bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of dermal shield vascularization in Testudinata and Pseudosuchia: phylogenetic constraints versus ecophysiological adaptations
Authors: Clarac François , Scheyer Torsten M. , Desojo Julia B. , Cerda Ignacio A. , Sanchez Sophie 
Published: January 2020

Studies on living turtles have demonstrated that shells are involved in the resistance to hypoxia during apnea via bone acidosis buffering; a process which is complemented with cutaneous respiration, transpharyngeal and cloacal gas exchanges in the soft-shell turtles. Bone acidosis buffering during apnea has also been identified in crocodylian osteoderms, which are also known to employ heat transfer when basking. Although diverse, many of these functions rely on one common trait: the vascularization of the dermal shield. Here, we test whether the above ecophysiological functions played an adaptive role in the evolutionary transitions between land and aquatic environments in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata. To do so, we measured the bone porosity as a proxy for vascular density in a set of dermal plates before performing phylogenetic comparative analyses. For both lineages, the dermal plate porosity obviously varies depending on the animal lifestyle, but these variations prove to be highly driven by phylogenetic relationships. We argue that the complexity of multi-functional roles of the post-cranial dermal skeleton in both Pseudosuchia and Testudinata probably is the reason for a lack of obvious physiological signal, and we discuss the role of the dermal shield vascularization in the evolution of these groups.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.
Were the synapsids primitively endotherms? A palaeohistological approach using phylogenetic eigenvector maps
Authors: Faure-Brac Mathieu G. , Cubo Jorge 
Published: January 2020

The acquisition of mammalian endothermy is poorly constrained both phylogenetically and temporally. Here, we inferred the resting metabolic rates (RMRs) and the thermometabolic regimes (endothermy or ectothermy) of a sample of eight extinct synapsids using palaeohistology, phylogenetic eigenvector maps (PEMs), and a sample of 17 extant tetrapods of known RMR (quantified using respirometry). We inferred high RMR values and an endothermic metabolism for the anomodonts (Lystrosaurussp.,Oudenodon bainii) and low RMR values and an ectothermic metabolism forClepsydrops collettii, Dimetrodonsp.,Edaphosaurus boanerges, Mycterosaurussp.,Ophiacodon uniformisandSphenacodonsp. A maximum-likelihood ancestral states reconstruction of RMRs performed using the values inferred for extinct synapsids, and the values measured using respirometry in extant tetrapods, shows that the nodes Anomodontia and Mammalia were primitively endotherms. Finally, we performed a parsimony optimization of the presence of endothermy using the results obtained in the present study and those obtained in previous studies that used PEMs. For this, we assigned to each extinct taxon a thermometabolic regime (ectothermy or endothermy) depending on whether the inferred values were significantly higher, lower or not significantly different from the RMR value separating ectotherms from endotherms (1.5 ml O2h−1g−0.67). According to this optimization, endothermy arose independently in Archosauromorpha, Sauropterygia and Therapsida.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.
Respiratory evolution in archosaurs
Authors: Brocklehurst Robert J. , Schachner Emma R. , Codd Jonathan R. , Sellers William I. 
Published: January 2020

The Archosauria are a highly successful group of vertebrates, and their evolution is marked by the appearance of diverse respiratory and metabolic strategies. This review examines respiratory function in living and fossil archosaurs, focusing on the anatomy and biomechanics of the respiratory system, and their physiological consequences. The first archosaurs shared a heterogeneously partitioned parabronchial lung with unidirectional air flow; from this common ancestral lung morphology, we trace the diverging respiratory designs of bird- and crocodilian-line archosaurs. We review the latest evidence of osteological correlates for lung structure and the presence and distribution of accessory air sacs, with a focus on the evolution of the avian lung-air sac system and the functional separation of gas exchange and ventilation. In addition, we discuss the evolution of ventilation mechanics across archosaurs, citing new biomechanical data from extant taxa and how this informs our reconstructions of fossils. This improved understanding of respiratory form and function should help to reconstruct key physiological parameters in fossil taxa. We highlight key events in archosaur evolution where respiratory physiology likely played a major role, such as their radiation at a time of relative hypoxia following the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, and their evolution of elevated metabolic rates.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Vertebrate palaeophysiology’.
NRC particle detection probe: test cell to flight
Authors: Davison Craig , Fuleki Dan , Chalmers Jennifer Lynne Young , Galeote Brian 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
High-altitude ice crystals (HAICs) are causing one in-flight event or more per month for commercial aircraft. The effects include preventing air data probes (pitot pressure and total air temperature in particular) from functioning correctly and causing engines to roll back and shut down. The purpose of this study is to describe the process used by the National Research Council Canada (NRC) to develop and test a particle detection probe (PDP). The probe mounts on the fuselage of aircraft to sense and quantify the ice crystals in the environment.

