bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language, Music, and Mind
Authors: Raffman Diana 
Published: May 2020

The first cognitivist theory of the nature of ineffable, or verbally inexpressible, musical knowledge.
Taking a novel approach to a longstanding problem in the philosophy of art, Diana Raffman provides the first cognitivist theory of the nature of ineffable, or verbally inexpressible, musical knowledge. In the process she also sheds light on central issues in the theory of mind.
Raffman invokes recent theory in linguistics and cognitive psychology to provide an account of the content and etiology of musical knowledge that "can not be put into words." Within the framework of Lerdahl and Jackendoff's generative theory of music perception, she isolates three kinds of ineffability attending our conscious knowledge of music—access, feeling, and nuance ineffability—and shows how these arise.
Raffman makes a detailed comparison of linguistic and musical understanding, culminating in an attack on the traditional idea that human emotions constitute the meaning or semantic content of music. She compares her account of musical ineffability to several traditional approaches to the problem, particularly those of Nelson Goodman and Stanley Cavell. In the concluding chapter, Raffman explores a significant obstacle that her theory poses to Daniel Dennett's propositional theory of consciousness.
Bradford Books imprint
Logic as Grammar
Authors: Hornstein Norbert 
Published: May 2020

How is the meaning of natural language interpreted? Taking as its point of departure the logical problem of natural language acquisition, this book elaborates a theory of meaning based on syntactical rather than semantical processes. Hornstein argues that the traditional neoFregean approach taken by Davidson, Barwise and Perry, and Montague, among others—an approach that makes use of semantical notions like "truth" and "reference"—should be replaced by a theory drawn from the syntactical vocabulary of generative grammar.
Surprisingly, the book points out that linguistic competence can be acquired despite the degeneracy, finiteness, and deficiency of the environmental stimulus, and it characterizes those innate aspects of the mind which enable a child to develop into a native speaker.
In eight chapters it investigates the issue of pronoun binding, relative quantifier scope, the treatment of definite descriptions, as well as more technical issues in current theoretical linguistics.
Bradford Books imprint
Early language competence, but not general cognitive ability, predicts children’s recognition of emotion from facial and vocal cues
Authors: Griffiths Sarah , Goh Shaun Kok Yew , Norbury Courtenay Fraiser ,   the SCALES team
Published: May 2020

The ability to accurately identify and label emotions in the self and others is crucial for successful social interactions and good mental health. In the current study we tested the longitudinal relationship between early language skills and recognition of facial and vocal emotion cues in a representative UK population cohort with diverse language and cognitive skills (N = 369), including a large sample of children that met criteria for Developmental Language Disorder (DLD, N = 97). Language skills, but not non-verbal cognitive ability, at age 5–6 predicted emotion recognition at age 10–12. Children that met the criteria for DLD showed a large deficit in recognition of facial and vocal emotion cues. The results highlight the importance of language in supporting identification of emotions from non-verbal cues. Impairments in emotion identification may be one mechanism by which language disorder in early childhood predisposes children to later adverse social and mental health outcomes.
Spread of Corona Virus Disease (COVID – 19) from an Outbreak to Pandemic in the Year 2020
Authors: Ali Muhammad Ghafoor , Ahmad Muhammad Owais , Husain Saima Narjees 
Published: May 2020

Aims: The COVID-19 is most recently discovered of the corona viruses which caused respiratory infections consisting of two large scale pandemics MERS & SARS and found to be zoonotic in origin. The disease started from Wuhan local seafood market in China and infected 2,761 people. The 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of critically ill patients and has shown it 96% identical to bat coronavirus and bearing same cell entry receptor angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2). Corona means crown in Latin and it look like a crown under a microscope. Corona virus disease is an infectious disease where most infected people suffered from mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment however older people and those with underlying medical problems develop serious illness and can be prevented by washing the hands or using an alcohol based rub and not touching the face. Outbreak is small but unusual; the epidemic is outbreak over a larger geographic area while pandemic spreads to multiple countries.
Methodology: The duration of review for spread of COVID-19 was between 31st December 2019 to 11th March 2020. The 31st December 2019 was the reporting of first case of Corona Virus (COVID-19) by the China while 11th March was declaration date of Pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO).A total of 70 papers consisting of research article, review papers and news reports has been studied and evaluated.
