bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Starlight coupling through atmospheric turbulence into few-mode fibres and photonic lanterns in the presence of partial adaptive optics correction
Authors: Diab Momen , Dinkelaker Aline N , Davenport John , Madhav Kalaga , Roth Martin M 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTStarlight corrupted by atmospheric turbulence cannot couple efficiently into astronomical instruments based on integrated optics as they require light of high spatial coherence to couple into their single-mode waveguides. Low-order adaptive optics in combination with photonic lanterns offer a practical approach to achieve efficient coupling into multiplexed astrophotonic devices. We investigate, aided by simulations and an experimental testbed, the trade-off between the degrees of freedom of the adaptive optics system and those of the input waveguide of an integrated optic component leading to a cost-effective hybrid system that achieves a signal-to-noise ratio higher than a standalone device fed by a single-mode fibre.
Cloud-by-cloud, multiphase, Bayesian modelling: application to four weak, low-ionization absorbers
Authors: Sameer  , Charlton Jane C , Norris Jackson M , Gebhardt Matthew , Churchill Christopher W , Kacprzak Glenn G , Muzahid Sowgat , Narayanan Anand , Nielsen Nikole M , Richter Philipp , Wakker Bart P 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a new method aimed at improving the efficiency of component by component ionization modelling of intervening quasar absorption-line systems. We carry out cloud-by-cloud, multiphase modelling making use of cloudy and Bayesian methods to extract physical properties from an ensemble of absorption profiles. Here, as a demonstration of method, we focus on four weak, low-ionization absorbers at low redshift, because they are multiphase but relatively simple to constrain. We place errors on the inferred metallicities and ionization parameters for individual clouds, and show that the values differ from component to component across the absorption profile. Our method requires user input on the number of phases and relies on an optimized transition for each phase, one observed with high resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. The measured Doppler parameter of the optimized transition provides a constraint on the Doppler parameter of H i, thus providing leverage in metallicity measurements even when hydrogen lines are saturated. We present several tests of our methodology, demonstrating that we can recover the input parameters from simulated profiles. We also consider how our model results are affected by which radiative transitions are covered by observations (for example, how many H i transitions) and by uncertainties in the b parameters of optimized transitions. We discuss the successes and limitations of the method, and consider its potential for large statistical studies. This improved methodology will help to establish direct connections between the diverse properties derived from characterizing the absorbers and the multiple physical processes at play in the circumgalactic medium.
Choice and Variety-Seeking of E-liquids and Flavor Categories by New Zealand Smokers Using an Electronic Cigarette: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Blank Mei-Ling , Hoek Janet 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Little is currently known about how e-liquid flavor use evolves among electronic cigarette users. We describe patterns of e-liquid and flavor category use, and variety-seeking, among New Zealand adult smokers attempting to transition from smoking to e-cigarettes.

Methods
Data were collected in 2018–19, using a longitudinal design comprising up to five in-depth interviews over a 12–20 week period. Participants (n = 32) were current smokers aged ≥18 years, who were not currently using an e-cigarette once a week or more often, and were willing to use an e-cigarette in an attempt to stop smoking. We purchased participants a starter e-cigarette of their choice; they supplied their own e-liquids throughout the study. We extracted e-liquid use data from the verbatim interview transcripts, categorized these into flavor categories, and then explored these data for the whole sample, and by flavor category purchased at intake.

Results
Most participants (n = 12) selected a tobacco flavored e-liquid at intake; fruit (n = 7), mint/menthol (n = 6), and dessert/sweets and non-alcoholic beverage (both n = 5) were also popular. Most participants were still using their initially chosen flavor category at study exit, however, many described variety-seeking behaviors, which typically occurred during the first 12 weeks of enrolment.

Conclusion
Most participants did not follow a straightforward e-liquid or flavor category pathway. Evidence of a variety-seeking continuum, typically occurring within the first 12 weeks, suggests possible opportunities at specialist e-cigarette stores to couple e-liquid purchasing occasions with cessation advice.

Implications
Variety-seeking behavior was common and typically reported within the first 12 weeks of participants' e-cigarette-assisted attempt to transition away from smoking. Policies allowing diverse e-liquid flavors at specialist stores only could support users' variety-seeking and potentially create opportunities to couple e-liquid purchasing occasions with cessation advice during the first months of a transition attempt.
Developing a Social Media Intervention to Connect Alaska Native People Who Smoke with Resources and Support to Quit Smoking: The Connecting Alaska Native Quit Study
Authors: Merculieff Zoe T , Koller Kathryn R , Sinicrope Pamela S , Hughes Christine A , Bock Martha J , Decker Paul A , Resnicow Kenneth , Flanagan Christie A , Meade Crystal D , McConnell Clara R , Prochaska Judith J , Thomas Timothy K , Patten Christi A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Face-to-face tobacco cessation has had limited reach and efficacy in Alaska Native (AN) communities. We describe our two-phased approach to develop content for Connecting Alaska Native People to Quit Smoking, a Facebook group intervention to reduce barriers to evidence-based smoking cessation treatment for AN people in Alaska.

