bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second law analysis of MHD natural convection slip flow of Casson fluid through an inclined microchannel
Authors: Gireesha B.J. , Roja A. 
Published: April 2020

PurposeMicrofluidics is one of the interesting areas of the research in thermal and engineering fields due to its wide range of applications in a variety of heat transport problems such as micromixers, micropumps, cooling systems for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) micro heat exchangers, etc. Lower cost with better thermal performance is the main objective of these devices. Therefore, in this study, the entropy generation in an electrically conducting Casson fluid flow through an inclined microchannel with hydraulic slip and the convective condition hves been numerically investigated. Aspects of viscous dissipation, natural convection, joule heating, magnetic field and uniform heat source/sink are usedDesign/methodology/approachSuitable non-dimensional variables are used to reduce the non-linear system of ordinary differential equations, and then this system is solved numerically using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg fourth fifth order method along with shooting technique. The obtained numerical solutions of the fluid velocity and temperature are used to characterize the entropy generation and Bejan number. Also, the Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient for various values of parameters are examined in detail through graphs. The obtained present results are compared with the existing one which is perfectly found to be in good agreement.FindingsIt is established that the production of the entropy can be improved with the aspects of joule heating, viscous dissipation and internal heat source/sink. The entropy generation enhances for increasing values of Casson Parameter (β) and Biot number (Bi). Furthermore, it is interestingly noticed that the enhancement of Reynolds number and uniform heat source/sink shows the dual behaviour of the entropy generation due to significant influence of the viscous forces in the region close to the channel walls. It was observed that increasing behaviour of the heat transfer rate for enhancement values of the Eckert number and heat source/sink ratio parameter and the drag force are retarded with higher estimations of Reynolds number.Originality/valueEntropy generation analysis on MHD Casson fluid flow through an inclined microchannel with the aspects of convective, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, magnetism, hydraulic slip and internal heat source/sink has been numerically investigated.
Variable viscosity and thermal conductivity effects on Williamson fluid flow over a slendering stretching sheet
Authors: Dada Moses Sunday , Onwubuoya Cletus 
Published: April 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to consider heat and mass transfer on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Williamson fluid flow over a slendering stretching sheet with variable thickness in the presence of radiation and chemical reaction. All pertinent flow parameters are discussed and their influence on the hydrodynamics, thermal and concentration boundary layer are presented with the aid of the diagram.

Design/methodology/approach
The governing partial differential equations are reduced into a system of ordinary differential equations with the help of suitable similarity variables. A discrete version of the homotopy analysis method (HAM) called the spectral homotopy analysis method (SHAM) was used to solve the transformed equations. SHAM is efficient, and it converges faster than the HAM. The SHAM provides flexibility when solving linear ordinary differential equations with the use of the Chebyshev spectral collocation method.

Findings
The findings revealed that an increase in the variable thermal conductivity hike the temperature and the thermal boundary layer thickness, whereas the reverse is the case for velocity close to the wall.

Originality/value
The uniqueness of this paper is the exploration of combined effects of heat and mass transfer on MHD Williamson fluid flow over a slendering stretching sheet. The Williamson fluid term in the momentum equation is expressed as a linear function and the viscosity and thermal conductivity are considered to vary in the boundary layer.
The Role of the Legal System in the Flint Water Crisis
Authors: JACOBSON PETER D. , BOUFIDES COLLEEN HEALY , CHRYSLER DENISE , BERNSTEIN JENNIFER , CITRIN TOBY 
Published: April 2020

