bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reply to Comment by Dario Bilardello on “New late Pennsylvanian Paleomagnetic Results From Paraná Basin (southern Brazil): Is the Recent Giant Gaussian Process Model Valid for the Kiaman Superchron?”
Authors: Ernesto Marcia , Brandt Daniele , Franco Daniel Ribeiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this response, we address the comments by D. Bilardello on the paper by Brandt et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016968). His main point is that the Mafra rhythmites are remagnetized as are supposed to be all Paleozoic sediments in the Paraná Basin in the context of a widespread Jurassic‐Cretaceous remagnetization in South America. In this way, the obtained results are not suitable for investigations of the paleosecular variation models. The authors do not agree with his conclusions and present counterevidence to support the approach and the conclusions of Brandt et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB016968).
Sensitivity Study of Weather Research and Forecasting Physical Schemes and Evaluation of Cool Coating Effects in Singapore by Weather Research and Forecasting Coupled with Urban Canopy Model Simulations
Authors: Zhou Mandi , Long Yongping , Zhang Xiaoqin , Donthu Eswara V. S. K. K. , Ng Bing Feng , Wan Man Pun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMesoscale meteorological modeling was conducted to evaluate air temperature at 2‐m above surface (T2), wind speed/direction, and relative humidity (RH) in Singapore, a tropical city, for a dry period. A sensitivity study was conducted to determine the best combination of schemes for the physical modules. The model was used to study the urban heat island (UHI) effect and urban cooling effect by applying cool coating on various urban surfaces. Maximum UHI intensity of 3.2°C is found at nighttime (21:00) at a hot spot in the Commercial/Industrial area. At nighttime, when the UHI effect is generally more intense than daytime, applying cool coating on all urban surfaces can reduce the UHI effect by about 30% in residential areas and about 6% in commercial/industrial areas. Maximum T2 reduction of 3.1°C and surface skin temperature (TSK) reduction of 9.8°C due to cool coating is found at 13:00 at certain locations. The cool urban surfaces reduce radiative heat absorption during daytime, reducing heat storage in urban structures. This leads to subsequent reduction of stored heat release from urban structures, mitigating UHI effect during nighttime. Applying cool coating on horizontal surfaces (roofs and roads) provides more cooling effect than vertical surfaces (walls). Cool roofs provide more cooling effect than cool roads since roofs cover more urban horizontal surfaces than roads do in the current setting. Part of the radiation reflected by cool roads could be absorbed by other urban structures, reducing its cooling effect as compared to cool roofs.
Present Temperature, Precipitation, and Rain‐on‐Snow Climate in Svalbard
Authors: Wickström Siiri , Jonassen Marius O. , Cassano John J. , Vihma Timo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Svalbard Archipelago has undergone rapid warming in the recent decades leading to warmer and wetter winter conditions. This study relates the present (2013–2018) 2 m temperature, precipitation, and rain‐on‐snow (ROS) climate in Svalbard to different atmospheric circulation (AC) types utilizing the high‐resolution numerical weather prediction model Application of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME)‐Arctic. We find that the 2 m median temperatures vary most across AC types in winter and spring and in summer they vary the least. In all seasons the 10th percentile 2 m temperatures are above 0°C with southwesterly AC types over Svalbard. In comparison, the relationship between AC type and precipitation varies more spatially, with most accumulated precipitation and highest median precipitation intensities with onshore flow over open water. Our results suggest that sea ice explains a large part of the local variability in both 2 m temperature and precipitation. In the studied period ROS is a frequent phenomenon up to 150 m above sea level (ASL) on land, with most events in the southwestern parts of the archipelago (57 cases during five winter seasons). ROS events in winter occur predominantly with AC types from the southerly sector or during a low‐pressure center/trough passage. The southwesterly cyclonic AC type, with a low‐pressure center west of Svalbard, is the most frequent AC type for ROS events. In addition to being the most frequent, the southwesterly AC has the largest spatial coverage of ROS.
