bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holographic Image Denoising using Random Laser Illumination
Authors: Mallick Subha Prakash , Sung Zson 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn holographic applications, coherent lasers are indispensable source of illumination. Despite high intensity from coherent light sources, they fail in full‐field image projection and illustrate speckle images due to high spatial coherence. This article demonstrates speckle‐free high contrast computer‐generated holographic image projection upon illumination with a perovskite–polystyrene 10 wt%‐based random laser. Solvent‐engineered efficient and durable perovskite and perovskite–polystyrene 10 wt%‐based random lasers are fabricated. Optical characterizations are elucidated and controlled coherence random lasing operation is achieved under room temperature upon addition of polystyrene concentration 10 wt% on perovskite thin film. The addition of 10 wt% polystyrene concentration results in a low far‐field divergence angle of ≈100. The controlled coherence in random lasers is necessary to produce a stable interference pattern and to retain the depth of field in holograms. Additionally, the holographic image projection using random lasers reduces diffraction noise, and exhibits high spatial resolution with full‐field imaging. Moreover, this study is clear evidence of an effective strategy to achieve high‐performance, indigenous designed‐controlled coherence in disordered random lasing media and its application to novel holographic image projection.
Alkalimetall‐Mediatoren: Vielfältige Anwendungen in der metallorganischen Chemie der Hauptgruppenelemente
Authors: Gentner Thomas X. , Mulvey Robert E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOrganolithiumverbindungen stehen seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert an der Spitze der Synthesechemie, da sie die Synthese von einer Vielzahl von Verbindungen ermöglichen, die weltweit im akademischen und industriellen Bereich eingesetzt werden. Aus diesem Grund ist Lithium seit jeher das wichtigste Alkalimetall in der metallorganischen Chemie. Heute wird diese Dominanz durch Natrium und Kalium ernsthaft infrage gestellt, da sich die Verwendung von Alkalimetallen in der organischen Chemie zu einer großen Vielfalt entwickelt hat. In diesem Aufsatz werden jüngste Beispiele aus verschiedenen Bereichen aufgegriffen, wie die homogene Katalyse der Hauptgruppenmetalle, stöchiometrische Reaktionen in der organischen Synthese, der niedervalenten Hauptgruppenmetallchemie, der Polymerchemie und der grünen, nachhaltigen Chemie. Da Alkalimetallverbindungen oft nicht die Endprodukte dieser Anwendungen sind, wird ihre Rolle nur selten in den Vordergrund gestellt oder gar nicht beachtet. Dieser Bericht wurde verfasst, um die wissenschaftliche Gemeinde auf das immer bedeutender werdende Phänomen der “Alkalimetall‐Mediation” aufmerksam zu machen.
Die krankheitsassoziierte Tau‐Phosphorylierung behindert die Tubulinpolymerisation in Tau‐Kondensaten
Authors: Savastano Adriana , Flores David , Kadavath Harindranath , Biernat Jacek , Mandelkow Eckhard , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDie zelluläre Kondensation von intrinsisch ungeordneten Proteinen (IDPs) durch Flüssig‐flüssig‐Phasentrennung (LLPS) ermöglicht die dynamische Kompartimentierung und Regulation biologischer Prozesse. Das IDP Tau, das den Aufbau von Mikrotubuli fördert und bei der Alzheimer‐Krankheit hyperphosphoryliert wird, kann in Lösung und auf der Oberfläche von Mikrotubuli LLPS‐Prozesse durchlaufen. Der Einfluss der Tau‐Phosphorylierung auf Tau‐LLPS‐vermittelte Tubulinpolymerisation ist jedoch weitestgehend unbekannt. Wir zeigen hier, dass unmodifiziertes Tau sowie an krankheitsassoziierten Epitopen phosphoryliertes Tau zu flüssigkeitsähnlichen Tröpfchen kondensieren. Obwohl sich Tubulin in allen Tau‐Tröpfchen in hohen Konzentrationen anreichert, ist es nicht in der Lage, aus dem Inneren von Tröpfchen, die durch am AT180‐Epitop phosphoryliertes Tau (T231/S235) gebildet wurden, zu Mikrotubuli zu wachsen. Im Gegensatz dazu hemmte weder die Phosphorylierung von Tyrosinresten in Tau noch die Phosphorylierung in der Repeatdomäne die Polymerisation von Tubulin aus Tau‐Tröpfchen. Da gezeigt wurde, dass LLPS von IDPs verschiedene Arten der Zytoskelettassemblierung fördert, legt unsere Studie nahe, dass die IDP‐Phosphorylierung ein weit verbreiteter Mechanismus für die Regulation der kondensatvermittelten Zytoskelettassemblierung sein könnte.
