bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Age of the Prophets (1900–1930)
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between Christianity and colonialism in sub-Saharan Africa and assessing Christianity’s explosive growth in the twentieth century. Indeed, accounting for conversion to Christianity in Africa has been a much-discussed topic among historians, sociologists, anthropologists, missiologists, and theologians. The chapter then moves to consider the conversion and converting mission of William Wadé Harris, the single greatest evangelist in African history and the quintessential representative of numerous prophet-healing movements in West Africa in the first decades of the twentieth century. Crucial to the extension of the gospel and conversion of the Dida people of the southern Ivory Coast was the composition of hymns to the Christian God. As typified the Christianization process throughout a largely illiterate Africa, neither text nor catechism but song became the village people’s theology.
Conclusion
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter provides summary observations of the book’s themes that highlight the complex, multifaceted dimension of conversion throughout twenty centuries of Christian history. These include the convert’s cognizance of divine presence; the crucial importance of historical context (political, religious, institutional, and socioeconomic factors); continuity and discontinuity (how much of the new displaces the old in conversion?); nominal, incomplete, and “true” conversions; personal testimonies and narratives (the autobiographical impulse attests to the converted life); the role of gender; identity and the self; agency (are converts actors or are they being acted upon?); the mechanisms behind and the motivations for conversion; the body as a site of conversion; the role of music; conversion as event and process; coercive practices; and forms of communication in the converting process.
Diasporas as Agents That Sometimes Make States
Authors: Burgess Katrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChapter 7 links patterns of diaspora-making to repertoires of migrant engagement and the extent to which they reinforce or challenge the state’s narratives and agendas. With a few notable exceptions, it finds that Dominicans and Mexicans are more likely to follow the lead of homeland authorities, which translates into partisan mobilization in the Dominican Republic and nonelectoral engagement in Mexico. By contrast, Turkish and Filipino migrants are more likely to challenge the state’s diaspora-making projects, although for different reasons. In the Turkish case, migrants from minority groups not only vote from abroad but also engage in counter-mobilizations outside the electoral arena. In the Philippine case, migrant organizations regularly challenge the depoliticizing discourse of the state by forming their own political parties and, like their Turkish counterparts, using the nonelectoral arena to advocate for change.
Becoming Archaeologist
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the theoretical concepts at the heart of our argument, beginning with a discussion of critical pedagogy, then demonstrating how archaeology requires its own pedagogic principles. It discusses the material components of archaeological teaching and learning, emphasizing how archaeological learning takes place in multiple locations and through different experiences, and argues that these are not disconnected, but that each feeds into and shapes one another. The chapter then argues that archaeology’s material turn provides a useful place to start re-thinking the materiality of archaeological pedagogy, and new materialist developments within archaeology are reviewed. Also discussed is the broader pedagogic literature, such as rhizomatic learning and the notion of ‘becoming’ in pedagogy. The chapter finally sets out the theoretical framework for the book, arguing that viewing the multiple assemblages of teaching and learning as composed of a range of material and human constituents, we produce a new understanding of processes of archaeological education.
The Past in the Present
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In order to examine the issues that perpetuate inequalities in archaeology in higher education and their consequences, this chapter addresses the areas of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, disability, and socioeconomics, in both the global demographic profile of the profession, and in archaeological research and practice. It begins by considering these areas separately, but ultimately argues that these categories are inextricably entwined and interrelated. The chapter reflects on ways that using an assemblage approach to teaching and learning can create a more equitable system for students, lecturers, and all involved in archaeological pedagogic assemblages, including research, professional practice, and the heritage sector more broadly. At the heart of the argument presented in this chapter is the notion that training, research, and practice all intersect to play a vital role in the wider assemblages of teaching and learning in archaeology.
A Thousand Learning Assemblages
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 highlights how scales of global, local, personal, and political are relevant in the assemblages of becoming archaeologists and therefore of teaching, learning, and doing archaeology, arguing that an assemblage approach is required to understand the intersection of these different scales, whilst avoiding the reductionism arising from privileging one specific scale. Pedagogically, the benefits are: it allows a move from linear banking models towards a more critical, politically situated pedagogy; it provides an alternative to the neoliberal path of simply reversing the banking model to make the student active; it emphasizes the diversity of learners; and reframes the affective nature of all non-human entities in the learning process, and their connection to multiple scales, in an ontologically equal manner. Consequently, we argue that taking a multi-scalar assemblage approach to pedagogy enables the simultaneous achievement of intersectionality advocated in Chapter 6 and the challenge to neoliberal values presented in Chapter 4.
