bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in access to water and sanitation in Malawi: progress and inequalities (1992–2017)
Authors: Cassivi Alexandra , Tilley Elizabeth , Waygood E. O. D. , Dorea Caetano 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Billions of people globally gained access to improved drinking water sources and sanitation in the last decades, following effort towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. Global progress remains a general indicator as it is unclear if access is equitable across groups of the population. Agenda 2030 calling for `leaving no one behind', there is a need to focus on the variations of access in different groups of the population, especially in the context of low- and middle-income countries including Malawi. We analyzed data from Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) to describe emerging trends on progress and inequalities in water supply and sanitation services over a 25-year period (1992–2017), as well as to identify the most vulnerable populations in Malawi. Data were disaggregated with geographic and socio-economic characteristics including regions, urban and rural areas, wealth and education level. Analysis of available data revealed progress in access to water and sanitation among all groups of the population. The largest progress was generally observed in the groups that were further behind at the baseline year, which likely reflects good targeting in interventions/improvements to reduce the gap in the population. Overall, results demonstrated that some segments of the population – foremost poorest Southern rural populations – still have limited access to water and are forced to practise open defecation. Finally, we suggest including standardized indicators that address safely managed drinking water and sanitation services in future surveys and studies to increase the accuracy of national estimates.
Irrigation water tariffs: lessons for Portugal
Authors: Pereira Helga , Cunha Marques Rui 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on irrigation water tariffs in several countries, particularly in Mediterranean European countries, and to offer insights into the Portuguese status quo. We analyze a wide variety of tariffs, and the largest differences among them are discussed. In various countries, in those regions with a higher demand for water, irrigation water tariffs are more complex and higher, varying from country to country and, within the same country, from region to region. Large differences in irrigation water tariffs among different water-use associations were found, mostly because each one has its own objectives. A SWOT analysis was performed for Portuguese irrigation water tariffs. It concludes that there is much to do to enact the proposed strategies, including recovering operation and maintenance costs and promoting the efficient use of water and efficient water allocation. Furthermore, the farmers' position in the value chain must be improved along with their ease of access to credit, thus increasing the added value of the produced goods.
Low energy consumption electrically regenerated ion-exchange for water desalination
Authors: He San , Zhang Xiaozhuo , Xia Xingyu , Wang Chuanjun , Xiang Sulin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A new regeneration method of ion exchange resin named Adjacent Bed Electrically Regenerated Ion-exchange (ABERI) was proposed to eliminate the environmental impact of traditional chemical regeneration and improve the economy of replacing chemical regeneration with electrical regeneration. The desalting operation of ABERI was the same as the conventional mixed bed. When the resins were exhausted, anion and cation resins were separated and then packed in a dedicated regenerator adjacently. The resins were regenerated by the H+ and OH− ions produced from a pair of electrodes installed on both sides of the resin bed. By optimizing the regeneration time, current, and feed water flow rate, the energy consumption of ABERI was 0.38 kWh/m3 water; that is, 54% of that of another electrical regeneration technology, membrane-free electrodeionization (MFEDI). Compared with MFEDI, the quality and quantity of purified water produced after regeneration were improved. In ABERI, the average conductivity and the volume (times of bed volumes) of the purified water are 0.9 μS/cm and 109; that is, 75 and 133% of that of MFEDI, respectively. The preliminary economic analysis showed that ABERI offers the potential to regenerate ion exchange resin in an eco-friendly and cost-effective manner.
Study of pollution transport through the river confluences by derivation of an analytical model
Authors: Chabokpour Jafar , Azamathulla Hazi Md , Azhdan Yaghoub , Ziaei Milad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDue to the entrance of pollutants in different branches of the river network, it is essential to study contaminant transport at the river confluences. In the present study, it was attempted to investigate the conservative pollution transport at channel confluence by operating a series of experiments in the laboratory flume. In the designed laboratory model, two branches, with different widths of 45, 25 cm, were intersected and a channel confluence was created. Five entrance discharges and three initial contaminant concentrations, introduced using a linear feeder, were chosen as experimental variables. Conservative tracer of sodium chloride solution was used, and the electrical conductivities were measured at eight locations of the main channel and upstream branches with 2 seconds interval. Junction zone was assumed as a control volume, and by applying mass equilibrium to it, a new mathematical model was extracted. It was observed that there is concentration fluctuation in the falling limbs of the experimental breakthrough curves of the junction zone; however, it was diminished by downstream motion. Moreover, the observed pollution graphs had double peak points which changed to a single point with an increase of distance from the confluence position. Operation of the presented model was investigated by variation of its parameters. It was found that the contaminant residence time parameters of the confluence zone have the most significant influence in the simulation of the analytical model. Additionally, it was observed that the values of Gaussian distribution of the upstream branches could displace the position of pulses of resultant breakthrough curves or can overlap them. Moreover, the model performance was examined using statistical goodness of fit parameters like Nash–Sutcliffe, R2, and mean absolute error (MAE). Their values were calculated as 0.88, 0.91, 66.88 (ppm), respectively.
A novel gradient current density output mode for effective electrochemical oxidative degradation of dye wastewater by boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode
Authors: Liu Ting , Miao Dongtian , Liu Guoshuai , Wei Qiuping , Zhou Kechao , Yu Zhiming , Ma Li 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In order to solve the problems of high energy consumption and low current efficiency in electrochemical oxidation (EO) degradation under the traditional constant output process (COP), a gradient output process (GOP) of current density is proposed in this paper. That is, the current density is gradually reduced in a fixed degradation time, and the Reactive Blue 19 simulated dye wastewater was used as the degradation target. The general applicability of the process was further confirmed by studying the optimal gradient current density output parameters, the dye concentration, electrolyte concentration and other dye compounds with different molecular structures. The corresponding results show that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (78%) and the color removal (100%) under the GOP are similar to those in the COP, and the overall energy consumption is reduced by about 50% compared with that in the traditional constant current mode. Moreover, the current efficiency in the middle and late stages of EO process has increased by 8.6 times compared with COP.
Smartphone-Enabled, Telehealth-Based Family Conferences in Palliative Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Pilot Observational Study
Authors: Wu Yu-Rui , Chou Tzu-Jung , Wang Yi-Jen , Tsai Jaw-Shiun , Cheng Shao-Yi , Yao Chien-An , Peng Jen-Kuei , Hu Wen-Yu , Chiu Tai-Yuan , Huang Hsien-Liang 
Published: October 2020

