bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-27 Dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in tissues of Largemouth bass
Authors: Li Xinyu , Wu Guoyao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Largemouth bass (LMB, Micropterus salmoides) is a carnivorous fish. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that dietary intakes of protein and starch affect the oxidation of nutrients in the intestine, liver, skeletal muscle and kidneys of LMB. Juvenile LMB (average initial weight = 18 g) were fed, for 8 weeks, fish meal- and soy protein concentrate-based diets containing 40%, 45% and 50% crude protein. The three isocaloric diets contained 22.3%, 15.78% and 9.2% dextrinized starch, respectively. The growth performance, energy retention, and lipid retention in LMB increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary protein levels, but the efficiency of nitrogen retention did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) among the three groups of fish. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM glutamate and glutamine in the intestine were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in response to increased dietary protein intake. This adaptive metabolic change likely helps to prevent excessive production of ATP by the gut when the dietary provision of glutamate and glutamine was increased. Increasing dietary protein intake did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) glutamate oxidation in the liver, kidneys or skeletal muscle, or glutamine oxidation in the muscle. In contrast, the rate of glutamine oxidation was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in the liver but decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in the kidneys as dietary protein intake was elevated from 40% to 50%. Rates of oxidation of 5 mM glucose were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in the liver, kidneys and intestine, but were not altered in skeletal muscle, in response to reduced starch intake. Rates of oxidation of 2 mM palmitate were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in the kidneys but were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) in the intestine, skeletal muscle or liver. We conclude that oxidation of energy substrates in LMB tissues is regulated by dietary protein and starch intake in a tissue-specific manner.
PSIII-36 Increased viscosity enhances water intake and reduces risk of calcium oxalate stone formation in cats
Authors: Vanchina Melissa , Ogleby Blair , Jewell Dennis E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The control of liquid intake in cats is especially of interest as there is a significant risk of urinary tract stone formation due to their high urinary solute density. Calcium oxalate stone formation is not easily mitigated by dietary manipulation. This study investigated if increasing water viscosity (282 vs 2.9 centipoise; means throughout are viscous water followed by control cats) improved voluntary intake of water and calcium oxalate stone risk. Twelve cats (7 neutered males, 5 spayed females) from 3 to 8 years of age with an average weight 4.7 kg were monitored for 4 months. Each cat spent 2 months consuming viscous water and two months consuming normal water in a crossover design. Water consumption was measured through loss of weight from each pet’s water bowl with an additional bowl of the consumed viscosity placed in the room for evaporative loss measurements. A urine calcium oxalate titrimetric test (COT) was performed to evaluate the risk of calcium oxalate stone formation. In brief, the [Ca+2]/(added Oxalate-2) ratio is calculated (per liter). An increasing index value denotes samples at greater risk of calcium oxalate crystallization. The ratio represents the concentration of ionized calcium and the amount of oxalate that is added to initiate crystallization. The results showed that cats drinking viscous water had a significant increase in water consumption (79.9 vs 65.6 grams P = 0.014). There was a reduction in urine specific gravity (1.042 vs 1.052 P = 0.016), fractional excretion of calcium (0.197 vs 0.280 P = 0.036), urinary calcium concentration (49.8 vs 61.8 ppm P &lt; 0.01) and in stone risk as measured by COT (35.5 vs 82.4 P = 0.029). In conclusion, these data show that there is an increased intake of water when cats are offered water with increased viscosity and increased viscosity was associated with an improvement in measurements of oxalate stone risk.
