bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking up Answers to Political Knowledge Questions in Web Surveys
Authors: Höhne Jan Karem , Cornesse Carina , Schlosser Stephan , Couper Mick P , Blom Annelies G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Political knowledge can affect measures obtained in public opinion research and political science. When asked political knowledge questions, some respondents look up the answers online, inflating political knowledge scores. This response behavior is detectable in web surveys using paradata. This study investigates whether and to what extent respondents switch away from the survey to search for answers online using JavaScript OnBlur functions. Respondents were randomly assigned to device types (PC or smartphone) and response formats (open or closed) and answered a self-report question. The results reveal that about 30 percent of the respondents look up answers, depending on the device type and response format. They also reveal that switching away and correct answers are significantly associated with the response format. These findings provide new insights on looking up answers online and show that paradata are a promising new method to detect response behavior that may lead to incorrect inferences about respondents’ political knowledge. The findings also show that paradata and self-reports complement each other and that both measures should be combined in future web surveys measuring political knowledge.
Is seronegative rheumatoid arthritis true rheumatoid arthritis? A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Paalanen Kirsi , Puolakka Kari , Nikiphorou Elena , Hannonen Pekka , Sokka Tuulikki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The classification of seronegative arthritides can be challenging. Our aim was to examine the incidence of SpA diagnosis among patients initially diagnosed as seronegative RA.

Methods
Using nationwide Finnish registers from social insurance institutions, we identified all adult patients who were diagnosed with incident seronegative RA [International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 code M06] from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2014. The patients whose diagnoses subsequently changed to the ICD-10 codes of SpA (M07, M45, M46, K50 and K51) were identified in the national care register, until 31 December 2016.

Results
A total of 9784 adult seronegative RA patients were identified. Of these, 564 patients had their diagnosis subsequently changed to SpA: 275 (48.7%) patients with PsA, 245 (43.4%) patients with axial SpA and 44 (7.8%) patients with diagnoses related to IBD. The cumulative incidence of SpA diagnoses in 15 years was 10.4% (95% CI 8.9, 12.1) and 8.1% (95% CI 7.1, 9.3) in men and women, respectively.

Conclusion
This study calls for vigilance in seronegative RA patients, especially those with more atypical presentations, since the diagnosis could change. The possibility of SpA diagnosis should be considered and specifically looked for, as this could impact on management and response to treatment.
Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Hui-Min , Liu Yi , Zhang Ren-Jie , Ding Jing-Yu , Shen Cai-Liang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms with OA susceptibility.

Methods
Meta-analyses were performed using allelic contrast, contrast of homozygotes, and recessive and dominant models to clarify the association between OA and VDR ApaI, BsmI, TaqI and FokI polymorphisms. Odds ratio (OR) and the corresponding 95% CI were obtained, and subgroup analyses were performed based on the ethnicity and OA sites.

Results
A total of 18 studies with 2983 OA patients and 4177 controls were included in this meta-analysis. There were statistically significant associations in the spine between OA susceptibility and the VDR BsmI (B vs b: OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.53, P = 0.026; BB vs bb: OR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.02, 2.37, P = 0.038) and TaqI (T vs t: OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.99, P = 0.044; TT vs Tt + tt: OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.95, P = 0.028) polymorphisms, but not for the other polymorphisms. A statistically significant association was found between the VDR FokI polymorphism and OA susceptibility in the knee in the recessive model contrast (FF vs Ff + ff: OR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.95, P = 0.028), but this result was only pooled from one study. However, no significant associations were found between the VDR ApaI polymorphism and OA. Besides, ethnic stratification also indicated that there was no significant association between VDR gene polymorphism and OA in Caucasians or Asians.

