bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Theory to Methodology: Using Ecological Engagement to Study Development in Context
Authors: Koller Silvia H. , Raffaelli Marcela , de Morais Normanda Araujo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUrie Bronfenbrenner’s groundbreaking work on development in context has made an enduring impact on the field of developmental science. However, translating his theoretical concepts in empirical studies has proved challenging. In this article, we describe a methodological approach—ecological engagement methodology (EEM)—that was designed to operationalize key elements of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory in studies of development in context. In particular, we describe the development of EEM, illustrate the approach using examples from qualitative and quantitative studies of vulnerable youth, provide a brief guide to implementing EEM, and discuss its major strengths and challenges. We conclude that EEM offers a flexible and powerful way to apply Bronfenbrenner’s theoretical propositions in studies of development in context, yielding data that are of high quality; ecologically valid; and relevant to researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.
Emergency airway training: “Who are you going to FONA?”
Authors: Bhalla Sanjana , Beegun Issa , Hogan Chris , Awad Zaid , Tolley Neil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo demonstrate face and content validity of a home‐made simulation model as a training tool for front of neck access (FONA) procedures.DesignThis was a prospective evaluation study, in which experienced otolaryngologists and trainees were recruited to complete 3 tasks using our FONA model.SettingThe study was completed during regular simulation training days and international conferences.ParticipantsA total of 52 participants completed the questionnaire and were included in the study; 25 were experts and 27 were trainees.Main outcome measuresAll participants completed a validated 15‐item questionnaire using a 5‐point likert scale to assess the model across 4 domains: face validity (FV), global content (GC), task‐specific content (TSC) and curriculum applicability (CTR).ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the groups ratings for FV, GC, TSC or CTR (P = .76, .13, .4 and .67, respectively). The model achieved a median FV of 4 (IQR 4‐5) with the agreement of experienced and trainee groups (68.9% and 92%, respectively). The median GC validity score was 5 (IQR 4‐5) with the agreement of 87.6% and 98.4% in respected groups. The model achieved a median TSC of 4.8 (IQR 4‐5) with the agreement of 54.5% and 99% in respected groups. The median CTR score was 5 (IQR 4‐5) with the agreement of 54.4% and 100% in respected groups.ConclusionOur home‐made FONA model achieved face and content validity for training and is safe and affordable for teaching basic front of neck access skills to otolaryngology trainees.
A case of tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis of cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: Straker Richard J. , Modi Mitul B. , Elder David E. , LiVolsi Virginia A. , Fraker Douglas L. , Xu Xiaowei , Karakousis Giorgos C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe report a case of tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis of a cutaneous malignant melanoma to a synchronous thyroid Hurthle cell carcinoma. A 42‐year‐old male underwent a biopsy of right inguinal lymphadenopathy which showed metastatic melanoma. The primary lesion was identified on his right posterior leg, and staging workup discovered a synchronous left thyroid lobe nodule concerning for a follicular neoplasm. He underwent excision of the primary melanoma, right inguinal lymphadenectomy, and total thyroidectomy. The resected thyroid contained a 6.6‐cm, well‐encapsulated left‐sided nodule, red‐brown in color and homogenous in consistency, with areas of focal hemorrhage and no grossly identifiable calcification. Microscopically, large tumor cells with distinct cell borders were present, with deeply eosinophilic and granular cytoplasm, large nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and loss of polarity consistent with oncocytes. A microscopic single focus of vascular invasion was identified, and a diagnosis of angioinvasive Hurthle cell carcinoma was made. Within the Hurthle cell carcinoma, multiple deposits of metastatic melanoma were seen. These findings were indicative of tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis of the cutaneous melanoma to the angioinvasive Hurthle cell carcinoma. Our findings show the ability of melanoma to metastasize to a pre‐existing neoplasm.
X‐ray computed tomography of severed root wounds of Prunus serrulata and Zelkova serrata
Authors: Park Junhyung , Seo Dahye , Kim Ki Woo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe performance of laboratory X‐ray computed tomography (XCT) for the non‐destructive imaging of root wood was evaluated. Lateral roots of oriental cherry (Prunus serrulata var. spontanea) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) were severed in spring and maintained in soil for 6 months. Without sectioning, XCT revealed the phloem, xylem and vascular cambium structures in the root wood. A virtual transverse section showed a ring of woundwood covering the severed, lateral root of the two trees. Different levels of X‐ray absorption were evident around the cut surfaces of P. serrulata; however, they were rarely detected in Z. serrata. More adventitious roots were observed on Z. serrata than on P. serrulata. Distinct white spots in the rays were only detected in Z. serrata. These results suggest that XCT has potential applications in forest pathology, providing virtual sections of wound closure, wood density distribution, organ redifferentiation, and mineral deposition in root wood.
