bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the marginal leakage and retention of implant‐supported restorations cemented by four different dental cements
Authors: Saleh Mhammad , Taşar‐Faruk Simge 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundDespite the wide use of implants in dentistry, there is insufficient information about the ideal cement for retention.PurposeTo determine the cement bond strength and marginal leakage of crown and partial denture cemented to implant abutments by four different types of cement.Materials and MethodsEighty‐four direct abutments were divided into eight groups (n = 7). Fifty‐six crown and bridge restorations were cemented using zinc phosphate (ZM), temporary cement (TM), resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cement (GM), and self‐adhesive resin cement (RM). After cementation, thermal cycling and incubation in basic fuchsin dye was applied. The maximum load to failure, marginal leakage, and fracture modes were evaluated.ResultsThe mean of retention strength for the bridges (874 N) was higher than the crown samples (705 N) (P = .005). The mean of retention strength for each cement group was ZM = 1298, RM = 1027, GM = 646, and TM = 187 N (P ≤ .0001). Marginal leakage was recorded in majority of the samples; the highest incidence was detected for ZM samples. The cement fracture was mostly adhesive in nature.ConclusionSelf‐adhesive resin and resin‐modified glass ionomer cement had better mechanical properties to retain implant supported restorations.
Use of surrogate species to cost‐effectively prioritize conservation actions
Authors: Ward Michelle , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Watson James E.M. , Lefevre James , Atkinson Scott , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConservation efforts often focus on umbrella species whose distributions overlap with many other flora and fauna. However, because biodiversity is affected by different threats that are spatially variable, focusing only on the geographic range overlap of species may not be sufficient in allocating the necessary actions needed to efficiently abate threats. We developed a problem‐based method for prioritizing conservation actions for umbrella species that maximizes the total number of flora and fauna benefiting from management while considering threats, actions, and costs. We tested our new method by assessing the performance of the Australian federal government's umbrella prioritization list, which identifies 73 umbrella species as priorities for conservation attention. Our results show that the federal government priority list benefits only 6% of all Australia's threatened terrestrial species. This could be increased to benefit nearly half (or 46%) of all threatened terrestrial species for the same budget of AU$550 million/year if more suitable umbrella species were chosen. This results in a 7‐fold increase in management efficiency. We believe nations around the world can markedly improve the selection of prioritized umbrella species for conservation action with this transparent, quantitative, and objective prioritization approach.
914. CENTAUREA AFRICANA
Authors: Hind Nicholas 
Published: November 2019

SummaryCentaurea africana L. (Compositae: Cardueae: Centaureinae) is illustrated and described. The species has a long history of cultivation that probably exceeds 350 years, although it is apparently rarely available from commercial sources as seed or plant material. Other than the tribal name to use when placing this species, its more recent recognition as a species of Rhaponticoides Vaill. is not accepted; the issue of Vaillant names is once again raised. The capitula of C. africana are considered heterogamous and disciform, not radiant, with the few marginal florets possessing equal length, certainly non‐showy, corolla lobes, and usually containing staminodes. A number of synonyms, appearing in a couple of well‐known databases, are excluded; one belongs to a purple‐flowered species endemic to northern Morocco, the other to a yellow‐flowered, pinnatisect‐leaved plant of northern Spain. A potentially exciting use of one flavonoid extracted from flowering parts of the plant, algerianin, in combatting human myeloid leukaemia, is highlighted.
