bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and domestication of the Bovini species
Authors: Zhang K. , Lenstra J. A. , Zhang S. , Liu W. , Liu J. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryDomestication of the Bovini species (taurine cattle, zebu, yak, river buffalo and swamp buffalo) since the early Holocene (ca. 10 000 BCE) has contributed significantly to the development of human civilization. In this study, we review recent literature on the origin and phylogeny, domestication and dispersal of the three major Bos species – taurine cattle, zebu and yak – and their genetic interactions. The global dispersion of taurine and zebu cattle was accompanied by population bottlenecks, which resulted in a marked phylogeographic differentiation of the mitochondrial and Y‐chromosomal DNA. The high diversity of European breeds has been shaped through isolation‐by‐distance, different production objectives, breed formation and the expansion of popular breeds. The overlapping and broad ranges of taurine and zebu cattle led to hybridization with each other and with other bovine species. For instance, Chinese gayal carries zebu mitochondrial DNA; several Indonesian zebu descend from zebu bull × banteng cow crossings; Tibetan cattle and yak have exchanged gene variants; and about 5% of the American bison contain taurine mtDNA. Analysis at the genomic level indicates that introgression may have played a role in environmental adaptation.
Schoolchildren’s experience of pain—A focus group interview study
Authors: Persson Sara , Warghoff Alexandra , Einberg Eva‐Lena , Garmy Pernilla 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimTo explore the experience of pain in 10‐ to 12‐year‐old children.MethodsThis interview study included students (n = 42) in grade 4‐6 in focus groups (n = 10) in southern Sweden (52% girls); mean age, 11.3 years (range 10‐12 years). The interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed with qualitative content analysis.ResultsThe analysis resulted in one theme: Pain as a unique experience for each individual, which was divided into five categories: (a) Feeling bodily pain; (b) Pain related to the school environment and schoolwork; (c) Internal pain related to sorrow and grief; (d) Pain related to conflicts and remorse; and (e) Pain can be good.ConclusionThe children made distinctions between physical pain and emotional pain. Bullying, noisy school environments, grief and remorse were reported to be linked with headaches, stomachache and heartache.
Review of guidelines and recommendations from 17 countries highlights the challenges that clinicians face caring for neonates born to mothers with COVID‐19
Authors: Yeo Kee Thai , Oei Ju Lee , De Luca Daniele , Schmölzer Georg M. , Guaran Robert , Palasanthiran Pamela , Kumar Kishore , Buonocore Giuseppe , Cheong Jeanie , Owen Louise S. , Kusuda Satoshi , James Jennifer , Lim Gina , Sharma Ankur , Uthaya Sabita , Gale Christopher , Whittaker Elizabeth , Battersby Cheryl , Modi Neena , Norman Mikael , Naver Lars , Giannoni Eric , Diambomba Yenge , Shah Prakeshkumar S. , Gagliardi Luigi , Harrison Michael , Pillay Shakti , Alburaey Abdullah , Yuan Yuan , Zhang Huayan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimThis review examined how applicable national and regional clinical practice guidelines and recommendations for managing neonates born to mothers with COVID‐19 mothers were to the evolving pandemic.MethodsA systematic search and review identified 20 guidelines and recommendations that had been published by May 25, 2020. We analysed documents from 17 countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, India, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UK and the United States.ResultsThe documents were based on expert consensus with limited evidence and were of variable, low methodological rigour. Most did not provide recommendations for delivery methods or managing symptomatic infants. None provided recommendations for post‐discharge assimilation of potentially infected infants into the community. The majority encouraged keeping mothers and infants together, subject to infection control measures, but one‐third recommended separation. Although breastfeeding or using breastmilk was widely encouraged, two countries specifically prohibited this.ConclusionThe guidelines and recommendations for managing infants affected by COVID‐19 were of low, variable quality and may be unsustainable. It is important that transmission risks are not increased when new information is incorporated into clinical recommendations. Practice guidelines should emphasise the extent of uncertainty and clearly define gaps in the evidence.
1Introduction: Toward an Engaged Feminist Heritage Praxis
Authors: Fryer Tiffany C. , Raczek Teresa P. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTWe advocate a feminist approach to archaeological heritage work in order to transform heritage practice and the production of archaeological knowledge. We use an engaged feminist standpoint and situate intersubjectivity and intersectionality as critical components of this practice. An engaged feminist approach to heritage work allows the discipline to consider women's, men's, and gender non‐conforming persons’ positions in the field, to reveal their contributions, to develop critical pedagogical approaches, and to rethink forms of representation. Throughout, we emphasize the intellectual labor of women of color, queer and gender non‐conforming persons, and early white feminists in archaeology.
