bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MELAS-associated m.5541C>T mutation caused instability of mitochondrial tRNATrp and remarkable mitochondrial dysfunction
Authors: Ji Kunqian , Lin Yan , Xu Xuebi , Wang Wei , Wang Dongdong , Zhang Chen , Li Wei , Zhao Yuying , Yan Chuanzhu 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundMitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episode (MELAS) is a group of genetic diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA. The causative mutations of MELAS have drawn much attention, among them, mutations in mitochondrial tRNA genes possessing prominent status. However, the detailed molecular pathogenesis of these tRNA gene mutations remains unclear and there are very few effective therapies available to date.MethodsWe performed muscle histochemistry, genetic analysis, molecular dynamic stimulation and measurement of oxygen consumption rate and respiratory chain complex activities to demonstrate the molecular pathomechanisms of m.5541C>T mutation. Moreover, we use cybrid cells to investigate the potential of taurine to rescue mitochondrial dysfunction caused by this mutation.ResultsWe found a pathogenic m.5541C>T mutation in the tRNATrp gene in a large MELAS family. This mutation first affected the maturation and stability of tRNATrp and impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain complex activities, followed by remarkable mitochondrial dysfunction. Surprisingly, we identified that the supplementation of taurine almost completely restored mitochondrial tRNATrp levels and mitochondrial respiration deficiency at the in vitro cell level.ConclusionThe m.5541C>T mutation disturbed the translation machinery of mitochondrial tRNATrp and taurine supplementation may be a potential treatment for patients with m.5541C>T mutation. Further studies are needed to explore the full potential of taurine supplementation as therapy for patients with this mutation.
Durable Polymer Versus Biodegradable Polymer Drug-Eluting Stents After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Kim Hyo-Soo , Kang Jeehoon , Hwang Doyeon , Han Jung-Kyu , Yang Han-Mo , Kang Hyun-Jae , Koo Bon-Kwon , Kim Seok Yeon , Park Keun-Ho , Rha Seung-Woon , Shin Won-Yong , Lim Hong-Seok , Park Kyungil , Park Kyung Woo ,   On behalf of the HOST-REDUCE-POLYTECH-ACS Trial Investigators
Published: November 2020

Background:
Large-scale randomized comparison of drug-eluting stents (DES) based on durable polymer versus biodegradable polymer technology is currently insufficient in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The present study aimed to prove the noninferiority of the durable polymer DES (DP-DES) compared with the biodegradable polymer DES (BP-DES) in such patients.

Methods:
The HOST-REDUCE-POLYTECH-ACS (Harmonizing Optimal Strategy for Treatment of Coronary Artery Diseases—Comparison of Reduction of Prasugrel Dose or Polymer Technology in ACS Patients) trial is an investigator-initiated, randomized, open-label, adjudicator-blinded, multicenter, noninferiority trial comparing the efficacy and safety of DP-DES and BP-DES in patients with ACS. The primary end point was a patient-oriented composite outcome (a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and any repeat revascularization) at 12 months. The key secondary end point was device-oriented composite outcome (a composite of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization) at 12 months.

Results:

A total of 3413 patients were randomized to receive the DP-DES (1713 patients) and BP-DES (1700 patients). At 12 months, patient-oriented composite outcome occurred in 5.2% in the DP-DES group and 6.4% in the BP-DES group (absolute risk difference, –1.2%;
P
non
inferiority
<0.001). The key secondary end point, device-oriented composite outcome, occurred less frequently in the DP-DES group (DP-DES vs BP-DES, 2.6% vs 3.9%; hazard ratio, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.46–0.98];
P
=0.038), mostly because of a reduction in target lesion revascularization. The rate of spontaneous nonfatal myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis were extremely low, with no significant difference between the 2 groups (0.6% versus 0.8%;
P
=0.513 and 0.1% versus 0.4%;
P
=0.174, respectively).

