bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunization with Mycobacterium tuberculosis–Specific Antigens Bypasses T Cell Differentiation from Prior Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Vaccination and Improves Protection in Mice
Authors: Aagaard Claus , Knudsen Niels Peter Hell , Sohn Iben , Izzo Angelo A. , Kim Hongmin , Kristiansen Emma Holsey , Lindenstrøm Thomas , Agger Else Marie , Rasmussen Michael , Shin Sung Jae , Rosenkrands Ida , Andersen Peter , Mortensen Rasmus 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Despite the fact that the majority of people in tuberculosis (TB)–endemic areas are vaccinated with the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine, TB remains the leading infectious cause of death. Data from both animal models and humans show that BCG and subunit vaccines induce T cells of different phenotypes, and little is known about how BCG priming influences subsequent booster vaccines. To test this, we designed a novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis–specific (or “non-BCG”) subunit vaccine with protective efficacy in both mice and guinea pigs and compared it to a known BCG boosting vaccine. In naive mice, this M. tuberculosis–specific vaccine induced similar protection compared with the BCG boosting vaccine. However, in BCG-primed animals, only the M. tuberculosis–specific vaccine added significantly to the BCG-induced protection. This correlated with the priming of T cells with a lower degree of differentiation and improved lung-homing capacity. These results have implications for TB vaccine design.
Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2: Let’s Stick to Known Knowns
Authors: Baumgarth Nicole , Nikolich-Žugich Janko , Lee F. Eun-Hyung , Bhattacharya Deepta 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The scale of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has thrust immunology into the public spotlight in unprecedented ways. In this article, which is part opinion piece and part review, we argue that the normal cadence by which we discuss science with our colleagues failed to properly convey likelihoods of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 to the public and the media. As a result, biologically implausible outcomes were given equal weight as the principles set by decades of viral immunology. Unsurprisingly, questionable results and alarmist news media articles have filled the void. We suggest an emphasis on setting expectations based on prior findings while avoiding the overused approach of assuming nothing. After reviewing Ab-mediated immunity after coronavirus and other acute viral infections, we posit that, with few exceptions, the development of protective humoral immunity of more than a year is the norm. Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is likely to follow the same pattern.
Psychometric of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory-Ii in Indonesia
Authors: Setyowati Anggi , Chung Min-Huey , Yusuf Ah. , Haksama Setya 
Published: September 2020

Background Curiosity is a personality characteristic, which fits with wellbeing and positive functioning. The objective of this study was to assess the construct validity of the Curiosity and Exploration Inventory II (CEI-II) in Indonesia. Design and methods The study included 256 undergraduate students who lived in Indonesia, mean age 19.8 years old. The CEI-II measures stretching and embracing using 11 items. The English version of CEI-II was translated into Bahasa. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were addressed to examine internal consistency reliability and the test-retest reliability. To evaluate construct validity, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to assess factor structure and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the structural model fit of the CEI-II Indonesia version. Results The study showed Cronbach's alpha for the internal consistency of the overall CEI-II Indonesia version was 0.77. The ICC for the test-retest reliability ranged between 0.753-0.829. EFA showed adequate with the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.86 and the Bartlett's test of sphericity was statistically significant. CFA tested the second-order model with two-order factors and showed a model fit. Conclusions The CEI-II Indonesia version indicated acceptable construct validity to evaluate curiosity in Indonesia.
Mauro Bartolo and Franco Pratesi
Authors: Allegra Claudio 
Published: September 2020

This paper is part of the monographic issue: ‘Did the Masters of the past know the future? History and update of Italian Phlebolymphology’
Guest editor: Alberto Macciò (Phlebology - Part I edited by G. Agus; Phlebology - Part II edited by P. Bonadeo; Lymphology edited by F. Boccardo)
Sergio Bertini Curri
Authors: Oliva Enrico 
Published: September 2020

This paper is part of the monographic issue: ‘Did the Masters of the past know the future? History and update of Italian Phlebolymphology’
Guest editor: Alberto Macciò (Phlebology - Part I edited by G. Agus; Phlebology - Part II edited by P. Bonadeo; Lymphology edited by F. Boccardo)
Contributions from the youngest
Authors: Campisi Corrado , Dessalvi Sara , Ferrari Valentina , Gazzabin Luca , Martignon Martina , Pisano Marco , Pisoni Maurizio , Serantoni Simone , Stasi Elodie , Tessari Mirko 
Published: September 2020

