bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FNDC5 polymorphism influences the association between sarcopenia and liver fibrosis in adults with biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Gao Feng , Zheng Kenneth I. , Zhu Pei-Wu , Li Yang-Yang , Ma Hong-Lei , Li Gang , Tang Liang-Jie , Rios Rafael S. , Liu Wen-Yue , Pan Xiao-Yan , Targher Giovanni , Byrne Christopher D. , Chen Yong-Ping , Zheng Ming-Hua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe FNDC5 gene encodes the fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 that is a membrane protein mainly expressed in skeletal muscle, and the FNDC5 rs3480 polymorphism may be associated with liver disease severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the influence of the FNDC5 rs3480 polymorphism on the relationship between sarcopenia and the histological severity of NAFLD. A total of 370 adult individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD were studied. The association between the key exposure sarcopenia and the outcome liver histological severity was investigated by binary logistic regression. Stratified analyses were undertaken to examine the impact of FNDC5 rs3480 polymorphism on the association between sarcopenia and the severity of NAFLD histology. Patients with sarcopenia had more severe histological grades of steatosis and a higher prevalence of significant fibrosis and definite non-alcoholic steatohepatitis than those without sarcopenia. There was a significant association between sarcopenia and significant fibrosis (adjusted OR 2·79, 95 % CI 1·31, 5·95, P = 0·008), independent of established risk factors and potential confounders. Among patients with sarcopenia, significant fibrosis occurred more frequently in the rs3480 AA genotype carriers than in those carrying the FNDC5 rs3480 G genotype (43·8 v. 17·2 %, P = 0·031). In the association between sarcopenia and liver fibrosis, there was a significant interaction between the FNDC5 genotype and sarcopenia status (P value for interaction = 0·006). Sarcopenia is independently associated with significant liver fibrosis, and the FNDC5 rs3480 G variant influences the association between sarcopenia and liver fibrosis in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD.
Poverty, dowry and the ‘good match’: revisiting community perceptions and practices of child marriage in a rural setting in Bangladesh
Authors: Fattah Kazi Nazrul , Camellia Suborna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe high prevalence of child marriage in many South Asian countries is usually attributed to poverty, lack of access to education and economic opportunities and gender inequitable cultural norms. Yet in Bangladesh, despite economic growth, mass female education and concerted efforts to eliminate child marriage, its prevalence remains very high. This paper explores community-level perceptions, attitudes and practices relating to child marriage in a rural setting in Bangladesh with the aim of understanding the collective discourses of child marriage in the country and identify the factors shaping these. The study was based on exploratory sequential mixed-method research, with qualitative data collected through group discussions and interviews with 64 participants and quantitative survey data from 3344 participants from the Rangpur district of northern Bangladesh in 2014. The findings suggest that, in addition to the already identified drivers, the notion of a ‘good match’, where the wife is subservient to her husband, is one of the main motivations for marrying off girls early in this region of Bangladesh. Reducing poverty and educating girls may not be adequate to address the persistent problem of child marriage in all Bangladeshi contexts and emphasis needs to be given to transforming the prevailing idea of a ‘good match’ to one of an ‘equal match’.
Assessment of the rarity and conservation status of the Colombian endemic brown hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou vestitus
Authors: Torres-Martínez María M. , Ramírez-Chaves Héctor E. , Noguera-Urbano Elkin A. , Passos Fernando C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe brown hairy dwarf porcupine Coendou vestitus is a poorly studied Andean species endemic to Colombia. Its current Red List category is contradictory: globally it is categorized as Data Deficient but in Colombia it is categorized as Vulnerable. This contradiction has limited the implementation of conservation programmes. We evaluate the level of rarity of the species and provide consolidated information for a new assessment of its Red List status. We reviewed literature, photographs, and voucher specimens in natural history collections. Using the confirmed records, we estimated the extent of occurrence (EOO) based on the minimum convex polygon and the area of occupancy (AOO) summing the area of grid squares occupied by the species. We found that C. vestitus is very rare, with a small range, low estimated population density, occurrence in only one habitat type and small body size. The species has an EOO of 3,323 km2 and an AOO of 24 km2, based on six confirmed localities, all on the western slopes of the Eastern Cordillera, in the central Andean region of Colombia. Based on the species' rarity, restricted distribution, and threats to its natural habitat, we recommend its categorization as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. This will help delineate research and conservation efforts for this porcupine, which has a highly restricted range and inhabits the threatened Andean forest.
