bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diel quenching of Southern Ocean phytoplankton fluorescence is related to iron limitation
Authors: Schallenberg Christina , Strzepek Robert F. , Schuback Nina , Clementson Lesley A. , Boyd Philip W. , Trull Thomas W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Evaluation of photosynthetic competency in time and space is critical for
better estimates and models of oceanic primary productivity. This is
especially true for areas where the lack of iron (Fe) limits phytoplankton
productivity, such as the Southern Ocean. Assessment of photosynthetic
competency on large scales remains challenging, but phytoplankton
chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) is a signal that holds promise in this
respect as it is affected by, and consequently provides information about,
the photosynthetic efficiency of the organism. A second process affecting
the ChlF signal is heat dissipation of absorbed light energy, referred to as
non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). NPQ is triggered when excess energy is
absorbed, i.e. when more light is absorbed than can be used directly for
photosynthetic carbon fixation. The effect of NPQ on the ChlF signal
complicates its interpretation in terms of photosynthetic efficiency, and
therefore most approaches relating ChlF parameters to photosynthetic
efficiency seek to minimize the influence of NPQ by working under conditions
of sub-saturating irradiance. Here, we propose that NPQ itself holds
potential as an easily acquired optical signal indicative of phytoplankton
physiological state with respect to Fe limitation. We present data from a research voyage to the Subantarctic Zone south of
Australia. Incubation experiments confirmed that resident phytoplankton were
Fe-limited, as the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry, Fv∕Fm,
measured with a fast repetition rate fluorometer (FRRf), increased
significantly with Fe addition. The NPQ “capacity” of the phytoplankton
also showed sensitivity to Fe addition, decreasing with increased Fe
availability, confirming previous work. The fortuitous presence of a remnant
warm-core eddy in the vicinity of the study area allowed comparison of
fluorescence behaviour between two distinct water masses, with the colder
water showing significantly lower Fv∕Fm than the warmer eddy waters,
suggesting a difference in Fe limitation status between the two water
masses. Again, NPQ capacity measured with the FRRf mirrored the behaviour
observed in Fv∕Fm, decreasing as Fv∕Fm increased in the warmer water mass.
We also analysed the diel quenching of underway fluorescence measured with a
standard fluorometer, such as is frequently used to monitor ambient
chlorophyll a concentrations, and found a significant difference in
behaviour between the two water masses. This difference was quantified by
defining an NPQ parameter akin to the Stern–Volmer parameterization of NPQ,
exploiting the fluorescence quenching induced by diel fluctuations in
incident irradiance. We propose that monitoring of this novel NPQ parameter
may enable assessment of phytoplankton physiological status (related to Fe
availability) based on measurements made with standard fluorometers, as
ubiquitously used on moorings, ships, floats and gliders.
Emulating Earth system model temperatures with MESMER: from global mean temperature trajectories to grid-point-level realizations on land
Authors: Beusch Lea , Gudmundsson Lukas , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Earth system models (ESMs) are invaluable tools to study the climate system's response to specific greenhouse gas emission pathways. Large single-model initial-condition and multi-model ensembles are used to investigate the range of possible responses and serve as input to climate impact and integrated assessment models. Thereby, climate signal uncertainty is propagated along the uncertainty chain and its effect on interactions between humans and the Earth system can be quantified. However, generating both single-model initial-condition and multi-model ensembles is computationally expensive. In this study, we assess the feasibility of geographically explicit climate model emulation, i.e., of statistically producing large ensembles of land temperature field time series that closely resemble ESM runs at a negligible computational cost. For this purpose, we develop a modular emulation framework which consists of (i) a global mean temperature module, (ii) a local temperature response module, and (iii) a local residual temperature variability module. Based on this framework, MESMER, a Modular Earth System Model Emulator with spatially Resolved output, is built. We first show that to successfully mimic single-model initial-condition ensembles of yearly temperature from 1870 to 2100 on grid-point to regional scales with MESMER, it is sufficient to train on a single ESM run, but separate emulators need to be calibrated for individual ESMs given fundamental inter-model differences. We then emulate 40 climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to create a “superensemble”, i.e., a large ensemble which closely resembles a multi-model initial-condition ensemble. The thereby emerging ESM-specific emulator parameters provide essential insights on inter-model differences across a broad range of scales and characterize core properties of each ESM. Our results highlight that, for temperature at the spatiotemporal scales considered here, it is likely more advantageous to invest computational resources into generating multi-model ensembles rather than large single-model initial-condition ensembles. Such multi-model ensembles can be extended to superensembles with emulators like the one presented here.
Margaret and the Dragon: Lydgate's Adoption of the Apocryphal
Authors: Kordecki Lesley 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTIn the rather strange life of Saint Margaret of Antioch in John Lydgate's fifteenth-century (ca. 1426) Middle English version, The Legend of Seynt Margarete, Margaret is swallowed by the Devil in the form of a dragon, but after she performs the sign of the cross, the creature bursts into pieces, freeing her. Although the pervasive Devil/dragon character in medieval texts may seem too reductively metaphoric for serious monster scholars today, it is useful to explore what this particular religious appearance can show us in our study of a significant creature “other,” the dragon—here encompassing patriarchy's ultimate gender other, the woman. I argue that the emblematic maneuver of this text, with its apocryphal detail of the dragon eating Margaret, although ostensibly written to inspire piety, also demonstrates the correspondence of marginalized others: a loquacious Devil/dragon and an articulate woman/saint.
Why Am I Left Out? Interpretations of Exclusion Affect Antisocial and Prosocial Behaviors
Authors: Debono Amber , Corley Natarshia , Muraven Mark 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The effects of social exclusion on prosocial and antisocial behaviors are unclear. Although some studies suggest that exclusion increases prosocial behavior, others indicate exclusion decreases prosocial behavior and may even lead to antisocial aggression. Based on these mixed findings, we propose that when exclusion leads to feeling disliked, sadness and prosocial behavior may result; yet when people believe the excluders do not respect them, anger and aggression may be the outcome. Indeed, this study provides evidence for this pattern. Our results further support the idea that social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior, but when excluded people felt disliked, they became sadder, which resulted in more prosocial behavior. These findings suggest that a more nuanced approach is needed to explain the disparate findings in social exclusion research and offer a possible avenue worthy of further exploration: the perception of the exclusion experience.
Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Parameters do not Detect Yield-limiting Injury from Sub-lethal Rates of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Byrd Seth A. , Snider John L. , Grey Timothy L. , Culpepper A. Stanley , Whitaker Jared R. , Roberts Phillip M. , Chastain Daryl R. , Porter Wesley M. , Collins Guy D. 
Published: February 2020

