bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empowering Australian insecticide resistance research with genetic information: the road ahead
Authors: Thia Joshua A , Hoffmann Ary A , Umina Paul A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInsecticides are important for chemical control of arthropod pests in agricultural systems but select for resistance as an adaptive trait. Identifying the genetic mechanism(s) underpinning resistance can facilitate development of genetic markers, which can be used in monitoring programs. Moreover, understanding of genetic mechanisms in a broader population genetic context can be used to infer the origins of resistance, predict the dynamics of resistance evolution and evaluate the efficacy of different management strategies. Transitioning genetic information successfully into practical solutions requires overcoming two major hurdles. Firstly, genetic mechanisms must be identified to develop genetic markers. Secondly, routine use of genetic markers is required to build substantial spatio‐temporal data on the distribution and frequency of resistance alleles. In this study, we demonstrate large knowledge gaps on the genetic mechanisms of insecticide resistances in Australia using eight established arthropod pests important to the grains industry: Bemisia tabaci (silverleaf whitefly), Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips), Halotydeus destructor (redlegged earth mite), Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm), Myzus persicae (green peach aphid), Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth), Tetranychus urticae (two‐spotted spider mite) and Thrips tabaci (onion thrips). Many resistances have not been characterised at the genetic level in most pests, even for chemical MoA groups with a long history of use in Australia. Moreover, monitoring of resistance is spatio‐temporally patchy, which precludes examination of long‐term trends or predictive modelling. We suggest that leveraging cumulative global knowledge of resistances to develop a priori candidate genes, and incorporation of genomic approaches, can help overcome the hurdles of embracing genetic information in resistance management. We highlight the recently invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) as a case study where genetic markers and genomic approaches should prove useful in rapidly assessing the risk of this species to the Australian grains industry and other agricultural commodities. The uptake of genetic information into management can only occur once its benefit to empower insecticide resistance research is fully realised. Ultimately, the road ahead requires amalgamation of multifaceted data (genes, environment and spatio‐temporal replication) to better understand and predict the dynamics of resistance evolution.
Room for improvement: An online survey of allied health professionals’ dementia knowledge
Authors: Lawler Katherine , Kitsos Alex , Bindoff Aidan D. , Callisaya Michele L. , Eccleston Claire E. A. , Doherty Kathleen V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the dementia knowledge of allied health professionals and identify their specific learning needs.MethodsAn online survey was conducted with allied health professionals enrolled in the Understanding Dementia Massive Open Online Course, a free course open to anyone, worldwide. The primary outcome measure was the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale, assessed prior to course commencement.ResultsThe survey was completed by 1591 participants. The mean dementia knowledge score was 35.0 (SD 8.4), with 13% (n = 207) achieving a target score of 45/50 or above, indicating comprehensive dementia knowledge. Key knowledge gaps were in the areas of dementia onset and non‐pharmacological management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia.ConclusionsAllied health professionals surveyed had significant gaps in dementia knowledge. Educators planning dementia curriculum for allied health professionals could consider addressing areas of knowledge related to the identified items, with view to providing a foundation for excellence in dementia care.
Factors associated with low‐intake dehydration among older inpatients: A pilot study
Authors: Wham Carol , Smithers Allie , Kruger Rozanne , Mazahery Hajar , Richter Marilize 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo assess fluid intake among older inpatients and factors associated with low‐intake dehydration.MethodsDaily fluid intake and access were assessed within the 24‐hour period, and blood was drawn to measure serum osmolality.ResultsOf 89 patients, 16% and 27% had serum osmolality ≥ 300 (dehydrated) and 295‐299 mOsm/kg (impending dehydration), respectively. Median (IQR) total fluid intake was 1.7 (1.6, 1.9) L/day. Fluid intake from beverages (P = .06) and water (P = .02) was higher in hydrated than impending/dehydrated patients. Of all fluid sources, only water intake was associated with hydration status (P = .02). The adjusted odds of serum osmolality ≥ 295 were increased for patients in the first (<0.3 L, P = .007) and second (0.3‐0.8 L, P = .04) tertiles of water intake than those in the third tertile (≥0.8 L). Bladder control difficulty was associated with lower water intake (P = .03).ConclusionMonitoring water intake and assisting patients with bladder control difficulty may be key strategies to maintain hydration.
