bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Socioeconomic inequality in telephone triage on triage response, hospitalization and 30-day mortality
Authors: Gamst-Jensen Hejdi , Jensen Andrea Nedergaard , Christensen Erika Frischknecht , Lippert Freddy , Brabrand Mikkel , Egerod Ingrid , Thygesen Lau C , Tolstrup Janne S , Huibers Linda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigated socioeconomic inequality (measured by the indicators highest attained education level and household income) in telephone triage on triage response (face-to-face contact), hospitalization and 30-day mortality among Danish citizens calling the medical helpline 1813 between 23 January and 9 February 2017. The analysis included 6869 adult callers from a larger prospective cohort study and showed that callers with low socioeconomic status (SES) were less often triaged to a face-to-face contact and had higher 30-day mortality than callers with high SES.
Marine Ultrasmall Prokaryotes Likely Affect the Cycling of Carbon, Methane, Nitrogen, and Sulfur
Authors: Lannes Romain , Cavaud Louise , Lopez Philippe , Bapteste Eric 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recently, we uncovered the genetic components from six carbon fixation autotrophic pathways in cleaned ultrasmall size fractions from marine samples (&lt;0.22 µm) gathered worldwide by the Tara Oceans Expedition. This first finding suggested that prokaryotic nanoorganisms, phylogenetically distantly related to the known CPR and DPANN groups, could collectively impact carbon cycling and carbon fixation across the world’s ocean. To extend our mining of the functional and taxonomic microbial dark matter from the ultrasmall size fraction from the Tara Oceans Expedition, we investigated the distribution of 28 metabolic pathways associated with the cycling of carbon, methane, nitrogen, and sulfur. For all of these pathways, we report the existence not only of novel metabolic homologs in the ultrasmall size fraction of the oceanic microbiome, associated with nanoorganisms belonging to the CPR and DPANN lineages, but also of metabolic homologs exclusively found in marine host taxa belonging to other (still unassigned) microbial lineages. Therefore, we conclude that marine nanoorganisms contribute to a greater diversity of key biogeochemical cycles than currently appreciated. In particular, we suggest that oceanic nanoorganisms may be involved in a metabolic loop around Acetyl-CoA, have an underappreciated genetic potential to degrade methane, contribute to sustaining redox-reactions by producing Coenzyme F420, and affect sulfur cycling, notably as they harbor a complete suite of homologs of enzymes of the SOX system.
The controls on earthquake ground motion in foreland-basin settings: the effects of basin and source geometry
Authors: O’Kane Aisling , Copley Alex 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYRapid urban growth has led to large population densities in foreland basin regions, and therefore a rapid increase in the number of people exposed to hazard from earthquakes in the adjacent mountain ranges. It is well known that earthquake-induced ground shaking is amplified in sedimentary basins. However, questions remain regarding the main controls on this effect. It is, therefore, crucial to identify the main controls on earthquake shaking in foreland basins as a step towards mitigating the earthquake risk posed to these regions. We model seismic-wave propagation from range-front thrust-faulting earthquakes in a foreland-basin setting. The basin geometry (depth and width) and source characteristics (fault dip and source-to-basin distance) were varied, and the resultant ground motion was calculated. We find that the source depth determines the amount of near-source ground shaking and the basin structure controls the propagation of this energy into the foreland basin. Of particular importance is the relative length scales of the basin depth and dominant seismic wavelength (controlled by the source characteristics), as this controls the amount of dispersion of surface-wave energy, and so the amplitude and duration of ground motion. The maximum ground motions occur when the basin depth matches the dominant wavelength set by the source. Basins that are shallow compared with the dominant wavelength result in low-amplitude and long-duration dispersed waveforms. However, the basin structure has a smaller effect on the ground shaking than the source depth and geometry, highlighting the need for understanding the depth distribution and dip angles of earthquakes when assessing earthquake hazard in foreland-basin settings.
