bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective stimulation of colonic L cells improves metabolic outcomes in mice
Authors: Lewis Jo E. , Miedzybrodzka Emily L. , Foreman Rachel E. , Woodward Orla R. M. , Kay Richard G. , Goldspink Deborah A. , Gribble Fiona M. , Reimann Frank 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Insulin-like peptide-5 (INSL5) is found only in distal colonic L cells, which co-express glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY). GLP-1 is a well-known insulin secretagogue, and GLP-1 and PYY are anorexigenic, whereas INSL5 is considered orexigenic. We aimed to clarify the metabolic impact of selective stimulation of distal colonic L cells in mice.

Methods
Insl5 promoter-driven expression of Gq-coupled Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD) was employed to activate distal colonic L cells (LdistalDq). IPGTT and food intake were assessed with and without DREADD activation.

Results
LdistalDq cell stimulation with clozapine N-oxide (CNO; 0.3 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY (2.67- and 3.31-fold, respectively); INSL5 was not measurable in plasma but was co-secreted with GLP-1 and PYY in vitro. IPGTT (2 g/kg body weight) revealed significantly improved glucose tolerance following CNO injection. CNO-treated mice also exhibited reduced food intake and body weight after 24 h, and increased defecation, the latter being sensitive to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor 3 inhibition. Pre-treatment with a GLP1 receptor-blocking antibody neutralised the CNO-dependent improvement in glucose tolerance but did not affect the reduction in food intake, and an independent group of animals pair-fed to the CNO-treatment group demonstrated attenuated weight loss. Pre-treatment with JNJ-31020028, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 antagonist, abolished the CNO-dependent effect on food intake. Assessment of whole body physiology in metabolic cages revealed LdistalDq cell stimulation increased energy expenditure and increased activity. Acute CNO-induced food intake and glucose homeostasis outcomes were maintained after 2 weeks on a high-fat diet.

Conclusions/interpretation
This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that selective distal colonic L cell stimulation has beneficial metabolic outcomes.
A parametric study of 3D printed polymer gears
Authors: Zhang Ye , Mao Ken , Leigh Simon , Shah Akeel , Chao Zhiming , Ma Guotao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe selection of printing parameters for 3D printing can dramatically affect the dynamic performance of components such as polymer spur gears. In this paper, the performance of 3D printed gears has been optimised using a machine learning process. A genetic algorithm (GA)–based artificial neural network (ANN) multi-parameter regression model was created. There were four print parameters considered in 3D printing process, i.e. printing temperature, printing speed, printing bed temperature and infill percentage. The parameter setting was generated by the Sobol sequence. Moreover, sensitivity analysis was carried out in this paper, and leave-one cross validation was applied to the genetic algorithm-based ANN which showed a relatively accurate performance in predictions and performance optimisation of 3D printed gears. Wear performance of 3D printed gears increased by 3 times after optimised parameter setting was applied during their manufacture.
Simultaneous planning for disaster road clearance and distribution of relief goods: a basic model and an exact solution method
Authors: Briskorn Dirk , Kimms Alf , Olschok Denis 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn recent years, more and more disasters occurred. Additionally, the amount of people affected by disasters increased. Because of this, it is of great importance to perform the relief operations efficiently in order to alleviate the suffering of the disaster victims. Immediately after the occurrence of a disaster, there is an urgent need for delivering relief goods to demand locations and affected regions, respectively. Due to roads being blocked or damaged by debris, some demand locations may be out of reach and therefore the delivery of relief goods is hampered. This paper investigates the basic problem of simultaneously unblocking roads in order to make demand locations accessible and delivering relief goods in order to satisfy demand. Strict deadlines for the delivery of relief goods are considered at the demand locations. A formal problem statement is provided, and its computational complexity is analyzed. Additionally, a mixed integer programming model is developed and an exact solution method based on a branch and bound approach is proposed. A computational study investigating the performance of the model formulation and the branch and bound algorithm is conducted.
Probing the protein corona around charged macromolecules: interpretation of isothermal titration calorimetry by binding models and computer simulations
Authors: Xu Xiao , Dzubiella Joachim 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIsothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a widely used tool to experimentally probe the heat signal of the formation of the protein corona around macromolecules or nanoparticles. If an appropriate binding model is applied to the ITC data, the heat of binding and the binding stoichiometry as well as the binding affinity per protein can be quantified and interpreted. However, the binding of the protein to the macromolecule is governed by complex microscopic interactions. In particular, due to the steric and electrostatic protein–protein interactions within the corona as well as cooperative, charge renormalization effects of the total complex, the application of standard (e.g., Langmuir) binding models is questionable and the development of more appropriate binding models is very challenging. Here, we discuss recent developments in the interpretation of the Langmuir model applied to ITC data of protein corona formation, exemplified for the well-defined case of lysozyme coating highly charged dendritic polyglycerol sulfate (dPGS), and demonstrate that meaningful data can be extracted from the fits if properly analyzed. As we show, this is particular useful for the interpretation of ITC data by molecular computer simulations where binding affinities can be calculated but it is often not clear how to consistently compare them with the ITC data. Moreover, we discuss the connection of Langmuir models to continuum binding models (where no discrete binding sites have to be assumed) and their possible extensions toward the inclusion of leading order cooperative electrostatic effects.
A review of the 8th edition of the AJCC staging system for oropharyngeal cancer according to HPV status
Authors: Machczyński Piotr , Majchrzak Ewa , Niewinski Patryk , Marchlewska Joanna , Golusiński Wojciech 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has increased substantially in recent decades, particularly p16-positive human papillomavirus (HPV)-related OPSCC, which has risen by 50% in western countries. HPV-positivity is the most favourable non-anatomic predictor of oropharyngeal cancer outcomes, which underscores the importance of incorporating this variable into the cancer staging system.

