bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcium salts of fatty acids with varying fatty acid profiles in diets of feedlot-finishedBos indicusbulls: impacts on intake, digestibility, performance, and carcass and meat characteristics
Authors: Nascimento Felipe A , Silva Naiara C , Prados Laura F , Pacheco Rodrigo D L , Johnson Bradley J , Cappellozza Bruno I , Resende Flávio D , Siqueira Gustavo R 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe hypothesized that the inclusion of calcium salts of fatty acid (CSFA) into the diets and the fatty acid (FA) profile of the supplements would impact performance and meat characteristics of Bos indicus bulls. Hence, the objective was to evaluate the effects of CSFA profiles on intake, body weight (BW), carcass, and meat characteristics of feedlot-finished B indicus bulls. Fifty-three Nellore bulls [initial BW 315 ± 5.9 kg and 20 ± 2 mo] were used. At the beginning, 6 bulls were randomly chosen and slaughtered for determination of their BW composition, and the remaining 47 bulls were evaluated during a 140-d experimental period. The bulls were placed in individual pens, blocked according to initial BW and randomly allocated to 1 of the 3 following treatments: (1) control diet containing sugarcane bagasse, ground corn, citrus pulp, peanut meal, and mineral–vitamin mix (CON), (2) CON with the addition of 3.3% of CSFA from soybean oil (CSO), or (3) CON with the addition of a mixture of 3.3% of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oils (CPSCO). Diets were offered ad libitum and formulated to be isonitrogenous. Bulls supplemented with CSFA had a greater (P &lt; 0.01) final BW, dry matter intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (FE), and FA intake vs. CON. Among carcass parameters, CSFA-supplemented bulls had greater (P &lt; 0.01) carcass ether extract concentration vs. CON bulls. When the CSFA profile was evaluated (CSO vs. CPSCO), CPSCO bulls had a better (P ≤ 0.03) FE, carcass ADG, and hot carcass weight (HCW) vs. CSO bulls. The FA intakes differed among CSFA treatments, as the total saturated, palmitic, and oleic FA intakes were greater for CPSCO (P &lt; 0.01), whereas lower intakes of total unsaturated and polyunsaturated FA (P &lt; 0.01) were observed for CPSCO vs. CSO. Samples from the Longissimus muscle contained greater palmitoleic (P = 0.01) and reduced linoleic (P = 0.02) FA concentrations in CSFA-supplemented bulls vs. CON bulls. In agreement with the FA intakes, CPSCO-supplemented bulls had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) unsaturated FA concentration vs. CSO in Longissimus muscle. In summary, CSFA supplementation improved the performance of finishing B. indicus bulls vs. CON. Moreover, the inclusion of CSFA from palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil benefited the FE, carcass ADG, and HCW compared with the inclusion of CSFA from soybean oil, demonstrating the potential of specific FA for improving the performance and meat quality of B. indicus bulls.
Characterization of dietary protein in Brassica carinata meal when used as a protein supplement for beef cattle consuming a forage-based diet
Authors: Schulmeister Tessa M , Ruiz-Moreno Martin , Silva Gleise M , Garcia-Ascolani Mariana , Ciriaco Francine M , Henry Darren D , Lamb G Cliff , Dubeux Jose C B , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As a novel oilseed crop in Florida, Brassica carinata has the capacity of producing high-quality jet biofuel, with a protein-dense meal (~40% crude protein; CP) obtained as a by-product of oil extraction. Characterization of the meal protein is limited, yet necessary for formulation of beef cattle diets; therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine ruminal and postruminal digestibility of protein from B. carinata. Eight ruminally cannulated Angus crossbred steers (473 ± 119 kg) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design, in which in situ ruminal and postruminal degradability of nutrients were evaluated. The three-step in vitro procedure was used to compare CP and amino acid (AA) degradation in B. carinata meal pellets (BCM) with that of cottonseed meal (CSM), dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and soybean meal (SBM). In situ bags were incubated in the rumen for 0 to 96 hr, with the undegraded supplement remaining after 16 hr subjected to serial in vitro enzymatic solutions. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Ruminal rate of degradation of dry matter, organic matter, and CP was greatest (P ˂ 0.01; 10.9, 11.3, and 11.5 %/h, respectively) for SBM. Rumen degradable protein (RDP) content did not differ (P = 0.20; 47.8% and 55.1%, respectively) between CSM and DDGS, but was decreased (P ˂ 0.01) compared with SBM and BCM, which did not differ (P = 0.99; 72.3% and 71.8% RDP, respectively). Compared with DDGS, SBM had greater (P &lt; 0.01) intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Intestinally absorbable digestible protein (IADP) was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for CSM, with SBM and BCM having the least IADP. Total tract digestibility of CP (TTDP) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for SBM compared with CSM and DDGS. The contribution of RUP to intestinally absorbable AA was 7.2 and 3.1 g of lysine and methionine per kilogram of CP in BCM, respectively. The evaluation of B. carinata meal as protein supplemented for cattle consuming a forage-based diet resulted in 71.8% RDP and 97.1% TTDP, thus indicating its viability as a high-quality protein supplement for beef cattle.