All-Cause Hospitalizations after Large-Scale Hurricanes among Older Adults: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study
Authors: Bell Sue Anne , Iwashyna Theodore J. , Zhang Xingyu , Chen Bingxin , Davis Matthew A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Understanding the drivers of health care utilization patterns following disasters can better support health planning. This study characterized all-cause hospitalizations among older Americans after eight large-scale hurricanes.Study Objective:The objective of this study was to characterize all-cause hospitalizations for any cause among older Americans in the 30 days after eight large-scale hurricanes.Methods:A self-controlled case series study among Medicare beneficiaries (age 65+) exposed to one of eight hurricanes was conducted. The predicted probability of sociodemographic factors associated with hospitalization using logit models was estimated.Results:Hurricane Sandy (2012) had the highest post-hurricane admission rate, a 23% increase (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.22-1.24), while Hurricane Irene in 2011 had only a 10% increase (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.09-1.11). Higher likelihood of hospitalization occurring after hurricanes included being 85 or older (36.8% probability of hospitalization; 95% CI, 34.7-39.0) and being dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid (62.8%; 95% CI, 60.7-64.9).Conclusion:Planning to address the surge in hospitalization for a longer time period after hurricanes and interventions targeted to support aging Americans are needed.
Characteristics of Clinically Asymptomatic Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Case Series
Authors: Goldenfeld Miki , Nir-Paz Ran , Segal Gadi , Bar-On Elhanan , Mendelson Ella , Mandelboim Michal , Wolf Dana G. , Marom Edith M. , Israely Tomer , Achdout Hagit , Rahav Galia , Hanage W.P. , Regev-Yochay Gili 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUp until now, there is much debate about the role of asymptomatic patients and pauci-symptomatic patients in severe acute respiratory syndrome novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission, and little is known about the kinetics of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) shedding in these populations. This article aims to describe key features and the nature of asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. The cohort consisted of six participants, three pairs, which were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during February 2020 on board the Diamond Princess. Of the six confirmed (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) cases, four were initially diagnosed in Japan and two upon their arrival to Israel. Duration of infection was between four days and up to 26 days. Of the six patients, three were completely asymptomatic and the others were pauci-symptomatic. All five patients in whom a computerized tomography (CT) scan was performed had lung pathology. In one patient, infectivity was tested using cell culture and a cytopathic effect was demonstrated. A serology test was performed in three of the patients and all three had a positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) four to eight weeks after disease onset. This case series demonstrates that asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic patients may play a role in infection transmission by demonstrating probable transmission among asymptomatic spouses and by demonstrating a viable virus via a cell culture. Additionally, asymptomatic and pauci-symptomatic patients can have lung pathology and developing IgG antibodies.