Conclusions:
In ACS patients receiving percutaneous coronary intervention, DP-DES was noninferior to BP-DES with regard to patient-oriented composite outcomes at 12 months after index percutaneous coronary intervention.

Registration:

URL:
https://wwwclinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT02193971.
Nematicidal activity of cinnamon bark extracts and chitosan against Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus coffeae
Authors: Nguyen Dang-Minh-Chanh , Luong Thi-Hoan , Nguyen Trong-Khanh , Jung Woo-Jin 
Published: November 2020

Summary
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of cinnamon bark extracts (CE) and chitosan (Cs) against Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus coffeae under pot and field conditions. In the pot experiments, CE mixed with Cs effectively inhibited M. incognita and P. coffeae infection on robusta coffee plants. The formulations applied, CE:Cs = 8 mg:30 mg, CE:Cs = 16 mg:60 mg and CE:Cs = 16 mg:60 mg per pot, significantly reduced the gall index and nematode number in 5 g of root and 100 g of soil. In addition, the application of CE:Cs = 48 mg:180 mg CE:Cs = 80 mg:300 mg and CE:Cs = 112 mg:420 mg plant−1 effectively reduced root gall formation and nematode density in roots and soil compared with the non-treated control under field conditions. Nematode density in the roots was positively correlated with the rate of yellow leaf disease. These results suggest that cinnamon mixed with chitosan may be used as an effective eco-friendly pesticide against plant-parasitic nematodes.
Traditions of American ‘Democracy’
Authors: Kapelusz Fedor 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This is a translation of an article which appeared in 1928 in the journal Red Virgin Soil (Krasnaya nov) founded by Aleksandr Voronsky. Its author, the Russian Marxist Fedor Kapelusz, makes use of the now largely-ignored book of Algie Simons, Social Forces in American History (1911). In comparing America’s past to its present, Kapelusz offers a sharp political assessment and at the same time a contribution to the materialist conception of American history.
Debatable Issues on Land Rights Protection of Indigenous Small-numbered Peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation
Authors: Averyanova Natalia Nikolaevna , Anisimov Aleksey Pavlovich , Komkova Galina Nikolaevna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The article presents the authors’ ideas concerning the legal nature of land rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples in Russia. It should be noted that land rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples are part of their special constitutional legal personality, an essential element of their legal status. On the basis of international acts on the rights of indigenous peoples, the opportunity to give indigenous small-numbered peoples of Russia their traditional land to use on the grounds of ownership is assessed as non-promising. The article scrutinises the system of land rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples that is established in Russia. The authors point to the imperfection of the legislation in this area, which may lead to violation of the rights of indigenous small-numbered peoples. It should be noted that one of the most important state guarantees is the right of indigenous small-numbered peoples to free and indefinite use of lands.
The Existing Cause of Biafra and its Right to Self-determination
Authors: Olomojobi Yinka 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There has been recent agitation for self-determination in the south-east of Nigeria for the state known as Biafra (a pro-secessionist group). The principle of self-determination is a well-debated discourse since it connects with the right to secede and create a sovereign state. Like a marriage at gunpoint, a reluctant partner will always want a way out of the marriage, and will take a hike at the first opportunity. Given this political inheritance, Nigeria has fallen prey to several attempts to undermine state sovereignty originating in ethnic and regional differences. The controversy has concerned both the principle’s status in international law and its charter. This principle has played a prominent part in the emergence of former colonies as independent states. The aim of this article is to explore the ongoing agitation for a Biafran Republic and to assess whether it is in conformity with the right to self-determination.
The Legal Framework for Protection of United Nations Humanitarian Premises during Armed Conflict
Authors: Bartholomeusz Lance 
Published: November 2020

