bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Formation and Evolution of the Spassky Gully in Old Ryazan
Authors: Водорезов А.В. , Зайцев Д.Г. , Кривцов В.А. 
Published: August 2020

По результатам изучения отложений в днище и конусе выноса оврага с учетом датировок артефактов из культурных слоев установлено время заложения и основные этапы развития Спасского оврага, проникшего на городище Старая Рязань. Появление оврага вызвано устройством оборонительного вала и рва Северного городища. Эрозия днища рва и трансформация его в овраг происходила во второй половине XI века и после перерыва во второй половине XII века. Третий этап активного развития оврага и роста его вершин приходится на период между 1732 годом
и второй половиной XIX века и был связан с распашкой поверхности городища. Мониторинг эрозионных и оползневых процессов на городище Старая Рязань в период с 1999 по 2019 год позволил выделить период активизации оползневых процессов в 2017–2019 годах, что связано с изменением климатических условий в регионе.
The investigation of the bottom sediments and the alluvial fans of the gully and the dating of artifacts found in occupation debris enable researchers to estimate when the Spassky gully (Old Ryazan) was formed and to assess the stages of its evolution. The gully was formed in the process of building a defensive wall and a moat in the northern part of the old town. In the late 11th century and after a considerable lapse of time in the late 12th century through the process of bottom erosion, the moat gradually turned into a gully. The third stage of its evolution is the period from 1732 to the late 19th century when the land was actively ploughed. By monitoring erosion and landslide activity in Old Ryazan in 1999-2019, the researchers managed to single out a period of increased landslide activity in 2017-2019, which can be accounted for by climatic changes in the region.
Pathogenicity and virulence of Ugandan isolates of common bacterial blight disease pathogen
Authors: Tugume J.K. , Osundwa C. , Tusiime G. , Mukankusi C.M. , Ssekamate A.M. , Wasswa P. , Buruchara R. 
Published: August 2020

Breeding for resistance is a major component in the integrated management of common bacterial disease of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Use of less virulent strains or strains with attenuated virulence may lead to selection of resistant genotypes with intermediate response, when exposed to more virulent strains of the pathogen. The objective of this study to identify and characterise Ugandan isolates of common bacterial blight disease-causing pathogens for virulence. Bacteria were isolated from leaf samples collected from districts of Kabale, Masaka, Bukomansimbi, Mubende, Mbale, Bulambuli and Apac, all in Uganda, during the first season of 2016. The bacteria were tested for pathogenicity, as well as virulence on both breeding and local varieties. The study identified three most virulent isolates, namely MBL020, KAB-3 and BUL-14, all belonging to Xathomonas citri pv fuscans. These isolates are very similar to those previously identified from Uganda (NCPB 670 and NCCPB 1402) more than 50 years ago. The study further revealed that NAROBEAN1, NAROBEAN 2, NAROBEAN 4, VAX 3, VAX5 and NE 2- 14- 8 had better resistance compared to other tested genotypes.
Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Uganda, virulent strains
Better Safe than Sorry: Local Impacts of Climate Change on Agricultural Activities in North-East Ghana
Authors: Alua Mary Ann , Peprah Kenneth , Achana Godwin Thomas Wedam 
Published: August 2020

Water is precious and vulnerable simultaneously in the face of climate change impacts. Farmers respond differently to climate change impacts depending on available resources. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of access to water on smallholder farmers’ coping strategies to climate change impacts in the semi-arid zone (Aw climate). Using a mixed method approach, 6 focus group discussions, 10 key informant interviews and 148 questionnaires were administered to farmers. Quantitative data were analysed and presented using descriptive statistics whilst qualitative data were transcribed and discussed alongside. The study found that in coping with local climate change, farmers’ incomes are dependent on availability of water to supplement rainfall. Therefore, communities closer to the waters of the Tono irrigation dam have greater advantage over other communities that rely on waters from dugouts and wells. Also, income gained from farming is complemented with supplementary incomes from activities such as petty trading, carpentry and sale of farmers’ labour on other farms. Availability of water, particularly, during the dry season is a determinant factor of success in terms of good farm produce, income and better coping with local climate change impacts. To help these water-stressed farmers, the provision of sustainable sources of water is inevitable. The government and smallholders need to work together to solve the problem.
Effects of Effluents on the Quality of River Rido, Kaduna- State, Nigeria
Authors: Buggu Louis , Yusufu - Alfa Funmilayo , Abenu Abigail 
Published: August 2020

