bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Death is a better option than being treated like this”: a prevalence survey and qualitative study of depression among multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in-patients.
Authors: Huque Rumana , Elsey Helen , Fieroze Fariza , Hicks Joseph Paul , Huque Samina , Bhawmik Prashanta , Walker Ian , Newell James 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Understanding of the relationship between multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and mental health is limited. With growing prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, addressing mental ill-health has potential to improve treatment outcomes and well-being. In several low and middle-income contexts hospitalisation during treatment is common. Understanding of the impact on mental ill-health are required to inform interventions for patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis.Our aim was to identify the prevalence of comorbid depression among in-patients being treated for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and to explore their experiences of comorbid disease and the care they received in a large specialist chest hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: We conducted a quantitative cross-sectional survey among 150 multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in-patients (new cases = 34%, previously treated = 66%) in 2018. A psychiatrist assessed depression was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for Depression (SCID DSM-IV). We used multi-level modelling to identify associations with depression. Experience Bangladeshi researchers conducted qualitative interviews with 8 patients, 4 carers, 4 health professionals and reflective notes recorded. Qualitative data was analysed thematically. Results: We found 33.8% (95% CI 26.7%; 41.7%) of patients were depressed. While more women were depressed 39.3% (95% CI 27.6%; 52.4%) than men 30.4% (95% CI 22%; 40.5%) this was not significant. After controlling for key variables only having one or more co-morbidity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.88 [95% CI 1.13; 7.33]) and being a new rather than previously treated case (AOR = 2.33 [95% CI 1.06; 5.14]) were associated (positively) with depression. Qualitative data highlighted the isolation and despair felt by patients who described a service predominantly focused on providing medicines. Individual, familial, societal and health-care factors influenced resilience, nuanced by gender, socio-economic status and home location. Conclusions: Patients with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis are at high risk of depression, particularly those with co- and multi-morbidities. Screening for depression and psycho-social support should be integrated within routine TB services and provided throughout treatment.
40 Years after Alma Ata: How People Trust in Primary Health Care?
Authors: Bazargani Homayoun Sadeghi , Saadati Mohammad , Tabrizi Jafar Sadegh , Farahbakhsh Mostafa , Golestani Mina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Primary Health Care (PHC) was introduced as the first level of health services delivery after Alma Ata declaration. PHC as a first level of health services delivery needs to be more trustfulness to achieve its defined goals. Public trust in PHC is one of the ignored issues in the context. The aim of this study was to explore public trust in PHC in Iran.Methods: This was a household survey study conducted in 2016 in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Two-stage cluster sampling method with probability proportional to size (PPS) approach was used. Totally 1178 households were enrolled in the study. PHC trust questionnaire and Ultra-short version of socio-economic status assessment questionnaire (SES-Iran) was used for data collection. Data were analyzed using STATA 15 through descriptive statistics and linear regression.Results: The mean age of the participants was 41.2, (SD: 15.1) and most of them (53.7%) were female. Mean score of PHC trust was 56.9±24.7 (out of 100). It was significantly different between inhabitants of Tabriz (the province capital city) and other cities in the province (p<0.001). Linear regression showed that younger age, gender, insurance type, being married and households higher socio-economic situation had a significant positive influence on PHC trust level with R2 = 0.14383 .Conclusions: Public trust in PHC system in Iran needs to be improved. Individual variables had a small but significant share in trust level. PHC trust not only influenced by individual variables and experience but also by health system and health providers characteristics and public sphere about PHC system. PHC trust level could be used as a public indicator in health systems especially in Low and Middle income countries to lead system strengthening policies in national and international levels.
Sexual Knowledge and Teenage Pregnancy among Female Hawkers in Ekiti State, Nigeria
Authors: Owoseni Joseph Sina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study investigated patterns of Sexual Knowledge and teenage pregnancy among female hawkers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study population consisted of female adolescents aged 8-19 years. The samples 113 girls were drawn for the study. Two pregnant girls were interviewed. The sampling technique used was the purposive sampling. The hypotheses were tested at calculated value of 0.000 level of significance for validity. The hypotheses were analysed based on the Pearson chi-square test version of the SPSS. The data generated were analysed using frequency count and percentage for describing the data. The chi-square statistics as well as the in-depth interview were used to make inferences about the data. It was found that teenage hawkers have experienced one form of sexual activity while hawking including unwanted touching (sexual harassment), sexual intercourse, rape, sexual abuse and unwanted pregnancy. Based on these findings, it was recommended that skills and training need to be provided in and outside the school system. Parent, teachers and counsellors should convey abstinence and prevention messages so as to sensitize or discourage early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy of female hawkers. A poverty alleviation programme should also be put in place at the local level to reduce this form of child labour. Protective child right policy should be intensified to reduce child labour in the society.
