bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cheating in arbuscular mycorrhizal mutualism: a network and phylogenetic analysis of mycoheterotrophy
Authors: Perez‐Lamarque Benoît , Selosse Marc‐André , Öpik Maarja , Morlon Hélène , Martos Florent 
Published: February 2020

Summary

Although mutualistic interactions are widespread and essential in ecosystem functioning, the emergence of uncooperative cheaters threatens their stability, unless there are some physiological or ecological mechanisms limiting interactions with cheaters.
In this framework, we investigated the patterns of specialization and phylogenetic distribution of mycoheterotrophic cheaters vs noncheating autotrophic plants and their respective fungi, in a global arbuscular mycorrhizal network with> 25 000 interactions.
We show that mycoheterotrophy evolved repeatedly among vascular plants, suggesting low phylogenetic constraints for plants. However, mycoheterotrophic plants are significantly more specialized than autotrophic plants, and they tend to be associated with specialized and closely related fungi. These results raise new hypotheses about the mechanisms (e.g. sanctions, or habitat filtering) that actually limit the interaction of mycoheterotrophic plants and their associated fungi with the rest of the autotrophic plants.
Beyond mycorrhizal symbiosis, this unprecedented comparison of mycoheterotrophic vs autotrophic plants provides a network and phylogenetic framework to assess the presence of constraints upon cheating emergences in mutualisms.
Blood Metal Ion Release After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study
Authors: Reiner Tobias , Sorbi Reza , Müller Maike , Nees Timo , Kretzer Jan Philippe , Rickert Markus , Moradi Babak 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate the course ofin vivoblood metal ion levels in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to investigate potential risk factors associated with metal ion release in these patients.MethodsTwenty‐five patients with indication for TKA were included in this prospective study. Whole blood metal ion analysis was performed pre‐operatively and at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months postoperatively. Clinical scores were obtained using the American Knee Society Score (AKSS) and the Oxford Knee Score (OKS) at each follow‐up and patientsʼ activity levels were assessed by measuring the mean annual walking cycles at 12 months follow‐up. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the operated knee were evaluated postoperatively and at 12‐month follow‐up with regard to implant position and radiological signs of implant loosening. Correlation analysis using multivariate linear regression was performed to investigate the influence of different variables (age, gender, functional scores, number of walking cycles, and body mass index [BMI]) on blood cobalt ion concentrations.ResultsMean metal ion levels of cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, and titanium were 0.28 μg/L (SD, 0.14), 0.43 μg/L (SD, 0.49), 0.62 μg/L (SD, 0.45), and 1.96 μg/L (SD, 0.98), respectively at 12‐month follow‐up. Mean cobalt ion levels significantly increased 1‐year after surgery compared to preoperative measurements. There was no statistically significant increase of mean metal ion levels of chromium, titanium, and molybdenum at 1‐year follow‐up. Overall, metal ion levels were low and no patient demonstrated cobalt ion levels above 1 μg/L. Postoperative radiographs demonstrated well‐aligned TKAs in all patients and no signs of osteolysis or implant loosening were detected at 1‐year follow‐up. Both the AKSS and OKS significantly improved during the course of the study up to the final follow‐up. Multivariate regression analysis did not show a statistically significant correlation between the tested variables and blood cobalt ion concentrations.ConclusionA statistically significant increase of mean cobalt ion concentration at 1‐year follow‐up was found in this cohort of patients with well‐functioning TKA, although overall blood metal ion levels were relatively low. Despite low systemic metal ion concentrations seen in this cohort, the local effects of increased metal ion concentrations in the periprosthetic environment on the long‐term outcome of TKA should be further investigated.
