bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe‐by‐Design: Stakeholders’ Perceptions and Expectations of How to Deal with Uncertain Risks of Emerging Biotechnologies in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouchaut Britte , Asveld Lotte 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAdvanced gene editing techniques such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR)/Cas have increased the pace of developments in the field of industrial biotechnology. Such techniques imply new possibilities when working with living organisms, possibly leading to uncertain risks. In the Netherlands, current policy fails to address these uncertain risks because risk classification is determined process‐wise (i.e., genetically modified organism [GMO] and non‐GMO), there is a strong focus on quantifiable risks, and the linearity within current governance (science–policy–society) hinders iterative communication between stakeholders, leaving limited room to anticipate uncertainties at an early stage of development. A suggested concept to overcome these shortcomings is the Safe‐by‐Design (SbD) approach, which, theoretically, allows stakeholders to iteratively incorporate safety measures throughout a technology's development process, creating a dynamic environment for the anticipation of uncertain risks. Although this concept originates from chemical engineering and is already widely applied in nanotechnology, for the field of biotechnology, there is no agreed upon definition yet. To explore the possibilities of SbD for future governance of biotechnology, we should gain insight in how various stakeholders perceive notions of risk, safety, and inherent safety, and what this implies for the applicability of SbD for risk governance concerning industrial biotechnology. Our empirical research reveals three main themes: (1) diverging expectations with regard to safety and risks, and to establish an acceptable level of risk; (2) different applications of SbD and inherent safety, namely, product‐ and process‐wise; and (3) unclarity in allocating responsibilities to stakeholders in the development process of a biotechnology and within society.
Dignity in end‐of‐life care at hospice: An Action Research Study
Authors: Viftrup Dorte Toudal , Hvidt Niels Christian , Prinds Christina 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundSafeguarding the dignity of patients at the end of life is a key objective in palliative care practice in Denmark. The concept of dignity and how it influences a dying persons’ quality of life is thus influential in end‐of‐life care at hospices. However, what is meant by dignity, how dignity is understood and practiced by healthcare professionals in Danish hospices, and whether this relates to the patients’ understandings and needs concerning dignity remains unanswered.AimThe aim of this study was to explore and improve dignity in care through an action research study with patients and hospice staff at two different hospices in Denmark. This was done by exploring how patients and healthcare professionals expressed their understandings and needs concerning dignity and involving participants in the research process with the goal of improving dignity in care.MethodsAn action research method with reflection‐of‐praxis and action‐in‐praxis was applied. It was combined with methods of semi‐structured individual interviews with twelve patients, five staff and nine focus‐group interviews with staff.ResultsThree themes emerged from the analysis of data. The themes were as follows: (1) being understood, (2) contributing and (3) holistic care. Deeper analysis indicated that staff understandings of dignity mostly focused on preserving patients’ autonomy, whereas patients expressed needs for relational and spiritual aspects of dignity. Staff were mostly concerned about preserving patients’ autonomy when providing dignity in care, however, through the action‐in‐praxis they increased their awareness on their own praxis and patients’ needs and understanding concerning dignity. The theoretical model on dignity presented in the study also worked as a map to guide staffs’ reflections on dignity in praxis and facilitated a broader focus on supporting and caring for patients’ dignity in care. We believe this study has improved dignity in care at the two hospices involved in the study.