The SIRE2 Toolkit
Authors: Adams J. H. , Robinson Z. D. , Nonnast J. H. , Fisher J. H. , Hope D. M. , Lane Z. B. , Reed R. A. , Fisher J. Z. , Warren K. M. , Sierawski B. D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Space Ionizing Radiation Environment and Effects (SIRE2) toolkit has been developed to update and extend the tools used by the space and radiation effects community. It includes new environment models, the capability to examine how the environment changes along satellite and other trajectories and batch processing capabilities for both environments and radiation effects on electronics. An overview of the capabilities in the SIRE2 Toolkit is provided, and examples of applying SIRE2 to satellite orbits and arbitrary trajectories are given.
An Analytical Framework for Reservoir Operation With Combined Natural Inflow and Controlled Inflow
Authors: Li Yu , Ding Wei , Chen Xiaoxian , Cai Ximing , Zhang Chi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInterbasin water transfers have been undertaken in those regions that water demand has gone beyond regional water availability. Some reservoirs in a recipient region have both natural inflow (NI) and the controlled inflow (CI) through water transfer. This study establishes a theoretical framework to analyze reservoir operation with combined NI and CI, via an optimization model to maximize the net benefit of reservoir operation, considering both deterministic and stochastic NI. Operation rules for both water transfer and reservoir release are derived from the framework. It is illustrated that the amount of CI depends on water availability to the recipient reservoir, the relationship between marginal benefit and marginal cost, the water transfer capacity, and the uncertainty level of NI. As forecast uncertainty increases, more water is transferred, and more water is left in the reservoir as carryover storage when the initial water availability (WA0) is small; however, with a certain high level of WA0 and forecast uncertainty, water transfer will be controlled to reduce the risk of water abandonment. Notably, the critical values of the forecast uncertainty that control water transfer are identified under the various WA0. The analysis is illustrated via a case study with a real‐world reservoir in northeastern China. In summary, this study derives hedging rules for water supply reservoir with combined NI and CI to mitigate the risk of both water shortage and water abandonment and provides guidelines to use NI forecasts for water transfer and reservoir release decisions.
Real‐Time Flood Forecasting Based on a High‐Performance 2‐D Hydrodynamic Model and Numerical Weather Predictions
Authors: Ming Xiaodong , Liang Qiuhua , Xia Xilin , Li Dingmin , Fowler Hayley J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA flood forecasting system commonly consists of at least two essential components, that is, a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model to provide rainfall forecasts and a hydrological/hydraulic model to predict the hydrological response. While being widely used for flood forecasting, hydrological models only provide a simplified representation of the physical processes of flooding due to negligence of strict momentum conservation. They cannot reliably predict the highly transient flooding process from intense rainfall, in which case a fully 2‐D hydrodynamic model is required. Due to high computational demand, hydrodynamic models have not been exploited to support real‐time flood forecasting across a large catchment at sufficiently high resolution. To fill the current research and practical gaps, this work develops a new forecasting system by coupling a graphics processing unit (GPU) accelerated hydrodynamic model with NWP products to provide high‐resolution, catchment‐scale forecasting of rainfall‐runoff and flooding processes induced by intense rainfall. The performance of this new forecasting system is tested and confirmed by applying it to “forecast” an extreme flood event across a 2,500‐km2 catchment at 10‐m resolution. Quantitative comparisons are made between the numerical predictions and field measurements in terms of water level and flood extent. To produce simulation results comparing well with the observations, the new flood forecasting system provides 34 hr of lead time when the weather forecasts are available 36 hr beforehand. Numerical experiments further confirm that uncertainties from the rainfall inputs are not amplified by the hydrodynamic model toward the final flood forecasting outputs in this case.
Active Steady‐State Creep on A Nontectonic Normal Fault in Southeast Utah: Implications for Strain Release in a Rapidly Deforming Salt System
Authors: Kravitz Katherine , Mueller Karl , Bilham Roger G. , Walton Maureen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCharacterizing short‐term temporal variations of fault creep provide insight into the evolution, mechanics, and strength of fault systems. Using spirit leveling and an extensometer, we measured active slip of a surface fault southwest of the Needles District, Canyonlands National Park, Utah, where exteis driven by differential unloading of a subsurface salt layer due to incision of the Colorado River. Results show continuous creep at maximum rates of 0.7 ± 0.2 mm/yr without large temporal variations typical of episodic creep events. Occasional, minor transient events in fault slip velocity coincided with water infiltration; however, we found no significant relation between precipitation and transient events. Detailed mapping of widespread, fault‐parallel sinkholes provide evidence for dilation of faults at shallow depth, a process that lowers fault strength. We propose continuous slip is related to low fault strength and differential unloading, as opposed to other salt systems where dissolution has been linked to episodic slip.
