bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engaging with Forst’s Right to Justification
Authors: Corradetti Claudio 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter engages with Forst’s treatment of justification and how this relates to a fundamental ‘duty’ to justification. It raises doubts on the equation that he establishes between the unconditionality of a Kantian moral imperative and the pretense of unconditionality of the duty to justification. As a result, it contests that the right to justification stands as a ‘fundamentum inconcussum’ of a justificatory theory of justice, and suggests that the Kantian account takes the justification of morality and law as elements of a cooperative scheme of justice. It argues that at times, Forst’s moral grounding of justice might raise concerns with a truly post-metaphysical doctrine of justice.
Republicanizing Rights?
Authors: Daly Eoin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter contends that the republican argument against judicial review is misplaced, illustrating this argument by reference to the doctrine of proportionality. Whereas constitutional rights are often understood as placing fixed limits on politics, transcending historical and political contingencies, the doctrine of proportionality in particular enables the understanding of constitutional adjudication as accounting for the instability, the contestability, and even the indeterminacy of rights. In short, the doctrine is consistent with an understanding of rights as falling within the ‘circumstances of politics.’ In particular, constitutional rights can be understood not as guaranteeing spheres of presumptive immunity for particular kinds of activities presumed as essential to human dignity or autonomy, but rather as requiring public authorities to provide special kinds of justifications for specific kinds of acts (just as Forst, in particular, suggests).
Constitutionalism and Justice
Authors: Harel Alon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter is founded on the conviction that legal institutions and legal procedures are not mere means to achieve some desirable contingent outcomes: the protection of rights, the flourishment of democracy, coherence, and stability, and so forth. Instead, often institutions which are typically justified on these grounds are valuable as such. More specifically, it argues that constitutionalism can be justified not merely as a contingent means to bring about justice (or other desirable ends) but as a necessary component of a just polity. This chapter disputes the methodological starting point of what has been labelled in the past as ‘instrumentalist constitutionalism’ and defends robust constitutionalism. This chapter is organized as follows. Section II exposes some of the difficulties in traditional constitutional instrumentalism. Section II defends two aspects of constitutionalism on non-instrumentalist grounds: binding constitutional directives and judicial review.
The Concepts of Non-Domination and Justification in EU Security-Related Context
Authors: Herlin-Karnell Ester 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of a non-domination oriented view for understanding EU security regulation. It asks how the non-domination template fits the constitutional legal model, and what it adds for the understanding of the establishment of an ‘Area of Freedom, Security and Justice’ in the specific case of the European Union. The concept of non-domination is commonly seen as one of the most central concepts in republican theory. Therefore, this chapter looks at the relationship between coercion, which is the common term in legal vocabulary for describing force, and the concept of domination in political theory as such. It also discusses the implications of non-arbitrariness and the right to justification in a new security-related context. Specifically, this chapter links the question of security regulation to the longstanding debate in political theory on the connection between freedom and non-domination and to the constitutional debate on the formation of security regulation in Europe.
Introduction
Authors: and Hill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Once regarded as a threat in the distant future, the impacts of climate change are now daily new stories. The introduction defines resilience and argues that resilience is urgently needed in the United States and other places to enable communities to cope with the climate impacts they are already experiencing, as well as with future impacts. Building resilience is not a substitute for reducing greenhouse gas emissons, but it can blunt some of the worst impacts, save lives, and protect the most vulnerable in society. Insufficient progress in cutting emissions has made the resilience imperative all the more urgent. The introduction, lastly, explains the authors’ motivations for writing the book and provides an overview of ten lessons essential for advancing climate resilience.
Regulating New Weapons Technology
Authors: Crootof Rebecca 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
When confronted with a new weapons technology, international law scholars, military lawyers, and civil society activists regularly ask two questions: Are new regulations needed? Are they needed now? This chapter reviews the main categories of technology-fostered legal disruption; tackles the question of whether a given technology will require new law; and weighs the respective benefits of precautionary bans, a wait-and-see approach, and proactive regulation.
Leveraging Emerging Technology for LOAC Compliance
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot , Hickey Alan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Many of the current issues with the Law of Armed Conflict (LOAC) compliance are rooted in the limitation that parties to an armed conflict are only required to do what is “feasible” to protect civilians and civilian objects during hostilities. This would, of course, apply to the employment of emerging technologies. However, an understanding of feasibility that is enlightened by the use of emerging technologies will dramatically increase the effectiveness of steps which parties to an armed conflict can take to protect the civilian population. Further, the effectiveness and ease of application of these emerging technologies should be reflected in what the international community accepts as feasible actions by the parties to an armed conflict.
