bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACCURACY OF LIQUID BASE PAP SMEAR VS CONVENTIONAL PAP SMEAR CYTOLOGY
Authors: Alama Khalid , Abakar Adam Dawoud 
Published: September 2020

The main aim of the present study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of Liquid base versus Conventional smears (CS). The specific objective was to evaluate and compare efficacy liquid base cytology with conventional cytology (CS) as a screening tool and to assess the quality of immunohistochemical stain in conventional smears. A prospective study including 100 cervical samples over a period of six month. Split sample was obtained using cervex-brush. CS was prepared from the brush and the brush head was suspended in the LBC vial and processed by thin prep 5000 machine. The smears were stained with Pap stain and extra five conventional and thin prep slides prepared and stained with immunomarker. Results showed that there were 4.0% unsatisfactory (U/S) cases in CS and 1.0% in LBC; the main cause was ranging between obscuring blood and inflammation in CS and low squamous cellularity in LBC. About 5% split samples had epithelial abnormalities both in CS and LBC (3% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), devided between LBS 2% while CS1%.Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) 2%, devided between LBC 1% and CS 1%. Infections as Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and spores of candida species, 1% and 2% respectively detected only in LBC smear and missed in CS preparations of the same samples, considering 2-3 minutes for LBC screening and 5-6 minutes for CS screening following the international standards. Conventional smears did not appear to confer a cytomorphological advantage and has a lower diagnostic accuracy using IHC. The sensitivity of Thin Prep was significantly higher than that of CS due to cellular clumps and presence of marked inflammatory cells and blood which compete other epithelial cellular elements in staining affinity in addition to the length of the smear which need large volume of stains to cover the whole area. While the confined area of thin prep smear and homogenous cellular distribution support the advantages of thin prep over the conventional smear when using IHC stain. The study concluded that LBC technique leads to significant reduction of U/S rate. LBC samples offered better clarity, uniform spread of smears, less time for screening and better handling of hemorrhagic and inflammatory samples. In addition to feasibility to do further special stains and HPV tests. LBC had equivalent sensitivity and specificity to CS.
SONOGRAPHIC INCIDENCE OF CHOLELITHIASIS IN THE INDIVIDUAL WITH POSITIVE FAMIL HISTORY
Authors: Iqbal Zafar , Javaid Mishal , Khan Midrarullah , Zubair Muhammad , Ali Noraiz , Bacha Prof. Dr. Raham , Yousaf Muhammad 
Published: September 2020

