bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Overwintering Environment on the Survival of 30 Species of Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Dimke K.C. , Still S.K. , Gardner D.S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There is increased interest in overwintering containerized perennials. However, there is little information available on overwintering success. The objective of this research was to determine overwinter survival and regrowth quality of 30 perennial species hardy in USDA zones 3, 4, or 5. Three overwintering treatments were used for each species: unprotected containers outside, containers in an unheated building, or in the ground. On April 16, 2004, and May 17, 2004, following overwintering, plant quality, plant height and flowering time were evaluated. Twenty-one species were successfully overwintered in an unheated building and 13 of those had quality ratings equal to or higher than those overwintered in-ground. Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, Kniphofia Pfitzer's Hybrid, Leucanthemum ×superbum ‘Snowcap’, and Stokesia laevis ‘Honeysong Purple’ rated significantly higher when overwintered in containers stored inside than in the ground. Flowering time and height measurement differences were not significant. Coreopsis ‘Limerock Ruby’, Diascia integerrima CoralCanyon™ and Gaura lindheimeri ‘Siskiyou Pink’ did not survive in any treatment. None of the species tested, with the exception of Sedum ‘Matrona’, survived when overwintered unprotected outside. Overwintering certain species of containerized perennials inside an unheated building such as a garage is a viable option for homeowners to improve survival.
Alnus maritima ssp. oklahomensis Performance in Non-Irrigated Landscapes in the Intermountain West
Authors: Kratsch Heidi A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Alnus maritima (Marsh.) Muhl. ex Nutt. ssp. oklahomensis Schrader & Graves has potential for ornamental use in the Intermountain West. Because this taxon is native to low-elevation wetlands, we sought to determine its response to the dry soils and climate of northern Utah. Although seeds sown directly at three non-irrigated sites in northern Utah either did not germinate or germinated and died, seeds planted in a greenhouse in soils from the three sites did germinate and survive. Hardened plants grown from these seeds and installed at the same three sites overwintered, broke bud and leafed out, but none survived longer than four weeks after bud break without irrigation. Ratings of progression of bud break were greatest (3.5 to 3.8 out of 5), and leaf scorch least (16.0 to 16.7%), in areas with either low light or wet soils. Plants from the same crop left in their containers on an irrigated gravel pad under partial shade showed no signs of stress. Our results suggest that A. maritima ssp. oklahomensis cannot survive under non-irrigated outdoor conditions in Intermountain West landscapes and may require irrigation and protection from sun and wind for optimal performance.
Production of Woody Nursery Crops in Clean Chip Residual Substrate
Authors: Boyer Cheryl R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Fain Glenn B. , Gallagher Thomas V. , Allen Torbert H. , Sibley Jeff L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Clean chip residual (CCR) is a potential replacement for pine bark (PB) in nursery crop substrates. It is a by-product of in-field forestry harvesting practices and has been shown to produce annual plants and perennials similar in size to plants grown in PB. Studies were conducted in two locations, Auburn, AL, and Poplarville, MS, to evaluate growth of woody ornamentals grown in CCR or PB. Five species were tested; Loropetalum chinensis var. rubrum, Buddleja davidii ‘Black Knight’, Lagerstroemia indica ‘Hopi’, Lagerstroemia × fauriei ‘Natchez’, and Rhododendron indicum ‘Mrs. G.G. Gerbing’. There were few differences in plant growth indices, leaf chlorophyll content, and inflorescence number over the course of the year for all species at both sites. Percent rootball coverage was generally similar among treatments, though those grown in PB had the greatest percent rootball coverage for loropetalum and buddleja (at both sites) and azalea at Auburn. Shoot dry weight of loropetalum and crapemytrle grown in PB at Poplarville was greater than plants grown in CCR.