Training for a (half‐)marathon: Training volume and longest endurance run related to performance and running injuries
Authors: Fokkema Tryntsje , van Damme Ankie A.D.N. , Fornerod Maarten W.J. , de Vos Robert‐Jan , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M.A. , van Middelkoop Marienke 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveExamine the associations of training volume and longest endurance run with (half‐)marathon performance and running‐related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners.Materials and MethodsDuring the preparation for and directly after the running event, 556 participants of a half marathon and 441 participants of a marathon completed three questionnaires on RRIs, average weekly training volume and the longest endurance run. With finish time, decline in pace during the running event and RRIs as dependent variables, linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to test the associations with weekly training volume and the longest endurance run.ResultsIn half‐marathon runners, a high training volume (>32 km/wk) (β −4.19, 95% CI: −6.52;−1.85) and a long endurance run (>21 km) (β −3.87, 95% CI: −6.31;‐−1.44) were associated with a faster finish time, while a high training volume (β −1.81, 95% CI: −3.49;−0.12) and a long endurance run (β −1.89, 95% CI: −3.65;−0.12) were also related to less decline in pace. In marathon runners, a low training volume (<40 km/wk) was related to a slower finish time (β 6.33, 95% CI: 0.18;12.48) and a high training volume (>65 km/wk) to a faster finish time (β −14.09, 95% CI: −22.47;−5.72), while a longest endurance run of <25 km was associated with a slower finish time (β 13.44, 95% CI: 5.34;21.55). No associations between training characteristics and RRIs were identified.ConclusionsPreparation for a (half‐)marathon with a relatively high training volume and long endurance runs associates with a faster finish time, but does not seem related to an increased injury risk.
Molecular systematics reveals the origins of subsociality in tortoise beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)
Authors: Leocádio Michele , Simões Marianna V. P. , Sekerka Lukas , Schrago Carlos G. , Mermudes José R. M. , Windsor Donald M. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTSubsocial behaviour is known to occur in at least 19 insect orders and 17 families of Coleoptera. Within the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae, extended maternal care is reported in only 2 of 15 subfamilies: Cassidinae and Chrysomelinae. Although the emergence of subsociality in insects has received much attention, extensive analyses on the evolution of this behaviour based on phylogenetic approaches are missing. Subsociality is recorded in 33 species of tortoise beetles belonging to the tribes Mesomphaliini and Eugenysini. A molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of these tribes and the remaining five Neotropical tribes of cassidine tortoise beetles was used to investigate the evolution of maternal care and to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among Neotropical cassidine tribes. A phylogeny was constructed using 90 species and three loci from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes (COI, CAD and 28S). Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses based on a concatenated dataset recovered two independent origins, with no evidence of reversal to solitary behaviour. One origin comprises three Mesomphaliini genera tightly associated with Convolvulaceae, and the other consists of the genus Eugenysa Chevrolat (Eugenysini), a small clade embedded within a group feeding exclusively on Asteraceae. A previous hypothesis suggesting dual origins on different host plants was confirmed, whereas other hypotheses based on a phylogenetic reconstruction of Cassidinae could not be sustained. Our analysis also revealed that the tribe Mesomphaliini is a monophyletic taxon if Eugenysini is included, and for this reason, we re‐establish synonymy of both tribes. We also provide nine new records of subsociality for tortoise beetles species.
Donald Trump, legitimisation and a new political rhetoric
Authors: Ross Andrew S. , Rivers Damian J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe rise to the US Presidency of Donald Trump has been accompanied by the emergence of a new political rhetoric, one that is most frequently observed on the social media platform Twitter. Although Twitter has been a feature of political campaigns and communication for several years now, the public has not been exposed to the de‐professionalised, informal use demonstrated by Trump. The rhetoric of Trump can be said in large part to be influenced by his personal history, and his persona as a celebrity TV star, especially through the informality, insults inclusive of nicknaming, and framing himself as a winner and opponents as losers. Although this new rhetorical style is present in all his discourse on Twitter, we focus this study on Trump's pursuit of legitimacy for his proposed border wall on the US–Mexico border, and do so from a Critical Discourse Analysis perspective by utilising Reyes’ (2011) framework for legitimisation in political discourse.
