bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle factors influencing the academic performance among the secondary school students in an urban area of south India
Authors: Kavi Avinash , Walvekar Padmaja R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
School children are exposed to various social, environmental, nutritional and cultural changes which will influence their lifestyle and can impose behavioral change. This study was formulated to assess the lifestyle factors influencing the academic performance among secondary school students in an urban area of south India.

Materials and Methods
A cross sectional study was conducted among secondary school students of grade 8, 9 and 10 in public and private schools of an urban area. Data was collected using a pre-designed, pretested, questionnaire. Demographic data and socio-economic status was assessed. Lifestyle assessment included the dietary habits, physical activity, tobacco and other substance use and anthropometric measurements. Academic performance was assessed by attendance, past annual examination grades. Results were expressed in percentages and analysis was done using Chi-square test and Fischer exact test.

Results
Study participants included were 613. Overall prevalence of tobacco use 14.0%. Skipping breakfast was associated with poor performance (p=0.002) among public school students. Private school students’ academic performance was significantly associated with the BMI (p=0.03). Prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity was 70.5, 5.0 and 5.5% respectively. Physical activity didn’t show any significant influence on academic performance (p=0.69, 0.76).

Conclusion
Academic performance of secondary school students is influenced by various factors including, regularity of attendance, socio-economic status, skipping breakfast and consumption of tobacco and other substances. Study establishes the need for proper motivation and reinforcement of safe healthy lifestyle practices to achieve complete academic excellence.
Design optimization of micromixer with circular mixing chambers (M-CMC) using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis
Authors: Gidde Ranjitsinha R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The aim of the present study is to optimize the micromixer with circular mixing chambers (M-CMC) using Taguchi-based grey relational analysis approach. Simulations are performed to investigate the effect of design parameters viz. chamber diameter, transverse offset and width of constriction channel on performance characteristics for parameter sets corresponding to Orthogonal Array (OA) L9. Further, grey relational grade is used to identify the optimal set of design parameters. In depth study of flow and mixing dynamics are carried out to visualize the mixing mechanism for optimal and other two cases of proposed micromixer design configuration for Re in the range from 0.1 to 50. In order to assess the response of each design variable at each level, analysis of variance (ANOVA) is also performed to analyse influence of design parameters on mixing index and pressure drop.
Study on critical speed of vortex rupture and gas-liquid two-phase flow in rotating soybean milk machine
Authors: Li Longhai , Dou Hua-Shu , Du Yu , Guo Hongwei , Huang Hao 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The gas-liquid two-phase flow field inside a soybean milk machine is simulated with the Navier–Stokes equations, Renormalization group (RNG) k-ɛ turbulence model and the particle two-phase flow model. The critical speed of vortex breakdown in the container and the influence of the characteristics of the two-phase flow on the soybean crushing effect at different speeds are investigated. The results show that there is a critical value of rotating speed of 1500 rpm for the vortex breakdown in the studied machine. At this rotational speed, the turbulent eddy dissipation (TED) reaches the maximum, and the position where the vortex first rupture is near the central axis and with a distance of 0.01 m from the central axis. It is also found that with the increase of rotating speed, the pressure difference around the blade varies significantly. The research in this study has important implication for the design of the soybean milk machine.
Understanding hormones in terms of humours (Akhlat) in Unani system of medicine
Authors: Alam Md Anzar , Quamri Mohd. Aleemuddin , Sofi Ghulamuddin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In Unani System of Medicine, humours (Akhlat) play a vital role in maintenance of health; imbalance of their proportion either qualitative or quantitative can cause disease. Akhlat refers to the body fluids under a wider perspective in the Unani Medicine, which also encompasses fluids designated as hormones by the Modern Medicine. Akhlat (humours) are those moist and fluid parts of the body which are produced after transformation and metabolism of the nutrition; they serve the function of growth, repair, produce energy, preservation of individual and the species. It is concerned with growth, multiplication, differentiation, and metabolic activities of different tissues and systems, and thereby maintains a correct physiological balance between them. Present paper is a review on the concept of Akhlat and an attempt to understand hormones.
Regularization with metric double integrals for vector tomography
Authors: Melching Melanie , Scherzer Otmar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present a family ofnon-localvariational regularization methods for solvingtomographicproblems, where the solutions are functions with range in a closed subset of the Euclidean space, for example if the solution only attains values in an embedded sub-manifold. Recently, in [R. Ciak, M. Melching and O. Scherzer, Regularization with metric double integrals of functions with values in a set of vectors, J. Math. Imaging Vision 61 2019, 6, 824–848], such regularization methods have been investigated analytically and their efficiency has been tested for basic imaging tasks such as denoising and inpainting. In this paper we investigate solving complex vector tomography problems with non-local variational methods both analytically and numerically.
Differential evolution algorithm of solving an inverse problem for the spatial Solow mathematical model
Authors: Kabanikhin Sergey , Krivorotko Olga , Bektemessov Zholaman , Bektemessov Maktagali , Zhang Shuhua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe differential evolution algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem to reconstruct the production function (inverse problem) for the spatial Solow mathematical model using additional measurements of the gross domestic product for the fixed points. Since the inverse problem is ill-posed the regularized differential evolution is applied. For getting the optimized solution of the inverse problem the differential evolution algorithm is paralleled to 32 kernels. Numerical results for different technological levels and errors in measured data are presented and discussed.
Land Use Land Cover map segmentation using Remote Sensing: A Case study of Ajoy river watershed, India
Authors: Mahata Kalyan , Das Rajib , Das Subhasish , Sarkar Anasua 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Image segmentation in land cover regions which are overlapping in satellite imagery, is one crucial challenge. To detect true belonging of one pixel becomes a challenging problem while classifying mixed pixels in overlapping regions. In current work, we propose one new approach for image segmentation using a hybrid algorithm of K-Means and Cellular Automata algorithms. This newly implemented unsupervised model can detect cluster groups using hybrid 2-Dimensional Cellular-Automata model based on K-Means segmentation approach. This approach detects different land use land cover areas in satellite imagery by existing K-Means algorithm. Since it is a discrete dynamical system, cellular automaton realizes uniform interconnecting cells containing states. In the second stage of current model, we experiment with a 2-dimensional cellular automata to rank allocations of pixels among different land-cover regions. The method is experimented on the watershed area of Ajoy river (India) and Salinas (California) data set with true class labels using two internal and four external validity indices. The segmented areas are then compared with existing FCM, DBSCAN and K-Means methods and verified with the ground truth. The statistical analysis results also show the superiority of the new method.
Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia: mutations in SLC34A1 and CYP24A1 in two siblings and fathers
Authors: Güven Ayla , Konrad Martin , Schlingmann Karl P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Both CYP24A1 and SLC34A1 gene mutations are responsible for idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia, whereas loss-of-function mutations in CYP24A1 (25-OH-vitamin D-24-hydroxylase) lead to a defect in the inactivation of active 1.25(OH)2D; mutations in SLC34A1 encoding renal sodium phosphate cotransporter NaPi-IIa lead to primary renal phosphate wasting combined with an inappropriate activation of vitamin D. The presence of mutations in both genes has not been reported in the same patient until today.