Oxygen Ion Escape From Venus Is Modulated by Ultra‐Low Frequency Waves
Authors: Jarvinen Riku , Alho Markku , Kallio Esa , Pulkkinen Tuija, I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe study the solar wind‐driven, nonthermal escape of O+ ions from Venus in a global hybrid simulation. In the model, a well‐developed ion foreshock forms ahead of the Venusian quasi‐parallel bow shock under nominal upstream conditions. Large‐scale magnetosonic ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves at 20‐ to 30‐s period are excited and convect downstream along the foreshock with the solar wind. We show that the foreshock ULF waves transmit through the bow shock in the downstream region and interact with the planetary ion acceleration, causing 25% peak‐to‐peak fluctuations in the O+ escape rate. These results demonstrate the importance of upstream plasma waves on the energization and escape of heavy ions from the planetary atmospheres.
Isobar Altitude Variations in the Upper Mesosphere Observed With IUVS‐MAVEN in Response to Martian Dust Storms
Authors: Gkouvelis L. , Gérard J.‐C. , González‐Galindo F. , Hubert B. , Schneider N. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe report limb measurements of the oxygen dayglow emission at 297.2 nm performed during four Martian dust storms. The emission peak provides a good remote sensing tool to probe changes of the altitude of the 39 mPa pressure level for the first time during dust storms. We illustrate the time variation of these changes and compare them with the infrared opacity in the lower atmosphere. We find that the 39 mPa level rises in response to the increase in dust opacity. It reaches a plateau, and additional dust load does not significantly increase its altitude. Numerical simulations with the LMD global circulation model shows a similar response, except for the event observed during MY33 regional storm when the model fails to reproduce the observed variations. Observations collected during the onset of the global dust storm in June 2018 show that the upper atmosphere rapidly responds within two Martian days to the increased amount of tropospheric dust.
On the Role of Pacific‐Atlantic SST Contrast and Associated Caribbean Sea Convection in August–October U.S. Regional Rainfall Variability
Authors: Kim Dongmin , Lee Sang‐Ki , Lopez Hosmay , Foltz Gregory R. , Misra Vasubandhu , Kumar Arun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the large‐scale atmospheric processes that lead to U.S. precipitation variability in late summer to midfall (August–October; ASO) and shows that the well‐recognized relationship between North Atlantic Subtropical High and U.S. precipitation in peak summer (June–August) significantly weakens in ASO. The working hypothesis derived from our analysis is that in ASO convective activity in the Caribbean Sea, modulated by the tropical Pacific‐Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly contrast, directly influences the North American Low‐Level Jet and thus U.S. precipitation east of the Rockies, through a Gill‐type response. This hypothesis derived from observations is strongly supported by a long‐term climate model simulation and by a linear baroclinic atmospheric model with prescribed diabatic forcings in the Caribbean Sea. This study integrates key findings from previous studies and advances a consistent physical rationale that links the Pacific‐Atlantic SST anomaly contrast, Caribbean Sea convective activity, and U.S. rainfall in ASO.
Late Miocene Climate Cooling Contributed to the Disappearance of Hominoids in Yunnan Region, Southwestern China
Authors: Li Pei , Zhang Chunxia , Kelley Jay , Deng Chenglong , Ji Xueping , Jablonski Nina G. , Wu Haibin , Fu Yang , Guo Zhengtang , Zhu Rixiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe relationship between long‐sequence climate change and Miocene hominoid evolution in the Yunnan region of southwestern China has recently received some attention, partly because this region has been regarded as a “refugium” for hominoids at the end of the Miocene. Here, we carry out a high‐resolution reconstruction of climate evolution in the Zhaotong Basin of Yunnan through the late Miocene to Pliocene using chemical weathering indices and other proxies. The results reveal gradual cooling within generally warm and humid conditions from 8.8–6.2 Ma; three more marked cooling episodes from 6.2–5.0 Ma; cool and humid conditions from 5.0–2.8 Ma; finally, cold and humid conditions from 2.8–2.62 Ma. The evidence is compatible with a scenario in which terminal Miocene cooling episodes within a prevailing warm and humid climate, and associated changes in vegetation, may have been critical factors in the disappearance of hominoids from this region.
