bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clues to the origin and properties of magnetic white dwarfs
Authors: Kawka Adela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA significant fraction of white dwarfs possess a magnetic field with strengths ranging from a few kG up to about 1000 MG. However, the incidence of magnetism varies when the white dwarf population is broken down into different spectral types providing clues on the formation of magnetic fields in white dwarfs. Several scenarios for the origin of magnetic fields have been proposed from a fossil field origin to dynamo generation at various stages of evolution. Offset dipoles are often assumed sufficient to model the field structure, however time-resolved spectropolarimetric observations have revealed more complex structures such as magnetic spots or multipoles. Surface mapping of these field structures combined with measured rotation rates help distinguish scenarios involving single star evolution from other scenarios involving binary interactions. I describe key observational properties of magnetic white dwarfs such as age, mass, and field strength, and confront proposed formation scenarios with these properties.
A new look at magnetic white dwarfs
Authors: Hardy François , Dufour Patrick , Jordan Stefan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe present a homogeneous analysis of a large sample of magnetic white dwarf stars (with SDSS, PanSTARRS and Gaia data) using state-of-the-art magnetic atmosphere models and fitting techniques. We discuss the properties of the sample as well as the implication on our understanding of the nature and evolution of such objects.
Main conclusions from Symposium discussions
Authors: Barstow M. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe programme of this IAU Symposium, number 357, consisted of sessions organized around a number of key themes, as detailed in the preceding text. Each session included one or two invited keynote talks plus a number of contributed papers. Time was set aside for extensive discussion following the sessions associated with each of them. These were moderated by members of the Science Organising Committee, posing a number of questions to the audience to stimulate the discussion. The nature of such discussions makes them hard to record in detail, but a number of key points have been extracted and incorporated into this short concluding paper.
Information about Coronavirus Exposure Effects Attitudes Towards Voting Methods
Authors: Safarpour Alauna C. , Hanmer Michael J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic dramatically altered all aspects of life, including the creation of trade-offs between the right to vote and health. While many states postponed primary elections, Wisconsin forged ahead with their April 7, 2020 primaries. The result was widely criticized, with health officials raising concerns about the spread of COVID-19 through in-person voting. We argue that concerns from Wisconsin health officials about the potential to contract COVID-19 via in-person voting can shift American’s comfort with using various voting methods in November. We test our hypotheses using a survey experiment on a diverse national sample. We find that information about possible coronavirus exposures decreases comfort with voting in-person yet does not increase comfort with voting by mail. We discuss the implications, including the need to tailor messages to specific features of various methods of voting in order to increase citizens’ comfort with voting in upcoming elections.
Effects of Fatigue on Cognitive Performance in Long-Duration Simulated Flight Missions
Authors: Rosa Eduardo , Eiken Ola , Grönkvist Mikael , Kölegård Roger , Dahlström Nicklas , Knez Igor , Ljung Robert , Jönsson Fredrik U. , Willander Johan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Fighter pilots may be exposed to extended flight missions. Consequently, there is increasing concern about fatigue. We investigated the effects of fatigue and cognitive performance in a simulated 11-hr mission in the 39 Gripen fighter aircraft. Five cognitive tasks were used to assess cognitive performance. Fatigue was measured with the Samn–Perelli Fatigue Index. Results showed that performance in the non-executive task degraded after approximately 7 hr. Fatigue ratings showed a matching trend to the performance in this task. Performance in tasks taxing executive functions did not decline. We interpreted that fatigue can be overridden by increased attentional effort for executive tasks but not for non-executive components of cognition. Participants underestimated their performance and metacognitive accuracy was not influenced by fatigue.