The Relationship and Trends of Socio-Demographic Index, Healthy Life Expectancy and Life Expectancy in China
Authors: Miao Xinlei , Guo Xiuhua , Cai Yue , Zhang Xiang , Meng Qun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Socio-Demographic Index is an index to evaluate social development. Healthy life expectancy can comprehensively measure the population health. This paper indirectly infers the relationship between SDI and HALE, which provides a reference for improving population health. Methods We used SAS 9.4 to analyze the relationship between SDI and LE, and the development trend of SDI and LE in 1990-2010. Meanwhile, we divided into 3 regions according to the 2019 Chinese Health Statistics Yearbook. Results From 1990 to 2010, SDI and LE showed a trend of gradually increasing from west to East. In the regression analysis of SDI and LE,r=0.90335，P<0.0001, meaning that there was a positive correlation between SDI and LE. The D value of men was lower than that of women. Among the five SDI levels, the high SDI level usually had higher LE, so the D value was relatively high. However, in the middle SDI and low-middle SDI areas, the results showed the opposite situation. The SDI in India is lower than that in China, and the D value of female in China is higher than that in India, which indicates that Chinese elderly women have a long life with disease and disability. Conclusions Socio-Demographic Index has a positive correlation with life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. Therefore, we can consider improving healthy life expectancy from the components of SDI to improve the healthy level of the population. At the same time, we should pay more attention to the care of the elderly population.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression of survivors 12 months after the outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in South Korea
Authors: Park Hye Yoon , Park Wan Beom , Lee So Hee , Kim Jeong Lan , Lee Jung Jae , Lee Haewoo , Shin Hyoung-Shik 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The 2015 outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in the Republic of Korea is a recent and representative occurrence of nationwide outbreaks of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs). In addition to physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression are common following outbreaks of EID.Methods: The present study investigated the long-term mental health outcomes and related risk factors in survivors of MERS. A prospective nationwide cohort study was conducted 12 months after the MERS outbreak at multi-centers throughout Korea. PTSD and depression as the main mental health outcomes were assessed with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised Korean version (IES-R-K) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) respectively.Results: 42.9% of survivors reported PTSD (IES-R-K ≥ 25) and 27.0% reported depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 10) at 12 months post-MERS. A multivariate analysis revealed that anxiety (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.76; 95%CI, 1.29–25.58; P = 0.021), and a greater recognition of stigma (aOR, 11.09, 95%CI, 2.28–53.90; P = 0.003) during the MERS-affected period were independent predictors of PTSD at 12 months after the MERS outbreak. Having a family member who died from MERS predicted the development of depression (aOR, 12.08, 95%CI, 1.47–99.19; P = 0.020).Conclusion: This finding implies that psychosocial factors, particularly during the outbreak phase, influenced the mental health of patients over a long-term period. Mental health support among the infected subjects and efforts to reduce stigma may improve recovery from psychological distress in an EID outbreak.
Risk factors associated with knife-crime in United Kingdom among young people aged 10-24 years: A systematic review.
Authors: Haylock Sara , Boshari Talia , Alexander Emma , Kumar Ameeta , Manikam Logan , Pinder Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Since 2013, the number of violent crimes and offences by sharp instruments have increased continually, following a previous decrease, with majority of cases occurring among young people and in London. There is limited understanding surrounding the drivers influencing this change in trends, with mostly American-based research identifying risk factors. Methods The aim of this review is to identify and synthesise evidence from a range of literature to identify risk factors associated with weapon-related crime, for young people (aged 10-24 years) within the UK. A search strategy was generated to conduct a systematic search of published and grey literature within four databases (EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, and OpenGrey), identifying papers within a UK-context. Abstracts and full texts were screened by two independent reviewers to assess eligibility for inclusion, namely study focus in line with the objectives of the review. Weight of Evidence approach was utilised to assess paper quality, resulting in inclusion of 16 papers. Thematic analysis was conducted for studies to identity and categorise risk factors according to the WHO ecological model. Results No association was found between gender or ethnicity and youth violence, contrasting current understanding shown within media. Multiple research papers identified adverse childhood experiences and poor mental health as positively associated with youth and gang violence. It was suggested that community and societal risk factors, such as discrimination and economic inequality, were frequently linked to youth violence. A small number of studies were included within the review as this is a growing field of research, which may have led to a constrained number of risk factors identified. Due to heterogeneity of studies, a meta-analysis could not be conducted. As many studies displayed positive results, publication bias may be present. Conclusions Several risk factors were identified, with evidence currently heterogeneous with minimal high-quality studies. However, findings highlight key areas for future research, including the link between poor mental health and knife-crime, and the trajectory into gangs. Risk factors should help identify high-risk individuals, targeting them within mitigation strategies to prevent involvement within crime. This should contribute to efforts aimed at reducing the rising crime rates within UK.
