bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PVD‐Abscheidung von CoSm‐Schichten für magnetische Maßstäbe
Authors: Bandorf Ralf , Ortner Kai , Krau Marco 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungMagnetische Funktionsschichten werden seit Jahrzehnten als zuverlässige und hochgenaue Informationsträger beispielsweise in Festplattenspeichern oder auf Magnetkarten eingesetzt. Neben der Datenspeicherung bieten Magnetschichten auch in mechanischen und elektromechanischen Elementen ein großes Potenzial, um Position, Geschwindigkeit oder Winkel von bewegten Bauteilen zu messen. Im Rahmen der Elektromobilität steigt hier auch die Nachfrage nach hochgenauen magnetischen Messsystemen. Darüber hinaus können Magnetschichten zur Codierung von Werkstück‐Informationen oder als Element von miniaturisierten Antrieben eingesetzt werden.Für die Herstellung der magnetischen Schichten werden verschiedene Verfahren eingesetzt, die ihre spezifischen Vorteile und Grenzen aufweisen. Für dünnere Schichten finden galvanische Verfahren häufiger Verwendung, während für dickere Schichten beispielsweise Sinterverfahren genutzt werden. Speziell die wirtschaftliche Herstellung von leistungsfähigen Schichten im Bereich von einigen Mikrometern bis zu einigen zehn Mikrometern stellt hierbei eine technologische Herausforderung dar. Am Fraunhofer IST werden seit längerer Zeit weich‐ und hartmagnetische Schichten für unterschiedliche Anwendungen entwickelt. Hierbei kommt ein spezielles Niederdruck‐Beschichtungsverfahren, das Hohlkathoden‐Gasfluss‐Sputtern (GFS) zum Einsatz, das ebenfalls am Fraunhofer IST in den letzten 20 Jahren entwickelt und industrialisiert wurde. In Kooperation mit ITK Dr. Kassen GmbH wurden mit dem Verfahren hartmagnetische Schichten entwickelt, die als Maßstäbe für hochgenaue Positionierung in kompakten Mikroskoptischen zum Einsatz kommen. In der betrieblichen Praxis haben sich diese Schichten als äußert zuverlässig und robust gegen äußere Einflüsse gezeigt, sodass eine hohe Zuverlässigkeit auch unter schwierigen Bedingungen erreicht werden konnte. Die entwickelten Schichten erlauben dabei die Beschreibung mit reproduzierbaren Marken, die in Kombination mit einem speziellen Auswertealgorithmus höchste Auflösungen liefert. Die Tische ermöglichen durch das integrierte Messsystem eine Absolutbestimmung der Position, ohne Referenzieren, mit einer Positionsauflösung im Nanometerbereich.
A review of groundwater in high mountain environments
Authors: Somers Lauren D. , McKenzie Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMountain water resources are of particular importance for downstream populations but are threatened by decreasing water storage in snowpack and glaciers. Groundwater contribution to mountain streamflow, once assumed to be relatively small, is now understood to represent an important water source to streams. This review presents an overview of research on groundwater in high mountain environments (As classified by Meybeck et al. (2001) as very high, high, and mid‐altitude mountains). Coarse geomorphic units, like talus, alluvium, and moraines, are important stores and conduits for high mountain groundwater. Bedrock aquifers contribute to catchment streamflow through shallow, weathered bedrock but also to higher order streams and central valley aquifers through deep fracture flow and mountain‐block recharge. Tracer and water balance studies have shown that groundwater contributes substantially to streamflow in many high mountain catchments, particularly during low‐flow periods. The percentage of streamflow attributable to groundwater varies greatly through time and between watersheds depending on the geology, topography, climate, and spatial scale. Recharge to high mountain aquifers is spatially variable and comes from a combination of infiltration from rain, snowmelt, and glacier melt, as well as concentrated recharge beneath losing streams, or through fractures and swallow holes. Recent advances suggest that high mountain groundwater may provide some resilience—at least temporarily—to climate‐driven glacier and snowpack recession. A paucity of field data and the heterogeneity of alpine landscapes remain important challenges, but new data sources, tracers, and modeling methods continue to expand our understanding of high mountain groundwater flow.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Science of Water > Methods
Cover Image
Authors: Muthunayake Nisansala S. , Tomares Dylan T. , Childers W. Seth , Schrader Jared M. 
