bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Supercritical CO2 Injection for Enhanced Gas Recovery in Tight Gas Reservoir
Authors: Ding Jingchen , Cao Tongsheng , Wu Jianbiao 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Tight gas reservoirs always have low natural gas recovery due to poor physical properties. However, there is still no effective means to enhance gas recovery (EGR) in tight gas reservoir. In this paper, experimental approaches were carried out to study the Supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) injection for EGR in tight gas reservoirs. Phase behavior investigation was performed to indicate the property difference between SCCO2 and natural gas under reservoir condition. Results show that SCCO2 has significantly higher density and viscosity than natural gas under reservoir condition. Gravity differentiation and near-piston displacement can be achieved in case of SCCO2 injection and thus the displacement efficiency can be improved. Gas adsorption tests show that the adsorption capacity of SCCO2 in tight sandstone is more than 50% higher than that of natural gas. Diffusion simulation show that SCCO2 shows weak diffusion capacity and slow diffusion process in natural gas, which indicates that SCCO2 and natural gas are not easy to mix and it is good for displacement and EGR. On the basis of these fundamental tests, long-core experiments of SCCO2 injection for EGR in tight gas reservoir were carried out using natural cores from DS tight gas reservoir. Results indicate that SCCO2 injection can improve gas recovery by 18.9% on the basis of gas depletion. Furthermore, the influencing factors of SCCO2 injection in tight cores were experimentally investigated. Results demonstrate that SCCO2 injection have better EGR effect in case of lower permeability, higher water saturation and greater dip angle.
Internasjonalt mangfold ved NTNU
Authors: Flikke Julie Kathrine , Øyslebø Sørensen Siri 
Published: November 2019

Det har lenge vært rettet mye oppmerksomhet mot kjønnsbalanse i akademia, og da særlig i toppstillinger. Andre ulikheter er mindre utforsket i norsk kontekst, samtidig som at økt internasjonalisering er et strategisk mål for de fleste norske universitetene. Fra tidligere forskning i andre kontekster og organisasjoner vet vi at forestillinger om rase, etnisitet og kjønn er avgjørende for hvem som inkluderes og ekskluderes fra organisasjoner og muligheter for makt. Hvordan spiller dette seg ut blant vitenskapelig ansatte på universitetene? Hva innebærer ”internasjonalt mangfold” i praksis for forskere, fagmiljø, og for universitetet som institusjon?
I denne presentasjonen vil vi formidle resultater fra et forskningsprosjekt gjennomført ved NTNU i perioden mai-november 2019. Prosjektet har som formål å utforske erfaringer med å håndtere ”internasjonalt mangfold” i den praktiske hverdagen på universitetet. Spørsmål som undersøkes dreier seg blant annet om tilhørighet og utenforskap som produseres gjennom språkpraksiser og sosiale fellesskap, samt likhet og forskjell som spenningsfelt i faglig arbeid. Det empiriske materialet består av kvalitative intervjuer med forskere med internasjonal bakgrunn, fordelt på forskjellige fagfelt og stillingskategorier, samt intervjuer med mottaksapparatet sentralt på universitetet og lokalt på instituttnivå.
Inconsistent response of soil bacterial and fungal communities in aggregates to litter decomposition during short-term incubation
Authors: Li Jingjing , Yang Chao 
Published: November 2019

Background
Soil aggregate-size classes and microbial communities within the aggregates are important factors regulating the soil organic carbon (SOC) turnover. However, the response of soil bacterial and fungal communities in aggregates to litter decomposition in different aggregate-size classes is poorly understand.

Methods
Soil samples from un-grazed natural grassland were separated into four dry aggregate classes of different sizes (2–4 mm, 1–2 mm, 0.25–1 mm and <0.25 mm). Two types of plant litter (leaf and stem) of Leymus chinensis were added to each of the four aggregate class samples. The CO2 release rate, SOC storage and soil microbial communities were measured at the end of the 56-day incubation.