This study examines the effect of discharged effluents on the quality of river Rido in Kaduna. Ten water samples were collected and tested for Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Chromium (Cr), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn), Mercury (Hg), Nickel (Ni) and Zinc (Zn). The results revealed that in the dry season, six heavy metals, namely As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni and Zn, presented mean values that were higher after the point of effluent discharge; while Cr, Fe and Pb had lower values and Hg was not detected. In the wet season all the heavy metals tested, except Hg, increased in values after the point of effluent discharge. The values of As, Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb after the discharge point, in dry and wet seasons, were greater than the maximum tolerable limits set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). The values recorded for Zn and Cu at both dry and wet seasons were below the limit set by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) and the World Health Organisation (WHO), but the value of Cr was lower than the maximum tolerable limit only in the dry season. The contamination of the river with heavy metals poses a grave danger to human health, as its water is used for diverse purposes. The wastewater treatment plant of KRPC should be rehabilitated and the wastewater can be pre-treated before it is discharged into the river.
Pemikiran Ekonomi Islam pada Fase Pertama
Authors: Wati Fahrina Yustiasari Liri , Rafai HA Muhammad 
Published: August 2020

Perkembangan Ekonomi Islam menjadi sesuatu yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari perkembangan sejarah Islam. Mengapa saat ini perkembangan pemikiran Ekonomi Islam, yang mana 6 abad yang lalu pernah menjadi kiblat pengetahuan dunia, kurang dikenal dan berpengaruh dalam kehidupan masyarakat? Hal ini dikarenakan kajian-kajian pemikiran Ekonomi Islam kurang tereksplorasi di tengah maraknya dominasi ilmu pengetahuan konvensional (Barat) sejak runtuhnya kekhalifahan Islam di Turki lebih dari 8 dasawarsa yang lalu. Akibatnya, perkembangan Ekonomi Islam yang telah ada sejak tahun 600M kurang begitu dikenal masyarakat. Ekonomi Islam kurang mendapat perhatian yang baik, sebab masyarakat tidak mendapatkan informasi yang memadai. Selanjutnya kebijakan-kebijakan Rasulullah saw menjadi pedoman oleh para penggantinya para khulafaurrasyidin dan para tokoh pasca khulafaurrasyidin dalam memutuskan masalah-masalah ekonomi. diantaranya yaitu: Zaid bin Ali (80-120H./699-738M). Zayd adalah pengagas awal penjualan suatu komoditi secara kredit dengan harga yang lebih tinggi dari harga tunai. Abu Hanifah (80-150H/699-767M). Abu Hanifah lebih dikenal sebagai imam madzhab hukum yang sangat rasionlistis dan pedagang dari Kufah, Iraq. Ia menggagas keabsahan dan kesahihan hukum kontrak jual beli dengan apa yang dikenal dewasa ini dengan bay’ al-sala`m dan al-mura`bahah.
Gestão de processos de comunicação em instituições federais de ensino superior: um estudo de campo na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria
Authors: Chiapinotto Spiazzi Sendi Chiapinotto , Flores Battistella Luciana 
Published: August 2020

