bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Ottoman period preventive health institutions in Istanbul: an architectural approach
Authors: Gider Sümeyye , Gül Ünal Zeynep 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe preventive health institutions were founded in Istanbul as a result of the Ottoman Empire's policy to fight epidemic diseases that affected all parts of the world in the nineteenth century. The purpose of this paper is to examine the historical and current state of these heritage buildings.Design/methodology/approachThrough the original documents, photographs and floor plans dating nineteenth and early twentieth century obtained from the Ottoman State Archives, historical development and architectural features of the buildings have been identified. And the original geographical locations of the buildings, especially the destroyed ones, are investigated by the historic maps. Plan and façade features, construction techniques are examined according to the information gained from the newspapers, journals and health annuals of the period.FindingsThis paper presents the findings of an MSc thesis conducted on the historical approach of preventive health institutions and preservation problems of the Pendik Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology. In the study, it has been examined that institutes in five different functions which were established after the foundation of the Quarantine Council in 1838 with parallel to the course of epidemics and scientific development in the West. In Istanbul, eight quarantine stations, three disinfection stations, one rabies laboratory, one vaccination institute and five bacteriology institutes have been documented. Some of these institutions fell out of use due to the loss of their original function and have been abandoned and demolished, some of them have survived with functional changes. The extant samples of these preventive health institutions are studied on the purpose of investigating their conditions of preservation.Originality/valueLate Ottoman period preventive health institutions in Istanbul have been the subject of the researches within the field of medicine and science history to date. There is no study in Turkish and International literature discussing these institutions in terms of architecture. In the study these buildings have been thoroughly examined based on their architectural features and heritage values. The glass plate photographs of the Pendik Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, floor plans and some photographs of the other institutions which are obtained from Ottoman State Archives and newspapers of the period have been published for the first time in this paper.
Halting and Reversing Escalation in the South China Sea: A Bargaining Framework
Authors: Vuković Siniša , Alfieri Riccardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEscalating tensions in South China Sea have epitomized US–China relations for nearly a decade. Warning signs of a possible collision between a rising China and steadfast US, bring to light the need to think about ways that can halt and reverse the intensification of their confrontational moves. The historical trends regarding the freedom of the seas suggest that a way out of this predicament is possible through negotiations. The tenets of the freedom of the seas seem to prevail once they begin to serve the challenger’s interest. Yet, the path toward interest alignment between the challenger and the norm‐maker, in this case between China and the US, depends on their ability to avoid any miscalculation that can provoke further escalation of tensions, which in turn may lead to violent confrontation between nuclear powers. A particular historical precedent between the US and Soviet Union demonstrates that a compromised solution can be found in upholding the normative framework based on the Law of the Sea Convention (UNCLOS). Emulating this approach may help the parties to avoid an unnecessary and avoidable military gamble in South China Sea.
Links between perinatal risk factors and maternal psychological distress: A network analysis
Authors: Speyer Lydia Gabriela , Hall Hildigunnur Anna , Ushakova Anastasia , Murray Aja Louise , Luciano Michelle , Auyeung Bonnie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis paper explores a range of perinatal risk factors that may increase maternal vulnerability to postnatal psychological distress in a sample of 17 531 women participating in the Millennium Cohort Study, a diverse British, longitudinal birth cohort study.Material and methodsUsing a graphical network modeling framework, this study models the links between postnatal psychological distress and perinatal risk factors, while controlling for sociodemographic factors and history of depression and anxiety. Postnatal psychological distress was assessed at 9 months postpartum using the Rutter Malaise Inventory.ResultsResults of the graphical network models indicate that lower levels of happiness about the pregnancy (Edge weight [w] = 0.084, 95% CI = 0.069‐0.100,b = 0.095), smoking during pregnancy (w = 0.026, 95% CI = −0.009‐0.060,b = 0.029), infection during pregnancy (w = 0.071, 95% CI = 0.024‐0.118,b = 0.090), hyperemesis gravidarum (w = 0.068, 95% CI = 0.013‐0.123,b = 0.083), baby in special care (w = 0.048, 95% CI = −0.004‐0.099,b = 0.062), not being white (w = 0.101, 95% CI = 0.062‐0.140,b = 0.118), being from a more deprived area (w = −0.028, 95% CI = −0.051 to −0.005,b = −0.039), lower income (w = −0.025, 95% CI = −0.055‐0.005,b = −0.036), and history of depression or anxiety (w = 0.574, 95% CI = 0.545‐0.603,b = 0.764) were associated with increased psychological distress.ConclusionsSome perinatal risk factors may be directly associated with postnatal psychological distress, but many risk factors appear to be primarily associated with demographic factors. This emphasizes the importance of taking a holistic approach when evaluating an individual's risk of developing postnatal psychological distress.
