bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial rescue effects: How microbiomes can save hosts from extinction
Authors: Mueller Emmi A. , Wisnoski Nathan I. , Peralta Ariane L. , Lennon Jay T. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Rescue effects arise when ecological and evolutionary processes restore positive intrinsic growth rates in populations that are at risk of going extinct. Rescue effects have traditionally focused on the roles of immigration, phenotypic plasticity, gene flow, and adaptation. However, species interactions are also critical for understanding how populations respond to environmental change.

In particular, the fitness of plant and animal hosts is strongly influenced by symbiotic associations with the bacteria, archaea, microeukaryotes and viruses that collectively make up a host's microbiome. While some are pathogenic, many microorganisms confer nutritional, immunological, and developmental benefits that can protect hosts against the effects of rapid environmental change.

Microbial rescue occurs when changes in microbiome abundance, composition, or activity influence host physiology or behaviour in ways that improve host fitness. If these microbial attributes and their beneficial effects are transmitted through a population, it may stabilize growth rates and reduce the probability of extinction.

In addition to providing a framework to guide theoretical and empirical efforts in host‐microbiome research, the principles of microbial rescue may also be useful for adaptively managing at‐risk species. We discuss the risks and rewards of incorporating microbial rescue into conservation strategies such as probiotics, assisted migration, and captive breeding.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Explaining the social gradient in smoking and cessation: the peril and promise of social mobility
Authors: Thirlway Frances 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSmoking in high‐income countries is now concentrated in poor communities whose relatively high smoking prevalence is explained by greater uptake but above all by lower quit rates. Whilst a number of barriers to smoking cessation have been identified, this is the first paper to situate cessation itself as a classed and cultural practice. Drawing on ethnographic research carried out in a working‐class community in the North of England between 2012 and 2015, I theorise smoking cessation as a symbolic practice in relation to the affective experience of class and social mobility. I show that ambivalence about upward mobility as separation and loss translated into ambivalence about smoking cessation. The reason for this was that the social gradient in smoking operated dynamically at the level of the individual life course, i.e. smoking cessation followed upward mobility. A serious health problem was an appropriate reason to quit but older women continued to smoke despite serious health problems. This was linked to historical gender roles leading to women placing a low priority on their own health as well as the intergenerational reproduction of smoking through close affective links with smoking parents.
Effects of Fermentation on Compositions, Color, and Functional Properties of Gelatinized Potato Flours
Authors: Gong Shengxiang , Xie Fan , Lan Xiaohong , Zhang Wei , Gu Xinzhe , Wang Zhengwu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study investigated effects of fermentation on compositions, color, and functional properties of gelatinized potato flours from Atlantic and Kexin No.1 cultivars. Atlantic flour (AF) and Kexin No.1 flour (KF) were fermented using 1% yeast concentration, respectively. Fermentation further improved the nutritional and physicochemical features of gelatinized potato flours by means of increased protein and ash contents, and decreased the levels of moisture, lipid, soluble amylose, amylopectin, and total starch. The lightness and whiteness of potato flours were enhanced with the increase in fermentation time. There are gradual increases in water absorption index, emulsifying capacity and emulsifying stability of potato flours during fermentation. However, bulk density of them slightly reduced with the increase in fermentation time. In addition, fermentation has no significant effect on freeze–thaw stability of gelatinized potato flours. These results indicate that yeast fermentation could enhance certain processing characteristics of potato flours and improve the applicability of them in food formulations.Practical ApplicationLately, China has started national project regarding the use of potato flour in foods. However, due to dark color and low protein content of potato flours, their application in food formulations was limited. This study analyzed the possible mechanisms by which yeast fermentation improved the nutritional and functional characteristics of Atlantic flour (AF) and Kexin No. 1 flour (KF). From applications standpoint, findings of this study could provide knowledge on the selection of potato flours for various food formulations.
Insulin resistance is associated with urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio in normal weight individuals with hypertension and diabetes: The REACTION study
Authors: Gu Shi , Wang Anping , Ning Guang , Zhang Linxi , Mu Yiming 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe relationship between albuminuria and insulin resistance (IR) has not been clarified in previous studies. This study was conducted to examine whether IR is associated with albuminuria in subjects with diverse blood pressure and glycometabolism statuses.MethodsThis study included 34 136 participants whose data were drawn from a cross‐sectional survey named the 2011 REACTION study. The participants were divided into six groups. The urinary albumin‐creatinine ratio (UACR) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were used as markers of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Variance tests and logistic regression models were performed for homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) in relation to UACR and eGFR.ResultsFirst, UACR levels and HOMA‐IR exhibited a positive correlation among participants (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation existed between GFR and HOMA‐IR (P < 0.05). Second, in the hypertension with diabetes group, in individuals whose body mass index (BMI) was 18.5‐24.0 kg/m2, age was 50‐60 years old, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) was 2.6‐3.4 mmol/L or high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) was 0.9‐1.55 mmol/L, HOMA‐IR was positively associated with UACR (P < 0.05). However, there was a negative correlation between GFR and HOMA‐IR in the hypertension with diabetes group in individuals whose BMI was 18.5‐24.0 kg/m2 or whose age was over 65 years old (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn the context of different blood pressure and glycometabolism statuses, the positive correlation between UACR levels and HOMA‐IR was affected by BMI, age, LDL‐C, HDL‐C, and GFR. In patients with hypertension and diabetes, the early detection and intervention of IR and related risk factors in patients with normal BMI may reduce the occurrence of microalbuminuria and delay the progression of CKD.
The Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network (PSCAN): the first year
Authors: Monte Andrew A. , Hopkinson Andrew , Saben Jessica , Shelton Shelby K. , Thornton Stephen , Schneir Aaron , Pomerleau Adam , Hendrickson Robert G. , Arens Ann M. , Cole Jon B. , Chenoweth James , Martin Spencer , Adams Axel , Banister Samuel D. , Gerona Roy R. 
Published: November 2019

Background and aimsThe Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network (PSCAN) is a national network of academic emergency departments (ED), analytical toxicologists and pharmacologists that collects clinical data paired with biological samples to identify and improve treatments of medical conditions arising from use of new psychoactive substances (NPS). The aim of this study was to gather clinical data with paired drug identification from NPS users who presented to EDs within PSCAN during its first year (2016–17).DesignObservational study involving patient records and biological samples.SettingSeven academic emergency medical centers across the United States.ParticipantsED patients (n = 127) > 8 years of age with possible NPS use who were identified and enrolled in PSCAN by clinical providers or research personnel.MeasurementsClinical signs, symptoms and treatments were abstracted from the patients' health records. Biological samples were collected from leftover urine, serum and whole blood. Biological and drug samples, when available, were tested for drugs and drug metabolites via liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF/MS).FindingsPatients in whom synthetic opioids were detected (n = 9) showed higher rates of intubation (four of nine), impaired mental status (four of nine) and respiratory acidosis (five of nine) compared with the rest of the cohort (nine of 118, P‐value < 0.05). Patients in whom synthetic cannabinoid (SC) were found (n = 27) had lower median diastolic blood pressures (70.5 versus 77 mmHg, P = 0.046) compared with the rest of the cohort. In 64 cases of single drug ingestion, benzodiazepines were administered in 25 cases and considered effective by the treating physician in 21 (84%) cases.ConclusionsDuring its first year of operation, the Psychoactive Surveillance Consortium and Analysis Network captured clinical data on new classes of drugs paired with biological samples over a large geographical area in the United States. Synthetic cannabinoids were the most common new psychoactive drug identified. Synthetic opioids were associated with a high rate of intubation and respiratory acidosis.
Associations of sperm telomere length with semen parameters, clinical outcomes and lifestyle factors in human normozoospermic samples
Authors: Berneau Stephane C. , Shackleton Jennifer , Nevin Clare , Altakroni Basher , Papadopoulos George , Horne Gregory , Brison Daniel R. , Murgatroyd Christopher , Povey Andy C. , Carroll Michael 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundMany studies have demonstrated that lifestyle factors can affect sperm quality and fertility. Sperm telomere length (STL) has been reported as potential biomarker or sperm quality. However, no studies have investigated how lifestyle factors can affect STL and associated clinical outcomes.ObjectivesThe purpose of this manuscript is to investigate any association between STL with lifestyle factors, semen parameters and clinical outcomes.Materials and methodsSperm telomere length was measured using real‐time PCR in normozoospermic male partners (n = 66) of couples undergoing ART treatment. Each participant also completed a detailed questionnaire about general lifestyle. Linear regression univariate analysis and ANCOVA were performed to respectively determine correlations between STL and study parameters or identify statistically significant differences in STL while controlling for age, BMI and other factors.ResultsUsing a linear regression model, STL is positively correlated with in vitro fertilization success (n = 65, r = 0.37, P = .004) but not with embryo cleavage rates and post‐implantation clinical outcomes including gestational age‐adjusted birth weight. No associations were observed between STL and sperm count, concentration or progressive motility. We further found that STL did not associate age, BMI, health or lifestyle factors.DiscussionIn somatic cells, the rate of telomere shortening is influenced by a number of lifestyle factors such as smoking, diet and occupation. However, little is known about how lifestyle factors affect STL and subsequently reproductive outcome. Out data suggest that STL might have an important role mechanistically for fertilization rate regardless of sperm parameters and lifestyle factors.ConclusionThe results of this study demonstrate that STL is associated with in vitro fertilization rates, but not with semen parameters nor lifestyle factors. Further investigations are warranted to identify the potential variation of STL overtime to clarify its significance as a potential biomarker in ART.
Schoolchildren with unilateral or mild to moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss should be screened for neurodevelopmental problems
Authors: Stübner Charlotte , Flynn Traci , Gillberg Christopher , Fernell Elisabeth , Miniscalco Carmela 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimThe aim was to assess the rate and overlap of language and other neurodevelopmental problems in children aged 9‐12 years with unilateral or mild to moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.MethodsCaregivers of 24 of the 58 eligible children, born 2004‐2007, registered at the regional audiology department in Gothenburg, Sweden, with these types of hearing loss completed the Five‐to‐Fifteen questionnaire, a comprehensive screening instrument for neurodevelopmental problems. Of these 24 children, 21 were assessed with the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals—Fourth Edition (CELF‐4). Children with scores indicating definite problem on the Five‐to‐Fifteen questionnaire and their parents were invited to a clinical neuropaediatric assessment.ResultsOf the 24 children, 13 (54%) screened positive for definite neurodevelopmental problems. Clinical assessments confirmed the presence of at least one neurodevelopmental disorder in eight of these 24, corresponding to 33%. Seven (33%) of the 21 children participating in the CELF‐4 had scores indicating a language disorder, of whom four children had a neurodevelopmental disorder according to the neuropaediatric assessment.ConclusionThe results support that schoolchildren with unilateral or mild to moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss should undergo neurodevelopmental screening to identify possible coexisting neurodevelopmental problems or disorders.
Model‐based approach for methoxy polyethylene glycol‐epoetin beta drug development in paediatric patients with anaemia of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Chanu Pascal , Schaefer Franz , Warady Bradley A. , Schmitt Claus Peter , Reigner Bruno , Schnetzler Gabriel , Meyer Reigner Sylvie , Eisner Mark , Weichert Arlette , Frey Nicolas 
Published: November 2019

AimsMethoxy polyethylene glycol‐epoetin beta (continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, C.E.R.A.) is used for the treatment of anaemia in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Patients treated with shorter‐acting erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents up to three times weekly can be switched to once‐monthly C.E.R.A.. Doses can be adjusted on a monthly basis based on haemoglobin (Hb) levels during the preceding period. A model‐based approach was applied to optimise C.E.R.A. development, more specifically the confirmatory trial of the paediatric plan.MethodsPharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data from a phase II paediatric study and phase II and III adult studies were analysed together using modelling and simulation to determine the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic characteristics of C.E.R.A. in a broad population. Model‐based simulations of C.E.R.A. treatment outcomes in paediatric patients were performed, notably when administered subcutaneously and compared to clinical and real‐world data.ResultsAge and body weight explained differences in pharmacokinetics, while the pharmacodynamic characteristics of C.E.R.A. were similar between adult and paediatric populations. Simulated Hb levels (mean and 95% prediction interval 10.9 [10.6, 11.2] g dL−1) and C.E.R.A. doses (median and 95% prediction interval 105 [72, 159] μg) 20 weeks after switching to subcutaneous C.E.R.A. were confirmed by observed real‐world data from International Pediatric Dialysis Network registries (mean Hb was 10.8 g dL−1 and median C.E.R.A. dose was 100 μg).ConclusionsThese analyses have facilitated optimisation of the C.E.R.A. development programme in paediatric patients with anaemia of CKD to provide this patient population with faster access to the drug while avoiding unnecessary clinical trial exposure and related monitoring burden in children.
A moral argument for frozen human embryo adoption
Authors: Lovering Rob 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSome people (e.g., Drs. Paul and Susan Lim) and, with them, organizations (e.g., the National Embryo Donation Center) believe that, morally speaking, the death of a frozen human embryo is a very bad thing. With such people and organizations in mind, the question to be addressed here is as follows: if one believes that the death of a frozen embryo is a very bad thing, ought, morally speaking, one prevent the death of at least one frozen embryo via embryo adoption? By way of a three‐premise argument, one of which is a moral principle first introduced by Peter Singer, my answer to this question is: at least some of those who believe this ought to. (Just who the “some” are is identified in the paper.) If this is correct, then, for said people, preventing the death of a frozen embryo via embryo adoption is not a morally neutral matter; it is, instead, a morally laden one. Specifically, their intentional refusal to prevent the death of a frozen embryo via embryo adoption is, at a minimum, morally criticizable and, arguably, morally forbidden. Either way, it is, to one extent or another, a moral failing.
Butyrate protects against high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis via up‐regulating ABCA1 expression in apolipoprotein E‐deficiency mice
Authors: Du Yu , Li Xingxing , Su Chunyan , Xi Mei , Zhang Xiumin , Jiang Zhibo , Wang Li , Hong Bin 
Published: November 2019

Background and PurposeThe gut microbial metabolite butyrate is linked to the modulation of metabolic disease. The mechanism by which butyrate effects in atherosclerosis is unknown. Hence, the present investigation into effects of butyrate on high‐fat diet‐fed ApoE−/− mice after 16 weeks' administration.Experimental ApproachGut microbiota composition was analysed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing of caecal contents. The effects of butyrate on atherosclerosis were evaluated in vivo using the ApoE−/− mice model. Serum lipids and glucose were analysed for physiological changes and differentially expressed genes in liver samples were identified by hepatic transcriptome profiling. The proteins involved in reverse cholesterol transport were quantified by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. Finally, the up‐regulatory effects of butyrate on ATP‐binding cassette sub‐family A member 1 (ABCA1) were further evaluated in RAW 264.7 cells along with role of specificity protein 1 by inhibition and silencing.Key ResultsOral gavage of butyrate altered microbiota composition and enhanced gut microbial diversity that was decreased by high fat diet (HFD). Butyrate treatment significantly inhibited the HFD‐induced atherosclerosis as well as hepatic steatosis without changing body weight gain in ApoE−/− mice. Butyrate had metabolic effects on the liver by regulation of gene expression involved in lipid/glucose metabolism. Furthermore, ABCA1 was significantly induced by butyrate in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro and Sp1 pathway was identified as a potential mechanism.Conclusion and ImplicationsButyrate ameliorates HFD‐induced atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice via ABCA1‐mediated cholesterol efflux in macrophages, which suggesting a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting against atherosclerosis.
Child cash benefits and family expenditures: Evidence from the National Child Benefit
Authors: Jones Lauren E. , Milligan Kevin , Stabile Mark 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIncome may improve child outcomes through two mechanisms: as a direct input into health and education, or indirectly, by reducing household financial stress. We exploit policy‐induced changes in refundable tax benefit income in Canada to study these two potential mechanisms. Our findings suggest that additional income may improve outcomes through both mechanisms: some benefit income is spent on direct education inputs, while some is spent on everyday items likely to improve the general conditions children face. Additionally, some families reduce spending on risky behaviour items. Spending responses to benefit generosity appear to vary by income and by child age.
Contesting cannabis: Indigenous jurisdiction and legalization
Authors: Crosby Andrew 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the early days of cannabis legalization, certain Indigenous communities and businesses are asserting jurisdictional authority and refuse to acknowledge federal and provincial sovereignty on their territories. This has led, in some cases, to police intervention. This article examines jurisdictional contestations on Indigenous lands in relation to cannabis legalization, providing insight on the responses of government and law enforcement. The Canadian approach may have lasting implications for reconciliation and Indigenous relations beyond the cannabis field.
Effects of postexercise cooling on heart rate recovery in normotensive and hypertensive men
Authors: Peçanha Tiago , Low David , de Brito Leandro Campos , Fecchio Rafael Yokoyama , de Sousa Patrícia Nascimento , da Silva‐Júnior Natan Daniel , de Abreu Andrea Pio , da Silva Giovanio Vieira , Mion‐Junior Décio , Forjaz Cláudia Lúcia de Moraes 
Published: November 2019

SummaryBackgroundPostexercise heart rate recovery (HRR) is determined by cardiac autonomic restoration after exercise and is reduced in hypertension. Postexercise cooling accelerates HRR in healthy subjects, but its effects in a population with cardiac autonomic dysfunction, such as hypertensives (HT), may be blunted. This study assessed and compared the effects of postexercise cooling on HRR and cardiac autonomic regulation in HT and normotensive (NT) subjects.MethodsTwenty‐three never‐treated HT (43 ± 8 years) and 25 NT (45 ± 8 years) men randomly underwent two exercise sessions (30 min of cycling at 70% VO2peak) followed by 15 min of recovery. In one randomly allocated session, a fan was turned on in front of the subject during the recovery (cooling), while in the other session, no cooling was performed (control). HRR was assessed by heart rate reductions after 60 s (HRR60s) and 300 s (HRR300s) of recovery, short‐term time constant of HRR (T30) and the time constant of the HRR after exponential fitting (HRRτ). HRV was assessed using time‐ and frequency‐domain indices.ResultsHRR and HRV responses in the cooling and control sessions were similar between the HT and NT. Thus, in both groups, postexercise cooling equally accelerated HRR (HRR300s = 39±12 versus 36 ± 10 bpm, P≤0·05) and increased postexercise HRV (lnRMSSD = 1·8 ± 0·7 versus 1·6 ± 0·7 ms, P≤0·05).ConclusionDifferently from the hypothesis, postexercise cooling produced similar improvements in HRR in HT and NT men, likely by an acceleration of cardiac parasympathetic reactivation and sympathetic withdrawal. These results suggest that postexercise cooling equally accelerates HRR in hypertensive and normotensive subjects.