bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning private and external benefits of crop pollination services
Authors: Lonsdorf Eric V. , Koh Insu , Ricketts Taylor 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Ecosystem services (ES) provide a range of benefits to people, but landowners that produce ES are often separate from those receiving benefits. As a result, landowners bear the costs of managing ecosystems, but often share the benefits with others. Accounting for these private and external costs and benefits would improve the effectiveness of payments for ES management.

We develop a spatially explicit ES modelling approach to evaluate the alignment of private and external benefits resulting from habitat enhancement for pollinators. After testing the model on synthetic landscapes, we applied it to Yolo County, California, using information on crop type, value per acre and dependence on pollination. Detailed data on parcel ownership allowed us to distinguish private and external costs and benefits of enhancing habitat on any parcel.

We found that around 13% of the landowners would generate private benefits that exceed private costs, 47% would generate external benefits greater than private costs, and the remaining 40% would generate neither private nor external benefits greater than private costs. Landowners generating private net benefits had larger fields, more valuable crops and more pollinator‐dependent crops than the other owners.

These results reveal mis‐alignments between private and external incentives. Just over half of the Yolo County landowners' pollinator enhancements would produce external benefits, but only 25% of these would have private incentives to do so. We estimated that enhancements by those acting privately could increase the private net present value of crops by $495,309 and provide a total external benefit of $1,193,345. The remaining 47% of landowners’ enhancements generated $1,409,247 in additional net external benefits.

