bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bottom‐up when it is not top‐down: Predators and plants control biomass of grassland arthropods
Authors: Welti Ellen A. R. , Prather Rebecca M. , Sanders Nathan J. , de Beurs Kirsten M. , Kaspari Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

We investigate where bottom‐up and top‐down control regulates ecological communities as a mechanism linking ecological gradients to the geography of consumer abundance and biomass. We use standardized surveys of 54 North American grasslands to test alternate hypotheses predicting 100‐fold shifts in the biomass of four common grassland arthropod taxa—Auchenorrhyncha, sucking herbivores, Acrididae, chewing herbivores, Tettigoniidae, omnivores, and Araneae, predators.

Bottom‐up models predict that consumer biomass tracks plant quantity (e.g. productivity and standing biomass) and quality (nutrient content) and that ectotherm access to food increases with temperature. Each of the focal trophic groups responded differently to these drivers: the biomass of sucking herbivores and omnivores increased with plant biomass; that of chewing herbivores tracked plant quality; and predator biomass did not depend on plant quality, plant quantity or temperature.

The Exploitation Ecosystem Hypothesis is a top‐down hypothesis that predicts a shift from resource limitation of herbivores when plant production is low, to predator limitation when plant production is high. In grasslands where spider biomass was low, herbivore biomass increased with plant biomass, whereas bottom‐up structuring was not evident when spiders were abundant. Furthermore, neither predator biomass nor trophic position (via stable isotope analysis) increased with plant biomass, suggesting predators themselves are top‐down limited.

Stable isotope analysis revealed that trophic position of the chewing herbivore and omnivore increased significantly with plant biomass, suggesting these groups increased scavenging and meat consumption in grasslands with higher carbohydrate availability.

Taken together, our snapshot sampling documents gradients of food web structure across 54 grasslands, consistent with multiple hypotheses of bottom‐up and top‐down regulation.
Recovery from infection is more likely to favour the evolution of migration than social escape from infection
Authors: Shaw Allison K. , Binning Sandra A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Pathogen and parasite infections are increasingly recognized as powerful drivers of animal movement, including migration. Yet, infection‐related migration benefits can result from a combination of environmental and/or social conditions, which can be difficult to disentangle.

Here, we focus on two infection‐related mechanisms that can favour migration: moving to escape versus recover from infection. By directly comparing the evolution of migration in response to each mechanism, we can evaluate the likely importance of changing abiotic conditions (linked to migratory recovery) with changing social conditions (linked to migratory escape) in terms of infection‐driven migration.

We built a mathematical model and analysed it using numerically simulated adaptive dynamics to determine when migration should evolve for each migratory recovery and social migratory escape.

We found that a higher fraction of the population migrated under migratory recovery than under social migratory escape. We also found that two distinct migratory strategies (e.g. some individuals always migrate and others only occasionally migrate) sometimes coexisted within populations with social migratory escape, but never with migratory recovery.

