bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«Dobrudzhan Catastrophy» as a reflection of Russian-Romanian military-political relations in summer–autumn period of 1916.
Authors: Soloviov V. 
Published: January 2020

Romania’s entry into the First World War was considered by Russian military-political leadership primarily from the point of view of its own military interests, without taking into account possible negative consequences and prospects of Russian-Romanian military cooperation. According to General Headquarters' estimations, Romanian army attacks in Transylvania, together with Thessaloniki Allied army actions, were to restrain considerable enemy forces and thus ensured the success of Russian army attacks.
At the same time, in spite of the fiercest battles on the SWF, the enemy succeeded in forming two new armies in Transylvania by creating a qualitative and quantitative advantage against the 1st and the 2nd Romanian armies operating at this region. When in mid-September of 1916 the need for direct military assistance to Romanian army became obvious for General Alekseyev, who was the immediate Russian army commander, he did not have enough will to insist on his decision. Thus, the South-Western Front attack, which had lost its military significance by that time, was continued. As a result, the plan of military aid to Romania, embodied by General Headquarters, was essentially defensive, and included only indirect assistance, in the form of limited 9th Russian Army attacks from Northern Moldova, and a slight strengthening of the Dobrudzhan army.
In addition to this, the incorrect assessment of the situation, both by Russian and Romanian military forces, was obvious. A long pause in enemy's activity in the south, caused by waiting for reinforcements, and enemy's activity in the north, instilled confidence that the main attack would come from there. As a result, all Romanian reserves from the South were transferred to the North, while the enemy struck in the South in Dobrudzh. When Russian General Headquarters realized the consequences of Chernovody-Constanza railway loss, it simply could not transfer Russian military reserves in time. Thus, the lack of coherence between Russian and Romanian sides and their allies, the pursuit of each side's selfish interests led to the loss of military initiative by the allies in Romania, which was completely transferred to the enemy.
О типологии христианских религиозных сообществ на примере меннонитов
Authors: Дик Йоганнес 
Published: January 2020

The article describes the evolution of the typology of religious communities from traditional to modern Western on the example of Mennonites. In the Russian Empire, the traditional typology distinguished between church and sect from a confessional position of the Russian Orthodox Church. A sect was defined as an organized community that thinks differently with the dominant church. Mennonites in this typology were regarded as a Protestant sect, same the Baptists. The typology was rooted not only in the sphere of religion, but in legislation, too, with significant limits for the sects. In Soviet times, this typology, essentially rooted in religion, was also dominant. Only at the end of 1970ies, a move from sect to religious community took place. Troeltsch’s “The Social Teachings of Christian Churches and Groups” (1912) changed the typology basis to a sociological one. The division into church and sect remained, with an addition of a mysticism element. Later, the typology was expanded considering the situation in North America by the denomination element placed between church and sect. The sociological typology promoted a confessionally unbiased research of Anabaptism.
The modern Western typology in its German shape includes two parts – “Volkskirche” (National Church) and “Freikirche” (Free Church). The major differences between them are separation from church and state, a voluntary entry to the community through adult baptism, and democratic election of their congregation organs. To resolve the ambiguity between different kinds of Free Churches, the notion of Believer' Church was introduced. The new research also introduced the notion of Radical Reformation that is applicable to Mennonites.
Фрітьоф Нансен та Україна
Authors: Архірейський Дмитро Володимирович 
Published: January 2020

