bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterning and correlates of self-harm in Manchester, England
Authors: Lin Chien-Yu , Bickley Harriet , Clements Caroline , Webb Roger T. , Gunnell David , Hsu Chia-Yueh , Chang Shu-Sen , Kapur Nav 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Aims
To investigate the spatial distribution of self-harm incidence rates, their socioeconomic correlates and sex/age differences using data on self-harm presentations to emergency departments from The Manchester Self-Harm Project (2003–2013).

Methods
Smoothed standardised incidence ratios for index self-harm episodes (n = 14 771) and their associations with area-level socioeconomic factors across 258 small areas (median population size = 1470) in the City of Manchester municipality were estimated using Bayesian hierarchical models.

Results
Higher numbers and rates of self-harm were found in the north, east and far southern zones of the city, in contrast to below average rates in the city centre and the inner city zone to the south of the centre. Males and females aged 10–24, 25–44 and 45–64 years showed similar geographical patterning of self-harm. In contrast, there was no clear pattern in the group aged 65 years and older. Fully adjusted analyses showed a positive association of self-harm rates with the percentage of the unemployed population, households privately renting, population with limiting long-term illness and lone-parent households, and a negative association with the percentage of ethnicity other than White British and travel distance to the nearest hospital emergency department. The area-level characteristics investigated explained a large proportion (four-fifths) of the variability in area self-harm rates. Most associations were restricted to those aged under 65 years and some associations (e.g. with unemployment) were present only in the youngest age group.

Conclusions
The findings have implications for allocating prevention and intervention resources targeted at high-risk groups in high incidence areas. Targets for area-based interventions might include tackling the causes and consequences of joblessness, better treatment of long-term illness and consideration of the accessibility of health services.
Global Variability of Simulated and Observed Vegetation Growing Season
Authors: Peano D. , Materia S. , Collalti A. , Alessandri A. , Anav A. , Bombelli A. , Gualdi S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractVegetation phenology and its variability have substantial influence on land‐atmosphere interaction, and changes in growing season length are additional indicators of climate change impacts on ecosystems. For these reasons, global land surface models are routinely evaluated in order to assess their ability to reproduce the observed phenological variability. In this work, we present a new approach that integrates a wider spectrum of growing season modes, in order to better describe the observed variability in vegetation growing season onset and offset, as well as assess the ability of state‐of‐the‐art land surface models to capture this variability at the global scale. The method is applied to the Community Land Model version 4.5 (CLM4.5) simulations and LAI3g satellite observation. The comparison between data and model outputs shows that CLM4.5 is capable of reproducing the growing season features in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude and high latitude, but also displays its limitations in areas where water availability acts as the main driver of vegetation phenological activity. Besides, the new approach allows evaluating land surface models in capturing multigrowing‐season phenology. In this regard, CLM4.5 proves its ability in reproducing the two‐growing‐season cycles in the Horn of Africa. In general, the new methodology expands the area of analysis from northern midlatitude and high latitude to the global continental areas and allows to assess the vegetation response to the ongoing climate change in a larger variety of ecosystems, ranging from semiarid regions to rain forests, passing through temperate deciduous and boreal evergreen forests.
Io's Effect on Energetic Charged Particles as Seen in Juno Data
Authors: Paranicas C. , Mauk B.H. , Haggerty D.K. , Clark G. , Kollmann P. , Rymer A.M. , Westlake J. , Allen R.C. , Szalay J. , Ebert R.W. , Sulaiman A.H. , Imai M. , Roussos E. , Krupp N. , Nénon Q. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOn 12 February 2019, the Juno spacecraft crossed the particle drift shells (L shells) of the moon Io. The energetic particle detector, Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI), found very low fluxes of energetic protons when the spacecraft was inward of about L~6.5. Recent modeling suggests wave‐particle interactions may explain why energetic proton fluxes measured at these radial distances are low. JEDI also measured both a wide and a narrow decrease in the energetic electron count rate in Io's wake. At the time of this decrease, the JEDI detectors were dominated by 0.42 to 10‐MeV electrons. The dimensions of the narrow count rate decrease are about three Io diameters and are unlikely to be caused by absorption by moon itself.
U‐Th Dating of Syntectonic Calcite Veins Reveals the Dynamic Nature of Fracture Cementation and Healing in Faults
Authors: Williams Randolph T. , Mozley Peter S. , Sharp Warren D. , Goodwin Laurel B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFracture cementation is an important control on the recovery of prefailure levels of permeability and strength in faults. The timescales of this process, however, are almost entirely unknown from direct analysis of the rock record. We report U‐Th dating results that quantify rates of fracture cementation in syntectonic calcite veins from the Loma Blanca fault, New Mexico, USA. Measured rates vary from ~0.05 to 0.80 mm/ka and exhibit a power function correlation with minimum fracture apertures. We argue that this correlation is the result of crystal growth in a transport‐limited system, where cementation rates were proportional to rates of postseismic fluid flow in individual fractures. We further argue that such transport‐limited, flux‐dependent cementation necessarily leads to a heterogeneous distribution of permeability and strength recovery as fluids migrate through fault‐zone fracture networks. These heterogeneities may influence rupture propagations pathways and the continual development of fault‐zone architecture/complexity.
