bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity and Reliability of the Pediatric Patient-Reported Outcomes version of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
Authors: Reeve Bryce B , McFatrich Molly , Mack Jennifer W , Maurer Scott H , Jacobs Shana S , Freyer David R , Withycombe Janice S , Baker Justin N , Castellino Sharon M , Lin Li , Lucas Nicole R , Hinds Pamela S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) measurements linked to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading may improve symptom adverse event (AE) reporting in pediatric oncology trials. We evaluated construct validity, responsiveness, and test-retest reliability of the Ped-PRO–CTCAE measurement system for children and adolescents undergoing cancer care.

Methods
A total of 482 children and adolescents (7–18 years, 41.5% not non-Hispanic white) newly diagnosed with cancer and their caregivers participated from nine pediatric oncology hospitals. Surveys were completed at 72 hours preceding treatment initiation (T1) and at follow-up (T2) approximately 7–17 days later for chemotherapy, and 4+ weeks for radiation. Psychometric analyses examined the relationship of Ped-PRO-CTCAE items (assessing 62 symptom AEs) with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System, Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Lansky Play-Performance Scale, and medication use. A separate test-retest study included 46 children.

Results
Ped-PRO-CTCAE and Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale were strongly correlated across age groups at T2: 7–12 years (r = 0.62–0.80), 13–15 years (r = 0.44–0.94), and 16–18 years (r = 0.65–0.98); and over time. The Ped-PRO-CTCAE was strongly correlated with Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Pediatric measures at T2; for example, pain interference (r = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64 to 0.76), fatigue severity (r = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.69), and depression severity (r = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.81). Ped-PRO-CTCAE items differentiated children by Lansky Play-Performance Scale and by medication use. Test-retest agreement ranged from 54.3% to 93.5%.

Conclusions
This longitudinal study provided evidence for the construct validity and reliability of the core Ped-PRO-CTCAE symptom AE items relative to several established measures. Additional responsiveness data with clinical anchors are recommended. Incorporation of Ped-PRO-CTCAE in trials may lead to a better understanding of the cancer treatment experience.
Transmesocolon internal hernia masking as simple sigmoid volvulus
Authors: Beh Han N , Ongso Yuni F , Koong David B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Transmesocolon internal hernias are very rare causes of bowel obstruction. Transmesenteric internal hernias normally associated with small bowel. It can be challenging to diagnose transmesocolon internal hernia hence we present a 93-year-old patient who was misdiagnosed with simple sigmoid volvulus on CT abdomen. She underwent endoscopic colonic decompression. Patient continued to deteriorate in the ward, and CT abdomen was repeated; it revealed the cause of the sigmoid volvulus was due to a defect through transverse mesocolon resulting in internal hernia. Patient was diagnosed with transmesocolic internal hernia with sigmoid volvulus. Patient underwent emergency laparotomy and Hartmann procedure. Transmesocolic internal hernia can be easily missed and needs to be considered when diagnosing patients with large bowel volvulus or obstruction.
13C17O suggests gravitational instability in the HL Tau disc
Authors: Booth Alice S , Ilee John D 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the first detection of the $^{13}\text{C}^{17}\text{O}$ J = 3–2 transition toward the HL Tau protoplanetary disc. We find significantly more gas mass (at least a factor of 10 higher) than has been previously reported using $\text{C}^{18}\text{O}$ emission. This brings the observed total disc mass to 0.2 M⊙, which we consider to be a conservative lower limit. Our analysis of the Toomre Q profile suggests that this brings the disc into the regime of gravitational instability. The radial region of instability (50–110 au) coincides with the location of a proposed planet-carved gap in the dust disc, and a spiral in the gas. We therefore propose that if the origin of the gap is confirmed to be due to a forming giant planet, then it is likely to have formed via the gravitational fragmentation of the protoplanetary disc.
Multisensory modulation of body ownership in mice
Authors: Buckmaster Christine L , Rathmann-Bloch Julia E , de Lecea Luis , Schatzberg Alan F , Lyons David M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Body ownership is a fundamental aspect of self-consciousness that reflects more than the presence of physical body parts. As demonstrated by the rubber hand illusion (RHI), human brains construct body ownership experiences using available multisensory information. Experimental conditions similar to those that induce the RHI in humans have been recently adapted to induce the rubber tail illusion (RTI) in mice. Here, we show that the RTI is enhanced in both sexes of mice by repetitive synchronous stroking comprised of correlated visual and tactile stimulation of real and rubber tails compared to visual-only mimicked stroking conducted without tactile stimulation. The RTI also appears to be enhanced in female but not male mice by slow compared to fast stroking that reflects an interoceptive manipulation associated with affective touch in humans. Sex differences in slow stroking effects are exploratory and require replication in mice. Sex differences have not been reported for the RHI in healthy humans, but women rate slow stroking as more affectively pleasant compared to the ratings of men. Results suggest that the RHI in humans resembles aspects of the RTI in mice. Studies of mice may therefore provide neurobiological insights on evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of bodily self-consciousness in humans.