PSIII-25 Adipose gene expression of mature neutered male cats during the transition from a lean to an obese phenotype
Authors: Godoy Maria R C de , Mangian Heather , Mori Akihiro , Phillips Heidi , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Obesity is the most prevalent disease in companion animals. Feline pets have access to palatable and nutrient dense foods and often live a sedentary lifestyle leading to a positive energetic balance. Obese companion cats are more predisposed to suffer from insulin resistance and diabetes. This study examined changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue over a 36-wk course of ad libitum feeding to provide insights into early gene regulation in metabolic pathways associated with weight gain and metabolic dysfunction. Nine neutered male cats (mean age 8 ± 0.3 yr) were fed to maintain ideal BW at baseline (wk 0), and then fed ad libitum for 36 wk. At wk 0, 12, 24, and 36, biopsies were collected from subcutaneous adipose deposits of the abdomen. RNA was isolated using a commercially available extraction kit specific for lipids (RNeasy lipid tissue mini kit, Qiagen). mRNA expression of over 40 genes encoding adipokines, transcription factors, glucose transporters, inflammatory processes, and metabolic enzymes was measured by Fluidigm multiplex qPCR. This generated a gene expression profile portraying the upregulation of genes associated with energy storage but not energy mobilization. Leptin expression was increased 20-fold as adipose mass increased. Interestingly, gene transcription for the receptors of insulin signaling (IR, IRS1, ISR2) were downregulated, even when genes leading to glucose transport (GLUT4, GPR120/FFR4) were upregulated. This relationship could show a disconnect between the quenching of insulin signaling (insulin resistance), while also fueling glucose transport early in weight gain, providing a potential focus of interest for future investigation. The gene expression of transcription factors PPARG1, PPARG2 and SREBP1c were higher in ad libitum fed cats as was lipoprotein lipase, but not hormone sensitive lipase. These findings indicate an orchestrated metabolic response to accommodate for adipogenesis and maintain lipid homeostasis due to increased calories during ad libitum feeding.
PSVIII-7 In vitro fermentation of different dietary fibers selectively changed sow gut microbiota composition
Authors: Xia Xiong , Hu Lingling , Peng Jian 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In vitro fermentation experiments with modified starch 1 (MS1), modified starch 2 (MS2), guar gum (GG), xanthan gum (XG), konjac flour (KF), wheat brain (WB), and inulin (I) were conducted for 48 h to investigate the effects on gilt gut microbiota. Fecal examples were obtained from three gilts; the fermentation kinetics parameters were analysed in Logistic-Exponential (LE) model such as the final asymptotic gas volume (Vf, ml/g), initial fractional rate of degradation at t-value=0 (FDR0, h-1), fractional rate of gas production at particular time (k, h-1) and half-time to asymptote (T1/2, h). Samples were collected after fermentation for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 16S rDNA microbial analysis. MS1, MS2, and I had the highest Vf (P &lt; 0.01). The k of GG and I were significant higher (P &lt; 0.01). FDR0 of MS2, GG, and I were the lowest following KF, MS1, WB, and XG, successively (P &lt; 0.01). T1/2 of MS1, KF, WB, and GG were lower (P &lt; 0.01). MS1, MS2, and GG produced more acetate (P &lt; 0.05) and total SCFAs (P &lt; 0.01), and butyrate produced by MS2 was significant higher (P &lt; 0.01). The microbiota composition changed dramatically after fermentation, decreasing bacteria abundance and alpha-diversity (P &lt; 0.01). The relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased, while phyla Spirochaetes, Proteobacteria, Kiritimatiellaeota, and Fusobacteria were selectively promoted by DF. The LEfSe analysis showed Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Aeromonadales were enriched in MS1 treatment; Clostridiales, Clostridia, and Anaerosporobacter were enriched in MS2 treatment; Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Bacteroidetes were enriched in GG treatment; Ruminococcaceae and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_013 were enriched in XG treatment; Lachnospiraceae, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, and Ruminiclostridium were enriched in KF treatment; Enterobacteriales, Enterobacteriaceae, and Lactobacillales, were enriched in I treatment. In conclusion, different type of DFs may play a specific role in gilt gut microbiota changing and composition.
