bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Reliability Ensemble Averaging of Multimodel Simulations
Authors: Tegegne Getachew , Kim Young‐Oh , Lee Jae‐Kyoung 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMultimodel combining approaches can extract reliable climate information from a large number of climate projections by exploiting the strengths and discounting the weaknesses of each climate simulator; however, most of them (e.g., reliability ensemble averaging [REA]) assign weights to climate simulators without accounting for spatial and temporal variabilities in climate model skills. Here we tested several REAs and proposed a full version that reflects the spatiotemporal (ST) variability of climate model skills. Interperformance evaluations between REA versions showed that, on average, ST‐REA reduced the bias by 33.78% and the root mean square error by 11.61%. Therefore, spatial and temporal variabilities in climate model skills can enhance the overall reliability of precipitation projections. ST‐REA was applied to project future precipitations over South Korea by combining seven climate models: The spatially averaged projected changes were 2.77%, 8.15%, and 7.58% for the 2020–2039, 2040–2069, and 2070–2099 periods, respectively.
Testing for Dynamical Dependence: Application to the Surface Mass Balance Over Antarctica
Authors: Vannitsem Stéphane , Dalaiden Quentin , Goosse Hugues 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDynamical dependence between key observables and the surface mass balance (SMB) over Antarctica is analyzed in two historical runs performed with the MPI‐ESM‐P and the CESM1‐CAM5 climate models. The approach used is a novel method allowing for evaluating the rate of information transfer between observables that goes beyond the classical correlation analysis and allows for directional characterization of dependence. It reveals that a large proportion of significant correlations do not lead to dependence. In addition, three coherent results concerning the dependence of SMB emerge from the analysis of both models: (i) The SMB over the Antarctic Plateau is mostly influenced by the surface temperature and sea ice concentration and not by large‐scale circulation changes; (ii) the SMB of the Weddell Sea and the Dronning Maud Land coasts are not influenced significantly by the surface temperature; and (iii) the Weddell Sea coast is not significantly influenced by the sea ice concentration.
Skillful Seasonal Prediction of Eurasian Winter Blocking and Extreme Temperature Frequency
Authors: Miller Douglas E. , Wang Zhuo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAtmospheric blocking is a major producer of extreme weather events in midlatitudes that have profound socioeconomic impacts. However, few strides toward seasonal prediction of atmospheric blocking have been made. Here, we developed a new statistical model for prediction of the winter seasonal blocking frequency over Eurasia 1 month in advance using sea surface temperature, geopotential height at 70‐hPa, and sea ice concentration as predictors, and the model captures more than 65% of the interannual variance. Furthermore, we applied the same predictors used for blocking prediction to predict the seasonal occurrence of winter extreme hot and cold days, and skillful prediction was achieved over Greenland and large portions of Eurasia. The predictive models provide insight into the seasonal predictability of atmospheric blocking and extreme temperature and also aide in valuable decisions across a variety of sectors.
Conjugate Observations of Dayside and Nightside VLF Chorus and QP Emissions Between Arase (ERG) and Kannuslehto, Finland
Authors: Martinez‐Calderon Claudia , Katoh Yuto , Manninen Jyrki , Kasahara Yoshiya , Matsuda Shoya , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuoka Ayako , Shoji Masafumi , Teramoto Mariko , Shinohara Iku , Shiokawa Kazuo , Miyoshi Yoshizumi 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe compare for the first time two conjugate events showing simultaneous very low frequency (VLF) wave observations between the same ground station and spacecraft, at different geomagnetic conditions and on opposite sides of the magnetosphere. Waves were observed at Kannuslehto (MLAT = 64.4°N, L=5.46), Finland, and on board Arase (Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace, ERG) in the inner magnetosphere. Case 1 on 28 March 2017 shows quasiperiodic (QP) emissions and chorus simultaneously observed on the postmidnight side during the recovery phase of a storm, with sustained high solar wind speed and AE index. Case 2 on 30 November 2017 shows clear one‐to‐one correspondence of QP elements on the noonside during geomagnetic quiet time (Dst>10 nT and AE<100 nT). We present the characteristics of both cases, focusing on coherence and spatial extent of the waves, electron density, and magnetic field variations. We report that the magnetic field gradient plays a role in the changes of spectral features of the waves.