The article studies the plots in which the fates of the famous Norwegian polar explorer F. Nansen and Ukrainian history of 1920s are intertwined. The following three points were analyzed: 1) being at the position of the High Commissioner of the League of Nations, he helped to the Ukrainian migrants, who were persecuted by the Bolsheviks, to arrange their lives in Western countries. For that aim Nansen issuing so-called Nansen passports; 2) the Norwegian set up and chaired the International Committee for Relief of the 1921–1923 Famine (to support the starving population in Ukraine); 3) being awarded with the Nobel Prize, Nansen used the money to establish an agricultural station on the territory of Katerinoslav province. He wanted to implement the best experience of agriculture to local practice. The author presents historiography and makes the conclusion that there is no a generalizing сomplete research devoted to F. Nansen`s activity in Ukraine. The author emphasizes that the Ukrainian historians have better studied Nansen`s help to Ukraine during 1921–1923 famine. Only a few Ukrainian historians have studied Nansen’s assistance to the Ukrainian migrants. Nevertheless, they have a clear idea about that. The conditions of Pan-European Committee for Relief of the Starving in Russia (other words, F. Nansen`s mission) establishing are presented. The organizations which were included into the mission are mentioned. The facts concerning the negotiations of the High Commissioner with the Soviet Russia`s and Ukraine`s governments, as well as the structure, forms and characteristics of the Nansen`s mission organization in the Ukrainian starving provinces are studied. The activity of the Nansen mission on the territory of Nikolayevshchina, Kherson region and in Kharkov city (V. Quisling`s, the future Prime Minister of pro-Hitler Norway, worked there) are shown. The author pays attention to the chain of Nansen`s canteens that were arranged for the starving and also for the homeless children. The humanitarian assistance to students and higher education teachers is mentioned. The facts about of agricultural machinery and special humanitarian supplies import, done by the mission, are noted. The activity of the mission is shown in comparison with other Western charity organizations work. The author shows that the creation of the agricultural station in Mikhailovka village at Nansen`s expense was reflected primarily in the press. The author believes, that now there is only general, not completely reliable information about the conditions under which the Soviet government had allowed to establish the Mikhailovsky station. There is a lack of information about the ways of its creation, financing, supply, staffing, operation etc. It is stressed that the subject under study is of great importance and has great prospects to research.
BACTERIOLOGICAL AND PCR DETECTION OF PVL, MSRA AND MECA GENES AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATED FROM BURN WOUNDS
Authors: Muhamad Shno , Anwar Khanda , Omer Sherko 
Published: January 2020

Background
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is associated with nosocomial and community- burn wound infection. S aureus produces Panton-Valentine -Leukocidin which results in the destruction of leukocytes. Resistance of S. aureus to macrolides, lincosamides, and streptogramin B is associated with the presence of an efflux pump, encoded by Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase A (msrA or msrB) genes.
Objectives
To isolate, determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern, and to detect the presence of pvl and msrA genes from Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from burn wounds.
Materials and Methods
A total of 423 burn wound samples (218 from hospitalized and 205 from outpatients) were cultivated on different bacteriological media. Isolates were identified and S. aureus were further subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing using disk diffusion method. Susceptibility to methicillin, oxacillin or cefoxitin, were used to determine methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect mecA, pvl, and msrA genes in S. aureus isolates.
Results
Bacterial growth was detected from 170 (77.9%) of hospital samples and from 183 (89.26%) community-burn wounds. The predominant isolates were Gram-negative bacilli (71.76%) among hospitalized patients followed by S. aureus (22.35%). From the community samples, Staphylococcus epidermidis was the predominant isolate (86.9%), while few species of other Gram-positive organisms were also detected but no Gram-negatives were isolated. Among the 41 S. aureus isolates, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains determined by oxacillin disk diffusion method was 58.53%, 65.85% by cefoxitin, whereas, 87.8% were positive for mecA gene by PCR. Pvl was detected in 3 (7.31%), while mrsA gene was detected among 17 (41.46%) of S. aureus isolates.
Conclusions
Infection with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was common in burn wounds. The prevalence of msrA gene among nosocomial and community-burn wound isolates of S. aureus was high, while few S. aureus isolates were found to carry pvl gene.
BIOMARKER ASSESSMENT OF SERUM INTERLEUKIN-18 TOGETHER WITH HOMOCYSTEINE FOR POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
Authors: Abdulla Sakar , Rashid Ban , Nore Beston 
Published: January 2020

Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) a complex endocrine disorder associated with reproductive disorders and metabolic dysfunctions, insulin resistance with compensatory hyperinsulinemia, obesity, endometrial carcinoma, and cardiovascular diseases.
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate the levels of IL-18 and homocysteine in serum as a possible biomarker for cardiovascular disease in 150 cases positive with PCOS and in 150 negative control females.
Patients and Method
This study was a case-control study and serum samples randomly taken from 300 individuals (150 samples from patients with PCOS and 150 samples from healthy controls). Five milliliters of venous blood has been taken from each individual and the samples were analyzed for interleukin-18 and homocysteine by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, hormones profile include LH, FSH, LH/FSH ratio, TSH, PRL, and Testosterone.
Results
We found that the average level of IL-18 and homocysteine in serum were 378.3 ±181.21 pg/ml and 10.36 ± 5.98 nmol/ml respectively in PCOS patients, while in the control group the values were 224.98± 131.885 pg/ml and 5.17± 5.24 nmol/ml respectively.
Conclusions
The results show a highly significant difference (p-value < 0.001) and high serum concentration of IL-18 and homocysteine in PCOS as compared to the control group. Therefore, elevation of IL-18 combined with homocysteine is a selective indicator for higher risk of PCOS, which is closely related to cardiovascular abnormality as we have gated for this category of PCOS patients.
The 2016 Mw 5.9 Menyuan Earthquake in the Qilian Orogen, China: A Potentially Delayed Depth-Segmented Rupture Following from the 1986 Mw 6.0 Menyuan Earthquake
Authors: Zhang Yingfeng , Shan Xinjian , Zhang Guohong , Zhong Meijiao , Zhao Youjia , Wen Shaoyan , Qu Chunyan , Zhao Dezheng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAn Mw 5.9 thrust earthquake occurred on 21 January 2016 in the northeastern Tibetan plateau, where another similar earthquake had ruptured in 1986. Because of the complexity and close proximity of multiple faults in this area, the exact causative fault sources for these two events have not previously been determined. We determined the seismogenic fault structural geometry of the 2016 event by analyzing the coseismic deformation from Sentinel-1A images, aftershock relocations, and geological data. Furthermore, field investigations and the relocated aftershocks for the 1986 event were used to investigate its seismogenic fault and relation with the 2016 Menyuan earthquake. The results indicate that the reverse slip of both events was distributed on the southwest-dipping Minyue-Damaying fault, where the 2016 event ruptured the deep segment and the 1986 event ruptured the shallow segment. We envision that the depth segmentation played an important role in the occurrence of two moderate earthquakes rupturing the same active fault but separated by almost 30 yr, which is thought much shorter than the average earthquake recurrence cycle. Our study indicates that seismic risks could be underestimated if depth segmentation is not considered.
Reexaminando la definición de trata de seres humanos del Protocolo de Palermo: la trata como forma de explotación
Authors: Valverde Cano Ana B. 
Published: January 2020

Tras el transcurso de casi dos décadas desde la aprobación del Protocolo de Palermo, estamos en condiciones evaluar críticamente si se ha consolidado un régimen transnacional eficaz que permita la asistencia mutua eficaz en materia penal o si, por el contrario, continúa tratándose de un régimen fragmentado. A pesar de la armonización del concepto de trata, una defectuosa comprensión de su naturaleza abusiva ha dado lugar a lecturas muy singulares del fenómeno reflejadas en las normativas domésticas, por ejemplo, estableciendo un delito de trata donde no se exige el empleo de ciertos medios comisivos. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en ofrecer una reformulación del paradigma de la trata, poniendo el foco en lo que convierte la trata en una práctica abusiva o «de explotación» per se: la utilización de ciertos medios y no únicamente las finalidades de explotación. Este cambio de paradigma, además de ser útil para acometer los desafíos que plantea la cooperación interestatal, nos ayuda a identificar las conductas relevantes en términos de explotación y permite abordar las críticas de los que –en ocasiones, acertadamente– ven en el régimen contra la trata una herramienta de control migratorio más.Recibido: 30.09.2019 Aceptado: 21.11.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Atticus Finch: inteligencia emocional y liderazgo, como herramientas de gestión, en el ejercicio de la abogacía. (Análisis de la película “Matar a un ruiseñor”)
Authors: Remeseiro Fernández Manuel-Óscar 
Published: January 2020