Este estudo tem por objetivo propor melhorias nos processos de comunicação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Como referencial teórico, são utilizadas as perspectivas da comunicação pública apresentadas por Brandão (2012): Comunicação Organizacional; Comunicação Científica; Comunicação do Estado e/ou Governamental. Além disso, a gestão por processos é trabalhada sob a ótica da ABPMP (2009), a notação BPMN e as técnicas de identificação de necessidades de melhorias em processos 5W2H, Método de Análise e Solução de Problemas (MASP) e benchmarking. Como opção metodológica, utilizam-se a pesquisa bibliográfica e o estudo de campo, com análise documental, pesquisa participante, entrevistas semiestruturadas e checklist. Os resultados apontam a possibilidade de informatização do processo de atualização do site/portal da Universidade e a proposta de algumas melhorias como: construção de um Guia de Produção de Conteúdo; treinamentos e reuniões de pauta periódicas, campanhas de valorização da comunicação pública e de popularização da ciência.
Clostridium difficile
infection in an academic medical center in Saudi Arabia: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Alalawi Mai , Aljahdali Seba , Alharbi Bashaer , Fagih Lana , Fatani Raghad , Aljuhani Ohoud 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND:

Clostridium difficile
infection is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in healthcare facilities. More studies are needed to identify patients at high risk of
C difficile
infection in our community.

OBJECTIVES:

Estimate the prevalence of
C difficile
infection among adult patients and evaluate the risk factors associated with infection.

DESIGN:
Retrospective record review.

SETTING:
Tertiary academic medical center in Jeddah.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Eligible patients were adults (≥18 years old) with confirmed
C difficile
diagnosis between January 2013 and May 2018.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Prevalence rate and types of risk factors.

SAMPLE SIZE:
Of 1886 records, 129 patients had positive lab results and met the inclusion criteria.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of
C difficile
infection in our center over five years was 6.8%. The mean (SD) age was 56 (18) years, and infection was more prevalent in men (53.5%) than in women (46.5%). The most common risk factors were use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) and broad-spectrum antibiotics. The overlapping exposure of both PPIs and broad-spectrum antibiotics was 56.6%. There was no statistically significant difference between the type of PPI (
P
=.254) or antibiotic (
P
=.789) and the onset of
C difficile
infection.

CONCLUSION:

The overall
C difficile
infection prevalence in our population was low compared to Western countries. The majority of the patients who developed
C difficile
infection were using PPIs and/or antibiotics. No differences were observed in the type of antibiotic or PPI and the onset of
C difficile
infection development. Appropriate prescribing protocols for PPIs and antibiotics in acute settings are needed.

LIMITATIONS:
Single center and retrospective design.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None.
BGR MACROHETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS OF ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE WITH THIADIAZOL FRAGMENTS. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES
Authors: Berezina Galina R. , Medvedeva Margarita N. 
Published: August 2020

This communication is a continuation of the systematic research of the authors in the field of synthesis and study of the properties of macroheterocyclic compounds. The great potential for structural modification allows us to synthesize macroheterocyclic compounds that differ in composition and the nature of the heteroatoms that make up them and make this class of compounds promising from the point of view of the design for the preparation of substances with valuable practical properties. The interaction of N,N/-bis-(1-imino-2-phenyl-1H-indene-3-iliden)-1,4-phenylenediamine with 2,5-dimiano-1,3,4-thiadiazole and 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-thiadiazole the macroheterocyclic compounds of asymmetric structure were synthesized in the molar ratio of the initial substances. Macroheterocycles are powdered substances with different shades of red color, having melting and crystallization temperatures (investigated in the argon current), soluble in chloroform, DMF, acetone, ethanol. Purification was carried out by column chromatography on aluminum oxide of II degree of activity on Brockman (eluent acetone - chloroform, 1:9 by volume). Identification of synthesis products was performed by thin-layer chromatography on Silufol UV-254 plates (eluent – acetone - chloroform, 1:1 by volume). The obtained compounds were characterized by infrared and electron spectroscopy. The electronic absorption spectra were measured on a Hitachi U-2010 instrument in quartz cuvettes at 20 °C. IR spectra were obtained on the Avatar 360 FT-IR ESP device in KVG. Elemental analysis data were obtained using the CHNS-O Analyzer FlashEA of 1112 Series. A bathochromic shift of the absorption bands was noted when the compound with 1,3,4-thiadiazole was closed in a cycle. The spectral characteristics indicate that the molecules of the synthesized compounds do not have a flat structure and the absorption is due to individual fragments that are part of the molecules of the synthesized structures.
COVID-19 ENTROPIC CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Korablev Grigory A. 
Published: August 2020