Results: China on 31 December 2019 first informed about COVID-19 and WHO declared on 11 March 2020 that COVID-19 can be characterized as a pandemic. Scientists suspected that corona virus originated in a bat and before passing to human hopped to another animal. Thailand, Japan, USA, France, Australia, Germany, Italy and Spain reported their first case on 13, 16, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31 and 31 January 2020. In February the cases reported by Belgium, Egypt, Iran, Brazil, Pakistan, Netherland, England and Ireland on 4,14,19,25,26,27,28,29 while in March cases seen in Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Peru and Turkey on 2, 5, 6 and 10 respectively. WHO on 11 March 2020 assessed the outbreak as a pandemic with 114 affected countries.
Conclusions: The spread of disease as a pandemic occurred due to movement of carriers outside China. Strict quarantine needed to prevent spread of disease. The code of ethics for social distancing should be defined and strictly implemented. Selling, buying and eating of wildlife animals should be internationally banned.
Evaluation of Cytotoxic Profile of Some Chalcone Derivatives with Antimalarial Properties
Authors: Dable Marius Trésor , Ouattara Mahama , Adjogoua Edgard Valéry , Tano Konan Dominique , Koffi Akissi Jeanne , Cynthia Nkoua Badzi , Yavo William 
Published: May 2020

Malaria continues to kill thousands of people worldwide. People South of the Sahara are paying the heaviest price for this epidemic. In addition, the resistance of Plasmodium falciparum which spreads to artemisinin derivatives becomes worrying. To respond to this emergency, the search for new molecules effective against the parasite is essential. Otherwise, chalcones have shown their potential as an effective pharmaceutical agent in numerous studies. However, despite their mainly antiparasitic efficacy, several compounds have been shown to be cytotoxic. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxic profile of chalcone derivatives. Cytotoxicity tests were carried out according to the method described by Taylor and collaborators on Vero cells. The 96-well plates were used in carrying out this study, 100 µl of the compounds were added with concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 1000 µg/ml in DMEM. The results obtained report three compounds derivatives (Chal_B14, Chal_B17 & Chal_SCA03) no-cytotoxic with LDH product values between 129 - 132.5 U/L and ATP ranging from 8.55 to 13.6 RLU. The IC50s for no-cytotoxic compounds ranged from 102 to 236 µM. On the other hand, the cytotoxic compounds had IC50s of less than 30 µM.
The results of this study show that the derivatives Chal_B14, Chal_B17 & Chal_SCA03 are candidate compounds with a view to finding new molecules.
Effect of Methanol Extract of Unripe Carica papaya Pulp on Lipid Profile and Liver Function of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ogbonna Henry N. , Nwankpa Ugonna D. , Aloh Godwin S. , Ibeh Raymond C. 
Published: May 2020

Background: Carica papaya is commonly used in the treatment of various diseases like constipation, piles, hypertension and malaria. The ameliorative effect of Carica papaya on alloxan-induced diabetic rats has been suggested by several studies.
Aim: The present study aims to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of unripe Carica papaya pulp on the lipid profile and liver biomarkers of a diabetic rat.
Materials and Methods: After acclimatization, thirty-two (32) animals were randomly classified into 8 groups (4 rats per group). The different test (extract) groups received in addition to normal diet ad libitum, dosages of 200, 400, 600 and 1000 mg/kg/day of the Carica papaya extract. The normal and negative control groups received a normal diet, while the positive control was given oral treatment with 6 mg/65 kg/day of glibenclamide as well as the normal diet. After 28 successive days of treatment, all the experimental rats were sacrificed by ocular puncture and the serum used in the evaluation of body lipids, liver function parameters and biochemical indexes.
Results: The administration of the unripe Carica papaya extract resulted in a dose-dependent and significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total protein, and in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. There was, however, a significant increase in High-density lipoprotein (HDL) level for 400-1000 mg/kg extract groups. The result also showed a reduced cholesterol level at an extract dose of 1000 mg/kg/day.