Impact of Estimating Position Offsets on the Uncertainties of GNSS Site Velocity Estimates
Authors: Wang Lei , Herring Thomas 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe study the impact of estimating offsets within GNSS position time series on the uncertainties of site velocity estimates. Site velocity uncertainties are estimated by assuming different observational noise types, including white noise, fractal white noise, flicker noise, first‐order Gauss‐Markov noise, random walk, fractal random walk, and mixture of flicker noise, and white noise. For each noise type, we assess the sensitivity of the velocity uncertainty to offsets numerically by computing the inflation rate of the uncertainty as the number of offset parameters increases. We show that the sensitivity reduces when the noise becomes more temporally correlated. For the mixture of flicker noise plus white noise, which has been concluded as an appropriate noise model for the majority of current GNSS position time series, the rate uncertainty increases by about 11% as the number of offset parameters doubles from 1 to 2 provided that the white noise does not dominate the flicker noise. Based on the analysis of the Plate Boundary Observatory position time series, we find that adding one additional offset parameter would increase the median velocity standard deviation by 14%, consistent with the result of the simulation study. Such increase is much smaller than the conclusion of a 40% by a previous study. Therefore, given the noise characteristics of current GNSS site position estimates, position offsets have limited impact on uncertainties of site velocity estimates. This result implies that improving instrumentation, even though may introduce position offsets, is the best approach for improving reference frame stability.
Seismicity and Velocity Structure of Lō'ihi Submarine Volcano and Southeastern Hawai'i
Authors: Merz D. K. , Caplan‐Auerbach J. , Thurber C. H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHundreds of earthquakes were recorded during a nine‐month ocean bottom seismometer deployment surrounding Lō'ihi submarine volcano, Hawai'i. The 12‐station ocean bottom seismometer network widened the aperture of earthquake detection around the Big Island, allowing better constraints on the location of seismicity offshore Hawai'i. Although this deployment occurred during a time of volcanic quiescence for Lō'ihi, it establishes an important basis for background seismicity of the volcano. Offshore seismicity during this study was dominated by events located in the mantle fault zone at depths of 25–40 km. These events reflect rupture on preexisting faults in the lower lithosphere caused by stresses induced by volcano loading and flexure of the Pacific Plate (Pritchard et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐246X.2006.03169.x; Wolfe et al., 2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GC000618). Tomography was performed using double‐difference seismic tomography and showed shallow velocities to be slower than the regional velocity model (HG50; Klein, 1981, https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/article/71/5/1503/118231/A‐linear‐gradient‐crustal‐model‐for‐south‐Hawaii). A broad, low‐velocity anomaly was observed from 20–40‐km depth, and is suggestive of the central plume conduit that supplies magma to Lō'ihi and the active volcanoes of the Big Island. A localized high‐velocity body is observed 4–6‐km depth beneath Lō'ihi's summit, extending 10 km to the north and south. Following Lō'ihi's active rift zones and crossing the summit, this high‐velocity body is characteristic of intrusive material. Two low‐velocity anomalies are observed below the oceanic crust, interpreted as melt accumulation beneath Lō'ihi and magmatic underplating beneath Hawai'i Island.