Policy Points
A major factor explaining government actors’ failure to mitigate or avert the Flint, Michigan, water crisis is the sheer complexity of the laws regulating how governmental agencies maintain and monitor safe drinking water. Coordination across agencies is essential in dealing with multiple legal arrangements.
Public health legal authority and intervention mechanisms are not self‐executing. Legal preparedness is essential to efficiently navigating complex legal frameworks to address public health threats.
The Flint water crisis demonstrates the importance of democracy for protecting the public's health. Laws responding to municipal fiscal distress must be consistent with expected norms of democracy and require consideration of public health in decision making.
ContextThe Flint, Michigan, water crisis resulted from a state‐appointed emergency financial manager's cost‐driven decision to switch Flint's water source to the Flint River. Ostensibly designed to address Flint's long‐standing financial crisis, the switch instead created a public health emergency. A major factor explaining why the crisis unfolded as it did is the complex array of laws regulating how governmental agencies maintain and monitor safe drinking water.MethodsWe analyzed these legal arrangements to identify what legal authority state, local, and federal public health and environmental agencies could have used to avert or mitigate the crisis and recommend changes to relevant laws and their implementation. First, we mapped the legal authority and roles of federal, state, and local agencies responsible for safe drinking water and the public's health—that is, the existing legal environment. Then we examined how Michigan's emergency manager law altered the existing legal arrangements, leading to decisions that ignored the community's long‐term health. Juxtaposed on those factors, we considered how federalism and the relationship between state and local governments influenced public officials during the crisis.FindingsThe complex legal arrangements governing public health and safe drinking water, combined with a lack of legal preparedness (the capacity to use law effectively) among governmental officials, impeded timely and effective actions to mitigate or avert the crisis. The emergency manager's virtually unfettered legal authority in Flint exacerbated the existing complexity and deprived residents of a democratically accountable local government.ConclusionsOur analysis reveals flaws in both the legal structure and how the laws were implemented that simultaneously failed to stop and substantially exacerbated the crisis. Policymakers need to examine the legal framework in their jurisdictions and take appropriate steps to avoid similar disasters. Addressing the implementation failures, including legal preparedness, should likewise be a priority for preventing future similar crises.
Effect of oral plaque control on postoperative pneumonia following lung cancer surgery
Authors: Jia Chunling , Sun Mingxia , Wang Weizhi , Li Cuirong , Li Xibo , Zhang Xiaoying 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere have been few studies on the relationship between oral status and postoperative pneumonia (POP) in patients with lung cancer, and whether improving their oral condition assists with a lower incidence of POP before lung cancer surgery remains controversial. This retrospective study was conducted by a stomatologist to assess the effect of controlling oral pathogenic bacteria of patients with lung cancer to prevent POP.MethodsA total of 235 patients with lung cancer who underwent lobectomy by open thoracotomy between July 2015 and December 2018 were selected and given the choice of being in the experimental or control group. A total of 122 participants in the experimental group received professional oral plaque control, and 113 participants in the control group did not receive plaque control. All clinical data of participants in both groups were retrospectively studied to determine the incidence of POP at the thirtieth day of discharge from hospital.ResultsEight in the experimental group and six in the control group were excluded from the study. It was found that four of 114 patients suffered from POP in the experimental group (incidence = 3.51%). A total of 17 of 107 patients in the control group had pulmonary infection (incidence = 15.89%). Odds ratio was 0.19. The incidence of POP in the experimental group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05).ConclusionsProfessional oral plaque control is associated with a lower incidence of POP following lung cancer surgery and is therefore a favorable factor for preventing POP, and should be carried out before the surgical treatment of lung cancer.Key pointsProfessional oral plaque control was associated with a lower incidence of POP following lung cancer surgery, and it is recommended this should be carried out before the surgical treatment of lung cancer.
Index cholecystectomy rates in mild gallstone pancreatitis: a single‐centre experience
Authors: Butler Reuban J. , Grieve David A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundGallstone pancreatitis (GSP) has evidence‐based guidelines regarding management. Both the International Association of Pancreatology/American Pancreatology Association and American College of Gastroenterology recommend index admission cholecystectomy (IAC) in patients presenting with mild GSP. The aim of this study was to examine guideline adherence and GSP recurrence rate when IAC was not performed. A comparison between admitting specialty was also performed to examine the difference in compliance rates.MethodsA retrospective chart review was conducted on all patients who presented to the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service with GSP from December 2013 to December 2016. Patient demographics, timing of surgery, admitting specialty, laboratory and imaging results were recorded.ResultsA total of 95 patients were identified with a first presentation of mild GSP during the study period. Of whom, 66 (69.5%) underwent IAC and 29 (30.5%) were discharged prior to cholecystectomy with 10 of those patients receiving index admission endoscopic sphincterotomy. Five patients (17%) who did not receive IAC were readmitted with gallstone‐related complications with the mean time to re‐presentation of 12.8 days (range 7–21 days). Patients were more likely to receive IAC when admitted under surgery compared with gastroenterology (76% versus 20%, P < 0.001).ConclusionTwo out of three patients presenting with mild GSP underwent IAC in accordance with evidence‐based management guidelines. Patients should be admitted under a surgical service to prevent delay in definitive management.
Drug repurposing in Raynaud's phenomenon through adverse event signature matching in the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Zaza Putkaradze , Matthieu Roustit , Jean‐Luc Cracowski , Charles Khouri 
Published: April 2020

