bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Effects in Tippers at Island Magnetic Observatories due to Realistic Depth- and Time-Varying Oceanic Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Rigaud Rafael , Kruglyakov Mikhail , Kuvshinov Alexey , Pinheiro Katia , Petereit Johannes , Matzka Juergen , Marshalko Elena 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Geomagnetic observatories around the world continuously measure time variations of the geomagnetic field. Long-period (> 3 hours) variations are traditionally used to constrain the electrical conductivity of the Earth’s mantle either in terms of one-dimensional (1-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) conductivity distributions. Recent studies have also shown that vertical transfer functions (tippers) estimated from short-period (< 3 hours) variations at island observatories can constrain the 1-D conductivity distribution of the oceanic lithosphere and upper mantle. This is feasible due to the bathymetry-dependent ocean induction effect (OIE), which originates from lateral conductivity contrasts between ocean and land and leads to non-zero tippers even for 1-D conductivity distributions below the ocean. Thus, proper analysis of island tippers requires accurate 3-D modeling of the OIE, for which so far was performed assuming constant sea water electric conductivity with depth. However, significant changes of electric conductivity with depth in the top hundreds of meters of the water column do occur. In this study we explore – using rigorous 3-D electromagnetic (EM) modeling – to what extent realistic, depth-dependent, oceanic conductivity affects island tippers. The modeling is performed for 10 island observatories around the world in the period range 10 −1 to 10 4 seconds, for which a perceptible OIE on tippers is expected. We then compare the predicted tippers with tippers estimated from the observatory data. We also investigate, again using 3-D EM modeling, the effect of seasonal variations of the oceanic conductivity and to which extent this could explain the observed systematic seasonal variation of tippers. We find good agreement between predicted and estimated tippers for all 10 island observatories. This confirms that tippers at island observatories are mainly influenced by the bathymetry-dependent OIE. Our model studies suggest that for most of the considered island observatories, the effect from depth-varying oceanic conductivity is tangible and exceeds the error floor of 0.025, which usually is assigned to tippers during their inversion. Contrarily, the effects from seasonally varying oceanic conductivity were found to be too small to be worth consideration.
CT Grading in Upper Urinary Tract Calculi with Kidney Infection
Authors: Zhang Jianping , Lin Rongkai , Deng Chaoxiong , Wu Xiaoxia , Yang Chaoyu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background This study is to establish a CT imaging grading system and to explore its value in evaluating upper urinary tract calculi with kidney infection. Methods CT images of 126 patients with kidney infection caused by upper urinary tract calculi were retrospectively analyzed. CT grading system was developed based on CT images. General information, clinical symptoms and examination data of patients in different CT grades were analyzed. With the occurrence of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) as the end point, univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted to analyze the risk factors of SIRS. Results CT images were classified into 4 grades. For patients with different CT grades, the factors of fever, diabetes, blood white blood cell counts, urine leucocytes, CT1 (ratios of renal cortex CT values on the affected side and those on the healthy side), CT2 (ratios of renal pelvis CT values on the affected side and those on the healthy side), maximum body temperature, disease time, proportion of blood neutrophils, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and the size of stones had statistical significance (P<0.05). Only CT grading was statistically significant by multivariate analysis. The higher the CT grading, the greater the risk of SIRS, with 4.472 times higher of SIRS risk for each increasement of the CT grade. Conclusions CT images may reflect the involvement extent and scope of upper urinary tract calculi with kidney infection. The higher the CT grade is, the more severe the clinical symptoms are and the greater the risk of SIRS is.
Prevalence of prediabetes and related cardiovascular risk factors among Employees of Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Bezaw Gebrekidan Gidey , Gessesse Mulugeta Hiruy , Haile Desalegn Teklu , Ramanathan Kumaresan Ramanathan , Gebreyesus Hagos Amare 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Pre-diabetes, also known as intermediate hyperglycaemia; is defined as a glycemic state which is higher than normal, but lower than the threshold for full blown diabetes. It is considered as an important risk factor for diabetes and its associated complications. However evidences show that these consequences can be averted or delay through lifestyle modifications. Therefore determining its magnitude is a critical step to plan for such mitigation measures. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on employees of a tertiary care hospital from March - June/2019 . Socio-demographic data were collected using self-administered questionnaire. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed following WHO guideline. Biochemical parameters were assayed following standard operating procedures. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies and percentages. Normality test was performed in advance of describing the numeric data and log transformations were carried out when appropriate. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria were used to classify the glycemic status. Likewise IDF and revised National Cholesterol Education Program Adult treatment panel III (NCEP ATP III) were employed for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Result: we engaged a total of 265 employees in this study. About 35.1% were males and 64.9% were females. Median age was 29 (9) years. Prediabetes was diagnosed in 5.7 % and 18.1% of the participants based on IDF and ADA criteria respectively. While equally 3.4% of them had FBS levels that satisfy the criteria for diagnosis with frank diabetes. In addition 55.1% had a metabolic risk as implied by their waist to height ratio (WHtR), 24.2% had hypertriglyceridemia, 27.9% had above optimal LDL and 57% had decreased HDL. Taken together 17.9% and 21.9% of the participants had metabolic syndrome according to IDF and revised NCEP ATP III criteria respectively. Magnitude of dysglycemia and metabolic syndrome found to increase with age of employees. Conclusion: the prediabetes and metabolic syndrome prevalence observed in the hospital employees was comparable with the general population. Key words: Prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, hospital employees
