bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly efficient supported AlCl3‐based cationic catalysts to produce polyα‐olefin oil base stocks
Authors: Dehghani Sevda , Hanifpour Ahad , Nekoomanesh‐Haghighi Mehdi , Sadjadi Samahe , Mirmohammadi Seyed Amin , Farhadi Ali , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe main aim of this research is to decrease the amount of AlCl3content that is very corrosive and hazardous in the catalytic system, required for the α‐olefin oligomerization without substantial change of final oil features. This was successfully achieved by supporting AlCl3on different carriers. More precisely, a series of supported bimetallic catalysts was synthesized by immobilization of AlCl3and TiCl4onto Al2O3, SiO2, and mixed supports, that is, Al2O3/FeCl3and SiO2/FeCl3. It was found that silica and alumina‐based catalysts had higher catalytic activities compared to support free AlCl3; however, this enhancement for silica‐based supports was more significant. According to gel permeation chromatography (GPC) results, the use of single supports, that is, Al2O3and SiO2, increased oligomer's molecular weight, while the application of mixed supports resulted in the decrease of molecular weight of the oligomers. Viscosity characteristics of the synthesized oligomers have also been studied at two different temperatures of 40 and 100°C (KV40and KV100). The viscosity index (VI) values, derived from KV40and KV100, of the prepared oligomers were in the range of 126–145. The molecular weight and termination mechanisms of the oligomers were studied by1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The obtained results disclosed that the employed reaction conditions led to the production of oligomer chains with various structures including vinylidene (Vd), and di and three‐substituted vinylene (2Vn, 3Vn) structures.
Phylogeography, genetic stocks, and conservation implications for an Australian endemic marine turtle
Authors: FitzSimmons Nancy N. , Pittard Stewart D. , McIntyre Nathan , Jensen Michael P. , Guinea Mick , Hamann Mark , Kennett Rod , Leis Brett , Limpus Colin J. , Limpus Duncan J. , McCann Megan J. , MacDonald Anna J. , McFarlane Glenn , Parmenter C. John , Pendoley Kellie , Prince Robert T. , Scheltinga Leigh , Theissinger Kathrin , Tucker Anton D. , Waayers David , Whiting Andrea , Whiting Scott 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Identification of the geographic extent of population boundaries, the distribution of genetic lineages, and the amount of genetic exchange among breeding groups is needed for effective conservation of vulnerable marine migratory species. This is particularly true of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus), which only breeds in Australia but has extensive migrations that can include international waters.
This study investigated the phylogeography and genetic structure among 17 flatback turtle rookeries across their range by sequencing an 810 bp portion of the mitochondrial DNA in 889 samples and genotyping 10 microsatellite loci in 598 samples.
There was low phylogenetic divergence among haplotypes and evidence of recent population expansion, likely in the late Pleistocene. A predominant haplotype was found across all rookeries, but other haplotype groups were regionally specific.
In general, there was agreement in patterns of genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite data, and in some pairwise comparisons a higher mutation rate of microsatellites provided stronger evidence of differentiation.
These results suggest natal philopatry operates in the choice of breeding locations for males as well as females.
Evidence of genetic connectivity among neighbouring rookeries led to the identification of seven genetic stocks. Geographic boundaries of rookeries used by genetic stocks varied widely (160–1,300 km), highlighting a need for field studies to better understand movement patterns.
Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance identified significant genetic differentiation based upon genetic stock, nesting phenology (summer vs. winter nesters), and a west–east discontinuity across Torres Strait. A pattern of isolation by distance was identified, which was most strongly observed in the microsatellite data.
In combination with tagging and telemetry studies, these results will allow better quantification of stock‐specific threats along migratory routes and in foraging habitats. Implications of climate change will be stock specific and may depend upon the extent of genetic connectivity between neighbouring stocks.
