bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thiadiazole derivatives as anticancer agents
Authors: Szeliga Monika 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn spite of substantial progress made toward understanding cancer pathogenesis, this disease remains one of the leading causes of mortality. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel, more effective anticancer therapeutics. Thiadiazole ring is a versatile scaffold widely studied in medicinal chemistry. Mesoionic character of this ring allows thiadiazole-containing compounds to cross cellular membrane and interact strongly with biological targets. Consequently, these compounds exert a broad spectrum of biological activities. This review presents the current state of knowledge on thiadiazole derivatives that demonstrate in vitro and/or in vivo efficacy across the cancer models with an emphasis on targets of action. The influence of the substituent on the compounds’ activity is depicted. Furthermore, the results from clinical trials assessing thiadiazole-containing drugs in cancer patients are summarized.
Preference and popularity as distinct forms of status: A meta‐analytic review of 20 years of research
Authors: van den Berg Yvonne H.M. , Lansu Tessa A.M. , Cillessen Antonius H.N. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionA systematic meta‐analysis was conducted of the association between preference and popularity across childhood and adolescence. The role of development, sex, and region of the world were examined.MethodThe analysis was conducted on 135 samples including 136,014 participants. The samples were divided by age (upper grades primary school, k = 41; lower grades secondary school, k = 72; upper grades secondary school, k = 22) and region (North America, k = 54; Europe, k = 66; China, k = 10).ResultsAcross all samples, a moderate positive association between preference and popularity was found (r = 0.45). The association was significantly weaker in the upper grades of secondary school (r = 0.37) than in the lower grades of secondary school (r = 0.47) or the upper grades of primary school (r = 0.47). The association was weaker for girls (r = 0.26) than for boys (r = 0.38) in the upper grades of secondary school. The association was weaker in European samples (r = 0.41) than in those from North America (r = 0.50) and China (r = 0.57).ConclusionsThe results confirmed that preference and popularity are related but distinct dimensions of adolescent peer status. The association differed significantly by age, sex, and region of the world. Further research should examine additional factors that explain the variability in the association between preference and popularity.
Review of evidences for management of rapid sequence spinal anesthesia for category one cesarean section, in resource limiting setting
Authors: Agegnehu Abatneh Feleke , Gebregzi Amare Hailekiros , Endalew Nigussie Simeneh 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Globally obstetric anesthesia is being done under spinal and epidural than general anesthesia (GA) for most caesarean sections (CSs). This is because GA is associated with failed endotracheal intubation and aspiration of gastric contents. Eventhough general anesthesia is the fastest method for anesthetizing a category 1 cesarean section, it is associated with increased maternal mortality and morbidity. Spinal anesthesia is the preferred regional technique for cesarean section but failure sometimes occurs. To minimize the time factor of spinal anesthesia as well as to avoid the side effects of general anesthesia ‘rapid sequence spinal’ (RSS) has developed as a novel approach in cases of category one cesarean sections.

Methods:
The study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Search engines like PubMed through HINARI, Cochrane database and Google Scholars were used to find high-level evidences that help to draw appropriate conclusions.

Discussion:
Neuraxial anesthetic techniques have several advantages which include low risk of aspiration and failed intubation, avoidance of central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory depressant drugs, the ability to maintain a wakeful state of mother enjoying the experience of delivery of baby and also lower incidence of blood loss. ‘Rapid sequence spinal’ described to minimize anesthetic time. This consists of a no-touch spinal technique, consideration of omission of the spinal opioid, limiting spinal attempts, allowing the start of surgery before full establishment of the spinal block, and being prepared for conversion to general anesthesia if there are delays or problems. To do rapid sequence spinal anesthesia safely and timely, cooperative work is mandatory with good team relation for those simultaneous and necessary tasks.

Conclusion:
The choice of anesthetic in Cesarean section has long been recognized as one of prime importance, because there are two lives to safeguard instead of one. A balance must be struck between the anesthetic dictated by the general condition of the mother and that suited to the needs of the fetal respiratory system.

