bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missing millions: undercounting urbanization in India
Authors: Onda Kyle , Sinha Parmanand , Gaughan Andrea E. , Stevens Forrest R. , Kaza Nikhil 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe measurement and characterization of urbanization crucially depends upon defining what counts as urban. The government of India estimates that only 31% of the population is urban. We show that this is an artifact of the definition of urbanity and an underestimate of the level of urbanization in India. We use a random forest-based model to create a high-resolution (~ 100 m) population grid from district-level data available from the Indian Census for 2001 and 2011, a novel application of such methods to create temporally consistent population grids. We then apply a community-detection clustering algorithm to construct urban agglomerations for the entire country. Compared with the 2011 official statistics, we estimate 12% more of urban population, but find fewer mid-size cities. We also identify urban agglomerations that span jurisdictional boundaries across large portions of Kerala and the Gangetic Plain.
Evaluating the potential of surface-modified silica nanoparticles using internal olefin sulfonate for enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Ahmed Afaque , Saaid Ismail Mohd , Ahmed Abdelazim Abbas , Pilus Rashidah M. , Baig Mirza Khurram 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRecently, nanoparticles have proven to enhance oil recovery on the core-flood scale in challenging high-pressure high-temperature reservoirs. Nanomaterials generally appear to improve oil production through wettability alteration and reduction in interfacial tension between oil and water phases. Besides, they are environmentally friendly and cost-effective enhanced oil recovery techniques. Studying the rheological properties of nanoparticles is critical for field applications. The instability of nanoparticle dispersion due to aggregation is considered as an unfavorable phenomenon in nanofluid flooding while conducting an EOR process. In this study, wettability behavior and rheological properties of surface-treated silica nanoparticles using internal olefins sulfonates (IOS20–24 and IOS19–23), anionic surfactants were investigated. Surface modification effect on the stability of the colloidal solution in porous media and oil recovery was inspected. The rheology of pure and surface-treated silica nanoparticles was investigated using a HPHT rheometer. Morphology and particle size distributions of pure and coated silica nanoparticles were studied using a field emission scanning electron microscope. A series of core-flood runs was conducted to evaluate the oil recovery factor. The coated silica nanoparticles were found to alter rheological properties and exhibited a shear-thinning behavior as the stability of the coated silica nanoparticles could be improved considerably. At low shear rates, the viscosity slightly increases, and the opposite happens at higher shear rates. Furthermore, the surface-modified silica nanoparticles were found to alter the wettability of the aqueous phase into strongly water-wet by changing the contact angle from 80° to 3° measured against glass slides representing sandstone rocks. Oil–water IFT results showed that the surface treatment by surfactant lowered the oil–water IFT by 30%. Also, the viscosity of brine increased from 0.001 to 0.008 Pa s by introducing SiO2 nanoparticles to the aqueous phase for better displacement efficiency during chemical-assisted EOR. The core-flood experiments revealed that the ultimate oil recovery is increased by approximately 13% with a surfactant-coated silica nanofluid flood after the conventional waterflooding that proves the potential of smart nanofluids for enhancing oil recovery. The experimental results imply that the use of surfactant-coated nanoparticles in tertiary oil recovery could facilitate the displacement efficiency, alter the wettability toward more water-wet and avoid viscous fingering for stable flood front and additional oil recovery.
Beyond the risks to food availability – linking climatic hazard vulnerability with the food access of delta-dwelling households
Authors: Islam Md Mofakkarul , Al Mamun Md Abdullah 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlthough climate-driven hazards have been widely implicated as a key threat to food security in the delta regions of the developing world, the empirical basis of this assertion has centred predominantly on the food availability dimension of food security. Little is known if climatic hazards could affect the food access of delta-resident households and who is likely to be at risk and why. We explored these questions by using the data from a sample of households resident within the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) delta in Bangladesh. We used an index-based analytical approach by drawing on the vulnerability and food security literature. We computed separate vulnerability indices for flood, cyclone, and riverbank erosion and assessed their effects on household food access through regression modelling. All three vulnerability types demonstrated significant negative effects on food access; however, only flood vulnerability could significantly reduce a household’s food access below an acceptable threshold. Households that were less dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods – including unskilled day labourers and grocery shop owners – were significantly more likely to have unacceptable level of food access due to floods. Adaptive capacity, measured as a function of household asset endowments, proved more important in explaining food access than the exposure-sensitivity to flood itself. Accordingly, we argue that improving food security in climatic hazard-prone areas of developing country deltas would require moving beyond agriculture or natural resources focus and promoting hazard-specific, all-inclusive and livelihood-focused asset-building interventions. We provide an example of a framework for such interventions and reflect on our analytical approach.