This paper is part of the monographic issue: ‘Did the Masters of the past know the future? History and update of Italian Phlebolymphology’
Guest editor: Alberto Macciò (Phlebology - Part I edited by G. Agus; Phlebology - Part II edited by P. Bonadeo; Lymphology edited by F. Boccardo)
Pooled testing for COVID-19 diagnosis by real-time RT-PCR
Authors: Praharaj Ira , Jain Amita , Singh Mini , Balakrishnan Anukumar , Dhodapkar Rahul , Borkakoty Biswajyoti , Ashok Munivenkatappa , Das Pradeep , Biswas Debasis , Kalawat Usha , Turuk Jyotirmayee , Sugunan A.P. , Prakash Shantanu , Singh Anirudh K. , Barathidasan Rajamani , Subhadra Subhra , Sabat Jyotsnamayee , Manjunath M.J. , Kanta Poonam , Mudhigeti Nagaraja , Hazarika Rahul , Mishra Hricha , Abhishek Kumar , Santhalembi C. , Dikhit Manas Ranjan , Vijay Neetu , Narayan Jitendra , Kaur Harmanmeet , Giri Sidhartha , Gupta Nivedita 
Published: September 2020

Background & objectives:
Public health and diagnostic laboratories are facing huge sample loads for COVID-19 diagnosis by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). High sensitivity of optimized real-time RT-PCR assays makes pooled testing a potentially efficient strategy for resource utilization when positivity rates for particular regions or groups of individuals are low. We report here a comparative analysis of pooled testing for 5- and 10-sample pools by real-time RT-PCR across 10 COVID-19 testing laboratories in India.

Methods:
Ten virus research and diagnostic laboratories (VRDLs) testing for COVID-19 by real-time RT-PCR participated in this evaluation. At each laboratory, 100 nasopharyngeal swab samples including 10 positive samples were used to create 5- and 10-sample pools with one positive sample in each pool. RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2-specific E gene target were performed for individual positive samples as well as pooled samples. Concordance between individual sample testing and testing in the 5- or 10-sample pools was calculated, and the variation across sites and by sample cycle threshold (Ct) values was analyzed.

Results:
A total of 110 each of 5- and 10-sample pools were evaluated. Concordance between the 5-sample pool and individual sample testing was 100 per cent in the Ct value ≤30 cycles and 95.5 per cent for Ct values ≤33 cycles. Overall concordance between the 5-sample pooled and individual sample testing was 88 per cent while that between 10-sample pool and individual sample testing was 66 per cent. Although the concordance rates for both the 5- and 10-sample pooled testing varied across laboratories, yet for samples with Ct values ≤33 cycles, the concordance was ≥90 per cent across all laboratories for the 5-sample pools.

Interpretation & conclusions:
Results from this multi-site assessment suggest that pooling five samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection by real-time RT-PCR may be an acceptable strategy without much loss of sensitivity even for low viral loads, while with 10-sample pools, there may be considerably higher numbers of false negatives. However, testing laboratories should perform validations with the specific RNA extraction and RT-PCR kits in use at their centres before initiating pooled testing.
Responding to the COVID-19 pandemic in Ghana
Authors: Kenu Ernest , Frimpong Joseph , Koram Kwadwo 
Published: September 2020

