bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine Laboratory Blood Tests Predict SARS-CoV-2 Infection Using Machine Learning
Authors: Yang He S , Hou Yu , Vasovic Ljiljana V , Steel Peter A D , Chadburn Amy , Racine-Brzostek Sabrina E , Velu Priya , Cushing Melissa M , Loda Massimo , Kaushal Rainu , Zhao Zhen , Wang Fei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Accurate diagnostic strategies to identify SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals rapidly for management of patient care and protection of health care personnel are urgently needed. The predominant diagnostic test is viral RNA detection by RT-PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs specimens, however the results are not promptly obtainable in all patient care locations. Routine laboratory testing, in contrast, is readily available with a turn-around time (TAT) usually within 1-2 hours.

Method
We developed a machine learning model incorporating patient demographic features (age, sex, race) with 27 routine laboratory tests to predict an individual’s SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Laboratory testing results obtained within 2 days before the release of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result were used to train a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model from 3,356 SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR tested patients (1,402 positive and 1,954 negative) evaluated at a metropolitan hospital.

Results
The model achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.854 (95% CI: 0.829-0.878). Application of this model to an independent patient dataset from a separate hospital resulted in a comparable AUC (0.838), validating the generalization of its use. Moreover, our model predicted initial SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity in 66% individuals whose RT-PCR result changed from negative to positive within 2 days.

Conclusion
This model employing routine laboratory test results offers opportunities for early and rapid identification of high-risk SARS-CoV-2 infected patients before their RT-PCR results are available. It may play an important role in assisting the identification of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in areas where RT-PCR testing is not accessible due to financial or supply constraints.
Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in 436 360 men and women: the National Echo Database Australia (NEDA)
Authors: Playford David , Strange Geoff , Celermajer David S , Evans Geoffrey , Scalia Gregory M , Stewart Simon , Prior David ,   the NEDA Investigators
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
To examine the characteristics/prognostic impact of diastolic dysfunction (DD) according to 2016 American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) and European Society of Cardiovascular Imaging (ESCVI) guidelines, and individual parameters of DD.

Methods and results
Data were derived from a large multicentre mortality-linked echocardiographic registry comprising 436 360 adults with ≥1 diastolic function measurement linked to 100 597 deaths during 2.2 million person-years follow-up. ASE/European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) algorithms could be applied in 392 009 (89.8%) cases; comprising 11.4% of cases with ‘reduced’ left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF &lt; 50%) and 88.6% with ‘preserved’ LVEF (≥50%). Diastolic function was indeterminate in 21.5% and 62.2% of ‘preserved’ and ‘reduced’ LVEF cases, respectively. Among preserved LVEF cases, the risk of adjusted 5-year cardiovascular-related mortality was elevated in both DD [odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22–1.42; P &lt; 0.001] and indeterminate status cases (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.04–1.18; P &lt; 0.001) vs. no DD. Among impaired LVEF cases, the equivalent risk of cardiovascular-related mortality was 1.51 (95% CI 1.15–1.98, P &lt; 0.001) for increased filling pressure vs. 1.25 (95% CI 0.96–1.64, P = 0.06) for indeterminate status. Mitral E velocity, septal e’ velocity, E:e’ ratio, and LAVi all correlated with mortality. On adjusted basis, pivot-points of increased risk for cardiovascular-related mortality occurred at 90 cm/s for E wave velocity, 9 cm/s for septal e’ velocity, an E:e’ ratio of 9, and an LAVi of 32 mL/m2.

