bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of Cardiac Ferritin H Facilitates Cardiomyopathy via Slc7a11-Mediated Ferroptosis
Authors: Fang Xuexian , Cai Zhaoxian , Wang Hao , Han Dan , Cheng Qi , Zhang Pan , Gao Feng , Yu Yingying , Song Zijun , Wu Qian , An Peng , Huang Sicong , Pan Jianwei , Chen Hou-Zao , Chen Jinghai , Linkermann Andreas , Min Junxia , Wang Fudi 
Published: April 2020

Rationale:
Maintaining iron homeostasis is essential for proper cardiac function. Both iron deficiency and iron overload are associated with cardiomyopathy and heart failure via complex mechanisms. Although ferritin plays a central role in iron metabolism by storing excess cellular iron, the molecular function of ferritin in cardiomyocytes remains unknown.

Objective:
To characterize the functional role of Fth (ferritin H) in mediating cardiac iron homeostasis and heart disease.

Methods and Results:

Mice expressing a conditional Fth knockout allele were crossed with 2 distinct Cre recombinase-expressing mouse lines, resulting in offspring that lack
Fth
expression specifically in myocytes (MCK-Cre) or cardiomyocytes (Myh6-Cre). Mice lacking Fth in cardiomyocytes had decreased cardiac iron levels and increased oxidative stress, resulting in mild cardiac injury upon aging. However, feeding these mice a high-iron diet caused severe cardiac injury and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, with molecular features typical of ferroptosis, including reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and increased lipid peroxidation. Ferrostatin-1, a specific inhibitor of ferroptosis, rescued this phenotype, supporting the notion that ferroptosis plays a pathophysiological role in the heart. Finally, we found that Fth-deficient cardiomyocytes have reduced expression of the ferroptosis regulator Slc7a11, and overexpressing Slc7a11 selectively in cardiomyocytes increased GSH levels and prevented cardiac ferroptosis.

Conclusions:
Our findings provide compelling evidence that ferritin plays a major role in protecting against cardiac ferroptosis and subsequent heart failure, thereby providing a possible new therapeutic target for patients at risk of developing cardiomyopathy.
The English Catholic Church and the Age of Mercantilism: Bishop Richard Challoner and the South Sea Company
Authors: Pizzoni Giada 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article argues that the commercial economy contributed to sustain the English Catholic Church during the eighteenth century. In particular, it analyzes the financial dealings of Bishop Richard Challoner, Vicar Apostolic of the London Mission (1758-1781). By investing in the stock market, Challoner funded charitable institutions and addressed the needs of his church. He used the profits yielded by the Sea Companies for a variety of purposes: from basic needs such as buying candles, to long-term projects such as funding female schools. Bishop Challoner contributes to a new narrative on Catholicism in England and enriches the literature on the Mercantilist Age. The new Atlantic economy offered an opening and Catholics seized it. By answering the needs of the new fiscal-state, the Catholic Church ensured its survival, secured economic integration, and eventually achieved political inclusion.
