bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Intervention Strategies for Reducing Clostridioides difficile Transmission in Acute Healthcare Settings: An Agent-Based Modeling Study
Authors: Stephenson Brittany , Lanzas Cristina , Lenhart Suzanne , Ponce Eduardo , Bintz Jason , Dubberke Erik R. , Day Judy 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most common healthcare infections. Common strategies aiming at controlling CDI include antibiotic stewardship, environmental decontamination, and improved hand hygiene and contact precautions. Mathematical models provide a framework to evaluate control strategies. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of control strategies in decreasing C. difficile colonization and infection using an agent-based model in an acute healthcare setting. Methods We developed an agent-based model that simulates the transmission of C. difficile in medical wards. This model explicitly incorporates healthcare workers (HCWs) as vectors of transmission, tracks individual patient antibiotic histories, incorporates varying risk levels of antibiotics with respect to CDI susceptibility, and tracks contamination levels of ward rooms by C. difficile. Interventions include two forms of antimicrobial stewardship, increased environmental decontamination through room cleaning, improved HCW compliance, and a preliminary assessment of vaccination. Results Increased HCW contact precaution compliance with CDI patients was ranked as the most effective intervention in decreasing colonizations, with reductions up to 56%. Antibiotic stewardship practices were highly ranked after contact precaution compliance. Vaccination and reduction of high-risk antibiotics were the most effective intervention in decreasing CDI. Vaccination reduced CDI cases to up to 90%, and the reduction of high-risk antibiotics decreased CDI cases up to 23%. Conclusions Overall, interventions that decrease patient susceptibility were the most effective interventions in reducing both colonizations and CDI cases.
Large-scale movements and site fidelity of bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas) at Reunion Island (Indian ocean)
Authors: Soria Marc , Tremblay Yann , Blaison Antonin , Forget Fabien , Crochelet Estelle , Dagorn Laurent 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Two bull sharks ( Carcharhinus leucas ) were tagged in coastal waters off Reunion Island in the tropical Indian Ocean and where tracked for 174 and 139 days using both popup satellite archival tags (pSAT) and acoustic tags. Both sharks spent a majority of their time inshore (58.1% and 89.9% in the male and the female respectively). The female performed short excursions. The male alternated residence time along the coast with wide ranging movements and performed one extensive open-ocean excursion near a seamount situated at more than 200 km from the island. The differences in the residency and home range of both sharks probably reflect different patterns of foraging and mating behaviors in the male and the female. These results underline the importance of developing risk-mitigation management taking into account the movements of sharks, and of double tagging in telemetry studies that attempt to measure the degree of fidelity of a species.
Association of Lean Body Mass to Menopausal Symptoms: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation
Authors: Woods Rosanne , Hess Rebecca , Biddington Carol , Federico Marc 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to examine the association of lean body mass (LBM) to the development of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) as women transition through menopause. Methods This study is a secondary use of data available for public use from follow up visits six through 10 for participants in the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. The study examined 2,533 women, between the ages 42 – 52 years, each year over a10-year period. Data was modeled for associations of lean body mass and VMS. Changes in LBM since prior visit and since baseline were also modeled along with differences in means using binary logistic regression, adjusting for covariates. Results LBM was significantly associated to concurrent VMS ( p = .036), percent change in LBM since prior visit ( p = .003), percent change since baseline ( p <.001), and overall means associations ( p = .023). LBM was not significant for VMS at individual visit measures. In mixed regression modeling, time was significant ( p <.0001) at all visits. The estimated probability of developing VMS decreases significantly as LBM increases. Conclusions Lean body mass is negatively associated with incident VMS. Our data suggests that maintaining higher levels of LBM during the menopausal transition may be protective against the development of VMS. Every woman will experience menopause in her life and the ability to potentially prevent the onset of specific symptoms through basic interventions, such as resistance training to increase lean body mass, may positively impact this large population.
