bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chloride channels: Silently serving the plants
Authors: Subba Ashish , Tomar Surabhi , Pareek Ashwani , Singla‐Pareek Sneh L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChloride channels (CLCs), member of anion transporting proteins, are present ubiquitously in all life forms. Diverging from its name, the CLC family includes both channel and exchanger (proton‐coupled) proteins; nevertheless, they share conserved structural organization. They are engaged in diverse indispensable functions such as acid and fluoride tolerance in prokaryotes to muscle stabilization, transepithelial transport, and neuronal development in mammals. Mutations in genes encoding CLCs lead to several physiological disorders in different organisms, including severe diseases in humans. Even in plants, loss of CLC protein function severely impairs various cellular processes critical for normal growth and development. These proteins sequester Cl− into the vacuole, thus, making them an attractive target for improving salinity tolerance in plants caused by high abundance of salts, primarily NaCl. Besides, some CLCs are involved in NO3− transport and storage function in plants, thus, influencing their nitrogen use efficiency. However, despite their high significance, not many studies have been carried out in plants. Here, we have attempted to concisely highlight the basic structure of CLC proteins and critical residues essential for their function and classification. We also present the diverse functions of CLCs in plants from their first cloning back in 1996 to the knowledge acquired as of now. We stress the need for carrying out more in‐depth studies on CLCs in plants, for they may have future applications towards crop improvement.
Income Inequality across the Rural‐Urban Continuum in the United States, 1970–2016*
Authors: Thiede Brian C. , Butler Jaclyn L. W. , Brown David L. , Jensen Leif 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe growth in macro‐level income inequality in the United States is well established, but less is known about patterns of inequality at subnational scales and how they vary between and within rural and urban localities. Using data from the Decennial Census and American Community Survey, we produce estimates of within‐county income inequality from 1970 to 2016 and analyze differences in inequality levels, the persistence of high (low) inequality, and populations' exposure to high (low) inequality across the rural‐urban continuum. We find that income inequality has historically been higher in non‐metropolitan than metropolitan counties, but inequality levels converged by 2016 due to growing inequality in metropolitan counties. Additionally, levels of inequality were generally persistent within counties over time, except that counties characterized by low inequality in 1970 were unlikely to remain as such in 2016. Third, non‐trivial shares of the metropolitan population resided in low‐inequality contexts in 1970, but virtually none of the U.S. population resided in such places by 2016. Residence in high‐inequality counties is normative in rural and urban America. This statistical analysis provides an updated portrait of income inequality across the rural‐urban continuum, and should spur additional research on stratification in rural America during an era of growing inequality.
Tackling Educational Inequalities with Social Psychology: Identities, Contexts, and Interventions
Authors: Easterbrook Matthew J. , Hadden Ian R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSome groups of students—typically those who have suffered because of historical inequality in society—disproportionately experience psychological barriers to educational success. These psychological barriers—feelings of threat to their social identity and the sense that their identity is incompatible with educational success—make substantial contributions to inequalities in educational outcomes between groups, even beyond economic, historical, and structural inequalities. A range of wise psychological interventions can help remove these barriers by targeting students’ subjective interpretation of their local educational context. In this review, we outline the Identities in Context model of educational inequalities, which proposes that interactions between students’ social identities and features of the local educational context—expectations about a group's academic performance, a group's representation in positions associated with academic success, and a group's orientation towards education—can trigger social identity threat and identity incompatibility in ways that vary considerably across contexts. We present an implementation process, based on the Identities in Context model, that academic researchers, policymakers, and practitioners can follow to help them choose and tailor wise interventions that are effective in reducing educational inequalities in their local context. Throughout the review, we make policy recommendations regarding how educational practices can be altered to help remove psychological barriers for underperforming groups of students and so reduce educational inequalities.
