bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing students' engineering and science aspirations from age 10 to 16: Investigating the role of gender, ethnicity, cultural capital, and attitudinal factors
Authors: Moote Julie , Archer Louise , DeWitt Jenifer , MacLeod Emily 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundWomen (along with minority ethnic and low‐income communities) remain underrepresented in engineering, despite a 30‐year history of research and equality legislation. Compared with the United States and other European Union countries, this underrepresentation is particularly pronounced in the United Kingdom. While existing literature gives insights into factors shaping retention and progression in university engineering students, comparatively less is known about the development of primary and secondary school students' engineering aspirations.PurposeThis paper contrasts science and engineering analyses to explore how relationships between background and attitudinal factors and aspirations change across primary and secondary schools. We examine the relative influence of gender on aspirations in both science and engineering.Design/MethodWe drew on survey data from more than 20,000 English students from the ASPIRES projects. A multilevel regression approach is implemented to test for the effects of gender, ethnicity, and cultural capital on science and engineering aspirations.ResultsGender is the main factor related to engineering aspirations, while science aspirations are influenced by a broader range of factors. School‐level factors become increasingly important for engineering aspirations. We also report evidence of the early distinctiveness of young women who aspire to engineering in terms of their relatively high self‐concept and motivations.ConclusionsThe association of engineering with masculinity is evident in aspirations from age 10, and students aspiring to engineering are distinctive in several respects. Efforts aimed at improving participation in engineering might more usefully focus on challenging the elitist culture and practices, which may influence student perceptions, rather than focusing on changing student aspirations directly.
Discordance between self‐perceived and actual risk of HIV infection among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Thailand: a cross‐sectional assessment
Authors: Seekaew Pich , Pengnonyang Supabhorn , Jantarapakde Jureeporn , Meksena Ratchadaporn , Sungsing Thanthip , Lujintanon Sita , Mingkwanrungruangkit Pravit , Sirisakyot Waraporn , Tongmuang Sumitr , Panpet Phubet , Sumalu Saman , Potasin Phonpiphat , Kantasaw Supapun , Patpeerapong Pongpeera , Mills Stephen , Avery Matthew , Chareonying Sutinee , Phanuphak Praphan , Vannaki Ravipa , Phanuphak Nittaya 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionLow uptake of HIV testing and services, including pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), in Thai men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) may be due to the inaccuracy in self‐risk assessment. This study investigated the discordance between self‐perceived HIV risk and actual risk.MethodsData were obtained between May 2015 and October 2016 from MSM and TGW enrolled in key population‐led Test and Treat study in six community health centres in Thailand. Eligible participants were at least 18 years old, Thai national, had sex with men, had unprotected sex with a man in the past six months or had at least three male sex partners in the past six months, and were not known to be HIV positive. Baseline demographic behavioural characteristics questionnaires, including self‐perceived HIV risk, were self‐administered. Participants received HIV/STI (syphilis/gonorrhoea/chlamydia) testing at baseline. Participants who self‐perceived to have low risk, but engaged in HIV‐susceptible practices were categorized as having risk discordance (RD). Regression was conducted to assess factors associated with RD among MSM and TGW separately.ResultsOf the 882 MSM and 406 TGW participants who perceived themselves as having low HIV risk, over 80% reported at least one of the following: tested HIV positive, engaged in condomless sex, tested positive for a sexually transmitted infection sexually transmitted infection (STI; or used amphetamine‐type stimulants. Logistic regression found that living with a male partner (p = 0.005), having never tested for HIV (p = 0.045), and living in Bangkok (p = 0.01) and Chiang Mai (p < 0.001) were associated with increased risk discordance among MSM. Living with a male partner (p = 0.002), being less than 17 years old at sexual debut (p = 0.001), and having a low knowledge score about HIV transmission (p < 0.001) were associated with increased risk discordance among TGW. However, for TGW, being a sex worker decreased the chance of risk discordance (p = 0.034).ConclusionsFuture HIV prevention messages need to fill in the gap between self‐perceived risk and actual risk in order to help HIV‐vulnerable populations understand their risk better and proactively seek HIV prevention services.
