bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ataxic phenotype and neurodegeneration are triggered by the impairment of chaperone‐mediated autophagy in cerebellar neurons
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Ohta Tomoko , Morikawa Yuri , Konno Ayumu , Hirai Hirokazu , Kurauchi Yuki , Hisatsune Akinori , Katsuki Hiroshi , Seki Takahiro 
Published: July 2020

AimsChaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA) is a pathway involved in the autophagy lysosome protein degradation system. CMA has attracted attention as a contributing factor to neurodegenerative diseases since it participates in the degradation of disease‐causing proteins. We previously showed that CMA is generally impaired in cells expressing the proteins causing spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs). Therefore, we investigated the effect of CMA impairment on motor function and the neural survival of cerebellar neurons using the micro RNA (miRNA)‐mediated knockdown of lysosome‐associated protein 2A (LAMP2A), a CMA‐related protein.MethodsWe injected adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 vectors, which express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and miRNA (negative control miRNA or LAMP2A miRNA) under neuron‐specific synapsin I promoter, into cerebellar parenchyma of 4‐week‐old ICR mice. Motor function of mice was evaluated by beam walking and footprint tests. Immunofluorescence experiments of cerebellar slices were conducted to evaluate histological changes in cerebella.ResultsGFP and miRNA were expressed in interneurons (satellite cells and basket cells) in molecular layers and granule cells in the cerebellar cortices, but not in cerebellar Purkinje cells. LAMP2A knockdown in cerebellar neurons triggered progressive motor impairment, prominent loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, interneurons, granule cells at the late stage, and astrogliosis and microgliosis from the early stage.ConclusionsCMA impairment in cerebellar interneurons and granule cells triggers the progressive ataxic phenotype, gliosis and the subsequent degeneration of cerebellar neurons, including Purkinje cells. Our present findings strongly suggest that CMA impairment is related to the pathogenesis of various SCAs.
Treatment outcomes of bumetanide continuous infusion: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hansrivijit Panupong , Techorueangwiwat Chol , Khanal Resha , Dimech Christina T. , Thongprayoon Charat , Cheungpasitporn Wisit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe clinical use of continuous bumetanide infusion for acute heart failure and volume overload is common. However, there is not enough supporting evidence for the use of continuous bumetanide infusion. Thus, we conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis aiming to describe the treatment outcomes of continuous bumetanide infusion. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library for eligible publications. Inclusion criteria were patients age ≥18 years with bumetanide infusion for heart failure, acute kidney injury (AKI) or volume overload. From 1564 citations, three studies (n = 94 patients) were included in the systematic review and meta‐analysis. The mean dose of bumetanide was 1.08 ± 0.43 mg/hour with a mean treatment duration of 45.09 ± 10.12 hours. Mean urine output in response to continuous bumetanide infusion was 1.88 mL/kg/hour (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.72‐2.05). The incidence of AKI with continuous bumetanide infusion was 24.7% (95% CI, 8.2‐54.6). By using Pearson's correlation coefficient, increasing doses of bumetanide were correlated with increased urine output (P = .026) and increased incidence of AKI (P < .01). There was no correlation between increasing urine output and the incidence of AKI (P = .739). In conclusion, with available evidence, continuous bumetanide infusion may be used in the treatment of acute heart failure or volume overload with close monitoring for new‐onset or worsening AKI.
Disease‐modifying treatment of chemical threat agent–induced acute lung injury
Authors: Radbel Jared , Laskin Debra L. , Laskin Jeffrey D. , Kipen Howard M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a highly morbid lung pathology induced by exposure to chemical warfare agents, including vesicants, phosgene, chlorine, and ricin. In this review, we describe the pathology associated with the development of ARDS in humans and experimental models of acute lung injury following animal exposure to these high‐priority threat agents. Potential future approaches to disease‐modifying treatment used in preclinical animal studies, including antioxidants, anti‐inflammatories, biologics, and mesenchymal stem cells, are also described. As respiratory pathologies, including ARDS, are the major cause of morbidity and mortality following exposure to chemical threat agents, understanding mechanisms of disease pathogenesis is key to the development of efficacious therapeutics beyond the primary intervention principle, which remains mechanical ventilation.
Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in preventing harmful weight gain among adolescents: A systematic review of systematic reviews
Authors: Hayba Nematullah , Rissel Chris , Allman Farinelli Margaret 
Published: July 2020

SummaryObesity in adolescence is associated with stigma during school years, early emergence of co‐morbidities in adulthood and premature mortality. Adolescence presents a key window of opportunity to intervene for building healthy eating and physical activity routines and prevent weight gain. This review of reviews assesses the evidence on the effectiveness of prevention interventions conducted with adolescents. Nine reviews assessing the effects of lifestyle interventions in adolescents (defined as age 10 to 19 years old) on weight gain were identified from the 10 health databases searched. Only four reviews conducted meta‐analyses, of which, three (two exercise‐focused) demonstrated positive changes in primary outcomes of body mass index (BMI) and/or BMI z‐score (range of decrease in BMI from 0.06 to 0.47 kg/m2)). Most were conducted in school settings, and all but two reviews were of low quality. Few reviews reported external validity components that would enable clearer directions for policy makers to implement in real‐world settings. More than 140 distinct interventions were included in the reviews, but there remains a serious gap in evidence for effective interventions in adolescents.
Primary prevention implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Donnellan Eoin , Wazni Oussama M. , Hanna Mazen , Saliba Walid , Jaber Wael , Kanj Mohamed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to the poor long‐term prognosis of patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR‐CA), the role of primary prevention implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) in this patient population remains controversial. We aimed to study the impact of primary prevention ICDs on survival in patients with ATTR‐CA.MethodsAmong 382 patients diagnosed with ATTR‐CA at our institution between 2004 and 2018, 19 had primary prevention ICDs implanted. This cohort was matched in a 1:3 manner on the basis of age, gender, ejection fraction (EF) and ATTR‐CA stage with 57 patients without cardiac devices. Patients were followed up for a mean of 23 ± 19 months. Our primary outcome of interest was all‐cause mortality.ResultsMean EF at the time of ICD implantation was 28 ± 8%. No patients had a history of sustained ventricular arrhythmia (VA) at the time of implant. Only a minority of patients were tolerant of optimal medical therapy due to renal impairment, hypotension, or a combination of the two. Death occurred in 43 (75%) patients without primary prevention ICDs and 16 (84%) patients with primary prevention ICDs, P = .26. Of the 19 patients with ICDs, three had inappropriate shocks delivered for atrial fibrillation, and none had therapies for sustained VAs. On Cox proportional hazards analyses, the presence of a primary prevention ICD was not associated with improved survival (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.4‐1.3, P = .27).ConclusionPrimary prevention ICDs do not prolong survival in patients with ATTR‐CA and a reduced EF. Our findings are observational and will need to be validated in future prospective studies.
Successful ABO‐incompatible living donor liver transplant for acute liver failure secondary to Hodgkin's Lymphoma in a child
Authors: Brannigan Lliam , Etheredge Harriet R. , Beretta Marisa , Demopoulos Despina , Bennett Kate G. , Beringer Nadia , Reynders Marelize , Botha Jean F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe present a case of pediatric ALF, secondary to hepatic HL, who underwent a successful ABOi living donor liver transplant. We believe this is the first such case reported in academic literature. HL with liver involvement is extremely rare and is not considered an indication for transplantation. The 12‐year‐old, male patient presented with a viral illness prodrome, and parvovirus was detected in pre‐transplant laboratory cultures. He received an ABOi living donor liver graft followed by a course of plasma exchange and rituximab after which standard immunosuppression was used. The HL was diagnosed on hepatic biopsy post‐transplant. Subsequently, the patient commenced six cycles of R‐CHOP chemotherapy. During chemotherapy, we stopped tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil. Immunosuppression was maintained with corticosteroids in‐between cycles. The patient is alive and reports good quality of life 1‐year post‐transplant. The HL is in remission. During the post‐operative period, the patient experienced four episodes of neutropenia, a bile leak, and gram‐negative sepsis. One episode of acute rejection has been treated. Although we did not initially transplant the patient for ALF secondary to HL, its subsequent diagnosis and the patient's response to management raises many issues that warrant consideration. While the findings from a single case cannot be generalized, this could be a “proof of concept” for liver transplantation in hepatic HL. We hope it will facilitate discussions and potentially expand therapeutic options available to this very small group patients.
