bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro Determination of the Release Kinetics of Peptides and Free Amino Acids During the Digestion of Food Proteins
Authors: Savoie Laurent , Agudelo Rafael A , Gauthier Sylvie F , Marin Johanne , Pouliot Yves 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The kinetics of peptide release during in vitro digestion of 4 protein sources (casein, cod protein, soy protein, and gluten) were investigated. Samples were sequentially hydrolyzed with pepsin (30 min) and pancreatin (2, 4, or 6 h) in a dialysis cell with continuous removal of digestion products. Nondialyzed digests were fractionated by ion-exchange chromatography and ultrafiltration. Animal proteins were digested at a greater rate than plant proteins. Target amino acids of specific enzymes appeared more rapidly in the dialyzed fractions when compared to other amino acids. Throughout the hydrolysis, nondialyzed digests contained a higher proportion of peptide mixtures with basic-neutral properties. Except for gluten, peptide fractions with molecular weights that exceeded 10 kDa (basic-neutral, BN &gt; 10) were rapidly hydrolyzed during the first 2 h of pancreatin digestion. The kinetics of release and the composition of peptide fractions were different when the protein sources were compared. The analysis of amino acids revealed that threonine and proline proportions were relatively high in BN &gt; 10 and in peptide fractions with molecular weight between 10-1 kDa (BN 10-1), while tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, and arginine predominated in the low molecular weight (&lt;1 kDa) fractions. More resistant peptides were generally rich in proline and glutamic acid. The role of in vitro digestion assays in dietary protein quality evaluation is discussed.
Effects of Antinutritional Factors on Protein Digestibility and Amino Acid Availability in Foods
Authors: Gilani G Sarwar , Cockell Kevin A , Sepehr Estatira 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Digestibility of protein in traditional diets from developing countries such as India, Guatemala, and Brazil is considerably lower compared to that of protein in typical North American diets (54–78 versus 88–94%). The presence of less digestible protein fractions, high levels of insoluble fiber, and high concentrations of antinutritional factors in the diets of developing countries, which are based on less refined cereals and grain legumes as major sources of protein, are responsible for poor digestibility of protein. The effects of the presence of some of the important antinutritional factors on protein and amino digestibilities of food and feed products are reviewed in this chapter. Food and feed products may contain a number of antinutritional factors that may adversely affect protein digestibility and amino acid availability. Antinutritional factors may occur naturally, such as glucosinolates in mustard and rapeseed protein products, trypsin inhibitors and hemagglutinins in legumes, tannins in legumes and cereals, phytates in cereals and oilseeds, and gossypol in cottonseed protein products. Antinutritional factors may also be formed during heat/alkaline processing of protein products, yielding Maillard compounds, oxidized forms of sulfur amino acids, D-amino acids, and lysinoalanine (LAL, an unnatural amino acid derivative). The presence of high levels of dietary trypsin inhibitors from soybeans, kidney beans, or other grain legumes can cause substantial reductions in protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 50%) in rats and pigs. Similarly, the presence of high levels of tannins in cereals, such as sorghum, and grain legumes, such as fababean (Vicia faba L.), can result in significantly reduced protein and amino acid digestibilities (up to 23%) in rats, poultry, and pigs. Studies involving phytase supplementation of production rations for swine or poultry have provided indirect evidence that normally encountered levels of phytates in cereals and legumes can reduce protein and amino acid digestibilities by up to 10%. D-amino acids and LAL formed during alkaline/heat treatment of proteins such as casein, lactalbumin, soy protein isolate, or wheat proteins are poorly digestible (less than 40%), and their presence can reduce protein digestibility by up to 28% in rats and pigs. A comparison of the protein digestibility determination in young (5-week) versus old (20-month) rats suggests greater susceptibility to the adverse effects of antinutritional factors in old rats than in young rats. Therefore, the inclusion of protein digestibility data obtained with young rats, as the recommended animal model, in the calculation of PDCAAS (Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score) may overestimate protein digestibility and quality of products, especially those containing antinutritional factors, for the elderly. For products specifically intended for the elderly, protein digestibility should be determined using more mature rats.