Aims: Determine if the use of novel chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters could be utilized to predict yield loss of cotton exposed to sublethal rates of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at various growth stages.
Study Design: All trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatment means were subjected to analysis of variance and linear regression was utilized to determine relationship between chlorophyll a parameters and yield.
Place and Duration of Study: University of Georgia Gibbs Farm in Tifton, GA, USA and the Sunbelt Agricultural Exposition in Moultrie, GA, USA during the 2013 growing season.
Methodology: Two sublethal rates of 2,4-D were applied to cotton at six distinct growth stages. The rates consisted of 2 g and 40 g ae ha-1 equivalent to 1/421 and 1/21 of the full rate (0.532 kg ae ha-1), respectively. The sublethal rates were applied to cotton at six growth stages, including the four leaf, nine leaf, first bloom, two, four and six weeks after first bloom growth stages. A fluorometer was used to obtain the fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm, ΦEO and PIABS from the uppermost fully expanded leaves at various intervals after 2,4-D exposure.
Results: Despite yield losses ranging from 20 – 90% of the non-treated control, no consistent patterns resulted from utilizing fluorescence transients to detect 2,4-D injury and overall instances of significant difference were minimal and typically not biologically relevant. In many cases, treatments exposed to 2,4-D that exhibited yield loss showed evidence of greater photosynthetic efficiency than the non-treated control. In the majority of instances, many of fluorescence parameters measured fell within ranges observed in previous studies in cotton produced under typical or non-stressed conditions.
Conclusion: While it has been proven as a valuable tool in other plant screening endeavors, chlorophyll a fluorescence were not able to detect the effects of sub-lethal rates of 2,4-D on cotton, even in instances that resulted in severe yield loss.
Hodgkin Disease
Authors: Poggi Alessandro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Hodgkin disease is a malignancy of the lymphatic system, affecting predominantly young adults. Radio and chemotherapy have allowed long‐term cure in a large portion of patients. Unfortunately, 15–20% of patients can relapse and eventually die to this disease. CD30+ Reed–Sternberg cells represent the hallmark of this disease and they can be a variable, but usually very small portion of the cellular components of the affected lymph nodes. On the other hand, it is prominent the presence of a tumour microenvironment composed of nonmalignant B cells, T cells, granulocytes, eosinophils and stromal cells. It is thought that this microenvironment can influence the fate of the lymphoma cell growth and finally the clinical outcome of this disease. Recent therapeutic approaches such as chimeric anti‐CD30 antibody‐drug conjugates, chimeric antigen receptor T cells to the CD30 surface molecule and immune checkpoint inhibitors have given a new hope to treat patients with a relapsed/refractory disease.