Results
The results showed that the 1–2 mm aggregate had the highest bacterial Shannon and CO2 release in CK and leaf addition treatments, and the SOC in the <0.25 mm aggregate was higher than that in the others across the treatments. The relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher in the 2–4 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates than in the 1–2 mm and 0.25–1 mm aggregates in the treatment without litter addition, and the relative abundance of Aphelidiomycota was lower in the 2–4 mm and <0.25 mm aggregates than in the 1–2 mm and 0.25–1 mm aggregates. Also, litter addition increased the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, but decreased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Actinobacteria. The relative abundance of Ascomycota and Aphelidiomycota increased by more than 10% following leaf litter addition. The bacterial Shannon index had a significantly positive and direct effect on SOC concentration and CO2 release, while the fungal Shannon index was significantly correlated with SOC concentration. Our results indicate that the soil bacterial diversity contributes positively to both carbon emissions and carbon storage, whereas soil fungal diversity can promote carbon storage and decrease carbon emissions.
Method for the determination of epichlorohydrin in workplace air using gas chromatography after thermal desorption [Air monitoring methods, 2019]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Brock T.H. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of epichlorohydrin [
106‐89‐8
] in workplace air averaged over the sampling period after personal or stationary sampling. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through an adsorption tube filled with Tenax TA using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 20 mL/min with a recommended air sample volume of 1.2 L (which corresponds to a sampling period of 60 min). After thermal desorption at 280 °C the sample is analysed by means of GC with a flame ionisation detector (FID). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a multiple‐point calibration. The relative limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.39 mg/m
3
epichlorohydrin for an air sample volume of 1.2 L. The mean recovery was 95% and the expanded uncertainty for epichlorohydrin was 16.1% over the entire measurement range.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the working group “Air Analyses” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Addendum to Aluminium [BAT value documentation, 2019]
Authors: Klotz K. , Meyer‐Baron M. , van Thriel C. , Pallapies D. , Nasterlack M. , Letzel S. , Roßbach B. , Triebig G. , Weistenhöfer W. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

In 2017, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value (BAT value) for aluminium [
7429‐90‐5
]. Available publications are described in detail.

The BAT value of 60 µg aluminium/g creatinine evaluated in 2009 was based on the linear correlation between external and internal exposure. The aim of this re‐evaluation was the derivation of a health‐based BAT value considering the most sensitive critical effect of aluminium, the neurotoxicity. For this purpose, the available studies of aluminium‐exposed workers were taken into account, when the internal aluminium exposure as well as the occurrence of subclinical neurotoxic effects were determined. The effects had been measured with standardised neuropsychological test procedures. From these studies, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 50 µg/g creatinine for the occurrence of subtle neurotoxic effects of humans was estimated. Therefore, a BAT value of 50 µg aluminium/g creatinine was evaluated. Sampling time for long‐term exposures is at the end of the shift after several shifts.
n
‐Butylamine,
sec
‐Butylamine,
iso
‐Butylamine,
tert
‐Butylamine [MAK value documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of
n‐
,
sec‐
,
iso‐
and
tert‐
butylamine, considering local and systemic toxicity as well as developmental toxicity. Daily exposure of rats to
n‐
butylamine for 14 days resulted in inflammation of respiratory epithelium at 17 ml/m
3
. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes, which would result in lowering the MAK value for
n‐
butylamine. However, workers reported no irritation at 1 to 2 ml
n‐
butylamine/m
3
. Therefore, the MAK value of 2 ml/m
3
is confirmed, also for
sec‐
and
iso‐
butylamine due to similar structure, pKa and RD
50
values. With
tert‐
butylamine the LOAEC of 66 ml/m
3
in rats in a 13‐week study resulted in nasal tissue inflammation and liver weight increase. Following the empirical approach, the same MAK value of 2 ml/m
3
is set for
tert‐
butylamine. As local effects might be or are critical, Peak Limitation Category I and an excursion factor of 2 and a momentary value of 5 ml/m
3
are assigned for all butylamine isomers. Developmental toxicity studies with
n‐
butylamine show that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely if the MAK value is not exceeded and thus
n‐
butylamine is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C. Due to the lack of developmental toxicity studies,
sec‐
,
iso‐
and
tert‐
butylamine are assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
Acetic anhydride [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of acetic anhydride [
108‐24‐7
]. Furthermore genotoxicity and skin absorption have been evaluated.

