bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interdisciplinary study of biodeterioration of the external marbles of Santa Maria del Fiore Cathedral, Florence (IT)
Authors: Santo AP , Agostini B , Checcucci A , Pecchioni E , Perito B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Stone-built cultural heritage exposed to urban environment represents a habitat where heterogeneous microbial communities can grow causing structural and aesthetical modifications and significant biodeterioration phenomena, the most common being colored patinas and crusts. An in-depth investigation of microbial community composition and its metabolic potential is essential to take the appropriate measures to control its growth. Conventional biocides remain the most used practical solution to control microbial growth, nevertheless, they may be dangerous for human health and the environment. The Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (SMFC) is a major architectural masterpiece in Florence (IT), and its conservation is a main issue of worldwide concern. The whole edifice is externally covered with polychrome stone panels consisting of white marbles, serpentinites and red limestones. Here we report a multidisciplinary investigation on the state of conservation of SMFC white marbles which show, in some extended areas, patinas and discoloration due to microbiological growth. This work provides new details on the deterioration of SMFC marble and, for the first time, on the microbial community involved. This preliminary knowledge will be used for planning field tests with innovative low environmental impact biocides, such as essential oils, to contrast biodeterioration.
Using atmospheric pressure plasma as a tool in the cleaning of icon paintings
Authors: Stefanova M , Kamenarov Z 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The removal of aged and unwanted layers from the surface of a work of art is one of the most significant operations in the conservation process, but it is also complex, risky and hard to control. The plasma cleaning procedure has been tested successfully on different materials representative in the field of cultural heritage and has proven its many advantages compared to mechanical and chemical cleaning techniques. Despite the success of atmospheric pressure plasma treatment in the cleaning of easel paintings (i.e. the removal of thin films of varnishes, resins, re-paintings or deposits) it is still a new research area. This paper presents the use of atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) for the removal of aged varnish, wax and soot from the pictorial layer of an icon painting. The case study is conducted on a 19th century wooden alms box with a painting of Saint John the Baptist and compares the influence of two different concentrations of the used gas mixture. Better cleaning result is obtained using APP Ar/O2 0.2%. The successful removal of the aged oil-resin varnish, wax and soot deposits, is assured without any mechanical and chemical modification of the underlying pictorial layer. The surface action of the plasma treatment is an important advantage compared to the use of aggressive solvents, mechanical shock, or local heating which is typical of traditional cleaning procedures. Furthermore, the non-contact treatment with plasma does not require preliminary consolidation of the treated surface, and avoids additional drawbacks. This method is a rare opportunity, especially in cases when the surface is protected by an organic material and could be neither safely, nor acceptably cleaned by the existing conventional techniques. Therefore, the use of plasma is proposed for the cleaning of icons as an alternative or complementary treatment to the existing techniques.
Learning from Objects: the use of advanced numerical methods to exploit a complete set of information from experimental data, for the Mona Lisa’s Digital-Twin
Authors: Lorenzo RIPARBELLI , Fabrice BRÉMAND , Paolo DIONISI-VICI , Jean-Christophe DUPRE , Giacomo GOLI , Franck HESSER , Delphine JULLIEN , Paola MAZZANTI , Marco TOGNI , Elisabeth RAVAUD , Luca UZIELLI , Joseph GRIL 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The approach to wooden artefacts of historical importance, and panel paintings in particular, is a task that requires a multidisciplinary approach based on experimental observation of the artwork and advanced techniques to make these data actually useful for the knowledge and preservation of the object. This study illustrates how a series of scientific observations and instrumental analyses can be used to construct a numerical simulation that allows a deeper understanding of the physical structure and behaviour of the object itself, namely to construct a hygro-mechanical predictive model (a “Digital-Twin”) of Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa panel. Based on specific request from the Louvre Museum, a group of experts with different and complementary skills cooperated and are still cooperating to construct a complete set of experimental observation and non-invasive tests; so, the integration of the collected data made the construction of the panel’s Digital-Twin possible. This paper also specifically examines how the Digital-Twin can be used to compare two framing conditions of the panel; although the two experimental configurations are not inherently comparable, the comparison is made possible by the introduction of a technique of projection of the fields obtained as results of the two analyses, named the Projected Model Comparison (PMC), which has been developed specifically for this research.