What Hath the Coronavirus Brought to Assessment? Unprecedented Challenges in Educational Assessment in 2020 and Years to Come
Authors: Jiao Hong , Lissitz Robert W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses the unprecedented challenges and possible directions in which the field of educational assessment is going after the outbreak of COVID‐19. Though the pandemic leads to a lot of pressure related to instruction, learning, and assessment, it also provides opportunities that are likely to require changes to the current theories and practices as well as the assumptions that are no longer justified. It is hoped that the challenges will motivate our field and the instructional experts to work closely together with the learning and instruction process so that assessment will be better integrated and can provide data‐driven insights related to the sequence and content of instruction based on the diagnosis of students' strengths and weaknesses from assessment data. We expect that the integration of assessment in learning and instruction will definitely exert significant positive impact on learning outcomes. We believe the field will become aware of the assessment issues that teaching at a distance presents and will come up with innovative solutions to the many emerging problems when the world of instruction and learning undergoes significant changes from social distancing. This paper provides comments, and predictions about what the challenges and directions in educational assessment will be.
Stressful life events are associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Jiang X. , Olsson T. , Hillert J. , Kockum I. , Alfredsson L. 
Published: August 2020

Background and purposeUnexpected stressful life events may alter immune function and affect susceptibility to autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Current results from epidemiological investigations examining the role of stress in MS remain inconsistent. The aim was to conduct the hitherto largest population‐based case–control study on this topic.MethodsExtensive questionnaire information collected on lifestyle environmental factors available for 2930 incident MS cases and 6170 controls were used to assess the association of 10 major life events that had occurred before disease onset with the risk of MS by unconditional logistic regressions, adjusting for potential confounders. Stratified analyses were also performed by sex and time.ResultsCompelling evidence was found for a link between major life events and risk of MS – most events significantly increased disease risk by 17%–30%. It was further observed that women were affected to a greater extent than men under certain stressful scenarios, and that most events that happened recently (≤5 years prior to MS onset) had significant effects on MS, indicating a critical window in disease development.ConclusionStressful life events may have an adverse effect on the risk of MS. Research into the mechanisms of this observation may give important clues to triggering pathogenetic events in MS.
Cytotoxicity of contemporary resin‐based dental materials in contact with dentin
Authors: Carrillo‐Cotto Ricardo , Etges Adriana , Jardim Patrícia S. , Torre Eliana , Kaizer Marina R. , Ferrúa Camila P. , Nedel Fernanda , Cuevas‐Suárez Carlos E. , Moraes Rafael R. 
Published: August 2020

In this study, the cytotoxicity of different combinations of contemporary resin‐based restoratives (adhesives, composites, luting agents) against human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was evaluated under two conditions, whether materials were applied to dentin or not. Adhesives (3‐step etch‐and‐rinse/3ER: OptiBond FL; 2‐step self‐etch/2SE Clearfil SE Bond; Single Bond Universal/UNI), composites (conventional composite resin/CCR: Filtek Z350XT; flowable/FCR: Filtek Z350XT Flow; self‐adhesive composite resin/SACR: Dyad Flow), and luting agents (conventional luting agent/CLA: Variolink‐II; self‐adhesive luting agent/SLA: RelyXU200) were combined according to their clinical use. Eluates from polymerized specimens applied to dentin were placed in contact with cells grown for 1 and 7 d. The controls were defined by cells without material contact. Cell viability was determined using MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide)] assay. C=C conversion was investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. After 1 d of incubation, when dentin was not present, 2SE yielded the highest cell viability, whereas 3ER, UNI, and SACR showed higher cell viability in the presence of dentin. After 7 d, when dentin was absent, 2SE and CLA achieved significantly higher cell viability. The presence of dentin resulted in a drastically higher cell viability for all materials, except 2SE and CLA. UNI had the lowest C=C conversion. The presence of dentin was a significant factor, which resulted in higher cell viability than what was seen for the material specimens per se. All materials resulted in a lower viability of HaCaT than what was seen under the no‐material control conditions, with effects mainly limited to the first 24 h.
