bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors and interstitial lung disease in the FDA adverse event reporting system: a pharmacovigilance assessment
Authors: Raschi Emanuel , Fusaroli Michele , Ardizzoni Andrea , Poluzzi Elisabetta , De Ponti Fabrizio 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
We assessed pulmonary toxicity of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6 inhibitors by analyzing the publicly available FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS).

Methods
Reports of interstitial lung disease (ILD) were characterized in terms of demographic information, including daily dose, latency, concomitant drugs known to be associated with ILD, and causality assessment (adapted WHO system). Disproportionality analyses were carried out by calculating reporting odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI), accounting for major confounders, including notoriety and competition biases.

Results
ILD reports (N = 161) represented 2.1% and 0.3% of all reports for abemaciclib and palbocilcib/ribociclib, respectively, with negligible proportion of concomitant pneumotoxic drugs. Increased reporting was found for CDK4/6 inhibitors when compared to other drugs (ROR = 1.50; 95%CI = 1.28–1.74), and abemaciclib vs other anticancer agents (4.70; 3.62–5.98). Sensitivity analyses confirmed a strong and consistent disproportionality for abemaciclib. Higher-than-expected reporting emerged for palbociclib (1.38; 1.07–1.77) and ribociclib (2.39; 1.34–3.92) only when removing Japan reports. ILD occurred at recommended daily doses, with median latency ranging from 50 (abemaciclib) to 253 (ribociclib) days. Causality was highly probable in 55% of abemaciclib cases, probable in 68% of palbociclib cases.

Conclusions
Increased reporting of ILD with CDK4/6 inhibitors calls for further comparative population-based studies to characterize and quantify the actual risk, taking into account drug- and patient-related risk factors. These findings strengthen the role of (a) timely pharmacovigilance to detect post-marketing signals through FAERS and other real-world data, (b) clinicians to assess early, on a case-by-case basis, the potential responsibility of CDK4/6 inhibitors when diagnosing a lung injury.
An Accidental Discovery of Tracheobronchomegaly: a Case Report
Authors: Ma Weijiang , Liu Aihua , Liu Xin , Bao Fukai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTracheobronchomegaly is a rare disease with congenital abnormal change in respiratory tract; its image features are also very special. In this case, we described a 57-year-old male with cough, expectoration, chest pain, and dyspnea. In our institution, the result of chest CT scan is highly extraordinary, which showed obvious dilation of the trachea and main bronchi, emphysema, and a number of pulmonary bullae, and there was a big bulla with air-fluid level on the lower lobe of the right lung. Fortunately, after wedge resection for the big bulla on the lower lobe of right lung under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, this patient’s symptoms were significantly relieved. The clinical manifestations of tracheobronchomegaly lack specificity; this disease has freakish image features. At present, there are no effective treatments for tracheobronchomegaly, which just was an accidental discovery in this patient; we just mainly take surgical measures to treat the big bulla for relieving symptoms.
Professionelle Wahrnehmung der Sportlehrkräfte
Authors: Schiller Daniel 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Hinblick auf die Qualität von Sportunterricht wird der visuellen Dimension des Sportlehrer*innenhandelns große Bedeutung zugewiesen. Professionelle Wahrnehmung wird handlungstheoretisch üblicherweise intentional und akteurszentriert konzeptualisiert: Eine Lehrkraft handelt dann kompetent, wenn sie Unterrichtsereignisse selektiv erfassen, das Wahrgenommene pädagogisch und fachdidaktisch deuten und schließlich begründet Handlungsentscheidungen treffen kann. Praxeologische Handlungskonzeptionen nehmen nun stärker geteilte praktische Wissensbestände in den Blick, die an unterrichtlichen Interaktionen konstitutiv beteiligt sind. Bezogen auf die visuelle Dimension von Lehrer*innenhandeln spannt dieses Wissen Wahrnehmbarkeitsräume auf, welche ein intentionales Sehgeschehen permanent und hintergründig rahmen. In diesem Beitrag werden in Anlehnung an eine eigene Forschungsarbeit strukturelle Facetten einer praktischen Sichtweise im Sportunterricht illustriert und Impulse praxeologischer Perspektivierungen für den Diskurs zur professionellen Wahrnehmung diskutiert.
