bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abattoirs – A Hidden Centre for Livestock Genetic Resources Loss in Nigeria
Authors: KHALEEL ALIYU GARBA , Nasir Mudassir , Salisu Nasiru , Abdullahi Auwalu Yusuf , Saidu Sulaiman Shehu , Saleh Ahmadu , Ahmad-Syazni Kamarudin 
Published: November 2020

Nigeria is naturally blessed with wide diversity of native animal genetic resources. Indigenous ruminant livestock such as cattle, camel, donkey, sheep and goat contributes largely in both protein supply, revenue generation and national economy. In Nigeria, these animal resources are mismanaged and undermined through the indiscriminate slaughter of pregnant animals and foetal losses in abattoirs. This unethical practice resulted in the loss of genetic diversity, preferred traits and superior females ruminant animals. The current research focus on reported incidences across abattoirs, which is a centre where such practice is highly occurs within the country. Lack of modern facilities, law enforcement, poor management and animal welfare in abattoirs to protect pregnant animals are among few factors responsible for an increase in incidences. It is unprofitable to continue the tradition of pregnant animal slaughter that causes foetal losses. This is a condition that significantly threatens the animal genetic resources and general livestock industry in Nigeria. This practice must be discard with a proper conservation and documentation of these valuable animal genetic resources. Both long and short terms conservation programs must aim for substantial benefits of these resources. Laws must be enforced with strict penalties to those involved in pregnant animal slaughter. Genetic resources of these species and meat industry future could be safe with proper implementation of these laws and conservation measures.
Formation of GW190521 via Gas Accretion onto Population III Stellar Black Hole Remnants Born in High-redshift Minihalos
Authors: Safarzadeh Mohammadtaher , Haiman Zoltán 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The recent gravitational-wave merger event, GW190521, has challenged our understanding of stellar-mass black hole (BH) formation. The primary and secondary BHs are both inferred to fall inside the pair-instability (PI) mass gap. Here we propose that the formation of such binaries is possible through gas accretion onto the BH remnants of Population III stars born in high-redshift (z > 10) minihalos. Once the parent halo has grown to the atomic-cooling limit, even brief episodes of gas accretion in the dense central regions of the halo can increase the masses of Population III remnant BHs above the PI limit. Starting with a binary black hole (BBH) with an initial mass of O(100) M
⊙ we find that it would only need to spend about 100 Myr in the inner few parsecs of an atomic-cooling halo to accrete about 50 M
⊙ of material and resemble a system similar to GW190521. The dynamical friction timescale for the binary to sink to the dense inner region of its parent halo is comparable or shorter than the accretion timescale required to increase their mass above the PI limit. Once in the core of the halo, the binary can enter a phase of hyper-Eddington accretion, where it would only take a few thousand years to exceed the PI limit through accretion. Even more massive BBHs could form through this channel, and be detectable by detectors with improved low-frequency sensitivity. Single Population III BH remnants would also grow through accretion and could later form binaries dynamically. As little as a few percent of Population III BH remnants may be sufficient to match the rate of massive BBH mergers inferred from GW190521 of