Genetic characteristics and diversity of Korean Jeju Black cattle by whole genome SNP markers
Authors: Alam Mohammad Zahangir , Son Hyo Jung , Lee Yun Mi , Hanna Lauren Hulsman , Riley David , Mannen Hideyuki , Sasazaki Shinji , Park Se Pill , Kim Jong Joo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Conservation and genetic improvement of cattle breeds requires to know the information about genetic diversity and population structure of animals. This study investigated the genetic diversity and population structure among the three breeds raised in Korean peninsula. Three popular breed found in Korea , i.e. Jeju Black, Hanwoo, Holstein with other six breeds such as Angus, Hereford, Brown Wagyu, Black Wagyu, Brahman and Nellore was examined in this study. Genetic diversity within the cattle breeds was analyzed using the popular measures of genetic diversity namely minor allele frequency (MAF), observed and expected heterozygosity (H O and H E ), inbreeding coefficient (F IS ) and past effective population size (N E ). Molecular variance and population structure were performed among the nine cattle breeds using model-based clustering (ADMIXTURE) analysis. Genetic distances between breed pairs were evaluated using Nei’s genetic distance (D A ) and with Weir and Cockerham’s F ST . Results This study revealed that Jeju Black cattle had lowest level of heterozygocity (HE = 0.21) among the studied taurine cattle breeds ranging from 0.25 to 0.30, and low MAF of 0.16, while other breeds have MAF ranging 0.11~0.21. The level of inbreeding was -0.076 in case of Jeju Black as compared to other breed (-0.018 ~ -0.118). PCA analysis and neighbor-joining (NJ) tree showed a clear separation of Jeju Black cattle from other local and exotic cattle breeds. Model-based clustering also revealed a distinct pattern of admixture of Jeju Black cattle having no clustering with other studied populations. The F ST value between Jeju Black cattle and Hanwoo was 0.106, which was lowest across the breeds ranging from 0.161 to 0.274, indicating some degree of genetic closeness of Jeju Black cattle with Hanwoo. The N E of Jeju Black cattle was 38, whereas Hanwoo was 209 in the most recent 13 generation ago. Conclusion This study indicates an alarming trend of reducing effective population size in Jeju Black cattle. Thus, a sustainable breeding policy should be implemented to increase the population of Jeju Black cattle for the genetic improvement and future conservation.
Effect of silver fluoride on micro-ecology of plaque from extensive caries of primary teeth - in vitro study
Authors: Liu Baoying , LIU Jin , ZHANG Di , YANG Zhi lei , FENG Ya ping , WANG Meng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background The action mechanism of silver diammine fluoride (SDF) on plaque micro-ecology was seldom studied. This study investigated micro-ecological changes in dental plaque on extensive carious cavity of deciduous teeth after topical SDF treatment. Methods Deciduous teeth with extensive caries freshly removed from school children were collected in clinic. After initial plaque collection, each cavity was topically treated with 38% SDF in vitro. Repeated plaque collections were done at 24 hours and 1 week post-intervention. Post-intervention micro-ecological changes including microbial diversity, microbial metabolism function as well as inter-microbial connections were analyzed and compared after Pyrosequencing of the DNA from the plaque sample using Illumina MiSeq platform. Results After SDF application, microbial diversity decreased (p>0.05). Microbial community composition post-intervention was obviously different from that of supragingival and pre-intervention plaque as well as saliva. At 1 week post-intervention, the relative content of Pseudomonas , Fusobacterium and Pseudoramibacter was obviously higher than before, while most of the other bacteria was obviously reduced, although not statistically significant (P>0.05). The inter-microbial connections became more complex, with positive connections overcame negative ones. Carbohydrate transportation and metabolic functions in the plaque were significantly reduced at 24 hours and 1 week post-intervention. Conclusions SDF has extensive antimicrobial effect on dental plaque, which may reduce carbohydrate metabolism in dental plaque and help promote new balance of the plaque flora.