Case presentation
Hypercalcemia was incidentally detected when a 13-month-old boy was being examined for urinary tract infection. After 21 months, hypercalcemia was detected in his six-month-old sister. High dose of vitamin D was not given to both siblings. Both of them also had hypophosphatemia and decreased tubular phosphate reabsorption. Intensive hydration, furosemide and oral phosphorus treatment were given. Bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis was detected in both siblings and their father. Serum Ca and P levels were within normal limits at follow-up in both siblings. Siblings and their parents all carry a homozygous stop codon mutation (p.R466*) in CYP24A1. Interestingly, both siblings and the father also have a heterozygous splice-site mutation (IVS6(+1)G>A) in SLC34A1. The father has nephrocalcinosis.

Conclusions
A biallelic loss-of-function mutation in the CYP24A1 gene was identified as responsible for hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. In addition, a heterozygous mutation in the SLC34A1 gene, although not being the main pathogenic factor, might contribute to the severe phenotype of both patients.
Reference range for C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) in the third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Tanaka Hiroaki , Tanaka Kayo , Enomoto Naosuke , Takakura Sho , Magawa Shoichi , Maki Shintaro , Nii Masafumi , Toriyabe Kuniaki , Katsuragi Shinji , Ikeda Tomoaki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to (i) establish the reference range and mean value for normal levels of C1-esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) during pregnancy, and (ii) investigate the association between C1 INH and uterine atony, as measured by blood loss at delivery.

Methods
We prospectively studied 200 healthy pregnant women who were registered. We studied C1 INH levels in 188 women at 34 and 35 gestational weeks of pregnancy. The reference range for C1 INH during the third trimester of pregnancy was calculated using the value of C1 INH that was determined at registration.