Conclusion
ASE/EACVI-classified DD is correlated with increased mortality. However, many cases remain ‘indeterminate’. Importantly, when analysed individually, mitral E velocity, septal e’ velocity, E:e’ ratio, and LAVi revealed clear pivot-points of increased risk of cardiovascular-related mortality.
Pulmonary valve reconstruction using Ozaki’s technique for infective endocarditis
Authors: Yepez Cristian , Ríos Josias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous pulmonary and aortic endocarditis is extremely rare, and there is no consensus on its surgical management. Here, we report a case of infective endocarditis of pulmonary and aortic valves complicated by severe pulmonary regurgitation due to complete damage of valve cusps. We performed pulmonary valve reconstruction using autologous pericardium using Ozaki’s technique, with excellent outcomes.
Y Haplogroup Diversity of the Dominican Republic: Reconstructing the Effect of the European Colonization and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trades
Authors: D’Atanasio Eugenia , Trionfetti Flavia , Bonito Maria , Sellitto Daniele , Coppa Alfredo , Berti Andrea , Trombetta Beniamino , Cruciani Fulvio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Dominican Republic is one of the two countries on the Hispaniola island, which is part of the Antilles. Hispaniola was affected by the European colonization and massive deportation of African slaves since the XVI century and these events heavily shaped the genetic composition of the present-day population. To shed light about the effect of the European rules, we analyzed 92 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Y chromosome in 182 Dominican individuals from three different locations. The Dominican Y haplogroup composition was characterized by an excess of northern African/European lineages (59%), followed by the African clades (38%), whereas the Native-American lineages were rare (3%). The comparison with the mitochondrial DNA variability, dominated by African clades, revealed a sex-biased admixture pattern, in line with the colonial society dominated by European men. When other Caribbean and non-Caribbean former colonies were also considered, we noted a difference between territories under a Spanish rule (like the Dominican Republic) and British/French rule, with the former characterized by an excess of European Y lineages reflecting the more permissive Iberian legislation about mixed people and slavery. Finally, we analyzed the distribution in Africa of the Dominican lineages with a putative African origin, mainly focusing on central and western Africa, which were the main sources of African slaves. We found that most (83%) of the African lineages observed in Santo Domingo have a central African ancestry, suggesting that most of the slaves were deported from regions.
The Framing of “Alzheimer’s Disease”: Differences Between Scientific and Lay Literature and Their Ethical Implications
Authors: Smedinga Marthe , Bunnik Eline M , Richard Edo , Schermer Maartje H N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The meaning of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is changing in research. It now refers to a pathophysiological process, regardless of whether clinical symptoms are present. In the lay literature, on the other hand, AD is understood as a form of dementia. This raises the question of whether researchers and the lay audience are still talking about the same thing. If not, how will these different understandings of AD shape perspectives on (societal) needs for people with AD?

Research Design and Methods
We use framing analysis to retrieve the understandings of the term AD that are upheld in the research literature and in national Dutch newspaper articles. We make explicit how the framings of AD steer our normative attitudes toward the disease.

Results
In the analyzed research articles, AD is framed as a pathological cascade, reflected by biomarkers, starting in cognitively healthy people and ending, inevitably, in dementia. In the lay literature, AD is used as a synonym for dementia, and an AD diagnosis is understood as an incentive to enjoy “the time that is left.”

Discussion and Implications
The two different uses of the term AD in research and in the lay literature may result in misunderstandings, especially those research framings that falsely imply that people with AD biomarkers will inevitably develop dementia. Adoption of the research understanding of AD in clinical practice will have normative implications for our view on priority setting in health care. For example, it legitimizes biomarker testing in people without dementia as improving “diagnostic” certainty.
Time Effects of Informal Caregiving on Cognitive Function and Well-Being: Evidence From ELSA
Authors: Yuan Jing , Grühn Daniel 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
As informal caregiving becomes prevalent, its consequences for caregivers’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning gain more importance for society. There are inconsistent findings regarding the direction of the impact of caregiving—whether caregiving maintains or compromises functioning—and the impact of time—whether the effects accumulate or are stable. In this study, we elucidated 3 time effects of caregiving—concurrent, cumulative, and lagged effects—on cognitive and socioemotional functioning.

Research Design and Methods
We used data from Wave 1 (2002–2003) to Wave 8 (2016–2017) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and latent growth curve models with the time-varying predictor to investigate 3 time effects of caregiving on cognitive function (memory and executive function) and well-being (life satisfaction and quality of life).

