bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complications and outcome after rib fracture fixation: A systematic review
Authors: Peek Jesse , Beks Reinier B. , Hietbrink Falco , Heng Marilyn , De Jong Mirjam B. , Beeres Frank J.P. , Leenen Loek P.H. , Groenwold Rolf H.H. , Houwert R. Marijn 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in operative treatment for multiple rib fractures and flail chest. However, to date, there is no comprehensive study that extensively focused on the incidence of complications associated with rib fracture fixation. Furthermore, there is insufficient knowledge about the short- and long-term outcomes after rib fracture fixation.

METHODS
This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched to identify studies reporting on complications and/or outcome of surgical treatment after rib fractures. Complications were subdivided into (1) surgery- and implant-related complications, (2) bone-healing complications, (3) pulmonary complications, and (4) mortality.

RESULTS
Forty-eight studies were included, with information about 1,952 patients who received rib fracture fixation because of flail chest or multiple rib fractures. The overall risk of surgery- and implant-related complications was 10.3%, with wound infection in 2.2% and fracture-related infection in 1.3% of patients. Symptomatic nonunion was a relatively uncommon complication after rib fixation (1.3%). Pulmonary complications were found in 30.9% of patients, and the overall mortality was 2.9%, of which one third appeared to be the result of the thoracic injuries and none directly related to the surgical procedure. The most frequently used questionnaire to assess patient quality of life was the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) (n = 4). Four studies reporting on the EQ-5D had a weighted mean EQ-5D index of 0.80 indicating good quality of life after rib fracture fixation.

CONCLUSION
Surgical fixation can be considered as a safe procedure with a considerably low complication risk and satisfactory long-term outcomes, with surgery- and implant-related complications in approximately 10% of the patients. However, the clinically most relevant complications such as infections occur infrequently, and the number of complications requiring immediate (surgical) treatment is low.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Systematic Review, level III.
Validation of a novel partial resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta device in a swine hemorrhagic shock model: Fine tuning flow to optimize bleeding control and reperfusion injury
Authors: Forte Dominic M. , Do Woo S. , Weiss Jessica B. , Sheldon Rowan R. , Kuckelman John P. , Cook Benjamin A. , Levine Tiffany C. , Eckert Matthew J. , Martin Matthew J. 
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVES
Partial restoration of aortic flow during resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is advocated by some to mitigate distal ischemia. Our laboratory has validated the mechanics and optimal partial REBOA (pREBOA) flow rates using a prototype device. We hypothesize that pREBOA will increase survival when compared with full REBOA (fREBOA) in prolonged nonoperative management of hemorrhagic shock.

METHODS
Twenty swine underwent placement of aortic flow probes, zone 1 REBOA placement, and 20% blood volume hemorrhage. They were randomized to either solid organ or abdominal vascular injury. The pREBOA arm (10 swine) underwent full inflation for 10 minutes and then deflation to a flow rate of 0.5 L/min for 2 hours. The fREBOA arm (10 swine) underwent full inflation for 60 minutes, followed by deflation/resuscitation. The primary outcome is survival, and secondary outcomes are serologic/pathologic signs of ischemia-reperfusion injury and quantity of hemorrhage.

RESULTS
Two of 10 swine survived in the fREBOA group (2/5 solid organ injury; 0/5 abdominal vascular injury), whereas 7 of 10 swine survived in the pREBOA group (3/5 solid organ injury, 4/5 abdominal vascular injury). Survival was increased (p = 0.03) and hemorrhage was higher in the pREBOA group (solid organ injury, 1.36 ± 0.25 kg vs. 0.70 ± 0.33 kg, p = 0.007; 0.86 ± 0.22 kg vs. 0.71 ± 0.28 kg, not significant). Serum evidence of ischemia was greater with fREBOA, but this was not significant (e.g., lactate, 16.91 ± 3.87 mg/dL vs. 12.96 ± 2.48 mg/dL at 120 minutes, not significant). Swine treated with pREBOA that survived demonstrated trends toward lower alanine aminotransferase, lower potassium, and higher calcium. The potassium was significantly lower in survivors at 60 minutes and 90 minutes time points (5.97 ± 0.60 vs. 7.53 ± 0.90, p = 0.011; 6.67 ± 0.66 vs. 8.15 ± 0.78, p = 0.029). Calcium was significantly higher at 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes (8.56 ± 0.66 vs. 7.50 ± 0.40, p = 0.034; 8.63 ± 0.62 vs. 7.15 ± 0.49, p = 0.019; 8.96 ± 0.64 vs. 7.00, p = 0.028).