Conclusion
Our meta-analysis suggests that the VDR BsmI and TaqI polymorphisms are associated with OA susceptibility in the spine. However, the VDR ApaI polymorphism is not a significant genetic risk factor for OA.
Scrutinising the role of members in charitable companies: Lehtimäki and others v Cooper [2020] UKSC 33
Authors: Leung Samuel Yee Ching 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The law of charities is generally recognised as a branch of the law of trust but, nonetheless, has received special judicial treatment as distinguished from ordinary trust doctrines. In Lehtimäki and others v Cooper [2020] UKSC 33, interesting but difficult questions arose as to how the court should treat the members of charitable companies, and the decision made by the court has significant implications in charity law and trust law. First, the court has recognised the members as fiduciaries to charitable companies, but the boundary of the fiduciary duty needs further judicial clarification. Secondly, the court created an exception to the well-settled “non-intervention principle” in trust law but it calls for scrutiny. Lastly, Lehtimäki has an impact on the corporate governance of charitable companies, since it held that fiduciaries of charitable companies must obey an order made by the court which exercises a discretion of the trustees upon their surrender of discretion.
Reading Three Landscapes in the Nineteenth-Century U.S. West
Authors: O’Donnell Ronan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Previous work examining the interactions between people and their physical environment in the U.S. West has tended to neglect the spatial scale between individual sites, such as settlements and regions. This study seeks a solution to this problem by testing the methods of landscape history in three case studies in the State of Colorado. The use of historical maps alongside other manuscript sources reveals that western landscapes provide a fruitful arena for such work. For instance, it is possible to show that there is great variation in human settlement and land use within individual landscapes and between the case study areas. At the same time, is has been possible to chart patterns of change and continuity in the human use and alteration of the landscapes through the construction of settlements, roads, and field systems and to suggest reasons why these features took certain forms. Consequently, there is great potential for similar studies elsewhere in the U.S. West, and such studies are likely to have a significant impact upon on our understanding of the region’s history.
An integrated approach to re-evaluate the validity of the family Leptobathynellidae (Crustacea: Bathynellacea)
Authors: Camacho Ana I , Mas-Peinado Paloma , Reddy Yenumula Ranga , Bandari Elia , Shaik Shabbudin , Perina Giulia , Dorda Beatriz A , Casado Adrian , Rey Isabel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe systematic status of the controversial crustacean family Leptobathynellidae is investigated using molecular and morphological methods in this study. Partial sequences of the nuclear 18S gene are studied from 28 genera of Bathynellacea from several continents. The analysis includes some of the most plesiomorphic genera of the family Parabathynellidae, such as Billibathynella and Brevisomabathynella from Australia; Habrobathynella and Parvulobathynella from India; the diverse Iberobathynella; the cosmopolitan genus Hexabathynella; and representative genera of two subfamilies of Bathynellidae (Gallobathynellinae and Bathynellinae). We used a molecular approach to analyse the systematic relationships amongst 64 species from Europe, North America, Australia and Asia, and review the morphological characters relevant at the family level. The molecular phylogeny clearly shows the presence of three highly divergent clades that could represent the three families. This is the first molecular phylogenetic reconstruction of Bathynellacea that can be used to: (1) verify the validity of Leptobathynellidae, (2) explore the diversity of the families and (3) explore the phylogenetic relationships among families. We propose a plausible evolutionary scenario for the order Bathynellacea.
Use of AM-PAC “6 Click” Scores to Predict Discharge Location Post-hospitalization in Adults With Cardiovascular Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Fernandez Natalia , Gore Shweta , Benson Samantha , Blackwood Jennifer 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:Scores on the Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AMPAC) 6-Clicks are used in the hospital setting as functional measures to guide care and discharge recommendations. However, limited evidence exists regarding the accuracy of AMPAC 6-Clicks in predicting discharge location for those with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of AM-PAC 6-Clicks scores to predict discharge to home/self-care from an acute care hospital in adults with CVD.Methods:A retrospective review of medical record data comprised of AM-PAC 6-Clicks basic mobility or daily activity scores at physical or occupational therapy evaluation and discharge was completed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if 6-Clicks scores could predict discharge to home/self-care while controlling for age, insurance type, and length of stay. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created to determine the 6-Clicks scores with the best sensitivity/specificity to determine discharge to home/self-care.Results:Logistic regression models indicated that the basic mobility score at discharge from physical therapy services accounted for 71% of the variance in predicting discharge to home/self-care after controlling for covariates. The best 6-Clicks non-converted cutoff value for accuracy of discharge to home/self-care was 20.50 for daily activity and 18.5 for basic mobility completed at discharge.Conclusions:Basic mobility scores at discharge are significant predictors of discharge to home/self-care in older adults with CVD. Further inpatient rehabilitation services should be considered for patients who score less than 18.5 (converted = 44.5) on the basic mobility or 20.50 (converted = 43.15) on the daily activity measures.
Shave Excision Versus Elliptical Excision of Nonpigmented Intradermal Melanocytic Nevi: Comparative Assessment of Recurrence and Cosmetic Outcomes
Authors: Camini Leandra , Manzoni Ana Paula Dornelles , Weber Magda Blessmann , Luzzato Laura , Soares Andréa Santos , Bonamigo Renan Rangel 
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND
Nonpigmented intradermal melanocytic nevi (IMN) are benign lesions often removed for cosmetic reasons. There is no consensus as to the best technique for IMN excision.