Emerging trends, techniques, and equipment for airway management in pediatric patients
Authors: Stein Mary Lyn , Park Raymond S. , Kovatsis Pete G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPediatric patients present unique anatomic and physiologic considerations in airway management, which impose significant physiologic limits on safe apnea time before the onset of hypoxemia and subsequent bradycardia. These issues are even more pronounced for the pediatric difficult airway. In the last decade, the development of pediatric sized supraglottic airways specifically designed for intubation, as well as advances in imaging technology such that current pediatric airway equipment now finally rival those for the adult population, has significantly expanded the pediatric anesthesiologist's tool kit for pediatric airway management. Equally important, techniques are increasingly implemented that maintain oxygen delivery to the lungs, safely extending the time available for pediatric airway management. This review will focus on emerging trends and techniques using existing tools to safely handle the pediatric airway including videolaryngoscopy, combination techniques for intubation, techniques for maintaining oxygenation during intubation, airway management in patients at risk for aspiration, and considerations in cannot intubate cannot oxygenate scenarios.
Evaluation of frequency of occurrence of cognitive impairment in the course of arterial hypertension in an elderly population
Authors: Kapusta Joanna , Kidawa Tit Michał , Rynkowska‐Kidawa Monika , IrzmaŃski Tit Robert , Kowalski Tit Jan 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundDementia is a very serious problem with regard to geriatric population. In the population over the age of 80 the prevalence of dementia varies by up to 20%. It is very important to answer the question ‐ are arterial hypertension and its duration associated with cognitive performance?MethodsOne hundred and sixty people were qualified for participation in the study, women and men, diagnosed with arterial hypertension. The patients were divided into two pairs of groups. The first pair was group 1, patients with hypertension over the age of 85 and group 2, patients with hypertension aged 75–85. The second pair was group I, patients with up to 10 years of arterial hypertension and group II, patients with over 10 years of arterial hypertension. In the study, the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) was used. Interpretation of impairment depended on the obtained numerical value.ResultsIn the tested group of patients, for individual correlations it was found that age is the independent variable which significantly affects the MMSE score. It was found that the time of duration of arterial hypertension did not have impact on the MMSE.ConclusionCognitive functions evaluated through the MMSE were correct for the entire population. The length of the course of arterial hypertension did not have a significant adverse impact on cognitive functions and on the achieved MMSE result. Significant impact of age on the lowering of MMSE results and impairment of cognitive functions was shown.
Metasemantic ethics
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe idea that experts (especially scientific experts) play a privileged role in determining the meanings of our words and the contents of our concepts has become commonplace since the work of Hilary Putnam, Tyler Burge, and others in the 1970s. But if experts have the power to determine what our words mean, they can do so responsibly or irresponsibly, from good motivations or bad, justly or unjustly, with good or bad effects. This paper distinguishes three families of metasemantic views based on their attitudes towards bad behaviour by meaning‐fixing experts, and draws a series of distinctions relevant for the normative evaluation of meaning‐determining actions.
Taking social policy personally: How does neuroticism affect welfare state attitudes?
Authors: Tepe Markus , Vanhuysse Pieter 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe role of the “Big Five” personality traits in driving welfare state attitudes has received scant attention in social policy research. Yet neuroticism in particular—a disposition to stress, worry, and get nervous easily—is theoretically likely to be an important driver of welfare attitudes precisely because welfare states deliver social “security” and “safety” nets. Using cross‐sectional data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we study three distinct attitude types (dissatisfaction with the social security system, feelings of personal financial insecurity, and preferences for state provision) and multiple social need contexts (including unemployment, ill health, old age, and nursing care). Controlling for established explanations such as self‐interest, partisanship, and socialization, neuroticism does not systematically affect support for state provision. But it robustly increases general dissatisfaction with social security, as well as financial insecurity across various need contexts. Neurotic people are thus less happy with welfare state programmes across the board, yet they also appear to need these programmes more. This trait may be an important deeper layer driving other social attitudes.