A lo largo del presente artículo pretendemos demostrar la importancia que la inteligencia emocional tiene, como herramienta de gestión, en el ejercicio de la abogacía, y que, por las características específicas de la actividad forense, no puede desligarse de otro aspecto esencial del desempeño profesional de los abogados: la capacidad de liderazgo. El jurista ideal debería contar con una buena dosis de ambas cualidades: de la primera; para comprender el funcionamiento de las emociones y las relaciones humanas, y sus implicaciones en los casos en que interviene; de la segunda; para plantear, de forma convincente, las estrategias procesales más pertinentes en cada supuesto y llevarlas a buen puerto. El personaje de Atticus Finch (Gregory Peck), protagonista de la película «Matar a un ruiseñor» (1962), constituye, entendemos, un ejemplo paradigmático, a este respecto y es, por ello, objeto de nuestro análisis.Recibido: 12.11.2019 Aceptado: 16.12.2019 Publicación en línea: 31.12.2019
Migration – Germany’s past and present. Thoughts and figures
Authors: Eltges Markus , Strubelt Wendelin 
Published: January 2020

In this article, the history of emigration from Germany and the immigration to Germany especially in relation to its changing borders in the 20th century is discussed. After 1945 Germany was confronted with the integration of a million German refugees. Starting in the 1950s, Germany intentionally attracted foreign workers, and integrated them fairly well. The article analyses the current discussions in Germany in relation to the impact of massive immigration of refugees from non-European areas around 2015. It concludes with a position that in the time of globalisation migration needs a society-focussed and political learning process which has not yet ended and will require more learning. But countries with a declining population are well advised to see immigration as an opportunity for future growth and social diversity.
Tracing the (hidden) spatialities of digital agendas: the case of ‘Digital Hungary’
Authors: Varró Krisztina 
Published: January 2020

Policies that aim at bringing about a digital transformation (seek to) create the conditions for particular spatial development trajectories. Yet, the understandings, explicit and implicit, of space advanced by digital agendas have remained rather underexposed to date. This paper addresses this gap by developing a Foucauldian-inspired discourse-analytical framework and applies it to the programme of ‘Digital Hungary’. It is argued that policies of digitalisation in Hungary only to a minor extent consider the spatial dimension, and their impact potentially undermines the declared aims of spatial development at different scales.
The role of cultural heritage sites in the creation of tourism potential of small towns in Poland
Authors: Kwiatek-Sołtys Agnieszka , Bajgier-Kowalska Małgorzata 
Published: January 2020

Historical sites may be found in nearly all small towns in Poland. Some are listed by UNESCO as World Heritage Sites. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the role of these resources in the broader set of elements shaping the tourism potential of towns, and also to illustrate the regional differences among small towns in Poland in terms of their potential to develop a local or regional tourism sector. The study provides a typology of towns based on local natural and landscape elements, cultural heritage resources as well as hotels and other tourist accommodations. The statistical data discussed in this paper was obtained from the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland for the period 2012–2014, while historical sites were chosen from the National Heritage Board of Poland. The study covers all small towns in Poland and has shown unequivocally that the presence of a historical site is not necessarily a factor in the overall development of a local tourism sector. The cultural resources appear to be an undervalued asset, which can be used to develop a local tourism sector, especially in towns which are searching for new development paths.
Ciudades atormentadas
Authors: Di Liscia Maria Silvia , Alvarez Adriana 
Published: January 2020

