bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Project
Authors: Atrey Shreya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 inaugurates the project by setting out the current status of intersectionality in discrimination laws across jurisdictions, including the US, UK, South Africa, Canada, and India, and in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and international human rights treaty bodies. Although each jurisdiction’s tryst with intersectionality has been unique, the survey concludes by pointing out the similarities between the continuing legislative and judicial struggles in redressing intersectional discrimination successfully. This prepares the stage for the current intervention. The chapter goes on to define the central argument of this work and the parameters within which it unfolds. In particular, it explains the choice of comparative jurisdictions and the wide range of materials employed in making a case for intersectional discrimination.
The Concept
Authors: Atrey Shreya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines how intersectional discrimination has been understood in discrimination law. The analysis reveals that courts across jurisdictions have understood this category of discrimination not only as a matter of intersectionality, but also in various other ways, such as single-axis discrimination, multiple discrimination, additive discrimination, embedded discrimination, and compound discrimination. The chapter considers the relative position of these categories along a continuum and maps the qualitative differences between them as against the category of intersectional discrimination. It argues that the differences matter diagnostically in that only the category of intersectional discrimination properly so called, explains the causality in intersectional discrimination based on multiple grounds.
Explaining Scott’s Turn to American History
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The first chapter, like all others in the book, is divided in three sections. Section 1 offers an analysis of the US foreign policy discourse at the turn of the century and connects it with the growing popularity of international law within the elites. Section 2 follows Scott in his work as Secretary Root’s legal advisor at the State Department, until the two moved together to lead the newly established Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The highlight of Scott’s government stint was the 1907 Second Hague Peace Conference, where he championed the project for an international court and created a large part of the transatlantic professional connections that would be crucial to his later projects. Section 3 describes how Scott, since 1910 a powerful administrator at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, deployed the massive resources at his disposal.
Unequal outcomes for countries and people
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Rapid economic growth in Asia was associated with an unequal distribution of its benefits among countries and between people. There was, in fact, a widening gap in per capita income levels within the Asian-14, while the gap between the richest and poorest countries in Asia was awesome. Much of the income inequality between countries in Asia was attributable to inequality between, rather than within, countries. Yet, there was also a significant increase in inequality between people within countries, just as there was a marked increase in inequality between regions within countries, both of which were more pronounced in countries that experienced rapid growth. Even so, rapid growth did lead to a substantial reduction in absolute poverty. However, the scale of absolute poverty that persists, despite unprecedented growth, is just as striking as the sharp reduction therein. The poverty reduction could have been much greater, were it not for the rising inequality.
Asian development and the world economy
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
During the post-colonial era, the relationship between Asia and the world was shaped by a geopolitics in which economics and politics, juxtaposed with history and geography, were closely intertwined. East and Southeast Asia became the main arena for contesting political ideologies—capitalism versus communism—in the Cold War, while West Asia was the stage where strategic interests driven by oil played out. Both were associated with conflicts and wars that shaped trajectories of development. Rapid economic growth in Asia has implications, both positive and negative, for the world, industrialized countries, and developing countries, which are analysed in the chapter. The international economic and political architecture for global governance was created around 1945. Asia had no voice in that process. The shifting balance of power provides Asian countries with an opportunity to exercise collective influence now, but co-ordination and co-operation among them has not surfaced yet, possibly because of economic and political rivalry.
Contemplating the future
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter concludes. It outlines the contours of change to recapitulate the essentials of the transformation in Asia, and highlights the major analytical conclusions that relate to contemporary debates on development. It considers prospects, in terms of opportunities and challenges, for countries that have led the process so far and for those that might follow in their footsteps. It reflects on the future, with reference to the past, to speculate how the changed international context, and new challenges on the horizon, might shape, or be influenced by, development in Asia over the next twenty-five years, addressing specific questions. Do recent changes in the global political economy have any longer-term implications for Asia? What is the likely impact of the profound technological changes on the horizon for development in Asia? How would the leading industrialized countries respond or adjust to the erosion of their economic dominance and political hegemony? Is this going to be an Asian century?
The Policy Effects of the Decisions of European Courts on Targeted Sanctions