A Technology of Multiple Smelting Furnaces per Termite Mound: Iron Production in Chongwe, Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Lyaya Edwinus C. , Chirikure Shadreck , Janney Philip E. , Rehren Thilo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
With exception of Maluma (1979) and Musambachime (2016, 2017), there have been no archaeometallurgical publications on the technology and culture of iron production in Zambia. This paper presents archaeological and archaeometallurgical evidence of a technology of iron production in Chongwe in terms of spatial organization, the process of metal production (either a three-stage process involving smelting in relatively tall furnaces, refining in miniature (vintengwe) furnaces, and smithing on a hearth or a two-stage process involving smelting and smithing), furnace air supply mechanisms, liquid slag handling techniques, variation in the geochemistry of ore and clay, and the nature of the final smelting products. Archaeological field data collection techniques included ethnoarchaeological interviews, (furnace) excavation, surface collections, and surface walkover surveys, while laboratory analytical techniques included optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and x-ray fluorescence (XRF). New field evidence indicates that iron production in Chongwe in the previous two centuries was secluded from respective pre-modern settlements for socio-cultural and technical reasons. There are no settlement remains in and around Chongwe smelting sites. Also, most of the archaeological data in Chongwe are supportive of the two-stage process that did not involve iron refining in vintengwe furnaces. There were no iron refining sites in Chongwe. Archaeological evidence also strongly points to the use of natural air supply mechanism for the smelting furnaces because proximal ends of tuyères inter alia were not trumpeted. All smelting sites were systematically located on termite mounds. There were three to four smelting furnaces located on the western side of a termite mound. The presence of tuyère mould slags and thin and elongated slag microstructures strongly indicates that liquid slag was tapped outside the furnace apparently through tuyères and was left to cool quickly. Presence of primary wüstite and iron particles in the slags strongly suggests the production of iron as the final smelting product in Chongwe. The results are compared with the archaeology, chemistry, and mineralogy of iron production from other parts of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in the Lake Tanganyika-Nyasa Corridor. The presence of three to four smelting furnaces per termite mound makes iron production in Chongwe a unique technology in the Corridor.
Living Outside the Wall: the Quarter of Wattle-and-daub Houses in Old Dongola of the Funj Period
Authors: Wyżgoł Maciej , Deptuła Agata 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Excavations at Old Dongola in 2018/2019 led to the discovery of a quarter of wattle-and-daub houses located outside the town walls. The houses, dated to the 17th − 18th century, are arranged in compounds and visibly differ from other dwellings. This paper aims to identify the functional and social organisation of domestic space, based primarily on the analysis of access and activity areas. It sheds light on the relations of private and public space as well as gender divisions. The paper also addresses the question of the identity of dwellers and the social structure of the town in the Funj period.
Chancellery and Diplomatic Practices in Central Asia during the Mongol Period as Shown in Old Uyghur and Middle Mongolian Documents
Authors: Vér Márton 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Due to its central location the Chaghadaid ulus played a key role in the interregional diplomatic connections in the Mongol period. Unfortunately, comparing to the other three uluses of the Mongol Empire we have a very limited number of written sources concerning the Chaghadaid realm. The aim of the present paper is to show how the new results of the philological study of the Old Uyghur and Middle Mongolian documents can throw new light upon our knowledge about the diplomatic practices in the Chaghadaid ulus. The paper concentrates on the two most important institutions which facilitated diplomatic relations: the chancelleries and the postal system.
Voices from Afar: Yuan Diplomacy between Ritual and Practice
Authors: Fiaschetti Francesca 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In their expansion is Southeast Asia, the medieval Mongols encountered many challenges, and among them there was the necessity to legitimize themself in the eyes of those polities which had long established relations with the Song dynasty. In building his authority the founder of the Yuan dynasty, Qubilai Qa’an, shaped his diplomacy capitalizing on the skills of his non-Mongol subjects. From Confucian scholars to state officials, envoys and generals, many individuals participated in the Yuan diplomatic machine, thus finding their own justification to belong to the Yuan imperial project. The present paper sketches the narratives and rhetoric used by some of these individuals in the case of the Mongols long and challenging interaction with the neighboring kingdom of Đại Việt, in North Vietnam.