I’M SCREEEEEEEEAMING!!!!
Authors: Hart Adam Charles 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at jump scares and the fad of “screamers” found across the internet: brief videos or gifs designed to cause an unsuspecting browser to scream and jump. They appeared when jump scares were ascendant within the horror genre thanks to video games; screamers’ online popularity led to importation into the cinema through films such as the Paranormal Activity series. The chapter develops the importance of shock to the horror genre and the similarities between engagement across mediums. Shock is a challenge to viewer/browser/gamer mastery and self-control. Screamers offer the opportunity to reassert one’s own self through repetition and sharing, showing how similar processes are central to the experience of horror film viewing and gameplay. It discusses “elevated horror” and the tendency to disparage sensation in opposition to traditional virtues of narrative cinema. The chapter’s counterpoint for this assumption is with close readings of “elevated” horror films, The Witch (2015) and The Babadook (2014).
Understanding Public Opinion on Sanctuary Cities
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Up until relatively recently, little public polling on sanctuary cities has taken place. That has changed as these policies have become points of conflict between federal and state/local governments. This chapter analyzes public opinion polls in two states with a significant stake in the sanctuary debate, California and Texas, to better understand how partisan and racial learning affect support for sanctuary policies. This chapter shows that both Democrats and Republicans have increasingly “learned” the correct position on sanctuary policies based on their partisan identification, which is the strongest predictor of support or opposition to sanctuary policies. Further, the chapter shows that opposition to sanctuary cities are strongest in areas undergoing rapid Latino growth not in high-crime areas.
Legislative Expression: Sanctuary Policymaking in the U.S. States
Authors: Collingwood Loren , O’Brien Benjamin Gonzalez 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
While sanctuary policies have traditionally been passed by cities and counties rather than states, this situation has shifted in recent years with both California and Oregon embracing their identity as “sanctuary states,” while in Texas SB4 was signed into law, officially banning sanctuary legislation across the state. This chapter examines the factors that increase the likelihood that state legislators will introduce pro- or antisanctuary legislation. We find that racial threat activated by an increasing minority population, the ideology of the state and its voters, and the structure of state institutions all increase the likelihood of pro/anti-sanctuary legislation being introduced at the state level.
Librarians and Collectors Go to War
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The OSS sent librarians and scholars to outposts in Stockholm, Lisbon, and other neutral cities to spearhead a vast collecting and microfilming operation. They acquired enemy newspapers, scientific journals, resistance pamphlets, and other types of open-source intelligence. Crossing paths with spying allies, enemy provocateurs, booksellers, and gossips, the librarians turned into intelligence agents, who used their professional skills in a dangerous information economy. Publications came to have value and meaning as intelligence. The OSS librarians confronted the problem of information overload as thousands of microfilm reels arrived in Washington. Through classifications, indexes, abstracts, and full-text translations, work done not by computers but by women and émigrés, they pioneered applied techniques of information science.
The Wild Scramble for Documents
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Intelligence gathering and assessment took on increased importance after D-Day. OSS librarians and information specialists were now part of a military operation as members of US Army documents teams called T-Forces. They scoured targets for operational or strategic information, records documenting German war crimes, and scientific reports. Books and other publications were often swept up in these collecting efforts. POW interrogations provided information about the removal of endangered German collections, many of which were found by Allied troops in caves and mines. The army teams and OSS agents engaged in mass confiscations and removals, even of materials with few intelligence-related uses. Americans distinguished their behavior from Nazi pillaging and Soviet trophy loot, respecting university and public research libraries and rescuing European cultural heritage. Despite ethical questions, the logic of collecting extended to books, periodicals, and even whole libraries.
Acquisitions on a Grand Scale
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
After the war, the new Librarian of Congress Luther Evans worked with State and War Department officials on a plan to send library agents to Europe. The agents would acquire every book published in Germany and occupied countries and distribute them to American research libraries. The Library of Congress Mission to Europe was a unique collecting effort that acquired 1.5 million books, periodicals, and other materials. Initially a book-purchasing plan, it evolved into an industrial-scale acquisitions program under the American military government in Germany. It seized works from research institutes, specialized libraries, and Nazi collections, helped US Army document centers screen confiscated works, and acquired materials deemed to have no intelligence value. In its short existence, the mission embodied a new commitment among American research libraries, that large international collections were necessary to serve the national interest.
