bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy promotion and electoral quality: A disaggregated analysis
Authors: Steele Carie A. , Pemstein Daniel , Meserve Stephen A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe international community spends significant sums of money on democracy promotion, focusing especially on producing competitive and transparent electoral environments. In theory, aid empowers a variety of actors, increasing competition and government responsiveness. We argue that to fully understand the effect of aid on democratization one must consider how democracy aid affects specific country institutions. Building on theory from the democratization and democracy promotion literature, we specify more precise causal linkages between democracy assistance and elections. Specifically, we hypothesize about the effects of democracy aid on the implementation and quality of elections. Building on canonical work, we test these hypotheses, using V‐Dem's detailed elections measures to examine the impact of democracy aid. Intriguingly, we find that there is no consistent relationship between democracy and governance aid and the improvement of disaggregated indicators of election quality, but aggregate measures still capture a relationship. We suggest that current evidence is more consistent with election‐enhancing aid following democratization than with democratization following such aid.
PCR analysis and specific immunohistochemistry revealing a high prevalence of non‐Helicobacter pylori Helicobacters in Helicobacter pylori‐negative gastric disease patients in Japan: High susceptibility to an Hp eradication regimen
Authors: Nakamura Masahiko , Øverby Anders , Michimae Hirofumi , Matsui Hidenori , Takahashi Shinichi , Mabe Katsuhiro , Shimoyama Tadashi , Sasaki Makoto , Terao Shuici , Kamada Tomoari , Yanaka Akinori , Iwamoto Junichi , Tanabe Satoshi , Tari Akira , Nasu Shinji , Suzuki Hidekazu , Yamagata Murayama Somay 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe clinical significance of non‐Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter (NHPH) is still unknown. There are many reports of NHPH‐infected patients suffering from gastric diseases. Here, we investigated the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity of NHPH infection in gastric disease patients who were negative for H. pylori (Hp) by the rapid urease test and by pathological observation.Materials and methodsWe collected the 296 endoscopically obtained gastric mucosal samples of Hp‐negative gastric disease patients diagnosed based on a rapid urease test and pathology from 17 hospitals in Japan from September 2013 to June 2019, and we analyzed the existence of Hp and NHPH by PCR. The samples were also treated by indirect immunohistochemistry using an anti‐Helicobacter suis VacA paralog antibody and were observed by confocal laser microscopy.ResultsAmong the 236 non‐Hp‐eradicated cases, 49 cases (20.8%) were positive for NHPH. Among them, 20 cases were positive for Helicobacter suis, 7 cases were positive for Helicobacter heilmannii sensu stricto/ Helicobacter ailurogastricus (Hhss/Ha), and the other 22 cases could not be identified. The regional differences in the infection rates were significant. Forty percent of the nodular gastritis cases, 24% of the MALT lymphoma, 17% of the chronic gastritis cases, and 33% of the gastroduodenal ulcer cases were NHPH positive. Forty‐five patients had been treated with one of the four types of combinations of a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics, and in all of these cases, the NHPH diagnosed by PCR was successfully eradicated. Immunohistochemistry using the Helicobacter suis‐specific HsvA antibody coincided well with the PCR results. Among the 29 post‐Hp eradication cases, three were NHPH positive, including one Hhss/Ha‐positive case. Thus, approx. 20% of the Hp‐negative non‐Hp‐eradicated gastric disease patients treated at 17 hospitals in Japan were infected with NHPH.