A Flow-Injection Biamperometric Method for Determination of Pantoprazole in Pharmaceutical Tablets
Authors: Castro Suzana L , Neto Osmundo D Pessoa , Santos Sergio R B , Medeiros Everaldo P , Lima Ricardo A C , Martins Valdomiro L , Araúo Mario C U , Santos Josué C C , Korn Mauro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A flow-injection biamperometric method for determination of pantoprazole (PTZ) in pharmaceutical tablets is reported for the first time. The reversible redox couples Fe3+/Fe2+, Fe(CN)63−/Fe(CN)64−, Ce4+/Ce3+, VO3−/VO2+, and I2/I− were tested as indicating redox systems for biamperometric determination of PTZ in a flow-injection assembly with optimized flow parameters. The best results were obtained using VO3−/VO2+, which showed to be a selective and sensitive biamperometric indicating system for PTZ even in the presence of excipients and antioxidants that typically are found in drugs. The analytical graph was linear (r = 0.99945) in the range from 10 to 100 mg/L using 25 mmol/L VO3− as the reagent and water as the carrier stream and applying 100 mV between the 2 platinum wire electrodes. The limits of detection and quantitation were 200 and 667 μg/L, respectively, with a sensibility of calibration of 22.6 mV/mg/L. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine PTZ in commercial pharmaceutical tablets with a mean relative error of 1.60% (n = 5) and mean relative standard deviation of 3.10%. Recoveries close to 100% showed good agreement between the expected amount of PTZ in tablets (40 mg) and the results found by the application of the proposed method and demonstrated that the formulations used in the tablet compositions do not interfere in the PTZ analysis. The system had good stability, with a relative standard deviation of 3.80% for 9 sequential injections of a 60 mg/L PTZ solution. A sampling rate of about 100 samples/h was obtained.
Rapid Evaluation of Surface Sanitation by Electrical Measurement
Authors: Álvarez Fernando , Sanz Susana , Rodríguez-Jerez José Juan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Electrical measurements are easier and faster than traditional methods for evaluating surface sanitation in the food industry. However, the behavior of sublethally damaged bacteria is different in each method. The electrical method is more sensitive to the presence of disinfectant traces in the samples. These issues lead to low correlations between both methods (r2 &lt; 0.7). The use of smaller sample volumes in electrical measurements, together with the addition of a blend of neutralizers to the sample and the subsequent removal by filtration, provide r2 values &gt;0.9. The developed protocol shows an excellent correlation with traditional methods and facilitates the adaptation of the electrical method to routine monitoring of surface sanitation. It allows for a reduction in holding times and thereby provides the necessary time to make decisions.
Direct, Sensitive Determination of Trace Amounts of Dissolved Ferric Iron in Natural Water by Light Absorption Ratio Variation Spectrometry
Authors: Gao Hong-Wen , Chen Ling , Yang Qiao-Zhi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chromophore eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) was used to sensitively coordinate Al(III) and Fe(III) in the presence of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) at pH 4.8. Trace amounts of Fe(III) can displace Al(III) from the Al(ECR)(CPC) ternary complex to form the Fe(ECR)(CPC) complex. The composition of the complexes was determined by the break point approach. The competitive displacement complexation was sensitive and highly selective, even if no masking reagent was added. An ongoing novel spectrophotometry, named the light-absorption ratio variation approach, was applied to the direct determination of Fe(III) in natural water with recovery between 92.5 and 106%. The detection limit was only 9 ng/mL Fe(III).
