bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dexmedetomidine versus remifentanil infusion for controlled hypotension in shoulder arthroscopy: a comparative study
Authors: Menshawi Mohammed Abdelsalam , Fahim Hany Magdy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStudy objectiveThe correct performance of the shoulder arthroscopic technique requires appropriate visualization through a video camera which raises the need for providing satisfactory bloodless surgical field. The current study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of dexmedetomidine infusion compared to that of remifentanil for controlled hypotension in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy.Patients and methodsForty patients undergoing elective arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in the current study. Patients were randomly distributed into one of two equal groups: dexmedetomidine group (D group) and remifentanil group (R group) according to the agent used for controlled hypotension. In group D, IV dexmedetomidine l μg/kg was infused over 10 min before anesthesia induction, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.3-0.6 μg/kg/h during the operation. In group R, 1 μg/kg remifentanil IV bolus was administered before induction of anesthesia and continued 0.25-0.50 μg/kg/min during the operation. In both groups, the drug infusion was titrated to achieve a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 60-70 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters, surgical field condition, recovery profile, and the incidence of perioperative adverse events were assessed.ResultsControlled hypotension was achieved successfully in both study groups. There was no intergroup significant difference as regards the intraoperative MAP and heart rate (HR) recordings (P> 0.05) except for the significantly lower HR recorded after extubation,30 min and 1 h postoperative in group D when compared with group R (P< 0.05). The surgical field condition was satisfactory on surgeon assessment in both groups (P> 0.05). Extubation time, time to reach modified Aldrete score ≥ 9 and time to 1st postoperative analgesic requirement were significantly longer in the group D when compared with group R (P< 0.05). Postoperative Ramsay sedation score recordings were significantly higher in the group D when compared with group R (P< 0.05) except at 2 h postoperative recordings and all the VAS score recordings were significantly lower in group D when compared with group R (P< 0.05). There was no intergroup significant difference as regards the incidence of perioperative adverse events.ConclusionBoth remifentanil and dexmedetomidine can induce adequate levels of hypotensive anesthesia and satisfactory surgical field visibility in patients undergoing shoulder arthroscopy under general anesthesia. Patients treated with dexmedetomidine had better quality and more extended postoperative analgesia but longer postoperative anesthesia recovery and higher postoperative sedation scores when compared with remifentanil.
Guideline “diagnosis and non interventional therapy of neuropathic pain” of the German Society of Neurology (deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie)
Authors: Schlereth Tanja 
Published: June 2020

Abstract2019 the DGN (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurology) published a new guideline on the diagnosis and non-interventional therapy of neuropathic pain of any etiology excluding trigeminal neuralgia and CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome). Neuropathic pain occurs after lesion or damage of the somatosensory system. Besides clinical examination several diagnostic procedures are recommended to assess the function of nociceptive A-delta and C-Fibers (skin biopsy, quantitative sensory testing, Laser-evoked potentials, Pain-evoked potentials, corneal confocal microscopy, axon reflex testing). First line treatment in neuropathic pain is pregabalin, gabapentin, duloxetine and amitriptyline. Second choice drugs are topical capsaicin and lidocaine, which can also be considered as primary treatment in focal neuropathic pain. Opioids are considered as third choice treatment. Botulinum toxin can be considered as a third choice drug for focal limited pain in specialized centers only. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine cannot be generally recommended, but might be helpful in single cases. In Germany, cannabinoids can be prescribed, but only after approval of reimbursement. However, the use is not recommended, and can only be considered as off-label therapy within a multimodal therapy concept.
Toxicological effect of zinc on liver of broiler chicks
Authors: Khanam Sabina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
The objective of this study is to examine the toxic effects of zinc on the liver of broiler chicks. For this purpose, twenty broiler chicks were taken for the experiment and their weight ranging from 35-45 g. They were divided into four groups: one control and three treated groups. All treated groups were supplemented with 300 mg/kgb.w (low dose, LD), 600 mg/kgb.w (intermediate dose, ID) and 900 mg/kgb.w. (high dose, HD) of Zinc and the control group was fed basal commercial starter diet for 21 days.