Examining the independent and joint effects of genomic and exposomic liabilities for schizophrenia across the psychosis spectrum
Authors: Pries L.-K. , Dal Ferro G. A. , van Os J. , Delespaul P. , Kenis G. , Lin B. D. , Luykx J. J. , Richards A. L. , Akdede B. , Binbay T. , Altınyazar V. , Yalınçetin B. , Gümüş-Akay G. , Cihan B. , Soygür H. , Ulaş H. , Şahin Cankurtaran E. , Ulusoy Kaymak S. , Mihaljevic M. M. , Andric Petrovic S. , Mirjanic T. , Bernardo M. , Mezquida G. , Amoretti S. , Bobes J. , Saiz P. A. , García-Portilla M. Paz , Sanjuan J. , Aguilar E. J. , Santos J. L. , Jiménez-López E. , Arrojo M. , Carracedo A. , López G. , González-Peñas J. , Parellada M. , Maric N. P. , Atbaşoğlu C. , Ucok A. , Alptekin K. , Can Saka M. ,   Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) investigators, Arango C. , O'Donovan M. , Tosato S. , Rutten B. P. F. , Guloksuz S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
Psychosis spectrum disorder has a complex pathoetiology characterised by interacting environmental and genetic vulnerabilities. The present study aims to investigate the role of gene–environment interaction using aggregate scores of genetic (polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS-SCZ)) and environment liability for schizophrenia (exposome score for schizophrenia (ES-SCZ)) across the psychosis continuum.

Methods
The sample consisted of 1699 patients, 1753 unaffected siblings, and 1542 healthy comparison participants. The Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised (SIS-R) was administered to analyse scores of total, positive, and negative schizotypy in siblings and healthy comparison participants. The PRS-SCZ was trained using the Psychiatric Genomics Consortiums results and the ES-SCZ was calculated guided by the approach validated in a previous report in the current data set. Regression models were applied to test the independent and joint effects of PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ (adjusted for age, sex, and ancestry using 10 principal components).

Results
Both genetic and environmental vulnerability were associated with case-control status. Furthermore, there was evidence for additive interaction between binary modes of PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ (above 75% of the control distribution) increasing the odds for schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis (relative excess risk due to interaction = 6.79, [95% confidential interval (CI) 3.32, 10.26], p < 0.001). Sensitivity analyses using continuous PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ confirmed gene–environment interaction (relative excess risk due to interaction = 1.80 [95% CI 1.01, 3.32], p = 0.004). In siblings and healthy comparison participants, PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ were associated with all SIS-R dimensions and evidence was found for an interaction between PRS-SCZ and ES-SCZ on the total (B = 0.006 [95% CI 0.003, 0.009], p < 0.001), positive (B = 0.006 [95% CI, 0.002, 0.009], p = 0.002), and negative (B = 0.006, [95% CI 0.004, 0.009], p < 0.001) schizotypy dimensions.

Conclusions
The interplay between exposome load and schizophrenia genetic liability contributing to psychosis across the spectrum of expression provide further empirical support to the notion of aetiological continuity underlying an extended psychosis phenotype.
Why Protect Ancient Woodland in the UK? Rethinking the Ecosystem Approach
Authors: Razzaque Jona , Lester Claire 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSites of ancient woodland in the United Kingdom (UK) are diminishing rapidly and the multifunctional forest management system with its fragmented approach fails effectively to protect such woodland. In the face of reports on the destruction of ancient woodland, the HS2 High-Speed train project in the UK signifies the extent of trade-offs among the key stakeholders. Such large infrastructure projects typically come with high environmental and social costs, including deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, and social disruption. This article examines the protection of ancient woodland in the UK and assesses the challenges in applying the ecosystem approach, an internationally recognized sustainability strategy, in the context of such protection. A better understanding of the ecosystem approach to manage ancient woodland is critical for promoting sustainable forestry practices in the UK and informs the discussion in this article of the importance of conserving ancient woodland globally. Lessons learned from UK woodland policies and certification schemes include the need to have in place strong regulatory frameworks, introduce clear indicators, and recognize pluralistic value systems alongside economic considerations. The article concludes that the protection of ancient woodland in the UK requires distinct and strong laws that reflect multiple values of this resource, acknowledge the trade-offs among stakeholders, and adopt an inclusive approach to reduce power asymmetries.
