bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copied and Collected: Firmans, Petitions, and the Political History of Qajar Iran
Authors: Ashraf Assef 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article uses two manuscripts, comprising collections (majmūʿa) of firmans, petitions, and letters from Qajar Iran, as a lens through which to explore Qajar governance. It begins by introducing the manuscripts, and then discusses who copied them and why, how the contents of the collections circulated in Qajar Iran prior to their compilation, what that circulation says about Qajar Iran, and finally, how collections how such manuscript compilations such as these open new avenues of research in Qajar political history.
Documenting the World in Indo-Persianate & Imperial English: Idioms of Textual Authority in Hyderabad
Authors: Beverley Eric Lewis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn late-nineteenth-century Hyderabad, the Persian administrative idiom gave way to bilingual English/Urdu conduct of governance, along with rising prominence of other languages, networks, and political ideologies. Before and after this shift, state bureaucrat-intellectuals published exhaustive accounts of Hyderabad’s administrative and political structure and history in Persian, Urdu, and English. This article considers several documentary texts and their authors’ social trajectories in the context of multiple scales of governance. It identifies a reorientation to a shifting global context in Hyderabadi documentary culture, and a productive engagement with British rule and colonial knowledge forms amidst other social and political possibilities.
Entanglements between the Tanzimat and al-Nahḍah: Jurjī Zaydān between Tārīkh ādāb al-lughah al-turkiyyah and Tārīkh ādāb al-lughah al-ʿarabiyyah
Authors: Arslan C. Ceyhun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article analyzes comparisons between Arabic and Turkish literatures in literary histories from the late Ottoman period, with a particular focus on works by Jurjī Zaydān (1861-1914). Drawing upon Alexander Beecroft’s concept of “literary biomes,” it argues that these comparisons overlooked intersections of Arabic and Turkish literatures in the “Ottoman literary biome” and depicted them as belonging to two separate “biomes.” I define the “Ottoman literary biome” as the transcultural space of the Ottoman Empire that allowed the circulation of a multilingual textual repertoire and cultivated a cultural elite. Through foregrounding the transcultural context of Ottoman literary biome, I demonstrate that modern Arabic and Turkish literatures morphed in a reciprocal entanglement. My work finally calls for the fields of Arabic literature and comparative literature to further flesh out the diversity of literary biomes in which Arabic texts circulated.
Al-Sharīf al-Raḍī and Nahj al-balāghah: Rhetoric, Dispossession, and the Lyric Sensibility
Authors: Stetkevych Suzanne Pinckney 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study explores the relationship between the extraordinary poetic achievement of Sharīf al-Raḍī (d. 406/1016) in his highly lyrical and influential Dīwān, on the one hand, and the literary-religious accomplishment of his unrivalled compilation of the sermons, epistles, and sayings of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, Nahj al-balāghah, on the other. It examines the interplay among the contemporary Mutanabbī-dominated literary scene, the Imāmī Shīʿite dominated Baghdādī politico-religious scene, and, in Islamic scholarship generally, the increasingly balāghah- (rhetoric)-focused theological discourse on iʿjāz al-Qurʾān (the miraculous inimitability of the Qurʾān). Finally, the paper attempts to connect al-Raḍī’s sense of alienation and dispossession from his hereditary right to rule—one that he has found so strikingly expressed in the sermons of his forefather ʿAlī—and the extraordinary lyrical-elegiac strain in his own poetry.
Emotional Defence Lawyers
Authors: Flower Lisa 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The emotions of defence lawyers have garnered little sociological attention. This is surprising, as their role requires them to show loyalty to clients, representing them in court irrespective of the client or the crime. Theirs is thus an emotionally demanding role, requiring the management of inappropriate emotions. This essay explores this by showing that justice systems have structurally embedded emotional regimes guiding emotional performances. My study reveals these invisible rules, along with the ways in which one category of legal professional in particular – defence lawyers – performs its role in the Swedish justice system. The material considered includes fieldnotes gathered from an extensive courtroom ethnography and interviews with defence lawyers. The analysis looks at how defence lawyers perform their duty of loyalty, and finds it to be an interactional accomplishment demanding emotion management and impression management strategies ensuring conformity to the emotional regime of law.
