bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy: a diagnosis not to miss as veganism and vegetarianism become more prevalent
Authors: Rashid Sabia , Meier Violet , Patrick Hannah 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVegetarianism and veganism are increasingly popular. The Food Standards Agency, biennial Food and You Survey of adults aged 16 years and over living in the UK, found that between 2012 and 2018 the proportion of people who reported never consuming dairy products had increased from 2% to 5%. However, veganism risks development of vitamin B12 deficiency as it is not available from plant sources. Moreover, its impact may be slow to be detected because body stores of vitamin B12 can last years. There is currently no published guidance on antenatal diagnosis and management of vitamin B12 deficiency. This paper reviews the metabolism, diagnosis and treatment of vitamin B12 in pregnancy. It concludes that national screening policymakers should consider introducing screening for B12 deficiency into the Antenatal and Newborn Screening Programmes for mothers and their infants if at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. In the interim, national policy should be developed for prophylactic vitamin B12 supplementation in high‐risk groups around the time of pregnancy.
Prognostic value of plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 among patients with acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Zheng Xiaowei , Zhu Zhengbao , Guo Daoxia , Zhong Chongke , Xu Tan , Peng Yanbo , Wang Aili , Peng Hao , Ju Zhong , Geng Deqin , Zhang Yonghong , He Jiang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeTo evaluate the association between plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF‐21) and clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke.MethodsA total of 3412 acute ischemic stroke patients from the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke with plasma FGF‐21 measurements were included in this analysis. The primary outcome was a combination of death or major disability (modified Rankin Scale score ≥3) within 1 year after stroke.ResultsDuring the 1‐year of follow‐up, 745 (21.83%) patients experienced the primary outcome; 550 had a major disability and 195 died. After multivariate adjustment, higher plasma FGF‐21 was significantly associated with increased risk of the primary outcome (odds ratio = 1.52, 95% confidence interval = 1.11–1.29). Each 1‐SD increase of log‐transformed FGF‐21 (0.67 pg/ml) was associated with 19%, 3%, and 33% increased risk of the primary outcome, major disability, and death, respectively. The addition of FGF‐21 to the conventional risk factors significantly improved prediction of the primary outcome in ischemic stroke patients (net reclassification index = 10.8%, p = 0.011; integrated discrimination improvement = 0.3%, p = 0.038).ConclusionsHigher plasma FGF‐21 was associated with poor prognosis in acute ischemic stroke patients, suggesting that FGF‐21 may be a prognostic marker for ischemic stroke.
Rational dosage regimens for cephalothin and cefazolin using pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics analysis in healthy horses
Authors: Kuroda Taisuke , Minamijima Yohei , Niwa Hidekazu , Tamura Norihisa , Mita Hiroshi , Fukuda Kentaro , Kaimachi Masahiro , Suzuki Yuto , Enoki Yuki , Taguchi Kazuaki , Matsumoto Kazuaki , Toutain Pierre‐Louis , Bousquet‐Melou Alain , Kasashima Yoshinori 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundFirst‐generation cephalosporins have good activity against gram‐positive bacteria and are extensively used in horses. There are few reports of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis of cephalosporins in horses.ObjectiveTo optimise the dosages of the two first‐generation cephalosporins cephalothin (CET) and cefazolin (CEZ) in horses using PK/PD concepts.Study designExperimental study with single administration.MethodsDrug plasma concentrations following a single intravenous (i.v.) administration of 22 mg/kg bodyweight (bwt) CET in 12 horses and of 10 mg/kg bwt CEZ in six horses were measured using LC‐MS/MS. Data were modelled using a nonlinear mixed effect modelling followed by Monte Carlo simulations. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against Streptococcus zooepidemicus and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from horses were determined by the microbroth dilution method.ResultsThe percentages of CET and CEZ binding to serum proteins were 19.9% ± 8.4% and 15.2% ± 8.5% respectively. For both CET and CEZ, the MIC90 against S. zooepidemicus was 0.12 mg/L and against S. aureus was 0.5 mg/L. For CET, to achieve a probability of target attainment (PTA) of 90% for a PK/PD target of a free serum plasma concentration exceeding the MIC90 for 40% of the dosing interval, an empirical CET dosage regimen of 22 mg/kg bwt q8h and 22 mg/kg bwt q4h i.v. administration were required for S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus respectively. For CEZ, the corresponding dosage regimens were 10 mg/kg bwt q12h and 10 mg/kg bwt q8h.Main limitationsSmall sample size only in healthy horses.ConclusionsFor CET, more frequent administration than that currently recommended (22 mg/kg bwt q6–12h) is required to empirically control S. aureus infection in horses. For CEZ, less frequent administration compared to the dosage regimen currently proposed (10–22 mg/kg bwt q6h) could control S. zooepidemicus and S. aureus infections in horses.
