bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevating seed oil content in a polyploid crop by induced mutations in SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER genes
Authors: Karunarathna Nirosha L. , Wang Haoyi , Harloff Hans‐Joachim , Jiang Lixi , Jung Christian 
Published: March 2020

SummaryPlant‐based oils are valuable agricultural products, and seed oil content (SOC) is the major yield component in oil crops. Increasing SOC has been successfully targeted through the selection and genetic modification of oil biosynthesis. The SOC in rapeseed declined during the seed maturation and eventually caused the final accumulated seed oil quantity. However, genes involved in oil degradation during seed maturity are not deeply studied so far. We performed a candidate gene association study using a worldwide collection of rapeseed germplasm. We identified SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER (SFAR) genes, which had a significant effect on SOC and fatty acid (FA) composition. SFAR genes belong to the GDSL lipases, and GDSL lipases have a broad range of functions in plants. After quantification of gene expression using RNA‐seq and quantitative PCR, we used targeted (CRISPR‐Cas mediated) and random (chemical) mutagenesis to modify turnover rates of seed oil in winter rapeseed. For the first time, we demonstrate significant increase of SOC in a crop after knocking out members of the BnSFAR4 and BnSFAR5 gene families without pleiotropic effects on seed germination, vigour and oil mobilization. Our results offer new perspectives for improving oil yield by targeted mutagenesis.
Reaction of a heterozygous tomato hybrid bearing the Mi‐1.2 gene to 15 Meloidogyne species
Authors: Gabriel Márcia , Kulczynski Stela M. , Muniz Marlove F. B. , Boiteux Leonardo S. , Carneiro Regina M. D. G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMany root‐knot nematode (RKN) species (Meloidogyne spp.) are polyphagous and cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of their preferential hosts, leading to significant losses. It is known that the dominant Mi‐1.2 gene in tomato confers resistance to the three most important RKN species—M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria, and minor species—M. ethiopica, M. hispanica, and M. luci. However, little information is available about resistance of tomatoes carrying this gene to other tomato‐infecting RKN species. In this study, resistance conferred by the Mi‐1.2 gene/locus was evaluated against populations of 15 Meloidogyne species, employing tomato cultivars Santa Clara (homozygous recessive mi‐1.2/mi‐1.2, susceptible) and Debora Plus (heterozygous Mi‐1.2/mi‐1.2, resistant). Debora Plus was susceptible only to M. enterolobii and M. hapla, and was resistant to the other Brazilian populations of M. arenaria, M. ethiopica, M. exigua, M. hispanica, M. incognita, M. inornata, M. izalcoensis M. javanica, M. konaensis, M. luci, M. morocciensis, M. paranaensis, and M. petuniae. Mi‐1.2 is located on tomato chromosome 6 within a cluster of seven homologous genes of the nucleotide‐binding site leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) family; further research is required to confirm if this multiple Meloidogyne spp. resistance phenotype is controlled exclusively by Mi‐1.2 or by combined action of other closely linked genes. This evaluation of resistance of the Debora Plus cultivar to several Meloidogyne species suggests that the Mi‐1.2 gene/locus may reduce losses induced by a wide range of Meloidogyne spp. Further studies using additional resistant cultivars and other populations of Meloidogyne spp. are needed to confirm these results.
Patient‐related complexity of nursing care in acute care hospitals – an updated concept
Authors: Huber Evelyn , Kleinknecht‐Dolf Michael , Kugler Christiane , Spirig Rebecca 
Published: March 2020

RationalThe interest in complexity of nursing care has grown in science and practice in recent years because of changed patient profiles and higher average levels of patient acuity in acute care hospitals.AimThe aim of this study was to redefine the concept of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ in acute care hospitals.DesignThe hybrid model for concept development was chosen.MethodsIn a first theoretical phase, we performed a narrative literature review regarding defining elements of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ and developed a working definition. In the fieldwork phase, we investigated collective case studies representing 12 nursing care situations. The theoretical phase was updated before all findings were synthesised, and in the final analytical phase, the preliminary working definition was refined.EthicsAn ethical committee judged the study as unproblematic (waiver no. 82/14 from 5 December 2014).ResultsThe concept was redefined confirming previous understandings of patient‐related ‘complexity of nursing care’ as a dynamic, relational concept characterised by the instability, variability and uncertainty that exist. The extent of complexity was determined by multifaceted patient problems and resources as well as extensive knowledge, experience, attention and caring skills of registered nurses interacting with each other.LimitationsThe study did not include organisation‐related complexity of nursing care.ConclusionsThe redefinition of the concept may support a common understanding of patient‐related demands on nursing care among practitioners, managers and politicians which is important regarding patient safety and health nursing staff.
