bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expansion of hospital‐based blood collections in the face of COVID‐19 associated national blood shortage
Authors: Gniadek Thomas J. , Mallek Jessica , Wright Gregory , Saporito Catherine , AbiMansour Nasri , Tangazi Wilkister , Rogers Gloria , Zahara Zachary , Cummings Gabrielle , Kaul Karen , Kang Jason 
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUNDWhen the coronavirus pandemic caused widespread school and business closures in March 2020, blood drives were canceled and the supply of blood decreased suddenly in the United States (US). In response, hospital‐based transfusion medicine physicians instituted policies to conserve blood and decrease blood product usage. These efforts were aided by the US Surgeon General recommendation to cancel all elective procedures. Nevertheless, the duration, severity, and impact of the pandemic on the national blood supply was uncertain. Hospitals with in‐house donor programs had the opportunity not only to control demand, but also increase supply.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSA hospital‐based blood donor center was rapidly mobilized to increase the supply of in‐house collected blood, in order to counteract a sudden but potentially long‐term depletion of the national blood supply during a pandemic.RESULTSCollections increased approximately five‐fold above baseline for whole blood units, while apheresis platelet units were maintained at the historical average for the blood donor center. Cancellation of elective procedures showed a modest, but not yet statistically significant decrease in average blood product usage per day, nevertheless the in‐house collection rate was sufficient to meet demand.CONCLUSIONA hospital‐based blood donor center can quickly increase collection volumes and capacity in the face of a national emergency or pandemic. The desire to collect units should be balanced with safety concerns, need for sustainability, and blood product demand.
Comparison of operation of spinal locomotor networks activated by supraspinal commands and by epidural stimulation of the spinal cord in cats
Authors: Musienko Pavel E. , Lyalka Vladimir F. , Gorskii Oleg V. , Merkulyeva Natalia , Gerasimenko Yuri P. , Deliagina Tatiana G. , Zelenin Pavel V. 
Published: May 2020

Key points
Epidural electrical stimulation (ES) of the spinal cord restores/improves locomotion in patients. ES‐evoked locomotor movements differ to some extent from the normal ones. Operation of the locomotor network during ES is unknown.
We compared the activity of individual spinal neurons during locomotion initiated by signals from the brainstem and by ES.
We demonstrated that the spinal network generating locomotion under each of the two conditions is formed by the same neurons.
A part of this network operates similarly under the two conditions, suggesting that it is essential for generation of locomotion under both conditions.
Another part of this network operates differently under the two conditions, suggesting that it is responsible for differences in the movement kinematics observed under the two conditions.
AbstractLocomotion is a vital motor function for both animals and humans. Epidural electrical stimulation (ES) of the spinal cord is used to restore/improve locomotor movements in patients. However, operation of locomotor networks during ES has never been studied. Here we compared the activity of individual spinal neurons recorded in decerebrate cats of either sex during locomotion initiated by supraspinal commands (caused by stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region, MLR) and by ES. We found that under both conditions, the same neurons had modulation of their activity related to the locomotor rhythm, suggesting that the network generating locomotion under the two conditions is formed by the same neurons. About 40% of these neurons had stable modulation (i.e. small dispersion of their activity phase in sequential cycles), as well as a similar phase and shape of activity burst in MLR‐ and ES‐evoked locomotor cycles. We suggest that these neurons form a part of the locomotor network that operates similarly under the two conditions, and are critical for generation of locomotion. About 23% of the modulated neurons had stable modulation only during MLR‐evoked locomotion. We suggest that these neurons are responsible for some differences in kinematics of MLR‐ and ES‐evoked locomotor movements. Finally, 25% of the modulated neurons had unstable modulation during both MLR‐ and ES‐evoked locomotion. One can assume that these neurons contribute to maintenance of the excitability level of locomotor networks necessary for generation of stepping, or belong to postural networks, activated simultaneously with locomotor networks by both MLR stimulation and ES.