Background
In the palliative care setting, infection control measures implemented due to COVID-19 have become barriers to end-of-life care discussions (eg, discharge planning and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments) between patients, their families, and multidisciplinary medical teams. Strict restrictions in terms of visiting hours and the number of visitors have made it difficult to arrange in-person family conferences. Phone-based telehealth consultations may be a solution, but the lack of nonverbal cues may diminish the clinician-patient relationship. In this context, video-based, smartphone-enabled family conferences have become important.

Objective
We aimed to establish a smartphone-enabled telehealth model for palliative care family conferences. Our model integrates principles from the concept of shared decision making (SDM) and the value, acknowledge, listen, understand, and elicit (VALUE) approach.

Methods
Family conferences comprised three phases designed according to telehealth implementation guidelines—the previsit, during-visit, and postvisit phases. We incorporated the following SDM elements into the model: “team talk,” “option talk,” and “decision talk.” The model has been implemented at a national cancer treatment center in Taiwan since February 2020.

Results
From February to April 2020, 14 telehealth family conferences in the palliative care unit were analyzed. The patients’ mean age was 73 (SD 10.1) years; 6 out of 14 patients (43%) were female and 12 (86%) were married. The primary caregiver joining the conference virtually comprised mostly of spouses and children (n=10, 71%). The majority of participants were terminally ill patients with cancer (n=13, 93%), with the exception of 1 patient with stroke. Consensus on care goals related to discharge planning and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments was reached in 93% (n=13) of cases during the family conferences. In total, 5 families rated the family conferences as good or very good (36%), whereas 9 were neutral (64%).

