bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric glass‐ceramics: Crystal chemistry, orientation mechanisms, and emerging applications
Authors: Gerace Katy S. , Mauro John C. , Randall Clive A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPiezoelectric materials have coupled mechanical and electrical energies and have long been used in devices for actuators, sensors, energy harvesters, frequency filters, and various additional applications. Piezoelectricity requires a non‐centrosymmetric crystal structure and is therefore confined to materials that possess a periodic crystalline structure. Due to the non‐crystalline nature of glass, piezoelectricity is fundamentally forbidden. However, one way to exploit piezoelectric properties in a glassy matrix is by developing glass‐ceramics that possess controlled growth of a crystalline phase. Growth and orientation of piezoelectric crystals in a glassy matrix is a non‐trivial process that has long been explored to combine the formability of glass with the thermal and mechanical resilience of glass‐ceramics. While extensive work has been done in the field of functional glass‐ceramics, the results are presented in isolated articles and a comprehensive review pertaining to symmetry breaking methods to exploit anisotropic properties in glass‐ceramics has been absent from the literature. Here, we present a global review of the fundamental symmetry requirements for piezoelectricity, the development of polar, piezoelectric glass‐ceramic compositions (specifically those with LiNbO3 and fresnoite‐based crystal phases), and various crystal growth and orientation mechanisms, including relevant kinetic and thermodynamic driving forces. Lastly, we discuss the challenges associated with implementing gradients to drive oriented crystal growth to develop non‐centrosymmetry, and the need for future modeling work to produce adequate time‐temperature‐transformation (TTT) diagrams that take into account kinetic and thermodynamic driving forces for oriented crystal growth. Going beyond technical challenges, we conclude with an examination of current and potential applications for piezoelectric glass‐ceramics that combine the formability of glass with the symmetry‐dependent properties of ceramics.
Nurse and patient factors: Predicting seclusion in adolescent psychiatric units
Authors: Yurtbasi Miriam K. , Melvin Glenn , Pavlou Christine , Gordon Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProblemSeclusion is considered a necessity when alternatives have failed. There is a consensus that seclusion has no therapeutic benefit, which justifies efforts to reduce the practice. This study aimed to identify nurse and patient variables that are predictive of seclusion on a large adolescent inpatient unit.MethodsNested case controls were used to compare 72 afternoon shifts on which seclusion occurred to 216 afternoon shifts on which no seclusion occurred, between 2010 and 2013, at an Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Unit.FindingsIncreased seclusion was predicted by a lower nurse to patient ratio, more male nurses on shift, fewer female nurses on shift, the presence of agency/temporary nurses on shift, greater combined years of mental health experience, and lower total HoNOSCA behavior subscale score. Unique predictors that increased risk of seclusion included greater number of male nurses and the presence of agency/temporary nurses, while a greater number of female nurses decreased risk of seclusion.ConclusionsNurses play a unique role in seclusion outcomes that are separate to patient‐factors and act as both protective and risk factors for seclusion. Changes can be made to staffing to reduce seclusion and future research should investigate why these nurse‐factors contribute to seclusion.
Prevalence of psychotropic medication and factors associated with antipsychotic treatment in adults with intellectual disabilities: a cross‐sectional, epidemiological study in Germany
Authors: Koch A. D. , Dobrindt J. , Schützwohl M. 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundMental health services in people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are frequently limited to psychotropic medication (PM), especially antipsychotics. The objectives of this study were to assess the prevalence rates of PM treatment in adults with ID in Germany and to identify factors associated with antipsychotic treatment.MethodsThis study is an epidemiological, cross‐sectional study. Sampling was realised by a random selection of service‐providing institutions, followed by a random selection of adults with ID within these participating institutions. Interviews were conducted with formal and informal carers of n = 197 adults with ID. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and risk ratios.ResultsThe 4‐week prevalence rate of PM was 53.8%. Antipsychotics were the most frequent PM (43.7%). Polypharmacy and off‐label use were common. Antipsychotic treatment is associated with living in a residential home [relative risk (RR) = 2.99], not working in a sheltered workshop (RR = 1.46), autism spectrum disorder (RR = 1.89), a documented psychiatric diagnosis (RR = 1.61), psychiatric symptomatology (RR = 1.44) and (mild) challenging behaviours (RR = 4.58).ConclusionsFurther efforts are needed to provide adequate mental health care, specifically to improve PM treatment regarding amount, indication and the consideration of non‐psychopharmacological treatment options.