Modelling and forecasting the spread tendency of the COVID-19 in China
Authors: Sun Deshun , Duan Li , Xiong Jianyi , Wang Daping 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To forecast the spread tendency of the COVID-19 in China and provide effective strategies to prevent the disease, an improved SEIR model was established. Parameters of our model were estimated based on collected data that issued by the National Health Commission of China (NHCC) from January 10 to March 3. The model was used to forecast the spread tendency of the disease. The key factors influencing the epidemic were explored through modulation of parameters, including the removal rate, the average number of the infected contacting the susceptible per day and the average number of the exposed contacting the susceptible per day. The correlation of the infected is 99.9% between established model data in this study and issued data by NHCC from January 10 to February 15. The correlation of the removed is 99.8%. The average forecasting error rates of the infected and the removed are 0.78% and 0.75%, respectively, from February 16 to March 3. The peak time of the epidemic forecast by our established model coincided with the issued data by NHCC. Therefore, our study established a mathematical model with high accuracy. The aforementioned parameters significantly affected the trend of epidemic, suggesting that the exposed and the infected population should be strictly isolated. If the removal rate increases to 0.12, the epidemic will come to an end on May 25. In conclusion, the proposed mathematical model accurately forecast the spread tendency of COVID-19 in China and the model can be applied for other countries with appropriate modifications.
Lycopene alleviates AFB1-induced liver damage possibly through inhibiting cytochrome 450 isozymes and improving Nrf2-miediated detoxification and antioxidant systems in broiler chickens
Authors: Wan Xiaoli , Ji Haoran , Yang Zhengfeng , Chen Xiaoshuai , Chen Yuanjing , Wang Zhiyue , Yang Haiming 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Dietary constituents in certain bioactive substances may alleviate the toxicity of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Lycopene is a natural bioactive substance with powerful antioxidant, this study investigated whether dietary lycopene supplementation could alleviate AFB1-induced liver damage through inhibiting cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes and improving detoxification and antioxidation with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation in broiler chickens. 320 healthy one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly allotted into five groups and fed basal diet (Control), basal diet with AFB1 and 0, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg lycopene, respectively. At 42 days of age, 8 broiler chickens per group were sampled.Results Compared to the control group, AFB1-exposed birds had depressed growth performance, hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage. The various lycopene levels prevented AFB1-induced growth depression, decreased activities and mRNA expressions of hepatic CYP450 isozymes, reduced reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage products, improved reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent detoxification system and antioxidant system. Moreover, lycopene elevated the mRNA expressions of Nrf2 and its target genes, containing glutathione-s-transferase isozymes, GSH synthesis-related enzymes and antioxidases in AFB1-exposed broiler chickens.Conclusions As an effective anti-stress and hepatoprotective antioxidant, lycopene alleviated AFB1-induced liver damage possibly through inhibiting CYP450 isozymes and improving Nrf2-mediated detoxification and antioxidant systems in broiler chickens. Therefore, Lycopene and lycopene-enriched materials could be taken into consideration as effective hepatoprotective and anti-stress additives in poultry, and benefit the resulting food safety.
Intervention to reduce unnecessary urinary catheter use in a large academic health science centre: A theory-based process evaluation
Authors: Backman Chantal , Wooller Krista R , Hasimja-Saraqini Delvina , Varin Melissa Demery , Crick Michelle , Cho-Young Danielle , Freeman Lisa , Delaney Lori , Squires Janet E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Inappropriate use of urinary catheters can increase the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) leading to increased morbidity and increased costs. The overall purpose of this study was to evaluate an intervention to reduce unnecessary urinary catheter use and prevent CAUTI in hospitalized patients across a large academic health science centre. Methods: This was a two-phase study, which took place between 2017 and 2019. Phase 1 was a pre- and post-intervention design to test the impact of a CAUTI protocol across the organization. Audits on 4 units pre and post were conducted, and data were analyzed descriptively. Phase 2 was a theory-based process evaluation to understand the barriers and enablers to the implementation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then analyzed using a systematic approach. Results: Phase 1: All inpatients with urinary catheters admitted on the four selected units during the study period (n=99, pre) and (n=99, post) were included. CAUTI prevalence rate was 18.2% pre vs 14.1% post (p=.563). Phase 2: participants (n=18) who worked during the study period on the four audit units were interviewed, and a total of 13 barriers and 19 enablers were found across the participant groups. Conclusion: No statistically significant difference in CAUTI prevalence rates were noted. The theory-based process evaluation provided insights into barriers and enablers to the implementation which may help reformulate the intervention in the future.
Association of Family Type with Happiness Attributes Among Older Adults
Authors: Hwang Eun-Jeong , Sim In Ok 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Abstract