Results
Necrosis, liver cell hypertrophy, fuzzy liver cells and lymphocytic inflammation were found in birds exposed to the low and intermediate dose as compared to the controlled group. Broiler chicks exposed to high dose showed pronounced changes in the liver such as congestion of blood vessels, connective tissue hyperplasia, bile duct proliferation, dilation of sinusoids, damaged intercellular contacts between hepatocytes, liver cell hypertrophy and accumulation of inflammatory cells

Conclusion
After the careful analysis of the study, the results have been reported that if one can take zinc in higher amount as supplements or in their foods than it affects the normal structure of the liver and it will alter the functioning of the liver in both human and animals.
Unique Metabolic Features of Adults Discordant for Indices of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Song Yilin , Søndergaard Esben , Jensen Michael D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and Adipose Insulin Resistance index (ADIPO-IR) values are often concordant. In this study we evaluated whether there are groups discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPOpalmitate-IR and, if so, what are their defining characteristics.

Methods
The body composition, basal metabolic rate (BMR), fasting plasma lipids, insulin, glucose, and free fatty acid (FFA) palmitate concentrations data of 466 volunteers from previous research studies were abstracted and analyzed. The middle 2 population quartiles for HOMA-IR and Adipose Insulin Resistance index palmitate concentration (ADIPOpalmitate-IR) defined medium HOMA-IR and ADIPOpalmitate-IR (MH and MA), the top and bottom quartiles were defined as high/low HOMA (HH/LH), and high/low ADIPOpalmitate as HA/LA. Because ADIPOpalmitate-IR was significantly greater in women than in men, we established sex-specific quartiles for each index. We identified groups discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPO-IR (HHMA, LHMA, MHHA, and MHLA).

Results
Body fat and fasting triglycerides (TGs) were significantly greater with higher indices in the concordant groups (HHHA &gt; MHMA &gt; LHLA). MHHA differed from MHLA by visceral fat (P &lt; .01) and fasting TGs (P &lt; .05), whereas HHMA differed (P &lt; .01) from LHMA by BMR. By multivariate regression, the group factor contributed to BMR (P &lt; .01) and visceral fat (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Adults discordant for HOMA-IR and ADIPO-IR have unique features including differences in visceral fat, TGs, and BMR. This suggests different forms of insulin resistance are present, which should be considered when studying insulin resistance in the future.
Prevalence and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in a Large Cohort of Adrenal Incidentalomas: A Long-Term Study
Authors: Di Dalmazi Guido , Vicennati Valentina , Pizzi Carmine , Mosconi Cristina , Tucci Lorenzo , Balacchi Caterina , Cosentino Eugenio Roberto , Paolisso Pasquale , Fanelli Flaminia , Gambineri Alessandra , Pelusi Carla , Repaci Andrea , Garelli Silvia , Galiè Nazzareno , Borghi Claudio , Golfieri Rita , Pagotto Uberto 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Context
Chronic glucocorticoids excess leads to morphological and functional cardiac alterations, a substrate for arrhythmias. Autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) in adrenal incidentalomas is a model of chronic endogenous hypercortisolism.

Objective
To investigate prevalence and incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in a large cohort of patients with ACS.

Design
Retrospective study.

Setting
University hospital.

Patients
Patients evaluated between 1990 and 2018 for adrenal incidentalomas (n = 632), without pheochromocytoma, primary aldosteronism, Cushing syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and adrenal malignancy. Cortisol after 1-mg dexamethasone suppression test &lt; or &gt; 50 nmol/L defined nonsecreting tumors (NST) (n = 420) and ACS (n = 212), respectively.

Intervention
Assessment of AF at baseline (n = 632) and during a median follow-up of 7.7 years retrospectively (NST, n = 249; ACS, n = 108). Comparison with general population.

Main Outcome Measure
Prevalence and incidence of AF.

