bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biofacies, Taphofacies, and Depositional Environments in the North of Neotethys Seaway (Qom Formation, Miocene, Central Iran)
Authors: Mahyad M. , Safari A. , Vaziri-Moghaddam H. , Seyrafian A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This research attempted to reconstruct the sedimentary environment and depositional sequences of the Qom Formation in Central Iran, using biofacies and taphofacies analyses. The Qom Formation in the Andabad area (3°48′12.6″ N, 47°59′28″ E) is 220 m in thickness. The thickness of the Qom Formation in the Nowbaran area (35°05′22.5″ N, 49°41′00″ E) was found to be 458 m. In both areas, the formation consists mainly of shale and limestone. The lower boundary between the Qom and Lower Red Formations is unconformable in both areas. In the Nowbaran area, the Qom Formation is covered by recent alluvial sediments. In the Andabad area, the Qom Formation is unconformably overlain by the Upper Red Formation. A total of 122 limestone and 15 shale rock samples were collected from the Andabad area, and 94 limestone and 24 shale rock samples were collected from the Nowbaran area. Analysis of the collected samples resulted in the recognition of nine biofacies, one terrigenous facies, and five taphofacies within the Qom Formation in both areas. Based on the vertical distributions of biofacies, the Qom Formation is deposited on an open shelf carbonate platform. This carbonate platform can be divided into three subenvironments: inner shelf (restricted and semirestricted lagoon), middle shelf, and outer shelf. Two third-order and one incomplete depositional sequences were identified in the Nowbaran area, but in the Andabad area, three third-order and one incomplete depositional sequences were distinguished.
Safety of Tetravalent Conjugate Meningococcal Vaccine (Serotypes A, C, Y, W) for 1–4 Years Old Children With Distresses and Chronic Diseases in Closed Healthcare Facility: Cohort Study
Authors: Sabitov Alebai U. , Frajfeld Mariya V. 
Published: December 2019

Background. Tolerance to immunization with conjugate tetravalent vaccine against meningococcal infection (serotypes A, C, Y, W) for vulnerable categories of children has not been studied before. The aim of the study is to estimate the safety of the conjugate tetravalent vaccine against meningococcal disease serotypes A, C, Y, W in children who deprived of parental care. Methods. Our cohort prospective study included 1-4 years old children with distresses and chronic diseases (neurological disorders, congenital defects, genetic diseases, allergy) in closed healthcare facility. The safety of tetravalent conjugate meningococcal vaccine (serotypes A, C, Y, W) was measured in 24-hour hospital during 7 days after vaccination in two ways: mono-vaccination and combined vaccination (with other vaccines from National vaccination calendar). General and local adverse effects (AE) were registered. Results. 105 children were immunized. 94 children (89.5 %) had asymptomatic postvaccinal period after using monoand co-vaccination. General AEs such as fever, long-lasting crying, vomiting, diarrhea and drowsiness were not registered at all. Local AEs such as pain, hyperemia and edema in injection site were registered in 11 (10,5 %) children. All local AEs were mild and recovered fast both in mono-vaccination and combined vaccination. No aggravations of primary disease were mentioned. Conclusion. We can notice good immunization’s tolerance in children with diseases and parental deprevation using the conjugate tetravalent vaccination against meningococcal disease (serotypes A, C, Y, W) in mono-vaccination and combined vaccination.
Determinants of calcified placenta and its association with fetal outcome among mothers who gave birth in Southern Ethiopia, 2018
Authors: Alemayehu Tsegaye M. , Bayile Yewbmirt S. 
Published: December 2019

