bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does fiscal tightening (loosening) reduce public debt?
Authors: Abubakar Attahir Babaji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study examined the effect of fiscal tightening and loosening on the public debt of sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries. To achieve this, the study employed a two‐step approach. In the first step, the effect of government primary balance on public debt was examined; while in the second step, the primary balance was disaggregated into its surplus and deficit components with the effect of each component on public debt examined. By utilising data covering a panel of 37 SSA countries for the period 2008 to 2017, the study employed the Panel System Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) model for analysis. Estimation results indicated that fiscal tightening (via government surpluses) produces a depressing effect on the stock of public debt while fiscal loosening increases the stock of public debt. Economic growth was also found to be effective in reducing public debt. The study cautions against protracted fiscal tightening due to its potential negative effect on economic growth and social welfare, thereby rendering it counterproductive.
Parental stress and children's school performance: Are locals doing better than rural‐to‐urban migrants in Beijing?
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Zhai Fuhua , Pei Fei , Gao Qin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study provides the first empirical evidence on whether parental stress is associated with children's school performance (measured by academic performance and peer relations) for rural‐to‐urban migrants (n = 499) and local residents (n = 299) in Beijing, China. Results from regression analyses showed that children of local families systematically scored better than those of migrants on measures of school performance. Correlation between parental stress and academic performance was found among locals but not among migrant households. Further, although children's peer relations were negatively associated with parental stress among migrant families, the duration of their residence in Beijing did not moderate this association. This study probed the structural origins of stressors for migrant parents and discussed implications for community‐based social work services in urban China for migrant families.
Growth before birth: the relationship between placental weights and infant and maternal health in early twentieth‐century Barcelona†
Authors: Galofré‐Vilà Gregori , Harris Bernard 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough a number of writers have argued that birth weights have increased in different parts of the world over the last 150 years, others have disputed this. The absence of clear evidence of increasing birth weights contrasts with the picture provided by child and adult heights and raises profound questions about the measurement of changes in intrauterine health. This article uses newly discovered data from Barcelona's Provincial House to examine the extent to which placental weights, and the ratio of birth weight to placental weight, can help to fill this gap. We find some evidence to suggest that there was an inverse relationship between placental weights and male real wages in Barcelona between c. 1908 and 1920. We also show that both low placental weights and high placental weights were associated with adverse birth outcomes. However, after reviewing a large number of different studies, we do not find any clear evidence of an unequivocal trend in placental weights over time. Our results also have implications for our understanding of the impact of the First World War on the standard of living in non‐combatant countries and its long‐term effects on those who were born during the conflict.
Echolalia in patients with primary progressive aphasia
Authors: Ota Shoko , Kanno Shigenori , Morita Ayumi , Narita Wataru , Kawakami Nobuko , Kakinuma Kazuo , Saito Yumiko , Kobayashi Erena , Baba Toru , Iizuka Osamu , Nishio Yoshiyuki , Matsuda Minoru , Odagiri Hayato , Endo Keiko , Takanami Kentaro , Mori Etsuro , Suzuki Kyoko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to examine echolalia and its related symptoms and brain lesions in primary progressive aphasia (PPA).MethodsForty‐five patients with PPA were included: 19 nonfluent/agrammatic variant PPA (nfvPPA), 5 semantic variant PPA, 7 logopenic variant PPA, and 14 unclassified PPA patients. We detected echolalia in unstructured conversations. An evaluation of language function and the presence of parkinsonism, grasp reflex, imitation behaviour, and disinhibition were assessed. We also measured regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) using single‐photon emission computed tomography.ResultsEcholalia was observed in 12 nfvPPA and 2 unclassified PPA patients. All patients showed mitigated echolalia. We compared nfvPPA patients with echolalia (echolalia group) to those without echolalia (non‐echolalia group). The median age of the echolalia group was significantly lower than that of the non‐echolalia group, and the echolalia group showed a significantly worse auditory comprehension performance than the non‐echolalia group. In contrast, the performance of repetition tasks was not different between the two groups. The prevalence of imitation behaviour in the echolalia group was significantly higher than that in the non‐echolalia group. The rCBFs in the bilateral pre‐supplementary motor area and bilateral middle cingulate cortex in the echolalia group were significantly lower than those in the non‐echolalia group.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that echolalia is characteristic of nfvPPA patients with impaired comprehension. Reduced inhibition of the medial frontal cortex with release activity of the anterior perisylvian area account for the emergence of echolalia.
