bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional imaging of RAS pathway targeting in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells and xenografts
Authors: Butler Erin , Schwettmann Blake , Geboers Sophie , Hao Guiyang , Kim Jiwoong , Nham Kien , Sun Xiankai , Laetsch Theodore W. , Xu Lin , Williams Noelle S. , Skapek Stephen X. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundMalignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) is an aggressive form of soft‐tissue sarcoma (STS) in children. Despite intensive therapy, relatively few children with metastatic and unresectable disease survive beyond three years. RAS pathway activation is common in MPNST, suggesting MEK pathway inhibition as a targeted therapy, but the impact on clinical outcome has been small to date.ProcedureWe conducted preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic studies of two MEK inhibitors, trametinib and selumetinib, in two MPNST models and analyzed tumors for intratumor drug levels. We then investigated 3′‐deoxy‐3′‐[18F]fluorothymidine (18F‐FLT) PET imaging followed by 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging of MPNST xenografts coupled to short‐term or longer‐term treatment with selumetinib focusing on PET‐based imaging as a biomarker of MEK inhibition.ResultsTrametinib decreased pERK expression in MPNST xenografts but did not prolong survival or decrease Ki67 expression. In contrast, selumetinib prolonged survival of animals bearing MPNST xenografts, and this correlated with decreased pERK and Ki67 staining. PK studies revealed a significantly higher fraction of unbound selumetinib within a responsive MPNST xenograft model. Thymidine uptake, assessed by 18F‐FLT PET/CT, positively correlated with Ki67 expression in different xenograft models and in response to selumetinib.ConclusionThe ability of MEK inhibitors to control MPNST growth cannot simply be predicted by serum drug levels or drug‐induced changes in pERK expression. Tumor cell proliferation assessed by 18F‐FLT PET imaging might be useful as an early response marker to targeted therapies, including MEK inhibition, where a primary effect is cell‐cycle arrest.
Extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids: an update
Authors: Nahar Lutfun , Uddin Shaikh Jamal , Alam Md. Ashraful , Sarker Satyajit D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionOrganic molecules that interact with the cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, which can be endogenous, natural or synthetic compounds. They possess similar pharmacological properties as produced by the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Before cannabinoids can be analysed, they need to be extracted from the matrices.ObjectiveTo review literature on the methods and protocols for the extraction of naturally occurring cannabinoids.MethodologyAn extensive literature search was performed incorporating several databases, notably, Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials. The keywords used in the search, in various combinations, with cannabinoids and extraction being present in all combinations, were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, and extraction.ResultsIn addition to classical maceration with organic solvents, e.g. ethanol, pressurised solvent extraction, solvent heat reflux, Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, ultrasound‐assisted extraction and microwave‐assisted extraction, are routinely used nowadays for the extraction of cannabinoids from plant materials and cannabis consumer products. For the extraction of cannabinoids from biological samples, e.g. human blood, and also from food and beverages, and wastewater, solid‐phase extraction and its variants, as well as liquid–liquid extraction are commonly used. Parameters for extraction can be optimised by response surface methodology or other mathematical modelling tools. There are at least six US patents on extraction of cannabinoids available to date.ConclusionsIrrespective of the extraction method, extraction temperature, extraction time and extraction pressure play a vital role in overall yield of extraction. Solvent polarity can also be an important factor in some extraction methods.
Risk of common infections among individuals with psoriasis in Sweden: A nationwide cohort study comparing secukinumab to ustekinumab
Authors: Srinivas Chaitra , Odsbu Ingvild , Linder Marie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo determine risk of respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and candidiasis in secukinumab users compared to ustekinumab users among individuals with psoriasis in Sweden.MethodsThis was a Swedish population‐based register‐linked new‐user cohort study on individuals with psoriasis and psoriasis arthritis treated with secukinumab (2015‐2017) and ustekinumab (2009‐2017). Ever‐never exposure definition was used, that is, each individual's follow‐up time was attributed to the drug they were first exposed to. Risk of severe respiratory and urinary tract infections and candidiasis (diagnosis codes from out‐patient specialist visits and in‐patient hospitalisations) and respiratory and urinary tract infections treated in primary care (proxied by dispensation of antibiotics) was determined by adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox regression. We also give crude incidence rates and rate ratios.ResultsIn total, 1955 new users of secukinumab (n = 848) and ustekinumab (n = 1107) were identified. There was a slightly increased risk of respiratory and urinary tract infections treated in primary care among secukinumab users compared to ustekinumab users (HR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.43). Non‐significant differences in estimated risk of severe respiratory and urinary tract infections (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.57‐1.61) and candidiasis (HR: 1.80, 95% CI: 0.84‐3.84) treated in the hospital setting were observed.ConclusionWe observed a slightly increased risk of respiratory and urinary tract infections treated in primary care among secukinumab users compared to ustekinumab users. Larger studies with longer follow‐up are needed to draw conclusions on relative safety.
