bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The accounting, budgeting and fiscal impact of COVID-19 on the United Kingdom
Authors: Heald David , Hodges Ron 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThis paper analyses the nature and impact of budgetary responses to the pandemic in the context of the strengths and weaknesses of UK public sector financial management.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is developed through consideration of four modes of government accounting. Data are drawn from multiple official sources, which report actual and forecast government receipts and expenditures as the crisis unfolds.FindingsThere have been dramatic effects on UK government finances. Government receipts have fallen by 12% and expenditures have increased by 36% in the first three months of the crisis (April–June 2020), compared to the previous year. Government debt increased to £1,984bn (99.6% of GDP), the highest percentage since March 1961 (ONS, 2020c). The pandemic will have the greatest impact on UK public finances in 2020–21, with a record budget deficit which, under the OBR (2020c) central scenario, may approach £322bn and increase public sector net debt to £2,205bn (104.1% of GDP).Research limitations/implicationsThe research is necessarily limited by the impact of the pandemic and the government's responses in a rapidly changing social, economic and fiscal environment.Practical implicationsStatistical accounting and budgeting dominate attention because of reporting speed and issues of international comparability. The pandemic has emphasised the importance of timeliness. Government financial reporting is marginalised, though this should not be permanent if the pandemic retreats. Fiscal sustainability analysis will warn that UK public finances are even more unsustainable than before the pandemic.Social implicationsThe interaction of higher levels of debt and future increases in interest rates might result in a new era of austerity and further centralisation of public power and economic decision-making in one of the world's most centralised democracies.Originality/valueThe paper provides an early, structured analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 emergency on UK government finances.
PROMES: An ontology‐based messaging service for semantically interoperable information exchange during disaster response
Authors: Elmhadhbi Linda , Karray Mohamed‐Hedi , Archimède Bernard , Otte J. Neil , Smith Barry 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDisaster response requires the cooperation of multiple emergency responder organizations (EROs). However, after‐action reports relating to large‐scale disasters identity communication difficulties among EROs as a major hindrance to collaboration. On the one hand, the use of two‐radio communication, based on multiple orthogonal frequencies and uneven coverage, has been shown to degrade inter‐organization communication. On the other hand, because they reflect different areas of expertise, EROs use differing terminologies, which are difficult to reconcile. These issues lead to ambiguities, misunderstandings, and inefficient exchange of data and information among those involved, which can impede the response process and slow decision making. We, therefore, hypothesize that promoting semantic interoperability across ERO information systems might improve information exchange among stakeholders and thereby allow a more coherent response to the disaster. We propose an ontology‐based messaging service on the basis of the Emergency Data Exchange Language (EDXL) standards. The parties involved will continue to use the terminologies to which they are accustomed, but the system will resolve inconsistencies and thereby enhance mutual understanding among EROs by ensuring semantic translation of the exchanged information. The evaluation of the semantic translation demonstrated the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed service.
Use of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients receiving therapeutic plasma exchange with a centrifuge‐based apheresis system
Authors: Jang Soo Min , Bahjri Khaled , Lee Joanna , Nabavi Sanaz , Abdipour Amir 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAngiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are frequently used antihypertensive medications with additional advantages such as reducing proteinuria and cardiovascular events. ACEi are commonly held at least 24 hours before a therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) to reduce possibility of adverse events (AEs) including adverse drug reactions (ADR). The objective of this study was to determine if ACEi use increases the risk of ADR in patients receiving TPE with a conventional centrifuge‐based apheresis system. This is a retrospective chart review study (n = 252; 52% male). Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the association of ACEi use and AEs. Of 171 patients who had AE during TPE, only 38 patients were taking ACEi. There was no significant association between ACEi use and AEs after adjustments (odds ratio = 0.885, 95% confidence interval: 0.468, 1.674). Our results suggest that risk of AEs is not higher in patients taking ACEi receiving TPE using a centrifuge‐based machine. Randomized controlled prospective trials may be needed to further investigate this matter.
