bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offshore freshwater aquifers: Toward equitable distribution
Authors: Martin‐Nagle Renée 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLegal principles and practices for determining ownership and control of seabed resources have been crafted and honed by various parties throughout the 20th century, often on an ad hoc basis to meet specific situations and sectoral needs. The legal landscape for offshore freshwater aquifers consequently spans domestic, regional, and international regimes, making the governance analysis for this untapped resource complex and multilayered. At the apex of ocean governance lies the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC), a global treaty with almost universal application. Both LOSC and customary law grant each coastal state exclusive sovereign rights over seabed natural resources in its continental shelf, although those rights are limited by other legal commitments such as obligations to protect the environment. LOSC does not address transboundary resources, but early and sustained demand for offshore hydrocarbons caused that governance gap to be filled through judicial decisions, bi‐lateral treaties, and customary practices. Traditionally, distribution of natural resources has been viewed as a right commensurate with sovereign claims to the resource, but a strong ethical argument can be made for treating water as an exceptional case due to its uniquely life‐giving properties. When offshore freshwater is eventually appropriated for use, humanity will have an opportunity to choose between following old patterns of distribution or crafting a more inclusive system. In a world facing global shortages of freshwater due to pollution, overuse and climate change, policymakers designing a legal regime for untapped reservoirs of a vital resource for which there is no substitute should consider more equitable forms of distribution. Both Roman law and LOSC provide precedents for sharing natural resources, and the emerging trend of benefit‐sharing offers multiple and varied possibilities as well.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Water Governance
Human Water > Rights to Water
Validating Deployment of Aerially Delivered Toxic Bait Cartridges for Control of Invasive Brown Treesnakes
Authors: Goetz Scott M. , Yackel Adams Amy A. , Siers Shane R. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTAerial application of management tools can provide a cost‐effective means to conserve or control wildlife populations at the landscape scale. Large spatial scales, however, present difficulties when assessingin situreliability and integrity of the devices themselves. We demonstrate application of a distance‐sampling density estimation approach to assess the performance of a newly developed toxicant bait system for the control of invasive brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis). Bait cartridges were designed to open in flight to expose the toxicant‐laced bait and tangle in the forest canopy via a plastic ribbon component. Following application of 12,686 bait cartridges from an automated aerial delivery system over a 55‐ha site on Guam, USA, we employed distance sampling techniques to evaluate cartridge performance. We performed 22 line‐transect surveys for a total distance of 10.3 km, during which we recorded all observations of unopened bait cartridges, instances in which the ribbon did not remain attached to the cartridge capsule (i.e., ribbon failure), and carcasses of brown treesnakes and nontarget species. Too few undeployed bait cartridges (n = 6), brown treesnake carcasses (n = 1), or nontarget carcasses (n = 0) were observed during surveys to support additional analysis. We detected 299 instances of ribbon failure. Using standard distance‐sampling analyses, we estimate that ribbon failure occurred in 3,376 ± 351 (estimate ± SE; 95% CL = 2,746–4,150) cartridges or 21.6–32.7% of the total applied. Our results demonstrate the utility of distance‐sampling density estimation techniques to validate performance and reliability of aerially applied management tools. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Wildlife Society Bulletinpublished by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Word Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWord representation, aiming to represent a word with a vector, plays an essential role in NLP. In this chapter, we first introduce several typical word representation learning methods, including one-hot representation and distributed representation. After that, we present two widely used evaluation tasks for measuring the quality of word embeddings. Finally, we introduce the recent extensions for word representation learning models.
Compositional Semantics
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany important applications in NLP fields rely on understanding more complex language units such as phrases, sentences, and documents beyond words. Therefore, compositional semantics has remained a core task in NLP. In this chapter, we first introduce various models for binary semantic composition, including additive models and multiplicative models. After that, we present various typical models for N-ary semantic composition including recurrent neural network, recursive neural network, and convolutional neural network.
Sentence Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSentence is an important linguistic unit of natural language. Sentence Representation has remained as a core task in natural language processing, because many important applications in related fields lie on understanding sentences, for example, summarization, machine translation, sentiment analysis, and dialogue system. Sentence representation aims to encode the semantic information into a real-valued representation vector, which will be utilized in further sentence classification or matching tasks. With large-scale text data available on the Internet and recent advances on deep neural networks, researchers tend to employ neural networks (e.g., convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks) to learn low-dimensional sentence representations and achieve great progress on relevant tasks. In this chapter, we first introduce the one-hot representation for sentences and the n-gram sentence representation (i.e., probabilistic language model). Then we extensively introduce neural-based models for sentence modeling, including feedforward neural network, convolutional neural network, recurrent neural network, and the latest Transformer, and pre-trained language models. Finally, we introduce several typical applications of sentence representations.
World Knowledge Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWorld knowledge representation aims to represent entities and relations in the knowledge graph in low-dimensional semantic space, which have been widely used in large knowledge-driven tasks. In this chapter, we first introduce the concept of the knowledge graph. Next, we introduce the motivations and give an overview of the existing approaches for knowledge graph representation. Further, we discuss several advanced approaches that aim to deal with the current challenges of knowledge graph representation. We also review the real-world applications of knowledge graph representation, such as language modeling, question answering, information retrieval, and recommender systems.
Network Representation
Authors: Liu Zhiyuan , Lin Yankai , Sun Maosong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNetwork representation learning aims to embed the vertexes in a network into low-dimensional dense representations, in which similar vertices in the network should have “close” representations (usually measured by cosine similarity or Euclidean distance of their representations). The representations can be used as the feature of vertices and applied to many network study tasks. In this chapter, we will introduce network representation learning algorithms in the past decade. Then we will talk about their extensions when applied to various real-world networks. Finally, we will introduce some common evaluation tasks of network representation learning and relevant datasets.
Regularizations of action-complexity for a pure BTZ black hole microstate
Authors: Omidi Farzad 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the action-complexity proposal there are two different methods to regularize the gravitational on-shell action, which are equivalent in the framework of AdS/CFT. In this paper, we want to study the equivalence of them for a pure BTZ black hole microstate. The microstate is obtained from a two-sided BTZ black hole truncated by a dynamical timelike ETW brane. Moreover, it is dual to a finite energy pure state in a two-dimensional CFT. We show that if one includes the timelike counterterms inspired by holographic renormalization as well as the Gibbons-Hawking-York term on the timelike boundary of the WDW patch, which exists in one of the regularizations, the coefficients of the UV divergent terms of action-complexity in the two methods become equal to each other. Furthermore, we compare the finite terms of action-complexity in both regularizations, and show that when the UV cutoff surface is close enough to the asymptotic boundary of the bulk spacetime, action-complexities in both regularizations become exactly equal to each other.
Islands in asymptotically flat 2D gravity
Authors: Hartman Thomas , Shaghoulian Edgar , Strominger Andrew 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The large-N limit of asymptotically flat two-dimensional dilaton gravity coupled to N free matter fields provides a useful toy model for semiclassical black holes and the information paradox. Analyses of the asymptotic information flux as given by the entanglement entropy show that it follows the Hawking curve, indicating that information is destroyed in these models. Recently, motivated by developments in AdS/CFT, a semiclassical island rule for entropy has been proposed. We define and compute the island rule entropy for black hole formation and evaporation in the large-N RST model of dilaton gravity and show that, in contrast, it follows the unitary Page curve. The relation of these two observations, and interesting properties of the dilaton gravity island rule, are discussed.
Swampland conjectures for type IIB orientifolds with closed-string U(1)s
Authors: Rojo Martín Enríquez , Plauschinn Erik 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We study the weak gravity conjecture, the swampland distance conjecture and the emergence proposal for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 orientifold compactifications of type IIB string theory with O3-/O7-planes. We allow for orientifold projections with $$ {h}_{+}^{2,1}\ne 0 $$

