bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Analgesic Efficacy of Ultrasound-guided Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block Combined With Oral Multimodal Analgesia In Comparison With Oral Multimodal Analgesia After Caesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yu Yang , Gao Shenshan , Yuen Vivian Manying , Choi Wai Siu , Xu Xuebing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is used increasingly in parturients after caesarean delivery. This is a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of bilateral single-shot of TAP blocks in patients who received multimodal oral analgesia for postoperative pain relief.Methods: Parturients who were scheduled for elective caesarean delivery under spinal anaesthesia were recruited and randomized to receive bilateral single-shot of TAP blocks or placebo in addition to multimodal oral analgesia which consisted of regular tramadol, celecoxib and paracetamol, with oral oxycodone used as a rescue for breakthrough pain. Only parturients in the TAP group would receive the TAP blocks with an injection of 15ml (0.25%) ropivacaine on each side under aseptic techniques. All the parturients were evaluated for pain or related complications in the first 24 hours after surgery. The primary outcome is the percentage of parturients who required oxycodone as a rescue analgesia. Results: 80 and 79 parturients were allocated to the TAP and placebo group respectively. 9 out of 79 (11.4%) parturients in the TAP group and 15 out of 73 (20.5%) parturients in the placebo group required oxycodone for breakthrough pain, P = 0.122. Conclusions: Bilateral single-shot of TAP blocks confer little additional benefit when a multimodal oral analgesic regimen is used for pain control after caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.Trial registration:Clinical Trial Registry of China (http://www.chictr.org.cn, ChiCTR-INR-16010130). Retrospective registered on Dec 12, 2016
Riverbank Erosion and Migration, Inter-Linkage: with special focus on Assam, India
Authors: Dekaraja Dimpal , Mahanta Ratul 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Riverbank erosion becomes a vulnerable phenomenon in the bank of the Brahmaputra river and its tributaries. Around 17 riverine districts of Assam are affected by riverbank erosion and lost a large plot of land. Due to riverbank erosion the victims’ loss their homestead and crop land as well as their survival strategy in the eroded areas. Moreover, farmers largely affected due to riverbank erosion as they loss their sources of income. This forces the farmer to migrate to another place for their survival. The paper examines the linkage between river bank erosion and migration based on secondary information. Method: To examine the linkage, information collected from government published sources ‘Census of India’ and ‘Statistical handbook of Assam’. On the basis of the information, 10 indicators constructed from 26 variables and then factor analysis method applied to examine the linkage between riverbank erosion and migration. Results: Four variables that are agricultural worker, industrial worker, cropped area and livestock population are loaded into the first factor, for which the first factor is labeled as the socio-economic indicator. In case of second factor the two variables i.e. Migrational Growth Index(MGI) and urban population are loaded. On the basis of the loaded variables this factor labeled as demographic indicator. In case of third factor also two variables are loaded that is, Natural Growth Index(NGI) and Literacy rate. The loaded variables indicate that both NGI and Literacy rate are positively related. Two variables are loaded in this fourth factor i.e. river bank eroded area and the district population growth. This factor labeled as environmental indicator on the basis of the variables loaded in this factor. The factor correlation matrix indicates the opposite relation between first and fourth factor.Conclusion: The results obtained from Factor component analysis reveals that the first and fourth factor component mainly established the linkage between riverbank erosion and migration. Besides this the component correlation matrix also reveals the inter-linkage between the variables. Thus we can say that there is positive relation between riverbank erosion and migration. However, it can be interpret that farmers mostly affected due to riverbank erosion and migrate more, because most of the inhabitants of the floodplain areas are the farmers.
Asthma and COVID-19 - A systematic review
Authors: Mendes Natália F. , Jara Carlos P. , Mansour Eli , Araújo Eliana P. , Velloso Licio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background. Severe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) presents with progressive dyspnea, which results from acute lung inflammatory edema leading to hypoxia. As with other infectious diseases that affect the respiratory tract, asthma has been cited as a potential risk factor for severe COVID-19. However, conflicting results have been published over the last few months and the putative association between these two diseases is still unproven. Methods. Here, we systematically reviewed all reports on COVID-19 published since its emergence in December 2019 to June 30, 2020, looking into the description of asthma as a premorbid condition, which could indicate its potential involvement in disease progression. Results. We found 372 articles describing the underlying diseases of 161,271 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Asthma was reported as a premorbid condition in only 2,623 patients accounting for 1.6% of all patients. Conclusions. As the global prevalence of asthma is 4.4%, we conclude that either asthma is not a premorbid condition that contributes to the development of COVID-19 or clinicians and researchers are not accurately describing the premorbidities in COVID-19 patients.