Transcapillary PO2 gradients in contracting muscles across the fibre type and oxidative continuum
Authors: Colburn Trenton D. , Hirai Daniel M. , Craig Jesse C. , Ferguson Scott K. , Weber Ramona E. , Schulze Kiana M. , Behnke Brad J. , Musch Timothy I. , Poole David C. 
Published: May 2020

Key points
Within skeletal muscle the greatest resistance to oxygen transport is thought to reside across the short distance at the red blood cell–myocyte interface. These structures generate a significant transmural oxygen pressure (PO2) gradient in mixed fibre‐type muscle.
Increasing O2 flux across the capillary wall during exercise depends on: (i) the transmural O2 pressure gradient, which is maintained in mixed‐fibre muscle, and/or (ii) elevating diffusing properties between microvascular and interstitial compartments resulting, in part, from microvascular haemodynamics and red blood cell distribution.
We evaluated the PO2 within the microvascular and interstitial spaces of muscles spanning the slow‐ to fast‐twitch fibre and high‐ to low‐oxidative capacity spectrums, at rest and during contractions, to assess the magnitude of transcapillary PO2 gradients in rats.
Our findings demonstrate that, across the metabolic rest–contraction transition, the transcapillary pressure gradient for O2 flux is: (i) maintained in all muscle types, and (ii) the lowest in contracting highly oxidative fast‐twitch muscle.
AbstractIn mixed fibre‐type skeletal muscle transcapillary PO2 gradients (PO2mv‐PO2is; microvascular and interstitial, respectively) drive O2 flux across the blood–myocyte interface where the greatest resistance to that O2 flux resides. We assessed a broad spectrum of fibre‐type and oxidative‐capacity rat muscles across the rest‐to‐contraction (1 Hz, 120 s) transient to test the novel hypotheses that: (i) slow‐twitch PO2is would be greater than fast‐twitch, (ii) muscles with greater oxidative capacity have greater PO2is than glycolytic counterparts, and (iii) whether PO2mv‐PO2is at rest is maintained during contractions across all muscle types. PO2mv and PO2is were determined via phosphorescence quenching in soleus (SOL; 91% type I+IIa fibres and CSa: ∼21 μmol min‐1 g‐1), peroneal (PER; 33% and ∼20 μmol min‐1 g‐1), mixed (MG; 9% and ∼26 μmol min‐1 g‐1) and white gastrocnemius (WG; 0% and ∼8 μmol min‐1 g‐1) across the rest–contraction transient. PO2mv was higher than PO2is in each muscle (∼6–13 mmHg; P < 0.05). SOL PO2isarea was greater than in the fast‐twitch muscles during contractions (P < 0.05). Oxidative muscles had greater PO2isnadir (9.4 ± 0.8, 7.4 ± 0.9 and 6.4 ± 0.4; SOL, PER and MG, respectively) than WG (3.0 ± 0.3 mmHg, P < 0.05). The magnitude of PO2mv‐PO2is at rest decreased during contractions in MG only (∼11 to 7 mmHg; time × (PO2mv‐PO2is) interaction, P < 0.05). These data support the hypothesis that, since transcapillary PO2 gradients during contractions are maintained in all muscle types, increased O2 flux must occur via enhanced intracapillary diffusing conductance, which is most extreme in highly oxidative fast‐twitch muscle.
Blood viscosity and its determinants in the highest city in the world
Authors: Stauffer Emeric , Loyrion Emmanuelle , Hancco Ivan , Waltz Xavier , Ulliel‐Roche Mathilde , Oberholzer Laura , Robach Paul , Pichon Aurélien , Brugniaux Julien V. , Bouzat Pierre , Doutreleau Stéphane , Connes Philippe , Verges Samuel 
Published: May 2020

Key points
Highlanders develop unique adaptative mechanisms to chronic hypoxic exposure, including substantial haemoglobin and haematocrit increases.
However, a significant proportion of populations living permanently at high altitude develop maladaptive features known as chronic mountain sickness (CMS).
This study aimed to assess the effects of permanent life at high altitude on clinical and haemorheological parameters (blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation) and to compare clinical and haemorheological parameters of dwellers from the highest city in the world according to CMS severity.