Identifying Characteristic and Anomalous Mantle From the Complex Relationship Between Abyssal Hill Roughness and Spreading Rates
Authors: Goff John A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe dependence of abyssal hill roughness on mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) spreading rate is an important indicator for faulting and volcanism. I reanalyze this relationship using a global gravity‐based prediction of root‐mean‐square (RMS) heights, enabling dense sampling of RMS/spreading rate space and thus a far more detailed examination than possible with bathymetric data. RMS histograms are multimodal, indicating previously unrecognized complexity in roughness versus spreading rate that cannot be characterized by a single trend. Modal peaks are used to define four different types of abyssal hills, three of which can be associated with axial valley, transitional, and axial high MOR morphology. The most abundant type at any one spreading rate bin is used to define a “characteristic” trend that transitions abruptly from axial valley to axial high types across half rates of ~20 to 30 mm/yr. Abyssal hills outside this trend are associated geographically with anomalously “hot” and “cold” mantle regions.
Large‐Scale Extreme Rainfall‐Producing Synoptic Systems of the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Nikumbh Akshaya C. , Chakraborty Arindam , Bhat G. S. , Frierson Dargan M. W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn recent years India has been increasingly experiencing widespread floods induced by large‐scale extreme rainfall events (LEREs). LEREs are mainly associated with monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPS). The forecast of these high‐flood‐potential events, however, has remained challenging. Here, we compare LPSs of the summer monsoon that led to LEREs (LPS‐Lg) and strong LPSs that did not result in LEREs (LPS‐noLg) over central India for the period 1979–2012. We show that having a strong LPS is not a sufficient condition to produce LEREs, and the LPS‐Lgs are accompanied by secondary cyclonic vortices (SCVs). The simultaneous existence of an LPS and an SCV creates a giant midtropospheric vortex. SCVs enhance dynamic lifting, static instability, and moisture transport from the Arabian Sea that precondition the atmosphere for deep convection. SCVs also slow down the propagation of LPSs. We show that the interaction of synoptic‐scale systems can lead to LEREs even if individual systems are not strong enough.
Picoliter droplet array based on bioinspired microholes for in situ single-cell analysis
Authors: Du Lin , Liu Huan , Zhou Jia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe division of aqueous samples into microdroplet arrays has many applications in biochemical and medical analysis. Inspired by biological features, we propose a method to produce picoliter droplet arrays for single-cell analysis based on physical structure and interface. A 0.9 pL droplet array with an RSD (relative standard deviation) less than 6.3% and a density of 49,000 droplets/cm2 was successfully generated on a PDMS chip (polydimethylsiloxane) from a micromachined glass mold. The droplet generation principle of the wetting behavior in the microholes with splayed sidewalls on the PDMS chip by liquid smearing was exploited. The feasibility of the picoliter droplets for bacterial single-cell analysis was verified by the separation of mixed bacteria into single droplets and isolated in situ bacteria propagation.
Integrated sensing and delivery of oxygen for next-generation smart wound dressings
Authors: Ochoa Manuel , Rahimi Rahim , Zhou Jiawei , Jiang Hongjie , Yoon Chang Keun , Maddipatla Dinesh , Narakathu Binu Baby , Jain Vaibhav , Oscai Mark Michael , Morken Thaddeus Joseph , Oliveira Rebeca Hannah , Campana Gonzalo L. , Cummings Oscar W. , Zieger Michael A. , Sood Rajiv , Atashbar Massood Z. , Ziaie Babak 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChronic wounds affect over 6.5 million Americans and are notoriously difficult to treat. Suboptimal oxygenation of the wound bed is one of the most critical and treatable wound management factors, but existing oxygenation systems do not enable concurrent measurement and delivery of oxygen in a convenient wearable platform. Thus, we developed a low-cost alternative for continuous O2 delivery and sensing comprising of an inexpensive, paper-based, biocompatible, flexible platform for locally generating and measuring oxygen in a wound region. The platform takes advantage of recent developments in the fabrication of flexible microsystems including the incorporation of paper as a substrate and the use of a scalable manufacturing technology, inkjet printing. Here, we demonstrate the functionality of the oxygenation patch, capable of increasing oxygen concentration in a gel substrate by 13% (5 ppm) in 1 h. The platform is able to sense oxygen in a range of 5–26 ppm. In vivo studies demonstrate the biocompatibility of the patch and its ability to double or triple the oxygen level in the wound bed to clinically relevant levels.
