bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Critical Appraisal of the UK’s Regulatory Regime for Combustible Façades
Authors: Schulz Judith , Kent Darren , Crimi Tony , Glockling Jim L. D. , Hull T. Richard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Grenfell Tower fire has brought the regulatory system that permitted combustible materials on high-rise buildings in England into question. At the heart of that system is the BS 8414 test, and the BR 135 criteria used to demonstrate compliance with the Building Regulations. The test is empirical and the criteria arbitrary: there is no scientific link between test performance and how a building will perform in the event of a fire; nor any detailed analysis of why fires spread through façade systems which have passed the test. Following the Grenfell tragedy, the UK government commissioned a series of tests on Grenfell Tower-type facades, using BS 8414. This paper critically analyses BS 8414, the BR 135 criteria and the government tests. It shows that important aspects of the standard are poorly defined: the heat flux imposed on the façade is not measured and the fire load can vary by at least a factor of 2; the ambient ventilation has a significant impact on the thermal attack but is not adequately controlled; judicious location of the cavity barriers can confer compliance or failure on a façade system. As the vehicle for allowing combustible products on tall buildings, the test does not specify the extent of cavity barrier deployment, while ignoring features present in real buildings, such as windows, vents or other openings, despite a test rig height of more than 8 m. There is no restriction on debris, or molten or burning droplets falling from the façade during the test. The BR 135 criteria only specify that the test must run for the full 60 min duration without flames reaching the top, and the temperature rise at thermocouples 5 m above the fire chamber must only remain below 600°C for the first 15 min. It is unclear how the fire safety of the occupants behind the façade system can be ensured, when the criteria specify such a high temperature for such a short period, so early in the test. There is no direct connection between the façade system in the test and the actual façade system the results deem compliant. Worse, “desktop studies”, using large-scale test data, have been allowed to confer compliance on systems which have never been subject to the test. The UK government tests used heavy-duty welded aluminium “window pods”, preventing flames from entering the cavity within the façade. They also used a disproportionately large number of vertical and horizontal cavity barriers of a higher specification than required by statutory guidance. These aids to meeting the criteria are not proscribed by BS 8414-1 but are not commonly found in actual rainscreen system designs.
Microstructural changes in CoCrFeMnNi under mild tribological load
Authors: Dollmann Antje , Kauffmann Alexander , Heilmaier Martin , Haug Christian , Greiner Christian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe lack of a principle element in high-entropy alloys (HEA) leads to unique and unexpected material properties. Tribological loading of metallic materials often results in deformed subsurface layers. As the microstructure feedbacks with friction forces, the microstructural evolution is highly dynamic and complex. The concept of HEAs promises high solid solution strengthening, which might decrease these microstructural changes. Here, we experimentally investigated the deformation behavior of CoCrFeMnNi in a dry, reciprocating tribological contact under a mild normal load. After only a single stroke, a surprisingly thick subsurface deformation layer was observed. This layer is characterized by nanocrystalline grains, twins and bands of localized dislocation motion. Twinning was found to be decisive for the overall thickness of this layer, and twin formation within the stress field of the moving sphere is analyzed. The localization of dislocation activity, caused by planar slip, results in a grain rotation. Fragmentation of twins and dislocation rearrangement lead to a nanocrystalline layer underneath the worn surface. In addition, oxide-rich layers were found after several sliding cycles. These oxides intermix with the nanocrystalline layer due to material transfer to the counter body and re-deposition to the wear track. Having revealed these fundamental mechanisms, the evolution of such deformation layers in CoCrFeMnNi under a tribological load might lead to other HEAs with compositions and properties specifically tailored to tribological applications in the future.
Bayesian estimation of the latent dimension and communities in stochastic blockmodels
Authors: Passino Francesco Sanna , Heard Nicholas A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpectral embedding of adjacency or Laplacian matrices of undirected graphs is a common technique for representing a network in a lower dimensional latent space, with optimal theoretical guarantees. The embedding can be used to estimate the community structure of the network, with strong consistency results in the stochastic blockmodel framework. One of the main practical limitations of standard algorithms for community detection from spectral embeddings is that the number of communities and the latent dimension of the embedding must be specified in advance. In this article, a novel Bayesian model for simultaneous and automatic selection of the appropriate dimension of the latent space and the number of blocks is proposed. Extensions to directed and bipartite graphs are discussed. The model is tested on simulated and real world network data, showing promising performance for recovering latent community structure.
What Bergson should have said about special relativity
Authors: Kügler Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe debate between Einstein and Bergson is a salient episode in the history of modern physics and a telling example of the interaction between science and philosophy. This paper initially discusses five reasons why Bergson criticised Einstein for giving up absolute time. The most important one was Bergson’s commitment to an intuitionist, anti-Kantian metaphysics informed by common sense. Apart from that, he knew that the theory of special relativity permits “duration” (durée) in the form of the passage of proper time, to which Bergson referred as “real time”. Neither static eternalism (which excludes temporal passage) nor dynamic eternalism (which, like the former, claims the existence of the future) are acceptable from Bergson’s philosophical perspective, which acknowledges the role of temporal experience and everyday thinking in addition to science and metaphysics. He understood temporal passage as creation of new existence, anticipating what later became known as the growing block theory of time. The pointy relativistic variant of this theory, which divides the universe into blocks of growing past light cones, does justice to large parts of his philosophy, including the distinction between the actual and the virtual. Supporters of Bergson’s account of duration should adopt this theory of time.
Anesthetic management in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Comparison of two anesthetic management approaches. A case report
Authors: Medina Ángela-María Ríos , Salazar Juliana Caicedo 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) is a group of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by congenital joint contractures. Patients with AMC often require anesthetic care to undergo correction of musculoskeletal deformities, and their peri-operative care can be challenging for anesthesiologists.

