bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Chromatographic Methods for Determination of Agrimoniin and Related Polyphenols in Pharmaceutical Products
Authors: Fecka Izabela 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography (LC) methods were developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of agrimoniin, pedunculagin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and catechin in selected herbal medicinal products from Rosaceae: Anserinae herba, Tormentillae rhizoma, Alchemillae herba, Agrimoniae herba, and Fragariae folium. Unmodified silica gel (TLC Si60, HPTLC LiChrospher Si60) and silica gel chemically modified with octadecyl or aminopropyl groups (HPTLC RP18W and HPTLC NH2) were used for TLC. The best resolution and selectivity were achieved with the following mobile phases: diisopropyl etheracetoneformic acidwater (40 30 20 10, v/v/v/v), tetrahydrofuranacetonitrilewater (30 10 60, v/v/v), and acetoneformic acid (60 40, v/v). Concentrations of the studied herbal drugs were determined by using a Chromolith Performance RP-18e column with acetonitrilewaterformic acid as the mobile phase. Determinations of linearity, range, detection and quantitation limits, accuracy, precision, and robustness showed that the HPLC method was sufficiently precise for estimation of the tannins and related polyphenols mentioned above. Investigations of suitable solvent selection, sample extraction procedure, and short-time stability of analytes at storage temperatures of 4 and 20C were also performed. The percentage of agrimoniin in pharmaceutical products was between 0.57 and 3.23.
Determination of Fenitrothion in River Water and Commercial Formulations by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry with a Carbon Ceramic Electrode
Authors: Majidi Mir Reza , Asadpour-Zeynali Karim , Nazarpur Mohammad 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sol-gel carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) without any assigned electron transfer mediator or specific reagents was used for the determination of fenitrothion by square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Fenitrothion strongly adsorbs on a CCE surface, which enables the development of facile electrochemical quantitative methods. Operational parameters such as pH value, initial potential value, and pulse frequency were optimized, and the stripping voltammetric performance was studied by using square-wave voltammetry. Square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry was used to obtain calibration curves with 2 linear ranges, 0.0050.1 and 0.150 M; the lower linear range was used to calculate the detection limit, 0.0016 M (5 min adsorption). The effect of interference species on the determination of fenitrothion was also studied. The inherent stability, high sensitivity, low detection limit, and low cost of analysis are the advantages of this sensor. The present method was successfully applied to the determination of fenitrothion in a commercial formulation and river water samples. Analysis of real water samples by using the sensor demonstrated the feasibility of applying the sensor to the on-site monitoring of organophosphate compounds.
Multiresidue Analysis of 102 Organophosphorus Pesticides in Produce at Parts-per-Billion Levels Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection
Authors: Schenck Frank , Wong Jon , Lu Chenseng , Li Jing , Holcomb Jim R , Mitchell LaTonya M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A multiresidue method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh produce at levels down to 1.0 g/kg (ppb) has been developed using a modification of the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure. The procedure entails extraction of pesticides from the sample with acetonitrile, salting-out with magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride, and cleanup of the resulting extracts with dispersive solid-phase extraction using primary-secondary amine, graphitized carbon black, and MgSO4. Fortification studies were performed for 102 organophosphorus pesticides at 1.0, 10, and 100 ppb in 4 different pesticide-free commodities (grape, orange, spinach, and tomato). Recoveries ranged from 63125, with &gt;80 being achieved for most of the pesticides tested in each commodity. The procedure was applied to the analysis of 400 produce samples collected from a cohort of children that participated in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study and the Longitudinal Dietary Pesticide Exposure Study in which selected 24 h duplicate food items were collected throughout a 12-month period. Residues of 15 of the 102 pesticides were detected at levels ranging from &lt;1 to 526 ppb.