Background: The incidence of Cholelithiasis is definitely recognized through propelling ages, as gallbladder stones are unordinary in individuals more young then 30 years for the most part with the recurrence running from 10 to 20% of the aggregate population. It represents a major burden for healthiness global and are one of the most widely recognized issue presenting to emergency room. Ultrasound is perceived as the highest quality level for diagnosing gallstones.Objectives: The present study was aims to establish the sonographic incidence of Cholelithiasis in the individual with positive family history.Material and Method: The Cross sectional study was included 130 patients. This study was conducted at the Department of Radiology in Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, Pakistan. The duration of study was from 15 July to 15 October 2019. Data was analysis by Statistical Software for Social Sciences “SPSS version 24”. Results: Overall 130 patients included in this study. Out of 130, female individuals was 85(65.4%) and male 45(34.6%). Epigastric pain was in all individuals 130(100%). Out of 130 patients, gallstones found in 76(58.4%) patients, in which males are 21(16.2%), females 55(42.3%) and the remaining 54(41.5%) patients had no stone. In 130 patients, 37(28.5%) had positive family history and 93(71.5%) negative family history.Conclusion: It is suggested that all individuals who have epigastric pain should go through process of ultrasonography. The overall prevalence of gallstone disease was 28.5%. The occurrences of gallbladder stones were revealed several folds elevated in female while contrast with male.
ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC COST (QALY AND ACUR) OF OBESITY IN THE BAMENDA MUNICIPALITY OF THE NORTH WEST REGION OF CAMEROON
Authors: Kinga Bertila Mayin , Fabien Sundjo , Mbacham Wilfred Fon 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Five people die every minute, 75 people every 15minutes and 7.671 persons each day from obesity-related complications in the world (WHO, 2014). Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risks for global deaths (WHO, 2014). In June 2013, the American Medical Association recognized obesity as a disease (WHO, 2014. In Cameroon, the obesity figures stood at 9.6% second in CEMAC after Gabon which was 15% in 2014 (WHO 2014). In addition, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the hypertension burden and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens and 60% of Cardiovascular Disease in Cameroon were attributable to overweight and obesity in that same year (WHO, 2014).Purpose: This study purports to calculate the obesity QALY and ACUR and to scrutinize the effect of obesity on mobility index and age at death in the North West region of Cameroon.Methodology: To calculate the QALY and ACUR, data was collected secondary source making up 149 individuals aged 50 and above who died in the Bamenda general hospital from obesity related illnesses between 2016 and 2018. To generate the mobility index, we issued and corrected the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire for testing quality of life to238 individuals in the Bamenda Municipality. To ensure the reliability of the instrument, Pre-tests were conducted. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the calculation of QALY.Findings: The Average cost utility ratios’ (ACURs) show that obesity treatment in the Bamenda Municipality will result in a 0.275 QALYs gained and monthly ACURs of $3,578.18/QALY. It also shows that obesity significantly and negatively influences mobility index and age at death. We thus conclude that obesity incurred major economic cost.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Policy wise, the “2M (Mentality and Motivation) concept” of obesity treatment is recommended as major contributions to theory, practice and policy. This will lead to a change in the perception and motivation toward treating obesity.
CONTRIBUTION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ADAPTED TO FINANCIAL DISTRESS FACING LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN KENYA.
Authors: Ntoiti Dr. John , Gakure Prof. Roselyn W. , Waititu Dr. Gichuhi A. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to establish the contribution of Information Technology adapted to financial distress facing Local Authorities in Kenya.Methodology: A descriptive research design was used to conduct the study. The study population comprised of the 175 Local Authorities in Kenya. A sample of 20 Local Authorities was selected using a stratified random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect data from both the Local Authorities officers and customers of Local Authorities. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative responses were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Results indicated that Information Technology was inadequate in Local Authorities. In addition, the Management Information System was not enhancing the growth of Local Authorities. The results further indicated that Information Technology was a significant determinant of financial distress in Local Authorities.Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: It was recommended that ICT skills for Local Authority staff should be enhanced through training. The Local Authorities should invest in more computers and ICT software as doing so would improve the financial fortunes of such local authorities. It was further recommended that all Local Authorities should prioritize the implementation of LAIFOMS.
LA INVESTIGACIÓN FORMATIVA EN LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ALTIPLANO DE PUNO
Authors: Machaca Escobar Cesar 
Published: September 2020

La humanidad está sujeto al desarrollo de la ciencia y la tecnología, en la actualidad estas se retroalimentan con los saberes, y de los conocimientos. En este sentido, la reciente implementación del currículo por competencias la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, prioriza la formación académica mediante los componentes curriculares que tienen como finalidad la investigación formativa respecto al estado de cosas, sobre todo la discusión y la conclusión, a través de la acopio y sistematización de información y resultados en un contexto, el cual permite la familiarización de los estudiantes de pregrado.
Para ello, la labor de la universidad es investigar y como tal constituye el epicentro de la construcción del conocimiento con un tratamiento epistemológico sujeto a la dinamicidad y adaptación a la crisis de un modelo, y así eclosione otro. La sociedad académica en el marco de la construcción del conocimiento contextual en nuestra primera casa superior de estudios como parte de la comunidad científica. Son retos para impulsar el cambio de concepción en la educación universitaria, de tal modo es una época de conversión del encasillamiento en escritorio e instrucción mecanizada por la internalización mediante el contacto con la realidad en las diversas áreas del saber.
Picturing Russia’s Men
Authors: Leigh Allison 
Published: September 2020

