bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimental Investigation on the Erosion of a Helico-Axial Pump With Gas Presence
Authors: Chen Yi , Patil Abhay , Chen Yiming , Morrison Gerald , Rojas Marisela 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Electrical submersible pump (ESP) technology has been widely applied in the oil and gas industry due to its high productivity. However, erosion always causes the reduction of productivity and sometimes even the failure of an ESP system. This study explores the effect of gas presence on erosion mechanism on an ESP which is composed of 4 stages of Helico-Axial Pump (HAP). A 200-hour erosion test has been performed on this ESP. During the test, the ESP was running at 3600 RPM with a liquid flow rate of 880 GPM, 20% inlet Gas Volume Fraction (GVF), and 0.24% sand concentration by weight. Performance tests were conducted every 50 hours to acquire the performance maps and monitor the performance degradation. Analysis of volume/weight loss and performance degradation is conducted to investigate pump wear. Two types of erosion are found at the impeller: the volume loss found notably at the leading edge is mainly caused by two-body impact erosion, while the tip clearance increment between the impeller housing and impeller blade tip is mainly caused by the three-body abrasive erosion. Unlike most conventional centrifugal pumps, there is no observable wear found at the trailing edge of the impeller. The presence of the gas shows a negative effect on both types of erosion. The consequence of the erosion is the performance degradation, especially at the condition with higher pressure rise. It is suggested to apply this HAP in the oil field with more gas and higher bottom hole pressure.
DNA Ligation on a Digital Microfluidic Device
Authors: An H. T. , Houchaimi S. , Greyson Marcette , Schertzer M. J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This investigation demonstrates that digital microfluidic platforms are suitable for automated DNA ligation. Multiple DNA ligation steps are required to create DNA products using oligonucleotide synthesis. Unfortunately, traditional methods of oligonucleotide synthesis are unable to create highly accurate, long DNA products. This leads to a supply-side bottleneck that puts a drag on innovation in drug development, organism engineering, and agricultural improvement. Here we demonstrate ligation of two DNA products into one DNA product in digital microfluidic devices that manipulate droplets in air and in oil. Results from the gel electrophoresis imaging confirmed that ligation on digital microfluidics devices was successful in all cases. Silicone oil experiments also verified that on-chip incubation of DNA ligation is possible on these devices using an external resistive heater. This suggests that large-scale DMF automation of DNA synthesis can be used to alleviate the bottleneck created by the lack of efficient, high-volume production of long change DNA products. Such an advancement would be highly valued for a wide variety of biomedical applications.
Temperature-Controlled Minichannel Flow-Cell for Non-Invasive Particle Measurements in Solid-Liquid Flow
Authors: Schmalenberg Mira , Sallamon Fabian , Haas Christian , Kockmann Norbert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Solid-liquid suspension flow is often involved in the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In these fields, working with continuous small-scale equipment in order to save costs and resources is of increasing interest. Therefore, it is also important to enable process control for small-scale apparatus, which requires the development of new concepts to observe and control crystallization processes in minichannel equipment. The particles and crystals should be detected and measured with as low impact as possible because contact between process medium and the sensors can often lead to the incrustation of the sensor, disturb the particle size and shape, or contaminate the system.
For the observation of crystallizing processes in minichannel crystallizers, a non-invasive, temperature-controlled flow-cell is designed in this work. In particular, this flow cell has been designed to examine crystals in a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) tube with an inner diameter of 1.6 mm. Crystals can be investigated using a standard optical camera and microscope. An image processing routine enables the evaluation of crystal size. This is crucial for the assessment of the process and crystal size distribution, which is often a quality criterion in the crystallization process.
The contribution will show how the flow-cell for two-phase flow is constructed and the evaluation routine is implemented. Based on experimental data, the applicability of the equipment and the evaluation method are described.