Synthesis and characterization of new proton exchange membrane deriving from sulfonated polyether sulfone using ionic crosslinking for electrodialysis applications
Authors: Mabrouk Walid , Lafi Ridha , Charradi Khaled , Ogier Lionel , Hafiane Amor , Fauvarque Jean François , Sollogoub Cyrille 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this research work, the synthesis and characterization of new ion exchange membranes made from sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) crosslinked by aminated PES (NH2PES) crosslinking reagent have been investigated for electrodialysis (ED) applications. Sulfonated and aminated PES have similar chemical structures that allow a good compatibility, the only difference between them is their functional groups. This membrane (called HNH2) has been obtained by reaction between SPES with 1.3 SO3H groups per monomer unit and the calculated equivalent amount of NH2PES. Three HNH2 membranes have been fabricated with different degrees of sulfonation. The HNH2 membranes properties have been evaluated using different characterization analysis. The results have shown that HNH2 membranes appear to be very promising candidates for electrochemical applications.
Low‐crystallinity to highly amorphous copolyesters with high glass transition temperatures based on rigid carbohydrate‐derived building blocks
Authors: Chen Jingying , Lin Yiming , Chen Yong , Koning Cor E , Wu Jing , Wang Huaping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe current trend of developing novel biobased polymeric materials is focused more on utilizing the unique structural/physical properties of renewable building blocks towards niche market applications. In this work, with the aim of developing low‐crystallinity to amorphous polyesters with enhanced thermal properties, a series of copolyesters based on rigid and structurally asymmetric carbohydrate‐derived building blocks, namely furan‐2,5‐dicarboxylic acid and isosorbide, and 1,4‐butanediol were successfully synthesized using melt polycondensation. The copolyesters were obtained with varied chemical compositions and rather high molecular weights (Mn = 24 000–31 000 g mol−1) and intrinsic viscosities ([η] = 0.56–0.72 dL g−1). Incorporation of both building blocks significantly enhances the glass transition temperatures (Tg = 38–107 °C) of polyesters, and also efficiently inhibits the crystallization of the copolyesters. A low content of isosorbide (ca 10 mol%) leads to complete transition of the homopolyester to nearly fully amorphous materials. Detailed characterizations of the chemical structures and thermal properties of the synthesized copolyesters were conducted using various analytical techniques. In addition, hydrolytic and enzymatic degradations of the copolymers in the presence of porcine pancreatic lipase and cutinase were also investigated. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry
AC–DC electropenetrography: fundamentals, controversies, and perspectives for arthropod pest management
Authors: Backus Elaine A , Guedes Raul Narciso C , Reif Kathryn E 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudying the intimate association of arthropods with their physical substrate is both important and challenging. It is important because substrate is a key determinant for organism fitness; challenging because the intricacies of this association are dynamic, and difficult to record and resolve. The advent of electropenetrography (EPG) and subsequent developments allowed researchers to overcome this challenge. Nonetheless, EPG research has been historically restricted to piercing–sucking hemipteran plant pests. Recently, its potential use has been greatly broadened for additional pests with instrument advances. Thus, blood‐feeding arthropods and chewing feeders, as well as non‐feeding behaviors like oviposition by both pests and parasitoids, are novel new targets for EPG research, with critical consequences for integrated pest management. EPG can explain mechanisms of crop damage, plant or animal pathogen transmission, and the effects of insecticides, antifeedants, repellents, or transgenic plants and animals, on specific behaviors of damage or transmission. This review broadly covers the principles and development of EPG technology, emphasizing controversies and challenges remaining with suggested research to overcome them. In addition, it summarizes 60+ years of basic and applied EPG research, and previews future directions for pest management. The goal is to stimulate new applications for this unique enabling technology. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Flash desorption of low‐volatility compounds deposited on a heated solid substrate (90°C) by dripping liquid methanol
Authors: Usmanov Dilshadbek T. , Ninomiya Satoshi , Hiraoka Kenzo 
Published: September 2020

RationaleDesorption of low‐volatility compounds deposited on a solid substrate by dripping a methanol drop was explored.MethodsLow‐volatility compounds such as drugs and explosives were deposited/dried on the substrate at 35°C. After increasing the temperature to 90°C, 5 μL methanol was dripped onto the substrate. The desorbed analytes were ionized by alternating current corona discharge and analyzed by mass spectrometry.ResultsFlash desorption for drugs and explosives was observed accompanied by the rapid evaporation of methanol. However, saccharides, fullerene, cholesterol, and gramicidin S were not detected by the present method.ConclusionsIt was suggested that surface‐active compounds were desorbed at the peripheral front region of the spreading liquid methanol accompanied by rapid evaporation of methanol.
