bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiographic abnormalities among late-stage non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Mulia Eka P.B. , Nugraha Ricardo A. , A’yun Maya Q. , Juwita Rahima R. , Yofrido Filipus M. , Julario Rerdin , Alkaff Firas F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) complication is common among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Thus, knowledge about CVD and ECG abnormalities in CKD are essential due to progressive nature of the disease and increased risk of sudden cardiac death. This study aims to scrutinize the ECG abnormalities among nondialysis late-stage CKD patients.

Methods
A descriptive observational study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Subjects were hospitalized patients with late-stage CKD between 1 January and 31 December 2019, who were consulted at the department of cardiology and vascular medicine during their initial admission at emergency room. ECG interpretation for this study was done by qualified cardiologist.

Results
There were 191 patients included in this study. Mean ages were 52.2 ± 11.8 years old and 51% were males. Total 143 (74.9%) patients had anemia, 111 (58.1%) had hypertension and 75 (39.3%) had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mean serum creatinine was 10.5 ± 8.0 mg/dL. There were 176 (92.1%) patients with at least one form of ECG abnormalities. Prolonged QTc interval (36.6%), fragmented QRS complex (29.8%), poor R wave progression (24.6%), peaked T wave (22.0%) and left ventricular hypertrophy (16.7%) were the most common abnormalities.

Conclusions
ECG abnormalities are common among nondialysis late-stage CKD patients. Given the fact that long-term CKD influences the pathogenesis cardiovascular diseases and substantial cardiovascular mortality, there is a need to screen Indonesian CKD patients who are at risks of getting earlier complications.
Der Ursprung der geräuschlosen Kriegsfinanzierung im „Dritten Reich“ 1935–1939
Authors: Banken Ralf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In addition to the well-known mefo bills and other types of state debts, National Socialist tax policy was also of great importance for the financing of armament before the war began. Nevertheless, the leaders of the Nazi regime could not agree on the general course of tax policy due to the already high tax burden since spring 1935. As the Reich Ministry of Finance was only able to push through a few small tax increases despite a stricter tax collection practice, the tax coverage of Reich expenditures sank further and further and the short-term national debt increased. This development led to a severe liquidity crisis of the Reich’s finances in 1938 due to the ever accelerating armament, which was overcome for the time being mainly by issuing short-term treasury bonds. This ad hoc solution became entrenched during the war due to those groups in the Nazi regime that continued to block tax policy and formed the basis for the silent financing of the war.
Die Expansion der deutschen Großbanken nach Österreich und in die Tschechoslowakei 1938/39
Authors: Ziegler Dieter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to integrate the (in part) highly industrialized Austrian and Bohemian economies into the German autarky and war economy it was very important for the German government to take control of all relevant Austrian and Bohemian industrial concerns, that is, big industry in these countries had tobe “Aryanized” and/or “Germanized”. At the time of invasion, many of the major Austrian and Bohemian companies were under the control of Austrian and Czechoslovakian banks respectively. Therefore, the realignment of the finance industry of the occupied territories became a precondition for the intended takeover of these industrial concerns. Simultaneously, it offered the German great banks excellent prospects for expansion. On the other hand, the deep economic crisis of the early 1930s had not yet been overcome in both countries and the German great banks faced substantial risks when they took over the more important native banks. Therefore, the strategies by which the great banks penetrated the Austrian and Bohemian markets differed substantially. This article explains the logic behind the respective strategies of Deutsche Bank, Dresdner Bank and Commerzbank as well as the intensions of the German authorities and assesses the relative success of the respective strategies.
Comparative study regarding effect of pH on Misoprostol in induction of labor in full term primigravida pregnant women, a double blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rashwan Ahmed S. S. A. , Alalfy Mahmoud , el-sharkawy Mohamed , Eldesouky Abdelfatah , Ashour Ahmed SA , Hassan Ayman , Alebrashy Alaa , Bakry Ahmed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate the effect of altering vaginal pH on induction of labor in full-term pregnancies using Misoprostol.