Blood viscosity increased with altitude, together with haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit. At 5100 m, highlanders with moderate‐to‐severe CMS had higher blood viscosity mainly at high shear rate and even at corrected haematocrit (40%), with a lower red blood cell aggregation.
Blood viscosity may contribute to CMS symptomatology but the increased blood viscosity in CMS patients cannot solely be explained by the rise in haematocrit.

AbstractChronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a condition characterised by excessive erythrocytosis (EE). While EE is thought to increase blood viscosity and subsequently to trigger CMS symptoms, the exact relationship between blood viscosity and CMS symptoms remains incompletely understood. We assessed the effect of living at high altitude on haemoglobin, haematocrit and haemorheological parameters (blood viscosity and red blood cell aggregation), and investigated their relationship with CMS in highlanders living in the highest city in the world (La Rinconada, Peru, 5100 m). Ninety‐three men participated in this study: 10 Caucasian lowlanders, 13 Andean highlanders living at 3800 m and 70 Andean highlanders living at 5100 m (35 asymptomatic, CMS score ≤5; 15 with mild CMS, CMS score between 6 and 10; 20 with moderate‐to‐severe CMS, CMS score >10). Blood viscosity was measured at native and corrected haematocrit (40%). Haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit increased with the altitude of residency. Blood viscosity also increased with altitude (at 45 s−1: 6.7 ± 0.9 mPa s at sea level, 14.0 ± 2.0 mPa s at 3800 m and 27.1 ± 8.8 mPa s at 5100 m; P < 0.001). At 5100 m, blood viscosity at corrected haematocrit was higher in highlanders with moderate‐to‐severe CMS (at 45 s−1: 18.9 ± 10.7 mPa s) than in highlanders without CMS (10.2 ± 5.9 mPa s) or with mild CMS (12.1 ± 6.1 mPa s) (P < 0.05). In conclusion, blood viscosity may contribute to CMS symptomatology but the increased blood viscosity in CMS patients cannot solely be explained by the rise in haematocrit.
The startle disease mutation α1S270T predicts shortening of glycinergic synaptic currents
Authors: Wu Zhiyi , Lape Remigijus , Jopp‐Saile Lea , O'Callaghan Benjamin J. , Greiner Timo , Sivilotti Lucia G. 
Published: May 2020

Key points
Loss‐of‐function mutations in proteins found at glycinergic synapses, most commonly in the α1 subunit of the glycine receptor (GlyR), cause the startle disease/hyperekplexia channelopathy in man.
It was recently proposed that the receptors responsible are presynaptic homomeric GlyRs, rather than postsynaptic heteromeric GlyRs (which mediate glycinergic synaptic transmission), because heteromeric GlyRs are less affected by many startle mutations than homomers.
We examined the α1 startle mutation S270T, at the extracellular end of the M2 transmembrane helix.
Recombinant heteromeric GlyRs were less impaired than homomers by this mutation when we measured their response to equilibrium applications of glycine.
However, currents elicited by synaptic‐like millisecond applications of glycine to outside‐out patches were much shorter (7‐ to 10‐fold) in all mutant receptors, both homomeric and heteromeric. Thus, the synaptic function of heteromeric receptors is likely to be impaired by the mutation.
AbstractHuman startle disease is caused by mutations in glycine receptor (GlyR) subunits or in other proteins associated with glycinergic synapses. Many startle mutations are known, but it is hard to correlate the degree of impairment at molecular level with the severity of symptoms in patients. It was recently proposed that the disease is caused by disruption in the function of presynaptic homomeric GlyRs (rather than postsynaptic heteromeric GlyRs), because homomeric GlyRs are more sensitive to loss‐of‐function mutations than heteromers. Our patch‐clamp recordings from heterologously expressed GlyRs characterised in detail the functional consequences of the α1S270T startle mutation, which is located at the extracellular end of the pore lining M2 transmembrane segment (18ʹ). This mutation profoundly decreased the maximum single‐channel open probability of homomeric GlyRs (to 0.16; cf. 0.99 for wild type) but reduced only marginally that of heteromeric GlyRs (0.96; cf. 0.99 for wild type). However, both heteromeric and homomeric mutant GlyRs became less sensitive to the neurotransmitter glycine. Responses evoked by brief, quasi‐synaptic pulses of glycine onto outside‐out patches were impaired in mutant receptors, as deactivation was approximately 10‐ and 7‐fold faster for homomeric and heteromeric GlyRs, respectively. Our data suggest that the α1S270T mutation is likely to affect the opening step in GlyR activation. The faster decay of synaptic currents mediated by mutant heteromeric GlyRs is expected to reduce charge transfer at the synapse, despite the high equilibrium open probability of these mutant channels.