Inside the volcano: Three-dimensional magmatic architecture of a buried shield volcano
Authors: Walker Faye , Schofield Nick , Millett John , Jolley Dave , Holford Simon , Planke Sverre , Jerram Dougal A. , Myklebust Reidun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe nature and growth of magmatic plumbing systems are of fundamental importance to igneous geology. Traditionally, magma chambers have been viewed as rapidly emplaced bodies of molten rock or partially crystallized “magma mush” connected to the surface by a narrow cylindrical conduit (referred to as the “balloon-and-straw” model). Recent data suggest, however, that magma chambers beneath volcanoes are formed incrementally through amalgamation of smaller intrusions. Here we present the first high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction of an ancient volcanic plumbing system as a large laccolithic complex. By integrating seismic reflection and gravity data, we show that the ∼200 km3 laccolith appears to have formed through partial amalgamation of smaller intrusions. The complex appears to have fed both surface volcanism and an extensive sill network beneath the volcanic edifice. Numerous sills are imaged within the volcanic conduit, indicating that magma stalled at various levels during its ascent. Our results reveal for the first time the entire multicomponent plumbing system within a large ancient shield volcano.
Changing trends of HIV, syphilis, HCV infections and behavioural factors among female sex workers in Chongqing, China: findings from six serial surveillance surveys
Authors: Hu Ling , Wu Guohui , Lu Rongrong , Zhu Hua , Qiu Hongfang , Jing Dan , Ye Mengliang 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesTo explore the prevalence and changing trends of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections and risk behaviours among female sex workers (FSWs) and to provide reference and theoretical basis for formulating targeted interventions.DesignSix consecutive cross-sectional surveys.SettingChongqing, China.ParticipantsFSWs were included if they (1) were aged ≥16 years, (2) provided commercial sex for money or goods during the previous month and (3) were willing to participate in the survey and could provide verbal informed consent. This study included 16 791 of 16 810 participants recruited between 2013 and 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe prevalence of HIV/syphilis/HCV infection.ResultsThe HIV and HCV prevalence among FSWs in Chongqing was stable during the study period, but the prevalence of syphilis had an increasing trend, particularly among low-tier and middle-tier FSWs. Improvements in HIV-related knowledge, condom use, injecting drug use and participation in HIV-related services were observed. However, no change was found in the prevalence of drug use. HIV infection was correlated with no condom use in the last commercial sex (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.48, 95% CI 1.90 to 6.37) and syphilis infection (aOR 4.88, 95% CI 1.95 to 12.18). Syphilis infection was correlated with inconsistent condom use (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.65), HIV infection (aOR 5.88, 95% CI 2.40 to 14.41), HCV infection (aOR 7.68, 95% CI 4.37 to 13.49) and sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis in the past year (aOR 3.81, 95% CI 2.40 to 6.03). HCV infection was associated with injecting drug use (aOR 8.91, 95% CI 4.45 to 17.86) and syphilis infection (aOR 7.88, 95% CI 4.49 to 13.83).ConclusionsComprehensive interventions targeting FSWs, particularly low-tier and middle-tier FSWs, should be increasingly implemented to prevent and control HIV, syphilis and other STIs.
Impact of health insurance on healthcare utilisation patterns in Vietnam: a survey-based analysis with propensity score matching method
Authors: Thuong Nguyen Thi Thu 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThe study aims to evaluate the impact of the Revised Health Insurance Law 2014 on the utilisation of outpatient and inpatient care services, healthcare services utilisation at different levels of providers, types of providers and types of visits across different entitlement groups.Design/settingSecondary data from two waves of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) 2016, VHLSS 2014 were used. A cross-sectional study applying propensity score matching was conducted.ParticipantsA total of 4900 individuals who reported using healthcare services are analysed.Outcomes measureNumbers of outpatient and inpatient visits, frequency of healthcare service utilisation at commune health stations, district hospitals, provincial hospitals, public and private health facilities, number of visits at health facility for medical treatment and health checks per year.ResultsThe result indicates that health insurance (HI) policy increased the number of outpatient visits for the enrolled between 0.87 and 1.29. The greatest impact was found on participants of heavily subsidised health insurance (HSHI) programmes with 1.29 visits per person per year. Similarly, an increase between 0.08 and 0.16 in the number of inpatient admissions was because of participation in HI. With regard to type of healthcare providers, the study found that participation in HI has the most effect on the use of healthcare services at district hospitals. However, the study demonstrated that the impacts of HI on the increase in the frequency of visiting commune health stations, number of visits at the provincial hospital for HSHI groups, and number of visits at health facilities for health check and consultation were sensitive to unobserved characteristics.ConclusionOur findings imply that policy-makers in Vietnam could continue expanding health insurance coverage to increase access to healthcare services for citizens, especially vulnerable groups. In addition, the government should draw more attention to primary healthcare level.