Functional properties of gonad protein isolates from three species of sea urchin: a comparative study
Authors: Shang Wen‐Hui , Yan Jia‐Nan , Du Yi‐Nan , Cui Xiao‐Fan , Su Sheng‐Yi , Han Jia‐Run , Xu Yun‐Sheng , Xue Chang‐Feng , Zhang Tie‐Tao , Wu Hai‐Tao , Zhu Bei‐Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus, Glyptocidaris crenularis, and Strongylocentrotus intermedius gonad protein isolates (mnGPIs, gcGPIs, and siGPIs) were extracted by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) from the defatted gonads, and their functional properties were compared. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results showed the similar protein pattern between each protein isolate and defatted gonad, indicating the high efficiency of ISP processing for protein recovery. Amino acid profileconfirmed that the mnGPIs and siGPIs could be potential sources of essential amino acid in nature. As regard to functional properties, mnGPIs showed higher water‐ and oil‐ holding capacities followed bysiGPIs and gcGPIs and all protein isolates presented great foaming property. As for emulsifying activity index (EAI), mnGPIs, gcGPIs, and siGPIs showed the minimum solubility and EAI at pH 5, 3, and 4, respectively, and behaved a pH‐dependent manner. The gcGPIs revealed the highest EAI from pH 6 to 8 among the samples. In addition, circular dichroism showed increased content of β‐sheet at the expense of α‐helix and β‐turn, suggesting the structure denaturation of the protein isolates. Indeed, no statistical difference was observed between secondary structure of mnGPIs and siGPIs. Moreover, ISP processing increased free sulfhydryl content of sea urchin protein isolates, but no difference was observed among the samples. Furthermore, siGPIs revealed the highest amount of total sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, whereas both defatted gonads and protein isolates from G. crenularis presented the maximum surface hydrophobicity. These results suggest that gonad protein isolates from three species of sea urchin possess various functionalities and therefore can be potentially applied in food system.Practical ApplicationSea urchin M. nudus, G. crenularis, and S. intermedius gonads are edible, whereas the functional properties of protein isolates from sea urchin gonad remain unknown. In this case, the extraction and comparison of three species of sea urchin gonad protein isolates will not only confirm functional properties but also screen food ingredients with suitable functions. In this study, functionalities of protein isolates derived from M. nudus, G. crenularis, and S. intermedius gonads would provide potential application in bakery food and meat products or as emulsifier candidates in food system.
Tendon function after replantation of complete thumb avulsion amputations
Authors: Yuan Chaoqun , Liu Hongjun , Zhang Hanyu , Wang Tianliang , Gu Jiaxiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundTendon avulsion at the musculotendinous junction caused by digit avulsion amputation is still a challenging problem. We aimed to compare the tendon functional outcomes of two repair methods for tendon avulsion rupture at the musculotendinous junction in patients with complete thumb avulsion amputations.MethodsA retrospective study was performed to evaluate patients with complete thumb avulsion amputations whose tendons were repaired through reattachment to muscle (group I) or tendon transfer (group II) between July 2008 and October 2019. Outcomes of total range of motion, pinch strength, grip strength and reoperation rate were included.ResultsA total of 23 patients met the inclusion criteria, with a mean follow‐up of 16.6 ± 4.2 months. Total active range of motion was comparable between groups I and II (P = 0.095). Pinch strength of group I was lower than group II (P = 0.001). The result of grip strength was found to be similar (P = 0.075). In addition, there was no significant difference in reoperation rate (P > 0.05).ConclusionTendon transfer can attain higher pinch strength for replantation of thumb avulsion amputations. It is recommended for patients with jobs that demand higher strength.