Published: October 2020

The cover image is based on the Advanced Review Phase‐separated bacterial ribonucleoprotein bodies organize mRNA decay by Nisansala S. Muthunayake et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/wrna.1599.image
Natural Resource Undergraduate Students in the New Millennium
Authors: Dokes Talesha J. , Roloff Gary J. , Millenbah Kelly F. , Wolter Bjørn H. K. , Montgomery Robert A. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTHistorically, undergraduate college students enrolled in natural resources programs came from rural backgrounds and regularly participated in fishing, hunting, and trapping (i.e., consumptive activities). Student demographics shifted considerably over the past 30 years, with more natural resources students coming from urban backgrounds with lower levels of engagement in consumptive activities. Some stakeholders and employers are concerned that misalignment between student participation in consumptive and nonconsumptive wildlife‐related activities and priorities of natural resource management authorities might result in contradicting views on consumptive activities. We sought to understand the background, participation in wildlife‐related activities, and career decision‐making process of undergraduate college students currently enrolled in natural resources programs in the early 21st century. We conducted an online survey of students enrolled in members of the National Association of University Fisheries and Wildlife Programs. We examined how demographics (including personal and family characteristics) and participation in outdoor activities shaped student decisions to pursue natural resources training in college and career choices. We received 1,376 undergraduate respondents (570 males, 806 females) representing universities and colleges in 29 U.S. states. Responding students were primarily Caucasian with the majority between 18 and 22 years old. Most identified that they regularly (>11 hr/month) spent time outdoors, and just over half acknowledged participating in hunting and fishing. Participation in hunting, fishing, and farming were lower among students identifying as female than among those identifying as male. We also found that family participation in hunting and fishing was most influential on both student involvement in consumptive activities and their decisions to pursue natural resources careers. Students with family participation in consumptive activities made natural resources career decisions in high school as compared with students whose families did not participate in consumptive activities, who waited until early college. Our study indicates that about 50% of undergraduate college students enrolled in natural resource programs do not participate in consumptive activities. Our study also highlights the importance of family participation in consumptive activities in determining school and career outcomes, with implications for student recruitment and retention practices for natural resource academic programs and employers in the early 21st century. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Combination therapies utilizing neoepitope-targeted vaccines
Authors: Lee Karin L. , Schlom Jeffrey , Hamilton Duane H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractClinical successes have been achieved with checkpoint blockade therapy, which facilitates the function of T cells recognizing tumor-specific mutations known as neoepitopes. It is a reasonable hypothesis that therapeutic cancer vaccines targeting neoepitopes uniquely expressed by a patient’s tumor would prove to be an effective therapeutic strategy. With the advent of high-throughput next generation sequencing, it is now possible to rapidly identify these tumor-specific mutations and produce therapeutic vaccines targeting these patient-specific neoepitopes. However, initial reports suggest that when used as a monotherapy, neoepitope-targeted vaccines are not always sufficient to induce clinical responses in some patients. Therefore, research has now turned to investigating neoepitope vaccines in combination with other cancer therapies, both immune and non-immune, to improve their clinical efficacies.