Directing Syntactic Traffic
Authors: Sobin Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhile much work in generative syntax has adopted bottom‐up syntactic derivation, a number of factors favor a top‐down approach. This article offers a new articulation of the top‐down Merge Right–Branch Right approach. In accord with the general Minimalist goals that computation should be carried out in small domains, that structure is based on binary pairings, and that grammatical mechanisms should, as far as possible, be limited to those that are logically necessary, three hypotheses are advanced: (i) that downward movement/copying of elements is driven by theta marking; (ii) that a[D] parameteroperates across a range of syntactic constructions to direct displaced elements either through the syntactic structure or into a memory buffer to reach their points of selection/theta marking; and (iii) that the concept of the memory buffer previously proposed in the literature should be modified so that some but not all displaced elements enter it. The [D]‐parameter hypothesis offers a common basis for a variety of syntactic phenomena: short movement in expletive sentences, T‐to‐C movement inwhquestions, the Comp–trace effect, and the anti‐Comp–trace effect seen in relative clauses.
The exogenous application of AtPGLR, an endo‐polygalacturonase, triggers pollen tube burst and repair
Authors: Hocq Ludivine , Guinand Sophie , Habrylo Olivier , Voxeur Aline , Tabi Wafae , Safran Josip , Fournet Françoise , Domon Jean‐Marc , Mollet Jean‐Claude , Pilard Serge , Pau‐Roblot Corinne , Lehner Arnaud , Pelloux Jérôme , Lefebvre Valérie 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYPlant cell wall remodeling plays a key role in the control of cell elongation and differentiation. In particular, fine‐tuning of the degree of methylesterification of pectins was previously reported to control developmental processes as diverse as pollen germination, pollen tube elongation, emergence of primordia or elongation of dark‐grown hypocotyls. However, how pectin degradation can modulate plant development has remained elusive. Here we report the characterization of a polygalacturonase (PG), AtPGLR, the gene for which is highly expressed at the onset of lateral root emergence in Arabidopsis. Due to gene compensation mechanisms, mutant approaches failed to determine the involvement of AtPGLR in plant growth. To overcome this issue, AtPGLR has been expressed heterologously in the yeast Pichia pastoris and biochemically characterized. We showed that AtPGLR is an endo‐PG that preferentially releases non‐methylesterified oligogalacturonides with a short degree of polymerization (< 8) at acidic pH. The application of the purified recombinant protein on Amaryllis pollen tubes, an excellent model for studying cell wall remodeling at acidic pH, induced abnormal pollen tubes or cytoplasmic leakage in the subapical dome of the pollen tube tip, where non‐methylesterified pectin epitopes are detected. Those leaks could either be repaired by new β‐glucan deposits (mostly callose) in the cell wall or promoted dramatic burst of the pollen tube. Our work presents the full biochemical characterization of an Arabidopsis PG and highlights the importance of pectin integrity in pollen tube elongation.