Summertime Surface Wind Variability over Northeastern North America at Multidecadal to Centennial Time Scales via Statistical Downscaling
Authors: Lucio-Eceiza Etor E. , González-Rouco J. Fidel , García-Bustamante Elena , Navarro Jorge , Rojas-Labanda Cristina , Beltrami Hugo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe variability of the surface zonal and meridional wind components over northeastern North America during June–October is analyzed through a statistical downscaling (SD) approach that relates the main wind and large-scale circulation modes. An observational surface wind dataset of 525 sites over 1953–2010 provides the local information. Twelve global reanalyses provide the large-scale information. The large-to-local variability of the wind field can be explained, to a large extent, in terms of four coupled modes of circulation explaining a similar amount of variance. The SD method is mostly sensitive to the number of retained modes and subregionally to the large-scale information variable, but not to the reanalysis source. The SD methodological uncertainty based on the use of multiple configurations is directly related to the variability of the wind, similar in relative terms for both components. With an adequate choice of parameters the SD estimates provide more realistic variances than the reanalysis wind, although their correlations with respect to observations are lower than the latter. Additionally, while these different SD estimations are very similar on the reanalysis used, the various reanalysis wind fields show noticeable differences, especially in their variances. The wind variability is reconstructed back to 1850, making use of century-long reanalyses and two additional SLP gridded datasets, which allows estimating the variability at decadal to multidecadal time scales. Recent negative (significant) trends in the zonal component do not stand out in the multidecadal context, but they are consistent with a global stilling process, and are partially attributable to changes in the large-scale dynamics.
Precipitation Features of the Maritime Continent in Parameterized and Explicit Convection Models
Authors: Argüeso D. , Romero R. , Homar V. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Maritime Continent is the largest archipelago in the world and a region of intense convective activity that influences Earth’s general circulation. The region features one of the warmest oceans, very complex topography, dense vegetation, and an intricate configuration of islands, which together result in very specific precipitation characteristics, such as a marked diurnal cycle. Atmospheric models poorly resolve deep convection processes that generate rainfall in the archipelago and show fundamental errors in simulating precipitation. Spatial resolution and the use of convective schemes required to represent subgrid convective circulations have been pointed out as culprits of these errors. However, models running at the kilometer scale explicitly resolve most convective systems and thus are expected to contribute to solve the challenge of accurately simulating rainfall in the Maritime Continent. Here we investigate the differences in simulated precipitation characteristics for different representations of convection, including parameterized and explicit, and at various spatial resolutions. We also explore the vertical structure of the atmosphere in search of physical mechanisms that explain the main differences identified in the rainfall fields across model experiments. Our results indicate that both increased resolution and representing convection explicitly are required to produce a more realistic simulation of precipitation features, such as a correct diurnal cycle both over land and ocean. We found that the structures of deep and shallow clouds are the main differences across experiments and thus they are responsible for differences in the timing and spatial distribution of rainfall patterns in the various convection representation experiments.