Highlights:
Management ofCandida aurisoutbreak in a tertiary-care setting in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alshamrani Majid M. , El-Saed Aiman , Mohammed Azzam , Alghoribi Majed F. , Al Johani Sameera M. , Cabanalan Harold , Balkhy Hanan H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjective:To describe local experience in managing an outbreak ofCandida aurisin a tertiary-care setting.Methods:In response to emergingCandida auris, an outbreak investigation was conducted at our hospital between March 2018 and June 2019. Once a patient was confirmed to haveCandida auris, screening of exposed patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) was conducted. Postexposure screening included those who had had direct contact with or shared the same unit or ward with a laboratory-confirmed case. In response to the increasing number of cases, new infection control measures were implemented.Results:In total, 23 primary patients were detected over 15 months. Postexposure screening identified 11 more cases, and all were patients. Furthermore, ~28.6% of patients probably caught infection in another hospital or in the community. Infection control measures were strictly implemented including hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, patient hygiene, environmental cleaning, cohorting of patients and HCWs, and avoiding the sharing of equipment. The wave reached a peak in April 2019, followed by a sharp decrease in May 2019 and complete clearance in June 2019. The case patients were equally distributed between intensive care units (51.4%) and wards (48.6%). More infections (62.9%) occurred than colonizations (37.1%). Urinary tract infection (42.9%) and candidemia (17.1%) were the main infections. In total, 7 patients (20.0%) died during hospitalization; among them, 6 (17.1%) died within 30 days of diagnosis.Conclusions:Active screening of exposed patients followed by strict infection control measures, including environmental cleaning, was successful in ending the outbreak. Preventing future outbreaks is challenging due to outside sources of infection and environmental resistance.
Evaluating the utility of a Smoking Cessation Clinical Pathway tool to promote nicotine prescribing and use among inpatients of a tertiary hospital in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: De Guzman Keshia R. , Snoswell Centaine L. , Puljevic Cheneal , Gupta Deepali 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionDue to the burden of tobacco-related illnesses among hospital inpatients, an evidence-based smoking cessation brief intervention tool was developed for clinicians working in hospitals in Queensland, Australia. The tool, called the Smoking Cessation Clinical Pathway (SCCP), is used by clinicians to support inpatient smoking cessation and manage nicotine withdrawal in hospital.AimsTo investigate the impact of completed SCCP on nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) prescribing and use, and to explore clinician involvement in smoking cessation interventions.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted to examine data regarding SCCP responses and NRT offering, prescribing and use. The statistical significance of the results was assessed using chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests.ResultsPatients with a completed SCCP were more likely to be offered NRT (P < 0.0001). NRT prescribing on admission and discharge was higher in patients with a completed SCCP (P = 0.001 and P = 0.027). Intention to quit had no effect on whether NRT was offered (P = 0.276) and NRT acceptance was higher for patients that intended to quit smoking (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe SCCP prompted clinicians to offer NRT to patients, leading to increased NRT prescribing and use. These findings demonstrate the utility of the SCCP to assist clinicians to promote smoking cessation among hospital inpatients.
Late Pleistocene lake level, glaciation and climate change in the Mongolian Altai deduced from sedimentological and palynological archives
Authors: Klinge Michael , Schlütz Frank , Zander Anja , Hülle Daniela , Batkhishig Ochirbat , Lehmkuhl Frank 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlacial and lacustrine sediments from the Mongolian Altai provide paleoclimatic information for the late Pleistocene in Mongolia, for which only a few sufficiently studied archives exist. Glacial stages referred to global cooling events are reported for the last glacial maximum (27–21 ka) and the late glacial period (18–16 ka). Sedimentary archives from the first part of the last glacial period are infrequent. We present proxy data for this period from two different archives (88–63 and 57–30 ka). Due to the limitation of effective moisture, an increase of precipitation is discussed as one trigger for glacier development in the cold-arid regions of central Asia. Our pollen analysis from periods of high paleolake levels in small catchments indicate that the vegetation was sparse and of dry desert type between 42–29 and 17–11 ka. This apparent contradiction between high lake levels and dry landscape conditions, the latter supported by intensified eolian processes, points to lower temperatures and cooler conditions causing reduced evaporation to be the main trigger for the high lake levels during glacier advances. Rising temperatures that cause melting of glacier and permafrost ice and geomorphological processes play a role in paleolake conditions. Interpreting lake-level changes as regional or global paleoclimate signals requires detailed investigation of geomorphological settings and mountain–basin relationships.
Social Revolution and Authoritarian Durability
Authors: Lachapelle Jean , Levitsky Steven , Way Lucan A. , Casey Adam E. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThis article explores the causes of authoritarian durability. Why do some authoritarian regimes survive for decades, often despite severe crises, while others collapse quickly, even absent significant challenges? Based on an analysis of all authoritarian regimes between 1900 and 2015, the authors argue that regimes founded in violent social revolution are especially durable. Revolutionary regimes, such as those in Russia, China, Cuba, and Vietnam, endured for more than half a century in the face of strong external pressure, poor economic performance, and large-scale policy failures. The authors develop and test a theory that accounts for such durability using a novel data set of revolutionary regimes since 1900. The authors contend that autocracies that emerge out of violent social revolution tend to confront extraordinary military threats, which lead to the development of cohesive ruling parties and powerful and loyal security apparatuses, as well as to the destruction of alternative power centers. These characteristics account for revolutionary regimes’ unusual longevity.
