bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Could “Fair Allocation” during the Covid‐19 Crisis Possibly Mean in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Moodley Keymanthri , Ravez Laurent , Obasa Adetayo Emmanuel , Mwinga Alwyn , Jaoko Walter , Makindu Darius , Behets Frieda , Rennie Stuart 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Covid‐19 pandemic has sparked rapid and voluminous production of bioethics commentary in popular media and academic publications. Many of the discussions are new twists on an old theme: how to fairly allocate scarce medical resources, such as ventilators and intensive care unit beds. In this essay, we do not add another allocation scheme to the growing pile, partly out of appreciation that such schemes should be products of inclusive and transparent community engagement and partly out of recognition of their limited utility for physicians working in the field. Instead, we make the more modest claim that context matters when making such decisions and, more specifically, that recommendations from high‐income countries about fair allocation during Covid‐19 should not be cut and pasted into low‐income settings. We offer a few examples of why seemingly universal, well‐intentioned ethical recommendations could have adverse consequences if unreflectively applied in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Communities Matter
Authors: Galarneau Charlene 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGiven the enduring inequities in US health and health care, it is no surprise that particular communities are bearing the disproportionate brunt of the Covid‐19 pandemic and our responses to it. Many ethical aspects of the pandemic involve diverse communities bound by race, ethnicity, disability, income, residence, age, and more. How does bioethics engage these communities in theory and in practice? Only faintly, despite Covid‐19's relentless reminder that communities matter morally. This article sketches initial directions for developing a community‐inclusive bioethics, one that understands communities as critical moral participants in the work of bioethics as well as in health and health care.
Conceptualizing Race in the Genomic Age
Authors: Bliss Catherine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMy fundamental argument is that a collective concept of race that presumes that there are, or were at some point in the past, discreet genetic groups that have tracked along continental lines and that those differences are the fundamental basis for our folk and political groupings of white, black, Asian, Native American, and Pacific Islander is a fallacy that will always lead to social inequality. Such an understanding of race currently reverberates through genetic science, but for social and political reasons, and with good intentions. But if we want to move toward a social order that promotes social justice, all of us across the sciences, throughout health policy, and in the wider public will need to reconceptualize race in terms of legacies of discrimination. We will need to shift our focus from molecular differences to social and political differences, especially when we conduct gene‐environment analyses.
ProvokingBadBiocitizenship
Authors: Kolopenuk Jessica 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMirroring the set of questions explored in the special report in which this essay appears and through a critical Cree standpoint, this essay poses three provocations intended to upend habits of thought relative to notions of goodness, biocitizenship, and the democratization of scientific pursuit. Styled as foreplay, the essay warms the reader up to the desirable possibility of being abadbiocitizen. I briefly establish the colonial conditions under which the fields of genomic science, biomedical research, and bioethics have been made possible. I then offer Indigenous Science, Technology, and Society as an alternative project aimed at disturbing the territorial, political, and morally inflected claims of nation‐states and their citizens, research institutions and their researchers, and bioeconomies and their consumers to continue to possess Indigenous territories and to study Indigenous bodies while controlling the bioethical principles, protocols, and policies for doing so. The work of Indigenous STS seeks to break down the bounded knowledges of disciplinary reason and map the networked interrelations of problems inhibiting and solutions strengthening the empowerment of Indigenous peoplehoods.
We Have Seen the Mutants—and They Are Us: Gifts and Burdens of a Genetic Diagnosis
Authors: Kittay Eva Feder 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this essay, I recount and examine my response to a genetic diagnosis of my disabled daughter. My daughter was forty‐nine before the diagnosis came. All her disabilities were traceable to a de novo single gene variant on the PURA gene that was discovered only in 2014. I speak of the jolt and the recalibration that this discovery engendered, concluding that, while it seemed that everything had changed, nothing had changed. But my family did discover a community in which Sesha joins other PURA‐perfect sons and daughters and where we as a family acquire a “horizontal identity” marked by a genetic variant.
Credit where it is due: Investigating pathways from earned income tax credit expansion to maternal mental health
Authors: Gangopadhyaya Anuj , Blavin Fredric , Braga Breno , Gates Jason 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhile earned income tax credit (EITC) expansions are typically associated with improvements in maternal mental health, little is known about the mechanisms through which the program affects this outcome. The EITC could primarily affect mental health through changes in family financial resources, changes in labor supply or changes in health insurance coverage of participants. We attempt to disentangle these mechanisms by assessing the effects of state and federal EITC expansion on mental health, employment, and health insurance by maternal marital status. We find that federal EITC expansions are associated with improved self‐reported mental health for all mothers and large positive effects on employment for unmarried mothers. State EITC expansions are associated with improvements in mental health for married mothers only and have no effect on employment for married or unmarried mothers. Overall and for most subgroups of mothers, we find little association between EITC expansions and changes in health insurance coverage. These findings suggest that while EITC expansions improved mental health for unmarried mothers through a combination of the credit and employment effects, for married mothers, improved mental health is driven through the direct credit alone.