Fugitive Records of War
Authors: Peiss Kathy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Although most research libraries accepted their reliance on the government-sponsored Library of Congress Mission, the Hoover Institution and Library on War, Revolution, and Peace did not. Its founder Herbert Hoover used the influence and reach of a former president to enable a private institution to operate where others were barred. Although eventually the Hoover Library won an authorized spot on the LCM, it largely operated in the shadows of the American military government. It drew upon an overlapping informal network of collectors, war correspondents, and intelligence agents to operate within the gray market for information in a defeated nation. These operations briefly came under scrutiny when one acquisition, The Goebbels Diaries, was published. Despite that episode, the library’s wartime collecting mission hastened the growth and prominence of the Hoover Institution as a center for the study of global politics, war, and diplomacy.
The Synod of Pistoia
Authors: Blanchard Shaun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines in detail the Synod of Pistoia (18–28 September 1786) and the Acts and Decrees it promulgated. It follows a topical approach, and considers the reforms that the Jansenist-inspired synod attempted alongside the papal condemnations in the bull Auctorem fidei (1794). The Acts and Decrees were permeated by a Jansenist view of church history that blamed Molinism, the papacy, and the friars for “obscuring” the truth. The chapter then explores Pistoian ecclesiology, and its potent combination of Erastianism, episcopalism, and Richerism. Next, it examines the Synod’s inchoate vision of religious liberty. The last two sections investigate liturgical and devotional reforms that strikingly foreshadow Vatican II. These parallels include simplifying the liturgy and encouraging lay participation in it, pronouncing the Eucharistic canon out loud, promoting the vernacular, encouraging the reception of communion, focusing worship on the altar, contextualizing devotions Christocentrically, and asserting the centrality of lay vernacular Bible reading.
The Spirit of Pistoia
Authors: Blanchard Shaun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the reception of the Synod of Pistoia and the failure of Riccian reform. It details Ricci’s and Peter Leopold’s strategies after the Synod, and the rejection of Pistoianism by most of the Tuscan bishops at the Episcopal Assembly in Florence in 1787. The chapter argues that the swift downfall of Pistoianism in Tuscany was the direct result of the imprudence of some of Ricci’s reforms. The reception of Pistoianism throughout Italy and in France, Spain, and the German-speaking world is then explored. Papal rejection in the bull Auctorem fidei, and the considerations of the committee which prepared it, are examined. The final part of the chapter evaluates Riccian reform and the Synod of Pistoia from the perspective of Yves Congar’s four conditions for true reform in the Church, and argues that despite many positive elements, the Pistoian movement fails three of these four conditions.
The Ghost of Pistoia
Authors: Blanchard Shaun 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that the Synod of Pistoia was a “ghost” on the council floor; that is, a key moment in the Church’s collective memory that influenced the drafting of texts and the subsequent debate over them. The first section briefly traces the legacy of Auctorem fidei and the Pistorienses from the death of Ricci (1810) to the eve of Vatican II. In the increasingly ultramontane nineteenth-century, the memory of the infamous Pistoians was evoked in a range of ecclesial documents. Auctorem fidei was firmly established as a bulwark of ultramontane thought. The second section surveys the many contexts in which Auctorem fidei was cited in Vatican II draft documents. The third section thoroughly analyses six evocations of Auctorem fidei during the debate on episcopal collegiality. These evocations constitute the most detailed discussion of an eighteenth-century doctrinal document at the Council, and prove that Pistoia was a “ghost” in the Aula.
The Roots of Human Shared Reality
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Human evolution has been described as the development of our special intelligence. From Homo erectus, we evolved into Homo sapiens (archaic sapien) around 200,000 years ago, then into Homo sapiens sapiens (modern sapien) around 30,000 to 50,000 years ago—human beings becoming “wise” (sapiens) and then “the wisest of the wise” (sapiens sapiens). But human evolution is also a story about evolving motivation and, especially, evolving shared realities. Around a million years ago, Homo erectus learned to control fire that extended the day and changed the social interactions that were possible at night. In addition, learning to cook with fire led to division of labor and new shared coordinated roles. More generally, the new tools, practices, and technologies became sufficiently complex that they needed to be taught by an expert to a learner—shared reality creation from the teacher–learner relationship. Fast forward to modern sapiens who lived in organized settlements and traded with other communities over long distances. This required trust, which required shared beliefs (e.g., common gods). The ability to share myths is also found when a language community agrees upon the (arbitrary) names for things. Finally, in the Agricultural Revolution around 10,000 years ago, domestication of animals and plants increased the food supply that allowed great civilizations to emerge. For cooperation and coordination to succeed in such large populations, there needs to be laws and religions—shared realities—that support a hierarchical organization of rulers, craftsman, and commoners. Thus, the shared realties needed by great civilizations created social classes.