Shift in the Raman symmetric stretching band of N2, CO2, and CH4 as a function of temperature, pressure, and density
Authors: Sublett D. Matthew , Sendula Eszter , Lamadrid Hector , Steele‐MacInnis Matthew , Spiekermann Georg , Burruss Robert C. , Bodnar Robert J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Raman spectra of pure N2, CO2, and CH4 were analyzed over the range 10 to 500 bars and from −160°C to 200°C (N2), 22°C to 350°C (CO2), and −100°C to 450°C (CH4). At constant temperature, Raman peak position, including the more intense CO2 peak (ν+), decreases (shifts to lower wave number) with increasing pressure for all three gases over the entire pressure and temperature (PT) range studied. At constant pressure, the peak position for CO2 and CH4 increases (shifts to higher wave number) with increasing temperature over the entire PT range studied. In contrast, N2 first shows an increase in peak position with increasing temperature at constant pressure, followed by a decrease in peak position with increasing temperature. The inflection temperature at which the trend reverses for N2 is located between 0°C and 50°C at pressures above ~50 bars and is pressure dependent. Below ~50 bars, the inflection temperature was observed as low as −120°C. The shifts in Raman peak positions with PT are related to relative density changes, which reflect changes in intermolecular attraction and repulsion. A conceptual model relating the Raman spectral properties of N2, CO2, and CH4 to relative density (volume) changes and attractive and repulsive forces is presented here. Additionally, reduced temperature‐dependent densimeters and barometers are presented for each pure component over the respective PT ranges. The Raman spectral behavior of the pure gases as a function of temperature and pressure is assessed to provide a framework for understanding the behavior of each component in multicomponent N2‐CO2‐CH4 gas systems in a future study.
Positive circumferential resection margins following locally advanced colon cancer surgery: Risk factors and survival impact
Authors: Goffredo Paolo , Zhou Peige , Ginader Timothy , Hrabe Jennifer , Gribovskaja‐Rupp Irena , Kapadia Muneera , You Y. Nancy , Hassan Imran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundWhile the prognostic implications of positive circumferential resection margins (CRM) have been established for rectal cancer, its significance in colon cancer has not been well defined. The aim of the current study was to determine national rates for positive CRM in locally advanced colon cancer, associated factors, and survival impact.MethodsThe National Cancer Database was queried to identify patients with stage II‐III adenocarcinoma of the colon (2004‐2015).ResultsPositive CRM was identified in 9% of stage II and 12% of stage III patients. Factors associated with negative CRM included surgery in a high‐volume facility, adequate lymph‐node harvest, and negative distal/proximal margins. No difference in CRM rates was observed between surgical approaches, although having a positive CRM was significantly associated with higher conversion rates. Positive CRM was associated with significantly lower overall survival on both univariate and multivariable analysis.ConclusionsPositive CRM rates exceeded 10% nationally and have an adverse impact on survival. While several tumor characteristics were identified as independent risk factors, oncologic resections and surgery at high‐volume centers were associated with lower rates of positive CRM. These findings emphasize the need for process improvement initiatives targeting modifiable factors, including adoption of appropriate oncologic techniques, standardized pathology reporting, and potential neoadjuvant strategies.