Results
Over and beyond age effects, current caregiving (concurrent effect) was related to worse well-being and better delayed recall. Little robust cumulative effect was found on cognition and well-being. In addition, there were significant and differential lagged effects of caregiving after controlling for concurrent and cumulative effects; that is, caregiving was related to worse well-being and better memory functioning 2–4 years later.

Discussion and Implications
The differential concurrent and lagged effects of caregiving on cognitive and socioemotional functioning suggest separate mechanisms for different domains of functioning. The nonsignificant cumulative effects but significant lagged effects imply that even one-time caregiving has long-term (2–4 years) consequences for the caregiver’s future functioning, and the mechanism of long-term caregiving effects may be more qualitative than quantitative.
Body Mass Index Does Not Impact Clinical Efficacy of Ustekinumab in Crohn’s Disease: A Post Hoc Analysis of the IM-UNITI Trial
Authors: Wong Emily C L , Marshall John K , Reinisch Walter , Narula Neeraj 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
This post hoc analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of BMI on the efficacy of ustekinumab in the IM-UNITI study.

Methods
The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and efficacy of ustekinumab was evaluated using data from a 44-week maintenance study of ustekinumab in Crohn’s disease (IM-UNITI, NCT01369355, YODA #2019–4105). The primary endpoints of interest were clinical remission (CR), defined as Crohn’s disease activity index &lt;150 and corticosteroid-free CR at week 44. Patients were stratified into the following subgroups according to their BMI at study entry: underweight &lt;18.5 kg/m2, normal 18.5 to 25 kg/m2, overweight 25 to &lt;30 kg/m2, and obese ≥30 kg/m2. The χ 2 test of linear trend was conducted for comparisons of frequencies between the 3 cohorts. Multivariate regression analyses evaluated possible association between BMI and efficacy outcomes of CR and corticosteroid-free CR, with adjustment for variables found significant on univariate analyses. Results are presented as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Data were analyzed using Stata/IC 15.

Results
A total of 254 patients treated with ustekinumab were included in this analysis. At week 44 of IM-UNITI, rates of CR did not differ among those whose BMI was underweight (67.9%%; 19 of 28 patients), normal (51.3%; 60 of 117), overweight (45.1%; 32 of 71), or obese (55.3%; 21 of 38; P = 0.89). Multivariate logistic analysis did not find BMI to be a significant predictor of CR when adjusted for covariates. Ustekinumab drug level at week 44 was significantly lower in obese patients (median level 2.98 mcg/mL; interquartile range [IQR], 2.86) compared with patients who were overweight (4.84 mcg/mL; IQR, 3.51; P = 0.021) or had underweight or normal BMI (4.43 mcg/m;, IQR, 2.82; P = 0.014).

Conclusions
Although BMI impacts ustekinumab drug levels, there was no impact of BMI on clinical efficacy. Further studies of the pharmacodynamic effects of ustekinumab in patients with high BMI are needed.
Innovation in IBD Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a Cross-Sectional Survey on Patient-Reported Experience Measures
Authors: Taxonera Carlos , Alba Cristina , Olivares David , Martin María , Ventero Alejandro , Cañas Mercedes 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a clinical situation that could be used as prototype for implementation of new systems of care.

Methods
This was a single-center, cross-sectional study. We evaluated the feasibility of a strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to telephone consultations to manage IBD outpatients during the COVID-19 pandemic. A 4-item telephone survey (3 closed questions and a 100-point numeric description scale) was conducted to evaluate satisfaction of patients with telephone consultations.

Results
Between March 11 and April 8, 2020, 98% of the 216 scheduled face-to-face visits could be converted to telephone consultations, and we resolved an additional 162 urgent consultations by telephone. The rate of IBD-related hospitalization and visits to the emergency department decreased by 50% and 58%, respectively, compared with rates in the same period the previous year. The 4-item survey was conducted in 171 outpatients. In closed questions, patients reported a very high degree of satisfaction with telephone consultations, with no differences between scheduled (n = 123) and urgent consultations (n = 48; P = NS). The overall satisfaction rating with the telephone consultation evaluated with the numerical description scale was 94% and 93% for scheduled and urgent consultations, respectively (P &lt; 0.82). Less than 20% of patients would have preferred a face-to-face visit to the telephone consultation at the time.

Conclusions
A strategy based on the conversion of face-to-face visits to telephone consultations was able to guarantee a minimum standard quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients reported a very high degree of satisfaction with telephone consultations.
90-Day Specific Readmission for Clostridium difficile Infection After Hospitalization With an Inflammatory Bowel Disease Flare: Outcomes and Risk Factors
Authors: Palacios Argueta Pedro , Salazar Miguel , Attar Bashar , Simons-Linares Roberto , Shen Bo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have an increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) and carry significantly higher morbidities and mortality than those without IBD. We aimed to investigate disease-specific readmission rates and independent risk factors for CDI within 90 days of an index hospitalization for an IBD flare.

Methods
The Nationwide Readmission Database was queried for the year 2016. We collected data on hospital readmissions of 50,799 adults who were hospitalized for urgent IBD flare and discharged. The primary outcome was disease-specific readmission rate for CDI within 90 days of discharge. The secondary outcomes were readmission rate of colonoscopic procedures, morbidities (including mechanical ventilation and shock), and hospital economic burden. The risk factors for readmission were identified using Cox regression analysis.

Results
The 90-day specific readmission rate was 0.1% (N = 477). A total of 3,005 days were associated with readmission, and the total health care in-hospital economic burden of readmission was $19.1 million (in charges) and $4.79 million (in costs). Independent predictors during index admission for readmission were mechanical ventilation for &gt;24 hours (hazard ratio [HR], 6.62, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80-54.57); history of previous CDI (HR, 5.48; 95% CI, 3.66-8.19); HIV-positive status (HR, 4.60; 95% CI, 1.03-20.50); alcohol abuse disorders (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.15-3.70); Parkinson’s disease (HR, 4.68; 95% CI, 1.65-13.31); index admission for noncomplicated ulcerative colitis (HR, 4.72; 95% CI, 2.99-7.45]-), complicated ulcerative colitis (HR, 4.49; 95% CI, 2.80- 7.18), or noncomplicated Crohn disease (HR, 2.54; 95% CI, 2.80-4.04); and hospital length of stay (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 1.01-1.02).

Conclusions
The 90-day CDI-specific readmission rate after the index admission of IBD flares was 0.1%. We found risk factors for CDI-associated readmissions such as history of Parkinson’s disease, prior CDI, HIV-positive status, and alcohol abuse disorder. Finally, our study also revealed a high health care cost, charges, and burden.
A Critical Review on the Use of Race in Understanding Racial Disparities in Preeclampsia
Authors: Fasanya Henrietta O , Hsiao Chu J , Armstrong-Sylvester Kendra R , Beal Stacy G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
Preeclampsia is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality, affecting up to 8% of pregnancies globally. Although the precise etiology is still under study, the literature suggests that vascular changes reduce placental perfusion and affect the remodeling of spiral arteries to create the hallmark feature of preeclampsia: elevated blood pressure. Screening for preeclampsia is currently recommended for all pregnant women, particularly if risk factors exist. A noted risk factor codified in guidelines is “African-American race.”

Content
We summarize the racial disparities in preeclampsia incidence, morbidity, and mortality. We consider the limitations of using race to understand disparities by also examining multiethnic, immigration, and international studies. We then critically evaluate laboratory analytes associated with racial disparities of preeclampsia and explore other mechanisms of action, such as socioeconomic status, stress, and access to care.

Summary
Black and African-American women are consistently at higher risk of preeclampsia incidence, morbidity, and mortality than their white counterparts. Asian women are consistently at lower risk of preeclampsia, whereas the association for Hispanic women remains unclear. When these broad racial categories are subdivided by geographic or cultural origin, preeclampsia disparities within racial groups are identified. The limited literature suggests that sub-Saharan African immigrants tend to have a higher risk of preeclampsia than US-born white populations but a lower risk than US-born Black women. Existing studies seeking to identify racial differences in analytes have limited research designs and tend to operationalize race as a proxy for biologically inherent (i.e., genetic) differences between races despite a plethora of other possible explanatory mechanisms.
Boutiques and Prêt-à-porter in Santiago de Chile: A Formula for Women’s Modernity (1967–1973)
Authors: Miranda Vidal Josefina , García Macarena , Álvarez Caselli Pedro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the second half of the 1960s, prêt-à-porter (ready-to-wear) fashion was established in Chile. As an alternative to haute couture (high fashion), prêt-à-porter brought an eagerness for modernisation that was reflected in the setting up of a network of women-led boutiques, which developed strongly between 1967 and 1973. This article first examines the precedents that allowed for the creation of a ‘local fashion system’ that promoted collective work around trades such as knitting and dressmaking. It also analyses the arrangement of a circuit of boutiques in the comuna of Providencia, a strategic sector of Santiago de Chile (the capital city) that fostered the dynamics of social gathering. Later, the article describes the profile of the designer-entrepreneurs whose work was attuned to a female consumer segment that aimed to access a new formula of the modernising bourgeoisie. It also reassesses the rise of a movement called Moda Autóctona, which distanced itself from European fashion and was supported by the government during the socialist regime of Salvador Allende. Lastly, it tackles the eventual dismantling of this network of women’s fashion stores as a result of the installation of a military dictatorship in Chile.
Uncertainty quantification of bioassay functions for the internal dosimetry of radioiodine
Authors: Kwon Tae-Eun , Chung Yoonsun , Yoo Jaeryong , Ha Wi-Ho , Cho Minsu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bioassay functions, which are provided by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, are used to estimate the intake activity of radionuclides; however, they include considerable uncertainties in terms of the internal dosimetry for a particular individual. During a practical internal dose assessment, the uncertainty in the bioassay function is generally not introduced because of the difficulty in quantification. Therefore, to clarify the existence of uncertainty in the bioassay function and provide dosimetrists with an insight into this uncertainty, this study attempted to quantify the uncertainty in the thyroid retention function used for radioiodine exposure. The uncertainty was quantified using a probabilistic estimation of the thyroid retention function through the propagation of the distribution of biokinetic parameters by the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The uncertainties in the thyroid retention function, expressed in terms of the scattering factor, were in the ranges of 1.55–1.60 and 1.40–1.50 for within 24 h and after 24 h, respectively. In addition, the thyroid retention function within 24 h was compared with actual measurement data to confirm the uncertainty due to the use of first-order kinetics in the biokinetic model calculation. Significantly higher thyroid uptakes (by a factor of 1.9) were observed in the actual measurements. This study indicates that consideration of the uncertainty in the thyroid retention function can avoid a significant over- and under-estimation of the internal dose, particularly when a high dose is predicted.
A giant radio bridge connecting two clusters in Abell 1758
Authors: Botteon A , van Weeren R J , Brunetti G , de Gasperin F , Intema H T , Osinga E , Gennaro G Di , Shimwell T W , Bonafede A , Brüggen M , Cassano R , Cuciti V , Dallacasa D , Gastaldello F , Mandal S , Rossetti M , Röttgering H J A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Collisions between galaxy clusters dissipate enormous amounts of energy in the intra-cluster medium (ICM) through turbulence and shocks. In the process, Mpc-scale diffuse synchrotron emission in form of radio halos and relics can form. However, little is known about the very early phase of the collision. We used deep radio observations from 53 MHz to 1.5 GHz to study the pre-merging galaxy clusters A1758N and A1758S that are ∼2 Mpc apart. We confirm the presence of a giant bridge of radio emission connecting the two systems that was reported only tentatively in our earlier work. This is the second large-scale radio bridge observed to date in a cluster pair. The bridge is clearly visible in the LOFAR image at 144 MHz and tentatively detected at 53 MHz. Its mean radio emissivity is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of the radio halos in A1758N and A1758S. Interestingly, the radio and X-ray emissions of the bridge are correlated. Our results indicate that non-thermal phenomena in the ICM can be generated also in the region of compressed gas in-between infalling systems.