Assessment gaps and biases in knowledge of conservation status of fishes
Authors: Miqueleiz Imanol , Bohm Monika , Ariño Arturo Hugo , Miranda Rafael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

More than 33,500 fish species inhabit freshwater and marine environments, according to FishBase database records. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has assessed the conservation status of approximately half of them, the lowest percentage in any vertebrate group.
In order to identify what factors may underlie this assessment gap, several traits were examined related to distribution, life‐history, taxonomy, conservation, and the economic relevance of species according to their assessment status. IUCN assessment patterns were explored and separate analyses were included for freshwater and marine species.
The results showed that IUCN assessments were biased towards economically developed regions, species with early description dates and species covered by current IUCN specialist groups. Species living in remote areas or habitats were more likely to be unassessed. In particular, South America had low assessment levels. Other traits such as commercial importance did not influence the assessment status of fish species.
We therefore encourage assessment in poorly assessed areas and taxonomic subgroups to prompt timely conservation action to prevent species extinctions.
Quantifying the transboundary contribution of nitrogen oxides to UK air quality
Authors: Stirling Ellen L. , Pope Richard J. , Graham Ailish M. , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Arnold Stephen R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is an important contributor to poor air quality (AQ) and a significant cause of premature deaths in the UK. Although transboundary (i.e., international) transport of pollution to the UK is believed to have an impact on UK pollutant concentrations, large uncertainties remain in these estimates. Therefore, the extent to which emission reductions in neighbouring countries would benefit UK AQ relative to local emission reductions also remains unknown. We have used a back‐trajectory model in conjunction with synoptic scale classifications of UK circulation patterns (Lamb Weather Types [LWT]), to quantify the accumulation of nitrogen oxide (NO
x = NO2 + NO) emissions in air masses en‐route to the UK. This novel method presents a computationally inexpensive and useful method of quantifying the accumulation of pollutants under different circulation patterns. We find the highest accumulated NO
x totals occur under south‐easterly and southerly flows (>15 μg⋅m−2), with a substantial contribution from outwith the UK (>25%). In contrast, the total accumulated NO
x under northerly and westerly flows is lower (∼10 μg⋅m−2), and dominated by UK emissions (>95%). This indicates that European emissions can contribute substantially to UK local‐scale pollution in urban areas under south‐easterly and southerly flows. The sensitivity of integrated NO
x emission totals under different air masses is investigated by modelling future European emission contributions based on emission reduction targets. Under targets set by the European Union, there would be a decrease in accumulated NO
x emissions in London under most wind directions except for north‐westerly, westerly and northerly flow. The largest benefits to UK AQ from transboundary contributions occur with emission reductions in the Benelux region, due to its close proximity and high NO
x emission rates, emphasising the importance of international cooperation in improving local AQ.
Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Jiang Junhua , Wang Chongmin , Liu Jian , Pu Yunqiao , Ragauskas Arthur , Li Songmei , Yang Bin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractElectrode and electrolyte materials with higher performance, longer life, and lower cost need to be developed, given the substantial growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy systems. Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has been successfully demonstrated to be a viable precursor or feedstock for the preparation of high‐performance electrochemical energy materials and components such as electrodes, electrolyte additives, membrane separators, and binders. Moreover, techno‐economic analyses indicate that it is possible to prepare cost‐effective carbon structures from lignin at engineering scale, in contrast with current carbon products. These facts suggest that the scalable conversion of lignin into high‐value energy materials will offer a promising pathway to not only promote the utilization and valorization of lignin but also boost the development of advanced electrochemical energy systems. This review examines cutting‐edge renewable energy materials derived from various lignin compounds and their applications in electrochemical energy systems with an emphasis on supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Meanwhile, this review also aims to carve out the critical barriers for lignin‐derived high‐performance materials for energy applications, and to identify viable approaches for the synthesis of sustainable new energy materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Construction of yeast producing patchoulol by global metabolic engineering strategy