Alkali‐Metal Mediation: Diversity of Applications in Main‐Group Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Gentner Thomas X. , Mulvey Robert E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOrganolithium compounds have been at the forefront of synthetic chemistry for over a century, as they mediate the synthesis of myriads of compounds that are utilised worldwide in academic and industrial settings. For that reason, lithium has always been the most important alkali metal in organometallic chemistry. Today, that importance is being seriously challenged by sodium and potassium, as the alkali‐metal mediation of organic reactions in general has started branching off in several new directions. Recent examples covering main‐group homogeneous catalysis, stoichiometric organic synthesis, low‐valent main‐group metal chemistry, polymerization, and green chemistry are showcased in this Review. Since alkali‐metal compounds are often not the end products of these applications, their roles are rarely given top billing. Thus, this Review has been written to alert the community to this rising unifying phenomenon of “alkali‐metal mediation”.
Stretching and rupture of a viscous liquid bridge between two spherical particles
Authors: Li Xiangqi , Wang Dengfei , Huang Fenglei , Cai Ziqi , Gao Zhengming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the stretching and rupture of liquid bridge are studied by experiment and numerical simulation. In the experiment, the relationship between the critical rupture distance of the liquid bridge and four factors, including volume of liquid bridge, particle initial distance, liquid bridge stretching velocity and liquid bridge viscosity, is quantitatively studied. It is found that the liquid bridge critical rupture distance can be described by the modified Bond number, where the critical distance shows a maximum value when this number is about 0.6. As the Capillary number of liquid bridge increases, the effect of the liquid bridge stretching velocity on the critical rupture distance increases, while the influence of the liquid bridge viscosity on the critical rupture distance increases with the volume of liquid bridge. Mesh overset is used to describe the profile change of liquid bridge, and based on the simulation the pressure field is applied in calculating the capillary fore in the liquid bridge. The rupture energy of liquid bridge can be mainly related with the Capillary number, showing two different functions when Ca = 0.01 is the turning point. Finally, two empirical formulas are proposed to predict the rupture energy of liquid bridge.
Compatibilization of epoxidized triblock copolymer on the generation of self‐assembled nanostructured epoxies and their surface wettability
Authors: Remya Vasudevan Pillai R. , Jose Varghese Rajendran , Parani Sundararajan , Sakho El Hadji Mamour , Oluwafemi Oluwatobi S. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this work, we have successfully synthesized epoxidized poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene‐block‐styrene) with the highest epoxidation degree (55 mol%) for the first time by using metachloroperbenzoic acid method. This highly epoxidized styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (eSBS) block copolymer exhibited good compatibility with the epoxy (diglycidylether of bisphenol‐A)/ eSBS block copolymer‐ 4,4′‐diamino diphenyl methane blend. Transmission electron microscope images showed that the eSBS block copolymer formed spherical nanostructure morphology within the blend due to reaction induced phase separation. The addition of eSBS block copolymer in the system significantly improved the wetting parameters such as hydrophilicity, surface free energy, work of adhesion, spreading coefficient and Girifalco‐Good's interaction parameter values, which are discussed in detail. The as‐prepared self‐assembled nanostructured epoxy system will be useful in highly toughened coating applications such as aircraft, automobile, and flooring industries.
