bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of Fish Pond Sediments Composts as Organic Fertilizers
Authors: Dróżdż D. , Malińska K. , Kacprzak M. , Mrowiec M. , Szczypiór A. , Postawa P. , Stachowiak T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreased fish pond production is associated with the generation of various waste including fish pond sediments. Fish pond sediments could be a valuable source of nutrients for growing plants, however they require further processing in order to be applied to soil. Composting is considered one of the methods for processing fish pond sediments. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential of organic fish pond sediments to be managed through laboratory composting with selected waste materials and evaluate the fertilizing potential of the obtained compost. The scope included: (1) analysis of organic fish pond sediments, (2) laboratory composting of organic fish pond sediments with wheat straw and green grass, (3) analysis of the obtained composts, (4) preparation of growing media with selected additives, (5) analysis of the properties of the prepared growing media and (6) analysis of the effect of the investigated growing media on the growth ofPhaseolus vulgaris L.in pot experiments. The addition of cardboard waste and woodchips derived biochar to the obtained compost improved significantly the growth of the roots ofCardamine L. Also, the content of carbon and nitrogen in the compost mixtures increased. The addition of M1 (compost from organic fish pond sediments and 1% of biochar) to the soil had a significant impact on the growth of white beans.Graphic Abstract
Covid-19 pandemic by the “real-time” monitoring: the Tunisian case and lessons for global epidemics in the context of 3PM strategies
Authors: Chaari Lotfi , Golubnitschaja Olga 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCovid-19 is neither the first nor the last viral epidemic which societies around the world are, were and will be affected by. Which lessons should be taken from the current pandemic situation? The Covid-19 disease is still not well characterised, and many research teams all over the world are working on prediction of the epidemic scenario, protective measures to populations and sub-populations, therapeutic and vaccination issues, amongst others. Contextually, countries with currently low numbers of Covid-19-infected individuals such as Tunisia are intended to take lessons from those countries which already reached the exponential phase of the infection distribution as well as from those which have the exponential phase behind them and record a minor number of new cases such as China. To this end, in Tunisia, the pandemic wave has started with a significant delay compared with Europe, the main economic partner of the country. In this paper, we do analyse the current pandemic situation in this country by studying the infection evolution and considering potential protective strategies to prevent a pandemic scenario. The model is predictive based on a large number of undetected Covid-19 cases that is particularly true for some country regions such as Sfax. Infection distribution and mortality rate analysis demonstrate a highly heterogeneous picture over the country. Qualitative and quantitative comparative analysis leads to a conclusion that the reliable “real-time” monitoring based on the randomised laboratory tests is the optimal predictive strategy to create the most effective evidence-based preventive measures. In contrast, lack of tests may lead to incorrect political decisions causing either unnecessary over-protection of the population that is risky for a long-term economic recession, or under-protection of the population leading to a post-containment pandemic rebound. Recommendations are provided in the context of advanced predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medical approach.
Promoting Participation in DCD: Physical Activity Levels and the Social Network
Authors: Steenbergen Bert , Bekhuis Hidde , van Abswoude Femke 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Physical inactivity is a worldwide problem, also affecting children with motor problems, such as developmental coordination disorder. We try to understand what motivates children to start, continue, and stop having an active lifestyle and explore the role that the social network of the child can have to stimulate an active lifestyle.

Recent Findings
Social network theory is useful for understanding individual and group behavior related to physical activity. Social networks, ranging from peers and parents to teachers and medical professionals were shown to play an important role in bringing about sustainable behavioral change. Up to now, little systematic research has been done into how social networks can be used to keep children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) physically active and motivated.

Summary
Future studies should more systematically examine and target the social network of the child with DCD. This social network can then be used to develop interventions for a sustained physical active lifestyle leading to increased participation in the society.
Atmospheric Correction of Multispectral VNIR Remote Sensing Data: Algorithm and Inter‐sensor Comparison of Aerosol and Surface Reflectance Products
Authors: Mishra Manoj K. , Rathore Pradyuman S. , Misra Arundhati , Kumar Raj 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOptical imaging satellites, such as SPOT and Cartosat‐2S, provide visible/near infrared (VNIR) multispectral data at very high spatial resolution. The applications of these data sets are associated with precise mapping, monitoring, and change detection of Earth's surface, given that the measurements can be compensated for atmospheric effects. Existing atmospheric correction (AC) algorithms use visible and shortwave infrared channels and therefore cannot be used for AC of data from VNIR sensors. This article describes an algorithm for aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval and AC of VNIR imaging data. The AOD algorithm relies on the fact that for vegetated surfaces there exists a visible/NIR surface reflectance relationship due to the absorption of solar radiation by photosynthetic pigments in visible bands, while high reflectance in NIR bands governed by structural discontinuities in the leaves of healthy vegetation. We then describe how retrieved AOD is used to derive surface reflectance. To test the algorithm, the aerosol and surface reflectance products generated from 106 Cartosat‐2S data sets are compared with MODIS‐terra products. The algorithm significantly removes the haze from the images making surface feature visible. The comparison of Cartosat‐2S and MODIS‐terra AOD involving >1,500 data points shows good correlation of 0.95 with a relative difference of ≤25%. Similarly, the comparison of surface reflectance involving >4,500 data points shows good correlation ranging from 0.75 to 0.86 with a relative difference ranging from 24% to 37%. The normalized difference vegetation index shows a correlation of 0.89, with a relative difference of ≤18%. Results show that the given algorithm may be useful for AC of data from VNIR sensors.
