bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethnographic Approaches to the Study of Political Executives
Authors: Rhodes R. A. W. , Corbett Jack 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter answers five straightforward questions about an ethnographic approach to the study of the political executive: What is ethnography? Why does it matter? Who does ethnography? What is the research agenda? What are the limits to an ethnographic approach?In answering these questions, there are few ethnographic studies of the political executive that we can draw on. The main tools are participant observation and elite interviewing but they need to be supplemented by other ways of ‘being there’. The chapter discusses three key topics for future research; quantitative or qualitative analysis, bricolage, and the network analysis of court politics. It summarizes briefly the limits of an ethnographic approach. The chapter concludes that the approach is edifying even though its potential has not been realized.
Processing Fluency
Authors: Forster Michael 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the concept of processing fluency in aesthetic processing. In its most general form higher ease of processing, i.e., higher fluency, is said to lead to higher liking. The chapter shows that this claim is hardly tenable in aesthetics. Absolute higher fluency leads to higher liking in only a few limited settings. It is rather the experience of a relative increase in fluency, or decrease in disfluency, that affects our appreciation of aesthetic stimuli. Thus, the dynamics of visual processing and the resulting effect can help explain our reactions to aesthetic stimuli. This chapter presents three main theories that try to model these dynamics of visual processing and explain the resulting influence on our aesthetic responses.
Situating the Reign of Terror in the History of Modern Terrorism
Authors: Steinberg Ronen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The historiography of terrorism attributes a foundational place to the Reign of Terror, yet the Reign of Terror was very different from anything associated with terrorism today. This chapter aims at placing the Reign of Terror in the history of modern terrorism. It discusses the multiple meanings of terror during the revolutionary era, when it was seen simultaneously as an emotional experience, a historical event, and a political concept. It also examines the practices of political violence during the French Revolution, showing that they were less repressive and more chaotic than is often assumed. The chapter argues that the Reign of Terror invites us to question the definitions and broaden the categories of analysis that currently dominate the historiography of terrorism.
Twentieth Century West Balkan Terrorism, from Sarajevo to the End of State Socialism
Authors: Tokić Mate Nikola 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article provides a broad overview of the various forms of West Balkan separatist terrorism that developed over the course of the twentieth century. It starts with the Young Bosnia movement, which was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914. This is followed by an exploration of the fascist Croatian Ustaša movement, which emerged in the interwar period. Finally, the article examines the post–World War II diasporic offshoots of the Ustaše, which waged a campaign of political violence against socialist Yugoslavia in the 1960s and 1970s. Although each represents a form of ethnonational terrorism, their development was as much the result of transnational as nationalist influences. The article will therefore analyze the emergence of these movements through the transnationalist structures and activities that contributed to the radicalization of particular nationalisms, resulting in the adoption of separatist terrorism as an acceptable form of political action.
Humeral elevation workspace during daily life of adults with spinal cord injury who use a manual wheelchair compared to age and sex matched able-bodied controls
Authors: Goodwin Brianna M. , Cain Stephen M. , Van Straaten Meegan G. , Fortune Emma , Morrow Melissa M. B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractShoulder pain and pathology are extremely common for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI) who use manual wheelchairs (MWC). Although risky humeral kinematics have been measured during wheelchair-based activities performed in the lab, little is known about arm kinematics in the free-living environment. The purpose of this study was to measure the humeral elevation workspace throughout a typical day for individuals with SCI who use a MWC and matched able-bodied controls. Thirty-four individuals with SCI who use a MWC (42.7±12.7 years of age, 28 males/6 females, C6-L1) and 34 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Participants wore three inertial measurement units (IMU) on their upper arms and torso for one to two days. Humeral elevation angles were estimated and the percentage of time individuals spent in five elevation bins (0-30°, 30-60°, 60-90°, 90-120°, and 120-180°) were calculated. For both arms, the SCI cohort spent a significantly lower percentage of the day in 0-30° of humeral elevation (Dominant: SCI= 15.7±12.6%, Control= 32.1±15.6%, p<0.0001; Non-Dominant: SCI= 21.9±17.8%, Control= 34.3±15.5%, p=0.001) and a significantly higher percentage of time in elevations associated with tendon compression (30-60° of humeral elevation, Dominant: SCI= 62.8±14.4%, Control= 49.9.1±13.0%, p<0.0001; Non-Dominant: SCI= 58.8±14.9%, Control= 48.3±13.6%, p=0.003) than controls. The increased percentage of time individuals with SCI spent in elevations associated with tendon compression may contribute to increased shoulder pathology. Characterizing the humeral elevation workspace utilized throughout a typical day may help in understanding the increased prevalence of shoulder pain and pathology in individuals with SCI who use MWCs.