Methods
This randomized controlled trial was conducted at Kasralainy Hospital, Cairo University, Egypt and Algezeera Hospital, Egypt. A total of 218 healthy term primigravida pregnant women who were scheduled for pregnancy termination were recruited in the study. The included patients were divided into three groups; Group A: Those who received normal saline vaginal wash (0.9% NaCl), Group B: those who received alkaline vaginal wash (5% sodium bicarbonate) and Group C: those who received acidic vaginal wash (5% acetic acid). Patients received 25 μg of Misoprostol E1 (Vagiprost® Adwia Pharmaceuticals, Egypt) every 6 h for a maximum of 24 h (total of four potential doses).

Results
The ‘acid’ group participants took a mean time of 20.46 h to reach active stage of labor, followed by the ‘normal saline’ group with 21.45 h and the ‘alkaline’ group with 22.59 h. The difference between the groups was statistically significant, with a p-value of 0.013.

Conclusions
Douching the vagina with acidic solution seems to supplement the effect of Misoprostol on inducing labor in full-term pregnancies, as evidenced by having the shortest mean time needed to reach active stage of labor.
Litigation Financing: Balancing Access with Fairness
Authors: Wheeler Malcolm E. , Benz Theresa Wardon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Litigation financing of plaintiffs by financiers other than the law firms representing the plaintiffs in the litigation is now a multi-billion-dollar industry. Contrary to assertions by advocates for such litigation financing, such litigation financing does not increase fairness and justice to poor and middle-class victims. Instead, it creates substantial problems beyond any associated with standard contingent-fee agreements between plaintiffs and the lawyers who represent them.
This article describes the multiple ways in which the litigation-financing industry harms poor and middle-class tort plaintiffs and generates inefficient uses of judicial resources and jurors' time. It then recommends actions that courts can take to reduce those problems.
Complex predicates, simple inflecting verbs, and “uninflecting verbs” in Pre-Basque
Authors: Aldai Gontzal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow might Basque have looked before it came in contact with Latin? This interesting line of research may give us an idea of what the pre-Indo-European languages of Europe might have looked like, and it may help clarify how much contact-induced change Basque might have undergone during the last two millennia or so. The present paper puts forward the hypothesis that, towards the end of the Era (BC), Pre-Basque used to have a small class of verbs. These verbs were inflected for person and tense-aspect (although we know little about the specific characteristics of this inflectional system). Together with this small class of verbs, Pre-Basque had a larger group of uninflecting elements that combined with the inflecting verbs to form complex predicates. The group of uninflecting elements included bare nouns, adjectives, possibly adverbs, ideophones, and what I will call “uninflecting verbs”. The exact nature of these “uninflecting verbs” is hard to determine at this point, but they may have constituted a distinct part of speech. Certainly, this type of verbal organization is reminiscent of one common in Northern Australia. Thus, this paper also compares the reconstruction proposed for Pre-Basque with the verbal system typical in Northern Australian languages, to conclude that the similarities are remarkable and, therefore, that the verbal organization of Pre-Basque was quite different from that of the modern Western European languages, including Modern Basque.
Synthesis and crystal structure of hexaaquacopper(II) 2,5-dicarboxyterephthalate, C10H16O14Cu
Authors: Oguntade Bukunola K. , Hulushe Siya T. , Hosten Eric C. , Watkins Gareth M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

C

10

H

16

O

14

${\text{C}}_{10}{\text{H}}_{16}{\text{O}}_{14}$

Cu, monoclinic, I2/a (no. 15), a = 7.2407(3) Å, b = 9.7565(4) Å, c = 21.1814(10) Å, β = 93.913(2)°, V = 1492.85(11) Å3, Z = 4,