Sui Generis Geographical Indications for the Protection of Non-Agricultural Products in the EU: Can the Quality Schemes Fulfil the Task?
Authors: Zappalaglio Andrea , Guerrieri Flavia , Carls Suelen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis paper analyses the suitability of the extension of the EU quality schemes – Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs) and Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs) – to the protection of non-agricultural products. In particular, the work develops an original investigation on the nature of these goods and assesses whether it is compatible with the scope of protection of the EUsui generisGI system, which is determined by the different origin link that characterises the two abovementioned quality schemes. The research, by applying a mixed comparative/empirical methodology and building upon a previously unpublished dataset, develops an analysis divided into three parts, reaching the following conclusions. First, ifsui generisGIs were chosen as the means to protect non-agricultural products, the French legislation on thesui generisprotection of handcrafts should be considered as the best practice. Second, the empirical analysis shows that, since non-agricultural goods are characterised by a loose link to a specific place, predominantly based on the on the product’s history and on its distinctive traditional method of production, PGIs seem to be fit for the purpose. Indeed, the analysis of a sample of non-terroiragricultural products protected by PGIs will highlight this parallelism. Third, evidence shows that PDOs could be useful only in a small number of cases while the rationale of Traditional Specialities Guaranteed (TSGs), despite not being origin labels, can be useful to define products that cannot be linked to a specific area by physical or natural elements. Therefore, the EU legislator should take these elements into consideration if it decides to extend the EU GI regime to non-agricultural products.
Hydrogen produced in rat colon improves in vivo reduction–oxidation balance due to induced regeneration of α-tocopherol
Authors: Ishida Yosuke , Hino Shingo , Morita Tatsuya , Ikeda Saiko , Nishimura Naomichi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe investigated whether non-digestible saccharide fermentation-derived hydrogen molecules (H2) in rat colon could improve the in vivo reduction–oxidation (redox) balance via regeneration of α-tocopherol, by assessing their effect on hydroxyl radicals, the α-tocopherol concentration and the redox balance. In Expt 1, a Fenton reaction with phenylalanine (0 or 1·37 mmol/l of H2) was conducted. In Expt 2, rats received intraperitoneally maize oil containing phorone (400 mg/kg) 7 d after drinking ad libitum water containing 0 or 4 % fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) (groups CP and FP, respectively). In Expt 3, rats unable to synthesise ascorbic acid drank ad libitum for 14 d water with 240 mg ascorbic acid/l (group AC), 20 mg of ascorbic acid/l (group DC) or 20 mg of ascorbic acid/l and 4 % FOS (group DCF). In the Fenton reaction, H2 reduced tyrosine produced from phenylalanine to 72 % when platinum was added and to 92 % when platinum was excluded. In Expt 2, liver glutathione was depleted by administration of phorone to rats. However, compared with CP, no change in the m-tyrosine concentration in the liver of FP was detected. In Expt 3, net H2 excretion was higher in DCF than in the other rats after 3 d of the experiment. Furthermore, the concentrations of H2 and α-tocopherol and the redox glutathione ratio in perirenal adipose tissue of rats were significantly higher in DCF than in DC. To summarise, in rat colon, fermentation-derived H2 further shifted the redox balance towards a more reducing status in perirenal adipose tissue through increased regeneration of α-tocopherol.
Serological and molecular surveys of influenza A viruses in Antarctic and sub-Antarctic wild birds
Authors: Gittins Oliver , Grau-Roma Llorenç , Valle Rosa , Abad Francesc Xavier , Nofrarías Miquel , Ryan Peter G. , González-Solís Jacob , Majó Natàlia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo evaluate how avian influenza virus (AIV) circulates among the avifauna of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands, we surveyed 14 species of birds from Marion, Livingston and Gough islands. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out on the sera of 147 birds. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the AIV genome from 113 oropharyngeal and 122 cloacal swabs from these birds. The overall seroprevalence to AIV infection was 4.8%, with the only positive results coming from brown skuas (Catharacta antarctica) (4 out of 18, 22%) and southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) (3 out of 24, 13%). Avian influenza virus antibodies were detected in birds sampled from Marion and Gough islands, with a higher seroprevalence on Marion Island (P = 0.014) and a risk ratio of 11.29 (95% confidence interval: 1.40–91.28) compared to Gough Island. The AIV genome was not detected in any of the birds sampled. These results confirm that AIV strains are uncommon among Antarctic and sub-Antarctic predatory seabirds, but they may suggest that scavenging seabirds are the main avian reservoirs and spreaders of this virus in the Southern Ocean. Further studies are necessary to determine the precise role of these species in the epidemiology of AIV.
