bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cations on Atmospheric Corrosion of Hot-Dipped Galvanized Steel
Authors: Liu Yipeng , Ooi Azusa , Tada Eiji , Nishikata Atsushi 
Published: February 2020

The zinc-coated sheets are widely used in auto industries, especially for body parts. Corrosion caused to the body parts by sea salts and deicing salts such as NaCl, MgCl2 and CaCl2 has raised concerns of the automakers. The role of Mg and Ca cations in is still intriguing [1], and the corrosion products formed under such condition could rather prolong the service life of galvanized steels. In this study, by combining the non-destructive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method and morphology observation, the benefit of alkaline metal cations on enhancing the corrosion resistance of galvanized steels has been investigated through accelerated lab test.
A commercial hot-dip galvanized steel having the coating thickness of 10 μm was employed as the specimen. The amounts of chloride salts deposited on the specimen surface were 4.05 g/m2 for MgCl2, 4.75 g/m2 for CaCl2, and 5.00 g/m2 for NaCl so that the chloride amounts were fixed to be 3.05 g/m2. The salt coated specimens were exposed to the dry-wet cycling over 95 % RH (2 h) - 40 % RH (2 h) in the humidity chamber. EIS and polarization curves were measured at the certain intervals of the exposure to evaluate the stage of degradation of the coating. The corrosion products were examined by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX).
The specimens deposited with MgCl2 exhibited far better corrosion resistance than those with NaCl. Even after 15 weeks (630 cycles), the open circuit potential held at around -0.9 V (vs. SSE), indicating the remain of metallic zinc coating. The corrosion rate estimated by EIS results was also low. This high corrosion resistance was ascribed to a thin and homogenous corrosion product layer, which was mainly composed of Zincite (ZnO) and Simonkolleite (Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O). After 126 cycles of the exposure, the corrosion products were turned to a double-layer structure of which the inner layer was dense and outer layer was porous. The compact inner layer must have offered the high corrosion resistance under the extended term of the aggressive environment. However, such a structure and long state of protection was not observed under NaCl salt films [2]. Alkaline metal chlorides are less aggressive to corrosion of the galvanized steel than NaCl and could promote the formation of homogenous corrosion product layer.

Reference

[1] Yumiko Tsurumaki, Eiji Tada, Azusa Ooi and Atsushi Nishikata, Anodic Polarization Behavior of Zn in Aqueous MgCl2 Solutions, 2018, ECS Meeting Abstracts, No. 1056
[2] Y. Liu, A. Ooi, E. Tada, A. Nishikata. Electrochemical Monitoring of Degradation Process of Galvanized Steels in Atmospheric Environments, 2018, ECS Meeting Abstracts, No. 1058

Figure 1
Electrochemical Test Configurations to Study Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Hangarter Carlos , Gong Bailey , Anderson Rachel M , Policastro Steve A 
Published: February 2020

Atmospheric corrosion is one of the most difficult forms of corrosion to forecast. Although standardized exposures and accelerated tests exist for material characterization and prediction purposes, the premise of these approaches can be oversimplified to a fault that precludes utility. For instance, the concept of time of wetness is now recognized as a broad stroke parameter that distinguishes little about the rate of corrosion.1 Furthermore, many off-the-shelf systems and public weather services allow streaming of environment parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, wind speed/direction, solar radiation and precipitation. This deeper understanding of atmospheric corrosion processes and litany of meteorological information brings to question the best electrochemical approach(es) to characterize materials for atmospheric corrosion modeling. In this work we examined three different electrochemical test configurations, show in Figure 1, to study atmospheric corrosion with polarization experiments that cover comparable parameter space. These experiments were tailored to the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the primary cathodic reaction in many corrosion systems, as literature data permits facile calculation of diffusion limited current under thin film electrolytes and forced convection. The first configuration consisted of an electrode stack with an oxygen permeable counter electrode placed in an environmental chamber, in which a wetted membrane fixed the electrolyte thickness. The second approach also required an environmental chamber to control film thickness but instead utilized microelectrodes to enable polarization with minimal disruption to the boldly exposed electrolyte surface. The third configuration deviated from the environmental chamber approach with a bulk electrolyte and rotating disk electrode to set the diffusion layer thickness with rotation rate. These systems were all evaluated in chloride concentration relevant to atmospheric conditions. Polarization curves for different test configurations are examined in 2.7 M NaCl. While comparable, these configurations display distinct differences in iR drop, reproducibility and charge transfer resistance, which give rise to different open circuit potentials, Tafel slopes and diffusion limited behavior. These results will be discussed in terms of test configuration features to better understand applicability of different configurations, including practical limitations and potential for improvements/optimization.

