bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indole Metabolism in Mental Illness
Authors: Sprince Herbert 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Abnormal indole metabolism, long implicated in mental illness, is well delineated in three diseases having mental symptoms: phenylketonuria, Hartnup (H or Hart's) disease, and pellagra. Recent research suggests that indole metabolism may be disturbed in schizophrenia. The evidence for this is evaluated in terms of: number and effectiveness of indolic psychotogens, effect of indoles on the brain, effect of psychotherapeutic drugs on model psychoses induced by indoles, excretion of urinary indoles before and after tryptophan load tests, animal toxicity tests, urinary glyoxylic acid test, and detection by paper chromatography of abnormal urinary indole production.
The indoles reported in human urine are discussed critically with respect to excretion data, metabolic origin, and possible relationship to mental disease. Urinary excretion studies in mental illness must consider such factors as medication, dietary differences, excretion products from intestinal bacteria, eccentric bowel habits, age, muscle mass, sex, physical activity, and adequate normal controls. In various reports, these factors were not well controlled. In some carefully conducted studies, however, abnormal excretion was still detected in schizophrenics, particularly in studies dealing with the glyoxylic acid test and 6-hydroxyskatole sulfate excretion. Despite the controversial aspects, reports of abnormal indole metabolism in mental illness are sufficiently numerous to warrant further studies along the lines indicated above.
Determination of Urinary 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic Acid (Vanillylmandelic Acid) by Paper Electrophoresis
Authors: Klein Daniel , Chernaik Joseph M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A procedure is presented for the determination of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (or vanillylmandelic acid) in urine. For separation from other phenolic acids, paper electrophoresis at low constant current is employed. Data are presented to show that this method is useful as a confirmatory test for pheochromocytoma, in which elevated urinary levels of vanillylmandelic acid are found.
Improved Rapid Procedure for Detection of High Protein-Bound Iodine Levels
Authors: Strickler Herbert , Cannon Yvonne , Campbell Elizabeth , Shellito Joanne 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An improved screening test to detect grossly high levels of iodine in sera for protein-bound, iodine determinations is described. This is based on the methods of Grossman (2) and Ackerman and Myers (3).
Determination of Blood pCO2
Authors: Gambino S Raymond 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
It is demonstrated that the most accurate and precise method of determining whole blood pCO2 is with the Severinghaus modification of the pCO2 electrode. The coefficient of variation is only ± 0.33 per cent. Experiments show that the pCO2 may not be stable for more than 30 min. when whole blood is stored at O° when whole blood is diluted with saline, the pCO2 falls in exact proportion to the dilution.
The pH/log pCO2 curves of separated plasma and of whole blood have the same slope when temperature is changed. The pCO2 of cold-separated plasma is lower than the pCO2 plasma separated at body temperature. The variation of pCO2 with temperature appears to follow pari passu the variation of pH with temperature.
The mean pK' of 18 patient samples equilibrated at 37.5° was 6.103. The standard deviation was ± 0.012. Calculated pCO2, utilizing the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, can have a coefficient of variation of ± 2.5 per cent if proper temperature corrections are made. If temperature corrections are not made, calculated pCO2 may have a coefficient of variation greater than ± 5 per cent.
Some Applications and Limitations of the Enzymic, Reducing (Somogyi), and Anthrone Methods for Estimating Sugars
Authors: Fales Frank W , Russell Jane A , Fain John N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The colorimetric glucose-oxidase and the Somogyi-Nelson reducing-sugar methods yield the same blood-glucose values when applied to carefully prepared zinc hydroxide filtrates of blood obtained from fasting individuals. The anthrone method yields values only slightly higher than those obtained by the enzymic and the reducing-sugar methods. Use of the enzymic method in conjunction with the reducing-sugar or the carbohydrate method allows the simultaneous accurate determination of other carbohydrates added to the blood, with only microquantities of blood being required for analysis. Possible applications include the galactose and fructose tolerance tests, the inulin clearance test, and the determination of the body water "space" of various carbohydrates.
To allow valid glucose determinations by the enzymic method, glutathione, cysteine, and amylase substrates such as glycogen must be absent.
The anthrone reaction with glucose is enhanced by chloride, bromide, and iodide. To eliminate interference of chloride with estimation of blood glucose, the samples must be diluted appropriately before analysis.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Urea in Blood and Urine
Authors: Levine Jacob M , Leon Raul , Steigmann Frederick 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid method for the determination of urea in blood and urine based upon the urea-p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde reaction is described. Results of determinations can be reported in 15 min. The method described is suitable for routine use in the clinical laboratory.