Results
The mean value of C1 INH was determined to be 70.3% (95% confidence interval, 68.7–71.9). While the C1 INH levels in four women were determined to be 40% lower than the calculated mean value, amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) did not occur in any of the women studied.

Conclusions
This study successfully demonstrated that a reference value for C1 INH activity can be established using the methods described herein. Further research is needed to determine whether C1 INH is involved in obstetric coagulopathy syndrome such as amniotic fluid embolism.
Antenatal and perinatal outcomes of refugees in high income countries
Authors: Sturrock Sarah , Williams Emma , Greenough Anne 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has highlighted a marked trend for worse pregnancy-related indicators in migrants, such as maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, poor mental health and suboptimal care. The aim of this study was to determine whether such adverse outcomes occurred in refugees who moved to high income countries by comparing their antenatal and perinatal outcomes to those of non-immigrant women.

Methods
A literature search was undertaken. Embase and Medline databases were searched using Ovid. Search terms included “refugee”, “pregnan*” or “neonat*”, and “outcome”.

Results
The search yielded 194 papers, 23 were included in the final analysis. All the papers included were either retrospective cohort or cross-sectional studies. The refugees studied originated from a wide variety of source countries, including Eritrea, Somalia, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Refugee women were more likely to be socially disadvantaged, but less likely to smoke or take illegal drugs during pregnancy. Refugee women were more likely to have poor, late, or no attendance at antenatal care. Miscarriages and stillbirth were more common amongst refugee women than non-refugees. Perinatal mortality was higher among refugees.