Paleoseismic Evidence for Climatic and Magmatic Controls on the Teton Fault, WY
Authors: Larsen Darren J. , Crump Sarah E. , Abbott Mark B. , Harbert William , Blumm Aria , Wattrus Nigel J. , Hebberger John J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGeologic records of past earthquakes are rare but critical for identifying long‐term patterns in fault behavior and assessing modern earthquake hazards. We present a continuous 14,000‐year paleoearthquake reconstruction using precisely dated lacustrine sediments and landslide deposits from a lake basin positioned directly on the Teton normal fault, which cuts across Grand Teton National Park, WY, and is among the most hazardous intraplate faults in the western United States. We show that beginning immediately after deglaciation, a series of at least seven major fault ruptures occurred at regular intervals of ~1,050 years (± ~250 years), followed by >5,000 years of inactivity. These results are consistent with trench data and model simulations and suggest that faulting was variably influenced by climate‐controlled glacial fluctuations and magmatic activity of the nearby Yellowstone hotspot.
Roles of Irrigation and Reservoir Operations in Modulating Terrestrial Water and Energy Budgets in the Indian Subcontinental River Basins
Authors: Shah Harsh L. , Zhou Tian , Sun Ning , Huang Maoyi , Mishra Vimal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWater management activities affect the terrestrial water cycle by increasing water supply and redistributing the water and energy budgets over irrigated agricultural land. However, the dynamics of how water management activities interact with the terrestrial water and energy budgets have not been sufficiently studied over Indian subcontinental Basins. In this study, we applied a well‐evaluated water management model, coupled with a large‐scale land surface hydrological model with irrigation and reservoir operation schemes to examine the impacts of irrigation and reservoir operations on terrestrial water and energy budgets over the Indian subcontinental basins. We conducted two simulations: NATURAL (i.e., no irrigation and no reservoirs) and water management scenario (i.e., with irrigation and with reservoir regulations, referred to as MANAGED) over 18 basins from 1951 to 2012. The water management impacts were evaluated by comparing a number of key water and energy budget terms such as evapotranspiration (ET), total runoff, land surface temperature (LST), latent heat flux (LHF), sensible heat flux (SHF), reservoir storage, and discharge. Our results show that water management activities have significant (pvalue <0.05) impacts on ET, LHF, and LST in most of the river basins during the pre‐monsoon season (February–May). Comparing to the NATURAL scenario, ET and LHF under the MANAGED scenario are significantly increased in most basins during pre‐monsoon and post‐monsoon seasons, especially in semiarid regions. Therefore, the influence of irrigation on water and energy budget can be an overestimation in comparison to the constrained irrigation, which is a more realistic scenario.
Genetic evidence for assortative mating on alcohol consumption in the UK Biobank
Authors: Howe Laurence J. , Lawson Daniel J. , Davies Neil M. , St. Pourcain Beate , Lewis Sarah J. , Davey Smith George , Hemani Gibran 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlcohol use is correlated within spouse-pairs, but it is difficult to disentangle effects of alcohol consumption on mate-selection from social factors or the shared spousal environment. We hypothesised that genetic variants related to alcohol consumption may, via their effect on alcohol behaviour, influence mate selection. Here, we find strong evidence that an individual’s self-reported alcohol consumption and their genotype at rs1229984, a missense variant in ADH1B, are associated with their partner’s self-reported alcohol use. Applying Mendelian randomization, we estimate that a unit increase in an individual’s weekly alcohol consumption increases partner’s alcohol consumption by 0.26 units (95% C.I. 0.15, 0.38; P = 8.20 × 10−6). Furthermore, we find evidence of spousal genotypic concordance for rs1229984, suggesting that spousal concordance for alcohol consumption existed prior to cohabitation. Although the SNP is strongly associated with ancestry, our results suggest some concordance independent of population stratification. Our findings suggest that alcohol behaviour directly influences mate selection.