Authors: Mitsui Ryosuke , Nishikawa Riru , Yamada Ryosuke , Matsumoto Takuya , Ogino Hiroyasu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPatchoulol is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in the leaves of the patchouli plant that can be extracted by steam distillation. Notably, patchoulol is an essential natural product frequently used in the chemical industry. However, patchouli produces an insignificant amount of patchoulol, not to mention steam distillation, and requires a lot of energy and time. Recombinant microorganisms that can be cultured in mild conditions and can produce patchoulol from renewable biomass resources may be a promising alternative. We previously developed the global metabolic engineering strategy (GMES), which produces a comprehensive metabolic modification in yeast, using the cocktail δ‐integration method. In this study, we aimed to produce patchoulol by modifying engineered yeast. The expression of nine genes involved in patchoulol synthesis was modulated using GMES. Regarding patchoulol production, the resultant strain, YPH499/PAT167/MVA442, showed a concentration of 42.1 mg/L, a production rate of 8.42 mg/L/d, and a yield of 2.05 mg/g‐glucose, respectably. These concentration values, production rate, and yield obtained through batch‐fermentation in this study were high level when compared to previously reported recombinant microorganism studies. GMES could be used as a potential strategy for producing secondary metabolites from plants in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Exploiting nonionic surfactants to enhance fatty alcohol production in Rhodosporidium toruloides
Authors: Liu Di , Geiselman Gina M. , Coradetti Samuel , Cheng Ya‐Fang , Kirby James , Prahl Jan‐Philip , Jacobson Oslo , Sundstrom Eric R. , Tanjore Deepti , Skerker Jeffrey M. , Gladden John 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFatty alcohols (FOHs) are important feedstocks in the chemical industry to produce detergents, cosmetics, and lubricants. Microbial production of FOHs has become an attractive alternative to production in plants and animals due to growing energy demands and environmental concerns. However, inhibition of cell growth caused by intracellular FOH accumulation is one major issue that limits FOH titers in microbial hosts. In addition, identification of FOH‐specific exporters remains a challenge and previous studies towards this end are limited. To alleviate the toxicity issue, we exploited nonionic surfactants to promote the export of FOHs in Rhodosporidium toruloides, an oleaginous yeast that is considered an attractive next‐generation host for the production of fatty acid‐derived chemicals. Our results showed FOH export efficiency was dramatically improved and the growth inhibition was alleviated in the presence of small amounts of tergitol and other surfactants. As a result, FOH titers increase by 4.3‐fold at bench scale to 352.6 mg/L. With further process optimization in a 2‐L bioreactor, the titer was further increased to 1.6 g/L. The method we show here can potentially be applied to other microbial hosts and may facilitate the commercialization of microbial FOH production.
Processing two environmental chemical signals with a synthetic genetic IMPLY gate, a 2‐input‐2‐output integrated logic circuit, and a process pipeline to optimize its systems chemistry in Escherichia coli
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sayak , Sarkar Kathakali , Srivastava Rajkamal , Pal Arijit , Bagh Sangram 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSynthetic genetic devices can perform molecular computation in living bacteria, which may sense more than one environmental chemical signal, perform complex signal processing in a human‐designed way, and respond in a logical manner. IMPLY is one of the four fundamental logic functions and unlike others, it is an “IF‐THEN” constraint‐based logic. By adopting physical hierarchy of electronics in the realm of in‐cell systems chemistry, a full‐spectrum transcriptional cascaded synthetic genetic IMPLY gate, which senses and integrates two environmental chemical signals, is designed, fabricated, and optimized in a single Escherichia coli cell. This IMPLY gate is successfully integrated into a 2‐input‐2‐output integrated logic circuit and showed higher signal‐decoding efficiency. Further, we showed simple application of those devices by integrating them with an inherent cellular process, where we controlled the cell morphology and color in a logical manner. To fabricate and optimize the genetic devices, a new process pipeline named NETWORK Brick is developed. This pipeline allows fast parallel kinetic optimization and reduction in the unwanted kinetic influence of one DNA module over another. A mathematical model is developed and it shows that response of the genetic devices are digital‐like and are mathematically predictable. This single‐cell IMPLY gate provides the fundamental constraint‐based logic and completes the in‐cell molecular logic processing toolbox. The work has significance in the smart biosensor, artificial in‐cell molecular computation, synthetic biology, and microbiorobotics.
