bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mechanistic model for individualised treatment of anxiety disorders based on predictive neural biomarkers
Authors: Brehl Anne-Kathrin , Kohn Nils , Schene Aart Herman , Fernández Guillen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIncreased amygdala responsiveness is the hallmark of fear and a characteristic across patients with anxiety disorders. The amygdala is embedded in a complex regulatory circuit. Multiple different mechanisms may elevate amygdala responsiveness and lead to the occurrence of an anxiety disorder. While top-down control by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) downregulates amygdala responses, the locus coeruleus (LC) drives up amygdala activation via noradrenergic projections. This indicates that the same fearful phenotype may result from different neural mechanisms. We propose a mechanistic model that defines three different neural biomarkers causing amygdala hyper-responsiveness in patients with anxiety disorders: (a) inherent amygdala hypersensitivity, (b) low prefrontal control and (c) high LC drive. First-line treatment for anxiety disorders is exposure-based cognitive behavioural therapy, which strengthens PFC recruitment during emotion regulation and thus targets low-prefrontal control. A treatment response rate around 50% (Loerinc et al., 2015, Clinical Psychological Reviews, 42, 72–82) might indicate heterogeneity of underlying neurobiological mechanisms among patients, presumably leading to high variation in treatment benefit. Transforming insights from cognitive neuroscience into applicable clinical heuristics to categorise patients based on their underlying biomarker may support individualised treatment selection in psychiatry. We review literature on the three anxiety-related mechanisms and present a mechanistic model that may serve as a rational for pathology-based diagnostic and biomarker-guided treatment selection in psychiatry.
Introduction: Violence, Migration, and Gender in the Portuguese- and Spanish-Speaking World, 1945–2019
Authors: Stucki Andreas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis special issue on violence, migration, and gender in the Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking world brings together specialists on the Iberian colonies in Africa as well as scholars focusing on the domestic impacts of decolonisation in Spain and Portugal to this day. The articles in the issue focus on social change broadly understood, analysed through a historical and anthropological lens. For the first time, this endeavour brings together questions related to violence and gender, forced migration, and administrative internment, as well as current (European) migration regimes, in an “Iberian” perspective.
Hypocritical Inhospitality: The Global Refugee Crisis in the Light of History
Authors: Glanville Luke 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOne of the justifications offered by European imperial powers for the violent conquest, subjection, and, often, slaughter of indigenous peoples in past centuries was those peoples’ violation of a duty of hospitality. Today, many of these same powers—including European Union member states and former settler colonies such as the United States and Australia—take increasingly extreme measures to avoid granting hospitality to refugees and asylum seekers. Put plainly, whereas the powerful once demanded hospitality from the vulnerable, they now deny it to them. This essay examines this hypocritical inhospitality of former centers of empire and former settler colonies and concludes that, given that certain states accrued vast wealth and territory from the European colonial project, which they justified in part by appeals to a duty of hospitality, these states are bound now to extend hospitality to vulnerable outsiders not simply as a matter of charity, but as justice and restitution for grave historical wrongs.
Continuums of Violence and Peace: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: True Jacqui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhat does world peace mean? Peace is more than the absence and prevention of war, whether international or civil, yet most of our ways of conceptualizing and measuring peace amount to just that definition. In this essay, as part of the roundtable “World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It),” I argue that any vision of world peace must grapple not only with war but with the continuums of violence and peace emphasized by feminists: running from the home and community to the public spaces of international relations. Breaking free of the constraints of the last century's intellectual boundaries, I suggest that war and peace are not a dichotomy but rather are intimately related. Yet the dearth of feminist perspectives in global debates prevents us from seeing how violence and harm are exacerbated in households and through the global economy under conditions of both “war” and “peace.” To understand the possibilities for world peace, we must understand these varieties of violence and harm that threaten peace. And to sustain peace we must address the harmful gendered identities, ideologies, and social dynamics that support violence in every society. A narrow understanding of peace as merely the absence of organized violence does not engender the kind of nuanced and rich understanding of human history and human relations needed to bring an end to the structural and physical violence that remains pervasive worldwide.
