bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-4 Modulation of galectin gene expression and secretion in cow blood stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the expression and secretion of galectin gene in cow blood stimulated with Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is a phorbol diester that activates the enzyme protein kinase C (PKC). Activated PKC is associated with regulation of inflammation. Galectins (Gal) are β-galactoside binding proteins that modulate inflammation following intra and extra-cellular secretion. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of clinically healthy Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 3) from North Carolina A&T diary unit. Individual samples were treated with either 10ng/ml of PMA or Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) for 30 minutes at 370 C. Total RNA was isolated from blood, pooled and transcribed to cDNA, for real-time PCR. Cow specific primers LGALS -1, -2, -3, -4, -7, -8, -9, -12 were designed using the NCBI Primer 3 tool. Housekeeping genes RPLP0 and UCHL5 were used for normalization. Fold change was calculated using the Livak method (Fold change &gt;2 were considered as significant). Secretion of GAL -1, -2, -3, -4, -8, -9 was assessed using bovine GAL specific ELISA kits. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SAS version 9.4. Treatment with PMA up regulated the transcription of LGALS -2, -4, -8, (2.28, 2.36, 2.39 folds respectively) and down regulated the transcription of LGALS -9 (-5.04 fold). Transcription of LGALS -1, -3, -7, 12 remained unchanged. All tested GAL were secreted. Treatment with PMA increased the secretion level of GAL -1, -3, -4 and decreased the secretion level of GAL -2, -4, -9 (P &gt; 0.05). Thus, activation of PKC differentially modulates galectin gene expression and secretion in cow blood. The observed differences in treatment and control groups warrant further studies.
PSVI-14 Differentially expressed microRNAs with potential regulatory roles in ileum of Holstein cows with subclinical Johne’s disease
Authors: Wang Mengqi , Bissonnette Nathalie , Griebel Philip , Dudemaine Pier-Luc , Do Duy N , Mao Yongjiang , Ibeagha-Awemu Eveline M 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestinal tract of ruminants. The mechanisms of JD pathogenesis remain unclear but MAP can cause chronic inflammatory lesions in the terminal small intestine of cattle. Using microRNA (miRNA) transcriptome analysis, this study investigated the impact of MAP infection on miRNA expression and their potential regulatory roles in JD progression. Ileal tissues were collected from MAP infected Holstein cows (n = 5) and healthy cows (n = 5). Purified total RNA were used to construct libraries followed by next generation sequencing, bioinformatic processing using a standard pipeline, differential miRNA expression analysis with DESeq2 software, and functional enrichment with ClueGo app in Cytoscape. A total of 269 miRNAs were expressed in ileal tissue including three abundantly expressed miRNAs (Bta-miR-143; 54.05% of total read counts), bta-miR-145 (11.54%) and bta-miR-192 (4.31%)). Twenty miRNAs were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) differently expressed (DE) when comparing ileal tissues from MAP infected and uninfected cows. Bta-miR-383 (fold change = -12.93) and bta-miR-1842 (fold-change = 8.17) were the most down- and up-regulated miRNAs, respectively. Amongst the DE miRNAs, bta-miR-146a, bta-miR-146b and bta-miR-393 are inflammation-related miRNAs and considered potential biomarkers of bovine mastitis and other diseases, while bta-miR-370 and bta-miR-383 are associated with lipid metabolism. The predicted target genes of DE miRNAs were enriched (P &lt; 0.05) for gene ontology terms related to regulation of metabolic, cell and developmental processes, and immune system development. KEGG pathway analysis revealed potential involvement in immune regulation (e.g. T-cell receptor signaling and C-type lectin receptor signaling pathways) and pathways in cancer were also enriched (P &lt; 0.05). Our results indicate that some DE miRNAs play important roles by regulating metabolism and immune processes during JD and provide DE miRNAs that might form targets for future development of intervention measures.