Parents' Perspectives on the Impact of Their Incarceration on Children and Families
Authors: P. Correa Nancy , K. Hayes Angie , M. Bhalakia Avni , Lopez Kimberly Kay , Cupit Tammy , Kwarteng‐Amaning Veronica , Keefe Rachael J. , Greeley Christopher S. , Van Horne Bethanie S. 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo qualitatively explore the impact of parental incarceration on children and families from the perspective of the incarcerated parent in a county jail.BackgroundAn estimated 5 million U.S. children experience parental incarceration. A limited number of studies have examined the impact of parental incarceration on the child(ren) and family from the perspective of the incarcerated parent.MethodsA convenience sample of 26 parents incarcerated in an urban county jail were interviewed. Parents were asked about how their incarceration has affected their child(ren). Glaser and Strauss's constant comparative method was used for analysis.ResultsFive major themes were identified including parental incarceration creates a significant hardship on most children and families; there are many barriers for parents to communicate and maintain relationships with their children while incarcerated; incarcerated parents experience many challenges understanding and navigating the criminal justice system; the pervasive cycle of incarceration; and the need for more programs and services.ConclusionParents generally perceive that their incarceration negatively impacts their children and family in a multitude of ways and express concern about their children's health and safety. Inmates have concrete suggestions for programming and policy changes that they believe would benefit their relationship with their children and lessen the negative impact of their incarceration on their children.ImplicationsThis study offers insights into the perceived challenges children and families face during parental incarceration in jail. The results provide both correctional facilities and community organizations with concrete ideas for how to better support families experiencing incarceration.
The ultimate peanut butter on crackers for Hyalella: diatoms on macrophytes rather than bacteria and fungi on conditioned terrestrial leaf litter
Authors: Trochine Carolina , Díaz Villanueva Verónica , Brett Michael T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

It is well established that terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are interlinked in a myriad of ways, yet understanding of the role terrestrial particulate organic matter (OM) plays in supporting aquatic macroinvertebrate production is still incomplete and debated. We investigated the role of terrestrial particulate OM (leaf litter) and autochthonous OM (macrophytes) with and without biofilm as food sources for the model benthic macroinvertebrate Hyalella (Amphipoda). We hypothesised that biofilm (algae, fungi, bacteria) associated with terrestrial and aquatic plants is the main food source for benthic primary consumers.

First, we microbially conditioned the leaf litter insitu for 10‐weeks. Then, we performed a laboratory feeding experiment with nine treatments: no food, conditioned leaf litter from two native terrestrial plants, non‐conditioned leaf litter from these plants, two freshly collected macrophyte species with periphyton, and these macrophytes without periphyton. We measured the growth and analysed the fatty acid (FA) composition of field‐collected and experimental amphipods reared on these diets.

