bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adventures scaling the realized niche, saving the world, and searching for values
Authors: Dayton Paul K 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
I describe my unlikely path into marine science from a childhood in the Arizona desert and Oregon woods. Without realizing it, I developed a sense of place in nature and the value of open interdisciplinary communication among diverse scientists. My undergraduate education emphasized physiological adaptations to the environment or what might now be considered the “fundamental niche”, and my graduate thinking was inspired by a population/community based evolutionary understanding of how strong interactions define a “realized niche”. I have attempted to define strong interactions in three different ecosystems. This difficult problem is confounded by the loss of natural systems resulting from human impacts. I discuss my frustrations with eroding conservation efforts in a society that is rapidly devaluing nature and consider how we might recover our most fundamental values. I conclude that there is an urgent need to improve field-based teaching of undergraduate non-majors about nature and to be much more effective in our interactions with the general public. If we hope to have our legacy include a liveable world with natural places, we urgently need to act unilaterally to shift some of our values and reward systems towards the challenge of educating the undergraduates and especially the general public.
Improved Recognition of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 by 2 Automated Immunoassays
Authors: Geno K Aaron , Tolan Nicole V , Singh Ravinder J , Nerenz Robert D 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite recommendations to limit vitamin D testing to specific clinical scenarios, test volume remains high in many clinical laboratories. Automated total vitamin D immunoassays frequently under- or over-recover 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 [25(OH)D2], making accurate assessment of vitamin D status difficult in patients taking high-dose 25(OH)D2 supplements. Mass spectrometry-based methods offer excellent recovery of 25(OH)D2 but are not practical for use in all laboratories. In this study, we evaluated 2 automated immunoassays against an LC–MS/MS method performed at a national reference laboratory.

Methods
A method comparison against LC–MS/MS was performed for the Roche Elecsys Vitamin D total II assay and the IDS-iSYS 25 VitDS immunoassays using 49 patient specimens submitted for clinical 25(OH)D measurement. Mean bias was calculated, and vitamin D status was determined for each specimen according to the 2011 Endocrine Society clinical practice guidelines.

Results
Theil–Sen regression lines relative to LC–MS/MS were y = 0.88x + 2.94 for Roche and y = 1.03x + 2.48 for IDS. Mean bias (±SD) in samples with 25(OH)D2 concentrations less than 5 ng/mL was −0.25 ng/mL (±6.30) for Roche and −1.45 ng/mL (±6.82) for the IDS. Mean bias (±SD) in samples with 25(OH)D2 concentrations greater than 5 ng/mL was −3.19 ng/mL (±6.61) for Roche and 5.52 ng/mL (±6.36) for IDS. Median percentage recovery of 25(OH)D2 was 87.1% (interquartile range 76.0–111.3) for Roche and 120.6% (interquartile range: 105.3–133.4) for IDS. Vitamin D status was misclassified in 7 samples by the Roche assay and 3 by the IDS assay. For all but one of the discordant pairs, the immunoassay result was within 1.7 ng/mL of the diagnostic cutoff.

Conclusions
The automated immunoassays evaluated here demonstrate improved recovery of 25(OH)D2 relative to previous generations. Both are acceptable for use in the determination of vitamin D status.
Anti–Domain I β2-Glycoprotein I Antibodies and Activated Protein C Resistance Predict Thrombosis in Antiphospholipid Syndrome: TAC(I)T Study
Authors: Zuily Stephane , de Laat Bas , Guillemin Francis , Kelchtermans Hilde , Magy-Bertrand Nadine , Desmurs-Clavel Hélène , Lambert Marc , Poindron Vincent , de Maistre Emmanuel , Dufrost Virginie , Risse Jessie , Shums Zakera , Norman Gary L , de Groot Philip G , Lacolley Patrick , Lecompte Thomas , Regnault Véronique , Wahl Denis 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Antibodies binding to domain I of β2-glycoprotein I (aDI) and activated protein C (APC) resistance are associated with an increased risk of thrombosis in cross-sectional studies. The objective of this study was to assess their predictive value for future thromboembolic events in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) or antiphospholipid syndrome.