Case report:
We present the case of an infant with AMC, who underwent a two-stage surgical correction of lower limbs deformities. The main concerns were the possibility of a difficult airway management, the risk of hyperthermia and the challenge of achieving adequate pain control in an aggressive reconstructive surgical procedure. For each surgery, two different regional anesthesia strategies were conducted.

Discussion:
There are several anesthetic considerations for patients with AMC. We highlight the importance of being prepared for a potential difficult airway, risk of malignant hyperthermia, cardiorespiratory problems and difficult regional blockade. In this case, we had a careful airway evaluation, perioperative body temperature monitoring, total intravenous anesthesia, and the use of ultrasound guided regional anesthesia all of which ensured the safe care of this patient. The addition of pre-emptive and continuous regional-analgesia significantly improved the post-operative course.

Conclusion:
Is important for the anesthesiologist to understand the pathophysiology and potential risks of complications in patients with AMC in order to provide them with safe and optimal anesthetic care. Adequate pre-emptive pain management aided by ultrasound guided continuous regional techniques represents an excellent option that may help improving postoperative results.

Highlights:
Postoperative hypothermia and associate factors at Debre Berhan comprehensive specialized hospital 2019: A cross sectional study
Authors: Allene Mengesha Dessie 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Hypothermia is a core body temperature less than 36 °C (96.8 °F). It is a common incident in the immediate postoperative period. Postoperative hypothermia is associated with prolong hospital, post-anesthetic care unit or intensive care unit (ICU) stay, surgical site infection, postoperative blood transfusions, pressure ulcers, decrease patient comfort and satisfaction, subjective discomfort and mortality, cardiovascular complications, and increase cost. In an effort to decrease the occurrence of postoperative hypothermia, it would be helpful to identify and correct significant associated factors.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of postoperative hypothermia and identify associated factors.

Method:
A Hospital based cross-sectional study was undertaken. All postoperative (N = 410) patients that underwent scheduled or emergency surgery were included. Tympanic membrane temperature was measured before surgery and on arrival at recovery room. Analysis was done using SPSS version 22.00 and binary logistic regression was utilized to identify associated factors.

Result:
The incidence of postoperative hypothermia immediately at recovery room was 130 (31.71%). From these, 57 (43.85%) and 73 (56.15%) were mild and moderate respectively with no severe hypothermia noticed. The multivariate logistic regression indicated that age >50 [(AOR = 4.91; 95% CI, 1.23; 8.98)], ASA II [AOR = 4.02; 95% CI (1.53–9.56)], ASA III [AOR = 6.04; 95% CI (2.04–15.05)], major surgical procedures [AOR = 3.03; 95% CI (1.27–8.79)], general anesthesia [AOR = 6.32; 95% CI (2.41–13.03)] and coexisting disease [AOR = 3.12; 95% CI (1.02–8.27)] were are significantly associated with postoperative hypothermia.

Conclusion and recommendation:
The incidence of postoperative hypothermia in recovery room was high. Age greater than 50 years old, high ASA physical status, operation done under general anesthesia, major operations and coexisting disease were strongly associated with postoperative hypothermia. All perioperative surgical team should participate to reduce the occurrence of postoperative hypothermia with early prediction and diagnosis for better outcome of patient.