R

g
t

${R}_{gt}$

(F) = 0.0198,

w

R

ref

$w{R}_{\mathit{ref}}$

(F
2) = 0.0509, T = 200 K.
The crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl(4,4-dimethyl-2,2-dipyridyl-κ2
N,N′)- (pyrazole-κN)rhenium(I) nitrate, C18H16O3N4Re
Authors: Moremi Mamolatelo J. , Alexander Orbett T. , Vatsha Banele , Makgopa Katlego , Manicum Amanda-Lee E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
C18H16O3N4Re, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.8409(6) Å, b = 14.0933(9) Å, c = 13.9153(9) Å, β = 90.558(2)°, V = 1929.8(2) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0266, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0584, T = 100(2) K.
Computational methods for calculation of protein-ligand binding affinities in structure-based drug design
Authors: Dutkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drug design is an expensive and time-consuming process. Any method that allows reducing the time the costs of the drug development project can have great practical value for the pharmaceutical industry. In structure-based drug design, affinity prediction methods are of great importance. The majority of methods used to predict binding free energy in protein-ligand complexes use molecular mechanics methods. However, many limitations of these methods in describing interactions exist. An attempt to go beyond these limits is the application of quantum-mechanical description for all or only part of the analyzed system. However, the extensive use of quantum mechanical (QM) approaches in drug discovery is still a demanding challenge. This chapter briefly reviews selected methods used to calculate protein-ligand binding affinity applied in virtual screening (VS), rescoring of docked poses, and lead optimization stage, including QM methods based on molecular simulations.
Effect of gamma irradiation and oxidized bitumen on the performance of the modified crumb rubber for various applications
Authors: Fathy E.S. , El-Nemr Khaled F. , Youssef H.A. , El-Shafie M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to enhance the properties of crumb rubber (CR) derived from the tread and sidewalls of passenger and truck waste tires by adding bitumen (B) and oxidized bitumen (OB). On this context, CR was activated and modified by adding different chemical ingredients to convert it into modified crumb rubber (MCR). OB was irradiated at 25 kGy to get irradiated oxidized bitumen (IOB) with the aim of study the effect of irradiation on the samples in the presence and absence of sulfur element. The crosslinking density, mechanical parameters and thermal stability of the developed blend were examined. Furthermore, chemical resistance behavior, vibration tests which reflecting the velocity level and sound proofing performance were discussed. Remarked improvement in the mechanical, thermal and various applications of MCR were achieved by the incorporation of OB especially at 10 phr and gamma irradiation.
Bivariate traits association analysis using generalized estimating equations in family data
Authors: de Andrade Mariza , Mazo Lopera Mauricio A. , Duarte Nubia E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Genome wide association study (GWAS) is becoming fundamental in the arduous task of deciphering the etiology of complex diseases. The majority of the statistical models used to address the genes-disease association consider a single response variable. However, it is common for certain diseases to have correlated phenotypes such as in cardiovascular diseases. Usually, GWAS typically sample unrelated individuals from a population and the shared familial risk factors are not investigated. In this paper, we propose to apply a bivariate model using family data that associates two phenotypes with a genetic region. Using generalized estimation equations (GEE), we model two phenotypes, either discrete, continuous or a mixture of them, as a function of genetic variables and other important covariates. We incorporate the kinship relationships into the working matrix extended to a bivariate analysis. The estimation method and the joint gene-set effect in both phenotypes are developed in this work. We also evaluate the proposed methodology with a simulation study and an application to real data.
Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia vs nurse administered oral oxycodone after total knee arthroplasty: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lahtinen Katarina , Reponen Elina , Vakkuri Anne , Palanne Riku , Rantasalo Mikko , Linko Rita , Madanat Rami , Skants Noora 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Severe post-operative pain is common after total knee arthroplasty. Patient-controlled analgesia is an alternative method of pain management, whereby a patient administers his or her own pain medication. Patients seem to prefer this method over nurse-administered analgesia. However, it remains unclear whether patients using patient-controlled analgesia devices use higher or lower doses of opioids compared to patients treated with oral opioids.