Methods
This prospective multicenter cohort study included consecutive patients with aPL or systemic lupus erythematosus. We followed 137 patients (43.5 ± 15.4 year old; 107 women) for a mean duration of 43.1 ± 20.7 months.

Results
We detected aDI IgG antibodies by ELISA in 21 patients. An APC sensitivity ratio (APCsr) was determined using a thrombin generation–based test. The APCsr was higher in patients with anti–domain I antibodies demonstrating APC resistance (0.75 ± 0.13 vs 0.48 ± 0.20, P &lt; 0.0001). In univariate analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) for thrombosis over time was higher in patients with aDI IgG (3.31 [95% CI, 1.15–9.52]; P = 0.03) and patients with higher APC resistance (APCsr &gt;95th percentile; HR, 6.07 [95% CI, 1.69–21.87]; P = 0.006). A sensitivity analysis showed an increased risk of higher aDI IgG levels up to HR 5.61 (95% CI, 1.93–16.31; P = 0.01). In multivariate analysis, aDI IgG (HR, 3.90 [95% CI, 1.33–11.46]; P = 0.01) and APC resistance (HR, 4.98 [95% CI, 1.36–18.28]; P = 0.02) remained significant predictors of thrombosis over time.

Conclusions
Our study shows that novel tests for antibodies recognizing domain I of β2-glycoprotein I and functional tests identifying APC resistance are significant predictors of thrombosis over time and may be useful for risk stratification.
COVID-19 transforms health care through telemedicine: Evidence from the field
Authors: Mann Devin M , Chen Ji , Chunara Rumi , Testa Paul A , Nov Oded 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This study provides data on the feasibility and impact of video-enabled telemedicine use among patients and providers and its impact on urgent and nonurgent healthcare delivery from one large health system (NYU Langone Health) at the epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the United States. Between March 2nd and April 14th 2020, telemedicine visits increased from 102.4 daily to 801.6 daily. (683% increase) in urgent care after the system-wide expansion of virtual urgent care staff in response to COVID-19. Of all virtual visits post expansion, 56.2% and 17.6% urgent and nonurgent visits, respectively, were COVID-19–related. Telemedicine usage was highest by patients 20 to 44 years of age, particularly for urgent care. The COVID-19 pandemic has driven rapid expansion of telemedicine use for urgent care and nonurgent care visits beyond baseline periods. This reflects an important change in telemedicine that other institutions facing the COVID-19 pandemic should anticipate.
Radiation Doses and Risks in Breast Screening
Authors: Hendrick R Edward 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article describes radiation doses and cancer risks of digital breast imaging technologies used for breast cancer detection. These include digital mammography (DM), digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), and newer technologies such as contrast-enhanced digital or spectral mammography (CEM), whole-breast computed tomography, breast-specific gamma imaging (BSGI), molecular breast imaging (MBI), and positron emission mammography (PEM). This article describes the basis for radiation risk estimates, compares radiation doses and risks, and provides benefit-to-radiation-risk ratios for different breast imaging modalities that use ionizing radiation.
Current x-ray–based screening modalities such as DM and DBT have small to negligible risks of causing radiation-induced cancers in women of normal screening age. Possible new screening modalities such as CEM have similar small cancer risks. Potential screening modalities that involve radionuclide injection such as BSGI, MBI, and PEM have significantly higher cancer risks unless efficient detection systems and reduced administered doses are used. Benefit-to-radiation-risk estimates are highly favorable for screening with DM and other modalities having comparable (or higher) cancer detection rates and comparably low radiation doses.
The Long-Term Costs of Government Surveillance: Insights from Stasi Spying in East Germany
Authors: Lichter Andreas , Löffler Max , Siegloch Sebastian 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTWe investigate the long-run effects of government surveillance on civic capital and economic performance, studying the case of the Stasi in East Germany. Exploiting regional variation in the number of spies and administrative features of the system, we combine a border discontinuity design with an instrumental variable strategy to estimate the long-term, post-reunification effect of government surveillance. We find that a higher spying density led to persistently lower levels of interpersonal and institutional trust in post-reunification Germany. We also find substantial and long-lasting economic effects of Stasi surveillance, resulting in lower income, higher exposure to unemployment, and lower self-employment.
Numerical simulations of wave fields for acoustic logging while drilling tools in a fluid-filled trough