Accounting for heterogeneity in enhancement benefits due to ownership and crop characteristics allows one to distinguish contexts where enhancements should be managed by groups as a common‐pool resource or by individuals. Rather than fund a PES program to pay for enhancements, effort could be directed towards communicating with landowners about potential private benefits and facilitating common‐pool resource management. Overall, this analysis reveals the importance of partitioning private and external benefits of actions designed to provide ES.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Global Citizenship Education: Recognizing Diversity in a Global World
Authors: Akkari Abdeljalil , Maleq Kathrine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we first examine how the concept of global citizenship education (GCE) has been brought to the forefront in international educational agendas, in particular in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Second, we assess how social and political contexts are reshaping national-centric conceptions of citizenship and traditional models of civic identity. Third, we address the lack of conceptual clarity as well as the conceptual divides associated with it. Fourth, we point out the challenges in implementing GCE in national educational systems and briefly provide guidance regarding the choice of countries and topics covered in the book. KEY WORDS: Global citizenship education - International educational agendas – Sustainable Development Goals.
Women’s Rights, Democracy and Citizenship in Tunisia
Authors: Ouanada Halima 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe gap between the role that women have played in Tunisian history and their current position in public and political life makes it difficult to address the issues of woman’s rights in relation to citizenship and democracy in Tunisia. Since the foundation of the ancient Phoenician-Punic city of Carthage, women have played a crucial role in the establishment of modern-day Tunisia endowed with a unique destiny. However, over the centuries, this role has often been obscured and undermined by politicized approaches to history with a deliberate attempt to conceal the women’s contribution. This chapter will examine the role of women in Tunisian society from the perspective of women’s identity, caught in a dichotomy between secular and religious worlds. Furthermore, we will examine women’s major contributions to the founding of Tunisia, providing an insight into the country’s current issues and challenges. We believe that the analysis of the role and place of women as citizens in the democratic process in Tunisia is thesine qua noncondition to better understand the persistent ambiguities, barriers and issues the country currently faces.
Global Citizenship Education in Canada and the U.S.: From Nation-Centric Multiculturalism to Youth Engagement
Authors: Ranco Sarah , Gilmer Alexis , Loomis Colleen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the historical and current uses of global citizenship education (GCE) in Canada and the U.S. in public schools from primary through secondary levels, with attention to Canada as well as similarities and differences within and across the two countries. We assess how social and political contexts have influenced the definition and operationalization of multiculturalism, civic studies, and global studies in curricula, noting that the neo-liberal perspective has focused on making people an economic powerhouse rather than socially concerned global citizens. In our examination of educational approaches that relate to GCE, we present decolonizing pedagogies, the multiculturalism approach in Canada, as well as culturally responsive and anti-racist pedagogies. To illustrate these issues, we offer an example in the Canadian context and raise the need to prevent GCE from becoming yet another tool for hegemony by the Global North on the Global South, as dominant groups have long defined citizenship. We conclude by proposing that to realize GCE in these two countries, teacher/practitioner and local, national, and international actors must engage youth, and in doing so, power imbalances that prohibit becoming global citizens will be addressed.
Global Citizenship Education in European Multicultural Contexts: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Radhouane Myriam , Maleq Kathrine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDeep societal changes resulting from globalization, increased cultural and ethnic diversity and the expansion of ICT (information and communication technology) have generated interest in the concept of global citizenship resulting in a growing body of literature on global citizenship education (GCE).Despite its attractiveness, GCE appears nevertheless conceptually fragile and difficult to implement in national contexts. This chapter provides a comparative perspective on conceptions and current challenges for citizenship education in three European countries: France, Switzerland and England. We analyze how contents associated with global dimensions are integrated into educational policies and curricula, thereby highlighting the similarities and differences between contexts. We illustrate how France and England have brought citizenship education and the promotion of ‘national values’ to the forefront of the political agenda, with the specific aim of preventing radicalization.Finally, we present considerations for the operationalization of GCE and argue that global citizenship may provide an opportunity to value multiple identities.
Citizenship, Social Exclusion and Education in Latin America: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Santiago Mylene , Akkari Abdeljalil 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLatin America’s first encounter with the rest of the world happened over five centuries ago as a result of the European colonial conquest, characterized by the slave trade and the domination and exploitation of Indigenous Peoples. It was not until the late nineteenth century that Latin American Nation-States emerged in the quest for freedom, equality and access to citizenship. However, political instability and lengthy military dictatorships in the 1960s and 1970s provided limited and fragile access to citizenship.First, this chapter analyzes the current state of education and citizenship in Latin America, after three decades of a gradual return to democracy. Our analysis suggests that citizenship is an unfinished agenda throughout the region. Minorities such as Afro-descendants and Indigenous Peoples have limited access to citizenship due to the social and educational exclusion they experience. Second, we review the main debates related to global citizenship and analyze how the concept of global citizenship is constructed in core education policies and curricula in Brazil. We conclude by examining the uncertain prospects of global citizenship education in Brazil and in the larger Latin American context.