Surface Turbulent Fluxes during Persistent Cold-Air Pool Events in the Salt Lake Valley, Utah. Part II: Simulations
Authors: Sun Xia , Holmes Heather A. , Xiao Hui 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRealistically representing the land–atmosphere interactions during persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) is critical in simulating the strength of PCAPs, where uncertainties in simulating the PCAP strength will impact the ability to model the poor air quality. To quantify the model performance for land–atmosphere exchange, measurements of surface turbulent and radiative energy fluxes during two PCAPs, one weak and one strong, in Utah were compared with simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The results show that the WRF Model simulated the surface energy fluxes well in the weak PCAP case and that the performance degraded in the strong PCAP case. The significantly overestimated surface sensible heat flux H and latent heat flux (LE) in the strong PCAP were related, in part, to the overestimated net radiation and soil moisture and unsuitable turbulence parameterizations. The simulation using the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino planetary boundary layer scheme produced the least bias in both net radiation and surface turbulent fluxes for the strong PCAP case, which is expected because of the local higher-order (2.5) turbulence closure scheme. The surface exchange coefficient (CH), a crucial variable used to calculate H, was overall overestimated by the WRF Model. The underestimation of the nondimensional vertical temperature gradient in the Monin–Obukhov stability function was responsible for the overestimated CH, where the stability functions deviate significantly from expected values from observations for the stable atmospheric boundary layer. Our study highlights the need to improve the flux–profile parameterizations under stable conditions over complex terrain by including impacts due to mountainous terrain, such as surface radiative flux divergence and the diurnal mountain wind system.
A Nonlinear Multiscale Theory of Atmospheric Blocking: Dynamical and Thermodynamic Effects of Meridional Potential Vorticity Gradient
Authors: Luo Dehai , Zhang Wenqi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this paper, an extended nonlinear multiscale interaction model is proposed to examine nonlinear behavior of eddy-driven blocking as a Rossby wave packet in a three-dimensional background flow by dividing the background meridional potential vorticity gradient (PVy) into dynamical PVy related to the horizontal (mainly meridional) shear of background westerly wind (BWW) and thermodynamic PVy associated with the meridional temperature gradient (MTG). It is found that eddy-driven baroclinic blocking with large amplitude in the midtroposphere tends to have a longer lifetime (~20 days) in a baroclinic atmosphere with stratification than eddy-driven barotropic blocking without vertical variation (less than 15 days). It is shown that barotropic blocking shows a northwest–southeast orientation and has long lifetime, large retrogression, and slow decay only for weaker barotropic BWW and in higher latitudes. In a baroclinic atmosphere with stratification, baroclinic blocking shows long lifetime, strong eastward movement, slow decay, weak strength, and less local persistence for large barotropic BWW and under , but becomes less slow decay, weak retrogression, and large local persistence for small barotropic BWW and . Such a blocking with a north–south antisymmetric dipole, large amplitude, and long local persistence, characterized by a persistent large meander of westerly jet streams, is easily seen when baroclinic BWW and are small in the lower to midtroposphere. Comparatively, the magnitude of plays a larger role in the blocking change than that of , whereas the vertical variation of MTG is more important for the blocking change than the MTG itself for some cases.
The Weakening and Eastward Movement of ENSO Impacts during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Jiang Dabang , Lang Xianmei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe assumption of a stationary global signal linked to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is often used in paleo-ENSO proxy data interpretation. This paper attempts to investigate whether the assumption is valid during the last glacial maximum (LGM) over the region 60°S–90°N, 60°E−60°W. Using four models within phase 3 of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project framework that well reproduce ENSO-induced variabilities, differences from the preindustrial period to LGM in the ENSO-related sea surface temperature pattern and its impacts are investigated. Compared to the preindustrial period, the ENSO impacts are revealed to weaken and shift eastward during the LGM. According to multimodel medians, ENSO impacts on precipitation and near-surface air temperature are attenuated over most regions of concern, with percentage changes in both parameters averaging −21% for the whole region; the ENSO-induced Pacific–North America (PNA) teleconnection pattern is weakened, manifested by the 41% diminished center over the North Pacific and the almost vanished activity centers over the continent. Spatially, there is a zonal contraction of 13° for the sea surface warming of ENSO, as well as eastward migration over 10° for the ENSO-induced positive precipitation anomaly center over the tropical Pacific and the PNA teleconnection pattern outside the tropics. The aforementioned changes are linked to the altered climatic background during the LGM, which features a 16° eastward shift for the Pacific Walker circulation rising branch and a weakened waveguide in the midlatitudes. The results suggest that the hypothesis of stationary ENSO impacts should be applied cautiously to the past.
