bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk effects of low temperature and high humidity on the spread of COVID-19 in California: Time series study
Authors: Fang Lanlan , Wang Dingjian , Pan Guixia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

Previous researches inferred that ‘summer’ might weaken COVID-19 transmission. However, with the warming weather coming, the COVID-19 pandemic was still intensifying.
Methods

This study aimed to investigate the associations between temperature, relative humidity, and COVID-19 cases using the Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM) from Jan 27th to July 15th, 2020, in California, US.
Results

It showed that as of July 15, 2020, there were 355 285 reported cases in California, where the temperature was between 6.33 °C and 30.72 °C and the relative humidity was between 23% and 100%. Temperature from 6.33 °C to 9 °C, relative humidity from 80–98% were the risky factors of COVID-19 transmission. It increased the risk of 95.4% at 6.33 °C (RR:1.954; CI: 1.032–3.701). It increased the risk of 70.3% when the humidity was 98% (RR: 1.703, CI: 1.049–2.765). When the temperature > 9 °C and the relative humidity < 80%, there was no statistical association.
Conclusions

This suggested that in winter with low temperature and high humidity, the spread of the COVID-19 would be severe due to weather factors. However, temperature and humidity were not related to the COVID-19 pandemic in summer. It did not mean that ‘summer’ would weaken the spread of COVID-19 in California. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in the winter. And it cannot be ignored in summer, otherwise, it will also cause a counterattack against the epidemic.
Exposure-history Type and Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients in Wuhan（Epicenter） Neighboring Shaanxi Province of China
Authors: Chen Zhangqian , Xu Xiaoming , Pu Zhongshu , Yan Rui , Li Jingwei , Zhang Wei , Wang Jiuping 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

Since December 2019, an increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 infected pneumonia cases have been identified in Wuhan and its surrounding areas. As of March 2020 more than 150 countries, areas or territories have reported the infected cases of SARS-CoV-2 and still the infected number is rapidly increasing globally.
Methods

The whole outbreak period in Shaanxi Province (from Jan 23, 2020 to Feb 20, 2020) was split into two consecutive stages. Epidemiological feature like exposure-history type and characteristics of the confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in Shaanxi Province were analyzed.
Results

A total of 245 patients were confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Shaanxi Province, among whom 133 (54.29%) were male and 112 (45.71%) were female. The percentage of the imported cases dropped from 53.94% in earlier stage (Jan 23-Feb 5, 2020) to 16.25% in second stage (Feb 6-Feb 20, 2020) while that of cases with no definite exposure history and other types increased from 27.88–70.00%.
Conclusions

As control measures were taken in earlier stage much less cases were confirmed in second stage. Our study contributes to the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology and helps evaluate the effectiveness of control measures on local transmission.
The Rate of Asymptomatic COVID-19 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Including 12,713 Infections from 136 Studies
Authors: C hen Xiao , Huang Ziyue , Wang Jingxuan , Zhao Shi , Wong Martin CS , Chong Marc KC , He Daihai , Li Jinhui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Asymptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2 may lead to silent community transmission and compromise pandemic control measures of COVID-19. We aimed to estimate the rate of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection from published studies, and compare this rate among different patient groups. Methods: The electronic databases including Medline, Embase, PubMed, and three Chinese electronic databases (The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WanFang Data, and VIP) were searched. Studies with sample size (or number of subjects) not less than 5 were included. The STATA command ‘Metaprop’ was implemented to conduct meta-analysis for the pooled rate estimates of asymptomatic infections with exact binomial and score test-based 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: A total of 12,713 COVID-19 patients in 136 studies were included in the meta-analysis, including 2,785 asymptomatic infections. The overall rate of asymptomatic infection was 15.1% (95% CI: 12.0%-18.4%). Subgroup analysis showed that the rate was significantly higher in pregnant women (36.3%, 95% CI: 15.7%-59.6%), children (29.4%, 17.4%-42.9%), and studies for screening settings (25.3%, 15.4%-36.5%) conducted on or after 01 March 2020 (27.8%, 15.7%-41.7%). In terms of geographical regions, the rate was the highest in Asia (excluding China) (27.4%, 14.3%-42.6%), followed by Europe (22.7%, 6.3%-44.9%), the US (15.9%, 8.9%-24.3%), and China (13.1%, 10.2%-16.3%). Conclusions: High proportion of asymptomatic infection were observed in pregnant women, children, European residents, screening programmes, and in studies conducted in and after March 2020. Our findings help inform the true burden of COVID-19 among different groups of cases, and provide information on cost-effective strategies of identifying and tracing asymptomatic infections.