On 12 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed that a novel coronavirus was the cause of a respiratory illness in a cluster of people in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China. The disease was christened COVID-19 and the pathogen (an RNA virus) identified as SARS-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).1,2
The virus is primarily spread through contact with small droplets produced from coughing, sneezing, or talking by an infected person. While a substantial proportion of infected individuals may remain asymptomatic, the most common symptoms in clinical cases include, fever, cough, acute respiratory distress, fatigue, and failure to resolve over 3 to 5 days of antibiotic treatment. Complications may include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome.3
Over five million confirmed cases of COVID-19 has been recorded globally with more than 300,000 deaths as at 25th May 2020. The United States of America has recorded the highest number of cases with more than 1.5 million and over 100,000 deaths.4
In Africa, more than 90,0000 cases have been reported with about 3,000 deaths. South Africa has recorded the highest number of cases with 23,615 cases and 481 deaths. Ghana confirmed its first cases of COVID-19 on 12th March 2020 and had as at 25 May 2020 recorded over 7,000 cases with 34 deaths.5
Prevalence and associated factors of gestational diabetes mellitus among rural pregnant women in southern Tanzania
Authors: Mghanga Fabian , Maduhu Elia , Nyawale Helmut 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a potential risk factor for both maternal and foetal complications during pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with GDM among pregnant women in Southern Tanzania.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 612 randomly selected pregnant women attending routine antenatal clinics in Southern Tanzania from September to October 2017. Detailed medical and gynaecological history was taken using pre-tested questionnaires. Blood samples were collected for fasting and oral glucose tolerance tests. We diagnosed GDM using the World Health Organization 2013 diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus. We performed statistical analysis using SPSS v24.0. Possible associations and statistical significance were measured using odds ratio at 95% confidence interval, and p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results: The mean age and standard deviation of the study subjects was 24.5±6.9 years. The prevalence of GDM was 4.3%. GDM was significantly associated with: being overweight or obese (p<0.001), past history of pre-term delivery (p<0.001), past history of stillbirths (p<0.001), history of macrosmia (p<0.001), alcohol consumption (p=0.001), and having a first degree relative with diabetes mellitus (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Prevalence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is low in this study setting. We recommend close attentionto at risk women to prevent development of GDM.Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Gestational diabetes mellitus; risk factors.Funding: None declared
Applications of molecular markers in Genetic Diversity Studies of maize
Authors: Zebire Degife Asefa 
Published: September 2020

Molecular markers are efficient for exploiting variations in genotypes as they are not influenced by environmental factors and also speed up breeding programs. They are used to detect large numbers of distinct divergence between genotypes at the DNA level. Genetic diversity study helps to estimate the relationship between inbred lines to make the best hybrid combinations. Lines which are clustered in different heterotic groups are considered as the best hybrid combinations to carry out further breeding activities. Molecular markers are used to meet a number of objectives, including genetic diversity analysis and prediction of hybrid performances in divergent crop species. Agro-morphological and molecular markers have been utilized to study genetic diversity so far. In maize, the uses of molecular markers are important for the evaluation of genetic diversity of inbred lines and in clustering them into heterotic groups. These markers determine genetic similarity of the lines and are used to assess the genetic diversity of maize. Molecular markers have proven valuable for genetic diversity analysis of many crop species and genetically diverse lines are important to improve hybrid breeding.
Keyword: Molecular marker; Genetic diversity; Genetic variation, Diversity Array technology; cluster analysis
Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) as a tool for genetic characterisation of bacterial isolates in Nigeria
Authors: Otokunefor K. , Ogugbue C.J. , Fajoyomi B.U. 
Published: September 2020