PSVIII-1 Nutrient starvation induces autophagy and alters intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Li Enkai , Lu Hang , Ajuwon Kolapo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process of controlled degradation of damaged organelles and cytoplasmic macromolecules during stress for maintaining homeostasis. Intestinal epithelial cells are barriers against microorganisms, toxins and food antigens. Whether autophagy plays a role in regulating intestinal barrier function is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize the role of autophagy in starvation-induced alteration of tight junction protein abundance and function in IPEC-J2 cells. Cells were nutrient starved in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (KRB) buffer for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h. Expression of genes implicated in autophagy regulation (AMPK, MDM2, p53 and DRAM) was determined by RT-PCR. The ratio of protein abundance of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3-II/LC3-I) and p62, positive and negative markers of autophagy induction, respectively, was determined by western blotting. Compared with control group (0 h), the relative mRNA expression level of AMPK, MDM2, p53 and DRAM significantly decreased by an average of 52.5% (P &lt; 0.01). Relative to 0 h, the mRNA expression of claudin 1 and claudin 4 significantly increased (108.0%) up to 6 h of starvation and then decreased (31.4%) thereafter (P &lt; 0.01). On the contrary, abundance of claudin 1 and claudin 4 protein was downregulated (49.5%) up to 3 h of starvation and then increased (82.6%) thereafter (P &lt; 0.01). Protein expression of claudin 3 was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) with duration of starvation. There was no change in the protein level of occludin and ZO-1. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I significantly increased with duration starvation (P &lt; 0.01), whereas p62 and phospho-AMPK levels decreased up to 6 h of starvation and then increased thereafter (P &lt; 0.01). In summary, autophagy may be implicated in the regulation of tight junction integrity during nutrient starvation in IPEC-J2 cells.
PSVIII-6 The small intestinal responses in the determination of true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of phosphorus in corn for growing pig using the regression analysis technique
Authors: Wu Hongzhi , Yang Zeyu , Yin Xindi , Archbold Tania , Fan Wenyi , Xu Li 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It is of important methodological considerations to understand how the small intestine would respond to feeding of a series of assay diets deficient in gradient levels of phosphorus (Pi) associated with corn in growing pigs by the regression analysis technique (TRAT). A total of 48 barrows, with an average initial BW 32 kg, were randomly assigned to 6 grower pig diets and were fed close to ad libitum for 10 d, with 8-d adaptation and 2-d collection fecal samples, according to a randomized complete block design. Six cornstarch-based diets, containing 6 levels of Pi at 1.3, 1.9, 2.0, 3.6, 3.4 and 4.0 g/kg DMI, were formulated from corn. The gut permeability marker of D-mannitol was fed 0.30 g/kg BW at 4 h, prior to be sacrificed for sampling. ADG and the apparent ileal DM digestibility were linearly affected (P &lt; 0.05); however, the ADFI, feed conversion ratio, the apparent fecal DM digestibility, transcellular gut permeability and the jejunal alkaline phosphatase kinetics were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the increasing dietary levels of corn inclusion. There were linear relationships (P &lt; 0.05), expressed as g/kg DMI, between the apparent ileal and fecal digestible Pi and the total intake of dietary Pi, suggesting that true ileal and fecal Pi digestibility (33.3±4.7 vs. 52.7±3.8%); and the endogenous Pi outputs (0.37±0.12 vs. 0.60±0.09, g/kg DMI) associated with corn could be estimated by the TRAT. Our results have shown that the intestinal physiological functions were not affected in the grower pigs fed on a series of test diets that were deficient in gradient levels of multiple assay nutrients, including macro-minerals, crude protein and amino acids supplied from the testing corn, for a period of 10 d, in the determination of corn-specific true digestibility and the endogenous outputs of Pi by the TRAT.