Ultra-low-voltage-triggered Silicon Controlled Rectifier (ULVTSCR) ESD Protection Device for 1.2V/1.8V Application
Authors: Chen Ruibo , Liu Hongxia , Hou Fei , Du Feibo , Liu Zixu , Fan Xiaoyang , Liu Zhiwei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High trigger voltage (Vt1) characteristic of silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) device has limited its application in electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection of low voltage circuit, especially in advanced CMOS technologies. In this letter, an ultra-low-voltage-triggered SCR (ULVTSCR) is proposed to decrease the trigger voltage of the conventional SCR. The proposed device consists of an external NMOSs-string (ENMOSs-string), an internal NMOS (INMOS) with its gate controlled by the ENMOSs-string, and a main SCR triggered with the INMOS assistance. The ESD current-voltage characteristics of ULVTSCR has been measured with the transmission line pulsing (TLP) tester. The test results indicate that the proposed ULVTSCR possesses much lower Vt1 of ~ 5.03V as well as reduced area consumption compared to the existing optimization methods, making it highly suitable for the ESD protection for 1.2V/1.8V IO ports in CMOS technology. In addition, the impact of various critical dimensions of ULVTSCR have also been evaluated to further improve the ESD characteristics.
Phenotypic Differences Among and Within Extant Populations of Chrysanthemum Arcticum L. and C. a. Subsp. Arcticum
Authors: Liu Yunjia , Anderson Neil O 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background. Chrysanthemum arcticum, Arctic daisy and its two subspecies (C. arcticum subsp. arcticum, C. arcticum subsp. polaré) are the only chrysanthemum species native to North America. A study on species’ variation in morphological and diagnostic traits is important to link morphological traits with previously described single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, particularly when the genomes are sequenced. The purpose of this study was to establish phenotypic differences and soil conditions among wild C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum populations, when grown in a uniform environment, for potential linkages with our SNP library. Sixteen quantitative morphological traits and five qualitative morphological traits were investigated for 255 individuals from nine C. arcticum populations and 326 individuals from 21 C. a. subsp. arcticum populations.Results. While 100% of the C. a. subsp. arcticum individuals flowered under long days, 0% of the C. arcticum individuals flowered in 2018 while only 2.7% flowered in 2019. Two distinct clusters, distributed by taxonomic classification, were detected by Principal component analysis (PCoA) for 551 individuals from C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis indicated a positive and significant correlation between plant height, flower fresh and dry weights. Flower fresh weights were correlated with Δflower weight, while inflorescence length had showed a negative correlation with leaf number. Soil samples had high Na levels along with heavy metals. Thus, the species are salt-tolerant.Conclusion. A high level of salt tolerance (Na) is tolerated by these maritime species which is a unique trait in Chrysanthemum. A new diagnostic trait of inflorescence length was discovered to distinguish among C. arcticum and C. a. subsp. arcticum. Significant flowering differences occurred among the species wherein C. a. subsp. arcticum had 100% flowering in long days whereas C. arcticum had 0% to 3.1%. The mean number of weeks to visible bud date in C. a. subsp. arcticum is the fastest (2.2 wks.) ever reported in Chrysanthemum, in contrast with C. arcticum which is the longest (65.3-69.4 wks.). This study on the species’ variation in morphological and diagnostic traits is of importance to link morphological traits with single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.
