bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Impacts of Vegetation Greenness Change on Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in China
Authors: Bai Peng , Liu Xiaomang , Zhang Yongqiang , Liu Changming 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVegetation plays an important role in regulating terrestrial water and energy fluxes. Recent research reported that China is the largest contributor to the global net increase in green foliage. Such large‐scale vegetation greenness change would inevitably affect the water budget across China. In this study, we evaluated the effects of vegetation greenness change on evapotranspiration (ET) and water yield in China from 1982 to 2014 with a process‐based conceptual hydrologic model and a detrending experiment of vegetation index. On the national scale, the change in vegetation greenness was dominated by an increasing trend (greening), which has led to an increase in ET and a decline in water yield from 1982 to 2014. The contribution of vegetation greenness change to the trend of annual ET and water yield is 0.25 mm/yr and −0.16 mm/yr, respectively. Spatially, the relative change in ET and runoff caused by vegetation greenness change is significantly greater in water‐limited areas than in energy‐limited areas. Vegetation greening exacerbated water scarcity in water‐limited areas. Therefore, the ecological restoration policy should fully consider the negative effect of vegetation greening on water yield in water‐limited regions and balance the conflicting water demands between the ecosystem and human beings.
Radar Investigation of Postsunset Equatorial Ionospheric Instability Over Kwajalein During Project WINDY
Authors: Hysell D. L. , Rao S. , Groves K. M. , Larsen M. F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAdvanced Research Projects Agency Long‐Range Tracking and Instrumentation Radar (ALTAIR) data acquired during the NASA Waves and INstabilities from a Neutral DYnamo (WINDY) sounding rocket campaign on Kwajalein Atoll in late August and September 2017 are analyzed to study the development of postsunset F‐region ionospheric plasma density irregularities associated with equatorial spread F (ESF) conditions. Unstable conditions existed on nine of ten observing nights during the campaign. The first indication of instability onset each night was a patchy layer of coherent scatter in the bottomside/valley region. Patchy bottom‐type layers are telltales of plasma convective instability driven by vertical current in the F region associated with bottomside shear flow. The resulting flow evolves rapidly into fully developed instability through a bootstrapping process. Sometimes, the resulting topside depletions exhibited large‐scale structuring with a spatial scale too large to be associated with the preferred scale for plasma instability. We examine incoherent scatter observations of the background ionospheric morphology prior to the appearance of bottom‐type layers and find that a small degree of large‐scale bottomside structuring is sometimes present. Numerical simulations suggest that this structuring can act as a seed and provide the initial conditions necessary to account for the clustering of the topside plumes that emerge later.
Compatibility Conditions, Complex Frequency, and Complex Vertical Wave Number for Models of Gravity Waves in the Thermosphere
Authors: Broutman Dave , Knight Harold , Eckermann Stephen D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGravity wave propagation from the troposphere into the thermosphere has often been modeled by assuming a complex vertical wave number m, with the imaginary part accounting for viscous and thermal dissipation. An alternative is to assume a complex wave frequency ω, which leads to a simpler form of the dispersion relation and different wave solutions described by complex‐ω ray theory. Here the solutions of complex ω and complex m are analyzed in terms of the compatibility conditions ∇×k=0 and kt=−∇ω, where k is the wave number vector. Estimates derived here suggest that the complex‐ω ray solutions can violate compatibility conditions above altitudes of weak viscosity. A possible consequence of this violation is an overestimation of the viscous damping of thermospheric gravity waves. The present results are based on a numerical solution of the viscous gravity‐wave dispersion relation in the anelastic approximation with a Prandtl number of unity and using conventional specifications of the dynamic viscosity of the thermosphere. Theoretical solutions for complex m are also derived in the weak and strong viscosity limits.
Far Ultraviolet Remote Sensing of the Nighttime Ionosphere Using the OI 130.4‐nm Emission
Authors: Qin Jianqi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRoutine monitoring and forecasting of the ionosphere is becoming imperative for our society due to the rapid increase of our reliance on space‐based technologies. In the last two decades, satellite remote sensing of the OI 135.6‐nm airglow emission has been used as a primary means for inferring the nighttime ionosphere on a global scale. By contrast, the OI 130.4‐nm emission, another prominent airglow feature, has long been suggested to be possibly useful for ionospheric remote sensing but has rarely been studied in the literature, partially due to the complexity of the radiative transfer effects involved in the interpretation of this emission. In this study, we explore the use of OI 130.4‐nm emission for nighttime ionospheric remote sensing by analyzing the data observed by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) aboard NASA's Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) mission using a newly developed radiative transfer model. We demonstrate through data analysis and theoretical investigations that limb observations of the OI 130.4‐nm emission can be used to complement the OI 135.6‐nm emission for a better characterization of the spatial variation of nighttime ionosphere and that nadir observations of the OI 130.4‐nm emission can be used to estimate the total electron content (TEC) and the peak density (NmF2) in smoothly varying ionospheric regions more accurately than the OI 135.6‐nm emission. We further propose techniques for estimating the ionospheric peak height (hmF2) using nadir observations of the two emissions. Our results can provide useful information for future ionospheric remote sensing missions.