125 Possibility of Shifting Domestic Supply Curve for Lamb and Goat Meat: The Case of Market Price Information in the Southeast USA
Authors: Karki Lila B , Karki Uma , Mentreddy Srinivasa R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The United States imported $1.01 billion in lamb and goat meat in 2018, which was 5.94% higher than in 2017. However, local sheep and goat farmers are facing challenges for getting fair prices for their animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the market price of lamb and goat meat in the Southeast United States. The surveys were introduced to 15 cities of Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, and Tennessee. The price for lamb and goat meat was collected for three years (2017–2019). Of the 360 price observations (n = 360) collected from these cities, 290 were for lamb and 70 for goat meat. The price consisted of 27 and 12 different types of lamb and goat meat, respectively, from the selected retail and ethnic stores. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics. The mean price for lamb ranged from $50.58/kg for rack lamb to $10.98/kg for stew bone. Similarly, the most expensive goat meat type was leg stew ($26.38/kg), followed by the whole goat leg ($24.18/kg), and the regular meat was the least expensive ($10.32/kg). The mean price of lamb and goat meat varied as per the type of meat in each state and city. The majority of stores predominantly sold imported lamb and goat meat from Australia, New Zealand, Chile, Mexico, China, and Uruguay. The study revealed that the different types of lamb and goat meatare selling for good prices, thereby indicating a promising market for the domestic lamb and goat meat in the Southeast.
73 Engaging youth through bovine reproductive practices
Authors: Dias Nicholas W , Sales Alvaro , Timlin Claire L , Friedel Curtis , Mercadante Vitor R G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two programs have been established at Virginia Tech with the purpose of engaging youth and showcasing agriculture. The Governor’s School for Agriculture (GSA) program began in 2001, and has over 1,850 graduates. High school juniors and seniors from different areas of the Commonwealth’s schools spend time on campus exploring the life sciences. The Virginia 4-H State Congress (4HC) is the premier, statewide annual 4-H event for outstanding teens, providing educational experiences to Virginia teens and helping them develop life skills and leadership abilities. Our extension group has focused on exposing teens enrolled in the GSA and 4HC to beef production, particularly bovine reproduction and reproductive biotechnologies. The 4-hr workshop, titled “Do it yourself cows”, consists of a mixture of in-class presentations and hands-on laboratories relating to bovine reproductive anatomy and physiology and reproductive biotechnologies. The wet-laboratory consists of bovine female reproductive tracts anatomy dissection and artificial insemination and rectal palpation simulation with a mannequin, as well as demonstrations of equipment used in the field including, nitrogen tank for semen storage, ultrasound and microscope visualization of bovine embryos. The GSA “Bovine Reproduction” course is 4 days long and allows for in-depth discussion of factors influencing fertility and case discussions on beef reproductive management. The hands-on portion of this course is similar to the 4HC workshop, however students are able to perform rectal palpation and ultrasonography in cattle. So far, 40 students from the GSA and 80 students from the 4HC (2 GSA, and 4 4HC programs) have graduated in the course. At the completion of both programs, a survey was performed and 100% of the students considered the program positive and gained knowledge and interest in bovine reproduction. Furthermore, 20% of students from the GSA program developed a desire to pursue a career in livestock production, and 92% of 4HC students claimed to have learned information they can apply in their communities. Our data indicate that we were successful in engaging youth in animal agriculture, specifically beef production.
