bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘creatures’ of the human cortical somatosensory system
Authors: Saadon-Grosman Noam , Loewenstein Yonatan , Arzy Shahar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Penfield’s description of the ‘homunculus’, a ‘grotesque creature’ with large lips and hands and small trunk and legs depicting the representation of body-parts within the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), is one of the most prominent contributions to the neurosciences. Since then, numerous studies have identified additional body-parts representations outside of S1. Nevertheless, it has been implicitly assumed that S1’s homunculus is representative of the entire somatosensory cortex. Therefore, the distribution of body-parts representations in other brain regions, the property that gave Penfield’s homunculus its famous ‘grotesque’ appearance, has been overlooked. We used whole-body somatosensory stimulation, functional MRI and a new cortical parcellation to quantify the organization of the cortical somatosensory representation. Our analysis showed first, an extensive somatosensory response over the cortex; and second, that the proportional representation of body parts differs substantially between major neuroanatomical regions and from S1, with, for instance, much larger trunk representation at higher brain regions, potentially in relation to the regions’ functional specialization. These results extend Penfield’s initial findings to the higher level of somatosensory processing and suggest a major role for somatosensation in human cognition.
Community as contact zone: the power dynamics of community formation on a British council estate
Authors: Leaney Sarah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the formation of ‘community’ on a British council estate as a process of negotiation enacted within a ‘contact zone’, a social space defined by a struggle between different cultural values within asymmetrical relations of power. Building on a discursive turn within theorizations of class, the paper explores the mobilization of discourses of community as a process of making class on The Estate. Based on ethnographic research, the paper offers an analysis of the field dynamics of the Community Centre, where community is enacted, negotiated, subverted and critiqued. This paper shows how a focus on the dynamic nature of discursive reproduction enacted in everyday negotiations within the ‘contact zone’ moves our understanding beyond structural accounts of class, incorporating agentic responses and everyday resistances into an analysis of the formation of class and community on The Estate.
Rhesus Macaque Brain Developmental Trajectory: A Longitudinal Analysis Using Tensor-Based Structural Morphometry and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Kim Jeongchul , Jung Youngkyoo , Barcus Richard , Bachevalier Jocelyne H , Sanchez Mar M , Nader Michael A , Whitlow Christopher T 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe typical developmental trajectory of brain structure among nonhuman primates (NHPs) remains poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the normative trajectory of developmental change among a cohort of rhesus monkeys (n = 28), ranging in age from 2 to 22 months, using structural MRI datasets that were longitudinally acquired every 3–4 months. We hypothesized that NHP-specific transient intracranial volume decreases reported during late infancy would be part of the typical developmental process, which is driven by volumetric contraction of gray matter in primary functional areas. To this end, we performed multiscale analyses from the whole brain to voxel level, characterizing regional heterogeneity, hemispheric asymmetry, and sexual dimorphism in developmental patterns. The longitudinal trajectory of brain development was explained by three different regional volumetric growth patterns (exponentially decreasing, undulating, and linearly increasing), which resulted in developmental brain volume curves with transient brain volumetric decreases. White matter (WM) fractional anisotropy increased with age, corresponding to WM volume increases, while mean diffusivity (MD) showed biphasic patterns. The longitudinal trajectory of brain development in young rhesus monkeys follows typical maturation patterns seen in humans, but regional volumetric and MD changes are more dynamic in rhesus monkeys compared with humans, with marked decreases followed by “rebound-like” increases.
Thin-layer Chromatography and Enzyme Immunoassay of L-Alpha-Acetyl Methadol and Methadone Metabolites in Urine
Authors: McIntyre Joyce A , Armandi Arlene E , Risen Lance P , Ling Walter , Haberfeldel George C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a thin-layer chromatographic technique suitable for isolating at least four metabolites of L-α-acetyl methadol. The metabolites are discussed in terms of their color reactions to chromatography spray reagents and their appearance in the urine during various time intervals after dosage. Methadone is detected by the presence of the unmetabolized drug and two of its metabolites in the urine. We present a simple means of distinguishing methadone-containing specimens from those that contain L-α-acetyl methadol. Results of an immunoassay for methadone applied to specimens from patients receiving L-α-acetyl methadol or methadone are discussed. The method is suitable as a routine screening procedure for most laboratories that use thin-layer chromatography.
