bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress in microencapsulation of probiotics: A review
Authors: Yao Mingfei , Xie Jiaojiao , Du Hengjun , McClements David Julian , Xiao Hang , Li Lanjuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe potential health benefits of probiotics may not be realized because of the substantial reduction in their viability during food storage and gastrointestinal transit. Microencapsulation can be used to enhance the resistance of probiotics to unfavorable conditions. A range of oral delivery systems has been developed to increase the level of probiotics reaching the colon including embedding and coating systems. This review introduces emerging strategies for the microencapsulation of probiotics and highlights the key mechanisms of their stress–tolerance properties. Recent in vitro and in vivo models for evaluation of the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems are also reviewed. Encapsulation technologies are required to maintain the viability of probiotics during storage and within the human gut so as to increase their ability to colonize the colon. These technologies work by protecting the probiotics from harsh environmental conditions, as well as increasing their mucoadhesive properties. Typically, the probiotics are either embedded inside or coated with food‐grade materials such as biopolymers or lipids. In some cases, additional components may be coencapsulated to enhance their viability such as nutrients or protective agents. The importance of having suitable in vitro and in vivo models to evaluate the efficiency of probiotic delivery systems is also emphasized.
Current susceptibilities of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens to triflumezopyrim and other frequently used insecticides in China
Authors: Liao Xun , Xu Peng‐Fei , Gong Pei‐Pan , Wan Hu , Li Jian‐Hong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe brown planthopper is a notorious rice pest in many areas of Asia. The evolution of insecticide resistance in Nilaparvata lugens has become a serious problem in the effective control of this pest in the paddy field. In this article, the current susceptibility of N. lugens field populations to novel mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim and major classes of chemical insecticides was determined and compared. The monitoring results indicated that field populations of N. lugens had developed low resistance to triflumezopyrim (resistance ratio, RR: 1.3‒7.3‐fold) during 2015‒2018 in China, and the median lethal concentration values varied from 0.05 to 0.29 mg/L. Additionally, during 2017 to 2018, field populations of N. lugens showed high resistance levels to thiamethoxam (RR: 456.1‒1025.6‐fold), imidacloprid (RR: 2195.3‒6899.0‐fold) and buprofezin (RR: 1241.5‒4521.7‐fold), moderate to high resistance levels to dinotefuran (RR: 97.6‒320.1‐fold), clothianidin (RR: 69.4‒230.1‐fold) and isoprocarb (RR: 44.1‒108.0‐fold), and low to moderate levels of resistance to chlorpyrifos (RR: 12.0‒29.7‐fold) and nitenpyram (RR: 6.9‒24.1‐fold). In contrast, N. lugens just showed low resistance to sulfoxaflor (RR: 3.3‒8.5‐fold) and etofenprox (RR: 5.0‒9.1‐fold) in the field. Additionally, the P450 gene CYP6ER1 was found to be significantly overexpressed in all five field populations of N. lugens collected in 2018 when compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. Our findings will provide useful information to delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in N. lugens.
Extraction optimization and purification of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and evaluation of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the anthocyanins
Authors: Shen Meilun , Liu Kang , Liang Yefei , Liu Guangxin , Sang Jie , Li Cuiqin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to extract and purify anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murr. and evaluate their tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Response surface methodology was devoted to optimize enzyme‐assisted extraction of anthocyanins from L. ruthenicum dried fruits. Extraction at 38 °C for 37 min using water‐containing pectinase (52.04 mg/100 g dried fruit) rendered an anthocyanin extraction yield of 19.51 ± 0.21 mg/g. The purified anthocyanins were separated from the extract by macroporous resin XDA‐6. Antioxidant tests in vitro suggested that the extract and the purified anthocyanins exhibited a potent 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity, 2,2‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity, and total reducing power. Thirteen anthocyanins from L. ruthenicum dried fruits were analyzed by HPLC‐MS. Moreover, the purified anthocyanins had inhibitory effect on tyrosinase monophenolase (IC50 = 1.483 ± 0.058 mg/mL), and the type of inhibition was competitive inhibition (Ki = 39.83 ± 1.4 mg/mL). The maximum inhibitory activity of the purified anthocyanins (3.00 mg/mL) on tyrosinase diphenolase was 42.16 ± 0.77%, and the type of inhibition was anticompetitive inhibition (Kis = 2.387 ± 0.10 mg/mL).Practical ApplicationThe anthocyanins from L. ruthenicum dried fruits can be used as tyrosinase inhibitors in medicine, cosmetics, and food preservation industries.
