bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of generalization of findings. Regulatory attitudes
Authors: Kern U 
Published: April 2020

To approve a drug means to release it for use in a specific patient population which should be characterized as clearly as possible in the labelled indications in the Summary of Product Characteristics (eg patients with major depression according to DSM III-R).Ideally, the patient samples in various clinical trials should be representative of this specific patient population, and the crucial question is whether the study data allow an extrapolation to the wider patient population which we intend to treat.Basically, what is valid for preclinical data and animal exposure, should also be valid for humans: more or less all regulatory authorities agree that they should accept valid data and information from all regions and all clinical studies available in order to minimize unnecessary human exposures and needless duplication. This is especially important in therapeutic fields where there is an urgent need for treatment due to the lack of suitable alternatives.
The “appropriate” conditions for establishing interrater reliability of interview-based rating scales. A controversial issue
Authors: Hafkenscheid A 
Published: April 2020

For many of the conditions with which psychiatry is concerned, there is still no anatomical or physiological abnormality that is reliably found in those affected with the conditions and not in other people. Some evidence exists that, for instance, severe and chronical psychopathological symptoms such as persistent auditory hallucinations, may be linked to structural brain abnormalities in certain subgroups of schizophrenic patients. However, such associations are not well-established as yet and the research in this field does not have practical implications for psychiatric assessment so far.Because objective (physical) indices for measuring (the severity of) psychopathological states have hardly been available up to now, the rating scale is an essential instrument in clinical (psychopharmacological) research.
Psychiatric comorbidity of bulimia nervosa inpatients: relationship to clinical variables and treatment outcome
Authors: Bossert-Zaudig S , Zaudig M , Junker M , Wiegand M , Krieg J-C 
Published: April 2020

SummaryExperimental evidence suggesting that psychiatric comorbidity has important clinical and prognostic implications in bulimia nervosa has mostly been based on outpatient studies investigating a selection of co-existing psychopathological features with rather unstructured and not standardized diagnostic instruments. Using structured instruments (SCID-P, MDCL) for the diagnoses of DSM III-R axis I disorders and clinical interviews for the diagnosis of DSM III-R axis II disorders in 24 hospitalized bulimics, the present study demonstrated that more than half of the patients had two or three axis I disorders in addition to bulimia nervosa and almost half of the patients met criteria of at least one personality disorder. Subgroups of patients classified according to the type of psychiatric comorbidity did not differ significantly with respect to clinical features; regarding measures of hospital behavior therapy outcome. However, the findings provided evidence for a negative impact of anxiety disorder in addition to bulimia nervosa on the improvement of bulimic behavior and possibly also on self-rated depression.
Failure of fixed-dose verapamil treatment in adult sleep-related enuresis
Authors: Grinshpoon A , Mark M , Apter A , Modai I , Bleich A , Rehavi M , Weizman A 
Published: April 2020