Genome-based trait prediction in multi- environment breeding trials in groundnut
Authors: Pandey Manish K. , Chaudhari Sunil , Jarquin Diego , Janila Pasupuleti , Crossa Jose , Patil Sudam C. , Sundravadana Subramaniam , Khare Dhirendra , Bhat Ramesh S. , Radhakrishnan Thankappan , Hickey John M. , Varshney Rajeev K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractKey messageComparative assessment identified naïve interaction model, and naïve and informed interaction GS models suitable for achieving higher prediction accuracy in groundnut keeping in mind the high genotype × environment interaction for complex traits.AbstractGenomic selection (GS) can be an efficient and cost-effective breeding approach which captures both small- and large-effect genetic factors and therefore promises to achieve higher genetic gains for complex traits such as yield and oil content in groundnut. A training population was constituted with 340 elite lines followed by genotyping with 58 K ‘Axiom_Arachis’ SNP array and phenotyping for key agronomic traits at three locations in India. Four GS models were tested using three different random cross-validation schemes (CV0, CV1 and CV2). These models are: (1) model 1 (M1 = E + L) which includes the main effects of environment (E) and line (L); (2) model 2 (M2 = E + L + G) which includes the main effects of markers (G) in addition to E and L; (3) model 3 (M3 = E + L + G + GE), a naïve interaction model; and (4) model 4 (E + L + G + LE + GE), a naïve and informed interaction model. Prediction accuracy estimated for four models indicated clear advantage of the inclusion of marker information which was reflected in better prediction accuracy achieved with models M2, M3 and M4 as compared to M1 model. High prediction accuracies (> 0.600) were observed for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, hundred seed weight, oleic acid, rust@90 days, rust@105 days and late leaf spot@90 days, while medium prediction accuracies (0.400–0.600) were obtained for pods/plant, shelling %, and total yield/plant. Assessment of comparative prediction accuracy for different GS models to perform selection for untested genotypes, and unobserved and unevaluated environments provided greater insights on potential application of GS breeding in groundnut.
Parenting behaviour and paranoia: a network analysis and results from the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescents (NCS-A)
Authors: Brown Poppy , Waite Felicity , Freeman Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeParenting behaviours—including the extent to which parents are protective, hostile, or caring—likely impacts whether a child develops a sense of vulnerability that carries forward into adulthood. Ideas of vulnerability are a contributory factor to the occurrence of paranoia. Our aim was to assess whether there is an association between specific parenting behaviours and paranoia.MethodWe examined cross-sectional associations of parenting and paranoia in an epidemiologically representative cohort of 10,148 adolescents (National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescents; NCS-A) and a second dataset of 1286 adults in Oxfordshire. Further, a network analysis was conducted with paranoia, parenting behaviours, and cognitive-affective variables (compassion, self-esteem, anxiety, and depression). Overprotectiveness, verbal abuse, physical abuse, and amount of care were assessed in mothers and fathers separately.ResultsNearly all parenting variables were significantly associated with paranoia, with parental verbal and physical abuse showing the largest associations. For example, the odds of reporting paranoia was over four times higher for those in the adult sample reporting a lot of paternal verbal abuse, compared to those reporting none (OR = 4.12,p < 0.001, CI 2.47–6.85). Network analyses revealed high interconnectivity between paranoia, parenting behaviours, and cognitive-affective variables. Of the parenting variables, paranoia most strongly interacted with paternal abuse and maternal lack of care.ConclusionThere are associations between participants’ self-reported experiences of parental behaviours and paranoia. Despite being associated with paranoia, cognitive-affective variables did not appear to mediate the relationship between parenting and paranoia, which is surprising. What might explain the link therefore remains to be determined.
Buckling of tower buildings on elastic foundation under compressive tip forces and self-weight
Authors: Ferretti Manuel , D’Annibale Francesco , Luongo Angelo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBuckling of uniformly and not uniformly compressed tower buildings, resting on Winkler type soil, is investigated. An equivalent beam is introduced, able to capture the essential behavior of the building. It is a 3D Timoshenko beam, modeled in the framework of a direct approach, whose constitutive law is derived via a homogenization procedure, which includes the effect of the column prestress. The continuous model is discretized via finite differences, and a linear bifurcation analysis is carried out by solving an algebraic eigenvalue problem. Numerical results are shown for sample problems, aimed at detecting the structural behavior, and illustrating the role of some mechanical parameters. Results supplied by the equivalent beam model are compared with those derived by finite element analyses, carried out on three-dimensional frames.
Recommendations for resuming elective hip and knee arthroplasty in the setting of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: the European Hip Society and European Knee Associates Survey of Members
Authors: Kort N. P. , Barrena E. Gómez , Bédard M. , Donell S. , Epinette J.-A. , Gomberg B. , Hirschmann M. T. , Indelli P. , Khosravi Ismail , Karachalios T. , Liebensteiner M. C. , Stuyts B. , Tandogan R. , Violante B. , Zagra L. , Thaler M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the health care system around the entire globe. A consensus is needed about resuming total hip and knee procedures. The European Hip Society (EHS) and the European Knee Association (EKA) formed a panel of experts that have produced a consensus statement on how the safe re-introduction of elective hip and knee arthroplasty should be undertaken.

