bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interacting bosons on a four-leg flux ladder
Authors: Zhang Dian-Cheng , Yang Shi-Jie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We conduct a dynamical Gutzwiller mean-field study of interacting bosons on a four-leg ladder, subject to a uniform flux. The ground states dependent on the magnetic flux and kinetic tunneling strength are explored. Consequently, we identify the super-vortical lattice, as well as the inner-Meissner phase, which presents Meissner currents just along the intimal legs within the flux ladder. The staggered-current phase is also allowed, with its formation condition altered because of the four-leg construction. The number of legs on the flux ladder can make an effect.
Highly responsive photodetectors based on NiPS3/WS2 van der Waals type-II heterostructures
Authors: Li 李 Zhiteng 志腾 , Wang 王 Yian 易安 , Qiu 邱 Zhenming 振铭 , Wang 王 Lin 琳 , Liu 刘 Xiaofeng 小峰 , Chen 陈 Zhengwei 政委 , Zhang 张 Xiao 晓 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A heterostructure photodetector composed of few-layer NiPS3/WS2 is made by using mechanical exfoliation and micro-nano fabrication techniques. The photodetector exhibits a broad-band response wavelengths of ranging of 405 nm and 800 nm. Under the light illumination of 405-nm wavelength and a bias voltage of −2 V, the photoresponsivity is 62.6 mA/W and the specific detectivity is 8.59 × 1010 Jones. In addition, the device demonstrates a relatively fast response with rise and fall times of 70 ms and 120 ms. Theoretical calculation suggest that this excellent performance can be ascribed to the type-II band alignment at the NiPS3/WS2 heterostructure interface.
Significant increase in thermal conductivity of cathode material LiFePO4 by Na substitution: A machine learning interatomic potential-assisted investigation
Authors: Li 李 Shi-Yi 诗怡 , Liu 刘 Qian 骞 , Zeng 曾 Yu-Jia 育佳 , Xie 谢 Guofeng 国锋 , Zhou 周 Wu-Xing 五星 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
LiFePO4 is a cathode material with good thermal stability, but low thermal conductivity is a critical problem. In this study, we employ a machine learning potential approach based on first-principles methods combined with the Boltzmann transport theory to investigate the influence of Na substitution on the thermal conductivity of LiFePO4 and the impact of Li-ion de-embedding on the thermal conductivity of Li3/4Na1/4FePO4, with the aim of enhancing heat dissipation in Li-ion batteries. The results show a significant increase in thermal conductivity due to an increase in phonon group velocity and a decrease in phonon anharmonic scattering by Na substitution. In addition, the thermal conductivity increases significantly with decreasing Li-ion concentration due to the increase in phonon lifetime. Our work guides the improvement of the thermal conductivity of LiFePO4, emphasizing the crucial roles of both substitution and Li-ion detachment/intercalation for the thermal management of electrochemical energy storage devices.
Study on the Adsorption Performance of Biochar/Montmorillonite Composites for Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride
Authors: Wei Xinpeng , Zhang Yanxia , Han Zhiyong , Wang Zixuan , Wang Kexin , Xian Ao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In response to the widespread and difficult-to-treat phenomenon of antibiotic pollution by ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, this study has chosen to adopt a simple and efficient adsorption method for its treatment and innovatively proposed a method for preparing biochar/montmorillonite composites through pyrolysis and intercalation methods for adsorption treatment. The study also analyzes factors affecting the adsorption effect as well as the adsorption thermodynamics and kinetics characteristics, aiming to provide new efficient and low-cost technologies and ideas for the treatment of antibiotic wastewater. And the research indicates:
a) Compared to single biochar and montmorillonite, the specific surface area of biochar/montmorillonite composites has significantly increased, with C2M1C reaching 246.729 m2.g-1, which is 91% higher than ZBC. The reason is that the composite material’s surface has both the layered structure of montmorillonite and the tubular pore structure of biochar.