Evaluation of Two Procedures to Determine Acid and Neutral Detergent Fibers in Ruminant Feeds of the Temperate Region of Argentina
Authors: Fay José P , Guaita María S , Danelón José L , Chifflet Sonia , Wawrzkiewicz Marisa , Fernández Héctor M , Ross Deborah A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare the traditional Van Soest's procedure to analyze neutral detergent fibers (NDF) and acid detergent fibers (ADF) using filtering crucibles (VS) with a semiautomatic method which uses filter bags in an ANKOM Technology Corp. instrument (ANK). Nine ruminant feeds widely used in the temperate region of Argentina were analyzed: soybean meal expeller, alfalfa, pasture silage, ryegrass, corn silage, weeping lovegrass, tall wheatgrass, guinea grass, and barley grass. Four runs were done for each technique and feed. The comparison of ADF and NDF means by the means test for paired samples showed no significant differences between techniques (α = 0.01). The variability among runs was greater with the VS method than the ANK, both for NDF, standard deviation (SD) = 0.71 vs 0.39, and for ADF, SD = 0.83 vs 0.56, but the differences were not significant. The linear regressions were VS = 1.43 + 0.95 ANK; R2 = 0.99, and VS = 0.53 + 0.98 ANK; R2 = 0.99 for NDF and ADF, respectively, which indicated a strong linear relationship among the results of both procedures. It was concluded that the ANK procedure gave results comparable to those of the VS method when ruminant feeds from the temperate region of Argentina were analyzed.
Historical Perspective as a Guide for Identifying and Developing Applicable Methods for Dietary Fiber
Authors: DeVries Jonathan W , Rader Jeanne I 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A review is presented describing the nature and evolving definition of dietary fiber. The historical development of the current definition is discussed as are the efforts to develop analytical methods to support food labeling regulations. Also considered are the characterization and quantitation of resistance starch, a dietary starch that does not digest in the small intestine, behaves like dietary fiber and therefore may have potential as a health-related ingredient in foods. The current status of AOAC methodology is discussed along with the possibility of updating the definition of dietary fiber. The potential impacts of changing the dietary fiber definition on analytical issues and on food composition databases are also considered.
Species-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of Camel (Camelus) DNA Extracts
Authors: Chen Ying , Wu Ya-Jun , Xu Bao-Liang , Wan Jing , Qian Zeng-Ming 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on amplification of a specific DNA fragment was established for the identification of camel (Camelus) materials. The species-specific primer pair L183/H372 was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and its specificity was confirmed by amplification of 3 camel (domestic double-humped camel, wild double-humped camel, wild one-humped camel) samples and 11 non-Camelus animal (sheep, goat, pig, chicken, cattle, fish, dog, horse, donkey, deer, and rabbit) materials. An expected 208 base pair fragment was amplified from camel materials; no cross-reactive or additional fragments were generated from other animal materials. Taq I restriction endonuclease digestion of the unpurified PCR product can be used routinely to confirm the camel origin of the amplified sequence.
Determination of Low MolecularWeight Alcohols Including Fusel Oil in Various Samples by Diethyl Ether Extraction and Capillary Gas Chromatography
Authors: Woo Kang-Lyung 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Low molecular weight alcohols including fusel oil were determined using diethyl ether extraction and capillary gas chromatography. Twelve kinds of alcohols were successfully resolved on the HP-FFAP (polyethylene glycol) capillary column. The diethyl ether extraction method was very useful for the analysis of alcohols in alcoholic beverages and biological samples with excellent cleanliness of the resulting chromatograms and high sensitivity compared to the direct injection method. Calibration graphs for all standard alcohols showed good linearity in the concentration range used, 0.001–2% (w/v) for all alcohols. Salting out effects were significant (p &lt; 0.01) for the low molecular weight alcohols methanol, isopropanol, propanol, 2-butanol, n-butanol and ethanol, but not for the relatively high molecular weight alcohols amyl alcohol, isoamyl alcohol, and heptanol. The coefficients of variation of the relative molar responses were less than 5% for all of the alcohols. The limits of detection and quantitation were 1–5 and 10–60 μg/L for the diethyl ether extraction method, and 10–50 and 100–350 g/L for the direct injection method, respectively. The retention times and relative retention times of standard alcohols were significantly shifted in the direct injection method when the injection volumes were changed, even with the same analysis conditions, but they were not influenced in the diethyl ether extraction method. The recoveries by the diethyl ether extraction method were greater than 95% for all samples and greater than 97% for biological samples.