Validation of SAGE III/ISS Solar Occultation Ozone Products With Correlative Satellite and Ground‐Based Measurements
Authors: Wang H. J. Ray , Damadeo Robert , Flittner David , Kramarova Natalya , Taha Ghassan , Davis Sean , Thompson Anne M. , Strahan Susan , Wang Yuhang , Froidevaux Lucien , Degenstein Doug , Bourassa Adam , Steinbrecht Wolfgang , Walker Kaley A. , Querel Richard , Leblanc Thierry , Godin‐Beekmann Sophie , Hurst Dale , Hall Emrys 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III on the International Space Station (SAGE III/ISS) was launched on 19 February 2017 and began routine operation in June 2017. The first 2 years of SAGE III/ISS (v5.1) solar occultation ozone data were evaluated by using correlative satellite and ground‐based measurements. Among the three (MES, AO3, and MLR) SAGE III/ISS retrieved solar ozone products, AO3 ozone shows the smallest bias and best precision, with mean biases less than 5% for altitudes ~15–55 km in the midlatitudes and ~20–55 km in the tropics. In the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere, AO3 ozone shows high biases that increase with decreasing altitudes and reach ~10% near the tropopause. Preliminary studies indicate that those high biases primarily result from the contributions of the oxygen dimer (O4) not being appropriately removed within the ozone channel. The precision of AO3 ozone is estimated to be ~3% for altitudes between 20 and 40 km. It degrades to ~10–15% in the lower mesosphere (~55 km) and ~20–30% near the tropopause. There could be an altitude registration error of ~100 m in the SAGE III/ISS auxiliary temperature and pressure profiles. This, however, does not affect retrieved ozone profiles in native number density on geometric altitude coordinates. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere (~40–55 km), the SAGE III/ISS (and SAGE II) retrieved ozone values show sunrise/sunset differences of ~5–8%, which are almost twice as large as what was observed by other satellites or model predictions. This feature needs further study.
On the Relationship Between the Marine Cold Air Outbreak M Parameter and Low‐Level Cloud Heights in the Midlatitudes
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Booth James F. , Lamer Katia , Marchand Roger , Protat Alain , McFarquhar Greg M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFocusing on conditions of subsidence when low clouds are present, ground‐based observations in both the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean reveal strong relationships between cloud boundary (base and top heights) and different measures of lower tropospheric instability. The difference in potential temperature between the surface and 800 hPa (a metric called M) provides a stronger relationship than measures of inversion strength such as the lower tropospheric stability and estimated inversion strength. This is because (1) inversion strength itself does not correlate well with cloud boundaries, and (2) M contains information that appears important for cloud boundaries. These include the surface forcing through the use of sea surface rather than near‐surface air temperature and an upper level close to the real cloud top. These results expand upon previous work on the importance of M as a predictor of cloud morphology. However, important differences are found in low‐cloud conditions for the North Atlantic as compared to the Southern Ocean (for a given value of M): stronger inversions, deeper boundary layers, and much larger sea level pressures. Therefore, the relationship between cloud boundaries and M differs between the two regions. A general circulation model provides similar relationships as observed between M and both cloud top height and temperature but tends to place clouds higher and at colder temperatures than observed for a given M. This might cause issues with the representation of precipitation, cloud cover and radiation in the Southern Ocean.
Solar Flare Intensity Prediction With Machine Learning Models
Authors: Jiao Zhenbang , Sun Hu , Wang Xiantong , Manchester Ward , Gombosi Tamas , Hero Alfred , Chen Yang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe develop a mixed long short‐term memory (LSTM) regression model to predict the maximum solar flare intensity within a 24‐hr time window 0–24, 6–30, 12–36, and 24–48 hr ahead of time using 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr of data (predictors) for each Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Active Region Patch (HARP). The model makes use of (1) the Space‐Weather HMI Active Region Patch (SHARP) parameters as predictors and (2) the exact flare intensities instead of class labels recorded in the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) data set, which serves as the source of the response variables. Compared to solar flare classification, the model offers us more detailed information about the exact maximum flux level, that is, intensity, for each occurrence of a flare. We also consider classification models built on top of the regression model and obtain better results in solar flare classifications as compared to Chen et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019SW002214). Our results suggest that the most efficient time period for predicting the solar activity is within 24 hr before the prediction time using the SHARP parameters and the LSTM model.
