bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
211 Evaluation of CLOSTAT-500® on growth performance and fecal Salmonella prevalence in yearling beef steers during the feedlot receiving phase
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Broadway Paul Rand , Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , Carroll Jeff A , Lafleur Doug , Hergenreder Jerilyn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two-hundred and thirty eight crossbred beef steers (initial BW = 419 ± 32.4 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of a patented probiotic on growth performance responses and fecal Salmonella prevalence during a 28-d feedlot receiving period at the South East Research Farm (SERF) feedlot located near Beresford, SD. Steers were allotted to 24 pens (9 to 10 steers/pen) and assigned to one of two treatments (12 pens/treatment): no probiotic (CON) or 0.5 g·steer-1·d-1 of a Bacillus subtilis PB6 probiotic (CLOSTAT-500®, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA; CLO). Steers were transitioned from a 70% concentrate diet (DM basis) to a 92% concentrate diet (DM basis) over a 14-d period. The final diet contained (DM basis): 12.5% CP, 2.08 Mcal/kg of NEm, 1.40 Mcal/kg of NEg, 30 g/907-kg of monensin sodium, and 0.45 mg/kg of chromium propionate (KemTRACE® Chromium, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA). Fecal samples were collected on study d 1 and 28 (6 and 34 d following arrival to the SERF, respectively) from sentinel steers (n = 5/pen) via rectal palpation and composited by pen for determination of Salmonella prevalence using selective enrichment and culture medias. Steers were fed once daily and bunks were managed according to a slick bunk management approach. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design; pen served as the experimental unit and an α of 0.05 determined significance. No differences were detected (P ≥ 0.25) between treatments for ADG, DMI, or gain efficiency during the initial 28-d feedlot receiving phase. Additionally, no Salmonella was recovered in any fecal samples collected. These data indicate that Bacillus subtilis PB6 had no influence on receiving phase growth performance, and fecal Salmonella prevalence was not observed in yearling steers placed on feed in March in southeastern South Dakota.
196 Screening several phytogenic compounds for their effect on ruminal fermentation parameters in cattle fed high grain diet
Authors: Ricci Sara , Petri Renee M , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Rivera-Chacon Raul , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Phytogenic compounds, e.g. secondary plant compounds and essential oils, are often used as supplements in ruminant nutrition to modulate microbial fermentation under ruminal dysbiosis associated with high grain feeding. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of phytogenic compounds on volatile fatty acids (VFA) production and composition in cows affected by subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Nine substances were tested at low and high dosage (1x and 10x respectively) using nine non-lactating ruminally cannulated Holstein cows, adapted to a 65% concentrate and 35% silage (grass and corn) ration (DM basis). Feeding was restricted for nine hours before providing the substance mixed with five kg of TMR. Each substance and dosage was tested individually on four cows (n = 4/compound/dose) over a period of four hours. Rumen and reticulum fluid were collected before the treatment, and four hours after feeding. VFA were measured with gas chromatography. Ruminal pH was continuously recorded (eCow indwelling pH systems). Data were analyzed with the Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. Seven out of nine compounds showed an effect or a trend on VFA measured, both in rumen and reticulum. Acetic acid in rumen fluid decreased with garlic oil, while low dose mint oil increased its concentration (P = 0.06 and P = 0.01, respectively). Low dose mint oil (P &lt; 0.01) and L-menthol (P = 0.03) both increased the A:P ratio, whereas garlic oil tended towards a decrease in the A:P ratio. Garlic oil and ginger showed negative correlations between total VFA and mean ruminal pH (P = 0.03 and P &lt; 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that phytogenic compounds can modulate microbial activity within four hours of feeding. The use of phytogenic compounds may have beneficial effects on microbial fermentation under low pH conditions associated with high grain feeding.