Background: This study used secondary data from the 2017 Korean Community Health Survey to compare the associations between depressive symptoms, present health status, socio-physical environment, social support networks, and social activities with happiness among older adults from three different family types.

Method: The study employed a non-experimental, cross-sectional research design. The data were analyzed using the chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, and Logistic regression.

Results: Findings revealed a significant difference in the happiness index among older adults living alone (6.22±2.11), older adults living with their spouse (6.76±1.99), and older adults living with their family (6.46±1.94) (F = 88.69, p < .001). As the result of logistic regression, older adults living alone (odds ratio (OR) = 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.57–0.99) and those living with their family (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.65–0.99) demonstrated greater happiness as the frequency of contact with their family increased. Older adults living with their spouse indicated an increase in happiness when their contact with friends was higher (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56–0.84).

Conclusion: It was confirmed that factors influencing happiness differed according to older adults’ family type, thus suggesting that older adults’ happiness could be facilitated through interventions that consider their circumstances, including family type.

Keywords: family type; happiness; older adult; social activities; socio-physical environment
Clinical Characteristics, Serological and Radiological changes of Patients With COVID-19&nbsp;
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Yu Mingxue , Li Ganwen , Liu Guirong , Xie Jinjun , Song Hongzhong , Li Gang , Jie Yusheng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Since December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that began in Wuhan and rapidly spread globally. The speed and scope of spread of COVID-19 makes urgent of the defining clinical characteristics, serological and radiological changes of the affected patients.Method 7 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 who admitted to the Third affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen university Yuedong hospital from January 2020 to March 2020 were retrospectively enrolled and their clinical features, serological and radiological longitudinal changes were analyzed.Results Among the 7 patients, all (100%) had a clear epidemiological history. The most common symptoms were respiratory symptoms 6 (85.7%), and only 2 (28.6%) of the patients had fever at their first visit. The cohort included 4 (57.1%) common types and 3 (42.9%) severe types. Two (28.6%) common types patients developed to severe type in a short time. All of the 7 patients (100%) had abnormal liver function, normal renal function and normal procalcitonin. The detection time of specific antibody in 7 patients was 5~13d after symptoms. Before the specific antibody could be detected, the absolute value of lymphocytes decreased in 2 (28.6%) common type cases transferred to severe type cases accompanied with obvious progress in pulmonary imaging, and the phenomenon of decreased albumin and elevated globulin occurred in 6 patients (85.7%). The predominant pattern of lung lesions observed was bilateral (71.4%) and mainly near the pleura at the first diagnosis. Bilateral pulmonary involvement occurred in 6 cases (85.7%) during the course of disease. In 4 cases (57.1%) with obvious pulmonary lesions, the absolute value of lymphocytes decreased, albumin decreased and globulin increased during the course of the disease. Conclusion Serum specific antibodies can be detected within 2 weeks of onset. Close observation of the dynamic changes of absolute value of blood lymphocytes, serum albumin and globulin which were related to pulmonary imaging changes in patients will contribute to assessment of COVID-19.
Trend Analysis Modelling and Prediction of Epidemic COVID-19 for US, Italy, Spain and Pakistan