PSIV-6 A real-time monitoring system for composting of livestock manure
Authors: Park Gee-Tae , Kang HyoKon , Na YoungJun , LEE SANGRAK 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to measure major indices for composting of livestock manure using a real-time ICT equipment. The equipment can receive the data such as temperature, humidity, and electrical conductivity every minute from a compost. Collected data were stored in the server via the wireless sensor nodes and gateways, and automatically visualized to observe the status of compost as graphs. A total of 9 fixed ventilation type vessels (height, 200 cm; diameter, 30 cm; thickness, 2 cm) made of PVC material were designed to inject external air using a ring blower (KJB1-1500, KIJEONSA Co., Republic of Korea) through the vent at lower part of vessel. Cattle manure that piled approximately 75 kg into each vessel, with injecting external air as 15 L/min and the change of each factor was measured and recorded for 15 days. Sensors (5TE, METER Group Inc., USA) were put through holes at 20, 105, and 190 cm from the bottom of each vessel. The measured values were different depending on the position of the sensor. For example, at 17:00 on September 15, 2018, the humidity in the Vessel 1 was top 1.4 %, middle 47.7 %, and bottom 91.1 %. The electrical conductivity was top zero, middle 4.69 dS/m and bottom 13.24 dS/m, and the temperature was top 46.0 ℃, middle 31.7 ℃ and bottom was 22.9 ℃ at 13:15 on September 9, 2018. Because differences were detected by the measurement position in the same compost during the composting period, the location of the sensor was important for measurement of composting. Overall, continuous and real-time monitoring was possible to measure fermentation parameters during the composting process by the real-time ICT equipment. Therefore, this system can be utilized for monitoring for optimal livestock manure decomposition model.
PSII-17 Impact of forage diversity on animal production, forage productivity and nutritive value, emissions, and soil C/N cycling
Authors: Thompson Logan R , Maciel Isabella Cristina F , Cassida Kim , Rowntree Jason 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The study objective was to compare animal performance, enteric methane production, forage productivity, and soil GHG flux of two grazing systems: 1) A botanically diverse, mixed-species pasture (COMP), and 2) A simple alfalfa:orchardgrass system (SIMP). Fifty-six steers (BW = 318.29 ± 37.58 kg) were adapted to a GreenFeed Emission Measurement System (GEM; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) and stratified into treatments based on acclimation. Each treatment consisted of 4 paddocks, three 3.2 ha and one 1.6 ha paddock, with 8 steers and 4 steers each, respectively. Animals grazed for 104 d from June to October 2018, and shrunk BW was recorded at the onset of grazing and every 50 d thereafter to determine ADG. Soil CO2, CH4, and N2O flux was measured at the beginning and end of the grazing season using 10 static chambers in 3 paddocks/trt for 5 d post-grazing. Forage production was measured bi-weekly in pre- and post-grazed sub-paddocks, and forage quality was analyzed using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Crude Protein content was lower in COMP than SIMP pastures (15.93% vs. 18.28%; P &lt; 0.0001) and NDF content (41.51% vs. 43.63%, for COMP and SIMP; P = 0.0032). Enteric methane production was significantly lower for COMP steers (167.7 g/d vs. 209.38 g/d for COMP and SIMP; P &lt; 0.0001) and emission intensity (g CH4/kg LWG; 158.65 vs. 200.6 for COMP and SIMP; P &lt; 0.0001). Methane yield did not differ between COMP and SIMP treatments (5.37 vs. 5.03%, respectively; P &gt; 0.05), but were 17 and 23% lower than current IPCC tier II recommended Ym values (6.5 ± 1.0%). Animal performance and soil GHG flux did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that, while both treatments perform well in comparison to IPCC estimates, the COMP trt may result in a lower carbon footprint.
