bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury
Authors: Yu Wenjuan , Zeng Honghui , Chen Junzhe , Fu Sha , Huang Qiuyan , Xu Yanchun , Xu Anping , Lan Hui-yao , Tang Ying 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Exosomes have been shown to effectively regulate the biological functions of target cells. Here, we investigated the protective effect and mechanism of hypoxia-induced renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs)-derived exosomes on acute tubular injury. We found that in vitro hypoxia-induced tubular exosomes (Hy-EXOs) were protective in acute tubular injury by promoting TECs proliferation and improving mitochondrial functions. By using exosome miRNA sequencing, we identified miR-20a-5p was abundant and was a key mechanism for the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury as up-regulation of miR-20a-5p enhanced but down-regulation of miR-20a-5p inhibited the protective effect of Hy-EXOs on tubular injury under hypoxia conditions. Further study in a mouse model of ischemia–reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury (IRI-AKI) also confirmed this notion as pre-treating mice with the miR-20a-5p agomir 48 h prior to AKI induction was capable of inhibiting IRI-AKI by lowering serum levels of creatinine and urea nitrogen, and attenuating the severity of tubular necrosis, F4/80(+) macrophages infiltration and vascular rarefaction. Mechanistically, the protective effect of miR-20a-5p on acute kidney injury (AKI) was associated with inhibition of TECs mitochondrial injury and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, miR-20a-5p is enriched in hypoxia-derived tubular exosomes and protects against acute tubular injury. Results from the present study also reveal that miR-20a-5p may represent as a novel therapy for AKI.
Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties
Authors: Magimairaj Beula M. , Nagaraj Naveen K. , Sergeev Alexander V. , Benafield Natalie J. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesSchool-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas.DesignTwenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined.ResultsIn addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ.ConclusionsMild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607
Observed binary populations reflect the Galactic history
Authors: Vos J. , Bobrick A. , Vučković M. 
Published: August 2020

Context. Wide hot subdwarf B (sdB) binaries with main-sequence companions are outcomes of stable mass transfer from evolved red giants. The orbits of these binaries show a strong correlation between their orbital periods and mass ratios. The origins of this correlation have, so far, been lacking a conclusive explanation.
Aims. We aim to find a binary evolution model which can explain the observed correlation.
Methods. Radii of evolved red giants, and hence the resulting orbital periods, strongly depend on their metallicity. We performed a small but statistically significant binary population synthesis study with the binary stellar evolution code MESA. We used a standard model for binary mass loss and a standard metallicity history of the Galaxy. The resulting sdB systems were selected based on the same criteria as was used in observations and then compared with the observed population.
Results. We have achieved an excellent match to the observed period-mass ratio correlation without explicitly fine-tuning any parameters. Furthermore, our models produce a very good match to the observed period-metallicity correlation. We predict several new correlations, which link the observed sdB binaries to their progenitors, and a correlation between the orbital period, metallicity, and core mass for subdwarfs and young low-mass helium white dwarfs. We also predict that sdB binaries have distinct orbital properties depending on whether they formed in the Galactic bulge, thin or thick disc, or the halo.
Conclusions. We demonstrate, for the first time, how the metallicity history of the Milky Way is imprinted in the properties of the observed post-mass transfer binaries. We show that Galactic chemical evolution is an important factor in binary population studies of interacting systems containing at least one evolved low-mass (Minit <  1.6 M⊙) component. Finally, we provide an observationally supported model of mass transfer from low-mass red giants onto main-sequence stars.
Synthetic observations of spiral arm tracers of a simulated Milky Way analog
Authors: Reissl S. , Stil J. M. , Chen E. , Treß R. G. , Sormani M. C. , Smith R. J. , Klessen R. S. , Buick M. , Glover S. C. O. , Shanahan R. , Lemmer S. J. , Soler J. D. , Beuther H. , Urquhart J. S. , Anderson L. D. , Menten K. M. , Brunthaler A. , Ragan S. , Rugel M. R. 
