bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of dietary supplement, functional food and herbal medicine use by dietitians during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kamarli Altun Hulya , Karacil Ermumcu Merve Seyda , Seremet Kurklu Nilgun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:The current study was conducted to evaluate the dietary habits of the dietitians who had a leading role in this regard during the pandemic and their use of dietary supplements, functional food and herbal medicines.Design:A cross-sectional study. An online questionnaire was used as a data collection tool to identify the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics, health statuses and dietary habits and their use of dietary supplements, functional foods and herbal medicines.Setting:Turkey.Participants:The study population was 550 dietitians.Results:In the current study, the participants’ average age was 30·6 ± 9·1 years, and most of them (88·2 %) were women. More than half of the participants (88·9 %) thought that adequate and balanced nutrition would positively affect the course of COVID-19. To avoid COVID-19, 94·5 % of the dietitians used dietary supplements, 46·1 % herbal medicines and 34·9 % functional foods during the pandemic. The most commonly used dietary supplement was fish oil (81·9 %), functional food was vegetables and fruits (80·5 %) and the herbal medicine was cinnamon (63·5 %). Women’s consumption of functional foods was approximately twice higher compared with men (95 % Cl: 1·048, 4·165; P < 0·05). The findings showed that the longer the dietitians were in their careers, the more functional foods and herbal medicines they used.Conclusion:During the pandemic, dietitians’ use of foods with protective effects against diseases increased depending on their academic knowledge and experience in nutrition. The findings obtained in the current study suggest that an expert’s opinion should be obtained before using dietary supplements and herbal medicines.
Change in or of global governance?
Authors: Barnett Michael 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMichael Zürn'sTheory of Global Governanceis an original, bold, and compelling argument regarding the causes of change in global governance. A core argument is that legitimation problems trigger changes in global governance. This contribution addresses two core features of the argument. Although I am persuaded that legitimacy matters, there are times when: legitimacy appears to be given too much credit to the relative neglect of other factors; other times when the lack of legitimacy has little discernible impact on the working of global governance; and unanswered questions about how the legitimacy of global governance relates to the legitimacy of the international order of which it is a part. The second feature is what counts as change in global governance. Zürn reduces change to either deepening or decline, overlooking the possible how of global governance. In contrast to Zürn's map of global governance that is dominated by hierarchies in the form of international organizations, an alternative map locates multiple modes of governance: hierarchies, markets, and networks. The kinds of legitimation problems that Zürn identifies, I argue, can help explain some of the movement from hierarchical to other modes of global governance.
Politics and theory of global governance
Authors: Fioretos Orfeo , Tallberg Jonas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAt a point when global governance appears to be at a crossroad, caught between globalizing and national populist forces, International Relations theorists are deeply immersed in debating what brought the world to this point. This contribution enlists Michael Zürn'sA Theory of Global Governance(2018) to explore the state of global governance theory through a focus on three substantive themes: authority, legitimacy, and contestation in global governance. It identifies the current state of theorizing on each theme, situates Zürn's claims within these literatures, and previews counterpoints from a variety of theoretical perspectives.
Beyond institutionalism: toward a transformed global governance theory
Authors: Scholte Jan Aart 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPrompted by both promises and pitfalls in Michael's Zürn'sA Theory of Global Governance, this paper reflects on challenges going forward beyond liberal institutionalism in the study of world politics. Six suggestions are particularly highlighted for future theorizing of global governance: (a) further distance from state-centrism; (b) greater attention to transscalar qualities of global governing; (c) more incorporation of social-structural aspects of global regulation; (d) trilateral integration of individual, institutional, and structural sources of legitimacy in global governance; (e) more synthesis of positive and normative analysis; and (f) transcendence of Euro-centrism. Together these six shifts would generate a transformed global governance theory – and possibly practice as well.
Politics asRealitätsprinzipin the debate on constitutions and fragmented orders: remarks ‘On constitutions and fragmented orders’
Authors: Kurowska Xymena 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe promise of constitutionalisation is, according to Kratochwil, the existential comfort that comes from having a coherent framework for judgement and action. This apparent epistemological confidence comes at the price of parting with a realistic assessment of the concrete situation, and it conceals that politics operate across all levels all the time. This paper critiques this vision and points beyond the idea of exhaustive frameworks. Figuring out contextually appropriate configurations of constitutionalisation and fragmentation allows for greater agency and pluralism. A more fundamental tension in Kratochwil's work remains, however, his falling back on the abstract to articulate the experiential.