Post‐fire changes in plant growth form composition and diversity in Andean páramo grassland
Authors: Zomer Maya A. , Ramsay Paul M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuestionsFire suppression policies have been widely adopted in the páramo grasslands of the northern Andes to protect their biodiversity and ecosystem services. Páramos have been regularly burned for many years, and it is not clear how páramo vegetation will respond to significant changes in their fire regimes. This study investigates differences in plant growth form composition, light levels and soil temperatures in páramo plots representing a range of recovery times since the last fire.LocationReserva Ecológica El Ángel and La Bretaña Nature Reserve, Carchi, Northern Ecuador.MethodsWe assessed the frequency of ten páramo growth forms, vegetation height, soil temperature, and light intensity in fifteen fire sites with historical records of fire (<1–15 years since fire), and one recently unburned site (at least 40 years since fire). A chronosequence of sites was used to assess potential changes in plant community composition in post‐fire succession of páramo.ResultsThe recovery of páramo vegetation after fire comprised three phases: initial recruitment with high growth form diversity, followed by reduced diversity, light and soil temperatures in dense tussock vegetation, and ultimately canopy height stratification with a return of diversity. All but one of the plant growth forms were represented in each of the three phases, and the changes reflected differences in relative abundance.ConclusionsPost‐fire páramo succession is characterised by clear shifts in the relative abundance of plant growth forms, ending with (co‐)dominance of upright shrubs. The long‐term consequences of such shifts for biodiversity and ecosystem function, given the widespread adoption of fire suppression policies in the páramo, need careful, evidence‐based consideration.
Effect of capmatinib on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin and rosuvastatin administered as a 2‐drug cocktail in patients with MET‐dysregulated advanced solid tumours: A phase I, multicentre, open‐label, single‐sequence drug–drug interaction study
Authors: Grande Enrique , Giovannini Monica , Marriere Eddie , Pultar Philippe , Quinlan Michelle , Chen Xinhui , Rahmanzadeh Gholamreza , Curigliano Giuseppe , Cui Xiaoming 
Published: December 2020

AimsCapmatinib, an orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective MET inhibitor, was recently approved to treat adult patients with metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer with METex14 skipping mutations. The study investigated the effect of capmatinib on the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of digoxin and rosuvastatin in patients with MET‐dysregulated advanced solid tumours.MethodsThis was a multicentre, open‐label, single‐sequence study. An oral drug cocktail containing 0.25 mg digoxin and 10 mg rosuvastatin was administered to adult patients with MET‐dysregulated advanced solid tumours on Day 1, and then on Day 22 with capmatinib. Between Days 11 and 32, capmatinib 400 mg was administered twice daily to ensure the attainment of steady state for drug–drug interaction assessment. Pharmacokinetics of cocktail drugs and safety of capmatinib were evaluated.ResultsThirty‐two patients were enrolled. Compared to digoxin alone, the geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of area under the concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity and maximum concentration for digoxin plus capmatinib were 1.47 (1.28, 1.68) and 1.74 (1.43, 2.13), respectively. Compared to rosuvastatin alone, the geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) of area under the curve to infinity and maximum concentration for rosuvastatin plus capmatinib were 2.08 (1.56, 2.76) and 3.04 (2.36, 3.92), respectively. Most frequent adverse events (≥25% for all grades) were nausea, asthenia, constipation, vomiting, peripheral oedema and pyrexia. Most frequent Grade 3/4 adverse events (≥5%) were anaemia, pulmonary embolism, asthenia, dyspnoea, nausea and vomiting.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that capmatinib is an inhibitor of P‐gp and BCRP transporters, with clinically relevant drug–drug interaction potential. Capmatinib was well‐tolerated and no unexpected safety concerns were observed.