CONCLUSION
Prolonged pREBOA at a moderate distal flow rate provided adequate hemorrhage control, improved survival, and had evidence of decreased ischemic injury versus fREBOA. Prophylactic aggressive calcium supplementation may have utility before and during the reperfusion phase.
Splenial Restricted Diffusion as MRI Correlate of Diaschisis in a Blind Infant With Unilateral Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke
Authors: Eton Emily A. , Patel Tapan P. , Srinivasan Ashok , Moritani Toshio , Trobe Jonathan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract:
A 3-month-old male infant appeared on multiple clinical examinations to have acutely developed bilateral retrogeniculate blindness. Electroencephalography showed focal status epilepticus confined to the left posterior cerebral hemisphere. MRI demonstrated restricted diffusion in the domain of the left posterior cerebral artery consistent with acute stroke. Notably, the restricted diffusion extended across the midline in the splenium of the corpus callosum. This splenial sign may be the imaging correlate of cerebral diaschisis, a well-described phenomenon in which patients with new brain lesions develop acutely impaired neurologic function in related but nonlesioned brain regions. Diaschisis has been posited as the explanation for the temporary bilateral blindness in adult patients suffering from unilateral occipital infarctions.
Decoding the lethal effect ofSARS-CoV-2(novel coronavirus) strains from global perspective: molecular pathogenesis and evolutionary divergence
Authors: Banerjee Shuvam , Dhar Shrinjana , Bhattacharjee Sandip , Bhattacharjee Pritha 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 is a disease with global public health emergency that have shook the world since its’ first detection in China in December, 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible behind this pandemic. The lethality of different viral strains is found to vary in different geographical locations but the molecular mechanism is yet to be known.MethodsAvailable data of whole genome sequencing of different viral strains published by different countries were retrieved and then analysed using Multiple Sequence Alignment and Pair-wise Sequence Alignment leading to Phylogenetic tree construction. Each location and the corresponding genetic variations were screened in depth. Then the variations are analysed at protein level giving special emphasis on Non Synonymous amino acid substitutions. The fatality rates in different countries were matched against the mutation number, rarity of the nucleotide alterations and functional impact of the Non Synonymous changes at protein level, separately and in combination.FindingsAll the viral strains have been found to evolve from the viral strain of Taiwan (MT192759) which is 100% identical with the ancestorSARS-CoV-2sequences of Wuhan (NC 045512.2; submitted on 5thJan, 2020). Transition from C to T (C>T) is the most frequent mutation in this viral genome and mutations A>T, G>A, T>A are the rarest ones, found in countries with maximum fatality rate i.e Italy, Spain and Sweden. 20 Non Synonymous mutations are located in viral genome spanning Orf1ab polyprotein, Surface glycoprotein, Nucleocapsid protein etc. The functional effect on the structure and function of the protein can favourably or unfavourably interact with the host body.InterpretationThe fatality outcome depends on three important factors (a) number of mutation (b) rarity of the allelic variation and (c) functional consequence of the mutation at protein level. The molecular divergence, evolved from the ancestral strain (S) lead to extremely lethal (E), lethal(L) and non lethal (N) strains with the involvement of an Intermediate strain(I).
Pulmonary and Cardiac Pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans
Authors: Fox Sharon E. , Akmatbekov Aibek , Harbert Jack L. , Li Guang , Brown J. Quincy , Heide Richard S. Vander 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the United States, causing extensive morbidity and mortality, though the histopathologic basis of severe disease cases has yet to be studied in detail. Over the past century, autopsy has contributed significantly to our understanding of numerous disease processes, but for several reasons, autopsy reports following deaths related to SARS- CoV-2 have thus far been limited across the globe. We report on the relevant cardiopulmonary findings in the first series of autopsies in the United States, with the cause of death being due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These cases identify key pathologic states potentially contributing to severe disease and decompensation in these patients.
