bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epithelioid glioblastoma with microglia features: potential for novel therapy
Authors: Nakagomi Nami , Sakamoto Daisuke , Hirose Takanori , Takagi Toshinori , Murase Makiko , Nakagomi Takayuki , Yoshimura Shinichi , Hirota Seiichi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEpithelioid glioblastoma (E‐GBM) was recently designated as a subtype of glioblastoma (GBM) by the World Health Organization (2016). E‐GBM is an aggressive and rare variant of GBM that primarily occurs in children and young adults. Although most characterized cases of E‐GBM harbor a mutation of the BRAF gene in which valine (V) is substituted by glutamic acid (E) at amino acid 600 (BRAF‐V600E), in addition to telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations and homozygous CDKN2A/B deletions, the origins and cellular nature of E‐GBM remain uncertain. Here, we present a case of E‐GBM that exhibits antigenic and functional traits suggestive of microglia. Although no epithelial [e.g., CKAE1/3, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)] or glial (e.g., GFAP, Olig2) markers were detected by immunohistochemical staining, the microglial markers CD68 and Iba1 were readily apparent. Furthermore, isolated E‐GBM‐derived tumor cells expressed microglial/macrophage‐related genes including cytokines, chemokines, MHC class II antigens, lysozyme and the critical functional receptor, CSF‐1R. Isolated E‐GBM‐derived tumor cells were also capable of phagocytosis and cytokine production. Treating E‐GBM‐derived tumor cells with the BRAF‐V600E inhibitor, PLX4032 (vemurafenib), resulted in a dose‐dependent reduction in cell viability that was amplified by addition of the CSF‐1R inhibitor, BLZ945. The present case provides insight into the cellular nature of E‐GBM and introduces several possibilities for effective targeted therapy for these patients.
Gender Encoding in Gender Diverse and Gender Conforming Children
Authors: Glazier Jessica J. , Gülgöz Selin , Olson Kristina R. 
Published: July 2020

Previous research suggests that people encode gender starting in childhood. The present research asked whether gender diverse children (i.e., children whose gender identity or expression differs from that expected based on assigned sex) encode gender. Results showed that 3‐ to 5‐year‐old gender diverse participants (N = 71), siblings of gender diverse children (N = 52), and gender conforming controls (N = 69) did not significantly differ in degree of gender encoding. These results converge with prior research to suggest that gender diverse children process gender in ways that do not differ from gender conforming children, and provide further evidence that gender encoding may be a common aspect of person perception in societies that support a binary view of gender.
Understanding parent preferences for NHS paediatric allergy services
Authors: Diwakar Lavanya , Cummins Carole , Roberts Tracy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo understand parent preferences for NHS paediatric allergy services. Design: A stated preference study (discrete choice experiment).SettingWest Midlands, UK.ParticipantsA sample of parents of children aged 16 years or younger recruited from the general population through a third party company approved by the University of Birmingham.InterventionAn online questionnaire with 18 choice questions describing two hypothetical paediatric allergy specialist clinics described in terms of the clinician, information provision, additional facilities, waiting times and out of pocket expenses. Main outcome measures Preference and willingness to pay estimates for each of the specified attributes.ResultsParents strongly preferred that their children be reviewed by consultants or specialist nurses formally trained in allergy compared with consultants with no formal allergy training [Willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for nurse specialist £150.9 (138.8‐163.2), trained allergy consultants £218.7 (205.7‐231.9), compared with consultants without formal training]. They were willing to wait longer to see trained practitioners. Parents also expressed a strong preference for improving online information regarding allergies [WTP for written information £18.4 (6.1‐30.6) and £72.6 for improved online information (59.9‐85.3), compared with verbal information]. Specialist clinics with additional dietician and eczema support were also preferred [WTP £29.9 (19.8‐40.1), compared with no additional support].ConclusionsParents showed strong preference for formally trained practitioners in specialist allergy clinics. Access to improved online allergy information and additional facilities within allergy clinics were also preferred. These findings have implications for future commissioning of paediatric allergy services in the UK.
