bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION IN YOUNG PATIENTS
Authors: Eah Kyu Sang , Kim You Na , Park Yu Jeong , Lee Joo Yong , Kim June-Gone , Yoon Young Hee , Kim Yoon Jeon 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of young patients with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO).

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study involved treatment-naïve patients with CRVO. Medical records regarding basic demographics, predisposing factors, ocular characteristics, and treatments were reviewed and compared according to age at CRVO onset.

Results:
We enrolled 263 patients, of whom 69 were younger patients. Younger patients had higher prevalence of nontraditional risk factors including physical or psychological stress (P = 0.032), hematologic abnormalities (P = 0.003), and better visual acuity at baseline and last visit (all P < 0.001) and were unlikely to undergo intravitreal injections (47.8 vs. 68.6%, P < 0.001) during follow-up. Younger patients had higher prevalence of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (28.1 vs. 4.7%, P < 0.001). Older age (odds ratio = 1.165, P = 0.028), male sex (odds ratio = 7.074, P = 0.034), coexisting renal disease (odds ratio = 7.845, P = 0.050), and poor baseline visual acuity (odds ratio = 16.069, P = 0.002) were significant risk factors for poor visual outcomes in young CRVO patients.

Conclusion:
Younger CRVO patients had a milder clinical course with fewer treatments and were more likely to have nontraditional risk factors than older patients.
NOVEL METHOD FOR IMAGE AVERAGING OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY IMAGES
Authors: Spaide Richard F. , Ledesma-Gil Gerardo 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To develop a method of averaging optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography to improve visualization of choriocapillaris structure.

Methods:
A stack of OCT angiographic data from vascular layers were placed into the red-green-blue channels of a conventional digital color image. The superficial plexus was placed in the blue channel, choriocapillaris in the green, and deep vascular plexus in the red channel. The red-green-blue images derived from nine separate OCT angiographic scans were registered using an automatic registration sequence and the images were averaged. The averaged red-green-blue image was then split into the three averaged component layers. The technique is flexible and any vascular layer, such as macular neovascularization, can be used as well.

Results:
The utility of the imaging method was demonstrated by showing the imaging of two different diseases. A patient with a history of familial amyloidosis, hypertension, kidney failure, kidney transplantation, and prednisone use, followed by central serous chorioretinopathy treated by photodynamic therapy. She had alterations in retinal pigment epithelial pigmentation and widespread abnormalities of autofluorescence. She showed remarkably decreased vascular density and vessel configuration of her choriocapillaris. A patient with pseudoxanthoma elasticum with subretinal drusenoid deposits at an early age also showed marked decreased choriocapillaris density and vascular configuration. These findings were compared with healthy controls of similar age with no abnormalities.

Conclusion:
The detailed method is capable of averaging choriocapillaris OCT angiographic images using a simple automatic method. Image averaging offers opportunity to improve the noisy OCT angiographic images such that actual vascular structure is visible.
Mulitmodal Corneal Imaging of Genetically Confirmed Keratitis–Ichthyosis–Deafness Syndrome
Authors: Lee Lenis Tamara , Zhang Wenlin , Shibayama Vivian , Al-Hashimi Saba , Aldave Anthony J. , Deng Sophie X. , Fung Simon S. M. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness (KID) syndrome is characterized by a congenital triad of keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness, and is most commonly associated with mutations in the gap junction protein beta 2 gene (GJB2) on chromosome 13q11-q12.

Methods:
Multimodal anterior segment imaging and genetic testing were used to supplement clinical examination findings in the diagnosis and management of a 12-year-old boy with suspected KID syndrome.

Results:
The patient presented with hearing loss, ichthyosis of the face and extremities, and corneal scarring and keratinization. The corneal limbal stem cell population was found to be normal on in vivo confocal microscopy, whereas the basal epithelium of the cornea demonstrated scarring and areas of cellular loss. Screening of GJB2 revealed a presumed pathogenic heterozygous missense mutation, c.148G>A, confirming the diagnosis of KID syndrome.

Conclusions:
Multimodal imaging including in vivo confocal microscopy suggests that dysfunctional corneal basal epithelium maturation might contribute to the pathophysiology of keratopathy in KID syndrome.
Assessing effector T cells in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Arif Sefina , Pujol-Autonell Irma , Eichmann Martin 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
The role of T cells specific for islet autoantigens is proven in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Recently, there has been rapid expansion in the number of T-cell subsets identified, this has coincided with an increase in the repertoire of reported islet antigens mainly through the discovery of novel epitopes. A discussion of how these marry together is now warranted and timely.

Recent findings
In this review, we will discuss the autoreactivity against neo-epitopes. We then explore the growing array of T-cell subsets for both CD4+ T cells, including follicular and peripheral T helper cells, and CD8+ T cells, discussing evolution from naïve to exhausted phenotypes. Finally, we detail how subsets correlate with disease stage and loss of β-cell function and are impacted by immunotherapy.

