bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrodeposition of Free Standing Copper Structures with Organic Additives
Authors: Huang Qiang , Gyorgak Raymond , Pak Ryan , Collins Jacob 
Published: February 2020

Organic additives have been often used in electrodeposition to modulate the deposition kinetics, film morphology and material property. One particular example is the well-known super conformal deposition of copper in trenches and other fine structures used in interconnects1-3. Additives that suppress and accelerate copper deposition are used together to achieve a high deposition rate at the bottom of trenches while maintaining little deposition at the top4. Electrochemical 3D printing has recently gained more and more interest in research as an approach to make free standing arbitrary shaped structures for micro-devices. 3D growth of microstructures with local counter electrode in a vicinity of deposition substrate5-7, meniscus droplet depositio8, 9 and local injection of metal cation electrolyte10 have all been demonstrated. This paper presents a new method of fabricating 3D structures with a local injection of organic additives that controls the growth rate of metals.
Figure 1 shows the diagram of the deposition system including an additive injection pump, an electrochemistry workstation, an electrochemical cell fixed on a 3D moving stage, and an optical monitoring system. Figure 2 shows the optical images of the evolution of a copper pillar structure. In this particular case, the background electrolyte contains both polyethylene glycol as a suppressor and chloride ion as the suppression promoter, whilst the injected electrolyte does not have the suppression promoter. Therefore, the growth rate of copper in the injected electrolyte is faster than in the background electrolyte. On the other hand, the fast diffusion of chloride results in a confined region where the chloride is absent and therefore a confined growth region. Both experimental observations and numerical simulation results will be discussed in the talk.

REFERENCES

J. Kelly and A. West, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 145, 3472 (1998).

J. Kelly and A. West, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 145, 3477 (1998).

T. P. Moffat, J. E. Bonevich, W. H. Huber, A. Stanishevsky, D. R. Kelly, G. R. Stafford and D. Josell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147, 4524 (2000).

R. Akolkar and U. Landau, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 151, C702 (2004).

J. D. Madden and I. W. Hunter, Journal of microelectromechanical systems, 5, 24-32 (1996).

S. K. Seol, A. R. Pyun, Y. Hwu, G. Margaritondo and J. H. Je, Adv Funct Mater, 15, 934-937 (2005).

J. Sun, D. Liu, F. Wang and T. Chen, Proceedings of Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT), 2016 17th International Conference on, pp. 322-326, 2016.

J. Hu and M. F. Yu, Science, 329, 313-316 (2010).

S. K. Seol, D. Kim, S. Lee, J. H. Kim, W. S. Chang and J. T. Kim, Small, 11, 3896-3902 (2015).

L. Hirt, S. Ihle, Z. Pan, L. Dorwling-Carter, A. Reiser, J. M. Wheeler, R. Spolenak, J. Voros and T. Zambelli, Advanced Materials, 28, 2311-2315 (2016).

Figure 1
Hierarchically Porous Structures Prepared By Electrodeposition Onto 3D-Printed Substrates
Authors: Robinson David B. , Salloum Maher , Jones Christopher G. , Kaehr Bryan J. , Gallegos Michael A. , Buffleben George M. , Mills Bernice E. , Higginbotham Aidan W. , Garcia Gail F. , Lebegue Victoria , Atwal Roopjote K. , Nishimoto Ryan K. 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical energy storage devices such as batteries and supercapacitors, and chemical separation technologies such as chromatography and distillation, involve multiphase transport of chemical species, where the phases may be mobile or stationary. In these cases, a high contact area between the phases is desirable, which can be achieved through nanoscale porosity. However, transport through nanoscale pores can be slow, so a hierarchy of larger-scale pores can allow faster operation, such as more rapid charging of an energy storage device.
We have combined photopolymer 3D printing, which allows creation of ordered pores on a micrometer to millimeter scale, with electroless deposition and electrodeposition of a nanoporous layer, to create millimeter-scale hierarchically porous structures. We have demonstrated that the pore network confers advantages in storage capacity and transport rates versus non-hierarchical porous structures. Our methods allow fabrication of dense structures, where the volume fractions of pore and solid are of the same order of magnitude, with spatial resolution exceeding that of 3D printing methods based on laser heating of powders or thermal extrusion of polymers.
This work was supported by the Laboratory-Directed Research and Development program at Sandia National Laboratories, a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2018-2643 A
Electrochemical and Thermal Model of a 21700 Cylindrical Lithium Ion Battery with Integrated Solid Electrolyte Interphase
Authors: Hari Bostjan , Odio Maria Ximena , Somerville Limhi , McGordon Andrew , Widanage Widanalage Dhammika 
Published: February 2020

