bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Skeletal Muscle Index as a Predictor of Wait‐List Mortality in Patients With End‐Stage Liver Disease
Authors: Kappus Matthew R. , Wegermann Kara , Bozdogan Erol , Patel Yuval A. , Janas Gemini , Shropshire Erin , Parish Alice , Niedzwiecki Donna , Muir Andrew J. , Bashir Mustafa 
Published: May 2020

The aim of this study is to validate a proposed definition of sarcopenia in predicting wait‐list mortality. We retrospectively evaluated 355 adults (age ≥18 years) with cirrhosis listed for first‐time LT from January 1, 2010, to April 1, 2018 from our center. Demographic, laboratory, and outcome data were collected in conjunction with computed tomography scans performed within 3 months of listing. Using imaging analysis software, the skeletal muscle index (SMI), which is a marker for sarcopenia‐related mortality, was calculated. A survival analysis was performed to evaluate the association of the proposed sarcopenia definition of SMI <50 cm2/m2 for men or <39 cm2/m2 for women with wait‐list mortality or delisting. Median SMI was 54.1 cm2/m2 (range, 47‐60 cm2/m2). A total of 61 (17.2%) patients exhibited sarcopenia according to the proposed threshold, and 24.6% (57/232) of men were sarcopenic compared with 3.3% (4/123) of women (P < 0.001). Mean (standard deviation [SD]) SMI was also higher for men (56.6 ± 9.6 cm2/m2) than for women (50.7 ± 8.0 cm2/m2; P < 0.001). Median follow‐up time among patients was 2.1 months (0‐12 months), and 30 events were observed (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.95‐1.02; P = 0.41). There was no statistically significant difference in time on the waiting list between patients with and without sarcopenia (P = 0.89) as defined at the threshold. Using the prespecified definitions of sarcopenia based on SMI, there was no statistically significant difference in mortality and delisting from the transplant waiting list between patients with and without sarcopenia in this population. Practice and region‐specific patterns for pretransplant selection and median Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease at transplant may affect SMI as a predictor of wait‐list mortality.
UV‐Light Responsive and Self‐Healable Ethylene/Propylene Copolymer Rubbers Based on Reversible [4 + 4] Cycloaddition of Anthracene Derivatives
Authors: He Zongke , Niu Hui , Li Yang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA series of pendant anthracene‐functionalized ethylene/propylene copolymer rubbers (EPRs) with UV‐light response and self‐healing properties are prepared in this work. The reversible crosslinked networks are achieved based on the highly reversible nature of [4 + 4] cycloaddition of anthracene derivatives. The reversible crosslinking process is characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, which gives a high conversion yield of ≈90% as well as the reversibility of ≈70%. This reversible reaction is successfully applied to the self‐healing of EPR material. The healing efficiency is evaluated quantitatively by tensile test measurement. In terms of stress at break, the healing efficiency of crosslinked EPR with anthracene content of 5.7 mol% can reach 82.9%. The anthracene‐functionalized EPR might have a potential prospect of application in self‐healing field.
Bioinspired All‐Polyester Diblock Copolymers Made from Poly(pentadecalactone) and Poly(2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)benzoate): Synthesis and Polymer Film Properties
Authors: Saar Julia S. , Lienkamp Karen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe bioinspired diblock copolymers poly(pentadecalactone)‐block‐poly(2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)benzoate) (PPDL‐block‐P2HEB) are synthesized from pentadecalactone and dihydro‐5H‐1,4‐benzodioxepin‐5‐one (2,3‐DHB). No transesterification between the blocks is observed. In a sequential approach, PPDL obtained by ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) is used to initiate 2,3‐DHB. Here, the molar mass Mn of the P2HEB block is limited. In a modular approach, end‐functionalized PPDL and P2HEB are obtained separately by ROP with functional initiators, and connected by 1,3‐dipolar Huisgen reaction (“click‐chemistry”). Block copolymer compositions from 85:15 mass percent to 28:72 mass percent (PPDL:P2HEB) are synthesized, with Mn of from about 30 000–50 000 g mol−1. The structure of the block copolymer is confirmed by proton NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Morphological studies by atomic force microscopy (AFM) further confirms the block copolymer structure, while quantitative nanomechanical AFM measurements reveal that the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov moduli of the block copolymers range between 17.2 ± 1.8 and 62.3 ± 5.7 MPa, i.e., between the values of the parent P2HEB and PPDL homopolymers (7.6 ± 1.4 and 801 ± 42 MPa, respectively). Differential scanning calorimetry shows that the thermal properties of the homopolymers are retained by each of the copolymer blocks (melting temperature 90 °C, glass transition temperature 36 °C).
