bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF FLAVONE AND ITS MONOHYDROXY DERIVATIVES ON ANIMAL MODELS OF DEPRESSION IN SWISS ALBINO MICE
Authors: S SHANMUGAPRIYAN , S JAIKUMAR , S VISWANATHAN , K PARIMALA , M RAJESH 
Published: October 2019

Objectives: This research was designed to investigate the antidepressant activity of a few structurally related flavones (flavone, 3‑hydroxyflavone, and 7‑hydroxyflavone) and the possible mechanisms involved.
Methods: Antidepressant activity was evaluated in mice by subjecting them to forced swim test and tail suspension test. The involvement of adrenergic, serotonergic, nitric oxide (NO), and opioid mechanisms was investigated using suitable interacting chemicals.
Results: Flavone, 3‑hydroxyflavone, and 7‑hydroxyflavone exhibited a significant and dose‑dependent reduction in total time of immobility in the forced swim test and tail suspension test. Pre‑treatment with alpha‑methyl‑para‑tyrosine and parachlorophenyl alanine attenuated the reduction in immobility period produced by flavone and its derivatives in forced swim test. Naloxone pre‑treatment partially reversed the effect of flavone while L‑arginine pre‑treatment did not alter their effect.
Conclusion: The investigated flavones exhibited promising antidepressant activity in both the animal models of depression. However, the flavone compounds did not alter the motor coordination and ambulatory behavior in the Rotarod and locomotor activity test. The participation of serotonergic, adrenergic, and opioid mechanism in the antidepressant activity of these compounds was elucidated from the results, and the role of NO pathway was excluded.
CHRONIC INTERACTION BETWEEN METFORMIN AND MELOXICAM IN MICE
Authors: AL-REKABI FALAH MUOSA KADHIM 
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study is performed for investigation the chronic interaction between metformin and meloxicam from toxicological view.
Methods: Lethal dose 50 after chronic exposure assessed in mice by up and down method. Their interaction analyzed by isobolographic analysis indicated that both medicines exhibited synergism. Assessment of the effects of repeated chronic dosing for 3 months of both medicines also performed on mice. Medicines in question administered orally as therapeutic doses of metformin 14 mg/kg. Body weight (BW) (G1), meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg.BW (G2), and combination of both medicines (G3) while G4 assigned control and dosed DW.
Results: Both G1 and G3 showed significant p˂0.05 decrease in blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. Meloxicam group (G3) showed statistically significant p˂0.05 increase in triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), while group of combination showed statistically significant p≤0.05 decrease in both ALT and AST. Blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and serum creatinine showed statistically significant p˂0.05 increase in group of meloxicam but decrease in G3 and no changes in G1. Histopathological changes included variable lesions in kidney such as swelling and necrosis in renal tubules of metformin group, cortical vacuolar degeneration in renal tubules, and deterioration of most glomeruli in G2, while G3 showed generalized cortical necrosis of renal tubules and interstitial nephritis. Liver lesions included central venous congestion (VC) and perivascular lymphocytic infiltration and marked necrosis in both groups of metformin and meloxicam, while there were severe VC and necrosis of hepatocytes in group of combination.
Conclusion: Metformin administration with meloxicam may have beneficial important through preventing many deleterious effects of meloxicam after long-standing administration, but adjusting dosing regimen study might be recommended.
PREDICTORS OF MAJOR BLEEDING AMONG ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS ON WARFARIN
Authors: M MATALQAH LAILA , YEHYA ALAA , AL-TAANI GHAITH M 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Bleeding is the most serious complication associated with anticoagulation therapy. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of major bleeding related to warfarin and to identify its predictors in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods: Patients with AF treated with warfarin at Penang General Hospital in Malaysia were identified according to the international classification of disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9). The medical reports of 1611 patients were reviewed, bleeding events were set as primary end point which were identified in 313 patients. Demographic and clinical data were retrieved and warfarin therapy-related parameters including dose, therapy duration, and prothrombin time-international normalized ratio (PT-INR) were recorded and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Of the 313 patients, 28 patients with major bleeding events were identified. Gastrointestinal bleeding was the major type of bleeding, which accounts for 68% (n = 17) of the cases. The frequency of major bleeding events among all AF patients was 1.7%. High PT-INR value was found in 96.3% (n = 28) of the patients, thereby making it the primary predictor of bleeding events. Other predictors including, advanced age, other comorbidities such as hypertension and multiple anticoagulation therapy were also observed to be significant.