Parental experiences of their infant’s hospital admission undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review
Authors: de Man Marjorie A.C.P. , Segers Elisabeth W. , Schappin Renske , van der Leeden Kees , Wösten‐van Asperen Roelie M. , Breur Hans , de Weerth Carolina , van den Hoogen Agnes 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimTo explore parents’ experiences of parenting a child hospitalised with congenital heart disease (CHD) and undergoing surgery.MethodsFive electronic databases were systematically searched for articles describing the experiences of parents with a child with a CHD. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify the most common themes.ResultsA total of 188 articles were identified. Eight studies were included in the review. Four themes emerged, including balancing the parental role, experiencing anticipatory grief, decreasing parental stress using coping strategies and professional support.ConclusionHaving a child with CHD undergoing heart surgery is a stressful experience due to, among other things, the different situation‐related parenting role during the hospital stay and feelings of anticipatory grief. Healthcare professionals in the PICU have an essential role in supporting parents and understanding the needs that are crucial for the parents in order to provide better support and reduce stress and anxiety. More qualitative research regarding the pathway from the prenatal diagnosis through the early childhood period is warranted.
Forecasting future dental health expenditures: Development of a framework using data from 32 OECD countries
Authors: Jevdjevic Milica , Listl Stefan , Beeson Morgan , Rovers Maroeska , Matsuyama Yusuke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo (1) develop a framework for forecasting future dental expenditures, using currently available information, and (2) identify relevant research and data gaps such that dental expenditure predictions can continuously be improved in the future.MethodsOur analyses focused on 32 OECD countries. Dependent on the number of predictors, we employed dynamic univariate and multivariate modelling approaches with various model specifications. For univariate modelling, an auto‐regressive (AR) dynamic model was employed to incorporate historical trends in dental expenditures. Multivariate modelling took account of historical trends, as well as of relationships between dental expenditures, dental morbidity, economic growth in terms of gross domestic product and demographic changes.ResultsEstimates of dental expenditures varied substantially across different model specifications. Models relying on dental morbidity as one of the predictors performed worst regardless of their specification. Using the best‐fitted model specification, that is the univariate second‐order autoregression [AR(2)], the forecasted dental expenditures across 32 OECD countries amounted to US$316bn (95% forecasted interval, FI: 258‐387) in 2020, US$434bn (95%FI: 354‐532) in 2030 and US$594bn (95%FI: 485‐728) in 2040. Per capita spending in 2040 was forecasted to be highest in Germany (US$889, 95%FI: 726‐1090) and lowest in Mexico (US$52, 95%FI: 42‐64).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates the feasibility and challenges in predicting dental expenditures and can serve as a basis for improvement towards more sustainable and resilient health policy and resource planning. Within the limitations of available data sources, our findings suggest that dental expenditures in OECD countries could increase substantially over the next two decades and vary considerably across countries. For more accurate estimation and a better understanding of determinants of dental expenditures, more comprehensive data on dental spending and dental morbidity are urgently needed.
Provozieren konvergierende zelluläre und Signalübertragungs‐Störungen die atopische Dermatitis?