Simplified Automated Method for Determination of Urinary or Serum Uric Acid, Based on Reduction of Ferric-Phenanthroline Complex
Authors: Nelson John W , Batra K K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe an automated colorimetric method for determination of uric acid in serum or urine by use of an AutoAnalyzer II or SMA 12/60 (Technicon Corp.). The method depends on reduction of a ferric-phenanthroline complex by uric acid under acidic conditions to a ferrous-phenanthroline complex, which absorbs at 505 nm. Advantages of this method over other methods now in use are that color and concentration are linearly related (to 20 mg/100 ml); aqueous reagents are easily prepared, stable, and inexpensive; and interference from ascorbic acid has been eliminated by use of an alkaline copper-containing diluent. The analysis is also free of interference from glucose, creatinine, glutathione, salicylates and hemoglobin. Correlation with results of the Technicon phosphotungstic acid reduction method is excellent (r = .996). Correlation with results of an automated uricase method is satisfactory (r = .979). Recovery of uric acid was 101% over a wide concentration range.
Therapeutic and Toxic Concentrations of More than 100 Toxicologically Significant Drugs in Blood, Plasma, or Serum: A Tabulation
Authors: Baselt Randall C , Wright James A , Cravey Robert H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Human blood, plasma, or serum concentrations of drugs important to the analytical toxicologist are tabulated, as an aid to interpretation of analytical toxicological results. Significant pharmacological factors are included such as dosage, route and frequency of administration, number and weight of subjects, and time of sampling.
Evaluation of Discrepancies in Patients' Results— An Aspect of Computer-Assisted Quality Control
Authors: Whitehurst Philip , Di Silvio Thomas V , Boyadjian Gaydzag 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A computer program has been devised to select those clinical chemistry results that have a high probability of error for inclusion on a discrepancy report, which is printed on demand throughout the day. Each report entry is evaluated by a supervisor, who decides whether to accept the result or to re-assay. With this program, 8.4% of all results were included on the report, 1.9% were re-assayed, and 0.83% were judged to be in error and corrected. Checking results at the time of their release to the computer has led to earlier report delivery and more convenient timing of re-assays without compromise of patient safety.
Modification of the Fiske and SubbaRow Method for Total Phospholipid in Serum
Authors: Naito Herbert K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Many of the difficulties encountered in the original Fiske and SubbaRow method for estimating serum phospholid were corrected through the use of vanadium pentoxide, a catalyst used in sample digestion, and through other minor modifications. Results obtained by the modified method agree well with those obtained by three other established phospholipid procedures. The greatly improved speed, simplicity, accuracy, and precision now makes the modified Fiske and SubbaRow method ideal for clinical or research use.
Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry of Theophylline in Plasma in the Presence of Barbiturates
Authors: Jatlow Peter 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Ultraviolet spectrophotometry is widely used for the analysis of theophylline in blood, for purposes of monitoring therapy, and for pharmacokinetic studies. Phenobarbital, a component of common oral theophylline preparations, interferes with assays now in use. The modification of the method of Schack and Waxler [J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 97, 283 (1949)] presented in this paper eliminates barbiturate interference. After solvent extraction and back extraction into NaOH, the pH of the alkaline solution is adjusted from pH 13 to 10 before spectrophotometric measurement. This shifts the barbiturate absorption maximum from 255 to 240 nm, permitting accurate analysis of theophylline, the spectrum of which is unaffected by the pH change.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Bence Jones Proteinuria in a Patient with Plasma Cell Leukemia
Authors: Chow Chiman , Spitzer Ralph W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Kappa Bence Jones proteinuria was found by immunoelectrophoretic techniques in a patient with plasma cell leukemia, who presented with no M-proteins either in serum or urine. However, a significant decrease in normal immunoglobulins was observed. On microscopic examination of kidney sections obtained at autopsy, protein casts were seen in the distal tubules. Bence Jones protein was not detected by the conventional heat test
Simplified Scatchard-Plot Assay for Estrogen Receptor in Human Breast Tumor
Authors: Johnson Roy B , Nakamura Robert M , Libby Rose Mary 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this two-point Scatchard-plot assay, with which a test of competitive inhibition is combined, the sample is mechanically homogenized in a buffer containing dithiothreitol, ultracentrifuged to obtain a fat-free cytosol, the protein content of which is then adjusted, and free and bound labeled estradiol are separated with dextrancoated charcoal after overnight incubation. We tested the method for precision and reliability by assaying such cytosols from pregnant rabbit uteri before and after dilution with kidney cytosol, and by assaying several other target and nontarget animal and human tissues. The Scatchard plot data were more reliable than tests for percent inhibition of binding by a competitor (diethylstilbestrol). For a tumor tissue to be judged positive it must bind at least 8 fmol of estradiol per milligram of protein and have a Kd of 0.1 to 5 x 10-10 mol/liter. Some nontarget tissues showed less than 70% inhibition by 104-fold concentrations (over labeled estradiol) of inhibitor. Of 19 breast-tumor specimens, seven were found to be positive.
Negligible Interference by Spironolactone and Prednisone in Digoxin Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Ravel Richard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spironolactone and prednisone reportedly cause measurable values for apparent digoxin, even when none is present. Effects of these medications were evaluated with 125l-labeled digoxin kits from five different manufacturers. Values obtained for apparent digoxin were either negligible or not sufficiently great to be clinically significant, regardless of kit methodology or manufacturer.
An Example of Lyophilized Protein-Based Materials Not Simulating Patient Sera
Authors: Steele Bernard W , Koehler Donald F , Blaszkowski Thomas P , Azar Miguel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Use of reconstituted lyophilized protein-based materials in the clinical laboratory is partly based on the assumption that these materials adequately simulate patients' sera. We examined several of these materials and found that certain ones do not have the same adsorbancies at 340 and 380 nm as do most sera. The implication of this is examined with respect to glucose determination by the hexokinase method on a dual-wavelength blank-subtraction instrument.
Fluorometric Assay for N-Acetylprocainamide
Authors: Matusik Edward , Gibson Thomas P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a simple, rapid fluorometric assay for separate quantitative analysis of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in mixtures. The effective linear range (fluorescence vs. concentration) in serum is 0.1 to 10.0 mg/liter, regardless of the ratio (by weight) of the two drugs from 1:10 to 10:1. Analytical recoveries by the extraction method used were 100.0 ± 3.0% and 98.0 ± 4.0%, respectively. For determination of either compound, the maximum coefficient of variation was 10%.
Immunofluorescence Method for Detecting Anti-Myocardial Antibodies, and Its Use in Diagnosing Heart Disease
Authors: Twomey Stanley L , Bernett George E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Demonstration of autoimmune antibodies to myocardial tissue enables one to detect and assess cardiac disease long after abnormalities in serum enzyme activities are no longer measurable. We describe an indirect immunofluorescence procedure in which cryostat sections of rat heart (ventricle) and Evan's Blue counterstaining are used to detect anti-myocardial antibodies. Sera from patients with myocardial infarct or some other cardiac diseases reveal a distinct fluorescent staining of the sarcolemmal membrane. In contrast, sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosis demonstrate nuclear plus diffuse staining and sera from myasthenia gravis patients show a characteristic striated staining pattern. The role of anti-myocardial antibodies in cardiac disease is discussed briefly.
Gas-Chromatographic Analysis for Cocaine in Human Plasma, with Use of a Nitrogen Detector
Authors: Jatlow Peter I , Bailey David N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a procedure for measuring the concentration of cocaine in plasma by gas chromatography, with use of a nitrogen detector. The procedure was tested on patients receiving intranasal cocaine for topical anesthesia. The propyl ester of benzoylecgonine is used as an internal standard. The lower limit of sensitivity of the procedure is 5-10 µg of cocaine per liter of plasma. The coefficients of variation are 5.3% and 3.0% for concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/liter, respectively.