Conclusions
Smartphone-enabled telehealth for palliative care family conferences with SDM and VALUE integration demonstrated high satisfaction for families. In most cases, it was effective in reaching consensus on care decisions. The model may be applied to other countries to promote quality in end-of-life care in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AN LC-MS/MS BASED BIOANALYTICAL APPROACH TO RESOLVE PHARMACOKINETIC INVESTIGATION OF ACOTIAMIDE HYDROCHLORIDE AND ITS APPLICATION TO BIOEQUIVALENCE STUDY
Authors: HALDER DHIMAN , DAS SOURAV , GHOSH BALARAM , BISWAS EASHA , ROY SUKANTA , BOSE ANIRBANDEEP , SINGH NAVJOT , PAL TAPAN KUMAR 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Acotiamide, a prokinetic drug used to treat Functional Dyspepsia, which acts by modulating gastric motility. However, in this present study, a simple and accurate bioanalytical method was developed for the estimation of Acotiamide in human plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and validated according to US-FDA guideline.
Methods: The method was developed in blank human blood plasma; propranolol was used as internal standard (IS). Protein Precipitation technique was followed for the extraction of the drug from the plasma sample. In liquid chromatography, the C18 analytical column (50 x 3 mm, particle size-5 μm) was used; as a mobile phase, 0.1% formic acid in Mili Q water, and ACN with methanol (1:1) used, at 0.50 ml/min flow rate. Detection was done by positive electrospray ionization (ESI) with a run time of 7 min in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Eight calibration concentrations were taken, ranging from 1.5625-200 ng/ml for Acotiamide. Different stability studies were performed and obtained results found within the acceptable range. Moreover, a comparative pharmacokinetic analysis was done in 24 healthy human volunteers in a single dose, randomized, crossover study.
Results: The precursor to production reaction was; m/z 451.200 → 271.200 for Acotiamide and m/z 260.300 → 116.100 m/z for IS. The obtained calibration curve was linear, with a mean r2value 0.9953. Among the pharmacokinetic parameters, Cmax and Tmax were 25.71±2.31,23.61±2.32 ng/ml; 2.54±0.12, 2.43±0.21 h for reference and test samples, respectively.
Conclusion: No major adverse events were noted in the clinical phase, the developed method was accurate and linear; obtained pharmacokinetic parameters hence represented.
DEVELOPMENT OF FLOATING GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM BASED ON A NOVEL EXCIPIENT FOR METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE USING MIXTURE DESIGN
Authors: PAWAR R. , JAGDALE S. , RANDIVE D. 
Published: October 2020