Understandings of the component causes of harm from cigarette smoking in Australia
Authors: King Bill , Borland Ron , Yong Hua‐Hie , Gartner Coral , Hammond David , Lewandowsky Stephan , O'Connor Richard 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroduction and AimsTo investigate relationships between smoking‐related behaviours and knowledge of the disease risks of smoking and the causes of smoking harms, using a four‐way division of ‘component causes’: nicotine, other substances found in unburned tobacco, combustion products of tobacco and additives.Design and MethodsThe data were collected using an on‐line survey in Australia with 1047 participants in three groups; young non‐smokers (18 to 25), young smokers (18 to 25) and older smokers (26 and above).ResultsMost participants agreed that cancer and heart disease are major risks of smoking but only a quarter accurately quantified the mortality risk of lifetime daily smoking. Very few (two of 1047) correctly estimated the relative contributions of all four component causes. Post‐hoc analyses reinterpreting responses as expressions of relative concern about combustion products and nicotine showed that 29% of participants rated combustion products above nicotine. We delineated six relative concern segments, most of which had distinctive patterns of beliefs and actions. However, higher levels of concern about combustion products were only weakly positively associated with harm reducing beliefs and actions.Discussion and ConclusionsMost smokers do not appear to understand the risks of smoking and their causes well enough to be able to think systematically about the courses of action open to them to reduce their health risk. To facilitate informed decision‐making, tobacco control communicators may need to better balance the dual aims of creating fear/negative affect about smoking and imparting knowledge about the health harms and their mechanisms.
Genetic variation in dopamine neurotransmission and motor development of infants born extremely‐low‐birthweight
Authors: Worley Gordon , Erickson Stephen W , Gustafson Kathryn E , Nikolova Yuliya S , Ashley‐Koch Allison E , Belsky Daniel W , Goldstein Ricki F , Page Grier P , Cotten C Michael ,   Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: November 2019

AimTo determine if genetic variation associated with decreased dopamine neurotransmission predicts a decrease in motor development in a convenience cohort study of infants born extremely‐low‐birthweight (ELBW).MethodFour hundred and ninety‐eight infants born ELBW had genome‐wide genotyping and a neurodevelopmental evaluation at 18 to 22 months of age, corrected for preterm birth. A polygenic risk score (PRS) was created to combine into one predictor variable the hypothesized influences on motor development of alleles at seven independent single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with relative decreases in both dopamine neurotransmission and motor learning, by summing the number of alleles present in each infant (range=0–14). The motor development outcome was the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition. The linear regression models were adjusted for seven clinical and four genetic ancestry covariates. The mean PRS of infants with cerebral palsy (CP) was compared to those without CP.ResultsPRS was inversely related to PDI (p=0.011). Each 1‐point increase in PRS resulted in an average decrease in PDI of 1.37 points. Patients with CP did not have a greater mean PRS than those without (p=0.67), both with and without adjustment for covariates.InterpretationGenetic variation that favors a decrease in dopamine neurotransmission predisposes to a decrease in motor development in infants born ELBW, but not to the diagnosis of CP.What this paper adds

Genetic variation in dopamine neurotransmission was associated with a decrease in motor development in infants born at an extremely‐low‐birthweight.

It does not predispose to the diagnosis of cerebral palsy.
Role of endogenous glucagon‐like peptide‐1 enhanced by vildagliptin in the glycaemic and energy expenditure responses to intraduodenal fat infusion in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Xie Cong , Wang Xuyi , Jones Karen L. , Horowitz Michael , Sun Zilin , Little Tanya J. , Rayner Christopher K. , Wu Tongzhi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimTo evaluate the effects of the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor vildagliptin on glycaemic and energy expenditure responses during intraduodenal fat infusion, as well as the contribution of endogenous glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) signalling, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).MethodsA total of 15 people with T2DM managed by diet and/or metformin (glycated haemoglobin 49.3 ± 2.1 mmol/mol) were studied on three occasions (two with vildagliptin and one with placebo) in a double‐blind, randomized, crossover fashion. On each day, vildagliptin 50 mg or placebo was given orally, followed by intravenous exendin (9–39) 600 pmol/kg/min, on one of the two vildagliptin treatment days, or 0.9% saline over 180 minutes. At between 0 and 120 minutes, a fat emulsion was infused intraduodenally at 2 kcal/min. Energy expenditure, plasma glucose and glucose‐regulatory hormones were evaluated.ResultsIntraduodenal fat increased plasma GLP‐1 and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), insulin and glucagon, and energy expenditure, and decreased plasma glucose (all P < 0.05). On the two intravenous saline days, plasma glucose and glucagon were lower, plasma intact GLP‐1 was higher (all P < 0.05), and energy expenditure tended to be lower after vildagliptin (P = 0.08) than placebo. On the two vildagliptin days, plasma glucose, glucagon and GLP‐1 (both total and intact), and energy expenditure were higher during intravenous exendin (9–39) than saline (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn well‐controlled T2DM during intraduodenal fat infusion, vildagliptin lowered plasma glucose and glucagon, and tended to decrease energy expenditure, effects that were mediated by endogenous GLP‐1.
