bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol pollution maps and trends over Germany with hourly data at four rural background stations from 2009 to 2018
Authors: Heintzenberg Jost , Birmili Wolfram , Hellack Bryan , Spindler Gerald , Tuch Thomas , Wiedensohler Alfred 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A total of 10 years of hourly aerosol and gas data at four rural German stations have been combined with
hourly back trajectories to the stations and inventories of the European Emissions Database for Global
Atmospheric Research (EDGAR),
yielding pollution maps over Germany of PM10, particle number concentrations, and
equivalent black carbon (eBC). The maps reflect aerosol emissions modified with atmospheric
processes during transport between sources and receptor sites. Compared to emission maps, strong
western European emission centers do not dominate the downwind concentrations because their
emissions are reduced by atmospheric processes on the way to the receptor area. PM10,
eBC, and to some extent also particle number concentrations are rather controlled by emissions
from southeastern Europe from which pollution transport often occurs under drier conditions. Newly
formed particles are found in air masses from a broad sector reaching from southern Germany to
western Europe, which we explain with gaseous particle precursors coming with little wet scavenging
from this region. Annual emissions for 2009 of PM10, BC, SO2, and NOx were
accumulated along each trajectory and compared with the corresponding measured time series. The
agreement of each pair of time series was optimized by varying monthly factors and annual factors
on the 2009 emissions. This approach yielded broader summer emission minima than published values
that were partly displaced from the midsummer positions. The validity of connecting the ambient concentration and
emission of particulate pollution was tested by calculating temporal changes in eBC for subsets of
back trajectories passing over two separate prominent emission regions, region A to the northwest
and B to the southeast of the measuring stations. Consistent with reported emission data the
calculated emission decreases over region A are significantly stronger than over region B.
Arctic tsunamis threaten coastal landscapes and communities – survey of Karrat Isfjord 2017 tsunami effects in Nuugaatsiaq, western Greenland
Authors: Strzelecki Mateusz C. , Jaskólski Marek W. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract. On the 17 June 2017, a massive landslide which mobilized 35–58 million m3 of material entered the Karrat Isfjord in western Greenland.
It triggered a tsunami wave with a runup height exceeding 90 m close to the
landslide, ca. 50 m on the opposite shore of the fjord. The tsunami
travelled ca. 32 km along the fjord and reached the settlement of
Nuugaatsiaq with ca. 1–1.5 m high waves which flooded the terrain up to 9 m a.s.l. (above sea level). Tsunami waves were powerful enough to destroy the community
infrastructure, impact fragile coastal tundra landscape, and unfortunately
injure several inhabitants and cause four deaths. Our field survey carried out
25 months after the event results in documentation of the previously
unreported scale of damage in the settlement (ca. 48 % of infrastructure
objects including houses and administration buildings were destroyed by the
tsunami). We have observed a recognizable difference in the concentration of
tsunami deposit accumulations between areas of the settlement overwashed by
the wave and areas of runup and return flow. The key tsunami effects
preserved in the coastal landscape were eroded coastal bluffs, gullied and
dissected edges of cliffed coast in the harbour, and tundra vegetation
compressed by boulders or icebergs rafted onshore during the event.
African Union and the Politics of Selective Prosecutions at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Endoh Fabrice Tambe 
Published: September 2020

African Union and the Politics of Selective Prosecutions at the International Criminal Court
The African Union (AU) claims that the International Criminal Court (ICC) is selective against African leaders. The issue therefore arises concerning the validity of the allegations of selectivity. Partly because of such concerns, African Heads of States adopted the Malabo Protocol during their annual summit held in June 2014. Article 46A bis of the Protocol provides immunity for sitting Heads of States. This provision contradicts Article 27 of the Rome Statute and, consequently, arguably reverses the progress made so far in international criminal law by giving priority to immunity in the face of impunity. This article considers the validity of some of the allegations of selective application of criminal sanctions by the ICC and the likely consequence of the Malabo Protocol for regional and international criminal justice. The article argues that the Malabo Protocol should not be ratified by African states until the shield of immunity granted to sitting Heads of States is lifted to better advance the interests of justice for the victims of international crimes in Africa. In addition, the complementarity clause stated in the Malabo Protocol should have a nexus with the ICC such that the Court would be allowed to prosecute the perpetrators of international crimes in circumstances where the African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR) prove reluctant to do so.