Recent update on COVID-19 in India: Is locking down the country enough?
Authors: Virk Jitender Singh , Ali Syed Azmal , Kaur Gurjeet 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundIndia is the second-largest population in the world, and it is not well equipped, hitherto, in the scenario of the global pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 could impart a devastating impact on the Indian population. Only way to respond against this critical condition is by practicing large-scale social distancing. India lock down for 21 days, however, till 7 April 2020, SARS- CoV-2 positive cases were growing exponentially, which raises the concerns if the number of reported and actual cases are similar.MethodsWe use Lasso Regression with α = 0.12 and Polynomial features of degree 2 to predict the growth factor. Also, we predicted Logistic curve using the Prophet Python. Further, using the growth rate to logistic, and carrying capacity is 20000 allowed us to calculate the maximum cases and new cases per day.ResultsWe found the predicted growth factor with a standard deviation of 0.3443 for the upcoming days. When the growth factor becomes 1.0, which is known as Inflection point, it will be safe to state that the rate is no longer exponential. The estimated time to reach the inflection point is between 15-20 April. At that time, the estimated number of total positive cases will be over 12500, if lockdown remains continue.ConclusionsOur analysis suggests that there is an urgent need to take action to extend the period of lockdown and allocate enough resources, including personnel, beds, and intensive care facilities, to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks. Otherwise, the outbreak in India can reach the level of the USA or Italy or could be worse than these countries within a few days or weeks, given the size of the population and lack of resources.
Immunoglobulin fragment F(ab’)2against RBD potently neutralizes SARS-CoV-2 in vitro
Authors: Pan Xiaoyan , Zhou Pengfei , Fan Tiejiong , Wu Yan , Zhang Jing , Shi Xiaoyue , Shang Weijuan , Fang Lijuan , Jiang Xiaming , Shi Jian , Sun Yuan , Zhao Shaojuan , Gong Rui , Chen Ze , Xiao Gengfu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 caused by the emerging human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic, leading a serious threat to human health. So far, there is none vaccines or specific antiviral drugs approved for that. Therapeutic antibodies for SARS-CoV-2, was obtained from hyper immune equine plasma in this study. Herein, SARS-CoV-2 RBD with gram level were obtained through Chinese hamster ovary cells high-density fermentation. The binding of RBD to SARS-CoV-2 receptor, human ACE2, was verified and the efficacy of RBD in vivo was tested on mice and then on horses. As a result, RBD triggered high-titer neutralizing antibodies in vivo, and immunoglobulin fragment F(ab’)2was prepared from horse antisera through removing Fc. Neutralization test demonstrated that RBD-specific F(ab’)2inhibited SARS-CoV-2 with EC50at 0.07 μg/ml, showing a potent inhibitory effect on SARS-CoV-2. These results highlights as RBD-specific F(ab’)2as therapeutic candidate for SARS-CoV-2.