Caribou Use of Habitat Near Energy Development in Arctic Alaska
Authors: Johnson Heather E. , Golden Trevor S. , Adams Layne G. , Gustine David D. , Lenart Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIncreasing demands for energy have generated interest in expanding oil and gas production on the North Slope of Alaska, USA, raising questions about the resilience of barren‐ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus) populations to new development. Although the amount of habitat lost directly to energy development in the Arctic will likely be relatively small, there are significant concerns about habitat that may be indirectly affected because of caribou avoidance behaviors. Behavioral responses to energy development for wildlife have been documented, but such responses are often assumed to dissipate over time, despite scant information on the ability of animals to habituate. To understand the long‐term effects of energy development on barren‐ground caribou, we investigated the behavior of the Central Arctic Herd in northern Alaska, which has been exposed to oil development on its summer range for approximately 40 years. Using recent (2015–2017) location data from global positioning system (GPS)‐collared females, we conducted a zone of influence analysis to assess whether caribou reduced their use of habitat near energy development, and if so, the distance the effects attenuated. We conducted this analysis for the calving, post‐calving, and mosquito harassment periods when caribou exhibit distinct resource selection patterns, and contrasted our results to past research that investigated the responses of the Central Arctic Herd immediately following the construction of the oil fields. Despite the long‐term presence of energy development within the Central Arctic Herd summer range, we found that female caribou exhibited avoidance responses to infrastructure during all time periods, although the effects waned across the summer. Caribou reduced their use of habitat within 5 km of development during the calving period, within 2 km during the post‐calving period, and within 1 km during the mosquito harassment period; these areas were predicted to overlap 12%, 15%, and 17% of important calving, post‐calving, and mosquito period habitat, respectively. During the calving period, the indirect effects we observed were similar to those observed in past research, whereas during the post‐calving and mosquito periods, we detected avoidance responses that had not been previously reported. These findings corroborate a growing body of evidence suggesting that habituation to industrial development in caribou in the Arctic is likely to be weak or absent, and emphasizes the value of minimizing the footprint of infrastructure within important seasonal habitat to reduce behavioral effects to barren‐ground caribou. © 2019 The Authors. TheJournal of Wildlife Managementpublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
Application of a simple analytical model to severe winds produced by a bow echo like storm in northeast Italy
Authors: Pucillo Arturo , Miglietta Mario M. , Lombardo Kelly , Manzato Agostino 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA strong mesoscale convective system affected northeastern Italy on August 8, 2008. Notable damage and two casualties resulted, mainly due to the strong wind gusts. The event is analysed using observations, including surface data from a meso‐network of meteorological stations, radar reflectivity and velocity data from a C‐band Doppler radar, polar satellite images, lightning measurements from a lightning detection network and the ambient thermodynamic conditions derived from local radiosoundings. The role of the cold front is investigated; in particular, the associated strong wind descending from the Alps, which interacted with the preexisting convection in the plain, is analysed to understand the way it affected the storm development. A simple density current model is applied to describe the flow characteristics and to identify the mechanisms that could support the development of such a high wind speed. Lastly, observed wind speeds are compared with the theoretical estimates from the proposed model. The results show that different factors contribute to the very strong wind gusts registered by surface stations. The main contributor to the windstorm is a density current (a) driven by the cold front, (b) maintained by the interaction between the cold air impinging on the Friuli Venezia Giulia plain from the north and the strong regional density gradient and (c) eventually enhanced by the storm cold pool. This study highlights the complex evolution of severe storms in a region on the lee side of the Alpine chain, and emphasizes the role of the orography in the enhancement of storm.
Can we improve our diagnosis of impaired detrusor contractility in women? An ICI‐RS 2019 proposal
Authors: Smith Phillip P. , Valentini Francoise , Mytilekas Konstantinos‐Vaios , Apostolidis Apostolos , Rademakers Kevin , Cardozo Linda , Gammie Andrew 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIntroductionWidely accepted consensus terminology and calculations of detrusor contractility in females do not exist but may be useful. We report the output of a proposal session at the International Consultation on Incontinence Research Society meeting 2019, addressing the title topic.MethodsThree formal presentations and a lively discussion addressed several questions including: which is the optimal cutoff value of female bladder voiding efficiency during uroflow to suspect obstruction or detrusor underactivity? Is there a definition of pure underactive and pure obstructed voiding in females? Is there a place to distinguish those relatively obstructed from those relatively underactive females especially in those cases of equivocal obstruction? Current measures of contractility were reviewed for their usefulness in women.ResultsNo recommendation for a specific index or calculation can be made based on current knowledge. “Contractility” may be context‐dependent regarding clinical care, clinical prognostication, and physiologic research.ConclusionsThis group proposes that context‐sensitive definitions of “Contractility” deserve attention by international leadership. Cooperative clinical and physiologic expertise will be needed to achieve this goal. Following initial recommendations based on expert opinion, the development of final definitions and measures of contractility should be iterative, based upon validation studies to be considered as part of the definitional process.