Sights and Sounds of Characters
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Images are a key tool in the creation of public characters. The bulging biceps of a hero’s sculpture, a line that makes a villain squint slightly in a political poster, the high-pitched squeak of a minion: a few tiny visual or aural details can suggest a character in the blink of an eye. Florence launched civic humanism and republican ideology with an extensive program of public sculpture in the new squares it built in the fifteenth century, using David as a republican hero against tyranny. Artists have refined our visual vocabulary for character work ever since. This chapter also shows how music suggests power or morality in the characters it portrays.
Ridicule and Contempt for Minions
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents minions as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims, and minions. Character work tends to portray the weakness of victims—paradigmatically women and children—as the lack of physical power, whereas the weakness of minions lies more in their ineptitude and in an overexcitability that undermines effective action. Inept characters cannot be too threatening and thus need not be punished or repressed too thoroughly. They will go away, self-destruct, or see the error of their ways with little outside intervention. It is hard to blame them. Villains are the real threat. Portraying one’s opponents as ineffectual is a way to discourage their potential backers and to undermine their own confidence, but it also may relax and demobilize one’s own team.
We Admire Heroes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Opening with a discussion of eulogies for John McCain, this chapter presents heroes as part of a typology of primary characters including heroes, villains, victims, and minions. Strong, good, and active, heroes are the players who must set things right and protect others. Heroes struggle, which is why they are admirable—and also why they need others’ cooperation, votes, or financial support. The combination of good and strong leads to bravery, actions that run the risk or reality of self-sacrifice. Hero portraits can remind people of the hero’s past victories, but also of the powerful forces arrayed against her. Strong enough to protect herself, the hero’s goodness requires that she act on behalf of others as well. This is the difference between heroism and success: an individual’s accomplishments, such as earning a fortune, may not help anyone else. Because strong figures can be threatening, character work on a hero highlights her goodness and willingness to sacrifice herself for others.
From Victims to Heroes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at an important transformation, when victims manage to become heroes, addressing several ways that groups can jump the boundary from victim to hero. It discusses the intentional suffering of martyrs and saints. They are heroes by example, as their pointed sacrifice becomes a form of power for those who have no other. The chapter also looks at heroes of endurance and resistance. Their resistance, by surviving rather than dying, counters the traditional expectations of passivity and weakness from sufferers. It discusses the gendered dimensions of this heroism. In the transformation from victims to heroes, oppressed and injured groups face an essential dilemma: They need the sympathy that victimhood brings but also the strength to fight back. The chapter draws on a range of examples of attempts to solve this tension: including the Palestinian concept of sumud, guerrilla warfare, and survivors of child sexual abuse.
Beyond Characters?
Authors: Jasper James M. , Young Michael P. , Zuern Elke 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses a number of ways that traditional public characters have evolved to correspond with the way that moderns picture blame and causality. It looks at the decline of heroes and villains in this supposed post-heroic era. It turns to the ways that the essentialism of character work is challenged, through various attitudes that range from medicalization and skepticism through cynicism and irony. It discusses the ridicule of flat characters, the dispersal of blame in a risk society, and the invention of new terms for circumstantial victims like trauma, patients, and abnormal. It argues that these new characterizations do not escape the essential triad of villain, victim, and hero. Public characters may have changed in some ways, but they are not obsolete. And, despite modern skepticism about the traditional language of characters, heroes thrive in today’s new nationalism with leaders like Vladimir Putin, Viktor Orban, and Donald Trump.
The Economics of Disconnected Adults and Unstable Families
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the ways in which harsh economic forces have undermined the stability of American families. The fragile families that the 1965 Moynihan Report identified as a phenomenon limited to poor, urban African American families in the next two decades spread to the underclass of all races as economic inequality and insecurity expanded in the United States. Since then, as economic restructuring has increasingly decimated the job opportunities of the working class, their families too have become destabilized. The end result is that marriage rates have plummeted among poor and working-class families, while rates of divorce and nonmarital births have skyrocketed. American families are now the most unstable in the world, at considerable cost to the well-being of adults and, particularly, children. While some commentators, including J. D. Vance, have argued that the problems of the poor and working class derive from cultural rather than economic sources, clear analysis shows the roots of these problems are firmly planted in the economic domain.