Increasing bladder capacity and vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric kidney transplant patients
Authors: Morizawa Yosuke , Satoh Hiroyuki , Iwasa Shun , Sato Atsuko , Aoki Yujiro , Harada Ryoko , Hamada Riku , Hataya Hiroshi 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate the frequency of vesicoureteral reflux, and the relationship of pretransplant decreased bladder capacity and post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux in children undergoing kidney transplantation.MethodsA voiding cystourethrography was carried out in 172 pediatric kidney transplantation recipients before, and 4 months after, transplantation to evaluate bladder capacity and vesicoureteral reflux. The correlation of post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux with pretransplant bladder capacity, vesicoureteral reflux in the native kidney and the method of ureteral reimplantation (intravesical/extravesical) was analyzed. Atrophic bladder was defined as having ≤50% functional bladder capacity (age in years + 2) × 25 (mL) or ≤150 mL in patients aged >10 years.ResultsBladder capacity increased remarkably after transplantation in both post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux− group (from 180 to 253 mL) and vesicoureteral reflux+ group (from 82 to 171 mL). Voiding cystourethrography showed vesicoureteral reflux in 12 cases of kidney transplantation (7%; grade 1: 2, grade 2: 3, grade 3: 7). Pretransplant atrophic bladder was an independent risk factor of post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux (P = 0.004, hazard ratio 9.5). There was no difference in renal function between the vesicoureteral reflux− group and vesicoureteral reflux+ group at 4 months to 5 years post‐transplantation.ConclusionsPretransplant atrophic bladder is a risk factor of post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients. However, bladder capacity can remarkably increase after transplantation, and kidney function in the post‐transplant vesicoureteral reflux+ group is stable.
Revisiting The New Politics of Immigration
Authors: Dauvergne Catherine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article follows from the workshop that Professor Mireille Paquet organized in Montreal in June 2018, to discuss my book, The New Politics of Immigration and the End of Settler Societies (Cambridge, 2016; Dauvergne 2016). In relation to this event and the articles of this special issue, this paper embarks on revisiting The New Politics of Immigration, now more than three after it first appeared in print. In this paper, I reflect on whether my arguments stand up to the test presented by the events of the past three years. Recent events lead me to nuance some of my original arguments, but on the whole even the most recent surprises fit well into the New Politics framework that points to increasing salience, legalization and urgency in politicizing immigration.
Contact between patients with suicidal ideation and nurses in mental health wards: Development and psychometric evaluation of a questionnaire
Authors: Vandewalle Joeri , Duprez Veerle , Beeckman Dimitri , Van Hecke Ann , Verhaeghe Sofie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSuicide prevention and treatment opportunities often depend on interpersonal contact between patients and professionals. Presently, there is a lack of valid and reliable instruments to obtain the perspective of patients with suicidal ideation regarding their contact with professionals in mental health wards. This was a three‐stage study to develop and psychometrically evaluate a questionnaire: the Contact with Nurses from the perspective of Patients with Suicidal ideation (CoNuPaS). First, the construct was defined by a systematic review, qualitative study, and face validity among experts. Second, the content was validated through a Delphi procedure with professional experts (n = 14) and cognitive interviews with hospitalized patients (n = 12). Third, using a sample of adult patients with suicidal ideation in the past year (n = 405), the psychometric properties were assessed by an exploratory factor analysis, a test‐retest procedure, and the internal consistency. The CoNuPaS comprises 23 items and two subsections, to examine patients’ perceptions of contact experiences with nurses (CoNuPaS‐experience) and what they find important in that contact (CoNuPaS‐importance). The subsections comprise four components: encountering a space to express suicidal thoughts and explore needs, being recognized as a unique and self‐determining individual, encountering nurses’ availability/information‐sharing/transparency on expectations, and trusting nurses in communication about suicidality. Content validity scores were excellent (0.78–1.00); test‐retest intraclass correlation coefficient and internal consistency were >0.90. Thus, the CoNuPaS demonstrated good psychometric properties. The availability of a valid questionnaire to examine patient‐nurse contact in mental health wards is central to improving understanding of nurses’ contributions to suicide prevention and suicidal ideation treatment.
Integrated planning decisions in the broiler chicken supply chain
Authors: Solano‐Blanco Alfaima L. , González Jaime E. , Gómez‐Rueda Luis O. , Vargas‐Sánchez Jhon J. , Medaglia Andrés L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the poultry industry, the meat market requires a careful coordination of the broiler chicken supply chain comprising breeders, hatcheries, farms, slaughterhouses, wholesale, and retail vendors. Aside from the inherent challenges of coordinating a supply chain, animal husbandry systems face additional complex tasks. The lack of integrated decisions within the poultry chain could lead to a production plan that (a) does not comply with the biosecurity standards required in meat production for human consumption at the farms; (b) violates the production and inventory capacities at the slaughterhouses; and (c) does not meet the demand of customers. To streamline the supply chain, we propose a mixed‐integer linear programming model that supports production planning and scheduling decisions in broiler chicken production facilities. In addition, we embedded the mixed‐integer programming model in a rolling‐horizon scheme to improve scalability and to avoid the myopic effect of time‐indexed optimization models that put too much emphasis on a specific time period. We present the results of a case study in a poultry company in Santa Marta (Colombia), where we reach profit improvements that range from 7% to 57% with a reduction in inventory costs that range from 30% to 60%, while simultaneously meeting stringent technical, tactical, and biosecurity constraints.