Rapid Kinetic Measurement of Lactate in Plasma with a Centrifugal Analyzer
Authors: Pesce Michael A , Bodourian Selma H , Nicholson John F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this method, blood is collected in ammonium heparinized microhematocrit tubes and lactate is directly determined in the plasma, separated within 15 min from the erythrocytes. Lactate is assayed by mixing 10 µl of sample with NAD+ and lactate dehydrogenase in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrazine buffer. The rate of increase in absorbance of the NADH formed, measured at 340 nm, is proportional to lactate concentration. The assay is complete in 4 min and absorbance is linearly related to concentration from 0.625 to 15 mmol/ liter. Analytical recoveries of lactate added to plasma averaged 104% (range, 91-116%). Results compared well for plasma samples analyzed by this method with the CentrifiChem and the Du Pont aca.
Accurate Estimation of Standard Deviations for Quantitative Methods Used in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Burnett Robert W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Although the standard deviation is the most widely used measure of the precision of quantitative methods, there is a need to re-examine the conditions necessary to obtain a meaningful estimate of this quantity. The importance of the material to be sampled, the sample size, the calculation of confidence intervals, and the segregation of outliers are discussed.
A Systematic Approach to Enzyme Assay Optimization, Illustrated by Aminotransferase Assays
Authors: London Jack W , Shaw Leslie M , Fetterolf Donald , Garfinkel David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We have developed a systematic approach to optimization of reagent concentrations for assays of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase: (a) Michaelis constants describing the initial-velocity kinetics of the coupled enzyme reactions were evaluated by a nonlinear least-squares fit of the appropriate equation to measured enzyme activities. Activities of more than 50 normal and pathological sera were measured at 30 °C. (b) These kinetic equations are used to calculate the set of reagent amino- and keto-acid concentrations that all yield a selected fraction of the theoretical maximum enzyme velocity. An optimal pair is determined by defining an additional criterion, such as minimal reagent cost or minimal concentration to Km ratio. (c) The optimum amounts of reagent NADH and coupling enzyme, being a function of desired pre-incubation and measurement intervals, maximum aminotransferase activity to be measured, and endogenous keto-acid concentration, are determined by computer simulation. An approximate relationship and an exact method for computing assay lag time are presented, along with experimentally measured endogenous keto-acid concentrations in serum. All procedures may be applied to other enzyme assays if appropriately modified.
Fluorometric Screening Method for Detecting Benzodiazepines in Blood and Urine
Authors: Valentour James C , Monforte Joseph R , Lorenzo Beverly , Sunshine Irving 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We report a fluorometric method for detecting diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam, chlorazepate, and (or) their major metabolites in blood, urine, or gastric contents at low therapeutic concentrations. The drugs are first hydrolyzed to their respective benzophenones and converted to highly fluorescent 9-acridanones. Total benzodiazepines (parent plus metabolites) in blood and gastric contents are semiquantitatively evaluated and compared to results of gas-chromatographic determinations.
Comparison of Human Pancreatic and Parotid Amylase Activities on Different Substrates
Authors: Stiefel Doris J , Keller Patricia J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The specific activities of highly purified preparations of human parotid and pancreatic amylase on several different soluble and insoluble starches were compared. The ratio of parotid to pancreatic activity varied with the physical nature of the substrate. With all soluble starches, irrespective of source, parotid amylase exhibited a higher specific activity than did pancreatic amylase; the reverse was true for an insoluble chromogenic starch (Amylose Azure). The variation in enzyme—substrate interaction supports previous indications of configurational differences between the two amylases. The observed organ-specific characteristics according to organ of origin may have value in determining relative parotid and pancreatic amylase activities in body fluids under normal and pathological conditions, thereby helping to clarify their functional and clinical significance.
Standardizing 125I Sources and Determining 125I Counting Efficiencies of Well-Type Gamma Counting Systems
Authors: Horrocks Donald L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
I describe the technique for determining the absolute decay rate of any 125I source. The problems of varying counting efficiency, varying sample geometry, and extended sources are discussed. By using the calibrated 125I source, the counting efficiency of the given counting system was obtained.