The Contribution of Empathy to the Adjustment of Military Veterans and Their Female Partners
Authors: Siegel Alana , Dekel Rachel , Svetlitzky Vlad 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveEmpathy plays an important role in romantic relationships; and thus, this study examined the contribution of both Israeli male military veterans' and their female partners' cognitive and emotional empathy to both partners' adjustment defined as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and functioning, comparing veterans who asked for mental health help and a comparison group of veterans who did not.MethodParticipants were 300 Israeli male veterans of the 2006 Israel–Lebanon War and their female partners, all of whom completed self‐report questionnaires.ResultsResults demonstrated significant differences between the models in the groups. Among the male veterans in the research group, higher levels of veterans' own emotional and cognitive empathy were associated with higher levels of their PTSS and lower levels of functioning. In the comparison group, females' Personal Distress and Fantasy subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index were positively associated with their own PTSS, whereas the Empathic Concern subscale was negatively associated. Females' Perspective‐Taking served as a protective factor only for those in the research group and was negatively associated with females' PTSS. In each of the models, the cross effects (from one partner to the other) were limited.ConclusionThe various facets of empathy and its dyadic nature appear to play a different role in the adjustment of each partner in military couples. The associations among the research group were stronger than in the comparison group.
Structural snapshot of the mitochondrial protein import gate
Authors: Araiso Yuhei , Imai Kenichiro , Endo Toshiya 
Published: December 2020

The translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane (TOM) complex is the main entry gate for most mitochondrial proteins. The TOM complex is a multisubunit membrane protein complex consisting of a β‐barrel protein Tom40 and six α‐helical transmembrane (TM) proteins, receptor subunits Tom20, Tom22, and Tom70, and regulatory subunits Tom5, Tom6, and Tom7. Although nearly 30 years have passed since the main components of the TOM complex were identified and characterized, the structural details of the TOM complex remained poorly understood until recently. Thanks to the rapid development of the cryoelectron microscopy (EM) technology, high‐resolution structures of the yeast TOM complex have become available. The identified structures showed a symmetric dimer containing five different subunits including Tom22. Biochemical and mutational analyses based on the TOM complex structure revealed the presence of different translocation paths within the Tom40 import channel for different classes of translocating precursor proteins. Previous studies including our cross‐linking analyses indicated that the TOM complex in intact mitochondria is present as a mixture of the trimeric complex containing Tom22. Furthermore, the dimeric complex lacking Tom22, and the trimer and dimer may handle different sets of mitochondrial precursor proteins for translocation across the outer membrane. In this Structural Snapshot, we will discuss possible rearrangement of the subunit interactions upon dynamic conversion of the TOM complex between the different subunit assembly states, the Tom22‐containing core dimer and trimer.
Review of Obstetric Operative Intervention Rates
Authors: Foote Andrew J. , Giles Warwick B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe trends in obstetric operative intervention at a major teaching hospital in Sydney, Australia, were reviewed during the decade 1979–1989. While the caesarean section rate has increased by 36.4%, forceps deliveries have decreased. The normal delivery rate has remained constant at 67%.
Tetanic Uterine Contraction May Be a Cause of Persistent Fetal Bradycardia after Fetal Blood Sampling by Ultrasound‐Guided Cordocentesis
Authors: Yoon Bo Hyun , Kim Woo Jin , Eun Gil Sang , Kim Seung Hyup , Syn Hee Chul , Kim Syng Wook 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPersistent fetal bradycardia necessiating emergency cesarean section is uncommon but a serious complication of ultrasound‐guided cordocentesis. The cause of this complication, however, is not completely known. Reported here is a case of tetanic uterine contraction after fetal blood sampling via cordocentesis.
Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Investigation of New Membrane‐Associated Placental Tissue Proteins (MP2A, B, C, D, and E) in Gynecologic Neoplasms
Authors: Hirai Yasuo , Inaba Noriyuki , Takamizawa Hiroyoshi , Chen Jui‐Tung , Hasumi Katsuhiko , Masubuchi Kazumasa , Bohn Hans , Suemizu Hiroshi , Osamura Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Keiichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNew membrane‐associated placental tissue proteins (MP2 A, B, C, D, and E) were investigated immunohistochemically by avidin‐biotin immunoperoxidase technique and immunoelectron microscopy in various gynecologic neoplasms and normal gynecologic tissues. MP2 A and MP2 B were not specific for malignant tumors. MP2 C was present in 67–100% of ovarian carcinomas, 100% of benign dermoid cysts, and 77% of endometrial carcinomas. Except for endocervical adenocarcinomas, MP2 D was hardly detectable in gynecologic malignancies. Although MP2 E was hardly detectable in benign gynecologic tumors, this protein was present in ovarian carcinomas, uterine squamous carcinomas, endocervical adenocarcinomas, and endometrial adenocarcinomas. These results suggest a possible clinical application of these MP2 proteins as a new tumor marker for gynecologic malignancies.