An exact prediction of temperature inside cylindrical lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries is important for their safe operation, extended life expectancy and development of next generation battery management systems. Research attempts have been made to place temperature sensors inside cylindrical Li-ion batteries [1, 2], but such arrangements are not yet commercially available. Alternatively, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach can be used to accurately predict internal temperature profiles. This computational technique couples the multiphysics phenomena occurring inside cylindrical Li-ion batteries [3, 4].
In this work we present a coupled one dimensional electrochemical and three dimensional thermal CFD model, to predict internal and surface temperature profiles of a commercially available 21700 cylindrical Li-ion battery. Since the operating temperature has an important effect on Li-ion battery ageing, the CFD model is coupled with the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation on the negative electrode. The SEI formation and growth is one of the main reasons that shortens the life expectancy of Li-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes and needs to be addressed in computational models [5]. The developed CFD model will be used to predict temperature profiles and SEI growth response to charge, discharge and rest duty-cycle periods of the 21700 cylindrical Li-ion battery. Surface temperature and voltage profiles acquired from the CFD model will be compared against experimental results to confirm the validity of the computational model. Such an extended model will represent a computational framework to potentially decrease the cost and number of 21700 cylindrical Li-ion battery experiments with different duty-cycle scenarios. It will also support the design of more advanced battery management systems and optimise the cooling and heating system of battery modules and packs.

References:

[1] Horizon 2020 Projects: Portal – Issue 13, Smarter battery management, 93, 2017.
[2] G. Zhang, L. Cao, S. Ge, C.-Y. Wang, C. E. Shaffer, C. D. Rahn, Reaction temperature sensing (RTS)-based control for Li-ion battery safety. Scientific Reports, 5, 18237, 1-6, 2015.
[3] D. H. Jeon, Numerical modeling of lithium ion battery for predicting thermal behavior in a cylindrical cell. Current Applied Physics, 14 (2), 196-205, 2014.
[4] L. H. Saw, Y. Ye, A. A. O. Tay, Electrochemical-thermal analysis of 18650 lithium iron phosphate cell. Energy Conversion and Management, 75, 162-174, 2013.
[5] M. B. Pinson, M. Z. Bazant, Theory of SEI formation in rechargeable batteries: capacity fade, accelerated aging and lifetime prediction. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 160 (2), A243-A250, 2013.
Mechanical Measurements of Aging in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells Under Various Cycling Ranges
Authors: Liu Xinyi M , Arnold Craig B. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in many applications and it is important to monitor battery aging over time. However, it remains challenging to quickly and accurately measure aging. The correlation between battery mechanics and capacity fade can be a useful tool in battery diagnosis [1]. In this work, we present a method which uses the coupling between mechanics and electrochemistry to measure aging of a pouch cell. To quantify aging, state of health (SOH) measurements are often used. By measuring the initial peak stress and peak stress at later times, with the known stress-SOH relationship, the amount of aging can be determined [2]. We investigate the relationship between stress and SOH in different types of commercial batteries under various cycling ranges.
A lithium ion pouch cell was constrained inside a fixture along with a sensor that monitors stresses. Pouch cells were cycled at two different rates, C/2 and C/4, under Constant Current Constant Voltage charging scheme. Every 50 cycles, capacity was accurately measured through a slow discharge. In this presentation, we present the stress evolutions of pouch cells cycled at various ranges, shown in Figure 1 [3]. Using a model, we show that the observed stress-SOH relationship is composed of a long term linear film growth and a short term non-linear stress relaxation, as indicated in Figure 2 [3]. The various cycling ranges cause the average stress level inside the batteries to vary, which leads to different levels of softening. Such stress relaxation mechanism first dominates the overall stress behavior, but is gradually overtaken by the linear stress-increasing mechanism due to film growth. Commercial batteries with different compositions exhibit qualitatively similar results on stress-SOH, but vary quantitatively due to differences in their mechanical properties. We characterize the mechanical responses of individual components and compare their softening behaviors under low stress ranges.