Cerebrospinal fluid neuroplasticity-associated protein levels in patients with psychiatric disorders: a multiplex immunoassay study
Authors: Hidese Shinsuke , Hattori Kotaro , Sasayama Daimei , Tsumagari Takuya , Miyakawa Tomoko , Matsumura Ryo , Yokota Yuuki , Ishida Ikki , Matsuo Junko , Yoshida Sumiko , Ota Miho , Kunugi Hiroshi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo examine the role of neuroplasticity in the pathology of psychiatric disorders, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neuroplasticity-associated protein levels. Participants were 94 patients with schizophrenia, 68 with bipolar disorder (BD), 104 with major depressive disorder (MDD), and 118 healthy controls, matched for age, sex, and ethnicity (Japanese). A multiplex immunoassay (22-plex assay) was performed to measure CSF neuroplasticity-associated protein levels. Among 22 proteins, 11 were successfully measured in the assay. CSF amyloid precursor protein (APP) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels were significantly lower in patients with schizophrenia, and CSF APP and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-1 levels were significantly lower in patients with BD, than in healthy controls (all p < 0.05). Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total, positive, and general scores were significantly and positively correlated with CSF hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (p < 0.01) and S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) (p < 0.05) levels in patients with schizophrenia. Young mania-rating scale score was significantly and positively correlated with CSF S100B level in patients with BD (p < 0.05). Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, core, sleep, activity, somatic anxiety, and delusion subscale scores were significantly and positively correlated with CSF HGF level, while sleep subscale score was positively correlated with CSF S100B and VEGF receptor 2 levels in patients with MDD (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that CSF APP, GDNF, and NCAM-1 levels are associated with psychiatric disorders, and that CSF HGF, S100B, and VEGF receptor 2 levels are related to psychiatric symptoms.
Enrichment of the tumour immune microenvironment in patients with desmoplastic colorectal liver metastasis
Authors: Höppener Diederik J. , Nierop Pieter M. H. , Hof Joost , Sideras Kostandinos , Zhou Guoying , Visser Lydia , Gouw Annette S. H. , de Jong Koert P. , Sprengers Dave , Kwekkeboom Jaap , Vermeulen Peter B. , Grünhagen Dirk J. , Verhoef Cornelis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Patients with resected colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM) who display only the desmoplastic histopathological growth pattern (dHGP) exhibit superior survival compared to patients with any non-desmoplastic growth (non-dHGP). The aim of this study was to compare the tumour microenvironment between dHGP and non-dHGP.

Methods
The tumour microenvironment was investigated in three cohorts of chemo-naive patients surgically treated for CRLM. In cohort A semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry was performed, in cohort B intratumoural and peritumoural T cells were counted using immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis, and in cohort C the relative proportions of individual T cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry.

Results
One hundred and seventeen, 34, and 79 patients were included in cohorts A, B, and C, with dHGP being observed in 27%, 29%, and 15% of patients, respectively. Cohorts A and B independently demonstrated peritumoural and intratumoural enrichment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in dHGP, as well as a higher CD8+/CD4+ ratio (cohort A). Flow cytometric analysis of fresh tumour tissues in cohort C confirmed these results; dHGP was associated with higher CD8+ and lower CD4+ T cell subsets, resulting in a higher CD8+/CD4+ ratio.

Conclusion
The tumour microenvironment of patients with dHGP is characterised by an increased and distinctly cytotoxic immune infiltrate, providing a potential explanation for their superior survival.