bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuning interfacial wettability in high‐entropy cemented carbides for enhanced mechanical performance
Authors: Hu Jiaojiao , Yang Qiankun , Wu Weisong , Zhang Yong , Yan Dingshun , Li Zhiming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study investigated three newly developed high‐entropy cemented carbides (HECCs) with high‐entropy carbides (HECs) as the hard phase and Co as the binder. Accordingly, the interfacial wettability between HECs and Co was tuned by the changes in relative concentrations of the different metal components (e.g., W, Ta, and Ti) and C. Results demonstrate that the wettability between HECs and Co is dominated by the dissolution of HECs in Co, which determines the sintering behavior and hence the structure and performance of the materials. More specifically, the (W6Ta4Nb10Zr10Ti20)C50‐Co with lower W content has poorer interfacial wettability, leading to pores in the sintered HECC. The (W10Ta10Nb10Zr10Ti10)C50‐Co shows good interfacial wettability and strong resistance against grain boundary infiltration, owing to the formation of several atomic‐layer‐thick Co films between HEC grain boundaries. Reducing the C content facilitates the dissolution of HECs in Co, which can improve the interfacial wettability, but promotes the formation of η‐W3Co3C phase and embrittle the material. The (W10Ta10Nb10Zr10Ti10)C50‐Co with decent interfacial wettability exhibits a good balance of hardness (HV30 ∼1485), compressive strength (3316 MPa), and fracture toughness (10.9 MPa·m1/2). The work demonstrates a design strategy achieving optimized microstructure and mechanical performance in HECCs via tuning interfacial wettability.
The causal effect of local product market shocks on equity holdings: Evidence from the airline industry
Authors: Bradley Daniel , Mondello Michael , Morgeson Forrest , Williams Jared 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe examine how local product market shocks impact investors' willingness to own and trade the underlying stock. Using US airlines as our test setting, we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in flight routes. We find that active traders increase their ownership by 10.6% in response to a one standard deviation increase in the airline's local market share supply. The effects occur within a year of the shock and are positively related to measures of customer satisfaction. The evidence is most consistent with the view that investment decisions are based on both familiarity and investors' perception of product quality.
Prevalence of Emotional and Binge Eating Among Patients With Obesity Attending a Specialist Weight Management Service for Bariatric Surgery in the United Kingdom
Authors: Alhindi Yousef , Holt Guy , Jones Katy A. , Khalifa Najat , Al‐Khyatt Waleed , Idris Iskandar 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundEmotional eating (EE) is a tendency to consume food in response to positive or negative emotions, leading to obesity and an increased Body Mass Index (BMI). Evidence supports the positive association between EE and binge eating disorder (BED), but little is known about its prevalence among patients referred for bariatric surgery and the psychological characteristics of this patient population. We aim to examine (i) the prevalence of binge eating and EE, (ii) its association with the prevalence of anxiety, depression, diabetes and hypertension and (iii) the correlation between anxiety and depression with emotional and binge eating behaviours among patients attending a regional bariatric service in the UK.MethodA cross‐sectional case file design involving 285 participants (mean age = 43.88 ± 11.5, female (80.7%) and male (19.3%)) was used. Outcome measures included body weight, BMI, the Weight Loss Readiness (WLR) Questionnaire, Generalised Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐ Consumption (AUDIT‐C).ResultsWithin this patient group, the prevalence of binge eating and EE were 28.8% and 22.1% respectively. Among these, 19.3% had diabetes mellitus, 24.8% hypertension, 21% harmful alcohol use, 65% had high anxiety score and 77% high depression scores. Most correlations between body weight and variables like AUDIT‐C, GAD‐7, PHQ‐9 scores and WLR scores for hunger, binge eating and EE were not significant. A positive association was observed between depression and anxiety with binge eating, and EE behaviours.ConclusionPatients awaiting bariatric surgery have a wide range of mental and physical health comorbidities, with evidence of positive associations between higher depression and anxiety levels with abnormal eating behaviours. These findings highlight the need for screening for comorbidities in this patient population to optimise patient outcomes postbariatric surgery.