Temperature‐dependent electric field distribution in ±800 kV valve‐side bushing insulation for a converter transformer
Authors: Du Boxue , Sun Hanlei , Jiang Jinpeng , Kong Xiaoxiao , Yang Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe electric field distribution is determined for the design and long‐term performance of bushing yet gets complicated when coupled with temperature due to the highly temperature‐dependent conductivity of insulation. An electrothermal coupling model is established based on a ±800 kV converter transformer valve‐side bushing. The measured temperature‐dependent conductivity of insulation is adopted and fitted. The electric field distribution inside a condenser core under the influence of temperature was investigated, and the related mechanism was analysed, considering the different voltage forms, loading currents, and changeable ambient conditions. The temperature gradient within the condenser core is verified, and the electric field migration is observed. It is indicated that the electric field strength shows a strong dependence on temperature and increases along the radial direction. The maximum field strength appears at the outmost shield layer under the operating voltage and the load current 4500 A, which is higher than that under the DC long‐term withstand voltage of 1455 kV without thermal stress. The increased load current, decreased oil temperature, and enhanced valve hall temperature will lead to more serious electric field distortion, and unacceptable dielectric stress may occur. More attention should be paid to the design and operation of bushing for DC applications.
Renal Transplant Artery Inflow Stenosis Treated with Femorofemoral Bypass
Authors: Ortiz Christopher Chiodo , Miyara Santiago J. , Cagliani Joaquin A. , Cho Young Min , Guevara Sara , Hayashida Kei , Shinozaki Koichiro , Clement Damian , Becker Lance B. , Wang Bo , Krishnasastry K.V. , Teperman Lewis W. , Molmenti Ernesto P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this case report we describe a novel and successful revascularization approach in instances of allograft and distal limb ischemia after kidney transplantation. Stenosis proximal to transplant renal artery anastomoses is a complication leading to allograft dysfunction and/or loss. We present a femorofemoral bypass graft with ringed polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). In this occasion, revascularization was achieved by a backflow mechanism. The approach described achieved its goal of revascularizing the allograft as well as the distal extremity, with both short- and long-term successful outcomes. Benefits of this approach when compared with re-implantation or procedures directly involving the transplant renal artery include minimization of ischemic time, no need to repair the stenosis, anastomoses with vessels of greater diameter, no need to perfuse the kidney, no need to take down the renal artery anastomosis, no need to dissect the transplanted kidney, and no further lower extremity ischemia. This approach does not require any proximal temporary inflow occlusion (as seen with stent placement) or clamping of the arterial inflow to the kidney. This procedure was completed without having to infuse any preservation fluid into the kidney.
2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection: Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Authors: Samanta Jayanta , Dhar Jahnvi , Khaliq Abdul , Kochhar Rakesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe world is witnessing a major public health crisis in the wake of the third coronavirus strain pandemic, a novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2). Although initially thought to be a pure respiratory pathogen, recent reports have highlighted not only the extrapulmonary effects of the virus but also, importantly, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) effects. Various studies have looked into the effects of this novel coronavirus infection (coronavirus-19 disease [COVID-19]) on GIT involvement with reports of more frequent involvement than previously expected. With feco-oral transmission, debate being conclusively proven with fecal samples testing positive for COVID-19 and longer shedding time, it only underlines the importance of GIT involvement. Moreover, the presence of other GI diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, with COVID-19 infection might wreak havoc leading to poor patient outcomes.
Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Manifestations of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Singla Vikas , Arora Anil 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious disease that has spread rapidly throughout the world. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a member of the Coronaviridae family. Though the pulmonary involvement is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas has been explained in these patients. The literature is rapidly changing because of influx of new information with every passage of time. The most common hepatic presentation is mild elevation of aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase, which does not require specific treatment. Occasionally, patients can have severe liver injury. Because of underlying predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity, patients with nonalcoholic liver disease may be at risk of severe disease. Patients with decompensated liver disease may also be vulnerable to severe disease. Behavior of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C, autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and primary biliary cirrhosis is yet to be seen. The prevalence and severity of COVID-19 patients with the aforementioned diseases may be different. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 on an underlying liver disease is not known. COVID-19 may complicate the peritransplant period and throw new challenges in these patients. Drugs used to treat severe COVID-19 may cause liver injury and may have an effect on the underlying disease activity. Both hepatic and pancreatic involvement is related to the severity of COVID-19 disease. Serum amylase and lipase levels may be elevated in patients with severe COVID-19 disease. The involvement of pancreatic islet cells may lead to deranged blood sugar levels and potentially predispose to future diabetes mellitus. There are many unknown facts that will unfold with the passage of time.