The Observed Influence of Tropical Convection on the Saharan Dust Layer
Authors: Sauter Kathryn , L'Ecuyer Tristan S. , van den Heever Susan C. , Twohy Cynthia , Heidinger Andrew , Wanzong Steve , Wood Norm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInteractions between convection and the Saharan Air Layer in the tropical Atlantic Ocean are quantified using a novel compositing technique that leverages geostationary cloud observations to add temporal context to the polar orbiting CloudSat and the Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellites allowing aerosol optical depth (AOD) changes to be tracked throughout a typical convective storm life cycle. Four years of CALIPSO observations suggests that approximately 20% of the dust mass in every 10° longitude band between 10°W and 80°W is deposited into the ocean. Combining a new convective identification algorithm based on hourly geostationary cloud products with AODdust profiles along the CALIPSO track reveals that wet scavenging by convection is responsible for a significant fraction of this deposition across the Atlantic. Composites of 4 years of convective systems reveal that, on average, convection accounts for 15% ± 7% of the dust deposition in each longitude band relative to preconvective amounts, implying that dry deposition and scavenging by nonconvective events are responsible for the remaining 85% of dust removal. In addition, dust layers are detrained at upper levels of the atmosphere between 8 and 12 km by convective storms across the Atlantic. The dust budget analysis presented here indicates that convection lofts 1.5% ± 0.6% of dust aerosol mass to altitudes greater than 6 km. This may have significant implications for cloud formation downstream of convection since lofted dust particles can act as effective ice nucleating particles, altering cloud microphysical and radiative properties, latent heating, and precipitation rates.
Seismic Analysis of the Detachment and Impact Phases of a Rockfall and Application for Estimating Rockfall Volume and Free‐Fall Height
Authors: Le Roy G. , Helmstetter A. , Amitrano D. , Guyoton F. , Le Roux‐Mallouf R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe analyzed 21 rockfalls that occurred in limestone cliffs of the Chartreuse Massif (French Alps). These rockfalls were detected both by Terrestrial Laser Scanning or photogrammetry and by a local seismological network. The combination of these methods allowed us to study relations between rockfall properties (location of detachment and impacts areas, volume, geometry, and propagation) and the induced seismic signal. We observed events with different propagation modes (sliding, mass flow, and free fall) that could be determined from digital elevation models. We focused on events that experienced a free fall after their detachment. We analyzed the first parts of the seismic signals corresponding to the detachment phase and to the first impact. The detachment phase has a smaller amplitude than the impact phase, and its amplitude and duration increases with rockfall volume. By measuring the time delay between the detachment phase and the first impact, we can estimate the free‐fall height. We found a relation Es = aEpb between the potential energy of a rockfall Ep and the seismic energy Es generated during an impact, with a = 10−8 and b = 1.55 and with a correlation coefficient R2 = 0.98. We can thus estimate both the potential energy of a block and its free‐fall height from the seismic signals. By combining these results, we obtain an accurate estimate of the rockfall volume. The relation between the Ep and Es was tested on different geological settings and for larger range of volumes using Yosemite, Mount Granier rockfalls, and with a data set of controlled releases of blocks (Hibert et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf‐5‐283‐2017, https://www.earth‐surf‐dynam.net/5/283/2017/).
Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in Shell Carbonates of modern Land Snails in China and Their Relation to Environment Variables
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhai Jixuan , Cui Linlin , Zhang Shuhua , Ding Zhongli 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStable isotopes of land snail fossil shell carbonates (δ13Cshelland δ18Oshell) provide the opportunity to decipher paleodietary and paleoenvironmental changes. However, the environmental meanings of δ13Cshelland δ18Oshellremain elusive especially in the monsoonal climate region. To elucidate this, δ13Cshelland δ18Oshellof the two most common land snails in China,CathaicaandBradybaena, were analyzed in this study. Results show thatBradybaenahas a wider distribution thanCathaicaand provides considerable potential for use in paleoenvironmental reconstruction. In addition, δ13CshellofBradybaenaincreases with altitude and temperature, decreases with mean annual precipitation, and reflects the isotopic signal of C3plants. In contrast,Cathaicaδ13Cshelldocuments a C3/C4mixing signal and exhibits only a strong altitude effect. δ18OshellofBradybaenadecreases with mean annual precipitation in the Indian monsoon and westerlies regions but increases with mean annual temperature in the East Asian monsoon region; as a strong correlation exists between the two variables, they could thus potentially be used to reconstruct paleotemperatures. However, uncertainties should be recognized due to the complexity of the land‐snails' ecophysiological responses to environmental changes.Cathaicahas slightly lower δ18OshellthanBradybaena, which suggests that the two land snails have different ecophysiological traits, and the δ18OshellofCathaicafollows mean annual temperature in northeast China. This study lays a ground for explaining land snail stable isotopes in paleorecord in China and reasserts the importance of different ecophysiological traits of land snails in paleoclimatic research.