Corneo‐limbo‐conjunctival transposition to treat deep and perforating corneal ulcers in dogs: A review of 418 eyes and corneal clarity scoring in 111 eyes
Authors: Cebrian Prado , Escanilla Natalia , Lowe Robert C. , Dawson Charlotte , Sanchez Rick F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo report surgical and corneal clarity scores (CCSs) of corneo‐limbo‐conjunctival transpositions (CLCTs) in a large number of canine cases.MethodsRetrospective review of records that underwent CLCT to repair deep ulcers or perforations between 2002 and 2018. Signalment, concurrent eye disease, additional procedures, pathogenesis, medication, graft orientation, follow‐up, and CCSs were recorded.Results418 eyes of 399 dogs were included. Brachycephalics were most commonly affected, comprising 325/418 (77.75%) of the eyes. The most commonly affected breeds were Pugs, Shih Tzus, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, and French Bulldogs, with 116/418 (27.75%), 64/418 (15.31%), 34/418 (8.13%), and 34/418 (8.13%) ulcerated eyes, respectively. Mean age at surgery was 5.5 years (range 59 days‐17.7 years), and median follow‐up time was 100 days (range 3 days‐7.64 years). The most common etiopathogenesis was spontaneous ulceration in 205/418 eyes (49.04%) of which 191 (93.17%) occurred in brachycephalics. Primary keratoconjunctivitis sicca affected 122/418 eyes (29.19%) and injury 39/418 eyes (9.33%). Mean ulcer width was 3.5 mm (0.5‐10 mm). Success rate was 97.13% (406/418 eyes). Failure end points recorded included no menace response, secondary glaucoma, and endophthalmitis. Pre‐existing perforation was found in 101/418 (24.16%) of the eyes and significantly increased failure rate (P < .001). The median CCS was G3 (G0‐G4), which was lower for Pugs (G2). Graft orientation affected CCS, but did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionThe high success rate and CCS for CLCT in dogs make it a good technique to treat deep ulcers but a less desirable outcome is anticipated when treating perforations and Pugs.
Numerical Solution of Nonlinear Space–Time Fractional-Order Advection–Reaction–Diffusion Equation
Authors: Dwivedi Kushal Dhar , Rajeev  , Das Subir , Baleanu Dumitru 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this article, a new algorithm is proposed to solve the nonlinear fractional-order one-dimensional solute transport system. The spectral collocation technique is considered with the Fibonacci polynomial as a basis function for the approximation. The Fibonacci polynomial is used to obtain derivative in terms of an operational matrix. The proposed algorithm is actually based on the fact that the terms of the considered problem are approximated through a series expansion of double Fibonacci polynomials and then collocated those on specific points, which provide a system of nonlinear algebraic equations which are solved by using Newton's method. To validate the precision of the proposed method, it is applied to solve three different problems having analytical solutions. The comparison of the results through error analysis is depicted through tables which clearly show the higher accuracy of order of convergence of the proposed method in less central processing unit (CPU) time. The salient feature of the article is the graphical exhibition of the movement of solute concentration for different particular cases due to the presence and absence of reaction term when the proposed scheme is applied to the considered nonlinear fractional-order space–time advection–reaction–diffusion model.
Combustion Characteristics of Ultrafine Coal Particles-Light Diesel Oil Mixtures in a Cylindrical Horizontal Furnace
Authors: ELSihy ELSaeed Saad , Salama M. M. , Shahein M. A. , Moneib H. A. , Abd EL-Rahman M. K. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This work presents an experimental study that aims at investigating the effect of the loading ratio of coal in a coal-diesel fuel mixture on the combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions. Sub-bituminous coal from the El-Maghara coal mine is utilized. It is washed, dried, and grounded to particle sizing of ≤ 30 μm. The experiments are conducted inside a horizontal, segmented water-cooled cylindrical furnace fitted with a coaxial burner having a central air-assisted atomizer for oil-coal mixture admittance. All experiments are executed at constant input heat of 350 kW and air-to-fuel ratio of 15:1 while varying the percentage (mass basis: 5% and 10%) of coal in the fuel mixture. The measurements within the flame zone include mean gas temperatures, dry volumetric analyses of species (CO2, NOx, and O2) concentrations, and the accumulative heat transfer to the cooling jacket along the combustor. All measurements are compared regarding the pure oil flame. The results indicate that increasing the coal-loading ratio up to 5 wt% leads to a progressive increase in the accumulated heat transferred and the combustor overall efficiency from 40% to 58% within a percentage increase around 45%. In addition, there is a slight reduction in mean gas temperature within the flame zone when compared with the pure oil flame. The reduced flame temperature due to increasing the coal-loading ratio caused a decline in the volumetric concentrations of NOx from 100 ppm to 20 ppm as expected.