Adopting epidemiological approaches for herbicide resistance monitoring and management
Authors: Comont David , Neve Paul 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe widespread use and increasing reliance on herbicides for weed control has resulted in a global epidemic of evolved herbicide resistance in weed populations. In response, there has been a great deal of research effort to document resistance cases, understand the genetic and physiological mechanisms of resistance and use models and model organisms to explore resistance management strategies. Here, we argue that the field of epidemiology, which systematically studies the extent, distribution and determinants of a harmful organism or condition, can greatly contribute to our efforts to understand the emergence, selection and spread of herbicide resistance. By systematically collecting data on weed abundance and distribution, the frequency and mechanisms of resistance, and agronomic and environmental metadata, it is possible to develop statistical models that identify the underlying relationships between these elements. In doing so, these approaches can provide novel insight into the relative importance, origin and spread of different resistance mechanisms, and the agronomic, ecological and evolutionary drivers that dictate the dynamics of resistance evolution at local to global scales. Emerging technologies in weed surveillance, genomics and resistance diagnostics, statistics and data science will greatly facilitate the collection and analysis of large‐scale data sets, providing unprecedented potential for epidemiological analyses of the evolution of herbicide resistance at landscape scales.
Regulatory aspects of xenotransplantation in Korea
Authors: Kwon Ivo , Park Chung‐Gyu , Lee SeungHwan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe xenotransplant clinical trial with human subjects seems to be technically feasible, however, it needs the strict regulatory framework from the domestic as well as the international level to make sure the safety of the human subject and the general public.MethodsThe authors reviewed and introduced the current regulations regarding the xenotransplant clinical trial in Korea focusing on the recently stipulated act (Advanced Regenerative Medicine and Biopharmacology Act, ARMBA) and the role of the related government agencies and health institutions.Results and ConclusionKorea is ready to conduct the xenotransplant clinical trial with human subjects in the current regulatory framework satisfying the requirements of the international guidance. The responsible governmental agencies would collaborate in control the xenotransplant clinical trial under the ARMBA and other related acts and guidance.
A sub-centennial-scale optically stimulated luminescence chronostratigraphy and late Holocene flood history from a temperate river confluence
Authors: Pears Ben , Brown Antony G. , Toms Phillip S. , Wood Jamie , Sanderson David , Jones Richard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRiver confluences can be metastable and contain valuable geological records of catchment response to decadal- to millennial-scale environmental change. However, in alluvial reaches, flood stratigraphies are particularly hard to date using 14C. In this paper, we use a novel combination of optically stimulated luminescence and multiproxy sedimentological analyses to provide a flood record for the confluence of the Rivers Severn and Teme (United Kingdom) over the past two millennia, which we compare with independent European climate records. The results show that by ca. 2000 yr B.P., the Severn-Teme confluence had stabilized and overbank alluviation had commenced. Initially, this occurred from moderately high flood magnitudes between ca. 2000 and 1800 yr B.P. (50 BCE–150 CE), but was followed from 1800 to 1600 yr B.P. (150–350 CE) by fine alluvial deposition and decreased flood intensity. From 1600 to 1400 yr B.P. (350–550 CE), the accumulation rate increased, with evidence of large flood events associated with the climatic deterioration of the Dark Age Cold Period. Following a period of reduced flood activity after ca. 1400 yr B.P. (ca. 550 CE), larger flood events and increase in accumulation rate once again became more prevalent from ca. 850 yr B.P. (ca. 1100 CE), coincident with the start of the Medieval Climate Anomaly, a period associated with warmer, wetter conditions and increased land-use intensity. This state persisted until ca. 450 yr B.P. (ca. 1500 CE), after which increased flood magnitudes can be associated with climatic variations during the Little Ice Age. We demonstrate that from the combination of high-resolution dating techniques and multiple analytical parameters, distinctive phases of relative flood magnitude versus flood duration can be determined to a detailed chronological precision beyond that possible from 14C dating. This permits the identification of the regional factors behind floodplain sedimentation, which we correlate with the intensification of land-use and climatic drivers over the last two millennia.
