bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Am I My Brain or My Genitals? A Nature-Culture Controversy in the Hermaphrodite Debate from the mid-1960s to the late 1990s
Authors: Kraus Cynthia 
Published: December 2020

The groundbreaking and prophetic rhetoric of neuroscience has recently highlighted the fetal brain as the most promising organ for understanding why transsexuals feel “trapped in the wrong body”, a nd for predicting whether children born with “ambiguous” genitalia will grow up to feel like a man or a woman. This article proposes a recent history of the cerebralization of intersexuality and of transsexuality as atypical neurodevelopmental conditions. It examines the ways in which the organizational theory of brain sex differentiation developed in the late 1950s in behavioral neuroendocri - nology has gained increased prominence in and through controversies over best practice issues in the case management of intersex newborns, and the etiology of transsexuality. It focuses on the American context and on the leading warrior in this battle: Milton Diamond, now a most prominent figure in professional debates about the clinical management of intersexuality, and the intersex person’s best friend.
Persons with an intersexed or transsexual condition consider, not their gonads, but their brains, their core sense of self, as the primary determinant of sex. (Diamond and Beh 2005, 6–7, note 1)
Listen and Watch: The Practice of Lecturing and the Epistemological Status of Sex Education Films in Germany
Authors: Laukötter Anja 
Published: December 2020

This article takes as its starting point Frauennot-Frauenglück (Women’s Misery – Women’s Happiness), a film representative of health education films on sex hygiene in Weimar Germany. This paper opens by situating the film in the landscape of German health education films from World War I to the Weimar era. I document the evolution of interest in sexual health education films in the early decades of the twentieth century and show how their narratives changed as a result of the increasing popularity of feature films in the Weimar period.
The article then focuses on the lectures which accompanied health education films. I argue that an analysis of these under-investigated lectures can raise new stimulating epistemological questions on the historical status of health education films, as these lectures changed the filmic dispositive. I show how this common practice served as a technique of rhetorical reworking in efforts to adjust or orient the visuality of what was shown to the public. Drawing on two very different lectures which accompanied Frauennot-Frauen – glück, the article identifies two approaches to lecturing. While one consisted in enabling controversial films to be screened to the public, the other (socialist) approach transforms initial censorial intentions, allowing the speaker stress his personal or new positions.
Ni pédants, ni amateurs? Les journaux de psychologie dans l’Allemagne du dernier tiers du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Gantet Claire 
Published: December 2020

Neither pedants nor amateurs? Psychological journals in Germany in the last three decades of the 18th century
The Magazin zur Erfahrungsseelenkunde introduced a new tone in the evolving field of psychology. For the first time, attention was paid not to the abstract relationships between body and soul, but to suffering individuals from the « common folk ». The collection and systematic publication of accounts of readers should eventually allow the formulation of an empirical «science of the soul». The readers would eventually send accounts of personal and experienced «cases». By 1800, this conception of the science of psychology was called into question by educated philosophers who, in journals opened only to specialists, endeavored to develop a more professional psychology. They nevertheless failed in formulating general criteria of scientificity. The main argument of this article is that the distinction between amateurs and scientists was not an outcome of the inner evolution of the field of psychology, but that it developed through practices of communication in which periodicals play a major role.
The Role of International Organisations in the Development of Public Health Nursing, 1933–1974
Authors: Galiana-Sánchez María Eugenia 
Published: December 2020

This paper analyses the contribution made by the League of Nations (LoN) and the World Health Organisation (WHO) to the development of public health nursing, and the role of nursing experts working in these and other organisations.
The sources consulted included documentation on public health nursing held in the LoN archives and technical reports drawn up by expert committees on nursing and related fields held in the WHO database.
In the 1920s, international organisations began seeking to meet the need for public health nurses who could implement community-based interventions, deploying various strategies to achieve this goal over the course of the 20th century.
The work of nursing experts on the LoN Hygiene Committee and WHO Advisory Committees underpinned systematic efforts to establish appropriate training in public health nursing and to organise effective nursing services in Europe. The role they played reveals changing attitudes towards the contribution of public health nursing.
Croatian and Serbian War Crimes, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the Judicial Systems of Serbia and Croatia
Authors: Hebda Wiktor 
Published: December 2020