Improving Precision in Aluminum Alloy Machining Due to the Application of Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Film
Authors: de Melo Silva William , Martins Paulo Sérgio , de Carvalho Vagner Eustáquio , da Cruz Nilson Cristino , Claudino Enzo , Carneiro José Rubens Gonçalves 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cutting precision is extremely affected by a phenomenon known as built up edge (BUE) that occurs on tungsten carbide tools during low cutting speed of aluminum alloy. BUE is responsible for early tool breakage due to excessive material build up from the machined part on the cutting face, leading to problems of shape irregularity and tool-tip breakage. Thus, diamond-like carbon (DLC) was deposited and tested to verify cutting precision in aluminum alloy by using tungsten carbide tools. The characterizations of the film were morphology analysis through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), structural atomic analyze of chemical bond from Raman backscatter spectroscopy, the distribution of carbon atoms on the film surface by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and the evaluation of Young’s modulus and hardness using the Oliver–Pharr method. To analyze the cutting precision, drilling tests were performed on coated/uncoated drills at two cutting speeds (340 and 430 m/min). As an evaluation parameter in the aluminum alloy, the hole diameter deviation was measured after pre determined numbers of drilling operations. Statistical comparisons between the diameter deviation as a function of the number of drilling test indicated better cutting accuracy for the DLC-coated tool. The factors identified in this work, such as the reduction of the friction coefficient, and the hardness and Young’s modulus of the DLC helped in the performance of the tool, mainly in the lower cutting speed.
A Cartilage Dicing Tool for Rapid Preparation of Rhinoplasty Grafts
Authors: Stephanian Brooke A. , Karki Sabin , Sharma Paarth , Leo Kirby T. , Di Meo Marc A. , Ota Mitsuki , Patel Millan , Byrne Patrick J. , Durr Nicholas J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver 220,000 rhinoplasties are performed in the U.S. annually, with approximately 90% of all procedures requiring the use of cartilage autografts or allografts to augment nasal structure or contour. Prior to implantation, graft cartilage is shaped into the desired form by facial plastic surgeons through carving, crushing, or dicing, and molding of the tissue. The use of diced cartilage has been shown in literature to be the optimal technique for creating contour grafts, permitting increased graft moldability, and resulting in the fewest postoperative complications. Despite superior clinical outcomes, adoption of diced techniques is challenged by the laborious, time-intensive process of dicing tissue, which requires up to 2 h in the operating room and is currently performed manually with a blade. Manual dicing can result in inconsistently sized pieces, which can increase risk of graft breakage. Existing cartilage processing tools are primarily intended for crushing tissue and are unsuitable for dicing. This work describes the design and validation of an easy-to-use, effective device for rapid, consistent cartilage dicing. Cartilage sizing analysis demonstrated that the device produced approximately five times more diced cartilage within 5 min compared to manual dicing. The rapid dicer (RD) device consistently dices cartilage to a size suitable for grafting while significantly decreasing processing time and cartilage loss compared to current methods. Future development will focus on performing further user testing of the device to design a more ergonomic instrument casing.