Results
AF prevalence was higher in patients with ACS (8.5%) than NST (3.1%, P = 0.003) and the general population (1.7%; P &lt; 0.001 vs ACS, P = 0.034 vs NST). The age-adjusted rate ratio to the general population was 1.0 for NST and 2.6 for ACS. AF was associated with ACS (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-5.39; P = 0.035). The proportion of patients with AF at last evaluation was higher in ACS (20.0%) than NST (11.9%; P = 0.026). ACS showed a higher risk of incident AF than NST (hazard ratio, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.27-6.86; P = 0.012), which was associated with post-dexamethasone cortisol (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07-1.24; P &lt; 0.001), independently of known contributing factors.

Conclusions
Patients with adrenal incidentalomas and ACS are at risk of AF. Electrocardiogram monitoring may be recommended during follow-up.
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Cardiovascular Risk in American Football
Authors: TSO JASON , HOLLOWED CASEY , LIU CHANG , ALKHODER AYMAN , DOMMISSE MORGAN , GOWANI ZAINA , MILLER ARTHUR , NGUYEN GRACE , NGUYEN PARKER , PRABAKARAN GANESH , WEHBE MOHAMAD , GALANTE ANGELO , GILSON CARLA R. , CLARK CRAIG , MARSHALL THOMAS , PATTERSON GENE , QUYYUMI ARSHED A. , BAGGISH AARON L. , KIM JONATHAN H. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and reportedly overused in American-style football (ASF). However, assessment of ASF NSAID use in the context of cardiovascular risk has not been performed. We sought to characterize NSAID use patterns and the association with cardiovascular risk in a diverse cohort of high school and collegiate ASF athletes.

Methods
A total of 226 ASF athletes, 60 endurance athletes, and 63 nonathletic controls were studied pre- and postseason with echocardiography, vascular applanation tonometry, and clinical data assessment. Qualitative NSAID use throughout the season was recorded at postseason.

Results
ASF athletes gained weight (Δ0.86 ± 3.9 kg, P < 0.001), increased systolic blood pressure (SBP, Δ3.1 ± 12 mm Hg, P < 0.001) and pulse wave velocity (Δ0.2 ± 0.6 m·s−1, P < 0.001), and decreased E′ (Δ−1.4 ± 2.8 cm·s−1, P < 0.001) across one athletic season. Seventy-seven percent (n = 173) of ASF athletes reported that sport-specific NSAID use began in middle school. ASF NSAID use was more frequent with “weekly” (n = 42.19%) and “daily” (n = 32.14%) use compared with endurance athletes (P < 0.001) and controls (P = 0.02). ASF NSAID use increased in parallel with postseason SBP and weights. “Daily” ASF NSAID users demonstrated the highest postseason SBP (137 ± 13 vs 128 ± 13 mm Hg, P = 0.002) and weight (109.0 ± 18.6 vs 95.8 ± 20.5 kg, P = 0.002) compared with “never/rare” users. Adjusting for player position, SBP, pulse wave velocity, and E′, increased weight (odds ratio = 1.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.0–1.08, P = 0.037) was associated with more frequent NSAID use.

Conclusions
Habitual NSAID use commonly begins during adolescence, before full physical maturation, and is associated with cardiovascular risk, particularly increased weight, in ASF athletes. NSAID use frequency should be considered when risk stratifying high-risk ASF athletes.
Associations of Exercise Types with All-Cause Mortality among U.S. Adults
Authors: SHEEHAN CONNOR M. , LI LONGFENG 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Exercising benefits physical and mental health as well as longevity. However, the extent to which different types of exercise are differentially associated with the risk of mortality is less clear. This study examined whether 15 different types of exercise were uniquely associated with all-cause mortality in a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized American adults between 18 and 84 yr old.

Methods
A total of 26,727 American adults in the National Health Interview Survey who reported their exercise type(s) in 1998 were prospectively followed for all-cause mortality through the end of 2015. We applied a series of discrete time logistic models to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause mortality.