Inpatient Therapy With Calcineurin Inhibitors in Severe Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Dwadasi Sujaata , Zafer Maryam , Goens Donald , Paknikar Raghavendra , Dalal Sushila , Cohen Russell D , Pekow Joel , Rubin David T , Sakuraba Atsushi , Micic Dejan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Inpatient management of severe ulcerative colitis is complicated by the use of prior immunosuppressant therapies. Our aim was to determine the rate of 1-year colectomy among individuals receiving inpatient calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based therapy stratified by prior biologic therapy.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study was performed between January 1, 2013 and April 1, 2018. Only individuals requiring inpatient administration of intravenous cyclosporine or oral tacrolimus were included in the analysis. Individuals were stratified according to prior biologic therapy exposure. The primary outcome of interest was 1-year risk of colectomy. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for time-to-event data, and regression models were performed to examine the effects of covariates on the clinical endpoint.

Results
Sixty-nine (62.3% male) patients were treated with an inpatient CNI-based therapy and were included in the analysis. Fifteen (21.7%) patients were biologic-naïve, 42 (60.9%) patients had prior exposure to 1 class of biologic therapy, and 12 (17.4%) patients had prior exposure to 2 classes of biologic therapy (third-line CNI therapy). Third-line CNI therapy showed a greater risk of 1-year colectomy risk when compared with the risk for patients who were biologic-naïve (hazard ratio, 3.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-13.45; P = 0.025). In a multivariate proportional hazards model, third-line CNI therapy remained significantly associated with 1-year colectomy risk (hazard ratio, 7.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.97-39.76; P = 0.003).

Conclusions
The use of CNI-based therapy in individuals exposed to multiple classes of prior biologic therapies leads to a significantly increased risk of 1-year colectomy. Future studies will be required to compare inpatient management strategies with the expanding novel therapies in UC.
Genetic Diversity and Connectivity in Plant Species Differing in Clonality and Dispersal Mechanisms in Wetland Island Habitats
Authors: Lozada-Gobilard Sissi , Schwarzer Christian , Dyer Rodney , Tiedemann Ralph , Joshi Jasmin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn plants, long-distance dispersal is both attenuated and directed by specific movement vectors, including animals, wind, and/or water. Hence, movement vectors partly shape metapopulation genetic patterns that are, however, also influenced by other life-history traits such as clonal growth. We studied the relationship between area, isolation, plant-species richness, reproduction, and dispersal mechanisms with genetic diversity and divergence in 4 widespread wetland plant-species in a total of 20 island-like kettle-hole habitats surrounded by an intensive agricultural landscape. Our results showed that genetic parameters reflect the reproduction strategies with the highest genetic diversity being observed in the non-clonal, outcrossing Oenanthe aquatica compared to the clonal Lycopus europaeus, Typha latifolia, and Phragmites australis. Lycopus showed a positive relationship between genetic diversity and kettle-hole area, but a negative relationship with the number of neighboring kettle holes (less isolation). Genetic diversity increased with plant-species richness in the clonal species Phragmites and Lycopus; while it decreased in the non-clonal Oenanthe. Finally, genetic divergence and, therefore, connectivity differed between alternative dispersal strategies, where wind-dispersed Typha and Phragmites had a higher gene flow between the analyzed kettle holes compared with the insect-pollinated, hydrochorous Lycopus and Oenanthe. Our study provides information on genetic patterns related to reproduction and dispersal mechanisms of 4 common wetland species contributing to the understanding of the functioning of plant metacommunities occurring in kettle holes embedded in agricultural landscapes.
Medical costs of lung cancer care in Japan during the first one or two years after initial diagnosis
Authors: Awano Nobuyasu , Izumo Takehiro , Inomata Minoru , Kuse Naoyuki , Tone Mari , Takada Kohei , Muto Yutaka , Fujimoto Kazushi , Kimura Hitomi , Miyamoto Shingo , Igarashi Ataru , Kunitoh Hideo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Japan’s healthcare expenditures, especially on oncology, are rapidly growing; however, there are scant data on actual costs and cost-effectiveness in the real world. The aim was to assess the medical costs and outcomes of patients with advanced lung cancer.

