bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Unitary is the EU Trade Mark? Territorial Aspects of Acquired Distinctiveness
Authors: Żelechowski Łukasz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe geographical scope of the acquired distinctiveness of EU trade marks (EUTMs) is the subject of recurring dilemmas in case law and among scholars. The development of case law in this area is driven by the endeavour to reconcile the requirement that the acquired distinctiveness of such marks ought to be present throughout all Member States while simultaneously allowing certain evidentiary relaxation in that regard. Ultimately, however, the content of the requirements of establishing acquired distinctiveness in such instances remains, in the light of case law, uncertain. This paper argues that the principle of the unitary character of EUTMs should lead to adopting a more unitary approach towards the assessment of acquired distinctiveness, instead of the country-by-country approach dominant in case law. More specifically, whenever no territorially varying consumer perceptions are involved in establishing a lack of inherent distinctiveness of an EUTM, the territory of the EU should be treated, for the sake of establishing acquired distinctiveness, as a monolith undivided by borders between the Member States. This is normally the case with non-word marks, such as shapes or colour marks, which are perceived in a uniform manner throughout the EU as either possessing or lacking inherent distinctiveness. Concessions from this unitary approach are justified whenever territorially varying perceptions are involved. This normally concerns the descriptiveness or otherwise non-distinctiveness of word marks due to linguistic differences that are tailored across borders between Member States. The posited unitary approach concerning non-word marks should, however, be a measured one. Not only should acquired distinctiveness be present in the majority of the EU territory, but it should also be located at a proper geographical spread (without, however, following the country-by-country method). In the light of this approach, a non-word EUTM could still be registered (and remain incontestable) based on acquired distinctiveness when EU territories where acquired distinctiveness has not been established would constitute “blank” areas sporadically scattered across the Union without, however, constituting a concentrated larger part of the EU. Such “blank” areas could correspond to territories of a specific Member State or Member States. Negative effects of overprotection in such “blank” areas could be subsequently prevented with additional mitigating tools available at the stage of infringement and enforcement of EUTMs.
A proof that rectified deep neural networks overcome the curse of dimensionality in the numerical approximation of semilinear heat equations
Authors: Hutzenthaler Martin , Jentzen Arnulf , Kruse Thomas , Nguyen Tuan Anh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDeep neural networks and other deep learning methods have very successfully been applied to the numerical approximation of high-dimensional nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs), which are widely used in finance, engineering, and natural sciences. In particular, simulations indicate that algorithms based on deep learning overcome the curse of dimensionality in the numerical approximation of solutions of semilinear PDEs. For certain linear PDEs it has also been proved mathematically that deep neural networks overcome the curse of dimensionality in the numerical approximation of solutions of such linear PDEs. The key contribution of this article is to rigorously prove this for the first time for a class of nonlinear PDEs. More precisely, we prove in the case of semilinear heat equations with gradient-independent nonlinearities that the numbers of parameters of the employed deep neural networks grow at most polynomially in both the PDE dimension and the reciprocal of the prescribed approximation accuracy. Our proof relies on recently introduced full history recursive multilevel Picard approximations for semilinear PDEs.
Biological Activities of Two Major Copaiba Diterpenoids and Their Semi-synthetic Derivatives
Authors: Çiçek Serhat Sezai , Wenzel-Storjohann Arlette , Girreser Ulrich , Tasdemir Deniz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe oleoresin of Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae, is a traditional Brazilian remedy used for a wide range of applications. Commonly named copaiba, the oleoresin has been found to exhibit strong antimicrobial effects in our previous study, which could be attributed to some of its diterpenoid constituents. In order to find new biological activities and to eventually enhance the before observed effects, (−)-polyalthic acid (1) and kaurenoic acid (2), together with eight prepared semi-synthetic derivatives (1a–1c and 2a–2e) were evaluated for their cytotoxic, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Regarding the gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, we found that both the exocylic methylene group and the carboxyl group were crucial for the activity against these two clinically relevant bacterial strains. Investigation of the antifungal activity, in contrast, showed that the carboxyl group is unnecessary for the effect against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Cryptococcus neoformans, indicated by low micromolar IC50 values for both (−)-polyalthic acid diethylamide (1a) as well as (−)-polyalthic acid methyl ester (1b). Apart from studying the biological activity, the structure of one semi-synthetic derivative, compound 1c, is being reported for the first time. During the course of the structure elucidation of the new compound, we discovered inconsistencies regarding the stereochemistry of polyalthic acid and its stereoisomers, which we clarified in the present work.