PSVIII-13 Assessment of broiler chickens meat productivity
Authors: Aristov Alexander , Plemyashov Kirill , Bolgova Vera , Lobodin Konstantin , Esaulova Lidiya 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
At present, modern high-yielding crosses of broiler chickens are used to produce high-quality meat with high technological and consumer properties. To assess the meat productivity of broiler chickens grown on fodder produced in the conditions of the poultry factory at our own feed factory, a control slaughter was carried out at the age of 42 days. Analysis of the data obtained shows that with an average poultry live weight of 2000 ± 50 g, the slaughter yield of broiler chickens was 71.8 ± 0.13%. At the control slaughter, we found that the weight of the gutted carcass was 75.23%, offal 10.32%, and technical waste 14.45% (Figure 1).When studying the quantitative and qualitative composition of by-products, we found that liver accounted for 18.42%, stomachs 7.47%, heart 3.39%, neck 12.59%, legs 33.9%, heads 24.23 % by weight of offal.In the structure of technical waste feather is 24.92%, blood is 32.87%, intestine is 42.21% (Figure 3).Thus, the results of our research show that when cutting broiler chickens grown on self-made feeds under the conditions of modern poultry enterprises with a closed production cycle, gutted carcass weight is 75.23%, while legs and heads constitute the main bulk of the mass of by-products.
PSI-6 The impact of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on animal performance and rumen health indicators during the late finishing phase for feedlot steers
Authors: Williams Melissa S , AlZahal Ousama , Mandell Ira B , McBride Brian W 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of active dry Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) to the diet of steers during the late finishing phase on performance, rumen pH and mRNA expression of genes relating to barrier function and immune response. 54 steers were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON; n = 27) or yeast (fed at 60B CFU/hd/d; VistaCell, AB Vista, YST; n = 24). The corn-based finisher (60% high moisture corn, 20% dried distillers grains, and 17% alfalfa haylage, DM basis) ration was fed for 55± 15.9 days until slaughter. Every 28 days, weight and ultrasound of back and rump fat depths were recorded. Three to five days before slaughter, blood was collected via jugular venipuncture for measures of circulating metabolites, serum amyloid-A, and haptoglobin. Reticulo-rumen pH was recorded using an in-dwelling probe for 4 weeks leading up to slaughter. Rumen papillae were obtained for histological measurements, and to assess mRNA expression of genes related to gut barrier function (OCLN, CLDN, ZO1, ZO2) and immune response (TLR2, TLR4, FCAR). Data were analyzed as a complete randomized block design using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with treatment as a fixed effect, and block as a random effect. Feeding yeast in the late finisher diet decreased dry matter intake (11.97 and 8.24 ± 0.507 kg/day for CON and YST, respectively; P &lt; 0.001) while maintaining average daily gains (P = 0.50), therefore improving feed conversion (P &lt; 0.001) for YST steers. No differences were found between CON and YST steers for blood metabolites, including immune response markers (P ≥ 0.13), rumen mRNA expression (P ≥ 0.07), and rumen pH (P ≥ 0.08). Yeast addition to the late finishing diet significantly improved feed conversion through the decrease in dry matter intake without impacts on carcass quality or animal performance.
PSI-2 Evaluation of feed by-products on in vitro DMD, methane production and ruminal fermentation parameters
Authors: Robinson Sidonie P , Ominski Kim , Wittenberg Karin , McGeough Emma 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In-vitro batch culture assessment was used to examine DMD, ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production associated with a range of by-products feeds including pea hulls, pea screenings, soybean, soybean meal, wheat bran, wheat screenings, wheat DDGS, wheat corn DDGS, corn DDGS, coarse hemp powder, hemp hulls, flax screenings, nexera canola, commodity canola, sunflower screenings, quinoa and dogwood in a randomized complete block design. By-products were obtained from various locations across Manitoba at 3 monthly timepoints to account for sample variability. By-products (0.5g DM) were weighed individually into jars and incubated at 39°C in jars containing buffered medium and rumen fluid for 48 hrs. Gas samples were collected at 3,6,9,12,18,24,36 and 48 hr and CH4, DM disappearance, pH, VFA and ammonia concentrations were measured. Data were analysed using the MIXED procedure of SAS including treatment as a fixed effect and run, block, month and location as random effects. Methane output was regressed on CP and NDF to determine the effect of these constituents. Treatment had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.0001) on CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced, with dogwood having the lowest cumulative CH4 (11.13 ml/g DMD) compared to all other treatments. Methane (ml/g DMD) decreased (P &lt; 0.0005) as pH decreased. An inverse relationship between protein and CH4 was apparent, which explained 31% (R2= 0.31) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Further, NDF (%) had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.0001) on CH4 and explained 25% (R2=0.25) of the CH4 (ml/g DMD) produced. Overall, by-products higher in crude protein and lower in NDF produced lower (P &lt; 0.001) CH4 ml/g DMD. Although the addition of dogwood to cattle diets is novel, it does show potential CH4 mitigation potential using in vitro assessment.