AimsSeveral pharmacological treatments are recommended for Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) secondary to systemic sclerosis, but they only have modest efficacy. A way to efficiently identify new drugs is drug repurposing, which can be based on signature matching. The signature could be derived from chemical structures, pharmacological affinity or adverse event profiles. We propose to use the World Health Organization (WHO) pharmacovigilance database to generate repositioning hypotheses for treatments of RP through adverse event signature matching.MethodsWe first screened all drugs associated with at least 1 case of erythromelalgia, an adverse effect opposite to RP. In parallel, to define the adverse event signature of drugs recommended in secondary RP from the WHO pharmacovigilance database, we selected the 14 most representative adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Lastly, we performed a hierarchical cluster analysis to identify drugs with similar ADR signature to vasodilatory drugs used in RP.ResultsIn total, 179 drugs were associated with erythromelalgia; they were related to 860 334 adverse events representative of RP drugs in the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed identification of 6 clusters. The most stable cluster contained 7 drugs, among which 5 are recommended in secondary RP, or pertain to the same drug class: epoprostenol, nifedipine, nicardipine, lacidipine and israpidine. The 2 remaining drugs were alemtuzumab and fumaric acid.ConclusionOur ADR signature matching approach suggests that alemtuzumab and fumaric acid could be effective treatments of secondary RP. The latter is currently being investigated as a treatment of pulmonary hypertension in systemic sclerosis.
Predisposition to prolonged neutropenia after chemotherapy for paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia is associated with better prognosis in the Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group AML‐05 study
Authors: Aoki Takahiro , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Tanaka Shiro , Shiba Norio , Hasegawa Daiichiro , Iwamoto Shotaro , Terui Kiminori , Moritake Hiroshi , Nakayama Hideki , Shimada Akira , Koh Katsuyoshi , Goto Hiroaki , Kosaka Yoshiyuki , Saito Akiko M. , Horibe Keizo , Kinoshita Akitoshi , Tawa Akio , Taga Takashi , Adachi Souichi , Tomizawa Daisuke 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe variability in myelosuppression after chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) can affect its prognosis; however, the underlying mechanism remains controversial. In the Japanese Paediatric Leukaemia/Lymphoma Study Group AML‐05 study, we showed that prolonged neutropenia was associated with high overall survival (P = 0·011) and low frequency of relapse (P = 0·042) in patients without granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) who completed the indicated treatment protocol. Our data indicate that predisposition to prolonged neutropenia after chemotherapy is correlated with a better outcome of AML treatment. Our results promote the usage of individualised drug dosing strategies to improve the therapeutic outcome in AML patients.
Transcriptomic analysis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells identifies new potential therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Gorr Matthew W. , Sriram Krishna , Muthusamy Abinaya , Insel Paul A. 
Published: April 2020