SummaryCalcium channel blockers increase the capacity of the urinary bladder. The antienuretic activity of verapamil was examined in young adult enuretics. Eleven drug-free, healthy, sleep-related enuretic males, were treated for two weeks with verapamil (240 mg, per os, at 9 pm). Verapamil failed to display an antienuretic effect.
Platelet serotonin-binding and dexamethasone suppression test in melancholia and dysthymia
Authors: Gastó C , Vallejo J , Menchón JM , Catalán R , Otero A , Martínez de Osaba M Jesus , Ribera F 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPlatelet serotonin-binding (Bmax), using tritiated-seroionin as the ligand, was determined in 75 patients suffering from major depression with melancholia and in 26 patients diagnosed from dysthymic disorder. Twenty-five normal subjects were used as a control group. The melancholic group had significantly lower Bmaxvalues (mean: 6.7 ± 6.1 pmol/108platelets) than either dysthymic (9.3 ± 3.9 pmol/108platelets) or control (9.2 ± 4.8 pmol/108platelets) groups, while there were no significant differences between the two latter groups. There was also a significant difference on postdexamethasone Cortisol between melancholic (6.3 ± 7.1μg/dL) and dysthymic (1.4 ± 1.4μg/dL) groups, with a higher rate of nonsuppressors in melancholic groups. Although both tests were abnormal in the melancholic group, no relationship was found between platelet serotonin-binding and the dexaniethasone suppression test.
Expressed emotion in the therapeutic relationship with schizophrenic patients
Authors: Stark FM , Siol T 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPatterns of interaction and attitudes in the relationships of 21 young schizophrenic patients, their parents and therapists were explored and compared with each other in this pilot study. The focus was on expressed emotion (EE), which was revealed to have an important impact on the course of the illness. In this study, the EE status of the relatives as well as of the therapists was rated using the five-minute speech sample method. Furthermore, data on the quality of interaction of therapists and parents with the patients were derived from the therapist/relative-patient interaction scale. Results showed that one-third of both the therapists and the parents were rated high on EE. High-EE relatives were rejected and perceived as inscrutable by the patients. The assessment of the therapeutic and familial relationships demonstrated the patients’ need for unequivocal communication. Differences and similarities in the interaction styles, and their implications for research and therapy are discussed.
Physical anhedonia and subtypes of major depressive disorder
Authors: Loas G , Perot JM , Hardy P , Jouvent R , Boyer P 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA study was conducted on a group of 73 patients suffering from major depressive disorder (DSMIII) compared with 120 normal subjects using a subscale of physical pleasure (Fawcett Clark pleasure capacity scale-physical pleasure, FCPCS-PP). The major depressives were significantly more anhedonic than the normals and the distribution of the FCPCS-PP scores in these subjects was unimodal.
Increased serum drug concentrations in concomitant treatment with citalopram, clomipramine and alprazolam
Authors: Lepola U , Leinonen E , Koponen H 
Published: April 2020

SummaryWe report the case of a patient with major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder who had simultaneously high serum citalopram, clomipramine, and alprazolam concentrations probably due to the reciprocal competitive inhibition of the cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidative metabolism.
Mild cognitive dysfunction in physically asymptomatic HIV infection: recent research evidence and professional implications
Authors: Maj M 
Published: April 2020

SummaryCognitive abnormalities may occur in the physically asymptomatic phases of the infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and poor education may represent a risk factor for their development. These abnormalities are usually mild, and apparently do not affect subjects’ daily living performance, although this notion should be regarded as preliminary, due to the present primitive stage of development of the instruments which assess functioning in daily living activities. The above evidence has emerged from the cross-sectional phase of the WHO Neuropsychiatric AIDS Study, carried out in the five geographic areas predominantly affected by the HIV epidemic (sub-Saharian Africa, Latin America, North America, South-East Asia, Western Europe), on subject samples that are representative of the whole population of HIV-infected persons living in those areas. The professional implications of HIV-associated early cognitive dysfunction are open to research: for example the current debate on the impact of dysfunction on aviation-related skills emphasizes the need for test batteries with a higher predictive potential than those presently available.
Psychopathological profile in chronic bronchial asthma
Authors: Henry M , Morera A , Frugoni A , Gonzàlez-Martin I 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe psychopathological profile in a sample of 43 adult chronic asthmatic outpatients is analyzed. The SCL-90-R Self-Report Questionnaire was applied. The symptomatic profile in our sample is characterized by a main elevation of the dimension of somatization (1.80) followed by the areas of depression (1.64), obsession-compulsion (1.53) and anxiety (1.45). These dimensions contribute to the leading features of psychopathology in our patients.
What do we know about the aetiology of late-onset schizophrenia?
Authors: Castle DJ , Howard R 
Published: April 2020