Our results suggest that migratory recovery is more likely to promote the evolution of migratory behaviour, rather than escape from infected conspecifics (social migratory escape).
Effect of in‐package atmospheric cold plasma discharge on microbial safety and quality of ready‐to‐eat ham in modified atmospheric packaging during storage
Authors: Yadav Barun , Spinelli Ana Claudia , Misra N. N. , Tsui Ying Y. , McMullen Lynn M , Roopesh M.S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is often responsible for postprocessing contamination of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) products including cooked ham. As an emerging technology, atmospheric cold plasma (ACP) has the potential to inactivate L. monocytogenes in packaged RTE meats. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of treatment time, modified atmosphere gas compositions (MAP), ham formulation, and post‐treatment storage (1 and 7 days at 4 °C) on the reduction of a five‐strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes and quality changes in ham subjected to in‐package ACP treatment. Initial average cells population on ham surfaces were 8 log CFU/cm2. The ACP treatment time and gas composition significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the inactivation of L. monocytogenes, irrespective of ham formulations. When MAP1 (20% O2 + 40% CO2 + 40% N2) was used, there was a significantly higher log reduction (>2 log reduction) in L. monocytogenes on ham in comparison to MAP2 (50% CO2 + 50% N2) and MAP3 (100% CO2), irrespective of ham formulation. Addition of preservatives (that is, 0.1% sodium diacetate and 1.4% sodium lactate) or bacteriocins (that is, 0.05% of a partially purified culture ferment from Carnobacterium maltaromaticum UAL 307) did not significantly reduce cell counts of L. monocytogenes after ACP treatment. Regardless of type of ham, storage of 24 hr after ACP treatment significantly reduced cells counts of L. monocytogenes to approximately 4 log CFU/cm2. Following 7 days of storage after ACP treatment, L. monocytogenes counts were below the detection limit (>6 log reduction) when samples were stored in MAP1. However, there were significant changes in lipid oxidation and color after post‐treatment storage. In conclusion, the antimicrobial efficacy of ACP is strongly influenced by gas composition inside the package and post‐treatment storage.Practical ApplicationSurface contamination of RTE ham with L. monocytogenes may occur during processing steps such as slicing and packaging. In‐package ACP is an emerging nonthermal technology, which can be used as a postpackaging decontamination step in industrial settings. This study demonstrated the influence of in‐package gas composition, treatment time, post‐treatment storage, and ham formulation on L. monocytogenes inactivation efficacy of ACP. Results of present study will be helpful to optimize in‐package ACP treatment and storage conditions to reduce L. monocytogenes, while maintaining the quality of ham.
Mapping the TYR gene reveals novel and previously reported variants in Eastern Indian patients highlighting preponderance of the same changes in multiple unrelated ethnicities
Authors: Ganguly Kausik , Dutta Tithi , Saha Arpan , Sarkar Devroop , Sil Asim , Ray Kunal , Sengupta Mainak 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a group of congenital autosomal recessive disorders with seven known subtypes (OCA1–OCA7) characterized by loss or absence of pigmentation in the skin, hair, and eyes. OCA1, caused by pathogenic variations in the tyrosinase (TYR) gene, has been documented to be the most prevalent subtype across the world including India. In the present study, we recruited 53 OCA‐affected individuals from 45 unrelated families belonging to 20 different marriage groups/ethnicities of 15 different districts of West Bengal. We took a targeted sequencing‐based approach to find the causal variations in the TYR gene. We report here identification of two novel potentially pathogenic variations [NM_000372.4:c.614C>T, NP_000363.1:p.(Pro205Leu), and NM_000372.4:c.1036+1=/G>T], one novel synonymous TYR variant [NM_000372.4:c.204=/A>G, NP_000363.1:p.(Gln68=)], two pathogenic variations documented for the first time in Indian OCA cases [NM_000372.4:c.1147G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Asp383Asn), and NM_000372.4:c.585G>A, NP_000363.1:p.(Trp195*)], along with nine previously reported pathogenic variants in 36 out of 53 (∼68%) patients recruited. We report common haplotype backgrounds for the two most prevalent variations [NM_000372.4:c.124G>A, NM_000372.4:c.832C>T] in cases belonging to different marriage/ethnic groups, suggesting a possible founder effect. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive genetic study on OCA1 from India, firmly establishing OCA1 as the commonest form of albinism in this part of the world.
Giraffe translocations: A review and discussion of considerations
