bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature‐sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid channels: structural insights into ligand‐dependent activation
Authors: Zubcevic Lejla 
Published: November 2020

Temperature‐sensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid ion channel subtypes 1–4 (thermoTRPV1–thermoTRPV4) play important roles in a wide range of physiological processes, including temperature sensing and body temperature regulation, inflammation, pain, itch, maintenance of skin, bone and hair, along with osmotic regulation. ThermoTRPV function is modulated by numerous natural product compounds, such as capsaicin, camphor and cannabinoids. Because of their physiological importance and their druggability, these channels have made attractive potential targets for drug development. Since the beginning of the cryo‐electron miscroscopy (cryo‐EM) “resolution revolution,” a lot of progress has been made towards dissecting the activation mechanisms of thermoTRPVs and mapping the binding sites for modulatory compounds. Here, we review the thermoTRPV physiology and pharmacology and summarize the current knowledge of their mechanisms of gating and ligand binding sites.LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed issue on Structure Guided Pharmacology of Membrane Proteins (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.14/issuetoc
A transformational change in scintigraphic gastroesophageal reflux studies: A comparison with historic techniques
Authors: Burton Leticia , Joffe David , Mackey Douglas W , Van der Wall Hans , Falk Gregory L 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe inclusion of scintigraphy in the diagnostic algorithm for gastroesophageal reflux is controversial due to variability in methodology and reporting. A novel scintigraphic reflux study has been developed and validated against the current standards for the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GORD).ObjectiveTo compare a new scintigraphic reflux test against historic techniques and standardised diagnostic reference tests for gastroesophageal reflux disease.MethodsPaired scintigraphic studies were conducted in seventeen patients. All patients underwent at least one other standardised diagnostic reflux test such as 24‐ hour oesophageal impedance/ pH, and oesophageal manometry, barium swallow, gastroscopy or the Peptest. Patients inadvertently presented at sites B for scintigraphic reflux testing rather than at Site A which was part of an approved study. The findings from sites B did not correlate with clinical symptoms and other diagnostic reference tests from GORD. These studies were then repeated at Site A with approval from the patients. A second reflux study was performed at site A, utilising a novel technique with the capability of assessing oesophageal and extra‐oesophageal disease.ResultsThe Site A technique shows good concordance with the reference diagnostic tests with an accuracy of 82.4% and kappa of 0.64 (SE: 0.16, p = 0.00). Site B had an overall accuracy of 47.1% and kappa of 0.066 (SE: 0.068, p = 0.45).ConclusionThe Site A technique shows higher accuracy than either site B or the historic reflux techniques. It has characteristics that make it an effective screening tool for assessment of local oesophageal disease and its extraoesophageal manifestations.
Crystal methamphetamine use among young people entering custody: Prevalence, correlates and comorbidity
Authors: Kaye Sharlene , Lewandowski Amy , Bowman Julia , Doyle Michael F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsCrystal methamphetamine (CM) is associated with a range of physical and mental health harms and may be of particular concern among young people at risk of early, problematic substance use, such as those in contact with the criminal justice system. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of regular (i.e. at least weekly) CM use among young people preceding entry into custody.Design and MethodsData were collected from 207 participants aged 14–18 years as part of the 2015 Young People in Custody Health Survey, a cross‐sectional survey of youth in custody in New South Wales, Australia. Participants were administered face‐to‐face structured interviews assessing sociodemographic, childhood and family characteristics, offending history, substance use and psychopathology. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors independently associated with regular CM use.ResultsRegular CM use was reported by 31% of participants and was independently associated with higher levels of antisocial traits/behaviour [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02, 1.25], increased polydrug use (AOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.14, 1.58), injecting drug use (AOR 4.06, 95% CI 1.02, 16.16) and meeting symptom thresholds for two or more current psychological disorders (AOR 3.20, 95% CI 1.15, 8.94).Discussion and ConclusionsRegular CM users present with more complex comorbidity than other young people in custody, increasing the health‐care burden in custodial and community settings. Early identification and appropriate treatment of this comorbidity is crucial to improving the health, psychosocial and behavioural outcomes of this vulnerable group.