The splicing FK506-binding protein-51 isoform plays a role in glioblastoma resistance through programmed cell death ligand-1 expression regulation
Authors: D’Arrigo Paolo , Digregorio Marina , Romano Simona , Tufano Martina , Rea Anna , Hausch Felix , Dedobbeleer Matthias , Vigorito Vincenza , Russo Salvatore , Bauder Michael , Rogister Bernard , Romano Maria Fiammetta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGliomas aberrantly express programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), which has a pivotal role in immunoevasion. The splicing isoform of FKBP5, termed FKBP51s, is a PD-L1 foldase, assisting the immune checkpoint molecule in maturation and expression on the plasma membrane. The concept that PD-L1 supports tumor-intrinsic properties is increasingly emerging. The aim of the present work was to confirm the pro-tumoral effect of PD-L1 on human glioma cell survival, stemness capacity and resistance, and to address the issue of whether, by targeting its foldase either chemically or by silencing, the aggressive tumor features could be attenuated. PD-L1-depleted glioma cells have a reduced threshold for apoptosis, while PD-L1 forced expression increases resistance. Similar results were obtained with FKBP51s modulation. The ability of PD-L1 to counteract cell death was hampered by FKBP51s silencing. PD-L1 expression was particularly high in glioma cells with a cancer-stem-cell profile. Moreover, PD-L1 sustained the spheroid formation capability of glioma cells. Targeting of FKBP51s by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or the specific inhibitor SAFit2, reduced the number of formed spheroids, along with PD-L1 expression. Finally, in an orthotopic mouse model of glioblastoma, daily treatment with SAFit2 significantly reduced tumor PD-L1 expression, and tumor growth. In treated mice, caspase-3 activation and reduced vimentin expression were observed in excised tumors. In conclusion, targeting of FKBP51s hampers PD-L1 and its pro-tumoral properties, thereby affecting the self-renewal and growth capacities of glioblastoma cells in vitro and in vivo.
Transcribed B lymphocyte genes and multiple sclerosis risk genes are underrepresented in Epstein–Barr Virus hypomethylated regions
Authors: Ong Lawrence T. C. , Parnell Grant P. , Afrasiabi Ali , Stewart Graeme J. , Swaminathan Sanjay , Booth David R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEpstein–Barr Virus (EBV) infection appears to be necessary for the development of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), although the specific mechanisms are unknown. More than 200 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are known to be associated with the risk of developing MS. About a quarter of these are also highly associated with proximal gene expression in B cells infected with EBV (lymphoblastoid cell lines—LCLs). The DNA of LCLs is hypomethylated compared with both uninfected and activated B cells. Since methylation can affect gene expression, and so cell differentiation and immune evasion, we hypothesised that EBV-driven hypomethylation may affect the interaction between EBV infection and MS. We interrogated an existing dataset comprising three individuals with whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data from EBV transformed B cells and CD40L-activated B cells. DNA methylation surrounding MS risk SNPs associated with gene expression in LCLs (LCLeQTL) was less likely to be hypomethylated than randomly selected chromosomal regions. Differential methylation was independent of genomic features such as promoter regions, but genes preferentially expressed in EBV-infected B cells, including the LCLeQTL genes, were underrepresented in the hypomethylated regions. Our data does not indicate MS genetic risk is affected by EBV hypomethylation.