h
+

2
,
1

≠
0
which gives rise to closed-string U(1) gauge fields, and our findings show that certain structures present for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 compactifications are not present for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1. In particular, assumptions about stability have to be relaxed and we encounter an ambiguity for the emergence of gauge symmetries associated with the $$ {h}_{+}^{2,1} $$

h
+

2
,
1

sector.
Genetically programmed changes in transcription of the novel progranulin regulator
Authors: Keller Maria , Gebhardt Claudia , Huth Sandra , Schleinitz Dorit , Heyne Henrike , Scholz Markus , Stumvoll Michael , Böttcher Yvonne , Tönjes Anke , Kovacs Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Progranulin is a glycoprotein marking chronic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies suggested PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) to be a target of genetic variants associated with serum progranulin levels. We aimed to identify potentially functional variants and characterize their role in regulation of PSRC1. Phylogenetic module complexity analysis (PMCA) prioritized four polymorphisms (rs12740374, rs629301, rs660240, rs7528419) altering transcription factor binding sites with an overall score for potential regulatory function of Sall > 7.0. The effects of these variants on transcriptional activity and binding of transcription factors were tested by luciferase reporter and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). In parallel, blood DNA promoter methylation of two regions was tested in subjects with a very high (N = 100) or a very low (N = 100) serum progranulin. Luciferase assays revealed lower activities in vectors carrying the rs629301-A compared with the C allele. Moreover, EMSA indicated a different binding pattern for the two rs629301 alleles, with an additional prominent band for the A allele, which was finally confirmed with the supershift for the Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1). Subjects with high progranulin levels manifested a significantly higher mean DNA methylation (P < 1 × 10−7) in one promoter region, which was in line with a significantly lower PSRC1 mRNA expression levels in blood (P = 1 × 10−3). Consistently, rs629301-A allele was associated with lower PSRC1 mRNA expression (P < 1 × 10−7). Our data suggest that the progranulin-associated variant rs629301 modifies the transcription of PSRC1 through alteration of YY1 binding capacity. DNA methylation studies further support the role of PSRC1 in regulation of progranulin serum levels.

