bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body mass index and risk of obesity‐related conditions in a cohort of 2.9 million people: Evidence from a UK primary care database
Authors: Haase Christiane L. , Eriksen Kirsten T. , Lopes Sandra , Satylganova Altynai , Schnecke Volker , McEwan Phil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveObesity rates in the United Kingdom are some of the highest in Western Europe, with considerable clinical and societal impacts. Obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease, and increased mortality; however, relatively few studies have examined the occurrence of multiple obesity‐related outcomes in the same patient population. This study was designed to examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and a broad range of obesity‐related conditions in the same large cohort from a UK‐representative primary care database.MethodsDemographic data and diagnosis codes were extracted from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD database in January 2019. Adults registered for ≥ 3 years were grouped by BMI, with BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 as reference group. Associations between BMI and 12 obesity‐related outcomes were estimated using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age, sex, and smoking.ResultsMore than 2.9 million individuals were included in the analyses and were followed up for occurrence of relevant outcomes for a median of 11.4 years during the study period. Generally, there was a stepwise increase in risk of all outcomes with higher BMI. Individuals with BMI 40.0–45.0 kg/m2 were at particularly high risk of sleep apnea (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] vs. reference group: 19.8 [18.9–20.8]), T2D (12.4 [12.1–12.7]), heart failure (3.46 [3.35–3.57]), and hypertension (3.21 [3.15–3.26]).ConclusionsThis study substantiates evidence linking higher BMI to higher risk of a range of serious health conditions, in a large, representative UK cohort. By focusing on obesity‐related conditions, this demonstrates the wider clinical impact and the healthcare burden of obesity, and highlights the vital importance of management, treatment approaches, and public health programs to mitigate the impact of this disease.
Rational approaches for optimizing chemical functionality of plasma polymers: A case study with ethyl trimethylacetate
Authors: Saboohi Solmaz , Coad Bryan R. , Short Robert D. , Michelmore Andrew , Griesser Hans J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractImproved retention of desirable chemical structures during plasma polymerization requires rational tailoring of plasma‐phase conditions. Using ethyl trimethylacetate, we studied the effects of pressure and power on the contribution of intact molecular ions to deposition and retention of ester groups. The abundance of protonated molecular ions in plasmas varies with pressure and power, but the functionality of plasma polymers, assessed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, is not correlated. Together with high ion flux, the ion energy distribution was found to be a key parameter and needs to be tailored to enable the soft landing of ions on the surface after traversing the sheath. The compromise between the abundance of ions and their energy distribution is optimal near the transition between the α and γ plasma phases.
The use of plasma‐activated water in viticulture: Induction of resistance and agronomic performance in greenhouse and open field
Authors: Laurita Romolo , Contaldo Nicoletta , Zambon Yuri , Bisag Alina , Canel Alessandro , Gherardi Matteo , Laghi Giulia , Bertaccini Assunta , Colombo Vittorio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, two different cold atmospheric‐pressure plasmas are used for the production of plasma‐activated water (PAW). To evaluate the effectiveness of PAW as a possible means to control plant diseases, grapevines in an open field and a greenhouse are treated, evaluating qualitative and quantitative yield parameters, phytoplasma presence, and gene expression. The results show the capability of PAW to enhance plant defense mechanisms and, as demonstrated in the field trials, confirm its ability to improve the health status of the treated plants.
