bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of overexpressed Fragaria vesca S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthase (FvSAMS) and decarboxylase (FvSAMDC) during salt stress in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Kovács László , Mendel Ákos , Szentgyörgyi Anna , Fekete Sándor , Söre Ferenc , Posta Katalin , Kiss Erzsébet 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigated the effect of overexpressing Fragaria vesca L. cv. Rügen S-adenosyl-l-methionine synthase (FvSAMS) and decarboxylase (FvSAMDC) genes on control and salt stressed Nicotiana benthamiana Domin plants. According to previous studies the overproduction of both proteins enhances the abiotic stress tolerance of plants, but the two enzymes have not yet been studied in one experimental system. We found that the transgenic plants subjected to long-term salt stress displayed higher levels of tolerance than the wild type (WT). In contrast to several earlier studies no antagonistic effect between ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis was observed in our experimental system. Overexpression of FvSAMDC had higher impact on the plant physiological parameters both in control and salt stress conditions, than that of FvSAMS. Based on the data measured in the FvSAMDC lines there appears to be a positive correlation between the free polyamine levels and the proline content as well as the amount of ethylene, while there is a negative correlation between the free polyamine levels and the lignin content in the plants exposed to salt stress. The transformation vectors contained the CaMV35S promoter, the coding sequence of FvSAMS and FvSAMDC fused with synthetic green fluorescent protein (sGFP). We detected the subcellular localization of both enzymes and examined the possible stress induced changes in their distribution. In the case of FvSAMS::sGFP nuclear, nucleolar, cytoplasmic (near to the plasmalemma), plastid membrane, whereas in FvSAMDC::sGFP nuclear and homogenous cytoplasmic localization was detected. Therefore, SAM is assumed to be produced in situ for numerous biochemical reactions.
Serum Selenium, Iron, Zinc, and Copper Concentrations in Renal Transplant Recipients Treated with Mycophenolate Mofetil
Authors: Wilk Aleksandra , Szypulska-Koziarska Dagmara , Marchelek-Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Głazek Wojciech , Wiszniewska Barbara 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere are data available in the literature on bioelement concentrations in the serum of various groups of patients; however, very little is known about the serum concentration of selenium (Se), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in renal transplant patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs, including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). Monitoring of serum bioelement concentrations in renal transplant recipients is of profound importance, as the proper bioelement levels seem to prolong the normal function of the transplanted organ. Thus, the aim of this current study was to examine and carry out comparative analysis involving serum concentrations of Se, Fe, Cu, and Zn of renal transplant recipients treated with MMF and without MMF. The material consisted of blood samples from 115 patients of the Department of Nephrology, Transplantology, and Internal Medicine of Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Pomeranian Medical University, in the city of Szczecin in the northwestern Poland. Serum Se, Fe, Cu, and Zn levels were quantified by inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Taking into account all patients, MMF increases Cu level. Cu and Fe concentrations were significantly higher in women treated with MMF; in group of younger patients treated with MMF, Se level was significantly lower comparing with those whose regimen did not include MMF. Additionally, MMF in combination with prednisone increased Se concentration in blood of transplant recipients. Our study highlights that trace elements should be monitored to allow for an early detection of trace elements deficits, which can easily be corrected for by an adjusted diet or supplemental intake.
Praktiken des Beschreibens – Zu Funktionen der Sprache bei der Erarbeitung des Teilschrittverfahrens im Zahlenraum bis 100
Authors: Tiedemann Kerstin 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Sprache ist im Zusammenhang des Mathematiklernens nicht erst in Leistungs-, sondern ganz wesentlich schon für die soziale Verständigung und die individuelle Bedeutungskonstruktion in Lernsituationen von Bedeutung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus einer qualitativ-interpretativen Studie zum mündlichen Beschreiben von Materialhandlungen vorgestellt. Die zugrunde liegenden Daten stammen aus universitären Fördersituationen mit rechenschwachen Kindern, in denen anhand von Handlungen am Hunderter-Rechenrahmen die Strategie des Teilschrittverfahrens für den Aufgabentyp ZE ±E im Zahlenraum bis 100 zielgerichtet erarbeitet wird. Dabei werden die Kinder aufgefordert, ihr Materialhandeln zu beschreiben. Als Ergebnis der Studie zeigt sich, dass es dabeidasBeschreiben gar nicht gibt. Vielmehr konnten drei Praktiken des Beschreibens unterschieden werden, die in der interaktionalen Erarbeitung des Teilschrittverfahrens unterschiedliche Funktionen erfüllen und im vorliegenden Beitrag anhand von Analysebeispielen vorgestellt werden: In den Fördersituationen wird mit Beschreibungen die Materialhandlung gesteuert und zielgerichtet ausgestaltet, das Charakteristische des Teilschrittverfahrens fokussiert und schließlich das Beschreiben selbst verdichtet.