Background: Placenta is a complex multifunctional organ that maintains pregnancy and promotes normal fetal development. Fetal outcome is adversely influenced by pathological changes in placenta because it is a mirror which reflects intrauterine status of fetus. Placental abnormalities are considered as leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality. Objective of the study was to assess determinants of calcified placenta and its association with fetal outcomes.Methods: Institutional based unmatched case-control study was conducted on 213 placentas from mothers who gave birth at Dilla university referral hospital with an age range of 19-34 years. Calcifications were assessed radiologically and graded according to Grannum. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was identified and fitted to the multiple logistic regression analysis to identify the independent effects of each variable to the outcome variable. Chi-square test was used to find the potential association between grade two and above levels of calcification and fetal outcomes.Results: Total 213 singles parturient with their placenta above 37 weeks gestational age were included. The likelihood of developing grade two and above level of calcification associated with the following variables: educational status (OR=3.134; 95%CI: 1.208, 8.135),parity (OR 3.125; 95% CI: 1.354, 7.213) ,maternal anemia (OR 6.834;95%C: I2.626,17.803), smoking (OR 6.343;95% CI: 2.624,15.334), abruption (OR 6.046;95% CI: 2.392,15.277), and pregnancy- induced hypertension (OR 4.868 ;95% CI: 2.095,11.354). In this study, neonatal outcomes in grade II and above level of calcification were poorer than grade I and bellow level of calcification in chi-square association test.Conclusions: Grade II and above level of placental calcification (case) was significantly associated with maternal pregnancy-induced pathologies, number of parity, maternal educational status, and results in different kind of anomalies, maternal and neonatal mortality. Therefore, the practice of placental examination before and after birth guarantees for feto-maternal wellbeing.
Uptake of routine growth monitoring among children under 9 months in Nyamira County, Kenya
Authors: Nyangechi Edna Nyanchama , Yitambe Andre , Rucha Kenneth Kibaraa , Osero Justus O. S. 
Published: December 2019

Background: The health and nutritional status of children can be assessed through routine growth monitoring (RGM). This provides opportunities for implementation of interventions aimed at reducing under five mortality rates, infectious diseases and malnutrition. The objective of the study was to find out the level of uptake of routine growth monitoring among caregivers of children aged below 9 months in Nyamira County, Kenya.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study.Results: Only 21.1% of the caregivers consistently took their children for RGM. About 78.9% of caregivers had skipped RGM visits for their children in the last eight months at least once or more. About 45.8% of caregivers skipped RGM visits twice, 31.7% thrice, 20.4% once and 2.1% skipped four times. Uptake of RGM was not significantly associated with caregivers’ level of education (p=0.052), marital status (p=0.099), occupation (p=0.081), monthly income (p=0.941), distance to nearby health facility (p=0.774) and place of residence (p=0.330). Caregivers who skipped RGM visits gave various reasons including forgetting to come again dates (91.5%), child not sick (77.5%), healthcare providers advising them not to go for RGM since there was no scheduled vaccination (67.6%), among others.Conclusions: There is need for healthcare providers capacity building on their role in improving RGM since most of them discourage caregivers unless for those with scheduled immunization. Policy makers and implementers in the health sector should formulate relevant policies especially targeted at reminding caregivers on monthly RGM for their children aged below 9 months.
Barriers for measles rubella vaccination campaign in rural area of Jammu: a qualitative study
Authors: Sangra Sonika , Choudhary Neha , Kouser Wahida 
Published: December 2019

Background: Measles is a highly contagious virus, spread by contact with an infected person through coughing and sneezing. Like measles, rubella can be prevented with a safe, effective and inexpensive vaccine. This can be delivered as a rubella vaccine alone, or combined with measles vaccine (MR) or with measles and mumps vaccines (MMR). The objectives of the study were to analyze the barriers for acceptance of MR vaccination in the field area of New Type Primary Health Centre (NTPHC) Miran Sahib, one of the NTPHC of CHC R. S. Pura, field practice area of Department of Community Medicine, GMC Jammu.Methods: A qualitative study which consisting of interviews of parents of children both vaccinated as well as unvaccinated as well as teachers and principals of children of various government and private schools, Female Multipurpose Health Worker (FMPHW)s, accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers and Anganwadi workers where the campaign was conducted was also interviewed.Results: The major barrier to acceptance of MR vaccination was wrong message conducted through some social media that it results in deaths of some children in various places, and also the messages spread in some religions like in Muslim community that the Vaccine leads to infertility. But the sensitization meetings with the parents, school staff by the health team prior to vaccination played a major role and results in the vaccine coverage of 95%.Conclusions: Before eliminating MR, there are many barriers which are needed to be addressed.
Religious conflict and regional autonomy in church establishment and Islamic clothing in West Pasaman and Dharmasraya West Sumatera
Authors: Burhanuddin Nunu , Nurdin Ahmad Ali , Helmy Muhammad Irfan 
Published: December 2019