217 Assessment of the dissolution characteristics of Rumensin® 90 and Monovet® 90
Authors: Fuller Gary B , Foust Laura , Krabel Beverly , Brown Mike S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Continued evaluation of physical attributes of monensin Type A medicated articles is needed to keep customers apprised of product characteristics. Two randomly chosen lots of Rumensin® 90 (P1 and P2) and Monovet® 90 (A1 and A2) with dates of manufacture between May and September 2019 were used to evaluate dissolution properties according to US Pharmacopeia in vitro procedures and FDA guidance for interpretation of dissolution data. A synthetic rumen fluid (lacking microorganisms) that simulated an animal fed a high-forage diet (pH = 6.8) was used in Exp. 1, whereas a synthetic rumen fluid simulating an animal fed a high-concentrate diet (pH = 5.5) was used in Exp. 2. Samples were added to dissolution vessels containing 1 L of the appropriate media and maintained at 39°C with constant stirring (250 rpm). Aliquots (10 mL) were collected after 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 240, 360, and 480 min, filtered, and subsequently analyzed for monensin by HPLC procedures. The Rumensin lot with the lowest dissolution was designated as the reference (P2); A1 and A2 were compared to this reference using f1 and f2 test statistics computed following FDA guidance. Dissolution profile comparisons were considered statistically different if the f1 statistic was &gt; 15 and the f2 statistic was &lt; 50. In both experiments, Monovet dissolution profiles were lower than Rumensin profiles. In Exp. 1, f1 = 45 and 50 and f2 = 23 and 20 for A1 and A2, respectively. Likewise in Exp. 2, f1 = 41 and 27 and f2 = 31 and 41 for A1 and A2, respectively. Although the Monovet and Rumensin dissolution profiles were deemed similar in the studies used for FDA approval of Monovet, these data indicate that they are not similar using the most recent industry-standard procedures.
230 Effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate on performance and methane production of beef steers grazing mixed winter forage
Authors: Doblado Andrea M Osorio , Mejia-Turcios Sebastian E , Stotz Miranda K , Vargas David , de Araujo Rafael Canonenco , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Henry Francine , Sarturi Jhones Onorino , Henry Darren D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effects of encapsulated calcium-ammonium nitrate (eCAN) on in vivo methane production and performance were evaluated. A generalized randomized block design was used with beef steers grazing a mixed winter forage (Triticum aestivum, Triticosecale rimpaui, and Secale cereale) for 49 d. Thirty-six Angus-crossbred steers (332 ± 53 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) winter pasture + corn (WC), 2) WC + 328 mg/kg of BW eCAN (WCN) and 3) WC + 124 mg/kg of BW UREA (WCU), all supplemented with corn (0.3% BW treatments). Treatments WCN and WCU were isonitrogenous. A 14d adaptation period was used to adapt cattle to treatments. Methane emissions were measured using the sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique. Blood samples and BW were taken at d 0, 24, 35, and 49. Supplemental corn and NPN orts were collected daily. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of pasture (block); BUN, supplement intake and CP intake were analyzed with repeated measures. Steer was considered the experimental unit. Methane production was not different (P &gt; 0.05) considering g/d, g/kg of BW, g/kg of MBW, or g/kg of ADG. Treatments did not affect ADG (P = 0.941). Supplement intake was affected by treatment (P &lt; 0.001), with WC (0.979 kg) being greater compared to WCU (0.887 kg) and WCN (0.706 kg). Total CP intake increased (P &lt; 0.001) with WCU (0.155 kg) and WCN (0.116 kg), compared to WC (0.074 kg), which did not have a non-protein source. Blood urea nitrogen was affected by day, with d 24 (18.598 mg/dL) being greater compared to d 0 (8.215 mg/dL), 35 (10.549 mg/dL) and 49 (14.5744 mg/dL). The eCAN did not effectively replace urea as a NPN source to mitigate enteric methane.