Design/methodology/approach
The probe was demonstrated on the NRC Convair and Airbus A340 research aircraft as part of the European Union HAIC programme. The probe was ruggedised, adapted for easy installation in standard aircraft fittings and tested in a variety of conditions for longevity and endurance.

Findings
Efforts to achieve the safety requirements for flight on aircraft are discussed. The challenges, surprises and opportunities for testing on which the development group is capitalised are also presented.

Practical implications
It was demonstrated that the detectors gave signals proportional to the ice crystal content of clouds, and results demonstrating the functionality of the probe are presented.

Originality/value
This paper describes the multi-year process of developing the NRC PDP from a test cell sensor for detecting engine exhaust contaminants on an aircraft ice crystal detection probe. The work included over 20 flight tests on NRC aircraft and the Airbus HAIC test programme.
Franchise model schools: rethinking educational practices and structures
Authors: Gonzales Miguel , Roberts Maria 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
How will schools reinvent themselves to respond to the technological and economic demands of the mid-21st century? In response to the demands, a school district in the western region of the United States implemented a model patterned after the franchise business model. Two effective principals were tasked to simultaneously lead multiple high-risk elementary schools and to replicate the success they achieved from their flagship school. This paper aims to introduce the concept of franchise model schools. It also examines the innovative impact of the model as it relates to student achievement and leadership development.

Design/methodology/approach
The methodology for this research was a case study approach. This case study sought to examine teacher and school leaders' perceptions of the implementation of the franchise model school framework. The setting of this case study was five franchise model elementary schools in the western region of the United States. Participants of this study included 37 grade-level teacher leaders and 133 teacher respondents to an online questionnaire. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with grade-level teacher leaders at each participating school. State and site-based academic assessments were also collected and analyzed.

Findings
Due to the novelty of the franchise model schools, the long-term effects on student outcomes are not yet discernable. Interviews with the teachers and school leaders revealed that staff morale was low after the initial implementation of the model and student assessment scores also decreased after the first year of implementation. The current pattern of student assessment revealed a decrease after the first year of implementation and a small increase after the second year. Findings revealed assistant principals within the model increased their leadership capacity and efficacy. Assistant principals felt confident in their ability to lead a school as principals.

Originality/value
The implementation of franchise model schools is unique to the United States education system. Minimal research exists which examines the novelty and impact of franchise model schools. This case study has the potential to inform school systems, policy-makers and educator preparation programs of new practices and innovative structures that can help meet the demands of obtaining a mid-21st-century education. For educational leadership preparation programs, the use of this model provides new practicum and internship opportunities for aspiring school administrators.
Auditor monitoring and restatement dark period
Authors: BenYoussef Nourhene , Drira Mohamed 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
Prior research has examined the impact of corporate governance mechanisms, including external auditing, on accounting restatements likelihood. However, little is known about auditor’s monitoring role in restatement disclosure practices. The purpose of this study is to address this gap by investigating the impact of auditor’s oversight on the timeliness of accounting restatement disclosures as measured by the length of the restatement dark period.

Design/methodology/approach
The study examines panel data from a sample of restating publicly traded US firms. Negative binomial regression is used to analyze the data because the dependent variable is a count variable and is over-dispersed.

Findings
The main study’s results indicate that longer auditor tenure and non-audit services provision improve restatement disclosure timeliness. Conversely, companies whose auditors exerted abnormally high levels of audit effort have longer restatement dark periods.

