bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saussure’s “anagrams”: A case of acousmatic mistaken identity?
Authors: Bennett Fionn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the course of his painstaking study of ancient verse, Ferdinand de Saussure came up with an intriguing theory about the phonetics of the poetry he scrutinised. He postulated that the “jeux phoniques” he detected in the texts he analysed was proof that their authors were attempting to “parasite” the surface level meaning of their verse with a “hypotexte.” This hypotexte consisted of “anagrams” of “mots thèmes” whose phonetic properties were “isosyllabically diffracted” throughout the rest of the host text. Today it is generally accepted that Saussure was wrong about this. Few however maintain that what he discerned in the phonetic depths of the verse he auscultated was no more than the figment of a fertile imagination. But if this be so, what exactly had he detected? This paper maintains that what Saussure stumbled upon was the trace of a contribution made to ancient verse by melodically and metrically organised sounds. This was inevitable. Virtually all the texts he probed were “carmina sacra” that were composed to be sung and accompanied by music. This musical accompaniment had a decisive impact on the phonetics of the “lexemic” words in the Poetry that has survived. This is so because sung verse cannot “euphoniously” accommodate a musical accompaniment unless its phonetics constituents are selected, concatenated and intoned in such a way as to follow the melodic contours and rhythm patterns that modulate their articulation. In addition, the point of making verse consist both of melodically organised arrangements of sound and of organisations of sound in which one can recognise ordinary words was not simply ornamental. The real point was to bi-nature what one was hearing. In other words, the goal was to “over-signify” the usual meanings of the “logocentric” words in the verse with a separate but complementary meaning and narrative encoded in melodised tones and metered rhythms. Why qualify the accompanying music as “acousmatic voices”? Because the music in question was added to song to give a voice to whichever tutelary divinity the song was performed to honour. That’s what makes “acousmatic voices” an especially apt epithet for characterising the melodically and rhythmically structured bodies of sound Saussure so presciently discerned in the phonetic depths of the poésie phonisante he probed. The point of their being in poetry was to give a voice to the agencies to whom the object or occasion of verse is beholden for its Being-in-the-world.
The word revisited: Introducing the CogSens Model to integrate semiotic, linguistic, and psychological perspectives
Authors: Durst-Andersen Per , Bentsen Stine Evald 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper develops a new holistic theory of the word by integrating semiotic, linguistic, and psychological perspectives and introduces the Cogitative-Sensory Word Model, the CogSens Model, that unites the human mind and body. Saussure’s two-sided sign is replaced by a Peirce-inspired three-sided conception in which the expression unit mediates two content units, namely, an idea content connected to the human mind and an image content linked to the human body. It is argued that it is the word that makes human language a unique tool of communication. Moreover, it is demonstrated how words interact with grammar to create an utterance. Finally, it is suggested that speech perception, i.e., fission of idea and image content, is the mirror image of speech production, i.e., fusion of idea and image content.
Zur Bedeutung von Kernwaffen unter Bedingungen strategischer Rivalität – analytische Denkanstöße
Authors: Lutsch Andreas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article seeks to challenge sluggishness and wishful thinking in dealing with the issue of nuclear deterrence and to expose those tendencies to a reality check. Considering results of the latest research, the article offers methodological, conceptual, and empirical impulses to advance such an approach. On this basis, the article presents three key propositions to keep the current constellation of the European security order and its trajectories in perspective.
Air pollution, mortality, at-risk population, new entry and life expectancy of the frail elderly in three U.S. cities
Authors: Murray Christian J. , Lipfert Frederick W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present the findings of a new time-series model that estimates short-term health effects of particulate matter and ozone, as applied to three U.S. cities. The model is based on observed fluctuations of daily death counts and estimates the corresponding daily subpopulations at-risk of imminent death; it also shows that virtually all elderly deaths are preceded by a brief period of extreme frailty. We augment previous research by allowing new entrants to this at-risk population to be influenced by the environment, rather than be random. The mean frail subpopulations in the three cities, each containing between 3000 and 5000 daily observations on mortality, pollution, and temperature, are estimated to be about 0.1% of those aged 65 or more, and their life expectancies in this frail status are about one week. We find losses in life expectancy due to air pollution and temperature to be at most one day. Air pollution effects on new entrants into the frail population tend to exceed those on mortality. Our results provide context to the many time-series studies that have found significant short-term relationships between air quality and survival, and they suggest that benefits of air quality improvement should be based on increased life expectancy rather than estimated numbers of excess deaths.