HPV infection and the genital cytokine milieu in women at high risk of HIV acquisition
Authors: Liebenberg Lenine J. P. , McKinnon Lyle R. , Yende-Zuma Nonhlanhla , Garrett Nigel , Baxter Cheryl , Kharsany Ayesha B. M. , Archary Derseree , Rositch Anne , Samsunder Natasha , Mansoor Leila E. , Passmore Jo-Ann S. , Abdool Karim Salim S. , Abdool Karim Quarraisha 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection correlates with higher rates of HIV acquisition, but the underlying biological mechanisms are unclear. Here we study associations between HPV and HIV acquisition and relate these to vaginal cytokine profiles in an observational cohort of women at high risk of HIV infection (CAPRISA 004, n = 779) and with 74% HPV prevalence. We report here that HPV infection associates with a 2.5-fold increase in HIV acquisition risk in this population (95% CI: 1.2–5.3). Among 48 vaginal cytokines profiled, cytokines associated with HPV infection overlap substantially with cytokines associated with HIV risk, but are distinct from those observed in HPV negative women. Although our data do not establish a causative link between HPV status and the risk of HIV, we suggest that increasing HPV vaccination coverage may carry an additional benefit of reducing the risk of contracting HIV infection, particularly in regions with high HPV prevalence.
Genome-wide analysis of Cushion willow provides insights into alpine plant divergence in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Chen Jia-hui , Huang Yuan , Brachi Benjamin , Yun Quan-zheng , Zhang Wei , Lu Wei , Li Hong-na , Li Wen-qing , Sun Xu-dong , Wang Guang-yan , He Jun , Zhou Zhuo , Chen Kai-yun , Ji Yun-heng , Shi Ming-ming , Sun Wen-guang , Yang Yong-ping , Zhang Ren-gang , Abbott Richard J. , Sun Hang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Hengduan Mountains (HDM) biodiversity hotspot exhibits exceptional alpine plant diversity. Here, we investigate factors driving intraspecific divergence within a HDM alpine species Salix brachista (Cushion willow), a common component of subnival assemblages. We produce a high-quality genome assembly for this species and characterize its genetic diversity, population structure and pattern of evolution by resequencing individuals collected across its distribution. We detect population divergence that has been shaped by a landscape of isolated sky island-like habitats displaying strong environmental heterogeneity across elevational gradients, combined with population size fluctuations that have occurred since approximately the late Miocene. These factors are likely important drivers of intraspecific divergence within Cushion willow and possibly other alpine plants with a similar distribution. Since intraspecific divergence is often the first step toward speciation, the same factors can be important contributors to the high alpine species diversity in the HDM.
Intrinsically distinct hole and electron transport in conjugated polymers controlled by intra and intermolecular interactions
Authors: Pace Giuseppina , Bargigia Ilaria , Noh Yong-Young , Silva Carlos , Caironi Mario 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is still a matter of controversy whether the relative difference in hole and electron transport in solution-processed organic semiconductors is either due to intrinsic properties linked to chemical and solid-state structure or to extrinsic factors, as device architecture. We here isolate the intrinsic factors affecting either electron or hole transport within the same film microstructure of a model copolymer semiconductor. Relatively, holes predominantly bleach inter-chain interactions with H-type electronic coupling character, while electrons’ relaxation more strongly involves intra-chain interactions with J-type character. Holes and electrons mobility correlates with the presence of a charge transfer state, while their ratio is a function of the relative content of intra- and inter-molecular interactions. Such fundamental observation, revealing the specific role of the ground-state intra- and inter-molecular coupling in selectively assisting charge transport, allows predicting a more favorable hole or electron transport already from screening the polymer film ground state optical properties.
Neurons in the Nucleus papilio contribute to the control of eye movements during REM sleep
Authors: Gutierrez Herrera C. , Girard F. , Bilella A. , Gent T. C. , Roccaro-Waldmeyer D. M. , Adamantidis A. , Celio M. R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRapid eye movements (REM) are characteristic of the eponymous phase of sleep, yet the underlying motor commands remain an enigma. Here, we identified a cluster of Calbindin-D28K-expressing neurons in the Nucleus papilio (NPCalb), located in the dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus, which are active during REM sleep and project to the three contralateral eye-muscle nuclei. The firing of opto-tagged NPCalb neurons is augmented prior to the onset of eye movements during REM sleep. Optogenetic activation of NPCalb neurons triggers eye movements selectively during REM sleep, while their genetic ablation or optogenetic silencing suppresses them. None of these perturbations led to a change in the duration of REM sleep episodes. Our study provides the first evidence for a brainstem premotor command contributing to the control of eye movements selectively during REM sleep in the mammalian brain.
High-throughput screening of the static friction and ideal cleavage strength of solid interfaces
Authors: Wolloch Michael , Losi Gabriele , Ferrario Mauro , Righi M. Clelia 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a comprehensiveab initio, high-throughput study of the frictional and cleavage strengths of interfaces of elemental crystals with different orientations. It is based on the detailed analysis of the adhesion energy as a function of lateral,γ(x,y), and perpendicular displacements,γ(z), with respect to the considered interface plane. We use the large amount of computed data to derive fundamental insight into the relation of the ideal strength of an interface plane with its adhesion. Moreover, the ratio between the frictional and cleavage strengths is provided as good indicator for the material failure mode – dislocation propagation versus crack nucleation. All raw and curated data are made available to be used as input parameters for continuum mechanic models, benchmarks, or further analysis.
