bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rejuvenation of Hot Mix Asphalt Incorporating High RAP Content: Issues to Consider
Authors: Hussein Z H , Yaacob H , Idham M K , Abdulrahman S , Choy L J , Jaya R P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The asphalt used to construct or rehabilitation roads often contains reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in order to diminish not only the use of raw materials but also waste. However, when high level of RAP in hot mix asphalt (HMA) is used, the rejuvenating agents must be employed. A number of aspects must be taken into account to increase pavement service life as much as possible. Thus, the main issues related to the rejuvenation of asphalt mixtures with high levels of RAP are addressed in this paper. In particular, the focal points of this paper will focus on the use of reclaimed asphalt mixtures with maximum efficiency, special attention is paid to how the binder is structured and chemically composes, nature and dose selection of rejuvenator, as well as the diffusion, blending efficiency, homogeneity, time and temperature mixing. A review of the extant and related literature shows that RAP utilization holds promise for the sustainable pavements, provided that some issues were taken into consideration during the designing and application process.
Warm Mix Asphalt Surfacing Performance for Different Aggregate Gradations with Cecabase RT Additive
Authors: Arshad A K , Shaffie E , Ismail F , Hashim W , Mustapa N S F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hot mix asphalt (HMA) surface course normally consists of wearing and binder layers, with different aggregate gradations. Hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures are traditionally produced at relatively high temperatures of between 150°C to 180°C. Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) offers a sustainable solution to the problem by lowering the production temperature and energy requirements. However, to be accepted as an alternative to HMA, the performance of WMA must be comparable or better than HMA. The objective of this research is to investigate the performance of WMA wearing and binder course in terms of stiffness and moisture resistance, using Cecabase RT as warm mix asphalt additive. Different concentrations of Cecabase RT were added to determine the optimum percentage Cecabase RT. Marshall method was used to produce all samples investigated and analysis as carried out on the samples. Stiffness and moisture resistance tests were carried out to measure the performance of the mixes. The stiffness modulus values obtained for WMA mixes are higher than HMA mixes, indicating better stiffness. In addition, all the mixes investigated achieved the required minimum TSR value of 80%. It can be concluded that warm mix asphalt using Cecabase RT is comparable in terms of stiffness and moisture resistance to conventional HMA and could be a sustainable alternative to the conventional HMA mix as it can be produced at lower temperatures.
Determinants for Bus Stop Performance in Penang Island
Authors: Fisal S F M , Sukor N S A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Less dependency on public transport has caused a high reliance on private vehicles. This is due to several factors including a comfortable aspect, safety, and inconvenient infrastructure and facilities at the bus stop. This paper attempts to identify the significant determinants affecting the bus stop performance by evaluating 123 bus stops based on the developed indicators within maximum walking distance to transit stations along the proposed alignment of Light Rail Transit (LRT) stations. The indicators were adapted from Transport Assessment Indicators and suited with local guidelines which were subsequently developed into Transport Assessment Checklist. 13 indicators in the audit checklist were significantly reduced to five factors containing 12 significant indicators (factor loadings greater than 0.5) through Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis (PCA). These indicators were identified to give an effect on bus stop performance. The findings can help solve the low dependency on public transport by emphasizing the significant determinants at the bus stop for future improvement.
Mapping of Peat Soil Physical Properties by Using Drone- Based Multispectral Vegetation Imagery
Authors: Mustaffa A. A. , Mukhtar A. N. , Rasib A.W. , Suhandri H. F. , Bukari S. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), namely drone, is one of the aerial platforms, which used to monitor and mapping an agricultural sectors at large area. The platform equipped with some compact camera or sensors. This study aims to identify the peat soil physical properties, which correlated with the pineapple crops healthiness index. The index based on visible Red, Blue, Green (RGB) and Near Infrared (NIR) of spectral wavelength taken from multispectral camera mounted at the drone. The data captured with the drone validated with laboratory test result obtained from the soil samples at the site. The multispectral images of three plots of pineapple crops from the age of 4 months to 14 months was take to check their healthiness index. Soil moisture content and pH value were also test from 28 soil samples. The healthiness of the crops were analysed using both data and the results then compared and correlated. This contribution focuses at the study area of Morris pineapple crops that were cultivated on peat soil in Parit Nipah, Batu Pahat. It was found that the moisture content and pH value of the peat soil is linear with the index level of colour reflectance produced from the multispectral image. As a result, this study gives a proof that using of multispectral images technology from drone is able to correlate between the healthiness of pineapple crops with the soil physical properties.