Perampanel reduces paroxysmal depolarizing shift and inhibitory synaptic input in excitatory neurons to inhibit epileptic network oscillations
Authors: Yang Ya‐Chin , Wang Guan‐Hsun , Chuang Ai‐Yu , Hsueh Shu‐Wei 
Published: September 2020

Background and PurposePerampanel is a newly approved anticonvulsant uniquely targeting AMPA receptors, which mediate the most abundant form of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. However, the network mechanism underlying the anti‐epileptic effect of the AMPAergic inhibition remains to be explored.Experimental ApproachThe mechanism of perampanel action was studied with the basolateral amygdala network containing pyramidal–inhibitory neuronal resonators in seizure models of 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP) and electrical kindling.Key ResultsApplication of either 4‐AP or electrical kindling to the basolateral amygdala readily induces AMPAergic transmission‐dependent reverberating activities between pyramidal–inhibitory neuronal resonators, which are chiefly characterized by burst discharges in inhibitory neurons and corresponding recurrent inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in pyramidal neurons. Perampanel reduces post‐kindling “paroxysmal depolarizing shift” especially in pyramidal neurons and, counterintuitively, eliminates burst activities in inhibitory neurons and inhibitory synaptic inputs onto excitatory pyramidal neurons to result in prevention of epileptiform discharges and seizure behaviours. Intriguingly, similar effects can be obtained with not only the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX but also the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline, which is usually considered as a proconvulsant.Conclusion and ImplicationsIctogenesis depends on the AMPA receptor‐dependent recruitment of pyramidal–inhibitory neuronal network oscillations tuned by dynamic glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. The anticonvulsant effect of perampanel then stems from disruption of the coordinated network activities rather than simply decreased neuronal excitability or excitatory transmission. Positive or negative modulation of epileptic network reverberations may be pro‐ictogenic or anti‐ictogenic, respectively, constituting a more applicable rationale for the therapy against seizures.
Applying expert elicitation of viability and persistence to a lynx species status assessment
Authors: Cummings Jonathan W. , Parkin Mary , Zelenak Jim , Bell Heather , Broderdorp Kurt , Holt Bryon , McCollough Mark , Smith Tamara 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn 2015, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service initiated a review of the status of Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in the contiguous United States. Available research and monitoring, while substantial, lacked information on the demographic rates, abundance, and trends necessary to complete a full viability assessment. Therefore, alternative sources of information were needed to inform the species status assessment. We designed and conducted an expert elicitation to capture the knowledge, professional judgments, and opinions of lynx experts to assess the status of, and the drivers influencing, these lynx populations. We elicited the likelihood and level of uncertainty regarding future persistence over several time frames (at years 2025, 2050, and 2100). The elicitation revealed experts' concerns that expected climate‐driven losses in habitat quality, quantity, and related factors will likely result in declines. Experts expect resident populations of lynx will persist in all five currently occupied geographic units in 2025; in 4 or 5 of the units at 2050; and in 2 or 3 units at 2100. Experts expressed a high level of uncertainty regarding the rate and extent of decline due to projected climate warming and corresponding effects to these lynx populations. In the absence of adequate monitoring data, this type of expert elicitation is a useful method to aid classification decisions, such as providing the scientific information the Service relied upon to complete the November 5, 2017 5‐year review which recommended that the lynx distinct population segment be removed from the list of threatened and endangered species.
The context dependence of non‐consumptive predator effects
Authors: Wirsing Aaron J. , Heithaus Michael R. , Brown Joel S. , Kotler Burt P. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator‐induced trait changes through particular communities remains a challenge. Accordingly, focusing on plasticity in prey anti‐predator behaviours, we conceptualise the multi‐stage process by which predators trigger direct and indirect NCEs, review and distil potential drivers of contingencies into three key categories (properties of the prey, predator and setting), and then provide a general framework for predicting both the nature and strength of direct NCEs. Our review underscores the myriad factors that can generate NCE contingencies while guiding how research might better anticipate and account for them. Moreover, our synthesis highlights the value of mapping both habitat domains and prey‐specific patterns of evasion success (‘evasion landscapes’) as the basis for predicting how direct NCEs are likely to manifest in any particular community. Looking ahead, we highlight two key knowledge gaps that continue to impede a comprehensive understanding of non‐consumptive predator–prey interactions and their ecosystem consequences; namely, insufficient empirical exploration of (1) context‐dependent indirect NCEs and (2) the ways in which direct and indirect NCEs are shaped interactively by multiple drivers of context dependence.