Authors: Sun Zhifeng , Tang Xiaoming , He Xiao , Liu Xien 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Examinations of acoustic logging tools in the workshop are significant for checking the performance of every unit before field downhole measurements. It is more convenient to test the tools in a horizontally placed open trough rather than in a vertical closed pipe. To ensure the tools can excite and receive the signals from the trough well (i.e. the pipe waves), we should figure out the wave propagation in such an asymmetric structure. We aim for acoustic logging while drilling (LWD) signals from the fluid-filled trough. Both monopole and quadrupole wave fields are studied through the 3D finite difference model. For monopole acoustic logging, first-arrival full waves are the major concern. The propagation velocities of first-arriving pipe waves do not change with opening angles of the trough. The pipe wave speeds are exactly the same as those in closed pipes of the same sizes; while the amplitudes decrease with increasing opening angles. For quadrupole LWD, velocities of pipe waves have few correlations with opening angles and transducer azimuths. The quadrupole source can even excite the monopole collar waves in the trough, which become the first arrivals of the full waves. The quadrupole pipe waves show a trend of being weaker with increasing opening angles. If the opening angle of the trough is too large, the quadrupole pipe waves could totally be covered by other wavelets. To excite clearer pipe wave signals in the trough, it is suggested that an opening angle as small as possible is optimal for the tests.
Data protection and ethics requirements for multisite research with health data: a comparative examination of legislative governance frameworks and the role of data protection technologies†
Authors: Scheibner James , Ienca Marcello , Kechagia Sotiria , Troncoso-Pastoriza Juan Ramon , Raisaro Jean Louis , Hubaux Jean-Pierre , Fellay Jacques , Vayena Effy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Personalised medicine can improve both public and individual health by providing targeted preventative and therapeutic healthcare. However, patient health data must be shared between institutions and across jurisdictions for the benefits of personalised medicine to be realised. Whilst data protection, privacy, and research ethics laws protect patient confidentiality and safety they also may impede multisite research, particularly across jurisdictions. Accordingly, we compare the concept of data accessibility in data protection and research ethics laws across seven jurisdictions. These jurisdictions include Switzerland, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom (which have implemented the General Data Protection Regulation), the United States, Canada, and Australia. Our paper identifies the requirements for consent, the standards for anonymisation or pseudonymisation, and adequacy of protection between jurisdictions as barriers for sharing. We also identify differences between the European Union and other jurisdictions as a significant barrier for data accessibility in cross jurisdictional multisite research. Our paper concludes by considering solutions to overcome these legislative differences. These solutions include data transfer agreements and organisational collaborations designed to `front load' the process of ethics approval, so that subsequent research protocols are standardised. We also allude to technical solutions, such as distributed computing, secure multiparty computation and homomorphic encryption.
Schistosomiasis and cancer: Experience from a zonal hospital in Tanzania and opportunities for prevention
Authors: Lodhia Jay , Mremi Alex , Pyuza Jeremia J , Bartholomeo Nicholas , Herman Ayesiga M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Schistosomiasis infection is endemic in many parts of Tanzania. The morbidity due to Schistosomiasis and its association with cancer remains to be of great concern and poses greater challenge that needs to be assessed. Cancer is an increasing public health problem in most sub-Saharan African countries, and yet, cancer control programs and the provision of early detection and treatment services are limited despite this increasing burden. This article aims to discuss case series of patients diagnosed with urinary bladder, prostate and colorectal cancer together with Schistosoma infection. We further highlight the opportunities for combating new Schistosomiasis infection, a potential to reduce its oncological complications particularly in low-resource setting.
Non-steady heating of cool cores of galaxy clusters by ubiquitous turbulence and AGN
Authors: Fujita Yutaka , Cen Renyue , Zhuravleva Irina 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent cosmological simulations have shown that turbulence should be generally prevailing in clusters because clusters are continuously growing through matter accretion. Using one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations, we study the heating of cool-core clusters by the ubiquitous turbulence as well as feedback from the central active galactic nuclei (AGNs) for a wide range of cluster and turbulence parameters, focusing on the global stability of the core. We find that the AGN shows intermittent activities in the presence of moderate turbulence similar to the one observed with Hitomi. The cluster core maintains a quasi-equilibrium state for most of the time because the heating through turbulent diffusion is nearly balanced with radiative cooling. The balance is gradually lost because of slight dominance of the radiative cooling, and the AGN is ignited by increased gas inflow. Finally, when the AGN bursts, the core is heated almost instantaneously. Thanks to the pre-existing turbulence, the heated gas is distributed throughout the core without becoming globally unstable and causing catastrophic cooling, and the core recovers the quasi-equilibrium state. The AGN bursts can be stronger in lower mass clusters. Predictions of our model can be easily checked with future X-ray missions like XRISM and Athena.