Croatian and Serbian War Crimes, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and the Judicial Systems of Serbia and CroatiaThe war in former Yugoslavia (1991–1995) was marked by war crimes which still affect Serbian–Croatian political relations. The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), which operated between 1993–2017, was supposed to pass fair verdicts on those responsible for war crimes, but its verdicts have been surrounded by controversy in Post-Yugoslav states. The article analyzes Serbian and Croatian war crimes in Croatian territory between 1991–1995 as well as the verdicts passed by the ICTY against the most prominent war criminals. The actions taken by the Serbian and Croatian judicial systems are also discussed. The analysis presented in the article indicates that the verdicts delivered by the ICTY were selective and difficult to accept for both sides of the conflict. Unfortunately, Serbo-Croatian cooperation on war crimes has been developing for only a few years and has not produced the expected results. For these reasons, war crimes and war criminals still have a negative influence on political and social relations between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. Chorwackie i serbskie zbrodnie wojenne, Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny da Byłej Jugosławii oraz serbski i chorwacki wymiar sprawiedliwościKwestia zbrodni wojennych i obiektywnego osądzenia zbrodniarzy wojennych jest wysoce problematyczna. Bezspornie wojna w byłej Jugosławii z lat 1991-1995 była tragiczna w skutkach i naznaczona wydarzeniami, którym można nadać miano zbrodni wojennych. Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny dla Byłej Jugosławii (MTKJ) funkcjonujący w latach 1993-2017 miał w założeniu sprawiedliwie osądzić osoby odpowiedzialne za zbrodnie wojenne. Niemniej jego działalność (orzeczone kary) wzbudza pewne kontrowersje, a co za tym idzie może być i jest krytycznie oceniana. W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczną analizę serbskich oraz chorwackich zbrodni wojennych mających miejsce na terytorium Chorwacji w latach 1991-1995. Następnie odniesiono się do kar orzeczonych przez MTKJ wobec najważniejszych zbrodniarzy wojennych. W tym też aspekcie zwrócono uwagę na aktywność serbskiego i chorwackiego wymiaru sprawiedliwości. Analiza zawarta w artykule potwierdza tezę że wydawane wyroki przez MTKJ odznaczały się selektywnością, dlatego też w niektórych przypadkach były one trudne do zaakceptowania przez obie strony konfliktu. Niestety serbsko-chorwacka współpraca w zakresie zbrodni wojennych rozwija się dopiero od kilku lat i nie przyniosła oczekiwanych rezultatów. Z tych też powodów zbrodnie wojenne i zbrodniarze wojenni nadal mają negatywny wpływ na stosunki polityczne i społeczne między Republiką Chorwacji a Republiką Serbii.
Uchodźca, czyli „nowak”. Spór o słowo. O projekcie artystycznym „Nowacy” Jany Shostak w kontekście konstruowania znaczeń i kryzysu migracyjnego.
Authors: Szczepanik Joanna 
Published: December 2020

Refugee or "Newcomer". Dispute over the Word: About the Artistic Project "Nowacy" ("Newcomers") by Jana Shostak in the Context of the Construction of Meaning and the Migration CrisisThe artistic diploma project of Jana Shostak, a Polish student from Belarus, assumed the introduction of the word “nowak” (newcomer) into the Polish language as an alternative to the negative term “refugee.” This initiative becomes particularly important in the context of the migration crisis, going beyond the safe sphere of art. The methods of presenting it, both by the artist and by the media, in the form of interviews, press articles and comments on internet forums, were analyzed. The article is an attempt to make a meta-interpretation of this artistic proposal from the perspective of critical cultural studies, emphasizing two main areas: culture as a battlefield and language as a tool of constructing meaning. Methodologically, it is also supported by relativistic linguistic theories, the paradigm of symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, the concept of engaged aesthetics and critical theory. Uchodźca, czyli „nowak”. Spór o słowo. O projekcie artystycznym „Nowacy” Jany Shostak w kotekście konstruowania znaczeń i kryzysu migracyjnegoArtystyczny projekt dyplomowy Jany Shostak zakłada wprowadzenie do języka polskiego słowa „nowak” jako alternatywy dla negatywnie nacechowanego określenia „uchodźca”. Inicjatywa ta nabiera szczególnego znaczenia w kontekście kryzysu migracyjnego, wykraczając poza bezpieczną sferę sztuki. Analizie poddane zostały sposoby jej prezentowania zarówno przez artystkę, jak i przez media, w postaci wywiadów, artykułów prasowych oraz wypowiedzi na forach internetowych. Artykuł jest próbą dokonania meta-interpretacji tej propozycji artystycznej z perspektywy kulturoznawstwa krytycznego z postawieniem akcentu na dwa zasadnicze obszary: kultury jako pola walki oraz języka jako narzędzia konstruującego znaczenie. Metodologicznie wspiera się również relatywistycznymi teoriami lingwistycznymi, paradygmatem interakcjonizmu symbolicznego, etnometodologią, oraz koncepcją estetyki zaangażowanej i teorią krytyczną.
Did the Confinement of Boer Civilians in Concentration Camps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) Constitute an Act of Genocide?
Authors: Ribeiro Hector 
Published: December 2020