Numerical Study on Effect of Thermal Conductivity in Point Contacts With Longitudinal Roughness on Abnormal Pressure Distribution
Authors: Kaneta Motohiro , Matsuda Kenji , Wang Jing , Yang Peiran 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In order to clarify the effect of thermal conductivity on non-Newtonian thermal elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) in the point contact with longitudinal roughness on one surface or on both surfaces, numerical calculations are carried out. The contact is formed by ceramics and steel. The surface shapes of both contact solids are investigated separately. It was found that the pressure at ridges shows lower than that at grooves when the speed of a material with low thermal conductivity is faster than that of a material with high thermal conductivity. In the opposite case, such a phenomenon never occurs. This abnormal pressure variation is largely affected by the combination of contact materials and running conditions.
Controllable Solar Flux Heating for Freeze Recovery in Molten Salt Parabolic Trough Collectors
Authors: Imponenti Luca , Shininger Ryan , Gawlik Keith , Price Hank , Zhu Guangdong 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In molten-salt parabolic trough plants, the melting process is particularly important for freeze recovery of salt that is solidified in a collector loop, should such an event occur. Currently impedance heating is expected for freeze recovery of the collector loops, but this method can be expensive. A lower-cost alternative is proposed to use controllable concentrated solar flux directly from the parabolic mirrors to thaw salt that is frozen in the collector. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed to explore the solidification and melting processes of molten salt in a parabolic trough receiver and to assess the viability of this concept. Results indicate that concentrated solar heating has the potential to melt frozen salt in 5.6 h, compared to that in 8.8 h for a 300 W m−1 impedance heating system. At the same time, controllable solar flux heating introduces nonuniform solar fluxes on the receiver surface, which can induce significant thermal stress on the receiver tube. A preliminary stress analysis indicates that the temperature difference across the receiver tube should be maintained below about 70 °C for heating up to 300 °C at internal pressures ≤10 bar. At these conditions, freeze recovery using solar flux heating will not significantly affect receiver lifetime. These results suggest that controllable solar flux heating could effectively supplement or replace impedance heating in the freeze recovery system. Incorporating this methodology in future parabolic trough concentrating solar power plants is an opportunity for capital and operational cost-savings.
Thermoeconomic Analysis of a Combined Natural Gas Cogeneration System With a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle and an Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Pan Zhen , Yan Mingyue , Shang Liyan , Li Ping , Zhang Li , Liu Jiaqi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a new type of Gas Turbine Cycle-supercritical CO2 Brayton/organic Rankine cycle (GT-SCO2/ORC) cogeneration system, in which the exhaust gas from gas-fired plants generates electricity through GT and then the remaining heat is absorbed by the supercritical CO2 (SCO2) Brayton cycle and ORC. CO2 contained in the exhaust gas is absorbed by monoethanolamine (MEA) and liquefied via liquified natural gas (LNG). Introducing thermodynamic efficiencies, thermoeconomic analysis to evaluate the system performance and total system cost is used as the evaluation parameter. The results show that the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of the system are 56.47% and 45.46%, respectively, and the total cost of the product is 2798.38 $/h. Moreover, with the increase in air compressor (AC) or gas turbine isentropic efficiency, GT inlet temperature, and air preheater (AP) outlet temperature, the thermodynamic efficiencies have upward trends, which proves these four parameters optimize the thermodynamic performance. The total system cost can reach a minimum value with the increase in AC pressure ratio, GT isentropic efficiency, and AC isentropic efficiency, indicating that these three parameters can optimize the economic performance of the cycle. The hot water income increases significantly with the increase in the GT inlet temperature, but it is not cost-effective in terms of the total cost.