Risicogedrag van jongeren
Authors: Franken Aart , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Harakeh Zeena , Vollebergh Wilma 
Published: September 2020

Early adolescent risk behaviors: Do friendship influence processes differ for the onset and further (dis)continuation of risk behavior during early adolescence?
Studies investigating peer influence on risk behaviors, such as antisocial behavior and substance abuse, mostly study the amount of change in which adolescents adapt their risk behavior to become more similar to their friends. Onset of risk behavior, changing form having no experience to having any experience with risk behavior, has been studies far less. This study investigates friends’ influence on the onset of risk behavior and their influence in changes in risk behavior. Hypotheses were tested using SNARE (Social Network Analysis of Risk behavior in Early adolescence) data (N=1.144), containing information on risk behavior (i.e. antisocial behavior, alcohol use, and tobacco use) and friendship networks at three timepoints during the first year of secondary education (Mage= 12.7; SD=0.47). Analyses, using longitudinal social network analysis (RSIENA), showed that although adolescents adapt their risk behavior to become more similar to their friends, they are not influence in by their friends in the onset of risk behavior. These findings suggest s more nuanced role of friends in the onset of risk behavior. Interventions aiming at friends might benefit from differentiating between the onset and further (dis)continuation of risk behavior as these friendship influence processes might be less relevant for the onset of risk behavior.
Jonge veelplegers en hun worsteling om te stoppen met criminaliteit
Authors: Weijers Ido 
Published: September 2020

Young repeat offenders and their struggle to desist from crime
This article presents findings from a longitudinal study of 81 young recidivists examined over fifteen years. By the age of 25, 50 percent had desisted for at least three years. 60 percent had had no new police contacts during the last two years. Four stages could be distinguished in the desistance process. Apart from a small number of explicit persisters, all of the young adults did consciously consider whether the benefits of their criminal activities outweighed the disadvantages. With just a few exceptions, the decision to quit was not motivated by an altruistic goal, nor by extreme fear, but mainly motivated by the feeling of being too old for criminal life and by striving for a pleasant self-esteem. It is concluded that when young adult recidivists give up crime, this must be seen as an extreme and extremely late form of maturation.
Prevalentie van slachtofferschap van seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag onder universiteitsstudenten
Authors: Fieuw Aude , Depraetere Joke , Pauwels Lieven , Vander Beken Tom , Vandeviver Christophe 
Published: September 2020

Prevalence of sexual assault among college students. First results of a Belgian cohort study
In this paper we describe the first results of a recent cohort study conducted at Ghent University and focus on the applied study design. Existing cross-sectional studies regarding sexual victimization are not able to make causal statements about its risk and outcome factors. This cohort study aims to answer these questions. Results of this study confirmed that students are often confronted with sexual assault and seldom consult existing support services. This paper emphasizes the advantages of a longitudinal design within victimological research including the possibilities and difficulties that accompany it.
‘Partners in crime’? De rol van de antropologie in de criminologie
Authors: Oude Breuil Brenda 
Published: September 2020

Partners in crime? The role of anthropology in criminology
Criminology, as an inherently interdisciplinary field, has built on anthropology (and other social sciences) in its development. This contribution addresses the question which insights in criminology have most been inspired by anthropology. First, it looks into the ‘criminal anthropology’ of Lombroso; then it embarks on an appreciation of the ethnographic research design within criminology (as first adopted by the Chicago School); and, finally, it assesses the link between anthropology, and cultural and global criminology. I conclude that anthropology has been valuable to our discipline on four levels: methodologically (in the importance of the ethnographic research design), theoretically (in its role in the development of symbolic interactionism and structuralism, for example), geographically (in the global scope of anthropological research), and analytically, in its experience with ‘doing ethnography’ in economically, politically and culturally embedded ways.