Authors: Istrefi Kushtrim 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy effects of decisions by European courts on Security Council targeted sanctions as regards the two concerns that triggered their judicial responses, namely due process reform and genuine realization of human rights. This consequentialist assessment argues that a more Herculean form of judicial activism, as seen in Kadi II before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), cannot alone uphold human rights and may be counterproductive to the Security Council reform process. This submission suggests that a form of judicial restraint as exercised by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR or Strasbourg Court) in Al-Dulimi may prove to be more effective. In particular, the arbitrariness test introduced by the Strasbourg Court in that case with regard to Security Council measures may achieve two policy objectives. First, through a timely review by national courts of arbitrary listings it may encourage the realization of human rights. Second, by demanding that states secure appropriate evidence for listings, it may revitalize reform of the sanction decision-making process. These effects of Al-Dulimi are examined in the context of earlier engagement by national authorities with Security Council measures, including in the Sayadi and Vinck and Nada cases. Despite these consequences, this chapter warns of some limitations inherent in the approach applied by the Strasbourg Court in cases where national executives turn out to be uncooperative.
Respiratory Biology of Animals
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The aim of this book is to shed light on one of the most fundamental processes of life in the various lineages of animals: respiration. It provides a certain background on the physiological side of respiration, but it clearly focuses on the morphological aspects. In general, the intention of this book is to illustrate the impressive diversity of respiratory faculties (form–function complexes) rather than serving as an encyclopaedic handbook. It takes the reader on a journey through the entire realm of animals and discusses the structures involved in gas exchange, how they work, and most importantly, how all of this may be connected on an evolutionary scale. Due to the common problem, namely oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide release, and the limited number of solutions, basically surface area, barrier thickness, and physical exchange model of the respiratory organ, it is not surprising that one finds a huge number of convergences. These include, for instance, the repeated origin of tubular tracheae among several lineages of arthropods, similar lung structures in snails and amphibians, and counter-current exchange gills in bivalves and fish. However, there are certain phylogenetic constraints evident and the respiratory faculty appears as a yet to be adequately exploited source of information for systematic considerations. The ultimate goal of this book is to stimulate further research in respiratory biology, because a huge number of questions remain to be tackled on all levels, ranging from molecular through functional to especially the evolutionary aspects.
The evolution of water-breathing respiratory faculties in invertebrates
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter aims at piecing together the evolution of water breathing in invertebrates. Dedicated respiratory faculties, consisting of an external exchanger, an internal transport system (circulatory system or an equivalent), and some control element are first clearly recognizable among invertebrates in annelids, which excel in the number of different respiratory proteins they display. Molluscs and arthropods use primarily haemocyanin, each group showing evolutionary trends in respiratory proteins that have some bearing on the phylogenetic position. Each major group of molluscs has its own evolutionary story, but in general we see a reduction in the number of gills and often a release from bilateral symmetry. Among arthropods, crustaceans can develop gills on various parts of the legs and the body wall, each group showing a taxon-specific type. Arachnids and hexapods are primarily terrestrial, but several groups have independently and secondarily developed mechanisms for even long-term survival under water.
War By Agreement
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In the last two decades, traditional just war theory has been under attack. Critics, known as ‘revisionists’, have argued that its most fundamental principles are morally suspect. However, so far they have failed to propose a convincing alternative. These developments have resulted in a stalemate. While almost everybody would like to maintain the legal order set by the UN Charter and by the Geneva Conventions, there is currently no moral outlook that convincingly substantiates it. The purpose of the present book is to forge a way through this stalemate and show that wars can be morally justified at both the jus ad bellum level (the political decision to go to war) and the jus in bello level (its actual conduct by the military). It does so by developing a contractarian account of the rules governing war, according to which they are best interpreted as a mutually beneficial and fair agreement between the relevant players. The book relies on the long social contract tradition and illustrates its fruitfulness in understanding the morality and the law of war.
When the Agreement Collapses
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
What happens when one of the parties to the war contract deliberately ignores it? This typically occurs when one of the parties violates the jus in bello rules by bombing civilian targets, murdering POWs and so on. This chapter argues that the normative implications of breaching the war contract are themselves part of the contract. In the absence of an international body that can enforce the contract on those violating it, the parties have the right to respond to violations of the in bello rules. These remedies—these counter-violations—should be cautious and restrained, with a constant eye on the goal of reinstituting the parties’ commitment to the broken rules. The in bello violations that call for retaliation are of three general kinds: (a) violating prohibitions whose source is merely conventional, such as those outlawing certain weapons; (b) violating the prohibition against targeting civilians in cases in which the civilians attacked bear responsibility for the enemy war effort, such as politicians or party members; and (c) carrying out indiscriminate attacks on civilians. The chapter argues that retaliation in kind is licensed by the war contract in all three categories. Ex ante, decent and partial parties would see the need to deter disobedient parties and to make them realize that they would pay too high a price for violations of the war agreement. Thus, a war ethic of the kind the chapter proposes will make the world a safer place in which to live.
To what extent do socioeconomic inequalities in SRH reflect inequalities in burden of disease? The HELIUS study
Authors: Galenkamp Henrike , van Oers Hans , Stronks Karien 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT

Background
Self-rated health (SRH), an attractive measure for health monitoring, shows persistent inequalities with regard to socioeconomic status (SES). However, knowledge on the extent to which inequalities in SRH reflect inequalities in disease burden is lacking.

Methods
Data come from the multi-ethnic HEalthy LIfe in an Urban Setting study (Dutch, South-Asian Surinamese, African Surinamese, Ghanaian, Turkish or Moroccan origin, N = 19 379, aged 18–70). SES was defined by educational and occupational level. Disease burden was operationalized as chronic diseases, physical and mental functioning (measured with SF-12) and depressive symptoms (measured with PHQ-9). We applied logistic regression analyses and reported average marginal effects (AME).

Results
Dutch origin participants with low educational or low occupational level had higher probabilities of reporting fair/poor SRH, compared to the highest levels (AME = 0.20 95% CI: 0.13;0.27; and 0.12 (0.09;0.15), respectively). Associations were attenuated after adjusting for all disease burden indicators, to AME = 0.03 (0.01;0.04) and AME = 0.02 (−0.00;0.04). In all the non-Dutch origin groups, a larger part of the inequalities remained after adjustment.

Conclusion
Socioeconomic inequalities in SRH are for a large part explained by higher disease burden in lower socioeconomic groups, but less so in those with non-Dutch origin. Future research should examine if our conclusions also hold for trend data on inequalities in SRH.
President Trump and health care: a content analysis of misleading statements
Authors: Hatcher William 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
This study examines President Trump’s misleading language in the area of health care. According to ‘The Washington Post’, President Trump has made over 10 000 misleading or false statements about public policy.

Methods
We use content analysis to examine the 662 health-related statements made over the period from his inauguration on 20 January 2017 to 27 April 2019.

Results
Analysis of these statements identified seven themes, and we also found that a plurality of the statements spreads false information about the Affordable Care Act or Obamacare.