En este trabajo se analizan las acciones producidas en Argentina a través de la Cruz Roja, una de las primeras entidades internacionales que se formó en el país. Esta perspectiva de análisis puede contribuir a iluminar la influencia de organismos no gubernamentales en una etapa de gestación, formación y consolidación del Estado nacional argentino. El análisis abarca desde 1864 hasta 1930 y obedece a la conformación de la asociación hasta el primer quiebre del sistema democrático en el país, cuando las Fuerzas Armadas iniciaron una mayor intervención. Se centra en el rol de la Cruz Roja Argentina en tres catástrofes sucedidas en diversas áreas del interior argentino y en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires
Prospects for Blood Pressure Remote Monitoring in Hypertensive Patients in the Ryazan Region
Authors: Aksenova N. V. , Nizov A. A. , Selyavina O. N. , Suchkova E. I. , Filippov E. V. 
Published: January 2020

Aim. To study the effectiveness and benefits of blood pressure (BP) remote monitoring in outpatients with hypertension.Material and methods. The study included 100 patients with a verified diagnosis of hypertension, who didn’t achieve target BP pressure levels. The patients measured their BP twice a day over 6 months with facilities with automatic data transmission over GSM-channel to a remote monitoring center. BP parameters were being transmitted online to the remote monitoring center, where they were being processed and transferred to the personal account planner (created by the Web interface based on the software and hardware complex) of the attending physician and operator of the remote monitoring center. It is important that doctor received information only on clinically significant measurement results, based on which he determined the urgency of contact with the patient and the further tactics of his management.Results. No malfunctions in the work of communication facilities, technical failures in the software and hardware complex were registered over the entire period of the study. After 6 months of the monitoring it was possible to achieve target BP levels less than 135/85 mm Hg in 70% of patients. The proportion of patients with a high level of normal BP increased from 10% to 19%, while the proportion of patients with grade 1 and 2 of hypertension decreased significantly (from 33% to 7% and from 54% to 3%, respectively). At the beginning of telemedicine monitoring 3% of patients had stage 3 of hypertension, at the end of the study – 1%.Conclusion. The technology of telemedicine monitoring has shown itself as a simple, affordable and reliable way of management of outpatients with hypertension in conditions of real clinical practice. It was possible to achieve BP levels less than 135/85 mm Hg in 70% of patients by the method of remote outpatient monitoring. BP remote monitoring changed fundamentally the decision-making strategy of the patients management: it was not the patient who independently determined the need for consultation with a medical professional, but the attending physician made a decision on the method and urgency of contact with the patient on the basis of the data of objective monitoring indicators.
How the Reputation of Orthopaedic Residency Programs Is Associated with Orthopaedic Fellowship Match Results
Authors: Krueger Chad A. , Helms Jonathan R. , Bell Anthony J. , Israel Heidi , Cannada Lisa K. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The primary goal of the present study was to determine if applicants from higher-ranking U.S. orthopaedic surgery residency programs match at a more desired position on their fellowship match-rank list compared with those applicants from lower-ranked residency programs.

Methods:
San Francisco Match provided results regarding applicant data and match results from 2014 to 2018 for all orthopaedic subspecialties except the hand and the shoulder and elbow. Unmatched applicants and international medical graduates were excluded. Residency programs were divided into 5 tiers (with tier 1 being the highest-ranked residency programs and tier 5 being the lowest-ranked programs) on the basis of 2018 Doximity rankings of orthopaedic residency programs. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and analysis of variance.

Results:
Two thousand eight hundred and eleven applicants met inclusion criteria. Applicants from residency programs in tiers 1 and 2 applied to significantly fewer programs than those from tiers 3, 4, or 5 (p < 0.0001). Applicants from each tier were significantly more likely to attain interviews than applicants from all tiers below them (p < 0.01). Applicants from tier-1 residency programs matched at a significantly higher position on their rank list (p < 0.001) and were more desirably ranked by fellowship programs (p = 0.003) compared with all other tiers.

Conclusions:
Applicants from the highest-ranking residency programs apply to fewer programs, interview at a greater percentage of these programs, and are more likely to match to 1 of their top-ranking programs than applicants from lower-ranking programs. However, the association of the applicant match position with the program ranking appears to be most pronounced when it comes to fellowships selecting which applicants to interview. These findings may help future applicants when determining which programs to apply to during the match.