Semantics Based Clustering through Cover-Kmeans with OntoVsm for Information Retrieval
Authors: Kumar R.Lakshmana , Kannammal N , Krishnamoorthy Sujatha , Kadry Seifedine 
Published: September 2020

Document clustering plays a significant task in the retrieval of the information, which seeks to divide documents into groups automatically, depending on their content similarity. The cluster consists of related documents within the group (having high intra-cluster similarity) and dissimilar to other group documents (having low inter-cluster similarity). Clustering documents should be considered an unsupervised process that aims to classify documents by identifying underlying structures, i.e. the learning process is unsupervised. So there is no need to determine the correct output for an input. Previous clustering methods do not know the semantic associations between words such that the context of documents cannot be correctly interpreted. In order to address this problem, the advent of semantic ontology information such as WordNet was widely used to enhance text clustering consistency. This paper initially proposes an OntoVSM model to reduce the dimension of the document efficiently. The cover K-means clustering algorithm is proposed for semantic document clustering. The proposed algorithm is a hybrid version of K-Means and covers coefficient-based clustering methodology (C3M) that is improved semantically using WordNet ontology. The dimensionality reduction based on semantic knowledge of each term preserves the information without loss. The performance of the proposed work is analysed through experimental results. This shows that the proposed work gives improved results compared to other standard methods.
The Most Important Factors in Prognosis Of Obstetric Patients with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Tertiary Center Study
Authors: TURGUT Abdulkadir , PEKER Nurullah , AĞAÇAYAK Elif , AKIN EVSEN Gamze , AYDIN Edip , İÇEN Mehmet Sait , KARAÇOR Talip , FINDIK Fatih Mehmet , ÇELİK Feyzi , DİRİCAN Emre , GÜL Talip 
Published: September 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying causes of obstetrical disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and to evaluate the laboratory and clinical signs affecting DIC-related morbidity and mortality in women diagnosed with obstetrical DIC in a tertiary referral hospital.
Method: The retrospective study included women with DIC who either had a delivery at Dicle University Medical School Gynecology and Obstetrics Department or were referred to this department prior to delivery between May 2006 and May 2016. DIC scoring was performed using the DIC scoring system developed by the International Society of Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH) in 2001.
Results: A total of 82 women with obstetrical DIC were included in the study. The incidence of obstetrical DIC in our department was 0.41%. Overall mortality rate was 24% and mortality occurred in 8% of the patients with a DIC score of ≤5 and in 12% of the patients with a score of >5 (p=0.043). Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that increased INR (International Normalized Ratio) and ALT (Alanin Aminotransferaz) levels led to a significant increase in DIC-related mortality [OR: 1.803 (CI: 1.027-3.167), OR: 1.003 (CI: 1.001-1.005), respectively].
Conclusions: Obstetrical DIC may result in high mortality and morbidity. DIC scoring can be useful for predicting the prognosis and DIC-related mortality. INR and ALT is the most important laboratory parameter in DIC and also can affect mortality.