Modulating action through minimization: Syntax in the service of offering and requesting
Authors: Raymond Chase Wesley , Robinson Jeffrey D. , Fox Barbara A. , Thompson Sandra A. , Montiegel Kristella 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study uses data from a shoe-repair shop, supplemented by data from medical and mundane contexts, to analyze three progressively minimal grammatical formats used to implement offers and requests in interaction (i.e.do you want…?,you want…?, andwant…?). We argue that this cline of minimality reflects a cline of the action-initiator's stance, from relatively weak to strong (respectively), regarding their expectation that the action will be accepted or complied with. In doing so, we illustrate that, as part of the design of requests and offers, participants rely on more granular distinctions than a simple binary between interrogative and declarative morphosyntax. We conclude with a discussion of the interactional logic that undergirds the normative use of these grammatical formats, and of our findings’ implications for action formation and preference organization. (Conversation analysis, interactional linguistics, offer, request, stance, grammar, morphosyntax)*
Real-world evidence to support Payer/HTA decisions about highly innovative technologies in the EU—actions for stakeholders
Authors: Facey Karen M. , Rannanheimo Piia , Batchelor Laura , Borchardt Marine , de Cock Jo 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesThere are divergent views on the potential of real-world data (RWD) to inform decisions made by regulators, health technology assessment (HTA) bodies, payers, clinicians, and patients. This RWE4Decisions initiative explored the particularly challenging setting of highly innovative technologies, which require Payers/HTAs to make decisions on a small evidence base with major uncertainties. The aim was to go beyond strategic intent to consider actions that each stakeholder could take to improve use of RWD in this setting.ResultsCase studies of recent Payer/HTA decisions about highly innovative technologies were considered in light of recent international initiatives about RWD. This showed a lack of clarity about the Payer/HTA questions that could be answered by RWD and how the quality of real-world evidence (RWE) could be assessed. All stakeholders worked together to create a vision whereby stakeholders agree what RWD can be collected for highly innovative technologies based on principles of collaboration and transparency. For each stakeholder group, recommended actions to support the generation, analysis, and interpretation of RWD to inform decision making were developed. For HTA bodies, this includes cross border HTA/regulatory collaboration to agree RWD requirements over the technology life cycle to inform initial recommendations and reassessment, data analytics methods development for HTA, and promotion of transparency in RWE studies.RecommendationsStakeholders need to collaborate on demonstration projects to consider how RWE can be developed to inform healthcare decisions and contribute to a learning network that can develop systems to support a learning health system and improve patient outcomes through best use of RWD.
Role of echocardiographic scoring systems in predicting successful biventricular versus univentricular palliation in neonates with critical aortic stenosis
Authors: Sachdeva Shagun , Kuhn Evelyn , Frommelt Peter C. , Handler Stephanie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground:There are several published echo-derived scores to help predict successful biventricular versus univentricular palliation in neonates with critical aortic stenosis. This study aims to determine whether any published scoring system accurately predicted outcomes in these neonates.Methods:Single centre, retrospective cohort study including neonates who underwent aortic valve intervention (surgical valvotomy or balloon valvuloplasty) with the intention of biventricular circulation. Primary outcome was survival with biventricular circulation at hospital discharge. Data from their initial neonatal echocardiogram were used to compute the following scores – Rhodes, CHSS 1, Discriminant, CHSS 2, and 2 V.Results:Between 01/1999 and 12/2017, 68 neonates underwent aortic valve intervention at a median age of 4 days (range 1–29 days); 35 surgical valvotomy and 33 balloon valvuloplasty. Survival with biventricular circulation was maintained in 60/68 patients at hospital discharge. Of the remaining eight patients, three were converted to univentricular palliation, four died, and one underwent heart transplant prior to discharge. None of the binary score predictions of biventricular versus univentricular (using that score’s proposed cut-offs) were significantly associated with the observed outcome in this cohort. A high percentage of those predicted to need univentricular palliation had successful biventricular repair: 89.4% by Rhodes, 79.3% by CHSS 1, 85.2% by Discriminant, and 66.7% by CHSS 2 score. The 2 V best predicted outcome and agreed with the local approach in most cases.Conclusion:This study highlights the limitations of and need for alternative scoring systems/cut-offs for consistently accurate echocardiographic prediction of early outcome in neonates with critical aortic stenosis.