Introduction
Authors: Watson Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Respect is a value whose importance in contemporary criminal justice many would endorse in principle. It is well established that every person, by virtue of his humanity, has a claim to respect that need not be negotiated and cannot be forfeited. Rich and ongoing debates about respect beyond criminal justice—notably, in philosophy and elsewhere in the social sciences—indicate that scholarly interest in respect surpasses disciplinary boundaries, that it is of considerable explanatory and normative scope, and that it matters. It is curious, then, that despite academic interest in the democratic design of penal institutions in recent decades, respect is more akin to a slogan than a foundational value of criminal justice practice.
Stop and Search as a Respectful Encounter
Authors: Watson Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, there is a shift in focus to the statutory power of the police to stop and search, the controversial status of which is not new. Less well documented, however, is that stop and search is highly relevant to the study of respect, since the practice tends to undermine the value, if not render it conspicuously absent. The chapter is organised as follows. The opening section explores how we might sharpen our critique of stop and search by framing it in terms of respect. Stop and search—a common form of adversarial contact between the police and the public—taps into deep and ingrained tensions between preventive policing, the exercise of coercive state authority, due process, and crime control. Among the most incisive criticisms of the power are its disproportionate and discriminatory exercise in relation to minority ethnic groups, its role in eroding police legitimacy, and the invasion of privacy and violation of bodily integrity necessitated by the search itself. The next section assesses three prominent proposals for the reform of stop and search—procedural justice training for police officers, tighter legal regulation of the power, and abolition—in terms of respect.
Respect at Prison Mealtime
Authors: Watson Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues to subject a series of unexamined beliefs on respect and criminal justice to critical scrutiny and challenge. There is a shift in focus to prison mealtime, whose pivotal role in shaping the experiences of prisoners has been considerably understated. The chapter is prefaced with a short commentary on prison mealtime in historical context. It is then structured around three key stages of contemporary prison mealtime—preparation, consumption, and resistance—which I propose as organising categories for critiquing the practice. When the authorities treat respect as a weak side-constraint on the pursuit of instrumental outcomes rather than a foundational value of the regime itself, it undermines those responsible for preparing food, degrades prisoners who have no choice but to consume it, and exacerbates the experiences of those who—for reasons of religious belief, physical or mental ill-health, or in protest—resist or refuse it.
Roman Law and the Western Tradition
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Having sketched the shape of the hospital in Carolingian Francia and Lombardy, the investigation now moves earlier, to uncover the legal foundations of welfare, as fostered under Roman law. This chapter redefines the tradition for welfare facilities in Roman law and identifies a distinctive Western legal model. It reappraises two extracts from Julian’s Epitome in the Collectio capitularium of Ansegis of Saint-Wandrille, the only evidence for Justinianic law in the West regarding hospitals. These are found not to relate to Carolingian welfare and new light is shed both on the palace’s use of these Roman law extracts and on the possible character of Ansegis’s book 2, on Louis the Pious’s ecclesiastical laws. The chapter then uses Justinian’s collections of law to explore the long development of welfare foundations in Roman law, finding them first accommodated under testamentary law. It argues that this basic testamentary model was moulded in the East, via the ‘pious promise’, into an institution under divine or public law. In the West, however, the early testamentary form was developed via the documentary practices that characterized Roman law in the West, c.400–800. These practices reveal a distinctive Western approach, which enshrined not the institution but the right to institute; that is, the right of the testator to prescribe and fix acts of human charity. A final section offers a new account of the development of welfare institutions in early Christianity, as East and West diverged and the West developed a vernacular Christian practice, one that was not owned by the church but enacted and developed by testators.
Effective Field Theory with Nambu–Goldstone Modes
Authors: Pich Antonio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThese lectures provide an introduction to the low-energy dynamics of Nambu–Goldstone fields, which associated with some spontaneous (or dynamical) symmetry breaking, using the powerful methods of effective field theory. The generic symmetry properties of these massless modes are described in detail and two very relevant phenomenological applications are worked out: chiral perturbation theory, the low-energy effective theory of QCD, and the (non-linear) electroweak effective theory. The similarities and differences between these two effective theories are emphasized, and their current status is reviewed. Special attention is given to the short-distance dynamical information encoded in the low-energy couplings of the effective Lagrangians. The successful methods developed in QCD could help us to uncover fingerprints of new physics scales from future measurements of the electroweak effective theory couplings.