Serum and Tissue Enzyme Activity and Trace-Element Content in Response to Zinc Deficiency in the Pig
Authors: Burch Robert E , Williams Robert V , Hahn Henry K J , Jetton Mary M , Sullivan James F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Zinc deficiency is associated with poor growth and development. It has been postulated that a deficiency of the various zinc metalloenzymes results from the lack of dietary zinc. From present study, an examination of some aspects of this postulate, we conclude the following about zinc deficiency in pigs: (1) Of the tissues studied, it results in diminished zinc content only in liver, kidney, and pancreas. (2) It is associated with tissue ab normalities of various trace elements other than zinc. (3) Histochemical enzyme assays are satisfactory for qualitative but not quantitative determination of zinc me talloenzymes. (4) Deficiency of various tissue zinc metalloenzymes is difficult to demonstrate, even in severezinc deficiency. (5) It is associated with decreased activity of hepatic leucine aminopeptidase and ornithine transcarbamylase, and decreased serum cholesterol concentrations. Our findings are consistent with the postulate that alterations in a number of trace elements may occur in the entity called zinc deficiency.
Zinc Deficiency in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Prasad Ananda S , Schoomaker Eric B , Ortega Jesus , Brewer George J , Oberleas Donald , Oelshlegel Fred J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Clinical similarities between patients with sickle cell anemia and zinc-deficient subjects suggested a secondary zinc deficiency in sickle cell anemia. Zinc was assayed in various biological fluids and tissues by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Zinc in the plasma, erythrocytes, and hair was decreased and urinary zinc excretion was increased in anemia patients as compared to controls. Erythrocyte zinc and daily urinary zinc excretion were inversely correlated in the anemia patients (r = -.63, P &lt; 0.05), suggesting that hyperzincuria may have caused zinc deficiency in these patients. Carbonic anhydrase, a zinc metalloenzyme, correlated significantly with erythrocyte zinc (r = +0.94, P &lt; 0.001). Plasma RNase activity was significantly greater in anemia subjects than in controls. We administered zinc sulfate, 660 mg per day, orally, to seven men and two women with sickle cell anemia. Two 17-year-old males gained 5 cm and 7 cm in height during 49 and 42 weeks of zinc therapy, respectively. All but one patient gained weight (0.5 kg to 4.1 kg). Five of the males showed increased growth of pubic, axillary, facial, and body hair, and in one a leg ulcer healed in six weeks on zinc and in two others some benefit of zinc therapy on healing of ulcers was noted.
Trace Elements in Hair, as Related to Exposure in Metropolitan New York
Authors: Creason John P , Hinners Thomas A , Bumgarner Joseph E , Pinkerton Cecil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that trace element concentrations in hair can reflect exposure in cases of frank poisoning and deficiency. This study reports significant correlations within a single metropolitan area between trace-element content of hair and exposure (as measured by analyses for the corresponding elements in dustfall or housedust) for Ba, Cr, Pb, Hg, Ni, Sn, and V. Age, sex, hair color, and smoking habits were factors included in the statistical evaluation. Several metals increase and decrease together in the hair specimens, in agreement with trends reported for other human tissues.
Direct Determination of Total Serum Cholesterol by Use of Double-Wavelength Spectrophotometry
Authors: Sommers Philip B , Jatlow Peter I , Seligson David 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a simple, accurate method for direct determination of total cholesterol in serum. Systematic investigation of a previously described modified Liebermann— Burchard reagent has indicated the necessity of accounting for both bilirubin interference and decreased specificity owing to exothermia. Double-wavelength spectrophotometry was used to optically null out bilirubin as an interfering factor, whereas adding serum to the cold reagent increases its specificity for the cholesterol color reaction. Comparison of 106 cholesterol values with those obtained by the procedure of Abell et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 195, 357 (1952)] yielded a correlation coefficient greater than 0.99; our inter-run coefficient of variation for pooled laboratory serum was 1.7%.