Benchmarking the Raw Model-Generated Background Forecast in Rapidly Updated Surface Temperature Analyses. Part II: Gridded Benchmark
Authors: Hamill Thomas M. , Scheuerer Michael 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This is the second part of a series on benchmarking raw 1-h high-resolution numerical weather prediction surface-temperature forecasts from NOAA’s High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system. Such 1-h forecasts are commonly used to underpin the background for an hourly updated surface temperature analysis. The benchmark in this article was produced through a gridded statistical interpolation procedure using only surface observations and a diurnally, seasonally dependent gridded surface temperature climatology. The temporally varying climatologies were produced by synthesizing high-resolution monthly gridded climatologies of daily maximum and minimum temperatures over the contiguous United States with yearly and diurnally dependent estimates of the station-based climatologies of surface temperature. To produce a 1-h benchmark forecast, for a given hour of the day, say 0000 UTC, the gridded climatology was interpolated to station locations and then subtracted from the observations. These station anomalies were statistically interpolated to produce the 0000 UTC gridded anomaly. This anomaly pattern was continued for 1 h and added to the 0100 UTC gridded climatology to generate the 0100 UTC gridded benchmark forecast. The benchmark is thus a simple 1-h persistence of the analyzed deviations from the diurnally dependent climatology. Using a cross-validation procedure with July 2015 and August 2018 data, the gridded benchmark provided competitive, relatively unbiased 1-h surface temperature forecasts relative to the HRRR. Benchmark forecasts were lower in error and bias in 2015, but the HRRR system was highly competitive or better than the gridded benchmark in 2018. Implications of the benchmarking results are discussed, as well as potential applications of the simple benchmarking procedure to data assimilation.
Non-Gaussian Deterministic Assimilation of Radar-Derived Precipitation Accumulations
Authors: Buehner Mark , Jacques Dominik 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Data assimilation (DA) approaches currently used for operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) generally assume that errors in the background state are Gaussian. At the same time, approaches that make no assumptions regarding the background state probability distribution are gaining attention in research. Most such approaches, including the particle filter, are ensemble DA methods that produce an ensemble of analysis states consistent with the background and observation distributions. The present study instead proposes a non-Gaussian deterministic (NGD) DA method for producing a single deterministic analysis state. Consequently, the usual challenge of maintaining an ensemble with sufficient spread and diversity is avoided. The NGD approach uses background ensembles generated by a standard ensemble Kalman filter. A series of noncycled DA experiments is conducted to evaluate the NGD approach for assimilating precipitation derived from North American weather radars to initialize limited-area deterministic forecasts. The resulting forecasts are compared with those produced using either a local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) deterministic analysis or latent heat nudging (LHN). The experimental results indicate that, for forecast lead times beyond 1.5 h, the NGD approach improves precipitation forecasts relative to LHN. The NGD approach also leads to better temperature and zonal wind forecasts at lead times up to 12 h when compared to those obtained with either LHN or the LETKF. For precipitation, the NGD and LETKF approaches produce forecasts that are of comparable quality. Finally, simple strategies are demonstrated that combine the NGD approach for assimilating radar-derived precipitation accumulations with the ensemble–variational approach for assimilating all other observations.
Dietary Iron Bioavailability: A Simple Model That Can Be Used to Derive Country-Specific Values for Adult Men and Women
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan , Speich Cornelia , Mitchikpè Comlan Evariste S. , Dainty Jack R. 
Published: November 2019

Background: Reference intakes for iron are derived from physiological requirements, with an assumed value for dietary iron absorption. A new approach to estimate iron bioavailability, calculated from iron intake, status, and requirements was used to set European dietary reference values, but the values obtained cannot be used for low- and middle-income countries where diets are very different. Objective: We aimed to test the feasibility of using the model developed from United Kingdom and Irish data to derive a value for dietary iron bioavailability in an African country, using data collected from women of child-bearing age in Benin. We also compared the effect of using estimates of iron losses made in the 1960s with more recent data for whole body iron losses. Methods: Dietary iron intake and serum ferritin (SF), together with physiological requirements of iron, were entered into the predictive model to estimate percentage iron absorption from the diet at different levels of iron status. Results: The results obtained from the 2 different methods for calculating physiological iron requirements were similar, except at low SF concentrations. At a SF value of 30 µg/L predicted iron absorption from the African maize-based diet was 6%, compared with 18% from a Western diet, and it remained low until the SF fell below 25 µg/L. Conclusions: We used the model to estimate percentage dietary iron absorption in 30 Beninese women. The predicted values agreed with results from earlier single meal isotope studies; therefore, we conclude that the model has potential for estimating dietary iron bioavailability in men and nonpregnant women consuming different diets in other countries.