Originality/value
This study is the first archival research that focuses on auditor’s monitoring role and its impact on the timeliness of restatement disclosures. By doing so, this study contributes to the auditing academic research, professional practice and regulation by providing empirical evidence on an exasperating issue for all participants in the financial markets. In addition, it provides a better understanding of auditor’s monitoring role in the accounting restatement process and offers insights to policymakers, practitioners and investors interested in corporate financial transparency and corporate governance.
Fatigue behavior of precipitation strengthened Cu–Ni–Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition
Authors: Atapek Ş. Hakan , Pantelakis Spiros , Polat Şeyda , Chamos Apostolos , Aktaş Çelik Gülşah 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the fatigue behavior of precipitation-strengthened Cu‒2.55Ni‒0.55Si alloy, modified by the addition of 0.25 Cr and 0.25 Zr (wt%), using mechanical and fractographical studies to reveal the effect of microstructural features on the fracture.Design/methodology/approachFor strengthening, cast and hot forged alloy was subjected to solution annealing at 900°C for 60 min, followed by quenching in water and then aging at 490°C for 180 min. Precipitation-hardened alloy was exposed to fatigue tests atR=−1 and different stress levels. All fracture surfaces were examined within the frame of fractographical analysis.FindingsFine Ni-rich silicides responsible for the precipitation strengthening were observed within the matrix and their interactions with the dislocations at lower stress level resulted in localized shearing and fine striations. Although, by the addition of Cr and Zr, the matrix consisted of hard Ni, Zr-rich and Cr-rich silicides, these precipitates adversely affected the fatigue behavior acting as nucleation sites for cracks.Originality/valueThese findings contribute to the present knowledge by revealing the effect of microstructural features on the mechanical behavior of precipitation-hardened Cu‒Ni‒Si alloy modified by Cr and Zr addition.
Smart contracts: will Fintech be the catalyst for the next global financial crisis?
Authors: Duran Randall E. , Griffin Paul 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to examine the risks associated with smart contracts, a disruptive financial technology (FinTech) innovation, and assesses how in the future they could threaten the integrity of the global financial system.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative approach is used to identify risk factors related to the use of new financial innovations, by examining how over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives contributed to the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) which occurred during 2007 and 2008. Based on this analysis, the potential for similar concerns with smart contracts are evaluated, drawing on the failure of The DAO on the Ethereum blockchain, which involved the loss of over $60m of digital currency.

Findings
Extensive use of bilateral agreements, complexity and lack of standardization, lack of transparency, misuse and speed of contagion were factors that contributed to the GFC that could also become material concerns for smart contract technology as its adoption grows. These concerns, combined with other contextual factors, such as the risk of defects in smart contracts and cyberattacks, could lead to potential destabilization of the broader financial system.

Practical implications
The paper’s findings provide insights to help make the design, management and monitoring of smart contract technology more robust. They also provide guidance for key stakeholders on proactive steps that can be taken with smart contract technology to avoid repeating the types of oversights that contributed to the GFC.

Originality/value
This paper draws attention to the risks associated with the adoption of disruptive FinTech. It also suggests steps that regulators and other key stakeholders can take to help mitigate those risks.
Organizational culture, innovation and performance: a study from a non-western context
Authors: Aboramadan Mohammed , Albashiti Belal , Alharazin Hatem , Zaidoune Souhaila 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the links between organizational culture, innovation and banks’ performance in Palestine.Design/methodology/approachData were gathered from 186 employees working in the Palestinian banking sector. The data gathered were analyzed using the PLS-SEM approach.FindingsThe findings of the study show that organizational culture and marketing innovation have a positive impact on banks’ performance. Moreover, it was found that marketing performance partially mediates the relationship between organizational culture and banks’ performance.Practical implicationsThe paper may be of use for banks managers to create an organizational culture, which fosters both innovation and performance.Originality/valueThe paper is unique as it examines organizational culture, innovation and performance links in a non-western context.
Exploring the work and competence of interactive researchers
Authors: Johansson Peter E. , Wallo Andreas 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide insight into the competence in use when working with interactive research, which is a continuation and elaboration of action research.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research approach was adopted for the study. The main body of empirical material in this paper is based on two sources of data – a survey comprising open-ended questions, followed by a series of focus group interviews. The respondents were researchers with varying degrees of experience in using interactive research.FindingsThe findings provide illustrations of what characterises interactive research as work and identify an additional set of activities that go beyond traditional research activities. Some activities are relatively easy to describe, while others exist in the gaps between other activities – e.g. boundary spanning – and are harder to explicitly define in terms of implications for the involved researchers’ competence. The work activities reaching beyond the traditional research boundaries are implicit and are not a common shared practice. From a competence point of view, this implies that the competence in use for these implicit tasks of interactive research becomes individually carried. Based on these findings, a number of individual aspects of what constitutes competence in use are suggested.Research limitations/implicationsIn future studies, it would be valuable to use a mixed-method approach that also includes longitudinal observations of the actual work of conducting interactive research.Practical implicationsThe findings and suggestions for how to understand the competence of interactive researchers can be used as guidance for training in research education.Originality/valueThis study contributes to previous research by describing important requirements and critical elements of competence in use when conducting interactive research.
Research on dynamic characteristics of compensation mechanism for large-power wind turbine disc brake
Authors: Liu Yu , Hao Jie , Kang Panli , Sha Zhihua , Ma Fujian , Yang Dapeng , Zhang Shengfang 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to establish a rigid–flexible coupling model of wind turbine disc brake to simulate the actual working condition of the wind turbine brake and to study the dynamic characteristics of the compensation mechanism under different friction coefficients and braking force. It provides reference for the structure design and optimization of the compensation mechanism (compensation brake wear) in the wind turbine brake.Design/methodology/approachBased on multi-body contact dynamics theory, the rigid‒flexible coupling dynamic model of wind turbine brakes with compensation mechanism is established, in which the contact process of the components in the compensation mechanism and the phenomenon of rotation and return are described dynamically, and the rotation angle of the compensation nut and the axial displacement response of the compensation screw are calculated under different parameters.FindingsThe analysis results show that the braking reliability of the brake compensation mechanism can be effectively improved by increasing the friction coefficient of threads or increasing the friction of push rod contact surface; increasing the braking force can also improve the reliability of brake compensation mechanism, but when the braking force comes over a critical value, the effect of braking force on the reliability of the brake is very small. The braking test verifies the effectiveness of the simulation results.Originality/valueAnalyzing the influence of compensation mechanism on braking reliability in the braking process is of great practical significance for improving the braking efficiency and process safety of wind turbine brake.
Moderating effect of environmental dynamism on leadership practices and employees’ response to change in South Africa
Authors: Surty Sumayya , Scheepers Caren Brenda 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The environment has become increasingly dynamic, characterised by hyper turbulence and high-velocity. While research has confirmed the influence of leadership on the effectiveness of change, the author knows less about how increased environmental dynamism influences the relationship. This study aims to investigate how this relationship is impacted under highly uncertain and dynamic external conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
To investigate the moderating effect of environmental dynamism on leadership practices and employees’ response to change, 1,536 employees’ survey responses were analysed from various organisations in South Africa. Moderator regression models were used to examine relationships.

