bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic multifocal myocardial atrophy with fibrosis and fatty infiltration involving Purkinje fibres in a 13‐year‐old Arabian broodmare: Histopathological features
Authors: Goto Asakawa Midori , Mehmood Wasiq , Ali Mohammad , Oikawa Masa‐aki 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMyocardial atrophy with fibrosis and fatty infiltration involving the cardiac conduction system is relatively unusual in horses. We herein report of such a case in a 13‐year‐old Arabian broodmare that had spontaneously died on a paddock. An autopsy revealed multifocal myocardial atrophy with concomitant fibrosis and fatty infiltration in both the ventricles and interventricular septum. The Purkinje fibres in the ventricles and interventricular septum were surrounded by thick fibrous or adipose tissues adjacent to atrophic myocardial cells. Myocardial fibrosis and fatty infiltration were likely secondary to myocardial atrophy, occurring as a pathological response triggered by the repair of muscular wall injury. However, there were no major vascular pathologies (e.g. atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis); hence, the pathogenesis of myocardial atrophy was unclear. There was no evidence of myocardial atrophy ̵ induced pathologies such as infarct, ischaemic lesions, myocardial degeneration, myocarditis and endocarditis. However, such an unusual histopathological pattern may be associated with rapid clinical deterioration and death.
Inequalities in the Impact of the Carbon Tax in Japan
Authors: Inoue Nozomu , Matsumoto Shigeru , Morita Minoru 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although Japan’s current carbon tax rate is much lower than the rates applied in European countries, the Japanese government may increase the tax rate in the near future, in order to strengthen measures to combat global warming. Since a country’s carbon-pricing policy does not distort its economy, it is considered to be an efficient policy measure. However, the burden of carbon pricing varies across regions and across households. Since low-income households generally allocate a larger proportion of their disposable income to energy costs than high-income households, the burden of carbon taxes on low-income households tends to be higher than for high-income households. In addition, households in cold regions spend more money for space heating, and those in rural areas spend more money for gasoline. Unless the government objectively analyzes the impact of carbon pricing and proposes convincing countermeasures to deal with these unequal impacts, the government is unlikely to obtain public support for a carbon tax increase. In this study, we analyze microlevel data from the Japanese National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure (NSFE) collected from 1989 to 2014, and examine how past energy price changes affected the welfare of different types of households. We then propose countermeasures to address the problems arising from the regressive nature of taxing energy use.
Double Dividend of the Carbon Tax in Japan: Can We Increase Public Support for Carbon Pricing?
Authors: Asakawa Kenji , Kimoto Kouichi , Takeda Shiro , Arimura Toshi H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Carbon pricing is difficult to introduce in many countries because it is not easy to obtain public support for carbon pricing due to the burden associated with it. One way to overcome this difficulty is to rely on the double dividend of a carbon tax. If a government uses revenue from a carbon tax to reduce existing distorting taxes, such as corporate taxes or labor taxes, a carbon tax can improve economic efficiency while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This chapter examines the net burden of a carbon tax with revenue recycling (RR) for two types of stakeholders: firms and households. Using dynamiccomputable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling, we examine the carbon prices needed to achieve the emission targets set for 2030 and 2050. Then, we simulate two types of RR: corporate tax reduction and a reduction in social security payments. We compare the benefit of the tax reduction to the increase in the burden from the carbon tax in scenarios for 2030/2050. In the scenario of corporate tax reduction, by selecting firms from the land transportation sector and power sector, we examine how profit changes due to the carbon tax. We find that the tax burden for a firm in the land transportation sector can be eased greatly with the corporate tax reduction. In the scenario of the social security payment reduction, we find that some households are better off under carbon pricing despite expenditure increases due to the carbon tax. Thus, we show that RR can increase support for the carbon tax.
Climate Policy in Transportation Sector: Role of Carbon Pricing
Authors: Iwata Kazuyuki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on climate countermeasures in the Japanese transport sector. We introduce the Japanese complexed automobile tax system and then calculate the Japanese effective carbon rate (ECR) on automobiles. In addition to the discussion of the ECR, this chapter offers a simple examination of the efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) from the viewpoint of cost-benefit because it is expected that EVs will become the most popular eco-friendly vehicle in the future. Two remarks are found in our analysis. First, although the carbon tax rate on fuel consumption is small in Japan, compared to the European countries, the ECR is rather high. For further improvement of climate policy, the Japanese government should shift its attention to vehicle usage from vehicle purchase and possession. Second, under the basic assumption (i.e., representative owners do not recharge their EVs at home but at outdoor fast chargers), the diffusion of EVs is not an efficient measure for reducing GHG emissions. If owners recharge their EVs at home once of every two charges, the net benefit becomes positive Therefore, the opportunity cost of waiting for recharges is a key factor in whether EVs can play a role in mitigating climate change.