Methods
Phase 1 included semi-structured telephone interviews with 30 AN people who smoke and ten stakeholders. They provided feedback on existing content from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Tips campaign and AN digital stories. Phase 2 included an online survey with a new group of 40 AN smokers who provided feedback on existing content via a measure of perceived effectiveness and cultural relevance.

Results
Phase I results revealed participants evaluated content based upon story strength, relevance to AN culture, emotional appeal, relatability to AN people, and favorite video. No single posting was rated highly across all themes. All perceived effectiveness (PE) and cultural relevance median scores fell between 3.5 and 4.4 (range 1–5). PE scores varied across participant demographic groups.

Conclusions
Content embodying characteristics perceived to be most appealing, effective, and culturally relevant were selected for the private Facebook group content library with refinements made to incorporate images of AN people engaged in AN activities. PE scores indicate a need for a wide variety of content that moderators could pull from when conducting the intervention.

Implications
Social media content targeting specific population sectors, such as American Indian/AN people for tobacco cessation needs to be culturally tailored. Our approach provides a model others can follow to determine what is appealing, relevant, and effective messaging.

Clinical Trial Registration
NCT 03645941.
A Brief Psychological Intervention for Chronic Pain in Primary Care: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Miller-Matero Lisa R , Hecht Leah M , Miller Mary Kate , Autio Kirsti , Pester Bethany D , Tobin Erin T , Patel Shivali , Braciszewski Jordan M , Maye Melissa , Ahmedani Brian K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Although evidence-based psychological interventions improve chronic pain, many patients do not engage in behavioral health services. Offering a brief intervention in a medical setting may provide benefits to patients with chronic pain. The purpose of this study was to examine preliminary outcomes of a brief psychological intervention for chronic pain delivered in primary care.

Design
Pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Primary care clinic.

Subjects
Sixty participants with chronic pain were randomized to a 5-session psychological intervention or treatment-as-usual control group.

Methods
Participants completed pre- and post-intervention measures assessing pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety.

Results
Most participants (76.7%) randomized to the intervention completed all sessions. Compared to the control group, those in the intervention had decreases in pain severity (P = .048), pain catastrophizing (P = .04), and depression (P = .01) from pre- to post-intervention. Within the intervention group, there was a significant improvement in pain interference scores (P = 0.02). Within the intervention group, effect sizes were medium to large for changes in pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, and depression scores. There were no significant changes in anxiety scores.

Conclusion
Results suggest that delivery of a brief psychological intervention for chronic pain in primary care appears to offer improvements in pain severity, pain interference, pain catastrophizing, and depression. Findings suggest that shorter-term psychological interventions may offer similar benefits as longer-term ones. Furthermore, offering a brief intervention in primary care may increase access and engagement in behavioral pain management services. Future research should examine this through a fully-powered trial with longer-term outcomes.
Smell, taste and COVID-19: testing is essential
Authors: Hawkes Christopher H 
Published: December 2020

SummaryDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, it became clear that smell and taste (chemosensory) disturbance is very common in the early stages of disease. This article addresses (i) why COVID-19 specifically targets the modalities of smell and possibly taste and what is the mechanism, (ii) what is the frequency of smell and taste loss and (iii) what is the overall prognosis. It is suggested that mouth-breathers may be at particular risk of COVID-19. Symptom-based questionnaires are likely to under-estimate the prevalence of chemosensory impairment by as much as 50%. The prevalence of smell loss is so high that a person who has normal olfaction on formal testing is unlikely to be infected significantly with Cov-2. Furthermore, someone without symptoms who has an abnormal smell test could still be infected and liable to spread the disease. Brief, low-cost, olfactory tests are available that would permit a high throughput in field stations and airports. A normal result might obviate the need for a nasopharyngeal swab for the Cov-2 virus.
Does a Question Prompt List Improve Perceived Involvement in Care in Orthopaedic Surgery Compared with the AskShareKnow Questions? A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Mariano David J. , Liu Adam , Eppler Sara L. , Gardner Michael J. , Hu Serena , Safran Marc , Chou Loretta , Amanatullah Derek F. , Kamal Robin N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Most conditions in orthopaedic surgery are preference-sensitive, where treatment choices are based on the patient’s values and preferences. One set of tools increasingly used to help align treatment choices with patient preferences are question prompt lists (QPLs), which are comprehensive lists of potential questions that patients can ask their physicians during their encounters. Whether or not a comprehensive orthopaedic-specific question prompt list would increase patient-perceived involvement in care more effectively than might three generic questions (the AskShareKnow questions) remains unknown; learning the answer would be useful, since a three-question list is easier to use compared with the much lengthier QPLs.

