bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary care quality and cost for privately insured patients in and out of US Health Systems: Evidence from four states
Authors: Zhou Ruohua Annetta , Beaulieu Nancy D. , Cutler David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize physician health system membership in four states between 2012 and 2016 and to compare primary care quality and cost between in‐system providers and non‐system providers for the commercially insured population.Data SourcesPhysician membership in health systems was obtained from a unique longitudinal database on health systems and matched at the provider level to 2014 all‐payer claims data from Colorado, Massachusetts, Oregon, and Utah.Study DesignUsing an observational study design, we compared physicians in health systems to non‐system physicians located in the same state and geography on average cost of care (risk‐adjusted using the Johns Hopkins’ Adjusted Clinical Grouper), five HEDIS quality measures, one measure of developmental screening, and two Prevention Quality Indicator Measures.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsPatients in commercial health plans were attributed to a primary care physician accounting for the plurality of office visits. A cohort for each quality measure was constructed based on appropriate measure specifications.Principal FindingsThe share of physicians in health systems increased steadily from 2012 to 2016 and ranged from 48% in Colorado to 63% in Utah in 2016. Compared to physicians not in a system, system physicians performed similarly on most HEDIS quality metrics compared to non‐system physicians. Patients attributed to in‐system physicians had about 40% higher rates (P < .05) of Ambulatory Care Sensitive Admissions (measured in admissions per 100 000:921.33 in‐system vs 674.61 not‐in‐system for acute composite; 2540.91 in‐system vs 1972.17 for chronic composite In‐system providers were associated with $29 (P < .05) higher average per member per month costs (453.37 vs 432.93). Overall, differences in performance by system membership were relatively small compared to differences across states and geography.ConclusionA growing share of physicians is part of a health system from 2012 to 2016. Providers in health systems are not delivering primary care more efficiently than non‐system providers for the commercially insured.
Mining, heterologous expression, purification, antibactericidal mechanism, and application of bacteriocins: A review
Authors: Cui Yanlong , Luo Lingli , Wang Xin , Lu Yingying , Yi Yanglei , Shan Yuanyuan , Liu Bianfang , Zhou Yuan , Lü Xin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBacteriocins are generally considered as low‐molecular‐weight ribosomal peptides or proteins synthesized by G+ and G− bacteria that inhibit or kill other related or unrelated microorganisms. However, low yield is an important factor restricting the application of bacteriocins. This paper reviews mining methods, heterologous expression in different systems, the purification technologies applied to bacteriocins, and identification methods, as well as the antibacterial mechanism and applications in three different food systems. Bioinformatics improves the efficiency of bacteriocins mining. Bacteriocins can be heterologously expressed in different expression systems (e.g., Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and yeast). Ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis membrane, pH‐mediated cell adsorption/desorption, solvent extraction, macroporous resin column, and chromatography are always used as purification methods for bacteriocins. The bacteriocins are identified through electrophoresis and mass spectrum. Cell envelope (e.g., cell permeabilization and pore formation) and inhibition of gene expression are common antibacterial mechanisms of bacteriocins. Bacteriocins can be added to protect meat products (e.g., beef and sausages), dairy products (e.g., cheese, milk, and yogurt), and vegetables and fruits (e.g., salad, apple juice, and soybean sprouts). The future research directions are also prospected.
Modeling the release of food bioactive ingredients from carriers/nanocarriers by the empirical, semiempirical, and mechanistic models
Authors: Malekjani Narjes , Jafari Seid Mahdi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe encapsulation process has been utilized in the field of food technology to enhance the technofunctional properties of food products and the delivery of nutraceutical ingredients via food into the human body. The latter application is very similar to drug delivery systems. The inherent sophisticated nature of release mechanisms requires the utilization of mathematical equations and statistics to predict the release behavior during the time. The science of mathematical modeling of controlled release has gained a tremendous advancement in drug delivery in recent years. Many of these modeling methods could be transferred to food. In order to develop and design enhanced food controlled/targeted bioactive release systems, understanding of the underlying physiological and chemical processes, mechanisms, and principles of release and applying the knowledge gained in the pharmaceutical field to food products is a big challenge. Ideally, by using an appropriate mathematical model, the formulation parameters could be predicted to achieve a specific release behavior. So, designing new products could be optimized. Many papers are dealing with encapsulation approaches and evaluation of the impact of process and the utilized system on release characteristics of encapsulated food bioactives, but still, there is no deep insight into the mathematical release modeling of encapsulated food materials. In this study, information gained from the pharmaceutical field is collected and discussed to investigate the probable application in the food industry.
