bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extended‐amygdala intrinsic functional connectivity networks: A population study
Authors: Berry Samuel C. , Wise Richard G. , Lawrence Andrew D. , Lancaster Thomas M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPre‐clinical and human neuroimaging research implicates the extended‐amygdala (ExtA) (including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis [BST] and central nucleus of the amygdala [CeA]) in networks mediating negative emotional states associated with stress and substance‐use behaviours. The extent to which individual ExtA structures form a functionally integrated unit is controversial. We utilised a large sample (n > 1,000 healthy young adult humans) to compare the intrinsic functional connectivity networks (ICNs) of the BST and CeA using task‐free functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the Human Connectome Project. We assessed whether inter‐individual differences within these ICNs were related to two principal components representing negative disposition and alcohol use. Building on recent primate evidence, we tested whether within BST‐CeA intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) was heritable and further examined co‐heritability with our principal components. We demonstrate the BST and CeA to have discrete, but largely overlapping ICNs similar to previous findings. We found no evidence that within BST—CeA iFC was heritable; however, post hoc analyses found significant BST iFC heritability with the broader superficial and centromedial amygdala regions. There were no significant correlations or co‐heritability associations with our principal components either across the ICNs or for specific BST‐Amygdala iFC. Possible differences in phenotype associations across task‐free, task‐based, and clinical fMRI are discussed, along with suggestions for more causal investigative paradigms that make use of the now well‐established ExtA ICNs.
Impact assessment of reservoir operation in the context of climate change adaptation in the Chao Phraya River basin
Authors: Padiyedath Gopalan Saritha , Hanasaki Naota , Champathong Adisorn , Tebakari Taichi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate change adaptation has become the current focus of research due to the remarkable potential of climate change to alter the spatial and temporal distribution of global water availability. Although reservoir operation is a potential adaptation option, earlier studies explicitly demonstrated only its historical quantitative effects. Therefore, this article evaluated the possibility of reservoir operation from an adaptation viewpoint for regulating the future flow using the H08 global hydrological model with the Chao Phraya River basin as a case study. This basin is the largest river system in Thailand and has often been affected by extreme weather challenges in the past. Future climate scenarios were constructed from the bias‐corrected outputs of three general circulation models from 2080 to 2099 under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The important conclusions that can be drawn from this study are as follows: (i) the operation of existing and hypothetical (i.e., construction under planning) reservoirs cannot reduce the future high flows below the channel carrying capacity, although it can increase low flows in the basin. This indicates that changes in the magnitude of future high flow due to climate change are likely to be larger than those achieved by reservoir operation and there is a need for other adaptation options. (ii) A combination of reservoir operation and afforestation was considered as an adaptation strategy, but the magnitude of the discharge reduction in the wet season was still smaller than the increase caused by warming. This further signifies the necessity of combining other structural, as well as non‐structural, measures. Overall, this adaptation approach for assessing the effect of reservoir operation in reducing the climate change impacts using H08 model can be applied not only in the study area but also in other places where climate change signals are robust.
Flow Friedel–Crafts alkylation of 1‐adamantanol with arenes using HO‐SAS as an immobilized acid catalyst
Authors: Kasakado Takayoshi , Hyodo Mamoru , Furuta Akihiro , Kamardine Aina , Ryu Ilhyong , Fukuyama Takahide 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this communication flow Friedel–Crafts alkylation was studied using hydroxy‐substituted sulfonic acid‐functionalized silica as a catalyst and 1‐adamantanol as a model substrate. The reaction of 1‐adamantanol (1a) with toluene (2a) proceeded well with 5 min of residence time at 120°C to give good yield of 1‐tolyladamantane (3a) as a 1:9 mixture of meta and para isomers. When the flow synthesis was carried out over 2.5 hr of running time, the collected five fractions contain the product 3a in 97–92% yields, suggesting the durability of the catalyst.