Results
During 17 yr of follow-up, 4955 deaths occurred. After adjusting for total volume of other exercises and confounders (demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and health behaviors and status), walking, aerobics, stretching, weight lifting, and stair climbing were related to lower risks of mortality (OR ranged from 0.78 to 0.93). When adjusting for engagement in all exercise types and confounders, stretching (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83–0.97) and playing volleyball (OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.31–0.93) were uniquely associated with lower risks of mortality.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that some types of exercise have unique benefits for longevity, but most are indistinguishable in relation to longevity. Future studies should further investigate the unique contribution of specific exercises and the joint contribution of multiple exercises and how to promote greater exercise participation.
Effects of the Turbine™ on Ventilatory and Sensory Responses to Incremental Cycling
Authors: SCHAEFFER MICHELE R. , MCBRIDE EMILY , MITCHELL REID A. , BOYLE KYLE G. , RAMSOOK ANDREW H. , PUYAT JOSEPH H. , MACNUTT MEAGHAN J. , GUENETTE JORDAN A. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Turbine™ is a nasal dilator marketed to athletes to increase airflow, which may serve to reduce dyspnea and improve exercise performance, presumably via reductions in the work of breathing (WOB). However, the unpublished data supporting these claims were collected in individuals at rest that were exclusively nasal breathing. These data are not indicative of how the device influences breathing during exercise at higher ventilations when a larger proportion of breathing is through the mouth. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to empirically test the efficacy of the Turbine™ during exercise. We hypothesized that the Turbine™ would modestly reduce the WOB at rest and very low exercise intensities but would have no effect on the WOB at moderate to high exercise intensities.

Methods
We conducted a randomized crossover study in young, healthy individuals (7M:1F; age = 27 ± 5 yr) with normal lung function. Each participant performed two incremental cycle exercise tests to exhaustion with the Turbine™ device or under a sham control condition. For the sham control condition, participants were told they were breathing a low-density gas to reduce the WOB, but they were actually breathing room air. The WOB was determined through the integration of ensemble averaged esophageal pressure–volume loops. Standard cardiorespiratory measures were recorded using a commercially available metabolic cart. Dyspnea was assessed throughout exercise using the 0–10 Borg scale.

Results
Peak V˙O2 and work rate were not different between conditions (P = 0.70 and P = 0.35, respectively). In addition, there was no interaction or main effect of condition on dyspnea, ventilation, or WOB throughout the exercise (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the Turbine™ does not reduce the WOB and has no effect on dyspnea or exercise capacity.
Anna Mahera and Leda Papastefanaki, eds., Εβραϊκές κοινότητες ανάμεσα σε Ανατολή και Δύση, 15ος-20ός αιώνας: Οικονομία, κοινωνία, πολιτική, πολιτισμός [Jewish communities between East and West, 15th–20th centuries: economy, society, politics, culture]
Authors: Dimitriou Stefanos 
Published: June 2020

Review of Anna Mahera and Leda Papastefanaki, eds., Εβραϊκές κοινότητες ανάμεσα σε Ανατολή και Δύση, 15ος-20ός αιώνας: Οικονομία, κοινωνία, πολιτική, πολιτισμός [Jewish communities between East and West, 15th–20th centuries: economy, society, politics, culture]. Ioannina: Isnafi, 2016. 384 pp.
Myrsini Zorba, Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου: Πολιτισμικό πορτρέτο [Andreas Papandreou: cultural portrait]
Authors: Tassis Chrysanthos D. 
Published: June 2020

Review of Myrsini Zorba, Ανδρέας Παπανδρέου: Πολιτισμικό πορτρέτο [Andreas Papandreou: cultural portrait]. Athens: Pedio, 2019. 192 pp.
Word embedding mining for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 drug repurposing
Authors: Kuusisto Finn , Page David , Stewart Ron 
Published: June 2020

Background: The rapid spread of illness and death caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) demands a rapid response in treatment development. Limitations of de novo drug development, however, suggest that drug repurposing is best suited to meet this demand. Methods: Due to the difficulty of accessing electronic health record data in general and in the midst of a global pandemic, and due to the similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, we propose mining the extensive biomedical literature for treatments to SARS that may also then be appropriate for COVID-19. In particular, we propose a method of mining a large biomedical word embedding for FDA approved drugs based on drug-disease treatment analogies. Results: We first validate that our method correctly identifies ground truth treatments for well-known diseases. We then use our method to find several approved drugs that have been suggested or are currently in clinical trials for COVID-19 in our top hits and present the rest as promising leads for further experimental investigation. Conclusions: We find our approach promising and present it, along with suggestions for future work, to the computational drug repurposing community at large as another tool to help fight the pandemic. Code and data for our methods can be found at https://github.com/finnkuusisto/covid19_word_embedding.
Mapping population mental health concerns related to COVID-19 and the consequences of physical distancing: a Google trends analysis
Authors: Knipe Duleeka , Evans Hannah , Marchant Amanda , Gunnell David , John Ann 
Published: June 2020