Analysis of physiological and metabolite response of Celosia argentea to copper stress
Authors: Wang S. , He T. , Xu F. , Li X. , Yuan L. , Wang Q. , Liu H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Copper‐tolerant (Cu) plants with high ornamental value play an important role in the ecological restoration of the copper tail mining area. We first discovered Celosia argentea adaptability in a copper mine area in China; however, its resistance to Cu and the underlying mechanism are not clear.

In this study, C. argentea was selected for pot culture experiments. Its heavy metal accumulation and translocation, physiological and metabolic products were analysed under different growth concentrations of Cu (0–2400 mg.kg−1) stress.

Our results indicated that roots strongly accumulated Cu2+. Oxidative stress defence mechanisms were activated in leaves under Cu treatment. Higher Cu concentrations triggered higher electrolyte leakage (EL), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activity, and consequently a higher capacity to scavenge oxygen radicals and maintain cellular membrane integrity. In the citrate cycle, some amino acids and sugars related to biological pathways were altered in C. argentea exposed to Cu stress. Metabolomics data revealed that C. argentea used elevated sugar content as an antioxidant to regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Some organic acids and amino acids were up‐regulated compared with the control, indicating that these may chelate Cu in cells to remove excess Cu2+. The up‐regulation of polyamines and some organic acids may mitigate oxidative stress.

These results indicate that C. argentea could be used as a Cu‐tolerant plant in Cu mine restoration. Its Cu tolerance mechanism also provides a basis for future plant improvement or breeding for use in mine restoration.
Temperature‐dependent resistance to potato virus M in potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Tatarowska Beata , Plich Jarosław , Milczarek Dorota , Flis Bogdan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPotato virus M (PVM) is present worldwide and the vast majority of potato cultivars are susceptible to PVM infection. The only source of PVM resistance intentionally introduced into potato cultivars is Solanum megistacrolobum, which is a donor of the Rm gene. However, differences in S. megistacrolobum‐derived resistance of potato clones have been observed. The aim of our study was to assess the influence of temperature on PVM infection of potato plants. The reaction of potato clones originating from S. megistacrolobum to inoculation with PVM and incubation at various temperature regimes (20 and 28°C) was evaluated. The presence of PVM in inoculated plants as well as in their tuber progeny was qualitatively detected by a double‐antibody sandwich (DAS)‐ELISA and quantitatively detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐qPCR). In the examined clones, three types of resistance reactions were observed: (a) Rm‐based resistance, (b) temperature‐dependent resistance, and (c) susceptibility. In potato clones with Rm‐based resistance, multiplication of PVM was completely inhibited regardless of incubation temperature. In the second group of clones, PVM resistance was dependent on temperature: in plants incubated at 20°C, the virus was present in inoculated plants as well as in tuber progeny plants, while in plants incubated at 28°C, complete inhibition of virus multiplication was observed. In the susceptible potato clones, PVM accumulated to a high level at both temperatures. We assume that S. megistacrolobum‐derived potato resistance to PVM infection is highly complex, and in addition to Rm‐based resistance, there are other resistance mechanisms, and resistance is at least partly based on temperature‐dependent reactions.