.
Effect of Clay Minerals Heterogeneity on Wettability Measurements: Implications for CO2 Storage
Authors: Fauziah Cut Aja , Al-Khdheeawi Emad A. , Iglauer Stefan , Barifcani Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Surfaces heterogeneity is a well-investigated fact and it represents a fundamental characteristic of the rock surfaces. Many factors are responsible for this surfaces heterogeneity such as the existence of impurities, surface roughness, the arrangement of the local crystalline, and the variation in crystal faces. Although the presence of clay minerals heterogeneity has been proven previously, its effect on the wettability measurements and the CO2 storage capacity has not been studied yet. Thus, in this paper, we therefore systematically measured the contact angle (wettability) of pure clay minerals (i.e. montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite) and mixed clay mineral (i.e. 14 wt% kaolinite, 48 wt% illite and 38 wt% montmorillonite) for CO2/brine systems. For both pure and mixed clay minerals, advancing and receding contact angles were measured at various pressures (5 MPa, 10 MPa, 15 MPa and 20 MPa) and temperatures (305 K and 333 K). The results show that clay minerals heterogeneity has a significant effect on the wettability measurements. The contact angles increase with increasing pressure for both pure clays and mixed clay. However, there is a slight increase in contact angles of pure clays as the pressure increases, compared to the mixed clay. For instance, the advancing contact angles have been increased from 77⁰ to 110⁰, 53⁰ to 67⁰, and 41⁰ to 57⁰ for pure montmorillonite, illite and kaolinite, respectively, by increasing the pressure from 5 MPa to 20 MPa. Meanwhile, the contact angle of mixed clay has been increased from 47⁰ to 93⁰ (i.e. the wettability of the mixed clay minerals has been altered from weakly water-wet to intermediate-wet) at the same pressures increase (from 5 MPa to 20 MPa). Furthermore, the results illustrate that the contact angle of both pure and mixed clay slightly reduce with increasing temperature from 305 K and 333 K. Thus, we conclude that clay minerals heterogeneity affects the clay wettability and leads to increase the contact angle at high pressures. Consequently, clay minerals heterogeneity reduce the CO2 storage capacity and containment security at high pressures. This study has important implications for deep geological carbon sequestration, CO2 dynamics and spreading in the geological reservoir.
Effects of Structured Aerobic Exercise on Selected Clinical Profiles of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ekechukwu Nmachukwu Ifeoma , Anwara Stella Udumma , Mgbeojedo Ukamaka Gloria , Chijioke Olive U. , Onwukwe Okechukwu Steven , Ezugwu Uchechukwu Anthonia , Ekechukwu Echezona Nelson Dominic , Okoronkwo Ijeoma L. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This review sought to examine the pooled effects of Aerobic Exercise (AeroEx) on the glycemic, lipid, cardiovascular, and anthropometric profiles as well as the quality of life (QoL) of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Major electronic databases were searched systematically to identify randomized controlled studies that examined the effects of AeroEx in with T2DM. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis was performed on a given outcome when appropriate. Twelve trials fulfilled the selection criteria. Most of the studies prescribed AeroEx using treadmill (41.7%) or cycle ergometer (58.3%), at a moderate training intensity (58.3%) for ≥3 days/week (100%), 41–60 min/day (66.7%) and for ≥16 weeks (41.6%). Meta-analysis showed a significant effect on glycemic profiles (glycated hemoglobin [SMD = –2.06; CI = –2.34, –1.79], fasting blood glucose [SMD = –1.20; CI = –1.45, –0.95]), lipid profiles (total cholesterol [SMD = –1.35; CI = –1.58, –1.12], low-density lipoprotein [LDL] [SMD = –0.67; CI = –1.22, –0.12]), cardiovascular profiles (maximum oxygen consumption [SMD = 0.58; CI = 0.20, 0.96], diastolic blood pressure [SMD = –0.40; CI = –0.60, –0.21]), anthropometric profiles (percentage body fat [SMD = –1.09; CI = –1.37, –0.82], BMI [SMD = –1.81; CI = –2.16, –0.87]) and QoL (SMD = 2.23; CI = 1.56, 2.90) in favor of AeroEx. In conclusion, chronic AeroEx with moderate intensity induces glycemic control, regulates the lipid profiles, promotes cardiovascular health, and improves overall QoL of patients with T2DM.
Conflict of Interest in Physician–Pharmaceutical Industry Interactions
Authors: Ezeome Ijeoma Victoria 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Collaboration between physicians and the pharmaceutical, medical device, and biotechnology industries results in the development of products of great benefit to the public. However, when these interactions negatively influence professional judgments at the expense of the goals of medicine, it becomes a cause of great concern. The objective of this simple review was to bring to the fore the conflicts that exist between these two important areas of patient care and to suggest ways to prevent it in Nigeria. A literature search in the PubMed, Medline, and Web of Science databases was done using the terms conflict of interest, physician, pharmaceutical, medical practice, detailing, biomedical research, bioethics, prescribing pattern, singly or in combination to identify relevant articles. The results are arranged based on the themes of related published articles. This review shows that interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry have multiple areas of conflict ranging from reduction in the quality of patient care, loss of objectivity in professional education, scientific integrity, and the public’s trust in medicine. Interaction between pharmaceutical sales representatives (PSRs) and physicians commonly occur in Nigeria, affecting prescribing behavior. There is no specific regulation in place to protect against ensuing conflicts. There is a need to put in place educational programs to increase awareness among physicians of the effects of such interactions, while also instituting and implementing stringent policies curtailing physician–pharmaceutical industry and PSR relationships.
Impact of Sleep Patterns on the Academic Performance of Medical Students of College of Medicine, University of Nigeria
Authors: Agu Augustine Uchechukwu , Esom Emmanuel Anayochukwu , Chime Samuel Chukwudi , Anyaeji Pamela Somke , Anyanwu Godson Emeka , Obikili Emmanuel Nebeuwa 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Sleep is necessary for physical and cognitive health; these functions are susceptible to be impaired by sleep deprivation. This study evaluated the sleep patterns of the medical students and the impact they have on their academic performance.

