bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadening participation in the engineering professoriate: Influences on Allen's journey in developing professorial intentions
Authors: Burt Brian A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundGiven the significant roles that faculty play, it is important to understand how and why engineering graduate students choose faculty careers over other professional opportunities. Yet little is known about this decision‐making process, particularly for students of color.PurposeThis article offers a rich, empirically grounded account of the development of one graduate student's professorial intentions as a launch‐point from which to explore how to broaden participation in the professoriate among underrepresented students of color in engineering.MethodNarrative data were analyzed chronologically and thematically to investigate the influences that help explain Allen's professorial intentions. This study foregrounds Allen's meaning‐making pertaining to how his educational experiences and various identities shaped his evolving understandings of the professoriate and of his suitability for a faculty career.ResultsAllen's journey describes a trajectory from disinterest to interest in the professoriate through his evolving understandings of the academy and the professoriate, the development of a faculty prototype and its role in his thinking about faculty norms and roles, and finally, envisioning himself in the professoriate.ConclusionsThe underrepresentation of historically marginalized individuals among engineering faculty will remain a problem until more knowledge is gained about why students choose to pursue the engineering professoriate. Future studies that follow this line of inquiry by focusing on smaller numbers of participants may similarly identify key experiences and factors that promote interest in or turn students away from faculty careers.
Variation of Shear Wave Elastography With Preload in the Thyroid
Authors: Ozturk Arinc , Zubajlo Rebecca E. , Dhyani Manish , Grajo Joseph R. , Mercaldo Nathaniel , Anthony Brian W. , Samir Anthony E. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesThyroid shear wave elastography (SWE) has been shown to have advantages compared to biopsy or other imaging modalities in the evaluation of thyroid nodules. However, studies show variability in its assessment. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether stiffness measurements of the normal thyroid, as estimated by SWE, varied due to preload force or the pressure applied between the transducer and the patient.MethodsIn this study, a measurement system was attached to the ultrasound transducer to measure the applied load. Shear wave elastographic measurements were obtained from the left lobe of the thyroid at applied transducer forces between 2 and 10 N. A linear mixed‐effects model was constructed to quantify the association between the preload force and stiffness while accounting for correlations between repeated measurements within each participant. The preload force effect on elasticity was modeled by both linear and quadratic terms to account for a possible nonlinear association between these variables.ResultsNineteen healthy volunteers without known thyroid disease participated in the study. The participants had a mean age ± SD of 36 ± 8 years; 74% were female; 74% had a normal body mass index; and 95% were white non‐Hispanic/Latino. The estimated elastographic value at a 2‐N preload force was 16.7 kPa (95% confidence interval, 14.1–19.3 kPa), whereas the value at 10 N was 29.9 kPa (95% confidence interval, 24.9–34.9 kPa).ConclusionsThe preload force was significantly and nonlinearly associated with SWE estimates of thyroid stiffness. Quantitative standardization of preload forces in the assessment of thyroid nodules using elastography is an integral factor for improving the accuracy of thyroid nodule evaluation.
Effectiveness of different approaches for in situ measurements of organic carbon using visible and near infrared spectrometry in the Poyang Lake basin area
Authors: Yang Meihua , Chen Songchao , Li Hongyi , Zhao Xiaomin , Shi Zhou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch on soil carbon dynamics and content in the Poyang Lake basin area is important because of their effects on the soil carbon pool and soil carbon cycle. Visible and near infrared (VNIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can provide analytical dense soil data reflecting multiple physical and chemical properties of soil under in situ conditions. The effective use of in situ VNIR in the Poyang Lake basin area would greatly improve the collection of high‐resolution and spatially explicit soil data and, thus, hasten the monitoring process. We collected two data sets S1 and S2 in 2016–2018. A dataset from S1 was used to develop the in situ correction matrix using laboratory and in situ spectra. Spectra from the Chinese Soil Spectroscopic Database (CSSD) and dataset of S1 in dry laboratory conditions were used for calibration (CSSD‐local calibration). The dataset from S2 was utilized as the validation dataset. Four in situ correction methods, external parameter orthogonalization (EPO), piecewise direct standardization, direct standardization, and generalized least squares weighting, were used to remove the in situ effect on the spectra. In addition, partial least squares regression and support vector machine (SVM), were used to test the effectiveness of the prediction. We also compared the prediction results by calibration of the CSSD, CSSD‐local and CSSD combined with four in situ samples from the validation datasets with extra‐weighting (CSSD‐EX). The results showed that EPO was the most effective method for removing the in situ effect. EPO and SVM with the calibration of CSSD‐EX yielded the best prediction result with the lowest root mean squared error at 1.71 g kg−1 and the highest Lin's concordance correlation coefficient at 0.88. The CSSD with EPO and SVM would allow the in situ estimation of soil organic carbon in the Poyang Lake basin area at a reasonable cost.