A novel disturbance rejection factor based stable direct adaptive fuzzy control strategy for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Das Sharma Kaushik , Chatterjee Amitava , Siarry Patrick , Rakshit Anjan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes a unique disturbance rejection factor (DRF) based design of direct stable adaptive fuzzy logic controllers (AFLCs) for a class of non‐linear systems with large and fast disturbances. The proposed AFLCs are realized by employing hybrid combinations of Lyapunov theory based local adaptation and harmony search algorithm based global optimization technique. These hybrid AFLCs are designed with the objective of optimizing both the structure and free parameters of it with guaranteed stability and, at the same time, simultaneously achieving satisfactory tracking performance and disturbance rejection. The novelty of the proposed work lies in the fact that, in a bid to perform the disturbance rejection, the nature of the disturbance itself is used in designing the tracking control law. The proposed DRF based hybrid stable AFLCs are implemented for several benchmark case studies and extensive performance evaluations demonstrate their usefulness.
Global soil‐derived ammonia emissions from agricultural nitrogen fertilizer application: A refinement based on regional and crop‐specific emission factors
Authors: Ma Ruoya , Zou Jianwen , Han Zhaoqiang , Yu Kai , Wu Shuang , Li Zhaofu , Liu Shuwei , Niu Shuli , Horwath William R. , Zhu‐Barker Xia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAmmonia (NH3) emissions from fertilized soils to the atmosphere and the subsequent deposition to land surface exert adverse effects on biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycling. The region‐ and crop‐specific emission factors (EFs) of N fertilizer for NH3 are poorly developed and therefore the global estimate of soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application is constrained. Here we quantified the region‐ and crop‐specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer by compiling data from 324 worldwide manipulative studies and focused to map the global soil NH3 emissions from agricultural N fertilizer application. Globally, the NH3 EFs averaged 12.56% and 14.12% for synthetic N fertilizer and manure, respectively. Regionally, south‐eastern Asia had the highest NH3 EFs of synthetic N fertilizer (19.48%) and Europe had the lowest (6%), which might have been associated with the regional discrepancy in the form and rate of N fertilizer use and management practices in agricultural production. Global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer and manure in 2014 were estimated to be 12.32 and 3.79 Tg N/year, respectively. China (4.20 Tg N/year) followed by India (2.37 Tg N/year) and America (1.05 Tg N/year) together contributed to over 60% of the total global agricultural NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer. For crop‐specific emissions, the NH3 EFs averaged 11.13%–13.95% for the three main staple crops (i.e., maize, wheat, and rice), together accounting for 72% of synthetic N fertilizer‐induced NH3 emissions from croplands in the world and 70% in China. The region‐ and crop‐specific NH3 EFs of N fertilizer established in this study offer references to update the default EF in the IPCC Tier 1 guideline. This work also provides an insight into the spatial variation of soil‐derived NH3 emissions from the use of synthetic N fertilizer in agriculture at the global and regional scales.
Water‐use efficiency of maize may be increased by the plant growth regulator paclobutrazol
Authors: Hütsch Birgit W. , Schubert Sven 
Published: November 2020

AbstractContradictory results of the paclobutrazol (PAC) effect on maize plants were obtained under semiarid compared to well‐watered conditions with grain yield improvements versus depressions, respectively. In addition, maize cultivars differed in their reactions to similar PAC dosages. Thus, in the present study PAC was applied in the appropriate dosage at growth stage V5 to six maize cultivars (Zea mays L. cvs. Amanova, Severeen, Hubble, Galactus, Fabregas, Pioneer 3906) grown in a container experiment under well‐watered conditions. PAC caused significant decreases in plant height, increases in culm diameter and reduced transpiration rates in comparison with the untreated control plants. At anthesis, start and duration of pollen production, start of silking and anthesis‐silking interval (ASI) were mostly unaffected by PAC application. Senescence of PAC‐treated plants was delayed by one week. Apart from cultivar Galactus, PAC treatment caused significant grain yield reductions between 9% and 20%, which were solely based on decreases in kernel number because higher single kernel weights were obtained. In all cultivars, reductions in straw yield of 28% to 49% were achieved with PAC application, which were responsible for significant improvements of the harvest index by 8%–36%. PAC‐treated plants showed reduced water consumption (11%–21%), resulting in significantly improved WUEgrain during the critical period of kernel setting of the cultivars Amanova, Severeen, Galactus and Fabregas. The results indicate that PAC treatment of maize plants bears several advantages such as reduced water demand and improved water‐use efficiency (WUE), higher mechanical strength of the stalk and an enhanced harvest index. Possible grain yield decreases per plant under well‐watered conditions could be counteracted by moderate increases in plant density, yet concurrently this might diminish some of the beneficial PAC effects.