Neural correlates of the DMT experience assessed with multivariate EEG
Authors: Timmermann Christopher , Roseman Leor , Schartner Michael , Milliere Raphael , Williams Luke T. J. , Erritzoe David , Muthukumaraswamy Suresh , Ashton Michael , Bendrioua Adam , Kaur Okdeep , Turton Samuel , Nour Matthew M. , Day Camilla M. , Leech Robert , Nutt David J. , Carhart-Harris Robin L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStudying transitions in and out of the altered state of consciousness caused by intravenous (IV) N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT - a fast-acting tryptamine psychedelic) offers a safe and powerful means of advancing knowledge on the neurobiology of conscious states. Here we sought to investigate the effects of IV DMT on the power spectrum and signal diversity of human brain activity (6 female, 7 male) recorded via multivariate EEG, and plot relationships between subjective experience, brain activity and drug plasma concentrations across time. Compared with placebo, DMT markedly reduced oscillatory power in the alpha and beta bands and robustly increased spontaneous signal diversity. Time-referenced and neurophenomenological analyses revealed close relationships between changes in various aspects of subjective experience and changes in brain activity. Importantly, the emergence of oscillatory activity within the delta and theta frequency bands was found to correlate with the peak of the experience - particularly its eyes-closed visual component. These findings highlight marked changes in oscillatory activity and signal diversity with DMT that parallel broad and specific components of the subjective experience, thus advancing our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of immersive states of consciousness.
Silicon photonics waveguide array sensor for selective detection of VOCs at room temperature
Authors: Janeiro Ricardo , Flores Raquel , Viegas Jaime 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe report on the fabrication and characterization of a volatile organic compound sensor architecture addressing common drawbacks of photonic integrated sensors such as reusability and specificity. The proposed sensor, built on a silicon-on-insulator platform and based on arrayed waveguide interference, has a chemically selective polydimethylsiloxane polymer cladding, which encapsulates the waveguides and provides an expandable and permeable low refractive index material. This cladding material acts as the chemical transducer element, changing its optical properties when in contact with specific volatile organic compounds, whose presence in the context of environmental and public health protection is important to monitor. The sensor operates at room temperature and its selectivity was confirmed by multiple tests with water, toluene, chlorobenzene, and hexane, through which the sturdiness of the sensor was verified. A maximum spectral shift of about 22.8 nm was measured under testing with chlorobenzene, at a central wavelength of 1566.7 nm. In addition, a sensitivity of 234.8 pm/% was obtained for chlorobenzene mass percent concentrations, with a limit of detection of 0.24%m/m. The thermal sensitivity of the sensor has been found to be 0.9 nm/°C.
Novel gRNA design pipeline to develop broad-spectrum CRISPR/Cas9 gRNAs for safe targeting of the HIV-1 quasispecies in patients
Authors: Sullivan Neil T. , Dampier Will , Chung Cheng-Han , Allen Alexander G. , Atkins Andrew , Pirrone Vanessa , Homan Greg , Passic Shendra , Williams Jean , Zhong Wen , Kercher Katherine , Desimone Mathew , Li Luna , C. Antell Gregory , Mell Joshua Chang , Ehrlich Garth D. , Szep Zsofia , Jacobson Jeffrey M. , Nonnemacher Michael R. , Wigdahl Brian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe CRISPR/Cas9 system has been proposed as a cure strategy for HIV. However, few published guide RNAs (gRNAs) are predicted to cleave the majority of HIV-1 viral quasispecies (vQS) observed within and among patients. We report the design of a novel pipeline to identify gRNAs that target HIV across a large number of infected individuals. Next generation sequencing (NGS) of LTRs from 269 HIV-1-infected samples in the Drexel CARES Cohort was used to select gRNAs with predicted broad-spectrum activity. In silico, D-LTR-P4-227913 (package of the top 4 gRNAs) accounted for all detectable genetic variation within the vQS of the 269 samples and the Los Alamos National Laboratory HIV database. In silico secondary structure analyses from NGS indicated extensive TAR stem-loop malformations predicted to inactivate proviral transcription, which was confirmed by reduced viral gene expression in TZM-bl or P4R5 cells. Similarly, a high sensitivity in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage assay showed that the top-ranked gRNA was the most effective at cleaving patient-derived HIV-1 LTRs from five patients. Furthermore, the D-LTR-P4-227913 was predicted to cleave a median of 96.1% of patient-derived sequences from other HIV subtypes. These results demonstrate that the gRNAs possess broad-spectrum cutting activity and could contribute to an HIV cure.