bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special Issue on Novel Fabrication Processes for Tailored Functional Materials and Surfaces
Authors: Yoshino Masahiko , Moronuki Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2020

The properties of a mechanical material depend not only on its chemical components but also on the micro/nano structures of its surface and interior. Attempts have been made in recent years to develop new surface/material functions through mechanical processes. For example, technologies to control various characteristics, such as friction, water repellency, and optical properties, have been developed by constructing micro/nano periodic structures on the surfaces of materials. Since these properties depend on the geometry of the surface morphology, micro/nano fabrication processes can produce a variety of properties. This indicates that the surface properties and material properties of portions of the materials can be controlled to reach optimal conditions required by machine product design. This technology is expected to lead to the advanced production of products integrating design, manufacturing, and materials in an organic way. Here, we call the materials and surfaces with their properties arbitrarily controlled in accordance with machine design “tailored functional materials and surfaces.”
This special issue features various studies and reports related to tailored functional materials and surfaces, and it includes 12 related papers and a review. They cover processing technologies that create and control various surface functions, such as water repellency, friction, biological and chemical reactions, and optical properties. They indicate the possibilities and future of new precision processing technologies.
We deeply appreciate all the authors and reviewers for their efforts and contributions. We also hope that this special issue will encourage further research on tailored functional surfaces.
New Produced Water Risk Based Approach Guidance
Authors: Smit Mathijs , Hayes Sean , Pelz Oliver , Arnold Ray , Brown Wendy 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
There is a global trend towards the application of risk based assessment (RBA) techniques for assessing and managing environmental risks and considering the potential impacts from discharges of produced water. One of the benefits of RBA is the absence of generic end-of-pipe limits for individual produced water components. Instead, it allows for flexibility to evaluate environmental risks and potential impacts of site-specific discharges on a case-by-case basis. Several global oil and gas operators have developed in-house approaches, guidelines and principles for evaluating these risks for communication to agencies and the public and for decision making. As such, a range of risk endpoints is being applied, each of them based on specific assumptions, input parameters with varying levels of empirical data requirements, and conservatism. This situation hampers straightforward comparison across companies and regulatory frameworks. The International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) has recognized a need for alignment to support more consistent application and communication of RBA concepts. Therefore, a new IOGP project was sponsored, including formation of a Task Force to define industry good practice for RBA approaches, based on an inventory of methods currently used by member companies together with a review of existing regulatory approaches around the world. Tools have been catalogued and the strengths and weaknesses of the underlying risk principles have been analysed along with the protection goals they support. Two main principles were identified; Uncertainty-implicit and uncertainty-explicit approaches, each with their own application areas. The second phase of the project focused on the development of consensus industry guidance including a common tiered framework for RBA. The main objective of this work is to achieve harmonization in the way operators execute RBA for offshore produced water discharges as this will likely enhance broader understanding and acceptance of RBA techniques internationally.
This paper will provide a summary of the inventory of RBA methods and tools collected by the Task Force and will present the main elements of the proposed common RBA framework for produced water discharges. This will include recommendations e.g. on how to characterize produced water composition, how to define appropriate mixing zones, and what data is needed to decide whether risk can be considered adequately controlled.
Proprietary Digester Design with Bacteria Metabolic Activator Provides Ultimate Solution to Petroleum Waste Bottle Neck Processing
Authors: Evangelista Lucas , Chen Jeffrey 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) categorizes "oil sludge" as a hazardous waste that is subject to hazardous waste handling rules. The oil sludge may contain many different compositions. The challenge is that these sludges cannot be disposed of safely in landfills unless de-oiled (Hydrocarbon separation: 99% oil removal) and properly remediated water and soils (Total petroleum hydrocarbons less than 1%). Facilities accumulate the sludge that is considered waste because most common solutions are not environmentally considerate or available. This paper presents a novel method to process the oil sludge to the existing effluent discharge standards.
Samples of oil sludge were acquired from various oil fields and terminals in Argentina, The Netherlands and China. The preliminary analysis revealed a very high concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons-TPH (29%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-PAH (11%) on average between the samples. The test was performed for biological processing was aimed at environmentally friendly degradation and discharge of the waste by introducing selected specialized bacterium into the contained and regulated host environment of the Proactive Digester designed in California.
The results have shown a significant reduction in both the TPH and PAH. The 90 minutes biological processing of waste sludge reduces the TPH to 0.41% and PAH to 0.35%. The results are in accordance with effluent standards defined by EPA i.e. TPH below 1% and PAH below 0.5%.
