bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative‐descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics in 2019‐coronavirus‐infected children and adults
Authors: Han Ya‐nan , Feng Zhan‐wei , Sun Li‐na , Ren Xiao‐xia , Wang Hua , Xue Yong‐ming , Wang Yi , Fang Ying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAcute respiratory disease caused by 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) has rapidly spread throughout China. Children and adults show a different clinical course. The purpose of the current study is to comparatively analyze the clinical characteristics of 2019‐nCoV infection in children and adults and to explore the possible causes for the discrepancies present. The medical records of 25 adults and 7 children confirmed cases of 2019‐2019‐nCoV acute respiratory diseases were reviewed retrospectively. All children were family clusters. The total adult patients were differentiated into the local residents of Wuhan, a history of travel to Wuhan and direct contact with people from Wuhan. The numbers were 14 (56%), 10 (40%), and 1 (4%), respectively. The median incubation period of children and adults was 5 days (ranged, 3‐12 days) and 4 days (ranged, 2‐12 days), respectively. Diarrhoea and/or vomiting (57.1%) were demic by World Health Organiza more common in children, whereas for adults it was myalgia or fatigue (52%). On admission, the percentage of children having pneumonia (5%, 71.4%) was roughly the same as adults (20%, 80%). A total of 20% of adults had leucopoenia, but leukocytosis was more frequently in children (28.6%, P=.014). A higher number of children had elevated creatine kinase isoenzyme (57.1% vs 4%, P=.004). Antiviral therapy was given to all adult patients but to none of the children. In summary, knowledge of these differences between children and adults will not only be helpful for the clinical diagnosis of 2019‐nCoV disease, but also for a future discussion on age‐specific coronavirus infection.
Impact of the Icelandic Low on British climate in winter
Authors: Hameed Sultan , Riaz Syed M.F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCorrelations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) with climate variables in continental Europe are strong but weak over Britain. This article presents evidence that interannual variations of British climate are explained more successfully by variations of the Icelandic Low (IL), the northern component of the NAO. The IL changes continuously in intensity as well as position, and these variations are not represented in the NAO. Monthly values of intensity and latitude and longitude positions for the IL are estimated from gridded sea level pressure data. These are used to analyse their impact on interannual variations of winter precipitation and temperature over Britain for the period 1981–2014. It is found that the primary influence on the interannual variations of winter precipitation over Britain are the pressure and the longitude position of the IL. When the IL is deeper or situated east of its mean location, there is above normal precipitation over Britain. The primary influence on air temperature is the meridional migration of the IL; it is warmer when the IL is situated north of its mean position. The impact of the IL on precipitation and air temperature are evaluated also for Scotland, North England and South England separately.
Applying the science of learning to the teaching and learning of surgical skills: The basics of surgical education
Authors: Sullivan Maura E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe changing climate of surgical education has led to a renewed interest in the process of learning. Research from the fields of cognitive and educational psychology, neuroscience, sociology, and behavioral economics have clear implications for the teaching and learning of psychomotor skills. This article summarizes how key learning theories impact the field of surgical education and proposes practical tips, supported by the science of learning, that can be applied to optimize resident and fellow education.
An efficient, green, and easy‐to‐scale‐up strategy for target‐oriented isolating cadinene sesquiterpenoids from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng
Authors: Zhou Xue , Wang Jie , Sun Lifang , Xiang Anya , Shi Qinglong , Li Haichi , Zhou Dan , Ge Fahuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA green and efficient strategy was established and optimized for target‐oriented extraction, enrichment and separation of cadinene sesquiterpenoids from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng., using the combination of supercritical fluid extraction, molecular distillation, and industrial preparative chromatography for the first time. The extraction conditions of supercritical fluid extraction were initially optimized by orthogonal experimental design. Under the optimum conditions, the contents of 9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone and 10Hβ‐9‐oxo‐ageraphorone, which were 55.00% and 6.01%, respectively, were much higher than conventional extraction methods. Then, the molecular distillation enrichment method was established and investigated by response surface methodology technology, which showed strong specificity for enriching target compounds and removing impurities from crude extracts. Under the optimum conditions of molecular distillation, total contents of cadinene sesquiterpenoids were increased to 89.19%. Finally, a total of 146 mg of 9‐oxo‐10,11‐dehydroageraphorone and 29 mg of 10Hβ‐9‐oxo‐ageraphorone were easily obtained by industrial preparative chromatography, from 200 mg of distillation fraction, with purities over 99%. The contents of target components were analyzed by HPLC, and structures of them were identified by high‐resolution MS, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. These results indicate that it is a simple, effective, and eco‐friendly strategy, which is easily converted into industrial scale.
TiN@TiO2Core–Shell Nanoparticles as Plasmon‐Enhanced Photosensitizers: The Role of Hot Electron Injection
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Dutta Aveek , Khurgin Jacob , Wei Alexander , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Boltasseva Alexandra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMetal–semiconductor heterostructures have attracted a lot of attention due to their ability to enhance photovoltaic and photocatalytic processes via plasmonic effects. Thus far, most of the proposed heterostructures are designed with noble metals and the potential of alternative plasmonic materials, such as titanium nitride (TiN), is not yet well explored. In this work, TiN@TiO2core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) are synthesized and proposed as plasmon‐enhanced photosensitizers for efficient singlet oxygen generation, with the focus on the role of hot electron injection. Excitation of dilute TiN@TiO2NP dispersions by a 700 nm femtosecond‐pulsed laser effectively converts ground‐state oxygen into singlet oxygen (1O2), driven primarily by hot electrons generated during plasmon decay at the TiN–TiO2interface and injected into the TiO2layer. Analytical calculations reveal the unique advantages of TiN–TiO2heterostructures in hot‐electron‐mediated photocatalysis. Considering the chemical inertness and low cost of TiN, TiN@TiO2NPs hold great potential as plasmonic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy and other photocatalytic applications at red‐to‐near‐infrared wavelengths.
Deformation of Hierarchical Lamellar Structure Formed by a Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymer
Authors: Kuribayashi Junpei , Ishige Ryohei , Hayashi Mikihiro , Tokita Masatoshi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe deformation of a structure of alternating liquid crystal (LC)/viscous layers upon being stretched along the normal layer is investigated using highly ordered, near‐single‐crystal lamellar fibers of an LC block copolymer. The block copolymer consists of poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) segments attached to a main‐chain LC polyester at both ends. The LC block segregates from the PEMA block and forms a smectic LC, laying the layers parallel to the interface with PEMA block lamellae to form a hierarchical layered structure. Deformations on stretching the fiber sample are observed by X‐ray scattering measurements. The fiber deformation causes lamellae to dilate and undulate at elongation ratio (λ) < 1.6, wherein PEMA block lamellae are preferentially dilated to tilt lamellar boundaries. In the dilated LC block lamellae, the smectic layers undulate without changing the layer spacing. With further fiber elongation, the lamellae are folded into a chevron rather than dilated, recovering the lamellar spacing.