A Systematic Review of Zero-markup Policy for Essential Drugs Effect on Medical Treatment
Authors: Liu Wen-Yi , Hsu Chia-Hsien , Liu Ting-Jun , Chen Pei-En , Tung Tao-Hsin , Chien Ching-Wen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective. This systematic review is conducted to synthesize recent empirical evidence of Zero-markup Policy for Essential Drugs Effect on Medical Treatment in China. Methods. We searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for all related studies published from inception to 30 April 2019 without restriction on language. In addition, grey literatures were captured through other sources, such as OpenGrey and Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD), to avoid selection bias. Methodological quality were evaluated using the PRISMA statement the Newcastle Ottawa Scale Collaboration tool. Results. Thirty-four full texts were initially searched, but only nine studies met our inclusion criteria. Most of studies indicated the significant reduction for both the total expense and drug expense per visit. Additionally, outpatient and inpatient services indicated increasing trends in annual patient-visits. Conclusions. In conclusion, the available limited, relative low-quality evidence does not support the long-term association between zero-markup policy for essential drugs and reduced medical expenditure. Further longitudinal studies that provide data for hospitals over a wider range of regions would make the economic effects more discursive.
Racial disparities in pedestrian-related injury hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Hamann Cara , Peek-Asa Corinne , Butcher Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background. Racial/ethnic disparity has been documented in a wide variety of health outcomes, and environmental components are contributors. For example, food deserts have been tied to obesity rates. Pedestrian injuries are strongly tied to environmental factors, yet no studies have examined racial disparity in pedestrian injury rates. We examine a nationally-representative sample of pedestrian-related hospitalizations in the United States to identify differences in incidence, severity, and cost by race/ethnicity.Methods. Patients with ICD diagnosis E-codes for pedestrian injuries were drawn from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2009-2016). Rates were calculated using the United States Census. Descriptive statistics and generalized linear regression were used to examine characteristics (age, sex, severity of illness, mortality rates, hospital admissions, length of stay, total costs) associated with hospitalizations for pedestrian injuries.Results. Hospitalization rates were The burden of injury was higher among Black, Hispanic, and Multiracial/Other groups in terms of admission rates, costs per capita, proportion of children injured, and length of stay compared to Whites and Asian or Pacific Islander race/ethnicities. Extreme and major loss of function proportions were also highest among Black and Multiracial/Other groups.Discussion. Results from this study show racial disparities in pedestrian injury hospitalizations and outcomes, particularly among Black, Hispanic, and Multiracial/Other race/ethnicity groups and support population and system-level approaches to prevention. Access to transportation is an indicator for health disparity, and these results indicate that access to safe transportation also shows inequity by race/ethnicity.