Published: August 2020

Context.The Faraday rotation measure (RM) is often used to study the magnetic field strength and orientation within the ionized medium of the Milky Way. Recent observations indicate an RM magnitude in the spiral arms that exceeds the commonly assumed range. This raises the question of how and under what conditions spiral arms create such strong Faraday rotation.Aims.We investigate the effect of spiral arms on Galactic Faraday rotation through shock compression of the interstellar medium. It has recently been suggested that the Sagittarius spiral arm creates a strong peak in Faraday rotation where the line of sight is tangent to the arm, and that enhanced Faraday rotation follows along side lines which intersect the arm. Here our aim is to understand the physical conditions that may give rise to this effect and the role of viewing geometry.Methods.We apply a magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the multi-phase interstellar medium in a Milky Way-type spiral galaxy disk in combination with radiative transfer in order to evaluate different tracers of spiral arm structures. For observers embedded in the disk, dust intensity, synchrotron emission, and the kinematics of molecular gas observations are derived to identify which spiral arm tangents are observable. Faraday rotation measures are calculated through the disk and evaluated in the context of different observer positions. The observer’s perspectives are related to the parameters of the local bubbles surrounding the observer and their contribution to the total Faraday rotation measure along the line of sight.Results.We reproduce a scattering of tangent points for the different tracers of about 6° per spiral arm similar to the Milky Way. For the RM, the model shows that compression of the interstellar medium and associated amplification of the magnetic field in spiral arms enhances Faraday rotation by a few hundred rad m−2in addition to the mean contribution of the disk. The arm–interarm contrast in Faraday rotation per unit distance along the line of sight is approximately ~10 in the inner Galaxy, fading to ~2 in the outer Galaxy in tandem with the waning contrast of other tracers of spiral arms. We identify a shark fin pattern in the RM Milky Way observations and in the synthetic data that is characteristic for a galaxy with spiral arms.
Regolith behavior under asteroid-level gravity conditions: low-velocity impacts into mm- and cm-sized grain targets
Authors: Brisset J. , Cox C. , Anderson S. , Hatchitt J. , Madison A. , Mendonca M. , Partida A. , Remie D. 
Published: August 2020

Context.In situ observations of small asteroids, such as Itokawa, Ryugu, and Bennu, show that surfaces covered by boulders and coarse terrain are frequent on such bodies. Regolith grain sizes have distributions on approximately mm and cm scales, and the behavior of such large grains in the very low-gravity environments of small body surfaces dictates their morphology and evolution.Aims.In order to support the understanding of natural processes (e.g., the recapturing of impact ejecta) or spacecraft-induced interactions (e.g., the fate of a small lander), we aim to experimentally investigate the response of coarse-grained target surfaces to very-low-speed impacts (below 2 m s−1).Methods.We present the outcome of 86 low-speed impacts of a cm-sized spherical projectile into a bed of simulated regolith, composed of irregular mm- and cm-sized grains. These impacts were performed under vacuum and microgravity conditions. Our results include measurements for the projectile coefficient of restitution and penetration depth, as well as ejecta production, speed, and mass estimation. As part of our data analysis, we compared our data set with impacts performed in similar conditions with fine grain regolith targets to determine the dependence of our measurements on the target grain size.Results.We find that impact outcomes include the frequent occurrence of projectile bouncing and tangential rolling on the target surface upon impact. Ejecta is produced for impact speeds higher than about 12 cm s−1, and ejecta speeds scale with the projectile to target the grain size ratio and the impact speed. Ejected mass estimations indicate that ejecta is increasingly difficult to produce for increasing grain sizes. Coefficients of restitution of rebounding projectiles do not display a dependency on the target grain size, unlike their maximum penetration depth, which can be scaled with the projectile to target grain size ratio. Finally, we compare our experimental measurements to spacecraft data and numerical work on Hayabusa 2’s MASCOT landing on the surface of the asteroid Ryugu.
Progress on Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: Ding Shengtao , Gao Weiwei 
Published: August 2020

Hydrosilylation of multiple carbon–carbon bonds is a well-known process for the construction of organosilicon compounds. Nowadays, precious metal catalysts, especially platinum complexes, still occupy dominant positions in such processes. However, one important member of the precious metal family, iridium, is less used in this field. As early research mainly focused on developing stable and effective iridium catalysts, recent advances have disclosed the specific efficiency of simple iridium catalytic systems in the synthesis of functional organo­silicon compounds. This short review summarizes the utilization of iridium complexes for the hydrosilylation of alkenes and alkynes, with an emphasis on the recent advances published in the last decade.1	Introduction2	Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkenes3	Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Alkynes4	Conclusions and Perspectives
Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns
Authors: Greenwood Brad N. , Hardeman Rachel R. , Huang Laura , Sojourner Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Significance
A large body of work highlights disparities in survival rates across Black and White newborns during childbirth. We posit that these differences may be ameliorated by racial concordance between the physician and newborn patient. Findings suggest that when Black newborns are cared for by Black physicians, the mortality penalty they suffer, as compared with White infants, is halved. Strikingly, these effects appear to manifest more strongly in more complicated cases, and when hospitals deliver more Black newborns. No such concordance effect is found among birthing mothers.