Dental expenditure and income-related inequality in Chinese adults
Authors: Si Yan , CHENG MengLin , WANG ChunXiao , WANG Xing , FENG XiPing , TAI BaoJun , HU DeYu , LIN HuanCai , WANG Bo , ZHENG ShuGuo , LIU XueNan , RONG WenSheng , WANG WeiJian , Xu Tao 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the dental expenditure and the availability of basic medical insurance in dental service for Chinese adults. Horizontal and vertical inequalities were examined and the key social determinants were identified to potentially explain such income-related inequalities in dental expenditure. Materials and Methods A secondary analysis used the data of 13,464 adults from the 4 th National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey (NOHES) in China was undertook. The dental expenditure including out-of-pocket and health insurance payments in the past year and in 13464 participants and 2740 of who used dental service in the past year was collected. Horizontal inequality index and Kakwani index were used to analyze the horizontal and vertical financial inequality, respectively. Decomposition of concentration index was made to explore the associated socioeconomic determinants. Results Mean dental expenditure per capita of Chinese adults was $20.54 (95% CI: 18.83,22.26) and for those who used dental service in the past one year, the number was $100.95(95%CI: 93.22,108.68). More than 90% of the expenditure was out-of-pocket. Horizontal inequality indices and Kakwani indices were both negative and that indicated inequalities were in favor of the rich. The socioeconomic factors including income, urban or rural area and educational attainment were the main contributors to the inequality of dental expenditure. Conclusion Social basic medical insurances hardly work in financial risk control of oral diseases. Deficiency and waste of dental service utilization coexist. The payments of dental expenditure were regressive. Socioeconomic status was the main determinant while oral hygiene practice and oral health status were the main individual determinants for the dental expenditure.
Validity and reliability of intra-oral and plaster models’ photographs in the assessment of Little's Irregularity Index, tooth-size-arch-length discrepancy and Bolton's analysis
Authors: Al-Rasheed Wael , Owayda Amer M , Hajeer Mohammad Y , Khattab Tarek Z , Murad Rashad MT , Almahdi Wael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Dental impressions have been required to obtain proper study models. This procedure is a time- and labor-consuming for the orthodontist and could be exhausting to the patient especially when braces are fitted in the context of a research project. This study aimed to assess the accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of using intraoral photographs and plaster models’ photographs in measuring Little's Irregularity Index (LII), tooth-size-arch-length discrepancy (TSALD) and Bolton's ratios.Methods Fifty-two dental arches of 26 patients were included in this study. Plaster models, occlusal intraoral photographs and photographs of the collected plaster models were obtained for each patient. Then, LII, TSALD and Bolton’s ratios were measured using a manual caliper for plaster models’ measurements and a software-based on-screen method for the photographs.Results The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of measurements made on intraoral photographs and photographs of plaster models were high (ranging from 0.90 to 0.99 and from 0.88 to 0.99, respectively) indicating a high level of agreement with the gold standard measurements. In addition, the differences were insignificant. The intra-/inter-examiner ICCs ranged from 0.90 to 0.99/0.92 to 0.99 and from 0.85 to 0.99/0.88 to 0.98 for plaster models and intraoral photographs of the dental arches, respectively. The analysis of reproducibility of capturing intraoral photographs of the dental arches in two different occasions showed high ICCs ranging from 0.96 to 0.99 with almost no significant differences between repeated measurements (P>0.05).Conclusion LII, TSALD, and Bolton’s overall and partial ratios can be measured from intraoral photographs of the dental arches with high accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. Therefore, this methodology can be suggested for use in research projects when multiple records of the dental arches are required instead of depending on time- and labor-consuming procedures of ordinary dental impressions.