Gut microbiota composition in relation to intake of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages and artificially sweetened beverages in the Malmö Offspring Study
Authors: Ramne Stina , Brunkwall Louise , Ericson Ulrika , Gray Nicola , Kuhnle Gunter G. C. , Nilsson Peter M. , Orho-Melander Marju , Sonestedt Emily 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeIt has been suggested that a high intake of sugar or sweeteners may result in an unfavorable microbiota composition; however, evidence is lacking. Hence, in this exploratory epidemiological study, we aim to examine if intake of added sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) or artificially sweetened beverages (ASBs) associate with the gut microbiota composition.MethodsParticipants (18–70 years) in the Malmö Offspring Study have provided blood, urine, and fecal samples and completed both web-based 4 day food records and short food frequency questionnaires. The gut microbiota was assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing, processed in QIIME and matched to Greengenes (v.13.8), giving 64 included genera after filtering. Intake of added sugar (n = 1371) (also supported by the overnight urinary sugar biomarker in a subgroupn = 577), SSBs (n = 1086) and ASBs (n = 1085) were examined as exposures in negative binomial regressions.ResultsVarious genera nominally associated with intake of added sugar, SSBs, and ASBs. Only the negative association between SSB intake andLachnobacteriumremained significant after multiple testing correction. A positive association between SSB intake and the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio was also observed.ConclusionIn this wide population, the cross-sectional associations between added sugar and sweet beverage intake and the gut microbiota are modest, but the results suggest that SSB intake is associated negatively with the genusLachnobacteriumand positively with the Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio. Larger studies, preferably using metagenomic sequencing, are needed to further evaluate if a link exists between intake of sugars and sweeteners and the human gut microbiota.
Abusive head trauma in court: a multi-center study on criminal proceedings in Germany
Authors: Feld Katharina , Feld Dustin , Karger Bernd , Helmus Janine , Schwimmer-Okike Nneka , Pfeiffer Heidi , Banaschak Sibylle , Wittschieber Daniel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe shaken baby syndrome (SBS) is a common variant of abusive head trauma (AHT) in infants and toddlers. Data on the legal outcome of such cases are still sparse. By means of a retrospective multi-center analysis, 72 cases of living children diagnosed with SBS/AHT from three German university institutes of legal medicine were identified. Forty-six of these cases with 68 accused individuals were available and could be evaluated with regard to basic data on the course of the criminal proceedings as well as the profile of the defendants (sub-divided into suspects, convicts, and confessed perpetrators). Criminal proceedings predominantly commenced with a complaint by the treating hospital (62%) and were found to be closed (without judgment) in 50% of the cases, mostly due to a “lack of sufficient suspicion.” Of the 23 cases with judgment, the court decided on acquittal in 4 cases (17%). Imprisonment was the most frequent sentence (16 out of 19 cases with conviction, 84%), whereby the sentence has been suspended on probation in 63% of the cases. Suspects and perpetrators were mostly male and derived from the close family environment of the injured children. All confessed perpetrators stated an “excessive demand” as the reason for the violent shaking of the child. The results of the present study are in line with data from other studies with other legal systems. As many criminal proceedings were closed and the 4 acquittals occurred because the perpetration could not be ascribed to a specific perpetrator, improving the forensic methods for such an unequivocal assignment would be desirable.
Schwerpunktsetzung in der Kinderchirurgie
Authors: Deluggi Stefan 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungAbschließend fasse ich die mir wichtigen Inhalte noch einmal zusammen: Das Implementieren von kinderchirurgischen Expertisezentren in Österreich erfordert die gemeinsame Anstrengung aller Beteiligten, dazu zählen: Patientenvertretungen und Selbsthilfegruppen, die gesamte österreichische Kinderchirurgie und natürlich auch die beteiligten Ministerien. Will Österreich als eines der reichsten Länder Europas sein Versprechen von 2014 zum Schutz der Patienten mit seltenen Erkrankungen einlösen, müssen auch die finanziellen Mittel aufgebracht werden.Während des Entwicklungsprozesses soll das Augenmerk auch weiterhin auf eine breite kinderchirurgische Versorgung österreichweit gelegt werden. Junge und motivierte Kinderchirurgen müssen in diesen Prozess eingebunden werden. Am Ende des Prozesses bleibt die österreichische Kinderchirurgie selbst Garant für die Qualität in der Behandlung seltener kinderchirurgischer Erkrankungen.Ein erster Schritt in diese Richtung wird die Einführung eines zentralen Registers zur Darstellung der seltenen Erkrankungen in Österreich und deren Behandlung sein. Diese Überlegungen mögen ein Gedankenanstoß für die Neustrukturierung der österreichischen Kinderchirurgie sein. Dies geschieht im Interesse der heutigen und zukünftigen kinderchirurgischen Patienten!