Nominal and pronominal gender: Putting Greenberg’s Universal 43 to the test
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study is to scrutinize Greenberg’s Universal 43, which predicts pronominal gender in the presence of nominal gender. On the basis of a sample of 500 gendered and ungendered languages, gender marking is examined in nouns, personal pronouns, possessors and possessums. Ungendered languages outnumber gendered languages. Eight out of 12 logically possible gender constellations are attested in the database. In keeping with Greenberg, languages with nominal gender show a strong bias towards gendered pronouns. There is a strong correlation between gendered personal pronouns and gendered possessors. Gendered possessums are cross-linguistically uncommon. The empirical patterns are brought about by a small set of theoretical principles. Gender is independently specified for each category. Gender marking is an effort. The strength of the correlation depends on the “distance” between two given gender sites. Coding gender twice in the same time frame creates a processing difficulty. Natural and grammatical gender conspire to generate the gender sensitivity of individual categories.
Mixed evidence for crosslinguistic dependency length minimization
Authors: Liu Zoey 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe investigate whether and to what extent the principle of Dependency Length Minimization (DLM) predicts crosslinguistic syntactic ordering preferences. More specifically, we ask: (i) is there a typological tendency for shorter constituents to appear closer to their syntactic heads in constructions with flexible constituent orderings? (ii) how does the extent of DLM in these constructions vary for languages with different structural characteristics? Our study uses prepositional and postpositional phrase (PP) typology as a testbed. Leveraging multilingual corpora for 34 languages, we focus on sentences with verb phrases that have exactly two PP dependents on the same side of the head verb, the ordering of which under certain conditions contains flexibility. Overall we show a pronounced preference for shorter PPs to be closer to the head verb, establishing the first large-scale quantitative evidence that DLM exists in crosslinguistic syntactic alternations. Furthermore, we present evidence that while the efficacy of DLM depends on the specific ordering structures of different language types, across languages there appears to be a much stronger preference for DLM when the two PPs appear postverbally, compared to no or a much weaker tendency for shorter dependencies when the two PPs occur preverbally. This contrast is the most visible in mixed-type languages with head-initial PPs that can appear both after or before the head verb. Within the limited number of rigid OV languages in our dataset, which have head-final PPs before the head verb, we observe no robust tendency for DLM, in contrast to the patterns in languages with head-initial PPs after the head verb. This contradicts previous findings of a longer-before-short preference in preverbal orders of head-final languages.
The Art of Mythical History and the Temporality of the AthenianEpitaphioi Logoi
Authors: Kapach Avi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis essay examines the use of myth and history in the Athenian public funeral speeches (epitaphioi logoi), concentrating specifically on temporality implied by the impulse to “mythologize” recent memories through speech,logos(Dem. 60.9; cf. Pl.Menex. 239b7-c7). While Loraux and other scholars are correct that theepitaphioiendowed Athens with a certain eternity by construing the present through the timeless lens of myth, the prevailing tendency to suspend the Athens of theepitaphioioutside of time leads to difficulties. As I argue, the chronological organization of theepitaphioigrants these speeches an important temporal element and situates them in the same continuum as the present – a move further reinforced by the tendency of the orators to rationalize the Athenian myths much as historians might; accordingly, I propose an adjusted taxonomy with which to approach the temporal status of Athenian epitaphic encomium: theepitaphioiare “mythical” less because of their eternalizing perspective than because of the malleable and pluralistic way in which they conceived of the past and molded it to their ideological purpose. Borrowing from anthropological and cognitive psychological frameworks, I further suggest that by routinely reconsolidating the past in the collective memory of thepolistheepitaphioipositioned themselves in opposition to historiography.
The activities of GST isozymes in stomach tissues of female obese patients
Authors: Yilmaz Can , Bulus Hakan , Oguztuzun Serpil , Cihan Mehmethan , Fidan Ceylan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Obesity has become an important public health problem because of its increasing prevalence and relation with many diseases and mortality. Studies have shown its association with oxidative stress. In this study, the effect of obesity on total amount of thiol and some glutathione S-transferase (GST) isozymes were investigated which could serve as an important criteria in dose adjustment of some certain drugs in obese.