Highlights:
The Role of Testosterone in Amplifying the Effect of a Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor After Pelvic Irradiation
Authors: Lee Dong Sup , Sohn Dong Wan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
After radiotherapy, the risk of hypogonadism increases, and the incidence of erectile dysfunction increases with time.

Aim
We investigated the effect of testosterone and a phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5I) on erectile tissue after radiotherapy.

Methods
12 male Wistar rats were assigned to each of 5 groups (group C: control; group R: radiation; group RPT: radiation, testosterone, and a PDE5I; group RP: radiation and a PDE5I; and group RT: radiation and testosterone). A 12.5 Gy/fraction dose was administered to the rectum in groups R, RPT, RP, and RT. Udenafil (20 mg/kg) was administered daily via nasogastric tubes in group RPT and group RP for 4 weeks starting 1 day after radiotherapy. Testosterone enanthate (25 mg/kg, IM) was administered immediately after radiotherapy in group RT and group RPT. 6 rats from each group were used to evaluate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and NOX2, and cavernosal pressure was evaluated in the other 6 rats in each group.

Outcome
Testosterone enhanced the effect of PDE5I on penile tissue after radiotherapy by amplifying the nitric oxide synthase activity.

Results
eNOS mRNA expression increased in response to either testosterone replacement or PDE5I administration after radiotherapy. nNOS mRNA expression did not significantly increase in response to testosterone replacement, but testosterone significantly enhanced the effect of PDE5I on nNOS mRNA expression. Testosterone significantly amplified the effect of PDE5I on both eNOS and nNOS protein expression. Both testosterone and PDE5I reduced NOX2 protein expression. The intracavernosal pressure during electrical stimulation showed that testosterone alone did not significantly enhance erectile function.

Clinical Translation
Clinicians should consider both hypoxic tissue damage and hypogonadism during and after radiation, and the combination of testosterone and PDE5I could be more beneficial for preserving erectile tissue than either individual treatment.

Strengths & Limitations
This study describes the role of testosterone in amplifying the effect of a PDE5I on pelvic radiotherapy-induced hypogonadism. However, we did not show the time-dependent effects of testosterone and PDE5I.