Spatial–temporal trends in forced migrant mortality, 2014–2018
Authors: Poole Danielle N , Hedt-Gauthier Bethany , Bärnighausen Till , Verguet Stéphane , Castro Marcia C 
Published: October 2020

IntroductionThe identification of spatial–temporal clusters of forced migrant mortality is urgently needed to inform preventative policies and humanitarian response. As a first step towards understanding the geography of forced migrant mortality, this study investigates spatial–temporal patterns in death at a global scale.MethodsWe used information on the location and dates of forced migrant deaths reported in the International Organization for Migration’sMissing Migrant Projectfrom 2014 to 2018. Kulldorff’s spatial–temporal and seasonal scans were used to detect spatial–temporal and temporal heterogeneity in mortality.ResultsA total of 16 314 deaths were reported during the study period. A preponderance of deaths occurred at sea each year (range 26%–54% across 5 years). Twelve spatial–temporal clusters of forced migrant mortality were detected by maximum likelihood testing. Annually, the period of August–October was associated with a 40-percentage-point increase in the risk of mortality, relative to other time periods.ConclusionsDeath during forced migration occurs close to national borders and during periods of intense conflict. This evidence may inform the design of policies and targeting of interventions to prevent forced migration-related deaths.
Predictors for diabetic retinopathy progression—findings from nominal group technique and Evidence review
Authors: Haider Sajjad , Sadiq Salman Naveed , Lufumpa Eniya , Sihre Harpreet , Tallouzi Mohammad , Moore David J , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah , Price Malcolm James 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesRisk stratification is needed for patients referred to hospital eye services by Diabetic Eye Screening Programme UK. This requires a set of candidate predictors. The literature contains a large number of predictors. The objective of this research was to arrive at a small set of clinically important predictors for the outcome of the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR). They need to be evidence based and readily available during the clinical consultation.Methods and analysisInitial list of predictors was obtained from a systematic review of prediction models. We sought the clinical expert opinion using a formal qualitative study design. A series of nominal group technique meetings to shorten the list and to rank the predictors for importance by voting were held with National Health Service hospital-based clinicians involved in caring for patients with DR in the UK. We then evaluated the evidence base for the selected predictors by critically appraising the evidence.ResultsThe source list was presented at nominal group meetings (n=4), attended by 44 clinicians. Twenty-five predictors from the original list were ranked as important predictors and eight new predictors were proposed. Two additional predictors were retained after evidence check. Of these 35, 21 had robust supporting evidence in the literature condensed into a set of 19 predictors by categorising DR.ConclusionWe identified a set of 19 clinically meaningful predictors of DR progression that can help stratify higher-risk patients referred to hospital eye services and should be considered in the development of an individual risk stratification model.Study designA qualitative study and evidence review.SettingSecondary eye care centres in North East, Midlands and South of England.
Practical reflections on a collaboration with healthcare consumers on the development of a simulation
Authors: Symon Benjamin , Edwards Rachel , Twigg Sonia Jean , Ardila Sarmiento Martha Carolina , Barwick Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundHealthcare simulations generate moments of ‘cultural compression’ through which we transmit core values about our professional identities and the families we care for. The engagement of healthcare consumers in this process is useful to evaluate the values we transmit and ensure authenticity in the narratives we share.MethodsA simulation package on febrile neutropenia and port access was written by healthcare staff in consultation with the parent of a child with leukaemia. Healthcare consumer review was focused on the representation of the simulated parent within the simulation scripts. The child and his mother assisted in the development of supportive video resources on family perspectives on port access and demonstration of the procedure.ResultsThe involvement of healthcare consumers in the development of the scenario had positive impact on the design and the supportive resources, both of which created opportunities for patient advocacy and reinforced the centrality of healthcare consumers within the healthcare team.ConclusionsHealthcare consumer collaboration in scenario design was achievable and impactful without significant increased cost. We hope to promote the benefits of healthcare consumer consultation in simulation design to improve the pursuit of educational and cultural learning objectives.