Response of Lotus (Nelumbo sp.) to Container Soil Volume
Authors: Tian Daike , Tilt Ken M. , Sibley Jeff L. , Dane Fenny , Woods Floyd M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of soil volume on containerized lotus (Nelumbo) production has been underreported. American lotus (Nelumbo lutea Willd.) and three cultivars (‘Embolene’, ‘98 Seed’ and ‘Karizma’) of Asian lotus (N. nucifera Gaertn.) were investigated for growth response to container soil volume in this study. Electrical conductivity, pH, plant growth indices, and plant nutritional content were influenced by container soil volume. Differences in some plant growth indices were significant between treatments with ½ and higher (½ and ¾) container height soil (CHS) in 21 or 29 liter (#5 or #7) containers. However, plant growth indices were generally not different between treatments with ½ and ¾ CHS. Lotus planted in containers with ¼ CHS usually produced the greatest plant height and underground fresh weight, while the largest number of propagules often occurred in containers with ½ or ¾ CHS. The highest number of emerging leaves was observed in plants with ¼ or ½ CHS treatments, with no significant difference in emerging leaf number between lotus grown in containers with ½ and ¾ CHS. Flower number generally decreased as soil level increased. The ¼ and ½ CHS were more efficient than ¾ CHS for lotus production in containers.
Mulch Depth Affects Weed Germination
Authors: Cochran Diana R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes D. Joseph , Wehtje Glenn R. , Knight Patricia R. , Olive John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
With environmental concerns increasing, non-chemical weed control in container plant production is increasing in the United States. Pine bark mini-nuggets were evaluated as a non-chemical weed control technique for two weed species; Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small (spotted spurge) and Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.(eclipta). On June 19, 2006, seed (25 per container) were directly placed on the potting substrate surface of #3 containers before mulching with pine bark mini-nuggets to a depth of either 0, 1.27 or 2.54 cm (0, 0.5 or 1.0 in). Additional treatments consisted of applying the mini-nugget mulch at either 1.27 or 2.54 cm (0.5 or 1.0 in) on the potting substrate then overseeding with either spotted spurge or eclipta. Eclipta number per container were 87% less 60 days after seeding (DAS) with the 1.0 in mulch depth compared to non-mulched. Furthermore, spotted spurge fresh weight (FW) was reduced by 45 and 87% (0.5 and 1.0 in, respectively) compared to the non-mulched treatment. The experiment was repeated on August 30 and spurge number per container was 90% less 60 DAS in the 1.0 inch mulch treatment compared to the non-treated containers. A third and fourth experiment also demonstrated that pine bark mini-nuggets have potential to provide non-chemical weed control in nursery crops grown in #3 containers. Results, suggest that with proper application pine bark mini-nuggets can enhance weed control in container nurseries.
In Vitro Screening of Fungicides to Control Artillery Fungi
Authors: Fidanza Michael A. , Davis Donald D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We evaluated the influence of 26 fungicides at four different concentrations (0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 100.0 a.i.) on in vitro growth of an artillery fungus (Sphaerobolus stellatus isolate SS8) in Petri plate culture. The most effective fungicides, as determined by comparison of mean EC50 values, were polyoxin-D and azoxystrobin, followed by pyraclostrobin, triademifon, tebuconazole, propiconazole, thiophante-methyl, triticonazole, thiram, and fludioxonil. These in vitro laboratory findings need to be evaluated in the field before specific fungicides can be recommended to control artillery fungi in landscape mulch.
NAA is More Effective Than IBA for Rooting Stem Cuttings of Two Nyssa spp.
Authors: Boyer Nickolee Z. , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We conducted two experiments to determine whether Nyssa aquatica and Nyssa ogeche could be propagated from softwood cuttings. In the first experiment, two commercial auxin formulations were used, each at two concentrations. In the second study, we compared root formation among cuttings treated with 3000-ppm indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in liquid or talc, 3000-ppm 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in liquid, and a combination of 1500-ppm IBA and 1500-ppm NAA in liquid. Cuttings were taken from terminal and subterminal positions on juvenile stock plants and held under intermittent mist for six weeks. More terminal cuttings rooted than did subterminal cuttings. A liquid formulation of NAA or NAA and IBA was more effective than IBA at promoting root formation for both species. Up to 93% of cuttings rooted when treated with a solution containing NAA and IBA. Cuttings of N. aquatica treated with NAA in solution produced up to eight times more roots than cuttings treated with no auxin or IBA. For both species, three times more cuttings rooted when treated with IBA in liquid compared to IBA in powder. Results indicate N. aquatica and N. ogeche can be propagated from softwood cuttings, and rooting is enhanced by treating terminal cuttings with NAA in solution.