Genetic characterisation as a tool for identification of bacterial isolates in Nigeria has been on the increase in recent years, and the 16s rRNA typing has been a preferred method. Due to cost limitations, there is a need to explore other genetic options. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis is a PCR- only based system which offers the advantage of reduced cost. This study set out to explore the use of ERIC-PCR in genetic characterisation of some selected bacterial isolates from Nigeria and compare it with genetic characterisation using 16s rRNA sequence typing. ERIC-PCR and 16s rRNA typing were carried out on 15 isolates following previously described protocols. Using 16s rRNA typing, thirteen different bacterial species were identified of which majority (85.7%) were Gram negative, with 57.1% belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. Using ERIC-PCR, only 13 of the 15 isolates (86.7%) could be typed, resulting in the identification of the 13 different types. ERIC-PCR was able to accurately differentiate between two members of the Proteus species, as well as identify the organisms as similar based on the banding pattern. The results show that ERIC-PCR may play a role as a bacterial identification tool but this role might be more suited to differentiating closely related members of a genus or typing within species rather than general bacterial identification.
Keywords: Genetic characterisation, 16s rRNA, ERIC-PCR, Nigeria
Complications of pneumonia and its associated factors in a pediatric population in Osogbo, Nigeria
Authors: Odeyemi A.O. , Oyedeji A.O. , Adebami O.J. , Odeyemi A.O. , Agelebe E. 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in underfive children. Nigeria still has a high burden of child death due to pneumonia. Many of these deaths result from the development of complications. This study was done to determine the pattern of pneumonia complications and its associated factors amongst underfive children with pneumonia.
Methods: It was a hospital-based cross-sectional observational study involving 129 children aged 1 - 60 months with a diagnosis of pneumonia. The participants were recruited over a nine-month period. Clinical signs were recorded, and a confirmatory chest radiograph was obtained within 24hours of admission.
Result: Of the129 subjects studied, 70 (54.3%) had complications. Children less than 24 months had a higher frequency of complications at presentation. Heart failure and anemia occurred more commonly. Other complications were pleural effusion, empyema, pneumatocele and pneumothorax. More than half (57.1%) of those with complication were hypoxaemic at presentation. Complicated pneumonia was significantly associated with prolonged hospital stay and risk of mortality.
Conclusion: Complication is common among children hospitalized for pneumonia in Osogbo. Heart failure was the most common complication. Presence of pneumonia complications and hypoxaemia are important contributors to mortality in this environment.
Keywords: Pneumonia, complication, under-fives, Nigeria.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on the quality and in vitro gas production of einkorn wheat straw
Authors: Ayaşan T. , Cabi E. , Esen S. , Esen V.K. , Eseceli H. 
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inoculation on the quality of einkorn wheat straw (EWS) and in vitro gas production (GP). It was found that AM inoculation of EW seed before sowing caused significant increases in crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) levels of straw, and a (P <0.05) decrease in crude ash (CA), metabolizable energy (ME), and organic matter digestibility (OMD) compared with the straw of non-inoculated EW. The observed difference in the average GP among the between EWS from plants grown from inoculated seed and those from the untreated control was significant at all times between the third and 96th hour. However, when the GP kinetics of the groups was examined after 96 hours’ incubation, only the difference in the gas amount of the easily soluble fractions of feeds was significant. The GP from the slowly fermented part, the GP rate constant and the potential GP of the straws were not affected by the AM inoculation (P >0.05). Thus, inoculation of einkorn wheat with AM altered the nutritional value of the straw produced creating a roughage with decreased value for feeding ruminant livestock.
Keywords: artificial rumen, fermentation kinetics, nutrient digestibility
Impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 sobre la atención del infarto de miocardio ST elevado en el Perú
Authors: Custodio - Sánchez Piero , Miranda David , Murillo Luis 
Published: September 2020

Resumen
Objetivo: Comparar el número de ingresos, características clínicas y resultados terapéuticos de los pacientes atendidos por infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IMCEST) antes y durante el estado de emergencia por COVID-19 en Perú.
Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y comparativo de cohortes, derivadas del PEruvian Registry of ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction II (PERSTEMI II). Se comparó los pacientes atendidos por IMCEST 45 días antes y durante los 45 días iniciales del estado de emergencia por COVID-19 en Perú.
Resultados: Durante los primeros 45 días del período de emergencia se encontró una disminución del 59% en el número de ingresos por IMCEST. Hubo una mayor proporción de pacientes con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y dislipidemia. Se observó una tendencia a reducción en el acceso a terapias de reperfusión (73.5% vs 66.6%), siendo la fibrinólisis la terapia más utilizada. El motivo más frecuente de no reperfusión fue la presentación tardía >24 horas (41.7%, p=0.004). Hubo una tendencia a reducción del tiempo al primer contacto médico y del tiempo de isquemia hasta la reperfusión. Se registró menor incidencia de falla cardíaca post infarto. La mortalidad fue similar en ambos grupos (3.4% vs 2.7%).
Conclusiones: La pandemia por COVID-19 en el Perú ha generado una disminución significativa en los ingresos por IMCEST, además de una tendencia a menor empleo de terapias de reperfusión. La presentación tardía de los pacientes fue la causa más frecuente de no reperfusión.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU HAMIL TENTANG HIV/AIDS DENGAN KEPATUHAN MELAKUKAN VCT DI PUSKESMAS ABEPURA
Authors: Niu Flora , Lewuk Sisilia Nona Susanti , Amal Fachry 
Published: September 2020