PSI-33 Effect of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig growth performance
Authors: Harrison Olivia , Yoder Ashton , Jones Cassandra K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A total of 350 nursery pigs (initially 7.6 kg BW) were used in a 28-d trial to evaluate the effects of conditioning temperature and pellet diameter on nursery pig performance. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 treatments with 10 pens/treatment and 5 pigs/pen. The 7 treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial design plus a mash control, with the factors of pellet diameter (4.0 mm vs. 4.8 mm), and conditioning temperature (low, medium, vs. high). Phase 1 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 66°C, and 77°C, while phase 2 conditioning temperatures were 54°C, 71°C, and 88°C for low, medium, and high, respectively. Pigs were fed phase 1 from d 0 to 14, which contained 10% spray dried whey, while phase 2 was fed from d 14 to 28, which did not contain milk products. Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Pellet diameter did not impact (P &gt; 0.05) nursery pig growth performance. Pigs fed pelleted diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) G:F than those fed mash diets. During phase 1 and overall, there were no significant (P &gt; 0.05) interactive or main effects. However, conditioning phase 2 diets at lower temperatures improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F than medium and high conditioning temperatures. In conclusion, pelleting improves nursery pig feed efficiency. To maximize nursery pig feed efficiency, phase 2 diets should be conditioned at relatively low temperatures.
PSVIII-39 Genome-wide DNA methylation alteration in prenatally stressed Brahman heifer calves with the advancement of age
Authors: Cilkiz Kubra Z , Baker Emilie C , Riggs Penny K , Randel Ronald D , Riley David G , Welsh Thomas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated whether DNA methylation patterns changed over the first five yr of life within prenatally stressed (PNS) heifer calves compared to change within a Control group. Prenatal stress was induced by the transportation of pregnant Brahman cows for 2-hr periods at 60±5, 80± 5, 100±5, 120±5, and140±5d of gestation. White blood cells were sampled from the same 6 PNS heifer calves and 8 Control heifer calves at 28 d and 5 yr of age. The DNA methylation data were generated through Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing. Based on results of mapping and bioinformatics analyses, 73,758 hypermethylated and 73,367 hypomethylated CpG sites, 375 hypermethylated and 377 hypomethylated CHG sites, 735 hypermethylated and 842 hypomethylated CHH (C = cytosine; G = guanine; H = either adenine, thymine, or cytosine) sites were obtained from 28-d-old PNS calves compared to when they had matured into 5-yr-old PNS cows (P ≤ 0.05). The 28-d-old Control heifer calves contained 53,005 hypermethylated and 57,103 hypomethylated CpG sites, 200 hypermethylated and 202 hypomethylated CHG sites, 439 hypermethylated and 535 hypomethylated CHH sites compared to when they matured into 5-yr-old Control cows (P ≤ 0.05). As DNA methylation of gene promoter regions is associated with reduced transcription activity, strongly hypermethylated and hypomethylated CpG sites located in promoter regions underwent Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The top canonical pathways altered by strongly hypermethylated and hypomethylated CpG sites between 28-d-old and 5-yr-old PNS cows were 4-1BB Signaling in T Lymphocytes (P = 0.00169) and Transcriptional Regulatory Network in Embryonic Stem Cells (P = 0.000744). Mineralocorticoid Biosynthesis (P = 0.00901) and Transcriptional Regulatory Network in Embryonic Stem Cells (P = 0.000804) were the other top canonical pathways altered between 28-d-old and 5-yr-old Control cows. PNS calves appeared to develop an altered epigenome compared to Control group calves during the first five yr from birth.
PSV-32 Influence of chlorate and chlorate plus molybdate on the growth of multi-drug resistant staphylococci
Authors: Ruiz Oscar , Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Anderson Robin , Hume Michael E , Arzola Claudio , Felix Monserrath , Olivas Ana Luisa , Armendariz Ruth , Carlos Leonardo , Salinas-Chavira Jaime 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of chlorate, a metabolic precursor of the bactericide chlorite, when administered without or with molybdate, an essential component of a co-enzyme contributing to nitrate reductase conversion of chlorate to chlorite, against methicillin-resistant staphylococci, important mastitic-pathogens of livestock. Two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (strains CP and 49521) were individually cultured for 12 h at 39o C in nitrate-supplemented (5 mM) ½-strength Brain Heart Infusion broth (10 mL/tube) treated without (control) or with 5 mM chlorate (CL) or 5 mM chlorate plus 1 mM molybdate (CLMO). Control and treated cultures were incubated anaerobically in triplicate and growth was measured via absorbance at 600 nm. An analysis of variance revealed an inhibitory effect of treatments (P &lt; 0.05) on maximum absorbances observed after the 12-h incubation, with maximum absorbances for CP (1.22, 0.10, and 0.46; SEM = 0.12) and 49521 (1.24, 0.22 and 0.06, SEM = 0.09) being higher in controls than in CL- and CLMO-treated cultures, respectively. Similarly, mean specific growth rates of S. aureus CP and 49521 were inhibited (P &lt; 0.05) by both treatments during the first 6 h of growth, with rates being most rapid in control cultures, intermediate in CLMO-treated cultures and slowest in CL-treated cultures (0.68, 0.27 and 0.03 h-1, SEM= 0.15; and 0.92, 0.47 and 0.09 h-1, SEM = 0.08; for CP and 40521, respectively). Growth rates did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between controls or treatments during the last 6 h of incubation, averaging 0.74 and 0.75 h-1 for both CP and 49521 (SEM = 0.20 and 0.22, respectively). These results confirm that chlorate treatment inhibits methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains CP and 49521 although moderate adaption by these strains began to occur after 6 h incubation which, contrary to expectation, was not overcome by co-treatment with molybdate.