Mechanisms and Effects of Health Coaching in Patients With Early‐Stage Chronic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lin Mei‐Yu , Cheng Su‐Fen , Hou Wen‐Hsuan , Lin Pi‐Chu , Chen Ching‐Min , Tsai Pei‐Shan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeTo examine the effects of health coaching on self‐management and quality of life (QOL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to evaluate whether self‐efficacy and patient activation mediate the effect of health coaching on self‐management and QOL.Design and MethodsA single‐center, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial. A total of 108 patients with stages 1 to 3a CKD participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to a health‐coaching intervention group or a usual care control group. Participants’ QOL (World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale), self‐management (CKD Self‐Management instrument), patient activation (Patient Activation Measure), and self‐efficacy (CKD Self‐Efficacy instrument) were measured at baseline, immediately after, and 6 weeks after the intervention.FindingsHealth coaching improved QOL, self‐management, patient activation, and self‐efficacy at postintervention and at 12 weeks’ follow‐up. Health coaching had a significant indirect effect on QOL through improvements in patient activation. Health coaching exerted a significant indirect effect on self‐management through improvements in self‐efficacy and patient activation.ConclusionsThe findings demonstrated that health coaching can effectively improve QOL and self‐management. A health‐coaching intervention can raise self‐efficacy and activation levels through which self‐management and QOL further improve.Clinical RelevanceHealth‐coaching strategies can be used to assist patients with early‐stage CKD in reaching their health goals and becoming activated in self‐management of their diseases.
Bioecological aspects of triatomines and marsupials as wildTrypanosoma cruzireservoirs in urban, peri‐urban and rural areas in the Western Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Magalhães L. , Silveira H. , Prestes S. , Costa Magalhães L. K. , Santana R. A. , Ramasawmy R. , Oliveira J. , Roque C. C. R. , Silva Junior R. C. A. , Fé N. , Duarte R. , Maciel M. , Ortiz J. , Morais R. , Monteiro W. M. , Guerra J. A. , Barbosa Guerra M. G. V. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the Amazon region,Trypanosoma cruzitransmission cycles involve a great diversity of Triatominae vectors and mammal reservoirs. SomeRhodniusspp. mainly inhabit palm trees that act as microhabitats for hosts and vectors. The current study aimed to describe aspects of the bio‐ecology of the vectors and reservoirs ofT. cruziin relation to human populations resident near areas with large quantities of palm trees, in rural, peri‐urban and urban collection environments, located in the Western Brazilian Amazon.Rhodnius pictipesandDidelphis marsupialiswere respectively the most predominant vector and reservoir, with rates of 71% forR. pictipesand 96.5% forD. marsupialis.The vast majority ofT. cruziisolates clustered with TcI. The most prevalent haplotype was TcI COII1 (69.7%).Mauritia flexuosaandAttalea phaleratawere the main ecological indicators of infestation by triatomines. Birds were the most common food source (27,71%).T. cruziisolated fromR. robustushas the haplotype HUM‐13, previously detected in a chronic Chagas patient living in the same area. Our results demonstrate the relevance of this study, with the occurrence of elevated infection rates in animals, and suggest the importance of the Amazon zones where there is a risk of infection in humans.
