bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The state of diversity based on race, ethnicity, and sex in otolaryngology in 2016
Authors: Ukatu Ceisha C. , Welby Berra Lauren , Wu Qiwei , Franzese Christine 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo compare the representation of women and racial minorities among otolaryngology residents and faculty to other surgical specialties.MethodsInformation from 2016 regarding female and minority representation among medical school graduates, otolaryngology applicants, otolaryngology residents, otolaryngology faculty and residents, and faculty in other surgical specialties was obtained from the publicly available registries from the American Medical Association and the American Association of Medical Colleges. The data obtained was used to explore the differences between the various stages of training in otolaryngology and to compare the female and minority diversity of otolaryngology residents with residents in other surgical specialties.ResultsWomen and African Americans were underrepresented at the resident level compared with their level of representation as medical school graduates. Women were underrepresented in otolaryngology resident applicants (P < .001), but equally represented between otolaryngology residency applicants and residents (P = .582). African Americans were equally represented between medical school graduates and otolaryngology resident applicants (P = .871), but underrepresented in otolaryngology residents (P < .001). Asian Americans and Hispanics were underrepresented among otolaryngology faculty compared with their representation in otolaryngology residency programs (P < .001, P < .001, respectively). Otolaryngology has the lowest percentage of African‐American residents and faculty compared to other surgical specialties. The representation of women in otolaryngology residencies is higher than most surgical specialties but worse than general surgery, integrated plastics, and medical school graduates.ConclusionOtolaryngology lags behind other surgical specialties in representation of minorities and women. Continued efforts should be made to increase diversity in the field of otolaryngology, especially in regard to underrepresented minorities.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 2019
The Developmental Origin of the Auricula Revisited
Authors: Veugen Christianne C. A. F. M. , Dikkers Frederik G. , de Bakker Bernadette S. 
Published: December 2019

Objectives/HypothesisCongenital auricular anomalies are common. Additionally, the auricle plays an important role in the staging of human embryos. However, little is known about the embryological development of the auricle. The most commonly reproduced developmental theory by His (1885) describes six hillocks; three on the first and three on the second pharyngeal arch. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of this theory by modern techniques and to expand the knowledge of the embryological development and morphology of the auricle.Study Design22 human embryos from the Carnegie collection between Carnegie stage 13 and 23 (28–60 days) were selected based on their histological quality.MethodsHistological sections of the selected embryos were examined. Three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions were prepared. Additionally, literature research was performed.ResultsThe hillocks were absent in most stages. Contrary to common knowledge, the auricle is almost entirely innervated by branches of the facial nerve. The branches of the trigeminal nerve only innervate the tragus and the anterior external auditory meatus (EAM). Consequently, this indicates that almost the entire auricle is derived from the second pharyngeal arch, with the exception of the tragus and the anterior EAM.ConclusionsThe 3D reconstructions show the anatomy and development of the auricle to be different from concepts presented in current textbooks. As a consequence, we propose that preauricular sinuses should be classified as first pharyngeal arch anomalies.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 130:2467–2474, 2020
Estimating and forecasting residential electricity demand in Odisha
Authors: Meher Shibalal 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe growing demand for electricity has put pressure on generation of electricity based on fossil fuel, resulting in emission of carbon dioxide. In order to design policy for demand side management, proper knowledge on determinants of electricity demand as well as prediction of future demand is required. However, study on estimation and forecasting of residential demand in developing countries like India has received less attention. This study is the first attempt to estimate and forecast residential electricity demand in the state of Odisha, which is the pioneer of electricity reform in India. It employs ARDL model to estimate residential electricity demand; while ARIMA, VAR and VEC models are employed to forecast future demand. The results show that income and price of electricity are significant determinants of residential electricity demand. The higher price elasticity compared to income elasticity reveals that price could be used as an effective instrument for demand side management. The forecast results show that VAR has the lowest error, which predicts per capita residential electricity demand to be double by 2030–31. This would help the policy makers to plan for demand side management and electricity generation so as to avoid shortage of electricity supply.