Experimental Study on the Effects of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement towards Marshall Parameters on Asphalt Course-Wearing Course
Authors: Geraldin J , Makmur A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Road pavement is one of the most important parts to provide better transportation services, for humans and or goods. To get a good road pavement, proper asphalt mixture design is needed under the required standards. In designing asphalt mixture, a large amount of materials is needed but, those materials will not be available forever. With those material limitations, alternative material is needed as a substitute, especially waste materials. One of the alternative material that could be useful is Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP). This study aims to determine the effect of RAP towards asphalt concrete mixture, based on its Marshall parameters. The method that was used in this study is a stability test, using Marshall Method. The test was carried out on asphalt concrete mixtures with four different types of RAP content, which were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% and with an optimum asphalt content of 5,5%. Based on these results, it was found that with the addition of RAP, it could increase the stability value of asphalt concrete, with an optimum content of RAP that can be used is 52,08%. The result shows that not only RAP could be used as an alternative, but also gives good results towards the stability value of asphalt concrete.
Influence of LDPE Plastic Waste on Asphalt Mixture Soaked in Sea Water
Authors: Kakisina E M , Makmur A , Salim F D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coastal road pavement ability needs to be improved in order to maintain a good asphalt performance. Samples are made to find a perfect formula for a good performance LDPE, LDPE were added into the mixture with proportion as follows 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. LDPE were chosen because the numbers out on consumption of instant food and beverages as well as cleaning agent for daily use. This research is aiming to investigates the influences of adding LDPE materials in of adding LDPE material in the asphalt mixture to Marshall Parameter values. This will help to reduce the waste and create good asphalt mixture. Researchers has made sixty samples soaked in the seawater for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, then do the Marshall Test. The results of this research are the asphalt mixture with LDPE waste has an increase in 1-2% content and has a peak in 3% content, for 4-5% content has a decrease for some Marshall Parameter. In substitution level of LDPE test, it has maximum content at 3% in every soaked process. Thus, adding LDPE waste give a good value to the Marshall Parameters at 3% content, especially for asphalt mixture, which is resistant to the seawater.
Laboratory Testing on The Standard Mixed Designed Paving with Bamboo Material as Smooth and Rough Aggregate
Authors: Fadzilla Sari Firdaus , Daniel Limantara Arthur , Ridwan Ahmad , Gardjito Edy , Subiyanto Bambang , Sudarmanto Hery Lilik , Cahyo Widayati Satriyani , Windradi Fitri , Cahyo Setiono Gentur , Rahman Irham , Mudjanarko Sri Wiwoho 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The use of natural ingredients as a mixture of concrete such as bamboo waste to increase the absorption of paving but still meets the standards of minimum compressive strength. This study aims to obtain the optimum value of bamboo waste substitution in coarse and fine aggregate aggregates based on the standard of minimum paving compressive strength. Test objects measuring 15cm x 15cm x 15cm use substitution of powder mixture and bamboo pieces with a percentage of 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as many as 5 pcs per percentage and laboratory testing of compressive strength at the age of 28 days is carried out. From the results of the compressive strength test, the average compressive strength of each variation is 10% = 22.16 MPa, 15% = 17.51 MPa, 20% = 15.27 MPa and 25% = 12.72 MPa. Based on the target of minimum compressive strength for paving (17 MPa), the results of mixed substitution are obtained by the percentage of optimum compressive strength of 16% with optimum absorption of 0.21%.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Strengthening Inadequate Seismically Designed Column using Pre-tensioned Steel Straps Confinement
Authors: Tan Jia-Yang , Ma Chau-Khun , Chin Chee-Loong , Zawawi Awang Abdullah , Omar Wahid 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Earthquake happens around the world almost every day. These phenomena have alarmed structural engineers to consider seismic actions in structural design. Research and development of strengthening inadequate seismically designed columns have become important in Malaysia. This is because most of the structures in Malaysia were not designed to resist seismic actions. Confinement has emerged as a popular and effective strengthening method under cyclic loading. In this study, two 1/6 scale reinforced concrete column specimens are tested to investigate the effect of confinement on their structural behaviour. The specimens are loaded under cyclic lateral loading with 100 mm eccentricity to explore the behaviour of RC columns under the presence of both flexural and torsional moments. The effectiveness of strengthening is evaluated based on the differences in strength, stiffness and ductility. It is shown that the strengthened specimen performed better in term of strength and ductility. However, the strengthened specimen exhibited some reduction in stiffness.