Melt Focusing Along Permeability Barriers at Subduction Zones and the Location of Volcanic Arcs
Authors: Ha Goeun , Montési Laurent G. J. , Zhu Wenlu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFluids released from dehydration reactions occurring in subducting slabs trigger partial melting in the mantle wedge. The resulting magma rises through the overlying mantle wedge and lithosphere and forms arc volcanoes at subduction zones. In general, the location of the volcanic arc is narrowly defined even though the melting region in the mantle wedge can be broad. We propose here that a thermally controlled low permeability barrier at the base of lithosphere is able to focus melts to the place where the volcanic arc is actually observed. As the melt ascends, the permeability of the mantle rock decreases as a result of melt crystallization. A low permeability barrier may form in the cooler lithosphere and can trap ascending melt and redirect it laterally according to the slope of the permeability barrier, so that the ascending melt is focused at the apex of the permeability barrier. We model the location and shape of isotherms that approximate the permeability barriers in the mantle wedge based in two‐dimensional numerical subduction models that follow the specific geometry of various subduction zones. In 28 of 31 globally distributed test regions, the arc locations estimated from our model show good agreement with the actual arc locations. The modeling results indicate that volcanic arcs can be explained as the surface projection of the apex of the permeability barrier, regardless of the distribution of melt deeper in the mantle wedge.
Observational and Model Evidence for an Important Role for Volcanic Forcing Driving Atlantic Multidecadal Variability Over the Last 600 Years
Authors: Waite Amanda J. , Klavans Jeremy M. , Clement Amy C. , Murphy Lisa N. , Liebetrau Volker , Eisenhauer Anton , Weger Ralf J. , Swart Peter K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe modern history of North Atlantic sea surface temperature shows variability coinciding with changes in air temperature and rainfall over the Northern Hemisphere. There is a debate about this variability and, in particular, whether it is internal to the ocean‐atmosphere system or is forced by external factors (natural and anthropogenic). Here we present a temperature record, obtained using the Sr/Ca ratio measured in a skeleton of a sclerosponge, that shows agreement with the instrumental record over the past 150 years as well as multidecadal temperature variability over the last 600 years. Comparison with climate simulations of the last millennium shows that large cooling events recorded, in the sclerosponge, are consistent with natural (primarily volcanic activity) and anthropogenic forcings. There are, however, multidecadal periods not connected to current estimates of external forcing over the last millennium allowing for alternative explanations, such as internally driven changes in ocean and atmospheric circulation.
K/U of the MORB Source and Silicate Earth
Authors: Farcy B. , Arevalo R. , McDonough W. F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPotassium (K) informs on the radiogenic heat production, atmospheric composition, and volatile element depletion of the Earth and other planetary systems. Constraints on the abundance of K in the Earth, Moon, and other rocky bodies have historically hinged on K/U values measured in planetary materials, particularly comparisons of the continental crust and mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs), for developing compositional models of the bulk silicate Earth (BSE). However, a consensus on the most representative K/U value for global MORB remains elusive despite numerous studies. Here, we statistically analyze a critical compilation of MORB data to determine the K/U value of the MORB source. Covariations in the log‐normal abundances of K and U establish that K is 3–7 times less incompatible than U during melting and/or crystallization processes, enabling inverse modeling to infer the K/U of the MORB source region. These comprehensive data have a mean K/U for global MORB = 13,900 ± 200 (2σm; n = 4,646), and define a MORB source region with a K/U between 14,000 and 15,500, depending on the modeled melting regime. However, this range represents strictly a lower limit due to the undefined role of fractional crystallization in these samples and challenges preserving the signatures of depleted components in the MORB mantle source. This MORB source model, when combined with recent metadata analyses of ocean island basalt (OIB) and continental crust, suggests that the BSE has a K/U value >12,100 and contains >260 × 10−6 kg/kg K, resulting in a global production of ∼3.5 TW of radiogenic heat today and 1.5 × 1017 kg of 40Ar over the lifetime of the planet.
