bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multifunctional Heterogeneous Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites Assembled by DNA‐Binding Peptide Anchors
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Il , Yoon Seokyoung , Chang Junhyuck , Lee Seonghyun , Cho Hui Hun , Jeong Sun Hwan , Jo Kyubong , Lee Jung Heon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are remarkable materials with many exceptional characteristics, their poor chemical functionality limits their potential applications. Herein, a strategy is proposed for functionalizing CNTs, which can be achieved with any functional group (FG) without degrading their intrinsic structure by using a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)‐binding peptide (DBP) anchor. By employing a DBP tagged with a certain FG, such as thiol, biotin, and carboxyl acid, it is possible to introduce any FG with a controlled density on DNA‐wrapped CNTs. Additionally, different types of FGs can be introduced on CNTs simultaneously, using DBPs tagged with different FGs. This method can be used to prepare CNT nanocomposites containing different types of nanoparticles (NPs), such as Au NPs, magnetic NPs, and quantum dots. The CNT nanocomposites decorated with these NPs can be used as reusable catalase‐like nanocomposites with exceptional catalytic activities, owing to the synergistic effects of all the components. Additionally, the unique DBP–DNA interaction allows the on‐demand detachment of the NPs attached to the CNT surface; further, it facilitates a CNT chirality‐specific NP attachment and separation using the sequence‐specific programmable characteristics of oligonucleotides. The proposed method provides a novel chemistry platform for constructing new functional CNTs suitable for diverse applications.
Exploring “Socialist Solidarity” in Higher Education: East German Advisors in Post-Independence Mozambique (1975–1992)
Authors: Piepiorka Alexandra 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The chapter seeks to retrace the spirit of “socialist solidarity” in the context of educational (development) aid, dwelling on the historical example of cooperation in higher education between the People’s Republic of Mozambique and the German Democratic Republic during the first decade(s) of Mozambican independence. Besides picturing the socialist outlook and multinational ambiance of Mozambique’s Eduardo Mondlane University, the author addresses intercultural and ideological challenges that East German cooperators encountered while on their mission in southern Africa. Related to this, notions of educational and ideological transfer in the framework of “socialist solidarity” will be discussed.
Education Through Labor: From the deuxième portion du contingent to the Youth Civic Service in West Africa (Senegal/Mali, 1920s–1960s)
Authors: Tiquet Romain 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnder the French colonial regime, the “second portion” of the military was used as labour brigades, compelled to serve for two years in works of public nature. They were encamped in labor camp and were taught the value of work as well as discipline and basic rules of hygiene. After the independence of the francophone West African countries in 1960, postcolonial leaders in Senegal and Mali try to implement a civil service for the youth in order to offer them basic education. In reality, the civil service appears as a way to control and use the recruits for economic purposes echoing in some extent the former colonial “second portion du contingent.” More broadly, through the analysis of the legacies and continuities, I argue that the postcolonial elites perpetuate the “civilizing mission,” no more for the so-called mise en valeur of the colonies but for the development of the territory.
The Use of Credit by Rice Farmers in Takeo
Authors: Sothorn Kem 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study examined the credit access of different types of farmers and the impact of credit on farmers’ production and livelihoods to identify options for improving credit access and promoting successful credit utilisation. Qualitative research was undertaken in Takeo Province, where microfinance institutions (MFIs) have proliferated. The villages studied represented three types of rice-farming system. The challenges facing rice farmers included high and increasing input costs, the low quality of fertilisers, and the rising cost of mechanisation due to the price of fuel. While these trends increased the demand for credit, the squeeze on farm profits was reducing the viability of agricultural loans. Lack of formal land title to use as collateral was also a barrier to credit for many farmers. The need to ensure high repayment rates by carefully assessing potential clients meant that MFIs screened out poor farmers with little collateral and high vulnerability. Poor farmers often resorted to loans from informal sources when subject to livelihood shocks, despite the high risk of falling further into indebtedness. A challenge facing all farmers was the high interest rates for formal credit. MFIs were charging 30% p.a. to maintain financial sustainability. However, MFIs have reduced interest rates over time due to increasing competition and local saving. Rural development NGOs could better integrate training in farm and business skills in their credit programmes. Greater private sector involvement in the rice sector through contract farming may also help finance smallholder development. Provided the vulnerability of poor farmers is addressed, expansion of commercial credit will have a largely positive impact on rural livelihoods.