Deposition History and Paleo‐Current Activity on the Southeastern Lomonosov Ridge and its Eurasian Flank Based on Seismic Data
Authors: Weigelt Estella , Jokat Wilfried , Eisermann Hannes 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA regional seismic survey on the southeastern Lomonosov Ridge (LR) and adjacent basins provides constraints on the coupled evolution of ocean circulations, depositional regime, and tectonic processes. First, Mesozoic strata on the LR, its faulted flanks and the initial Amundsen Basin were covered with syn‐rift sediments of Paleocene to early Eocene age. Numerous vertical faults indicate differential compaction of possibly anoxic sediments deposited in the young, still isolated Eurasian Basin. The second stage, as indicated by a prominent high‐amplitude‐reflector sequence covering the ridge, was a time of widespread changes in deposition conditions, likely controlled by the ongoing subsidence of the LR and gradual opening of the Fram Strait. Episodic incursions of water masses from the North Atlantic probably were the consequences and led to the deposition of thin sedimentary layers of different lithology. The third stage is marked by continuous deposition since the early Miocene (20 Ma). At that time, the ridge no longer posed an obstacle between the Amerasia and Eurasia Basins and pelagic sedimentation was established. Drift bodies, sediment waves, and erosional structures indicate the onset of circulation. Faulting on the ridge slope has led to a series of terraces where sediment drifts have accumulated since the early Miocene. It is suggested that ongoing sagging of the ridge and currents may have shaped the steep sediment free flanks of the terraces. Lastly, a sequence of high‐amplitude reflectors marks the transition to the early Pliocene large‐scale Northern Hemisphere glaciations.
SPATS2, negatively regulated by miR-145-5p, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression through regulating cell cycle
Authors: Dong Gang , Zhang Shanshan , Shen Shen , Sun Lulu , Wang Xuemei , Wang Haiyu , Wu Jie , Liu Tingting , Wang Chaoyan , Wang Huanbin , Lu Taiying , Rao Benchen , Ren Zhigang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpermatogenesis associated serine rich 2 (SPATS2) has been reported to contribute to the tumorigenesis of multiple malignancies. The molecular function of SPATS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression pattern and function roles of SPATS2 in HCC. The regulation of SPATS2 expression was also explored. We found that SPATS2 was highly expressed in HCC tissues in comparison with that in adjacent normal tissues. High expression of SPATS2 was associated with vascular invasion, advanced TNM stages, tumor multiplicity, and poor survival. Functionally, SPATS2 was found to promote the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo, while knockdown of SPATS2 enhanced apoptosis and G1 arrest of HCC cells in vitro. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis revealed that MiR-145-5p directly targeted SPATS2 and functional rescue experiments verified that MiR-145-5p overexpression could abolish the effect of SPATS2 on the regulation of HCC malignant phenotype. Taken together, our findings suggest that SPATS2 functions as an oncogene in HCC. The MiR-145-5p/SPATS2 axis provides a novel mechanism underlying HCC progression and may serve as a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
FATS regulates polyamine biosynthesis by promoting ODC degradation in an ERβ-dependent manner in non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Qiu Li , Hu Linfei , Wang Huijuan , Li Jinling , Ruan Xianhui , Sun Bingsheng , Zhi Jingtai , Zheng Xiangqian , Gu Lin , Gao Ming , Kong Pengzhou , Zhang Jun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPolyamine biosynthesis is an essential metabolic pathway for cell growth and differentiation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Fragile-site associated tumour suppressor (FATS) is a novel gene involved in cancer. The results of our previous study showed that FATS-mediated polyubiquitination of p53 promotes the activation of p53 in response to DNA damage; however, little is known about the role of FATS in metabolic reprogramming in NSCLC. In the present study, FATS was observed to be significantly downregulated in NSCLC tissues compared with paired adjacent normal tissues and was associated with the survival of NSCLC patients. We further showed that the presence of the tumour suppressor FATS in NSCLC cells led to apoptosis by inducing pro-death autophagy. In addition, FATS was shown to function as a suppressor of polyamine biosynthesis by inhibiting ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) at the protein and mRNA levels, which was partially dependent on oestrogen receptor (ER). Furthermore, FATS was observed to bind to ERβ and translocate to the cytosol, leading to ODC degradation. The findings of our study demonstrate that FATS plays important roles in polyamine metabolism in NSCLC and provides a new perspective for NSCLC progression.