Colliding-wind binary systems: diffusive shock acceleration and non-thermal emission
Authors: Pittard J M , Vila G S , Romero G E 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a model for the non-thermal emission from a colliding-wind binary. Relativistic protons and electrons are assumed to be accelerated through diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) at the global shocks bounding the wind–wind collision region. The non-linear effects of the backreaction due to the cosmic ray pressure on the particle acceleration process and the cooling of the non-thermal particles as they flow downstream from the shocks are included. We explore how the non-thermal particle distribution and the keV−GeV emission changes with the stellar separation and the viewing angle of the system, and with the momentum ratio of the winds. We confirm earlier findings that DSA is very efficient when magnetic field amplification is not included, leading to significantly modified shocks. We also find that the non-thermal flux scales with the binary separation in a complicated way and that the anisotropic inverse Compton emission shows only a moderate variation with viewing angle due to the spatial extent of the wind–wind collision.
Thermal convection in the crust of the dwarf planet – I. Ceres
Authors: Formisano M , Federico C , Castillo-Rogez J , De Sanctis M C , Magni G 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Ceres is the largest body in the Main Belt, and it is characterized by a large abundance of water ice in its interior. This feature is suggested by its relatively low bulk density (2162 kg m−3), while its partial differentiation into a rocky core and icy crust is suggested by several geological and geochemical features: minerals and salts produced by aqueous alteration, icy patches on the surface, and lobate morphology interpreted as surface flows. In this work, we explore how the composition can influence the characteristics of thermal convection in the crust of Ceres. Our results suggest that the onset of thermal convection is difficult and when it occurs, it is short lived, which could imply that Ceres preserved deep liquid until present, as recently suggested by the work of Castillo-Rogez et al. Moreover, cryovolcanism could be driven by diapirism (chemical convection) rather than thermal convection.
Heavy element evolution in the inner regions of the Milky Way
Authors: Matteucci F , Vasini A , Grisoni V , Schultheis M 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results for the evolution of the abundances of heavy elements (O, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Fe) in the inner Galactic regions (RGC ≤ 4 kpc). We adopt a detailed chemical evolution model already tested for the Galactic bulge and compare the results with Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment data. We start with a set of yields from the literature that are considered the best to reproduce the abundance patterns in the solar vicinity. We find that, in general, the predicted trends nicely reproduce the data but in some cases either the trend or the absolute values of the predicted abundances need to be corrected, even by large factors, in order to reach the best agreement. We suggest how the current stellar yields should be modified to reproduce the data and we discuss whether such corrections are reasonable in the light of the current knowledge of stellar nucleosynthesis. However, we also critically discuss the observations. Our results suggest that Si, Ca, Cr, and Ni are the elements for which the required corrections are the smallest, while for Mg and Al moderate modifications are necessary. On the other hand, O and K need the largest corrections to reproduce the observed patterns, a conclusion already reached for solar vicinity abundance patterns, with the exception of oxygen. For Mn, we apply corrections already suggested in previous works.
Thrombectomy Technique Predicts Outcome in Posterior Circulation Stroke—Insights from the STAR Collaboration
Authors: Alawieh Ali M , Eid Maya , Anadani Mohammad , Sattur Mithun , Maier Ilko L , Feng Wuwei , Goyal Nitin , Starke Robert M , Rai Ansaar , Fargen Kyle M , Psychogios Marios-Nikos , De Leacy Reade , Grossberg Jonathan A , Keyrouz Salah G , Dumont Travis M , Kan Peter , Lena Jonathan , Liman Jan , Arthur Adam S , Elijovich Lucas , Mccarthy David J , Saini Vasu , Wolfe Stacey Q , Mocco J , Fifi Johanna T , Nascimento Fábio A , Giles James A , Allen Michelle , Crosa Roberto , Fox W Christopher , Gory Benjamin , Spiotta Alejandro M ,   on behalf of Stroke Thrombectomy and Aneurysm Registry (STAR) Collaborators
Published: April 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Randomized controlled trials evaluating mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke predominantly studied anterior circulation patients. Both procedural and clinical predictors of outcome in posterior circulation patients have not been evaluated in large cohort studies.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate technical and clinical predictors of functional independence after posterior circulation MT while comparing different frontline thrombectomy techniques.