Methods
The gastric tissues removed by gastrectomy operation from 29 morbid obese female patients were analysed for thiol levels and activities of total GST, GSTT1-1 and GSTM1-1. Patients were grouped according to age, presence of hypertension and/or diabetes, and family history.

Results
The average total thiol was 131.22 (±7.74) nmol/mg protein with no significant differences in between the groups. GSTT1 specific activities were about 20% higher in four groups: with ages over 35 years old, with hypertension, without diabetes and finally without family history, with respect to other groups. The differences between total GST and GSTM1 activity levels of experimental groups were not significant.

Conclusions
This is the first study to compare activities of GST isozymes and total thiol content in the stomach tissues of obese female patients accompanying some common metabolic disorders, age and family history.
Aerodynamic Optimization of Winglet-Cavity Tip in an Axial High Pressure Turbine Stage
Authors: Zhou Zhihua , Chen Shaowen , Wang Songtao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A new geometry parametric method of winglet-cavity tip has been introduced in the optimization procedure based on three-dimensional steady CFD numerical calculation and analysis. Firstly, the reliability of numerical method and grid independency are studied. Then an aerodynamic optimization is performed in an unshrouded axial high pressure turbine with winglet-cavity tip. The optimum winglet-cavity tip has higher turbine stage efficiency and smaller tip leakage mass flow rate than the cavity tip and flat tip. Compared with the results of cavity tip, the effects of the optimum winglet-cavity tip indicate that the stage efficiency is improved effectively by 0.41% with less reduction of tip leakage mass flow rate. The variation of turbine stage efficiency with tip gap states that the optimum winglet-cavity tip obtains the smallest efficiency change rate ∆η/(∆τ/H). For the optimum winglet-cavity tip, the endwall flow and blade tip leakage flow pattern are used to analysis the physical mechanical of losses. In addition, the effects of pressure-side winglet and suction-side winglet are analyzed respectively by the deformation of the optimum winglet-cavity tip. The numerical results show that the pressure-side winglet reduces the tip leakage flow effectively, and the suction-side winglet shows a great improvement on the turbine stage efficiency.
Tongxinluo promotes axonal plasticity and functional recovery after stroke
Authors: Wang Xiaoting , Huang Xiaoqin , Yang Mengqi , Pan Xueying , Duan Meiyi , Cai Hui , Jiang Guimiao , Wen Xianlong , Zou Donghua , Chen Li 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the neural plasticity in contralesional cortex and the effects of tongxinluo (TXL) in cerebral ischemic rats.

Methodology
We used stroke-prone renovascular hypertensive (RHRSP) cerebral ischemia rat models to study the effect of TXL and the underlying mechanisms. We performed foot-fault and beam-walking tests to evaluate the motor function of rats after cortical infarction. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was used to track axonal sprouting and neural connections.

Results
TXL enhanced the recovery of motor function in cerebral infarction rats. TXL increased axonal sprouting in the peri-infarcted area but not in the corpus callosum, indicating in situ origination instead of crossing between cortical hemispheres through the corpus callosum. TXL promoted the sprouting of corticospinal axons into the denervated side of spinal gray matter. The synaptophysin (SYN)-positive intensity in the peri-infarcted area of TXL-treated group was greater than that in the vehicle group. We observed co-localization of SYN with BDA-positive fibers in the denervated spinal cord gray matter in the TXL group, suggesting that axonal remodeling and synaptic connections were promoted by TXL.