Key Concept

Reed–Sternberg cells expressing CD30 membrane surface molecule are the main feature of the Hodgkin disease.

Reed–Sternberg cells induce a strong immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment.

Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)–computerised tomography (CT) is essential to define the Hodgkin disease stage and the response to therapy.

Combination chemotherapy with ABVD or MOPP followed by X‐ray radiation is the standard treatment for Hodgkin disease.

15–20% of Hodgkin disease patients do not respond to the combination chemotherapy and radiation or can relapse.

The salvage therapy consists of high‐dose combination chemotherapy followed by autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation.

Relapsed/refractory patients can be treated with anti‐CD30 drug‐conjugated antibodies or anti‐CD30 chimeric antigen receptor T cells or immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are antibodies to molecules involved in the regulation of immune response.
Evaluation of Evidence: Stem Cells as a Treatment Option for Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tabet Maha , Hasan Hiba , Abdelhady Samar , Mahavadi Anil K , Clervius Hélène , Nasrallah Leila , Ahmad Fatimah , Shaito Nour , Ramakrawala Rashida , Zibara Kazem , Gajavelli Shyam , Kobeissy Firas H , Shaito Abdullah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern. TBI has two phases: a primary injury due to direct damage from a mechanical force applied to the head and a secondary injury due to cellular and molecular responses to the injury. Despite its significant burden on societies, decades of clinical trials have not yielded any FDA‐approved therapies for TBI. Insignificant endogenous repair and continued neuronal cell loss underlie the disability in TBI survivors. The advent of stem cell culture led to the notion that such cells could potentially replace lost cells. Examination of preclinical and clinical studies suggests that stem cell‐replacement approaches in TBI remain elusive. In contrast, stem cell transplantation appears to mitigate multiple TBI‐induced pathologies by modulating inflammation, angiogenesis and endogenous neurogenesis. Thus, transplantation‐based stem cell therapeutic approaches are a viable treatment option for TBI.

Key Concepts

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern with complex underlying pathology mechanisms and no FDA‐approved treatments to date.

Stem cells, which can be obtained from different sources, have therapeutic properties that render them beneficial for treating various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases, including TBI.

Stem cell‐based therapy has been utilised for the treatment of TBI and has shown to be a therapeutic promise in few preclinical and early phase clinical studies.

Neural stem cells have neuro‐restorative properties that are promising for the treatment of various neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.

