Covid-19 Testing, Hospital Admission, and Intensive Care Among 2,026,227 United States Veterans Aged 54-75 Years
Authors: Rentsch Christopher T. , Kidwai-Khan Farah , Tate Janet P. , Park Lesley S. , King Joseph T. , Skanderson Melissa , Hauser Ronald G. , Schultze Anna , Jarvis Christopher I. , Holodniy Mark , Re Vincent Lo , Akgün Kathleen M. , Crothers Kristina , Taddei Tamar H. , Freiberg Matthew S. , Justice Amy C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractImportanceSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), an evolving pandemic. Limited data are available characterizing SARS-Cov-2 infection in the United States.ObjectiveTo determine associations between demographic and clinical factors and testing positive for coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19+), and among Covid-19+ subsequent hospitalization and intensive care.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRetrospective cohort study including all patients tested for Covid-19 between February 8 and March 30, 2020, inclusive. We extracted electronic health record data from the national Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, the largest integrated healthcare system in the United States, on 2,026,227 patients born between 1945 and 1965 and active in care.ExposuresDemographic data, comorbidities, medication history, substance use, vital signs, and laboratory measures. Laboratory tests were analyzed first individually and then grouped into a validated summary measure of physiologic injury (VACS Index).Main Outcomes and MeasuresWe evaluated which factors were associated with Covid-19+ among all who tested. Among Covid-19+ we identified factors associated with hospitalization or intensive care. We identified independent associations using multivariable and conditional multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputation of missing values.ResultsAmong Veterans aged 54-75 years, 585/3,789 (15.4%) tested Covid-19+. In adjusted analysis (C-statistic=0.806) black race was associated with Covid-19+ (OR 4.68, 95% CI 3.79-5.78) and the association remained in analyses conditional on site (OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.89-3.46).In adjusted models, laboratory abnormalities (especially fibrosis-4 score [FIB-4] >3.25 OR 8.73, 95% CI 4.11-18.56), and VACS Index (per 5-point increase OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.43-1.84) were strongly associated with hospitalization. Associations were similar for intensive care. Although significant in unadjusted analyses, associations with comorbid conditions and medications were substantially reduced and, in most cases, no longer significant after adjustment.Conclusions and RelevanceBlack race was strongly associated with Covid-19+, but not with hospitalization or intensive care. Among Covid-19+, risk of hospitalization and intensive care may be better characterized by laboratory measures and vital signs than by comorbid conditions or prior medication exposure.Key PointsQuestionWhat are the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with testing positive for coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19+), and among Covid-19+ subsequent hospitalization and intensive care among Veterans in the United States?FindingsIn this retrospective cohort study of 2,026,227 Veterans aged 54-75 years and active in care, 585/3,789 (15.4%) tested Covid-19+. Black race was strongly associated with Covid-19+, but not with hospitalization or intensive care. Among Covid-19+, laboratory abnormalities and a summary measure of physiologic injury were strongly associated with hospitalization and intensive care.MeaningRacial differences in testing positive for Covid-19 may be an underestimate of the general population as racial health disparities in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System tend to be smaller than in the private sector. Risk of hospitalization and intensive care may be better characterized by laboratory measures and vital signs than by comorbid conditions or prior medication exposure.