Exploration of Nanoporous CuBi Binary Alloy for Potassium Storage
Authors: Wu Xuan , Zhang Wei , Wu Naiqi , Pang Su‐Seng , He Guang , Ding Yi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe exploration of advanced electrode materials with appropriate structures and compositions is the primary task for nonaqueous potassium ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, 3D nanoporous CuBi anodes are fabricated through a facile chemical dealloying process. The ligaments of this nanoporous alloy are composed of interconnected Bi serving as the active material and Cu decoration as a highly conductive matrix. Such a typical bicontinuous ligament‐channel structure is beneficial to overcome the slow K‐ion diffusion kinetics as well as electrode expansion on cycling, as evidenced by the high discharge capacity and good rate capability in PIBs. Potassium storage mechanisms in the Bi anodes are investigated through combined techniques to identify the multiple step postassiation process and the charge/discharge products at each stage. Furthermore, it is the first time to report the irreversible phase transition of KBi2→Bi upon charge, which seems associated with the ligament pulverization process. These results provide critical insights into the capacity degradation mechanisms of Bi anodes in PIBs. Also, dealloying is proved to be an efficient technology for the rational design of metal/alloy materials for high performance PIBs.
Simultaneous X‐Ray Diffraction and Tomography Operando Investigation of Aluminum/Graphite Batteries
Authors: Elia Giuseppe Antonio , Greco Giorgia , Kamm Paul Hans , García‐Moreno Francisco , Raoux Simone , Hahn Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRechargeable graphite dual‐ion batteries are extremely appealing for grid‐level stationary storage of electricity, thanks to the low‐cost and high‐performance metrics, such as high‐power density, energy efficiency, long cycling life, and good energy density. An in‐depth understanding of the anion intercalation mechanism in graphite is fundamental for the design of highly efficient systems. In this work, a comparison is presented between pyrolytic (PG) and natural (NG) graphite as positive electrode materials in rechargeable aluminum batteries, employing an ionic liquid electrolyte. The two systems are characterized by operando synchrotron energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction and time‐resolved computed tomography simultaneously, establishing a powerful characterization methodology, which can also be applied more in general to carbon‐based energy‐related materials. A more in‐depth insight into the AlCl4−/graphite intercalation mechanism is obtained, evidencing a mixed‐staged region in the initial phase and a two‐staged region in the second phase. Moreover, strain analysis suggests a correlation between the irreversibility of the PG electrode and the increase of the inhomogenous strain. Finally, the imaging analysis reveals the influence of graphite morphology in the electrode volume expansion upon cycling.
New Fullerene Derivative as an n‐Type Material for Highly Efficient, Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells of a p‐i‐n Configuration
Authors: Ahmad Taimoor , Wilk Barbara , Radicchi Eros , Fuentes Pineda Rosinda , Spinelli Pierpaolo , Herterich Jan , Castriotta Luigi Angelo , Dasgupta Shyantan , Mosconi Edoardo , De Angelis Filippo , Kohlstädt Markus , Würfel Uli , Di Carlo Aldo , Wojciechowski Konrad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetal halide perovskites have raised huge excitement in the field of emerging photovoltaic technologies. The possibility of fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on lightweight, flexible substrates, with facile processing methods, provides very attractive commercial possibilities. Nevertheless, efficiency values for flexible devices reported in the literature typically fall short in comparison to rigid, glass‐based architectures. Here, a solution‐processable fullerene derivative, [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid n‐hexyl ester (PCBC6), is reported as a highly efficient alternative to the commonly used n‐type materials in perovskite solar cells. The cells with the PCBC6 layer deliver a power conversion efficiency of 18.4%, fabricated on a polymer foil, with an active area of 1 cm2. Compared to the phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester benchmark, significantly enhanced photovoltaic performance is obtained, which is primarily attributed to the improved layer morphology. It results in a better charge extraction and reduced nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/electron transporting material interface. Solution‐processed PCBC6 films are uniform, smooth and displayed conformal capping of perovskite layer. Additionally, a scalable processing of PCBC6 layers is demonstrated with an ink‐jet printing technique, producing flexible PSCs with efficiencies exceeding 17%, which highlights the prospects of using this material in an industrial process.