Mesenchymal stroma/stem‐like cells of GARP knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and invasion of mouse colon cancer cells (MC38) through exosomes
Authors: Xing Haizhou , Liang Chunyan , Xu Xintong , Sun Hui , Ma Xiaojun , Jiang Zhongxing 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMesenchymal stroma/stem‐like cells (MSCs) have antitumour activity, and MSC‐derived exosomes play a role in the growth, metastasis and invasion of tumour cells. Additionally, glycoprotein A repetition predominant (GARP) promotes oncogenesis in breast cancer. Therefore, GARP is speculated to be a target gene for cancer therapy. We aimed to explore the therapy role of MSC‐derived exosomes targeting GARP in mouse colon cancer cell MC38. We successfully established a GARP knockdown system using three kinds of siRNA‐GARP in MSC cells. Exosomes were isolated from MSC and siGARP‐MSC cells, and verified by the exosome surface protein markers CD9, CD63 and CD81. GARP expression was significantly decreased in siGARP‐MSC exosomes compared with that of MSC exosomes. We found that siGARP‐MSC exosomes inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion of MC38 cells, using CCK‐8, colony formation, wound‐healing and Transwell invasion assays. Furthermore, siGARP‐MSC exosomes impeded IL‐6 secretion and partly inactivated JAK1/STAT3 pathway, measured using ELISA and RT‐qPCR. In conclusion, MSC‐derived exosomes targeting GARP are a potential strategy for cancer therapy.
Improvement in Activities of Daily Living during a Nursing Home Stay and One‐Year Mortality among Older Adults with Sepsis
Authors: Downer Brian , Pritchard Kevin , Thomas Kali S. , Ottenbacher Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVETo describe the recovery of activities of daily living (ADLs) during a skilled nursing facility (SNF) stay and the association with 1‐year mortality after SNF discharge among Medicare beneficiaries treated in intensive care for sepsis.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.SETTINGSkilled nursing facilities in the United States.PARTICIPANTSMedicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries admitted to an SNF within 3 days of discharge from a hospitalization that included an intensive care unit (ICU) stay for sepsis between January 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015 (N = 59,383).MEASUREMENTSData from the Minimum Data Set (MDS) were used to calculate a total score for seven ADLs. Improvement was determined by comparing the total ADL scores from the first and last MDS assessments of the SNF stay. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between improvement in ADL function and 1‐year mortality after SNF discharge.RESULTSApproximately 58% of SNF residents had any improvement in ADL function. Residents who had improvement in ADL function had 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.69–0.74) lower risk for mortality following SNF discharge than residents who did not improve. Residents who improved 1–3 points (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.79–0.84) and four or more points (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.55–0.60) in ADL function had significantly lower mortality risk than residents who did not improve.CONCLUSIONOlder adults treated in an ICU with sepsis can improve in ADL function during an SNF stay. This improvement is associated with lower 1‐year mortality risk after SNF discharge. These findings provide evidence that ADL recovery during an SNF stay is associated with better health outcomes for older adults who have survived an ICU stay for sepsis.