UVA influenced the SIRT1‐miR‐27a‐5p‐SMAD2‐MMP1/COL1/BCL2 axis in human skin primary fibroblasts
Authors: Jiang Shi‐Bin , Lu Yan‐Song , Liu Tao , Li Liang‐Man , Wang He‐Xiao , Wu Yan , Gao Xing‐Hua , Chen Hong‐duo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBoth SIRT1 and UVA radiation are involved in cellular damage processes such as apoptosis, senescence and ageing. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be closely related to UV radiation, as well as to SIRT1. In this study, we investigated the connections among SIRT1, UVA and miRNA in human skin primary fibroblasts. Our results showed that UVA altered the protein level of SIRT1 in a time point–dependent manner. Using miRNA microarray, bioinformatics analysis, we found that knocking down SIRT1 could cause up‐regulation of miR‐27a‐5p and the latter could down‐regulate SMAD2, and these results were verified by qRT‐PCR or Western blot. Furthermore, UVA radiation (5 J/cm2), knocking down SIRT1 or overexpression of miR‐27a‐5p led to increased expression of MMP1, and decreased expressions of COL1 and BCL2. We also found additive impacts on MMP1, COL1 and BCL2 under the combination of UVA radiation + Sirtinol (SIRT1 inhibitor), or UVA radiation + miR‐27a‐5p mimic. SIRT1 activator resveratrol could reverse damage changes caused by UVA radiation. Besides, absent of SIRT1 or overexpression of miR‐27a‐5p increased cell apoptosis and induced cell arrest in G2/M phase. Taken together, these results demonstrated that UVA could influence a novel SIRT1‐miR‐27a‐5p‐SMAD2‐MMP1/COL1/BCL2 axis in skin primary fibroblasts, and may provide potential therapeutic targets for UVA‐induced skin damage.
Extrahepatic autoimmune diseases in primary biliary cholangitis: Prevalence and significance for clinical presentation and disease outcome
Authors: Efe Cumali , Torgutalp Murat , Henriksson Ida , Alalkim Fatema , Lytvyak Ellina , Trivedi Hirsh , Eren Fatih , Fischer Janett , Chayanupatkul Maneerat , Coppo Claudia , Purnak Tugrul , Muratori Luigi , Werner Mårten , Muratori Paolo , Rorsman Fredrik , Onnerhag Kristina , Nilsson Emma , Heurgué‐Berlot Alexandra , Demir Nurhan , Semela David , Kıyıcı Murat , Schiano Thomas D , Montano‐Loza Aldo J , Berg Thomas , Ozaslan Ersan , Yoshida Eric M , Bonder Alan , Marschall Hanns‐Ulrich , Beretta‐Piccoli Benedetta Terziroli , Wahlin Staffan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThe prevalence and clinical significance of extrahepatic autoimmune diseases (EHAIDs) have not been evaluated in a large cohort of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).MethodsThe medical records of 1554 patients with PBC from 20 international centers were retrospectively reviewed. Development of decompensated cirrhosis (ascites, variceal bleeding, and/or hepatic encephalopathy) and hepatocellular carcinoma were considered clinical endpoints.ResultsA total of 35 different EHAIDs were diagnosed in 440 (28.3%) patients with PBC. Patients with EHAIDs were more often female (92.5% vs 86.1%, P < 0.001) and seropositive for anti‐mitochondrial antibodies (88% vs 84%, P = 0.05) and antinuclear antibodies and/or smooth muscle antibodies (53.8% vs 43.6%, P = 0.005). At presentation, patients with EHAIDs had significantly lower levels of alkaline phosphatase (1.76 vs 1.98 × upper limit of normal [ULN], P = 0.006), aspartate aminotransferase (1.29 vs 1.50 × ULN, P < 0.001), and total bilirubin (0.53 vs 0.58 × ULN, P = 0.002). Patients with EHAIDs and without EHAIDs had similar rates of GLOBE high‐risk status (12.3% vs 16.1%, P = 0.07) and Paris II response (71.4% vs 69.4%, P = 0.59). Overall, event‐free survival was not different in patients with and without EHAIDs (90.8% vs 90.7%, P = 0.53, log rank). Coexistence of each autoimmune thyroid diseases (10.6%), Sjögren disease (8.3%), systemic sclerosis (2.9%), rheumatoid arthritis (2.7%), systemic lupus erythematosus (1.7%), celiac disease (1.7%), psoriasis (1.5%), and inflammatory bowel diseases (1.3%) did not influence the outcome.ConclusionsOur study confirms that EHAIDs are frequently diagnosed in patients with PBC. The presence of EHAIDs may influence the clinical phenotype of PBC at presentation but has no impact on PBC outcome.