A New Strategy for Large Dynamic Piezoelectric Responses in Lead‐Free Ferroelectrics: The Relaxor/Morphotropic Phase Boundary Crossover
Authors: Zhang Le , Wang Haoyu , Wang Dong , Guo Mengyao , Lou Xiaojie , Wang Danyang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOne of the key problems in the existing lead‐free piezoelectrics lies in how to further boost their dynamic piezoelectric responses, i.e., electrostrain and dynamic piezoelectric constants, in an effective and facile manner, making them comparable to those of widely used lead‐based counterparts. In this work, a new strategy is developed to largely improve the dynamic piezoelectric properties of lead‐free ferroelectrics using phase field simulations by combining the relaxor/ferroelectric crossover rendering potentially reversible electrostrain and the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) providing easy paths of ferroelectric polarization rotations. Following the guidance of simulation results, Mn‐doped (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3 lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics with relaxor/MPB crossover are synthesized. A large reversible electrostrain (Smax) of 0.55% with a promising piezoelectric constant d33* (Smax/Emax) of 917 pm V–1 at the designed relaxor/MPB crossover is obtained, outperforming almost all practical lead‐free counterparts when taking both electrostrain and dynamic piezoelectric constants into consideration. The strategy of utilizing relaxor/MPB crossover provides a new route for enhancing the dynamic piezoelectric responses in lead‐free ferroelectric perovskites.
A Hierarchical Structured Ultrafine Fiber Device for Preventing Postoperative Recurrence and Metastasis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Xilin , Xu Funeng , He Yang , Li Yan , Hou Jianwen , Yang Guang , Zhou Shaobing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe high incidence of postoperative recurrence and metastasis has a serious effect on survival in breast cancer patients. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to prevent the postoperative recurrence and metastasis through traditional implantable devices due to their inability to control multiple drug release. Herein, an implantable hierarchical structured ultrafine fiber device with a time‐programmed drug release function for the local postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy of breast cancer is developed. The structure is obtained through a co‐axial electrospinning technology by the formation of the periodically arranged chambers inside a fiber matrix. The Doxorubicin hydrochloride in these chambers is released rapidly, killing the residual tumor cells to prevent tumor recurrence; while the matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2) inhibitor disulfiram in the fiber matrix is released in a sustained manner, inhibiting tumor invasion to prevent its metastasis. The fiber device implanted in tumor‐bearing mice after a surgical tumor reduction displays excellent therapeutic efficacy by preventing both recurrence and metastasis. The mechanism investigation of tumor invasion through the type‐II collagen immunofluorescence analysis reveals that the decrease of the activity of MMP‐2 plays a key role in this process.
Tadpole‐Shaped Catalytic Janus Microrotors Enabled by Facile and Controllable Growth of Silver Nanotails
Authors: Lv Xianglong , Xiao Zuyao , Zhou Chao , Wang Yong , Duan Shifang , Chen Jingyuan , Duan Wendi , Ma Xing , Wang Wei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMicrorotors are an indispensable component in micromachines, yet their usefulness has been limited by a lack of simple, inexpensive, and controlled fabrication technique that yields microrotors of controlled shapes in large quantities. To address this challenge, the chemical synthesis, characterization, and activation of tadpole‐shaped catalytic microrotors that consist of a spherical, platinum (Pt)‐coated head and a silver (Ag) nano‐tail of tunable lengths are reported herein. Importantly, this tail spontaneously grows on Pt in an aqueous solution of Ag+ and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), at a speed of ≈100 nm s−1, preferably along the Ag (111) plane. The growth of Ag nanowires is attributed to an electrochemical reaction occurring on a tapered Pt cap, a mechanism corroborated by control experiments with photo‐active titania microspheres, which introduce the additional advantage of light‐controlled growth. The presence of a long Ag nano‐tail on a tadpole‐shaped microrotor breaks its symmetry and induces rotation in H2O2, and its structure‐dependent dynamics is quantitatively studied and supported by numerical simulation. The chemical synthesis of microrotors with Ag nano‐tails will introduce new designs of micromachines of controlled dynamics, as well as functional materials and devices where mild, controllable, and facile growth of Ag nanostructures is desired.