bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a preliminary sensory lexicon for mate tea
Authors: de Godoy Rossana Catie Bueno , Chambers Edgar , Yang Gongshun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA Lexicon was developed for yerba mate tea including attributes, definitions, and references to describe the color, aroma, and flavor. A highly trained panel generated 39 attributes and evaluated 18 samples of tea. Some attributes such as smoky, woody, straw‐like, ashy, astringent, bitter, sweet aromatics, musty dusty, and dark green were present in most of the samples. Other characteristics such as green, floral, spice brown, and petroleum‐like appeared in less than 50% of the samples. The sensory profile of mate tea was complex but differed for various teas. This terminology can be useful for manufacturers, producers, and consumers and helpful for the standardization of mate tea.Practical applicationThe development of a sensory lexicon for mate tea can be helpful for the entire mate tea chain from grower to producer to consumer. Such a lexicon aids researcher in breeding programs for Yerba Mate, can help crop managers producing mate tea with the desired characteristics; assists manufacturers in differentiating products, categorizing and selecting of raw material, optimizing processes and developing new products; and can ensure consumers they are getting a consisted, expected product. Such data are critical for use in sensory studies where descriptive data are related to consumer preferences and for conducting studies in different, labs, regions, and countries.
Simulation in psychiatry for medical doctors: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Piot Marie‐Aude , Dechartres Agnès , Attoe Chris , Jollant Fabrice , Lemogne Cédric , Layat Burn Carine , Rethans Jan‐Joost , Michelet Daphne , Cross Sean , Billon Gregoire , Guerrier Gilles , Tesniere Antoine , Falissard Bruno 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContextMost medical doctors are likely to work with patients experiencing mental health conditions. However, educational opportunities for medical doctors to achieve professional development in the field of psychiatry are often limited. Simulation training in psychiatry may be a useful tool to foster this development.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of simulation training in psychiatry for medical students, postgraduate trainees and medical doctors.MethodsFor this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we searched eight electronic databases and trial registries up to 31 August 2018. We manually searched key journals and the reference lists of selected studies. We included randomised and non‐randomised controlled studies and single group pre‐ and post‐test studies. Our main outcomes were based on Kirkpatrick levels. We included data only from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using random‐effects models.ResultsFrom 46 571 studies identified, we selected 163 studies and combined 27 RCTs. Interventions included simulation by role‐play (n = 69), simulated patients (n = 72), virtual reality (n = 22), manikin (n = 5) and voice simulation (n = 2). Meta‐analysis found significant differences at immediate post‐tests for simulation compared with active and inactive control groups for attitudes (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.52, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31‐0.73 [I2 = 0.0%] and SMD = 0.28, 95% CI 0.04‐0.53 [I2 = 52.0%], respectively), skills (SMD = 1.37, 95% CI 0.56‐2.18 [I2 = 93.0%] and SMD = 1.49, 95% CI 0.39‐2.58 [I2 = 93.0%], respectively), knowledge (SMD = 1.22, 95% CI 0.57‐1.88 [I2 = 0.0%] and SMD = 0.72, 95% CI 0.14‐1.30 [I2 = 80.0%], respectively), and behaviours (SMD = 1.07, 95% CI 0.49‐1.65 [I2 = 68.0%] and SMD = 0.45, 95% CI 0.11‐0.79 [I2 = 41.0%], respectively). Significant differences in terms of patient benefit and doctors’ behaviours and skills were found at the 3‐month follow‐up.ConclusionsDespite heterogeneity in methods and simulation interventions, our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of simulation training in psychiatry training.