Authors: Elias Peter M. , Wakefield Joan S. 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDiverse vererbte und erworbene Störungen epidermaler Strukturproteine und Enzyme beeinträchtigen Permeabilität, Barrierefunktion und antimikrobielle Abwehr bei atopischer Dermatitis (AD). Obwohl verschiedene Mutationen in Filaggrin (FLG) überwiegen, sind Veränderungen in anderen S‐100‐Vorstufen‐Proteinen des cornified envelope (Hornerin [HRNR], Filaggrin 2 [FLG2], SPRR3, Mattrin), die die Bildung der Lamellarkörperchen (lamellar bodies) regulieren, unabhängig voneinander mit dem AD‐Phänotyp assoziiert: SPINK5, das einen Serin‐Protease‐Inhibitor kodiert, LEKTI1, und ein Fettsäuretransporter, FATP4. Exogene und endogene Stressoren, wie anhaltender psychischer Stress, geringe Umgebungsfeuchtigkeit oder Kontakt zu basischen Seifen und Tensiden können die Barrierefunktion zusätzlich beeinträchtigen und die Erkrankung auslösen. Aus immunologischer Perspektive ist die Barrierestörung nur deshalb relevant, da sie Antigenen und Pathogenen Zutritt ermöglicht, während sie die Produktion von Th2‐Zytokinen stimuliert. Diese Proteine regulieren wiederum das Niveau Lipid‐synthetisierender Enzyme und antimikrobieller Peptide sowie vieler epidermaler Strukturproteine, wie Filaggrin, herunter. Jede vererbte und erworbene Störung kann unabhängig voneinander die Produktion der Sekretion der Lamellarkörperchen beeinträchtigen, was zu fehlerhafter Organisation der Lamellarmembran und der antimikrobiellen Abwehr führt. Darüber hinaus ist ein erhöhter pH‐Wert des Stratum corneum für die AD‐Pathogenese kritisch, da er die postsekretorische Lipidverarbeitung beeinträchtigt, während er gleichzeitig die Entzündung verstärkt. Es gibt zahlreiche therapeutische Optionen, die die verschiedenen Stadien dieses pathogenen Prozesses unterbrechen können.
Überdiagnose von Melanomen – Ursachen, Konsequenzen und Lösungsansätze
Authors: Kutzner Heinz , Jutzi Tanja B. , Krahl Dieter , Krieghoff‐Henning Eva I. , Heppt Markus V. , Hekler Achim , Schmitt Max , Maron Roman C. R. , Fröhling Stefan , von Kalle Christof , Brinker Titus J. 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDas maligne Melanom ist diejenige Form von Hautkrebs, an der die meisten Menschen sterben. Im Frühstadium ist das Melanom gut behandelbar, eine Früherkennung ist also lebenswichtig. Kritiker bemängeln, dass seit der bundesweiten Einführung des Hautkrebs‐Screenings häufiger Melanome diagnostiziert werden, die Sterblichkeit am malignen Melanom jedoch nicht zurückgegangen ist. Sie führen dies vor allem auf Überdiagnosen zurück. Ein Grund ist die zum Teil komplexe Unterscheidung zwischen benignen und malignen Läsionen. Hinzu kommt, dass es auch Übergangsformen zwischen eindeutig gut‐ oder bösartigen Läsionen geben kann, und dass einige bösartige Läsionen so wenig aggressiv wachsen, dass sie nie lebensbedrohlich geworden wären. Bisher kann mangels entsprechender Biomarker nicht festgestellt werden, bei welchen Melanomen dies der Fall ist. Auch die Progressionswahrscheinlichkeit eines In‐situ‐Melanoms zu einem invasiven Tumor kann bisher nicht sicher beurteilt werden. Die Konsequenzen für überdiagnostizierte benigne Läsionen sind unnötige psychische und körperliche Belastungen für die Betroffenen und anfallende Therapiekosten. Umgekehrt können Unterdiagnosen zu gravierenden Einschränkungen der Prognose der Betroffenen und zur Notwendigkeit belastender(er) Therapien führen. Präzisere Diagnosemöglichkeiten könnten die Anzahl der korrekten Diagnosen erhöhen. Hier haben sich in Studien mit auf künstlicher Intelligenz basierenden Assistenzsystemen bereits erste Erfolge gezeigt, die allerdings noch in die klinische und pathologische Routine übertragen werden müssen.