Influence of Pure Mulches on Survival, Growth and Vitality of Containerized and Field Planted Trees
Authors: Percival G.C. , Gklavakis Evangelos , Noviss Kelly 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mulching as a means of reducing soil moisture stress, suppressing weed growth and improving soil fertility is widely recognised throughout the arboricultural, nursery and landscape industry. The influence of a pure mulch, i.e. mulch derived solely from one tree species, has received little study. The purpose of this research was to evaluate pure mulches derived from European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna JACQ), silver birch (Betula pendula ROTH.), common cherry (Prunus avium L.), evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) and English oak (Q. robur L.) on survival and growth of two commonly planted urban trees (European beech, common hawthorn) following containerization and two economically important fruit trees (apple (Malus cv. Gala), pear (Pyrus communis ‘Concorde’) following field transplanting. In the case of beech, a highly sensitive transplant species, survival rates were increased from 10 to 70% following containerization. In the case of hawthorn, a transplant tolerant species, no difference in survival rates between mulched and non-mulched controls were recorded, however, marked differences in growth between, and compared to, non-mulched control trees existed. In field planted apple and pear trees crown volume and fruit yield could be increased by 53 and 100%, respectively, by application of an appropriate pure mulch. Allelochemical testing of water soluble extracts of each pure mulch indicated positive benefits in terms of enhanced seed germination and seedling relative growth rates with one exception — a mulch derived from beech where no positive benefits were found. In conclusion, pure mulches offer positive benefits for those involved in the care and maintenance of urban trees as well as nursery, forestry, orchard and horticultural crop production. Pure mulches require no capital investment and only small adjustments to standard management aftercare procedures.
Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots
Authors: Watson Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.
Root Ball Shaving Improves Root Systems on Seven Tree Species in Containers
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Paz Maria , Harchick Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Established forest trees planted from small containers are less stable at the point where roots fork, bend or branch as a result of deflection by container wall, but less is known about the post-transplant impact of root deflections resulting from growing trees in large containers. We either root pruned by shaving off the periphery of the #3 container root ball as it was planted into the #15 container or did not root prune on 5 tropical and 2 temperate tree species. Shaving did not affect trunk caliper or tree height on the seven species tested under the conditions of this study. Shaving removed the entire outer and bottom 2.5 cm (1 in) of the root ball and reduced or eliminated culls on five of seven species. The largest diameter roots on trees in #15 containers that were not root pruned when shifted from #3 containers were kinked, descended down the container wall, or circled at the position of the #3 container. These root defects were largely missing on trees with root balls that were shaved of peripheral roots when shifted into #15 containers. The largest roots on shaved trees grew more-or-less straight radially from the trunk. Shaving the root ball periphery and bottom is recommended to improve root ball quality by reducing root ball defects.