WHO memperkirakan bahwa AIDS telah menyebabkan kematian lebih dari 25 juta orang sejak pertama kali di akui pada tanggal 5 juni 1981 AIDS diklaim telah menyebabkan kematian di Afrika Sub-Sahara, sebanyak 2,4 hingga 3,3 juta jiwa lebih dari 570 juta jiwa di antaranya adalah Ibu hamil dan Anak-anak lebih dari 64% orang yang dengan HIV di Afrika Sub-Sahara lebih tiga per empat (76%) dari semua wanita hidup dengan HIV
Indonesia menjadi peringkat ke 20 dengan tingkatan HIV tertinggi, jumlah penduduk Indonesia yang populasinya mencapai 237 juta jiwa (74,7%)di antaranya terinfeksi pada Ibu hamil dan anak-anak. HIV/AIDS di Papua, bukan tidak beralasan hal ini karenakan dari waktu ke waktu angka kasus ini menunjukan peningkatan yang signifikan. Jumlah Provinsi Papua yang hanya 3.207.444 juta jiwa, HIV/AIDS di provinsi Papua yang secara populasi umum menyerang ibu hamil dan bayi dengan jumlah adalah 150 orang bayi (1,87%) dan 321ibu hamil (4,01%) yang terinfeksi.
Jenis penelitian menggunakan kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional study. Populasi sebanyak 655 ibu hamil dan sampel sebanyak 86 ibu hamil. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan data primer. Instrument penelitian data menggunakan kuesioner.
Upaya pencegahan dan penularan yang dapat menurunkan risiko penularan dari ibu hamil kebayinya menjadi di bawah 25-40%. Salah satu upaya pencegahan ini menggunakan metode VCT. Kegiatan Pelayanan Pencegahan Penularan HIV dari Ibu ke Anak /Prevention of Mother to Child HIV Transmision/PMTC, merupakan bagian dari pelayanan perawatan dukungan dan pengobatan/CST.
Hasil penelitian menunjukan tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan kepatuhan dalam melakukan pemeriksaan VCT p = 1,488, tidak ada hubungan antara sikap dengan kepatuhan dalam melakukan pemeriksaan VCT p = 1,818.
Kesimpulan penelitian adalah tidak terdapat hubungan pengetahuan ibu hamil terhadap pemeriksaan VCT dan tidak terdapat sikap ibu hamil terhadap pemeriksaan VCT.

Kata Kunci : Pengetahuan, sikap Pemeriksaan VCT.
SIKAP MASYARAKAT TERHADAP BAHASA IBUNYA: DAYAK LENGILU, BENGGOI, DAN PAKKADO (SOCIETY ATTITUDE TOWARDS MOTHER TONGUE: DAYAK LENGILU, BENGGOI, AND PAKKADO)
Authors: Nugroho Mardi 
Published: September 2020

The speakers of Dayak Lengilu language are only four people in 2000. The condition of the language is almost extinct. In 1989, the speaker of Benggoi language were 350 people. According to society information, in Kecamatan Kalukku, Kabupaten Mamuju, Sulawesi Barat, there is Pakkado language which the condition is endangered. Local languages with few speakers and local languages whose condition is almost extinct or endangered should be prioritized for protection. Knowing the attitude of the society toward the local language is important in the revitalization program local languages usage. The mother tongue for most Indonesian citizens is the local language. The problem of this research is how the attitude of society toward their mother tongue, especially the Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado people? The purpose of this research is to know the attitude of Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado people towards their mother tongue. This research uses quantitative method. The data were collected by using questionnaire. Data processing is done quantitatively with simple statistics. Language attitude theory, measurement scale determining theories, questionnaire compiling, and questionnaire validity test theory were used in this research. The result shows that the attitude of Dayak Lengilu, Benggoi, and Pakkado language is positive. This study recommends that the results of this study can be used as a consideration in the local language protection program.