Validation of a Solid-Phase Extraction and Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Tandem Mass Spectrometric Method for the Detection of 16 Glucocorticoids in Pig Tissues
Authors: Shao Bing , Cui Xiaoliang , Yang Yi , Zhang Jing , Wu Yongnin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive analytical method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of 16 glucocorticoid (fluorometholone, flumethasone, triamcinolone, aldosterone, clobetasol propionate, methylprednisolone, fluocinolone acetonide, hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone, prednisolone, budesonide, triamcinolone acetonide, fludrocortisone acetate, and cortisone) residues in pig tissues (muscle, liver, and kidney). These biosamples were hydrolyzed with -glucuronidase/arylsulfatase enzyme and passed through a Supelclean ENVI-Carb graphitized carbon black solid-phase extraction cartridge, followed by further purification using aminopropyl cartridges. Analytes were separated on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography BEH C18 column followed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS) with an electrospray ion source. The MS data acquisition was performed in the negative multireaction monitoring mode by a time-scheduled multireaction monitoring program. The assay for the 16 glucocorticoids were linear over the range of 1250 g/L for pork, liver, and kidney, with correlation coefficient &gt;0.99. Estimated detection limits for the target analytes ranged from 0.03 to 0.30 g/kg, and limits of quantitation ranged from 0.10 to 1.00 g/kg. Recoveries of the glucocorticoids (spiked at levels of 0.4 and 2.0 g/kg) ranged from 81.0 to 112.3, with relative standard deviations between 2.6 and 16.6.
Quantitative Determination of Flavonoids by Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry and Ultraviolet Absorption Detection in Artemisia afra and Comparative Studies with Various Species of Artemisia Plants
Authors: Avula Bharathi , Wang Yan-Hong , Smillie Troy J , Mabusela Wilfred , Vincent Leszek , Weitz Frans , Khan Ikhlas A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple and specific analytical method for the quantitative determination of flavonoids from the aerial parts of the Artemisia afra plant samples was developed. By column high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV absorption and mass spectrometry (MS) detection, separation was achieved on a reversed-phase octadecylsilyl (C18) column with water, methanol, and acetonitrile, all containing 0.1 acetic acid, as the mobile phase. These methods were used to analyze various species of Artemisia plant samples. The wavelength used for quantification of flavonoids with the diode array detector was 335 nm. The limits of detection (LOD) by HPLC/MS were found to be 7.5, 7.5, 10, 2.0, and 2.0 ng/mL; and by LC-UV the LODs were 500, 500, 500, 300, and 300 ng/mL for apigenin, chrysoeriol, tamarixetin, acacetin, and genkwanin, respectively. The HPLC/MS method was found to be 50150 times more sensitive than the HPLC-UV method. HPLC/MS coupled with an electrospray ionization interface is described for the identification and quantification of flavonoids in various plant samples. This method involved the use of the MH&lt;sup/&gt; ions of the compounds at mass-to-charge ratio of 1.0606, 301.0712, 317.0661, 285.0763, and 285.0763 (calculated mass), respectively, in the positive ion mode with extractive ion monitoring.
Rapid and Cost-Effective Determination of Acrylamide in Coffee by Planar Chromatography and Fluorescence Detection After Derivatization with Dansulfinic Acid
Authors: Alpmann Alexander , Morlock Gertrud 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new method has been developed for the determination of acrylamide in ground coffee by planar chromatography using prechromatographic in situ derivatization with dansulfinic acid. After pressurized fluid extraction of acrylamide from the coffee samples, the extracts were passed through activated carbon and concentrated. These extracts were applied onto a silica gel 60 HPTLC plate and oversprayed with dansulfinic acid. By heating the plate, acrylamide was derivatized into the fluorescent product dansylpropanamide. The chromatographic separation with ethyl acetatetert.-butyl methyl ether (8 + 2, v/v) mobile phase was followed by densitometric quantification at 254/&gt;400 nm using a 4 point calibration via the standard addition method over the whole system for which acrylamide was added at different concentrations at the beginning of the extraction process. The method was validated for commercial coffee. The linearity over the whole procedure showed determination coefficients between 0.9995 and 0.9825 (n = 6). Limit of quantitation at a signal-to-noise ratio of 10 was determined to be 48 g/kg. The within-run precision (relative standard deviation, n = 6) of the chromatographic method was 3. Commercial coffee samples analyzed showed acrylamide contents between 52 and 191 g/kg, which was in correlation with amounts reported in previous publications.
Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction-Capillary Gel Electrophoresis: A Promising Tool for GMO ScreeningAssay for Simultaneous Detection of Five Genetically Modified Cotton Events and Species
Authors: Nadal Anna , Esteve Teresa , Pla Maria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay coupled to capillary gel electrophoresis for amplicon identification by size and color (multiplex PCR-CGE-SC) was developed for simultaneous detection of cotton species and 5 events of genetically modified (GM) cotton. Validated real-time-PCR reactions targeting Bollgard, Bollgard II, Roundup Ready, 3006-210-23, and 281-24-236 junction sequences, and the cotton reference gene acp1 were adapted to detect more than half of the European Union-approved individual or stacked GM cotton events in one reaction. The assay was fully specific (&lt;1.7 of false classification rate), with limit of detection values of 0.1 for each event, which were also achieved with simulated mixtures at different relative percentages of targets. The assay was further combined with a second multiplex PCR-CGE-SC assay to allow simultaneous detection of 6 cotton and 5 maize targets (two endogenous genes and 9 GM events) in two multiplex PCRs and a single CGE, making the approach more economic. Besides allowing simultaneous detection of many targets with adequate specificity and sensitivity, the multiplex PCR-CGE-SC approach has high throughput and automation capabilities, while keeping a very simple protocol, e.g., amplification and labeling in one step. Thus, it is an easy and inexpensive tool for initial screening, to be complemented with quantitative assays if necessary.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Narirutin and Hesperidin in Zhi Ke (Citrus aurantium L.) in the Form of the Raw Herb and of the Dried Aqueous Extract
Authors: Lee Samiuela , Khoo Cheang S , Pearson Jarryd L , Hennell James R , Bensoussan Alan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A validated analytical method is reported for the analysis of narirutin and hesperidin in Zhi Ke (Citrus aurantium L.) in the form of the dried raw herb and of the commercially prepared dried aqueous extract. The samples were extracted by sonication in methanol and the extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography-photodiode array (PDA) detection with identity confirmation by negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (MS). A C18 column was used with a methanolwater gradient mobile phase. Narirutin and hesperidin were quantified at 284 nm using the PDA detector. Using the MS detector, the narirutin precursor ion with m/z 579 produced daughter ions with m/z 271 and 151. For hesperidin, the precursor ion with m/z 609 produced the m/z 301, 285, and 164 ions. The amounts of narirutin and hesperidin found in the certified raw herb were 14.2 and 147.9 mg/g, respectively, and in the dried aqueous extract the amounts were 9.2 and 8.6 mg/g, respectively. For the raw herb, the average recovery across the three spike levels (50, 100, and 150) for narirutin and hesperidin were 110.7 and 94.5, respectively. For the dried aqueous extract, the average recovery across the three spike levels for narirutin and hesperidin were 85.8 and 98.9, respectively.
Separation and Determination of Clenbuterol by HPLC Using a Vancomycin Chiral Stationary Phase
Authors: Mostafa Gamal A E , Hefnawy Mohammed M , El-Majed Abdulrahman 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Enantiomers of clenbuterol were separated by a new HPLC method on a chiral column. Enantiomeric resolution was achieved on a vancomycyin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase known as chirobiotic V with UV detection at 247 nm. The polar ionic mobile phase consisting of methanoltriethylamineglacial acetic acid (100 + 0.05 + 0.025, v/v/v), was used at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. Standard linear calibration curves were established for the R-() and S-(+) enantiomers over the range of 0.220 g/mL, and an average recovery of 98.0 and a mean relative standard deviation of 1.5 were obtained at 5.0 g/mL. The lower limit of detection was 0.05 g/mL for each enantiomer. The mean recovery for R-() and S-(+)-clenbuterol enantiomers from plasma was 91.097.0 at 0.2020 g/mL. The method was successfully used to identify and quantify the clenbuterol enantiomers in human plasma.