392 Vitamin C and transit stress in beef cattle
Authors: Deters Erin L , Beenken Aubree M , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transportation of cattle by road is unavoidable in beef production due to segmentation of the industry. Psychological and physical stress associated with transit can negatively impact cattle health and performance upon arrival at their destination. Thus, investigation of resiliency or recovery-based nutritional strategies to mitigate transit stress are warranted. Because oxidative stress is likely linked to transportation stress, one such strategy is antioxidants such as vitamin C (VC). Seventy-two Angus-cross steers (356 ± 18 kg) were used to determine the effects of a pre- versus post-transit VC injection on 56 d feedlot performance. Steers were randomly assigned to intramuscular injection treatments (24 steers/treatment): saline pre- and post-transit (CON), VC (Vet One; 250 mg sodium ascorbate/mL; 5 g sodium ascorbate/steer) pre-transit and saline post-transit (PRE), or saline pre-transit and VC post-transit (POST). Steers were transported for ~18 h (1,675 km) prior to sorting into pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks (6 steers/pen). Blood was collected from 12 steers/treatment on d 0, 1, 2, and 7 for analysis of plasma ascorbate concentrations. Plasma ascorbate concentrations were decreased by ~10% immediately post-transit for CON and POST-steers but increased for PRE-steers; regardless of treatment, concentrations were similar to pre-transit values by d 7 (treatment × day; P &lt; 0.01). Steers that received VC at either timepoint (pre- or post-transit) exhibited greater dry matter intake from d 31–57 and d 1–57 compared to CON-steers (P ≤ 0.02). However, PRE-steers exhibited the greatest average daily gain from d 7–31 and d 1–57 (P ≤ 0.05), resulting in PRE-steers being heaviest on d 30/31 (P = 0.03) and tending to be heaviest on d 56/57 (P = 0.07). Based on these data, timing of nutritional intervention is vital for optimal effectiveness. Furthermore, nutritional strategies that improve antioxidant status prior to long-distance transit events may positively influence post-transit performance.
401 Gut microbiome, health, and growth performance in pigs
Authors: Farzan Vahab 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As pigs grow, their intestinal microbiome evolves until establishing a stable rich and diverse microbial population (climax community) to maintain the health and growth performance. This evolution (microbial succession) is in fact a multifactorial phenomenon involving environmental parameters (farm practice measures, heard health status, drug use), host (genetics, immune system, biomarkers), sow (milk, colostrum, vaginal, and rectal microbiome) and nutrition. The multifactorial nature of microbial succession and the consequence disruption results in a considerable variation in the pig gut mirobiome at the individual and herd level. This needs to be taken into account when exploring the core bacterial population associated with health and growth performance in pigs under commercial farming conditions.
251 Impacts of different levels of dietary zinc oxide on mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidative stress conditions in post-weaned piglets
Authors: Lapointe Jerome , Roy Caroline , Deschene Karine , Novais Aliny , Audet Isabelle , Martel-Kennes Yan , Guay Frédéric , Talbot Guylaine , Lessard Martin , Dalto Danyel B , Matte J Jacques 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is commonly added to weanling piglet diets for its documented benefits as growth promoting agent and usefulness for preventing diarrhea. We have recently reported the occurrence of mitochondrial energetic deficiencies and oxidative stress conditions in post-weaned piglets. In cells, Zn is known to be primarily located in mitochondria, where it is involved in mitochondrial function. The objective of this study was to determine the impacts of different levels of dietary ZnO on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. One hundred twenty suckling piglets (5.65 ± 0.68 kg) were selected at d14. After weaning (d21), they were fed a basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg (low; L), 1000 mg/kg (medium; M) or 3000 mg/kg (high; H) of ZnO until d42 (n = 40/treatment). Piglets were sacrificed at d21, d23, d35, and d42 of age (n = 10/treatment/d) for sample collection. Mitochondrial respiration was evaluated using an extracellular flux analyzer and our results showed higher oxygen consumption rates in liver mitochondria from H group (P &lt; 0.05) at d42. The cellular energy status was characterized by measuring liver adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) content, and lower levels were reported in H group (P &lt; 0.01) at d42. These observations were concomitant with a decrease in activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in cytosol and mitochondria. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that expression of genes implicated in oxidative stress response such as glutathione synthase (GSS), heme oxygenase 1 (HO1) and metallothionein 3 (MT3) is increased in H group at d42 (P &lt; 0.05). In plasma, GPx activity and oxidative damage to proteins (carbonyls) was higher in H group (P &lt; 0.05). These findings indicate that ZnO affects mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in post-weaned piglets and provide insights to guide the prophylactic practices using high levels of dietary ZnO.