Development and Validation of a Thin-Layer Chromatography-Densitometric Method for the Quantitation of Alliin from Garlic (Allium sativum) and Its Formulations
Authors: Kanaki Niranjan S , Rajani M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A selective, precise, and accurate high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been proposed for the analysis of garlic and its formulations for their alliin content. The method involves densitometric evaluation of alliin after resolving it by HPTLC on silica gel plates with n-butanol–acetic acid–water (6 + 2 + 2, v/v) as the mobile phase. For densitometric evaluation, peak areas were recorded at 540 nm after derivatizing the resolved bands with ninhydrin reagent. The relation between the concentration of alliin and corresponding peak areas was found to be linear within the range of 250 to 1500 ng/spot. The method was validated for precision (interday and intraday), repeatablility, and accuracy. Mean recovery was 98.36%. The method was applied for the quantitation of alliin in bulbs of Allium sativum Linn. (garlic) and its formulations. The proposed TLC method was found to be precise, specific, sensitive, and accurate and can be used for routine quality control of garlic and its formulations.
Validation Study of a Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Detection of Ruminant By-Product Material in Animal Feeds and Feed Ingredients: Performance-Tested MethodSM 010405
Authors: Klein Frank , Lupo Tony , Pielack Don , Mozola Mark , Pinero David , Coates Scott , Thiex Nancy , Holst Christoph von , Drouillard Jim 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An immunoassay with a lateral flow format has been developed for the detection of ruminant by-product material in animal feeds and feed ingredients. The test is designed for the analysis of animal feeds destined for feeding to ruminants to ensure that they do not contain ruminant by-products in violation of the ruminant-to-ruminant feed ban established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997. This feed ban was established as a firewall against exposure of ruminant livestock animals to the prion agents responsible for neurological diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie. The test is designed for field use, e.g., at a feed mill, and yields a qualitative (presence/absence) result in 15–20 min. The objective of the study was to validate the lateral-flow test for detection of ruminant by-product material in a variety of finished animal feeds and feed ingredients. Results indicate that the test is specific for ruminant material and can detect as little as 1% ruminant material in these commodities.
Simultaneous Determination of Bifonazole and Tinctures of Calendula Flower in Pharmaceutical Creams by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ferreyra Carola F , Ortiz Cristina S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of this research was to develop and validate a sensitive, rapid, easy, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) method for stability studies of bifonazole (I) formulated with tinctures of calendula flower (II). The method was especially developed for the analysis and quantitative determination of I and II in pure and combined forms in cream pharmaceutical formulations without using gradient elution and at room temperature. The influence on the stability of compound I of temperature, artificial radiation, and drug II used for the new pharmaceutical design was evaluated. The LC separation was carried out using a Supelcosil LC-18 column (25 cm × 4.6 mm id, 5 μm particle size); the mobile phase was composed of methanol–0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer (85 + 15, v/v) pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min; and ultraviolet detection was at 254 nm. The analysis time was less than 10 min. Calibration graphs were found to be linear in the 0.125–0.375 mg/mL (rI = 0.9991) and 0.639–1.916 mg/mL (rII = 0.9995) ranges for I and II, respectively. The linearity, precision, recovery, and limits of detection and quantification were satisfactory for I and II. The results obtained suggested that the developed LC method is selective and specific for the analysis of I and II in pharmaceutical products, and that it can be applied to stability studies.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Paracetamol and Salicylamide in Human Serum and Pharmaceutical Formulations by a Differential Kinetic Method
Authors: Zarei Ali Reza , Afkhami Abbas , Sarlak Nahid 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid, simple, and sensitive differential kinetic method is presented for the determinations of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) and salicylamide. The method is based on their oxidation reaction by Fe3+ ion in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline as indicator. The reactions can be monitored spectrophotometrically by measuring the increase in the absorbance of the solution at 510 nm. Two times were selected one in which only paracetamol is oxidized by Fe3+ ion and the other in which both drugs are oxidized by Fe3+ ion. The data were evaluated by the proportional equations method. The method allowed the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and salicylamide at concentrations between 0.5–20 and 1–40 μg/mL with relative standard deviations of 3.47 and 2.58%, respectively. The method was applied to the simultaneous determination of paracetamol and salicylamide in human serum and pharmaceutical formulations.
