bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Temporal‐Spatial Resolution Observation of Tornadogenesis in a Shallow Supercell Associated With Typhoon Hagibis (2019) Using Phased Array Weather Radar
Authors: Adachi Toru , Mashiko Wataru 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper reports finely resolved radar signatures of tornadogenesis associated with a typhoon and elucidates how a small‐scale tornadic vortex emerged on the ground in relation to the parent storm structure. Approximately 5 min before producing JEF‐2 damage, a counterrotating vortex pair appeared above the rear‐flank outflow region. The vortex pair developed upward, and its counterclockwise vortex approached a preexisting mesocyclone located aloft. At their closest approach, an abrupt intensification of the counterclockwise vortex occurred in the upper part and propagated downward. Meanwhile, significant vortex shrinking occurred at low levels. As a result, a small‐scale tornadic vortex emerged over the damaged area. We suggest that coupling of the vortex pair with a mesocyclone and near‐surface vorticity stretching played crucial roles in tornadogenesis. Since the coupling occurred on a minute scale and was affected by subtle spatial change on a scale of hundreds of meters, the tornado occurred in highly sensitive conditions.
Observations of Electron‐Only Magnetic Reconnection Associated With Macroscopic Magnetic Flux Ropes
Authors: Man H. Y. , Zhou M. , Yi Y. Y. , Zhong Z. H. , Tian A. M. , Deng X. H. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report a Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission observation of magnetic reconnection occurring at the edge of a large‐scale magnetic flux rope (MFR), the cross‐section of which was about 2 RE. The MFR was observed at the duskside in the Earth's magnetotail and was highly oblique with its axis approximately along the XGSM direction. We find an electron‐scale current sheet near the edge of this MFR. The Hall magnetic and electric field, super‐Alfvénic electron outflow, parallel electric field, and positive energy dissipation were observed associated with the current sheet, which indicates that MMS detected a reconnecting current sheet with a large guide field. Interestingly, ions were not coupled in this reconnection, akin to the electron‐only reconnection observed in the turbulent magnetosheath. We further find that the electron‐only reconnection is commonly associated with a macroscopic MFR. This result will shed new light on understanding the multiscale coupling associated with an MFR in space plasmas.
Seismic Crustal Structure and Morphotectonic Features Associated With the Chain Fracture Zone and Their Role in the Evolution of the Equatorial Atlantic Region
Authors: Marjanović Milena , Singh Satish C. , Gregory Emma P. M. , Grevemeyer Ingo , Growe Kevin , Wang Zhikai , Vaddineni Venkata , Laurencin Muriel , Carton Hélène , Gómez de la Peña Laura , Filbrandt Christian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOceanic transform faults and fracture zones (FZs) represent major bathymetric features that keep the records of past and present strike‐slip motion along conservative plate boundaries. Although they play an important role in ridge segmentation and evolution of the lithosphere, their structural characteristics, and their variation in space and time, are poorly understood. To address some of the unknowns, we conducted interdisciplinary geophysical studies in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, the region where some of the most prominent transform discontinuities have been developing. Here we present the results of the data analysis in the vicinity of the Chain FZ, on the South American Plate. The crustal structure across the Chain FZ, at the contact between ∼10 and 24 Ma oceanic lithosphere, is sampled along seismic reflection and refraction profiles. We observe that the crustal thickness within and across the Chain FZ ranges from ∼4.6–5.9 km, which compares with the observations reported for slow‐slipping transform discontinuities globally. We attribute this presence of close to normal oceanic crustal thickness within FZs to the mechanism of lateral dike propagation, previously considered to be valid only in fast‐slipping environments. Furthermore, the combination of our results with other data sets enabled us to extend the observations to morphotectonic characteristics on a regional scale. Our broader view suggests that the formation of the transverse ridge is closely associated with a global plate reorientation that was also responsible for the propagation and for shaping lower‐order Mid‐Atlantic Ridge segmentation around the equator.