Functional mortars for conservation of cultural heritage structures
Authors: Vucetic S , Miljevic B , Sovljanski O , van der Bergh J M , Markov S , Hirsenberger H , Tzoutzouli Malesevic M , Ranogajec J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mortar aging and deterioration are serious problem for architectural heritage conservation. The solution might be sought in advanced functional materials which could provide repair and lasting surface protection from atmospheric pollution and microbiological corrosion. In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted on the use of bacteria with biocalcification potential for self-healing effect in cements materials, but only a few publications deal with self-healing capacity of historical lime-based mortars.
The main focus of our research was development of new bio-activated self-healing system and its application in laboratory conditions. The objects of the work were historical mortar samples from medieval Bač Fortress in Serbia and laboratory prepared and aged mortar models. Aiming to achieve high compatibility, laboratory models were prepared based on our previous results of historical mortars characterization. The bio-activated self-healing agent was made as two-component liquid system using bacterial cells of Sporosarcina pasteurii DSM 33 and nutrients. The components of the models were hydraulic lime, milled limestone, river sand, and crashed brick as aggregates, and water. Comparative characterization of historic mortars and aged models was performed by mechanical and colorimetric testing as well as examination of mutual interaction and cohesion between old and new material.
The next step was efficiency evaluation of the external bacteria-based repair healing method in/on the laboratory samples. The detailed study of the cracks of the historical samples and the prepared models, and the bacterial suspension diffusion assessment were done by comparison of the results obtained by different complementary imaging techniques (optical and scanning electron microscopy). The experiments were performed on both samples of old and new materials treated with and without bio-activated self-healing agent.
The obtained results are promising and support the development of the external bio-activated self-healing method. This solution represents functional system which could allow historical mortars and modern structures to heal themselves in the long-term, preserving their functional and aesthetic properties.
The colour of architecture. Physical-chemical analysis of polychromy on stone in a 16th century gothic Portal at the Cathedral of Santo Domingo
Authors: Prieto Vicioso Esteban , Flores Sasso Virginia , Ruiz Valero Letzai , García de Miguel José M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Colour always played a role in the human evolutionary process and has been used as a way of expression. But the time, the lack of maintenance and abandonment, the lack of studies related to the presence of polychromy in architecture and the nineteenth-century idea of eliminating building plasters to expose stone and brick have caused many to ignore and forgotten the presence of colour in historical buildings. In most cases disappear leaving only traces of colours. For this reason the aim of this research is study the polychromy on stone of a 16th century gothic Portal in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo. Analyses were performed using non-destructive techniques as Transmission Polarized Light Microscopy (PLM), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive Elemental Analysis X-Ray (SEM/EDX), Gas Chromatography (GC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). To determinate the colour was used a CIELAB System and Munsell Colour System. In conclusion patinas yellow, ochre, red, green and blue colours; and pigmented successive layers of plaster and lime was found. Remains of these layers of polychromies are also spread throughout many areas of the Cathedral.
Integrative Applications of Microbial Biotechnology to Cultural Heritages Conservation and Promotion
Authors: Marvasi M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the last decades a number of microbial biotechnology applications have been put into practice for the conservation of cultural heritages. Soft approaches to the bio-cleaning and bio-restoration of cultural heritage are in constant demand in addition to deep understanding of microbial bio-deterioration. Recent research has addressed this issue by different perspectives, highlighting how separate disciplines such biology, microbiology, biochemistry are taking the problem from each own view. However, in the last years the integration of these disciplines have increased the range of tools for conservation and promotion. This commentary shows recent examples of concrete exploitation of the integration of these applications in the field of cultural heritage. Current application of omics techniques and their use for restorers and conservators still rest on the assumption that this omics revolution will be – at some point, important. This commentary includes combination of evidences showing we are a step further: having used a combination of key papers in support, this perspective shows how such applications are already bringing important tools for conservators. Taken together, these sources of evidence are provocative and at the same time similarly stimulating and convincing.