Temporal overlap in use of shared latrines by brown hyena and spotted hyena
Authors: de Zeeuw S. , van Langevelde F. , Vissia S. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractScent marking at latrines is used by a variety of mammals for communicating an individual's reproductive status, social rank, or territory. Both brown hyenas (Parahyaena brunnea) and spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) make use of latrines. Previous research showed that the presence of the more dominant spotted hyena negatively affects the presence of brown hyena. As both species rarely occur in the same area, little is known about the temporal patterns of using shared latrine sites. Central Tuli, Botswana, is home to one of the highest densities of both spotted and brown hyena in southern Africa. We conducted a camera trap study and monthly scat counts for monitoring the visitation and defecation rates of brown and spotted hyenas at shared latrines to examine the temporal patterns of latrine use. Our results showed seasonal differences in latrine use, with lower visitation and defecation rates for both species during the wet season. We found high temporal overlap in latrine use for the two species. However, the time interval between consecutive spotted – brown hyena visits was larger than for consecutive brown hyena–spotted hyena and consecutive conspecific visits during the dry season, suggesting that brown hyena seem to show fine‐scale temporal avoidance of spotted hyenas at shared latrine sites. The presence of spotted hyenas, or other large carnivores, could possibly inhibit intraspecific communication for brown hyena at shared latrine sites.
White Nationalist Identification With the Old English Exile: Or, Why Old English Poems Matter
Authors: Hawkins Maggie 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTWhite nationalists have coopted medieval symbols and perverted the history and culture of “Anglo‐Saxons.” While these references are often ahistorical, they speak to the strong connection white nationalists feel toward a fantasied idea of the European Middle Ages. The most horrific examples of this practice are when medievalisms appear on the weapons and in the manifestos of white nationalist terrorists. We cannot know definitively if Brenton Tarrant, or Anders Breivik, both white nationalist terrorists, have read specific Old English poems, but white nationalist forum, Stormfront, and white nationalist book collection, The Colchester Collection, include references to, or full‐text translations of the Old English poems The Wanderer and The Seafarer. By exploring the isolated heroicism, displacement, and ironic nostalgia in these Old English poems, the reasons for white nationalists' niche interest in and identification with Anglo‐Saxon peoples and Old English poetry become clear. White nationalists believe the global “white” community is threatened by mass immigration from non‐European countries and that the only way to protect “whites” is to take up arms. Since not all white nationalists can reside in Europe, they use medieval references to bolster the idea of Europe as an ethnoracial home for all “white” peoples. White nationalist terrorists specifically use medievalisms to portray themselves as isolated heroes, like the Anglo‐Saxon warrior in exile, avenging the loss of “white” land.
Tree drought physiology: critical research questions and strategies for mitigating climate change effects on forests
Authors: Groover Andrew , Holbrook N. Michele , Polle Andrea , Sala Anna , Medlyn Belinda , Brodersen Craig , Pittermann Jarmila , Gersony Jessica , Sokołowska Katarzyna , Bogar Laura , McDowell Nate , Spicer Rachel , David‐Schwartz Rakefet , Keller Stephen , Tschaplinski Timothy J. , Preisler Yakir 
Published: December 2024

SummaryDroughts of increasing severity and frequency are a primary cause of forest mortality associated with climate change. Yet, fundamental knowledge gaps regarding the complex physiology of trees limit the development of more effective management strategies to mitigate drought effects on forests. Here, we highlight some of the basic research needed to better understand tree drought physiology and how new technologies and interdisciplinary approaches can be used to address them. Our discussion focuses on how trees change wood development to mitigate water stress, hormonal responses to drought, genetic variation underlying adaptive drought phenotypes, how trees ‘remember’ prior stress exposure, and how symbiotic soil microbes affect drought response. Next, we identify opportunities for using research findings to enhance or develop new strategies for managing drought effects on forests, ranging from matching genotypes to environments, to enhancing seedling resilience through nursery treatments, to landscape‐scale monitoring and predictions. We conclude with a discussion of the need for co‐producing research with land managers and extending research to forests in critical ecological regions beyond the temperate zone.