Guided Fine‐Tuning for Large‐Scale Material Transfer
Authors: Deschaintre Valentin , Drettakis George , Bousseau Adrien 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present a method to transfer the appearance of one or a few exemplar SVBRDFs to a target image representing similar materials. Our solution is extremely simple: we fine‐tune a deep appearance‐capture network on the provided exemplars, such that it learns to extract similar SVBRDF values from the target image. We introduce two novel material capture and design workflows that demonstrate the strength of this simple approach. Our first workflow allows to produce plausible SVBRDFs of large‐scale objects from only a few pictures. Specifically, users only need take a single picture of a large surface and a few close‐up flash pictures of some of its details. We use existing methods to extract SVBRDF parameters from the close‐ups, and our method to transfer these parameters to the entire surface, enabling the lightweight capture of surfaces several meters wide such as murals, floors and furniture. In our second workflow, we provide a powerful way for users to create large SVBRDFs from internet pictures by transferring the appearance of existing, pre‐designed SVBRDFs. By selecting different exemplars, users can control the materials assigned to the target image, greatly enhancing the creative possibilities offered by deep appearance capture.
Duration and frequency of non‐flow periods affect the abundance and diversity of stream meiofauna
Authors: Majdi Nabil , Colls Miriam , Weiss Linette , Acuña Vicenç , Sabater Sergi , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Intermittent streams (IS) comprise a large proportion of the drainage network in many parts of the world. The non‐flow period of IS are known to impact stream biota because aquatic habitats dry out. However, less well understood are the relative effects of the temporal component of these drying events including their duration and frequency.

Here, we characterised effects of temporal component of drying events on abundant and species‐rich meiofauna. The effects were assessed in 22 streams in the north‐eastern Iberian Peninsula. The duration and frequency of non‐flow events was characterized over a period of 250 days prior to sampling the sediment‐dwelling meiofauna in riffle zones that completely dried out.

Overall, meiofauna abundances were amongst the highest ever reported for streambeds. Most meiofaunal taxa correlated positively with the frequency of drying events and correlated positively with the length of dry periods recorded shortly before sampling, suggesting that the community was able to recover quickly. Tardigrades were the only group to correlate positively with the longest dry periods, suggesting that they had the best resilience capabilities in streams that had experienced the longest droughts.

On average, nematodes made up half of the meiofauna. We identified a total of 113 different nematode species. The nematode community was more taxonomically diverse in IS, with a smaller proportion of bacterivores and a higher proportion of fungivore species such as Filenchus vulgaris. Thereby resembling the trophic structure commonly observed in soil ecosystems.

Our results show that most meiofauna were positively influenced by drying disturbance, that is being able to quickly recover after them. This suggests outstanding resilience capabilities, and points out meiofaunal organisms as key players for kick‐starting stream food webs and functions once flow returns.