1 Schindelholz, E., Risteen, B. E. & Kelly, R. G. Effect of Relative Humidity on Corrosion of Steel under Sea Salt Aerosol Proxies: II. MgCl2, Artificial Seawater. J Electrochem Soc
161, C460-C470, doi:10.1149/2.0231410jes (2014).
Figure 1: Photographs of each test configuration; membrane configuration (left), microelectrode configuration (center) and rotating disc electrode (right).

Figure 1
Chemical Mechanical Polishing Implementation for Corrosion Prevention of Titanium Bio-Implants
Authors: Basim G. Bahar , Yagan Rawana 
Published: February 2020

Corrosion and surface film dissolution are two mechanisms for titanium-based bioimplants to release ions into the human body and hence degrading the biocompatibility. Electrochemical methods are commonly practiced in testing metallic biomaterials in-vitro measurements[1] (Kuhn, Neufeld and Rae, 1988). In an attempt to prevent the in-vivo corrosion of the titanium implants, we have introduced a new approach by utilizing chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) as a synergistic approach to form a protective surface film and as a tool to control the surface nanostructure [2] to promote or demote cell attachment.
In this paper, application of CMP on titanium implant surfaces is studied through electrochemical analyses in the absence and presence of an oxidizer. Corrosion rates are extrapolated from anodic polarization of the potentiodynamic curves (Figure 1) with and without CMP implementation to compare the affect of surface engineering. It was observed that the higher corrosion (Table 1) rates correlated to the higher material removal during polishing, which can be controlled through oxidizer concentration that affects the surface TiO2 film growth. Furthermore, potentiostatic measurements showed that the addition of oxidizer increased the rate of oxide growth and decreased the surface current density levels indicating that the surface self-passivation took place. Post CMP contact angle (wettability) and AFM measurements confirmed an improved surface topography and surface homogeneity by CMP treatment as better surface smoothness and wettability control was achieved.
[1] Kuhn, A., Neufeld, P. and Rae, T. (n.d.). Synthetic Environments for the Testing of Metallic Biomaterials. The Use of Synthetic Environments for Corrosion Testing, 1988, pp.79-79-19.

[2] Ozdemir, Z., Ozdemir, A. and Basim, G. (2016). Application of chemical mechanical polishing process on titanium based implants. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 68, pp.383-396.

Figure 1
Dissolution Mechanisms of Mg Investigated By Various Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Itagaki Masayuki , Shitanda Isao , Hoshi Yoshinao 
Published: February 2020

Magnesium and its alloys are widely used in the industrial fields such as the automobile and electronic devices because they have small density and high strength. However, it is also known that magnesium has large corrosion rate due to its less-noble electrode potential. Furthermore, hydrogen evolution rate on dissolving magnesium is increased with the anodic polarization, and it’s called “Negative Difference effect (NDE)” [1-4]. For example, Baril et al. [3] proposed the following dissolution mechanism of Mg2+ for an interpretation of NDE by a local impedance measurement.
Mg → Mg+
ads + e- (1)
Mg+
ads ⇄ Mg2++ e- (2)
Hydrogen evolution is accelerated by the following chemical reaction.
Mg+
ads + H2O → Mg2+ + OH- + 1/2H2 (3)
In this presentation, the dissolution and hydrogen evolution mechanisms of the pure magnesium in Na2SO4 and NaCl solutions were discussed on the basis of the following three electrochemical measurements: (1) 3D Impedance Spectroscopy, (2) Gas-Chromatographic Voltammetry [4], and (3) Channel Flow Double Electrode [5].
References
[1] R.L. Petty, A.W. Davidson, J. Kleinberg, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 76 (1954) 363-366.
[2] G. Song, A. Atrens, D. Stjohn, J. Nairn, Y. Li, Corros. Sci, 39 (1997) 855-875.
[3] G. Baril, G. Galicia, C. Deslouis, N. Pebere, B. Tribollet, V. Vivier, J. Electrochem. Soc, 154 (2007) C108-C113.
[4] Y. Hoshi, R. Takemiya, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, (2016) C303 - C305.
[5] Y. Hoshi, K. Miyazawa, I. Shitanda, M. Itagaki, J. Electrochem. Soc. 165, (2018) C243 - C245.
Microstructure, Chemical Composition and Local Corrosion Behavior of Friction Stud Welding Joint
Authors: Gu Yanhong , Wang Shengnan , Gao Hui , Zeng Qunfeng 
Published: February 2020