Despite their promising therapeutic abilities, stem cell‐based therapies still face several hurdles that limit their efficacy as a treatment in TBI. More research is needed to perfect this treatment approach.
pH Switchable Nanoplatform for In Vivo Persistent Luminescence Imaging and Precise Photothermal Therapy of Bacterial Infection
Authors: Yan Li‐Xia , Chen Li‐Jian , Zhao Xu , Yan Xiu‐Ping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhotothermal therapy (PTT) is one of the most promising approaches to combat multidrug‐resistant bacteria with less potential to induce resistance and systemic toxicity. However, uncontrollable distribution of photothermal agents leads to lethal temperatures for normal cells, and failure to offer timely and effective antibacterial stewardship. A pH switchable nanoplatform for persistent luminescence imaging‐guided precise PTT to selectively destroy only pathological cells while protecting nearby normal cells in bacterial infected microenvironment is shown. The PLNP@PANI‐GCS is fabricated by grafting polyaniline (PANI) and glycol chitosan (GCS) onto the surface of persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs). It takes advantage of the long persistent luminescence of PLNPs to realize autofluorescence‐free imaging, the pH‐dependent light–heat conversion property of PANI to get a stronger photothermal effect at pH 6.5 than pH 7.4, and the pH environment responsive surface charge transition of GCS. Consequently, PLNP@PANI‐GCS enables effective response to bacterial‐infected acid region and electrostatic bonding to bacteria in vivo, ensuring the spatial accuracy of near‐infrared light irradiation and specific heating directly to bacteria. In vivo imaging‐guided PTT to bacterial infection abscess shows effective treatment. PLNP@PANI‐GCS has great potential in treating multidrug‐resistant bacterial infection with low possibility of developing microbial drug resistance and little harm to normal cells.
The Growing Impact of Micro/Nanomaterial‐Based Systems in Precision Oncology: Translating “Multiomics” Technologies
Authors: Li Junrong , Wuethrich Alain , Dey Shuvashi , Lane Rebecca E. , Sina Abu A. I. , Wang Jing , Wang Yuling , Puttick Simon , Koo Kevin M. , Trau Matt 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe field of precision oncology is rapidly progressing toward integrated “multiomics” analysis of multiple molecular species (such as DNA, RNA, or proteins) to provide a more complete profile of tumor heterogeneity. Micro/nanomaterial‐based systems, which leverage the unique properties of miniature materials, are currently well positioned to expand beyond rudimentary biomarker detection toward multiomics signature analysis. To enable clinical translation, the rational design and implementation of miniaturized systems should be driven by the unique clinical challenges present at various crucial cancer stages. This review features micro/nanomaterial‐based systems that are robustly tested on real patient samples for molecular biomarker detection at i) initial cancer screening and/or diagnosis, ii) cancer prognosis and risk stratification, and iii) longitudinal treatment/recurrence monitoring. Furthermore, this review discusses the use of micro/nanomaterials to facilitate sample preparation for different molecular biomarker species. Finally, this review deliberates on the recent paradigm shift of micro/nanomaterial‐based system innovation toward integrated multiomics cancer signature analysis and puts forth insights and perspectives on existing challenges. It is anticipated that this review could stimulate the propagation of new concepts and approaches to kick‐start a new generation of clinically translational technologies that capitalize on multiomics cancer signatures.
Bioinspired Temperature Regulation in Interfacial Evaporation
Authors: Jiang Modi , Shen Qingchen , Zhang Jingyi , An Shun , Ma Shuai , Tao Peng , Song Chengyi , Fu Benwei , Wang Jun , Deng Tao , Shang Wen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHuman skin shows self‐adaptive temperature regulation through both enhanced heat dissipation in high temperature environments and depressed heat dissipation in cold environments. Inspired by such thermal regulation processes, an interfacial material system with self‐adaptive temperature regulation in the solar‐driven interfacial evaporation system, which can exhibit automatic temperature oscillation to enable pyroelectricity generation while producing water vapor, is reported. The bioinspired interface system is designed with the combination of a thermochromism‐based temperature regulator consisting of tungsten‐doped vanadium dioxide nanoparticles and a polymeric pyroelectric thin film of polyvinylidene fluoride. Under the simulated solar illumination with power density of 1.1 kW m−2, the bioinspired interfacial evaporation system achieves a self‐adaptive temperature oscillation with the maximum temperature difference of ≈7 °C and this system can simultaneously generate water vapor as well as electricity with an evaporation efficiency of 71.43% and a maximum output electrical power density of 104 µW m−2, respectively. The study demonstrates a design of thermal management at the interface of solar‐driven evaporation system to exhibit a self‐adaptive temperature oscillation and offers an alternative approach for the multifunctional harvesting of solar energy.