We found that amphipods fed food sources without biofilm grew poorly and had a FA content and composition resembling that of starved animals. The same was observed for amphipods fed one leaf litter type with biofilm. However, animals fed the other leaf litter type with biofilm grew during the feeding experiment and showed a characteristic FA composition linked to the higher fungal biomass in this food source. We showed that amphipods fed macrophytes with biofilm resembled field‐collected animals regarding FA amounts and composition; monounsaturated FA representing >40% of total FA, with 16:1n‐7 (palmitoleic acid) and 18:1n‐9 (oleic acid) being the most abundant, and polyunsaturated FA representing 30% of total FA. The FA data indicated algae, particularly diatoms, as evidenced by large quantities of its biomarker 16:1n‐7, were the main food for the amphipods.

We conclude diatoms were the peanut butter on crackers for the amphipods, and diatom consumption supported its somatic growth and polyunsaturated FA composition. In contrast, bacteria and fungi on conditioned leaf litter were lower quality food sources because they do not provide essential FA for macroinvertebrates growth and physiology. These results have important ecological implications from a food web perspective.
Challenges to the Asian academic profession: Major findings from the international surveys
Authors: Huang Futao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study analyses the challenges facing Asia's academy based on major findings from the international survey which was implemented in seven selected Asian systems in 2012–2013. The study argues that the academics in these participating teams were concerned with demographic issues, academics' deteriorating working conditions, building both capacity and excellence in their academics, unsatisfactory governance and management arrangements in some systems, and more importantly imbalance development in the academics at a regional level, as well as the importance of undertaking connections with foreign colleagues and internationalising the Asian academics. The study also offers implications for policy and research.
An environmentally friendly process for preparing commercial ceramic foam composites based on frit/glass wastes
Authors: Ercioglu Nihan , Ubay Elif 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConsidering the size of the amount of energy consumption in ovens during the production of gas ceramic foam materials in the ceramic industry, it can be stated that natural gas is one of the highest energy resources. Natural gas consumption during the production has been evaluated and financial analyses were made for saving consumption amounts. Raw materials and glass/frit wastes obtained from different regions were investigated and their chemical compositions were determined by X‐Rays fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis. Compared to their current alternatives, glass foams with homogenous structure and low density were developed by adding frit/glass wastes in the amount of 80%‐90%. X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has been conducted for mineralogical investigation of the samples. Also, to analyze the pore sizes and examine the surface morphology of foams, SEM images were obtained. With the addition of glass/frit wastes, natural gas consumption decreased (ca. 20%‐25%) in firing process.
Efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy plus alternate‐day tadalafil for patients with late‐onset hypogonadism: An open‐label, randomized, crossover study
Authors: Narukawa Tsukasa , Soh Jintetsu , Kanemitsu Noriyuki , Harikai Shunji , Fujihara Atsuko , Ukimura Osamu 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy and safety of combination treatment with testosterone replacement therapy plus alternate‐day tadalafil (10 mg) in patients with late‐onset hypogonadism.MethodsIn this open‐label, randomized, crossover study, 29 patients with late‐onset hypogonadism were randomly assigned to receive testosterone replacement therapy for 12 weeks followed by combination treatment for 12 weeks (Group 1) or combination treatment for 12 weeks followed by testosterone replacement therapy (Group 2). Symptom questionnaires were administered and blood tests were performed prior to and following each treatment to assess safety and efficacy. At the end of the study, participants were asked about their treatment preferences.ResultsAn adverse effect, a rheum symptom, occurred in only one participant, and 26 participants completed the study without any toxicity. Scores on the Aging Male Symptoms scale and the modified short version of the International Index of Erectile Function, and Overactive Bladder Symptom scores were significantly improved in the combination treatment phase of Group 2, whereas no significant difference between the phases were observed in Group 1. In total, 12 out of the 14 participants in Group 1 and 11 out of the 12 participants in Group 2 preferred combination treatment, which reached statistical significance (P = 0.008 and 0.004 for Groups 1 and 2, respectively).ConclusionsTestosterone replacement therapy with add‐on alternate‐day tadalafil is a safe and satisfactory treatment for patients with late‐onset hypogonadism.
