bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long-Term Efficacy of Working Memory Training in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 22 Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hou Jianhua , Jiang Taiyi , Fu Jiangning , Su Bin , Wu Hao , Sun Runsong , Zhang Tong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The long-lasting efficacy of working memory (WM) training has been a controversial and still ardently debated issue. In this meta-analysis, the authors explored the long-term effects of WM training in healthy older adults on WM subdomains and abilities outside the WM domain assessed in randomized controlled studies.

Method
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar was conducted. Random-effects models were used to quantitatively synthesize the existing data.

Results
Twenty-two eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. The mean participant age ranged from 63.77 to 80.1 years. The meta-synthesized long-term effects on updating were 0.45 (95% confidence interval = 0.253–0.648, &lt;6 months: 0.395, 0.171–0.619, ≥6 months: 0.641, 0.223–1.058), on shifting, 0.447 (0.246–0.648, &lt;6 months: 0.448, 0.146–0.75, ≥6 months: 0.446, 0.176–0.716); on inhibition, 0.387 (0.228–0.547, &lt;6 months: 0.248, 0.013–0.484, ≥6 months: 0.504, 0.288–0.712); on maintenance, 0.486 (0.352–0.62, &lt;6 months: 0.52, 0.279–0.761, ≥6 months: 0.471, 0.31–0.63).

Discussion
The results showed that WM training exerted robust long-term effects on enhancing the WM system and improving processing speed and reasoning in late adulthood. Future studies are needed to use different tasks of the same WM construct to evaluate the WM training benefits, to adopt more ecological tasks or tasks related to daily life, to improve the external validity of WM training, and to identify the optimal implementation strategy for WM training.
3-D joint inversion of airborne gravity gradiometry and magnetic data using a probabilistic method
Authors: Geng Meixia , Welford J Kim , Farquharson Colin G , Peace Alexander L , Hu Xiangyun 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYA probabilistic approach is presented for jointly inverting gravity gradient and magnetic data for 3-D subsurface distributions of density and magnetic susceptibility. The coupling of the physical property models is incorporated in the inversion by using a cross-covariance matrix of density and magnetic susceptibility. This enables structural similarity such as the orientation and spatial extent of the sources and cross-variance between the two physical properties to be incorporated. A user-defined correlation coefficient can control the level of similarity between the two models. By applying a marginalizing algorithm in the joint inversion, the inversion domain is allowed to be partitioned into various zones, each of which can have its own covariance, cross-covariance matrix, as well as correlation coefficient, depending upon the feature and similarity of sources. Thus, sources with different shapes, sizes and relationships between the two physical properties can be simultaneously recovered. The validity of the method is verified using three synthetic examples, which demonstrate how incorrect parameters of the cross-covariance matrix affect the inverted results. Finally, the proposed method is successfully applied to full tensor gradiometry and magnetic data collected over the Budgell Harbour Stock (BHS) intrusion in north-central Newfoundland, Canada. Compared with models generated from independent inversions, better definition and localization of the main intrusion, as well as associated lamprophyre dykes at shallow depth, are achieved by using the joint inversion. The resolved physical properties for the intrusions show good agreement with field observations of lamprophyre dykes in proximity to the BHS.
Byzantine Parades of Infamy through an Animal Lens
Authors: Perisanidi Maroula 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this article, I discuss humiliation parades as described by eleventh-century Byzantine historians, focusing on the role of mules and donkeys in them. More specifically, I examine how the presence of these equids could change the meaning of a scene in the works of Michael Attaleiates, John Skylitzes, and Michael Psellos. I argue that, as the social and religious connotations of mules and donkeys interacted with the social and religious status of their riders, humiliation could turn to humility and emasculation to masculinity, transforming the animals themselves into carriers of political rhetoric. When reading these scenes we need to consider whether our rider is a man or a woman, a cleric or a layman, a general or scholar, but also what kind of equid they are riding and how that might be juxtaposed with other animals in the text. In addition to emphasizing the role of animals in Byzantine political life, I consider the animals’ own experience of these parades, attempting to reconstruct something of their sense of the world with the help of modern veterinary science.
Health-Related Quality of Life of Young People With and Without Chronic Conditions
Authors: Pinquart Martin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this meta-analysis was to compare levels of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among children with and without chronic physical and/or sensory conditions, based on PedsQL 4.0 General Core Scales.MethodsStudies were identified with electronic databases (CINAHL, PSYCINFO, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, PSYNDEX) and from the PedsQL website. We included controlled studies that compared PedsQL scores of children (mean age &lt; 18 years) with and without chronic physical and/or sensory conditions and uncontrolled studies on children with chronic physical and/or sensory conditions from countries where data from peers without chronic conditions have been published. Random-effects meta-analyses were computed.ResultsIn total, 1,231 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were large declines of the total and physical score as well as medium-sized declines of psychosocial health and its subscales, based on criteria of interpreting effect sizes by Cohen [Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159]. Children with cerebral palsy and spina bifida showed the largest declines across all scales, but significant declines emerged in all compared 29 chronic conditions. We identified moderating effects of duration of the chronic condition, rater, child gender, country, sociodemographic equivalence of the compared groups, type of control condition, and publication status.ConclusionsYoung people with chronic health conditions should be screened for HRQOL, and the profile across different domains should be preferred over the use of a sum score. Child self-reports are particularly relevant for assessing emotional and social functioning. Effective measures aimed at improving HRQOL are needed, especially if the chronic condition leads to severe declines of physical functioning.
Fixed places, shifting distances: remittance houses and migrants’ negotiation of home in Ecuador
Authors: Boccagni Paolo , Pérez Murcia Luis Eduardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany case studies on the rationale and purpose of transnational housing initiatives and so-called remittance houses have been published over the past two decades. Still missing, though, is a framework to illustrate the conceptual value of researching these buildings and their ways of mediating the relationships between movers and stayers. With a view to this, the article illustrates what remittance houses ‘do’ to narrow down the gaps that emerge—in space, time, status, and knowledge—between migrants and their communities of origin. As our fieldwork with Ecuadorian migrants in Europe and their left-behind counterparts shows, remittance houses are more than investments, or resources for migrants’ emotional attachment and dreams of return. They are also central to the negotiation of class, status and belonging, and to the very interplay between housing and home along the course of migration. As ‘agents’ in themselves, these houses shape the transnational connections between distant and disparate places, and the circulation of home-related ideas and practices across them. Over time, they embody a variety of meanings and expectations that, unlike the buildings, are far from fixed or immobile.
Clinical Use of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics TBI-Mil Expanded Battery in Evaluating Concussion Recovery: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Porter Steven J , Johnson Dagny E 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
This retrospective study evaluated the use of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM4) Expanded battery in a clinical setting to determine if the resolution of physiological symptoms, in the absence of neurocognitive assessment, was sufficient data in the return-to-duty (RTD) determination.