Fiber type composition of contiguous palmaris longus and abductor pollicis brevis muscles: Morphological evidence of a functional synergy
Authors: Moore Colin W. , Fanous Jacob , Rice Charles L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe palmaris longus (PL) tendon is used in surgical opponensplasty to restore functional hand movements in thenar paralysis. Although successful PL autologous tendon transfer has been attributed to an established synergistic relationship between the PL and abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscles in vivo, this functional relationship may be dependent on the quality of their spatial relationship and properties of their constituent muscle fibers. The purpose was to compare the proportion of type I and type II muscle fibers in the APB based on its contiguous morphological relationship with the PL tendon for indirect insight into their functional synergy, contractile capacity, and digastric arrangement. Twenty‐four contiguous PL and APB specimens were harvested from the upper limbs (12 right and 12 left) of twelve formalin‐embalmed cadavers (mean age: 74 ± 10 years). The fiber type composition of these muscles was determined by labeling serial cross sections with myosin heavy chain (MyHC) type I and type II monoclonal antibodies. The PL consisted of a relatively heterogeneous fiber type composition irrespective of the presence of a discrete (type I: 41 ± 11%; type II: 55 ± 12%; hybrid: 4 ± 3%) or rudimentary (type I: 49 ± 10%; type II: 45 ± 9%; hybrid: 6 ± 4%) tendinous connection with the APB. The APB fascicles arranged contiguously with the PL through a discrete tendon had significantly greater proportions of type II fibers (41 ± 19%) compared to those with rudimentary PL connections (type II: 15 ± 8%). Therefore, the APB fascicles arranged in a digastric relationship with the PL may have the capacity to produce more powerful contractions than those with rudimentary PL tendons based on the known contractile properties of type II muscle fibers. Knowledge of the spatial relationship between the PL and thenar musculature prior to PL autologous tendon transfer may be a useful indicator of the quality of established synergy in vivo.
Subordinated masculinities: A critical inquiry into reproduction of gender norms in handovers and rounds in a forensic psychiatric care
Authors: Eivergård Kristina , Enmarker Ingela , Livholts Mona , Aléx Lena , Hellzén Ove 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity are (re)produced in professional conversations about men cared for as patients in forensic psychiatric care, with a particular focus on the centrality of language and gender.BackgroundDuring verbal handovers and ward rounds, care staff converse to share information about patients and make decisions about their mental status. Spoken language is thus a pivotal tool in verbal handovers and ward rounds, one able to reproduce discourses and gender norms.DesignQualitative. Data collected from audio recordings of verbal handovers and ward rounds in a forensic psychiatric clinic were subjected to discourse analysis. The COREQ checklist was used.ResultsWhile discussing patients, staff subordinated them by reproducing a discourse typical of heteronormative, family‐oriented care. The overarching discourse, which we labelledsubordinated masculinities, was supported by three other discourses:being unable to take responsibility,being drug‐addictedandperforming masculinity. Such discourse was identified as a disciplining practice that subordinate's patients as a means to maintain order, rules and gender norms.ConclusionThe study reveals a caring practice that position male patients as children or disabled individuals and, in that way, as subordinated other men within a context were staff reproduces a heteronormative family structured care. The process also reveals a practice were downplaying aggressive and deviant behaviour could disempower and reduce patients´ responsibility for personal actions and their possibilities to participate in their care. That finding especially seems to contradict previous findings that patients want to be able to act responsibly and, to that end, want care staff to help them.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses need to deepen their understanding of how language (re)produces discursive norms of gender and masculinity in forensic care and that process's consequences for such care.