Cultural Competence of Australian Dental Students
Authors: Marino Rodrigo , Satur Julie , Tuncer Eren , Tran Megan , Milford Elizabeth , Tran Vivien , Tran Phuong , Tsai Richard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Australia possesses a highly multicultural demographic, and thus dental practitioners are likely to encounter culturally and linguistically diverse individuals regularly. It is important for dental practitioners to be culturally competent, however, cultural competency education is highly variable in the curricula of dentistry and oral health courses in Australia, and research is largely limited to dentistry students. This study aims to investigate and compare perceived attitudes, beliefs and practices of cultural competence amongst first and final year Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) and Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH) students at the University of Melbourne Dental School.Methods: Following ethics approval, anonymous questionnaires were completed by 213 participants. The questionnaire was adapted from Schwarz’s Healthcare Provider Cultural Competence Instrument (HPCCI) and consisted of five scales. Data was analysed using SPSS V 24.0 software.Results: A total of 213 students participated in this study (response rate = 88%) The majority of participants were female (n=114, 53.5%) and the mean age of 23.5 years (range 18 - 40). The majority of participants were Australian born (n=110) with 74.6 percent (n=159) first generation Australians. Participants who identified as Australian represented 35.7 percent (n=76) with 66.1 percent (n=141) identified as partly Australian. Multivariate analysis indicated that, after controlling for other independent variables in the model, those who had the highest cultural competence score were female, who self-identify as “Australian”, who were in the final year. Furthermore, those who were in the final BOH year scored significatively higher than final year DDS students.Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that there is a significant difference in students self-reported cultural competence at different stages of their education. This may be attributed to differences in cultural competence education, scope of practice and the type of patient encounters and role modelling that students may experience. Future research should involve follow up to create longitudinal data, as well as research at other dental schools in Australia and overseas.
Study of performance on a novel paediatric examination to investigate disparity between what undergraduate medical students are taught and what is felt to be essential knowledge in the postgraduate paediatric domain?
Authors: McCrossan Patrick , Nicholson Alf , O'Donoghue Dara , McCallion Naomi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIt is recognised that newly qualified doctors feel unprepared in many areas of their daily practice and that there is a gap between what students learn during medical school and their clinical responsibilities early in their postgraduate career. This study aimed to assess if undergraduate students and junior paediatric doctors met a Minimum Accepted Competency (MAC) of knowledge.MethodsThe knowledge of undergraduates and junior paediatric doctors was quantitatively assessed by their performance on a 30-item examination. The items within this examination were designed by non-academic consultants to test ‘must-know’ knowledge for starting work in paediatrics. The performance of the students was compared with their official university examination results and with the performance of the junior doctors.ResultsThere were a total of 478 participants. Mean examination score was 45.9% for students and 64.2% for doctors (significantly higher [p<0.01]). A significantly reduced number of students passed the examination compared with their official university examinations (68% V 97%). A Spearman’s rank co-efficient showed a moderate but statistically significant positive correlation between students results in their official university examinations and their score in this investigative examination.ConclusionThis work demonstrates a disparity between both student and junior doctor levels of knowledge with consultant expectations from an examination based on what front-line paediatricians determined as “must-know” standards. This study demonstrates the importance of involvement of end-users and future supervisors in undergraduate teaching.