Summary
The expanding list of T-cell subsets may be potentially encouraging in terms of elucidating disease mechanisms and have a role as biomarkers for disease progression. Furthermore, T-cell subsets can be used in stratifying patients for clinical trials and for monitoring immunotherapy outcomes. However, the definition of subsets needs to be refined in order to ensure that there is a uniform approach in designating T-cell subset attributes that is globally applied.
Update on evidence in craniomaxillofacial surgery
Authors: Arnold Mark , Tatum Sherard 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Evidence-based medicine underpins clinical practice. Ideally, our clinical decision-making stems from systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials. However, in practice, this is not often the case, and we must instead rely on the best available evidence.

Recent findings
We review the history of evidence-based research, the development of the levels of evidence, and the relationship of evidence and bias present in craniomaxillofacial surgery. We also discuss the recent trends in CMF publications and identify areas for improvement.

Summary
Because of inherent challenges, the quality of evidence in craniomaxillofacial surgery lags behind other surgical and medical specialties. However, over recent years this has improved significantly, with better reporting of data and a higher rate of randomized controlled trials.
Complex Dentoalveolar Fractures: Main Clinical Variables Description and Analysis
Authors: Fernández-Ferro Martín , Fernández-Sanromán Jacinto , Costas-López Alberto , López-Betancourt Annahys , Casañas-Villalba Natalia , López-Fernández Pablo 
Published: June 2020

Aims and Objectives:
To analyze and evaluate clinical features that define complex dentoalveolar trauma.

Materials and Methods:
Forty-five patients, with a mean age of 36.1 years, were included in the study; most patients were male (82.2%). The main clinical features defining dentoalveolar fractures were evaluated, including the status of the tooth, alveolar socket and adjacent soft tissues and their relationships with tooth loss. The relationship between splinting and tooth loss was also studied. The data were analyzed using descriptive and statistical methods.

Results:
A significant relationship was observed between the different clinical variables and tooth loss, in particular the status of the alveolar socket as the most relevant clinical factor; there was also a significant relationship between splinting and tooth loss, as this was the main protective factor.