The Domestic Rice Value Chain in the Mekong Delta
Authors: The Anh Dao , Van Tinh Thai , Ngoc Vang Nguyen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe rice value chain in the Mekong Delta is a large and complex system, linking 1.5 million small-scale rice farmers to large numbers of traders, processors, wholesalers, retailers, and exporters. About 30% of production enters the domestic market and 70% is exported, accounting for over 90% of national exports. Input suppliers are widely dispersed, providing seeds, fertilizers, and other inputs competitively to farmers. Agricultural extension is provided by both public and private sectors through farmer groups. There has been rapid mechanization with two-wheeled tractors and combined harvesters, the latter mainly provided through contract services. However, there is limited availability of driers at the farm or commune level, meaning that most farmers sell wet paddy at a discount to be dried at the mills. Almost all the rice crop is sold to local traders—small, independent operators who transport paddy by boat to the rice mills. Most paddy goes through small mills that produce white rice, some of which are sold directly to domestic wholesalers but most of which go to exporters for polishing and bagging. Wholesalers are medium-sized enterprises, buying from polishing factories, traders, and directly from millers. Most of their sales are to traditional retailers who are spread widely across the region, operating small stores. The rice is sold loose and packaged after purchase. Modern retailers selling pre-packaged and labeled rice at higher prices have a small share of the domestic market. None of the actors in the domestic value chain appears to gain an excessive margin, with returns on working capital around 7–10%. Credit to enable producers, service providers, and processors to invest in improved technology may improve the efficiency of the value chain. The government should implement a policy to promote the quality of rice through contract farming between cooperatives and private enterprises based on quality standards. The export market should be opened up to private enterprises that obtain export contracts based on quality.
The Cross-Border Trade in Rice from Cambodia to Vietnam
Authors: The Anh Dao , Van Tinh Thai 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe cross-border trade in paddy from Cambodia to Vietnam, especially between Takeo and An Giang Provinces, has increased substantially in volume, reaching an estimated 1000 t per day in the peak season of November–December. The growth of this trade is because (1) the quality of the wet-season crop in Takeo meets domestic demand in Vietnam; (2) some An Giang farmers rent land for cultivation in Cambodia and transport paddy into Vietnam for the domestic market; (3) the harvest in Takeo is later than in An Giang, helping maintain the throughput of the rice mills in An Giang; (4) Cambodian paddy is cheaper than Vietnamese paddy of the same type; (5) Cambodia does not have sufficient capacity for processing and storage. The cross-border value chain has three channels: (1) from producers directly to Vietnamese traders (5%); (2) from producers to Cambodian traders, who sell to Vietnamese traders (55%); and (3) from producers to Cambodian traders who sell to Vietnamese paddy wholesalers along the border (40%). Processed rice is distributed to wholesalers in the cities or directly to numerous traditional retailers. While there is no formal labelling or certification, the Cambodian rice is identifiable to consumers who pay 50–100% more for traditional Cambodian rice. The volume of paddy from Cambodia increases the supply of specialty rice for the domestic market in Vietnam, thus filling an important niche. Imports from Cambodia also frees up domestic rice for the export market. However, these cheaper paddy imports may also have a negative impact on domestic production and incomes, especially in the border areas. It may be necessary to develop joint policies to manage better the cross-border trade.
Predictive modelling to support sensitivity analysis for robust design in aerospace engineering
Authors: Dasari Siva Krishna , Cheddad Abbas , Andersson Petter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe design of aircraft engines involves computationally expensive engineering simulations. One way to solve this problem is the use of response surface models to approximate the high-fidelity time-consuming simulations while reducing computational time. For a robust design, sensitivity analysis based on these models allows for the efficient study of uncertain variables’ effect on system performance. The aim of this study is to support sensitivity analysis for a robust design in aerospace engineering. For this, an approach is presented in which random forests (RF) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) are explored to handle linear and non-linear response types for response surface modelling. Quantitative experiments are conducted to evaluate the predictive performance of these methods with Turbine Rear Structure (a component of aircraft) case study datasets for response surface modelling. Furthermore, to test these models’ applicability to perform sensitivity analysis, experiments are conducted using mathematical test problems (linear and non-linear functions) and their results are presented. From the experimental investigations, it appears that RF fits better on non-linear functions compared with MARS, whereas MARS fits well on linear functions.