Regional variation in cardiac implantable electronic device implants trends in New Zealand over the past decade (ANZACS‐QI 54)
Authors: Foo Fang Shawn , Poppe Katrina K. , Lee Mildred , Clare Geoffrey C. , Stiles Martin K. , Looi Khang‐Li , Webber Matthew , Boddington Dean , Jackson Rod , Kerr Andrew J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPermanent pacemaker (PPM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implant rates have increased in New Zealand over the past decade.AimsTo provide a contemporary analysis of regional variation in implant rates.MethodsNew PPM and ICD implants in patients aged ≥15 years were identified for 10 years (2009–2018) using procedure coding in the National Minimum Datasets, which collects all New Zealand public hospital admissions. Age‐standardised new implant rates per million adult population were calculated for each of the four regions (Northern, Midland, Central and Southern) and the 20 district health boards (DHB) across those regions. Trend analysis was performed using joinpoint regression.ResultsNew PPM implant rates increased nationally by 3.4%/year (P < 0.001). The Northern region had the highest new PPM implant rate, increasing by 4.5%/year (P < 0.001). Excluding DHB with <50 000 people, the new PPM implant rate for 2017/2018 was highest in Counties Manukau DHB (854.3/million; 95% confidence interval (CI): 774.9–933.6/million) and lowest in Canterbury DHB (488.6/million; 95% CI: 438.1–539.0/million). New ICD implant rates increased nationally by 3.0%/year (P = 0.002). The Midland region had the highest new ICD implant rate, increasing by 3.8%/year (P = 0.013). Excluding DHB with <50 000 people, the new ICD implant rate for 2017−2018 was highest in the Bay of Plenty DHB (228.5/million; 95% CI: 180.4–276.6/million) and lowest in Canterbury DHB (90.2/million; 95% CI: 69.9–110.4/million).ConclusionThere was significant variation in PPM and ICD implant rates across regions and DHB, suggesting potential inequity in patient access across New Zealand.
Persistent kidney dysfunction after acute kidney injury predicts short‐term outpatient mortality
Authors: Quiroga Borja , Sanz Sainz Marta , Santos Sánchez‐Rey Begoña , Muñoz Ramos Patricia , Ortiz Alberto , Ruano Pablo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalisation is frequent and associated with adverse outcomes.AimsTo evaluate the association between renal function recovery after AKI and short‐term post‐discharge mortality.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of all AKI episodes codified in the electronic records of a single centre in 2013 and 2014. Epidemiological data and comorbidities at baseline and laboratory values at admission and discharge were collected. Persistent kidney dysfunction after AKI was defined as a last serum creatinine equal or above 1.2‐fold over baseline level. Patients were followed for 30 days after discharge.ResultsOut of 1720 evaluated patients, 1541 (89%) were analysed. Of them, 869 (56%) recovered renal function. Independent predictors of renal function recovery after AKI were lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (P < 0.001), higher admission eGFR (P < 0.001) and haemoglobin (P = 0.016), milder AKI (P = 0.037), absence of a history of heart failure (P < 0.001) and lower admission blood pressure (P < 0.001). After discharge, 46 (3%) patients died in the first 30 days. Persistent kidney dysfunction was associated (P = 0.01) with and independently predicted (odds ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.2–5.4; P = 0.01) short‐term post‐discharge mortality.ConclusionsPersistent kidney dysfunction after an AKI episode is an independent predictor of 30‐day post‐discharge mortality. This information might help select AKI patients who require closer follow up and monitoring after discharge.