Conclusion: Lower doses of warfarin are recommended to achieve target PT-INR range similar to that reported previously for Asian populations. A regular clinical review for bleeding predictors is essential for maximizing the time spent by the patient taking warfarin in the optimal therapeutic range and for making recommended therapy adjustment.
OXIDATIVE CHANGES AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION DECLINE IN AGING RATS
Authors: FRANCIS RUDIN MUHAMMAD IRFAN NORMAN , MAKPOL SUZANA , WAN NGAH WAN ZURINAH , MOHD YUSOF YASMIN ANUM 
Published: October 2019

Objective: This study aims to show that impairment of cognitive function occurred during aging is related to increased oxidative stress.
Methods: A total of 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups: Young (3 months), middle (14 months), and old age groups (18 and 23 months). Rats were killed and blood was collected for the measurement of oxidative stress which includes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde [MDA] levels). Cognitive function of rats was measured through open-field experiments, Morris water maze (MWM), and object identification.
Results: Increased DNA damage and MDA levels were found in middle age and old rats compared to young rats (3 months old, p<0.05). There was an increase in anxiety with age as indicated by the increased production of fecal boli and decreased activity of grooming and rearing. For the navigation test, older rats took a long time to search for the hidden platform compared to young rats. In the probe test (spatial memory test 24 h after the last training), the middle- and old-age groups spent less time at the quadrant compared to the young age group.
Conclusion: There is a decline in cognitive function with increased oxidative stress in aging rats.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME NOVEL (E)-METHYL 2,4-DIMETHYL-5-(3-OXO-3-PHENYLPROP-1-EN-1- YL)-1H-PYRROLE-3-CARBOXYLATE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT
Authors: HUBLIKAR MAHESH , DIXIT PRASHANT , KADU VIKAS , SHIRAME SACHIN , RAUT DATTATRAYA , BHOSALE RAGHUNATH , `JADHAV SHRAVAN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The objective of the present study was to synthesize a series of some novel (E)-methyl 2,4-dimethyl-5-(3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate derivatives and to evaluate it’s in vitro antimicrobial activities.
Methods: A novel series of (E)-methyl 2,4-dimethyl-5-(3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl)-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate derivative (8a-l) has been synthesized by cyclization (Knorr reaction) hydrolysis, decarboxylation, and Vilsmeier–Haack formylation reaction. 5-formyl-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylate 6 undergo condensation with acetophenone derivatives 7a-l in methanol and potassium hydroxide. The synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial screening.
Results: The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity data revealed that the synthesized derivatives possess good antibacterial and antifungal activity which is attributed due to the presence of the heterocyclic ring; further, the activity increased with the introduction of a methoxy group in the structure.
Conclusions: New pyrrole chalcone derivatives act as significant antimicrobial agents, easy work-up procedure and reaction take place with minimum side product. Antimicrobial activity report provides an interesting template for the syntheses of new antimicrobial agents and may be helpful for the design of new therapeutic tools.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME NEWLY PREPARED SYMMETRICALLY AZO DYES DERIVED FROM SULFA DRUGS
Authors: MUHAMMAD‑ALI MUNTHER ABDULJALEEL , HAMZA SALMAN HUSSAM , JASIM EKHLASQANBER 
Published: October 2019

Objective: Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) were the first type of drugs largely medically used for preventive and chemotherapeutic agents against various types of diseases. To the date, much research has been directed toward the synthesis sulfa drug derivatives such as azo‑sulfa drug compounds. The aim of the present study is to synthesize of azo‑sulfa compounds as antioxidant agents.
Methods: First, three of sulfa drugs react with 4‑methoxy‑1,2‑Naphthoquinone in aqueous medium by stirring at room temperature to give symmetrically azo‑sulfa compounds. The colored compounds which formed were examined their structures by infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectral techniques.
