bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional characterization and physiological roles of the single Shaker outward K+ channel in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Drain Alice , Thouin Julien , Wang Limin , Boeglin Martin , Pauly Nicolas , Nieves‐Cordones Manuel , Gaillard Isabelle , Véry Anne‐Aliénor , Sentenac Hervé 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe model legume Medicago truncatula possesses a single outward Shaker K+ channel, whereas Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two channels of this type, named AtSKOR and AtGORK, with AtSKOR having been shown to play a major role in K+ secretion into the xylem sap in the root vasculature and with AtGORK being shown to mediate the efflux of K+ across the guard cell membrane, leading to stomatal closure. Here we show that the expression pattern of the single M. truncatula outward Shaker channel, which has been named MtGORK, includes the root vasculature, guard cells and root hairs. As shown by patch‐clamp experiments on root hair protoplasts, besides the Shaker‐type slowly activating outwardly rectifying K+ conductance encoded by MtGORK, a second K+‐permeable conductance, displaying fast activation and weak rectification, can be expressed by M. truncatula. A knock‐out (KO) mutation resulting in an absence of MtGORK activity is shown to weakly reduce K+ translocation to shoots, and only in plants engaged in rhizobial symbiosis, but to strongly affect the control of stomatal aperture and transpirational water loss. In legumes, the early electrical signaling pathway triggered by Nod‐factor perception is known to comprise a short transient depolarization of the root hair plasma membrane. In the absence of the functional expression of MtGORK, the rate of the membrane repolarization is found to be decreased by a factor of approximately two. This defect was without any consequence on infection thread development and nodule production in plants grown in vitro, but a decrease in nodule production was observed in plants grown in soil.
ABO‐incompatible kidney transplantation can be successfully conducted by monitoring IgM isoagglutinin titers during desensitization
Authors: Kim Hyungsuk , Choe Wonho , Shin Sung , Kim Young Hoon , Han Duck‐Jong , Park Su‐Kil , Kwon Seog‐Woon , Ko Dae‐Hyun 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUNDRecent advances in desensitization techniques and immunosuppressive therapy have led to improved outcomes after ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐i) kidney transplantation (KT). However, questions remain unanswered, particularly regarding which type of ABO isoagglutinin—immunoglobulin M (IgM) or immunoglobulin M (IgG)—is significantly involved in antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe retrospectively analyzed data from 120 patients who underwent ABO‐i KT between 2012 and 2014. Preoperative plasma exchange was performed until the IgM isoagglutinin titer was 4 or less, regardless of the IgG titer. Clinical data were compared between patient groups with pre‐KT IgG isoagglutinin titer 16 or greater (high IgG; titer range, 16‐256; n = 39) and 8 or less (low IgG; titer range, −8; n = 81).RESULTSThe median follow‐up periods were 59 (high IgG) and 55 (low IgG) months. Patient survival at 5 years (p = 0.314) was 100% (high IgG) and 97.4% (low IgG). Graft survival at 5 years (p = 0.480) was 100% (high IgG) and 98.7% (low IgG). AMR by anti‐ABO antibody occurred in only one patient in the low‐IgG group.CONCLUSIONPatients with high pre‐KT IgG isoagglutinin titers had equally successful outcomes as those with low IgG titers. ABO‐i KT can be successfully performed by reducing the pre‐KT IgM isoagglutinin titer to 4 or less, as determined by the immediate spin tube method.
