bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsurface Drilling Waste Injection: Challenges, Recent Advances and Cases Studies
Authors: Benelkadi Said , Bianco Eduardo Vasquez , Burton Philip , Motta Marcelo Dourado 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDrilling waste generated during development of oil and gas offshore and onshore fields are required to be disposed of in a responsible and environmentally friendly manner. The remoteness of such environments, coupled with the ever-tightening environmental regulations and then green operation initiatives of operators, can create significant economical, logistical and regulatory challenges. The subsurface drilling cuttings reinjection becomes the preferred option allowing oil and gas operators to achieve zero discharge which can meet the most stringent environmental standards.To prevent all possible injection issues that were experienced earlier in the industry globally (early 1990's), a novel "design, execute, evaluate approach was introduced, this enables us to deliver reliable, single sourced start to finish solutionsSubsurface drilling waste injection has been and continues to be used on several offshore projects where many millions of barrels of waste have been injected in a single well. This has been achieved through the engineering approach "design, execute, evaluate". The design study assesses the subsurface strata and identifies suitable injection zones, with a focus on waste containment assurance. The execution and evaluation phase begins with an initial injectivity test to calibrate all the reinjection modelling completed so far, we then implement real time injections surveillance including advanced pressure analysis as a risk control tool. The key focus is to analyze, identify, and recommend necessary adjustments during injections to prevent injection failure.The studied cases have been operated successfully since their start to date. No injectivity issues have been experienced during drilling waste fluids injections. Several on-time interventions have been made to proactively prevent the well becoming plugged and maintaining surface injection pressures within normal ranges.Recent advances of Real-time data streaming have made big step change improvement in the data delivery process, monitoring pressure analysis. It creates a direct link between the wellsite and worldwide multidisciplinary technical expertise and provides visualization capability at anytime and anywhere to all personnel involved in the project.This step change in monitoring drilling cuttings reinjection operations provides truly "Acquisition to Answer" integrated solution, mitigates the injection risks and enhances the intrinsic value of drilling cuttings reinjection on offshore development projects.This paper shares the experience and the success of subsurface drilling cuttings reinjection where wastes are injected for final and responsible disposal. The offshore field cases are presented to illustrate the value of the recent technological advances along with best practice guidelines and recommendations for safe and economical disposal of drilling waste fluids to achieve true zero discharge results.
The Importance of Dielectric Properties for the Optimization of Microwave Drying Systems in the Treatment of Drill Cuttings
Authors: Mota Ana Carolina Silva , Barbosa Vinícius Pimenta , Friaça Fernando Garcia , Pereira Marina Seixas , Ataíde Carlos Henrique 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With the increasing severity of environmental legislation, the disposal of drill cuttings has become a critical issue. Once the solids control system reaches contaminant contents close to the established limit value, alternative treatment technologies have been studied, such as microwave drying. In this scope, dielectric properties of two distinct cuttings, one obtained from clay formations and the other from reservoir, were measured in different conditions. It could be inferred from the results that the cuttings are absorbent materials and the loss tangent is directly proportional to their contaminant content. Additionally, a predictive kinetic model previously designed for clay cuttings was tested for reservoir cuttings, showing that the model is also aplicable in the analysis of the drying behavior of reservoir cuttings for low values of applied power. It was concluded that the insertion of dielectric parameters into the kinetic models enabled not only yield prediction, but also provided a better understanding of how the selected materials behave under different microwave process conditions, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It is important to highlight that this knowledge on microwave drying is fundamental not only to the optimization and control of the process, but also to the development of new technologies that make use of specific characteristics of the phenomena.
Slug Flow Root Cause Analysis: A Data-Driven Approach
Authors: Sandnes Anders T. , Uglane Vidar , Grimstad Bjarne 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We present a data-driven root cause analysis of slug flow in a subsea field. The asset experienced severe slugging in a riser, which limited production throughput. The results were used in combination with simulator studies and engineering experience to create a better understanding of the underlying root cause for slugging.
A selection of signals was investigated as possible drivers behind slug severity. Focus was put on well-specific signals such as pressures, temperatures and flow rates, in addition to total flow rates, pipeline pressures and temperatures, and settings on the topside facility. Total liquid rate, especially the water component, is isolated as an important driver for slugging, while ruling out other signals believed to be important before the analysis, such as production from individual wells. The results were aligned with the field engineers’ experience. Actions were implemented to reduce water production, and this led to reduced slugging. Close collaboration between data scientists and field engineers was essential to guide the search towards actionable evidence.
The novelty of this approach lies in utilizing machine learning techniques to model and analyze historical production data in order to find drivers behind events such as slug flow. This makes it easier for field engineers to leverage all available information to optimize production.
Application of a Transient Near-Wellbore / Reservoir Simulator for Complex Completions Design