An Assessment of Carbon Taxation by Input–Output Analysis: Upstream or Downstream?
Authors: Washizu Ayu , Nakano Satoshi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
To analyze the ripple effects of CO2 emissions from the introduction of renewable energy power plants, this study developed input–output tables for analysis of next-generation energy systems (IONGES). The results revealed that the environmental benefits obtained from investing in power plants of the same capacity vary significantly depending on the type of renewable energy. Using the IONGES, under assumptions of three carbon taxation methods (upstream, midstream, and downstream), we calculated the taxable CO2 emissions induced when producing each good or service and estimated the carbon tax burden associated with the final demand. We found that, in the upstream method, the taxation effects of one unit of carbon tax is concentrated in energy goods such as coal products and petroleum basic, while the effects are relatively dispersed in the downstream taxation method. If renewable energy is added to the government target level in 2030, taxable CO2 emissions will decrease by 12–13.3%. Compared with the upstream taxation method, in the midstream and downstream methods, the CO2 emissions induced by each final demand are distributed more evenly across various goods and services. Compared to the downstream taxation method, upstream taxation leads to higher CO2 emissions from exports, but lower CO2 emissions from household consumption. This is because energy-intensive industries such as machinery have high export ratios. We analyzed which expenditure categories contribute to the carbon tax burden associated with household consumption. In the case of upstream taxation, households mainly focus on reducing electricity consumption; in the case of downstream taxation, households reduce consumption of various energy-intensive goods and services.
The νR-philic scalar: its loop-induced interactions and Yukawa forces in LIGO observations
Authors: Xu Xun-Jie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Right-handed neutrinos (νR) are often considered as a portal to new hidden physics. It is tempting to consider a gauge singlet scalar (ϕ) that exclusively couples to νR via a νRνRϕ term. Such a νR-philic scalar does not interact with charged fermions at tree level but loop-induced effective interactions are inevitable, which are systematically investigated in this work. The magnitude of the loop-induced couplings coincidentally meets the current sensitivity of fifth-force searches. In particular, the loop-induced coupling to muons could be tested in the recent LIGO observations of neutron star mergers as there might be a sizable Yukawa force in the binary system mediated by the νR-philic scalar.
A global analysis strategy to resolve neutrino NSI degeneracies with scattering and oscillation data
Authors: Dutta Bhaskar , Lang Rafael F. , Liao Shu , Sinha Samiran , Strigari Louis , Thompson Adrian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Neutrino non-standard interactions (NSI) with the first generation of standard model fermions can span a parameter space of large dimension and exhibit degeneracies that cannot be broken by a single class of experiment. Oscillation experiments, together with neutrino scattering experiments, can merge their observations into a highly informational dataset to combat this problem. We consider combining neutrino-electron and neutrino-nucleus scattering data from the Borexino and COHERENT experiments, including a projection for the upcoming coherent neutrino scattering measurement at the CENNS-10 liquid argon detector. We extend the reach of these data sets over the NSI parameter space with projections for neutrino scattering at a future multi-ton scale dark matter detector and future oscillation measurements from atmospheric neutrinos at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). In order to perform this global anal- ysis, we adopt a novel approach using the copula method, utilized to combine posterior information from different experiments with a large, generalized set of NSI parameters. We find that the contributions from DUNE and a dark matter detector to the Borexino and COHERENT fits can improve constraints on the electron and quark NSI parameters by up to a factor of 2 to 3, even when relatively many NSI parameters are left free to vary in the analysis.
Antibiotikaverordnungen bei Atemwegsinfektionen im Kindesalter
Authors: Exner Valentin , Höser Christoph , Trapp Stefan , Simon Arne 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ambulant behandelte Kinder mit Atemwegsinfektionen (AWI) sind eine wichtige Zielgruppe für Interventionen zum rationalen und verantwortungsvollen Einsatz von Antibiotika (Antibiotic Stewardship, ABS).

Ziel der Studie
Qualitative Studie zur Identifizierung von klinischen und kontextualen Faktoren mit signifikantem Einfluss auf die Antibiotikatherapie (ABT) bei Kindern mit AWI.

Material und Methoden
In Kooperation mit dem Berufsverband der Kinder- und Jugendärzte e. V. und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie wurde ein Online-Survey entwickelt. Bundesweit wurden Pädiater und Allgemeinmediziner zur Teilnahme eingeladen.