Herbicide Efficacy in Alternative Substrates for Container-grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Cochran Diana R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn , Fain Glenn B. , Wright Robert D. , Boyer Cheryl R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of alternative substrates on herbicide efficacy in container grown nursery crops. In Experiment 1, alternative substrates evaluated were either pine wood chips hammer-milled, to pass between 0.48 cm (0.19 in) screen (PWCH1) or 0.64 cm (0.25 in) screen (PWCH2), whole pine trees chipped or hammer-milled (WTCH), to pass between a 0.48 cm (0.19 in) screen, or the previously mentioned combined with pinebark. A commercial pine bark substrate (PB) with a 6: 1 (by vol) ratio of pine bark to sand was maintained as a control treatment. Rout® at 3 lbs aia (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin at 2.24 + 1.12 kg·ha−1) and Ronstar at 4.0 lb aia (oxadiazon at 4.48 kg·ha−1) were applied at recommended label rates. Herbicides were applied and irrigated, and each container was overseeded with 25 spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculata) seed per container. In general, the greatest spurge numbers occurred in PB substrates. Rout provided superior spurge control compared to Ronstar. In Experiment 2, substrates evaluated were PWCH2, WTCH and PBS with 7.0 kgm−3 (12 lbsyd−3) of Polyon 17-6-12 or with an additional 8 lbs·yd−3 of Polyon 17-6-12, or PWCH2 and WTCH combined with composted poultry litter (CPL). PWCH2 tended to have the fewest spurge numbers throughout the experiment, while WTCH and PBS tended to have similar spurge numbers and spurge fresh weight. Addition of CPL and additional fertilizer tended to increase spurge numbers and spurge fresh weight in all substrates. Rout and Ronstar provided similar spurge control in this study. In Experiment 3, substrates evaluated were PB (100%), WTCH (100%), CCR (100%), and PB: S (6: 1 vol), WTCH: S (6: 1 vol), and CCR: S (6: 1 vol). Rout and Ronstar were each applied at 0.25×, 0.50×, 075×, and 1.0× label rate. There was a significant substrate affect on all dates except 14 DAT. Spurge numbers and spurge fresh weight were greatest in PB or PB: S substrates. Spurge numbers and spurge fresh weight in general decreased with increasing herbicide rates. At 45 DAT and 60 DAT, Rout had superior spurge control compared to Ronstar. With WT and CCR substrates, Rout provided excellent control (less than 1.0 gram fresh weight) at the 0.50× and 1.0× rates. In general, weed control in alternative substrates was superior to that obtained in commercially used pinebark.
Dormancy and Germination In Vitro Response of Hydrangea macrophylla and Hydrangea paniculata Seed to Light, Cold-Treatment and Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Greer Stephen P. , Rinehart Timothy A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seed germination was optimized for ten Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and two Hydrangea paniculata Siebold cultivars in vitro. Methods were also developed to assay seed physiology. Best results for in vitro study were obtained with 0.5× Gamborgs solid media in conjunction with Plant Preservative Mixture (PPM), and by sterilizing seed with trichloro-s-triazinetrione (Trichlor). Assays of physiology were conducted by sterilizing seed and treating with combinations of white and red light, cold-treatment, gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate, and light cycles. Estimates of seed viability/dormancy, germination of non-dormant seed, and germination overall were calculated for each treatment combination. The most favorable conditions for overall Hydrangea seed germination were cold-treatment for 6 weeks, imbibition with GA3 + KNO3, and plating on half-strength Gamborgs media supplemented with GA3 in the presence of white light.
Spent Tea Grinds as a Substrate Component in Nursery Crop Production
Authors: Wells Daniel E. , Sibley Jeff L. , Gilliam Charles H. , Dozier William A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the United States commercial, ready-to-drink tea production has increased dramatically during the past 20 years, leading to an increased amount of waste. Spent tea grinds (STG) is the finely ground waste product of the tea brewing process that possesses some physical properties similar to peat moss (PM), making it a potential replacement for common substrate components such as pine bark (PB) and PM. ‘Tuscarora’ crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L. ‘Tuscarora’), ‘Chang's Ruby’ loropetalum (Loropetalum chinense Oliv. ‘Chang's Ruby’), ‘Fire Power’ nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Fire Power’), and ‘Macrantha Pink’ azalea (Rhododendron indicum L. and Sweet ‘Macrantha Pink’) were grown in containers filled with five substrates composed of PB, STG, or a combination thereof. Substrate pH remained within an acceptable range throughout the study. Substrate electrical conductivity (EC) values were within an acceptable range at the beginning of the study, but fell below an acceptable range in substrates containing 50% or greater (by vol) STG by the end of the study. For all four species, plant growth in substrates containing up to 50% by volume STG was similar to those grown in 100% PB. Estimated leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD) of crapemyrtle, loropetalum, and azalea was the same for all treatments at the end of the experimental period.