Characterization of Salmonella spp.‐specific bacteriophages and their biocontrol application in chicken breast meat
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Kim Hee Jeong , Jung Soo Jin , Mizan Md Furkanur Rahaman , Park Si Hong , Ha Sang‐Do 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChicken breast meat is considered as the main source of Salmonella infection in humans. The aim of this study was to isolate lytic bacteriophages specific for Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and examine their efficacy in a cocktail for the biocontrol of Salmonella spp. in raw chicken breast meat. Four lytic phages belonging to the Myoviridae and Siphoviridae families were isolated from a river proximate to a duck farm. They exhibited broad lytic activities against 11 strains of S. Enteritidis, 11 strains of S. Typhimurium, and one each of S. Paratyphi A, S. San Diego, and S. Typhi. The phages were determined to be stable, exhibited similar degrees of resistance to heat and pH, and had latent periods ranging from 5 to 30 min. In addition, the phage particles were 100% adsorbed within 18 to 40 min. Viable cell counts of bacteria were significantly reduced in raw chicken breast samples (P < 0.05) when treated with a cocktail of all four bacteriophages at 4 °C for 7 days (multiplicities of infection were from 104 to 106). These results indicate the potential efficacy of the bacteriophage cocktail as a biological agent against S. Enteritidis in raw chicken breast meat.Practical ApplicationOur findings demonstrate that the phages could be effective in reducing the viability of Salmonella spp. bacteria in chicken breast meat. Therefore, the phage cocktail is a potential bactericidal agent for the biocontrol of Salmonella spp. in raw chicken breast meat and could be used use in various poultry industries in the future.
Dual‐specificity phosphatase 15 (DUSP15) in the nucleus accumbens is a novel negative regulator of morphine‐associated contextual memory
Authors: Qiao Xiaomeng , Zhu Yongsheng , Dang Wei , Wang Runzhi , Sun Mizhu , Chen Yuanyuan , Shi Yuhui , Zhang Lirong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDrug relapse among addicts often occurs due to the learned association between drug‐paired cues and the rewarding effects of these drugs, such as morphine. Contextual memory associated with morphine has a central role in maintenance and relapse. We showed that morphine‐conditioned place preference (CPP) activates extracellular‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The main enzymes that mediate ERK dephosphorylation are members of the dual‐specificity phosphatase (DUSP) superfamily. It is unclear which members regulate the morphine CPP‐induced activation of ERK. After screening, DUSP15 was found to be decreased during both morphine CPP expression and the reinstatement period. Intra‐NAc infusions of AAV‐DUSP15 (overexpression) not only prevented the expression of morphine‐induced CPP but also facilitated extinction, inhibited reinstatement, and abolished ERK activation. However, after repeated morphine exposure and withdrawal in mice, there was no change in the expression of p‐ERK and DUSP15, and the overexpression of DUSP15 in the NAc did not improve the impaired spatial memory or anxiety‐like behaviour induced by morphine. Together, these findings indicate that DUSP15 not only prevents the expression of drug‐paired contextual memory but also promotes the extinction of existing addiction memories, thus providing a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of drug addiction.