Establishing dose bands for commonly prescribed oral medications for children in the UK: Results of a Delphi study
Authors: Rashed Asia N. , Tomlin Stephen 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo establish weight‐based dose bands for commonly used oral medicines, given in liquid forms, for children in the UK that could be used for prescribing and administering accurate and safe drug doses.MethodsA list of commonly prescribed, oral liquid medications was established from the medication dispensing database of four UK hospitals and a primary care database. The evidence base of currently used dose regimens for each drug was identified from paediatric reference books, summary of product characteristics and the literature. Then, weight‐based dose bands were developed and a modified Delphi process was used to achieve healthcare professional consensus about the suggested dose bands for each drug.ResultsForty‐six experts in paediatric medicines participated in the Delphi process (mean years of experience 17.3 ± 9.4 [standard deviation]) and assessed 45 oral liquid drugs in total.Four categories of weight‐based dose bands were established: drugs with two dose bands (17.8%, 8/45), drugs with three dose bands (64.4%, 29/45), drugs with four dose bands (15.6%, 7/45) and drugs with five dose bands (2.2%, 1/45). The 46 participants reached consensus on all the suggested dose bands for 53.3% (24/45) of the drugs. Consensus was reached in the first round of the Delphi process for 91.7% (22/24) of the drugs and after two rounds for two drugs.No agreement was achieved on any of the suggested dose bands for 26.7% (12/45) of the drugs.ConclusionThis study provides healthcare professionals with a set of recommended weight‐based dose bands for commonly prescribed oral liquid drugs for children. These bands could establish the basis for change in clinical practice to reduce dosing errors and improve healthcare for children.
Hair as a matrix in monitoring drug epilepsy therapy
Authors: Zakrzewska Alicja , Dermanowski Michał , Mierzejewski Paweł , Kuczyńska Julita 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHair is considered an efficient tool to investigate drug‐related histories; thus, the selection of the method of sample preparation is important to obtain a reliable result. The aim of this study was to compare two methods of hair preparation (cutting and pulverizing) to analyse levetiracetam concentration in hair. An additional aim was to evaluate the potential usefulness of the levetiracetam concentration measured as an index of a dosing schedule. Four groups of 12 rats were included in the experiment. Depending on the group, the rats received 10 mg/kg of levetiracetam intraperitoneally every 24, 48 and 72 hours for 30 days. The control group was not treated. At the end of the drug administration, the rats’ hair was shaved, cut or pulverized and analysed by the LC/MS‐MS method to determine the concentration of levetiracetam. A stronger correlation between the mean hair levetiracetam concentration in hair and the number of drug doses was found in pulverized hair than in cut hair. A smaller standard deviation between the results was obtained in the case of pulverized hair. The results indicate that pulverization gives a more reliable result of drug concentration in hair than cutting and that drug concentration in hair can reflect the scheme of levetiracetam administration.
From rifting to hyperextension: Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous tectono‐stratigraphy of the Porcupine Basin, Irish Atlantic Margin
Authors: Whiting Lewis , Haughton Peter D. W. , Shannon Patrick M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHyperextended basins are increasingly recognized along the outboard parts of continental margins as aborted basins created during continental break‐up. Many of the concepts for understanding and modelling basin evolution and fill were developed for regions that have undergone modest crustal stretching (β < 2) and may not be valid in basins where the crust and upper mantle are heavily modified by extreme stretching. The present study uses extensive 2D and 3D seismic and well data to analyse the Late Jurassic–Cretaceous tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of the Porcupine Basin, bracketing the timing of hyperextension. It is an instructive basin, offshore west of Ireland, preserving low‐magnitude strain in the north, with increasing degrees of hyperextension in the south. Detailed mapping of strain domains (proximal, necking and hyperextended) across the Porcupine Basin reveals five main rift segments, each with a distinctive geometry and strain history. During early low‐strain rifting, inherited crustal structures strongly influenced the rift architecture by controlling the location and geometry of fault‐controlled marine depocentres. The transition from hyperextension to post‐rift subsidence was marked by locally developed, unconformity‐bounded, marine sequences that draped the underlying rift topography. Whilst these ‘transition sequences’ are dated as Tithonian above the necking domain, similar but younger Early Cretaceous transition packages developed in the hyperextended domain, suggesting extension migrated towards the rift axis during hyperextension. Early post‐rift sequences were broadly distributed across the rift centre and basin flanks before strong, thermally‐controlled subsidence of the hyperextended crust, along with hinging of the necking domain, locally to the point of slope failure, gave rise to axially‐focused marine deposition. Hyperextension may have left the basin susceptible to intra‐plate stress changes accounting for several unconformities within the post‐rift fill. This study provides an improved basin‐wide understanding of the tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of hyperextended basins.