Partners in crime: POPX2 phosphatase and its interacting proteins in cancer
Authors: Kim Pu Rum , Zhang Songjing , Rahmat Muhammad Bakhait , Koh Cheng-Gee 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProtein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation govern intracellular signal transduction and cellular functions. Kinases and phosphatases are involved in the regulation and development of many diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. While the functions and roles of many kinases, as well as their substrates, are well understood, phosphatases are comparatively less well studied. Recent studies have shown that rather than acting on fewer and more distinct substrates like the kinases, phosphatases can recognize specific phosphorylation sites on many different proteins, making the study of phosphatases and their substrates challenging. One approach to understand the biological functions of phosphatases is through understanding their protein–protein interaction network. POPX2 (Partner of PIX 2; also known as PPM1F or CaMKP) is a serine/threonine phosphatase that belongs to the PP2C family. It has been implicated in cancer cell motility and invasiveness. This review aims to summarize the different binding partners of POPX2 phosphatase and explore the various functions of POPX2 through its interactome in the cell. In particular, we focus on the impact of POPX2 on cancer progression. Acting via its different substrates and interacting proteins, POPX2’s involvement in metastasis is multifaceted and varied according to the stages of metastasis.
A compromised specific humoral immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain is related to viral persistence and periodic shedding in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Hu Fengyu , Chen Fengjuan , Ou Zhihua , Fan Qinghong , Tan Xinghua , Wang Yaping , Pan Yuejun , Ke Bixia , Li Linghua , Guan Yujuan , Mo Xiaoneng , Wang Jian , Wang Jinlin , Luo Chun , Wen Xueliang , Li Min , Ren Peidi , Ke Changwen , Li Junhua , Lei Chunliang , Tang Xiaoping , Li Feng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been redetected after discharge in some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The reason for the recurrent positivity of the test and the potential public health concern due to this occurrence are still unknown. Here, we analyzed the viral data and clinical manifestations of 289 domestic Chinese COVID-19 patients and found that 21 individuals (7.3%) were readmitted for hospitalization after detection of SARS-CoV-2 after discharge. First, we experimentally confirmed that the virus was involved in the initial infection and was not a secondary infection. In positive retests, the virus was usually found in anal samples (15 of 21, 71.4%). Through analysis of the intracellular viral subgenomic messenger RNA (sgmRNA), we verified that positive retest patients had active viral replication in their gastrointestinal tracts (3 of 16 patients, 18.7%) but not in their respiratory tracts. Then, we found that viral persistence was not associated with high viral titers, delayed viral clearance, old age, or more severe clinical symptoms during the first hospitalization. In contrast, viral rebound was associated with significantly lower levels of and slower generation of viral receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgA and IgG antibodies. Our study demonstrated that the positive retest patients failed to create a robust protective humoral immune response, which might result in SARS-CoV-2 persistence in the gastrointestinal tract and possibly in active viral shedding. Further exploration of the mechanism underlying the rebound in SARS-CoV-2 in this population will be crucial for preventing virus spread and developing effective vaccines.
Development and evaluation of an artificial intelligence system for COVID-19 diagnosis
Authors: Jin Cheng , Chen Weixiang , Cao Yukun , Xu Zhanwei , Tan Zimeng , Zhang Xin , Deng Lei , Zheng Chuansheng , Zhou Jie , Shi Heshui , Feng Jianjiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEarly detection of COVID-19 based on chest CT enables timely treatment of patients and helps control the spread of the disease. We proposed an artificial intelligence (AI) system for rapid COVID-19 detection and performed extensive statistical analysis of CTs of COVID-19 based on the AI system. We developed and evaluated our system on a large dataset with more than 10 thousand CT volumes from COVID-19, influenza-A/B, non-viral community acquired pneumonia (CAP) and non-pneumonia subjects. In such a difficult multi-class diagnosis task, our deep convolutional neural network-based system is able to achieve an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 97.81% for multi-way classification on test cohort of 3,199 scans, AUC of 92.99% and 93.25% on two publicly available datasets, CC-CCII and MosMedData respectively. In a reader study involving five radiologists, the AI system outperforms all of radiologists in more challenging tasks at a speed of two orders of magnitude above them. Diagnosis performance of chest x-ray (CXR) is compared to that of CT. Detailed interpretation of deep network is also performed to relate system outputs with CT presentations. The code is available at https://github.com/ChenWWWeixiang/diagnosis_covid19.