Factors distinguishing leukemoid reaction from hematological malignancy in children
Authors: Kim Heeyung , Ikuse Tatsuki , Matsui Toshihiro , Sakaguchi Hirotoshi , Ishiguro Akira , Shoji Kensuke 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundInformation on the etiology and prognosis for leukemoid reaction (LR) in children is still limited and little is known about the factors that distinguish LR from hematological malignancy (HM).MethodsThis was a single‐center, case–control study. Pediatric patients (<18 years) with a white blood cell (WBC) count of 50,000/μL or more were included in the study. Clinical information and laboratory test results were extracted from the electronic medical records. Patients were divided into the LR and HM groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors that discriminated LR from HM.ResultsWe found 214 cases (115 cases in the LR group and 99 cases in the HM group) eligible for analysis. Approximately half of the LR cases were due to infectious diseases (n = 58, 50%); bacteremia and respiratory infections were the most common infections. Age younger than 2 years (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]) (2.154 [0.690–6.727]), presence of known underlying diseases (10.006 [3.119–32.102]), WBC count <60,555/μL (20.676 [6.357–67.251]), platelet count 118,000/μL or higher (15.059 [3.876–58.504]), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) below 781 U/L (4.219 [1.378–12.915]), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) ≥0.91 mg/dL (10.568 [2.736–40.825]) were identified as the predictive factors for LR by logistic regression analysis. Thirty‐day mortality was higher in the LR group than in the HM group but the difference was not statistically significant (13% vs. 6%, p = 0.087).ConclusionsApproximately half of the etiology of LR was infectious diseases and prognosis was poorer for LR than for HM. Age, presence of known underlying conditions, and laboratory tests, including WBC count, platelet count, LDH, and CRP, may be useful in distinguishing LR from HM.
Usability of a smartphone application for patients with interstitial lung disease: Results from the Registry for Better Understanding of ILD (RE‐BUILD) pilot study
Authors: Glenn Laura M. , Jackson Dan , Barton Carly , Lan Doris , Fuhrmeister Lisa , Symons Karen , Turnour Louise , Tefay Ben , Holland Anne E. , Goh Nicole S. L. , Troy Lauren K. , Brooke Mark , Glaspole Ian N. , Corte Tamera J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveDigital technologies offer opportunities for remote monitoring, increased patient engagement and incorporation of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) into interstitial lung disease (ILD) care and research. This study evaluated the usability and patient experience of the RE‐BUILD (Registry for Better Understanding of ILD) application, an ILD‐specific smartphone app.MethodsPatients with ILD aged ≥18 years were recruited from three tertiary ILD centres to use the RE‐BUILD app for 6 months. The mHealth App Usability Questionnaire (MAUQ) was evaluated at 1, 3 and 6 months and patients received monthly prompts to enter clinical and PROM data. Qualitative interviews regarding patient experience were performed in a subset of 10.ResultsFifty patients, with mean age 66.9 ± 10.3 years, 25 (50%) female were included. Participants used the app for a median of 48 (IQR 21–178.3) sessions, equivalent to 8 sessions (IQR 3.5–29.71) per month. Median number of days that the app was accessed was 37 (IQR 14–96.8), with 13 (26%) patients using the app >30 times per month. The most accessed app feature was physical activity, followed by ‘air quality’.Participants agreed or strongly agreed that the app was easy to use (76.0%) easy to learn to use (79.8%) and well‐organized with accessible information (74.8%). The median overall MAUQ score for usability was 5.69 (IQR 5.03–6.19). There was also a high rate of engagement with app functionalities.ConclusionRE‐BUILD is a usable and intuitive platform for self‐monitoring and data collection in ILD. Patients report a high degree of satisfaction and have provided valuable feedback for its further development.