Materials and Methods:
One hundred and ninety-three third-year medical students (122 males and 73 females) participated in the study. The students’ sleep patterns were obtained through a structured questionnaire which was divided into two sections: section 1 was used to obtain the students’ demographic data, and section 2 was used to determine the students’ sleep durations, latency, and qualities. Data on their academic performance were obtained from the results of their second-year MBBS professional examination. Descriptive analysis was done and associations between academic performance and the variables were determined using Student’s t-test, χ
2 tests, and Spearman’s correlation test.

Results:
Fifty-nine percent of the students were sleep-deprived and 41% slept for 6 h or more, 42% had sleep latency of less than 10 min, and 60% frequently or sometimes wakeup at night, while 44.1% felt sleepy during school hours. The academic performance correlated positively with sleep duration (P < 0.001), whereas the correlation with sleep latency and quality was negative. The students who were sleep-deprived had poor academic performance and those with short sleep latency had a better academic performance.

Conclusion:
Poor sleep duration, long sleep latency, and poor sleep qualities negatively affected the academic performance of the students.
Lower Limb Amputations in Nigeria
Authors: Onwuasoigwe Okechukwu , Okwesili Ikechukwu C. , Onyebulu Leonard O. , Nnadi Emmanuel C. , Nwosu Arinze D.G. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
The most common indication for lower limb amputations in Nigeria is not known. Almost all studies on amputations in Nigeria considered lower and upper extremities together and report varying leading indications. Major lower limb amputation imposes a significant health burden on the patient and deserves effort at its prevention. The aim of the present study was to determine the predominant indication and patterns of lower limb amputations from a Nigerian premier teaching hospital to enable appropriate preventive recommendations.

Materials and Methods:
The operative records of patients who underwent lower limb amputation surgeries in the premier University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, east of Nigeria, between January 2013 and December 2017 were retrospectively analyzed for the indications, levels of amputations, and patient characteristics.

Results:
Ninety-three unilateral lower limb amputations were performed within the 5-year period. There were 52 (55.9%) males with an M:F ratio of 1.3:1. The mean age of the patients was 52.23 years. Trans-tibial amputation was more commonly performed (51.6%), followed by trans-femoral (45.2%). Diabetic foot (DF) gangrene constituted the dominant indication (57%) and accounted for 54.8% of all the major amputations. The next common indication was tumors (19.3%). Foot gangrene from diabetes and from nondiabetic peripheral arterial diseases (10.8%) accounted for 67.8% of the indications.

Conclusions:
Major lower limb amputations predominate from this study, with peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs), especially due to diabetes mellitus, being the leading cause. Appropriate public health advocacy on DF complications and establishment of comprehensive multidisciplinary foot-care services, capable of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of early DF lesions, will help reduce the incidence of DF gangrene. This measure will, no doubt, lower the high rate of major lower limb amputations.
Forms of Commercial Companies and Partnerships Designed for Municipal Services Management by the Commune in Polish law: The Legislation as it Stands (de lege lata) and as it should Stand (de lege ferenda)
Authors: Kozieł Grzegorz 
Published: November 2020