Skillful Decadal Prediction of Droughts Over Large‐Scale River Basins Across the Globe
Authors: Zhu Enda , Yuan Xing , Wu Peili 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLong‐term droughts, closely linked to oceanic climate variability, are a great threat to the global economy, as well as food and water security. Skillful predictions will provide enormous benefit to the human societies. By taking advantages of the newly available decadal hindcasts and target experiments from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6), this paper evaluates potential predictability and decadal prediction skill of droughts over major river basins across the globe. The results show that the CMIP6 drought prediction is skillful within 3–6 years, and the skill score is 11% higher than CMIP5 over 47% river basins. Prediction skill is enhanced by 15% (16%) over 47% (49%) basins, forced by the actual sea surface temperature over tropical eastern Pacific (North Atlantic). Our findings imply the possibility of drought adaptation based on skillful decadal prediction with sufficient lead time.
Machine Learning Thermo‐Barometry: Application to Clinopyroxene‐Bearing Magmas
Authors: Petrelli M. , Caricchi L. , Perugini D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe introduce a new approach, based on machine learning, to estimate pre‐eruptive temperatures and storage depths using clinopyroxene‐melt pairs and clinopyroxene‐only chemistry. The model is calibrated for magmas of a wide compositional range, it complements existing models, and it can be applied independently of tectonic setting. Additionally, it allows the identification of the main chemical exchange mechanisms occurring in response to pressure and temperature variations on the base of experimental data without a priori assumptions. After the validation process, performances are assessed with test data never used during the training phase. We estimate the uncertainty using the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2). The application of the best performing algorithm (trained in the range 0–40 kbar and 952–1882 K) to clinopyroxene‐melt pairs from primitive to extremely differentiated magmas of both subalkaline and alkaline systems returns a RMSE on the order of 2.6 kbar and 40 K for pressure and temperature, respectively. We additionally present a melt‐ and temperature‐independent clinopyroxene barometer in the range 0–40 kbar, characterized by a RMSE of the order of 3 kbar. Tested for tholeiitic compositions in the range 0–10 kbar, the melt‐ and temperature‐independent clinopyroxene barometer has a RMSE of 1.7 kbar. We finally apply the proposed approach to clinopyroxenes from Iceland, providing new, independent, insights about pre‐eruptive storage depths of Icelandic volcanoes. The general applicability of this model will promote the comparison between the architecture of plumbing systems across tectonic settings and facilitate the comparison between petrologic and geophysical studies.
The Origin of Observed Magnetic Variability for a Sol on Mars From InSight
Authors: Mittelholz A. , Johnson C. L. , Thorne S. N. , Joy S. , Barrett E. , Fillingim M. O. , Forget F. , Langlais B. , Russell C. T. , Spiga A. , Smrekar S. , Banerdt W. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDay‐night variations in the magnetic field at Mars have been previously observed at satellite altitudes. The InSight Fluxgate Magnetometer (IFG) has provided the first evidence for diurnal magnetic field variations at the martian surface. IFG data show diurnal variations with typical peak amplitudes of 20–40nT in the early morning to midmorning; the amplitude of the magnetic field varies over the first 389 sols of the mission and peaks between sols 50 and 100. Temperature variations, solar array currents, and lander activities all generate magnetic fields. Particularly, the first two of these also produce signals with clear diurnal variations. We first assess the IFG data calibration and conclude that temperature and solar array currents have only minimal effects on the variability we observe in the final calibrated magnetic field data. We use satellite magnetic field data and a Mars global circulation model to make predictions for the temporal evolution of wind‐driven fields in the ionosphere. Such fields vary due to seasonal changes in the ionization profile and the winds, and in the altitude range of the dynamo region, that is, the region in which electric currents can be produced. We find that the amplitude and seasonal variability of the surface magnetic fields are generally consistent with those predicted from wind‐driven currents. Moreover, a regional dust storm in the vicinity of the InSight landing site, which started around sol 45, might be responsible for the higher magnetic field amplitudes observed in the IFG data in the early part of the mission.
Evolution of diversity explains the impact of pre-adaptation of a focal species on the structure of a natural microbial community
Authors: Padfield Daniel , Vujakovic Alex , Paterson Steve , Griffiths Rob , Buckling Angus , Hesse Elze 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRapid within-species evolution can alter community structure, yet the mechanisms underpinning this effect remain unknown. Populations that rapidly evolve large amounts of phenotypic diversity are likely to interact with more species and have the largest impact on community structure. However, the evolution of phenotypic diversity is, in turn, influenced by the presence of other species. Here, we investigate how microbial community structure changes as a consequence of rapidly evolved within-species diversity using Pseudomonas fluorescens as a focal species. Evolved P. fluorescens populations showed substantial phenotypic diversification in resource-use (and correlated genomic change) irrespective of whether they were pre-adapted in isolation or in a community context. Manipulating diversity revealed that more diverse P. fluorescens populations had the greatest impact on community structure, by suppressing some bacterial taxa, but facilitating others. These findings suggest that conditions that promote the evolution of high within-population diversity should result in a larger impact on community structure.