The United Nations, its premises and personnel are increasingly present in the theatre of armed conflict across the globe. During armed conflict, un humanitarian agencies are now more likely to stay or arrive and deliver than to evacuate.1 Parties to an armed conflict may fight in close proximity to un premises. Today, from the Gaza Strip to South Sudan to Syria, during armed conflict thousands of displaced civilians seek shelter in un premises and the protection of the blue un flag, which is perceived to give better protection than fundamental principles of international humanitarian law (ihl).2
What is the legal framework for protection offered by the un flag to un humanitarian premises, including to displaced civilians they may shelter during armed conflict? To use the language of State responsibility, this paper considers the relevant primary obligations of ihl and un law, how a possible conflict between those primary obligations is resolved, and then considers the legal consequences of a breach of the relevant primary obligation in accordance with the secondary rules of the law of State responsibility. Thus, the paper addresses four questions:
(1)What protection does international humanitarian law and international criminal law provide to un humanitarian operations, in particular un premises?
(2)What protection does United Nations law provide to un humanitarian operations, in particular un premises?
(3)What if there is a conflict between United Nations law and ihl?
(4)In case of a violation of United Nations law protecting un premises, could there be circumstances precluding wrongfulness under the law of State responsibility?
Does a Science-Oriented Worldview Entail Unbelief?
Authors: Haimila Roosa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEndorsement of science is often associated with non-religiosity and lack of supernatural belief. However, the relevance of science for worldviews might also relate to the cultural context and/or personal investment in science. This study investigates the following question: Is endorsement of worldview components of science associated with unbelief among science-oriented respondents? Here, worldview components refer to science providing 1) a sense of meaning, 2) moral standards, and 3) literal or symbolic continuity after death. 387 Finnish adults recruited via pro-research organizations were included in the analysis. The results suggest that self-reported worldview functions of science are associated with unbelief also among science-oriented individuals. These findings lend support to the belief replacement hypothesis, which suggests that secular worldviews such as belief in science are of particular importance for unbelievers. However, the effect sizes are small and also other God belief groups endorse the significance of science for e.g., meaning in life.
Between Islam and Islamophobia
Authors: Simmons Jonathan , Sandhu Ajay 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe use data from qualitative interviews with forty atheist activists in two Canadian cities to analyze the politics of critiquing Islam in the contemporary political environment. We show that atheist activists struggle to navigate between their criticisms of Islam, their fears of being labeled “Islamophobic” (taken as a synonym for “racist” or “xenophobic”), and their concerns about contributing to anti-Muslim rhetoric. To manage this struggle, atheists rely on stigma management tactics that allow them to hold or express criticisms of Islam without earning racially charged stigmatizing labels. Using these stigma management techniques speaks to the precarious positions of many atheists today as they try to critique Islam without expressing or contributing to prejudicial views against Muslims. This article will interest scholars of religion and nonreligion, especially those interested in the perceived stigmas associated with atheism and stigma management among members of secular movement organizations.
An Efficient and Accurate Algorithm for Computing Grid-Averaged Solar Fluxes for Horizontally Inhomogeneous Clouds
Authors: Jin Zhonghai , Lacis Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A computationally efficient method is presented to account for the horizontal cloud inhomogeneity by using a radiatively equivalent plane-parallel homogeneous (PPH) cloud. The algorithm can accurately match the calculations of the reference (rPPH) independent column approximation (ICA) results but uses only the same computational time required for a single plane-parallel computation. The effective optical depth of this synthetic sPPH cloud is derived by exactly matching the direct transmission to that of the inhomogeneous ICA cloud. The effective scattering asymmetry factor is found from a precalculated albedo inverse lookup table that is allowed to vary over the range from −1.0 to 1.0. In the special cases of conservative scattering and total absorption, the synthetic method is exactly equivalent to the ICA, with only a small bias (about 0.2% in flux) relative to ICA resulting from imperfect interpolation in using the lookup tables. In principle, the ICA albedo can be approximated accurately regardless of cloud inhomogeneity. For a more complete comparison, the broadband shortwave albedo and transmission calculated from the synthetic sPPH cloud and averaged over all incident directions have RMS biases of 0.26% and 0.76%, respectively, for inhomogeneous clouds over a wide variation of particle size. The advantages of the synthetic PPH method are that 1) it is not required that all the cloud subcolumns have uniform microphysical characteristic, 2) it is applicable to any 1D radiative transfer scheme, and 3) it can handle arbitrary cloud optical depth distributions and an arbitrary number of cloud subcolumns with uniform computational efficiency.
Identifying cardiomegaly in chest X-rays: a cross-sectional study of evaluation and comparison between different transfer learning methods
Authors: Bougias Haralabos , Georgiadou Eleni , Malamateniou Christina , Stogiannos Nikolaos 
Published: November 2020