In this paper, X65 base metal and stud were joined by friction stud welding technology. Scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET) and localized electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (LEIS) were performed to investigate localized corrosion behaviors of the welded joint. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), metallographic microscope and micro hardness tester were used to observe the microstructure and the hardness of the welded sample. Raman spectrometer and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) were used to determine the composition of the weldment before and after corrosion, respectively. The results show that the welded zone has the maximum micro-hardness and the densest microstructure. And the α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were determined in the welded zone. The SVET and LEIS data indicate that the welded zone has the lowest current density and the largest impedance, this may due to the presence of iron oxides and the densest microstructure in the welded zone, showing the best corrosion resistance. The resistance between microstructure, micro-hardness, chemical composition and local electrochemical behavior were discussed.
Keywords: Friction stud welding; Raman; SVET; LEIS; X65 steel
Selective Electroless Copper Plating on a Polymer Substrate Via Magnetic Field Application
Authors: Danilova Sofya , Graves John Edward , Cave Gareth W V , Cobley Andrew J 
Published: February 2020

Selective metallization of non-conductive materials is used in electronic device manufacturing. It is usually achieved via a combination of the photolithography and metal deposition processes. However, this approach is expensive and results in the production of hazardous waste. Present research suggests a cost-effective alternative way of selective metallisation, namely, a gradient magnetic field is applied during catalyst deposition, prior to electroless copper plating (Figure 1, A).
In order to enable an interaction with the magnetic field, the standard Pd/Sn catalyst was replaced by a novel magnetic catalyst, γ-Fe2O3-Ag composite nanoparticles (Figure 1, B). The catalyst was synthesised via a wet-chemical method at ambient conditions. The composition of the catalyst was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The magnetic properties of the catalyst were confirmed whilst the catalytic activity towards formaldehyde oxidation was proven by cyclic voltammetry.
A gradient magnetic field was achieved by the combined application of a permanent magnet and steel template. The distribution of the magnetic field was simulated prior to template fabrication. The catalyst was attracted by the magnetic field and deposited only at the areas with maximum magnetic field influence. Subsequent electroless copper plating occured exclusively at the areas where the magnetic field was focused and catalyst deposited. Tracks of copper (350 µm width and 1 mm gap) were prepared using this novel additive manufacturing process (Figure 1, C).
Figure 1. A – schematic presentation of the process; B – novel magnetic catalyst γ-Fe2O3-Ag; C – selectively metallised substrate obtained by using novel magnetic catalyst and gradient magnetic field.