29 Demonstrating the Effects of Deworming and Implanting Weaned Calves for Retained Ownership on Pasture in Eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Beck Paul A , Ward Earl , Clawson Scott , Pugh Brian , Farris Rodney 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The majority of cow-calf producers in Oklahoma sell their calves at weaning. Preconditioning and retained ownership through the stocker phase provides economic benefits to these operations. The objectives of this demonstration were to illustrate the benefits of growth promoting technologies for calves post-weaning. Calves (n = 39 heifers and 24 steers; BW = 229 ± 23.9 kg) from the OSU Eastern Research Station cowherd were weaned on day – 20 (April 15) and preconditioned. On day 0 (May 6), calves (n = 20 heifers and 12 steers) were treated for internal parasites (Dectomax, Zoetis Animal Health) and evenly allocated to 2 Bermudagrass/tall fescue pastures (9.5 ± 1.42 ha) for 143 days. The remaining calves (n = 19 heifers and 12 steers) were not treated for parasites and allocated to 2 pastures (9.1 ± 1.42 ha). In each pasture, ½ of the calves of each sex were implanted (Synovex-S or Synovex-H, Zoetis). Calves dewormed on day 0 and were dewormed again on day 70 (July 16). Data were analyzed as a split plot experimental design with dewormer treatment as the main plot and calf sex and implant treatment were the split plots. There were no interactions among calf sex, deworming, and implants (P ≥ 0.42). Steers were heavier (P &lt; 0.01) than heifers throughout the summer, but did not have an advantage in gain performance (P ≥ 0.22). Deworming did not impact (P = 0.44) overall growth performance of calves, but did numerically (P = 0.18) increase ADG from day 71 to 143 by 0.15 kg/d. Growth promoting implants increased (P = 0.03) daily gains by 0.09 kg/day in the early summer and over the entire summer by 0.07 kg/day (P &lt; 0.01). The combination of deworming and implants increased (P = 0.01) season long ADG by 0.11 kg/day over unimplanted controls. This demonstration was used to illustrate the potential that growth promoting implants and deworming provides for economically beneficial performance enhancement for retained stocker calves on mixed grass pasture.
7 Assessment of beef cattle record keeping utilization and application: a collaboration of the Alabama Beef Cattle Improvement Association and the Alabama Cooperative Extension System
Authors: Elmore Michelle F , Mullenix Mary K , Elmore Joshua B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beef cattle producers engaged in the Alabama Beef Cattle Improvement Association (BCIA) Commercial Record Keeping Program were surveyed to assess application of record keeping to operational management. In 2014, the specialized record-keeping system utilized by Alabama BCIA transitioned from software-based, centralized processing to an internet-based system to allow for hands-on use. The application of this new system and hands-on use was evaluated. A brief, online survey of 14 multiple-choice questions was developed. Question topics included basic demographics, value level, length of use, frequency of use, devices used, record areas, management decisions and meeting needs. The Qualtrics®XM web-based survey tool was used to evaluate results. A response rate of 44.64% was reached. Respondents represented cattlemen in business for 30+ years 44%, 20+ years 32%, 10+ years 12%, 5 to 10 years 4%, 3 to 5 years 4% and less than 3 years 4%. Cow inventory reflected 50 to 100 cows 24%, 100 to 200 cows 24%, 20 to 50 cows 20%, 200 to 300 cows 16%, 300 to 400 cows 8% and 500+ cows 8%. Longevity of BCIA record keeping reached 20 to 30 years 24%, 1 to 5 years 24%, 5 to 10 years 20%, 10 to 15 years 16%, 15 to 20 years 12% and beginning 4%. Value of performance records rated extremely valuable 72.0%, and hands-on access rated very valuable 92.0%. A majority indicated accessing the system weekly 40.0%, monthly 16.0% or daily 8.0%. The most common device was combination of computer and smartphone 36.0%. The most active record keeping areas were calving records 21.57%, weaning data 19.64% and culling cows based on performance 17.86%. Planned expansion was yearling data for replacement heifers 22.58% and collecting mature cow weights at calf weaning 20.97%. Overall, responding cattle producers indicated the internet-based system was definitely meeting their needs 88.0%.