Conclusion
TXL may promote the recovery of neurological function by promoting the axonal remodeling and synapse formation of motor neuronal fibers after focal cortical infarction in hypertensive rats.
The Postdeterminative
ki in the Hittite Cuneiform Corpus
Authors: Kryszeń Adam 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Among almost 20,000 attestations of place names in Hittite cuneiform texts, only ca. 120 feature the geographic postdeterminative ki (“place”). This present paper explores possible reasons for such a modest number, analysing the data according to various criteria, including the geographical dispersal of toponyms determined by ki, the dating of the texts, their language and their cultural provenance. It is argued that the use of ki in the Hittite corpus is not random and should be viewed in the context of early Hittite scribal tradition. A catalogue of all attestations of the postdeterminative ki is included.
γ-Brass type structures with I- and P-cell in the ternary Cu–Zn–In system
Authors: Misra Samiran , Giri Souvik , Jana Partha P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
γ-Brass type phases in Cu–Zn–In ternary system were synthesized from the highly pure elements by conventional solid-state synthesis and characterized by X-ray diffraction and EDX analysis. Diffraction analysis confirmed the existence of cubic γ-brass type phases with I- and P-cell having a significant homogeneity range in the ternary Cu–Zn–In system. The phase homogeneity is connected with structural disorder based on mixed site occupancies. Site specific In substitution was observed during single-crystal structure analysis. The γ-brass structures with body-centered cubic lattice (I

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3m) are viewed as 26-atom γ-clusters. Like Cu5Zn8, the inner tetrahedron (IT), outer tetrahedron (OT) and octahedron (OH) sites in the 26-atom clusters of γ-brass structures with I-cell are occupied by Zn, Cu, Cu, respectively. Indium substitution is restricted to the cuboctahedral (CO) site and the CO site is assumed to be mixed with In, Cu and Zn throughout the homogeneity range. The structures of cubic γ-brass type (P

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3m) phases with P-cell are built up with two independent 26‐atom γ‐clusters and centered at the special positions A (0, 0, 0) and B (½, ½, ½) of the unit cell. According to the single‐crystal X‐ray analyses, In substitutions are largely restricted to the cuboctahedral sited B clusters. In the cubic γ-phases with P-cell, site occupancy pattern of cluster positioned at A is similar to the γ-cluster in Cu5Zn8, whereas cluster B bears a close resemblance to Cu-poor γ-cluster (Cu14In12) of Cu9In4 (P