Children’s Knowledge of Symbolic Number in Grades 1 and 2: Integration of Associations
Authors: Xu Chang , LeFevre Jo‐Anne 
Published: December 2020

How do children develop associations among number symbols? For Grade 1 children (n = 66, M = 78 months), sequence knowledge (i.e., identify missing numbers) and number comparison (i.e., choose larger number) predicted addition, both concurrently and indirectly at the end of Grade 1. Number ordering (i.e., touch numbers in order) did not predict addition but was predicted by number comparison, suggesting that magnitude associations underlie ordering performance. In contrast, for Grade 2 children (n = 80, M = 90 months), number ordering predicted addition concurrently and at the end of Grade 2; number ordering was predicted by number comparison, sequencing, and inhibitory processing. Development of symbolic number competence involves the hierarchical integration of sequence, magnitude, order, and arithmetic associations.
PET detectives: Molecular imaging for phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas in the genomics era
Authors: Ryder Simon J. , Love Amanda J. , Duncan Emma L. , Pattison David A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare tumours that arise from the adrenal medulla or extra‐adrenal sympathetic or parasympathetic paraganglia. Recent advances in genetics have greatly enhanced understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular physiology of PPGL. Concomitantly, advances in molecular imaging mean four techniques are now available for use in PPGLs: [123I]‐MIBG coupled with SPECT/CT; [18F]‐ FDG, [68Ga]‐DOTATATE and [18F]‐FDOPA coupled with PET/CT. Each modality relies on unique cellular uptake mechanisms that are contingent upon the tumour's molecular behaviour—which, in turn, is determined by the tumour's genetic profile. This genotype‐phenotype correlation means the appropriate choice of radiotracer may depend on the known (or suspected) underlying genetic mutation, in addition to the clinical indication for the scan—whether confirming diagnosis, staging disease, surveillance or determining eligibility for radionuclide therapy. Given these rapid recent changes in genetic understanding and molecular imaging options, many clinicians find it challenging to choose the most appropriate scan for an individual with PPGL. To this end, recent guidelines published by the European Association of Nuclear Medicine and the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (EANM/SNMMI) have detailed the preferred radiotracer choices for individuals with PPGL based on their genotype and/or clinical presentation, providing timely clarity in this rapidly moving field. The current review summarizes the implications of the genotype‐phenotype relationship of PPGL, specifically relating this to the performance of molecular imaging modalities, to inform and enable practising endocrinologists to provide tailored, personalized care for individuals with PPGL.