b) The optimal ratios for preparing composites by pyrolysis and intercalation methods are 1.5:1 and 2:1, respectively, and composites prepared at these ratios exhibit the best adsorption effect for CIP.
c) Composite materials are more suitable for CIP adsorption in alkaline environments (with an optimal pH value of 10).
d) The adsorption capacity of CIP increases with time, initial concentration, and temperature.
e) The adsorption capacity of composite materials for CIP decreases significantly with an increase in the number of cycles. The adsorption amounts of materials R1.5M1D and intercalated composite material C2M1C dropped from 89.457 and 114.782 mg g-1 during the first cycle to 16.237 and 24.353 mg g-1 in the fifth cycle, with decreases of 81% and 78%, respectively.
Influences of Various NaCl Levels on Soybean Seedlings Growth
Authors: Su Xiaojia , Huang Huiping , Ye Minyi , Guo Weichao , Du Binbin , Yang Shaoxia , Liu Ying 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
For the sake of studying the influences of NaCl stress on soybean plants, root morphological analysis and physiological index measurement were accomplished. The findings showed that salt stress inhibited soybean development, decrease biomass and inhibit root growth, and significantly affect antioxidant enzyme activities and chlorophyll contents. High levels of NaCl triggered intracellular protective mechanisms that led to enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities to remove excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). At the same time, the levels of chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll in soybean leaves decreased significantly due to salt stress, which affected the photosynthesis. In addition, NaCl stress resulted in the increase of membrane lipid peroxidation level and content of malondialdehyde (MAD), which further suggested the effect of NaCl stress on the structure of soybean cell membrane. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of salt stress on the growth of soybean seedlings, and to lay a theoretical foundation for revealing the mechanism of salt tolerance of soybean and breeding salt-tolerant varieties.
A pack hunting strategy for heterogeneous robots in rescue operations
Authors: Sivaraman Dileep , Ongwattanakul Songpol , Moonjaita Choladawan , Suthakorn Jackrit , M Pillai Branesh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study focuses on improving coordination among teams of heterogeneous robots, including unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned ground vehicles, drawing inspiration from natural pack-hunting strategies. The goal is to increase the effectiveness of rescue operations using a new framework that combines hierarchical decision-making with decentralised control. The approach features dynamic target assignment and real-time task allocation based on a scoring function that considers multiple factors, such as the distance to the target, energy usage, communication ability, and potential for energy exchange. In contrast to methods that use static roles, this system allows robots to change between ‘Chaser’ and ‘Flanker’ roles based on current data, improving adaptability. Results showed that this approach led to better coordination and decision-making, with robots autonomously adjusting their roles to improve mission outcomes. The findings suggest that combining hierarchical structures with decentralised control improves responsiveness and ensures the effective use of resources in complex, changing environments, making this method well-suited for real-world rescue operations.
Fluidic feedback for soft actuators: an electronic-free system for sensing and control
Authors: Wang Shuyu , Zhen Haiqian , Duan Shuaiyang , Sha Xiaopeng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The field of pneumatic soft robotics is on the rise. However, most pneumatic soft robots still heavily rely on rigid valves and conventional electronics for control, which detracts from their natural flexibility and adaptability. Efforts have focused on substituting electronic controllers with pneumatic counterparts to address this limitation. Despite significant progress, contemporary soft control systems still face considerable challenges, as they predominantly depend on pre-programmed commands instead of real-time sensory feedback. To confront these challenges, we propose an electronic-free soft actuator system capable of achieving basic sensorimotor behaviors. The soft actuator employs a fluidic strain sensor to obtain proprioception, detecting changes in air impedance resulting from stretching and compression. Integration of this sensor with a pneumatic valve enables the soft actuator possessing basic sensing and control capabilities. Drawing inspiration from the somatosensory and neuromuscular systems found in biological organisms, we implement both open-loop and closed-loop motion modes using different connection configurations. They facilitate cyclic movement and sensory feedback-regulated motion control using ‘material intelligence’. We envisage that this system has the potential to expand to accommodate multiple limbs, thereby pioneering the development of fully fluidic soft robots.