Ergebnisse
555 Antwortdatensätze waren auswertbar. Diagnostische Unsicherheit, fehlende Zeitressourcen für wiederholte Konsultationen und die Angst vor Komplikationen waren bei 50 % der Teilnehmenden wichtige Kontextfaktoren für eine ABT. Das Risiko schwerer Komplikationen (z. B. Mastoiditis) wurde von der Mehrheit der Teilnehmenden überschätzt oder war unbekannt. Mehr als 40 % kannten die Konsensusleitlinien der Fachgesellschaften nicht. Fieber, das länger als 3 Tage anhält, war für 30–40 % ein klinisches Argument für eine ABT. Weniger als 60 % nutzten eine Point-of-Care-Diagnostik zur Bestimmung des C‑reaktiven Proteins.

Schlussfolgerung
Die überwiegende Mehrheit der Teilnehmenden erkannte die Zunahme antibiotikaresistenter Erreger als wichtiges Problem. Dieser Survey zeigt Ansatzpunkte für ABS bei Kindern mit AWI. Die kontinuierliche Vermittlung von Kenntnissen zur adäquaten ABT sollte obligater Bestandteil der ärztlichen Fortbildung werden. Dazu gehören Kommunikationsstrategien in der Interaktion mit den Eltern. Für die Umsetzung einer rationalen Antibiotikatherapie wird in der Praxis ein größeres refinanziertes Zeitkontingent zur Beratung der Eltern benötigt.
GOPS: efficient RBF surrogate global optimization algorithm with high dimensions and many parallel processors including application to multimodal water quality PDE model calibration
Authors: Xia Wei , Shoemaker Christine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper describes a new parallel global surrogate-based algorithm Global Optimization in Parallel with Surrogate (GOPS) for the minimization of continuous black-box objective functions that might have multiple local minima, are expensive to compute, and have no derivative information available. The task of pickingPnew evaluation points forPprocessors in each iteration is addressed by sampling around multiple center points at which the objective function has been previously evaluated. The GOPS algorithm improves on earlier algorithms by (a) new center points are selected based on bivariate non-dominated sorting of previously evaluated points with additional constraints to ensure the objective value is below a target percentile and (b) as iterations increase, the number of centers decreases, and the number of evaluation points per center increases. These strategies and the hyperparameters controlling them significantly improve GOPS’s parallel performance on high dimensional problems in comparison to other global optimization algorithms, especially with a larger number of processors. GOPS is tested with up to 128 processors in parallel on 14 synthetic black-box optimization benchmarking test problems (in 10, 21, and 40 dimensions) and one 21-dimensional parameter estimation problem for an expensive real-world nonlinear lake water quality model with partial differential equations that takes 22 min for each objective function evaluation. GOPS numerically significantly outperforms (especially on high dimensional problems and with larger numbers of processors) the earlier algorithms SOP and PSD-MADS-VNS (and these two algorithms have outperformed other algorithms in prior publications).
Inclusion and equity in education: Making sense of global challenges
Authors: Ainscow Mel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article provides an introductory commentary to the papers in this Prospects special issue on inclusive education. In so doing, it stresses the need to be cautious as we read accounts of inclusive education from other parts of the world: whilst lessons can undoubtedly be learned from the accounts in this special issue, they must be adopted with care. There is no doubt that evidence of various kinds can help in identifying the barriers facing some learners and the resources that can be used to overcome these difficulties. However, efforts to promote inclusion and equity within education systems should be based on an analysis of particular contexts. To that end, this article outlines a research-based framework that can be used to carry out such contextual analyses. The article concludes by arguing that an emphasis on inclusion and equity can potentially improve the quality of education for all young people within a national education system.
A new methodology for analyzing vehicle network topologies for critical hacking
Authors: Ghadi Maen , Sali Ádám , Szalay Zsolt , Török Árpád 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aims to provide a new approach for describing and measuring the vulnerability of in-vehicle networks regarding cyberattacks. Cyberattacks targeting in-vehicle networks can result in a reasonable threat considering passenger safety. Unlike previous literature, the methodology focuses on a comparatively large sample of vehicle networks (114 objects) by proposing a new framework of statistical techniques for measuring, classifying, and modelling in-vehicle networks concerning the changed vulnerability, instead of dealing with each vehicle network individually. To facilitate understanding of the vulnerability patterns of in-vehicle networks, the dataset has been evaluated through three analytic stages: vulnerability identification, classification, and modeling. The result has helped in ranking vehicles based on their network vulnerability level. The result of the modeling has shown that every additional remote endpoint installation causes a relevant weakening in security. Higher cost vehicles have also appeared to be more vulnerable to cyberattacks, while the increase in the number of segmented network domains has had a positive effect on network security.