SummaryLate-onset schizophrenia remains an understudied area. Neuroimaging techniques, which have been widely employed in the study of earlier-onset schizophrenic patients, have only recently been applied to patients with a later onset of illness. This paper reviews current knowledge about brain abnormalities in late-onset schizophrenia, and attempts an integration of the findings with clinical, genetic and epidemiological factors which pertain in such disorders. Suggestions are made for future research regarding this group of patients.
Assessing social integration in the elderly: development of a brief self-report assessment scale: the social integration and independence questionnaire
Authors: Kowal P , Guelfi JD 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe paper describes the construction and validation of a brief self-rating scale for social integration in the elderly: the 17-item Social Integration and Independence Questionnaire (SIIQ). The questionnaire was tested on a sample of 160 individuals over the age of 65. Principle component analysis elicited four factors accounting for 48.8% of the cumulative variance: ‘Independence’, ‘Social Integration’, ‘Familial’ and ‘Depression’ (20.7, 10.6, 9.0 and 8.4% of the cumulative variance). The four factors measure the adjustment of elderly people in the community.
Dysthymic disorder in an inpatient population. A descriptive study
Authors: Scherillo P , Gasperini M , Cescon A , Smeraldi E 
Published: April 2020

SummaryPatients suffering from various subtypes of dysthymia were compared with regard to demographic, clinical and personality characteristics. Patients with secondary dysthymia, as compared to those with primary dysthymia, had an earlier age of onset and a higher frequency of Axis I co-diagnoses (in particular anxiety disorders). Patients with pure dysthymia, as compared to those with double depression, showed an earlier age of onset of Axis I co-diagnoses, a later age of onset of dysthymic disorder and a shorter duration of the disease.
The dexamethasone suppression test in bulimic outpatients without major depression
Authors: Bailly D , Regnaut N , Parquet PJ 
Published: April 2020

SummaryRecent studies have examined the effectiveness of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the evaluation of bulimia. In a series of 18 female bulimic outpatients without major depression, 9 (50%) failed to suppress on the DST. No significant difference was found between suppressors and nonsuppressors in personal and family histories of affective disorder, levels of anxious and depressive symptoms, psychoactive substance abuse, and severity of abnormal eating-related behaviours. In contrast, non-suppression was significantly associated with low weight. There is a trend to differentiate non-suppressors from suppressors in the current diagnosis of anorexia nervosa and in past history of anorexia nervosa. Seven patients received fluvoxamine for 8 weeks. Five patients were suppressors and showed a significant decrease in the frequency of their binges while the 2 non-suppressors did not improve. These preliminary results suggest that DST non-suppression might be typical of bulimic patients with anorexia nervosa and that pretreatment DST results might predict the response of bulimic behaviour to treatment with fluvoxamine.
Reduced immobility time in the tail suspension test (TST) by chronic immobilization stress. Role of corticosterone and brain serotonergic and adrenergic receptors
Authors: De Castro-e-Silva E , Peres MF , Brito P , Cobas C , Saraiva A , Silva V , Chaves A , Barros L , De Oliveira IR 
Published: April 2020

SummaryChronically stressed adult male Balb C mice were submitted to the tail suspension test. Chronic immobilization stress (6 h/d for 14 consecutive days) induced a significant reduction in immobility time when compared to non-stressed controls. Pretreatment with LY 53857, a serotonin 5HT2 antagonist, and IPS 339, a selective beta-2 adrenoceptor blocker, reversed immobility time to the levels of non-stressed controls. Chronic administration of corticosterone (100 mg/kg for 7 d) did not modify immobility time as compared to saline treated controls. It is suggested that both serotonergic and adrenergic pathways in the brain may participate in the stress-induced changes occurring in the tail suspension test response and that corticosterone does not appear to play a role in this process.
Alcoholism: a psychobiological perspective
Authors: Dantzer R , Ollat H 
Published: April 2020