Viscoelastic and chemical properties of dentine after different exposure times to sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and calcium hydroxide
Authors: Ng Yuan‐Ling , Reddington Liam P. , Berman Antony , Knowles Jonathan C. , Nazhat Showan N. , Gulabivala Kishor 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the viscoelastic and chemical properties of dentine after different durations of exposure to 5.25% NaOCl, 17% EDTA and Ca(OH)2 solutions, and NaOCl in alternating combination with EDTA. Standard dentine bars were randomly assigned to: (i) formal‐saline control‐1; (ii) NaOCl; (iii) EDTA; (iv) NaOCl/EDTA; (v) formal‐saline control‐2; (vi) Ca(OH)2 pH 12.6; and (vii) Ca(OH)2 pH 9.8. Groups 1‐–4 underwent 10 min cycles of soaking and dynamic mechanical analysis up to 120 min. Groups 5–7 underwent similar tests at days 7, 14, 28 and 84. FTIR spectra of dentine discs exposed to the same regimens assessed surface chemistry. NaOCl or Ca(OH)2 (pH 12.6) solutions reduced the organic (N‐H[1], N‐H[3], C=0) peak components of dentine. This study demonstrated that accumulative damage of dentine could be facilitated by alternated exposure to NaOCl and EDTA. Exposure of dentine to Ca(OH)2 (pH12.6) for 7 days reduced viscous behaviour, inferring increased potential for fatigue failure.
Ventricular arrhythmias following continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device implantation: A systematic review
Authors: Gordon Jonathan S. , Maynes Elizabeth J. , Choi Jae Hwan , Wood Chelsey T. , Weber Matthew P. , Morris Rohinton J. , Massey H. Todd , Tchantchaleishvili Vakhtang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractVentricular arrhythmias (VA) are not uncommon after continuous‐flow left ventricular assist device (CF‐LVAD) implantation. In this systematic review, we sought to identify the patterns of VA that occurred following CF‐LVAD implantation and evaluate their outcomes. An electronic search was performed to identify all articles reporting the development of VA following CF‐LVAD implantation. VA was defined as any episode of ventricular fibrillation (VF) or sustained (>30 seconds) ventricular tachycardia (VT). Eleven studies were pooled for the analysis that included 393 CF‐LVAD patients with VA. The mean patient age was 57 years [95%CI: 54; 61] and 82% [95%CI: 73; 88] were male. Overall, 37% [95%CI: 19; 60] of patients experienced a new onset VA after CF‐LVAD implantation, while 60% [95%CI: 51; 69] of patients had a prior history of VA. Overall, 88% of patients [95%CI: 78; 94] were supported on HeartMate II CF‐LVAD, 6% [95%CI: 3; 14] on HeartWare HVAD, and 6% [95%CI: 2; 13] on other CF‐LVADs. VA was symptomatic in 47% [95%CI: 28; 68] of patients and in 50% [95%CI: 37; 52], early VA (<30 days from CF‐LVAD) was observed. The 30‐day mortality rate was 7% [95%CI: 5; 11]. Mean follow‐up was 22.9 months [95%CI: 4.8; 40.8], during which 27% [95%CI: 17; 39] of patients underwent heart transplantation. In conclusion, approximately a third of patients had new VA following CF‐LVAD placement. VA in CF‐LVAD patients is often symptomatic, necessitates treatment, and carries a worse prognosis.
Accuracy of pulse oximetry in preterm and term infants is insufficient to determine arterial oxygen saturation and tension
Authors: Wackernagel Dirk , Blennow Mats , Hellström Ann 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimOxygen saturation is frequently monitored with pulse oximetry to assess vital signs in critically ill patients. Optimally, pulse oximetry closely tracks arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), which provides guidance in oxygen titration. We investigated whether monitoring peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) could accurately guide oxygen titration in newborn infants.MethodsTwenty seven thousand two hundred thirty seven SpO2 readings were retrospectively paired with arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and PaO2 results from blood gas analyses performed in infants with arterial catheters in place.ResultsSpO2 overestimated SaO2 readings by 2.9 ± 5.8%. When pulse oximetry readings were within the defined oxygen saturation target range, 7809 (20.9%) SaO2 values were below and 2830 (7.6%) exceeded the target range. In 57% of patients, PaO2 levels < 6 kPa was diagnosed while SpO2 readings were > 90%. PaO2 > 11 kPa was recorded in 19% of cases, when SpO2 readings were < 95%. Infants treated with supplemental oxygen showed a threefold increased risk of hypoxaemia compared to infants breathing room air. Sensitivity and specificity for detecting upper and lower target range limits were fair to good. For SpO2 values below 91%, ISO quality criteria were no longer fulfilled.ConclusionsBased on arterial blood gas analyses as reference, pulse oximetry readings did not fulfil the performance requirements for titrating oxygen in neonatal patients.