It is demonstrated that according to the first law of thermodynamics the equality of entropic and negentropic components is the condition of resonance stationary state of systems. In the systems in which the interaction proceeds along the potential gradient (positive work), the resultant potential energy is found based on the principle of adding reciprocals of corresponding values of subsystems. This is the corpuscular process, in which entropy can serve as the theoretical concept. In the systems in which the interactions proceed against the potential gradient (negative work) the algebraic addition of their masses, as well as the corresponding energies of subsystems is performed. This is the wave process, in which negentropy can serve as the theoretical concept. The resonance stationary state of the systems is fulfilled under the condition of equality of degrees of their corpuscular and wave interactions. The entropy products in stationary state are completely compensated by the negentropy flow. Mathematically and graphically (by nomograms) the stationary state in microsystems is found by the following equation containing the tangent of the geodesic angel. The geodesic angle numerically defines the ratio of two legs of the right triangle whose values characterize energy dependencies through axial and circumferential stresses in the system with corpuscular-wave processes. This condition corresponds to the most optimal technological options and is widely present in nature, as well as in fractal systems. The initial nomograms of entropic and negentropic characteristics for many processes and phenomena in nature, engineering and physical chemistry are given. The entopic technique for forming fractal systems is presented. The coronavirus scenario in Russia is analyzed. The accuracy of forecast regarding the maximum number of diseases at the given moment and plateau duration is 96.5 % and 98.5%, respectively.
Charging Reactions Promoted by Geometrically Necessary Dislocations in Battery Materials Revealed by In Situ Single‐Particle Synchrotron Measurements
Authors: Xu Zhengrui , Hou Dong , Kautz David J. , Liu Wenjun , Xu Ruqing , Xiao Xianghui , Lin Feng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCrystallographic defects exist in many redox active energy materials, e.g., battery and catalyst materials, which significantly alter their chemical properties for energy storage and conversion. However, there is lack of quantitative understanding of the interrelationship between crystallographic defects and redox reactions. Herein, crystallographic defects, such as geometrically necessary dislocations, are reported to influence the redox reactions in battery particles through single‐particle, multimodal, and in situ synchrotron measurements. Through Laue X‐ray microdiffraction, many crystallographic defects are spatially identified and statistically quantified from a large quantity of diffraction patterns in many layered oxide particles, including geometrically necessary dislocations, tilt boundaries, and mixed defects. The in situ and ex situ measurements, combining microdiffraction and X‐ray spectroscopy imaging, reveal that LiCoO2 particles with a higher concentration of geometrically necessary dislocations provide deeper charging reactions, indicating that dislocations may facilitate redox reactions in layered oxides during initial charging. The present study illustrates that a precise control of crystallographic defects and their distribution can potentially promote and homogenize redox reactions in battery materials.
NIR‐Absorbing RuII Complexes Containing α‐Oligothiophenes for Applications in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lifshits Liubov M. , Roque John A. , Cole Houston D. , Thummel Randolph P. , Cameron Colin G. , McFarland Sherri A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe design of near‐infrared (NIR)‐active photosensitizers (PSs) for light‐based cancer treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been a challenge. While several NIR‐RuII scaffolds have been reported, this approach has not been proven in cells. This is the first report of NIR‐RuII PSs that are phototoxic to cancer cells, including highly pigmented B16F10 melanoma cells. The PS family incorporated a bis(1,8‐naphthyridine)‐based ligand (tpbn), a bidentate thiophene‐based ligand (nT; n=0–4), and a monodentate 4‐picoline ligand (4‐pic). All compounds absorbed light >800 nm with maxima near 730 nm. Transient absorption (TA) measurements indicated that n=4 thiophene rings (4T) positioned the PDT‐active triplet intraligand charge transfer (3ILCT) excited state in energetic proximity to the lowest‐lying triplet metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT). 4T had low‐micromolar phototoxicity with PIvis and PI733nm values as large as 90 and 12, respectively. Spectroscopic studies suggested that the longer‐lived (τTA=3–6 μs) 3ILCT state was accessible from the 3MLCT state, but energetically uphill in the overall photophysics. The study highlights that phototoxic effects can be achieved with NIR‐absorbing RuII PSs as long as the reactive 3ILCT states are energetically accessible from the low‐energy 3MLCT states. It also demonstrates that tissue‐penetrating NIR light can be used to activate the PSs in highly pigmented cells where melanin attenuates shorter wavelengths of light.
Hybrid Extraction of Oily Sludge by Tertiary Amines and Protonated Tertiary Amines
Authors: Dai Shanshan , Li Xiaojiang , Zhao Jihe , Lu Hongsheng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA green and effective extraction of oily sludge was completed by a hybrid process with tertiary amines (TA) and protonated tertiary amines (PTA), where PTA is the protonated state of TA. Compared with only TA, the crude oil recovery was improved by 3–5 % by the addition of PTA and less solid remained in the recovered crude oil. Additionally, the wettability improved with the absorption of positively charged ions of PTA on the sludge, and the interaction between heavy alkanes of crude oil and PTA promotes the detachment of crude oil from the sludge surface, enhancing the hydrophilicity of sludge. More importantly, the incomplete recovery of TA exactly takes the role of the PTA in the regenerated mixture, which can reduce the loss of solvent.
Task‐based, GPU‐accelerated and robust library for solving dense nonsymmetric eigenvalue problems
Authors: Myllykoski Mirko , Kjelgaard Mikkelsen Carl Christian 
Published: August 2020