Gastrointestinal medication burden among persons with the Ehlers‐Danlos syndromes
Authors: Dhingra Radha , Bascom Rebecca , Thompson Elizabeth , Francomano Clair A. , Schubart Jane R. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe Ehlers‐Danlos syndromes (EDSs) are a group of heritable disorders of connective tissue associated with an increased prevalence of both structural and functional GI conditions.MethodsWe used 10 years (2005–2014) of administrative claims data comprised of 4294 people with clinician‐diagnosed EDS, aged 5–62 years, and compared their frequency of GI drug prescription claims to their age‐, sex‐, state of residence‐, and earliest claim date‐matched controls. We categorized the GI medications into the following groups: acid suppressants, anti‐emetics, irritable bowel syndrome drugs, and visceral hypersensitivity (VHS) medications.Key ResultsCompared to controls, a significantly higher proportion of persons with EDS had prescription claims for at least one GI drug group, as well as for drugs in each of the four GI drug groups included in our study. By age‐group, 25.7% children and 45.1% adults with EDS had prescription claims for at least one GI drug group compared with only 7.4% and 21.0% of controls, respectively (p < 0.0001). By gender, 44.0% of women and 25.3% of men with EDS had prescription claims for at least one class of GI drugs compared with 19.2% and 9.6% of controls, respectively (p < 0.0001).Conclusions and Key InferencesPredominant medication burden occurs among women with EDS, beginning peri‐pubertally for anti‐emetics and VHS drugs. High GI medication burden underscores previous evidence that GI dysmotility is common among persons with EDS.
Error traps in anesthesia for fetal interventions
Authors: Ferschl Marla B. , Rollins Mark D. , Chatterjee Debnath 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA wide range of fetal interventions are being performed worldwide to save the fetus's life, prevent permanent fetal organ damage, and allow a successful transition to extrauterine life. However, these are invasive procedures and can be associated with serious complications. This article focuses on promoting a culture of safety by highlighting five common error traps while anesthetizing patients for fetal interventions. They include failure to preserve uteroplacental perfusion and gas exchange, failure to achieve adequate uterine relaxation prior to hysterotomy, failure to monitor the fetus and prepare for fetal/neonatal resuscitation, failure to prepare for maternal hemorrhage, and failure to promptly treat uterine atony. Practical tips for avoiding these serious complications will also be discussed.
Energy thresholds of blow‐up for the Hartree equation with a focusing subcritical perturbation
Authors: Tian Shuai , Yang Ying , Zhou Rui , Zhu Shihui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the blow‐up solutions for the Schrödinger equation with a Hartree‐type nonlinearity together with a power‐type subcritical perturbation. The precisely sharp energy thresholds for blow‐up and global existence are obtained by analyzing potential well structures for associated functionals.
Auto-Ignition of Gas Turbine Lubricating Oils in a Shock Tube Using Spray Injection
Authors: Cooper Sean P. , Browne Zachary K. , Alturaifi Sulaiman A. , Mathieu Olivier , Petersen Eric L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In choosing the lubricating oil for a gas turbine system, properties such as viscosity, viscosity index, corrosion prevention, and thermal stability are chosen to optimize turbine longevity and efficiency. Another property that needs to be considered is the lubricant's reactivity, as the lubricant's ability to resist combustion during turbine operation is highly desirable. In evaluating a method to define reactivity, the extremely low vapor pressure of these lubricants makes conventional vaporization by heating impractical. To this end, a new experiment was designed and tested to evaluate the reactivity of lubricating oils using an existing shock-tube facility at Texas A&M University equipped with an automotive fuel injector. This experiment disperses a premeasured amount of lubricant into a region of high-temperature air to study auto-ignition. To ensure proper dispersal, a laser extinction diagnostic was used to detect the lubricant particles behind the reflected shock as they are dispersed and vaporized. An OH* chemiluminescence diagnostic was used to determine ignition delay time. Using this method, various 32-, 36-, and 46-weight lubricants identified as widely used in the gas turbine industry were tested. Experiments were conducted in postreflected shock conditions around 1370 K (2006 °F) and 1.2 atm, where ignition delay time, peak OH* emission, and time-to-peak values were recorded and compared. Ignition was observed for all but one of the lubricants at these conditions, and mild to strong ignition was observed for the other lubricants with varying ignition delay times.