Authors: Muller Zoe , Lee Derek E. , Scheijen Ciska P. J. , Strauss Megan K. L. , Carter Kerryn D. , Deacon Francois 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGiraffe populations have declined dramatically in the last three decades. Giraffe translocations are likely to increase as wildlife managers seek to augment or re‐establish populations. Currently, formal practical guidance for giraffe translocations is limited. Here, we present a review of translocation guidelines emphasising planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and we review giraffe behaviour and ecology to provide recommendations specific to the translocation of giraffes. We also aim to stimulate discussion about best practices for giraffe translocations and further research into the ethical and practical considerations of moving giraffes.
Baseline predictors for visual acuity loss during observation in diabetic macular oedema with good baseline visual acuity
Authors: Busch Catharina , Okada Mali , Zur Dinah , Fraser‐Bell Samantha , Rodríguez‐Valdés Patricio J. , Cebeci Zafer , Lupidi Marco , Fung Adrian T. , Gabrielle Pierre‐Henry , Giancipoli Ermete , Chaikitmongkol Voraporn , Laíns Inês , Santos Ana Rita , Kunavisarut Paradee , Sala‐Puigdollers Anna , Chhablani Jay , Ozimek Malgorzata , Hilely Assaf , Degenhardt Valentin , Loewenstein Anat , Iglicki Matias , Rehak Matus ,   For the International Retina Group
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurposeTo investigate clinical baseline characteristics and optical coherence tomography biomarkers predicting visual loss during observation in eyes with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and good baseline visual acuity (VA).MethodsA sub‐analysis of a 12‐month, retrospective study, including patients with baseline VA ≤0.1 logMAR (≥20/25 Snellen) and centre‐involving DMO. The primary outcome measure was the correlation between baseline characteristics and VA loss ≥10 letters during follow‐up.ResultsA total of 249 eyes were included in the initial study, of which 147 eyes were observed and 80 eyes received anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment at baseline. Visual acuity (VA) loss ≥10 letters occurred in 21.8% (observed cohort) and in 24.3% (treated cohort), respectively. Within observed eyes, presence of hyperreflective foci [HRF; odds ratio (OR): 3.18, p = 0.046], and disorganization of inner retina layers (DRIL; OR: 2.71, p = 0.026) were associated with a higher risk of VA loss ≥10 letters. In observed eyes with a combined presence of HRF, DRIL and ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption, the risk of VA loss was further increased (OR: 3.86, p = 0.034). In eyes with combined presence of DRIL, HRF and EZ disruption, risk of VA loss was 46.7% (7/15 eyes) in the observed cohort, and 26.3% (5/19 eyes) in the treated cohort (p = 0.26).ConclusionPatients with DMO and good baseline VA, managed by observation, are of increased risk for VA loss if DRIL, HRF and EZ disruption are present at baseline. Earlier treatment with anti‐VEGF in these patients may potentially decrease the risk of VA loss at 12 months.
Posttraumatic stress in organizations: Types, antecedents, and consequences
Authors: Williams Scott David , Williams Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch indicates that the well‐being and productivity of over 100 million people in the global workforce may be compromised by posttraumatic stress (PTS). Given that work‐related experiences are often the source of the trauma that leads to PTS, and that PTS due to any cause can interfere with employees’ job performance, organizations would do well to consider the antecedents and consequences of PTS. This review of research—primarily within fields adjacent to business—on the types, antecedents, consequences, and organizational implications of PTS is presented to advance inquiry within the field of business. The definition of PTS requires attention to the new classification of complex posttraumatic stress disorder that can result from threats that are not life‐threatening such as bullying and sexual harassment. PTS antecedents include organizational and extraorganizational traumas, and risk and resilience factors. Absenteeism, impaired cognitive functioning, strained relationships, and growth are among the consequences of PTS. Organizations can assist through disaster planning, empathetic leaders, mental health literacy initiatives, and employee assistance programs. Many research questions arise that, when answered, will allow organizations to better understand how they can improve employee productivity and well‐being by attending to PTS.
Firms behaving badly? Investor reactions to corporate social irresponsibility