Riverine and Oceanic Nutrients Govern Different Algal Bloom Domain Near the Changjiang Estuary in Summer
Authors: Xu Lingjing , Yang Dezhou , Greenwood Jim , Feng Xingru , Gao Guandong , Qi Jifeng , Cui Xuan , Yin Baoshu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Changjiang Estuary and adjacent sea area in the East China Sea suffer from frequent harmful algal blooms. However, the relative importance of riverine nutrient input from the Changjiang River and oceanic nutrient input from the Taiwan Warm Current and Kuroshio Current to the development and distribution of summer phytoplankton blooms in this area remains unclear. To address this problem, we deployed a coupled physical‐biological model. The coupled model successfully reproduces the main hydrographic and biogeochemical features in this domain. Both satellite observations and model results show two regions of elevated chlorophyll concentrated in this site. Simulated results show that harmful algal blooms in the region north of the Zhoushan Islands are mainly driven by riverine nutrients from the Changjiang River, while algal blooms in the region south of the Zhoushan Islands are mainly controlled by nutrients from the open ocean. Nutrient input, particularly phosphate, from the Kuroshio subsurface water contributes most to the accumulation of dinoflagellate biomass and chlorophyll in the southern region, while the Taiwan Warm Current has less influence. This has implications for nutrient control and land management practices: Although reducing riverine nutrient loads may significantly reduce phytoplankton growth north of the Zhoushan Islands, it will have little effect in the area to the south.
Predicting Drivers of Collective Soil Function With Woody Plant Encroachment in Complex Landscapes
Authors: Farella Martha M. , Breshears David D. , Gallery Rachel E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDryland (arid and semiarid) ecosystems are extensive, home to a third of the human population, and a major contributor to terrestrial net primary productivity and associated biogeochemical cycles. Many dryland systems are undergoing woody plant encroachment, which can substantially alter landscape‐scale soil nutrient dynamics via long‐recognized “islands of fertility” mechanisms. To effectively constrain soil biogeochemistry responses to woody plant encroachment, predictions are needed for microbial biomass and especially microbial activity in addition to existing predictions for soil nutrients—referred to collectively hereafter as “collective soil functioning.” Here we evaluated whether collective soil functioning could be predicted from a suite of metrics including plant cover, precipitation, soil physiochemical characteristics, and topographic variables across complex landscapes undergoing woody plant encroachment by mesquite (Prosopis velutina). Plant cover alone predicted nearly half of the variability (R2 = 48.5%) in collective soil functioning and had a significant effect on each component of this index (soil nutrients, microbial biomass, and microbial activity). Prediction strength for collective soil functioning increased to 55.4%, and the error term decreased by 13.4% when precipitation, soil physiochemical characteristics, and topographic metrics were also included in models (plant and environment model). Besides the expected effects of plant cover, other significant predictors of collective soil functioning included state factors such as topography, precipitation, and parent material along with soil age and bulk density. These results illustrate that mesquites influence many components of soil functionality but the strength of this effect depends on which component is analyzed and which environmental variables are considered.
A Convolution Method to Assess Subgrid‐Scale Interactions Between Flow and Patchy Vegetation in Biogeomorphic Models
Authors: Gourgue Olivier , van Belzen Jim , Schwarz Christian , Bouma Tjeerd J. , van de Koppel Johan , Temmerman Stijn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractInteractions between water flow and patchy vegetation are governing the functioning of many ecosystems. Yet, numerical models that simulate those interactions explicitly at the submeter patch scale to predict geomorphological and ecological consequences at the landscape scale (order of km2) are still very computationally demanding. Here, we present a novel and efficient convolution technique to incorporate biogeomorphic feedbacks in numerical models across multiple spatial scales (from less than 1 m2 to several km2). This new methodology allows for spatially refining coarse‐resolution hydrodynamic simulations of flow velocities (order of m) around fine‐resolution patchy vegetation patterns (order of 10 cm). Although flow perturbations around each vegetation grid cell are not simulated with the same level of accuracy as with more expensive finer‐resolution models, we show that our approach enables spatial refinement of coarse‐resolution hydrodynamic models by resolving efficiently subgrid‐scale flow velocity patterns within and around vegetation patches (mean error, spatial variability, and spatial correlation improved by, respectively, 13%, 66%, and 49% on average in our test cases). We also provide evidence that our approach can substantially improve the representation of important biogeomorphic processes, such as subgrid‐scale effects on net sedimentation rate and habitable surface area for vegetation (respectively 66% and 39% better on average). Finally, we estimate that replacing a fine‐resolution model by a coarser‐resolution model associated with the convolution method could reduce the computational time of real‐life fluctuating flow simulations by several orders of magnitude. This marks an important step forward toward more computationally efficient multiscale biogeomorphic modeling.
