bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID‐19: Impact of obesity and diabetes on disease severity
Authors: Al‐Sabah Salman , Al‐Haddad Mohannad , Al‐Youha Sarah , Jamal Mohammad , Almazeedi Sulaiman 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is straining the healthcare system, particularly for patients with severe outcomes requiring admittance to the intensive care unit (ICU). This study investigated the potential associations of obesity and diabetes with COVID‐19 severe outcomes, assessed as ICU admittance. Medical history, demographic and patient characteristics of a retrospective cohort (1158 patients) hospitalized with COVID‐19 were analysed at a single centre in Kuwait. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the associations between different variables and ICU admittance. Of 1158 hospitalized patients, 271 had diabetes, 236 had hypertension and 104 required admittance into the ICU. From patients with available measurements, 157 had body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2. Univariate analysis showed that overweight, obesity class I and morbid obesity were associated with ICU admittance. Patients with diabetes were more likely to be admitted to the ICU. Two models for multivariate regression analysis assessed either BMI or diabetes on ICU outcomes. In the BMI model, class I and morbid obesities were associated with ICU admittance. In the diabetes model, diabetes was associated with increased ICU admittance, whereas hypertension had a protective effect on ICU admittance. In our cohort, overweight, obesity and diabetes in patients with COVID‐19 were associated with ICU admittance, increasing the risk of poor outcomes.
Bringing owners back on board: A review of the role of ownership type in board governance
Authors: Federo Ryan , Ponomareva Yuliya , Aguilera Ruth V. , Saz‐Carranza Angel , Losada Carlos 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResearch Question/IssueIn this comprehensive literature review, we synthesize and analyze the current state of academic research regarding the relatively understudied relationship between the type of owners and board governance.Research Findings/InsightsOur review of the existing literature at the intersection of ownership and board governance research discusses how six distinct ownership types—pertaining to family, lone founder, corporation, institutional investor, state, and venture capitalist—shape board governance, defined as board structure, composition, and processes. We also uncover the influence of ownership type on board functional performance (i.e., monitoring, resource provision, and strategic involvement) and the implications of these owner–board relationships for a variety of firm outcomes (related to performance and compliance).Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe present identifiable patterns in board governance and functional performance associated with each ownership type and their respective implications for a wide range of firm outcomes. We then propose seven core emerging themes that deserve further scholarly attention.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur analysis cautions against the application of the “one‐size‐fits‐all” best‐practices approach in board governance advocated by policy makers, scholars, and corporate governance activists and underscores the need to consider the contingent effects of different owners' behaviors and interests in shaping and assessing board governance.
Focal nonmotor versus motor seizures: The impact on diagnostic delay in focal epilepsy
Authors: Pellinen Jacob , Tafuro Erica , Yang Annie , Price Dana , Friedman Daniel , Holmes Manisha , Barnard Sarah , Detyniecki Kamil , Hegde Manu , Hixson John , Haut Sheryl , Kälviäinen Reetta , French Jacqueline ,   the Human Epilepsy Project Co‐Investigators
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that people with focal epilepsy experience diagnostic delays that may be associated with preventable morbidity, particularly when seizures have only nonmotor symptoms, we compared time to diagnosis, injuries, and motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) in people with focal nonmotor versus focal seizures with motor involvement at epilepsy onset.MethodsThis retrospective study analyzed the enrollment data from the Human Epilepsy Project, which enrolled participants between 2012 and 2017 across 34 sites in the USA, Canada, Europe, and Australia, within 4 months of treatment for focal epilepsy. A total of 447 participants were grouped by initial seizure semiology (focal nonmotor or focal with motor involvement) to compare time to diagnosis and prediagnostic injuries including MVAs.ResultsDemographic characteristics were similar between groups. There were 246 participants (55%) with nonmotor seizures and 201 participants (45%) with motor seizures at epilepsy onset. Median time to diagnosis from first seizure was 10 times longer in patients with nonmotor seizures compared to motor seizures at onset (P < .001). The number and severity of injuries were similar between groups. However, 82.6% of MVAs occurred in patients with undiagnosed nonmotor seizures.SignificanceThis study identifies reasons for delayed diagnosis and consequences of delay in patients with new onset focal epilepsy, highlighting a treatment gap that is particularly significant in patients who experience nonmotor seizures at epilepsy onset.