Analytic Methods for Bilirubin in Blood Plasma
Authors: Watson Derek 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A critical evaluation of existing colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of bilirubin in blood plasma is presented. The stoichiometric equivalences of the reagents used in the diazo coupling reaction are re-evaluated. The elimination of turbidity is discussed, as well as methods using diazo-coupling promoters. Recommendations are made concerning the preservation of specimens to prevent oxidation and procedures that give maximal specificity for the type of bilirubin pigment being assayed.
Apparent Dissociation Constant of Phenol Red as Determined by Spectrophotometry and by Visual Colorimetry
Authors: Sendroy Julius , Rodkey F Lee 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The apparent pK' of phenol red was determined in buffered NaCl solutions of known composition at 25° and 37°, by both spectrophotometric and visual colorimetric measurement of the concentration ratios of the alkaline to acid form of the indicator. A small but statistically significant difference was obtained by the two procedures. The pK' values obtained in 0.15M NaCl spectrophotometrically (7.67 at 25° and 7.57 at 37°) were approximately 0.03 unit lower than those obtained colorimetrically. Measurements made as a function of NaCl concentration at 25° were in accord with the Debye-Hückel theory. Small variation was observed between solutions buffered with phosphate or tris at the higher NaCl concentrations. The results indicate that in addition to ionic strength and temperature, variations in method of measurement and in the source of the preparation are important factors in the determination and use of pK' values for phenol red. Attention is called to the pertinence of these results to the measurement of blood pH by colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods.
A Rapid Spot Test for the Determination of Cystinuria and Aminoaciduria
Authors: Fischl J , Sason I , Segal Sara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple test for the determination of cystinuria and of aminoaciduria is described. The basis of the test is the color reaction between nitroprusside and thiol groups. The reagent is a dry mixture to which the urine samples are applied. The ease of peformance of the test makes it ideal for use as a screening procedure. The reaction is nonspecific, and positive tests require further investigation by more elaborate laboratory procedures.
A Comparison of Methods for Determining Catechol Amines and 3-Methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic Acid in Urine
Authors: Mahler D J , Humoller F L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chemical laboratory measures used in the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma have been evaluated. Bio-assay, fluorometric, and spectrophotometric methods were used. Urinary VMA and catechol amine values found for normal and hypertensive groups compared well with those reported by other investigators. The quantitative measurement of urinary VMA by means of a proposed ethyl acetate extraction proved quite reliable.
An Ultramicro Method for the Estimation of Plasma Cholesterol
Authors: Duboff G S , Stevenson W W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A procedure is outlined for the ultramicro determination of total cholesterol that gives results in excellent agreement with classic methods. The determination requires 40 µl. of plasma obtained from a finger-tip puncture and special handling of precipitated proteins.
By the use of the described procedure plasma cholesterol levels have been estimated 4 times daily over a period of 8 weeks in young men undergoing rigorous physical training and 3 times daily in women during the menstrual cycle.
A striking fall in total plasma cholesterol was observed in men following physical conditioning in contrast to controls, and a similar decrease was observed in women with normal menstrual cycles in contrast to women with an anovulatory menses.
It is suggested that the total cholesterol decrease in the female coincides with the phase in the menstrual cycle when estrogen activity is maximal and that the lowering of total cholesterol in men, following physical conditioning, may be due to an increased production of endogenous androgens with a consequent increase in conversion of these steroids to estrogens.
Serum Adenosine Deaminase: Methodology and Clinical Applications
Authors: Koehler Leonore Hollander , Benz Edward J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Adenosine deaminase activity of serum has been studied to explore its clinical applicability. The results suggest greater usefulness of this parameter for certain disease states of liver and lymph systems than for cancer. The assay, under controlled conditions, was found to be capable of producing precise results.
Assay of Growth Hormone-like Activity in Blood Plasma
Authors: Tweed Devina C , McCullagh E Perry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Growth hormone has been shown to increase the uptake of sulfur-35 into tibial epiphyseal cartilage as well as to increase the width of the cartilage plate in linear fashion with increasing dosage. That growth hormone is not alone responsible has been experimentally demonstrated by the increase in both responses effected by injections of human albumin and insulin, and the decrease produced by ACTH.
Tests on human blood plasma indicated the following: (1) The blood specimens of patients with the same clinical syndrome do not always yield similar values when tested by these methods. (2) The blood of hypophysectomized patients can increase both the sulfur uptake and epiphyseal cartilage width. (3) Blood of patients with active acromegaly does not always stimulate the sulfur uptake or increase the cartilage width. (4) In a number of cases in which the sulfur uptake was increased, the tibia test was negative. Conversely, the tibia test occasionally was positive when there was no increase in sulfur uptake. (5) In a few cases in which the tests were repeated on the same patient, the results were not in agreement. (6) In only 7 cases (of 40) was there good correlation between the two methods.
Other growth factors in blood can interfere with the specificity of both methods for the measurement of growth hormone.
The Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Composition of Human Body Fluids
Authors: Hendry Edward B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The total osmotic pressure (osmolarity) of each of a series of true body fluids has been measured and compared with that of the corresponding serum. Included were ascitic, cerebrospinal, hydrocele, edema, pericardial, pleural, spermatocele, and synovial fluids. In each case, the fluid was found to have the same osmolarity as that of the corresponding serum within the limits of experimental error. The conclusion has been reached that there is a law of constant osmotic pressure of all true body fluids (as distinct from secretions) and that this law holds whether the subject is biochemically normal or abnormal. Examination of the protein and ionic concentrations of these fluids strongly points to the conclusion that neither colloid osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, nor membrane damage can be the primary cause of these abnormal fluid collections. Some profound chemical differences have been demonstrated between the ionic composition of certain of these fluids and that of the corresponding serum. Additional evidence has been presented showing that intraand extracellular osmolarities are identical in the erythrocyte in a wide variety of abnormal cases.
Bilirubin Studies on the Serum of Newborn Infants
Authors: Reiner Miriam , Thomas Jack L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Total bilirubin concentration was determined on the sera of a group of newborn infants. Results obtained by a direct spectrophotometric method were compared simultaneously with those of a diazo procedure, using a simple spectrophotometer. The results showed close agreement provided that the sera were unhemolyzed. The effect of hemolysis on both methods is discussed.
A Method for the Fractionation and Quantitative Determination of the 17-Oxosteroids of Urine
Authors: Watson David J , Besch Paige K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method for the quantitative fractionation and estimation of urinary 17-oxosteroids is presented. The method utilizes paper chromatographic technics for separation of the steroids, which are quantitated with the Zimmerman reaction using m-dinitrobenzene. Details of the chromatographic procedure are given, with a comparison of this with other methods in use.
Gas Chromatographic Separations of Drugs and Drug Metabolites
Authors: VandenHeuvel W J A , Haahti E O A , Horning E C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Gas chromatographic methods may be used for the separation of many drugs and drug metabolites for purposes of identification or estimation. The most useful technics involve the use of columns with relatively thin films of thermostable liquid phases coated on inert or inactivated supports, and used with high-sensitivity detectors. Classes of compounds which may be studied include barbiturates, quinolines used as antimalarials, and phenothiazines and diphenylamines.
Study of a Differential Demasking Technic for Serum Zinc
Authors: Williams Louis A , Cohen Jerry S , Zak Bennie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A differential decomplexation technic for the determination of serum zinc in filtrates was studied. It involved the masking of zinc, copper, and iron by the addition of cyanide to a buffered aliquot of an acid filtrate, followed first by the destruction of the excess cyanide and then the cyanide attached to zinc. The release of ionic zinc allowed reaction with the color reagent to take place. Quantitation with internal blanking was thereby accomplished before interference by other cations became possible.
Specific Enzymatic Determination of Glucose in Blood Serum or Plasma by an Automatic Potentiometric Reaction-Rate Method
Authors: Malmstadt H V , Pardue H L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new automatic potentiometric reaction-rate method has been applied to the specific enzymatic measurement of glucose in blood plasma or serum. A new filtering technic is described for removal of precipitated protein. The use of injection pipets to simplify and speed up the reagent-and sample-handling step is described. Glucose is determined in 0.02 ml. of serum or plasma with relative errors within 2%. The average measurement time is about 30 sec.
Determination of Organic Iodine Compounds in Serum
Authors: Pileggi Vincent J , Henry Richard J , Segalove Milton , Hamill George C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
RI — values of organic iodine compounds which interfere with the determination of serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) and butanol-extractable iodine (BEI) levels were obtained for the solvent system 2-butanol-4% NH4OH (3:1) utilizing descending paper chromatography. The feasibility of employing this system for identification of exogenous organic iodine in patients' sera was investigated. In general, the demonstration of these compounds or their metabolites was achieved only in sera obtained shortly after administration. This was due mainly to sensitivity limitations in the detection of the compounds on paper. Some data on the duration of interference with the PBI and BEI were also obtained for the radiopaque dyes Telepaque, Hypaque, Salipix, and Orabilex.
The Time-Skill-Frequency (TSF) Unit for Reporting Laboratory Work-Load
Authors: Hainline Adrian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The concept that the number of tests performed is an accurate measure of the laboratory work-load may be misleading. On the premise that a system based on technician time would be superior, the time-skill-frequency (TSF) unit was devised. The TSF unit is the length of time necessary for an average analyst to perform a single determination, multiplied by factors based on the length of time necessary to do duplicate determinations, the skill involved, and the frequency with which the test is performed in the laboratory. Ideally such units should be calculated for the methods and conditions of each individual laboratory.