Breast cancer in young black women
Authors: Walsh S M , Zabor E C , Flynn J , Stempel M , Morrow M , Gemignani M L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Young age at breast cancer diagnosis is associated with negative prognostic outcomes, and breast cancer in black women often manifests at a young age. This study evaluated the effect of age on breast cancer management and outcomes in black women.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of all black women treated for invasive breast cancer between 2005 and 2010 at a specialized tertiary-care cancer centre. Clinical and treatment characteristics were compared by age. Kaplan–Meier methodology was used to estimate overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS).

Results
A total of 666 black women were identified. Median BMI was 30 (range 17–56) kg/m2 and median tumour size was 16 (1–155) mm. Most tumours were oestrogen receptor-positive (66·4 per cent). Women were stratified by age: less than 40 years (74, 11·1 per cent) versus 40 years or more (592, 88·9 per cent). Younger women were significantly more likely to have a mastectomy, axillary lymph node dissection and to receive chemotherapy, and were more likely to have lymphovascular invasion and positive lymph nodes, than older women. The 5-year OS rate was 88·0 (95 per cent c.i. 86·0 to 91·0) per cent and the 5-year DFS rate was 82·0 (79·0 to 85·0) per cent. There was no statistically significant difference in OS by age (P = 0·236). Although DFS was inferior in younger women on univariable analysis (71 versus 88 per cent; P &lt; 0·001), no association was found with age on multivariable analysis.

Conclusion
Young black women with breast cancer had more adverse pathological factors, received more aggressive treatment, and had worse DFS on univariable analysis. Young age at diagnosis was, however, not an independent predictor of outcome.
The relative survival and cure fraction of gastric cancer estimated through flexible parametric models using data from population‐based cancer registration during 2003‐2012 in Linzhou, China
Authors: Chen Qiong , Liu Shu‐Zheng , Zhang Shao‐kai , Cao Xiao‐Qin , Li Bian‐Yun , Quan Pei‐Liang , Guo Lan‐Wei , Dong Lee , Sun Xi‐Bin , Zhang Yawei , Zhang Jian‐Gong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThe proportion of cured gastric cancer patients has drawn the attention of patients, physicians, and healthcare providers after comprehensive prevention and control measures were carried out for several years. Therefore, the relative survival and cure fraction were estimated in our study.MethodsPopulation‐based cancer registration data were used to estimate survival and cure fraction. A total of 7585 gastric cancer cases (ICD10:C16.0 ~ C16.9) were extracted and included in the final analysis. Cases were diagnosed in 2003‐2012 and followed until the end of 2017. Relative survival was calculated as the ratio between the observed survival through the life‐table method. The expected survival was estimated by the Ederer II method. The cure fraction was estimated using flexible parametric cure models stratified by age and calendar period when the cases were diagnosed.ResultsThe 5‐year relative survival of cardia gastric cancer increased with the calendar period of 2003‐2004, 2005‐2006, 2007‐2008, 2009‐2010, and 2011‐2012 (27.5%, 28.3%, 33.5%, 38.2%, and 46.8%, respectively). The increasing trend along with the calendar periods was also observed in cure proportion of cardia gastric cancer (24.8%, 25.2%, 31.7%, 36.0%, and 43.1%, respectively). Notable improvement of cure proportion was observed in the period of 2011‐2012, compared with the initial period of 2003‐2004. There was an improvement of 79.8% among all gastric cancer subjects, and it was 74.1% and 55.7% in cardia gastric and noncardia gastric cancer subjects, respectively. The median survival of “uncured” patients showed no significant improvement along with the calendar periods in all age groups.ConclusionsNotable improvement of gastric cancer relative survival and cure proportion was observed in Linzhou during 2003‐2012.