Rapid morphological change in multiple cichlid ecotypes following the damming of a major clearwater river in Brazil
Authors: Gilbert Michelle C. , Akama Alberto , Fernandes Cristina Cox , Albertson R. Craig 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhile anthropogenic disturbances can have damaging effects on biodiversity, they also offer an opportunity to understand how species adapt to new environments and may even provide insights into the earliest stages of evolutionary diversification. With these topics in mind, we explored the morphological changes that have occurred across several cichlid species following the damming of the Tocantins River, Brazil. The Tocantins was once a large (2,450 km), contiguous river system; however, upon closure of the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Dam in 1984, a large (~2,850 km2), permanent reservoir was established. We used geometric morphometrics to evaluate changes in native cichlids, comparing historical museum specimens collected from the Tocantins to contemporary specimens collected from the Tucuruí reservoir. Six species across five genera were included to represent distinct ecomorphs, from large piscivores to relatively small opportunistic omnivores. Notably, statistically significant changes in shape and morphological disparity were observed in all species. Moreover, the documented changes tended to be associated with functionally relevant aspects of anatomy, including head, fin, and body shape. Our data offer insights into the ways cichlids have responded, morphologically, to a novel lake environment and provide a robust foundation for exploring the mechanisms through which these changes have occurred.
The consequences of size‐selective fishing mortality for larval production and sustainable yield in species with obligate male care
Authors: Kindsvater Holly K. , Halvorsen Kim Tallaksen , Sørdalen Tonje Knutsen , Alonzo Suzanne H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSize‐based harvest limits or gear regulations are often used to manage fishing mortality and ensure the spawning biomass of females is sufficiently protected. Yet, management interactions with species’ mating systems that affect fishery sustainability and yield are rarely considered. For species with obligate male care, it is possible that size‐specific harvest of males will decrease larval production. In order to examine how size‐based management practices interact with mating systems, we modelled fisheries of two species with obligate care of nests, corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops, Labridae) and lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus, Hexigrammidae) under two management scenarios, a minimum size limit and a harvest slot limit. We simulated the population dynamics, larval production and yield to the fishery under a range of fishing mortalities. We also modelled size‐dependent male care to determine its interaction with management. In both species, the slot limit decreased yield by <12% (relative to minimum size limits) at low fishing mortalities; at higher mortalities, individuals rarely survived to outgrow the slot and spawning potential decreased substantially relative to unfished levels, similar to minimum size limits. Spawning potential decreased less when managed with a slot limit if we included a positive feedback between male size, care and hatching success, but the benefit of implementing the slot depended both on the relative proportions of each sex selected by the fishery and on our assumptions regarding male size and care. This work highlights that the effects of size‐ and sex‐selective fisheries management can be nuanced and produce counter‐intuitive results.
Overview of French databases available for studying anticancer drugs in real‐life setting
Authors: Casarotto Emilie , Noize Pernelle , Gouverneur Amandine , Berdaï Driss , Bégaud Bernard , Levy‐Bachelot Laurie , Molimard Mathieu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractConsidering their novelty and cost, post‐marketing evaluation is highly relevant for new anticancer drugs. Identify and characterize available and potentially useful databases for post‐marketing evaluation of these specific drugs is necessary. A review was conducted to identify available and accessible databases to study the post‐marketing evaluation of drugs in real‐life care setting. Databases identified have been classified into medico‐administrative databases, medical record databases, and databases resulting from ad hoc collections. Taking as examples databases available in France, each type was described as well as its strengths and limits for a potential use in the oncology field. Record linkage of medico‐administrative databases could cover almost the whole population and is now used to evaluate anticancer drugs (e.g., Système National des Données de Santé). Large medical record databases are still lacking, but efforts are currently made to give access to hospital data warehouses for research purposes. Finally, databases resulting from ad hoc collections are also available for some cancer localizations and allow to obtain highly valuable clinical and biological data. A range of important and valuable databases exist but, individually, none is enough to answer to all questions from health authorities, healthcare professionals, and patients. In order to obtain a complete overview on utilization, associated health outcomes and costs of these drugs, it seems necessary to better interlink available databases.
Involvement of P2X2 receptor in the medial prefrontal cortex in ATP modulation of the passive coping response to behavioral challenge
Authors: Kong Ying , Wang Qian , Wu Ding‐yu , Hu Jian , Zang Wen‐si , Li Xiao‐wen , Yang Jian‐ming , Gao Tian‐ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractP2X2 and P2X3 receptors are widely expressed in both the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system and have been proven to participate in different peripheral sensory functions, but there are few studies on the involvement of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in animal behaviors. Here we used P2X2 and P2X3 knockout mice to address this issue. P2X2 knockout mice showed normal motor function, exploratory behavior, anxiety‐like behaviors, learning and memory behaviors and passive coping response to behavioral challenge. Nevertheless, the effect of ATP infusion in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) on the passive coping response was blocked by P2X2 but not P2X3 receptor deletion. Additionally, no deficits in a wide variety of behavioral tests were observed in P2X3 knockout mice. These findings demonstrate a role of P2X2 receptor in the mPFC in adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate modulation of the passive coping response to behavioral challenge and show that the P2X2/P2X3 receptor is dispensable for behaviors.
Wildfire and the ecological niche: Diminishing habitat suitability for an indicator species within semi‐arid ecosystems
Authors: O’Neil Shawn T. , Coates Peter S. , Brussee Brianne E. , Ricca Mark A. , Espinosa Shawn P. , Gardner Scott C. , Delehanty David J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGlobally accelerating frequency and extent of wildfire threatens the persistence of specialist wildlife species through direct loss of habitat and indirect facilitation of exotic invasive species. Habitat specialists may be especially prone to rapidly changing environmental conditions because their ability to adapt lags behind the rate of habitat alteration. As a result, these populations may become increasingly susceptible to ecological traps by returning to suboptimal breeding habitats that were dramatically altered by disturbance. We demonstrate a multistage modeling approach that integrates habitat selection and survival during the key nesting life‐stage of a bird species of high conservation concern, the greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter, sage‐grouse). We applied these spatially explicit models to a spatiotemporally robust dataset of sage‐grouse nest locations and fates across wildfire‐altered sagebrush ecosystems of the Great Basin ecoregion, western United States. Female sage‐grouse exhibited intricate habitat selection patterns that varied across regional gradients of ecological productivity among sagebrush communities, but often selected nest sites that disproportionately resulted in nest failure. For example, 23% of nests occurred in wildfire‐affected habitats characterized by reduced sagebrush cover and greater composition of invasive annual grasses. We found survival of nests was negatively associated with wildfire‐affected areas, but positively associated with higher elevations with increased ruggedness and overall shrub cover. Strong site fidelity likely drove sage‐grouse to continue nesting in habitats degraded by wildfire. Hence, increasing frequency and extent of wildfire may contribute disproportionately to reduced reproductive success by creating ecological traps that act as population sinks. Identifying such habitat mismatches between selection and survival facilitates deeper understanding of the mechanisms driving reduced geographic niche space and population decline at broad spatiotemporal scales, while guiding management actions to areas that would be most beneficial to the species.
Contentious welfare: The Kurdish conflict and social policy as counterinsurgency in Turkey
Authors: Yoltar Çağrı , Yörük Erdem 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe period since the 1990s has witnessed the expanding political influence of the Kurdish movement across the country as well as a transformation in the welfare system, manifesting itself mainly in the emergence of extensive social assistance programs. While Turkish social assistance policy has been formally neutral regarding who is entitled to state aid, Kurds have been de facto singled out by these new welfare programs, as is shown by existing quantitative work. Based on a discourse analysis of legislation, parliamentary proceedings, and news media, this article examines the ways in which Turkish governments and policymakers consider the Kurdish question in designing welfare policies. We illustrate that Kurdish mobilization has become a central theme that informed the transformation of Turkish welfare system over the past three decades.
Is stopping secondary prophylaxis safe in HIV‐positive talaromycosis patients? Experience from Myanmar
Authors: Tun N , Mclean A , Deed X , Hlaing M , Aung Y , Wilkins E , Ashley E , Smithuis F 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to determine whether it is safe to stop secondary prophylaxis in patients with talaromycosis after immune reconstitution with a sustained increase in CD4 count to ≥ 100 cells/µL after antiretroviral therapy (ART).MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was performed in HIV‐infected patients treated for talaromycosis between June 2009 and June 2017 in Medical Action Myanmar (MAM) clinics.ResultsAmong a cohort of 5466 HIV‐infected patients, 41 patients were diagnosed with and treated for clinical talaromycosis. All the patients were on ART and had a CD4 count < 100 cells/µL. Of these 41 patients, 24 patients (71%) were skin smear positive for talaromycosis, while results were negative in 17 patients. Median CD4 count and haemoglobin concentration were 24 cells/µL and 7.7 g/dL, respectively. Seventy‐three per cent (30) were male. Among the 41 patients, 11 (27%) died and six (15%) were transferred to other centres. Twenty‐four patients (58% of the total diagnosed) stopped itraconazole secondary prophylaxis after starting active ART with CD4 counts > 100 cells/µL for at least 1 year. Throughout the duration of follow‐up post itraconazole cessation, the observed incidence of relapse was zero with a total follow‐up of 93.8 person‐years (95% confidence interval 0–4 per 100 person‐years). The median (25th, 75th percentile) duration of follow‐up post‐prophylaxis discontinuation was 2.8 (2.1, 6.3) years.ConclusionsSecondary prophylaxis can be safely stopped in patients with talaromycosis after immune reconstitution with a sustained increase in CD4 count to ≥ 100 cells/µL after highly active antiretroviral therapy.