Quality evaluation of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database (JADER)
Authors: Tsuchiya Masami , Obara Taku , Sakai Takamasa , Nomura Kaori , Takamura Chizuko , Mano Nariyasu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionThe spontaneous adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting system plays an important role in pharmacovigilance by providing information from clinical settings in the postmarketing environment. The Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database contains a portion of Japanese ADR reports, and no previous study has described the quality or characteristics of ADR reports in the JADER.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of the JADER database and to evaluate the quality of ADR reports contained in the JADER using the documentation‐grading scheme developed by the World Health Organization.MethodsOf 478 508 ADR reports in the JADER, the analysis set consisted of 395 091 reports meeting inclusion criteria. An analysis was carried out to evaluate the quality of the reports according to the type of report, the type of sender, and the qualification of the reporter. Annual changes in the number of reports from medical institutions submitted by pharmacists were compared with changes in the number submitted by physicians.ResultsThe distribution of documentation grade differed according to the type of report, the type of sender, and the qualification of the reporter. Regarding “medical institution reports”, the quality of reports was similar among qualification types, while the quality of reports submitted by physicians was higher for “company reports” and “study reports” (P < .0001, respectively).ConclusionOur study showed that the quality of the ADR reports in the JADER differed among the type of report, the sender of the report, and the qualification of the reporter.
Ratiometric pH Sensing in Living Cells Using Carbon Dots
Authors: Macairan Jun‐Ray , Zhang Issan , Clermont‐Paquette Adryanne , Naccache Rafik , Maysinger Dusica 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe ability to precisely sense physiological pH changes in the cellular environment is exceedingly difficult. Novel technologies are thus required to address this challenge. Fluorescent nanomaterials can be exploited to this effect because their optical properties can exhibit strong pH dependence. Herein, an intracellular pH‐sensing probe is developed via a facile microwave‐reaction synthesis method for the preparation of carbon dots (CDs) using glutathione and formamide. The CDs possess unique optical properties allowing for concomitant fluorescence in the blue and red regions of the spectrum. These dots are investigated as pH‐sensors using the red fluorescence signatures at 650 and 680 nm. The two fluorescence bands respond differently following pH changes in their environment and could thus be used for ratiometric measurements. Cytotoxicity studies of the CDs in glioblastoma cells show no decrease in cell viability up to 100 μg mL−1 (24 h). Fluorescence imaging reveals that the dots localize in lysosomal compartments. Moreover, they can sense changes in lysosomal pH in response to serum and amino acid starvation, as well as administration of diclofenac and metformin, drugs currently in clinical trials for combination treatments of cancer. These CDs offer a new self‐referencing approach for live intracellular pH sensing in 2D‐ and 3D‐cell models.
Identification and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of Apolygus lucorum (Hemiptera: Miridae) in China
Authors: Zhang Tao , Mei Xiangdong , Zhang Xiaofang , Lu Yanhui , Ning Jun , Wu Kongming 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe plant bug, Apolygus lucorum Meyer‐Dür, has begun a resurgence and has become a key pest in cotton in northern China, with the wide‐scale adoption of transgenic Bt cotton. We attempted to develop a new approach to the control of this plant bug by identifying and utilizing its sex pheromone.RESULTSExtracts from A. lucorum adults and nymphs were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and gas chromatography–electroantennogram detection (GC–EAD) to identify the sex pheromone components. (E)‐4‐Oxo‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐hexenyl butyrate were the major sex pheromone components from females and were also electrophysiology‐active towards male antennae. For males, (E)‐4‐oxo‐2‐hexenal and hexyl butyrate were the major sex pheromone components. These three components, however, were not detected in nymphs. Field tests showed that binary blends of (E)‐4‐oxo‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐hexenyl butyrate at a ratio of 3:2 resulted in trapping the greatest numbers of A. lucorum males. A long‐term dispenser was developed by loading the pheromone components dissolved in sunflower oil into polyethylene vials. Further field evaluation showed that the polyethylene dispensers attracted significantly more bugs even when deployed in the field for 5 weeks.CONCLUSIONWe identified the sex pheromone of A. lucorum and developed a type of high‐efficiency and long‐term lure. Our results could expand knowledge of the pheromones of plant bugs, and provide novel technologies to monitor and control this pest. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Density functional approximations for consistent spin and oxidation states of oxoiron complexes