Carbon-based nanomaterial from dragon-fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel waste as a liquid supplement for the growth of chili plant (Capsicum annuum)
Authors: Wantoro Adit Budi , Aprilia Ananda , Dwandaru Wipsar Sunu Brams 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Organic wastes such as fruit peels can be reduced and recycled into nanomaterials in liquid forms as plant supplement to overcome the ever-growing waste problem. This study is aimed at synthesizing and characterizing carbon-based nanomaterials (CbNMs) from dragon-fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel waste, and investigating their effects as a liquid supplement for the growth of chili plants (Capsicum annuum) based on the stem height, leaf width, and number of leaves. The CbNMs are synthesized via the two-step low heating (TSLH) method and characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and particle size analyzer (PSA). The CbNMs are then applied as a liquid supplement for the chili plants. The results of the UV-Vis characterization show a shouldering peak at a wavelength of 270 nm. The XRD test shows that the CbNMs are amorphous. The FTIR test shows the presence of the C = C functional group, which indicates the carbon content of the CbNMs. The PL test shows an emission peak at a wavelength of 505 nm, which indicates cyan luminescence as confirmed by exposing a violet/UV laser pointer towards the CbNMs. The PSA test shows that the dominant particle size distribution of the CbNMs is 239.1 nm. Finally, the chili plants supplemented with the liquid CbNMs have better growth than those without the the application of the liquid CbNMs.
Ecological Awareness and Behaviour among University Students in Education Majors: an Empirical Study
Authors: Dipalaya Tismi , Pratiwi Andi Citra , Muriati St. , Hamid Sundari , Swandi Ahmad 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the ecological awareness and behaviours of 86 university students majoring in education. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire adopted from the environmental awareness scales used in previous research consisting of 40 items, covering areas such as food consumption habits, transportation and shelter choices, energy usage, waste management, and water conservation. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, 0.78, indicating acceptable reliability. The Aiken’s test obtained the lowest value of 0.85 and the highest value of 0.92. This shows that the items in the questionnaire have good content validity. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics to identify patterns and discrepancies in ecological awareness and behaviour. The findings reveal that while students generally exhibit moderate ecological awareness, significant differences exist across specific environmental aspects. Quantitatively, energy usage scored the highest (mean score: 3.86), while food consumption habits scored the lowest (mean score: 3.45) on a scale of 1-5. Male students, those from districts, and students with lower monthly expenditures tend to show higher ecological awareness. The research highlights the need for enhanced environmental education within the curriculum, particularly in areas where awareness is lacking. Future research could benefit from exploring additional influencing factors such as peer and parental influence, and the role of digital literacy in shaping ecological behaviours.
Utilizing Household Organic Waste as a Precursor for Carbon Nanomaterial Production: Challenges and Outlook for Sustainable Waste Management
Authors: Dirja Emirul Zukhruf Alkazmi , Dwandaru Wipsar Sunu Brams 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Household organic waste accumulates daily, posing a significant environmental issue due to inadequate treatments and insufficient disposals. The negative impacts include air and water pollutions, ecosystem damage, and worsening of human health. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) are emerging as an innovative solution with an easy manufacturing process and wide applications in various fields. Utilizing household organic waste as a precursor for CNMs opens up opportunities to create useful and sustainable products, as well as reducing the amount of organic waste. The CNMs are produced in a two-step of low heating (TSLH) method using an oven and microwave. The CNMs are then characterized using a particle size analyser (PSA) to determine their particle size distributions. The PSA test results show that the dominant particle size distribution of the CNMs is 651 nm. Furthermore, the particle size distribution is found to be 90.3 nm with a percentage of 6.4%, which is in accordance with the nanoparticle size requirement (below 100 nm). The treatment of the organic waste into CNMs takes 5 to 7 days with 99.66% reduction of the waste. The challenges here are detected to be the sorting and filtering durations of the organic waste. These findings open opportunities for further research to understand the impact and potential applications of the resulting nano-sized CNMs in the context of sustainable household organic waste management and technology.