The Glycemic Index: Methodological Aspects Related to the Interpretation of Health Effects and to Regulatory Labeling
Authors: Aziz Alfred 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The glycemic index (GI) is an experimental system that classifies carbohydrates (CHO) and CHO-containing foods according to their blood glucose-raising potential. It is based on the glycemic response following the ingestion of a test food containing a defined amount of available CHO relative to that of an equi-carbohydrate portion of either white bread or glucose. The concept has been extended to mixed meals and whole diets where the GI of the meal/diet is expressed as the weighted average of the GI of each food, based on the percentage of the total meal/diet CHO provided by each food. Over the last few decades, a substantial number of epidemiological and interventional studies have reported beneficial associations/effects of lower GI diets across a wide spectrum of pathophysiological conditions, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and certain forms of cancer. This has prompted proponents of the GI to recommend its use for dietary planning and labeling purposes. However, the currently recommended GI methodology is not well standardized and has several flaws, which brings into question the strength of evidence attributed to the health effects of low-GI diets. This review focuses exclusively on the methodological aspects of the GI, how they might impact the interpretation of data related to the purported health benefits of low GI diets, and the considerations for the use of the GI in food labeling. In addition, alternative systems for classifying the glycemic effects of CHO-containing foods are briefly discussed.
GC/MS Screening Method for Phthalate Esters in Children's Toys
Authors: Ting Keh-Chuh , Gill Modan , Garbin Orlando 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Phthalate esters are commonly added into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as softeners to make the plastic material flexible. Phthalates are suspected cancer-causing agents and possible teratogens; they have been linked to liver and kidney damage, as well as the underdevelopment of reproductive organs in humans and animals. Public safety concerns about human exposure to phthalates are on the rise because they do not chemically bond to PVC and leach from the material over time. Following the lead of the European Union and Japan in restricting the use of certain phthalates, a legal limit of 0.1 in children's toys was established by the California State Legislature (AB-1108). In addition to its mission to protect public health and the environment from toxic harm, the California Department of Toxic Substances Control (DTSC) has been delegated the role of lead agency for consumer product safety. To support DTSC's Green Chemistry activities, the Environmental Chemistry Laboratory Mobile Laboratory Team has developed an on-site screening method to monitor phthalates in children's toys. This method is simple, fast, and effective, with ample sensitivity to quantify the 6 restricted phthalates in children's toys at 100 ppm (limit of quantitation = 100 g/g) which is 10 times lower than the legal allowable level of 0.1. Additionally, the method has a high throughput capability and enables testing of approximately 610 samples per day, depending on the complexity of the sample matrix and concentration. This method is designed to survey the 6 phthalates in children's toys and other consumer products for compliance with the threshold of 0.1 (1000 ppm).
Simultaneous Determination of Florfenicol and Its Metabolite Florfenicol Amine in Swine Muscle Tissue by a Heterologous Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: Luo Pengjie , Jiang Haiyang , Wang Zhanhui , Feng Caimao , He Fangyang , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A sensitive and heterologous enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the simultaneous detection of florfenicol (FF) and its metabolite florfenicol amine (FFA) in swine muscle tissue was developed. FFA was conjugated to bovine serum albumin by a formaldehyde coupling method as an immunogen to immunize rabbits. FFA, thiamphenicol glycinate, and modified FF were conjugated to ovalbumin as coating antigens. The effect of different types of hapten heterology on the sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA was evaluated. Using FF glutaric anhydride ester as a coating hapten and antibody raised against modified FFA, an ELISA was developed that showed an IC50 value of 0.48 ng/mL. The antibody showed a cross-reactivity of 100 with FFA, 97 with FF, 6 with thiamphenicol, and a negligible value with chloramphenicol. From fortified swine muscle samples at levels of 4320 ng/g, the average recoveries of FF and FFA ranged from 58.2 to 96.8, with coefficients of variation less than 14. Analysis of incurred samples by the ELISA gave similar results to those by a previously developed liquid chromatographic method. The ELISA could be used as a rapid method for the simultaneous determination of FF and FFA in swine muscle tissue.
