 °C is about 50%. Pure lignin sample’s TGA and DTG curve results show
10%, 50%, and 70% weight-losses at 233 °C, 489 °C, and 1167 °C respectively. According
to these results, dominantly lignin and small quantities of cellulose and
hemicelluloses are present in trapa samples.
Security Dilemma dalam Ketegangan AS-Iran Pasca Serangan Kapal Tanker di Teluk Oman
Authors: Salsabila Fenny Rizka , Yulianti Dina 
Published: December 2019

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menelaah ketegangan yang terjadi antara AS dan Iran terutama setelah ledakan dua kapal tanker di Teluk Oman pada 13 Juni 2019. AS menuduh Iran sebagai pelaku serangan tersebut dan mengambil berbagai tindakan sebagai respon, antara lain meningkatkan postur militernya di kawasan. Artikel ini menjawab pertanyaan mengenai akar dari ketegangan ini ditinjau dari konsep security dilemma dari Booth dan Wheeler (2008). Riset dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan data-data dari media massa, dokumen, artikel jurnal. Temuan dalam artikel ini adalah bahwa AS dan Iran masing-masing menginterpretasikan pihak lain sebagai musuh namun respon yang diberikan berbeda. AS memberikan respon konfrontatif dengan mengedepakan kekuatan ekonomi dan militer yang dimilikinya, sedangkan Iran di samping memberikan sinyal (kata-kata) perlawanan juga memberikan sinyal reassurance atau jaminan bahwa pihaknya mendepankan diplomasi dan kerjasama.
Pendidikan Karakter dalam Perspektif Islam dan Strategi Implementasinya
Authors: Nasihatun Siti 
Published: December 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pendidikan karakter dalam perspektif Islam dan bagaimana cara mengimplementasikannya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan library reseach. Hasil penelitian in menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan karakter memiliki makna lebih tinggi daripada pendidikan moral, oleh karenanya pendidikan karakter bukan hanya mengajarkan benar salah, tetapi sekaligus menanamkan kebiasaan (habituation) tentang yang baik sehingga siswa menjadi paham, mampu merasakan, dan mau melakukan apa yang baik. Dalam pandangan Islam, karakter itu disebut dengan akhlak. Komponen pendidikan akhlak atau kepribadian meliputi: pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku dan identik dengan ajaran agama Islam itu sendiri yang bersumber dari Alquran dan al-Hadis. Dengan demikian, dapat dinyatakan bahwa pendidikan karakter perspektif Islam merupakan sistem perilaku yang diwajibkan dalam agama Islam yang tertuang melalui nash al-quran dan Hadis Rasulullah Saw. Implementasi pendidikan karakter dalam Islam menurut hadis Rasulullah Saw, dapat diklasifikasikan dalam 6 tahapan yaitu: 1) Tauhid (dimulai sejak 0-2 tahun); 2) Adab (5-6 tahun); 3) Tanggung jawab diri (7-8 tahun); 4) Caring-Peduli (9-10 tahun); 5) Kemandirian (11-12 tahun); dan 6) Bermasyarakat (13 tahun ke atas).
The effect of various treatment modalities in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss: A retrospective evaluation
Authors: Belli Şeyda 
Published: December 2019

Objective: In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the effects of treatment modalities on healing in patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Material and Method: In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the records of 65 patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss and treated as inpatients. The treatment modalities applied to the patients were determined randomly.
Results: The effect of intra-tympanic steroid and / or hyperbaric oxygen therapy in addition to intravenous steroid on 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz frequencies and improvement in bone conduction was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Although intra-tympanic steroid or hyperbaric oxygen therapy in addition to intravenous steroid therapy, which is the standard treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, does not increase the rate of improvement and speed, it may help to reduce the undesirable effects of the steroid dose.
VAN NORDEN, Bryan W. Introdução à Filosofia Chinesa Clássica.
Authors: Da Costa Matheus Oliva 
Published: December 2019

Resenha: VAN NORDEN, Bryan W. Introdução à Filosofia Chinesa Clássica. Tradução Gentil Avelino Titton. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2018. 328 p. ISBN 978-85-326-5767-1
Evidence of Dust Grain Evolution from Extinction Mapping in the IC 63 Photodissociation Region*
Authors: Van De Putte Dries , Gordon Karl D. , Roman-Duval Julia , Williams Benjamin F. , Baes Maarten , Tchernyshyov Kirill , Lawton Brandon L. , Arab Heddy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Photodissociation regions (PDRs) are parts of the ISM consisting of predominantly neutral gas, located at the interface between H ii regions and molecular clouds. The physical conditions within these regions show variations on very short spatial scales, and therefore PDRs constitute ideal laboratories for investigating the properties and evolution of dust grains. We have mapped IC 63 at high resolution from the UV to the NIR (275 nm to 1.6 μm), using the Hubble Space Telescope WFC3. Using a Bayesian SED fitting tool, we simultaneously derive a set of stellar (T
eff,