The Effect of Calibration Method on Repeatability and Reproducibility of Pressure Mat Data in a Canine Population
Authors: Rincon Alvarez Javier , Anesi Simone , Czopowicz Michał , Corr Sandra A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective The aim of this study was to investigate the repeatability and reproducibility of two different pressure-sensitive walkway calibration protocols, while collecting gait data from a heterogenous group of dogs.Study Design Fourteen dogs were walked across a high-definition pressure-sensitive walkway (Tekscan Strideway HRSW3) to obtain five valid trials from each dog. Two different calibration protocols were created following manufacturer recommendations: human step and phantom step using a custom-built three-legged device. Each calibration protocol was repeated five times, by three different operators, and then individually applied to the raw canine gait data. The software then automatically generated values for peak vertical force, vertical impulse and peak pressure for each trial.Results To control for the different bodyweight of the dogs, forces are reported as a percentage of bodyweight. Values for peak vertical force percentage of bodyweight, vertical impulse percentage of bodyweight and peak pressure were significantly different between calibration protocols, but the results were linearly correlated. Both calibration protocols were highly repeatable and highly reproducible.Conclusion Both the step and phantom calibration protocols individually generated highly repeatable and reproducible results, which were not affected by different operators. A linear correlation was identified which may make it possible to apply a correction factor to enable comparison of results between different studies.
Language transmission among multilingual Chinese immigrant families in the Northern Netherlands
Authors: Daussà Eva J. , Qian Yeshan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMaintaining heritage languages is of vital significance for multicultural families. We present a study of Mandarin transmission among ten Dutch Chinese families in Groningen (Netherlands) associated to a local Saturday school. Data from semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire reveal that personal, integrative, and instrumental values, all play a role in language choices. Remarkably, with general positive attitudes towards multilingualism in Dutch society, families too feel encouraged to maintain Mandarin. Nevertheless, they report lack of school and institutional support, and criticisms about their ability to belong in Dutch society. Parents wish that teachers attached more importance to their heritage languages, rather than solely focusing on children’s learning of Dutch (and English), and that their own multiculturality (not only that of their children) be embraced. Likewise, parents are critical of the Chinese school, and wish teachers better accommodated to the sensitivities and practices their children are used to from their Dutch school experience.
Transmission of Japanese as a heritage language in the bilingual polity of Catalonia
Authors: Fukuda Makiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study explores the transmission of Japanese in Japanese-Catalan/Spanish speaking families in Catalonia from the perspective ofFamily Language Policy. Based on the data obtained through in-depth interviews with nine Japanese-speaking parents whose spouses are Catalan native speakers, we describe these families’ language policies in terms of how they shed light on how parents cope with transmitting Japanese in such contexts. One of the most striking findings of this study is that socially weaker languages – namely Japanese and Catalan – have an important presence in most of the participants’ families despite the use of Spanish between the parents in their home. The result of our analysis also suggests that parental beliefs and attitudes have a significant influence on their language practice and the maintenance of the heritage language (HL) at home.
Translanguaging as ideology: Responding to social and linguistic diversity in the classroom of Japanese as a heritage
language schools in England
Authors: Mulvey Nahoko 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates how ideological orientations shape the programmes and curriculum of Japanese as a heritage
language (JHL) schools in England as well as teachers’ practices and attitudes in response to social diversity in such settings.
This paper is a result of a linguistic ethnography which explores subjective perspectives constructed locally by people in JHL
schools. Japanese communities overseas tend to be regarded as homogenous. However, in the contemporary world of mobility,
connectivity and diversity they exhibit heterogeneity. This paper argues that JHL schools emerged as a response to educational
needs arising from heterogeneity amongst Japanese migrants and that further diversification is occurring within JHL schools.
Consequently, these schools and their teachers need ways to manage diversity in the classroom. Translanguaging is examined as a
strategy for inclusion and also as a positive ideological orientation towards differences.
Histopathological Findings in Nail Clippings With Periodic Acid-Schiff–Positive Fungi
Authors: Mishlab Salih , Avitan-Hersh Emily , Bergman Reuven 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining of nail clippings is an adjunct diagnostic tool for onychomycosis.