Marketing of breast milk substitutes on the internet and television in Mexico
Authors: Lozada‐Tequeanes Ana Lilia , Hernández‐Cordero Sonia , Shamah‐Levy Teresa 
Published: August 2020

AimWe aimed to examine the advertising and marketing of breast milk substitutes (BMS) through the internet, social media and television in Mexico.MethodsWe recorded the programming of four main TV channels at peak times to identify BMS advertisements. In addition, we identified the main BMS products and companies present on the internet, as well as related home pages and social networks (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). After that, we examined current BMS' marketing practices using the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) as a framework for ethical marketing. Qualitative and statistical analyses are presented.ResultsBMS manufacturers have a presence on television, social media and the internet. Violations of the Code, as well as promotional practices unforeseen by the Code, were identified in all the studied media. These include text and images idealising the use of BMS, as well as mechanisms for boosting sales and making contact with consumers.ConclusionsThe Mexican population is exposed to BMS advertisements that breach the Code on the internet, on social networks and on television. Emerging challenges related to the use of electronic means to market BMS may call for new strategies for monitoring and enforcing the Code through local regulations.
The pretreatment of rats with nebivolol ameliorates bladder contractile dysfunction caused by ischemia‐reperfusion injury
Authors: Altunkaynak‐Camca Hande O. , Yazihan Nuray 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the protective effect of nebivolol in the bladder isolated from rats exposed to ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury.MethodsSprague‐Dawley rats were divided into control, IR, and nebivolol+IR groups. In the nebivolol+IR group, nebivolol was administered (0.4 mg/kg, subcutaneous) in rats prior to IR insult. At the end of the experimental protocol, the urinary bladder was rapidly isolated and bladder strips were mounted in an organ bath. After the equilibration period, potassium chloride (KCl, 20‐100 mM) or carbachol (0.01‐10 μM) was cumulatively added to the organ bath to generate cumulative concentration‐response curves (CCRCs). Oxidative stress and interleukin 6 (IL‐6) levels were also evaluated in the bladder tissue.ResultsThe CCRCs of KCl and carbachol were significantly reduced in the IR group compared to those of the control, and this inhibition was reversed by the pretreatment of rats with nebivolol (P < .05). The IR group's total antioxidant status was significantly lower with a concomitant increase in IL‐6 levels than that of the control and nebivolol+IR groups (P < .05).ConclusionsThe present study indicates that pretreatment of rats with nebivolol (0.4 mg/kg) could improve bladder contractile dysfunction caused by IR injury through suppression of increased oxidative stress and IL‐6 levels.
The hornworts: morphology, evolution and development
Authors: Frangedakis Eftychios , Shimamura Masaki , Villarreal Juan Carlos , Li Fay‐Wei , Tomaselli Marta , Waller Manuel , Sakakibara Keiko , Renzaglia Karen S. , Szövényi Péter 
Published: August 2020

SummaryExtant land plants consist of two deeply divergent groups, tracheophytes and bryophytes, which shared a common ancestor some 500 million years ago. While information about vascular plants and the two of the three lineages of bryophytes, the mosses and liverworts, is steadily accumulating, the biology of hornworts remains poorly explored. Yet, as the sister group to liverworts and mosses, hornworts are critical in understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. Until recently, there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation, which hampered detailed insight into the molecular biology and genetics of this unique group of land plants. The emerging hornwort model species, Anthoceros agrestis, is instrumental in our efforts to better understand not only hornwort biology but also fundamental questions of land plant evolution. To this end, here we provide an overview of hornwort biology and current research on the model plant A. agrestis to highlight its potential in answering key questions of land plant biology and evolution.