Reference:

Cannarella, John, and Craig B. Arnold. "Stress evolution and capacity fade in constrained lithium-ion pouch cells." Journal of Power Sources 245 (2014): 745-751.

Cannarella, John, and Craig B. Arnold. "State of health and charge measurements in lithium-ion batteries using mechanical stress." Journal of Power Sources 269 (2014): 7-14.

Liu, Xinyi M., and Craig B. Arnold. "Effects of Cycling Ranges on Stress and Capacity Fade in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 163.13 (2016): A2501-A2507.

Figure Captions:

Figure 1. a) Representative stress evolution profiles plotted using maximum and minimum stresses during each cycle for batteries cycled between 1) 75-100% SOC 2) 50-100% SOC 3) 25-100% SOC 4) 0-100% SOC. For every 50 cycles, capacity is measured at a C/10 rate through a full discharge. b) A comparison between stress evolution profiles of batteries cycled from 0% to 100% SOC and from 75% to 100% SOC.
Figure 2. A comparison between experimental results and the fitted stress-SOH model.

Figure 1
The Real Impact of LiPF6/Organic Carbonate-Based Electrolyte Oxidation on Specific Capacity Losses and Cycle Life at High Positive Electrode Potentials
Authors: Kasnatscheew Johannes , Winter Martin 
Published: February 2020

The progress of renewable energy sources and electro-mobility is accompanied with a successful implementation of effective electrochemical energy storage devices, among which the Li ion batteries (LIB) constituting the state-of-the-art (SOTA) technology, occupy a highly positioned place. For reasons of competitiveness to fossil fuels, a significant boost in specific energy is necessary, affording intense research and development (R&D) efforts. For SOTA negative and positive electrodes based on graphite and layered oxide (LiTMO2) active materials, respectively, the increase in the cell operation voltage represents a widely pursued and promising strategy in this regard.
However, the intended gain in specific energy is accompanied with the rise in specific capacity losses and thus, with the limitations comprising battery life time (cycle life), which is associated with the elevated potential of the positive electrode. The oxidative instability of the aprotic SOTA electrolyte (based on LiPF6/organic carbonates), as an inactive but essential multicomponent material in electrochemical energy storage devices, is assumed to be the main cause. As a consequence, many R&D efforts in terms of LIB high voltage operation are focused on the improvement and development of advanced electrolyte formulations.
In analogy to negative electrodes in literature, for positive electrodes as well, the specific capacity losses in the initial charge/discharge cycle commonly act as indicators for electrochemical electrolyte decompositions. However, in contrast to negative electrodes, the specific capacity losses for positive electrodes reveal ambiguous results upon variation of active materials and charge cut-off potentials. Moreover, data obtained from potentiodynamic based electrochemical stability measurements point to even sufficient oxidative stabilities of the nonaqueous aprotic electrolytes, thus conflicting with the conventional interpretation of specific capacity losses.
In this work, the apparently contradicting interpretations of the data obtained from galvanostatic and potentiodynamic measurements are systematically unraveled to finally understand the real role and the significance of the oxidation of liquid SOTA electrolytes during high voltage applications in LIBs.
[1] J. Kasnatscheew, B. Streipert, S. Röser, R. Wagner, I. Cekic Laskovic and M. Winter, ‘
Determining oxidative stability of battery electrolytes: Validity of common electrochemical stability window (ESW) data and alternative strategies
.’Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2017, 19, 16078-16086.
[2] J. Kasnatscheew, M. Evertz, B. Streipert, R. Wagner, R. Klöpsch, B. Vortmann, H. Hahn, S. Nowak, M. Amereller, A. C. Gentschev, P. Lamp and M. Winter, ‘
The truth about 1st cycle Coulombic Efficiency of LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM) Cathodes
.’
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2016, 18, 3956-3965.
Influence of the Structure of Parent Materials in Blended Li2CuO2-Limx Cathodes, Limx = LiFePO4, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4
Authors: Juarez-Yescas Carlos , Guzmán Gregorio , Santiago-Ruiz Leslie Fernanda , Osorio-Santiago Fransisco Javier , López-Vicente Carlos Iván , Ramos-Sánchez Guadalupe , González I 
Published: February 2020

