bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultures and Values
Authors: McIver Lopes Dominic 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Working with a minimal theory of culture, according to which cultures are group-level patterns of specific types of activities, together with a modest theory of values as features that figure in reasons to promote or inhibit, this chapter provides constitutive accounts of hedonic, aesthetic, and artistic cultures, each organized around values in different ways. Hedonic cultures generate hedonic payoffs. Aesthetic cultures coordinate sundry activities around distinctive vocabularies of aesthetic value. Artistic cultures are ones where media of making are leveraged in order to generate any of a range of different varieties of value. The argument for this three-way division of the geography of taste is that it provides an effective framework for empirical investigations of the striking degree of variation within each of the three cultures of taste.
The Great Curse
Authors: Berry Albert 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Land is the key input for economies in the earliest stages of development, when seventy-five percent to ninety percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture. Concentration of land ownership has been a common, and usually quite damaging, feature of most societies throughout history as both the cause and the result of access to power. Highly unequal control of land typically implies severe inequality of income and welfare, as well. Landlessness has been at the root of many of the world’s most serious and persistent problems, including severe exploitation and the deprivation of political rights and basic human needs. Historically, the motivation for many revolutions has been access to land. This volume reviews the land reform experiences of multiple countries during the twentieth century. The experiences l covered illustrate the widespread need for reform, the great difficulties facing major changes, and the extreme cost of failure in delicate political moments. Looking ahead, the biggest challenge will be to avoid the injustices and inequality that have accompanied land concentration in the past.
Assessing the Success of Agrarian Reforms and Other Policies to Deal with Land Concentration
Authors: Berry Albert 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Agrarian reform varies in goals and coverage, as well as in what triggers it—sometimes revolutions and sometimes other paths. In more feudal societies, the main objectives have been to raise the incomes of beneficiaries and to curtail the abuses associated with serfdom or extreme societal inequality. Under communist regimes, land is taken from former landholders by force and provided to families that have been organized into cooperatives or state farms. In more capitalistic societies, the main objective is to raise the income and economic security of farm families by providing them with more land and more secure title to it. Land passed to beneficiaries may come from large landowners or from the state. Land expropriation usually involves partial payment to the landlord. The process may be market-based in the sense that (1) it involves a voluntary sale by the former owners, and (2) the new operator’s purchase is partially subsidized. Some implementing governments have been autocratic (e.g., military), while others have not. Often ethnicity is related to position on the socio-economic hierarchy and plays a role in revolutions or protests. Putting an end to slavery/serfdom has the most widely achieved benefit. Fast equitable growth has been achieved in a few cases; however, many others have fallen short on this front, usually as a result of strong opposition from vested interests, but frequently also from a lack of understanding and competence by those implementing the reform.
Land Reform under Capitalist Regimes in Twentieth-Century Latin America: Varying Degrees of Failure
Authors: Berry Albert 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Nearly all the countries of Latin America have experienced high or extreme levels of land concentration and most have, at some point or points, undertaken land reforms. Although most such reforms have fallen far short of the hopes of their supporters in terms of scope and degree of economic gains to former tenants and landless workers, some have brought enormous welfare gains to large groups taken out of some form of serfdom. Loss of life related to reform attempts has been large in Mexico (at the time of the Revolution), Colombia (over most of the twentieth century), and Guatemala (through a 1980s ethnic genocide carried out by the military). Even when it did improve income distribution in the short term, no major land reform left a long-term legacy of significantly lower inequality.
Strand Three and the British–Irish Intergovernmental Relationship
Authors: Tannam Etain 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of intergovernmental cooperation under Strand Three of the 1998 Agreement particularly the role of the standing British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference, that subsumed both the Anglo-Irish Council and the Intergovernmental Conference established under the 1985 Agreement. It also examines the impact of Brexit on the British–Irish intergovernmentalism, It highlights the neglect of Strand Three of the Agreement, by both governments, from 2007 to 2018 and how weak implementation of Strand Three’s undermined Strands One and Two of the Agreement even before Brexit.
A data-integrative modeling approach accurately characterizes the effects of mutations on Arabidopsis lipid metabolism
Authors: Correa Córdoba Sandra , Burgos Asdrúbal , Cuadros-Inostroza Álvaro , Xu Ke , Brotman Yariv , Nikoloski Zoran 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Collections of insertional mutants have been instrumental for characterizing the functional relevance of genes in different model organisms, including Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, mutations may often result in subtle phenotypes, rendering it difficult to pinpoint the function of a knocked-out gene. Here, we present a data-integrative modeling approach that enables predicting the effects of mutations on metabolic traits and plant growth. To test the approach, we gathered lipidomics data and physiological read-outs for a set of 64 Arabidopsis lines with mutations in lipid metabolism. Use of flux sums as a proxy for metabolite concentrations allowed us to integrate the relative abundance of lipids and facilitated accurate predictions of growth and biochemical phenotype in approximately 73% and 76% of the mutants, respectively, for which phenotypic data were available. Likewise, we showed that this approach can pinpoint alterations in metabolic pathways related to silent mutations. Therefore, our study paves the way for coupling model-driven characterization of mutant lines from different mutagenesis approaches with metabolomic technologies, as well as for validating knowledge structured in large-scale metabolic networks of plants and other species.