KAT5 acetylates cGAS to promote innate immune response to DNA virus
Authors: Song Ze-Min , Lin Heng , Yi Xue-Mei , Guo Wei , Hu Ming-Ming , Shu Hong-Bing 
Published: August 2020

Significance
cGAS is a protein which senses the infected viral DNA in the cytosol. Sensing of viral DNA by cGAS signals an innate immune response to virus. How cGAS is regulated by posttranslational modifications is still not fully understood. In this study, we found that the acetyltransferase KAT5 mediated acetylation of the N terminus of cGAS after infection of DNA virus, such as herpes simplex virus 1. This modification of cGAS causes its higher affinity to viral DNA and therefore promotes innate antiviral response. This study helps to understand the delicate regulatory mechanisms of innate antiviral response. Manipulation of these mechanisms may help to develop novel therapeutics for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Efficient and nontoxic biomolecule delivery to primary human hematopoietic stem cells using nanostraws
Authors: Schmiderer Ludwig , Subramaniam Agatheeswaran , Žemaitis Kristijonas , Bäckström Alexandra , Yudovich David , Soboleva Svetlana , Galeev Roman , Prinz Christelle N. , Larsson Jonas , Hjort Martin 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Primary stem cells are difficult to transfect, and their viability and function are impaired by traditional transfection methods. We show that nanostraws can be used to deliver RNA to primary human hematopoietic stem cells without any detectable negative effects. Nanostraw-treated cells show no alterations in gene expression and fully retain their proliferative capacity and their potential to regenerate blood cells of different lineages in vivo. This nonperturbative transfection method can benefit functional studies and clinical applications where minimal impact on stem cell function and viability is required.
Significant Zr isotope variations in single zircon grains recording magma evolution history
Authors: Guo Jing-Liang , Wang Zaicong , Zhang Wen , Moynier Frédéric , Cui Dandan , Hu Zhaochu , Ducea Mihai N. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Zircon, a common accessory mineral in crustal rocks, records plentiful and critical information on the Earth’s history. The isotopes of its major component, Zr, could be another powerful but unexplored tracer. We apply high-precision, high–spatial-resolution, in situ laser ablation Zr isotope measurements of magmatic zircons in continental arc plutonic rocks. Single zircon grains show impressive internal zoning with lighter Zr isotopes in the core but heavier ones toward the rim, solving a fundamental but controversial issue on how zircon fractionates Zr isotope in evolving magmas. Our results also reveal a strong temperature dependence of Zr isotopic fractionation. The Zr isotope is thus very promising in deciphering the differentiation history of magmatic systems and possibly the continental crust through time.
Covariation of fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period in rhesus macaques and evolution of childbirth in primates
Authors: Kawada Mikaze , Nakatsukasa Masato , Nishimura Takeshi , Kaneko Akihisa , Morimoto Naoki 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceChildbirth is frequently difficult for humans due to a cephalocaudally short and dorsoventrally deep pelvis necessary for upright bipedality and a large neonatal brain. A tight fit between the neonatal head and maternal pelvic dimensions is, however, found not only in humans, but also in some other primate taxa. The rhesus macaques show human-like cephalopelvic proportions. We show that forms of the fetal skull and maternal pelvis during the perinatal period covary in ways to relax the obstructions of childbirth in rhesus macaques. This indicates that morphological covariation of the fetal skull and maternal pelvis could have evolved not only in humans, but also in other primates in parallel, or it could be an example of a catarrhine synapomorphy.
Divergence of rodent and primate medial frontal cortex functional connectivity
Authors: Schaeffer David J. , Hori Yuki , Gilbert Kyle M. , Gati Joseph S. , Menon Ravi S. , Everling Stefan 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceThe question of the whether rodent and primate medial frontal cortex (MFC) share similar functional organization, and whether the rodent medial frontal cortex is functionally analogous to the primate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is a contentious issue. Here, we probe this long-standing question by comparing whole-brain functional connectivity of the MFC in rodents, nonhuman primates (marmosets), and humans. The results demonstrated a remarkably similar intrinsic functional organization of the MFC across the three species, but clear differences between rodent and primate MFC whole-brain connectivity. Furthermore, in contrast to the common proposal that the rat MFC is functionally analogous with the primate LFC, our results demonstrate clear differences between the rodent MFC and primate LFC interareal functional connectivity.