Toward Stable, General Machine‐Learned Models of the Atmospheric Chemical System
Authors: Kelp Makoto M. , Jacob Daniel J. , Kutz J. Nathan , Marshall Julian D. , Tessum Christopher W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAtmospheric chemistry models—components in models that simulate air pollution and climate change—are computationally expensive. Previous studies have shown that machine‐learned atmospheric chemical solvers can be orders of magnitude faster than traditional integration methods but tend to suffer from numerical instability. Here, we present a modeling framework that reduces error accumulation compared to previous work while maintaining computational efficiency. Our approach is novel in that it (1) uses a recurrent training regime that results in extended (>1 week) simulations without exponential error accumulation and (2) can reversibly compress the number of modeled chemical species by >80% without further decreasing accuracy. We observe an ~260× speedup (~1,900× with specialized hardware) compared to the traditional solver. We use random initial conditions in training to promote general applicability across a wide range of atmospheric conditions. For ozone (concentrations ranging from 0–70 ppb), our model predictions over a 24‐hr simulation period match those of the reference solver with median error of 2.7 and <19 ppb error across 99% of simulations initialized with random noise. Error can be significantly higher in the remaining 1% of simulations, which include extreme concentration fluctuations simulated by the reference model. Results are similar for total particulate matter (median error of 16 and <32 μg/m3 across 99% of simulations with concentrations ranging from 0–150 μg/m3). Finally, we discuss practical implications of our modeling framework and next steps for improvements. The machine learning models described here are not yet replacements for traditional chemistry solvers but represent a step toward that goal.
Effects of Environmental Fe Concentrations on Formation and Evolution of Allophane in Al‐Si‐Fe Systems: Implications for Both Earth and Mars
Authors: Du Peixin , Yuan Peng , Liu Jiacheng , Yang Yixuan , Bu Hongling , Wang Shun , Zhou Junming , Song Hongzhe , Liu Dong , Michalski Joseph R. , Liu Chengshuai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAllophane, a common component on Earth and a probable constituent of the amorphous component on Mars, is closely associated with Fe in the form of structural Fe and/or iron (oxyhydr)oxide coatings. However, until now, the formation and evolution of allophane as products of environmental Fe concentrations have rarely been studied. We investigated allophane precipitation from gels with different Fe/(Fe + Al) molar ratios (n, 0 ≤ n ≤ 1.0). X‐ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the products showed that allophane was nearly the only product at n ≤ 0.2 and that the crystallinity of Fe‐rich allophane decreased with increasing n. Combined with the results of transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, Fe was found to be mainly incorporated into the gibbsite‐like sheet of allophane, forming clusters; the highest Fe‐for‐Al substitution content was roughly estimated to be 20 mol.%. As n increased further, the formation of allophane was increasingly suppressed, and the Fe phases began to separate from the Al‐Si phases, resulting in mixtures of incipient allophane and incipient akaganeite and finally akaganeite. The near‐infrared spectroscopic data (1.2–2.6 μm) of the products showed incapability in identifying poorly ordered minerals in Al‐Si‐Fe systems, while the features in the range of 0.4–1.2 μm were powerful for studying iron occurrence in the products. These findings not only offer insights into the formation, evolution and geological role of allophane in Al‐Si‐Fe systems on Earth but also help constrain the paleoenvironment of locations where allophane and akaganeite co‐occur on Mars.
Landslide Morphology and Mobility on Ceres Controlled by Topography
Authors: Johnson Brandon C. , Sori Michael M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCeres has an abundance of long runout landslides with more slides near the poles. Here we simulate these landslides using a discrete element model. Our simulations indicate that long runout landslides on Ceres do not require the presence of fluid or slippery ice to explain their mobility. We find that lower fall heights and larger volumes lead to increased slide mobility while the relatively low surface gravity of Ceres, compared to the Earth and Mars, reduces slide mobility and affects slide morphology. We show that latitudinal trends in number of slides and slide morphology are more consistent with trends in topography than expected trends in near‐surface ice content. These morphological trends with topography are also consistent with the results of our landslide simulations. We argue that landslide morphology cannot be used to draw conclusions about local ice content and composition. However, the higher abundance of long runout landslides on Ceres relative to Vesta may be related to its higher global ice content or greater endogenic activity.