Neurostimulation therapies in major depressive disorder: A decision‐analytic model
Authors: Teng Monica , Khoo Ai Leng , Zhao Ying Jiao , Abdin Edimansyah , Mok Yee Ming , Lim Boon Peng , Tor Phern Chern 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimNeurostimulation techniques are effective treatments for major depressive disorders (MDD). However, the optimal sequence of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as part of antidepressant treatment algorithm is unclear. We examined the cost‐effectiveness of ECT and TMS in MDD.MethodsA decision‐analytic model was developed to determine total costs, quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for 10 strategies. Each strategy comprised four treatment lines with ECT and TMS incorporated as second, third, or fourth line. A scenario analysis that explored the cost‐effectiveness of maintenance approach by continuing ECT and TMS after acute treatment was performed.ResultsIn the base case, fourth‐line TMS after three preceding trials of antidepressants was least costly at US$ 5523 yielding 1.424 QALYs. Compared with this strategy, fourth‐line ECT and third‐line TMS followed by ECT were cost‐effective with ICERs of US$ 7601 per QALY gained and US$ 11 388 per QALY gained, respectively. In the scenario analysis where continuation treatments of ECT and TMS were provided, third‐line TMS followed by ECT was cost‐effective, with an ICER of US$ 17 198 per QALY gained. Effectiveness of ECT and cost of managing severe depression were influential parameters affecting the cost‐effectiveness results.ConclusionsIn acute treatment of MDD, fourth‐line ECT was the most cost‐effective strategy. In maintenance treatment, the strategy that incorporated third‐line TMS and fourth‐line ECT was cost‐effective. The overall findings confirmed the value of neurostimulation therapies which should be offered early in the process of managing depression.
Cell type‐specific genetic reconstitution of CB1 receptor subsets to assess their role in exploratory behaviour, sociability, and memory
Authors: De Giacomo Vanessa , Ruehle Sabine , Lutz Beat , Häring Martin , Remmers Floortje 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeveral studies support the notion that exploratory behaviour depends on the functionality of the cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor in a cell type‐specific manner. Mice lacking the CB1 receptor in forebrain GABAergic or dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons have served as essential tools revealing the necessary CB1 receptor functions in these two neuronal populations. However, whether these specific CB1 receptor populations are also sufficient within the endocannabinoid system for wild‐type‐like exploratory behaviour has remained unknown. To evaluate cell‐type‐specific sufficiency of CB1 receptor signalling exclusively in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic neurons (Glu‐CB1‐RS) or in forebrain GABAergic neurons (GABA‐CB1‐RS), we utilised a mouse model in which CB1 receptor expression can be reactivated conditionally at endogenous levels from a complete CB1‐KO background. The two types of conditional CB1‐rescue mice were compared with CB1 receptor‐deficient [no reactivation (Stop‐CB1)] and wild‐type [ubiquitous reactivation of endogenous CB1 receptor (CB1‐RS)] controls to investigate the behavioural consequences. We evaluated social and object exploratory behaviour in four different paradigms. Remarkably, the reduced exploration observed in Stop‐CB1 animals was rescued in Glu‐CB1‐RS mice and sometimes even surpassed CB1‐RS (wild‐type) exploration. In contrast, GABA‐CB1‐RS animals showed the lowest exploratory drive in all paradigms, with an even stronger phenotype than Stop‐CB1 mice. Interestingly, these effects weakened with increasing familiarity with the environment, suggesting a causal role for altered neophobia in the observed phenotypes. Taken together, using our genetic approach, we were able to substantiate the opposing role of the CB1 receptor in dorsal telencephalic glutamatergic versus forebrain GABAergic neurons regarding exploratory behaviour.
The multiple origins of sexual size dimorphism in global amphibians
Authors: Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Harvey Lilly P. , Grattarola Florencia , Jara Manuel , Cotter Sheena C. , Tregenza Tom , Hodgson Dave J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimBody size explains most of the variation in fitness within animal populations and is therefore under constant selection from ecological and reproductive pressures, which often promote its evolution in sex‐specific directions, leading to sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the vast diversity of SSD across species. These hypotheses emphasize: (a) the mate competition benefits to larger male size (sexual selection); (b) the benefits of larger female size for fecundity (fecundity selection); (c) the simultaneous benefits of niche divergence for males and females to reduce intersexual competition for ecological resources (natural selection); and (d) the underlying impact of geographical variation in climatic pressures expected to shape large‐scale patterns of SSD in synergy with the above selection pressures (e.g., intensification of fecundity selection as breeding seasons shorten). Based on a new, global‐scale amphibian dataset, we address the shortage of large‐scale, integrative tests of these four hypotheses.LocationGlobal.Time periodExtant.Major taxa studiedClass Amphibia.MethodsUsing a > 3,500 species dataset spanning body size, ecological, life‐history, geographical and climatic data, we performed phylogenetic linear models to address the sexual, fecundity, ecological and climatic hypotheses of SSD.ResultsEvolution of SSD is discordant between anurans and salamanders. Anuran SSD is shaped by climate (male‐biased SSD increases with temperature seasonality) and by nesting site. In salamanders, SSD converges across species that occupy the same types of microhabitats (“ecodimorphs”), whereas reproductive or climatic pressures have no effects on their SSD. These contrasts are associated with latitudinal gradients of SSD in anurans, but not in salamanders.Main conclusionsAmphibian SSD is driven by ecological and climatic pressures, whereas no roles for sexual or fecundity selection were detected. We show that macroevolutionary processes determined by different forms of selection lead to latitudinal patterns of trait diversity, and the lack of them.