Key messages

PSRC1 (proline and serine rich coiled-coil 1) SNPs are associated with serum progranulin levels.

rs629301 regulates PSRC1 expression by affecting Yin Yang 1 transcription factor (YY1) binding.

PSRC1 is also epigenetically regulated in subjects with high progranulin levels.
Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for failure of revision ACL reconstruction
Authors: Alm Lena , Krause Matthias , Frosch Karl-Heinz , Akoto Ralph 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to carefully analyse the reasons for revision ACLR failure to optimize the surgical revision technique and minimize the risk of recurrent re-rupture. Large studies with a minimum of 2 years of follow-up that clinically examine patients with revision ACLR are rare.

Methods
Between 2013 and 2016, 111 patients who underwent revision ACLR were included in the retrospective study. All patients were examined for a minimum of 2 years after revision surgery (35 ± 3.4 months, mean ± STD) and identified as “failed revision ACLR” (side-to-side difference ≥ 5 mm and pivot-shift grade 2/3) or “stable revision ACLR”.

Results
Failure after revision ACLR occurred in 14.5% (n = 16) of the cases. Preoperative medial knee instability (n = 36) was associated with failure; thus, patients had a 17 times greater risk of failure when medial knee instability was diagnosed (p = 0.015). The risk of failure was reduced when patients had medial stabilization (n = 24, p = 0.034) and extra-articular lateral tenodesis during revision surgery (n = 51, p = 0.028). Increased posterior tibial slope (n = 11 ≥ 12°, p = 0.046) and high-grade anterior knee laxity (side-to-side difference > 6 mm and pivot-shift grade 3, n = 41, p = 0.034) were associated with increased failure of revision ACLR. Obese patients had a 9 times greater risk of failure (p = 0.008, n = 30).

Conclusion
This study demonstrates the largest revision ACLR patient group with pre- and postoperative clinical examination data and a follow-up of 2 years published to date. Preoperative medial knee instability is an underestimated risk factor for revision ACLR failure. Additionally, high-grade anterior knee laxity, increased PTS and high BMI are risk factors for failure of revision ACLR, while additional medial stabilization and lateral extra-articular tenodesis reduce the risk of failure.

Level of evidence
III.
Solutions for subset sum problems with special digraph constraints
Authors: Gurski Frank , Komander Dominique , Rehs Carolin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe subset sum problem is one of the simplest and most fundamental NP-hard problems in combinatorial optimization. We consider two extensions of this problem: The subset sum problem with digraph constraint (SSG) and subset sum problem with weak digraph constraint (SSGW). In both problems there is given a digraph with sizes assigned to the vertices. Within SSG we want to find a subset of vertices whose total size does not exceed a given capacity and which contains a vertex if at least one of its predecessors is part of the solution. Within SSGW we want to find a subset of vertices whose total size does not exceed a given capacity and which contains a vertex if all its predecessors are part of the solution. SSG and SSGW have been introduced recently by Gourvès et al. who studied their complexity for directed acyclic graphs and oriented trees. We show that both problems are NP-hard even on oriented co-graphs and minimal series-parallel digraphs. Further, we provide pseudo-polynomial solutions for SSG and SSGW with digraph constraints given by directed co-graphs and series-parallel digraphs.
Conscious perception and the modulatory role of dopamine: no effect of the dopamine D2 agonist cabergoline on visual masking, the attentional blink, and probabilistic discrimination
Authors: Boonstra E.A , van Schouwenburg M.R , Seth A.K , Bauer M , Zantvoord J.B , Kemper E.M , Lansink C.S , Slagter H.A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Rationale
Conscious perception is thought to depend on global amplification of sensory input. In recent years, striatal dopamine has been proposed to be involved in gating information and conscious access, due to its modulatory influence on thalamocortical connectivity.