Evaluating heart function in patients with POEMS syndrome
Authors: He Tianhua , Tian Zhuang , Liu Yong‐tai , Li Jian , Zhou Dao‐bin , Fang Quan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimsOur aim is to investigate the characterized echocardiographic cardiac measurements of POEMS syndrome and determine its relationship with clinical manifestations.Methods and ResultsThe cross‐sectional study included 27 treatment‐naïve patients with newly diagnosed POEMS syndrome and 26 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy volunteers. Information of clinical manifestations, serological tests, pulmonary function tests, and both conventional echocardiograph and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) were collected and analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used for determining the related clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Compared to healthy people, left ventricular (LV) mass index (LVMI) was elevated in patients with POEMS syndrome (41.3 ± 11.0 g/m2.7, P < .05). LV systolic dysfunction was found by decreased mitral S′ (9.0 ± 2.2 m/sec, P < .01), and diastolic dysfunction by mitral E’/A’ (1.10 ± 0.42, P < .05), E/E’ (8.69 ± 4.06, P < .001) on lateral, and E/E’ (7.90 ± 3.28, P = .133) on septal mitral annulus. The presence of decreased tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (22.2 ± 3.5 mm, P < .01) and lateral tricuspid S′ (11.1 ± 1.8 m/sec, P < .05) suggested deterioration of right ventricular (RV) systolic function. Parameters obtained from standard echocardiograph (tricuspid E/A ratio and DT) and TDI ((lateral tricuspid annulus E’/A’ and E/E’) indicated reduced RV diastolic function. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was presented in six patients. Correlation analysis suggested that PH was related to total lung capacity (TLC) and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO).ConclusionEchocardiographic measurements found that there was elevation of LVMI, pulmonary artery hypertension, and subclinical impairment of systolic and diastolic functions of both the right and left heart in patients with POEMS syndrome.
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal isolated right ventricular noncompaction with pulmonary artery sling: A rare case report
Authors: Zhang Jiaqi , Wang Yu , Feng Wei , Wu You 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNoncompaction of the ventricular myocardium (NVM), also known as spongy myocardium, is a rare type of cardiomyopathy that has a serious impact on fetuses, children, and adults. NVM mainly affects the left ventricle, as isolated right ventricular noncompaction (IRVNC) is rare. Pulmonary artery sling (PAS) is a rare condition in which the left pulmonary artery anomalously originates from a normal positioned right pulmonary artery, and only a few studies have reported PAS in fetuses. Fetal IRVNC complicated with PAS has not been reported yet. Here, we report a case of IRVNC complicated with PAS that was diagnosed prenatally at 30 weeks gestation and confirmed by postpartum anatomy and pathology.
Women had favourable reverse left ventricle remodelling after TAVR
Authors: Chen Su‐Chan , Leu Hsin‐Bang , Chang Hsiao‐Huang , Chen I‐Ming , Chen Po‐Lin , Lin Su‐Man , Chen Ying‐Hwa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundBeing woman is associated with higher survival rates after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) despite the increase in periprocedural complications. The left ventricle (LV) remodelling process that follows TAVR is considered to play an important role. We aim to investigate whether gender difference affects the process of LV remodelling after TAVR.Materials and MethodsA total of 100 patients (50 men and 50 women) after TAVR were enrolled. Echocardiography was performed at baseline before the TAVR procedure and repeated upon discharge, and at three, nine and 12 months post‐TAVR.ResultsWomen exhibited an early regression of LV mass and the LV mass index (LVMi) decreased 12.0% from 148.3 ± 48.0 to 130.5 ± 43.7 g/m2 at just a median of 17 days after the procedure (P < .001). Almost one‐half of the LVMi regression occurred by 17 days post‐TAVR and the LVMi regressed 22.0% by 12 months post‐TAVR. In contrast, the regression of LVMi in men seemed to be more gradual and the significant regression of LVMi from baseline began to be observed since three months later after TAVR. The LVMi reduction at nine months was 11.5% and achieved 15.4% over one year. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed only the female sex, better LVEF and greater baseline LVMi were independently associated with greater LVMi regression after TAVR, indicating female gender is an independent predictor for favourable LV remodelling after TAVR.ConclusionIn conclusion, female patients with AS had favourable reverse remodelling with greater and earlier LV mass regression post‐TAVR compared with the male patients.