Methods
This retrospective study examined 164 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Post-operatively, 82 patients received oxycodone via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia devices, while the pain medication for 82 patients in the control group was administered by nurses. The main outcome measure was the consumption of intravenous opioid equivalents within 24 h after surgery. Secondary outcome measures were the use of anti-emetic drugs and the length of stay. Furthermore, we evaluated opioid-related adverse event reports.

Results
The consumption of opioids during the first 24 h after surgery and the use of anti-emetic drugs were similar in both groups. The median opioid dose of intravenous morphine equivalents was 41.1 mg (interquartile range (IQR): 29.5–69.1 mg) in the patient-controlled analgesia group and 40.5 mg (IQR: 32.4–48.6 mg) in the control group, respectively. The median length of stay was 2 days (IQR: 2–3 days) in the patient-controlled analgesia group and 3 days (IQR: 2–3 days) in the control group (p=0.02). The use of anti-emetic drugs was similar in both groups.

Conclusions
The administration of oxycodone via intravenous patient-controlled analgesia devices does not lead to increased opioid or anti-emetic consumptions compared to nurse-administered pain medication after total knee arthroplasty. Patient-controlled analgesia might lead to shortened length of stay.
Effects of Prestrain on the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Properties of a Model Sealant
Authors: Hunston D. L. , Tan K. T. , White C. C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Elastomeric sealants are nonlinear viscoelastic materials that exhibit the Mullins effect. As a result, the behavior of a sealant depends on the previous history of strains the sample has seen. To deal with this issue, characterization tests like ASTM C1735, Standard Test Method for Measuring the Time Dependent Modulus of Sealants Using Stress Relaxation, subject the specimen to a specific strain history before measuring properties. To gain a better understanding of this history effect, this article studied a model sealant where the nonlinear viscoelastic properties were measured after a variety of strain histories ranging from no exposure to strain before the test to the history specified in ASTM C1735. The results provide insight into how strain history affects properties, supports information for the ASTM characterization test, and adds knowledge on the nature of the Mullins effect.
Measuring Manufacturing’s Significance in the USA
Authors: Morris K. C. , Thomas Douglas S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economic value added is a primary metric for measuring manufacturing activity; however, this metric and others exclude approximately half of the economic activity necessary for producing manufactured goods. With the recent disruption in the supply of goods and services by the coronavirus disease pandemic, the criticality of these supply chains to production has become more apparent. Measuring and understanding these additional activities is foundational to reducing the effect of supply chain disruption. Additionally, manufacturing supply chains are fundamental to any response to the virus, including the production of masks, tests, and eventually a vaccine. When looked at closely, manufacturing stands out as a key driver of our economy. New manufacturing technologies can be leveraged to differentiate products in multiple ways, resulting in a greater variety of products made more efficiently, with less environmental impact and higher quality. In addition, the digitization of manufacturing supports supply chains that are more connected, anticipatory, and agile. Metrics are needed that better reflect the role manufacturing plays in society, better identify the social gains that manufacturing produces, and better establish the total economic activity that drives production. In this paper, we propose a macroeconomic metric to better measure the influence of manufacturing on our economy as an example of one such measure. We argue that there is a need for solidifying similar radical changes to our current ways of measuring manufacturing’s relevance and emphasizing the impact of new technologies that support the manufacturing economic sector.
Topographically Distinct Projection Patterns of Early-Generated and Late-Generated Projection Neurons in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Chon Uree , LaFever Brandon J. , Nguyen Uyen , Kim Yongsoo , Imamura Fumiaki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the mouse brain, olfactory information is transmitted to the olfactory cortex via olfactory bulb (OB) projection neurons known as mitral and tufted cells. Although mitral and tufted cells share many cellular characteristics, these cell types are distinct in their somata location and in their axonal and dendritic projection patterns. Moreover, mitral cells consist of heterogeneous subpopulations. We have previously shown that mitral cells generated at different embryonic days differentially localize within the mitral cell layer (MCL) and extend their lateral dendrites to different sublayers of the external plexiform layer (EPL). Here, we examined the axonal projection patterns from the subpopulations of OB projection neurons that are determined by the timing of neurogenesis (neuronal birthdate) to understand the developmental origin of the diversity in olfactory pathways. We separately labeled early-generated and late-generated OB projection neurons usingin uteroelectroporation performed at embryonic day (E)11 and E12, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed their axonal projection patterns in the whole mouse brain using high-resolution 3D imaging. In this study, we demonstrate that the axonal projection of late-generated OB projection neurons is restricted to the anterior portion of the olfactory cortex while those of the early-generated OB projection neurons innervate the entire olfactory cortex. Our results suggest that the late-generated mitral cells do not extend their axons to the posterior regions of the olfactory cortex. Therefore, the mitral cells having different birthdates differ, not only in cell body location and dendritic projections within the OB, but also in their axonal projection pattern to the olfactory cortex.
Postsynaptic Serine Racemase Regulates NMDA Receptor Function
Authors: Wong Jonathan M. , Folorunso Oluwarotimi O. , Barragan Eden V. , Berciu Cristina , Harvey Theresa L. , Coyle Joseph T. , Balu Darrick T. , Gray John A. 
Published: November 2020