How We Fail Our Children Part I—The Caretaking Young Children Need
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A question for any thriving society is how to ensure that children have the things they need to do their best. Two different approaches, pro-family policy and free-market family policy, claim to satisfy children’s needs well. Countries with pro-family policy go out of their way to make it easy for parents to spend time with their children when kids most need it, as well as to provide them high-quality caretaking while parents work, and generous material support. In contrast, under free-market family policy, the United States expects parents to negotiate these conditions on their own, privately arranging for time off from work, reasonable work hours, caregiving while they work, and enough cash to support their kids. This chapter uses recent research on early childhood development to construct a list of the caretaking conditions that help young children thrive. It then considers the extent to which children receive these conditions under free-market family policy versus pro-family policy. Ultimately, it turns out that by far the biggest casualties of free-market family policy are our children.
Outcomes for Children in the Free-Market Family System
Authors: Eichner Maxine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how US free-market family policy drags children’s outcomes down in a number of different areas, including happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. That’s partly because few children in this system get what they need in their critical first years. And after that, in our profoundly unequal economy, almost all children must contend with the recognition that other families have far more access to material wealth and the opportunities it brings than their own. And as they mature, American youth face the stress of preparing themselves for adulthood in increasingly insecure and unequal economic circumstances. The result is that, no matter where they stand on the economic ladder, US children wind up doing considerably worse than past US children on an array of indicators, as well as far worse than children in countries with pro-family policy.
The Electoral College of 1787
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Electoral College adopted at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 sought a president who would be a consensus choice in the model of George Washington. To produce a consensus choice, the delegates adopted a system that gave each elector two votes and required each elector to vote for two individuals from different states. The hope was that even if electors gave one vote to a home-state favorite, they would give their second vote to a national-consensus candidate. The delegates nonetheless insisted that, to win, a candidate must receive votes from a majority of electors, not merely a plurality.
Hume’s Negative Argument on Induction
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares Hume’s negative arguments on induction in Section 1.3.6 of the Treatise of Human Nature and Section 4 of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. It finds that the argument in the Enquiry is intended to establish a primarily sceptical result, while the argument in the Treatise is intended to establish a primarily psychological result. For one, the surrounding context in the Treatise suggests a more descriptive nature to the argument of THN 1.3.6, while the surrounding context in the Enquiry suggests a more normative nature to the argument of EHU 4. Moreover, the structure of the arguments themselves in these two sections offer further evidence for this difference.
Hume’s Positive Argument on Induction
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter compares Hume’s positive arguments on induction in Section 1.3.6–8 of the Treatise of Human Nature and Section 5 of the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. It finds that EHU 5, unlike the corresponding discussion in the Treatise, begins by seeking to reassure the reader that the positive argument will assuage the spectre of scepticism. The positive argument seems able to perform this role in virtue of its emphasising the truth-conducive nature of custom at the close of EHU 5. This reliability of custom offers an epistemological justification for our inductive practices, despite their not being founded on reason.
The Scepticism of Book 1, Part 4
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the secondary literature on the relationship between Hume’s treatments of scepticism in the Treatise of Human Nature and the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, and briefly outlines the position that while Hume’s starting and finishing epistemological positions are similar between the two, his justifications for reaching such a finishing point differs considerably between the two. It then proceeds to offer a brief overview of THN 1.4.1 (Of Scepticism with Regard to Reason), THN 1.4.2 (Of Scepticism with Regard to the Senses), THN 1.4.3 (Of the Antient Philosophy), and THN 1.4.4 (Of the Modern Philosophy), which are relevant to Hume’s considered treatment of scepticism in THN 1.4.7 (Conclusion of this book).
A Change for the Better
Authors: Qu Hsueh M. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes the case that Hume’s epistemological framework in the Enquiry concerning Human Understanding is superior to that of the Treatise of Human Nature. First, the framework of EHU 12 has strong parallels to contemporary epistemology, in contrast to the Title Principle from THN 1.4.7.11. In particular, aspects of this framework have affinities with Wright-style conservatism, and Steup’s internalist reliabilism. Second, this framework avoids the weaknesses that afflicted the Title Principle: it has adequate foundation, is able to satisfactorily reject superstition, and is founded on truth. Third, unlike its analogue in the Treatise, the epistemological framework of the Enquiry is able to offer a ‘compleat answer’ to Reid and Beattie by denying the common-sense philosophy that is the fundamental basis of their critiques of his philosophy.