Fault‐controlled dolostone geometries in a transgressive–regressive sequence stratigraphic framework
Authors: Yao Shuqing , Gomez‐Rivas Enrique , Martín‐Martín Juan Diego , Gómez‐Gras David , Travé Anna , Griera Albert , Howell John A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the geometries of fault‐controlled dolostone geobodies and their structural and sequence stratigraphic controls, which provide new insights for the prediction and production of fault‐controlled dolomitized hydrocarbon reservoirs. A very thick succession (>1600 m) of Aptian–Albian shallow‐marine carbonates of the Benassal Formation that crop out in the Benicàssim area (Maestrat Basin, eastern Spain) is partly replaced by dolomite, resulting in dolostone geometries ranging from massive patches to stratabound bodies. Detailed mapping, systematic logging and correlation were carried out to characterize the structural, sedimentary and sequence stratigraphic framework of the area and to constrain the principal controls on the full‐range of dolostone geometries. The results show that carbonate sediments accumulated in a half graben stacked in three transgressive–regressive sequences. Large‐scale massive dolostone patches (with up to kilometre extension) formed near large‐scale faults indicating that they acted as entry points for warm dolomitizing fluids into the basin. These dolostone patches laterally pass to large stratabound bodies that extend for long distances (at least 7 km) away from feeding faults, forming a continuum. The presence of a regional unconformity and a clastic fine‐grain low‐permeability unit (Escucha Formation) on top of the Benassal Formation likely constrained the dolomitization fluids to an up to 580 m thick interval below the base of the Escucha Formation. Thus, only limestones within this interval, corresponding to the two uppermost transgressive–regressive sequences, were dolomitized. There is a clear relationship between the stratigraphic framework and the preferred replaced beds. Dolomitization preferentially affected sediments deposited in inner to middle ramp settings with predominant wackestone to packstone textures. Such facies are laterally most abundant in the east of the study area (i.e. basinward) and vertically in layers around the maximum flooding zone of the top sequence, which is preferentially affected by dolomitization.
Approaches to inducing antigen‐specific immune tolerance in allergy and autoimmunity: Focus on antigen‐presenting cells and extracellular vesicles
Authors: Nazimek Katarzyna , Bryniarski Krzysztof 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreasing prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases urges clinicians and researchers to search for new and efficient treatments. Strategies that activate antigen‐specific immune tolerance and simultaneously maintain immune reactivity to all other antigens deserve special attention. Accordingly, antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) seem to be the best suited for orchestrating these mechanisms by directing T cell immune responses towards a tolerant subtype. Recent advances in understanding cell‐to‐cell communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) make the latter promising candidates for reprogramming APCs towards a tolerant phenotype, and for mediating tolerogenic APC function. Thus, comprehensive studies have been undertaken to describe the interactions of APCs and EVs naturally occurring during immune tolerance induction, as well as to develop EV‐based manoeuvres enabling the induction of immune tolerance in an antigen‐specific manner. In this review, we summarize the findings of relevant studies, with a special emphasis on future perspectives on their translation to clinical practice.
Intersectional Heterotopia: HIV and LGBTQ+ Movement in China
Authors: Pan Xin , Loopmans Maarten 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnprotected sex is the primary mode of HIV transmission in China. In 2014, 25.8 per cent of newly diagnosed cases were attributed to unprotected sex between men (National Health and Family Planning Commission 2015). While the majority of the nation’s new HIV infections are due to heterosexual sex, HIV is deeply tied to homosexuality in public discourse in China. Standing at the intersection of a stigmatised disease and sexual dissidence, HIV‐positive gay men are particularly ‘Othered’, suffering from intense prejudice and discrimination. However, we analyse how this intersection not only presents oppression, but also agency. Whereas Chinese mainstream discourses are often imbued with homo‐negativity, the intersection of being gay and HIV‐positive has allowed the creation of LGBTQ+ NGOs as heterotopia which do not only function as counter‐sites where alternative social relations and norms can be imagined, but also as nodes in wider societal networks from where LGBTQ+ rights can be promoted.
Efficacy of Trovafloxacin against Experimental
Staphylococcus aureus
Endocarditis
Authors: Kaatz Glenn W. , Seo Susan M. , Aeschlimann Jeffrey R. , Houlihan Heather H. , Mercier Reneé-Claude , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Trovafloxacin is a new fluoronaphthyridone chemically and functionally related to members of the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents. The in vivo efficacy of the drug was compared with that of vancomycin by using the rabbit model of left-sided endocarditis. Rabbits infected with either a nafcillin-susceptible or -resistant test strain were treated with trovafloxacin (13.3 mg/kg of body weight every 12 h) or vancomycin (25 mg/kg of body weight every 8 h) for 4 days. In comparison with untreated controls, both antimicrobial agents effectively cleared bacteremia and significantly reduced bacterial counts in vegetations and tissues of animals infected with either test strain. No resistance to trovafloxacin emerged in test strains during therapy. We conclude that in this model trovafloxacin is as efficacious as vancomycin is and may serve as a viable alternative to vancomycin for use in humans with similar infections.