Conclusions:
Tooth loss prognosis following complex dentoalveolar trauma is related to the clinical features of the fracture, particularly the status of the alveolar socket and the possibility of using splinting as treatment.
Therapeutic Potential of B-1a Cells in COVID-19
Authors: Aziz Monowar , Brenner Max , Wang Ping 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a life-threatening respiratory illness caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Its clinical presentation can vary from the asymptomatic state to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ dysfunction. Due to our insufficient understanding of its pathophysiology and lack of effective treatment, the morbidity and mortality of severe COVID-19 patients are high. Patients with COVID-19 develop ARDS fueled by exaggerated neutrophil influx into the lungs and cytokine storm. B-1a cells represent a unique subpopulation of B lymphocytes critical for circulating natural antibodies, innate immunity, and immunoregulation. These cells spontaneously produce natural IgM, interleukin (IL)-10, and granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Natural IgM neutralizes viruses and opsonizes bacteria, IL-10 attenuates the cytokine storm, and GM-CSF induces IgM production by B-1a cells in an autocrine manner. Indeed, B-1a cells have been shown to ameliorate influenza virus infection, sepsis, and pneumonia, all of which are similar to COVID-19. The recent discovery of B-1a cells in humans further reinforces their potentially critical role in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 and their anticipated translational applications against viral and microbial infections. Given that B-1a cells protect against ARDS via immunoglobulin production and the anti-COVID-19 effects of convalescent plasma treatment, we recommend that studies be conducted to further examine the role of B-1a cells in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and explore their therapeutic potential to treat COVID-19 patients.
The Human Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Inhibits the Elongation Step of Translation through its RGG and C-terminal domains
Authors: Athar Youssi M. , Joseph Simpson 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of numerous mRNAs in neurons. The precise mechanism of translational regulation by FMRP is unknown. Some studies have indicated that FMRP inhibits the initiation step of translation, whereas other studies have indicated that the elongation step of translation is inhibited by FMRP. To determine whether FMRP inhibits the initiation or the elongation step of protein synthesis, we investigated m7G-cap-dependent and IRES-driven, cap-independent translation of several reporter mRNAs in vitro. Our results show that FMRP inhibits both m7G-cap-dependent and cap-independent translation to similar degrees, indicating that the elongation step of translation is inhibited by FMRP. Additionally, we dissected the RNA-binding domains of hFMRP to determine the essential domains for inhibiting translation. We show that the RGG domain, together with the C-terminal domain (CTD), is sufficient to inhibit translation while the KH domains do not inhibit mRNA translation. However, the region between the RGG domain and the KH2 domain may contribute as NT-hFMRP shows more potent inhibition than the RGG-CTD tail alone. Interestingly, we see a correlation between ribosome binding and translation inhibition, suggesting the RGG-CTD tail of hFMRP may anchor FMRP to the ribosome during translation inhibition.
Sex differences in bile acid homeostasis and excretion underlie the disparity in liver cancer incidence between males and females
Authors: Patton Megan E. , Kelekar Sherwin , Taylor Lauren J. , Dean Angela E. , Zuo Qianying , Thakare Rhishikesh N , Lee Sung Hwan , Gentry Emily , Panitchpakdi Morgan , Dorrestein Pieter , Alnouti Yazen , Madak-Erdogan Zeynep , Lee Ju-Seog , Finegold Milton J. , Anakk Sayeepriyadarshini 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common liver cancer, exhibits a higher incidence in males. Here, we report that mice lacking the bile acid regulators, Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) and Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP), recapitulate the sex difference in liver cancer risk. Since few therapeutic options are available, we focused on understanding the intrinsic protection afforded to female livers. Transcriptomic analysis in control and FXR and SHP double knockout livers identified female-specific changes in metabolism, including amino acids, lipids and steroids. We examined if the obtained transcriptomic signatures correlate with the survival outcomes for HCC patients to assess the translational potential of this murine HCC model. Gene signature that is unique to the knockout females correspond with low-grade tumors and better survival. Ovariectomy blunts the metabolic changes in female livers and promotes tumorigenesis that, intriguingly, coincides with increases in serum bile acid (BA) levels. Despite similar genetics, we found higher serum BA concentrations in males, whereas female knockout mice excreted more BAs. Decreasing enterohepatic BA recirculation using cholestyramine, an FDA-approved resin, dramatically reduced the liver cancer burden in male mice. Overall, we reveal that sex-specific BA metabolism leading to lower circulating BA concentration protects female livers from developing cancer. Thus, targeting BA excretion may be a promising therapeutic strategy against HCC.SignificanceWe show that female-specific gene profiles identified inFxr-/-,Shp-/-double knockout (DKO) mice correlate with better outcomes for HCC patients and uncover sex difference in circulation and excretion of bile acid. Overall, we demonstrate that increasing (ovariectomy or chemical injury) or decreasing (pharmacologically with FDA approved resin) serum bile acids, not hepatic bile acids, promoted or alleviated liver cancer burden.
Vaporized H2O2 decontamination against surrogate viruses for the reuse of N95 respirators in the COVID-19 emergency
Authors: Oral Ebru , Wannomae Keith K. , Connolly Rachel L. , Gardecki Joseph A. , Leung Hui Min , Muratoglu Orhun K. , Durkin John , Jones Ralph , Collins Cassidy , Gjore Julian , Budzilowicz Amanda , Jaber Tareq 
Published: June 2020

