bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philosophical approach to population modeling
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes how we can use models, and how complex models should be. It begins with the difference between strategic and tactical population models. It describes the logic underlying both the scientific and the practical use of models, which corresponds with implementing deductive and inductive logic, respectively. Both approaches demand the ability to compare the structure of the model to the real world, that is, realism. Providing realism requires precisely defining the state of a system, that is, the information necessary to project the state of that system from one time instant to the next. This is the basis for having models with age, size, stage, and spatial structure. Additionally, there are different levels of ecological integration in biology, and each level tends to explain the next higher level. Population dynamics depend on the survival and reproductive rates of individual organisms.
Size-structured models
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins by revisiting the M’Kendrick/von Foerster model, but using size instead of age as the state variable. It then uses the lessons from that model to describe how individual growth and mortality rates determine both stand distributions (a population of mixed ages) and cohort distributions (all one age). In particular, incorporating variability in growth trajectories is shown to be important in obtaining realistic results—though it is not without pitfalls. Ultimately, the numerical calculations required to model size-structured populations for future projections are more challenging than those needed for age structure, so the chapter closes by discussing some mathematical tools that have been developed to accomplish this. These include the integral projection model, a recent approach that is very useful because, while more complex, it has a lot in common with the age-structured models examined in Chapters 3 and 4.
Population dynamics in marine conservation
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , White J. Wilson , Hastings Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of models for fishery management, focusing on the problem of maintaining both replacement and a desirable level of yield. Early models from the 1950s led to management for maximum sustainable yield (MSY). Later, recruitment and egg production data from populations at low abundance were used to set critical replacement thresholds (CRT) using age-structured models. Modern fisheries are managed by control rules to avoid both overfishing (replacement too low) and being overfished (abundance too low). With the advent of spatial management through marine protected areas (MPA), strategic models showed that MPAs and conventional management essentially had the same effects on fishery yield. More realistic, spatially explicit, tactical models include more detail but produce results that support the conclusions of the strategic models. Finally, the growing science of adaptive management of MPAs has been based on the understanding of transient population dynamics from Chapter 4.
What Is Human about Slavery?
Authors: Fracchia Carmen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter looks at Hispanic theologians to discern whether there is any discussion of the presence of souls in Africans that might parallel similar discussions about the Native Americans of the New World, and to see what conditions restricted Africans in their becoming Christian and what benefits might accrue to them in doing so. It discusses the belief that it was necessary to evangelize and baptize the Africans in Spain and the New World, and explores the visual representations of the Baptism of the African to show that the process of Christianization promoted in Seville follows longstanding traditions of evangelization of non-Europeans. The chapter focuses on the operation of the oldest black confraternity (founded in the fourteenth century in Seville) and shows how it becomes the template for all the black confraternities founded throughout the Spanish empire and how it was considered a ‘black nation’ by Afro-Hispanic slaves.
Culture in the Organization of Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Wang Qi 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter outlines a cultural dynamic theory as the framework to understand and predict the effects of cultural variables on the organization of autobiographical memory. The theory posits that autobiographical memory takes place in the dynamic transaction between an active individual and his or her changing environment; it is situated in culturally conditioned time and space over a multitude of timescales; and it develops in the process of children acquiring cultural knowledge about the self and the purpose of the past through early socialization. The organization of autobiographical memory is discussed in terms of objective, subjective, and structural components and applies the theoretical model of the cultural dynamic theory to discuss the influence of culture on each of the components. To illustrate the overarching influence of culture on remembering, parallel findings of episodic memory as typically assessed in laboratory settings with non-personal materials (e.g., stories) are further discussed, and vicarious memory for events that happened to other people. Although these three types of memory vary in the degree of personal relevance or self-involvement, it is demonstrated that their organizational components are similarly and inevitably conditioned by cultural variables as the cultural dynamic theory predicts. Whereas this discussion focuses on extant findings involving the comparison between Westerners, especially European-Americans, and East Asians, the cultural dynamic theory should also apply to other cultural groups for the understanding of the dynamic impact of culture on remembering.