Background: The 2020 Coronavirus pandemic is a major international public health challenge. Governments have taken public health protection measures to reduce the spread of the virus through non-pharmalogical measures. The impact of the pandemic and the public health response on individual and population mental health is unknown. Methods: We used Google Trends data (1 Jan 2020 - 30 Mar 2020) to investigate the impact of the pandemic and government measures to curb it on people’s concerns, as indexed by changes in search frequency for topics indicating mental distress, social and economic stressors and mental health treatment-seeking. We explored the changes of key topics in Google trends in Italy, Spain, USA, UK, and Worldwide in relation to sentinel events during the pandemic. Results: Globally there appears to be significant concerns over the financial and work-related consequences of the pandemic, with some evidence that levels of fear are rising. Conversely relative searching for topics related to depression and suicide fell after the pandemic was announced, with some evidence that searches for the latter have risen recently. Concerns over education and access to medication appear to be particular social stressors. Whilst searches for face-to-face treatments have declined, those for self-care have risen. Conclusions: Monitoring Google trends shows promise as a means of tracking changing public concerns. In weeks to come it may enable policy makers to assess the impact of their interventions including those aiming to limit negative consequences, such as government funded financial safety nets.
The Human Behaviour-Change Project: An artificial intelligence system to answer questions about changing behaviour
Authors: Michie Susan , Thomas James , Mac Aonghusa Pol , West Robert , Johnston Marie , Kelly Michael P. , Shawe-Taylor John , Hastings Janna , Bonin Francesca , O’Mara-Eves Alison 
Published: June 2020

Changing behaviour is necessary to address many of the threats facing human populations. However, identifying behaviour change interventions likely to be effective in particular contexts as a basis for improving them presents a major challenge. The Human Behaviour-Change Project harnesses the power of artificial intelligence and behavioural science to organise global evidence about behaviour change to predict outcomes in common and unknown behaviour change scenarios.
Representation of behaviour change interventions and their evaluation: Development of the Upper Level of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology
Authors: Michie Susan , West Robert , Finnerty Ailbhe N. , Norris Emma , Wright Alison J. , Marques Marta M. , Johnston Marie , Kelly Michael P. , Thomas James , Hastings Janna 
Published: June 2020

Background: Behaviour change interventions (BCI), their contexts and evaluation methods are heterogeneous, making it difficult to synthesise evidence and make recommendations for real-world policy and practice. Ontologies provide a means for addressing this. They represent knowledge formally as entities and relationships using a common language able to cross disciplinary boundaries and topic domains. This paper reports the development of the upper level of the Behaviour Change Intervention Ontology (BCIO), which provides a systematic way to characterise BCIs, their contexts and their evaluations. Methods: Development took place in four steps. (1) Entities and relationships were identified by behavioural and social science experts, based on their knowledge of evidence and theory, and their practical experience of behaviour change interventions and evaluations. (2) The outputs of the first step were critically examined by a wider group of experts, including the study ontology expert and those experienced in annotating relevant literature using the initial ontology entities. The outputs of the second step were tested by (3) feedback from three external international experts in ontologies and (4) application of the prototype upper-level BCIO to annotating published reports; this informed the final development of the upper-level BCIO. Results: The final upper-level BCIO specifies 42 entities, including the BCI scenario, elaborated across 21 entities and 7 relationship types, and the BCI evaluation study comprising 10 entities and 9 relationship types. BCI scenario entities include the behaviour change intervention (content and delivery), outcome behaviour, mechanism of action, and its context, which includes population and setting. These entities have corresponding entities relating to the planning and reporting of interventions and their evaluations. Conclusions: The upper level of the BCIO provides a comprehensive and systematic framework for representing BCIs, their contexts and their evaluations.