Background and PurposePulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH, type 1 pulmonary hypertension) has a 3‐year survival of ~50% and is in need of new, effective therapies. In PAH, remodelling of the pulmonary artery (PA) increases pulmonary vascular resistance and can result in right heart dysfunction and failure. Genetic mutations can cause PAH but it can also be idiopathic (IPAH). Enhanced contractility and proliferation of PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are key contributors to the pathophysiology of PAH, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood.Experimental ApproachWe utilized RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) of IPAH and control patient‐derived PASMCs as an unbiased approach to define differentially expressed (DE) genes that may identify new biology and potential therapeutic targets.Key ResultsAnalysis of DE genes for shared gene pathways revealed increases in genes involved in cell proliferation and mitosis and decreases in a variety of gene sets, including response to cytokine signalling. ADGRG6/GPR126, an adhesion G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR), was increased in IPAH‐PASMCs compared to control‐PASMCs. Increased expression of this GPCR in control‐PASMCs decreased their proliferation; siRNA knockdown of ADGRG6/GPR126 in IPAH‐PASMCs tended to increase proliferation.Conclusion and ImplicationsThese data provide insights regarding the expression of current and experimental PAH drug targets, GPCRs and GPCR‐related genes as potentially new therapeutic targets in PAH‐PASMCs. Overall, the findings identify genes and pathways that may contribute to IPAH‐PASMC function and suggest that ADGRG6/GPR126 is a novel therapeutic target for IPAH.
Comparison of food availability and performances of first‐feeding alevins through spring with the occurrence of a flood
Authors: Arevalo Elorri , Larrañaga Aitor , Bardonnet Agnès 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClimate change will increase the temperature of rivers and will lead to more extreme events, such as floods. Temperature increases and floods will likely alter the phenology of freshwater species differently and have the potential to significantly disturb prey–predator interactions. In spring, an increase in temperature triggers an increase in primary production and controls the timing of the emergence in brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). Hydrology regulates the abundance of invertebrates, which are the main food source for newborn alevins. As such, climate change may desynchronise the relationship between fish emergence and invertebrate production, resulting in a negative impact on the performance of newly emerged alevins. In the present study, we quantified the abundance of invertebrates and the performance (survival and growth) of newborn alevins in early spring (March) compared to late spring (April/May) in 8 enclosures in a semi‐natural channel. In addition, we simulated a flood in 4 enclosures in late spring. Our results revealed that survival and growth of alevins in early spring were limited due to low invertebrate abundance. In late spring, there was a decrease in the survival of alevins placed in the flooded enclosures, likely due to the reduction of food availability. However, the growth of survivors increased, probably because of the increase in the abundance of Chironomidae after the flood and a reduced competition between congeners. Our results demonstrate that when emergence and flooding happen simultaneously, they can limit resources which will impact the survival and growth of young salmonids in running waters.
Communal egg‐laying behaviour and the consequences of egg aggregation in the brown anole (Anolis sagrei)
Authors: Dees Allison , Wilson Kayla , Reali Chanel , Pruett Jenna E. , Hall Joshua M. , Brandt Renata , Warner Daniel A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCommunal nesting is a behaviour that involves multiple females laying eggs in the same nest or nesting site. This behaviour may be a consequence of a shortage of preferable nest sites (constraint hypothesis) or an adaptation generated by fitness benefits associated with egg aggregation (adaptive hypothesis). Experimental tests of these hypotheses require information about maternal nest site choice and its fitness consequences. To address these, we studied a lizard (brown anole; Anolis sagrei) that produces single‐egg clutches, but often aggregates eggs in nest sites. In a lab study, females were given the option of nesting in (a) soil previously used as nest substrate vs. fresh soil and (b) soil with eggshells vs. without eggshells. We also experimentally examined the effects of egg aggregation by incubating eggs singly, in groups of four, and in groups of nine. We recorded egg surface temperature, water uptake, and hatchling morphology. Females were more likely to nest in pots with used soil and with eggshells than in pots with fresh soil or without eggshells. We observed no effects of egg aggregation on egg survival, egg temperature, or most measures of hatchling morphology. However, singly‐incubated eggs absorbed more water than eggs incubated in the four and nine egg aggregations and this resulted in offspring with greater body condition (i.e. heavier for their length) at hatching. The behavioural experiment demonstrates that females actively choose nest sites that have been used previously (as expected under the adaptive hypothesis), but the egg‐aggregation experiment shows no benefits to offspring based on the variables measured. Thus, results of the behaviour study support the adaptive hypothesis; however, results from our egg‐incubation study do not. Likely, the adaptive and constraint hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and a diversity of factors influence the evolution of communal nesting behaviour.
Making the user useful? How translation processes managerialize voice in public organizations
Authors: Reilley Jacob , Balep Nathalie Iloga , Huber Christian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOne of the most pervasive topics in public management discussions in recent decades is the notion of user orientation. More than ever, external stakeholders expect public organizations to “get closer” to users and to treat citizens as knowledgeable consumers of public services with a view and a voice. Existing literature highlights how, through a wide range of calculative practices, information gathered from and about public service users is assembled into descriptions of organizational activity that are useful for managers in addressing issues of surveillance and internal control as well as legitimation. In our multiple case study of hospitals and prisons in Germany, we introduce a two‐step model of translation for explaining how user voice is transformed into management objects, which are then further translated into organizationally “useful” information. In doing so, we make three contributions to further our understanding of how user views are formatted to organizational activity and put to use by managers in the public sector. First, we developed a model of translation that highlights how user voices and the prospect of user orientation are enacted across diverse organizational contexts. Second, we found that different types of organizations deploy distinct methods of accounting, which nevertheless make user feedback useful in similar ways: to develop information that helps construct an image of performance, gain financial leverage, and enact compliance. Third, we found that in addition to quantitative forms of accounting, narrative accounting techniques played important roles in making users “useful” in public organizations.