B-IMPACT project: eco-friendly and non-hazardous coatings for the protection of outdoor bronzes
Authors: Masi G. , Aufray M , Balbo A , Bernardi E , Bignozzi MC , Chiavari C , Esvan J , Gartner N , Grassi V , Josse C , Kosec T , Martini C , Monticelli C , Škrlep L , Sperotto W , Švara Fabjan E , Tedesco E , Zanotto F , Robbiola L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Application of protective coatings is the most widely used conservation treatment for outdoor bronzes. Eco-friendly and non-hazardous coatings are currently needed for conservation of outdoor bronze monuments. To fulfil this need, the M-ERA.NET European research project B-IMPACT (Bronze-IMproved non-hazardous PAtina CoaTings) aimed at assessing the protectiveness of innovative coatings for historical and modern bronze monuments exposed outdoors.
In this project, two bronze substrates (historical Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb and modern Cu-Si-Mn alloys) were artificially patinated, by acid rain solution using dropping test and by “liver of sulphur” procedure (K2S aqueous solution) to obtain black patina, respectively. Subsequently, the application of several newly developed protective coatings was carried out and their performance was investigated by preliminary electrochemical tests. In the following steps of the work, the assessment of the best-performing coatings was carried out and their performance was compared to Incralac, one of the most widely used protective coatings in conservation practice. A multi-analytical approach was adopted, considering artificial ageing (carried out in representative conditions, including exposure to rain runoff, stagnant rain and UV radiation) and metal release, as well as visual aspect (so as to include aesthetical impact among the coating selection parameters) and morphological and structural evolution of the coated surfaces due to simulated outdoor exposure. Lastly, also the health impact of selected coatings was assessed by occupational hazard tests. The removability and re-applicability of the best-performing coatings were also assessed. The best alternatives to the conventional Incralac exhibited were: (i) fluoroacrylate blended with methacryloxy-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (FA-MS) applied on patinated Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb bronze and (ii) 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxysilane (PropS-SH) applied on patinated Cu-Si-Mn bronze.
The STORM experience (the importance of preparedness in natural disaster facing)
Authors: Boi S , Capua MC , Perossini F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
STORM project was the best opportunity to cope with the challenge of merging computer and communication technologies with human and cultural oriented practices in conservation and restoration. The result of this powerful synergy between these two approaches (technology and CH needs) in view of mitigating effects on cultural heritage, is expected to enormously increase the mitigation of the damages created by climate change disasters. The main question, coming from the experience gained, is how we can capitalize the acquired expertise in the future. This will probably be done using strategies which could rely on local financial support and the possibility to have advanced regulations provided by local authorities. Communication between different actors will play a major role in the future achievements: the project faced a big challenge in establishing good communication among different competences so to say that now, after a three year project, it should be great to start a new experience counting on the level of friendship and communication achieved during the STORM project. But communication is also the key element of emergency management. The recent event which affected the Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, 15/04/2019), was a matter of discussion between STORM partners and during those discussion we concluded that probably the proper preparedness was not in place. Preparedness could have dramatically reduced the reaction time and the effectiveness of intervention after a disaster. As a final though we are convinced that new professions could grow from the project experience, starting from cultural heritage experts such as conservators, restorers, archaeologists, architects, art historian involving specific branches of engineering; that could create new job opportunities for all those people provided that they will receive the proper education and practice experience..
Through the Looking Glass. Cultural Heritage Custodians to Populate the Mirrorworld
Authors: Hazan Dr. Susan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This contribution is a wake-up call to custodians of cultural heritage to get ready and prepare for the next platform – the 3D and 4D experiences of the nascent Mirrorworld. Built upon the first generations of online experience, the sprawling communication platform of the World Wide Web, and driven by the ubiquitous reach of social networks and online gaming, the Mirrorworld will breach the glass ceiling of 2D experiences to draw us into a fully functioning 3D environment. Public institutions that manage cultural heritage for visitors, such as galleries, libraries, archives and museums (GLAMS), are ideally placed to seed the spatial communications network that will drive the new platform. Despite the formidable challenges to be surmounted, it is up to custodians of cultural heritage to become proactive in building the Mirrorworld rather than to wait for third party actors to advance commercial interests with imitation culture, simulated histories, or made-up stories. As gatekeepers of cultural artefacts, GLAMs have the capability, the experience, and even the responsibility to tell their stories forcefully, accurately and in fully-functioning 4D.