15 Climate Change and the Evolving Fulani Pastoralists Cattle Production System in Nigeria: A Need to Retool Extension and Innovation Services
Authors: Omotayo Akinwumi , Bolden-Tiller Olga , Okere Chukuemeka 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Fulani pastoralists of Nigeria, as in other parts of West Africa, are traditionally semi- sedentary or nomadic herders, and are often described as the largest nomadic group in the world. The combined effects of climate change and instability due to terrorist activities have led to massive displacement of many Nigerian Fulani households to Southwestern Nigeria in search of refuge, pasture and water for their cattle. The objective of this project was to examine the current Fulani cattle production system. In addition to obtaining data via focus groups and direct observation, a survey was administered to members of 600 Fulani pastoralist households to determine cattle production techniques and herding strategies adopted. The observation period occurred over a 24 month period in three Southwestern Nigeria states (Ogun, Kwara and Oyo). Herding activities were mapped by using hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain the coordinates of grazing routes and settlements. The results showed that the Fulani operate a system of male social contract and kinship networks in labor utilization and movement of herds. Among semi-sedentary and sedentary groups, the grazing orbit was usually within 5km to 10km radius of the settlement, depending on the season. Of the households observed, very few had access to tap or treated water (0.9% in Oyo, 1.4% in Ogun and 0.2% in Kwara). In Ogun, rivers and streams provided water for the largest number of households, while in Kwara, hand-dug wells were the largest providers. In Oyo, streams and rivers provided water for a large percentage of the Fulani households. In addition to a lack of basic water infrastructure, the results further revealed low productivity of cattle due to poor management and the utilization of cattle breeds with low genetic potential. It is recommended that micro-ranches, enhanced by extension services that provide training on cattle management, be implemented for this population.
50 Effects of acclimation on cattle response to humans while being handled
Authors: Hemphill Corban H , Reuter Ryan R , Neel James P , Goodman Laura 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of previous human interaction on the behavior of beef cows while they are being handled. To achieve this, 84 F-1 Angus x Brahman cows were randomly assigned to one of two human interaction treatments. The positive human-animal interaction group (P) was subjected to daily contact with a herdsman (on foot) for 15 minutes and was fed supplement by the herdsman. The control group (N) was checked daily and fed from a vehicle, with no direct human interaction. Each acclimation procedure was replicated in 2 pastures/herds (n = 16 to 26 cows in each herd). During routine processing times for these herds (d 0, 256, and 317), herds were gathered from their pastures and temperament was assessed. Chute and alley scores were assigned to individual animals by the same trained observer and ranged from 1 (calm) to 5 (aggressive). Chute exit velocity was also measured. Temperament variables were evaluated with ANOVA as a split plot with acclimation procedure in the whole plots and pasture as the whole-plot experimental unit, and processing time in the split plot. Neither human interaction (P = 0.99) nor time (P = 0.13) affected chute exit velocity. Chute score increased through time (P = 0.01) but was not affected by human interaction (P = 0.70). Alley score was not affected by human interaction (P = 0.32) or time (P = 0.81). Neither time nor the specific type of human acclimation we implemented affected cattle temperament, indicating other traits may be more important. Alternatively, different acclimation procedures may be more effective to improve cattle temperament.
80 Evaluation of extended release eprinomectin efficacy on multiparous beef cow performance
Authors: Zammit Laine , Powell Jermey G , Cauble Reagan N , Lester Toby D , Lichtenwalter Callan , Herring Ellen , McGuire Clay , Pickett Autumn T , Wray Eva , Tucker Christopher 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Internal parasitism inevitability prompts economic loss in beef cattle production by decreasing growth performance and reproductive traits. Previous studies have conflicting results on the macrocyclic lactones (ML) efficacy against internal parasitism. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of milbeymycin and avermectin sub groups of ML on cow performance. Multiparous fall calving, crossbred beef cows (n = 106) were allocated randomly to 1 of 3 anthelmintic treatments: 1) Negative control (CON), in which cows did not receive an anthelmintic, 2) Injectable moxidectin (MOX) and 3) Injectable extended release eprinomectin (ERE). Body weights (BW), body condition scores (BCS), and fecal egg counts (FEC) were taken throughout the duration of the calving season to weaning on d0, d80, d162, and d217, with weaning occurring on d217. Performance data were analyzed using the MIXED procedures of SAS, and pregnancy data were analyzed using the GENMOD procedures of SAS. Significance was fixed at P &lt; 0.05 and tendencies were established from 0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10. There was no effect of anthelmintic treatment on cow BW (P ≥ 0.57) or cow BCS (P ≥ 0.22) during the 217 d study; however, CON cows tended to have lower BCS (P = 0.08) throughout the duration of the study. Cows treated with ERE had fewer FEC compared to MOX and CON groups (P ≤ 0.001) and tended to improve pregnancy rates (c2 = 0.0546). Calf weaning weight was similar among treatments averaging 216, 225, and 223 kg regarding CON, MOX, and ERE cow treatments, respectively.