Conclusion: The ameliorative properties of the unripe pulp of Carica Papayaon biochemical parameters of a diabetic rat, as shown from the result could be indicative that unripe Carica papaya can be valuable in the management of diabetes mellitus and other complications that may arise.
Effect of Circuit Training on the Cardiovascular Endurance and Quality of Life: Findings from an Apparently Healthy Female Adult Population
Authors: Ikenna Uchenwoke Chigozie , Ngozichi Onuoha Gift , Ijeoma Ilo , Ijeoma Nwadilibe , Ifeanyichukwu Neboh , Martin Ogbueche Chukwudi 
Published: May 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of a 6-week circuit training on the cardiovascular endurance and quality of life of an apparently healthy adult female population.
Methodology: This study adopted a pre and post-test experimental design. A total of 60 adult females who were randomly selected into experimental group and control group participated in the study. The variables for this study were obtained using a proforma which contained the anthropometric parameters, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption, partial oxygen saturation, hip circumference and waist-hip ratio. The stations of exercises used included jumping lunges, curtsy lunges, torso rotation, knee raise claps, abdominal twist or knee combo, kick raise. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and paired t-test. Continuous variables were reported in tables as mean± Standard deviation (SD).
Results: Findings from the study showed that there was a significant difference (P<.05) in partial oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, mean atrial pressure, maximal oxygen consumed, and heart rate. No significant effect was found in the domains of the quality of life of the experimental group.
Conclusion: Circuit training has positive effects towards improvement of cardiovascular endurance and maintenance of functional quality of life (QOL). It is therefore necessary for circuit training to be encouraged as a strategy that can be used among young female adults.
Long non‐coding NR2F1‐AS1 is associated with tumor recurrence in estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancers
Authors: Sanchez Calle Anna , Yamamoto Tomofumi , Kawamura Yumi , Hironaka‐Mitsuhashi Ai , Ono Makiko , Tsuda Hitoshi , Shimomura Akihiko , Tamura Kenji , Takeshita Fumitaka , Ochiya Takahiro , Yamamoto Yusuke 
Published: May 2020

The tenacity of late recurrence of estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer remains a major clinical issue to overcome. The administration of endocrine therapies within the first 5 years substantially minimizes the risk of relapse; however, some tumors reappear 10–20 years after the initial diagnosis. Accumulating evidence has strengthened the notion that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are associated with cancer in various respects. Because lncRNAs may display high tissue/cell specificity, we hypothesized this might provide new insights to tumor recurrence. By comparing transcriptome profiles of 24 clinical primary tumors obtained from patients who developed distant metastases and patients with no signs of recurrence, we identified lncRNA NR2F1‐AS1 whose expression was associated with tumor recurrence. We revealed the relationship between NR2F1‐AS1 and the hormone receptor expressions in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. Gain of function of NR2F1‐AS1 steered cancer cells into quiescence‐like state by the upregulation of dormancy inducers and pluripotency markers, and activates representative events of the metastatic cascade. Our findings implicated NR2F1‐AS1 in the dynamics of tumor recurrence in ER‐positive breast cancers and introduce a new biomarker that holds a therapeutic potential, providing favorable prospects to be translated into the clinical field.
Immunoglobulin G1 Antibodies Against Phosphorylcholine Are Associated With Protection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Atherosclerosis: Potential Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: Thiagarajan D. , Fiskesund R. , Frostegård A. , Steen J. , Rahman M. , Vikström M. , Lundström S. , Frostegård J. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveImmunoglobulin M antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti‐PCs) may be protective in atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We study immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) anti‐PCs, with a focus on atherosclerosis and SLE.MethodsWe determined anti‐PCs by using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 116 patients with SLE and 110 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. For functional studies, we used three in‐house–generated, fully human monoclonal IgG1 anti‐PCs (A01, D05, and E01). Apoptosis was induced in Jurkat T cells and preincubated with A01, D05, E01, or IgG1 isotype control, and effects on efferocytosis by human macrophages were studied. Anti‐PC peptide/protein characterization was determined using a proteomics de novo sequencing approach.ResultsIgG1, but not IgG2, anti‐PC levels were higher among patients with SLE (P = 0.02). IgG1 anti‐PCs were negatively associated with Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) damage index and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) scores (odds ratio [OR]: 2.978 [confidence interval (CI): 0.876‐10.098] and OR: 5.108 [CI 1.3‐20.067], respectively) and negatively associated with CVD, atherosclerotic plaques, and echolucent plaques (potentially vulnerable plaques), but the association for the two former was not significant after controlling for confounders. D05 had a maximum effect on macrophage efferocytosis efficiency, followed by A01 and E01. The monoclonal antibodies showed differential binding specificity to PC and PC‐associated neoepitopes. A peptide analysis showed a difference in the complementarity‐determining region 3 of the three IgG1 anti‐PC clones that are crucial for recognition of PC on apoptotic cell surfaces and other neoepitopes.ConclusionIgG1 anti‐PCs are negatively associated with disease activity and disease damage in SLE, but the negative association with CVD is also dependent on confounding risk factors. One potential underlying mechanism could be increased clearance of dead cells.