, distance) and extinction (A

V
, R

V
) parameters for 520 background stars. We present maps of A

V
and R

V
with a resolution of 25 arcsec based on these results. The extinction properties vary across the PDR, with values for A

V
between 0.5 and 1.4 mag, and a decreasing trend in R

V
, going from 3.7 at the front of the nebula to values as low as 2.5 further in. This provides evidence for evolution of the dust optical properties. We fit two modified blackbodies to the MIR and FIR SED, obtained by combining the A

V
map with data from Spitzer and Herschel. We derive effective temperatures (30 and 227 K) and the ratio of opacities at 160 μm to V band κ
160/κ

V
(7.0 × 10−4 and 2.9 × 10−9) for the two dust populations. Similar fits to individual pixels show spatial variations of κ
160/κ

V
. The analysis of our HST data, combined with these Spitzer and Herschel data, provides the first panchromatic view of dust within a PDR.
Resolving 3D Disk Orientation Using High-resolution Images: New Constraints on Circumgalactic Gas Inflows
Authors: Ho Stephanie H. , Martin Crystal L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We constrain gas inflow speeds in star-forming galaxies with color gradients consistent with inside-out disk growth. Our method combines new measurements of disk orientation with previously described circumgalactic absorption in background quasar spectra. Two quantities, a position angle and an axis ratio, describe the projected shape of each galactic disk on the sky, leaving an ambiguity about which side of the minor axis is tipped toward the observer. This degeneracy regarding the 3D orientation of disks has compromised previous efforts to measure gas inflow speeds. We present Hubble Space Telescope and Keck/LGSAO imaging that resolves the spiral structure in five galaxies at redshift z ≈ 0.2. We determine the sign of the disk inclination for four galaxies, under the assumption that spiral arms trail the rotation. We project models for both radial infall in the disk plane and circular orbits onto each quasar sightline. We compare the resulting line-of-sight velocities to the observed velocity range of Mg ii absorption in spectra of background quasars, which intersect the disk plane at radii between 69 and 115 kpc. For two sightlines, we constrain the maximum radial inflow speeds as 30–40 km s−1. We also rule out a velocity component from radial inflow in one sightline, suggesting that the structures feeding gas to these growing disks do not have unity covering factor. We recommend appropriate selection criteria for building larger samples of galaxy–quasar pairs that produce orientations sensitive to constraining inflow properties.
Multiwavelength Polarimetry of the Filamentary Cloud IC 5146. II. Magnetic Field Structures
Authors: Wang Jia-Wei , Lai Shih-Ping , Clemens Dan P. , Koch Patrick M. , Eswaraiah Chakali , Chen Wen-Ping , Pandey Anil K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The IC 5146 cloud is a nearby star-forming region in Cygnus, consisting of molecular gas filaments in a variety of evolutionary stages. We used optical and near-infrared polarization data toward the IC 5146 cloud, reported in the first paper of this series, to reveal the magnetic fields in this cloud. Using the newly released Gaia data, we found that the IC 5146 cloud may contain two separate clouds: a first cloud, including the densest main filament at a distance of ∼600 pc, and a second cloud, associated with the Cocoon Nebula at a distance of ∼800 pc. The spatially averaged H-band polarization map revealed a well-ordered magnetic field morphology, with the polarization segments perpendicular to the main filament but parallel to the nearby subfilaments, consistent with models assuming that the magnetic field is regulating cloud evolution. We estimated the magnetic field strength using the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi method and found that the magnetic field strength scales with volume density with a power-law index of ∼0.5 in the density range from

