bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of maternal diets on birth outcomes and metabolic parameters in rats after ethanol consumption during pregnancy
Authors: Wang Yidi , Feltham Bradley A. , Eskin Michael N. A. , Suh Miyoung 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMaternal nutrition status plays an important role in the development of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), but its direct evidence is lacking. This study compared a standard chow with a semi-purified energy-dense (E-dense) diet on birth and metabolic outcomes in rats after ethanol (EtOH) consumption during pregnancy. Pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised into four groups: chow (n 6), chow + EtOH (20 %, v/v) (n 7), E-dense (n 6) and E-dense + EtOH (n 8). Birth outcomes including litter size, body and organ weights were collected. Metabolic parameters were measured in dams and pups at postnatal day (PD) 7. Maternal EtOH consumption decreased body weights (P < 0·0001) and litter sizes (P < 0·05) in chow-fed dams. At PD7, pups born to dams fed the E-dense diet had higher body (P < 0·002) and liver weights (P < 0·0001). These pups also had higher plasma total cholesterol (P < 0·0001), TAG (P < 0·003) and alanine aminotransferase (P < 0·03) compared with those from chow-fed dams. Dams fed the E-dense diet had higher plasma total (P < 0·0001) and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0·0001) and lower glucose (P < 0·0001). EtOH increased total cholesterol (P < 0·03) and glucose (P < 0·05) only in dams fed the E-dense diet. Maternal exposure to the E-dense diet attenuated prenatal EtOH-induced weight loss and produced different metabolic outcomes in both dams and pups. While the long-lasting effects of these outcomes are unknown, this study highlights the importance of maternal diet quality for maternal health and infant growth and suggests that maternal nutrition intervention may be a potential target for alleviating FASD.
Calcareous meiofauna associated with the calcareous algaCorallina officinalison bedrock and boulder-field shores of Ceredigion, Wales, UK
Authors: Wilson Brent , Hayek Lee-Ann C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe intertidal coastline of Ceredigion, Wales, comprises a patchwork of unstable sand and cobble beaches, and stable bedrock areas and boulder-fields. The last two shoreline types support rock-pools with growths of the red algaCorallina officinalis, the thalli of which are a popular substrate for calcareous epiphytes. Replicate samples ofC. officinalis(four per site) were taken from (a) three bedrock sites (Ceinewydd, Aberystwyth Victoria Rocks and Castle Rocks) and (b) three boulder-fields (Llanon, Aberaeron lower shore (Aberaeron LS), Llanina) on the lower shore. The middle shore boulder field at Aberaeron (Aberaeron MS) was also sampled. These replicates were examined for calcareous meiofauna (63–2000 μm) not previously examined as a community: spirorbids, foraminifera, gastropods, bryozoans, ostracods and ophiuroids. These were assigned to sessile and vagile modes of life. The sessile association overwhelmingly dominated bedrock coastlines and the Aberaeron MS, while the vagile association was at its most abundant on theCorallinafrom lower shore, stable boulder-fields. Gastropods were almost entirely limited toCorallinaon boulder-fields. We hypothesize that the boulders induce low-energy turbulence among breaking waves, allowing the less firmly attached vagile meiofauna to dominate onC. officinalisin rock-pools in lower shore boulder-fields. The small attachment area of sessile organisms allows them to settle bedrock sites in greater densities than do vagile organisms at boulder-field sites, which are presumed to require larger foraging areas.
Plotting the Modern City: John Dryden'sSir Martin Mar-Allon the Dorset Garden Stage
Authors: Fawcett Julia H. 
Published: December 2020

Over the course of four days in September, 1666, a fire sparked in a bakery turned four-fifths of central London to dust. Wandering the streets around his home three days after the Great Fire subsided, the diarist John Evelyn describes a city in ruins—its buildings and landmarks “mealted, & reduc'd to cinders by the vehement heats,” its “bielanes & narrower streetes … quite fill'd up with rubbish, nor could one have possibly known where he was, but by the ruines of some church, or hall, that had some remarkable towre or pinacle remaining.” John Dryden echoes Evelyn's sense of disorientation inAnnus Mirabilis, his poem dedicated to the people of London and published in 1667; he describes “the Cracks of Falling houses,” the “Shrieks of Subjects” as the Fire “wades the Streets,” threatens the palace, and lays the city's famed financial centers “to waste.” And he describes, too, the desperate attempts by those left homeless by the Fire to make spaces for themselves in the ruins:Those who have [no home] sit round where once it was,And with full Eyes each wonted Room require:Haunting the yet warm ashes of the place,As murder'd Men walk where they did expire.
INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN 19TH-CENTURY SPAIN (VALENCIA), 1841-1870
Authors: Santiago-Caballero Carlos 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.
Managing a Law Firm Research Service from Home: from ‘What's Zoom?’ to Trainee Induction Week from a Bedroom
Authors: Hunter Ian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article Ian Hunter considers his experiences, learning points and recommendations on running an international law firm research service from home for 6 months, after being sent home at one hour's notice. In the article he considers working from home, including the psychological benefits of having a ‘journey’ to work, providing a research service and a library service, managing a team and the use of communications technology.
The impact of maternal protein restriction during perinatal life on the response to a septic insult in adult rats
Authors: Khazaee Reza , Vinokurtseva Anastasiya , McCaig Lynda A. , Yamashita Cory , Hardy Daniel B. , Arany Edith , Veldhuizen Ruud A. W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough abundant evidence exists that adverse events during pregnancy lead to chronic conditions, there is limited information on the impact of acute insults such as sepsis. This study tested the hypothesis that impaired fetal development leads to altered organ responses to a septic insult in both male and female adult offspring. Fetal growth restricted (FGR) rats were generated using a maternal protein-restricted diet. Male and female FGR and control diet rats were housed until 150–160 d of age when they were exposed either a saline (control) or a fecal slurry intraperitoneal (Sepsis) injection. After 6 h, livers and lungs were analyzed for inflammation and, additionally, the amounts and function of pulmonary surfactant were measured. The results showed increases in the steady-state mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines in the liver in response to the septic insult in both males and females; these responses were not different between FGR and control diet groups. In the lungs, cytokines were not detectable in any of the experimental groups. A significant decrease in the relative amount of surfactant was observed in male FGR offspring, but this was not observed in control males or in female animals. Overall, it is concluded that FGR induced by maternal protein restriction does not impact liver and lung inflammatory response to sepsis in either male or female adult rats. An altered septic response in male FGR offspring with respect to surfactant may imply a contribution to lung dysfunction.
Residential Segregation at the Dawn of the Great Migration: Evidence from the 1910 and 1920 Census
Authors: Bae Hyun Hye , Freeman Lance 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe second decade of the twentieth century is viewed as the pivotal period for ghetto formation in the United States. This decade witnessed the onset of the Great Migration and it was during this time that modern ghettos, massive agglomerations of tens of thousands of Blacks and virtually only Blacks, became visible. Despite the importance of this period for ghetto formation and the subsequent segregation experienced by Blacks, our understanding of the dynamics of segregation during this period is incomplete. We utilize recently released fine-grained census data to present a more precise and complete picture of segregation in American cities in the second decade of the twentieth century and in doing so make several contributions to the historical literature on residential segregation. First, we document how segregation varied across the full range of American cities, including Southern and smaller cities overlooked in most historical accounts. Second, we assess how the influx of Southern Black migrants into Northern cities was related to increasing segregation. Third, we ascertain the role of Blacks’ socioeconomic status in determining proximity to Whites. Fourth, we examine racial zoning’s impact on segregation. Finally, we consider how the presence of immigrants in a city was related to the residential segregation experienced by Blacks. This research thus adds to the literature on residential segregation by providing more reliable estimates of the degree of residential segregation experienced by Blacks at the beginning of the Great Migration as well as exploring other factors associated with varying levels of segregation at that time.
Influence of chaff and chaff lines on weed seed survival and seedling emergence in Australian cropping systems
Authors: Walsh Michael J. , Rayner Annie E. , Ruttledge Annie , Broster John C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChaff lining and chaff tramlining are harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems that involve the concentration of chaff material containing weed seed into narrow (20 to 30 cm) rows between or on the harvester wheel tracks during harvest. These lines of chaff are left intact in the fields through subsequent cropping seasons in the assumption that the chaff environment is unfavorable for weed seed survival. The chaff row environment effect on weed seed survival was examined in field studies, and chaff response studies determined the influence of increasing amounts of chaff on weed seedling emergence. The objectives of these studies were to determine the influences of (1) chaff lines on the summer–autumn seed survival of selected weed species and (2) chaff type and amount on rigid ryegrass seedling emergence. There was frequently no difference (P > 0.05) in seed survival of four weed species (rigid ryegrass, wild oat, annual sowthistle, and turnip weed) when seeds were placed beneath or beside chaff lines. In one instance, wild oat seed survival was increased (P < 0.05) when seed were placed beneath compared to beside a chaff line. The pot studies determined that increasing amounts of chaff consistently resulted in decreasing numbers of rigid ryegrass seedlings emerging through chaff material. The suppression of emergence broadly followed a linear relationship in which there was approximately a 2.0% reduction in emergence with every 1,000 kg ha–1 increase in chaff material. This relationship was consistent across wheat, barley, canola, and lupin chaff types, indicating that the physical presence of the chaff was more important than chaff type. These studies suggested that chaff lines may not affect the survival over summer–autumn of the contained weed seeds but that the subsequent emergence of weed seedlings will be restricted by high amounts of chaff (>40,000 kg ha–1).