Conversational Pressure
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book aims to explore the scope, sources, and nature of the normative expectations that are generated by participants in speech exchanges. Such expectations, I argue, are warranted by the performance of speech acts: the performance of these acts entitles an audience to expect certain things of the speaker, even as these performances also entitle the speaker to expect certain things of her audience. The account I propose postulates two fundamental types of normativity involved in these expectations: epistemic normativity, wherein subjects are expected to live up to certain epistemological standards, whether in the production of or in the reaction to speech acts; and interpersonal normativity, wherein subjects are expected to live up to certain standards of interpersonal conduct (including but not limited to the standards of ethics). In the course of defending the account, the book explores such topics as the normative significance of acts of address, the epistemic costs of politeness, the bearing of epistemic injustice on the epistemology of testimony, the normative pressure friendship exerts on belief, the nature of epistemic trust, the significance of conversational silence, and the evils of silencing.
Accommodation to Injustice
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Suppose we suffer or witness an injustice. Often we will respond with a combination of anger, grief, resentment, indignation, or horror. And it seems that this is how it should be: the injustice is the reason for our emotional response. However, it is a striking fact that our anger, grief, or horror will diminish over time, often fairly quickly, even if the injustice persists. We accommodate ourselves to the injustice. Indeed, this is good for us, and it may even seem appropriate; it is often wrong to dwell on a wrong. But how could accommodation be appropriate if the injustice remains unchanged? And how could we make sense of accommodation when we anticipate it? This chapter argues that accommodation to injustice poses an insurmountable problem for understanding our emotional response to injustice and reveals something incomprehensible at the heart of our moral outlook.
Reply to Part IV The Epistemology of Metaphysical Possibility
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides a reply to Chapter 10 which is in Part IV of this book. This chapter agrees with the arguments of that chapter that Kripke’s argument on the challenge to physicalism concerning the mental comes short. The interesting question is exactly why it comes short. It’s a question that takes us to the heart of one central issue concerning the epistemology of the metaphysical modalities. The chapter starts by looking at Kripke’s challenge. It analyses the Chapter 10’s thoughts on the topic and presents a different response by way of conclusion.
A Study in the Acquisition of Language
Authors: Shipley Elizabeth F. , Smith Carlota S. , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study reports an experiment concerning the spontaneous responses of young children to commands differing in structural format and semantic content. The results indicate that syntactic comprehension exceeds production in “telegraphic” speakers. Based on these results, conjectures are offered about the techniques which a child might use in coping with his linguistic environment
Beyond Herodotus
Authors: Feldman Heidi , Goldin-Meadow Susan , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Deaf children who are unable to acquire oral language naturally and who are not exposed to a standard manual language can spontaneously develop a structured sign system that has many of the properties of natural spoken language. This communication system appears to be largely the invention of the child himself rather than that of the caretakers
When We Think About Thinking
Authors: Papafragou Anna , Cassidy Kimberly , Gleitman Lila R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mental-content verbs such as think, believe, imagine and hope seem to pose special problems for the young language learner. One possible explanation for these difficulties is that the concepts that these verbs express are hard to grasp and therefore their acquisition must await relevant conceptual development. According to a different, perhaps complementary, proposal, a major contributor to the difficulty of these items lies with the informational requirements for identifying them from the contexts in which they appear. The experiments reported here explore the implications of these proposals by investigating the contribution of observational and linguistic cues to the acquisition of mental predicate vocabulary. We demonstrate that particular observed situations can be helpful in prompting reference to mental contents, specifically contexts that include a salient and/or unusual mental state such as false belief. We then compare the potency of such observational support to the reliability of syntactic information. In tasks where children and adults hypothesize the meaning of novel verbs, we find that syntactic information is a more reliable indicator of mentalistic interpretations than even the most cooperative contextual cues. The findings support the position that the informational demands of mapping, rather than age-related cognitive deficiency, can bear much of the explanatory burden for the learning problems posed by abstract verbs.