Validating lane drifts as a predictive measure of drug or sleepiness induced driving impairment
Authors: Vinckenbosch F. R. J. , Vermeeren A. , Verster J. C. , Ramaekers J. G. , Vuurman E. F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundStandard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) has been accepted as a reliable parameter for measuring driving impairment due to lowered vigilance caused by sleepiness or the use of sedating drugs. Recently, lane drifts were proposed as an additional outcome measure quantifying momentary lapses of attention. The purpose of this study was to validate lane drifts as outcome measure of driver impairment in a large data pool from two independent research centers.MethodsData from 11 placebo-controlled studies that assessed the impact of alcohol, hypnotics, and sleep deprivation on actual driving performance were pooled. In total, 717 on-the-road tests performed by 315 drivers were subjected to an automated algorithm to detect occurrences of lane drifts. Lane drifts were defined as deviations > 100 cm from the mean (LDmlp) and from the absolute lateral position (LDalp) for 8 s.ResultsThe number of LDmlpwas low and did not differ between treatments and baseline, i.e., 14 vs. 3 events, respectively. LDalpwere frequent and significantly higher during treatment relative to baseline, i.e., 1646 vs. 470 events. The correlation between LDalpand SDLP in the treatment conditions was very high (rs = 0.77). The frequency of the occurrence of treatment-induced lane drifts however depended on baseline SDLP of drivers, whereas treatment-induced changes in SDLP occurred independent of baseline SDLP.ConclusionLDmlpis not useful as an outcome measure of driver impairment due to its rare occurrence, even when treatment-induced increments in SDLP are evident. Treatment effects on LDalpand SDLP are closely related.
Risk stratification in GIST: shape quantification with CT is a predictive factor
Authors: Wei Sheng-cai , Xu Liang , Li Wan-hu , Li Yun , Guo Shou-fang , Sun Xiao-rong , Li Wen-wu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Tumor shape is strongly associated with some tumor’s genomic subtypes and patient outcomes. Our purpose is to find the relationship between risk stratification and the shape of GISTs.

Methods
A total of 101 patients with primary GISTs were confirmed by pathology and immunohistochemistry and underwent enhanced CT examination. All lesions’ pathologic sizes were 1 to 10 cm. Points A and B were the extremities of the longest diameter (LD) of the tumor and points C and D the extremities of the small axis, which was the longest diameter perpendicular to AB. The four angles of the quadrangle ABCD were measured and each angle named by its summit (A, B, C, D). For regular lesions, we took angles A and B as big angle (BiA) and small angle (SmA). For irregular lesions, we compared A/B ratio and D/C ratio and selected the larger ratio for analysis. The chi-square test, t test, ROC analysis, and hierarchical or binary logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results
The BiA/SmA ratio was an independent predictor for risk level of GISTs (p = 0.019). With threshold of BiA at 90.5°, BiA/SmA ratio at 1.35 and LD at 6.15 cm, the sensitivities for high-risk GISTs were 82.4%, 85.3%, and 83.8%, respectively; the specificities were 87.1%, 71%, and 77.4%, respectively; and the AUCs were 0.852, 0.818, and 0.844, respectively. LD could not effectively distinguish between intermediate-risk and high-risk GISTs, but BiA could (p < 0.05). Shape and Ki-67 were independent predictors of the mitotic value (p = 0.036 and p < 0.001, respectively), and the accuracy was 87.8%.

Conclusions
Quantifying tumor shape has better predictive efficacy than LD in predicting the risk level and mitotic value of GISTs, especially for high-risk grading and mitotic value > 5/50HPF.

Key Points
• The BiA/SmA ratio was an independent predictor affecting the risk level of GISTs. LD could not effectively distinguish between intermediate-risk and high-risk GISTs, but BiA could.
• Shape and Ki-67 were independent predictors of the mitotic value.
• The method for quantifying the tumor shape has better predictive efficacy than LD in predicting the risk level and mitotic value of GISTs.
Element length calculation in B-spline meshes for complex geometries
Authors: Otoguro Yuto , Takizawa Kenji , Tezduyar Tayfun E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVariational multiscale methods, and their precursors, stabilized methods, have been playing a core-method role in semi-discrete and space–time (ST) flow computations for decades. These methods are sometimes supplemented with discontinuity-capturing (DC) methods. The stabilization and DC parameters embedded in most of these methods play a significant role. Various well-performing stabilization and DC parameters have been introduced in both the semi-discrete and ST contexts. The parameters almost always involve some element length expressions, most of the time in specific directions, such as the direction of the flow or solution gradient. Until recently, stabilization and DC parameters originally intended for finite element discretization were being used also for isogeometric discretization. Recently, element lengths and stabilization and DC parameters targeting isogeometric discretization were introduced for ST and semi-discrete computations, and these expressions are also applicable to finite element discretization. The key stages of deriving the direction-dependent element length expression were mapping the direction vector from the physical (ST or space-only) element to the parent element in the parametric space, accounting for the discretization spacing along each of the parametric coordinates, and mapping what has been obtained back to the physical element. Targeting B-spline meshes for complex geometries, we introduce here new element length expressions, which are outcome of a clear and convincing derivation and more suitable for element-level evaluation. The new expressions are based on a preferred parametric space and a transformation tensor that represents the relationship between the integration and preferred parametric spaces. The test computations we present for advection-dominated cases, including 2D computations with complex meshes, show that the proposed element length expressions result in good solution profiles.