World Peace Is Local Peace
Authors: Firchow Pamina 
Published: March 2020

AbstractToday we live in a world where the majority of wars are no longer interstate, a development that over the last few decades has often left the international community, in particular the United Nations as it was originally conceived, ill equipped to respond. The nimble action required for contemporary conflict resolution and peacebuilding now primarily lies in the hands of local actors and states, sometimes supported by international actors. But it is not always clear who these local actors are or what they need in order to achieve sustainable peace. As part of the roundtable “World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It),” this essay looks in more detail at what we mean by “local” in conflict-affected contexts and asks how local is local enough when resolving conflicts and building peace. It identifies tensions and concerns such as the need for the international community to have a well-defined and easily identified “local agenda” when, in reality, there are often several competing local agendas. The essay presents the Everyday Peace Indicators project as a vehicle that can be used to help communicate these local needs to international actors, and argues for the importance of understanding people's perceived realities in addition to, if not more than, their actual realities when trying to understand peace and conflict trends. In order to do this, we need to more effectively problematize peacebuilding for positive conflict disruption.
Toward Peace
Authors: Grayling A. C. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAs part of the roundtable “World Peace (And How We Can Achieve It),” this essay argues that an ideal state of peace might not be attainable, but a positive form of peace could be achieved on a global scale if states and peoples made a serious investment—comparable to their investment in military expenditure—in promoting the kind of mutual cultural understanding that reduces tensions and divisions and fosters cooperation. Peacemaking usually focuses on diplomatic and military détente; the argument in this essay is that these endeavors, though obviously important, are not by themselves enough for the best attainable kind of peace, for which the further and even more important aim of cultural entente is essential. This implies that peacemaking activities need to apply vastly more effort to intercultural and interpersonal exchange and education.
Orthorexia nervosa: examining the Eating Habits Questionnaire’s reliability and validity, and its links to dietary adequacy among adult women
Authors: Mohamed Halim Zakiah , Dickinson Kacie M , Kemps Eva , Prichard Ivanka 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:There has been increasing interest in identifying individuals with pathological healthy eating behaviours, or orthorexia nervosa (ON). This study aimed to investigate the validity (construct- and criterion-related) and reliability (internal consistency) of the Eating Habits Questionnaire (EHQ) as a measure of ON. A secondary aim was to examine how the EHQ would predict a distinct feature of ON, adequate dietary intake.Design:Cross-sectional online questionnaire incorporating existing measures of ON and dietary intake.Setting:Participants were recruited online via social media and a university’s research webpage.Participants:Women (n 286) ranging in age from 17 to 73 years.Results:Exploratory factor analysis established that the EHQ represented four ON dimensions (Healthy Eating Cognitions, Dietary Restriction, Diet Superiority and Social Impairment), inconsistent with the scale’s original three dimensions (Problems, Knowledge and Feelings). Cronbach’s α coefficients ranged from 0·72 to 0·80 for the four subscales and was 0·89 for the total EHQ scale. Criterion-related validity revealed a significant moderate to strong correlation (r = −0·54, P < 0·001) between the EHQ and ORTO-10 (a ten-item version of ORTO-15). The EHQ, particularly the EHQ–Diet superiority subscale, was found to be predictive of better, as opposed to, poorer dietary adequacy.Conclusions:Findings suggest that improvements still need to be made to the EHQ for it to be a valid and reliable measure of ON. Ideally, new assessment tools based on established diagnostic criteria are needed to advance our understanding of ON.
Construct Validity of the German Version of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised
Authors: Hollerbach Pia , Habermeyer Elmar , Nitschke Joachim , Sünkel Zara , Mokros Andreas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R) is among the most well-established instruments for the assessment of psychopathy. The PCL-R is a 20-item observer rating instrument based on file review and a semi-structured interview. The current study aimed to investigate the validity of the German adaptation of the PCL-R, its factor structure, construct validity, and association with socially desirable responding in a sample of male offenders ( N = 118). A parcel model with four facets and two factors yielded excellent model fit. Convergent and discriminant validity were assessed based on correlational analyses, a multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) matrix, and a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) including measures of psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), global personality dimensions, alexithymia, and impulsivity. The MTMM matrix as well as substantial associations with self-reported psychopathic traits and observer ratings of ASPD indicated convergent validity. Correlational analyses revealed that Factor 1 of the PCL-R was associated with low neuroticism, whereas Factor 2 was associated with impulsivity as well as with low agreeableness and conscientiousness. The PCL-R total score and Factor 2 were negatively correlated with impression management. Overall, the current findings support the validity of the German adaptation of the PCL-R.
Combining UV Spectra and Physical Chemistry to Constrain the Hot Electron Fraction in the Io Plasma Torus
Authors: Nerney Edward G. , Bagenal Fran 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe have developed a spectral emission model that is a function of the plasma composition, electron temperature, and density in the Io plasma torus. The lines are excited by electron collisions and spontaneously decay resulting in UV emission that is diagnostic of the plasma conditions. In a previous study we used a single Maxwellian distribution to model the UV spectra obtained by the Cassini UVIS instrument in January 2001. We now try to determine the fraction of hot electrons using a double Maxwellian distribution where the core, thermal electron distribution is combined with a hot electron distribution, also assumed to be a Maxwellian. This spectral emission model does not well constrain the fraction of hot electrons, which can be seen by the χ2 output. By using physical chemistry modeling of equilibrium conditions, we determine the fraction of hot electrons. Our physical chemistry model shows that in order to match the plasma composition and temperatures near the orbit of Io during the Cassini flyby of Jupiter we need the hot electrons to comprise <0.3% of the total electron density.