Quantification of the Land Surface and Brown Ocean Influence on Tropical Cyclone Intensification over Land
Authors: Yoo Jinwoong , Santanello Joseph A. , Shepherd Marshall , Kumar Sujay , Lawston Patricia , Thomas Andrew M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAn investigation of Tropical Cyclone (TC) Kelvin in February 2018 over northeast Australia was conducted to understand the mechanisms of the brown ocean effect (BOE) and to develop a comprehensive analysis framework for landfalling TCs in the process. NASA’s Land Information System (LIS) coupled to the NASA Unified WRF (NU-WRF) system was employed as the numerical model framework for 12 land/soil moisture perturbation experiments. Impacts of soil moisture and surface enthalpy flux conditions on TC Kelvin were investigated by closely evaluating simulated track and intensity, midlevel atmospheric thermodynamic properties, vertical wind shear, total precipitable water (TPW), and surface moisture flux. The results suggest that there were recognized differentiations among the sensitivity simulations as a result of land surface (e.g., soil moisture and texture) conditions. However, the intensification of TC Kelvin over land was more strongly related to atmospheric moisture advection and the diurnal cycle of solar radiation (i.e., radiative cooling) than to overall soil moisture conditions or surface fluxes. The analysis framework employed here for TC Kelvin can serve as a foundation to specifically quantify the factors governing the BOE. It also demonstrates that the BOE is not a binary influence (i.e., all or nothing), but instead operates in a continuum from largely to minimally influential such that it could be utilized to help improve prediction of inland effects for all landfalling TCs.
“I smile, but Without Showing My Teeth”: The Lived Experience of Cleft, Lip, and Palate in Adults
Authors: Moi Asgjerd Litleré , Gjengedal Harald , Lybak Kari , Vindenes Hallvard 
Published: April 2020

Objective: To explore and describe the experience of growing up with unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) in adults. Design: Face-to-face interviews. Giorgi’s phenomenological method was used for analysis. Participants: Twenty-one (mean age: 40.8 years) adults treated for unilateral CLP during childhood and adolescence participated in the study. Results: Growing up with CLP meant to become aware of bodily otherness. The possible reactions from peers early in life complicated the striving for inclusion outside the close family. Being self-confident, clever in school, physically fit, and having trusted friends represented barriers against teasing and bullying. Nevertheless, the reflected image, in mirrors, windows, and photos, reminded the participants of the objectifying looks from others and often led to bodily adjustments that persisted into adulthood. The trajectory of treatment was not questioned during childhood, and the participants accepted the decisions on care made by experts and parents. Although problems related to the cleft could persist or return after the termination of ordinary treatment, a more hesitant view on the possible benefits of additional surgery was typical in adulthood. Conclusions: In retrospect, growing up with a unilateral CLP was found to have been an unquestioned part of the adult participants’ childhood, a burden that they feared would, to some extent, also be passed to their own children. However, the CLP had not prevented them from achieving goals and satisfaction in life. The occurrence of persisting psychological, functional, and esthetic challenges in adults suggests the need for an individualized, lifelong, and multidisciplinary perspective on CLP follow-up.
Meta-analysis of Noninsertional Achilles Tendinopathy
Authors: Jarin Ian , Bäcker Henrik C. , Vosseller J. Turner 
Published: April 2020

Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common clinical problem that can be either insertional or noninsertional. A variety of treatment methods have been described, although little consensus exists on an optimal method or methods. We sought to investigate the current evidence on different treatment methods for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy, with a focus on functional outcomes. Methods: We performed a review of the available literature in PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Data from included studies were categorized according to treatment method and analyzed with respect to functional outcome and complication rate. Results: In total, 1420 abstracts were reviewed, of which 72 articles containing 3523 patients met inclusion criteria. Within the 72 studies included, 6 operative techniques and 19 nonoperative treatments were evaluated. Conclusion: A wide variety of treatments are available for noninsertional Achilles tendinopathy, although newer treatments and most operative methods lack high-level evidence. Eccentric exercise is the most thoroughly studied and supported nonoperative treatment, while tenotomy and debridement is the operative procedure with the most evidence of efficacy. Platelet-rich plasma injections and extracorporeal shockwave therapy have proven to be viable second-line nonoperative treatments. Gastrocnemius recession and flexor hallucis longus transfer have shown benefit in case series. Level of Evidence: Level II, systematic review.