Number Formats, Error Mitigation, and Scope for 16‐Bit Arithmetics in Weather and Climate Modeling Analyzed With a Shallow Water Model
Authors: Klöwer M. , Düben P. D. , Palmer T. N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe need for high‐precision calculations with 64‐bit or 32‐bit floating‐point arithmetic for weather and climate models is questioned. Lower‐precision numbers can accelerate simulations and are increasingly supported by modern computing hardware. This paper investigates the potential of 16‐bit arithmetic when applied within a shallow water model that serves as a medium complexity weather or climate application. There are several 16‐bit number formats that can potentially be used (IEEE half precision, BFloat16, posits, integer, and fixed‐point). It is evident that a simple change to 16‐bit arithmetic will not be possible for complex weather and climate applications as it will degrade model results by intolerable rounding errors that cause a stalling of model dynamics or model instabilities. However, if the posit number format is used as an alternative to the standard floating‐point numbers, the model degradation can be significantly reduced. Furthermore, mitigation methods, such as rescaling, reordering, and mixed precision, are available to make model simulations resilient against a precision reduction. If mitigation methods are applied, 16‐bit floating‐point arithmetic can be used successfully within the shallow water model. The results show the potential of 16‐bit formats for at least parts of complex weather and climate models where rounding errors would be entirely masked by initial condition, model, or discretization error.
Using the Quality Improvement (QI) Tool Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) to Examine Implementation Barriers to Common Workflows in Integrated Pediatric Care
Authors: Tamene Mahader , Morris Anita , Feinberg Emily , Bair-Merritt Megan H. 
Published: September 2020

Objective: To use quality improvement tools to optimize pediatric behavioral health (BH) integration, a promising approach to increasing access to behavioral health care services for children. Method: As part of the practice transformation efforts of a pediatric BH integration initiative implemented in three community health centers, we used Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), a quality improvement tool, to examine barriers in implementing 2 core BH integration workflows: universal screening to identify developmental and behavioral concerns and implementation of real-time “warm” hand-offs. Results: Failure modes fell broadly into 2 categories across both workflows: (a) parental/caregiver characteristics and receptivity to the new workflow and (b) consistent implementation of the workflow by health center staff. Failures related to parental/caregiver characteristics included low literacy, language incongruence, and feeling burdened, intimidated, or offended by the screening process. Failures related to implementation of the workflow involved difficulties in administration of the correct age-appropriate screening form and incomplete hand-offs between primary care providers and behavioral health clinicians. Improvement strategies were identified to address both workflow failures, including making changes to electronic medical record functionality, modifying behavioral health clinician scheduling template, and retraining staff. Conclusions: Pediatric primary care practices planning for, or in the early stages of, BH integration may consider using the FMEA tool to support successful implementation. Implications for Impact Statement The present study demonstrates that Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a useful quality improvement (QI) tool to identify barriers of implementing pediatric BH integration and systematically planning improvement efforts. Behavioral health clinicians, including pediatric psychologists, primary care providers, and other members of the primary care team can leverage these findings to inform behavioral health (BH) integration model implementation in the pediatric primary care setting.