Swab-Seq: A high-throughput platform for massively scaled up SARS-CoV-2 testing
Authors: Bloom Joshua S. , Sathe Laila , Munugala Chetan , Jones Eric M. , Gasperini Molly , Lubock Nathan B. , Yarza Fauna , Thompson Erin M. , Kovary Kyle M. , Park Jimin , Marquette Dawn , Kay Stephania , Lucas Mark , Love TreQuan , Booeshaghi A. Sina , Brandenberg Oliver F. , Guo Longhua , Boocock James , Hochman Myles , Simpkins Scott W. , Lin Isabella , LaPierre Nathan , Hong Duke , Zhang Yi , Oland Gabriel , Choe Bianca Judy , Chandrasekaran Sukantha , Hilt Evann E. , Butte Manish J. , Damoiseaux Robert , Kravit Clifford , Cooper Aaron R. , Yin Yi , Pachter Lior , Garner Omai B. , Flint Jonathan , Eskin Eleazar , Luo Chongyuan , Kosuri Sriram , Kruglyak Leonid , Arboleda Valerie A. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is due to the high rates of transmission by individuals who are asymptomatic at the time of transmission1, 2. Frequent, widespread testing of the asymptomatic population for SARS-CoV-2 is essential to suppress viral transmission. Despite increases in testing capacity, multiple challenges remain in deploying traditional reverse transcription and quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) tests at the scale required for population screening of asymptomatic individuals. We have developed SwabSeq, a high-throughput testing platform for SARS-CoV-2 that uses next-generation sequencing as a readout. SwabSeq employs sample-specific molecular barcodes to enable thousands of samples to be combined and simultaneously analyzed for the presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 in a single run. Importantly, SwabSeq incorporates an in vitro RNA standard that mimics the viral amplicon, but can be distinguished by sequencing. This standard allows for end-point rather than quantitative PCR, improves quantitation, reduces requirements for automation and sample-to-sample normalization, enables purification-free detection, and gives better ability to call true negatives. After setting up SwabSeq in a high-complexity CLIA laboratory, we performed more than 80,000 tests for COVID-19 in less than two months, confirming in a real world setting that SwabSeq inexpensively delivers highly sensitive and specific results at scale, with a turn-around of less than 24 hours. Our clinical laboratory uses SwabSeq to test both nasal and saliva samples without RNA extraction, while maintaining analytical sensitivity comparable to or better than traditional RT-qPCR tests. Moving forward, SwabSeq can rapidly scale up testing to mitigate devastating spread of novel pathogens.