Health Heterogeneity in Older Adults: Exploration in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Nguyen Quoc Dinh , Moodie Erica M. , Forget Marie‐France , Desmarais Philippe , Keezer Mark R. , Wolfson Christina 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundA widely held dictum in aging research is that heterogeneity in health increases with age, but the basis for this claim has not been fully investigated. We examined heterogeneity at different ages across health characteristics to describe variation and trends; we investigated the comparative importance of between‐age versus within‐age heterogeneity.DesignThis was a cohort study.SettingCommunity‐dwelling older adults.ParticipantsA total of 30,097 adults aged 45 to 86 years, from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging, were included.MeasurementsThirty‐four health characteristics in eight domains (physical measures, vital signs, physiological measures, physical performance, function/disability, chronic conditions, frailty, laboratory values) were assessed cross‐sectionally. We used regression models to examine heterogeneity in health characteristics (using absolute deviation) and domains (using effective variance) in relation to age. Comparison between between‐age and within‐age heterogeneity was quantified by estimating the age threshold at which the former exceeds the latter.ResultsOf the 34 health characteristics, 17 showed increased heterogeneity, 8 decreased, and 9 no association with age. The associations between heterogeneity and age increased generally but were nonlinear for most domains and nonmonotonic for some. We observed peak heterogeneity at approximately 70 years. Between‐age heterogeneity, compared with within‐age heterogeneity, was most important for forced expiratory volume in 1 second and grip strength but varied across characteristics.ConclusionOverall health heterogeneity increases with age but does not uniformly increase across all variables and domains. Heterogeneity in aging reinforces the need for geriatric assessment and personalized care, depending on which health characteristics are assessed, their measurement properties, and their referent group. Our findings suggest further research to develop improved single‐dimension and multidimensional instruments, as well as specific vital and laboratory reference ranges for older adults.
Bank Size and Household Financial Sentiment: Surprising Evidence from University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers
Authors: BERGER ALLEN N. , IRRESBERGER FELIX , ROMAN RALUCA A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe analyze comparative advantages/disadvantages of small and large banks in improving household financial sentiment. Matching University of Michigan Surveys of Consumers household sentiment data with local banking market data from 2000 to 2014, we find surprising results—large banks have significant comparative advantages in boosting such sentiment. The findings apply across demographic groups, market types, and time periods, and are robust to different measurements and econometric methods. We contribute to the literatures on bank specialness, benefits and costs of small and large banks, household sentiment, and real effects of banking. We conjecture about the drivers of the findings, and discuss policy implications.
Rethinking Political Elites' Mass‐Linkage Strategies: Lessons from the Study of Indira Gandhi's Political Habitus
Authors: Singh Sourabh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this article, I critique available elite‐mass linkage theories that depict elites either as structurally determined or rational actors. Taking cues from Bourdieu's political field theory, I argue that elites' mass‐linkage strategies are a product of their point of view on politics structured by their trajectory in historically specific structures of politics. I demonstrate my argument by documenting shifts in the mass‐linkage strategies of Indira Gandhi, one of the most influential leaders of postcolonial India. The general lesson to be drawn from this study is that it is important to examine political elites' past mass‐linkage experiences in historically specific conditions of the political structure in order to explain their current choices of mass‐linkage strategies.