Inactivation of yellow fever virus with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light pathogen‐reduction technology
Authors: Girard Yvette A. , Santa Maria Felicia , Lanteri Marion C. 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUNDThe reemergence of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Africa and Brazil, and massive vaccine campaigns triggered to contain the outbreaks, have raised concerns over blood transfusion safety and availability with increased risk of YFV transfusion‐transmitted infections (TTIs) by native and vaccine‐acquired YFV. Blood donor deferral for 2 to 4 weeks following live attenuated YFV vaccination, and deferral for travel to endemic/epidemic areas, may result in blood donor loss and impact platelet component (PC) stocks. This study investigated the efficacy of INTERCEPT Blood System pathogen reduction (PR) with use of amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) light to inactivate high levels of YFV in PCs.MATERIALSFour units of apheresis platelets prepared in 35% plasma/65% platelet additive solution (PC‐PAS) and 4 units of PC in 100% human plasma (PC‐Plasma) were spiked with high infectious titers of YFV (YFV‐17D vaccine strain). YFV‐17D infectious titers were measured by plaque assay and expressed as plaque‐forming units (PFU) before and after amotosalen/UVA treatment to determine log reduction.RESULTSThe mean YFV‐17D infectious titers in PC before inactivation were 5.5 ± 0.1 log PFU/mL in PC‐PAS and 5.3 ± 0.1 log PFU/mL in PC‐Plasma. No infectivity was detected immediately after amotosalen/UVA treatment.CONCLUSIONThe amotosalen/UVA PR system inactivated high titers of infectious YFV‐17D in PC. This PR technology could reduce the risk of YFV TTI and help secure PC supplies in areas experiencing YFV outbreaks where massive vaccination campaigns are required.
Ophthalmic contributions to assessing eyes of two neotropical canids: Cerdocyon thous and Chrysocyon brachyurus
Authors: Carvalho Clarissa M. , Rodarte‐Almeida Ana C. V. , Beanes Alan S. , Machado Marilia T. S. , Galera Paula D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe selected ophthalmic tests and anatomical features of eyes of crab‐eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus).Animals studiedSix crab‐eating foxes (12 eyes), eight maned wolves (16 eyes).ProceduresIntramuscular and/or inhalatory anesthesia, ophthalmic evaluation with portable slit‐lamp biomicroscope, Schirmer tear test (STT), intraocular pressure measurement with rebound and applanation (crab‐eating fox only) tonometers, measurement of palpebral fissure length (PFL), gonioscopy, and fundoscopy. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's tests.ResultsBoth species presented upper and lower eyelids, both with eyelashes and Meibomian glands openings. A third eyelid was also present. In partial miosis, pigmented projections were observed along the edge of the pupil. The draining angle was open, with thin pectinate ligaments. The retina was holangiotic. For crab‐eating foxes, mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 4.33 ± 2.96 mm/min; PFL: 17.45 ± 1.55 mm; rebound tonometry: 10.70 ± 3.43 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D),5.66 ± 3.44 mm Hg (TonoVet®calibration P), 17.00 ± 4.64 mm Hg (TonoVet® Plus calibration dog); and applanation tonometry: 11.70 ± 5.70 mm Hg(TonoPen® XL). For maned wolves, the mean ± standard deviation values were as follows: STT: 9.31 ± 7.40 mm/min; PFL: 22.79 ± 1.63 mm; rebound tonometry: 11.00 ± 2.77 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration D), 6.78 ± 2.58 mm Hg (TonoVet® calibration P), and 18.29 ± 3.47 mm Hg(TonoVet® Plus calibration dog).ConclusionsThis study contributes with knowledge that can help the clinical assessment regarding eyes of crab‐eating foxes and maned wolves. The data herein presented for rebound tonometry are new for both species.
Cryptic diversity in ant‐mimic Micaria spiders (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) and a tribute to early naturalists
Authors: Muster Christoph , Michalik Peter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpiders of the genus Micaria are ground‐living mimics of ants. Species delineation in these spiders is challenging, mainly because of exceptional high levels of intraspecific variation masking species boundaries. As implied by preliminary DNA barcode data from Central Europe, the Holarctic and very widely distributed glossy ant‐spider M. pulicaria shows cryptic diversity. Here, we disentangle the hidden diversity by means of an integrative taxonomy approach, using mitochondrial DNA, morphometrics, traditional genitalic characters and ecology. Our data suggest the clear delineation of two distinct species, which supports the conception of 19th century taxonomists. These early naturalists distinguished M. pulicaria and a second closely related species based on morphology and natural history, which were synonymized in subsequent taxonomic studies. Therefore, we re‐circumscribe M. pulicaria and revalidate the long forgotten M. micans. These two Micaria species co‐occur sympatrically in vast areas of the western Palearctic, while the Nearctic region is populated by M. pulicaria alone. Male genitalic traits are more dissimilar in the area of sympatry than in allopatry, suggesting a decisive role of reproductive character displacement in species diversification. Our study emphasizes the value of the early taxonomic literature in integrative taxonomic studies, as it may contain crucial information on natural history that are not regularly recorded by modern taxonomists.