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the use of blended cathodes is a convenient method for improving the performance of Lithium ion batteries by exploiting the advantageous properties of the parent materials. Blended cathodes allow the tailoring of cathodes with specific characteristics, often beyond the capabilities of any of the parent materials. While there are many high specific capacity lithium ion cathode materials, most of them lack long term stability for commercial use, for instance, Li2CuO2 is a promising material with a theoretical capacity of 490 mAh g-1; however, it exhibits a large capacity fade [1]. High capacities are only obtained during the first cycle, subsequent cycles presenting large capacity fade mainly due to structural transformations of the orthorhombic Li2CuO2 to densely packed layered structure during charging [1]. The present work aims to utilize commercial active materials to stabilize the Li2CuO2 phase and inhibit its degradation via blending. The materials chosen for this study are LiFePO4, LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 considering their high stability, different structure and different average operation voltages (olivine/3.4 V, layered/3.8 V, spinel/4.1 V respectively) [2]. The blending process carried out in this study is via ball mill, because preliminary results have shown that physical mixing via stirring does not yield important synergic effects between the blended materials. Cycling Li2CuO2 at 0.1 C yields an initial capacity of 165 mAh g-1, with a capacity fade of 55 mAh g-1 after only ten cycles, while Li2CuO2/LiFePO4 cathode blends exhibit only a 22 mAh g-1 capacity fade, despite an initial capacity of 120 mAh g-1. Furthermore Li2CuO2/LiCoO2 cathode blends only present a capacity fade of 6 mAh g-1 after ten cycles, with an initial capacity of 112 mAh g-1. Lastly, preliminary results of the Li2CuO2/LiMn2O4 blends have also shown a slight improvement with respect to cyclability. It is evident that the different structure and average voltage of the secondary active material has a large impact on the capacity fade of the blended cathode, it is of great interest to identify the key parameters which optimize the performance of the blended cathode through further analysis by spectroscopic methods. The authors thank CONACyT project No. 1456 and SECITI project seciti/080/2017 for the financial support.
References:
1 G. Ramos-Sanchez, I. C. Romero-Ibarra, J. Vazquez-Arenas, C. Tapia, N. Aguilar-Eseiza and I. Gonzalez, Solid State Ionics, 2017, 303, 89–96.
2 N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee and G. Yushin, Mater.
Today, 2015, 18, 252–264.
Estimating and Identifying Parameters from Discharge Curves of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Mashioka Hiroki , Inoue Gen , Tsuge Yoshifumi 
Published: February 2020

In order to improve the performance of Lithium ion secondary batteries (LiBs) for electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, it is very important to understanding the internal transport phenomena and resistance under high rate condition to increase power density. In our previous studies, we focused on the actual porous electrode structure, and the Li ion and electron conductivity was evaluated by the effective conductive path with the actual reconstruction electrode structure [1]. In addition, the charge-discharge performance was simulated with the model of reaction and mass transfer in heterogeneous porous electrode structure [2]. In this simulation, as assumptions, Li concentration and potential distribution in active material (AM) and electrolyte (EL) were calculated with mass transport simulation and Butler-Volmer equation as the boundary condition of the interface between AM and EL. From these calculation results, the effect of heterogeneous porous structure, which consist of active material, conductive material and binder, on the cell performance could be evaluated. Then, the values of parameters in this model are essential to accuracy of it. However, some parameters cannot be measured precisely in the experiment, especially, reaction rate constant, tortuosity of separator, Li+ diffusion coefficient, and transport number in electrolyte are treated as literature value or ex-situ results.
In this paper, we established the method of identifying these parameters by using experimental data in various condition and complex method [3]. We conducted fitting on experimental data of some SOC and some discharge rate condition. We adopted RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) to judge this fitting. Figure1 shows the overview of complex method. it is non-linear optimization method. Figure2 indicate transition of RMSE. From this, we can understand RMSE decreasing, and then, the value finally settle at 0.021. Thus the parameters can be identified. In addition, we will present the results of electrode structure optimization with complex method for high output power density cell.
References
[1] G. Inoue et al., J. Power Sources,
342, 476-488 (2017).
[2] G. Inoue, et al., ECS 228th meeting, A2 #164 (2015).
[3] M. J. Box.The Computer Journal, 8, 42-52 (1956).