A deep learning-based model for defect detection in laser-powder bed fusion using in-situ thermographic monitoring
Authors: Baumgartl Hermann , Tomas Josef , Buettner Ricardo , Merkel Markus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAdditive manufacturing of metal components with laser-powder bed fusion is a very complex process, since powder has to be melted and cooled in each layer to produce a part. Many parameters influence the printing process; however, defects resulting from suboptimal parameter settings are usually detected after the process. To detect these defects during the printing, different process monitoring techniques such as melt pool monitoring or off-axis infrared monitoring have been proposed. In this work, we used a combination of thermographic off-axis imaging as data source and deep learning-based neural network architectures, to detect printing defects. For the network training, a k-fold cross validation and a hold-out cross validation were used. With these techniques, defects such as delamination and splatter can be recognized with an accuracy of 96.80%. In addition, the model was evaluated with computing class activation heatmaps. The architecture is very small and has low computing costs, which means that it is suitable to operate in real time even on less powerful hardware.
How cyber insurance can still leave you vulnerable to risks
Authors: Stephens Sarah 
Published: February 2020

Welcome to the 2020s, where every sector and company, regardless of size, is heavily reliant on technology to facilitate its operations, communication and dealings with its supply chain. In this digital climate, cyber attacks pose an increasingly significant business risk, which has resulted in cyber security steadily climbing up the C-suite's priorities agenda. Companies are still struggling to grasp the extent of their cyber risk exposure, and this creates an unnecessary roadblock for every organisation that could benefit from cyber risk transfer. It would be reasonable to assume that companies are shifting their risk perception from the physical to the digital and in turn adjusting the way they insure against risk. However, firms remain chronically underinsured against cyber risk. Senior management and board-level leadership must embrace cyber risk as an issue so the conversation can be driven top down and bottom up, says Sarah Stephens of Marsh JLT Specialty.
Materially Identical to Mistaken Payment
Authors: Cutts Tatiana 
Published: February 2020

Mistaken payment is the ‘core case’ of unjust enrichment, and it has had a powerful effect on the development of this area of private law. For Peter Birks, unjust enrichment was simply ‘the law of all events materially identical to mistaken payment’—to be shaped through a process of abstraction from that core case. But this begs the question: how do we work out what counts as ‘materially identical’ to mistaken payment? The most obvious starting point, and that which Birks chose, is the central characteristic of money: money is valuable. Thus, ‘the law of all events materially identical to mistaken payments’ is ‘the law of all events that unjustly enrich one party at another’s expense’.In this article, I argue that this starting point is incorrect. Rather than looking for some factual similarity between mistaken payment and other events, we should identify the role that money plays in justifying restitution. And what justifies restitution in the core case is not the ‘value’ or ‘benefit’ that money confers; rather, it is a defect in the legal transaction that links payor with payee. The payee is not liable because she has been ‘enriched’, but because she is the counterparty to a legal transaction which exhibits traits that there are institutional reasons to disavow. Just like contract and torts, the role of value is secondary: where correcting the injustice in specie is impossible or undesirable, the defendant must pay whichever sum will most nearly achieve that goal.
Geothermal play typing in Germany, case study Molasse Basin: a modern concept to categorise geothermal resources related to crustal permeability
Authors: Moeck Inga S. , Dussel Michael , Weber Josef , Schintgen Tom , Wolfgramm Markus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe majority of running geothermal plants worldwide are located in geological settings with convection- or advection-dominant heat transport. In Germany as in most regions in Europe, conduction is the dominating heat transport mechanism, with a resulting average geothermal gradient. The geothermal play type concept is a modern methodology to group geothermal resources according to their geological setting, and characteristic heat transport mechanisms. In particular, the quantity of heat transport is related to fluid flow in natural or engineered geothermal reservoirs. Hence, the permeability structure is a key element for geothermal play typing. Following the existing geothermal play type catalogue, four major geothermal play types can be identified for Germany: intracratonic basins, foreland basins and basement/crystalline rock provinces as conduction-dominated play types, and extensional terrains as the convection-dominated play type. The installed capacity of geothermal facilities sums up to 397.1 MWthby the end of 2018. District heating plants accounted for the largest portion, with about 337.0 MWth. The majority of these installations are located in the play type ‘foreland basin’, namely the Molasse Basin in southern Germany. The stratigraphic unit for geothermal use is the Upper Jurassic, also known as ‘Malm’ formation, a carbonate reservoir with high variability in porosity and permeability. Recently drilled wells in the southernmost Molasse Basin indicate the Upper Jurassic as a tight, fracture-controlled reservoir, not usable for conventional hydrothermal well doublets. Our new data compilation including the recently drilled deep geothermal well Geretsried reveals the relation of porosity and permeability to depth. The results suggest that obviously diagenetic processes control permeability with depth in carbonate rock, diminishing the predictability of reservoir porosity and permeability. The play type concept helps to delineate these property variations in play type levels because it is based on geological constraints, common for exploration geology. Following the general idea of play typing, the results from this play analysis can be transferred to geological analogues as carbonate rock play levels in varying depth.