In the second test, standard complex oil separation methods were carried out to recreate industry processes of hydrocarbon recovery with resulting reduction of the TPH to 2.76% and PAH to 1.36% in the resulting sludge. This residue was then treated in a proactive digester with bacteria to predictably bring the values in accordance with EPA effluent limits.
Biological/bacterial processing have can significant advantages over other processes used in the industry. One of the major advantages is the low-cost standardized process that can be applied to both modular stationary and mobile units. Another benefit of standardized processes is that the calculations for the whole process of sludge contaminant neutralization including retrieval, separation and full remediation treatment can be predefined. Increased success of these efficient systems of biological selection in combination with sustained host environments will increase the future use of bacteria degradation processing equipment.
Methodology for Energy Consume Optimization with a High GHG Reduction Emissions, Application in the Largest Colombian Oil Field
Authors: Sachica Avila Jorge Andres , Bravo Oscar , Díaz Jairo , Nieto Iván , Lopez Jacobo , Sachica Claudia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Global warming is one of the most serious environmental, social and economic threats currently facing the planet, so many companies and organizations have generated a strategic approach to combat it. One of the most efficient strategies is the reduction of energy consumption, which not only positively affects the reduction of fuel consumption, but also shows improvements in both financial and technological efficiency. This project allowed to create an analysis methodology applicable in the oil and gas industry, in whose process of analysis, important alternatives for optimization of energy consumption are detected, which contribute to the Greenhouse Gas Emission balance (GHG), a fundamental theme of Sustainability Worldwide. This methodology was applied in the field of higher production of hydrocarbons currently in Colombia, whose energy consumption is significant at the national level. The methodology included activities to measure energy consumption per well, coupled with a rigorous financial analysis that allowed the evaluation and selection of candidate wells for different optimization actions. As a result, technically applicable actions were obtained for the reduction of energy consumption, which were classified under an analysis of expected net present value and investment efficiency.
Predictive and Prescriptive Fatigue Management Through Wearable Technology
Authors: Go Chang Hua , Chan Boon Hwee , Arbi Kartina Wati , Sia Wan Cian , Tan Nian Wei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fatigue has long been identified as a major contributing factor that influence human reliability and performance leading to deadly and ill-health incidents. Traditionally, fatigue management in Oil and Gas industry has been mostly limited to managing hours of service limit. Project Delivery and Technology (PD&T) Division of Petroliam Nasional Berhad (PETRONAS) embarks on Wearable Technology for Fatigue Management (WTFM) program with the aim to transform fatigue management to be proactive and predictive, hence creating value through early intervention and mitigations. The program started with a Proof of Concept (PoC) to determine the major factor/parameter that influenced fatigue that can be tracked via wearable device. Results and analysis from PoC reaffirms that sleep quality and quantity are the main contributing factor to fatigue, aligned with Hazards and Effects Management Process (HEMP) where the prominent threats to fatigue are extended work hours leading to lack of sleep & poor quality of sleep. Physical activeness measured in terms of step count contributes to sleep quality thus indirectly having influence on fatigue. It was also found that certain job types such as mentally and physically demanding jobs have impact on fatigue to a certain extent. Other tested parameters such as resting heart rate, BMI and age group did not contribute to fatigue, thus it was concluded that proactive fatigue management can be achieved using wearable technology with sleep quality and quantity tracking as well as identifying the key job type at risk of fatigue.
Taking Goal Zero Outside the Fence: Lifestyle and Health Influences on Tanker and Commercial Drivers’ Performance and Road Safety
Authors: Fajola A.. , Oduneye F.. , Ogbimi R.. , Mosuro O O.. , Oyo-Ita A A.. , Ovwigho U.. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Drivers are key contributors to economic development. Poor health and behavior poses a challenge to their work performance and safety of even road users. Shell Companies in Nigeria (SCiN), has demonstrated the impact of Human Performance and care agenda on Driver engagement, behaviour, performance and road safety. An ‘outside the fence’ approach is therefore critical towards reaching a larger pool and achieving drivers’ health and public safety

Aim
To determine and intervene on the risk factors from lifestyle, affecting the health of tanker and commercial drivers as a social investment strategy to improve drivers’ health and foster ‘goal zero culture’ (no incidents, no fatalities).

Method
A baseline survey among 731 randomly selected consenting commercial and tanker drivers from three motor parks in Rivers (Mile 3 & Eleme), and Lagos (Ojota) states using close ended Interviewer-administered questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions. Health Screening (for Blood Alcohol Concentration {BAC}, visual acuity, blood pressure, random blood sugar, cholesterol and Body Mass Index). Interventions included Health education, medical consultations, treatment of minor ailments, eye care including glasses. Data was analysed using descriptive and analytical statistics.