Household Plastic Waste Management and Gender Dynamics in Circular Economies
Authors: Shakuto Shiori , Yeoh Brenda S. A. , Reynolds David , Rahadini Immanuela Asa , Tan Qian Hui , Pang Natalie 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTA circular economy has emerged as a promising solution for addressing plastic pollution. It directly impacts waste management practices in the household, which has long been considered a feminized domain. What are the hidden gendered costs of household plastic waste management? This paper systematically reviews extant knowledge on household plastic management in sociology and cognate disciplines. Noting the inadequate attention to gender in the current literature, we set out two research agendas. Firstly, we propose that research focus on the household as a site where the gender division of labour may be rigidified or reconfigured through household plastic consumption and waste management. Secondly, plastics research needs to attend to the multiple and overlapping social roles that women play within and beyond the household. Remaining sensitive to how women interact with plastic materials in their daily lives will encourage integrating feminist analysis into environmental analysis so as to work through the challenges posed by a circular economy.
Critical Insights: Severe Outcomes of Pneumocystis Pneumonia: A 10‐year Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Winichakoon Poramed , Solera Rallo Javier Tomas , Albasata Hanan , Poutanen Susan Marie , Hosseini‐Moghaddam Seyed M 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundA considerable knowledge gap exists in predicting severe Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) outcomes following PCP diagnosis.MethodsIn this retrospective cohort, we studied immunocompromised patients with PCP admitted to 5 University Health Network centers in Canada (2011–2022). The study outcome included severe PCP, a composite of 21‐day ICU admission or 28‐day all‐cause mortality. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) estimated the association between severe PCP and comorbidities as well as clinical and laboratory variables at diagnosis.ResultsA total of 44 out of 182 (24.2%) immunocompromised patients (19 [10.4%] HIV‐infected, 55 [30.2%] hematologic malignancies, 32 [17.6%] hematopoietic stem cell transplants, 32 [17.6% solid tumors, 26 solid organ transplants [14.3%], 12 (6.6%) autoimmune diseases, and 6 (3.3%) other immunosuppressive conditions) developed composite outcomes (40 ICU admissions [21.9%], 18 deaths [9.9%]). Patients with composite outcomes more often had acute‐onset PCP (< 7 days) (18/34 [52.9%] vs. 38/126 [30.1%], p = 0.013), shortness of breath (39/44 [88.6%] vs. 96/136 [70.6%], p = 0.002), chronic liver disease (15/44 [34.1%] vs. 9/138 [6.5%], p < 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (median [IQR] albumin (g/L): 27 [25–31] vs. 32 [29–35], p < 0.001), elevated lactate dehydrogenase (median [IQR] LDH (U/L): 537 [324–809] vs. 340 [237–475], p < 0.001), lymphopenia (median [IQR] absolute lymphocyte count [(10*9/L),]: 0.4 [0.2–0.6] vs. 0.7 [0.3–1.2], p < 0.001), or required supplemental oxygen (39/44 [88.6%] vs. 60/136 [44.1%], p < 0.001) than those without composite outcomes. In multivariable analysis, chronic liver disease (aOR: 11.6, 95% CI: 2.2–61.3) and requiring supplemental oxygen on admission (aOR: 19.7, 95% CI: 3.0–128.5) were significantly associated with severe PCP.ConclusionsAlongside hypoxemia upon admission, chronic liver disease appears to significantly predict severe PCP in immunocompromised patients. This biologically plausible finding warrants further investigation.
Presentation and Outcomes of Histoplasmosis in Transplant Recipients: A Retrospective Single‐Centre Cohort Study
Authors: Rutjanawech Sasinuch , Zuniga‐Moya Julio C. , George Ige , Mazi Patrick B. , Osborn Matthew R. , Fallon Samuel M. , Spec Andrej , Rauseo Adriana M. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundHistoplasmosis is an important infection among transplant recipients. Few studies have described its epidemiology and outcomes in the modern era.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis using medical records from a single center in the United States. We included patients 18 years or older with histoplasmosis. We divided the cohort into transplant recipients and immunocompetent groups to assess the outcomes in both groups. We utilized Cox hazard models to assess 90‐day all‐cause mortality.ResultsThe study included 137 patients; with 28 (20%) transplant recipients. After the first year post‐transplant, patients with lung transplant (30%) had a diagnosis of histoplasmosis. Transplant recipients exhibited a significantly higher incidence of disseminated histoplasmosis than immunocompetent patients (64% vs. 34%, p = 0.001), higher admission to ICU (39% vs. 16%; p = 0.01) and higher but not significant 90‐day crude all‐cause mortality (14% vs. 11%, p = 0.71). Patients with transplants had a higher, but not significant hazard of all‐cause mortality at 90 days (hazard ratio: 1.5; 95% confidence interval: 0.4–3.9) when compared to immunocompetent patients.ConclusionTransplant recipients were more commonly diagnosed with histoplasmosis after the first year post‐transplantation, and although they exhibited a higher hazard for death at 90 days, this increase was not statistically significant.