Effects of Flooding on Physiology and Growth of Four Woody Ornamental Species in Marl Soil of South Florida
Authors: Martin Cliff G. , Schaffer Bruce , Mannion Catharine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In south Florida nurseries, trees are often grown in marl soil, which is heavy, clay-like, calcareous soil that is slow to drain and prone to periodic flooding during the rainy season. Green buttonwood, mahogany, pond apple and Surinam cherry are grown in this soil. We tested effects of flooding on leaf gas exchange and growth of these four species to determine their flood tolerances in marl soil. Green buttonwood, mahogany, and Surinam cherry each had consistently lower leaf gas exchange and plant growth in flooded than in non-flooded marl soil, which suggests low tolerance to flooding. In contrast, flooding had little or no effect on leaf gas exchange and growth of pond apple, indicating that this species was tolerant of flooding in marl soil. Green buttonwood and pond apple had larger stem diameters and more hypertrophic stem lenticels when flooded than when not flooded. Flooded green buttonwood also developed adventitious roots. Pond apple appears to be a good choice for planting in low-lying areas in marl soil typical of outdoor nurseries in south Florida. In contrast, care should be taken to avoid planting green buttonwood, mahogany, and Surinam cherry in marl soil in flood-prone areas.
Effects of s-ABA on the Physiology and Marketability of Various Container-Grown Taxa During Short-Term Desiccation
Authors: Hebert Cary J. , LeBude Anthony V. , Campbell Craig 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Reduced post harvest care of woody plant material in mass retail settings can decrease the number of days plants remain marketable. If plants are sold on consignment for growers, reduced sales can lead to poor profitability. This study investigated the effect of spray applications of s-abscisic acid (s-ABA) (ConTego™ Pro SL, Valent Biosciences Corp.) to increase the number of days of marketability for various woody taxa in a simulated retail setting. In the first stage of the study, various well-watered container-grown taxa were treated with a spray application of either 0, 1000 or 2000 mg·liter−1 of s-ABA and water was withheld. Daily, desiccation symptoms were recorded to determine if plants had reached the critical wilting point (CWP) and thus became unmarketable. Marketability was increased approximately 1–7 days for plants treated with 2000 mg·liter−1 of s-ABA compared to nontreated plants. In the second stage, marketability and physiology of Ligustrum japonicum ‘Recurvifolium’ (wavy leaf privet) were monitored after plants were treated with spray applications of 0, 500, 1000, 1500 or 2000 mg·liter−1 of s-ABA and water withheld. Stomatal conductance (gs) declined for all plants depending on the concentration applied. Plants treated with s-ABA had lower gs rates and remained marketable longer than nontreated plants. All plants fully recovered to pretreatment gs rates provided they were rewatered immediately upon reaching the CWP. Spray applications of s-ABA can increase shelf life of select woody ornamentals.
Sales, Trade Flows and Marketing Practices within the U.S. Nursery Industry
Authors: Hall Charles R. , Hodges Alan W. , Palma Marco A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article provides an overview of marketing and production practices of the U.S. nursery and greenhouse industry in 2008, based on information collected through the 2009 National Nursery Survey, the fifth such survey since 1988. Lists of nursery firms for each state were assembled from the respective Department of Agriculture (Plant Health Board) offices responsible for licensing nursery producers. The compiled state lists resulted in a combined listing of 38,000 certified nursery operations. A total of 3,044 usable questionnaires were returned from a sample of 17,019 firms for an effective 17.9 % response rate. The survey was administered through both mail and internet questionnaires, with repeated contacts attempted, and a follow-up telephone survey on non-respondents. Survey respondents reported total annual sales of $4.45 billion in 2008, or an average of $1.73 million per firm, and total employment of 48,833 permanent and temporary jobs. Based on an adjusted population of validated active firms (19,803), total U.S. nursery industry sales were estimated at $27.14 billion, and total employment was estimated at 262,941 jobs. The highest sales and employment were in the Pacific and Southeast regions, led by the states of California and Florida. Overall, 77 percent of sales were made through wholesale outlets including landscape firms, single-location garden centers, and re-wholesalers.