Use of probiotics in clinical practice with special reference to diarrheal diseases: A position statement of the Malaysian Society of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Authors: Lee Yeong‐Yeh , Leow Alex H‐R , Chai Pei‐Fan , Raja Ali Raja Affendi , Lee Way‐Seah , Goh Khean‐Lee 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProbiotics comprise a large group of microorganisms, which have different properties and thus confer different benefits. The use of probiotics has shown promising results in the management of diarrheal diseases. While the availability of probiotic products has flourished in the marketplace, there is limited guidance on the selection of probiotics for clinical use. This position paper is aimed at informing clinicians about the proper selection criteria of probiotics based on current evidence on strain‐specific efficacy and safety for the management of diarrheal diseases. Members of the working group discussed issues on probiotic use in clinical practice, which were then drafted into statements. Literature to support or refute the statements were gathered through a search of medical literature from 2011 to 2020. Recommendations were formulated based on the drafted statements and evidence gathered, revised as necessary, and finalized upon agreement of all members. Twelve statements and recommendations were developed covering the areas of quality control in the manufacturing of probiotics, criteria for selection of probiotics, and established evidence for use of probiotics in diarrheal diseases in adults and children. Recommendations for the use of specific probiotic strains in clinical practice were categorized as proven and probable efficacy based on strength of evidence. Robust evidence is available to support the use of probiotics for diarrheal diseases in clinical practice. Based on the results obtained, we strongly advocate the careful evaluation of products, including manufacturing practices, strain‐specific evidence, and contraindications for at‐risk populations when choosing probiotics for use in clinical practice.
Arterial Spin Labeling Applications in Pediatric and Adult Neurologic Disorders
Authors: Bambach Sven , Smith Mark , Morris P Pearse , Campeau Norbert G , Ho Mai‐Lan 
Published: December 2020

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a powerful noncontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that enables quantitative evaluation of brain perfusion. To optimize the clinical and research utilization of ASL, radiologists and physicists must understand the technical considerations and age‐related variations in normal and disease states. We discuss advanced applications of ASL across the lifespan, with example cases from children and adults covering a wide variety of pathologies. Through literature review and illustrated clinical cases, we highlight the subtleties as well as pitfalls of ASL interpretation. First, we review basic physical principles, techniques, and artifacts. This is followed by a discussion of normal perfusion variants based on age and physiology. The three major categories of perfusion abnormalities—hypoperfusion, hyperperfusion, and mixed patterns—are covered with an emphasis on clinical interpretation and relationship to the disease process. Major etiologies of hypoperfusion include large artery, small artery, and venous disease; other vascular conditions; global hypoxic–ischemic injury; and neurodegeneration. Hyperperfusion is characteristic of vascular malformations and tumors. Mixed perfusion patterns can be seen with epilepsy, migraine, trauma, infection/inflammation, and toxic‐metabolic encephalopathy.Level of Evidence4Technical Efficacy Stage3
Evaluation of maternal serum afamin and vitamin E levels in pregnant women with COVID‐19 and its association with composite adverse perinatal outcomes
Authors: Erol Seyit A. , Tanacan Atakan , Anuk Ali T. , Tokalioglu Eda O. , Biriken Derya , Keskin Huseyin L. , Moraloglu Ozlem T. , Yazihan Nuray , Sahin Dilek 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo evaluate the maternal serum afamin and vitamin E levels in pregnant women with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and to investigate their association with composite adverse perinatal outcomes. This prospective, case‐control study consisted of 60 pregnant women with COVID‐19 infection and 36 age‐matched pregnant women without any defined risk factors. Demographic features, laboratory test results, afamin and vitamin E levels were compared between the groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the relationship of afamin and vitamin E levels in predicting composite adverse perinatal outcomes. A correlation analysis was performed between afamin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels in pregnant women with COVID‐19. The obstetric complication rate was higher in the COVID‐19 group (13.3% vs. 2.8%) (p = .01). Afamin levels were higher and vitamin E levels were lower in the COVID‐19 group (p = .02 and p < .001, respectively). Vitamin E levels were lower in the COVID‐19 group for the all trimesters (p < .001, p < .001, and p = .004, respectively). Afamin levels were higher in the COVID‐19 group for the all trimesters without reaching statistical significance (p > .05). The values in the ROC curves with the best balance of sensitivity/specificity for afamin and vitamin E were 0.424 mg/l (70.6% sensitivity, 44.3% specificity) and 3.150 µg/ml (76.5% sensitivity, 58.2% specificity), respectively. A positive moderate statistically significant correlation was found between afamin and CRP levels (r = .264, p = .009). Higher afamin and lower vitamin E levels may support the elevated oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of COVID‐19 and the relationship with composite adverse perinatal outcomes.