Theoretical Analyses of Heat Balance in a Diesel/Natural Gas Dual-Fuel Engine at Low and Medium Loads Based on Experimental Values
Authors: Wang Zhongshu , Du Guizhi , Li Ming , Xu Yun , Zhang Fangyuan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In order to propose the control strategies based on exergy to realize efficient and energy-saving operation of the engine, the energy and exergy balance under sensitive boundary conditions were analyzed with the first and second laws of thermodynamics on a six-cylinders, four strokes, turbocharged, intercooled, and high-pressure common rail diesel/natural gas (NG) dual-fuel engine in this paper. The results depicted that the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency decrease with the increase of NG percentage energy substitution rate (PES). Compared with other conditions, at medium load, 1978 rpm and 90% PES, the exergy destruction caused by irreversibility process including mixing combustion, heat transfer and mechanical friction reaches 72.33%. With the advance of diesel injection time (Tinj), thermal efficiency and energy fraction of heat transfer increase first and then decrease. However, diesel injection pressure (Pinj) has little effect on improving energy utilization. Compared with single diesel injection, appropriate multiple diesel injection can improve combustion performance and energy utilization. When the first Tinj is 35 deg CA BTDC and second Tinj is 25 deg CA BTDC, nearly 50% of the energy lost in heat transfer can be converted into useful work. The lost exergy can be reduced by choosing appreciate Tinj and Pinj, adding exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) to reduce in-cylinder temperature to improve combustion and using thermal insulation materials to reduce heat transfer or using the lost heat in other processes such as preheating intake air and producing the hot water or steam of external consumption to reduce the exergy destruction.
The historical roots of economic development
Authors: Nunn Nathan 
Published: March 2020

Deep origins of modern inequality
Methodological innovations are enabling scientists to study how events in the distant past affect contemporary life. Nunn reviews recent research at the intersection of history, development, and culture that aims to understand the cultural evolution of economic development. The persistence of global inequality is used as a case study to demonstrate the interplay of these dynamics. Future areas of research and implications for policy are discussed.

Science
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Protein Biosynthesis in Mitochondria: Past Simple, Present Perfect, Future Indefinite
Authors: Levitskii S. A. , Baleva M. V. , Chicherin I. V. , Krasheninnikov I. A. , Kamenski P. A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMitochondria are obligate organelles of most eukaryotic cells that perform many different functions important for cellular homeostasis. The main role of mitochondria is supplying cells with energy in a form of ATP, which is synthesized in a chain of oxidative phosphorylation reactions on the organelle inner membrane. It is commonly believed now that mitochondria have the endosymbiotic origin. In the course of evolution, they have lost most of their genetic material as a result of genome reduction and gene transfer to the nucleus. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and then imported to the mitochondria. However, almost all known mitochondria still contain genomes that are maintained and expressed. The processes of protein biosynthesis in the mitochondria — mitochondrial translation — substantially differs from the analogous processes in bacteria and the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondrial translation is characterized by a high degree of specialization and specific regulatory mechanisms. In this review, we analyze available information on the common principles of mitochondrial translation with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of translation initiation in the mitochondria of yeast and mammalian cells.
Multicentre study: reliability and repeatability of Scheimpflug system measurement in keratoconus
Authors: de Luis Eguileor Beatriz , Arriola-Villalobos Pedro , Pijoan Zubizarreta Jose Ignacio , Feijoo Lera Raquel , Santamaria Carro Alaitz , Diaz-Valle David , Etxebarria Jaime 
Published: March 2020

PurposeTo assess the repeatability and reliability of the most important tomographic parameters for characterising keratoconus measured with a Pentacam HR (high resolution).MethodsOverall, 230 eyes in 158 patients with keratoconus were analysed. We performed five consecutive corneal tomography examinations for each eye with a Pentacam HR in patients with keratoconus. Study eyes were classified into three groups depending on the maximum posterior elevation (max_BFS_post): grade 1 for cases of keratoconus with a max_BFS_post of 40 µm; grade 2 for those with a max_BFS_post of between 41 and 75 µm and grade 3 for those with a max_BFS_post of over 75 µm. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and repeatability limits of parameters from tomography and aberrometry.ResultsAll the parameters were found to have excellent ICCs (0.9). The repeatability limits for the key parameters were higher than 0.5D for the power parameters, 20° for the axis of corneal astigmatism and 10 µm for the thinnest corneal thickness. Further, we obtained repeatability limits of above 0.1 µm for the aberrometry values and overall greater than 15° for the coma axis. All the values increase with the severity of keratoconus, except for that of the coma axis which falls with keratoconus grade.ConclusionsThe reliability indicated by ICCs supports the view that the Pentacam HR is useful for the diagnosis of keratoconus. The repeatability limits suggest that new criteria should be established for monitoring progression taking into account the real measurements that can be made using this system.