Vascular Wall Arachidonic Acid Metabolism and Fetal Growth in the Pregnant STZ‐Induced Diabetic Rat
Authors: Takeda Osamu , Kitagawa Michihiro 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn pregnant women with severe diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) may occur despite hyperglycemia. Uterine blood flow may be an important factor in this process. Using pregnant streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats (pregnant STZ‐diabetic rats), we evaluated functional and morphological changes in the endothelium, as well as platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA) production and their influence on uterine blood flow. Decreased basal endothelial prostacyclin (PGI2) production as well as significant attenuation of the production response to stimulus was noted, suggesting an impairment of PGI2 production. In the platelet, TXA2 production was augmented, leading to a hypercoagulable state. Decreased myometrial blood flow was documented. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed definite morphological abnormality of the endothelial cells, probably affecting the permeability to molecules, a major endothelial function. Based on these data, the endothelial derangements suggested by SEM and arachidonic acid metabolism alterations may affect fetal growth in the severe pregnant diabetic through alterations in uterine blood flow.
The influence of operating room nurses’ job stress on burnout and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of over‐commitment
Authors: Li Na , Zhang Lichuan , Li XueJing , Lu Qian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTo determine job stress among Chinese operating room nurses, test the mediating effect of burnout and verify the moderating effect of over‐commitment between job stress and mental health.DesignA descriptive, cross‐sectional study.MethodsA multistage sampling method was adopted. First, a random sampling method was used to select 30 tertiary hospitals in Beijing, after which 509 operating room nurses were selected by convenience sampling from March‐June 2017. Self‐administered questionnaires were used to evaluate job stress, burnout, and organizational commitment among participants. Multiple‐group path analysis was used to test the mediating effect and the moderating effect.ResultsOf all nurses, 70.3% were in a state of job stress, which had negative effects on organizational commitment mediated by emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. The result of multiple‐group path analysis showed that the path coefficients are different between the low and high groups of over‐commitment. When facing job stress, operating room nurses with low over‐commitment were more likely to have emotional exhaustion (β = 0.750 vs. 0.602), while those with high over‐commitment were more likely to have low organizational commitment (β = −0.641 vs. −0.594).ConclusionThe job stress of operating room nurses in China was high. Burnout played a mediating role between job stress and organizational commitment. Over‐commitment played a moderating role in the relationship among job stress, burnout, and organizational commitment.ImpactThis study analysed the relationship among operating room nurses’ job stress, burnout, and organizational commitment. The findings provided confirmatory support on the mediated effect of burnout between job stress and organizational commitment and the moderation effect of over‐commitment. Different measures are needed to reduce job stress, as for easing burnout and improving organizational commitment among different groups of nurses.
Beyond Objectification: Understanding the Correlates and Consequences of Sexualization for Black and White Adolescent Girls
Authors: Grower Petal , Ward L. Monique , Rowley Stephanie 
Published: December 2020

Although objectification theory posits negative consequences of self‐objectification for adolescent girls, few studies have tested how objectification and sexualization contribute to mental health for youth of color. Accordingly, the current study explores the relations among body surveillance, enjoyment of sexualization, and mental health for a sample of 473 Black and White adolescent girls (Mage = 15.21, SD = 1.43). As expected, body surveillance and enjoyment of sexualization were associated with various forms of diminished well‐being. Race moderated two of these links, with Black girls who reported higher levels of body surveillance also reporting higher levels of depression and hostility compared with their White peers. Future work should examine the implications of enjoyment of sexualization for youth of color.
Teledentistry applications for mitigating risk and balancing the clinical schedule
Authors: Suter Nathan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe upheaval of providers and their patients has led to many changes in the way people live and work. In addition to the changes in Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) guidelines, there has been evidence of rapid adoption of telehealth services. In April of 2020, the American Dental Association’s Health Policy Institute released a report stating that 1 in 4 dentists nationally were utilizing teledentistry to perform limited evaluations. Many of these dentists are new to teledentistry, and unfortunately, direct‐to‐patient consultations yield limited clinical outcomes. The more traditional methods of using teledentistry have been extending the reach of dental care for over a decade, using an allied team member such as a dental hygienist or expanded‐function dental assistant. As dentistry adapts to this new environment, it is important that there be adequate awareness of the diverse uses of teledentistry to meet the needs of the population. This brief, outlines one dental clinic’s attempt at providing a broad use of teledentistry.