Advanced fibrosis is associated with incident cardiovascular disease in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Henson Jacqueline B. , Simon Tracey G. , Kaplan Alyson , Osganian Stephanie , Masia Ricard , Corey Kathleen E. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryBackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It is not well understood, however, which individuals with NAFLD are at highest risk for cardiovascular disease.AimsTo determine the factors associated with incident cardiovascular events in a prospective cohort of individuals with biopsy‐proven NAFLD without pre‐existing cardiovascular disease.MethodsFrom 2011 to 2018, adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD without cardiovascular disease were enrolled in a tissue repository and were followed prospectively to the first recorded date of incident cardiovascular disease, death or the end of follow‐up (11/1/2018). Competing risks analysis was performed to identify predictors of incident cardiovascular disease.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up time of 5.2 years, 26/285 (9.1%) individuals experienced an incident cardiovascular event. Advanced fibrosis (stage 3‐4) on biopsy was a significant predictor of incident cardiovascular disease, and this persisted on multivariable analysis (SHR 2.86, 95% CI 1.36–6.04) after considering relevant covariates, including cardiovascular risk scores, which were not independent predictors. Of the non‐invasive indicators of fibrosis, the NAFLD fibrosis score was the only independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Other histologic features, including steatohepatitis, were not associated with incident cardiovascular disease.ConclusionsIn adults with biopsy‐proven NAFLD, advanced fibrosis on biopsy and higher NAFLD fibrosis score were significant and independent predictors of incident cardiovascular disease, even after considering traditional risk factors and cardiovascular risk scores. These findings should be considered when evaluating NAFLD patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, and further evaluation into the link between advanced fibrosis and cardiovascular disease is needed.
Deer, wolves, and people: costs, benefits and challenges of living together
Authors: Martin Jean‐Louis , Chamaillé‐Jammes Simon , Waller Donald M. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTHuman‐driven species annihilations loom as a major crisis. However the recovery of deer and wolf populations in many parts of the northern hemisphere has resulted in conflicts and controversies rather than in relief. Both species interact in complex ways with their environment, each other, and humans. We review these interactions in the context of the ecological and human costs and benefits associated with these species. We integrate scattered information to widen our perspective on the nature and perception of these costs and benefits and how they link to each other and ongoing controversies regarding how we manage deer and wolf populations. After revisiting the ecological roles deer and wolves play in contemporary ecosystems, we explore how they interact, directly and indirectly, with human groups including farmers, foresters, shepherds, and hunters. Interactions with deer and wolves generate various axes of tension, posing both ecological and sociological challenges. Resolving these tensions and conflicts requires that we address key questions using integrative approaches: what are the ecological consequences of deer and wolf recovery? How do they influence each other? What are the social and socio‐ecological consequences of large deer populations and wolf presence? Finally, what key obstacles must be overcome to allow deer, wolves and people to coexist? Reviewing contemporary ecological and sociological results suggests insights and ways to improve our understanding and resolve long‐standing challenges to coexistence. We should begin by agreeing to enhance aggregate benefits while minimizing the collective costs we incur by interacting with deer and wolves. We should also view these species, and ourselves, as parts of integrated ecosystems subject to long‐term dynamics. If co‐existence is our goal, we need deer and wolves to persevere in ways that are compatible with human interests. Our human interests, however, should be inclusive and fairly value all the costs and benefits deer and wolves entail including their intrinsic value. Shifts in human attitudes and cultural learning that are already occurring will reshape our ecological interactions with deer and wolves.