Deformation Structures From Splay and Décollement Faults in the Nankai Accretionary Prism, SW Japan(IODP NanTroSEIZE Expedition 316): Evidence for Slow and Rapid Slip in Fault Rocks
Authors: Fabbri O. , Goldsby D. L. , Chester F. , Karpoff A. M. , Morvan G. , Ujiie K. , Yamaguchi A. , Sakaguchi A. , Li C. F. , Kimura G. , Tsutsumi A. , Screaton E. , Curewitz D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDrilling during IODP NanTroSEIZE Expedition 316 led to the recovery of cores from the basal décollement in the frontal part of the Nankai accretionary prism and from a splay fault branching from the décollement at 25‐km landward of the prism toe. The core from the splay fault shows a main shear zone and two secondary shear zones. The main shear zone can be divided into two subzones. The upper subzone consists of a 1.2‐mm thick foliated gouge zone truncated downward by a through‐going fault encompassing a 0.4‐mm thick weakly foliated gouge interval. A nearby 200‐μm thick granular injection vein is interpreted as derived from the fault. The lower subzone consists of a foliated clayey gouge. A 70‐μm thick granular injection vein is also observed along this subzone. In the basal décollement core, microstructures consist of foliated gouge along a flat‐lying shear zone and seven flat‐lying or gently dipping secondary or incipient shear zones above. A redox front lies beneath the main shear zone. The shear zone and the redox front are truncated by a fault surface outlined by microbreccia developed at the expense of the overlying foliated gouge. Foliated gouge from the shear zones is tentatively interpreted as resulting from slow slip or aseismic creep. The weakly foliated gouge, the microbreccia, and the granular injection veins are interpreted as resulting from coseismic slip. The presence of the redox front beneath the main shear zone of the décollement fault core is interpreted as a consequence of oxidizing fluid flow along the microbreccia‐bearing fault.
Evidence of Localized Failure Along Altered Basaltic Blocks in Tectonic Mélange at the Updip Limit of the Seismogenic Zone: Implications for the Shallow Slow Earthquake Source
Authors: Phillips Noah John , Motohashi Ginta , Ujiie Kohtaro , Rowe Christie D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractField studies have led to several interpretations on the mechanics behind slow earthquake phenomena downdip of the seismogenic zone. To date, field studies have not examined the shallow subduction interface which may also host slow earthquake phenomena. We examine a subduction mélange exhumed from conditions representing the source of shallow slow earthquake phenomena. The mélange consists of a shale matrix containing rigid blocks, including basalt which is altered along the margins. Cataclasite‐bearing faults attest to localized faulting along the altered margins of basaltic blocks, concurrent with distributed shear in the shale matrix. These cataclasite‐bearing faults link individual blocks. Microstructures show mutually crosscutting tensile and shear veins, consistent with failure having occurred at, or near, lithostatic pore fluid pressures. We model the stress concentrations around the altered margins of basaltic blocks during distributed shear and show that frictional failure of the altered basalt is predicted to occur at lower imposed strain rates than frictional failure of the shale, favoring fault development along block margins. Calculations of critical nucleation lengths for the blocks show they would fail dynamically at hydrostatic pore fluid pressures, producing microearthquakes. At near‐lithostatic pore fluid pressures, block lengths are below the critical nucleation length for dynamic failure and may produce slow earthquake phenomena. Mixing of velocity‐weakening blocks into a viscously flowing, velocity‐strengthening matrix may serve as a common mechanism for slow earthquake phenomena updip and downdip of the seismogenic zone.