Assessment of Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Oocystis minuta for removal of sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate in wastewater
Authors: Ajala Sheriff Olalekan , Alexander Matthew L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractApplication of wastewater for algal biomass production can not only lead to production of thousands of tons of biomass for subsequent biofuel production, but also can provide for significant removal of contaminants in wastewater. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the growth, contaminant removal, and biochemical component (lipid, carbohydrate, and protein) accumulation potential of Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Oocystis minuta cells in wastewater supplemented with different concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate. The results show maximum biomass productivity of 33, 19, and 98 mg dw/L/d for C. vulgaris, S. obliquus, and O. minuta, respectively. Phosphate removal (more than 90%) was highest in the culture with O. minuta; about 93% nitrate was removed by C. vulgaris, and the highest sulfate removal of 36% was observed in the culture with S. obliquus. The biochemical composition of the microalgae cells is in the ranges of 22–65% carbohydrate, 19–38% protein, and 8–17% lipid. This indicates that carbohydrate and protein are preferentially accumulated as compared to lipids under the growth conditions investigated for each of the microalgae strains.
Refining the bigger picture: On the integrative memory model
Authors: Aggleton John P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The integrative memory model contains multiple subsystems. In this commentary, the processes within these subsystems are questioned. First, the assumption that familiarity largely reflects perceptual fluency is examined. Next, the distinction between “process” and “representational” models of temporal lobe function is challenged. Finally, the “relational representation core system” (or “extended hippocampal system”), which is central to the model, is especially sketchy. Here, I highlight key questions to be addressed in order to understand this system's role in trace formation.
Validity of a dish composition database for estimating protein, sodium and potassium intakes against 24 h urinary excretion: comparison with a standard food composition database
Authors: Shinozaki Nana , Murakami Kentaro , Masayasu Shizuko , Sasaki Satoshi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:We assessed the validity of a recently developed dish composition database (DCD) against urinary biomarkers compared with a standard food composition database (FCD).Design:Intakes of protein, Na and K were estimated by 2 × 24 h urine collections and by 4 d dietary record data based on the DCD (including 128 dishes) or FCD (including 1878 foods).Setting:Japan.Participants:A total of 161 men and 163 women aged 20–69 years.Results:Compared with the 24 h urine-based estimates, the median intakes estimated using the DCD and FCD differed significantly for protein and Na in men and for Na and K in women. Deattenuated Spearman correlation coefficients using 24 h urine-based estimates for the intakes of protein, Na and K were lower in the DCD (respectively: 0·26, 0·15 and 0·44 in men; 0·22, 0·27 and 0·22 in women) than those in the FCD (respectively: 0·43, 0·40 and 0·59 in men; 0·33, 0·45 and 0·42 in women). When data on dish portion size reported by participants were used for estimation instead of standard portion-size data based on the DCD, the accuracy of the estimated median intakes did not change notably, whereas the deattenuated correlation coefficients improved (for protein, Na and K respectively: 0·32, 0·31 and 0·56 in men; 0·31, 0·41 and 0·39 in women).Conclusions:The DCD supported by individual-level information on dish portion size showed fair to moderate validity in ranking individuals according to their intakes of protein, Na and K, similar to the FCD.
Unprecedented Hemispheric Asymmetries During a Surprise Ionospheric Storm: A Game of Drivers
Authors: Astafyeva Elvira , Bagiya Mala S. , Förster Matthias , Nishitani Nozomu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe geomagnetic storm occurred on 25–26 August 2018 as a surprise to forecasters. The arrival of a weak coronal mass ejection did not show a sudden impulse in the magnetic data; however, when the Interplanetary magnetic field Bz turned southward, it intensified and further remained unchangeably negative for the next 9 hr, causing a major storm with the minimum SYM‐H excursion of −205 nT. In this work, we study the thermospheric, ionospheric, and electrodynamic behavior during this storm. We use a set of space‐borne (the Swarm constellation, GUVI/TIMED) and ground‐based (GPS receivers, magnetometers, SuperDARN) instruments. We particularly focus on storm effects in the American and East Pacific sectors, where unprecedented hemispheric asymmetries occurred in the thermosphere and ionosphere during the main and the recovery phases of the storm. At the beginning of the storm, a strong positive ionospheric storm was observed in the Northern Hemisphere, while in the Southern Hemisphere, surprisingly, no storm effect occurred. During the recovery phase, the thermospheric composition ratio O/N2 showed an extreme expansion of the bulge into the opposite hemisphere. Our analysis shows that in each case the asymmetry was produced by a unique combination of drivers that acted at particular moment of time and in particular place. The seasonal asymmetry in the high‐latitude plasma and neutral mass density distributions along with the asymmetries in the geomagnetic field and the timing of these impacts played the decisive role.