Conclusions
Despite the fact that the intracavernosal pressure during electrical stimulation did not significantly increase with testosterone replacement after radiotherapy, important changes in nitric oxide synthase activity and superoxide regulation might have amplifying effects on erectile tissue. Therefore, we recommend that physicians monitor testosterone levels and should not hesitate to combine testosterone and PDE5I in cases of radiation-induced hypogonadism if testosterone replacement is not contraindicated.
A Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Multidimensional Trait Perfectionism Self-Report Measures
Authors: Lo Alice , Hunt Caroline , Abbott Maree J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDifferent and evolving conceptualisations of perfectionism have led to the development of numerous perfectionism measures in an attempt to capture the true representations of the construct. It is, therefore, important to ensure that these instruments are valid and reliable. The present systematic review examined the literature for the psychometric properties of the most commonly used general multidimensional trait perfectionism self-report measures. Relevant studies were identified by a systematic electronic search of academic databases. A total of 349 studies were identified, with 38 of these meeting inclusion criteria. The psychometric properties presented in each of these studies were subjected to assessment using a standardised protocol. All studies were evaluated by two reviewers independently. Results indicated that while none of the included measures demonstrated adequacy across all of the nine psychometric properties assessed, most were found to possess adequate internal consistency and construct validity. The absence of evidence to support adequate measurement properties over a number of domains for the measures included in this review may be attributed to the criteria of adequacy used, with some appearing overly strict and less relevant to perfectionism measures. Clinical and research relevance of the present findings and directions for future research are discussed.
EXCLUSIVITY AND COSMOPOLITANISM: MULTI-ETHNIC CIVIL SOCIETY IN INTERWAR HONG KONG
Authors: KONG VIVIAN 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWhile recent work has shown that interwar Asian civic associational culture was becoming more plural than previously understood, scholars focus mostly on transnational networks and neglect local associations co-existing in the colonial urban space. We also know little about how internationalist and liberal ideals interacted with notions of racial and national exclusion prevalent in the wider society. To overcome this, this article examines local organizations alongside transnational networks in interwar Hong Kong to understand fully how global trends in the interwar period affected colonial civic culture. Drawing on Freemasonry, Rotary, the League of Fellowship, and the Kowloon Residents’ Association, I discuss the aspirations of multi-racial urbanites in interwar Hong Kong and their limits. I argue that, while internationalism and colonial hierarchies allowed solidarity to be forged amongst multi-racial urbanites and encouraged their civic engagements, racism embedded in the society, rising nationalism, and constitutional constraints put limitations on their aspirations.
INDIAN RIVERS, ‘PRODUCTIVE WORKS’, AND THE EMERGENCE OF LARGE DAMS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY MADRAS
Authors: RAMESH ADITYA 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe nineteenth century witnessed a major expansion in the construction of public works including canals, roads, and railways across the British empire. The question that colonial governments faced during the nineteenth century was on how to finance public works. Focusing specifically on irrigation works and the rivers of southern India, this article shows how different experiments were attempted, including raising capital and labour from local communities as well as corporate investment in irrigation works through London capital markets. The article argues that by the latter part of the nineteenth century, a definitive answer had emerged, i.e. irrigation projects on rivers would be financed through state debt. An enormous body of scholarship in Britain and India debated the relationship between public works and public debt. This article rethinks this scholarship as a technological and environmental history. The article argues that colonial modes of raising capital were dependent on speculating on Indian rivers. Historiography wise, in contrast to scholarship which takes for granted the role of the state in building large dams, it suggests that the emergence of the state as the builder of large dams was part of a more fundamental relationship between rivers, technology, and colonial capital that emerged in the nineteenth century.
Turbulent from the Start: Revisiting Military Politics in Pre-Baʿth Syria
Authors: Bou Nassif Hicham 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article reconsiders military politics in Syria prior to the 1963 Baʿthi power grab in light of new sources. I undermine the presumptions that Baʿthi tactics of sectarian favoritism in the armed forces were unprecedented in post-independence Syria. I make the following arguments: first, attempts by the Sunni power elite to tame Syrian minorities were part of a broad sequence of events that spanned several regimes and informed politics in the Syrian officer corps; second, the various military strongmen who ruled Damascus intermittently from 1949 until 1963 distrusted minority officers and relied mainly on fellow Sunnis to exert control in the armed forces; and third, the combination of minority marginalization in Syrian politics and Sunni preferentialism inside the armed forces bred enmity and polarized sectarian relations in the officer corps.
The alleged tension between the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and state sovereignty: ‘Much Ado about Nothing’?
Authors: Capone Francesca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn a landmark effort to finally acknowledge the necessity to jointly respond to the global phenomenon of large movements of refugees and migrants, the process initiated in 2016 with the approval of the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants eventually led to the adoption of two UN Global Compacts, respectively the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM) and the Global Compact on Refugees (GCR). Despite the enthusiastic support shown at first by the international community, the GCM negotiations have been more controversial and ultimately shaken by the clamorous withdrawals of several states. The main argument used by the withdrawing governments to justify the sudden refusal to adopt the GCM was based on the claim that the document − although non-binding − undermines the ‘sovereign right’ of the state. Such a claim, given the centrality that the principle of state sovereignty has acquired since the Peace of Westphalia, deserves to be further analysed from an international law perspective by resorting to the ‘sovereignty test’ developed by Schrijver. The present work, after briefly introducing the main tenets of the GCM, applies the ‘sovereignty test’ to the GCM to dissect the alleged tension between state sovereignty on the one hand and the shared approach to international migration envisaged by the pact on the other. This article’s ultimate goal is to prove that the GCM does not aim to restrain state sovereignty; rather, it strives to remind states of existing international commitments already undertaken at the regional and global level.
BEPS principal purpose test and customary international law
Authors: Mosquera Valderrama Irma Johanna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe overall aim of this article is to analyse the principal purpose test as an emerging rule of customary international tax law. By means of the principal purpose test, the tax administration can deny the tax treaty benefit if one of the principal purposes of the action undertaken by the taxpayer was to obtain a benefit. This principal purpose test has been developed by the OECD with the political support of the G20 as one of the actions to tackle Base Erosion and Profit Shifting by multinationals (BEPS Project). At the time of writing, 137 jurisdictions including non-OECD, non-G-20 countries have committed to the implementation of the principal purpose test in their current and future tax treaties. Based on the analysis of the objective element (state practice) and subjective element (accepted as law), there are indications that this principal purpose test can emerge as a principle of customary international law. In the past, international tax law scholars addressed the customary international law regarding the OECD/UN tax treaty Models, the OECD Harmful Tax Practices, and the arm’s length principle. However, current international tax developments, including the BEPS Project, call for an analysis of the main elements of customary international law in respect of the principal purpose test, a general anti-avoidance rule that by its own nature, is often general, vague, and imprecise. Therefore, the findings of this article can be useful for generating new areas of research by international public law, international law, and international tax law experts.