Repairing of Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns Damaged By Heat Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) (Rope) Technique
Authors: Obaidat Ala’ Taleb 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the behavior of repaired circular reinforced concrete RC columns exposed to temperature considering effect of spacing between CFRP ropes, number of layers of carbon fiber reinforced polimers CFRP and degree of temperature. Six circular RC specimens divided into two groups with diameter of 185 mm and length of 800 mm were tested. First and second groups consisted of three RC columns exposed to temperature degree of 400°C and 600°C, respectively. In each group, the first column used as control specimen, the second and third RC columns were repaired using one layer and two layers of CFRP ropes, respectively. The results showed that the repaired RC columns damaged by heated up to (400°C and 600°C) with one layer of spacing 100 mm and two layers of spacing 200 mm exhibited load capacity about (140% and 188%) and (123% and 164%), respectively as control specimen. Hence, one layer of CFRP rope at spacing of 100 mm was more effective than two layers at spacing of 200 mm. In addition, as the exposure temperature of fire increases, the regained capacity of the repaired column increase.
Evaluation of Coal Bottom Ash Properties and Its Applicability as Engineering Material
Authors: Ullah Arshad , Kassim A , Abbil A , Matusin S , Rashid A S A , Yunus N Z M , Abuelgasim R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coal ash is obtained in the combustion of coal for electricity production in coal based power stations. The non-combustible by-product including bottom ash and fly ash are discarded as a landfill. Consequently, the hazardous elements contained in the ashes can adulterate the ground and surface water. This study was carried out to emphasize the engineering properties of bottom ash collected at Tanjung Bin power station. An experimental study was carried out for particle size analysis, specific gravity, shear strength, compaction and relative density. The results depict that bottom ash possess particle size distribution nearly identical to sand, low specific gravity and dry density as compared to natural soil and having higher internal friction angle closer to granular materials. Based on the results, bottom ash can be employed in roadways, embankments and filling material for retaining walls by virtue of its low specific gravity, easy to compact and good frictional characteristics.
Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Metakaolin and Nylon Fiber
Authors: Zoe Y , Hanif I M , Adzmier H M , Eyzati H H , Noor Syuhaili M R 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn Malaysia, issue to attain durable concrete structures has risen due to shortage of skilled labours. Besides pollution due to construction activities, safety and health of the workers is also a major concern. Self-compacting concrete is able to overcome the problems through its execution. Moreover, properties of SCC can be further improved via incorporation with other materials. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the strengths and water absorption of SCC containing metakaolin (MK) and nylon fiber (NF) besides determining the effects of MK and NF in SCC. Four mixes (100%C, 95%C 5%MK, 100%C 0.5%NF, 95%C 5%MK 0.5%NF) were being carried out with w/c ratio 0.4 and 1.5% super-plasticizer (SP). Fresh concrete were tested with slump flow, T500 and segregation resistance test whereas hardened concrete were tested with compressive, tensile and flexural strength test. The results of fresh SCC were consistent as all mixes mostly falls in the same class for each respective test. Based on compressive strength test, all mix proportions were able to reach at least 80% of targeted strength, 50MPa. SCC (95%C 5%MK) had the highest compressive, split tensile and flexural strength. While SCC (95%C 5%MK0.5 %NF had better testing results compare to 100%C 0.5%NF.
Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments in Sungai Pinang River Basin
Authors: SAbdul Hakim alleh , Azma Adila Hamzah Nurul , Farah Liyana Zaini , Mu’izzah Mansor , Chong Joon Chuah , Omar Fatehah Mohd 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to analyse the type and concentration of heavy metals found present in sediments samples in the Sungai Pinang river basin, Penang. River sediment samples were collected at both upstream and downstream along the main river channel of Sungai Pinang and its five tributaries including Sungai Air Terjun, Sungai Air Hitam, Sungai Air Putih, Sungai Dondang and Sungai Jelutong. A total of 19 sampling points were selected throughout the entire catchment area where nine points located at the main river of Sungai Pinang and the other 10 points located at the downstream and upstream of each tributaries. A total of 97 samples were obtained four times from January to February. Two types of analysis were applied to measure the heavy metal concentrations namely X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). For the XRF test, the selected compounds analysis containing heavy metals that was carried out were K2O, Na2O, CaO, MgO, MnO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2 while for the ICP-OES, specific heavy metals analysis were determined to test the presence of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Mg, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn. The highest concentration of K2O, Fe2O3, Al2O3 and SiO2 at the main river were 2.80%, 3.39%, 18.52%, and 74.18% respectively. The highest concentration of Ca, Cr, Zn, Mg and Fe recorded at main river are 35.9576, 17.0469, 5.8392, 39.5626 and 199.914mg/kg respectively. SAH (DS) has the highest percentage of SiO2 with the value of 93.44% followed by Al2O3 with value of 6.75% at SAT(DS) and K2O at SD (US) with the value of 3.06%. The highest concentration of Fe, Ca, Mg and Pb are 56.4778 mg/kg at SAT (US), 34.8247 mg/kg at SJ (US), 3.3633mg/kg at SD (US) and 7.1662mg/kg at SAT (US). It can be concluded, the pollutants in the sediments of Sungai Pinang are contributed by the urban housing area, commercial and agricultural area.