The article points to the forms of commercial companies and partnerships, provided for in Polish law, i.e. the Act of 2000 – Commercial Companies Code in conjunction with the provisions of the Act of 1996 on municipal services management, that can be used by a commune to run municipal services management – in particular in the procedure of their incorporation or accession to them by the commune (or holding their shares) – both in the public sphere and outside that sphere, taking into account the diverse views expressed in the literature so far relating to that issues, and extended from March 2021 based on the Act of 2019 amending the Commercial Companies Code with simple joint stock company, a catalogue of commercial companies and partnerships in general, the legal relationship between the provisions of Articles 2, 9 and 10 Act on municipal economy, the specific conditions for the incorporation (and acceding to) by the commune (or holding share rights) of commercial companies/partnerships outside the public service sphere, as well as related legal categories of companies/partnerships acting for the benefit of local government and other companies/partnerships important for the development of the commune, as well as proposals for the law as it should stand (de lege ferenda) in this area.
A Primary Care Provider’s Guide to Preventive Health After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Milligan James , Burns Stephen , Groah Suzanne , Howcroft Jeremy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: Provide guidance for preventive health and health maintenance after spinal cord injury (SCI) for primary care providers (PCPs). Main message: Individuals with SCI may not receive the same preventive health care as the general population. Additionally, SCI-related secondary conditions may put their health at risk. SCI is considered a complex condition associated with many barriers to receiving quality primary care. Attention to routine preventive care and the unique health considerations of persons with SCI can improve health and quality of life and may prevent unnecessary health care utilization. Conclusion: PCPs are experts in preventive care and continuity of care, however individuals with SCI may not receive the same preventive care due to numerous barriers. This article serves as a quick reference for PCPs.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN NANOEMULSI EKSTRAK DAUN MANGROVE Avicennia Marina DENGAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL SEBAGAI FASE MINYAK
Authors: Budiarto Widi , Rochmah Nikmah Nuur , Setiyabudi Lulu 
Published: November 2020

Mangrove Avicennia marina merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang dapat memberikan manfaat, yakni memiliki aktivitas antimalaria, aktivitas sitotoksik, anti nematoda, antibakterial dan antiviral. Bentuk sediaan dengan penghantaran yang buruk dapat menurunkan bioavailabilitas dan menyebabkan obat tidak dapat menghasilkan efek terapi secara optimal. Nanoemulsi mempunyai beberapa keunggulan, diantaranya transparan sehingga secara estetika lebih menarik, memiliki viskositas rendah sehingga saat diaplikasikan lebih mudah menyebar pada kulit dan stabil secara termodinamika. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan metanol sebagai pelarut. Nanoemulsi dibuat menjadi 3 formula dengan konsentrasi VCO pada F1 1,96 gr; F2 2,16 gr; dan F3 2,36 gr sebagai fase minyak, sorbitol, polisorbat 80. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui karakteristik fisik serta stabilitas nanoemulsi. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh yaitu formulasi sediaan nanooemulsi ekstrak daun Avicennia marina memiliki karakteristik fisik berupa nanooemulsi tipe (m/a), dengan nilai pH berkisar antara 4 - 5, dan indeks turbiditas 78,4% - 98,9%. Sediaan stabil setelah dilakukan cycling test.
Identifikasi Zat Pewarna Makanan Rhodamin B Pada Jajanan Mie Lidi Di Sekolah Kecamatan Ajibarang Kabupeten Banyumas 2020
Authors: Khumaeni Eko Hidayaturrohman , Ubanayo Kristian , Karomah Yulia Maulidatul 
Published: November 2020

Mie lidi merupakan salah satu makanan ringan yang dijual dengan warna menarik, harganya murah sehingga digemari oleh anak-anak. Pewarna sintetis yang sering digunakan adalah rhodamin B. Tujuan penelitian: untuk mengetahui cara memisahkan zat rhodamin B dalam mie lidi, metode analisis yang tepat untuk menguji zat rhodamin B dalam mie lidi dan kadar rhodamin B yang terkandung dalam sampel mie lidi. Sampel mie lidi diambil di tiga sekolah kecamatan Ajibarang. Metode penelitian deskriptif dengan melakukan observasi. Variabel Penelitian variabel bebas, variabel terikat, variabel terkendali. Hasil uji KLT sampel A merah gelap Rf 0,85 ; sampel B kuning keruh Rf 0,69; sampel C merah terang Rf 0,77; standar Rhodamin merah muda Rf 0,78. Artinya sampel C positif karena nilai Rf sampel = Rf standar Rhodamin B. Hasil uji SPEKTRO UV-VIS absorbansi Ekstrak sampel diperoleh 0,175 pada panjang gelombang 555 nm. Berdasarkan nilai absorbansi yang diperoleh dapat diketahui bahwa konsentrasi sampel sebesar -0,1840 ppm. kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat Rhodamin B dalam sampel yang kuantitasnya sangat kecil hingga hasil dari perhitungan kadar menunjukkan nilai minus (-). Hal ini dikarenakan ekstrak sampel yang diperoleh memiliki kepekatan yang sangat rendah sehingga nilai absorbansinya (y) lebih kecil dari nilai konstanta (a).
Leadership Qualities to Foster a Sustainable South African Democracy
Authors: Lues Liezel 
Published: November 2020