6Chai and Conversation: Crafting Field Identities and Archaeological Practice in South Asia
Authors: Raczek Teresa P. , Sugandhi Namita S. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article, we present examples from four research projects in India that were influenced by the values and ethics of decolonized and participatory research, and shaped by engendered perspectives. Each project built on earlier experiences that forced us to critically examine the ways we engaged with participants, crafted our field identities, and formed relationships. Using insights from linguistic anthropology and attending to intersectional inequalities and the construction of epistemic authority, we showcase how conducting an ethnography of communication and employing tactics of intersubjectivity influenced archaeological outcomes. We argue that close attention to context of communication, identity expression, and intersectional inequality enhances intersubjectivity, a necessary ingredient for successful participatory archaeology projects.
3Wombs of the Earth: Preserving and Reconstituting Feminine Prestige and Dignity through Heritage
Authors: Arthur Kathryn Weedman 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTA select group of Boreda women in southern Ethiopia bolster their sense of prestige and dignity as mothers and leaders through their ancestral landscapes, Bayira Deriya. These Boreda women conveyed their knowledge to me and endowed me with the responsibility to share it only after my longitudinal commitment to becoming a listening cultural apprentice and after becoming a mother. Importantly, their wisdom taught me an alternative way of perceiving motherhood and gender justice and led to a significant scientific discovery for the world.
5Sex Workers as Stakeholders: Incorporating Harm Reduction into Archaeological Praxis
Authors: Lupu Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTStereotypes and stigma around sex work are powerful political and social forces that are used to justify state violence, dehumanization, and marginalization. Drawing on community archaeology scholarship, I discuss how my engagement with sex workers redirected the questions I asked of the past, pushing me toward a more rigorous and ethical praxis. Harm‐reduction philosophies, which emphasize agency and non‐judgmentalism, can valuably contribute to an intersubjective feminist praxis in archaeological research. Drawing on discussions of intersectionality and spatial policing, I review existing scholarship on sex work and discuss the dialectical relationship between the present and the past.
8Discourses of the Haunted: An Intersubjective Approach to Archaeology at the Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School
Authors: Surface‐Evans Sarah L. , Jones Sarah J. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThis chapter explores “haunting” as a way to conceptualize and engage with the traumatic events of the United States Federal Indian Boarding School era. The goal is to create an intersectional and intersubjective approach that does not seek singular explanations, but leaves room for diversity of memory—a core principle in feminist indigenous theory. Bringing together archaeological, archival, and oral data, we tell three stories of perseverance that have come to light from community‐based heritage work. In this manner, archaeology has the power to facilitate community healing and decolonize women's experiences at the Mount Pleasant Indian Industrial Boarding School.
11Heritage Inheritances
Authors: Wilkie Laurie A. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn this paper the author pulls out themes that weave throughout the collection of papers. In particular, listening and learning become two “methodologies” of engaged, embodied, heritage praxis. Drawing on twenty years of work in heritage archaeology, the author attempts to recontextualize her embodied experiences of research and collaboration within the theorized frameworks and case studies found in the papers.
A population‐based study of the association between hemodialysis and cognitive impairment
Authors: Chien Ching‐Wen , Lin Ying Chi , Huang Song‐Kong , Chen Pei‐En , Tung Tao‐Hsin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionEnd‐stage renal disease is a serious public health issue. The objective of this retrospective cohort study was to assess the association between hemodialysis and cognitive impairment, while controlling for age, sex, residence, and comorbidities.MethodsThis study assesses the risk of cognitive impairment among a nationwide cohort of new hemodialysis patients derived from the NHIRD.ResultsA total of 4330 patients were assigned to the dialysis group and 17 320 patients were assigned to the control group. A total of 2103 of the patients developed cognitive impairment within 2 years after the date of dialysis initiation. Patients who developed cognitive impairment were older (69.85 ± 11.56) than their counterparts who did not develop cognitive impairment (58.58 ± 14.77; P < .001). The log‐rank test of Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed a higher risk of cognitive impairment in the hemodialysis group than in the non‐hemodialysis group (P < .001). The interval between dialysis initiation and the onset of cognitive impairment was 98.66 ± 46.39 months among non‐dialysis subjects and 53.45 ± 41.90 months among dialysis subjects, and the between‐group difference was significant (P < .001). The Cox Proportional Hazard Model revealed that after controlling for gender, age, residence, and comorbidities, hemodialysis was shown to have a significant impact on cognitive impairment (Hazard Ratio [HR]: 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29‐1.60). Furthermore, the risk of developing cognitive impairment increased with age (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 1.06‐1.08).DiscussionHemodialysis was associated with cognitive impairment. There was a significant association between age and cognitive impairment, regardless of the comorbidities prior to hemodialysis. There was no evidence of an association between comorbidities and cognitive impairment after beginning hemodialysis.
Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and identifying insufflators with desufflation mode and surgical smoke evacuators for safe CO2 removal
Authors: da Costa Karina M. , Saxena Amulya K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionGiven the propensity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 to spread, it is imperative that those continuing to perform surgery take precautions to limit the potential generation of contaminated aerosols in smoke from energy‐based instruments. The aim of this study was to report current data regarding insufflators with desufflation mode and similar options to safely remove CO2 in minimal access surgery.MethodsA non‐systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted using the PubMed database, and the main companies that provide surgical devices were contacted for information.ResultsMost commercially available smoke evacuators use a combination of suction and mechanical filtering. There are also electrostatic precipitators that charge surgical smoke and retain the particles via electrostatic attraction. The search identified three insufflators with desufflation mode, four modular smoke evacuators using mechanical filtration, and only one device using electrostatic precipitation. However, none of these devices has been tested with viruses.ConclusionThis review identified commercially available equipment that employs mechanical filtering and electrostatic attraction principles that can be used for pneumoperitoneum evacuation during the present coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. This pandemic should assist in raising awareness regarding protection measures and the risk of occupational exposure in surgery.
Executive Compensation and Financial Performance Measures: Evidence from Significant Financial Institutions
Authors: Le Cao Hoang Anh , Shan Yaowen , Taylor Stephen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe survey the use of financial performance measures in determining executive pay among significant Australian financial institutions. We document evidence of the pervasiveness with which externally disclosed non‐GAAP (non‐Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) financial measures are also used internally to determine variable remuneration, with the apparent popularity of cash profit after tax in short‐term incentives plans. Our evidence also highlights the increasing use of peer group‐adjusted measures (e.g., relative cash earnings per share and return on equity ranking against a peer group) in determining longer‐run incentives, despite the fact that members of the peer group do not measure financial performance in a directly comparable manner. Detailed analysis of the four major trading banks (Australia and New Zealand Banking Group, Commonwealth Bank, National Australia Bank and Westpac) reveals differences in the way non‐GAAP earnings measures are calculated across the major banks, as well as some variation over time in the way individual banks measure performance. We also document evidence of non‐GAAP earnings restatements, with around 25% of non‐GAAP results subsequently being restated. These restatements are more likely to result in a downward revision of the initially reported non‐GAAP result than an upward revision. We therefore conclude that existing measures of financial performance used to determine senior executive compensation are not as ‘objective’, as might be assumed.
Why we should sample sparsely and aim for a higher target: Lessons from model‐based therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin in intensive care patients
Authors: Guo Tingjie , van Hest Reinier M. , Fleuren Lucas M. , Roggeveen Luca F. , Bosman Rob J. , van der Voort Peter H.J. , Girbes Armand R.J. , Mathot Ron A.A. , van Hasselt Johan G.C. , Elbers Paul W.G. 
Published: July 2020

AimsTo explore the optimal data sampling scheme and the pharmacokinetic (PK) target exposure on which dose computation is based in the model‐based therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) practice of vancomycin in intensive care (ICU) patients.MethodsWe simulated concentration data for 1 day following four sampling schemes, Cmin, Cmax + Cmin, Cmax + Cmid‐interval + Cmin, and rich sampling where a sample was drawn every hour within a dose interval. The datasets were used for Bayesian estimation to obtain PK parameters, which were used to compute the doses for the next day based on five PK target exposures: AUC24 = 400, 500, and 600 mg·h/L and Cmin = 15 and 20 mg/L. We then simulated data for the next day, adopting the computed doses, and repeated the above procedure for 7 days. Thereafter, we calculated the percentage error and the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) of estimated against “true” PK parameters, and the percentage of optimal treatment (POT), defined as the percentage of patients who met 400 ≤ AUC24 ≤ 600 mg·h/L and Cmin ≤ 20 mg/L.ResultsPK parameters were unbiasedly estimated in all investigated scenarios and the 6‐day average NRMSE were 32.5%/38.5% (CL/V, where CL is clearance and V is volume of distribution) in the trough sampling scheme and 27.3%/26.5% (CL/V) in the rich sampling scheme. Regarding POT, the sampling scheme had marginal influence, while target exposure showed clear impacts that the maximum POT of 71.5% was reached when doses were computed based on AUC24 = 500 mg·h/L.ConclusionsFor model‐based TDM of vancomycin in ICU patients, sampling more frequently than taking only trough samples adds no value and dosing based on AUC24 = 500 mg·h/L lead to the best POT.