Experimental Analysis of Blade-Casing Contacts in a Centrifugal Compressor: Vibration and Thermal Aspects
Authors: Guérin Nicolas , Gibert Claude , Thouverez Fabrice , Almeida Patricio 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to an increasing need for efficiency of turbo-engines, rotor–stator clearances are being lowered. Therefore, new designs show higher probability for contacts between rotors and casings. When contacts occur, high dynamic excitation levels as well as high temperatures due to dissipative mechanical phenomena may be expected. While numerical investigations have been proposed in the past, experiments are of high interest to fully understand the underlying phenomena behind rotor–stator contact interactions. In order to assess this situation, and based on former work performed by part of the authors, a rotor–stator contact rig has been used to investigate the mechanical and thermal behavior of a centrifugal low-pressure helicopter engine compressor. This rig operates under vacuum conditions to significantly reduce influence of the air surrounding the studied components. A near-zero gap condition is set at rest, and then a rotational speed sweep allows to target the specific operating range of interest. Both structures are fitted with strain gauges (STGs), and a torquemeter is installed on the shaft to measure resistive phenomena on the bladed disk. A scanning laser Doppler vibrometer is aimed at the casing through a window to provide additional displacement measurements. Temperatures are measured by an array of thermocouples equally spaced around the casing, close to the expected contact area. Also, using temperature-sensitive markings, overall temperature mappings on the impeller are performed. During the tests, multiple contact phases have been identified through increased vibration and temperature levels, as well as torque and rotational speed variations. A comprehensive analysis of the dynamic and thermal phenomena occurring during these experimental tests is proposed in this paper. Dynamic measurements are analyzed in the time and frequency domains, and nodal diameter (ND) contents are evaluated as well through full spectrum analyses. As a result, major influences from synchronous excitations in the frequency range of interest but also of higher modal families are highlighted. Post-trial observations indicate severe contact conditions leading to very high temperatures, abradable coating removal, and material transfer between blade and casing.
The UK National Artificial Eye Questionnaire Study: comparisons between cosmetic shell and artificial eye users. Part 2: maintenance, management and quality of life
Authors: Ullrich Katja , Worrell Emma , Shapira Yinon , Litwin Andre , Malhotra Raman 
Published: January 2021

AimsTo compare the unique experiences related to artificial eye (AE) versus cosmetic shell (CS) wear.MethodsIn this observational, cross-sectional study, the National Artificial Eye Questionnaire was employed nationwide within the National Health Service England. This second part of the study assesses daily management and care experiences, as well as visual function and quality of life aspects.ResultsOverall, 951 respondents wore an AE, while 238 wore a CS. Both AE and CS respondents rated a relatively high score for a beneficial effect of prosthesis polishing, with an average score of 80.08±0.87 versus 77.17±1.73 (p=0.13, respectively). CS respondents removed and cleaned their prosthesis more frequently than AE respondents (p<0.0001, p=0.002, respectively). CS respondents instilled lubrication more frequently than AE respondents (p=0.022) with 33.3% versus 43.7% of AE and CS wearers, respectively, lubricating on at least a daily basis. The overall QOL composite score was similar in both AE and CS groups (approximately 77%, p=0.74). Social functioning was similar, and relatively high in both groups (approximately 86%, p=0.77).ConclusionsThis study characterises unique aspects of CSs versus AEs in a large national cohort. The results should provide reinforcement to the gain in popularity of CSs.