Our Attitudes and Opinions
Authors: Higgins E. Tory 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Humans want our attitudes and opinions to be shared realities with others and prefer to interact with others who share them. To create shared realities, we are also open to learning from others and being influenced by others about what our attitudes and opinions should be. And, once we have created these shared realities, we treat them as if they were objective facts. Even subjective preferences, such as liking pistachio ice cream, become objective facts: pistachio ice cream is wonderful. We learn from others what to like and dislike and can even learn to like something, such as eating sour and spicy food, that is not natural to like. Agents of attitude change can have their influence through their audience wanting to have a relationship or common identity with them or their being perceived as experts or credible, which directly relates to the social relational and epistemic motives for creating shared reality. A group can also be used as a guide for individuals’ attitudes and opinion—a positive reference group—even when those individuals do not belong to the group, such as “the rich and famous.” Given this, as we move from one group to another, such as living with family and then living far away from home in a college community, our political attitudes and moral opinions can change. And having attitudes or opinions emerge from group conversations can make them more extreme while also increasing their experienced objectivity. Such polarization and “false objectivity” contributes to group conflicts.
Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics
Authors: Pierson Ryan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
How can movements in animated films be described? Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics introduces a powerful new method for the study of animation. By looking for figures—arrangements that seem to intuitively hold together—and forces—underlying units of attraction, repulsion, and direction—it reveals startling new possibilities for animation criticism, history, and theory. Drawing on concepts from Gestalt psychology, the book offers a wide-ranging comparative study of four animation techniques—soft-edged forms, walk cycles, camera movement, and rotoscoping—as they appear in commercial, artisanal, and avant-garde works. In the process, through close readings of little-analyzed films, the book demonstrates that figures and forces make fertile resources for theoretical speculation, unearthing affinities between animation practice and such topics as the philosophy of mathematics, scientific and political revolution, and love. Beginning and ending with the imperative to “look closely,” Figure and Force in Animation Aesthetics is a performance in seeing the world of motion anew.
Soft Edges
Authors: Pierson Ryan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of soft edges in animation practice. Unlike hard-edged forms, such as the contour-based characters found in studio cartoons, figures with patchy forms often appear to not hold together strongly. Consequently, when these forms change shape, their metamorphoses appear passive, coming from without—as opposed to the active, self-directed metamorphoses of cartoon figures. Through a history of cloudy forms in animation, focusing especially on Alexander Alexeieff and Claire Parker’s 1933 short film Night on Bald Mountain, this chapter argues that soft-edged forms provoke a special kind of engagement called “exposure,” which makes concrete our vulnerability to the world of forces that undergirds us.
Walk Cycles
Authors: Pierson Ryan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of walk cycles in animation practice. Walk cycles—frames of characters’ actions that can be repeated in loops—have been important in animation not only for portraying coordinations of moving parts to convey lifelike movement but also for saving labor. However, if a cycle is noticed by the viewer, the figure’s movement will appear imposed and not self-directed, leaving the figure lifeless. Through a study of Norman McLaren and Grant Munro’s film Canon (1964), this chapter further argues that cycles can be layered to create a living, open system of cyclical parts.
Rational Bourbons and Radical Comuneros
Authors: Penry S. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Many town-based civil practices helped bind comuneros to their town, most importantly mita duty and tribute payment, both organized by ayllu. Gathering for mita and paying tribute were highly ritualized events that frequently became contentious as comuneros challenged caciques. Libations were poured, feasts were shared, and masses were said to ask the saints to protect mita workers before they traveled to the Potosí silver mines. Tribute was paid twice a year, requiring the whole town to line up by ayllu so each adult male, and sometimes females, could come forward pay their tribute and share a cup of chicha. Other civil duties that helped bind comuneros to their towns included gathering for a padrón or census, the cabildo’s annual walking of the town borders (the mojones), carrying the royal mails, and annual elections for cabildo office. The cabildo had expanded to include alcaldes (officers) for each ayllu and annex.