Question/purpose
Does an orthopaedic-specific question prompt list increase patient-perceived involvement in care compared with the three generic AskShareKnow questions?

Methods
We performed a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of all new patients visiting a multispecialty orthopaedic clinic. A pragmatic design was used to mimic normal clinical care that compared two clinically acceptable interventions. New patients with common orthopaedic conditions were enrolled between August 2019 and November 2019 and were randomized to receive either the intervention QPL handout (orthopaedic-specific QPL with 45 total questions, developed with similar content and length to prior QPLs used in hand surgery, oncology, and palliative care) or a control handout (the AskShareKnow model questions, which are: “What are my options? What are the benefits and harms of those options? How likely are each of those benefits and harms to happen to me?”) before their visits. A total of 156 patients were enrolled, with 78 in each group. There were no demographic differences between the study and control groups in terms of key variables. After the visit, patients completed the Perceived Involvement in Care Scale (PICS), a validated instrument designed to evaluate patient-perceived involvement in their care, which served as the primary outcome measure. This instrument is scored from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating higher perceived involvement.

Results
There was no difference in mean PICS scores between the intervention and control groups (QPL 8.3 ± 2.3, control 8.5 ± 2.3, mean difference 0.2 [95% CI -0.53 to 0.93 ]; p = 0.71.

Conclusion
In patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery, a QPL does not increase patient-perceived involvement in care compared with providing patients the three AskShareKnow questions. Implementation of the three AskShareKnow questions can be a more efficient way to improve patient-perceived involvement in their care compared with a lengthy QPL.

Level of Evidence
Level II, therapeutic study.
Improving outcomes collaboratively with families: what works and what doesn’t
Authors: Basken Amy , Acosta Rebeka 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
As attention begins to shift from short-term surgical outcomes to long-term clinical and quality of life outcomes, patients and families are becoming increasingly responsible for outcomes. For this reason, it is essential to effectively include them in the outcome planning, goal setting, and evaluation processes.

Recent findings
There are a number of tools and strategies available to maximize patient engagement. These must be employed in direct patient care and system and policy conversations, for meaningful patient partnerships that can lead to improved outcomes.

Summary
As we move from a culture of paternalistic medicine to engaged patient care, there remains a need for a systematic approach to encourage patients and families to play a more active role as partners in improving outcomes. There is a need to be deliberate in setting up infrastructures to ensure successful patient participation. A gap in rigorous research in this area provides an opportunity for patients and researchers to put patient-centered research into practice, to better evaluate effective strategies, and further develop best practices in patient and provider collaboration to improve outcomes.
Phenotypic profile clustering pragmatically identifies diagnostically and mechanistically informative subgroups of chronic pain patients
Authors: Gaynor Sheila M. , Bortsov Andrey , Bair Eric , Fillingim Roger B. , Greenspan Joel D. , Ohrbach Richard , Diatchenko Luda , Nackley Andrea , Tchivileva Inna E. , Whitehead William , Alonso Aurelio A. , Buchheit Thomas E. , Boortz-Marx Richard L. , Liedtke Wolfgang , Park Jongbae J. , Maixner William , Smith Shad B. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Traditional classification and prognostic approaches for chronic pain conditions focus primarily on anatomically based clinical characteristics not based on underlying biopsychosocial factors contributing to perception of clinical pain and future pain trajectories. Using a supervised clustering approach in a cohort of temporomandibular disorder cases and controls from the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment study, we recently developed and validated a rapid algorithm (ROPA) to pragmatically classify chronic pain patients into 3 groups that differed in clinical pain report, biopsychosocial profiles, functional limitations, and comorbid conditions. The present aim was to examine the generalizability of this clustering procedure in 2 additional cohorts: a cohort of patients with chronic overlapping pain conditions (Complex Persistent Pain Conditions study) and a real-world clinical population of patients seeking treatment at duke innovative pain therapies. In each cohort, we applied a ROPA for cluster prediction, which requires only 4 input variables: pressure pain threshold and anxiety, depression, and somatization scales. In both complex persistent pain condition and duke innovative pain therapies, we distinguished 3 clusters, including one with more severe clinical characteristics and psychological distress. We observed strong concordance with observed cluster solutions, indicating the ROPA method allows for reliable subtyping of clinical populations with minimal patient burden. The ROPA clustering algorithm represents a rapid and valid stratification tool independent of anatomic diagnosis. ROPA holds promise in classifying patients based on pathophysiological mechanisms rather than structural or anatomical diagnoses. As such, this method of classifying patients will facilitate personalized pain medicine for patients with chronic pain.
Impact of a Real-Time, Pharmacist-Led, Intensive Care Unit–Based Feedback Intervention on Analgesia and Sedation Quality Among Mechanically Ventilated Patients
Authors: Mancheril Benjamin , Kram Bridgette , Schultheis Jennifer , Kram Shawn , Trammel Morgan , Liu Beiyu , Jordan Weston , Cox Christopher E. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Consensus guidelines for pain, agitation, and delirium (PAD) in mechanically ventilated patients recommend maintaining a light level of sedation.