This paper analyses how religious minorities in West Pasaman and Dharmasraya have been disturbed by the implementation of regional autonomy policies. By examining the church establishment and Islamic clothing enactment in the region as case studies, the paper shows that the conflicts between Muslims and Christians were caused by the discriminatory regional regulations against minority groups. This study uses an ethnographic approach, consisting of interviews and extensive observational research in the research site to collect the data. The article argues that the implementation of local government policies such as the very strict requirement to establish church and Islamic clothing regulations for students have negative impacts on the harmonious relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in the region. Thus, local government officers should take into consideration minority and majority-group relationships in creating regional religious regulations. Penelitian ini menganalisa bagaimana kaum minoritas agama di Pasaman Barat dan Dharmasraya terusik dengan implementasi kebijakan otonomi daerah. Dengan mengkaji aturan pendirian gereja dan busana Islami sebagai kasusnya, artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa konflik yang terjadi antara Muslim dan Kristen di daerah tersebut disebabkan karena regulasi otonomi daerah yang bersipat diskriminatif bagi kalangan kaum minoritas. Studi ini menggunakan metode etnografi dengan menggunakan wawancara dan observasi yang ekstensif di lokasi penelitian sebagai teknik pengumpulan data. Peneliti berargumen bahwa penerapan kebijakan pemerintahan lokal seperti ketatnya persyaratan membangun rumah ibadah (gereja) dan aturan kewajiban memakai busana Islam bagi pelajar mempunyai implikasi negatif terhadap hubungan antara Muslim dan non-Muslim di daerah tersebut. Karenanya, pemerintah daerah harus berhati hati dan mempertimbangkan hubungan kelompok minoritas-mayoritas dalam membuat aturan daerah yang berhubungan dengan agama.
Fikih Informasi : Muhammadiyah’s Perspective on Guidance in Using Social Media
Authors: Fauzi Niki Alma Febriana , Ayub Ayub 
Published: December 2019

This paper examines a recent product of Muhammadiyah’s collective ijtihad, namely Fikih Informasi (fiqh of information). Fikih Informasi is one of the outcomes of the 30th National Meeting of Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid (Muhammadiyah’s Council of Religious Affairs). Fikih Informasi represents Muhammadiyah’s attempt to provide guidance for its members and the Muslim community at large, on a usage of social media whch is based on Islamic teachings. The term fikih is an Indonesian word adapted from Arabic word fiqh and Majelis Tarjih’s understanding of the term does not entirely resemble the classical concept of fiqh as understood by majority of Muslim jurists. For this reason, in the first instance this article will explore Majelis Tarjih’s conception of the word fikih then will proceed to examine its application in the context of social media usage. During this process, the paper will argue that Majelis Tarjih employs the term fikih in its literal and Qur’anic meaning rather than using it in its technical sense. As a result, instead of merely referring fikih as the body of legal provisions which it represents, Majelis Tarjih presents fikih as a comprehensive guidance tool, consisting of three level of hierarchically structured norms. As a consquence, Fikih Informasi is not only contains “dos and donts” but also the philosophical principles and sets of values to which users of social media should adhere. In these contexts, this paper critically discusses the limitations of Fikih Informasi, both in its framework and as well as in its content.
Kuraklık Riski Altındaki Havzalarda Gölet Haznelerinin Tasarımı: Seyhan Havzasında Bir Uygulama
Authors: KESKİNER Ali Demir , ÇETİN Mahmut , ŞİMŞEK Mehmet , AKIN Sabri 
Published: December 2019

Gölet hazne tasarımlarında, olasılıklı havza su
verimleri kullanılmaktadır. Araştırma kapsamında, kuraklığa eğilimli havzalarda
gölet hazne tasarımlarında kullanılacak uygun olasılık düzeyinin belirlenmesi
amaçlanmıştır. Meteoroloji gözlem istasyonlarının yıllık toplam yağış serilerine, frekans analizi uygulanmıştır. İstasyonların
%50, %80 ve %90 olasılıklı beklenen yağışları ve Normalin Yüzdesi İndeksi kuraklık sınıflarına karşılık
gelen eşik yağış değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu değerler, CBS ortamında Ordinary Cokriging yöntemi ile haritalanarak
M. Turc yöntemine göre yüzey
akış haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Yüzey akışların, hipsometrik eğrileri
çizilmiştir. %80 ve %90 olasılıkla
beklenen akımların hipsometrik eğrileri “Hafif“
ve “Orta Şiddette” kuraklık sınıfına
karşılık gelen eşik yağış akımlarını, %50 olasılıklı akımlar ise “Normal ve Üzeri-Risk Yok” kuraklık sınıfı
eşik üstü akımları temsil etmiştir. Kuraklığa eğilimli Seyhan Havzasında gölet hazne
tasarımlarında, %50 olasılıklı havza su verimlerinin kullanılması uygun
bulunmamıştır. Maliyetleri azaltmak için, %80 veya %90 olasılıklı yüzey
akışların kullanılması önerilmiştir.
Saltbiçim İşlemleri ve Taban Biçimleme
Authors: KUNDURACI Aysun 
Published: December 2019