Notq Arrives at the Clinic: How Druze Therapists Deal with the Cultural Phenomenon of Remembering and Talking about Previous Incarnation Among the Druze in Israel
Authors: Natoor Maha , Shoshana Avihu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article deals with the cultural idiom Notq—the remembering and talking about a previous incarnation among the Druze. The study focuses on the interface between the dominant Western psychological perspective and the Druze ethnopsychology. Sixteen Druze therapists including social workers and psychologists were interviewed about the Notq and how it arises in the clinic. The research shows that while the therapists understand and respect Notq, they mostly suspend it and only some work with it. The findings reveal that the Druze therapists are confronted with a complex conflict: they have no internal‐cultural legitimacy to reject Notq, and they have no external‐professional basis for accepting it. This study, in using the example of the Notq, illustrates important issues that are addressed by transcultural psychologists and psychological anthropologists; cultural idioms; minority therapists; the dominance of Western psychological knowledge; and the interface between psychology and religion.
Patient experiences of the urgent cancer referral pathway—Can the NHS do better? Semi‐structured interviews with patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Haste Anna , Lambert Mark , Sharp Linda , Thomson Richard , Sowden Sarah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundTimeliness is viewed as a key feature of health‐care quality. Internationally, this is challenging. In England, cancer waiting time targets are currently not being met. For example, between 2015 and 2018 only 71% of patients with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer started treatment within the recommended 62 days of referral.ObjectiveWe explored patients’ experiences to identify areas for service improvement.DesignSemi‐structured interviews were conducted.Setting and participantsTwenty patients who were referred through the urgent (two‐week) GP referral route and were within six months of receiving first treatment were recruited.Data analysisData from the interviews were analysed thematically.ResultsFour themes were developed: organization of care; diagnosis; support; and views and expectations of the NHS. Patients described cross‐cutting issues such as complex and varied pathways and uncertainty about what would happen next. They felt daunted by the intensity and speed of investigations. They were presented with a recommended course of action rather than options and had little involvement in decision making. They were grateful for care, reluctant to complain and resigned to the status quo.Discussion and conclusionsIn order to meet patient needs, the NHS needs to improve communication and streamline pathways. Future cancer pathways also need to be designed to support shared decision making, be truly person‐centred and informed by patient experience.
The synergy of germline C634Y and V292M RET mutations in a northern Chinese family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A
Authors: Yang Zheng , Qi Xinmeng , Gross Neil , Kou Xiujuan , Bai Yunlong , Feng Yaru , Wang Bochun , Zafereo Mark E. , Li Guojun , Sun Chuanzheng , Li Huihui , Chen Xiaohong , Huang Zhigang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGenetic analysis for germline mutations of RET proto‐oncogene has provided a basis for individual management of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and pheochromocytoma. Most of compound mutations have more aggressive phenotypes than single point mutations, but the compound C634Y/V292M variant in MTC has never been reported. Thus, we retrospectively investigated synergistic effect of C634Y and V292M RET germline mutations in family members with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A. Nine of 14 family members in a northern Chinese family underwent RET mutation screening using next‐generation sequencing and PCR followed by direct bidirectional DNA sequencing. Clinical features of nine individuals were retrospectively carefully reviewed. In vitro, the scratch‐wound assay was used to investigate the difference between the cells carrying different mutations. We find no patients died of MTC. All 3 carriers of the V292M variant were asymptomatic and did not have biochemical or structural evidence of disease (age: 82, 62 and 58). Among 4 C634Y mutation carriers, 2 patients had elevated calcitonin with the highest (156 pg/mL) in an 87‐year‐old male. Two carriers of compound C634Y/V292M trans variant had bilateral MTC with pheochromocytoma or lymph node metastasis (age: 54 and 41 years, respectively). Further, the compound C634Y/V292M variant had a faster migration rate than either single point mutation in vitro (P < .05). In conclusion, the V292M RET variant could be classified as ‘likely benign’ according to ACMG (2015). The compound variant V292M/C634Y was associated with both more aggressive clinical phenotype and faster cell growth in vitro than was either single mutation.