The spatial and cell-type distribution of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in human and mouse brain
Authors: Chen Rongrong , Wang Keer , Yu Jie , Howard Derek , French Leon , Chen Zhong , Wen Chengping , Xu Zhenghao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBy engaging angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2 or Ace2), the novel pathogenic SARS-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may invade host cells in many organs, including the brain. However, the distribution of ACE2 in the brain is still obscure. Here we investigated the ACE2 expression in the brain by analyzing data from publicly available brain transcriptome databases. According to our spatial distribution analysis, ACE2 was relatively highly expressed in some brain locations, such as the choroid plexus and paraventricular nuclei of the thalamus. According to cell-type distribution analysis, nuclear expression of ACE2 was found in many neurons (both excitatory and inhibitory neurons) and some non-neuron cells (mainly astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and endothelial cells) in human middle temporal gyrus and posterior cingulate cortex. A few ACE2-expressing nuclei were found in a hippocampal dataset, and none were detected in the prefrontal cortex. Except for the additional high expression of Ace2 in the olfactory bulb areas for spatial distribution as well as in the pericytes and endothelial cells for cell-type distribution, the distribution of Ace2 in mouse brain was similar to that in the human brain. Thus, our results reveal an outline of ACE2/Ace2 distribution in the human and mouse brain, which indicates the brain infection of SARS-CoV-2 may be capable of inducing central nervous system symptoms in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Potential species differences should be considered when using mouse models to study the neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Gene expression andin situprotein profiling of candidate SARS-CoV-2 receptors in human airway epithelial cells and lung tissue
Authors: Aguiar Jennifer A. , Tremblay Benjamin J-M. , Mansfield Michael J. , Woody Owen , Lobb Briallen , Banerjee Arinjay , Chandiramohan Abiram , Tiessen Nicholas , Dvorkin-Gheva Anna , Revill Spencer , Miller Matthew S. , Carlsten Christopher , Organ Louise , Joseph Chitra , John Alison , Hanson Paul , McManus Bruce M. , Jenkins Gisli , Mossman Karen , Ask Kjetil , Doxey Andrew C. , Hirota Jeremy A. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIn December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 emerged causing the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV, the agent responsible for the 2003 SARS outbreak, utilizes ACE2 and TMPRSS2 host molecules for viral entry. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 have recently been implicated in SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Additional host molecules including ADAM17, cathepsin L, CD147, and GRP78 may also function as receptors for SARS-CoV-2.To determine the expression andin situlocalization of candidate SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the respiratory mucosa, we analyzed gene expression datasets from airway epithelial cells of 515 healthy subjects, gene promoter activity analysis using the FANTOM5 dataset containing 120 distinct sample types, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of 10 healthy subjects, immunoblots on multiple airway epithelial cell types, and immunohistochemistry on 98 human lung samples.We demonstrate absent to low ACE2 promoter activity in a variety of lung epithelial cell samples and lowACE2gene expression in both microarray and scRNAseq datasets of epithelial cell populations. Consistent with gene expression, rare ACE2 protein expression was observed in the airway epithelium and alveoli of human lung. We present confirmatory evidence for the presence of TMPRSS2, CD147, and GRP78 proteinin vitroin airway epithelial cells and confirm broadin situprotein expression of CD147 in the respiratory mucosa.Collectively, our data suggest the presence of a mechanism dynamically regulating ACE2 expression in human lung, perhaps in periods of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and also suggest that alternate receptors for SARS-CoV-2 exist to facilitate initial host cell infection.
Prediction of SARS-CoV interaction with host proteins during lung aging reveals a potential role for TRIB3 in COVID-19
Authors: de Moraes Diogo , Paiva Brunno Vivone Buquete , Cury Sarah Santiloni , Junior João Pessoa Araújo , da Silva Mori Marcelo Alves , Carvalho Robson Francisco 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 is prevalent in the elderly. Old individuals are more likely to develop pneumonia and respiratory failure due to alveolar damage, suggesting that lung senescence may increase the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication. Considering that human coronavirus (HCoVs; SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV) require host cellular factors for infection and replication, we analyzed Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) data to test whether lung aging is associated with transcriptional changes in human protein-coding genes that potentially interact with these viruses. We found decreased expression of the gene tribbles homolog 3 (TRIB3) during aging in male individuals, and its protein was predicted to interact with HCoVs nucleocapsid protein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Using publicly available lung single-cell data, we foundTRIB3expressed mainly in alveolar epithelial cells that express SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2. Functional enrichment analysis of age-related genes, in common with SARS-CoV-induced perturbations, revealed genes associated with the mitotic cell cycle and surfactant metabolism. Given that TRIB3 was previously reported to decrease virus infection and replication, the decreased expression ofTRIB3in aged lungs may help explain why older male patients are related to more severe cases of the COVID-19. Thus, drugs that stimulate TRIB3 expression should be evaluated as a potential therapy for the disease.