267 Supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil to late-gestating beef cows: Impacts on performance and physiological responses of the offspring
Authors: Brandão Alice , Cooke Reinaldo F , Schubach Kelsey , Rett Bruna , Souza Osvaldo , Pohler Ky G , Bohnert David , Marques Rodrigo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment compared performance and physiological responses of the offspring from cows supplemented with Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) or prilled saturated fat (CON) during late gestation. Non-lactating, pregnant Angus × Hereford cows (n = 104) that conceived during the same fixed-time artificial insemination protocol, using semen from 2 sires, were used in this experiment. Cows were ranked by pregnancy sire, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS). On d 180 of gestation (d -15), cows were randomly assigned to receive (dry matter basis) 415 g of soybean meal per cow daily in addition to 1) 195 g/cow daily of CSSO (n = 52) or 2) 170 g/cow daily of CON (n = 52). Cows were maintained in 2 pastures (26 cows/treatment per pasture), and received daily 12.7 kg/cow (dry matter basis) of grass-alfalfa hay. From d 0 until calving, cows were segregated into 1 of 24 feeding pens thrice weekly and received treatments individually. Cow BW and BCS were recorded, and blood samples were collected on d -15 of the experiment and within 12 h after calving. Calf BW was also recorded and blood sample collected within 12 h of calving. Calves were weaned on d 290 of the experiment, preconditioned for 35 d (d 291 to 325), and transferred to a feedyard where they remained until slaughter. Upon calving, CSSO cows and calves had greater (P &lt; 0.01) plasma concentrations of linoleic acid and total ω - 6 FA compared with CON cohorts. No differences in calf birth BW, weaning BW, and final preconditioning BW were noted (P ≥ 0.36) between treatments. Average daily gain and final BW in the feedlot were greater (P ≤ 0.05) in steers from CSSO cows compared with CON. The incidence of calves diagnosed with BRD that required a second antimicrobial treatment was less (P = 0.03) in calves from CSSO cows, resulting in reduced (P = 0.05) need of treatments to regain health compared with CON (Table 5). Upon slaughter, longissimus muscle area was greater (P = 0.03) in calves from CSSO cows compared with CON. Collectively, these results suggest that supplementing CSSO to late-gestating beef cows stimulated programming effects on postnatal offspring growth and Page 2 of 15 For Peer Review health. Therefore, supplementing late-gestating beef cows with CSSO appears to optimize offspring welfare and productivity in beef production systems.
266 Administering an appeasing substance to beef calves at weaning to optimize welfare and productivity
Authors: Schubach Kelsey , Cooke Reinaldo F , Brandão Alice , Rett Bruna , Ferreira Vitor , Scatolin Giovanna , Colombo Eduardo , Daigle Courtney L , Pohler Ky G , Cappellozza Bruno I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impacts of bovine appeasing substance (BAS) administration on performance, behavioral, and physiological responses of beef calves upon weaning. Eighty Angus-influenced calves (40 heifers, 40 steers) were weaned at 233 ± 2 d of age (d 0), ranked by age and body weight (BW), and assigned to receive BAS (Nutricorp, Araras, SP, Brazil; n = 40) or placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON; n = 40). Treatments (5 mL) were topically applied to the nuchal skin area of each animal. Within treatment, calves were allocated to 1 of 8 drylot pens (4 pens/treatment) and received a free-choice total mixed ration (TMR) from d 0 to 42, intake of which was assessed daily. On d 0, calves were fitted with a pedometer behind their right shoulder, and pedometer results were recorded weekly during the experiment (d 0 to 42) concurrently with full BW collection and temperament evaluation. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42, and hair samples were collected from the tail switch on d 0, 14, 28, and 42. Average daily gain from d 0 to 42 did not differ between treatments (P = 0.52), but was greater (P = 0.05) in BAS vs. CON calves from d 0 to 28. Intake of TMR was greater during the first week for BAS vs. CON calves (P = 0.05), and similar (P ≥ 0.44) from wk 2 to 6 (treatment × week; P = 0.08). Exit velocity was greater (P = 0.03) for CON vs. BAS calves on d 14 and tended (P = 0.08) to be greater for CON vs. BAS calves on d 7 (treatment × day; P = 0.04). Physical activity was greater for CON vs. BAS calves on d 1 (P &lt; 0.01), but greater (P = 0.01) in BAS vs. CON on d 2 (treatment × day; P = 0.01). Mean plasma concentrations of haptoglobin were greater (P = 0.03) in CON vs. BAS calves during the experiment. Hair cortisol concentrations were greater (P = 0.0 5) in CON vs. BAS calves on d 14 (treatment × day interaction; P = 0.03). Results from this experiment indicate BAS calves habituated to their environment more rapidly through increased physical activity, which facilitated a lessened stress response associated with weaning, and accelerated adaptation to a novel environment. This was manifested through improved TMR intake and BW gain during the initial period of the experiment. Collectively, results suggest use of BAS as a strategy to improve calf welfare and productivity upon weaning.