Methods
We retrospectively investigated all patients who were diagnosed with advanced lung cancer at the Japanese Red Cross Medical Center between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2018. Patients were classified into three cohorts according to the year of diagnosis—Cohort 1: 2008–2010, Cohort 2: 2011–2014 and Cohort 3: 2015–2018—and assessed for medical costs and outcome. Medical costs were divided into outpatient and inpatient costs and were calculated on a monthly basis.

Results
Ninety-five patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 330 with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) were included. There was a trend toward increased costs during the first two years after diagnosis in NSCLC patients, without changes in monthly costs, reflecting improved survival. Compared to Cohort 1, Cohort 3 patients with NSCLC had longer survival (median: 24 versus 12 months, P &lt; 0.001), with a median incremental cost of Japanese Yen 6 million during the initial two years. The proportion of outpatient costs increased over time, especially for NSCLC patients (P &lt; 0.001). No changes in costs or survival were observed in SCLC patients.

Conclusions
In NSCLC patients, medical costs increased with prolonged survival during the last decade. The costs on a monthly basis did not change. The proportion of outpatient costs increased.
Law Development by the International Criminal Court as a Way to Enhance the Protection of Minorities—the Case for Intersectional Consideration of Mass Atrocities
Authors: Maučec Gregor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Mass atrocities almost invariably involve the targeting of racial, ethnic, religious and/or political groups. Other groups, such as homosexuals, have also been vulnerable to targeted destruction. Both experience and international case law demonstrate that atrocity crimes have mostly been inflicted on minorities within minorities. With individuals being targeted on several personal grounds or due to overlapping identities (for example, women and girls belonging to ethnic or religious minorities) there is a strong case for both scholarship and international criminal judiciary to develop an expertise on intersectional discrimination in the context of international crimes that implicate discriminatory intent of a perpetrator. Yet, the International Criminal Court (ICC or Court) has tended to consider atrocities motivated by discrimination on isolated discriminatory grounds and independently from each other. As a prescriptive contribution, the present article challenges this trend by arguing that in more complex criminal cases the protected characteristics need to be considered together with, and not separately from, one another, in order to capture the multi-faceted experiences of mass abuses. Underlying the treatment of the subject matter are thus two basic questions: first, given a full respect for the principle of legality (nullum crimen sine lege), what are the possible avenues for international criminal adjudication to recognize intersectionality so as to overcome conceptual flaws and limitations of single-issue analysis of discrimination in cases involving core international crimes against minorities? For example, can Article 21(3) of the Rome Statute on the interpretation and application of substantive international criminal law in light of international human rights standards serve as a viable tool for the Court to evolve its jurisprudence on this particular issue? Second, how and to what extent should the Court take intersectionality into consideration in the formulation of charges; identification and interpretation of applicable law; determination of criminal sentence; ordering adequate remedies (reparations) for victims; and in considering such aspects as the gravity assessment, or the contextualisation of crimes? Answering these questions, the article shows that by applying, interpreting and, when need be, developing international criminal law in a way that utilizes intersectionality the ICC can make in these areas important jurisprudential contributions with far-reaching socio-legal implications.
Changes in soil microbial community structure and function following degradation in a temperate grassland
Authors: Yu Yang , Zheng Lang , Zhou Yijun , Sang Weiguo , Zhao Jianing , Liu Lu , Li Chao , Xiao Chunwang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
Grassland degradation represents a major challenge in the maintenance of grassland productivity. This process has dramatic impacts on energy flows and soil nutrient dynamics, thus directly or indirectly influencing soil microbes. Here, we aim to (i) examine changes in soil microbial composition, diversity and functionality in response to different levels of grassland degradation (i.e. non-degraded, moderately and severely degraded) in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, and (ii) elucidate biotic and abiotic factors that are responsible for these changes.

Methods
The composition structure of soil microbial community was determined by high-throughput sequencing. The functionality of bacterial communities was examined using the tool of FAPROTAX, and functional guilds of fungal communities were quantified using the FUNGuild pipeline.