Developing and Validating a Computable Phenotype for the Identification of Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals and Subgroups
Authors: Guo Yi , He Xing , Lyu Tianchen , Zhang Hansi , Wu Yonghui , Yang Xi , Chen Zhaoyi , Markham Merry Jennifer , Modave François , Xie Mengjun , Hogan William , Harle Christopher A. , Shenkman Elizabeth A , Bian Jiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTransgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals face significant marginalization, stigma, and discrimination. Under-reporting of TGNC individuals is common since they are often unwilling to self-identify. Meanwhile, the rapid adoption of electronic health record (EHR) systems has made large-scale, longitudinal real-world clinical data available to research and provided a unique opportunity to identify TGNC individuals using their EHRs, contributing to a promising routine health surveillance approach. Built upon existing work, we developed and validated a computable phenotype (CP) algorithm for identifying TGNC individuals and their natal sex (i.e., male-to-female or female-to-male) using both structured EHR data and unstructured clinical notes. Our CP algorithm achieved a 0.955 F1-score on the training data and a perfect F1-score on the independent testing data. Consistent with the literature, we observed an increasing percentage of TGNC individuals and a disproportionate burden of adverse health outcomes, especially sexually transmitted infections and mental health distress, in this population.
A semi-automated method for measuring xylem vessel length distribution
Authors: Pereira Luciano , Miranda Marcela T. , Pires Gabriel S. , Pacheco Vinícius S. , Guan Xinyi , Kaack Lucian , Machado Eduardo C. , Jansen Steven , Tyree Melvin T. , Ribeiro Rafael V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractKnowledge about the length of xylem vessels is essential to understand water transport in plants because these multicellular units show a 100-fold variation, from less than a centimeter to many meters. However, the available methods to estimate vessel length distribution (VLD) are excessively time consuming and do not allow large and in-depth surveys. Here, we describe a semi-automated method to measure VLD using an automated Pneumatron device. Gas conductivity of a xylem tissue with a certain length is estimated in a straightforward and precise way with the Pneumatron in a way theoretically similar to the air-injection method. The method presented enables fast and easy measurements using multiple devices simultaneously (>50 samples day-1), which is a significant advantage. Here, the apparatus is described in detail as well as how measurements are taken. We also present the software and an R-script for data analysis. The method described represents an important contribution to studies on plant hydraulic architecture and can improve our understanding about the role of VLD in plant performance under varying water availability.
The evolution of trait correlations constrains phenotypic adaptation to high CO2in a eukaryotic alga
Authors: Walworth Nathan G. , Hinners Jana , Argyle Phoebe A. , Leles Suzana G. , Doblin Martina A. , Collins Sinéad , Levine Naomi M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicrobes form the base of food webs and drive biogeochemical cycling. Predicting the effects of microbial evolution on global elemental cycles remains a significant challenge due to the sheer number of interacting environmental and trait combinations. Here we present an approach for integrating multivariate trait data into a predictive model of trait evolution. We investigated the outcome of thousands of possible adaptive walks parameterized using empirical evolution data from the algaChlamydomonasexposed to high CO2. We found that the direction of historical bias (existing trait correlations) influenced both the rate of adaptation and the evolved phenotypes (trait combinations). Critically, we use fitness landscapes derived directly from empirical trait values to capture known evolutionary phenomena. This work demonstrates that ecological models need to represent both changes in traits and changes in the correlation between traits in order to accurately capture phytoplankton evolution and predict future shifts in elemental cycling.
Metabolic Physiological Networks: The Impact of Age
Authors: Barajas-Martínez Antonio , Easton Jonathan F. , Rivera Ana Leonor , Martínez-Tapia Ricardo , de la Cruz Lizbeth , Cabrera Adriana Robles , Stephens Christopher R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMetabolic homeostasis emerges from the interplay between several feedback systems that regulate the physiological variables related to energy expenditure and energy availability, maintaining them within a certain range. Although it is well known how each individual physiological system functions, there is little research focused on how the integration and adjustment of multiple systems results in the generation of metabolic health. The aim here was to generate an integrative model of metabolism, seen as a physiological network, and study how it changes across the human lifespan. We used data from a transverse, community-based study of an ethnically and educationally diverse sample of 2572 adults. Each participant answered an extensive questionnaire and underwent anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist), fasting blood tests (glucose, HbA1c, basal insulin, cholesterol HDL, LDL, triglycerides, uric acid, urea, creatinine), along with vital signs (axillar temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure). The sample was divided into 6 groups of increasing age, beginning with less than 25 years and increasing by decades up to more than 65 years. In order to model metabolic homeostasis as a network, we used these 15 physiological variables as nodes and modeled the links between them, either as a continuous association of those variables, or as a dichotomic association of their corresponding pathological states. Weight and overweight emerged as the most influential nodes in both types of networks, while high betweenness parameters, such as triglycerides, uric acid and insulin, were shown to act as gatekeepers between the affected physiological systems. As age increases, the loss of metabolic homeostasis is revealed by changes in the network’s topology that reflect changes in the system-wide interactions that, in turn, expose underlying health stages. Hence, specific structural properties of the network, such as weighted transitivity, can provide topology-based indicators of health that assess the whole state of the system.