Impacts of Water Vapor on Saharan Air Layer Radiative Heating
Authors: Gutleben Manuel , Groß Silke , Wirth Martin , Emde Claudia , Mayer Bernhard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAirborne lidar observations of long‐range transported Saharan air layers in the western North Atlantic trades indicate increased amounts of water vapor within the dust layers compared to the surrounding dry free atmosphere. This study investigates the impact of such enhanced water vapor concentrations on radiative heating. Therefore, spatially high resolved airborne high spectral resolution and differential absorption lidar measurements are used for the parametrization of aerosol optical properties and water vapor concentrations in radiative transfer calculations. Heating rates that are calculated under consideration of the measured water vapor distribution strongly differ from heating rates that are derived under assumption of an atmospheric reference water vapor profile which is steadily decreasing with altitude. Results highlight that water vapor represents a major radiative driver for dust layer vertical mixing and the maintenance of bounding inversions at the top and bottom of the dust layer.
Micro‐FTIR Spectroscopy of Lunar Pyroclastic and Impact Glasses as a New Diagnostic Tool to Discern Them
Authors: Zeng Xiaojia , Li Xiongyao , Martin Dayl , Tang Hong , Yu Wen , Liu Jianzhong , Wang Shijie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLunar glasses are characterized by complex origin (i.e., volcanism or impact), compositional diversity (e.g., picritic, basaltic, or feldspathic), and visible/near‐infrared spectra similarity. This makes it is problematic to distinguish different types of lunar glasses in laboratory and remote data. In this study, we present micro‐FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy spectra (550–1450 cm–1) of a suite of lunar volcanic origin glasses (i.e., pyroclastic glasses) and impact‐generated glasses (i.e., mare and highland impact glasses), identified in lunar breccia meteorite Northwest Africa 7948. The results show that lunar pyroclastic glasses, mare impact glasses, and highland impact glasses exhibit different FTIR spectral characteristics: (1) the Christiansen Feature positions of pyroclastic glasses are generally at a longer wavelength (i.e., >~8.3 μm equivalent to <~1,205 cm–1) than the spectra of mare and highland impact‐generated glasses (i.e., <~8.3 μm equivalent to >~1,205 cm–1); (2) a relatively strong minor peak was distinctly observed at longer wavelength (~13.5–16.5 μm equivalent to ~600–750 cm–1) for highland impact glasses. Therefore, new supplementary FTIR diagnostic criteria were proposed to discern different types of lunar glasses. Our studies demonstrated that midinfrared spectra could provide an effective tool to non‐destructively and quickly distinguish lunar glasses in laboratory (e.g., for the future Chang'E‐5 returned soils).
The effects of wildfire severity and pyrodiversity on bat occupancy and diversity in fire-suppressed forests
Authors: Steel Z. L. , Campos B. , Frick W. F. , Burnett R. , Safford H. D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWildfire is an important ecological process that influences species’ occurrence and biodiversity generally. Its effect on bats is understudied, creating challenges for habitat management and species conservation as threats to the taxa worsen globally and within fire-prone ecosystems. We conducted acoustic surveys of wildfire areas during 2014–2017 in conifer forests of California’s Sierra Nevada Mountains. We tested effects of burn severity and its variation, or pyrodiversity, on occupancy and diversity for the 17-species bat community while accounting for imperfect detection. Occupancy rates increased with severity for at least 6 species and with pyrodiversity for at least 3. Two other species responded negatively to pyrodiversity. Individual species models predicted maximum occupancy rates across burn severity levels but only one species occurred most often in undisturbed areas. Species richness increased from approximately 8 species in unburned forests to 11 in pyrodiverse areas with moderate- to high-severity. Greater accessibility of foraging habitats, as well as increased habitat heterogeneity may explain positive responses to wildfire. Many bat species appear well adapted to wildfire, while a century of fire suppression and forest densification likely reduced habitat quality for the community generally. Relative to other taxa, bats may be somewhat resilient to increases in fire severity and size; trends which are expected to continue with accelerating climate change.
Structure, optical and magnetic properties of new Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3- SrMnO3−δ solid solution materials
Authors: Dung Dang Duc , Hung Nguyen The , Odkhuu Dorj 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe new Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-SrMnO3−δ solid solution materials were fabricated via sol–gel method. The random incorporation of Sr and Mn cations into host lattice of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 resulted in structural distortion and influenced on the reduction of the optical band gap from 3.07 eV to 1.81 eV for pure Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 and 9 mol% SrMnO3−δ solid solution into Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. The magnetic properties of Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 materials at room temperature were tuned via compensation of diamagnetic material with weak-ferromagnetism to ferromagnetism with low SrMnO3−δ content and combination of paramagnetism/antiferromagnetism-like and ferromagnetism with higher SrMnO3−δ content solid solution in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3. The tunable magnetic and optical properties of lead-free ferroelectric materials was promising for their application to green electronic devices.