Authors: Vlahovic Filip , Gruden Maja , Stepanovic Stepan , Swart Marcel 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report here a computational study on a series of FeII, FeIII, and FeIV hydroxo/oxoiron complexes with a broad palette of ligands. We are interested in assessing the robustness of widely used density functionals for their prediction and description of structures and spin states for the examined oxoiron complexes. We have used a variety of density functional approximations (S12g, LDA, BP86‐D3, OPBE, SSB‐D, B3LYP‐D3, S12h, and MVS), in all cases including solvation and relativistic effects explicitly. One of the main observations of this detailed study is the excellent performance of S12g for both accurate structures and spin state splittings. Moreover, our results show that in general all density functionals can be used as a reliable computational tool for reproducing and predicting geometries, determining the oxidation state of iron, and most are able as well to providing good descriptions of spin state energetics.
Resilient filtering for cyber‐physical systems under denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Ma Renjie , Shi Peng , Wang Zhenhuan , Wu Ligang 
Published: December 2019

SummaryOwing to the deep integration of control, computation, and communication, cyber‐physical systems (CPSs) play an important role in wide real‐world applications. In this paper, we investigate the problem of resilient filter design of CPSs under malicious denial‐of‐service (DoS) attacks launched by adversaries. Firstly, based on two standard assumptions concerning with the frequency and duration of DoS attacks, we state the H∞ filtering problem for the CPSs under DoS attacks. Then, sufficient conditions are developed to ensure that, when there are DoS attacks, the filtering error dynamics of the underlying CPSs is mean square exponential stable with a prescribed H∞ disturbance attenuation performance. Furthermore, a switched filter is designed for CPSs under DoS attacks. Examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness and potential of the proposed new design techniques.
Synthesis, Morphology and Magnetic Properties of Fe3C/CNTs Composites by a g‐C3N4 Route
Authors: Ye Zhantong , Qie Yaqin , Fan Zhipeng , Liu Yixuan , Chen Xiaodong , Shi Zhan , Yang Hua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHerein, the Fe3C nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes (Fe3C/CNTs) were successfully prepared through a simple method using g‐C3N4 from thermal polymerization of melamine. The structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated by various technologies. The results show that the Fe3C nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon nanotubes exhibit good magnetic properties with high saturated magnetization (83.7 emu g−1). Importantly, this simple approach provides a way to synthesize metal carbides encapsulated in carbon nanotubes.
A Gr/αFe2O3/Carbon Paste Electrode Developed as an Electrochemical Sensor for Determination of Rizatriptan Benzoate: An Antimigraine Drug
Authors: Nouri Maedeh , Rahimnejad Mostafa , Najafpour Ghasem , Akbar Moghadamnia Ali 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this research, a new electrochemical sensor was proposed for determining rizatriptan benzoate (RZB) with high sensitivity. To this end, a nanocomposite consisting of graphene (Gr) and hematite iron oxide (αFe2O3) was used to modify a carbon paste electrode (CPE). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was employed to study the morphology of the fabricated electrode; cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry (CA), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were utilized to evaluate the modified electrode's capabilities. The findings demonstrated the high sensitivity of the designed electrode in the determination of RZB. In addition, to optimize the response of the electrochemical sensor, changes in the voltammetric behavior of RZB under different scan rates and pH conditions were explored. The results showed that under optimal conditions, RZB concentrations between 2 and 50 μM induced an oxidation anodic peak current that could detect the substance with a low limit of merely 0.42 μM. The findings of the present study demonstrated the fabricated electrode high sensitivity, low detection limit, wide linear dynamic range, remarkable reproducibility, rapid response, and high current peak response in detecting various concentrations of RZB. Furthermore, a kinetically facile system with minimal charge transfer resistance and adequate RZB diffusion was present on the electrode surface. Finally, the proposed electrode was successfully utilized in the detection of RZB in various samples.