to 3000 cm−3, which indicates an anisotropic cloud contraction with a preferred direction along the magnetic field. In addition, the mass-to-flux ratio of the cloud gradually changes from subcritical to supercritical from the cloud envelope to the deep regions. These features are consistent with strong magnetic field star formation models and suggest that the magnetic field is important in regulating the evolution of the IC 5146 cloud.
Oral Hygiene Status and Gingivitis in Overweight and Obese Children
Authors: Sapunarova Plamena T. , Nihtyanova Tanya I. , Petrova Svetla G. , Kukleva Maria P. 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Obesity poses a significant health risk to our society with prevalence that has dramatically increased in children. Obesity and periodontal diseases share many common risk factors.
Aim: To study the oral hygiene status and prevalence of gingivitis in children with increased body mass index.&nbsp;
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Plovdiv, October-December 2017 and January-March 2018 among 1826 school children aged 6-11. The oral hygiene status was determined using Silness-Loe plaque index and Green-Vermillion calculus index assessed on vestibular surfaces of first maxillary permanent molars and one maxillary and one mandibular central permanent incisor, and lingual surfaces of mandibular first permanent molars. The condition of the gingiva was determined as presence or absence of gingivitis.
Results: The study included 1826 children (953 boys and 921 girls). With regard to BMI, the distribution should be 5% underweight, 66.5% normal weight, 17.7% overweight, and 10.8% obese, as in the text below. There was no significant correlation between age and BMI. No significant correlation was found between BMI and gingivitis (p>0.05). Quality of oral hygiene was significantly associated only with gender: &chi;2(2)=18.847, p<0.001; &chi;2(1) =7.582, p<0.05 as the group of boys presented with greater accumulation of dental plaque and calculus.
Conclusion: Increased BMI is not an independent predictor of gingivitis. Poor oral hygiene is strongly associated only with gender
Antimalarial Phytochemicals Identification from Euphorbia Hirta against Plasmepsin Protease: an In Silico Approach
Authors: Shah Ashish P. , Parmar Ghanshyam R. , Sailor Girish U. , Seth Avinash K. 
Published: December 2019

Background: Aspartic protease found in plasmodium parasites such as plasmepsin I, II and IV plays an important role in the degradation of hemoglobin. The studies have shown that effective drug must be able to inhibit more than one type of plasmepsin to avoid further growth of parasites and to prevent resistance of drug. Therefore, plasmepsins are believed to be excellent drug target for malarial disease. Extract of the plant Euphorbia hirta has been proved to exert antimalarial activity. However, molecular mechanism of this activity was not described.
Aim: The aim of present investigation is to identify antimalarial phytochemicals of Euphorbia hirta as plasmepsin protease inhibitors using an in silico approach.
Materials and methods: Docking studies were performed on three different protein targets plasmepsin I, II, and IV using iGEMDOCK. ADME and bioactivity predictions were done using molinspiration online tool. Toxicity studies were performed using ProTox-II online tool.
Results: In the docking studies seven compounds showed significant inhibitory activity with low docking score as compared to standard drug artemisinin. Six compounds showed no violations as per Lipinski rule. Bioactivity prediction states that all the compounds may act through enzyme inhibition. The results of in silico studies suggest that out of the eleven selected phytochemicals isorhamnetin and pinocembrin have more drug likeliness properties and lesser in silico toxicity with more binding affinity than artemisinin on all receptors.&nbsp;
Conclusion: These findings indicate that isorhamnetin and pinocembrin have promising potential for development of antimalarial drug as plasmepsin inhibitors.
A Comparison of Distal Canal Restrictors in Primary Cemented Femoral Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Smith Eric L , Wohlrab Kurt P , Matzkin Elizabeth G , Providence Bertram C 
Published: December 2019