Fenfluramine HCl (Fintepla®) provides long‐term clinically meaningful reduction in seizure frequency: Analysis of an ongoing open‐label extension study
Authors: Sullivan Joseph , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Lagae Lieven , Nabbout Rima , Pringsheim Milka , Talwar Dinesh , Polster Tilman , Galer Bradley , Lock Michael , Agarwal Anupam , Gammaitoni Arnold , Morrison Glenn , Farfel Gail 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveFenfluramine has been shown to provide clinically meaningful and statistically significant reductions in convulsive seizure frequency in children and adolescents (aged 2‐18 years) with Dravet syndrome in two randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trials. The objective of this analysis was to assess longer‐term safety and efficacy of fenfluramine in patients who completed one of the double‐blind studies and entered an open‐label extension (OLE) study.MethodsPatients enrolling in the OLE study initiated fenfluramine at 0.2 mg/kg/d regardless of their treatment assignment in the double‐blind study. After 4 weeks, the fenfluramine dose could be titrated based on efficacy and tolerability to maximum of 0.7 mg/kg/d (absolute maximum 27 mg/d) or maximum of 0.4 mg/kg/d (absolute maximum 17 mg/d) in patients receiving concomitant stiripentol. The number and type of seizures were recorded daily in an electronic diary, and safety, including echocardiography, was assessed at Months 1, 2, and 3, and at 3‐month intervals thereafter.ResultsA total of 232 patients were enrolled as of March 13, 2018. During this analysis period, patients were treated for a median 256 days (range = 46‐634 days). Over the entire OLE analysis period, the median decrease in convulsive seizure frequency compared to baseline in the double‐blind studies was −66.8% (range = −100% to 234.9%; P < .001). The median reduction in seizure frequency was similar in patients <6 (−75.7%) and ≥6 years old (−64.7%). The most commonly reported adverse events included pyrexia (21.6%), nasopharyngitis (19.4%), and decreased appetite (−15.9%). No valvular heart disease (VHD) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) was observed.SignificanceStudy results demonstrate that fenfluramine provides clinically meaningful (≥50%) seizure frequency reduction over an extended period in patients with Dravet syndrome. No patient developed VHD or PAH, and fenfluramine was generally well tolerated.
Development of behavioral and physiological thermoregulatory mechanisms with body size in juvenile bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus
Authors: Hino Haruhiko , Kitagawa Takashi , Matsumoto Takayuki , Aoki Yoshinori , Kimura Shingo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChanges in the thermoregulatory mechanisms of juvenile bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) as body size increases were investigated by comparing associative (fish associated with floating objects) and characteristic (non‐associative) behaviors using archival tag data from 15 fish released in Japanese waters [49–72 cm fork length (FL) at release, 3–503 days]. The thermal excess (body temperature minus ambient temperature) during characteristic behavior was about 0.7–2.3°C higher than that during associative behavior in equally sized fish, and both increased with body size. Heat budget models indicated that the increases in the thermal excess of both behaviors could be attributed to decreases in the whole‐body heat transfer coefficient (λ) while descending. Thermoregulatory mechanisms appear to develop with body size by controlling λ during descents and ascents, especially in characteristic behavior (associative: 50 cm FL, 2.6‐fold; 95 cm FL, 6.4‐fold; characteristic: 55 cm FL, 5.5‐fold; 95 cm FL, 15.8‐fold). The λ increases while ascending to allow rapid body temperature recovery by absorbing the ambient heat in warmer, shallower water and is restricted for thermoconservation while descending to deeper, cooler water. The heat production results and calculated body temperatures for both behaviors suggest that associative behavior is the inactive state, so physiological thermoregulatory energy may be less necessary than during characteristic behavior. As body bulk λ decreased with body size, it appears that physiological thermoregulation, by controlling arterial blood flow and/or vasoconstriction, develops to adapt to deeper, offshore waters for better exploitation of prey, in turn supporting the increasing energy demands of larger fish.
Impaired working memory, cognitive flexibility and reward processing in mice genetically lacking Gpr88: Evidence for a key role for Gpr88 in multiple cortico‐striatal‐thalamic circuits
Authors: Thomson David M. , Openshaw Rebecca L. , Mitchell Emma J. , Kouskou Marianna , Millan Mark J. , Mannoury la Cour Clotilde , Morris Brian J. , Pratt Judith A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe GPR88 orphan G protein‐coupled receptor is expressed throughout the striatum, being preferentially localised in medium spiny neurons. It is also present in lower densities in frontal cortex and thalamus. Rare mutations in humans suggest a role in cognition and motor function, while common variants are associated with psychosis. Here we evaluate the influence of genetic deletion of GPR88 upon performance in translational tasks interrogating motivation, reward evaluation and cognitive function. In an automated radial arm maze ‘N‐back’ working memory task, Gpr88 KO mice showed impaired correct responding, suggesting a role for GPR88 receptors in working memory circuitry. Associative learning performance was similar to wild‐type controls in a touchscreen task but performance was impaired at the reversal learning stage, suggesting cognitive inflexibility. Gpr88 KO mice showed higher breakpoints, reduced latencies and lengthened session time in a progressive ratio task consistent with enhanced motivation. Simultaneously, locomotor hyperactivity was apparent in this task, supporting previous findings of actions of GPR88 in a cortico‐striatal‐thalamic motor loop. Evidence for a role of GPR88 in reward processing was demonstrated in a touchscreen‐based equivalent of the Iowa gambling task. Although both Gpr88 KO and wild‐type mice showed a preference for an optimum contingency choice, Gpr88 KO mice selected more risky choices at the expense of more advantageous lower risk options. Together these novel data suggest that striatal GPR88 receptors influence activity in a range of procedures integrated by prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortico‐striatal‐thalamic loops leading to altered cognitive, motivational and reward evaluation processes.
Using corpora to foster L2 construction learning: A data‐driven learning experiment
Authors: Gilquin Gaëtanelle 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper adopts a construction grammar approach to test the efficiency of data‐driven learning (DDL) when applied to constructions. High‐intermediate learners of English as a foreign language took part in an experiment consisting, for each construction, in (i) a pre‐test, in which the learners had to produce as many sentences as possible illustrating the constructions, (ii) a DDL intervention, which involved various concordance‐based activities, and (iii) several post‐tests, similar to the pre‐test, performed at regular intervals. The analysis looks at the number of (valid and invalid) constructions produced as well as the native‐like nature of these constructions, as established through a comparison with native corpus data. The analysis also examines the evolution of these results over the different post‐tests. Finally, it considers learners’ attitudes towards the DDL interventions, as evaluated through a questionnaire.
The Identity of Entrepreneurs: Providing Conceptual Clarity and Future Directions
Authors: Wagenschwanz Anna M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe identity of entrepreneurs (IoE) has become a popular concept in entrepreneurship research, for example, to explain entrepreneurial behavior. Yet, despite growing interest in this topic, theoretical and terminological inconsistencies have hampered the development of a coherent understanding of the identity of entrepreneurs. I conduct a systematic literature review to provide an overview of different theoretical perspectives in IoE research and suggest consistent use of terminology and operationalizations. Further, I propose a framework to investigate the dynamic nature and multi‐level influences of the identity of entrepreneurs, and outline meaningful avenues for future research to unravel when, how, and with what consequences identity may become relevant in new venture creation.
Uptake of health services by youth living with HIV: a focused ethnography
Authors: Zgambo M. , Arabiat D. , Ireson D. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundAlthough several programs have been initiated to increase the uptake of health services amongst youth living with human immunodeficiency virus in the world, disparities in access to these care services still exist.AimThis study aimed to explore the experiences of young people as they attend the human immunodeficiency virus clinic and to identify factors affecting their uptake of health services in southern Malawi.MethodsA focused ethnography was conducted to collect data from 20 youths living with human immunodeficiency virus and aged between 15 and 24 years through one‐on‐one in‐depth interviews and casual observations. The interviews data were analysed thematically following transcriptions.FindingsTwo themes emerged to describe the factors that facilitated or hindered the uptake of HIV‐health services. The first theme: Facilitators to the accessibility and utilization of HIV services consisted subthemes of Health personnel‐related factors and Innovative healthcare delivery approach. The second theme: Barriers to utilization and accessibility of HIV service comprised of the following subthemes: Ignorance of health services available, Clinic‐related factors and Consumer‐related factors.ConclusionEfforts to support health services that are youth‐friendly and easily accessible are needed to increase uptake, decrease mortality, prevent disability and promote the wellbeing of youth living with human immunodeficiency virus.Implications for nursing practice and policyApproaches used with this population should be youth‐centred and multifaceted, recognizing both the psychosocial challenges and the vulnerability that many youths in Malawi experience.
Experimental validation of genetic selection for resistance againstStreptococcus agalactiaevia different routes of infection in the commercial Nile tilapia breeding programme
Authors: Joshi Rajesh , Skaaurd Anders , Tola Alvarez Alejandro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to validate the genetic selection for resistance to streptococcosis under experimental challenge conditions in a commercial population of Nile tilapia. Further, effects of using two different routes of infection ofStreptococcus agalactiae; intraperitoneal injection (IP) and cohabitation with the shedder fish (cohab), on the genomic parameters, prediction accuracy and response to selection are compared. The comparison was made between two different lines of fish; one selected forS. agalactiaeresistance for one generation and randomly mated for two generations (to mimic the multiplication activities occurring in distribution channels and hatcheries); and the other unselected. 1,500 fish, each from these two lines, were used for the experimental challenge test. Survival analysis using Kaplan–Meier estimators and Hazard's ratio was used to quantify differences in mortality between the two lines. Further genomic analysis was performed with 2,684 fish and 35,745 SNPs using both univariate and bivariate GBLUP models. Genetic selection for resistance toS. agalactiaeled to the significant (p < .001) reduction in the risk of death by 65% in the selected line, compared to the unselected line. Similarly, the risk of death via cohabitation route of infection significantly (p < .01) decreased by 80%, compared to IP. The genetic correlation between these two routes of infection was ~0.9. Genetic selection changed the impact of the routes of infection, with the change in the distribution of estimated breeding values and the gain of 3.04 ± 1.25 days as selection response (p < .05).
Feasibility of superior vena cava isolation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices
Authors: Kataoka Shohei , Ejima Koichiro , Yazaki Kyoichiro , Kanai Miwa , Yagishita Daigo , Shoda Morio , Hagiwara Nobuhisa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionSome patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) require atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, and the superior vena cava (SVC) has been identified as one of the most common non‐pulmonary vein foci of AF. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between SVC isolation (SVCI) and CIED leads implanted through the SVC.Methods and ResultsWe studied 34 patients with CIEDs who had undergone SVCI as part of AF ablation (CIED group), involving a total of 71 CIED leads. A similar number of age‐, sex‐, and AF type‐matched patients without CIEDs formed a control group (non‐CIED group). Patients' background and procedural characteristics were compared between the groups. In the CIED group, lead parameters before and after AF ablation were compared, and lead failure after AF ablation was also examined in detail. Procedural characteristics other than fluoroscopic time were similar in both groups. The success rate of SVCI after the final ablation procedure was 91.2% in the CIED group and 100% in the non‐CIED group; however, these differences were not statistically significant. Lead parameters before and after the AF ablation did not significantly differ between the two groups. Lead failure was observed in three patients, with a sensing noise in one patient and an impedance increase in two patients after SVCI.ConclusionSVCI was achievable without lead failure and significant change in lead parameters in most patients with CIEDs; however, it should be noted that lead failure was observed in 8.8% of the study patients after SVCI.