Background Cardiomegaly is a relatively common incidental finding on chest X-rays; if left untreated, it can result in significant complications. Using Artificial Intelligence for diagnosing cardiomegaly could be beneficial, as this pathology may be underreported, or overlooked, especially in busy or under-staffed settings. Purpose To explore the feasibility of applying four different transfer learning methods to identify the presence of cardiomegaly in chest X-rays and to compare their diagnostic performance using the radiologists’ report as the gold standard. Material and Methods Two thousand chest X-rays were utilized in the current study: 1000 were normal and 1000 had confirmed cardiomegaly. Of these exams, 80% were used for training and 20% as a holdout test dataset. A total of 2048 deep features were extracted using Google’s Inception V3, VGG16, VGG19, and SqueezeNet networks. A logistic regression algorithm optimized in regularization terms was used to classify chest X-rays into those with presence or absence of cardiomegaly. Results Diagnostic accuracy is reported by means of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV), with the VGG19 network providing the best values of sensitivity (84%), specificity (83%), PPV (83%), NPV (84%), and overall accuracy (84,5%). The other networks presented sensitivity at 64.1%–82%, specificity at 77.1%–81.1%, PPV at 74%–81.4%, NPV at 68%–82%, and overall accuracy at 71%–81.3%. Conclusion Deep learning using transfer learning methods based on VGG19 network can be used for the automatic detection of cardiomegaly on chest X-ray images. However, further validation and training of each method is required before application to clinical cases.
Identification of early mild cognitive impairment using multi-modal data and graph convolutional networks
Authors: Liu Jin , Tan Guanxin , Lan Wei , Wang Jianxin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe identification of early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), which is an early stage of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is associated with brain structural and functional changes, is still a challenging task. Recent studies show great promises for improving the performance of EMCI identification by combining multiple structural and functional features, such as grey matter volume and shortest path length. However, extracting which features and how to combine multiple features to improve the performance of EMCI identification have always been a challenging problem. To address this problem, in this study we propose a new EMCI identification framework using multi-modal data and graph convolutional networks (GCNs). Firstly, we extract grey matter volume and shortest path length of each brain region based on automated anatomical labeling (AAL) atlas as feature representation from T1w MRI and rs-fMRI data of each subject, respectively. Then, in order to obtain features that are more helpful in identifying EMCI, a common multi-task feature selection method is applied. Afterwards, we construct a non-fully labelled subject graph using imaging and non-imaging phenotypic measures of each subject. Finally, a GCN model is adopted to perform the EMCI identification task.ResultsOur proposed EMCI identification method is evaluated on 210 subjects, including 105 subjects with EMCI and 105 normal controls (NCs), with both T1w MRI and rs-fMRI data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Experimental results show that our proposed framework achieves an accuracy of 84.1% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.856 for EMCI/NC classification. In addition, by comparison, the accuracy and AUC values of our proposed framework are better than those of some existing methods in EMCI identification.ConclusionOur proposed EMCI identification framework is effective and promising for automatic diagnosis of EMCI in clinical practice.
AligNet: alignment of protein-protein interaction networks
Authors: Alcalá Adrià , Alberich Ricardo , Llabrés Mercè , Rosselló Francesc , Valiente Gabriel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
All molecular functions and biological processes are carried out by groups of proteins that interact with each other. Metaproteomic data continuously generates new proteins whose molecular functions and relations must be discovered. A widely accepted structure to model functional relations between proteins are protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN), and their analysis and alignment has become a key ingredient in the study and prediction of protein-protein interactions, protein function, and evolutionary conserved assembly pathways of protein complexes. Several PPIN aligners have been proposed, but attaining the right balance between network topology and biological information is one of the most difficult and key points in the design of any PPIN alignment algorithm.