Materials and Methods
In this study, 508 U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen were diagnosed with concussion and prescribed a standard treatment protocol. As directed by the protocol, they were evaluated and tracked by medical providers until determined to have normal balance and to be asymptomatic at rest and with exertion. Upon the resolution of these physiological symptoms, the midshipmen were referred for neurocognitive (ANAM4) testing. When results indicated a return to neurocognitive baseline, a RTD determination was made.

Results
The analysis of data in this study indicated that RTD determinations based solely on the resolution of physiological symptoms would have resulted in 25.1% of the sample being returned to duty before neurocognitive recovery. Additional analysis of the ANAM4 reliable change index (RCI) data for each of the concussed patients revealed a pattern of scores that correlated with an expected length of recovery. Individuals with at least one RCI greater than or equal to −1.64 returned to neurocognitive baseline in 8.92 days, whereas individuals with 2 or more RCIs greater than or equal to −1.25 (but less than −1.64) returned to baseline in 5.78 days, and those with a difference in measured reaction times that were greater or equal to −1.25 returned to baseline in 3.20 days. Furthermore, findings indicated that female service members required additional time for the resolution of physical symptoms as compared to their male counterparts. The mean number of days from injury to being deemed symptoms free in males was approximately 14, as compared to females who were deemed symptom free in 21 days. This difference is statistically significant.

Conclusions
Findings of this investigation revealed three specific outcomes. First, a computerized neurocognitive assessment instrument should be used as an adjunct measure in evaluating the resolution of physiological symptoms following a concussive injury. Second, results revealed that based on the RCIs of postinjury ANAM4 assessments, it is possible to estimate the remaining recovery time needed for a return to neurocognitive baseline. Third, results of this analysis revealed that gender appears to be a factor in time between concussive injury and resolution of symptoms.
Transition From Military Prehospital Medicine to Civilian EMS
Authors: Westcott Sally , Walrath Benjamin , Miller Jeremy , Trumbull Melissa , Manifold Craig 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Currently, there is a disconnection between veteran military medics and the civilian Emergency Medical Services (EMS) workforce. This project aimed to characterize the rate of civilian certification among military medics, both active duty and retired, and identify perceived barriers to continuing a career in EMS after military separation.

Materials and Methods
The National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) administered a 21-question online survey to participants. Individuals were recruited through the National Association of EMTs membership communications, Military Relations Committee members, and social media. All responses were anonymous and no identifiable information was collected. Survey questions were compiled and reported as a percentage of respondents. Free-text responses were categorized based on broad themes identified by the authors and are reported as a percentage of respondents.