The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID‐19 infection: A case–control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Abdollahi Alireza , Kamali Sarvestani Hasti , Rafat Zahra , Ghaderkhani Sara , Mahmoudi‐Aliabadi Maedeh , Jafarzadeh Bita , Mehrtash Vahid 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe outbreak of COVID‐19 has created a global public health crisis. Little is known about the predisposing factors of this infection. The aim of this study was to explore an association between the serum vitamin D level, obesity, and underlying health conditions, as well as the vulnerability to COVID‐19 in the Iranian population.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study of 201 patients with coronavirus infection and 201 controls. Cases and controls were matched for age and gender. The study was carried out for 2 months (February 2020–April 2020) at Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran, Iran. Serum 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Information containing age, gender, clinical symptoms, body mass index, computed tomography scan findings, and underlying health conditions related to each participant were elicited from health records.ResultsA significant negative correlation (p = .02) was observed between the serum vitamin D level and developing coronavirus infection. Also, the results showed that the COVID‐19 cases were more likely to be overweight than the controls (p = .023). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and respiratory infections were found in 20.89%, 9.65%, and 6.96% of cases, respectively. These underlying health conditions were not significantly different between cases and controls (p = .81).ConclusionsVitamin D deficiency and obesity are two main predisposing factors associated with the vulnerability to coronavirus infection in the Iranian population.
mTOR inhibition in COVID‐19: A commentary and review of efficacy in RNA viruses
Authors: Karam Basil S. , Morris Rachel S. , Bramante Carolyn T. , Puskarich Michael , Zolfaghari Emily J. , Lotfi‐Emran Sahar , Ingraham Nicholas E. , Charles Anthony , Odde David J. , Tignanelli Christopher J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this commentary, we shed light on the role of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in viral infections. The mTOR pathway has been demonstrated to be modulated in numerous RNA viruses. Frequently, inhibiting mTOR results in suppression of virus growth and replication. Recent evidence points towards modulation of mTOR in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection. We discuss the current literature on mTOR in SARS‐CoV‐2 and highlight evidence in support of a role for mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019.
Evaluation of serum hepatic enzyme activities in different COVID‐19 phenotypes
Authors: Liao Fan‐Lu , Peng Ding‐Hui , Chen Wei , Hu Han‐Ning , Tang Peng , Liu Yan‐Yuan , Luo Yi , Yao Tao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a newly emerging infectious disease. Our understanding of the clinical characteristics of liver damage and the relationship with disease severity in COVID‐19 is still limited. To investigate the serum hepatic enzyme activities in different phenotypes of COVID‐19 patients, evaluate their relationship with the illness severity and analyze the correlation of glycyrrhizin treatment and abnormal liver enzyme activities, one hundred and forty‐seven patients with COVID‐19 were enrolled in a retrospective study that investigated hepatic dysfunction. Liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), Y‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were analyzed in these patients. Patients with diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) treatment were further investigated. Of the 147 patients, 56 (38.1%) had abnormal ALT activity and 80 (54.4%) had abnormal AST activity. The peak of abnormal hepatic enzyme activities occurred at 3 to 6 days after on admission. Serum AST and LDH levels were elevated, while the SOD level was decreased in severe and critical patients, compared with mild cases. DG treatment may alleviate the abnormal liver enzyme activities in non‐critical COVID‐19 patients. Abnormal liver functions may be observed in patients with COVID‐19, and were associated with SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced acute liver damage. Glycyrrhizin treatment may be an effective therapeutic approach for the outcome of abnormal hepatic enzyme activities in severe COVID‐19 cases. Serum hepatic enzyme tests may reflect the illness severity and should be monitored.
Creativity and Well‐being: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Acar Selcuk , Tadik Harun , Myers Danielle , van der Sman Carian , Uysal Recep 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCreativity and well‐being are popular subjects in psychological and organizational studies. The recent literature presented mixed perspectives about the nature of the relationship between the two. Whereas the mad‐genius hypothesis, which was often explored among eminently creative individuals, seems to imply a negative relationship between the two, trends in the field of creativity, such as everyday creativity and general psychology (i.e., positive psychology) linked them positively. The present meta‐analysis study synthesized 189 effect sizes obtained from 32 samples in 26 different studies based on a total sample of 8,189. Analyses with multilevel modeling yielded a mean effect of r = .14. The moderator analysis tested the impact of age, gender, measure of creativity, measure of well‐being, stimulus type of creativity measure, and index of creativity measure. Only the creativity measure explained the variation in the study outcomes. The relationship between creativity and well‐being was significantly higher when creativity was measured by instruments focusing on creative activity and behavior (r = .22) than the divergent thinking tasks (r = .06). Those findings are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications.