An Adam Smithian account of moral reasons
Authors: Ben‐Moshe Nir 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Humean Theory of Reasons, according to which all of our reasons for action are explained by our desires, has been criticized for not being able to account for “moral reasons,” namely, overriding reasons to act on moral demands regardless of one's desires. My aim in this paper is to utilize ideas from Adam Smith's moral philosophy in order to offer a novel and alternative account of moral reasons that is both desire‐based and accommodating of an adequate version of the requirement that moral demands have overriding reason‐giving force. In particular, I argue that the standpoint of what Smith calls “the impartial spectator” can both determine what is morally appropriate and inappropriate and provide the basis for normative reasons for action—including reasons to act on moral demands—to nearly all reason‐responsive agents and, furthermore, that these reasons have the correct weight. The upshot of the proposed account is that it offers an interesting middle road out of a dilemma pertaining to the explanatory and normative dimensions of reasons for informed‐desire Humean theorists.
Temperature drives pre‐reproductive selection and shapes the biogeography of a female polymorphism
Authors: Svensson Erik I. , Willink Beatriz , Duryea Mary Catherine , Lancaster Lesley T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConflicts of interests between males and females over reproduction is a universal feature of sexually reproducing organisms and has driven the evolution of intersexual mimicry, mating behaviours and reproductive polymorphisms. Here, we show how temperature drives pre‐reproductive selection in a female colour polymorphic insect that is subject to strong sexual conflict. These species have three female colour morphs, one of which is a male mimic. This polymorphism is maintained by frequency‐dependent sexual conflict caused by male mating harassment. The frequency of female morphs varies geographically, with higher frequency of the male mimic at higher latitudes. We show that differential temperature sensitivity of the female morphs and faster sexual maturation of the male mimic increases the frequency of this morph in the north. These results suggest that sexual conflict during the adult stage is shaped by abiotic factors and frequency‐independent pre‐reproductive selection that operate earlier during ontogeny of these female morphs.
Antiplatelet agents for the secondary prevention of ischaemic stroke in patients with or without renal dysfunction
Authors: Wang I.‐K. , Yen T.‐H. , Guo Y.‐C. , Sun Y. , Lien L.‐M. , Chang W.‐L. , Chen P.‐L. , Yang Y.‐C. , Sung F.‐C. , Hsu C. Y. 
Published: November 2019

Background and purposeStudies on using antiplatelet agents for secondary prevention in ischaemic stroke patients with renal dysfunction are limited. The Taiwan Stroke Registry database was used to compare the efficacy of antiplatelet agents.MethodsFrom the Taiwan Stroke Registry data, 39 174 acute ischaemic stroke patients were identified and were classified into three groups by antiplatelet agent: aspirin, clopidogrel and dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel. The re‐stroke incidence and 1‐year mortality were stratified by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels at admission: ≥90, 60–89 and <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 or on dialysis.ResultsCompared to the aspirin group, the re‐stroke differences were not statistically significant for the clopidogrel group [adjusted subhazard ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–1.08] and the DAPT group (adjusted subhazard ratio 1.03, 95% CI 0.77–1.39) after controlling for the competing risk of death. The mortality rate increased as the eGFR level declined. In addition, compared to patients taking aspirin, there was no statistically significant difference in overall 1‐year mortality for the clopidogrel group (adjusted hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.95–1.29) and for the DAPT group (adjusted hazard ratio 1.01, 95% CI 0.67–1.54). The results were consistent in different subgroups stratified by eGFR levels.ConclusionsThere was no difference in the risks of recurrent stroke and 1‐year mortality amongst ischaemic stroke patients with or without renal dysfunction receiving antiplatelet agents with aspirin, clopidogrel or dual agents with a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel, regardless of their renal dysfunction status.