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a new SR metformin hydrochloride (MH) gastroretentive formulation with novel excipient (NE), which has better floatation and can be prepared with more simple pharmaceutical techniques for the treatment of diabetes Mellitus.
Methods: A gastro-retentive floating matrix tablet (GFT) formulation of MH was prepared using various concentrations of PEO (Polyox WSR-303) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K100M (HPMC K100 M) and Floating agent (novel excipient) to achieve desirable TFT, FLT and drug release. The wet granulation method was selected using isopropyl alcohol as a binder for the preparation of tablets. D-optimal non-simplex mixture design was used for the selection of suitable polymer concentrations and floating agents. Release kinetics was used to determine the mechanism of drug release.
Results: It was observed that GFT with optimum quantities of PEO, HPMC K100M, and the floating agent showed 100 % of drug release in 24h with FT up to 24h and minimum FLT of less than 2 min. Formulation with an in vitro release profile slower to the marketed sample was prepared.
Conclusion: A sustained-release (GFT) of MH tablets using PEO-, HPMC K100M, and an effervescent system was successfully prepared. AGFT formulation with an in vitro release profile slower to the marketed sample that releases MH for 24h may suitable for once-daily dosing can be prepared.
ASSESSMENT THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF NIGELLA SATIVA UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: SALAHELDIN SABRI , HENDAWY SABER FAYEZ , HUSSEIN MOHAMED SALAH , SOLIMAN WAGDI SABER 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Nowadays, one of the growing industries is the herbal drug-based medicaments. This study sought to assess the quality and yield characterizes of black cumin under different locations through Egypt to introduce final analysis information for producers and exporters in Egypt.
Methods: This experiment was carried out in seven sites in different locations through Egypt to assess the growth, yield and essential oil content of black cumin plants as following; four sites in El-Minya Governorate, two sites in Bahariya Oasis, and one site in Aswan Governorate.
Results: Cultivation locations significantly affected on quality and growth characteristics. The highest seed and fixed oil yields (830 kilogram seeds and 206 kilogram fixed oil) were observed under clay loam soil (Old Land farm), while the lowest yields (500 kilogram seeds and 105 kilogram fixed oil) were observed under sandy soil (El-Nanaaih farm) at El-Menya. The highest content of active substance (Fixed oil %) was observed in clay loam sandy soil of Sekem farm and the lowest in Lena farm with sandy soil at Bahariya Oasis. Neither seed yield nor fixed oil content showed significant correlation with Na+, Cl-, and HCO3--of irrigation water. Although plants cultivated in Wadi El-Nokra at Aswan produced low fixed oil content (18.3%), main components, Linoleic and Oleic acid, were relatively high.
Conclusion: The assessment of Nigella sativa under different locations gave evidence of the interactions between weather and soil properties and their impact on the quality and yield of oil of Nigella sativa plants.
Tatbiq al-Tariqah al-Qiyasiyyah wa Uslub NHT bi al-Bitaqah al-Takammulah li Tarqiyah Qudrah al-Talibat ‘ala Fahm al-Qawa‘id al-Nahwiyyah bi Ma’had Dar al-Ihsan
Authors: Dewi susanti  , Moch Fajarul Falah  
Published: October 2020

Al-Qawa’id al-Nahwiyyah is one of three important elements in a language. The students should learning qawa’id to know the correct last line of the word in arabic language, then to help them in increasing their speaking and writing well and right by a good language. So that, the researcher used the qiyasiyyah and uslub NHT by using bitaqah takammulah for increasing student’s achievment to comprehend qawa’id nahwu at Darul Ihsan school. Because after the researcher make the observation, the researcher found many of mistake n error language structure, the students express the error example in making some sentence (error language structure), beside of the tehnique or media in teaching learning process was not interesting. The purpose of the research is to know the effectiveness of the application of qiyasiyyah and uslub NHT by using bitaqah takammulah for increasing student’s achievment to comprehend qawa’id nahwu at Darul Ihsan school, also how far the student’s response after applied it. In this research the researcher used true-experimental method with post-test only control group design. The population of this research is all the students of MTsS Darul Ihsan, consist of 740 students, in this case the researcher used random sampling by cluster tehnique and the researcher took two classes as sample and those are class 2f dan 2e. The instrument of this research is the test and questionnaire after analizing the data, the result of this research shown that the result of ttest was higher than ttabel in significant standard 5% was 7,36 > 2,00. Base on the research result, the researcher conclude that the application of Tariqah Qiyasiyyah and uslub NHT by using bitaqah takammulah is effective for increasing student’s achievement in comprehend qawa’id nahwu at Darul Ihsan boarding school.
Penggunaan Media Kartu Gambar untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Membaca Permulaan pada Anak Tunagrahita Ringan
Authors: Halimah Halimah 
Published: October 2020