Positive Shifts in Emotion Evaluation Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Remitted Depressed Participants
Authors: Williams Kate , Elliott Rebecca , Barnhofer Thorsten , Zahn Roland , Anderson Ian M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
A combination of negatively biased information processing and a reduced ability to experience positive emotions can persist into remission from major depression (rMDD). Studies have shown that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) can increase self-reported positive emotions in rMDD participants; similar changes using neuropsychological tasks have not been shown. In this study, we investigated neuropsychological change in emotional processing following MBCT in rMDD participants.

Methods
Seventy-three rMDD participants, 40 of whom received MBCT and 33 of whom continued with treatment as usual (TAU), and 42 never depressed participants took part; neither the TAU nor never depressed participants received MBCT. All were assessed at baseline and immediately following MBCT or after an 8-week gap for those without active intervention. Participants completed emotion evaluation and face emotion recognition tasks with self-report measures (mood, mindfulness) at each session.

Results
Results showed an MBCT-specific shift in ratings from less negative to more positive emotion evaluations, which correlated with mindfulness practice and self-report mindfulness change. Both the MBCT and TAU groups showed a small increase in overall face emotion recognition accuracy compared with no change in never depressed participants.

Conclusions
These findings support a specific role for MBCT in encouraging more positive evaluations of life situations in those with previous depression rather than influencing lower-level processing of emotions. Results should be interpreted cautiously given that this was a non-randomised, preference choice trial.

Trial Registration
NCT02226042
Human microRNAs in host–parasite interaction: a review
Authors: Paul Sujay , Ruiz-Manriquez Luis M. , Serrano-Cano Francisco I. , Estrada-Meza Carolina , Solorio-Diaz Karla A. , Srivastava Aashish 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small noncoding RNA molecules with significant capacity to regulate the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in a sequence-specific manner either through translation repression or mRNA degradation triggering a fine-tuning biological impact. They have been implicated in several processes, including cell growth and development, signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism, apoptosis, inflammation, and immune response modulation. However, over the last few years, extensive studies have shown the relevance of miRNAs in human pathophysiology. Common human parasitic diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Amoebiasis, Chagas disease, Schistosomiasis, Toxoplasmosis, Cryptosporidiosis, Clonorchiasis, and Echinococcosis are the leading cause of death worldwide. Thus, identifying and characterizing parasite-specific miRNAs and their host targets, as well as host-related miRNAs, are important for a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of parasite-specific diseases at the molecular level. In this review, we have demonstrated the impact of human microRNAs during host−parasite interaction as well as their potential to be used for diagnosis and prognosis purposes.
Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (+)-21-epi-Eburnamonine Via a Photocatalytic Radical Cascade Reaction
Authors: Huang Yuan , Xue Fanglin , Liu Hengmao , Xue Fei , Liu Xiao-Yu , Song Hao , Qin Yong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-21-epi-eburnamonine has been achieved. Key features of the synthesis include a visible-light photocatalytic intra-/intramolecular radical cascade reaction to assemble the tetracyclic ABCD ring system, and a highly diastereoselective Johnson-Claisen rearrangement to establish the C20 all-carbon quaternary stereocenter.
Graphic Abstract
Apperzeption
Authors: Stöckmann Ingo 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag rekonstruiert erstmals den 1869 erschienenen Aufsatz »Die dichterische Phantasie und der Mechanismus des Bewußtseins« des Neukantianers Hermann Cohen. Der in der Fachgeschichte der Literaturwissenschaft unbekannte Text stammt aus Cohens vor-neukantianischer Phase und orientiert sich an der Philosophie Johann Friedrich Herbarts. Unter Rückgriff auf Herbarts Apperzeptionsbegriff, die Mythentheorie Jacob Grimms und das völkerpsychologische Konzept der ›Verdichtung‹ (Moritz Lazarus) entwirft Cohen mit Blick auf die »formalen Elemente«, die der Mythos in der Moderne freisetzt, ein Wissenschaftsprogramm der Literaturwissenschaft, das sich von der philologisch, nationalliterarisch und geistesgeschichtlich orientierten Germanistik des 19. Jahrhunderts distanziert – was den Text in die Genealogie der formalistischen Grundorientierungen des 20. Jahrhunderts einreiht.