The calcium-dependent protein kinase CmaCPK4 regulates sex determination in pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.)
Authors: Wang Chaojie , Wang Yunli , Wang Guichao , Zhang Ke , Liu Zhe , Li Xiaopeng , Xu Wenlong , Li Zheng , Qu Shuping 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima D.) is typically monoecious with individual male and female flowers, and its yield is associated with the degree of femaleness, i.e. the ratio of female to male flowers produced by the plant. Subgynoecy represents a sex form with a high degree of femaleness, but the regulatory mechanisms in pumpkin remain poorly understood. In this study, using the F2 population crossed from the subgynoecious line 2013-12 and the monoecious line 9-6, we initially identified a recessive locus to control the subgynoecious trait and named it sg1. After bulked segregant analysis with whole-genome resequencing and molecular marker linkage analysis, the sg1 locus was mapped to pumpkin Chromosome 2. Genetic sequence analysis found a pumpkin calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) gene, CmaCPK4, in the mapping interval as the candidate gene. A retrotransposon insertion identified within the promoter elevated CmaCPK4 expression in 2013-12. Morphological characterization of near-isogenic lines containing the sg1 allele showed increases in the ratio of female flowers and high ethylene contents in terminal buds compared with the receptor parent. Heterologous overexpression of CmaCPK4 significantly increased the ratio of female flowers in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Furthermore, CmaCPK4 directly interacts with and phosphorylates 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 5 (CmaACS5) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 7 (CmaACS7), resulting in increased ethylene content in 2013-12, which affected pumpkin sex determination. These findings provide insights into the role of the CmaCPK4–CmaACS5/CmaACS7 module in ethylene-induced sex determination in pumpkin.
OP02 Bridging the Gap: Reducing Delays in Axial Spondyloarthritis Diagnosis through Innovative Public Health Campaigning
Authors: Eddison Joe , Kennedy N , Heron N , Pendleton Adrian , Webb Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background and aims
The Act on Axial SpA campaign is dedicated to minimising the lengthy 8.5-year delay in diagnosing axial spondyloarthritis (axial SpA) by implementing a pioneering Gold Standard diagnosis time of just one year. Collaborating with the Belfast Health & Social Care Trust, our initiative aims to streamline the patient journey from symptom onset to diagnosis through a comprehensive, integrated intervention package. By enhancing awareness of Axial SpA and optimising diagnostic procedures alongside specialist care pathways, our pilot project endeavours to abbreviate the time to diagnosis, thereby serving as a blueprint for broader implementation across healthcare systems.

Methods
In partnership with a specialist Belfast-based creative agency, we devised a geo-targeted, multi-channel media campaign to bolster public awareness. Our strategy encompassed out-of-home advertising, radio promotions, and targeted social media adverts. The campaign featured 85 out-of-home advertising panels across 85 locations, radio slots on Cool FM, and geographically tailored social media adverts on Facebook and Instagram. Spanning six weeks during January and February 2024, we meticulously tracked the campaign's performance through standard social media and digital analytics platforms.

Results
Our campaign resonated strongly with individuals experiencing low back pain, prompting them to take action by utilising the NASS symptom checker. Over the six-week period, our social media outreach amassed an impressive 995,399 impressions and reached 831,390 individuals. Out-of-home advertising achieved an 81% reach among 18–40-year-olds in Belfast, engaging over 88,000 individuals. Additionally, radio partnership adverts reached more than 565,000 adults across Northern Ireland.
This extensive reach translated into robust engagement metrics:
• Social media ads garnered 16,799 clicks and 227,158 engagements.
• Radio advertising led to 2,390 readership engagements on Cool FM.
• The Act on Axial SpA website witnessed a surge in traffic, with 2,976 users from Belfast visiting during the campaign, compared to 285 in the entirety of 2023.
• Remarkably, the NASS symptom checker experienced a staggering 4,389% increase in average daily completions during the campaign. (Figure 1) OP02 Figure 1.Number of people completing the NASS symptom checker in Belfast. (Source: Google Analytics).