Flower strips as a bridge habitat facilitate the movement of predatory beetles from wheat to maize crops
Authors: Yang Quanfeng , Men Xingyuan , Zhao Wenlu , Li Chao , Zhang Qingqing , Cai Zhiping , Ge Feng , Ouyang Fang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGeneralist predators play a key role in the biocontrol of insect pests in agricultural systems. However, predators are subject to frequent mortality events due to periodic disturbance regimes such as crop planting and harvest, which inevitably affect the population development of predators. Conservation of predators in this critical period is important for double‐cropping systems such as winter wheat and summer maize, the most widely used cropping system in North China.RESULTSPlanting Cnidium monnieri flower strips at field borders could not only serve as a bridge habitat to conserve the dominant predator Propylaea japonica in wheat fields during harvest but also help the predator immigrate to adjacent maize fields. The predator abundance was 7‐fold higher on flower strips than that on natural vegetation strips during the wheat postharvest period and before the maize plant emergence for about a month, and its abundance in maize fields planted with flower strips was nearly 2‐fold higher than that in maize fields planted with natural vegetation strips. Moreover, 77.56% of predators that entered maize fields were proven to originate from flower strips.CONCLUSIONOur findings provided evidence that manipulating flower strips as a bridge habitat in wheat–maize rotation fields could conserve P. japonica during crop phenophase changes, and we quantitatively testified that the proportion of this predator in maize fields derived from flower strips. In practice, such a strategy may also be applied in other double‐cropping and triple‐cropping systems. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Azadirachtin downregulates the expression of the CREB gene and protein in the brain and directly or indirectly affects the cognitive behavior of the Spodoptera litura fourth‐instar larvae
Authors: Qin Deqiang , Zhou You , Zhang Peiwen , Liu Benju , Zheng Qun , Zhang Zhixiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAzadirachtin has the potential to be used for pest control. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the effects of azadirachtin on the cognitive behavior of pests. In this study, expression of the cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB) and its gene were studied via a series of experiments in Spodoptera litura larvae treated with azadirachtin.RESULTSRNA‐Seq analysis of S. litura larvae treated with azadirachtin was undertaken. According to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, the top 20 enriched pathways included neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathways, with seven significantly differentially expressed genes including CREB. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) results indicated that the CREB gene was expressed during all developmental stages of S. litura, but relative expression of the CREB gene was significantly downregulated after treatment with azadirachtin. Grayscale statistical analysis also showed that expression levels of protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and CREB proteins were significantly downregulated after treatment with azadirachtin. Moreover, RNA interference results showed that the effect of azadirachtin on the cognitive behavior of S. litura was consistent with that seen after interfering with CREB. In addition, larval selectivity to addictive odor sources was reduced, and the initial reaction time was increased.CONCLUSIONSThis study clarified that azadirachtin can affect the cognitive behavior of S. litura and treatment with azadirachtin resulted in a downregulation of gene and protein expression of CREB and its pathway proteins. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Cross and multiple herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass (Poa annua) populations from eastern Texas golf courses
Authors: Singh Vijay , dos Reis Fabricia C , Reynolds Casey , Elmore Matthew , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAnnual bluegrass is a troublesome weed in managed turf systems. A survey was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of herbicide resistance in golf course populations of annual bluegrass in eastern Texas. Screenings were conducted for two photosystem II (PS II)‐inhibitor herbicides [simazine preemergence (PRE), amicarbazone postemergence (POST)], two acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors (foramsulfuron POST, trifloxysulfuron POST) and one microtubule assembly inhibitor (pronamide PRE/POST).RESULTSNinety percent of the populations were found to be resistant to at least one of the tested herbicides. The TX15‐14 population was >490‐, 178‐, 10‐, 26‐, 4.3‐ and 3.8‐fold, and the TX15‐27 population was >490‐, 16‐, 28‐, 84‐, 5.2‐ and 4.1‐fold less sensitive to simazine, amicarbazone, foramsulfuron, trifloxysulfuron, pronamide POST and pronamide PRE, respectively, compared to the susceptible standard TX15‐SUS. Populations resistant to pronamide POST were completely controlled by pronamide PRE at the label recommended rate. The ALS and psbA gene sequence analysis indicated the presence of target site mutations (Ser‐264‐Gly in the psbA gene of TX15‐14 and Trp‐574‐Leu in the ALS gene of TX15‐27). However, given the absence of any target‐site mutation in the ALS gene of TX15‐14, the psbA gene of TX15‐27 and α‐tubulin of both populations, nontarget site mechanisms of resistance are suspected.CONCLUSIONThis is the first case of multiple herbicide resistance in annual bluegrass populations to three herbicide modes of action. Results show the widespread occurrence of multiple herbicide resistance in golf course annual bluegrass populations in eastern Texas and emphasize the need for the development and implementation of effective resistance management practices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Unmanned aircraft flight control aided by phased‐array radio navigation
Authors: Gryte Kristoffer , Bryne Torleiv H. , Johansen Tor A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNavigation systems of safety‐critical unmanned aircraft need an alternative position aiding source to global navigation satellite system. One promising alternative, is position measurements from phased‐array radio systems. The presented navigation system consist of a multiplicative extended Kalman filter that utilize these measurements, along with an exogenous altitude measurement, to aid an inertial navigation system. The reliability and accuracy of the navigation system is demonstrated through beyond‐visual‐line‐of‐sight flights with a fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicle, without the use of global navigation satellite systems. This uses a conventional guidance controller module, which also monitor the navigation quality.