Managing Ethno-National Diversity in Cyprus: Asymmetrical Federalism
Authors: Umaner-Duba Gülay 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article explains a normative political theory of asymmetrical federalism as it relates to the accommodation of national minorities within multinational states, using Cyprus as a case study. Many normative prescriptions emerging from traditional liberal and federal political theories and models rest on monist assumptions; therefore, there is a need to highlight the cultural and national limits of those theories and models in order to attain a democratic system in Cyprus that respects and promotes its bicommunal structure. It is suggested that multinational federalism in Cyprus necessitates constitutional asymmetry, which is likely to provide a basis for political accommodation. The article also demonstrates the necessity of multinational federalism to accommodate common and distinct identities by promoting a fuller understanding of the concept of “federal togetherness” and “federal separateness.” Such an understanding would better enable asymmetrical federalism to properly and feasibly adjust and regulate federal institutions in Cyprus.
What factors influence phonological production in French-speaking bilingual children, aged three to six years?
Authors: KEHOE Margaret , GIRARDIER Chloé 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study examines the influence of bilingual status, language-internal (complexity of L1 phonology), language-external (dominance), and lexical (L2 vocabulary score) factors on phonological production in French-speaking monolingual (n = 37) and bilingual children (n = 64) aged three to six years. Children participated in an object and picture naming task which tested different phonological features. The bilinguals’ first languages were coded in terms of the complexity of these phonological features. In addition, the parents completed a questionnaire on their child's language dominance and the children were administered a vocabulary test in their L2. Results indicated that vocabulary was the principal predictor of phonological accuracy across both age groups. Apparent monolingual–bilingual differences and dominance effects could largely be explained by vocabulary scores: children who scored better on a vocabulary test obtained superior phonological accuracy. Language-internal effects were minimal and marginally influenced vowel accuracy only.
Analysis of non-reversible Markov chains via similarity orbits
Authors: Choi Michael C. H. , Patie Pierre 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper we develop an in-depth analysis of non-reversible Markov chains on denumerable state space from a similarity orbit perspective. In particular, we study the class of Markov chains whose transition kernel is in the similarity orbit of a normal transition kernel, such as that of birth–death chains or reversible Markov chains. We start by identifying a set of sufficient conditions for a Markov chain to belong to the similarity orbit of a birth–death chain. As by-products, we obtain a spectral representation in terms of non-self-adjoint resolutions of identity in the sense of Dunford [21] and offer a detailed analysis on the convergence rate, separation cutoff and L2-cutoff of this class of non-reversible Markov chains. We also look into the problem of estimating the integral functionals from discrete observations for this class. In the last part of this paper we investigate a particular similarity orbit of reversible Markov kernels, which we call the pure birth orbit, and analyse various possibly non-reversible variants of classical birth–death processes in this orbit.
Learning to rank for multi-label text classification: Combining different sources of information
Authors: Azarbonyad Hosein , Dehghani Mostafa , Marx Maarten , Kamps Jaap 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEfficiently exploiting all sources of information such as labeled instances, classes’ representation, and relations of them has a high impact on the performance of Multi-Label Text Classification (MLTC) systems. Most of the current approaches use labeled documents as the primary source of information for MLTC. We investigate the effectiveness of different sources of information— such as the labeled training data, textual labels of classes, and taxonomy relations of classes— for MLTC. More specifically, first, for each document–class pair, different features are extracted using different sources of information. The features reflect the similarity of classes and documents. Then, MLTC is considered to be a ranking problem, and a learning to rank (LTR) approach is used for ranking classes regarding documents and selecting labels of documents. An important characteristic of many MLTC instances is that documents can belong to multiple classes and there are implicit relations between classes. We apply score propagation on top of LTR to incorporate co-occurrence patterns of classes in labeled documents. Our main findings are the following. First, using an LTR approach integrating all features, we observe significantly better performance than previous systems for MLTC. Specifically, we show that simple classification approaches fail when there is a high number of classes. Second, the analysis of feature weights reveals the relative importance of various sources of evidence, also giving insight into the underlying classification problem. Interestingly, the results indicate that the titles of documents are more informative than all other sources of information. Third, a lean-and-mean system using only four features is able to perform at 96% of the large LTR model that we propose in this paper. Fourth, using the co-occurrence information of classes helps in classifying documents more accurately. Our results show that the co-occurrence information is more helpful when the underlying classifier has a poor performance.
Generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature: methodological and epidemiological considerations
Authors: Vogt Nadine A. , Stevens Christian P.G. , Pearl David L. , Taboada Eduardo N. , Jardine Claire M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWild birds have been the focus of a great deal of research investigating the epidemiology of zoonotic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in the environment. While enteric pathogens (e.g.Campylobacter, Salmonella,andE. coliO157:H7) and antimicrobial resistant bacteria of public health importance have been isolated from a wide variety of wild bird species, there is a considerable variation in the measured prevalence of a given microorganism from different studies. This variation may often reflect differences in certain ecological and biological factors such as feeding habits and immune status. Variation in prevalence estimates may also reflect differences in sample collection and processing methods, along with a host of epidemiological inputs related to overall study design. Because the generalizability and comparability of prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature are constrained by their methodological and epidemiological underpinnings, understanding them is crucial to the accurate interpretation of prevalence estimates. The main purpose of this review is to examine methodological and epidemiological inputs to prevalence estimates in the wild bird literature that have a major bearing on their generalizability and comparability. The inputs examined here include sample type, microbiological methods, study design, bias, sample size, definitions of prevalence outcomes and parameters, and control of clustering. The issues raised in this review suggest, among other things, that future prevalence studies of wild birds should avoid opportunistic sampling when possible, as this places significant limitations on the generalizability of prevalence data.
Riverine Flooding and Landfalling Tropical Cyclones Over China
Authors: Yang Long , Villarini Gabriele , Zeng Zhenzhong , Smith James , Liu Maofeng , Li Xiang , Wang Lachun , Hou Aizhong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRiverine flooding associated with landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific basin is responsible for some of the most severe socioeconomic losses in East Asian countries. However, little is known about the spatial and temporal patterns of TC flooding and its climate controls, which constrain the predictive understandings of flood risk in this highly populated region. We provide a climatological characterization of TC flooding over China based on an exceptional network of stream gauging stations across the entire country. The most extreme floods in central and northeastern China are associated with TCs despite infrequent TC visits in these regions. Temporal variations in TC flooding demonstrate a mixture of controls tied to surface temperature anomalies in the northern hemisphere. The established links between TC flooding and climate controls present a potentially predictive tool of TC flood risk over China and other East Asian countries under future climate conditions.
Relationships Between Chlorophyll‐a and Suspended Sediment Concentration in a High‐Nutrient Load Estuary: An Observational and Idealized Modeling Approach
Authors: Díez‐Minguito Manuel , de Swart Huib E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Guadalquivir estuary is a high‐nutrient load environment, yet it has a reduced primary production because the high suspended sediment concentration (SSC) causes light attenuation. High‐resolution observations revealed relationships between the SSC and Chlorophyll‐a (Chla) concentration from seasonal to intratidal time scales. Local maxima of time‐averaged Chla levels occurred at locations with relatively low SSC. In the upper (lower) part of the estuary, larger Chla concentrations were observed during the wet (dry) season. In contrast to longer time scales, SSC and Chla exhibited in‐phase oscillations during the spring‐neap cycle. Both SSC and Chla were found to peak at maximum ebb and flood. There was no positive correlation at certain apogean neap tides, and instead, Chla exhibited daily variations. An idealized model was developed, which mimicked and helped to explain SSC‐Chla relationships at different time scales. The model accounts for the vertical advection of Chla and SSC, tidal resuspension, radiation‐mediated growth, and effects of the change in stratification stemming from tides and SSC. The specific growth rate of the Chla biomass is inhibited due to high SSC throughout the year. The in‐phase relationship at spring‐neap and tidal scales seems to be due to resuspension of algal microorganisms attached to sediments. Daily variability of Chla during apogean neap tides emerges because tidal shear stress is low and the strong decline in the suspended particulate matter reduces the light attenuation. The light‐mediated growth of part of the biomass, still remaining in the upper layers of the water column, is then driven by the day‐night cycle.