12 Carcass Attributes and Performance of Poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus) fed Olive Pomace
Authors: Conn Benny J , Snokhous Payton , Carter Ethan , Urso Phil , Legako Jerrad F , Kelley Stanley F , Beverly Marcy M , Anderson Mark 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In livestock production systems, feed is the most expensive production input. The goal of any producer is to find feed that provides a balance of nutrients to meet requirements for maintenance, growth, and performance while efficiently contributing favorable carcass attributes at a low cost. Olive pomace, a by-product of the olive industry, can serve as a source of fat (14%), protein (3.6%), and fiber (44.5%). The objective of this study was to determine adipose tissue content and sensory attributes of chicken breast (Phase I), as well as determine growth of growing chickens fed a mixture of commercial feed and olive pomace (Phase II). In Phase I, mature broilers were fed rations consisting of 25%, 50%, and 75% olive pomace blended with standard poultry feed for 27d. After harvest, a fat sample was taken for fatty acid analysis, and a breast was taken from each bird for sensory analysis. The only difference in fatty acid composition was in the 50% treatment, which had lower amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and higher amounts of decanoic acid. No significant differences were detected between treatment groups in the sensory analysis (P = 0.79). The young chickens (n = 40) were divided into three groups and fed a standard diet (control), or a standard diet with either 25% or 75% replaced with olive pomace. They were fed ad libitum for 35d; total feed consumed was measured daily and bodyweight (BW) was recorded weekly. No difference was detected between control and 25% in BW, but the 75% was lighter (P &lt; 0.01) than the other groups. Additionally, 75% consumed more feed (0.91/lb/bird/d; P &lt; 0.01) than any other group with no difference between control (0.64/lb/bird/d) and 25% (0.71/lb/bird/d). The results show that olive pomace can be utilized in chicken rations and will not affect growth or the quality of the end product.
23 Comparison of vaginal microbiome and concentrations of estradiol at artificial insemination in Brangus heifers
Authors: Messman Riley D , Contreras-Correa Zully , Paz Henry A , Perry George , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The knowledge surrounding the bovine vaginal microbiome and its implications on fertility and reproductive traits remains incomplete. The objective of the current study was to characterize the bovine vaginal microbiome and estradiol concentrations at time of artificial insemination (AI). Brangus heifers (n = 78) underwent a 7-day Co-Synch + CIDR estrus synchronization protocol. At AI, a double guarded uterine culture swab was used to sample the anterior vaginal tract. Blood samples were collected by coccygeal venipuncture to determine concentrations of estradiol. Heifers were retrospectively classified as pregnant (n = 29) versus nonpregnant (n = 49) on day 35. Lastly, heifers were classified into low (1.1 - 2.5 pg/ml; n = 21), medium (2.6 - 6.7 pg/ml; n = 30), and high (7.2 - 17.6 pg/ml; n = 27) concentrations of estradiol. The vaginal bacterial community composition was determined through sequencing of the V4-V5 region from the 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina Miseq platform. ANOVA was used to compare the diversity metrics between treatment groups. PERMANOVA was utilized to determine variation in community structure. There were no statistical differences in the Shannon diversity index (alpha diversity; P = 0.336) or principal component analysis (beta diversity; P = 0.744) of pregnant versus nonpregnant animals. The vaginal microbiome of pregnant and nonpregnant animals was similar with the four most abundant phyla being Tenericutes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes. Overall bacterial community composition in animals with high, medium, or low concentrations of estradiol did not differ (P = 0.512). These results indicate that concentration of estradiol does not impact vaginal microbiome composition. In conclusion, the composition of the bovine vaginal microbiome, although dynamic, may not be directly linked to an animal’s reproductive ability.