d-serine is the primary NMDAR coagonist at mature forebrain synapses and is synthesized by the enzyme serine racemase (SR). However, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the availability of synapticd-serine remains limited. Though early studies suggestedd-serine is synthesized and released from astrocytes, more recent studies have demonstrated a predominantly neuronal localization of SR. More specifically, recent work intriguingly suggests that SR may be found at the postsynaptic density, yet the functional implications of postsynaptic SR on synaptic transmission are not yet known. Here, we show an age-dependent dendritic and postsynaptic localization of SR andd-serine by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in mouse CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, using a single-neuron genetic approach in SR conditional KO mice from both sexes, we demonstrate a cell-autonomous role for SR in regulating synaptic NMDAR function at Schaffer collateral (CA3)-CA1 synapses. Importantly, single-neuron genetic deletion of SR resulted in the elimination of LTP at 1 month of age, which could be rescued by exogenousd-serine. Interestingly, there was a restoration of LTP by 2 months of age that was associated with an upregulation of synaptic GluN2B. Our findings support a cell-autonomous role for postsynaptic neuronal SR in regulating synaptic NMDAR function and suggests a possible autocrine mode ofd-serine action.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNMDARs are key regulators of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity and are unique in their requirement for binding of a coagonist, which isd-serine at most forebrain synapses. However, our understanding of the mechanisms regulating synapticd-serine availability remains limited.d-serine is synthesized in the brain by the neuronal enzyme serine racemase (SR). Here, we show dendritic and postsynaptic localization of SR andd-serine in CA1 pyramidal neurons. In addition, using single-neuron genetic deletion of SR, we establish a role of postsynaptic SR in regulating NMDAR function. These results support an autocrine mode ofd-serine action at synapses.
Evaluation of the performance of a human D-dimer test in dogs with neoplasia
Authors: Török-Nagy Beáta , Vajdovich Péter , Balogh Lajos , Thuróczy Julianna , Dénes Béla 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the suitability of a commercially available D-dimer assay as a diagnostic tool for testing dogs. This assay is an immunoturbidimetric diagnostic test, capable of determining the D-dimer levels in human plasma by using 2B9 monoclonal antibody. Plasma samples of clinically healthy (n = 20) and tumour-bearing (n = 50) dogs were measured. The tumours were grouped on the basis of histological type and aggressiveness, and then the measured D-dimer concentrations of these groups were compared to those of the control group. The differences were analysed statistically. For benign tumours, we did not find alterations in the D-dimer levels. However, in the case of malignant tumours (lymphoma, sarcoma, and carcinoma) and in the presence of metastases, significantly elevated D-dimer levels were measured. The assay proved to be suitable for measuring the D-dimer levels in plasma samples of dogs. The calculated reference range for dogs was confirmed to be between 0.06 and 0.69 µg/mL fibrinogen equivalent unit.