Critical effects are irritation of mucous membranes in humans and inflammation reactions as well as hyper‐ and metaplasia in the upper respiration tract with a NOAEC of 1 ml/m
3
in a 13‐week‐inhalation study with rats. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for such substances. According to this, the MAK value for acetic anhydride has been lowered to 0.1 ml/m
3
. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. As the LOAEC is fivefold as high as the NOAEC in the 13‐week‐inhalation study with rats, the true NAEC might be higher and the excursion factor of 2 is set. Taking into consideration the low systemic bioavailability and the data for the metabolite acetic acid, damage to the embryo and foetus is unlikely when the MAK value for acetic anhydride is not exceeded. Therefore, acetic anhydride is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Absorption of acetic anhydride via the skin is unlikely, due to the rapid hydrolysis to acetic acid in aqueous solution. In addition, the irritation of undiluted acetic anhydride precludes a skin contact over a longer period. The substance is not genotoxic.
N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (vapour) [MAK Value Documentation, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) ofN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone [872‐50‐4].The critical effects in rats are irritation of the upper respiratory tract, foetotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Male volunteers did not show adverse irritant or cognitive effects after 8‐hour exposure toN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone at a concentration of 20 ml/m3with and without exposure peaks of 40 ml/m3and with physical workload.A MAK value of 20 ml/m3had been set forN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone vapour. This value has now been confirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Sections I b and I c).Exposure toN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone aerosols increases the intake by dermal absorption but there is no information indicating by how much. Therefore, the MAK value is only valid for the vapour ofN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and exposure to aerosols or vapour/aerosol mixtures must be controlled by biomonitoring methods.As the critical effect ofN‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is assumed to be local, Peak Limitation Category I has been designated. The excursion factor of 2 is retained.
Super‐Recognisers show an advantage for other race face identification
Authors: Robertson David J. , Black Jennifer , Chamberlain Bethany , Megreya Ahmed M. , Davis Josh P. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe accurate identification of an unfamiliar individual from a face photo is a critical factor in several applied situations (e.g., border control). Despite this, matching faces to photographic ID is highly prone to error. In lieu of effective training measures, which could reduce face matching errors, the selection of “super‐recognisers” (SRs) provides the most promising route to combat misidentification or fraud. However, to date, super‐recognition has been defined and tested using almost exclusively “own‐race” face memory and matching tests. Here, across three studies, we test Caucasian participants' performance on own‐ and other‐race face identification tasks (GFMT, MFMT, CFMT+, EFMT, CFMT‐Chinese). Our findings show that compared to controls, high‐performing typical recognisers (Studies 1 and 2) and SRs (Study 3) show superior performance on both the own‐ and other‐race tests. These findings suggest that recruiting SRs in ethnically diverse applied settings could be advantageous.
Effect of Controlled Oxygen Vacancy on H2‐Production through the Piezocatalysis and Piezophototronics of Ferroelectric R3C ZnSnO3 Nanowires
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chun , Wu Jyh Ming 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study is the first to demonstrate that ferroelectric R3c LiNbO3‐type ZnSnO3 nanowires (NWs), through the piezocatalysis and piezophototronic process, demonstrate a highly efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The polarization and electric field curves indicate that ZnSnO3 NWs exhibit typical ferroelectric hysteresis loops. Time‐resolved photoluminescence spectra reveal that the relaxation time increases with the increasing concentration of oxygen vacancies. Moderated 3H‐ZnSnO3 NWs (thermally annealed for 3 h in a hydrogen environment) have the longest extended carrier lifetime of approximately 8.3 ns. The piezoelectricity‐induced HER, via the piezocatalysis process (without light irradiation), reaches an optimal H2‐production rate of approximately 3453.1 µmol g−1 h−1. Through the synergistic piezophototronic process, the HER reaches approximately 6000 µmol g−1 in 7 h. Crucially, the mechanical force–induced spontaneous polarization functions as a carrier separator, driving the electron and hole in opposite directions in ferroelectric ZnSnO3 NWs; this separation reduces the recombination rate, enhancing the redox process. This theoretical analysis indicates that the photocatalytic and piezocatalytic effects can synergistically enhance piezophototronic performance through capitalizing on well‐modulated oxygen vacancies in ferroelectric semiconductors. This study demonstrates the essential role of this synergy in purifying water pollutants and converting water into hydrogen gas through the piezophototronic process.
GSH‐Depleted PtCu3 Nanocages for Chemodynamic‐ Enhanced Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhong Xiaoyan , Wang Xianwen , Cheng Liang , Tang Yong'an , Zhan Guiting , Gong Fei , Zhang Rui , Hu Jun , Liu Zhuang , Yang Xiangliang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ultrahigh concentration of glutathione (GSH) inside tumors destroys reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐based therapy, improving the outcome of chemodynamic therapy (CDT)‐enhanced sonodynamic therapy (SDT) by depleting GSH is full of great challenge. Herein, PtCu3 nanocages are first reported as acting as a sonosensitizer with highly efficient ROS generation under ultrasound irradiation. In addition, PtCu3 nanocages can act as horseradish peroxidase‐like nanozymes, catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 into •OH under acidic conditions for CDT. Surprisingly, PtCu3 nanocages can act as another kind of nanozyme, mimicking glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), which plays an important role in accelerating GSH depletion by oxidizing molecules, further weakening the capacity of tumor cells scavenging ROS by GSH. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that PtCu3 nanocages perform well in reducing GSH level for CDT‐enhanced SDT. Moreover, utilizing the high absorption in the near‐infrared region and strong X‐ray attenuation ability, the PtCu3 nanocages are able to conduct photoacoustic/computed tomography dual‐modal imaging‐guided combined cancer therapy. It is worth mentioning that PtCu3 nanocages cause minimal toxicity to normal tissues at therapeutic doses. This work highlights the use of PtCu3 nanocages for effective CDT‐enhanced SDT via GSH depletion.
