bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inpatient postoperative undesirable side effects of analgesics management: a pediatric patients and parental perspective
Authors: Chabot Bianca , Ferland Catherine E. ,   on behalf of the Quebec Consortium on Adverse Effects of Pain Medications
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
The use of analgesics for the treatment of post-operative pain is common, however, such medications are known to have potential side effects. These undesirable secondary effects can have an important impact on patients and impede their recovery.

Objectives:
A review of the literature was conducted in order to gain a better understanding of the challenges confronted by pediatric patients in the acute post-operative period in terms of the side effects of analgesics.

Methods:
An online search of keywords (pediatric, analgesic, pain medication, side effects, adverse effects, nausea and vomiting, post-operative, post-discharge, self-care, self-management, management, self-care strategies, patient expectations, patient concerns and education) using PubMed, Medline and Scopus databases, and using the snowballing method of reference tracking was conducted.

Results:
A total of 10 studies (N = 10, 871 participants) published between 1990 and 2019 were reviewed. Common side effects experienced by patients were nausea, vomiting, and pruritus. Patients' parents reported having many concerns about analgesic use and reported a lack of knowledge on pain medications and side-effect management.

Conclusion:
Areas of improvement in clinical practice include providing the patient and their parents with more information about the post-operative period, analgesic use, and side effects as well as prescribing appropriate treatments to alleviate side effects. This review reveals a lack of qualitative data on pain management and related undesired side effects in pediatric patients having undergone inpatient surgery in addition to the consequences on patients' daily living and on the self-care strategies they engage in to attenuate such effects.
Investigating the effect of national government physical distancing measures on depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic through meta-analysis and meta-regression
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia João M. , Marziali Megan E. , Lu Ziyin , Martins Silvia S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract (following PRISMA statement)BackgroundCOVID-19 physical distancing measures can potentially increase the likelihood of mental disorders. It is unknown whether these measures are associated with depression and anxiety.ObjectivesTo investigate meta-analytic global levels of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic and how implementation of mitigation strategies (i.e. public transportation closures, stay-at-home orders, etc.) impacted such disorders.Data sourcesPubmed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, BIOSIS Citation Index, Current Content Connect, PsycINFO, CINAHL, medRxiv, and PsyArXiv databases for depression and anxiety prevalences; Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker for the containment and closure policies indexes; Global Burden of Disease Study for previous levels of depression and anxiety.Study eligibility criteriaOriginal studies conducted during COVID-19 pandemic, which assessed categorical depression and anxiety, using PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales (cutoff ≥ 10).Participants and interventionsGeneral population, healthcare providers, students, and patients. National physical distancing measures.Study appraisal and synthesis methodsMeta-analysis and meta-regresssion.ResultsIn total, 226,638 individuals were assessed within the 60 included studies. Global prevalence of both depression and anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic were 24.0% and 21.3%, respectively. There was a wide variance in the prevalence of both anxiety and depression reported in different regions of the world and countries. Asia, and China particularly, had the lowest prevalence of both disorders. Regarding the impact of mitigation strategies on mental health, only public transportation closures increased anxiety prevalence.LimitationsCountry-level data on physical distancing measures and previous anxiety/depression may not necessarily reflect local (i.e., city-specific) contexts.Conclusions and implications of key findingsMental health concerns should not be viewed only as a delayed consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, but also as a concurrent epidemic. Our data provides support for policy-makers to consider real-time enhanced mental health services, and increase initiatives to foster positive mental health outcomes.Systematic review registration numberhttps://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/JQGSF
Severity Prediction for COVID-19 Patients via Recurrent Neural Networks
Authors: Lee Junghwan , Kim Jae Hyun , Ta Casey , Liu Cong , Weng Chunhua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has threatened the health of tens of millions of people worldwide and posed enormous burden on the global healthcare systems. Many prediction models have been proposed to fight against the pandemic. In this paper, we propose a model to predict whether a patient infected with COVID-19 will develop severe outcomes based only on the patient’s historical electronic health records (EHR) using recurrent neural networks (RNN). The predicted severity risk score represents the probability for a person to progress into severe status (mechanical ventilation, tracheostomy, or death) after being infected with COVID-19. While many of the existing models use features obtained after diagnosis of COVID-19, our proposed model only utilizes a patient’s historical EHR so that it can enable proactive risk management before or at the time of hospital admission.