Referral to Digital Parent Training in Primary Care: Facilitators and Barriers
Authors: Fehrenbacher Caitlin , Schoeny Michael E. , Reed Monique , Shattell Mona , Breitenstein Susan M. 
Published: September 2020

Objective: Parent training (PT) programs for parents of preschool-aged children promote effective parenting practices and reduce the risk for the development of child behavior problems. Digital platforms and self-administered formats can expand access to preventive PT and complement traditional behavioral services. Primary care provides an ideal environment to refer patients to prevention-focused PT; however, effective integration of a referral process requires an understanding of implementation facilitators and barriers. The current study is a secondary analysis of facilitators and barriers to the implementation of a referral to ezParent, a self-administered, digital PT program, in four primary care clinics from the perspective of clinic personnel. Method: Personnel from participating clinics took part in semistructured group interviews to share their experiences of referral to ezParent. Researchers extracted themes using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Results: Clinic personnel support preventive PT, but time, workflow, and organizational barriers impede consistent referral implementation. Conclusions: The authors discuss recommendations for harnessing facilitators for referring primary care patients to digital PT using the strengths of multidisciplinary clinical teams and organizational structures. Implications for Impact Statement Primary care providers (PCPs) and staff in primary health care clinics support self-administered, digital parent training (PT) as a preventive resource; however, they struggle to integrate program referrals into well-child visits. PCP and staff recommendations have implications for ways in which psychologists and other mental health specialists can support successful preventive referrals to self-administered, digital PT resources.
Introduction to the Special Issue on Integrated Pediatric Primary Care: Placing “How” in the Context of Now
Authors: Lines Meghan McAuliffe , Riley Andrew R. 
Published: September 2020

The integration of behavioral health services into pediatric primary care settings has expanded rapidly in recent years, and pediatric psychologists have played a prominent role in this development. As integrated care becomes mainstream, there is a growing need to develop and disseminate pragmatic strategies for maximizing the reach and impact of behavioral services in primary care. This special issue in includes papers focused on 4 central themes: understanding and increasing engagement with integrated primary care services, identifying barriers and facilitators to implementation, reducing health disparities, and workforce development. In this introduction to the special issue, we preview each of these contributions and consider their implications in the context of the 2 great pandemics of our time: COVID-19 and systemic racial injustice. The work included in this special issue provides clear examples of strategies clinicians can use to analyze and improve their clinical services, articulates methods of adapting interventions to particular patient populations, and sets a roadmap for the future of integrated primary care psychology. Implications for Impact Statement This special issue depicts the current state of the field of integrated primary care psychology (IPC). Themes include understanding and increasing engagement with IPC services, exploring barriers and facilitators to implementation, and building culturally informed service models to reduce disparities in care. The aim of this special issue is to contribute to the growing evidence for how pediatric psychologists can more effectively contribute to pediatric population health in the IPC setting.
The role of natural killer cells in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Earls Rachael H. , Lee Jae-Kyung 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNumerous lines of evidence indicate an association between sustained inflammation and Parkinson’s disease, but whether increased inflammation is a cause or consequence of Parkinson’s disease remains highly contested. Extensive efforts have been made to characterize microglial function in Parkinson’s disease, but the role of peripheral immune cells is less understood. Natural killer cells are innate effector lymphocytes that primarily target and kill malignant cells. Recent scientific discoveries have unveiled numerous novel functions of natural killer cells, such as resolving inflammation, forming immunological memory, and modulating antigen-presenting cell function. Furthermore, natural killer cells are capable of homing to the central nervous system in neurological disorders that exhibit exacerbated inflammation and inhibit hyperactivated microglia. Recently, a study demonstrated that natural killer cells scavenge alpha-synuclein aggregates, the primary component of Lewy bodies, and systemic depletion of natural killer cells results in exacerbated neuropathology in a mouse model of alpha-synucleinopathy, making them a highly relevant cell type in Parkinson’s disease. However, the exact role of natural killer cells in Parkinson’s disease remains elusive. In this review, we introduce the systemic inflammatory process seen in Parkinson’s disease, with a particular focus on the direct and indirect modulatory capacity of natural killer cells in the context of Parkinson’s disease.