Objectives
Since much of the evidence that implicates striatal dopamine is correlational, we conducted a double-blind crossover pharmacological study in which we administered cabergoline—a dopamine D2 agonist—and placebo to 30 healthy participants. Under both conditions, we subjected participants to several well-established experimental conscious-perception paradigms, such as backward masking and the attentional blink task.

Results
We found no evidence in support of an effect of cabergoline on conscious perception: key behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) findings associated with each of these tasks were unaffected by cabergoline.

Conclusions
Our results cast doubt on a causal role for dopamine in visual perception. It remains an open possibility that dopamine has causal effects in other tasks, perhaps where perceptual uncertainty is more prominent.
Management strategies for children with COVID-19: ESPR practical recommendations
Authors: Raissaki Maria , Shelmerdine Susan C. , Damasio Maria Beatrice , Toso Seema , Kvist Ola , Lovrenski Jovan , Hirsch Franz Wolfgang , Görkem Süreyya Burcu , Paterson Anne , Arthurs Owen J. , Rossi Andrea , van Schuppen Joost , Petit Philippe , Argyropoulou Maria I. , Offiah Amaka C. , Rosendahl Karen , Caro-Domínguez Pablo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDuring the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines have been issued by international, national and local authorities to address management and the need for preparedness. Children with COVID-19 differ from adults in that they are less often and less severely affected. Additional precautions required in the management of children address their increased radiosensitivity, need for accompanying carers, and methods for dealing with children in a mixed adult-paediatric institution. In this guidance document, our aim is to define a pragmatic strategy for imaging children with an emphasis on proven or suspected COVID-19 cases. Children suspected of COVID-19 should not be imaged routinely. Imaging should be performed only when expected to alter patient management, depending on symptoms, preexisting conditions and clinical evolution. In order to prevent disease transmission, it is important to manage the inpatient caseload effectively by triaging children and carers outside the hospital, re-scheduling nonurgent elective procedures and managing symptomatic children and carers as COVID-19 positive until proven otherwise. Within the imaging department one should consider conducting portable examinations with COVID-19 machines or arranging dedicated COVID-19 paediatric imaging sessions and performing routine nasopharyngeal swab testing before imaging under general anaesthesia. Finally, regular personal hygiene, appropriate usage of personal protective equipment, awareness of which procedures are considered aerosol generating and information on how to best disinfect imaging machinery after examinations should be highlighted to all staff members.
[68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-E[(cRGDyK)]2 PET and hyperpolarized [1-13C] pyruvate MRSI (hyperPET) in canine cancer patients: simultaneous imaging of angiogenesis and the Warburg effect
Authors: Clemmensen Andreas , Hansen Adam E , Holst Pernille , Schøier Christina , Bisgaard Sissel , Johannesen Helle H , Ardenkjær-Larsen Jan Henrik , Kristensen Annemarie T , Kjaer Andreas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Cancer has a multitude of phenotypic expressions and identifying these are important for correct diagnosis and treatment selection. Clinical molecular imaging such as positron emission tomography can access several of these hallmarks of cancer non-invasively. Recently, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy with [1-13C] pyruvate has shown great potential to probe metabolic pathways. Here, we investigate simultaneous dual modality clinical molecular imaging of angiogenesis and deregulated energy metabolism in canine cancer patients.

Methods
Canine cancer patients (n = 11) underwent simultaneous [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-E[(cRGDyK)]2 (RGD) PET and hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate-MRSI (hyperPET). Standardized uptake values and [1-13C]lactate to total 13C ratio were quantified and compared generally and voxel-wise.

Results
Ten out of 11 patients showed clear tumor uptake of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD at both 20 and 60 min after injection, with an average SUVmean of 1.36 ± 0.23 g/mL and 1.13 ± 0.21 g/mL, respectively. A similar pattern was seen for SUVmax values, which were 2.74 ± 0.41 g/mL and 2.37 ± 0.45 g/mL. The [1-13C]lactate generation followed patterns previously reported. We found no obvious pattern or consistent correlation between the two modalities. Voxel-wise tumor values of RGD uptake and lactate generation analysis revealed a tendency for each canine cancer patient to cluster in separated groups.

Conclusion
We demonstrated combined imaging of [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD-PET for angiogenesis and hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate-MRSI for probing energy metabolism. The results suggest that [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-RGD-PET and [1-13C]pyruvate-MRSI may provide complementary information, indicating that hyperPET imaging of angiogenesis and energy metabolism is able to aid in cancer phenotyping, leading to improved therapy planning.