OBJECTIVE
To compare cosmetic outcomes and risk of recurrence after shave excision versus elliptical excision of IMN.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized clinical trial, patients underwent shave excision or elliptical excision with sutured closure of IMN of the face or back. Recurrence, patient satisfaction, cosmetic outcome, postoperative discomfort, scar size, discoloration, and presence of hypertrophic or keloid scars were evaluated at 3, 6, and 9 months.

RESULTS
Overall, 145 nevi were removed from 45 patients (86.7% women, mean age 52.1 ± 12.5 years). The recurrence rate was 11.7%, occurring only after shave excision; 94.1% of recurrences were observed at 3-month follow-up. Shave excision was associated with less discomfort 48 hours after intervention but a greater likelihood of involved lateral and deep margins (p < .001). Scars were larger after elliptical excision and suture than after shave excision (p < .01). The mean patient satisfaction was higher in the shave excision group (p < .004).

CONCLUSION
Shave excision of IMN is associated with higher rates of involved surgical margins and recurrence than elliptical excision but provides superior cosmesis and patient satisfaction.
Topical Scar Treatment Products for Wounds: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tran Benjamin , Wu Jashin J. , Ratner Desiree , Han George 
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND
There is an increasing number of over-the-counter topical products that are said to prevent pathologic scar formation and improve scar cosmesis. However, robust clinical data are lacking to substantiate these claims and to guide selection of topical products.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness of topical scar management products, including silicone gel, Allium cepa onion extract, vitamin E, trolamine, and microporous tape.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
A PubMed search (2005–2019) was performed to identify studies of topical scar management products. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), quasi-RCTs, meta-analyses, and controlled clinical trials were included for analysis.

RESULTS
A total of 34 trials were included in this study. Of the 16 trials investigating silicone gel sheets, numerous high-quality RCTs found that silicone gel sheets and silicone gels significantly improved scar outcomes. Only a limited number of studies supported the effectiveness of onion extract, vitamin E, trolamine, and microporous tape products.