Three-dimensional printing versus conventional machining in the creation of a meatal urethral dilator: a cost and mechanical strength analysis
Authors: Chen Michael Yue-Cheng , Skewes Jacob , Daley Ryan , Woodruff Maria Ann , Rukin Nicholas John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising technology in medicine. Low-cost 3D printing options are accessible but the limitations are often poorly understood. We aim to compare fused deposition modelling (FDM), the most common and low cost 3D printing technique, with selective laser sintering (SLS) and conventional machining techniques in manufacturing meatal urethral dilators which were recently removed from the Australian market.Methods A meatal urethral dilator was designed using computer-aided design (CAD). The dilator was 3D printed vertically orientated on a low cost FDM 3D printer in polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). It was also 3D printed horizontally orientated in ABS on a high-end FDM 3D printer with soluble support material, as well as on a SLS 3D printer in medical nylon. The dilator was also machined in medical stainless steel using a lathe. All dilators were tested mechanically in a custom rig by hanging calibrated weights from the handle until the dilator snapped.Results The horizontally printed ABS dilator experienced failure at a greater load than the vertically printed PLA and ABS dilators respectively (503g vs 283g vs 163g, p < 0.001). The SLS nylon dilator did not fail but began to bend and deformed at around 5,000g of pressure. The steel dilator did not bend even at 10,000g of pressure. The cost per dilator is highest for the steel dilator if assuming a low quantity of five at 98 USD, but this decreases to 30 USD for a quantity of 1000. In contrast, the cost for the SLS dilator is 33 USD for a quantity of five but relatively unchanged at 27 for a quantity of 1000.Conclusions SLS and conventional machining created clinically functional meatal dilators but low-cost FDM printing could not. We suggest that at the current time 3D printing is not a replacement for conventional manufacturing techniques which are still the most reliable way to produce large quantities of parts with a simple geometry such as the meatal dilator. 3D printing is best used for patient-specific parts, prototyping or manufacturing complex parts that have additional functionality that cannot be achieved with conventional machining methods.
Analysis of clinical characteristics, radiological predictors, pathological features and perioperative outcomes associated with perinephric fat adhesion degree
Authors: Liu Junqiang , Huang Hongwei , Cao Tianyu , Liu Dikuan , Zhu Zheng , Chen Jing , Wang Lina , Zong Huafeng , Song Xishuang , Wang Xuejian , Zhu Xinqing , Chen Qiwei , Fredia sony , Wang Jianbo , Yang Deyong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background To assess the clinical characteristics, radiological predictors and pathological features of perinephric fat adhesion degree (PFAD) graded based on fixed criteria and to determine the impact of adherent perinephric fat (APF) on retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RLPN) outcomes.Methods 84 patients undergoing RLPN were included and graded into 4 groups based on PFAD. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed for clinical characteristics and radiological predictors of PFAD. Perioperative data was compared between APF groups and non-APF groups. Masson staining determined collagen fibers. Immunohistochemistry detected CD45 immune cells and CD34 vessels.Results 20, 28, 18 and 18 patients were graded as normal perinephric fat (NPF), mild adherent perinephric fat (MiPF), moderate adherent perinephric fat (MoPF) and severe adherent perinephric fat (SPF), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that gender (p<0.001), age (p=0.003) and hypertension (p=0.006) were significant clinical risk factors of PFAD, while radiological predictors included perinephric stranding (p=0.001), posterior perinephric fat thickness (p=0.009) and perinephric fat density (p=0.02). APF was associated with drain output (P = 0.012) and accompanied by immune cells gathering in renal cortex near thickened renal capsule with many vessels.Conclusions Clinical characteristics and radiological predictors can evaluate PFAD and may assist guide preoperative surgical option. Pathological features of APF reflect decapsulation and bleeding during kidney mobilization at RLPN.