Fitness of influenza A and B viruses with reduced susceptibility to baloxavir: A mini‐review
Authors: Abed Yacine , Saim‐Mamoun Amel , Boivin Guy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNeuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), that currently include oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®), peramivir (Rapivab®) and laninamivir (Inavir®), constitute an important class of antivirals recommended against seasonal influenza A and B infections. NAIs target the surface NA protein whose sialidase activity is responsible for virion release from infected cells. Because of their pivotal role in the transcription/translation process, the polymerase acidic (PA) and polymerase basic 1 and 2 (PB1 and PB2, respectively) internal proteins also constitute targets of interest for the development of additional anti‐influenza agents. Baloxavir marboxil (BXM), an inhibitor of the cap‐dependent endonuclease activity of the influenza PA protein, was approved in the United States and Japan in 2018. Baloxavir acid (BXA), the active compound of BXM, demonstrated a potent in vitro activity against different types/subtypes of influenza viruses including seasonal influenza A/B strains as well as avian influenza A viruses with a pandemic potential. A single oral dose of BXM provided virological and clinical benefits that were respectively superior or equal to those displayed by the standard (5 days, twice daily) oseltamivir regimen. Nevertheless, BXM‐resistant variants have emerged at relatively high rates in BXM‐treated children and adults. Consequently, there is a need to study the fitness (virulence and transmissibility) characteristics of mutants with a high potential to emerge as such variants can compromise the clinical usefulness of BXM. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the fitness properties of influenza A and B isolates harbouring mutations of reduced susceptibility to BXA.
Realizations in feedforward forms of nonlinear input‐output equations with time‐delays
Authors: Kaldmäe Arvo , Kawano Yu , Kotta Ülle 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThe article studies possibilities to find realization of nonlinear retarded control system with constant commensurable delays, described by higher order input‐output equation, in a set of first‐order equations, which is in the so‐called feedforward form. Necessary and sufficient conditions are found for solvability of the problem when the realization is assumed to be strongly observable, that is, when the states of the feedforward form can be represented as functions of system output, input, their time‐derivatives and delays. Though the extension follows, in general, the polynomial approach of the delay‐free case, it is nontrivial. For instance, polynomial division is not, in general, possible for polynomials, defined over ring. Three examples illustrate the results.
Radio propagation models for differential GNSS based on dense point clouds
Authors: Kubelka Vladimír , Dandurand Philippe , Babin Philippe , Giguère Philippe , Pomerleau François 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAccurate geolocation of mobile equipment operating in outdoor environments is an increasingly important question in robotics and automation. Modern geolocation systems, however, rely on the crucial ability for a mobile device to receive specific radio signals at all times. As such geolocation systems are increasingly deployed in harsh or difficult environments, for example, in the presence of tall buildings or dense forest, it becomes critical to predict how the environment will impact the propagation of these radio signals. To this effect, we present a new signal propagation model that can determine what areas would be favorable for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning, based on a prior three‐dimensional (3D) point cloud map of the environment. Our model can predict both the number of usable satellites for a GNSS receiver and the strength of the reference radio signal used in the differential GNSS scenario. Contrary to others, it takes into account both signal occlusion and absorption mechanisms, given the geometry and density of the point cloud map. We designed two rugged mobile data‐collecting platforms, both to generate the 3D maps of the environment, as well as to gather various ground truth for GNSS satellite and local radio signals. Environments used for our field deployments included a boreal forest, a subarctic forest and diverse industrial areas. Experimental results indicate that our model performs well in both structured and unstructured environments, with median errors of 1.10 for the predicted number of satellites and for the strength of the differential GNSS correction signals.
Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in sediment from typical suburban rivers
Authors: Cui Song , Gao Shang , Zhang Fuxiang , Fu Qiang , Wang Min , Liu Dong , Li Kunyang , Song Zihan , Chen Pengyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe environmental pollution and ecological risk of riverine systems are of growing concern in China and worldwide. Previous studies have mainly focused on urban and rural rivers. However, suburban rivers differ from urban and rural rivers as they are subject to complex pollution sources, random discharge of domestic garbage, improper handling of agricultural means of production and imperfect municipal engineering facilities; thus, identifying the complex pollution sources and ecological risk in suburban rivers might help improve environmental quality and inform management decisions. The occurrence and spatial distribution of six heavy metals were investigated and analysed. The average concentrations of target heavy metals in surface sediments were in the order of Zn (1,198.7) > Cr (84.6) > Pb (40.0) > Cu (25.6) > Ni (11.8) > Cd (0.5) (mg/kg, dry weight). The concentrations of all heavy metals in the study area except Ni and Pb were significantly higher (p < .05) than the environmental background values. The pollution load index (PLI) indicated that the sediments were “moderately polluted”, which was mainly caused by Zn and Cd. The potential ecological risk index (RI) showed that there was a “high” ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments, of which Cd accounted for 83% of the RI. A principal component analysis coupled with Pearson's correlations indicated that Pb and Zn were mainly associated with domestic, traffic and agricultural sources; Cr, Cu and Ni were mainly derived from traffic and natural sources, and Cd was likely from coal combustion and agricultural sources. The results from this study will provide the scientific knowledge needed to control and manage the emissions or discharge from multiple heavy metal pollution sources and identify their potential ecological risk in the sediment of suburban rivers.
Operational efficiency of equipment system drives environmental and economic performance of surface coal mining—A sustainable development approach
Authors: Rai Sheo Shankar , Murthy Vemavarapu M. S. R. , Sukesh Nalamasa , Sairam Teja Akkiraju , Raval Simit 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImproving operational efficiency (OE) of mining processes can ensure the sustainable development of the coal mining sector. The selection of equipment systems and the adoption of efficient mining methods are critical for achieving OE in mining. Planning and simulation of mining operations is a complex and dynamic process that requires deeper domain knowledge and application of computer‐based technology. Computer‐aided simulation of mining operations can help identify the most appropriate equipment system and innovative mining methods that can achieve the highest level of OE. OE has got a direct and positive impact on environmental efficiency (EE) defined in terms of reduction in emissions of GHG, TSP, and PM10, and cost efficiency (CE) defined by a reduction in unit operating cost (₹/m3). In an Indian study for a large dragline operated surface coal mine, a 40% gain in OE in terms of mining rate (m3/hr) resulted in a gain in EE with an annual reduction of GHG, TSP, and PM10emission by 26%, 47%, and 52%, respectively, and CE improved by over 33% vis‐a‐vis the existing operation without the infusion of any additional resource.
30‐5: Late‐News Paper: Glass‐based High brightness AMLED using Dual Gate Coplanar a‐IGZO TFT
Authors: Choi Jin-Woo , Song Dae-Ho , Chun Hyung-Il , Kim Min-Woo , Yang ByungChoon , Hong Jong-Ho , Kim Hyo-Min , Jang Jin , Jo Sung-Chan 
Published: September 2020

In this study, we report the high‐brightness 1.53 inch 130 PPI active‐matrix light‐emitting diode display (AMLED). Dual gate coplanar amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐IGZO) thin film transistor (TFT) is applied for the high brightness micro LED display. The micro LEDs optimized for the a‐IGZO TFT backplane are fabricated, and the low‐temperature eutectic bonding is applied to prevent thermal bonding damage.Finally, the glass based AMLED over ~ 10,000 cd/m2 is demonstrated, using the dual gate coplanar a‐IGZO TFT.
Confronting Bias With Children’s Literature: A Preservice Teacher’s Journey to Developing a Critical Lens for Reading the Word and the World
Authors: Kelly Katie , Laminack Lester , Gould Evelyn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGrounded in the work of critical literacy, the authors describe one preservice teacher’s journey as she develops her own critical lens while selecting children’s literature and designing instruction to engage second graders in critical conversations. She helps students unpack their biases and reflects on her own assumptions while becoming more critically conscious herself. Thinking within and beyond the texts, the students began to critically read the word and the world as they saw the power in their voices and actions. The authors also describe three sample lessons that can be adapted for other classrooms.
Stochastic modeling of the cutting force in turning processes
Authors: Fodor Gergő , Sykora Henrik T , Bachrathy Dániel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe main goal of this study is to introduce a stochastic extension of the already existing cutting force models. It is shown through orthogonal cutting force measurements how stochastic processes based on Gaussian white noise can be used to describe the cutting force in material removal processes. Based on these measurements, stochastic processes were fitted on the variation of the cutting force signals for different cutting parameters, such as cutting velocity, chip thickness, and rake angle. It is also shown that the variance of the measured force signal is usually around 4–9% of the average value, which is orders of magnitudes larger than the noise originating from the measurement system. Furthermore, the force signals have Gaussian distribution; therefore, the cutting force model can be extended by means of a multiplicative noise component.