Authors: Satti Rajani P. , Gilliat Jim , Bale Derek S. , Hillis Parry , Myers Bill , Harper Jason 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Well completion operations in perforating, sand-control, stimulation, and flow management are often transient in nature, thereby making it a challenge to understand the complex physical processes that affect a safe deployment or a robust optimization of completion hardware. Historically, steady-state methods have been used to predict dynamic completion events. These methods can lead to inaccurate analysis and add risk to the decision-making process. An integrated, transient simulation approach is therefore required to model, predict, optimize and most importantly ensure a safe completion operation.
In this work, we present the application of fully transient, multi-phase flow simulation software that simulates dynamic downhole completion scenarios. The computational framework of the software incorporates a coupled wellbore-perforation-reservoir model, with differentiating algorithms for shock-capturing hydrodynamic solvers, robust thermodynamic closure, advanced fluid dynamics and more importantly, significantly faster turnaround simulation times to enable quick pre-job modeling iterations. The software has been extensively used for designing and optimizing perforating jobs, but recently, the applicability of the software has been demonstrated for transient completion scenarios beyond perforating.
Several application examples are presented in this study, whereby the computational software has been successfully used to predict and drive critical decisions relating to either novel completion technologies or safe deployment of completion systems. Case histories pertaining to dropped tools, downhole valves (effects of water hammer/shut-in), next-generation completion systems (fully conformable sand management systems), and safety investigation of post-perforating, completion practices, and propellant-assisted stimulation systems are comprehensively discussed in this paper. Results and data analysis including modeled pressure surge, loading on downhole equipment, transient fluid physics, history-matching and most importantly, the insight into dynamic interaction between the wellbore and formation are presented in this study. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of a transient, fully coupled simulator to predict dynamic completion scenarios as well as ensure flawless execution of next-generation completion systems. This robust simulation platform, when integrated with production calculations, also provides the scope to better predict and maximize productivity.
Dry Sea State Monitoring for More Efficient Marine Operations
Authors: Vinther Morten Loell 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Marine Operations such as pipe laying, subsea installations, heavy lifting operations, work-over operations, crane operations are extremely sensitive to metocean conditions. Wind, wave and currents from different directions and long period wave motion can cause adverse vessel response which may impair operations. Thus, without systematic sea state monitoring, marine operations sensitive to wind, wave height, wave period and vessel motion can be subject to delays, cost overruns, safety issues, and asset damage. Precise knowledge of the sea state during such operations is an essential requirement which has become more critical as offshore activities have moved into ever greater water depths, and into hostile frontier areas. This calls for a reliable and accurate on-board system for continuous, real-time wave and motion monitoring and recording.
Performance Evaluation of Wireline-Retrievable Downhole Chemical Injection System Used in HPHT Wells
Authors: He Peter , Zhao Lei , Bello Oladele 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Downhole chemical injection (DHCI) systems provide precise wellbore production chemical management by pumping down chemicals via dedicated injection lines. Worldwide installation of DHCI systems has steadily increased as a large proportion of high-pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) wells are continuously drilled and completed in deepwater and ultra-deepwater fields. Ultra-low variable rate application in HPHT wells can help to control deposition of scales and enhance injection efficiency, which can lead to improved environmental protection, lower operating costs, high equipment reliability, and improved topside space usage.
One of the most common failures in DHCI systems is the breakdown of check valves. This issue is significant. Stringent requirements exist for a continuous injection rate above a certain cracking pressure, preventing flow from the injection line to the wellbore at shut-in conditions and creating a zero-leak seal that prevents reverse flow from the wellbore to the injection line. To meet these requirements, a so-called "check valve" design is generally used, in which a pressure differential valve is put in series with a check valve. The pressure differential valve sets the cracking pressure and shut-in pressure of the system while the check valve prevents reverse flow from the wellbore.
This paper is part of a series effort for developing chemical injection solutions for HPHT wells. Previous work summarizes development and qualification of a pressure differential valve at higher flow rates, while this paper presents qualification tests conducted to assess the performance of the pressure differential valve and check valve as a system for HPHT applications under extreme low flow rates. The qualification tests include initial material selection based on a sophisticated gas test, a liquid flow endurance test and a post inspection, followed by a second-round test. Test results indicate that a bubble-tight check valve can be qualified to 0.0016 gpm to 0.047gpm with a pressure rating greater than 10,000 psi and 350° F. The pressure differential valve and check valve can be used in different applications other than DHCI systems.
Evaluation of right heart function in heart failure patients using strain imaging and three-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Hamdy Amal M , Mohamed Layla A , Agiba Nadia A , Youssof Gehan E 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Right heart function is an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular diseases having left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction.