PSVIII-28 The effect of adaptogen on the growth and development of dairy calves
Authors: Lunegova Irina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
For the harmonious development, intensive growth and preservation of young animals in the diet it is necessary to include various feed additives, complexes, adaptogens that enhance the metabolic processes in the body. The purpose of the study is to study the feasibility and effectiveness of the use of adaptogen in calves rations. To achieve this goal in industrial conditions, 30 calves of Holstein breed at the age of 5–7 days were selected and divided into two groups of 15 animals each. The duration of the experiment was 90 days. Calves of the experimental group in milk, and then in concentrates included adaptogen “Energy” in the amount of 250 mg / kg body weight. The control animals were fed according to the standard scheme in the farm. The feeding mode for all calves was in accordance with the growing technology. The adaptogen includes: succinic, citric acid, inulin, oligofructose, methionine, lactic acid bacteria immobilized on aluminosilicate (patent RU 2493725). The results of the experiment (table 1) showed that the inclusion of an adaptogen provided a high growth rate throughout the entire period. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of calves of the experimental group was 6.52% (P &gt; 0.05) higher compared to the control.
PSVII-33 Determination of serotonergic receptor profiles in equine palmar artery and vein and uterine artery
Authors: Klotz James , McDowell Karen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Ergot alkaloids are secondary metabolites produced by the fungal endophyte (Epichloë coenophiala) found in tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Previous research has demonstrated that ergot alkaloids are vasoactive in equine palmar artery and vein but less in uterine artery. Work in cattle has shown that ergot alkaloids interact with serotonin receptors causing prolonged vasoconstriction associated with fescue toxicosis. The objective of this study was to pharmacologically assess vasoactivity of equine palmar artery and vein and uterine artery using selective agonists for serotonin receptor subtypes 5HT1B, 1D, 2A, 2B, and 7. Following euthanasia, palmar arteries, veins and uterine arteries were collected from 6 mixed breed mares. Blood vessels were separated, cleaned of external connective and adipose tissue, divided into 2–3 mm cross-sections and suspended in multi-myograph chambers containing continuously oxygenated Krebs-Henseleit buffer (95%O2/5%CO2; pH=7.4; 37°C). Following a 90-min equilibration of vascular tension and recovery from a reference addition of 1x10-4 M norepinephrine, increasing concentrations of agonists CP 93129 dihydrochloride (5HT1B), PNU 142633 (5HT1D), and TCB-2 (5HT2A) were added in 15-min intervals to assess to role of these receptors in vasoconstriction. Agonists BW 723C86 (5HT2B) and LP 44 (5HT7) were added to blood vessels precontracted with 1x10-4 M ergonovine to assess these receptors and vasorelaxation. Data were normalized as percent contractile response induced by the reference additions and analyzed as a completely randomized design using SAS. The agonists for 5HT1B and 1D did not induce a contractile response in any blood vessels tested (P &gt; 0.05). The agonist for 5HT2A induced contractile response in all vessels tested (P &lt; 0.05). The agonists for 5HT2B and 7 did not induce vasorelaxation different from ergonovine control (only vehicle additions) (P &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that future work with ergot alkaloid induced vasoconstriction in equine vasculature should target the 5HT2A receptor.