Important Findings
Grassland degradation significantly decreased soil bacterial diversity but it did not affect fungal diversity. Belowground biomass, soil organic carbon and total nitrogen were positively related to changes in diversity of bacterial community. Grassland degradation significantly increased the relative abundance of Chloroflexi (from 2.48% to 8.40%) and decreased Firmicutes (from 3.62% to 1.08%) of bacterial community. Degradation also significantly increased the relative abundance of Glomeromycota (from 0.17% to 1.53%) and decreased Basidiomycota (from 19.30% to 4.83%) of fungal community. The relative abundance of pathogenic fungi (Didymella and Fusarium) was decreased significantly by degradation. In addition, degradation had a significant impact on putative functionality of soil bacteria related to soil carbon and nitrogen cycling. Our results suggest that soil bacterial community is more sensitive than fungal community in response to degradation in the temperate grassland.
Development of raster scanning IMRT using a robotic radiosurgery system
Authors: Shiomi Hiroya , Akino Yuichi , Sumida Iori , Masai Norihisa , Oh Ryoong-Jin , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Treatment time with the CyberKnife frameless radiosurgery system is prolonged due to the motion of the robotic arm. We have developed a novel scanning irradiation method to reduce treatment time. We generated treatment plans mimicking eight-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans generated for the Novalis radiosurgery system. 2D dose planes were generated with multiple static beam spots collimated by a fixed circular cone. The weights of the uniformly distributed beam spots in each dose plane were optimized using the attraction–repulsion model. The beam spots were converted to the scanning speed to generate the raster scanning plan. To shorten treatment time, we also developed a hybrid scanning method which combines static beams with larger cone sizes and the raster scanning method. Differences between the Novalis and the scanning plan’s dose planes were evaluated with the criterion of a 5% dose difference. The mean passing rates of three cases were &gt; 85% for cone sizes ≤ 12.5 mm. Although the total monitor units (MU) increased for smaller cone sizes in an inverse-square manner, the hybrid scanning method greatly reduced the total MU, while maintaining dose distributions comparable to those with the Novalis plan. The estimated treatment time of the hybrid scanning with a 12.5 mm cone size was on average 22% shorter than that of the sequential plans. This technique will be useful in allowing the CyberKnife with conventional circular cones to achieve excellent dose distribution with a shortened treatment time.
Molecular and functional analysis of a brown planthopper resistance protein with two nucleotide-binding site domains
Authors: Wang Zhizheng , Huang Jin , Nie Lingyun , Hu Yinxia , Zhang Ning , Guo Qin , Guo Jianping , Du Bo , Zhu Lili , He Guangcun , Chen Rongzhi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål, BPH) resistance gene BPH9 encodes an unusual coiled-coil (CC) nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (LRR) protein with two nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domains. To understand how this CC–NBS–NBS–LRR (CNNL) protein regulates defense signaling and BPH resistance, we dissected each domain’s functions. The CC domain of BPH9 self-associated and was sufficient to induce cell death. The region of 97–115 residues in the CC domain is crucial for self-association and activation. NBS2, which contains a complete set of NBS function motifs and inhibits CC domain activation, rather than NBS1, acts as a molecular switch to regulate the activity of BPH9. We demonstrated that the CC domain, the NBS domain, and the LRR domain of BPH9 associate with each other and themselves in planta. Further domain swapping experiments revealed that the CC domains of BPH9 and susceptible alleles were similarly competent to induce resistance and the hypersensitive response, while the LRR domain of BPH9 confers resistance specificity to BPH. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms governing the activity of CNNL proteins.
One Trend, a Patchwork of Laws. An Exploration of Why Cohabitation Law is so Different throughout the Western World
Authors: Goossens Elise 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Western jurisdictions have adopted remarkably diverging legal approaches to address unmarried cohabitation, ranging between contractual approaches, registered partnerships, and default regimes. This article explores to what extent the large diversity in cohabitation law is prompted by socio-demographic factors, legal tradition and family ideology. The experiences from Belgium, Sweden, England and Wales, New Zealand, and the United States suggest that cohabitation law is mostly ideologically motivated, with socio-demographic factors only having a minor impact. Diverging views on the preservation of the traditional family and the autonomy versus protection of the vulnerable partner-spectrum, in particular, seem to form the backbone of a jurisdiction’s preference for a contractual approach, a registered partnership, or a default regime. Path dependency brings an important nuance to this model. Because existing rights and benefits often prove difficult to turn back, a shift in policy generally fails to eliminate all traces of the former legal framework.