Evaluation of Possible Correlations between Antifungal Susceptibilities of Filamentous Fungi In Vitro and Antifungal Treatment Outcomes in Animal Infection Models
Authors: Odds F. C. , Van Gerven F. , Espinel-Ingroff A. , Bartlett M. S. , Ghannoum M. A. , Lancaster M. V. , Pfaller M. A. , Rex J. H. , Rinaldi M. G. , Walsh T. J. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Nine isolates of filamentous fungi previously tested in 11 different laboratories for their susceptibilities to amphotericin B and itraconazole in vitro were injected intravenously into mice and guinea pigs, and responses to treatment with both agents were studied. The experiments were done in a single laboratory. Mean survival times, the percentages of animals surviving 12 days after infection, and culture results for samples of deep organs obtained postmortem were used as markers of antifungal efficacy. Because of variations in organism pathogenicity, interpretable test systems in vivo could not be established for
Fusarium
spp. in mice or guinea pigs or for
Pseudallescheria boydii
in mice, even with the use of immunosuppressive pretreatments. Among the infections that could be evaluated, some degree of response to the corresponding treatment in vivo was seen in animals infected with each of two
Rhizopus arrhizus
isolates susceptible to amphotericin B at <0.5 μg/ml and
Aspergillus
spp. isolates susceptible to itraconazole at <1.0 μg/ml. Conversely, no responses were apparent with infecting strains for which MICs were ≥2 μg/ml (amphotericin B) or ≥1 μg/ml (itraconazole). However, the limitations of the intravenous challenge systems studied mean that no firm conclusion relating MICs in vitro to the lowest effective doses in vivo could be drawn.
Influence of Renal Failure on Ciprofloxacin Pharmacokinetics in Rats
Authors: Nouaille-Degorce B. , Veau C. , Dautrey S. , Tod M. , Laouari D. , Carbon C. , Farinotti R. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics have been shown to be modified in patients with renal failure (e.g., the intestinal secretion of ciprofloxacin is increased). This study investigated the influence of renal failure on the pharmacokinetics of ciprofloxacin following oral and parenteral administration to rats of a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. After parenteral administration, only renal clearance (CL
R
) was reduced in nephrectomized rats (5.3 ± 1.4 versus 17.8 ± 4.7 ml/min/kg,
P
< 0.01, nephrectomized versus control rats). However, nonrenal clearance was increased in nephrectomized rats (32 ± 4 versus 15 ± 5 ml/min/kg,
P
< 0.01, nephrectomized versus control rats), suggesting compensatory mechanisms for reduced renal function. After oral administration, apparent total clearance and CL
R
were reduced (
P
< 0.01) in nephrectomized rats (117 ± 25 and 6.8 ± 4.4 ml/min/kg, respectively) compared with the values for control rats (185 ± 9 and 22.6 ± 5.3 ml/min/kg, respectively) and the area under the concentration-time curve was higher (
P
< 0.01) for nephrectomized rats (436.3 ± 90.5 mg · min/liter) than for control rats (271.3 ± 14.3 mg · min/liter). Terminal elimination half lives in the two groups remained constant after oral and parenteral administration. These results suggest an increased bioavailability of ciprofloxacin in nephrectomized rats, which was confirmed by a nonlinear mixed-effect model.