PEGylation of Fluorescein by Enzyme‐Catalyzed “Click” Michael Addition
Authors: Shrikhande Gayatri , Mulay Prajakatta , Puskas Judit E. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper reports the first “Click” Michael addition catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) between fluorescein o‐acrylate and thiol‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)s (HS‐PEG‐SH, Mn = 1200 g mol−1, Đ = 1.14, and Mn = 2200 g mol−1, Đ = 1.09). The progress of the reactions is monitored with 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. In the absence of CALB, the reaction does not go to completion even after 18 h but completes in less than 2 min when CALB is added. Similarly, the reaction with HS‐PEG‐SH having Mn = 2200 g mol−1 and Đ = 1.09 completes in less than 2 min by CALB catalysis. The structures of the products are also confirmed by 13C‐NMR. This enzyme‐catalyzed “Click” Michael addition is found to be a powerful tool to synthesize fluorescein‐based polymeric conjugates for a wide variety of applications.
PathwayPCA: an R/Bioconductor Package for Pathway Based Integrative Analysis of Multi‐Omics Data
Authors: Odom Gabriel J. , Ban Yuguang , Colaprico Antonio , Liu Lizhong , Silva Tiago Chedraoui , Sun Xiaodian , Pico Alexander R. , Zhang Bing , Wang Lily , Chen Xi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe authors present pathwayPCA, an R/Bioconductor package for integrative pathway analysis that utilizes modern statistical methodology, including supervised and adaptive, elastic‐net, sparse principal component analysis. pathwayPCA can be applied to continuous, binary, and survival outcomes in studies with multiple covariates and/or interaction effects. It outperforms several alternative methods at identifying disease‐associated pathways in integrative analysis using both simulated and real datasets. In addition, several case studies are provided to illustrate pathwayPCA analysis with gene selection, estimating, and visualizing sample‐specific pathway activities, identifying sex‐specific pathway effects in kidney cancer, and building integrative models for predicting patient prognosis. pathwayPCA is an open‐source R package, freely available through the Bioconductor repository. pathwayPCA is expected to be a useful tool for empowering the wider scientific community to analyze and interpret the wealth of available proteomics data, along with other types of molecular data recently made available by Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium and other large consortiums.
Approaches, applications, and future directions for hyperspectral vegetation studies: An emphasis on yield‐limiting factors in wheat
Authors: Bruning Brooke , Berger Bettina , Lewis Megan , Liu Huajian , Garnett Trevor 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHyperspectral instruments acquire spectral information in many narrow, contiguous bands throughout the visible, near‐infrared and shortwave regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Hyperspectral techniques are becoming very powerful tools for characterizing plants and nondestructively quantifying their chemical and physical properties because of their ability to provide layered trait information within the same spectral region. However, to effectively make use of hyperspectral sensing, an understanding of the theory behind these techniques, the power, and the limitations of the resulting data is required. This article presents an overview of hyperspectral sensing in regard to principles, instrumentation, processing methods, and current applications, specifically focusing on the quantification of yield‐limiting factors in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The spectral properties of plants across the electromagnetic spectrum are first described to achieve a better understanding of plant–light interactions. Basic information about different imaging approaches is provided as are the necessary considerations for the analysis of hyperspectral data. Some of the major technical challenges associated with hyperspectral imaging as well as future directions are discussed. Finally, as an example crop, the use of hyperspectral techniques for quantifying yield‐limiting factors in wheat is presented.