Nanoemulsion adjuvantation strategy of tumor-associated antigen therapy rephrases mucosal and immunotherapeutic signatures following intranasal vaccination
Authors: Huang Chung-Hsiung , Huang Chiung-Yi , Ho Hui-Min , Lee Ching-Hung , Lai Pang-Ti , Wu Suh-Chin , Liu Shih-Jen , Huang Ming-Hsi 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundEmulsion adjuvants are a potent tool for effective vaccination; however, the size matters on mucosal signatures and the mechanism of action following intranasal vaccination remains unclear. Here, we launch a mechanistic study to address how mucosal membrane interacts with nanoemulsion of a well-defined size at cellular level and to elucidate the impact of size on tumor-associated antigen therapy.MethodsThe squalene-based emulsified particles at the submicron/nanoscale could be elaborated by homogenization/extrusion. The mucosal signatures following intranasal delivery in mice were evaluated by combining whole-mouse genome microarray and immunohistochemical analysis. The immunological signatures were tested by assessing their ability to influence the transportation of a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) across nasal mucosal membranes and drive cellular immunity in vivo. Finally, the cancer immunotherapeutic efficacy is monitored by assessing tumor-associated antigen models consisting of OVA protein and tumor cells expressing OVA epitope.ResultsUniform structures with ~200 nm in size induce the emergence of membranous epithelial cells and natural killer cells in nasal mucosal tissues, facilitate the delivery of protein antigen across the nasal mucosal membrane and drive broad-spectrum antigen-specific T-cell immunity in nasal mucosal tissues as well as in the spleen. Further, intranasal vaccination of the nanoemulsion could assist the antigen to generate potent antigen-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. When combined with immunotherapeutic models, such an effective antigen-specific cytotoxic activity allowed the tumor-bearing mice to reach up to 50% survival 40 days after tumor inoculation; moreover, the optimal formulation significantly attenuated lung metastasis.ConclusionsIn the absence of any immunostimulator, only 0.1% content of squalene-based nanoemulsion could rephrase the mucosal signatures following intranasal vaccination and induce broad-spectrum antigen-specific cellular immunity, thereby improving the efficacy of tumor-associated antigen therapy against in situ and metastatic tumors. These results provide critical mechanistic insights into the adjuvant activity of nanoemulsion and give directions for the design and optimization of mucosal delivery for vaccine and immunotherapy.
Modeling of Power Losses Caused by Hidden Tree-Related High Impedance Faults
Authors: Bahador Nooshin , Lotfi A.H. 
Published: October 2020

The great majority of overhead distribution systems in urban and rural areas of countries such as Australia, Iran and etc., are in interfering with vegetation. This phenomena leads to high impedance faults (HIFs) which not produce enough fault current to be detectable and consequently causes electrical energy losses. In this paper, according to experimental data obtained from measurements, the effective factors in power losses caused by trees are studied and a new numerical model of power loss is presented so as to reflect the effects of environmental conditions and biological classification. The base of this method is according to Samuelson theory. In proposed algorithm, the impacts of species, short-term environmental conditions (temperature and humidity) and long-term environmental conditions (Seasonal variations in physiology) on the power loss estimation are fully considered. Experimental investigations on a real low voltage (380 V) and medium voltage (20 kV) distribution network verify the algorithm’s operation.
Solar Based Z Source Inverter for High Power Application
Authors: Shanmugasundaram S. 
Published: October 2020

The different converters are developer in recent years for efficient operation of PV based various controllers for ac load application. The Z source inverter is used as both buck and boost operation. But the proposed paper Z source inverter produce more output voltage than input voltage. In proposed converter produce high power without using the transformer. The space vector modulation is used as to control the speed of an induction motor. The IFOC based SVM produce the pulse and given to the three phase inverter. In induction motor has high power application so the proposed Z source produces high output. The dc link voltage regulation using the filter. The proposed Z source based PV is implemented using MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment.