bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teacher Turnover in Rwanda
Authors: Zeitlin Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Despite widely documented shortfalls of teacher skills and effort, there is little systematic evidence of rates of teacher turnover in low-income countries. I investigated the incidence and consequences of teacher turnover in Rwandan public primary schools over the period from 2016 to 2019. I combined the universe of teacher placement records with student enrollment figures and school-average Primary Leaving Exam scores in a nationally representative sample of 259 schools. Results highlight five features of teacher turnover. First, rates of teacher turnover are high: annually, 20% of teachers separate from their jobs, of which 11% exit from the public-sector teaching workforce. Second, the burden of teacher churn is higher in schools with low learning levels and, perhaps surprisingly, in low pupil–teacher-ratio schools. Third, teacher turnover is concentrated among early-career teachers, male teachers and those assigned to teach Math. Fourth, replacing teachers quickly after they exit is a challenge; 23% of exiting teachers are not replaced the following year. And fifth, teacher turnover is associated with subsequent declines in learning outcomes. On average, the loss of a teacher is associated with a reduction in learning levels of 0.05 standard deviations. In addition to class-size increases, a possible mechanism for these learning outcomes is the prevalence of teachers teaching outside of their areas of subject expertise: in any given year, at least 21% of teachers teach in subjects in which they have not been trained. Taken together, these results suggest that the problem of teacher turnover is substantial in magnitude and consequential for learning outcomes in schools.
TRsandflies: A Web-Based Software for the Morphometric Identification of Sand Flies in Turkey
Authors: Kavur Hakan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sand flies are vector of several diseases, mostly cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (CL and VL). Also, 29 sand fly species have been identified in previous fauna studies carried out in 40 provinces of Turkey. Totally, 24 sand flies species belonging to Phlebotomus (Ph.) (Diptera: Psychodidae) genus have been proven or reported as possible vector species. This study aimed to develop a new software which could contribute to researchers’ decision making about the identification of sand flies with obtained data from entomological surveys conducted before in Turkey. Developed software called TRsandflies included 35 textbox created with parameters obtained from caught sand flies specimens by the above-mentioned surveys. It also contained 130 photos and distribution maps related to 24 sand flies species. In addition, C# language and MYSQL database were used in the program. TRsandflies had three different forms (pages) allowing the user to compare the specimens and known species. In the species identification trials with three repetitions carried out in the program, except for the specimens belonging to the Transphlebotomus Artemiev & Neronov, 1984 subgenus, morphometric data of all previously collected sand fly species specimens were included. The process of running the morphometric measurement results of predetermined specimens in the program provided us with an accurate prediction rate of 86.66% in male specimens and 71.66% in female specimens. We concluded that the web-based software developed could play an important role in reducing the rate of possible errors that might be encountered by conventional identification methods.
Temporal variation and its drivers in the elemental traits of four boreal plant species
Authors: Richmond Isabella C , Leroux Shawn J , Heckford Travis R , Vander Wal Eric , Rizzuto Matteo , Balluffi-Fry Juliana , Kennah Joanie L , Wiersma Yolanda F 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsIntraspecific variation in plant traits has important consequences for individual fitness and herbivore foraging. For plants, trait variability across spatial dimensions is well documented. However, temporal dimensions of trait variability are less well known, and may be influenced by seasonal differences in growing degree days (GDD), temperature and precipitation. Here, we aim to quantify intraspecific temporal variation in traits and the underlying drivers for four commonly occurring boreal plant species.MethodsWe sampled the elemental and stoichiometric traits (%C, %N, %P, C:N, C:P, N:P) of four common browse species’ foliage across 2 years. Using a two-step approach, we first fitted generalized linear models (GzLM, n = 24) to the species’ elemental and stoichiometric traits, and tested if they varied across years. When we observed evidence for temporal variability, we fitted a second set of GzLMs (n = 8) with temperature, productivity and moisture as explanatory variables.Important FindingsWe found no evidence of temporal variation for most of the elemental and stoichiometric traits of our four boreal plants, with two exceptions. Year was an important predictor for percent carbon across all four species (R2 = 0.47–0.67) and for multiple elemental and stoichiometric traits in balsam fir (5/8, R2 = 0.29–0.67). Thus, variation in percent carbon was related to interannual differences, more so than nitrogen and phosphorus, which are limiting nutrients in the boreal forest. These results also indicate that year may explain more variation in conifers’ stoichiometry than for deciduous plants due to life history differences. GDD was the most frequently occurring variable in the second round of models (8/8 times, R2 = 0.21–0.41), suggesting that temperature is an important driver of temporal variation in these traits.
Exploring Parenting Narratives in Asylum Seeking Populations in Sweden: Examining the Effect of Post-Migration Stress on Families through Grounded Theory
Authors: Hedstrom Ellen , Kovshoff H , Hadwin J A , Kreppner J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Empirical evidence shows that asylum seekers experience a range of stressors in a post-migration context that can contribute to poor mental health. Few studies have considered how post-migration stressors affect the family unit, specifically with a focus on parenting and child outcomes. In 2018 and 2019, interviews were conducted with asylum seeking parents (27 families) in a small community in Sweden. A grounded theory research design approach found an overarching category of lack of agency amongst parents which linked with three subcategories; a new normal, managing official processes and poor physical and mental health. Within each subcategory, the role of parenting was examined. Parents living through the asylum seeking process reported experiencing few rights, concerns about housing and money, as well as a constant fear of being repatriated, and these factors contributed to a deterioration in both their own as well as their children’s mental health. Implications and suggestions for future studies are included.
Nitric oxide signalling in plant interactions with pathogenic fungi and oomycetes
Authors: Jedelská Tereza , Luhová Lenka , Petřivalský Marek 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species have emerged as crucial signalling and regulatory molecules across all organisms. In plants, fungi, and fungi-like oomycetes, NO is involved in the regulation of multiple processes during their growth, development, reproduction, responses to the external environment, and biotic interactions. It has become evident that NO is produced and used as a signalling and defence cue by both partners in multiple forms of plant interactions with their microbial counterparts, ranging from symbiotic to pathogenic modes. This review summarizes current knowledge on the role of NO in plant–pathogen interactions, focused on biotrophic, necrotrophic, and hemibiotrophic fungi and oomycetes. Actual advances and gaps in the identification of NO sources and fate in plant and pathogen cells are discussed. We review the decisive role of time- and site-specific NO production in germination, oriented growth, and active penetration by filamentous pathogens of the host tissues, as well in pathogen recognition, and defence activation in plants. Distinct functions of NO in diverse interactions of host plants with fungal and oomycete pathogens of different lifestyles are highlighted, where NO in interplay with reactive oxygen species governs successful plant colonization, cell death, and establishment of resistance.
Constructive truth and falsity in Peano arithmetic
Authors: Kushida Hirohiko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Artemov (2019, The provability of consistency) offered the notion of constructive truth and falsity of arithmetical sentences in the spirit of Brouwer–Heyting–Kolmogorov semantics and its formalization, the logic of proofs. In this paper, we provide a complete description of constructive truth and falsity for Friedman’s constant fragment of Peano arithmetic. For this purpose, we generalize the constructive falsity to $n$-constructive falsity in Peano arithmetic where $n$ is any positive natural number. Based on this generalization, we also analyse the logical status of well-known Gödelean sentences: consistency assertions for extensions of PA, the local reflection principles, the ‘constructive’ liar sentences and Rosser sentences. Finally, we discuss ‘extremely’ independent sentences in the sense that they are classically true but neither constructively true nor $n$-constructively false for any $n$.
A Study into the Operation of the Queensland Mental Health Review Tribunal
Authors: Boyle Sam , Walsh Tamara , Nelson Lucinda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Queensland Mental Health Review Tribunal makes difficult decisions regarding involuntary treatment of people with mental illness, applying strict legislative criteria against a backdrop of fundamental human rights considerations. This article reports on focus group research with lawyers and advocates for people with mental illness who appear before the Queensland Mental Health Review Tribunal. Participants expressed concerns regarding the manner in which decisions are made. For example, participants said that their clients’ views on the side effects of treatment do not receive adequate consideration when involuntary treatment is authorised. We review these concerns in the light of applicable legal obligations, including those arising from human rights law. We conclude that if these concerns are accurate, some adjustments to the Queensland Mental Health Review Tribunal’s decision-making processes are required.
‘Mad Men’ as a Sonic Symptomatology of Consumer Capitalism
Authors: Brooks Marc 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One criticism of the television series Mad Men (Matthew Weiner, AMC 2007–15) is that it assumes the form of its subject matter; it offers the same meretricious pleasure as the modern affective advert—atmosphere, emotion, sensuality; getting the joke or reference; solving the puzzle—and nothing of dramatic or critical substance. My main claim here is that three musical moments do initially lead the viewer to believe that the sensuously enjoyable songs—Mozart’s ‘Voi che sapete’, George Jones’s ‘Cup of Loneliness’, and the Beatles’ ‘Tomorrow Never Knows’—will tie the intricate inter- and intra-textual threads spun in the episode together in the manner of an especially complex affective advert. Through each song, however, the viewer hears how Don’s body is distorted, warped, contorted by the consumerist forces that appropriate him, exploit him, and express themselves through him—i.e. it isolates and gathers together a set of symptoms. Rather than offering the momentary, superficial enjoyment of the advert, this sonic symptomatology sends the viewer into interpretative overdrive, seeking both to explain how the ailments arise and to discover therapies that might mitigate them.
Classification of multiwavelength transients with machine learning
Authors: Sooknunan K , Lochner M , Bassett Bruce A , Peiris H V , Fender R , Stewart A J , Pietka M , Woudt P A , McEwen J D , Lahav O 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
With the advent of powerful telescopes such as the Square Kilometer Array and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, we are entering an era of multiwavelength transient astronomy that will lead to a dramatic increase in data volume. Machine learning techniques are well suited to address this data challenge and rapidly classify newly detected transients. We present a multiwavelength classification algorithm consisting of three steps: (1) interpolation and augmentation of the data using Gaussian processes; (2) feature extraction using wavelets; and (3) classification with random forests. Augmentation provides improved performance at test time by balancing the classes and adding diversity into the training set. In the first application of machine learning to the classification of real radio transient data, we apply our technique to the Green Bank Interferometer and other radio light curves. We find we are able to accurately classify most of the 11 classes of radio variables and transients after just eight hours of observations, achieving an overall test accuracy of 78 per cent. We fully investigate the impact of the small sample size of 82 publicly available light curves and use data augmentation techniques to mitigate the effect. We also show that on a significantly larger simulated representative training set that the algorithm achieves an overall accuracy of 97 per cent, illustrating that the method is likely to provide excellent performance on future surveys. Finally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous multiwavelength observations by showing how incorporating just one optical data point into the analysis improves the accuracy of the worst performing class by 19 per cent.
DO-CRIME: dynamic on-sky covariance random interaction matrix evaluation, a novel method for calibrating adaptive optics systems
Authors: Lai Olivier , Chun Mark , Dungee Ryan , Lu Jessica , Carbillet Marcel 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Adaptive optics (AO) systems require a calibration procedure to operate, whether in closed loop or even more importantly in forward control. This calibration usually takes the form of an interaction matrix and is a measure of the response on the wavefront sensor (WFS) to wavefront corrector stimulus. If this matrix is sufficiently well conditioned, it can be inverted to produce a control matrix, which allows to compute the optimal commands to apply to the wavefront corrector for a given WFS measurement vector. Interaction matrices are usually measured by means of an artificial source at the entrance focus of the AO system; however, adaptive secondary mirrors (ASMs) on Cassegrain telescopes offer no such focus and the measurement of their interaction matrices becomes more challenging and needs to be done on-sky using a natural star. The most common method is to generate a theoretical or simulated interaction matrix and adjust it parametrically (e.g. magnification, rotation) using on-sky measurements. We propose a novel method of measuring on-sky interaction matrices ab initio from the telemetry stream of the AO system using random patterns on the deformable mirror with diagonal commands covariance matrices. The approach, being developed for the ASM upgrade for the imaka wide-field AO system on the UH2.2m telescope project, is shown to work on-sky using the current imaka testbed.
Short-term variability and mass loss in Be stars – VI. Frequency groups in γ Cas detected by TESS
Authors: Labadie-Bartz Jonathan , Baade Dietrich , Carciofi Alex C , Rubio Amanda , Rivinius Thomas , Borre Camilla C , Martayan Christophe , Siverd Robert J 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
In photometry of γ Cas (B0.5 IVe) from the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) and the BRIght Target Explorer (BRITE)-Constellation satellites, indications of low-order non-radial pulsation have recently been found, which would establish an important commonality with the class of classical Be stars at large. New photometry with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has detected three frequency groups near 1.0 (g1), 2.4 (g2), and 5.1 (g3) d−1, respectively. Some individual frequencies are nearly harmonics or combination frequencies but not exactly so. Frequency groups are known from roughly three quarters of all classical Be stars and also from pulsations of β Cep, slowly pulsating B (SPB), and γ Dor stars and, therefore, firmly establish γ Cas as a non-radial pulsator. The total power in each frequency group is variable. An isolated feature exists at 7.57 d−1 and, together with the strongest peaks in the second and third groups ordered by increasing frequency (g2 and g3), is the only one detected in all three TESS sectors. The former long-term 0.82 d−1 variability would fall into g1 and has not returned at a significant level, questioning its attribution to rotational modulation. Low-frequency stochastic variability is a dominant feature of the TESS light curve, possibly caused by internal gravity waves excited at the core–envelope interface. These are known to be efficient at transporting angular momentum outward, and may also drive the oscillations that constitute g1 and g2. The hard X-ray flux of γ Cas is the only remaining major property that distinguishes this star from the class of classical Be stars.
A novel SHAPE reagent enables the analysis of RNA structure in living cells with unprecedented accuracy
Authors: Marinus Tycho , Fessler Adam B , Ogle Craig A , Incarnato Danny 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Due to the mounting evidence that RNA structure plays a critical role in regulating almost any physiological as well as pathological process, being able to accurately define the folding of RNA molecules within living cells has become a crucial need. We introduce here 2-aminopyridine-3-carboxylic acid imidazolide (2A3), as a general probe for the interrogation of RNA structures in vivo. 2A3 shows moderate improvements with respect to the state-of-the-art selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) reagent NAI on naked RNA under in vitro conditions, but it significantly outperforms NAI when probing RNA structure in vivo, particularly in bacteria, underlining its increased ability to permeate biological membranes. When used as a restraint to drive RNA structure prediction, data derived by SHAPE-MaP with 2A3 yields more accurate predictions than NAI-derived data. Due to its extreme efficiency and accuracy, we can anticipate that 2A3 will rapidly take over conventional SHAPE reagents for probing RNA structures both in vitro and in vivo.
IncC helper dependent plasmid-like replication of Salmonella Genomic Island 1
Authors: Szabó Mónika , Murányi Gábor , Kiss János 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1) and its variants are mobilized by IncA and IncC conjugative plasmids. SGI1-family elements and their helper plasmids are effective transporters of multidrug resistance determinants. SGI1 exploits the transfer apparatus of the helper plasmid and hijacks its activator complex, AcaCD, to trigger the expression of several SGI1 genes. In this way, SGI1 times its excision from the chromosome to the helper entry and expresses mating pore components that enhance SGI1 transfer. The SGI1-encoded T4SS components and the FlhDC-family activator proved to be interchangeable with their IncC-encoded homologs, indicating multiple interactions between SGI1 and its helpers. As a new aspect of this crosstalk, we report here the helper-induced replication of SGI1, which requires both activators, AcaCD and FlhDCSGI1, and significantly increases the stability of SGI1 when coexists with the helper plasmid. We have identified the oriVSGI1 and shown that S004-repA operon encodes for a translationally coupled leader protein and an IncN2/N3-related RepA that are expressed under the control of the AcaCD-responsive promoter PS004. This replicon transiently maintains SGI1 as a 4–8-copy plasmid, not only stabilizing the island but also contributing to the fast displacement of the helper plasmid.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated formation of protein binding polynucleotides
Authors: Ashley Jon , Schaap-Johansen Anna-Lisa , Mohammadniaei Mohsen , Naseri Maryam , Marcatili Paolo , Prado Marta , Sun Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzyme plays an integral part in the V(D)J recombination, allowing for the huge diversity in expression of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors within lymphocytes, through their unique ability to incorporate single nucleotides into oligonucleotides without the need of a template. The role played by TdT in lymphocytes precursors found in early vertebrates is not known. In this paper, we demonstrated a new screening method that utilises TdT to form libraries of variable sized (vsDNA) libraries of polynucleotides that displayed binding towards protein targets. The extent of binding and size distribution of each vsDNA library towards their respective protein target can be controlled through the alteration of different reaction conditions such as time of reaction, nucleotide ratio and initiator concentration raising the possibility for the rational design of aptamers prior to screening. The new approach, allows for the screening of aptamers based on size as well as sequence in a single round, which minimises PCR bias. We converted the protein bound sequences to dsDNA using rapid amplification of variable ends assays (RAVE) and sequenced them using next generation sequencing. The resultant aptamers demonstrated low nanomolar binding and high selectivity towards their respective targets.
Might changes in diagnostic practice explain increasing incidence of brain and central nervous system tumors? A population-based study in Wales (United Kingdom) and the United States
Authors: Poon Michael Tin Chung , Brennan Paul M , Jin Kai , Sudlow Cathie L M , Figueroa Jonine D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Increasing incidence of central nervous system (CNS) tumors has been noted in some populations. However, the influence of changing surgical and imaging practices has not been consistently accounted for.

Methods
We evaluated average annual percentage change (AAPC) in age- and gender-stratified incidence of CNS tumors by tumor subtypes and histological confirmation in Wales, United Kingdom (1997-2015) and the United States (2004-2015) using joinpoint regression.

Findings
In Wales, the incidence of histologically confirmed CNS tumors increased more than all CNS tumors (AAPC 3.62% vs 1.63%), indicating an increasing proportion undergoing surgery. Grade II and III glioma incidence declined significantly (AAPC −3.09% and −1.85%, respectively) but remained stable for those with histological confirmation. Grade IV glioma incidence increased overall (AAPC 3.99%), more markedly for those with histological confirmation (AAPC 5.36%), suggesting reduced glioma subtype misclassification due to increased surgery. In the United States, the incidence of CNS tumors increased overall but was stable for histologically confirmed tumors (AAPC 1.86% vs 0.09%) indicating an increase in patients diagnosed without surgery. An increase in grade IV gliomas (AAPC 0.28%) and a decline in grade II gliomas (AAPC −3.41%) were accompanied by similar changes in those with histological confirmation, indicating the overall trends in glioma subtypes were unlikely to be caused by changing diagnostic and clinical management.

Conclusions
Changes in clinical practice have influenced the incidence of CNS tumors in the United Kingdom and the United States. These should be considered when evaluating trends and in epidemiological studies of putative risk factors for CNS tumors.