The interplay of community and family risk and protective factors on adjustment in young adult immigrants
Authors: Davis Alexandra N. , Carlo Gustavo , Taylor Laura K. 
Published: June 2020

We examined the direct and interactive effects of community violence and both family cohesion and conflict on collective efficacy and aggressive behaviours among immigrant young adults. Participants included 221 young adults (ages 18–26; mean age = 21.36; 45.7% female, 190 born outside the U.S.) who completed self‐report measures of their exposure to neighbourhood violence, social cohesion, collective efficacy and prosocial behaviours toward friends and strangers. Results, in general, showed that community violence and family cohesion were positively associated with collective efficacy whereas community violence and family conflict were positively associated with aggressive behaviours. Family cohesion and conflict also moderated the links between community violence and aggressive behaviours. Discussion focuses on the interplay of community and family processes and the relations to adjustment of immigrant young adults.
Impacts of dairy farming systems on water quantity and quality in Brazil, Ethiopia, Nepal, New Zealand and the USA*
Authors: KC Birendra , Schultz Bart , McIndoe Ian , Rutter Helen , Dark Andrew , Prasad Krishna , Sijapati Suman , Paudel Krishna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study examined the performance of dairy farming systems in Brazil, Ethiopia, Nepal, New Zealand and the USA, based on existing databases of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and country‐specific data sources. There are primarily three types of dairy farming, with pasture‐based open grazing being the dominant one in Brazil and New Zealand. In the USA, stall‐feeding is more popular, while mixed dairy farming is traditionally adopted in Ethiopia and Nepal. Compared to the mixed and pasture‐based systems, the stall‐feeding system puts more pressure on water quantity, as the water requirement to produce a given amount of concentrated feed required for a stall‐feeding system is higher than to produce an equivalent amount of grass, crop residue and fodder required for pasture‐based and mixed systems.Nitrate leaching, and subsequent contamination of water resources, is the biggest environmental problem, with the high‐intensity stall‐feeding in USA, followed by the pasture‐based system in New Zealand, being the most challenging in terms of managing nutrient losses. Irrigation networks with sufficient and appropriate flow control structures, and irrigation scheduling that incorporates plant‐available water, soil moisture and plant growth stages, are prerequisites for conversion of low‐productive agricultural land into high‐productive dairy farming. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acellular matrix hydrogel for repair of the temporomandibular joint disc
Authors: Liang Jiadi , Yi Ping , Wang Xiaojin , Huang Futing , Luan Xianghong , Zhao Zuodong , Liu Chang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractApplication of tissue‐derived extracellular matrix (ECM) biomaterials in the repair of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc is a promising approach for the treatment of disc abrasion and perforation, particularly for the young patient population. Although decellularized ECM (dECM) scaffolds preserve tissue‐specific structures as well as biological and biomechanical properties, they require surgical implantation. To address this issue, we prepared porcine TMJ discs into decellularized ECM with serial detergent and enzyme treatments, and the TMJ disc‐derived ECM was then processed into hydrogels via pepsin digestion. The decellularization efficiency was assessed by quantification of the DNA and matrix component contents. The fibrous ultrastructure of the hydrogel was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rheological characterization and mechanical properties were measured. in vitro experiments with costal chondrocytes ensured the cellular proliferative capacity and compatibility in the injectable disc‐derived ECM hydrogel. The results showed that a large amount of DNA (>95%) was removed after decellularization; but, the collagen was retained. SEM of the hydrogels demonstrated a multiaperture fiber ultrastructure. Rheological studies revealed a rapid gelation temperature (37°C) and injectable properties. The mechanical properties of the hydrogels were adjusted by changing the ECM concentration. The in vitro studies revealed that the hydrogels are not cytotoxic, but instead showed good cytocompatibility. The hydrogel also showed good injectability and degradability through an in vivo study. Overall, these results suggest the great potential of injectable disc‐derived hydrogels for TMJ disc repair and regeneration applications.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Brentuximab Vedotin in Adult and Pediatric Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Hematologic Malignancies: Model‐Informed Hypothesis Generation for Pediatric Dosing Regimens
Authors: Suri Ajit , Mould Diane R. , Song Gregory , Kinley Judith , Venkatakrishnan Karthik 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrior pharmacokinetic (PK) analyses of the antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC) brentuximab vedotin (1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks) in pediatric patients with relapsed/refractory hematologic malignancies found that patients aged <12 years exhibited decreased ADC area under the curve (AUC) compared with those aged ≥12 years. This population PK (POPPK) analysis used data from pediatric (NCT01492088) and adult (NCT00430846) studies of brentuximab vedotin to quantify body size effects on ADC exposure. Data were collected from 84 patients with a median age of 25.7 years (range, 7.7‐87.3 years), 34 of whom (40.5%) were aged <18 years; median patient weight was 67 kg (range, 21‐154 kg), and median body surface area was 1.8 m2 (range, 0.87‐2.81 m2). ADC PK was described by a linear 3‐compartment model with zero‐order input and first‐order elimination. POPPK modeling indicated that dosing brentuximab vedotin at 1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 1.2 mg/kg every 2 weeks resulted in lower ADC AUC values in small/moderate‐sized pediatric patients (<28 kg and 28‐49 kg, respectively) compared with large pediatric/adult patients (50‐100 kg). Dosing at 71.5 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and 47.7 mg/m2 every 2 weeks was predicted to achieve comparable AUC values across all body weight ranges and a similar AUC to that in the 50‐ to 100‐kg group at the standard doses of 1.8 mg/kg every 3 weeks and 1.2 mg/kg every 2 weeks, respectively. These results have generated a hypothesis to support evaluation of brentuximab vedotin at 48 mg/m2 every 2 weeks in combination with adriamycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy in an ongoing pediatric trial in frontline Hodgkin lymphoma (NCT02979522).