CONCLUSION
Silicone gel products are an effective noninvasive treatment to prevent formation of pathologic scars and improve mature scars. Further high-quality studies are needed to elucidate the long-term effectiveness of these therapies.
Development of a Model of the Acute and Delayed Effects of High Dose Radiation Exposure in Jackson Diversity Outbred Mice; Comparison to Inbred C57BL/6 Mice
Authors: Patterson Andrea M. , Plett P. Artur , Chua Hui Lin , Sampson Carol H. , Fisher Alexa , Feng Hailin , Unthank Joseph L. , Miller Steven J. , Katz Barry P. , MacVittie Thomas J. , Orschell Christie M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Development of medical countermeasures against radiation relies on robust animal models for efficacy testing. Mouse models have advantages over larger species due to economics, ease of conducting aging studies, existence of historical databases, and research tools allowing for sophisticated mechanistic studies. However, the radiation dose-response relationship of inbred strains is inherently steep and sensitive to experimental variables, and inbred models have been criticized for lacking genetic diversity. Jackson Diversity Outbred (JDO) mice are the most genetically diverse strain available, developed by the Collaborative Cross Consortium using eight founder strains, and may represent a more accurate model of humans than inbred strains. Herein, models of the Hematopoietic-Acute Radiation Syndrome and the Delayed Effects of Acute Radiation Exposure were developed in JDO mice and compared to inbred C57BL/6. The dose response relationship curve in JDO mice mirrored the more shallow curves of primates and humans, characteristic of genetic diversity. JDO mice were more radioresistant than C57BL/6 and differed in sensitivity to antibiotic countermeasures. The model was validated with pegylated-G-CSF, which provided significantly enhanced 30-d survival and accelerated blood recovery. Long-term JDO survivors exhibited increased recovery of blood cells and functional bone marrow hematopoietic progenitors compared to C57BL/6. While JDO hematopoietic stem cells declined more in number, they maintained a greater degree of quiescence compared to C57BL/6, which is essential for maintaining function. These JDO radiation models offer many of the advantages of small animals with the genetic diversity of large animals, providing an attractive alternative to currently available radiation animal models.
Simultaneous Orbital and Intracranial Abscesses in 17 Cases
Authors: Park Michael M. , Ahmed Osama M. , Ng John D. , Vloka Caroline N. , Dansdill Daniel , Shinder Roman , Sniegowski Matthew , Richani Karina , Lucarelli Mark J. , van Landingham Suzanne W. , Pointdujour-Lim Renelle 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
To describe the demographics, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes of a rare cohort with simultaneous orbital and intracranial abscesses.

Methods:
A historical cohort study of 17 patients with simultaneous orbital and intracranial abscesses between 2010 and 2018 was performed. The demographics, location of abscesses, treatment, and outcomes of these patients were analyzed.

Results:
The mean age was 26.9 years (range 5–83 years). Fourteen patients (82%) were male. In this cohort, the most common orbital abscess location was the superior orbit, involved in 14 patients (82%). The most common site of intracranial abscess was the frontal lobe, involved in 16 patients (94%). Concurrent sinus disease was present in 16 patients (94%). Surgical evacuation was the standard of treatment, with 94% of patients undergoing at least one surgical procedure. Streptococcus species were the most common, isolated from 6 sinus cultures (43%), 3 orbitotomy cultures (21%), and 4 craniectomy cultures (36%). Staphylococcus species were also common. Most patients (94%) had stable or improved mental status and visual function at the conclusion of their treatment.

Conclusions:
Simultaneous orbital and intracranial abscesses are rare. Local invasion from the orbit into the intracranial space may occur from direct spread, thus superior orbital abscesses pose the greatest risk for intracranial spread. Additional factors such as infection with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species as well as male sex appear to be risk factors for intracranial spread. For those who develop intracranial abscesses, young age and absence of seizures or altered mental status at presentation may be associated with favorable outcomes.
Clinical evaluation of a new monofocal IOL with enhanced intermediate function in patients with cataract
Authors: Auffarth Gerd U. , Gerl Matthias , Tsai Linda , Janakiraman D. Priya , Jackson Beth , Alarcon Aixa , Dick H. Burkhard ,   Quantum Study Group
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of 2 enhanced monofocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). The TECNIS Eyhance IOL (Model ICB00) was compared with a standard monofocal IOL (TECNIS Monofocal, Model ZCB00).

Setting:
European multicenter study.

Design:
Prospective, bilateral, randomized, comparative/evaluator-masked, controlled study.

Methods:
Adult subjects scheduled to undergo bilateral, primary phacoemulsification cataract extraction and posterior IOL implantation were randomized to receive the enhanced monofocal ICB00 IOL or the monofocal ZCB00 IOL in both eyes. Monocular endpoints at 6 months included distance-corrected intermediate visual acuity (DCIVA), photopic corrected distance visual acuity, and uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA). Binocular visual acuities, monocular corrected distance contrast sensitivity (first eyes), patient-reported outcomes, and safety were assessed at 6 months.