Aim
Assessment of right ventricular (RV) and right atrial (RA) functions in heart failure patients using strain imaging and three-dimensional echocardiography.

Patients and methods
This study included 60 patients (group I) having LV systolic dysfunction with LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 40% in addition to 20 healthy participants (group II) as a control group. LV measures included 2D and 3D-LV ejection fraction, LV-Tei index, and 2D and 3D-LV global longitudinal strain. RV measures included RV dimensions, RV fractional area change, RV-Tei index, 2D-RV global longitudinal strain, 3D-RV ejection fraction, 3D-average longitudinal strain for both interventricular septum, and RV free wall (3D-RVLS-sept and 3D-RVLS-FW, respectively). RA measures included RA dimensions, RA passive, active and total emptying volumes and fractions, peak RA longitudinal, and contractile strain. Parameters of LV, RV, and RA functions were compared between groups I and II.

Results
RV and RA dimensions and volumes, and LV-Tei and RV-Tei indexes were significantly higher in group I compared with group II. All other parameters of LV, RV, and RA function except RA-active emptying volumes were significantly lower in group I compared with group II. Cutoff values for parameters of RV and RA function showed good sensitivity and specificity to discriminate group I from group II. Cutoff points were 19.9% for 2D-RV global longitudinal strain, 46.4% for 3D-RV ejection fraction, 11.7% for 3D-RVLS-sept, 18.6% for 3D-RVLS-FW, 29.2% for peak RA longitudinal, and 17.1% for peak RA contractile strain. Sensitivity ranged from 78.3 to 96.7% and specificity ranged from 85 to 100% with a P value of less than 0.001.

Conclusion
RV and RA functions are impaired in heart failure patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Both 3D and strain imaging are good echo modalities in the evaluation of right heart function.
Effect of fentanyl, dexmedetomidine, and esmolol on pressor response during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Abdalla Mofeed 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Laparoscopic surgery has many beneficial effects but the creation of pneumoperitoneum (PNP) may be associated with significant hemodynamic changes.

Aim of the work
Primary outcome: to compare opioids and nonopioids in controlling pressor response during laparoscopy. Secondary outcome: to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine (Dex) and esmolol in the same situation.

Patients and methods
Ninety patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly divided into three equal groups; group F: received fentanyl 1 μg/kg 10 min before induction and then 0.4 μg/kg/h throughout the PNP, group D: received Dex 1 μg/kg 10 min before induction and then 0.5 μg/kg/h throughout the PNP, group E: received esmolol 1 mg/kg 10 min before induction and then 0.5 mg/kg/h throughout the PNP. Hemodynamics mainly mean heart rate (MHR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded at a specific time. Postoperative visual analog scale, time to first request of postoperative analgesia, number of patients who required postoperative analgesia, and postoperative analgesic consumption were recorded. Perioperative sedation score and blood glucose and postoperative complications, for example, bradycardia, hypotension, nausea, and vomiting were recorded. Time of discharge from the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) and hospital stay time were recorded.

Results
Group D showed better hemodynamic (MHR, MAP) stability and pain control than group E and much better than group F. Sedation score was higher in group D than other two groups after infusion of test drug only. The incidence of nausea and vomiting were higher in group F than group E and nausea was higher in group D than group E. Ondanosterone use was higher group F than other two groups. PACU stay time was longer in group D than other two groups.

Conclusion
Nonopioids (Dex and esmolol) were superior to fentanyl for attenuation of pressor response to intubation and PNP. Apart from nausea and longer PACU stay, Dex was superior to esmolol in controlling hemodynamics with better pain control.
Traditional abdominoplasty versus dual-plane abdominoplasty in abdominal contouring
Authors: Gad Amany A , El Marakby Mohamed A , Mohammed Ayman F , Elsayed Emad H 
Published: October 2019

Objectives
The study aims to evaluate the effect of Scarpa's fascia preservation on the results and complications of abdominoplasty through a prospective randomized comparative study between the dual-plane and traditional abdominoplasty.

Patients and methods
The current study included 40 cases with redundant and/or bulged abdomen seeking abdominoplasty. Their ages ranged between 25 and 50 years, and BMI ranged from 25 to 35. BMI above 35, previous abdominal surgery, any associated hernias, postbariatric surgery, smokers, and comorbid diseases such as diabetes, chronic obstructive airway disease, and autoimmune, liver, and renal diseases were excluded.