Authors: Kanuri Vamsi K. , Houston Reza , Andrews Michelle 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCorporate social irresponsibility (CSI) and other questionable business incidents that appear to harm stakeholders frequently afflict firms yet draw disparate investor reactions. We address this disparity by investigating the association between firm legal orientation and investor reactions to CSI. We hypothesize the proportion of board members and top management team (TMT) executives with law degrees affects investor perceptions of firm foresight, and in turn, their judgment of blame and consequent punishment. Based on abnormal returns to 629 announcements of CSI and 308 publicly traded S&P 500 firms, we find that both too small and too large a proportion of board of directors and TMT members with law degrees lead investors to mete out harsher punishment. This inverted u‐shaped link is further affected by firm size, firm risk, and industry competition. Our investigation sheds light on the link between executive education and financial performance in the context of CSI and investor perceptions of foresight.
Epstein‐Barr virus‐positive gastric cancer involves enhancer activation through activating transcription factor 3
Authors: Asakawa Yuta , Okabe Atsushi , Fukuyo Masaki , Li Wenzhe , Ikeda Eriko , Mano Yasunobu , Funata Sayaka , Namba Hiroe , Fujii Takahiro , Kita Kazuko , Matsusaka Keisuke , Kaneda Atsushi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEpstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is associated with particular forms of gastric cancer (GC). We previously showed that EBV infection into gastric epithelial cells induced aberrant DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions and silencing of tumor suppressor genes. We here undertook integrated analyses of transcriptome and epigenome alteration during EBV infection in gastric cells, to investigate activation of enhancer regions and related transcription factors (TFs) that could contribute to tumorigenesis. Formaldehyde‐assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) sequencing (‐seq) data revealed 19 992 open chromatin regions in putative H3K4me1+ H3K4me3− enhancers in EBV‐infected MKN7 cells (MKN7_EB), with 10 260 regions showing increase of H3K27ac. Motif analysis showed candidate TFs, eg activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), to possibly bind to these activated enhancers. ATF3 was considerably upregulated in MKN7_EB due to EBV factors including EBV‐determined nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), EBV‐encoded RNA 1, and latent membrane protein 2A. Expression of mutant EBNA1 decreased copy number of the EBV genome, resulting in relative downregulation of ATF3 expression. Epstein‐Barr virus was also infected into normal gastric epithelial cells, GES1, confirming upregulation of ATF3. Chromatin immunoprecipitation‐seq analysis on ATF3 binding sites and RNA‐seq analysis on ATF3 knocked‐down MKN7_EB revealed 96 genes targeted by ATF3‐activating enhancers, which are related with cancer hallmarks, eg evading growth suppressors. These 96 ATF3 target genes were significantly upregulated in MKN7_EB compared with MKN7 and significantly downregulated when ATF3 was knocked down in EBV‐positive GC cells SNU719 and NCC24. Knockdown of ATF3 in EBV‐infected MKN7, SNU719, and NCC24 cells all led to significant decrease of cellular growth through an increase of apoptotic cells. These indicate that enhancer activation though ATF3 might contribute to tumorigenesis of EBV‐positive GC.
Honneth and positive identity formation in residential care
Authors: Marshall Gerry , Winter Karen , Turney Danielle 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNurturing, maintaining, and supporting positive identity formation for children and young people in residential child care are an underresearched area. Reasons for this are varied not least the fact that residential child care is still often not perceived as a positive choice for children and young people. Concerns about cost, value for money, the quality, and effectiveness of care have been exacerbated by findings from recent national and international government commissioned inquiries into allegations of historical abuse experienced by children and young people in residential child care. Their findings raise serious questions about whether residential care can ever be a positive choice, whether it can offer high‐quality care that promotes social, emotional, and psychological well‐being, and in particular whether it can nurture and support positive identity formation. Using an adaptation of Honneth's recognition theory and applying it to residential child care practice, this paper contributes to the growing body of work, which argues that residential child care is a positive choice and that it has a key role to play in positive identity formation. The paper ends with some thoughts regarding implications for policy and practice.
Elective neck dissection for salvage total laryngectomy: A systematic review, meta‐analysis and “decision‐to‐treat” approach