Winner of the Heldt Prize for Best Book in Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Women's and Gender Studies 2021
There was a discontent among Russian men in the nineteenth century that sometimes did not stem from poverty, loss, or the threat of war, but instead arose from trying to negotiate the paradoxical prescriptions for masculinity which characterized the era. Picturing Russia’s Men takes a vital new approach to this topic within masculinity and art historical studies by investigating the dissatisfaction that developed from the breakdown in prevailing conceptions of manhood outside of the usual Western European and American contexts. By exploring how Russian painters depicted gender norms as they were evolving over the course of the century, each chapter shows how artworks provide unique insight into not only those qualities that were supposed to predominate, but actually did in lived practice. Drawing on a wide variety of source material, including previously untranslated letters, journals, and contemporary criticism, the book explores the deep structures of masculinity to reveal the conflicting desires and aspirations of men in the period. In so doing, readers are introduced to Russian artists such as Karl Briullov, Pavel Fedotov, Alexander Ivanov, Ivan Kramskoi, and Ilia Repin, all of whom produced masterpieces of realist art in dialogue with paintings made in Western European artistic centers. The result is a more culturally discursive account of art-making in the nineteenth century, one that challenges some of the enduring myths of masculinity and provides a fresh interpretive history of what constitutes modernism in the history of art.
A Desconsideração da Personalidade Jurídica no Novo CPC
Authors: Barreto Helena Guimarães 
Published: September 2020

O Novo Código de Processo Civil e o Incidente de Desconsideração da Personalidade Jurídica. A necessidade de observar o Devido Processo Constitucional. A aplicação de qualquer sanção que incida na esfera de direitos de uma pessoa exige um procedimento processualizado.
LE DYNAMISME DU DROIT BRÉSILIEN DE LA PROTECTION DU CONSOMMATEUR
Authors: Galindo Da Fonseca Patricia 
Published: September 2020

Partout au monde, les juristes se posent des questions sur le rôle du droit de la consommation. Dans ce scénario, l’évaluation du droit comparé s’impose. À travers une analyse rigoureuse, cette étude se penche sur l’identification des facteurs qui font du régime de protection du consommateur au Brésil un cas considéré comme de figure unique. Plusieurs facteurs sont soulignés : le contexte juridique favorable dans lequel émerge et se consolide l’intérêt pour la défense des consommateurs brésiliens; la garantie institutionnelle de l’effectivité de la protection du consommateur par la reconnaissance du caractère fondamental du droit de la consommation; la coexistence du Code de protection des consommateurs avec le Code civil et la mise en oeuvre de la législation adoptée. L’étude s’attache à révéler les répercussions majeures entrainées par la perspective dirigée davantage vers le consommateur que vers le contrat.
L’INSTRUMENTALISATION DU PRINCIPE DE COMPLÉMENTARITÉ DE LA CPI : UNE QUESTION D’ACTUALITÉ
Authors: C.-Tousignant Maxime 
Published: September 2020

Cet article explore un principe considéré par l’auteur comme étant au coeur de l’architecture du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale (CPI), la complémentarité. Équilibre entre la souveraineté des États à poursuivre les présumés responsables de crimes internationaux et le développement d’une institution judiciaire autonome et indépendante, le principe de complémentarité est ici abordé d’un point de vue critique. L’auteur s’attarde plus particulièrement aux situations de la République Démocratique du Congo, du Kenya, de la Côte d’Ivoire et de la Libye, selon les développements récents dans l’actualité et les décisions rendues jusqu’à présent. L’article s’intéresse aux tentatives par divers acteurs d’instrumentaliser le principe de complémentarité et l’interprétation qu’on en fait afin d’atteindre différents objectifs. L’auteur tente de déterminer si le principe de complémentarité sert bel et bien les intérêts de la justice ou est plutôt utilisé comme instrument politique. L’article apporte également un éclairage renouvelé sur le concept de « complémentarité proactive/positive » militant en faveur d’un rôle plus grand pour la CPI auprès des États membres et non membres afin de réaliser les objectifs du Statut de Rome, notamment en terme de collaboration et d’assistance. Ce concept a notamment fait l’objet de discussions lors de l’Assemblée des États Parties de novembre 2012.
LES ALÉAS DU DÉBIT DE L’EAU FACE À LA RIGUEUR FINANCIÈRE DU PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL À LA CONVENTION RELATIVE À LA PROTECTION DU RHIN CONTRE LES CHLORURES : ARBITRAGE SUR LA LIQUIDATION DES COMPTES OPPOSANT LES PAYS-BAS ET LA FRANCE
Authors: Rainaud Anne 
Published: September 2020