Venice’s Secret Agents
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different types of secret agents whom the Venetian authorities employed for their intelligence pursuits. These were drawn from all strata of Venetian society. Representing the patriciate, Venetian ambassadors and governors acted as semi-professional informants whose intelligence-gathering activities were coterminous with the norms of diplomatic decorum. Venetian merchants from either the patriciate or the social order of the cittadini also offered their services as amateur intelligence gatherers, protected under the guise of their professional activity. For outright espionage missions, however, when the spy had to infiltrate foreign lands, the Ten handpicked run-of-the-mill mercenary spies who were willing to risk their lives for a cash reward, an official privilege, or a political favour. The chapter shows how the Council of Ten commodified the practice of intelligence-gathering and espionage and turned it into a business transaction between the government and the governed.
Epilogue
Authors: Iordanou Ioanna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
To all outward appearances, Venice’s central intelligence organization operated in an effective manner. Situated at the top of the organizational hierarchy, the Ten oversaw a widespread, yet interconnected network of professional and amateur informants and intelligence gatherers; they managed their operations within and beyond the dominion’s confines; they issued orders and expected execution; they nurtured a pervasive culture of secrecy; and, overall, they employed some extraordinary measures for the defence of the Republic that were widely acknowledged and accepted by those directly or indirectly involved with Venice’s secret service. Furthermore, the Council of Ten brought into existence one of the earliest state-funded departments of professional cryptology, supporting the development of eminent cryptologists and the discipline of cryptology, as a whole. From a practical perspective, then, Venice’s secret service operated as effectively as a well-oiled machine. This concluding chapter attempts an evaluation of Renaissance Venice’s intelligence organization.
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760-1830
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Europe and the British Geographical Imagination, 1760–1830 seeks to establish what literate British people understood by the word ‘Europe’ in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It achieves this objective through detailed analysis of nearly 350 geographical reference works, textbooks, dictionaries, and encyclopaedias. Largely neglected by historians, these materials were widely read by contemporaries and can reveal the formative ideas about Europe circulating in Britain. The book therefore traces the history of ideas in non-elite contexts; it moves away from an approach to intellectual history concerned predominantly with prominent thinkers. The opening two chapters outline the characteristics and popularity of geography books and explain how they structure geographical knowledge. The remaining chapters explore eight themes which frame how Europe is understood in British culture. A chapter each is devoted to religion; the natural environment; race and other theories of human difference; the state; borders; the identification of the ‘centre’ and ‘edges’ of Europe; commerce and empire; and ideas about the past, progress, and historical change. Each chapter shows how geographical texts use these intricate concepts to communicate and construct widely understood ideas about the European continent. Is Europe unified by shared religious heritage? Where are the edges of Europe? Is Europe primarily a commercial network or are there common political practices too? Is Britain itself a European country? By showing how these and other questions were discussed in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century British culture, the book provides a thorough and much-needed historical analysis of Britain’s enduringly complex intellectual relationship with Europe.
Geographical Knowledge
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British geographical works structure and present geographical knowledge. The books may seem disorganized and haphazard to modern eyes, but their contents and procedures are framed by classical and early modern precedents. The influence of Bernhard Varenius is key, especially his specification of ‘celestial’, ‘terrestrial’, and ‘human’ geography. These different emphases provide variant ways to understand space, premised respectively on universal mathematical laws, observation of a tangible physical world, and the vicissitudes of human activity and perception. The chapter shows how the resulting questions about the nature and limits of knowledge affect geographical works’ comprehension of Europe.
Borders
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores how late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century geography books conceptualize borders and how this affects their ideas about Europe. Geographical texts proffer many versions of Europe’s border with Asia, although certain variants are more widely adopted. Some books and their maps show borders as naturally occurring, whereas others present them as arbitrary lines determined by human activities and decisions. These contrasting approaches reflect dilemmas about geographical knowledge and have different implications for European politics. The seas surrounding Europe are also contentious: they are variously seen as annexed territories, marginal zones, and the figurative centre of the continent.
Conclusion
Authors: Stock Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the overall findings of the book. Europe is neither a chaotic profusion of variant ideas, nor a fixed set of essential characteristics. Late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century British ideas of Europe are best understood as a series of unresolved questions which revolve around precise debates. But ideas of Europe are not just abstract or metaphorical conceits because they can also inspire and constrain action.