Health outcomes of 1000 children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease in their first 5 years of life
Authors: Kanis Shannon Linda , Modderman Sanne , Escher Johanna C , Erler Nicole , Beukers Ruud , de Boer Nanne , Bodelier Alexander , Depla Annekatrien C T.M , Dijkstra Gerard , van Dijk Anne-Baue Ruth Margaretha , Gilissen Lennard , Hoentjen Frank , Jansen Jeroen M , Kuyvenhoven Johan , Mahmmod Nofel , Mallant-Hent Rosalie C , van der Meulen-de Jong Andrea E , Noruzi Anahita , Oldenburg Bas , Oostenbrug Liekele E , Ter Borg Pieter C.J. , Pierik Marieke , Romberg- Camps Mariëlle , Thijs Willem , West Rachel , de Lima Alison , van der Woude C Janneke 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the long-term health outcomes of children born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to assess the impact of maternal IBD medication use on these outcomes.DesignWe performed a multicentre retrospective study in The Netherlands. Women with IBD who gave birth between 1999 and 2018 were enrolled from 20 participating hospitals. Information regarding disease characteristics, medication use, lifestyle, pregnancy outcomes and long-term health outcomes of children was retrieved from mothers and medical charts. After consent of both parents, outcomes until 5 years were also collected from general practitioners. Our primary aim was to assess infection rate and our secondary aims were to assess adverse reactions to vaccinations, growth, autoimmune diseases and malignancies.ResultsWe included 1000 children born to 626 mothers (381 (61%) Crohn’s disease, 225 (36%) ulcerative colitis and 20 (3%) IBD unclassified). In total, 196 (20%) had intrauterine exposure to anti-tumour necrosis factor-α (anti-TNF-α) (60 with concomitant thiopurine) and 240 (24%) were exposed to thiopurine monotherapy. The 564 children (56%) not exposed to anti-TNF-α and/or thiopurine served as control group. There was no association between adverse long-term health outcomes and in utero exposure to IBD treatment. We did find an increased rate of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) in case thiopurine was used during the pregnancy without affecting birth outcomes and long-term health outcomes of children. All outcomes correspond with the general age-adjusted population.ConclusionIn our study, we found no association between in utero exposure to anti-TNF-α and/or thiopurine and the long-term outcomes antibiotic-treated infections, severe infections needing hospital admission, adverse reactions to vaccinations, growth failure, autoimmune diseases and malignancies.
Breast cancer-induced immune suppression in the sentinel lymph node is effectively countered by CpG-B in conjunction with inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway
Authors: van Pul Kim M , Vuylsteke Ronald J C L M , de Beijer Monique T A , van de Ven Rieneke , van den Tol M Petrousjka , Stockmann Hein B A C , de Gruijl Tanja D 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundWe previously showed selectively hampered activation of lymph node-resident (LNR) dendritic cell (DC) subsets in the breast cancer (BrC) sentinel lymph node (SLN) to precede a state of profound T cell anergy. Reactivating these DC subsets by intratumoral delivery of the Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) agonist CpG-B could potentially offer a promising immune therapeutic strategy to combat this immune suppression and prevent disease spread. Unfortunately, CpG-B can limit its own immune stimulatory activity through direct TLR9-mediated activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), pinpointed as a key regulator of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we have investigated whether in vitro exposure to CpG-B, with or without simultaneous inhibition of STAT3 signaling, could overcome immune suppression in BrC SLN.MethodsImmune modulatory effects of CpG-B (CPG7909) with or without the JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor (STAT3i) AG490 were assessed in ex vivo cultured BrC SLN-derived single-cell suspensions (N=29). Multiparameter flow cytometric analyses were conducted for DC and T cell subset characterization and assessment of (intracellular) cytokine profiles. T cell reactivity against the BrC-associated antigen Mammaglobin-A was determined by means of interferon-γ ELISPOT assay.ResultsAlthough CpG-B alone induced activation of all DC subsets, combined inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway resulted in superior DC maturation (ie, increased CD83 expression), with most profound activation and maturation of LNR DC subsets. Furthermore, combined CpG-B and JAK2/STAT3 inhibition promoted Th1 skewing by counterbalancing the CpG-induced Th2/regulatory T cell response and significantly enhanced Mammaglobin-A specific T cell reactivity.ConclusionEx vivo immune modulation of the SLN by CpG-B and simultaneous JAK2/STAT3 inhibition can effectively overcome BrC-induced immune suppression by preferential activation of LNR DC, ultimately restoring type 1-mediated antitumor immunity, thereby securing a BrC-specific T cell response. These findings provide a clear rationale for clinical exploration of SLN-immune potentiation through local CpG/STAT3i administration in patients with BrC.
Minimally invasive mitral valve surgery: a systematic safety analysis
Authors: Ko Kinsing , de Kroon Thom L , Post Marco C , Kelder Johannes C , Schut Karen F , Saouti Nabil , van Putte Bart P 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveMinimally invasive surgery is increasingly adopted as an alternative to conventional sternotomy for mitral valve pathology in many centres worldwide. A systematic safety analysis based on a comprehensive list of pre-specified 30-day complications defined by the Mitral Valve Academic Consortium (MVARC) criteria is lacking. The aim of the current study was to systematically analyse the safety of minimally invasive mitral valve surgery in our centre based on the MVARC definitions.MethodsAll consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve surgery through right mini-thoracotomy in our institution within 10 years were studied retrospectively. The primary outcome was a composite of 30-day major complications based on MVARC definitions.Results745 patients underwent minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (507 repair, 238 replacement), with a mean age of 62.9±12.3 years. The repair was successful in 95.8%. Overall 30-day mortality was 1.2% and stroke rate 0.3%. Freedom from any 30-day major complications was 87.2%, and independent predictors were left ventricular ejection fraction <50% (OR 1.78; 95% CI 1.02 to 3.02) and estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2(OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.26).ConclusionsMinimally invasive mitral valve surgery is a safe technique and is associated with low 30-day mortality and stroke rate.
Circle of Willis variants are not associated with thrombectomy outcomes
Authors: Seifert-Held Thomas , Eberhard Katharina , Christensen Soren , Hofer Edith , Enzinger Christian , Albers Gregory W , Lansberg Maarten 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe circle of Willis (COW) is part of the brain collateral system. The absence of COW segments may affect functional outcome in patients with ischaemic stroke undergoing endovascular therapy.MethodsIn 182 patients in the Diffusion and Perfusion Imaging Evaluation for Understanding Stroke Evolution 2 Study and the CT Perfusion to Predict Response to Recanalisation in Ischaemic Stroke Project, COW anatomy was evaluated on postinterventional magnetic resonance angiography. The absence of the posterior communicating artery or the first segments of posterior or anterior cerebral arteries ipsilateral to the ischaemic infarction was rated as an incomplete COW. Logistic regression was applied to evaluate an association with the patients’ modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days after strokeResultsAn incomplete ipsilateral COW was not predictive of the patients’ mRS at 90 days after stroke. Significant associations were shown for the patients’ baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), age and reperfusion status. The effect size suggests that a significant association of an incomplete COW with the mRS at 90 days may be obtained in cohorts of more than 3000 patients.ConclusionsCompared with the established predictors NIHSS, age and reperfusion status, an incomplete COW is not associated with functional outcome after endovascular therapy.
Passages
Authors: Groce Alex 
Published: October 2020

Robert K. Merton's On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript - The Post-Italianate Edition, or, henceforth, OTSOG, is our (ostensible) topic for this issue's Passages column.