La sentence arbitrale du 12 mars 2004 résout une divergence d’interprétation née entre la France et les Pays-Bas lors de l’application du Protocole du 25 septembre 1991 additionnel à la Convention du 3 décembre 1976 relative à la protection du Rhin contre la pollution par les chlorures. Ce Protocole, prévu pour la période allant de 1991 à 1998, a notamment permis aux différents riverains du Rhin de financer régulièrement les mesures à prendre par la France (stockage à terre) pour éviter qu’elle ne rejette des chlorures au-delà d’un certain seuil dans le fleuve. Ce litige surgit en 1999, au moment de l’apurement des comptes, c’est-à-dire lors du solde définitif de ceux-ci. La France a stocké moins que prévu et elle doit restituer les sommes perçues en trop et versées par les États parties à cette convention. Une divergence d’interprétation du Protocole sur les modalités de calcul à retenir pour déterminer le montant de la restitution conduit l’affaire devant l’arbitrage. L’interprétation selon les moyens de la Convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités mettra en exergue les articles 31 et 32, considérés comme étant complémentaires par le Tribunal arbitral. Il ressortira de la sentence que les parties ont imaginé un système dominé par des considérations financières, dans lequel les fluctuations du débit du Rhin n’ont pas été suffisamment prises en compte, et ce, de façon délibérée. La règle « pacta sunt servanda » trouve ainsi une illustration dans cette affaire où la France est tenue par les termes du Protocole qu’elle a négocié avec les autres parties et auquel elle a adhéré. Le Protocole est certes imparfait dans sa conception, puisque les circonstances de son application ne correspondront pas aux prévisions faites, surtout dans le cas de la France, mais il demeure la loi des parties. La France devra donc restituer les sommes conformément au coût stipulé dans le Protocole sans que l’on puisse considérer explicitement cette solution comme étant déraisonnable.
SOUVERAINETÉ ÉTATIQUE ET PRINCIPE DE LÉGITIMITÉ DÉMOCRATIQUE
Authors: Kokoroko Dodzi 
Published: September 2020

Selon les grandes théories du droit international classique, l’instauration et la consolidation de la démocratie relèvent essentiellement de la compétence discrétionnaire de chaque État. Si on assiste à leur assouplissement au nom du patrimoine constitutionnel commun des sociétés politiques depuis 1990, cette étude, qui met en jeu « Souveraineté étatique et principe de légitimité démocratique » constate cependant leur incompatibilité dans les faits sur le fondement de la fétichisation de la souveraineté politique, à distinguer de la souveraineté juridique, en dépit de quelques succès.
Loin de les considérer comme antinomiques, les deux concepts devraient se rencontrer dès lors qu’aucun des deux ne s’arc-boute sur des approches maximalistes. Une telle rencontre positive se fonderait sur le principe de l’autolimitation volontaire de l’État en droit international, en référence à la souveraineté juridique des États. À défaut d’un tel consensus, un droit d’intervention démocratique s’avère nécessaire pour faire triompher le principe de légitimité démocratique face à des gouvernements décidés à être les coryphées de la dictature électorale. Plus que tout, l’idée d’un ordre démocratique international, susceptible d’obtenir l’adhésion la plus large de la part d’entités souveraines, nécessite une volonté politique réaffirmée des gouvernements en place et le recours à la morale internationale.
Charles Darwin’s The Life of Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Harris Stuart 
Published: September 2020