Effects of strawberry intervention on cardiovascular risk factors: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Gao Qi , Qin Li-Qiang , Arafa Ahmed , Eshak Ehab S. , Dong Jia-Yi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe conducted a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) to examine the effects of strawberry interventions on cardiovascular risk factors. We searched multiple databases including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus to identify eligible studies published before 19 May 2019. The endpoints were blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TAG, fasting blood glucose, endothelial function and inflammatory factors. Pooled analyses were performed using random- or fixed-effects models according to a heterogeneity test. We also conducted sub-group analyses by baseline endpoint levels. We included eleven RCT in this meta-analysis (six for blood pressure, seven for lipid profile, seven for fasting blood glucose and six for C-reactive protein (CRP)). Overall, the strawberry interventions significantly reduced CRP levels by 0·63 (95 % CI −1·04, −0·22) mg/l but did not affect blood pressure, lipid profile or fasting blood glucose in the main analyses. Our analysis stratified by baseline endpoint levels showed the strawberry interventions significantly reduced TC among people with baseline levels >5 mmol/l (−0·52 (95 % CI −0·88, −0·15) mmol/l) and reduced LDL-cholesterol among people with baseline levels >3 mmol/l (−0·31 (95 % CI −0·60, −0·02) mmol/l). There was little evidence of heterogeneity in the analysis and no evidence of publication bias. In summary, strawberry interventions significantly reduced CRP levels and may improve TC and LDL-cholesterol in individuals with high baseline levels.
Red–green–blue analysis of nasal mucosa discolouration in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Degirmenci N , Dogan R , Tugrul S , Senturk E , Toprak A , Ozturan O 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the colour values of nasal mucosa for the purpose of presenting an objective parameter of allergic rhinitis.MethodsSeventy-three patients with allergic rhinitis (allergy group) and 73 normal healthy individuals (control group) were included in the study. Endoscopic examinations were conducted, and endoscopic photographs of the septum and both inferior turbinates were taken. The Adobe Photoshop Elements 7.0 software program was used to measure the numerical values of red–green–blue (RGB) colour components in the endoscopic photographs of nasal mucosa.ResultsThe G and B values were significantly higher in the allergy group compared to the control group (both p < 0.05). Cumulative R, G and B values of all measurement points were significantly higher in the allergy group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).ConclusionNasal mucosa discolouration can be measured objectively with RGB analysis to aid the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis.
Conversion to psychosis in adolescents and adults: similar proportions, different predictors
Authors: Zhang TianHong , Xu LiHua , Chen Ying , Wei YanYan , Tang XiaoChen , Hu YeGang , Li ZhiXing , Gan RanPiao , Wu GuiSen , Cui HuiRu , Tang YingYing , Hui Li , Li ChunBo , Wang JiJun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAge effects may be important for improving models for the prediction of conversion to psychosis for individuals in the clinical high risk (CHR) state. This study aimed to explore whether adolescent CHR individuals (ages 9–17 years) differ significantly from adult CHR individuals (ages 18–45 years) in terms of conversion rates and predictors.MethodConsecutive CHR individuals (N = 517) were assessed for demographic and clinical characteristics and followed up for 3 years. Individuals with CHR were classified as adolescent (n = 244) or adult (n = 273) groups. Age-specific prediction models of psychosis were generated separately using Cox regression.ResultsSimilar conversion rates were found between age groups; 52 out of 216 (24.1%) adolescent CHR individuals and 55 out of 219 (25.1%) CHR adults converted to psychosis. The conversion outcome was best predicted by negative symptoms compared to other clinical variables in CHR adolescents (χ2 = 7.410, p = 0.006). In contrast, positive symptoms better predicted conversion in CHR adults (χ2 = 6.585, p = 0.01).ConclusionsAdolescent and adult CHR individuals may require a different approach to early identification and prediction. These results can inform the development of more precise prediction models based on age-specific approaches.
The potential role of dietary advanced glycation endproducts in the development of chronic non-infectious diseases: a narrative review
Authors: Garay-Sevilla M. E. , Beeri M. S. , de la Maza M. P. , Rojas A. , Salazar-Villanea S. , Uribarri J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIncreasing clinical and experimental evidence accumulated during the past few decades supports an important role for dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGE) in the pathogenesis of many chronic non-infectious diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, CVD and others, that are reaching epidemic proportions in the Western world. Although AGE are compounds widely recognised as generated in excess in the body in diabetic patients, the potential importance of exogenous AGE, mostly of dietary origin, has been largely ignored in the general nutrition audience. In the present review we aim to describe dietary AGE, their mechanisms of formation and absorption into the body as well as their main mechanisms of action. We will present in detail current evidence of their potential role in the development of several chronic non-infectious clinical conditions, some general suggestions on how to restrict them in the diet and evidence regarding the potential benefits of lowering their consumption.