Disruptive, Soft, Wearable Sensors
Authors: Ling Yunzhi , An Tiance , Yap Lim Wei , Zhu Bowen , Gong Shu , Cheng Wenlong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe wearable industry is on the rise, with a myriad of technical applications ranging from real‐time health monitoring, the Internet of Things, and robotics, to name but a few. However, there is a saying “wearable is not wearable” because the current market‐available wearable sensors are largely bulky and rigid, leading to uncomfortable wearing experience, motion artefacts, and poor data accuracy. This has aroused a world‐wide intensive research quest for novel materials, with the aim of fabricating next‐generation ultra‐lightweight and soft wearable devices. Such disruptive second‐skin‐like biosensing technologies may enable a paradigm shift from current wearable 1.0 to future wearable 2.0 products. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art progress made in the key phases for future wearable technology, namely, wear → sense → communicate → analyze → interpret → decide, is summarized. Without a doubt, materials innovation is the key, which is the main focus of the discussion. In addition, emphasis is also given to wearable energy, multicomponent integration, and wireless communication.
Tumor‐Targeted Drug and CpG Delivery System for Phototherapy and Docetaxel‐Enhanced Immunotherapy with Polarization toward M1‐Type Macrophages on Triple Negative Breast Cancers
Authors: Chen Lv , Zhou Lulu , Wang Chunhui , Han Yi , Lu Yonglin , Liu Jie , Hu Xiaochun , Yao Tianming , Lin Yun , Liang Shujing , Shi Shuo , Dong Chunyan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCancer immunotherapy has achieved promising clinical responses in recent years owing to the potential of controlling metastatic disease. However, there is a limited research to prove the superior therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy on breast cancer compared with melanoma and non‐small‐cell lung cancer because of its limited expression of PD‐L1, low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and high level of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Herein, a multifunctional nanoplatform (FA‐CuS/DTX@PEI‐PpIX‐CpG nanocomposites, denoted as FA‐CD@PP‐CpG) for synergistic phototherapy (photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT) included) and docetaxel (DTX)‐enhanced immunotherapy is successfully developed. The nanocomposites exhibit excellent PDT efficacy and photothermal conversion capability under 650 and 808 nm irradiation, respectively. More significantly, FA‐CD@PP‐CpG with no obvious side effects can remarkably inhibit the tumor growth in vivo based on a 4T1‐tumor‐bearing mice modal. A low dosage of loaded DTX in FA‐CD@PP‐CpG can promote infiltration of CTLs to improve efficacy of anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (aPD‐L1), suppress MDSCs, and effectively polarize MDSCs toward M1 phenotype to reduce tumor burden, further to enhance the antitumor efficacy. Taken together, FA‐CD@PP‐CpG nanocomposites offer an efficient synergistic therapeutic modality in docetaxel‐enhanced immunotherapy for clinical application of breast cancer.
Ultrathin 2D Nanomaterials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Kumar Pradip 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlong with an enormous interest in nanomaterials, 2D nanomaterials hold great promise for a wide range of applications in the fields of chemistry, condensed matter, material science, and engineering. These 2D nanomaterials should continue to inspire many curiosity‐driven discoveries and applications in the fields of supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, catalysis, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Although there is a worldwide surge in realizing the fabrication of high‐performance EMI shielding materials, EMI shielding is a major challenge to modern electronics and devices as they rely on wireless communications. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials are emerged as the most promising materials for applications in EMI shielding. So far, few 2D nanomaterials including graphene, transition metal carbides, and molybdenum disulfide are tested for application in EMI shielding. Herein, recent progress in 2D nanomaterials for high‐performance EMI shielding is reviewed. The developments of thin films, layered and hybrid structures are critically reviewed with an emphasis on the role of size, structure, thickness, and interfacial interactions on the shielding efficiency. The progress covered shows great promise for the technological development of advanced EMI shielding materials for modern portable and other advanced electronic devices.
Transparent Flexible Polymer Actuator with Enhanced Output Force Enabled by Conductive Nanowires Interlayer
Authors: Fook Tony Hiu Tung , Jeon Jin Han , Lee Pooi See 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this work, an approach to enhance the output force of polymer actuators by increasing the dielectric permittivity of the electroactive polymer (EAP), poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE)), via incorporation of a nanowire interlayer into the polymer matrix is presented. The interlayer is formed by a network of highly conductive silver nanowires with high aspect ratio. Due to the enhanced dielectric properties, the output force of the resultant composite actuator is double that of a neat EAP actuator. This advantage can be utilized to improve user perception of tactile feedback produced by the modified EAP actuator. The higher output force translates to a lower excitation voltage which is 60% of what is required to excite a neat EAP actuator. The resultant‐modified EAP maintains its transparency and flexibility, while enhancing the dielectric properties without severe degradation of the electrical breakdown strength. The excellent transparency and flexibility of the modified EAP allows for a wider range of possible applications such as direct and localized haptic feedback on flexible electronic displays, touch screens, etc.