Very long‐term outcomes after catheter ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: How does cryoenergy differ from radiofrequency?
Authors: Chaumont Corentin , Mirolo Adrian , Savouré Arnaud , Godin Bénédicte , Auquier Nathanaël , Viart Guillaume , Hatrel Amandine , Gillibert André , Eltchaninoff Hélène , Anselme Frédéric 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionEither cryoenergy or radiofrequency can be used during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) ablation. There are still limited data comparing their respective long‐term efficacy (>1 year). This study sought to compare the very long‐term outcomes of AVNRT ablation using radiofrequency or cryotherapy.MethodsWe retrospectively included all patients who had undergone a first AVNRT ablation in our institution between January 2010 and December 2017. The primary endpoint was recurrence of documented AVNRT.ResultsThe study population consisted of 409 patients (274 females; mean age, 49.9 years). Ablation was performed using cryoenergy in 260 patients and radiofrequency in 149. High acute procedural success rate (>98%) was obtained and no permanent AV block was observed using both techniques. During a mean follow‐up of 3.3 ± 2.3 years, documented AVNRT recurrence occurred in 24 (9.2%) and 4 patients (2.7%) in the cryoablation (CA) and radiofrequency (RF) group, respectively. The risk of AVNRT recurrence was significantly higher in the CA group as compared with the RF group (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–5.9). Most of the recurrences after CA occurred between 1‐ and 6‐year follow‐up (14/24; 58.3%), with one‐third of late recurrences after 3‐year follow‐up. In multivariable analysis, only Koch's triangle anatomical variant was associated with AVNRT recurrence after CA (HR = 6.7; 95% CI, 2.7–16.3).ConclusionWhile AVNRT recurrence rates were similar at 1 year of follow‐up regardless of the energy used, long‐term efficacy appeared higher after radiofrequency ablation. Strikingly, recurrences occured much later after cryotherapy compared with radiofrequency ablation.
Toilet training children with special needs using a Potty Monkey toy device
Authors: Bartos Natasha S O , Hamilton Sana , Barnes Elizabeth , Caldwell Patrina H Y 
Published: October 2020

AimToilet training children with special needs can be challenging and can result in long‐term consequences if inadequately addressed. This study evaluates the use of a ‘Potty Monkey’ toy for toilet training children with special needs.MethodsA pilot study using a ‘Potty Monkey’ to model timed voiding in children with special needs. We collected parental feedback and examined the experience of families using a ‘Potty Monkey’ to toilet train their child. Using logistic regression we explored patient factors for association with outcomes.ResultsOf 21 children in our study, 15 were male. Age ranged 4–10 years (median 6.3 years). Days that ‘Potty Monkey’ was used ranged 0–156 (median 22 days). At 6 months, nine children had improved, five were unchanged and four were worse (three were unknown). We found no evidence of association between patient factors (age, gender, days using ‘Potty Monkey’, baseline toileting ability, Paediatric Incontinence Questionnaire score) and toileting outcome. The experience of families was ambivalent. 10 families reported ‘Potty Monkey’ had been helpful however many complained it interfered with family schedules. Reasons for the child not responding positively were due to sensory issues, embarrassment and being developmentally not ready. Our study demonstrated the practical challenges of conducting research among children with special needs.ConclusionAlthough some children's toileting improved after using ‘Potty Monkey’, we are uncertain ‘Potty Monkey’ is effective for toilet training children with special needs.