The Effects of Resistance Exercise Selection on Muscle Size and
Strength in Trained Women
Authors: Barbalho Matheus , Souza Daniel , Coswig Victor , Abrahin Odilon , Paoli Antonio , Gentil Paulo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe study compared the effects of resistance training programs composed by
multi-joint (MJ), single-joint (SJ) and the combination of multi- and
single-joint (MJ+SJ) exercises on muscle strength and hypertrophy in
trained women. Thirty participants were divided into groups that performed only
MJ exercises, SJ exercises and MJ+SJ exercises for six months.
Participants were tested for 1-repetition maximum (RM) and muscle thickness (MT)
before and after the intervention. All groups showed significant gains on 1RM
tests from pre- to post-training (P<0.01). However, MJ and MJ+SJ
groups obtained greater gains in 1RM for the MJ exercises in comparison with the
SJ group. Increases in 1RM for the SJ exercises were similar among groups, with
the exception of leg curl, where the SJ group obtained greater gains than MJ and
MJ+SJ. All groups obtained significant increases in MT from pre- to
post-training for all muscle groups. However, MJ and MJ+SJ groups
presented greater increases in gluteus maximus, quadriceps femoris and
pectoralis major in comparison with the SJ group. Therefore, our results suggest
that, in general, performing MJ exercises seems to be necessary to obtain
optimal results from a resistance training program; however SJ might be
necessary to provide optimal strength gains in knee flexion.
Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index as Determinants of Surgical Outcome
in Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Naruse Mitsuhide , Yamamoto Koichi , Katabami Takuyuki , Nakamaru Ryo , Sone Masakatsu , Kobayashi Hiroki , Tanabe Akiyo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlthough unilateral primary aldosteronism (PA) should be curable by adrenalectomy
(ADX), postsurgical outcome is affected by several clinical factors. Herein we
reviewe the importance of age, gender, and BMI as determinants of surgical
success based on the recent findings including a nation-wide, multicenter study
in Japan (JPAS/JRAS). It is important to determine whether ADX for
elderly patients with unilateral PA is as beneficial as younger patients.
JPAS/JRAS showed that ADX could benefit elderly patients (>65
years) with definitive unilateral PA in curing of disease and improvement of
hypertension, although potential adverse outcomes including hyperkalemia and
renal insufficiency need to be considered in some elderly patients at high risk.
As shown in previous studies, JPAS/JRAS also demonstrated that female
gender was an independent predictor for clinical cure after ADX in patients with
unilateral PA. The gender-specific predominance of somatic mutations of
aldosterone-producing adenoma and sex hormones with vasculo-protective effects
might account for the difference of surgical outcome between genders.
Additionally, lower body mass index (BMI) has been shown to be one of the
predictive factors for better clinical outcome after ADX. The relation between
BMI and surgical outcome is, however, independent from aldosterone, since BMI
does not correlate with PAC in PA. Early diagnosis of PA and lifestyle
modification including weight control are essential to improve the surgical
outcome of the unilateral PA. Thus, clinical practice guideline should include
sophisticated strategy of ADX considering not only subtype diagnosis by adrenal
venous sampling but also age, gender, and BMI to predict better surgical
outcome.
Descriptive Analysis of Epidemiological Profile from Authors of Civil Claims Due to Supposed Medical Malpractice Against Neurosurgeons In Brazil
Authors: Flores Leandro Pretto , de Oliveira Walduy Fernandes 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Introduction The neurosurgical practice often involves situations that require rapid and immediate decision making, and a very low margin for error may eventually lead to an unsatisfactory clinical outcome. Thus, neurosurgery is considered as a medical specialty with high risk for the occurrence of litigation for supposed malpractice. The main objective of the present study was to identify the most prevalent epidemiological profile of the authors of civil claims for alleged malpractice against neurosurgeons, as well as to identify the legal strategies most commonly employed in this type of lawsuit.
Methods This is a descriptive, retrospective and quantitative study, with review of the initials/exordials of all civil actions motivated by alleged malpractice against neurosurgeons, defended by an office specialized in Medical Law, from 2008 to 2018. Data were collected relative to the author of the action; the disease that led to the outbreak of the action; and some legal information of interest for the outcome of the litigation.
Results During the period studied, 16 compensation/eviction claims were identified as being motivated by supposed neurosurgical malpractice. The average age of the authors was 51 years old; with a high school or undergraduate level of education in 75% of the cases, and especially from the Class B social extract (43%). Degenerative affections of the lumbar spine (12 cases, 75%) were the most common diseases that motivated the litigation, followed by brain tumors (2 cases, 12.5%), 1 case of carpal tunnel syndrome, and 1 case of chronic pain due to inflammatory radiculitis. The average value of the sponsored claim was 649,000.00 reais. Justice gratuity was granted in 80% of the cases and the reversal of the burden of proof by 30%. The main documentary evidence was medical reports – from third parties or the surgeon him/herself, and medical records.
Conclusions The number of civil claims against neurosurgeons has been increasing dramatically over the past decade. The results of the present study may be useful to health professionals and law offices specialized in professional defense to identify some more effective measures regarding the prevention of potential litigation, in spite of the identification of the most common personal profiles that end up proposing a process of civilian repair against neurosurgeons.
Reading a whole book to learn vocabulary
Authors: Nation I.S.P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines whether it is a good idea to choose a book that interests you and read it through from the beginning to the end learning all the new words you meet. For the analysis, it is assumed that learners already know the most frequent 3,000 words of English. The criteria used to guide this investigation include the number of unknown words met, the usefulness of the unknown words, the density of the unknown words, and the number of repetitions of the unknown words. Reading a whole book intensively is not a good idea unless the book is a graded reader, a technical text in a relevant subject area, or a set text that would be examined as a part of assessment. Where learners need to do such reading of unsimplified texts, they should be strategic in dealing with unknown vocabulary.
Everyone “leaves” the world eventually
Authors: Sullivan Karen , Wachowski Wojciech 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What causes metaphors to be similar or different across languages? It can be tempting to associate differences with culture and similarities with embodiment, since human cultures are diverse and human bodies are comparable. However, we argue that the death of a loved one is such a widespread experience that it forms part of every human culture. We argue that linguistic instantiations of death is departure tend to focus on the starting point of the deceased person’s journey and the arrival of the person’s remains in their final resting place. We attribute these trends to the fact that living people around the world are focused on their loved ones’ absence in the here-and-now, and living people often place importance on physical sites associated with deceased loved ones, such as the location of their remains. These cross-linguistic trends emphasize that culture can lead to similarities as well as differences in metaphoric structures.
Improving die tooling properties by spraying TiC-Ti-Al and TiB2-Ti-Al electro-explosive coatings
Authors: Romanov Denis A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article describes increasing wear resistance of 5CrNiMo die steel by more than 5 times. This effect is achieved by creating TiC-Ti-Al and TiB2-Ti-Al coatings on the surface of 5CrNiMo die steel. The microhardness of the formed coatings depends on which part of the structure is measured. The microhardness differs by more than 12 times in the matrix material and in the inclusions of titanium carbides and borides. However, the combination of metal matrix composites and the reinforcing inclusions suggests a high complex of properties of the formed coatings. The formation of wear-resistant coatings of these systems is carried out by two-stage treatment. At the first stage, electro-explosive spraying of TiC-Ti-Al or TiB2-Ti-Al coatings is performed. At the second stage, electron-beam treatment of these coatings is carried out. The structure uniformity during electro-explosive spraying is enforced by specially designed composite conductors, which are electrically exploded. The reason for wear resistance increase is the formation of a multiphase finely dispersed structure in coatings based on TiC, Al3Ti, Ti and Ti3Al phases for TiC-Ti-Al system and TiB2, TiB and AlTi3 phases for TiB2-Ti-Al system. The structure was also studied in detail at the interface between the coatings and the substrate using transmission electron microscopy. The studies of the structure of electro-explosive coatings were compared with the structural features of TiC-Ti-Al composite coatings obtained by the laser cladding technique on the surface of TiAl alloy. Comparison of the findings of the structure obtained by these two different spraying methods revealed both general patterns and characteristic features for each of the coating methods. They relate to features at the interface between the coatings and the substrate, as well as characteristic unitary coating layers.
Tunable electron transport with intergranular separation in FePt-C nanogranular films
Authors: Joseph Joshy , Wang Jian , Varaprasad B S D Ch S , Takahashi Y K , Hono K , Rajanikanth A 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We report electron transport mechanism in FePt-C granular films as a function of temperature by varying intergranular separation. FePt-C nanogranular films were prepared by sputtering on MgO substrates. From magnetic measurement of the sample, a coercivity of about 3T was found in the perpendicular direction. Above 25 K, the electrical resistivity of the films were found to obey Mott variable range hopping, Efros-Shklovskii variable range hopping and extended critical regime depending on the intergranular separation. However, at lower temperatures it deviates from the above behaviour showing an increase in conductance. Reduced activation energy calculated from resistivity data of these films shows metal-insulator transition. The metallic nature observed at low temperature was attributed to the intergranular ferromagnetic type ordering between granules that enhances the transport of electrons. Intergranular separation, thus, can be used as a tool to engineer the electron transport mechanism to different hopping regimes or extended critical regime in these films.