New One‐Pot Synthesis of Catechol Thioethers Based on H2S and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Authors: Burmistrova Daria , Smolyaninov Ivan , Berberova Nadezhda , Eremenko Igor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNew one‐pot synthesis of catechol thioethers based on the reaction between H2S, 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone and unsaturated hydrocarbons was developed. This synthetic approach allows to produce target compounds in the media of alkenes or alkynes via an activation of H2S by 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone at room temperature. The method consists in sequential thiolation of an unsaturated hydrocarbon and a sterically hindered o‐benzoquinone. The reaction makes it possible to use hydrogen sulfide as a source of the sulfur atom in the synthesis of biologically active organosulfur compounds. Antioxidant activity of synthesized thioethers in CUPRAC‐test, induced oxidation of DNA or glutathione was determined. The proposed synthetic way is more effective than the synthesis of catechol thioethers via Michael addition of thiols because the formation of disulfide by‐products is reduced. In this study the application of available and cheap reagents such as hydrogen sulfide, alkenes, or alkynes to prepare sterically hindered catechols with thioether group was established.
Near‐Infrared Regulated Nanozymatic/Photothermal/Photodynamic Triple‐Therapy for Combating Multidrug‐Resistant Bacterial Infections via Oxygen‐Vacancy Molybdenum Trioxide Nanodots
Authors: Zhang Yan , Li Danxia , Tan Jinshan , Chang Zhishang , Liu Xiangyong , Ma Weishuai , Xu Yuanhong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBacterial infections have become a major danger to public health because of the appearance of the antibiotic resistance. The synergistic combination of multiple therapies should be more effective compared with the respective one alone, but has been rarely demonstrated in combating bacterial infections till now. Herein, oxygen‐vacancy molybdenum trioxide nanodots (MoO3−x NDs) are proposed as an efficient and safe bacteriostatic. The MoO3−x NDs alone possess triple‐therapy synergistic efficiency based on the single near‐infrared irradiation (808 nm) regulated combination of photodynamic, photothermal, and peroxidase‐like enzymatic activities. Therein, photodynamic and photothermal therapies can be both achieved under the excitation of a single wavelength light source (808 nm). Both the photodynamic and nanozyme activity can result in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reach the broad‐spectrum sterilization. Interestingly, the photothermal effect can regulate the MoO3−x NDs to their optimum enzymatic temperature (50 °C) to give sufficient ROS generation in low concentration of H2O2 (100 µm). The MoO3−x NDs show excellent antibacterial efficiency against drug‐resistance extended spectrum β‐lactamases producing Escherichia coli and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Animal experiments further indicate that the MoO3−x NDs can effectively treat wounds infected with MRSA in living systems.
Sustainability and Chaos in the Abiotic Polymerization of 3’,5’ Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate: The Role of Aggregation
Authors: Costanzo Giovanna , Šponer Judit E. , Šponer Jiří , Cirigliano Angela , Benedetti Piero , Giliberti Valeria , Polito Raffaella , Di Mauro Ernesto 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by Judit Šponer (Institute of Biophysics, Czech Academy of Sciences). The image shows that polymerization of H‐form 3’,5’ cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) exhibits an oscillatory behavior when studying the reaction on longer time scales (of several days). Domains of the material, differing in the level of hydration, interlock like pieces of a puzzle, resulting in a complex chemical system working far from equilibrium. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/syst.202000011.
Prediction of Chip Solder Fatigue in IGBTs
Authors: Wang Xiping , Li Zhigang , Yao Fang , Tang Shengxue 
Published: December 2020

Chip solder degradation is one of the main factors affecting the reliable operation of insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules. However, there are still many challenges to get the real lifetime of chip solder. This paper proposes a lifetime consumption prediction method based on chip solder failure. First, the constant high junction temperature fluctuations are applied to IGBT modules for the power cycling tests. The transient thermal resistance is measured to monitor the degradation process of IGBT modules for every 1000 times of aging tests. And the failure degree of chip solder is analyzed by the integral structure function. With the help of scanning acoustic microscope, the failure analysis of aging modules is carried out. The finite element simulation model is established to analyze the transient thermomechanical characteristics of chip solder. Then, the influences of different power cycling conditions on the viscoplastic strain of chip solder are analyzed quantitatively. The average value of the viscoplastic strain increment is obtained by the integral method under large thermal loading. Meanwhile, the method is also applicable to the low thermal loading. Finally, a study case of IGBT modules in a 1.5 MW grid‐side wind power converter is given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Fetal Wound Healing
Authors: Ulrich Magda M. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFirst- and second-trimester fetal skin wounds are known to heal without scarring.Research has excluded factors like the sterile uterine environment as the cause of scarless repair, and it is believed that scarless healing is an intrinsic property of early fetal skin. However, increasing wound size and induction of the inflammatory reaction can evoke a scar response in the fetus.For decades, research is performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for scarless healing in fetuses. Much research has been performed in animal studies, and several mechanisms have been proposed to be involved such as the microenvironment and the extracellular matrix, a reduced inflammatory response, differences in growth factor profile, and differences in fibroblast phenotype.It is clear that the wound healing process leading to scarless healing cannot be attributed to just one factor or mechanism but will be the result of a complex of interconnected processes.This chapter describes some of the possible mechanisms which may play a role in scarless healing.