Methods
In the present article, we review the differences between the 7th and 8th editions of the AJCC staging system, with particular focus on the role of HPV-positivity in patients with head and neck cancer.

Results
In the previous edition (7th edition) of the AJCC/UICC manual, HPV status and its correlation with nodal metastasis were not considered, thereby leading to incorrect lymph node (N) staging and, potentially, inadequate treatment and worse outcomes. The 8th edition of the AJCC manual addresses these issues, providing more accurate discrimination between groups and better risk stratification in patients with HPV-positive OPSCC. In the future, additional adjustments are likely to be needed, such as unification of the pathological and clinical staging models.

Conclusions
The new staging system is substantially more accurate than the previous system and should be widely adopted in routine clinical practice.
Validation of the German Version of Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS-G) for Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Authors: Hamzic Samra , Braun Tobias , Juenemann Martin , Butz Marius , Voswinckel Robert , Belly Michael , Vogelbusch Oliver , Weber Susanne , Khilan Hasan , Kaps Manfred , Gerriets Tibo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) is the most frequently used scale for the evaluation of functional oral intake by dysphagia patients. FOIS was validated using data from Videofluoroscopic Swallowing Study (VFSS). Until now, a validated German version of FOIS for Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES) is lacking. The aim of this study was a cross-cultural validation of the German version of FOIS (FOIS-G) for FEES. The translation of the original FOIS was carried out according to the Translation, Review, Adjudication, Pretesting, Documentation (TRAPD) translation methodology. For the validation process, six experienced language therapists (SLT) retrospectively analyzed charts of 93 stroke patients. Inclusion criteria were comprised of stroke, clinical examination by an SLT within 24 h of admission, and FEES within 72 h of admission. The validity was calculated by comparison with Modified Rankin Scale (MRS), Barthel Index (BI), the Penetration-Aspiration-Scale (PAS), and a water swallow test. Spearman rank correlation of all paired raters ranged from rs = 0.96 to rs = 0.99, and percentage agreement ranged from 81 to 94%. The overall agreement between all raters was calculated by Fleiss kappa (0.83) (s.e. 0.02). There is a significant correlation between the BI and the MRS with the FOIS-G (rs = 0.301, p = 0.003 for BI; rs = – 0.366, p < 0.001 for MRS), between the PAS and the FOIS-G (rs = − 0.758, p < 0.001), as well as between the 70 ml-water-test and the FOIS-G (rs = 0.470, p < 0.001). FOIS-G is a valid instrument for the evaluation of the functional oral intake of food and liquids in dysphagia patients.
Investigation of fluctuations in blood glucose level due to dietary restrictions during impacted mandibular third molar extraction under intravenous sedation: effect of perioperative glucose administration
Authors: Sekine Mio , Tomita Yuya , Iguchi Asami , Fujii Kazuyuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
We aimed to investigate the usefulness of glucose administration for maintaining perioperative glycemic control in patients with dietary restrictions during 4 h prior to impacted mandibular third molar extraction under intravenous sedation.