Bridge employment: Understanding the expectations and experiences of bridge employees
Authors: Mazumdar Bishakha , Warren Amy M. , Brown Travor C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile there is a growing tendency among present day retirees to engage in bridge jobs before their final exit from the labour force, limited academic attention is directed towards understanding the expectations and experiences of bridge employees. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted 26 semi‐structured interviews with bridge employees. After collecting and analysing the data, we found the lens of socio‐emotional selectivity theory helpful in better understanding the experiences and expectations of bridge employees. Bridge employees generally expressed preference for intrinsic rather than extrinsic rewards. In addition, bridge employees tended to favour part‐time work. However, even though bridge employees were satisfied with their work, benefits, and social interactions, some of them faced social disapproval for re‐entering workforce. To our knowledge, this paper is among the first exploratory qualitative studies in the human resource management field to investigate the expectations and experiences of bridge employees.
Celiac disease in children with type 1 diabetes varies around the world: An international, cross‐sectional study of 57 375 patients from the SWEET registry
Authors: Taczanowska Anna , Schwandt Anke , Amed Shazhan , Tóth‐Heyn Péter , Kanaka‐Gantenbein Christina , Volsky Sari Krepel , Svensson Jannet , Szypowska Agnieszka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundChildren with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at much higher risk of developing celiac disease (CD) than the general population. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and differences in clinical presentation of CD in T1D in different regions of the world.MethodsThis study is based on the Better control in Pediatric and Adolescent diabeteS: Working to crEate cEnTers of Reference (SWEET) database. There were 57 375 patients included in the study, aged ≤18 years from 54 SWEET centers. Only centers with screening for celiac disease were included. Regression models adjusted for age, diabetes duration, and gender and a fixed effect in the models for region was used. Diabetes duration, age at diabetes onset, and sex were presented as unadjusted results.ResultsCD was present in 2652 subjects (4.5%), with different prevalence among regions: from 1.9% in Asia/Middle East to 6.9% in Australia/New Zealand. CD was observed more often among females. Comparing children with and without CD, characteristics for those with CD were younger age at diabetes onset (6.3 [3.3; 9.8] vs 8.1 [4.6; 11.3], P < 0.001) and had longer diabetes duration (6.4 [3.6; 9.8] vs 4.8 [2.1; 8.2], P < 0.001). Further, they had lower glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Europe and North America/Canada; lower body mass index (BMI)‐SD score (BMI‐SDS) in southern Europe, North America, and Canada; In most regions daily insulin dose was lower, height‐SDS was lower, and the percentage of insulin pump users was higher in children with T1D and CD.ConclusionsThe prevalence and the anthropometric and metabolic consequences of CD in children with T1D differ around the world.
Age‐based preferences for risk communication in the fentanyl era: ‘A lot of people keep seeing other people die and that's not enough for them’
Authors: Gunn Christine M. , Maschke Ariel , Harris Miriam , Schoenberger Samantha F. , Sampath Spoorthi , Walley Alexander Y. , Bagley Sarah M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore how people who use fentanyl and health‐care providers engaged in and responded to overdose risk communication interactions, and how these engagements and responses might vary by age.DesignA single‐site qualitative in‐depth interview study.SettingBoston, MA, United States.ParticipantsThe sample included 21 people (10 women, 11 men) who were either 18–25 or 35+, English‐speaking, and reported illicit fentanyl use in the last year and 10 health‐care providers who worked directly with people who use fentanyl (PWUF) in clinical and community settings.MeasurementsOpen‐ended, flexible interview questions guided by a risk communication framework were used in all interviews. Codes used for thematic analysis included deductive codes related to the risk communication framework and inductive, emergent codes from interview content.FindingsWe identified potential age‐based differences in perceptions of fentanyl overdose, including that younger participants appeared to display more perceptions of an immunity to fentanyl's lethality, while older people seemed to express a stronger aversion to fentanyl due to its heightened risk of fatal overdose, shorter effects and potential for long‐term health consequences. Providers perceived greater challenges relaying risk information to young PWUF and believed them to be less open to risk communication. Compassionate harm reduction communication was preferred by all participants and perceived to be delivered most effectively by community health workers and peers. PWUF and providers identified structural barriers that limited compassionate harm reduction, including misalignment of available treatment with preferred options and clinical structures that impeded the delivery of risk communication messages.ConclusionsAmong people who engage in illicit fentanyl use, fentanyl‐related risk communication experiences and preferences may vary by age, but some foundational elements including compassionate, trust‐building approaches seem to be preferred across the age spectrum. Structural barriers in the clinical setting such as provider‐prescribing power and infrequent encounters may impede the providers’ ability to provide compassionate harm reduction communication.