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of engaging individuals with longstanding low back pain through innovative, visually compelling marketing materials infused with public health messaging. Moreover, early clinical data suggests that heightened public awareness can be achieved without overwhelming the healthcare system, while expediting patients' journeys towards diagnosis. By continuing to monitor referrals and diagnoses, we aim to assess the long-term impact of our campaign on addressing delays in axial SpA diagnosis.
aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity complexes regulate podocyte motility and crescent formation in the progression of ANCA-associated vasculitis
Authors: Zou Rong , Wang Chen , Geng Wei , Little Mark A , Chen Min 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Podocyte bridging may be a key initial event occurring early in crescent formation. This study aims to probe the underlying mechanism of atypical protein kinase C (aPKC)/protease-activated receptor 3(Par3)/Par6 polarity complexes on podocyte motility and crescent formation during the progression of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV).

Methods
The effects of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody (mAb) on the crescent formation, localization and expression of aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity complexes, and activities of small GTPases (Rho/Rac1/Cdc42) were explored in an AAV mouse model. Podocytes were stimulated in vitro by TNF-α and myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA positive serum collected from patients with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA). Then, podocyte motility, aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity protein expression and small GTPases activity were measured. The impacts of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a type of molecular chaperone, on the phosphorylation of aPKC was evaluated.

Results
Anti-TNF-α mAb inhibited crescent formation and restored the localization of aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity complexes in the glomerulus of the AAV mouse model. Both MPO-ANCA-positive serum and TNF-α stimulation significantly induced podocyte motility by inhibiting of aPKC phosphorylation and detachment of aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity complexes. Overexpression of HSP70 increased p-aPKC level and inhibited podocyte motility stimulated by either MPO-ANCA-positive serum or TNF-α.

Conclusion
The podocyte polarity preserved by aPKC/Par3/Par6 polarity complexes, especially the phosphorylation status of aPKC, may play an important role in the crescent formation of AAV. The inhibition of TNF-α prevents the crescent formation in AAV via, at least partly, inhibiting podocyte polarity loss and motility.
Assessing mold growth severity on various textiles: comparative analysis of inoculum densities and fungal strains
Authors: Hammad Ann , Beaugrand Kendall , Ross Joseph A , Allan Nick , Berman Martin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Mold growth on textiles during overseas shipping poses significant economic and health risks, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of fungal contamination dynamics. This study evaluated textile susceptibility to fungal contamination during transit by examining growth patterns, onset times, and determining minimum fungal densities for visible mold growth. Inoculations of six fungal strains (individual and pooled) were conducted at inoculum densities ranging from 102 to 106 spores/ml on various textile materials. The study comprised two phases: pilot growth (PG, with glucose) and Simulated Shipping Conditions (SSC, without glucose). PG yielded mycelial mats on textiles for all fungal strains except Penicillium citrinum and Stachybotrys chartarum. SSC exhibited variable susceptibilities, with cotton and suede highly susceptible and polyester, imitation suede, and polyurethane notably resistant to mycelial growth. Minimum fungal densities for visible mold growth were established for each textile based on SSC. The findings reveal distinct fungal susceptibilities among textiles, influenced by material composition and structure. Consistent growth on certain textiles at lower fungal densities highlights the need for targeted preventive measures. This research provides crucial insights for the manufacturing and shipping industries, guiding the development of effective mold prevention strategies and establishment of contamination limits during overseas transport.
DeSUMOylating isopeptidase 1 participates in the faithful chromosome segregation and vincristine sensitivity
Authors: Ikeda Yuki , Yuki Ryuzaburo , Saito Youhei , Nakayama Yuji 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSUMOylation, the modification of proteins with a small ubiquitin‐like modifier (SUMO), is known to regulate various cellular events, including cell division. This process is dynamic, with its status depending on the balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation. While the regulation of cell division by sentrin‐specific protease (SENP) family proteins through deSUMOylation has been investigated, the role of another deSUMOylase, deSUMOylating isopeptidase 1 (DESI1), remains unknown. In this study, we explored DESI1's role in cell division. Knockdown of DESI1 accelerated cell division progression, leading to a significant increase in abnormal chromosome segregation. These phenotypes were rescued by re‐expression of wild‐type DESI1, but not catalytically inactive DESI1. DESI1 knockdown reduced the mitotic arrest caused by nocodazole, suggesting DESI1's involvement in the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Localization of Aurora B, a key SAC regulator, at the metaphase chromosomes was reduced due to decreased Aurora B expression upon DESI1 knockdown. Consistently, DESI1 knockdown reduced transcription of FoxM1 target genes, such as Aurora B, cyclin B1, and CENP‐F. The TCGA database showed that both decreased and increased DESI1 expression levels are associated with poor prognosis in patients with certain cancer types. Importantly, we found that DESI1 knockdown reduced sensitivity to vincristine by inducing mitotic slippage. These results suggest that DESI1 is required for faithful chromosome segregation via regulating FoxM1 transcriptional activity and thereby SAC activity in an isopeptidase activity‐dependent manner. Our findings identified DESI1 as a novel regulator of cell division and a factor affecting cancer chemotherapy.