Scandcleft Project Trial 2—Comparison of Speech Outcome in 1- and 2-Stage Palatal Closure in 5-Year-Olds With UCLP
Authors: Hammarström Inger Lundeborg , Nyberg Jill , Alaluusua Suvi , Rautio Jorma , Neovius Erik , Berggren Anders , Persson Christina , Willadsen Elisabeth , Lohmander Anette 
Published: November 2019

Objective:To investigate in-depth speech results in the Scandcleft Trial 2 with comparisons between surgical protocols and centers and with benchmarks from peers without cleft palate.Design:A prospective randomized clinical trial.Setting:Two Swedish and one Finnish Cleft Palate center.Participants:One hundred twelve participants were 5-years-old born with unilateral cleft lip and palate randomized to either lip repair and soft palate closure at 4 months and hard palate closure at 12 months or lip repair at 3 to 4 months (Arm A), or a closure of both the soft and hard palate at 12 months (Arm C).Main Outcome Measures:A composite measure dichotomized into velopharyngeal competency (VPC) or velopharyngeal incompetency (VPI), overall assessment of velopharyngeal function (VPC-Rate), percentage of consonants correct (PCC score), and consonant errors. In addition, number of speech therapy visits, average hearing thresholds, and secondary surgeries were documented to assess burden of treatment.Results:Across the trial, 53.5% demonstrated VPC and 46.5% VPI with no significant differences between arms or centers. In total, 27% reached age-appropriate PCC scores with no statistically significant difference between the arms. The Finnish center had significantly higher PCC scores, the Swedish centers had higher percentages of oral consonant errors. Number of speech therapy visits was significantly higher in the Finnish center.Conclusion:At age 5, poor speech outcomes with some differences between participating centers were seen but could not be attributed to surgical protocol. As one center had very few participants, the results from that center should be interpreted with caution.
Current evidence from a worldwide, multicentre, follow-up study of the recalled Articular Surface Replacement Hip System
Authors: Galea Vincent P , Rojanasopondist Pakdee , Matuszak Sean J , Connelly James W , Ray Gabrielle S , Madanat Rami , Muratoglu Orhun , Malchau Henrik 
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Our first aim was to report the longitudinal clinical performance of patients treated with the ASR Hip System, a metal-on-metal (MoM) device, in their mid- to late-term follow-up. Secondly, we sought to report on the reasons and risk factors for mid- to late-term implant failure. Methods: A total of 1721 ASR patients (1933 hips) from 16 centres in 6 countries were enrolled to a prospective, post-recall study. The average time to enrollment was 7.4 years from index surgery. Data from 3 follow-up visits over 2 years were analysed. Implant performance, based on ion levels and PROMs, was determined at each clinical visit. Results: The proportion of those exhibiting good performance decreased over time for hip resurfacing (ASR HRA) and total hip arthroplasty (ASR XL) patients. ASR XL patients were likely to exhibit longitudinal blood metal ion increases regardless of symptom state. ASR HRA patients were more likely to present with and maintain good performance over time, especially males with high general health indicators. 6% of ASR HRA and 14% of ASR XL patients were revised throughout the study period. Discussion: ASR XL THA patients are likely to exhibit blood metal ion increases without accompanying changes in symptom state, and therefore should be followed with annual blood tests at minimum. While appropriately selected ASR HRA patients were the most likely to exhibit low blood metal ion levels and report no symptoms, we recommend vigilant follow-up of all ASR patients to ensure that worsening clinical outcomes and asymptomatic soft tissue damage are not missed.
Fifteen-minute Frequency of Glucose Measurements and the Use of Threshold Alarms: Impact on Mitigating Dysglycemia in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Bochicchio Grant V. , Nasraway Stanley A. , Moore Laura J. , Furnary Anthony P. , Nohra Eden A. , Bochicchio Kelly M. , Boyd James C. , Bruns David I. , Hirsch Irl B. , Preiser Jean-Charles , Krinsley James S. 