Personalising screening of sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy - qualitative evidence to inform effective implementation
Authors: Byrne Paula , Thetford Clare , Gabbay Mark , Clarke Pam , Doncaster Emily , Harding Simon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Internationally, systematic screening for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) usually includes annual recall. Researchers and policy-makers support extending screening intervals, citing evidence from observational studies with low incidence rates. However, there is little research around the acceptability to people with diabetes (PWD) and health care professionals (HCP) about changing eye screening intervals. Methods: We conducted a qualitative study to explore issues surrounding acceptability and the barriers and enablers for changing from annual screening, using in-depth, semi-structured interviews analysed using the constant comparative method. PWD were recruited from general practices and HCPs from eye screening networks and related specialties in North West England using purposive sampling. Interviews were conducted prior to the commencement of and during a randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing fixed annual with variable (6, 12 or 24 month) interval risk-based screening. Results: Thirty PWD and 21 HCP participants were interviewed prior to and 30 PWD during the parallel RCT. The data suggests that a move to variable screening intervals was generally acceptable in principle, though highlighted significant concerns and challenges to successful implementation. The current annual interval was recognised as unsustainable against a backdrop of increasing diabetes prevalence. There were important caveats attached to acceptability and a need for clear safeguards around: the safety and reliability of calculating screening intervals, capturing all PWDs, referral into screening of PWDs with diabetic changes regardless of planned interval. For PWDs the 6-month interval was perceived positively as medical reassurance, and the 12-month seen as usual treatment. Concerns were expressed by many HCPs and PWDs that a 2-year interval was too lengthy and was risky for detecting STDR. There were also concerns about a negative effect upon PWD care and increasing non-attendance rates. Amongst PWDs, there was considerable conflation and misunderstanding about different eye-related appointments within the health care system. Conclusions: Implementing variable-interval screening into clinical practice is generally acceptable to PWD and HCP with important caveats, and misconceptions must be addressed. Clear safeguards against increasing non-attendance, loss of diabetes control and alternative referral pathways are required. For risk calculation systems to be safe, reliable monitoring and clear communication is required.
Reasons for not seeking alcohol use disorder treatment
Authors: Tarp Kristine , Sari Sengül , Nielsen Anette Søgaard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: In Denmark, there is a high prevalence of individuals suffering from alcohol use disorder (AUD). However, of these, only 10% seeks treatment. The aim of this study was to examine reasons not to seek treatment among people who suffer from AUD.Methods: Participants suffering from AUD were recruited among somatic as well as psychiatric in and outpatients. The study was qualitative, based on semi-structured individual participant interviews. The analysis was narrative.Results: The participant group consisted of two women and four men. Their average age was 58. The investigation indicated that the participants felt that alcohol added to their quality of life and that they enjoyed using it in social settings. Also, it seemed that there were two major groups of facilitating factors towards rehabilitation: health-related issues as well as relatives and relations. Finally, two major reasons for not seeking AUD treatment appeared: participants did not believe that it was a relevant offer for them and participants wanted to deal with their alcohol overuse issue themselves.Conclusions: In gaining an understanding of the reasons not to seek AUD treatment, we simultaneously gain an opportunity to adapt prevention campaign strategies and treatment offers to become even more inclusive towards people who may suffer from AUD but do not recognize and acknowledge a treatment need. Here, increased focus on several initiatives might contribute to a decrease of barriers to treatment-seeking and, thus, increase the proportion of people suffering from AUD who consider to and actually do seek treatment.
Stigma for Common Mental Disorders in Racial Minorities and Majorities A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: eylem ozlem , de Wit Leonore , straten Annemieke van , Steubl Lena , Melissourgaki Zaneta , Danışman Gözde Topgüloğlu , de Vries Ralph , Kerkhof Ad J.F.M , Bhui Kamaldeep , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background There is a strong stigma attached to mental disorders preventing those affected from getting psychological help. The consequences of stigma are worse for racial and/or ethnic minorities who often experience other social adversities such as poverty and discrimination within policies and institutions. This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis summarizing the evidence on the impact of differences in mental illness stigma between racial minorities and majorities. Methods This systematic review and meta-analysis included cross-sectional studies comparing mental illness stigma between racial minorities and majorities. Systematic searches were conducted in the bibliographic databases of PubMed, PsycINFO and EMBASE until 20th December 2018. Outcomes were extracted from published reports, meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were conducted in CMA software. Results After screening 2,787 abstracts, 29 studies with 193,418 participants (N=35,836 in racial minorities) were eligible for analyses. Racial minorities showed more stigma than racial majorities (g=0.20 (95% CI: 0.12~0.27) for common mental disorders. Sensitivity analyses showed robustness of these results. Multivariate meta-regression analyses pointed to the possible moderating role of the number of studies with high risk of bias on the effect size. Racial minorities have more stigma for common mental disorders when compared with majorities. Limitations included moderate to high risk of bias, high heterogeneity, few studies in most comparisons, and the use of non-standardized outcome measures. Conclusions An important clinical implication of these findings would be to tailor anti-stigma strategies according to specific racial and/or ethnic backgrounds with the intention to improve mental health outreach. These limitations suggest a need for more high quality research on stigma. Key words: stigma; mental illness stigma; common mental disorders; racial minorities