Separation of constituents from Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. F. & Thoms.) Engl. by high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with elution mode and its antidiabetic and antioxidant in vitro evaluation
Authors: Hou Yue , Ali Iftikhar , Li Zhao , Sulaiman Atiqa , Aziz Shahid , Chen Long , Hussain Hidayat , Cui Li , Wang Daijie , Zheng Xin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiabetes, a metabolic disorder, is caused by a high blood sugar level. Diabetes is an increasing health issue and search for potent antidiabetic agents is desirable. Owing to its ethnomedicinal value, the Himalayan perennial herb Bergenia stracheyi (Hook. f. & Thoms.) Engl. (Saxifragaceae Juss) is used to treat diabetes. Herein, an efficient high‐speed countercurrent chromatography with elution mode is reported for separation of active compounds from B. stracheyi. In current investigation, six main compounds including β‐arbutin (1), bergenin (2), 6‐O‐galloylarbutin (3), gallic acid (4), 11‐O‐galloylbergenin (5), and (‐)‐epicatechin 3‐O‐gallate (6) with above 95% purity were efficiently separated in a single run using biphasic tert‐butyl methyl ether/n‐butanol/methanol/water (1:3:1:5, v/v/v/v) solvent system. The structures of these compounds were characterized using spectral techniques and compared with the literature. Antidiabetic and antioxidant activities evaluation of the study samples showed that β‐arbutin (1) and 6‐O‐galloylarbutin (3) have a significant protective effect, especially at high dose against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury. Our results might help further in‐depth phytochemical and biological evaluation studies in search of potent antidiabetic compounds from B. stracheyi.
Prognostic Significance of Pain in Parotid Gland Malignancy
Authors: Colevas Sophia , Thompson James , Glazer Tiffany , Hartig Gregory 
Published: December 2020

Objectives/HypothesisTo better understand the significance of pain as a predictor of disease severity in parotid gland malignancy.Study DesignA retrospective chart review of patients treated for primary parotid gland malignancy at our institution between 1991 and 2020 was performed.MethodsPatient records were retrospectively reviewed and relevant clinical parameters were collected. Patients were stratified into low stage (I and II) disease and high stage (III and IV) disease groups to analyze the independent effect of pain at initial presentation on disease recurrence rate and disease‐free survival using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and an independent two‐sample t‐test.ResultsOf 154 patients evaluated, there were 69 patients in the low stage group and 80 patients in the high stage group. Thirty‐seven high stage patients presented with pain. High stage patients with pain were significantly more likely to develop disease recurrence than high stage patients without pain (58.5% [22/37] versus 33.3% [13/39], P = .022). High stage patients with pain also had significantly decreased disease‐free survival time compared to high stage patients without pain (P = .027).ConclusionPain on presentation appears to be a poor prognostic factor for patients with parotid gland malignancy. For patients with demonstrated high stage disease, pain is independently associated with increased risk of recurrence and decreased disease‐free survival time.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:1503–1508, 2021
Healthcare Disparities in Laryngology: A Scoping Review
Authors: Feit Noah Z. , Wang Zhaorui , Demetres Michelle R. , Drenis Sotirios , Andreadis Katerina , Rameau Anaïs 
Published: December 2020

Objectives/HypothesisThis scoping review aims to map out existing disparities research within the subspecialty of laryngology in order to highlight gaps in knowledge and guide future research.Study DesignScoping Review.MethodsWe completed a scoping review of PubMed, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Library for primary research focused on evaluating the existence and impact of disparities in race/ethnicity, sex/gender, insurance status, education level, income, geography, and LGBTQ identity in the context of various laryngological conditions. Publications of any design and date, performed in the United States, and focusing on the adult population exclusively were included.ResultsOf the 4,999 unique abstracts identified, 51 articles were ultimately included. The most frequently examined condition in relation to disparities was laryngeal cancer (27 of 51), followed by voice disorders (15 of 51), deglutitive disorders (eight of 51), and airway disorders (one of 51). Sources of inequity evaluated from most common to least common were race/ethnicity (43 of 51), sex/gender (39 of 51), insurance status (23 of 51), geography (23 of 51), income (21 of 51), and education level (16 of 51). No study examined the association of LGBTQ identity with inequity.ConclusionsThis scoping review highlights the limited extent of disparities research in laryngology and establishes the need for further scholarship on the impact of disparities in laryngology care. The pathologies studied were, in decreasing order of frequency: laryngeal cancer, voice disorders, deglutitive disorders, and airway disorders. Race/ethnicity and sex/gender were the most common disparities examined, with no evaluation of LGBTQ‐related care inequity.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 132:375–390, 2022