Lentivirus Manufacturing Process for Primary T‐Cell Biofactory Production
Authors: Radhakrishnan Harikrishnan , Javitz Harold S. , Bhatnagar Parijat 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA process for maximizing the titer of lentivirus particles, deemed to be a necessity for transducing primary cells, is developed. Lentivirus particles, with a set of transgenes encoding an artificial cell‐signaling pathway, are used to transform primary T cells as vectors for calibrated synthesis of desired proteins in situ, that is, T‐cell biofactory cells. The process is also used to generate primary T cells expressing antigen‐specific chimeric antigen receptors, that is, CAR T cells. The two differently engineered primary T cells are expanded and validated for their respective functions, that is, calibrated synthesis of desired proteins upon engaging the target cells, which is specific for the T‐cell biofactory cells, and cytolysis of the target cells common to both types of cells. The process is compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practices and can be used to support the scale‐up for clinical translation.
MXene‐Based Fibers, Yarns, and Fabrics for Wearable Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Levitt Ariana , Zhang Jizhen , Dion Genevieve , Gogotsi Yury , Razal Joselito M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTextile devices have benefited from the discovery of new conductive materials and innovations in textile device design. These devices include textile‐based supercapacitors (TSCs), encompassing fiber, yarn, and fabric supercapacitors, which have demonstrated practical value in powering wearable devices. Recent review articles have highlighted the limited energy density of TSCs as an important challenge, demanding new electrode materials with higher electronic conductivity and theoretical capacitance than present materials. Ti3C2Tx, a member of the MXene family, is known for its metallic conductivity and high volumetric capacitance in acidic electrolytes due to its pseudocapacitive behavior. Driven by these excellent properties, recent literature has reported promising integration methods of Ti3C2Tx into TSCs with significantly improved areal and volumetric capacitance compared with non‐MXene‐based TSCs. Furthermore, knitted MXene‐based TSCs demonstrated practical application of wearable energy storage devices in textiles. Herein, the techniques used to produce MXene‐based fibers, yarns, and fabrics and the progress in architecture design and performance metrics are highlighted. Challenges regarding the introduction of this new material into fiber/yarn/fabric architectures are discussed, which will inform the development of textile‐based devices beyond energy storage applications. Opportunities surrounding the development of MXene‐based fibers with tunable mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical properties are proposed, which will be the direction of future research efforts.
2D Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) in Accommodating Intraocular Lens Design
Authors: Ward Emma J. , Lacey Joseph , Crua Cyril , Dymond Marcus K. , Maleski Kathleen , Hantanasirisakul Kanit , Gogotsi Yury , Sandeman Susan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile intraocular lenses (IOL) are used to restore visual acuity in cataract patients, they are limited in their development as no clinically available lens can effectively mimic the accommodative function of the eye's natural lens. The optoelectronic properties of 2D transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes), including high electronic conductivity, optical transparency, flexibility, biocompatibility, and hydrophilicity, suggest potential use within an accommodating IOL. This study investigates the use of Ti3C2Tx (MXene) as a transparent, conductive electrode to allow changes in optical power. Ti3C2Tx is synthesized and spin‐coated on hydrophobic acrylate IOLs, achieving a sheet resistance ranging from 0.2–1.0 kΩ sq−1 with 50–80% transmittance in the visible region. Human lens epithelial and monocytic cells show no cytotoxic nor inflammatory response to the coated lenses. An adjustable focus test cell is fabricated using a liquid crystal (LC) layer sandwiched between Ti3C2Tx coatings on a solid support. Molecular reorientation of the LC layer, through an applied electric field, results in changes in optical power as objects viewed through the test cell appeared in and out of focus. This study is the first step toward the use of Ti3C2Tx within an accommodative IOL design through demonstration of reversible, controlled, adjustable focus.