Hierarchical surrogate model with dimensionality reduction technique for high‐dimensional uncertainty propagation
Authors: Cheng Kai , Lu Zhenzhou 
Published: December 2019

SummaryIn this article, hierarchical surrogate model combined with dimensionality reduction technique is investigated for uncertainty propagation of high‐dimensional problems. In the proposed method, a low‐fidelity sparse polynomial chaos expansion model is first constructed to capture the global trend of model response and exploit a low‐dimensional active subspace (AS). Then a high‐fidelity (HF) stochastic Kriging model is built on the reduced space by mapping the original high‐dimensional input onto the identified AS. The effective dimensionality of the AS is estimated by maximum likelihood estimation technique. Finally, an accurate HF surrogate model is obtained for uncertainty propagation of high‐dimensional stochastic problems. The proposed method is validated by two challenging high‐dimensional stochastic examples, and the results demonstrate that our method is effective for high‐dimensional uncertainty propagation.
Different drug incorporation routes in ethylene oxide based copolymers
Authors: Carrero M José , Borreguero Ana M , Rodríguez Juan F , Ramos María J 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCoumarin is successfully incorporated in poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide) block copolymers functionalized with terminal alkynes, PEO‐b‐PPO‐b‐GPE, by click reactions at atmospheric pressure and in CO2 supercritical conditions (scCO2). The presence of glycidyl propargyl ether (GPE), an alkynyl‐terminated monomer, in the copolymer chain allows the covalent attachment of the coumarin by click chemistry, obtaining polymer–drug conjugates. First, the most suitable synthesis procedure for the above‐mentioned copolymers was established. Then, the click reactions were carried out confirming the coumarin attachment by Fourier transform IR and 1H NMR analyses, achieving good yields in both cases with a coumarin content of about 9.3 wt% and avoiding the use of toxic solvents in the case of scCO2. In addition, thanks to the amphiphilic character of the copolymer due to the presence of hydrophilic (PEO) and hydrophobic (PPO) segments, micelle formation is also possible and was confirmed by dynamic light scattering and high resolution SEM. Finally, coumarin incorporation was achieved by micelle formation using the direct dissolution method in order to compare the polymer–drug system properties. This second route allows a drug entrapment efficiency of 14 wt% to be reached. In both cases, the size of the polymeric micelles obtained is in a suitable range to enable permeability. However, an interesting point is the reduction in the size of the micelles with increase in the GPE percentage and with the covalent attachment of the coumarin to the copolymer, which is supposed to improve their permeability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling and design for low‐cost multijunction solar cell via light‐trapping rear texture technique: Applied in InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs triple junction
Authors: Zhu Lin , Hazama Yuji , Reddy Anurag , Watanabe Kentaroh , Nakano Yoshiaki , Sugiyama Masakazu , Akiyama Hidefumi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo realize high efficiency in parallel with low cost, a light‐trapping rear texture was proposed to be implemented in substrate‐free thin‐film multijunction (MJ) cells. A detailed‐balance theory was formulated taking account of the finite light absorption in thin subcells. Such presented absorption model is general and useful to optimize the subcell thickness for MJ solar cells with light‐trapping design. It is applied for InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs triple‐junction solar cells to simulate subcell photocurrents and to obtain the current‐matching (minimum requisite) subcell thicknesses combinations. Furthermore, the detailed‐balance conversion efficiency was estimated for both radiative limit and the cases with below‐unity internal radiative efficiency. For InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs MJ cells with InGaP subcell thickness less than 600 nm, adding a random‐textured rear reflector can enhance light absorption so significantly that over 90% of InGaAs‐cell thickness and even 50% of GaAs‐cell thickness would be cut without any penalty in conversion efficiency, compared with the subcell thicknesses in traditional MJ cells with flat rear reflectors. Additionally, the thickness combination, (InGaP, GaAs, and InGaAs) = (450 nm, 333 nm, and 26 nm), is recommended to achieve both high conversion efficiency and low material cost. This work provides a very important theoretical guidance for the development on low‐cost and high‐efficiency MJ devices.