abstract
A retrospective study evaluated 75 total hip arthroplasties performed over a 4-year period using 4 different cement restrictors. A harvested bone restrictor, polyethylene restrictor (Smith & Nephew, Richards Inc, Memphis, Tenn), Biostop G (Depuy Orthopaedics, Warsaw, Ind), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (Wright Medical Technology, Arlington, Tex) were compared for the percentage of failures, the average length of the cement mantle, and the width of the femoral canal compared to the cement grade. Patient age, sex, and cement type were also evaluated for their influence on cement grade. The PMMA restrictor and bone performed better than the Richards plug and Biostop G restrictor.
Neonatal Injury Increases Gut Permeability by Epigenetically Suppressing E-Cadherin in Adulthood
Authors: Kline Kevin T. , Lian Haifeng , Zhong Xiaoying S. , Luo Xiuju , Winston John H. , Cong Yingzi , Savidge Tor C. , Dashwood Roderick H. , Powell Don W. , Li Qingjie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Altered intestinal epithelial integrity is an important susceptibility trait in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and early life stressors are reported to contribute to this disease susceptibility in adulthood. To identify disease mechanisms associated with early-life trauma that exacerbate IBD in adulthood, we used a “double-hit” neonatal inflammation (NI) and adult inflammation (AI) model that exhibits more severe mucosal injury in the colon later in life. In this study, we explore the underlying mechanisms of this aggravated injury. In rats exposed to both NI and AI, we found sustained increases in colonic permeability accompanied by significantly attenuated expression of the epithelial junction protein E-cadherin. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed a decreased Cdh1 (gene of E-cadherin) mRNA expression in NI + AI rats compared with NI or AI rats. Next, we performed microRNA microarrays to identify potential regulators of E-cadherin in NI + AI rats. We confirmed the overexpression of miR-155, a predicted regulator of E-cadherin, and selected it for further analysis based on reported significance in human IBD. Using ingenuity pathway analysis software, the targets and related canonical pathway of miR-155 were analyzed. Mechanistic studies identified histone hyperacetylation at the Mir155 promoter in NI + AI rats, concomitant with elevated RNA polymerase II binding. In vitro, E-cadherin knockdown markedly increased epithelial cell permeability, as did overexpression of miR-155 mimics, which significantly suppressed E-cadherin protein. In vivo, NI + AI colonic permeability was significantly reversed with administration of miR-155 inhibitor rectally. Our collective findings indicate that early-life inflammatory stressors trigger a significant and sustained epithelial injury by suppressing E-cadherin through epigenetic mechanisms.
CD4+ T Cell–Derived NGAL Modifies the Outcome of Ischemic Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Lee Sul A , Noel Sanjeev , Kurzhagen Johanna T. , Sadasivam Mohanraj , Pierorazio Phillip M. , Arend Lois J. , Hamad Abdel R. , Rabb Hamid 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
CD4+ T cells mediate the pathogenesis of ischemic and nephrotoxic acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the underlying mechanisms of CD4+ T cell–mediated pathogenesis are largely unknown. We therefore conducted unbiased RNA-sequencing to discover novel mechanistic pathways of kidney CD4+ T cells after ischemia compared with normal mouse kidney. Unexpectedly, the lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) gene, which encodes neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) had the highest fold increase (∼60). The NGAL increase in CD4+ T cells during AKI was confirmed at the mRNA level with quantitative real-time PCR and at the protein level with ELISA. NGAL is a potential biomarker for the early detection of AKI and has multiple potential biological functions. However, the role of NGAL produced by CD4+ T cells is not known. We found that ischemic AKI in NGAL knockout (KO) mice had worse renal outcomes compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Adoptive transfer of NGAL-deficient CD4+ T cells from NGAL KO mice into CD4 KO or WT mice led to worse renal function than transfer of WT CD4+ T cells. In vitro–simulated ischemia/reperfusion showed that NGAL-deficient CD4+ T cells express higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA compared with WT CD4+ T cells. In vitro differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells to Th17, Th1, and Th2 cells led to significant increase in Lcn2 expression. Human kidney CD4+ T cell NGAL also increased significantly after ischemia. These results demonstrate an important role for CD4+ T cell NGAL as a mechanism by which CD4+ T cells mediate AKI and extend the importance of NGAL in AKI beyond diagnostics.
Impact of Early Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation on HIV-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cell Function in Perinatally Infected Children
Authors: Rinaldi Stefano , Pallikkuth Suresh , Cameron Mark , de Armas Lesley R. , Cotugno Nicola , Dinh Vinh , Pahwa Rajendra , Richardson Brian , Saini Shelly R. , Rocca Salvatore , Lain Maria G. , Williams Sion L. , Palma Paolo , Pahwa Savita 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in vertically HIV-infected children limits the size of the virus reservoir, but whether the time of treatment initiation (TI) can durably impact host immune responses associated with HIV infection is still unknown. This study was conducted in PBMC of 20 HIV-infected virally suppressed children on ART (mean age 9.4 y), classified as early treated (ET; age at ART initiation ≤0.5 y, n = 14) or late treated (LT; age at ART initiation 1–10 y, n = 6). Frequencies and functions of Ag-specific CD4 (CD40L+) and CD8 (CD69+) T cells were evaluated by intracellular IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production with IL-21 in CD4 or CD107a, granzyme B and perforin in CD8 T cells following stimulation with HIV gp140 protein (ENV) or GAG peptides by multiparameter flow cytometry. ET showed a higher proportion of cytokine-producing ENV- and GAG-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells compared with LT. In particular, ET were enriched in polyfunctional T cells. RNA sequencing analysis showed upregulation of immune activation pathways in LT compared with ET. Our results suggest that timing of TI in HIV-infected children has a long-term and measurable impact on the quality of the HIV-specific T cell immune responses and transcriptional profiles of PBMC, reinforcing the importance of early TI.