Supporting habitat conservation with automated change detection in Google Earth Engine
Authors: Evans Michael J. , Malcom Jacob W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA significant limitation in biodiversity conservation has been the effective implementation of laws and regulations that protect species’ habitats from degradation. Flexible, efficient, and effective monitoring and enforcement methods are needed to help conservation policies realize their full benefit. As remote sensing data become more numerous and accessible, they can be used to identify and quantify land‐cover changes and habitat loss. However, these data remain underused for systematic conservation monitoring in part because of a lack of simple tools. We adapted 2 algorithms that automatically identify differences between pairs of images. We used free, publicly available satellite data to evaluate their ability to rapidly detect land‐cover changes in a variety of land‐cover types. We compared algorithm predictions with ground‐truthed results at 100 sites of known change in the United States. We also compared algorithm predictions to manually created polygons delineating anthropogenic change in 4 case studies involving imperiled species’ habitat: oil and gas development in the range of the Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus); sand mining operations in the range of the dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus); loss of Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus) coastal habitat after Hurricane Michael (2018); and residential development in St. Andrew beach mouse (Peromyscus polionotus peninsularis) habitat. Both algorithms effectively discriminated between pixels corresponding to land‐cover change and unchanged pixels as indicated by area under a receiver operating characteristic curve >0.90. The algorithm that was most effective differed among the case‐study habitat types, and both effectively delineated habitat loss as indicated by low omission (min. = 0.0) and commission (min. = 0.0) rates, and moderate polygon overlap (max. = 47%). Our results showed how these algorithms can be used to help close the implementation gap of monitoring and enforcement in biodiversity conservation. We provide a free online tool that can be used to run these analyses (https://conservationist.io/habitatpatrol).
Activation of nuclear factor‐κB in the angiogenesis of glioma: Insights into the associated molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies
Authors: Tu Jiajie , Fang Yilong , Han Dafei , Tan Xuewen , Jiang Haifeng , Gong Xun , Wang Xinming , Hong Wenming , Wei Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlioma is the most commonly observed primary intracranial tumour and is associated with massive angiogenesis. Glioma neovascularization provides nutrients for the growth and metabolism of tumour tissues, promotes tumour cell division and proliferation, and provides conditions ideal for the infiltration and migration of tumour cells to distant places. Growing evidence suggests that there is a correlation between the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB and the angiogenesis of glioma. In this review article, we highlighted the functions of NF‐κB in the angiogenesis of glioma, showing that NF‐κB activation plays a pivotal role in the growth and progression of glioma angiogenesis and is a rational therapeutic target for antiangiogenic strategies aimed at glioma.
Effect of group cognitive behavioural therapy on psychological stress and blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A community‐based cluster randomized controlled trial in China
Authors: Xu Chunrong , Dong Zongmei , Zhang Pan , Chang Guiqiu , Xiang Quanyong , Zhang Ming , Zhou Jinyi , Qiao Cheng , Yang Qing , Qin Yu , Lou Peian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether group cognitive behavioural therapy (GCBT) delivered by general practitioners reduces anxiety and depression and improves glycaemic levels in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe conducted a community‐based cluster randomized controlled trial in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 48 communities in China. Participants received either GCBT plus usual care (UC) or UC only. General practitioners were trained in GCBT before intervention in the intervention group. The primary outcome was glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration. Outcome data were collected from all participants at baseline, 2 months, 6 months and 1 year. The secondary outcomes were depression (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9; PHQ‐9) and anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder questionnaire; GAD‐7).ResultsThe GCBT group showed greater improvement in GAD‐7 and PHQ‐9 scores, respectively, than the UC group after 2 months post‐baseline (T = −6.46, p < 0.0001; T = −5.29, p < 0.001), 6 months (T = −4.58, p < 0.001; T = −4.37, p < 0.001) and 1 year post‐intervention (T = −3.91, p < 0.001; T = −3.57, p < 0.001). There was no difference in HbA1c values between the GCBT and UC groups at 2 months while the values were lower in the GCBT group at 6 months and 1 year (T = −6.83, p < 0.001; T = −4.93, p < 0.001, respectively). Subgroup analysis indicated a long‐term effect of GCBT only for mild and moderate anxiety and mild depression groups. Similarly, HbA1c values reduced only in the mild and moderate anxiety and the mild depression groups.ConclusionsGeneral practitioners can deliver GCBT interventions. GCBT plus UC is superior to UC for reducing mild/moderate anxiety and depression, and improving glycaemic levels.Trial registrationChinese clinical trials registration (ChiCTR‐IOP‐16008045).