Nasal foreign bodies identified by rhinoscopy in dogs: 42 cases
Authors: Dias Maria Joana , Mouro Sofia , Englar Ryane E. , Leal Rodolfo O. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate signalment, clinical presentation, location and type of nasal foreign bodies identified by rhinoscopy in dogs.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed medical records from dogs that presented for consultation between April 2012 and June 2019 and were diagnosed with nasal foreign body via rhinoscopy.ResultsForty‐two dogs met the study's inclusion criteria. Thirty (71.4%; 30/42) were purebreds. Males accounted for 59.5% (25/42) of cases. The median age was 4.0 years old and 76.2% (32/42) were dogs up to 7 years of age. Mean bodyweight was 21.8 kg and dogs weighing more than 10 kg were overrepresented (78.6%; 33/42). Sneezing occurred in 78.6% (33/42) of cases. Foreign body retrieval was achieved by rhinoscopy in all cases. The foreign body was extracted from the right nasal cavity in 52.4% (22/42) of cases and from the left one in 42.9% (18/42). Two dogs (4.8%; 2/42) presented with one foreign body in each nasal cavity. Most nasal cavity foreign bodies (90.5%; 38/42) were grass awns. Three (7.2%; 3/42) were mineral and one (1/42) was fabric. Follow‐up was documented for 35 patients, of which 97.1% (34/35) experienced resolution of clinical signs. Seven cases (16.7%; 7/42) were lost to follow‐up.Clinical SignificanceNasal foreign bodies were more common in dogs up to 7 years of age and heavier than 10 kg. Sneezing was the primary clinical sign. The vast majority of foreign bodies were grass awns and rhinoscopy was an effective means of nasal cavity foreign body retrieval.
IntragastricpHof foals admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: Wise Jessica C. , Raidal Sharanne L. , Wilkes Edwina J. A. , Hughes Kristopher J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntragastric pH profiles of neonatal foals admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) remain poorly characterized.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine intragastric pH profiles and clinical parameters associated with intragastric pH in foals admitted to the ICU.AnimalsForty‐two neonatal foals admitted to the ICU and requiring placement of an indwelling nasogastric tube for nutritional management were included.MethodsIntragastric pH was measured for 24 hours from the time of admission. Mean pH, % time pH <4, and % time pH >4 were determined for each foal. History, clinical findings, and clinicopathological data recorded at the time of presentation were collected.ResultsThe mean pH of included foals was 5.5 ± 1.8. The median % time pH <4 was 6.3% (range: 0‐99). A history of placentitis was associated with greater mean pH (median 5.3 (range: 0.9‐7.8) versus median 7.2 (5.9‐11.3);P= .002) and less % time pH <4 (median 13 (0‐99.6) versus median 0.1 (0‐7.2);P= .01). Foals with diarrhea had a greater % time pH <4 (median 4.6% (0‐99) versus median 28.8% (1.4‐57.48);P= .02). Foals with a pH >4 for >50% recording time had a lower PaO2(mean difference 25.0 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.4‐35.6;P= .03) and higher PaCO2(mean difference 14.9 mm Hg; 95% CI, 4.7‐25.2;P= .02). Surviving foals had a lower mean median hourly pH (P = .02).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIntragastric pH profiles were unpredictable and mostly >4 for >80% of the recording time. This study does not support the indiscriminate administration of acid suppressive treatment.