This article addresses the family and intellectual relationship between Charles Darwin and his grandfather Dr Erasmus Darwin. After establishing the publishing history of Charles’s ‘sketch’ of his grandfather’s life, the article shows how Charles approaches his subject by a characteristic biological route: the inheritance of family characteristics. His examination of Erasmus’s life and work establishes inherited talents, especially that for poetry.
The biography’s sub-text is to hint at what Charles himself inherited from his grandfather, especially an interest in natural history. However, Charles throughout his earlier life had been very reticent about any impact Erasmus’s writings on biology might have had on his own work. The reticence persists in this sketch and Charles’s focus shifts to Erasmus’s reputation as a poet, and to certain well-known ‘calumnies’ of Erasmus’s character. Charles’s discussion of the poetry reveals as much about himself as it does of Erasmus and the paper concludes with an analysis of Charles’s own poetic taste and literary-critical judgments. The article presents evidence for Charles himself being a highly cultivated reader of poetry and a defender of his grandfather’s reputation as a poet.
The utility of MEWS for predicting the mortality in the elderly adults with COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study with comparison to other predictive clinical scores
Authors: Wang Lichun , Lv Qingquan , Zhang Xiaofei , Jiang Binyan , Liu Enhe , Xiao Chaoxing , Yu Xinyang , Yang Chunhua , Chen Lei 
Published: September 2020

Background
Older adults have been reported to be a population with high-risk of death in the COVID-19 outbreak. Rapid detection of high-risk patients is crucial to reduce mortality in this population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognositc accuracy of the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) for in-hospital mortality in older adults with COVID-19.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted in Wuhan Hankou Hospital in China from 1 January 2020 to 29 February 2020. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of MEWS, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Function Assessment (SOFA), quick Sequential Organ Function Assessment (qSOFA), Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI), Combination of Confusion, Urea, Respiratory Rate, Blood Pressure, and Age ≥65 (CURB-65), and the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Criteria (SIRS) for in-hospital mortality. Logistic regression models were performed to detect the high-risk older adults with COVID-19.

Results
Among the 235 patients included in this study, 37 (15.74%) died and 131 (55.74%) were male, with an average age of 70.61 years (SD 8.02). ROC analysis suggested that the capacity of MEWS in predicting in-hospital mortality was as good as the APACHE II, SOFA, PSI and qSOFA (Difference in AUROC: MEWS vs. APACHE II, −0.025 (95% CI [−0.075 to 0.026]); MEWS vs. SOFA, −0.013 (95% CI [−0.049 to 0.024]); MEWS vs. PSI, −0.015 (95% CI [−0.065 to 0.035]); MEWS vs. qSOFA, 0.024 (95% CI [−0.029 to 0.076]), all P > 0.05), but was significantly higher than SIRS and CURB-65 (Difference in AUROC: MEWS vs. SIRS, 0.218 (95% CI [0.156–0.279]); MEWS vs. CURB-65, 0.064 (95% CI [0.002–0.125]), all P < 0.05). Logistic regression models implied that the male patients (≥75 years) had higher risk of death than the other older adults (estimated coefficients: 1.16, P = 0.044). Our analysis further suggests that the cut-off points of the MEWS score for the male patients (≥75 years) subpopulation and the other elderly patients should be 2.5 and 3.5, respectively.

Conclusions
MEWS is an efficient tool for rapid assessment of elderly COVID-19 patients. MEWS has promising performance in predicting in-hospital mortality and identifying the high-risk group in elderly patients with COVID-19.
Study of Different Variants of Cv. Langra (Mangifera indica L.) Based on Morphological and Yield Characters
Authors: Anu Ankita , Kumar Ravindra , Prasad Bishun Deo , Yadav G. S. 
Published: September 2020

Study of morphological and yield characters of different genotypes of mango are easy and convenient methods to identify promising and desired genotype during breeding programme. So, keeping in view, the trial was conducted under the experimental area of BAU, Sabour with objective of morphological and yields characterization of the variants of cv. Langra during the year 2012-13. The variants of cv. Langra significantly varied in respect of tree height(6.20 m to 11.40 m), trunk girth (95.00 cm to 280.00 cm), tree spread (East-West: 8.45 m to 17.40 m, North-South: 9.15 m to 17.05 m), duration of flowering (16.00 days to 20.00 days), fruit maturity (101.00 days to 123.00 days), fruit size(length: 8.58 to 13.66 cm, breadth: 6.39 to 10.87 cm), fruit weight (182.20 g to 843.90 g), fruit volume (171.40 ml to 699.40 ml), numbers of fruit per tree (32.50 to 1127.00 fruits) and fruit yield per tree (10.95 to 358.83 kg). These results shows the significant variations in genetic level of different variants of cv. Langra, which can be used for introduction of superior variant and further, it can also be used in breeding programs.