Similar, and Similar Concepts
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Gleitman Henry , Miller Carol , Ostrin Ruth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper analyzes English symmetrical predicates such as collide and match. Its point of departure is an analysis of the concept “similar” from Tversky (1977) that appears to show that similarity is psychologically asymmetrical. One basis for this claim from Tversky is that the sentences “North Korea is similar to Red China” and “Red China is similar to North Korea” are assessed as differing in meaning by experimental subjects; this seems to imply that the symmetrical entailment R(x,y) ↔︎ R(y,x) fails for this concept. Five experiments are presented that show (1) the apparent asymmetry of similar is reproduced for 20 predicates that are intuitively thought to be symmetrical, (2) unique linguistic-interpretive properties hold for these symmetrical words, such as reciprocal interpretation when they appears intransitively, (3) the asymmetrical interpretation of subject-complement constructions containing the symmetrical words is a consequence of general linguistic-interpretive principles. On the basis of the experimental findings, we offer an analysis of symmetrical predication. One major claim of the analysis is that symmetry is a property of lexical items and has no special syntax. A second claim is that the structural positioning of Noun Phrases in sentences containing symmetricals—rather than inherent semantic properties of the Noun Phrases themselves—sets their status as Figure and Ground in the comparison, even if the nouns are nonsense items. Finally the behavior of symmetrical predicates is shown to vary as a function of their differing lexical class assignments and collateral semantic designations, such as activity vs. state. Most generally, it is claimed that a deeper understanding of symmetrical terms comes from analyzing the semantics of syntactic structures in which they appear.
Anorectal Disorders
Authors: Hancock Kevin J. , Gajjar Aakash H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract:
Anorectal disorders can have overlapping symptoms, which sometimes can make it difficult to establish a diagnosis. Obtaining a detailed history and performing a physical examination are vital to establish the correct diagnosis and to outline appropriate treatment for anorectal disorders. Obstetrician–gynecologists often are the primary care providers and may be the only medical professional a woman sees; therefore, they should be knowledgeable regarding anorectal pathology, recommended dietary and lifestyle changes, and appropriate referral guidelines. This monograph reviews benign and malignant anorectal conditions to aid obstetrician–gynecologists in diagnosis and management of anorectal disease and to provide guidance regarding a referral to a gastroenterologist or a colorectal surgeon.
Improvement of Pulmonary Function Measured by Patient-reported Outcomes in Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy After Growth-friendly Instrumentation
Authors: Matsumoto Hiroko , Mueller John , Konigsberg Matthew , Ball Jacob , St. Hilaire Tricia , Pawelek Jeff , Roye David P. , Cahill Patrick , Sturm Peter , Smith John , Thompson George , Sponseller Paul , Skaggs David , Vitale Michael G. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) sustain a progressive reduction in pulmonary function (PF) related to both muscular weakness and the concomitant effects of spinal deformity on the thorax. Growth-friendly instrumentation is commonly utilized for younger patients with scoliosis and SMA to halt the progression of spinal curvature, but its effect on PF in these patients has not previously been investigated. Using the change in Early Onset Scoliosis 24-Item Questionnaire (EOSQ-24) PF subdomain scores, the authors will investigate whether PF improves in patients with SMA after a growth-friendly intervention.

Methods:
This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study from 2 international registries of patients with SMA undergoing spinal deformity surgery from 2005 to 2015. Data collected were age, sex, degree of major coronal curve, type of growth-friendly construct, forced vital capacity (FVC), and EOSQ-24 scores at the patient’s preoperative, 1-year postoperative, and 2-year postoperative visits. Differences in EOSQ-24 PF scores and FVC between baseline and postoperative assessment were examined by paired tests.

Results:
A total of 74 patients were identified (mean age, 7.6±2.3 y, major curve 68.1±22.4 degrees, 51.4% female individuals). The mean EOSQ-24 PF scores improved significantly from 70.6 preoperatively to 83.6 at 1 year (P=0.092) and 86.5 at 2 years postoperatively (P=0.020). The scores in patients with rib-based constructs showed steeper increases at 1-year assessments than those in patients with spine-based constructs. The mean paired FVC value decreased from 63.9% predicted preoperatively, to 57.6% predicted at 1 year postoperatively (P=0.035), and 61.9% predicted preoperatively, to 56.3% predicted at 2 years postoperatively (P=0.178).

Conclusions:
Patients with SMA who received growth-friendly instrumentation did experience improvements in PF as measured by EOSQ-24 assessing the caregivers’ perception. Given the uncertain reliability of PFTs in this young population, EOSQ-24 is an important tool for measuring improvements in health-related quality of life.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective study.