Quantifying the Risk of Indoor Drainage System in Multi-unit Apartment Building as a Transmission Route of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Shi Kuang-Wei , Huang Yen-Hsiang , Quon Hunter , Ou-Yang Zi-Lu , Wang Chengwen , Jiang Sunny C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on human society. The isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from patients’ feces on human cell line raised concerns of possible transmission through human feces including exposure to aerosols generated by toilet flushing and through the indoor drainage system. Currently, routes of transmission, other than the close contact droplet transmission, are still not well understood. A quantitative microbial risk assessment was conducted to estimate the health risks associated with two aerosol exposure scenarios: 1) toilet flushing, and 2) faulty connection of a floor drain with the building’s main sewer pipe. SARS-CoV-2 data were collected from the emerging literature. The infectivity of the virus in feces was estimated based on a range of assumption between viral genome equivalence and infectious unit. The human exposure dose was calculated using Monte Carlo simulation of viral concentrations in aerosols under each scenario and human breathing rates. The probability of COVID-19 illness was generated using the dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1, a close relative of SARS-CoV-2, that was responsible for the SARS outbreak in 2003. The results indicate the median risks of developing COVID-19 for a single day exposure is 1.11 x 10-10and 3.52 x 10-11for toilet flushing and faulty drain scenario, respectively. The worst case scenario predicted the high end of COVID-19 risk for the toilet flushing scenario was 5.78 x 10-4(at 95thpercentile). The infectious viral loads in human feces are the most sensitive input parameter and contribute significantly to model uncertainty.
COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Latin American children: a multinational study
Authors: Antúnez-Montes Omar Yassef , Escamilla Maria Isabel , Figueroa-Uribe Augusto Flavio , Arteaga-Menchaca Erick , Lavariega-Saráchaga Manuel , Salcedo-Lozada Perla , Melchior Priscilla , de Oliveira Rodrigo Beréa , Caballero Juan Carlos Tirado , Redondo Hernando Pinzon , Fontalvo Laura Vanessa Montes , Hernandez Roger , Chavez Carolina , Campos Francisco , Uribe Fadia , Aguila Olguita del , Aida Jorge Alberto Rios , Buitrago Andrea Parra , Londoño Lina Maria Betancur , Vega León Felipe Mendoza , Hernández Carolina Almeida , Sali Michela , Palacio Julian Esteban Higuita , Gomez-Vargas Jessica , Yock-Corrales Adriana , Buonsenso Danilo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo date, there are no comprehensive data on pediatric COVID-19 from Latin America. This study aims to assess COVID-19 and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C) in Latin American children, in order to appropriately plan and allocate resources to face the pandemic on a local and International leverMethodsAmbispective multicentre cohort study from five Latin American countries. Children aged 18 years or younger with microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were included.Findings409 children were included, with a median age of 53.0 years (IQR 0.6–9.0). Of these, 95 191 (23.2%) were diagnosed with MIS-C. 191 (46.7%) children were admitted to hospital and 52 (12.7%) required admission to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unite (PICU). 92 (22.5%) patients required oxygen support: 8 (2%) were started on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and 29 (7%) on mechanical ventilation. 35 (8.5%) patients required inotropic support. The following factors were associated with PICU admission: pre-existing medical condition (P < 0.0001), immunodeficiency (P = 0.01), lower respiratory tract infection (P< 0.0001), gastrointestinal symptoms (P = 0.006), radiological changes suggestive of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (P< 0.0001), low socioeconomic conditions (P 0.009).ConclusionsThis study shows a generally more severe form of COVID-19 and a high number of MIS-C in Latin American children, compared with studies from China, Europe and North America, and support current evidence of a more severe disease in Latin/Hyspanic children or in people of lower socioeconomic level. The findings highlight an urgent need of more data of COVID-19 in South America.
Plasma tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Authors: Zuo Yu , Warnock Mark , Harbaugh Alyssa , Yalavarthi Srilakshmi , Gockman Kelsey , Zuo Melanie , Madison Jacqueline A. , Knight Jason S , Kanthi Yogendra , Lawrence Daniel A. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) are at high risk for thrombotic arterial and venous occlusions. At the same time, bleeding complications have been observed in some patients. Better understanding the balance between coagulation and fibrinolysis will help inform optimal approaches to thrombosis prophylaxis and potential utility of fibrinolytic-targeted therapies.Methods118 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. We measured plasma antigen levels of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and performed spontaneous clot lysis assays.FindingsWe found markedly elevated levels of tPA and PAI-1 among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Both factors demonstrated a strong correlation with neutrophil counts and markers of neutrophil activation. High levels of tPA and PAI-1 were associated with worse respiratory status. High levels of tPA, in particular, were also strongly correlated with mortality and with a significant enhancement in spontaneous ex vivo clot lysis.InterpretationWhile both tPA and PAI-1 are elevated among COVID-19 patients, extremely high levels of tPA enhance spontaneous fibrinolysis and are significantly associated with mortality in some patients. These data indicate that fibrinolytic homeostasis in COVID-19 is complex with a subset of patients expressing a balance of factors that may favor fibrinolysis, and suggest that further study of tPA as a potential biomarker is warranted.FundingCOVID-19 Cardiovascular Impact Research Ignitor Grant from the Michigan Medicine Frankel Cardiovascular Center, the National Institutes of Health, the A. Alfred Taubman Medical Research Institute, the Rheumatology Research Foundation, the Lupus Research Alliance, the Falk Medical Research Trust, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, and the JOBST-American Venous Forum.