Solutions to Schrödinger’s equation
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Eigenstates of the square well potential are calculated and displayed. Barrier penetration and the connection to total internal reflection are explained. α–decay by barrier penetration is calculated and used to explain Geiger–Nuttall plots. Gauss–Hermite solutions to the harmonic oscillator potential are deduced and displayed. Zero point fluctuations are introduced. Hydrogen atom eigenstate wavefunctions for the Coulomb potential are calculated and displayed. Principal, orbital angular momentum and intrinsic angular momentum quantum numbers and their allowed combinations are discussed and interpreted: n, l, ml, s and ms. The Stern–Gerlach experiment and Pauli’s perception that electron spin is half-integral are presented; as are Beth’s experiment and photon spin. Dominance of electric dipole transitions and resulting selection rules discussed. Fine spectral structure and spin-orbit coupling are described. Nuclear spin and resulting hyperfine spectral structure are introduced. Landé factors introduced.
Electrons in solids
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Electron energy bands in solids are introduced. Free electron theory for metals is presented: the Fermi gas, Fermi energy and temperature. Electrical and thermal conductivity are interpreted, including the Wiedermann–Franz law. The Hall effect and information it brings about charge carriers is discussed. Plasma oscillations of conduction electrons and the optical properties of metals are examined. Formation of quasi-particles of an electron and its screening cloud are discussed. Electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering and how they affect the mean free path are treated. Then the analysis of crystalline materials using electron Bloch waves is presented. Tight and weak binding cases are examined. Electron band structure is explained including Brillouin zones, electron kinematics and effective mass. Fermi surfaces in crystals are treated. The ARPES technique for exploring dispersion relations is explained.
Particle physics II
Authors: Kenyon Ian R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Quantum chromodynamics the quantum gauge theory of strong interactions is presented: SU(3) being the (colour) symmetry group. The colour content of strongly interacting particles is described. Gluons, the field particles, carry colour so that they mutually interact – unlike photons. Renormalization leads to the coupling strength declining at large four momentum transfer squared q2 and to binding of quarks in hadrons at small q2. The cutoff in the range of the strong interaction is shown to be due to this low q2 behaviour, despite the gluon being massless. In high energy interactions, say proton-proton collisions, the initial process is a hard (high q2) parton+parton to parton+parton process. After which the partons undergo softer interactions leading finally to emergent hardrons. Experiments at DESY probing proton structure with electrons are described. An account of electroweak unification completes the book. The weak interaction symmetry group is SUL(2), L specifying handedness. This makes the electroweak symmetry U(1)⊗SUL(2). The weak force carriers, W± and Z0, are massive, which is at odds with the massless carriers required by quantum gauge theories. How the BEH mechanism resolves this problem is described. It involves spontaneous symmetry breaking of the vacuum with scalar fields. The outcome are massive gauge field particles to match the W± and Z0 trio, a massless photon, and a scalar field with a massive particle, the Higgs boson. The experimental programmes that discovered the vector bosons in 1983 and the Higgs in 2012 are described, including features of generic detectors. Finally puzzles revealed by our current understanding are outlined.
The Voice in the Church
Authors: Richards Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shifts attention from the private reading of the Bible to its public reading in church. It explores complaints about the ‘bare reading’ of the liturgy from the 1570s, and its defence by defenders of the established church. It explores the guides that promoted rhetorical delivery, and which explained the Bible as a series of affecting stories that congregants could relate to. It recognizes that complaints about bare reading in the 1570s had a second phase in the late 1580s and 1590s when a style of oral reading as protest was launched to defend preaching by a group of puritans writing as ‘Martin Marprelate’. It explores an unusual riposte from an unexpected quarter, Thomas Nashe’s Christs Teares over Jerusalem, arguing he set out to give readers the experience of live preaching in book-form. And it invites us to think differently about how books in this period were experienced.
The Family Man
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
After setting out the limited range of sources available that provide information on Harrington’s life, Chapter 1 explores his family connections and early years. Detail is provided on his immediate family background and the close interaction between him and his siblings as reflected in testamentary evidence. Attention is also paid to the origins of the relationship between the Harrington family and the Stuarts, especially Charles I’s sister Princess Elizabeth, later Queen of Bohemia. The chapter traces Harrington’s early life from his birth in Northamptonshire in 1611 through to the outbreak of the Civil War in 1642. It examines, in particular, his education at Trinity College Oxford and the Middle Temple, and his European tour.