Objective:
To detect histopathological findings as clues to the presence of PAS-positive (+) fungal elements in nail clippings.

Methods:
Four hundred sixteen consecutive nail clippings suspected of onychomycosis were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and with PAS stains. All cases were studied histopathologically. The clinical files of the cases with neutrophils were reviewed.

Results:
PAS+ staining for fungi were demonstrated in 159 (38%) of the nail clippings. Neutrophils, parakeratosis, plasma globules, and bacteria were observed in 43 (27%), 108 (67%), 80 (50%), and 80 (50%) of the PAS+ cases, respectively, and in 17 (6%), 109 (41%), 84 (32%) and 140 (54%) of the PAS− cases, respectively (P < 0.01). Neutrophils showed by far the highest specificity (93%), although with low sensitivity (27%) for the presence of PAS+ fungi. Among the 43 PAS+ and 17 PAS− specimens with neutrophils, only 1 (2.3%) and 3 (17%) had overt psoriasis, respectively.

Conclusion:
Neutrophils in nail clippings may serve as a clue for onychomycosis. PAS staining with neutrophils is not necessarily associated with psoriasis.
Blood pressure excursions in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Mandava Pitchaiah , Köhrmann Martin , Soinne Lauri , Barreto Andrew D. , Sharma Vijay K. , Mikulik Robert , Muir Keith W. , Rothlisberger Travis , Grotta James C. , Levi Christopher R. , Molina Carlos A. , Saqqur Maher , Mavridis Dimitris , Psaltopoulou Theodora , Vosko Milan R. , Fiebach Jochen B. , Sandset Else Charlotte , Kent Thomas A. , Alexandrov Anne W. , Schellinger Peter D. , Alexandrov Andrei V. 
Published: September 2020

Objective:
To investigate the association of blood pressure BP excursions, defined as greater than 185 SBP or greater than 105 DBP, with the probability of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and worse functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA).

Methods:
We performed a post hoc analysis of the CLOTBUST-ER trial. Serial BP measurements were conducted using automated cuff recording according to the recommended BP protocol guidelines for tPA administration. The outcomes were prespecified efficacy and safety endpoints of CLOTBUST-ER.

Results:
The mean number of serial BP recordings per patient was 37. Of the 674 patients, 227 (34%) had at least one BP excursion (>185/105 mmHg) during the first 24 h following tPA-bolus. The majority of BP excursions (46%) occurred within the first 75 min from tPA-bolus. Patients with at least one BP excursion in the first 24 h following tPA bolus had significantly lower rates of independent functional outcome at 90 days (31 vs. 40.1%, P = 0.028). The total number of BP excursions was associated with decreased odds of 24-h clinical recovery (OR = 0.88, 95% CI:0.80–0.96), 24-h neurological improvement (OR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.81–0.94), 7-day functional improvement (common OR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.87–0.97), 90-day functional improvement (common OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–0.98) and 90-day independent functional outcome (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82–0.98) in analyses adjusted for potential confounders. DBP excursions were independently associated with increased odds of any intracranial hemorrhage (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04–1.53).

Conclusion:
BP excursions above guideline thresholds during the first 24 h following tPA administration for AIS are common and are independently associated with adverse clinical outcomes.
Universal Depression Screen of Ambulatory Heart Transplant Recipients With Referral for Mental Health Intervention
Authors: Peters Laura L. , Ambardekar Amrut V. , Rosenthal Laura D. , McIlvennan Colleen K. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Patients with a heart transplant and depression have higher rates of graft failure and noncompliance.

Local Problem:
The heart transplant clinic had no standardized approach to assess for depression.

Methods:
The heart transplant clinic implemented routine use of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ).

Interventions:
Team members were educated via an online module about depression. A process for depression screening and follow-up was developed and implemented.

Results:
From July 2018 to February 2019, there were 834 visits; PHQ2 screens were completed during 779 (93%) of those visits with 40 (5%) positive screens. All 40 patients had PHQ9 assessment, with 33 patients (4%) exhibiting moderate or severe depressive symptoms. All 33 patients were provided with mental health resources and received follow-up. Median time to administer PHQ2 was 2 minutes (range 1-3 minutes).

Conclusions:
Implementation of universal depression screening in a heart transplant clinic is feasible, identifies patients with depression, and does not add significant clinical burden.
Regarding Investment in a Healthier Future: Impact of the 2012 Institute of Medicine Finance Report
Authors: Orr Jason M. , Leider Jonathon P. , Singh Simone , Balio Casey P. , Yeager Valerie A. , Bekemeier Betty , McCullough J. Mac , Resnick Beth 
Published: September 2020

Context:
Governments at all levels work to ensure a healthy public, yet financing, organization, and delivery of public health services differ across the United States. A 2012 Institute of Medicine Finance report provided a series of recommendations to ensure a high-performing and adequately funded public health infrastructure.

Objectives:
This review examines the influence of the Finance report's 10 recommendations on public health policy and practice.

Design:
This review utilized peer-reviewed and gray literature published since 2012.

Eligibility Criteria:
Documents that address at least one of the Finance report's 10 recommendations and contain information on either official actions taken in response to the Finance report or evidence of the report's influence on the practice community.

Results:
Of 2394 unique documents found, a total of 56 documents met the eligibility criteria. Review of these 56 documents indicated that the most substantial activity related to the recommendations was focused on the “minimum package of public health services” concept and establishment of a uniform chart of accounts.

Discussion:
Progress has been mixed on the Finance report recommendations. Improved tracking and auditing of public health activity appears to be advancing, yet financial benchmarks remain unmet. Challenges remain in determining actual investment in public health and equitable resource allocation approaches. State and local health department use of cost estimation methodology and a uniform chart of accounts tool has contributed to an increase in understanding and improvement in public health spending.

Conclusions:
The Finance report has served as a strong impetus for advocating for an increased investment in governmental public health. Efforts are bolstered by informed public health practitioners and stakeholders but often stymied by policy makers who must balance complex competing issues and priorities. Although many successes have occurred, further work is needed toward improving investment in the nation's public health.
The Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Health Access Among Adults Aged 18-64 Years With Chronic Health Conditions in the United States, 2011-2017
Authors: Dai Hongying , Khan Ali S. 
Published: September 2020

Context:
The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) eliminated the restrictions on preexisting conditions for health care coverage. Little is known about the effects of the ACA on health care access among individuals with chronic health conditions.

Objective:
To determine how the implementations of the ACA affected health care access for adults with chronic health conditions.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
Data from respondents aged 18 to 64 years to the 2011-2017 nationally representative Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BFRSS) who reported preexisting chronic health conditions (n = 1 133 609). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the changes in health care access from 2011-2013 (before the ACA) to 2015-2017 (after the ACA), overall and by sociodemographic groups.

Main Outcomes Measures:
Self-reported access to health care coverage, skipped doctor visits because of cost issues, and having a routine checkup in the past 12 months.

Results:
The percentage of adults with chronic health conditions having no health care coverage declined from 19.7% before the ACA to 11.9% after the ACA (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.5], P < .001), the percentage of skipped doctor visits because of cost declined from 24.6% to 20.0% (AOR = 0.8, P < .001), and the percentage with an annual routine checkup increased from 69.6% to 72.5% (AOR = 1.1, P < .001). The improvements in health care access were pronounced across sociodemographic groups after the ACA, especially among some disadvantaged groups (ie, young adults, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics, and those with low income and low education). However, substantial disparities in health care access persisted, especially among individuals with low socioeconomic status.

Conclusions:
This study identifies substantial improvements in health care access among adults with chronic health conditions after ACA implementation, especially among disadvantaged populations.
Prevalence of Concussion-Related Policies and Practices Among Public School Districts in the United States, 2012 and 2016
Authors: Miller Gabrielle F. , DePadilla Lara , Jones Sherry Everett , Lionbarger Michael , Thigpen Sally 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Beginning in 2009, there was an increase in the number of states with laws addressing 3 different components of youth sports-related concussion prevention and management: concussion education, removal from play, and medical clearance requirements before allowing an athlete to return to play. Schools are an important setting to implement policies and practices related to concussions, as many youth participate in organized sports through school venues.

Objective:
To examine whether the prevalence of concussion-related policies and practices adopted by school districts changed from 2012 to 2016.

Methods:
This study used nationally representative data from the 2012 and 2016 School Health Policies and Practices Study to examine whether the prevalence of 4 concussion-related policies and practices changed during 2012 and 2016 and whether comprehensive policies changed during the same time frame. Comprehensive policies were defined as those that address removal from play after injury, medical clearance before returning to play, and concussion-related educational materials and sessions for parents and student athletes.

Results:
Among school districts nationwide, the prevalence of each of the 4 concussion-related policies and practices significantly increased during 2012 and 2016. The prevalence of comprehensive policies significantly increased from 51.6% in 2012 to 66.7% in 2016. While these findings are promising, it is important to note that one-third of districts still lacked comprehensive policies in 2016 and only 71% of districts provided educational sessions in 2016.

Conclusions:
The findings in this study highlight improvements in school districts nationwide in adopting concussion-related policies and practices. Policies such as requiring educational sessions allow parents and student athletes to learn about concussions and understand the importance of reporting a concussion or concussion symptoms.