Methods
A prospective online survey was done among members of EHS and EKA. The survey consisted of 27 questions. It includes basic information on demographics and details the participant’s agreement with each recommendation. The participant could choose among three options (agree, disagree, abstain). Recommendations focussed on pre-operative, peri-operative, and post-operative handling of patients and precautions.

Results
A total of 681 arthroplasty surgeons participated in the survey, with 479 fully completing the survey. The participants were from 44 countries and 6 continents. Apart from adhering to National and Local Guidelines, the recommendations concerned how to make elective arthroplasty safe for patients and staff.

Conclusion
The survey has shown good-to-excellent agreement of the participants with regards to the statements made in the recommendations for the safe return to elective arthroplasty following the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Satisfactory clinical outcome of operative and non-operative treatment of avulsion fracture of the hamstring origin with treatment selection based on extent of displacement: a systematic review
Authors: Nauta Hijleke J. A. , van der Made Anne D. , Tol Johannes L. , Reurink Gustaaf , Kerkhoffs Gino M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To compare outcome of operative and non-operative treatment of avulsion fractures of the hamstring origin, with minor (< 1.5 cm) and major (≥ 1.5 cm) displacement, and early (≤ 4 weeks) and delayed (> 4 weeks) surgery.

Methods
A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus. A quality assessment was performed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale.

Results
Eight studies with 90 patients (mean age: 16 years) were included. All studies had low methodological quality (PEDro score ≤ 5). Operative treatment yielded a return to preinjury activity rate (RTPA) of 87% (95% CI: 68–95), return to sports (RTS) rate of 100% (95% CI: 82–100), Harris hip score (HHS) of 99 (range 96–100) and a University of California Los Angeles activity scale (UCLA) score of 100%. Non-operative treatment yielded a RTPA rate of 100% (95% CI:68–100), RTS rate of 86% (95% CI: 69–94), HHS score of 99 (range 96–100), and non-union rate of 18% (95% CI: 9–34). All patients with minor displacement were treated non-operatively (RTPA: 100% [95% CI: 21–100], RTS: 100% [95% CI: 51–100]). For major displacement, operative treatment led to RTPA and RTS rates of 86% (95% CI: 65–95) and 100% (95% CI: 84–100), and 0% (0/1, 95% CI: 0–79) and 100% (95% CI: 51–100) for non-operative treatment. Early surgery yielded RTPA and RTS rates of 100% (95% CI: 34–100 & 57–100) compared to 100 (95% CI: 72–100) and 90% (95% CI: 60–98) for delayed repair.

Conclusion
All included studies have high risk of bias. There is only low level of evidence with a limited number of included patients to compare outcome of operative and non-operative treatment. Overall outcome was satisfactory. There is a treatment selection phenomenon based on displacement, with acceptable outcome in both groups. There is insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding timing of surgery.