High working memory load impairs selective attention: EEG signatures
Authors: Wei Hua , Zhou Renlai 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAccording to the load theory of attention, increased working memory load impairs selective attention, resulting in greater distractor interference during inhibitory control processing. However, the EEG signatures correlated with this modulation effect of working memory on inhibitory control remain unclear. In present study, 25 healthy human participants performed a flanker task in a low and high working memory load conditions, while behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) data were recorded. The results showed a larger reaction time interference effect while increasing working memory load, and this was accompanied by a larger N2 amplitude and a smaller P3 amplitude for incongruent trials. Time–frequency analysis revealed that, increased working memory load had no significant modulation effect on flanker related theta‐ERS magnitude. Incongruent trials evoked smaller alpha‐ERD magnitude than congruent trials in both low and high working memory load conditions. Increased working memory load was associated with larger flanker related alpha‐ERD magnitude. Taken together, these results suggested that increased working memory load can impair top‐down cognitive control processes, impairing inhibitory control processes during performance of the flanker task.
Effects of roflumilast on arterial stiffness in COPD (ELASTIC): A randomized trial
Authors: Urban Matthias H. , Kreibich Nicole , Gleiss Andreas , Funk Georg‐Christian , Hartl Sylvia , Burghuber Otto C. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveCardiovascular risk is substantially increased in patients with COPD and can be quantified via arterial stiffness. The PDE‐IV inhibitor roflumilast revealed a potential reduction of COPD‐related cardiovascular risk. We aimed to investigate the effects of roflumilast on arterial stiffness by quantification of pulse wave velocity (PWV) in stable COPD.MethodsIn this randomized placebo‐controlled trial, 80 COPD patients received roflumilast or placebo for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was the change in cf‐PWV. Secondary outcomes comprised markers of vascular function (e.g. Aix and RHI), systemic inflammation (e.g. IL‐6 and TNF‐α) and clinical characteristics of COPD (e.g. CAT and 6MWT).ResultsA total of 33 and 34 patients completed the roflumilast and placebo arm, respectively (age, median (IQR): 64.5 (61–69.5) vs 64.5 (56–72) years; FEV1, median (IQR): 34.5 (25.5–48.6) vs 35.3 (27–46.8) % predicted; 6MWT, median (IQR): 428 (340–558) vs 456 (364–570) m). Change from baseline PWV did not show a significant difference between roflumilast and placebo (+5.0 (95% CI: −2.0 to +13.0) vs 0.0 (95% CI: −7.0 to +7.0)%, P = 0.268). Roflumilast did not improve markers of vascular function or systemic inflammation. We observed a significant improvement in change from baseline 6MWT with roflumilast versus placebo (+53.0 (95% CI: +19.1 to +86.9) vs −0.92 (95% CI: −35.1 to +33.3) m, P = 0.026).ConclusionOur study revealed no beneficial effects of roflumilast on arterial stiffness. Further studies are needed to test a potential improvement of exercise capacity with roflumilast in COPD.
Persistent orofacial pain associated with nasopharyngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma
Authors: Kulkarni Roopali , Ashshi Rawan , Mupparapu Mel , Tanaka Takako I. , Sollecito Thomas P. , Stoopler Eric T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOrofacial pain (OFP) disorders affect the maxillofacial complex and typically involve other locations in the head and neck. Common etiologies of OFP disorders include odontogenic sources, temporomandibular disorders, neuropathic pain, chemosensory disorders, and headaches. Less commonly, benign and malignant neoplasms can be associated with OFP complaints. Patients with OFP symptoms require a thorough evaluation and are often referred to additional healthcare providers for interprofessional management. In those OFP patients whose symptoms do not respond to conventional treatment(s), whose symptoms change over time, or who report positive responses to review of systems questions that suggest more extensive involvement, further investigation is warranted. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of nasopharyngeal extramedullary plasmacytoma, a localized malignant neoplasm, associated with persistent OFP.