Magnetic resonance imaging with optical preamplification and detection
Authors: Simonsen A. , Sánchez-Heredia J. D. , Saarinen S. A. , Ardenkjær-Larsen J. H. , Schliesser A. , Polzik E. S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMagnetic resonance (MR) imaging relies on conventional electronics that is increasingly challenged by the push for stronger magnetic fields and higher channel count. These problems can be avoided by utilizing optical technologies. As a replacement for the standard low-noise preamplifier, we have implemented a new transduction principle that upconverts an MR signal to the optical domain and imaged a phantom in a clinical 3 T scanner with signal-to-noise comparable to classical induction detection.
Exploring the Pharmacological Mechanism of Quercetin-Resveratrol Combination for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Pharmacological Strategy-Based Research
Authors: Yang Kailin , Zeng Liuting , Bao Tingting , Long Zhiyong , Jin Bing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractResveratrol and quercetin have effects on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hence, resveratrol combined with quercetin may have better effects on it. However, because of the limitations in animal and human experiments, the pharmacological and molecular mechanism of quercetin-resveratrol combination (QRC) remains to be clarified. In this research, a systematic pharmacological approach comprising multiple compound target collection, multiple potential target prediction, and network analysis was used for comparing the characteristic of resveratrol, quercetin and QRC, and exploring the mechanism of QRC. After that, four networks were constructed and analyzed: (1) compound-compound target network; (2) compound-potential target network; (3) QRC-PCOS PPI network; (4) QRC-PCOS-other human proteins (protein-protein interaction) PPI network. Through GO and pathway enrichment analysis, it can be found that three compounds focus on different biological processes and pathways; and it seems that QRC combines the characteristics of resveratrol and quercetin. The in-depth study of QRC further showed more PCOS-related biological processes and pathways. Hence, this research not only offers clues to the researcher who is interested in comparing the differences among resveratrol, quercetin and QRC, but also provides hints for the researcher who wants to explore QRC’s various synergies and its pharmacological and molecular mechanism.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa uses multiple receptors for adherence to laminin during infection of the respiratory tract and skin wounds
Authors: Paulsson Magnus , Su Yu-Ching , Ringwood Tamara , Uddén Fabian , Riesbeck Kristian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPseudomonas aeruginosa efficiently adheres to human tissues, including the lungs and skin, causing infections that are difficult to treat. Laminin is a main component of the extracellular matrix, and in this study we defined bacterial laminin receptors on P. aeruginosa. Persistent clinical P. aeruginosa isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis, wounds or catheter-related urinary tract infections bound more laminin compared to blood isolates. Laminin receptors in the outer membrane were revealed by 2D-immunblotting, and the specificities of interactions were confirmed with ELISA and biolayer interferometry. Four new high-affinity laminin receptors were identified in the outer membrane; EstA, OprD, OprG and PA3923. Mutated bacteria devoid of these receptors adhered poorly to immobilized laminin. All bacterial receptors bound to the heparin-binding domains on LG4 and LG5 of the laminin alpha chain as assessed with truncated laminin fragments, transmission electron microscopy and inhibition by heparin. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa binds laminin via multiple surface receptors, and isolates from lungs of cystic fibrosis patients bound significantly more laminin compared to bacteria isolated from the skin and urine. Since laminin is abundant in both the lungs and skin, we suggest that laminin binding is an important mechanism in P. aeruginosa pathogenesis.
Landscape-scale terrestrial factors are also vital in shaping Odonata assemblages of watercourses
Authors: Nagy H. Beáta , László Zoltán , Szabó Flóra , Szőcs Lilla , Dévai György , Tóthmérész Béla 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation causes a decline in insect populations. Odonata (both dragonflies and damselflies) are especially threatened by the destruction of both aquatic and terrestrial environment. Moreover, effects of large-scale habitat heterogeneity on Odonata assemblages are poorly studied. In a two years study along East-European lowland watercourses both aquatic and terrestrial environment were studied to reveal the importance of local (e.g. water depth, macrovegetation cover, etc.) and landscape-scale (e.g. farmland patch size, forest patch proportion, etc.) variables to Odonata (as well as to dragonflies and damselflies separately) through increasing spatial sampling scales. The specimens were sampled using 500 m long transects from May to September. Results, both on local and landscape scales emphasized the importance of terrestrial environment on Odonata. Local variables influence damselflies, while dragonflies are more sensitive to landscape variables. Damselfly’s diversity decreased with increasing macrovegetation cover, while dragonfly’s diversity decreased with the increasing degree of land use intensification, but increased with the length of watercourses. It is thus vital to stress the importance of partial watercourse clearing, and moderate maintenance of traditional farm management based on small parcel farming near watercourses to maintain diverse and healthy Odonata assemblages.