Sirènes
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Debussy’s Sirènes is the starting point for a discussion of the wordless voice in music from Debussy through to Saariaho. How should we interpret the idea of the siren voice? As a misogynistic voice (Cavarero), or a dangerously seductive voice (Adorno and Horkeimer) that foregrounds the sonic aspect of language over its signifying aspect? Mallarmé’s Un coup de dès is used to explore the idea of the siren’s voice leading to the shipwreck of language and the breaking up of grammatical order. This is taken as a parallel to Debussy’s call to dissolve tonal grammar towards a more fluid kind of musical logic. Both enable the appearing of a ‘constellation’ of new relations, a key idea for Boulez in the 1950s, from Pli selon pli to the Third Piano Sonata.
Mirrors
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The trope of reflection foregrounds the idea that art is not a representation of reality but its remaking as a heterotopic space (Foucault). Two river paintings of Monet and Matisse’s The Open Window (1905) are explored as studies in the nature of vision and looking, anticipating Merleau-Ponty’s exploration of visuality and our perception of the world. Music since Debussy does something similar, as is shown in Saariaho’s two ‘Nymphéas’ pieces and in Boulez’s Constellation-Miroir from the Third Piano Sonata. The idea of a threshold is explored musically in relation to works from Fauré’s song cycle Mirages (1919) through to Grisey’s last work, Quatre chants pour franchir le seuil (1998). The idea of mirror reflection finds a musical parallel in the idea of sound and echo, central to the development of electro-acoustic music.
“Speculative” Memoir Fragments and Existential Dilemmas
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In Chapter 3, we turn the tables from audiences back to journalists to examine how journalists are narrating their own professional identity through real-time “speculative” memoir fragments. This chapter explores how American and Canadian journalists are struggling with their own personal reckoning and existential crises with respect to issues of truth, subjectivity, and power and how to narrate oneself in a global journalism landscape with multiple colonial histories. Drawing on a range of memoir fragments from a series of behind-the-scenes, first-person animated graphic videos titled Correspondent Confidential that ran on Vice Media and exemplars of “quit lit” (where journalists publicly explain their rationale for leaving journalism or doing it differently), we argue that there is an emergent ethical meta genre concerning how journalists are dealing with the “view from nowhere” in a global journalism context that calls for increased location of identity and interests.
Startup Life
Authors: Callison Candis , Young Mary Lynn 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 shifts the terrain to a prominent women-led journalism startup in an innovation context that has prioritized technological change over social structures and transformation. Science and technology studies frameworks for thinking about repair are necessary to explain how this commercial startup is not just innovating for the sake of saving journalism but to improve journalism as a tool for intervention and responsibility—to “move the needle” on what kinds of work journalism is able to do. These commitments are playing out particularly in fieldwork related to ownership and structuring, professional identity and innovations related to collaboration, and the deliberate focus of the startup on reconciliation as a public good in a settler-colonial society and media in Canada. We complicate the emerging focus in journalism studies on repair and reform as largely a function of the nonprofit and philanthropic journalism sector.
The Qurʾān in the Muslim Academy
Authors: Daneshgar Majid 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which Western Islamic studies in general, and Western Qurʾanic studies in particular written by different scholars, including John Burton, Joseph G. Schacht, Richard Bell, William Montgomery Watt, John Wansbrough, and Andrew Rippin, among others, are received in the Muslim academy. It compares the promotion of Islamic Apologetics and the approaches taken by Christian theology programs in the West. It considers also if and, if so, how, the Qurʾān is read in light of science, technology, and biblical literature. Finally, it tries to describe how the Muslim academy attempts to set apart and keep separate their institutions and publications from those of Westerners.
The Invention of Pastorization
Authors: Velmet Aro 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This chapter charts the expansion of the Pasteur Institute into French Indochina and the emergence of a distinctively Pastorian microbiology during the years of the third great plague pandemic. It follows Alexandre Yersin’s expeditions to Hong Kong and India, his own encounter with the plague in Nha Trang, and his work in developing containment measures for the Indochinese Government-General. The chapter looks at how Pastorian containment methods were integrated into a systematic program at International Sanitary Conferences by experts such as Albert Calmette and Émile Roux. It concludes by looking at how these programs failed to work in practice but nevertheless reinforced French claims of hygienic modernity.