Single-nucleus RNA-seq and FISH identify coordinated transcriptional activity in mammalian myofibers
Authors: Dos Santos Matthieu , Backer Stéphanie , Saintpierre Benjamin , Izac Brigitte , Andrieu Muriel , Letourneur Franck , Relaix Frederic , Sotiropoulos Athanassia , Maire Pascal 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSkeletal muscle fibers are large syncytia but it is currently unknown whether gene expression is coordinately regulated in their numerous nuclei. Here we show by snRNA-seq and snATAC-seq that slow, fast, myotendinous and neuromuscular junction myonuclei each have different transcriptional programs, associated with distinct chromatin states and combinations of transcription factors. In adult mice, identified myofiber types predominantly express either a slow or one of the three fast isoforms of Myosin heavy chain (MYH) proteins, while a small number of hybrid fibers can express more than one MYH. By snRNA-seq and FISH, we show that the majority of myonuclei within a myofiber are synchronized, coordinately expressing only one fast Myh isoform with a preferential panel of muscle-specific genes. Importantly, this coordination of expression occurs early during post-natal development and depends on innervation. These findings highlight a previously undefined mechanism of coordination of gene expression in a syncytium.
The ALPK1/TIFA/NF-κB axis links a bacterial carcinogen to R-loop-induced replication stress
Authors: Bauer Michael , Nascakova Zuzana , Mihai Anca-Irina , Cheng Phil F. , Levesque Mitchell P. , Lampart Simon , Hurwitz Robert , Pfannkuch Lennart , Dobrovolna Jana , Jacobs Melanie , Bartfeld Sina , Dohlman Anders , Shen Xiling , Gall Alevtina A. , Salama Nina R. , Töpfer Antonia , Weber Achim , Meyer Thomas F. , Janscak Pavel , Müller Anne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExposure of gastric epithelial cells to the bacterial carcinogen Helicobacter pylori causes DNA double strand breaks. Here, we show that H. pylori-induced DNA damage occurs co-transcriptionally in S-phase cells that activate NF-κB signaling upon innate immune recognition of the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic intermediate β-ADP-heptose by the ALPK1/TIFA signaling pathway. DNA damage depends on the bi-functional RfaE enzyme and the Cag pathogenicity island of H. pylori, is accompanied by replication fork stalling and can be observed also in primary cells derived from gastric organoids. Importantly, H. pylori-induced replication stress and DNA damage depend on the presence of co-transcriptional RNA/DNA hybrids (R-loops) that form in infected cells during S-phase as a consequence of β-ADP-heptose/ ALPK1/TIFA/NF-κB signaling. H. pylori resides in close proximity to S-phase cells in the gastric mucosa of gastritis patients. Taken together, our results link bacterial infection and NF-κB-driven innate immune responses to R-loop-dependent replication stress and DNA damage.
High-resolution cryo-EM structure of urease from the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Righetto Ricardo D. , Anton Leonie , Adaixo Ricardo , Jakob Roman P. , Zivanov Jasenko , Mahi Mohamed-Ali , Ringler Philippe , Schwede Torsten , Maier Timm , Stahlberg Henning 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUrease converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide and makes urea available as a nitrogen source for all forms of life except animals. In human bacterial pathogens, ureases also aid in the invasion of acidic environments such as the stomach by raising the surrounding pH. Here, we report the structure of urease from the pathogen Yersinia enterocolitica at 2 Å resolution from cryo-electron microscopy. Y. enterocolitica urease is a dodecameric assembly of a trimer of three protein chains, ureA, ureB and ureC. The high data quality enables detailed visualization of the urease bimetal active site and of the impact of radiation damage. The obtained structure is of sufficient quality to support drug development efforts.
Structural insights into assembly of the ribosomal nascent polypeptide exit tunnel
Authors: Wilson Daniel M. , Li Yu , LaPeruta Amber , Gamalinda Michael , Gao Ning , Woolford John L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe nascent polypeptide exit tunnel (NPET) is a major functional center of 60S ribosomal subunits. However, little is known about how the NPET is constructed during ribosome assembly. We utilized molecular genetics, biochemistry, and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to investigate the functions of two NPET-associated proteins, ribosomal protein uL4 and assembly factor Nog1, in NPET assembly. Structures of mutant pre-ribosomes lacking the tunnel domain of uL4 reveal a misassembled NPET, including an aberrantly flexible ribosomal RNA helix 74, resulting in at least three different blocks in 60S assembly. Structures of pre-ribosomes lacking the C-terminal extension of Nog1 demonstrate that this extension scaffolds the tunnel domain of uL4 in the NPET to help maintain stability in the core of pre-60S subunits. Our data reveal that uL4 and Nog1 work together in the maturation of ribosomal RNA helix 74, which is required to ensure proper construction of the NPET and 60S ribosomal subunits.