Lonicera caerulea L. Polyphenols Alleviate Oxidative Stress‐Induced Intestinal Environment Imbalance and Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Liver Injury in HFD‐Fed Rats by Regulating the Nrf2/HO‐1/NQO1 and MAPK Pathways
Authors: Li Bin , Cheng Zhen , Sun Xiyun , Si Xu , Gong Ersheng , Wang Yuehua , Tian Jinlong , Shu Chi , Ma Fengming , Li Dongnan , Meng Xianjun 
Published: April 2020

ScopeThis study investigates the modulatory effects of Lonicera caerulea L. polyphenols (LCPs) on the intestinal environment and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced liver injury via the nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2/heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1)/NQO1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in a rat model of oxidative stress damage (OSD).Methods and resultsTo examine the prebiotic properties of LCP, a model of high‐fat‐diet‐induced OSD is established using Sprague Dawley rats. In the colon, treatment with LCP for 8 weeks ameliorates enhanced intestinal permeability (glucagon‐like peptide‐2 content and occludin protein increase, whereas claudin‐2 protein decreases), intestinal inflammation (levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, cyclooxygenase‐2, and nuclear factor kappa‐B p65 (NF‐κB p65), decrease), and intestinal OSD (through regulation of the Nrf2/HO‐1/NQO1 pathway). Moreover, LCP alleviates LPS‐induced liver injury by suppressing the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65 and activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. Additionally, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Rothia, and Blautia are found to be the key intestinal microbial taxa related to intestinal OSD and LPS‐induced liver injury in rats.ConclusionLCP treatment potentially modulates the intestinal environment and alleviates liver injury by suppressing oxidative‐stress‐related pathways and altering the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
Scanner invariant representations for diffusion MRI harmonization
Authors: Moyer Daniel , Ver Steeg Greg , Tax Chantal M. W. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

PurposeIn the present work, we describe the correction of diffusion‐weighted MRI for site and scanner biases using a novel method based on invariant representation.Theory and MethodsPooled imaging data from multiple sources are subject to variation between the sources. Correcting for these biases has become very important as imaging studies increase in size and multi‐site cases become more common. We propose learning an intermediate representation invariant to site/protocol variables, a technique adapted from information theory‐based algorithmic fairness; by leveraging the data processing inequality, such a representation can then be used to create an image reconstruction that is uninformative of its original source, yet still faithful to underlying structures. To implement this, we use a deep learning method based on variational auto‐encoders (VAE) to construct scanner invariant encodings of the imaging data.ResultsTo evaluate our method, we use training data from the 2018 MICCAI Computational Diffusion MRI (CDMRI) Challenge Harmonization dataset. Our proposed method shows improvements on independent test data relative to a recently published baseline method on each subtask, mapping data from three different scanning contexts to and from one separate target scanning context.ConclusionsAs imaging studies continue to grow, the use of pooled multi‐site imaging will similarly increase. Invariant representation presents a strong candidate for the harmonization of these data.
Prevalence, subtypes, and correlates of nocturia in the symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network cohort
Authors: Clemens J. Quentin , Wiseman Jonathan B. , Smith Abigail R. , Amundsen Cindy L. , Yang Claire C. , Bradley Megan S. , Kirkali Ziya , Agochukwu Nnenaya Q. , Cameron Anne P. ,   the LURN Study Group
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimsWe determined the prevalence, severity, and correlates of nocturia in a large clinical cohort of patients.MethodsPatients presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) completed 3‐day bladder diaries. Nocturia was quantified based on the mean number of nighttime voids documented over the 3 days. Nocturia subtypes (global polyuria, nocturnal polyuria [NP], reduced global bladder capacity, and reduced nocturnal bladder capacity) were assessed. Bother due to nocturia was measured by the LUTS Tool. Sleep quality was assessed with the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Sleep Scale. Multivariable multinomial regression was used to explore patient characteristics associated with nocturia.ResultsIn 502 participants with analyzable diaries (285 men and 217 women), the mean number of nocturia episodes over 3 days was 0 in 103 (20.5%), >0 to <1 in 151 (20.1%), 1 to <2 in 165 (32.9%), and ≥2 in 83 (16.5%). Sixty‐seven percent of the participants with nocturia ≥1 reported significant bother from their nocturia. NP was the most common nocturia subtype and was present in 17% of those with nocturia = 0, 40% of those with nocturia >0 to <1, 65% of those with nocturia 1 to <2%, and 77% with nocturia 2+. Higher degrees of nocturia were associated with male sex, greater sleep disturbance, and a higher likelihood of exhibiting multiple nocturia subtypes.ConclusionsNocturia ≥1 occurred in 49% of LUTS patients and caused significant bother in the majority of them. The most common subtype was NP, but a substantial proportion of patients exhibited additional characteristics.
Quantitative measurement of the effect of OH radicals on the surface treatment of polypropylene
Authors: Ono Ryo , Murakami Shinichiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOH and O radicals are considered to be the most important reactive species in polymer surface treatment using plasma. However, the treatment effect of OH and O radicals has not been measured quantitatively due to the difficulty in separating the effects of OH and O from those of many other reactive species produced in plasma. In this study, the effect of OH radicals on the surface treatment of polypropylene (PP) is quantitatively measured using specially designed equipment that was developed in our previous research. The equipment produces OH radicals using vacuum ultraviolet photolysis of water vapor and supplies them to the PP surface while limiting the supply of other reactive species. The water contact angle on the PP surface is decreased by 1° per OH supply of [OH]τ = 7.1 × 1012 s/cm3, where τ is the treatment time.
The role of a multidisciplinary team in a pediatric pulmonary hypertension center
Authors: Whalen Elise , Ely Erin , Brown Anna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe multidisciplinary team in a pediatric pulmonary hypertension (PH) center can improve the delivery of care to the PH patient by helping them address the different challenges that correlate to a PH diagnosis. Currently, there are a limited number of accredited pediatric PH centers nationwide, and many healthcare facilities have little experience managing patients with this complex and rare disease. Patients with PH may see providers from multiple medical specialties, inherit a high‐cost burden from their PH medications, and have little community backing due to unfamiliarity of the disease. The multidisciplinary team can embrace these challenges. Through the delineation of tasks and roles within the composition of the team, patients can experience the support, resources, and care they need. The composition of the team can vary from center to center, but it may include an attending physician, advanced practice provider, nurse, dietitian, physiologists, respiratory therapists, social workers, research coordinators, and subspecialty collaboration including cardiology, pulmonology, genetics, psychology, and palliative care. When composing a multidisciplinary team, consider the heterogeneity of the patient population being served. Look at the resources available and overall community familiarity with PH. It is important to know the center's limits and refer to an expert PH center as necessary. The goal for every patient with pulmonary hypertension is to maximize their quality of life and outcomes, and the use of the multidisciplinary team is one approach to reaching this goal.
Dendritic Groups Substituted Kekulé‐Benzene‐Bridged Bis(triarylamine) Mixed‐valence Systems: Syntheses, Characterization and Electronic Coupling Properties
Authors: Ou Ya‐Ping , Wang Aihui , Zhang Fuxing , Hu Fang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAlkoxy‐substituted phenyl‐bridged triarylamine compounds 1–3 of three different sizes were synthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, elemental analysis, and X‐ray single diffraction. Their electronic coupling properties were investigated by electrochemistry, UV‐vis‐near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Electrochemistry experiment results with small potential difference reveal that unresolved electronic coupling occurred between two NAr2 termini. Observable electronic coupling of mixed‐valence 1+–3+ were exhibited by NIR absorptions, and electronic coupling parameter Hab was calculated by the Hush theory formula from experimental characteristic intervalence charge‐transfer transitions. The results revealed that the electron coupling of 1+–3+ gradually increased with the alkoxy size of the substituents (from methoxy to dendritic groups) attached to the central phenyl bridge. These findings are supported by the increasing gradient trend of spin density contributions of bridge linkers (terphenyl) (1+: 23 %; 2+: 30 %; 3+: 38 %) and further prove that introducing protected groups, such as large dendritic groups in bridge cores, can effectively enlarge electronic coupling.
Unusual Side Transformation of Spiro[2,4]hepta‐4,6‐dienes into Fulvene Derivatives During Pd‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation with Diazomethane
Authors: Shulishov Evgeny V. , Pantyukh Olga A. , Menchikov Leonid G. , Tomilov Yury V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe catalytic cyclopropanation of spiro[2.4]hepta‐4,6‐diene and 1,1,2,2‐tetradeutero‐, 1‐methyl‐, and 1,1‐dimethylspiro[2.4]hepta‐4,6‐dienes on treatment with excess diazomethane in the presence of palladium catalysts, which gives products of double bond dicyclopropanation, is also accompanied by an unusual transformation of the three‐membered ring of the spiro moiety with elimination of the unsubstituted methylene group in the form of ethylene to give the corresponding 5‐methylidenetricyclo[4.1.0.02,4]heptanes (bishomofulvenes). The putative mechanism of the reactions is considered.