Diagnostic Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Bodansky Oscar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we have attempted to define the relationships between clinical medicine and diagnostic or, as it is more frequently termed, clinical biochemistry. We have indicated first, the role that general biochemistry has played in elucidating mechanisms of disease and in providing the clinician with procedures that aid him in the diagnosis of disease and in the care of the patient. We have illustrated this role by reviewing very briefly some of the recent contributions such as the expanded diagnostic use of serum enzymes; the correlation of subcellular structure in human tissues with function at enzymatic levels; the investigation of enzyme variants; the metabolism of epinephrine and norepinephrine in pheochromocytoma; the metabolism of tryptophan in malignant carcinoid; and enzyme defects in hereditary disease.
We noted the reservations with which the clinician frequently views the specific results that he obtains from the diagnostic biochemistry laboratory and have attempted to analyze the bases for these reservations. In this connection we considered the phenomenon of interlaboratory variability, the nature of the random and the constant errors that may exist within a laboratory, and the measures that the clinical biochemist may take to counteract these errors.
We have tried to indicate the steps the clinician may take in a fuller and more knowledgeable utilization of the data from the diagnostic biochemistry laboratory. These involve a recognition of the efforts and advances that are being made in increasing precision and accuracy within the laboratory and the role that the clinician himself can play in contributing to this precision and accuracy. The phenomenon of intraindividual and interindividual variability of biochemical parameters, and the significance of this phenomenon in diagnosis, are also worthy of the clinicians attention. Finally, the clinician should abjure the concept that a seeming discrepancy between his formulation and laboratory results usually means a laboratory error. Thoughtful review, in cooperation with the biochemist, of such discrepancies are of value both for clinical medicine and clinical biochemistry.
The Renal Aminoacidurias
Authors: Harper Harold A , Doolan Paul D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The normal mechanisms whereby the renal tubules handle amino acids are reviewed as a basis for interpretation of the physiologic causes of the renal aminoacidurias. Under normal circumstances, the renal tubules reabsorb in excess of 93% of the amino acids filtered from the plasma. When the filtered load of amino acids is increased, as by intravenous injection of amino acids, there is an increase in both the amounts reabsorbed and those excreted, but the ability of the renal tubule to respond to an increased filtered load of amino acids is so great that a maximum rate of reabsorption has not been found in the human. However, the tubule does exhibit selectivity with respect to the reabsorption of each of the naturally occurring L-amino acids; furthermore, there is a much greater efficiency of reabsorption of the L as compared to the D isomers of the individual amino acids.
The excretion of amino acids is influenced to an important degree by the glomerular filtration rate, as exemplified by studies in pregnant subjects as well as patients with renal disease affecting glomerular filtration.
Several renal aminoacidurias of clinical interest are discussed with special reference to their diagnostic and metabolic significance.
Variation of Protein Content of Urine in a 24-hour Period
Authors: Altman Kenneth A , Stellate Rodney 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Variation of the protein content in urine of patients known to excrete protein in excessive amounts was studied. Variation in different specimens obtained from the same patient on a particular day and from day to day were studied. A total of 293 urine specimens excreted over a 3- to 6-day period by 25 patients were examined. No particular pattern of protein excretion was observed. The morning specimen was not the specimen with the highest protein content. This could occur at any time during the day. It is suggested that only a 24-hour collection can give a true indication of protein spillage.
A commercial paper strip test was compared with the qualitative sulfosalicylic acid reaction and a quantitative biuret procedure. The strip test is satisfactory for screening purposes except for highly colored urines, in which case the sulfosalicylic acid procedure is recommended.
Detection and Quantitative Determination of Glycine with Pyridine and p-Nitrobenzoyl Chloride
Authors: Umberger Charles J , Fiorese Frank F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Glycine in quantities as small as 0.5 µg. can be detected as an orange-red color by a specific reaction with p-nitrobenzoyl chloride and pyridine. The procedure can be used both as a qualitative spot test and as a sensitive quantitative method. In a discussion of the reaction mechanism, it is suggested that the color is due to azlactone formation.
Acrylamide-Gel Electrophoresis of Hemoglobins
Authors: Nakamichi Masumi , Raymond Samuel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Details of a technic for analysis of hemoglobin mixtures using acrylamide-gel electrophoresis are presented. The method offers increased speed and reproducibility. Measurements on the unstained gel are made at 525 and at 420 m µ in a procedure affording increased precision of measurements for minor components. The gel is then stained with amidoblack to detect and measure nonhemoglobin components. The major component of normal human adult hemoglobin is separated into two components in this medium. The two components (A1, A3) appear in varying relative amounts depending on the source of the specimen. The normal minor component A2 also appears. After staining the pattern with a protein dye such as amidoblack 10B, additional components appear in the electrophoresis patterns of hemolysates from carefully washed red cells. These components have a constant migration ratio referred to hemoglobin A1 and appear to be nonheme-containing intraerythrocytic proteins.