Results
With Scarpa's fascia preservation, the mean total drain output in the dual plane (175.5±35.9 ml) was much lesser than the classic abdominoplasty (479.5±177.27 ml); moreover, drains were removed earlier with Scarpa's fascia preservation (2.9±0.31 days) in comparison with classical abdominoplasty (5.5±1.92 days). All patients passed without seroma formation in Scarpa's fascia preservation in group B; however, full-thickness infraumbilical necrosis in zone I occurred in a single case (5%) and hypertrophic scar in two (10%) cases. In classic abdominoplasty (group A), seroma was detected in a single case (5%), umbilical stenosis in a single case (5%), a single case (5%) presented with full-thickness infraumbilical necrosis in zone I, and a single case (5%) developed hypertrophic scar.

Conclusion
Preservation of Scarpa's fascia during dual-plane abdominoplasty reduces patient recovery in the form of reducing total drain output, time for drain removal, and hospital stays in comparison with traditional abdominoplasty. Its disadvantages include longer operative time and incompatibility when mesh reinforcement of the abdominal wall is needed.
Role of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal disorders in children
Authors: Abd Allah Amany R , Mohammed Ensaf K , Elgendy Naglaa A , Farag Abeer S 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Adult colonoscopies are widely and routinely performed worldwide and provide a safe and effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Moreover, safety and effectiveness of pediatric colonoscopy in lower gastrointestinal diseases have been established.

Aim
To assess the role of colonoscopy in the diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal tract diseases in a group of Egyptian children.

Patients and methods
A total of 40 children were admitted to the Endoscopy Unit of Al-Zahraa University Hospital, Al-Azhar University, in both Pediatric and Tropical Medicine Departments in the period from October 2014 to December 2015. They presented with various lower gastrointestinal symptoms, indicated for colonoscopy evaluation. Thorough clinical history taking and clinical examination, complete blood count, bleeding profile, liver enzymes, and kidney function tests were done. Colonoscopy and histopathological examination of colonoscopic specimen were done.

Results
The most common indications of colonoscopy were bleeding per rectum in 42.5% of cases followed by bleeding per rectum associated with chronic abdominal pain in 25% of cases, bleeding per rectum associated with vomiting, hematemesis, and melena in 15% of cases, bloody chronic diarrhea in 7.5% of cases, chronic constipation associated with bleeding per rectum in 5% of cases, and nonbloody chronic diarrhea in 5% of cases. Regarding endoscopic results, colorectal polyps, inflammation with superficial ulceration, and normal mucosa were the main endoscopic findings, representing 42.5, 37.5, and 20% of cases, respectively. Based on histopathological results, juvenile polyps were the most common diagnoses in 42.5% of cases, whereas 37.5% of cases were chronic nonspecific colitis, 12.5% of cases were eosinophilic colitis, and 7.5% of cases were ulcerative colitis.

Conclusion
Colonoscopy is a valuable and safe tool for diagnosis of lower gastrointestinal diseases in children.
Comparison of measurements of the axial length of the eye using partial coherence interferometry and applanation ultrasound
Authors: Atwa Fatma A , Kamel Hayam S , Kamel Rehab M , Ibrahim Amany R 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Accurate biometry is an essential component of cataract surgery. Preoperative measurement of axial eye length (AEL), rather than the corneal curvature, is the most critical factor for accurate calculation of the intraocular lens (IOL) power [1].

Aim
The aim of this study was to compare axial eye length (AEL) measured by applanation ultrasound (U/S) biometry versus that measured by partial coherence interferometry in eyes with clear crystalline lenses and eyes with cataract.

Patients and methods
A prospective, nonrandomized study included 60 eyes which were divided into two groups. Group I: 30 eyes with clear crystalline lenses. Group II: 30 eyes with cataractous lenses. Each group is further subdivided into three groups: group a with short AEL (<22.00 mm), group b with average AEL (22.00–25.00 mm), and group c with long AEL (>25 mm). Complete ophthalmological examination was performed for every patient. AEL was assessed by applanation A-scan U/S and optical biometry using partial coherence interferometry.

Results
A total of 60 eyes were included in the study. In group I (clear crystalline lens group), the mean AEL by applantion U/S biometry was 24.23±3.73 mm which is shorter than the mean AEL measured by optical biometry which is 24.48±3.66 mm and the difference is statistically highly significant (P=0.002). In group II (cataractous lens group), the mean AEL by applantion U/S biometry was 24.27±3.57 mm which is shorter than the mean AEL measured by optical biometry which is 24.46±3.43 mm and the difference between the two measurements was statistically nonsignificant (P=0.077).

Conclusion
Optical biometry provides longer mean measurements than applanation U/S biometry in eyes with cataract or clear lens, which is represented by a negative difference of 0.05 mm in AEL measurements. These results suggest that applanation A-Scan U/S biometry underestimates AEL.