Results
Motivated by the challenge of well-balanced and efficient algorithms, we have designed and implemented AligNet, a parameter-free pairwise PPIN alignment algorithm aimed at bridging the gap between topologically efficient and biologically meaningful matchings. A comparison of the results obtained with AligNet and with the best aligners shows that AligNet achieves indeed a good balance between topological and biological matching.

Conclusion
In this paper we present AligNet, a new pairwise global PPIN aligner that produces biologically meaningful alignments, by achieving a good balance between structural matching and protein function conservation, and more efficient computations than state-of-the-art tools.
DeepFrag-k: a fragment-based deep learning approach for protein fold recognition
Authors: Elhefnawy Wessam , Li Min , Wang Jianxin , Li Yaohang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
One of the most essential problems in structural bioinformatics is protein fold recognition. In this paper, we design a novel deep learning architecture, so-called DeepFrag-k, which identifies fold discriminative features at fragment level to improve the accuracy of protein fold recognition. DeepFrag-k is composed of two stages: the first stage employs a multi-modal Deep Belief Network (DBN) to predict the potential structural fragments given a sequence, represented as a fragment vector, and then the second stage uses a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify the fragment vector into the corresponding fold.

Results
Our results show that DeepFrag-k yields 92.98% accuracy in predicting the top-100 most popular fragments, which can be used to generate discriminative fragment feature vectors to improve protein fold recognition.

Conclusions
There is a set of fragments that can serve as structural “keywords” distinguishing between major protein folds. The deep learning architecture in DeepFrag-k is able to accurately identify these fragments as structure features to improve protein fold recognition.
Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics study of traditional herb Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao reveals global metabolic profile and novel phytochemical ingredients
Authors: Wu Xueting , Li Xuetong , Wang Wei , Shan Yuanhong , Wang Cuiting , Zhu Mulan , La Qiong , Zhong Yang , Xu Ye , Nan Peng , Li Xuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiaois one of the most common herbs widely used in South and East Asia, to enhance people’s health and reinforce vital energy. Despite its prevalence, however, the knowledge about phytochemical compositions and metabolite biosynthesis inAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiaois very limited.ResultsAn integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis using state-of-the-art UPLC-Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and advanced bioinformatics pipeline were conducted to study global metabolic profiles and phytochemical ingredients/biosynthesis inAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. A total of 5435 metabolites were detected, from which 2190 were annotated, representing an order of magnitude increase over previously known. Metabolic profiling ofAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiaotissues found contents and synthetic enzymes for phytochemicals were significantly higher in leaf and stem in general, whereas the contents of the main bioactive ingredients were significantly enriched in root, underlying the value of root in herbal remedies. Using integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics data, we illustrated the complete pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and isoflavonoid biosynthesis, in which some were first reported in the herb. More importantly, we discovered novel flavonoid derivatives using informatics method for neutral loss scan, in addition to inferring their likely synthesis pathways inAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao.ConclusionsThe current study represents the most comprehensive metabolomics and transcriptomics analysis on traditional herbAstragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongolicus (Bge.) Hsiao. We demonstrated our integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics approach offers great potentials in discovering novel metabolite structure and associated synthesis pathways. This study provides novel insights into the phytochemical ingredients, metabolite biosynthesis, and complex metabolic network in herbs, highlighting the rich natural resource and nutritional value of traditional herbal plants.