A Water Soluble Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Aryl Aziridino Carboxylic Acid Decorated Mn (II) Complex Increased Root Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Thakur S. K. , Goswami K. , Bhattacharjee S. , Soni U. , Guchhait P. , Eswaran S. V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSingle walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been rendered water soluble as an aryl aziridino derivative decorated with carboxylic acids as a Mn (II) complex (III). This leads to increased root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The discovery of Nano‐carbon materials (NCMs) [Fullerenes, Carbon Nano Tubes (CNTs) and Graphene] has been recognized by the award of two Nobel prizes. Large‐scale industrial use of NCMs is hampered by their low solubility in most common solvents. The tensile strength of SWCNTs is approximately twenty three times more than that of steel and yet it is five times lighter. Successful functionalization makes CNTs more soluble allowing for many more possible applications in biomedical and material science (Solar cells). Synthesis of the water soluble SWCNT‐aryl‐aziridino‐carboxylic acid decorated Mn (II) complex (III) is described here along with its characterization using UV‐Visible, FT‐IR, Raman spectroscopy, EPR, TEM, Cyclic voltammetry techniques, confirming successful functionalization. SWCNT has been made water soluble by a two‐step procedure not involving any harsh steps like treatment with conc. acids. This has been achieved by reaction with an aryl azide followed by alkaline KMnO4 oxidation, when the above complex SWCNT−Mn (II) complex (III) was obtained. This complex has been observed to lead to increased root length growth in Arabidopsis thaliana.
In Situ Formation of Hierarchical Bismuth Nanodots/Graphene Nanoarchitectures for Ultrahigh‐Rate and Durable Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhao Yuanxin , Ren Xiaochuan , Xing Zhenjiang , Zhu Daming , Tian Weifeng , Guan Cairu , Yang Yong , Qin Wenming , Wang Juan , Zhang Lili , Huang Yaobo , Wen Wen , Li Xiaolong , Tai Renzhong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMetallic bismuth (Bi) has been widely explored as remarkable anode material in alkali‐ion batteries due to its high gravimetric/volumetric capacity. However, the huge volume expansion up to ≈406% from Bi to full potassiation phase K3Bi, inducing the slow kinetics and poor cycling stability, hinders its implementation in potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Here, facile strategy is developed to synthesize hierarchical bismuth nanodots/graphene (BiND/G) composites with ultrahigh‐rate and durable potassium ion storage derived from an in situ spontaneous reduction of sodium bismuthate/graphene composites. The in situ formed ultrafine BiND (≈3 nm) confined in graphene layers can not only effectively accommodate the volume change during the alloying/dealloying process but can also provide high‐speed channels for ionic transport to the highly active BiND. The BiND/G electrode provides a superior rate capability of 200 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 and an impressive reversible capacity of 213 mA h g−1 at 5 A g−1 after 500 cycles with almost no capacity decay. An operando synchrotron radiation‐based X‐ray diffraction reveals distinctively sharp multiphase transitions, suggesting its underlying operation mechanisms and superiority in potassium ion storage application.