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3m). The vec values for cubic γ-brass type phases in the Cu–Zn–In ternary system ranges between 1.57 and 1.64.
Biodegradation and decolorization of textile dyes by bacterial strains: a biological approach for wastewater treatment
Authors: Ikram Muhammad , Zahoor Muhammad , El-Saber Batiha Gaber 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Textile industry releases large quantities of toxic dyes, which is a threat to public health and needs proper management before their release into environment. Out of the different approaches used these days, biodegradation and bio-decolorization is considered an eco-friendly and effective technique as this involves the use of microbes. This technique has the potential to be used effectively for a wide variety of dyes. In biological methods, mainly bacteria, fungi, and some algae are usually employed to remove or decolorize dyes present in textiles effluents and wastewaters. A number of researchers have used bacterial strains and relevant isolated enzymes successfully to decolorize a number of dyes. In this review article, various biological methods that have been used for the biodegradation and decolorization of textile dyes have been described. The review will also revive the significance of biological methods over other physical and chemical treatment methods that would be helpful in ensuring clean environment if used on large scale. Out of these methods, biodegradation through bacterial strains is considered as the best alternative to control water pollution as the growth rate of bacteria is considerably high as compared to other microorganisms. Thus if used the required biomass needed for biodegradation can be obtained in comparatively short interval of time.
At Roncevaux without Roland: Giovanni Codagnello’s Gesta Carli Francorum regis (1219–1222)
Authors: Galbiati Roberto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Giovanni Codagnello, a notary from Piacenza (c.1154–c.1234), wrote in his Liber rerum gestarum (1219–1222) a very personal re-elaboration of the defeat at Roncevaux, which he entitled Gesta Carli Francorum regis. Codagnello’s account is one of the oldest witnesses to the circulation in Italy of the legend of Roncevaux, but it has so far escaped the notice of scholars who have studied the Roland tradition in Italy. This article examines which version of the legend Codagnello knew. According to the author, he was familiar with a rhymed redaction of the Chanson de Roland. If this is the case, then it means that an exemplar of the Roland rimé was already circulating in northern Italy at the beginning of the thirteenth century.
A step forward in understandingpas: the post-verbal negator in Old Occitan from the perspective of communication and rhetorical strategizing
Authors: Paoli Sandra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, within the cognitive linguistics approach there has been a trend of scholarly research committed to exploring the motivation for language change. The way in which people use language in communication, together with principles of human categorization, are the locus where language change and innovations are to be found. Interactional contexts in particular, seen as playing a crucial role in bringing about syntactic change (Traugott 2010b), have figured prominently in recent contributions on diachronic micro-changes, bringing to the fore the role played by dialogue as both the manifestation of the participants’ own voices and the realization of the constant negotiation that characterizes human communication. Against this background, this contribution focuses on a particular use of the Occitan post-verbal negatorpasin negative rhetorical questions, which was very productive in fifteenth-century collections of religious theatrical texts. It is claimed that these dialogic contexts allowed a polyphonic use ofpas, crucially restricted to this post-verbal negator, which is key to identifying the reasons behind the eventual establishment ofpasas the generalized sentential negator in the modern language.
Bocado: scalar semantics and polarity sensitivity
Authors: Amaral Patrícia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper traces the developments of the nounbocadoas it participates in two polarity-sensitive constructions in the history of Portuguese: the minimizerbocado‘[not even] a bit’, a negative polarity item in Old Portuguese, and the degree adverbialum bocado‘a bit’, which emerges in the 1700 s and is a positive polarity item. I adopt Israel’s (2011) grammar of polarity based on two lexical features, a quantitative value (q-value) and an informative value (i-value), in order to analyze the properties of these constructions as they reveal the interaction between lexical meaning and the logic of scalar reasoning. By applying this model in diachrony, I show how the logic of pragmatic scales underlies the patterns observed: a low q-value (lexical meaning) constrains the possible contexts of use of the expression in terms of the informativity of the propositions conveyed. Diachronic studies can thus shed light on the types of meaning associated with scalar terms as well as on types of scalar items.
PROSES ELEKTRODEPOSISI UNTUK PENGUKURAN ISOTOP 242Pu DENGAN SPEKTROMETER ALPHA
Authors: Boybul Boybul , Yanlinastuti Yanlinastuti , Nugroho Arif , Kriswarini Rosika , Ginting Aslina Br. 
Published: November 2020

OPTIMASI PROSES ELEKTRODEPOSISI UNTUK PENGUKURAN ISOTOP 242Pu DENGAN SPEKTROMETER ALPHA. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode elektrodeposisi untuk penyiapan sumber isotop 242Pu untuk pengukuran dengan spektrometer alpha. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan parameter optimal proses elektrodeposisi sehingga diperoleh sumber alpha isotop 242Pu dengan spektrum yang baik dan hasil maksimal dari proses elektrodeposisi. Sampel standar isotop 242Pu dengan aktivitas tertentu dibuat dari larutan standar plutonium. Percobaan dilakukan untuk menetapkan parameter yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi proses elektrodeposisi. Parameter proses elektrodeposisi yang dipelajari antara lain pengaruh waktu, arus listrik dan jarak anoda katoda menggunakan larutan elektrolit ammonium sulfat pH 3,5. Hasil optimasi proses elektrodeposisi diperoleh waktu optimum 2,5 jam, arus listrik 1,4 A dan jarak antara anoda katoda 10 mm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa parameter tersebut merupakan kondisi terbaik untuk deposisi isotop 242Pu. Hasil pengukuran dengan spektrometri alpha menunjukkan bahwa resolusi spektrum yang baik untuk sumber isotop 242Pu, dengan kedapatulangan proses elektrodeposisi sebesar 95,25%, dengan presisi sebesar 2,82%.Kata kunci: Elektrodeposisi, isotop 242Pu, kuat arus, waktu, spektrometer alpha