Mechanistic Multiscale Pharmacokinetic Model for the Anticancer Drug 2’,2’‐difluorodeoxycytidine (Gemcitabine) in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Garcia‐Cremades Maria , Melillo Nicola , Troconiz Iñaki F. , Magni Paolo 
Published: February 2020

The aim of this work is to build a mechanistic multiscale pharmacokinetic model for the anticancer drug 2’,2’‐difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine, dFdC), able to describe the concentrations of dFdC metabolites in the pancreatic tumor tissue in dependence of physiological and genetic patient characteristics, and, more in general, to explore the capabilities and limitations of this kind of modeling strategy. A mechanistic model characterizing dFdC metabolic pathway (metabolic network) was developed using in vitro literature data from two pancreatic cancer cell lines. The network was able to describe the time course of extracellular and intracellular dFdC metabolites concentrations. Moreover, a physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe clinical dFdC profiles by using enzymatic and physiological information available in the literature. This model was then coupled with the metabolic network to describe the dFdC active metabolite profile in the pancreatic tumor tissue. Finally, global sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the parameters that mainly drive the interindividual variability for the area under the curve (AUC) of dFdC in plasma and of its active metabolite (dFdCTP) in tumor tissue. From this analysis, cytidine deaminase (CDA) concentration was identified as the main driver of plasma dFdC AUC interindividual variability, whereas CDA and deoxycytidine kinase concentration mainly explained the tumor dFdCTP AUC variability. However, the lack of in vitro and in vivo information needed to characterize key model parameters hampers the development of this kind of mechanistic approach. Further studies to better characterize pancreatic cell lines and patient enzymes polymorphisms are encouraged to refine and validate the current model.
Propylene glycol: a promising preservative for insects, comparable to ethanol, from trapping to DNA analysis
Authors: Nakamura Shoko , Tamura Shigeaki , Taki Hisatomo , Shoda‐Kagaya Etsuko 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRecent advances in DNA analysis allow us to identify an unprecedented number of insect samples collected by mass sampling techniques such as insect traps. In these circumstances, a preservative that can be applied from trap to storage is necessary to prevent degradation of DNA before analysis and save on the cost of labor for collecting insects from traps. Propylene glycol has a prominent feature as a trap solution. We aimed to examine the DNA preservability of 98% propylene glycol at 2 weeks and more than 6 months after initial collection in comparison with 99.5% ethanol, which is commonly used for storage of specimens for genetic analysis. We compared amplification performance of PCR targeting a specific region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in the orders Hymenoptera, Diptera, and Coleoptera using two extraction methods varying in extraction efficiency. Even after 6 months, more than 75% of samples were recognized to have succeeded in PCR amplification irrespective of preservatives by the extraction method with higher extraction efficiency. It suggested that mitochondrial DNA was preserved in both solutions. However, dim bands in the electrophoreses of PCR products increased with time in extracts by another method with lower extraction efficiency. In Diptera and Coleoptera, the rate of dim bands increased more rapidly for ethanol‐preserved than for propylene glycol‐preserved specimens, indicating higher DNA preservability of propylene glycol over time for these taxa. On the other hand, in Hymenoptera, the preservatives did not affect PCR amplification performance. Considering its safer characteristics and high DNA preservability in a wide range of taxa, propylene glycol can be a promising solution from trapping of insects to storage for genetic analysis.
Support for the habitat amount hypothesis from a global synthesis of species density studies
Authors: Watling James I. , Arroyo‐Rodríguez Victor , Pfeifer Marion , Baeten Lander , Banks‐Leite Cristina , Cisneros Laura M. , Fang Rebecca , Hamel‐Leigue A. Caroli , Lachat Thibault , Leal Inara R. , Lens Luc , Possingham Hugh P. , Raheem Dinarzarde C. , Ribeiro Danilo B. , Slade Eleanor M. , Urbina‐Cardona J. Nicolas , Wood Eric M. , Fahrig Lenore 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDecades of research suggest that species richness depends on spatial characteristics of habitat patches, especially their size and isolation. In contrast, the habitat amount hypothesis predicts that (1) species richness in plots of fixed size (species density) is more strongly and positively related to the amount of habitat around the plot than to patch size or isolation; (2) habitat amount better predicts species density than patch size and isolation combined, (3) there is no effect of habitat fragmentation per se on species density and (4) patch size and isolation effects do not become stronger with declining habitat amount. Data on eight taxonomic groups from 35 studies around the world support these predictions. Conserving species density requires minimising habitat loss, irrespective of the configuration of the patches in which that habitat is contained.