Geoelectric evaluation of groundwater potential: a case study at Omuma local government area, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Abbey M. E. , Onyebueke D. E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRivers State as the nomenclature depicts is a state richly blessed with both surface and subsurface water. As a result of this, there is less problem of water scarcity, especially in the elite cities of the state, but so many other communities due to one reason or the other still wallow in abject water scarcity. In this survey, a total of seven (7) vertical electric soundings were carried out using Schlumberger configuration at Obibi community in Omuma local government area, Rivers State, to ascertain the location and depths to aquifer. ABEM terrameter SAS 300 was used in the survey with electrode spacing AB/2 of 150 m, thus probing to a depth of about 200 m. Geoelectric software (IPI2WIN) was utilized in the plotting, iteration and interpretation of the resistivity data obtained. From the quantitative interpretation and the lithology of the areas, five different subsurface layers were delineated with their geoelectric curve given as AK, AKQ and AKH. Aquifer in these areas is highly prolific and mostly located at an average depth of 52 m.
Biochar from co-pyrolysis of urban organic wastes—investigation of carbon sink potential using ATR-FTIR and TGA
Authors: Nair Rahul Ramesh , Mondal Moni M , Weichgrebe Dirk 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUrban organic wastes (UOW) strain the infrastructures for solid waste treatment (SWT) in emerging economies. This study investigated biochar gained from three major UOW sources in India—banana peduncles (BP), a fibrous waste, from fruit markets; sewage sludge (SS) from wastewater treatment plants; and anaerobic digestate (AD) from food and market waste processing facilities—in terms of its potential to sequester and become long-term carbon sink in soils. Herein, the chemical properties (using ATR-FTIR) and thermal oxidative stability (using TGA) of biochars derived from these UOW and their three blends were examined. Biochar from SS and AD and the blends were found to possess more ash content, Cl, and alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) than that from BP. The conventional recalcitrance index (R50) could not quantify and compare the stability of these mineral- and ash-rich biochars. Hence, a modified thermal oxidative recalcitrance index (TORi) is proposed. All the biochar from blends prepared at highest treatment temperature of 650 °C shows similar aromaticity. However, biochar from blend of 50% SS, 30%BP, and 20% AD exhibits the highest recalcitrance (TORi = 0.193) to become a long-term carbon sink in soil. More than aromaticity, the influence of Si, Fe, and AAEM on the biochar matrix affects its recalcitrance. Variations in the structural properties and recalcitrance of biochars from blends are attributable to the synergy among their constituents SS, AD, and BP. The determined TORi confirms the potential of biochar from the blends of UOW as a long-term carbon sink.
Remote sensing of fish-processing in the Sundarbans Reserve Forest, Bangladesh: an insight into the modern slavery-environment nexus in the coastal fringe
Authors: Jackson Bethany , Boyd Doreen S. , Ives Christopher D. , Decker Sparks Jessica L. , Foody Giles M. , Marsh Stuart , Bales Kevin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLand-based fish-processing activities in coastal fringe areas and their social-ecological impacts have often been overlooked by marine scientists and antislavery groups. Using remote sensing methods, the location and impacts of fish-processing activities were assessed within a case study of Bangladesh’s Sundarbans mangrove forests. Ten fish-processing camps were identified, with some occurring in locations where human activity is banned. Environmental degradation included the removal of mangroves, erosion, and the destruction of protected areas. Previous studies have identified cases of labour exploitation and modern slavery occurring within the Sundarbans, and remote sensing was used to triangulate these claims by providing spatial and temporal analysis to increase the understanding of the operational trends at these locations. These findings were linked to the cyclical relationship between modern slavery and environmental degradation, whereby environmental damage is both a driver and result of workers subjected to modern slavery. Remote sensing can be used as an additional methodological tool to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and provide evidence to support the promotion of the “freedom dividend” which would have far-reaching economic, social, cultural, and environmental benefits. Satellite remote sensing is likely to play an important role going forward for understanding these issues but should be augmented with ground-based data collection methods.
Factors influencing dissolution of carbonaceous materials in liquid Fe–Mn
Authors: Kaffash Hamideh , Tangstad Merete 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCarbon dissolution from four types of metallurgical cokes and graphite was investigated by using immersion rods in a resistance furnace to clarify the influence of factors governing the rate of carbon dissolution from carbonaceous materials into Fe–Mn melts at 1550 °C. The factors studied were the microstructure of carbonaceous materials, roughness, porosity and the wettability between carbonaceous materials and the melt. Carbon/metal interface was characterised by scanning electron microscopy accompanied with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry to investigate the formation of an ash layer. The results showed that coke E had the highest dissolution rate. Surface roughness and porosity of the carbonaceous materials seemed to be dominant factors affecting the dissolution rates. Further, crystallite size did not have a significant effect on the dissolution rates. Solid/liquid wettability seemed to affect the initial stage of dissolution reaction. The dissolution mechanism was found to be both mass transfer and interfacial reactions.