Fuzzy-FMSA: Evaluating Fault Monitoring and Detection Strategies Based on Failure Mode and Symptom Analysis and Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Murad Carlos Alberto , Melani Arthur Henrique de Andrade , Michalski Miguel Angelo de Carvalho , Caminada Netto Adherbal , de Souza Gilberto Francisco Martha , Nabeta Silvio Ikuyo 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Failure mode and symptoms analysis (FMSA) is a relatively new and still not very much employed variation of failure modes, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA), a technique broadly used in reliability, safety, and quality engineering. While FMECA is an extension of the well-known failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) method, primarily used when a criticality analysis is required, FMSA focuses on the symptoms produced by each considered failure mode and the selection of the most appropriate detection and monitoring techniques and strategies, maximizing the confidence level in the diagnosis and prognosis. However, in the same way as FMECA and FMEA, FMSA inherits some deficiencies, presenting somewhat biased results and uncertainties intrinsic to its development, due to its own algorithm and the dependence on knowledge-based inputs from experts. Accordingly, this article presents a fuzzy logic application as a complement to FMSA in order to mitigate such uncertainties' effects. As a practical example, the method is applied to a Kaplan turbine shaft system. The monitoring priority number (MPN) obtained through FMSA is compared to the fuzzy monitoring priority number (FMPN) resulting from fuzzy logic application, demonstrating how the proposed method improves the evaluation of detection and monitoring techniques and strategies.
Diagnostics as the Key to Advances in Global Health: Proposed Methods for Making Reliable Diagnostics Widely Available
Authors: Melander David , Sivarasu Sudesh , Yekinni Ibrahim , Yunzhang Cheng , Erdman Arthur 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a structure and method for the development of an AI diagnostic system as a highly leveraged step toward improvements in delivery of healthcare in underserved regions. First, the paper provides a high-level, general review of the current efforts to provide healthcare services in underserved areas and the many efforts being made to impact health outcomes by various international, governmental, and NGO entities. We also very briefly review university programs and research institutions that have specific technical and institutional assets with significant potential to carry out research or to partially implement such a plan. Our review uses weighted values in a decision-system that takes in a variety of assets we consider fundamental to successful engagement in delivery of new, innovative, technology-enabled healthcare systems for under-resourced settings. We then review nine factors that hinder the advancement in healthcare in under-resourced settings, some of which are well described in current literature and some that may bring new perspectives. The paper then attempts to review how a proposed system can manage to operate successfully within the context of the nine named hindrance factors. The primary focus of the paper is in the description of a system which can increase the availability of diagnostics through technology-enabled systems. Such a system would impact the outcomes of persons in underserved regions. The paper then describes why making diagnostics available is a critical priority among efforts for improvements in global health.