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning Explains Task Interleaving Behavior
Authors: Gebhardt Christoph , Oulasvirta Antti , Hilliges Otmar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow do people decide how long to continue in a task, when to switch, and to which other task? It is known that task interleaving adapts situationally, showing sensitivity to changes in expected rewards, costs, and task boundaries. However, the mechanisms that underpin the decision to stay in a task versus switch away are not thoroughly understood. Previous work has explained task interleaving by greedy heuristics and a policy that maximizes the marginal rate of return. However, it is unclear how such a strategy would allow for adaptation to environments that offer multiple tasks with complex switch costs and delayed rewards. Here, we develop a hierarchical model of supervisory control driven by reinforcement learning (RL). The core assumption is that the supervisory level learns to switch using task-specific approximate utility estimates, which are computed on the lower level. We show that a hierarchically optimal value function decomposition can be learned from experience, even in conditions with multiple tasks and arbitrary and uncertain reward and cost structures. The model also reproduces well-known key phenomena of task interleaving, such as the sensitivity to costs of resumption and immediate as well as delayed in-task rewards. In a demanding task interleaving study with 211 human participants and realistic tasks (reading, mathematics, question-answering, recognition), the model yielded better predictions of individual-level data than a flat (non-hierarchical) RL model and an omniscient-myopic baseline. Corroborating emerging evidence from cognitive neuroscience, our results suggest hierarchical RL as a plausible model of supervisory control in task interleaving.
Post-truth Politics, Performatives and the Force
Authors: Fridlund Patrik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper on post-truth politics argues that to the extent that one wants to understand political discourses generally (post-truth political discourses in particular), it is crucial to see them as circulating talk that performs rather than reports. This implies a shift in focus. Many react strongly to ‘post-truth’ assertions by appealing to evidence, objectivity, facts and truth. In this paper, it is suggested that, when analysing political discourses, there is no point asking, ‘Is it true?’ One should rather ask, ‘What happens as a result?’ Understanding political discourses as performative demands that the resulting doing, transforming and changing may transcend established parameters and known patterns. That also means problematising the types of argument allowed, or discourse considered appropriate, in a given situation. What, then, is the force within the performative discourse driving transformation? What role does intention play? And who—if anybody—can be designated as the master of the discourse? One way of answering these questions is to broaden the perspective of what happens in verbal exchanges. The hearer-speaker relation is fundamental, one in which meaning is shaped and the performative force is formed. A political discourse in general, and a post-truth political discourse in particular, cannot do and perform—cannot function—in a vacuum. This evokes serious questions about accountability and responsibility and also about human action and freedom.
Microplastic contamination of salt intended for human consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Danopoulos Evangelos , Jenner Lauren , Twiddy Maureen , Rotchell Jeanette M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) are an emerging contaminant ubiquitous in the environment. There is growing concern regarding potential human health effects, a major human exposure route being dietary uptake. We have undertaken a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis to identify all relevant research on MP contamination of salt intended for human consumption. Three thousand nine hundred and nineteen papers were identified, with ten fitting the inclusion criteria. A search of the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science, from launch date to September 2020, was conducted. MP contamination of salt varied significantly between four origins, sea salt 0–1674 MPs/kg, lake salt 8–462 MPs/kg, rock and well salt 0–204 MPs/kg. The majority of samples were found to be contaminated by MPs. Corresponding potential human exposures are estimated to be 0–6110 MPs per year (for all origins), confirming salt as a carrier of MPs. A bespoke risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used to appraise the quality of the studies, with studies demonstrating moderate to low RoB. These results suggest that a series of recurring issues need to be addressed in future research regarding sampling, analysis and reporting to improve confidence in research findings.