STORM integrated solution: a toolkit of collaborative and decision-making services and tools
Authors: Giunta Gabriele , Gugliandolo Emilia , Li Calsi Giuseppe , Bicchierai Irene , Brancati Francesco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The current world is increasingly supported by a knowledge-based economy, where technological, economic, political, social and cultural changes modify the nature of human relationships. The Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) revolution along with the spread of different and faster channels have become important driver to disseminate knowledge and information. In this changing landscape, knowledge is considered one of the most valuable assets able to generate growth and competitive advantage. Knowledge sharing plays a central role specifically during emergency, allowing the access to and the availability of critical information regarding risks and disasters. Lack of information complicates the efficient management of catastrophes and weakens the decision-making processes. For these reasons, it is fundamental to develop an infrastructure able to manage knowledge and, most specifically, to increase economic and social values fostering knowledge creation and sharing, to use innovation to perform better, to be updated and to enhance sustainability. In such complex situations, the STORM project aims at building a collaborative and dynamic environment allowing the actors to interact with each other and to join their efforts towards highest levels of cooperation and coordinated decision making approaches. Making fast and efficient decisions requires supporting tools allowing a prompt situational picture and critical information sharing based on effective use and coordination of resources, people, and information, where information and knowledge are distributed. In the context of the STORM project, the proposed tools and services enabled by IT technologies enhance collaboration, co-ordination and to support decision making amongst stakeholders, providing, at any moment, a clear situational picture. Existing knowledge (e.g. best practice, guidelines, lessons learned, procedures and processes, etc.) related to natural disaster risks and impacts can help teams of experts in making decisions and sharing new knowledge (e.g. from the situational picture, risk assessment and data analytics) for a prompt and more effective recovery. As a main benefit, the involved actors will be aware about the formulation and selection of risk reduction measures based on available risk information and stakeholders’ needs, speeding up response time where the right people with the relevant skills and disaster events are identified in a more timely manner.
A preliminary approach on point cloud reconstruction of bronze statues through oriented photogrammetry: the “Principe Ellenistico” case
Authors: Bici M. , Gherardini F. , Campana F. , Leali F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Close-Range Photogrammetry is a widespread and efficient technique in the 3D acquisition of artefacts, particularly in fields like Cultural Heritage. Despite this wide usage, also due to a convenient quality/cost ratio, it shows some limitations due to light conditions as well as the artefact surface finishing. In this paper, we would like to report the assessment of a photogrammetry approach to 3D capture metal reflective surfaces, such as bronze, which is a widely used material in ancient statues. To this aim, we propose a photogrammetry workflow based on systematic steps capable of overcome some of the main issues of reflective surfaces. To validate this approach, the developed 3D model is compared to a more accurate model of the same artefact, obtained with a 3D scanner. As a case study, we selected the Principe Ellenistico, an ancient bronze statue conserved in the Museo Nazionale Romano (Rome, Italy), of which a photogrammetric model is firstly developed and then compared to the scanned one.
Condition monitoring of rolling element bearings: benchmarking of data-driven methods
Authors: Iunusova E , Szipka K , Archenti A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is a maintenance strategy used to gain updated information about equipment condition and is today considered a natural part of the engineering field. The replacement of the traditional scheduled maintenance strategy in favor of CBM has the potential to significantly improve the safety of the system operating in harsh environments of the operation and increase in productivity by prolonging the life of an asset and preventing costly breakdowns. For many years CBM remained the subject of vigorous research and discussions. Increasing the automation level and the number of sensors in industries allowed obtaining and collecting data in large amounts. The current level of computational power allows us to process and analyse this massive amount of data, which has given a new leap in the development of industrial analytics. Rather than in the case of classical knowledge-based modelling tools, data-driven methods propose modelling and forecasting frameworks based on data analysis. Consequently, the transition to the data-driven modelling gave a leap in CBM research and has recently drawn increasing attention, providing new case studies, algorithms, and results. However, technical challenges remain. Despite great flexibility and good forecasting performances, there are several limitations of data-driven algorithms. This paper provides an overview of the data-driven failure algorithms for rolling element bearings monitoring. Bearings have played a pivotal role in industrial machinery to operate with high effciency and safety. They are considered to be one of the most common machine elements of precision rotating machinery. A benchmarking of various predictive and descriptive algorithms was performed. The analysis was carried out on a dataset from the run-to-failure experiments on bearings from NASAs Data Repository. This paper also summarizes the current trends and highlights the limitations with respect to traditional knowledge-based modelling. Special attention is paid to identifying research gaps and promising research directions.