Scar Symptom: Erythema and Thickness
Authors: Yang Yating , Wu Xiaoli , Liu Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractErythema is a word derived from the Greek erythros, which describes red color of the skin or mucous membrane. In particular, erythema and redness in scar are important as they are closely related to scar symptoms and tissue maturation, and thus can serve as an indicator for scar prognosis. There is rich information in the literature regarding its clinical manifestation, pathological mechanism, and its relation to inflammation and symptoms of pain and itching as well as the clinical treatment. Scar thickness reflects the accumulation of collagen content and there is no necessary association between scar redness and thickness. This chapter mainly focuses on the overview of scar erythema/redness in the aspects of definition, possible mechanism related to clinical manifestation and symptoms, and finally the therapeutic options.
Scar Symptoms: Pigmentation Disorders
Authors: Pijpe A. , Gardien K. L. M. , van Meijeren-Hoogendoorn R. E. , Middelkoop E. , van Zuijlen Paul P. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, course, measurement, and potential therapies for pigmentation disorders in scars. Pigmentation problems are a common consequence of deep partial- and full-thickness burns, other skin trauma or disease, and surgical procedures. Both hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation can cause esthetic and psychological issues, which may influence quality of life. The role of melanocytes and the maturation of pigmentation problems are discussed. To determine the severity of pigmentation problems and for therapeutic evaluation, different subjective and objective methods have been validated. Simple and easy-to-use measurement instruments are available based on spectrophotometric techniques. Also scar assessment scales with subscales for color and pigmentation are convenient and validated methods for quantitative evaluation of skin pigment disorders. Treatment options are discussed and include camouflage therapy, topical treatments, chemical peels, laser therapy, dermatography, dermabrasion, microneedling, skin grafting, cell therapy, and excision. It is advised to first try the conservative options and to dose and monitor the treatment to prevent overshoot and complications.
Scar Contractures
Authors: Masanovic Marguerite Guillot , Téot Luc 
Published: December 2020

AbstractScar retractions occurring on mobile areas on the body surface, like the neck, the joints, the hand, and the face may induce functional limitations in skin availability during movements. Extensive burns, trauma, and infected wounds may be found as risk factors. The activation of populations of myofibroblasts may explain the occurrence of skin contracture, as they mechanically act on the matrix and induce skin retraction (Kwan and Tredget, Hand Clin 33(2):277–292, 2017). Pathological consequences of the contractures may vary from a moderate limitation of movement over a digital joint to a permanent neck contracture impairing eye vision in the horizontal plane. The shortage of skin capacity may vary from 2 to 10 cm. Most of the contractures respond to an active early treatment when there is an early diagnosis at 1 month after wound healing, but if diagnosed later specific surgical procedures are needed, like skin grafting, local or regional flaps, but also complex microsurgical flaps. Specific indications depend on the necessity to restore the function.
Scar Assessment Scales
Authors: Carrière Michelle E. , van de Kar Annekatrien L. , van Zuijlen Paul P. M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOver the last decades, many scar assessment scales have been developed, not only to evaluate the effectiveness of new and existing treatments in the research setting but also to monitor scars in individual patients. Clinician-reported scar scales allow for the evaluation of observable aspects of the scar, while patient-reported scar scales enable the evaluation of additional health domains that cannot be observed by clinicians, such as scar symptoms or sensations and quality of life. The quality of scar assessment scales is determined by several measurement properties (i.e., validity, reliability, and responsiveness). This chapter provides an overview of the content and development of the most frequently used scar assessment scales.
Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) Scar Scale (JSS) for Assessing Keloids and Hypertrophic Scars
Authors: Ogawa Rei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Vancouver scar scale, the Manchester scar scale, and the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) are all very well-known scar evaluation methods. These tools are based on a number of scar variables, including color, height, and pliability. However, since all were mainly developed to evaluate burn scars, they are difficult to use in clinical practice for keloids and hypertrophic scars. This is because these pathological scars require both differential diagnosis and a way to evaluate their response to therapy. The Japan Scar Workshop (JSW) has sought to develop a scar assessment scale that meets these clinical needs. The first version of this scar assessment tool was named the JSW scar scale (JSS), and it was reported in 2011. In 2015, the revised second version was reported. The JSS consists of two tables. One is a scar classification table that is used to determine whether the scar is a normal mature scar, a hypertrophic scar, or a keloid. This grading system helps the user to select the most appropriate treatment method for the scar. The other table in the JSS is an evaluation table that is used to judge the response to treatment and for follow-up. Both tables contain sample images of each subjective keloid/hypertrophic scar item that allow the user to evaluate each item without hesitation.