Precision Education: The Future of Lifelong Learning in Medicine
Authors: Desai Sanjay V. , Burk-Rafel Jesse , Lomis Kimberly D. , Caverzagie Kelly , Richardson Judee , O’Brien Celia Laird , Andrews John , Heckman Kevin , Henderson David , Prober Charles G. , Pugh Carla M. , Stern Scott D. , Triola Marc M. , Santen Sally A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The goal of medical education is to produce a physician workforce capable of delivering high-quality equitable care to diverse patient populations and communities. To achieve this aim amidst explosive growth in medical knowledge and increasingly complex medical care, a system of personalized and continuous learning, assessment, and feedback for trainees and practicing physicians is urgently needed. In this perspective, the authors build on prior work to advance a conceptual framework for such a system: precision education (PE).
PE is a system that uses data and technology to transform lifelong learning by improving personalization, efficiency, and agency at the individual, program, and organization levels. PE “cycles” start with data inputs proactively gathered from new and existing sources, including assessments, educational activities, electronic medical records, patient care outcomes, and clinical practice patterns. Through technology-enabled analytics, insights are generated to drive precision interventions. At the individual level, such interventions include personalized just-in-time educational programming. Coaching is essential to provide feedback and increase learner participation and personalization. Outcomes are measured using assessment and evaluation of interventions at the individual, program, and organizational levels, with ongoing adjustment for repeated cycles of improvement. PE is rooted in patient, health system, and population data; promotes value-based care and health equity; and generates an adaptive learning culture.
The authors suggest fundamental principles for PE, including promoting equity in structures and processes, learner agency, and integration with workflow (harmonization). Finally, the authors explore the immediate need to develop consensus-driven standards: rules of engagement between people, products, and entities that interact in these systems to ensure interoperability, data sharing, replicability, and scale of PE innovations.
Trainees’ Perspectives on the Next Era of Assessment and Precision Education
Authors: Marcotte Kayla , Negrete Manriquez Jose A. , Hunt Maya , Spadafore Maxwell , Perrone Kenneth H. , Zhou Christine Yang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The next era of assessment in medical education promises new assessment systems, increased focus on ensuring high-quality equitable patient care, and precision education to drive learning and improvement. The potential benefits of using learning analytics and technology to augment medical training abound. To ensure that the ideals of this future for medical education are realized, educators should partner with trainees to build and implement new assessment systems. Coproduction of assessment systems by educators and trainees will help to ensure that new educational interventions are feasible and sustainable. In this paper, the authors provide a trainee perspective on 5 key areas that affect trainees in the next era of assessment: (1) precision education, (2) assessor education, (3) transparency in assessment development and implementation, (4) ongoing evaluation of the consequences of assessment, and (5) patient care data as sources of education outcomes.
As precision education is developed, it is critical that trainees understand how their educational data are collected, stored, and ultimately utilized for educational outcomes. Since assessors play a key role in generating assessment data, it is important that they are prepared to give high-quality assessments and are continuously evaluated on their abilities. Transparency in the development and implementation of assessments requires communicating how assessments are created, the evidence behind them, and their intended uses. Furthermore, ongoing evaluation of the intended and unintended consequences that new assessments have on trainees should be conducted and communicated to trainees. Finally, trainees should participate in determining what patient care data are used to inform educational outcomes. The authors believe that trainee coproduction is critical to building stronger assessment systems that utilize evidence-based educational theories for improved learning and ultimately better patient care.
Considering the Secondary Use of Clinical and Educational Data to Facilitate the Development of Artificial Intelligence Models
Authors: Thoma Brent , Spadafore Maxwell , Sebok-Syer Stefanie S. , George Brian C. , Chan Teresa M. , Krumm Andrew E. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Medical training programs and health care systems collect ever-increasing amounts of educational and clinical data. These data are collected with the primary purpose of supporting either trainee learning or patient care. Well-established principles guide the secondary use of these data for program evaluation and quality improvement initiatives. More recently, however, these clinical and educational data are also increasingly being used to train artificial intelligence (AI) models. The implications of this relatively unique secondary use of data have not been well explored. These models can support the development of sophisticated AI products that can be commercialized. While these products have the potential to support and improve the educational system, there are challenges related to validity, patient and learner consent, and biased or discriminatory outputs. The authors consider the implications of developing AI models and products using educational and clinical data from learners, discuss the uses of these products within medical education, and outline considerations that should guide the appropriate use of data for this purpose. These issues are further explored by examining how they have been navigated in an educational collaborative.