A phase 2 multicenter study of ublituximab, a novel glycoengineered anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Fox Edward , Lovett-Racke Amy E , Gormley Matthew , Liu Yue , Petracca Maria , Cocozza Sirio , Shubin Richard , Wray Sibyl , Weiss Michael S , Bosco Jenna A , Power Sean A , Mok Koby , Inglese Matilde 
Published: April 2020

Background: Ublituximab, a novel monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting a unique epitope on the CD20 antigen, is glycoengineered for enhanced B-cell targeting through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Greater ADCC may allow lower doses and shorter infusion times versus other anti-CD20 mAbs. Objective: The objective was to determine optimal dose, infusion time, and activity of ublituximab in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Methods: This is a phase 2, placebo-controlled study. Patients received three ublituximab infusions (150 mg over 1–4 hours on day 1 and 450–600 mg over 1–3 hours on day 15 and week 24) in six dosing cohorts. The primary endpoint was B-cell depletion. Results: In all cohorts ( N = 48), median B-cell depletion was >99% by week 4, maintained at weeks 24 and 48. Most common adverse events (AEs) were infusion-related reactions (all grade 1–2), with no apparent increased incidence at shorter infusion times. There were no AE-related discontinuations. At weeks 24 and 48, no T1 gadolinium-enhancing lesions ( p = 0.003) and a 10.6% decrease in T2 lesion volume ( p = 0.002) were detected. The annualized relapse rate was 0.07; 93% remained relapse free on study. Overall, 74% of patients had no evidence of disease activity (NEDA). Conclusion: Ublituximab was safely infused as rapid as 1 hour, producing robust B-cell depletion and profound reductions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) activity and relapses.
Immunoglobulin G subtypes‐1 and 2 differentiate immunoglobulin G4‐associated sclerosing cholangitis from primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Vujasinovic Miroslav , Maier Pia , Maetzel Hartwig , Valente Roberto , Pozzi‐Mucelli Raffaella , Moro Carlos F , Haas Stephan L , Said Karouk , Verbeke Caroline S , Maisonneuve Patrick , Löhr J‐Matthias 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundAutoimmune pancreatitis is a special form of chronic pancreatitis with strong lymphocytic infiltration and two histopathological distinct subtypes, a lymphoplasmacytic sclerosing pancreatitis and idiopathic duct centric pancreatitis. Immunoglobulin G4‐associated cholangitis may be present at the time of autoimmune pancreatitis type 1 diagnosis or occur later over the course of the disease. Immunoglobulin G4 is considered reliable but not an ideal marker for diagnosis of autoimmune pancreatitis type 1 with reported sensitivity between 71–81%. It is essential to differentiate sclerosing cholangitis with autoimmune pancreatitis from primary sclerosing cholangitis as the treatment and prognosis of the two diseases are totally different. It was the aim of the study to find a marker for immunoglobulin G4‐associated cholangitis that would distinguish it from primary sclerosing cholangitis.Patients and methodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with autoimmune pancreatitis at our outpatient clinic. Patients from the primary sclerosing cholangitis registry were taken as a control group. Blood samples for the measurement of immunoglobulin subclasses were analysed at the time of diagnosis.ResultsPatients with autoimmune pancreatitis and immunoglobulin G4‐associated cholangitis had higher values of immunoglobulin G2 when compared to autoimmune pancreatitis alone or primary sclerosing cholangitis with a high specificity (97%) and high positive predictive value (91%). In patients with normal or low immunoglobulin G2 or immunoglobulin G4, a high level of immunoglobulin G1 indicated primary sclerosing cholangitis.ConclusionImmunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2 can distinguish patients with immunoglobulin G4‐associated cholangitis from those with primary sclerosing cholangitis.