Application of mixed straw and biochar meets plant demand of carbon dioxide and increases soil carbon storage in sunken solar greenhouse vegetable production
Authors: Zhao Yiming , Lin Shan , Liu Yanni , Li Guoyuan , Wang Jinggou , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSolar vegetable greenhouse soils show low soil organic carbon content and thus also low rates of soil respiration. Processing vegetable residues to biochar and mixing biochar with maize straw might improve soil respiration and increase soil organic carbon stocks, while preventing the spread of soil‐borne diseases carried by vegetable residues. In an incubation experiment, we tested how additions of maize straw (S) and biochar (B) added in varying ratios (100S, 75S25B, 50S50B, 25S75B, 100B and 0S0B (control)) affect soil respiration and fraction of added C remaining in soil. Daily CO2 emissions were measured over 60 days incubation, the natural abundance of 13C in soil and in the added biochar and maize straw were analysed. Our result shows that (a) soil CO2 emissions were significantly increased compared to soil without the straw additions, while addition of biochar only decreased soil respiration; (b) cumulative CO2 emissions decreased with increasing ratio of added biochar to maize straw; (c) the abundance of soil 13C was significant positively correlated with cumulative CO2 emissions, and thus with the ratio of straw addition. Our results indicate that incorporation of maize straw in greenhouse soils is a meaningful measure to increase soil respiration and to facilitate greenhouse atmosphere CO2 limitation while producing vegetables. On the other hand, additions of biochar from vegetable residues will increase soil organic carbon concentration. Therefore, the simultaneous application of maize straw and biochar obtained from vegetable residues is an effective option to maintain essential soil functions for vegetable production in sunken solar greenhouses.
Soil carbon increases with long‐term cattle stocking in northern temperate grasslands
Authors: Bork Edward W. , Raatz Lisa L. , Carlyle Cameron N. , Hewins Daniel B. , Thompson Karen A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGrassland management aimed at enhancing carbon (C) in soil is an important tool in mitigation of rising atmospheric CO2, yet little is known of how grassland soil C changes with livestock stocking rate (SR). We relate soil organic and inorganic C mass (t ha−1 to 60 cm depth) with cattle stocking over periods of 7–27 year for 32 paddocks distributed across nine community pastures in the mixed‐grass prairie of Saskatchewan, Canada. Initial analysis comparing Akaike information criterion models showed that cattle SR explained a greater proportion of variance in soil C, particularly soil organic C, than rainfall. Soil organic C mass increased with cattle SR (R2 = .293; p = .001), even when the latter was normalized to account for differences in vegetation composition and growing conditions among pastures. Normalized SR varied from 0.49 to 2.30 times recommended levels, over which SOC increased from 24.7 to 57.4 t ha−1. Increases in soil organic C under greater stocking coincided with increased abundance of introduced vegetation, particularly the rhizomatous grass Poa pratensis. Inorganic soil C accounted for 34.6% of total soil C, being particularly large below 30 cm soil depth, but did not vary with stocking rate. These findings indicate that both organic and inorganic C are important pools of C in northern temperate grassland soils, with soil organic C positively associated with long‐term cattle SR. Further studies are recommended to understand more fully the mechanisms regulating grazing impacts on soil C mass in northern temperate grasslands.
Finding outdoor boundaries for 3D space‐based navigation
Authors: Yan Jinjin , Diakité Abdoulaye A. , Zlatanova Sisi , Aleksandrov Mitko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOutdoor navigation is widely used in daily life, but faces various issues related to the fidelity of outdoor navigation networks. For instance, agents (pedestrians) are often guided via unrealistic detours around places without clear paths (e.g., squares) or if there are vertical constraints such as overpasses/bridges. This is partly explained by the fact that the main sources of navigation networks in current outdoor navigation are two‐dimensional road/street networks. Utilizing a three‐dimensional space‐based navigation model, compatible with some indoor approaches, is a popular way to address the above‐mentioned issues. A 3D space‐based navigation model is generated by treating 3D spaces as nodes and the shared faces as edges. Inputs of this model are enclosed 3D spaces (volumes). However, outdoor spaces are generally open and unbounded. This article puts forward an approach to enclose outdoor spaces and mimic the indoor environments to derive a network based on connectivity and accessibility of spaces. The approach uses 2.5D maps and consists of three major steps: object footprint determination, footprint classification and space creation. Two use cases demonstrate the proposed approach. Enclosing outdoor spaces opens a new research direction toward providing seamless indoor/outdoor navigation for a range of agents.