Evaluation of the Safety and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a New, Pasteurized, Human Tetanus Immunoglobulin Administered as Sham, Postexposure Prophylaxis of Tetanus
Authors: Forrat Rémi , Dumas Rafaele , Seiberling Michael , Merz Michael , Lutsch Charles , Lang Jean 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIn a monocentric, double-blind, randomized trial, we examined the safety and pharmacokinetic profile of a new, pasteurized, human tetanus immunoglobulin (P-HTIG). As part of the purification process, P-HTIG has undergone a heat treatment step (10 h at 60°C) and the removal of Merthiolate. Forty-eight adults with a history of tetanus vaccination were randomized into four groups (n= 12 per group) to receive one of two different batches of this P-HTIG simultaneously with either tetanus-diphtheria (Td) vaccine (sham, postexposure prophylaxis of tetanus) or placebo. Local reactions at the injection site were followed for the first 3 days after injection, and systemic reactions were followed during the entire study period, i.e., up to 42 days posttreatment. Blood samples for tetanus antibody titer determination (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method) were drawn prior to treatment on day 0 and on days 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. A normalization of tetanus antibody titers (subtraction of the day 0 value for each subject at each time period) was performed to assess the additive effect of P-HTIG on tetanus antibody titers. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by both a compartmental analysis (modelization) and a noncompartmental analysis. No severe adverse reactions were reported. The rate of local reactions at the P-HTIG injection site was 27%. All local reactions were mild and resolved within 2 days. In contrast, local reactions at the vaccine injection site were seen in 79% of the subjects. The rate of systemic reactions was similar in the P-HTIG plus Td vaccine group (33%) and in the P-HTIG plus placebo group (21%), and all these reactions were mild. In the P-HTIG plus placebo group, tetanus antibody titers rose to a maximum of 0.313 ± 2.49 IU/ml after 4.4 days; in the P-HTIG plus Td vaccine group, a maximum concentration of 15.2 ± 2.42 IU/ml was reached 19 days postinjection. In both groups, 100% of the patients had seroprotective levels of tetanus antibodies (≥0.01 IU/ml) 2 days following treatment. An anamnestic response to Td vaccine appeared 7 days postimmunization. In conclusion, P-HTIG has a good safety and pharmacokinetic profile. Our results confirm that immunoglobulin should be associated with vaccine in the treatment of tetanus-prone wounds.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility of
Haemophilus influenzae
in the Respiratory Tracts of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Möller Lieke V. M. , Regelink Annette G. , Grasselier Henny , van Alphen Loek , Dankert Jacob 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

We analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibilities of
Haemophilus influenzae
isolates from 157 sputum specimens prospectively collected from 39 cystic fibrosis (CF) patients during a 2-year study. These isolates were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and major outer membrane protein (MOMP) analysis to identify
H. influenzae
strains and MOMP variants and to assess their persistence in the respiratory tract. Among the 247
H. influenzae
isolates, 16 (6.5%) produced β-lactamase. The 231 β-lactamase-negative isolates represented 85
H. influenzae
strains, 61 MOMP variants derived from 27 of these strains, and 85 persistent isolates identical to strains or MOMP variants. All β-lactamase-negative isolates were tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefaclor, imipenem, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole by disk diffusion testing. Eleven (13%)
H. influenzae
strains, 18 (30%) MOMP variants, and 30 (35%) persistent isolates were resistant to one or more of the antibiotics tested. Antimicrobial susceptibility was decreased among MOMP variants and persistent isolates compared to nonpersistent
H. influenzae
strains, and changes in susceptibility occurred irrespective of MOMP variation. We conclude that the decreased antimicrobial susceptibility of
H. influenzae
during persistence contributes to the poor eradication of
H. influenzae
from the respiratory tracts of CF patients.
Mechanism of Amphotericin B Resistance in
Leishmania donovani
Promastigotes
Authors: Mbongo Nicolas , Loiseau Philippe M. , Billion Marie A. , Robert-Gero Malka 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

Amphotericin B (AmB)-resistant
Leishmania donovani
promastigotes were selected by increasing drug pressure, and their biological features were compared with those of the wild-type parent strain. The 50% inhibitory concentration for resistant cells was 20 times higher than that for the wild-type. Resistance was stable after more than 40 passages in drug-free medium, and resistant promastigotes were infective to macrophages in vitro but lost their virulence in vivo. They had 2.5 times longer generation time, decreased AmB uptake, and increased AmB efflux in comparison to the wild type. Fluorescence measurement with a specific plasma membrane probe, 1-[4-(trimethylammonio)-1,6-diphenylhexa]-1,3,5-triene, showed increased membrane fluidity in drug-resistant promastigotes. Analysis of lipid composition showed that in resistant cells saturated fatty acids were prevalent, with stearic acid as the major fatty acid, and the major sterol was an ergosterol precursor, the cholesta-5, 7, 24-trien-3β-ol and not ergosterol as in the AmB-sensitive strain.