The Supporter of Parliament
Authors: Hammersley Rachel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Knowledge of Harrington’s life prior to the publication of The Commonwealth of Oceana in 1656 has generally been acknowledged to be limited. While not challenging that point, Chapter 2 argues that more evidence is available than has previously been recognized. It traces Harrington’s activities from the 1630s through to 1656, focusing in particular on the financial and administrative support that he offered to Parliament during the 1640s. This included providing money to help to establish peace between England and Scotland in 1641 and in support of the campaign in Ireland a year later, collecting money on Parliament’s behalf in Lincolnshire, and perhaps even putting himself forward as an MP for the Short Parliament in 1642.
An Introduction to Modernist Non-Translation
Authors: Harding Jason , Nash John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This first essay in the volume constitutes a substantial and wide-ranging introduction to this neglected topic, establishing the importance of untranslated fragments in modernist writing. The chapter expounds the complexities of the term ‘non-translation’, differentiating the practice from multilingualism, reading it alongside modern translation theory and practice. It situates modernist non-translation among a number of crucial contexts in intellectual history and literary theory: the ‘linguistic turn’ explored by contemporary philosophers, linguists, literary theorists, and critics; and examines broader sociopolitical issues relating to nationalism and language, the rise of English as an (imperial) global language, and the standardization of English. This introduction foregrounds key hermeneutical difficulties surrounding untranslatability and concerning reading or interpreting modernist non-translation, thus preparing the ground for the following chapters.
‘The patient, passionate little cahier’: French in Henry James’s Notebooks
Authors: Karlin Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter is based specifically on the surviving notebooks in which Henry James recorded ideas for stories, and gave vent to his feelings about his art. There are six of these notebooks, covering the years 1878 to 1911. Pages of the notebooks on which French does not occur are the exception. This chapter asks how we might ‘read’ the use of French in this specific textual environment. It answers that question by comparing the notebooks with examples of James’s use of French in published fiction and in letters. In the notebooks, there is no addressee, or rather the writer is his own recipient. The chapter looks especially at passages where James reflects on his own practice as a writer; it identifies a cluster of key French words, all of them associated by James with the work of imagination and the craft of fiction.
‘Making Strange’: Non-Translation in The Waste Land
Authors: Harding Jason 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter employs concepts and terms drawn from Russian Formalism to assist reading key moments of non-translation in The Waste Land. Treated as avant-garde linguistic ‘shifts’ that disrupt and estrange the poetic form, particular instances of non-translation in the poem—from the epigraph to the wild cacophony of different languages at the end of the poem—are seen as covert and coded expressions of powerful affect. This chapter considers these experimental disruptions of form in the social and political contexts of post-war avant-garde revolt and recognition of individual and collective trauma.
‘Subrisio Saltat.’: Translating the Acrobat in Rainer Maria Rilke’s Duino Elegies
Authors: Ní Dhúill Caitríona 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses in detail a charged moment in Rilke’s Duino Elegies, the appearance of the figure of the acrobat and the Latin phrase that signals his smile. The untranslated Latin is read as emblematic of the nimble yet evasive gestures of this sequence, in particular as illustrative of how the poet communicates an experience of loss in these often cryptic elegies. The chapter examines the possibilities for translation (into English and Irish) of the Latin inscription, showing how translational choices at the interlingual level open out on to expanded understandings of trnalsation, which include the intermedial translations between the visual arts and poetry enacted by Rilke, and the translation of experience into poetic expression. Gadamer’s hermeneutics offer a way of theorizing the subtle shifts between experience, expression, interpretation, and understanding as a process of retranslation. In this way, the movement of translation becomes another figure for the process of Verwandlung – transformation – that is the Elegies’ central concern.
Cycling through diachrony
Authors: Breitbarth Anne , Danckaert Lieven , Witzenhausen Elisabeth , Bouzouita Miriam 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe notion of ‘linguistic cycle’ has long been recognized as being relevant to the description of many processes of language change. This introduction deals with different phenomena of cyclical change, making clear that while grammaticalization is one area where cyclical change can be found, it is not the only one. The chapter provides an overview of the theoretical literature about cyclical change, with particular emphasis on a diachronic generative approach. It contextualizes the chapters in this volume against the background of this literature, and groups them into more theoretical and more empirical contributions, addressing cyclical changes in both the nominal and the clausal domains.