Quantitative OCT angiography of the retinal microvasculature and choriocapillaris in highly myopic eyes with myopic macular degeneration
Authors: Zheng Feihui , Chua Jacqueline , Ke Mengyuan , Tan Bingyao , Yu Marco , Hu Qinglan , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Ang Marcus , Lee Shu Yen , Wong Tien Yin ,   SNEC Retina Group, Schmetterer Leopold , Wong Chee Wai , Hoang Quan V 
Published: January 2021

PurposeTo quantify retinal and choriocapillaris (CC) microvasculature in highly myopic (HM) eyes with myopic macular degeneration (MMD) using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA).Methods162 HM eyes (spherical equivalent ≤ −6.0 dioptres or axial length (AL) ≥26.5 mm) from 98 participants were enrolled, including 60 eyes (37.0%) with tessellated fundus, 54 eyes (33.3%) with peripapillary diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (PDCA), 27 eyes (16.7%) with macular diffuse chorioretinal atrophy (MDCA) and 21 eyes (13.0%) with patchy or macular atrophy. PLEX Elite 9000 SS-OCTA was performed to obtain perfusion densities (PD) of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus, and CC signal voids (number, area and density).ResultsRetinal PD decreased with increasing severity of MMD. Multivariable analysis showed that after adjustment of age and other factors, retinal PD decreased significantly in eyes with longer AL (β≤−0.51, p<0.001) and with an MMD severity of MDCA or worse (β≤−1.63, p<0.001). Reduced retinal PD were significantly associated with worse vision (β≤−0.01, p≤0.04). In terms of CC signal voids, multivariable analysis showed that longer AL (p<0.001), but not MMD severity (p≥0.12) was significantly associated with CC signal void changes in the earliest stage of MMD.ConclusionWe demonstrate significant OCTA alterations in the retina and CC in HM eyes with varying severities of MMD. In eyes with early-stage PDCA, lower retinal PD and more extensive CC signal voids are predominantly associated with increasing AL. In contrast, in eyes with MDCA or worse, MMD itself was associated with sparser retinal and CC circulation.
Choroidal macrovessels: multimodal imaging findings and review of the literature
Authors: Gallo Beatrice , de Silva Samantha R , Mahroo Omar A , Saihan Zubin , Patel Praveen J , Dowler Jonathan G , Pavesio Carlos , Keane Pearse A , Tufail Adnan , Sagoo Mandeep S 
Published: January 2021

Background/aimsTo describe clinical and multimodal imaging features in a cohort of choroidal macrovessels.MethodsDemographics and multimodal imaging features of 16 eyes of 13 patients with choroidal macrovessels were reviewed. The multimodal imaging included colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral domain enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT), en face OCT, OCT-angiography (OCT-A), B-scan ultrasonography (US), fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA).ResultsThree patients had bilateral involvement. On colour fundus photography, three patterns were evident (a clearly visible orange-red vessel; a track of pigmentary changes; spots of mild pigmentary changes). Vessel orientation was horizontal (11 eyes), oblique (4 eyes) or vertical (1 eye). In 2 eyes, the vessel was extra-macular. OCT in all cases showed a hyporeflective choroidal area with posterior shadowing and elevation of the overlying retina. Subretinal fluid was present in 4 eyes. FAF (12 eyes) was normal (7 eyes) or showed a hypofluorescent/hyperfluorescent track (4 eyes) or linear hyperautofluorescence (1 eye). En-face OCT (2 eyes) revealed the course of the macrovessel at the level of choroid and choriocapillaris. On OCT-A (2 eyes) the vessel had a reflectivity similar to surrounding vessels but larger diameter. B-scan US (8 eyes) showed a nodular hypoechogenic lesion. FFA (5 eyes) showed early focal hyperfluorescence (4 eyes) not increasing in later phases, or was normal (1 eye). ICGA (6 eyes) showed early hyperfluorescence of the vessel.ConclusionsChoroidal macrovessels can mimic other entities, leading to underdiagnosis. Appreciating relevant features on different imaging modalities will aid a correct diagnosis.