Zalcitabine Population Pharmacokinetics: Application of Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Adams John M. , Shelton Mark J. , Hewitt Ross G. , DeRemer Mary , DiFrancesco Robin , Grasela Thaddeus H. , Morse Gene D. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTZalcitabine population pharmacokinetics were evaluated in 44 human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (39 males and 5 females) in our immunodeficiency clinic. Eighty-one blood samples were collected during routine clinic visits for the measurement of plasma zalcitabine concentrations by radioimmunoassay (1.84 ± 1.24 samples/patient; range, 1 to 6 samples/patient). These data, along with dosing information, age (38.6 ± 7.13 years), sex, weight (79.1 ± 15.0 kg), and estimated creatinine clearance (89.1 ± 21.5 ml/min), were entered into NONMEM to obtain population estimates for zalcitabine pharmacokinetic parameters (4). The standard curve of the radioimmunoassay ranged from 0.5 to 50.0 ng/ml. The observed concentrations of zalcitabine in plasma ranged from 2.01 to 8.57 ng/ml following the administration of doses of either 0.375 or 0.75 mg. A one-compartment model best fit the data. The addition of patient covariates did not improve the basic fit of the model to the data. Oral clearance was determined to be 14.8 liters/h (0.19 liter/h/kg; coefficient of variation [CV] = 23.8%), while the volume of distribution was estimated to be 87.6 liters (1.18 liters/kg; CV = 54.0%). We were also able to obtain individual estimates of oral clearance (range, 8.05 to 19.8 liters/h; 0.11 to 0.30 liter/h/kg) and volume of distribution (range, 49.2 to 161 liters; 0.43 to 1.92 liters/kg) of zalcitabine in these patients with the POSTHOC option in NONMEM. Our value for oral clearance agrees well with other estimates of oral clearance from traditional pharmacokinetic studies of zalcitabine and suggests that population methods may be a reasonable alternative to these traditional approaches for obtaining information on the disposition of zalcitabine.
Critical Importance of In Vivo Amoxicillin and Cefotaxime Concentrations for Synergy in Treatment of Experimental
Enterococcus faecalis
Endocarditis
Authors: Join-Lambert Olivier , Mainardi Jean-Luc , Cuvelier Catherine , Dautrey Sophie , Farinotti Robert , Fantin Bruno , Carbon Claude 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

The synergy between amoxicillin and cefotaxime against two strains of
Enterococcus faecalis
(JH2-2 and 6370) in vitro and in rabbit endocarditis was investigated. In vitro synergy was obtained only when amoxicillin concentrations were below the MBC and when cefotaxime concentrations were above 1 μg/ml. No synergy was observed in vivo, because of the short period of time during which these pharmacologic requirements were achieved.
Estimate of the Frequency of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitor Resistance within Unselected Virus Populations In Vitro
Authors: Tucker Simon P. , Stiebel Thomas R. , Potts Karen E. , Smidt Mary L. , Bryant Martin L. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT

The frequency of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variants in virus populations not previously exposed to drug was determined in vitro by using HIV-1
RF
and the protease inhibitor SC-55389A. Two variants with single mutations responsible for drug resistance (V82A and N88S) were quantifiably isolated after only one round of replication, yielding a crude frequency estimate of at least 1 SC-55389A-resistant variant per 3.5 × 10
5
wild-type infectious units.
Evaluation of the EDTA-Modified Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Detecting Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Gill Christian M. , Lasko Maxwell J. , Asempa Tomefa E. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: April 2020

The prevalence of carbapenem-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is increasing. Identification of carbapenemase-producing
P. aeruginosa
will have therapeutic, epidemiological, and infection control implications. This study evaluated the performance of the EDTA-modified carbapenem inactivation method (eCIM) in tandem with the modified carbapenem inactivation method (mCIM) against a large collection of clinical
P. aeruginosa
isolates (
n
= 103) to provide clinicians a phenotypic test that not only identifies carbapenemase production but also distinguishes between metallo-β-lactamase and serine-carbapenemase production in
P. aeruginosa
.