SummaryIn this paper, we present the StarNEig library for solving dense nonsymmetric standard and generalized eigenvalue problems. The library is built on top of the StarPU runtime system and targets both shared and distributed memory machines. Some components of the library have support for GPU acceleration. The library currently applies to real matrices with real and complex eigenvalues and all calculations are done using real arithmetic. Support for complex matrices is planned for a future release. This paper is aimed at potential users of the library. We describe the design choices and capabilities of the library, and contrast them to existing software such as LAPACK and ScaLAPACK. StarNEig implements a ScaLAPACK compatibility layer which should assist new users in the transition to StarNEig. We demonstrate the performance of the library with a sample of computational experiments.
Amino acids, betaines and related ammonium compounds in Neapolitan limmo, a Mediterranean sweet lime, also known as lemoncetta Locrese
Authors: Cautela Domenico , De Sio Francesco , Balestrieri Maria Luisa , Casale Rosario , Laratta Bruna , Castaldo Domenico , Pastore Annalisa , Servillo Luigi , DʼOnofrio Nunzia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe so‐called ‘Neapolitan limmo’ or ‘lemoncetta Locrese’ is an old and now rare Mediterranean sweet lime, similar to lemon but smaller. It is a fruit distinguished from orange, lemon, mandarin, and lime for its sweeter, watery, and non‐acidic taste, with a pH between 5.6 and 5.9. No compositional studies are currently available for this citrus fruit.Here we report, for the first time, the distribution in the limmo juice of free amino acids and their main derivatives such as betaines and related ammonium compounds.RESULTSSeven proteinogenic amino acids (proline, asparagine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamine, alanine, and threonine) and a non‐protein amino acid (γ‐aminobutyric acid) characterize Neapolitan limmo juice. Proline betaine is the predominant betaine. The data were compared with those of other important citrus juices.CONCLUSIONThe specific ‘taste quality’ of Neapolitan limmo juice can be attributed to its peculiar composition in amino acids. The species‐specific presence of the ammonium compound derivatives of the amino acid proline, with proline betaine as the predominant betaine, characterize the non‐acidic varieties of Mediterranean sweet lime. Our study constitutes an important step towards the repopulation of this ancient plant and its exploitation in food industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry