bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BA-Induced Shoot Formation in Indian Hawthorn
Authors: Oates Jayme M. , Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine effects of multiple weekly applications of different concentrations of a synthetic cytokinin, benzyladenine (BA), on two Indian hawthorn [Rhaphiolepis Lindl. Cor. Poir. indica (L.) Lindl. (Crataegus indica L.)] cultivars, ‘Olivia’ and ‘Eleanor Taber’. In a greenhouse in winter 2000-2001, ‘Olivia’ Indian hawthorn received four weekly applications of 2500 ppm or 5000 ppm BA. At 45 days after last treatment (DALT) untreated plants had formed no new shoots, while plants treated with 2500 and 5000 ppm BA produced 6.8 and 5.4 new shoots, respectively. New leaves of plants treated with 5000 ppm BA were abnormally mottled, twisted, and cupped. In an outdoor nursery in summer 2001, ‘Olivia’ in 3.8 liter (#1) and 26.5 liter (#7) containers received three and two applications, respectively, at concentrations from 0 to 5000 ppm. Untreated plants in 26.5 liter (#7) containers formed 4.7 new shoots at 30 days after initial treatment (DAIT), and new shoots increased from 83 with 1250 ppm BA to 126 with 5000 ppm BA. Plants in 26.5 liter (#7) containers were retreated in September, at which time shoots were inactive. At 30 DAIT controls averaged less than one new shoot per plant, while plants averaged 18 new shoots when treated with 1250 ppm BA and 105 new shoots when treated with 5000 ppm BA. In spring 2002, plants in 3.8 liter (#1) containers were retreated following the same protocol as in 2001, in conjunction with a new set of ‘Olivia’ and the Indian hawthorn cultivar, ‘Eleanor Taber’. At 30 DALT new shoot formation increased three fold in ‘Olivia’ and five fold in ‘Eleanor Taber’ after three applications of up to 5000 ppm BA. Injury increased with increasing BA rates in ‘Olivia’ at 30 DALT, with leaf cupping and discoloration apparent on plants treated with concentrations above 1250 ppm. No injury was observed in ‘Eleanor Taber’. By 90 DALT new shoots had matured normally and exhibited minimal phytotoxic symptoms.
Response of Hosta to BA Crown Drenches Applied at Division and Establishment
Authors: Warr Jennifer C. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
New offset formation in hosta in response to benzyladenine (BA) drenches applied at division and establishment was examined. Hosta Tratt. ‘Frances Williams’ and H. ‘Francee’ were separated into uniform single-bud divisions and drenched with 50 ml of 0, 100, 500, 1000, 2000 or 3000 ppm (mg/liter) BA just prior to potting (division) or two weeks later when substrate-container interface root development was evident (establishment). A 3000 ppm (mg/liter) foliar spray applied to established plants served as a standard. Offsets were counted in plants treated at division 14 days later at which time BA was applied to established plants. Offsets were counted on all plants 30 and 60 days after BA was applied to established plants and in spring of the following year. Offset counts increased rapidly in both cultivars following drench applications of increasing BA concentrations, whether applied at division or establishment. This positive response to increasing BA drench concentrations was evident 60 days after treatment (DAT) and the following spring, except in H. ‘Frances Williams’ drenched at division. However, benefits of either BA method or time of application were less pronounced in spring, following a period of dormancy.
Kosteletzkya virginica Can be Rooted from Leafy or Leafless Stem Cuttings
Authors: Haynes Cynthia L. , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Protocols for producing Virginia mallow [Kosteletzkya virginica (L.) K. Presl. ex A. Gray] are needed to allow growers to meet the emerging demand for this herbaceous perennial. Virginia mallow has been propagated from seeds and by division, but the potential for using stem cuttings has not been evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to determine how indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment affects rooting percentage and the number and length of primary roots on stem cuttings taken from different positions on stock plants. Rooting percentage was similar (mean = 68%) among single-leaf cuttings from nonterminal, distal positions on stock plants and leafless cuttings from basal positions. Averaged over these nonterminal cutting types, IBA treatment more than doubled rooting percentage, root count, and the length of the longest root. Terminal cuttings with leaves rooted more successfully (83%) than subtending cuttings with leaves during a second experiment, and IBA effects were less pronounced than during the first experiment. Results demonstrate that stem cuttings with or without leaves can be used to propagate Virginia mallow efficiently. Application of IBA is not necessary but enhances rooting and appears most beneficial for leafless cuttings.
Water Loss Estimates for Five Recently Transplanted Landscape Tree Species in a Semi-Arid Climate
Authors: Montague Thayne , Kjelgren Roger , Allen Rick , Wester David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Over three growing seasons (1994–1996), water loss of five recently transplanted, balled and burlaped (B&B) tree species was investigated using below-ground, electronic weighing lysimeters. For each species, actual tree water loss was correlated with reference evapotranspiration (ETO) to create a water loss multiplier. At the beginning of each growing season a single tree was planted into each lysimeter. Selected species were: London planetree (Platanus x acerifolia ‘Bloodgood’), corkscrew willow (Salix matsudana ‘Tortuosa’), littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata ‘Greenspire’), Norway maple (Acerplatanoides ‘Emerald Queen’), and green ash (Fraxinuspennsylvanica ‘Patmore’). Throughout each growing season, trees were well-watered and lysimeter mass and meteorological variables were collected on site. Water loss multipliers for each tree species were calculated as the ratio of water loss (based upon total leaf area) to total daily ETO. Results indicate corkscrew willow and littleleaf linden had the greatest daily mean water loss (5.6 and 4.8 mm, respectively) (0.22 and 0.18 in, respectively), while Norway maple had the least (1.1 mm) (0.04 in). Water loss multipliers were greatest for corkscrew willow and littleleaf linden (1.1 and 0.9, respectively) and least for Norway maple (0.2). Regression analysis indicated total daily ETO had limited influence on total daily tree water loss. This suggests factors other than ETO influence water loss of recently transplanted, B&B trees in a semi-arid climate.
Selective Control of Bentgrass in ‘True Putt’ Creeping Bluegrass
Authors: Carson T.D. , Horgan B.P. , White D.B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ability to selectively control a specific cool-season grass growing in a mixed stand would offer great advantages to turfgrass managers. It is common for monostands of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) to become infested with annual bluegrass (Poa annua). Conversely, monostands of ‘True Putt’ creeping bluegrass (Poa annua var. reptans), a commercially available perennial biotype of Poa annua, often develop bentgrass infestations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of various herbicides for the selective control of bentgrass with minimal injury to True Putt. Nine herbicide treatments were applied to 248 cm2 (38.4 in2) plugs maintained at 1.3 cm (0.51 in) in the greenhouse. The experiment was conducted twice during the winter of 2001–2002. Several ratings were made over the four week period on quality of bentgrass and creeping bluegrass and on reduction of bentgrass cover. Vantage, Image, Assure II, Fusilade II, Finale, and Balance Pro gave a minimum of 65% control with Vantage, Assure II, Fusilade II, and Finale achieving 100% control. However, Vantage was the only herbicide that provided complete control of bentgrass while causing no significant reduction in the quality of True Putt creeping bluegrass. Assure II and Fusilade II also provided complete control of bentgrass, but both had a negative impact on the quality of True Putt.
Effect of Storage Temperature and Seed Moisture on Germination of Stored Flowering Dogwood Seed
Authors: Reed Sandra M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dogwood producers occasionally face a shortage of flowering dogwood seed. Storing excess seed during years when seed are abundant would allow growers to stabilize their seed supply. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seed moisture and storage temperature on the viability of stored flowering dogwood seed. Seed were collected in Fall 1999 and 2000, dried to 6, 10 and 14% moisture content, and stored at 22, 5 and −20C (72, 41 and −4F) for 1, 2 and 3 years. Following storage, seed were cold stratified and sown in a greenhouse. Percent germination and seedling dry weight were recorded. Seed stored at 22C (72F) quickly lost viability. At 5C (41F), seed moisture content was critical, with seed dried to 14% moisture content germinating poorly after 2 years and failing to germinate after 3 years in storage. In general, storage at −20C (−4F) was superior to storage at 5C (41F). Seed moisture content was not as critical at −20C (−4F) as it was at 5C (41F), but may become more important if length of storage is extended past 3 years. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that seed be dried to 6 to 10% moisture prior to storage, stored in air-tight containers, and stored in a −20C (−4F) freezer.