Hydrodynamic Response of a Floating Aquaculture Farm in a Low Inflow Estuary
Authors: Liu Zhilong , Huguenard Kimberly 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe impact of a floating oyster aquaculture farm on the intratidal dynamics of a low inflow estuary was investigated using field observations and an idealized numerical model. Measurements of current velocities, temperature, electrical conductivity, and velocity shear were collected around a floating oyster farm during two semidiurnal tidal cycles in a curved portion of the estuary. During flood, farm‐induced friction enhanced the lateral straining of velocity shears, which induced vertical mixing near the surface and extended the farm's frictional footprint. The streamwise flow reduction near the farm limited the development of lateral circulation. During ebb, flows largely bypassed the farm, which resulted in a weaker streamwise flow reduction through the farm and allowed the lateral circulation to develop across the estuary. To capture the farm effects in numerical simulations, a bulk drag coefficient for the farm was calculated as 8.4 × 10−3 ± 9.1 × 10−4, while the drag for a single cage ranged from 0.58 to 0.92. An idealized simulation in the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) demonstrated that the limited development of lateral circulation during flood was due to farm‐imposed friction rather than the combined influence of channel‐shoal morphology and the natural channel bend. These results showed that even though a farm may encompass a small portion of the estuary, it can affect the momentum and mixing outside of the immediate farm area. Therefore, it is important to consider the hydrodynamic responses of farms in estimates of carrying capacity and siting decisions.
Indirect Effects of Secondary Organic Aerosol on Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Zhu Jialei , Penner Joyce E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSecondary organic aerosols (SOA) have been identified as a potential source of depositional ice nucleating particles and thus may have a radiative effect on cirrus clouds. This study develops a global model to examine the radiative effect of SOA on cirrus clouds using different treatments for the size distribution of SOA. The SOA from new particle formation by organics and their subsequent growth has a radiative effect of 0.35 ± 0.06 W m−2, while the radiative effect of SOA calculated by assuming a fixed size distribution is 0.31 ± 0.08 W m−2. This positive radiative effect on cirrus clouds opposes the negative effect of anthropogenic soot on cirrus clouds. In addition, the inclusion of SOA as an ice nucleating particle changes the background ice crystal number concentration, which impacts the calculation of radiative forcing from other aerosols. The radiative forcing of aircraft soot is estimated to be −0.11 ± 0.03 W m−2 when including SOA formed from new particle formation by organics and growth. This is less negative than simulations that do not include ice nucleation from SOA. The change in SOA formed from organic nucleation from the preindustrial period to the present day causes a positive forcing of 0.02 ± 0.04 W m−2. It is important to use a size distribution based on the explicit formation mechanism for SOA to calculate their radiative effects. The simulation using an assumed fixed size distribution incorrectly results in a negative forcing of SOA between the present day and preindustrial atmospheres because it does not correctly calculate the change of SOA in the accumulation mode.
The Influence of Convective Momentum Transport and Vertical Wind Shear on the Evolution of a Cold Air Outbreak
Authors: Saggiorato B. , Nuijens L. , Siebesma A. P. , de Roode S. , Sandu I. , Papritz L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo study the influence of convective momentum transport (CMT) on wind, boundary layer and cloud evolution in a marine cold air outbreak (CAO) we use large‐eddy simulations subject to different baroclinicity (wind shear) but similar surface forcing. The simulated domain is large enough,
km2), to develop typical mesoscale cellular convective structures. We find that a maximum friction induced by momentum transport (MT) locates in the cloud layer for an increase of geostrophic wind with height (forward shear, FW) and near the surface for a decrease of wind with height (backward shear, BW). Although the total MT always acts as a friction, the interaction of friction‐induced cross‐isobaric flow with the Coriolis force can develop supergeostrophic winds near the surface (FW) or in the cloud layer (BW). The contribution of convection to MT is evaluated by decomposing the momentum flux by column water vapor and eddy size, revealing that CMT acts to accelerate subcloud layer winds under FW shear and that mesoscale circulations contribute significantly to MT for this horizontal resolution (250 m), even if small‐scale eddies are nonnegligible and likely more important as resolution increases. Under FW shear, a deeper boundary layer and faster cloud transition are simulated, because MT acts to increase surface fluxes and wind shear enhances turbulent mixing across cloud tops. Our results show that the coupling between winds and convection is crucial for a range of problems, from CAO lifetime and cloud transitions to ocean heat loss and near‐surface wind variability.