A novel β2-AR/YB-1/β-catenin axis mediates chronic stress-associated metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jinxia , Qu Lishuai , Wan Chunhua , Xiao Mingbing , Ni Wenkai , Jiang Feng , Fan Yihui , Lu Cuihua , Ni Runzhou 
Published: September 2020

Abstractβ-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signalling is strongly associated with tumour progression by the coupling of β-ARs with either a G protein or β-arrestin; however, the related mechanism underlying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis is not clear. Here, we reveal that the transcription factor Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) interacts with β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) following stimulation with the agonist isoproterenol (ISO). Clinicopathological analysis demonstrated that β2-AR is significantly correlated with YB-1, which favours the progression of HCC. The binding of YB-1 with β2-AR resulted in YB-1 phosphorylation at serine 102 (S102) via the β-arrestin-1-dependent activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, followed by the translocation of YB-1 to the nucleus to carry out its tumour-related function. β2-AR-mediated activation of YB-1 facilitated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and HCC metastasis. The interference of YB-1 expression significantly attenuated liver tumour metastasis induced by chronic stress. Analysis of the transcriptional profile and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified β-catenin as a crucial target of YB-1. Our results unveiled a novel β2-AR-mediated regulatory axis in HCC metastasis that might be helpful for the development of HCC therapeutics.
Very-Low-Frequency transmitters bifurcate energetic electron belt in near-earth space
Authors: Hua Man , Li Wen , Ni Binbin , Ma Qianli , Green Alex , Shen Xiaochen , Claudepierre Seth G. , Bortnik Jacob , Gu Xudong , Fu Song , Xiang Zheng , Reeves Geoffrey D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVery-Low-Frequency (VLF) transmitters operate worldwide mostly at frequencies of 10–30 kilohertz for submarine communications. While it has been of intense scientific interest and practical importance to understand whether VLF transmitters can affect the natural environment of charged energetic particles, for decades there remained little direct observational evidence that revealed the effects of these VLF transmitters in geospace. Here we report a radially bifurcated electron belt formation at energies of tens of kiloelectron volts (keV) at altitudes of ~0.8–1.5 Earth radii on timescales over 10 days. Using Fokker-Planck diffusion simulations, we provide quantitative evidence that VLF transmitter emissions that leak from the Earth-ionosphere waveguide are primarily responsible for bifurcating the energetic electron belt, which typically exhibits a single-peak radial structure in near-Earth space. Since energetic electrons pose a potential danger to satellite operations, our findings demonstrate the feasibility of mitigation of natural particle radiation environment.
PD-L1 on dendritic cells attenuates T cell activation and regulates response to immune checkpoint blockade
Authors: Peng Qi , Qiu Xiangyan , Zhang Zihan , Zhang Silin , Zhang Yuanyuan , Liang Yong , Guo Jingya , Peng Hua , Chen Mingyi , Fu Yang-Xin , Tang Haidong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade therapies have shown clinical promise in a variety of cancers, but how tumor-infiltrating T cells are activated remains unclear. In this study, we explore the functions of PD-L1 on dendritic cells (DCs), which highly express PD-L1. We observe that PD-L1 on DC plays a critical role in limiting T cell responses. Type 1 conventional DCs are essential for PD-L1 blockade and they upregulate PD-L1 upon antigen uptake. Upregulation of PD-L1 on DC is mediated by type II interferon. While DCs are the major antigen presenting cells for cross-presenting tumor antigens to T cells, subsequent PD-L1 upregulation protects them from killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, yet dampens the antitumor responses. Blocking PD-L1 in established tumors promotes re-activation of tumor-infiltrating T cells for tumor control. Our study identifies a critical and dynamic role of PD-L1 on DC, which needs to be harnessed for better invigoration of antitumor immune responses.