A Study of the Drag Force of Flowing Water on Concrete Blocks: Predictive Approach of Concrete Blocks Ability to Resist Flood
Authors: Hauashdh Ali , Lai Wai Tan , Jailani Junaidah , Alhawry Ibrahim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The frequency of floods increases annually in many countries of the world due to climate change. Flood is typically coupled to flowing water moving faster than normal. Thus, understanding the drag force behaviour due to the flowing water on concrete blocks is essential to predict floods risks since the concrete is the predominant material used in the construction of buildings, bridges, dams, canals and other infrastructure over the world. Nonetheless, previous studies were mostly focused on the resistance of concrete structure due to the load force, and there is a lack of studies about the resistance of concrete structure due to the drag force of flowing water. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the drag force of flowing water, which causes the displacement of concrete blocks. Also, to investigate the effects of concrete mass and flow velocity on the drag force. Three concrete cubes were used with dimensions 0.15 m 0.15 m 0.15 m and weighing between 6.486 kg to 7.847 kg. The concrete cube is installed in the middle of the open channel 10-m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.46 m depth Armfield S6 MKII flume. In this study, the flowing water exerts force on the cube concrete block in the direction of flow, known as the drag force. It was observed the mass of the block is an essential factor that affects the drag force on a concrete cube due to the flowing water. Therefore, each cube of concrete block with area 0.02235 (m2) and mass between 6.486 kg to 7.874 kg to be displaced was needed a drag force of flowing water between 2.737 N to 3.732 N. Also, it has been found that the drag force increases with the increasing the flow velocity.
Annual and Diurnal Trend of Surface Ozone (O3) in Industrial Area
Authors: Mohd Napi N N L , Abdullah S , Ahmed A N , Mansor A Abu , Ismail M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Malaysia is a developing country that facing air pollution issues due to industrialization, urbanization activities and population growth. Ozone (O3) is one of the pollutants that can give adverse effects to human health either in long- term or short-term effect. Moreover, it also can interrupt the normal ecosystem and cause extinction in species. This study aims to analyse the annual trends of the concentration of ozone (O3) level for 3-year and the diurnal trends of ozone at Kemaman, Terengganu. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed that there exists statistically significant different (p<0.05) of O3 concentrations during year 2012-2014. Meanwhile, diurnal trend showed the lowest O3 concentration values in the morning and the highest average concentration values of O3 in the noon, but it starts to decrease gradually in evening and night. The understanding of the ozone trend, yearly and hourly, can helps in tackling the atmospheric pollution problems due to industrialization in Malaysia.
Correlation of Natural Radioactivity in Surface Soil and River Sediment along the Middle Reach of Langat River
Authors: Tuan Resdi T A , Lee W K , Mahmood Z U Wan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Concentration of natural radionuclides (Ra-226, Ra-228 and K-40) in samples of catchment surface soil and river sediment at three (3) monitoring stations along the middle reach of Langat River were identified using HPGe detector. Spatial and temporal variations of the radioactivity at 3-month interval were analysed over a period of 9 years. Activity concentrations show sign of long-term fluctuation for K-40, and short-term fluctuation for Ra- 226 and Ra-228. Correlation of Ra-226 and Ra-228 is very strong for downstream stations, but weak for the upstream station. Meanwhile, their correlation with K-40 varies considerably possibly due to the high potassium solubility.
Integrating Fuzzy System and Meta-Heuristic Algorithms to Predict Influent Parameters for a Sewage Treatment
Authors: Ansari Mozafar , Othman Faridah , El-Shafie  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are built to reduce the concentration of sewage parameters to a safe level that reduced their impact on the environment. To have an optimal operation of STPs, it is essential to estimate influent parameters precisely. In this research, four influent physicochemical characteristics, i.e. biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and suspended solids (SS), of a sewage treatment plant (STP) were analysed and predicted by integrated genetic algorithm Sugeno fuzzy inference system (GA-FIS) and particle swarm optimisation FIS (PSO-FIS). The GA-FIS and PSO-FIS were applied on 10 time-series scenarios, and the results of each scenario were compared to find the best algorithm as well as the scenario for each parameter. Based on the results, both GA-FIS and PSO-FIS algorithms provided very good results, and the differences of error in predicting influent parameters is very less. However, to select the best algorithm for predicting the missing values of each parameter, GA-FIS predicted BOD and SS more accurately than PSO-FIS algorithm, COD and ammoniacal nitrogen had more accurate results when they were predicated by PSO-FIS algorithm.