Enhancement of the Magnetic Coupling in Exfoliated CrCl3Crystals Observed by Low‐Temperature Magnetic Force Microscopy and X‐ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism
Authors: Serri Michele , Cucinotta Giuseppe , Poggini Lorenzo , Serrano Giulia , Sainctavit Philippe , Strychalska‐Nowak Judyta , Politano Antonio , Bonaccorso Francesco , Caneschi Andrea , Cava Robert J. , Sessoli Roberta , Ottaviano Luca , Klimczuk Tomasz , Pellegrini Vittorio , Mannini Matteo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMagnetic crystals formed by 2D layers interacting by weak van der Waals forces are currently a hot research topic. When these crystals are thinned to nanometric size, they can manifest strikingly different magnetic behavior compared to the bulk form. This can be the result of, for example, quantum electronic confinement effects, the presence of defects, or pinning of the crystallographic structure in metastable phases induced by the exfoliation process. In this work, an investigation of the magnetism of micromechanically cleaved CrCl3flakes with thickness >10 nm is performed. These flakes are characterized by superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, surface‐sensitive X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, and spatially resolved magnetic force microscopy. The results highlight an enhancement of the CrCl3antiferromagnetic interlayer interaction that appears to be independent of the flake size when the thickness is tens of nanometers. The estimated exchange field is 9 kOe, representing an increase of ≈900% compared to the one of the bulk crystals. This effect can be attributed to the pinning of the high‐temperature monoclinic structure, as recently suggested by polarized Raman spectroscopy investigations in thin (8–35 nm) CrCl3flakes.
Asymmetric Electron Acceptors for High‐Efficiency and Low‐Energy‐Loss Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Li Shuixing , Zhan Lingling , Jin Yingzhi , Zhou Guanqing , Lau Tsz‐Ki , Qin Ran , Shi Minmin , Li Chang‐Zhi , Zhu Haiming , Lu Xinhui , Zhang Fengling , Chen Hongzheng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLow energy loss and efficient charge separation under small driving forces are the prerequisites for realizing high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Here, a new molecular design of nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) is proposed to address above two issues simultaneously by introducing asymmetric terminals. Two NFAs, BTP‐S1 and BTP‐S2, are constructed by introducing halogenated indandione (A1) and 3‐dicyanomethylene‐1‐indanone (A2) as two different conjugated terminals on the central fused core (D), wherein they share the same backbone as well‐known NFA Y6, but at different terminals. Such asymmetric NFAs with A1‐D‐A2 structure exhibit superior photovoltaic properties when blended with polymer donor PM6. Energy loss analysis reveals that asymmetric molecule BTP‐S2 with six chlorine atoms attached at the terminals enables the corresponding devices to give an outstanding electroluminescence quantum efficiency of 2.3 × 10−2%, one order of magnitude higher than devices based on symmetric Y6 (4.4 × 10−3%), thus significantly lowering the nonradiative loss and energy loss of the corresponding devices. Besides, asymmetric BTP‐S1 and BTP‐S2 with multiple halogen atoms at the terminals exhibit fast hole transfer to the donor PM6. As a result, OPVs based on the PM6:BTP‐S2 blend realize a PCE of 16.37%, higher than that (15.79%) of PM6:Y6‐based OPVs. A further optimization of the ternary blend (PM6:Y6:BTP‐S2) results in a best PCE of 17.43%, which is among the highest efficiencies for single‐junction OPVs. This work provides an effective approach to simultaneously lower the energy loss and promote the charge separation of OPVs by molecular design strategy.