Results: Three symmetrically azo‑sulfa compounds were tested as antioxidant agents compared with ascorbic acid (AA) using 2,2‑diphenyl‑1‑picrylhydrazyl method. The results indicated that these compounds had good activities (57.79–73.69%) at 30 μg/ml, which had less activity than AA (81.34%) at the same concentration. These results referred the IC50 which had values (15.23–21.35 μg/ml), whereas AA had 7.59 μg/ml.
Conclusion: Attachment of heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen and oxygen (isoxazole) on the azo‑sulfa compounds can enhance the antioxidant activity as compared with the heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen only (pyrimidine) and without heterocyclic rings, which enhanced the lipophilicity which may increase the bioavailability and efficacy of the drug.
2441 INTERLEUKIN-1B AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 PROINFLAMMATION ANALYSIS AND IN SILICO DOCKING NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B ON ENDOMETRIOSIS CELL CULTURE GIVEN HEPTYL GALLATE AND OCTYL GALLATE TREATMENT
Authors: BUSTAMI ARLENI , SULISTYA UTAMI FAJAR , BUDIARTI RAHMI , WIBOWO HERI 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of octyl gallate and heptyl gallate toward the regulation of interleukin-1β and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 proinflammatory factor on endometriosis cell culture and analyze its activity toward nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) target protein through in silico docking technique.
Methods: In vitro study was performed on endometriosis cells cultured treated with two dosages each of heptyl and octyl gallate (51.2 μg/mL and 102.4 μg/mL) for 48 h, then followed by 10 ng/mL lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induction for 24 h. The positive control group was treated by LPS induced and the negative control was treated without LPS. Inflammation regulation was evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique and in silico docking analyzed using bioinformatics technique.
Results: Molecular docking analysis with gallic acid and their derivatives showed that more stable affinity and stronger binding found on octyl gallate than heptyl gallate and gallic acid at the active site of NFkB.
Conclusions: Based on this study results, octyl gallate and heptyl gallate were proven to be able to reduce COX-2 proinflammatory factor through NFkB pathway as an inflammatory regulator; thus, it has the potential to be developed as a therapy for endometriosis.
DEVELOPMENT AND IN VITRO EVALUATION OF SOLID DISPERSIONS OF CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL
Authors: D.v.r.n. Bhikshapathi 
Published: October 2019

Objective
The main objective of the present study is systematic development of solid dispersions of Candesartan cilexetil by solvent evaporation method to enhance the solubility and bioavailability.
Methods
In the present study, eighteen formulations of solid dispersions were prepared with 1:1 and 1:3 ratios of drug: carrier and with and without surfactant. There was significant improvement in the rate of drug release from all 20 solid dispersions and the formulation (SD16) comprising Candesartan: containing Soluplus (1:3 ratio of drug:Â Soluplus with 2% SLS as surfactant) by solvent evaporation process.
Results
Final optimized design SD16 contained maximum drug content of 99.08%. In in vitro dissolution studies it shows greater dissolution rate i.e. 99.7Â±4.2% associated through additional designs and pure drug. The drug was compatible with all the excipients as per FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). From powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) and by (SEM) studies it was evident that crystalline form of Candesartan has been converted into amorphous form within solid dispersion design.
Conclusion
From these studies we can accomplish solid dispersions are one of the greatest favorable formulation for Candesartan cilexetil for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs in the effective group of hypertension and other cardiac problems.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ZILEUTON AND MK-866 AGAINST HEPATIC DAMAGE INDUCED BY DOXORUBICIN
Authors: H SAHIB HUSSAM , M SULTAN AHMED , A SAHEB HUSSEIN 
Published: October 2019

Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the protective effect of Zileuton and MK-886 against hepatic damage induced by doxorubicin.