Fatigue and activity after stroke. Secondary results from the Life After Stroke study
Authors: Braaten Ragnhild Sunde , Askim Torunn , Gunnes Mari , Indredavik Bent 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe how the prevalence of fatigue changed from the subacute phase to the chronic phase after stroke, and to investigate how activity was associated with fatigue among participants included in the randomized controlled multicentre‐study Life After STroke (LAST).MethodsThe present study represents secondary analysis based on data from the LAST study. One‐hundred‐and‐forty‐five patients with mild and moderate stroke (mean (SD) age: 71.5 (10.5) years, 57.2% males) recruited from St. Olav's University Hospital were included. Fatigue was assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS‐7) at inclusion, 3 months after stroke, and at follow‐up 18 months later. activPAL was used to measure activity at follow‐up.ResultsA total of 46 (31.7%) participants reported fatigue at inclusion and 43 (29.7%) at follow‐up (p = .736). In the univariable regression analysis, sedentary behaviour, walking and sedentary bouts were significantly associated with fatigue (p ≤ .015), whereas only time spent walking was significantly associated with fatigue in the multivariable regression analysis (p = .017).ConclusionsThe present study showed that fatigue is a common symptom after stroke and that the prevalence of fatigue remained unchanged from the subacute to the chronic phase. The study also showed that increased time spent walking was strongly related to lower fatigue, while no such associations were found between the other activity categories and fatigue.
A novel plant pathogen management tool for vector management
Authors: Stillson Patrick T , Bloom Elias H , Illán Javier G , Szendrei Zsofia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDecision support systems often focus on insect control due to direct damage. However, when insects vector plant pathogens, these decision support systems must be tailored to disease management. However, a decision system that links diagnosticians to vector management is lacking and complicated by patterns of insect abundance over space and time. Here, we describe an approach that integrated monitoring of an insect pest (aster leafhopper; Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Forbes) that vectors aster yellows phytoplasma (Candidatus Phytoplasma spp.), with rapid disease diagnostics and web‐based text messaging in two crops, carrots and celery.RESULTSFrom 2014–2019, a total of 8,343 aster leafhoppers were collected, 99 of these were infected with phytoplasma. Text messaging reduced the number of infected leafhoppers. When we compared infected leafhopper density across crops, their temporal patterns were most similar at a 2‐week delay. Comparisons within crop indicated that in celery uninfected and infected leafhopper density was most similar at a 2‐week delay, but there was no similar pattern in carrots. Leafhopper density and infectivity were not similar beyond individual farms.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that farmers should account for these temporal and spatial patterns when managing leafhoppers infected with aster yellows phytoplasma to improve pest management. By combining extensive monitoring, with rapid disease diagnostics, and text messaging, we demonstrate the value of our decision support tool. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Indoxacarb‐loaded fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles for effective control of Plutella xylostella L. with decreased detoxification enzymes activities
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Xu Chunli , Cao Lidong , Zhao Pengyue , Cao Chong , Li Fengmin , Huang Qiliang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDPlutella xylostella L. is a cosmopolitan lepidopteron insect pest for numerous vegetables and crops. The extensive use of insecticides has resulted in the emergence of resistance in P. xylostella. Thus, development of innovative strategies to overcome the insecticide resistance and control P. xylostella effectively is highly desirable. Inspired by the concept and breakthrough of nanomedical strategies to treat multidrug resistance, nanotechnology may find potential application in overcoming or delaying insecticide resistance.RESULTSCarbon dots‐embedded fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FL‐SiO2 NPs) were successfully developed. Indoxacarb‐loaded nanoparticles (IN@FL‐SiO2 NPs) were facilely prepared with loading content of 24%. The release of indoxacarb from IN@FL‐SiO2 NPs was pH sensitive. IN@FL‐SiO2 NPs exhibited better insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than indoxacarb technical under the same doses of active ingredient applied. Moreover, the activities of detoxification enzymes including GST, CarE, and P450 of P. xylostella were suppressed by treatment with IN@FL‐SiO2 NPs. Furthermore, the entry of FL‐SiO2 NPs into the midgut of P. xylostella was confirmed by CLSM observation.CONCLUSIONSAlthough there is no absolute correlation between the enzyme activity and resistance, the change in corresponding enzyme activity can afford valuable information on the resistance situation. IN@FL‐SiO2 NPs treated P. xylostella displayed higher mortality, along with decreased enzymes activities, which indicates that nano‐based delivery system of insecticide could be potentially applied in insecticide resistance management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Parents, individualism and education: three paradigms and four countries
Authors: Fevre Ralph , Guimarães Isabel , Zhao Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) is an important indicator of the increased global importance of education. It defines the goal of education at the level of the child rather than the state, the community or household. The requirement that each child be treated as an individual who can expect to see their ‘personality, talents and mental and physical abilities’ fully developed, is an example of the individualism which features in three important theoretical paradigms for understanding the rise of education and training. We compare accounts of the global growth of education produced by functionalism, neoinstitutionalism and political economy with the help of qualitative research on children’s experience of parental influences. The research is drawn from semi‐structured interviews with millennial graduates in Portugal, Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It reveals weaknesses in the paradigms which are related to the way each theorises individualism and the role it plays in parental influence on education. The functionalist and neoinstitutionalist conceptions of individualism limit the usefulness of these paradigms for understanding changes in the way families around the world prepare children for education. The political economy paradigm is more promising; however, an approach which identifies only one, neoliberal, version of individualism has limited purchase on international differences in parental influences and the way these influences are changing. An approach which can draw on the contrast between a cognitive individualism associated with neoliberalism, and sentimental individualism which originates in social movements, is more promising.