Using blockchain in the follow‐up of emergency situations related to events
Authors: Rivero‐García Alexandra , Santos‐González Iván , Hernández‐Goya Candelaria , Caballero‐Gil Pino 
Published: December 2019

SummaryThis paper describes a decentralized low‐cost system designed to reinforce personal security in big events in case of emergency. The proposal consists of using smart contracts supported by blockchain in the management of events. An alternative communication channel that does not require any cloud service is also provided with the aim of improving the coordination of emergency services. Peers may use this emergency support tool to interact with each other through a chat when additional support is required. Since information security is mandatory in this scenario, identity‐based signcryption schemes are here used to guarantee communication confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity. Depending on the communication mode (peer‐to‐peer or broadcast), different signcryption methods are used. A first implementation of the proposal has produced promising results.
Prevalence of placental dichotomy, fetal cardiomegaly and starry‐sky liver in twin anemia–polycythemia sequence
Authors: Tollenaar L. S. A. , Lopriore E. , Middeldorp J. M. , Klumper F. J. C. M. , Haak M. C. , Oepkes D. , Slaghekke F. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of three additional ultrasound markers, placental dichotomy, cardiomegaly and ‘starry‐sky’ liver, in monochorionic twin pregnancy with twin anemia–polycythemia sequence (TAPS).MethodsAll monochorionic twin pregnancies, diagnosed antenatally with TAPS at our center between 2006 and 2019, were reviewed retrospectively for the presence of placental dichotomy, cardiomegaly in the donor twin and a starry‐sky liver in the recipient twin. TAPS was diagnosed based on delta middle cerebral artery (MCA) peak systolic velocity (PSV) > 0.5 multiples of the median. The primary outcome was the prevalence of placental dichotomy, cardiomegaly, starry‐sky liver and at least one of these markers in both spontaneous and post‐laser TAPS. The secondary outcome was the prevalence of these ultrasound markers according to the antenatal stage of TAPS.ResultsA total of 91 monochorionic twin pregnancies with TAPS were eligible for analysis. Placental dichotomy was observed in 44% (40/91) of TAPS cases. A total of 70% (64/91) of the TAPS donors developed cardiomegaly and a starry‐sky liver was identified in 66% (53/80) of the TAPS recipients. The prevalence of cardiomegaly and starry‐sky liver was roughly comparable between spontaneous and post‐laser TAPS (69% (33/48) vs 72% (31/43) and 64% (25/39) vs 68% (28/41), respectively). Pregnancies with spontaneous TAPS showed a higher prevalence of placental dichotomy compared with post‐laser TAPS (63% (30/48) vs 23% (10/43)). At least one of the three ultrasound markers was detected in 86% (78/91) of TAPS cases, meaning that 14% (13/91) of cases presented solely with discordant MCA‐PSV values. There was a trend towards increased prevalence of all three ultrasound markers with increasing antenatal TAPS stage.ConclusionsPlacental dichotomy, fetal cardiomegaly and a starry‐sky liver are commonly found in TAPS pregnancy. Investigating the presence of these ultrasound markers can be of additional help in improving antenatal detection of TAPS in monochorionic twin pregnancy. © 2019 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.