A democracy requires leaders who demonstrate skills that will strengthen the dispensation, set an example and gain respect, nationally and internationally. Since 1994, South Africa (SA) has had three presidents, each responsible for shaping the country according to his own unique approach. Their leadership has played a crucial role in determining the future of the country over the past 23 years, some areas have been strengthened, but unfortunately others have become weaker than before. It seems that President Nelson Mandela focused on reconciliation. The approach of Thabo Mbeki, his successor, was strategically different in that it focused on the realization of the importance of economic development and wealth creation. During the consequent Zuma era, the concept of leadership was transformed to focus on charisma and populism.
The aim of this paper is to review the fundamental, prevailing leadership approaches in SA in the period since the country became a democracy in 1994. The challenges facing South African leaders will be clustered in two themes, namely leadership and economy. Against this backdrop, a theoretical, yet practical discussion is conducted in an attempt to answer the following question: What fundamental leadership qualities are required to ensure a sustainable democracy in the Southern African context?
JPMA-2020-01-184 Association analysis of -429T/C receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetic retinopathy and serum soluble RAGE levels in Pakistani patients
Authors: Shazia Qayyum  , Muhammad Afzal  , Abdul Khaliq Naveed  , Admin  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the association of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) gene polymorphism 429T/C (rs1800625) with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and serum soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels in Pakistani patients with Type 2 diabetes.
Methods: A case-control study, conducted from January 2017 to December 2018, including 150 healthy controls (HC), 150 diabetics without retinopathy (DWR) and 150 DR patients. Ethical approval was taken from Ethics Review Committee of Islamic International Medical College - Riphah International University (RIU). Genotyping for 429T/C was done by Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system – polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR). Serum sRAGE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data was analysed to calculate descriptive and inferential statistics to compare genotype/allelic frequencies, biochemical markers and serum sRAGE among three study groups.
Results: The frequency of TT, TC and CC genotypes of 429T/C polymorphism were: 91.3%, 6.7%, 2% in HC, 88.6%, 8.7%, 2.7% in DWR and 84.7%, 12.0%, 3.3 % in DR groups. No significant association of 429T/C genotypic and allelic frequencies with DWR and DR along with its subtypes, non- proliferative (NPDR) and proliferative (PDR) was observed. Upon further stratifying NPDR into mild, moderate and severe, an association of heterozygous TC with severe NPDR was observed compared to DWR in univariate and multinomial regression analysis. Serum sRAGE levels were significantly high in PDR patients compared to DWR and were positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in DR group.
Patient-related factors associated with severe heat-related illnesses in Karachi: A hospital perspective
Authors: Saima Kanwal  , Sara Sajid  , Noreen Nasir  , Syed Ahsan  , Aysha Almas  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In 2015, Karachi saw its first ever epidemic of severe heat-related illnesses that resulted in an extraordinary number of hospital admissions, especially in the intensive care, for fatal heat stroke within-hospital mortality of 3.7%.We conducted this study to elucidate the patient-related factors that lead to an increase in hospital admissions with heat-related illnesses in a tertiary care hospital. It was a descriptive case series conducted in the department of medicine at the Aga Khan University in June 2015. A total of 134 patients were admitted with heat-related illnesses of which 76(56.7%) were males. The mean age of the patients was 66 ±14.5 years. Heatstroke was present in 86 (64.2%) patients, followed by heat exhaustion in 48 (35.8%) and in-hospital mortality from heat-related illnesses was 5(3.7%). Continuous...