Net landscape carbon balance of a tropical savanna: Relative importance of fire and aquatic export in offsetting terrestrial production
Authors: Duvert Clément , Hutley Lindsay B. , Beringer Jason , Bird Michael I. , Birkel Christian , Maher Damien T. , Northwood Matthew , Rudge Mitchel , Setterfield Samantha A. , Wynn Jonathan G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe magnitude of the terrestrial carbon (C) sink may be overestimated globally due to the difficulty of accounting for all C losses across heterogeneous landscapes. More complete assessments of net landscape C balances (NLCB) are needed that integrate both emissions by fire and transfer to aquatic systems, two key loss pathways of terrestrial C. These pathways can be particularly significant in the wet–dry tropics, where fire plays a fundamental part in ecosystems and where intense rainfall and seasonal flooding can result in considerable aquatic C export (ΣFaq). Here, we determined the NLCB of a lowland catchment (~140 km2) in tropical Australia over 2 years by evaluating net terrestrial productivity (NEP), fire‐related C emissions and ΣFaq (comprising both downstream transport and gaseous evasion) for the two main landscape components, that is, savanna woodland and seasonal wetlands. We found that the catchment was a large C sink (NLCB 334 Mg C km−2 year−1), and that savanna and wetland areas contributed 84% and 16% to this sink, respectively. Annually, fire emissions (−56 Mg C km−2 year−1) and ΣFaq (−28 Mg C km−2 year−1) reduced NEP by 13% and 7%, respectively. Savanna burning shifted the catchment to a net C source for several months during the dry season, while ΣFaq significantly offset NEP during the wet season, with a disproportionate contribution by single major monsoonal events—up to 39% of annual ΣFaq was exported in one event. We hypothesize that wetter and hotter conditions in the wet–dry tropics in the future will increase ΣFaq and fire emissions, potentially further reducing the current C sink in the region. More long‐term studies are needed to upscale this first NLCB estimate to less productive, yet hydrologically dynamic regions of the wet–dry tropics where our result indicating a significant C sink may not hold.
Quantifying the effects of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) on deep organic C stocks using natural abundance14C in three marginal soils
Authors: Slessarev Eric W. , Nuccio Erin E. , McFarlane Karis J. , Ramon Christina E. , Saha Malay , Firestone Mary K. , Pett‐Ridge Jennifer 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPerennial bioenergy crops have been shown to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, potentially offsetting anthropogenic C emissions. The effects of perennial bioenergy crops on SOC are typically assessed at shallow depths (<30 cm), but the deep root systems of these crops may also have substantial effects on SOC stocks at greater depths. We hypothesized that deep (>30 cm) SOC stocks would be greater under bioenergy crops relative to stocks under shallow‐rooted conventional crop cover. To test this, we sampled soils to between 1‐ and 3‐m depth at three sites in Oklahoma with 10‐ to 20‐year‐old switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) stands, and collected paired samples from nearby fields cultivated with shallow rooted annual crops. We measured root biomass, total organic C,14C,13C, and other soil properties in three replicate soil cores in each field and used a mixing model to estimate the proportion of recently fixed C under switchgrass based on14C. The subsoil C stock under switchgrass (defined over 500–1500 kg/m2equivalent soil mass, approximately 30–100 cm depth) exceeded the subsoil stock in neighboring fields by 1.5 kg C/m2at a sandy loam site, 0.6 kg C/m2at a site with loam soils, and showed no significant difference at a third site with clay soils. Using the mixing model, we estimated that additional SOC introduced after switchgrass cultivation comprised 31% of the subsoil C stock at the sandy loam site, 22% at the loam site, and 0% at the clay site. These results suggest that switchgrass can contribute significantly to subsoil organic C—but also indicated that this effect varies across sites. Our analysis shows that agricultural strategies that emphasize deep‐rooted grass cultivars can increase soil C relative to conventional crops while expanding energy biomass production on marginal lands.
Determining the optimal value of the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index to screen older patients with malnutrition risk: A study at a university hospital in Japan
Authors: Ishida Yuria , Maeda Keisuke , Nonogaki Tomoyuki , Shimizu Akio , Yamanaka Yosuke , Matsuyama Remi , Kato Ryoko , Ueshima Junko , Mori Naoharu 
Published: July 2020

AimThe Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) can predict nutritional risk. However, just a few studies have validated the optimal cut‐off value of GNRI for nutrition screening in older patients. Hence, this study aimed to determine the optimal value of GNRI to screen the risk of malnutrition among older patients.MethodsThis retrospective cross‐sectional study was carried out with 5867 consecutive older adult patients who were admitted to an academic hospital in Japan. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were carried out to obtain the optimal cut‐off value of GNRI, and the results were compared against the Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form and Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. The validation of the obtained cut‐off value was examined on the concordance rate of malnutrition diagnosis based on the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism criteria.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 76.0 ± 7.0 years. The optimal cut‐off value of GNRI for Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form ≤11 points was 95.92 (area under the curve 0.827 [0.817–0.838], P < 0.001), and that for Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool ≥1 point was 95.95 (area under the curve 0.788 [0.776–0.799], P < 0.001). By adapting GNRI <96 points as an initial screening cut‐off in the European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism‐defined malnutrition process, the concordance rates of comparisons were 98.5% and 98.5% for Mini Nutritional Assessment – Short Form‐based and MUST‐based diagnosis, respectively.ConclusionsThe study showed GNRI <96 points as the optimal cut‐off value for nutritional screening. GNRI might be one of the easy‐to‐use tools for nutritional screening and for diagnosing malnutrition in older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 811–816.