Intraocular leucocyte subpopulations analysis by multiparametric flow cytometry in human uveitis
Authors: Carreño Ester , Serrano Cristina , Muñoz Nelida , Romero-Bueno Fredeswinda , Sánchez Pernaute Olga , Alejandre Nicolas 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe aim of this study was to describe the cellular infiltrate in aqueous and vitreous samples of patients with uveitis analysed by multiparametric flow cytometry.MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of aqueous and vitreous samples analysed by flow cytometry for diagnostic purposes, in cases of masquerade syndromes and infectious and non-infectious uveitis. Data collected included demographics, anatomical classification of uveitis, phenotypic diagnosis, anterior chamber cells grading, vitreous haze and time of follow-up since presentation to sample obtained.ResultsThirty-one samples (17 aqueous and 14 vitreous fluids) from 31 patients, 18 men, were analysed. The mean age at the time of sample collection was 60.23±17.03 years. The most frequent anatomical classification was panuveitis (14 of 31). T cells accounted for the main cellular component in the majority of the samples (10 of 13 aqueous samples; 7 of 14 in vitreous samples). CD4:CD8 ratios ranged from 0.21 to 16.3 in the case of aqueous samples and from 0.5 to 9.7 in the case of vitreous samples.DiscussionFlow cytometry analysis of aqueous and vitreous samples from patients with uveitis could provide insight into the pathogenesis of human uveitis and help develop accurate animal models which better mimic human disease.
Epidemiology of 2000 Chinese uveitis patients from Northeast China
Authors: Hao Tianyu , Yang LI , Li Bowen , Chen Xiangtong , Li Dongchen , Liu Xiaoli 
Published: May 2020

AimsTo study the clinical characteristics of 2000 patients with uveitis admitted to the ophthalmology centre of the Second Hospital of Jilin University.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed 2000 patients with uveitis who were admitted to the uveitis clinic of the Second Hospital of Jilin University from July 2010 to June 2019 and analysed data on sex, onset age, onset season, anatomical classification, visual acuity and compared the results with those of other investigation studies.ResultsAmong 2000 uveitis patients, the mean age of onset was 39.9±14.9 years. There were 946 male patients (47.3%) and 1054 female patients (52.7%). By anatomical classification, panuveitis was the most common (986 cases, 49.3%), followed by anterior uveitis (786 cases, 39.3%), posterior uveitis (119 cases, 6.0%) and intermediate uveitis (109 cases, 5.5%). Among anterior uveitis cases, ankylose spondylitis (207 cases, 26.34%), Fuchs syndrome (74 cases, 9.41%) and viral uveitis (71 cases, 9.03%) were the most common. Among panuveitis cases, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (372 cases, 37.73%), Behcet’s disease (142 cases, 14.40%) and sympathetic ophthalmitis (33 cases, 3.35%) were the most common. Uveitis often occurs during the autumn–winter transition period. The prevalence of anterior uveitis is highest in November, and statistical analysis shows that the incidence of uveitis has a significant correlation with the month. Panuveitis has the most significant effect on vision.ConclusionPanuveitis and anterior uveitis are the most common anatomical classifications of uveitis, which has a significant impact on vision, and their incidence is related to seasonal changes.
United States university-based officer training and its influence on physical assessment test performance
Authors: Tom Jessica C , Schilling B K , Poston B , Turner C L , Radzak K N 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionCadets participating in Reserve Officers’ Training Corp (ROTC) at US universities undergo both Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) and Occupational Physical Assessment Test (OPAT) evaluations prior to commissioning. The current study examined the relationship between ROTC physical training (PT) attendance and performance in the APFT and OPAT, and characterised physical activity of cadets outside of PT.MethodsTwenty-six cadets’ (21 males; age=20.81±2.48 years; height=171.16±8.62 cm; body mass=75.49±13.17 kg; body mass index=25.68±3.37 kg/m2) PT attendance, and diagnostic (week 1) and record (week 13) OPAT and APFT scores were documented. Paired samples t-tests evaluated differences in APFT and OPAT scores between the diagnostic and record tests. Pearson correlations were utilised to determine if a relationship existed between PT attendance and test performance. Participating cadets also completed monthly self-reported physical activity questionnaire (September, October, November); findings were reported using descriptive statistics.ResultsCadets attended 87% of PT sessions between OPAT administrations and 85% between APFT administrations. Cadets significantly improved the following test components: standing long jump (p=0.034), seated power throw (p=0.029), shuttle run (p=0.005), sit-ups (p=0.003) and 2-mile run (p=0.045). A significant, positive correlation was found between PT attendance and APFT sit-ups improvements (r=0.473, p=0.015). Cadets’ frequently reported additional physical activity days per week (range: 2.8–3.1 aerobic, 3.2–3.8 strength/power, 2.9–3.2 core strength/endurance).ConclusionsRegular participation in a single semester of ROTC PT was found to significantly increase cadets’ scores in some, but not all, components of the APFT and OPAT. Self-reported physical activity results indicate that cadets regularly train outside of organised PT.