An Analysis of Plant Vegetation Types and Structures on Popaya Island, North Gorontalo
Authors: Baderan Dewi Wahyuni K. , Hamidun Marini Susanti , Kumaji Syam S. , Rahim Sukirman , Farid SM , Akbar Muh. Nur , Gobel Siti Amalia , Alwi Moh. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The structure of vegetation in an ecosystem is determined by how the plants are arranged horizontally and vertically. This study aims to determine the vegetation structure in the Popaya Island area, Mas Popaya Raja Nature Reserve, North Gorontalo district. A purposive sampling method was used in this study, with plots measuring 20m x 20m for the tree level, 10m x 10m for the pole level, 5m x 5m for the sapling level, and 2 x 2 for the seedling level. An analysis of vegetation data was conducted using the Importance Value Index (IVI). The results of the study found as many as 19 species of plants, with the highest IVI value found in the type of Casuarina equisetifolia at the growth rate of trees, poles, and saplings with an IVI value of 221.02%, 169.91%, and 91.99% respectively at the growth rate of trees, poles, and saplings; Scaevola taccada represented 38, 30% at the seedling level.
Development of Chemical Equilibrium E-Book in the Environmental Context to Promote Students’ Chemical Representation Ability
Authors: Fitriana Abdillah Nur , Wiyarsi Antuni 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the characteristics and feasibility of an environmental context electronic book on chemical equilibrium to improve students’ chemical representation abilities, based on content evaluation by expert judgment, usability by chemistry teachers, and student’s responses. This article presents the development process of the electronic book, which includes the define stage, design stage, development stage, and dissemination stage in the 4D development procedure. The define stage consists of initial and final analysis, learner analysis, concept analysis, and specification of learning objectives. The design stage involves the preparation of reference test criteria, media selection, format selection, and initial design. The development stage will produce the final product through expert validation and development testing. The dissemination stage involves distributing the product for implementation in classroom learning. The characteristics of the electronic book generated based on these development stages include an environmental context presented with chemical representations on the topic of chemical equilibrium. It can be accessed online through smartphones, laptops, and computers. The feasibility of the electronic book is evaluated through expert judgment and usability by three chemistry teachers, considering five aspects: content, presentation, language, graphics, and the feasibility of the book’s characteristics. It was also piloted in a class of eleventh-grade students to assess their response, focusing on presentation, language, and graphics. The results of the feasibility analysis according to expert judgment show that the environmental context electronic book on chemical equilibrium is suitable as a teaching material to empower students’ chemical representation abilities. The usability review conducted by three chemistry teachers obtained a rating of “very good,” indicating that this electronic book can be used by students in the learning process of chemical equilibrium. According to student responses, the electronic book received a rating of “very good”. Based on the results, the product generated by this research was valid and worthy as a source of learning.
How fast is the frequency of precipitation extremes doubling in global land regions?