Prediction of OCT images of short-term response to anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using generative adversarial network
Authors: Liu Yutong , Yang Jingyuan , Zhou Yang , Wang Weisen , Zhao Jianchun , Yu Weihong , Zhang Dingding , Ding Dayong , Li Xirong , Chen Youxin 
Published: March 2020

Background/aimsThe aim of this study was to generate and evaluate individualised post-therapeutic optical coherence tomography (OCT) images that could predict the short-term response of antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) based on pretherapeutic images using generative adversarial network (GAN).MethodsA total of 476 pairs of pretherapeutic and post-therapeutic OCT images of patients with nAMD were included in training set, while 50 pretherapeutic OCT images were included in the tests set retrospectively, and their corresponding post-therapeutic OCT images were used to evaluate the synthetic images. The pix2pixHD method was adopted for image synthesis. Three experiments were performed to evaluate the quality, authenticity and predictive power of the synthetic images by retinal specialists.ResultsWe found that 92% of the synthetic OCT images had sufficient quality for further clinical interpretation. Only about 26%–30% synthetic post-therapeutic images could be accurately identified as synthetic images. The accuracy to predict macular status of wet or dry was 0.85 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.95).ConclusionOur results revealed a great potential of GAN to generate post-therapeutic OCT images with both good quality and high accuracy.
Prevalence and risk factors for visual impairment among elderly residents in ‘homes for the aged’ in India: the Hyderabad Ocular Morbidity in Elderly Study (HOMES)
Authors: Marmamula Srinivas , Barrenakala Navya Rekha , Challa Rajesh , Kumbham Thirupathi Reddy , Modepalli Satya Brahmanandam , Yellapragada Ratnakar , Bhakki Madhuri , Khanna Rohit C , Friedman David S 
Published: March 2020

Background/AimTo investigate the prevalence, causes and risk factors of visual impairment (VI) among the elderly in ‘home for the aged’ in Hyderabad, India.MethodsIndividuals aged ≥60 years were recruited from 41 ‘homes for the aged’. All participants had complete eye examinations including presenting visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure measurement and fundus imaging by trained clinicians. VI was defined as presenting visual acuity worse than 6/18 in the better eye. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors associated with VI.Results1512 elderly residents from 41 homes for the aged were enumerated, of whom 1182 (78.1%) were examined. The mean age of examined participants was 75.0 years (SD 8.8 years; range: 60–108 years); 35.4% of those examined were men. The prevalence of VI was 30.1% (95% CI 27.5 to 32.8). The leading cause of VI was cataract (46.3%, n=165), followed by uncorrected refractive error (27.0%, n=96), posterior capsular opacification (14.9%, n=53) and posterior segment disease (6.5%, n=23). Overall, 88.2% of the VI was either treatable or correctable. In multiple logistic regression, those aged 80 years and older (OR: 1.7, p<0.01), living in ‘free’ homes (OR: 1.5, p<0.01) and who were immobile/bedridden (OR: 3.02, p<0.01) had significantly higher odds of VI. Gender was not associated with VI.ConclusionsVI was common and largely avoidable in residents of ‘homes for the aged’ in Hyderabad, India. Screening for vision loss in ‘homes for aged’ and the provision of appropriate services should become routine practice to achieve the goal of healthy ageing in India.