Skin diseases in displaced populations: a review of contributing factors, challenges, and approaches to care
Authors: Knapp Alexia P. , Rehmus Wingfield , Chang Aileen Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere are 70.8 million persons displaced worldwide due to war, persecution, and violence. Eighty percent of displaced persons reside in low‐ and middle‐income countries with limited healthcare resources. Cutaneous diseases are commonly reported among displaced persons owing to numerous interrelated factors such as inadequate housing, overcrowding, food insecurity, environmental exposures, violence including torture, and breakdown of healthcare infrastructure. Diagnosis and management of these conditions, as well as an understanding of the context in which they present, is crucial to providing dermatologic care for displaced populations worldwide. Herein, we define displaced populations and, within this context, review the epidemiology of skin diseases, discuss pertinent skin conditions, examine challenges to care provision, and present approaches for improving dermatologic care. Inflammatory and communicable infectious disorders are the most common skin diseases seen in displaced populations. Other relevant conditions include skin manifestations of heat injuries, cold injuries, immersion foot syndromes, macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies, torture, and sexual and gender‐based violence. Provision of dermatologic care to displaced populations is hampered by limited diagnostic and therapeutic resources and specialist expertise. Medical screening for cutaneous disorders, context‐relevant dermatology training, and telemedicine are potential tools to improve diagnosis and management of skin diseases in displaced populations.
Sparsity of dendritic cells and cytotoxic T cells in tumor microenvironment may lead to recurrence in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Beksaç Burcu , İlter Nilsel , Erdem Özlem , Çakmak Pinar , Çenetoğlu Seyhan , Yapar Dilek 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundAntitumor immune response affects tumor growth. The effect of antitumor immune response on recurrence has been poorly studied in basal cell carcinoma (BCC).ObjectivesTo investigate the effects of the peritumoral immune infiltrate on BCC recurrence.MethodsA total of 30 BCC patients without recurrence and 29 BCC patients with recurrence were included in this retrospective study. Non‐recurrent tumor samples as well as primary and recurrent tumor samples from the recurrent group were stained immunohistochemically with anti‐CD4, CD8, CD25, FOXP3, CD68, CD163, and CD1a antibodies. Immune infiltrates were semiquantitatively evaluated.ResultsBCC tumor microenvironment was rich in CD4+ cells. CD163 expression was higher than CD68. In primary tumors of the recurrent group, CD8 expression was significantly lower than CD4 expression. CD1a expression was lower in primary tumors of the recurrent group than in nonrecurrent tumors.ConclusionsOur results suggest the existence of an immunosuppressive microenvironment in BCC. Lower CD8+ T‐cell numbers and sparsity of dendritic cells in primary tumors of recurrent patients suggest further immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and an increase in recurrence risk. This is the first study that evaluates and compares tumor immune microenvironments of primary and recurrent BCC lesions with several markers and investigates the role of antitumor immunity on BCC recurrence.