Parallel-in-time simulation of an electrical machine using MGRIT
Authors: Bolten Matthias , Friedhoff Stephanie , Hahne Jens , Schöps Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe apply the multigrid-reduction-in-time (MGRIT) algorithm to an eddy current simulation of a two-dimensional induction machine supplied by a pulse-width-modulation signal. To resolve the fast-switching excitations, small time steps are needed, such that parallelization in time becomes highly relevant for reducing the simulation time. The MGRIT algorithm is an iterative method that allows calculating multiple time steps simultaneously by using a time-grid hierarchy. It is particularly well suited for introducing time parallelism in the simulation of electrical machines using existing application codes, as MGRIT is a non-intrusive approach that essentially uses the same time integrator as a traditional time-stepping algorithm. However, the key difficulty when using time-stepping routines of existing application codes for the MGRIT algorithm is that the cost of the time integrator on coarse time grids must be less expensive than on the fine grid to allow for speedup over sequential time stepping on the fine grid. To overcome this difficulty, we consider reducing the costs of the coarse-level problems by adding spatial coarsening. We investigate effects of spatial coarsening on MGRIT convergence when applied to two numerical models of an induction machine, one with linear material laws and a full nonlinear model. Parallel results demonstrate significant speedup in the simulation time compared to sequential time stepping, even for moderate numbers of processors.
Positive affect is inversely related to the salience and emotion network’s connectivity
Authors: Qi Di , Lam Charlene L. M. , Wong Jing Jun , Chang Dorita H. F. , Lee Tatia M. C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIncreasing evidence has shown that positive affect enhances many aspects of daily functioning. Yet, how dispositional positive affect is represented in the intrinsic brain networks remains unclear. Here, we used resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to test how trait positive and negative affect of an individual were associated with the intrinsic connectivity of brain regions within the salience and emotion network and the default mode network in 70 healthy young adults. We observed that positive affect was negatively associated with connectivity within the salience and emotion network, particularly with the bidirectional connections spanning the left anterior insula and left nucleus accumbens. For connections between the salience and emotion network and the rest of the brain, we observed that positive affect was negatively related to the connectivity between the right amygdala and the right middle temporal gyrus. Affect-based modulations of connectivity were specific to positive affect and to the salience and emotion network. Our findings highlight the critical role of salience and emotion network in the neural relations of positive affect, and lay the groundwork for future studies on modeling the connectivity of salience and emotion network to predict mental well-being.
Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Salzberger Bernd , Buder Felix , Lampl Benedikt , Ehrenstein Boris , Hitzenbichler Florian , Holzmann Thomas , Schmidt Barbara , Hanses Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
SARS-CoV-2 is a recently emerged ß-coronavirus. Here we present the current knowledge on its epidemiologic features.

Methods
Non-systematic review.

Results
SARS-CoV-2 replicates in the upper and lower respiratory tract. It is mainly transmitted by droplets and aerosols from asymptomatic and symptomatic infected subjects. The consensus estimate for the basis reproduction number (R0) is between 2 and 3, and the median incubation period is 5.7 (range 2–14) days. Similar to SARS and MERS, superspreading events have been reported, the dispersion parameter (kappa) is estimated at 0.1. Most infections are uncomplicated, and 5–10% of patients are hospitalized, mainly due to pneumonia with severe inflammation. Complications are respiratory and multiorgan failure; risk factors for complicated disease are higher age, hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiovascular, chronic pulmonary disease and immunodeficiency. Nosocomial and infections in medical personnel have been reported. Drastic reductions of social contacts have been implemented in many countries with outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2, leading to rapid reductions. Most interventions have used bundles, but which of the measures have been more or less effective is still unknown. The current estimate for the infection’s fatality rate is 0.5–1%. Using current models of age-dependent infection fatality rates, upper and lower limits for the attack rate in Germany can be estimated between 0.4 and 1.6%, lower than in most European countries.

Conclusions
Despite a rapid worldwide spread, attack rates have been low in most regions, demonstrating the efficacy of control measures.