SummaryLike many phenomena which are located at the intersection between different disciplines, the complexity of alcoholism is difficult to comprehend, especially at an experimental level. In particular, pharmacological approaches towards alcoholism have emphasized the anxiety- and stress-reducing properties of ethanol, in spite of the limited clinical support for this hypothesis. In the same manner, the phenomenon of behavioral tolerance has mainly been approached from a pharmacological perspective, with little or no interest paid to the sensory stimuli possibly involved in the conditioning of drug effects. Comparative studies in animals selected for alcohol intake have concentrated on the biological responses to alcohol and have not investigated the possibility of genetic differences in sensitivity to environmental stimuli. Based on recent progress in the elucidation of the individual and environmental factors which play a key role in the development and stabilization of abnormal behavior in conflict situations, it is proposed that alcoholism is the result of a predisposition to react in a certain manner to environmental stimuli and social influences which is strengthened by the pharmacological effects of ethanol. The manner in which this hypothesis can be put to test has been discussed.
Dexamethasone suppression test and prediction of treatment response to selective antidepressants
Authors: Ansseau M , Papart P , Pitchot W , Timsit-Berthier M , Legros JJ , von Frenckell R 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe usefulness of the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in the prediction of treatment response to selective antidepressants was tested in 56 major depressive inpatients. Following DST, patients were randomly assigned to treatment by either nomifensine, a catecholaminergic antidepressant, or zimeldine, a serotonergic antidepressant during a 3-week period and assessed by means of the second part of the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI-2). No significant difference was present between the 27 DST suppressor and the 29 DST non-suppressor patients in their overall clinical outcome. Moreover, no preferential response to nomifensine or zimeldine was noted in any of the two groups defined according to DST status. Therefore, these results do not support the usefulness of the DST in the prediction of the treatment response to antidepressants in general and to selective antidepressants in particular.
Efficacy and acceptability of tianeptine in the elderly: a review of clinical trials
Authors: Raffaitin F 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe acceptability and efficacy of tianeptine were evaluated in three open trials in a total of 549 elderly patients, 426 of whom were treated for 3 months and 188 for 1 year. The therapeutic effect was that expected from an effective antidepressant, with a marked response after treatment for one month. In the geriatric trial, where patients were primarily dysthymic, continuation of treatment after 6 months consolidated the improvement already observed. Tianeptine also had a favorable long-term effect in chronic refractory depression. Drop-outs due to side-effects were few (4.4%), despite the high risk population. All pre-treatment complaints improved on tianeptine. The high frequency of somatic complaints expressed before treatment confirmed the extent to which depression is somatised in the elderly. Concomitant physical disease present in 87% of patients did not restrict the use of tianeptine. The fact that tianeptine has a low incidence of anticholinergic effects and no affinity for either H1 or α1 receptors makes it a particularly easy drug to use in elderly subjects who are sensitive to the side-effects of psychotropic agents.
Testing the efficacy of and parents’ preferences for nutrition labels on children’s menus from a full-service chain restaurant: results of an online experiment
Authors: Prowse Rachel J L , Lee Kirsten M , Chen Emily , Zuo Fei , Hammond David , Hobin Erin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:Test the efficacy and perceived effectiveness of nutrition labels on children’s menus from a full-service chain restaurant in an online study.Design:Using a between-groups experiment, parents were randomised to view children’s menus displaying one of five children’s nutrition labelling conditions: (i) No Nutrition Information (control); (ii) Calories Only; (iii) Calories + Contextual Statement (CS); (iv) Calories, Sodium + CS; or (v) Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS. Parents hypothetically ordered up to one entrée, side, beverage and dessert for their child, then rated and ranked all five labelling conditions on the level of perceived effectiveness.Setting:Online survey.Participants:998 parents with a 3–12 year old child.Results:Parents exposed to menus displaying ‘Calories, Sodium + CS’ selected significantly fewer calories ‘overall’ (entrées + side + dessert + beverage) compared to parents exposed to the control condition (−53·1 calories, P < 0·05). Parents selected ‘entrees’ with significantly fewer calories and lower sodium when exposed to menus with ‘Calories + CS’ (−24·3 calories, P < 0·05); ‘Calories, Sodium + CS’ (−25·4 calories, −56·1 mg sodium, P < 0·05 for both); and ‘Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS’ (−29·1 calories, −58·6 mg sodium, P < 0·05 for both). Parents exposed to menus with ‘Calories, Sodium + CS’ and ‘Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS’ were more likely to notice and understand nutrition information compared to other nuntrition labelling conditions. Parents perceived the menu with ‘Calories and Sodium in Traffic Lights + CS’ as most effective (P < 0·05).Conclusions:Menus disclosing calories, sodium and a contextual statement increased the proportion of parents who noticed and understood nutrition information, and resulted in parents selecting lower calorie and sodium entrées for their children in the hypothetical purchase task.
‘Use of antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a picture from the ARITMO population-based European cohort study’
Authors: Kaguelidou Florentia , Holstiege Jakob , Schink Tania , Bezemer Irene , Poluzzi Elisabetta , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Pedersen Lars , Sturkenboom Miriam , Trifirò Gianluca 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
Prevalence of the use of antipsychotics (APs) in the paediatric population is globally increasing. The aim of this study was to describe multinational trends and patterns in AP use in children and adolescents in Europe.