Lay persons’ perception of the requirements for research in emergency obstetric and newborn care
Authors: Kaye Daniel Kabonge 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Factors that could potentially act as facilitators and barriers to successful recruitment strategies in perinatal clinical trials are not well documented. The objective was to assess lay persons’ understanding of the informed consent for randomized clinical trial in emergency obstetric and newborn care.Methods: This was a qualitative study conducted among survivors of severe obstetric complications who were attending the post-natal clinic of Kawempe National Referral Hospital, Uganda, 6-8 weeks after surviving severe obstetric complications during pregnancy or childbirth. The study that involved 18 in-depth interviews was conducted from June 1, 2019 to July 6, 2019. The issues explored included perceptions of the purpose and necessity to conduct such research how research-related information would be disclosed, and what could be the potential benefits and risks of participation. The data was analyzed by thematic analysis.Results: Respondents felt that research was necessary to investigate the cause, prevention or complications of an illness, especially as much was known about some pregnancy and newborn complications. Most believed that the emergency contexts affects whether and what prospective participants may understand if information about research was disclosed. Whereas they did not see the value of procedures like randomization, they felt that if these and any other procedures necessary should be done transparently and fairly. The decisions to participate would significantly be influenced by possibility of risk to the unborn baby or the newborn. Solidarity was an important influence on decision-making.Conclusions: Respondents valued participation in RCTs in emergency obstetric and newborn care. However, they expressed concerns and valued openness, transparency and accountability with regard to how clinical trials information is disclosed and the decision-making process for clinical trial participation. While autonomy and solidarity are contradictory values, they complement each other during decision-making for informed consent.
Total Spine Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Multifocal Infection in Pyogenic Spondylodiscitis: a retrospective observational Study
Authors: Henkelmann Jeanette , Denecke Timm , Pieroh Philipp , Einhorn Stephanie , Hoeh Nicolas H. von der , Heyde Christoph-Eckhard , Voelker Anna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Due to the unspecific symptoms of spondylodiscitis (SpD), an early radiological examination is necessary. However, controversially discussed is the need for magnetic resonance imaging of the entire spine to exclude multisegmental infections and to determine the required surgical interventions. The aims of this study were to assess the incidence of multilevel non-contiguous pyogenic SpD and compare comorbidities, pain symptoms, and subsequent surgical strategies between unifocal (uSpD) and multifocal (mSpD) SpD.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated the data of patients with confirmed, surgically treated, pyogenic SpD who had received a total spine MRI in a single spine center between 2016 and 2018. MRI findings were classified according to Pola-classification and demographics, duration of clinical symptoms (pain and neurology) and Charlson Comorbidity-Index (CCI) results were compared between uSpD und mSpD groups. Surgical therapy was evaluated in patients with mSpD. Results: uSpD was detected by MRI in 69 of 79 patients (87 %). Of these, mSpD was detected in 10 patients (13%) with 21 infected segments (cervical and/ or thoracic and/ or lumbar region). Age and CCI were similar between uSpD and mSpD and 24 of all SpD regions were clinically unapparent. All patients with uSpD were treated operatively. In seven patients with mSpD, all infected levels of the spine were treated surgically in a one-stage procedure; one patient had a two-stage procedure and one patient had surgery at the lumbar spine, and an additional infected segment of the upper thoracic spine was treated conservatively. One patient died before a planned two-stage procedure was performed.Conclusions: Due to mSpD being found in approximately 13% of SpD cases, and considering the risk of overlooking an mSpD case, MRI imaging of the total spine is recommended. The detection of multiple infection levels can have an impact on the therapeutic strategy chosen.
A Dynamical Modelling of the Epidemic Diseases to Assessing the Rates of Spread of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: SEIQR Model
Authors: Youssef Hamdy , Alghamdi Najat , Ezzat Magdy , El-Bary Alaa , Shawky Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A model of critical epidemic dynamics for the emergence of the new coronavirus COVID-19 is being established in this paper. A new approach to the assessment and control of the COVID-19 epidemic is given with the SEIQR pandemic model. This paper uses real knowledge on the distribution of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia for mathematical modeling and dynamic analyses. The reproductive number and detailed stability analysis are provided in the SEIQR model dynamics. In a Jacobian method of linearization, we will address the domain of the solution and the equilibrium situation based on the SEIQR model. The equilibrium and its importance have been proven, and a study of the stability of the equilibrium free from diseases has been implemented. The reproduction number was evaluated in accordance with its internal parameters. The Lyapunov theorem of stability has proven the global stability of the current model's equilibrium. The SEIQR model was contrasted by comparing the results based on the SEIQR model with the real COVID-19 spread data in Saudi Arabia. Numerical evaluation and predictions were given. The results indicate that the SEIQR model is a strong model for the study of the spread of epidemics, such as COVID-19. At the end of this work, we implemented an optimum protocol that can quickly stop the spread of COVID-19 among the Saudi populations. The key solution to slowing COVID-19 transmission is to stay home and bring sick persons as far as possible in a remote location or in a safe place. Ultimately, it is vital to offer safe and adequate treatment to ill people, and to avoid them, medications, tones, and nutrients should be provided to non-infected persons.