Developing a Case for Special Provisions During Examinations
Authors: Griffin Lara , Evans David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Education is a human right of every child and adolescent. The impact of a disability such as cerebral palsy should not pose barriers to this right because of structures within education environments (e.g., rigid examination conditions). Students within Australia with a disability are supported by legislation that ensures they can participate in education, like assessments, on the same basis as their peers without disability. This case study provides an applied example of how one school addressed the barriers posed by examination processes, and ensured that this student, with specific needs due to the impact of cerebral palsy, could access examinations on the same basis as her peers without disability.
Bounds for finite semiprimitive permutation groups: order, base size, and minimal degree
Authors: Morgan Luke , Praeger Cheryl E. , Rosa Kyle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we study finite semiprimitive permutation groups, that is, groups in which each normal subgroup is transitive or semiregular. These groups have recently been investigated in terms of their abstract structure, in a similar way to the O'Nan–Scott Theorem for primitive groups. Our goal here is to explore aspects of such groups which may be useful in place of precise structural information. We give bounds on the order, base size, minimal degree, fixed point ratio, and chief length of an arbitrary finite semiprimitive group in terms of its degree. To establish these bounds, we study the structure of a finite semiprimitive group that induces the alternating or symmetric group on the set of orbits of an intransitive minimal normal subgroup.
Importance of involving patients and public in health research in Bangladesh and Nepal
Authors: Simkhada Bibha , van Teijlingen Edwin , Naheed Aliya , Warren Angela , Green Sue 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Patient and public involvement/engagement (PPI/E) in public health research and health technology assessment (HTA) in high-income countries (HICs) have significantly increased over the past decade. PPI/E helps to improve research and HTA, ultimately benefitting patients and service users. PPI/E is a very new concept in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This paper considers the importance of PPI in public health research and HTA in the development and implementation of technology in the health sector in South Asia. Currently, in this region, health technology is frequently adopted from HICs without local research and HTA. It also discusses the importance of local co-creation of technology to reflect the needs of users within a culturally appropriate setting. It is important for LMIC-based researchers to understand the potential of PPI/E and how it can contribute to it to improve health care and research, especially perhaps in the era of COVID-19.
Peter Browne on the Metaphysics of Knowledge
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe central unifying element in the philosophy of Peter Browne (d. 1735) is his theory of analogy. Although Browne's theory was originally developed to deal with some problems about religious language, Browne regards analogy as a general purpose cognitive mechanism whereby we substitute an idea we have to stand for an object of which we, strictly speaking, have no idea. According to Browne, all of our ideas are ideas of sense, and ideas of sense are ideas of material things. Hence we can conceive of spiritual things – including even our own spirit – only by analogy. One interesting application Browne makes of his theory is an account of how concepts such as knowledge can be correctly applied to beings that have no intrinsic properties in common, such as non-human animals, humans, angels, and God. I argue that this is best understood as what, in the contemporary literature, is known as a ‘multiple realizability’ problem and that Browne's solution to this problem has important similarities to functionalist theories in recent philosophy of mind.