Independent association between meteorological factors, PM2.5, and seasonal influenza activity in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, China
Authors: Lau Steven Yuk‐Fai , Cheng Wei , Yu Zhao , Mohammad Kirran N. , Wang Maggie Haitian , Zee Benny Chung‐Ying , Li Xi , Chong Ka Chun , Chen Enfu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to variations in climatic conditions, the effects of meteorological factors and PM2.5 on influenza activity, particularly in subtropical regions, vary in existing literature. In this study, we examined the relationship between influenza activity, meteorological parameters, and PM2.5.MethodsA total of 20 165 laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, were documented in our dataset and aggregated into weekly counts for downstream analysis. We employed a combination of the quasi‐Poisson‐generalized additive model and the distributed lag non‐linear model to examine the relationship of interest, controlling for long‐term trends, seasonal trends, and holidays.ResultsA hockey‐stick association was found between absolute humidity and the risk of influenza infections. The overall cumulative adjusted relative risk (ARR) was statistically significant when weekly mean absolute humidity was low (<10 µg/m3) and high (>17.5 µg/m3). A slightly higher ARR was observed when weekly mean temperature reached over 30.5°C. A statistically significantly higher ARR was observed when weekly mean relative humidity dropped below 67%. ARR increased statistically significantly with increasing rainfall. For PM2.5, the ARR was marginally statistically insignificant. In brief, high temperature, wet and dry conditions, and heavy rainfall were the major risk factors associated with a higher risk of influenza infections.ConclusionsThe present study contributes additional knowledge to the understanding of the effects of various environmental factors on influenza activities. Our findings shall be useful and important for the development of influenza surveillance and early warning systems.
Mixing and crossing disciplines: Leonardo da Vinci's holistic approach to knowledge
Authors: Migliardo Federica , Magazù Salvatore 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThere is unanimous consensus on the interdisciplinary nature of Leonardo da Vinci's work due to his holistic vision of the world. Our study aims to point out that da Vinci created links and bridges among concepts belonging to exact and human sciences, revealing not only the interdisciplinary but also the transdisciplinary nature of his approach. This is shown in his notes that reflect the philosophical thoughts and social implications of his observations.More specifically, in order to highlight da Vinci's unique approach to knowledge, we analyse two significant examples never cited nor commented on. The first concerns how da Vinci used quantitative law to deduce and apply fluid dynamics of crowded people flux in surprising ways; the second is related to the architectural study of the arch that suggests da Vinci had some deep thoughts on the world.From this analysis, we conclude that, considering the huge number of relevant “case studies” provided by da Vinci and their semantic density, his approach to knowledge can be framed within innovative philosophical studies on interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity.
Structure‐property relations in crack‐resistant alkaline‐earth aluminoborosilicate glasses studied by solid state NMR
Authors: Logrado Millena , Eckert Hellmut , Murata Tetsuya , Nakane Shingo , Yamazaki Hiroki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe effect of the average ionic potential ξ = Ze/r of the network modifier cations on crack initiation resistance (CR) and Young's modulus E has been measured for a series of alkaline‐earth aluminoborosilicate glasses with the compositions 60SiO2–10Al2O3–10B2O3–(20−x)M(2)O–xM’O (0 ≤ x ≤ 20; M, M’ = Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Na). Systematic trends indicating an increase of CR with increasing ionic potential, ξ, have been correlated with structural properties deduced from the NMR interaction parameters in 29Si, 27Al, 23Na, and 11B solid state NMR. 27Al NMR spectra indicate that the aluminum atoms in these glasses are essentially all four‐coordinated, however, the average quadrupolar coupling constant <CQ> extracted from lineshape analysis increases linearly with increasing average ion potential computed from the cation composition. A similar linear correlation is observed for the average 29Si chemical shift, whereas the fraction of four‐coordinate boron decreases linearly with increasing ξ. Altogether the results indicate that in pure alkaline‐earth boroaluminosilicate glasses the crack resistance/E‐modulus trade‐off can be tailored by the alkaline‐earth oxide inventory. In contrast, the situation looks more complicated in glasses containing both Na2O and the alkaline‐earth oxides MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO. For 60SiO2–10Al2O3–10B2O3–10MgO–10Na2O glass, the NMR parameters, interpreted in the context of their correlations with ionic potentials, are consistent with a partial network former role of the MgO component, enhancing crack resistance. Altogether the presence of MgO in aluminoborosilicate glasses helps overcome the trade‐off issue between high crack resistance and high elasticity modulus present in borosilicate glasses, thereby offering additional opportunities for the design of glasses that are both very rigid and very crack resistant.