Authors: Bashir Muzaffar , Sattar Habeeba Abdul , Zaheer Aliya 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The evidence of Covid19 outbreak was first received in December 2019 in China and it spread out rapidly on the map of the world. The cases of Coronavirus are increasing day by day around the world due to which mortality rate raises hastily. In the matter of days, WHO declared Covid19 as pandemic of the decade. So far, it is controlled by taking strict precautions in terms of lockdown and supervised treatments at the hospital. As its epidemic is severely breaking the scale, there is a necessity to recognize and evaluate its extension in people on each new day. We collected time series data from January 22, to April 28, 2020 which includes the number of confirmed patients (CP) and reported deaths (RD) of 186 countries all around the world. We choose to evaluate the data for US, Italy, Spain and Pakistan. We are selecting here the data up to April 28, 2020, however the data is automatically updated from Humanitarian Data Exchange on daily basis for all the countries suffering from this pandemic. In this study, three parameters logistic (autocatalytic) model is applied to characterize the disease which determine the size of epidemic with the most populated hit cases around the world respectively and predict the life cycle of COVID 19 cases by using Gaussian based prediction model. It is determined that there are worst numbers of cases of Coronavirus that are found in US and the number of CPs and RDs grow exponentially around the world underneath Spain, Italy, UK and France etc. The epicentre of this pandemic was the city of Wuhan, China. The firm defence that has been taken is to quarantine the people and the patients were cured in organized hospitals.
Impact of Angiotensin-converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers on Inflammatory Responses and Viral Clearance in COVID-19 Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: HUANG Linna , CHEN Ziying , NI Lan , CHEN Lei , ZHOU Changzhi , GAO Chang , WU Xiaojing , HUA Lin , CUI Xiaoyang , TIAN Ye , ZHAN Qingyuan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the impact of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.Methods: We included 229 patients with confirmed COVID-19 in a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Propensity score matching at a ratio of 1:4 was introduced to eliminate the potential confounders. Patients were assigned to the ACEI/ARB group (n=40) or control group (n=160) according to whether they were current users of medication. Results: Compared to the control group, patients in the ACEI/ARB group had lower levels of plasma IL-1β [(6.27±0.50) vs. (8.23±0.39) pg/ml, P=0.028], IL-8 [(35.74±4.00) vs. (45.88±2.06) pg/ml, P=0.037] and TNF-α [(8.79±0.40) vs. (10.91±0.21) pg/ml, P<0.01]. Patients with the current use of ACEIs/ARBs had a higher risk of shock (23% vs. 8%, P<0.01). Decreased lymphocyte counts [(0.85±0.45) vs. (1.02±0.52)*10^9/L, P=0.041] and elevated plasma levels of IL-10 [(7.39±0.51) vs. (6.18±0.16) pg/ml, P<0.01] were also important discoveries in the ACEI/ARB group. Patients in the ACEI/ARB group had a prolonged duration of viral shedding [(25±7) vs. (20±6) days, P=0.031] and increased length of hospitalization [(23±12) vs. (16±8) days, P<0.01]. These trends were similar in patients with hypertension.Conclusions: For patients with excessive inflammatory responses and stable hemodynamics, ACEIs or ARBs might be tried to relieve the inflammatory storm, but the antiviral treatment should be enforced and the hemodynamics should be monitored closely; for patients with low levels of proinflammatory factors or instability hemodynamics, the agents might not be used to avoid a delay in viral clearance or increase the risk of shock.
ANÁLISE SOBRE A EFICÁCIA E APLICABILIDADE DA COLABORAÇÃO PREMIADA
Authors: VILLARROEL Teresa Cristina De Lima , VOLPE FILHO Clóvis Alberto 
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo realiza uma análise a respeito da Colaboração premiada de maneira bastante ampla, tendo início por meio do direito comparado entre o sistema brasileiro e institutos correlatos de outros países, em diferentes períodos. Posteriormente foi realizado um estudo das legislaçẽos do Brasil que possuem espécies de colaboração. Tendo esse material reunido, foi possível realizar um estudo mais detalhado a respeito da Lei nº 12.850/13, Lei de combate às organizações criminosas, no que se refere às inovações relativas à colaboração premiada.
Hiccups: A Non-Systematic Review
Authors: Leung Alexander K.C. , Leung Amy A.M. , Wong Alex H.C. , Hon Kam L. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Hiccups are a universal phenomenon. They are usually benign and selflimited.
Persistent or intractable hiccups, although rare, can be debilitating and may indicate the
presence of an underlying pathological process.