Determination of Spiroxamine Residues in Grapes, Must, and Wine by Gas Chromatography/Ion Trap-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tsiropoulos Nicholas G , Liapis Konstantinos , Likas Dimitrios T , Miliadis George E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Analytical methodology was developed and validated for the determination of spiroxamine residues in grapes, must, and wine by gas chromatography/ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC/IT-MS). Two extraction procedures were used: the first involved grapes, must, and wine extraction with alkaline cyclohexane–dichloromethane (9 + 1, v/v) solution, and the second grape extraction with acetone, dichloromethane, and petroleum ether. In both procedures, the extract was centrifuged, evaporated to dryness, and reconstituted in cyclohexane or 2,2,4-trimethylpentane–toluene (9 + 1, v/v), respectively. Spiroxamine diastereomers A and B were determined by GC/IT-MS, and a matrix effect was observed in the case of grapes but not in must and wine. Recovery of spiroxamine from fortified samples at 0.02 to 5.0 mg/kg ranged from 78–102% for grapes and must, with relative standard deviation (RSD) &lt;13%; for red and white wines, recoveries ranged from 90 to 101% with RSD &lt;9%. The limit of quantification was 0.02 mg/kg for grapes, must, and wine or 0.10 mg/kg for grapes, depending on the extraction procedure used.
Improved DNA Probe Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Enrichment Culture After Physical-Chemical Fractionation
Authors: Duvall Robert E , Eklund Marjut , Tran Tony T , Hitchins Anthony D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bacterial detection in foods by nucleic acid probes is limited by microflora competition during selective enrichment. Probe target concentration by extraction and fractionation of enrichments may diminish this limitation. The 1-h AccuProbe chemiluminescent culture identification test for Listeria monocytogenes was used as a model. Its high detection threshold provides a stringent challenge for evaluating enrichmentwork-up protocols. Detection of L. monocytogenes, at 14 colony-forming units/g food,was not consistently possible in 48 h enrichment cultures usingAccuProbe. Concentration by cell sedimentationwas occasionally helpful but the volume of co-sedimented food limited concentration to about 10-fold. To improve concentration, enrichment sedimentswere sonicated or enzymatically lysed to release the probe's target, r-RNA. The RNAwas separated from non-RNA material by extraction with phenol and precipitation with ethanol. Enrichments (250 mL) were concentrated 2500-fold, and the limitation was food RNA volume. A strongly competitive Enterococcus faecium food isolate was used to demonstrate the effect of artificial competition on the kit's ability to detect L. monocytogenes in enrichments. High competitor concentrations repressed the level of the target below the detection threshold, but concentration of r-RNA enabled detection of L. monocytogenes. The effectiveness of this enrichment sample work-up was demonstrated with naturally contaminated hummus.
High-Throughput Determination of Seven Trace Elements in Food Samples by Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry
Authors: Chan Kwok Chu , Yip Yiu Chung , Chu Hei Shing , Sham Wing Cheong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method was developed for high-throughput determinations of 7 elements in food samples, namely antimony (Sb), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and tin (Sn). The samples were digested by closed-vessel microwave-assisted digestion using concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) as the medium, followed by microwave- assisted evaporation to concentrate the sample solutions before dilution to the desired volume. The microwave-assisted evaporation procedure effectively reduced the final acid concentration to around 8 before analysis by inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry (ICPMS). This reduction allows determination by ICPMS to proceed without further sample dilution, which would affect the detection limit. The method was validated, and method recoveries for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg were within the certified ranges of the chosen certified reference materials. Recoveries of the 7 elements from spiked samples ranged from 93.1 to 103.6. The standard uncertainties of precision for the 7 elements were between 3.1 and 4.3. Interlaboratory comparison studies for As, Cd, and Pb gave z-scores ranging from 0.2 to 0.3.