Methods
Fifty-four individuals scheduled to undergo extraction of impacted mandibular third molars under intravenous sedation, with preoperative blood glucose levels (GL) of 70–110 mg/dL, were evaluated and divided into 3 groups (n = 18 each): control group receiving glucose-free sodium lactate Ringer’s solution, perioperative GL group receiving 100 mL of 5% glucose solution immediately after local anesthesia, and postoperative GL group receiving 100 mL of 5% glucose solution immediately after surgery completion. Blood glucose levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were measured.

Results
Glucose levels of those in the control and perioperative GL groups decreased within the standard range 90 min after surgery, compared with the preoperative blood glucose level. However, in the postoperative GL group, glucose levels were similar to the preoperative levels. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were not affected by glucose administration, and sedation could be maintained without an invasive procedure.

Conclusions
Following a restriction on eating and drinking 4 h prior to surgery, the blood glucose level gradually decreased in the perioperative period but remained within the reference range until 90 min following surgery. The administration of 100 mL 5% glucose solution immediately after surgery was sufficient for the prevention of postoperative hypoglycemia. This approach may be useful for perioperative glycemic control during third molar extraction.
Phosphorus fractions in soil fertilised with organic waste
Authors: Wierzbowska Jadwiga , Sienkiewicz Stanisław , Zalewska Marta , Żarczyński Piotr , Krzebietke Sławomir 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study has been to evaluate the effect of sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge and municipal waste on the content of various forms of P in soil. The experiment scheme: C, control; NPK; FYM; DGSS, dried and granulated sewage sludge; CSS, composed sewage sludge; CSSS, composted sewage sludge and straw; CMMW, composted mixed municipal waste; CMGW, composted municipal green waste. The content of bound P was determined in the fractions: F1, easily soluble; F2, exchangeable; F3, organic; F4, carbonate; F5, stable organic-mineral and mineral bonds; and F6, residual. The NPK fertilisation as well as the soil fertilisation with organic substances raised the P-total content and of P bound in the fractions: F3, F4, F5 and F6. The highest amount of phosphorus in the studied soil was in fraction F3 (phosphorus in organic compounds) and the lowest in fraction F1 (phosphorus in the ionic form as H2PO4− and HPO42−). Composted sludge and straw introduced into the soil increased the content of readily soluble P (F1), while the NPK effect was reversed. NPK fertilisation and enhancement of soil organic matter (except CSSS, CMGW) led to a reduction of the P content in F2 fraction. The content of available P determined by the Egner-Riehm method depended on the content of C-organic, P-total and CEC soil. Among the determined phosphorus fractions, the content of available P was most strongly correlated with the content of P bound in the carbonate fraction (F4) and residual fraction (F6) and, less strongly, with the organic phosphorus fraction.
Reconstruction of the Grenfell Tower Fire—Thermomechanical Analysis of Window Failure During the Grenfell Tower Disaster
Authors: Koohkan Maxime , Dréan Virginie , Girardin Bertrand , Guillaume Eric , Fateh Talal , Duponchel Xavier 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObservations and numerical studies have allowed an understanding the fire development inside apartments and over the façade during the Grenfell Tower fire. During these analyses, the highlighted need was for a deeper investigation into the failure of windows during the fire. This detailed and complex model for window failure validates the thermal breakage criteria used in fire simulations of the whole Grenfell Tower fire. However, the present investigation is dedicated to a single pathway for the influx of fire and toxic smoke. Other pathways from the façade to the apartments, such as the melting of elements surrounding the window frame, are not addressed here. To analyse window behaviour during fire, Finite Element Method thermomechanical modelling is used. First, a heat transfer analysis is performed for windows subjected to the external flames from the identified façade fire scenario. The thermal loads evaluated from the fire are applied to the window structures to estimate their failure times. Two window casement configurations, closed and tilted-in, are investigated numerically. Then, a thermomechanical analysis of the window is addressed for each casement configuration. The modelled failure times are compared with those used in the general fire development model and from the observations. The good correlation that is observed, regardless of casement configuration, justifies the use of a simplified criterion for window failure in CFD fire models.