Interlayer Band‐to‐Band Tunneling and Negative Differential Resistance in van der Waals BP/InSe Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Lv Quanshan , Yan Faguang , Mori Nobuya , Zhu Wenkai , Hu Ce , Kudrynskyi Zakhar R. , Kovalyuk Zakhar D. , Patanè Amalia , Wang Kaiyou 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAtomically thin layers of van der Waals (vdW) crystals offer an ideal material platform to realize tunnel field‐effect transistors (TFETs) that exploit the tunneling of charge carriers across the forbidden gap of a vdW heterojunction. This type of device requires a precise energy band alignment of the different layers of the junction to optimize the tunnel current. Among 2D vdW materials, black phosphorus (BP) and indium selenide (InSe) have a Brillouin zone‐centered conduction and valence bands, and a type II band offset, both ideally suited for band‐to‐band tunneling. TFETs based on BP/InSe heterojunctions with diverse electrical transport characteristics are demonstrated: forward rectifying, Zener tunneling, and backward rectifying characteristics are realized in BP/InSe junctions with different thickness of the BP layer or by electrostatic gating of the junction. Electrostatic gating yields a large on/off current ratio of up to 108 and negative differential resistance at low applied voltages (V ≈ 0.2 V). These findings illustrate versatile functionalities of TFETs based on BP and InSe, offering opportunities for applications of these 2D materials beyond the device architectures reported in the current literature.
Hierarchical Nanostructured Pd/Co3N‐Ni3N as an Efficient Catalyst for Ethanol Electrooxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Li Chen , Tang Piaoping , Gao Hao , Cao Guoxuan , Wen He , Wang Ping 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCreating synergistic active sites via combination of palladium (Pd) or platinum (Pt) with oxophilic metal compounds has been extensively investigated as a promising approach for developing active and robust electrocatalysts toward the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR). Among the metal compounds of choice, transition metal nitrides are highly appealing but less well explored candidates. Herein, the synthesis of a carbon fiber cloth (CFC)‐supported Pd/Co3N‐Ni3N nanocomposite catalyst using a hydrothermal method followed by ammonization treatment and electrochemical deposition is reported. The study found that incorporation of Co3N‐Ni3N of metallic nature can effectively improve the durability of Pd catalyst toward the EOR in alkaline condition and meanwhile preserve good electrical conductivity of the electrocatalyst. Furthermore, the high surface area of nanostructured Co3N‐Ni3N promises the exposure of abundant accessible active sites and a favorable reactant/product mass transfer kinetics. Benefiting from these favorable attributes, the Pd/Co3N‐Ni3N/CFC catalyst exhibits high activity and improved durability toward the EOR in alkaline conditions, which compares favorably with most self‐supported EOR electrocatalysts reported up to date.
Robustness of Optical Response for Self‐Assembled Plasmonic Metamaterials with Morphological Disorder and Surface Roughness
Authors: Shen Nian‐Hai , Hossen Md Mir , Hillier Andrew C. , Koschny Thomas , Soukoulis Costas M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBottom‐up fabrication of metallized biotemplated nanostructures to form specific plasmonic nanoresonators holds promise as a means of achieving large‐scale optical metamaterials. However, in contrast to top‐down methods, the stochastic growth of self‐assembled nanoresonators is prone to significant disorder and surface roughness, which naturally raise an important question about the robustness of their resonant properties in terms of structural imperfections. An aggregated‐random‐sphere model is developed to mimic the nucleated growth of metallized DNA origami assembly, leading to meta‐atoms with realistic, experimentally observed morphological disorder and surface roughness. Using the well‐known split‐ring‐resonator (SRR) motif as an example, the resonant properties of meta‐atoms under different levels of roughness are investigated and a strong tolerance of optical response against morphological disorder is revealed. It is found that in SRRs, even with dramatic roughness introduced, the expected resonances are still observed, despite broadening line shapes compared to ideal smooth structure. Only for extreme disorder, which causes drastic segmentation of SRRs, does the resonant response disappear. The demonstrations are very encouraging for the prospects of bottom‐up fabrication toward versatile functional metamaterials and metadevices.