Decontamination of N95 respirators has become critical to alleviate PPE shortages for healthcare workers in the current COVID-19 emergency. The factors that are considered for the effective reuse of these masks are the fit, filter efficiency and decontamination/disinfection level both for SARS-CoV-2, which is the causative virus for COVID-19, and for other organisms of concern in the hospital environment such as Staphylococcus aureus or Clostridium difficile.In its guidance entitled ‘Recommendations for Sponsors Requesting EUAs for Decontamination and Bioburden Reduction Systems for Surgical Masks and Respirators During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) Public Health Emergency’ (May 2020)[1], the FDA recommends a 6-log10 reduction in either the most resistant bacterial spores for the system or in a mycobacterium species to authorize the use of a decontamination method of N95 respirators for single or multiple users. While the goal is primarily inactivation against SARS-CoV-2, testing of decontamination methods against the virus may not always be available. For decontamination methods considered for only single users, the recommendation is a 6-log10 reduction in the infective virus concentration of 3 non-enveloped viruses or in the concentration of two Gram (+) and two Gram (-) bacteria. Based on these recommendations, we explored the efficacy of vaporized H2O2 (VHP) treatment of N95 respirators against surrogate viruses covering a wide range of disinfection resistance for emergency decontamination and reuse to alleviate PPE shortages for healthcare workers in the COVID-19 emergency.
Altered Affective Behaviors in Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Mutant Mice
Authors: Zhou Lili , Fitzpatrick Karrie , Olker Christopher , Vitaterna Martha H. , Turek Fred W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAffective behaviors and mental health are profoundly affected by disturbances in circadian rhythms. Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CSNK1E) is an essential component of the core circadian clock. Mice withtauor null mutation of this gene have shortened and lengthened circadian period respectively. Here we examined anxiety-like, fear, and depressive-like behaviors in both male and female mice of these two different mutants. Compared with wild-type mice, we found reductions in fear and anxiety-like behaviors in both mutant lines and in both sexes, with thetaumutants exhibiting the greatest phenotypic changes. However, the depressive-like behaviors had distinct phenotypic patterns, with markedly less depressive-like behaviors in female null mutants, but not intaumutants of either sex. To determine whether abnormal light entrainment oftaumutants to 24 hour light-dark cycles contributes to these phenotypic differences, we also examined these behaviors intaumutants on a 20 hour light-dark cycle close to their endogenous circadian period. The normalized entrainment restored more wild-type-like behaviors for fear and anxiety, but it induced depressive-like behavior intaumutant females. These data show that both mutations ofCsnk1ebroadly affect fear and anxiety-like behaviors, while the effects on depressive-like behavior vary with genetics, photoperiod, and sex, suggesting that the mechanisms by whichCsnk1eaffects fear and anxiety-like behaviors may be similar, but distinct from those affecting depressive-like behavior. Our study also provides experimental evidence in support of the hypothesis of beneficial outcomes from properly entrained circadian rhythms in terms of the anxiety-like and fear behaviors.
Genomic stability and adaptation of beer brewing yeasts during serial repitching in the brewery
Authors: Large Christopher R. L. , Hanson Noah , Tsouris Andreas , Saada Omar Abou , Koonthongkaew Jirasin , Toyokawa Yoichi , Schmidlin Tom , Moreno-Habel Daniela A. , McConnellogue Hal , Preiss Richard , Takagi Hiroshi , Schacherer Joseph , Dunham Maitreya J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAle brewing yeast are the result of admixture between diverse strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting in a heterozygous tetraploid that has since undergone numerous genomic rearrangements. As a result, comparisons between the genomes of modern related ale brewing strains show both extensive aneuploidy and mitotic recombination that has resulted in a loss of intragenomic diversity. Similar patterns of intraspecific admixture and subsequent selection for one haplotype have been seen in many domesticated crops, potentially reflecting a general pattern of domestication syndrome between these systems. We set out to explore the evolution of the ale brewing yeast, to understand both polyploid evolution and the process of domestication in the ecologically relevant environment of the brewery. Utilizing a common brewery practice known as ‘repitching’, in which yeasts are reused over multiple beer fermentations, we generated population time courses from multiple breweries utilizing similar strains of ale yeast. Applying whole-genome sequencing to the time courses, we have found that the same structural variations in the form of aneuploidy and mitotic recombination of particular chromosomes reproducibly rise to detectable frequency during adaptation to brewing conditions across multiple related strains in different breweries. Our results demonstrate that domestication of ale strains is an ongoing process and will likely continue to occur as modern brewing practices develop.
Study of flow effects on temperature-controlled radio-frequency ablation using phantom experiments and forward simulations
Authors: Nolte Teresa , Vaidya Nikhil , Baragona Marco , Elevelt Aaldert , Lavezzo Valentina , Maessen Ralph , Schulz Volkmar , Veroy Karen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeBlood perfusion is known to add variability to hepatic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment outcomes. Simulation-assisted treatment planning taking into account blood perfusion may solve this problem in the future. Hence, this study aims to study perfusion effects on RFA in a controlled environment and to compare the outcome to a prediction made using finite volume simulations.MethodsAblation zones were induced in tissue-mimicking, thermochromic ablation phantoms with a single flow channel, using a RF generator with needle temperature controlled power delivery and a monopolar needle electrode. Channel radius and saline flow rate were varied and the impact of saline flow on the ablated cross-sectional area, on a potential occurrence of directional effects as well as on the delivered generator power input was studied. Finite-volume simulations reproducing the experimental geometry, flow conditions and generator power input were conducted in a second step and compared to the experimental ablation outcomes.ResultsVessels of different radii affected the ablation result in different manners. For the channel radius of 0.275 mm both the ablated area and energy input reduced with increasing flow rate. For radius 0.9 mm the ablated area reduced with increasing flow rate but the energy input increased. An increasing area and energy input were observed towards larger flow rates for the channel radius of 2.3 mm. Directional effects, i.e., shrinking of the lesion upstream of the needle and an extension thereof downstream, were observed only for the smallest channel radius. The simulations qualitatively confirmed these observations. When using the simulations to make a prediction of ablation outcomes with flow, the mean absolute error between experimental and predicted ablation outcomes was reduced from 23% to 12% as compared to neglecting flow effects.ConclusionSimulations can improve the prediction of RFA ablation regions in the presence of various blood flow effects. Our findings therefore underline the potential of simulation-assisted, patient-individual RFA treatment planning and guidance for the prediction of RFA outcomes in the presence of blood flow.Additional comments-Teresa Nolte and Nikhil Vaidya contributed equally to this work.-Volkmar Schulz and Karen Veroy contributed equally to this work.-A single reference experiment, i.e., not using a flow channel, and the image in the upper left corner of Figure 4 were included into a publication submitted to Int. J. Hyperthermia for model validation purposes.