Results
Results included 456 veteran and active duty respondents, of whom 304 (70.7%) had prehospital experience while in the military and 250 (58.1%) had emergency department experience. Over 60% of respondents participated in combat-related duty with 37% having at least 18 months of overseas deployment. Civilian EMT certification was held by 164 (36.7%) survey participants and 170 held paramedic certification (38.1%), while 65 (14.6%) held no EMS certification. There were 119 (28.1%) respondents who stated that they did not plan to work in civilian EMS. Top selected reasons for not pursuing civilian EMS careers included: pursuing a medical career that was not prehospital (28.5%), pay disparity (18.1%), and no interest in civilian prehospital medicine (16.4%). Write in responses indicated general frustration with maintaining certification and a desire for advanced certification (AEMT, paramedic) to be supplied by the military prior to transitioning to a civilian workforce as many respondents felt their military-endowed skills and experiences were better aligned with these advanced EMS licenses.

Conclusion
The majority of survey respondents held an EMS certification of some kind and suggests that recent efforts to supply military medics with civilian certifications have been largely successful. However, there is still a large portion that remains noncertified or expresses disinterest with entering the civilian workforce. Generally, many of those certified feel their military scope of practice exceeded civilian EMT certification and requested AEMT or paramedic licensure opportunities while still active duty military.
Magnetic fields from multiplicative chaos
Authors: Durrive Jean-Baptiste , Lesaffre Pierre , Ferrière Katia 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
An analytical model for fully developed three-dimensional incompressible turbulence was recently proposed in the hydrodynamics community, based on the concept of multiplicative chaos. It consists of a random field represented by means of a stochastic integral, which, with only a few parameters, shares many properties with experimental and numerical turbulence, including in particular energy transfer through scales (the cascade) and intermittency (non-Gaussianity) that is most conveniently controlled with a single parameter. Here, we propose three models extending this approach to magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. Our formulae provide physically motivated 3D models of a turbulent velocity field and magnetic field coupled together. Besides its theoretical value, this work is meant to provide a tool for observers: a dozen of physically meaningful free parameters enter the description, which is useful to characterize astrophysical data.
New empirical constraints on the cosmological evolution of gas and stars in galaxies
Authors: Padmanabhan Hamsa , Loeb Abraham 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We combine the latest observationally motivated constraints on stellar properties in dark matter haloes, along with data-driven predictions for the atomic (H I) and molecular (H2) gas evolution in galaxies, to derive empirical relationships between the build-up of galactic components and their evolution over cosmic time. At high redshift (z ≳ 4), the frameworks imply that galaxies acquire their cold gas (both atomic and molecular) mostly by accretion, with the fraction of cold gas reaching about 20 per cent of the cosmic baryon fraction. We infer a strong dependence of the star formation rate on the H2 mass, suggesting a near-universal depletion time-scale of 0.1–1 Gyr in Milky Way-sized haloes (of masses 1012  M⊙ at z = 0). There is also evidence for a near-universality of the Kennicutt–Schmidt relation across redshifts, with very little dependence on stellar mass, if a constant conversion factor (αCO) of CO luminosity to molecular gas mass is assumed. Combining the atomic and molecular gas observations with the stellar build-up illustrates that galactic mass assembly in Milky Way-sized haloes proceeds from smooth accretion at high redshifts towards becoming merger-dominated at late times (z ≲ 0.6). Our results can be used to constrain numerical simulations of the dominant growth and accretion processes of galaxies over cosmic history.
Core magnetic field imprint in the non-radial oscillations of red giant stars
Authors: Gomes Pedro , Lopes Ilídio 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Magnetic fields in red giant stars remain a poorly understood topic, particularly in what concerns their intensity in regions far below the surface. In this work, we propose that gravity-dominated mixed modes of high absolute radial order and low angular degree can be used to probe the magnetic field in their radiative cores. Using two poloidal, axisymmetric configurations for the field in the core and the classical perturbative approach, we derive an analytical expression for the magnetic frequency splitting of these oscillation modes. Considering three distinct red giant models, with masses of 1.3, 1.6, and 2.0 M⊙, we find that a field strength of 105 G is necessary in the core of these stars to induce a frequency splitting of the order of a μHz in dipole and quadrupole oscillation modes. Moreover, taking into account observational limits, we estimate that magnetic fields in the cores of red giants that do not present observable magnetic splittings cannot exceed 104 G. Given the general absence of observable splittings in the oscillation spectra of these stars, and assuming that present mode suppression mechanisms are not biased towards certain azimuthal orders and retain all peaks in each multiplet, our results lead us to conclude that internal fields with the considered configurations and strengths above 104 G are not prevalent in red giants.