Did the Confinement of Boer Civilians in Concentration Camps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) Constitute an Act of Genocide?This article addresses the confinement of Boer civilians in concentrationcamps by the British Army during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902), specifically whether this confinement and its ramifications might amount to an act of genocide. This possibility is often dismissed out of hand by historians, who usually claim that the tens of thousands of deaths in the camps can be attributed to incompetence and non-human factors. This article uses Vahakn Dadrian’s definition of genocide, which considers indirect coercion as a tool of genocide. This type of coercion allows for concealing the actual ways adopted for achieving “population reduction”. This article argues that though the tens of thousands of deaths that occurred in the camps were not the result of direct physical violence, they nevertheless satisfy Dadrian’s definition of an act of genocide. Czy zamknięcie cywilnej ludności burskiej w obozach koncentracyjnych przez armię brytyjską podczas drugiej wojny burskiej (1899-1902) stanowi akt ludobójstwa?Artykuł podejmuje kwestię internowania cywilnej ludności burskiej w obozach koncentracyjnych przez armię brytyjską podczas drugiej wojny burskiej (1899-1902), w szczególności w świetle pytania, czy ten rodzaj odosobnienia oraz jego konsekwencje należy uznać za akt ludobójstwa. Taka możliwość bywa od razu odrzucana przez historyków, którzy zwykli twierdzić, że dziesiątki tysięcy ofiar śmiertelnych w tych obozach to jest efekt niekompetencji i czynników pozostających poza kontrolą ludzi. Autor artykułu odwołuje się do definicji ludobójstwa sformułowanej przez Vahakn Dadriana, według której przymus pośredni zalicza się do arsenału narzędzi ludobójstwa. Ten rodzaj środka przymusu pozwala ukryć rzeczywiste sposoby, które mają spowodować „zredukowanie populacji”. Artykuł dowodzi, że jakkolwiek śmierć kilkudziesięciu tysięcy osób w obozach nie była następstwem bezpośredniego użycia przemocy fizycznej, to jednak definicja ludobójstwa podana przez Dadriana zmajduje tu zastosowanie.
Uczestnictwo w polskiej kulturze imigrantów edukacyjnych z Ukrainy
Authors: Jawor Anna 
Published: December 2020

Cultural Participation of the Studentd from Ukraine in PolandAlmost 40 thousand Ukrainians study in Poland. This is the second largest student group in our country. The main reason for them to study here is to get a diploma but an academic period is also a time of intense cultural participation. In this article I analyze the perception of culture by Ukrainians. What do art and culture mean for them? What they appreciate and what they reject in this sphere. Do they attend high culture events or they prefer popular culture? Finally, what is the difference between cultural participation in Poland and in Ukraine? This article is based on 50 qualitative interviews among Ukrainian students in Warsaw. Uczestnictwo w polskiej kulturze imigrantów edukacyjnych z UkrainyW Polsce studiuje prawie 40 tysięcy Ukrainek i Ukraińców. Jest to największa po Polakach grupa narodowościowa studentów w naszym kraju. Przyjeżdżają oni tutaj głównie po to, żeby zdobyć dyplom, ale studia to również czas intensywnej partycypacji kulturalnej. W artykule przyglądam się postrzeganiu kultury przez Ukraińców. Jakie znaczenie przypisują kulturze i sztuce, co w niej cenią, a co odrzucają? Czyu czestniczą w kulturze wysokiej, czy popularnej? Co jest zachętą do uczestnictwa, a co stanowi bariery? W końcu, jaka jest różnica między uczestnictwem w kulturze w Polsce i na Ukrainie? Artykuł powstał na podstawie 50 wywiadów jakościowych przeprowadzonych wśród studiujących w Warszawie.
W pułapce pojęć
Authors: Wróblewska-Trochimiuk Ewa 
Published: December 2020