Clinical Experiences of Intravenous Hydralazine and Labetalol for Acute Treatment of Severe Hypertension in Pregnant Thai Women
Authors: Chera‐Aree Pattraporn , Tengtrakulcharoen Pimrapat , Leetheeragul Jarunee , Sampaojarean Urai , Surasereewong Supitchaya , Wataganara Tuangsit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResponse to acute treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy in Asian women was not known. Labor and delivery checklists of Thai women treated with intravenous hydralazine or labetalol for systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 160 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 110 mm Hg from January 2011 to December 2013 were reviewed as parts of an audit. Primary outcome was prompt achievement of SBP 140‐150 and DBP 90‐100 mm Hg after the first bolus. Secondary outcomes were medication‐related undesired effects. The mean ± standard deviation age and prevalence of chronic hypertension in hydralazine (n = 62) versus labetalol (n = 64) groups were 32.5 ± 6 versus 29.9 ± 6.8 years and 50% versus 21.9%, respectively (P < .05). Magnesium sulfate was promptly administered on admission to every woman to prevent seizure. Targeted blood pressure was timely achieved in 41.9% and 67.2% of the hydralazine and labetalol groups, respectively (P < .05). Nonreassuring fetal heart rate occurred in 51.6% and 32.8% of the hydralazine and labetalol groups, respectively (P = .05). The prevalence of cesarean section and Apgar score < 7 were not significantly different (P > .05). Real‐life clinical experiences suggested significant advantages of intravenous labetalol over hydralazine in pregnant women with severe hypertension.
Timely diagnosis and staging of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease using transient elastography and clinical parameters
Authors: Shieh Christine , Halegoua‐De Marzio Dina L , Hung Matthew L , Fenkel Jonathan M , Herrine Steven K 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimThere is no standardized guideline to screen, image, or refer patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to a specialist. In this study, we used transient elastography (TE) to examine the fibrosis stages at which patients are first diagnosed with NAFLD. Subsequently, we analyzed metabolic markers to establish cut‐offs beyond which noninvasive imaging should be considered to confirm NAFLD/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis fibrosis in patients.MethodsCharts spanning July 2015–April 2018 for 116 NAFLD patients who had TE performed were reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analysis of metabolic markers was conducted.ResultsAt the first hepatology visit, TE showed 73% F0–F2 and 27% F3–F4. Univariate analysis showed that high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), hemoglobin A1c (A1c), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT) were significantly different between the F0–F2 and F3–F4 groups. Multivariate analysis showed that AST (P = 0.01) and A1c (P = 0.05) were significantly different. Optimal cut‐offs for these markers to detect liver fibrosis on TE were AST >43 U/L and A1c >6.6%. The logistic regression function combining these two variables to reflect the probability (P) of the patient having advanced fibrosis (F3–F4) on TE yielded the formula: P = eR/(1 + eR), where R = −8.56 + 0.052 * AST + 0.89 * A1c.ConclusionsOur study suggested that >25% of patients presenting to a specialist for NAFLD may have advanced fibrosis (F3–F4). Diabetes (A1c >6.6%) and AST >43 U/L were the most predictive in identifying NAFLD patients with advanced fibrosis on imaging. We proposed a formula that may be used to prioritize NAFLD patients at higher risk of having advanced fibrosis for specialist referral and imaging follow‐up.
Neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral plexus in a highly diversified clade of South‐American lizards. Evolution and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Quipildor Angel Matías , Quinteros Andrés Sebastián , Lobo Fernando José 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOnly few published studies that describe the neuroanatomy of lizards. Here, we describe the neuroanatomy of several Iguanian species belonging to three families (species of Liolaemus and Phymaturus belonging to Liolaemidae, Tropidurus and Stenocercus as representatives of Tropiduridae, and Diplolaemus as a representative of Leiosauridae). Based on Sudan Black B staining and conventional dissections, the neuroanatomy of the lumbosacral region is described. Among the most outstanding results is the existence of a neuronal pattern of the lumbosacral plexus characteristic of Liolaemidae. In addition, it was found that in the genus Liolaemus the lumbosacral plexus is composed of five pairs of spinal nerves while in Phymaturus, Tropidurus, Stenocercus and Diplolaemus is composed from five to six pairs of spinal nerves (from pre‐sacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae). We find differences in the origin of the spinal nerves that constitute the plexus. In some cases, the pattern of nerves involved includes even the caudal vertebrae. Variation among taxa related to the zeugopodial innervation is described, and the homology of these nervous branches is discussed. Sexual differences were found in some species studied. Based on our results and available literature, we found three different patterns of innervation of the zeugopodium. The major contribution of this study is to provide a detailed description of lumbosacral plexus nerves pathways from their origins at the vertebral column to the muscles that they innervate.
Motivated to disengage: The ethical consequences of goal commitment and moral disengagement in goal setting
Authors: Welsh David T. , Baer Michael D. , Sessions Hudson , Garud Niharika 
Published: June 2020

SummaryA growing literature has suggested that high performance goals can have unintended consequences within organizations as employees engage in unethical behavior to achieve outcomes associated with goal attainment. Extending research on the dark side of goal setting, we suggest that high performance goals not only create a desire to achieve a particular outcome but also alter moral reasoning processes related to goal attainment. Integrating goal‐setting theory with motivated moral reasoning, we hypothesize an indirect effect of high performance goals on unethical behavior via state moral disengagement. We also examine goal commitment—which tends to amplify the relationship between high goals and performance—as a key boundary condition associated with this indirect effect. We build this conditional indirect effect model across three studies conducted in the field and the laboratory. Our results provide new insight into both when and why high goals can facilitate moral disengagement and unethical behavior within organizations.
Raman tensor of layered black arsenic
Authors: Zhu Yanming , Zheng Wei , Wang Weiliang , Zhu Siqi , Cheng Lu , Li Linxuan , Lin Zeguo , Ding Ying , Jin Mingge , Huang Feng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDue to the similar atom arrangement with black phosphorus, black arsenic also has obvious Raman anisotropy at both the base and cross planes. However, the polarization characteristics of black arsenic have been rarely reported so far with most relevant studies devoted to the base plane. Here, to compensate for the blank of the anisotropy in cross plane, we implemented a systematical angle‐resolved polarized Raman measurement on both planes of layered black arsenic and observed that the Raman intensity ratios (Ixx : Iyy : Izz) of optical phonons
and
modes along different axes are 1:4.8:2.76 and 6.9:1:5.7, respectively. Based on the definition of Raman intensity, we abstracted integral Raman tensors of black arsenic. In addition, according to density functional theory, it can be affirmed that the Raman anisotropy of Ag mode is sourced from the anisotropy of differential polarizability along different crystal axes.
Outcomes following periacetabular tumor resection: A 25‐year institutional experience
Authors: Ippolito Joseph , Thomson Jennifer , Beebe Kathleen , Patterson Francis , Benevenia Joseph 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgrounds and ObjectivesFollowing tumor resection involving the acetabulum (periacetabular), various methods of reconstruction exist. The objective of this study was to analyze functional outcomes and complication rates by extent of periacetabular tumor resection, as well as by method of reconstruction.MethodsTwenty‐three patients underwent periacetabular resection for a primary pelvic bone tumor from 1993‐2018 at a single institution. Complications were documented and functional outcomes were assessed using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) scoring system.ResultsMean age was 42.8 ± 22.6 years. Mean follow‐up was 107 ± 75 months. MSTS scores were highest in patients with allograft reconstruction (80.2%) and lowest in saddle reconstruction (38.0%). MSTS scores were higher in patients with Type II periacetabular resection alone compared with Type II + additional resection (78.6% vs 60.3%; P = .019). Complications were lower in patients with Type II periacetabular resection alone (75% vs 28.6%; P = .036). Complications were highest following allograft reconstruction (78%) and lowest following hemipelvectomy without reconstruction (20%).ConclusionPatients who underwent allograft/APC or nonsaddle metallic reconstruction experienced the highest functional outcome scores, but also sustained a higher complication rate than patients with hemipelvectomy without reconstruction. Patients with resection of ilium and/or pubis in addition to the periacetabular region had lower functional outcome scores and higher risk for complication.