Pullets had higher bursal and thymic weight indices and more antibody response to La Sota vaccination than broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Igwe Amarachukwu O. , Ihedioha John I. , Eze Didacus C. , Okoye John O. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study investigated the immune responses to La Sota vaccination, used in protection of chickens against Newcastle disease, in light weight type breeds of chickens (pullets) and heavy weight type breeds of chickens (broilers) used in commercial poultry production. Seven‐week‐old 50 White Marshall broilers (Br) and 50 Isa Brown pullets (Pu) were randomly divided into four groups: vaccinated broilers chickens; (VBr), unvaccinated broiler chickens (UBr), and vaccinated pullet chickens (VPu) and unvaccinated pullet chickens (UPu). Chickens in groups VBr and VPu were vaccinated with La Sota vaccine, whereas groups UBr and UPu were not vaccinated. On day 0 post vaccination (PV), six chickens from group Br and Pu, and on day 4 PV, three chickens from each four groups were sacrificed and the bursa weight index (BWI), thymus weight index (TWI) and the splenic weight index (SWI) were obtained. The chickens were observed for clinical signs and lesions. Serum samples were collected from the chickens in all the groups on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 PV and assayed for haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies. The BWI, TWI and SWI were 0.37 ± 0.05, 0.35 ± 0.17, 0.65 ± 0.26 for pullets and 0.11 ± 0.04, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.36 ± 0.17 for broilers on day 0 PV. On day 4 PV there was no significant difference (p < .05) between the indices of the vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens. The geometrical mean antibody titres (GMT) of the pullets were 2 to 3 times higher than those of the broilers on days 7 to 28 PV. Vaccination did not produce clinical signs or lesions. The above observations show that naturally pullets produce higher antibodies than broilers because of their higher BWI.
Assessment of Polygala paniculata (Polygalaceae) characteristics for evolutionary studies of legume–rhizobia symbiosis
Authors: Tokumoto Yuji , Hashimoto Kayo , Soyano Takashi , Aoki Seishiro , Iwasaki Wataru , Fukuhara Mai , Nakagawa Tomomi , Saeki Kazuhiko , Yokoyama Jun , Fujita Hironori , Kawaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRoot nodule (RN) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction observed between nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria and nodulating plants, which are scattered in only four orders of angiosperms called nitrogen-fixing clade. Most of legumes engage in RN symbiosis with rhizobia. Molecular genetic analyses with legumes and non-leguminous nodulating plants revealed that RN symbiosis utilizes early signalling components that are required for symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However detailed evolutionary processes are still largely unknown. Comparative analyses with non-nodulating species phylogenetically related to legumes could be better strategies to study the evolution of RN symbiosis in legumes. Polygala paniculata is a non-leguminous species that belongs to a family different from legumes but that is classified into the same order, Fabales. It has appropriate characteristics for cultivation in laboratories: small body size, high fertility and short lifecycles. Therefore, we further assessed whether this species is suitable as a model species for comparative studies with legumes. We first validated that the plant we obtained in Palau was truly P. paniculata by molecular phylogenetic analysis using rbcL sequences. The estimated genome size of this species was less than those of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. We determined conditions for cultivation in vitro and for hairy root formation from P. paniculata seedlings. It would facilitate to investigate gene functions in this species. The ability of P. paniculata to interact with AM fungi was confirmed by inoculation with Rhizophagus irregularis, suggesting the presence of early signalling factors that might be involved in RN symbiosis. Unexpectedly, branching of root hairs was observed when inoculated with Mesorhizobium loti broad host range strain NZP2037, indicating that P. paniculata has the biological potential to respond to rhizobia. We propose that P. paniculata is used as a model plant for the evolutionary study of RN symbiosis.
Breast reconstruction with the omentum flap: a case report with unsatisfactory outcome and review of the literature
Authors: Spinelli Rossella , Lanthaler Monika , Tasch Christoph , Nitto Agnese , Pierer Gerhard , Bauer Thomas 
Published: December 2019

Summary
Background
Recently, breast reconstruction with the greater omentum flap has gained more attention, although it has been only rarely reported in the literature. An unpleasant case presented by us here prompted us to perform a literature search on breast reconstruction with the omentum flap concerning postoperative results and complication rates.

Case presentation
We here present the case of a 46-year-old woman who presented with severe infection 3 months after omentum flap reconstruction in a distant local hospital. Intraoperative revision showed an inflammatory, completely necrotic flap that had to be removed.

Conclusion
The literature review shows that the omentum flap can be reasonably used only in one-sided reconstructions of very small breasts. Due to the limited indications, unpredictable flap volume, and our negative experience, we recommend that this type of reconstruction be used with restraint.