Polysynaptic inhibition between striatal cholinergic interneurons shapes their network activity patterns in a dopamine-dependent manner
Authors: Dorst Matthijs C. , Tokarska Anna , Zhou Ming , Lee Kwang , Stagkourakis Stefanos , Broberger Christian , Masmanidis Sotiris , Silberberg Gilad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStriatal activity is dynamically modulated by acetylcholine and dopamine, both of which are essential for basal ganglia function. Synchronized pauses in the activity of striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChINs) are correlated with elevated activity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas synchronous firing of ChINs induces local release of dopamine. The mechanisms underlying ChIN synchronization and its interplay with dopamine release are not fully understood. Here we show that polysynaptic inhibition between ChINs is a robust network motif and instrumental in shaping the network activity of ChINs. Action potentials in ChINs evoke large inhibitory responses in multiple neighboring ChINs, strong enough to suppress their tonic activity. Using a combination of optogenetics and chemogenetics we show the involvement of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing interneurons in mediating this inhibition. Inhibition between ChINs is attenuated by dopaminergic midbrain afferents acting presynaptically on D2 receptors. Our results present a novel form of interaction between striatal dopamine and acetylcholine dynamics.
Identification of 31 loci for mammographic density phenotypes and their associations with breast cancer risk
Authors: Sieh Weiva , Rothstein Joseph H. , Klein Robert J. , Alexeeff Stacey E. , Sakoda Lori C. , Jorgenson Eric , McBride Russell B. , Graff Rebecca E. , McGuire Valerie , Achacoso Ninah , Acton Luana , Liang Rhea Y. , Lipson Jafi A. , Rubin Daniel L. , Yaffe Martin J. , Easton Douglas F. , Schaefer Catherine , Risch Neil , Whittemore Alice S. , Habel Laurel A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMammographic density (MD) phenotypes are strongly associated with breast cancer risk and highly heritable. In this GWAS meta-analysis of 24,192 women, we identify 31 MD loci at P < 5 × 10−8, tripling the number known to 46. Seventeen identified MD loci also are associated with breast cancer risk in an independent meta-analysis (P < 0.05). Mendelian randomization analyses show that genetic estimates of dense area (DA), nondense area (NDA), and percent density (PD) are all significantly associated with breast cancer risk (P < 0.05). Pathway analyses reveal distinct biological processes involving DA, NDA and PD loci. These findings provide additional insights into the genetic basis of MD phenotypes and their associations with breast cancer risk.
A versatile soluble siglec scaffold for sensitive and quantitative detection of glycan ligands
Authors: Rodrigues Emily , Jung Jaesoo , Park Heajin , Loo Caleb , Soukhtehzari Sepideh , Kitova Elena N. , Mozaneh Fahima , Daskhan Gour , Schmidt Edward N. , Aghanya Vivian , Sarkar Susmita , Streith Laura , St. Laurent Chris D. , Nguyen Linh , Julien Jean-Philippe , West Lori J. , Williams Karla C. , Klassen John S. , Macauley Matthew S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are immunomodulatory receptors that are regulated by their glycan ligands. The connections between Siglecs and human disease motivate improved methods to detect Siglec ligands. Here, we describe a new versatile set of Siglec-Fc proteins for glycan ligand detection. Enhanced sensitivity and selectivity are enabled through multimerization and avoiding Fc receptors, respectively. Using these Siglec-Fc proteins, Siglec ligands are systematically profiled on healthy and cancerous cells and tissues, revealing many unique patterns. Additional features enable the production of small, homogenous Siglec fragments and development of a quantitative ligand-binding mass spectrometry assay. Using this assay, the ligand specificities of several Siglecs are clarified. For CD33 (Siglec-3), we demonstrate that it recognizes both α2-3 and α2-6 sialosides in solution and on cells, which has implications for its link to Alzheimer’s disease susceptibility. These soluble Siglecs reveal the abundance of their glycan ligands on host cells as self-associated molecular patterns.