Isi Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemampuan membaca pada anak tunagrahita ringan kelas II SDLB Negeri Bambi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Data dalam penelitian ini diambil berdasarkan hasil tes,observasi, dan yang menjadi sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas II Tunagrahita ringan SBLB Negeri Bambi yang berjumlah empat orang yang terdiri dari satu siswa perempuan (RA) dan tiga siswa laki-laki ( T.RF, AF, SAF). Penelitian ini berlangsung dalam dua siklus, pada pembelajaran siklus pertama menunjukkan hasil dua siswa sudah memperoleh nilai diatas KKM atau sudah tuntas sedangkan nilai dua siswa lagi masih dibawah KKM atau belum tuntas,sehingga dilanjutkan ke siklus kedua dan hasil yang diperoleh keempat siswa sudah memenuhi nilai KKM. Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa media kartu gambar dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu alternatif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan membaca permulaan pada anak tunagrahita ringan.
The Development of Auditing Standards at the PCAOB and Related Audit Practitioner Input
Authors: Williams L. Tyler , Wilder W. Mark 
Published: October 2020

SYNOPSIS
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB; Board) maintains that constituent feedback plays an essential and dynamic role in its audit standard-setting process. We examine a major source of constituent feedback, responses to standard-setting questions, using a sample drawn from the original proposals of 14 PCAOB auditing standards. We find that after receiving comment letter feedback to the standard-setting questions, the Board revises approximately half of its guidance tied to those questions. We also explore the related comment letters of eight professional auditing firms subject to the PCAOB's annual inspection program and discover varying levels of opposition to and support for the PCAOB's proposed authoritative guidance. We observe PCAOB revision to authoritative guidance highly contested by the firms in more than three-fourths of cases of standard-setting questions and PCAOB non-revision to guidance highly supported by the firms in more than 90 percent of cases.
Data Availability: Publicly available.
The State of Segment Reporting by U.S. Public Entities: 1976–2017
Authors: Botosan Christine A. , Huffman Adrienna , Stanford Mary Harris 
Published: October 2020

SYNOPSIS
This paper offers an in-depth data-driven overview of the history and status as of 2017 of segment reporting by public entities trading in U.S. capital markets. Our analysis focuses on the perceived issues identified in the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) 2016 Invitation to Comment on the FASB's Agenda—the extent of disaggregation into reportable segments, the stability of segmentation over time, the line items disclosed, and the reconciliation of segment to consolidated totals. We document the trends in and status of segment reporting as of 2017 as another round of efforts to improve segment reporting proceeds. The paper concludes with a discussion of several unanswered questions suggested by the data.
Data Availability: Most of the data are available from public sources. The FAF user survey and FAF preparer survey are subject to a nondisclosure agreement with the Financial Accounting Foundation.
JEL Classifications: K20; K22; M40; M48.
Desain Uji Coba Kit Praktikum Sel Galvani Menggunakan Tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum) Pada Materi Elektrokimia
Authors: Ningsih Listia , Octarya Zona 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRAKDalam proses belajar mengajar peserta didik memiliki pemahaman yang rendah, media yang digunakan masih kurang bervariasi sehingga dibutuhkan suatu alat peraga berupa kit praktikum sel galvani menggunakan tomat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendesain kit praktikum sel galvani menggunakan tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum) sebagai media pembelajaran pada materi elektrokimia yang valid berdasarkan validitas ahli materi, ahli media, praktikalitas guru dan respon peserta didik. metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D) dengan modifikasi model Brog and Gall di MA Pondok Pesantren Bahrul ‘Ulum Al-Islamy. teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu berupa wawancara, angket, dan dokumentasi. kit praktikum sel galvani yang didesain memperoleh persentase kevalidan sebesar 87,71% yang berarti kit praktikum sel galvani dinyatakan sangat valid. persentase kepraktisan kit praktikum sel galvani yang diperoleh sebesar 89,61% yang dinyatakan sangat praktis dan mendapatkan respon yang baik dari peserta didik dengan persentase 92,06% dan hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa kit praktikum sel galvani menggunakan tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum) pada materi elektrokimia sudah valid, praktis dan mendapatkan respon yang baik dari peserta didik.Kata Kunci : Kit Praktikum, Tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum), Elektrokimia, Research and Development (R&D)