Methods: A total of 30 healthy adult male albino rats were randomized and rats were divided into five groups, six animals in each: Control negative group, Vehicle group: Rats were given ethanol i.p., Dx group: Doxorubicin (15 mg/kg), Mk group: Mk-886-treated rats given 0.6 mg/kg of Mk-886 i.p, and Z group: Zileuton-treated rats given zileuton 10 mg/kg i.p. Biochemical tests of the serum for ASAT and ALAT level were estimated. Serum glutathione (GSH) concentrations (μg/ml) were determined using GSH ELISA Kit, while serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (ng/ml) were determined using MDA ELISA Kit. Livers were removed from each rat and fixed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin for histopathological studies.
Results: MK- and zileuton-treated groups showed higher GSH levels and lower MDA levels as compared with Dx-treated group. MK-886 associated with significant p<0.05 decreased the liver enzymes in comparison with doxorubicin-treated rats. Zileuton showed insignificant (p>0.05) changes. The liver tissues that treated with Dx only showed several histopathological changes such as moderate sinusoidal dilation, vacuolation, mild-to-moderate hepatocyte necrosis/degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration, and severe congestion. Liver tissues that treated by zileuton with Dx showed sinusoidal dilation, vacuolation, mild congestion, and inflammatory cell infiltration, while those treated with Mk-886 plus Dx showed nearly normal liver pathophysiology.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that Zileuton and MK-886 have protective effects against hepatic damage induced by doxorubicin.
Platón, Einstein y el triunfo de la imaginatividad cosmológica
Authors: Robinson T. M. 
Published: October 2019

This article argues the following five claims: 1. Plato’s description of the origins of cosmos in the Timaeus is not a myth, nor something unlikely: when he called it an eikos mythos or eikos logos, he meant a likely or trustworthy account on this very subject. 2. Among the details in this account, the following are prominent and surprising: a) the world was fashioned in time, in that precise point that was the beginning of time; b) several kinds of duration can be distinguished in cosmology (mainly eternity, sempiternity, perpetuity and time); and c) space is an entity characterized by movement and tension. 3. In the Statesman, Plato repeats much the same thing, adding this time the strange notion that the universe’s circular movement is periodically reversed. 4. In spite of the important differences in detail, there is a striking similarity between Plato’s account of the origins of the world and the explanation adopted by much of modern cosmology. 5. What Plato shares with so many instances of recent thought is here termed “cosmological imaginativity”. A first section of the paper deals exclusively with the Timaeus. Claims 1 and 2a are supported by a revision of the meanings of mythos and logos, followed by brief reference and discussion of the argument at Timaeus 27d, leading to the conclusion that Plato affirms that the ever-changing world has indeed had a beginning in time. Claim 2b describes five different types of duration, corresponding to Forms, the Demiurge, Space, the [empirical] world and its contents, physical objects. The second section is concerned with the myth in the Statesman, discussing it as a parallel and describing its peculiar turn to the Timaeus’ cosmology and cosmogony, a complex spheric and dynamic model. After digressing into some important ideas in modern cosmology, touching especially on affinities of some of Einstein’s ideas with of Plato’s own, the paper closes with a discussion of cosmological imaginativity, oriented to recover and recognize fully Plato’s greatness as a cosmologist.
Dos fragmentos de Heráclito acerca de psyche y logos
Authors: Hülsz Piccone Enrique Adolfo 
Published: October 2019

This is a brief survey and interpretation of the text of the only two Heraclitean fragments that connect explicitly psyche and logos, B45 and B115. Introductory pages deal with the traditional significance of the word psyche, and the meaning and philosophical importance of the complex term of logos, which appears in several other genuine texts. Part I is concerned with B45: “If you go to the soul’s limits, you wouldn’t find them, even if you traveled every path: so deep is its logos”. It is mainly an exploration of its many different resonances and its paradoxical rationality. The focal points of attention are the ideas of “limits” and “searching”, which are then linked to mortality. The second section includes a brief discussion on B36 and concludes that its relevance to the interpretation of B45 is questionable and unclear. The third section tries to recover the general outlines of Heraclitus conception of the [human] soul as the home of knowledge and speech (as a quick glimpse of B107 reveals [“Eyes and ears are bad witnesses for those who have barbarous souls”]), which strongly suggests the idea of self-knowledge as the background of B45. The last section deals with the more difficult B115 (“It belongs to the soul a logos that increases itself”), recognizing first the problem of authenticity, and especially the objection of inconsistency between the idea of a logos that “increases itself” and Heraclitus’ theory of “measures”, venturing a conjectural interpretation that draws attention to the main, common point of both fragments: the inner character of logos, its immanence in psyche, and its most suggestive implication, an idea of self-consciousness, a fundamental philosophical notion that could be thus much more ancient than what is usually thought.