Split Injection Strategies for Biodiesel-Fueled Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion Engine—Part II: Particulate Studies
Authors: Singh Akhilendra Pratap , Agarwal Avinash Kumar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this study, experiments were performed in a single-cylinder research engine to investigate the particulate matter (PM) characteristics of the engine operated in premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) mode combustion vis-a-vis baseline compression ignition (CI) mode combustion using three test fuels, namely, B20 (20% v/v biodiesel blended with mineral diesel), B40 (40% v/v/ biodiesel blended with mineral diesel), and baseline mineral diesel. The experiments were carried out at constant fuel injection pressure (FIP) (700 bar), constant engine speed (1500 rpm), and constant fuel energy input (0.7 kg/h diesel equivalent). PM characteristics of PCCI mode combustion were evaluated using two different fuel injection strategies, namely, single pilot injection (SPI) (35 deg before top dead center (bTDC)) and double pilot injection (DPI) (35 deg and 45 deg bTDC) at four different start of main injection (SoMI) timings. Results showed that both PCCI mode combustion strategies emitted significantly lower PM compared to baseline CI mode combustion strategy. However, the blending of biodiesel resulted in relatively higher PM emissions from both CI and PCCI combustion modes. Chemical characterization of PM showed that PCCI mode combustion emitted relatively lower trace metals compared to baseline CI mode combustion, which reduced further for B20. For detailed investigations of particulate structure, morphological characterization was done using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which showed that PM emitted by B20-fueled PCCI mode combustion posed potentially lower health risk compared to baseline mineral diesel-fueled CI mode combustion.
Petrogenesis of the crystalline basement along the western Gulf of Mexico: Postcollisional magmatism during the formation of Pangea
Authors: Coombs Henry E. , Kerr Andrew C. , Pindell James , Buchs David , Weber Bodo , Solari Luigi 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe supercontinent of Pangea formed through the diachronous collision of Laurussia and Gondwana during the late Paleozoic. While magmatism associated with its formation is well documented in the Variscan orogeny of Europe and Alleghanian orogeny of the United States, little is known about the Sonora orogeny of northern Mexico. This paper reports geochronology (U-Pb zircon), whole-rock geochemistry, and Lu-Hf zircon isotope data on basement cores from the western Gulf of Mexico, which were used to develop a tectonomagmatic model for pre- to post-Pangea amalgamation. Our results suggest the existence of three distinct phases of magmatism, produced during different stages of continental assembly and disassembly. The first phase consists of Early Permian (294–274 Ma; n = 3) granitoids with geochemical signatures indicative of a continental arc tectonic setting. This phase formed on the margins of Gondwana during the closure of the Rheic Ocean, prior to the final amalgamation of Pangea. It likely represents a lateral analogue of late Carboniferous–Early Permian granitoids that intrude the Acatlán and Oaxacan Complexes. The second phase of magmatism includes Late Permian–Early Triassic (263–243 Ma; n = 13) granitoids with suprasubduction geochemical affinities. However, Lu-Hf isotope data indicate that these granitoids formed from crustal anatexis, with εHf values and two-step Hf depleted mantle model ages (TDM[Hf]) comparable to the Oaxaquia continental crust into which they intrude. This phase of magmatism is likely related to coeval granitoids in the Oaxaca area and Chiapas Massif. We interpret it to reflect late- to postcollisional magmatism along the margin of Gondwana following the assembly of Pangea. Finally, the third phase of magmatism includes Early–Middle Jurassic (189–164 Ma; n = 2) mafic porphyries, which could be related to the synchronous suprasubduction magmatism associated with the Nazas arc. Overall, our results are consistent with Pangea assembly through diachronous collision of Laurussia and Gondwana during subduction of the Rheic Ocean. They suggest that postorogenic magmatism in the western termination of the Rheic suture occurred under the influence of a Panthalassan subduction zone, before opening of the Gulf of Mexico.