Litter relocation behavior in two species of ground‐dwelling squirrels
Authors: Aliperti Jaclyn R. , Van Vuren Dirk H. , Rossi Aviva J. , Armitage Kenneth B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMaternal investment in mammals may take many forms, including spatial relocation of offspring. Litter relocation behavior, in which a female moves her litter to a new location, has been reported for several species of carnivores and rodents but has received little study. We describe litter relocations during long‐term studies of two species of ground‐dwelling squirrels, yellow‐bellied marmots (YBM, Marmota flaviventer) and golden‐mantled ground squirrels (GMGS, Callospermophilus lateralis), to determine the distance and frequency of litter relocations and to explore possible explanations for litter relocation behavior. We observed 19 litters relocated by YBM mothers and 32 by GMGS mothers. Although YBM are much larger than GMGS, relocation distances for YBM (median = 46 m and range = 15–324 m) were not greater than those for GMGS (median = 79 m and range = 16–252 m), possibly because YBM home ranges in our study area were exceptionally small. Frequency of litter relocation was greater for GMGS (21% of litters produced) than for YBM (10%), perhaps because GMGS experience fewer social constraints or greater predation risk. We identified several possible costs (energy expenditure and vulnerability to predators while transporting young) and benefits (reduced exposure to predation risk, increased habitat quality, and social benefits) of litter relocation. Future studies should continue to explore litter relocations to better understand the ecological causes and consequences of this behavior.
The control pyramid: A model of integrated public financial control
Authors: Porras‐Gómez Antonio‐Martín 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article offers an original analytical scheme to study the institutional morphology of the financial control function in constitutional democracies, comprehensively integrating five control subsystems: internal, external, jurisdictional, political, and social. First of all we aim to answer a formal question: To what extent does a hierarchical and stratified architecture properly structure the financial control systems in constitutional democracies? Second, we address two design questions: How can we improve financial control by building upon the interconnections among the different control subsystems? And, what kind of dysfunctionalities might appear if the hierarchically stratified design of the control pyramid is not respected? The approach is predominantly legal‐institutionalist, exploring transnational control standards (with a particular focus on the European Union) and their translation into national control systems. The study is supported by an extensive literature review and a series of interviews with practitioners.
Valproic acid targets HDAC1/2 and HDAC1/PTEN/Akt signalling to inhibit cell proliferation via the induction of autophagy in gastric cancer
Authors: Sun Jie , Piao Junjie , Li Nan , Yang Yang , Kim Ki‐Yeol , Lin Zhenhua 
Published: November 2019

Valproic acid (2‐propylpentanoic acid, VPA) has been widely used as an anticonvulsant drug and is a choice drug for seizure treatment. VPA is also used as a short‐chain fatty acid HDAC inhibitor that affects proliferation and differentiation and induces cell apoptosis in both solid and haematologic malignancies. Here, we observed that VPA treatment inhibited HDAC1/2 activity and induced autophagy in gastric cancer cells, leading to apoptosis. VPA‐induced apoptosis occurred through inhibition of the HDAC1/PTEN/Akt signalling pathway and involved alterations in Bcl‐2 and Beclin‐1. The antitumour effects of VPA were verified in vivo using SGC‐7901 xenograft models. Moreover, we evaluated the expression of HDAC1/2 in gastric cancer patient samples and revealed a positive correlation between HDAC1/2 overexpression and poor prognosis. These findings indicate that VPA may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for gastric cancer and that HDAC1/2 might be a promising therapeutic biomarker for the disease.