Figure 1
"Buried" Surfaces: Membrane-like Coatings for Favorable Electrocatalytic Selectivity
Authors: Mei Bastian Timo , Endrodi Balazs , Smulders Vera , Gomes Adriano , Widlock Mats , Simic Nina , Mul Guido , Cornell Ann 
Published: February 2020

For existing large-scale industrial processes (chlorate process) as well as emerging technologies (photocatalytic water splitting) electrochemical selectivity towards hydrogen evolution is essential to achieve high (energy) efficiencies. Electrode selectivity is widely reported to be achieved in the presence of solution additives such as sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) [1]. In the chlorate process dichromate is known to form a thin membrane-like structure by reductive electrochemical deposition on the cathode. With the growing interest in the electrification of the chemical industry and the general need for clean energy technologies, the development of membrane-coated “buried” electrodes recently received increasing attention [2].
In this presentation, 1) the formation of amorphous oxide electrode coatings from chromate solutions will be described and 2) potential alternative coatings, particularly coatings derived from permanganate and vanadate electrolyte additives, will be introduced [3,4]. It will be shown by different electroanalytical techniques that these amorphous oxide overlayers are selectively permeable to certain electroactive species (Figure 1) and enable efficient hydrogen evolution without significantly altered kinetics.
References
[1] V. Smulders, N. Simic, A.S.O. Gomes, B. Mei, G. Mul, Electrochim. Acta, 2018, accepted; [2] D.V. Esposito, ACS Catal.,
2018, 8, 457-465; [3] B. Endrődi, V. Smulders, N. Simic, M. Wildlock, G. Mul, B. Mei, A. Cornella, Appl. Catal. B, 2018, DOI: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.11.038; [4] B. Endrődi, S. Sandin, V. Smulders, N. Simic, M. Wildlock, G. Mul, B. Mei, A. Cornell, J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 182, 529-537.
Fabrication and Characterization of Highly Ordered Graphite Nanofiber Network Structure for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lee Dong Kyu , Jeon Hwan-Jin , Ahn Chi Won 
Published: February 2020

Graphitic carbon fiber felt (GCFF) with a highly ordered crystalline graphitic carbon structure was fabricated by a combination of electrospinning and graphitization (2800 °C heat treatment) of carbon precursor polymer (PAN; Polyacrylonitrile) and was used as an interlayer between the cathode and separator in Li-S batteries. This GCFF interlayer trapped the polysulfides on the cathode side and increased the utilization of sulfur by suppressing the shuttle phenomenon. Also, the GCFF was shown to be able to act as an upper current collector to reduce the charge-transfer resistance owing to the high crystallinity of the graphitic carbon fibers. The sulfur cathode with the GCFF interlayer showed a high specific initial discharge capacity of 1280 mAh g−1 and excellent cycling stability (1004 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles) at 0.2 C. Also, an image of the glass fiber (GF) separator on the anode side confirmed the presence of an SEI(solid-electrolyte interphase) after 200 cycles, which apparently resulted from stable Li deposition on the Li metal because of the low or medium concentration of sulfur in the electrolyte solution. Our observations should contribute to elucidating the key features of complex three-dimensional carbon fabrics with crystalline graphitic structures that allow them, when inserted as interlayers, to markedly improve the performance of rechargeable batteries.
Reference: Journal of Power Sources, Volume 360, 31 August 2017, Pages 559-568
Carbon Quantum Dots Deposed on TiO2 Hollow Spheres for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Martinez-Morales Alfredo , Lee Seungjin 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been studied for decades and play an important part in many of our daily activities. However, the demand for higher energy capacity and power density continues to increase, particularly in applications such as electric vehicles (EVs). To satisfy the demands of applications operating at high currents and high power, the development of electrode materials with high power density is required. Owing to its abundance, long cycle life, and low cost, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been intensively investigated as an anode material. Moreover, TiO2–based anodes exhibit two advantageous properties: 1) a relatively high lithium insertion/extraction voltage (higher than 1.5 V vs. Li+/Li); and, 2) the prevention of lithium plating on the anode. Both characteristics improve the safety of the batteries compared to the use of a lithium metal anode. However, because of the low conductivity of TiO2, it shows poor performance as an anode material for lithium ion batteries. To overcome this limitation, graphene substrates can be used to boost the electrochemical performance of TiO2 since they can enhance the electronic conductivity in the electrode. Unfortunately, the drastic volume expansion and disintegration of graphene surface during charge/discharge is a main obstacle to this approach. Therefore, the particle size and dispersion of graphene substrates are key factors for improving anode conductivity and reliability.
Herein, we report a strategy to improve the electrochemical performance of TiO2 and prevent the volume expansion suffered by graphene substrates by combining TiO2 hollow spheres with carbon quantum dots (CQDs) that possess high conductivity and good dispersion. Mesoporous TiO2 hollow spheres are prepared by a sol-gel method using SiO2 spheres as sacrificial templates. The TiO2 hollow spheres provide not only the porosity, but also the large surface area needed to enhance the attachment of CQDs. The CQDs are attached on the surface of TiO2 hollow spheres by a hydrothermal treatment (CQDs@TiO2). These hybrid nanoparticles exhibit higher conductivity and less volume expansion due to their porous .
The size of the CQDs@TiO2 was determined to be about 200 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity of CQDs@TiO­2 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), showing anatase crystal structure. The surface area and pore size distributionwere characterized CR2032-type coin cells are assembled by using the CQDs@TiO2 active materials and LiFePO4 (as the cathode material). Electrochemical properties are characterized by cycling under different C-rates and charging/discharging profiles.
Electrochemical Investigations of High Voltage Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 Cathode for Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Petla Ramesh Kumar , Amin Ruhul , Belharouak Ilias , Sougrati Moulay Tahar , Ben Yahia Hamdi , Essehli Rachid 
Published: February 2020