Findings
Environmental dynamism has a slight significant strengthening effect on the relationship between leadership practices and response to change, with regard to commitment to the change; efficacy, that is, the belief in whether the change will lead to the efficacy of the organisation; and valence or attractiveness of the change. However, no significant positive moderator effect on the impact of leadership practices on active support for change. Tenure as control variable also did not have a significant influence on the model.

Practical implications
Organisations must take note that under dynamic conditions: employees’ belief about the efficacy of change is influenced by leadership practices, but not the active support for the change. Leadership must, thus, check whether employees’ positive responses are indeed going over in action to implement change.

Originality/value
This study contributes an important moderator effect: the more dynamic the environment, the greater the impact leadership practices have on employee response to change.
A closing call’s impact on market quality: evidence from Abu Dhabi stock exchange
Authors: Orhun Eda 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to look at the effects of the closing call auction on market quality and behavior by using the natural experiment of its introduction at the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange.

Design/methodology/approach
Current paper studies the effect of closing call auction on various market quality factors such as liquidity, bid-ask spreads, volatility and market efficiency. Liquidity is proxied by trading volume. Bid-ask spreads provide a measure for the cost of trading in the market. Volatility is measured by using Parkinson’s (1980) volatility as in Huang and Tsai (2008). Last but not least, efficiency will be obtained by estimating a relative return dispersion measure as in Huang and Tsai (2008).

Findings
The introduction of the closing call auction leads to a significant decrease in the trading volume toward the end of the continuous trading. At the same time, trading activity taking place during the call auction significantly increases. This implies a redistribution of liquidity. The implementation of the closing call auction also improves market quality by reducing market inefficiency in terms of firm-specific noise. The study also documents that there exists no significant change in the cost of trading and intraday volatility in the post-period following the adoption of closing call auction.

Originality/value
This current study is the first one looking at this topic for the Abu Dhabi Stock Exchange. Specifically, this paper looks at the changes in trading volume, bid-ask spreads, intraday return volatility and market efficiency after the implementation of the closing call mechanism.
Cultural tourism market: a perspective paper
Authors: McKercher Bob 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the evolution of the cultural tourism market and what its future may be.

Design/methodology/approach
Instead of seeing the cultural tourism market as homogeneous, a segmentation model was developed based on the centrality of culture in the overall decision to travel and the depth of experience sought.

Findings
The model verified five segments, including: the purposeful cultural tourist, the sightseeing cultural tourist, the serendipitous cultural tourist, the casual cultural tourist and the incidental cultural tourist.

Originality/value
This framework has transformed how we think about cultural tourists, as it provides a better understanding of the differences in behavior and preferences for certain types of experiences. It is also a tool to develop more effective marketing communication strategies and serves as the basis to evaluate the market significance of this activity.