Oxidized RNA Bodies compartmentalize translation quality control inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dhaliwal James S. , Panozzo Cristina , Benard Lionel , Zerges William 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTCytoplasmic RNA granules compartmentalize phases of the translation cycle. We previously reported on the localization of oxidized RNA in human cells to cytoplasmic foci called oxidized RNA bodies (ORBs). Oxidized mRNAs are substrates of translation quality control, wherein defective mRNAs and nascent polypeptides are released from stalled ribosomes and targeted for degradation. Therefore, we asked whether ORBs compartmentalize translation quality control. Here, we identify ORBs inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand characterize them using fluorescence microscopy and proteomics. ORBs are RNA granules that are distinct from processing bodies and stress granules. Several lines of evidence support a role of ORBs in the compartmentalization of central steps in the translation quality control pathways No-Go mRNA decay and ribosome quality control. Active translation is required by both translation quality control and ORBs. ORBs contain two substrates of translation quality control: oxidized RNA and a stalled mRNA-ribosome-nascent chain complex. Translation quality control factors localize to ORBs. Translation quality control mutants have altered ORB number per cell, size, or both. Therefore, ORBs are an intracellular hub of translational quality control.
Hyperprolactinemia in a male pituitary androgen receptor knockout mouse model is associated with a female-like pattern of lactotroph development
Authors: O’Hara Laura , Christian Helen C. , Le Tissier Paul , Smith Lee B. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCirculating prolactin concentration in rodents and humans is sexually dimorphic. Estrogens are a well-characterised stimulator of prolactin release. Circulating prolactin fluctuates throughout the menstrual/estrous cycle of females in response to estrogen levels, but remains continually low in males. We have previously identified androgens as an inhibitor of prolactin release through characterisation of males of a mouse line with a conditional pituitary androgen receptor knockout (PARKO) which have an increase in circulating prolactin, but unchanged lactotroph number. In the present study we aimed to specify the cell type that androgens act on to repress prolactin release. We examined lactotroph-specific, Pit1 lineage-specific and neural-specific conditional AR knockouts, however they did not duplicate the high circulating prolactin seen in the pituitary androgen receptor knockout line, suggesting that the site of androgen repression of prolactin production was another cell type. Using electron microscopy to examine ultrastructure we showed that pituitary androgen receptor knockout male mice develop lactotrophs that resemble those seen in female mice, and that this is likely to contribute to the increase in circulating prolactin. When castrated, pituitary androgen receptor knockout males have significantly reduced circulating prolactin compared to intact males, which suggests that removal of circulating estrogens as well as androgens reduces the stimulation of pituitary prolactin release. However, when expression of selected estrogen-regulated anterior pituitary genes were examined there were no differences in expression level between controls and knockouts. Further investigation is needed into prolactin regulation by changes in androgen-estrogen balance, which has implications not only in the normal sexual dimorphism of physiology but also in diseases such as hyperprolactinemia.