An Approach to Robotic Testing of the Wrist Using Three-Dimensional Imaging and a Hybrid Testing Methodology
Authors: Badida Rohit , Garcia-Lopez Edgar , Sise Claire , Moore Douglas C. , Crisco Joseph J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRobotic technology is increasingly used for sophisticated in vitro testing designed to understand the subtleties of joint biomechanics. Typically, the joint coordinate systems in these studies are established via palpation and digitization of anatomic landmarks. We are interested in wrist mechanics in which overlying soft tissues and indistinct bony features can introduce considerable variation in landmark localization, leading to descriptions of kinematics and kinetics that may not appropriately align with the bony anatomy. In the wrist, testing is often performed using either load or displacement control with standard material testers. However, these control modes either do not consider all six degrees-of-freedom (DOF) or reflect the nonlinear mechanical properties of the wrist joint. The development of an appropriate protocol to investigate complexities of wrist mechanics would potentially advance our understanding of normal, pathological, and artificial wrist function. In this study, we report a novel methodology for using CT imaging to generate anatomically aligned coordinate systems and a new methodology for robotic testing of wrist. The methodology is demonstrated with the testing of 9 intact cadaver specimens in 24 unique directions of wrist motion to a resultant torque of 2.0 N·m. The mean orientation of the major principal axis of range of motion (ROM) envelope was oriented 12.1 ± 2.7 deg toward ulnar flexion, which was significantly different (p &lt; 0.001) from the anatomical flexion/extension axis. The largest wrist ROM was 98 ± 9.3 deg in the direction of ulnar flexion, 15 deg ulnar from pure flexion, consistent with previous studies [1,2]. Interestingly, the radial and ulnar components of the resultant torque were the most dominant across all directions of wrist motion. The results of this study showed that we can efficiently register anatomical coordinate systems from CT imaging space to robotic test space adaptable to any cadaveric joint experiments and demonstrated a combined load-position strategy for robotic testing of wrist.
The Influence of Tooth Surface Wear on Dynamic Characteristics of Gear-Bearing System Based on Fractal Theory
Authors: Li Xiaopeng , Xu Jinchi , Yang Zemin , Chen Renzhen , Yang Hexu 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the influence of tooth surface wear on dynamic characteristics of the gear-bearing system is discussed. The gear-bearing system considering the factors of tooth surface friction, time-varying meshing stiffness, backlash and et al. is established. Based on the Fractal theory and the Archard theory, the tooth surface wear is calculated, and it is substituted into the calculation of backlash and stiffness to obtain the time-varying backlash and the time-varying meshing stiffness. The Runge–Kutta method is used to solve the dynamic differential equation of the gear system, then the phase diagrams, the Poincare section diagrams and the bifurcation diagrams of the system are obtained. The results show that compared with the constant backlash and normal-distribution backlash under the wear condition, the wear backlash calculated by the Fractal theory and the Archard theory can better show the influence of wear on the system response. With the increasing of the accumulated wear on the tooth surface, the decrement of the time-varying meshing stiffness increases, and the system is more unstable. As the friction coefficient decreases, the regions of periodic and quasi-periodic motion state increase, and the boundaries between the periodic and quasi-periodic motion state become clear. Therefore, friction mainly plays a hysteretic role on the gear-bearing system.
Influence of Rectangular Ribs on Exergetic Performance in a Triangular Duct Solar Air Heater
Authors: Nidhul Kottayat , Kumar Sachin , Yadav Ajay Kumar , Anish S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Several artificial roughness (ribs) configurations have been used in flat plate solar air heaters (SAH) in recent years to improve their overall performance. In the present work, energy and exergy analyses of rectangular ribs in a triangular duct SAH for varying relative rib heights (e/D = 0.02–0.04), relative rib pitches (P/e = 5–15), and rib aspect ratios (e/w = 0.5–4) are evaluated and compared with smooth SAH. The analysis reveals that the entropy generated due to heat transfer is lower for the ribbed triangular duct compared to the smooth duct. It is also observed that the width of the rib plays a crucial role in minimizing heat losses to the environment. A maximum reduction of 43% and 62% in exergy losses to the environment and exergy losses due to heat transfer to the fluid is achieved, respectively, with a rib aspect ratio (e/w) of 4 compared to the smooth plate. It is found that in contrast to the smooth plate, ribs beneath the absorber plate effectively improves thermal and exergetic efficiency. Maximum enhancement of 36% and 17% is obtained in exergetic efficiency (ηex) and thermal efficiency (ηth), respectively, for e/w = 4, P/e = 10 and e/D = 0.04. Results also show the superiority of the ribbed triangular duct over the ribbed rectangular duct for an application requiring compact SAH with a higher flowrate.