The Role of Web Assurance Seals in Nonprofit Giving
Authors: Canada Joseph , Harris Erica E. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Using a sample of the 2,000 largest nonprofit organizations in the U.S., we document that the use of web assurance seals is not as commonplace as for-profit e-commerce websites. In particular, we find that only about 14 percent of sample organizations invest in web assurance seals. Those that do provide web seals are larger, less efficient, and spend more on fundraising and information technology. Interestingly, however, our size result weakens for the very largest organizations in our sample. In addition to our contribution to the web assurance literature, we also contribute to donations research in identifying another feature important to donors in the decision to give. Specifically, we find a positive relationship between web seals and donations, indicating that providing this type of assurance attracts more donor support. We believe this is particularly interesting given the relatively few organizations adopting this type of signal in the marketplace for charitable contributions.
Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
What Happens When Formal and Informal Norms Conflict for IT Usage?
Authors: Shoemaker Nikki , Curtis Mary B. , Fayard Louis (Dutch) , Kelly Marie T. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Employee ethical perceptions and behavior are shaped by any number of factors that may be complementary or in conflict, such as formal organizational norms that may clash with an individual's personal norms. When formal norms are established to protect the organization, the way employees respond to such conflict can put the organization at risk. We examine how the judgments and intentions of individuals change when formal and informal norms agree or disagree regarding the use of company technology for personal tasks while at work. We varied a company policy (formal norm) and examined participant responses to the policy relative to participants' expected personal norm (informal norm). Participants provided judgments of the ethicality of the behavior and their intention to engage in the same behavior. Both formal and informal norms influence ethicality judgments and intentions. When the norms were in conflict, both norms influence judgments and intentions, but in different ways.
How Significant are the Differences in Financial Data Provided by Key Data Sources? A Comparison of XBRL, Compustat, Yahoo! Finance, and Google Finance
Authors: Boritz J. Efrim , No Won Gyun 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We compare the financial statement data (excluding footnotes) reported by 105 randomly selected firms in their 10-K filings with data contained in XBRL filings and data reported by three data aggregators/distributors: Compustat, Google Finance, and Yahoo! Finance. We find that 48 percent to 63.2 percent of the 10-K financial statement items available in XBRL filings are not available from the aggregators/distributors. However, aggregator/distributor-provided data contain many financial items that are not in the official 10-K or XBRL filings but could be useful to users. For items included both in XBRL and by aggregators/distributors, all but 0.01 percent of the XBRL data amounts agree with the 10-K filings, whereas 6.5 percent to 7.7 percent of the amounts provided by aggregators/distributors do not, depending on the aggregator/distributor. Most differences are material, and the differences in items used in bankruptcy prediction and earnings quality models result in significant differences in the model results.
Análisis del estrés en líderes comunitarios
Authors: Isea-Argüelles Josía Jeseff 
Published: October 2019

La investigación tuvo por objetivo analizar el estrés en líderes comunitarios del consejo comunal Taratara, fue tipo descriptiva, la población estuvo conformada por 23 miembros del consejo comunal de Taratara, a quienes se les aplicó un instrumento tipo escala de Likert para medir el estrés. Se pudo evidenciar que la mayoría de los miembros del consejo comunal, tienden a tener inconvenientes con su autoestima, motivación, trabajan más de lo proyectado y de forma aislada, es decir, individualmente, lo que genera acciones que conducen a la existencia de estrés, por lo tanto, se ha podido constatar que se encuentran en nivel moderado de estrés, con lo cual, sí no se toman las acciones pertinentes a tiempo, se puede agravar la situación, produciéndose enfermedades y situaciones que afecten a las personas y con ello el funcionamiento del consejo comunal.