Authors: Chagnaud Guillaume , Blanchet Juliette , Evin Guillaume , Hingray Benoit , Lebel Thierry , Panthou Geremy , Vischel Théo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The increasing frequency and intensity of precipitation extremes poses a serious challenge for societies that must adapt to a changing climate. Communicating these changes in terms of their magnitude at a given lead time (e.g., 2100) or at a given level of global warming (e.g., +2 °C) can give the misleading impression that climate change is a distant issue; yet, adaptation measures to cope with future hydro-climatic conditions may be designed and implemented today. Contextualizing the potential future consequences of precipitation intensification in a current temporal frame of reference may help perceive climate change as an ongoing phenomenon, in turn encouraging adaptation planning. Using an ensemble of climate models from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in a non-stationary extreme value framework, we quantify the time it takes for the frequency of extreme 1-day and 7-day precipitation accumulations –as estimated in the current climate– to double; the frequency double time (FDT) is estimated for a range of event rarities over land regions. Vast parts of the Northern Hemisphere high-latitudes are found to have FDT < 80 years. Substantial parts of some densely populated mid-latitude regions have FDT in the next 5–6 decades for some rare events. The fastest frequency doubling, in the coming two decades, is found in the highly vulnerable tropical regions of Western and South Eastern Africa, with strong implications for hydrological risk management there. In addition, the rarest events are found to have smaller FDT compared to more ‘common’ extremes; infrastructures designed to withstand the strongest events are thus more exposed to premature obsolescence.
Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles using Ylang-Ylang oil and Tea-tree oil
Authors: Lila Amr Selim Abu , Awadalkarim Abubakar Mohamedtoom , AL-Shammary Asma Ayyed , Jayaramu Rajamma Abburu , Moin Afrasim , Ahmad Nabeel , Boregowda Sateesha Shivally , Gopalpura Preethi B , Rizvi Syed Mohd Danish 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in healthcare products to prevent/treat bacterial infections has gained popularity in the recent past. Nevertheless, the full utilization of chemically-synthesized AgNPs in biomedical field was constrained by the utilization of chemical reagents, which contaminates the environment and threatens human health. Herein, two herbal oils, i.e., Ylang-Ylang Oil (YO) and Tea Tree Oil (TO) were adopted to synthesize green-bioactive AgNPs. Besides promoting the synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles, the phytochemicals present in herbal oils can enhance the antibacterial properties, leading to improved efficacy of AgNPs against a broader range of pathogens. The biosynthesized YO-AgNPs and TO-AgNPs were characterized using SPR, FTIR, zeta size, zeta potential and SEM, and evaluated for their DPPH radical scavenging and antibacterial potentials. Characteristic SPR peaks for YO-AgNPs and TO-AgNPs were observed at 470 nm and 430 nm, respectively. FTIR spectra of the biosynthesized AgNPs suggested the capping of AgNPs by biomolecules present in YO and TO. The average size for YO-AgNPs was 163.1 ± 9.8 nm with zeta potential of −21.1 ± 2.8 mV, whereas the average size for TO-AgNPs was estimated as 92.4 ± 7.2 nm with zeta potential of −22.5 ± 3.6 mV. The SEM images showed polygonal YO-AgNPs, and cauliflower aggregates of spherical TO-AgNPs. Moreover, DPPH assay estimated IC50 of 47.2 μg ml−1 for YO-AgNPs, and 22.6 μg ml−1 for TO-AgNPs. The MIC50 analysis showed that both biosynthesized AgNPs were more active against gram-negative (E. coli) than gram-positive (S. aureus) strains. Most importantly, TO-AgNPs was comparatively more potent than YO-AgNPs as well as positive control (streptomycin), with an MIC50 value of 20.5 μg ml−1 and 25.9 μg ml−1 against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. To sum up, TO-AgNPs displayed the potential to be developed into a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent, alleviating the toxicity issues associated with the use of AgNPs in healthcare products.
Military Medicine During World War I
Authors: Parasidis Efthimios 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter details America’s military medical establishment during World War I. The United States engaged in extensive war preparations, including pre-deployment health screenings, establishing wartime preventive health measures, and creating a robust healthcare infrastructure to address combat-related injuries. Particularly noteworthy advancements were made in the fields of infectious and communicable diseases, and for the first time in US military history, substantial efforts were made to address wartime mental health concerns. The chapter also discusses the Progressive Era political and philosophical motivations that underscored America’s decision to enter WWI—specifically, that military engagement was a moral imperative that would bring about world peace and prosperity.