Behavioural and pharmaceutical interventions for the prevention of skin cancers in solid organ transplant recipients: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: James Laura J , Saglimbene Valeria , Wong Germaine , Tong Allison , Luu Laurence Don Wai , Craig Jonathan , Howard Kirsten , Howell Martin 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesSolid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of skin cancer, affecting more than 50% of recipients. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions for behavioural change for sun protection or skin cancer prevention in solid organ transplant recipients.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and CINAHL from inception to November 2019.Eligibility criteriaWe included randomised controlled trials that evaluated the effect of behavioural or pharmaceutical interventions on behavioural change or skin cancer prevention in solid organ transplant recipients.Data extraction and synthesisRisks of bias and evidence certainty were assessed using Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation framework.ResultsTwenty trials (n=2295 participants) were included. It is uncertain whether behavioural interventions improve sun protection behaviour (n=3, n=414, standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.89, 95% CI −0.84 to 2.62, I2=98%) and knowledge (n=4, n=489, SMD 0.50, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.87, I2=76%) as the quality of evidence is very low. We are uncertain of the effects of mammalian target of rapamaycin inhibitors on the incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer (n=5, n=1080, relative risk 0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.75, I2 =72%) as the quality of evidence is very low.ConclusionsBehavioural and pharmaceutical preventive interventions may improve sun protective behaviour and knowledge, and reduce the incidence of non-melanocytic skin cancer, but the overall quality of the evidence is very low and insufficient to guide decision-making and clinical practice.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017063962.
Postpartum lifestyle interventions among women with pre-eclampsia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Haugdahl Hege Selnes , Sandsæter Heidi Linn , Lysne Marianne , Bjerkeset Ottar , Uhrenfeldt Lisbeth , Horn Julie 
Published: May 2020

IntroductionCompared to women with normotensive pregnancies, women with a history of pre-eclampsia have a roughly fourfold increased risk of developing chronic arterial hypertension and a twofold increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lifestyle changes, such as increased physical activity, weight loss, smoking cessation and healthy diet, are effective for CVD prevention in the general population. However, no scoping review or systematic review of postpartum lifestyle interventions among women with pre-eclampsia have, to our best knowledge, been performed. The objective of this scoping review is to provide an overview of the available research literature on postpartum lifestyle interventions to reduce the risk of CVD among women with pre-eclampsia.Methods and analysisThe protocol is based on the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley. Databases to be searched include: PubMed, Embase CINAHL and the JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports. The search will be performed after the publication of this protocol (estimated to be 1 June 2020) and will be repeated 1 month prior to the submission for publication of the final review (estimated to be 1 January 2021). The review will consider studies that include women in the postpartum period (in particular, but not restricted to, the first 12 months after delivery), with a history of pre-eclampsia. Data will be extracted by two independent reviewers using a data extraction tool including specific details about the population, concept, context, study methods and key findings relevant to the review objective. Any disagreements between the reviewers will be resolved through discussion, or with a third reviewer. The extracted data will be presented in diagrammatic or tabular form that align with the objective of this scoping review. A narrative summary will accompany the tabulated and/or charted results and will describe how the results relate to the reviews objective and questions.Ethics and disseminationSince all data will be obtained from publicly available materials, the proposed scoping review does not require ethical approval. The results will be submitted for publication in an open-access peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences.