bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crustacean zooplankton communities, mixotrophic cililates, and optical properties in North Patagonian lakes, investigated by remote sensing
Authors: De los Ríos-Escalante Patricio , Woelfl Stefan , Acevedo Patricio , Castro Manuel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
North Patagonian lakes are characterized by their oligotrophic or oligo-mesotrophic status. These conditions bring with them, respectively, the presence of abundant mixotrophic ciliates and a low species number of crustacean zooplankton under oligotrophic status, and low numbers of mixotrophic ciliates and a high species number of zooplankton under oligo-mesotrophic status. The aims of the present study are, (1) to use remote sensing techniques for determining abundances of mixotrophic ciliates and crustacean zooplankton, and (2) to characterize these mixotrophic and zooplankton communities by using null models. The sensing was accomplished from a satellite, i.e., by measuring the reflectance of the sunlight on a waterbody, which result will vary according to the contents of the water column. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that sites with low reflectance of all bands have a high abundance of Stentor accompanied by low zooplankton absolute abundance, whereas a markedly opposite situation was observed under high reflectance, where Stentor has low abundance in conjunction with high zooplankton absolute abundances. The null models revealed that the communities in the studied sites do not have structured species associations, and that there is an overlap of niches. These results obtained agree with similar observations for Argentinean Patagonian lakes.
Plasticity in shell selection behaviour by the endemic hermit crab Diogenes alias (Anomura, Diogenidae) from the northeastern Arabian Sea, India
Authors: Nirmal T. , Nuzaiba P. M. , Da Silva Alexandre R. , Kumar A. Pavan , Kumar A. Biju , Sreekanth G. B. , Chakraborty S. K. , Nayak B. B. , Jaiswar A. K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Selection of gastropod shells as shelter by hermit crabs in controlled experiments would provide useful information on the utility of these shells in nature. In this study, shell size and species preferences of Diogenes alias from the northeastern Arabian Sea were quantified by free choice experiments. Males of D. alias, prefer Indothais lacera and Tibia curta, when choice was given; no differences were found for other demographic groups. All hermit crabs occupied larger shells than the shells they occupied in nature. The best correlation was observed between internal volume, weight, and aperture width of the shell with the size of the hermit crab. This pattern has also been reported for other species (i.e., Clibanarius albidigitus, Calcinus tibicen, and C. obscurus). Furthermore, the present study highlights the importance of optimal resources in a scarce environment.
Banknote Counterfeiting Phenomenon in Poland
Authors: Lewandowski Remigiusz 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents the phenomenon of banknote counterfeiting in Poland and a selection of methods used against this type of crime. It shows that the number of counterfeit banknotes in Poland is much lower than in the eurozone countries. Moreover, a share of counterfeit Polish zloty banknotes significantly dropped in 2011 to the level of 7.6 ppm and between 2015–2018 to the level of 2.6–2.7 ppm. This decline can be associated with increased law enforcement (elimination of a large criminal group of counterfeiters in 2001) and the Polish zloty banknotes upgrade in 2014 and 2016, which introduced a set of new security features further discussed in this paper. This leads to the conclusion that regular currency modernization, introducing new security features as well as law enforcement activities are an effective anti-counterfeit method.
The French Church of Maastricht
Authors: Léonard Julien 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The French Reformed church of Maastricht, founded in 1632 following the Dutch takeover of the city, was a geographically isolated institution within the Dutch Republic. This isolation was reinforced by the city’s unique status, which allowed the public exercise of Catholicism. Within this context, and situated next to the hostile Principality of Liège, the French church had to develop survival strategies and establish relations not only with the States-General and the Walloon synod, but also with the urban authorities and the Dutch Reformed church, in order to withstand the influence of Catholicism. Yet even though Maastricht was on the confessional and military front line—a place of passage for merchants, refugees, and Catholic clergymen—the French Protestant community survived the French occupation of 1673–1678 and managed to absorb the massive influx of Huguenot refugees from 1686 onwards.
The causative stem in Soqotri
Authors: Bulakh M. , Kogan L. , Issa A. , Gumaan I. , Mohammed M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Soqotri is an understudied Semitic language belonging to the Modern South Arabian branch and spoken by the approximately 100,000 inhabitants of the island of Soqotra. The present contribution offers an exhaustive description of the so-called causative stem in Soqotri (a cognate of the Arabic stem IV) based on the analysis of the data in the two recently published volumes of the Soqotri oral literature as well as the fieldwork notes of the authors.
Broken plurals and (mis)matching of ɸ-features in Tunisian Arabic
Authors: Dali Myriam , Mathieu Eric 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to explain an unusual agreement pattern that arises between Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and their targets. For example, a verb may agree with a plural subject in all ɸ-features or, rather oddly, in singular/feminine, even when the subject (the controller) is masculine plural. Developing an idea first briefly sketched—but ultimately not adopted—by Zabbal (2002), we argue that broken plurals are hybrid nouns. Hybrid nouns have been the topic of much recent research (Corbett, 2000, 2015; den Dikken, 2001; Wechsler and Zlatić, 2003; Danon, 2011, 2013; Matushansky, 2013; Landau, 2015; Smith, 2015): either their syntactic or semantic features can be the target of agreement, creating the possibility of an agreement mismatch. Using Harbour’s (2011, 2014) theory of number, coupled with some innovations, we provide the featural make-up of Tunisian Arabic broken plurals and contrast it with that of collectives, on the one hand, and sound plurals, on the other. We propose that the feminine agreement seen with broken plurals is associated with a [+ group] feature, one that is exponed as -a. In the course of the discussion, we will argue that all gender features are visible at LF (Hammerly, 2018) and that semantic agreement is routinely possible with nouns that are low on the Animacy Hierarchy.
Repenser l’ expression de la référence temporelle en chinois mandarin
Authors: SUN Juan , GRISOT Cristina 
Published: November 2020

Résumé
En adoptant, de manière originale, une approche inter-linguistique de la référence temporelle en chinois mandarin, cette étude vise à mener une investigation globale et exhaustive des différents moyens linguistiques et non-linguistiques par lesquels le mandarin exprime, en l’ absence de tout marquage morphologique de temps, la référence temporelle d’ une situation, ainsi que leurs riches interactions. Nous prenons part au débat récent entre l’ approche tensée (centrée sur les langues indo-européennes) et l’ approche non-tensée (centrée sur les différences typologiques du mandarin) de la référence temporelle en mandarin, et nous donnons des arguments théoriques et empiriques en faveur de la dernière.
Seeking Accountability, Legitimacy, and Transparency: Congressional Intervention in the Philippines’ South China Sea Policy
Authors: Medillo Robert Joseph 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Why and how did the Philippine Congress intervene in the policies of Arroyo (hedging), Aquino III (balancing), and Duterte (appeasement) on the South China Sea disputes? In particular, why and how did the Philippine Congress challenge each president’s attempt to forge either cooperation or confrontation towards China? Guided by the domestic politics – foreign policy nexus, this article explores the dynamic role of the Philippine Congress in the country’s foreign policy process. It combines comparative case-study and content analysis methods to examine relevant congressional records, government documents, public speeches, and news reports. This article finds that the impetus behind Congress’ intervention was to seek accountability, legitimacy, and transparency via registering a bill or passing a law, filing legislative resolutions, holding congressional hearings, calling for impeachment proceedings, delivering privilege speeches, and issuing press releases. This article offers its empirical and theoretical contributions to broaden current understanding of the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy.
Duterte’s Foreign Policy Pivot and Its Impact on Philippine Trade and Investments: An International Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Balboa Jenny D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since the Philippines elected President Rodrigo Duterte in 2016, the country’s foreign policy seems to have become more uncertain. President Duterte’s mercurial personality and antagonistic tirades against the country’s traditional Western allies, including the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), and his statements of building closer ties with China and Russia, had changed the political and diplomatic tone of the Philippines overall. Certainly, the political relationship between the Philippines and the West has been changed by Duterte’s strong remarks against the US and EU. Has this change spilled over to the economy? The paper presents an international political economy framework in examining the impact of Duterte’s foreign policy pivot to the country’s foreign economic relations, focusing on trade and investment. The paper argues that Duterte’s foreign policy shift is mainly shaped by Duterte’s “politics of survival”. Not firmly anchored in any idea, norms, or interest that can clearly benefit the country, Duterte is unable to provide coherent guidance and leadership on the foreign policy pivot, particularly on the economy. Duterte’s lack of guidance provided the technocrats with the policy space to continue the policies from the previous administration and not to divert radically from previous economic policies. The stability of the economic institutions provided a refuge in the period of uncertainty. As a result, the foreign economic relations of the Philippines has not radically shifted. The trade and investment situation of the Philippines remained stable, and economic relations with traditional partners are maintained.
Greening Surabaya: The City’s Role in Shaping Environmental Diplomacy
Authors: Wardhani Baiq , Dugis Vinsensio 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the last decade, Surabaya city has reinvented itself through a rapid greening development concept. The emergence of cities in diplomacy represents the multi-centric world rather than state-centric world in post-Westphalian diplomacy. By using Surabaya as a case study and examining how it overcomes environmental challenges, we will show how a city can play a crucial role in the realization of responsible development. We will focus on the mayor’s efforts to decentralize Surabaya by making the city’s diplomacy down-to-earth and people-oriented, especially in environmental-related issues. This overturns the idea that diplomacy is the reserve of diplomats and political elites, with little connection to the welfare of the people, especially those at the grassroots level. This article suggests that Surabaya, as a secondary city, has been successful in creating green living spaces and achieving sdg targets through active environmental diplomacy via multilateral engagement, bilateral partnership, and local community involvement.
Between Reason and Typology: Strategies for Evangelising China in the Writings of Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) & Michele Ruggieri (1543–1607)
Authors: Canaris Daniel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The accommodation of Confucianism articulated by Matteo Ricci (1552–1610) reflected a Neoscholastic approach in which rational agreement was the primary hinge of interreligious engagement. Ricci’s rationalism, however, was somewhat atypical among Jesuits of the late sixteenth century who often made overtures towards typology to explain the cultural and religious phenomena encountered in their missionary activities in East Asia and the New World. This article focuses on the writings of two Jesuits, the encyclopedist Antonio Possevino (1533–1611) and the China missionary Michele Ruggieri (1533–1611), who collaborated on the first European-language publication to include an extract of the Confucian corpus. It examines how Possevino adapts the manuscripts on China that Ruggieri provided him while in Rome in the early 1590s, and the tensions between the scholastic approach to evangelisation proposed in earlier chapters of the Bibliotheca selecta and the more extravagant typological strategies articulated in Ruggieri’s original manuscripts.
Who’s on the Syllabus?
Authors: Rutherford Markella , Levitt Peggy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article examines changes in the teaching of modern and contemporary literature in the United States. As university students become more socioeconomically and ethnically diverse, and as universities claim to be offering a more global curriculum, what are students really learning? What kinds of non-Western modern and contemporary writers find their way into the classroom? To answer these questions, we examine how much The Norton Anthology of World Literature, The Longman Anthology of World Literature, and The Bedford Anthology of World Literature have changed over time with respect to their content and presentation. We then use a unique database of course syllabi to analyze the extent to which the non-Western authors included in these anthologies find their way more broadly into university classrooms. Getting included in anthologies, texts, and course syllabi is extremely powerful. It determines the parameters of the pedagogical canon – a shared common ground that generations of students will learn and continue to reference collectively throughout their lifetimes.
Modern New Confucianism and the Challenges of Chinese Modernity: Intercultural Dialogues in Chinese Philosophy
Authors: Rošker Jana S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the last decades of the previous century, the rebirth and the modernization of classical Confucianism gained increasing relevance. These tendencies have manifested themselves in a clearest and most influential way in the current of Modern New Confucianism. The representatives of this stream of thought aimed to elaborate upon a new ethical model of specifically Chinese modernity based upon traditional values that could in a renewed form meet the requirements of the new era. They aimed to preserve Chinese cultural identity while at the same time making their own original contributions to the development of a philosophical and theoretical dialogue between Euro-American and Chinese cultures. In this context, it is important to ask the question whether a model of modernization that is rooted in traditional Confucianism is truly capable of generating a non-individualistic version of modernity. Following this supposition, and focusing upon the works of the so-called “Second Generation” of Modern New Confucianism, this article aims to demonstrate that the alleged relation between modernity and individualism, which was almost exclusively seen as self-evident and undeniable by the Western modernization theories, is actually a result of Western historical paradigms.
Exemplary Paternalism: A Consideration of Confucian Models of Moral Oversight
Authors: Flavel Sarah , Hall Brad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article we examine Classical Confucian political thinking through the lens of paternalism. We situate Confucianism amid contemporary models of paternalism to show that Confucianism can be understood as a soft form of paternalism regarding its method. Confucianism stresses cultivation of the people by moral exemplars to guide the people to act in ways that are in their own best interests. This is in contrast to use of law and punishment as a deterrent of unwanted behaviours of the people. We demonstrate that Confucian paternalism does not advocate for a static top-down structure of governance that is incapable of reform, underscoring its non-authoritarian ideal. We do this by stressing the vital upward momentum constituted in general cultivation of the wider population utilizing li (rituals). The picture that emerges from an examination of Confucian political thought through the lens of paternalism is what we name “exemplary paternalism.”
Pluralism, Confucianism, and Democracy
Authors: Li Zhuoyao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper aims to connect the issues of pluralism, Confucianism, and democracy in East Asia. Through engaging with empirical evidence, I will argue that although Confucianism still has a strong yet shallow moral and cultural hold on East Asian societies, it no longer has dominance over how citizens in East Asian societies envision their political future. Then, I will examine the idea of pluralism and argue that neither the Confucian classicists nor the liberal-minded Confucian political theorists take pluralism truly seriously, because both sides ultimately adopt the same internal view of pluralism that contains and addresses pluralism from within Confucianism. In contrast, an external view of pluralism is needed to treat Confucianism as one of many comprehensive doctrines coexisting with one another in East Asia. Finally, I will conclude by proposing a two-track strategy that takes advantage of two distinct approaches toward a better understanding of pluralism, Confucianism, and democracy.
Meritocracy, Heredity and Worthies in Early Daoism
Authors: Fech Andrej 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study explores the principles of meritocracy and heredity as formulated in the three works of early Daoist philosophy, the Laozi, Zhuangzi and Wenzi. Because Daoist philosophy emerged in critical response to the Confucian worldview, this investigation is placed against the backdrop of pertinent Confucian propositions. To this end, the study begins with a review of Confucian positions on the issue of meritocracy and heredity as expressed in the main transmitted works, as well as newly excavated texts that can be associated with this intellectual tradition. The paper concludes that, while indeed rejecting the Confucian understanding of meritocracy, Daoist texts operated with their own concepts on human excellency. Moreover, the opposition between meritocracy and heredity characteristic of some Confucian works appears less pronounced in early Daoist philosophy.
“The Lapsed Abode of Unbelief”. The Takfīr Pendulum in Ǧihādī-Salafī Thought, Between the Caliphate and its West African Province
Authors: Iocchi Alessio , Brigaglia Andrea 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper reconstructs, in a parallel way, the continuous oscillations occurred in the interpretation of the notion of takfīr (excommunication), respectively in Abū Bakr al-Baġdādī’s Islamic State and in its West African province (the latter being in turn an offshoot of the Nigerian group known as “Boko Haram”). The paper combines an analysis of theological discourses as emerging from primary sources, with a sociological reading of the processes of jihadist mobilization. It argues that the continuous oscillations between more and less stringent interpretations of the same theological doctrine, similarly observable in the center and the periphery of the Caliphate, are the result of multiple discursive and strategic imperatives pulling the Ǧihādī-Salafī leadership towards contrasting directions. The “lapsed abode of unbelief” – a notion originally devised by a section of the Caliphate’s scholarly leadership in order to halt the oscillation of the takfīr pendulum – was unable to create an ideological consensus in the global Ǧihādī-Salafī community, showing the degree to which the latter has come to be enmeshed in a complex entanglement between its discursive and strategic needs.
Cultivating a Self-Centered Sociality?
Authors: ZIZEK Boris 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present study uses texting interactions from different digital contexts to reconstruct the structural features of everyday digital interaction between young people in order to examine the socializing tendencies of growing up in the digital age. Secondly, it will be reflected which of these characteristics is cultivated by the structure of the digital communication platforms, that is, stimulated and encouraged by the architecture of the platforms. Third, in order to further differentiate this question, it is considered in a cultural-historical perspective which technically cultured structures of interaction build on and promote long-lasting cultural tendencies. Finally, all three focuses on the impact of these interaction structures and tendencies on the experience, attitude and development of adolescents.
Chinese and English Reviews of a Story about Teenagers’ Struggles
Authors: TAN Shenglan , HE Haiqing , JIANG Liu , ZHAO Xu , SELMAN Robert L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wonder, a fictional story told both in print (2/2012) and movie (11/2017) formats, depicts a middle-school student, Auggie, who struggles with social exclusion and being the target of school based relational bullying due to his genetically based facial deformity. Internationally popular, abundant everyday reviews by non-professional commenter are easily accessible on-line, e.g., on Douban (Chinese) and Common-Sense Media (English). Access to these comments enables the investigation of what perspectives (knowledge and understanding, beliefs and opinions, etc.) reviewers draw upon in sharing their thoughts about the protagonist’s struggles. In this study we undertook two analyses. In analysis 1, we asked, how do Chinese -/English -speaking reviewers comment on Auggie’s struggles to be accepted by his peers at school, both the causes of his social problem and the ways Auggie dealt (or might deal) with his situation. In analysis 2, we explored comments that reviewers made about Auggie’s only sibling, his elder sister, Via, a first-year high school students who, in the story, struggles to find a balance between meeting her own need for her parents’ love and attention, and fulfilling her familial role and obligations, given Auggie’s special needs.
Based on data from open-source “every day” books/movies review websites, we compared, culturally, the perspectives on the story expressed by Chinese and English commenters through emic (both thematic and discursive) exploratory analyses. Analysis 1 suggests that comparatively, Chinese-speaking reviewers tend to more often focus on the value of solving the problem, and in doing so, articulating the corresponding ways a victim of bullying or neglect can be or become both strong and interdependent, whereas English-speaking reviewers more often tend to emphasize exploring and understanding the causes of the relational problems and tend to suggest independence-oriented ways of solving the social problem by changing the actions of others. Analysis 2 suggests differences across Chinese- and English-speaking reviewers in perceptions of and judgements about the fundamental “culture based” determinants and ways for Via to deal with her relational struggle within the family.