Results
Findings showed that 36.9% had raised blood pressure with only 11.5% being known hypertensives; 19.5% of the drivers had trace to significantly raised BAC; 66% of respondents had never had an eye test. Also, 40.7% had visual impairment (with 4% glaucoma-related); 35.5% had elevated blood cholesterol; 18% obese, while 3.6% had elevated blood sugar.

Conclusion
The lifestyles of these drivers were risk factors for the observed non communicable diseases among them which could potentially interfere with their work performance and invariably, Goal Zero. Health education on, lifestyle modification, continuous monitoring and policy changes to driver monitoring are recommended.
Manuscript Title: Changing Behaviours Through the Universal Language of Film: The Power of Storytelling to Reduce Risks and Improve Safety Engagement
Authors: Scotti Davide , Matkin Darren , Stockham Neil , Katis Paul , de Lotbiniere Andrew , Satta Marco 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives/Scope: In the last thirteen years, as part of its Leadership in Health & Safety program, Saipem has produced several award-winning movies, with the aim of creating immersive learning experiences to improve the health and safety culture within the organisation. This paper will share our long and successful experience, demonstrating the power of storytelling to change behavior, reduce risks and improve safety in workplaces.
Methods, Procedures, Process: To emotionally engage an audience, a highly qualitative and credible content is a critical factor: hence, the decision to use movies in our Leadership in Health&Safety program. Our films are based on compelling stories, set in a fictional world that presents the viewer with scenarios and characters that they identify with, enabling them to experience the characters’ journey and to contemplate how they would feel, think and behave in similar situations. This has the effect of anchoring the sensory experience of analogous situations to remembered emotions from the film, which the viewer then rationalises with thoughts that trigger behavior.
Results, Observations, Conclusions: Research has shown that the neurochemistry of learning works in just the same way whether we are participating in an activity or simply observing it, provided that we’re emotionally engaged in the events we see. This is why dramatic storytelling is such an effective tool for neuro-linguistic programming and learning, as it stimulates memory access and provides neurochemical highs that reward the viewer when they interpret meaning. In our experience, emotionally engaging, memorable stories with powerful underlying messages have the capacity to provide the physiological and psychological stimuli necessary to engender lasting attitudinal, behavioral and cultural change. Behavior repeated over the longer-term become habits, and group habits are ultimately what shape a culture.
Novel/Additive Information: Why don't fatal accidents stop? Behavior does not change with a document or imposing a procedure. To improve the health and safety culture within our organisations, today we need to change people's mindset. And, in order to make a difference to the way that people feel, think and behave, there is nothing as powerful and effective as the universal language of film, able to leave a deep mark in individuals and lead to real, measurable results.
Quick Screening for CO2-EOR as CCUS Technology: A Case Study in Recôncavo Basin
Authors: Coelho Sacha da , Almeida Alana , Lima Rui , Câmara George Augusto , Rocha Paulo , Andrade José Célio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The carbon, capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a technology that allows the use of fossil fuels to energy generation and reduction the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere simultaneously. As part of this technology, CO2 can be used as an assessment for the oil industry, as well as an Enhanced Oil Recovery method by injecting CO2 in the oil reservoirs (CO2-EOR). An advantage of using the CO2-EOR is that oil and gas fields in production, either depleted or mature fields, can be targets to implement a storage project after the CO2 injection and oil production. However, not all fields are suitable to implement the CO2-EOR project and a screening process to select fields that can use the EOR method should carefully be chosen. To perform this screening is a hard task due to the need to gather enough data to the analysys, which the population to be studied might be huge, becoming difficult to collect all data needed. The aim of this paper is to present a quick screening process to select oil fields for CCUS, reducing the population studied. A study case and methodology was carried out, consisting in perform a quick screening and the analysys of reservoir data using a real fluid sample collected from a oil reservoir in Reconcavo basin. This data is primary data and was collected from a company. First, the fluid was characterized and the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) was performed using the Rising Bubble apparatus (RBA). In addition, it was used CMG-Winprop to match the experimental and simulation data for MMP, and MMP was also calculated using the proper correlation developed for the Reconcavo. After that, the MMP was analysed by screening criteria to evaluate if the reservoirs criteria collected were significant for applying the process. The quick screening process was appropriate to show the potential of a basin to use CO2-EOR and to propose this method of previous studies at the Reconcavo were used as a guide. Even if the result is negative for the CO2-EOR, the studied reservoir can be used only for CO2 storage, and other criteria needed to be analyzed. Medium and small companies in the petroleum areas can use this quick process to do a preliminary study at the basin to select potential fields to apply the CO2-EOR, having a small population to study can reduce the costs of a big process that is the viability study of a project. Petroleum agencies and energy and technology departments can use this process as well to promote public energy policy and perform preliminary studies at the Reconcavo Basin to prove its potential to be used as sites for carbon sequestration to reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere.