METHODS
In a retrospective multicenter international study of 3045 patients undergoing MT for stroke between 06/2014 and 12/2018, 345 patients had posterior circulation strokes. MT was performed using aspiration, stent retriever, or combined approach. Functional outcomes were assessed using the 90-d modified Rankin score dichotomized into good (0-2) and poor outcomes (3-6).

RESULTS
We included 2700 patients with anterior circulation and 345 patients with posterior circulation strokes. Posterior patients (age: 60 ± 14, 46% females) presented with mainly basilar occlusion (80%) and were treated using contact aspiration or ADAPT (39%), stent retriever (31%) or combined approach (19%). Compared to anterior strokes, posterior strokes had delayed treatment (500 vs 340 min, P < .001), higher national institute of health stroke scale (NIHSS) (17.1 vs 15.7, P < .01) and lower rates of good outcomes (31% vs 43%, P < .01). In posterior MT, diabetes (OR = 0.28, 95%CI: 0.12-0.65), admission NIHSS (OR = 0.9, 95%CI: 0.86-0.94), and use of stent retriever (OR = 0.26, 95%CI: 0.11-0.62) or combined approach (OR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.12-1.01) vs ADAPT were associated with lower odds of good outcome. Stent retriever use was associated with lower odds of good outcomes compared to ADAPT even when including patients with only basilar occlusion or with successful recanalization only.

CONCLUSION
Despite similar safety profiles, use of ADAPT is associated with higher rates of functional independence after posterior circulation thrombectomy compared to stent retriever or combined approach in large “real-world” retrospective study.
Policing During the Time of Corona: The Indian Context
Authors: Biswas Debajyoti , Sultana Parvin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
According to Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker, India has the most stringent lockdown as compared to other nations and has scored 100% in the scale; nevertheless, there had been sporadic incidence of attacks on police personnel and medical workers in different parts of India. This article argues that such resistance comes from two broad factors: (i) a collective scepticism that has built up among certain section of people and (ii) a tool of defiance against the government. In order to quell such resistance, community leaders and the police can play a very crucial role. In order to establish the above hypotheses, a quantitative approach of the events that have occurred in India during the lockdown period of 21 days shall be considered.