Figure 1
A Novel Material Design for Li-Rich Cathode Material’s Long-Term Cycling and High Volumetric Energy Density
Authors: Oh Pilgun , Ko Min-Sung , Jung Jae-il 
Published: February 2020

Fast development of portable electronic devices (such as a smart phone, iPad, and Galaxy Note) and electrified vehicles (such as EVs and HEVs) require better and smaller lithium ion batteries as their energy storages. What is needed for the cathode of the lithium ion battery is a material capable of higher energy density. However, not only the development of cathode material but also the commercialization of high energy density anode material has been limited due to the cathode material’s much lower energy density compared to anode material. In this regard, Li-rich material (Li2MnO3-LiMO2, M=Ni, Mn and Co) that has 150 % higher energy density than commercialized LiCoO­2 is the unique next generation cathode material to solve the problem. In the past decade, many researches have focused on the surface stabilization method of this material to improve its intrinsic problems of poor cycle/ rate capability and such surface treatment methods have been demonstrated in a few examples, including AlF3 coating and spinel heterostructures, yielding noticeable improvements in rate and cycle ability. Although such surface treatments showed improved rate and cycle performances, the realization of the Li-rich material’s high volumetric energy density and long-term cycle life which are more critical factors for the commercialization of Li-rich material still remained unsatisfied. For instance, AlF3 coated Li-rich LNCMO has abrupt capacity fade after 100 cycles, while it showed good rate and cycle capability within 100 cycles. Hence, new active material design, instead of simple surface modification methods such as coating or doping, is required to solve above previous limits.
Here we demonstrate a novel approach for lithium storage, which is a material design of a secondary structure which consists of large primary particle with a novel activation method using simple chemical treatment, to achieve superior long-term cycle life with high volumetric energy density. In this design, the large primary particle effectively reduced its surface area producing markedly decreased surface instability reaction as well as high tap density. Interestingly, the chemical approach activates only surface Li2MnO3 phase of large primary particle and the very surface activation effectively overcome the activation problem, which is limit of large primary particle have. This novel concept is very meaningful in that it is the first and unique method to achieve cathode material’s high volumetric energy density with long-term cycle life. As a result, this novel designed material affords remarkable battery performance with high volumetric energy density of ~1980 Wh L-1 and extremely high cycle retention of 90% during 300 cycles.
Development of Three-Dimensional Ni-Sn Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Nurpeissova Arailym , Adi Akylbek , Bakenov Zhumabay 
Published: February 2020

Advances in energy storage devices in the next 10-15 years are expected to come from lithium-ion batteries1. However, the current architecture used in Li-ion electrodes appears to pose a limit on energy and power densities in electrodes. New architectures are needed to design Li-ion batteries with the improved performance desired in advanced high-power applications.
Novel 3D Li-S battery architecture combines power density and energy density in a single battery in a way that a high surface area cathode and anode are interdigitated. Interdigitation allows multi-directional flow of Li ions compared to the one-directional movement in conventional 2D Li-ion batteries making the path length for Li ions short at all points between the electrodes.
The battery is fabricated using anode tin-nickel alloy (Ni3Sn4) deposited on high surface area nickel foam used as the negative electrode current collector. The anode is then conformally coated with a solid polymer electrolyte using layer-by-layer method. Remaining void spaces in the foam are filled with lithium sulfide (Li2S) cathode using a slurry coating process. To complete the cell, nickel mesh current collector is applied to the slurry.
References
1. V. Sapru, September 2012. Frost & Sullivan Battery Power Conference, Slide 5.
Acknowledgments
The work has been supported by the targeted program No. 0115РК03029 “NU-Berkeley strategic initiative in warm-dense matter, advanced materials, and energy sources for 2014-2018” from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.