Conclusions
Despite better health care services in high income countries, refugee mothers still had worse outcomes. This may be explained by their late or lack of attendance to antenatal care.
Addressing Instability in Thailand’s Deep South with Law and Development
Authors: Nuchpiam Prapin , Prateeppornnarong Dhiyathad 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article approaches the long-standing instability in the southernmost part of Thailand, where a vast majority of the population is Muslim, from a law and development perspective. The instability has resulted from a highly complicated conflict, of which religious and ethnic differences, political conflict, and even organized crime are generally claimed as the main causes. The article directs its attention to a sense of resentment among the Muslim population, which has arisen from enduring economic disparities and injustice they have suffered at the hands of the authorities. Addressing these two closely related issues certainly does not lead to a resolution of the conflict, but tackling them in an interrelated manner at least clarifies one of its significant aspects and contributes in a meaningful way to the ongoing search for a sustainable peace in Thailand’s southernmost region. The law and development approach we have adopted for this study attempts to show how the existing regulatory design (laws, legal frameworks, institutions) has been implemented – that is, how it has been complied with in terms of generation of action programs and strategies (in the form of security operations and development initiatives) and to what effect. Based on our findings, the quality of the implementation represents a major condition for the failure of the law and development implementation in Thailand’s Deep South. We therefore highlight the necessity of genuine political will and the enhancement of the state capacity for law enforcement through eradication of corruption and opportunistic crime as a feasible solution in this context.
Comparability in evolutionary biology: The case of Darwin’s barnacles
Authors: Bromham Lindell 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLanguage change and biological evolution are sufficiently similar that biologists and linguists often face similar challenges in reconstructing paths of historical change connecting different species or languages. Tracing evolutionary change over time requires us to consider how shared features have been modified in different lineages since they shared a common ancestor, and this means we have to be able to establish meaningful comparability between traits. In some cases, we may wish to understand how the same ancestral trait has been modified in each lineage in response to different pressures. But in other cases, we may wish to ask whether particular traits often arise in response to certain circumstances. Biologists must therefore consider different reasons for similarities between species, and choose to compare those traits that are relevant to the story they want to tell. To reconstruct histories of change, we need to compare homologous traits (those similar due to shared ancestry). But comparing analogous traits (independently derived but similar traits) highlights how separate evolutionary lineages can find similar solutions to common problems. I will illustrate the importance of comparability in constructing evolutionary explanations using one of the more obscure yet fascinating examples of Charles Darwin’s scientific researches, his multi-volume taxonomic treatise on barnacles. Darwin faced the challenge of how to explain the evolutionary trajectory of unique and highly modified traits that appear to have no equivalents in related taxa. He did this by tracing the development of unique traits within growing individuals, looking for variation in these strange adaptations between individuals, and comparing them across species that varied in their degree of modification from their ancestor. Using meticulous observations to establish comparability, even in such an incomparable animal as the barnacle, he could reconstruct plausible evolutionary explanations for even the most bizarrely modified traits, such as the presence of parasitic males and the invention of the cement that sticks barnacles to rocks, boats and whales. Nowadays, scientists increasingly rely on DNA evidence to trace evolutionary paths, which brings both advantages and challenges in establishing comparability. Even if you, like most people, are not particularly interested in barnacles, Darwin’s underappreciated taxonomic work is a surprisingly good place to go to if you want to think about the issue of comparability and why it matters to understanding evolution.
Fifty shades of grue: Indeterminate categories and induction in and out of the language sciences
Authors: Spike Matthew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt is hard to define structural categories of language (e.g. noun, verb, adjective) in a way which accounts for linguistic variation. This leads Haspelmath to make the following claims: i) unlike in biology and chemistry, there are nonatural kindsin language; ii) there is a fundamental distinction betweendescriptiveandcomparativelinguistic categories, and; iii) generalisations based on comparisons between languages canin principletell us nothing about specific languages. The implication is that cross-linguistic categories cannot support scientific induction. I disagree: generalisations on the basis of linguistic comparison should inform the language sciences. Haspelmath is not alone in identifying a connection between the nature of the categories we use and the kind of inferences we can make (e.g. Goodman’s ‘new riddle of induction’), but he is both overly pessimistic about categories in language and overly optimistic about categories in other sciences: biology and even chemistry work with categories which are indeterminate to some degree. Linguistic categories are clusters of co-occurring properties with variable instantiations, but this does not mean that we should dispense with them: if linguistic generalisations reliably lead to predictions about individual languages, and if we can integrate them into more sophisticated causal explanations, then there is noa priorirequirement for a fundamental descriptive/comparative distinction. Instead, we should appreciate linguistic variation as a key component of our explanations rather than a problem to be dealt with.
Validating the relationships: which species of Myotis “nattereri” group (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) actually inhabits the Caucasus
Authors: Kruskop Sergei V. , Solovyeva Evgeniya N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Due to their conservative morphology, the complexity of the taxonomic composition of the Myotis “nattereri” species complex was highly underestimated until recently. In recent studies, the form inhabiting the Caucasus region was allocated to the species Myotis tschuliensis. However, no molecular data was available from its type territory in Turkmenistan. We successfully isolated DNA from two paratypes of M. tschuliensis stored in the Zoological museum of Moscow State University and obtained partial sequences of the mitochondrial gene ND1. The analysis of the DNA showed that the specimens from the Caucasus and Turkmenistan undoubtedly belong to the same genetic lineage. However, morphometric analysis of cranial and dental features showed that the Caucasus and Turkmenistan populations differ from each other approximately to the same extent as M. tschuliensis from M. nattereri. It is possible that there is a still undescribed geographical race in the Caucasus. However, final clarification of the taxonomic status of this population requires more extensive studies, both genetic and morphological.
Ultralow threshold blue quantum dot lasers: what’s the true recipe for success?
Authors: Raun Alexander , Hu Evelyn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe family of III-nitride materials has provided a platform for tremendous advances in efficient solid-state lighting sources such as light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. In particular, quantum dot (QD) lasers using the InGaN/GaN material system promise numerous benefits to enhance photonic performance in the blue wavelength regime. Nevertheless, issues of strained growth and difficulties in producing InGaN QDs with uniform composition and size pose daunting challenges in achieving an efficient blue laser. Through a review of two previous studies on InGaN/GaN QD microdisk lasers, we seek to provide a different perspective and approach in better understanding the potential of QD emitters. The lasers studied in this paper contain gain material where QDs are sparsely distributed, comprise a wide distribution of sizes, and are intermixed with “fragmented” quantum well (fQW) material. Despite these circumstances, the use of microdisk cavities, where a few distinct, high-quality modes overlap the gain region, not only produces ultralow lasing thresholds (∼6.2 μJ/cm2) but also allows us to analyze the dynamic competition between QDs and fQWs in determining the final lasing wavelength. These insights can facilitate “modal” optimization of QD lasing and ultimately help to broaden the use of III-nitride QDs in devices.
Expanding Nonprofit Advocacy
Authors: Berry Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Expanding Nonprofit Advocacy. This paper calls for regulatory changes that would clarify the rules around advocacy by 501(c)(3) nonprofits. It is common for leaders of such nonprofits to misinterpret these rules and to believe that they are much more restrictive than they really are. This results in less nonprofit advocacy and, consequentially, less representation of interests that are chronically underrepresented.