Bu çalışma Türkçede ayrıklık (separationism, Beard, 1995: anlam ve biçimin ayrı
düzlemselliği) ve ayrıklığın Türkçe gibi bitişimli dillerdeki önemi üzerinedir.
Çalışma, anlam içermeyen saltbiçimsel
(morphomic, Aronoff, 1994) türetimleri incelemektedir. Örneğin okuyucu sözcüğü, kök biçimin (oku-) anlamı ve amaçlanan çıktı anlam
‘okuyucu: okuma eylemini yapan’ dışında bir anlam içermese de, yapı, amaçlanan
anlamla etkileşen -CI eklenmesinden
önce bir biçim daha içermektedir: -I eklenmesi
ile okuyu-. Bu gibi oluşumlarda anlam
güdüsüz biçimsel işlemler devrededir, güdü yalnızca ulamsal ve biçimseldir.
Yukarıda okuyucu’dan önce elde edilen
okuyu- gibi türevlerdeki -I eklenmesi, alanyazınında fark edilmeyerek,
sonrasındaki -CI, -lI gibi eklerle birlikte algılanmıştır:
*-ICI gibi. Oysaki, -I gibi özerk eklenmeler, biçimyapısı
açısından önemlidir: (i) Anlam-biçim ayrıklığını, (ii) bağımlı ön/arabiçimleri
ve (iii) biçimyapısının taban koşullarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Saltbiçimsel
işlemler, ayrıca, kimi bilişsel dilbilim modellerinin (örn. van Langendonck, 2007) biçimsel dilbilim
modellerini eleştirirken değindiği görüntüsellik ilkesine de açıkça aykırıdır;
dilin yapısının dünya kavramlarına bağımlı olmadığı, kendine özgü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Comparison of Primary Mandibular First Molar Crown Dimensions with Stainless Steel Crowns in a Sample of Iranian Children
Authors: Shahrabi Mehdi , Heidari Alireza , Kamareh Sanaz 
Published: December 2019

Objectives: Attempts to retain primary teeth have led to introduction of materials and techniques for their preservation such as stainless steel crowns (SSCs). Due to variations in tooth anatomy among different populations, this study compared the buccolingual (BL) to mesiodistal (MD) ratio of primary mandibular first molars with that of SSCs in an Iranian population.
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 96 primary mandibular first molars with intact cementoenamel junction, which had been extracted for severe caries. The MD and BL dimensions of the teeth and available maxillary and mandibular SSCs (3M) were measured. Two independent examiners measured the dimensions twice at two different time points using a digital caliper. Data were analyzed by one-sample t-test and McNemar's test via SPSS 21.0 software.
Results: Significant differences were observed in both BL and MD dimensions between teeth and both maxillary and mandibular SSCs (P<0.001). According to McNemar's test, the dimensions of 65.6% of teeth matched those of mandibular SSCs while the dimensions of 38.5% matched those of maxillary crowns. Dimensions of 3.1% of the teeth did not match any of the crowns and in 7.4%, both maxillary and mandibular SSCs were appropriate.
Conclusion: Comparing the variances of BL/MD ratio of teeth with SSCs revealed that the dimensions of two-thirds of the teeth matched those of mandibular SSCs, while the maxillary SSCs were appropriate for the remaining one-third. Significant differences were seen between the size of teeth and both maxillary and mandibular crowns.
Design and Development of Dentistry Ethical Codes: Proposed for National Implementation in Iran
Authors: Khorshidian Azam , Larijani Bagher , Ahmad-Akhoundi Mohammad Sadegh , Parsapour Alireza , Ebadi Abbas , Shojaei Amir Ahmad 
Published: December 2019