Evaluation of Clones, Container Types and Tissue Culture Media for Production of Calla Lilies as a Nursery Crop
Authors: Pounders Cecil , Nyochembeng Leopold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies were designed to determine if colored callas (Zantedeschia sp.) can be successfully grown as a spring color crop under field conditions in the Southeastern United States without substantial modification of greenhouse culture protocols and if yield of clean stock from tissue culture can be improved. Results indicate colored calla lily production in containers in hardiness Zone 8B can be successful, without making significant modifications to either existing greenhouse production guidelines or the environment used for woody plant container culture. Neither fiber nor deeper containers improved overall calla performance over traditional plastic pots. ‘Garnet Glow’ and ‘Pink Persuasion’ produced the most blooms over 6 weeks of evaluation and would be better adapted for the spring color market than ‘Florex Gold’ or ‘Mango’ which bloomed heavily for only two weeks. The disease index developed for this study indicated ‘Mango’, ‘Florex Gold’, ‘Rubylite Pink Ice’ and ‘Majestic Red’ suffered the most soft rot damage while ‘Pink Persuasion’, ‘Garnet Glow’ and ‘Pot of Gold’ had the least when using field grown tubers. Tissue culture propagation efficiency was improved, as reflected in propagule size, by increasing sucrose levels in production media from 30 g/liter up to 120 g/liter, thus speeding production of larger clean microtubers. Proper cultivar selection and strict adherence to a disease control program, as in greenhouse production, allow production of high-quality colored callas in the Gulf South as an outside container crop for the spring color market.
Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungi, Biostimulants and Water Absorbing Polymers on the Growth and Survival of Four Landscape Plant Species
Authors: Abbey Tim , Rathier Tom 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The addition of commercial mycorrhizal, transplant gel and/or biostimulant products to the root balls or backfill soil of Japanese holly, (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Green Luster’); arborvitae, (Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Emerald Green’); Japanese spirea, (Spiraea japonica L.f. ‘Shibori’); Bradford Callery pear, (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Cleveland Select’ and ‘Redspire’) at the time of planting did not lead to significant improvement of plant growth or transplant survival compared to untreated plants receiving routine mulching with pine bark mulch alone.
Effect of Bioplex™ on Transplant Success and Recovery of Summer-dug Goldenraintree
Authors: Sammons Jonathan D. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Biostimulants are intended to reduce stress associated with non-dormant (summer-dug) harvest of field-grown nursery stock; however, the effectiveness of biostimulant treatment is uncertain. We tested the effects of three application methods of Bioplex™ (a biostimulant) on transpiration rates, transplant survival, and recovery of field-grown goldenraintree (Koelrueteria paniculata Laxm.), which is considered difficult to transplant and is rarely summer dug. Bioplex™ was applied as a foliar spray, soil drench, or a combination of foliar spray and soil drench. Bioplex™ reduced transpiration rates of trees by 12% compared to untreated control trees. Root loss associated with digging reduced transpiration rates and had a greater effect on transpiration than any Bioplex™ treatment. Survival 12 months after transplanting was 100%. Bioplex™ treatments applied before digging had no effect on growth after transplanting. Transplanted trees had reduced caliper growth and shoot extension the season after transplant compared to non-dug controls. Although Bioplex™ reduced transpiration rates for three to five days after application in non-dug trees, there were no long-term benefits to survival or re-growth to summer transplanted trees.
Influence of Selected Fungicides on in vitro Growth of Artillery Fungi (Sphaerobolus spp.)
Authors: Geml József , Davis Donald D. , Geiser David M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We tested the inhibitory effect of 14 fungicides, 13 of which were known to be effective against the basidiomycete Agaricus, at 5 and 20 ppm on the in vitro growth of three species of artillery fungi: Sphaerobolus iowensis, S. stellatus, and a previously undescribed Sphaerobolus sp. Captafol, epoxiconazole, thiophanate-methyl, triflumizole, and triphenyltin acetate were the most effective inhibitors against all three Sphaerobolus species, and the reduction in growth was directly related to fungicide concentration. Chloroneb, chlorothalonil/zinc oxide, fuberidazole, glyodin, and tolylfluanid showed varying results, depending on fungal species and fungicide concentration; however, they were much less effective than the previous five fungicides. Dazomet, dinocap, folpet, and ferbam failed to slow the growth of any artillery fungi at either concentration. This preliminary study revealed that certain fungicides suppress growth of artillery fungi and should be further tested in the field.
Effectiveness of Commercial Mycorrhizal Inoculants on the Growth of Liquidambar styraciflua in Plant Nursery Conditions
Authors: Corkidi Lea , Allen Edith B. , Merhaut Don , Allen Michael F. , Downer James , Bohn Jeff , Evans Mike 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effectiveness of several commercial mycorrhizal inoculants on the growth and development of Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) was evaluated. Plants were grown in a nursery potting mix and were inoculated with the mycorrhizal products at the manufacturer's recommended rate. The growth response of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants was analyzed at two harvests (8 and 14 weeks after transplanting). Significant differences were found in the growth of L. styraciflua to mycorrhizal colonization with the different commercial products. Fourteen weeks after transplanting, inoculation with products 1 (Earth Roots), 2 (MycoApply endo), and 3 (VAM 80) enhanced the growth of sweetgum relative to the nonmycorrhizal plants. However, plants inoculated with products 2 and 3 had greater leaf area, dry mass and relative growth rates than those inoculated with product 1. Plants of L. styraciflua inoculated with product 4 were less responsive to mycorrhizal colonization and only increased their leaf area relative to the non-inoculated controls. Testing both the infectivity and effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi is recommended for the successful application of mycorrhizal technology in horticultural practices.
Root Growth of Three Horticultural Crops Grown in Pine Bark Amended Cotton Gin Compost
Authors: Jackson Brian E. , Wright Amy N. , Sibley Jeff L. , Kemble Joseph M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the southeastern United States, inconsistent pine bark (PB) supplies and overabundance of cotton gin by products warrant investigation about the feasibility of replacing PB with cotton gin compost (CGC) for container horticultural plant production. Most research on the use of composted organic substrates for horticultural plant production has focused on shoot growth responses, so there is a need to document the effect of these substrates on root growth. In 2004 ‘Blitz’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.), ‘Hot Country’ lantana (Lantana camara Mill. ‘Hot Country’), and weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) were placed in Horhizotrons™ to evaluate root growth in 100% PB and three PB:CGC substrates containing by volume, 60:40 PB:CGC, 40:60 PB:CGC, and 0:100 PB:CGC. Horhizotrons™ were placed in a greenhouse, and root growth in all substrates was measured for each cultivar. Physical properties (total porosity, water holding capacity, air space, and bulk density) and chemical properties (electrical conductivity and pH) were determined for all substrates. Physical properties of 100% PB were within recommended guidelines and were either within or above recommended ranges for all PB:CGC substrate blends. Chemical properties of all substrates were within or above recommended guidelines. Root growth of all species in substrates containing CGC was similar to or more enhanced than root growth in 100% PB.