Shorea roxburghii Leaf Extract Ameliorates Hyperglycemia Induced Abnormalities in High Fat/Fructose and Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Zhang Wei , Meng Jie , Liu Qian , Makinde Emmanuel Ayobami , Lin Qing , Olatunji Opeyemi Joshua 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the hypoglycemic effect of the methanol extract of Shorea roxburghii leaves (SRL) in high fat diet/high fructose solution (HFDHF) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in rats as well as evaluating its ameliorative potentials in altered biochemical and hematological parameters in the treated rats. T2DM was induced in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by feeding with HFDHF for 4 weeks and administering STZ (35 mg/kg, i. p.). Diabetic rats were given SRL extract at doses of 100 and 400 mg/kg for 30 days. The food and water intake were monitored on a daily basis, while the fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and body weight were measured weekly. Biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological studies of the pancreas were also evaluated. SRL significantly decreased FBG and improved the body weight, food and water intake of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, biochemical and hematological parameters including liver and kidney function enzymes, lipid profiles, white blood and red blood cells parameters were markedly ameliorated by SRL. Histopathological analyses of the pancreas indicated reconstitution of β‐cells architecture in SRL treated rats. The results of this study suggest that SRL has antidiabetic potential and can be considered for the treatment of T2DM.
Successful treatment with oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine for refractory pyoderma gangrenosum in children: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Huang Xiaowen , Han Kai , Xue Ruzeng , Li Li , Zeng Kang , Liang Liuping 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe reported the successful treatment with oral methylprednisolone and cyclosporine in combination with topical wound care on a boy with pyoderma gangrenosum presenting as huge and deep ulceration on buttocks and legs.
A rare case of hypercalcemic encephalopathy from ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone
Authors: Gabriel Franchesca Gabrielle Concha , Picar Rosalina Espiritu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAltered mental status can be the initial presenting symptom of an ectopic hyperparathyroidism from severe hypercalcemia. A high index of suspicion for paraneoplastic hypercalcemia and a systematic approach to diagnosis should be considered.
Left retroperitoneal abscess caused by injury of the right knee
Authors: Imai Chie , Fujino Hisanori , Nomura Anryu , Sumimoto Shinichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMinor trauma rarely triggers a retroperitoneal abscess. The patient' history, careful evaluation of their symptoms, and general examination with a detailed inspection of the skin are helpful to diagnose retroperitoneal abscess.
Tetraalkylammonium Functionalized Hydrochars as Efficient Supports for Palladium Nanocatalysts
Authors: Duarte Tiago A. G. , Favier Isabelle , Pradel Christian , Martins Luísa M. D. R. S. , Carvalho Ana P. , Pla Daniel , Gómez Montserrat 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith the aim of preparing bio‐sourced supports with enhanced properties in catalysis, we devised an original strategy allowing the immobilization of metal nanoparticles. Thus, size‐controlled hydrochars with a high degree of hydroxyl functionalities, from both neat sucrose or modified with acrylic acid (10 wt.%), were derivatized with ether linkers containing ammonium groups. These non‐porous carbon‐based materials were used as suitable supports for the immobilization of palladium nanoparticles. The catalytic materials were synthesized by reduction of Pd(OAc)2 to Pd(0) under H2 atmosphere in the presence of the corresponding hydrochar, and fully characterized by standard methods. Among the different hydrochar‐supported palladium materials, those functionalized with tetraalkylammonium groups afforded heterogeneous catalysts, exhibiting high activity in hydrogenations of different types of substrates (alkynes, alkenes, and carbonyl and nitro derivatives). The most efficient catalyst was recycled up to ten runs without loss of catalytic behavior, in agreement with the unchanged composite materials after catalysis (Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analyses) and the lack of metal leaching in the extracted organic products (no palladium detected by Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP‐AES)); these systems exhibited enhanced recyclability properties as compared to commercial Pd/C catalyst.