[[What follows after this double-bracketed 'introduction' is a failure, an attempt to recommend this book by, in miniature, aping its style and form. In my opinion, it doesn't really work. I ask the reader who has ever enjoyed a book read because it was recommended in this column to bear with me through it, however, for there is a point to be made, and a remarkable book to recommend.
Peer Review
Authors: Pezzè Mauro 
Published: October 2020

A sound review process is critical in contemporary scientific communities. The current discussion on peer review in the software engineering community is centered mainly around conferences, and focuses mostly on 'implementation' issues, like blind reviews, rebuttals, deadlines, with little attention to the ultimate goal of the review process, the external conditions that bias the process, and the role of journals.
In this short note, I would like to remind the community that review is a means not the goal. I overview the goals of reviews, discuss process and environment biases, highlight advantages and limitations of the current approaches, compare the review processes of conferences and journals, and present my vision about a possible healthy evolution of software engineering conferences and journals.
Genome-Wide Analysis Identifies an Essential Human TBX3 Pacemaker Enhancer
Authors: van Eif Vincent W.W. , Protze Stephanie I. , Bosada Fernanda M. , Yuan Xuefei , Sinha Tanvi , van Duijvenboden Karel , Ernault Auriane C. , Mohan Rajiv A. , Wakker Vincent , de Gier-de Vries Corrie , Hooijkaas Ingeborg B. , Wilson Michael D. , Verkerk Arie O. , Bakkers Jeroen , Boukens Bastiaan J. , Black Brian L. , Scott Ian C. , Christoffels Vincent M. 
Published: October 2020

Rationale:
The development and function of the pacemaker cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the leading pacemaker of the heart, are tightly controlled by a conserved network of transcription factors, including TBX3 (T-box transcription factor 3), ISL1 (ISL LIM homeobox 1), and SHOX2 (short stature homeobox 2). Yet, the regulatory DNA elements (REs) controlling target gene expression in the SAN pacemaker cells have remained undefined.

Objective:
Identification of the regulatory landscape of human SAN-like pacemaker cells and functional assessment of SAN-specific REs potentially involved in pacemaker cell gene regulation.

Methods and Results:

We performed Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing on human pluripotent stem cell–derived SAN-like pacemaker cells and ventricle-like cells and identified thousands of putative REs specific for either human cell type. We validated pacemaker cell–specific elements in the
SHOX2
and
TBX3
loci. CRISPR-mediated homozygous deletion of the mouse ortholog of a noncoding region with candidate pacemaker-specific REs in the
SHOX2
locus resulted in selective loss of
Shox2
expression from the developing SAN and embryonic lethality. Putative pacemaker-specific REs were identified up to 1 Mbp upstream of
TBX3
in a region close to
MED13L
harboring variants associated with heart rate recovery after exercise. The orthologous region was deleted in mice, which resulted in selective loss of expression of
Tbx3
from the SAN and (cardiac) ganglia and in neonatal lethality. Expression of
Tbx3
was maintained in other tissues including the atrioventricular conduction system, lungs, and liver. Heterozygous adult mice showed increased SAN recovery times after pacing. The human REs harboring the associated variants robustly drove expression in the SAN of transgenic mouse embryos.

Conclusions:

We provided a genome-wide collection of candidate human pacemaker-specific REs, including the loci of
SHOX2
,
TBX3
, and
ISL1
, and identified a link between human genetic variants influencing heart rate recovery after exercise and a variant RE with highly conserved function, driving SAN expression of
TBX3
.
Reasons for Migration of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire before 1915
Authors: Özkan Selim Hilmi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Migration has been common throughout human history and has been part of Armenian history for many centuries in varying degrees. However, at the end of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, Armenians experienced an unprecedented rate of migration. The large outflow caused complications that affected many aspects of the social life of Armenians. They had lived in peace throughout the Anatolian territory without any geographical limitations until the last period of the Ottoman Empire when they began to be radicalized by some countries that wished to make Christian Armenians and Muslims enemies. Consequently, Armenians started to migrate abroad from Anatolia. This article examines the reasons for the migration of the Ottoman Armenians before World War I by reference to Ottoman archival documents.