Schauder Estimates for Poisson Equations Associated with Non-local Feller Generators
Authors: Kühn Franziska 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe show how Hölder estimates for Feller semigroups can be used to obtain regularity results for solutions to the Poisson equation$$Af=g$$Af=gassociated with the (extended) infinitesimal generator of a Feller process. The regularity offis described in terms of Hölder–Zygmund spaces of variable order and, moreover, we establish Schauder estimates. Since Hölder estimates for Feller semigroups have been intensively studied in the last years, our results apply to a wide class of Feller processes, e.g. random time changes of Lévy processes and solutions to Lévy-driven stochastic differential equations. Most prominently, we establish Schauder estimates for the Poisson equation associated with the fractional Laplacian of variable order. As a by-product, we obtain new regularity estimates for semigroups associated with stable-like processes.
Spatial distribution and estimation of rainfall trends and erosivity in the Epitácio Pessoa reservoir catchment, Paraíba, Brazil
Authors: da Silva Richarde Marques , Santos Celso Augusto Guimarães , da Costa Silva Jorge Flávio Cazé Braga , Silva Alexandro Medeiros , Brasil Neto Reginaldo Moura 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe main goals of this study are to better understand the spatial and temporal variabilities in rainfall and to identify rainfall trends and erosivity for the period from 1963 to 1991 in the Epitácio Pessoa reservoir catchment, which is located in Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. This study analyzes annual rainfall trends on a regional scale by using monthly data from 13 rainfall stations. For this purpose, the nonparametric Mann–Kendall and Sen methods were used in the analysis. Descriptive statistics methods and interpolation techniques were also used for spatial–temporal analysis of the annual rainfall. A detailed statistical analysis applied to the time series of all the stations indicates that the rainfall presents substantial annual spatial–temporal variability and a negative trend (decrease) in the mean rainfall at most of the rainfall stations in the catchment during the study period. The results only showed a positive trend for the Soledade and Pocinhos stations. The distribution of positive and negative trends in the Epitácio Pessoa reservoir catchment is extremely irregular, and the changes in the study area are more significant compared to those identified in other studies.
Graphic abstract
Tests and academic cheating: do learning tasks influence cheating by way of negative evaluations?
Authors: Wenzel Kristin , Reinhard Marc-André 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDesirable difficulties like tests were often shown to increase long-term learning. However, due to the complexity and difficulty of such tasks, they are also argued to result in negative consequences like stress, anxiety, pressure, frustration, or negative evaluations. In other studies, such consequences were, in turn, often found to increase dishonest behaviour. Hence, the present work tests the assumptions that tests as difficult learning tasks, contrary to reading, lead to more negative evaluations of the learning situations, to more stress, and—directly and indirectly—to higher self-reported likelihoods of hypothetical cheating and to higher justifications for cheating. Thus, the learning situation itself, as well as negative consequences caused by the learning situation, is supposed to be linked to cheating. We conducted an online study in which participants read and imagined one of three hypothetical learning scenarios, either regarding one of two learning tests or a reading control task. Participants