Methods
This was a dynamic retrospective cohort study comprising all children and adolescents (⩽18 years of age). Data were extracted from five population-based electronic healthcare databases in Europe (Denmark, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and United Kingdom) from 2000 to 2010. Yearly prevalence and incidence of AP use was expressed per 1000 person-years (PYs).

Results
Prevalence increased from 1.44 to 3.41/1000 PYs (2008) in Denmark and from 2.07 to 4.35/1000 PYs in the NL (2009), moderately increased from 2.8 to 3.24/1000 in UK (2009) and from 1.53 to 1.74/1000 PYs in Germany (2008) and remained low from 0.61 to 0.34/1000 PYs in Italy (2010). Similarly, incidence rates increased from 0.69 to 1.52/1000 PYs in Denmark and from 0.86 to 1.49/1000 PYs in the NL, stabilised from 2.29 to 2.37/1000 PYs in the UK and from 0.79 to 0.80/1000 PYs in Germany and remained low from 0.32 to 0.2/1000 PYs in Italy. AP use was highest in 15–18 year olds and in boys compared to girls. Yet, the use observed in the 5–9 year olds was found to be comparatively high in the NL. Prescriptions of second generation APs, especially risperidone, were privileged but the first generation APs were still prescribed in the youngest.

Conclusions
A steady increase in AP use in children and adolescents was observed essentially in the NL and Denmark. The use in Germany and Italy was lowest among countries. The use of APs under 9 years of age underlines their off-label use and should be carefully monitored as the risk/benefit ratio of these medications remains unclear in young children. AP use was altogether lower in Europe as compared to that reported in North America.
A Simple Model of Chemistry Effects on the Air‐Sea CO2 Exchange Coefficient
Authors: Jørgensen Hans E. , Sørensen Lise Lotte , Larsen Søren E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe transfer of CO2 between air and water can be quantified by the use of a transfer or exchange coefficient. Here we have studied the effect on the exchange coefficient of CO2 from inclusion of the carbonate buffer system in water. The methodology has been to solve the flux budget for the chemical reaction equations in the water column, combining the vertical flux in the air and the flux across the interface by the introduction of a so called resistance model for the whole system where the system has been simplified with respect to variation of certain parameters. The thermal effects on the flow and chemistry modeling have in the present study not been included, although this also plays a significant role on the air‐sea exchange. The model shows the effects on the air‐sea exchange coefficient from the carbonate chemistry in the water column are negligible if the measurements are taken at sufficient depth in the water. Hence, it is found that the skin layer or interface layer contains the largest resistance and therefore controls the flux. It is also shown that measurement of the near‐surface CO2 gradients in ocean water is very difficult, as the gradients of CO2 occur within the first meter from the water surface. In reality, the equilibrium is reached within the first meter from the water surface. The results justify the use of standard methods to estimate the flux of CO2 by measuring a concentration at typical larger than 3 m depth and 10 m above the surface.