Thermochemical Modification of the Upper Mantle Beneath the Northern Malawi Rift Constrained From Shear Velocity Imaging
Authors: Accardo N. J. , Gaherty J. B. , Shillington D. J. , Hopper E. , Nyblade A. A. , Ebinger C. J. , Scholz C. A. , Chindandali P. R. N. , Wambura‐Ferdinand R. , Mbogoni G. , Russell J. B. , Holtzman B. K. , Havlin C. , Class C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo investigate the controls on continental rifting in the western branch of the East Africa Rift System, we conduct shear velocity imaging of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the weakly extended Malawi Rift and the Rungwe Volcanic Province (RVP). We use local‐scale measurements of Rayleigh wave phase velocities between 9‐ and 100‐s periods combined with constraints on basin architecture and crustal thickness to invert for shear velocity from the surface to ~135 km. Our resulting 3‐D model reveals a localized low‐velocity anomaly associated with the RVP extending from the crust and through the upper mantle, which can be explained with modestly elevated temperatures. Away from the RVP, velocities within mantle flanking the rift are fast (>4.6 ± 0.1 km/s), suggesting depleted lithospheric mantle to depths of ~100 and >135 km to the west and east of the rift, respectively. The upper mantle beneath the rift axis is characterized by thinned lithosphere with slower velocities than the surrounding plateau, suggestive of thermal and/or chemical modification by the rifting process. Slowest velocities are mildly asymmetric about the rift axis, with the lowest velocities observed beneath the rift and adjacent footwall escarpments. The underlying asthenosphere is only moderately slow (~4.25 ± 0.1 km/s), including beneath the RVP, precluding the presence of significant volumes of partial melt. The positions of localized lithospheric modification and basin‐bounding border faults correlate with the location of Proterozoic mobile belts, suggesting that these sutures provide lithospheric‐scale weakening mechanisms necessary for localizing strain and allowing extension to occur in the Malawi Rift.
Modeled Dynamics of Physical and Biological Processes in the Central California Current System From 1993 to 2016
Authors: Guo Lin , Xiu Peng , Chai Fei , Chavez Francisco P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA three‐dimensional physical‐biological model was used to study the dynamics of physical and biological processes in the central California Current System (CCS) from 1993 to 2016 and investigate its response to different climate modes. The variations of new production (NP) and nitrate fluxes in the central CCS showed robust seasonal and interannual variability. In the coastal upwelling region (0–150 km offshore), the variability of NP was associated with both coastal upwelling and alongshore nitrate advection. In the coastal transition zone (150–300 km offshore), it was related to nitrate fluxes that were determined primarily by the physics rather than nitrate concentration, with vertical mixing and offshore transport being dominant factors. In the offshore oceanic region (California Current; 300–1,000 km offshore), nitrate concentrations played a more important role in the variations of nitrate fluxes, and the NP variability was dominated by the nutrient supplies of vertical mixing and lateral transports. Although El Niño–Southern Oscillation can affect coastal upwelling, alongshore currents, and nitrate fluxes, the coastal NP responded to El Niño–Southern Oscillation mostly in the frequencies of <1 and >6 years. Pacific Decadal Oscillation and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation may affect the CCS ecosystem through large‐scale winds and stratification, modifying the circulation in the upper layer and leading to changes in nitrate concentration and NP.
Contrasted Contribution of Intraseasonal Time Scales to Surface Chlorophyll Variations in a Bloom and an Oligotrophic Regime
Authors: Keerthi M. G. , Levy M. , Aumont O. , Lengaigne M. , Antoine D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding long‐term variations of ocean ecosystems requires untangling the time scales involved in their natural fluctuations. We applied a temporal decomposition procedure to two decades of satellite ocean color observations to characterize the time variability of surface chlorophyll‐a (SChl) in the Mediterranean Sea. In order to assess the reliability of the satellite data at capturing intraseasonal, seasonal, and interannual variability, we first show that satellite SChl data compare well with field data of chlorophyll‐a fluorescence from the long‐term BOUSSOLE time series, at all three time scales. The decomposition procedure is then applied to satellite SChl and to mixing‐layer depth (MxLD) data from an ocean reanalysis, both at the scale of the entire Mediterranean Sea. Our results reveal similar amplitude for the seasonal and intraseasonal SChl variations in the northwestern bloom region, together explaining about 90% of the SChl variance. Coherent seasonal SChl variations occur at the scale of the bloom region (~400 km) and are tightly connected with seasonal MxLD changes. Intraseasonal SChl fluctuations occur at smaller spatial scales (~100 km), suggesting they would be generated by storms although they weakly correlate to variations of the MxLD reanalysis. Over the oligotrophic part of the Mediterranean Sea, about 80% of the variability in both SChl and MxLD are explained by basin‐scale (~1,000 km) seasonal variations. Intraseasonal variability occurs at much smaller spatial scales, typical of mesoscale activity (~30 km). These results support the hypothesis that seasonal SChl variations are driven by changes in MxLD, while mesoscale activity and storms drive the intraseasonal SChl fluctuations.
Slope Gradient Controls Soil Thickness and Chemical Weathering in Subtropical Brazil: Understanding Rates and Timescales of Regional Soilscape Evolution Through a Combination of Field Data and Modeling
Authors: Brosens Liesa , Campforts Benjamin , Robinet Jérémy , Vanacker Veerle , Opfergelt Sophie , Ameijeiras‐Mariño Yolanda , Minella Jean P. G. , Govers Gerard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSoil thickness and residence time are regulated by a dynamic interplay between soil formation and lateral transport of soil particles and solutes. To unravel this interplay and infer patterns and rates of chemical weathering, soil physical and chemical properties can be used. Here, we present an integrated approach combining numerical modeling with field measurements to assess the impact of slope gradient on soil thickness and chemical weathering at a regional scale. We first perform a number of synthetic model runs simulating soil formation, weathering, erosion, and deposition, which show that soil thickness and weathering degree decline with increasing slope gradient. We then evaluate how those functional relationships compare to soil‐landscape data observed in the field. Soils are sampled at 100 midslope positions under varying slope gradient. The weathering degree is determined using three chemical weathering indices: ratio of iron oxides to total iron (Fed/Fet), chemical index of alteration (CIA), and total reserve in bases (TRB). Finally, we calibrate the Be2D model to our field data to constrain soil residence times and chemical weathering rates. The modeled weathering rates decrease with increasing soil residence time and decreasing slope gradient. The application of the soil‐landscape evolution model in Southern Brazil shows that weathering rates can vary up to 2 orders of magnitude and depend on hillslope gradient. Notwithstanding model limitations and data uncertainties, we demonstrate the potential of an integrated approach, where field data and numerical modeling are integrated to unravel the timescale of soil weathering along transport over hillslopes.
A Mechanistic Model for Lateral Erosion of Bedrock Channel Banks by Bedload Particle Impacts
Authors: Li Tingan , Fuller Theodore K. , Sklar Leonard S. , Gran Karen B. , Venditti Jeremy G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBedrock incision plays a key role in determining the pace of landscape evolution. Much is known about how bedrock rivers incise vertically, but less is known about lateral erosion. Lateral erosion is widely thought to occur when the bed is alluviated, which prevents vertical erosion and deflects the downstream transport of bedload particles into channel walls. Here we develop a model for lateral erosion by bedload particle impacts. The lateral erosion rate is the product of the volume eroded per particle impact and the impact rate. The volume eroded per particle impact is modeled by tracking the motion of bedload particles from collision with roughness elements to impacts on the wall. The impact rate on the wall is calculated from deflection rates on roughness elements. The numerical model further incorporates the coevolution of wall morphology, shear stress, and erosion rate. The model predicts the undercut wall shape observed in physical experiments. The nondimensional lateral erosion rate is used to explore how lateral erosion varies under different relative sediment supply (ratio of supply to transport capacity) and transport stage conditions. Maximum lateral erosion rates occur at high relative sediment supply rates (~0.7) and moderate transport stages (~10). The competition between lateral and vertical erosion is investigated by coupling the saltation‐abrasion vertical erosion model with our lateral erosion model. The results suggest that vertical erosion dominates under near 75% of supply and transport stage conditions but is outpaced by lateral erosion near the threshold for full bed coverage.
Age‐Related Climate Response of Tree‐Ring δ13C and δ18O From Spruce in Northwestern China, With Implications for Relative Humidity Reconstructions
Authors: Xu Guobao , Wu Guoju , Liu Xiaohong , Chen Tuo , Wang Bo , Hudson Amy , Trouet Valerie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding varying climate responses in tree‐ring data across tree ages is important, but little is known about tree‐age effects on climate responses in tree‐ring stable isotopes. To detect whether age differences in tree‐ring δ13C and δ18O could lead to differing climate responses, we measured tree‐ring cellulose δ13C and δ18O (1901–2010) from Schrenk spruce (Picea schrenkiana) trees in northwestern China with ages ranging from 110 to 470 years, which we binned into three age groups. Tree‐ring δ13C (pin‐corrected) and δ18O exhibited similar year‐to‐year variability between age groups and did not feature age‐related trends. δ13C series from old trees (270–470 years) showed stronger legacy effects, reflecting influences from the antecedent period (due to carbohydrate reserves and climate), compared to young trees (110–125 years). Both tree‐ring δ13C and δ18O values decreased with increasing relative humidity (RH) and precipitation and with decreasing mean and maximum temperatures during the main growing season (May–August). δ13C and δ18O exhibited age‐dependent climate responses: Young trees had a stronger climate response in δ13C but a weaker or similar climate response in δ18O compared to old trees. We developed multiple growing‐season RH reconstructions based on composite chronologies using δ13C and δ18O series from different age groups. In particular, we found that including δ13C from young trees improved the skill of RH reconstructions because of the age‐specific mechanisms driving the δ13C‐climate relationship, but that caution is warranted with regard to extreme values. We therefore suggest that young trees should be considered when using stable isotopes, particularly in δ13C, for climate reconstruction.