Subsurface Reflectors Detected by SHARAD Reveal Stratigraphy and Buried Channels Over Central Elysium Planitia, Mars
Authors: Xiong Siting , Tao Yu , Persaud Divya M. , Campbell Jacqueline D. , Putri Alfiah Rizky Diana , Muller Jan‐Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Central Elysium Planitia (CEP) is one of the youngest geological units on Mars and displays evidence of volcanic and fluvial activities on the surface. The origin of the CEP material has long been debated with a range of hypotheses from purely fluvial to solely volcanic origins. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) data to reveal subsurface radar reflectors over the CEP region. Distribution of the detected radar reflectors show possible connections between the CEP and outflow channels, such as Athabasca Valles and Marte Vallis. Analysis of the radar reflectors in the CEP region show six subsurface layers implying multiple depositional and erosional episodes. One detected subsurface layer is found to correspond to the upper exposed layers of one terraced crater. By measuring the depth accurately of these exposed layers in the derived HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Scientific Experiment) and CTX (Context Camera) DTMs (Digital Terrain Models) and inverting the dielectric constant combining the layers in radargrams, an interpretation that the filling material contains water ice is favored.
Probabilistic Characterization of Extreme Storm Surges Induced by Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Zhang B. , Wang S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe overtopping of flood defenses by extreme storm surges during tropical cyclones poses a significant threat to life and property in coastal and estuarine regions. Since little effort has been devoted to investigating the complex interaction of multiple mechanisms causing extreme storm surges, for the first time, we propose a robust data‐driven framework to explicitly uncover the complex interaction and thus to improve the characterization of extreme storm surges induced by tropical cyclones. The framework constructs a probabilistic ensemble of dependence structures of multiple climatological forcing factors that potentially cause extreme storm surges based on a multi‐structure regular vine copula approach. The uncertainty in the vine‐based model structure is explicitly addressed in a Bayesian framework. The climatological forcing factors sensitive to extreme storm surge levels are selected using partial correlations, including 10‐m wind, 850‐mb temperature, 700‐mb geopotential height, precipitation, sea level pressure, and its spatial gradient extracted from the ERA5 reanalysis data. We demonstrate the framework by an in‐depth analysis of the extreme storm surge levels observed over two tidal gauging stations in Hong Kong during 1979–2018. Our findings show that the proposed framework substantially improves the characterization of extreme storm surges by taking into account the joint evolution of multiple mechanisms causing extreme storm surges and underlying uncertainties. Furthermore, the framework not only demonstrates higher skill than previous single‐structure vine‐based models but also can outperform the principal components regression and the random forest regression in terms of characterizing extreme storm surges.
CT fatty muscle fraction as a new parameter for muscle quality assessment predicts outcome in venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Faron Anton , Kreyer Stefan , Sprinkart Alois M. , Muders Thomas , Ehrentraut Stefan F. , Isaak Alexander , Fimmers Rolf , Pieper Claus C. , Kuetting Daniel , Schewe Jens-Christian , Attenberger Ulrike , Putensen Christian , Luetkens Julian A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractImpaired skeletal muscle quality is a major risk factor for adverse outcomes in acute respiratory failure. However, conventional methods for skeletal muscle assessment are inapplicable in the critical care setting. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of computed tomography (CT) fatty muscle fraction (FMF) as a biomarker of muscle quality in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). To calculate FMF, paraspinal skeletal muscle area was obtained from clinical CT and separated into areas of fatty and lean muscle based on densitometric thresholds. The cohort was binarized according to median FMF. Patients with high FMF displayed significantly increased 1-year mortality (72.7% versus 55.8%, P = 0.036) on Kaplan–Meier analysis. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to test the impact of FMF on outcome. FMF was identified as a significant predictor of 1-year mortality (hazard ratio per percent FMF, 1.017 [95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.033]; P = 0.031), independent of anthropometric characteristics, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Simplified Acute Physiology Score, Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survival Prediction Score, and duration of ECMO support. To conclude, FMF predicted 1-year mortality independently of established clinical prognosticators in ECMO patients and may have the potential to become a new muscle quality imaging biomarker, which is available from clinical CT.
Brain medical image fusion scheme based on shuffled frog‐leaping algorithm and adaptive pulse‐coupled neural network
Authors: Miao Yu , Chunyu Ning , Yazhuo Xue 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAiming at the problems of low contrast and blurred edge textures in medical image fusion, a new fusion scheme in non‐subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain is proposed to improve the quality of fused brain images which is based on pulse‐coupled neural network (PCNN) and shuffled frog‐leaping algorithm (SFLA). First, the source images are decomposed into low‐frequency (LF) and high‐frequency (HF) subbands using NSCT; if one of the source images is multicolour, then hue, saturation and brightness (HSI) transform is needed first. Second, different PCNN fusion rules are designed for LF and HF subbands according to their features, respectively. Parameters including decay time constants and amplification factors are optimised by SFLA. Finally, the fused image is reconstructed by inverse NSCT; and if necessary, an inverse HSI transform is needed. Visual and quantitative analysis of experimental results show that the fused image preserves more information of the source images, and the ability of edge retention is strong. The scheme has prominent advantages in mutual information and QAB/F for multimodal brain images, including MRI‐PET, MRI‐SPECT, and CT‐MRI, which proves that it can obtain better visual effect and have strong robustness as well as wide applications.