PSI-4 Effect of rumen protected capsaicin on dry matter intake, average daily gain, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef cattle
Authors: Eidsvik John C , McKinnon John J , Fernandez Diego Moya , Blanchard Alexandra 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate growth performance and carcass characteristics for feedlot cattle fed two sources of rumen protected capsaicin at two dose rates. A total of 450 steers, stratified by BW, were assigned into 30 pens. Pens were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 5 treatments containing (DM basis) of 86.2% barley grain, 6.0% barley silage, 6.2% canola meal, and 1.6% vitamin and mineral supplement. Treatments contained no additive (CON) or included a low or high dose of Nexulin (100 mg/d for NEXLO and 330 mg/d for NEXHI) or CapsXL (77 mg/d CAPLO or 250 mg/d for CAPHI). Steers averaged 507 kg BW at the start of the study and 686 kg at the end of the study (69 days on feed) with no differences among treatments (P &gt; 0.28). Dry matter intake, ADG, gain:feed, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and rib-eye area were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.33). Steers fed CAPLO and NEXLO tended (P = 0.07) to have lesser marbling scores than CON, CAPHI and NEXHI. The proportion of steers in Canadian yield grades 1 and 2 did not differ among treatments, while those in yield grade 3 were greater (P = 0.03) in NEXLO (29%) than the CON (10.0%) and NEXHI (12.2%) treatments, with those fed CAPLO (20%) and CAPHI (19%) being intermediate but not different. Treatment did not affect the proportion of steers in quality grades B4, A, or prime, but tended to increase the proportion of steers grading AAA (P = 0.08) and decrease the proportion grading AA (P = 0.06). Overall, the data from this experiment suggest the potential for capsaicin to affect carcass yield grade, marbling score and quality grades without affecting DMI, ADG, or dressing percentage.
PSI-12 Effect of a carbohydrase mixture on apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Song Jichen , Aljuobori Ahmed , Nyachoti C Martin , Mejicanos Gustavo A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Heat treatment could effectively decrease the antinutritional factors in soybean during meal processing. One such progress is the combination of extrusion with expelling, which produces the dry extruded-expelled soybean meal (DESBM), and there is a great interest in exploring its utilization as a dietary ingredient for swine. Thus, eight ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW = 30 ± 1.3 kg) were used to determine the ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility of DESBM fed to growing pigs with or without multi-carbohydrase (MC) supplementation. Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design to give eight observations per treatment. The experimental diets were formulated to contain one of the two batches of DESBM (DESBM-1 and DESBM-2) as the sole source of protein. All diets contained titanium dioxide (0.3%) as an indigestible marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Each experimental period lasted for seven days, and ileal digesta samples were collected on d 6 and d 7. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA were calculated using published mean values to estimate ileal endogenous AA losses. Data were analyzed using the mixed model procedures of SAS, and the final model had treatment, batch, and the interaction between treatment and batch as the main effects. In general, the SID of AA in DESBM-1 and DESBM-2 were not different, such as Ile, Lys, Met, Thr, and Val, which averaged 88.97%, 89.77%, 89.08%, 84.38%, and 86.85% respectively. There were no effects of MC supplementation on AID and SID of AA digestibility in DESBM except for the AID of Trp (P &lt; 0.05). Also, there were no interaction effects of MC supplementation and batch on AA digestibility in DESBM. In conclusion, enzyme supplementation did not improve the AID and SID of AA in DESBM fed to growing pigs.