Elastic and Thermoelastic Effects on Thermal Water Convection in Fracture Zones
Authors: Patterson James W. , Driesner Thomas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNatural groundwater convection in fractures is an important mechanism of mass and heat transfer in the subsurface, locally altering temperature by several tens of degrees. The thermoelastic stresses resulting from these thermal anomalies induce thermal strains, which in turn alter the transmissivity (permeability times thickness) of the fracture and, therefore, the convective flow within. We investigate the effect of thermal strains on fracture convection patterns using a three‐dimensional thermo‐hydraulic‐mechanical numerical model, implementing the Barton‐Bandis relationship between fracture transmissivity and effective normal stress, which results in a downward‐narrowing of the fractures. When thermoelasticity is not taken into account, convection forms narrow upflow zones and wide downflow zones. Decreasing fracture stiffness results in similar upflow/downflow patterns, but restricted to the shallow portions of the fracture, creating relatively minor thermal changes. When thermo‐elasticity is included in the model, thermal strains induced by cool downflow zones create narrow high‐transmissivity channels within the fracture, allowing convective flow to reach greater depths and significantly reducing the geothermal gradient near the fracture. Fracture stiffness is a key parameter in determining convection depth and thermal perturbation strength for a given set of host rock mechanical properties. When fracture stiffness is below some threshold, subsequent contractive thermoelastic strains were found to induce tensile failure of the host rock below the fracture, propagating and deepening the fracture into the host rock. This observation provides support to the previously proposed concept of convective downward migration.
Seasonal and Solar Wind Sector Duration Influences on the Correlation of High Latitude Clouds With Ionospheric Potential
Authors: Tinsley Brian A , Zhou Limin , Wang Lin , Zhang Liang 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIrradiances from long‐lived stratus‐type clouds at Alert (Canada), Summit (Greenland), and South Pole, previously measured, show correlations with the day‐to‐day input to the global atmospheric electric circuit from the solar wind, as well as with the inputs of low‐ and mid‐latitude thunderstorms and shower clouds. We analyze the measured Alert cloud irradiances, and find differences in the responses to 2, 4, or more solar wind sectors per 27‐days solar rotation. We find seasonal variations in the correlations, with sign reversal in the summer. The correlation coefficients that were found previously for all‐year, all sector types show further increases for just winter months and in addition, for just 2‐sector intervals. At high magnetic latitudes, the ionospheric potential correlates strongly with the solar wind sector structure, and determines the flow of current density (JZ) to the Earth's surface that passes through clouds and modifies space charge in them. Parameterizations of the potential distribution near the magnetic pole are used in the correlations. The daily average values depend mainly on the solar wind (interplanetary) magnetic field (IMF) BY component, with lesser influence of the solar wind speed and IMF BZ. Mechanisms by which space charge in clouds can affect cloud microphysics and cloud opacity are described and are qualitatively consistent with the correlations, but need quantitative testing.
Bed Particle Displacements and Morphological Development in a Wandering Gravel‐Bed River
Authors: McQueen R. , Ashmore P. , Millard T. , Goeller N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBed particles were tracked using passive integrated transponder tags in a wandering reach of the San Juan River, British Columbia, Canada, to assess particle movement around three major bars in the river. In‐channel topographic changes were monitored through repeat LiDAR surveys during this period and used in concert with the tracer data set to assess the relationship between particle displacements and changes in channel morphology, specifically, the development and re‐working of bars. This has direct implications for virtual velocity and morphologic based estimates of bedload flux, which rely on accurate estimates of the variability and magnitude of particle path lengths over time. Tracers were deployed in the river at three separate locations in the Fall of 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2018, with recovery surveys conducted during the summer low‐flow season the year after tracer deployment and multiple mobilizing events. Tracers exhibited path length distributions reflective of both morphologic controls and year to year differences related to the annual flow regime. Annual tracer transport was restricted primarily to less than one riffle‐pool‐bar unit, even during years with a greater number of peak floods and duration of competent flow. Tracer deposition and burial was focused along bar margins, particularly at or downstream of the bar apex, reflecting the downstream migration and lateral bar accretion observed on Digital Elevation Models of difference. This highlights the fundamental importance of bar development and re‐working underpinning bedload transport processes in bar‐dominated channels.