Loss of CPAP expression promotes sustained EGFR signaling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in oral cancer cells
Authors: Gudi Radhika , Janakiraman Harinarayanan , Howe Phillip , Palanisamy Viswanathan , Vasu Chenthamarakshan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Altered epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels can contribute to tumor metastasis and resistance to therapies. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which epithelial cells acquire a mesenchymal and invasive phenotype, contributes significantly to tumor metastasis in OSCC, and EGFR signaling is known to promote this process. Microtubule inhibition therapies cause EGFR inactivation or increase the sensitivity to EGFR targeting drugs in various cancers including OSCC. In this study, using OSCC model, we show that loss of a microtubule/tubulin binding protein, centrosomal protein 4.1-associated protein (CPAP), which is critical for centriole biogenesis and normal functioning of centrosome, caused an increase in the EGFR levels and signaling and, enhanced the EMT features and invasiveness of OSCC cells. Further, depletion of CPAP increased the tumorigenicity of these cells in a xeno-transplant model. Importantly, CPAP loss-associated EMT features and invasiveness of multiple OSCC cells were attenuated upon depletion of EGFR in them. Overall, our novel observations suggest that in addition to its previously known regulatory role in centrosome biogenesis and function, CPAP plays an important role in suppressing EMT and tumorigenesis in OSCC by regulating EGFR homeostasis and signaling.
Dynamics of the COVID -19 Related Publications
Authors: Sarkar Biplab , Munshi Anusheel , Ghosh Bhaswar , Ganesh Tharmarnadar , Manikandan Arjunan , Biswal Subhra Singhdha , Sahid Tanweer , Rajagopalan B , Snegupta Sinjini , Raychaudhuri Sandipan , Bhattacharya Jibak , Gazi Mahasin , De Arundhati , George Kirubha , Ghosh Tanmay , Akhtar Jawed , Mondal Sourav , Mukherjee Mukti , Gupta Rosalima , Roy Soumya , Jassal Kanan , Rastogi Khushboo , Bansal Kanika , Chatterjee Prasenjit , Biswas Litan Naha , Bondopadhay Shymasish , Pradhan Anirudh , Mohanti Bidhu Kalyan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study aims to analyze the dynamics of the published articles and preprints of Covid-19 related literature from different scientific databases and sharing platforms.MethodsThe PubMed, Elsevier, and Research Gate (RG) databases were under consideration in this study over a specific time. Analyses were carried out on the number of publications as (a) function of time (day), (b) journals and (c) authors. Doubling time of the number of publications was analyzed for PubMed “all articles” and Elsevier published articles. Analyzed databases were (1A) PubMed “all articles” (01/12/2019-12/06/2020) (1B) PubMed Review articles (01/12/2019-2/5/2020) and (1C) PubMed Clinical Trials (01/01/2020-30/06/2020) (2) Elsevier all publications (01/12/2019-25/05/2020) (3) RG (Article, Pre Print, Technical Report) (15/04/2020–30/4/2020).FindingsTotal publications in the observation period for PubMed, Elsevier, and RG were 23000, 5898 and 5393 respectively. The average number of publications/day for PubMed, Elsevier and RG were 70.0 ±128.6, 77.6±125.3 and 255.6±205.8 respectively. PubMed shows an avalanche in the number of publication around May 10, number of publications jumped from 6.0±8.4/day to 282.5±110.3/day. The average doubling time for PubMed, Elsevier, and RG was 10.3±4 days, 20.6 days, and 2.3±2.0 days respectively. In PubMed average articles/journal was 5.2±10.3 and top 20 authors representing 935 articles are of Chinese descent. The average number of publications per author for PubMed, Elsevier, and RG was 1.2±1.4, 1.3±0.9, and 1.1±0.4 respectively. Subgroup analysis, PubMed review articles mean and median review time for each article were <0|17±17|77> and 13.9 days respectively; and reducing at a rate of-0.21 days (count)/day.InterpretationAlthough the disease has been known for around 6 months, the number of publications related to the Covid-19 until now is huge and growing very fast with time. It is essential to rationalize the publications scientifically by the researchers, authors, reviewers, and publishing houses.FundingNone