School Mental Health Curriculum Effects on Peer Violence Victimization and Perpetration: A Cluster‐Randomized Trial
Authors: DuPont‐Reyes Melissa J. , Villatoro Alice P. , Phelan Jo C. , Painter Kris , Barkin Kay , Link Bruce G. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAddressing school violence is an important public health goal. To assess the role of school mental health curricula in violence prevention, we evaluated effects of an anti‐stigma curriculum on violence victimization/perpetration.METHODSAn ethnically/socioeconomically diverse sample of 751 sixth‐graders (mean age 11.5 years) across 14 schools in Texas were block‐randomized by school (2011‐2012) to receive singly or in combination: (1) a mental illness anti‐stigma curriculum; (2) contact with 2 young adults with mental illness; or (3) merged control (printed materials/no intervention). Pre‐ and post‐test assessments were self‐completed during health education classes; prior to randomization, 484 (64.5%) agreed to 2‐year, home‐based longitudinal assessments. Statistical models tested short‐ and long‐term effects on physical, verbal, and relational/social violence victimization/perpetration.RESULTSAt 1‐month post‐test, students who received the curriculum versus control made fewer verbal threats (p < .05). Those with high‐level mental health symptoms in the curriculum group versus control used less violence overall and received fewer verbal threats from peers short‐term (p < .05). Curriculum effects of reducing violence perpetration sustained long‐term among adolescents with high‐symptoms (p < .01). The comparator contact intervention was ineffective short‐ and long‐term.CONCLUSIONSImplementing efficacious mental health curricula can serve as a multi‐pronged strategy with anti‐bulling efforts to prevent violence and improve mental health.
Pipeline Programs Can Support Reforms in Medical Education: A Cohort Study of Alabama's Rural Health Leaders Pipeline to Engage Community Leaders
Authors: Wheat John R. , Leeper James D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate for county leaders the utility of rural pipelines to gain physicians and produce health professionals.MethodsThis cohort study, 1993‐2018, aggregated 1,051 students in the Rural Health Leaders Pipeline to their home counties (N = 67) to study the relationship between county participation in pipeline programs and outcomes of family physicians gained and health professionals produced. Additional county demographics were included. We conducted descriptive, bivariate, and multivariable linear regression analyses controlling for poverty, race, and rurality.FindingsAll 67 Alabama counties participated with means of 9.6 Rural Health Scholars, 2.7 Rural Minority Health Scholars, 3.4 Rural Medical Scholars, 67% rural population, 29.7% Black population, and 21.5% under poverty. Best regression model for gaining family physicians included Rural Medical Scholars involved (b = 0.24, P < .001) with R2 0.30, indicating a county gained 1 family physician for 4 students. Best model for health professionals included Rural Health Scholars involved (b = 0.20, P < .001) with R2 0.31, indicating production of 1 health professional for 5 students. Best model for any professional included Rural Health Scholars involved (b = 0.23, P < .001) with R2 0.35, indicating 1 professional produced for 4 students.ConclusionsRural pipeline programs can be useful tools in medical education reform to benefit counties with the gain of family physicians and production of health professionals. Local public officials could use these findings, eg, 1 family physician gained for every 4 students a county involved in the pipeline, to advocate that health professional education employ such pipelines.
Deaths From COVID‐19 in Rural, Micropolitan, and Metropolitan Areas: A County‐Level Comparison
Authors: Karim Saleema A. , Chen Hsueh‐Fen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPurposeThe United States has experienced a surge of COVID‐19 cases and deaths. Regardless of the overall increase in the prevalence and mortality, there are disagreements about the consequences of exposure and contracting COVID‐19, specifically in rural areas. Rural areas have inherent characteristics that increase their vulnerability to contracting COVID‐19. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in death rates from COVID‐19 between urban and rural areas in the United States.MethodsThis study used county‐level data. The data set consisted of confirmed COVID‐19 cases and deaths along with county‐level demographics. The sample consisted of all counties in the 50 US states and DC. Counties were designated as metropolitan, micropolitan, and rural. A zero‐inflated negative binomial regression was used to estimate county‐level number of deaths conditional on contracting COVID‐19. The study focused on COVID‐19‐related mortality from February 10, 2020, to June 12, 2020.FindingsAfter controlling for county‐level characteristics, the rate of COVID‐19 deaths was 70.3% (P < .001) for rural counties and 53.4% (P < .001) for micropolitan counties, both significantly lower than metropolitan counties during the study time period.ConclusionOver time, rural geography and social isolation may not provide sustainable protection to rural residents from the pandemic. The slow progression provides rural areas additional time and opportunity to learn from the experiences in urban areas that were most affected. Rural areas need to be proactive and develop prevention strategies and response plans to manage and control the spread of COVID‐19.