Level of evidence
IV
The Coevolution of Cellularity and Metabolism Following the Origin of Life
Authors: Takagi Yuta A. , Nguyen Diep H. , Wexler Tom B. , Goldman Aaron D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe emergence of cellular organisms occurred sometime between the origin of life and the evolution of the last universal common ancestor and represents one of the major transitions in evolutionary history. Here we describe a series of artificial life simulations that reveal a close relationship between the evolution of cellularity, the evolution of metabolism, and the richness of the environment. When environments are rich in processing energy, a resource that the digital organisms require to both process their genomes and replicate, populations evolve toward a state of non-cellularity. But when processing energy is not readily available in the environment and organisms must produce their own processing energy from food puzzles, populations always evolve both a proficient metabolism and a high level of cellular impermeability. Even between these two environmental extremes, the population-averaged values of cellular impermeability and metabolic proficiency exhibit a very strong correlation with one another. Further investigations show that non-cellularity is selectively advantageous when environmental processing energy is abundant because it allows organisms to access the available energy, while cellularity is selectively advantageous when environmental processing energy is scarce because it affords organisms the genetic fidelity required to incrementally evolve efficient metabolisms. The selection pressures favoring either non-cellularity or cellularity can be reversed when the environment transitions from one of abundant processing energy to one of scarce processing energy. These results have important implications for when and why cellular organisms evolved following the origin of life.
Simple Wound Irrigation in the Postoperative Treatment for Surgically Drained Spontaneous Soft Tissue Abscesses: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Oehme F. , Rühle A. , Börnert K. , Hempel S. , Link B.‐C. , Babst R. , Metzger J. , Beeres F. J.‐P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundSoft tissue abscesses are among the most frequently encountered medical problems treated by different surgeons. Standard therapy remains incision and drainage with sterile saline irrigation during postoperative wound healing period. Aim of this prospective randomized controlled trial was to compare sterile irrigation versus nonsterile irrigation.Study designA single center randomized controlled trial was performed to investigate postoperative wound irrigation. The control group used sterile irrigation, and the intervention group used nonsterile irrigation. Primary endpoints were reinfection and reintervention rates, assessed during follow‐up controls for up to 2 years. Secondary endpoints were the duration of wound healing, inability to work, pain and quality of life.ResultsBetween 04/2016 and 05/2017, 118 patients were randomized into two groups, with 61 allocated to the control‐ and 57 to the intervention group. Reinfection occurred in a total of 4 cases (6.6%) in the sterile protocol and 4 (7%) in the nonsterile protocol. Quality of life and pain values were comparable during the wound healing period, and patients treated according to the nonsterile irrigation protocol used significantly fewer wound care service teams. Despite equal wound persistence rates, a substantially shorter amount of time off from work was reported in the nonsterile protocol group (p value 0.086).ConclusionThis prospective, randomized trial indicates that a nonsterile irrigation protocol for patients operated on for soft tissue abscesses is not inferior to the standard sterile protocol. Moreover, a nonsterile irrigation protocol leads to a shorter period of inability to work with comparable pain and quality of life scores during the wound healing period.
Long-Term Outcomes in Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for Histologically Proven Colorectal Lung Metastasis
Authors: Zhong Jim , Palkhi Ebrahim , Ng Helen , Wang Kevin , Milton Richard , Chaudhuri Nilanjan , Lenton James , Smith Jonathan , Bhartia Bobby , Wah Tze Min 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Introduction
To evaluate the long-term outcome of image-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) when treating histologically confirmed colorectal lung metastasis in terms of overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and local tumour control (LTC).

Materials and Methods
Retrospective single-centre study. Consecutive RFA treatments of histologically proven lung colorectal metastases between 01/01/2008 and 31/12/14. The primary outcome was patient survival (OS and PFS). Secondary outcomes were local tumour progression (LTP) and complications. Prognostic factors associated with OS/ PFS were determined by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results
Sixty patients (39 males: 21 females; median age 69 years) and 125 colorectal lung metastases were treated. Eighty percent (n = 48) also underwent lung surgery for lung metastases. Mean metastasis size (cm) was 1.4 ± 0.6 (range 0.3–4.0). Median number of RFA sessions was 1 (1–4). During follow-up (median 45.5 months), 45 patients died (75%). The estimated OS and PFS survival rates at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 years were 96.7%, 74.7%, 44.1%, 27.5%, 16.3% (median OS, 52 months) and 66.7%, 31.2%, 25.9%, 21.2% and 5.9% (median PFS, 19 months). The LTC rate was 90% with 6 patients developing LTP with 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-year LTP rates of 3.3%, 8.3%, 10.0% and 10.0%. Progression-free interval < 1 year (P = 0.002, HR = 0.375) and total number of pulmonary metastases (≥ 3) treated (P = 0.037, HR = 0.480) were independent negative prognostic factors. Thirty-day mortality rate was 0% with no intra-procedural deaths.

Conclusion
The long-term OS and PFS following RFA for the treatment of histologically confirmed colorectal lung metastases demonstrate comparable oncological durability to surgery.