Cosine Error Elimination Method for One-Dimensional Convex and Concave Surface Profile Measurements
Authors: Guo Xiangyu , Han Jaemin , Lee ChaBum 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method to eliminate cosine error in precision concave and convex surface measurement by integrating a displacement probe in a precision spindle. Cosine error in surface profile measurement comes from an angular misalignment between the measurement axis and the axis of motion and negatively affects the measurement accuracy, especially in optical surface measurements. A corrective multiplier can solve this problem for spherical surface measurement, but cosine error cannot be eliminated in the case of complex optical surface measurement because current tools do not measure such surfaces along the direction normal to the measurement plane. Because the displacement probe is placed on the spindle axis, the spindle error motion will affect the shape precision and surface roughness measurement of optical components such as mirrors and lenses, and the displacement probe will measure a combination of the spindle error motion and the geometry of optical surfaces. Here, the one-dimensional concave, convex, and hollow measurement targets were used, and cosine error was fundamentally eliminated by aligning the probe on the spindle always normal to the measured surface, and compensation was made for the aerostatic bearing spindle rotational error obtained by the reversal method. The results show that this proposed measurement method cannot only eliminate cosine error but also scan the large area quickly and conveniently. In addition, measurement uncertainty and further consideration for future work were discussed.
Improving the Surface Characteristics by Employing FSP on the Composites for the Automobile Brake Pad Application
Authors: Ashwath P. , Anthony Xavior M. , Rajendran R. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Looking at the background of the recent research on the area of the brake friction materials, composites are gaining the trust in being a potential replacement among the automobile sectors. The fabrication of the AA 2024 composites reinforced with 3 wt % Al2O3 is done using powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion process. Current research work focuses on friction stir processed surface modified composites evaluated for the replacement of the currently used brake pads materials in automobile sectors. Surface characterization is carried out on the worn-out tracks of both brake materials developed and the counterpart employed using scanning electron microscope and XRD. The counterpart used in pin on disc configuration is exactly the material used in the automobile application (i.e. automobile brake disc plate material). Impact characteristics and tensile studies after friction stir processing (FSP) is studied as well. Coefficient of friction and wear loss characteristics in aspect of the tribological life of the composites developed is compared with the existing automobile brake pad components and found that FSP on composites served the purpose of the materials used in existing brake pads material.
Verification and Validation of a Homogeneous Reaction Kinetics Model Using a Detailed H2-O2 Reaction Mechanism Versus Chemkin and Cantera
Authors: Alam Shah Saud , Depcik Christopher 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Increased black-box software use without adequate software literacy can lead to improper results and potentially disastrous consequences. Furthermore, such software is often expensive and comes with limited flexibility making it prohibitive for learning purposes. Therefore, this effort highlights the development of an adaptable, user customizable, and free open-source software tool to evaluate reaction kinetics in combustion models. Here, the software undergoes verification and validation to ensure proper operation over the intended domain of its application. The conceptual model is derived from the basic governing equations of thermodynamics simulating zero-dimensional constant pressure combustion with chemical kinetics based on a homogeneous hydrogen-oxygen reaction mechanism. Then, the computerized model is developed using a top-down programming technique for quick identification and elimination of coding errors. Operational validation occurs by comparing results with Chemkin and Cantera that reveals absolute and relative tolerances of 1E−12 and 1E−3, respectively, are sufficient for convergence at all specified initial conditions. In addition, the open-source software is computationally less intensive with average time savings of 33.69% and 48.88% versus Chemkin and Cantera, respectively. Subsequently, model results are time-shifted to the 50% fuel-burned mark and compared with experimental results for validation. This ensures that the created software is correct and useful for classroom instruction. Finally, the customizability of the open-source software instills confidence in students to develop custom chemical reaction mechanisms.