Objective:
To familiarize physicians with the pathophysiology, etiology, evaluation, and management
of children with hiccups.

Methods:
A search was conducted on December 10, 2019, in Pubmed Clinical Queries using the
key terms "hiccup" OR “hiccough” OR “singultus”. The selected publication types included all
clinical trials (including open trials, non-randomized controlled trials, and randomized controlled
trials), observational studies, and reviews (including meta-analysis and narrative reviews) published
within the past 10 years. Only papers published in the English literature were included in this
review. The information retrieved from the above search was used in the compilation of the present
article.

Results:
Overdistension of the stomach is the most commonly identifiable cause of acute hiccups,
followed by gastroesophageal reflux and gastritis. Other causes of hiccups, notably persistent and
intractable hiccups, include an underlying gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiovascular, pulmonary,
infectious, and psychogenic disorder. Persistent or intractable hiccups can be a harbinger of
serious medical pathology. A detailed history and thorough physical examination may provide
clues for the etiology of the hiccups. The treatment of hiccups should be directed at the underlying
cause whenever possible. Bouts of acute hiccups less than 48 hours rarely require medical intervention
as they usually resolve within minutes. Treatment may be considered when hiccups are bothersome,
persistent, or intractable. Treatment modalities include lifestyle changes, physical maneuvers,
pharmacotherapy and, very rarely, surgical intervention.

Conclusion:
Acute hiccups are usually benign and self-limiting. Persistent or intractable hiccups
can be a harbinger of serious medical pathology. The underlying cause should be treated if possible.
There are no formal guidelines for the treatment of hiccups. Currently, most of the methods
proposed are based on case reports and anecdotal evidence. Terminating an episode of hiccups can
be very challenging for a clinician but may tremendously improve the patient’s quality of life. It is
hoped that future well-designed and better-powered studies will provide us with more information
on the efficacy of various treatment modalities for hiccups.