The basic reproduction number of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan is about to die out, how about the rest of the World?
Authors: Rahman Bootan , Sadraddin Evar , Porreca Annamaria 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe virologically confirmed cases of a new coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) in the world are rapidly increasing, leading epidemiologists and mathematicians to construct transmission models that aim to predict the future course of the current pandemic. The transmissibility of a virus is measured by the basic reproduction number (
R0), which measures the average number of new cases generated per typical infectious case. This review highlights the articles reporting rigorous estimates and determinants of COVID‐19
R0 for the most affected areas. Moreover, the mean of all estimated
R0 with median and interquartile range is calculated. According to these articles, the basic reproduction number of the virus epicentre Wuhan has now declined below the important threshold value of 1.0 since the disease emerged. Ongoing modelling will inform the transmission rates seen in the new epicentres outside of China, including Italy, Iran and South Korea.
Influence of altitude on tropical marine habitat classification using imagery from fixed‐wing, water‐landing UAVs
Authors: Ellis Sophia L. , Taylor Michelle L. , Schiele Melissa , Letessier Tom B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are cost‐effective remote sensing tools useful for generating very high‐resolution (VHR) aerial imagery. Habitat maps generated from UAV imagery are a fundamental component of marine spatial planning, essential for the designation and governance of marine protected areas (MPAs). We investigated whether UAV survey altitude affects habitat classification performance and the classification accuracy of thematic maps from a tropical shallow water environment. We conducted repeated UAV flights at 75, 85, and 110 m, using a fixed‐wing UAV on the Turneffe Atoll, Belize. Flights were ground truthed with snorkel surveys. Images were mosaiced to form orthomosaics and transformed into thematic maps through semi‐automatic object‐based image analysis (OBIA). Three subset areas (4000 m2, 17 000 m2 and 17 000 m2) from two cayes on the atoll were selected to investigate the effect of survey altitude. A linear regression demonstrated that for every 1 m increase in survey altitude, there was a ~1% decrease in the overall classification accuracy. A low survey altitude of 75 m produced a higher classification accuracy for thematic maps and increased the representation of mangrove, seagrass and sand. The variability in classified cover was driven by altitude, although the direction and extent of this relationship was specific to each class. For coral and sea, classified cover decreased with increased altitude. Mangrove classified cover was non‐sensitive to altitude changes, demonstrating a lesser need for a consistent survey altitude. Sand and seagrass had a greater sensitivity to altitude, due to classified cover variability between altitudes. Our findings suggest that survey altitude should be minimized when classifying tropical marine environments (coral, seagrass) and, given that most fixed‐wing UAVs are restricted to a minimum altitude of 70 m, we recommend an altitude of 75 m. Survey altitude should be a major consideration when targeting habitats with greater sensitivity to altitude variability.