LINC02085 Regulates Cell Growth and Inflammatory Response in Rheumatoid Arthritis&nbsp;by Regulating PI3K/ AKT Signaling Pathway
Authors: Wen Jianting , Liu Jian , Wang Xin , Wang Jie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The present study explored the possible functions and the underlying mechanism of long Non-coding RNA LINC02085 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were separated from synovial tissues and was established cell lines, then cultured for subsequent cell experiments by transfecting different vectors. Rat with AA were injected with sh-LINC02085. The progression of AA was explored by measuring arthritis score and histologic analysis. ELISA analysis was employed to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines. CCK8 assay, migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of cells, respectively. Besides, the levels of the the PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were measured by WB and IF. Results: The expression level of LINC02085 was significant high in patients with RA, and positively associated with clinical indexes. We found that LINC02085 was upregulated in RA -FLS and TNF-αstimulated. And overexpression of LINC02085 could promote proliferation, migration and invasion induced by TNF-α, through upregulating the levels of TNF-αand TNFAIP2 and promoting the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Whereas downexpression of LINC02085 received the opposite results. Knockdown of LINC02085 significantly ameliorated the progression of AA reflected by decreased arthritis score and cartilage destruction. Conclusion: The present study revealed that LINC02085 could regulate cell growth and inflammatory response of RA-FLS by activating the PI3K/ AKT signaling pathway, subsequently playing important roles in promoting the occurrence and development of RA.
An Analysis of the Risk Factors for the Failure of Respiratory Support With High-flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen Therapy in Children with Acute Respiratory Dysfunction:a case-control study
Authors: liu jie , QIAO Li-na , LI De-yuan , LUO Li-li , LIU Zhong-qiang , LI Xiao-qing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background:Different causes of acute respiratory insufficiency threaten the lives of pediatric patients, while High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy (HFNC) is a new type of non-invasive respiratory support technique that widely used in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs);however, improper use of HFNC is likely to bring adverse consequences to critically ill children.Our objective in this study was to identify the risk factors for the failure of HFNC, that can guide clinicians during managing of HFNC treatment correctly.Methods: Divided the patients into different categories: HFNC success group (237 patients), a 48 h failure group (112 patients), a 24 h failure group (84 patients), and a 2 h failure group (24 patients). The clinical indexes and the change trend in HFNC before and after treatment were dynamically observed in 67 pediatric patients. Risk factors for HFNC failure were determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:PRISM III score >4 points and PaCO2 >43 mmHg were risk factors for 48 h failure (OR were 4.064, 4.516, P<0.05); PaCO2 >43 mmHg was risk factors for 24 h failure (OR was 3.152, P<0.05); PRISM III score >6.5 points and PaCO2/PaO2 ratio >0.67 were risk factors for 2 h failure (OR were 27.977, 64.366, P<0.05) and the risk of HFNC failure increased more than 5 times when the oxygenation index decreased by >28% after 2 h of HFNC treatment, and the invasive mechanical ventilation time was statistically longer in the patients that upgraded from HFNC to invasive respiratory support than that of patients who received invasive respiratory support directly(P<0.05).Conclusions: The PRISM III score, PaCO2 and PaCO2/PaO2 ratio were risk factors for HFNC failure. Totally the shorter the failure time, the higher the values of the risk factors were, and the higher the failure risk of HFNC was. The change trend in oxygenation index before and after HFNC is a warning factor for early HFNC failure. And early HFNC failure might lead to prolonged invasive mechanical ventilation.
Effectiveness of a Single Dose of Oral Vs Rectal Paracetamol in Reducing Fever in Children Aged Between 2 to 6 years – A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Imbulana Nalaka , Fernando LakKumar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Rectal route of paracetamol is preferred to the commonly used oral route in some instances. Yet there is no previous documented study comparing the two routes in the local setting.Methods: Single-centre, balanced randomized [1:1], two arms, parallel-group clinical trial was conducted in single Paediatric ward at the Gampaha District General Hospital, Sri Lanka. Children aged between 2-6 years with documented axillary temperature > 100° F were enrolled. Children were randomly divided into two arms with 135 participants in each arm. The first arm received single doses of 15 mg/kg oral paracetamol and second group received single doses of 30 mg/kg rectal paracetamol. A data extraction sheet was to record temperature at baseline and at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 and1/2 hours, 2 hours, 2 and ½ hours and 3 hours after administration of the drug. The rate of temperature (time taken fever reduction by at least 1 F) reduction was calculated in 270 sample. In addition, the potential adverse events of the both groups were recorded. Results: In the oral group, mean temperature reductions at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, 1 and1/2 hours, 2 hours, 2 and ½ hours and 3 hours after administration of the drug were 0.11, 0.44, 1.06, 1.68, 2.10, 3.18 and 2.75 0F respectively. The respective temperature reductions in rectal group were 0.26, 0.67, 1.31, 3.52, 2.81, 3.33 and 4.45 0F. When compared the means of both groups there was statistically significant difference between two groups in all the time periods (P<0.05) except at 1 hour after administration of paracetamol (P = 0.06). There was no statistical significant difference in side effects when comparing two arms as well. Conclusion: A single dose of 30 mg/kg rectal paracetamol is more effective than single dose of 15 mg/kg oral paracetamol in reducing fever. There is no difference in relation to the safety of the two routes.Trial registration: SLCTR, SLCTR/2017/025. Registered 17 August 2017-Retrospectively registered,
Food Environment in and Around Schools and Colleges of Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR) in India
Authors: Bassi Shalini , Bahl Deepika , Arora Monika , Tullu Fikru Tesfaye , Dudeja Sakshi , Gupta Rachita 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Food policies and the environment in and around educational institutes have the potential to influence food practices, eating patterns, and behaviours of children. Methods: A mixed-methods, cross-sectional study was implemented to examine the existing food policies, food environment determinants, and food choices of school (9 schools; Private=6, Public=3) and college (n=4) going students from Delhi and National Capital Region (NCR), India. Data was collected from school (n=253) and college (n=57) students, parents of school students (n=190), teachers (n=12, schools=9, colleges=3), canteen operators of private schools (n=6) and colleges (n=4) using focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, surveys and structured observations (in and around schools and colleges). Results: A variety of food and beverage options were available in and around educational institutes but the majority of these options were unhealthy i.e. high in fat, salt, and sugar, despite restrictions. The available healthy foods and beverages in the canteens as well as outside through vendors were priced higher compared to unhealthy options. During lunchtime, twelve vendors were seen around six schools (3 private and 3 public). The density of these vendors increased at the time of dispersal (n=37) with a higher number of outside private schools (n=27) compared to public schools (n=10). Around colleges, vendors (n=14) were seen throughout the day. The students from all private schools (n=6) and colleges (n=2) were exposed to the high fat, salt, and sugar food advertisements (n=10), whereas, no advertisements were observed around public schools. Private school students are more vulnerable compared to public schools due to the availability of canteen with unhealthier options, the higher density of vendors outside school, higher exposure to unhealthy food advertisements, the higher purchasing power of students to eat outside food, and the non-availability of any school meals programme.Conclusion: The current food environment in and around educational institutes is conducive to establish and sustain unhealthy eating behaviours. It is imperative to ensure the availability of healthy food in and around their educational institutes to improve their health and wellbeing. Therefore, emphasise the need to address this challenge through regular monitoring and surveillance of the recently introduced FSSAI regulation 2020, to ensure its compliance and appropriate enforcement strategies.
Study on the Determination Model of Four Kinds of Tea Polyphenols in Fresh Tea Based on Visible and Near-infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Hailiang , Dong Wentao , Luo Wei , Zhan Baishao , Huang Haihua , Chen Hong , Min Kai , Liu Xuemei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: For tea, tea polyphenols is an essential indicator to measure the quality of tea. In this paper, the content of four tea polyphenols in fresh tea was determined by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Results: First, the spectrum data of three kinds of tea, Juhuachun (J), Zhenong25 (Z) and Yingshuang (Y) were collected. A total of 159 samples were collected, 106 of which were used for calibration and 53 for prediction. Then the content of tea polyphenols was determined by HPLC and the physicochemical value samples were established. Subsequently, the spectral data was preprocessed to eliminate noise interference, and a partial least squares (PLS) model was established to select the optimal preprocessing method. In order to improve the efficiency and accuracy of detection, Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), Successive projections algorithm (SPA) and Random frog algorithm (RF) were used to extract characteristic wavelengths from the pretreatment spectrum. Based on characteristic wavelengths, PLS, multiple linear regression (MLR) linear models and least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) nonlinear models were established to predict the content of four tea polyphenols. The performance of LS-SVM models is superior to that of PLS and MLR models. The RP2 values of the four tea polyphenols LS-SVM models based on SPA and CARS were increased to 0.996, 0.991, 0.997, 0.988 and 0.997, 0.991, 0.997, 0.984, respectively. The RP2 values of the four tea polyphenols LS-SVM models based on RF were also increased to 0.996, 0.986, 0.994 and 0.977. Conclusions: It can be found that the LS-SVM model based on SPA is the most suitable prediction model for the content of tea polyphenols. It has the least input variables and better performance. Therefore, visible and near-infrared spectroscopy can be used as an effective method to measure the content of tea polyphenols in fresh tea.
Assessing the Correlation Between Autoimmune Bullous Disease Quality of Life Questionnaires (ABQOL, TABQOL, DLQI) and Disease Severity Indices in Pemphigus and Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Cao Shan , Sun Lulu , Shi Zhongxiang , Yang Baoqi , Zhang Furen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid (BP) are autoimmune blistering diseases (AIBDs) that affect the skin and mucous membranes, and adversely impact quality of life (QOL). Few studies have assessed the correlation between the severity of disease and QOL in patients with pemphigus and BP. Objectives: To identify the correlation between the severity of AIBDs and QOL using the Autoimmune Bullous Disease Quality of Life (ABQOL), Treatment Autoimmune Bullous Disease Quality of Life (TABQOL), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaires in Chinese patients with pemphigus and BP at baseline, and after 1, 3 and 6 months of treatment. Methods: Pemphigus and BP patients were invited to complete the ABQOL, TABQOL, and DLQI questionnaires. We measured the pemphigus disease area index (PDAI), autoimmune bullous skin disorder intensity score (ABSIS), and antibodies of desmoglein1,desmoglein3 (DSG1/DSG3) for pemphigus; and the bullous pemphigoid disease area index (BPDAI), ABSIS, and antibodies of BP180/ BP230 for BP as disease severity indices. The correlations between the severity of disease and QOL were analyzed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient (r). Results: Eighty-five patients were included: 55 with pemphigus and 30 with BP. The pemphigus subtypes included pemphigus vulgaris (PV, n = 32), pemphigus foliaceus (PF, n = 22), and paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP, n = 1). We found significantly strong correlations between QOL (ABQOL, TABQOL, DLQI) and severity of disease (PDAI/BPDAI, ABSIS) with (r = 0.87, 0.77, 0.83; r = 0.86, 0.73, 0.80) for pemphigus and BP, respectively. Mild or strong correlations were also observed between QOL and antibody titers in pemphigus with DSG1/DSG3(r=0.32/0.36) and BP with BP180/BP230( r = 0.73/0.17) respectively. Conclusion: The QOL of patients with pemphigus and BP decreased with increased severity of the AIBDs. As the disease severity descended, so the QOL improved. The QOL indices should be used in clinical trials and to manage patients’ treatment, especially during the active disease stage, despite the mild correlation observed after 1 month of treatment.The PDAI to be better at assessing disease severity than the ABSIS in patients with pemphigus, and ABSIS are better than BPDAI in BP patients for correlation with the QOL indices.