Trapped in ConceptsThis paper aims at reviewing a publication entitled Conculture. Dimensions of cultural participation among young immigrants from Ukraine in Poland by Anna Jawor, Urszula Markowska-Manista and Marta J. Pietrusińska. W pułapce pojęćTekst jest recenzją publikacji Konkultura. Wymiary uczestnictwa w kulturze młodych imigrantów z Ukrainy w Polsce, autorstwa Anny Jawor, Urszuli Markowskiej-Manisty i Marty J. Pietrusińskiej.
Arctic Amplification Weakens the Variability of Daily Temperatures over Northern Middle-High Latitudes
Authors: Dai Aiguo , Deng Jiechun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractArctic amplification (AA) reduces meridional temperature gradients (dT/dy) over the northern mid-high latitudes, which may weaken westerly winds. It is suggested that this may lead to wavier and more extreme weather in the midlatitudes. However, temperature variability is shown to decrease over the northern mid-high latitudes under increasing greenhouse gases due to reduced dT/dy. Here, through analyses of coupled model simulations and ERA5 reanalysis, it is shown that consistent with previous studies, cold-season surface and lower-mid troposphere temperature (T) variability decreases over northern mid-high latitudes even in simulations with suppressed AA and sea ice loss under increasing CO2; however, AA and sea ice loss further reduce the T variability greatly, leading to a narrower probability distribution and weaker cold or warm extreme events relative to future mean climate. Increased CO2 strengthens meridional wind (υ) with a wavenumber-4 pattern but weakens meridional thermal advection [−υ(dT/dy)] over most northern mid-high latitudes, and AA weakens the climatological υ and −υ(dT/dy). The weakened thermal advection and its decreased variance are the primary causes of the T variability decrease, which is enlarged by a positive feedback between the variability of T and −υ(dT/dy). AA not only reduces dT/dy, but also its variance, which further decreases T variability through −υ(dT/dy). While the mean snow and ice cover decreases, its variability increases over many northern latitudes, and these changes do not weaken the T variability. Thus, AA’s influence on midlatitude temperature variability comes mainly from its impact on thermal advection, rather than on winds as previously thought.
Quest over the Sampling Error of COSMIC Radio Occultation Temperature Climatologies
Authors: Shen Zhen , Zhang Kefei , He Qimin , Wan Moufeng , Li Longjiang , Wu Suqin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe sampling error caused by the uneven distribution of radio occultation (RO) profiles in both space and time domains is an important error source of RO climatologies. In this paper, the sampling error RO temperature climatologies is investigated using the 4-yr (2007–10) data from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate mission. The error is divided into three parts, including local time component (LTC), temporal component (TC), and spatial component (SC). The characteristics of the three components are investigated. Results show the following: 1) The LTC part of the total sampling error is characterized by a pattern of periodic positive and negative deviations, with a full cycle of about four months. The most significant LTC values are found in the area around 60°N/S and the polar regions. 2) The TC part is mainly associated with the extent of day-to-day temperature variability and the daily number of RO profiles observed in each month. The most pronounced TC part is shown in high-latitude areas in wintertime, where the day-to-day temperature variability is high. 3) The SC part shows distinct features in different altitude ranges. It is characterized by a systemic error in the lower troposphere (2–8 km) but exhibits a seasonal trend at the altitude range from 8 to 40 km. 4) The total sampling error is dominated by the TC and SC parts in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, whereas in the upper stratosphere it is dominated by the LTC part.
On Vortices Initiated over West Africa and Their Impact on North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Duvel Jean-Philippe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUsing 38 years of the ERA-Interim dataset, an objective tracking approach is used to analyze the origin, characteristics, and cyclogenesis efficiency (CE) of synoptic-scale vortices initiated over West Africa and the Atlantic Ocean. Vortices initiated over the ocean at a given pressure level often result from a vertical expansion of a “primary” vortex track initiated earlier over West Africa. Low-level (850 hPa) primary vortices are initiated mainly in July near the Hoggar Mountains (24°N, 5°E), while midlevel (700 hPa) primary vortices are initiated mainly in August–September near the Guinea Highlands (10°N, 10°W). The CE of all these vortices is about 10% in July and 30% in August. The average CE is, however, smaller for low-level “Hoggar” vortices because they peak in July when the cyclogenesis potential index of the Atlantic Ocean is weak. Seasonal and interannual modulations of the cyclogenesis is related more to this index than to the number of vortices crossing the West African coast. Cyclogenesis is nearly equally distributed between the coast and 60°W, but the part of the cyclogenesis due to vortices initiated over West Africa decreases from 80% near the coast to about 30% at 60°W. The most probable delay between the vortex vertical expansion and cyclogenesis is 2 days, but it can be up to 10 days. This analysis also confirms previous results, such as the larger CE for vortices extending at low levels over the continent at 10°N, or the delayed and therefore west-shifted cyclogenesis of low-level “Hoggar” vortices.
Medical Student Education During COVID-19: Electronic Education Does Not Decrease Examination Scores
Authors: Kronenfeld Joshua P. , Ryon Emily L. , Kronenfeld Daniel S. , Hui Vanessa W. , Rodgers Steven E. , Thorson Chad M. , Sands Laurence R. 
Published: December 2020