Authors: Davies‐Husband Cameron R. , Drinnan Michael , King Emma 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe authors provide an updated, systematic and comprehensive summary of the literature concerning management of the N0 neck in patients for whom primary irradiation for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx has been unsuccessful and salvage surgery in the form of total laryngectomy (TL) advocated.MethodsBibliographic databases MEDLINE, Cochrane, PubMed and Embase were searched from inception to April 2019, with no language restrictions. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Risk of bias was defined using the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. Outcome measures were defined as the impact of END on locoregional control, complication rate, disease‐specific and overall survival (DSS and OS).ResultsThe primary search identified 19 eligible articles, comprising 1353 patients, (1552 ENDs). The overall risk of occult metastases was 14% (9% of ENDs). The relative risk (RR) of developing complications was 1.29 when END was performed, compared to observation of the neck (CI 0.86‐1.92). Contrariwise, patients in whom the neck was managed with neck dissection had a decreased risk of developing regional recurrence (RR 0.62, CI 0.35‐1.08). There was no statistically significant variation between DSS and OS between END and neck observation groups, respectively.SummaryEND during salvage TL may reduce the rate of regional recurrence, but not at the expense of improving DSS or OS. Rates of occult metastases, regional recurrence and “cure” through salvage neck dissection are not equivalent. Significant bias in all collated manuscripts should encourage the reader to interpret conclusions with caution. Patients should be fully involved in the decision‐making process and their performance status and co‐morbidities taken carefully into account when deciding to increase the extent of surgery, which we believe should remain limited to TL in the majority of cases.
Curcumol attenuates liver sinusoidal endothelial cell angiogenesis via regulating Glis‐PROX1‐HIF‐1α in liver fibrosis
Authors: Yang Xiang , Wang Zhimin , Kai Jun , Wang Feixia , Jia Yan , Wang Shijun , Tan Shanzhong , Shen Xikun , Chen Anping , Shao Jiangjuan , Zhang Feng , Zhang Zili , Zheng Shizhong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveHepatic sinusoidal angiogenesis owing to dysfunctional liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) accompanied by an abnormal angioarchitecture is a symbol related to liver fibrogenesis, which indicates a potential target for therapeutic interventions. However, there are few researches connecting angiogenesis with liver fibrosis, and the deeper mechanism remains to be explored.Materials and MethodsCell angiogenesis and angiogenic protein were examined in primary LSECs of rats, and multifarious cellular and molecular assays revealed the efficiency of curcumol intervention in fibrotic mice.ResultsWe found that curcumol inhibited angiogenic properties through regulating their upstream mediator hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). The transcription activation of HIF‐1α was regulated by hedgehog signalling on the one hand, and the protein stabilization of HIF‐1α was under the control of Prospero‐related homeobox 1 (PROX1) on the other. A deubiquitinase called USP19 could be recruited by PROX1 and involved in ubiquitin‐dependent degradation of HIF‐1α. Furthermore, our researches revealed that hedgehog signalling participated in the activation of PROX1 transcription probably in vitro. Besides, curcumol was found to ameliorate liver fibrosis and sinusoid angiogenesis via hedgehog pathway in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver fibrotic mice. The protein expression of key regulatory factors, PROX1 and HIF‐1α, was consistent with the Smo, the marker protein of Hh signalling pathway.ConclusionsIn this article, we evidenced that curcumol controlling LSEC‐mediated angiogenesis could be a promising therapeutic approach for liver fibrosis.
A survey of precision diagnosis and management capacity of pulmonary embolism in 90 hospitals of China
Authors: Wang Dingyi , Shao Xiang , Lei Jieping , Zhai Zhenguo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct a survey of diagnostic facility and therapeutic capability of Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) in 90 hospitals throughout China.MethodIt was a cross‐sectional study among the participating hospitals of the National Key Research & Development Program of China—the Precision Research of Standardized Management and Application of Pulmonary Thromboembolism to obtain the equipment and application of radiological facility to diagnose PE, laboratory tests for thrombophilia, coagulation function and the availability of anticoagulants and thrombolysis agents.ResultsCT pulmonary arteriography is capable in all 90 hospitals, 71.11% of the hospitals could perform ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy, 24.44% of the hospitals do not routinely perform right heart evaluation by echocardiography. Protein C and protein S activity can be detected in half of the hospitals and warfarin pharmacogenomics tests can be conducted in 40 hospitals. Immune turbidimetry was used as the detection method of D‐dimer in 72.37% hospitals. About 81.11% of participating hospitals were equipped with new novel oral anticoagulants, all of which were equipped with Rivaroxaban.ConclusionThe hospitals are capable for standardized diagnosis and management PE, while the capability of precise stratification, coagulation function tests, thrombophilia screening and pharmacogenomics requires further improvement.