Orthogonally Regulated Mechanical Strength and Molecular Delivery Capabilities Achieved in a Double Network Hydrogel Matrix
Authors: Teng Kaixuan , Luan Xinglong , An Qi , Zhao Yantao , Hu Xiantong , Zhang Shuting , Zhuang Jialin , Li Xiaobo , Lu Limei , Zhang Yihe 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpecific mechanical properties and molecular delivery capacities are important parameters in biomedical materials. However, in most materials, these two properties are intertwined and orthogonal adjustments of each of these properties remains difficult. In this report we propose a hydrogel design strategy that permits orthogonal adjustment of the mechanical strength and molecular delivery properties. Our strategy involves employing a double‐network hydrogel whereby the PAM network is responsible for adjusting the mechanical strength, and a CD‐laden network tunes the molecular delivery speeds taking advantage of the affinity between the diffusive molecules and the matrix. The mechanical strengths between 50 and 350 Pa were varied in the hydrogel matrix, and molecular deliveries with times varying between 200 min and 133 h were achieved. A complex hydrogel matrix permits delivery of three molecules with dramatically different release profiles. Cell culturing results show the sensitivity of the cell's response to the tuning of mechanical strength and delivery efficiency. We believe that our hydrogel matrix design concept broadens the design scope and functions of biomedical materials.
Polymerization and Copolymerization Reactions of Light Alkenes with Postmetallocene Catalysts Containing Titanium Complexes with Bidentate Pinacol Ligands
Authors: Rishina Laura A. , Kissin Yury V. , Lalayan Svetlana S. , Gagieva Svetlana Ch. , Tuskaev Vladislav A. , Krasheninnikov Vadim G. , Grinev Vitaly G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTwo Ti complexes with bidentate ligands derived from pinacol and perfluoropinacol and activated with a binary Al(C2H5)2Cl ‐ Mg(C4H9)2 cocatalyst are efficient catalysts for polymerization of lightest alkenes, ethylene and propylene, and for their copolymerization. They produce linear polyethylene of moderate molecular weight and essentially atactic amorphous polypropylene. Ethylene/propylene copolymers prepared with these catalysts are compositionally uniform resins with a very low crystallinity degree which can be used as synthetic EPM rubbers.
Carbon Nanosheet Anode for Sodium‐Ion Storage and Its Application in Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Chen Li , Duan Wenhui , Yang Bingjun , Liu Bao , Li Hongxia , Lang Junwei , Chen Jiangtao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this study, sodium ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) constructed by using battery‐type carbon nanosheet (CNS) as anode and capacitive activated carbon (AC) as cathode are reported. The CNSs with large interlayer spacing were deposited on Na2CO3 powder by using chemical vapor deposition method. The CNS anode for sodium ion storage exhibits outstanding rate capability (138 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1, 63 % retention of the capacity at 0.05 A g−1) and excellent long‐term cyclability at 10 A g−1 after 12500 cycles. Benifting from high performance of anodes abovemensioned, the assembled SIHC based on CNS and AC, operated in a voltage window of 1.0∼4.0 V, delivers a high specific energy of 135 Wh kg−1 at 250 W kg−1 and a maximum power of 25 kW kg−1 with the output 69 Wh kg−1.
Catalytic Pyrolysis of 2‐Chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane to Synthesize Vinylidene Fluoride over the Potassium‐Promoted Carbon Catalysts
Authors: Yuan Juanjuan , Hong Zhe , Xi Zhiwen , Jia Wenzhi , Huang Zhi , Li Junhui , Zhu Zhirong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVinylidene fluoride (VDF) is a crucial monomer for manufacturing polyvinyl fluoride. Catalytic pyrolysis is an ideal route to dispose of 2‐chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane (HCFC‐142) byproduct derived from the industrial manufacture of 1‐chloro‐1,1‐difluoroethane (HCFC‐142b). The activated carbon catalysts treated by nitric acid and further supported by potassium, were employed to catalytic pyrolysis of HCFC‐142 to synthesize VDF. The prepared K/C catalysts were characterized by BET, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM‐EDX, Raman, NH3‐ and CO2‐ Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD). With the increase of potassium loading, the surface areas of K/C catalysts reduce gradually, whereas their amounts of surface base sites increase. When the potassium loading reaches up to 1.0%, the 1 K/C catalyst possesses the superior catalytic performance, with the highest conversion of 47.7% and selectivity to VDF of 48.4% at 600 °C. The potassium species improved the catalytic performance of activated carbon is associated with the suitable amounts of surface base sites.