Background During the COVID-19 emergency, medical students were mandated to remain home, creating challenges to providing education remotely for third-year clinical rotations. This study aims to assess student reception and investigate objective outcomes to determine if online learning is a suitable alternative. Methods Medical students enrolled in the third-year surgical clerkship during COVID-19 were asked to participate in a survey. 19 of 27 (70%) students participated. Content, faculty-led lectures, and resident-led problem-based learning (PBL) sessions were assessed using a ten-point Likert scale. National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) examination, weekly quiz, and oral examination scores were compared to previous years. Student t-tests compared the groups. Results The median age was 25 years. Comparing in-person to electronic sessions, there was no difference in effectiveness of faculty sessions preparing students for NBME (6.2 vs. 6.7, P = .46) or oral examinations (6.4 vs. 6.8, P = .58); there was also no difference in resident-led PBL sessions preparing students for NBME (7.2 vs. 7.2, P = .92) or oral examinations (7.4 vs. 7.6, P = .74). Comparing this group to students from the previous academic year, there was no difference in weekly quiz (85.3 vs. 87.8, P = .13), oral examination (89.8 vs. 93.9, P = .07), or NBME examination (75.3 vs. 77.4, P = .33) scores. Discussion Surgical medical didactic education can effectively be conducted remotely through faculty-led lectures and resident-led PBL sessions. Students did not have a preference between in-person and electronic content in preparation for examinations. As scores did not change, electronic education may be adequate for preparing students for examinations in times of crisis such as COVID-19.
Clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastrofibromatosis-like undifferentiated carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Zhishang , Zhao Guang , Jiang Bo , Li Baohui , Wang Yangkun 
Published: December 2020

Objective To study the clinicopathological features and differential diagnosis of gastrofibromatosis-like undifferentiated carcinoma (GFLUC). Methods Three patients with GFLUC underwent histological and immunophenotypic analyses and fluorescence in situ hybridization to detect human epidermal growth factor receptor ( HER2) gene amplification. Results Among the three patients (2 male [36 and 44 years old], 1 female [58 years old]), two had lesions in the gastric body and one had lesions in the gastric antrum. Histological analysis revealed mixtures of aggressive fibromatosis and undifferentiated carcinoma in all three cases. Highly invasive fibromatous tissue, consisting of fibroblasts, proliferating myofibroblasts, and collagenous fibrous tissues, accounted for >90% of the tumor, with undifferentiated cancerous tissue accounting for <10% scattered in the gaps within the invasive fibromatous tissue, with no glandular ducts or nests. Immunophenotypic analysis showed that the undifferentiated cancerous cells were positive for pan-cytokeratin, CDX2, villin, and p53, while the cytoplasm of invasive fibromatous cells was positive for vimentin, β-catenin, and smooth muscle actin. No HER2 gene amplification was detected. Conclusions Unlike other gastric carcinomas, GFLUC shows specific histological, biological, and immunophenotypic characteristics.