SARS-CoV-2 sewage surveillance in low-income countries: potential and challenges
Authors: Calabria de Araujo Juliana , Gavazza Savia , Leao Thiago Lima , Florencio Lourdinha , da Silva Hernande Pereira , Albuquerque Jones de Oliveira , de Lira Borges Maria Alice , de Oliveira Alves Rayanna Barroso , Rodrigues Rosner Henrique Alves , dos Santos Eric Bem 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper reviews the recent findings in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage samples. We discuss how wastewater-based surveillance (WBS) can be used as a complementary tool to help the fight against COVID-19 spread, particularly in low-income countries with low sewage coverage and where the testing coverage is deficient, such as Brazil. One of the major challenges on WBS is the use of different protocols to estimate the number of infected people in a community from the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. Therefore, we assembled and reviewed all the relevant data available to date about this topic. Virus concentration and detection methods were reviewed as well, and some of them can be performed in most of the microbiology and environmental engineering laboratories in low-income countries, as discussed. Moreover, the monitoring and sampling plan should represent the local reality. Thus, we suggest unique strategies for sewage sampling and monitoring in different sewerage network points and the slums, despite the possible logistics difficulties involved. Considering the low levels of sanitation in most urban agglomerates in Brazil, WBS can potentially assume a crucial role as a cost-effective strategy to monitor the circulation of the virus and assess the real prevalence of COVID-19.
A comparative dynamic study of seawater pretreatment using experimental and pilot bubble tower
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Jin Hui , Li Jiale , Dou Guosheng , Ji Zhiyong , Liu Jie , Yuan Junsheng , Guo Xiaofu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the previous study, greenhouse gas CO2 was successfully used as the precipitator to realize its carbonation by calcium ions in seawater with the help of magnesium oxide. In this study, the reaction process was firstly analyzed by a proposed reaction mechanism, and then the dynamic simulation of the gas–liquid–solid system was carried out via kinetic Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the reaction mechanism, the continuous experimental study was realized in a bubble column. The effects of air flow rate, carbon dioxide flow rate and temperature on the effectiveness evaluation indexes of decalcification efficiency, total mass transfer coefficient and carbon sequestration rate were studied. Finally, a bonnet tower with a diameter of 1 m and a height of 8 m was built to carry out the pilot test. In the laboratory experiments, the calcium removal rate reached 94%, the carbon sequestration rate reached 63.6%, and pure micron calcium carbonate products were obtained. The decalcification rate reached 95% in the pilot test, which is consistent with the results of the laboratory experiment.
Metabolism and Pharmacological Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Erigeron breviscapus
Authors: Fan Hua , Lin Peng , Kang Qiang , Zhao Zhi-Long , Wang Ji , Cheng Jia-Yi 
Published: December 2020

Background:Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz. is a plant species in the Compositae family. More than ten types of compounds-such as flavonoids, caffeinate esters, and volatile oils-have been identified in Erigeron breviscapus; however, it remains unknown as to which compounds are associated with clinical efficacy. In recent years, flavonoids and phenolic acids have been considered as the main effective components of Erigeron breviscapus. The metabolism and mechanisms of these compounds in vivo have been extensively studied to improve our understanding of the drug.Methods:In the present review, we summarize the relationships among these compounds, their metabolites, and their pharmacodynamics. Many methods have been implemented to improve the separation and bioavailability of these compounds from Erigeron breviscapus.Results:In China, Erigeron breviscapus has been used for many years. In recent years, through the study of its metabolism and the mechanisms of its effective components, the effects of Erigeron breviscapus in the treatment of various diseases have been extensively studied. Findings have indicated that Erigeron breviscapus improves cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function and that one of its ingredients, scutellarin, has potential value in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, cancer, diabetic vascular complications, and other conditions. In addition, phenolic acid compounds and their metabolites also play an important role in anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and improving blood lipids.Conclusion:Erigeron breviscapus plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular/ cerebrovascular diseases, neuroprotection, and cancer through many different mechanisms of action. Further investigation of its efficacious components and metabolites may provide more possibilities for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and the development of novel drugs.