Copper and N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Oxidative Amidation of Aldehydes with Amines
Authors: Narula Anudeep Kumar , Singh Ashmita 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA one-pot two-step oxidative process has been developed for the tert-butyl hydroperoxide mediated transformation of aldehydes and amines into amides catalyzed by copper(I) iodide and an N-heterocyclic carbene. The process is additive-free and does not require the amine to be transformed into its hydrochloride salts. The method is simple and practicable, has a broad substrate scope, and uses economical, feasible, and abundant reagents.
CMV Disease of Upper GI Tract in Immunocompetent Host: Two Case Reports and Brief Review of Literature
Authors: Mahajan Nikhil , Sharma Aproo , Nasa Mukesh , Lipi Lipika , Sharma Rini , Arora Navleen , Singh Balwinder 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGastrointestinal cytomegalovirus (GI-CMV) infection is well-reported in immunocompromised individuals and those on chemotherapy or other immunosuppressive medications. Rarely, CMV infection of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) occurs in immunocompetent individuals. Colon is the most common site of GI involvement with CMV. However, in immunocompetent individuals, upper GIT involvement is more common. Clinical spectrum of GI-CMV disease is variable and depends on the location and severity of the disease. Prompt diagnosis and treatment aids in reducing morbidity and mortality related to CMV involvement in GI tract. We present two interesting cases of CMV-induced GI ulcers in immunocompetent individuals with brief review of diagnostic and treatment challenges associated with CMV disease in immunocompetent individuals.
Tregs self-organize into a computing ecosystem and implement a sophisticated optimization algorithm for mediating immune response
Authors: Marsland Robert , Howell Owen , Mayer Andreas , Mehta Pankaj 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceUnderstanding the origins and mechanisms underlying autoimmune diseases represents a major conceptual problem in immunology. It is now clear that regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an important role in suppressing autoimmune responses, but we lack an algorithmic understanding of how they function. Here we present a simple mathematical model that organizes known biology and suggests that Tregs implement a sophisticated optimization algorithm to prevent autoimmune responses. We propose experimental tests of these ideas and discuss implications of our results for autoimmune diseases.
Intrinsic electronic conductivity of individual atomically resolved amyloid crystals reveals micrometer-long hole hopping via tyrosines
Authors: Shipps Catharine , Kelly H. Ray , Dahl Peter J. , Yi Sophia M. , Vu Dennis , Boyer David , Glynn Calina , Sawaya Michael R. , Eisenberg David , Batista Victor S. , Malvankar Nikhil S. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
The ability to understand and modulate protein conductance is central to many biological processes and for the technological applications of electronic biomaterials. However, measurements of intrinsic protein conductivity are lacking. Here, we employ a four-electrode method to measure contact-free electronic conductivity of an individual protein microcrystal that exhibits efficient hole transport over micrometers via stacked tyrosines. Combined experimental and computational studies show that both the energetics and proximity of the proton acceptor to tyrosine determine the rate of hole transport. Our mechanistic studies on model systems with atomic-resolution structures may help identify design principles to engineer electronic conductivity in proteins of interest for a wide range of applications, including artificial photosynthesis, biocatalysis, prevention of oxidative damage, and nucleic acid biosynthesis.
Cryoelectron microscopy structure and mechanism of the membrane-associated electron-bifurcating flavoprotein Fix/EtfABCX
Authors: Feng Xiang , Schut Gerrit J. , Lipscomb Gina L. , Li Huilin , Adams Michael W. W. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Electron bifurcation is a recently recognized mechanism of biological energy conservation that is widespread in anaerobic microorganisms and provides low-potential, high-energy electrons to drive otherwise nonspontaneous metabolic reactions. Here we describe the structure of a membrane-associated bifurcating enzyme from an aerobic microorganism. Termed Fix/EtfABCX, this enzyme is used by some nitrogen-fixing microbes to drive the low-potential reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia. Fix/EtfABCX is a superdimer and a catalytic mechanism is proposed involving six flavins, two of which bifurcate, four iron-sulfur clusters, and two menaquinones. Fix/EtfABCX shares structural similarity with mammalian quinone oxidoreductase involved in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, suggesting an unexpected evolutionary link between bifurcating and nonbifurcating systems.