Reexamining the categorical exclusion of pediatric participants from controlled human infection trials
Authors: Murphy Sean C. , Duenas Devan M. , Richie Thomas L. , Shah Seema K. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTControlled human infection (CHI) models have been developed for numerous pathogens in order to better understand disease processes and accelerate drug and vaccine testing. In the past, some researchers conducted highly controversial CHIs with vulnerable populations, including children. Ethical frameworks for CHIs now recommend vulnerable populations be excluded because they cannot consent to high risk research. In this paper we argue that CHI studies span a wide spectrum of benefit and risk, and that some CHI studies may involve minimal risk. The categorical exclusion of children from CHIs therefore departs from the standard approach to evaluating research risks, as international regulations and ethical guidance for pediatric research generally permit non‐beneficial research with low risks. The paradigm in research ethics has also shifted from focusing on protecting vulnerable participants to recognizing that inclusion can be important as a matter of justice, providing new reasons to question this default exclusion of children from CHIs. Recognizing that pediatric CHIs can raise complex ethical issues and are easy to sensationalize in ways that may threaten the public’s trust in research and sponsor institutions, we conclude by describing additional complexities that must be addressed before pediatric CHIs beyond licensed vaccine studies might be ethically acceptable.
MAP: A mnemonic for mapping BCTs to three routes to behaviour change
Authors: Dixon Diane , Johnston Marie 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveOver 90 behaviour change techniques (BCTs) have been specified but there is limited guidance to assist non‐specialist practitioners in the choice of which BCTs to select for use with clients. This paper describes the development of MAP, a theory‐based mnemonic designed to aid practitioners in their use of BCTs. Each BCT is MAPed to one or more of three recognized routes to behaviour change, namely Motivation development, Action control, and Prompted or cued route.DesignA cross‐sectional online discriminant content validity (DCV) questionnaire.MethodsFourteen judges participated, decided whether each BCT affects behaviour via each of the three routes, and provided a confidence rating for each judgement. Wilcoxon one‐sample tests classified each BCT to a route or combination of routes. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) assessed agreement between judges.ResultsFifty‐eight BCTs were judged to affect behaviour via a single route; 28, 21, and nine BCTs were judged to act via the Motivation, Action, or Prompted routes, respectively. Judges did not agree on a route for 35 BCTs. Overall ICC (0.89) value was high and did not differ between routes.ConclusionsThere was good agreement on candidate BCTs for interventions designed to operate through Motivation, Action, or Prompted/Cued psychological processes. MAP is a mnemonic that can be used by non‐specialist practitioners who implement behaviour change with their clients. MAP is not a replacement for sophisticated theory‐based organization of BCTs required for theory testing. While providing practical guidance, further work is necessary to establish effectiveness of BCTs tailored to each route.
Mobilizing to Win in Europe: Change to Win and the Diffusion of Union Strategy
Authors: Givan Rebecca Kolins , Eaton Adrienne E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhy would European unions, in countries with greater union density, seek support from American unions who are struggling to retain power and influence? Why would Change To Win (CTW), an upstart union confederation, expend its limited resources supporting the European labour movement? These questions motivate this paper that analyses the activities of CTWs European Organizing Center and its partner unions. The paper uses the diffusion literature to argue that CTW and its partners have developed a common sense of the problems facing unions globally, and solutions rooted in specific organizing practices and broad power resources, abstracted and adopted to varying local contexts. The paper further argues that this North–North collaboration constitutes a new form of labour internationalism through the intentional diffusion of organizational strategy and that US unions bring a particular set of power resources to these cross‐Atlantic relationship resources born of the more advanced version of neoliberalism found in the United States.
Differential associations of threat and deprivation with emotion understanding in maltreated children in foster care
Authors: Carrera Pablo , Jiménez‐Morago Jesús M. , Román Maite , León Esperanza 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildren in foster care are a remarkably heterogeneous group regarding their adaptation, and disrupted emotion understanding is one of the processes that may lead to differential outcomes in them. Previous research has found different effects for abused and for neglected children in emotion recognition. However, very few studies have analysed more complex forms of emotion understanding in maltreated children while considering different adversity dimensions. The present study analysed associations between threat and deprivation exposure and different facets of emotion understanding in a sample of maltreated children in foster care. The sample comprised 51 children from 4 to 9 years old (M = 7.07, SD = 1.63) in nonkin foster care in Spain. We used the Test of Emotional Comprehension to measure emotion understanding and maltreatment reports to measure exposure to threat and deprivation. Threat exposure predicted enhanced external emotion understanding after controlling for age, vocabulary, and deprivation, particularly understanding emotions based on desires. Deprivation predicted worse external emotion understanding. Our findings reinforce the limits of cumulative risks models for understanding foster children's developmental outcomes and the value of assessing separately adversity dimensions when possible, given the variable relations of threat and deprivation exposure with social cognitive development.