Preparation and characterization of extracellular vesicles
Authors: Tiwari Swasti , Kumar Vinod , Randhawa Shubhchintan , Verma Santosh K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous membranous vesicles secreted by every cell type and offer significant potential in therapy and diagnostics. Differential ultracentrifugation is the gold standard for EV isolation, although other techniques including, polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, immunoprecipitation, size exclusion chromatography, and immuno‐isolation approaches are common. Purified EVs can be characterized based on their physical characteristics, biochemical composition, or cell of origin. For size and concentration measurement, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and electron microscopy are commonly employed methods. Biochemical analyses of EVs are typically performed using flow cytometry, immunoblotting, or proteomic investigation. Based on tissue of origin, EVs have specific markers that can be used to isolate and purify specific cell‐associated EVs using an affinity selection approach. Despite existence of several methods for isolation and characterization, major limitations associated with each method hinder the progress of the field. Evolving concepts in EV biology possess great promise for better isolation and characterization leading to a better insight of biological function and have immense clinical implications. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in EV isolation and characterization approaches.
Winners, losers, and the others: Disaggregating South Korean satisfaction with politics
Authors: Rich Timothy S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhat factors influence satisfaction with politics after elections? The literature on losers’ consent consistently finds diverging perceptions between electoral winners and losers, but rarely disaggregates the electorate further into nonpartisan voters and nonvoters. In addition, the literature relies heavily on individual elections in isolation and thus is rarely able to address general trends. This study uses Korean General Social Survey (KGSS) data across multiple elections and finds electoral winners consistently have higher evaluations than those who identified and voted for electoral losers. This pattern holds after demographic controls and evaluations of the executive and legislative institutions as well. However, no consistent pattern emerges among nonpartisans and nonvoters.
Intestinal absorption and hepatic elimination of drugs in high‐fat high‐cholesterol diet‐induced non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis rats: exemplified by simvastatin
Authors: Li Ziwei , Zhang Jun , Zhang Yufeng , Zhou Limin , Zhao Jiajia , Lyu Yuanfeng , Poon Long Hin , Lin Zhixiu , To Kenneth Kin Wah , Yan Xiaoyu , Zuo Zhong 
Published: October 2020

Background and PurposeAltered drug pharmacokinetics is a significant concern in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. Although high‐fat high‐cholesterol (HFHC) diet‐induced NASH (HFHC‐NASH) rats could simulate the typical dysregulation of cholesterol in NASH patients, experimental investigation on the altered drug pharmacokinetics in this model are limited. Thus, the present study comprehensive investigates the nature of such altered pharmacokinetics using simvastatin as the model drug.Experimental ApproachPharmacokinetic profiles of simvastatin and its active metabolite simvastatin acid together with compartmental pharmacokinetic modelling were used to identify the key factors involved in the altered pharmacokinetics of simvastatin in HFHC‐NASH rats. Experimental investigations via in situ single‐pass intestinal perfusion and intrahepatic injection of simvastatin were carried out. Histology, Ces1 activities and mRNA/protein levels of Oatp1b2/CYP2c11/P‐gp in the small intestine/liver of healthy and HFHC‐NASH rats were compared.Key ResultsReduced intestinal absorption and more extensive hepatic elimination in HFHC‐NASH rats resulted in less systemic exposures of simvastatin/simvastatin acid. In the small intestine of HFHC‐NASH rats, thicker intestinal wall with more collagen fibres, increased Ces1 activity and up‐regulated P‐gp protein decreased the permeability of simvastatin, accelerated the hydrolysis of simvastatin and promoted the efflux of simvastatin acid respectively. In the liver of HFHC‐NASH rats, higher hepatic P‐gp expression accelerated the hepatic elimination of simvastatin.Conclusion and ImplicationsAltered histology, Ces1 activity and P‐gp expression in the small intestine/liver were identified to be the major contributing factors leading to less systemic exposure of drugs in HFHC‐NASH rats, which may be applicable to NASH patients.
Contextual and individual determinants of the need for endodontic treatment in adults in Brazil: A multilevel analysis
Authors: Barreto Raphaela Vieira , Vettore Mario Vianna , Pinto Rafaela da Silveira , Vargas‐Ferreira Fabiana , Lucas Simone Dutra 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimTo examine the relationship between contextual and individual determinants with the need for endodontic treatment in Brazilian adults.MethodsIndividual‐level data from 6897 adults aged 35‐44 years living in the Brazilian state capitals who participated in the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010 Project) were combined with city‐level data. Individual‐ and city‐level variables were selected to represent the structural and intermediate determinants of health according to the WHO model of social determinants of health. The association of independent variables with one or more teeth in need of endodontic treatment was evaluated using multilevel logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsThe prevalence of the need for endodontic treatment was 7.7%. Adults living in cities with better contextual socioeconomic conditions (OR 0.82; 95% CI = 0.72‐0.93) and better specialized dental services (OR 0.85; 95% CI = 0.77‐0.95) were less likely to need endodontic treatment. Younger age, greater schooling and use of private dental services reduced the odds of need for endodontic treatment. Number of people per room, type of dental service and reason for the last dental visit were also associated with need of endodontic treatment.ConclusionContextual and individual factors were relevant determinants of endodontic treatment needs in adults.