Predictors of parental mediation in teenagers’ internet use: A cross-sectional study of female caregivers in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Sarosh , Zakar Rubeena , Fischer Florian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background The internet has become the most widely used medium among teenagers, who spend much of their time online, which raises parental concerns. Notwithstanding teens’ increased internet use and exposure to online risks, little is yet known about parental internet mediation in local settings. The present research aimed to assess the various dimensions of parental mediation to regulate teens’ use of the internet, and their predictors.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in the district of Lahore, Pakistan, among mothers/female caregivers of teens (aged 13–19 years). Only women were interviewed because they are more frequently engaged as primary caregivers than fathers or male caregivers. Furthermore, only qualified and working mothers from the top two professions among women, i.e. academia and medicine, were interviewed. A stratified random sampling technique was adopted, and 347 mothers were interviewed using face-to-face interviews at 11 universities and 11 hospitals/medical colleges. Data was entered and analysed using descriptive, bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results The findings highlighted that more than 65% of respondents applied high active mediation of internet safety, around 60% used high active co-use mediation and more than 56% applied restrictive mediation. In addition, 36% of respondents monitored and 15.3% technically mediated to regulate their teens’ use of the internet. The results of the multivariate logistic regression revealed that the majority of respondents were more inclined to adopt active internet safety mediation if they had teens aged 16–19 years, with medium internet addiction, possessed good digital skills, felt confident about their teens’ coping appraisal to perform online protection, and considered their teens to have high self-esteem and resilience.Conclusions This research found that parental internet mediation is a multi-faceted concept used to regulate teens’ online activity and enhance a resilient approach to reduce the risks associated with use of the internet. The researchers recommend developing parental guidelines, e-safety resource material, local support networks and community programmes to educate parents, teachers and teens in order to raise awareness and promote resilient pathways amongst teens.
An Exploratory Analysis of Factors Associated with Low Risk Perception for Developing Type 2 Diabetes amongst Low-income, Primarily Latina Women with prior Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Athavale Priyanka , Prata Ndola , Sokal-Gutierrez Karen , Lahiff Maureen , Najmabadi Adriana , Landeros Jared , Rios Christina , Quan Judy , Handley Margaret A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a significant contributor to the development of diabetes (DM2) post-partum, with higher rates amongst low-income and Latina women. Understanding one’s risk perception for developing DM2 postpartum amongst women with GDM can help target preventive interventions that promote positive health behaviors and lifestyle changes. This study aims to assess how the interplay of individual level factors, healthcare based factors, and structural factors influence risk perception for developing DM2 amongst low-income, primarily migrant Latina women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: Data is from the baseline assessment of the STAR MAMA intervention. Women (N=171) receiving prenatal care at low-income urban clinics in San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed for basic demographics, healthcare access, and health-related behaviors. The outcome variable, risk perception for developing DM2 post-partum, was measured using the RPS-DM tool. Associations between risk perception for developing DM2 and individual, health-care based and structural (eg. health insurance, food insecurity, educational attainment) covariates were estimated using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Results: Although all participants had a high risk for subsequently developing DM2, 76% reported lower risk perception for developing diabetes within the next 1, 5, and 10 years. Migrant status, less than high school education, and food insecurity were associated with lower risk perception (p<0.05). Spanish-speaking women with GDM who did not have family histories of DM2 were at greatest risk of underestimating their DM2 risk (OR=6.5; CI= (1.149, 11.795)). On the other hand, Spanish-speaking women who had family histories of DM2 were more likely to correctly assess their DM2 risk (OR=0.16; CI= (0.031, 0.824)). Conclusions: Structural and individual factors, rooted in migrant status and cultural backgrounds, influence personal risk perception. The majority of high-risk GDM women in this sample underestimate their risk for developing diabetes. This poses an opportunity for the healthcare system to improve patient-provider communication to improve risk perceptions and motivation for behavioral risk reduction. Improved counseling regarding risk perception for vulnerable, migrant populations with GDM is critical to accurately convey risk and engage individuals in preventive behaviors. Trial Registration: The clinical trial registration number is: NCT02240420 and date of registration: 9/11/2014.