The emerging role of RNA modifications in the regulation of mRNA stability
Authors: Boo Sung Ho , Kim Yoon Ki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany studies have highlighted the importance of the tight regulation of mRNA stability in the control of gene expression. mRNA stability largely depends on the mRNA nucleotide sequence, which affects the secondary and tertiary structures of the mRNAs, and the accessibility of various RNA-binding proteins to the mRNAs. Recent advances in high-throughput RNA-sequencing techniques have resulted in the elucidation of the important roles played by mRNA modifications and mRNA nucleotide sequences in regulating mRNA stability. To date, hundreds of different RNA modifications have been characterized. Among them, several RNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am), 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoG), pseudouridine (Ψ), 5-methylcytidine (m5C), and N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C), have been shown to regulate mRNA stability, consequently affecting diverse cellular and biological processes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of mammalian mRNA stability by various RNA modifications.
CAR T-cells that target acute B-lineage leukemia irrespective of CD19 expression
Authors: Fousek Kristen , Watanabe Junji , Joseph Sujith K. , George Ann , An Xingyue , Byrd Tiara T. , Morris Jessica S. , Luong Annie , Martínez-Paniagua Melisa A. , Sanber Khaled , Navai Shoba A. , Gad Ahmed Z. , Salsman Vita S. , Mathew Pretty R. , Kim Hye Na , Wagner Dimitrios L. , Brunetti Lorenzo , Jang Albert , Baker Matthew L. , Varadarajan Navin , Hegde Meenakshi , Kim Yong-Mi , Heisterkamp Nora , Abdel-Azim Hisham , Ahmed Nabil 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells targeting CD19 demonstrate remarkable efficacy in treating B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BL-ALL), yet up to 39% of treated patients relapse with CD19(−) disease. We report that CD19(−) escape is associated with downregulation, but preservation, of targetable expression of CD20 and CD22. Accordingly, we reasoned that broadening the spectrum of CD19CAR T-cells to include both CD20 and CD22 would enable them to target CD19(−) escape BL-ALL while preserving their upfront efficacy. We created a CD19/20/22-targeting CAR T-cell by coexpressing individual CAR molecules on a single T-cell using one tricistronic transgene. CD19/20/22CAR T-cells killed CD19(−) blasts from patients who relapsed after CD19CAR T-cell therapy and CRISPR/Cas9 CD19 knockout primary BL-ALL both in vitro and in an animal model, while CD19CAR T-cells were ineffective. At the subcellular level, CD19/20/22CAR T-cells formed dense immune synapses with target cells that mediated effective cytolytic complex formation, were efficient serial killers in single-cell tracking studies, and were as efficacious as CD19CAR T-cells against primary CD19(+) disease. In conclusion, independent of CD19 expression, CD19/20/22CAR T-cells could be used as salvage or front-line CAR therapy for patients with recalcitrant disease.
Early treatment response in first episode psychosis: a 7-T magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of glutathione and glutamate
Authors: Dempster Kara , Jeon Peter , MacKinley Michael , Williamson Peter , Théberge Jean , Palaniyappan Lena 
Published: March 2020

AbstractEarly response to antipsychotic medications is one of the most important determinants of later symptomatic and functional outcomes in psychosis. Glutathione and glutamate have emerged as promising therapeutic targets for patients demonstrating inadequate response to dopamine-blocking antipsychotics. Nevertheless, the role of these neurochemicals in the mechanism of early antipsychotic response remains poorly understood. Using a longitudinal design and ultrahigh field 7-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) protocol in 53 subjects, we report the association between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex glutamate and glutathione, with time to treatment response in drug naive (34.6% of the sample) or minimally medicated first episode patients with schizophreniform disorder, schizophrenia, and schizoaffective disorder. Time to response was defined as the number of weeks required to reach a 50% reduction in the PANSS-8 scores. Higher glutathione was associated with shorter time to response (F = 4.86, P = 0.017), while higher glutamate was associated with more severe functional impairment (F = 5.33, P = 0.008). There were no significant differences between patients and controls on measures of glutamate or glutathione. For the first time, we have demonstrated an association between higher glutathione and favorable prognosis in FEP. We propose that interventions that increase brain glutathione levels may improve outcomes of early intervention in psychosis.