Type inhabitation of atomic polymorphism is undecidable
Authors: Protin M Clarence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Atomic polymorphism $\mathbf{F_{at}}$ is a restriction of Girard and Reynold’s system $\mathbf{F} $(or $\lambda 2$) which was first introduced in Ferreira [ 2] in the context of a philosophical commentary on predicativism. $\lambda 2$ is a well-known and powerful formal tool for studying polymorphic functional programming languages and formal methods in program specification and development, but its computational power far exceeds the recursive level of interest in applications. Hence, the interest of studying subsystems of $\lambda 2$ with weaker computational power. $\mathbf{F_{at}}$ is defined by restricting instantiation to atomic variables only. It turns out that the type system is still sufficiently powerful to possess embeddings of full intuitionistic propositional calculus [ 3, 4], and since the calculus has fewer connectives and strong normalizability is simple to prove [ 3], this result allows us to circumvent many of the extra computational complexities present when dealing with the proof theory of IPC. It is natural to inquire whether type inhabitation, i.e. provability in the corresponding fragment of second-order intuitionistic propositional logic, is decidable or not and in general to see whether the negative results involving the undecidability of type inhabitation, typability and type-checking for $\mathbf{F}$ still hold in this fragment. A further theme would be to study the result of adding type constructors, recursors or even dependent types to $\mathbf{F_{at}}$. In this paper, we show that type inhabitation for $\mathbf{F_{at}}$ is undecidable by codifying within it an undecidable fragment of first-order intuitionistic predicate calculus, adapting and modifying the technique of Urzyczyn’s [ 1, 7] purely syntactic proof of the undecidability of type inhabitation for $\mathbf{F}$.
Dissecting the stellar content of Leo I: a dwarf irregular caught in transition
Authors: Ruiz-Lara T , Gallart C , Monelli M , Fritz T K , Battaglia G , Cassisi S , Aznar M Luis , Russo Cabrera A V , Rodríguez-Martín I , Salazar-González J J 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Leo I is considered one of the youngest dwarf spheroidals (dSph) in the Local Group. Its isolation, extended star formation history (SFH), and recent perigalacticon passage (∼1 Gyr ago) make Leo I one of the most interesting nearby stellar systems. Here, we analyse deep photometric Hubble Space Telescope data via colour–magnitude diagram fitting techniques to study its global and radially resolved SFH. We find global star formation enhancements in Leo I ∼13, 5.5, 2.0, and 1.0 Gyr ago, after which it was substantially quenched. Within the context of previous works focused on Leo I, we interpret the most ancient and the youngest ones as being linked to an early formation (surviving reionization) and the latest perigalacticon passage (transition from dIrr to dSph), respectively. We clearly identify the presence of very metal poor stars ([Fe/H] ∼ −2) ageing ∼5–6 and ∼13 Gyr old. We speculate with the possibility that this metal-poor population in Leo I is related to the merging with a low-mass system (possibly an ultra-faint dwarf). This event would have triggered star formation (peak of star formation ∼5.5 Gyr ago) and accumulated old, metal-poor stars from the accreted system in Leo I. Some of the stars born during this event would also form from accreted gas of low-metallicity (giving rise to the 5–6 Gyr low-metallicity tail). Given the intensity and extension of the 2.0 Gyr burst, we hypothesize that this enhancement could also have an external origin. Despite the quenching of star formation around 1 Gyr ago (most probably induced by ram pressure stripping with the Milky Way halo at pericentre), we report the existence of stars as young as 300–500 Myr. We also distinguish two clear spatial regions: the inner ∼190 pc presents a homogeneous stellar content (size of the gaseous star forming disc in Leo I from ∼4.5 to 1 Gyr ago), whereas the outer regions display a clear positive age gradient.