Human OAS1 activation is highly dependent on both RNA sequence and context of activating RNA motifs
Authors: Schwartz Samantha L , Park Esther N , Vachon Virginia K , Danzy Shamika , Lowen Anice C , Conn Graeme L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract2′-5′-Oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are innate immune sensors of cytosolic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and play a critical role in limiting viral infection. dsRNA binding induces allosteric structural changes in OAS1 that reorganize its catalytic center to promote synthesis of 2′-5′-oligoadenylate and thus activation of endoribonuclease L. Specific RNA sequences and structural motifs can also enhance activation of OAS1 through currently undefined mechanisms. To better understand these drivers of OAS activation, we tested the impact of defined sequence changes within a short dsRNA that strongly activates OAS1. Both in vitro and in human A549 cells, appending a 3′-end single-stranded pyrimidine (3′-ssPy) can strongly enhance OAS1 activation or have no effect depending on its location, suggesting that other dsRNA features are necessary for correct presentation of the motif to OAS1. Consistent with this idea, we also find that the dsRNA binding position is dictated by an established consensus sequence (WWN9WG). Unexpectedly, however, not all sequences fitting this consensus activate OAS1 equivalently, with strong dependence on the identity of both partially conserved (W) and non-conserved (N9) residues. A picture thus emerges in which both specific RNA features and the context in which they are presented dictate the ability of short dsRNAs to activate OAS1.
CDK12 globally stimulates RNA polymerase II transcription elongation and carboxyl-terminal domain phosphorylation
Authors: Tellier Michael , Zaborowska Justyna , Caizzi Livia , Mohammad Eusra , Velychko Taras , Schwalb Björn , Ferrer-Vicens Ivan , Blears Daniel , Nojima Takayuki , Cramer Patrick , Murphy Shona 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) phosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II (pol II) but its roles in transcription beyond the expression of DNA damage response genes remain unclear. Here, we have used TT-seq and mNET-seq to monitor the direct effects of rapid CDK12 inhibition on transcription activity and CTD phosphorylation in human cells. CDK12 inhibition causes a genome-wide defect in transcription elongation and a global reduction of CTD Ser2 and Ser5 phosphorylation. The elongation defect is explained by the loss of the elongation factors LEO1 and CDC73, part of PAF1 complex, and SPT6 from the newly-elongating pol II. Our results indicate that CDK12 is a general activator of pol II transcription elongation and indicate that it targets both Ser2 and Ser5 residues of the pol II CTD.
Variation in the life history strategy underlies functional diversity of tumors
Authors: Li Tao , Liu Jialin , Feng Jing , Liu Zhenzhen , Liu Sixue , Zhang Minjie , Zhang Yuezheng , Hou Yali , Wu Dafei , Li Chunyan , Chen Yongbin , Chen Hua , Lu Xuemei 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Classical r- vs. K-selection theory describes the trade-offs between high reproductive output and competitiveness and guides research in evolutionary ecology. While its impact has waned in the recent past, cancer evolution may rekindle it. Herein, we impose r- or K-selection on cancer cell lines to obtain strongly proliferative r cells and highly competitive K cells to test ideas on life-history strategy evolution. RNA-seq indicates that the trade-offs are associated with distinct expression of genes involved in the cell cycle, adhesion, apoptosis, and contact inhibition. Both empirical observations and simulations based on an ecological competition model show that the trade-off between cell proliferation and competitiveness can evolve adaptively. When the r and K cells are mixed, they exhibit strikingly different spatial and temporal distributions. Due to this niche separation, the fitness of the entire tumor increases. The contrasting selective pressure may operate in a realistic ecological setting of actual tumors.
Food insecurity, gestational weight gain and gestational diabetes in the National Children’s Study, 2009–2014
Authors: Richards Megan , Weigel Margaret , Li Ming , Rosenberg Molly , Ludema Christina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Household food insecurity (HFI) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are both common during pregnancy, yet it is unknown if these two factors are related. We aimed to determine the independent and joint associations between HFI, gestational weight gain (GWG) and GDM among pregnant women in the USA.

Methods
We used data from 592 women in the National Children’s Study, Initial Vanguard Study from 2009 to 2014. HFI was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module at the first study visit; GDM was assessed through questionnaires and medical chart review. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the exposures of HFI, GWG and their joint effect on GDM.

Results
Among participants, 20.1% were marginally food secure or food insecure and 7.4% were diagnosed with GDM. The elevated unadjusted association between HFI and GDM was attenuated after adjustment (aOR: 1.12; 95%CI: 0.47, 2.66). There was an elevated risk of GDM associated with inadequate GWG, (aOR: 2.42; 95%CI: 0.97, 6.00), but results were imprecise. There were no statistically significant associations in the joint exposure analysis.

Conclusion
The relationship between HFI and GDM is mostly explained by other covariates, but there is some evidence that inadequate GWG is a possible risk factor for GDM.