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Performance of a broth microdilution assay for routine minimum inhibitory concentration determination of 14 anti-tuberculous drugs against the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex based on the EUCAST reference protocol
Authors: Mansjö Mikael , Espinosa-Gongora Carmen , Samanci Ishak , Groenheit Ramona , Werngren Jim 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

This comparative study aimed at qualifying a broth microdilution (BMD) assay for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (pDST) of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex (MTBC) strains for implementation in a routine DST workflow. The assay was developed based on the EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing) reference protocol for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 14 anti-tuberculous drugs (isoniazid [INH], rifampicin [RIF], ethambutol [EMB], amikacin [AMI], moxifloxacin [MFX], levofloxacin [LFX], bedaquiline [BDQ], clofazimine [CFZ], delamanid [DLM], pretomanid [PA], para-aminosalicylic acid [PAS], linezolid [LZD], ethionamide [ETH], and cycloserine [CS]). Forty MTBC strains with various drug resistance profiles were tested to determine the agreement between MIC results and genotypic drug susceptibility testing (gDST) results derived from whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The agreement between the BMD and gDST results was solid for the majority of the drugs (average agreement 98%, range 90%–100%), including key drugs such as INH, RIF, MFX, LFX, BDQ, DLM, and PA. Ten discrepancies were identified (corresponding to 1.8% of the total number of MIC determinations) and most (8/10) were characterized by MICs equal or close to the potential critical concentration (pCC) applied in the BMD assay. Importantly, the assay can be adjusted to new drug recommendations and concentrations, tailored to local needs. We conclude that the BMD assay provides reliable results, and its implementation in our MTBC routine workflow will produce valuable data that improve our understanding and management of MTBC drug resistance.
Population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation—an ASAP ECMO study
Authors: Abdul-Aziz Mohd H. , Diehl Arne , Liu Xin , Cheng Vesa , Corley Amanda , Gilder Eileen , Levkovich Bianca , McGuinness Shay , Ordonez Jenny , Parke Rachael , Pellegrino Vincent , Wallis Steven C. , Fraser John F. , Shekar Kiran , Roberts Jason A. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to describe the population pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and to identify dosing regimens with a high likelihood of achieving effective exposures. Serial blood samples were collected over a single-dosing interval during ECMO. Total plasma concentrations were measured by a validated chromatographic assay. A population pharmacokinetic model was built and Monte Carlo dosing simulations were performed using Monolix. The probability of target attainment (PTA) and fractional target attainment (FTA) rates were simulated for various caspofungin dosing regimens against
Candida albicans
,
Candida glabrata
, and
Candida parapsilosis
. In all, 64 plasma concentration-time points were obtained from 8 critically ill patients receiving ECMO. Plasma concentration-time data for caspofungin were best described by a one-compartment model with first-order elimination. Lean body weight was identified as a significant covariate of volume of distribution. The typical volume of distribution and clearance of caspofungin in this cohort were 8.13 L and 0.55 L/h, respectively. The licensed caspofungin dosing regimen (a loading dose of 70 mg on day 1 followed by a maintenance dose of either 50 mg/day or 70 mg/day) demonstrated optimal PTA rates (≥90%) against
C. albicans
with an MIC of ≤0.064 mg/L,
C. glabrata
with an MIC of ≤0.125 mg/L, and
C. parapsilosis
with an MIC of ≤0.064 mg/L. The FTA analysis suggested that the licensed dosing regimen is only optimal (≥95%) against
Candida glabrata
, regardless of lean body weight. A higher-than-standard empirical dosing regimen (e.g., a loading dose of 100 mg on day 1, followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg daily) is likely advantageous for critically ill patients receiving ECMO.