Management of Infectious Diseases Offshore
Authors: Ibrahim Salwan 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARY
International SOS has led medical services operations on offshore installations globally and managed clinical cases where patients were presented with signs and symptoms of known infectious illnesses. Most recently (3) cases of mumps were identified among the work force on an operating oil and gas rig offshore Guyana in the Caribbean Sea. Due to the anticipated risk to the health of the offshore employees and the risk to operational continuity, certain steps in case management, needed to ensure proper patient health care, employees' safety and ongoing operations, were recommended to be followed. While this paper will describe the recommended action steps that were followed in the management of mumps cases as best practices in infectious diseases management on offshore installations, it can be adopted as a guideline towards management of various infectious illnesses as well, with special consideration to the different diseases specifics like mode of transmission and infectivity, thus prevention techniques and infection control procedures.
Applying Technology and Innovative Solutions to Enhance Driver Engagement and Performance
Authors: Perez Freddy , Walker Kirsty , Parkar Junaid 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper describes an oilfield services company's approach to the development and application of technology and innovative solutions to improve driving performance based on extensive data analysis. Driving performance data identified potential scenarios where outcome focused solutions can be used to influence driver behaviors and actions. Tailored solutions were identified and implemented, ranging from innovative vehicle enhancements to high technology and mobile applications.
Analysis of global driving performance data, generated over several years, was used to identify trends in the type of vehicle impacts and associated driving conditions as well as driver behaviors. This process enabled the identification of specific issues where targeted solutions could be deployed to reduce undesired outcomes. In some cases, the solutions were within the company control and targeted to the workforce. In other cases, solutions were developed to influence other road users.
Identified solutions include advanced driver assistance systems retrofitted into company vehicles. This technology provides pedestrian and cyclist collision warning, forward collision warning, lane departure warning, headway monitoring warning as well as a speed limit indicator. The instantaneous in-vehicle warnings provide the driver with additional reaction time to avoid potential collisions as well as giving real time feedback on critical behaviors, which act as performance coaching in improving driving performance.
Two innovative mobile technologies have been implemented to target driver behaviors and develop a self-improvement mindset for driving performance as well as engaging drivers in a more active trip risk evaluation. These technologies also assist line management by providing a simple digital trip approval process and the opportunity to give personalized feedback to the driver on their performance, including recognition and targeted coaching. Driving performance data collected is used to encourage healthy competition between individuals and teams through a variety of global and local recognition programs.
Another simple and easily deployable solution to avoiding rear-end collisions, by influencing the behavior of other road users, has reduced this type of impact to company vehicles by over 30%.
Collectively these solutions have resulted in significant improvement to the company's driving performance.
This paper describes how an oilfield services company has used global event data to identify and apply technologies and innovative solutions to improve driving safety through driver engagement and vehicle enhancements. Monitoring of the data generated by these technologies is used to proactively identify further areas of improvement.
6 Fatalities in 1 Year, What Else on Human Factor!
Authors: Shittu Ganiyu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In a space of less than a year, in fact between February to October 2018, 4 fatal accidents happened with six persons died as consequence. We have heard and read a lot about human factors and how unsafe acts account for &gt;85% of incidents, what has remain a big challenge for employees and management across decades is an almost foolproof approach to learn from the experiences of others incidents to prevent the incidents from happening again.
To understand the precarious challenge, let us look at the summary of the four sad events that led to the six fatalities.
On 5th May 2018, a contracted truck loaded with 23m3 of gasoil and 25m3 of kerosene overturned 120km from Addis-Ababa. It then collided with a 4tonne truck that came in front and caught fire. Both drivers died.
On 22nd July 2018, death of a contracted Driver occurred following handling operation accident on the Total E & P Congo Industrial Base. During a storage operation of steel slings, the mast of a forklift has dislodged at the bottom of the mast and has tilted to the driving position of the machine (around the axis of the inclination cylinders). While falling, the mast crushed the cabin and the operator.