Being Legally Sound in the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Setya Ashwini Kumar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAll the three Indian gastroenterology societies (Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India, Indian Society of Gastroenterology, and Indian National Association for the Study of the Liver) jointly recommend to consider only emergency and urgent endoscopy procedures for the next 1 month or till the current threat due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is over.Two laws that are penal in nature are now applicable in the current pandemic, namely the Epidemics Diseases Act 1897 and the Indian Penal Code 1860. No act of an endoscopist should be seen to be in contravention of any of the aforementioned laws, and the sections thereunder as provisions of the Indian Penal Code can be attracted in the current scenario for spreading an infectious disease either knowingly (Section 270) or unknowingly or negligently (Section 269).Section 4 of the Epidemics Disease Act 1897 gives legal protection to every person who has acted under this Act or the directions issued under this Act subject to only one condition, that is, the act must have been done in good faith.Though the hospitals are obliged to ensure personal safety of its staff legally, morally and ethically, because of the huge gap in demand and supply of personal protective equipment (PPE), it is advisable to arrange PPE on one’s own to first protect oneself and then, by extension, to prevent the spread to others. The dictum is “take care of yourself.” Self-preservation is a supreme law.In the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions, certain additional information, to be agreed upon by the patient, needs to be incorporated in the consent. It should be incorporated in the consent that:• While all the necessary precautions are being taken, there is a finite though small risk that the patient may contract the infection from the hospital.• He/she indemnifies the hospital and the endoscopist against any such liability arising out of any action taken while doing the procedure.• Furthermore, to protect the patient him/herself, he/she agrees to get the preprocedural test for COVID-19 as well as bear the additional cost of the PPE used by the endoscopist and support staff.Several of those who have undergone an endoscopy would require a follow-up consultation. As it is difficult to have physical interaction, teleconsultation may be done as per the telemedicine practice guidelines issued by the Medical Council of India (MCI).
Triaging Patients Undergoing Endoscopy During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lakhtakia Sundeep , Ramchandani Mohan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract"Triaging for endoscopy" is the process to determine the most deserving patients after careful scrutiny amongst a pool of patients who report for Gastrointestinal (GI) Endoscopy diagnostic or interventional procedures that include Esophago-gastro-duodenoscopy (OGD), Colonoscopy, ERCP, EUS and Enteroscopy. The purpose of triaging at endoscopy is to prevent transmission of SARS-COV2 infection from suspected patient to the health care workers involved at endoscopy. The three professional Indian Gastroenterology bodies namely Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy of India (SGEI), Indian Society of Gastroenterology (ISG) & Indian Association for the study of the liver (INASL) have recently provided guidance of scheduling of endoscopic procedures in the current Covid-9 pandemic. Similar suggestions have been promulgated by other international bodies.
Emerging Treatment and Prevention Strategies against COVID-19: A Brief Update
Authors: Jha Ashish K. , Kumar Ravikant , Goenka Mahesh K. , Dayal Vishwa M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPatients with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are at significantly increased risk for mortality and morbidity. Current management remains supportive care, ranging from symptomatic outpatient management to full–intensive care support, including intravenous fluids, invasive, and non-invasive oxygen supplementation. In patients with septic shock, treatment with antibiotics and vasopressors are recommended to keep mean arterial pressure (MAP) ≥ 65 mm Hg and lactate < 2 mmol/L. Because of the lack of effectiveness and possible adverse effects, routine corticosteroids should be avoided unless they are indicated for another reason (exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], and septic shock in whom fluids and vasopressors do not restore hemodynamic stability). There is currently no sufficient evidence of efficacy of hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine, remdesivir, and other antivirals in the treatment or prevention of COVID-19. Limited evidence shows that COVID-19 convalescent plasma can be used as a treatment of COVID-19 without the occurrence of severe adverse events. Drug regulatory agencies granted an emergency-use authorization of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine and remdesivir to treat patients when a clinical trial is not available or participation is not feasible. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are associated with QT interval prolongation and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Guidelines are issued for use of convalescent plasma in patients with serious or immediately life-threatening COVID-19. Data from several ongoing randomized controlled trials will provide further evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of these drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.