Enantioselectivity Enhanced on LDH Layers in Ruthenium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Acetophenone
Authors: Shi Xiufeng , Xing Bin , Pan Dahai , Fan Binbin , Li Ruifeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA novel heterogeneous catalyst has been developed by immobilizing Ru complexes on layered double hydroxide (LDH) via an electrostatic adsorption method. The prepared hybrid was characterized by a series of physical and chemical techniques, and the results confirmed the successful immobilization of the Ru complexes on the LDH support. The prepared heterogeneous Ru catalyst was found to be more enantioselective than the corresponding homogeneous analogue in the asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone and its ee value was 10% higher than that of the homogeneous analogue. Furthermore, the prepared heterogeneous catalyst could be recovered easily and reused at least six times without a significant loss in catalytic activity and selectivity. Density functional theory (DFT) computations revealed the influence of LDH layer on Ru complexes and the enantioselectivity of the immobilized Ru complexes in asymmetric hydrogenation of acetophenone.
Synthesis and Application of Sustainable Furfuryl Alcohol‐based Plasticizer
Authors: Chen Hao , Ding Jiheng , Liang Hongzhe , Yu Haibin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe application of green and sustainable plasticizers deriving from natural resources has become a promising way to replace conventional petroleum‐based plasticizers like dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Herein, the environment‐friendly plasticizer dioctyl 1‐((octanoyloxy)methyl)‐7‐oxabicyclo‐[2.2.1] hept‐5‐ene‐2,3‐dicarboxylate (DOMFC) was synthesized from a renewable resource, furfuryl alcohol and maleic anhydride, and its plasticization efficiencies in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was studied. The tensile strain of PVC‐DOMFC reached about 7.4 times higher than that of pure PVC, which was higher than that of PVC‐DOP composites. Solvent extraction and thermal stability results indicated that the epoxy groups and ester bonds in DOMFC could efficiently increase the plasticizing effect, while the existence of furan rings improved the rigidity of the PVC. This design strategy opens an avenue for fabricating high‐performance green plasticizers to replace DOP.
Extrinsic Ion Distribution Induced Field Effect in CsPbIBr2 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yulong , Wang Kai , Subhani Waqas Siddique , Zhang Congqiang , Jiang Xiao , Wang Shimin , Bao Huaxi , Liu Lu , Wan Li , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: April 2020

AbstractExcellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability are the primary forces that propel the all‐inorganic cesium‐based halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward commercialization. However, the intrinsic high density of trap state and internal nonradiative recombination of CsPbIBr2 perovskite film are the barriers that limit its development. In the present study, a facile additive strategy is introduced to fabricate highly efficient CsPbIBr2 PSCs by incorporating sulfamic acid sodium salt (SAS) into the perovskite layer. The additive can control the crystallization behaviors and optimize morphology, as well as effectively passivate defects in the bulk perovskite film, thereby resulting in a high‐quality perovskite. In addition, SAS in perovskite has possibly introduced an additional internal electric field effect that favors electron transport and injection due to inhomogeneous ion distribution. A champion PCE of 10.57% (steady‐output efficiency is 9.99%) is achieved under 1 Sun illumination, which surpasses that of the contrast sample by 16.84%. The modified perovskite film also exhibits improved moisture stability. The unencapsulated device maintains over 80% initial PCE after aging for 198 h in air. The results provide a suitable additive for inorganic perovskite and introduce a new conjecture to explain the function of additives in PSCs more rationally.
A Förster Resonance Energy Transfer‐Based Ratiometric Sensor with the Allosteric Transcription Factor TetR
Authors: Nguyen Thuy T. , Chern Margaret , Baer R C. , Galagan James , Dennis Allison M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA recent description of an antibody‐free assay is significantly extended for small molecule analytes using allosteric transcription factors (aTFs) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). The FRET signal indicates the differential binding of an aTF–DNA pair with a dose‐dependent response to its effector molecule, i.e., the analyte. The new sensors described here, based on the well‐characterized aTF TetR, demonstrate several new features of the assay approach: 1) the generalizability of the sensors to additional aTF–DNA–analyte systems, 2) sensitivity modulation through the choice of donor fluorophore (quantum dots or fluorescent proteins, FPs), and 3) sensor tuning using aTF variants with differing aTF–DNA binding affinities. While all of these modular sensors self‐assemble, the design reported here based on a recombinant aTF–FP chimera with commercially available dye‐labeled DNA uses readily accessible sensor components to facilitate easy adoption of the sensing approach by the broader community.