Scarring patterns of whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, at a provisioning site in the Philippines
Authors: Penketh Luke , Schleimer Anna , Labaja Jessica , Snow Sally , Ponzo Alessandro , Araujo Gonzalo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Shark‐based tourism continues to be a rapidly growing industry, and thus understanding the impacts of such activities is essential to mitigate the potential negative effects on the target species. The consequences of provisioning on whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) are not fully understood, although changes to the local environment, ecology, behaviour, and site visitation patterns have been highlighted. Here, the scarring patterns of whale sharks were investigated at a provisioning site in Oslob, Cebu, Philippines, as an indicator of the physical impacts of tourism activities on individual sharks. Photographic identification was used to attribute scars to individual animals (n = 152) between March 31, 2012 and January 31, 2015.
Scars were categorized by type and body location, and were compared with non‐provisioned aggregations in Australia, Mozambique, and Seychelles. Oslob whale sharks were more scarred than other studied populations, with 94.7% (n = 144) having at least one scar, and with 90.8% (n = 138) having more than one scar. Scarring incidence was found to be significantly higher in sharks that regularly visited the provisioning site, and analysis of scarring over time in highly resident sharks showed that all individuals gained scars through periods of consistent re‐sightings. A significantly higher incidence of minor scar types was found, most commonly on the dorsal side of the animal, probably resulting from sustained proximity to boats and ropes throughout the provisioning activities. The consequences of interactions with propeller boats were observed, despite a ban on their use in the provisioning site, highlighting the risk to the species beyond the study site.
We recommend the strict enforcement of a minimum distance between boats and sharks, a zero‐contact policy during interactions, the expansion of the provisioning site, and the implementation of a no‐boat‐access zone around the perimeter of the provisioning site to mitigate potential collisions.
Development, structure, and protein composition of reptilian claws and hypotheses of their evolution
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHere, we review the development, morphology, genes, and proteins of claws in reptiles. Claws likely form owing to the inductive influence of phalangeal mesenchyme on the apical epidermis of developing digits, resulting in hyperproliferation and intense protein synthesis in the dorsal epidermis, which forms the unguis. The tip of claws results from prevalent cell proliferation and distal movement along most of the ungueal epidermis in comparison to the ventral surface forming the subunguis. Asymmetrical growth between the unguis and subunguis forces beta‐cells from the unguis to rotate into the apical part of the subunguis, sharpening the claw tip. Further sharpening occurs by scratching and mechanical wearing. Ungueal keratinocytes elongate, form an intricate perimeter and cementing junctions, and remain united impeding desquamation. In contrast, thin keratinocytes in the subunguis form a smooth perimeter, accumulate less corneous beta proteins (CBPs) and cysteine‐poor intermediate filament (IF)‐keratins, and desquamate. In addition to prevalent glycine–cysteine–tyrosine rich CBPs, special cysteine‐rich IF‐keratins are also synthesized in the claw, generating numerous SS bonds that harden the thick and compact corneous material. Desquamation and mechanical wear at the tip ensure that the unguis curvature remains approximately stable over time. Reptilian claws are likely very ancient in evolution, although the unguis differentiated like the outer scale surface of scales, while the subunguis might have derived from the inner scale surface. The few hair‐like IF‐keratins synthesized in reptilian claws indicate that ancestors of sauropsids and mammals shared cysteine‐rich IF‐keratins. However, the number of these keratins remained low in reptiles, while new types of CBPs function to strengthen claws.