Tracking skin colour and wrinkle changes during cosmetic product trials using smartphone images
Authors: Smeaton Alan F. , Srungavarapu Swathikiran , Messaraa Cyril , Tansey Claire 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo explore how the efficacy of product trials for skin cosmetics can be improved through the use of consumer‐level images taken by volunteers using a conventional smartphone.Materials and Methods12 women aged 30‐60 years participated in a product trial and had close‐up images of the cheek and temple regions of their faces taken with a high‐resolution Antera 3D CS camera at the start and end of a 4‐week period. Additionally, they each had “selfies” of the same regions of their faces taken regularly throughout the trial period. Automatic image analysis to identify changes in skin colour used three kinds of colour normalisation and analysis for wrinkle composition identified edges and calculated their magnitude.ResultsImages taken at the start and end of the trial acted as baseline ground truth for normalisation of smartphone images and showed large changes in both colour and wrinkle magnitude during the trial for many volunteers.ConclusionsResults demonstrate that regular use of selfie smartphone images within trial periods can add value to interpretation of the efficacy of the trial.
Microlearning to improve CPD learning objectives
Authors: Prior Filipe Helena , Paton Morag , Tipping Jane , Schneeweiss Suzan , Mack Heather G 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYBackgroundDespite active involvement in teaching, clinical educators facilitating the continuing professional development (CPD) of their fellow specialists may not have formal training in medical education. Although required to write focused, measurable, topic‐relevant, attainable and time‐bound learning objectives to clearly inform learners on their learning intentions, CPD educators often receive no training on how to develop them. Microlearning is an online learning format occurring without real‐time or interpersonal interaction, aiming to deliver easily accessible small units of focused information that are readily applicable for professionals. We hypothesised that Portuguese ophthalmologist educators lecturing to their fellow specialists would benefit from a microlearning experience (MLE) to improve the quality of their learning objectives.MethodsWe created an MLE about writing effective learning objectives. In phase 1, 25 clinical educators, scheduled to lecture at an ophthalmology conference in Portugal, were invited to watch the MLE, write and classify their learning objectives according to Bloom's modified taxonomy, and complete an evaluation survey. In phase 2, 86 clinical educators were invited to view the MLE and complete the survey.ResultsIn phase 1, 20% of participants completed the exercise and survey. They categorised their objectives high on Bloom's taxonomy, considered the MLE useful and stated their intent to apply the principles learned in practice. In phase 2, 29% of participants provided feedback. All agreed that the intervention was clear and useful and 87% expressed an intent to use this information in their educational practice.ConclusionsThe majority of participants found the MLE clear and useful. Further studies are necessary to measure the impact of the MLEs used by clinical educators.
Spatial patterns and temporal tendency of mortality related to Chagas disease in an endemic area of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Góes José Augusto Passos , Andrade Lucas Almeida , Carvalho Mylena Simões , Araújo Damião da Conceição , Santos Márcio Bezerra , Tanajura Diego Moura , de Menezes Andreia Freire , de Araújo Karina Conceição Gomes Machado , dos Santos Allan Dantas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse spatial patterns and the temporal tendency of mortality related to Chagas disease, in order to identify priority control areas in the state of Sergipe, Northeast Brazil.MethodsWe conducted an ecological and time‐series study with spatial analysis techniques on deaths from Chagas disease in the state of Sergipe (1996–2016). We used data from the Mortality Information System (SIM). The temporal analysis was performed using a statistical technique capable of describing changes in the trend pattern for the period. Thematic maps were elaborated from point and polygonal analyses.ResultsThere were 247 deaths related to Chagas disease, with a mean of 11.7 deaths/year, most of them male (64%), and aged 50–59 years (21%) and 60–69 years (26%). Two segments with increasing, non‐constant and significant trends were identified: 1996–2005 (APC = 21.6%; P = 0.01) and 2005–2016 (APC = 4.4%; P = 0.01), with APPC = 11.8% (P = 0.01). A positive and significant spatial autocorrelation with areas of higher risk of death was found in the southern region of the state.ConclusionsThe trend of mortality related to Chagas disease in the state of Sergipe was increasing during the period analysed, with a heterogeneous distribution of cases. A main risk area was identified in the southern region of the state.