Local Problem:
Consistent attainment of target PAD assessments in mechanically ventilated ICU patients is often challenging.

Methods:
This is a single-center, prospective study.

Interventions:
In the intervention group, a pharmacist provided weekly feedback to nurses on their success in achieving target PAD assessments compared with a historical cohort without feedback.

Results:
Overall, 478 patients and 205 nurses were included. The odds of having weekly Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS) score, pain score goals, and Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU (CAM-ICU) negative assessments at goal between the intervention and control groups fluctuated over time without a discernible trend.

Conclusion:
The provision of weekly feedback to nurses on PAD nursing assessments by a pharmacist did not impact the achievement of PAD goals among critically ill mechanically ventilated patients.
Patients' and Nurses' Perceptions of the Quality of Nursing Care in Surgical Clinics
Authors: Mert Selda , Kersu Özlem , Aydin Sayilan Aylin , Baydemir Canan , Ilter Gonca 
Published: December 2020

Background:
The evaluation of the quality of nursing care by patients and nurses is important for improving care.

Purpose:
The aim was to determine patients' and nurses' perceptions of the quality of nursing care in surgical clinics and influencing factors.

Methods:
The sample of this cross-sectional, descriptive, and comparative study consisted of 503 surgical patients and 308 surgical nurses. The data were collected between February 2018 and June 2019.

Results:
Characteristics of patients such as age, gender, complications, and nursing care scores, and the characteristics of the nurses such as being satisfied with the current clinic, their work experience in the clinic, and the number of daily surgical interventions affected the perceptions of care quality.

Conclusions:
The study revealed that the patients' perceptions of the quality of care were lower than those of nurses, and some factors belonging to the patients and nurses negatively influenced the quality of care.
Nursing Policies and Protocols
Authors: Kelly Ursula , Edwards Geneva , Shapiro Susan E. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Nursing policies and protocols exist to promote high-quality, safe, and effective nursing practice; however, there is little evidence demonstrating how nurses actually use them to inform their everyday, routine practice.

Purpose:
The purposes were to explore the extent to which nurses use nursing policies and protocols to guide their routine practice, and identify barriers and facilitators affecting the frequency with which nurses use nursing policies and protocols.

Methods:
Licensed nurses (N = 235) providing direct care to inpatients and outpatients in a large medical center participated in an 18-question online survey.

Results:
Most nurses access policies and protocols once a month or more; the greatest barrier to more frequent access was length of the policy or protocol.

Conclusions:
Organizations should make policies and protocols succinct, current, and easily accessible. Studies are needed to determine how policies and procedures can best meet the needs of stakeholders, including health care organizations, staff, and patients.
Managing diversity in minority business enterprises: the impact of employee homogeneity on financial performance
Authors: Blount Ian , Smith Delmonize 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of employee homogeneity on the financial performance of minority business enterprises (MBEs). It is widely postulated that MBEs tend to hire minorities that resemble the ethnicity of the founder(s) and that this is beneficial by helping to decrease minority unemployment rates as well as providing new opportunities to minorities that they might not otherwise receive at White-owned firms.Design/methodology/approachThe study used hierarchical linear regression on archival data of 271 MBEs to determine if employee homogeneity will be a factor in understanding their financial performance. The authors also conducted exploratory interviews with a convenience sample of MBEs to gain insight into the concept of employee homophily.FindingsThe research uncovered that as homogeneity increases, MBE financial performance decreases, and this effect is more pronounced the longer the MBE is in business.Research limitations/implicationsThe data set is cross-sectional in nature and lack the perspective and clarity of time. The paper only contains a small set of exploratory interviews. The most significant implication from the study is that a lack of diversity decreases the long-term financial viability of MBEs which is to counter mainstream arguments that speak only to the positive aspects of MBEs hiring their own.Originality/valueThe research builds on the scant literature on the impact of diversity within MBEs. It also provides guidance to MBEs by suggesting they be strategic in diversifying their employee base in order to improve performance.