Results:
Overall, 139 patients were bilaterally implanted with the enhanced monofocal IOL (n = 67) or standard monofocal IOL (n = 72) and available for the 6-month visit. The enhanced monofocal IOL significantly improved mean monocular and binocular DCIVA and UIVA by at least 1-line logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution vs the standard monofocal IOL (all P ≤ .0001). Distance vision for the enhanced monofocal IOL was 20/20 or better and comparable with that of the standard monofocal lens at 6 months. Contrast sensitivity, photic phenomena outcomes, and rates of adverse events were similar between the 2 groups.

Conclusions:
In patients undergoing cataract surgery, TECNIS Eyhance IOL Model ICB00 provided enhanced intermediate vision and similar distance performance and photic phenomena compared with a standard monofocal IOL, along with improved functional performance in daily life.
Trichloroacetic Acid Peel Technique for the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Smith Jordan A. , Macknet K. Dale , Anderson Nancy J. , Wong Samantha , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peels are a treatment used to improve the skin's appearance and exfoliate the skin surface by coagulating both living and dead keratinocytes. Peels can be performed with different strength concentrations of acid to achieve different depths of exfoliation. Superficial peels (for cosmetic indications) are often performed with a 10%–25% TCA solution. Because TCA is able to penetrate the stratum spinosum (the depth of dysplastic cells in actinic keratosis), medium-depth 35% TCA peels may be used as an adjuvant therapy for actinic keratoses.
Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis Case Report
Authors: Mannke Kristin , Maguire Madeleine 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis, also known as Henoch–Schönlein purpura, is a type of cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis. IgA vasculitis typically presents with nonblanching, palpable purpura favoring dependent sites and areas of trauma (Bolognia et al., 2014). In some cases, IgA vasculitis is associated with systemic disease—most commonly, kidney injury. Nevertheless, most cases of IgA vasculitis are self-limiting, and the disease resolves over weeks to months (Bolognia et al., 2017).
Eligibility for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis, Intention to Use Preexposure Prophylaxis, and Informal Use of Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Authors: Hulstein Sebastiaan H. , Matser Amy , van der Loeff Maarten F. Schim , Hoornenborg Elske , Prins Maria , de Vries Henry J.C. 
Published: September 2020

Background
Before 2019, availability of affordable HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) was limited in the Netherlands. Consequently, some men who have sex with men and transgender persons obtained PrEP informally, that is, without a prescription.

Methods
Between September 2017 and August 2018, we enrolled informal PrEP users in a cohort study (Informal PrEP [InPrEP]) at the Amsterdam Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) Clinic. We compared PrEP use, PrEP eligibility and intention, chemsex, and STI positivity between 3 groups: (1) informal PrEP users enrolled in InPrEP, (2) nonenrolled informal PrEP users, and (3) non-PrEP users. Also, we assessed intention and associated characteristics among non-PrEP users who were eligible for PrEP.

Results
During the study period, we enrolled 118 informal PrEP users in InPrEP who were compared with 224 nonenrolled informal PrEP users and 4975 non-PrEP users. Preexposure prophylaxis eligibility rates were 83.1%, 93.4%, and 63.0%; chemsex were reported by 39.1%, 48.1%, and 11.7%; and STI positivity was reported by 28.0%, 42.5%, and 20.3%, respectively. Among PrEP-eligible non-PrEP users, PrEP intention was 16.6% and associated with increasing age, non-Dutch origin, higher educational level, receptive condomless anal sex, increasing number of sex partners, chemsex, and sex with men only.

Conclusions
Most informal PrEP users are eligible to use PrEP and have a clear sexual health care need. Especially in settings with limited PrEP access, providing the necessary care for informal PrEP users is important. The intention to use PrEP is low among PrEP-eligible STI clinic visitors. Further research should investigate modes to increase PrEP intention among PrEP-eligible persons.