Validated High-Throughput HPLC Method for the Analysis of Flavonol Aglycones Myricetin, Quercetin, and Kaempferol in Rhus coriaria L. Using a Monolithic Column
Authors: Mehrdad Morteza , Zebardast Mahnoosh , Abedi Ghazaleh , Koupaei Mitra Nouri , Rasouli Hoda , Talebi Mohammad 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and simple reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method using a monolithic column was developed and validated for the separation and quantification of myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol in Rhus coriaria L. The method employed the isocratic mobile phase acetonitrile10 mM potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer adjusted to pH 3.0 using orthophosphoric acid (38 + 62, v/v) at a flow rate of 4.0 mL/min; a Chromolith Performance RP-18e (100 4.6 mm) monolithic column kept at 40C; and UV detection at 370 nm. Although the elution order was identical and the selectivity was equivalent, the comparison between monolithic and particulate columns showed that the monolithic column could reduce the separation time to &lt;1 min without sacrificing column efficiency and selectivity. The method was validated according to International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The validation characteristics included accuracy, precision, linearity, range, specificity, LOQ, and robustness. The calibration curves were linear (r &gt;0.999) over the concentration range of 0.8888.3 g/mL for myricetin, 0.9595 g/mL for quercetin, and 1.43143.3 g/mL for kaempferol. The recoveries for all three compounds were above 89. Myricetin was found to be the major flavonol in the examined plant extracts, followed by minor quantities of quercetin and kaempferol.
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Profile of Free Amino Acids in Strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Honey
Authors: Spano Nadia , Piras Irene , Ciulu Marco , Floris Ignazio , Panzanelli Angelo , Pilo Maria I , Piu Paola C , Sanna Gavino 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The typical profile of the free amino acids contained in strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo L.) honey is reported for the first time. An optimized reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (RP-LC) method with phenyl isothiocyanate precolumn derivatization was used. Fourteen free amino acids were identified and quantified in 16 analytical samples. Proline (65.63) was found to be the most abundant free amino acid, followed by glutamic acid (6.49), arginine (5.21), alanine (5.17), and phenylalanine (4.97). The total free amino acid content of strawberry-tree honey (average value, 436 mg/kg) was found to be low in comparison to amounts cited in the literature concerning unifloral honeys. The analytical method was optimized and fully validated in terms of detection and quantitation limits, precision (by testing repeatability and reproducibility), linearity, and bias (by means of recovery tests). The acceptability of the validation protocol results was verified using Horwitz's mathematical model and AOAC guidelines.
Trans Fatty Acids: Current Contents in Canadian Foods and Estimated Intake Levels for the Canadian Population
Authors: Ratnayake W M Nimal , L'Abbe Mary R , Farnworth Sara , Dumais Lydia , Gagnon Claude , Lampi Brian , Casey Valerie , Mohottalage Dayani , Rondeau Isabelle , Underhill Lynne , Vigneault Michele , Lillycrop William , Meleta Mary , Wong Lynn Y , Ng Tran , Gao Yu , Kwong Keri , Chalouh Shirley , Pantazopoulos Peter , Gunaratna Hasantha , Rahardja Adeline , Blagden Richard , Roscoe Veronica , Krakalovich Thomas , Neumann Gary , Lombaert Gary A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Research conducted in the mid-1990s indicated that the levels of Trans fats in Canadian diets were among the highest in the world. The consumption of Trans fats raises blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, while reducing levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. In June 2007, Health Canada called on the food industry to voluntarily reduce levels of Trans fats in vegetable oils and soft (tub)-margarines to &lt;2 of total fat, and in all other foods, to &lt;5. Industry must show satisfactory progress by June 2009, or Health Canada might have to introduce legislation to ensure that recommended limits are achieved. Since 2005, Health Canada has been performing a national assessment of prepackaged and restaurant foods that likely contain Trans fats. From 2005 to 2009, 1120 samples were analyzed, of which 852 or approximately 76 met the recommended Trans fat limits. As a result of reformulation, most of the products had decreased Trans + saturated fat content. The estimated average intake of Trans fatty acids (TFA) in Canada significantly dropped from the high value of 8.4 g/day in the mid-1990s to 3.4 g/day (or 1.4 food energy) in 2008. However, this TFA intake of 1.4 of energy is still above the World Health Organization recommended limit of TFA intake of &lt;1 of energy, which suggests that the Canadian food industry needs to put more effort into reducing the TFA content in its products, especially in tub-margarines, donuts, and bakery products.