Discussion
President Trump’s misleading statements about health care are unprecedented and potentially damaging to public health. The communications may adversely affect the public’s knowledge about their health care, their understanding of the health care system and their understanding of health care procedures.
National Philology, Imperial Hierarchies, and the ‘Defective’ Book of Sir John Mandeville
Authors: White Tom 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article examines when and how the ‘Defective’ version of the Book of Sir John Mandeville came to be called ‘defective’. It describes the use of this name by Sir George F. Warner in an edition produced in 1889 for the elite bibliographic society the Roxburghe Club. Drawing on recent work in disability studies, it argues that the philological use of ‘defective’ be read in conjunction with its broader use in the elaboration of hierarchies of class, race, and gender. Far from a neutral descriptor, ‘defective’ provides a compelling example of the imbrication of medieval studies, imperialism, and Social Darwinist principles in the late nineteenth century. The article closes with the call not only to rename the ‘Defective’ version the ‘Common’ version, but also for a broader reappraisal of this apparently discrete version of Mandeville’s Book. However, it also argues that amid the increasing marketization of higher education and the concomitant insecurity of academic labour, digital editing does not provide a straightforward answer to the question of how best to map and display the complex textual history of Mandeville’s Book.
The power of economic models: the case of the EU’s fiscal regulation framework
Authors: Heimberger Philipp , Huber Jakob , Kapeller Jakob 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article is concerned with the impact of economic ideas on political processes and decision-making. We argue that economic models can serve as a transmission device between economic paradigms and policy programs, which allow actors drawing on the model to exercise power in decision-making. We illustrate this argument by focusing on the European Commission’s ‘potential output’ model, which represents a core pillar of EU fiscal governance as it provides estimates of ‘structural deficits’ for evaluating fiscal policies. We combine an analysis of the history and content of the model at stake with insights derived from policy documents, legal provisions, speeches and interviews. Our findings imply that economic models (a) allow for exerting power only under specific conditions, (b) align paradigmatic priors with policy proposals and (c) may constitute mutual feedback loops where political decisions are coined by technicalities and, as a consequence, seemingly innocent technical assumptions become objects of political demands.
Toward an economic sociology of race
Authors: Hirschman Daniel , Garbes Laura 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRace is central to economic life, but race is not central to economic sociology. We argue that economic sociologists should treat racism as a constitutive, structuring force, analytically co-equal with capitalism, patriarchy and nationalism. Our article has three aims. First, we document how canonical and award-winning works of economic sociology do not discuss race and racism, and do not engage with the contemporary sociology of race. Second, we identify six key insights from the sociology of race and suggest how they could influence economic sociology: the emergence of race out of racism, an understanding of racism as structural, the role of whiteness, the intersections between racism and other systems of oppression, the ideology of colorblind racism and the fundamental connections between racism and capitalism. Third, we conclude by discussing recent research that bridges the two subfields and lays the groundwork for an understanding of ‘racialized markets’ and ‘racialized economies’.
A new contribution to the taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of three, well-known freshwater species of the ciliate genus Spirostomum (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Heterotrichea)
Authors: Chi Yong , Duan Lili , Luo Xiaotian , Cheng Ting , Warren Alan , Huang Jie , Chen Xiangrui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMembers of the heterotrich genus Spirostomum are commonly found in freshwater or low salinity biotopes. In the present study, three species (S. minus, S. subtilis and S. teres) collected from freshwater habitats in Qingdao, China, are investigated using morphological and molecular methods. Detailed morphometric data are documented and improved diagnosis are supplied based on a combination of previous and present studies. In addition, small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences are obtained from the clonal cultures. Phylogenetic analyses show that all three species are placed in the Spirostomum clade. However, isolates of the morphospecies S. minus are divided into two paraphyletic clades, while ‘populations’ of the nominal species, S. teres, are placed in at least four separate groups in the tree. After comparing morphological and molecular differences in closely related forms available, we hypothesized that S. minus and S. teres might represent species complexes. A key to the identification of the ten valid species of Spirostomum is also supplied.
openPrimeR for multiplex amplification of highly diverse templates
Authors: Kreer Christoph , Döring Matthias , Lehnen Nathalie , Ercanoglu Meryem S. , Gieselmann Lutz , Luca Domnica , Jain Kanika , Schommers Philipp , Pfeifer Nico , Klein Florian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTo study the diversity of immune receptors and pathogens, multiplex PCR has become a central approach in research and diagnostics. However, insufficient primer design against highly diverse templates often prevents amplification and therefore limits the correct understanding of biological processes. Here, we present openPrimeR, an R-based tool for evaluating and designing multiplex PCR primers. openPrimeR provides a functional and intuitive interface and uses either a greedy algorithm or an integer linear program to compute the minimal set of primers that performs full target coverage. As proof of concept, we used openPrimeR to find optimal primer sets for the amplification of highly mutated immunoglobulins. Comprehensive analyses on specifically generated immunoglobulin variable gene segment libraries resulted in the composition of highly effective primer sets (oPR-IGHV, oPR-IGKV and oPR-IGLV) that demonstrated to be particularly suitable for the isolation of novel human antibodies.
Neural correlates of evidence and urgency during human perceptual decision-making in dynamically changing conditions
Authors: Yau Y. , Dadar M. , Taylor M. , Zeighami Y. , Fellows L.K. , Cisek P. , Dagher A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCurrent models of decision-making assume that the brain gradually accumulates evidence and drifts towards a threshold which, once crossed, results in a choice selection. These models have been especially successful in primate research, however transposing them to human fMRI paradigms has proved challenging. Here, we exploit the face-selective visual system and test whether decoded emotional facial features from multivariate fMRI signals during a dynamic perceptual decision-making task are related to the parameters of computational models of decision-making. We show that trial-by-trial variations in the pattern of neural activity in the fusiform gyrus reflect facial emotional information and modulate drift rates during deliberation. We also observed an inverse-urgency signal based in the caudate nucleus that was independent of sensory information but appeared to slow decisions, particularly when information in the task was ambiguous. Taken together, our results characterize how decision parameters from a computational model (i.e., drift rate and urgency signal) are involved in perceptual decision-making and reflected in the activity of the human brain.