Choriocapillaris flow impairment could predict the enlargement of geographic atrophy lesion
Authors: Sacconi Riccardo , Corbelli Eleonora , Borrelli Enrico , Capone Luigi , Carnevali Adriano , Gelormini Francesco , Querques Lea , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe 
Published: March 2020

AimTo analyse the choriocapillaris (CC) flow status in the area that subsequently showed geographic atrophy (GA) expansion secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) during 1-year follow-up, matching optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF).MethodsIn this prospective longitudinal observational study, 30 eyes of 20 consecutive patients with GA secondary to AMD (mean age 75.5±7.4 years) were included. All patients underwent OCT-A and FAF at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Main outcome measures included analysis of perfusion density (PD) in the ‘area surrounding GA margin’ (between the GA border and 500 µm distance) in comparison with the ‘control area’ (area outside the 500 µm line), and of the ‘expansion area’ (area that subsequently developed GA expansion during 1-year follow-up).ResultsDuring the 1-year follow-up, visual acuity significantly decreased from 0.34±0.38 Logarithm of the Minimum Angle of Resolution (LogMAR) to 0.39±0.40 LogMAR (p<0.001), and mean GA area increased from 6.82±5.47 mm2 to 8.76±6.28 mm2 (p<0.001). CC PD of the area surrounding the GA margin revealed a significant flow impairment compared with control area (PD 0.679±0.076 and 0.734±0.057, respectively (p<0.001)). Furthermore, the PD of the expansion area showed a greater CC flow impairment in comparison to the remaining area surrounding GA margin (p<0.001).ConclusionsWe reported a greater CC impairment in the area that subsequently developed GA expansion, suggesting that the CC flow impairment could predict the enlargement of GA lesion. The CC impairment could be considered as a new a risk factor for GA progression and a biomarker to be measured to determine efficacy of new interventions aiming to slow progression of GA.
Does foot mobility affect the outcome in the management of patellofemoral pain with foot orthoses versus hip exercises? A randomised clinical trial
Authors: Matthews Mark , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Claus Andrew , McPoil Tom , Nee Robert , Crossley Kay M , Kasza Jessica , Vicenzino Bill T 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesTo test (i) if greater foot pronation (measured as midfoot width mobility) is associated with better outcomes with foot orthoses treatment, compared with hip exercises and (ii) if hip exercises are superior to foot orthoses, irrespective of midfoot width mobility.MethodsA two-arm parallel, randomised superiority clinical trial was conducted in Australia and Denmark. Participants (18–40 years) were included who reported an insidious onset of knee pain (≥6 weeks duration); ≥3/10 numerical pain rating, that was aggravated by activities (eg, stairs, squatting, running). Participants were stratified by midfoot width mobility (high≥11 mm change in midfoot width) and site, randomised to foot orthoses or hip exercises and blinded to objectives and stratification. Success was defined a priori asmuch betterorbetteron a patient-perceived 7-point scale at 12 weeks.ResultsOf 218 stratified and randomised participants, 192 completed 12-week follow-up. This study found no difference in success rates between foot orthoses versus hip exercises in those withhigh(6/21 vs 9/20; 29% vs 45%, respectively) orlow(42/79 vs 37/72; 53% vs 51%) midfoot width mobility. There was no association between midfoot width mobility and treatment outcome (Interaction effect p=0.19). This study found no difference in success rate between foot orthoses versus hip exercises (48/100 vs 46/92; 48% vs 50%).ConclusionMidfoot width mobility should not be used to help clinicians decide which patient with patellofemoral pain might benefit most from foot orthoses. Clinicians and patients may consider either foot orthoses or hip exercises in managing patellofemoral pain.Trial registration numberACTRN12614000260628.
Effectiveness of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treating deep second-degree burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Jiamei , Liu W , Zhang G , Wang D , Lou H , Duang J 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionIt is uncertain whether treatment by recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) can promote healing of deep second-degree burns. This meta-analysis aimed to systematically review and assess randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy and safety of rhGM-CSF for treating deep second-degree burns.MethodsThis meta-analysis conformed to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement. The PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline and Embase databases and relevant references were systematically searched for RCTs (published up to November 2019). Main outcome measures included the wound healing rate, wound healing time and average optical densities of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). We performed a meta-analysis using fixed or random effects models.ResultsSeven RCTs comprising 982 patients with 1184 burns (652 patients received rhGM-CSF vs 532 controls) were included. Compared with standard wound care alone, the use of rhGM-CSF significantly reduced wound healing time by 4.77 days (weighted mean difference=−4.77; 95% CI −6.45 to −3.09; p<0.001) and significantly increased the wound healing rate on days 7, 10, 14 and 20 by 6.46%, 19.78%, 17.07% and 11.38%, respectively. There was no significant difference between the groups in the wound healing rate on day 28 and average optical densities of VEGF and FGF. No systematic adverse event occurred. Redder, more swollen and painful wounds were reported after using rhGM-CSF compared with the control.ConclusionsrhGM-CSF could be effective and safe for treating deep second-degree burns.