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are attractive candidates because of their low cost and their electrochemistry that is similar to the well-established lithium-ion technology [1]. Development of new cathode materials with high voltage and high capacity with good electric and ionic conductivity is critical to enhance power densities of the SIBs [2]. We are reporting the electrochemical performance of a polyanionic material Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 as a potential high voltage cathode for rechargeable Na-ion batteries. The pristine and carbon coated materials [Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7-rGO and Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7-C] were prepared by a sol-gel method and were characterized by using galvanostatic charge-discharge cycling at different conditions (variable cut of voltages, interval times, fixed capacities) [3]. Carbon coated Na4Ni3(PO4)2P2O7 sample delivers a stable discharge capacity of 51 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C rate after 40 cycles (1.3 Na ion was intercalated/de-intercalated) (Figure 1). In-situ Powder XRD data were collected during the first charge and discharge cycles. The results indicate the presence of a reversible structure change after the first cycle. More details will be provided during the meeting.
References

Chang, Y. Yang, M. Li, X. Wang and Y. Wu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 10739 (2014).

Y. Hwang, S.T. Myung and Y.K. Sun, Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, 3529-3614 (2017).

Zhang, I. Hasa, D. Buchholz, B. Qin, D. Geiger, S. Jeong, U. Kaiser and S. Passerini, NPG Asia Materials 9, e370, (2017).

Figure 1
Microstructural Analysis of Li-Ion Battery Graphite Anodes
Authors: Norris Chance , Mistry Aashutosh N , Roberts Scott A. , Mukherjee Partha P. 
Published: February 2020

Lithium-ion batteries are canonically designed to be cathode-limited. However, the deleterious effects are anode-centric1-3. The conventional wisdom about porous intercalation electrodes treats them as homogeneous reaction zones with spherical particles undergoing intercalation. Graphite anodes exhibit a considerable morphological departure from this interpretation. In the present work, multiple graphite electrode tomograms are analyzed for their microstructural variation. The associated geometrical stochasticity is quantified in terms of short- and long-range interactions to provide a comprehensive picture of its electrochemical response.
(1) Zheng, H.; Qu, Q.; Zhu, G.; Liu, G.; Battaglia, V. S.;Zheng, H. Quantitative Characterization of the Surface Evolution for Lini0. 5co0. 2mn0. 3o2/Graphite Cell During Long-Term Cycling. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2017, 9, 12445-12452.
(2) Mistry, A. N.; Smith, K.;Mukherjee, P. P. Electrochemistry Coupled Mesoscale Complexations in Electrodes Lead to Thermo-Electrochemical Extremes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2018, 10, 28644-28655.
(3) Kotak, N.; Barai, P.; Verma, A.; Mistry, A.;Mukherjee, P. P. Electrochemistry-Mechanics Coupling in Intercalation Electrodes. J. Electrochem. Soc.
2018, 165, A1064-A1083.