Phosphate acts directly on the calcium-sensing receptor to stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion
Authors: Centeno Patricia P. , Herberger Amanda , Mun Hee-Chang , Tu Chialing , Nemeth Edward F. , Chang Wenhan , Conigrave Arthur D. , Ward Donald T. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractExtracellular phosphate regulates its own renal excretion by eliciting concentration-dependent secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, the phosphate-sensing mechanism remains unknown and requires elucidation for understanding the aetiology of secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the main controller of PTH secretion and here we show that raising phosphate concentration within the pathophysiologic range for CKD significantly inhibits CaSR activity via non-competitive antagonism. Mutation of residue R62 in anion binding site-1 abolishes phosphate-induced inhibition of CaSR. Further, pathophysiologic phosphate concentrations elicit rapid and reversible increases in PTH secretion from freshly-isolated human parathyroid cells consistent with a receptor-mediated action. The same effect is seen in wild-type murine parathyroid glands, but not in CaSR knockout glands. By sensing moderate changes in extracellular phosphate concentration, the CaSR represents a phosphate sensor in the parathyroid gland, explaining the stimulatory effect of phosphate on PTH secretion.
Modular quantum computation in a trapped ion system
Authors: Zhang Kuan , Thompson Jayne , Zhang Xiang , Shen Yangchao , Lu Yao , Zhang Shuaining , Ma Jiajun , Vedral Vlatko , Gu Mile , Kim Kihwan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractModern computation relies crucially on modular architectures, breaking a complex algorithm into self-contained subroutines. A client can then call upon a remote server to implement parts of the computation independently via an application programming interface (API). Present APIs relay only classical information. Here we implement a quantum API that enables a client to estimate the absolute value of the trace of a server-provided unitary operation $$U$$
U
. We demonstrate that the algorithm functions correctly irrespective of what unitary $$U$$
U
the server implements or how the server specifically realizes $$U$$
U
. Our experiment involves pioneering techniques to coherently swap qubits encoded within the motional states of a trapped $${}^{171}{{\rm{Yb}}}^{+}\,$$

171

Yb

+

ion, controlled on its hyperfine state. This constitutes the first demonstration of modular computation in the quantum regime, providing a step towards scalable, parallelization of quantum computation.
A genome-wide assessment of the ancestral neural crest gene regulatory network
Authors: Hockman Dorit , Chong-Morrison Vanessa , Green Stephen A. , Gavriouchkina Daria , Candido-Ferreira Ivan , Ling Irving T. C. , Williams Ruth M. , Amemiya Chris T. , Smith Jeramiah J. , Bronner Marianne E. , Sauka-Spengler Tatjana 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe neural crest (NC) is an embryonic cell population that contributes to key vertebrate-specific features including the craniofacial skeleton and peripheral nervous system. Here we examine the transcriptional and epigenomic profiles of NC cells in the sea lamprey, in order to gain insight into the ancestral state of the NC gene regulatory network (GRN). Transcriptome analyses identify clusters of co-regulated genes during NC specification and migration that show high conservation across vertebrates but also identify transcription factors (TFs) and cell-adhesion molecules not previously implicated in NC migration. ATAC-seq analysis uncovers an ensemble of cis-regulatory elements, including enhancers of Tfap2B, SoxE1 and Hox-α2 validated in the embryo. Cross-species deployment of lamprey elements identifies the deep conservation of lamprey SoxE1 enhancer activity, mediating homologous expression in jawed vertebrates. Our data provide insight into the core GRN elements conserved to the base of the vertebrates and expose others that are unique to lampreys.
Controlled creation of a singular spinor vortex by circumventing the Dirac belt trick
Authors: Weiss L. S. , Borgh M. O. , Blinova A. , Ollikainen T. , Möttönen M. , Ruostekoski J. , Hall D. S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPersistent topological defects and textures are particularly dramatic consequences of superfluidity. Among the most fascinating examples are the singular vortices arising from the rotational symmetry group SO(3), with surprising topological properties illustrated by Dirac’s famous belt trick. Despite considerable interest, controlled preparation and detailed study of vortex lines with complex internal structure in fully three-dimensional spinor systems remains an outstanding experimental challenge. Here, we propose and implement a reproducible and controllable method for creating and detecting a singular SO(3) line vortex from the decay of a non-singular spin texture in a ferromagnetic spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate. Our experiment explicitly demonstrates the SO(3) character and the unique spinor properties of the defect. Although the vortex is singular, its core fills with atoms in the topologically distinct polar magnetic phase. The resulting stable, coherent topological interface has analogues in systems ranging from condensed matter to cosmology and string theory.