Lipopolysaccharide promotes Drp1‐dependent mitochondrial fission and associated inflammatory responses in macrophages
Authors: Kapetanovic Ronan , Afroz Syeda Farhana , Ramnath Divya , Lawrence Grace MEP , Okada Takashi , Curson James EB , de Bruin Jost , Fairlie David P , Schroder Kate , St John Justin C , Blumenthal Antje , Sweet Matthew J 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMitochondria have a multitude of functions, including energy generation and cell signaling. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics (i.e. the balance between mitochondrial fission and fusion) also regulate immune functions. Here, we reveal that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation increases mitochondrial numbers in mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs) and human monocyte‐derived macrophages. In BMMs, this response requires Toll‐like receptor 4 (Tlr4) and the TLR adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) but is independent of mitochondrial biogenesis. Consistent with this phenomenon being a consequence of mitochondrial fission, the dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) GTPase that promotes mitochondrial fission is enriched on mitochondria in LPS‐activated macrophages and is required for the LPS‐mediated increase in mitochondrial numbers in both BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Pharmacological agents that skew toward mitochondrial fusion also abrogated this response. LPS triggered acute Drp1 phosphorylation at serine 635 (S635), followed by sustained Drp1 dephosphorylation at serine 656 (S656), in BMMs. LPS‐induced S656 dephosphorylation was abrogated in MyD88‐deficient BMMs, suggesting that this post‐translational modification is particularly important for Tlr4‐inducible fission. Pharmacological or genetic targeting of Tlr4‐inducible fission had selective effects on inflammatory mediator production, with LPS‐inducible mitochondrial fission promoting the expression and/or secretion of a subset of inflammatory mediators in BMMs and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Thus, triggering of Tlr4 results in MyD88‐dependent activation of Drp1, leading to inducible mitochondrial fission and subsequent inflammatory responses in macrophages.
Viruses and asthma: the role of common respiratory viruses in asthma and its potential meaning for SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Novak Natalija , Cabanillas Beatriz 
Published: July 2020

SummaryViral infections and atopic diseases are closely related and contribute to each other. The physiological deficiencies and immune mechanisms that underlie atopic diseases can result in a suboptimal defense against multiple viruses, and promote a suitable environment for their proliferation and dissemination. Viral infections, on the other hand, can induce per se several immunological mechanisms involved in allergic inflammation capable to promote the initiation or exacerbation of atopic diseases such as atopic asthma. In a world that is affected more and more by factors that significantly impact the prevalence of atopic diseases, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) induced by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS‐CoV‐2) is having an unprecedented impact with still unpredictable consequences. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to revise the available scientific literature regarding the association between common respiratory viruses and asthma, as well as the newly emerging data about the molecular mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and its possible relation with asthma, to better understand the interrelation between common viruses and asthma and its potential meaning on the current global pandemic of COVID‐19.
Apela improves cardiac and renal function in mice with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Pan Yang , Li Quanyi , Yan Hong , Huang Jin , Wang Zhi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractApela was recently identified as a new ligand of the apelin peptide jejunum (APJ) receptor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of apela in post‐myocardial infarction (post‐MI) recovery from cardiorenal damage. A murine MI model was established, and apela was then infused subcutaneously for two weeks. Echocardiographs were performed before and after infarction at the indicated times. Renal function was evaluated by serum and urine biochemistry. Immunohistochemistry of heart and kidney tissue was performed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUPT nick end‐labelling reaction. Compared to the control group (MI/vehicle), the average value of the left ventricular ejection fraction in apela‐treated mice increased by 32% and 39% at 2‐ and 4‐week post‐MI, respectively. The mean levels of serum blood urea nitrogen，creatinine, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide and 24‐hour urine protein were significantly decreased at 4‐week post‐MI in apela‐treated mice relative to that of control animals. At the cellular level, we found that apela treatment significantly reduced myocardial fibrosis and cellular apoptosis in heart and kidney tissue. These data suggest that apela improves cardiac and renal function in mice with acute MI. The peptide may be potential therapeutic agent for heart failure.