One Study of COVID-19 Spreading at The United States - Brazil - Colombia1
Authors: Cirilo E. R. , Natti P. L. , Romeiro N. M. L. , Candezano M.A.C. , Polo J. M. P. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe present work concerns the COVID-19’s spread over The United States, Brazil and Colombia. Although countries show differences in economic development, but similarities such as continental dimension or social interaction, the spread of COVID-19 in them has some similarities. At the moment, the countries are living the disease with temporal delay. Thus, we used a database on WHO Coronavirus, Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Simulations to describe the most recent COVID-19 development patterns in these countries, which we saw.
Relationship between In-person Instruction and COVID-19 incidence among University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors:   The Campus & Corona-study Team, Fretheim Atle , Flatø Martin , Helleve Arnfinn , Helseth Sølvi , Jamtvedt Gro , Løyland Borghild , Sandbekken Ida Hellum , Schjøll Alexander , Telle Kjetil , Watle Sara Sofie Viksmoen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhether university teaching on campus with infection control measures in place is associated with higher risk of COVID-19 than online instruction, is unknown. We will assess this by conducting repeated surveys among students at universities and university colleges in Norway, where some instruction is given in-person, and some is provided online (hybrid model). We will ask about the students’ COVID-19 status, and how much in-person and online instruction they are getting. We will estimate the association between in-person instruction and COVID-19-risk using multivariate regression, controlling for likely confounders. We will also assess whether type of instruction is associated with how satisfied the students are with the instruction, their quality of life, and learning outcomes.
Suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Takanao , Okamoto Shohei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe prolonged uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic, fear and anxiety regarding infections, precautionary social isolation, and the resulting economic disruption could deteriorate psychological health and exacerbate the suicidal risk. Utilizing month-level suicide records covering the entire Japanese population (126 million) in 1,861 administrative units, we assessed if suicide mortality changed during the pandemic. We employed difference-in-difference estimation and found that overall suicide rate declined by 14.8% (95% CI: −18.9% to −10.8%) after the outbreak and the subsequent measures (school closure and the state of emergency). The decline is larger among males than females and among adults than children and older adults. The government’s generous subsidies, reduced working hours, and fewer school sessions potentially account for its sizable decline.
Test Sensitivity for Infection versus Infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Gans Joshua S. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe most commonly used test for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 is a PCR test that is able to detect very low viral loads and inform on treatment decisions. Medical research has confirmed that many individuals might be infected with SARS-CoV-2 but not infectious. Knowing whether an individual is infectious is the critical piece of information for a decision to isolate an individual or not. This paper examines the value of different tests from an information-theoretic approach and shows that applying treatment-based approval standards for tests for infection will lower the value of those tests and likely causes decisions based on them to have too many false positives (i.e., individuals isolated who are not infectious). The conclusion is that test scoring be tailored to the decision being made.