Objectives: The dental profession has a special place of trust in the society, and dental clinicians must adhere to ethical standards in all dental procedures. Ethical conduct is one of the main expectations of individuals from this profession. The aim of this study was to design and develop dental ethical codes for national implementation in Iran.
Materials and Methods: This qualitative study was performed using directed content analysis method and purposive sampling. Data were collected until saturation through 15 semi-structured face-to-face individual interviews and two expert panels with academic staffs from dental faculties in Tehran, Iran.
Results: Data were classified into five principles and 90 codes. The principles included consideration of patients’ interest as a priority, respect for human dignity and patient autonomy, confidentiality of patient information, the excellence of knowledge and skills, and building trust.
Conclusion: The ethical codes for Iranian dentists were drafted considering Islamic teachings and the prevailing culture. Some codes were exclusively developed for the cultural atmosphere of Iran especially on topics such as interaction with patients previously treated by other dentists. Some codes addressed the principles of consultation and continuing the therapeutic communication with such patients. Some items have not been considered in codes released by other associations, such as religious considerations in Islamic cover and alcohol consumption that were taken into consideration in this draft. These codes can serve as a guide for professional practice of dentists. It seems that these sets can help us reach the standardized code.
Comparative Morphologic and Morphometric Study on the Developmental Aspects of In Vitro and In Vivo Reared Echino-coccus granulosus Sensu Stricto Using Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)/Nomarski and Phase Contrast Microscopy
Authors: SADJJADI Seyedeh Faezeh , MOTAMEDI Mina , MOHAMMADZADEH Tahereh , SADJJADI Seyed Mahmoud 
Published: December 2019

Background: Echinococcus granulosus is a zoonotic parasite with worldwide distribution. The present study focused on comparative morphologic and morphometric observations on the developmental aspects of whole body, more special the reproductive structures of in vitro reared adult worms (RAW) and in vivo reared adult worms in definitive host (AWIDH) using differential interference contrast (DIC)/Nomarski, phase contrast and routine optical microscopy.
Methods: A total number of 10 in vitro and 10 in vivo reared adult worms of E. granulosus sensu stricto, G1 strain were selected. The worms were processed by Formaldehyde-Alcohol-Azocarmine-Lactophenol (FAAL). The details of morphological factors and reproductive structures of each worm including 25 biometrical parameters were studied by routine optical, phase contrast and Nomarski microscopy. The details of the samples were photographed, measured and analyzed. The fine structures of the parasite including the details of cirrus sac and developmental stages in different strobila were more obvious observing by Nomarski microscopy.
Results: The morphometric characters in the RAW and AWIDH showed that length of immature proglottid, length of mature proglottid, length of suckers are larger in RAW than AWIDH worms with statistical difference. Characters in E. granulosus of RAW and AWIDH showed that total number of segments, number of mature segments and the total number of testes were greater in RAW than AWIDH worms; while only the number of mature segments was statistically different is two groups.
Conclusion: Application of DIC/Nomarski and phase contrast microscopy together with morphometric criteria are useful means for comparing the developmental aspects of in vitro and in vivo reared adults of E. granulosus.
Molecular Evidence of Sarcocystis Species Infecting Reptiles in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: MOHD FADIL Nahdatul Fatihah , TENGKU-IDRIS Tengku Idzzan Nadzirah , SHAHARI Shahhaziq , FONG Mun Yik , LAU Yee Ling 
Published: December 2019

Background: The genus Sarcocystis consists of intracellular coccidian protozoan parasites with the ability to invade muscle tissue and mature into sarcocysts, causing the zoonotic disease sarcocystosis. These parasites have an obligatory two-host life cycle, which correlates with prey-predator relationship. The distribution and prevalence of Sarcocystis in reptiles remains unclear, despite several previous reports. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic assemblage of the species of Sarcocystis infecting Malaysian snakes and lizards by screening stool samples.
Methods: Overall, 54 fecal samples of various snake species and four fecal samples of several lizard species in Malaysia were taken within the course of August 2015 to January 2016 from Seremban, Melaka, Tioman Island, Pahang, Klang and Langkawi Wildlife Park located in Malaysia. The samples were examined for Sarcocystis through PCR amplification of the 18S rDNA sequence at the Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya
Results: Fourteen snake fecal samples were positive via PCR; however, only eight samples (14%) were found positive for Sarcocystis species, whereas four were positive for other genera and the identity of another three samples was unable to be determined. Further phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rDNA sequences revealed that the snakes were infected with either S. singaporensis, S. lacertae, or undefined Sarcocystis species closely related to either S. singaporensis or S. zuoi. Sarcocystis nesbitti infection was not identified in any of the infected snakes.
Conclusion: This is the first report of identification of S. lacertae in the black-headed cat snake.