Intelligent Feedback on Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Tacoma Sietske , Heeren Bastiaan , Jeuring Johan , Drijvers Paul 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHypothesis testing involves a complex stepwise procedure that is challenging for many students in introductory university statistics courses. In this paper we assess how feedback from an Intelligent Tutoring System can address the logic of hypothesis testing and whether such feedback contributes to first-year social sciences students’ proficiency in carrying out hypothesis tests. Feedback design combined elements of the model-tracing and constraint-based modeling paradigms, to address both the individual steps as well as the relations between steps. To evaluate the feedback, students in an experimental group (N = 163) received the designed intelligent feedback in six hypothesis-testing construction tasks, while students in a control group (N = 151) only received stepwise verification feedback in these tasks. Results showed that students receiving intelligent feedback spent more time on the tasks, solved more tasks and made fewer errors than students receiving only verification feedback. These positive results did not transfer to follow-up tasks, which might be a consequence of the isolated nature of these tasks. We conclude that the designed feedback may support students in learning to solve hypothesis-testing construction tasks independently and that it facilitates the creation of more hypothesis-testing construction tasks.
Selection and application of the most suitable method for sustainable utilization of water resources assessment
Authors: Yang Xi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEvaluation of the regional sustainable use of water resources (SUWR) is one of the core issues for studying regional sustainable development strategy. In the process of evaluation, it is crucial to select a reasonable and applicable evaluation methods to improve the reliability of evaluation results. In this paper, the index system of SUWR was established by coupling eco-environment, socioeconomic and water utilization system. The dipartite degree theory (DD) and the serial number synthesis theory (SNS) were applied for selecting the suitable sustainability assessment method among six evaluation methods. The selected method was used for analyzing the spatial difference in Fujian Province, China. Results indicated that (1) based on different evaluation methods for the SUWR, the stability and reliability of fuzzy matter-element analysis are higher than those of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, attribute recognition, improved rank correlation, principal component analysis and grey relation analysis; (2) The regions with a higher level of SUWR are concentrated in the west of the research area, while the eastern regions have a lower level. The highest sustainable level of water resources was 0.647, in Longyan city and the lowest level was 0.399, in Xiamen city; (3) The superimposition effects of water resource conditions, topography and economic development level formed the spatial distribution pattern of sustainable utilization level. The results may provide scientific guidance for the effective evaluation of regional SUWR, water resources management and government decision-making.
Anthropometric and bioimpedance equations for fat and fat-free mass in Chilean children 7–9 years of age
Authors: Salazar Gabriela , Leyton Barbara , Aguirre Carolina , Anziani Alyerina , Weisstaub Gerardo , Corvalán Camila 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAssessing children’s growth adequately is important due to the necessary prevention of adequate body composition, especially at pre-pubertal age. Simpler measurements such as anthropometry or bioimpedance, using equations validated in Caucasian children, have been demonstrated to overestimate or underestimate fat mass percentage (FM%) or fat-free mass (FFM) in Chilean children. In a sample of 424 children (198 boys and 226 girls) of 7–9 years old, the three component (3C) model was assessed, where total body water was determined by2H dilution and body volume by air displacement plethysmography, in order to design and validate anthropometry and bioimpedance equations. The FM (%) equation specific for Chilean children was validated as (1·743 × BMIz-score) + (0·727 × triceps skinfold) + (0·385 × biceps skinfold) + 15·985, against the 3C model (R20·79). The new FFM equation (kg) generated was (log FFM = (0·018 × age) + (0·047 × sex) + (0·006 × weight) + (0·027 × resistance) + 2·071), with anR20·93 (female = 1 and male = 2). The Bland–Altman analysis shows a mean difference of 0·27 (sd3·5) for the FM% in the whole group as well as 0·004 (sd0·9) kg is the mean difference for the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) FFM (kg) equation. The new equations for FM (%) and FFM (kg) in Chilean children will provide a simple and valid tool for the assessment of body composition in cohort studies or to assess the impact of nutritional programmes or public policies.