PSIX-1 Associative effect of wet-distillers’ grains plus solubles and tannin-rich peanut skin supplementation on in vitro rumen fermentation, greenhouse gas emissions, and microbiome changes
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Castleberry Lana , Parker David , Waldrip Heidi , Brauer David , Allen Heather 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The role of tannin-rich peanut skin (PS) and associative effects of different levels of wet distillers’ grains plus solubles (WDGS) on ruminal fermentation, microbial changes, and mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions in bovine rumen fluid were investigated. All gases were collected using an Ankom in vitro system for methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) analyses. Fifteen % ground PS against 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 % DM of WDGS were used. RT-qPCR were conducted to determine microbial diversity. In the absence of PS, total CH4 and H2S, or CH4 and H2S productions per gram of DM substrate, were linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing WDGS. However, in the presence of PS, those trends were reversed and CH4 and H2S productions were decreased (P &lt; 0.05), suggesting that a diet with 15% PS and supplementation of 10 and 20% WDGS were able to reduce CH4 and H2S emissions by 12 and 33%, respectively. In the presence of PS, rumen fermentation rate (as a measured by VFA) and acetate/propionate (A/P) ratio was decreased with increasing WDGS, with PS x WDGS interactions (P &lt; 0.01). In the presence of PS, there was a decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the average population of Bacteroidetes, total methanogens, Methanobrevibacter sp. AbM4, and total protozoa populations at 40% WDGS, with PS x WDGS interactions (P &lt; 0.01). The population of total methanogens (R2 = 0.57; P &lt; 0.01), Firmicutes populations (R2= 0.46: P &lt; 0.05), and F/B ratio (R2 = 0.46; P &lt; 0.03) were strongly correlated with ruminal methane gas production. Therefore, associative effect of tannin-rich PS and WDGS suppressed methanogenesis pathways directly across their antimethanogenic activity and secondarily throughout their modification of protozoa population.
PSXII-7 In vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility of diets containing high inclusions of wet distillers grains for feedlot sheep
Authors: Almeida Marco Túlio C , Bertoco João Pedro A , Arruda Maria Carolina G , Pereira-Junior Sérgio A G , Cruz Antonio A , Torres Rodrigo S , Ezequiel Jane M B 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion of wet distillers grains (WDG) on in vitro ruminal and total tract digestibility in feedlot sheep. Three crossbred ruminally-cannulated male sheep were used as rumen liquid donor. Treatments consisted of isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets, containing 0, 15, 30 or 45% WDG on DM basis (Control, 15WDG, 30WDG, and 45WDG, respectively). Diets were composed of sugarcane bagasse (20%) and the concentrate (80%) composed of soybean meal (except 45WDG), wheat meal, WDG (except Control), urea, limestone, and mineral-vitamin premix. In vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD), NDF (IVNDFD), and CP (IVCPD) were performed using the Ankom-DaisyII fermenter. Ruminal digestibility was evaluated after 48h incubation (39°C) using twenty-five filter bags. After 48h, twelve filter bags remained into each jar to evaluate the total tract digestibility. For it, 40mL of 6N HCl and 8g of pepsin were added and incubated for another 24h. The post-ruminal digestibility was calculated by the difference between rumen and total tract digestibility. Data were analyzed using SAS software. Contrasts were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of WDG inclusions, as well as the contrast Control × WDG treatments. The WDG inclusion linearly decreased the ruminal and total DM and CP digestibility and increased the post-rumen CP digestibility (P &lt; 0.05). When all treatments with WDG were evaluated against the Control, a significant effect was observed for IVDMD, with averages of 68.86 × 77.38%, 5.60 × 0.77% and 71.41 × 78.20%, and for IVCPD, with averages of 68.89 × 95.27%, 21.30 × 1.99% and 90.15 × 97.27%, respectively for rumen, post-rumen and total tract digestibility (P &lt; 0.05). The results indicate that inclusions of WDG at up to 45% in the diets for sheep reduce the ruminal and total DM utilization, however, promote a better post-rumen use of CP of diets.