Impact of valganciclovir prophylaxis duration on cytomegalovirus disease in high‐risk donor seropositive/recipient seronegative heart transplant recipients
Authors: Imlay Hannah , Dumitriu Carcoana Allison O. , Fisher Cynthia E. , Wong Beatrice , Rakita Robert M. , Fishbein Daniel P. , Limaye Ajit P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundFew data support use of 6 over 3 months of antiviral prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease prevention in donor seropositive/recipient seronegative (D+R−) heart transplant recipients (HTR).MethodsWe retrospectively assessed CMV disease and outcomes in 310 adult HTR between July 5, 2005, and December 30, 2016, at our center. Valganciclovir (VGCV) prophylaxis was given for 3‐6 months in the D+R− group. Multivariable models evaluated risk factors for CMV disease in patients who received 3 vs 6 months (±1 month) of prophylaxis, with investigation of inverse probability weighting to correct for confounding variables.ResultsThe incidence of CMV disease among all patients and the D+R− group was 8.7% (27/310) and 26.5% (22/83), respectively, and included syndrome in 22.2% (6/27) and end‐organ involvement in 77.8% (21/27). In a multivariable model, 6 vs 3 months of antiviral prophylaxis was not associated with reduced risk for CMV disease (OR 2.28 [95% CI 0.66, 7.91], P = .19). CMV disease in D+R− HTR was associated with higher rates of hospitalization (87.5% [14/16] vs 6.3% [1/16], P < .001) and for a longer duration than in matched D+R− controls without disease.ConclusionsCytomegalovirus disease remains a major cause of morbidity in D+R− HTR. In contrast to documented benefit in D+R− lung and kidney recipients, VGCV duration of 6 months was not associated with a lower incidence of CMV disease in D+R− HTR compared to 3‐month duration and should be reconsidered in this patient population.
Description of a rare osteochondrosis lesion of the medial aspect of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia in seven Thoroughbred horses (2008‐2018)
Authors: Kadic Lawrence I.M. , Rodgerson Dwayne H. , Newsom Lauren E. , Spirito Michael A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOsteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (DIRT) is commonly identified on either the lateral to medial (LM) or dorso45°medial‐plantarolateral oblique (D45M‐PLO) projection of the tarsus. This manuscript describes a retrospective case series out of Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, for which medical records and radiographic projections of the tarsus were reviewed, consistent with Keeneland's repository requirements. This original investigation identified seven yearling Thoroughbred horses between 2008 and 2018 with radiographic signs of atypical osteochondrosis lesions within the tarsus. The atypical lesions, originating along the medial margin of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia, were initially only diagnosed on the dorso10°lateral‐plantaromedial (D10L‐PMO) projection and were overlooked on the LM and D45M‐PLO views. Following the diagnosis of osteochondrosis in these seven cases, the radiographs were reviewed and re‐evaluated, but osteochondrosis and/or fragmentation could not be definitively diagnosed on the LM and/or D45M‐PLO projections alone. Our findings highlight the importance of a complete radiographic study of the equine tarsus when screening horses for OCD lesions of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia and that atypical DIRT lesions may go undetected if the D10L‐PMO projection is not performed.
Exercise improves adiposopathy, insulin sensitivity and metabolic syndrome severity independent of intensity
Authors: Heiston Emily M. , Eichner Natalie ZM. , Gilbertson Nicole M. , Malin Steven K. 