Published: November 2019

Background: The use of near-continuous blood glucose (BG) monitoring has the potential to improve glycemic control in critically ill patients. The MANAGE IDE trial evaluated the performance of the OptiScanner (OS) 5000 in a multicenter cohort of 200 critically ill patients. Methods: An Independent Group reviewed the BG run charts of all 200 patients and voted whether unblinded use of the OS, with alarms set at 90 and 130 to 150 mg/dL to alert the clinical team to impending hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, respectively, would have eliminated episodes of dysglycemia: hypoglycemia, defined as a single BG <70 mg/dL; hyperglycemia, defined as >4 hours of BG >150 mg/dL; severe hyperglycemia, defined as >4 hours of BG >200 mg/dL and increased glucose variability (GV), defined as coefficient of variation (CV) >20%. Results: At least one episode of dysglycemia occurred in 103 (51.5%) of the patients, including 6 (3.0%) with hypoglycemia, 83 (41.5%) with hyperglycemia, 18 (9.0%) with severe hyperglycemia, and 40 (20.0%) with increased GV. Unblinded use of the OS with appropriate alarms would likely have averted 97.1% of the episodes of dysglycemia: hypoglycemia (100.0%), hyperglycemia (96.4%), severe hyperglycemia (100.0%), and increased GV (97.5%). Point accuracy of the OS was very similar to that of the point of care BG monitoring devices used in the trial. Conclusion: Unblinded use of the OS would have eliminated nearly every episode of dysglycemia in this cohort of critically ill patients, thereby markedly improving the quality and safety of glucose control.
A Comparison of Revision Rates and Patient-Reported Outcomes for a 2-Level Posterolateral Fusion Augmented With Single Versus 2-Level Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Kaye I. David , Fang Terry , Wagner Scott C. , Butler Joseph S. , Sebastian Arjun , Morrissey Patrick B. , Levine Marc J. , Vaccaro Alex R. , Hilibrand Alan S. 
Published: November 2019

Study Design: Retrospective, single institution, multisurgeon case control series. Objective: To determine whether there are differences in reoperation rates or outcomes for patients undergoing 2-level posterolateral fusion (PLF) augmented by a transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) at only one of the levels or at both. Methods: A total of 416 patients were identified who underwent 2-level PLF with a TLIF at either one of those levels (n = 183) or at both (n = 233) with greater than 1-year follow-up. Demographic, surgical, radiographic, and clinical data was reviewed for each patient. These included age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking status, Charleston Comorbidity Index, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of stay, and patient-reported outcome measures. Results: Each cohort underwent 24 reoperations. Although the number of overall reoperations was not significantly different ( P > .05), among the reoperation types, there were significantly more reoperations for adjacent segment disease in the 2-level group compared to the 1-level group (19 vs 12, P = .04). There was no difference in reoperation for pseudarthrosis between the groups ( P > .05). Although both groups experienced significant improvements in Oswestry Disability Index ( P < .001) and Short Form–12 health questionnaire ( P < .001), there were no differences between improvements for 1- versus 2-level cohorts. Conclusions: For patients undergoing 2-level PLF in the setting of a TLIF, using a TLIF at one versus both levels does not seem to influence reoperation rates or outcomes. However, reoperation rates for adjacent segment disease are increased in the setting of a 2-level PLF augmented by a 2-level TLIF.
How I treat newly diagnosed T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma in children
Authors: Teachey David T. , O’Connor David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive malignancy that has historically been associated with a very poor prognosis. Nevertheless, despite a lack of incorporation of novel agents, the development of intensified T-ALL–focused protocols has resulted in significant improvements in outcome in children. Through the use of several representative cases, we highlight the key changes that have driven these advances including asparaginase intensification, the use of induction dexamethasone, and the safe omission of cranial radiotherapy. We discuss the results of recent trials to explore key topics including the implementation of risk stratification with minimal residual disease measurement and how to treat high-risk subtypes such as early T-cell precursor ALL. In particular, we address current discrepancies in treatment between different cooperative groups, including the use of nelarabine, and provide rationales for current treatment protocols for both T-ALL and T-lymphoblastic lymphoma.