Topographic connectivity reveals task-dependent retinotopic processing throughout the human brain
Authors: Knapen Tomas 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Vision is organized retinotopically—according to the reference frame of the retina. How much of the brain is retinotopically organized remains unknown, because traditional retinotopic mapping experiments require strict fixation and sparse stimuli. Conversely, in everyday vision we use eye movements and interaction, to derive meaning from our complex surroundings. Here, I discover retinotopic activations by explaining brain-wide BOLD signals during several experiments in terms of the pattern on the surface of primary visual cortex. This revealed visually organized processing also in regions outside the visual system, in brain regions traditionally thought devoted to memory. This visual organization in default-mode network and hippocampus speaks to the joint operation of sensations and memory in everyday vision and mental life.
Deep learning for in vivo near-infrared imaging
Authors: Ma Zhuoran , Wang Feifei , Wang Weizhi , Zhong Yeteng , Dai Hongjie 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging using biocompatible dyes such as ICG in the NIR-I (800–1,000 nm) has facilitated tumor imaging and imaging-guided surgery, but suffers from shallow imaging depth, low contrast, and poor clarity caused by light scattering and autofluorescence. On the other hand, fluorescence imaging in NIR-IIb (1,500–1,700 nm) affords much improved spatial resolution and deeper tissue penetration, but currently relies on fluorophores not approved for human use. This work presents a deep-learning–based approach to transform a blurred NIR-I image to a much higher-clarity image like in NIR-IIb, leading to an image closely resembling the ground truth. The deep-learning–enabled high-resolution NIR imaging could facilitate basic biomedical research and empower diagnostics and imaging-guided surgery in the clinic.
Association of meeting both muscle strengthening and aerobic exercise guidelines with prevalent overweight and obesity classes ‐ results from a nationally representative sample of German adults
Authors: Tittlbach Susanne A. , Hoffmann Sascha W. , Bennie Jason A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectives: German national physical activity guidelines specify adults (≥18 years) should engage in at least: (i) 150 min of aerobic moderate‐to‐vigorous‐intensity physical activity/week (MVPA); and (ii) muscle‐strengthening exercise (MSE) 2 days/week. However, the relationship between MVPA and MSE and overweight/obesity has not been examined among German adults. Aim of this study was to examine whether meeting the guidelines for both MVPA and MSE is associated with a lower prevalence of overweight/obesity compared to meeting MVPA or MSE alone or none of them, among a nationally representative sample of German adults. Methods: The cross‐sectional study drew data from the 2014 German Health Update (GEDA) (n=22,822; ≥18 years). Physical activity (MVPA‐MSE), height/weight, socio‐demographic, health and lifestyle factors were assessed by self‐report via validated questionnaires. Generalized linear models with Poisson regression were used to assess prevalence ratios of Body Mass Index‐derived (BMI) overweight/obesity across categories of physical activity guideline adherence (met neither; MSE only; MVPA only; met both). Results: Compared to other physical activity groups, meeting both the MVPA‐MSE guidelines was associated with the lowest prevalence rate of overweight/obesity (Adjusted Prevalence Ratios [APR] range: 0.25‐0.73). Associations between BMI and physical activity were strongest among Class II obesity (APR range: 0.25‐0.45). The associations remained consistent after adjusting sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Conclusions: Meeting the combined MVPA‐MSE guideline, as suggested in the German national physical activity recommendations, showed the lowest overweight/obesity prevalence. Promoting uptake and adherence of both MVPA and MSE at the population level could help to reduce the public health burden of obesity.Highlights
Meeting both muscle strengthening and aerobic exercise guidelines show the lowest overweight/obesity prevalence in a German representative sample of adults. Promoting uptake and adherence of both MVPA and MSE at the population level could help to reduce the public health burden of obesity.
Influence of the viscoelectric effects on the electrokinetic power generation controlled by an osmotic semi-membrane placed on a parallel-plate microchannel
Authors: Sánchez G , Méndez F 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the present work, we develop a theoretical study for predicting the streaming potential and, therefore, the electric power generation in a system composed of a semi-permeable osmotic membrane inserted in a slit microchannel. Both physical systems are communicated through the forced microcirculation of an electrolyte employing the use of a saline gradient, which is established between the external faces of the membrane, creating the suction force needed to induce a hydrodynamic flow. In this manner, we externally impose a uniform volumetric flow rate to promote simultaneous hydrodynamic and electrokinetic fields, replacing the usual external pressure gradient with an equivalent osmotic pressure force. The viscoelectric effects of the electrolyte solution are included in the present analysis. The resulting non-linear governing equations for the motion are written in dimensionless form and permit us to derive an integro-differential equation for the velocity field, which is solved by an iterative method. With the aid of these previous results, the electric energy, in terms of an electrokinetic streaming potential and the streaming current, is generated for this combined system. This proposed electric power generation technique converts the energy of a saline gradient into electrical energy, avoiding the mechanical use of an external pressure gradient.