Understanding Volumetric Water Storage in Monsoonal Wetlands of Northeastern Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad Shahryar Khalique , Hossain Faisal , Pavelsky Tamlin , Parkins Grant M. , Yelton Sarah , Rodgers Megan , Little Sarina , Haldar Debolina , Ghafoor Sheikh , Khan Raihanul Haque , Shawn Nazmul Ahsan , Haque Aminul , Biswas Robin Kumar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe volume of water stored in seasonal wetlands is a fundamental but difficult to measure variable for developing a physical understanding of wetland behavior. For seasonal wetlands that are a major source of water for rice and fish production, this physical understanding is key to planning for water‐food security and ecosystem services. This study quantified variations in volumetric storage for the numerous seasonal wetlands of northeastern Bangladesh, locally known as “haors.” These haors receive transboundary runoff from densely vegetated and mountainous terrain in India and face persistent monsoonal cloud cover as they become full. We estimated volumetric storage for 13 haors by using extensive remote sensing data on water surface extent and elevation that was complemented with citizen‐contributed gauge data. Assuming a trapezoidal bathymetry, an area‐volume relationship was developed for selected haors. This relationship was assumed to be valid for extrapolating volumetric estimations over all the haors in the region. Results suggested that as haors get filled with the onset of monsoon rains, total estimated storage relative to the lowest observable level varied from 6.5 (±0.4) km3 in May to 30.9 (±2.0) km3 in July (peak of monsoon). Choosing a rectangular bathymetry can lead to 47% higher estimates compared to trapezoidal cross section. Estimating this intra‐annual/interannual increase in storage is important for the region to plan water management policies that balance the human and ecosystem needs. Our analytical approach has potential for application to wetlands worldwide in light of the upcoming Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission.
Full function of exon junction complex factor, Rbm8a, is critical for interneuron development
Authors: McSweeney Colleen , Dong Fengping , Chen Miranda , Vitale Jessica , Xu Li , Crowley Nicole , Luscher Bernhard , Zou Donghua , Mao Yingwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe formation of the nervous system requires a balance between proliferation, differentiation, and migration of neural progenitors (NPs). Mutations in genes regulating development impede neurogenesis and lead to neuropsychiatric diseases, including autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia (SZ). Recently, mutations in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay genes have been associated with ASDs, intellectual disability (ID), and SZ. Here, we examine the function of a gene in the exon junction complex, Rbm8a, in the cortical development. When Rbm8a is selectively knocked out in neural stem cells, the resulting mice exhibit microcephaly, early postnatal lethality, and altered distribution of excitatory neurons in the neocortex. Moreover, Rbm8a haploinsufficiency in the central nervous system decreases cell proliferation in the ganglionic eminences. Parvalbumin+ and neuropeptide Y+ interneurons in the cortex are significantly reduced, and distribution of interneurons are altered. Consistently, neurons in the cortex of conditional knockout (cKO) mice show a significant decrease in GABA frequency. Transcriptomic analysis revealed differentially expressed genes enriched in telencephalon development and mitosis. To further investigate the role of Rbm8a in interneuron differentiation, conditional KO of Rbm8a in NKX2.1 interneuron progenitor cells reduces progenitor proliferation and alters interneuron distributions. Taken together, these data reveal a critical role of Rbm8a in interneuron development, and establish that perturbation of this gene leads to profound cortical deficits.
Nonmuscle myosin IIB regulates Parkin-mediated mitophagy associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked TDP-43
Authors: Jun Mi-Hee , Jang Jae-Woo , Jeon Pureum , Lee Soo-Kyung , Lee Sang-Hoon , Choi Ha-Eun , Lee You-Kyung , Choi Haneul , Park Sang-Won , Kim Jeongyeon , Jang Deok-Jin , Lee Jin-A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractC-terminal fragments of Tar DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) have been identified as the major pathological protein in several neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, how they affect cellular toxicity and neurodegeneration, including the modulation process remains unknown. This study revealed that the C-terminal fragment of TDP-43 (TDP-25) was localized primarily to mitochondria and caused abnormal mitochondrial morphology, inducing Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Also, we discovered that the knockdown of selective autophagy receptors, such as TAX1BP, Optineurin, or NDP52 caused TDP-25 accumulation, indicating that TDP-25 was degraded by mitophagy. Interestingly, myosin IIB, a nonmuscle type of myosin and actin-based motor protein, is mostly colocalized to TDP-25 associated with abnormal mitochondria. In addition, myosin IIB inhibition by siRNA or blebbistatin induced mitochondrial accumulation of insoluble TDP-25 and Tom20, and reduced neuronal cell viability. Our results suggest a novel role of myosin IIB in mitochondrial degradation of toxic TDP-25. Therefore, we proposed that regulating myosin IIB activity might be a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases associated with TDP-43 pathology.