Vertebral pattern variation in the North Sea harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) by computed tomography
Authors: Willems Dorien S. , IJsseldijk Lonneke L. , van den Broek D. Hendrik N. , Veraa Stefanie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractVertebral series in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) include cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and caudal. In contrast to studying skeletons from museums, in which small bones can be missed, evaluation of full body computed tomography (CT) scans provides an overview of the vertebral column, while maintaining interrelationship of all structures. The aim of this study was to document variations in vertebral patterning of the harbor porpoise via evaluation of CT images of intact stranded harbor porpoises. The harbor porpoises were divided into age classes, based on developmental stage of reproductive organs on postmortem examination and closure of proximal humeral physis on CT. Numbers of vertebrae per series, fusion state of the syncervical, type of first hemal arch, number of double articulating ribs, and floating ribs were recorded based on CT images. Included in the study were 48 harbor porpoises (27 males and 21 females), which were divided in two age classes (27 immatures and 21 adults). Total vertebral count varied from 63 to 68 with vertebral formula range C7T12‐14L12‐16Cd29‐33. Twenty‐five different vertebral formulas were found, of which C7T13L14Ca30 was the most common (n = 8, 17%). Thoracic vertebrae with six, seven, or eight double articulating ribs and zero, one, or two vertebrae with floating ribs were seen. Four different fusion states of the syncervical and four types of hemal arches were recognized. This study showed a great variation in vertebral patterning in the harbor porpoise, with homeotic and meristic variation in the thoracic, lumbar, and caudal vertebral series.
Metal‐Catalyzed Spiroannulation‐Fluoromethylfunctionaliztions of 1,5‐Enynes for the Synthesis of Stereodefined (Z)‐Spiroindenes
Authors: Zuo Hang‐Dong , Cui Chen‐Chang , Guo Cheng , Hao Wen‐Juan , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Jiang Bo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo classes of new catalytic spiroannulation‐fluormethylfunctionaliztions of para‐quinone methide (p‐QM)‐containing 1,5‐enynes have been established under redox‐neutral conditions. Palladium‐catalyzed spiroannulation‐iododifluoromethylation with ethyl difluoroiodoacetate oriented completely stereoselective access to (Z)‐spiroindenes and the latter included copper‐catalyzed three‐component spiroannulation‐cyanotrifluoromethylation starting from Togni's reagent and trimethylsilanecarbonitrile (TMSCN). Both reaction pathways involve fluoroalkyl radical‐triggered 1,6‐addition/5‐exo‐dig annulation/metal radical cross‐coupling/reductive elimination sequence, providing practical and stereoselective protocols for rapidly constructing cyclohexadienone‐containing spiroindenes with generally good yields.
Frontoparietal Network in Executive Functioning in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: May Kaitlyn E. , Kana Rajesh K. 
Published: October 2020

Higher cognitive functions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by impairments in executive functions (EF). While some research attributes this to an overreliance of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), others demonstrate poor recruitment of the PFC in individuals with ASD. In order to assess the emerging consensus across neuroimaging studies of EF in ASD, the current study used a coordinate‐based activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis of 16 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, resulting in a meta‐analysis of data from 739 participants (356 ASD, 383 typically developing [TD] individuals) ranging from 7 to 52 years of age. Within‐group analysis of EF tasks revealed that both TD and ASD participants had significant activity in PFC regions. Analysis of group differences indicated greater activation in ASD, relative to TD participants, in the right middle frontal gyrus and the anterior cingulate cortex, and lesser activation in the bilateral middle frontal, left inferior frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus. Although both ASD and TD participants showed similar PFC activation, there was differential recruitment of wider network of EF regions such as the IPL in ASD participants. The under‐recruitment of parietal regions may be due to poor connectivity of the frontoparietal networks with other regions during EF tasks or a restricted executive network in ASD participants which is limited primarily to the PFC. These results support the executive dysfunction hypothesis of ASD and suggests that poor frontoparietal recruitment may underlie some of the EF difficulties individuals with ASD experience.Lay SummaryThis study reports a meta‐analysis of 16 brain imaging studies of executive functions (EF) in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While parts of the brain's EF network is activated in both ASD and control participants, the ASD group does not activate a wider network of EF regions such as the parietal cortex. This may be due to poor EF network connectivity, or a constrained EF network in ASD participants. These results may underlie some of the EF difficulties individuals with ASD experience. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1762–1777. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC
Economic impact of yield and composition variation in bioenergy crops: Populus trichocarpa
Authors: Happs Renee M. , Bartling Andrew W. , Doeppke Crissa , Harman‐Ware Anne E. , Clark Robin , Webb Erin G. , Biddy Mary J. , Chen Jin‐Gui , Tuskan Gerald A. , Davis Mark F. , Muchero Wellington , Davison Brian H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo achieve a bio‐based economy, it is necessary to consider variability within a feedstock population. We must understand the range of key phenotypic characteristics when selecting economically advantageous genotypes for domestication in an optimized supply chain. In this analysis we measured cell‐wall composition traits in a large natural variant population of Populus trichocarpa. The results were combined with agronomic growth data from the matching genotype to conduct various techno‐economic analyses, evaluating the impacts of physical and compositional variability and determining the ultimate phenotypic drivers for yield and economic metrics. Here we show that, although ethanol yield per land area per year and minimum fuel selling price were most strongly impacted by tree size, when considering the largest 25% of trees, size and carbohydrate content were nearly identical influences on minimal fuel selling price, highlighting the need to focus on both size and carbohydrate content in selecting economically optimal feedstocks. © 2020 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts, and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Hydrogel microfluidic‐based liver‐on‐a‐chip: Mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of liver
Authors: Meng Qin , Wang Ying , Li Yingjun , Shen Chong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLiver is fed by nutrition via diffusion across the vascular wall from blood flow. However, hepatocytes in liver models are directly exposed to the perfusion culture medium, where the shear stress reduces the cell viability and liver‐specific functions. By mimicking the mass transfer and structural features of hepatic lobule, we designed a microfluidic liver‐on‐a‐chip based on the di‐acrylated pluronic F127 hydrogel. In the hydrogel chip, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and human hepatic stellate cell LX‐2 were statically cultured inside the microwells on the outer channel. These hepatic cells were fed by the diffused medium from the adjacent but separated inner channel with endothelial cell monolayers, which was perfused by the medium with physiologically relevant shear stress. As found, the hepatic cells in the liver‐on‐a‐chip rapidly formed spheroids within 1‐day incubation and expressed about one to two‐fold higher viability/liver‐specific functions than the corresponding static culture for at least 8 days. Moreover, the presence of endothelial cells also contributed to the expression of liver‐specific functions in the liver‐on‐a‐chip. Therefore, the proposed liver‐on‐a‐chip provides a new concept for construction of 3D liver models in vitro, and shows the potential value for a variety of applications including bio‐artificial livers and drug toxicity screening.
Biocathode design with highly‐oriented immobilization of multi‐copper oxidase from Pyrobaculum aerophilum onto a single‐walled carbon nanotube surface via a carbon nanotube‐binding peptide
Authors: Sakamoto Hiroaki , Futamura Rie , Tonooka Aina , Takamura Eiichiro , Satomura Takenori , Suye Shin‐ichiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiofuel cells generate electric energy using an enzyme as a catalyst for an electrode but their stability and low battery output pose problems for practical use. To solve these problems, this study aimed to build a long‐lasting and high‐output biocathode as a catalyst using a highly stable hyperthermophilic archaeal enzyme, multi‐copper oxidase, from Pyrobaculum aerophilum (McoP). To increase output, McoP was oriented and immobilized on single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with a high specific surface area, and the electrode interface was designed to achieve highly efficient electron transfer between the enzyme and electrode. Type 1 copper (T1Cu), an electron‐accepting site in the McoP molecule, is located near the C‐terminus. Therefore, McoP was prepared by genetically engineering a CNT‐binding peptide with the sequence LLADTTHHRPWT, at the C‐terminus of McoP (McoP‐CBP). We then constructed an electrode using a complex in which McoP‐CBP was aligned and immobilized on SWCNT, and then clarified the effect of CBP. The amounts of immobilized enzymes on McoP‐SWCNT and (McoP‐CBP)‐SWCNT complexes were almost equal. CV measurement of the electrode modified with both complexes showed 5.4 times greater current density in the catalytic reaction of the (McoP‐CBP)‐SWCNT/GC electrode than in the McoP‐SWCNT/GC electrode. This is probably because CBP fusion immobilize the enzyme on SWCNTs in an orientational manner, and T1Cu, the oxidation–reduction site in McoP, is close to the electrode, which improves electron transfer efficiency.