Effects of Salinity and Freezing on Acer platanoides, Tilia cordata, and Viburnum lantana
Authors: Zimmerman E.M. , Jull L.G. , Shirazi A.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl and freezing temperatures on dormant lateral buds of Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple), Tilia cordata Mill. (littleleaf linden), and Viburnum lantana L. (wayfaringtree viburnum). The role of bud morphology was also examined. Buds were exposed to three NaCl concentrations [0, 2000, or 16,000 mg/liter (0, 2000, 16,000 ppm)] and eleven freezing temperatures [4, −4, −8, −12, −16, −20, −24, −28, −32, −36, and −40C (39, 25, 18, 10, 3, −4, −11, −18, −26, −33, −40F)] in November 2001 and January and March 2002. Electrolyte leakage and visual ratings of outer and inner bud tissue browning were used to assess injury. Bud injury generally increased as NaCl concentrations increased and temperatures decreased. Buds exposed to NaCl and freezing temperatures had greater electrolyte leakage than buds exposed to freezing temperatures alone. Norway maple buds had the highest electrolyte leakage, followed by wayfaringtree viburnum, and littleleaf linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl. The naked buds of viburnum had significantly more inner tissue browning than the scaled buds of maple and linden in response to freezing temperatures and NaCl in January 2002. Wayfaringtree viburnum exhibited increased tissue injury in response to NaCl and low temperature treatments in March 2002.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, and Crapemyrtle Aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani Kirkaldy
Authors: Pettis Gretchen V. , Braman S. Kristine , Guillebeau L. Paul , Sparks Beverly 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy), and Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, cause extensive damage to crapemyrtle, Lagerstroemia spp., in both the landscape and the nursery. We evaluated foliar and systemic insecticides for control of these two important pests in a field trial. Aphid control was also evaluated in a separate screen house trial on five cultivars of crapemyrtle. Talstar GH (bifenthrin), Scimitar GC (lambda-cyhalothrin), Merit 75WP (imidacloprid) and Flagship (thiamethoxam) were among the most effective of eleven insecticides tested in the field trial for suppression of concurrent populations of aphids and beetles. Greatest reduction in Japanese beetle damage alone was evident with bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. Aphid numbers were lowest on plants treated with Orthene TTO (acephate), Merit 75 WP and Flagship in the field trial and Flagship, Talstar GH and Scimitar GC in the screen house trial. Aphid numbers, among the five cultivars included in the screen house evaluations, were highest on ‘Hopi’ and lowest on ‘Acoma’.
Fertilizer Applications on Establishment and Growth of Three Groundcover Species in Sun and Shade
Authors: Stafne R.A. , Einert A.E. , Klingaman G.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Use of groundcovers in the landscape is often limited by slow establishment when compared to turf. Hedera helix L. (English ivy), Euonymus fortunei ‘Coloratus’ (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. (purpleleaf wintercreeper euonymus) and Liriope spicata Lour. (creeping lily-turf) were evaluated in full sun and 60% shade to determine the effects of fertilizer applications on establishment and growth. Limited fertilizer × species interaction was detected, which may have been due, in part, to the soil incorporation of mushroom compost. Establishment and survivability of Hedera in full sun may have been influenced by lack of acclimation from shade to sun. There was no significant difference in establishment rates between Liriope and Euonymus; however, under shade Euonymus did not develop its characteristic fall color. Hedera was established in one season under 60% shade and, of these three species, can be considered the most competitive with turf under similar conditions for low traffic areas of the landscape.
NAA Reduces Vegetative Shoot Growth on Rootstocks of Ornamental Peach
Authors: Fare Donna C. , Keever Gary J. , Halcomb Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Vegetative bud growth was controlled on dormant peach rootstock of budded Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. ‘Bon Fire’ with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a trunk paint. Vegetative bud growth was suppressed with all test concentrations (2,875 to 11,500 ppm) through 210 days after treatment (DAT), although scion bud mortality of ‘Bon Fire’ was greater with concentrations above 8,625 ppm. Naphthaleneacetic acid applied at 5,750 ppm provided excellent vegetative bud control, vigorous scion bud growth, and minimal scion bud mortality.
Evaluation of Treated Effluent as an Irrigation Source for Landscape Plants
Authors: Fox Laurie J. , Grose J. Norman , Appleton Bonnie L. , Donohue Stephen J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Treated effluent from the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) Virginia Initiative Plant (VIP) was evaluated in 2000 and 2001 as an irrigation source for landscape plants. Landscape plants common to eastern Virginia were installed in raised beds and overhead irrigated at the rate of 2.5 cm (1 in) per week for five months. Aesthetic quality ratings, and soil and water analyses, were conducted monthly. Aesthetic quality ratings were lower on certain plants irrigated with treated effluent in both years of the study. Damage appeared to result from foliar contact by irrigation water high in dissolved salts. Soil tests showed salt accumulation in the planting soil. Damage that occurred on plants irrigated with treated effluent was species specific and included leaf burn, chlorosis, defoliation, stunting, and death. All symptoms were consistent with and typical of salt damage. Salt concentrations in this treated effluent were too high to allow use of this water as an overhead irrigation source for many landscape plants without further treatment or dilution. Irrigation with treated effluent should be based on landscape species composition, local climate conditions, and irrigation method.