Published: February 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What are the effects of work‐matched continuous versus high‐intensity interval training for 2 weeks on adiposopathy and cardiometabolic risk in obese adults with prediabetes?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Independent of intensity, short‐term exercise improves adiposopathy and insulin sensitivity. While both exercise intensities reduced fasting leptin concentrations and metabolic syndrome severity, only interval training elevated total adiponectin. In contrast to previous work, neither condition altered high‐molecular weight adiponectin. Collectively, these data suggest that short‐term exercise can improve adipokine profiles, which may aid in reducing cardiometabolic risk prior to clinically meaningful weight loss in adults with prediabetes.
AbstractIndividuals with prediabetes who are overweight and obese are at an increased risk of developing endocrine disruption of fat tissue, known as adiposopathy. While short‐term exercise improves adipokine profiles, the effects of exercise intensity when matched for energy expenditure on adiposopathy are unknown. We hypothesized that high‐intensity exercise would elicit greater changes in adiposopathy compared to moderate exercise. Twenty‐eight overweight and obese adults (age: 60.9 ± 8.4 years; BMI: 33.0 ± 5.4 kg m−2) with prediabetes were randomized to twelve 60‐min sessions of either moderate‐continuous (CONT; n = 14) or high‐intensity interval (INT; n = 14) exercise training. Total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and leptin were collected to assess adiposopathy (ratio of total adiponectin to leptin; A/L). Insulin sensitivity (SIIS) was determined using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test before and after training. Cardiometabolic risk factors were measured and a z‐score was calculated to determine metabolic syndrome (MetS) severity. CONT and INT increased A/L (P < 0.01) and decreased leptin (P < 0.01) and MetS severity (P = 0.04). Neither intervention altered circulating levels of HMW adiponectin (P = 0.76) and only INT increased total adiponectin levels (P = 0.02). Both intensities increased insulin sensitivity (P < 0.01), which was associated with improvements in A/L (r = 0.47, P = 0.01). Additionally, increases in A/L tended to relate to decreased MetS severity (r = −0.36, P = 0.09). Short‐term exercise intensity, when matched for energy expenditure, does not differentially affect improvements in adiposopathy in overweight and obese adults with prediabetes. Further, 12 bouts of exercise improved insulin sensitivity and MetS severity, suggesting that improving adipokine profiles may aid in reducing cardiometabolic risk.
Self-driven Liquid Metal Mollusk Oscillations
Authors: Hao Tingting , Cui Wenyu , Yu Huiwen , Ma Xuehu , Ma Hongbin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Room temperature liquid metal (galinstan, made up of gallium, indium and tin) is driven to oscillate by the phase change of water in the self-excited oscillating heat pipe (OHP) charged with liquid metal and water. The cross section of the channel is square with the dimension of 3×3 mm2. Liquid metal is a high-performance coolant with ultrahigh thermal conductivity (nearly 27 times higher than water). During the operation of OHP, liquid metal is pushed up by the vapor expansion in the evaporator section, and moves back by the vapor contraction and gravity effects. Then, liquid metal is driven to oscillate continuously between evaporator and condenser in the OHP. Surface tension of galinstan is 10 times higher than water, resulting in a ball shape of liquid metal in the channels. And there is a thin water film existing between liquid metal and inner surface. During the oscillating motion, liquid metal presents the characteristics of a mollusk. Soft liquid metal is extended into metal filament, or breaks up into small liquid metal balls. Then, small liquid metal balls coalesce into a long liquid metal slug, resulting in surface waves due to the released surface energy during the coalescence process. The deformation and deformation recovery of the liquid metal is the result of competition between deforming pressure forces and the reforming surface tension forces. Oscillations of liquid metal will generate flow field disturbance in the base fluid of water and further enhance the heat transfer performance in two-phase flow systems.
[This research work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 21606034 and Office of Naval Research under Grant No. N00014-19-1-2006.]