then rated negative consequences due to these scenarios, as well as likelihoods of cheating, and justifications for it, in a hypothetical examination. Our results showed no direct effects of the learning scenarios on likelihoods of hypothetical cheating or justifications. However, test scenarios were evaluated more negatively than the reading control scenario and these higher negative evaluations were in turn linked to higher likelihoods of own hypothetical cheating and to higher justifications. These findings indicate that tests as difficult learning tasks can indirectly influence cheating, at least in hypothetical scenarios. Future work should try to replicate and expand these results.
The dissociative subtype of posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with subcortical white matter network alterations
Authors: Sierk Anika , Manthey Antje , Brakemeier Eva-Lotta , Walter Henrik , Daniels Judith K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by intrusions, avoidance, and hyperarousal while patients of the dissociative subtype (PTSD-D) experience additional dissociative symptoms. A neurobiological model proposes hyper-inhibition of limbic structures mediated by prefrontal cortices to underlie dissociation in PTSD. Here, we tested whether functional alterations in fronto-limbic circuits are underpinned by white matter network abnormalities on a network level. 23 women with PTSD-D and 19 women with classic PTSD participated. We employed deterministic diffusion tractography and graph theoretical analyses. Mean fractional anisotropy (FA) was chosen as a network weight and group differences assessed using network-based statistics. No significant white matter network alterations comprising both frontal and limbic structures in PTSD-D relative to classic PTSD were found. A subsequent whole brain exploratory analysis revealed relative FA alterations in PTSD-D in two subcortical networks, comprising connections between the left amygdala, hippocampus, and thalamus as well as links between the left ventral diencephalon, putamen, and pallidum, respectively. Dissociative symptom severity in the PTSD-D group correlated with FA values within both networks. Our findings suggest fronto-limbic inhibition in PTSD-D may present a dynamic neural process, which is not hard-wired via white matter tracts. Our exploratory results point towards altered fiber tract communication in a limbic-thalamic circuit, which may underlie (a) an initial strong emotional reaction to trauma reminders before conscious regulatory processes are enabled and (b) deficits in early sensory processing. In addition, aberrant structural connectivity in low-level motor regions may present neural correlates for dissociation as a passive threat-response.
Identification of zones at risk of erosion by the combination of a digital model and the method of multi-criteria analysis in the arid regions: case of the Bechar Wadi watershed
Authors: Boufeldja Samira , Baba Hamed Kamila , Bouanani Abderrazak , Belkendil Abdeldjalil 
Published: April 2020

AbstractErosion and solid transport is a tricky and complex problem that negatively affects natural and urban environments. In Algeria, the effects of this phenomenon are apparent; their impact is no less devastating in the long term than the other spectacular catastrophic phenomena that can be observed. Sixty-five large dams in Algeria are threatened by the reduction of 62% of their storage capacity because of the siltation problem (ANBT) (National Agency for Dams and Water Transfers). The main objective of this work is the evaluation of the impact of the erosion phenomenon on Bechar watershed which is in an area characterized by an arid climate. The universal soil loss equation was used. This model is based on the combination of the five factors (erosivity, erodibility, topography, vegetation cover and support practices) that directly influence this phenomenon. Analytical hierarchy process is used to give a weighting value of each factor according to its degree of influence on the phenomenon. The sediment delivery ratio is calculated to determine the amount of soil that will arrive at the outlet of the watershed and contribute to the storage structures siltation. The obtained results will undoubtedly help decision makers to understand the threat of erosion degree in the study area in order to better take the necessary measures to face this issue.