261 Sorting strategy and effect of variation on profitability of a pen of feedlot steers
Authors: Harrison Meredith A , Oltjen James W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Variation in feedlot cattle has a negative effect on feedlot profitability and beef products. Alternative sorting strategies may help reduce variation within a pen of feedlot cattle and improve beef product uniformity. A dynamic, deterministic model was built to predict growth, body composition, and carcass value for individual steers. Individual steer measurements for initial body weight (BW), frame size, and body fat percent were obtained from a set of Angus-based steers (n = 62; BW = 293kg) and used as initial values in the model. The model predicted individual steer BW, Yield and Quality Grades, and carcass values for each day in the feeding period. Total steer profit was calculated as carcass value minus feed costs and steer purchase price. Profitability was evaluated using four sorting strategies: 1) steers purchased, fed, and marketed as a lot without sorting; 2) steers purchased, sorted by BW at initial processing, and fed and marketed as two independent pens; 3) steers purchased and fed as a lot until midway through the feeding period, and then were sorted by BW into two pens that were marketed independently; and 4) steers purchased and fed as a lot and each individual steer was sold at the optimal time. Optimal marketing time was defined as the day profit reached a maximum value. Sensitivity analyses were conducted, changing all prices ± 10% while all other variables were held constant. Scenario 4 was most profitable, with a mean profit of $161.78 ± 144.79 per steer, representing the greatest possible profit. Scenario 1, the practice commonly used by commercial feedlots, was the least profitable ($122.45 ± 139.65). Scenario 2 ranked third ($125.10 ± 137.42), and Scenario 3 ranked second ($127.85 ± 137.73), but mean profit per head only differed by $2.75, indicating steers grew at a relatively constant rate, and there was no additional benefit in sorting mid-way through the finishing period versus at initial processing. Body weight at harvest and carcass weight varied across scenarios, but mean quality grade was similar for all four scenarios. Mean profit per was most sensitive to grid base price. In scenario 1, a ± 10% change in grid base price resulted in a 145 and –136% profit change, respectively. Sorting feedlot steers into similar feeding and marketing groups reduces pen variation, increasing carcass value, decreasing feed costs, and improving overall profitability.
PSV-4 Correlation between superficial body temperatures measured with an infrared thermometer and rectal temperature in alpacas
Authors: Vilela Jorge L , Goycochea Gianella , Serna Allison , Veramendi Frank , Ascue Jorge , Callan Milagros , Jauregui Andrea , Miranda Almendra , Montalvo Pamela , Sandoval Aranza , Solis Sebastian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Temperature measurement is essential during physical examination since it helps to detect abnormalities in animal health. Moreover, measurement should be done within the shortest possible time to avoid stress. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between rectal temperature and the superficial body temperature using a digital infrared thermometer. Ten Huacaya alpacas from the DESCOSUR Center of Alpaca Development in Toccra, located in the Arequipa region, Perú at 4,365 m above sea level (MASL), and eight Huacaya alpacas from the Zootechnical and Technological Unit of the Universidad Cientifica del Sur, in Lima at 5 MASL, were studied. Rectal temperatures were obtained using a veterinary clinical thermometer for one minute. Superficial body temperature measurement was carried out with a CENTER 350® infrared thermometer, at a distance between 10 to 25 cm from the measured site. Six measuring points were used. Rectal temperatures were measured at the same time as the superficial body temperatures. The Statistical Analysis System (SAS®) University Edition, 2018 was used to perform Pearson’s correlation coefficient and graphs were made using the CORRGRAM R software package. Correlations with rectal temperature were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) higher with the middle zone of the ear and the outer zone of the nose (0.75 and 0.69, respectively). In conclusion, the results in the present study indicated a significant positive correlation between rectal and infrared temperatures at different anatomical points in alpacas. Highly significant correlations were observed between the rectal temperature and the middle zone of the ear and the outer zone of the nose. These results could be used to perform an alternative method to predict body temperature by infrared temperature in alpacas; however, further testing is required in the field to validate these estimates.