Overall renewal of skin lipids with Vetiver extract for a complete anti‐ageing strategy
Authors: De Tollenaere Morgane , Chapuis Emilie , Lapierre Laura , Bracq Marine , Hubert Jane , Lambert Carole , Sandré Jérome , Auriol Daniel , Scandolera Amandine , Reynaud Romain 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveSkin lipids are essential in every compartment of the skin where they play a key role in various biological functions. Interestingly, their role is central in the maintenance of hydration which is related to skin barrier function and in the skin structure through adipose tissue. It is well described today that skin lipids are affected by ageing giving skin sagging, wrinkles and dryness. Thereby, developing cosmetic actives able to reactivate skin lipids would be an efficient ant‐ageing strategy. Due to the strong commitment of our scientists to innovate responsibly and create value, they designed a high value active ingredient named here as Vetiver extract, using a ground‐breaking upcycling approach. We evidenced that this unique extract was able to reactivate globally the skin lipids production, bringing skin hydration and plumping effect for mature skin.MethodIn order to demonstrate the global renewal of lipids, we evaluated the lipids synthesis on cutaneous cells that produce lipids such as keratinocytes, sebocytes and adipocytes then on Reconstructed Human Epidermis and skin explants. We evaluated the expression of proteins involved in ceramides transport and barrier cornification. We then evaluated hydration and sebaceous parameters on a panel of mature volunteers.ResultsWe firstly demonstrated that Vetiver extract induced sebum production from human sebocytes cells lines but also improved its quality as observed by the production of specific antimicrobial lipids. Secondly, we demonstrated that Vetiver extract was able to restore skin barrier with the increase of skin lipids neosynthesis on Reconstructed Human Epidermis and skin explants. We also evidenced that Vetiver extract stimulated the lipids transport and epidermal cornification. Finally, Vetiver extract showed a significant effect on adipogenesis and maturation of adipocytes at in vitro and ex vivo models. We confirmed all these activities by showing that Vetiver extract improved sebum production and brought hydration through an increase of lipids content and their conformation. Vetiver extract induced an improvement of skin fatigue and a plumping effect by acting deeply on adipose tissue.ConclusionIn conclusion, we developed an active ingredient able to bring anti‐ageing effect for mature skin by a global increase of skin lipids.
Thermoset IM‐LSI‐based C/C‐SiC: Influence of flow direction and weld lines on microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Stiller Jonas , Nestler Daisy , Ahmad Husam , Päßler Erik , Wagner Guntram , Kroll Lothar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe production of ceramic matrix composites (CMC) based on C/C‐SiC is still very cost‐intensive and therefore only economical for a few applications. The fabrication of the preforms involves many costs that need to be reduced. In this work, the shaping of the CFRP‐preforms is realized by thermoset injection molding, which enables large‐scale production. The polymeric matrix used is a multi‐component matrix consisting of novolak resin, curing agent and lubricant. Six millimeter chopped carbon fiber with a proportion of 50 wt.% were used as a reinforcement. These ingredients are processed by an industrial equipment for compounding and injection molding in order to manufacture a CFRP demonstrator representing a brake disc. Test specimens are cut out of the demonstrator in different directions in order to investigate influences of flow direction and weld lines on microstructural and mechanical properties. Afterward, the CFRP samples were converted to C/C‐SiC composites by the liquid silicon infiltration process. The article addresses the flow behavior of the compound during the injection molding and the building of the weld lines in the demonstrator. In addition, results of the directional dependence of the microstructural and mechanical properties within the fabricated disc in the different production steps are presented.