Accelerated tooth movement in Rsk2-deficient mice with impaired cementum formation
Authors: Nottmeier Cita , Decker Maximilian G. , Luther Julia , von Kroge Simon , Kahl-Nieke Bärbel , Amling Michael , Schinke Thorsten , Petersen Julian , Koehne Till 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCoffin–Lowry–Syndrome (CLS) is a X-linked mental retardation characterized by skeletal dysplasia and premature tooth loss. We and others have previously demonstrated that the ribosomal S6 kinase RSK2, mutated in CLS, is essential for bone and cementum formation; however, it remains to be established whether RSK2 plays also a role in mechanically induced bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). We, therefore, performed OTM in wild-type (WT) mice and Rsk2-deficient mice using Nitinol tension springs that were fixed between the upper left molars and the incisors. The untreated contralateral molars served as internal controls. After 12 days of OTM, the jaws were removed and examined by micro-computed tomography (µCT), decalcified histology, and immunohistochemistry. Our analysis of the untreated teeth confirmed that the periodontal phenotype of Rsk2-deficient mice is characterized by alveolar bone loss and hypoplasia of root cementum. Quantification of OTM using µCT revealed that OTM was more than two-fold faster in Rsk2-deficient mice as compared to WT. We also observed that OTM caused alveolar bone loss and root resorptions in WT and Rsk2-deficient mice. However, quantification of these orthodontic side effects revealed no differences between WT and Rsk2-deficient mice. Taken together, Rsk2 loss-of-function accelerates OTM in mice without causing more side effects.
High rate oxygen reduction reaction during corrosion of ultra-high-purity magnesium
Authors: Wang Cheng , Mei Di , Wiese Gert , Wang Linqian , Deng Min , Lamaka Sviatlana V. , Zheludkevich Mikhail L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractComprehending the corrosion mechanism of magnesium is of major interest in diverse fields. Typically, hydrogen evolution reaction is considered as the only cathodic reaction during Mg corrosion. However, recent works demonstrate importance of considering oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as a second cathodic process at specific conditions. With oxygen micro-optode, we show that ORR rate was higher on slower corroding ultra-high-purity Mg (UHP-Mg), while lower on faster corroding commercially pure Mg (CP-Mg), where massive hydroxide layer impeded oxygen permeation. These findings shed light on yet another facet of complex mechanism of Mg corrosion.
Radixin modulates the function of outer hair cell stereocilia
Authors: Prasad Sonal , Vona Barbara , Diñeiro Marta , Costales María , González-Aguado Rocío , Fontalba Ana , Diego-Pérez Clara , Subasioglu Asli , Bademci Guney , Tekin Mustafa , Cabanillas Rubén , Cadiñanos Juan , Fridberger Anders 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe stereocilia of the inner ear sensory cells contain the actin-binding protein radixin, encoded by RDX. Radixin is important for hearing but remains functionally obscure. To determine how radixin influences hearing sensitivity, we used a custom rapid imaging technique to visualize stereocilia motion while measuring electrical potential amplitudes during acoustic stimulation. Radixin inhibition decreased sound-evoked electrical potentials. Other functional measures, including electrically induced sensory cell motility and sound-evoked stereocilia deflections, showed a minor amplitude increase. These unique functional alterations demonstrate radixin as necessary for conversion of sound into electrical signals at acoustic rates. We identified patients with RDX variants with normal hearing at birth who showed rapidly deteriorating hearing during the first months of life. This may be overlooked by newborn hearing screening and explained by multiple disturbances in postnatal sensory cells. We conclude radixin is necessary for ensuring normal conversion of sound to electrical signals in the inner ear.
Efficient multicasting technique for elastic optical network
Authors: Tarhani Mehdi , Sarkar Sanjib , Eghbal Morad Khosravi , Shadaram Mehdi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe elastic optical network (EON) is the latest solution to increase the capacity of optical networks, as a response to the ever‐increasing demand for traffic. To meet the EON mission, new algorithms and frameworks need to be designed. In this paper, a new algorithm based on EON is proposed that employs a subtree‐based scheme to establish multicast transmissions. To solve the problems of routing, modulation level and spectrum allocation, the primary problem of EON with regard to resource allocation under wavelength continuity and wavelength contiguity constraints, as well as distance adaptive transmission, the proposed algorithm solves each subproblem by considering the existence of a solution for other subproblems. The authors take into account the effects of splitting the transient light at the intermediary nodes on the signal‐to‐noise ratio to enhance the accuracy of the resource allocation. The proposed scheme is extensively examined under different networks and compared with the existing multicasting benchmark. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme considerably increases the network capacity without placing any burden on the network.