Immune signatures of prodromal multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins
Authors: Gerdes Lisa Ann , Janoschka Claudia , Eveslage Maria , Mannig Bianca , Wirth Timo , Schulte-Mecklenbeck Andreas , Lauks Sarah , Glau Laura , Gross Catharina C. , Tolosa Eva , Flierl-Hecht Andrea , Ertl-Wagner Birgit , Barkhof Frederik , Meuth Sven G. , Kümpfel Tania , Wiendl Heinz , Hohlfeld Reinhard , Klotz Luisa 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceMultiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease shaped by genetic and environmental factors. Because of the heterogeneity of the human population, it has been difficult to identify “immune signatures” of the disease. Here we investigated a cohort of identical twin pairs who are discordant for multiple sclerosis. In each twin pair, the immune signatures were remarkably similar, pointing to a strong influence of shared genetic and environmental factors. However, when we focused on a subgroup of seemingly healthy cotwins who showed subtle signs of “subclinical neuro-inflammation,” we identified a distinct signature of memory T cells. Insight into the immunological mechanisms associated with the initiation of the disease is relevant not only to the therapy but also for prevention of the disease.
Selenoprotein N is an endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor that links luminal calcium levels to a redox activity
Authors: Chernorudskiy Alexander , Varone Ersilia , Colombo Sara Francesca , Fumagalli Stefano , Cagnotto Alfredo , Cattaneo Angela , Briens Mickael , Baltzinger Mireille , Kuhn Lauriane , Bachi Angela , Berardi Andrea , Salmona Mario , Musco Giovanna , Borgese Nica , Lescure Alain , Zito Ester 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Selenoprotein N (SEPN1) is a type II transmembrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that senses luminal calcium through an EF-hand domain. On calcium depletion, a SEPN1 oligomer, prevalent under basal calcium concentrations, dissociates to generate a monomeric polypeptide that has enhanced redox trapping potential for its target the calcium pump, SERCA2, as well as for many additional interactors, indicating enhanced reductase activity. Our studies not only support that SEPN1 is one of the long-sought reductases of the ER, but also identify a feedback mechanism through which SEPN1 senses the luminal calcium level to modulate downstream signal transduction. Our results suggest that SEPN1 regulates the SERCA-mediated replenishment of ER calcium stores, a crucial mechanism for excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.
The motley drivers of heat and cold exposure in 21st century US cities
Authors: Broadbent Ashley Mark , Krayenhoff Eric Scott , Georgescu Matei 
Published: August 2020

Significance
We present climate projections of population-weighted heat and cold exposure that directly and simultaneously account for greenhouse gas (GHG) and urban development-induced warming. Previous population heat and cold exposure estimates have not accounted for urban development-induced climate impacts, have neglected interactions between urban development-induced warming and GHG-induced climate change, and have used fixed temperature thresholds that may be inappropriate for some cities. We develop a more detailed and nuanced definition of extreme heat and cold exposure through key innovations, and our predicted exposure is substantially greater than previous assessments. Our results demonstrate that Sunbelt cities are projected to undergo the largest relative increase in population heat exposure to locally defined extreme heat conditions during the 21st century.
Psychological foundations of human status allocation
Authors: Durkee Patrick K. , Lukaszewski Aaron W. , Buss David M. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Social status is a universal and consequential dimension of variation within human groups. Multiple prominent theories have been proposed to explain how status is allocated, but extant evidence is insufficient to adjudicate between their conflicting predictions. Here we show that distinctions between each theory hinge on the relative importance of four key affordance dimensions: benefit-generation ability, benefit-generation willingness, cost-infliction ability, and cost-infliction willingness. Each theory makes a different prediction about the role of each affordance in status allocation. We test these competing predictions to explain status allocations across 14 nations. We found that benefit-generation affordances uniquely predicted status allocations across nations, whereas cost-infliction affordances were weak or null competing predictors.
TheAtoh7remote enhancer provides transcriptional robustness during retinal ganglion cell development
Authors: Miesfeld Joel B. , Ghiasvand Noor M. , Marsh-Armstrong Brennan , Marsh-Armstrong Nicholas , Miller Eric B. , Zhang Pengfei , Manna Suman K. , Zawadzki Robert J. , Brown Nadean L. , Glaser Tom 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceVertebrate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) transmit all visual signals from the eye to the brain, are the pathogenic target in glaucoma, and require the Atoh7 competence factor to develop from multipotent progenitors.Atoh7transcription is controlled by dualcisregulatory elements, including a remote shadow enhancer (SE). In humans, loss of the SE causes NCRNA disease, with congenital blindness due to optic nerve aplasia. We generated a mouseAtoh7SE deletion model and analyzed its effects on transcription, retinal histology, and chromatin architecture. The mutant mice express 80% lessAtoh7mRNA but retain optic nerves, unlike NCRNA patients. By systematically varying dosage in a genotypic series, we show how the dual enhancers maintain robust plasticity during RGC genesis.