RevisitingOrthotospovirusPhylogeny Using Whole Genomic Data and a Hypothesis for their Geographic Origin and Diversification
Authors: Butković Anamarija , González Rubén , Elena Santiago F. 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThe familyTospoviridae, a member of theBunyaviralesorder, is constituted of tri-segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses that infect plants and are also able of replicating in their insect vectors in a persistent manner. The family is composed of a single genus, theOrthotospovirus, whose type species isTomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV). Previous studies assessing the phylogenetic relationships within this genus were based upon partial genomic sequences, thus resulting in unresolved clades and a poor assessment of the roles of recombination and genome shuffling during mixed infections. Complete genomic data for mostOrthotospovirusspecies are now available at NCBI genome database. In this study we have used 62 complete genomes from 20 species. Our study confirms the existence of four phylogroups (A to D), grouped in two major clades (A-B and C-D), within the genus. We have estimated the split between the two major clades ∼3,100 years ago shortly followed by the split between the A and B phylogroups ∼2,860 years ago. The split between the C and D phylogroups happened more recently, ∼1,465 years ago. Segment reassortment has been shown to be important in the generation of novel viruses. Likewise, within-segment recombination events have been involved in the origin of new viral species. Finally, phylogeographic analyses of representative viruses suggests the Australasian ecozone as the possible origin of the genus, followed by complex patterns of migration, with rapid global spread and numerous reintroduction events.IMPORTANCEMembers of theOrthotospovirusgenus infect a large number of plant families, including food crops and ornamentals, resulting in multimillionaire economical losses. Despite this importance, phylogenetic relationships within the genus were established years ago based in partial genomic sequences. A peculiarity of orthotospoviruses is their tri-segmented negative sense genomes, which makes segment reassortment and within-segment recombination, two forms of viral sex, potential evolutionary forces. Using full genomes from all described orthotospovirus species, we revisited their phylogeny and confirmed the existence of four major phylogroups with uneven geographic distribution. We have also shown a pervasive role of sex in the origin of new viral species. Finally, using Bayesian phylogeographic methods, we assessed the possible geographic origin and historical dispersal of representative viruses from the different phylogroups.
The respiratory sound features of COVID-19 patients fill gaps between clinical data and screening methods
Authors: Huang Yinghui , Meng Sijun , Zhang Yi , Wu Shuisheng , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yawei , Ye Yixiang , Wei Qifeng , Zhao Niangui , Jiang Jianping , Ji Xiaoying , Zhou Chunxia , Zheng Chao , Zhang Wen , Xie Lizhong , Hu Yongchao , He Jianquan , Chen Jian , Wang Wangyue , Cao Liming , Xu Wen , Lei Yunhong , Jiang Zhenghua , Hu Weiping , Qin Wenjuan , Wang Wanyu , He Yulong , Xiao Hang , Zheng Xiaofang , Hu Yiqun , Pan Wensheng , Zhang Changhua , Cai Jianfeng 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has continuous outbreaks around the world. Lung is the main organ that be involved. There is a lack of clinical data on the respiratory sounds of COVID-19 infected pneumonia, which includes invaluable information concerning physiology and pathology. The medical resources are insufficient, which are now mainly supplied for the severe patients. The development of a convenient and effective screening method for mild or asymptomatic suspicious patients is highly demanded.MethodsThis is a retrospective case series study. 10 patients with positive results of nucleic acid were enrolled in this study. Lung auscultation was performed by the same physician on admission using a hand-held portable electronic stethoscope delivered in real time via Bluetooth. The recorded audio was exported, and was analyzed by six physicians. Each physician individually described the abnormal breathing sounds that he heard. The results were analyzed in combination with clinical data. Signal analysis was used to quantitatively describe the most common abnormal respiratory sounds.ResultsAll patients were found abnormal breath sounds at least by 3 physicians, and one patient by all physicians. Cackles, asymmetrical vocal resonance and indistinguishable murmurs are the most common abnormal breath sounds. One asymptomatic patient was found vocal resonance, and the result was correspondence with radiographic computed tomography. Signal analysis verified the credibility of the above abnormal breath sounds.ConclusionsThis study describes respiratory sounds of patients with COVID-19, which fills up for the lack of clinical data and provides a simple screening method for suspected patients.