Role of chimeric transcript formation in the pathogenesis of birth defects
Authors: Yamada Mamiko , Suzuki Hisato , Watanabe Akiko , Uehara Tomoko , Takenouchi Toshiki , Mizuno Seiji , Kosaki Kenjiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChimeric transcripts are formed by chromosomal aberrations. Little is known about the role of chimeric transcripts in the pathogenesis of birth defects. We reanalyzed RNA‐seq data in alignment map files from the peripheral blood of 56 patients in whom the diagnoses could not be confirmed by standard exome analysis and transcriptome analysis to screen for chimeric transcripts using a dedicated software, ChimPipe. Chimeric analysis led to a diagnosis in two of the 56 patients: (a) the first patient had a chimeric transcript spanning the causative gene ZEB2 and the GTDC1 gene in its neighboring locus. RNA‐seq revealed reads spanning exon 5 of ZEB2 and exon 7 of GTDC1. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 436‐kb deletion spanning intron 4 of ZEB2 and intron 7 of GTDC1 and the diagnosis of Mowat‐Wilson syndrome was made. (b) The second patient had a chimeric transcript spanning the causative gene KCNK9 and the TRAPPC9 gene in its neighboring locus. RNA‐seq revealed reads spanning exon 21 of TRAPPC9 and exon 1 of KCNK9. Whole genome sequencing revealed a 186‐kb deletion spanning intron 20 of TRAPPC9 and intron 1 of KCNK9 in this patient. KCNK9 gene is a maternally expressed imprinted gene. The diagnosis of Birk‐Barel syndrome was made. Thus, both patients had chimeric transcripts that were directly involved in the pathogenesis of the birth defects. The approach reported herein, of detecting chimeric transcripts from RNA‐seq data, is unique in that the approach does not rely on any prior information on the presence of genomic deletion.
Repeated colonization, adaptive radiation and convergent evolution in the sheet‐weaving spiders (Linyphiidae) of the south Pacific Archipelago of Juan Fernandez
Authors: Arnedo Miquel A. , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe report on the colonization and diversification of linyphiid spiders in the Pacific oceanic archipelago of Juan Fernandez. About 50 spider species occur naturally in these islands, most of them endemic and about half of them are linyphiids. Linyphiidae includes no fewer than 15 species of Laminacauda and three of Neomaso (with several additional undescribed species in the latter genus), all of them single island endemics. There are three additional linyphiid endemic genera, two monotypic and one, Juanfernandezia, with two species. Unlike the rather uniform somatic morphology and small ground sheet webs of the continental Laminacauda and Neomaso species, the Juan Fernandez endemics exhibit morphological features and life history traits that are very rare or unknown in any other linyphiids. A multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis confirms at least five independent Juan Fernandez colonizations of Linyphiidae, two within the same genus, and three of which underwent subsequent local diversification. Different calibrations suggest alternative colonization timelines, some at odds with island ages, but all agree on similar diversification timings of the endemic lineages. Rare phenotypic traits (e.g. gigantism, massive chelicerae or elongated legs) evolved multiple times independently within the islands. Based on the remarkable levels of eco‐phenotypic differentiation in locally diversified species showing densely packed distributions, we propose that Laminacauda, and probably Neomaso, constitute a case of adaptive radiation.
Converging on the orb: denser taxon sampling elucidates spider phylogeny and new analytical methods support repeated evolution of the orb web
Authors: Kallal Robert J. , Kulkarni Siddharth S. , Dimitrov Dimitar , Benavides Ligia R. , Arnedo Miquel A. , Giribet Gonzalo , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigh throughput sequencing and phylogenomic analyses focusing on relationships among spiders have both reinforced and upturned long‐standing hypotheses. Likewise, the evolution of spider webs—perhaps their most emblematic attribute—is being understood in new ways. With a matrix including 272 spider species and close arachnid relatives, we analyze and evaluate the relationships among these lineages using a variety of orthology assessment methods, occupancy thresholds, tree inference methods and support metrics. Our analyses include families not previously sampled in transcriptomic analyses, such as Symphytognathidae, the only araneoid family absent in such prior works. We find support for the major established spider lineages, including Mygalomorphae, Araneomorphae, Synspermiata, Palpimanoidea, Araneoidea and the Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis Clade, as well as the uloborids, deinopids, oecobiids and hersiliids Grade. Resulting trees are evaluated using bootstrapping, Shimodaira–Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test, local posterior probabilities and concordance factors. Using structured Markov models to assess the evolution of spider webs while accounting for hierarchically nested traits, we find multiple convergent occurrences of the orb web across the spider tree‐of‐life. Overall, we provide the most comprehensive spider tree‐of‐life to date using transcriptomic data and use new methods to explore controversial issues of web evolution, including the origins and multiple losses of the orb web.