COVID-19 Detection From Chest Radiographs Using Machine Learning and Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Li Andrew C. , Lee David T. , Misquitta Kristoff K. , Uno Kaiji , Wald Sasha 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTAccurate and efficient diagnosis of potential COVID-19 patients is vital in the fight against the current pandemic. However, even the gold-standard COVID-19 test—reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction—suffers from a high false negative rate and a turnaround time of up to one week, preventing the infected from accessing the timely care they require, and impeding efforts to isolate positive cases. To address these shortcomings, this study develops a machine learning model based on the DenseNet-201 deep convolutional neural network, that can classify COVID-19 from chest radiographs in less than one minute and far more accurately than conventional tests (F1-score: 0.96; precision: 0.95; recall: 0.98). It uses a significantly larger dataset and more control classes than previously published models, demonstrating the promise of a machine learning approach for accurate and efficient COVID-19 screening. A live web application of the trained model can be accessed at https://cov2d19-classifier.herokuapp.com/.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children - A prospective multicentre cohort study
Authors: Waterfield Thomas , Watson Chris , Moore Rebecca , Ferris Kathryn , Tonry Claire , Watt Alison P , McGinn Claire , Foster Steven , Evans Jennifer , Lyttle Mark D , Ahmad Shazaad , Ladhani Shamez , Corr Michael , McFetridge Lisa , Mitchell Hannah , Brown Kevin , Amirthalingam Gayatri , Maney Julie-Ann , Christie Sharon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies based on molecular testing of oral/nasal swabs underestimate SARS-CoV-2 infection due to issues with test sensitivity and timing of testing. The objective of this study was to report the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, consistent with previous infection, and to report the symptomatology of infection in children.DesignThis multicentre observational cohort study, conducted between 16th April – 3rd July 2020 at 5 UK sites, aimed to recruit 900 children aged 2 to 15 years of age. Participants provided blood samples for SARS-CoV-2 antibody testing and data were gathered regarding unwell contacts and symptoms.Results1007 participants were enrolled, and 992 were included in the final analysis. The median age of participants was 10·1 years. There were 68 (6.9%) participants with positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests indicative of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of these, 34/68 (50%) reported no symptoms. The presence of antibodies and the mean antibody titre was not influenced by age. Following multivariate analysis 4 independent variables were identified as significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. These were: known infected household contact; fatigue; gastrointestinal symptoms; and changes in sense of smell or taste.DiscussionIn this study children demonstrated similar antibody titres in response to SARS-CoV-2 irrespective of age. The symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children were subtle but of those reported, fatigue, gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in sense of smell or taste were most strongly associated with antibody positivity.RegistrationThis study was registered at https://www.clinicaltrials.gov (trial registration: NCT04347408) on the 15/04/2020.
Measurement of motivation states for physical activity and sedentary behavior: Development and validation of the CRAVE scale
Authors: Stults-Kolehmainen Matthew A. , Blacutt Miguel , Fogelman Nia , Gilson Todd A. , Stanforth Philip R. , Divin Amanda L. , Bartholomew John B. , Filgueiras Alberto , McKee Paul C. , Ash Garrett I. , Ciccolo Joseph T. , Decker Line Brotnow , Williamson Susannah L. , Sinha Rajita 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPhysical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors “at the present moment (right now)”. Items related to physical activity (e.g., “move my body”) and sedentary behaviors (e.g., “do nothing active”). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n= 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years-two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = .72-.95) and Rest (ICC = .69-.88) were higher than when when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = .53; Rest: ICC = .49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-minute lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between Move with perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. Data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.
Autoimmune Encephalitis Related to Cancer Treatment with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: Systematic Review
Authors: Nersesjan Vardan , McWilliam Oskar , Krarup Lars-Henrik , Kondziella Daniel 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are a game changer in the treatment of various metastasized cancers, but emerging reports of adverse events, including ICPI-associated autoimmune encephalitis (ICPI-AIE), are concerning. We aimed to collect all published cases of ICPI-AIE to identify the salient clinical and laboratory features of this disorder.METHODSWe searched PubMed, The Cochrane Library and Embase for ICPI-AIE cases from the first description in 2015 until 01/2020 using standard bibliographic measures including PRISMA guidelines and pre-registration with PROSPERO (CRD42019139838).RESULTSThirty-nine studies met inclusion criteria, resulting in 54 ICPI-AIE patients (mean age 58.6 years; 43% females). Common cancers included melanoma (30%) and non-small cell lung cancer (30%). Brain metastases were found in 16 patients (30%). The most frequent ICPI was nivolumab (61%). Onset of ICPI-AIE occurred on average after 3.5 treatment cycles, but very early and late presentations were common. Non-limbic AIE was roughly twice as frequent as limbic AIE (p<0.05). The most common laboratory abnormalities included bitemporal FLAIR lesions on MRI, continuous slow waves and diffuse slowing on EEG, and monocytic pleocytosis on cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Of note, intraneuronal antibodies were more frequent than neuronal surface antibodies, and logistic regression identified the presence of intracellular antibodies as a significant predictor for lack of improvement after 1st line immunotherapy (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONSICPI-AIE consists of a heterogenous group of conditions. Neurologists will likely encounter ICPI-AIE more often in the future, but important unresolved questions include the exact pathophysiological mechanisms, the epidemiology and the best treatment approaches associated with ICPI-AIE.