Dental caries management: A practical approach for your practice
Authors: Bruner Tess 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChronic disease management models in primary care have demonstrated significant benefits to the patient experience and patient health outcomes. In trying to prepare for the future, with or without COVID‐19 implications, dental providers and clinics are facing opportunities to add value, consider alternative payment models, and to incorporate risk stratification and population health management along with medical systems. However, as alternative payment models emerge in dentistry, stand‐alone dental clinics may face unique challenges in trying to prepare for the future while still providing patient care in the fee for service environment. This article focuses on a 6‐months pilot project of how implementing a comprehensive caries disease management care model, evaluating caries risk, and implementing risk stratification strategies can prepare dental offices for future payment models and inclusion in the greater health system. There are two overall goals for this pilot. First, applying a caries disease management protocol to every patient visit, regardless of reimbursement. Second, applying quality improvement (QI) principles to change how a dental office approaches care delivery. The Institute of Medicine defines quality in healthcare as a direct correlation between the level of improved health services and the desired health outcomes of individuals and populations
Losing My Religion as a Natural Experiment: How State Pressure and Taxes Led to Church Disaffiliations between 1940 and 2010 in Germany
Authors: Stolz Jörg , Pollack Detlef , De Graaf Nan Dirk , Antonietti Jean‐Philippe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe sociological literature has produced a remarkably consistent picture of the quantitative patterns of religious disaffiliations in Western countries. This article argues, and demonstrates, that strong changes in a social context may lead individuals to disaffiliate rapidly, leading to very different aggregate effects from those in the “western model.” We use the unique situation of the separation of Germany from 1949 to 1989 and its subsequent reunification as a “natural experiment” to show just how much the relationships routinely found can be disrupted under changed conditions. The state socialist “treatment” affected religious disaffiliations in East Germany profoundly as it (a) made disaffiliations 10 times more probable in the East than in the West in the 1950s and 1960s, (b) shielded East German church members from factors that led to mass disaffiliations in the West in the late 1960s and early 1970s, (c) reversed the education‐disaffiliation link in the East, thus making disaffiliation more likely among the less educated, and (d) led to an especially strong increase in disaffiliations in the East right after the reunification
Predator preferences shape the diets of arthropodivorous bats more than quantitative local prey abundance
Authors: Wray Amy K. , Peery M. Zachariah , Jusino Michelle A. , Kochanski Jade M. , Banik Mark T. , Palmer Jonathan M. , Lindner Daniel L. , Gratton Claudio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough most predators are generalists, the majority of studies on the association between prey availability and prey consumption have focused on specialist predators. To investigate the role of highly generalist predators in a complex food web, we measured the relationships between prey consumption and prey availability in two common arthropodivorous bats. Specifically, we used high‐throughput amplicon sequencing coupled with a known mock community to characterize seasonal changes in little brown and big brown bat diets. We then linked spatiotemporal variation in prey consumption with quantitative prey availability estimated from intensive prey community sampling. We found that although quantitative prey availability fluctuated substantially over space and time, the most commonly consumed prey items were consistently detected in bat diets independently of their respective abundance. Positive relationships between prey abundance and probability of consumption were found only among prey groups that were less frequently detected in bat diets. While the probability of prey consumption was largely unrelated to abundance, the community structure of prey detected in bat diets was influenced by the local or regional abundance of prey. Observed patterns suggest that while little brown and big brown bats maintain preferences for particular prey independently of quantitative prey availability, total dietary composition may reflect some degree of opportunistic foraging. Overall, our findings suggest that generalist predators can display strong prey preferences that persist despite quantitative changes in prey availability.
Winter warming rapidly increases carbon degradation capacities of fungal communities in tundra soil: Potential consequences on carbon stability
Authors: Cheng Jingmin , Yang Yunfeng , Yuan Mengting M. , Gao Qun , Wu Liyou , Qin Ziyan , Shi Zhou J. , Schuur Edward A. G. , Cole James R. , Tiedje James M. , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHigh‐latitude tundra ecosystems are increasingly affected by climate warming. As an important fraction of soil microorganisms, fungi play essential roles in carbon degradation, especially the old, chemically recalcitrant carbon. However, it remains obscure how fungi respond to climate warming and whether fungi, in turn, affect carbon stability of tundra. In a 2‐year winter soil warming experiment of 2°C by snow fences, we investigated responses of fungal communities to warming in the active layer of an Alaskan tundra. Although fungal community composition, revealed by the 28S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, remained unchanged (p > .05), fungal functional gene composition, revealed by a microarray named GeoChip, was altered (p < .05). Changes in functional gene composition were linked to winter soil temperature, thaw depth, soil moisture, and gross primary productivity (canonical correlation analysis, p < .05). Specifically, relative abundances of fungal genes encoding invertase, xylose reductase and vanillin dehydrogenase significantly increased (p < .05), indicating higher carbon degradation capacities of fungal communities under warming. Accordingly, we detected changes in fungal gene networks under warming, including higher average path distance, lower average clustering coefficient and lower percentage of negative links, indicating that warming potentially changed fungal interactions. Together, our study reveals higher carbon degradation capacities of fungal communities under short‐term warming and highlights the potential impacts of fungal communities on tundra ecosystem respiration, and consequently future carbon stability of high‐latitude tundra.